ISBN: 5-283-03920-X
Текст
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BCR 3Ta HHcpOpM3U,HH 33KJIIOlIeH3 TOJIbKO HHX - B aMrIJIHTY,lI,aX
CHrHaJIOB, HX cpopMe, nOCJIe,lI,OB3TeJIbHOCTH HX nOHBJIeHHH BO Bpe-
MeHH. CO,lI,ep>Kalll.aHCH B 3THX napaMeTpax HHQJOPM3Il.HH HCnOJIb-
3yeTcH H ,lI,JIH OT60p3 3<pcpeKT , H ,lI,JIH H3MepeHHH ero cpH3HlIeCKHX
xapaKTepHCTHK. COOTBeTCTBeHHO OCHOBHbIMH 3JIeKTpOHHbIMH MeTO-
,LI.aMH H,LI.epHOH -CPH3HKH HBJISIIOTCH,: MeTO,lI. aMnJIHTY,LI.HOrO aHaJIH3a
H MeTO,LI. BpeMeHHoro 3HaJIH3a, KOTOpbIM nOCBHllI.eH3 60JIblliaH lIaCTb
HaCTOHIILeH KHHrH. <PopMa CHrHaJIa, KaK 6Y,LI.eT nOKa33HO B CJIe-
,LI.YIOIILeH r JI3Be, MeHee HHcpopMaTHBH3, a ee aH3JIH3, XOTH H HMeeT
CBOH oc06eHHOCTH, TaK HJIH HHa4e CBO,LI.HTCH K ,lI.BYM yme yrroMHHY-
TblM MeTO,LI.aM aHaJII13a (TaK KaK cpopMa CHrHaJIa eCTb He liTO HHoe,
KaK H3MeHeHHe ero 3HalleHHH BO BpeMeHH).
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lIax, B oc06eHHOCTH B cpH3HKe BbICOKHX 3HeprHH:, ocYU{eCTBJIHeTCH
npOCTpaHCTBeHHaH peKOHCTpYKlI.HH npou,ecca: TpaeKTopHH lIaCTHlI.
CTaHOBHTCH «BH,lI.HMbIMH» (H3npHMep, Ha 3KpaHe ,LI.HCnJIeH), liTO
n03BOJIHeT rrpOH3BeCTH H,LI.eHTHcpHKaIl.HIO 4aCTHlI. H paCC4HTaTb K -
HeMaTHKY npOlI.eCC3. O,LI.HaKO H B 3TOM CJIYlI3e B COBpeMeHHbIX
3KcnepHMeHTax T3KaH rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHaH peKOHCTpYKI1.HH ocyw.eCT-
BJIHeTCH no pe3YJIbTaTaM onpe,lI,eJIeHHH HOMepOB O,LI.HOBpeMeHHO
cpa60TaBlllHX ,U.eTeKTopOB, 3MnJIHTY,LI. CHrH3JIOB 3THX ,U.eTeKTopOB HJIH
BpeMeHHbIX 3a,U.ep)KeK B cpa6aTbIBaHHH, T. e. onHTb-TaKH 06bI4HO
CBO,U.HTCH K MeTO,LI.aM aMnJIHTY,lI,HOrO H BpeMeHHoro aHaJIH3a. '
OOCKOJIbKY H,lI,epHo-cpH3H4eCKHH npOI1.eCC HBJIHeTCH CJIY43HHbIM
(CTaTHCTH4eCKHM) no eBOeM: npHpO,LI.e, JII060H 3KcnepHMeHT BKJIIO-
lIaeT B ce6H C4eT KOJIHlIeCTB3 C06bITHH: 3cp<peKTa 3a 3a,lI.3HHbIH npo-
Me.iKYTOK BpeMeHH - Ha60p He06xo,U.HMOH: CTaTHCTHKH. MeTO,lI.bI
C4eTa C06bITHM:, 3 TaKlKe MeTO,lI.bI xpaHeHHH H npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHH Ha-
KOnJIeHHOH HHcpopMaI1.HH, TaK>Ke BXOJ;l.HT B apCeHaJI 3JIeKTpOHHbIX
MeTO,LI.OB H,lI.epHOM: CPH3HKH (CM. r JI. 6, 11).
8
Bce nepe4HCJIeHHbIe MeTO,lJ.bI paCCMaTpHBalOTCH B HaWeH KHHre.
O.llHaKO, npelK,lJ.e 4eM npHcTynaTb K HX CHCTeMaTH4eCKOMY H3Y4e-
HHIO, nOJIe3HO Ha HeCKOJIbKHX QJH3H4eCKHX npHMepaX, B3HTbIX H3
pa3HbIX 06J1aCTeH H.n.epHOH <PH3HKH, paCCMOTpeTb 06llI.He npHHLlHnbI
npHMeHeHHH .3THX MeTO,lJ.OB AJ1H peWeHHH pa3JIH4HbIX <pH3H4eCKHX
3a,lJ.a4.
COBpeMeHHaH H,lJ.epHaH <pH3HKa - 3TO H3CTOJIbKO pa3BeTBJIeH-
HaH 06JIaCTb 3HaHHR, 4TO CneI..I.H<pHKY BCeX ee 3KCnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX
3a.n.a4 HeB03MOlKHO npO.n.eMOHCTpHpOBaTb Ha He60JIbWOM 4HCJIe
.n.alKe 04eHb Y,lJ.a4HO nO.n.06paHHbIX npHMepOB. O.LI.HaKO pa360p TH-
rIH4HbIX 3KCnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX CHTyaU.HR, B3HTbIX 60JIee HJIH MeHee
npOH3BOJIbHO H3 pa3HbIX 06JIaCTeR H.n.epHO-<pH3H4eCKOrO 3KcnepH-
MeHTa, .n.OBOJIbHO nOY4HTeJIeH H .n.aeT HeKOTopoe 06IlI.ee npe.n.CTaB-
JIeHHe 0- pOJIH, MeCTe H B03MO)KHOCTHX 3JIeKTpOHHbIX MeTo.n.OB H.n.epHOH
<PH3HKH H YlKe C 3THX 06W.HX n03HLlHH n03BOJIHeT no.n.OHTH K M3Y-
4eHHIO nOCJIe.n.YIOIlI.HK pa3.n.eJIOB HaCTOHllI.eH KHHrH.
3a,lJ.a4H 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH H.n.epHOH <PH3HKM He3aBHCHMO OT
HX OHKpeTHoro QJH3H4eCKoro co.n.eplKaHHH npHHHTo .n.eJIHTb Ha .n.Be
60JIolllHe rpynnbI: pa.n.HoMeTpH4ecKHe 3a.n.a4H H cneKTpoMeTpH4e-
CKHe 3a.n.a4H. COBoKynHocTH MeTo.n.H4ecKHx npHeMoB, npHMeHHeMbIx
,lJ.JIH perneHHH 3THX 3a.n.a4, COOTBeTCTBeHHO HOCHT Ha3BaHMH «pa.n.Ho-
MeTpHH» H «cneKTpoMeTpHH».
no.n. pa.n.HOMeTpHeR nOHHMalOT MeTO,lJ.W H3MepeHHH aKTHBHOCTH
onpeAeJIeHHOrO HYKJIH.n.a B HCT04HHKe H3JIY4eHHH HJ1H nJIOTHOCTH
nOTOKa 4aCTHLl OT MCT04HHKa H3JIY4eHHH. CneKTpOMeTpMH - 3TO
MeTo.n.bI H3MepeHHH HMnYJIbCHbIX, 3HepreTH4ecKHx, MaccoBbIX, 3apH-
.n.OBbIX, BpeMeHHbIX, npocTpaHcTBeHHblx cneKTpoB 4acTHLl. no.n.06-
Hoe .n.eJIeHHe B 3Ha4HTeJIbHOH Mepe YCJIOBHO. 04eBH.n.HO, LITO cneKT-
pOMeTpHH - 3TO HaH60JIee nOJIHOe HCCJIe.n.OBaHHe QJM3H4eCKoro
npou.ecca, H B 60JIblliHHCTBe 3KcnepHMeHTOB MeTo.n.bJ pa.n.HOMeTpHH
H cneKTpOMeTpHH nepenJIeTalOTCH caMbIM TeCHbIM 06pa30M. DOJIb-
ll1HHCTBO 3J1eKTpOHHbIX MeTo.n.OB npHMeHHeTCH KaK B pa.llHOMeTpHH,
TaK H B cneKTpOMeTpHH, o.n.HaKO, KaK npaBHJIO, B cneKTpOMeTpH-
4eCKHX 3a.n.a4ax K HHM npe.n.'bHBJIHIOTCH 60JIee lKeCTKHe Tpe60BaHHH.
l\1.bI BOCnOJIb3yeMcH 3TOR KJ1aCCHQJHKau.HeR JIHlllb B HaCTOHIlI.eH rJIaBe
.n.JIH paCCMOTpeHHH COOTBeT TBYIOW.HX npHMepOB.
1.2. OC06EHHOCTH 3J1EKTPOHHbIX METO,l\OB PA,LlHOMETPHH
MeTOAbI pa,lJ.HOMeTpHH, T. e. MeTO,lJ.bI H3MepeHHH aKTHBHOCTM He-
KOToporo (3apaHee H3BeCTHoro) HYKJIH,lJ.a B TOR MJIH HHOR cpe.n.e:
B03,lJ.yxe, BO,lI.e," n04Be, KOHCTPYKLI.HOHHbIX MaTepHaJI ax, 6HOJIOrH-
4eCKHX 06'beKTaX, npHMeHHIOTcH B MeTpOJIOrHH, npH MOHHTopHpoBaHHH
OKPYlKalOw.eR Cpe.n.bI, B TeXHOJIOrH4eCKHX npou.eccax, B 6HOJIOrHH
(BKJIlOlIaH pa.n.HoMe.n.Hu,HHCKYIO .llMarHOCTHKY) H .n.pyrHx npHKJIa,lJ.HbIX
3a.n.a4ax H.n.epHOH <PH3HKH. He CJIe.n.yeT .n.YMaTb, O,lJ.HaKO, LITO pa.n.Ho-
MeTpHH JIelKHT BHe c<pepbI OCHOBHbIX 3a.n.all H.n.epHOH <PH3HKH. B Ka-
9
4eCTBe CPYH,lJ.aMeHTaJIbHbIX 3a,lJ.a4 fl,lJ.epHOH: CPH3HKH, MeTO,lJ.H4eCKH
OTHOCHIlI.HXCH K 06JIaCTH pa,lJ.HOMeTpHH, MO>KHO npHBeCTH nOHCKH
,lJ.BOH:HOrO f3-pacna,lJ.a (Tl/2= IO -:--l0:24 JIeT), nOI1CKH
paCna,lJ.a npOTOHa (TI/2 IO J3 JIeT).
Ha nepBMH B3rJIH,lJ. 3a,lJ.a4a pa,lJ.HOMeTpHH BWrJIH,lJ.HT ,lJ.OCTaT04HO
npOCTO, TaK KaK 3apaHee H3BeCTHbI BH,lJ. pa,lJ.HOHYKJIH,lJ.a, nO.llJIe>Ka-
mero perHCTpaUHH, H Bce era xapaKTepHCTHKH: nepHO,lJ. nOJIypac-
na,lJ.a, BI1,lJ. H 3HeprHH pa,lJ.HoaKTHBHoro H3JIY4eHHH H ,lJ.p. O,lJ.HaKO,
KOr,lJ.a aKTHBHOCTb perHcTpHpyeMoro HCT04HHKa CYllI.eCTBeHHO HHJKe
ypOBHH cpOHa JIH60 BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe MaJIOH: KOHI1.eHTpaUHH pa,lJ.HOHYKJIH,lJ.a,
JI H60 60JIblll oro nepHO,lJ.a nOJIypacnaJI.a, OCHOBHOH: TPY.llHOCTblO CTa-
HOBHTCH nOJIY4eHHe pa3YMHoro OTHorneHHH 3cpcpeKTa K CPOHY.
PaCCMOTpHM B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa 3a.lla4Y H3MeReHHH KOHLI.eHT-
paLI.HH 41Ar B B03.llyxe. Pa,lJ.HOaKTHBHbIH: HYKJIH,lJ. lAr ({3-pacna,lJ.,
T 1/2 = 1,8 4, rpaHH4HaH 3HeprHH 1$ rp = 1,2 M3B) HBJIHeTCH O,lJ.HHM
H3 n0604HbIX npo,lJ.YKTOB pa60TbI H.llepHbIX peaKTopoB, TaK KaK B03-
HHKaeT B pe3YJIbTaTe 06JIY4eHHH HeH:TpOHaMH cTa6HJIbHOrO H30Tona
aproHa, cO,lJ.ep>KaIlI.erOCH B B03.llyxe. ,L{JIH H3MepeHH-H KOHLI.eHTpaLI.HH
41Ar B B03,lJ.yxe MO>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb YCTaHoBKY, npHBe,lJ.eHHYIO Ha
pHC. 1.1, a. PerHCTpaLI.HH {3- H3JIY4eHHH oCYJueCTBJIHeTCH CU,HHTHJI-
JIHU.HOHHbIM ,lJ.eTeKTOpoM, COCTOHllI.HM H3 nOJIoro LI.HJIHH,lJ.pa, KOTO-
pbIH H3rOTOBJIeH 113 nJIaCTMaCCOBoro CLI.HHTHJIJIHTOpa, npOCMaTpHBae-
Moro CPOTOYMHO>KHTeJIeM. fIp06a (B03.llYX, CO,lJ.epJKaIlI.HH: 41Ar) 3a-
Ka4HBaeTCH BHYTPb LI.HJIHH,lJ.pa, H (3-4aCTHLI.bI, B03HHKalOIlI.He B
06'beMe np06bI, perHCTpHpYIOTCH B CTeHKax U.HJIHH.llpa.
OCHOBHbIM HCT04HHKOM cpOHa B 3TOH' npOCTeH:rneH YCTaHOBKe
HBJIHeTCH caM ,lJ.eTeKTOp - C06CTB HHbIe rnYMbI cpOT03JIeKTpOHHoro
YMHO)KHTeJIH (<I>3Y). ,L{JIH YJIY41l1eHHH OTHorneHHH 3cpcpeKTa K
CPOHY MO)KHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH pa3HHLI.eH B aMnJIHTY,lJ.HbIX pacnpe-
,lJ.eJIeHHHX HCCJIe.llyeMoro {3-cneKTpa H cneKTpa rnYMOB <l>3Y (pHC. 1.1, 6).
J!IJ.CKPU MY-
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cneKTp a MnJIHTY.lI. HMnYJIbCOB Ha BbIXO.lI.e <l>3Y (6)
10
CneKTp Il1YMOB <l>3Y COCpeLI.OTO'-IeH B OCHOBHOM B 06JIaCTH MaJIbIX
aMnJIHTY,LI" B TO BpeMH KaK (3-CneKTp, XOTH H HOCHT HenpepbIBHbIH
XapaKTep, pe3KO CnaLI.aeT B 3TOH 06JIaCTH. Cneu.HaJIbHOe nOpOfOBOe
YCTPOHCTBO - aMnJIHTYLI.HbIH LI.HCKpHMHHaTOp - OTCeKaeT CHfHaJIbI
MaJIbIX aM fIJIHTYLI., nponYCKaH Ha pefHCTpaU.HIO JIHIl1b Te CHfHaJIbI,
aMnJIHTYLI.a KOTOpbIX npeBbIIl1aeT 3aLI.aHHbIH nopOf (CM. pHC. 1.1, 6) .
PefHCTpaU.HH CHfHaJIOB, npOIl1eLI.Il1HX aMnJIHTYLI.HbIH LI.HCKpHMHHaTop,
oCYllJ.eCTBJIHeTCH 3JIeKTpOHHbIM C4eT4HKOM. ECTecTBeHHo, 4TO npH
3TOM oT6pacbIBaeTcH H 4aCTb nOJIe3HbIX C06bITHH, OLI.HaKO 3TH nOTepH
JIefKO Y4eCTb, 3HaH BHLI. -cneKTpa 41Ar H nOJIOlKeHHe nopota LI.HCKPH-
MHHaI.I.HH.
OpHBe,Ll,eHHbIH npHMep HBJIHeTCH THnH4HbIM CJIY4aeM npHMeHeHHH
LI.JIH YJIY4Il1eHHH OTHOllleHI1H 3<P<PeKTa K <POHY MeTOLI.a aMnJIHTYLI.-
HOH LI.HCKpHMHHau.HH, 6e3 KOToporo He 06XO,Ll,HTCH npaKTH4eCKH
HH OLI.Ha 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHaH YCTaHOBKa. -3TOMY MeTOLI.Y nOCBHllJ.eHa
fJI. 4.
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rneHHeM KOHI.I.eHTpau.HH 41 Ar B npo6e CYllJ.eCTBeHHbIM CTaHOBHTCH
cJIeLI.YIOllJ.HH (3a lllYMaMH <l>3Y) no HHTeHCHBHOCTH HCT04HHK <pq-
Ha - <POH KOCMH4eCKOfO H3JIY4eHHH, COCTOHllJ.HH B OCHOBHOM H3
BbIcoKo3HepfeTH4ecKHx MIOOHOB, a TaKlKe 3JIeKTpOHoB H Y-KBaHTOB.
3TH 4aCTHI.I.bI, H,LI,YllJ.He K HaM H3 BepXHHX CJIOeB aTMoc<pepbI, pe-
fHCTPHPYIOTCH B LI.eTeKrOpe, C03LI.aBaH B HeM HenpepbIBHbIH cneKTp
aMnJIHTYLI., nOJIHOCTblO nepeKpbIBalOllJ.HH cneKTp HCCJIeLI.yeMofo
-H3JIY'-IeHHH. BCJIe,Ll,CTBHe 3TOfO MeTO,Ll,OM aMnJIHTYLI.HOH LI.HCKPHMH-
Hau.HH KOCMH4eCKHH <POH OTCe'-Ib HeB03MOlKHO.
,L{JIH nOLI.aBJIeHHH KOCMH4eCKOfO <pOHa HCnOJIb3yeTcH MeTOLI. Bpe-
MeHHOH LI.HCKpHMHHau.HH - TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH MeTOLI. aHTHCOBnaLI.e-
HI1H, npeLI.CTaBJIHIOllJ.HH C060H 4aCTHbIH CJIYlIaH BpeMeHHOfO aHaJIH3a.
OCHOBHOH LI.eTeKTOp ,[( I, pefHCTpHPYIOllJ.HH - H3JIyq;eHHe 41 Ar, OKPY-
lKaeTCH «aKTHBHOH 3allJ.HTOH», T. e. nOMellJ.aeTCH BHYTPb LI.PYfOfO
LI.eTeKTOpa aHaJIOfHlIHOH KOHCTPYKU.HH (pHC. 1.2). 3aMeTHM, 4TO
«naCCHBHaH 3allJ.HTa», T. e. oKpYlKeHHe LI.eTeKTopa ,[(1 nOfJIOTHTeJIeM,
HanpHMep CBHHU.OM, He npHBOLI.HT K Heo6xoLI.HMOMY nOLI.aBJIeHHIO
KOCMH4eCKOfO <pOHa 113-3a 60JIblllOH npOHHKalOllJ.eH cnoco6HQCTH
MIOOHOB. Opl1 TaKOM B3aHMHOM paCnOJIOlKeHHI1 LI.eTeKTOpOB ,[( 1 H
,[( 2 3apHlKeHHbIe 4aCTHI.I.bI KOCMH4eCKOfO H3JIY4eHHH, nonaBlllHe B
LI.eTeKTOp ,[(t, 06H3aTeJIbf.lO LI.OJIlKHbI npOHTH CHallaJIa LI.eTeKTOp
,[( 2 H OCTaBHTb B HeM_ 4aCTb 3HepfHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, <POHOBbIH
CHfHaJI B ,LI,eTeKTOpe ,[( I, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIH pefHCTpaI.I.HeH MIOOHa I1JIH
3JIeKTpbHa KOCMH4eCKOfO H3JIY4eHHH, 06H3aTeJIbHO conpOBOlKLI.aeTCH
O,Ll,HOBpeM HHbIM nOHBJIeHHeM CHfHaJIa B LI.eTeKTOpe ,[(2, B TO BpeMH
KaK pefHCTpaI.I.HH 3<p<peKTa B LI.eTeKTOpe )1,1 TaKHM CHfHaJIOM He
conpOBOlKLI.aeTCH (fj-4aCTHu.bI 41 Ar nOJIHOCTblO nOfJIOmalOTCH B
,[( I). ,L{HCKpHMHHau.HH <POHOBbIX G06bITI1H OCYllJ.eCTBJIHeTCH C no-
MOllJ.blO cxeMbI aHTHCOBnaLI.eHHH, JIOfHKa pa60TbI KOTOpOH TaKOBa,
LITO OHa nponYCKaeT Ha pefHCTpaU.HIO CHfHaJIbI LI.eTeKTOpa ,[( 1 TOJIbKO
11
IlU.CKpflMUHamop
PHC. 1.2. CxeMa YCTa-
HOBKH .lI.JIfI H3MepeHHH
aKTHBHOCTH 41 Ar C aK-
THBHOH 3alllHTOH OT
KOCMH4eCKOrO OHa
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B TOM CJIY4 ae, eCJIH OHH He conpOBOlK,LI,alOTCH O,Ll,HOBpeMeHHbIM CHr-
HaJIOM ,LI,eTeKTOpa ,[(2: CHrHaJI ,LI,eTeKTOpa ,[(2 ocyrn.eCTBJIHeT 3anpeT
Ha npOXOlK,LI,eHHe CHrHaJIa ,[( I. .
. MeTO,Ll, aKTHBHOH 3arn.HTbI Ha aHTHCOBna,Ll,eHHHX n03BOJIHeT pe3KO
YJIY4WHTb OTHoweHHe 3<P<PeKTa K <POHY 3a C4eT ,LI,HCKpHMHHau.HH
<POHa BbICOK03HepreTH4eCKHX KOCMH4eCKHX 3apHlKeHHbIX 4aCTHll..
PeaJIbHO onHcaHHaH MeTO,Ll,HKa n03BOJIHeT H3MepHTb KOHu.eHTpall.HH
41Ar ,LI,O "'" 1 5K Ha 1 JI npo6bl. flpH 60JIee HH3KHX KOHu.eHTpau.HHx
cyrn.ecTBeHHbIM CTaHOBHTCH cJIe,Ll,YIOw.HH HCT04HHK <poHa - co6 TBeH-
HaH pa,Ll,HOaKTHBHoCTb KOHCTPYKU.HOHHWX 3JIeMeHTOB ,LI,eTeKTopa.
3TO MHoroKoMnoHeHTHbIH <POH (B OCHOBHOM - H Y-H3JIY4eHHe pa3-
JIH4HbIX HYKJIH,LI,OB), cYMMapHbIH aMnJIHTY,LI,HbIH cneKTp KOToporo
TaKlKe nepeKpbIBaeTcH co cneKTpoM- perHcTpHpyeMoro -H3JIY4e-
HHH 41Ar. 3TOT <POH He ,LI,HCKpHMHHHpyeTcH HH aMnJIHTYJI.HbIM ,LI,HC-
KpHMHHaTopOM (M3-3a nepeKpbITHH cneKTpOB), HH 3arn.HTOH Ha
aHTHCOBna,Ll,eHHHX (TaK KaK MOlKeT B03HHKaTb B ,LI,eTeKTOpe ,[( 1 He-
3aBHCHMO OT ,[(2). O,Ll,HaKO H B 3TOM CJIY4ae cyrn.eCTByeT B03MOlK-
HOCTb YJIY4weHHH OTHoweHHH 3<p<peKTa K <POHY - C nOMorn.blO Me-
TO,Ll,OB BpeMeHHoro H aMnJIHTYJI.HOrO aHaJIH3a. H3H4eCKaH OCHOBa
3TOH B03MOlKHOCTH COCTOHT B CJIeJI.r: IO lli. eM : npH -pacna,Ll,e 41 Ar
B03HHKaeT MeTaCTa6HJIbHbIH H30Ton 4 mK C nepHO,Ll,OM nOJIypacnaJI.a
T 1 / 2 =6;7.IO- 9 c. flpH nepeXOJI.e 41mK' B OCHOBHoe COCTOHHHe HC-
nYCKaeTCH Y-KBaHT C 3HeprHeH y = 1,3 M3B. TaKHM o6pa30M,
xapaKTepHbIM npH3HaKoM nOJIe3HOrO C06bITHH ( -pacnaJI.a 41Ar)
HBJIHeTCH H3JIY4eHI.1e B TOM lKe 06'beMe cnYCTH HeKOTopoe BpeMH
(nopHJI.Ka 10- 8 c) Y-KBaHTa <PHKCHpOBaHHOH 3HeprHH (1,3 M3B).
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13
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17
2- 2790
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18
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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npOnoPQHoHaJIeH nOJIHoMY 3HepfOBbI.lI.eJIeHHIO B KaJIOpHMeTpe.
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27
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28
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TaTbI BeCbMa 3Ha4HTeJIbHbi.
29
CneIJ.Hq>HKa 3JIeKTpOHHbIX MeTO,lI.OB CneKTpOMeTpHH KOCMH4eCKOrO
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30
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MbIH B 9KCnepHI\H\HTaX, -npHHllHnHaJIbHO He MOIKeT 6blTb 06pa60TaH
6e3 COBpeMeHHblA nbI4HCJlHTeJIbHbIX Cpe,lI.CTB. _
Ka)K,lI.bIH <PH3I-flIPCKHH 9KcnepHMeHT no-cBoeMy. YHHKaJleH. Co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO YHHKaJlblia H Ta 9JJeKTpOHHaH JIOrHKa, KOTopaH 3aJIO-
:tKeHa B 9KcnepHMeHT. K C4aCTblO, 3TO He 03Ha4aeT, liTO ,lI.JIH KaJK,lI.OrO
35
3KcnepHMeHTa He06xo.lI.HMO 3aHOBO pa3pa6aTbIBaTb BCe 3JIeKTpOHHbIe
Y3J1bI H CHCTeMbI H3MepeHHH H oT60pa (XOTH Hepe.lI.KO KaKYIO-TO
4aCTb H npHXO.lI.HTCH pa3pa6aTbIBaTb). BJIarO.lI.apH TOMY, lfTO Ha60p
3J1eKTpOHHbIX MeTO.lI.OB H Cpe.lI.CTB, KOTOpbIMH B npHHlI.Hne paCnOJIara-
eT 3KCnepHMeHTaTOp, OrpaHH4eH, B H.lI.epHOH 3JIeKTpOHHKe WHpOKO
npHMeHHeTCH MO.lI.YJIbHbIl1 npHHlI.Hn nOCTpOeHHH 3JIeKTpOHHbIX CHCTeM
3KCrrepHMeHTa. Ha60p CTaH.lI.apTHbIX MO.lI.YJIeH, BbInOJ1HHIOllI.HX onpe-
.n.eJIeHHWe YHKUHH oT60pa (CXeMW COBna.n.eHHH H aHTHCOBrra.n.eHHH,
.lI.HCKpHMHHaTOpbI Ii .lI.p.) H H3MepeHHH (aHaJIOrOll.H pOBble H lI.H pO-
aHaJIOrOBble npe06pa30BaTeJIH), a TaKLKe YCTpOHCTBa COnpHJKeHHH
3THX 6JIOKOB C .n.eTeKTopaMH H Me)l{.n.y C060H (YCHJ1HTeJIH, cpOpMHpO-
BaTeJIH, pa3BeTBHTeJIH, J1HHHH 3a.lI.epLKKH H .n.p.) n03B0J1HIOT c06HpaTb
3JIeKTpOHHble CHCTeMbI pa3J1H4HOH KOH Hrypal.I.HH.
Oc06yIO pOJIb HrpaeT- MO.lI.YJI6HWH npHHUHn B 3KcnepHMeHTax C
npHMeHeHHeM 3BM: B HaCTOHIII.ee BpeMH .lI.JIH aBTOMaTH3al.I.HH H-
3H4eCKoro 3KcnepHMeHT3 npaKTH:4eCKH BO Bcex CTpaHpX MHpa npHHH-
Ta MarHCTpaJIbHO-MO,lI.YJIbHaH CHCTeMa KAMAK. O.n.HOH H3 ee rJIaB-
HbIX oc06eHHOCTeH HBJIHeTCH TO, 4TO 3Ta CHCTeMa HBJIHeTCH MaWHHHO
He3aBHCHMOH, T. e. MO)l{eT pa60TaTb C WHpOKHM Ha6opOM 3BM
pa3J1H4HOrO THna. B CHCTeMe KAMAK CTaH,lI.apTH30BaHbI napaMeTpbI
CHrHaJIOB, nepe.lI.aBaeMbIX H3 MO.lI.YJIH B MO,lI.YJIb, 4TO n03BOJIHeT
JIerKO conpHraTb MO.n.YJIH MelK,lI.Y C060H, CTaH,lI.apTH30BaHbI HOMHHa-
JIbI 3JIeKTpH4eCKoro - {lHTaHHH MO,lI.YJIeH, CTaH.n.apTH30BaHbI caMH
pa3MepbI MO.lI.YJIeH, Y3J1bI 3.JIeKTpH4eCKoro COnpH){{eHHH _ (pa3'beMbI).
3TO n03B0J1HeT B CTaH.n.apTHOM KapKace (KpeHTe), OCHaIlJ,eHHOM
CTaH,lI.apTHbIM nHTaHHeM, Ha6HpaTb He06xo,lI.HMbIe THnbI MO.lI.YJ1eH ,lI.JIH
peweHHH KOHKpeTHOH 3a,lI.a4H. Bce MO,lI.YJIH B peHTe CBH3aHbi 4epe3
KaHaJI nepe,lI.a4H ,lI.aHHbIX (MarHCTpaJIb KpeHTa). f1pOll.eCCOM nepe-
Aa4H H 06MeHa .,lI.aHHbIMH ynpaBJIHeT CneUHaJIbHbIH MO,lI.YJIb-KOH-
TpOJIJ1ep, pacnOJIO)l{eHHbIH B 3TOM )l{e KpeHTe. TOJIbKO 3TOT MO.lI.YJ1b
HBJIHeTCH MaWHHHO 3aBHCHMbIM, T. e. pa3pa60TaH .lI.JIH conpHlKeHHH
C 3BM KOHKpeTHoro THna, H 06M H ,lI.aHHbIMH C 3BM npOHcxoAHT
TOJIbKO 4epe3 Hero. B Tex CJIY4aHX, Kor,lI.a B 3KcnepHMeHTe 3BM
He Tpe6yeTcH, CHCTeMa KAMAK n03BOJIHeT npOBO,lI.HTb 3KcnepHMeHT
H 6e3 3BM. HapH,lI.Y C CHCTeMOH KAMAK B HacToHw.ee BpeMH pa3BH-
BalOTCH H BHe,lI.pHIOTCH B 3KcnepHMeHT ,lI.PyrHe MarHCTpaJIbH.O-MO.lI.YJIb-
HbIe CHCTeMbI (<I>ACTBAC, VME, MYJ1bTI1BAC II H ,lI.p.), HMelOIII.He
no cpaBHeHHIO C cHcTeMoH KAMAK pH.lI. npeHMyw.ecTB C T04KH 3peHHH
CKOpOCTH -H 06'beMa nepepa6aTbIBaeMoH HH OpMall.HH.
CHc'reMa KAMAK BHeCJIa MHorO_ OBoro B 3KcnepHMeHT, npelK.n.e
Bcero c.n.eJIaB ero nporpaMMHpyeMbIM. O,lI.HaKO C T04KH 3peHHH
3JIeKTpOHHbIX MeTo.n.OB He TaK YlK BamHO, BbInOJIHeH 3JIeKTpOHHbIH
MO.n.y.rrb B CHCTeMe KAMAl( HJIH B KaKOH-JIH60 ,lI.PyroH MarHCTpaJIb-
HO-MO.n.YJIbHOH CHCTeMe. CaMH MeTO,lI.bl OT 3Toro He MeHHIOTCH.
f103TOMY B HacToHw.eH KHHre, nOCBHIII.eHHOH '3JIeKTpOHHbIM MeTO,lI.aM
H,lI.epHOH H3HKH, npHHlI.HnbI opraHH3all.HH H nporpaMMHpOBaHHH
MarHCTpaJIbHO-MO,lI.YJ1bHbIX CHCTeM He 3aTpOHYTbl. 113YQeHHe MaTepw-
36
aJIa, H3JIOJKeHHOrO B HaCTOHllI.eM noco6HH, HBJIHeTCH nepBOH CTY-
neHblO 3HaKOMCTBa C 3J1eKTpOHHbIMH MeTo.n.aMH COBpeMeHHoro 3Kcne-
pHMeHTa. BTOpOH (o6H3aTeJIbHOH!) cTyneHblO HBJIHeTCH H3YQeHHe
npHHQHnOB opraHH3aQHH H nporpaMMHpOBaHHH MarHCTpaJIbHO-
MO.n.YJIbHbIX CHCTeM H npHHQHnOB npHMeHeHHH B 3KcnepHMeHTe 3BM
pa3JIHlIHbIX KJIaCCOB, no.n.P06HO H3JIO)KeHHbIX B yrroMHHaBIlleHCH B
nj1e.n.HCJIOBHH KHHre 10. <1>. DeByeBa H K. r. <l>HHoreHOBa.
KOHTpOJlbH le BonpOCbl
I. KaKHe 3a.lI.a4H peWalOTC5I B COBpeMeHHOM fI)].epHo-<pH3H4eCKOM 3KcnepMMeHTe
C nOMOlllblO 3JIeKTpOHHbIX MeTO.lI.OB:
, a) HaKOnJIeHHe M 06pa60TKa cpH3H4eCKOH HHcpopMaLI.HH;
6) oT60p HCCJIe.lI.yeMoro npou,ecca H H3MepeHHe ero napaMeTpoB;
B) ClJeT nOJIe3HbIX COOblTH H?
2. KaKoH <POH MO)l}eT 6bITb nO.lI.aBJIeH MeTO.lI.OM aKTHBHoH 3alllHTbI Ha aHTH-
COBn a.lI.eHH fiX:
a) JIIOOOH;
6) cpOH .n.JIHHHOnpOOe)KHbIX 3apfl.>KeH HbIX 4acTHu.;
B) cpOH OT pa)J.HoaKTHBHbIX 3arpH3HeHHH caMOH YCTaHoBKH?
3. B KaKHX CJIY4aHx .lI.J151 nO.lI.aBJIeHH5I cpoHa npHMeHfleTcfI MeTO.lI. aMnJIHTY.n.-
HOH .lI.HCKpHMHHau,HH:
a) .lI.JIH 3alllHTbi OT KOCMH4eCKoro H3J1Y4eHHfI;
0) )l.JIfI no.n.aBJ1eHHH c06cTBeHHbIx WYMOB .n.eTeKTopa;
B) B Tex CJ1Y4aflX, Kor.n.a a MIlJIHTYJI.bI CHrHaJIOB OT HCCJIe.lI.yeMoro 3cpcpeK!a
3aMeTHO npeBbllllalOT aMnJIHTY)].bI cpOHOBblX CHrHaJIOB?
4. 4TO flBJ1»eTCH cp0l-!0M no OTHOUleHHIO K HeKoTopoH HCCJIe.lI.yeMoH 3Hepre-
TH4ecKoH JIHHI1H B CJIO)KHOM JIHHeH4aToM cneKTpe Y-H3JIY4eHHH:
a) Bce OCTaJIbHbIe JIHHHH cneKTpa;
0) cneKTpaJIbHO He pa3peUlaeMbIe OJIH3JIe)KaIlJ,He JIHHHH cneKTpa;
, B) Bce JIHHHH, .lI.JI5I KOTOpbIX n0J10}l(eHHe Kpafl KOMnTOHOBCKoro pacnpe.n.eJIeHMH
J1e.>KHT npaBee HCCJIe.lI.yeMoH JIHHHH?
5. 4TO Ha3bIBaeTC5I TpHrrepoM MHoro)].eTeKTopHoH 3KcnepHMeHTaJ1bHOH YCTa-
HOBKH:
a) 3JIeKTpOHHa51 cxeMa C .n.BYMH YCTOHt.lHBbIMH COCTOHHH5IMH;
6) CHfHaJI, cooTBeTcTBYlOllJ,HH OTOOPy 00M6ap)].HpYlOllJ,eH 4acTHu.bI C 3a.lI.aHHbIMH
napaMeTpaMH;
B) CHrHaJl, COOTBeTCTBYlOllJ,HH OTOOPY C06bITH5I 3a.lI.aHHOrO THna?
6. 4TO" flBJIHeTCfI npHHu,HnHaJIbHO HeycTpaHHMbIM HCT04HHKOM norpelliHocTM
. pe3YJIbTaTa 51.lI.epHO-cpH3HlJeCKOrO 3KcnepHMeHTa:
a) norpelUHocTb, BHOCHMaH 3JIeKTpOHHOH annapaTypoH;
0) 6 CTP9.lI.eHCTBHe 3J1eKTpOHHOH annapaTYP ;
B) CTaTHCTHlJeCKHH xapaKTep perHcTpHpyeM x npOu.eccoB?
7. B 4eM npeHMYllJ,eCTBa LI.H<pPOBbIX MeTO.lI.OB oopaooTKM B H.lI.epHOH 3JIeKTpO-
HHKe nepe.n. aHaJIOfOBbIMH:
a) B 60JIbWeH Ha)].e}l(HOCTH;
0) B 60JIee B COKOH T04HOCTH;
B) B 60JIee B COKOM 6WCTpO.lI.eHCTBHM?
fJ1ASA 2
METOAbl CDEMA HH OPMA",HH C AETEKTOPOB
H3J1YQ EH H iii
2.1. KJ1ACCIi<l>HKALlIi Ii 061.l(HE CBOACTBA' Jl.ETEKTOPOB
H3J1YlJ EH Ii A
OepBH4HbIM HCT04HHKOM HHcpOpMaLI.HH 0 51,JJ.epHbIX npou.eccax
51BJlHIOTC5I CHrHaJlbI, CHHMaeMbIe C ,LleTeKTOpOB H3JIYLJeHHH. B nepBOM
npH6JIHmeHHH Bce ,LleTeKTOpbl H3JIY4eHHH, KaKHe 6bI <pH3H4eCKHe
npHHu.HnbI B HHX He HCn0J1b30BaJIHCb, MomHO pa3,LleJlHTb Ha ,LlBa
KJIaCca: I) ,lI.eTeKTOpbI C cpOTorpa<pH4eCKHM C'be-MOM HHcpOpMaU.HH;
2) ,lI.eTeKTOpbI C 3JIeKTpH4ecKHM C'beMOM HH<popMaLI.HH.
,L{eTeKTopbI nepBoro KJIaCCa n03BOJIHIOT nOJIY4HTb H306pameHHe
TpeKoB 3apH:iKeHHbIX 4aCTHil. B pa604eM 06'beMe ,lI.eTeKTopa. K TaKHM
,LleTeKTOpaM OTHOC5ITCH: KaMepa BHJIbCOHa, ,lI.H<P<PY3HoHHa51 KaMepa,
nY3blpbKOBa51 KaMepa, WHpoKo3a30pHaH HCKpoBaH KaMepa, CTPH-
MepHaH KaMepa H HX MO'zU'HpHKau,HH. 06bI4HbIM MeTO.lI.OM C'beMa
HH<POpMaU.HH B TaKHX. ,lI.eTeKTOpax HBJIHeTCH <pOTorpaqH1poBaHHe
pa604ero 06'beMa ,QeTeKTopa, XOTH B nOCJ1e,lI.Hee BpeMH Bce 4aw.e
npHMeH5IeTC5I n0J1Y4eHHe H306pameHH5I C nOMOIl.LblO TeJIeBH3HOHHbIX
YCTaHoBOK. OOCKOJIbKY npH IIpOCMOTpe <pOTOnJ1eHKH 06bI4HO HCnOJII?-
3YIOTC5I aBTOMaTH4eCKHe C4HTbIBalOI.I.I.He YCTpOHCTBa (npOCMOTpOBble
CTOJIbI), H306p,ameHHH TpeKoB TaK HJIH HHa4e nepeBO,lI.51TcH B U,H<pPO-
Bble KOJibI, H ,lI.aJ1bHeHWa51 HX o6pa60TKa Be,lI.eTCH C rroMow.blO 3BM.
3J1eKTpOHHwe cpe,lI.CTBa C'beMa H o6pa60TKH H306pameHHH TpeKOB
4acTHu. B TaKHX .neTeKTopax BeCbMa cneu,H<pH4HbI H B HaCT05llll.eM
noco6HH He paCCM aTpHBaIOTCH.
Ope,lI.MeTOM HaCTO llI.eH KHHrH H,BJI5IIOTCH BonpOCbI o6pa6oTKH
H aHaJIH3a CHrHaJIOB, nocTynalOllI.HX C ,lI.eTeKTOpOB BToporo KJIaC-
ca,- ,lI.eTeKTOpOB C 3JIeKTpH4eChHM C'beMOM HH<popMaLI.HH. HeCMOTpH
Ha rJIy60KHe pa3JIH4H5I. B <pH3H4eCKHX npHHLI.HnaX pa60TW pa3JIH4-
HWX THnOB .n.eTeKTopOB 3Toro KJIaCCa C <popMaJlbHOH (H npaKTH4e-
CKOH) T04KH 3peHHH HX 06'be,lI.HH5IeT O)].HO o6llI,ee CBOHCTBO: 3HeprH5I,
nOTepHHHa51 4acTHu,eH B ,lI.eTeKTOpe, B pe3YJIbTaTe Toro HJIH HHoro
<pH3HlIeCKoro npou.ecca B KOHe4HOM HTore npe06pa3yeTc5I B 3JIeKTpH-
LJeCKHH CHrHaJ1 - HMnYJ1bC 3JIeKTpH4eCKoro TOKa, KOTOpbIH CO,LlepmHT
BCIO ,lI.OcTynHYIO ,lI.J1H aHaJIH3a HH<popMau.HIO. '
KaKaH me 3TO HH<f>OPMaU.H5I? Ope)l{,Lle Bcero caM <f>aKT perHCTpa-
U.HH 4aCTHlI.bl. COC4'HTaB C nOMOlll.blO 3.lIeKTpOHHoro C4eTHoro YCTPOH-
CTBa KOJIH4eCTBO CHrHaJIOB C. ,neTeKTopa 3a 3a,lI.aHHOe BpeM5I, MbI
TeM caMbIM onpe,LleJIHM KOJIH4eCTBO 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHbIX 4aCTHLI..
O,lI.HaKO YlKe OTMe4aJIOCb, 4TO H3-3a CJIY4aHHoro xapaKTepa perH-
cTpHpyeMbIx npou.eCCOB npH TaKOM CLfeTe HeH36e)l{HO B03HHKalOT
npOC4eTbI C06bITHH. CymecTBeHHO, LITO OTHOCHTeJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe
38
npOC4eTOB 3aBHCHT OT KOJIH4eCTBa COC4HTbiBaeMbIX C06bITHH B e,AH-
HHI..I.Y BpeMeHH (Cpe,AHeH 4aCTOTbl). ,
OOCKOJIbKY MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO)l{HaH Cpe1l.HHH 4aCTOTa 3aBHCHl:
OT THna npHMeHHeMOrO ,AeTeKTOpa, CBOHCTBa caMoro ,AeTeKTOpa on-
pe,AeJIHIOT COOTBeTCTBYIOI.I.I.He Tpe60BaHHH K 6bICTpO,AeHCTBHIO 3JIeK-
TpOHHoro C4eTHoro YCTpOHCTBa.
HorHe ,AeTeKTOpw 06JIa,Aa1OT CBOHCTBOM nponopUHOHaJIbHOCTH:
CHrHaJI Ha BWXOll.e lI.eTeKTOpa npOnopI..I.HOHaJIeH 3HeprHH, nOTepHH-
HOM 4aCTHueH B,lI.eTeKTope.
H3MepHH aMnJIHTYlI.Y CHrHaJIa, MbI nOJIY4aeM HH<popMalI.HIO 06
3HepreTH4ecKHx nOTepHx 4aCTHUbI. Tpe60BaHHH K rrapaMeTpaM
3JIeKTpOHHWX YCTPOHCTB aMnJIHTYlI.HOrO aHaJIH3a onpell.eJIHIOTCH
B03MO)l{HOCTHMH caMoro .lI.eTeKTOpa - ero aMnJIHTY1I.HbIM (3HepreTH-
4eCKHM) pa3peweHHeM.
MOMeHT perHCTpaUHH 4aCTHlI.bI BO BpeMeHH, T. e. MOMeHT nOHBJIe-
HHH CHrHaJIa Ha BbIXO,Ae .lI.eTeKTOpa,- TaK)I{e <pH3H4eCKaH HH<popMa-
lI.HH nepBOCTeneHHOH Ba)l{HOCTH. OnHTb-TaKH, T04HOCTb onpell.eJIeHHH
3Toro MOMeHTa H COOTBeTCTBYIOW.He Tpe60BaHHH, npe,A'bHBJIHeMbIe K
napaMeTpaM 3JIeKTpOHHbIX CHCTeM BpeMeHHoro oT60pa, onpell.eJIHIOTCH
xapaKTepHCTHKOH caMoro 1I.eTeKTOpa - ero BpeMeHHblM pa3pewe-
HHeM.
HaKoHelI., <popMa CHrHaJIa, T. e. H3MeHeHHe ero BO BpeMeHH,
TaK)Ke MO)l{eT HeCTH onpe,AeJIeHHYIO HH<p0pMaI..I.HIO JIH60 0 caMoH
4aCTHlI.e (HanpHMep, ee CKOpOCTH), JIH60 0 MeCTe B3aHMOll.eHCTBHH _
4aCTHlI.bI C Bew.eCTBOM )J.eTeKTopa (KoOpll.HHaTe perHcTpaUHH 4ac-
THUbI). B03MO)l{HOCTb nOJIY4eHHH 3TOH HH<popMalI.HH H Tpe60BaHHH
K 3JIeKTpOHHbIM CHCTeMaM ee BbI,AeJIeHHH lI.eJIHKOM onpell.eJIHIOTCH
cpH3H4eCKHMI-J xapaKTepHcTHKaMH ,caMOrO ,AeTeKTopa.
B nOCJ1e,AYIOIlI.HX naparpa<pax HaCTOHI.I.I.eH rJIaBbI paCCMaTpHBaIOT-
CH B03MO)l{HOCTH H MeTO,AbI BbIlI. J1eHHH nepe4HCJ1eHH<;>H HHcpOpMalI.HH
C Y4eTOM KOHKpeTHbIX <pH3H4eCKHX xapaKT'epHCTHK pa3JIH4HbIX
11. eTeKTopOB.
I1TaK, 3JIeKTpH4eCKHH CHrHaJI Ha BbIXO,Ae ,AeTeKTOpa - MOMeHT
ero ,nOHBJIeHHH, ero aMnJ1HTY,Aa, ero <popMa H COCTaBJIHIOT npe,AMeT
aHaJIH3a C nOMOllJ.blO COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HX MeTO)J.OB H Cpe,ACTB HlI.ep-
HOH 3JIeKTpOHHKH. B 3TOM CMbICJIe lI.eTeKTOp - TaKoe JKe 3JIeKTpOH-
Hoe YCTPOHCTBO, KaK H Bce np04He CBH3aHHwe-c HHM YCTpOHCTBa.
Ho He paBHonpaBHoe C HHMH, nOCKOJ1bKY HMeHHO xapaKTepHCTHKH
,AeTeKTOpa ,AHKTYIOT Tpe60BaHHH K OCTaJIbHOH 3JIeKTpOHHKe. 3TH
Tpe60BaHHH 06W4HO COCTOHT B TOM, 4T06w 3JIeKTpOHHKa He YXYlI.-
waJIa T04HOCTH H3MepeHHH Tex HJIH HHbIX BeJIH4HH, 06ecne4HBaeMOH
xapaKTepHCTHKhMH caMoro ,AeTeKTopa. OpH 3TOM CJ1e,AyeT HMeTb
B BH,AY, 4TO T04HOCTb H3MepeHHH aMrrJIHTYlI. CHrHaJIOB, BpeMeHHbIX
COOTHorneHHH Mem,AY CHrHaJIaMH, T04HOCTb pa3,AeJIeHHH 4aCTHlI.
rIO CKOpOCTH HJIH KOOpll.HHaTaM 3aBHCHT TaKme H OT KOJIH4eCTBa
perHcTpHpyeMbIx C06blTHH B e,AHHHUY BpeMeHH (cpe,AHeH 4aCTOTbI).
OpH 60JIbWHX Cpell.HHX 4aCTOTax nocTynJIeHHH C06bITHH Ha BXO,A
39
H3MepMTeRbHoro YCTpOHCTBa B ero 3neKTpOHHWX uenHX MorYT B03-
HHKaTb cneUH<pH4eCKHe HCKa)l{eHHH, npHBO.lI.HllI.He K yxy.n.llleHHIO ero
H3MepHTeJIbHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK (4aCTOTHbIe neperpY3KH). n03TOMY
npe,lI.eJIbHaH cpe.n.HHH 1.JaCTOTa perHCTpaUHH C06bITHH, ,AOnYCK3eM3H
CaMI1M .n.eTeKTopOM" OK33bIBaeT CYIlI.eCTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe H3 BbI60p
Toro HJIH HHoro MeTo.n.a 3JIeKTpOHHoro aHaJIH3a.
l{eTeKTopbI C 3JIeKTpH4eCKHM C'beMOM HH<POpM3UHH - 3TO OCHOB-
HOM K.113CC ,lI,eTeKTOpOB, npHMeHHeMbIX B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH B 3Kcne-
pHMeHTe. OHH n03Bo.nHIOT nOJ1YQaTb ,AOCTaT04HO nORHYIO cpH3H4e-
CKYIO HH<P0PMaU.HIO, BKRI01.JaH rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHYIO KapTHHY npou.eCC3
(6JIarO,AapH CBOMCTBY rro3Hu.HOHHOH: 4YBCTBHTeRbHOCTH, xapaKTep-
HOH ,AJIH MHorHX H3 HflX), H B TO )l{e BpeMH lllHpOKO npHMeHHTb
B 3KcnepHMeHTe cpe,lLCTBa aBTOMaTH3,au.HH.
_ . Bce '.n.eTeKTopbI 3Toro KJ1aCCa MO)l{HO YCROBHO pa36HTb Ha 4eTbIpe
OCHOBHble rpynnbI.
nepBaSl rpynna - HOHH3au.HOHHble ,lJ.ereKTopbl. 3Ta rpyrrna
BKJIlO4aeT B ce6H:
a) ra30pa3pH.n.HbIe .n.eTeKTopbI - HOHH3au.HOHHbIe KaMepbI, npo-
nopLlHOHaJIbHble C4eT4HKH, C4eT4HKH feMrepa - MIORJIep.a., nponop-
UHOHaRbHwe KaMepw, HCKpoBwe C4eT4HKH, MHor03ReKTpO,AHWe
HCKpoBble KaMepbI, ,lI.peH<poBbIe KaMepbI, .n.peif<poBble c4eT4HKH;
6) )KH,AKOCTHbIe HOHH3au.HoHHbIE ,AeTeKTOpbI - HOHH3au.HOHHbIe
KaMepw C )l{H,AKHM ,AH3J1eKTpHKoM;
B) TBep,AOTeRbHbIe . ,AeTeKTOpbI - KpHCTaJJRHlIeCKHe C4eT4HKH,
O,AHOpO,AHbIe nORynpOBO,QHHKOBbIe ,lI.eTeKTOpbI, ,AeTeKTOpbI C p - n-
nepeXO,AOM, p -i - n-.n.eTeKTOpbl.
OCHOBHOH xapaKTepHOH oc06eHHOCTblO 3TOH rpynnbI HBJtHeTCH
TO, 4TO nepBH4HbIM <pH3H4eCKHM npou.eCCOM, Hcno.nb3yeMbIM B THX
,AeTeKTopax ,lI.JIH perHCTpaUHH 4aCTHUbI, H3MepeHHH ee 3HeprHH H
',ApyrHx napaMeTpOB, HBRHeTCH HOHH3aUHOHHbIH 3<pcpeKT - 3<pcpeKT
reHepaLlHH CBo60,AHbIX HOCHTeJIeH 3JIeKTpH4eCKoro 3apH,Aa B Be-
llI.eCTBe ,QeTeKTopa (3J1eKTpOHOB H HOHOB B ra3ax H )KH,AKOCTH*,
3JIeKTpOHOB H ,lI.bIpOK B KpHCT3JIJIHlIeCKHX TeJIax) no,Q ,AeHCTBHeM_
3JIeKTpH4eCKoro nOJIH lIacTHu.bI. l1oHH3au.HOHHbIH 3<p<peKT JIH60
H3MepHeTCH HenOCpe,ACTBeHHO (B HOHH3au.HOHHwX KaMepax, TBep,AO-
TeRbHbIX J.I.eTeKTopax), JIH60 HCn0J1b3yeTcH ,AJIH pa3BHTHH BTOpH4-
Horo npou.ecca - ra30Boro pa3pH,lI.a. DepBH4HOH: BeJIH4HHOH B 3THX
,QeTeKTopax HBJIHeTCH 3J1eKTpH4eCKHH apH,A CBo60,AHWX HOCHTeJIeH,
C03,lI.aBaeMWH HenOCpe,ACTBeHHO per cTpHpyeMoH 4aCTHueH B pa6o-
4eM Belll.eCTBe ,lI.eTeKTopa. 3Ta BeJIH4HHa C BbICOKOH CTeneHblO T04-
HOCTH npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHa 3HepreTH4eCKHM rrOTepHM 4acTHu,bI B pa-
604eM Belll.eCTBe ,lI.eTeKTOpa, LITO n03BOJIHeT H3MepHTb JIH60 nOJI-
HYIO 3HeprHIO 4acTHLlbI (eCJ1H ee np06er nOJIHOCTblO YKJIa,AbIBaeTcH
B pa604eM Q6'beMe ,AeTeKTopa), J1H60 y.n.eJIbHbIe HOHH3au.HoHHble
nOTepH (eCJIH np'o6er qaCTHll.bI MHoro 60JIbllle pa3MepoB ,AeTeKTopa).
,L{eTeKTopbI 3TOH rpynnbI IllHpOKO npHMeHHIOTcH .n.JIH pellleHHH
caMbIX pa3Hoo6pa3HbIx <pH3HQeCKHX 3a,Aa4 - H3MepeHHH 3HeprHH,
40
:\10;\lCllTa per.HCrpaIJ.MM, TpaeKTOpMM qaCTMQ C BbICOKOH TOll HOCTblO.
BTOpaSl rpynna - CI.(HHTHJlJlSlI.(HOHHble ,lJ.eTeKTOpbl. B ,lI.eTeKTO-
pax 3Toro THna npeo6pa30BaHHe_ 3HeprMM llaCTHQbI B 3J1eKTpMlle-
CKHH CHrHaJI HOCHT MHorocTyneHllaTbIH xapaKTep. B pa60qeM Be-
I1l.eCTBe ,lI.eTeKTOpa -- CQHHTHJIJlSITOpe, KOTOpbIH MO)KeT 6bITb TBep-
,lI.bIM, )KH,lI.KHM HJIM ra3006pa3HbIM, 3HeprHSI llaCTHQbI npeo6pa3Y-
eTCSI B CBeTOBYIO BcnbIlllKY (CIl.H HTHJIJISIQHIO). 3Ta CBeTOBaSI BcnbIlll-
Ka perHcTpHpyeTcSI CBeTOllYBCTBHTeJIbHbIM 3J1eKTpOHHbIM YCTPOH-
CTBOM - <pOT03JIeKTpOHHbIM YMHO)KHTeJIeM H npeo6pa3yeTcSI HM B_
3JIeKTpHlleCKHH - CHrHaJl. 06e CTa,lI.MH npeo6pa30BaHHSI 3HeprHM
qaCTHIl.bI B 3JIeKTpH4eCKHH HMnYJlbC 06JIa,lI.aIOT, XOTSI H B orpaHH-
lleHHbIX npe,lI.eJIax, CBOHCTBOM nponOPQHOHaJIbHOCTH, LJTO n03BOJISIeT
H3MepSITb 3HepreTHgeCKHe nOTepH LJaCTHQ. CIl.HHTMJIJISIQHOHHwe
,lI.eTeKTOpbI 6JIarO,lI.apSI CBOHM OC06bIM CBOHCTBaM: BbICOKOH 3<P<PeK-
THBHOCTH perHCTpaIl.HH ljaCTHQ pa3JIHllHOrO THna, 'B03MO)KHOCTH
rH6Koro H3MeHeHHSI pa3MepOB H KOH<pHrypaQHH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb-
HbIX YCTaHOBOK HaXO,LI.SIT He MeHee lllHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe B 3Kcne-
pHMeHTe, LJeM ,lI.eTeKTOpbl nepBoro TMna.
TpeTbH rpynna - qepeHKOBCKHe .lI.eTeKTopbl. KOHCTPYKTHBHO
3TH ,lI.eTeKTOpbI nOXO)KH Ha CQHHTMJIJISIQHOHHbIe: 3HeprHSI qaCTHQbI
npeo6pa3yeTcSI B pa60lleM Bel.I.(eCTBe ,lI.eTeKTOpa (ra3e, >KH,lI.KOCTH
HJIH TBep,LI.OM TeJIe) B CBeTOBYIO BcnbIlllKY, KOTopaSI 3aTeM perHCT-
pHpyeTcSI <l>3Y. O,lI.HaKO MexaHH3M B03HHKHOBeHHSI CBelleHHSI pa6o-
LJeto Bel.I.(eCTBa ,lI.eTeKTOpa (Ha3wBaeMoro pa,lI. aTopOM) npHHIl.HnM-
aJIbHO OTJIHlleH OT CQHHTHJlJISIIl.HOHHOro - CBeLJeHHe BbI3BaHO 3<P-
<peKTOM 4epeHKOBa, B03HHKalOI1l.HM npH ,lI.BH>KeHHH llaCTHIl.bI co CKO-
pOCTblO, 60JIbllleH CKOpOCTM pacnpOCTpaHeHHSI CBeTa B cpe,lI.e-pa,lI.Ha-
Tope. I1HTeHcHBHOCTb CBeTOBOH BcnbIlllKH. HeJIHHeHHO 3aBHCHT OT
CKOpOCTH LJaCTHQbI: J 1"0./ sin 28, r,lI.e 8 - yrOJI H3JIylfeHHSI llepeHKOB-
CKoro CBeTa: cos 8 = 1 / ( n), n - nOKa3aTeJIb npeJIOMJleHHSI cpe,lI.bI;
13 = v / c; v - CKOpOCTb LJaCTHQbI; C - CKOpOCTb CBeTa B BaKYYMe.
l.JepeHKoBcKHe ,lI.eTeKTOpbI npHMeHSIIOTcSI .lI.JISI perMcTpaQHH peJISITH-
BHCTCKHX LJaCTMQ. IloCKOJIbKY aMnJIHTY,lI.a 3JIeKTpM4ecKoro HMnYJlb-
ca, CHHMaeMoro C <l>3Y, cJIa60 (M HeJIHHeHHo) 3aBHCHT OT CKO-
pOCTH qaCTMIl.bI H, Boo6I..I.I.e rOBOpSI, He n03BOJlSIeT H3MepSITb 3HeprMIO
llaCTHIl.bI co CKOJlbKO-HM6Y,lI.b Y,lI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOH TOll HOCTblO, CHr-
HaJI llepeHKOBCKoro ,lI.eTeKTOpa 06bIllHO HCnOJIb3yeTcSI B YCTPOHCT-
Bax BpeMeHHoro oT6opa nOJIe3HWX C06WTHH JIM60 oT6opa llaCTHQ
no CKOpOCTSIM.
lJeTBepTaSl rpynna - 3MHCCHOHHble ,lJ.ereKTopbl. B ,lI.eTeKTOpax
3TOH rpynnbI HCnOJlb3yeTcSI 3<p<peKT BTOpHllHOH 3MHCCHH 3JIeKTpO-
.
HOB B BaKYYM H3 TOHKHX CJIOeB Bel.I.(eCTBa npH na,lI.eHHM Ha HHX
BbICOK03HepreTMLJeCKMX 3apSI)KeHHbIX LJaCTMQ. 3J1eKTpOHbI BTOpH4HOH
3MMCCMH, BbI6HT Ie H3 pa6oLJero Belll.eCTBa ,lI.eTeKTOpa ,lI.BH)KYlll.eHCfI
llaCTHQeH, perHCTpHpYIOTCSI BTOpMLJHbIM 3JIeKTpOHHbIM YMHO)KHTe-
JIeM, YCHJIHBalOl.I.(HM nepBHLJHbIH 3<p<peKT ,lI.O 3HaqeHMSI, ,lI.OCTaTOllHOrO
,lI.JISI perHCTpaIl.MH 3JIeKTpOHHOH annapaTypOH. K ,lI.eTeKTOpaM 3Toro
41
THna OTHOCHTCH ,LI.eTeKTOpbI H3 nOpHCTbIX .lI.H3JIeKTpHKOB, .lI.eTeKTOpbI,
_ HCnOJIb3YIOLIl.He B KaLJeCTBe 3MHTTepOB TOHKHe MeTaJIJIH4eCKHe <POJIb-
rH, H pH.lI. .lI.pyrHX. npHMeHeHHe TaKHX .lI.eTeKTOpOB BeCbMa CneIl.H<pH4HO.
B OCHOBHOM OHH npHMeHHIOTCH B TeX CJIYLJaHX, KOr.lI.a Tpe6yetcH
T04HOe Onpe.lI.eJIeHHe MOMeHTa perHCTpaIl.HH 4aCTHIl. OTHOCHTeJIbHO
He60JIblllHX 3HeprHH (HepeJIHTHBHCTCKHX) 6e3 3aMeTHOrO HCKa>KeHHH
3HepreTHLJeCKOrO CneKTpa 3THX LJaCTHu.
B. Ka4eCTBe. -BTOPHQHbIX 3.:J'IeKTpOHHbIX YMHO:>KHTeJ1eH B HaCT05{-
LIl.ee BpeMH 4aLIl.e BCerO npHMeHHIOTCH MHKpOKaHaJIbHbIe nJ1aCTHHbI
(CM 2.3), n03,BOJIHIOLIl.He nOJIY4aTb 04eHb BbICOKYIO T04 OCTb
onpe.lI.eJIeHHH MOMeHTa perHcTpau.HH 4aCTHIl. .
n pHBe.lI.eHHaH KJIaCcH<pHKau,HH .lI.eTeKTOpoB C 3JIeKTpH4ecKHM
C'beMOM HH<popMau,HH HBJIHeTCH .lI.OBOJIbHO YCJIOBHOH H HenOJIHOH.
OHa He YLJHTbIBaeT 1I0BbIX, pa3pa6aTbIBaeMbIX B HaCTOHLIl.ee BpeMH
.lI.eTeKTOpOB, TaKHX,' HanpHMep, KaK CBepxnpOBO)J.HlIl.He ,LI.eTeKTOpw.
He ynoMHHalOTCH H .lI.eTeKTHpYlOllI.He CHCTeMbI, B KOTOpblX HCnOJIb-
3yeTcH O.lI.HOBpeMeHHo HeCKOJIbKO <pH3H4ecKHx MexaHH3MOB (HanpH-
Mep, TaKHe, KaK 4epeHKoBcKHe KaJIOpHMeTpbI nOJIHOrO nOrJIOlll.eHHH).
C.lI.eJ1aHO 3TO YMbIWJIeHHO. HarneH Il.eJIblO HBJIHeTCH JIHWb HanOMH-
HaHHe LJHTaTeJ110 0 CBOHCTBax OCHOBHbIX lllHpOKO HCnOJIb3yeMblx
.lI.eTeKTOpoB H CBH3aHHbIX C 3THMH CBOHCTBaMH Tpe60BaHHHx, npe.lI.'b-
HBJIHeMbIX K 3JIeKTpOHHKe. C 3TOH TOLJKH 3peHHH npHBO.lI.HMaH KJIaC-
cH<pHKauHH HBJIHeTCH BfIOJIHe Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOH, TaK KaK nO.lI.aB-
JIHIOLIl.ee 4HCJIO cOBpeMeHHblx .lI.eTeKTHpYIOlIl.HX YCTaHOBOK MO:>KeT
6bITb CBe.lI.eHO K KOM6HHaIl.HH nepeLJHCJIeHHblX LJeTbIpex rpynn.
1I.JIH .lI.eTaJIbHOrO H3Y4eHHH <pH3H4ecKHx npHHUHnoB .lI.eTeKTHpo-
BaHHH LJaCTHIl., CBOHCTB H napaMeTpoB, MeTO.lI.HLJeCKHX oc06eHHoc-
TeH HX npHMeHeHHH CJIe.lI.yeT 06paTHTbcH K CneIl.HaJIbHOH J1HTepa-
Type; HanpHMep K KHHre B. K. JlHnH.lI.eBCKOro «MeTO)].bI ,LI.eTeKTH-
pOBaHHH H3JIYLJeHHH» (M.: 3HeproaTOMH3.lI.aT, - 1987).
_ HecMoTpH Ha pa3Ho06pa3He <pH3HLJeCKHX npHHIl.HnoB perHcTpa-
U,HH 4aCTHIl. pa3J1H4HbIMH THnaMH .lI.eTeKTOpoB, Ha BbIxo)].e JII060ro
-H3 nepeLJHCJIeHHbIX THnOB .lI.eTeKTopoB C 3JIeKTpHLJeCKHM C'beMOM
HH<popMaIl.HH B03HHKaeT 3JIeKTpH4ecKHH 'CHrHaJI on pe.lI.eJI eH Horo
3Ha4eHHH H .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH, HecYLIl.HH BCIO .lI.OcTynHYIO HH<p0pMaUHIO.
n03TOMY C <popMaJIbHOH T04KH 3peHHH J11060H .lI.eTeKTop H3 nepe-
4HCJIeHHblX BbIlIJe MO:>KeT paccMaTpHBaTbcH KaK, reHepaTop TOKa
BO BHeWHlO1O perHcTpHpylOllI.YIO u.enb. KaK H3BeCTHO, no)]. reHepa-
TOpOM TOKa nOHHMaeTCH reHepaTop, BHYTpeHHee conpOTHBJIeHHe
KOToporo. RBH MHoro 60JIbWe conpOTHBJIeHHH u.enH HarpY3KH
RH: RBH RH.
B 3TOM CJIY4ae B XO.lI.HOH TOK reHepaTopa i He 3aBHCHT OT CO-
npOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH BHeWHeH Il.enH RH' 3TO YTBep>K.lI.eHHe npaK-
THLJeCKH CnpaBe.lI.JIHBO .lI.JIH Bcex THnOB .lI.eTeKTopoB, nOCKOJIbKY
HMnYJIbC TOKa i, a TaK)f(e ero .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb ti onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH BHYT-
peHHHMH npou.eccaMH B .lI.eTeKTope H He 3aBHCHT OT RH B lIJHpOKOM
.lI.Hana30He 3Ha4eHHH RH, npHMeHHeMbIx Ha npaKTHKe.-
42
003TOMY .lI.JISI <pOpMaJIbHOrO _aHaJIH3a npo-
uecca <POpMHpOBaHHH H nepe.lI.a4H B XO.lI.HOrO
CHrHaJIa .lI.eTeKTOp MO)KeT 6bITb npe.lI.CTaBJIeH B
BHAe 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH cxeM I reHepaTopa TOKa
(pHc.2.1).
TOK .lI.eTeKTOpa i 4epe3 KJI,I04 K, 3aMbIKaeMbIH
Ha BpeMH .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH HMnYJIbCa TOKa ti,
nocTynaeT BO BHeWHlO1O uenb HarpY3KH ,LI.eTeK-
Topa, COCTOSIWYIO H3 conpOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH
R H H eMKOCTH Ha rpY3KH C u , nO.lI.KJII04eHHOH
napaJIJIeJIbHO Ru, r,LJ.e C H = C.'t + C BX + CM' CJl, -
eMKOCTb .lI.eTeKTopa; C BX - eMKOCTb BXO.lI.a
3JIeKTpOHHoro YCTpOHCTBa, nO.lI.KJI104aeMOro
K .lI.eTeKTOpy; C M - eMKOCTb MOHTa)Ka, BKJII04aSI
eMKOCTb COe.lI.HHHTeJIbH X npOBO.lI.OB (HJIH Ka-
6eJIH) Me)K.lI.Y .lI.eTeKTOpOM H 3JIeKTpOHHbIM YCT-
pOHCTBOM.
TaKHM 06pa30M, C H - 3TO CYMMapHaH eMKOCTb BbIXO.lI.HOH T04KH
(BbIXO.lI. Ha pHC. 2.1) OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3eMJI.H. ConpoTHB eHHe H eM-
KQCTb HarpY3KH 06pa3YlOT HHTerpHpylOllI.YIO RC-u.enb Ha BbIXO.lI.e
.lI.eTeKTOpa, OT nocToHHHOH BpeMe.HH tH = RHC H KOTOpOH cYIlI.eCTBeH-
HO 3aBHCHT T04HOCTb H3MepeHHH 3HeprHH 4aCTHU H MOMeHTa pe-
rHCTpaUHH. KOHKpeTHbIe co06pa)KeHHSI H peKoMeH.lI.aUHH no BbI60py
3Ha4eHHSI RitCH 06CY)K.lI.aIOTCSI B nOCJIe.lI.YIOllI.HX naparpa<pax.
rCHepamop
mOKa
Bblxo8
PHC. 2.1. 3.neKTpM-
4eCKaH 3KBH BaJ1eHT-
HaR cxeMa .n.eTeKTO-
pa
2.2. Bbl,l\EJ1EH H E HH<I>OPMAQH H 06 3HEPrH H, nOTEPSlHHOA
lJACTHQEA B ,l\ETEKTOPE
XOTSI C <popMaJIbHOH T04KH 3peHHSI 60JIbWHHCTBO .lI.eTeKTOpOB
MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK reHepaTOp TOKa BO BHelllHIOIO uenb,
O)!.HaKO <pH3H4eCKH nepBH4HbIM 3<p<PeKTOM SIBJIHeTCH He TOK, a
3JIeKTpH4eCKHH 3apSI.lI., C03.lI.aBaeMbIH 4aCTHueH B .lI.eTeKTope. 3TOT
3apH.lI., nepeMellI.aSICb B 06'beMe .lI.eTeKTOpa no.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM npHJIO-
:>KeHHOH pa3HOCTH nOTeHUHaJIOB B Te4eHHe xapaKTepHoro BpeMe-
HH ti, paBHoro BpeMeHH c06HpaHHSI HOCHTeJIeH 3apSI.lI.a Ha 3JIeKT-
pO.lI.bI .lI.eTeKTOpa, H C03.lI.aeT HMnYJIbC TOKa .lI.eTeK opa. Bo' MHorHX
.lI.eTeKTOpax 3TOT 3apSI.lI. q nponopUHOHaJIeH 3HeprHH <iff, nOTepSIHHOH
4aCTHueH B .lI.eTeKTope. .
OPOXO.lI.H 4epe3 pa604ee BeIlI.eCTBO .lI.eTeKTOpa, 4aCTHI.I,a C03.lI.aeT
B HeM HeKoTopoe KOJIH4eCTBO CB060.lI.H X HOCHTeJIeH_3JIeKTpH4eCKoro
3apH.lI.a. Cpe.lI.Hee 4HCJIO nap HOCHTeJIeH 3apSI.lI.a N, C03.lI.aBaeMbIX
4aCTHueH B .lI. TeKTOpe, Onpe.lI.e.JISIeTCSI COOTHoweHHeM
N= <iff/w
r.lI.e (0 - cpe.lI.HSISI 3HeprHSI, paCXO.lI.yeMaSI 4aCTHueH Ha 06pa30BaHHe
O.lI.HOH napbI HOCHTeJIeH (3JIeKTpOHa H HOHa B ra3e, 3JIeKTpOH3
H .lI.bIPKH B KpHCTaJIJIe).
ECJIH Bce 3apSI.lI.W, 06pa30BaHHwe qaCTHueH, .lI.OCTHraIOT 3JIeKT-
43
pO,LI.OB ,lJ.eTeKTOpa, TO 3ap5l,lJ., npOIlle,lJ.lllHH '-Iepe3 BbIXO,lJ.HYIO uenb
,lJ.eTeKTOpa, 6Y,lJ.eT paBeH 3apSI,lJ.Y, C03,lJ.aHHOMY 4aCTHueH:
q = eN = e7! /W,
r,lJ.e e - 3ap5l,lJ. 3JIeKTpOHa. TaKHM 06pa30M, H3MepeHHe 3HeprHH
4aCTHUbI CBO,LI.HTC5I K H3MepeHHIO 3ap5l,lJ.a, - nocTynHBIllerO BO BHeIll-
HIOIO uenb HarpY3KH ,LI.eTeRTOpa.
B pSI,lJ.e CJIY4aeB BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe peKOM6HHaUHM HOCHTeJIeH B 060-
_ eMe ,lJ.eTeKTOpa, 3aXBaTa HX Ha JIOBYIllKH H T. n. nOJIHOCTblO c06-
paTb 3apH,lJ. Ha 3JIeKTpO,lJ. He y,lJ.aeTCSI. O,lJ.HaKO 06W4HO H B 3TOM
CJIY4ae c06paHHbIH 3ap5l,lJ. nponopUHOHaJIeH 3HeprHH '-IaCTHUbI:
q = ke7!/w
(k < 1 - K03<p<t>HUHeHT co6HpaHHH 3apH,lJ.a).
H3MepeHHe q n03BOJI5IeT, 3HaSI 3Ha4eHHSI k H W, BbI4HCJ1HTb
3HeprHIO 4aCTHUbI. Ha npaKTHKe 3HeprH5I 43CTHIl.bI onpe,lJ.eJISIeTC5I
nYTeM rpa,lJ.YHpOBKH ,LI.eTeKTOpa 4aCTHll.aMH H3BeCTHOH 3HeprHH.
OpH rpa,LI.YHpOBKe npe,lJ.nOJ1araeTCSI, 4TO CB5I3b MelK,lJ.Y q H 7! JIHHeH-
- Ha, T. e. liTO W H k He 3aBHC5IT OT 3HeprHH lIaCTHU. 3TO npe,lJ.no-
JIOlKeHHe, B 06lll.eM CJIYll ae, HecnpaBe,lJ.JIHBO, O,lJ.HaKO B orpaHH4eH-
HOM ,lJ.Hana30He 3HeprHH, pa3HOM ,lJ.JIH pa3HbIX THnOB ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB,
OTKJIOHeHH5I OT JIHHeHHOCTH HeBeJIHKH H MorYT He Y4HTbIBaTbCSI.
CaMbIH npOCTOH cnoc06 H3MepeHHSI 3apH,lJ.a q - HHT rpHpoBa-
HHe TOKa ,lJ.eTeKTopa Ha eMKOCTH HarpY3KH C H . ,LLeHcTBHTeJIbHO,
eCJIH B3SITb conpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH RH ,lJ.OCTaTOllHO 60JIblllHM, TaK
liTO tH = RHC H -+- 00, TO nOTeHUHaJI U Ha C H nOCJIe perHCTpall.HH
4aCTHll.bI 6Y,lJ.eT paBeH:
00
u = .J..- i (t) dt = q IC H = e'iff I wC H ,
C H
o
T. e. npOnopIl.HOHaJIeH 3HeprHH 4aCTHll.bl.
OpH perHCTpallHH 60JIbllIOrO 4HCJI '-IaCTHll. He06xo,lJ.HMO, 4T06bI
C H ycneBaJIa pa3p5llKaTbCSI B npOMelKYTKax BpeMeHH MelK,lJ.Y MO-
MeHTaMH perHCTpall.HH OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX '-I aCTHll. , T. e. CJIe,lJ.yeT BbI6HpaTb
KOHe4Hoe 3Ha'-leHHe T H . O,lJ.HaKO B CJIY4ae, eCJIH T H ti, T. e. pa3pSI,lJ.
C H npOHCXO,lJ.HT ropa3,lJ.O Me,lJ.JIeHHee, 4eM 3ap5l,lJ. 'TOKOM ,lJ.eTeKTopa,
BbIpalKeHHe ,l!.JISI nOTeHUHaJIa U OCTaeTCSI cnpaBe,lJ.JIHBbIM C BbICOKOH
CTeneHblO TO'-lHOCTH. YCJIOBHe RHCH ti Ha3bIBaeTCH YCJIOBHeM nOJI-
Horo HHTerpHpOBaHH5I. CHrHaJI, CHHMaeMbIH C ,lJ.eTeKTOpa, B 3TOM
CJIY4ae HMeeT xapaKTepHYIO <t>OPMY (pHC. 2.2). Ero BpeM5I Hapac-
TaHHH (AJIHTeJIbHOCTb <t>poHTa t<t» onpe.n.eJISIeTCH ,lJ.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO
TOKa ,lJ.eTeKTOpa ti, a BpeM5I cna.n.a - nOCTOSIHHOH pa3pSI,lJ.a T H .
MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3Ha4eHHe HMnYJIl?ca -HanpSIlKeHH5I Ha C H Ha3bIBaeTCSI
aMnJIHTY,lJ.OH CHrHaJIa A.
B npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHbIX .n.eTeKTopax aMnJIHTY,lJ.HbIH cneKTp HM-
nYJIbCOB Hanp5llKeHHSI (npH YCJIOBHH nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpoBaHHSI)
44
dN/tiS)
a)
tcp=ti
t
dN/dfl
-
-8
PHC. 2.3. ,UHcpcpepeHu,HaJlbHbIe pac-
npe.n.eJle HHSI:
a - 3HeprHI1 perHcTpl1pyeMblx MOH03Hep-
reTI1LJeCKHX 4aCTI1U; 6 - 3apSIJJ.OB, C03.Ll.a-
BaeMblX 4aCTHua M H B JJ.eTeKTope; 8-
aMnJIHTYJl. CHrHaJlOB Ha BbIXO.Ll.e RC-u.enH
HarpY3KI1
I 5)
. 1 =cBllIJ q,
dNjdA
0)
A =q,/C H A
PI1C. ?2. <PopMa HMnYJIbCa Hanpfl-
}I(eHHfl Ha BbIXO.lJ.e u,enH 'iarpY3KH
.
O.ll.H03Ha4HO CBSI3aH co cneKTpOM 3HepreTH4eCKHX nOTepb 4aCTHlI.,
4TO H HBnHeTCH OCHOBOH HOHH3alI.HOHHOro MeTo a cneKTpOMeTpHH.
OpH H3MepeHHH 3HepreTH4eCKoro cneKTpa qaCTHlI. MeTO.ll.OM aMnnH-
TY Horo aHanH3a B03HHKaeT u.enbIH pH.lI. cne'I.I.H<pH4eCKHX norpern-
HOCTeH, CBH3aHHbIX C caMHM .lI.eTeKTOpOM, C 3neKTpOHHbIMH u.enHMH
.CDeMal1 Q:>OpMHpOBaHHH CHrHaJIa, C 3neKTpOHHOH annapaTypOH.
3TH nOrpeWHOCTH OrpaHH HBaIDT T04HOCTb KOHe4Horo pe3ynbTaTa,
T. e. li3Me,peHHOe 3Ha4eHHe 3HeprHH 4aCTHlI.bI. KaK YlKe rOBOpHnOCb
BbIwe, 06bI4HOe Tpe60BaHHe K 3JIeKTpOHHOH annapaType COCTOHT
B TOM, 4T06bI BHOCHMbIe elO norpernHOCTH He npeBbIUJanH norpern-
HOCTeH, BHOCHMbIX caMHM .lI.eTeKTopOM, KOTopble, TaKHM 06pa30M,
HBJIHIOTCH onpe,LI.eJIHlOllI.HMH.
OCHOBHOH ,. xapaKTepHCTHKOH cneKTpOMeTpHqeCKOrO eTeKTopa
HBnHeTCH ero 3HepreTH4eCKoe pa3perneHHe. rJIaBHOH <p113H4eCKOH
npH4HHOH KOHe4Horo 3HepreTH4eCKoro pa3perneHHH SIBnSIeTCSI CTa-
THCTH4eCKHH xapaKTep npOll.ecca 06pa30BaHHH CBo6o HbIX HOCH-
TeJIeH 3apH.lI.a 3apH)KeHHOH 4aCTHlI.eH B AeTeKTope. BCJIe.ll.CTBHe
3Toro HCTHHHoe 4HCJIO nap HOCHTeneH 3apH.lI.a N, C03.l1.aHHbIX KOHK-
peTHOH 4aCTHI.I.eH C 3HeprHeH 1$ B .lI.eTeKTOpe, eCTb cn Y4aHHaH
BenH4HHa, <PJIYKTYHPYIOIll.aH OKOJIO Cpe.ll.HerO 3Ha4eHHSI N = 1$ / ffi.
1I.HcnepcHH 3TOQ CJ1Y4aHHOH BeJIH4HHbI D (N) onHCbIBaeTCH BbIpa-
:>KeHHeM
D(N)=NF,
r.ll.e F - Q)aKTOp <PaHO, K03<P4>HI.I.HeHT MeHbwe e.ll.HHHI.I.bI, pa3nH4-
HbIH J1H pa3Hblx THTIOB eTeKTopOB.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH perHCTpaIJ.HH O.ll.HH04HOH 4aCTI1I.I.bI CBH3b
45
Me)f(.n.y 3apH.n.OM q H 3HeprHeH lfaCTHI.I.bI <iff HeO.n.H03Ha4Ha, H 3HeprHH
MO)f(eT 6bITb onpe.n.e JIeHa C T04HOCTblO .LI.O Cpe.n.HeH KBa,LI.paTHlfeCKOH
norpeWHOCTH' a -V D (N). npH perHCTpaI.I.HH 60JIbWOrO KOJIH4eCTBa
4aCTHIJ, O,LI.HHaKOBOH 3HeprHH <iff (MOH03HepreTH4eCKHX), T. e. Ha-
60pe CTaTHCTHKH, nOJIY4aeTCH pacnpe.n.eJIeHHe 3apH,LI.OB KOHe4HOH
lllHpHHbI (pHC. 2.3). lliHpHHa 3Toro pacnpe.n.eJIeHHH Ha nOJIOBHHe
ero BbICOTbI, BbIpa)KeHHaH B e.LI.HHHLl.ax 3HeprHH t1<iff = q(tJ/e, Ha-
3bIBaeTCH 3HepreTH4ecKHM pa3peWeHI1eM .LI.eTeKTopa. 4acTo nOJIb-
3YIOTCH TaK)f(e O HOCHTeJIbHbIM 3HepreTH4eCKHM pa3peweHHeM, %:
61ff = <iff · 1 00/ <iff .
OOCKOJIbKY npH nOJIHOM HHTerpHpoBaHHH aMnJIHTYAa HMnYJIbCa
HanpH)KeHHH A npOnOpLl.HOHaJIbHa 3apHAY q, aMnJIHTY.LI.HOe pac-
npe.LI.eJIeHHe nOBTopHeT pacnpe.LI.eJIeHHe 3apHAOB. O,LI.HaKO aMfiJIHTY.n.-
Hoe pacnpe.n.eJIeHHe MO)KeT 6bITb YWHpeHO .n.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH cpaK-
TopaMH: cpJ1YKTyaLl.HHMH TOKa YTe4KH .LI.eTeKTOpa, HenOJIHbIM C60POM
3apH,LI.a H .n.p. n03TOMY aMnJ1HTY.LI.HOe pa3pellleHHe t1A, KOTopoe
onpe.LI.eJIHeTCH KaK lllHpHHa aMnJIHTY,LI.HOrO pacnpe.LI.eJIeHHH Ha n0J10-
BHHe ero BbICOTbI, BbIpa)KaeTCH CJ1e .LI.YIOl.LJ. eH <POPMYJIOH:
t1A = -YIt1A 1 ,
Ai - napu.HaJIbHbIe BKJIa.LI.bI Bcex nepe4HCJ1eHHblX cpaKTopOB,
BKJII04aH pa3peweHHe caMoro .LI.eTeKTopa.
B npe.n.eJIe, KOr.LI.a Bce .LI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHble cpaKTopbI YCTpaHeHbI
HJIH MaJIbl, aMnJ1 HTY.LI.HOe pa3peweHHe onpe.LI.eJIHeTCH TOJIbKO 3Hep-
reTH4eCKHM pa3peweHHeM ,LJ.eTeKTopa: A / A = t1<iff / <iff.
ECJIH <papMa aMnJIHTY.LI.HOrO pacnpe,LI.eJIeHHH (TaK Ha3blBaeMaH
<popMa, JIHHHH) xopowo H3BeCTHa, TO 3HeprHH 4.aCTHLl.bl onpe.LI.eJIH-
eTCH 4epe3 Cpe,lJ.Hee 3Ha4eHHe aMnJ1HTY.LI.bI:
<iff =AwCH/e.
B 3TOM CJIY4ae T04HOCTb onpe.LI.eJIeHHH 3HeprHH 4aCTHLl.bI MO)KeT
6blTb CKOJIb yrO,LJ.HO BbICOKOH H onpe.n.eJIHeTCH He 3tLepreTH4eCKHM
pa3peweHHeM ,lJ.eTeKTOpa, a T04HOCTbIO onpe,LI.eJIeHHH A (3aBHCHl.LJ.eH
OT Ha6paHHoH CTaTHCTHKH H T04HOCTH annpOKCHMall.HH aMnJIHTY,lJ.-
Horo pacnpe.LI.e.JIeHHH cooTBeTcTBYlOllleH cpYHKIJ,Heii) H T04HOCTblO
rpa,lJ.YHpoBKH 3HepreTH4ecKoH IlIKaJIbl.
B 60J1bWHHCTBe npaKTHLJeCKHX c.IIYLJaeB aMnJIHTY.LI.HOe pacnpe-
.n.eJIeHHe XopOWO onHCbIBaeTCH pacnpe.LI.e.rreHHeM faycca. B 3TOM
CJIY4ae
L\A = 2,36a,
r.n.e a - napaMeTp pa cn pe,lJ.eJIeHHH faycca.
CpeJI.Hee 3HalfeHHe A COBna,LI.aeT_C MaKCHMYMOM pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHH, 4eM
H nOJIb3YIOTCH npH onpe.LI.eJIeHHH A. O.n.HaKo npH H3MepeHHH aMnJIH-
TY,LI.HbIX pacnpe.n. JIeHHH H3MepHTeJIbHbie u.enH MorYT npHBO,lJ.HTb K
HCKa)KeHHHM <POpMbI JIHHHH, 4TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, npHBO.LI.HT K .n.onOJI-
HHTeJIbHOH norpeWHOCTH B onpe.LI.eJIeHHH 3HeprHH 4aCTHll.. 3TOT
Bonpoc 60JIee nO.LI.P06HO paCCMaTpHBaeTCH B rJ1. 3.
46
XOTH T04HOCTb onpe eneHHH ?HeprHH 4aCTHU HanpHMYID H He
CBH3aHa C 3HepreTH4eCKHM pa3perneHHeM eTeKTopa, Ha npaKTHKe
CBH3b Mem y 3THMH BeJIH4HHaMH Bce me CYUI.eCTByeT: 4eM nY4rne
3HepreTH4eCKoe pa3perneHHe ,lJ.eTeKTOpa H, CTaJIO 6bITb, 4eM yme
aMnJIHTY Hoe pacnpe eneHHe CHrHanOB npH perHCTpaUHH MOHO-
3HepreTH4eCKHX 4acTHu" TeM Bblrne T04HOCTb onpe,LI.eJIeHH5I cpe Hero
3Ha4eHHH pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHH5I npH 3a.n.aHHOH CTaTHCTHKe (T. e. 3a aH-
HOM 4HCJ1e 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHbiX 4 aCTHU) .
npH perHCTpal.I.HH 4aCTHU, HMelOll.I.HX - cnomHblH 3HepreTH4ecKHH
cneKTp, 3Ha4eHHe 3HepreTH4eCKoro (aMnJIHTY,lJ.HOro) pa3perneHH5I
HMeeT npHHUHnHaJIbHOe 3Ha4eHHe. ECJIH B HCCJIe.n.yeMoM cneKTpe
4aCTHI.I. HMeIOTC5I rpynnbl 4aCTHU 6JIH3KHX 3HeprHH, TO OHH MorYT
6bITb pa3,lJ.eJ1eHbl (pa3perneHbI) TonbKO B TOM CJ1Y4ae, eCJIH pa3HHua
B 3HeprH5IX 3THX 4aCTHI.I. paBHa HJ1H npeBbllIIaeT 3HalfeHHe 3Hepre-
TH4eCKoro pa3perneHH5I. B npOTHBHOM CJIY4ae aMnJ1HTY,lJ.Hble pac-
npe,LI.eJIeHH5I OT 06eHx rpYlln 4aCTHLI. COJ1bIOTC5I B O,lJ.HY Hepa3perneH-
HYIO J1HHHIO. XOTH cOBpeMeHHble MeTO bl 06pa6oTKH n03B0J151IOT
H.n.eHTH<PHI.I.HpOBaTb H B KaKoH-To Mepe pa3,L1.eJI5ITb Hepa3perneHHble
J1HHHH, B03MomHOCTH no o6Horo pa3.n.eJ1eHH5I TaK:>Ke npHHI.I.HnHaJ1b-
HO orpaHH4eHbi 3Ha4eHHeM 3HepreTH4ecKoro pa3peWeHH5I.
npH perHcTpaUHH 3HepreTH4ecKHx J1HHHH MaJ10H HHTeHCHBHOCTH
B YCJ10BH5IX <pOHa B03MO)KHOCTb 06HaPYJKeHH5I H H,lJ.eHTH<pHKaUHH
3THX JIHHHH Tome onpe eJI5IeTC-51 3HepreTH4eCKHM pa3perneHHeM.
PaCCMOTpHM cnY4aH, Kor,LI.a .n.eTeKTopOM C 3HepreTH4eCKHM pa3pe-
rneHHeM H 3<p<peKTHBHOCTblO f) Hap5l.n.y C per.HCTpaUHeH 3<p<peK-
Ta (T. e. KaKOH-TO 3HepreTH4'eCKOH J1HHHH) CO Cpe,lJ.HHM 4HCJ10M
Co6blTHH B e HHHUY BpeMeHH fl3 perHcTpHpyeTC5I <POH, He OTJIH4H-
MbIH OT 3<p<peKTa. npe,lJ.nOnO:>KHM ,lJ.JI5I npOCTOTbI, 4TO <POH B 06naCTH
perHcTpHpyeMoH nHHHH nOCT05lHeH: dncp/d == const, r,lJ.e dncp/d -
Cpe,LI.Hee 4HCJIO <POHOBbIX C06blTHH B e,lJ.HHHI.I.Y BpeMeHH t-Ia HHTepBaJI
3HeprHH d .
3a BpeM5I 3KcnepHMeHTa '- Cpe,lJ.Hee 4HCJIO 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHblx co-
6bITHH 3<p<peKTa COCTaBHT: N 3 ==fl 3 t 3 Y].
3a 3TO :>Ke BpeM5I B 3TOM :>Ke 3HepreTH4ecKoM Hana30He lllHpH-
HOH 6y.n.eT 3aperHcTpHpoBaHo <POHOBbIX C06blTHH (B Cpe,lJ.HeM):
N{p == (dncp/ d ) t1/3.
C4HTaH, 4TO <PoHoBbIe C06bITH5I HOC5IT CJ1Y4aHHbIH xapaKTep, T. e.
nO 4HH5IIOTC5I pacnpe.n.eJIeHHIO nya coHa, Cpe H5I5I KBa,LI.paTH4eCKa51
YKTyaUH5I 4Hcna 3aperHcTpHpo BaHHwx <POHO BWX C06WTHH paBHa:
(tcp == -{N; == -V (dncp/d ) t .
3Ta <pJIYKTyaUHH MomeT HMHTHpoBaTb 3<p<peKT, C03 aBaH CJIa6ble
JIO)KHble JIHHHH. n03TOMY 06bl4HO 3HepreTH4ecKYIO J1HHHIO C4HTalOT
ocToBepHo 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHo,H, eCJ1H KOJIH4eCTBO C06bITHH, 3a-
perHcTpHpoBaHHblx B 3HepreTH4ecKoM Hana30He rn HpHHOH ,
Ha HeCKOJ1bKO (4-,5) cTaH.n.apTHblx OTKJ10HeHHH npeBbIrnaeT cpe Hee
47
3Ha4eHHe <pOHa Ha COCe.n.HHX, npHMbIKalOIll.HX K 3TOMY .n.Hana30HY
Y4acTKax TOM lKe llIHpHHbI: N 3 (4 -7- 5) O'<p HJIH
n 3 t 3 11 (4 -7- 5) -J(dn<p / d7f) 7f l1t3.
OTclO.n.a nOJIY4aeM, 4TO JIHHHIO MOlKHO 06HapYlKH Tb, eCJIH
n 3 (4-7-5) -J 8.7f (dn<p/d7f)/t3T) .
TaKHM 06pa30M, .n.JI5I nOBbIllIeHH5I 4YBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH (npM 3a,lJ.aH-
HOM cpoHe) Ha.n.o JIH60 YJIY4 aTb 3HepreTH4eCKoe pa3peweHHe
,lJ.eTeKTOpa, JIH60 YBeJIH4HBaTb BpeMH 3KcnepHMeHTa, JIH60 YBeJIH-
4HBaTb 3<p<peKTHBHoCTb .n.eTeKTopa. OpHBe.n.eHHbIe coo6palKeHHH
3aCTaBJI5IIOT 3KcnepHMeHTaTopOB BO MHorHX CJIY4a5lX CTpeMHTbCSI
K HaHJIY4weMY ,lJ.OCTHlKHMOMY 3HepreTH4eCKOMY (aMnJIHTYJJ.HOMY)
pa3perneHHIO.
113 BCeX npJ1MeH5IeMbIX B HaCT05l111.ee BpeMSI .n.eTeKTOpOB HaHJIY4-
rnHM 3HepreTH4eCKHM pa3perneHHeM 06JIa.n.a1OT nOJIynpOBO,lI.HHKO-
Bble JieTeKTOpbI. o pe,lJ.eJIbHOe 3HepreTH4eCKOe pa3pelUeHHe 3THX
,lJ.eTeKTOpOB MOlKeT 6bITb OueHeHO nq <pOpMYJIe
8. 7f Jl == 2,36(1) -V N F == 2,36 -V 7f wF ,
r.n.e w paBHo 2,9 3B .n.JIH repMaHH5I, 3,6 3B ,lI.JI5I KpeMHHH; f" """ 0,1.
,L{JI5I 3HeprHH 4aCTHlI.bI 1! == 100 K3B Oll.eHKa no 3TOH <popMYJIe
.n.aeT (,lJ.JI5I repMaHH5I): Jl==0,41 K3B; 67f ==8.7f Jl /7f ==0,41%.
HaJIH4He TOKa YTe4KH, 06YCJIOB.neHHoro TenJIOBOH reHepaUHeH
3JIeKTpOHHO-,lJ.bIp04HbIX nap B 06'beMe .n.eTeKTopa, a TaK)Ke TOKOB
YTe4KH no nOBepxHocTH .n.eTeKTopa HeCKOJIbKO YXY,lJ.WaeT npeJ1.eJIb-
HbIe napaMeTpbI, TaK.KaK CTaTHCTH4eCKHe cpJIYKTyali.HH 3ap5l;LI.a, C03-
.n.aBaeMbIe 3THMH TOKaMH B HHTerpHpYlOllleH u.enH, CK.na.lI.bIBaIOTCH
co CTaTHCTH4eCKHMH <pJIYKTyall.H5IMH 3apSI.n.a, .C03,l{aHHOrO 4acTHueH.
LLeHCTBHTeJIbHO eCJIH 4epe3 .n.eTeKTop 'npoTeKaeT HeKoTopbIH
Cpe,lJ.HHH TOK YTe4KH i T' 3TO 3KBHBaJIeHTHO nocTynJIeHHIO B lI.enb
HarpY3KH ,lJ.eT eKT Opa 3a BpeM5I HHTerpHpoBaHHSI t li 3apH.n.a iyTt 1h coc:-
T05lI1.LerO H3 N I iYTt / e 3JIeMeHTapHblx 3ap5l oB. CTaTHcTH4eCKa51
<pJIYKTyaUHSI 4HCJIa 3TMX 3a'p5l.n.o B paBHa -iN = -J iyrfli/ e . CYMMap-
Hoe 3HepreTH4eCKoe pa3perneH He )].eTeKTop a 6y.n.eT B 3TOM CJIY4ae
_ / 2 2
8. 7f == V 8. 7f Jl + 8. 7f YT ,
r.n.e L\ 7f Jl == 2,36-J wF - c 06CTBe HHoe 3HepreTH4ecKoe pa3peuIeHHe
.n.eTeKTopa; 1\ 7f YT == 2,36 w -ViyTtH/ e - BKJIa,lJ. cpJIYKTyaUHH TOKa YTe4KH.
TOK YTe4KH 3aBHCHT OT THna ,lJ.eTeKTOpa, KOHCTPYKUHH, pa604eH
TeMnepaTypbI H .n.pyrHx xapaKTepMCTHI\ H npH np04HX paBHbIX YCJIO-
BH'5IX JIHHeHHO pac Te]' C YBeJIH4eHHeM nJIOIIJ,a.n.H )I,eTeKTopa S. 110-
CKOJIbKY 8. 7f YT -ViYT' 3HepreTH4e. Koe pa3perneHHe .n.eTeKTop"a B
06lll.eM CJIY4ae yxy.n.waeTcH KaK -yS. 3aBHcHMoCTb 3HepreTH4ecKoro
pa3perneHHH OT nJIOIll.a,lJ.H ,lJ.eTeKTOpa rrpHBe,lJ.eHa Ha pHC. 2.4.
Ha pHC. 2,4, a npHBe,lJ.eHO 3HepreTH4ecKoe pa3pelueHHe nOBepx-
HOcTHo-6apbepHoro repMaHHeBoro ,lJ.eTeKTOpa C TOJIlll.HHOH 4YBCTBH-
48
TeJIbHOrO CJI05I ---- 0,1 l\1M, npe,lI.Ha3Ha4eHHo-
ro ,lI.JI5I perHCTpall.HH a- H B-lJaCTHU; Ha
pHC. 2.4, 6 - ,lI.JI5I nIlll Ha OCHOBe 4HCToro
repMaHH5I C rJIy6HHoH 4YBcTBHTeJIbHOrO
CJ105I 10 MM, npe,lI.Ha3Ha4eHHoro ,lI.JI5I perH-
CTpall.HH BbIcoKo3HepreTH4ecKHx 3ap5IlKeH-
HblX 4aCTHlI.; Ha pHC. 2.4, B - ,lI.JI5I repl\1a-
HHeBoro ,lI.eTeKTOpa, npe.lI.Ha3Ha4eHHoro .lI.JI5I
perHCTpall.HH y- KBaHTOB. BH,lI.HO, 4TO 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHbIe ,lI.aHHbIe XOpOllIO cOrJIacYIOT-
C5I C BbICKa3aHHbIM,H TeopeTH4ecKHMH coo6-
palKeHH5IMH.
,L{JIH Oll.eHKH 3HepreTH4ecKoro pa3 perne-
HHH ra30HanOJIHeHHWX .n.eTeKTopoB 06 4HO
npHHHMalOT 3Ha4eHHe w = 30 3B, F 0,5.
,L{JI5I HOHH3all.HOHHOH KaMepbI B pelKHMe
nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHH5I 3a pH,lI.a .lI.JI5I 3Hep-
rHH 4aCTHlI.bI 100 K3B npe,lI.eJIbHOe 3Hepre-
TH4eCKoe pa3perneHHe paBHo 3 K3B, a ,lI.JI5I
3HeprHH 4aCTHll.bI 1 M3B - 10 K3B HJIH
1 %. B .lI.eTeKTOpax, HCnOJI b3YIOIJJ.HX pelKHM' PHC. 2.4. 3aBHcHMoCTb 3Hep-
ra30Boro YCHJIeHH5I (nponOpll.HOHaJIbHbIX reTH4eCKoro pa3pelUeHI1H
C4eT4HKax), ,lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOe YXY,lI.weHHe fIn)]. OT ero nJIOllla.lI.H
pa3 peweHHH 06YCJIOBJIeHO Q:>JIYKTyall.H5IMH
K03cpcpHlI.HeHTa ra30Boro YCHJIeHHH.
Cl1.HHTHJIJIHU,HOHHbIe ,lI.eTeKTOpbI 06JIa,Ll,a1OT HeBbICOKHM 3Hepre-
TH4eCKHM pa3perneHHeM 113-3a MHorocTyneH4aToro xapaKTepa npe-
06pa30BaHH5I 3HeprHH 4aCTHlI.bI B 3JIeK.TpH1.IeCKHH CHrHaJI: B' CI HH-
THJIJIHTOpe 3HeprH5I 4aCTHlI.bI npeo6pa3yeTc5I B KOHe4HOe., lJHCJIO
<POTOHOB, 3TH <POTOHbI C 3<p<peKTHBHQCTblO 15-20% npeo6pa3YIOT-
CH Ha cpoToKaTo.n.e <I>3Y B cpoT03JIeKTpOHbI, 3aTeM 3TH cpOT03J1eKT-
pOHbl YMHO)l{aIOTC5I B ,LI,HHO,lI.HOH CHCTeMe <l>3Y. KalK,lI.bIH H3 3THX
3TanOB HOCHT CTaTHCTH4eCKHH XapaKTep H YXY,lI.rnaeT 3HepreTH4e-
CKOe pa3perneHHe. ,LLonOJIHHTeJIbHOe YXY,lI.rneHHe 3HepreTH4eCKoro
pa3perneHH5I BHOCHT HepaBHOMepHOCTb co6HpaHH5I CBeTa Ha cpOTO-
KaTO,lI.' <POTOYMHOlKHTeJI5I, KOTOpaH B ,lI.eTeKTOpaX 60JIbWOrO pa3Mepa
MO)KeT CTaTb onpe,lI.eJI5IIOlll,eH. B ,lI.eTeKTOpaX He6o.l1bIlIOrO pa3Mepa,
r,lI.e cpaKTopOM HepaBHOMepHOCTH CBeToc6opa MOlKHO npeHe6pe4b,
npe,lI.eJIbHOe 3HepreTH4eCKOe pa3perneHHe npHMepHO TaKOBO: 5-
6% - ,lI.JI5I ClI.HHTHJIJIHlI.HOHHOro ,LI,eTeKTOpa Ha OCI-IOBe NaI (TI)
pa3MepoM 2-<-3 cN\ ,lI.JIfI 3HeprHH lJaCTHu, 0,661 M3B (,\,-H3JIYlJeHHe
37CS); 10%"- ,lI.JIH ,lI.eTeKTOpa Ha OCHOBe nJIaCTMaCCOBoro ClI.HH-
THJIJIHTOpa npM perHCTpal1.HH 3JIeKTpOHOB C 3HeprHeH I N\3B.
3HepreTHlJeCKOe pa3peIlJeHHe Cl.lHHTHJIJIHIJJ10HHbIX ,lJ,eTel(TOpOB
y.TIY4IlIaeTCH C YE3. JIH4eHHeM 3HeprHH 4aCTHlI. H B 06meM BH,lI.e 3a-
BMCHT OT 3HeprHH CJIe,lI.YlOlllHM o6pa30M:
1! j1! = A + B/- -,
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49
f.ll.e A, B - KOHCTaHTbI, OIIpe.ll.eJIHeMbIe 3KcnepHMeH.TaJIbHO .lI.JIH
KOHKpeTHoro .lI.eTeKTopa H THna perHcTpHpyeMbIx 4acTHu,.
OpHMeHeHHe Toro HJIH HHoro THna . .lI.eTeKTopa .lI.HKTyeTcH YCJIO-
BHHMH cpH3H4ecKoH 3a.ll.a4H: BH.lI.OM HCCJIeJJ.yeMoro H3JIY4eHHH, CJIOlK-
HOCTblO HCCJIe.ll.yeMoro cneKTpa, 3HepreTH4eCKHM ,lJ.Hana30HOM, no-
TOKOM 4acTHu, H .lI.p. OOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBbIe .lI.eTeKTopbI, 06JIa,lJ.aH
HaHJIY4111HM 3HepreTH4eCKHM pa3perneHHeM, YCTynalOT ra30HanOJI-
HeHHbIM H Cll.HHTHJIJIHU,HOHHbIM no pH.lI.Y ,lJ.PyrHx napaMeTpOB, B TOM
4HCJIe no pa3MepaM H 3<p<PeKTHBHOCTH perHcTpau,HH HeHTpaJIbHOrO
H3JIY4eHHH. O.ll.HaKO nOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBWe .lI.eTeKTOpw npe.ll.oHBJIHIDT
HaH60JIee BbICOKHe Tpe60BaHHH K 3JIeKTpOHHbIM YCTpOHCTBaM 06pa-
60TKH CHrHaJIOB, n03TOMY B nOCJIe.ll.YIOIlI.HX naparpa<pax, CBH3aH-
HbIX C 3JIeKTpOHHbIMH MeTO.ll.aMH cneKTpOMeTpHH, OCHOBHoe BHH-
M aHHe Y.ll.eJIeHO HMeHHO 3TOMY CJIY4aID.
KaK YlKe OTMe4aJIOCb,. HHTerpHpOBaHHe TOKa, C03.l1.aHHoro 4ac-
THu,eH B ,lJ.eTeKTope, 4a'll.e Bcero npOH3BO,lJ.HTCH Ha eMKOCTH HarpY3-
KH .lI.eTeKTopa. ,L{JIH nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHHH Heo6xo.ll.HMO BbInOJI-
HeHHe YCJIOBHH RHC H ti, r.ll.e ti .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb HMnYJIbCa TOKa,
paBHaH BpeMeHH co6HpaHHH HOCHTeJIeH B ..lI.eTeKTope. ,L{JIH nOJIY4eH-HH
HMnYJIbCOB HanpHlKeHHH KOHe4HOH .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH 3Ha4eHHe nOCTOHH-
HOM HHTerpHpOBaHHH u.enH HarpY3KH .lI.eTeKTOpa T H = RHC H .lI.OJI:>KHO
BbI6HpaTbCH MHHHMaJIbHO B03MO)KHbIM npH YCJIOBHH, 4TO npH BbI-
6paHHOM 3Ha4eHHH He npOHCXO.ll.HT 3aMeTHoro YXY.lI.rneHHH 3Hepre-
TH4eCKoro pa3perneHHH .lI.eTeKTopa. B pH.lI.e CJIY4aeB HHTerpHpOBaHHe
TOKa npOH3BO.ll.HT nOCJIe ero npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHOrO YCHJIeHHH, O,lJ.HaKO
3TO He MeHHeT CYI.U.eCTBa paCCMaTpHBaeMoro Bonpoca. OOCKOJIbKY
aMnJIHTY.lI.a HMnYJIbCa HanpHlKeHHH A Ha C H np" YCJIOBHH nOJIHOrO
HHTerpHpOBaHHH paBHa: A =qjC H , .lI.JIH nOJIY4eHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOH
aMnJIHTY.lI.bI CHrHaJIa He06xo.ll.HMO CTpeMHTbCH K .lI.OCTH)I{eHHIO MHHH-
MaJIbHO B03MOlKHoro 3Ha4eHHH C H . OOCKOJ1bKY C H = C)J. + C M + C BX ,
r.ll.e C)J. - eMKOCTb .lI.eTeKTOpa; CM' C BX - eMKOCTb MOHTalKa H BXO.ll.-
HaH eMKOCTb 3JIeKTpOHHoro YCTpOHCTBa, COe.ll.HHeHHoro C ,lJ.eTeKTOpOM,
Ha npaKTHKe CTpeMHTCH K BceMepHOMY YMeHbrneHHIO 3Ha4eHHH
C M H C BX H, eCJIH 3TO B03MOlKHO, BbI60PY .lI.eTeKTopa C MHHHMaJIb-
HOM eMKOCTblO. ECJIH eMKOCTb MHHHMH3HpoBaHa H ee KOHKpeTHoe
3Ha4eHHe H3BecTHo, BCTaeT Bonpoc 0 BbI60pe KOHKpeTHoro 3Ha-
4eHHH RH. B CBH3H C 3THM He06xo,lJ.HMO 60JIee nO.ll.p06HO OCTaHO-
BHTbCH Ha cpOpMHpOBaHHH HMnYJIbCa HanpHlKeHHH Ha HarpY304HOH
RC -ll.enH. B 06I.U.eM CJIY4ae CBH3b Me)l(.lI.Y TOKOM H HanpH)I{eHHeM H3
HHTerpHPYIOI1l.eH RC-u,enH. onHCblBaeTCH CJIe.ll.YIOI1l.HM ypaBHeHHeM:
i(t)= U(t)j R + CdU(t)jdt.
OTKY.lI. a
00
u(t) = e- I / RC i(t) e'/RC dt.
o
50
OpH KOHelfHOM 3HalfeHHH RC aMnJIHTY,lJ.a HMnYJIbCa [T. e. MaKCH-
MaJIbHOe 3HalfeHHe U(/)J MeHbll1e, lfeM ero npe,lJ.eJIbHOe 3HalfeHHe
A npH RC= 00:
00
A = i(t)dt=qIC,
o
H B 06ll1.eM cJIyqae o'npe,lJ.eJIHeTCH 3HalfeHHHMH R, C H 3aBHCH-
MOCTblO i (I), T. e. cpOpMOH HMnYJIbCa TOKa.
B ra30HanOJIHeHHblX H nOJIynpOBO,lJ.HHKOBbIX ,lJ.eTeKTOpax HMnYJIbC
TOKa COCTOHT H3 ,lJ.BYX KOMnOHeHT pa3HoH ,lJ.JIHTeJIbHOCTH, npHqeM
HX aMnJIHTY,lJ.a H cpopMa 3aBHCHT OT HanpaBJIeHHH TpeKa 3aperHcTpH-
pOBaHHoH lfaCTHIJ.bI BHYTPH ,lJ.eTeKTopa. KOHelfHoe 3HalfeHHe tH =
= RHC H , T. e. cpaKTHlfecKH HenOJIHOe HHTerpHpOBaHHe TOKa npHBO,lJ.HT
K TaK H33bIBaeMOMY HH,lJ.YKlI.HOHHOMY 3cpcpeKTY - 3aBHCHMOCTH aM-
n HTY,lJ.bI HMnYJIbCa HanpHlKeHHH OT opHeHTalI.HH TpeKa qaCTHI.I.bI,
qTO, eCTeCTBeHHO, npHBO,lJ.HT K YXY,LI.Il1eHHIO aMnJIHTY,lJ.HOrO pa3pe-
IlleHHH.
PaccMoTpHM HH,lJ.YKlI.HOHHbIH 3cpcpeKT Ha npHMepe Ge-Li-,lJ.eTeK-
Topa 06'beMOM OKOJIO 100 CM 3 , npe,lJ.Ha3HalfeHHoro ,lJ.JIH cneKTpo-
MeTpHH Y-H3JIYlfeHHH. npe,lJ.nOJIOlKHM, qTO perHcTpHpyeMble Y-KBaHTbI
nOrJIOI.IJ.aIOTCH paBHoMepHo no 06'beMY ,lJ.eTeKTOpa (lfTO CnpaBe,lJ.JIHBO
,lJ.JIH Y-H3JIYlfeHHH B 06JIaCTH 3Hepr H nopH,lJ.Ka 1 M3B). 06pa30-
BaBIllHHcH B pe3YJIbTaTe nor JIOI.IJ.eHHH Y-H3JIyqeHHH 3apH.il. (3JIeKT-
pOHbI H ,lJ.blpKH) 6Y,lJ.eM CqHTaTb TOlf€lfHbIM, TaK KaK ,lJ.JIHHa' np06era
06pa30BaBIllHxcH cpoT03JIeKTpOHoB MaJIa no cpaBHeHHIO C pa3MepaMH
,lJ.eTeKTopa. KpoMe Toro, 6Y,lJ.eM paccMaTpHBaTb TOJIbKO CJIYlfaH nOJI-
Horo nOrJIOlll.eHHH (cpoT03cp<peKT), TaK KaK TOJIbKO OH ,lI.aeT BKJI3,lJ.
B JIHHHH aMnJIHTY,lJ.HOrO cneKTpa Y-H3JIYlfeHHH. _
PaccMoTpHM ,LI.Ba KpaHHHx CJIyqaH: 1) Y-KBaHT norJIOI.I.I.aeTCH
B6JIH3H nOJIOlKHTeclTJbHOrO 3JIeKTpO,lJ.a; 2) Y-KBaHT norJIOI.IJ.aeTCH B6JIH-
3H OTpHlI.aTeJIbHOrO 3 eKTpO,lJ.a.
B nepBoM cJIyqae HMnYJIbC TOKa 6Y,lJ.eT 06YCJIOBJIeH TQJIbKO ,lJ.bl-
pOlfHOH KOMnoHeHToH TOKa, npOXO.il.HI.IJ.eH qepe3 BeCb 06'beM KpHCTaJI-
JIa K _OTpHlI.aTeJIbHoMY 3JIeKTpO,lJ.Y, BO BTOpOM - TOJIbKO 3JIeKTpoHHOH.
,QJIH nJIOCKOnapaJIJIeJIbHOH reoMeTpHH H TOlfeqHOrO nepBHlfHoro
3apH,lJ.a aMnJIHTY,LI.Y HMnYJIbCa TOKa MOlKHO CqHTaTb nOCTOHHHOH BO
BpeMeHH H paBHoH: i = q jlco6, r,lJ.e Ico6 - BpeMH co6HpaHHH COOT-
BeTcTBYIOI.IJ.HX HOCHTeJIeH; ,lJ.bIpOK ,lJ.JIH CJIYlfaH 1, 3JIeKTpOHoB ,lJ.JIH
CJ1YlfaH 2. ,
PernaTb ypdBHeHHe ,lJ.JIH cpOpMbI HMnYJIbCa HaIIpHlKeHHH Ha,lJ.O OT-
,lJ.eJIbHO ,lJ.JIH ,lJ.BYX BpeMeHHwx HHTepBaJIOB:
a) npH 0 1 Ico6 qepe3 ,lJ.eTeKTOp TelfeT TOK i = q jlro6, H npoHc-
XO,lJ.HT 3apH,lJ. C H ;
6) npH I ro 6 1 00 TOK lfepe3 ,lJ.eTeKTOp paBeH HYJIIO, H npoHcxo-
,lJ.I1 T pa3pH,lJ. CHo
51
PeweHHe ypaBHeHHH .lI.JIH C YlfaH a) 'HMeeT BH.lI.
U(t)= qTu (l_e- tlrll ).
C H t co 6 _
I1MnYJIbc HanpH)KeHHH .lI.OCTHraeT MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3HalfeHHH npH
t= t co 6, paBHoro (aMnJIHTY.lI.a HMnYJIbCa HanpH)KeHHH):
qT H /
U =A= - (l_e-t(()(jT II )
111 a x Cut coG .
OpH t> t co 6 .n.JIH CJIYlfaH 6) npOHcxo.n.HT pa3pH,lJ. C II C nOCTOHH-
HOH BpeMeHH tH:
U(t) = Ae- I / TII .
OOCKOJIbKY npH H3MepeHHH 3HeprHH lfaCTHlI. BblnOJlHHeTCH COOTHowe-
HHe tH» t co6 , BbIpa)KeHHe .lI.JIH U max MO)KHO ynpocTHTb, orpaHHlfHB-
IllHCb TpeMH nepBbIMH lfJIeHaMH pa3J10)KeHHH. Tor.lI.a nOJlY4HM:
A =-.i. ( 1 _ Icon ) .
C I1 2 T u
B nOJIynpOBO.lI.HHKOBbIX .lI.eTeKTOpax fIpH KOMHaTHOH TeMnepaType
nO,lJ.BH)KHOCTb 3JIeKTpOHOB hpHMepHO B 2 pa3a BbIwe, lfeM nO.ll.BH)K-
- HOCTb .n.b1pOK. COOTBeTCTseHHO BpeMH co6HpaHHH .lI.blp04Horo 3apHAa
t + S,lJ.Soe 60JIbWe, 4eM BpeMH co6HpaHHH 3JIeKTpOHHoro t - : t + ';::::; 2t _.
113 nOCJIe.ll.HeH CPOPMYJIbI CJle.ll.yeT, 4TO aMnJIHTY.lI.a CHrHaJIa ,lJ.JIH
Y-KBaHTOB O,LLHOH H TOH )Ke 3HeprHH 6Y.lI.eT OTJII14aTbCH B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT TOrO, r.n.e OHH nOrJIOI.IJ.eHbI. OpH <PHKCHpOBaHHOM tH aMnJlH-
Ty.n.a CHrHaJIa ,lJ.JIH CJIY4aH 1 6Y,lJ.eT MeHbwe, 4eM .lI.J1H c.nY4aH 2. 3TO H
eCTb HH.lI.YKll.HOHHbH1 3cpcpeKT. YXY.lI.weHHe 3HepreTH4eCKoro pa3pewe-
HHH, BbI3BaHHoe HH.n.YKlI.HOHHbIM 3<p<peKTOM, B 06I.I.1,eM CJlY4ae MO)KHO
paCC4HTaTb, paCCMOTpeB Bce B03MO)KHbIe COOTHoweHHH BKJla.n.OB
3JIeKTpOHHOH H .n.b1pOlfHOH KOMnOHeHT TOKa, o.n.HaKO .lI.JIH 'OlI.eHKH 3TO-
ro 3cpcpeKTa ,lJ.OCTaT04HO orpaHH4HTbCH paCCMOTpeHHbIMH Kpai1HHMH
CJIY4aHMH 1 H 2:
'+-1- t-
o(A) = A - - A + = 2R C ';::::; 2R C (t + ';::::; 21 -).
H 11 II H
HanpHMep, 'B repMaHHeBOM .lI.eTeKTOpe C TOJII.I.I,HHOH pa60lfeH
06J1aCTH 0,6 CM npH pa60lfeM HanpH)KeHHH 450 _B BpeMH co6Hpa- -
HHH 3JIeKTpOHOB paBHo 2. 10- 7 C. HeTpY.lI.HO' nO.lI.C4HTaTb, 4TO eCJIH
B3HTb tH Ha TPH nopH.lI.Ka 60JIbIlle:
tH=RHC H = 10- 4 C,
TO YXY.lI.IlleHHe pa3peweHH H, BbI3BaHHoe HH.lI.YKll.HOHHbIM 3cpcpeKTOM,
COCTaBHT: o(A)=O,1 %, 4TO cpaBHHMo C co6cTBeHHbIM pa3peweHHeM
.lI.eTeKTOp a.
<PopMYJIa .lI.JIH o(A) n03BOJIHeT pacc4HTaTb 3Ha4eHHe tH HCXO.ll.H
H3 .lI.OnycTHMoro YXY;lI.weHHH 3HepreTH4ecKoro pa3peweHHH, CBH3aH-
Horo C HH.lI.YKll.HOHHbIM 3cpcpeKToM, B npe.n.eJIbHOM CJIY4ae. n pH pe-
rHCTpalI.HH .lI.JIHHHOnpo6e)KHbIX 4 aCTHll. HH.lI.YKll.HOHHbIH 3<pcpeKT BbI-
52
pa}KeH cJIa6ee H 3aBI1CHT OT ,lLJIHHbI TpeKa 4aCTHlI.bI B pa60lfeH
06JIaCTH H B03MQ)KHbIX OpHeHTalI.HH TpeKOB B 06'beMe ,lLeTeKTOpa.
HenOJIHOe HHTerpI1pOBaHI1e npI1BO,lLI1T K YXY,lLllIeHHIO 3HepreTH4e-
CKOrO pa3pellIeHHH ,lLa}Ke B TOM CJIYlfae, KOr,lLa HH.n.YKlI.HOHHbIH 3Q>-
<peKT OTCYTCTByeT. ,LleHcTBHTeJIbHO, npH HenOJIHOM HHTerpHpOBaHHH
npOHCXO,lLHT HenOJIHbIH c60p 3apH,lLa, C03,lLaHHOrO lfaeTI1lI.eH B ,lLeTeK-
TOpe, Ha H. TeM caMbIM 3Q>Q>eKTHBHoe 4I1CJIO HOCHTeJIeH N 3CP , KOTO-
pble onpe,lL eJI HIOT aMnJIHTY,lLY CHrHaJIa, MeHbllIe, qeM nOJIHOe 4HCJIO
HOCHTeJIeH N = / W, C03,lLaHHbIX lfaCTHII.eH B ,lLeTeKTope. COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO OTHOCHTeJIbHble <PJIYKTyall.HH, onpe,lLeJIHIOlll.He 3HepreTHQeCKOe
pa3pellIeHHe, 6Y,lLYT onpe.n.eJIHTbCH BeJIH4HHOH N 3CP:
!1 l/-{N:cp,
T. e. Q>JIYKTyalI.HH YBeJIH4HBalOTcH C YMeHbllIeHHeM N 3CP '
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe YMeHbllIeHHe 3apH.n.a, c06paHHoro Ha C H BCJIe,lI.-
CTBHe HenOJIHOrO HHTerpHpoBaHHH, HOCHT Ha3BaHHe «6aJIJIHCTH4e-
CKaH 01lIH6Ka». YXY,lLllleHHe 3HepreTH4ecKoro pa3pellIeHHH KaK CJIe,lL-
CTBHe 6aJIJIHCTH4ecKoH 01ll116KH- npaKTH4eCKl1 HecYlll.eCTBeHHo B nOJIY-
npOBO,lLHHKOBbIX H ra30HanOJIHeHHbIX ,lLeTeKTOpax, nOCKOJIbKY Ha
npaKTHKe Bcer.n.a BbInOJIHHeTCH COOTHOllleHHe LH Tco6 H 6aJIJIHCTH-
4eCKaH 01llH6Ka MaJIa.
,LlJIH CII.HHTHJIJIHlI.HOHHbIX .n.eTeKTopoB l'HTyalI.HH MO}KeT 6bITb He- .
CKOJIbKO HHOH. I1MnYJIbc TOKa Ha BbIXO,lLe <l>3Y OObI4HO HMeeT 3Kcno-
HeHlI.HaJIbHYIO Q>OPMY: i(t) =ioe L/'r:, r,lLe L - BpeMH BbICBe4HBaHHH
C II. H HTHJIJI HTOp a.
,LlJIH nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpoBaHHH TOKa He06xo.n.HMO, 4T06bI no-
CTOHHHaH HarpY3KH LH Ha MHoro nOpH,lLKOB npeBOcxo,lLHJIa BpeMH
BbICBe4!1BaHHH L. O,lLHaKO 'B 60JIblllHHCTBe npaKTH4ecKHx CJIY4aeB
,lLJIH nOBbIllleHHH BpeMeHHoro pa3perneHHH H CKOpOCTH perHCTpall.HH
4aCTHIJ, LH orpaHHlfHBalOT 3Ha4eHHeM t H .= IOL H ,lLa}Ke LH L. B 3THX
YCJIOBHHX 6aJIJIHCTH4ecKaH 01lIH6Ka H CBH3aHHoe C "HeH YXY,lLllleHHe
pa3pellIeHHH MorYT CTaTb 3aMeTHbIMH ,lLa}Ke npH HeBbICOKOM pa3pe
llleHHH caMoro ,lLeTeKTopa.
2.3. OnPE,l\EJlEHHE MOMEHTA PEfHCTPAUJ1H IJACTHLl.bl
AHaJIH3 BpeMeHHOH nOCJIe,lLOBaTeJIbHOCTH H,lLepHbIX npOl.l.eCCOB
(HJ1H npOCTO - BpeMeHHOH aHaJIR3) HBJIHeTCH O,lLHHM H3 caMbIX 3Q>-
Q>eKTHBHbIX MeTO,lLOB 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH H,lLepHOH <pH3HKH. OH no-
3BOJIHeT Ha.n.el\<HO OT,lLeJIHTb nOJIe3HbIe C06bI'fHH OT <pOHOBbIX, H3Me-
pHTb KHHeMaTHKY npOII.eCCOB, BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTb B pH,lLe CJIYlfaeB
npOCTpaHCTBeHHYIO KapTHHY npOII.ecca. PaCCMOTpHM HeCKOJIbKO TH-
nHlfHbIX 3a.n.alf, pernaeMbIX MeTO,lLaMH BpeMeHHoro aHaJIH3a.
MHO)KeCTBeHHoe p0)K,lLeHHe LJaCTHlI. B pa3JIHQHbIX B3aHMO,lLeHCT-
BHHX C MeTO,lLH4eCKOH TOlfKH 3peHHH - 3TO O,lLHOBpeMeHHbIH BbIJIeT
HeCKOJIbKHX lfaCTHIJ, H3 06JIaCTH B3aHMO,lLeHCTBHH. OpOCTeHlllHM
53
npHMepOM TaKOM: 33.n.a4H MO)KeT CJ1Y*HTb aHHHfHJ1HI.I.H5I 3J1eKTpOHa
. H n03HTpOHa:
e+ + e- -+-21',
B pe3YJ1bTaTe 4efO p0)K.n.aIOTcH .n.Ba 1'-KB3HTa paBHoH 3HepfHH
(0,511 M3B), Ha3bIBaeMblX aHHHfHJ151I.I.HOHHbIMH. OOHBJ1eHHe B Be-
I.I.I.eCTBe o.n.HoBpeMeHHo ,LI.BYX 3HHHfHJ1HI.I.HOHHbIX 1'-KBaHTOB CJ1Y)KHT
Ha.n.eLKHbIM MeTo.n.OM H,lI.eHTH<pHK3IJ.HH n03HTpoHOB. HanpHMep, H3Me-
peHHe 3HepfHH n03HTpOHOB H3 <poHe ,LI.PYfHX 4aCTHIJ. (3J1eKTpOHoB,
1'-KBaHTOB HOp.), HMelOllI.HX TY }Ke 3HepfHIO, npOBo.n.HTCH no cxeMe,
npe.n.CTaBJ1eHHOH H3' pHC. 2.5. I1cnYllI.eHHbIH HCTOLIHHKOM n03HTpoH
e+ pefHcTpHpyeTcH .n.eTeKTopoM 11.., B, KOTOpOM OH TepHeT BCIO
KHHeTH4ecKYIO 3l-lepfHIO. OocJ1e OCT3HOBKH n03HTpoH aHHHfHJ1HpyeT C
O.n.HHM H3 3J1'eKTpOHoB BeI.I.I.eCTBa ,lI.eTeKTOpa 11.. (aHHl1fHJ1HI.I.H5I
n03HTpoH3 «Ha J1eTY» M3J10Bep05lTHa). I1cnyrn.eHHble npH 3TOM aHHH-
fHJ1J1HIJ.HOHHbIe 1'-KBaHTbI pefHcTpHPYIOTC5I .n.eTeKTopaMH 11.2 H 11.3.
CxeMa'TpOHHbIX COBna.n.eHHH & BbI,lI.eJ151eT O,lI.HOBpeMeHHbIe cpa6aTbI-
B3HHH .n.eTeKTopOB 11.., 11.2 H 11.3, 4TO H HBJ151eTCH npH3HaKOM pefHCT-
paUHH n03HTpOH3. BWXO.n.HOM CHfHaJ1 cxeMW TpOMHWX COBna.n.eHHH
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TOpOB BO BpeMeHH, npH4eM KaK C3Ma nOCJ1e.n.OBaTeJ1bHOCTb, TaK H
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3KcnepHMeHT KOY3Ha H PeHHeca no pefHCTpaI.I.HH 3HTHHeHTpHHO: B
3KcnepHMeHTe, nOCTaBJ1eHHOM B 1954 f., BnepBble 6bIJ10 ,LI.OK33aHO
CYlll.eCTBOBaHHe 3TOH Q3CTHU.bl.
I1CTOLIHHKOM 'aHTHHeHTpHHO CJ1Y*HJ1 H,lI.epHbIM peaKTOp, 3 MH-
rneHblO, ,LI.eTeKTHpYlOllI.eH HeHTpHHO,- BO,lI.a C paCTBopeHHOH B HeM:
COJ1blO Ka,lI.MHH. I1cxo,lJ.HaH pe3KI.I.H5I, no KOTOpOH perHCTpHpOBaJ1HCb
aHTHHeHTpHHO,- 3TO peaKI.I.HH 06paTHOfO -paCna,lI.3:
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PHC. 2.5. CxeMa YCTaHoBKH JI.JlH H3MepeHMH 3HeprHM n03HTpoHOB
54
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH3HaKOM perHCTpal1.HH aHTHHeHTpHHO SIBJISI-
eTCSI «BHe3anHOe» nOSIBJIeHHe B o6'beMe MHllIeHH BbICOK03H-epreTH-
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npOl1.eCCa 06paTHOrO -paCna,lI,a (1,1 · 10- 43 CM 2 ) nOTpe6oBaJIO Ha,lI,e)K-
HOH H,lI,eHTHQ:>HKal1.HH 3TOfO npOl1.eCCa Ha ypOBHe cpOHa (1'- H HeHTpOH-
HOe H3JIY4eHHe peaKTopa, KOCMH4eCKoe H3JIYlIeHHe, cpOH eCTeCTBeHHOH
pa,lI,HOaKTHBHOCTH) .
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npe,lI,bI,lI,yw.eM npHMepe, no nOSIBJIeHHIO aHHHrHJISIl1.HOHHbIX 1'-KBaHTOB,
B03HHKalOlll.HX npH aHHHrHJISII.J.HH OCTaHOBHBllIerocSI n03HTpOHa C
KaKHM-JIH60 3JIeKTpOHOM Belll.eCTBa MHllIeHH. ,LlJISI 3Toro MHllIeHb OK-
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PYIOlll.HMH 1'-H3JIYlI HHe.
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C CYMMapHOH 3HeprHeH OKOJIO 10 M3B, B03HHKalOw.eMY npH 3aXBaTe
HeHTpoHa H,lI,pOM Ka,lI,MHSI:
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«113IOMHHKa» 3KcnepHMeHTa, n03BOJIHBWaSI Ha.n.e)KHO BbI,lI,eJIHTb 3cp-
<peKT B3aHMO,lI,eHcTBHSI aHTHHeHTpHHo C npoToHaMH, COCTOHJIa B TOM,
liTO ce4eHHe nOrJIow.eHHH HeHTpOHOB H,lI.paMH Ka,lI,MHSI pe3KO (Ha MHO-
ro nOpSI,lI.KOB) B03paCTaeT C YMeHbweHHeM 3HeprHH HeHTpOHOB, ,lI.O-
CTHraSI MaKCHMYMa npH 3HeprHH HeHTpOHOB, paBHOH npHMepHo
0,4 38. 003TOMY C nO,lI.aBJISIIOI.IJ.eH BepoHTHoCTblO J)or JIOI.IJ.eH,He HeHT-
pOHOB H,lI.paMH Ka,lI,MHSI npoHcxo.n.HT nOCJIe TOfO, KaK HeHTpOH 3aMe,lI,-
JISIeTCSI B Belll.eCTBe MHllIeHH (B BO,lI,e) .n.o 3HeprHH 0,4 3B. Ha 3TOT
npou.ecc 3aMe,lI,JIeHHSI Tpe6yeTcSI BpeMSI - ,lI,eCSITKH MHKpoceKYH,lI.. Ta-
KHM o6pa30M, npH3HaKoM nOJIe3HOrO C06bITHSI, T. e. perHCTp a l1. HH
aHTHHeHTpHHo, SIBJIHeTCSI cJIe,lI,YIOw.aSI nOCJIe,lI,OBaTeJIbHOCTb C pa6aTbI-
BaHHSI CU.HHTHJIJIHI.J.HOHHbIX. ,l1.eTeKTopoB, OKPY)KalO1ll.J:lx MHllIeHb: CHa-
'-IaJIa perHcTpHpYIOTCSI ,l1.Ba aHHHfHJISIl1.HOHHbIX 1'-KBaHTa, a cnycTSI
HeCKOJIbKO ,lI.eCHTKOB MHKpoceKYH;LL perHcTpHpYIOTCSI 1'-KBaHTbI C CYM-
MapHoH.3HeprHH 1 M3B, cooTBeTcTBYIOI.IJ.He 3axBaTY HeHTpoHa H,lI.pOM
Ka,l1.MHSI. MeTO,lI, perHCTpal1.HH C06bITHH, pa3,lI,eJIeHHbIX cpHKcHpoBaH-
HbIM npOMe)KYT.KoM BpeMeHH,' HOCHT Ha3BaHHe MeToAa 3a,lI,ep)KaHHbIX
COBna,l1.eHHH.
B b6w.eM cJIY'-Iae B 3a,lI.a4ax BpeMeHHoro aHaJIH3a npOMe)KYToK
BpeMeHH Me)K,lI.Y nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHbIMH C06bITHSIMH MO)KeT 6bITb H
He<pHKcHpoBaHHbIM H MO)KeT HeCTH Ba)KHYIO <pH3H'-IecKYIO HHQ>opMa-
U.HIO 0 nepHO,l1.e nOJIypacna,lI,a pa,lI,HOaKTHBHoro SI,lI,pa, CKOpOCTH lIac-
THU.bI . H ,l1.p.
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aHaJIH3a .n.JISI pelIIeHHSI TOH HJIH HHOH Q>H3H4ecKoH 3a.n.a'-lH CBH3aHbI I
npe)K.n.e Bcero I C T04HOCTblO onpe.n.eJIeHHSI MOMeHTa perHcTpau.HH
lIaCTHl1.bl. OCHOBHOH BeJIHlIHHOH, xapaKTepH3YIOI.IJ.eH TO'-lHOCTb H3Me-
peHHSI MOMeHTa perHCTpal1.HH lIaCTHl1.bI, HBJISIeTCSI BpeMeHHoe pa3pe-
llIeHHe .n.eTeKTopa, KOTopoe onpe.n.eJISIeTcSI CJIe,lI,YIOI.IJ.HM 06pa30M.
55
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.lI.eJIeHHe 3a.lI.ep)KeK cpa6aTbIB(-)HHH .lI.eTeK-
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,lLeHCTBOBaJIa C BeUl.eCTBOM JI.eTeKTOpa. B 0611 eM CJIY4ae 3JIeKTpH-
'-IeCKHH CHrHaJI Ha BbIXO.n.e ,lLeTeKTOpa nOHBHTCH C HeKOTopOH 3a,rrep}K-
KOH t 30 (pHC. 2.6). PeaJIbHO MOMeHT nOSIBJIeHHH CHrHaJIa Ha BbIXO,lLe
.n.eTeKTopa <PHKcHpyeTcH C nOMOI.l.lblO Toro HJIH HHoro 3JIeKTpOHHoro..
YCTpOHcTBa, HMelOI.l.lerO HeKOTopbIH nopor 4YBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Un.
3TO YCTPOHCTBO, KaK BH,lJ.HO H3 pHC. 2.6, cpeafHpyeT Ha CHrHaJI
.lI.eTeKTOpa npH .lI.OCTH}KeHHH 3THM CHrHaJIOM 3Ha4eHHSI Un, T. e.
cnYCTH BpeMH t 3 = t 3 0 + t1t n .
Ope,lI.nOJIO)KHM .lI.aJIee, liTO t 3 MO./KHO H3MepHTb TeM HJIH HHbIM
cnOC060M CO CKOJIb yrO,lLHO BbICOKOH T04HOCTblO. Tor,lJ,a eCJIH npo-
BeCTH CepHIO rrOCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHbIX H3MepeHHH t 3 )J,JIH O,lI,HOrO COpTa
4aCTHIJ., TO B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIYlIHTCSI paCnpe,lJ,eJIeHHe BeJIHlIHHbI t 3 ,
H306pa}KeHHOe Ha pHC. 2.7. <PH3H4eCKHH CMbICJI 3Toro pacnpe,lLe.JIe-
HH5I COCTOHT B TOM, liTO ,lLJI5I ,lLaHHOrO KOHKpeTHOrO .n.eTeKTOpa H JI.JI5I
,lJ"aHHOrO copTa 4aCTHIJ. rrpH 3a.u.aHHOM 3Ha'-leHHH Un BeJIHlIHHa t 3 He
SIBJI5IeTC5I CTporo nOCTOSIHHOH, a cpJIYKTYHpyeT BOKPYf HeKOToporo
cpe.ll.Hero 3Ha4eHH5I t 3 . flpH'-IHHa 3THX <PJIYKTyaU.HH COCTOHT B CJIY-
4aHHOM (CTaTHCTHlJeCKOM) xapaKTepe rrpouecca rrpeo6pa30BaHH5I
3HeprHH 4aCTHIJ.bI B 3JIeKTpHlIeCKHH CHrHaJI. Ha <POpMHpOBaHHH
BbIxo.n.Horo CHfHaJIa .u.eTeKTopa CKa3bIBaeTCH H 3HalleHHe nepBHlIHoro
3apSI.n.a, C03.n.aHHoro lIaCTHIJ.eH B .n.eTeKTope, 11 opHeHTaUHH TpeKa
4aCTHIJ.bI OTHOCHTeJIbHO C06HpalOllI.HX 3JIeKTpO,lJ.OB .lI.eTeKTOpa, H MHO-
foe .n.pyroe. 4eM 60JIblIJe a6COJIIOTHOe 3HalleHHe Q:>JIYKTyaUHH, TeM,
eCTecTBeHHo, lllHpe pacnpe.n.eJIeHHe, npHBe,lLeHHOe Ha pHC. 2.7. 3Ha-
4eHHe nOJIHOH lllHpHHbI 3Toro pacnpe.n.eJIeHHSI r i, B3SIToe Ha nOJIOBHHe
ero BbICOTbI, H Ha3bIBaeTCSI BpeMeHHbIM pa3pell1eHHeM .lI. TeKTopa.
3HalleHHe rt MOLKeT 6bITb nOJIYlleHo TOJIbKO 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM
rrYTeM (XOTSI, pa3YMeeTC5I, B03MO}KHbI Hero paCqeTHble oueHKH).
KOHe4HO, HJI.eaJIH3HpOBaHHbIH 3KcnepHMeHT nOCTaBHTb HeB03MO}KHO,
56
O.il.HaKO CYllI.eCTBYIOT npl1eMbI, n03B0J1SIIOllI.He H3MepHTb rt C Y,lJ.OBJ1eT-
BOpHTeJ1bHOH T04HOCTblO. 3TH npHeMbI paCCMOTpeHbI B rJ1. 5.
BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe BCer,lJ.a H3MepSIeTcSI B e,lJ.HHHuax Bpe-
MeHH. ,LlJ1SI O,lLHOKpaTHbIx H3MepeHHH OHO xapaKTepH3yeT cpe,JJ,He-
cTaTHcTH4ecKYIO norpelllHocTb H3MepeHHSI HHTepBaJ1a BpeMeHH, T. e.
eCJ1H 6bI MbI H3MepHJ1H t 3 TOJ1bKO O,lJ.HH pa3, ee 3Ha4eHHe 6bIJ10 6bI
_ onpe,lLeJ1eHO C norpelllHocTblO + ft. OpH MHoroKpaTHblx nOBTopSIIO-
llJ.HXCSI H3MepeHHHx (Ha60pe cTaTHcTHKH) 3HalfeHHe ft ,lJ.aeT Macrn-
Ta6 BpeMeHH, npH KOTOpOM -<pH3H4ecKHe npou.eccbI pa3HoH ,lJ.J1HTeJ1b-
.HOCTH nepecTalOT 6bITb pa3J1H4HMbIMH.
BpeMeHHoe pa3perneH He .lI.eTeKTopa He SIBJ1SIeTCSI CTporo cpHKCHpO-
BaHHbIM. Ero a6C0J1IOTHOe 3HalfeHHe 3aBHCHT H OT 3HeprHH perHCTpH-
pyeMoH 4aCTHl1.bI, H OT HanpSI:>K'eHHH nHTaHHSI ,lJ.eTeKTOpa, H OT 3Ha-
4eHHSI Un, H OT pSI,lJ.a .rr.pyrHx <paKTOpOB. O.ll.HaKO 06bIlfHO .lI.Hana30H
H3MeHeHHH r t HeBeJ1HK, H nOpSI.lI.OK BeJ1H4HHbI r t (HanpHMep, 10- 9 -
10- 10 C ,lJ,J1H CUHHTHJ1J1SIUHOHHoro ,lJ.eTeKTopa) .lI.QCTaT04HO T04HO
xapaKTepI13yeT ero BpeMeHHbIe CBoHcTBa.
B 0611l('VI CJ1Ylfae KOHelfHoe BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe ,lLeTeKTOpa
06YCJ10BJ1eHO ,lLBYMSI rpynnaMH <t>aKTopoB. K nepBoH rpynne OTHOCSIT-
CSI <t>aKTopbI, npHBO,lJ,SII.IJ.He K <PJ1YKTyaUHH t 3 0. OHH CBSI3aHbI C TeM,
4TO B,O MHorHX ,lJ.eTeKTOpax (HanpHMep, B nponopUHOHaJ1bHbIX C4eT-
lfHKax, CUHHTHJ1J1SIl1.HOHHbIX .lI.eTeKTopax) ,lJ.J1HTe.JIbHOCTb npouecca
npe06pa30BaHHH 3HeprHH 4aCTHll.@ B HMnYJ1bC TOKa ,lJ,eTeKTOpa KO-
He4Ha. KOHKpeTHoe 3Ha4eHHe 3TOH .lI.J1HTeJ1bHOCTH 3aBHCHT OT pSI,lLa
CJ1Y4aHHbIx cpaKTopoB H n03TOMY He SIBJ1HeTCSI CTporo cpHKCHpO-
BaHHbIM.
BTopaSI rpynna cpaKTopOB CBSI3aHa C TeM, 4TO peaJ1bHO onpe.ll.e-
J1SIeMOe BpeMSI 3a,lJ.ep:>KKH t 3 BCerr,lJ.a 60J1brne t 3 0 H3-3a KOHeQHOH
4YBCT'BHTeJ1bHOCTH perHCTpHpYlOllI.eH annapaTypbI. BpeMSI ,lJ.OnOJ1HH-
TeJ1bHOH 3a,lI,ep:>KKH tn HenOCTOSIHHO H 3aBHCHT OT aMnJ1HTY,lJ.bI CHr-
HaJ1 a, ero cpOpMbI H ,lJ.pyrHx nap MeTpOB. Oepe4HCJ1eHHbIe cpaKTopbI
HrpalOT pa3J1H4HYIO pOJ1b B "pa3HbIX THnax .lI.eTeKTopOB.
_ B HOHH3aUHOHHbIX KaMepax' HMnYJ1bC BbIXO,lJ.HOrO TOKa, 06yc-
J10BJ1eHHWH ,lJ.BH:>KeHHeM 3J1eKTpOHHOH KOMnOHeHTW 3apSI,lJ.a (HOHHYIO
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KOHCTPYKlI.HH KaMepbI MeHSIeTCH B npe,lJ.eJ1ax 10- 6 -10- 7 C. OOCKOJ1b-
KY c06CTBeHHaSI 3a.ll.ep:>KKa CHrHaJ1a t 30 paBHa HYJ1IO, ,lLJ1HTeJ1bHOCTb
HMnY bca TOKa pOHH3aUHOHHOH KaMepbI SIBJ1SIeTCSI BepXHHM npe,lI,e-
J10M ee BpeMeHHoro pa3pellleHHSI, T. e. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHCT-
PYKlI.HH KaMepbI BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe rt .lI.OJ1:>KHO 6bITb He xY:>Ke
10- 6 -10- 7 c. He Y.ll.aeTCSI, O.ll.HaKO, nOJ1YlfHTb BpeMeHHoe pa3pe-
Ill HHe 3aMeTHO J1YlfIlle 3THX 3Ha4eHHH, nOCKOJ1bKY aMnJ1HTY,lI,a
3J1eKTpOHHOH KOMnOHeHTW CHrHaJ1a, CHHMaeMoro C HOHH3aUHoHHoH
KaMepbl, 4pe3BbI4aHHo MaJ1a (nopSI,LI.Ka HeCKOJ1bKHX COT MHKpO-
57
BOJIbT), a <popMa <ppOHTa CHfHaJIa CHJIbHO MeHHeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT opHeHTaIJ.HH TpeKa. 113-3a HaJIO}KeHH5I WYMOB YCHJIHTeJIH H Q:>JIYK-
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BeJIH'-IHHbI 6JIH3Ka K ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH <ppOHTa, T. e. COCTaBJIHeT
10- 6 -10- 7 C.
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KaK npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHbIe C4eT4HKH H npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHble KaMepbl,
HanpOTHB, KOHe4Hoe BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHH 06YCJIOBJIeHO, npe}K-
,lJ,e BcefO, <pJIYKTyaIJ.HHMH t 3 0. <POpMHpOBaHHe HMnYJIbCa TOKa B
npOnOpIJ.HOHaJ1bHOM C4eT4HKe npOXO,lI.HT B ,lLBe CTa,lLHH (pHC. 2.8).
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HHTeJIbHO CJ1a60M 3JIeKTpH4ecKoM nOJIe C4eT4HKa K 06JIaCTH y.n.apHOH
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1 CM npH HanpH}KeHHH' nHTaHHH OK0J10 1 KB COCTaBJ1HeT OK0J10
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MO}KeT He npHHHMaTbCH B paC'-IeT. nOCJ1e TOfO KaK 3JIeKTpOHbI
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paCTaeT. 3TOT' 3KCnOHeHI.J.HaJ1bHbIH pOCT CHfHaJIa, 06YCJ10BJ1eHHbIH
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KY B Te4eHHe' 4 p B XO.n.HOIi CHfHaJI C4eT4HKa HH4TO}KHO MaJ1 H He
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3aBHCHT OT paCCTOHHHH Me}K.n.y TpeKOM 4aCTHIJ.bI H 06JIaCTblO y.n.ap-
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O.lI.HaKO, nOCKOJIbKY npou,ecc BTOpM4HO:H 3MMCCMH HOCMT CTaTMC-
TM4ecKMH xapaKTep, 3Ta <popMYJla JI.aeT J1MllIb Cpe.lI.Hee 3Ha4eHMe
3apHJI.a. 'YMCJIO BTOpM4HbIX 3JIeKTpOHoB n, npMXOJI.HIlI.HXCH Ha O.lI.MH
nepBM4HbIH 3J1eKTpOH, ynaBllIMH Ha JI.MHOJI., XOp0lI10 onHc IBaeTcH
pacnpeJI.e.neHHeM nyaccoHa:
/I
p(n)=JJ,e- g .
n.
Pacnpe.lI.eJIeHMe aMnJIHTYJI. OJI.H03JIeKTpOHHbIX HMnYJlbCOB TaK)Ke
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HbIM K03<p<pMI.J.HeHTY BTOpH4HOH 3MMCCMH nepBoro .lI.MHOJI.a, 06bI4HO
g = 4 -;- 5, nOCKOJIbKY HMeHHO <PJIYKTyaU.MM 4MCJIa 3JIeKTpOHoB, BbIJle-
TeBlI1MX C nepBoro JI.MHO.lI.a, HBJlHIOTCH onpe.lI.eJIHIbIll.MMM (Ha nocJle-
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JIMIIHO OT e.lI.HHMll.bI, 4TO npHBOJI.MT K 3<P<PeKTMBHoMY ycpe.lI.HeHHIO
KOJlMIIeCTBa BTOpMIIHbIX 3J1eKTpoHoB). lI.BMraHcb OT nepBoro JI.MHOJI.a
K a HOJI.Y, 3JIeKTpOHHbIH «naKeT» nOCTeneHHO paCnJIbIBaeTcH BO Bpe-
MeHM (3a CIIeT pa3Horo BpeMeHM npOJIeTa OTJI.eJIbHWX 3J1eKTpOHoB
B JI.HHOJI.HbIX npOMe)KYTKax)., n03ToMY OJI.H03JIeKTpOHHbI:H MMnYJIbC
npMo6peTaeT KOHeIlHYIO JI.JIMTeJIbHOCTb, a ero <popMa HMeeT KOJlO-
KO.lIoo6pa3HbI:H BM)].. -
TaKHM 06pa30M, BbIXO.lI.HOH MMnYJlbC aHO.lI.HOrO TOKa <1>3Y .lI.a)Ke
JI.J1H CJlY4aH MrHoBeHHoH (T. e. CKOJIb yrOJI.HO KOpOTKOH:) CBeTOBOH
BcnbIllIKM 6YJI.eT npe.lI.CTaBJIHTb C060H CYMMY 0JI.H03JIeKTpOHHbIX HM-
63
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O H03JIeKTpOHH e KOMnOHeHTW
PHC. 2.12. <PO pM a HMnYJIbCa a HO.lJ.-
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H Me JleHHOrO (2) ClI.HHTHJ1JIHTOpOB
C O.lI.HHaKOBoH KOHBepcHoHHOH 3 -
cpeKTHBHoCTblO
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M a MnJIMTYJ{bI (pMC. 2.11). O,LI,H03.lIeKTpoHHbIe MMnYJIbCbl 1, 2_ COOT-
BeTcTBYIOT TpaeKTopMHM 1 If 2 <poT03JIeKTpOHoB pMC. 2.10.
OpOBe,LI,eHHWH aHaJIM3 n03BOJIHeT C,LI,enaTb oueHKM c06cTBeHHofo
BpeMeHHofo pa3peweHMH <l>3Y. PaccMoTpMM CJIY4aH, KOr,LI,a MfHOBeH-
HbIl1 cBeToBoH nOTOK HaCTOJIbKO MaJI, 4TO B oTJ{eJIbHOH BcnbIlllKe
pefMCTpl1pyeTcH JI I1Wb OJ{HH <POTOH. 04eBMJ{Ho, 4TO 3Ha4eHMe /30 B
3TOM CJIY4ae 6YJ{eT <PJIYKTYIfpOBaTb OT BcnbIlIlKM K BcnbIillKe CJIY-
4aMHbIM 06pa30M, B 3aBMCI1MOCTM OT TOfO, B KaKOM MeCTe <POTO-
KaTO,LI,a McnymeH <pOT03JIeKTpOH. LlMana30H 3TMX <pJIYKTyau.MH onpe-
J{eJIHeTCH pa3HMu.eH BpeMeHM npOJIeTa (Jt J{JIH caMOH KOpOTKOH: M ca-
MOM J{JIMHHOM TpaeKTopHH. 3Ha4eHMe at M 6YJ{eT BepxHMM npe,lI.eJIOM
BpeMeHHofo pa3pellleHMH <t>3Y, TaK KaK <PJI-YKTyaU.MI1 aMnJIMTY,lI.bI
If <PbpMbI 0,LI,H03JIeKTpOHHbIX CMfHaJIOB B 3TOM CJIY4ae 6Y.LI.YT MfpaTb
cYIlI.eCTBeHHo MeHbwyIO pOJIb. LlJIH pa3HbIx THnOB <1>3Y (Jt KOJIe6JIeT-
CH B npe,lI.eJIax (0,2-5). 10- 9 C.
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Hoe pa3pell1eHMe 6Y,lI.eT YJIY4waTbCH, TaK KaK B CYMMapHOM aHO,LI,HOM
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nYJIbCOB, 11 nOJIO>KeHMe <ppOHTa. aHO.AHOfO I1MnYJIbCa Ha BpeMeHHOH:
OCM 6Y.AeT OIIpe,lI.eJIHTbC caMbIMM KOpOTKMMM TpaeKTopMSIMM 3J1eKT-
pOHOB. C06CTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe.pa3perneHIfe <l>3Y ,LI,JIH MHTeHCHBHbIX
CBeTOBbIX BcnbIllleK 6Y,lI.eT onpeJ{eJIHTbCSI He pa36poCOM 1 3 0, a pa36po-
COM tn, CBH3aHHOH C <PJIYKTyall.HHMM aMnJIMTY,LI,bI H <POpMbI Cl1fHaJIa.
PeaJIbHO co6CTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHI1e COCTaBJIHeT B 3TOM
JIY4ae ,lI.JlH pa3HbIX THnOB <l>3Y (0,05-0,5). 10- 9 c.
Ha npaKTMKe 4ame Bcero npMXO,LI,HTCH MMeTb ,lI.eJIO c npOMe)KY-
T04HbIM CJIYIIaeM, KOf,LI,a 4HCJIO <POTOHOB, perMCTpl1pyeMbIx BO BCIIbIll1-
Ke, JIe)l{MT B ,LI,Mana30He 10-100. CTporHM TeopeTM4ecKHH aH3JIM3
nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO Bpel\1eHHOe pa3perncHMe Cl>3Y B 3TOM cJlYlJae 3aB11-
CHT OT KOJIM4eCTBa <POTOHOB BO BcnbIlliKe cJIe,LI,YIOllI.MM o6pa30M:
ft 1 /-YN .
64
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_ onHCbIBaeTCH 3KcnOHeHTO:H. OpH YCJIOBHH RHC H -4:. 1: <popMa HMnYJlbCa
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JIHU,HOHHOH BcnbIlllKH, TaK KaK aHOJI.HbIH HMnYJIbC 6YJ{eT npe.n.CTaB-
J1HTb C060H cynepn03Hll.HIO 0J{H03JIeKTpOHHbIX HMnYJ1bCOB, C03J{aHHbIX
OTJ{eJIbHbIMH <pOTOHaMH. OqeBHJ{HO, 41'0 paCTHrHBaHHe npOLl.eCca BbI-
CBe4HBaHHH Cll.HHTHJIJIHTOpa BO BpeMeHH npHBe.n.eT K TOMY, 4TO
BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe CLl.HHTHJIJIHll,HOHHoro .n.eTeKTopa C p.ea bHbIM
Cll.HHTHJIJIHTOpOM 6y.rr.eT xY:>Ke, 4eM c06CTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe pa3pe-
llleHHe <P3Y, onpe.lI.eJIeHHOe .n.JIH MrHOBeHHOH BcnbIlllKH, CO.lI.epmaUl.eH:
TaKoe me KOJIH4eCTBO <POTOHOB. 04eBHAHO TaKme, 4TO 4eM KopOLIe
CBeTOBaH BcnbIlllKa, T. e. 4eM MeHbllle T, TeM J1Y4we, npH np04HX
paBHbIX YCJIOBHHX, BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe CI.U HTHJIJIHll.HOHHOro
.n.eTeKTOp a.
Ha pHC. 2.12 npHBe.n.eHbI OCll.HJIJIOrpaMMbI aHO.lI.HbIX HMriYJIbCOB
<p3Y npH RHC H T .lI.JIH .lI.BYX CIl.HHTHJIJIHTOpOB, HMelOI1l.HX O.lI.HHa--
KOBYIO KOHBepcHoHHYIO 3<p<peKTHBHQCTb %, HO pa3Hoe BpeMH BblCBe-
4HBaHHH T. IlJIollI.a.lI.H no.lI. KpHBbIMH 1 J 2 paBHbI, TaK KaK paBHbI
KOHBepcHoHHble 3<p<peKTHBHoCTH 060H?, CLl.HHTHJIJ1HTOpOB. 04eBH.n.Ho,
4TO BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe 6Y,lJ.eT BbIllle (T. e. ft - MeHbwe) JJ,JIH
,lJ.eTeKTOpa c 6bICTpbIM CLl.HHTHJIJIHTOpOM. B 06llI.eM CJIY4ae MomHO
nOKa3aTb, LITO 1\ ""'" T.
BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe Cll.HHTHJIJIHLl.HOHHOro AeTeKTopa B 06Il1.eM
CJIY4ae 3aBHCHT KaK OT BpeMeHH BblCBe4HBaHHH T, TaK H OT KOH-
BepcHoHHOH 3<p<peKTHBHoCTH x:
1't"'-' T /-YNo. . -
IlOCKOJIbKY N o = Kx7t /7t cp (r,lJ.e K - K03<pQ>Hll.HeHT cBeToc60pa Ha
<poToKaTO,lJ. <pay; 7t - 3HeprHH 4aCTHll.bI; 7t <p - Cpe,lJ.HHH 3HeprHH
O,lJ.HOrO <pOTOHa), ft"'-'T:/-IX.
IlpHMeHHeMbIe Ha npaKTHKe CI.LHHTHJIJIHTOpbI pa3J1H4alOTCH KaK no
BpeMeHH BbICBe4HBaHHH, TaK H no KOHBepCHOHHOH 3<p<PeKTHBHOCTH
(Ta6JI.2.1.).
T a 0 J1 H U. a 2.1. OCHoBHble xapaKTepHcTHKH HeKoTopblX HaH60Jlee pacnpocTpaHeHHblx
CLl.HHTHJlJlSlTOpOB
C LI.11 HTM.lIJI SITOp
T, C
x
CsI (TI)
Nal (Tl) _
I1J13CTMaCcoBbIH Ha OCHOBe
nOJIHCTHpOJIa
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HOCTH B 4 pa3a npeBocxo.n.HT nJIaCTMaCcoBbIH Cll.HHTHJIJIHTOp, HO 04eHb
CHJIbHO YCTynaeT eMY no BpeMeHH BbICBeLfHBaHHH. MrHoBeHHaH CKO-
65
5-2790
pOCTb BWCBe4HBaHHH nnaCTMaCCOBOfO CUHHTHnnHTopa, onpeAenHe-
MaH KaK
dN I == No e - t/T I == Nil -...-
dt t=O T 1=0 T T '
CYllI.eCTBeHHO BbIllle, 4eM Y CUHHTHnJIHTOpa NaI (Tl). 3a KOpOTKHH
npOMe)KYTOK BpeMeHH nOpHJI.Ka 10- 9 C nnaCTMaCCOBbIH cllHHTHnnH-
TOp HcnYCTHT 60nbllIee 4Hcno <POTOHOB, 4eM NaI (Tl). 3TO 06CTOH-
TenbCTBO H HBnHeTCH onpeJI.enHlOllI.HM C T04KH 3peHHH BpeMeHHofo
pa3peweHHH CUHHTHJIJIHU.HOHHOfO JI.eTeKTopa. ,LleHcTBHTenbHo, AJIH
JI.eTeKTOpoB C nJIaCTMaCCOBWMH cUHHTHnnHTopaMH JI.OCTHfHYTO Bpe-
MeHHoe pa3pellleHHe r, -...- 10- to C, TOfJI.a KaK JI.nH JI.eTeKTOpoB Ha
OCHOBe NaI (Tl) nHWb 1"',-...-10- 9 C.
I1TaK, BpeMeHHoe pa3pellIeHHe cllHHTHnnHllHOHHOfO JI.eTeKTOpa
onpeJI.enHeTCH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH KaK <t>3Y, TaK H CUHHTHnnHTopa.
,LlnH ueJIeH BpeMeHHoro aHanH3a pa3pa6oTaHbI <l>3Y cneUHanbHOH
KOHCTPYKUHH (HanpHMep, <l>3Y -63, <l>3Y -87, XP 10-20 cpHpMbI «<I>H-
JIHnc» H JI.p. f, B KOTOpbIX C nOMOlllblO cneu.H,anbHbIX Mep YJI.aeTcH
YMeHbwHTb pa36poc BpeMeHH nponeTa 3neKTpoHoB B npOMe)KYT-
Ke <poToKaTOJI. - nepBbIH JI.HHOJI. JI.O 3Ha4eHHH MeHbwe 10- 9 C. OnTH-
MH3aUHH pe)KHMa pa60TbI BpeMeHHbIX <l>3Y (noA60p HHJI.HBHJI.yanbHbIx
JI.enHTeJIeH) n03BonHeT ellle HeCKOJIbKO YJIY4WHTb HX BpeMeHHoe
pa3 pellIeHHe.
OJI.HaKO 3a4aCTYIO <paKTopOM, J1HMHTHPYlOllI.HM BpeMeHHoe pa3-
peweHHe cu.HHTHJInHUHOHHoro JI.eTeKTOpa, HBJI5IeTCH He c06CTBeHHoe
BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe <l>3Y, a YCJIOBHe c06HpaHHH CBeTa CUHHTHn-
JIHUHOHHOH BcnbIW KH Ha ero <pOTOKaTOJI.. ,LlJIH CllHHTHJlJIHTOpOB 60nb-
WOfO pa3Mepa K03<t><pHUHeHT CBeToc60pa K MO)KeT 6bITb 3aMeTHO
MeHbllle eJI.HHHUbI, 4TO npHBOAHT K YXYJI.weHHIO BpeMeHHoro pa3-
pellIeHHH. CneJI.yeT TaK)Ke HMeTb B BHJI.Y, 4TO B CUHHTHJInHTOpax
60JIbWOfO a3Mepa BpeMH pacnpOCTpaHeHHH CBeTa OT MeCTa npo-
XO)K,lI,eHHH 4aCTHUbI 4epe3 CUHHTHnJIHTOp JI.O <pOTOKaTOAa _ MO}KeT
COCTaBnHTb 60JIbllIe 10- 9 C. B03HHKaeT JI.OnOnHHTeJIbHbIH pa36poc
3aJI.ep)KKH BbIXOJI.HOfO CHfHana <l>3Y, cBH3aHHbIH C pa36poCOM pac-
CTOHHHH OT MeCTa BcnbIlliKH AO <pOTOKaTOJI.a. ,LlnH nOAaBneHH'H 3TOfO
3<p<peKTa CYllI.eCTBYIOT cnellHan bHble MeTOJI.bI, KOTopbIe 6y AY'T pac-
cMOTpeHbI B fn. 8. \
B 4epeHKoBcKHX AeTeKTopax HCn'OJlb3YIOTCH Te )Ke BpeMeHHble
<POTOYMHO)KHTenH, 4TO H B CUHHTHnnHll.HOHHbIX JI.eTeKTopax. OTnH4He
COCTOHT B npHHI..I.HI1HanbHO HHOM MexaHH3Me reHepauHH cBeToBoH
BcnbIWKH. CaM npouecc 4epeHKoBcKoro H3nY4eHHH npaKTH4ecKH
6e3bIHepUHoHHbIH, O,lI.HaKO 60nbllIHe (KaK npaBHno) pa3MepbI 4epeH-
KOBCKHX JI.eTeKTOpoB H MaJIOe 4Hcno <POTOHOB (B 10-100 pa3 MeHb-
we, 4eM B cUHHTHnnHUHoHHOH BcnbIllIKe) npHBO,lI.HT K TOMY, liTO YC-
JIOBHH CBeToc6opa HBnHIOTCH onpeJI.enHIOUJ.HMH AJIH BpeMeHHoro pa3-
pellI HHH 4epeHKOBCKHX AeTeKTopOB. THnH4HbIe JI.OCTHfHYTble 3 Ha4e-
HHH nemaT B npe,lI,eJIax (0,5-1). 10- 9 C. '
66
/' B nOCJIe)1.Hee BpeMH B 3KCnepHMeH-
TaJIbHOH: npaKTHKe Ha4HHalOT WHpOKO
npHMeHHTbCH MHKpOKaHaJIbHbIe nJ1aC-
THHbI (MKn), npe)1.CTaBJIHIOIJ.J.He CO-
60H )1.HCKH H3 CBHHUOBOrO CTeKJIa C
60J1bWHM 4HCJIOM OTBepCTHH: MaJIOrO
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J1HeT HeCKOJIbKO CaHTHMeTpOB, TOJIIJ.J.H-
Ha 0,5-2 MM, a ,llHaMeTp KaHaJIOB
H 3a30p Me)K)1.Y KaHaJIaMH (TOJIIJ.J.HHa
cTeHKH) - OT 10 )1.0 100 MKM. 06e
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PYIOTCH, H K HHM npHKJIa,llbIBaeTcH HanpH)KeHHe OKOJIO 1 KB. B YCJIOBH-
HX rJIy60Koro BaKYYMa Ka)K,llOe H3 oTBepcTHH MKO pa60TaeT KaK
He3aBHCHMbIH 3JIeKTpOHHbIH YMHO)KHTeJIb (pHC. 2.13). n pouecc 3JIeKT-
pOHHoro YMHO)KeHHH aHaJIOrH4eH npoueccy, 'fIpOHCXO)1.Hw,eMY B <p3Y,
a pOJIb ,llHHO)1.0B HrpaeT BHYTpeHHHH nOBepxHocTb oTBepcTHH MKO.
K03<P<PHUHeHT YMHO)KeHHH MKO MO)KeT )1.0CTHraTb 10 3 - 10 4 .
MKO npHMeHHIOTCH, npe)K,lle Bcero, )1.JIH perHCTpall.HH 3JIeKTpOHOB,
HcnYllleHHbIX KaKHM-JIH60 3MHTTepOM (HanpHMep, TOHKOH cpOJIbrOH)
npH nOna)1.aHHH Ha Hero HOHH3HPYIOw,eH 4aCTHll.bI. Ha OCHOBe MKn
C03,llaHbI'TaKme cpOT03JIeKTpOHHbIe YMHomHTeJIH, B KOTOpbIX MKO
BblnOJIHHIOT pOJlb )1.HHO,llOB.
MKO 06JIa)1.a1OT 04eHb BbICOKHM BpeMeHHbIM pa3pellIeHHeM. DJIa-
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npOJIeTa BTOpH4HbIX 3JIeKTpOHOB BHYTPH KaHaJIa 04eHb MaJI, BbIXO,llHOH
HMnYJIbC HMeeT 6-o6pa3HYIO CPOPMY )1.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO OKOJIO 10- 9 C.
BpeMeHHoe pa3peweHHe MKO (3KcnepHMeHTa.J1bHble pe3YJIbTaTbI) Co-
C1aBJIHeT OKOJIO 10- 10 C, BpeMeHHoe pa3peweHHe <p3Y Ha OCHOBe
MKn TaKoro me nOpH)1.Ka. He)1.0CTaTKoM <l>3Y Ha OCHOBe MKO HB-
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4eM Cll.HHTHJIJIHU,HOHHble ,lI.eTeKTOpbI C 06bI4HbIMH <I> Y.
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(RHC H Ii) JI.JIHTe,IIbHOCTb cppOHTa HMnYJIbCa HanpH}KeHHH paBHa
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CTOHHHOH cnaJI.a T = RHCHo I1HTerpHpOBaHHe CHrHaJIa npHBO,lI.HT, KaK
npaBHJIO, K YXY,lI.rneHHIO BpeMeHHoro pa3perneHHH H3-3a paCTHrHBa-
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u
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67
n03TOMY ,LI,JIH 06eCne4eHHH HaHJIY4111erO BpeMeHHOrO pa3pellleHHH
06bI4HO CTapalOTCH npHMeHHTb TOKOBbIH C'beM CHrHaJIa, BbI6HpaH
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MYIO npou,eccaMH B caMOM ,lJ.eTeKTope.
B CU,HHTHJIJIHll.HOHHbIX ,LI,eTeKTOpax ,LI,JIHTeJIbHOCTb HMnYJIbCa TOKa
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THJIJIHTOpa T. fl03TOMY ,LI,JIH CU,HHTHJIJIHU,HOHHbIX ,LI,eTeKTOpOB nOCTOHH-
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B nponopu,HOHaJIbHWX C4eT4HKax H nponopu,HOHaJIbHWX KaMepax
BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe onpe,Ll,eJIHeTCH B OCHOBHOM pa36poCOM Bpe-
MeHH ,LI,peii<pa 3JIeKTpOHOB tJJ.P, 3aMeTHO npeBbIlllaIOllI.HM ,LI,JIHTeJIbHOCTb
pOHTa HMnYJIbCa BWXO,Ll,HOrO TOKa. 3TO n03BOJIHeT Bw6HpaTb no-
CTOHHHYIO HarpY3KH RHCH/"OV IOtcp, T. e. npOBO,Ll,HT 4aCTI14HOe I1HTerpH-
pOBaHHe 3apH,LI,a (,LI,JIH YBeJIH4eHHH aMnJIHTY,LI,bI BbIXO,Ll,HOrO CHrHaJIa)
6e3 3aMeTHoro YXY,LI,lllelIHH BpeMeHHoro pa3pellleHHH.
HCKJII04eHHe COCTaBJIHIOT nOJIynpOBO,lJ.HHKOBbIe ,LI,eTeKTOpbI. OHH,
KaK npaBI1JIO, npHMeHHIOTCH ,LI,JIH H3MepeHHH 3HeprHH 4acTHu" TaK
KaK HX OCHOBHoe npeHMYIlI.eCTBO - xopOlllHe cneKTpOMeTpl14eCKHe
CBO:HCTBa. ,L{JIH 06ecne4eHHH HaHJIY4111ero 3HepreTH4eCKoro pa3pellle-
HHH Tpe6yeTcH nOJIHOe HHTerpHpOBaHHe 3apH,LI,a (T. e. RHC H t i ), H
3TO C006pa)KeHHe 06bI4HO OKa3bIBaeTCH pelllalOIlI.HM npl1 BbI60pe
RC-HarpY3KH nfl,L{.
2.4. Bbl,LI.EJ1EHHE MH<))OPMAUJ1H 0 THnE 3APS))I(EHHOIif LJACTH bl
no <l>OPME HMnYJlbcA ,lJ.ETEKTOPA
O,Ll,HOH 113 HaH6pJIee CJIO)KHbIX B MeTO,Ll,I14eCKOM OTHOllleHI1H 3a,Ll,a4
HBJIHeTCH 3a,Ll,a4a H,LI,eHTI1<pHKau,HH 4acTHu, - npO,Ll,YKTOB H,LI,epHbIX
peaKu,HH. B Tex CJIY4aHX, KOr,lJ.a 3HepreTI14eCKI1e cneKTpbI 4aCTHll.-
npO,Ll,YKTOB peaKu,H:H HMelOT HenpepbIBHbI:H xapaKTep H CYllI.eCTBeHHO
nepeKpbIBalOTCH, l1,L1,eHTI1QJHKau,I1H BKJII04aeT B ce6H onpe,Ll,eJIeHHe
CKOpOCTH, MaCCbI H 3apH,LI,a 4acTHu,bI. nOJIHaH H,LI,eHTHcpHKall.HH 4ac-
THU, HBJIHeTCH CJIO)KHoii 3a,Ll,a4e:H. B QJH3HKe BbICOKHX 3HeprH:H ,LI,JIH
3THX u,eJIeH npl1MeHHIOTCH CJIO)KHbIe MHOrO,LI,eTeKTOpHble CI1CTeMbl 11
BeCb apCeHaJI Cpe,LI,CTB H,LI,epHOH 3JIeKTpOHI1KI1.
B 113HKe HH3KI1X 3HeprHH (npH 3HeprHHX BTOpH4HbIX 4aCTHIl. e-
Hee HeCKOJIbKHX ,lJ.eCHTKOB Mera3JIeKTpOH-BOJIbT) 3a.lI.aqa HeCKOJIbKO
ynpow.aeTCH TeM, qTO Ha60p B03MO)KHbIX qaCTHU - npO,Ll,YKTOB peaK-
I..I.I1H, KaK npaBI1J10, HeBeJ1HK. n03TOMY qaCTO B03HI1KaeT 3a,Ll,aqa pa3-
,LI,eJIeHHH ,LI,BYX-Tpex THnOB 4acTHu, (HanpHMep, HeHTpOHOB, a,-4acTHu,
H y- KBaHTOB), npH4eM O,l1.HH H3 Tl1nOB HBJ1HeTCH npe,LI,MeTOM I1CCJ1e,LI,O-
BaHHH, a OCTaJIbHble - OHOBble.
,L{J1H pellleHHH nO,LI,06HOrO pO,Ll,a 3a,Ll,aq Hepe,lJ.KO H n0J1b3YIOTCH
3<p eKTbI 3aBHCI1MOCTH QJOPMbI BbIXO,Ll,HOro CHrHaJ1a .LI.eTeKTOpa OT TI1-
na perl1CTpHpyeMoH 4acTHu,bI. 3Ta 3aBI1CHMOCTb MO)KeT 6bITb CBH3a-
68
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Ha JIM60 C pa3JIH4MeM B np06erax 4acTHu, (npM paBHOM 3HeprMM npo-
6er TH)I{eJIOM 4aCTMI..I.bI CYIlI.eCTBeHHO MeHbllIe, -4eM np06er JIerKOM
4aCTMll.bI), JIM60 C pa3JIM4MeM B y.n.eJIbHbIX MOHM3au,MOHHbIX nOTepHX.
B TOM MJIM MHOM Mepe 3TOT 3<p<peKT npOHBJIHeTCH B 60JIbllIMHCTBe
.n.eTeKTopOB C 3JIeKTpM4ecKMM C'beMOM MH<popMau,HM: B MOHH3au,HoH-
HbIX KaMepax, npOnOpll.MOHaJIbHbIX c4eT4MKax, nOJIynpOBO.lI.HMKOBbIX
.lI.eTeKTOpax, Cll.MHTMJIJIHU,MOHHbIX .n.eTeKTopax. 0.lI.HaKO llIMpOKoe
npaKTM4ecKoe npMMeHeHMe 6JIarO.lI.apH 60JIbliiOMY 3Ha4eijMIO 3<p<peKTa
HalliJIH .lI.JIH 3TMX 3a.lI.a4 nponopu,MOHaJIbHble C4eT4MKM M Cll.MHTMJIJIH-
U.MoHHble .n.eTeKTOpbl.
LlJIH pa3.n.eJIeHMH (.n.MCKpMMMHau,MM) qaCTMu, no <popMe MMnYJIbCa
.n.eTeKTopa npMMeHHIOTcH Cnell.MaJIbHWe
3JIeKTpOHHble MeTo.n.bI .lI.MCKpHMHHau,MM,
npe.lI.CTaBJIHIOIlI.He C060H cBoe06pa3Hoe
- C04eTaHHe MeTO,II.OB BpeMeHHoro 11 aMnJII1-
TY AHoro aHaJIH3a (TaK KaK Q:>opMa Cl1rHa-
J1a eCTb He 4TO MHoe, KaK H3MeHeHMe aM-
nJIMTy.n.bI CMrHaJIa BO BpeMeHH). LlJIH .lI.HC-
KpMMHHau,HH 4aCTHlJ. no <popMe MorYT
npHMeHHTbCH KaK aHaJIOrOBbIe, TaK H
lJ.11<p pOBbIe MeTO.lI.bl. UMQ:> pOBbIe MeTO.lI.bI
YCTynalOT aHaJIOrOBbIM B 6bICTpo.n.eHCT-
BHM, HO n03BOJIHIOT npOH3BO.lI.HTb aHaJlH3
C nOMOlll.blO 3BM. HH)Ke Ha HeCKOJIb HX
npHMepax 6Y.lI.YT paCCMOTpeHbI HeKOTO- ""
pwe HaM60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHwe MeTO-
.n.bI .n.MCKpHMMHaIJ.MM 4aCTHI..I. no Q:>opMe
MMnYJIbCa .n.eTeKTopa.
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PHC. 2.14. OpOnOpu,HoHaJlbHbIH C4eT4HK:
a - KOHC PYKIl.I1H C l leT4l1Ka; 6 - q,opMa I1M-
nYJIbCa TOKa .n.JlH KopoTKonpoGe>KHOH (1)
H D.JlI1 H Hon p06e>KHOH (2) 4a CTH 11.
PHC. 2.15. <J>YHKu,HoHaJ1bHaH cxeMa YCT-
pOHcTBa pa3.n.eJleHH5i 4acTHu, no cpopMe
HMnYJIbCa npOnOpu,HoHaJIbHOrO C4eT4HKa
nc
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B npOnOpUHOHaJIbHbIX C4eT4HKaX .lI.JIH .lI.HCKpHMHHaUHH 4aCTHU no
$opMe HMnYJIbCa HCnOJIb3yeTcH 3aBHCHMOCTb .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH <ppOHTa
HapaCTaHHH HMnYJIbCa TOKa Ha BbIXO.lI.e .lI.eTeKTOpa OT .lI.JIHHbI .np06era
4aCTHl.I.bI B 06'beMe C4eT4HKa.
PaCCMOTpHM <POpMHpOBaHHe <ppOHTa HMnYJIbCa TOKa B nponop-
UHOHaJIbHOM C4eT4HKe .lI..HH .lI.BYX CJIY4aeB (pHC. 2.14, a): 1) KOPOT-
Konp06eJKHOH 4aCTHl.I.bI, np06er KOTOpOH MHoro MeHbllle .lI.HaMeTpa
C4eT4HKa, R d; 2) \ .lI.JIHHHOnp06eJKHOH 4aCTHl.I.bI, np06er KOTOpOH
npHMepHo paBeH .lI.HaMeTpy C4eT4HKa, R""" d.
B nepBoM CJIY4ae (KopoTKOnpo6eJKHaH 4acTHua) <POpMHpoBaHHe
HMnYJIbCa BbIXO.lI.HOrO TOKa 6Y.lI.et COCTOHTb H3 .lI.BYX pe3Ko pa3JIH4aIO-
llI.HXCH CTa.lI.HH: a) .lI.peH<pa 3JIeKTpOHoB K 06JIaCTH Y.lI.apHOH HOHH3a-
l.I.HH B Te4eHHe BpeMeHH ( p; 6) pa3MHOJKeHHH HOCHTeJIeH B 06JIaCTH
Y.lI.apHOH HOHH3au,HH H HX .lI.BH)KeHHH K cooTBeTcTBYlOllI.HM 3JIeKTpO-
.lI.aM B 06JIaCTH CHJIbHOrO 3JIeKTpH4ecKoro nOJIH B Te4eHHe BpeMeHH
t pa3p . I1MnYJIbc TOKa Ha BbIXO.lI.e .lI.eTeKTOpa nOHBHTCH B 3TOM CJIY4ae
C 3a.lI.ep>KKOH Ha BpeMH t}J.p -H 6Y.lI.eT HMeTb .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb <ppoHTa,
paBHYIO t pa3p (pHC. 2.14, 6). npH 3TOM tJJ.p tpa3p'
80 BTOpOM CJIY4ae (.lI.JIHHHOnp06eJKHaH 4aCTHl.I.a) npouecc op-
MHpoBaHHH BbIXO.lI.HOrO HMnYJIbCa 6Y.lI.eT pacTHHYT BO BpeMeHH npaK-
THLJeCKH Ha BpeMH, paBHoe t}J.p. 113 06JIaCTeH TpeKa, 6JIH)KaHWHX K
06JIaCTH Y.lI.apHOM HOHH3aUHH, 3JIeKTpOHbI, C03.lI.aHHbIe LJa, CTHl.I.eM 6y-
.lI.YT c06paHbI B 06JIaCTb Y.lI.apHOH HOHH3au,HH npaKTH4eCKH 6e3 3a-
.lI.ep)l(KH, B TO BpeMfi KaK 3J1eKTpOHaM H3 Y.lI.3J1eHHbIX 06J1aCTeH: TpeKa
Tpe6yeTcH BpeMfi t""" tJl.P .lI.JIH Toro, 4T06bI .lI.OHTH .lI.0 06JIaCTH Y.lI.apHOH
HOHH3au,HH. Cl>pOHT HMnYJIbC3 aHO,lJ.HOrO TOKa, COcToHJlI.erO H3 JI3BHH
BTOpH4HOH HOHH3al.l.HH, C03.lI.aBaeMblx OT.lI.eJIbHbIMH 3JIeKTpOHaMH H3
TpeKa 4aCTHl.I.bI, 6Y.lI.eT P3CTHHYT H3 BpeMH tq,"""tn,p (p c. 2.14, 8).
P33HHu,a B .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH <ppOHTa HMnYJIbCa aHO.lI.HOrO TOKa, CO-
3.lI.aBaeMOro KopOTKOnp06e>KHbIMH H .lI.JIHHHOnp06e)KHbIMH 4acTHu,a MH
paBHOH 3HeprHH, MO)KeT COCTaBJIHTb nOpH.lI.OK BeJIH4HHbi H 60JIee.
TaK, B nponOpu,HOHaJIbHOM C4eTl.JHKe ,lI.H3MeTpoM 2 CM, HanOJIHeHHOM
a30TOM .lI.0 .lI.aBJIeHHfI 4. 10 5 na, np06er npOTOHa R p C 3HeprHeH
11 = 100 K3B COCTaBJIHeT R p =0,091 CM. ,LlJIH 3JIeKTpOHa TOM >Ke
3HeprHH npo6er paBeH: Re = 1,75 CM.
npH HanpHJKeHHH nHT3HHH 3600 B BpeMH HapacTaHHH «npoToH-
Horo» CHrH3JIa COCTaBJIHeT: t p =0,75 MKC, BpeMH HapacTaHHH
«3JIeKTpOHHoro» CHrHaJIa t e =8,0 MKC. CHrHaJIbI co CTO.J1b CHJIbHO
pa3JIH4alOU1.HMHCH <ppoHTaMH MorYT 6bITb Ha.lI.eJKHO pa3.lI.eJleHbI C
nOMOllI.blO 3JIeKTpOHHbIX Cpe.lI.cTB. PaccMoTpHM npocToH MeTO.lI.;
oCHoBaHHbIH Ha cpaBHeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB ,HHTerpHpoBaHHH H .lI.H$-
cpepeHll.HpOBaHHH O.lI.HOrO H Toro JKe CHrHaJIa (pHC. 2.15). CHrHaJI
nponopUHOHaJIbHOrO C4eT4HKa nc, coXpaHHIOllI.HH Q:>OPMY HMnYJIbCa
aHO.lI.HOrO TOKa (R H C H <:::0,75 MKC), pa3BeTBJIHeTCH H3 .lI.Be uenH Ii
yCHJIHBaeTCH YCHJIHTeJIHMH 1 H 2. B HH>KHeH u,enH npoHCxO,lJ.HT HHTe-
rpHpoBaHHe CHrHaJI3 Ha HHTerpwPYIOI.I.J.eH RC-u,enH, npH4eM Rll.r;Ji? 1:
> 8,0 MKC. 04eBH,lJ.HO, B 3TOM ,-_CJIY4ae 6Y.lI.eT npOHCXO.lI.HTb nOJIHOe
70
HHTefpHpOBaHHe JIlO60fO H3 B03MO)KHbIX CHfHaJIOB (KaK 3JIeKTpOH-
HOfO, TaK H npOTOHHOfO). nOCKOJIbKY 3HepfHH 3JIeKTpOHOB H npo-
TOHOB O,lI.HHaKOBbI ( 100 K3B), aMnJIHTY,lI.bI CHfHaJIOB Ha BbIXO,lI.e
HHTefpHPYlOll.I.eH uenH 6Y,lI.YT O,lI.HHaKOBbI ,lI.JI5I 4aCTHU 060HX THnOB.
B BepxHeH uenH BXO,lI.HOH CHfHaJI ,lI.H<p<pepeHUHPyeTC5I I Ha ,lI.H<p<pe-
peHUHPYlOll.I.eH RC-uenH, npH4eM RJlC Jl = 0,75 MKC. npH ,lI.H<p<pepeH-
UHpoBaHHH Ha 31'011 uenH CHfHaJI C ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO <ppOHTa 0,75 MKC
(npoToHHbIH) 6Y,lI.eT OCJIa6JIeH He3Ha4HTeJIbHO, B TO BpeM5I KaK
3JIeKTpOHHbIH CHfHaJI, C ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTbIO cppoHTa 8 MKC, 6Y,lI.eT oCJIa6-
JIeH 60JIee 4eM Ha nOp5l,lI.OK. <I>opMHpOBaTeJIH CPt H CP2 <POpMHPYlOT H3
BXO,lI.HWX CHfHaJIOB BWXO,lI.HWe CHfHaJIW CTaH,lI.apTHOH (np5lMoYfOJIb,
HOH) cpOpMbI H ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH C coxpaHeHHeM 3Ha4eHH5I BXO,lI.HOH
aMnJIHTY,lI.bI H nO,lI.alOT 3TH CHfHaJIbl Ha CXeMY CpaBHeHH5I. CXeMa
CpaBHeHH5I MO)KeT B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' JIOfHKH 3KCnepHMeHTa oT6HpaTb
JIH60 TOJIbKO Te CJIY4aH, KOf,lI.a CHfHaJIbI no 060HM BXO,lI.aM HMelOT
npHMepHO paBHbIe aMnJIHTY,lI.bI (npOTOHHbIe), .I1H60 pe3KO pa3JIH4a-
lOTC5I (3JIeKTpOHHbIe).
CxeMW ,lI.HCKpHMHHaUHH 4aCTHU no <popMe HMnYJIbCa ,lI.eTeKTOp
npHH5ITO xapaKTepH30BaTb K03<p<pHUHeHTOM ,lI.HCKpHMHHaUHH - 4HC:-
JIOM, nOKa3bIBalOIll.HM r BO CKOJIbKO pa3 YMeHbWaeTC5I C4eT cpOHOBbIX
4aCTHU nOCJIe HX ,lI.HCKpHMHHaUHH. B paCCMOTpeHHOM npHMepe, f,lI.e
3HepfHH 4aCTHU O,lI.HHaKOBbl H <PHKCHpOBaHbl, K03<p<pHUHeHT ,lI.HCKPH-
MHHaUHH Bce )Ke H eeT KOHe4Hoe 3Ha4eHHe, TaK KaK ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb
<ppOHTa 3JIeKTpOHHOfO CHfHaJIa 3aBHCHT OT opHeHTaUHH TpeKa BHYT-
pH C4eT4HKa. ECJIH 3JIeKTpOH npOH,lI.eT B,lI.aJIH OT 06JIaCTH Y,lI.apHOH
HOHH3aUHH, TO efO CHfHaJI 6Y,lI.eT npaKTH4eCKH HeOTJIH4HM OT npo-
TOHHOfO. K03<p<pHUHeHT ,lI.HCKpHMHHaUHH 6Y,lI.eT CHJIbHO 3aBHceTb
TaK)Ke H OT 3HepfHH 4aCTHU.. HanpHMep, YMeHbweHHe 3HepfHH
3JIeKTpOHOB npHBe,lI.eT K YMeHbIlleHHlO HX np06efOB, H pa3HHua B
,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH <PpOHTOB 3JIeKTpOHHbIX H npOTOHHbIX CHfHaJIOB TaK)Ke
Y M e H b W HTC5I. CJI e,lI.O B a TeJI bH 0, Y M e H bW H TC5I H K03CP<P H U HeHT ,lI.H CK pH -
MHHaUHH.
Pa3JIH4He np06efOB JIerKJ1X H T5I)KeJIbIX 4aCTHU (npH paBe"HCTBe
3HepfHH) HCnOJIb3yeTr51 ,lI.JI5I ,lI.HCKpHMHHaUHH 4aCTHU no <popMe HM-
nYJIbCa H B CijHHTHJIJI5IUHOHHbIX ,lI.eTeKTOpax - CneUHaJIbHbIX KOM6H-
HHpOBaHHbIX ,lI.eTeKTOpax, KOTopble HHOf,lI.a B JIHTepaType HOC5IT Ha3-
BaHHe «<POCBH4H». TaKHe ,lI.eTeKTOpbI COCT05lT 06bI4HO H3 ,lI.BYX CUHH-
THJIJI5ITOpOB, CHJlbHO pa3JIH4alOll.I.HXC5I no BpeMeHH BbICBe4HBaHH5I /'[
H npOCMaTpHBaeMbIX O,lI.HHM <I>3Y. Ha pHC. 2.16, a B Ka4eCTBe npH-
Mepa npHBe,lI.eH KOM6HHHpoBaHHbIH CUHHTHJIJI5IUHOHHbIH ,lI.eTeKTOp,
COCT05llll.HH H3 nJIaCTMaCCOBOfO CUHHTHJIJI5ITOpa TOJIW,HHOH OKOJIO
1 MM H CUHHTHJIJI TOpa CsI (Tl) TOJIW,HHOH HecKo.tIbKO caHTHMeT-
pOB. 06a CIJ,HHTHJIJI5ITOpa HaXO,lI.51TC5I B onTH4eCKOM KOHTaKTe Me)K,lI.Y
C060H H C <I>3Y, TaK 41'0 <I>3Y MO)KeT pefHCTpHpOBaTb CUHHTHJIJI5I-
UHOHHYlO BcnbIIllKY, B03HHKWYlO B JIlO60M H3 CUHHTHJIJ151TOpOB (HJIH B
060HX cpa3Y).
lIJeTeKTop, npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHbIH Ha pHC. 2.16, a, MO)KeT 3<p<PeKTHBHO
71
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PHC. 2.16. CocTaBHoH CI.I.HHTHJ1J1HU,HOHHbII1 .n.eTeKTOp (cpOCBHlf):
a -- YCTPOHCTBO q,oCBI14a; 6 --- q,OpM a 11 M nYJI bca BblXO.llHOrO TOKa np 11 perl1CTpa Il.H 11 Y-I<Ba If-
TOB, npoToHoB H 3Jlel<TpoHOB
pa3,lI,eJIHTb 1'- KBaHTbI, 3JIeKTpOHbI H npOTOHbI C 3Heprl1eH nOpH,aK3 .
HeCKOJIbKO COT KI1JI03JIeKTpOH-BOJIbT - HeCKOJIbKO Mera3JIeKTpOH-
BOJlbT. IlpI1HUJ'In ,aeHCTBHH OCHOBaH Ha TOM, LITO npOTOHbl YKa3aHHO-
fO .l(l1ana30Ha 3Heprl1H nOJIHOCTbIO OCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH B nJIaCTMaC-
COBOM CUHHTHJIJIHTOpe, B036Y)K.n.aH 6bICTPYIO CUI1HTI1JIJIHlI.HOHHYIO.
BCIlbIWKY (L6 3.10-9 C). dJIeKTpOHbI TOH )Ke 3HeprHH 06JIa,aa1OT
rOpa3,a0 60JIbIllHM np06erOM 11, npOXO,aH nJIaCTMaCCOBblH CUI1HTI1JIJIH-
TOp HaCKB03b, OCTaHaBJII1BalOTCH B CUHHTHJIJIHTOpe CsI (TI). TaKI1M
06pa30M 3JIeKTpOHbI B036Y)K,aaIOT O.n.HOBpeMeHHO 06a CUHHTHJIJIHTO-
pa, 11 CUHHTI1JIJIHlI.HOHHaH BCnbIlliKa COCTOHT 113 ,aBYX KOMnOHeHT:
6blCTpOH (3. 10-- 9 C) H Me,aJIeHHO (0,6. 1 0- 6 C). 1'- KBaHTbI B
nJIaCTMaCCOBOM CUl1HTHJIJIHTOpe npaKTHlfeCKH He nOfJIow,aIOTCH
BCJIe,aCTBHe ero MaJIOrO 3<p<PeKTHBHoro aTOMHoro HOMepa Z H MaJIOH
TOJI Ill.H HbI, 3aTO 3Q:>Q:>eKTHBHO nOrJIow,aIOTCH R 1...1U1HTI1JIJIHTOpe
CsI (TI). TaKHM 06pa30M, B no.n.aBJIHIOw.eM 60.! hWHHCTBe CJIY4aeB
Y-KBaHTbI 6y,aYT B036Y)K,aaTb TOJ1bKO Me,aJIeHHbH1: ClI.HHTI1JIJIHTOp.
Pe3Koe. pa'3JIH4He B Q:>opMe HMnYJIbCOB aHo,aHoro TOKa <p3Y ,aJIH Bcex
Tpex COpTOB lIaCTHU (pHC. 2.16, 6) n03BOJIHeT 3<p<PeKTHBHo pa3,ae-
JIHTb HX C nOMOlll.blO cooTBeTcTBYIOW,HX 3JIeKTpOHHbIX cxeM
(pHc.2.17).
YCTpOHCTBO pa60TaeT CJIe,aYlOllI.HM 06pa30M. Cl1rHaJI, B036ym-
,aaeMbIH KaKOH-JIH60 H3 perHcTpHpyeMbIx 4aCTHI.l., CHI1MaeTCH O,aHO-
BpeMeHHo C nOCJIe,aHero ,aI1Ho,aa H C aHo,aa CP3Y. B U,enb aHo.n.a CP3Y
BKJII04eHa KOpoTK03aMKHYTaH JIHHHH 3a,aep)KKH Jl3, oCYlll.eCTBJIHIO-
llLaH .lJ.H<p<PepeHUHpoBaHHe CHrHaJIa. IlocToHHHaH ,aH<pQ:>epeHIJ.HpOBa-
HI1H BbI6HpaeTcH TaKHM 06pa30M, LITO 6bI Tpbn1 CHrHaJI, BbI3BaHHbIH
CBe4eHHeM nJIaCTMaCCOBoro CLLHHTHJIJI5.ITOpa, npaKTH4eCKH He oCJIa6-
JIHeTCH, B TO BpeMH KaK Me,aJIeHHbIH CHrHaJI, BbI3BaHHbIH CBe4eHHeM
CsI (TI), OCJIa6JIHeTCH 04eHb CHJIbHO, ,lJ,O npeHe6pe>KHMO MaJIOrO
3Ha4eHHH (04eBH,aHO, LITO ,lI,JIH 3Toro He06xo,aHMO BbI6paTb L,ll. L6) .
<POpMHpOBaTeJIb CPt CTaH,aapT113yeT CHfHaJI, CHHMaeMbIH C - aHo,aa
cfJ3Y, no Q:>opMe H aMI1JIHTY.lJ.e. 04eBH.lJ.HO, LITO CHrHaJI Ha BbIxo,ae CPt
nOHBHTCH JIHWb B TOM CJIY4ae, eCJIH B CUHHTHJI,JIHUHOHHOH BcnblIllKe,
72
CPJ!j l'
lloC/ledHlL t1 CA 1 Pee 1
OlLlIOd
I( CP2
A/ioO 5 nOKupoBKa p
CA 2 Pee 2
CPt cjJ3
&- e
,Pee 3
PI1C. 2.17. <l>YHKuHOHaJ1bHafi cxeMa 3J1eKTpOHHoro YCTpoHcTsa .n.HCKpHMHHau,HH
Y-KBaHToB, npoToHoB H 3.neKTpoH-?B C nOMOllJ,blO cpocBH4a
3aperHCTpHpOBaHHOH (/)3Y, HMeJIaCb 6bICTpaH KOMnOHeHTa CBe4eHHH,
06YCJIOBJIeHHaH nJIaCTMaCCOBbIM CI..I.HHTHJIJIHTOpOM, T. e. B CJIY4ae pe-
rHCTpaUHH npOTOHOB HJIH 3JIeKTpOHOB.
B uenl1 nOCJIe.n.Hero .n.HHo.n.a CHrHaJI no.n.aeTCH Ha BXO.n. HOpMaJIbHO
OTKpbIToro KJIlO4a K. O.n.HaKO B CJIY4ae, eCJIH HMeeTCH CHfHaJI Ha
Bxo.n.e 4>1, KJIlO4 K 6JI,OKl1pyeTcH 3THM CHrHaJIOM Ha BpeMH, npHMepHO
paBHoe .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTH' 6bICTpOH KOMnOHeHTbI (npHMepHO Ha 10- 8 C).
TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha BbIxo.n.e KJIlO4a K .CHrHaJI MO}l(eT nOHBHTbCH
JIHWb B TOM CJIY4ae, eCJIH B CUHHTHJI.TIHUHOHHOH BcnbIWKe, 3aperHCT-
pHpOBaHHOH ,cfJ3Y, HMeJI . Me.n.JIeHHaH KOMnOHeHTa, T. e. B CJIY4ae
perHCTpaUHH JIeKTpOH9a 41;lJH i'-=.KBaHTOB. CHrHaJI, CHHMaeMbIl1 C BbI-
xo.n.a KJIlO4a K, <PopMHpyeTcH "no <popMe H aMnJIHTy.n.e <POpMHpOBaTe-
JIeM (/)2. Bblxo.n.HbIe CHfHaJIbI Q:>OpMHpOBaTeJIeH CP2 H cJJ 3 (.n.onOlIHHTeJIb-
HO cpOpMHPYIOll1.efO CHfH3JI CPl) no.n.alOTCH Ha BXO.n.bI cxeM"bI COBna.n.e-
HHH & H .n.BYx cxeM aHTHCOBna.n.eHHH CA 1 H CA 2 , npH4eM .n.JIH CA 1
3anpell1.alOll1.HM HBJIHeTCH CHfHaJI cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH (/)3 (6bICTpbIH), a
.n.JIH C'A 2 - <POpMHpOBaTeJIH (/)2 (Me.n.JIeHHbIH). CH rHaJI Ha BbIxo.n.e
CA 1 nOHBHTCH JIHWb B TOM CJIY4ae, eCJIH Ha ee Bxo.n.ax eCTb Cl1fHaJI
<pOpMHpOBaTeJIH (/)2 H HeT 3anpel1l.alOlll.efO CHrHaJIa (/)3, LITO COOTBCT-
cTByeT perHCTpaUHH Y-KBaHTa. Ha060poT, Ha BbIXO,lI.e CA 2 CHfHaJI
nOHBHTCH JIHlllb B TOM CJIY4ae, eCJII1 Ha e Bxo.n.ax eCTb CHfHaJI OT (/)3
H HeT 3anpel1l.aIOI1l.ero CHrHaJIa OT CP2. dTOT CJIY4at'I COOTBeTcTByeT
perl1CTpaUHH npOTOHOB. HaKOHeu, Ha Bblxo.n.e cxeMbI COBna.n.eHHH &
CHfHaJI 6y.n.eT JIHWb fIpH o.n.HOBpeMeHHOM nOHBJIeHHH Ha ee Bxo.n.ax
CHrHaJIOB OT QJ3 H tJ>2, 4TO COOTBeTcTByeT perHCTpaUHH 3JIeKTpOHOB.
PefHCTpaTopbl 3JIeKTpH4eCKHx CHrHaJIOB Pe2 1, Pe2 2 H Pe2 3 6y.n.YT
COC4HTbiBaTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO Y-KBaHTbl, npoToHbI H 3JIeKTpOHbl.
Pa3.n.eJIHTb 4aCTHUbI pa3HoH MaCCbI no <popMe C.UHHTHJIJIHUHOHHOH
BCfIbIlliKH MO)KHO. He TOJIbKO B KOM6HHHpOBaHHbIx CUHHTHJIJIHI..I.HOH-
HbIX .n.eTeKTopax, HO H B ,lI.eTeKTOpax C O,lI.HHM CUHHTHJIJIHTOpOM. dTa
73
B03MOIKHOCTb OCHOBaHa Ha OC060M CBOHCTBe HeKOTOpbIX Cll,HHTHJ1J1H-
TOpOB, CocToHw,eM B TOM, 4TO <pOpMa HX CBeTOBOH BCnblWKH 3aBHCHT
OT y,aeJ1bHbIX HOHH3aUHOHHbiX nOTepb - dE/dx perHcTpHpyeMoH
4aCTHll,bI. TaKHM CBOHCTBOM 06J1a,aaIOT KaK HeKOTOpbIe OpraHH4eC,KHe
CU,HHTHJ1JIHTOpbI, HanpHMep CTHJIb6eH., NE-213, TaK H f-IeOpr3HH4e-
CKHe, H3npHMep CsI (TI). MeX3HH3M 3TOrO 3<p<peKTa ,aOCTaT04HO CJIO-
)KeH, O,aHaKO ,aJIH npaKTH4eCKHX ueJIeH BnOJIt'le y,aOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM
HBJIHeTCH <pOpMaJIbHOe OnHCaHHe Cll,HHTHJIJIHll,HOHHOH BCnWWKH no-
,a06HbIX Cll,HHTHJIJIHTOpO-B ,aBYMH He33BHCHMbIMH KOMnOHeHT3MH CKO-
pOCTH BbICBe4HBaHHH CIJ,HHTHJIJIHTOpa - 6bICTpOH H Me.n.JIeHHOH:
dN = N 6 e-I!To+ N M e-t/T",
dt 1'6 TM
r,ae N 6 , L6, N M , T - nOJIHOe 4HCJIO <pOTOHOB H BpeMH BbICBe4HBaHHH
,aJIH 6bICTpOH H Me,aJIeHHOH KOMnOHeHT.
I1HTerpHPYH 3TO BbIpa)KeHHe OT t=O ,ao t= 00, nOJIY4aeM
N=/'v'6+N M ,"
r,ae N - nOJ1HOe -4HCJIO <pOTOHOB B Cll,HHTHJIJ1Hll,HOHHOH BcnblWKe.
I1cnoJIb3yeMwH ,aJIH pa3,aeJIeHHH 4aCTHll, no <popMe Cll,HHTHJIJIH-
UHOHHoro HMnYJIbCa 3<p<peKT COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO ,COOTHoweHHe Me)K,ay
N 6 H N M, T. e. BKJIa,a 6bICTpOH H Me,aJIeHHOH KOMf10HeHT CBe4eHHH B
nOJIHYIO CBeTOCYMMY, pa3JIH4HO ,aJIH pa3JIH4HbIX 4aCTHIJ, H npH 3a-
,aaHHOH 3HeprHH 4aCTHUbI onpe,aeJIHeTCH ee y,aeJIbHblMH HOHH3aUHOH-
HbIMH nOTepHMH.
nOCKOJIbKY 3JIeKTpOHHbie cxeMbI pa3,aeJIeHHH 06pa63TbIBalOT CHr-
HaJIbI, CHHMaeMbIe C BbIxo,aa <l>3Y, y,a06HO cpaBHHBaTb He COOTHowe-
HHe KOJIH4eCTBa 6bICTpbIX H Me JIeHHbIX <pOTOHOB "BO BcnbIWKe, a 3a-
pH,abI q6 H qM, C03,aaHHbIe HMH H3 Bblxo,ae <l>3Y. 04eBH,aHO, 4TO
q6 N6, qM NM H q=q6+qM N.
3Ha4eHHH L6, LM H COOTHoweHHH Me)K,ay q6 H qM pa3JIH4Hbl ,aJIH
pa3HbIX THnOB CUHHTHJIJIHTOpOB. TaK, ,aJIH KpHCTaJIJIa CTHJIb6eH3-
o,aHoro H3 HaH60JIee 4aCTO npHMeHHeMWX ,aJIH p33,aeJIeHHH 4aCTHU
CUHHTHJIJIHTOpOB - nOJIY4eHbi CJIe,aYlOllU1e 3Ha4eHHH (Ta6JI. 2.2).
T a 6 J1 H U, a 2.2 CooTHoweHHe q6 H qM B KpHCTaJlJle CTHJlb6eHa ,lI,JlSI lJaCTHLI. C pa3HblMH
Y,lI,eJlbHblMH HOHH3aLl.HOHHblMH nOTepSlMH (T6=6.10-- 9 c; T. M =350.Hr- Q c)
('
4aCTI1lta 3ueprl1SI lIaCTHU,bl, M3B qM/q qM/qO . qo/ q
ex. 5,3 0,24 0,315 0,76
p 1.5 0.18 0,22 0,82
e 0,975 0,07 0,08 0,93
lI.JIH )KH,aKoro OpraHH4eCKOrO CUHHTHJIJIHTOpa NE-213, no HeKO-
TOpbIM ,aaHHbIM, L6 2. 10- 8 c; LM 3. 10- 7 c, a OTHoweHHH q6/ qM
,aJIH npOTOHOB H 3JIeKTpOHOB pa3JIH4alOTCH B HeCKOJIbKO pa3.
3JIeKTpOHHbie MeTo,abI pa3,aeJIeHHH 43CTHll, no <pop,Me ClJ.HHTHJIJIH-
74
UHOHHoro HMnYJIbCa, npHMeHHeMbIe
JIH eTeKTOpOB nO 06HOrO THna, He-
CKOJilbKO CJIO)KHee, 4eM B npHBe eHHbIX
BbIWe CJIY4a5J){. CBH3aHO 3TO C TeM, 4TO
B aHHOM CJIY4ae CI..I.HHTHJIJIHUHOHHWe
BCnbIWKH BYXKOMnOHeHTHbI JIH JIIO-
60ro copTa qaCTHll, H JIH pa3 eJIeHHH
4aCTHU HCnOJIb3yeTcH cpaBHHTeJIbHO
cJIa60e pa3JIH4He B COOTHoweHHH
BKJIa OB 6bICTpOH H Me JIeHHOH KOMno-
HeHT. 3TH MeTO bI MO)KHO pa3 eJIHTb
Ha Be rpynnbI.
I. MeTO bI, B KOTOpbIX JIH HC-
KpHMHHaUHH 4aCTHU OCYW.eCTBJIHeTCH
cpaBHeHHe 3apH OB 6bICTpOH H Me JIeHHOH KOMnOHeHT qf> H qM (HHor-
a q6 H q). 3 eCb JIH cpaBHeHHH q6 H qM HCnOJIb3YlOTCH MeTO bI
aMnJIHTY Horo aHaJIH3a (aHaJIOrOBbIe HJIH UHQ:>pUBble), a BbI eJIeHHe '
q6 H qrvt ocyw.eCTBJIHeTCH MeTO,LlaMH BpeMeHHOH CeJIeKUHH.
2. MeTo bI, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha BpeMeHHoM aHaJIH3e <POpMbI CHrHaJIa.
PaCCMOTpHM 3TH MeT<],LlbI Ha ,LlBYX xapaKTepHbIX npHMepax. ,aJIH
pa3,LleJIeHHH HeHTpOHOB H Y-KBaHTOB B ,LlHana30He 3HeprHH npHMepHO
100 K3B - 20 M3B WHpOKO npHMeHHeTcH :>KH,LlKHH opraHH4ecKHH
CUHHTHJIJIHTOP NE-21 (HanoMHHM, 4TO perHcTpaUHH HeHTpoHoB
oCYlll.eCTBJIfIeTCH no npoToHaM OT,Lla4H, a perHcTp UHH Y-H3JIY4e-
HHH - no BTOpH4HbIM 3JIeKTpOHaM, B03HHKalOw.HM B pe3YJIbTaTe
KOMnToH-3<p<peKTa, JIH60 <PoT03Q:><peKTa, JIH60 reHepaUHH 3JIeKTpOH-
n03HTpoHHbIX nap). <l>opMa MMnYJIbCOB aHO,LlHorO TOKa <l>3Y ,LlJIH
HeHTpoHoB H Y- KBaHTOB (B ,LleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH ,lI.JIH npoToHoB H
3JIeKTpoHoB) ,LlJIH 3Toro CUHHTMJIJIHTOpa npHBe,lI.eHa H3 pHC. 2.18.
BH,LlHO, 4TO HMnYJIbC aHO,LlHoro TOKa <l>3Y ,LlJIH HeHTpoHoB (npOTO-
HOB) Cna,LlaeT rOpa3L1.0 MeJJ.JIeHHee, 4eM Ll.JIH Y-KBaHTOB (3JIe"KTpOHOB).
HMnYJIbCbI TOKa npHBe,LleHbI K O,LlHOMY 3Ha4eHHIO aMnJIHTY,LlbI. npM
HHTerpHpOBaHHH TOKOB BbInOJIHHeTCH COOTHoweHHe
t
t
PHC. 2.18. <l>opMa HMnYJIbCa a HOJJ.-
Horo TOKa <l>3Y .n.eTeKTopa co
CUH HTHJlJ1HTOpOM N E-213 .n.J1H
HeHTpOHOB 11 Y-KBaHTOB 6J1H3KHX
3HeprHH
l q6/ qM]n < [q6/ qMJy .
,aJIH ,LlHCKpHMHHaUHM 48CTHU MO:>KHO HenOCpe,lI.CTBeHHO H3MepHTb
3Ha4eHHH q6 H qM B CUHHTHJIJIHUHOHHOH BCnbIWKe, H, CpaBHHBaH HX
OTHOWeHHe, OnpeLl.eJIMTb, KaKaH 4aCTMua 3aperHCTpHpOBaHa, HeHT-
pOH HJIH Y-KBaHT (pHC. 2.19).
TOKOBbIH CHrHaJI tP3Y nocTynaeT Ha BXO,Ll aHaJIOrOBOro KOMMYTa-
Topa, KOTOpbIH nepeKJII04aeT TOK cjJ3Y JIH60 B_KaHaJI 1 (6bICTpbIH),
JIH60 B KaHaJI 2 (Me JIeHHbIl1:). YnpaBJIeHHe nepeKJIlO4eHHeM oCYlll.e-
CTBJIHeTCH CHrHaJIOM, CHHMaeMbIM C nOCJIeLl.HerO HHOLl.a, KOTOpbIH YCH-
JIHBaeTCH YCHJIHTeJIeM Y, npOXO,LlHT ,LlHCKpHMHHaTOp (,LlJIH 'BbI60pa
HH)KHeH rpaHHlJ,bI 3HepreTH4eCKoro ,LlHana30Ha) H nOCJIe 3a,Llep:>KKM Ha
JIHHHH 3a,Llep:>KKH Jl3 nO,LlaeTCH Ha BXOLI. ynpaBJIeHHH aHaJIOrOBOro
KOMMYTaTopa AK, KOTOpbIH pa60TaeT TaKHM 06pa30M, 4TO nepBbIe
75
i TOK t/JJ!I
CP3Y nOC/feiJHuiJ. ,D,UCKPU-
dlJHOO MUHOmOp
y
A /fOO t
.n3
/lnp ........
AK
q
BhlXOO
HHmez- 11l1mCepamopa 1
Hffmee-
pamop1 pomopZ t
t'.:J
t:;; t::; !/npa8.RRIOUJ,lltl
CUZffOJ!
n3K 1 n3KZ
300HC t
l<oHrnpo.nnep q
KAMAl<
11M
38M BhlXOd
llHmezpflmopa 2
a) 5) t
PHC. 2.19. <t>YHKl1.HOHaJlbHaH cxeMa (a) H cpopMa CHrHaJ10B B xapaKTepHbIx TOlJ-
Kax (6) YCTpoHcTBa JIH n--y-pa3 eJIeHHH MeTO OM aMnJIHTY Horo aHaJlH3a
50 HC OTKpbIT KaHaJI 1 H aHo,aHbIH TOK cfJ3Y HHTerpHpyeTcH HHTerpaTO-
pOM 1. 04eBH,aHo, 4TO CHrHaJI Ha BbIxo,ae HHTerpaTopa 1 npOnOpIJ.Ho-
HaJIeH q6. CnycTH 50 HC ynpaBJIHIOI.l.lHH CHrHaJI C nOCJIe,aHero ,aHHO-
,aa (/J3Y npHxo,aHT Ha BXO,a ynpaBJIeHI1H AK H nepeKJII04aeT TOK
cfJ3Y B K.aHaJI 2 Ha BpeMH 300 HC. CJIe,aoBaTeJIbHO, B HHTerpaTope
2 HHTerpHpyeTcH 3apH,a Me,aJIeHHOH KOMnOHeHTbI qM. 3Ha4eHHH q6 H
qM npe06pa3YlOTcH B 1l.11<PpOBOH KO.Li npe06pa30BaTeJIHMH 3apH,a-
KO,a 173KI H ll3K2 H 4epe3 KOHTpOJIJIep KAMAK nepe,aalOTcH B
3BM. B 3BM no nOJIY4eHHbIM Ko,aaM BbI4HCJIHeTCH OTHOlIleHl1e
q6/ qM (pHC. 2.20). Ka)K,aaH T04Ka Ha rpacpHKe - pe3YJIbTaT BbI4H-
CJIeHHH 3Ha4eHHH q6 H qM ,aJIH OT ,aeJIbHOH qaCTHI.J.bI. BH,aHO, 4TO Bce
TOqKH B npe,aeJIax HeKoToporo pa36poca, 06YCJIOBJIeHHo.[0 CTaTHCTH-
4eCKHMH cpJIYKTY3I.J.HHMH, YKJI3,abIBaIOTcH H3 ,aBe npHMbIe, T. e. OTHO-
lIleHHe q6/ qM B HCCJle,ayeMoM 3HepreTH4ecKoM ,aHan'a30He 0,2-
20 M3B pa3JIH4aeTCH ,aJIH Y-KB3HTOB H HeHTpoHoB npHMepHo B 3 pa3a
H nOCTOHHHO ,aJIH K3)K,aoro copTa qaCTHIJ.. 113 pHCYHKa TaK)Ke BH,aHO,
qTO npH 60JIblIlHX 3HeprHHX q3CTHIJ.bI XOpOlIlO p33,aeJIHIOTCH, B TO
BpeMH K3K B 06JIaCTH M3JIbIX 3HeprHH (COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.eH M3JIbIM
76
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PHC. 2.20. 3KcnepH MeHTa.n bH bIe
pacnpe.n.eJIeHHH 3Ha4eHHH q6,
qM .n.J15I HeHTpOHOB H Y-KBaHTOB
B .n.I1ana30He 0,2-20 M3B (CU,HH-
THJIJIHTOp NE-213)
T
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I I
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Bh/xoiJ 92
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PHC. 2.21. <l>YHKu,HoHaJlbHaH cxe-
Ma YCTpoHcTBa )].J1SI n--y-pa3.il.eJle-
HHfI MeTO.lI.OM BpeMeHHoro aHaJ1H3a
Pl1c. 2.22. <l>opMa CHrHaJIOB B xapaK-
TepHbIX T04Kax cxeMbI n--y- pa3.il.eJle-
HI151 MeTO.il.OM BpeMeHHoro aHaJlH3a
3Ha4eHHHM q6 H qM). pacnpe.n.eJIeHHH CJIHBaIOTCH, H K03cpcpHll,HeHT
.n.HCKpHMHHaU..HH 4aCTHLl pe3KO na.n.aeT.
3TY )Ke 3a.n.a4Y MO)KHO pewHTb H MeTo.n.oM BpeMeHHoro aHaJ1H3a,
He MeHee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIM Ha npaKTHKe, 1l0JIY4HB npH 3TO
npaKTH4eCKH TOT )Ke pe3YJ1bTaT (K03<pcpHLlI1eHT .n.HCKpHMHHall,HH
1: 1000 B .n.Hana30He 1-20 M3B). I1.n.eH MeTO,lla COCTOHT B TOM,
4T06bI npeo6pa30BaTb BbIXO.n.HOH TOKOBbH1 CHrHaJI <l>3Y B HMnYJ1bC
77
CTaH,lI.apTHOH <POpMbI H aMnJIHTY,lI.bI, ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb KOTOpOrO 3aBHCHT
OT <POpMbI HMnYJIbCa a HO,lI.HOf 0 TOKa H pa3JIH4Ha ,lI.JIH HeHTpOHOB H
Y-KBaHTOB.
06paTHMCH CHOBa K cpopMe HMIly.nbCOB TOKa Ha BbIXO,lI.e <l>3Y
B CI..lHHTHJIJIHTOpe NE-213 ,lI.JIH HeHTpOHOB H Y-KBaHTOB (CM.
pHC. 2.19). ECJIH npOHHTerpHpOBaTb 3TH TOKOBbIe CHrHaJIbI Ha RC-
LlenH npH 3Ha4eHHH RC tM, TO BCJIe,lI.CTBHe pa3HHLlbI BO BKJIa,lI.aX
6WCTpWX H Me,lI.JIeHHWX KOMnOHeHT B CLlHHTHJIJIHUHH HeHTpOHOB H
Y-KBaHTOB HMnYJIbCbI HanpH)KeHHH Ha BbIXO,lI.e RC-LlenH ,lI.OCTHrHYT
CBoero MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHHH B pa3HbIe MOMeHTbI BpeMeHH OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO Ha4aJIa CHrHaJIOB: HeHTpOHHWH HMnYJIbC ,lI.OCTHrHeT M8K-
cHMYMa n03)Ke, 4eM HMnYJIbC, BbI3BaHHbIH Y-KBaHToM. Pa3HHLla
COCTaBJIHeT npHMepHo 15 HC, 4TO BnOJIHe nO,lI.,lI.aeTCH H3MepeHHIO.
O,lI.HaKO, nOCKOJIbKY MOMeHT' ,lI.OCTH)KeHHH 'MaKcHMYMa HMnYJIbCOM,
HMelOlll.HM rJIa,lI.KYIO cpOPMY H nJIaBHbIl1 3KcnoHeHLlHaJIbHbIH cnaJJ.,
- onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH C 60JIbWOH norpeWHOCTblO, 06bI4HO npHMeHHeTCH cne-
LlHaJIbHbIH MeTO,lI.H4eCKHH npHeM, n03BOJIHIOW,HH 3aMeTHO YMeHbwHTb
3TY norpewHocTb: npoHHTerpHpoBaHHbIe CHfHaJIbI nponycKalOTcH
4epe3 ,lI.Hcp<t>epeHl1.HpylOUI.YIO Llen04KY C MaJIOH nOCTOHHHOH ,lI.Hcp<pe-
peHLlHpoB8HHH. 04eBI1,lI.HO, 4TO nOJIO)KeHHHM M aKcHMYMOB npOHHTe-
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HYJIH (pHC. 2.2)).
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)].Be uenH. B JIeBOH uenH npOHcxo,lI.HT HHTerpHpoBaHHe H ,lI.Hcp<pe-
. peHLlHpoBaHHe CHfHaJIa B YCHJIHTeJIe Y\. Ha BbIXOJJ.e Y\ B03HHKaeT
6HnOJIHpHblH HMnYJIbC HanpH)KeHI1H, Y KOToporo MOMeHT nepece4e-
HHH HYJIeBOrO 3Ha4eHHH pa3JIH4eH JJ.JIH HMnYJIbCOB' HeHTpoHoB H
Y-KBaHTOB (CM. pHC. 2.22). YCHJIHTeJIb-OrpaHH4HTeJIb Y 2 cpopMHpyeT
CHfHaJIbI, nocTynalOUI.He Ha ero BXO)]. TaKHM 06pa30M, 4TO aMnJIH-
TY,lI.bI HX CTaH,lI.apTH3YIOTCH, a JlJIHTeJIbHOCTb cooTBeTcTByeT MOMeHTY
nepece4eHHH BXO)].HbIMH CHrHaJIaMH HYJIeBOfO ypOBHH. CcpOpMH-
pOBaHHqle CHrHaJIbI no)].alOTCH Ha Bxoo J cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH &.
B npaBoH LlenH HMnYJIbC aHOJJ.Horo TOKa CP3Y nocTynaeT Ha
BXO)]. 6bIcTporo <t>OpMHpOBaTeJIH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH, BbIpa6aTbIBa-
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cooTBeTcTBYlOllI.HH MOMeHTY nOHBJIeHHH aHO,lI.HOrO HMnYJIbc .,., cfJ3Y
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,lI.ep)KHBaeTCH JIHHHeH 3a,lI.ep)KKH Ha BpeMH, 60JIbWee ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH
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HMnYJIbCa, H no)].aeTcH Ha Bxoa 2 cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH &. CHrHaJI
Ha BbIXO,lI.e cxeMbI cOBna,lI.eHHH MO)KeT B03HHKHYTb JIHWb B TOM CJIY-
4ae, eCJIH CHfHaJIbI Ha 060HX ee BXO,lI.aX XOTH 6bI 4aCTH4HO nepe-
KpbIBalOTcH BO BpeMeHH. KaK BH,lI.HO H3 pHC. 2.22, 3TO B03MO)KHO
TOJIbKO B CJIY4ae perHcTpaUHH HeHTpoHoB (T. e. YCTPOHCTBO npOH3-
78
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HeHTpOHHbIe C06bITHH).
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MeTO,LlOB. BbI60p KOHKpeTHOrO peWeHHH onpe,LleJIHeTCH BH,LlOM perH-
cTpHpyeMoro H3JIY4eHHH, 3HepreTH4eCKHM ,LlHana30AOM, 3arpY3KOH.
3arpY3Ka cyw.eCTBeHHO BJIHHeT Ha K03cp<pHIJ,HeHT ,LlHCKpHMHHaUHH.
npH YBeJIH4eHHH 3arpY3KH npOHCXO,LlHT 4aCTH4Hoe HaJIO)KeHHe
CHrHaJIOB, BbI3BaHHbIX pa3HblMH 4aCTHll,aMH; H K03cpcpHIJ,HeHT ,LlHCKPH-
MHHaUHH pe3KO na,LlaeT.
2.5. Bbl,l\EJlEHME npOCTPAHCTBEHHOA MH4>OPMAL(HM B
n03Ml(MOHHO-'1YBCTB-MTEJlbHbIX ,l\ETEKTOPAX
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(nepBH4HaH HOHH3aUHH) JIOKaJIH30BaH B He6oJIbWOM 06ceMe no
cpaBHeHHIO C nOJIHblM pa604HM 06ceMOM ,LleTeKTopa. 3TO 06CTOH-
TeJIbCTBO n03BOJIHeT, B npHHIJ,Hne, nOJIytfHTb HHcpOpMall.HIO 0 TOM, B
KaKOM HMeHHO MeCTe ,LleTeKTOpa npOWJIa 4aCTHua, C nOMOllJ.blO cn -
UHaJIbHbIX M TO,LlOB CDeMa HHcpopMaUHH C ,LleTeKTopOB. ,L{eTeKTopbI
TaKoro THna nOJIY4HJIH Ha3BaHHe n03HIJ,HOHHO-4YBCTBHTeJIbHWX e-
TeKTopOB. no cnoc06y CDeMa HHcpopMalJ,HH n03HUHOHHO-4YBCTBH-
TeJI bHbIe eTeKTopbl ,lJ.eJIHTCH Ha ,LleTeKTOpbI ,lJ.HCKpeTHoro H aH aJIoro-
Boro THna.
K ,LleTeKTopaM ,LlHCKpeTHoro THna npHHHTO OTHOCHTb ,LleTeKTOp ,
HMelOlllHe B CBoeM COCTaBe Ha60p KOJIJIeKTOpHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, B
uenH KOT.OpbIX npH ,LleTeKTHpOBaHHH 4aCTHUbi perHCTpHpYIOTCH HM..
nYJIbCbl TOKa. KOOp,LlHHaTa 4aCTHIJ,bI onpe,LleJIHeTCH no HOMepy KOJI-
JIeKTOpHoro 3JIeMeHTa, B KOTOpOM 3aperHCTpHpOBaH HMnYJIbC TOKa,
a T04HOCTb onpe,LleJIeHHH KOOp,LlHHaTbI 4aCTHIJ,bI 3aBHCHT KaK OT pa3-
MepOB KOJIJIeKTOpHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, TaK H OT paCCTOHHHH Me.)K,Lly HHMH.
KJIaCCH4eCKHM npHMepOM ,LleTeKTOpa ,LlHCKpeTHoro THna HBJIH-
eTCH MHorOnpOBOJI04HaH HCKpOBaH KaMepa. OpH npOXO)K,LleHHH
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KaTOJlOM KaMepbI H aHOJlHOH npOBOJI04KOH, 6JIH)KaHWeH K TpeKY
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I . u u
4TO n03BOJIHeT onpe,LleJIHTb KOOpJlHHaTY 4aCTHIJ,W no O,LlHOH H3.0ceH
(x HJIH y) ,L{JIH onpe,LleJIeHHH ,LlBYX KOOp,LlHHaT 6epeTCH c60pKa H3
,LlBYX KaMep, npH4eM HX aHO,LlHwe npOBOJI04KH opHeHTHpYIOTCH nOJl
yrJIOM 90° OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,Llpyr JI.pyra.
K JI.eTeKTOpaM ,LlHcKpeTHoro THna MO)KHO TaK)Ke OTHeCTH
MHorOnpOBOJI04HWe nponopUHOHaJIbHWe KaMepw, nOJIynpOBOJI.HHKO-
Bble ,LleTeKTOpbI, B KOTOpbIX O,LlHH H3 3JIeKTpO,LlOB pa36HT Ha pHJI.
He3aBHCHMbIX nOJloc (CTpHIlOB), ,LleTeKTOpbI Ha OCHOBe MKO c nOJIO-
COBbIMH KOJIJIeKTOpaMH (aHO,LlaMH).
K JI.eTeKTOpaM aHaJIOrOBOro THna OTHOCHTCH eTeKTopbI, B
KOTOp X KOOp,LlHHaTa 4aCTHIJ,W onpe.n.eJIHeTCH no H3MeHeHHlO napa-
MCTpOB BbIXO,LlHOfO (aHaJIOfOBoro) CHfijaJIa: aMI1JIHTY,LlbI, .n.JIH'll JIb-
79
HOCTH, CPOpMbI. K .n.eTeKTOpaM 3TOrO THna OTHOC51TC51 npOnopu.HO-
HaJIbHbIe C4eT4l1KI1 C pe3I1CTHBHbIM aHO,n.OM, OOLI. C pe3MCTHBHbIM
KaT o,n. 0 M , K 0 a K C H aJI bH bI e 0 O,Ll; ,n. P eM cp 0 B bI e K aM e p bI, C U H HT I1JI JI 51 U H -
OHHble n03HLI.HOHHO-4YBCTBI1TeJIbHble ,n.eTeKTOpbI.
CJIe.n.yeT cpa3Y OrOBOpI1TbC51, 4TO npHBe,n.eHHa51 KJIaCCl1cpHKaUl151
,n.OBOJIbHO YCJIOBHa. O,n.HH H TOT me ,n.eTeKTOp 3a4aCTYlO MO)KeT BbI-
cTynaTb 11 KaK .n.eTeKTOp ,n.I1CKpeTHoro Tl1na, H KaK AeTeKTOp aHaJIO-
rOBoro THna, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npl1MeH51eMoro MeTo,n.a CDeMa HH-
cpOPMaU.I1H. OOKa3aTeJIeH B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH npHMep MHoronpOBO-
JI04HOH npOnOpLI.HOHaJIbHOH: KaMepw. B npOCTeMweM CJIY4ae KOOp-
,n.I1HaTHa51 HHcpopMaL H51 C TaKOM KaMepbI MO)KeT C4l1TbIBaTbC51 T04HO
TaK )Ke, KaK 11 C MHorOnpOBOJI04HOH HCKpOBOH: KaMepbI - no HOMepy
cpa60TaBWeH: npOBOJI04KI1. O,n.HaKO CneLI.HaJIbHbIe MeTo,n.bI aHaJIOrO-
Boro CDeMa I1H<POpMaU.HH - a MnJI HTy,n.H Of 0 aHaJIH3a pacnpe.n.e.rIe-
HH51 HMnYJIbCOB, HaBe,n.eHHbIX Ha KaTo,n.bI, n03BOJI51IOT cyw.eCTBeHHO
nOBbICHTb T04HOCTb onpe,n.eJIeHH51 Koop.n.HHaTbI 4aCTl1UbI (3TH MeTo,n.bI
6y.n.YT paCCMOTpeHbI B f JI. 8). '
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npHMeH51eTc51'MeTo,n. aMnJIHTy,n.Horo aHaJIH3a.
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CTaBJI51eT C060H nOLI., B KOTOpOM O,n.HH H3 3JIeKTpo,n.OB (HeBa)KHO,
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A
PHC. 2.24. OCLI.HJIJIOrpaMMbI HMny.nbcoB BbIXOJl.HOrO TOKa KO-
aKCHaJIbHOrO Ge--Li-.LJ.eTeKTOpa B TpCX TOLfKax (A, 8, C)
80
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C A
C HH:tKHerO, BbICOKOO HOrO 3JIeKTpO)1.a 3apH)1. CHHMaeTC5I Ha BXO,l1.
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4ae 3apHJI., CHHMaeMbIH C HH:tKHerO 3JIeKTpO)1.a, ,lI.eJ1HTC5l Ha ,lJ.Be
4aCTH: 4aCTb 3apHJI.a qx = q'i1 X / l nocTynaeT Ha BXO,lJ. YCHJIHTe.JIH,
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4aCTMll.bI. OTHOWeHHe ,llBYX CHf'HaJIOB qx/ q,f, 04eBH)1.H:0, He 3aBHCHT
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.LI.eTeKTopOB.
B JI.peti<pOBbIX KaMepax, B Cll.HHTHJIJIHll.HOHHbIX BpeMflnpOJ1eTHhIX
KOOp)1.HHaTHO-4YBCTBHTeJIbHWX JI.eTeKTOpax H pHJI.e JI.PyrHx ,lJ.J1H
n0J1Y4eHH5I n03Mll.HOHHOH MH<POpMalJ.HH HCnOJIb3YIOTCH MeTOLI.bI Bpe-
MeHHoro aHaJIH3a. TaK, B JI.peM<pOBOM KaMepe KOopJI.HHaTa 4aCTHll.bI
onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH no BpeMeHM JI.peH<pa 3JIeKTpOHOB B O,lJ.HOpO,lI.HOM
3JIeKTpH4eCKOM nOJIe KaMepbI, C03JI.aBaeMOM nOTeHlI.HaJIbHbIMH
3JIeKTpOJI.aMH JI.peti<pOBoro npOMeMYTKa, OT 06JlaCTH TpeKa JI.O aHOJI.a.
OpH nOCT05IHHOH CKOpOCTH JI.peH<pa 3JIeKTpOHOB V AP BpeM5I ,lI.peM-
<pa, 04eBHJI.HO, ,paBHO: tAP =x/Vn.p. MOMeHT BXOJI.a 4aCTHlI.bI B JI.eTeK-
TOp onpe,lleJIHeTCH C nOMOIll.blO JI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOrO JI.eTeKTopa, HMelO-
mero xopornee BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe (HanpHMep, ClJ.HHTHJIJIHl.I.H-
OHHoro). B MOMeHT c60pa 3JIeKTpOHOB Ha aHOJI.HOH HHTH C Hee
CHHMaeTCH CHrHaJI, cpHKCHPYIOIll.Hll OKOH4aHHe .LI.peifcpa.
HaKOHell., B HeKOTopbIX CJIY4aHX n03Hll.HOHHYIO HHQJOPMall.HlO
MOMBO nOJIY4HTb, aHaJIH3HpYH <POPMY CHrHaJIa, CHHMaeMoro C JI.e-
TeKTopa. TaK, B KOaKCHaJIbHOM nOJ1ynpOBOJI.HHKOBOM ,lJ.eTeKTope,
6 arOJI.apH HepaBHOMepHOCTH 3JIeKTpH4eCKoro nOJ15I BHYTPH JI.eTeK-
Topa (HanpHMeHHOCTb nOJIH H3MeHHeTCH KaK 1 Ir), £popMa TOKOBoro
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3HeprHeH 122 K3B KOJIJIHMHpOBaJICH TaKHM 06pa30M, 4T06bI OH no-
CJIe)1.0BaTeJIbHO perHcTpHpOBaJICH B 06JIaCTM ce4eHHeM OKOJIO 1 MM 2
B Ka)KJI.oH H3 YKa3aHHblx T04eK.)
BHJI.HO, 4TO <popMa TOKOBoro CHrHaJIa pe3Ko pa3JIH4aeTCH )1.JIH
u.eHTpaJIbHblX H nepH<pepHHHblX 06JIaCTeH JI.eTeKTOpa, 4TO n03BO-
J15IeT C JI.OCTaT04HoI1 CTeneHblO T04HOCTH (norpernHocTb JIY4rne 1 MM)
onpeJI.eJ15ITb paCCT05IHHe OT T04KH B3aHMOJI.eHCTBHH JI.O OCH JI.eTeK-
Topa, CnOJIb3Y5I MeTOJI.bI aHaJIH3a <POpMbI I1Mny.nbca (06bI4HO
HCn0J1b3yeTcH MeTOJI. npe06pa30BaHHH <popMa - JI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb
C H r H aJI a ) .
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81
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nOCJIe.LI.YIOllJ,HX r JIaBax. Oco6ble CJIY4aH, CBH3aHHbIe CO Cneu.H HKOH
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6) HeB03MO)KHO, TaK KaK K03cpcpHLI.MeHT c06HpaHHH 3apH.n.a pa3JIH4eH .n.JIH 3THX
.n.BYx THnOB 4aCTHLI.;
B) HeB03MO}l(HO, TaK KaK 3Ha4eHHe w pa3JIHLlHO .n.JIH 3THX .n.BYX THnOB 4aCTHu,?
4. 4eM orpaHH4HBaeTcH B03MO)KHOCTb pa3.n.eJIeHHH .n.Byx 6JIH3KOJIe)KallI.HX 3Hep-
reTH4eCKHX JIHHHH cneKTpa:
a) 3Ha4eHHeM 3HepreTH4ecKoro pa3pelUeHHH .n.eTeKTopa;
6) TO'llHOCTblO rpa.n.YHpOBKH .n.eTeKTopa;
B) aMnJIHTy.n.OH CHrHaJIa .n.eTeKTopa?
82
5. KaKHe .lI.eTeKTOpbI 06JIa.lJ.a1OT caMbIM BbICOKMM 3HepreTM4ecKHM pa3pelUeHHeM
.... (.n.JI H O.n.HOH H TOM >Ke 3HeprMH 4aCTMu,):
a) CU,HHTHJIJIHU,HOHHble;
6) nOJ1ynpoBo.n.HHKoBbIe;
B) ra30HanOJIHeHHbie npOnOpu,HoHaJ1bHble?
6. ECJIH HMelOTCH .lI.B nOJIynpoBo.n.flI1KOBbIX .lI.eTeKTOpa, H3rOTOBJIeHHble H3
o.n.Horo MaTepHaJIa H no O.n.l!0H TeXHOJlOrHH, H OTJIH4alOlU.HeCH JIHlUb pa3MepaMH,
KaKOH H3 HHX npe.lI.n04THTeJIbHeH C T04KH 3peHHfI nOJIY4eHHH HaHJIY4lUero 3HepreTH-
4eCKoro pa3pelUeHHH:
a) JI1060H;
6) C 60JIbilleH f1JIOlU.a.lI.blO;
B) C MeHbweH nJIOllla.n.blO?
7. 410 xapaKTepH3yeT napaMeTp BpeMeHHoe pa3pelUeHHe .n.eTeKTopa:
a) npe.n.eJIbHYIO CKOpOCTb perHcTpau,HH 4aCTHLI.;
6) MaKCMMaJIbHYIO .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTb CHrHaJIa .n.eTeKTopa;
B) T04HOCTh onpe.lI.eJIeHMfI MOMeHTa perHCTpaLI.HH qaCTHIl.bl?
8. MO}l(HO JIH H3MepHTb BpeMeHHoe pa3pelUeHHe .lI.eTeKTOpa f! OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX
eLl.HHHu,ax (B npoueHTax):
a) MO)l{HO;
6) HeJIb3H?
9. KaKoH npou,ecc orpaHH4HBaeT BpeMeHHoe pa )elUeHHe .n.eTeKTopoB C ra30-
BhIM YCHJIeHHeM:,
a) .lI.peHcp 3J1eKTpOHoB OT MeCTa 00pa30BaHHH .n.o OOJIaCTH y.n.apHOH HOHH3au,HM;
6) BpeMH pa3BHTHH 3J1eKTpOHHOH JIaBHHbI;
B) .lI.peH<p nOJIO}l(HTeJIbHblX HOHon 01' aHo.n.a K KaTO.lI.Y?
10. npe.lI.nOJIO}l(HM, 41'0 KOaKCHaJIbHbIH nOJIynpOBO)].HHKOBbIH .lI.eTeKTOp 06JIY4aeT-
CfI nY4KOM 4aCTMU, napaJIJIeJIbHbIM OCH .lI.eTeKTopa. PaCCMOTpHM .lI.Ba BapHaHTa:
1) WHpOKHH HeKOJIJI'HMHpOBaHHbIH nY40K; 2) Y3KHH KOJIJIHMHpOBaHHbIH nY40K. B Ka-
KOM CJIY4ae 6Y.lJ.eT nOJIY4eH-O 60JIee BbICOKoe BpeMeHHoe pa3pelUeHHe.
a) B nepBoM;
6) BO BTOpOM;
B) B 060MX CJIYLJaflX OHO 6y.n.eT O.lI.HHaKoBbIM?
11. ECJIM HMeeTCH .lI.Bp cpOTOYMHO)l{HTeJ1H, pa3JIH4alOlU.HeC JIHlUb 3HalJeHHeM
KBaHToBoA 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTH cpoToKaTO.lI.a, C KaKHM <POTOYMHo}l(HTeJIeM MO}l(eT 6blTb-
.lI.OCTHrfIYTo JIYl.JlUee BpeMeHHoe pa3peweHHe:
a) C <l>3Y, Y KOToporo KBaHTOBaSl 3cpcpeKTMBHoCTb Bblwe;
6) C <t:>3Y, Y KOToporo KBaHTOBafl 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTb HH>Ke;
B) BpeMeHHoe pa3pelUeHHe 6Y.lI.eT O.lI.HHaKoBo?
12. KaKoBbl B 06il.leM CJIY4ae, YCJIOBHH Bb160pa nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH RC-
Harpy3KH .lI.eTeKTOpa )].JIfI \lnOJIY4eHHfI HaHJIY4lUero BpeMeHHoro pa3pelUeHHH:
a) RC ti;
6) RC ti.
13. LI.JI5I KaKHX LI.eJIeH HCflOJIb3YlOTCSI KOM6HHHpoBaHHbie CUHHTHJIJ1HU,HOHHble
JJ.t:'TeKTopbI (<POCBH4H):
a) .lI.J1H pa3.n.eJIbHOH perHCTpaLI.HH npoToHoB, 3JleKTpOHOB H I'-KBaHTOB JII06blX
'oj II cpr H H ;
83
6) .lI.JIH pa3.lI.eJIbHOH perHCTpall.HH 4aCTHll., H:MelOllI.HX O.lI.HHaKoBYIO 3HeprH:lO, HO
cYllI.eCTBeHHo pa3J1H4alOlllHecH no Macce;
B) .n.JIH pa3.LI.eJIbHOH perMCTpa U,H:M 3 a PH)KiHHbIX H HeHTpaJIbHbIX 4 aCTH:LI.?
14. MO)KHO JIM HCnOJIb30BaTb cpOCBH4, COCTOHllI.HH H:3 nJIaCTMaCCOBoro CU,HHTHJ1-
JIflTOpa H: KpHCTaJIJIa CsI (TI) .n.JIH pa3.lI.eJlbHOH perH:CTpaLI.HH HeHTpOHOB H I'-KsaH-
TOB C 3HeprH:H "" 1 M38?
a) MO)KHO;
6) H eJI b3 H .
15. KaK oy.n.eT H3MeHHTbCfI K03cpcpHll.HeHT nlY pa3.lI.eJIeHHfI B CLI.HHTHJIJI5IU HOH-
HOM .n.eTeKTope Ha OCHOBe CTHJIb6eHa C pOCTOM 3HeprHH lJaCTH:LI. 060ero THna, Ha4H-
HaH C 3HeprHH "" 1 00 K3B .n.o HeCKOJIbKHX rHra3JIeKTpOH- BOJIbT:
a) paCTH C BbIXO.n.OM Ha nOCTOflHHoe 3Ha4eHHe;
6) C.Ha4aJIa paCTH, a 3aTeM cna.n.aTb?
16. 8 lJeM npeH MYllleCTBO U,McppoBoro MeTo.n.a nil' pa3.n.eJIeH HH B CU,HHTHJIJIfI-
LI.HOHHOM .lI.eTeKTOpe Ha OCHOBe CTHJIb6eHa HJIH NE-2i3 no cpaBHeHHIO C aHaJIOrO-
BbIM:
a) B 60JIee BbICOKOM K03cpcpHu,HeHTe pa3.n.eJIeHHH (no.n.aBJIeHHH);
6) B OTHOCHTeJ1bHOH npOCTOTe;
B) B B03MO HOCTH He3aBHCMMoro H3MepeHHH 3HepreTH:4eCKHX cneKTpOB 4aCTHLI.
060HX THnOB?
fJ1ABA 3
METOAblAHAnOrOBOrO nPE06PA30BAHH
AMnnHTYAHOn I1H<I>O-PMAI.(HI1
3.1. YCHJ1EHHE CHrHAJ10B B CnEKTPOMETPHlJECKI:1X TPAKTAX
B <pH3HlIeCKHX 3KCnepHMeHTax, Tpe6YIOlll.HX H3MepeHHH 3HeprHH,
KOTopaH nOTepHHa 3 eMeHTapHOH lIaCTHueH B pa601leM 06neMe e-
TeKTOpa, OCHOBHbIe np06 eMbI, C KOTOpbIMH 3KCnepHMeHTaTOpy
npHXO,l1.HTCH HMeTb e o, CBH3aHbI C He06xo,l1.HMOCTblO YCH eHHH
CHrHa OB, CHHMaeMbIX C ,l1.eTeKTOpOB, onTHMH3aUHeH OTHOllJeHH-H CHr-
Ha a K WYMY;s Ha O}KeHHHMH HCC e,l1.yeMbIx CHrHa OB, aMn HTY,ll-
HbIMH neperpY3KaMH, HeCTa6H bHOCTblO K03<P<PHUHeHTOB npe06pa-
30BaHHH Y3 OB CneKTpOMeTpa. 3TH HB eHHH B KOHellHOM ClIeTe yxy -
IllalOT 3HepreTHQeCKOe pa3peIlleHHe CneKTpOMeTpa H TOqHOCTb onpe-
,lI.e eHHH 3HeprHH perHcTpHpyeMbIx QaCTHU.
He06xo HMOCTb YCH eHHH CHrHa OB C ,lI.eTeKTOpOB 06YC OB eHa
npe>K e Bcero Ma OH aMn HTYJJ.OH CHrHa a, CHHMaeMoro C ,lI.eTeKTO-
pa, no cpaBHeHHIO co 3HaQeHHHMH nopora YCTPOHCTB, aHa H3H-
PYIOlll.HX 3TH CHrHa bl. TaK, HanpHMep, npH HcnO b30BaHHH B Ka-
4eCTBe npOCTeHillero aHa H3HpYIOlll.erO 3 eMeHTa 06bIKHOBeHHoro
,lI.HO a, nopor KOToporo, 06YC OB eHHbIH <p.H3H4eCKHMH npoueccaMH
ero pa60TbI, paBeH 0,1-0,5 B, aHa H3HPyeMbIH CHrHa JJ.O )KeH
COCTaB HTb He MeHbillee 3HaqeHHe. B TO >Ke BpeMH aMn HTY,lI.a
CHrHa a C nrl,LL, HMelOlll.erO HaH60 bIllHH K03<p<pHUHeHT npe06pa-
84
30BaHH5I 3HeprHH lIaCTHUbI B aMnJIHTY.n.y CHrHaJ1a, JI.a.>Ke npH perHCT-
palI.HH 4aCTHlI. ,l1.0CTaTOllHO BbICOKOH 3HeprHH, HanpHMep 1 M3B,
coc aBHT OKOJIO 10- 3 B. TaKHM 06pa30M, nepe,lJ. aHaJIH3aTOpOM Ha
,lI.Ho,lI.e He06xo,lI.HM YCHJIHTeJIb C K03<p<pHUHeHTOM YCHJIeHHH 100-
500. KOHellHo, CYlll.eCTBYIOT noporOBbIe YCTpoHcTBa C 04eHb HH3KHM
noporOM, HO 3a ClIeT HCnOJIb30BaHHH YCHJIHTeJIeH B caMOM YCTPOH-
CTBe. no <pH3H4ecKoM >Ke CYTH pa60TbI 3JIeKTpOHHbIX cxeM, nOCKOJIb-
KY KOHTaKTHa5I pa3HOCTb nOTeHlI.HaJIOB, llIHpHHa 6apbepHbIx nepe-
XO,lI.OB B nOJIynpOBO,lI.HHKOBbIX npH60pax H ,lI.PYfHe napaMeTpbI HMelOT
xapaKrepHble 3Ha4eHHH nOp5I,lI.Ka LlOJIeH BOJIbTa, aHaJIH3HPyeMbIM
CHfHaJ1 ,lI.OJI:tKeH HMeTb KaK MHHHMYM TaKoe )Ke 3HalleHHe. ECJIH )Ke
Tpe6yeTcH aHaJIH3 CHrHaJ1a C norpelliHOCTblO 0,01 aMnJIHTY,l1.bI, TaKOM
CHfHaJI .n.OJI)KeH COCTaBHTb HeCKOJIbKO 80JIbT. TaKHM 06pa30M, ,lI.JI5I
onpe,l1.eJIeHHH K03<p<pHlI.HeHTa YCHJIeHH5I YCHJ1HTeJIH, C03,lI.alOlll.efO Ha
BbIXO,lI.e CHfHaJI C aMnJI HTY,lI.OM B HeCKOJIbKO BOJIbT, He06xo,lI.HMO
oueHHTb aMnJIHTY,lI.Y CHfHaJIa, CHHMaeMoro C ,lI.eTeKTopa.
OueHHM aMnJIHTY,lI.Y CHrHaJIOB, CHHMaeMblX C pa3Hblx )I.eTeKTO-
pOB, BOCnOJIb30BaBllIHCb Y.lKe H3BeCTHbIMH COOTHOllIeHHHMH ,lI.JIH 3a-
pH,l1.a, 06p a30BaHHoro 4 aCTHueH' B ,lJ.eTeKTOpe q = g' e /00, ,lI.JIH CpC 1J.-
HefO TOKa ,l1.eTeKTopa ill. = q Iii H ,lI.JIH aMnJIHTY,l1.bI CHfHaJIa Ha HarpY3-
Ke C H B pe:tKHMe nOJIHOfO c06HpaHHH 3ap5I,lI.a ,lJ.eTeKTOpa A = q IC H .
nOJIynpOBO,lI.HHKOBbIe ,l1.eTeKTOpbI 60JIbllIHX 06'beMOB, npe,lI.Ha3Ha-
4eHHbIe ,lI.JIH perHcTpaUHH Y-KBaHTOB C 3HeprHeM OT HeCKOJIbKHX
KHJI03JIeKTpOH-B'OJIbT ,lI.0 HeCKOJIbKHX Mefa3JIeKTpOH-B0J1bT, HMelOT
eMKOCTb C H nopH,lI.Ka HeCKOJIbKHX ,l1.eCHTKOB I1HKo<papa,lI., BpeMH
c06HpaHHH ii HOCHTeJIeM 3apH,lI.a OKOJIO 10- 7 C.
npH perHCTpaUHH TaKHM ,l1.eTeKTopOM lIaCTHll.bI C 3HepfHeM
1 M3B B ,lI.eTeKTOpe BbI,lJ.eJIHTCH 3apH,lI. q = 5,3. 10- 14 KJI, TOK COCTa-
BHT ill. = 5. 10- 7 A, a aMnJIHTY,lI.a CHfHaJIa npH eMKOCTH ,l1.eTeKTopa
100 n<l> 6Y,l1.eT paBHa 0,5 MB.
IlOJ1ynpOBO,lI.HHKOBbIe ,lI.eTeKTOpbI He60JIbllIHX pa3MepOB, nj>e,lI.Ha3-
HalleHHble ,lI.J1H perHCTpaUHM peHTreHOBCKoro H3JIYlIeHHH H 3apH)KeH-
HbIX 4aCTHlI. MaJIOH 3HeprHH, HMelOT eMKOCTb HeCKOJIbKO e,lJ.HHHlI.
nHKo<papa,lI., Cpe,lI.Hee BpeMH c06HpaHHH HOCHTeJIeH ii 10- 8 . C. npH
perHCTpalI.HH B TaKOM ,l1.eTeKTope, HanpHMep, peHTreHoBCKoro KBaHTa
C 3HeprHeM 10 K3B 3ap5I,l1., 06pa30BaHHbIH B ,lI.eTeKTOpe, 6Y,lI.eT paBeH
5,3. 10- 16 KJI, TOK ill. COCTaBHT OKOJIO 5,. 10- 8 A, a aMnJIHTY,l1.a
CHrHaJIa npH eMKOCTH .n.eTeKTopa 1 n<l> 6Y,lI.eT paBHa 0,5 MB.
B fa30BOH HOHH3all.HOHHOH KaMepe HJIH B KaMepe Ha OCHOBe
C H)KeHHOrO 6JIarOpO,lI.HOrO ra3a npH perHCTpaLl.HH lIaCTHUbI t 3Hep-
rHeM 1 M3B BbI,l1.eJIHTC5I 3apH,l1. OKOJIO 5. 10- 15 KJI, aMnJIHTY,lI.a
HMnYJIbCa TOKa 3JIeKTpbHHOH COCTaBJI5IIOlll.eM npH BpeMeHH c06Hpa-
HHH 3JIeKTpOHoB 10- 6 C COCTaBHT 5. 10- 9 A, a aMnJ1HTY,l1.a CHrHaJIa
I1PH eMKOCTH KaMepbI 50 n<l> 6Y,l1.eT paBHa 0,1 MB.
B npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHbIX ,l1.eTeKTopax C ra30BbIM YCHJIeHHeM CHrHaJI
lIa BbIXO,lI.e' B03HHKaeT B OCHOBHOM 33 ClIeT c06HpaHHH nOJIO)KHTeJIb-
HblX HOHOB, nOJIHOe BpeMH c06HpaHHH KOTOpbIX i( +) paBHO npH-
85
6JIH3HTeJIbHO 10- 3 C. ,L{JIH n<?JIYlIeHHH Y,lI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOrO 6bICTpO-
,lI.eHCTBHH TaKHX ,lI.eTeKTOpOB HCnOJIb3YIOT pe)KHM HenOJIHOfO C06"-
paHHH B Te4eHHe BpeMeHH 10- 3 t ( +). npH 3TOM aMnJIHTY,lI.a BbIXOJ1.-
HOfO CHfH'aJIa COCT3BJIHeT 10% ..-MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO.>KHOM aMnJIH-
TY,lI.bI q /C H . K03<pQ>HI.J.HeHT fa30BOfO YCHJIeHH5I M KOJIe6JIeTC5I ,lI.JIH
pa3Hblx YCJIOBHH pa60TbI ,lI.eTeKTopa B npe,lI.eJIax OT 10 2 ,lI.0 10 3 .
f1pH pefHcTpaUHH B npOnOpu,HoHaJIbHOM ,lI.eTeKTope C M,= 10 3 , eM-
KOCTblO C H = 10 n<l> lIaCTHu, C 3HepfHeH 1 K3B aMnJIHTY,lI.3 CHfHaJI3
Ha BbIXOJ1.e ,lI.eTeKTOpa COCTaBHT 0,5 MB.
,L{JIH CI.J.HHTHJIJIHI.J.HOHHOfO ,lI.eTeKTop3 H3 OCHOBe KpHCT3JIJIa
NaI (TI) C <t>3Y, HMelOlll.HM K03Q><pHI.J.HeHT YCHJIeHHH M = 10 6 , npH
perHCTp3u,HH ')'-KB3HTOB C 3HeprHeH 1 M3B aMnJIHTYJ1.a CHrH3JIa
Ha B IXOJ1.e ,lI.eTeKTopa onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH H3 COOTHOllleHHH A = M e /
/(wC H ) H Ha eMKOCTH HarpY3KH 20 n COCT3BHT 2 B, a npH pefHcTpa-
U,HH lIaCTHu, C 3HepfHeH 1 00 3B COCTaBHT 0,2 B. ¥lMnYJIbC
TOKa Ha BbIXO,lI.e ,lI.eTeKTOpa B Cpe,lI.HeM 6Y,lI.eT paBeH 1,6. 10- 4 H
1,6. 1 0 5 A J1.JIH nepBoro H BToporo CJIYlIa5I cooTBeTcT eHHo. Ou,eHKa
npOH3BO,lI.HJIaCb ,lI.JIH J1.JIHTeJIbHOCTH HMnYJIbCa C <l>3Y, paBHOM
. 0,25 MKC, LITO COOTBeTcTByeT BpeMeHH BbICBellHB3HHH CI.J.HHTHJIJI5I-
Topa NaI (TI).
f1pHBe,lI.eHHbIe ou,eHKH aMnJIHTY,lI. CHfHaJIOB Ha BbIXO,lI.e J1.eTeK-
TOpOB HeCKOJIbKHX THnOB nOKa3bIBaIOT, LITO B 60JIblllHHCTBe CJIYlIaeB
,lI.JIH H3MepeHHH 3HepreTHlIeCKHX cneKTpOB 4aCTHIl. no aMnJIHTY,lI.HWM
cneKTpaM CHrHaJIOB, CHHMaeMbIX C ,lI.eTeKTOpOB, Tpe6yeTcH 3HallH-
TeJIbHOe YCHJIeHHe 3THX CHrHaJIOB. OpH 3TOM K03<p<pHu,HeHT YCHJIe-
HHH K ,lI.JIH nf1,L{, HOHH3au,HOHHbIX KaMep, nponopu,HOHaJIbHbIX
,lI.eTeKTOpOB ,1I.OJI)KeH COCTaBJIHTb 10 3 -10 4 , a ,lI.JIH CU,HHTHJ1JI5IU,HOHHbIX
,lI.eTeKTOpOB,OKOJIO 10. B HeKoTopbIX CJIY4a5IX, npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH
B CU,HHTHJIJIHI.J.HOHHbIX ,lI.eTeKTOpax <l>3Y C 60JIbllIHM K03<P<PHI.J.HeHTOM
YCHJIeHHH, ,lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIt( YCHJIHTeJIb MO)KeT H He Tpe60BaTbCH.
f10MHMO 06ecnelleHHH He06xo,lI.HMOrO K03<p<pHIl.HeHTa YCHJIeHH5!
K cneKTpOMeTpHlIeCKHM YCHJIHTeJIHM npe,lI.n5IBJI5IeTC5I pH,lI. ,lI.OnOJIHH-
TeJIbHbIX Tpe60BaHHH. Y CHJIHTeJIH He ,lI.OJI)KHbI -CYlll.eCTBeHHO YXY,lI.-
llIaTb 3HepfeTH4eCKoe pa3pell1eHHe, 06ecnellHBaeMoe ,lI.eTeKTopOM.
YXYJ1.111eHHe pa3perneHHH B YCHJIHTeJIHX MO)KeT 6bITb BbI3BaHO lllYMa-
MH rOJIOBHbIX KaCKa,lI.OB, HaJIO)KeHHHMH CHfHaJIOB, aMnJIHTY.LI.HbIMH
neperpY3KaMH, CMellI,eHH M n.OCTOHHHOH COCTaBJIHIOllI.eH, npOHBJIe-
HHeM HH,lI.YKIl.HOHHOro 3<p<peKTa, ,lI.peM<pOM K03<P<PHu.HeHTa YCHJIeHHH.
HaH60JIee 06lll.HMH napaMeTpaMH YCHJIHreJIeH cneKTpOMeTpH-
lIeCKHX TpaKTOB HBJIstIOTCH: K03<p<pHu,HeHT YCHJIeHHH K, ,lI.HHaMH-
4eCKHH ,lI.Hana30H, HHTerpaJIbHaH H .LI.H<p<pepeHu.HaJIbHaH HeJIHHeH-
HOCTb, nOCTOHHHbIe BpeMeHH HapaCTaHHH H cna,lI.a CHrHaJIa, 3aBH-
CHMOCTb K03<p<pHIl.HeHTa YCHJIeHHH OT Cpe,lI.HeH lIaCTOTbI CJIe,lI.OBaHHH
CHrHaJIOB, HeneperpY)KaeMOCTb - cnoco6HOCTb BocnpHHHMaTb 6e3
3aMeTHbIX nOCJIe,lI.CTBHH ,lI.JIH HOpMaJIbHOH pa60TbI CHrHaJIbI C aMnJIH-
TY,lI.OH, CYIlleCTBeHHO npeBbIrnalOlll.He H01\1HHaJIbHble, cTa6HJIbHOCTb
xapaKTepHCTHK BO BpeMeHH, npH H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTYpw, BJIa)K-
86
A 6blX
t A8x ,mLn
dABbtx/dAflx=1<
(dA 8b'X./ dA fJx}pean
::::t
:t::
a)
A 8X
fl.nOfTlHocmh
6epORfTl1fOCmu.
5)
PHC. 3.1. 3aBHcHMoCTb aMnJIHTY.lJ.bl BbIXO.lI.HOrO CHfHaJIa A Bb,x cneKTpOMeTpHLJeCKOrO
YCHJ1HTeJIH OT a MnJIHTY.LI.bI Bxo.n.Horo CHrHaJIa A Bx (a), cneKTp CHrHaJ10B Ha BXO.LI.e
YCHJIHTeJ15I (6) Hero Bwxo.n.e (B)
HOCTH, ,n.aBJIeHHH H ,n.p. OnpeJ1.eJIeHHH H xapaKTepHbIe 3HalleHHH -
3THX napaMeTpOB 6y,n.YT npHBo,n.HTbCH B ,n.aHHOH rJIaBe B COOTBeT-
CTBYIOI.U.HX IT aparp a<pax.
Ha pHC. 3.1, a npHBe,n.eHa (,n.JIH HarJIH,n.HOCTH B CHJIbHO YTPH-
pOBaHHoM BH,..lc) THnH4HaH 3aBHCHMOCTb aMnJIHTy,n.bI BbIxo,n.Horo CHf-
HaJIa A BblX CIll'h..}'poMeTpH4ecKofo YCHJIHTeJIH OT aMnJIHTyJ(bI BXO,n.-
HOfO CHfHaJIa All,. Ha pHC. 3.1, 6 npe.lI.CTaBJIeH THnH4HbIH cneKTp
CHrHaJIOB, nocTynaIOI.U.Hx Ha BXO,n. 3Toro YCHJIHTeJIH, a Ha pRC. 3.1, B
. cneKTp CHfHaJIOB Ha BbIxo,n.e YCHJIHTeJIH. 06bIlIHO cTpeMHTcH HCnOJIb-
30BaTb YCHJIHTeJIb C JIHHeHHOH <PYHKll.HeH ITpe06pa30BaHHH (CM.
nYHKTHpHYIO JIMHHIO Ha pHC. 3.1, a) BXO,n.HOfO CHfHaJIa B BbIXOJ1.HOH
dA BblX/dA ax = K, liTO ynpOIl(aeT 3a,n.a4Y BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH MCXO,n.HOrO
3HepfeTH4eCKOfO CneKTpa. O,n.HaKO peaJIbHaH XapaKTepHCTHKa
npe06pa30BaHHH ,n.JIH CneKTpOMeTpH4eCKOfO YCHJIHTeJIH (CM. CITJIOllI-
HYIO JIHHHIO Ha pHC. 3.1, a) .OTJIHlIaeTCH OT ITpHMOH JIHHHH. HaH-
6,OJIbIllee OTJIHlIHe peaJIbHOH xapaKTepHcTHKH npeo6pa30BaHHH OT
JIHHeHHOH Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH 06bI4HO B 06JIaCTH MaJIbIX H 60JIbllIHX
aMnJIHTYJ1.. fl03TOMY Ha npaKTHKe BbI6HpalOT HeKoTopbIH ,n.Mana30H
BXOJ1.HbIX aMITJIHTY,n. OT Aax min .lI.O Aax max' B npe,n.eJIax' KOTOpOfO
<PYHKll.HH npeo6pa30BaHHH ITO JIHHeHHOCTH y,n.OBJIeTBOpHeT Tpe6o-
BaHHHM 3KcnepHMeHTa. OTHOllIeHHe e = ABxmax / AHxmin Ha3bIBaeTCH
J1.HHaMHlIeCKHM Hana30HOM YCHJIHTeJIH.
87
OTJIHlIHe peaJIbHOH <PYHKll.HH npe06pa30BaHHH OT JIHHeHHOM
XapaKTepH3yeTcH HHTerpaJ1bHOM H ,l1.H<p<pepeHll.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeM-
HOCTblO YCHJIHTeJ1H. I1HTerpaJIbHa5I HeJIHHeHHOCTb Y) - 3TO OTHO-
WeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO OTKJIOHeHHH pea bHOH XapaKTepHCTHKH npe-
06pa30BaHHH OT HJI.eaJIbHOH XapaKTepHCTHKA (npffMOH: JIHHHH) K
MaKCHMaJIbHOMY 3HalleHHIO H3MepHeMOrO napaMeTpa: 11 = A BbiXITI3X /
/ A Bblxma'C. J1HTerpaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb HCKalKaeT 3HepreTHlIeCKYIO
rpa,l1.YHpOBKY cneKTpOMeTpa H BHOCHT 3aMeTHYIO norpelliHOCTb B
onpe.n.eJIeHHe 3HeprHH cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHH. HanpHMep, cneKTpaJIb-
HbIe J1HHHH 1 Ii 3, nepeclIHTaHHbIe no BbIXOJl.HOMY cneKTpy BO BXOJl.-
HOH, OKa)KYTCH HeCKOJIbKO CMeI.I.I,eHHbIMH H 3aMMYT nOJIOlKeHHe I' H 3'
(pHC. 3.1, 6, nYHKTHp), liTO H npHBO,lLHT K norpelllHOCTH on pe.n.eJIe-
HI1H HX 3HeprHI1. 113 onpe.n.eJIeHHH HHTerpaJIbHOM HeJIHHeHHOCTH CJIe-
,.n.yeT, lfTO ee 3HalfeHHe COOTBeTcTByeT MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO)KHOM
norpeWHOCTH onpeJl.eJIeHHH 3HeprHH lfaCTI1ll. npB annpOKCI1Mall.HH
xapaKTepl1CTHKH cneKTpOMeTpa npHMOM JIHHHeM. 003TOMY HHTerpa lIb-
HaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb YCHJIHTeJIeli, HCnOJIb3yeMbIx B cneKTpOMeTpHH, He
.n.o.lI)KHa npeSbIIlIaTb norpeWHOGTH onpe.n.eJIeHHH 3HeprMH qaCTHll.,
3a.n.aBaeMOH .n.eTeKTopOM. IloJIynpOBo.n.HHKOBble n.eTeKTopbI n03BO-
JIfflOT onpe.n.eJIHTb 3HeprHIO qaCTHll. C nOrpeI1lHOCTbIO .n.o .n.ecHToH .n.OJIH
npOl(eHTa, H YCHJIHTeJIH B cneKTpoMeTpax C TaKHMH .n.eTeKTOpaMI1
.n.OJI)KHbI HMeTb HHTerpaJIbHYIO HeJIHHeMHOCTb, He npeBbIUlalOllI.YIO
0,1 %. B Cll.HHTHJIJIffll.HOH bIX cneKTpoMeTpax Tpe60BaHHH K HHTer-
paJ1bHOH 'HeJIHHeHHOcTH MorYT 6bITb CHHlKeHbI .lI.0 3HalfeHHH no-
pH.n.Ka 1 %.
,LLH<P<t>epeHll.HaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOcTb £ - 3TO OTHOCHTeJIbHOe OT-
KJIOHeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHHH npoH3Bo.n.HOH KpeaJI =(dA Bb,X /
/dABx)peaJI peaJIbHOH xapaKTepHcTHKH OT HAeaJIbHoH: £=(K-
- K peaJI)/ K. ,LlH<p<pepeHll.HaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb H3MeHHeT <POPMY
cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHM H npHBo,l1.HT K YBeJIHlIeHHIO norpewHocTH B
onpe.n.eJIeHHH 3HeprHM, TaK KaK npH annpOKCHMall.HH HCKalKeHHOM _
JIHHHH 3aJl.aHHOH <PYHKLI.HeH (HanpHMep, <PYHKll.HeH faycca) npo-
H30H.n.eT CMelll.eHHe MaKcHMYMa annpoKcHMHpYIOllI.eH CPYHKlll1H OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO ero HCTHHHoro nOJIOlKeHHH.. KpoMe Toro, H3MeHHTCH H
wHpHHa JIHHHH, liTO MO)KeT npHBeCTH K nOHBJIeHHIO .Jl.OnOJIHHTeJIb-
HbIX norpelliHOCTeH B onpe.n.eJIeHHH ee nJIOll1.a.lI.H. TaK KaK JI.H<p<pe-
peHll.HaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb npHBo.n.HT K CMeIll.eHHIO MaKCHMYMOB
JIHHHH BCJIe.lI.CTBHe HCKa)KeHHH HX $OpMbI, TO TaKHe HCKalKeHHH
6y.n.YT HeCYll1.eCTBeHHbI, eCJIH .n.HcpcpepeHll.HaJIbHaH HeJIHHeMHOCTb
MeHbllIe OTHOCHTeJIbHOH llIHpHHbI nHKa: < a/A. OTclO.n.a CJIe.lI.yeT,
liTO .n.JIH nOJIynpOBo.n.HHKOBOM cneKTpOMeTpHH .n.H<p<pepeHLI.HaJIbHaH
HeJIHHeHHOCTb He, .lI.OJIlKHa npeBbIlllaTb ,l1.0JIeH npou.eHTa, a .n.JIH Cll.HH-
THJIJIHll.HOHHbIX cneKTpOMeTpOB - HeCKOJIbKHX npOll.eHTOB.
Ha xapaKTepHCTHKe npeo6pa30BaHHH MO:>KHO Ha6JIIO,l1.aTb eIll.e
pHll. oc06eHHOCTeH. B 06U.I.eM CJIYlIae xapaKTepHCTHKa MOlKeT HMeTb
nopor An - npH 3TOM xapaKTepHCTHKa npeo6pa30BaHHH HMeeT BH.n.
A BblX = (A BX - An)K. 3HalleHI1e An 06bIlIHO HaXO,l1.HT H3 rpa.n.YHpOBKH
88
(TaK :tKe KaK H K). B 06J1aCTH 60JlaLllHX aMnJlHTY,a peaJIbHaH
XapaKTepHCTHKa BbIXO,aHT Ha HeKOTOpbIH nOCTOHHHbIH ypOBeHb, liTO
npHBO,aHT K OrpaHHlleHHIO aMnJlHTY,a CHrHaJlOB H K rpynnHpoBKe
BbIXO,aHbIX CHrHaJlOB 60JlbLllHX aMnJlHTY,a B 06J1aCTH OrpaHHlIeHHH.
HanpHMep, B BbIXO,aHOM CneKTpe nOHBHTCH ,aOnOJlHHTeJIbHbIH nHK
4 (pHC. 3.1 , B), 06pa30BaHHbIH CHrHaJlaMH H3 3alllTpHXOBaHHOH
-30HbI pHC. 3.1, 6. Oopor MO:tKeT MeHHTbCH npH H3MeHeHHH BHeLllHHX
YCJlOBHH, HanpHMep TeMnepaTypbI. 3TO CMemeHHe ,aJlH cneKTpoMeTpH-
qeCKHX YCHJlHTeJleH HMeeT 3HaqeHHe 50--100 MKB/K. TeMnepaTYP-
HaH HeCTa6HJlbHOCTb K03<p<pHllHeHTa YCHJleHHH ,aJlH cneKTpOMeTpH-
lIeCKHX YCHJlHTeJleH 06bIqHO COCTaBJlHeT 10-4/K.
OpH coe,aHHeHHH ,aeTeKTopa C YCHJlHTe.nbHbIM TpaKTOM KoaKCH-
aJlbHbIM Ka6eJleM (,aJlH YCTpaHeHHH HaBo,aOK), HMelOlll.HM eMKOCTb
C K , K eMKOCTH ,aeTeKTopa CJJ. H eMKOCTH Bxo,aa YCHJlHTeJlH C BX
JI.06aBJlHeTCH eMKOCTb Ka6eJlH, Ii aMnJlHTy,aa HMnYJlbCa Ha Bxo,ae
YCHJlHTeJlH 6YJJ.eT npOnOpLI.HOHaJlbHa q /( CJJ. + C BX + C K ). EMKOCTb
Ka6eJIH 06blqHO COCTaBJlHeT HeCKOJlbKO ,aeCHTKOB nHKo<papa,a Ha
MeTp )J.J1HHbI, qTO cpaBHHMO C eMKOCTblO Ufl,LL ,aJlH raMMa-cneKTpo-
MeTpHH H CYlll.eCTBeHHO 60Jlbllle eMKOCTH flf1,LL ,aJlH peHTreHoBcKoH
cneKTpOMeTpHH. EMKOCTb C BX 06blqHO HMeeT 3HaqeHHH 5--10 n<l>.
HanpHMep, npH coe,aHHeHHH Ka6eJleM THna PK-50, HMelOlll.HM eM-
KOCTb 100 n<l> /M, ,aJlHHOH 30 CM YCHJlHTeJlH C C BX = 10 n<l> C flfl,LL
eMKOCTblO 50 n<l> aMnJlHTy,aa CHrHaJla 6y,aeT B 1,5 pa3a MeHbLlle,
qeM npH Henocpe,aCTBeHHOM coe,aHHeHHH flfl,LL C YCHJlHTeJleM. 003TOMY
Heo6xoJI.HMO ,aeTeKTOp coe,aHHHTb C YCHJlHTeJIeM B03MO:tKHO 60Jlee
KOpOTKHM Ka6e.neM. O,aHaKo TaKoe TeXHHqeCKOe pellleHHe He Bcer,aa
B03MO:tKHO. Han.pHMep, eCJlH no Xo,ay 3KcnepHMeHTa B03HHKaeT
Heo6xo,aHMOCTb H3MeHeHHH K03cp<pHIJ.HeHTa YCHJleHHH HJlH nOJlOCbI
nponYCKaHHH YCHJlHTeJlH, qTO ocymecTBJlHeTCH H3MeHeHHeM nOJlO.>Ke-
HHH ero nepeK.nlOqaTeJIeH, a .lI.eTeKTOp B CHJlY KcnepHMeHTaJlbHbIX
YCJlOBHH ,l1.0Jl.>KeH Haxo,aHTbCH B 3aJle, Ky,aa HeB03MO>KeH ,aocTyn
3KcnepHMeHTaTopa, JI.eTeKTopa H YCHJlHTeJlb ,aOJl)KHbI 6bITb coe,aH-
HeHbI Ka6eJleM ,aJIHHOH HeCKOJlbKO ,aeCHTKOB HJlH ,aa)Ke HeCKOJlbKO
COT MeTpOB.
B nOJI.o6HOH CHTyaU.HH HHor,aa npHMeHHeTCH nepe,l1.aqa no ,l1.JlHH-
HOMY Ka6eJllO HMnYJlbCa TOKa ,aeTeKTopa, H HHTerpHpOBaHHe TOKa
npOH3BO,l1.HTCH BHYTPH YCHJlHTeJlH nocJle HeKOToporo YCHJleHHH TO-
KOBoro CHrHaJla. O,aHaKO npH TaKOM MeTo,ae C'beMa CHfHaJla He
y,aaeTCH nOJlYlIHTb xopornee OTHOlIleHHe CHrHaJla K lllYMY, n03TOMY
TOKOBbIH pe)KHM C'beMa CHrHaJla npHMeHHeTCH B OCHOBHOM npH
perHCTpaIJ.HH KOpOTKHX CHrHaJlOB B Tex CJlyqaHX, Kor,aa MaJlaH ,aJlH-
TeJlbHOCTb CHrHaJldB HMeeT npHHLI.HnHaJlbHOe 3HalIeHHe. B cneKTpo-
MeTpHqeCKHX 3a,aaqaX npHMeHHIOT YCHJlHTeJIbHbIe TpaKTbI, COCTOHlll.He,
H3 ,aBYX lIaCTeH -- npe,aYCHJlHTeJlH, KOTOpbIH coe,aHHeH Henocpe,aCT-
BeHHO C ,aeTeKTopOM, H OCHOBHoro YCHJlHTeJlH, KOTOpbIH MO)KeT
pacnOJlaraTbCH Ha 3HaqHTeJlbHOM paCCTOHHHH H B KOTOpOM npe-
,aYCMOTpeHbI opraHbI nepeKJllOqeHHH, n03BOJlHIOIlI.He MeHHTb napaMeT-
89
pbI YCHJlHTeJlH - K03cpcpHu,HeHT YCHJleHHH, nOJlocy npOnYCKaHHH
H ,n.p. flpH pa60Te Ha ,n.JlHHHbIl1 Ka6eJlb npe,n.YCHJlHTeJIb JI.OJl)KeH
HMeTb MaJlOe BbIXO,n.HOe COnpOTHBJleHHe r BblX , T. e. HBJlHTbCH reHe-
paTOpOM HanpH)KeHHH. B 3TOM CJlYlIae aMnJlHTY,n.y CHrHaJla, nepe,n.a-
BaeMOr.o no' Ka6eJlIO, MO)l{HO ou,eHHTb H3 COOTHOIlIeHHH A = Ao (1 -
- exp [ - tH/(rBbIXCK)] ), r,n.e Ao - aMnJlHTy,n.a CHrHaJla npH C K =0;
t H - xapaKT.epHaH ,n.JlHTeJlbHOCTb HMnYJlbca. flpH 3TOM npe,n.noJla-
raeTCH, liTO Bxo,n.Hoe conpOTHBJleHHe OCHOBHoro YCHJlHTeJlH MHoro
60Jlbllle r BbIX npe,n.YCHJlHTeJlH. OTHOCHTeJlbHOe 3HalleHHe OCJla6J1eHHH
aMnJlHTy,n.bI 6(A)=(A o -A)/A o =exp [-tH/(rBbIXCK)]' H ,n.JlH 3a.n.aH-.
Horo 3HaqeHHH 6(A) eMKOCTb Ka6eJlH He ,n.OJl)l{Ha 6bITb 60JlbIlIe
3HaqeHHH t H / [r Bb1x ln6(A)]. HanpHMep, eCJlH BbIXO,l1.Hoe conpOTHB-
JleHHe r BblX npe.n.YCHJlHTeJlH paBHO 60 OM, ,n.JlHTeJlbHOCTb CHrHaJla
t H = 10- 6 c, ,n.onYCTHMoe na,n.eHHe aMnJlHTy,n.bI Ha Ka6eJIe 6 (A') = 5%,
TO eMKOCTb Ka6eJlH MO)l{eT HMeTb 3Ha4eHHe C K =6,6.10- 9 <1>, H
npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH Ka6eJlH THna PK -50 YCHJlHTeJlb MO)KeT 6bITb
y,n.aJleH OT npe,n.ycHJlHTeJlH Ha paCCTOHHHe OKOJlO 50 M.
OCHoBHoe Ha3HalleHHe npe,n.ycHJlHTeJlH - COrJlaCOBaHHe BbIXO,n.-
HOM u,enH ,n.eTeKTopa co BXO,n.OM OCHOBHoro YCHJlHTeJlH, BKJllOlIaH
Ka6eJlb. ,L{JlH ,n.eTeKTopa C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM CHrHaJlOB, HanpHMep
CU,HHTHJlJlHu,HOHHoro HJlH nponopu,HOHaJlbHOrO C4eT4HKa, B KalleCTBe
npe,n.YCHJlHTeJlH HCnOJlb3YIOT 3MHTTepHbIM nOBTOp'HTeJlb JlH60 YCHJlH-
TeJlb C He60JlblllHM K03cpcpHu,HeHToM YCHJleHHH, BbIXO,n.HOM KaGKa,n.
KOToporo, KaK npaBHJlO, BbInOJlHHeTCH no cxeMe 3MHTTepHoro
nOBTOpHTeJlH. OCHOBHbIMH ,n.OCTOHHCTBaMH 3MHTTepHoro nOBTOpHTeJlH
HBJlHIOTCH: BbICOKoe BXO,l1.HOe conpOTHBJleHHe, He IlIYHTHpYIOI.IJ.ee
conpOTHBJleHHe HarpY3KH ,n.eTeKTopa, H MaJlOe BbIxo,n.Hoe, CDnp,OTHB-
JleHHe, n03BOJlHIOI.IJ.ee HarpY)KaTb BbIXO,n. 3MHTTepHoro nOBTOpHTeJlH
Ha 60JlbIlIYIO eMKOCTb (B TOM 4HCJle ,n.JlHHHbIM Ka6eJlb). MaJloe
BbIxo,n.Hoe conpOTHBJleHHe 3MHTTepHoro nOBTOpHTeJlH JlerKO corJlacyeT-
CH C BOJlHOBbIM conpOTHBJleHHeM Ka6eJlH.
,L{JlH .n.eTeKTopoB C HH3KHM ypoBHeM BWXO,n.HWX CHrHaJlOB npe,n.-
YCHJlHTeJlb, nOMHMO Tpe6yeMoro YCHJleHHH ( 1 0 2 ), ,n.OJl)KeH o6ec-
ne4HTb BbICOKoe OTHOIlIeHHe CHrHaJla K ll1YMY. CYI.IJ.eCTBeHHbIM
cpaKTopoM, onpe,n.eJlHIOIlI.HM npHHu,Hn nocTpoeHHH npe,n.ycHJlHTeJleM
,n.JlH TaKHX ,l1.eTeKTOpoB, oco6eHHo ,n.JlH nOJlynpoBoJI.HHKOBWX ,n.eTeK-
TOpOB, HBJlHeTCH Y)Ke paccMoTpeHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb aMnJlHTy,n.bI CHr-
HaJla OT eMKOCTH HarpY3KH ,n.eTeKTopa. flpH npHMeHeHHH B Ka4eCTBe
npe,n.ycHJlHTeJlH 06bIlIHoro YCHJlHTeJlH Ha pH)KeHHH 3Ta 3aBHCHMOCTb
npHBo,n.HT K HapYIlIeHHIO rpa,n.YHpoBKH cneKTpoMeTpa npH H3MeHe-
HHH eMKOCTH flfl,L{ (npH H3MeHeHHH Ha HeM HanpH)KeHHH- nHTaHHH)
JlH60 3aMeHe Ka6eJlH, coe,n.HHHIOIlI.erO ,n.eTeKTop C npe,n.ycHJlHTeJleM.
TaK, HanpHMep, 3aMeHa Ka6eJl5I THna PK-50 ,n.JlHHOM 10 CM Ha ,n.PY-
rOM, OTJlH4alOI.IJ.HMCH OT npe,n.bI,l1.YIlI.erO Bcero Ha 1 CM, ,n.JlH CJJ. +
+ C BX = 50 n<l> npHBe,l1.eT K CMeI.IJ.eHHIO cneKTpaJlbHbIX JlHHHH Ha 2%.
CTpeMJleHHe H36aBHTbCH OT YKa3aHHoro He,n.OCTaTKa npHBeJlO K pa3-
pa60TKe TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX 3apH,n.o4YBcTBHTeJlbHbIX npe,n.ycHJlHTeJleif
90
(34Y), aMnJIHTY,lI.a BbIXO,lI.HOrO CHrHaJIa Roc
KOTOpbIX npaKTHqeCKH He MeHHeTCH npH
H3MeHeHHH B HeKOTopbIX npe,lI.eJIax eMKOCTH'
HarpY3KH C H .
B 3apH,lI.OqYBCTBHTeJIbHOM npe,lI.YCHJIH-
TeJIe HHTerpHpOBaHHe TOKa ,lI.eTeKTOpa npo-
H3BO,lI.HTCH He Ha eMKOCTH HarpY3KH ,lI.eTeK-
Topa C H = CJJ. + C BX + C K , a Ha KO H,lI.eH ca.- _
Tope 06paTHOH CBH3H YCHJIHTeJIH Coco 34Y PHC. 3.2. CTPYKTYPHafi cxe-
npe.lI.CTaBJIHeT C060H HHBepTHPYIOI.IJ.HH YCH- Ma 3apH.lJ. O 'llYBcTBHTeJ1bHOrO
JIHTeJIb HanpH.iKeHHH co 3HaqHTeJIbHbIM KO- YCHJ1HTeJ151
3<p<pHLLHeHTOM YCHJ1eHHH, OXBaqeHHbIH 06- .
paTHoH CBH3blO qepe3 He60JIbllIOH KOH.lI.eHCaTOp Coc napaJIJIeJIbHO C
pe3HCTopOM OqeHb 60JIbllIOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH Roc (pHC. 3.2). TaK KaK
K BbIXO.lI.Y ,lI.eTeKTOpa, nO,lI.KJIlOqeHHOrO K HCTOqHHKY nHTaHHH V, oKa-
3bIBalOTCH nO.lI.Coe.lI.HHeHHbIMH ,lI.Be eMKOCTH: C H H C oc , TO npH perHCTpa-
LLHH qaCTHLlbI 3apH,lI. q, C03.lI.aHHbIH qaCTHI1.eH B ,lI.eTeKTOpe, paCnpe,lI.e-
'JIHTCH Me.iK,lI.Y 3THMH eMKOCTHMH, T. e. q = qH + qoc, r.lI.e qH - 3apH,lI.
Ha C H ; qoc - 3apH,lI. Ha Coco 0603HaqHM aMnJIHTY,lI.Y HMnYJIbCa Ha
BXO,lI,e n pe,lI.YCHJIHTeJIH A BX, a Ha BbIXO.lI.e A BbIX' C H 3a pH.iKaeTCH ,lI.0
pa3HOCTH nOTeHLLHaJIOB A BX , a Coc -,lI,0 A BblX + A BX . OpH 3TOM
q = ABXC H + (A BblX + ABX)C OC . OOCKOJIbKY A BblX = KA BX , r.lI.e K - KO-
3<p<pHLLHeHT YCHJIHTeJIH 6e3 06paTHoH CBH3H, BbIpa.iKeHHe ,lI.JIH q .MO.iKHO
npHBeCTH K BH,lI.Y:,
q=ABblX[COC+(COC+CH)/K]. --
ECJIH K03<p<pHLLHeHT K HMeeT 60JIbllIOe 3HaqeHHe (06bIqHO He Me-
Hee 10 3 ), a 3HaqeHHe C H He OqeHb BeJIHKO, TaK, qTO BbInOJIHHeTCH
YCJIOBHe (CH+Coc)/K«C oc , TO q=ABbIXCOC HJIH A BblX = q/C oc .
TaKHM 06pa30M, npaKTHqeCKH BeCb 3apH,lI. .lI.eTeKTOpa c06HpaeTCH
Ha Coc, H H3MeHeHHH C H He BJIHHIOT Ha aMnJIHTY.lI.Y "BbIXO.lI.HOrO
HMnYJIbca. <l>aKTHqeCKH 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTO Coc C nOMOI.IJ.blO HHBep-
THpYIOI.IJ.erO YCHJIHTeJIH nepeXBaTbIBaeT 3apH,lI., nocTynalOI.IJ.HH H3
,lI.eTeKTOpa, H B TeqeHHe ,lI.eHCTBHH CHrHaJIa pa60TaeT KaK HeKOTOpaH
CpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIbllIaH ,lI.HHaMHIJ'eCKaH eMKOCTb CJJ,HH, nO,lI.COe.lI.HHeH-
HaH napaJIJIeJIbHO CJ:I' OpH 3TOM apH.lI. ,lI,eTeKTOpa q paCnpe,lI,e-
. JIHeTCH Me.iK,lI.Y CJJ,HH H C H npOnOpI1.HOHaJIbHO 3HaqeHHHM 3TH,X eMKOC-
TeH, T. e. q=ABX(CH+CJJ,HH)=ABbIX(CH+CJJ,HH)/K. B TO .iKe BpeMH,
q=A BbiX [Coc+(C oc + C H )/ K]. 113 3THX ,lI.BYX BbIpa)KeHHH nOJIyqaeT-
CH, qTO CJJ,HH = Coc(K + 1). 3HaHHe CJJ,HH n03BOJIHeT JIerKO Onpe,lI.eJIHTb
ll.eJIeC006pa3HOCTb npHMeHeHHH Toro HJIH HHoro npe,lI.YCHJIHTeJIH
- u H
B cneKTpOMeTpe C ,lI.eTeKTOpOM H3BeCTHOH eMKOCTH. anpHMep, ,lI.JIH
34Y C CJJ,HH = 10 4 0<1> npH pa60Te C C H = 100 n<l> ,lI.JIH nOJIyqeHHH
nOCTOHHCTBa K03<p<pHLLHeHTa npeo6pa30BaHHH'C norpelllHOCTblO 0,1%
,lI.OnYCTHMO H3MeHeHHe C H Ha 10% (10 n<l» (JIH60 H3-3a H3MeHeHHSI
eMKOCTH ,lI,eTeKTOpa, JIH60 H3MCHeHHH ,lI.JIHHbI COe,lI,HHHTeJIbHOrO Ka6e-
JIH). 3apH,lI,OqYBCTBHTeJIbHbIH npe,lI.YCHJIHTeJIb npeo6pa3yeT HMnYJIbC-
91
HbIH 3apH.LI., nocTynalOI.IJ.HH Ha ero BXO.LI., B HMnYJIbC HanpHlKeHMH
aMnJIHTY.LI.OH A BbIX , n03TOMY OCHOBHOH xapaKTepHctMKOH TaKoro
34Y HBJIHeTCH K03<p<pHI1.HeHT npe06pa30BaHMH 3apH.LI.a B HanpH}J{e-
HHe Q, paBHbIH. OTHOllleHHIO A BbIX / q. OOCKOJIbKY .LI.JIH 34Y A BbIX =
= q /C oc , TO Q = 1 / Coc. B cOBReMeHHbIx 34Y eMKOCTb C oc paBHa
0,1-1 n<l>, a Q COCTaBJIHeT 10 3_10 12 B/KJI.
3apH.LI.OqYBCTBHTeJIbHbIe npe.LI.YCHJIMTeJ1H 6bIJIM pa3pa60TaHbI cne-
I1.HaJIbHO .LI.J1H pa60TbI C nnll, O.LI.HaKO B CHJIY CBOHX .LI.OCTOHHCTB
B HaCTOHI.IJ.ee BpeMH HaXO.LI.HT npHMeHeHHe npH pa60Te H C .LI.PyrHMH
.LI.eTeKTopaMM. Oc06eHHOCTH nOCTpoeHHH 34Y H HX xapaKTepHCTHKH
6Y.LI.YT paCCMOTpeHbI B CJIe.LI.YIOI.IJ.HX naparpa<pax.
3.2. cj)OPMHPOBAHHE CHfHAJ10B B cnEKTPOMETPHlJECKOM .
TPAKTE
nOMHMO OCHOBHOH <PYHKI1.MH - YCHJIeHMH CHrHaJIOB, CHHMaeMbIX
C .LI.eTeKTOpOB,- cneKTpOMeTpHqeCKMH YCMJIHTeJ1b BbInOJIHHeT elI1.e
O.LI.HY Ba.iKHYIO <PYHKI1.HIO OnTHMaJIbHOrO <POpMHpOBaHHH CHrHaJIOB.,
OnTHMaJIbHOe <POpMHpOBaHHe He06xo.LI.HMO .LI.JIH YJIyqllleHHH OTHOllle-
HHH CHrHaJIa K WYMY, YMeHbweHHH HaJIOlKeHHH CHrHaJ10B .LI.Pyr Ha
.LI.Pyra H T. .LI.., T. e. B KOHe4HOM CqeTe HanpaBJ1eHO Ha nOJIY4eHMe
HaMJIY4wero B .LI.aHHbIX YCJIOBMHX 3KcnepHMeHTa 3HepreTHqeCKOrO
pa3peweHHH cneKTpOMeTpH4eCKoro TpaKTa.
PaCCMOTpHM ynpOI.IJ.eHHYIO CTPYKTYPHYIO cxeMY <POpMMPYIOI.IJ.MX
I1.eneH cneKTpOMeTpHqeCKOrO TpaKTa Ha OCHOBe YCHJIHTeJIeH HanpH-
)KeHHH, npHBe.LI.eHHYIO Ha pHC. 3.3. HeKoTopbIe oc06eHHocTH, B03HH-
KalOI.IJ.He npH npoXO.iK.LI.eHHH CHrHaJIOB no TpaKTY, Ka4ecTB,eHHo
npe.LI.CTaBJ1eHbI Ha BpeMeHHbIx .LI.MarpaMMax 3Toro pMcYHKa M xapaK-
TepHbIx cneKTpax 3apH.LI.OB q H aMnJ1MTY.LI. A B COOTBeTCTBYIOlI1.HX
T04Kax TpaKTa. HCnOJIb30BaHHe B". cneKTpOMeTpM4eCKOM TpaKTe
YCMJIMTeJIeH TOKa HJ1H 34Y He MeHHeT CYI.IJ.eCTBa paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX
np06J1eM H Tpe6yeT JIHWb BBe.LI.eHHH .LI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX K03<p<pHI1.HeH-
TOB, CBH3bIBalOlI1.HX napaMeTpbI, BXO.LI.HbIX H BbIXO.LI.HbIX CHrHaJIOB
TaKHX YCMJIMTeJIeH.
Y CJ10BHO YCH.JIMTeJIbHbIH TpaKT JI MO.iKHO npe.LI.CTaBMTb B BH.LI.e Ha-
60pa YCHJIHTeJIbHbIX CeKI1.MH C K03<p<pHI1.MeHTOM YCMJIeHHH K (Ka.iK-
.LI.aH), COe.LI.HHeHHbIx MelK.LI.Y C060H .LI.BYMH <POpMMPYIOI.IJ.HMH RC-u.e-
nOqKaMH - .LI.H<p<PepeHI1.HPYIOI.IJ.eH C nocToHHHOH tIJ. = RIJ.CIJ. H MHTer-
pHPYIOI.IJ.eH C nocToHHHOH tH = RHC H . 9TH I1.enOQKH H eMKOCTb
HarpY3KH C H Onpe.LI.e.JIHIOT <POPMY CMrHaJIa Ha BbIxO.LI.e YCMJIMTeJIbHOrO
TpaKTa - .LI.JIHTeJ1bHOCTb QJpOHTa (paBHYIO tH) H .LI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb
cna.LI.a (paBHYIO tIJ.). B 60JIbWHHCTBe YCMJIMTeJ1eH B03MO.iKHO H3Me-
HeHHe 3Ha4eHHH tIJ. H tH C nOMOI.IJ.blO nepeKJIIOQaTeJIeH B I1.eJIHX
BbI60pa HX OnTHMaJIbHbIX (.LI.JIH .LI.aHHbIX YCJIOBHH 3KcnepHMeHTa)
PHC. 3.3. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa cpOpMHPYlOlllHX u,eneH cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKoro TpaKTa,
BpeMeHHbIe .lJ.HarpaMMbI H cneKTpbI CHrHaJIOB B KJII04eBbIX TO'llKaX TpaKTa npH MaJIblX
3arpY3Kax (I), nOBbIUleHHbIX 3arpY3Kax (II), .n.JIH TOKOBbIX CHrHaJ10B .lJ.eTeKTOpa
pa3HoH cpOpMbI (III)
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CneKTpOMeTpH4eCKOrO TpaKTa, a 60JIee JJ.eTaJlbHbIH aHaJIH3 6Y.LI.eT
npOBe.LI.eH B nOCJIe.LI.YIOIlI.HX naparpa<pax.
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4aCTHU, KorJJ.a B uenH .LI.eTeKTOpa npOHCXO.LI.HT nOJIHOe HHTerpHpo-
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Te bHOCTb HMnYJlbCa TOKa .LI.eTeKTopa). B 3TOM CJIY4ae HMnYJIbC
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llI.HH Ha BXO.LI.e YCHJIHTeJIH, HMeeT cpaBHHTeJIbHO KPYTOH: <PpOHT
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LITO cpeJJ.H H 4aCTOTa perHCTpaLI.HH lIaCTHLI. n cpaBHHTeJlbHO Ma-
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npOHCXOJJ.HT HaJIOJKeHHH CHrHaJlOB .LI.Pyr Ha .LI.Pyra, H OCHOBHbIM
<t>aKTopOM, YXY.LI.WalOllI.HM 3HepreTH4eCKoe pa3pellleHHe cneKTpo-
MeTpH4eCKoro TpaKTa, HBJIHeTCH HaJIH4He c06CTBeHHbIX WYMOB
YCHJIHTeJIH.
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06YCJIOBJIeHO CTaTHCTHqeCKOH $JIyKTyau.HeH 3apH.LI.a, C03.LI.aBaeMOro
MOH03HepreTHqeCKHMH 4aCTHll.aMH B .LI.eTeKTOpe, H .LI.H<p<PepeHLI.HaJIb-
Hoe pacnpe.LI.eJIeHHe - 3apH.LI.OB, nocTynalOIllHx B C H, 0.LI.H03HaQHO
xapaKTepH3yeT c06CTBeHHoe pa3peweHHe JJ.eTeKTopa. nOCKO bKY
npH YCJlOBHH nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHHH aMnJIHTYJJ.a ,HMnYJIbCa Ha-
npHJKeHHe Ha C H CBH3aHa C nocTynalOIllHM 3apH.LI.OM BblpameHHeM
A = q /C H , .LI.H<p<pepeHll.HaJIbHbIH cneKTp aMnJIHTY.LI. HMnYJlbCOB, CHH-
MaeMblX C C H , nOBTopHeT .LI.H<p<PepeHll.HaJIbHbIH cneKTp 3apH.LI.OB.
nOMHMO CHrHaJIOB JJ.eTeKTopa Ha BbIXO.LI.e YCHJIHTeJIH B03HHKalOT
co6CTBeHHbIe WYMbI, CT3THCTH4eCKH He3aBHCHMble OT BXO.LI.HbIX CHr-
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naparpa<pe). Ha BpeMeHHoH .LI.HarpaMMe «I.ijYMbI» Ka4eCTBeHHO npe.LI.-
CTaBJleHO WYMOBoe HanpH}I{eHHe B T04Ke a. HMnYJIbCbI HanpH}I{eHHH,
C03.LI.aBaeMble QaCTHll.eH, CKJla.LI.bIBaIOTCH C WYMOBbIM HanpH}I{eHHeM
(.LI.HarpaMMbI HaJIO}l{eHHH CHrHaJlOB Ha WYMbI) H npHBO.LI.HT K YWH-
peHHIO cneKTpaJlbHOrO pacnpe.LI.eJIeHHH CHrHaJlOB B T04Ke a TaK,
KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOw.eM cneKTpe.
C Y4aHHbIH xapaKTep pacnpe.LI.eJIeHHH C06bITHH BO BpeMeHH 1
(MOMeHTOB nOna.LI.aHHH QaCTHll. B JJ.eTeKTOp) npHBO.LI.HT K TOMY, 4TO
C YBeJlH4eHHeM Cpe.LI.HeH 4aCTOTW nocTynJleHHH C06WTHH 4aCTb HM-
nY bCOB 6Y.LI.eT HaKJla.LI.bIB3TbCH JJ.Pyr H8 JJ.pyra. IlpH .LI.aJIbHeHWeM
YBe HlIeHHH Cpe.LI.HeH 4 aCTOTbI QHCJlO HaJlO}l{eHHH 6Y.LI.eT YBeJIH4H-
BaTbCH, H 6Y.LI.YT nOHBJlHTbCH MHorOKpaTHble HaJlO)l{eHHH. 3TOMY
cJlYQalO COOTBeTCTBYIOT BpeMeHHble .LI.HarpaMMbI II. HaJIO}l{eHHH
HMnYJlbCOB npHBo.LI.HT K TOMY, 4TO aMnJlHTY.LI.W CHrHa OB B T04Ke
a, H3MepHeMble OTHOCHTeJlbHO HYJIeBOrO YPOBHH, 6Y.LI.YT npeBblwaTb
HOMHHa bHoe 3HaqeHHe H, CJle.LI.OBaTeJlbHO, cneKTp 3THX CHrHaJlOB
94
6Y,lI,eT YlllHpeH B 06JIaCTH 60JIblllHX aMnJIHTY,lI,. CJIe,lI,yeT OTMeTHTb,
qTO H npH HaJ10}l{eHHHX HH<pOpMaLI.HH 0 nOTepHX 3HeprHH B ,lI,eTeK-
TOpe coxpaHHeTCH B aMnJ1HTY,lI,e CKaqKOB HanpH}I{eHHH. 003TOMY,
npOH3Be,lI,H ,lI,H<p<PepeHll.HpOBaHHe CHrHaJ10B Ha ll.enOqKe RJJ.C/J., nOCJIe
HeKOToporo npe,lI,BapHTeJ1bHOrO YCHJ1eHHH, C TeM qT06bI CHrHaJI' 6bIJI
,lI,OCTaTOqHO BeJIHK no cpaBHeHHIO C lllYMaMH ,lI,H<p<pepeHll.HPYIOLUeH
ll.enH, HCKa)KeHHe cneKTpa MO)KHO YMeHblllHTb. O,lI,HaKO npH ,lI,H<p<pe-
peHLI.HpOBaHHH CHrHaJ1a nOHBJIHeTCH He60J1blllOH OTpHll.aTeJIbHbIH
BbI6POC C xapaKTepHOH ,lI,JIHTeJ1bHOCTblO RHC H . OOCJIe ,lI,H<p<pepeHll.H-
PYlOllI.eH ll.enH nOCJIe,lI,YIOllI.He HMnYJIbCbI MorYT HaKJIa,lI,bIBaTbCH Y}I{e
Ha OTpHll.aTeJIbHbIH BbI6poc ot npe,lI,bI.lI.YI.Uero, qTO npHBe,lI,eT K He-
KOTOPOMY YlllHpeHHIO HCXO,lI,HOro cneKTpa B 06J1aCTH MeHblllHX aM-
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B03paCTaTb npH YBeJ1HqeHHH Cpe,lI,HeH qaCTOTbI CJ1e,lI,OBaHHH CHrHaJ10B.
CHrHaJIbI nOCJ1e ,lI,H<P<PepeHll.HpOBaHHH (B TOqKe 6) H cneKTp CHrHa-
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CTpeMJIeHHe YMeHblllHTb BJIHHHHe HaJIO)KeHHH nYTeM YMeHbllle-
HHH nocToHHHOH ,lI,H<p<pepeHll.HPYIOw.eH ll.enH, T. e. nYTeM YKopaqH-
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MO}l{eT npHBecTH K npOHBJ1eHHIO HH,lI,YKll.HOHHOro 3<p<peKTa. 3TOT
3cp<peKT npe,ll.CTaBJ1HeT C060H pa36poc aMnJIHTY,lI, CHrHaJ10B OT qaCTHll.,
HMelOll1.HX O,lI,HHaKoBYIO 3HeprHIO, HO B3aHMO,lI,eHcTBYlOllI.HX C ,lI,eTeK-
TOpOM B pa3HbIx TOqKaX ero 06'beMa. TaKHM 06pa30M, HH,lI,YKll.HOH-
HbIM 3<p<peKT npHBO,ll.HT K YXY,lI,llleHHIO pa3perneHHH cneKTpoMeTpa.
HH,lI.YKll.HOHHbIH 3<p<peKT cYl1I.eCTBeHHo OCJIa6JIHeTCH, eCJIH nOCJ1e ,lI,HCP-
<pepeHLI.HpOBaHHH npoH3BecTH HHTerpHpoBaHHe CHrHaJ1a Ha ll.enOqKe
RHCHo CXeMaTHqeCKH 3TO H306pa)KeHO Ha BpeMeHHbIx ,lI,HarpaM-
Max I I I H cooTBeTcTBYIOlll.HX HM cneKTpax. 113-3a pa3HocTH B no,lI,-
BH}I{HOCTHX nOJIO)KHTeJ1bHbIX Ii OTpHll.aTe.lIbHbIX HOCHTeJIeH ,lI.JIHTeJIb-
HOCTb HMnYJIbCa TOKa B ,lI,eTeKTOpe 3aBHCHT OT MeCTa 06pa30BaHHH
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pa3HOH CTeneHH, n03TOMY ,lI.JIH nOJIyqeHHH HaHJIyqWero OTHOllleHHH
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BepOHTHOCTb HaJIO)KeHHH CHrHaJIOB ,lI,Pyr Ha .LI.Pyra.
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95
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3.3. LUYMbl It OTHOLUEHHE CHrHAJlA K LUYMY B
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YXY,llWaIOT pa3pell1eHHe cneKTpOMeTpa.
HHTerpHpOBaHHe 3ap5I,llOB, 06pa30BaHHbIX qaCTHueH B .lleTeKTOpe
H WYMOBbIMH TOKaMH Ha BXO)I.e fOJIOBHOrO KaCKa,lla YCHJIHTeJI5I
cneKTpOMeTpa, KaK CJIe,llyeT H3 CTPYKTYPHOH cxeMbI cneKTpOMeTpH-
4eCKOfO TpaKTa -(CM. pHC. 3.3), TIpOH3BO,llHTCH Ha eMKOCTH C H , Ha
KOTOpOH B03HHKalOT HMnYJIbC Hanp5I)I{eHH5I C aMTIJIHTY.llOH A = q /C H
H QJJIYKTYHPYlOllI.ee BO BpeMeHH rnYMoBoe Hanp5I)KeHHe U w(t).
CHrHaJI OT 4acTHu.bI H WYMOBOH CHfHaJI, npOXO,llH 3aTeM no
cneKTpOMeTpH4eCKOMY TpaKTY, onpe.lleJ1eHHbIM 06pa30M BH,lI.OH3Me-
HHIOTC5I, H cYMMapHoe pa3peweHHe cneKTpOMeTpa 6Y,lI.eT onpe.lle-
JIHTbC5I KaK pa3peweHHeM .lleTeKTopa, TaK H OTHoweHHeM aMnJIHTY.llbI
CHfHaJIa K aMnJIHTY.lle QJJIYKTyau.HH llJYMOBoro Hanp5I}I{eHHH Ha BbI-
XO,lI.e cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKoro TpaKTa.
lllYMbI cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKHx TpaKToB---IIpHH5ITO xapaKTepH30-
BaTb CJIe.llYIOLUHMH BeJIH4HHaMH: 'U rn = [U (t)]I/2_ Cpe,lI.Hee KBa.ll-
paTHqeCKOe WYMOBoe HanpH)KeHHe; qw = CHU rn - Cpe,llHHH: KBa,lI.-
paTH4ecKHH rnYMoBOH: 3apHAJ,; 11 III = 2,36 qwffi/ e - 3HepreTH4e-
CKHH: 3KBHBaJIeHT rnYMOB, f.lle e - 3JIeMeHTapHbIH 3apH,lI,; (j)-
3HepfH5I, H,lI,yma5I Ha 06pa30BaHHe O,lI.HOH napbI H0CHTeJIeH 3ap5I,lI.a
B ,lI.eTeKTOpe, BXO.ll5Ill(eM B cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKYIO YCTaHoBKY. Cpe,lI.-
Hee KBa,lI.paTHqeCKOe wYMoBoe Hanp5I)KeHHe xa paKTepH3yeT ypoBeHb
WYMOB YCHJIHTeJI5I H npHMeH5IeTC5I ,llJIH onpe,lI.eJIeHHH OTHOllIeHH5I
CHfHaJIa K WYMY B YCHJIHTeJI5IX HanpH)I{eHH5I. nOCKOJIbKY nepBH4-
96
HOH BeJIHlIHHOH, H3MepHeMOH npH perHCTpaII.HH 4aCTHII.bI KaKHM-
JIH60 ,lI.eTeKTOpOM, HBJIHeTCH 3apH,lI., C03,lI.aBaeMbIH 4aCTHu.eH B
,lI.eT:KTOpe, 3a4aCTYIO 60JIee Y,lI.06HO BeJIHqHHuOH, XapaK!epH3YIO-
meH lllYM, HBJIHeTCH Cpe,lI.HHH KBa,lI.waTHlIeCKOH rnYMOBOH 3apH,lI..
3Ta XapaKTepHCTHKa OC06eHHO y,lI.06Ha ,lI.JIH OnHCaHHSI rnYMOBOH
XapaKTepHCTHKH 34Y. HaKOHell., BJIHHHHe WYMa Ha 3HepreTH4eCKOe
pa3pellleHHe CneKTpOMeTpHqeCKOH YCTaHOBKH OnHCbIBaeTCH <POp-
MYJIOH: =( + )1/2, r.lle A-3HepreTHlIeCKOe pa3perne-
HHe YCTaHOBKH B lI.eJIOM: A - 3HepreTHlIeCKOe pa3perneHHe .lleTeK-
TOpa.
,L{JIH onpe.lleJIeHHH YCJIOBHH, 06eCnellHBalOI.IJ.HX MaKCH M aJIbHoe.
OTHorneHHe CHrHaJIa K WYMY, npe.llCTaBHM lllYMOBOH tOK iw B BH.lle
OT.lleJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTapHbIX 3apH.llOB e, pacnpe,lI,eJIeHHbIX BO BpeMeHH
CTaTHCTH4eCKH. 0 pH 3TOM Cpe.llHee lIHCJIO 3apH,lI.OB, nOna.llalOI.IJ.HX
B e.llHHHIJ.Y BpeMeHH B C H , 6Y,lI.eT paBHO iw/ e. Ka}l{.llbIH 3apH,lI., no-
cTynaH B C H , C03.llaeT HMnYJIbC HanpH}I{eHHH aMnJIHTY,lI.OH e/ C H C
KPYTbIM <PpOHTOM H 3KCnOHeHIJ.HaJIbHbIM Cna.llOM C nocToHHHOH
RHC H .
I1MnYJIbCbI rnYMoBoro HanpHlKeHHH OT.lleJIbHbIX 3apH.llOB, npOH,lI.H
cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKHH TpaKT (.llHcpcpepeHAHpYlOmylO H HHTerpHpy-
IOI.IJ.YIO IJ.en04KH), ripHo6peTalOT CPOPMY V (t), onpe.lleJIHeMYIO no-
CTOHHHbIMH HHTerpHpoBaHHH 't H = RHC H H ,lI.H<p<pepeHIJ.HpOBaHHH
'fA = RAC A . HaKJIa.llbIBaHCb .llPyr Ha .llPyra, 3TH HMnYJIbCbI C03,l1.a1OT
Ha BbIXO.lle YCHJIHTeJIH <PJIYKTYHpYIOI.IJ.ee rnYMOBoe HanpH}I{eHHe U ill (t). '
COrJIaCHO TeopeMe K3Mn6eJIJIa, .llHCnepCHH paBHOBeCHoro HanpH-
}l{eHHH y, C03.llaBaeMOro HMnYJIbCaMH HanpH}I{eHHH <POpMOH V (t),
KOTopwe pacnpe,lI.eJIeHW BO BpeMeHH no 3aKOHY DyaccoHa co Cpe.ll-
HeH lIaCTOTOH n, paBHa
00
D (y) = n V 2 (t) dl.
D
PaCqeT - U ill C nOMOI.IJ.blO 3TOH TeopeMbI .llOBOJIbHO rpOM03.ll0K.
DpHBe.lleM JIHWb OKOHqaTeJIbHOe BbIpalKeHHe:
) 2
U 2 _ n e- TJl
ill - C LJl + 't H
. . :l
lllle TJl
- --;- .
C H T,'J. + T H
113 3Toro BbIpalKeHHH CJIe.llyeT, 4TO .llJIH YMeHbweHHH rnYMOB He-
06XO.llHMO YMeHbwaTb 'tA H YBeJIHqHBaTb 'tHo
DOCKOJIbKY CHrHaJI Ha BbIXO,lI.e YCHJIHTeJIH TaK}I{e 3aBHCHT OT
'tA H 't H , .llOJI>KHbI CYI.IJ.eCTBOBaTb OnTHMaJIbHble 3Ha4eHHH 'tJl. opt H
't H opt' npH KOTOpbIX otHoweHHe CHrHaJIa K WYMY MaKCHMaJIbHO.
,LlJIH perneHHH 3TOH 3a.llallH 06biqHO paccMaTpHBalOT H.lleaJIH-
3HpoBaHHbIH CJIyqaH, npe.llCTaBJIHH BXO,ll.HOH CHrHaJI B BH.lle npH-
MoyrOJIbHOH cTyneHbKH HanpH}I{eHHH. TaKoH no,lI.xo,lI, cnpaBe.llJIHB
B TOM CJIY4ae, eCJIH <PpOHT FHapaCTaHHH peaJIbHOrO BXO.llHOrO CHr--
HaJIa MaJI no cpaBHeHHIO C OnTI1MaJIbHbIMH 3HaqeHHHMH 'tJl opt H
....-
97
7 - 2790
't M opt' a nOCTOHHHaH cna.LI.a CHrHaJIa BeJIHKa no cpaBHeHHIO C 3THMH
.iKe 3HaqeHHHMH. HH.iKe 6Y.LI.eT nOKa3aHO, qTO TaKoe COOTHoweHHe
.LI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO BbInOJIHHeTCH B 60JIbWHHCTBe npaKTHqeCKHX CJIY-
qaeB.
,aJI npHMoyrOJIbHOH cTyneH'bKH HanpH.iKeHHH - Ha BXO,l1.e YCH-
JIHTeJIH <popMa H aMnJIHTY.LI.a BbIX,O.LI.HOrO CHrHaJIa A onpe.u.eJIHIOTCH
TOJIbKO 3HaqeHHHMH 't.n. H 'tHo ECJIH npO.LI.H<PcpepeHu,HpOBaTb OTHO-
weHHe AI U w B lI.eJIHX nOHCKa MaKCHMYMa 3Toro OTHoweHHH (qH-
TaTeJIIO HeCJIO.iKHO 3TO 'npO.LI.eJIaTb caMOCTOHTeJIbHO), TO nOJIyqHT-
CH, qTO MaKCHMaJIbHOe OTHoweHHe CHrHaJIa K WYMY ,l1.0CTHraeTCH
npH YCJIOBHH paBeHCTBa nOCTOHHHbIX .LI.H<p<PepeHll.HpOBa.HHH H HH-
TerpHpOBaHHH: 't.n. = 'tHo A6coJIIOTHoe. 3HaqeHHe 3TOH BeJIHqHHbI
(0603HaqHM ee 'to) H3 TaKoro npOCToro aHaJIH3a HaHTH HeB03-
MO.iKHO, .lI.JIH 31'OrO He06xo.LI.HMO BbIHBHTb HCTOqHHKH WYMOBbIX
TOKOB H HX BKJIa.LI. B 06lll.HH WYM. OpH aHaJIH3e BKJIa.LI.a 3THX HC-
TOqHHKOB MbI 6Y.LI.eM r;OJIaraTb, qTO <POpMHpYlOllI.He lI.enH YCHJIH-
TeJIH onTHMH3HpOBaHbI C TOqKH 3peHHH OTHoweHHH CHrHaJIa K
WYMY, T. e. BbInOJIHHeTCH YCJIOBHe 1")1. = 't H = 'to, KOHKpeTHoe 3Ha-
qeHHe KOToporo H CJIe yeT onpe.LI.eJIHTb B pe3YJIbTaTe aHaJIH3a.
PaCCMOTpHM THnOBYIO cxeMY nO.LI.KJIlOqeHHH nOJIynpOBO.LI.HH-
KOBoro .LI.eTeKTOpa K 3apH.LI.OqYBCTBHTeJIbHOMY npe.LI.YCHJIHTeJIIO,
KOTopaH npHBe.LI.eHa Ha pHC. 3.4, H OCHOBHbIe HCTOqHHKH WYMOBbIX
TOKOB TaKOH CXeMbl. 06blqHO paccMaTpHBalOT'" TPH TaKHX HCTOq-
HHKa: <PJIYKTyall.HH BXO.LI.HOrO TOKa rOJIOBHOrO TpaH3HcTopa i BX ,
TenJIOBOH TOK pe3HcTopa HarpY3KH RH H cpJIYKTyall.HH BbIXO.LI.HOrO
TOKa TpaH3HcTopa i BbIX . ECTb H JJ.PyrHe HCTOqHHKH WYMOBbIX TOKOB,
HanpHMep TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe <pJIHKKep-wYMbI, MHKpO<poHHbIe WYMbI
H .LI.PyrHe, O.LI.HaKO HX BKJIa.LI. 06blqHO MaJI no cpaBHeHHIO C nepe-
qHCJIeHHbIMH BbIwe, H MbI HX paCCMaTpHBaTb He 6Y.LI.eM.
B 2.2 6bIJIO HaH.lI.eHO, qTO <PJIYKTyall.HH qHCJIa HOCHTeJIeH 3a-
pH.LI.a 6N, 06YCJIOBJIeHHble TOKOM i, HHTerpHpyeMbIM B TeqeHHe
'BpeMeHH t H , onpe.LI.eJIHIOTCH Bblpa)KeHHeM 6N = (itHle) 1/2. ,aJIH ou.eH-
KH WYMOBoro 3apH.LI.a, npHBe.LI.eHHOrO K BXOJJ.Y, B cneKTpOMeTpH-
qeCKOM TpaKTe C CPOpMHPYIOIlI.HMH .LI.H<p<pepeHu,HPYIOlll.eH H HHTer-
pHPYIOlll.eH u,enOqKaMH C paBHbIMH nOCTOHHHbIMH BpeMeHH B Ka-
qeCTBe t M no cpH3HqeCKOMY CMbIC.ny
CJIe.LI.yeT 6paTb t M = To.
BXO.LI.HOH TOK rOJIOBHOrO TpaH3H-
CTopa i BX C03.LI.aeT 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIH WY-
MOBOH 3apH.LI.
qw(i BX ) = (iBxtHe) 1/2.
Ou,eHHM, KaKOBO .LI.OJI)Kl{O 6bITb
3HaqeHHe i BX rOJIOBHOrO TpaH3HCTopa
npe.LI.YCHJIHTeJIH, npe.LI.Ha3HaqeHHOrO
.LI.JIH raMMa-cneKTpOMeTpHH C no-
MOlll.blO nOJIynpOBO.LI.HHKOBOro .LI.eTeK-
p.
PHC. 3.4. CxeMa nO)].KJII04eHHH
nnLl K 3a pSl.lI.04YBcTBHTeJ1bHoMY
YCHJIHTeJ110 H HCTO'llHHKH -lUYMOBbIX
TOKOB
98
Topa. 3HepreTHLIeCKOe pa3pellleHHe nn,LL npH perHCTpau.HR Y-KBaH-
TOB C 3HeprHeH nOpH,lI.Ka I M3B 06bIlJ.HO COCTaBJlHeT HeCKOJlbKO
KHJl03J1eKTpOH-BOJlbT. JIorHlIHo nOTpe60BaTb, lIT06bI 3HepreTHlIeCKHH
3KBHBaJleHT lllYMa YCHJlHTeJlH COCTaBJlHJI 3HalleHHe nOpH,lI.Ka I K3B,
lIT06bI 3TOT WYM npaKTHlIeCKH He YXY.lI.lIIaJI pa3peweHHe, KOTopoe
06ecnellHBaeT caM .lI.eTeKTOp. ,LLJlH paCqeTa i BX Tpe6yeTcH 3HaTb 3Halle-
HHe tHo 113 YCJlOBHH nOJlHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHHH TOKa CJIe.lI.yeT, liTO.
, tH lOti. IlpHMeM 3HalleHHe t H paBHbIM 3,2-10- 6 c. KaK 6Y,lI.eT
nOKa3aHO HH)Ke, OnTHMaJlbHOe 3HalleHHe t H He CHJlbHO OTJlHlIaeTCH OT
npHHHToro 3HaqeHHH. PaClIeT no q,opMYJle
1ff (i BX )=2,36 qw (i BX ) w/e
.lI.aeT, liTO 3HalleHHe i BX He ,lI.OJl)KHO npeBbIlllaTb 10- 9 A.
Y 06bIlIHbIX 6HnOJlHpHblX TpaH3HcTopOB BXO.lI.HOH TOK (TOK 6a3bI)
Ha HeCKOJlbKO nOpH)I.KOB npeBbIlllaeT 3TO 3HalleHHe. 003TOMY 6H-
nOJlHpHbIe TpaH3 CTOpbI He MorYT 06ecnellHTb Tpe6yeMoro ypOBHH
lllYMOB B npeu.H3HOHHWX cneKTpOMeTpHlIeCKHX TpaKTax H BO BXO.lI.-
HblX KaCKa,lI.aX 3THX TpaKTOB 06blllHO He npHMeHHIOTCH. nOJlYlJ.eHHe
CTOJlb MaJlbIX BXO.lI.HbIX TOKOB B03MO)KHO fIpH HCnOJlb30BaHHH B Ka-
lIeCTBe rOJIOBHOrO YCHJIHTeJIbHOrO 3J1eMeHTa 3J1eKTpOBaKYYMHoro
TpHO,lI.a, KOTOpbIH MomHO elll.e BCTpeTHTb B pa3pa60TKax npOWJlbIX
JleT, JlH60 nOJleBOrO TpaH3HCTopa, KOTopble npHMeHHIOTCH B Ha-
CTOHllI.ee BpeMH H n03BOJlHIOT nOJlYlIHTb CYllI.eCTBeHHO JIYlIIIIHe
xapaKTepHCTHKH npeJI.YCHJlHTeJIeH.
TenJlOBOH TOK p 3HCTopa RH 06YCJlOBJleH xaOTHlIeCKHM Ten-
JlOBblM .lI.BH}I{eHHeM 3JIeKTpOHOB n"pOBO.lI.HMOCTH. B Ka}l{.lI.blH MOMeHT
BpeMeHH lIaCTb 3J1eKTpOHOB npOBO.lI.HHKa .lI.BH}I{eTCH B O.lI.HOM Ha-
npaBJleHHH, C03.lI.aBaH Cpe.lI.HHH TenJlOBOH .OK iT, lIaCTb B npOTHBO-
nOJIO}l{HOM, C03.lI.aBaH TaKOR )Ke Cpe.lI.HHR TOK iT TaK, liTO CYMMap-
H,blH cpeAHHH TOK 3JIeKTpOHOB paBeH HYJIIO. O.lI.HaKO wyM BOH 3apH.lI.,
C03.lI.aBaeMWR 3THMH TOKaMH 3a HeKOTopoe BpeMH HHTerpHpOBaHHH
t H , He 6YJI.eT paBeH HYJllO. OpH HeKOTopOH TeMnepaType T Cpe,l(HHR
TOK 3J1eKTpOHOB, .lI.BH)KYllI.HXCH B O.lI.HOM HanpaBJleHHH, iT paBeH
2kT / (RHe), r.lI.e k - nOCTOHHHaH DOJlblI.MaHa. OpH 3TOM lllYMOBOH
3apH.lI., 06YCJlOBJIeHHbIH .lI.eHCTBHeM BCTpellHbIX TOKOB, paBeH:
qw (T)= (2i r t H e) 1/2 =(4kTt H / RH) 1/2.
o pH BbI60pe napaMeTpOB npeAYCHJlHTeJlH, onpe.lI.eJlHlOllI.HX ero
rnYMOBble xapaKTepHCTHKH, CTpeMHTC,H CBeCTH ll1YMbl K MHHHMYMY,
O,l1.HaKO HelI.eJIecoo6pa3HO 3aTpallHBaTb YCHJlHH Ha YMeHbllIeHHe
KaKOH-JlH60 OAHOR COCTaBJIHIOIlI.eH lllYMa, KOf.lI.a ,l1.PyrHe COCTaBJIH-
IOllI.He ,lI.alOT CYlIl.eCTBeHHO 60JIbllIHH BKJla,ll B WYMbI. fl03TOMY Ha
npaKTHKe CTapalOTCH BbI6paTb YCJlOBHH, npH KOTOpbIX BKJla)J.bI
. WYMOB pa3Horo THna B o6IlI.ee pa3perneHH€ npHMepHO O)J.HHaKOBbl.
TenJlOBOH lIIYM YMeHbwaeTCH C YBeJlHlIeHHeM RH H cpaBHHBaeTCH
C lllYMOM BXO,lI.HorO TOKa rOJlOBHOrO KaCKaJI.a YCHJIHTeJlH npH i BX =
=4kT/(eRH),.OTKY,lI.a RH=4kT/(i BX e).
99
HeTPY,lI.HO nO,ll.ClIHTaTb, liTO npH i BX = 10- 9 A H npH KOMHaTHOH
TeMnepaType (4k T / e = 0, 1 B) TenJIOBbIe lIlYMbI conpOTHBJIeHHH
RH H WYMbI BXO,ll.HOrO TOKa paBHbI npH RH= 10 8 OM. 3TO 3Ha-
lIeHHe Ha HeCKOJIbKO nOpH,lI.KOB npeBbIlllaeT 3,HalleHHe RH, Heo6xo-
,lI.HMOe ,lI.JIH BbInOJIHeHHH YCJIOBHH nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHHH 3apH,lI.a.
TaK, Y THnHlIHOrO OO,Q, npHMeHHeMOrO ,lI.JIH raMMa-CneKTpOMeT-
pHH, C06CTBeHHaH eMKOCTb CJJ. COCTaBJIHeT OKOJIO 50 n<l>, a BpeMH
co6HpaHHH HOCHTeJIeH nOpH,lI.Ka 10- 7 C, H YCJIOBHe nOJIHOrO HHTer-
pHpOBaHHH BbInOJIHHeTCH npH RH> 10 t i /CJJ,=2.10 4 OM. TaKHM
06pa30M, ,lI.JIH 06ecnelleHHH HH3Koro ypOBHH WYMOB npHXO,ll.HTCH
6paTb conpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH CYIll.eCTBeHHO BbIwe Tex 3HalleHHH,
KOTopbIe paCClIHTbIBalOTCH H3 YCJIOBHH nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHHH
3apH,lI.a ,lI.eTeKTopa. OpH RH = 10 8 OM H CJJ, = 50 n<l> ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb
cna,ll.a HMnYJIbCa HanpH}I{eHHH Ha BXO,ll.e YCHJIHTeJIH 1: = RHCJJ, co-
CTaBJIHeT 5. 10- 3 c.
<l>JIYKTyall.HH BbIXO,l{HOrO TOKa rOJIOBHOrO TpaH3HCTopa a (i BbIX )
TaK}I{e C03,l1.aIOT B cneKTpOMeTpHlIeCKOM TpaKTe 3aMeTHbIe WYMbl.
,QJIH cpaBHeHHH 3TOH COCTaBJIHIOIll.eH WYMOB C CHrHaJIOM, CHHMa-
eMbIM C ,lI.eTeKTOpa, Heo6xo,ll.HMO npHBeCTH ee KO BXO,ll.Y YCHJIHTeJI_H,
T. e. HaHTH QJJIYKTyaIl.HH 3apH,lI.a ,lI.eTeKTOpa, KOTopble C03.lI.aBaJIH
6bI rnYM, 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIH WYMaM BbIXO,l{HOrO TOKa i BbiX . C pe.lI.HHH
KBa.lI.paTHlIeCKaH <PJIYKTyall.HH BbIXO.lI.HOrO TOKa (J (i BblX ) ,paBHa
(iBbIXe/tH) 1/2. ,QeHCTBHTeJIbHO, BbIXO.lI.HOH TOK 3a HeKOTopoe BpeMH
t H C03.lI.aeT 3apH.lI. q = iBbiXt H , COCTOHIll.HH H3 N = q / e = iBbiXt H / e 3JIe-
MeHTapHbIX 3apH.lI.OB. Cpe.lI.HHH KBa,lI.paTHlIeCKaH $JIYKTyaIl.HH lIHCJIa
3THX 3apH,lI.OB paBHa: a (N)= N 1 / 2 =(iBblxtH/e) 1/2, CPJIYKTyall.HH 3a-
pH.lI.a: a (q)=a (N) e=(i Bbix t H e)I/2, a CTaTHCTHlIeCKaH QJJIYKTyaIl.HH
TOKa: a (i BbIX )= a (q)/t H , OTKY,lI.a H nOJIYlIaeM a (iB X)=(iBblXe/tH) 1/2.
CJIe.lI.yeT OTMeTHTb, liTO QJJIYKTyall.HH BbIXO,lI.HOrO TOKa He HBJIHIOTCH
a6COJIIOTHO CTaTHCTHlIeCKH He3aBHCHMbIMH, n03TOMY 3HalleHHe a (i BblX )
Heo6xo,l{HMO YMHO}l{HTb Ha HeKOTopbIH K03<p<pHIl.HeHT F, HeCKOJIbKO
MeHbwHH 1, MbI }l{e ,lI.JIH npocToTbI 6Y,lI.eM nOJIaraTb ero paB-
HbIM 1.
,QJIH cpaBHeHHH wYMa BbIX0.lI.HOrO TOKa C OCTaJIbHbIMH KOM-
u u u.* u
nOHeHTaMH HaH,lI.eM HeKoTopbIH BXO,ll.HOH TOK lBx, KOTOpbIH C03,l1.aBaJI
6bI Ha BbIXO,ll.e YCHJIHTeJIbHOrO 3JIeMeHTa QJJIYKTyall.HH, paBHbIe
a (i BbIX ). BXO,ll.HOH TOK i: x C03.lI.aeT 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIH WYMOBOH 3ap H .lI.
qw (i BX ) =(i:xtHe) 1/2. Tor.lI.a cpe.lI.Hee KBa.lI.paTHlIecKoe wYMoBoe Ha-
npH}I{eHHe U w Ha C H paBHO: U w = qw (i BX ) / C H . llIYMoBoe HanpHLKe-
HHe Ha BXO,l{e rOJIOBHOrO YCHJIHTeJIbHOrO 3JIeMeHTa BbI3bIBaeT <PJIYK-
Tyall.HH TOKa Ha ero BbIXO,ll.e: a (i:blX) = U wS, r.lI.e S - KpYTH3Ha
BXO,ll.HOrO 3JIeMeHTa (oTHollleHHe npHpalll.eHHH TOKa Ha BbIXO,lI.e
3JIeMeHTa K H3MeHeHHIO HanpHLKeHHH Ha ero BXO.lI.e), ,lI.JIH nOJIeB_bIX
TpaH3HcTopOB, npHMeHHeMbIx B 34Y, HMeeT 3HalleHHe 5-8 MA1B.
npHpaBHHBaH a (i BbIX ) H a (i:blX), nOJIYlIaeM:
iBbiXe / t H = i: x t H eS 2 / C ,
100
OTKY,lI.a
i BblX = i:xt S2 I C ;
qw (i BbIX ) = (i:xt M eY/2 =[iBbIXeC 1 (S2t M )] 1/2.
,L{JIH TOrO qT06bI ll1YMbI, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIe BbIXO,lI.HbIM TOKOM'1 BblX
He npeBbIll1 aJIH WYMOB, BbI3bIBaeMbIX BXO,lI.HbIM HJIH TenJIOBbIM
TOKaMH, BbIXO,lI.HOH TOK i BblX ,lI.OJI)KeH 6bITb MeHbll1e HJIH paBeH
iBxt S2 / C , H ,lI.JIH Y)Ke paCCMOTpeHHoro CJIyqaH (i BX = 10- 9 A, t M =
=3,2-10-6 c, C H =50 n<l» iBblx 2,6-10:-4 A.
YpoBeHb ll1YMOB, 06YCJ10BJIeHHbIH BceMH TpeMH Q>aKTopaMH,
onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH BbIpa)KeHHeM:
qw = [q (i sx ) + q (T) + q (i sblx )] 1/2 = [(isxe +
+ 4kT ) t H + C i: xe ] 1/2.
Ru S t H
113 3Toro BbIpa)KeHHH M'O)KHO HaHTH 3HaqeHHe t M , npH KOTOpOM
ll1YM MHHHMaJIeH. B03bMeM npOH3BO,lI.HYIO no t M H npHpaBHHeM ee
HYJIIO:
i BX e+4kT I RH- C iBblXel (S2t ) =0,
OTKY,lI.a
t M = [( C iBbIXe)/(iBxS2e + 4k TS 2 / RH)] 1/2.
KaK Y)Ke OTMeqaJIOCb BbIll1e, OnTHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe t M H eCTb
HCKOMoe 3HaqeHHe 'to - a6C0J1IOTHOe 3HaqeHHe nOCTOHHHbIX, BpeMeH
HHTerpHPYIOlll.eH H ,lI.HQ><t>epeHlI.HPYIOlll.HX lI.enOqeK. ECJIH nO,lI.CTaBHTb
B nOJ1yqeHHOe BbIpa)KeHHe peaJIbHbIe 3HaqeHHH napaMeTpOB THnHqHOH
cneKTpOMeTpHqeCKOH YCTaHOBKH, BKJIlOqalOlll.eH nn,L{ H. BXO,lI.HOM
npe,lI.YCHJIHTeJIb Ha nOJIeBOM TpaH3HCTope, a HMeHHO: i BX = 10- 9 A,
RH=108 OM, S=8 MA/B, C H =50 n<l>, iBblx=2,6-10-4 A, TO
nOJ1yqHM 3HaqeHHe 'to=2,25-10- 6 C. CpaBHHM 3TO 3HaqeHHe C
,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO Q>pOHTa tq, HMnYJIbCa HanpH)KeHHH, paBHoro 10- 7 C
(BpeMH c06HpaHHH HOCHTeJIeH), H ,lI.J1HTeJIbHOCTblO cna,lI.a RHC H .
= 5 - 10- 3 C. BH,lI.HO, qTO ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO BbInOJIHHeTCH COOTHOll1eHHe:
tq, 'to RHC H . TaKHM 06pa30M, OnTHMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe nOCTOHH-
HOM Q>OpMHpOBaHHH CHrHaJ1a B cneKTpOMeTpHqeCKOM TpaKTe 3a-
BHCHT He TOJIbKO OT napaMeTpOB YCHJIHTeJ1H (i BX , S, i BbIX ), HO TaK)Ke
OT conpOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH ,lI.eTeKTOpa RH H OT eMKOCTH caMoro
,lI.eTeKTOpa, BXO,lI.Hlll.e B C H . 003TOMY npH CMeHe ,lI.eTeKTOpa B
cneKTpOMeTpe MO)KeT hOTpe60BaTbCH nepeCTpOMKa nOCTOHHHbIX
BpeMeHH Q>OPMHPYIOlll.HX u.eneH, ,lI.JIH qero 06bIqHO B OCHOBHOM YCH-
JIHTeJIe cneKTpOMeTpHqeCKOrO TpaKTa npe,lI.YCMOTpeHW COOTBeTCTBY-
IOlll.He nepeKJIlOqaTeJ1H.
MbI nOJIyqHJ1H BbIpa>KeHHe ,lI.JIH onpe,lI.eJIeHHH ll1YMOBoro 3apH,lI.a,
O,lI.HaKQ Ha npaKTHKe y,lI.06Hee nOJIb30BaTbCH 3HepreTHqeCKHMH e,lI.H-
101
HHu.aMJ1. 3HepreTH4eCKHH 3KBHBaJIeHT ll1YMa, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIH TpeMfI
paCC OTpeHHbIMH Q>aKTOpaMH, 6Y,lI.eT OnHCbIBaTbCfI . BbIpaJKeHHeM
LU===2,36w
CRX + 4kT) t H + C :B X .
e eR r S-e t H
B nO,lI.KOpeHHOe BbIpa>Ke.HHe BXO,lI.flT ,lI.B 4JIeHa, nepBbIH He 3aBHCHT OT
eMKOCTH HarpY3KH, a BTOpOH npOnOPQHOHaJIeH KBa,lI.paTY eMKOCTH
HarpY3KH. ,L{JIfI Y,lI.06CTBa npHMeHeHHfI L\ w npe,lLCTaBJlf1IOT B BH,lLe
JIHHeHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH
A A d7f ll, C
L1 w===L1 O + dC H,
r,lLe L\ 0 - ll1YM npH HYJIeBOH eMKOCTH; d .w 1 dC - HaKJIOH WYMO-
BOH xapaKTepHCTHKH.
Ha pHC. 3.& npHBe,lI.eHa 3aBHCHMOCTb WYMOBOH xapaKTepHCTHKH
THnH4Horo npOMbIUlJIeHHOrO npe,lI.ycHJIHTeJIfI OT eMKOCTH HarpY3KH
Cli. Ha Y4acTKe OT 0 ,lI.O 70 n<l> xapaKTepHcTHKa w, K3B, MO>KeT
6bITb npe,lI.CTaBJIeHa BbIpaJKeHHeM
.
L\ UJ === 1,4 + 0,02 C H ,
r,Ll,e C H BbIpa)KeHO B n<l>. 3HaHHe TaKoro pO,lI.a xapaKTepHcTHKH
npe,lI.ycHJIHTeJ1f1 n03B0J1f1eT JIerKO OQeHHTb O)KH,lI.aeMOe pa3perneHHe
cneKTpoMeTpa npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH ,lLeTeKTOpa C 3a,lLaHHOH eMKOCTblO.
KaKoB Q>H3H4ecKHH CMbICJ1 nOJIY4eHHoH xapaKTepHcTHKH? Pac-
CMOTpHM ,lI.JIfI npocToTbI aHaJIH3q YCHJIHTeJIb HanpflJKeHHfI, KO BXO,lI.Y
KOToporo nO,lI.COe,lI.HHeH ,lLeTeKTOp H3BecTHoH eMKOCTH. AMnJIHTY,lI.a
CHrHaJIa Ha BXO,lI.e YCHJ1HTeJIfI A"......, q 1 C H H na,lI.aeT C Y:BeJIH4eHHeM
BXO,lI.HOH eMKOCTH. Cpe,lI.Hee KBa,lI.paTH4eCKoe rnYMOBoe Hanpfl)KeHHe
Ha BXO,lI.e, C03,lI.aBaeMoe ll1YMOM BXO,lI.HOrO TOKa H TenJIOBbIM ll1YMOM
conpOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH, paBHO: U w, BX === [q (i Bx ) + q (T)] -- 1/21 C H H
TaKJKe na,lI.aeT 06paTHo npOnOPQHOHaJIbHO eMKOCTH C H . TaKHM 06-
pa30M, ,lI.J1H 3THX KOMnOHeHT wYMa OTHOllleHHe CHrHaJIa K WYMY
He 3aBHCHT OT eMKOCTH C H . B TO >Ke BpeMfI BbIXO,lI.HOH TOK C03,lI.aeT
ll1YM Ha BbIXO,lI.e TpaH3HCTopa, KOTOpbIH HHKaK He 3aBHCHT OT
eMKOCTH C H : Uw, BblX === Rca(iBblX) === Rc(iBblxelt H )I/2, r,lI.e Rc - conpo-
THBJIeHHe B u.efIH TOKa nOJIeBOrO TpaH3HCTOpa. OOCKOJIbKY C B03-
paCTaHHeM C H aMnJIHTY,lI.a CHrHaJIa na,lI.aeT, a WYMOBoe HanpflJKe-
HHe, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe BbIXO,lI.HbIM TOKOM U w, BbIX, He MeHfleTCfI, OTHO-
llleHHe CHrHaJIa K WYMY ,lI.JIfI 3TOH KOMnOHeHTbI YXY,lI.ll1aeTCfI C YBe-
JIH4eHHeM C H .
3TH pacCYJK.lI.eHHfI MOJKHO pacnpOCTpaHHTb H Ha 34Y, paCCMaTpH-
Bafl ero KaK YCHJIHTeJIb C nepeMeHHbIM K03Q>Q>HQHeHTOM YCHJIeHHfI K,
npH4eM K l/CH'
OpOBe,lI.eHHbIe BbIrne ou.eHKH 3Ha4eHHfI i BX , RH, i BulX OTHOCHJIHCb
K pacnpOCTpaHeHHOMY B 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH npaKTHKe CJIY4alO
. 102
nOJIynpOBO.J.HrlKOBOH raMMa-CneK1'pO- Js w, K3B
MeTpHH, npe,lI.'bHBJIHlOllI.eH He CJIHllIKOM
BbICOKHe Tpe60BaHHH K ypOBHIO llIYMOB 8
npe,lI.ycHJIHTeJIH. CYllI.eCTByeT III HpO-
KHH Kpyr 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHWX 3a,lI.a4,
r,lI.e 3TH Tpe60BaHHH CYllI.eCTBeHHO BbI-
Ille. Hanpl1Mep, cneKTpOMeTpHH peHT-
reHOBCKoro H3JIY4eHHH Tpe6yeT, 4T06bI a Z 'f 10 20 '+0 C H , n<P
3HepreTH4eCKHH 3KBHBaJIeHT llIYMa CO-
CTaBJIHJI OKOJIO 100 3B. 113 3Toro 3Ha - PHC. 3.5. 3aBHcHM CTb llIYMOBOH /
xapaKTepHcTHKH YCHJ1HTeJIH OT
:eHHH CJIe,lI.yeT, B 4aCTHocTH, 4TO TOK eMKOCTH HarpY3KH
lax nOJIeBOrO TpaH3HCTOpa, CTOHllI.erO
Ha BXO,lI.e npe,lI.YCHJIHTeJIH, ,lI.OJImeH 6bITb He 6oJ1ee 10- II A. CooTBeT-
CTBOBaTb 3TOMY Tpe6oBaHHIO ,lI.OJIlKHbI H 3Ha4eHHH KPYTH3HbI S, H ..
BbIXO,lI.HorO TOKa i BblX . TaKl1e napaMeTpbI 06ecne4HBalOTCH cOBpeMeH-
HOH TeXHOJIOrHefl; XOTH H HaXO,lI.HTCH yme Ha npe,lI.eJIe ee cerOAHHIllHHX
B03MOJKHOCTeH.
,aJIH YJIY411IeHHH OTHOIlleHHH CHrHaJIa K WYMY npHMeHHIOTcH
TaKJKe cneu.HaJIbHbIe KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe MepbI - cxeMHbIe peIlleHHH,
n03B0J1HlOllI.He YMeHbIllHTb BXO,lI.HYIO eMKOCTb YCHJIHTeJIH H TeM ca-
MbIM 3HaLJ:eHHe C H . npl1MeHHeTcH TaKme OXJIam,lI.eHHe rOJlOBHOrO
KaCKa,lI.a YCHJIHTeJIH H u.enl1 HarpY3KH ,lI.O TeMnepaTypbI "'" 1 00 K.
Becb npOBe,lI.eHHbIH BbIllie aHaJIH3 OTHOCHJICH K CJIY4alO, THnH4-
HOMY ,lI.JIH cneKTpoMeTpHH, KOr,lI.a Ha HarpY3Ke ,lI.eTeKTOpa npoH3Bo-
,lI.HTCH nOJIHOe HHTerpHpoBaHHe 3apH,lI.a. O,lI.HaKO B HeKoTopbIX
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX CHTyaU.HHx (OHH paccMoTpeHbI B cJIe,lI.YlOllI.Hx
rJIaBax) HHTerpHpoBaHHe 3apH,lI.a Ha HarpY3Ke ,lI.eTeKTOpa He,lI.Onyc-
THMO - Heo6xo,lI.HMO CHHMaTb C ,lI.eTeKTOpa KopoTKHe TOKOBbIe CHr-
HaJIbl H npHMeHHTb TOKOBbIe YCHJIHTeJIf:i. AHaJIH3 nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO
B TOKOBbIX YCHJIHTeJIHX OTHoweHHe CHrHaJIa K IllYMY nOJIY4aeTcH
xYJKe, LJ:eM B YCI1JIHTeJIHX HanpHfKeHHH HJIH 3l.JY.
PaccMoTpHM CJIY4aH TOKOBoro C'beMa CHrHaJIa C ,lI.eTeKTOpa,
KOr,lI.a BbInOJIHHeTCH YCJIOBHe RHiC H « ti, r,lI.e t i - ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb
HMnYJIbCa TOKa ,lI.eTeKTOpa; RHi - corrpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH ,lI.eTeK-
Topa. OrpaHH4HMCH paCCMOTpeHHeM TOJIbKO O,lI.HOH KOMnOHeHTbI
WYMa - mYMa TenJIOBOrO TOKa pe3HCTopa RHi, TaK KaK npH MaJIbIX
RHi H np04HX paBHbIX -YCJIOBHHX I1MeHHO 3Ta KOMnOHeHTa HBJIHeTCH
,lI.OMHHHPYlOllI.eH. B 3TOM CJIYLJ:ae Q:>JIYKTyaU.I1H TenJIOBOrO WYMOBoro
TOKa paBHbI:
a(iT) = qw(T) / (RHiC H ) = [4kT'/ (R iCH) r/ 2 .
OTHo.rneHHe TOKOBoro Cl1rHaJIa ,lI.eTeKTOpa ill. K Q>JIYKTyaU.HHM
,.
wYMoBoro TOKa paBHo:
Pi = iJl./a(ir) = ill. [4kT /(R iCH)]- 1/2.
B cJIYLJ:ae nOJIHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHI1H RHC H '// ti H BbI60pa onTH-
MaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHHH 'Ill. = T H = To; nOJIaraH, 4TO C H He H3MeHHJIOCb,
103
a H3MeHHJ10Cb JIHrnb corrpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH, OTHoweHHe aMrrJIH-
TY,lI.bI CHrHaJ1a K WYMY
PA = q / qw = i ti[4kTTo/ RH]- 1/2 = i [4kT T o/(RH{f)- 1/ 2 .
Tor,lI.a OTHOllleHHe PA / Pi paBHO:
PA / Pi = [RH/ RHi[1/2 [tT / (ToR H C H )]1 / 2.
B rrpaKTH4eCKHX CJIY4aHX To lOti; RHiC H 0, 1 ti H [til (ToR H C H )]1/2 1,
B TO >Ke BpeMH OTHorneHHe RH / RHi He MeHbllle 10 H MO>KeT 6bITb
C,lI.eJIaHO cYIlI.eCTBeHHo 60JIbWe, liTO H 06'bHCHHeT B03MO>KHOCTb
nOJIY4eHHH JIY4rnero OTHOIlleHHH CHrHaJ1a K WYMY npH HHTerpH-
pOBaHHH 3apH,lI.a ,lI.eTeKTOpa Ha ero BXO,lI.e, no cpaBHeHHIO co C'belVIOM
TOKOBoro CHrHaJIa.
3.4. BJlHSlHHE HAJ10)l(EHHR HA PA3PEIlIEHHE CnEKTPOMETPA
KaK Y>Ke OTMe4aJIOCb, npH nOBbIIlleHHbIX Cpe,lI.HHX qaCTOTax
nocTynJIeHHH CHrHaJIOB C ,lI.eTeKTOpa Ha BXO,lI. cneKTpOMeTpH4eCKoro
TpaKTa B03MO>KHbI CYlll.eCTBeHHbIe HCKa>KeHHH <POpMbI cneKTpaJ1b-
HbIX J1HHHH. OpaKTH4eCKoe perneHHe 3a,lI.a4H 0 HaJ10>KeHHHX B 06-
IlI.eM BH,lI.e ,lI.J1H CHrHaJ10B H cneKTpoB npOH3BOJIbHOH <POpMbI BCTpe-
4aeT OOJ1blllHe TPY,lI.HOCTH. 003TOMY B HaCTOHlll.ee BpeMH 3a,lJ.a4a
o HaJ10>KeHHHX peIlleHa TOJ1bKO ,/J,JIH HeKoTopbIX 4aCTHblX CJIY4aeB,
,lI.a H TO, KaK npaBHJIO, -HaHJI.eHbI npH6J1HJKeHHbIe perneHHH. B 60JIb-
IllHHCTBe CJ1YlIaeB paccMaTpHBaeMbIe CHrHaJ1bI pa30HBalOTCH Ha ,lI.Be
06J1aCTH: 06J1aCTb, oXBaTbIBalOIlI.YIO aMnJ1HTYJI.bI HMnYJ1bCOB, 6J1H3-
KHX K Cpe,lI.HeMY 3Ha4eHHJO B cneKTpaJ1bHOH JIHHHH, H 06J1aCTb,
oXBaTbIBalOIlI.YIO aMnJ1HTY,lI.bI HMrrYJ1bCOB, ,lI.aJIeKHX OT MaKcHMYMa,
cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH, - «XBOCTbI pacnpeJI.eJ1eHHH». DJ1H3KaH 06-
JIaCTb HHTepecyeT HCCJ1eJI.OBaTeJ1H npH onpe,lI.eJ1eHHH pa3peIlleHHH,
rrJ10Ill.aJI.H JIHHHH H ,lI.PyrHx xa paKTepHcTHK, a JI.aJ1eKaH 06J1aCTb-
npH perHcTpaUHH CJIaOOHHTeHcHBHbIX JIHHHH npH HaJ1H4HH KOHTH-
HYYMa OT ,lI.aJIeKO OTCTOHIlI.HX BbICOKOHHTeHCHBHbIX JIHHHiL
OpOBe,l(eM oueHKY HCKaJKeHHH aMnJ1HTY,lI.HOrO cneKTpa, 06YCJ10B-
J1eHHbIX HaJ10JKeHHHMH B0J1H3H MaKcHMYMa JIMHHH. Ope,lI.n0J10>KHM,
4TO Cpe,lI.HHH 4aCTOTa cneJI.OBaHHH HMnYJIbCOB He 04eHb BeJIHKa H
B03HHKalOT TOJIbKO O,lJ.HOKpaTHbIe HaJ10JKeHHH. OYCTb aMnJ1HTY,lI.HbIH
cneKTp HeHaJIO>KeHHbIX HMnYJIbCOB (KOTOpbIH MOJKHO n0J1Y4HTb npH
pa60Te C MaJ10H qaCToToH. CJIe,lI.OBaHHH CHrHaJ10B) HMeeT BH,lI. 6-<PYH-
KUHH, HMnYJ1bCbI HMelOT aMnJ1HTY,lI.Y A, KPYTOH <ppOHT H 3KcnOHeH-
UHaJ1bHbIH cna,lI., onHCbIBaeMbIH <POPMYJ10H U (t) = Ae -tiT (CM. ,lI.Ha-
rpaMMY II, T04KY a poco 3.3). 0603Ha4HM aMnJ1HTY,lI.Y HMnYJ1bCa,
B03HHKalOIlI.erO npH HaJ10JKeHHH y. ECJIH cJIeJI.YIOlll.HH HaJ10JKeHHbIH
HMnYJ1bC nocTynHJ1 4epe3 BpeMH t nOCJIe nOHBJ1eHHH. npe,lI.bI,lI.YIlI.erO,
TO ero aMnJ1HTY,lI.a (OTC4HTbIBaeMaH OT HYJ1eBOrO YPOBHH) 6YJI.eT
paBHa y(t) = A(l + e -tiT). ,L{J1H BbI4HCJ1eHHH cneKTpa aMnJIHTY,lI. B
104
YCJIOBHHX HaJIO>KeHHH Heo6xo,lI.HMO HaHTH nJIOTHOCTb BepOHTHOCTH
g(y) TOrO, liTO y 6Y,lI.eT HMeTb 3a,lI.aHHOe 3HalleHHe. ,L{JIH ynpOmeHHH
<POPMYJI 6Y,lI.eM nOJIaraTb A = 1. .
OOCKOJIbKY cOBoKynHocTb perHcTpHpyeMbIx qaCTHLI, npe,lI.CTaBJIHeT
C060H nyaccoHoBCKHH nOTOK, HHTepBaJIbI t MeJK,lI.Y HMnYJIbCaMH
pacnpe,lI.eJIeHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM P(t) = ne -nt, r,lI.e n-
Cpe,lI.HHH qaCTOTa CJIe,lI.OBaHHH HMnYJIbCOB.
,L{JIH nOJIYlIeHHH <PYHKUHH pacnpe,lI.eJ1eHHH g(y) no H3BeCTHOMY
pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHIO P(t) BOCnOJIb3yeMcH COOTHoweHHeM, BbIBO,lI.HMbIM no
npaBHJIaM 3aMeH nepeMeHHoH:
g(y) = P [t(y)] I dt(y) / dy I '
r,lI.e t(y) - <PYHKLI,HH, 06paTHaH y(t); t(y) = - 'tln(y - 1), a MO,lI.YJIb
ee npOH3BO,lI.HOH paBeH 't / (y - 1).
TaKHM 06pa30M,
g(y) = n 'texp[n'tln (y - 1 )]/(y - 1) = n't(Y - 1 )nT- I.
3TO BbIpa>KeHHe CnpaBe,lI.J1HBO TOJIbKO npH MaJ1bIX 3HalleHHHX n't
(n 't 1), T. e. TOr,lI.a, KOr,lI.a BepoHTHoCTb ,lI.BOHHbIX HaJIOJKeHHH
MaJIa. rpa<pHK nOJIYlIeHHoH <PYHKLI,HH ,lI.J1H CJIYlIaH n't = 0, 1 npHBe,lI.eH
Ha pHC. 3.6. BMecTo 6-<PYHKLI,HH nOJIyqaeTCH lllHpOKHH cneKTp, npo-
CTHpalOI.UHMCH ,lI.0 3HalleHHH aMnJIHTY,lI., B,lI.BOe BbIllle HCTHHHbIX.
B ,lI.eHCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH JKe, eCJIH YlIecTb HaJ10JKeHHH 60JIee BbICOKOH
KpaTHocTH, HCKaJKeHHe HMnYJIbCOB 6Y,lI.eT eIll.e BbIllle. CJIe,lI.yeT 06-
paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha 60J1blllYIO ,lI.OJIIO HCKa)KeHHbIX HMnYJIbCOB. ,[teA-
eTBHTeJ1bHO, OTHOCHTeJIbHOe lIHCJIO HMnYJIbCOB, HMelOlfLHX aMnJIHTY,lI.Y
y BbIllle HeKoTopoH a MnJ1HTY,lI.bI a: y > a, paBHO
a
m:(y- ItT-1dy=(y-l)nT I
1
TaK, npH nOCTOHHHOH Cna,lI.a 't = 10- 3 C (THnHlIHbIe 3HalleHHH ,lI.JIH
CHrHaJIOB Ha BbIXO,lI.e 34Y) H npH n't = 0,1 (cpe,lI.HHH lIaCTOTa
CJIe,lI.OBaHHH HMnYJIbCOB Bcero 100 C - I) OKOJIO 20 % HMnYJIbCOB
6Y,lI.YT HMeTb aMnJ1HTY,lI.Y Ha 10% 60JIbllIe HOMHHaJIbHOM, a HMnYJIb-
COB C aMnJ1HTY,lI.OH, OTJ1HlIaIOIlI.eHCH OT HOMHHaJIbHOH MeHbwe, qeM
Ha 1 %, 6Y,lI.eT TOJIbKO 63%.
B KaqeCTBe MepbI YlllHpeHHH cneKTpa H3-3a HaJIOJKeHHH BbIqepeM
TaKoe 3HalleHHe WHpHHbI y KpHBOH g(y), B npe,lI.eJ1ax KOToporo
YKJIa,lI.bIBaeTcH 67% C06bITHH (npH 3TOM /),y 6Y,lI.eT paBHo 0,67 nT) .
113 pHC. 3.7 BH,lI.HO, Ii liTO, - HanpHMep, ,lI.JIH n't = 0, 1 y 2%,
T. e. eCJIH 6bI H3MepeHHe aMnJIHTY,lI.HorO cneKTpa npOH3Bo,lI.HJIOCb 6bI
cpa3Y Ha BbIXO,lI.e ,lI.eTeKTOpa HJIH CHrHaJIbI, CHHMaeMbIe C ,lI.eTeKTOp_ ,
B npoLl,ecce YCHJIeHHH He nO,lI.BepraJIHCb. 6bI Q>OpMHpOBaHHIO, TO ,lI.JIH
JJ.eTeKTopa e 1KOCTblO C JJ. = 50 n<l> H conpOTHBJ1eHHeM HarpY3KH
R H = 5. 10 7 OM ('t = 2,5. 10- 3 c) Y>Ke npH Cpe,lI.HeM qaCTOTe cJIe,lI.O-
105
g
1 , 8
1,2
0,8
0,4
0 1 2
1,0 1,2 1,'1 1,6 1,8 Y
PHC. 3.6. AMnJIHTY.lI.HbIH cneKTp
CMrHaJIOB a (y) C Y4eTOM HaJIO}l(e-
HHH
!J
10- 1
10-Z
10- 3
0,05 0, 1 0,15 n 'C
PHC. 3.7. 3aBHcHMoCTb aMnJIHTY.lI.-
Horo pa3pelUeHHH y OT OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOH 4aCTOTW CJIe.n.OBaHHfI HM-
nYJIbCOB nT:
BaHHH HMnYJIbCOB 40 c- I (n't = 0,1) YWHpeHHe cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH
H3-3a HaJIO>KeHHH cOCTaBHJIO 6bI 2%.
3TH npOCTeHWHe OIJ.eHKH nOKa3bIBaIOT, 4TO npH nOCTpoeHHH cneK-
TpOMeTpOB, o6pa6aTbIBalOlll.HX YMepeHHoe 4HCJIO (10 3 -10 4 ) C06bITHH
B ceKYH,lI.Y, He06xo,lI.HMO YKopa4HBaTb CHrHaJIbI, o6pa3yeMbIe Ha BbI-
XO,lI.e ,lI.eTeKTopa. TaKoe YKopa4HBaHHe ,lI.JIH nOJIY4eHHH BbIco oro
OTHoweHHH C}irHaJIa K lllYMY MO)KeT npOH3BO,lI.HTbCH TOJIbKO nOCJIe
HeKOToporo yCHJIeHHH CHrHaJIOB H Ha npaKTHKe OCYllI.eCTBJI5IeTCH
B OCHOBHOM YCHJIHTeJIe.
OCTaHOBHMCH Ha O,lI.HOH oc06eHHOCTH, CBH3aHHOH C HaJIO>KeHHHMH
HMnYJIbCOB H npaKTH4eCKH npOHBJIHIOlll.eHCH B npe,lI.YCHJIHTeJIe.
flpe,lI.YCHJIHTeJIb YCHJIHBaeT CHrHaJIbI, elll.e He CQ:>OpMHpOBaHHbIe
H n03TOMY HMelOLll.He KOpOTKHH Q:>POHT nOp5l,lI.Ka BpeMeHH c06Hpa-
HHH HOCHTeJIeH B ,lI.eTeKTOpe Ii 10- 8 -:- 10 -7 C H ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOe BpeMH
cna,lI.a nOp5l,lI.Ka 10 - 3 C. HaJIO>KeHHH TaKHX HMnYJIbCOB, nOM HMO
- HCKaJKeHHH aMnJIHTY,lI.HOrO cneKTpa, npHBO,lI.HT K CYllI.eCTBeHHOMY
CMelll.eHHIO HYJIeBOrO ypOBHH Yo H Q:>JIYKTyaU. HHM 3Toro ypOBHH a (Yo)
(CM. ,lI.HarpaMMY I I, T04KY a pHC. 3.3). 3Ha4eHHe yo ou.eHHBaeTCH
H3 npOCTbIX co06pa)KeHHH. ECJIH B ,lI.eTeKTOpe npH perHCTpaIJ.HH
4aCTHIJ.bI 06pa3yeTcH 3apH,lI. q, TO B HHTerpHpYlOlfLYIO IJ.enb R HC H = 't H -
B e,lI.HHHIJ.Y BpeMeHH 6Y,lI.eT nocTynaTb 3apH,lI. qn, r,lI.e n - Cpe,lI.HHH
4aCTOTa perHCTpaIJ.HH 4aCTHIJ., KOTOpbIH no Q>H3H4eCKOMY CMbICJIY
npe,lI.CTaBJIHeT C060H Cpe,lI.HHH TOK B HHTerpHPYlOllI.eH u.en» R HC H.
ECJIH Ha R HC H YCTaHOBHJIOCb HeKoTopoe paBHoBecHoe 3Ha4eHHe
HanpHJKeHHH yo, TO TOK 4epe3 R H paBeH Yo / R H. B TO )Ke BpeMH OH
,lI.OJI>KeH 6bIa'b paBeH qn, T. e. qn = yo/ RH, OTKY,lI.a Yo = qnRH. TaK
KaK aMnJIHTY,lI.a A CHrHaJIa Ha C H, C03,lI.aBaeMaH 3apH,lI.OM q, paBHa
q / C H, TO Yo = AnR HC H, H OTHOCHTeJIbHOe CMeLll.eHHe _¥POBHH
6 y = Yo / A 6Y,lI.eT paBHO nRHC H . flpH RHC H = 2,5-10 ' C H
n = 4-10 3 c- I 6 y = 10, T. e. CMelll.eHHe HYJIeBOrO ypOBHH B 10 pa3
60JIbllle, 4eM aMnJIHTY,lI.a HMnYJIbca!
106
nOMHMO CMeIll.eHHH HYJleBOrO ypOBHH yo 6Y,lI.YT Ha6JIIO,lI.aTbCH
H Q:>JIYKTyaUHH 3TOrO ypOBHH a (Yo). ,L{JIH BbI4HCJIeHHH a (Yo) BOCnOJIb-
3yeMcH TeopeMoli K3Mn6eJ1JIa (CM. 3.3). B paccMaTpHBaeMoM
CJtY4ae V(t) = Ae- t/TII H
00
(J2(yO) = D(yo) = nA2 exp(-2t/T: H )dt = A 2 nT: H /2.
o
,QJ1H paccMoTpeHHoro BbIwe npHMepa a (Yo) 2,2 A. 3TH paC4eTbI
nOKa3bIBaIOT, 4TO ,lI.HHaMH4eC'KHH ,lI.Hana30H npe.lI.YCHJIHTeJ1H, npHM -
. HHeMoro B cneKTpOMeTpe .lI.JIH perHCTpaUHH C06WTHH C YMepeHHOH
Cpe,lI.HeH 4aCTOTOH nocTynJ1eHHH, ,lI.OJI>KeH 6bITb CYIlI.eCTBeHHO WHpe
(B 15-20 pa3), 4eM ,lI.J1H npe.lI.ycHJ1HTeJ1H, paCC4HTaHHoro .lI.J1H YCHJ1e-
HHH pe,lI.KHX C06bITHH. -
BepHeMcH K Bonpocy YKopa4HBaHHH CHrHaJ10B .lI.J1H YMeHbweHHH
BJ1HHHHH HaJ10)KeHHH Ha pa3perneHHe cneKTpoMeTpa. Ha H6oJ1ee
pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM cnoco6oM YKopa4HBaHHH CHrHaJ10B HBJ1HeTCH
,lI.HQ:>Q:>epeHlI.HpOBaHHe CHrHaJ1a Ha RC-u.eno4Ke JIH60 Ha Ka6eJIbHOH
JIHHHH 3a,lI.ep)KKH (B HeKoTopbIX CJIY4aHx npHMeHHeTCH Q>OpMHpoBa-
HHe H Ha HMnYJ1bCHbIX TpaHcQ:>opMaTopax). B Q:>OpMHpOBaTeJIe Ha
J1HHHH 3a,lI.epJKKH (pHC. 3.8, a) CHrHaJ1 C BpeMeHeM cna,lI.a T H
= R HC H, npOH,lI.H 4epe3 pe3HcTop C conpOTHBJ1eHHeM Rz, paBHbIM
BOJ1HOBOMY conpOT'HBJ1eHHIO Ka6eJ1H, CKJ1a,lI.bIBaeTCH co CBOHM OTpa-
>KeHHeM OT KOpoTKo3aMKHYToro KOHu.a Ka6eJ1H, OTCTalOIlI.HM Ha
BpeMH 2 t, r,lI.e t - BpeMH 3a,lI.ep>KKH Ka6eJ1H, 11 C03,lI.aeT KOpOTKHH,
Bxon
BhlXOO
RZ
Bxof}
)
861XOd
..
t
BblXOU -#1
>
'&
t
a)
Bxo8
::.
t
BhlxOiJ
t
5)
PHC. 3.8. CxeMbl <pOpMHpoBaHHH CHrHaJIOB Ha J1HHHH 3a.lI.ep)KKH (a) H .lI.H<p<pepeHu,H-
PYIOIJ..I.eH u.enH (6) H BpeMeHHble .lI.Harp.aMMbl CHrHaJIOB Ha BXO.lI.e H BblXP.lI.e Y3JIOB
cpOpMHpoBaHHH
107
n04TH npHMoyrOJIbHbH1 HMnYJIbC ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO 2 t. XapaKTepHOH
OC06eHHOCTblO 3TOrO HMnYJIbCa HBJ1HeTCH He60J1b1l10H OTpHuaTeJIbHbIH
BbI6poc aMnJIHTY,lI.OH A = 2A t / 't H H 3KCnOHeHUHaJ1bHO cn a,lI.a 10-
llI,HH C nOCTOHHHOH 'tHo TIoXO)KaH KapTHHa 6Y,lI.eT Ha6JIIO,lI.aTbCH Ii
npH npOXO>K,lI.eHHH CHrHaJIa C npe,lI.YCHJ1HTeJIH 4epe3 ,lI.HQ:>Q:>epeHUH-
PYIOlll.YIO uen04KY (pHC. 3.8, 6). fl pOll1e,lI.I11HH CHfHaJI 6Y,lI.eT HMeTb
KPYTOH Q:>POHT H 3KcnoHeHUHaJ1bHbIH cna,lI. C nocToHHHOH R JlC 11.' Xa-
paKTepHaH ,lI.J1HTeJIbHOCTb CHfHaJ1a paBHa R JJ.C Jl. KaK H B CJIY4ae
<pOpMHpOBaTeJIH Ha Ka6eJIe, npH ,lI.HQ:>Q:>epeHlJ.IipOBaHHH Ha R JJ. C JJ.- lJ.e-
n04Ke nOHBHTCH oTpHuaTeJIbHbIH BbI6poc C aMnJIHTY,lI.OH A, npHMep-
HO paBHoH: A = AR Jl.C Jl/ 't H H nOCTOHHHOH Cn3,lI.3 'tHo
JIH 060HX cnoc060B Q:>OpMHpOBaHHH BepoHTHoCTb HaJIO)KeHHH
nOJIO>KHTeJIbHbIX lIaCTeH HMnYJIbCOB ,lI.Pyr H3 ,lI.Pyra 6Y,lI.eT cYLll.eCTBeH-
HO MeHbwe, lIeM ,lI.JtH HeCQ:>opMHpOB3HHbIX HMnYJIbCoB. T3K, HanpH-
Mep, npH RJlC Jl = 4-10- 6 C yrnHpeHHe cneKTpa Ha 2% H3-3a HaJ10-
JKeHHH nOJIO>KHT€JIbHbIX lIacTeH CHfHaJIOB 6Y,lI.eT HMeTb MeCTO npH
nR JlC JJ. = 0,1, T. e. npH Cpe,lI.HeH 43CTOTe CJIe,lI.OBaHHH HMnYJIbCOB
n = 2,5-10 4 c- l , 3 yrnHpeHHe Ha 0,1 % - npH n = 10 4 c- I . BH,lI.HO,
liTO npH 3arpY3Ke n 10 4 c- l T3KHMH HaJIO>KeHHHMH MO)KHO npe-
He6pe4b.
O,lI.H3KO B 060HX CJIY4aHx B03HHK31OT H3JIO)KeHHH CHfHaJ10B Ha
,lI.JIHHHbIe OTpHlJ.aTeJ1bHbIe BbI6poCbI C aMnJ1HTY,lI.OH A (CM. pHC. 3.8)
OT npe,lI.bI,lI.YllI,erO CHrH3JIa. flpH TaKOM HaJIOJKeHHH npOHCXO,lI.HT
YMeHbrneHHe aMnJIHTY,lI.bI H3JIOJKeHHOrO HMnYJIbC3, npH4eM npH
I10BbIIlleHHH Cpe,lI.Heft: 4aCTOTbI nocTynJIeHHH HMnYJIbCOB TaKHM HCKa-
>KeHHHM nO,lI.BepraeTCH Bce 60J1bIllaH ,lI.OJ1H HMnYJ1bCOB. OpH 3TOM
Ha BbIXO,lI.e ,lI.H<pQ:>epeHlJ.HPYIOIll.eH uen04 KH Cpe,lI.HHH nOTeHlJ.HaJI 6Y,lI.eT
OTJIH4eH OT HYJ1H (B03 HKaeT TaK Ha3WBaeMaH nOCTOHHH3H COCTaB-
JIHIOLll.aH nOTeHlJ.HaJIa), H C YBeJ1H4eHHeM 4aCTOTbI nocTynJ1eHHH
HMnYJIbCOB 3TOT nOTeHlJ.HaJI 6Y,lI.eT YBeJIH4HB3TbCH (no a6C0J1IOTHOMY
3H34eHHIO). 3TO HBJIeHHe HOCHT Ha3BaHHe «CMeLll.eHHe nOCTOHHHOH
COCTaBJIHIOlll.eH» H ,lI.J1H_ aHaJIH3HpYIOLll.HX YCTPOHCTB, H3MepHIOlIl.HX
3MnJIHTY,lI.bI OTHOCHTeJIbHO HYJIeBOfO ypOBHH, npHBO,lI.HT K T3K Ha-
3bIBaeMoH 43CTOTHOH nepefpY3Ke - CMelIl.eHHIO cneKTpaJIbHOH J1HHHH
B 06JI3CTb MeHbll1HX aMnJIHTY,lI., KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 3.3
(,lI.Hafp3MMa I I, T04Ka 6).
ECTecTBeHHo, 4TO nO,lI.06HOe CMelll.eHHe nocToHHHOH COCTaBJIHIO-
llI,eH B03HHKaeT He TOJIbKO OCJ1e <P0pMHPYIOlll.HX RJlCJl.-lJ.eneH, HO H
BO Bcex Y3J1aX cneKTpoMeTpHlIecKofo Tp3KTa, CO,lI.epfKalll.HX nepe-
XO,lI.HbIe eMKOCTH. CMelll.eHHe nocToHHHOH COCTa BJIHIOlll.eH paBHO
YO= An'tH=An'tJl' nOCKOJIbKY A=A'tJJ./'tH. OTHOCIiTeJIbHOe CMe-
lll.eHHe ypOBHH Yo paBHO J!.o/ A = n'tJl. HanpHMep, ,lI.JIH n = 2,5 X
X 10- 4 c- 1 H 't Jl =4-10- C OTHOCHTeJIbHOe cMemeHHe COCTaBHT:
yo/ A = 10%. Ha 3TO JKe 3Ha4eHHe CMeCTHTCH Ii BCH lllKaJIa cneKTpo-
MeTpa. C YBeJIHlIeHHeM Cpe,lI.HeH 4aCTOTbI perHcTpau,HH C06bITHH C,lI.BHr
IllKaJIbI cneKTpoMeTpa 6YJJ.eT YBeJIH4HBaTbcH, npHBoJJ.H K HapyweHHIO
fpa,lI.YHpoBKH cneKTpOMeTpa.
108
flpH HaJ10)KeHHHX 6Y,lI.YT B03HHKaTb H <PJ1YKTyaU.HH ypOBHH no-
CTOHHHOH COCTaBJ1HIOlIl.eH, KOTOpbIe B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeOpeMOH
K3Mn6eJ1J1a paBHbI: a(yO) - A(n'tH/2) 1/2 = A('tp./'t H ) (n't H /2) 1/2.
3TH Q:>J1YKTyaIJ.HH 6y 1I.YT HenOCpe)].CTBeHHO CKa3bIBaTbCH Ha pa3peWe-
HHH CneKTpOMeTpa, pa3MbIBaH CneKTpaJIbHbIH nHK. OTHOCHTeJIbHOe
3Ha4eHHe 3TOH cf>J1YKTyaU.l1H ,l1.JIH paCCMaTpHBaeMOrO CJIY4aH 0,4 %,
4TO 3KBHBaJ1eHTHO YXY,l1.111eHHIO 3HepreTH4ecKoro pa3peweHHH
Ha 1 %. - .
flpOBe,lI.eHH e OIJ.eHKH nOKa3WBalOT Heo6xo1I.HMOCTb npHMeHeHHH
CneUHaJ1bHbIX Mep, YMeHbWalOlIl.HX 3cp<peKTbI OT CMeIll.eHHH HYJIeBOH
JIHHHH.
3.5. BJ1HSlHHE HHJl.YKLl.HOHHOrO 3<1><I>EKTA HA PA3PEWEHHE
CnEKTPOMETPA
flpH ,l1.HcpcpepeHIJ.HpOBaHHH CHrHaJIOB B CneKTpOMeTpH4eCKOM
TpaKTe Heo6xo,lI.HMO Y4HTbIBaTb B03MO.fKHOCTb npOHBJIeHH HH,lI.YK-
u.HOHHOro 3Q:>cpeKTa, KOTOpbIH, KaK ynoMHHaJ10Cb B 2.2, CBH3aH C
3a BHCHMOCTblO (,lI.JIH HeKoTopbIX ,l1.eTeKTopoB) <pOpMbI HMnYJIbCa TOKa
,lI.eTeKTOpa OT MeCTa perHcTpau,HH 4aCTHI..I.bI B .rr.eTeKTope HJ1H opHeH-
Tall.l1H TpeKa. I1H)].YKlI.HOHHbIH 3Q:>Q:>eKT npaKTH4eCKI1 He 3aMeTeH Ha
BbIXO,lI.e ,lI.eTeKTOpa, HarpY)KeHHOrO Ha HHTerpHpyIOLU.YIO lI.enb C 60J1b-
WOH nocToHHHOH RHC H . O,lI.HaKO npH YKopa4HBaHHH CHfHaJIa H3 )].Hcp-
<pepeHlI.HpYIOlIl.eH ll.en04Ke I1H)].YKlI.HOHHbIH 3cpcpeKT npOHBJ1HeTCH
BHOBb.
PaCCMOTpHM BKJ1a,lI. HH,lI.YKll.HOHHOfO 3cp<peKTa B pa3perneHHe
cneKTpoMeTpa Ha npHMepe no,[( nJ1aHapHOH KOHcpHrypall.HH.
Pa36poc HMnYJIbCOB no aMilJ1HTY )].aM A nOCJIe )].HcpcpepeHu,l1pylO-
.LU.eH ll.en04KH C nocToHHHOH L:J, MOMHO ou.eHHTb H3 Toro )Ke COOTHO-
weHHH, KOTopoe 6bIJ10 HCnOJIb30BaHO B 2.2 ,l1.JIH Oll.eHKH MH,lI.YKlI.HOH-
Horo 3<p<peKTa B CJ1Y4ae HHTerpHpoB3HHH 3apH)].a ,lI.eTeKTOpa Ha ero
HarpY3Ke. ,[(JIH paccMaTpHBaeMoro CJIY4aH 3TO COOTHoweHHe MO)KHO
3anHC3Tb B BH,lI.e: A = A ti/2LA. r1I.e A - aMnJIHTy.n.3 HMnYJIbCa;
/),ti - pa36poc Bp MeHH co6HpaHHH HOCHTe.neH ,l1.JIH pa3HbIX T04eK
perHCTpall.HH 4aCTHlI.. 3TO COOTHoweHHe cnpaBe.n.JIHBO, eCJIH BpeM5I
C06Hp3HHH HOCHTeJ1eH ti MHoro MeHbwe Til. ECJIH ti"-"LJj" He06xo,l1.HMO
Y4HTbIBaTb 3aBHCHMOCTb aMnJIHTY,lI.bI CHrHaJIa OT ti H Tn., KOTopaH
HMeeT BH,l1.
A - qTJJ. exp (t;jTJJ.)-I
- CHt i exp U;/TJJ.)
OpHBe.n.eM pe3YJIbTaTbI paC4eTa OTHOCHTeJ1bHOH pa3HI1L1.bI aMnJIH-
TY.n. L\A/A ,lI.JIH CJ1Y4aH, KOf)].a BpeMH co6HpaHHH HOCHTeJIeH pa3Horo
H'la Ka OTJ1H4aeTCH B 2 pa3a, a perHCTpall.HH 4aCTHlI. npoHcxo,J,HT
B0J1H3H nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOrO H OTpHlI.-aTeJIbHOrO 3JIeKTpO,lI.OB lCM., Ha-
109
npHMep, 2.2) it T.1./ tl:
,lI.JIH pa3Hblx 3Ha4eHHH OTHoweHHH
T.1/ ti ............. 50 20 10 5 2,5 1,25
( .1A / A ). I 0 2 ....... 0,624 2,25 2,00 5,50 9,96 19,7
A(Tn) . 10 2 ......... 0,0023 0,0080 0,030 0,12 0,50 2,0
A(T H )
BM,lI.HO, 4TO HH.lJ.YKLlHOHHbIH 3cpcpeKT nOCJIe .J.HcpcpepeHLlHPYlOllI.eH
uen04KH BeCbMa cYllI.eCTBeH ,llalKe npH cpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIbWOH no-
CTOHHHOH L.a. TaK, HanpHMep\ npH T = 4.10- 6 C H , ti = 10- 7 C
A/A' = 0,025, T. e. YWHpeHHe cneKTpa B 3TOM CJIY4ae COCTaBHJIO 6bI
2,5 %. BbInOJIHeHHbIe paC4eTbI ,lI.a 101' BepxHlO1O oueHKY YXY,lI.weHHH
pa3peweHHH H3-3a HH,lI.YKUHOHHoro 3cpcpeKTa, H ,lI.JIH cTpororo pewe-
HHH 3a,lI.a4H Heo6xo.lJ.HMO Y4HTWBaTb H3MeHeHHe cpOpMW HMnYJIbCOB
TOKa AeTeKTopa, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe pa3HbIM BpeMeHeM co6HpaHH5I HO-
CHTeJIeH 3ap5I,lI.OB B ,lJ,eTeKTope.
I1H.LI.YKUHOHHbIH 3cpcpeKT MO.>KeT 6bITb 3aMeTHO YMeHbweH, eC.rIH
nOCJIe .lI.HcpcpepeHUHpOBaHH5I npOH3BeCTH HHTerpHpOBaHHe HMnYJIbCa
Ha HHTerpHpYlOllI.eH R H C H -neno4Ke. Pe3y.J1bTaTbI pac4eTa OTHOCHTeJlb-
Horo pa36poca aMnJIHTY,lI. LlA('t H )/ A('t H ) flOCJIe HHTerpHpoBaHHH .lI.JIH
CJIY4aH 't H ='t}J. npHBe,lI.eHbl Bblwe. BHAHO, 41'0 npH YBeJIH4eHHH Bpe-
MeHH cpOpMHpOBaHHH 't H = T.LJ. HH.lI.YKIJ.HOHHbIH 3cf>cpeKT pe3KO YMeHbrna-
eTCH H y*e npH OTHorneHHH L,a./ Llt i , 60JIbWeM 2,5, BbI3bIBaeT YWHpef:lHe
cneKTpa MeHbwe, 4eM Ha 0,5 %.
3.6. onTHMH3ALlHSI nAPAMETPOB LlEnEA
CnEKTPOMETPHlJECKOrO TPAKTA
1!JIH onpe,lI.eJIeHHH OnTHMaJi bHbIX napaMeTpOB <POpMHPYlOllI.HX
ueneH cneKTpOMeTpH4eCKoro TpaKTa Heo6xo,lI.HMO paCCMOTpeTb
xapaKTep COBMeCTHoro ,lI.eHCTBHH OTAeJIbHblX <paKTopOB, onpe.n.e-
JIHlOlllHX 3HepreTH4eCKoe pa3pell1eHHe cneKTpOMeTpa, Ha 06111ee
pa3perneHHe cneKTpOMeTpa npH H3MeHeHHH napaMeTpOB cpOpMH-
PYIOlll.HX ueneH.
113 BblnOJIHeHHbIX B .3.3 oueHOK CJIe,lI.yeT, 41'0 OTHoweHHe rnYMa
K CHrHaJIY B cneKTpOMeTpH4eCKOM TpaKTe MHHHMH3HpyeTcH npH
paBHbIX nOCT05IHHbIX BpeMeHH HHTerpHpYIOI1l.eH H .lI.Hcpcf>epeHUHPYIO-
llI.eH uen04eK. KOHKpeTHble 3Ha4eHH51 3THX BeJIH4HH onpe.n.eJIHIOTCSI
napaMeTpaMH .n.eTeKTopa H npe.n.YCHJIHTeJIH. 3cp<peKTbI HaJIOmeHHH
HMnYJIbCOB npH onpe.n.eJIeHHOH cpe.n.HeH 4aCTOTe HX CJIe.n.OBaHHH
MorYT 3aMeTHO YXy.n.waTb pa3peweHHe, O,lI.HaKO HX BJIHHHHe 6bICTpO
CHHJKaeTCH npH YMeHbweHHH nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH .n.HcpcpepeH-
UHPYlOllJ.eH uenH. O.lI.HaKO npH 3TOM B03paCTaeT pOJIb HHAYKUHOH-
Horo 3cpcpeKTa, npHBO.lI.HIlI.ero K YXY.lI.WeHHIO pa3peweHHH, npH 3TOM
YMeHbwaeTCH H aMIlJIHTY,lI.a nOJIe3HOrO CHrHaJIa. B HTore OnTHMaJIb-
Hoe 3HalleHHe nOCTOHHHblX BpeMeHH cpOpMHPYIOIlI.HX ueneH 6Y,lI.eT
. onpe,lI.eJIHTbCH BceMH nepe4HCJIeHHbIMH cpaKTopaMH.
Ha pHC. 3.9 B KalleCTBe npHMepa npHBe.n.eHbI 3aBHCHMOCTH
pa3peWeHH5I cneKTpoMeTpa, 06YCJIOBeHHOro rnYMaMH, HaJIOlKeHHHMH,
110
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PHC. 3'.9. 3aBHcHMoCTb 3HepreTH4eCKoro pa3perneHHH cneKTpOMeTpa 1-5, OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOH aMnJIHTY.D.bl CHrHaJIa 6 H cYMMapHoro pa3perneHHH 7 OT nOCTOHHHblX BpeMeHH
cpOpMHPYIOlU,HX u,eneH t M .
HH,lJ.YKlI.HOHHbIM 3cpcpeKTOM, OT 3HaqeHHH nOCTOHHHOH T H = T.o. = t H
,lJ.JIH raMMa-CneKTpOMeTpa, COCTOHmerO H3 nn,LL eMKOCTblO 50 n<l>,
,lJ.JIH KOToporo BpeMH co6HpaHHH 3JIeKTpOHOB H ,lJ.WpOK COCTaBJIHeT
COOTBeTCTBeHHO 10- 7 H 2.10- 7 C, npe,lJ.YCHJIHTeJIH, KOTOpbIH npH
BpeMeHH HHTerpHpOBaHHH t H = 3,2 MKC ,lJ.aeT O,lJ.HHaKOBbIH BKJIa,lJ.
B pa3peweHHe (no 1 K3B) OT rnYMa BXO,lJ.HOrO TOKa, enJIOBOrO
rnYMa H WYMa B bIXO,lJ.H Of 0 TOKa rOJIOBHOrO 3JIeMeHTa npe,lJ.YCHJIHTeJIH,
H OCHOBHoro YCHJIHTeJIH, B KOTOpOM npOH3BO,lJ.HTC5I O,lJ.HOKpaTHoe
,lJ.H<pcpepeHlI.HpOBaHHe H HHTerpHpOBaHHe CHfHaJIOB. Cpe,lJ.HHH qaCTOTa
perHcTpau,HH C06bITHH COCTaBJIHeT 4. 10 3 c- I._ 3HepfH5I perHCTpH-
PyeMbIx ')'-KBaHTOB paBHa 1 M3B.
KpHBa51 1 cooTBeTcTByeT BKJIa,lJ.Y B nOJIHOe pa3peweHHe WYMOB
npe,lJ.ycHJIHTeJIH H nOKa3bIBaeT OTHOCHTeJIbHO cJIa6ylO (B 06JIaCTH
MHHHMYMa) 3aBHCHMOCTb 3Toro BKJIa,lJ.a OT tHo BKJIa,lJ. WYMOB MHHH-
MaJIeH B 06JIaCTH 2-4 MKC. KpHBaH 2 cooTBeTcTByeT BKJIa,lJ.Y
B nOJIHOe pa3peweHHe HH,lJ.YKu,HoHHoro 3<pcpeKTa. aHa KPYTO Hapa-
CTaeT npH npH6JIHlKeHHH t M K xapaKTepHOH pa3HOCTH BpeMeHH
co6HpaHHH HOCHTeJIeH ti. KpHBaH 3 nOKa3bIBaeT BKJIa,lJ. B pa3perne-
HHe 3cp<peKToB HaJIOlKeHHH Ha OTpHll.aTeJIbHbIH BbI6poc CHfHaJIa,
o6pa3YIOU.l.HHCH nOCJIe ,lJ.HcpcpepeHlI.HpOBaHH5I CHrHa.na, fIpH 3TOM
C YBeJIH4eHHeM t H pa3perneHHe 6bICTpO YXY,lJ.WaeTC5I (n = 4. 10 3 C - I).
KpHBa51 4 cooTBeTclfByeT BKJIa,lJ.Y B pa3peweHHe HaJIOlKeHHH Ha
cna,lJ. nOJIOlKHTeJIbHOH 4aCTH CHrHaJIa H nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO BKJIa,lJ.
3Toro cpaKTopa B o6mee pa3pellleHHe npH BbI6paHHoH Cpe,lJ.HeH
qaCTOTe C06bITHH MaJl (n=4.10 3 c- I ). O,lJ.HaKO npH YBeJIH4eHI1H
Cpe,lJ.HeH qaCTOTbI 3TOT cpaKTop MOlKeT cymecTBeHHo YXY,lJ.WHTb
pa3peweHHe (KpHBaH 5 npH n=2,5.10 4 c- I ). KpHBaH 6 nOKa3bI-
111
BaeT OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO aMnJIHTY,lJ.Y CHrHaJIa (B ,lJ.OJIHX q / C H ). KPH-
BaH 7 npe,lJ.CTaBJIHeT C060H cYMMapHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb pa3peweHHH
cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKoro TpaKTa npH ,lJ.eHCTBHH Bcex cpaKTopoB OT
BpeMeHH tHo BH,lJ.HO, '-ITO 3Ta 3aBHCHMOCTb HMeeT MHHHMYM B 06JIaCTH
t H = 1 MKC H ,lJ.OBOJIbHO pe3Ko pacTeT npH Y,lJ.aJIeHHH OT 3TOH 06JIaCTH.
3TOT npHMep nOKa3bIBaeT, '-ITO ,lJ.JIH nOJIY'-IeHHH xopornero pa3pe-
weHHH Heo6xo,lJ.HMO BBO,lJ.HTb ,lJ.OBOJIbHO >KeCTKHe OrpaHH'-IeHHH Ha
napaMeTpbI cpOpMHPYIOllJ.HX ll.eneH cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKoro TpaKTa.
3TH napaMeTpbI CYllJ.eCTBeHHbIM 06pa30M 3aBHCHT OT YCJIOBHH
3KCnepHMeHTa, n03TOMY npH BbI60pe H HaCTpOHKe CneKTpOMeTpH-
4eCKoro TpaKTa CJIe,lJ.yeT Oll.eHHTb BKJIa,lJ. B o6llJ.ee pa3peWeHHe
OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX 3cpcpeKTOB B KOHKpeTHbIX YCJIOBHHX H B COOTBeTCTBHH
C 3THM Onpe,lJ.eJIHTb OnTHMaJIbHbIe napaMeTpbI CneKTpOMeTpa.
3.7. OC06EHHOCTH nOCTPOEHHSI MAJ10LUYMSlllI.HX
nPE,l(YCHJ1HTEJ1EA
,LLJIH npaKTHKH npHMeHeHHH 3apH,lJ.04YBcTBHTeJIbHbIX npe,lJ.ycH-
JIHTeJIeH C MaJIbIM ypOBHeM WYMOB ,lJ.JIH cneKTpOMeTpH'-IeCKHX ll.eJ1eH
Heo6xo)I.HMO nOHHMaHHe OC06eHHOcTeH nOcTpOeHHH 34Y H BJIHHHHH
napaMeTpOB OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB Ha ero WYMOBbIe xapaKTepHc-
THKH. lllYMOBbIe xapaKTepHcTHKH 34Y onpe,lJ.eJIHIOTCH cnoco6aMH
ero CBH3H C .n.eTeKTopOM, peaJIH3all.HeH 06paTHOH CBH3H, nocTpoeHHH
rOJIOBHOrO YCHJIHTeJIbHOrO KaCKa)I.a HAp.
,LLeTeKTop MO>KeT Coe,lJ.HHHTbCH C 34Y KaK eMKOCTHOH CBH3blO,
TaK H raJIbBaHH4eCKOH (pHC. 3.10, a, 6). npH eMKOCTHOH CBH3H
,lJ.eTeKTOp HarpYLKeH Ha pe3HcTop HarpY3KH RH H COe,lJ.HHHeTCH C BXO-
,lJ.OM npe,lJ.ycHJIHTeJIH '-Iepe3 pa3,lJ.eJIHTeJIbHbIH KOH,lJ.eHCaTOp C p. CBH3b
TaKoro THna HCnOJIb3yeTcH B Tex CJIY4aHx, Kor.n.a B ,lJ.eTeKTOpe
O,lJ.HH H3 3JIeKTpO,lJ.OB no KOHCTPYKTHBHWM oco6eHHocTHM COe,lJ.HHeH
C KopnycoM, H, CJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO, CHrHaJI CHHMaeTCH C 3JIeKTpo.n.a,
Ha KOTOpbIH nO,lJ.aeTCH HanpH>KeHHe llHTaHHH ,lJ.eTeKTopa. 113-3a Toro
'-ITO pe3HcTop R H H KOH,lJ.eHCaTOp C p Haxo.n.HTCH no,LI. BbICOKHM
HanpH>KeHHeM, TOK YTe'-IKH H MHKponpo6oH C03,lJ.aIOT OTHOCHTeJIbHO
BbICOKHH ypoBeHb WYMa, npHMepHo 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIH TenJIOBoMY
WYMY npH RH 10 7 OM. HeBbICOKoe 3Ha'-IeHHe RH n03BOJIHeT pa6o-
TaTb npH cpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKOH '-IaCTOTe perHCTpall.HH C06bITHH,
He. onacaHCb 3cpcpeKTOB HaJIO>KeHHH.
n pH C'beMe CHrHaJIa C 3JIeKTpO,lJ.a ,lJ.eTeKTOpa, 3a3eMJIeHHOrO
0)
PHC. 3.10. CxeMbI eMKO-
CTHOM (a) H raJIbBaHHlJe-
CKOH (6) CBH311 .n.eTeKTopa
C 3apH.n.04YBcTBHTeJIbHbIM
npe.n.ycHJIHTeJIeM
112
4epe3 RH, ,lJ.OnOJIHHTe.JIbHbIX HCTQ4HHKOB WYMa He B03HHKaeT - rnYM
onpe,lJ.eJIHeTCH TOJIbKO TeMH OCHOBHbIMH COCTaBJIHIOllJ.HMH, KOTopble
6bIJIH paCCMOTpeHbI B 3.3. 3a3eMJIeHHe CHrHaJIbHOrO 3JIeKTpo,lJ.a
.n.eTeKTopa llepe3 RH n03BOJIHeT oCYI..U.ecTBHTb raJIbBaHH4ecKYIO
CBH3b ,lJ.eTeKTOpa C npe,lJ.ycHJIHTeJIeM. OpH 3TOM conpOTHBJIeHHe
o6paTHoH CBH3H Roc MOlKeT CJIYlKHTb O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO H conpOTHB-
JIeHHeM HarpY3KH RH (CM. pHC. 3.10, 6). 3HalleHHe Roc BbI6HpaeTcH
H3 YCJIOBHH onYCTHMoro ypOBHH TenJIOBOrO rnYMa QOnpOTHBJIeHHH
HarpY3KH. npH OlleHb lKeCTKHX Tpe60BaHHHx K 3HepreTHlIeCKOMY
3KBHBaJIeHTY WYMa ( w 100 3B) paclIeTHoe 3Ha4eHHe Roc
MOlKeT OKa3aTbCH 60JIbrne 10 9 OM. TaKoe Tpe6oB.aHHe HeB03MOlKHO
o6ecne4HTb Ha npaKTHKe, TaK KaK conpOTHBJIeHHH C HOMHHaJIOM
60JIbWe 10 9 OM H3-3a TeXHHlleCKHX orpaHHlIeHHH OKa3bIBalOTCH
HeCTa6HJIbHbIMH, H BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe 3Toro HX WYMbl pe3KO B03paCTaIOT.
060HTH 3TY TPy.n.HOCTb n03BOJIHeT npHMeHeHHe onTHlIeCKOH 06paT-
HOM CBH3H H cneu.HaJIbHbIX CBeTOIIYBCTBHTeJIbHbIX nOJIeBbIX TpaH-
3HCTOpOB.
f1 pHHI.I.HnHaJIbHaH cxeMa 3ap5l,lJ.04YBCTBI1TeJIbHOrO npe,lJ.YCHJIH-
TeJIH HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHoro THna C KOH,lJ.eHCaTOpOM C oc
H pe3HCTopOM Roc B I.I.enH 06paTHol1 CB5I3H npHBe)1.eHa Ha pHC. 3.11.
HarPY3011HbIM conpOTHBJIeHHeM ,LJ.eTeKTOpa HBJIHeTCH conpOTHBJIe-
HHe pe3HCTopa Roc, HMelOllJ.ee 3Ha4eHHe nOp5l,lJ.Ka 10 9 OM. 4epe3
pe3HCTOp Roc OCYI..U.eCTBJIHeTCH H cTa6HJlH3alJ,H5I 34Y no nOCTOH-H-
HOMY TOKY. B Ka4eCTBe BXO)1.HOrO 3JIeMeHTa B TaKHX 34Y HCnOJIb-
3yeTcH nOJIeBOM TpaH3HCTOp T I, 06J1a,lJ.alOllJ.HH MaJIbIM (10- 9 A)
BXO,lJ.HWM TOKOM. fOJlOBHOH KaCKa,lJ. 06 lIHO BWnOJIH5IeTC5I no TaK
Ha3bIBaeMOH KacKo.ll.HoH cxeMe, B KOTOpOH: B KalleCTBe HarpY3KH
B IJ,enH HCTOKa BXO,lJ.HOrO nOJIeBOrO TpaH3HCTopa Tt CTaBHTC5I BTO-
pOM (06bIIIHO 6HnOJIHpHbrH) TpaH3HCTOp T 2. T aKoe perneHHe n03BO-
Jl5IeT CHH3HTb BKJIa,lJ. WYMa BbIXO,lJ.HOrO TOKa B 06ll1.HH ypOBeHb
WYMOB rOJIOBHOrO KaCKa,lI.a. CJIe,lJ.HllI.a51 06paTHa51 CB5I3b C c YBeJIH-
4HBaeT K03<p<pHu.HeHT YCHJIeHHH 34Y C pa30MKHYTOH 06paTHOH
CBH3blO, LITO npHBO.ll.HT K B03paCTaHHIO ,lJ.HHaMHlIeCKOH eMKOCTH
npe,lJ.YCHJIHTeJIH H cnoco6cTByeT 60JIee qOJIHOMY co6HpaHHIO 3ap5l,lI.a
Ha eMKOCTH 06paTHOH: CBH3H Coco ,LLJI5I rpa)1.YHpOBKH cneKTpOMeTpH-
C r
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rplLiJyupo8oilHbIU: J ,: C
BxoiJ T H
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PHC. 3.11. DpHHu,HnHaJIbHaH cxeMa 3apH.n.o'llyscTBHTeJIbHOrO npe.n.ycHJ1HTeJIH
113
8-2790
4eCKoro TpaKTa 34Y HMeeT ,LJ.OnOJ1HHTeJIbHbIH rpa,LJ.YHpOB04HbIH
BXO,LJ. 4epe3 eMKOCTb C r , COCTaBJ1SIIOllJ.YIO 06bI4HO -..... 1 n<l>.
THnoBoH 3apSI,LJ.04YBcTBHTeJ1bHbIH YCHJ1HTeJ1b 34Y ,LI.JISI nn,Ll
C MaJioH co6cTBeHHoH eMKOCTblO HMeeT cJ1e.ll.YlOllI.He napaMeTpbI:
C oc =0,2-.;--0,3 n<l>, C Bx =5-.;--8 n<l>, ypoBeHb WYMOB npH HYJ1eBOH
eMKOCTH HeCKOJ1bKO COT 3JIeKTpOH-B0J1bT. ,LlJ1SI nn,Ll C 60J1bWOH
(.lI.O 1000 n<l» co6cTBeHHoH eMKOCTblO 3Ha4eHHe C oc YBe.rrH4HBaIOT
,lI.0 1-2 n<l>, 4TO n03B0J1SIeT YBeJ1H4HTb ,LJ.HHaMH4ecKYIO eMKOCTb
(npaB,lI.a, npH 3TOM YMeHbwaeTcSI K03cpcpHI..lHeHT npe06pa30BaHHSI
3apSI.lI.a B HanpSIlKeHHe Q). npHBe,lI.eM ,lI.J1H npHMepa xapaKTepHcTHKH
THnH4Horo npe,LJ.ycHJIHTeJ1SI ,LI.J1SI raMMa-cneKTpoMeTpHH: 11 w = 700 +
+18C( 1Iw Bblpa)KeHO B B, C-B n<l» npH 't H ='t.ll='to=4 MKC;
K03cpcpHll.HeHT npe06pa30BaHHSI Q = 170 MB / M3B, K03cpcpHI..lHeHT
YCHJ1eHHSI 6e3 06paTHoH CBSI3H K=2.10 4 ; C oc =0,3 n<l>; BXO.ll.HOe
conpOTHBJ1eHHe Roc = 5. 10 9 OM; nOCTOSIHHaH cna.ll.a BbIXO,lI.HOro
C H r H aJ1 a 1 0 - 3 C.
3KcnepHMeHTaJ1bHOe onpe.ll.eJ1eHHe K03<p<pHll.HeHTa npe06pa30-
BaHHSI Q H WYMOBbIX xapaKTepHCTHK 34Y OCYlll.eCTBJ1SIeTCSI
C nOMOllJ.blO YCTaHOBKH, CTPYKTypHaSI cxeMa KOTOpOH npHBe,lI.eHa
Ha pHC. 3.12, a. B COCTaB YCTaHoBKH BXO,LI.HT: HCCJ1e.ll.yeMbIH 31JY,
OCHOBHOH YCHJ1HTeJ1b OY, aMnJ1HTY,lI.HbH1 aHaJ1H3aTOp AA, reHepaTop
T04HOH cTa6HJ1bHOH aMnJ1HTY.ll.bI r, Ha60p ,LI.OnOJIHHTeJ1bHbIX Harpy-
304HbIX eMKocTeH CHe Ha rpa.ll.YHpOB04HbH1: BXO,lI. 31JJI 4epe3
eMKOCTb C r /" OT reHepaTopa r nO,lI.aeTCSI npSIMoyrOJ1bHblH HMnYJ1bC
HanpSIlKeHHH C aMnJ1HTY,lI.OH A BX H ,LJ.J1HTeJ1bHOCTblO, ,LI.OcTaT04HoH
.lI.JISI nOJ1HOrO 3apSI.lI.a C r 4epe3 Roc. 3THM 06eCnelJHBaeTCSI nepe.n.alJa
Ha BXO.n. 31JY 3apSI,lI.a q CTaH,LI.apTHOro 3Ha4eHHSI: q = CrABX. 113Me-
pHB aMnJ1HTY.lI.Y CHrHaJIa A BblX Ha BbIXO,LI.e 3LJ Y, MOlKHO Onpe,lI.eJIHTb
K03<P<PHll.HeHT Q npe06pa30BaHHSI 3apSI,lI.a B HanpSIlKeHHe: Q =
= A BbIX/(A BX C r).
npH onpe.n.eJ1eHHH 3HepreTH4eCKoro 3KBHBaJ1eHTa WYMa .lI.eTeK-
Topa HJ1H HCCJ1e.ll.OBaHHH 3aBHCHMOCTH ypOBHSI WYMa OT eMKOCTH
HarpY3KH C H KO BXO.ll.Y 31J Y no.n.KJ1104aeTCSI ,lI.eTeKTOp JI. HJ1H ,lI.0-
nOJ1HHTeJ1bHaSI HarpY304HaSI eMKOCTb C H TaK, KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO
A
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PHC. 3.12. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa YCTaHOBKH .lI.J1H onpe.lI.eJIeHHH xapaKTepHCTHK 3apH.lI.O-
4YBcTBHTeJIbHOrO npe.lI.ycHJIHTeJIH
114
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Ha pHC. 3.12, a. C nOMOllJ.blO aMnJIHTy.n.HOfO aHaJIH3aTOpa H3Me-
pHIOTCH aMnJIHTy.n.HbIe pacnpe.n.eJIeHHH (pHC. 3.12, 6) Ha BbIxo.n.e
OCHOBHOfO YCHJIHTeJIH ,lJ.JIH ,lJ.BYX 3HalleHHH A I H A 2 BXO,lJ.HOH aMnJIH-
Ty.n.bI HMnYJIbCOB feHepaTopa. Oo.nafaH, 4TO KOHe4HaH WHpHHa
nOJIY4eHHbIX pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHH K nOJ1HOCTblO onpe,lJ.eJIHeTCH' WYMO-
BbIMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH 3lfY, MOJKHO 3anHcaTb:
qw = (A2-Ad KCr / (K2-KI),
f,lJ.e KI H K2 - HOMepa KaHaJIOB MaKCHMYMOB pacnpeJI.eJ1eHHH;
K - WHpHHa pacnpeJI.eJIeHHH Ha nOJIOBHHe BbICOTbI, BbIpa)l{eHHaH
B lIHCJIe KaHaJIOB.
no 3TOH JKe MeTOJI.HKe (c <PHKcHpoBaHHbIM C H ) npOH3BO,lJ.HTCH
BbI60p OnTHMaJIbHOfO 3Ha4eHHH To.
3.8. METO,nbl YMEHbWEHHSI BJ1HSlHHSI HAJ10)l(EHHA
OpH paCCMOTpeHHH 3<p<peKTOB HaJIOJKeHHH HMnYJIbCOB B cneKTpo-
MeTpH4ecKHX TpaKTax (CM. 3.4) 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO, LITO JiH<p<pepeH-
UHpOBaHHeM CHfHaJIOB B OCHOBHOM YCHJIHTeJIe MOJKHO 3$<peKTHBHO
YMeHblliHTb BepOHTHOCTb HaJIOJKeHHH nOCJIeJI.YIOlll.HX CHfHaJIOB Ha
cn a.n. OT npeJI.bI.n.YllI.HX. OJJ.HaKO npH JI.H<p<pepeHUHpOBaHHH B03HH-
KalOT BbI6poCbI npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOH nOJIHpHOCTH (OTHOCHTeJIbHO
nOJIHpHOCTH OCHOBHOfO CHrHaJIa), KOTopbIe npHBOJJ.HT K CMelll.eHHIO
ypOBHH nOCTOHHHOH COCTaBJIHlOllI.eM. ,L{JIH YCTpaHeHHH 3<p<peKTOB,
CBH3aHHbIX co CMelll.eHHeM nOCTOHHHOH COCTaBJIHlOllI.eH, npHMeHHetcH
MeTOJI. <POpMHpOBaHHH 6HnOJIHpHWX CHrHaJIOB, MeTOJI. KOMneHcaUHH
nOJIlOca HYJIeM, MeTo.n.bI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH nOCTOHHHOH COCTaBJ1HIOIll.eH.
npHHUHn <POpMHpOBaHHH 6HIlOJIHpHOfO CHfHaJIa COCTOHT. B <pop-
MHpOBaHHH CHfHaJIa C o.n.HHaKOBbIMH nOJIOJKHTeJIbHOH H OTpHuaTeJIb-
HOM 4aCTHMH. npH npOXO)l{JI.eHHH TaKOfO CHfHaJIa 4epe3 JI.H<p<t>epeH-
UHPYIOI..U.HH: (pa 3 .n.eJIHTeJI bHbIH) KOHJI.eHCaTOp B nepHOJI. .n.eHCTBHH
nOJIOJKHTeJIbHOH 4aCTH CHfHaJIa eMKOCTb 3apHJKaeTCH, a B nepHOJI.
JI.eHCTBHH OTpHuaTeJIbHOH lIaCTH eMKOCTb pa3pHJKaeTCH, TaK LITO
nOCJ1e npOXOJK.n.eHHH 6HnOJIHpHOfO CHfHa.na OCTaTOllHWM 3apH,lJ. Ha
eMKOCTH paBeH HYJIIO, a CJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO,. H nOTeHUHaJI, 3aJI.alOlll.HH
nOCTOHHHYIO COCTaBJIHIOI1J.YIO, OCTaeTCH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH.
DHnOJIHpHYIO CHMMeTpH4HYIO CPOPMY HMnYJIbCa MOJKHO nOJIYlIHTb
npH .n.By paTHoM .n.H<pcpepeHUHpOBaHHH C nOMOI..U.blO J1HHHH 3a.n.epJKKH
C BOJIHOBbIM conpOTH JIeHHeM Z. CxeMa TaKOfO <pOpMHpOBaTeJIH
npHBe.n.eHa Ha pHe. 3.13. ECJIH BXO,lJ.HOH HMnYJIbC HMeeT nocToHHHYlO
cna.n.a T H t, f,lJ.e t - BpeMH 3aJI.epJKKH CHfHaJIa B JIHHHH, TO
HMnYJIbC Ha BMxo.n.e <pOpMHpOBaTeJIH HMeeT n04TH npHMOYfOJIbHMe
nOJIOJKHTeJIbHYIO H OTpHuaTeJIbHYIO lIaCTH, KOTopble paBHbI no
aMnJIHTy.n.e. TaKOH MeTO.ll. ,lJ.aeT cpaBHHTeJIbHO KOpOTKHH CHrHaJI
(2 t) H .n.onYCKaeT pa60TY npH 60JIblllOM 4aCTOTe CJIe.n.oBaHHH
115
Ul-
>-4 =Yf H
't'A t'A
n /J.HmeZpllp!llOll1,llX
u,enOVeK
---
I I
PHC. 3.13. CxeMa <pOpMHpoBaHHfI U8b1x
6HnOJIHpHbIX HMnYJIbCOB Ha JIHHHHX
3a.lI.ep)KKH
PHC. 3.14. CxeMa <pOpMHpoBaHHH
DHnOJIHpHblX HMnYJIbCOB C no-
MOUl.blO .lI.BYX .lI.H<p<pepeHu,H:PYIOIllHX
H n HHTerpHpYIOlU,HX u,enOlJeK H
<popMa OTHOpMHpoBaHHoro BbIXO.D.-
Horo CHrHaJ1a .D.J1H HeCKOJ1bKHX
3HalJeHHM n
o
n-=O
n=1
n=l
0,5
135
7
8 n/"
CHfHaJIOB, OAHaKO npH 3TOM He MO>KeT 6bITb nOJIYlIeHO BbICOKoe
OTHOllieHHe CHfHaJIa K lliYMY, nOCKOJ1bKY TPY,lJ.HO 06ecne4HTb YCJ10-
BHe 'tJl. = 'tHo 003TOMY 3TOT MeTO,lJ. CPOpMHpOBaHHH 6Hn0J1HpHbIX
HMnYJ1bCOB HaXO,lJ. T npRMeHeHHe B OCHOBHOM B CUHHTHJ1J1HUHOHHOH
cneKTpOMeTpHH, He Tpe6YIOllI.eH OlleHb BbICOKOfO OTHOllieHHH CHrHa-
J13 K lliYMY.
JlYlIlliHe pe3YJIbT3TbI C T04KH 3peHHH OTHOllieHHH CHfH3JIa K lliY-
MY .n.3eT MeTO.lI. CPOpMHpOBaHHH 6HnOJIHpHOfO CHfHaJI3 C nOMOIll.blO
.lI.BYX .lI.HcpcpepeHUHPYIOIlI.H)( H n HHTefpHpYlOllI.HX RC-IJ.en04eK C 0.lI.11-
H3KOBbIM 't (pHC. 3.14). OpH YBe.JIH4eHHH 4HCJI3 HHTerpHpYIOlll.HX
uen04eK cHMMeTpHH CCPOpMHpoBaHHoro HMnYJIbCa YJ1Y4waeTcH H,
K3K nOK33bIB3eT onbIT, npH n = 2-;- 3 BnOJIHe Y.lI.OBJIeTBopHTeJIbH3
C np3KTHlIecKoH TOIlKH 3peHHH, XOTH ypoBeHb WYMOB Bce >Ke OKa3bI-
BaeTCH Ha 20-30% 60JIbWe, 4eM .lI.JIH OnTHMaJIbHO CCPOpMHpoBaH-
Horo YHHnOJIHpHOfO HMnYJIbca.
<POpMHpoB3HHe YHHnOJIHpHbIX HMnYJIbCOB 6e3 BbI6poCOB npoTH-
BOnOJIOJKHOH nOJIHpHOCTH C XOpOlllHM OTHoweHHeM CHfH3JIa K WYMY,
n03BOJIHIOllI.HX p36oT3Tb co cpaBHHTeJ1bHO BbICOKOH Cpe.lI.HeH lIaCTO-
TOH CJIe,lJ.OBaHHH CHfH3JIOB, MOJKeT 6bITb peaJIH30B3HO no MeTO.lI.Y
«KOMneHCaIJ.HH nOJIlOca HYJIeM». 3TOT MeTO.lI. 3aKJII04aeTCH B TOM,
liTO BO Bcex .lI.HcpcpepeHIJ.HPYIOlll.HX H nepeXO,lJ,HbIX RC-IJ.en04Kax
KOH,lJ.eHCaTOp C lliYHTHpyeTcH, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 3.15, pe3HcTo-
pOM R' TaKOfO conpOTHBJIeHHH, 4T06bI nOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH R' C
6bIJI3 paBHa nOCTOHHHOH cna,lJ.a HMnYJIbCa 't H H3 BXO,lJ.e ,lJ.3HHOH
IJ.enOIlKH. AH3JIH3 nepeXO,lJ,HOH xapaKTepHCTHKH TaKOH u.enOIlKH
nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO H3 ee BbIXO,lJ,e HMnYJIbC MOHOTOHHO cna.lI.aeT K HYJIe-
BOH JIHHHH, He ,lJ,aB3H BbI6poca npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOH nOJIHpHOCTH.
O,lJ,HaKO Ha np3KTHKe TPY,lJ,HO 06ecne4HTb nOfpelliHOCTb KOMneHca-
IJ.HH JIYlIllie 1 %, n03ToMY B cneKTpoMeTp3x, pacclIHTaHHbIx
H3 pa60TY npH nOBbIweHHoH 3arpY3Ke, npHMeHHeTcH MeTO,lI. BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHHH nocToHHHOH COCTaBJIHIOlll.eH.
116
R'
J1.2
c
>-f
PHC. 3.15. CxeMa cpOpMHpoBaHHH
HMnynbcoB no MeTO.lI.Y KOMneHca-
U,HH nOJIlOca HyneM
PHC. 3.16. CxeMa BOCCTaHOBHTeJlSI
nocToSlHHOH COCTaBJIHlOllI.eH
YCTpOHCTBa, npHMeHHeMble .lI.JISI 3TOH IJ.eJIH, Ha3bIBalOTCSI BOCCTa-
HOBHTeJISIMH nOCTOHHHOH COCTaBJIHlOllI.eH (Bn C). OCHOBY npOCTOrO
BnC (pHC. 3.16) COCTaBJISIIOT .lI.Ba reHepaTopa TOKa rT 1 H rT 2
C BbIXO.ll.HbIMH TOKaMH 1 H 21 COOTBeTCTBeHHO H ,il.Ba .lI.HO,lI.a JI.I H JI. 2.
B OTCYTCTBHe BXO.ll.HOrO CHrHaJIa Ka>K,lI.bIM .lI.HO,lI. npOBO,lI.HT TOK /.
BXO.ll.HOH HMnYJ1bC JII060H nOJIHpHOCTH C aMnJIHTY.lI.OM OKOJIO 0,2 B
HJIH 60JIee 3anHpaeT O,il.HH H3 ,il.HO,il.OB H KOH.lI.eHcaTOp C HaqHHaeT
3apSI>KaTbCSI TOKOM /. nOCJIC OKOHqaHHSI HMnYJIbCa C nepe3apSI-
. JKaeTCSI qepe3 conpOTHBJ1eHHe .lI.HO.ll.OB r JJ. C nOCTOSIHHOH BpeMeHH
2r JJ.C. Cpe,il.HHH OCTaTOqHbIl1 nOTeHIJ.HaJI yo npH YCJIOBHH, qTO
2r JJ.C 1/ n (n - qaCTOTa CJIe,il.OBaHHSI HMnYJIbCoB), onpe.n.e-
JISIeTCSI COOTHOllieHHeM yo = 2(})nt H / (1 - ntH)' r,il.e t H - .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTb
BXO,il.HorO HMnYJIbCa, a (}) TeMnepaTypHbIli nOTeHIJ.HaJI, paBHbIM
20-25 MB. ECJIH BXO,il.Hoe conpOTHBJIeHHe YCHJ1HTeJISI Y .n.OCTaTOqHO
BeJIHKO (ero BXO,lI.HOH TOK MaJI no cpaBHeHHIO C I), TO ,il.O 3HaqeHHM
ntH O,1 3Ha4eHHe Yo He npeBbIlllaeT 5-10 MB. TaK, HanpHMep,
.lI.J1SI n=2,5.10 4 c- I , t H = 1 MKC, Yo= 1,25 MB, qTO .lI.JIH BXO.n.HbIX
CHrHaJIOB aMnJ1HTy.n.oH 5 B COCTaBJISIeT 0,025 %, H, CJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO,
HCKa>KeHHH cneKTpa aMnJIHTY.lI. H3-3a CMeIll.eHHSI nOCTOSIHHOH COCTaB-
JISIlOllI.eH H ee cpJIYKTyaIJ.HH npaKTHqeCKH He 6Y.lI.eT.
l{JISI YCKopeHHSI npOIJ.eCca BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI B HeKOTopbIX BnC
nepeXO,il.HbIM KOH.lI.eHcaTOp pa3pSI>KaeTCH TOKOM B HeCKOJIbKO pa3
60JIblllHM, 4eM TOK 3apSI,lI.a. B .lI.PyrHx BnC npHMeHSIeTCSI OnepaIJ.HOH-
HbIM YCHJIHTeJIb co 100 % - HOH o6paTHoH CBH3blO no nocToSIHHOMY
TOKY.
BoccTaHOBHTeJIH nocToHHHOH COCTaBJISIIOIlI.eH, KaK H Bce YCTPOH-
CTBa, BXO.ll.SIllI.He B cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKHH TpaKT, ,lI.OJ1>KHbI 06JIa.n.aTb
BbICOKHMH cTa6HJIbHOCTblO, JIHHeMHOcTblO H .n.p.
BKJII04eHHe B c'bCTaB cneKTpoMeTpa BOCCTaHOBHTeJISI nOCTOSIH-
HOM COCTaBJ1HlOllI.eH HeCKOJIbKO YXY,il.rnaeT WYMoBble xapaKTepHcTH-
KH cneKTpoMerpa, O,il.HaKO npH paooTe cneKTpoMeTpa npH nOBbIllieH-
HOM 3arpY3Ke, Kor.n.a ero pa3pellleHHe onpe.n.eJ1SIeTCH 3<pcpeKTaMH
HaJIO)KeHHH, BnC n03BOJIHIOT coxpaHHTb pa3pellleHHe cneKTpoMeTpa
Ha cpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKOM ypoBHe. /
117
50
:w::
:i' 0
r::::. -50
Cb
-tOO
m J m m S
CpCOHJ1R lfocmoma lIMn!l.RhCOII, c- 1
------
...............
"
,
,
,
PHC. 3.17. 3aBHcMMoCTb cMelu,e-
HHH cneKTpaJIbHOrO nHKa OT
4aCTOTbI CJ1e.lI.OBaHHH HMnYJIbCOB
B cneKpoMeTpe oe3 BOCCTaHOBH-
TeJ1H (nYHKTHpHaH JIHHHH) H C
BOCCTaHOBHTeJIeM (cnJIOUIHaH JIH-
HHH) nocToHHHOH COCTaBJIHIOU eH
Ha pHC. 3.17 npHBe.n.eHa 3aBHCHMOCTb CMelll.eHH5I nHKa, B03-
HHKalOIlI.efO H3-3a CMeIll.eHH5I nOCT05lHHOH COCTaBJISIlOllI.eH .n.JISI cneKT-
pOMeTpH4ecKoro TpaKTa, HCnOJIb3YIOllI.erO YCHJIHTeJIb C Bne (npo-
MbIlllJIeHHa51 Mo.n.eJIb), B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cpe.n.HeH 4acroTbI nocrynJIeHHSI
CHrHaJIOB npH perHCTpaIl.HH Y-KBaHTOB C 3HeprHeH 1,33 M3B.
nYHKTHpOM npHBe.ll.eHa 3aBHCHMOCTb CMeIll.eHH5I .lI.JI5I cneKTpoMeTpH-
4eCKoro TpaKTa, B KOTOpOM He npe.ll.YCMOTpeHbI KaKHe-J1H60 cne-
Il.HaJIbHbIe Mepbl YMeHbllIeHH5I CMeIll.eHHSI HYJIeBOH JIHHHH.
B 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH npaKTHKe HHOf.ll.a B03HHKaeT He06xoJI.H-
MOCTb perHcTpau.HH cneKTpOB CHfHaJIOB MaJIOH aMnJIHTYJI.W B npH-
CYTCTBMH <POHOBbIX CHfHaJ10B 60J1bllIOH a MnJIHTYJI.bl (HanpHMep,
B cneKTpOMeTpHH Y-KBaHTOB MaJIbIX 3HepfHH Ha <pOHe Y-KBaHTOB
60JIblllHX 3HeprHH). npH 3TOM eCJIH .lI.JISI YCHJIeHH5I CHfHaJIOB OT
Y-KBaHTOB MaJI X 3HepfHH HCnOJIb3yeTcSI BeCb .n.HHaMH4eCKHH
JI.Hana30H YCHJIHTeJISI, TO YCHJIHTeJIb 6Y.lI.eT neperpYJKaTbCSI CHrHa-
JIaMH 60JIbllIHX a MnJIHTYJI.. AMnJIHTY.lI.a neperpYJKalOllI.ero CHfHaJIa
OfpaHH4eHa H3-3a HeJIHHeHHOCTH YCHJIHTeJISI npH 60JIbllIHX BXO.ll.HbIX
CHfHaJIax. BbI6poc npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOH nOJI5IpHOCTH TaKJKe YCHJIeH
JI.O ypOBH5I HaCbIIJJ.eHH5I H HMeeT 60JIblliYIO .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb, COCTaB-
JI5IIOllI.YIO HeCKOJ1bKO nOCTOSIHHbIX BpeMeHH COeJI.HHHTeJIbHbIX ueneH.
n pH 3TOM CYI..U.eCTBeHHO YBeJIH4HBaeTCSI Bep05lTHOCTb HaJIOJKeHH5I
He60JIbllIHX HCCJIeJI.yeMbIx CHfHaJIOB Ha 3TOT Bbl6poc, 4TO npHBOJI.HT
K 3aMeTHbIM HCKaJKeHH5IM cneKTpa 3TRX CHfHaJIOB!
,LLJIHTeJIbHOCTb Bbl6poca ew.e 60J1bllle YBeJIHlfHBaeTCSI, eCJIH
BXOJI.HOe conpOTHBJIeHHe YCHJIHTeJIbHbIX KaCKa.u.OB BO BpeM5I nepe-
rpY3KH_ YMeHbliiaeTC5I (HanpHMep, 3a C4eT B03paCTaHH5I TOKa 6a3bI
nOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBoro TpHO.ll.a). B 3TOM CJ1Y4ae nepeXO.ll.HaSI eMKOCTb
COe.llHHMTeJIbHOH l1.enM 6YJI.eT 3apSIJKaTbC5I 60JIbllIHM TOKOM, 4eM TOK
pa3p5lJI.a, H 3apSIJI., HaKOnJIeHHbIH Ha eMKOCTH npH .lI.eHCTBHH neperpy-
JKalOLI.J.efO CHrHaJIa, 6YJI.eT Cna.ll.aTb B TeqeHHe 3HaQHTeJIbHOfO
BpeM'eHH. TaK, HanpHMep, .lI.JISI nepefpY>KalOllI.erO CHfHaJIa C aMnJIH-
TYJI.OH, npeBbIllialOllI.eH aMnJIMTY.u.y HCCJIe.ll.yeMbIx CHrHaJIOB' B 100 pa3,
BpeMSI 't cna.n.a BbI6poca JI.O 0,1% aMnJIHTY.ll.bI -HCCJIe.n.yeMofo CHrHaJIa
6Y.lI.eT npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO B 100 pa3 60JIbllIe, 4eM .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTb BXO.ll.-
HOfO CHfHaJIa tHo ,LLJIH TOfO 4T06bI YlliHpeHHe cneKTpa HCCJIe.ll.yeMbIx
CHfHaJIOB He npeBbIlllaJ10 0,1 %, 4aCTOTa CJIe.n.OB,aHHSI neperpY>KalO-
llI.HX CHfHaJIOB nnep He .n.OJIJKHa npeBbIlllaTb 3Ha4eHHSI nnep = 10-- 5 /t H ,
lfTO .n.aeT "PH t H = 1 MKC 3HaQeHHe nnep 10 c- I .
118
3TOT npHMep nOKa3bIBaeT, LITO npH HaJIHIIHH .lI.a)l{e He OIIeHb
lIaCTbIX neperpYlKalOlll.HX HMnYJIbCOB Tpe6yeTcS1 npHMeHHTb cne-
UHaJIbHbIe MepbI 110 YMeHbllleHHIO aMnJ1HTY.ll.bI H .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH
BbI6poca npOTHBOnOJIOlKHOH nOJIS1pHOCTH OT neperpYlKalOlll.erO
CHrHaJ1a.
YXY.lI.llleHHe pa3pellleHHS1 HCCJIe.ll.yeMbIx cneKTpOB, CBS13aHHoe
C HaJIHIIHeM <t>OHOBbIX neperpYlKalOlll.HX CHrHaJIOB 60JIblllOH aMnJIH-
TY.lI.bI, HOCHT Ha3BaHHe «aMnJ1HTY,lJ,HaH neperpY3Ka».
,L{JIH YMeHbllleHHS1 3<p<t>eKTa aMnJIHTY.lI.HOH neperpY3KH xopOllIHe
pe3YJIbTaTbI .lI.aeT MeTO,il. KOMneHcau.HH nOJIlOca HYJIeM, n03BOJIS1IOlll.HH
npH Tlll.aTeJ1bHO BbInOJ1HeHHOH KOMneHcau.HH pa60TaTb B YCJ10BHS1X,
Kor.ll.a neperpYlKalOlll.He CHrHaJIbI B 1000 pa3 npeBbIlllalOT HCCJIe-
,lJ,yeMbIe, 6e3 3aMeTHoro YlllHpeHHS1 cneKTpaJ1bHbIX J1HHHH aHaJIH3H-
PyeMoro H3JIYIIeHHS1.
KOHTpOJlbHble BonpOCbI
I. K KaKI1M HCKa}l(eHHHM cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHH npHBo.n.HT HHTerpaJIbHaH
HenHHeAHOCTb YCHJIHTeJ1bHOrO TpaKTa cneKTpOMeTpa 3HeprHH:
a) Bbl3bIBaeT YlUHpeHHe cneKTpaJ1bHblX J1HHHH;
0) npHBo.n.HT K cMellleHHIO cneKTpaJ1bHbIX JIHHHH no llIKaJIe 3HeprHH;
B) HapywaeT CHMMeTpHIO cneKTpaJIbHblX JIHHHH?
2. K KaKI1M HCKa}l(eHHHM cneKTpaJ1bHbIX JIHHHH npHBO.lI.HT .n.Hcp<pepeHu,HaJIbHafl
HeJII1HeHHOCTb YCHJIHTeJIbHOrO TpaKTa cneKTpoMeTpa 3HeprHH:
a) BbI3blBaeT CMeIlJ,eHHe cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHH no llIKaJ1e 3HeprHH;
0) npHBo.n.HT K YMeHbweHHIO 'lIHCJ1a COObITHH, nOna.lI.alOlllHX B cooTBeTcTBYlOlllYIO
nHHHIO;
B) npHBo.n.HT K H3MeHeHHIO llIHpl1HbI cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHH?
3. KaK Me HeTcH aMnJII1TY.lI.a CHrHaJ1a Ha BbIXO.lI.e 3apH.lI.04YBcTBHTeJIbHOrO
YCHnHTe.nH npH YBeJlH4eHHH eMKOCTH )].eTeKTopa CJJ.:
a) YMeHbwaeTCH oopaTHo npOnOpLI.HOHaJIbHO C;J.;
0) He H3MeHHeTCH;
B) no Mepe YBeJlH4eHHfI CJJ. CHa4aJIa npaKTH4eCKH He MeHHeTCH, 3aTeM Ha4HHaeT
YMeHblUaTbCH 11 B KOHLI.e KOHLI,OB na.lI.aeT oopaTHO nponopu,110HaJIbHO C j1 ?
4. KaKHM cnocoooM MO>KHO Hal100JIee 3<pcpeKTHBHo orpaHH4HTb BJIHHHHe
HaJIO)KeHHH HMnYJIbCoB:
a) nO.lI.OOpOM OnTHMaJIbHOH n0J10Cbl nponycKaHHH YCHJIHTeJIH cneKTpoMeTpH-
4eCKoro TpaKTa;
6) BKJII04eHHeM B cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKHH TpaKT pe}l(eKTOpa HaJIO>KeHHH;
B} npoBe.n.eHHeM 113MepeHHH npH 04eHb MaJIOH cpe.n.HeH 4aCTOTe nocTynJleHHH
COObITHH?
5. K KaKHM
HCKa}l(eHHHM 3HepreTH4eCKI1X cneKTpoB npHBe.n.eT <pOpMHpoBaHHe
TpaKTe HMnYJIbCOB C KPYTbIM <ppOHTOM H .n.JIHHHbIM nOJIOrHM
B YCH.J1HTeJ1bHOM
cna.n.OM:
a) K cHMMeTpH4H0I\:1Y YlUHpeHHIO cneKTpaJ1bHbIX JIHHHH;
0) K YlUHpeHHIO cneKTpaJ1bHblX JIHHHH B OOJIaCTH OOJIbllIHX
a) K nOHBJ1eHHIO .n.onOJIHHTeJ1bHbIX cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHH;
aM nJ1 HTY.lI.;
119
6. KaK MO}l(HO YJ1Y4WHTb OTHOlUeHHe CHrHaJIa K WYMY B cneKTpoMeTpe
3HeprHH:
a) YMeHbWHTb eMKOCTb' oopaTHoH CBfl3H B 3apfl.n.04YBcTBHTeJIbHOM YCHJIHTeJ1e;
0) npOBO.lI.HTb H3MepeHHH npH MaJIOH Cpe.lJ.HeH 4aCTOTe perHCTpaLl,HH LfaCTHLI,;
B) BBeCTH B cneKTpOMeTpH4eCKHH TpaKT BOCCTaHOBHTeJIb nOCTOHHHOH COCTaB-
JIHIOw.eti;
r) ocyw.eCTBHTb no.n.60p OnTHMaJIbHoti nOJIOCbI nponYCKaHHH YCHJIHTeJIbHOrO
TpaKTa cneKTpOMeTpa?
fJlASA 4
METOJ(bl AMnJlHTYJ(HOn CEJlEKl(HH
4.1. 3AAAlfH AMnJlHTYAHOn CEJlEKLl.HH
B npe,LJ.bIJI.YIll.HX f JI3B3X H3 pHJI.e npHMepOB 6blJIO nOK333HO. lJTO
npH npOBe,lJ.eHHH <pH3HlJeCKHX 3KcnepHMeHTOB OJI.HOH H3 B3)KHeHlllHX
MeTOJI.HlJeCKHX 33,lJ.34 HBJIHeTCH nOBbIllleHHe HHCPOpM3THBHOCTH
nOTOK3 perHcTpHpyeMbIx CHrH3JIOB H YMeHbllleHHe BJIHHHHH <paKTO-
pOB, HCKa)KaIOIlI.HX HCXO,lJ.HYIO HH<pOPM3IJ.HIO. ,QeHCTBHTeJIbHO, 4aCTb
CHrH3JIOB, CHHMaeMbIX C ,LI.eTeKTOp3, He HeceT nOJIe3HOH (c TOlJKH
3peHHH ,LJ.aHHOro 3KcnepHMeHTa) HH<pOpMaI..lHH H MO)KeT 6bITb
oT6porneHa. 3TO MOfYT 6bITb CHfH3JIbI, CBH3aHHbIe C perHCTpal..lHeH
<pOHOBoro (KOCMH4eCKOfO HJIH JIa60p3TopHoro) H3JIY4eHHH, CHfHaJIbI,
KOTopble B03HHK31OT OT H3JIY4eHHH, conYT TBYlOllI.efO HCCJIe.n.yeMOMY
(HanpHMep, 1'-H3JIY4eHHe npH HCCJIe.n.o/BaHHH 06'beKTa no efO
HeHTpOHHOMY H3JIYlJeHHIO), rnYMOBbIe HMnYJIbCbI .n.eTeKTopa, CHfH3JIbI
OT 4aCTHlJ., TO)K.n.eCTBeHHbIx HCCJIe.n.yeMbIM, HO BbIXO.n.S:II.ll.He 3a npe.n.e-
u ;
JIbI YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO ,LI.Han330H3 3HalJeHHH 3HepfHH, CHrHaJIbI, nOJIY-
4alOIlI.HeCH npH HaJIO)KeHHH HMnYJIbCOB OT «nOJIe3HbIX» 4aCTHIJ.
H .n.p. 33.n.a4a BbI.n.eJIeHHH nOJIe3HbIX CHfHaJIOB H nO,LI.aBJIeHHH HeHY)K-
HbIX pernaeTCH C nOMOIll.blO pa3Ho06p33HbIX aHaJIOrOBbIX H IJ.H<pPO-
BbIX MeTO,LJ.OB. AHaJIOrOBble MeTO,lI.bI OT6op3 06JI3.n.31OT 60JIbrnHM
6bICTpOJI.eHCTBHeM no cpaBHeHHIO C IJ.H<PPOBbIMH, I..lH<PPOBbIe - TOlJ-
Hee H n03BOJIHIOT pe3JIH30BaTb ,LJ.OBOJIbHO CJIO)KHble 3JIrOpHTMbI OT60-
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Ha O,lJ,HOH H3 33KJII04HTeJIbHbIX CT3.n.HH o6pa6oTKH HHcpOPM3I..lHH,
H B03MO)KeH, eCJIH nOTOK HeHY)KHbIX C06bITHH He 04eHb BeJIHK
H He neperpY)KaeT KaHaJIbI npOXO)KJI.eHHH HH<pOPM3I..lHH. ECJIH 3TOT
nOTOK BeJIHK, TO ,lJ,HCKpHMHH3IJ.HIO CHrH3JIOB 3Toro nOTOK3 IJ.eJIeCO-
06pa3HO npOH3BOJI.HTb Ha B03MOJKHO 60JIee paHHeH CTa,lJ,HH C HCnOJIb-
30B3HHeM YCTPOHCTB aHaJIOfOBOfO OT6op3 3MnJIHTY,lJ,HOH HHcpopMa-
IJ.HH.
YCTpOHCTBa aMnJIHTY,lJ,HOH CeJIeKIJ.HH CHfHaJIOB HCnOJIb3YIOTCH
,lJ,JIH o6pa60TKH CHrH3JIOB K3K B BHJI.e HMnYJIbCO , HanpH)KeHHH, T3K
H TOKOBWX HMnYJIbCOB H B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM nO,lJ,p33,lJ,eJIHIOTCH
Ha nOTeHIJ.HaJIbHbIe H TOKOBbIe H 06.n3,lJ,3IOT 06Ill.HMH CBOHCTBaMH,
120
npHCYlll.HMH TOKOBbIM H nOTeHlJ,HaJIbHbIM 3JIeKTpOHHbIM CHCTeMaM.
YCTpOHCTBa CeJIeKiI.HH CHfHaJIOB no HanpH)KeHHIO 06JIa,1J.a1OT 60JIb-
lllOM 3KOHOMH4HOCTblO, OTHOCHTeJIbHOH npOCTOTOH COfJIaCOBaHHH
C ,1J.PYfHMH aHaJIOfOBbIMH YCTpOHCTBaMH, 4TO -06YCJIOBJIHBaeT HX
lllHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe. ,O,1J.HaKO TaKHe YCTpOHCTBa HMelOT cpaBHH-
TeJIbHO HeBbICOKoe 6bICTpO,1J.eHCTB e. Y CTpOHCTBa CeJIeKlJ,HH CHfHaJIOB
no TOKY 06JIa,1J.a1OT 60JIee BbICOKHM 6bICTP0,1J.fHCTBHeM, O,1J.HaKO
. Tpe6YIOT 3HallHTeJIbHOfO nOTpe6JIeHHH .3HepfHH if' HaXO,1J.HT npHMe-
HeHHe B OCHOBHOM B HaHoceKYH,1J.HOH 3JIeKTpOHHKe. B HaCTOHlll.eH
fJIaBe 6YJJ.YT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH YCTpOHCTBa CeJIeKlJ,HH CHfHaJIOB
no HanpH)KeHHIO KaK HaH60JIee ynoTpe6HTe.rrbHbIe.
PaCCMOTpHM OCHOBHbIe MeTo.zibI oT6opa aMnJIHTY,1J.HOH HHQJOP-
MalJ,HH. Ha pHC. 4.1 npHBe,1J.eHbI HeKoTopbIH H,1J.eaJIH3HpOBaHHbIH
cneKTp CHfHaJIOB, CHHMaeMbIX C ,1J.eTeKTOpa ,lJ, H npOllle,1J.lllHX YCHJIH-
TeJIbHbIH TpaKT Y (pHC. 4.1, a), H HeCKOJIbKO CTPYKTYPHbIX cxeM,
n03BOJIHIOlll.HX peaJIH30BaTb pa3JIH4HbIe MeTO,1J.bI aHaJIOfOBOfO oT6o-
pa (pHC. 4.1, 6 - 0). OYCTb cneKTp CHfHaJIOB COCTOHT H3 lllYMOBbIX
H QJOHOBWX CHfHaJIOB (HenpepwBHoe p acnpe,1J.eJIeH He) H ,1J.BYX
cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIHHHH, npHHa,1J.JIe)Kalll.HX COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HM H30TO-
naM P H Q HCCJIe,1J.yeMofo 06'beKTa.
ECJIH lJ,eJIb "3KcnepHMeHTa COCTOHT B onpe,1J.e.rreHHH aKTHBHOCTH
HCCJI e,1J.yeM Of 0 06'beKTa, T. e. pefHCTpalJ,HH CYMMapHOfO 4HCJIa
HMnYJIbCOB B JIHHHHX P H Q, TO QJOHOBbIe H lllYMOBbIe CHfHaJIbI
MOfYT 6bITb HCKJII04eHbI H3 pefHCTpalJ,HH HHTefpaJIbHbIM ,1J.HCKpH-
MHHaTopOM H,lJ, (pHC. 4.1, 6), KOTOpbIH BbIpa6aTbIBaeT CTaH,1J.apTHbIH
CHfHaJI TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY4ae, KOf,1J.a aMnJIHTY,1J.a A Bx CHfHaJIa Ha efO
BXO,1J.e npeBbIlllaeT HeKOTopbIH ypOBeHb Un (nOpOf ,1J.HCKpHMk al.I,HH) .
OOpOf Un YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCfI TaKHM 06pa30M, 4T06bI C4eTHbIM
YCTpOH'CTBOM CLl pefHCTpHpOBaJIHCb TOJIbKO C06bITHfi B JIHHHHX P
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Ta C06bITHH B JIHHHHX P 1\
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JIHHHH P (8) .lI.JIH nOJIyqe-
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121
ECJ1H lJ,eJ1b 3KCnepHMeHTa - onpeJJ.eJ1eHHe aKTHBHOCTH H30TOna P,
TO BbIJJ.eJ1HTb C06bITHH OT 3TOrO H30TOna MO.>KHO C nOMOlll.blO JJ.Hq>-
<pepeHll.HaJ1bHOrO JJ.HCKpHMHHaTOpa ,lJ,,lJ, (pHC. 4.1, 8), KOTOPbIH
BbIpa6aTbIBaeT CTaHJJ.apTHbIH CHrHaJ1 TOJ1bKO B TOM CJ1Y4ae, KOrJJ.a
CHrHaJ1 Ha ero BXOJJ.e HMeeT aMnJ1HTYJJ.Y A Bx 60J1bllle HeKOToporo
3Ha4eHHfI U H (HH.>KHHH nopor) H MeHbllle 3Ha4eHHH U B (BepXHHH
nopor), T. e. UH<ABX<U B .
H3MepeHHe nOJ1HorO aMnJ1HTYJJ.Horo cneKTpa HCCJ1eJJ.yeMoro
06DeKTa C OJJ.HOBpeMeHHOH JJ.HCKpHMHHalJ,HeH lllYMOBWX H QJOHOBWX
CHrHaJ10B, MO.>KeT 6blTb npOBeJJ.eHO no cxeMe, npHBeJJ.eHHOH Ha
pHC. 4.1, 2, cOJJ.ep.>Kalll.eH noporOBbIH YCHJ1HTeJ1b ny, KOTOpbIH JJ.J1f1
CHrHaJ10B C aMnJ1HTYJJ.OH A Bx , MeHbllleH HeKOToporo noporOBoro
3Ha4eHHH Un, HMeeT K03<pq>HlJ,HeHT YCHJ1eHHH, paBHbIH HYJ1IO, a JJ.J1f1
Cl1rHaJ1a, npeBbllllalOIlI.erO nopor Un, BbIXOJJ.Hafi XapaKTepHCTHKa flY
HMeeT BHJJ. A BblX = K(A BX - Un), rJJ.e K - HeKOTOpafl KOHCTaHTa.
CneKTp CHrHaJ10B, npOllleJJ.lllHX ny, aHaJ1H3HpyeTcH aMnJ1HTYJJ.HbIM
aHaJ1H3aTOpOM AA.
ECJ1H 3aJJ.a4a 3KcnepHMeHTa COCTOHT B perHCTpalJ,HH cneKTpa
H30Tona P npH OJJ.HOBpeMeHHOH JJ.HCKpHMHHalJ,HH CHrHaJ10B QJOHa,
lllYMOB H CHrHaJ10B OT H30Tona Q, TO MO.IKeT 6bITb npHMeHeHa
YCTaHOBKa CO CTPYKTYPHOH cxeMOH, npHBeJJ.eHHOH Ha pl1c. 4.1, d.
CHrHaJ1bI, CHHMaeMbIe C YCHJ1HTeJ1H Y, nocTynalOT 4epe3 J1HHHIO
3aJJ.ep)KKH Jl3 Ha aHaJ10rOBbIH BXOJJ. J1HHeHHOH cxeMbI nponycKaHHfI
JlCn, KOTopaH nponycKaeT CHrHaJ1 C coxpaHeHHeM ero aMnJ1HTYJJ.bI
TOJ1bKO TorJJ.a, KorJJ.a Ha ynpaBJ1HlOllI.HH BXOJJ. Y nocTynaeT pa3pe-
lllalOllI.HH CHrHaJ1 ynpaBJ1eHHfI, BbIpa6aTbIBaeMbIH JJ.H<pq>epeHll.HaJ1b-
HbIM JJ.HCKpHMHHaTopoM ,lJ,lJ.
JlHHHfI 3aJJ.ep)KKH J/3 He06xoJJ.HMa JJ.J1H Toro, 4T06bI CHrHaJ1 Ha
aHaJ10rOBOM BXOJJ.e J/cn He nOHBJ1HJ1CfI paHbllle CHrHaJ1a ynpaB-
JIeHHH C ,lJ, JJ.
Bo Bcex paccMoTpeHHbIx CJIY4aHx npeJJ.noJ1 araJ10Cb, 4TO perHcT-
pHpyeMbIe 4 aCTHUbI nOJ1HOCTblO TepfilOT CBOIO 3HeprHIO B JJ.eTeKTope ,lJ,
(3HeprHfI 4aCTHll. HeBeJIHKa, HX np06erH nOJ1HOCTblO YKJ1aJJ.bIBaIOTCfI
B 06DeMe JJ.eTeKTopa, a 3HepreTH4eCKHe nOTepH 4aCTHll. Ha JJ.J1HHe
np06era HOCflT 4HCTO HOHH3all.HOHHbIH xapaKTep). B <pH3HKe BbICO-
KHX 3HeprHH 4alll.e npHXOJJ.HTCfI HMeTb JJ.eJ10 Co CJ1Y4aeM, KorJJ.a
np06er nepBH4HOH 4aCTHlJ,LI, 3HeprHIO KOTOpOH He06xoJJ.HMO H3Me-
pHTb, onpeJJ.eJ1HeTCH He HOHH3all.HOHHbIMH nOTepHMH, a paJJ.HaUHOH-
HbIMH nOTepHMH (B CJ1Y4ae 3J)eKTpOHOB H Y-KBaHTOB) HJ1H npOll.ec-
caMH flJJ.epHoro B3aHMOJJ.eHCTBHH (JJ.J1H aJJ.pOHOB). B 060HX CJ1Y4aflX
B pe3YJ1bTaTe B3aHMOJJ.eHCTBHfI nepBH4HOH 4aCTHlJ,bI C Belll.eCTBOM
JJ.eTeKTopa B03HHKaeT KaCKaJJ. BTOpH4HWX 4aCTHll. (3J1eKTpOMarHHT-
H-bIl1 HJ1H aJJ.pOHHbIH J1HBeHb), CYMMapHaH KHHeTH4eCKaH 3HeprHfI
KOTOpblX npOnOpll.HOHaJ1bHa 3HeprHH nepBH4HOH 4aCTHll.bI. YCTaHOBKH
JJ.J1H H3MepeHHfI 3TOH CYMMapHOH KHHeTH4eCKOH 3HeprHH - KaJ10-
pHMeTpbI COCTOHT, KaK npaBHJ10, H3 60J1blllOrO 4HCJ1a OJJ.HOTHnHbIX
JJ.eTeKTopOB, B Ka.>KJJ.OM H3 KOTOpbIX perHcTpHpyeTcfI J1Hlllb 4aCTb
122
CYMMapHOM KHHeTH4eCKOH 3HeprHH 4aCTHU nHBHH (npHMepW TaKHX
KanOpHMeTpOB 6bInH npHBeJJ.eHbl B 1.4 H 1.5).
B nO,lJ.06HbIX YCTaHoBKax TaK)Ke 06bI4HO npoBoJJ.HTCH aMnnHTYJJ.-
HblM oT60p none3HbIX C06blTHH no CYMMapHOMY 3HeprOBbI,lJ.eneHHIO.
<l>YHKUHoHanbHbIe cxeMbI YCTPOHCTB oT60pa none3HblX C06bITHH
6YJJ.YT TaKHMH )Ke, KaK Ha pHC. 4.1, 3a OJJ.HHM HCKnlOqeHHeM: ,lJ.nH
nonY4eHHH CHrHana, aMnnHTYJJ.a KOToporo nponopUHoHanbHa 3Hep-
rHH nepBHQHOH 4aCTHUbI, He06xoJJ.HMO ,lJ.OnOnHHTeJIbHOe YCTPOH-
CTBO - JIHHeHHbIH cYMMaTop, B KOTOpOM JIHHeHHO CKJIaJJ.bIBaIOTCH
CHrHaJIbI, CHHMaeMble C OTJJ.eJIbHbIX JJ.eTeKTopoB KaJIOpHMeTpa.
PaccMoTpeHHbIe npHMepbI, eCTeCTBeHHO, He OXBaTbIBalOT H MaJlOH
JJ.OJlH Bcero MHoro06pa3HH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX 3aJJ.aQ C npHMeHe-
HHeM aHaJIOrOBbIX MeTOJJ.OB oT60pa, HO HBJIHIOTCH KJII04eBbIMH.
°KOM6HHaUHeM 3THX MeTOJJ.OB B C04eraHHH C MeTOJJ.aMH BpeMeHHoro
ot60pa MO)KHO peWHTb npaKTH4eCKH Bce 3aJJ.a4H nOJJ.06Horo THna.
4.2. JlHHEAHblE CYMMATOPbl
JlHHeHHbIe CYMMaTopbI BblnOJlHHIOT CPYHKll.HIO JIHHeMHOro CJIO)Ke-
HHH BXOJJ.HbIX CHrHaJlOB: BbIXO,lJ.HOM CHrHan U BblX npOnOpll.HOHaJIeH
CYMMe BXO,lJ.HbIX CHrHanOB L U Bxi. HepeJJ.KO JlHHeHHble CYMMaTopbI
i
napanneJIbHO C OCHOBHOH CPYHKUHeH - JlHHeMHbIM CJIO)KeHHeM-
BblnOJIHHIOT H HeKOTopble ,lJ.OnOJIHHTenbHble CPYHKUHH: YCHn,eHHe
BWXOJJ.Horo CHrHaJla, npe06pa30BaHHe HMnYnbca (HnH HMnYJIbCOB)
TOKa B HMnYJIbC HanpH)KeHHH H JJ.p. 003TOMY JIHHeHHbIe CYMMaTopbl
MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK 4aCTHbIH CJlY4aH IlIHpOKoro- KJIaCCa
YCTPOHCTB - TaK Ha3blBaeMbIX npe06pa30BaTe.J1eH aHanorOBbIX
CHrHanOB. EcnH npe06pa30BaTeJIb CHrHana HMeeT 60JIblliOe BXOJJ.-
Hoe conpOTHBJIeHHe (no cpaBHeHHIO C conpOTHBneHH M BbIXOJJ.a
HCT04HHKa CHrHaJIa) H MaJIO BWXOJJ.Hoe conpOTHsneHHe (no cpaB-
HeHHIO C BXOJJ.HbIM conpOTHBJleHHeM npHeMHHKa CHrHana), TO TaKOH
npe06pa30BaTeJlb BblnonHHeT CPYHKUHIO YCHnHTeJlH HanpH)KeHHH.
ECJIH BXOJJ.Hoe conpOTHBneHHe npe06pa30BaTenH MaJIO, a BWXOJJ.Hoe
BeJIHKO, TO TaKOM npe06pa30BaTe.J1b HBnHeTCH YCHJIHTeJleM TOKa.
Ope06pa30BaTenb HanpHJKeHHH B TOK . HMeeT 60JIbIlIHe BXOJJ.Hoe
H BbIXOJJ.Hoe conpOTHBJIeHHH, npe06pa30BaTenb TOKa B HanpH)Ke-
HHe - Manble BXO,lI.HOe H BbIXOJJ.Hoe conpOTHBneHHH.
,_ B npe06pa30BaTeJlHX CHrHaJIOB HCnOJIb3YIOTCH, KaK npaBHJIO,
YCHJIHTenH, OXBa4eHHble TOM HnH HHOM ll.enblO 06paTHoH CBH3H.
PaccMOTpHM JJ.eHcTBHe OTpHuaTeJIbHOH 06paTHoH CBH3H B YCHnH-
\I
Tene HanpH)KeHHH Y C K03QJQJHll.HeHTOM YCHJIeHHH K (pHC. 4.2).
I1HBepTHPYIOlll.HM YCHnHTeJIb OXBa4eH neTneH 06paTHoH CBH3H
TaK, 4TO HeKoTopaH 4aCTb b < 1 BblXOJJ.Horo CHrHana, paBHaH
bU BbIX , nocTynaeT Ha BXOJJ., rJJ.e CYMMHpyeTcH C BXOJJ.HbIM CHrHanOM.
OpH 3TOM UBblx=-UBxK/(l+bK). ECJlH bK l, TO U BbIX =
= - UBx/b H ,U BblX He 3aBHCHT OT ,lJ.p HQJa K03QJQJHUHeHTa YCHneHHH
123
PHC. 4.2. 0606llI.eHHaH cxeMa YCH-
JIHTeJ1H C oTpMLlaTeJIbHOH: 06paTHoH
CBH3blO
PMC. 4.3. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa
YCHJ1HTeJ1H C pe3HcTHBHOH OTPH-
u,aTeJ1bHOH 06paTHOH: CBH3blO
K YCHJIHTeJIH. OTCIO,JJ.a MOJKHO C,lI.eJIaTb BbIBO,JJ., liTO OTpHlJ.aTeJIbHaH
06paTHaH CBH3b MOJKeT 3<pQ>eKTHBHO HCnOJIb30BaTbCH ,JJ.JIfi cTa6H-
JIH3alJ.HH K03<p<pHUHeHTa YCHJIeHHfI YCHJIHTeJIH.
PaCCMOTpHM H306paJKeHHbIH Ha pHC. 4.3 lIaCTHbIH CJIYlIaH OTPH-
uaTeJIbHOH 06paTHoH CBH3H, WHpOKO npHMeHHeMbIH npH nocTpoe-
HHH JIHHeHHbIx cYMMaTopoB. 0603HallHM V x ,JJ.eHcTBYIOlll.ee HanpH-
.JKeHHe Ha BXO,JJ.e YCHJIHTeJIfi Y B T04Ke x (c YlIeToM ,JJ.eHcTBHH o6paT-
HOH CBfl3H). OlleBH,JJ.HO, liTO U x HMeeT TY JKe nOJIflpHOCTb, liTO H
V BX. Tor,lI.a TOKH I. H 1 2 , npOTeKalOll1.He 4epe3 pe3HCTopbI RI H
R2, MO)KHO npe,JJ.CTaBHTb CJIe,JJ.YIOlll.HM 06pa30M:
II =(U BX - Ux)/RI; 12=(UBbIX - U x )/R2.
ECJIH paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH YCHJIHTeJIb HBJIHeTCH YCHJIHTeJIeM HanpH-
I JKeHHH C BbICOKHM BXO,JJ.HbIM conpOTHBJIeHHeM, TaKHM, liTO RBX»
» RI, R2, ero BXO,JJ.HOH TOK npeHe6pe)KHMO MaJI no cpaBHeHHIO C
1,,/ 2 .113 3Toro c.n;e,JJ.yeT, liTO II + 1 2 = O. YlIHTbIBafl, liTO V BX =
= - V BblX / K, nOJIYlIaeM:
R2(V Bx + V BblX /K) + RI(V BbIX + VBbIX/K) = O.
n pe06pa30BaB 3TO BbIpa>KeHHe, HaH,JJ.eM 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)K,JJ.Y V BX
H V BbIX :
1-,
R2 « ( 1 R I + R2' )
U BX 7f: = - V BblX 1 + K R, .
OOCKOJ1bKY BeJIH4HHa RI/ (RI + R2) H HBJIfleTCfI K03<p<pHUHeHToM
06paTHoH CBfl3H , nOJIYlIeHHoe BbIpaJKeHHe MOJKHO 3anHcaTb B BH,JJ.e
U BblX =
R2 bK
V BX -
R, 1 + bK .
OpH bK» 1 nOJIYlIHM:
R2
V BblX = - RI VBX'
T. e. 3aBHCHMOCTI> MeJK,JJ.Y U BblX H V BX - JIHHeHHafi H ueJIHKOM onpe-
,JJ.eJIHeTCH napaMeTpaMH u.enJ:l 06paTHOH CBH3H. 3aMellaTeJIbHbIM
124
Ut.IL
U 2 ...Il..
ucrSL
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R R
PHC. 4.4. JIHHeHHbIH cYMMaTop HM-
nYJIbCOB HanpH)KeHHH
PHC. 4.5. CTPYKTYPHaSl cxe-
Ma npe06pa30BaTeJIH Ha-
npH)KeHHH CHrHaJIa V BX B
CHrHaJI V BblX no COOTHO-
lUeHHIO VBbIX=qJ [t-'(V BX )]'
r.n.e f- I - <PYHKll.HSI, 06-
paTHaSl f
PHC. 4.6. CTp)'KTYPHaH cxeMa JIO-
rapH<pMHlJeCKOrO npe06pa30Ba-
TeJIH CMrHaJIOB
CBOHCTBOM B OnHCaHHOH cxeMe 06JIa,llaeT TOl(Ka x: ee nOTeHlJ,HaJI
6J1H30K K HYJIIO npH J1106bIX 3HaqeHHHX U BX. ,L:LeHcTBHTeJIbHO,
V BblX R2 b
U x =- = U BX -
K R, I + bK '
If npH bK» 1 U x = 0, BCJIe,llCTBHe qero 3TY TOqKY 06bIqHO Ha3bI-
BalOT «BHpTyaJIbHOH 3eMJIeH». ECJ1H K TOqKe BHpTyaJIbHOH 3eMJIH
nO,llKJ1lOqHTb HeCKOJIbKO HCTOqHHKOB BXO.ll.HbIX CHrHaJ10B (HMnYJIbCOB
HanpH)KeHHH) qepe3 O.ll.HHaKOBbIe conpOTHBJIeHHH R, a conpOTHBJ1e-
HHe R2 TaK)Ke BbI6paTb paBHbIM R (pHC. 4.4), TO aMnJ1HTY.lI.a BbI-
XO.ll.HOrO HMnYJIbCa HanpH)KeHHH 6Y.lI.eT paBHa CYMMe BXO.ll.HbIX:
( VI V 2 V n \
U BbIX . R T+ T+ . . . + T)
= U I + U 2 + . . . + Un.
ECJ1H K T04Ke BHpTyaJIbHOH 3eMJIH HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO nO.ll.KJII04HTb
UeCKOJIbKO reHepaTOpOB TOKa, TO aMnJIHTY.lI.a BWXO.ll.HOrO HMnYJ1bCa
HanpH)KeHHH 6Y.lI.eT npOnOPQHOHaJIbHa CYMMe BXO.ll.HbIX TOKOB:
U BblX / R = II + 1 2 + . . . + In.
OnHcaHHaH MeTO.ll.HKa n03B0J1HeT CpaBHHTeJIbHO npOCTO peaJIH30BaTb
Ha npaKTHKe CYMMaTOpbI HanpH)KeHHH H npe06pa30BaTeJ1H CYMMbI
\I
TOKOB B HanpH)KeHHe.
HaKOHeu., eCJIH B nO.ll.OOHblX CXeMaX BMeCTO pe3HCTOpOB HCnOJIb-
30BaTb 3JIeMeHTbI C BOJ1bT-aMnepH IMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH U = f(/)
H U = cp(/) (pHC. 4.5), TO CBH3b Me)K.lI.Y BXO,llHbIM H BbIXO,llHbIM
HanpH)KeHHeM 6Y.lI.eT BbIfJ1H)J.eTb CJ1e.ll.YIOllI.HM 06pa30M: U BblX =
= cp[f:-I( U BX)]' f.ll.e f- I - <PYHKI1.HH, 06paTHaH f. TaK, HanpHMep,-
125
npHMeHeHHe B u.enH 06paTHOH CBH3H ,lI,HO,lI.a (pHC. 4.6) C 3Kcno-
HeHUHanbHoH 3aBHCHMOCTbID TOKa OT HanpH eHHH n03BonHeT
nocTpoHTb norapH<pMHiieCKHH nRe06pa30BaTenb HanpH eHHH, ,lI.nH
KOToporo U BblX = - V o In [Vox I (RIo)], r,lI.e V o = kT / e, a 1 0 -
Ha4anbHbIH TOK, TeKYll.I.HH 4epe3 ,lI,HO,lI.. HeKOTQPble ,lI.PyrHe npHMeHe-
HHH YCTPOHCTB C T04KOH BHpTyanbHoH 3eMnH 6Y,lI.YT paCCMOTpeH
B nOCJ1e,lI.YIDlll.HX naparpa<pax.
YCTpoHcTBa nO,lI,06HOrO THna BblnonHHIDTCH B HaCTOHlll.ee BpeMH
Ha onepaLlHOHHbIX YCHnHTenHX, BbInYCKaeMbIX npOMblwneHHOCTbID B
BH,lI,e rOTOBbIX HHTerpanbHbIX MHKpocxeM. OnepaLlHoHHbIe YCHJIHTenH
HMelOT ,lI.H<p<pepeHUHanbHbIH BXO,lI" n03BonHIOUJ.HH YCHnHBaTb CHrHa-
JIbI nI060H nonHpHOCTH, BbICOKoe BXO,lI.HOe H MaJIOe BbIXO,lI,HOe co-
npOTHBneHHH, T. e. HBJIHIOTCH YCHnHTenHMH HanpH.lKeHHH. K03<P<PH-
Ll.l1eHT YCHJIeHHH onepaUHOHHoro YCHJIHTeJIH cpaBHHTeJIbHO BenHK
11 ,lI.OCTHraeT 3Ha4eHHH HeCKOJIbKO ,lI.eCHTKOB TWCH4. O,lI.HaKo TaKoe
YCHneHHe HMeeT MeCTO TOJIbKO npH H3MeHeHHH pa3HOCTH nOTeHLl.H-
aJIOB Ha BXO,lI.ax Onepal.l.HOHHOro YCHnHTeJIH B OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60nb-
mOM HHTepBaJIe nOTeHLlHaJIOB U. ECJIH pa3HOCTb nOTeHUHaJIOB
MeHHeTCH BHe npe,lI.enOB i1lj, B YCHnHTeJIe npOI1CXO,lI.HT orpaHH4eHHe
BbIXO,lI,HOrO nOTeHLlHana, H K03<p<pHLl.HeHT ero YCI1JIeHHH CTaHOBHTCH
paBHbIM HYJIIO. flepe4HcneHHbIe CBOMCTBa onepaUHOHHbIX YCHJIHTe-
JIeM n03BOJIHIOT, BbI6HpaH COOTBeTCTBYIOIlJ,HH TOK H napaMeTpbI u.eneH
06paTHOH CBH3H, KOHCTpYHpOBaTb H3 HHX pa3JIH4HWe npe06pa30Ba-
TenH aHaJIOrOBbIX CHrHaJIOB.
4.3. HHTErPAJlbHblE AHCKPHMHHATOPbl
I1HTerpaJIbHbIM ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTopOM (11,a) Ha3bIBaeTCH YCTPOHCT-
BO, - BbIpa6aTbIBalOlll.ee CTaH,lI.apTHbIH BbIXO,lI.HOH CHrHaJI Ha Ka ,lI.bIH
BXO,lI.HOH HMnYJIbC, aMnJIHTY,lI.a KOToporo npeBbIwaeT HeKOTopoe
noporOBoe 3Ha4eHHe Un (pHC. 4.7). 3Ha4eHHe nopora 3a,lI.aeTCH
3KcnepHMeHTaTopOM, HCXO,lI,H H3 YCJIOBHH 3KCnepHMeHTa. 113
BpeMeHHbIX ,lI.HarpaMM BH,lI,HO, 41-0 CHrHan Ha BbIXO,lI.e nOHBJIHeTCH
B MOMeHT ,lI.OCTH eHHH BXO,lI.HbIM CHrHaJIOM noporOBoro 3Ha4eHHH.
npHHLl.l1n nOCTpoeHHH 11,a Hero KOHKpeTHaH peaJIH3aLlHH 3a,lI.alOT
,lI,JIHTeJIbHOCTb BbIXO,lI.HOrO CHrHaJIa Hero MepTBoe BpeMH - MHHH-
MaJIbHbIH HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH Me ,lI,Y npe,lI.bI,lI.Yll.I.HM H nOCJIe,lI.YIDlll.HM
HMnYJIbCaMH Ha BXO,lI.e HIt npH KOTOpOM npOHCXO,lI.HT cpa6aTbIBa-
HHe ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa Ha 06a HMnYJIbca. MepTBoe BpeMH onpe,lI.e-
JlHeT 4Hcno npOC4eTOB C06bITHH, eCJIH 11,a Hcnonb3yeTcH B KaHaJIe
C4eTa, HJIH 3<p<PeKTHBHoCTb CHCTeMbI oT60pa, eCJIH I1Ll npHMeHHeTCH
,lI.nH Bblpa60TKH TpHrrepa YCTaHOBKH. KaK 6Y,lI.eT nOKa3aHO B rn. 6,
MepTBoe BpeMH B 60JIblllHHCTBe npaKTH4eCKHX CJIY4aeB ,lI.OJI.lKHO 6bITb
Ha 2-3 nOpH,lI.Ka MeHbllle Cpe,lI.HerO HHTepBaJIa BpeMeHH Me ,lI,Y
CHrHaJlaMH, nocTynaIOIll.HMH Ha BXO,lI, HLl.
flopor ,lI.HCKpHMHHaLlHH I1Ll xapaKTepH3yeTcH a6COJIIOTHbIM 3Ha-
4eHHeM Un, BbIpa)KaeMbIM B e,lI,HHHl.I.ax HanpH eHHH HJIH TOKa,
126 -
U8x
°8x rJ\ u :n
t
U8blX
)
[J8blX
a)
U8blX
U 8 hI X Z
U 8",x f 5)
ut Un U8x.
U8x
t
--Un
a#
t 8)
PHC. 4.7. YCJIOBHOe 0603HaLfeHHe
HHTerpaJIbHOrO JI.HCKpHMMHaTopa H
BpeMeHHbIe .n.HarpaMMbI pa60TbI
U861x LJ
-
L
t
PHC. 4.8. CTPYKTYPHafl cxeMa HHTerpaJIbHOrO .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa - TpHr-
repa WMHTTa Ha OCHOBe YCHJ1HTeJIH C nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOH 06paTHoH CBSl3blO
(a), nepe.n.aT04HaH xapaKTepHcTHKa TaKoro YCHJIHTeJIH (6), BpeMeHHbIe
.lI.HarpaMMbl pa60Tbl .lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopa (8)
,lI.Hana30HOM perYJ1HpOBaHHfI OT MaKCHMaJ1bHOrO 3Ha4eHHH Un max
,lI.O MHHHMaJ1bHOrO 3Ha4eHHfI UnmilP 4YBCTBHTeJ1bHOCTblO, paBHOH
Un mill' TeMnepaTypHOH HeCTa6HJ1bHOCTblO p. Un max 06bl4HO He npe-
BbIlliaeT 3Ha4eHHH 5-10 B - MaKCHMaJ1bHOH a MnJ1HTY,lI.bI CHrHaJ10B
B cOBpeMeHHoH TpaH3HcTopHOH 3J1eKTpOHHKe. OpH HCn0J1b30BaHHH
HHTerpaJ1bHOrO )].HCKpHMHHaTopa ,lI.J1f1 CeJ1eKll.HH CHrHaJ10B B 60J1bllIOM
,lI.I1HaMH4eCKOM ,lI.Hana30He 3Ha4eHHe U nmin ,lI.OJ1)1{HO 6bITb M J10, T. e.
,lI.HCKpHMHHaTop ,lI.OJ1)1{eH HMeTb BbICOKYIO 4YBcTBHTeJ1bHOcTb. TaK, Ha-
npl1Mep, npH pa60Te B ,lI.HHaMH4eCKOM ,lI.Hana30He CHrHaJ10B 10 3
4YBcTBHTeJ1bHOCTb ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa ,lI.OJ1)1{Ha 6bITb He MeHee 5-
10 MB. HCn0J1b30BaHHe BbICOK04YBcTBHTeJ1bHbIX ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTopoB
LI.eJ1eC006pa3Ho 11 B Tex CJ1Y4aHx, Kor,lI.a He Tpe6yeTcfI lllHpOKO-
,lI.Hana30HHbIX H3MepeHHH, a CTOHT 3a,lI.a4a aMnJ1HTY,lI.HOH ,lI.HCKpHMHHa-
LlHH no MHorHM KaHaJ1aM, TaK KaK n03B0J1HeT CeJ1eKTHpOBaTb CHrHa-
J1bI, CHHMaeMble Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO C .n.eTeKTopOB, 6e3 npOMe)l{YT04-
Horo HX YCHJ1eHHH, ,lI.aBafi 3Ha4HTeJ1bHYIO 3KOHOMHIO 3J1eKTpOHHoro
060pY,lI.OBaHHH.
TeMnepaTypHafi HeCTa6HJ1bHOCTb nopora .n.HCKpHMHHaTopa p, H3-
MepfieMafi B MBjK, o.n.Ha H3 Ba)KH-eHWHX xapaKTepHCTHK nopora
,lI.HCKpHMHHaLI.HH, nOCKOJ1bKY CMell1.eHHe nopora ,lI.HCKpHMHHal.l.HH B
XO,lI.e 3KcnepHMeHTa 6y.n.eT npHBo.n.HTb K .n.onOJ1HHTeJ1bHWM norpew-
HOCTHM B C4eTe C06bITHH, oc06eHHO B BbICOK04YBCTBHTeJ1bHbIX
,lI.HCKpHMHHaTopax. I1HTerpaJ1bHbIH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp C nepeMeHHbIM
noporOM ,lI.HCKpHMHHal.l.HH xapaKTepH3yeTcH HHTerpaJ1bHOH HeJ1HHeH-
127
HOCTblO, Onpe,lI,eJIfleMOH aHaJIOrH4HO HHTerpaJIbHOH HeJ1HHeHHOCTH
YCHJ1HTeJ1eH KaK OTHOCHTeJ1bHOe OTKJ10HeHHe OT JIHHeHHOCTH 3aBH-
CHMOCTH aMnJ1HTY,lI.bI ,lI.HCKpHMHHHpyeMblx CHrHaJ10B OT nopora
,lI.HCKpHMHHaIl.HH.
OpOCTeMlllHH HHTerpaJ1bHbIH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp MO)KeT 6bITb noc-
TpOeH Ha OCHOBe YCHJ1HTeJ1H C 60J1blllHM KQ3Q:>Q:>HIl.HeHTOM YCHJ1eHHH,
OXBa4eHHoro rJ1y60KoH n0J10)KHTeJ1bHOH CBH3blO no TOKY HJ1H HanpH-
)KeHHIO (pHC. 4.8, a). OpH n0J10)KHTeJ1bHOH 06paTHoM CBH3H 3aBHCH-
MOCTb U BblX OT U BX HMeeT BH,lI,: U BblX = UBxK/(I-Kb). LlJ1H CJIY4afl
Kb> 1 nepe,lI.aT04HaH xapaKTepHCTHKa H306pa)KeHa. Ha pHC. 4.8,6,
xapaKTepHoH oc06eHHocTblO KOTOpOH HBJ1HeTCfI Y4acToK }-2 C
OTpHIl.aTeJ1bHbIM HaKJ10HOM. PaccMoTpHM peaKIl.HIO TaKoro YCTPOM-
CTBa Ha HeKoTopbIH BXO,lI,HOH CHrHaJ1 (pHC. 4.8, 8). OpH ,lI.OCTH-
)KeHHH BXO,lI,HbIM CHrHaJ10M 3Ha4eHHfI HanpH)KeHHfI Un HanpHMe-
HHe Ha BbIXO.ll.e HLl 3a C4eT ,lI,eHCTBHfI n0J10)KHTeJIbHOH 06paTHOM
CBfl3H CKa4KOM npHHHMaeT 3Ha4eHHe UBblX2 H 6Y,lI.eT OCTaBaTbCfI
TaKOBbIM, nOKa BXO,lI,HOH CHrHaJ1 He Ha4HeT cna.lI.aTb H He .lI.OCTHrHeT
3Ha4eHHH U . OpH 3TOM HanpH)KeHHe Ha BbIXO,lI.e CTaHeT paBHbIM
U BblX 1. BeJ1H4HHa U r = Un - U Ha3bIBaeTCH rHCTepe3HCOM H
Onpe.lI.eJ1HeT 4YBCTBHTeJ1bHOCTb ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTOpa, T. e. ero MHHH-
MaJ1bHbIH nopor. LleHCTBHTeJ1bHO, .lI.J1H Toro, qTo6bI H,Q cpa6aTbIBaJ1
OT CHrHaJ1a, aMnJ1HTY.lI.a KOToporo MeHbllle Un, HCXO.lI.HbIH nOCTOflH-
HbIM nOTeHLI.HaJ1 Ha BXO.lI.e HLl He06xo,lI,HMO YCTaHOBHTb BbIllle U ,
HO T r,lI.a nOCJIe npOXO)K.lI.eHHfI BXO.lI.HOrO CHrHaJ1a HLl He BepHeTCH
B HCXO,lI,HOe COCTOHHHe.
3Ha4eHHe rHCTepe3Hca U r paBHO U r = (UBbIX2 - UBblxI) (Kb -
- 1) / K, H ,lI.J1H nOBbIllleHHH QYBCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH H,a (YMeHbllle-
HHH rHCTepe3Hca) CJIe.lI.yeT YMeHbwaTb OTHoweHHe (Kb - 1) / K,
OCTaBJ1HH Kb > 1. 3TO B03MO)KHO npH 60J1bWOM K H MaJIOM b, KOr,lI.a
(1 - Kb) «K. HanpHMep, npH UBblX2 - U BblX I = 5 B, b =
= 1/100, K= 10 3 3HaQeHHe U r =45 MB, a ,lI,J1f1 nOJ1YQeHHH U r =
= 5 MB Heo6xo.lI.HMO YBeJ1H4HTb K ,lI,0 10 4 , a b YMeHbWHTb .lI.0
1/1000.
I1HTerpaJIbHbIH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTop, nocTpoeHHbIH no paCCMOTpeHHO-
MY npHHIl.Hny H HCn0J1b3YIOlll.HH raJ1bBaHH4eCKYIO 06paTHYlO CBH3b,
Ha3bIBaeTCH TpHrrepOM llIMHTTa. H3 npHHIl.Hna ero pa60TbI CJIe.lI.yeT,
4TO .lI.J1HTeJIbHOCTb CHrHaJ1a Ha ero BbIXO,lI,e onpe.lI.eJIHeTCfI napaMeTpa-
MH BXO.lI.HOrO CHrHaJ1a H noporOM .lI.HCKpHMHHaIl.HH H MeHHeTCH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT aMnJ1HTY,lI,bI H .lI.J1HTeJ1bHOCTH BXO,lI,HOrO CHrHaJ1a.
B HaCTOfllll.ee BpeMH TpHrrepbI llIMHTTa BbInYCKalOTCH npOMbIIIlJ1eH-
HOCTblO B HHTerpaJ1bHOM HCnOJ1HeHHH B MHKpocxeMax HeKOTopbIX
cepH . TaKHe TpHrrepbI HMelOT HeBbICOKYIO 4YBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb,
06YCJ10BJ1eHHYIO OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60J1blllHM K03Q:>cpHIl.HeHTOM YCHJ1e-
HHH YCHJ1HTeJ1eH, COCTaBJ1f1IOIIJ.HX HX OCHOBY. THnH4Hoe 3Ha4eHHe
4YBCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH nO,lI,06HbIX TpHrrepOB HMeeT 3Ha4eHHe OK0J10
50 MB, nopor MO)KeT MeHHTbCH B npe.lI.eJ1ax 0,05-5,5 B, TeMnepaTYP-
Hafl HeCTa6HJ1bHOCTb nopHAKa 10- 4 B/K. Pa60Ta C H3MeHHlOllI.HMH-
128
8xoiJ
--U
Bb/ J
C')
[/ p 0)
PHC. 4.9 ilpHHIJ.HnHaJIbHaSl CXeMa
HHTerpaJIbHOrO .n.HCKpHMHHaTOpa-
0.lI. H OBH6paTopa (a) H BpeMeHH e
.lI.HarpaMMbI pa60Tbi (6)
CH 110 .LI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH BbIXO.LI.HbIMH CHrHaJIaMH HHTerpaJIbHOrO .LI.HCKPH-
MHHaTOpa THna TpHrrepa ll1MHTTa He BCer.LI.a B03MO)l{Ha, HanpHMep,
B CJIyqae, Kor.LI.a npHeMHoe (CqeTHoe) YCTPOHCTBO paCC4HTaHO Ha
CHrHaJIbI onpe.LI.eJIeHHOH .LI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH. B TaKHX CJIyqaHX B Ka4eCTBe
HHTerpaJIbHOrO .LI.HCKpHMHHaTopa ,HCnOJIb3YIOT YCTPOHCTBO C nOJIO-
JKHTeJIbHOH eMKOCTHOH 06paTHOH CBH3blO - O.LI.HOBHOpaTOp. TaK' JKe
KaK H JI.JIH TpHrrepa ll1MHTTa, K03<p<pHl1.HeHT 06paTHOH CBH3H *
onpe.LI.eJIHeT rHCTepe3HC B 0.LI.HOBH6paTope H COOTBeTCTBeHHO ero
4YBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb.
PaCCMOTpHM npHHQHn pa60TW 0.LI.HOBH6paTopa H OCHOBHwe ero
xapaKTepHcTHKH Ha npHMepe npOCTCHI11erO 0.LI.HOBH6paTopa (pHC. 4.9).
BbIXO.LI. YCHJIHTeJIH Y 4epe3 KOH.LI.eHCaTOp C COe.ll.HHeH C npHMbIM
BXO.LI.OM YCHJIHTeJIH (TOqKa p), KOTOpbIH 4epe3 pe3HcTop C conpoTHB-
JIeHHeM R nO.LI.COe.LI.HHeH K I11HHe C HYJIeabIM nOTeHll.HaJIOM. OpH
nocTynJIeHHH Ha BXO.LI. 0.LI.HOBH6HpaTopa (HHBepTHPYlOllI.HH BXO.LI.
YCHJIHTeJIH) OTpHll.aTeJIbHOrO CHfHaJIa C He60JIbI110H no cpaBHeHHIO
nocToHHHOH RC .LI.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO H C aMnJIHTYJI.OH, npeBbIlIlalOllI.eH
nopor cpa6aTbIBaHHH O.LI.HOBH6paTopa, Ha BbIXO.LI.e YCHJIHTeJIH no-
HBJIHeTCH nOJIOJKHTeJIbHblH nOTeHLl.HaJI, KOTOpbIH 4epe3 C nocTynaeT
Ha npHMoH BXOJI. YCHJIHTeJIH, BbI3bIBaH pereHepaTHBHbIH npoll.ecc,
nepeBO.LI.HllI.HH O.LI.HOBH6paTop B COCTOHHHe HaCbIllI.eHHH C BbICOKHM
nOTeHLl.HaJIOM Ha BbIXO.ll.e. nOHBHBlIlHHCH Ha npHMoM BXOtI.e nOJIO-
JKHTeJIbHbIH nOTeHLl.HaJI HaqHHaeT YMeHblIlaTbcH C nocToHHHOH Bpe-
MeHH RC. npH .LI.OCTH)KeHHH Ha npHMoM BXO.LI.e nOTeHll.HaJIa B03-
BpaTa U B03Bp, npH KOTOpOM YCHJIHTeJIb H3 peLKHMa HaCbIllI.eHHH
nepeXO.LI.HT B peLKHM JIHHeHHOro YCHJIeHHH, nOTeHl1.HaJI Ha BbIXOJI.e
YCHJIHTeJIH HaqHHaeT naJI.aTb. 3TO na.LI.eHHe nOTeHUHaJIa 4epe3 C
nepeJI.aeTCH Ha npHMoH BXOJI., npHBO.LI.H K pereHepaTHBHoMY npoLl.ec-
cY, B03BpaIll. alO llI.eMY 0,llHOBH6paTop B COCTOHHHe C HH3KHM nOTeH-
lI.HaJIOM Ha BbIXO,lle. TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha BbIXO.LI.e O.LI.HOBH6paTopa
<PopMHPyeTcH CHrHaJI onpe.LI.eJIeHHOH .LI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH, 3a.LI.aBaeMOH
nocToHHHOH BpeMeHH RC-uenH H nOTeHLl.HaJIOM U B03Bp. OpH nepe-
XO.LI.e O.LI.HOBH6paTopatB HCXO,llHOe COCTOHHHe Ha npHMoH BXO,ll YCH-
JIHTeJIH 4epe3 C nepe,llaeTCH OTpHl1.aTeJIbHbIH nOTeHLl.HaJI, KOTOpbIH C
* K03<p<PHU.HeHT 06paTHoH CBH3M eMKOCTHOH nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOH CBH3H HBJIHeTCSI
AMHaMM4eCKOH BeJIH4MHOH, 3a.lI.aeTCH 3Ha4eHHeM eMKOCTM, 4aCTOTHblMH xapaKTepHCTH-
KaMM YCHJIMTeJIH H u.enH e6paTHoH CBH3H.
9- 2790
129
nOCTOHHHOM BpeMeHH RC Ha4HHaeT CnaJJ.aTb K HYJIIO. B03HHKHOBe-
HHe 3TOrO nOTeHUHaJIa H onpeJJ.eJIHeT OCHOBHOH HeJJ.OCTaTOK OJJ.HO-
BH6paTOpa - HaJIHLfHe BpeMeHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH - BpeMeHH, B
Te4eHHe KOTOpOrO 0JJ.HOBH6paTOp npH nocTynJIeHHH Ha ero BXO,lI.
CJIeJJ.YIOI1(ero HMnYJIbCa He MO)KeT cpa60TaTb BHOBb. ,lJ.eHcTBHTeJIbHO,
npH nOHBJIeHHH Ha BXOJJ.e 0JJ.HOBH6paTopa HMnYJIbCa HanpH)KeHHH
B nepHOJJ. BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH, KorJJ.a nOTeHUHaJI Ha npHMOM BXOJJ.e
He JJ.OCTHr 3Ha4eHHH, npH KOTOpOM YCHJIHTeJIb nepeXOJJ.HT B pe)KHM
JIHHeHHOro YCHJIeHHH, pereHepaTHBHbIH npouecc HJJ.TH He MO)KeT H,
CJIeJJ.OBaTeJIbHO, HeB03MO)KHO nOBTopHoe cpa6aTbIBaHHe 0,lI.HOBH6pa-
Topa. .
BbICOK04YBCTBHTeJIbHbIe HHTerpaJIbHbIe JJ.HCKpHMHHaTopbI no
THny TpHrrepa lllMHTTa HJIH 0,lI.HOBH6paTop'a B nOCJIe,LlHee BpeMH
peaJIH3YIOTCH B OCHOBHOM Ha KOMnapaTopax B HHTerpaJIbHOM HC-
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napaTopa. TaKHM 06pa30M, KOMnapaTop npH <PHKcHpoBaHHoM
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BpeMeHH, B Te4eHHe KOToporo Ha ero BTOpOM BXOJJ.e npHCYTCTByeT
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nepaTypHaH HeCTa6HJIbHpCTb nopora JJ.HCKpHMHHaUHH 10-50 MKB/K
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peaJIH3YIOI.I.J.eM TpHrrep lIlMHTTa HJIH 0Jl.HOBH6paTOp. Ha pHC. 4.10
B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa npHBe,LleHbI cxeMa H BpeMeHHbIe ,LlHarpaMMbI
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BHQpaTopa Ha C,LlBOeHHOM KOMna paTope.
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paJI bHbIM (a) H M<p<pepeHu,H aJI b-
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TOqKe p He yna,lJ.eT ,lJ.0 nOTeHI..(HaJIa CMeIll.eHHH E CM 3a CqeT pa3-
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MorYT ynpaBJIHTbCH OT HCTOqHHKOB C HH3KHM B XO,lJ.H M conpOTHB-
JIeHHeM, qTO YMeHbllIaeT HeCTaOHJIbHOCTb nopora ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaI..(HH.
TaKoH 11,L{ OOeCneqHBaeT BbICOKYIO CTaOHJIbHOCTb nopora npH aHa-
JIH3e KaK nOJIOlKHTeJIbHbIX, TaK H OTpHLI.aTeJIbHbIX HMnYJIbCOB C
aMnJIHTY,lJ.OH OT HeCKOJIbKHX MHJIJIHBOJIbT ,lJ.0 5 B. DpH paooTe OT
HCTOqHHKOB CHrHaJIOB C HH3KHM BbIXO,lJ.HbIM conpOTHBJIeHHeM 11,L{
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HeJIHHeHHOcTb MeHbwe 0,03 %.
B 3aKJIIOqeHHe 3Toro naparpa<pa KpaTKO OOCY,lJ.HM B03MOlKHOCTH
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TY,lJ.HOM cneKTpe perHcTpHpyeMblx CHrHaJIOB, Kor.u.a no TeM HJIH
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(pHC. 4. 11 ,a). 113 HHTerpaJIbHOrO cneKTpa nOCJIe qHCJIeHHOrO ,lJ.H<P-
<pepeHI..(HpOBaHHH MOlKeT ObITb nOJIyqeH ,lJ.H<p<PepeHLI.HaJIbHbIH cneKTp
(pHC. 4. 11,6). .
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BH,lJ. rJIa,lJ.KOH KpHBOH H no <pH3HqeCKoMY CMbICJIY npe,lJ.CTaBJIHIOIlI.He
COOOH nJIOTHOCTb Bep05lTHOCTH nOJIyqeHHH CHrHaJIa C ,lJ.aHHOH aM-
nJIHTY,lJ.OH. DpH qHCJIeHHOM ,lJ.H<j:><j:>epeHI..(HpOBaHHH HHTerpaJIbHOrO
cneKTpa C warOM A = U n . ,lJ.H<p<pepeHI..(HaJIbHbIH cneKTp nOJIY-
131
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cTByeT KOJIH4eCTBY CHrHaJIOB C a MnJIHTY,lJ.OH, JIe)Kalll.eH B HHTepBaJIe
OT A ,lJ.0 A + A BO BceM H3MepHeMOM HHTepBaJIe aMnJIHTY,lJ.. BaJK-
HO OTMeTHTb,4TO npH 4HcneHHoM ,lJ.H epeHUHpoBaHHH B03HHKaIDT
OOJIblliHe CTaTHCTH4eCKHe norpellIHOCTH onpe,lJ.eJIeJlHH KOJIH4eCTBa
CHrHaJIOB B cooTBeTcTBYIDIll.HX HHTepBaJIaX ,lJ.H epeHUHaJIbHOrO
cneKTpa. 3TH norpelliHOCTH OOYCJIOBJIeHbI TeM, 4TO 4HCJIO CHrHaJIOB,
nOna,lJ.aIDllI.Hx B HHTepBaJI aMnJIHTY,lJ. A, onpe,lJ.eJIHeTCH KaK pa3-
HOCTb ,lJ.BYX OJIH3KHX 4HCeJI HHTerpaJIbHOrO cneKTpa N H N + N
(nO,lJ.BepJKeHHbIX CTaTHCTH4eCKHM JIYKTyau.HHM) , COOTBeTCTBYID-
llI.HX noporaM U n = A HUn + U = A + A. OTHOCHTeJIbHaH
nOrpelli HOCTb 6 tJ.N onpe,lJ.eJIeHHH 3TOH pa3HOCTH paBHa -j2ii / N H
npH OOJIblliOM N H MaJIOM N MOJKeT ObITb BeCbMa BeJIHKa. 00-
3TOMY onHcaHHWH cnocoo nOJIY4eHHH ,lJ.H epeHUHaJIbHOrO cneKTpa
MOJKeT ObITb peKOMeH,lJ.OBaH JIHllib ,lJ.JIH rpYOOH ero ou.eHKH.
4.4. AH EPEHLlHAJ]bHbIE AHCKPHMHHATOPbI
LLH epeHUHaJIbHbIM ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopOM (LLLL) Ha3bIBaeTCH
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CHrHaJI Ha KaJK,lJ.bIH BXO,lJ.HOH CHrHaJI, aMnJIHTY)l.a KOToporo npeBbI-
lliaeT HH)KHHH nopor U H, HO He npeBOCXO,lJ.HT BepXHHH U B. Pa3HHLI.a
MeJK,lJ.Y 3THMJ1 noporaMH Ha3bIBaeTCH OKHOM LLLL. LLH epeHUHaJIb-
HbIe ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopbI HCnOJIb3YIDTCH ,lJ.JIH BbI)l.eJIeHHH COObITHH,
COOTBeTCTBYIDlll.HX onpe)l.eJIeHHbIM 3HepreTH4eCKHM (aMnJIHTY,lJ.HbIM)
,lJ.Hana30HaM. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OTHOCHTeJIbHOH llIHpHHbI 3THX
,lJ.Hana30HOB B H,lJ.epHO- H3H4eCKOM 3KcnepHMeHTe HCnOJIb3YIDTCH
,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopbI ,lJ.BYX THn B - ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopbI C lliHpOKHM H
Y3KHM OKHaMH, xapaKTepH3yeMble 3Ha4eHHeM OTHOllleHHH lliHpHHbI
OKHa K Cpe,lJ.HeMY 3Ha4eHHID BbI,lJ.eJIHeMbIX aMnJIHTY,lJ..
LLHCKpHMHHaTopbI C lliHpOKHM OKHOM HCnOJIb3YIDTCH ,lJ.JIH BbI,lJ.e-
JIeHHH HH opMaUHH 0 npouec£ax C OTHOCHTeJIbHO lliHpOKHMH aMnJIH-
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THJIJIHTOpa NaI (TI) 0,05-0,2. OpH pa,lJ.HOMeTpHH HeHTpoHoB C
nOMOlll.bID ,lJ.eTeKTOpoB Ha OCHOBe opraHH4ecKHx CUHHTHJIJIHTOpOB
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IlIHpHHa OKHa MOJKeT ,lJ.OCTHraTb 3Ha4eHHH 0,2-0,9.
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He3aBHCHMO; 2) CTaOHJIbHOCTb nOJIOJKeHHH rpaHHU OKHa npH B03-
,lJ.eHCTBHH ,lJ.eCTaOHJIH3HPYIDlll.HX aKTopoB ,lJ.OJI)KHa ObITb TaKoH,
4TOObI ,lJ.peH llIHpHHbI OKHa ObIJI He3Ha4HTeJIeH no cpaBHeHHID C
lliHpHHOH OKHa. HanpHMep, npH OTHOCHTeJIbHOH lllHpHHe OKHa 0,1
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132
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qTOObI nOrpelllHOCTb 4HCJIa COObITHH H3-3a HeCTaOHJIbHOCTH noporOB
He npeBbIlllaJIa CTaTHCTH4eCKOH norpelllHOCTH, OTHOCHTeJIbHaH
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H IJ I H H IJ 2, onpe,lI.eJIHIOlll.HX COOTBeTCTBeHHO HH)KHHH H BepXHHH
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npHBe,lI.eHbI Ha pHC. 4.12, 6.
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He BROCHT .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX 01lIH604HbIX HCKJII04eHHH, npHCYIlI.HX
06bI4HbIM pelKeKTopaM. Oc06eHHO nepcneKTHBHO 06'be.ll.HHeHHe MeTO-
,lla HCKJII04eHHH HaJIO}KeHHH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 06bI4Horo pe}KeKTOpa,
HCKJII04aIOlllero 90-95% HaJIO}KeHHH, C MeTO.ll.OM nOJIHOrO HCKJII04e-
HHH HaJIO}KeHHH, HCKJII04alOlllero OCTaBllIYIOCH 4aCTb HaJIOlKeHHH.
KOHTpOJlbHble BonpOCbI
1. )].JISI nOBbIlUeHHfI 4YBCTBMTeJIbHOCTH HHTerpaJlbHOrO )].HCKpHMHHaTopa (HLl)
Heo6xo.lI.HMO:
a) npHMeHHTb B HLl Onepal.l.H HbIH YCMJIHTeJIb OY C 60JIblUHM K03<pcpl1u,HeH-
TOM YCHJ1eHHH k;
6) YBeJ1 H4HTb K03<p<pHl.I.HeHT 06paTHoH CBfl3H b;
B) npHMeHI1Tb B H)]. OY C 60JIblUHM k H YMeHblUHTb b?
2. KaKYIO <PYHKU,HIO 6y)].eT BblnOJIHS1Tb )].H<pcpepeHu,HaJIbHbIH )].I1CKpMMMHaTop,
HMeIOlU.HH He3aBI1CHMbIe perYJIHpOBKH noporoB, eCJIH 3Ha4eHHe BepxHero nopora
U B 6Y.lI.eT MeHbIlJe 3Ha4eHMS1 HH:fKHerO nopora U H:
a) He 6y)].eT pearHpOBaTb Ha BXO)].Hble CHrHaJIbI;
6) 6y)].eT pa60TaTb KaK )].H<p<pepeHu,HaJlbHbIl1 .lI.I1CKpI1MHHaTOp, perl1cTpHpySl
CHrHaJlbl C aMnJIHTy)].oH A, Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHIOllI.eH YCJIOBH U B A < U u;
B) 6y)].eT pa60TaTb KaK HHTerpaJIbHblH )].HCKpHMHHaTOp C noporOM U u?
3. KaKoe YCTPOHCTBO aMnJIHTy.n.Horo oT60pa C06WTHH l.I.e.neco06pa3Ho I1CnOJIb30-
BaTb .lI.JISI nOJIY4eHMSI C nOMOlll.blO aMnJIHTy.n.HOrO aHaJlH3aTOpa cneKTpa CHrHaJIOB
C aMnJII1TY.lI.OH, npeBblWalOllI.eH 3Ha4eHHe A H:
a) I1HTerpaJIbHblH .n.HCKpHMHHaTOp c noporoM U II = A /I;
144
6) noporoBbIH YCMJIMTeJIb C noporoM Un = A H;
B) JIHHeHHYIO CXeMY npOnYCKaHHfI, ynpaBJ1HeMYIO HHTerpaJlbHblM )].HCKpHMMHa-
TOpOM C nOpOrOM U n = A H?
4. KaKHe YCTpOHCTBa aMnJIHTY)].Horo oT60pa eJIeC006pa3HO BKJII04HTb Ha BXO)].
aMnJlHTY)].Horo aHaJIH3aTOpa (AA) .n.JlSI nOJIY4eHHH B aHaJ1H3aTOpe Y4aCTKa cneKTpa
B .lI.Hana30He aMnJII1TY)]. OT A II )].0 A B:
a) HOpM aJI bHO 3aKpbITYIO JI HHeHHYIO cxeMY nponYCKaHHH, ynpaBJISleMYIO OT )].H<f>-
<t>epeHlJ.HaJIbHOrO .lI.MCKPI1MMHaTopa C noporOM Uti = A B HUB =A B ;
6) noporoBblH yCHJ1I1TeJIb c Un = A Ii, CTOSlllI.HH Ha Bxo.n.e HOpMaJIbHO OTKpblTOH
JII1HeHHOH cxeMbl nponYCKaHHfI, Y!1paBJI5IeMOH OT HHTerpaJIbHOrO .lI.HCKpHM HHaTopa
C noporOM U (I = A 8;
B) Jut<t><t>epeHu,HaJIbl-!bIH )].HCKpHMHHaTOp C HM}I(HHM nOpOrOM U H = A H M BepXHHM
noporOM U B = A a?
5. KaKYIO cxeMY pe}l(eKu,HI1 HaJIO}l(eHHbIX HMnYJ1bCOB lJ.eJIeC006pa3HO np HMeHI1Tb
B cneKTpOMeTpe, 06pa6aTbiBalOIlleM HMnYJ1bCbl C 04eHb KPYTbIM <f>POHTOM..IH )].JIHHHbIM
nOJI OrI-1M cn a)].OM:
· a) H306pa}l(eHHYIO Ha pHC. 4.20;
6) H306pa}l(eHHYIO Ha pHC. 4.21;
B) H306pa}l(eHHYIO Ha pHC. 4.22?
rJlABA 5
METOAbl BPEMEHHOA CEJlEK",WH
'5.t. 3A,lI.AlJH BPEMEHHOA CEJI EKlJ.H H
B npe.ll.bI.lI.YllU1X rJIaBaX Y}Ke He pa3 npHBO.ll.HJIHCb npHMepbI Bpe-
MeHHoro oT60pa C06 THH, KOr.ll.a Ta HJIH HHaH nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOCTb
cpa6aT BaHHH .lI.eTeKTOpOB BO BpeMeHH n03BOJIHeT oT06paTb 4aCTH-
UbI HY}KHOrO copTa JIH60 .lI.BH}KYlllHecH B HY}KHOM HanpaBJIeHHH HJIH
BbI.lI.eJIHTb onpe.ll.eJIeHHbIH <pH3H4eCKHH npOlI.ecc. BpeMeHHOH OT60p,
HJIH, KaK 4aw.e rOBopHT, BpeMeHHaH CeJIeKlI.HH, lllHpOKO npHMeHHeT-
CH B 3JIeKTpOHH X CHCTeMax oT60pa nOJIe3H X C06 THH, n03BOJIHH
BO MHorHX CJIY4aHx nOBbICHTb OTHOllleHHe 3<P<PeKTa K <POHY Ha
HeCKOJIbKO nOpH.lI.KOB.' OpH 3TOM JIM60 HCnOJIb3yeTcH eCTeCTBeHHaH
BpeMeHHaH nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOCTb C06bITHH B H3Y4aeMOM npOlI.eCce,
JIH60 MeTO.ll.H4eCKHe npMeMbI,. n03BOJIHIOlllHe TaKYIO nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIb-
HOCTb C03.l1.aTb HCKyccTBeHHbIM nYTeM.
OOH.CHHM 3TO Ha npHMepax, Y}Ke npMBO.ll.l1BlllMXCH B rJI. 1. ,LlJIH
H3MepeHMH npe.ll.eJIbHO MaJIbIX KOHlI.eHTpall.HH: 41 Ar B B03.l1.yxe, KOr.ll.a
aKTHBHOCTb np06 cpaBHHMa C <POHOM eCTecTBeHHOH: pa.ll.HOaKTHB-
IIOCTH MaTepHaJIOB .deTeKTopa, HCnOJIb3yeTcH TOT <paKT, liTO -pacna.ll.
.11 Ar npHBO.ll.HT K 06pa30BaHHIO MeTaCTa6HJIbHOrO B036Y}K.lI.eHHOrO
HYKJIH.lI.a 41 K, HMelOIlI.erO nepHO.ll. nOJIypacna.ll.a (nepeXO.ll. B OCHOBHoe
COCTOHHHe C, M3JIYQeHMeM Y-KBaHTa C 3HeprHeH: = 1,3 M3B)
6,7. 10- 9 C. PerHCTpalI.HH 3Toro Y-H3JIYlIeHMH C O.ll.HOBpeMeHHbIM 113-
MepeHHeM BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa Me}K.lI.Y MOMeHTaMM perMCTpalI.HH
145
10-2790
f3-4aCTHIJ.bI H- Y-KBaHTa n03BOJIHeT OT,QeJIHTb aKT pacna,Qa 41Ar OT
HeOTJIH4HMbIX no 3HeprOBbI,lI.eJIeHHIO, HO HeKOppeJIHpOBaHHbIX BO
BpeMeHH <POHOBbIX CHfHaJIOB. 3,Qecb, KaK BH,QHO, HCnOJIb3yeTcH <PH3H-
4eCKaH 3aKOHOMepHOCTb npOIJ.eCca pa,QHoaKTHBHOfO p-acna,Qa 41 Ar.
,QJIH BbI.lI.eJIeHHH 4aCTHIJ., HMelOw.HX 3a,QaHHoe HanpaBJIeHHe ,QBH-
LKeHIIH, B 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH npaKTHKe lllHpOKO IICnOJIb3YIOTCH
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe TeJIeCKOnbI C4eT4HKOB, T. e. Ha60p H3 ,QBYX IIJIH
60JIee ,QeTeKTopOB, pacnOJIO/KeHHbIX B.lI.OJIb TpaeKTopHH 4aCTHIJ.bI.
B npOCTeHllIeM CJIY4ae C nOMOlll.blO cxeMbI COBna,QeHHH pefHCTpH-
PyeTcH O,QHOBpeMeHHOCTb cpa6aTbIBaHHH ,QeTeKTopOB TeJIeCKona.
OpHMep TaKOfO TeJIeCKOna Ha nY4Ke «Me4eHbIX» Y-KBaHTOB 6bIJI pac-
CMOTpeH B 1.3. ECJIH <PoHoBble YCJIOBHH TaKOBbI, 4TO BaJK:HO BbI,LI,e-
JIHTb H HanpaBJIeHHe ,QBH/KeHHH 4aCTHIJ., H3MepHeTcH BpeMeHHoH
- HHTepBaJI Me/K,QY CHfHaJIaMH nOCJIe,QOBaTeJIbHO \ cpa6aTbIBalOlll.HX
.lI.eTeKTOpoB, KaK 3TO C,lI.eJIaHO B CHCTeMe npe,QBapHTeJIbHOfO oT60pa
C06bITHH r,aMMa-TeJIeCKOna «raMMa-l» (CM. 1.4). B 3THX ,QBYX
npHMepax, TaK JK:e KaK II B IJ.eJIOM pH,Qe ,QPyrHx, paccMoTpeHHbIx
B npe,QbI,Qyw.HX rJIaBaX, npHMeHeH (B pa3HbIx MO,ll.H<pHKalI.HHx) O,ll.HH
II TOT JK:e npHeM: Ha nYTH .n.BHJK:eHHH 4aCTHIJ. pacnOJIaraeTCH rpynna
.n.eTeKTopOB, H aHaJIH3HpyeTcH nOCJIe,QOBaTeJIbHOCTb HX cpa6aTbIBa-
HHH BO BpeMeHH. OT6HpalOTCH TOJIbKO Te C06bITHH, .llJIH KOTOpbIX 3Ta
nOCJIe,QOBaTeJIbHOCTb y,QOBJIeTBOpHeT 3a.llaHHbIM KpHTepHHM.
4aw.e Bcero 3TH KpHTepHH ,lI.OCTaT04HO npOCTbI: JIH60 ,QeTeKTopbI
cpaoaTbIBalOT O,QHOBpeMeHHO, JIH60 OHH cpa6aTbIBalOT 4epe3 onpe-
.lI.eJIeHHbIe, 3apaHee 3a.n.aHHbIe npOMeJK:YTKH BpeMeHII. OT60p C06bI-
THH no 3THM KpHTepHHM 06bI4HO II Ha3bIBalOT BpeMeHHOH CeJIeKIJ.HeH.
B 60JIee CJIO/KHbIX CJIY4aHX, KOf.n.a npOMe/KYTOK BpeMeHH Me/K.n.y
CHrHaJIaMH .lI.BYX HJIH 60JIee .n.eTeKTopOB He <PHKCHpOBaH, HO no.n.-
4HHHeTCH onpe.n.eJIeHHOH CTaTHCTH4eCKOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH, npOBo.n.HT
ffpeMeHHOH aHaJIH3 npou.ecca B IJ.enHX BWHBJIeHHH 3TOH 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTH.
BpeMeHHbIe H3MepeHHH, B OTJIH4He OT aMnJIHTy.n.HbIX, BCer.ll.a
HMelOT OTHOCHTeJIbHbIH xapaKTe - 3a,lI.aeTCH T04Ka OTC4eTa (HYJIe-
BOH MOMeHT BpeMeHH), OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOTOpOH npOBO,lI.HTCH H3Mepe-
HHH. 3a HYJIeBYIO T04KY OTC4eTa npHHHMaeTCH JIHOO MOMeHT cpa6a-
TbIBaHHH KaKoro- HH6y.n.b .lI.eTeKTOpa, JIH60 KaKOH-l:fH6Y,lI.b .llpyrOH.,
<pH3H4eCKII BbI.n.eJIeHHbIH MOMeHT (HanpHMep, c6poc nY4Ka YCKOPH-
TeJIH Ha MHllleHb), OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOToporo H3MepHIOTCH MOMeHTbI
nOHBJIeHHH CHrHaJIOB Ha BWXO,lI.e .n.eTeKTopa (HJIH rpynnw .n.eTeKTO-
pOB). 04eBH.n.HO, 4TO II Ha4aJIO OTC4eTa, H MOMeHT nOHBJIeHHH
CHfHaJIa H a BbIxo.n.e .n.eTeKTopa MorYT 6bITb onpe.lleneHbI C HeKOTopOH
norpeWHOCTblO. T04HOCTb onpe,ll.eJIeHHH perHCTpaUHI1 4aCTHIJ.bI .n.e-
TeKTopOM xapaKTepH3yeTcH efO BpeMeHHbIM pa3perneHHeM - 3TOT
Bonpoc 6bIJI no.n.P06HO paccMoTpeH B 2.3. OOCKOJIbKY JIIOOOH
.n.eTeKTop oOJIa.n.aeT KOHe4HbIM BpeMeHHbIM pa3pellleHHeM, 04eBH.n.HO,
4TO BpeMeHHaH CeJIeKIJ.HH CHrHaJIOB ,lI.OJI/KHa ocyw.ecTBJIHTbCH C HeKO-
TOpbIM «,lI.OnycKoM», Y4HTbIBalOllI.HM no MeHbllleH Mepe 3TY Heonpe-
146
.n.eJIeHHOCTb. 3TOT .n.OnYCK Ha3bIBaeTCH BpeMeHHbIM OKHOM, HJIH Bpe-
MeHHbIM KaHaJIOM, H XapaKTepH3yeTcH lllHpHHOH KaHaJIa, M3MepHe-
MOH B e.n.HHHuaX BpeMeHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, YHKUHH BpeMeHHOrO
CeJIeKTOpa COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO OH C03.n.aeT Ha OCH BpeMeHH B 3a.n.aH-
HOM MeCTe (OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeKOTOpOH T04KM OTC4eTa) BpeMeHHOH
'KaHaJI KOHe4HOH WHpMHbl. PerHCTpaIJ.HH nO.n.JIe}KaT TOJIbKO Te C06bI-
THH, KOTOpble nOna.n.alOT B 3TOT BpeMeHHOH KaHaJI, HJIH me Ha06opOT,
Te C06bITHH, KOTopbIe nona.n.alOT B 3TOT KaHaJI, oT6paCbIBaIOTCH. IllH-
pHHa BpeMeHHoro KaHaJIa, ero nOJIO)KeHHe Ha BpeMeHHOH OCH MMelOT
npHHUHnHaJIbHOe 3Ha4eHHe npH onpe.n.eJIeHHH OTHoweHHH 3 eKTa
K OHY, a BbI60p KOHKpeTHbIX 3Ha4eHHH 3TMX BeJIH4HH .n.HKTyeTcH
ue:TIbIM pH.n.OM aKTopOB, CBH3aHHbIX C caMHM HCCJIe.n.yeMbIM npo-
ueCCOM, C OHOBbIMH YCJIOBHHMH H C xapaKTepHCTHKaMH MCnOJIb-
3yeMbIx .n.eTeKTopOB.
Cpe.n.H MeTo.n.H4eCKHX npMeMOB, n03BOJIHIOllI.HX npOM3Bo.n.HTb B pe-
MeHHYIO CeJIeKUHIO C06bITHH, oc060 CJIe.n.yeT BbI.n.eJIHTb MeTo.n.bI: COB-
na.n.eHHH, aHTHCOBna.ll.eHHH H BpeMeHM npOJIeTa.
MeTO.n. COBna.n.eHHH, y}Ke He pa3 ynoMMHaBIllHHCH. B HaCTOHllI.eH
KHHre, COCTOHT B oT60pe .lI.BYX HJIH 60JIee CHrHaJIOB, nOHBJIHlOllI.MXCH
o.n.HOBpeMeHHO. OCHOBOH .n.JIH npHMeHeHHH 3Toro MeTo.n.a MO}KeT CJIY-
}KMTb KaK caM H3H4eCKHH npouecc - o.n.HOBpeMeHHoe p0}K.n.eHHe
,llBYX HJIH 60JIee 4aCTHIJ., HanpHMep P0}K.lI.eHHe .llBYX aHHHrHJIHI1.HOH-
HbIX -Y-KBaHTOB npH aHHHrHJIHUHH n03HTpoHa (CM. 2.3), TaK H
/ MeTO.llHlJecJ.{MH npHeM - pa3Melll.eHHe Ha nYTH L1.BH}KeHHH 4aCTHl1.bI
.llBYX HJIM 60JIee ,lJ.eTeKTopOB. B nOCJIe.ll.HeM CJIY4ae nO.llpa3YMeBaeTcH,
4TO BpeMH npOXO}K.n.eHHH lJaCTHl1.eH paCCTOHHHH OT O.llHOro L1.eTeKTOpa
.llO .n.Pyroro npeHe6pe)KHMO MaJIO no cpaBHeHHIO C norpelllHOCTblO
H3MepeHMH. MeTo.n. aHTHcoBna.n.eHMH no cBoeH M3HlIecKoH CYTH
HH4eM He OT JIH4aeTCH OT MeTO.ll.a COBna.n.eHMH - MKcMPyeTcH O.ll.HO-
BpeMeHHOCTb cpa6aTWBaHMH .llBYX HJIM 60JIee .n.eTeKTopOB. Pa3HHua
3aKJII04aeTCH JIHlllb B TOM, lITO TaKHe C06bITHH B .n.aHHOM. CJIY4ae
HBJIHIOTCH OHOBbIMH H HCKJII04alOTCH H3 perHCTpaUHH. rIpMMepbI
HCnOJIb30BaHHH MeTO,lla aHTHCOBna.n.eHMH .lI.JIH 3 a llI.HTbI $H3H4eCKMX
YCTaHOBOK OT OHa nOCTopOHHHX 3apH}KeHHWX 4aCTMU npHBe.lleHW
B 1.1, 1.4. MeTo.n.bI cOBna.n.eHHH H aHTHcoBna.n.eHHH HrpalOT 4pe3-
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no.n.p06HO paccMoTpeHbI B 5.3.
MeTo.n. BpeMeHH npOJIeTa HCnOJIb3yeTcH .n.JIH .n.HCKpHMHHaUMH
llaCTHLI. no CKOpOCTHM. OH lllHpOKO npMMeHHeTCH KaK B
(pH3HKe HH3KHX 3HeprHH, TaK H B H3HKe BbICOKMX 3HeprHH npH
Pl\I'HCTpal1.HH THLKeJIbIX HOHOB, HeHTpoHoB, npOTOHOB, Me30HOB H
JlpyrHx aCTHIJ.. CYTb MeTo.n.a COCTOHT B M3MepeHMH BpeMeHH t npo-
JIl'Ta 4aCTHLl.eH MKcHpoBaHHoro paCCTOHHHH l Me}K.n.y .llBYMH ,lJ.eTeK-
TopaMH, Ha3bIBaeMoro npOJIeTHOH 6a30H. 04eBH.n.HO, liTO eCJIM H3-
IH'CTHbl 3TH .n.Be BeJIH4HHbI, TO CKOpOCTb 4aCTHl1.bI B HepeJIHTHBHCT-
fl\OM CJIY4ae paBHa:
u = l/ t.
147
,L{.nH peJIHTHBHCTCKOrO CJIYlIaH Ha,lI.O nOJIb30BaTbCH COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IlI.eH <popMYJ10it rIpH nO,lI.06HbIX H3MepeHHHX nOJIaraeTCH, qTO qaCTHlI.a
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TeJIbHYIO qaCTb 3HeprHH, TaK qTO ee CKOpOCTb nOCJIe B3aHMO,lI.eH:CTBI15I
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YCJIOBHe JIerKO 06ecnellHTb B CJIY4ae perHcTpau.HH OTHOCHTeJIbHO
J1erKHX (e, J.t, p, n + , K + H ,lI.p.) qaCTHIJ. 60J1blllOH: 3HeprHI1 BbI60-
pOM COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI.HX pa3MepOB ,lI.eTeKTOpa H MaCCbI pa60qero
BellleCTBa ,lI.eTeKTopa. OpH perHCTpaIJ.HH TH}KeJIbIX MHor03apH,lI.HbIX
qaCTHlJ. (HOHOB) ,lI.eTeKTOpbI ,lI.OJIlKHbI HMeTb MHHHMaJ1bHYIO TOJ1lll.I1HY
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4aHX npHMeHHIOTCH 3MHCCHOHHbIe ,lI.eTeKTOpbI Ha OCHOBe TOHKHX
<p OJIbr .
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YCJIOBHe Bo06ll1.e HeB03MO}KHO 06eCneqHTb, TaK KaK perHCTpalI.HH
HeH:TpOHOB YKa3aHHoro ,lI.Hana30Ha 3HeprHH: OCHOBaHa Ha npOIJ.eCce
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1,0 B (n, ), 7Lil, npH. KOTOpOM HeHTpOH nOJIHOCTbIO norJIOlll.aeTCH.
MOMeHT BXO,lI.a HeH:TpOHa B npOJIeTHYIO 6a3Y ,lI.OJI}KeH 6bITb B 3TOM
CJIYlIae onpe,lI.eJIeH .n.PyrHM cnoc060M - JIH60 no MOMeHTY reHepaIJ.HH
HeHTpOHOB nY4KOM HMnYJIbCHOrO YCKopHTeJIH, JIH60 C nOMOlll.blO
CneUHaJIbHbIX MeXaHHqefKHX npepbIBaTeJIeli' (ceJIeKTopOB), CTOHIllHX
Ha BXO,lI.e B npOJIeTHYIO 6a3Y.
OqeBH,lI.HO, LITO eCJIH Macca perHcTpHpyeMbIx lIaCTHU H3BeCTHa,
TO cneKTp lIaCTHIJ. no BpeMeHaM npOJIeTa MO}KeT 6bITb 0.n.H03HaqHO
nepeCqHTqH B 3HepreTHqeCKHH: cneKTp. 3TOT npHeM lllHpOKO npHMe-
HHeTCH .n.JIH nOJIY4eHH5I 3HepreTH4eCKHX cneKTpOB HeHTpOHOB, TH}Ke-
JIbIX HOHOB H ,lI.PyrHx 4aCTHlI.. ECJIH }Ke Macca 4aCTHUbI 3apaHee
He H3BeCTHa, TO MeTO,lI. BpeMeHH npOJIeTa HCnOJIb3yeTcH .n.JIH H.n.eHTH-
<pHKaUHH HJIH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaJJ.HH 4aCTHU. TaK, HanpHMep, B <pH3HKe
BbICOKHX 3HeprHH TaKHe qaCT bI, KaK 11 + , K + H .n.p., nOJIY4alOT
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THlI. (HanpHMep, npOTOHOB) C MHllleHbIO. B MHllleHH reHepHpYIOTCH
BTOpH4HbIe 4aCTHJJ.bI pa3HOH: MaCCbI, HMeIOllI.He lllHpOKHH: 3HepreTij-
4eCKHH cneKTp. C nOMOlIl.blO MarHHTa H3 Bcero 3HepreTHqeCKOrO
cneKTpa BbI.n.eJIHIOTCH qaCTHlI.bI C 3a.n.aHHbIM' HMnYJIbCOM, KOTopbIe
CHCTeMOH: TpaHcnopTHpOBKH nY4Ka HanpaBJIHIOTCH Ha <pH3H4eCKYIO
YCT8"HOBKY. TaKHM 06pa30M, B nY4Ke qaCTHJJ., nOna,lI.alOlll.HX B .n.eTeK-
THPYIO IO CHCTeMY, HMelOTCH 4aCTHIJ.bI pa3HOH MaCCbI (HanpHMep,
n+ H K ), HO C paBHbIMH HMnYJIbCaMH.' B 3TOM CJIY4ae .n.JIH AI1CKpH-
MHHaUHH 4aCTHlI. 3a.n.aHHOH MaCCbI y.n.06HO HCnOJIb30BaTb MeTO.n.
BpeMeHH npOJIeTa, TaK Ka npH 3a.n.aHHOM HMnYJIbCe CKOpOCTH
lIaCTHJJ. 06paTHO npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHW HX MaccaM.
OYCTb B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM npl1Mepe 60JIee JIerKHe n+ -Me30HbI
HBJIHIOTCH <pOHOBbIMH 4aCTHuaMH, a 60JIee TH}KeJIble K + -Me30HbI
qaCTHuaMH 3cpcpeKTa (T. e. HCCJIe.n.yeTcH B3aHMo.n.eH:CTBHe K + -Me30-
148
HOB C <pH3H4eCKOH MHllleHblO). ,LlJIH Onpe,lJ.e l-eHHH OTHOllleHHH 3<pcpeK-
Ta K <POHY paCCMOTpHM CneKTpW BpeMeHH'npOJIeTa ,lJ.JIH 060HX COp-
TOB qaCTHQ, npHBe,lJ.eHHbIe Ha pHC. 5.1. ,LlJIH Ka>K,lJ.OrO H3 COpTOB
4aCTHIJ. cneKTp BpeMeHH npOJIeTa npe,lJ.cTaBJIHeT C060H HeKoTopoe
pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHe, IllHpHHa KOToporo Ha nOJIOBHHe BbICOTbI paBHa B
npe,lJ.eJIe (KOr,lJ.a OCTaJIbHbIe <paKTopbI npeHeOpe>KHMO MaJIbI) OTHO-
CHTeJIbHOMY BpeMeHHOMY pa3peweHHIO ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB npOJIeTHOH
6a3bI: ft = -y(r;)i- +(rt) , r,lJ.e (ft)l, (r t )2 - BpeMeHHoe pa3pewe-
HHe nepBoro H BToporo .LI.eTeKTOpOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO. PaCCTOHHHe
Me}K,lJ.Y MaKCHMYMaMH cneKTpOB t, 04eBH,lJ.HO, paBHO:
t = t K - t n = l/VK -l/v n = l (1 /V K -1 /U n ).
,LlJIH oT6opa K+ - Me30HOB BpeMeHHoe OKHO ,lJ.OJI}KHO, 6bITb YCTaHOB-
JIeHO TaK, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 5.1. IlpH 3TOM, nOCKOJIbKY cneKTpbI
4aCTH4HO nepeKpbIBalOTcH, OTHoweHHe 3cpcpeKTa J( CPOHY 3aBHCHT OT
nOJIO}KeHH.H JIeBOH- rpaHHQbI BpeMeHHoro OKHa. CYI.UeCTByeT onTM-
MaJIbHOe nOnO}KeHHe 3TOH rpaHHQW, npH KOTOpOH OTHOllleHHe 3cp-
<peKTa K <POHY MaKCHMaJIbHO. 04eBH.LI.HO, 4TO OTHOll1eHHe 3cp<peKTa
K <POHY 3aBHCHT OT ,lJ.BYX napaMeTpOB: ll1HpHHbI pacnpe.n.eJIeHHH ft
(nOJIaraeM ee o.n.HHaKOBOH .lI.JIH 060HX crreKTpOB) H paCCTOHHHH t.
HeTPY.lI. O BapbHpOBaTb t, H3MeHHH npOJIeTHYIO 6a3Y l. O.ll.HaKO
Ha npaKTHKe l HeJIb3H CKonb yrO.ll.HO YBeJIH4HBaTb, ee 3Ha4eHHe onpe-
AeJIHeTCH pa3MepaMH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOrO 3aJIa If orpaHH4eHO He-
CKonbKHMH .lI.eCHTKaMH MeTpOB. TaKHM 06pa30M, npH cpHKCHpOBaH-
HOM 3HaqeHHH l OTHOllleHHe 3<p<peKTa K <POHY 6Y,lJ.eT YXYAwaTbCH
C YBeJIH4eHHeM 3HeprHH (CKOpOCTH) qaCTHQ, H eAHHCTBeHHbIM pe-
3epBOM OCTaeTCH YJIY4111eHHe BpeMeHHoro pa3pellleHHH .LI.eTeKTOpOB,
T. e. YMeHbllIeHHH rt .lI.O MHHHMaJIbHO B03MO)KHOrO 3HaqeHHH. npH
HaHJIY4111eM AOCTHrHYTOM Ha cerOAHH BpeMeHHOM pa3pellleH.HH CQHH-
THJIJIHUHOHHbIX .lI.eTeKTOpOB ("'" 10- 10 C) 3cp<peKTHBHoe pa3JJ.eJIeHHe
J1. J.:: H K + -Me30HOB Ha npOJIeTHOH 6a3e 20 M B03MO}KHO AO 3HeprHH
IIOpHJJ.Ka 10 f38.
B cpH3HKe HH3KHX 3HeprHH CKOpOCTH qaCTHIJ. cpaBHHTeJIbHO He-
Rl JIHKH, O.ll.HaKO, KaK npaBHJIO,. HMelOTcH rOpa3.l1.0 60JIee }KeCTKHe
)::::J
"""
a
,.
PHC. 5.1. CneKTp BpeMeHH npoJIe-
Ta 4acTHu, C O)].HHaKOBbIM HMnYJIb-
COM, HO pa3HOM MaCCOH
:1r+
BpeMR 71po.nema
149
/
orpaHH4eHMfI H3 pa3Mep npOJIeTHOH 6a3bI l (.n.eCflTKM CaHTHMeTpOB),
CBfl33HHWe C reOMeTpHeH 3KCnepMMeHTa. 003TOMY H 3.n.eCb 33.n.a4a
.n.OCTH}KeHHfI npe.n.eJIbHOrO BpeMeHHOrO pa3peWeHHfI f1BJIfleTCfI
BeCbMa 3KTyaJIbHOH.
,L{ocTH}KeHMe npe.n.eJIbHOrO BpeMeHHOrO pa3pellleHHfI ft 33BHCHT
He TOJIbKO OT BbI60pa HaHJIY4lllero B .n.aHHbIX YCJIOBMflX .n.eTeKTop3,
HO H OT X3paKTepHCTHK 3JIeKTpOHHOH CHCTeMbI BpeMeHHOH CeJIeKlI.HH.
f P3CCMOTpeHMIO CMCTeM BpeMeHHOH CeJIeKl.I.HH H BonpocaM OnTHMaJIb-
Horo BbI60pa HX xapaKTepHCTHK nocBflw.eHbl CJIe.n.YIOlll.He naparp3cpbI
HaCTOfllll.eH r JIaBbI.
BpeMeHHafi CeJIeKLl.HfI f1BJIfleTCfI no cyw,eCTBY 4aCTHbIM CJIY4aeM
60JIee 06llI,eH 3a.n.a4H - 3a.ll.34H BpeMeHHoro aHaJIH33. B 4aCTHOCTH,
MeTO.n. BpeMeHH npOJIeTa n03BOJIfieT H3MepHTb cneKTp 4acTHu, no
CKOpOCTflM, eCJIH Ha OCH BpeMeHH nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO paCnOJIO}KHTb
He06xo.n.HMoe KOJIH4eCTBO OT.n.eJIbHbIX BpeMeHHbIX KaHaJIOB, He3.8.BH-
CHMO perHCTpHpYIOW,MX C06bITHH, KOTopbIe nOna.ll.3IOT B COOTBeT-
CTBYIOllI,HH KaHaJI. BbI60p KOJIH4eCTBa- K3HaJIOB H HX lllHpHHbI ,lJ.HK-
TyeTcfI KOHKpeTHOH Q:>H3H4eCKOH 3a,lJ.a4eH H B03MO}KHOCTflMH CPH3H-
4eCKOH YCT3HOBKH.
Y CTpOHCTBa C 60JIblll HM 4HCJIOM nOCJIe.n.OB3TeJIbHbIX BpeMeHHbIX
KaH3JIOB H33bIBaIOTCfI BpeMeHHbIMH aH3JIH3aTopaMH. 06bI4HO BO
BpeMeHHbIX aHaJIH3aTOpax Bce KaHaJIbI HMelOT 0,lJ.HH3KOBYIO lllHPHHY,
a HX rpaHHu,bI CMbIKaIOTCH .n.Pyr C .n.pyrOM. OpH 60JIbWOM 4HCJIe
KaH3JIOB .n.JIfi perHcTpau,HH C06bITHH B K3}K.n.OM M3 KaHaJIOB B OT-
.lI.eJIbHOCTH B u,eJIfiX COKpalLl.eHHfI 06neM3 3JIeKTpOHHoro 060py.n.OB3-
HHfI npHMeHflIOT 3anOMHHaIOlLI.He YCTpOHCTBa. Oor.fl e.n.H He, 'B CBOIO
04epe.n.b, Tpe6YIOT Ko.n.HpOBaHHfI HOMepa K3HaJIa. 003TOMY npH
MHorOK3H3JIbHOM BpeMeHHOM 3HaJIH3e npHMeHflIOT CnelI.HaJIbHbIe
MeTo.n.bI KO,lI.HpOBaHHfI BpeMeHHblX HHTepB3JIOB. 3THM MeTO,lJ.aM no-
CBfllLI.eH3 r JI. 7.
5.2. METOAbl <l>OPMHPOBAHHSI BPEMEHHOA OTMETKH
\
CHrH3JIbI, CHHMaeMble C .n.eTeKTopOB pa3JIH4HbIX TH nOB, 3al\tleTHO
p33JIH43IOTCH no aMnJIHTy.n.e H cpopMe (.n.JIHTeJIbHOCTH cppOHTa M
.n.JIMTeJIbHOCTH cna.n.a). ,L{3}Ke y .n.eTeKTopOB O.ll.HOrO THna, HanpHMep
CLl.HHTHJIJIflLl.HOHHbIX, ,lJ.JIHTeJIbHOCTb cppOHTa HapaCTaHHfI 3aBHCHT
OT TMna npHMeHHeMoro <l>3Y, a ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb cna,lI.a - OT THn3
ClI.HHTHJIJIfiTOpa (npH RHC H nopfl.n.Ka BpeMeHH BWCBe4MB3HHH CU,MH-
THJIJIfiTOpa i, 4TO 06bI4HO HMeeT MeCTO BO BpeMeHHbIX H3MepeHHflX).
KpoMe Toro, aMnJIHTY,lI.bI CHrH3JIOB, CHHMaeMbIX C .n.eTeKTopa, B 3a-
BHCMMOCTH OT cneKTp3 MCCJIe.n.yeMoro H3JIY4eHHfI MorYT H3MeHflTbCfI
B npe,lJ.eJI3X o.n.Horo-.n.BYX, a TO H 60JIee nopfl.n.KoB BeJIH4HHbI. TaKoH
pa36poc BXO.ll.HbIX CHrH3JIOB no Q:>opMe H 3MnJIHTy.n.e HenpMeMJIeM .n.JIfi
60JIblllHHCTBa YCTPOHCTB BpeMeHHoH CeJIeKlI.HH H BpeMeHHoro 3Ha-
JIH3a, T3K K3K npHBo.n.HT K cYlll.eCTBeHHbIM norpelllHocTfiM B H3Me-
peHHH BpeMeHHwx HHTepBaJIOB. 003TOMY Ha np3KTHKe YCTpOHCTBa
150
[) peMeHHOM CeJIeKQHH H BpeMeHHOrO aHaJIH3a Tpe6YIOT .lI.JIH CBOeM
HOpMaJIbHOM pa60Tbr"BXO.ll.HbIX CHrHaJIOB 3a,lI.aHHOM <POpMbI (06bI4HO
6JIH3KOM K npHMoyrOJ1bHOM), .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH H aMnJIHTY,lI.bI. <PYHKQHH
CTaH.lI.apTH3aQHH CHrHaJ10B BblnOJ1HHIOT CneQHaJIbHbIe YCTpoi1cTBa -
<POpMHpOBaTeJ1H BpeMeHHOM OTMeTKH, KOTOpbIe lfaIl1.e BCerO KOH-
CTPYKTHBHO BbInOJ1HHIOTCH B BH.lI.e aBTOHOMHbIX 3JIeKTpOHHbIX 6JIOKOS,
XOTH B pH.lI.e CJ1YlfaeB OHH MOrYT BX0.ll.HTb B COCTaB YCTPOMCTB Bpe-
MeHHOrO aHaJ1H3a B KalfeCTBe BXO,lI.HbIX Y3J10B. TaKHM 06pa30M,
<POpMHpOBaTeJ1b BpeMeHHOM OTMeTKH HBJIHeTCH 06bIlfHO TeM CaMbIM
nOpOrOBbIM 3JteKTpOHHbIM YCTPOMCTBOM (CM. 2.3), KOTopoe, npHHH-
MaH CHrHaJ1 .lI.eTeKTOpa Ha CBOM BXO,lI., <PHKcHPyeT <paKT perHcTpaQHH
lfaCTHQbI H MOMeHT perHcTpaQHH Ha BpeMeHHoM OCH. KaK MbI Y)Ke
BH.lI.eJ1H B 2.3, KOHelfHaH lfYBcTBHTeJIbHOCTb (nopor perHCTpal.I.HH)
<POpMHpOBa'feJ1H BpeMeHHoM OTMeTKH BHOCHT .lI.OnOJ1HHTeJ1bHYIO no-
rpewHocTb B onpe.ll.eJ1eHHe MOMeHTa perHcTpaQHH lfaCTHQbI, H 3Ta
norpewHocTb npHHQHnHaJIbHO HeycTpaHHMa. 3HalfeHHe 3TOH norpew-
HOCTH H ee BKJIa.ll. B 06Il1.ee BpeMeHHoe pa3peweHHe CHCTeMbI .lI.eTeK-
TOp-<POpMHpOBaTeJ1b 3aBHCHT OT THnOB .lI.eTeKTOpa, <POpMHpoBa-
TeJ1H H YCJIOBHH 3KcnepHMeHTa.
B npocTeMllleM CJ1Ylfae B KalfeCTBe <POpMHpOBaTeJIeM BpeMeHHoM
OTMeTKH npHMeHHIOT .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopw TOKa HJIH .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopw
HanpH)KeHHH, BbInOJ1HeHHble no cxeMe TpHrrepa IllMHTTa J1H60 O.ll.HO-
.....,
BH6paTopa. 3TH .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopM BMnOJ1HHIOT O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO ,lI.Be
<PYHKQHH: <PYHQHIO HHTerpaJ1bHOrO .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa, OTCeKalOIl1.erO
lllYMbI H CHrHaJ1bI MaJ1bIX aMnJ1HTY,lI. (eCJ1H 3TO He06xo.ll.HMO), H <PYHK-
ll.HIO <POpMHpOBaTeJ1H BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH. ,I{J1H BbInOJ1HeHHH BTOpOH
<PYHKQHH .lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp .lI.OJ1)KeH HMeTb MaJIOe BpeMH nepe6poca
(MeHbwe ,1I.J1HTeJ1bHOCTH <ppOHTa BXO.ll.HOrO CHrHaJ1a). <POpMHpOBaTe-
J1H BpeMeHHOM OTMeTKH nO,lI.06HOrO THna lfaCTO Ha3bIBalOT J1H60
6bICTpbIMH .lI.HCKpH¥HHaTopaMH, J1H60 <POpMHpOBaTeJ1HMH C nOCTOHH-
HbIM (<PHKCHpOBaHHbIM) noporOM. OO.ll.06Hble <POpMHpOBaTeJ1H
HMelOT .lI.OBOJ1bHO npOCToe KOHCTPYKTHBHoe peweHHe, J1erKO peaJ1H-
3YIOTCH Ha COBpeMeHHbIx HHTerpaJIbHbIX MHKpocxeMax, KOMnaKTHbI H
3KOHOMHlfHbl. THnH4HbIe napaMeTpbI TaKHX <POpMHpOBaTeJ1eH:
nOpor LJYBcTBHTeJIbHOCTH (perYJIHpyeMbIH) .
D.JIHTeJIbHOCTb Bblxo.n.Horo HMnYJIbCa . . . .
D.JIHTeJIbHOCTb cppoHTa Bblxo.n.Horo HMnYJIbCa
AMnJIHTy.n.a Bblxo.n.Horo HMnYJIbCa . . . . .
HeCKOJIbKO MMJIJIHBOJIbT
10-100 HC
2-5 HC
I ,5-5 B
PaCCMOTpHM B KalfeCTBe npHMepa <POpMHpOBaTeJ1b BpeMeHHOM
oTMeTKH, npHBe.ll.eHHbIM Ha pHC. 5.2. <POpMHpOBaTeJ1b COCTOHT H3
nXO.LI.HOrO noporol\oro YCHJ1HTeJ1H, BbInOJ1HeHHOro Ha MHKpocxeMe
M I-I (K500JIO 116) H YCHJ1HTeJ1bHOM CeKll.HH, BbInOJ1HeHHOM Ha
MHKpocxeMe MI-2. CHrHaJ1, npeBbIlllalOIl1.HM nopor, YCHJ1HBaeTCH Ha
M I-I H M 1-2 C K03<p<pHQHeHTOM YCHJIeHHH 50 H <PopMHPyeTcH no
J\J1HTeJ1bHOCTH Ha O.ll.HOBH6paTope MI-3. OapaMeTpbI TaKoro <POpMH-
pOBaTeJ1H:
151
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PHC. 5.2. npMHu,HnMaJIbHaH cxeMa <pop-
MHpOBaTeJIH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKM C <pMK-
CHpOBaHHWM noporOM
nOpor 4YBcTBMTeJIbHOCTH . . . . .
AMnJIMTY.lI.bI BXO.lI.HbIX CMrHaJIOB . .
)].JIMTeJIbHOCTb BbIXO.lI.HorO MMnYJI bca
AMnJIHTY.lI.a BbIXO.lI.Horo MMnYJIbCa .
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PMC. 5.3. «fYJIHHMe» BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKM
<pOpMMpOBaTeJIH C <pMKcHpoBaHHbIM no-
porOM
He OOJIee 1MB
1 MB - 5 B
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06ll1.HM He)I.OCTaTKOM cpOpMHpOBaTeJ1eM C TIOCTOHHHbIM noporOM,
. He3aBHCHMO OT HX KOHKpeTHoro KOHCTPYKTHBHoro peweHHH, HBJ1H-
eTCH CHJ1bHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb 3a)I.ep)KKH TIOHBJ1eHHH BbIXO)I.HOrO CHrHa-
J1a cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH OT aMTIJ1HTY)I.bI BXO)I.HOrO CHrHaJ1a, LITO He TIO-
3B0J1HeT nOJ1YlIHTb )I.JIH CHCTeMbI )I.eTeKTop-cpOpMHpOBaTeJIb npe-
)I.eJIbHOrO (c TOllKH peHHH B03MO)KHOCTeM caMoro .n.eTeKTopa) Bpe-
MeHHoro pa3peweHHH. JII060e 3JIeKTpOHHoe YCTPOMCTBO 06J1a.n.aeT
KOHellHOM c06CTBeHHOM 3a.n.ep)KKOM. Y «H)I.eaJ1bHoro» <pOpMHpOBaTeJ1H
BpeMeHHOM OTMeTKH 3Ta 3a)I.ep)KKa )I.OJ1)KHa 6bITb CTporo cpHKCHpO-
BaHHOM H He 3aBHceTb HH OT KaKHX BHeWHHX cpaKTopOB. OpH 3THX
YCJIOBHHX HaJIHlIHe BpeMeHHOM 3a.n.ep)KKH He BHOCHT BO BpeMeHHMe
H3MepeHHH .n.OTIOJIHHTeJIbHbIX TIOrpeWHOCTeM. HeTPy.n.HO BH.n.eTb, o.n.-
HaKO, LITO Y cpOpMHpOBaTeJ1eM C TIOCTOHHHbIM noporOM 3a)I.ep)KKa
cpa6aTbIBaHHH YMeHbwaeTCH YBeJ1HlfeHHeM aMTIJ1HTY)I.bI CHrHaJIa.
Ha pHC. 5.3 npHBe)I.eHbI .n.Ba CHrHaJ1a C pa3HoM aMnJ1HTy.n.oM, TIOCTY-
TIalOllI.He Ha BXO.n. cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH C noporoM cpa6aTbIBaHHH U nope
BH.n.HO, LITO 3a)I.ep)KKa Cpa6aTbIBaHHH OT CHrHaJIa 2 6y.n.eT MeHbwe,
lIeM OT CHrHaJIa 1, HMelOllI.erO MeHbWYIO aMTIJ1HTY)I.Y. ECJ1H CHrHaJ1bI
)I.eTeKTOpa HMelOT 60J1bWOM aMTIJIHTy.n.HobIM pa36poc, LITO OlleHb
lIaCTO 6bIBaeT Ha TIpaKTHKe, 3a.n.ep)KKa BbIXO)I.HOrO CHrHaJ1a cpOp-
MHpOBaTeJIH 6Y)I.eT <pJ1YKTYHpOBaTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT aMTIJIHTY)I.
BXO.n.HMX CHrHaJ10B. 3TO HBJ1eHHe nOJ1YlfHJIO Ha3BaHHe «rYJIHHHe»
BpeMeHHOM OTMeTKH. A6CoJIIOTHOe 3HalleHHe rYJIHHHH 3aBHCHT KaK
OT U nop, TaK H OT )I.HHaMHlIeCKOrO .n.Hana30Ha aMTIJIHTY)I. BXO.n.HbIX
CHrHaJIOB. OpH YMeHbWeHHH U nop a6COJIIOTHOe 3HalleHHe rYJIHHHH
na.n.aeT, TaK LITO TIOHH)KeHHe TIOpOra Cpa6aTbIBaHHH cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH
HBJIHeTCH OlleBH)I.HbIM cnOC060M YJIYlIWeHHH BpeMeHHOrO pa3peWeHHH
CHCTeMbI .n.eTeKTOp-cpOpMHpOBaTeJ1b. O.n.HaKO YCTaHaBJIHBaTb U nop
152
PMC. 5.4. <l>YHKu,MoHaJIbHaH cxeMa
<pOpMMpOBaTeJIH BpeMeHHoH OT-
MeTKM c aMnJIMTY)].HbIM oT60pOM
BxoiJ
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du Cffpl.L I'1I.iHamOp
tj Bb/xatl
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(CM. 4.3), TaK H no <pH3H4ecKHM - nopor HeJ1b3SI onYCKaTb HH}Ke
HeKoToporo ypOBHH, onpeAeJISIeMOrO lllYMaMH. ECJ1H aMnJIHTY,lI.HbIH
cneKTp CHrHaJ10B C AeTeKTopa HenpepbIBHbIH (Ha4HHaSI co CKOJIb
yroAHo MaJIbIX 3Ha4eHHH), TO nOJIO)KeHHe nopora Bo06w.e He YMeHb-
waeT rYJISIHHH: BCer.ll.a HaH.n.YTCSI CHrHaJ1bI, eABa .lI.OCTHralOllI.He no-
pora. ,aJISI YMeHbrneHHSI 3<p<peKTa rYJISIHHSI B cpOpMHpOBaTeJ[H Bpe-
MeHHOH OTMeTKH HHorAa BBOASIT AOnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe KaHaJIbI aMnJIHTYA-
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.lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa: 6bICTpbIH .lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp C HH3KHM noporOM
cpa6aTbIBaHHSI, KOTOpbIH BblnOJIHHeT <PYHKIJ.HH <POpMHpOBaTeJ1SI
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BbICOKHM nop'orOM cpa6aTbIBaHHH, oT6HpalOrn.HH JIHWb CHrHaJIbI
.lI.OCTaTOllHO 60JIblilOH aMnJ1HTYAbI. CxeMa nponYCKaHHH nponYCKaeT
CHrHaJ1bI 6bICTporo <POpMHpOBaTeJ1SI J1Hlllb npH HaJIH4HH pa3pe-
rnalOrn.ero CHrHaJIa OT AHCKpHMHHaTopa aMnJIHTY.lI.bI. nO.lI.06HOe pe-
weHHe; YJIY4waH BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe, CHJIbHO YMeHbwaeT 3CP-
<peKTHBHOCTb perHCTpaIl.HH C06bITHH, TaK KaK 60JlblilOe 4HCJIO nOJIe3-
HbIX C06bITHH C MaJIOH aMnJIHTYAOH oT6paCbIBaeTCH AHCKpHMHHaTO-
pOM H n03TOMY .lI.aJleKO He BcerAa npHeMJleMO.
nepellHCJIeHHbIe HeAOCTaTKH <POpMHpOBaTeJIeH C nOCTOHHHbIM
noporOM OKa3bIBalOTCSI He BCer.ll.a cyrn.eCTBeHHbIMH. ,ae-HCTBHTeJ1bHO,
MaKCHMaJIbHOe rYJIHHHe BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH He MO}KeT "npeBbIlllaTb
.lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH <ppOHTa BXO.lI.HOrO CHrHaJIa. O.lI.HaKO AJ1SI HeKOTopMX
THnOB .lI.eTeKTOpOB .lI.J1HTeJIbHOCTb cppOHTa CHrHaJIa cyrn.eCTBeHHO
MeHbllle, 4eM c06CTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe
<pJIYKTyaI.I.HSIMH 3a.ll.ep)KKH cpa6aTbIBaHHH. TaK, AJIH npOnOpI.I.HOHaJlb-
HbIX KaMep AJ1HTeJIbHOCTb <ppOHTa CHrHaJ1a COCTaBJ1SIeT HeCKOJIbKO
HaHoceKYHA, B TO BpeMH KaK CPJ1YKTyaU.HH 3a.lI.ep)KKH cpa6aTbIBa-
HHH - .lI.eCSITKH HaHoceKYHA. OOA06Hoe COOTHOllleHHe Me)K.lI.Y 3THMH
3Ha4eHHSIMH xapaKTepHO H .lI.J1H pSI.lI.a APyrHx ra30Han0J1HeHHWX Ae-
TeKTopOB. n03TOMY 6bICTpbIe .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopbI lllHpOKO npHMeH5IIOT-
CH C AeTeKTopaMH nOA06Horo THna, nOCKOJlbKY YXYAllleHHe Bpe-
\I
MeHHoro pa3pellleHHSI, CBSI3aHHoe C 3<p<PeKTOM rYJISIHHH, He CYllI.e-
CTBeHHO no cpaBHeHHIO C c06CTBeHHbIM BpeMeHHbIM pa3perneHHeM
.n.eTeKTopOB. KpoMe Toro, BO MHorHX 3a.lI.a4aX BpeMeHHOH CeJIeKI.I.HH
Bo06w.e He Tpe6yeTcH .lI.OCTH)KeHHH BbICOKoro BpeMeHHoro pa3pellle-
HHH, H npHMeHeHHe B 3THX CJ1Y4a5lX 3KOHOMH4HbIX H npOCTbIX 6bICT-
pblX .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopOB BnOJIHe OnpaB.lI.aHHO. CI.I.HHTHJ1JIHIJ.HOHHbIe, 4e-
153
peHKOBCKHe H no ynpoBo HHKOBWe eTeKTOpW n03BOnHIDT nOnY4aTb
BpeMeHHOe pa3perneHHe, 3Ha4HTeJIbHO MeHbllIee, 4eM nHTenbHOCTb
cppOHTa CHrHaJIa, CHHMaeMOrO C eTeKTOpa. TaK, CIJ,HHTHnJIHIJ,HOHHbIe
eTeKTOpbI npH MHHHMaJIbHOH nHTenbHOCTH cppOHTa HMnYJIbCa
aHO.LI.HOrO TOKa 3-5 HC n03BonHIDT nOJIY4HTb BpeMeHHoe pa3pellIe-
HHe o 0,05 HC. TaKoe pa3pellleHHe Y)Ke He MO)KeT 6bITb peanH-
30BaHO C npHMeHeHHeM cpOpMHpOBaTeneH C nOCTOHHHbIM noporOM.
3<pcpeKT rYJIHHHH BpeMeHHOM OTMeTKH npH H3MeHeHHH aMnnHTY bI
CHrHaJIa On)KeH 6bITb n9 aBneH O cpaBHHMoro C BpeMeHHbIM
pa3pellleHHeM 3Ha4eHHH KaKHM-JIH60 cnoco60M. .
B OCHOBe Bcex npe nO)KeHHbIX Ha cerO HHlliHHM eHb MeTO OB
cpOpMHpOBaHHH T04HOM BpeMeHHOM OTMeTKH ne)KHT O HO H TO )Ke
CBOMCTBO CHrHana, CHHMaeMoro C eTeKTopa,- He3aBHCHMOCTb ero
cpOpMbI OT aMnJIHT)'J.lbI. LleMCTBHTenbHO, MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHHH
CHrHan .lI.eTeKTOpa U(t) (pHC. 5.5) J.lOCTHraeT B O.ll.HO H TO )Ke
BpeMH .lI.JIH CJIY4aeB pa3HbIX aMnJIHTY.lI., nOCKonbKY ero nOnO)KeHHe
Ha OCM BpeMeHH onpe.ll.eJIHeTCH cpOpMOM HMnYJIbCa TOKa H nOCTOHHHOM
R HC H H He 3aBH,CHT OT 3apH,lla q B ,lleTeKTope. 003TOMY MOMeHT
,llOCTH')KeHHH CHrHaJIOM ,lleTeKTOpa MaKCHManbHoro 3Ha4eHHH HBnHeT-
CH, B rrpHHIJ,Hne, HeKHM HeH3MeHHbIM napaMeTpOM, no KOTOPOMY
MO)KHO CcpOpMHpOBaTb T04HYID BpeMeHHYIO OTMeTKY. ,lJ,JIH onpe,lleJIe-
HHH 3Toro MOMeHTa Y,ll06HO npOJ.lHcpcpepeHIJ,HpOBaTb CHrHaJI. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe nonY4aeTCH 6HnOJIHpHbIM HMnynbc, Y KOToporo MOMeHT
nepece4eHHH HYJIeBOrO ypOBHH COOTBeTcTByeT nOnO)KeHHIO MaKCHMY-
Ma HCXO,llHOrO CHrHana. 3TOT MOMeHT nepece4eHHH HYJIeBOrO ypOBHH
MO)KHO C BbICOKOM TOlfHOCTblO 3acpHKCHpOBaTb C nOMoru.bID J.lHCKpH-
MHHaTopa HY H, HanpHMep, TpHrrepa WMHTTa, Y KOToporo nopor
OTnYCKaHHH YCTaHOB eH Ha HyneBoM ypOBHe (CM. 4.5). MOMeHT
B03Bparu.eHHH TpHrrepa lllMHTTa B HCXO.ll.HOe' COCTOHHHe H 6Y,lleT
CJIY)KHTb B 3TOM CJIYlfae CHrHanOM TOlfHOH BpeMeHHoM OTMeTKH.
no onHcaHHoMY npHHUHny nocTpOeHbJ TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe cpOpMH-
pOBaTenH no MeTo.ll.Y nepece4eHHH HynH. U6bIlfHO B TaKHX cpOpMHpO-
BaTenHX ,llJIH nOBbIIlleHHH T04H6 TH BpeMeHHoM OTMeTKH npOH3BO.ll.HT-
CH ,llBOMHOe .lI.HcpcpepeHIJ,HpOBaHHe CHrHaJIa (B 3TOM cnY4ae nonO)Ke-
HHe BpeMeHHoM OTMeTKH COOTBeTcTByeT He MaKCHMYMY aMnnHTY W
CHrHana, a T04Ke neperH6a Ha cppOHTe CHrHaJIa). OOCKonbKY CHrHan
C .lI.eTeKTOpa Man, nepe.ll. Ka)K bIM ,llHcpcpepeHIJ,HpOBaHHeM CHrHaJI
npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHO YCHnHBaeTCH Ha O,llHOM YCHnHTeJIbHOM CeKIJ,HH. BbI-
XO.ll.HOM CHrHaJI MO:iKeT "6bITb ,llOnOJIHHTeJIbHO CcpOpMHpOBaH K MOMeH-
TY B03Bp a lll.eHHH TpHrrepa WMHTTa B HCXO,llHOe COCTOHHHe. LlHCKpH-
MHHaTOpw nO,ll06HOrO THna n03BonHIDT ,llOCTHlfb npe.lI.eJIbHOrO Bpe-
MeHHoro pa3pelle-HHH, T. e. orpaHH4HTb 3cpcpeKT rYJIHHHH BpeMeHHOM
OTMeTKH .lI.O 10- IU C. O,llHaKO B nOCne.ll.Hee BpeMH OHH npaKTH4e-
CKH BbITeCHeHbI TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIMH cpOpMHpOBaTeJIHMH co CJIe,llHlll.HM
noporOM, n03BOJIHIOI.I.LHMH nOJIY4HTb TOT )Ke pe YJIbTaT 60nee 3KOHO-
MHbIMH TeXHH4eCKHMH Cpe.ll.CTBaMH.
l1,lleH cpOpMHpoBaTenH co CJIe,llHllI.HM noporoM COCTOHT B T'OM, 4TO-
154
a
dO/dt
I
!'\:
t
MOMeffm 6peMBHHoiL
omMoml(l1
PMC. 5.5. BpeMeHHble .lI.HarpaMMbI, nOflc-
HHIOllI.Me npHHLI.Hn paOOTbI cpOpMHpOBaTe-
JIH BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKM no MeTO.n.y nepe-
CelJeHMfI HYJIH
/13
C!jl1l'1amop
<POpl1lijlogame/lb
IfOt1neHCa LLOHHO-
20 Ct.L 2Ha/la
t
t::::s
t:;)
0
u
t
o
(ft<
o
t
t
PMC. 5.7. BpeMeHHble )].HarpaMMbI BXO)].-
HbIX, KOMneHcaUHOHHblX H BbIXO.lI.HbIX
CHrHaJIOB, nOHCHHIOllI.Me npHHll.Hn paoo-
Tbl cpOpMHpOBaTeJIfI co CJIe.n.HIllHM nopo-
rOM
,IlUClfpuMUHomop !Jb/xoil
C' /lOemtJI1HHh//1
/lOpOeOH
PHC. 5.6. <1>YHKu,HoHaJIbHaH cxeMa cpOpMHpOBaTeJIfI BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH co CJIe.n.flIllMM
noporoM
6bI nO.ll.CTpOHTb nOpOf cpa6aTbIBaHHH cpOpMHpOBaTeJ1H nO.ll. aMnJ1H-
TY.lI.Y BXO,l.lHOfO CHfHaJ1a TaKHM 06pa30M, 4T06bI OH H3MeHHJ1CH npo-
nOpI..I.HOHaJIbHO aMnJIHTY.lI.e BXO.lI.HOfO CHfHaJIa. ,LlJ1H 3TOfO q)OpMHpO-
BaTeJIb .lI.OJI)KeH HMeTb .lI.Ba KaHaJIa: B nepBOM KaHaJIe cpOpMHpOBaHHH
BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH, f.ll.e CTOHT .lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp C ynpaBJ1HCMbIM no-
pOfOM, CHrHaJ1 3a.ll.ep)KHBaeTCH Ha J1HHHH 3a.lI.ep)KKH Ha BpeMH, He06-
XO.ll.HMOe .lI.JIH BbIpa60TKH ynpaBJIHIOrn.efO CHfHaJIa. Bo BTOpOM KaHa-
J1e BbIpa6aTbIBaeTCH ynpaBJIHIOI.U.HH CHfHaJ1, npOnOpI..I.HOHaJ1bHbIH
aMnJ1HTY.ll.e BXO.ll.HOrO CHfHaJ1a. Ha npaKTHKe 06bIlIHO HCn0J1b3yeTcH
HeCKOJIbKO BH.lI.OH3MeHeHHaH H.lI.eH 3TOfO cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH (pHC. 5.6):
KoppeKTHpYlOllLee B03.l1.eHCTBHe OKa3bIBalOT He Ha nopOf cpOpMHpOBa-
\I u m
TeJ1H, a Ha caM BXO.ll.HOH CHrHaJI. 'VOpMHpOBaTeJleM KOMneHCaI..I.HOH-
HOfO CHfHaJIa BbIpa6arbIBaeTCH CHrHaJI, KOTOpbIH CKJ1a.ll.bIBaeTCH
C BXO.ll.HbtM CHfHaJIOM B CYMMaTope nepe.ll. BXO.ll.OM .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa
C nOCTOHHHbIM nopOfOM.
PaCCMOTpHM 60JIee nO.ll.p06HO npHHI.I.Hn .lI.eHCTBHH TaKOfO <Pop-
MHpOBaTeJIH. ,LLJIH npOCTOTbI npe.ll.CTaBHM CHfHaJ1bI, CHHMaeMbIe C
155
.n.eTeKTopa, B BH.n.e HMnYJIbCOB TpeYfOJIbHOH <POpMbI. TOf.n.a .n.JIH
<POpMHpOBaTeJIH C nOCTOHHHbIM nOpOfOM Un H BXO.n.HOfO CHfHaJIa
C aMnJIHTy.n.OH A I MOMHO 3anHcaTb (pHC. 5.7):
t 3 = t<l>(Un/A 1 ),
f.n.e tq, - .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTb <ppOHTa BXO.n.HOfO CHfHaJla.
OOCKOJIbKY t<l> O,lI.HHaKOBO .n.JIH CHfHaJIOB JII060H aMnJIHTy.n.bI, ,lI.JIH
CHfHaJla C aMnJIHTy.n.OH A 2 :
t = t <I> ( U n / A 2) .
TOf.n.a t = t 3 - t npe,lI.CTaBJIHeT
OTMeTKH ,lI.JIH aMnJIHTY.n. Al H A 2 .
LlJIH H,lI.eaJIbHOfO <pOpMHpOBaTeJIH
,lI.ep)KKa He .n.OJI)KHa 3aBHceTb OT A,
YCJIOBHe:
C060H fYJIHHHe BpeMeHHoH
co CJIe,lI.HIlI.HM nopOfOM 3a-
T. e. ,lJ,OJI)I(HO BblnOJIHHTbCH
t 3 = at<l>,
f,lI.e a < I - HeKOTopaH ,lI.OJIH .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTH <PpOHT3 BXO,lI.HOfO CHf-
HaJIa, npH ,lI.OCTH)KeHHH KOTOpOH .n.OJI)KHO npOHcxo.n.HTb cpa6aTbIBa-
HHe <POpMHpOBaTeJIH. .
BBe,lI.eM HCKYCCTBeHHO HeKHH KOMneHCaQHOHHbIH CHfHaJI UK TaK,
LITO:
t 3 = t<l>(U n - U K )/ A.
AJIfOpHTM <POpMHpOBaHHH KOMneHCaQHOHHOfO CHfHaJIa UK MO)KHO
nOJIYlIHTb, npHpaBHHB nOJIYlIeHHbIe Bblpa)KeHHH .n.PYf .n.PYfY. TOf.n.a
nOJIYlIH M:
at<l> = tcp( Un - UK) / A,
f,lI.e
UK = - aA + Un.
\
OepenHIlleM nOCJIe,lI.Hee Bblpa)KeHHe HeCKOJIbKO HHalle:
UK = - a(A - Un/a).
<PopMYJIa nOKa3bIBaeT, KaKHM 06pa30M ,lI.OJIJKeH 6bITb C<pOPMHPO-
BaH KOMneHCaQHOHHbIH CHfHaJI: H3 BXO.n.HOfO CHfHaJIa C aMnJIHTy.n.OH
A BbIlI TaeTCH HeKOTopoe nOCTOHHHoe 3HalleHHe U n/ a. 3TO MO)KHO
C,lI.eJIaTb, nponYCTHB CHfHaJI A Qepe3 JIHHeHHblH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp C
nopOfOM, paBHbIM U n/ a (CM. 4.5). CHfHaJI, npOIlle,lI.IllHH 4epe3
,lI.HCKpHMHHaTop, .n.aJIee OCJIa6JIHeTCH B a r>a3 H I1HBepTHpyeTcH.
OOJIYlIHBIllHHCH KOMneHCau.HoHHbIH CHfHaJI OTpHl.I.aTeJIbHOH nOJIHp-
HOCTH CKJIa,lI.bIBaeTCH co BXO,lI.HbIM nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIM CHfHaJIOM A,
33.n.epJKaHHbIM H3 BpeMH t<l> (TaK K3K aMnJIHTy.n.a KOMneHCal.I.HOH-
HOfO CHfHaJI3 .n.OCTHfaeT MaKCHM3JIbHOfO 3H34eHHH HMeHHO K 3TOMY
156
MOMeHTY BpeMeHI1). B pe3YJIbTaTe Ha BXO.ll.e cpOpMl1pOBaTeJIH C noc-
TOHHHbIM nOpOfOM nOJIYlIaeTCH 611nOJIHpHbIH CHfHaJI, HallHHalOI.UHHCSI
C OTpHIJ.aTeJIbHOH lIaCTI1, TaK KaK KOMneHCaIJ.HOHHbIl1: CHfHaJI ,lI.OJI)KeH
npl1XO.ll.l1Tb Ha BpeMH ift> paHbrne, lIeM OCHOBHOH CHfHaJI. Ha pHC. 5.7.
nOKa3aHbI KOMneHCaIJ.HOHHble CHfHaJIbI U Kl H U K2 .lI.JISI )].BYX BXO.lI.HbIX
CHfH3JIOB A I 11 A 2 C pa3HOH 3MnJIHTY,lI.OH 11 pe3YJIbTl1pYIOI.Ul1e 6H-
- nOJIHpHble CHfHaJIbl. Hx TOllKa nepeCelleHI1H JIe)KI1T Ha ypOBHe
nopOf3 cpa6aTbIBaHHH cpOpMHpOB3TeJISI Un, T. e. CYMMapHbIH CHfHaJI
C JII060H aMnJIHTY.lI.OH .lI.OCTHfaeT 3H34eHHH Un B O.ll.HO H TO >Ke
BpeMSI.
HHTepeCHO paCCMOTpeTb CJIYlIaH, KOf.ll.a Un = O. L{JISI BXO,lI.HbIX
YHl1nOJIHpHbIX Cl1fHaJIOB TaKaH nOCTaHOBKa BOnpOCa Ha nepBbIl1
B3fJIH.lI. Ka)KeTCH _6eCCMbICJIeHHOH. O.ll.HaKO eCJIH YlIeCTb, LITO H3
cpOpMHpOBaTeJIb C nOCTOHHHbIM nOpOfOM nOCJIe CYMMaTOpa nocTynaeT
6HnOJIHpHbIH ,Cl1fHaJI, YCJIOBHe Un = 0 03HallaeT, LITO B KaLleCTBe
cpOpMHpOBaTeJISI C nOCTOHHHbIM nOpOfOM npHMeHHeTCSI .lI.I1CKpHMHHa-
TOp 'HYJISI, Cpa6aTbIBalOllU,U1 B MOMeHT nepeCeqeHHH 6HnOJIHpHbIM
Cl1fHaJIOM Hy eBofo ypOBHH.
ECJIH B cpOpMYJIe .lI.JIH UK nOJIO>KHTb Un = 0, TO nOJIYLlI1M : UK =
. - aA, T. e. KOMneHCaIJ.HOHHbIH Cl1fHaJI npe.ll.CTaBJIHeT C060H
BXO.ll.HOH Cl1fHaJI, nepeBepHYTWH no cpa3e H oCJIa6JIeHHWH B a pa3!
HMeHHo no TaKoH cxeMe 06bIlIHO 11 CTpOHTCSI cOBpeMeHHbIe npeIJ.11311-
OHHwe cpOpMl1pOBaTeJII1 BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH. CTeneHb KOMneHcau.I1H
fYJIHHI1H BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH 3aBHCHT OT TOfO, B KaKOH Mepe BbInOJI-
HSIeTCH OCHOBHoe YCJIOBHe - Hel13MeHHOCTb cpOpMbI CHfHaJIa, CHHMa-
eMOfO C .lI.eTeKTopa. 3TOT Bonpoc Y>Ke paccMaTpHBaJICH B , 2.3.
B II aCTHOCTH, 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO, LITO B nOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBbIX .lI.eTeKTO-
pax cpopMa <ppOHTa CI1fH3JIa MO>KeT MeHHTbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTI1
OT TOfO, KaK pacnOJIO)KeH 11 Opl1eHTl1pOBaH TpeK lIaCTI1QbI B qYB-
CTBI1TeJIbHOH 06JIaCTH .lI.eTeKTopa. O.ll.HaKO 11 B CQI1HTI1 JIHU.HOH"WX
.lI.eTeKTOpax B03MO>KHbI He60JIbrnHe 113MeHeHHSI cpOpMbI CHfHaJIa
BCJIe.ll.CTBHe CTaTHCTHlIeCKHX cpJIYKTyaIl.HH, HaJIO>KeHI1H c06CTBeHHbIX
rnYMOB, 3<pcpeKTOB HeJII1HeHHOCTI1 (npH 60JIbIlII1X aMnJII1TY,lI.aX CHf-
HaJIOB) H .lI.PYfl1X nOMex, LITO OfpaHHlIl1BaeT BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe
3THX .lI.eTeKTOpOB Ha ypOBHe '" 1 0- 10 C .lI.a>Ke npH npl1MeHeHl111 <pop-
MHpOBaTeJIeH CO CJIe.ll.HIlI.I1M nopOfOM.
npe.ll.eJIbHO .lI.OCTH)KI1MOe BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe, nOJIYlIaeMoe
C npl1MeHeHHeM cpOpMl1pOBaTeJIeH nO.ll.06HOfO Tl1na, 3aBI1CHT TaK)Ke
OT npaBHJIbHOfO Bw60pa 3HalleHHH K09cp<pHIl.HeHTa a. 3TOT K03cp-
Q:>11U.HeHT nOKa3bIBaeT, Ha KaKOM OTHOCI1TeJIbHOM ypOBHe OT aMnJIH-
Ty.n.bI BXO.ll.HOfO CHfHaJIa .lI.OJI)KeH 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeH nopOf cpa6aTbI-
\I
H3HHSI .lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa. OOCKOJIbKY 3TOT ypOBeHb nOCTOHHeH .lI.JIH
CHfHaJIOB JII060H a MnJIHTY.lI.bI, <pOpMHpOBaTeJIH BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH
TaKOfO Tl1na Ha3bIBalOT TaK>Ke $OpMHpOBaTeJIH.MH no nOCTOHHHOH
4aCTH aMnJIHTY.lI.bI. 113 npOBe.ll.eHHOfO HaMH aHaJIH3a pa60TbI cpOpMH-
pOBaTeJIH HHKaK He CJIe.ll.yeT, LITO K03cp$HIl.HeHT a Bo06ll1.e KaK-TO
BJIHSIeT Ha BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe. ,L{JIH OTBeTa Ha 3TOT Bonpoc
157
He06xo)].HMO npOBeCTH TI.IJ.aTeJIbHbIH aHaJIH3 npOIJ.eCCa cpOpMHpOBa-
HHH CHfHaJI a Ha BbIXO,lI.e ,lI.eTeKTOpa C YlfeTOM CTaTHCTHlfeCKHX CPJ1YK-
TyaIJ.HH B npOI.I.eCce c60pa 3apH,lI.a, npHBO,lI.HI.IJ.HX K cpJ1YKTyaI.I.HHM
cpOpMbI CHfH3JIa. TaKoH aHaJ1H3, no,aTBep)K,aaeMbIH 3KcnepHMeHTaJ1b-
HbIMH pe3YJIbTaTaMH, nOKa3bIBaeT, lfTO CYllI.eCTByeT OnTHMaJIbHOe
3HalfeHHe. a, n03BOJIHIOllI.ee nOJIYlfHTb HaHJ1YlfIllee BpeMeHHoe pa3pe-
llleHHe. ,LLJIH CI.I.HHTHJIJIHIJ.HOHHbIX )].eTeKTopOB OnTHMaJIbHOe 3Halfe-
HHe a COCTaBJIHeT 06bI4HO a = 0,05 -;- 0,2. OOCKOJIbKY TOlfHbIH pac-
lfeT 3TOfO 3Ha4eHHH BeCbMa CJIO./KeH, Ha npaKTHKe B cpOpMHpoBaTe-
JIHX npe,lI.ycMaTpHBaeTcH B03MO)KHOCTb pefYJIHpOBKH 3TOfO napa-
MeTpa B HeKoTopbIX ofpaHHlfeHHhIx npe,lI.eJIax.
<POpMHpOBaTeJIH co CJIe,lI.HllI.HM nopofoM 06ecne4HB31OT BbICOKYIO
TOlfHOCTb BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH B HeKoTopoM ofpaHH4eHHoM ,lI.Hana-
30He BXO,lI.HbIX a MnJIHTY)].. OpH BXO,aHbIX aMnJIHTy,a3X, MeHbllIHX
HeKoTopofO A min , TOlfHOCTb BpeMeHHOH: OTMeTKH 3aMeTHO YXY,lI.Ill3eTCH
H3-3a B03paCTalOIlI.eH pOJIH IllYMOB. T04HocTb BpeMeHHoH OTM TKH
TaK)Ke 3aMeTHO yxy,arnaeTcH H npH CJIHlllKOM 60JIbllIHX aMnJ1HTY,lI.aX
BXO,aHbIX CHfH3JIOB BCJIe,lI.CTBHe HeJ1HHeHHblx HCKa)KeHHH. 003TOMY
fYJ1HHHe BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH. 06 lfHO 3a,aaeTCH B HeKoTopoM
,lI.HHaMH4eCKOM ,lI.Hana30He BXO,lI.HbIX a MnJIHTY,lI., OTClfHTbIBaeMOM 01'
3HalfeHHH A min . OOCKOJIbKY CHfHaJIbI MaJIOH 3MnJIHTy,abI, MeHbIlle
A min , npHBo,aHT K 60J1bllIHM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM nOfpelliHocTHM', HX
nonpocTY HCKJIlOlfalOT H3 pefHcTpaIJ.HH. ,L{JIH 3TOfO B cpOpMHpOBaTeJIb
BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH BBO,aHTCH )].onOJIHHTeJIbH H KaHaJI aMnJIHTy,aHO-
fO oT60pa - HHTefpaJIbHbIH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTop, nopof KOToporo YCTa-
H3BJIHBaeTCH p3BHbIM A min . CHrHaJIbI BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIlI.He nO,lI.noporoBbIM 3HalfeHHHM BXO,lI.HbIX CHfHaJIOB, 6JIOKHPY-
IOTCH HHTefpaJIbHWM ,aHCKpHMHH3TopaM H He nponYCKalOTCH Ha B -
XO,lI. <pOpMHpOBaTeJIH.
. B 3aKJII04eHHe paCCMOTpHM ynpOlll.eHHbIH npHMep nOCTPQeHHH
cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH co CJ1e,lI.HllI.HM nopOfOM, pa60TalOllI.HM no onHcaHHO-
MY npHHll.Hny (pHC. 5.8, a). <l>opMHpOB3TeJIb npe,lJ.Ha3HalfeH ,lJ.J1H
pa60TbI co CI.I.HHTHJIJIHll.HOHHbIM-If ,lI.eTeKTopaMH. BXO,lI.HOH CHfHaJI,
CHHMaeMbIH C HO,lI.a <l>3Y, pa3BeTBJIHeTCH Ha ,lI.Ba KaHaJIa: lfepe3
JIHHHIO 3a,lJ.ep)KKH JI3 1 OH nocTynaeT H3 c06CTBeHHO cpOpMHpoBa-
TeJIb BpeMeHHoH OTMeTl\H, a nepe,lJ. JI3 1 OTBeTBJIHeTCH TaK)Ke Ha
BXO,lI. HHTerpaJ1bHOfO ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopa H J1., 3a,lJ.alOllI.efO 3HaqeHHe
nopOfa cpa6aTbIBaHHH cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH. CHfHaJ1, npOIlle,lJ.IlIHH JI3 1 ,
CHOBa p33BeTBJIHeTCH: OCHOBHaH 4aCTb CHfH3JIa nocTynaeT Ha BXO,lI.
MHKpocxeMbI Ml-1 lfepe3 JI3 2 , a He60JIblllaH (npHMepHo 1/5) lfaCTb
CHfHaJ1a Ha HHBepcHbIH BXO,lI. MHKpocxeMbI Ml-l. MHKpocxeMa
M 1-1 npe,lJ.CTaBJIHeT C060H ,lJ.HcpcpepeHLI.HaJIbHbIH npHeMHHK (,lJ.Hcpcpe-
peHlJ,HaJ1bHbIH YCHJIHTeJIb), H CHfHaJ1bI Ha ee 060HX na pa<fJa3HbIx
BbIXO,lJ.ax npOnOpLI.HoHaJIbHbI pa3.HocTH BXO,lI.HbIX CHfHaJIOB. T3KHM
06pa30M, Ha BbIXO,lJ.aX M 1-1 <f>OPMHPYIOTCH YCHJIeHHbIe 6HTI0J1HpHbIe
CHfHaJIbI, KOTopble ,lJ.OnOJIHHTeJIbHO YCHJIHBalOTCH TaKHMH )Ke MHKpO-
cxeMaMH MI-2 H MI-3. CYMMapHbIH K03<fJ<f>HI.I.HeHT YCHJIeHHH BcefO
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noporoM (a) M 3aBHCHMOCTb 3a.lI.ep)KKM BbIXO.lJ.Horo CHrHaJIa OT aMnJIHTY.llbl Bxo.n.Horo
CMrHaJIa (6) )].J1H 3Toro cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH
KaCKa)1.a paBeH 500. BbIXO)1.HOH CHrijaJI MI1KpOCXeM,bI M 1-3 nO)1.aeTCH
Ha O)1.I1H H3 BXO)1.0B cxeMW nponYCKaHI1H &, KOTopaH no BTOPOMY
BXOJ1.Y ynpaBJIHeTCH Cl1rHaJ10M I1HTerpaJIbHOrO .lI. HCK pHMI1HaTOpa H D..
OpH HaJII14HI1 pa3pernalOllI.erO CHrHaJ1a H 0. cxeMa nponycKaHI1H
OTKpbIBaeTCH, H 611nOJIHpHbIH Cl1rHaJI nO.lI.aeTCH Ha BXO,lI. .lI.I1CKpl1-
MHHaTopa HYJ1H, cpOpMI1PYIOrn.ero BbIXO,lI.HOH Cl1rHaJI Bcero <POpMI1-
pOBaTeJIH. K03<p<pI1LI.l1eHT a 3a,lI.aeTCH conpOTHBJIeHHHMH .lI.eJII1TeJ1H
R I, R2. Ha pl1C. 5.8, 6 npl1Be,lI.eHa 3aBI1CI1MOCTb 3a,lI.epJKK BbIXO,lI.-
Horo CHrHaJIa cpOpMl1pOBaTeJ1H OT aMnJII1TY.lI.bI I1MnYJ1bCa <l>3Y.
B .lI.Hana30He 10 MB - 5 B rYJ1HHHe BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKI1 He
npeBbIlllaeT + 50 HC. Opl1 CHHJKeHl111 nopora ,lI.0 5 MB pa36poc
3a.lI.epJKKH YBeJIH4HBaeTcH H COCTaBJIHeT + 150 HC.
BamHoH xapaKTepHCTI1KOH <POpMl1pOBaTeJ1eH Bcex Tl1nOB HBJIHeT-
. CH TaKJKe MaKCI1MaJIbHaH 4aCTOTa cpa6aTbIBaHHH fmax I1JIH 06paTHaH
eH BeJIH411Ha LM == l/fmax - MepTBoe BpeMH. 06bI4HO fmax COCTaBJIH-
eT HeCKOJIbKO ,lI.eCHTKOB - COTeH MerarepLI.. HaJII14He MepTBoro
. BpeMeHH cpOpMHpOBaTeJIeH npHBO,lI.I1T K npOC4eTaM (noTepHM) 4aCTH
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BCJ1e,lI.CTBHe HaJII1411H MepTBoro BpeMeHI1 paCCMaTpl1BaeTCH B rJI. 6. -
- \I
5.3. METOAbl COBnA,l\EHH'A H AHTHCOBnA,l\EHHA
BbI,lI.eJIeHl1e C06bITI1H, npOI1CXO,lI.HllI.I1X O.lI.HOBpeMeHHO, MOJKeT
IIpOH3BO,lI.I1TbCH no pa3HbIM JIOrl14eCKHM KpHTepl1HM oT60pa. B npoc-
TPHIIJeM CJIY4ae perHCTpl1pYIOTCH C06bITI1H, npl1 KOTOpbIX npOHCXO,lI.!1T
159
cpa6aTbIBaHHe ,lI.BYX HJIH 60JIee ,lI.eTeKTOpOB, npH4eM nOJIe3HbIM
C4HTaeTCH C06bITHe, npH KOTOpOM npOH30111JIO O,lI.HOBpeMeHHOe
Cpa6aTbIBaHHe BCeX m ,lI.eTeKTOpOB BbI,lI.eJIeHHOM fpynnbI. YCTpOMCTBa,
CJIY)Kaw.He ,lI.JIH BbI,lI.eJIeHHH TaKHX C06bITHH, Ha3bIBalOTCH CXeMaMH
m-KpaTHbIX COBna,lJ.eHHM. CXeMY m-KpaTHbIX COBn3,lI.eHHH MO)KHO
Onpe,lJ.eJIHTb KaK YCTPOMCTBO, HMelOw.ee m BXO,lJ.OB H O,lI.HH BbIXO,lI.,
npH4eM CHfHaJI H3 BbIXO,lI.e YCTpOMCTBa nOHBJIHeTCH JIHlllb B TOM
CJIY4ae, KOf,lI.a O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO Ha BCeX m BXO,lI.aX npHCYTCTBYIOT
BXO,lI.HbIe CHfHaJIbI.
B ,lI.aHHOM onpe,lI.eJIeHHH Tpe6yeT YT04HeHHH nOHHTHe «O,lI.HOBpe-
MeHHO». )::{eJIO B TOM, 41'0 <paKT O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHOCTH npHXO,lI.3 CHfHaJIOB
MO}KeT 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeH JIHlllb C HeKOTOpOM nOfpeIllHOCTblO. 003-'
TOMY nO,lJ. O,lI.HOBpeMeHHbIM npHCYTCTBHeM BCeX m BXO,lJ.HbIX CHfHaJIOB
CJIe,lI.yeT nOHHM3Tb HX O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHWM npHXO,lI. B Te4eHHe HeKOTO-
pOfO KOHe4HOfO npOMe}KYTKa BpeMeHH, Ha3bIB3eMOfO pa3peI.llalOlll.H
BpeMeHeM cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHM. KOJIH4eCTBO BXO,lI.OB m MO)KeT, B
3aBHCHMOCTH 01' Tpe60BaHHM 3KcnepHMeHTa, MeHHTbCH 01' 2 ,lI.0 10
H 60JIee. TaK, TeJIeCKOTIbI C4eT4HKOB, B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' <POHQBbIX
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AeTeKTopw TeJIeCKona.
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BpeMeHHo cpa6aTbIBalOllUix ,lI.eTeKTopoB) MO)KeT 6bITb MeHbIlle
06lll.efO KOJIH4eCTB3 ,lI.eTeKTopoB YCTaHoBKH H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06w.e-
fO 4HCJI3 BXO,lI.OB cxeMbI cOBnall.eHHM. CxeMbI COBn3,lJ.eHHM, BbI,lJ.eJIH-
IOlll,He TaKHe C06bITHH, H33bIBalOTCH MaIKopHT3pHbIMH cxeMaMH
COBna,lI.eHHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, Ma}KOpHTapHaH cxeMa CbBna,lI.eHHM -
91'0 YCTPOHCTBO, HMelOw.ee m BXO,lI.OB (m 3) H O,lI.HH BbIXOJI.,
npH4eM CHfHaJI Ha BbIxoAe cxeMbI nOHBJIHeTCH JIHlllb B TOM CJIY4ae,
KOfJI.a HMeIOT,CH BXO,lI.HbIe CHfH3JIbI O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO Ha k HJIH 60JIee
BXO,lJ.aX cxeMbI, f,lI.e 2 k < m. nOpH.llOK nOHBJIeHHH CHfHaJIOB Ha
BXO,lI.aX He HMeeT 3Ha 4eHHH, T. e. BbIXO,lI.HOM CHfHaJI nOHBJIHeTCH npH
JII060M KOM6HHaUHH cpa6aTbI HHH k HJIH 60JIee BXO,lI.OB H3 06ll1.efO
4HCJIa m. Hepe,lI.KO B TaKHX cxeMax KpaTHOCTb COBna,lI.eHHM k MO}KHO
H3MeHHTb B npouecce 3KCnep11MeHTa. OpHMep npHMeHeHHH Ma}K0pl1-
TapHOM cxeMbI COBna,lJ.eHHH npHBOJI.HJICH B 1.3 B 9KCnepl1MeHTe no
HCCJIeJI.OBaHHIO HeHTpaJIbHbIX TOKOB. OOJIe3HbIMH ClIHTaJIHCb C06bITHH,
npH KOTOpWX B KaJIOpHMeTpe npOHCxo,lI.HJIO O,lI.HOBpeMeHHoe cpa6a-
TbIBaHHe He MeHee 4eTbIpex CUHHTHJIJIHll.HOHHbIX Mo.n.YJIeH 113 06w.efO
KOJIH4eCTBa 78 MO,lI.YJIeM. OlfeBH,lJ.HO, 41'0 CHCTeMa oT60pa BKJII04aJIa
B 9TOM CJIY4ae Ma}KOpHTapHYIO cxeMY COBna,lI.eHHH C m = 78 H
k = 4.
COBepllleHHo HHYIO JIOfHKY pa60TbI HMelOT cxeMbI aHTHCOBn3,lJ.e-
HHH. PaccMoTpHM ee Ha npHMepe cxeMbI aHTHCOBna,lI.eHHM (CA)
C ,lI.BYMH BXO,lI.aMH. Y TaKoM cxe,MbI (pHC. 5.9) BXO,lI.HbIe CHfHaJIbI
HepaBHonpaBHbI: CHfHaJI Ha Bxo,lI.e 2 HBJIHeTCH 3anpew.alOLLlHM no
OTHoweHHIO K CHfHaJIY, npHXO,lI.HllI.eMY Ha BXOJI. 1. JIofHKa pa60TbI
160
3TOH CXeMbI TaKOBa, liTO eCJIH CHfHaJ1,
npHBe.n.IllHH Ha Bxo.n. 1, He COnpOBO)K,lI.a-
eTCH O,lI.HOBpeMeHHbIM nOHBJ1eHHeM CHf-
HaJIa Ha Bxo.n.e 2, Ha BbIXO,lI.e nOHBJIHeTCH
B XO.n.HOH CHfHaJI. O.n.HoBpeMeHHoe no-
HBJIeHHe CHfHaJIOB Ha Bxo.n.ax 1 H 2 npH-
BO.n.HT K TOMY, liTO CHfHaJI Ha Bb[XO,lI.e
OTCYTCTByeT (CHfHaJI, npHIlle.n.llIHH Ha BXO,lI. 2, 6JIOKHpyeT CHfHaJI,
npHIlle,lI.IllHH Ha BXO,lI. 1). OOHBJIeHHe CHfHaJIa TOJ1bKO Ha Bxo.n.e 2
TaK)Ke He npHBo.n.HT K nOHBJIeHMIO CHfHaJIa Ha BbIXO,lI.e CXeMbl.
HeCMOTpH Ha CTOJ1b CMJIbHOe pa3J1H4He B JIOfHKe oT60pa cxeMW
COBna,lI.eHHH H aHTHCOBna.n.eHHH, nO-CYllI.eCTBY, 3Ta JIOfHKa onpe.n.e-
JIHeT pa60TY JIHIlIb BbIXO.n.HbIX YCTPOHCTB cxeM, nOCKOJIbKY B JII060M
CJ1YlIae ,lI.OJ1)KHO 6bITb CHallaJIa onpe.n.eJIeHO, O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO MJIH
HeO,lI.HOBpeMeHHO npHIllJIH CWfHaJIbI Ha COQTBeTCTBYIOIlI.Me BXO.n.bI,
T. e. 3acpHKCHpOBaH cpaKT COBna.n.eHHH CMfHaJIOB BO BpeMeHH Ha BXO-
,lI:ax CXeMbI.
003TOMY Bce OCHOBHbIe napaMeTpbI, xapaKT_epH3YlOllI.He cxeMbI
m-KpaTHWX COBna.n.eHHH, MOfYT 6WTb 6e3 BCHKHX H3MeHeHHH OTHe-
ceHbI KaK K MaJKOpHTapHbIM cxeMaM COBna.n.eHMH, TaK H K cxeMaM
aHTHCOBna.n.eHHH. C Y4eTOM 3TOfO 3aMellaHHH paCCMOTpHM OCHOBHble
cpM3MlIeCKHe napaMeTpbI cxeM COBna.n.eHHH.
OCHOBHOH napaMeTp cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH - pa3peU(alOU(ee 8peMfl
T. IJO,lI. pa3peillalOllI.HM BpeMeHeM T nOHHMalOT MaKCHMaJIbHbIH
HHTepBaJ1 BpeMeHH MeJK,lI.Y BXO,lI.HbIMM CMrHaJIaMH, npH KOTOpOM
cxeMa COBna,lI.eHHH elll.e perHcTpHpyeT HX KaK COBna,LlalOllI.He. Ha-
J1HlIHe KOHe4HOfO pa3peWalOIlI.erO BpeMeHH Y cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHMH
nO,lI.pa3YMeBaeT, liTO cxeMa COBna,lI.eHHH C4HTaeT COBna,lI.alOIl1.MMH
JII06ble CHfHa.JIbI, eCJIH MOMeHTbI I1X nOHBJIeHHH Ha BXO,lI.ajC cxeM
pa3.n.eJIeHbI BpeMeHHbIM HHTepBaJIOM, He 60J1bIllHM, 4eM + T: O,lI.HaKO
MO:>KeT OKa3aTbCH, 4TO BpeMeHHOH HHTepBaJI T, BHYTPH KOTOpOfO
cxeMa COBna,lI.eHHH perHcTpHpyeT CHrHaJIbI KaK COB n a.n.a 10 llI. He, 3aBH-
CMT OT TOfO, Ha Kal\OH BXO,lI. CHfHaJ1 npHIlleJI paHbllle, a Ha KaKOH -
n03JKe. 003TOMY B 06Il1.eM CJIYlIae 3a pa3peIllalOIl1.ee BpeMH npHHH-
MalOT nOJIOBHHY CYMMapHOfO BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa, H3MepeHHOfO
npH pa3HOM nOpH,lI.Ke nocTynJIeHHH BXO,lI.HbIX HMnYJIbCOB. ,LlJIH CHM-
MeTpM4HOfb CJIY4aH 3TH onpe,lI.eJIeHHH 3KBHBaJ1eHTHbI. Pa3JIHlfalOT
3J1eKTpHlIeCKoe H cpH3H4eCKoe pa3peIllalOIl1.ee BpeMH. 3JIeKTpHlIeCKoe
pa3peIllalOIl1.ee BpeMH xapaKTepH3yeT npe.n.eJ1bHbIe B03MOJKHOCTH
caMOH cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH. <PH3M4eCKoe pa3pewalOllI.ee BpeMH, KOTO-
poe Ha npaKTHKe BCef,lJ.a 60JIbWe 3JIeKTpHlIeCKoro, xapaKTepH3yeT
. (pH3H4eCKYIO YCTaHOBKY liB u.eJIOM, BKJIlOlIaH ,lI.eTeKTOpbI Ii cpOpMHpOBa-
. TeJIH BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH. OpH onpe,lI.eJ1eHHM OTHOIlleHMH 3cpcpe-
KTa K CPOHY BaJKHO 3HaTb HMeHHO cpH3HlIeCKoe pa3peIllalOllI.C'e
BpeMH.
3cfJcfJeKTu8HOCTb cxeM COBna.n.eHHH 1] - ,lI.OJIH 3apefHCTpHpOBaH-
IIblX C06bITHH COBna,lI.eHHH H3 HX 06ll1.efO KOJIH4eCTBa. 3TOT napa-
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MeTp, KaK 6Y,lI.eT nOKa3aHO HHJKe, TeCHO CB5I3aH C cpH3HlIeCKHM
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pa3pernalOllI.HM BpeMeHeM.
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MepTBOfO BpeMeHH npHBO,lI.HT ' K npOC4eTaM cOBna,lI.eHHH H YMeHbIlIaeT
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BOfO BpeMeHH, npOBO,lI.HTCH TaK JKe, KaK H ,lI.J151 ,lI.PYfHX pefHCTpH-
PYlOllI.HX YCTPOHCTB (CM. 6.1).
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TepH3YIOlll.HH 4YBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb cxeMbI K BXO,lI.HbIM CHfHaJIaM. I-Ia
CHfHaJIbI C aMnJIHTY,lI.OH HHJKe nopOfa 4'YBCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH cxeMa
cOBna,lI.eHHH He peafHpyeT.
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BbIXO,lI.e cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH B CJIY4ae pefHCTpalI.HH COBna,lI.eHH5I K
aMnJIHTY,lI.e CHfHaJIa Ha BbIXO,lI.e B TOM CJIYlfae, KOr,lI.a Ha O,lI.HOM
H3 BXO,lI.OB cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH CHfHaJI OTCYTCTByeT: p = U nzl U m - I.
KOHe4Hoe 3Ha4eHHe K03cp<pHlI.HeHTa oT60pa 03Ha4aeT, 4TO B CJIY-
4ae OTCYTCTBH5I HCTHHHOfO COBna,lI.eHH5I HMeeTC5I HeKOTopoe npo-
J1e3aHHe BXO.LlHbIX CHfHaJIOB Ha BbIXO,lI. CXeMbI. 06bI4HO K03<PCPH-
Il.HeHT oT60pa na,lI.aeT C YBenH4eHHeM KpaTHOCTH COBna,lI.eHHH, lfTO
B p5l,lI.e CJIY4aeB HaKJIa,lI.bIBaeT OfpaHH4eHHe Ha KOJIH4eCTBO BXO-
,ElOB cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH.
113 nepe4HCJIeHHbIX napaMeTpOB HaH60JIee BaJKHbIMH HBJI5IIOTC5I
cpH3H4eCKoe pa3pelI1alOllI.ee BpeM5I (KOTopoe ,lI.JI5I KpaTKOCTH 6Y,lI.eM
Ha3bIBaTb npOCTO pa3pellialOllI.HM BpeMeHeM) H 3cp<peKTHBHOCTb.
HaJIH4He KOHe4HOfO pa3pellialOLlI.efO BpeMeHH npHBO,lI.HT K TOMY,
4TO cxeMa COBna,lI.eHHH, nOMHMO 3cpcpeKTa TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX HCTHH-
HbIX COBna,lI.eHHH,,, pefHcTpHpyeT cpOH - CJIY4aHHbIe COBna,lI.eHH5I,
BbI3BaHHbIe HeKoppenHpOBaHHbIMH OTOKaMH cpOHOBbIX CHrHaJIOB
,lI.eTeKTopOB.
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TOpOB Lll H Ll2, CHfHaJ1bI KOTOpbIX nO,lI.aIOTC5I Ha COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.He
BXO,lI.bI cxeMbI ,lI.BYKpaTHbIX C01tna,lI.eHHH. OYCTb HCTHHHbIe COBna,lI.e-
HH5I OTCYTCTBYIOT - Ka:>K,lI.bIH H3 ,lI.eTeKTOpOB pefHcTpHpyeT TOJIbKO
cpOHOBbIe 4aCTHlI.bI, npH4eM nOna,lI.aHHe lIaCTHIl. B TOT HJIH HHOH
- ,lI.eTeKTOp HHKaK He KOppeJIHpOBaHO. 0603HalfHM nl H n2 Cpe,lI.Hee
KOJIH4eCTBO cpa6aTbIBaHHH ,lI.eTeKTOpOB Lli H Ll2 B e,lI.HHHu,y BpeMeHH.
KaJK,lI.oe cpa6aTbIBaHHe ,lI.eTeKTOpa Lli npHBO,lI.HT K TOMY, liTO eCJIH
BO BpeMeHHOM HHTepBaJIe + 1', OTC4HTbIBaeMOM OT MOMeHTa cpa-,
6aTbIBaHH5I LlI, cpa60TaeT ,lI.eTeKTOp Ll2, cxeMOH COBna,lI.eHHH 6Y,lI.eT
3apefHCTpHpOBaHO CJIY4aHHoe COBna,lI.eHHe. OOJIaraH, 4TO cpOH CJIY-
4aHHbIX COBna,lI.eHHH ,lI.OCTaT04HO MaJ1 (n 21' 1 ), MO)KHO 3anHcaTb:
n CJI = n (2n 21'), f,lI.e 2n 21' - BepOHTHOCTb non a,lI.aHHH CHfH aJI a OT
Ll2 BO BpeMeHHoe OKHO lI1HpHHOH 21'.
B ,06ll1.eM CJIY4ae ,lI.JI5I m BXO,lI.OB aHaJIOfHlfHbIM 06pa30M MOJKHO
nOJIY4HTb:
Ill- 1
n CJI = mnln2 . . . nmT .
162
TaKHM 06pa30M, 'CJIY4aHHbIe COBna,lI.eHHH HBJI5IIOTCH HeH36e:>KHbIM
H <pH3H4eCKH HeBbI.l1.eJI5IeMbIM cpOHOM JII06bIX H3MepeHHH, npOBO-
,lI.HI.I.I.HXCH C nOMOI.I.I.blO CXeM COBna,lI.eHHH. 113 npHBe.l1.eHHbIX <j:>OPMYJI
CJIe,lI.yeT, 4TO cpOH CJIYlIaHHbIX COBna.n.eHHH na.l1.aeT C YMeHbWeHHeM
pa3peWalOI.I.I.erO BpeMeHH T. ,LlJI5I Onpe.l1.eJIeHHH OTHOWeHHH 3<p<peKTa
K CPOHY He06xo,lI.HMO paCCMOTpeTb, KaK 3aBHCHT OT T 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb
perHcTpau.HH HCTHHHbIX COBna,lI.eHHH 1]. B03bMeM .l1.JI5I 3Toro npo-
CTeHWHH CJIY4aH, KOr.n.a CXeMa .l1.BYKpaTHbIX COBna,lI.eHHH C pa3pe-
WalOI.I.I.HM BpeMeHeM T perHcTpHpyeT COBna.l1.eHHH CHrHaJIOB B ,lI.BYX
H,lI.eHTH4HbIX KaHaJIaX,. COCTOHI.I.I.HX H3 H,lI.eHTHlIHbIX .l1.eTeKTOpOB
H H.l1.eHTHlIHbIX cpOpMHpOBaTeJIeH: BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH, B03HHKalO-
w.He npH nepeCe4eHHH 060HX ,lI.eTeKTOpOB, KOTOpbIe paCnOJIO:>KeHbI
BnJIOTHYIO ,lI.pyr K .l1.Pyry, peJIHTHBHCTCKOH 4aCTHLl.eH. no CPH3H-
4eCKOH nOCTaHOBKe 3a,lI.a4H Mbl MO:>KeM C4HTaTb, liTO o.n.Ha H Ta :>Ke
4acTHu.a perHcTpHpyeTcH O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO 060HMH ,lI.eTeKTOpaMH B
O,lI.HHaKOBbIX YCJIOBH5IX. HeTpY.lI.HO BH,lI.eTb, liTO, HeCMOTp5I !:fa H.n.eH-
\ TH4HOCTb 060HX KaHaJIOB, MOMeHTbl ,lI.OCTH:>KeHHH BXO,lI.HbIMH CHfHa-
J1aMH cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH 3Ha4eHHH Un HeO,lI.HOBpeMeHHbl. ,LleHcTBH-
TeJIbHO, B Ka:>K,lI.OM H3 KaHaJIOB' B03HHKaeT CJIY4aHHaH <PJIYKTyaU.H5I
3a,lI.epJl\KH Cpa6aTbIBaHHH .l1.eTeKTOpa a A (I), CJIYllaHHaH CPJIYKTyaU.H5I
3a,lI.ep:>KKH cpa6aTblBaHHH cpOpMHpOBaTeJIH BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH a <I> (I)
H CJIYllaHHaH cpJ1YKTyau.HH 3a,lI.ep)KKH cpa6aTWBaHH5I CaMOH: cxeMW
COBna,lI.eHHH: a cc (I) Ha ee BXO.l1.e OTHOCHTeJIbHO BXO,lI.HOrO CHrHaJIa,
CBH3aHHaH C KOHe4HbIM noporOM ee 4YBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. OOCKOJIbKY
Bce 3TH CPJ1YKTyaU.HH CTaTHCTH4eCKH He3aBHCHMI;>I, HHTepBaJIbI Bpe-
MeHH Me)K,lI.y MOMeHTaMH ,lI.OCTH:>KeHHH BXO,lI.HbIMH CHrHaJIaMH cxeMbI
COBna.l1.eHHH 3Ha4eHHH . Un 6Y,lI.YT pacnpe,lI.eJIeHpI no KaKOMY-TO CTa-
THCTH4eCKOMY 3aKOHY co Cpe.l1.HHM 3HalleHHeM 1 = O. OnblT nOKa3bI-
BaeT, 4TO ,lI.JIH npHHHTbIX YCJIOBHH: 3TO pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHe 6JIH3KO K pac-
IIpe,lI.eJIeHHIO raycca:
p( t) == .1__ e - Ii /'20-
--V 2n (T
l')J.e (J = 2 -V ( t)- + <J ( -+ -(J c( t) .
;
,LlpyrHMH CJIOBaMH, C06bITHH, O.l1.HOBpeMeHHbIe no CBoeMY <pH-
- :iH4eCKOMY CMbICJIY, ,lI.JIH cxeMbI COBna,lI.eHHH BCJIe.n.CTBHe CTaTHCTH-
'll'CKHX CPJIYK'fyaU.HH 3a.l1.ep:>KeK o.n.HOBpeMeHHbIMH He HBJIHIOTCH.
VI] onpe.n.e,JIeHHH pa3peWalOI.I.I.ero BpeMeHH CJIe.l1.yeT, '-ITO cxeMa COB-
1f(l)l( BHH: perHcTpHpyeT C06bITHH, pa3.l1.eJIeHHble HHTepBaJIOM BpeMeHH
Ill' OOJ1 bwe, 4eM + T, T. e. C03,lI.aeT Ha BpeMeHHOH OCH BpeMeHHoe
nl\1I0 I1IHpHHOH 2T (RHC. 5.10).
'rorJla 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb cxeMbl COBna.n.eHHH MO)KHO WHpOKO
o'IIH'Jl('JI HTb CJ1e.n.YIOw.HM 06pa30M:
+1" +1"
( 1 ( _ [2/2a 2
1'] = J P (t) dt = -.J2;. J e dt,
2n (J
-T
-T
163
T. e. 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb 11 Bblpa)KaeTC5I 4epe3 HHTerpaJI Bep05lTHOCTH.
113 Ta6JIHlIHbIX 3HalleHHH HHTerpaJIa CJIe.l1.yeT, liTO 11 = 0,68 npH
T = a, 11 = 0,95 npM T = 20', 11 = 0,997 npH T = 30', T. e. 3<P-
<t>eKTHBHoCTb cJIa60 MeH5IeTC5I npH T> 20' H npaKTHqeCKH He Me-
H5IeTC5I npH T> 30'. B TO )Ke BpeM5I npH YMeHbIlleHHH T B CTOPOHY
3HalleHHH, MeHbIlIHX 20' 1 3<p<PeKTHBHOCTb 6bICTpO na.l1.aeT. ECJIH
BcnO HHTb, liTO KOJIHqeCTBO CJIYlIaHHWX COBna.l1.eHHH JIHHeHHO 3a-
BHCHT. OT T, CTaHOBHTC5I OlleBH.l1.HbIM, 4TO HaHJIYlIIlIee OTHOIlIeHHe
3<p<t>eKTa K <POHY .l1.0CTHraeTC5I B paHOHe 3HalleHHH T = 2 -;- 30'
npH 3<p<t>eKTHBHoCTH perHcTpaUHH HCTHHHWX COBna.l1.eHHH, 6JIH3KOH
K 100%.
113 aHaJIH3a CJIe.l1.yeT, 4TO .l1.JI5I Ka)K.l1.0H KOHKpeTHOH <pH3HlIeCKOH
YCTaHOBKH CYllI.eCTByeT OnTHMaJIbHOe pa3pelllalOllI.ee BpeM5I T )ph
npH KOTOpOM .l1.0CTHraeTC5I MaKCHMaJIbHOe OTHOIlIeHHe 3<p<peKTa K
q,OHY. B CB5I3H C 3THM B03HHKalOT .l1.Ba Bonpoca: 1) B KaKHX CJIY-
4a5lX CJIe.l1.yeT cTpeMHTbC5I K OnTHMaJIbHoMY 3HalleHHIO H 2) KaK
3TO C.l1.e.rraTb?
HallHeM C nepBoro Bonpoca. B caMOM .l1.eJIe, .u.aJIeKO He BO Bcex
cJiYlIa5lX 3KcnepHMeHT Tpe6yeT onTHMH3aUHH pa3pellialOIlI.erO Bpe-
MeHM. ECJIH npe.l1.BapHTeJIbHble oueHKH nOKa3bIBaIOT, liTO <POH CJIY-
lIaHHblX COBna.l1.eHHH npeHe6pe)KHMO MaJI .n.aJKe npH 3HalleHH5IX T,
CYllI.eCTBeHHO npeBbIllialOIlI.HX OnTHMaJ1bHOe (3a KOTopoe npHHHMalOT
B351Toe C K03cp<pHlI.HeHTOM 2-3 OJKH.l1.aeMOe BpeMeHHoe pa3perne-
HMe .l1.eTeKTopa), TO pa3YMHO B3HTb cxeMY COBna.u.eHHH C pa3pernalO-
Il1.MM BpeMeHeM T lO T opt , C TeM, 4T06bI HaBepH5IKa 06ecnellHTb
CTonpoueHTHYIO 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb perHCTpalI. H HCTHHHblX COBna.l1.e-
HHH.
ECJ1H JKe cpOHOBble YCJ10BH5I TaKOBbI, 4TO npHHlI.HI1HaJIbHO BaJK-
HO 3HaTb cpOH CJ1Y4aHHbIX COBna.n.eHHH, CJIe.l1.yeT npOBO.l1.HTb H3Me-
peHH5I cpOHa H onTHMH3alI.HIO pa3pernalOllI.ero BpeMeHH. H TO, H
.n.pyroe MOJKHO C.l1.eJ1aTb nYTeM H3MepeHH5I TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH KpHBOH
3a.l1.ep)KaHHbIX COBna.l1.eHHH. fIpH H3MepeHHH KpHBOH 3a.l1.ep)KaHHbIX
COBna.l1.eHHH B O.l1.HH H3 KaHaJI@B COBna.l1.eHHH (Me)K.l1.Y cpOpMHpO-
-t
I 2-r 0
1<
I
>1
+t
PHC. 5.10. 4>YHKll.HSI pacnpe.u.eJIe-
HHH BpeMeHH x HHTepBa OB Me*-
.u.y O.lI.HOBpeMeHHbIMH C06blTMSlMH
Ha BXO.lI.e cxeMbI .u.BYKpaTHbIx COB-
na.u.eHHH
-t
3
o
+t 3
PHC. 5.11. KpMBbIe, 3a.lI.ep)KaHHbIX
COBna.lI.eHHH .lI.JIH CJ1 Y4aeB T> T OpT (1),
T=Topt (2) H T<Topt (3)
164
BaTeJIeM BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKM M BXO,lI.OM CXeMbI COBnan.eHI'1I1) BBO-
.l1.MTC5I perYJIMpyeMa51 3a,lI.epjl{Ka H M3Mep5leTC5I 3aBHCHMOCTb KOJIH-
4eCTBa OTC4eTOB N 3a 3a.l1.aHHMH HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH OT BBO,lI.HMOH
3a.l1.epjl{KH npH HeKOTOpOM cpHKCHpOBaHHOM 3Ha4eHHH pa3peI11alO-
llI.erO BpeMeHH T: 3aTeM 3Ta 3a.l1.epjl{Ka BBO.l1.HTC5I BO BTOpOH KaHaJI,
H H3MepeHH5I nOBTOp5lIOTC5I. 3aTeM Te jl{e H3MepeHH5I nOBTOp5lIOTC5I
npH .l1.pyrHx 3Ha4eHH5IX T (npe.l1.nOJIaraeTC5I, 4TO 3Ha4eHHe T 3KCne-
pHMeHTaTOp MOjl{eT MeH5ITb no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHIO). B pe3YJIbTa-
Te M3MepeHH5I nOJIY4aeTC5I CepH5I KpHBbIX, npe.l1.CTaBJIeHHbIX Ha
pHC. 5.11. 3.l1.eCb nOJIOjl{HTeJIbHbIe H oTpHuaTeJIbHbIe 3Ha4eHH5I 13
COOTBeTCTBYIOT BKJII04eHHIO 3a.ll.epjl{KH B pa3Hble BXO.ll.HbIe KaHaJIbI,
a KpHBbIe }-3 COOTBeTCTBYIOT TpeM pa3HbIM 3Ha4eHH5IM T. fl05lCHHM
nOJIY4eHHbIe KpHBble. fIpH 13 = 0 KOJIH4eCTBO OTC4eTOB N = N MCT +
+ N 4>, r,lI.e N MCT - 4HCJIO HCTHHHbIX COBna.l1.eHHH; N 4> - '4HCJIO
CJIY4aHHbIX COBna.l1.eHMH.
[l'PH t3 T (Ha Kpa5IX pacnpe.l1.eJIeHHH) HCTHHHMe COBna.l1.eHH5I
He perMCTpHpYIOTC5I, H N = N<tJ. TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha Kpa5lX pacnpe.l1.e-
JIeHHH Henocpe.l1.CTBeHHO H3Mep5leTC5I <pOH CJIY4a-HHbIX COBna,lI.eHHH.
KpHBa51 1 H3MepeHa npH T> Topt. 3TO BH,lI.HO H3 Toro,_ 4TO C4eT
N OCTaeTC5I nOCT05IHHbIM B HeKoTopoM ,lI.Hana30He H3MeHeHH5I 3a-
,lI.epjl{eK [3, T. e. IllHpHHa BpeMeHHoro OKHa 3aMeTHO 60JIbIlle, 4eM
WHpHHa 'pacnpe.ll.eJIeHH5I BpeMeHHblX HHTepBaJIOB a, H He60JIbliiOH
C)].BHr ero nOJIOJKeHHH BnpaBO MJIH BJIeBO OT HYJI5I He BJIH5IeT Ha
3<p<peKTMBHOCTb perHCTpaUHH HCTHHHbIX COBna.n.eHHH. KpHBa5I 2
nOJIY4eHa npH T=Topt. C4eT B MaKcHMYMe KpHBOM ynaJI He3Ha-
4HTeJIbHO no cpaBHeHHIO C KpHBOH 1 (3a C4eT YMeHbIlleHH5I N<tJ),
B. TO )Ke BpeM5I BBe.n.eHHe - .n.a)Ke He60JIbI110H 3a,lI.ep)KKM B O,lI.HH H3
aHaJIOB npHBO,lI.HT K YMeHbIlleHHIO 3<pcpeKTHBHOCTH perHCTpaUHH
HCTHHHbIX COBna,lI.eHHH (KpHBa51 He HMeeT nJIaTO). Kp'l-lBaH 3, 04e-
BH.l1.HO, nOJIY4eHa npH T < Lopt, 3aMeTHO ynaJI C4eT B lV,IaKcHMYMe,
T. e. cYllI.eCTBeHHo YMeHbIllHJIaCb 3<P<PeKTHBHoCTb perHcTpaUHH
HCTHHHbIX cOBna,lI.eHHH.
MO)KHO IlOKa3aTb, 4TO wHpHHa KpHBOH 2 Ha nOJIOBHHe ee BbICOTbI
paBHa 3Ha4eHHIQ_ 2T OPb KOTOpbIM H nOJIb3YIOTC5I npH .l1.aJIbHeMIllHX
paC4eTax, CKa)KeM, npH HeKOTopbIX H3MeHeHH5IX YCJIOBMH 3Kcne-
pHMeHTa ,lI.JI5I oueHKH <poHa. He06xo,lI.HMO OTMeTHTb, 4TO cpopMYJIa-
MH, onpe.n.eJI5IIOI.I.I.HMH CKOpOCTb C4eTa CJIyqaHHbIX COBna,lI.eHHM,
MO)KHO nOJIb30BaTbCH JI HWb ,lI.JI5I ou.eHKH <pOHa CJIY4aHHbIX COBna.n.e-
HHH, eCJIH 3TOT <POH cpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJI H He BbIXO.n.HT 3a npe,lI.eJIbI
J!OnYCTHMOH norpeIllHOCTH. B Tex CJIY4a5lX, KOr,lI.a N MCT N <tJ, nOJIb-
:\OBaTbC5I 3THMH <popMYJIaMH ,lI.JI5I paC4eTa BeJIH4HHbI 3<p<peKTa HeJIb-
.UI, TaK KaK OHH .lI.alOT JIHIllb cpe.n.Hee 3Ha4eHHe CJIY4aHHOH BeJIH4H-
IIbl, KOTOpa5I B Kajl{,lI.OM KOHKpeTHOM H3MepeHHH MOjl{eT CYllI.eCT-
B('HHO OTJIH4aTbC5I OT Cpe,lI.HerO 3Ha4eHH5I. fl03TOMY B CJIY4a5lX,
Kor,lI.a N MCT N 4>, He06xo,lI.HMO JIH60 YMeHbI11HTb N 4> C nOMOlllblO
KctKOrO-JIH60 MeTO,lI.H4eCKOro npHeMa, JIH60 npOBO,lI.HTb He3aBHCHMbIe
It:iMepeHH5I N<t>.
.165
/lJ
&1
&2
CLf ,
C'I2,
N = N CII
BXO a...:..r-L
Bxo o 2 L
Bxo
lt1p.z
MA,
N= N UCT + N CII
PHC. 5. 12. <l>YHKLI.HOHaJIbHaSl cxeMa YCTaHoBKH,
n03BOJISlIOIlleH perHcTpHpoBaTb 4HCJIO CJIY4aHHblx
COBnaJI.eHHH
PMC. 5. I 3. BpeMeHHbIe .lI.MarpaMMbI, nOSlcHHIOw.He
npMHlJ.Hn pa60TbI cxeMbl COBna.lI.eHHH, KOTopaSl
OCHOBaHa Ha JIHHeHHOM CJIO}l(eHHH CHrHaJIOB
YMeHblIlMTb 3HaiIeHHe N <p MOlKHO C nOMOIll.blO nOBbIWeHH5I KpaT-
,HOCTM COBna.l1.eHHH. COrJIaCHO 06Ill.eH: ,cpopMYJIe .l1.JI5I CJIYlIaHHbIX
COBna.l1.eHHH, .l1.06aBJIeHMe .l1.0n0J1HHTeJIbHOrO KaHaJIa COBna.l1.eHHII
YMeHbillaeT n CJI (TaK KaK nT 06bIlIHO MeHbwe 1). HMeHHO M3 3THX co06-
pa)l{eHHH B TeJIeCKOnax ClIeTlIHKOB 3allaCTYIO npHMeH5IIOT 60JIbWOe
KOJIHlIeCTBO .l1.eTeKTopOB. O,lI.HaKO MHorMe cpH3H4ecKHe 3a,lI.allH He
n03BOJI5IIOT npHMeHHTb 3TOT TI;>HeM. B TaKOM CJIY4ae MO)l{HO BOC-
nOJIb30BaTbC5I CXeMOH: He3aBM HMoro H3MepeHM5I CJIY4aH:H X COBna-
.l1.eHHH, npHBe,lI.eHHOH Ha pHC. 5.12. ,QJ151 cxeMbI cOBna.n.eHHH &1 H
&2 C o.n.HHaKOBbIM pa3peWalOI.I.I.HM BpeMeHeM T perHCTpHpYIOT O,lI.HH
H Te )l{e C06bITH5I, HO B O,lI.HH H3 KaHaJIOB cxeMbI BBe,lI.eHa 3a,lI.ep)KKa
t 3 > T. OOKa3aHH5I ClIeTlIHKa CLf, I Ha BbIxo.n.e &1 B 3TOM CJIY4ae
paBHbI N 1= N MCT + N <p; nOKa3aHH5I CLf,2 Ha BbIXO.l1.e &2 6y.n.YT paBHbl
N 2 = N <p (TaK KaK HCTHHHbIe COBna,lI.eHH5I nOJIHOCTblO BbIBO.l1.51TC5I
H3 perHCTpaUHH 3a,lI.ep)l{KOH t 3 ). BaIK,HO, lITO H3MepeHH5I npOBO,L1.HTC5I
o.n.HOBpeMeHHO, T. e. B 06eHx cxeM8X CJIYlIaHHbIe COBna,lI.eHH5I C03,lI.a-
IOTC5I O,lI.HHMH H TeMH IKe nOTOKaMH <POHOBbIX C06bITHH n 1 H n2.
H I..
eKOTOpa51 TPY.l1.HOCTb 3Toro MeTO,lI.a COCTOHT B TOM, liTO HeJIerKO
06ecnellHTb CTporoe paBeHCTBO pa3peWalOIll.erO BpeMeHH 06eHX
cxeM COBna,lI.eHHH.
OpH paCCMOTpeHMH Bonpoca 0 BbI60pe OnTHMaJIbHOrO pa3pewalO-
Ill.ero BpeMeHH npe,lI.nOJIaraJIOCb, liTO pa3peWalOIll.ee BpeM5I cxeMbI
COBna.l1.eHMH MOIKHO M3MeH5ITb B IllHpOKHX npe,lI.eJIax. B KaKOH Mepe
3TO npe,lI.nOJIO)l{eHHe COOTBeTcTByeT ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, 3aBMCHT
OT KOHCTPYKTHBHoro HCnOJIHeHH5I cxeM COBna,lI.eHHH.
bOJIbWHHCTBO COBpeMeHH X cxeM COBna,lI.eHHH MCnOJIb3YlOT
npHHUHn JIHHeHHOro MJIH HeJIHHeHHOro CJIOIKeHH5I BXO,lI.HbIX CHrHaJIOB.
OpH JIHHeHHOM CJIOIKeHHH BXO,lI.HbIX CMrHaJIOB' OHM ,lI.OJIIKHhI 6bITb
CTaH,lI.apTH30BaHbI no aMnJIMTY.l1.e M no .l1.JIHTe.ribHoCTH. CTaH,lI.apTM-
30BaHHble CMrHaJIbI CKJIa.n.bIBaIOTC5I B JIHHeHHOM CYMMaTope, KOTO-
pbIH MO)l{eT npe.l1.CTaBJI5ITb C060H o61lI.ee conpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH
JIH60 OTpe30K Ka6eJI5I H ,lI.p. K BbIXO,lI.y CYMMaTopa nO,lI.KJII04aeTC5I
166
aMnJIHTY,lI.HbIH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp, KOTOpbIH Cpa6aTbIBaeT npM Jl.OCTH-
/KeHHH CYMMapHbIM CHrHaJIOM HeKdTOpOrO 3a,lI.aHHOrO ypOBHH.
OpHHUHn pa60TW TaKOH (TpeXBXO,lI.OBOH) CXeMW COBna,lI.eHHH nOHC-
HHeTCH BpeMeHHbIMH ,lI.HarpaMMaMH pHC. 5.13. OpH HacTpoHKe
ypOBHH ,lI.HCKpHMHHaU H Ha ypoBeHb H/1,1 Jl.HCKpHMHHaTop cpa-
6aTbIBaeT npH XOTH 6bI 4aCTH4HOM HaJIO/KeHHH JII06bIX ,lI.BYX
CHrHaJIOB H3 Tpex, a npM HacTpoHKe Ha ypoBeHb H/1,2 - TOJIbKO
npH XOTH 6bl 4aCTH4HOM HaJIO/KeHHH Bcex Tpex BXO,lI.HbIX CHrHaJIOB.
B nepBoM CJIY4ae cxeMa cOBna.l1.eHHH pa60TaeT no npMHUHny
Ma/KOpHTapHoro oT60pa «JIlO6ble ,lI.Ba CHrHaJ1a HJIH 60J1bllle», BO
BTOpOM CJIY4ae perHcTpHpYIOTCH TOJIbKO TpexKpaTHwe COBnaJl.eHHH.
04eBHJl.HO, liTO pa3pewalOrn.ee BpeMH TaKOH cxeMbI COBnaJl.eHHH
paBHO Jl.J1HTeJ1bHOCTH BXOJl.HbIX HMnYJIbCOB. OJl.HaKO, eCJ1H no Ka-
KHM-TO npHlfHHaM .l1.J1HTeJIbHOCTH BX0.l1.HbIX HMnYJ1bCOB Ha pa3HbIX
BXOJl.aX He CTporo O,LI.HHaKOBbI, pa3pelllalOIlI.ee BpeMH 6YJl.eT 3aBH-
ceTb OT nOpHJl.Ka nocTynJ1eHHH BXO HWX CHr aJ10B. 3TO npOHBMTCH,
B 4aCTHOCTH, Ha KpHBOH 3aJl.ep/KaHHbIX COBnaJl.eHHH, KOTopaH B
TaKOM CJIY4ae OKa3bIBaeTCH HeCHMMeTpHlIHOH. 11 B 3TOM CJIY4ae
3a pa3pernalOIlI.ee BpeMH npHHHMalOT nOJIOBHHY lllHpHHbI KpHBOH
3aJl.ep/KaHHbIX COBnaJl.eHHH, B3HTYIO Ha n0J10BHHe ee BbICOTbI, 4TO
COOTBeTcTByeT 061ll.eMY onpe,lI.eJIeHHIO pa3peuialOIll.erO BpeMeHH.
<l>opMHpoBaHHe BXOJl.HOrO HMnYJIbCa no ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH MO/KeT
OCYIlI.eCTB.[IHTbCH KaK c06CTBeHHbIMH cpOpMHpOBaTeJI5IMH cxeMbI
COBnaJl.eHHH, TaK H BHeWHHMH cpOpMHpOBaTeJ1HMH BpeMeHHoH
OTMeTKH. PerYJ1HpOBKa pa3peWalOIll.erO BpeMeHH oCYlll.eCT,BJIHeTC5I
H3MeHeHHeM .lI.J1HTeJ1bHOCTH BXOJl.HbIX CHrHaJ10B H 06bIlIHO COCTaB-
JIHeT He MeHee HeCKOJ1bKHX HaHoceKYH,lI., TaK KaK XOpOlllO ccpop-
MHpOBaTb CHrHaJ1bI MeHbweH .l1.JIHTeJ1bHOCTH TPYJl.HO. ,LlJIH 4eTKoH
pa60Tw cxeMW Jl.OnOJ1HHTeJ1bHOe cpOpMHpoBaHHe BXOJl.HWX CHrHaJIOB
no aMnJIHTY.l1.e 06bI4HO oCYIlI.eCTBJIHeTCH BHYTPH caMoH CXeMbI.
OOJl.06Hble cxeMbI 06bI4HO peaJ1H3YIOTCH Ha cOBpeMeHHbIx HHTer-
paJ1bHbIX MHKpocxeMax. B Ka4eCTBe BXO,lI.HbIX cpopMHpoBaTeJIeH
MorYT 6blTb npHMeHeHbI cpOpMHpOBaTeJ1H C nOCTOHHHbIM noporoM,
aHaJ10rHlfHbIe npHBeJl.eHHoMY Ha pHC. 5.1. B 3TOM CJIY4ae B03MO/KHa
nOJl.a4a CHrHaJ10B Ha BXO.l1.W cxeMW COBna,lI.eHHM HenOCpeJl.CTBeHHo
OT Jl.eTeKTOpOB H3J1YlfeHHH. BbIXOJl.bI cpopMHpoBaTeJ1eH 06'be.l1.HflHIOTCH
Ha 06rn.ee conpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH, K KOTOPOMY nO,lI.COe,lI.HHHeTCH
BXO,lI. TpHrrepa WMHTTa. no onHcaHHoMY npHHUHny CTpOHTCH
cxeMbI COBnaJl.eHHH Ha He60JIblllOe (.l1.Ba - nHTb) 4HCJIO BXO.l1.0B,
n03BOJIHIOlUee nOJIYlIHTb pa3peWalOlll.ee BpeMH OT 2-3 ,lI.0 100 HC.
KJIaCCHlIecKHM npHMepoM cxeMbI HeJ1HHeHHOro CJIO/KeHHH HB-
J1HeTC5I H3BeCTHaH \'cxeMa POCCH. B HaCTOHrn.ee BpeMH cxeMbI He-
JIHHeHHOro CJ10/KeHHH peaJIH3YIOTCH B MHKpocxeMHOM HCnOJ1HeHHH
B BHJl.e MHOrOBXO,lI.OBbIX J10rH4eCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB H (&). OCHOBHbIM
3JIeMeHTOM oT60pa TaKHX cxeM HBJIHeTCH .l1.HcpcpepeHUHaJ1bHbIH
KaCKaJl. (pHC. 5.14), B J1eBOM nJIe4e KOToporo CTOHT OTKpbITbIe
TpaH3HcTopbI T 1 -T 3 , a B npaBoM - 3aKpbITbIH TpaH3HcTop T4.
167
OpM O HOBpeMeHHOM 3anMpaHMM TpaH3MCTOpOB T 1 --T 3 OTnHpaeTCH
T 4, H Ha BbIXO e CXeMbI nOHBJIHeTCH CHrHa lI COBna eHHH. ECJIH
XOTH 6bI O HH M3 TpaH3HCTOpOB T 1 --T 3 OCTaeTCH OTKpbITbIM, nepe-
KJII04e.HHH .lI.HCP4>epeHlI.HaJIbHOrO KaCKa a He npOHCXO HT. B peaJIb-
HOM MHKpocxeMe CO ep)KaTCH OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe TpaH3HCTOpbI,
CJIYJKalll.He JIH TeMnepaTYPHOM cTa6HJIH3au.HH xapaKTepHCTHK
cxeMbI H cpOpMHpOBaHMH BbIXO Horo CHrHaJIa. COBpeMeHHbIe MHK-
pocxeMbI TpaH3HCTopHO-TpaH3HCTOpHOH JIOrHKH n03BOJIHIOT nOJIY4HTb
pa3perualOllI.ee BpeMH o 15--20 HC, a 3MHTTepHo-cBH3aHHoH JIO-
rHKH o 1,5--2 HC. CxeMbI THna H TaK )Ke, KaK H cxeMbI JIHHeH-
Horo CJIO./KeHHH, Tpe6YIOT JIH HOpMaJIbHOH pa60TbI CcpOpMHpoBaH-
HbIX KaK no aMnJIHTy e, TaK H no JIHTeJIbHOCTH BXO HbIX CHrHaJIOB.
- TaKHM o6pa30M, H cXeMbI JIHHeHHOro, H cxeMbI HeJIHHeHHOro CJIO)Ke-
HHH n03BOJIHIOT nOJIY4HTb pa3pernalOlll.ee BpeMH, paBHoe JIHTeJIb-
HOCTH BXO Horo CHrHaJIa H 06bI4HO COCTaBJIHIOw.ee He MeHee He-
CKOJIbKHX HaHoceKYH . ,LlJIH nOJIY4eHHH pa3pernalOlll.ero BpeMeHH
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BO MHorHx KHHrax) n03BOJIHIOT pa60TaTb C HeccpopMHpOBaHHbIMH
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O HaKO, B03HHKalOT 60JIbrnHe TPY HOCTH B HaCTpOHKe TaKHX cxeM,
OKa3bIBaeTCH HeB03MO/KHbIM perYJIHpOBaTb pa3pernalOlll.ee BpeMH.
003TOMY B HaCTOHlll.ee BpeMH 60JIee nonYJIHpHbI HcpcpepeHlI.HaJIb-
HbIe cxeMbI COBna eHHH, nOCTpoeHHbIe Ha COBpeMeHHOH 3JIeMeHTHOH
6a3e. 3TH cxeMbI n03BOJIHIOT nOJIY4HTb pa3pernalOlll.ee BpeMH, MeHb-
lIlee JIHTeJIbHOCTH BXO HbIX CHrHaJIOB, H perYJIHpOBaTb ero B lllH-
pOKHX npe eJIax.
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HYIO Ha TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX npHopHTeTHbIx HCKpHMHHaTopax. OpH-
opHTeTHWM HCKpHMHHaTopOM Ha3WBaeTCH ABYXBxO OBoe JIOrH-
4eCKoe YCTPOHCTBO, n03BOJIHIOIlI.ee pa3JIH4aTb nopH OK rrpHxo a
BXO HbIX CHrHaJIOB. B 4acTHoCTH, TaKHM YCTPOHCTBOM HBJIHeTCH
RS-TpHrrep, nOCTpoeHHbIH H JIOrH4eCKHX BeHTHJIHX 11J1I1-HE
(pHC. 5.15, a). OpH no a4e Ha ero BXO bI x, y JIOrH4eCKHX e HHHu.
(x = 1, y = 1 ), COCTOHHHe ero BbIXO OB O H03Ha4HO onpe.lI.eJIeHo:
X = 0, Y = O. O H03Ha4Ho TaKJKe onpe eJIeHbI COCTOHHHH npH
x= I, y=O H x=O, y= 1. OpH no aqe Ha BXO bI x, y JIOrH4eCKHX
HYJIeH (x = 0, y = 0) B03MO)KHbI Ba Bap"HaHTa COCTOHHHH BbIXO-
OB: JIH60 X = 1, Y =0, JIH60, Ha060poT, X = 0, Y = 1. KaKoH H3
3THX BapHaHToB oCYlll.eCTBJIHeTCH, 3aBHCHT O Toro, B KaKOM nopH Ke
npoHcxo HT H3MeHeHHe COCTOHHHH BXO OB x H Y C e HHHu.bI Ha HYJIb:
eCJIH Ha BXO x JIOrH4eCKHH HYJIb n"pH eT paHbrue, 4eM Ha BXO
y, TO TpHrrep YCTaHOBHTCH B COCTOHHHe X = I, Y = o. Ha060poT, eCJIH
JIOrHlIeCKHH HYJIb npH.lI.eT paHbrue Ha BXO.lI. y, 4eM Ha BXO.lI. x, YCTa-
HOBHTCH COCTOHHHe X = 0, Y = 1. Pa3pernalOIll.ee BpeMH TaKoro
TpHrrepa, T. e. MHHHMaJIbHaH pa3HHlI.a BO BpeMeHH npHxo a CHr-
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168
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PHC. 5. I 5. n PHHUH nHaJIbHaSJ cxeMa npHopHTeTHoro
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HJIH-HE (a) H BapHaHT nOCTpoeHHH cxeMbl
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(6) Ha OCHOBe npHopHTeTHbIx )].HCKpHM HH aTopoB
nocTynJIeHHH, COCTaBJIHeT ,lJ.JIH MHKpOcxeM 3MHTTepHO-CBH3aHHOH
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npHOpHTeTHbIX ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTOpax cxeMbI COBna,lJ.eHHH co cpaBHH-
MbIM C 3THM 3Ha4eHHeM pa3pernaIOIll.HM BpeMeHeM.
Ha P"HC. 5.15, 6 npHBe,lJ.eHa <PYHKIl.HOHaJIbHaH c?<:eMa TaKOfO
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)lHCKpHMHHaTopa. ,LlHcKpHMHHaTop n Ii I n03BOJIHeT C nOMOI.IJ.bIO
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3a,lJ.ep)KKH 33 1 33 2 , cxeMbI oT6opa cOBna,lJ.eHHH HI H H 2 H JIOfH-
4ecKHH CMeCHTeJ1b HJIH, oTo6paTb Ha BXO,lJ. X npHopHTeTHOfO ,lJ.H-
CKpHMHHaTopa nli2 TOT H3 BXO,lJ.HbIX CHfHaJIOB (3a,lJ.ep)KaHHbIH
Ha 1 3 ), KOTOpbIH npHXO,lJ.HT nOCJIe,lJ.HHM. HanpOTHB, O,lJ.HOBH6paTOp
OB, Ha BXO,lJ. K01'OpOfO nO,lJ.alOTcH 06a BXO,lJ.HbIX CHfHaJIa, cpa60TaeT
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npH,lI.eT paHbrne, 4eM 3aKOH4HTCH CHfHaJI 0,lJ.HOBH6paTopa -Ha BXO,lI.e
y. B 3TOM HeTpY,lJ.HO y6e,lI.HTbCH, npHHHB, 4TO HCXO,lI.Hoe COCTOHHHe
fl Ii 2 COOTBeTcTByeT X = 1, Y = 0, H paccMoTpeB COCTOHHHe efO
BbIXO,lJ.a X npH pa3JtH4HbIX KOM6HHaIl.HHX npHXO,lI.a CHrHaJ10B Ha
aXO,lI.bI X H y. Pa3pernaIOllI.ee BpeMH TaKoH cxeMbI paBHo t OB -t 3 .
MeHHH t OB ' MO)KHO nJIaBHO pefYJ1HpOBaTb pa3pewalOLUee BpeMH B
WHpOKHX npe,lJ.eJIax. B peaJIbHOM YCTpoHcTBe 3TO BpeMH MOrJ10 H3-
MeHHTbCH OT T min = 50 nc ,lI.0 Tmax = 100 HC.
,LlJIH nocTpoeHHH cxeM aHTHCOBna,lJ.eHHH HCn0J1b3YIOTCH Te )Ke
6 u
npHHUHnbI H Ta )Ke 3J1eMeHTHaH a3a, 4TO H ,lJ.J1H cxeM COBna,lJ.eHHH.
Ha npaKTHKe, O,lJ.HaKO, 06hI4HO BCTpe4aIOTcH 3a,lJ.a4H, KOr,lJ.a KaHa-
JIOB cOBna,lJ.eHHH MHoro, a KaHaJI. aHTHcoBna,lI.eHHH '(3anpeTa) BcefO
O,lJ.HH. TaK, B Y)Ke He pa3 ynoMHHaBweMCH npHMepe ---:- YCTaHOBKe
,lI.JIH perHCTpaUHH HeMTpaJIbHbIX TOKOB CIl.HHTHJIJ1HIl.HOHHbIe ,lI.eTeK-
Topbr nepBoro MO,lJ.YJIH KaJIOpHMeTpa pa60TaIOT B pe)KHMe aHTH-
169
COBna,lI.eHMH C OCTaJIbHbIMH:, Cpa6aTbIBaHHe JlI060ro H3 CU,HHTH.l1J1H-
U,HOHHbIX ,lI.eTeKTOpOB nepBoro MO,lI.YJIH 03HallaeT, LITO 3aperHCTpHpO-
BaHHoe B KaJIOpHMeTpe c06 THe BW3BaHO 3apH*eHHOH 4aCTHueH,
a He HeHTpHHO, H TaKoe C06bITHe oT6paCbIBaeTCH. )JJIH HCKJIlOlIe-
HHH TaKoro C06bITHH CHrHaJlbI Bcex ,lI.eTeKTOpOB nepBoro MO,lI.YJlH
CMeI11HBaIOTCH B JIOrH4eCKOM CYMMaTope H nO,lI.aIOTCH Ha BXO,lI.
3anpeTa CHCTeMbI oT60pa (CHrHaJIbI OCTaJIbHbIX MO,lI.YJIeH, KaK MbI
nOMHHM, nO,lI.aIOTC51 Ha BXO,lI.bI Ma*opHTapHOH cxeMbI GOBna,lI.eHHH).
TaKHM 06pa30M, THnH4HOH HBJIHeTCH CHTyaUHH, KOr,lI.a cxeMa OT-
60pa npe.ll.CTaBJIHeT H3 ce6H cxeMY l1l-KpaTHbIX COBna,lI.eHHH (HJlH
Ma*opMTapHYIO C l1l BXO.ll.aMM) H O,lI.HH BXO,lI. aHTHCOBna,lI.eHHH.
CxeMa m-KpaTHbIX COBna,lI.eHHH C KaHaJIOM aHTHCOBna,lI.eHHH
MOlKeT 6bITb JIerKO peaJIM30BaHa Ha JIOrH4eCKOM 3J1eMeHTe H H JIO-
rH4eCKOM 3JIeMeHTe HE (HHBepTope). Ha pHC. 5.16 npHBe.ll.eH npH-
Mep cxeM TpexKpaTHwx COBna,lI.eHHH C ,lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHWM KaHaJIOM
aHTHcoBna,aeHHH: K O,aHOMY H3 BXO,lI.OB cxeMbI 4eTblpexKpaTHblx
cOBna,aeHHH H nO,lI.Coe,aHHeH HHBepTop HE, KOTOpbIH ,lI.ep*HT
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CTOp 3anepT). CHrHaJI Ha BbIxo,ae H nO.HBJIHeTCH npM O,lI.HOB"pe-
, eHHOM cpa6aTbIBaHHH Tpex OCTaJIbHbIX BXO,lI.OB. O.ll.HaKO, eCJIH
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170
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60Ta Q:>OpMHpOBaTeJIeH opraHH3yeTcH TaKHM 06pa30M, 4T06bI B Te-
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B COCTOHHHH O}KH,lI,aHHH 11 6 JI cnoc06eH pearHpOBaTb Ha BXO,lI,HOH
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B 3a,lI.a4aX BpeMeHHOH CeJIeKUHH H BpeMeHHoro aHaJII13a 803-
HHKaeT Heo6xo,lI.HMOCTb T04Horo H3MepeHHH MaJIbiX (10- 8 -10- 10 C)
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perHcTpHpyeMbIx 4aCTHU.
npHMOe H3MepeHHe CTOJIb MaJIbI HHTepBaJIOB. BpeMeHH npe,lI.-
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HHTepBaJIa BpeMeHH B nponopUHOHaJIbHWH eMY HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH
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nopUHOHaJIbHa H3MepHeMOMY BpeMeHHOMY HHTepBaJIY. 3TOT HM-
nYJIbC HanpH}KeHHH 3aTeM MO)l(HO H3MepHTb C nOMOIll.blO MeTO,lI.OB
aMnJIHTY,lI.HorO aHaJIH3a, WHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX B 3KcnepH-
MeHTaJIbHOH npaKTHKe. 3JIeKTpOHHoe YCTPOHCTBO, OCYIll.eCTBJIHIO-
Ill.ee npOue,lI.YPY t-+A-npe06pa30BaHHH, HOCI1T Ha3BaHHe BpeMH-
aMnJIHTY,lI.HbIH npeo6pa30BaTeJIb (BAn). CyuJ,ecTByeT ,lI.Ba THna
BAn, pa3JIH4alOIll.HXCH no !<OHCTPYKTI1BHOMY peweHHIO. -
B BAn CTapT-CTonli020 THna (pHC. 5.17, a) oCYIll.eCTBJIHeTCH
npHMoe npe06pa30BaHHe H3MepHeMoro HHTepBaJIa B aMnJIHTY,lI.Y
HMnYJIbCa HanpH}KeHHH. ,L{JIH 3Toro B KOH,lI.eHCaTOp C, flBJIHIOIll.HHCH
TeM 3JIeMeHTOM, Ha KOrOpOM Q:>opMHPyeTcH HMnYJIbC HanpH}KeHHH,
4epe3 ynpaBJIHeMbIH KJII04 K nO,lI.aeTCH nocToHHHbIH TOK i OT re-
HepaTopa TOKa. KJ1104 K 3aMbIKaeTCH Ha BpeMH, paBHoe H3MepHeMO-
MY HHTepBaJIY t. 06bI4HO 3TOT HHTepBaJI 3a,lI.aeTCH CHrHaJIaMH,
CHHMaeMbIMH C ,lI.eTeKTopOB. CHrHaJI Ha4aJIa OTC,4eTa (<<CTapT»)
3aMbIKaeT KJII04 K, CHrHaJI OKOH4aHHH H3MepHeMoro HHTepBaJIa
«CTon» - pa3MbIKaeT. nOCKOJIbKY TOK, TeKYIll.HH B C, nocToHHeH,
171
/? '1
I c.,mapm
feHepan70p
mOffa
t
t
" fJmO/1 "
/7 "
n,;mapm
n 11
.IJC,,'/non
l
[Ie
t
CJ:
Bb/%Ot7
a)
If
0)
t
PMC. 5.17. <l>YHKUHOHaJ1bHaH cxeMa BAn CTapT-CTonHoro THna (a) H BpeMeHHbIe
.lI.HarpaMMbI ero paooTbI (6)
nOTeHll.HaJI Ha C (aMnJII1TY,LLa BbIXO,LLHOfO CHrHaJIa) K MOMeHTY
npHXO,LLa CHrHaJIa «CTon» paBeH: U c =A =it, KaK 3TO BH,LLHO H3
BpeMeHHOH ,LLHarpaMMbI pHC. 5.17, 6.
,L{JIH cpOpMHpoBaHHfI BbIXO,LLHOfO CHfHaJIa KOHe4HOH ,LLJIHTeJIbHO-
CTH BAn ,LLOJIJKeH 6bITb cHa6JKeH ,LLonOJIHHTeJIbHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM
6bICTpOfO pa3pH,LLa C cnYCTH HeKOTopoe BpeMH 3a,LLepJKKH 13 nOCJIe
npHXO,LLa CHfHaJIa «CTon». JIHlllb nOCJIe nOJIHOrO pa3pH,LLa eMKOCTH
BAn fOTOB K npeo6pa30BaHHIO CJIe,LLYIOlll.ero BpeMeHHOfO HHTep-
BaJIa. 04eBH,LLHO, 4TO MepTBoe BpeMH BAn, T. e. BpeMH, nOCJIe
KOTOpOfO Ha efO BXO,LL CHOBa MOJKeT npHHTH CHfHaJI «CTon», paBHO
,LLJIHTeJIbHOCTH H3MepHeMOfO HHTepBaJIa (BpeMeHH npeo6pa30BaHHH)
nJIIOC BpeMH- 3a,LLepJKKH t 3 . 3TH BpeMeHa HeBeJIHKH, H BAn n03ToMY
HBJIHeTCH ,LLOCTaT04HO 6bICTpO,LLeHcTBYlOllI.HM YCTPOHCTBOM.
B 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH npaKTHKe 4aCTO BCTpe4alOTCH cHTyall.MH,
Kor,LLa CHfHaJI «CTapT» He COnpOBOJK,LLaeTCH CBH3aHHbIM C HHM no
cpH3H4eCKOMY CMbICJIY CHrHaJIOM «CTon». 3TO MOJKeT, HanpHMep,
npoH30HTH, eCJI,H 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTb perHCTpall.HH 4aCTHll. ,LLeTeKTOpoM,
BbIpa6aTbIB3'IOlll.HM HMnYJIbC «CTon», He paBHa 100%. B 3TOM CJIY-
4ae KOH,LLeHCaTop C 6Y.lI.eT 3apH:>KaTbCH ,LLO HeKoToporo npe,LLeJIbHOrO
nOTeHll.HaJIa HaCbIllI.eHHH, a ero pa3pH,LL 6Y,LLeT BbI3BaH cJIe,LLYIOlll.HM
CHrHaJIOM «CTon», 4TO HeH3tfe:>KHO npHBO,LLHT K HCKaJKeHHIO HCCJIe-
,LLyeMwx BpeMeHH x pacnpe,LLeJIeHHH. ,L{JIH JIHKBH,LLall.HH nO,LL06HWX
«6eccTonoBbIx» CHTyall.HH B KOHCTPYKll.HIO BAn BBO,LLHTCH ,LLonOJIHH-
TeJIbHbIe Y3JIbI npe,LLBapHTeJIbHOfO oT6opa JIH60 3anpelll.alOlll.He 3apH,LL
C, eCJIH CHfHaJI «CTon» OTCYTcTByeT B Te4eHHe 3a,LLaHHOfO HHTep-
BaJIa Tmax, JIH60 aBTOMaTH1.IeCKH pa3pH:>KalOlll.He eMKOCTb npH ,LLO-
CTHJKeHHH ee nOTeHll.HaJIa HeKOToporo 3a,LLaHHOrO ypOBHH.
BpeMHaMnJIHTY,LLHbIe npeo6pa30BaTeJIH, B KOTOpbIX HCnOJIb3yeTcH
MeToo nepeKpblTUR BXO,LLHbIX HMnYJIbCOB, JIHllleHbI 3Toro He,LLOCTaTKa.
B npeo6pa30BaTeJIHX nO,LL06HOfO THna (pHC. 5.18, a) BXO,LLHbIe CI1f-
HaJIbI «CTapT» H «CTon» npe,LLBapHTeJIbHO cpOpMHPYIOTCH no ,LLJIH-
TeJIbHOCTH BXO,LLHbIMH cpOpMHpOBaTeJIHMH. ,L{JIHTeJIbHOCTb CcpOpMHpO-
BaHHOfO HMnYJIbCa T (oHa ,LLOJIJKHa 6bITb O,LLHHaKOBa ,LLJIH 060HX
CHrHaJIOB) onpe.ll.eJIHeT MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3Ha4eHHe npeo6pa3yeMoro
BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa. ,L{aJIee 3TH CHrHaJIbI nO,LLaIOTCH Ha cxeMY
172
reflepamop
mOl(a
n II
1,c..'/17apm
n "
11 fJmOn
t
t
fjb/xoiJ
CPt
CP2
&
t
8
t.
T
Tne
lle
a)
t5)
PHC. 5.18. <t>YHKu,MoHaJIbHafl cxeMa BAn, HCnOJlb3YIOlU,erO npHHu,Hn nepeKpbITHH
BXO.lI.HbIX CHrHaJIOB (a), M BpeMeHHble .lI.HarpaMMbI ero pa60Tbi (6)
COBna,LLeHHH, Bblpa6aTbIBaIOlll.YIO HMnYJIbC nepeKpbITHH (pHC. 5.18, 6) .
I1MnYJIbC nepeKpbITHH OTKpbIBaeT KJII04 K Ha BpeMH T nep , B Te4e-
HHe KOToporo npOHCXO,LLHT 3apH,LL C OT reHepaTopa nOCTOHHHoro
TOKa. 04eBH,LLHO, 4TO eCJIH HHTepBaJi BpeMeHH t Me}K,LLY CHrHaJIaMH
«CT'apT» H «CTon» OKa}KeTCH 60JIbIlle, 4eM ,LLJIHTeJIbHOCTb c<pop-
MHpoBaHHoro HMnYJIbCa T, HHKaKoro nepeKpbITHH He npOH30H,LLeT
H KJII04 K Bo06llI.e He OTKpoeTCH. TaKHM 06pa30M, 6eCCTonOBbIe
C06bITHH B TaKOM YCTpOHCTBe HCKJII04alOTCH aBTOMaTH4eCKH.
HeKOTopbIM He,LLOCTaTKOM YCTpOHCTBa HBJIHeTCH 06paw.eHHaH
IllKaJIa npe06pa30BaTeJIH. ,L:{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, nOCKOJIbKY T nep = T - t,
aMnJIHTY,LLa BbIXO,LLHOrO CHrHaJ1a A /'Owl T - t. ,.QpyrHM He,LLOCTaTKOM
HBJIHeTCH TO, 4TO BAn nO,LL06HOro THna He ,LLeJIaeT pa3JIH4HH Me}K,LLY
CHrHaJIaMH «CTapT» H «CTon», H 13 HeKOTopbIX CJIY4aHX He06xo,l1.HMbI
CneI..lHaJIbHble MepbI ,LLJIH YCTpaHeHHH 3TOH HeO,LLH03Ha4HOCTH.
,L{JIH H3MepeHHH BpeMeHHbIX HHTepBaJ10B C nOMOllI.blO BAIl
HCnOJIb3YlOTCH aMnJIHTY,LLHbIe aHaJIH3aTOpbI HJIH AlJ.Il, HMelOlll.HeCH
npaKTH4ecKH B JII060H JIa60paTopHH. Oepe,LL npoBe,LLeHHeM H3Mepe-
HHH npoH3BO,LLHTCH rpa,LLYHpoBKa BAn, COCTOHllI.aH B TOM, 4TO Ha
BXO,lI, «CTa PT» BAn nO,LLaeTCH CHrHaJI OT BHeIllHero reHepaTopa,
a Ha BXO,lI, «CITon» TOT me CHrHaJI, 3a,LLepmaHHblH C riOMOlll.blO
perYJ1HpyeMoH J1HHHH 3a,LLep)KKH. B pe3YJIbTaTe IIOJIY4aeTCH 3aBHCH-
MOCTb (pl1c. 5.19) HOMepa KaHaJIa aHaJIH3aTOpa, B KOTOpOM pe-
rHcTpHpYIOTCH BbIXO,LLHble CHrHaJIbI BAIl OT BBe,lI,eHHOH 3a,LLep}KKH.
no 3TOH 3aBHCHMOCTH onpe,LLeJIHlOT OCHOBHble xapaKTepHCTHKH
PHC. 5.19. rp a .lI.YHpOBO'llHaS1 xa- N K
paKTepHcTHKa B",n
o
tmin
t max
t a
173
BArl: 1) HHTerpaJIbHYIO HeJIHHeHHOcTb npe06pa30BaHHH; 2) IJ,eHY
KaHaJIa aHaJIH3aTOpa (B e HHHuax BpeMeHH); 3) pa604HH Hana-
30H, onpe.n.eJIHeMblI1 3Ha4eHHHMH t max H t min , B npe.n.eJIax KOTOpbIX
06ecne4HBaeTCH Tpe6yeMaH HHTerpaJ1bHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb.
Ha nOCJIe HeH xapaKTepHcTHKe CJIe yeT OCTaHOBHTbCH oc060.
BepxHHH rpaHHua Hana30Ha JIHHeHHOCTH t max B03HHKaeT BCJIe CT-
BHe Toro, 4TO JIHHeHHbIH 3apH,L{ C MOIKHO 06ecne4HTb JIHlllb B He-
KOTOpOM orpaHH4eHHOM Hana30He HanpH}KeHHtH (,L{O HeKoToporo
HanpH}KeHHH V max ). 3Ha4eHHe t max 0 H03Ha4HO CBH3aHO C V max ,
O HaKO ero MO}KHO H3MeHHTb nYTeM no 6opa cooTBeTcTBYIOllI.ero
3Ha4eHHH TOKa i. Ha npaKTHKe 3TO 3Ha4eHHe He perYJIHpYIOT, a
pa3pa6aTbIBaIOT BpeMHaMnJIHTY,L{Hble npe06pa30BaTeJIH Ha 'f-pe-
6yeMbIH BpeMeHHOH .n.HanaSOH t max (06bI4HO 10-1000 HC). HH)I{e
Ha4eHHH t min xapaKTepHCTHKa BAn HMeeT 60J1bWHe HeJIHHeHHble
HCKa}KeHHH, CBH3aHHble C npOu.eccaMH nep KJ1io4eHHH ynpaBJIHIOllI.HX
YCTPOHCTB BAn, HMeIOllI.He JIHTeJIbHOCTb, cpaBHHMYIO C i min . 00-
3TOMY pa60lJHM YlJaCTKOM -HBJIHeTCH .n.Hana30H Me}K Y t min . H t max .
3HalJeHHH t min COCTaBJIHIOT 06bI4HO OT O HOH o HeCKOJIbKHX Ha-
HoceKYH . HaJIH4He t min He MelilaeT, O HaKO, H3MepHTb C nOMOllI,blO
BAn BpeMeHHbIe HHTepBaJIbI, CYllI,eCTBeHHO MeHblllHe t nin. ,L{J1H 3Toro
B KaHaJI «CTon» BBO,I1.HTCH nOCTOHHHaH 3a ep}KKa, 60J1blllaH
Imin, KOTOpaH n03B0J1HeT C,I1.BHHYTb H3MepHeMbIH BpeMeHHOH HHTepBaJI
B pa604HH Hana30H BAn. BblcoKaH T04HOCTb H3MepeHHH BpeMeH-
HWX HHTepBaJIOB BHYTPH pa604ero Hana30Ha o6ecne4HBaeTcH
BbICOKHM co6cTBeHHbIM BpeMeHHbIM pa3pellleHHeM BAn. C06CT-
BeHHoe BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe onpe eJIHeTCH KaK rnHpHHa pac-
npe eJIeHHH BpeMeHHblx HHTepBaJIOB Ha nOJIOBHHe ero BbICOTbI,
nOJIY4eHHaH npH rpa,I1.YHpOBKe BAn npH cpHKcHpoBaHHoM t 3 . ,L{PyrHMH
CJIOBaMH, c06CTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe BAn xapaKTe-
pH3yeT cpe HIOIO CTaTHCTH4eCKYIO norpelliHOCTb npe06pa30BaHHH,
BWpa}KeHHYIO B e HHHu.ax H3MepHeMOH BeJIH4HHW (e,I1.HHHu.ax
BpeMeHH) npH HeH3MeHHOM 3Ha4eHHH caMOH H3MepHeMOH BeJ1H4H-
Hbl. C06CTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe p' 3pellIeHHe BAn MO}KeT .n.OCTHraTb
o.n.Horo- BYX .n.eCHTKOB nHKoceKYH . C06cTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe
pa3pellleHHe BAn He eCTb CTporo nOCTOHHHaH BeJIH4HHa - ero
a6C0J1IOTHOe 3Ha4eHHe MeHHeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MepHeMoro
HHTepBaJIa Me}K.n.y CHrHaJIaMH «CTapT» H «CTon». MaKcH MaJIbHOe
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHH,e c06CTBeHHoro BpeMeHHoro pa3pellIeHHH
BAn B npe.n.eJIax ero pa604ero Hana30Ha xapaKTepH3yeT Hcp<pe-
peHIJ,HaJIbHYIO HeJ1HHeHHOCTb BAn H 06bI4HO COCTaBJIHeT He 60-
J1 ee 1 0 % .
bJIarO,lI.apH BbICOKHM napaMeTpaM BpeMHaMnJIHTy.n.HbIe npe06-
pa30BaTeJIH lllHpOKO npHMeHHIOTcH B 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH npaKTHKe.
C HX nOMOllJ.bIO Y 06HO HCCJIe OBaTb, HanpHMep, BpeMeHHoe pa3pe-
llIeHHe .n.eTeKTopoB, TaK KaK c06cTBeHHoe BpeMeHHoe pa3perneHHe
BAn, KaK npaBHJ10, JIY411Ie H He BHOCHT 3aMeTHbIX norpeIIlHOCTeH
B H3MepeHHH.
174
"
BpeMHaMnJIHTY,LLHbIe npe06pa30BaTeJIH iIepe,LLKO npHMeHHIOTCH
H B CHCTeMaX Bpel\1eHHOH CeJ1eKlI.HH. HanpHMep, ,I1.JIH paCCMOTpeH-
HOM B 5.1 3a,J.a4H- BbIJl.eJIeHHH no MeTO,I1.Y BpeMeHH npOJIeTa K+-
Me30HOB H3 nY4Ka, cO,I1.epJKalll.ero n+ - H K+ -1\.1e30HbI, 04eHb Y.LI.06HO
npHMeHHTb BAn B C04eTaHHH C HHTerpaJIbHbIM ,LLHCKpHMHHaTopoM,
CTOHlll.HM Ha BbIXO,LLe BArl. B 3TOM CJIY4ae C nOMOI..lJ.blO BAn H aMn-
J1HTY,I1.Horo aHaJIH3aTOpa npe,LLBapHTeJ1bHO H3MepHIOTcH cneKTpbI
BpeMeHH npOJIeTa, a 3aTeM no H3MepeHHbIM aMnJIHTY.LI.HbIM cneKTpaM
onpe,LLeJIHeTCH nOJIOJKeHHe nopora HHTerpaJ1bHOrO .LI.HCKpHMHHaTopa,
TaK KaK aMnJIHTY.LI.HbIe pacnpe,LLeJIeHHH Ha BbIXO,LLe BArl' nOBTO-
pHIOT cneKTpbI BpeMeHH npOJIeTa Ha ero BXO,LLe. B npolI.ecce 3KC-
nepHMeHTa MOJKHO perYJIHpOBaTb nOJIOJKeHHe nopora HHTerpaJIbHOrO
,LLHCKpHMHHaTopa, ,LL06HBaHcb HaHJIY4wero OTHOllleHHH 3<p<peKTa K
<POHY.
MeTO.LI. npe06pa30BaHHH MaJIOrO HHTepBaJIa BpeMeHH B npo-
nOplI.HOHaJIbH H eMY HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH 60JIblllerO MaClliTa6a
npHMeHHIOT ,LLJIH npHMoro H3MepeHHH (KO,LLHpOBaHHH) npe06pa30-
BaHHoro BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa, T. e. B Tex CJIY4aHX, KOr,LLa He06-
XO.LI.HMO nOJIY4eHHe lI.H<ppoBoro Ko.n.a H3MepHeMoro HHTepBaJIa.
Onepau,HH npe06pa30BaHHH i-+-T BbInOJIHHeTCH C nOMOlll.blO
YCTPOHCTB, 04eHb 6J1H3KHX no CBoeMY npHHlI.Hny .LI.eHCTBHH K BpeMH-
aMnJIHTY,LLHbIM npe06pa30BaTe{lHM CTapT-CTonHoro THna. B TaKHX
YCTpoHcTBax npou,ecc npe06pa30BaHHH BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJ1a
i-+- T cpaKTH4ecKH - BbInOJIHHeTCH B ,LLBe CTa.LI.HH: CHa4aJIa ocyw.ecTB-
JIHeTCH npe06pa30BaHHe i-+-A nYTeM 3apH,LLa KOH,LLeHCaTOpa nOCTOHH-
HbIM TOKOM i 3a BpeMH i, 3aTeM 3TOT KOH,LLeHCaTop pa3pHJKaeTCH
nOCTOHHHbIM TOKOM i', B k pa3 MeHblllHM i. 04eBH,LLHO, 4TO BpeMH
pa3pH,LLa T = ki, T. e. OTHOllleHHe TOKOB iii' HBJIHeTCH K03<P<PHlI.HeH-
TOM npe06pa30BaHHH BpeMeHHoro MaClllTa6a. C nOMOlll.blO TpHrrepa
lllMHTTa, 110por OTnYCKaHHH KOToporo YC"TaH,pBJIHBaeTCH Ha ypOBHe
BXO.LI.Horo nOTeHlI.HaJIa, paBHoro HYJIIO, <pI1KcHpyeTcH MOMeHT OKOH-
4aHHH pa3pH,LLa KOH,LLeHcaTOpa C. 04eBH.LI.HO, 4TO ,LLJIHTeJIbHOCTb
CHrHaiIa, CHHMaeMoro C TpHrrepa lllMHTTa, npaKTH4eCKH paBHa
JlJIHTeJIbHOCTH npe06pa30BaHHoro HHTepBaJIa T. TaKHM 06pa30M,
npe06pa30BaTeJIb i-+-T .QTJIH4aeTCH OT BpeMHaMnJIHTY,LLHorO npe-
06pa30BaTeJIH HaJIH4HeM BToporo reHepaTopa TOKa, pa3pHJKalOI..lJ.erO
KOH,LLeHCaTOp, H TpHrrepOM lllMHTTa, no.n.COe,LLHHeHHbIM CBOHM BXO-
,LLOM K HaKOnHTeJIbHOMY KOH.LI.eHcaTOpy. J10rHKa pa60TbI npe06pa30-
BaTeJIH BpeMeHHbIX HHTepBaJIOB TaKJKe n04TH He OTJ1H4aeTCH OT
JIOrHKH pa60TbI BpeMHaMnJIHTYJlHoro npe06pa30BaTeJIH. reHepaTOp
pa3pH,l].HOrO TOKa Hepe.ll.KO pa60TaeT B nOCTOHHHOM pe)KHMe 6e3
KaKOrO-JIH60 KJII04a, nOCKOJIbKY npH npHMeHHeMbIX Ha npaKTHKe
MaClIlTa6ax npe06pa30BaTeJIH (100 H 60JIee) .LI.eHCTBHe reHepa-
Topa pa3pH.LI.HOrO TOKa B Te4eHHe BpeMeHH 3apH.LI.a He npHBO,LLHT
K CKOJIbKO-HH6Y,LLb CYI..lJ.eCTBeHHOH norpelllHOCTH npe06pa30BaHHH.
06bI4HO K03cp<PHu,HeHT npe06pa30BaHHH BbI6HpaeTCH TaKHM, 4T06bI
npe06pa30BaHHbIH HHTepBaJI T C .LI.OCTaT04HOH CTeneHblO T04HOCTH
175
MO}KHO 6bIJIO H3MepHTb MeTO.LI.OM npHMOrO KO.LI.HpOB3HHH, KOTOpbIH
6 Y.LI. eT P 3 C C M OT P eH B r JI . 7.
KOHTpOJlbHble BonpOCbl
1. B KaKHX CJIY4aflx npHMeHeHHe cpOpMHpOBaTeJIeH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH co
CJIe)].SlIllHM noporoM n03BOJl eT YJlY411IHTb BpeMeHHoe pa3pelUeHHe YCTaHoBKH:
a) .lI.JlH JII06bIX .n.eTeKTopoB;
6) .lI.JlH CU,MHTHJIJIfI U,HOHHbl x .lI.eTeKTOpoB;
B) B Tex CJIY4aHX, KOr.lI.a BpeMeHHoe pa3pelUeHHe .lI.eTeKTOpa 3aMeTHO MeHblUe,
4eM AJIHTeJIbHOCTb cppOHTa HMnYJIbCa .lI.eTeKTopa?
2. 4eM onpe.lI.eJlHeTCSI «rYJISlHHe» BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH cpOpMMpOBaTeJISI- co
CJIe.lI.HIllHM noporoM:
a) <pJIYKTyau.HHMH aMnJIHTY.lI.bI Bxo.n.Horo CHrHaJIa;
6) <pJIYKTyau,HHMH <pOpMbI BXO.lI.HorO CHrHaJIa;
B) TeM H .lI.PyrHM?
3. KaKoH nap'aMeTp <pOpMHpOBaTe.11S1 BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH, H306pa.>KeHHOrO
Ha pHC. 5.8, Tpe6yeT nepecTpoHKH npH 3aMeHe TMna Cl.I.HHTHJIJI5iTOpa:
a) CopTHOllIeHMe nJIe4 .lJ.e.J1 HTeJlH R I, R2;
0) 3Ha4eHHe 3a.lJ.ep.>KKH JI 3 2 ;
B) CYMMapHbIH K03cpcpHl.I.MeHT YCHJIeHHfI MHKpocxeM M I -I. M 1 -2, 1\1 1 -.3?
4. 4eM OTJIH4alOTCfI Ma)KOpHTapHble nZ-BXO.lI.OBble cxeMbI cOBna)].eHHH - OT 00bI4-
HblX cxeM nZ-KpaTHblx cOBna.lI.eHHH:
a) KOJIH4eCTBOM BXO)].OB;
0) pa3pellialOill,MM BpeMeHeM;
B) JIOrHKOH oToopa?
5. 4eM Onpe eJ1HeTCfI Bbl60p KOHKpeTHoro 3Ha4eHHH pa3pelUalOIllero BpeMe-
HH cxeMbI cOBna.n.eH'HH B 3KcnepHMeHTe:
a) pa3pelUalOIllHM BpeMeHeM npHMeHSleMbIX .lI.eTeKTOpoB;
6) cpOHOBOH 3arpY3KoH .n.eTeKTopoB;
B) .lI.onYCTHMbIM OTHOlUeHHeM tl CJI / nUCT'
6. PaccMoTpHM TPH BapHaHTa 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO nOJIY4eHHOH KpHBOrl 3a.lI.ep-
)KaHHbIX COBna.lI.eHHH. 1I.JIH KaKHX & HaHTOB CnpaBe.lI.J1HBO ohpe.lI.eJleHHe pa3pe-
lUalOill,erO BpeMeHH KaK nOJlOBHHbl lUHpHHbI KpHBOH Ha nOJlOBHHe ee BbICOTbI?
a) KpHBaH cHMMeTpH4Ha OTHOCHTeJlbHO 13=0;
6) KpHBaH cHMMeTpH4Ha, HO ee MaKcHMYM C)].BHHYT OTIlOCHTeJIbHO t 3 = 0;
B) KpHBaH HeCHMMeTpM'lIHa, HO I1MeeT MaKCHMYM npH t 3 =0.
7. 4eM B OCHOBHOM Onpe.lI.eJIHeTCfI BbI60p KOHKpeTHoro pa3pelUalOIllero BpeMeHH
cxeM aHTHcOBna.lI.eHHH B 3KcnepHMeHTe:
a) 3Ha4eHHeM 3<p<peKTHBHoCTH perMCTpal.l.HH nOJIe3HbIX C06bITHH;
6) 3Ha'lleHHeM K03cpcpHlI.HeHTa nO.lI.aBJIeHHSI <jJOHOBbIX COObITHH;
B) .n.onYCTH Mbl M OTHOlUeHHeM Il CJJ / n Hcr ?
8. 4eM pa3JIM4alOTCH BpeMHaMnJIHTY.lI.Hble npeoopa30BaTeJIH (BAn) CTapT-
CTonHoro THna H npe06pa30BaTeJ1H no MeTO.lI.Y nepeKpWTHH:
a) .lJ.Hana30HOM H3MepeHHH;
6) co6cTBeHHbIM pa3pelUeHHeM;
B) TOJlbKO KOHCTPYKTHBHO?
176
9. B03Mo)KHO JIH npMMeHeHHe BAn B KalJeCTBe cxeMbI COBna)].eHHfI C perYJIH-
pyeMbIM BpeMeHHbIM pa3pelUeHHeM:
a) B03MO}l(HO, eCJIH Ha BbIXO.lI.e BAn nOCTaBHTb HHTerpaJIbHbIH )].HCKpHMH.Ha-
TOp;
6) HeB03MO)KHO;
B) B03MO)KHO, eCJIH Ha BbIXO.lI.e BAn nOCTaBHTb )].HcpcpepeHu,HaJIbHbIH .lI.HCKpH-
MMHaTop)
10. B KaKHX CJIYllaflx l.I.eJIeC006pa3HO npHMeHeHHe t-T-npe06pa30BaHHH
BMeCTO t-A -npeo6pa30BaHHfI:
a) KOr.lI.a TpeoyeTcfI 3Ha4eHHe H3MepfleMoro HHTepBaJIa TOJIbKO B IJ.McppOBOM
BH)].e;
0) KOr.lI.a Tpe.6yeTcfI 60JIee BbICOKoe OblcTpo.n.eHcTBHe;
B) Kor.n.a Tpe6yeTcH 60JIee BblCOKoe BpeMeH Hoe pa3pelUeHHe?
JIABA 6
METOAbl CI.JETA C06blTHfi
6.1. A6COnIOTHbiA ClJET C06blTI1A
OOJl.ClfeT C06bITHH, oT06paHHbIX no TeM HJIH HHbIM Q>H3HlfeCKHM
KpHTepHHM 3JIeKTpOHHOH CHCTeMOH npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHOrO oT60pa, HB-
JIHeTCH KOHe4HOH CTa,lJ.HeH JII060ro 3KcnepHMeHTa. OpH 3TOM, KaK
npaBHJIO, OCYllI,eCTBJIHeTCH a6COJIIOTHbIH C4eT, T. e. H3MepeHHe KOJIH-
lIeCTBa (4HCJIa) 3aperHCTpHpOBaHH X C06 THH 3a BpeMH 3KcnepH-
MeHTa. B npOCTeHllleM CJIY4ae 3JIeKTpOHHaH cxeMa oT60pa aHaJIH3H-
Pye CHrHaJIW ,lJ.eTeKTOpa HJIM rpynnw ,lJ.eTeKTOpoB Ha COOTBeTCTBHe
3a,lJ.aHHOMY cpH3HlfeCKOMY KpHTepHIO, H oTo6paHHbIe C06bITHH B BH,lJ.e
CTaH,lJ.apTH30BaHHbIx 3JIeKTpM4ecKHx CHrHaJIOB (HMnYJIbCOB) Ha-
npaBJIHIOTCH B perHcTpHpylOmee YCTPOHCTBO - ClfeT4HK HMnYJIbCOB.
B 3TOM CJIY4ae HMeeTCH JIHlllb O,lJ.HH KaHaJI clfeTa, B KOTOpOM
HCnOJIb3yeTcH O,lJ.HOKaHaJIbHbIH 3JIeKTpOHHbIH C4eT4HK. OpHMepOM
3a,lJ.a4H nO,lJ.06HOrO pO,lJ.a MO)KeT CJIY)KHTb KOHTpOJIb (MOHHTOpH-
pOBaHHe) KOJIHlfeCTBa 4aCTHll. nYlfKa YCKopHTeJIH, nOna,lJ.alOlll.HX
Ha MHllleHb M, .B KOTOpOH npOHCXO,lJ.HT HCCJIe,lJ.yeMaH peaKll.HH
(pHC. 6.1 ) . 4aCTMll.bI BbI,lJ.eJIHIOTcH' TeJIeCKOnOM H3 HeCKOJIbKHX
(B ,lJ.aHHOM npHMepe Tpex) ,lJ.eTeKTopoB. C4eT4HKoM COC4HTbIBalOTCH
BblXOJ1.HbIe CHrHaJIbI cxeMbI TpexKpaTHbIx COBna,lJ.eHHH, liTO COOTBeT-
cTByeT perHCTpall.HH 4aCTMll., npOllleJ1.111HX nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO 4epe3
,lJ.eTeKTOpbi J1.1- J1. 3.
B 3Kcn pHMeHTe: KaK npaBHJIO, HMeeTCH HeCKOJIbKO nO,lJ.06HbIX
KaHaJIOB perMCTpall.HH, n03BOJIHIOII.I.HX OCYIll.eCTBJIHTb nOJIHbIH KOJIH-
4eCTBeHHbIH KOHTpOJIb 3KcnepHMeHTa. O,lJ.HaKO, npH He06xo,lJ.HMOCTH
HCnOJIb30BaHHH 60JIblllOrO 4HCJIa KaHaJIOB perHCTpall.HH (100 H
60JIee) HCnOJIb30BaHHe B Ka)K,lJ.OM KaHaJIe aBTOHOMHoro ClfeT4HKa
(C4) CT3HOBHTCH HeBblrOJ1.HbIM KaK C T04KH 3peHHH 4pe3MepHO
177
12-2790
A, TpaeKmopliR 42 4 3 /'1
I.fQcmlil../bl
-------. ----.
C'IemLJLJIf
PHC. 6.1. <1>YHKIJ.MOHaJ1bHaSl cxeMa YCTaHOBKH .lI.JIH C4eTa 4aCTHIJ. Bbl.n.eJIeHHOrO HanpaB-
J1eHHSI
60nbllioro 06neM3 060PYAOB3HHH, T3K H C 3KoHoMH4ecKOH T04KH
3peHHH, H B T3KOM CJIY43e npHMeHHIOT MHorOKaHaJIbHble perHCT-
PHpYIOIIJ.He CHCTeMbI H3 OCHOBe 3anOMHHaIOIIJ.HX YCTPOHCTB (3Y).
B H3CTOHllJ.ee BpeMH aBTOHOMHble MHorOKaH3JIbHble C4eT4HKH Ha
OCHOBe 3Y np3KTH4eCKH He HCnOJIb3YIOTCH. OpH He06xo)1.HMOCTH
npOBe.ll.eHHH C4eT3 _ O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO B 60JIblliOM 4HCJIe He3aBHCHMbIX
KaH3JlOB perHCTp311.HH 06bI4HO npHMeHHIOTCH 3Y MHHH- HJIH MHKpO-
3BM, LITO, B CBOIO 04epe)1.b, Tpe6yeT 3anHCH HOMepa cpa60TaBlllero
K3H3JIa perHCTpalJ.HH. 3TH BonpOCbI 60JIee nOApOOHO 6YAYT pac-
CMOTpeHbI B rJI. 10.
J11060e C4eTHoe YCTPOHCTBO AOJIIKHO BblnOJ1HHTb no MeHbllleH
Mepe TPH OCHOBHble Q>YHKlJ.HH:
1) xpaHeHHe 4HCJIa 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHblx C06bITHH (T. e. CPYHK-
lI.HH 3Y);
2) ClIeT C06bITHH, T. e. onepalJ.HIO npH6aBJIeHHH (HJIH BbI4H-
TaHHH) e.ll.HHHLlbI K 1.fHCJIY, XpaHHIIJ.eMycH B C4eT4HKe;
3) npe)1.CTaBJIeHHe 4HCJIa 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHwx C06WTHH B
BHAe, YA06HOM )1.JIH nOJIb30BaHHH 3KcnepHMeHTaTopoM (BWBOA
AaHHblx) .
OAHOKaHaJIbHble C4eT4HKH, KaK npaBHJIO, oAHoBpeMeHHo oCY-
IIJ.eCTBJIHIOT Bce 3TH TPH CPYHKlI.HH. B MHorOKaHaJIbHbIX perHCTpH-
PYIOIIJ.HX CHCTeMax Ha OCHOBe 3Y, HanpOTHB, Ka}K)1.aH H3 <PYHKlI.HH
BblnOJIHHeTCH oT)1.eJIbHbIM aBTOHOMHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM.
J1 106 oe H3MepeHHe Bcer.zny oCYIIJ.eCTBJIHeTCH C KOHe4HoH 110-
rpewHocTblO. OpHlIHHOH _ norpelllHocTH H3MepeHHH a6COJIIOTHOrO
KOJIH1.feCTBa 33perHcTpHpoBaHHbIx C06bITHH HBJIHIOTCH npoc4eTbI
ClJeTlfHKa. npOClJeTbI B03HHKaIOT BCJ1e)1.CTBHe KOHe4Horo 6bICTpO-
)1.eHCTBHH ClIeT4HKa. npH perHCTpalJ.HH CJIYlfaHHbIx C06bITHH, T. e.
C06bITHH, nO)1.4HHHIOIll.HXCH pacnpeAeJIeHHIO OyaccoHa, npoclIeTbI
npHHlI.HnHaJIbHO HeycTp3HHMbI, TaK KaK CJIY4aHHbIe C06bITHH CJIe-
AylOT .lI.Pyr 3a .lI.PyroM lfepe3 CJIY4aHHble, B TOM 4HCJIe CKOJIb yroA-
HO MaJIble, HHTepBaJIbI BpeMeHH. 3TO YTBep>K)1.eHHe HBJIHeTCH npH-.J
MbIM CJIeACTBHeM pacnpeAeJIeHHH OyaccOHa.
BepOHTHOCTb Toro, 4TO ABa COCe.ll.HHX CJIY43HHbIX C06bJTHH 6Y)].Y.T
pa3)].eJIeHbI HHTepBaJIOM BpeMeHH OT t AO t+dt (t MO}KeT npHHHMaTb
JII060e 3HalfeHHe OT 0 AO 00), MOJKHO 3anHcaTb cJIeAYIOlll.HM 06-
p330M:
w(t)=w(O, t) w(l, dt),
178
i<
t
>
F
hO
i=1/no
t
PHC. 6.2. BpeMeHHbIe HHTepBaJIbl
t H dt, paccMaTpHBaeMbIe npH
BbIBo.n.e <PYHKlI.HH pacnpe.lI.e.neHHSI
BpeMeHH x HHTepBa OB
PMC. 6.3. cl>YHKl.I.HSI pacnpe.lI.eJIe-
HHSI BpeMeHH x HHTepBaJIOB )].JIH
nyaccoHoBcKoro nOTOKa CO(jbITHH
r.lI.e w(O, t) - BepoHTHoCTb Toro, qTO BHYTPH HHTepBaJia t He npo-
H30H.lI.eT HH O.lI.Horo C06bITHH; w(l, dt) - BepoHTHoCTb Toro, qTO
B CKOJIb yro.n.HO MaJIOM HHTepBaJIe dt,' npHMbIKalOIl.{eM K HHTepBaJIY
t, npOH30H.lI.eT O,llHO Co6bITHe (pHC. 6.2 ).
0003HaqHM no Cpe.ll.Hee 4HCJIO COObITHH B e,llHHHUY BpeMeHH.
Tor .n.a
(0 ) (not)N -n t I = e - not
w ,t = N ' eO,
. N=fJ
w(l, dt) = nodt.
OTKy.n.a w (t) = noe -noL di.
<l>YHKUHH F(t) = noe- not Ha3bIBaeTCH <PYHKUHeH pacnpe.n.eJIeHHH
BpeMeHHbIx HHTepBaJIOB H HMeeT CMbICJI nJlOTHOCTH BepoSiTHoCTH
(pHC. 6.3).
OOCKOJIbKY <PYHKIJ.HH F(t) npHHHMaeT MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HalJeHHe
npH t=O, OqeBH.n.HO, t=O SlBJIHeTCH HaH60JIee BepoSiTHbIM HHTepBa-
JIOM MeLK.n.y .n.BYMH C06bITHHMH nyaccoHoBcKoro .nOTOKa. Cpe.n.HHH
HHTepBaJI Me)K.n.y .n.BYMH nyaccoHoBCKHMH C06bITHHMH paBeH:
00
1 = tF(t)dt = l/no.
o
TaKHM o6pa30M, 3Ra4HTeJlbHOe KOJIH4eCTBO_ C06bITHH cJle.n.yeT .n.pyr
3a .n.pyroM C HHTepB3JIOM, MeHbllIHM, 4eM t, B .TOM lJHCJIe H CKOJIb
yrQ.LI.Ho M3JIbIM. OlJ BH.llHO n03ToMY, 4TO JII060e peaJIbHOe C4eTHoe
YCTPOHCTBO, o6JIa.n.alOllJ.ee KOHe4HbIM 6bIcTpo.n.eHcTBHeM, 4aCTb
C06bITHH 6y.n.eT npoc4HTbIBaTb.
BwcTpo.n.eHcTBHe C4eT4HKa xapaKTepH3ylOT 3HalJeHHeM MepTBoro
BpeMeHH 'I'M (4aCTO B JIHTepaType BCTpe4aeTCH TaK>Ke TepMHH
«pa3pernalOlll.ee BpeMH»). MepTBoe BpeM5I - 3TO BpeM5I HelJYB-
.179
CTBHTeJIbHOCTH C4eTlJHKa, B03HHKalOllI.ee nOCJIe perHCTpaUHH C4eT-
lJHKOM BXO)J.HOrO HMnYJIbCa. J11060H HMnYJIbC, npHIlIe,LI.lllHH Ha BXO,LI.
C4eT4HKa B TelfeHHe MepTBOrO BpeMeHH, 6Y,LI.eT HM npOC4HTaH
(He 3aperHCTpHpOBaH).
KaK. npaBHJIO, Y O,LI.HOKaHaJIbHbIX C4eT4HKOB TM nOCTOHHHO H
He 3aBHCHT HH OT COCTOHHHH C4eT4HKa, HH OT napaMeTpOB BXO,LI.-
Horo CHrHaJIa. B MHorOKaHaJIbHbIX perHCTpaTopax LM Hepe)J.KO
6bIBaeT nepeMeHHOH, 3aBHCHllI.eH OT ueJIoro pH,LI.a Q:>aKTopOB. MepT-
Boe BpeMH - OCHOBHOH napaMeTp ClJeTlfHKa, onpe,lI,eJIHIOlll.HH KOJIH-
4eCTBO npOC4eTOB.
OueHHM npOC4eTbI C4eT4HKOB C nOCTOHHHbIM MepTBbIM BpeMeHeM
,LI.JIH nyaccoHoBCKoro nOTOKa C06bITIH1. OYCTb no - Cpe,lI,Hee 4HCJIO
C06 ITHH Ha BXO,lI,e C4eT4HKa B e,lI,HHHUY BpeMeHH; n - Cpe,LI.HHH
CKOpOCTb C4eTa C4eT4HKa B Tex }Ke e,LI.HHHuax. Tor,LI.a MO)KHO
3anHcaTb: no=n+m, r,LI.e m - cpe.n.Hee 4HCJIO npOC4eTOB B e.n.HHH-
UY Bpe eHH. PaCCMOTpHM CJIY4aH MaJIbIX 3arpY30K, ,lI,JIH KOToporo
CnpaBe,LI.JIHBO YCJIOBHe:
T M i = 1/ no.
B 3TOM CJIY4ae MO}KHO C4HTaTb TM MaJIbIM !iHTepBaJIOM dt H 3anH-
caTb Cpe,LI.Hee 4HCJIO npoc4eToB B e,LI.HHHu.y BpeMeHH CJIe,LI.YIOIlI.HM
o6pa30M:
m = nnoT M ,
r,LI.e nOTM - .BepoHTHoCTb nOna,LI.aHHH BXO,LI.HOrO HMnYJIbCa B HHTep-
BaJI T M . Tor,LI.a Bblpa}KeHHe ,LI.JIH no MO)KHO 3anHcaTb B BH,LI.e
no = n + nnoT M ,
OTKY)J.a
no = n/(I-nTM); n = no/(I+noTM).
\:
Onpe.n.eJIHM OTHOCHTeJIbHOe 4HCJIO npOC4eTOB KaK
{) = = nT M nOTM.
no
OOCKOJIbKY TM l/no, n<no, YCJIOBHe MaJIOH 3arpy3KH aBTOMa-
THlIeCKH HBJIHeTCH H YCJIOBHeM MaJIbIX npOC4eTOB: {) 1. Ha
pHC. 6.4 H306pa}KeH rpaQ:>HK Q:>YHKUHH n=no/(l+noTM); npHMaH
JIHHHH COOTBeTcTByeT H,LI.eaJIbHOMY C4eTHOMY YCTPOHCTBY n =no.
YCJIOBHe MaJIbIX npOC4eTOB COOTBeTcTByeT Ha4aJIbHOMY Y4aCTKY
KpHBOH, r,LI.e OTKJIOHeHHH OT H,LI.eaJIbHOH xapaKTepl1CTHKH MaJIbl.
113 pHC. p.4 CJIe,LI.yeT, 4TO npH YBeJIH4eHHH BXO,lI,HOH 3arpY3KH nO
CKOpOCTb C4eTa C4eT4HKa CTpeMHTCH K npe.n.eJIbHOMY 3H_a4eHHIO
tl max = l/T M .
180
PMC. 6.4. 3aBMcHMoCTH CKOpOCTH cqe- n
Ta OT BXO.lI.HOH 3arpY3KH CqeTHOrO
YCTpoHcTBa C nOCTOHHHbIM MepTBbIM
BpeMeHeM
1/t M -------
PHC. 6.5. 4eTbIpexpa3pH)].HbIH )].BOHq-
HbIH CqeT'lIHK H3 D-TpMrrepax
no
c 7i
e Tz
C T3
e T"
D
D
B 9KCnepHMeHTaX BCer.LI.a CTpeMHTCH pa60TaTb B YCJIOBHHX
MaJIbIX npOC4eTOB, TaK KaK B npOTHBHOM CJIY4ae npOC4eTbI 04eHb
TPY.LI.HO KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb. OpH 3TOM npOCTOe COOTHOllleHHe 6=noT M
HCnOJIb3yeTcH JIH60 .LI.JIfI BbI60pa 3Ha4eHHH TM npH 3a.LI.aHHbIX 6
H no, JIH60 .LI.JIH oueHKH MaKCHMaJIbHO .LI.OnycTHMoro 3Ha4eHHH no
npH 3a.LI.aHHbIX (j H T M . OTMeTHM, 4TO B CJIY4ae MaJIbIX 3arpY30K
YCJIOBHe TM = const He HBJIHeTCH npHHUHnHaJIbHbIM. <POPMYJIbI
OCTalOTCH CnpaBe.LI.JIHBbIMH .LI.JIH MepTBoro Bpe.MeHH JII06oro THna.
C1.feT1.fHKH HMnYJIbCOB. OCHOBHbIMH <PYHKUHHMH C1IeT4HKOB HB-
JIHIOTCH: C1.IeT, xpaHeHHe H npe.LI.CTaBJIeHHe 4HCJla 3aperHCTpHpOBaH-
HbIX HMnYJIbCOB. PH.LI.' .LI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX <PYHKUHH, 06ecne4HBalOllI.HX
Heo6xo.LI.HMbIe Y,lI.06CTBa B 3KcnepHMeHTe, 6Y.LI.eT paCCMOTpeH HH)Ke.
OCHOBY COBpeMeHHbIX CtJ:eT4HKOB COCTaBJlHIOT TpHrrepbI, BbInOJI-
HeHHbIe B BH.LI.e HHTerpaJIbHbIX MHKpocxeM. TpHrrepbI MorYT 6bITb
06'be.LI.HHeHbI B C4eT4HK KaK BHelllHHM MOHTa)KOM (npH MaJIOH
CTeneHH HHTerpaUHH), TaK H BHYTPH MHKpocxeMbI B npouecce ee
H3rOTOBJIeHHH (npH Cpe.LI.HeH CTeneHH HHTerpaUHH). OCHOBHbIe
xapaKTepHCTHKH C4eT4HKOB:
1. MepTBoe BpeMH T M , onpe.LI.eJIeHHe KOTOPOMY 6bIJIO .LI.aHO B npe-
\I
.LI.bI.LI.YllI.eM pa3.LI.eJIe. Ha" npaKTHKe, O.LI.HaKO, 3a4acTYIO nOJIb3YIOTCH
.LI.PyroH xapaKTepHcTHKOH - MaKCHMaJIbHOH 4aCTOTOH BXO.LI.HbIX
HMnYJIbCOB f max, onpe.LI.eJIHeMOH KaK MaKCHMaJIbHaH 4aCTOTa nepHO-
.LI.H1.IeCKHX HMnYJIbCOB Ha BXO,lI.e C4eT4HKa, npH KOTOpOH He B03HHKaeT
npOC4eTOB. 04eBH,lI.HO, 4TO 3Ta BeJIH4HHa COBna.LI.aeT C npe.LI.eJIbHbIM
3Ha4eHHeM CKOpOCTH CtJ:eTa n max H, CJIe.LI.OBaTeJIbHO: f max = 1/-.:: M .
r18t
-'V
2. BpeMH YCT3HOBJIeHHH C1IeT1IHK3 t YCT x3paKTepH3yeT nOJIHYIO
.n.JIMTeJIbHOCTb Bcex nepexo.n.HbIX npOu.eccoB B C1JeTIIHKe, CBH33HHbIX
C Onep3LI.HeH npH6aBJIeHHH (HJIH BbI1JHT3HHH) e.n.HHHlI.bI K 1JHCJIY,
xp3HHIll.eMycH B ClIeTIIHKe. BpeMH YCT3HOBJIeHHH He MOJKeT 6bITb
MeHbllle MepTBoro BpeMeHH, HO MOJKeT 3H311HTeJIbHO npeBbI1lI3Tb
ero B HeKOTopbIX THn3X ClIeTIIHKOB.
3. MO.n.YJlb C1IeT3 k - M3KCHM3JIbHOe IIHCJIO HMnYJIbCOB, KOTopoe
MO}KeT 6bITb COC1JHT3HO ClIeTIIHKOM, xap3KTepH3yeT eMKOCTb C1IeT1IHK3
K3K YCTPOHCTB3 xpaHeHHH HH<pOPM3lI.HH. MO.nYJIb C4eTa Ha3bIB31OT
T3KJKe K03<p<PHLI.HeHTOM nepec4eT3, T3K K3K 06bI4HO npH nepenOJIHe-
HHH C4eT4HK3 OH C6p3cwB3eTcH H3 HYJIb, 3 CHrH3JI nepenOJIHeHHH,
nOHBJIHIOIll.HHCH H3 K3)K.n.bIH k-H BXO.n.HOH CHrHaJI, MOJKeT 6bITb
HCnOJIb30B3H .n.JIH C1IeT3 .n.PyrHM, nOCJIe.n.OB3TeJIbHO nO,lI.coe.n.HHeHHbIM
C4eT4HKOM.
TpHrrep - OCHOBHOH 3JIeMeHT COBpeMeHHoro C4eT4HK3 - HB-
JIHeTCH CHCTeMOH, 06JI3.n.31OIll.eH .n.BYMH YCTOH4HBbIMH COCTOHHHHMH,
KOTopbIe MO)KHO YCJIOBHO 0603H34MTb K3K 0 H 1. TpHrrep HBJlHeTCH
3JIeMeHT3pHoH 33nOMHH31OllI.eH H4eHKoH (0 - nycT3H, 1- 33nOJIHeH-
H3H) 6HH3pHOH JIOrHKH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3TMM H3H60JIee npocToH
M eCTecTBeHHoH HBJIHeTCH CTPYKTyp3 ,lI.BOHIIHOrO ClIeT1JHK3, B KOTO-
pOM m TpHrrepOB coe.n.HHeHbI nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO. CHCTeM3 H3 m
TpHrrepOB- HMeeT 2 m p33JIH4HbIX COCTOHHHH, KOTopbIe B COOTBeTCTBHH
C npMHHTbIM 0603Ha4eHMeM COCTOHHHH TpHrrepOB MOJKHO 0.n.H03H311-
HO OX3p3KTepM30B3Tb COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.eH KOM6HHaLI.HeH HYJIeH H
e.n.H HHLI..
,[{BOH4HbIH aCHHxpOHHbIH ClIeTIIHK COCTOHT H3 m .nOCJIe.n.OB3TeJIbHO
coeJI.HHeHHblX TpHrrepOB, npH4eM BbIXO,lI. npe.n.bI.n.YIll.ero TpHrrepa
coeJI.HHeH C Tp3KTOBbIM BXO.n.OM n o CJI e.n.y 10 Ill.e ro. BbI.n.eJIeHHbIMH
HBJIHIOTCH: BXO.n. nepBoro TpHrrep3, H3 KOTOpbIH nocTyn31OT COC4H-
TbIBaeMble HMnYJlbCbI, 3 TaKJKe BbIXOJI. nOCJIeJI.HerO, C KOTOpOrO
CHMM3eTCH (B CJIY43e He06xo.n.HMOCTH) HMnYJIbC nepenOJlHeHHH.
H3 pHC. - 6.5 npHBe,lI.eH npHMep nOCTpoeHHH .n.BOHIIHOrO 3CHHXPOH-
Horo ClIeT1JMK3 C k = 16 \ 3 D-TpHrrep3x. Hcxo.n.Hoe COCTOHHHe
Bcex TpHrrepOB, B COOTBeTCTBHH C T36JIHu.eH COCTOHHHH D-TpHrrepa,
HYJIeBoe. BXOJI.HOH CHrH3JI nepeBO,lI.HT TpHrrep T 1 B COCTOHHHe 1,
npH 3TOM COCTOHHMH TpHrrepOB T 2 - T4 He H3MeHHIOTCH. CJIe.n.ylO-
llI.HH BXOJI.HOH CHrH3JI B03Bp3ll1.aeT TpHrrep T I B Hcxo.n.Hoe nOJIOJKe-
HHe 0, o.n.HaKO B03Bp3Ill.eHHe T I B Hcxo.n.Hoe COCTOHHHe npHBo.n.HT
K nepeBO.n.y T 2 B COCTOHHHe 1. B33HMo.n.eHcTBHe TpHrrepoB T 2 - T 4
npOMcxo.n.HT aH3JIOrH4HbIM 06p330M: B03Bp3Ill.eHHe I npe.n.bl,lI.YIll.ero
TpHrrep3 H3 COCTOHHMH 1 B COCTOHHHe 0 nepeBo.n.HT B COCTOHHHe 1
nocJle.n.YIOll(HH TpHrrep.
OpHCBOHM TpHrrepaM T. - T4 nOCJIe.n.OB3TeJIbHbIe 3H34eHHH
.n.BOMIIHbIX p33psi.n.oB: 0, 1, 2, 3 (T. e. e.n.HHHLI.3, 3anMC3HH3H
B TpMrrepe, 6y.n.eT COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0603Ha1JaTb IIHCJIO 2°, 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 ).
HeTpy.n.HO y6e.n.HTbCH B TOM, 4TO C npHXO,lI.OM H3 BXO.n. C1IeT4HK3 p
BXOJI.HbIX Hl\t!nYJIbCOB B TpHrrep3X 6y.n.eT 3anHC3HO 4HCJIO p'B ,lI.BOHII-
182
HOM KO e (4MTaTb 4HCRO cne yeT B OOpaTHOM nOpH Ke OT TpHrre-
pa T4 K TpHrrepy T.). HanpHMep, nocJle JI.eBHTH BXOJI.HbIX HMnYJlb-
COB COCTOHHHH TpHrrepOB OYJI.YT TaKHMH:
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CHcTeMa H3 4eTbIpex TpHrrepOB HMeeT 2 4 = 16 pa3JIH4HbIX COCTOH-
HHH, OJI.HO H3 KOTOpbIX HBJlHeTCH HCXO,lI.HbIM (HyneBbIM). EMKOCTb
CHCTeMbI (MaKcHManbHoe lJHCJIO, KOTopoe MO)KeT ObITb 3anHcaHo)
paBHa 2 4 - 1 = 15, a Mo ynb C4eTa k = 16.
PaccMoTpeHHbIH C4eT4HK Ha3bIBaeTCH aCHHxpoHHbIM (JI.pyroe
Ha3BaHHe - C4eT4HK C nOCne,lI.OBaTeJIbHbIM nepeHocoM), nOCKOJIbKY
COCTOHHHH TpHrrepOB MeHHIOTCH nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO; Ka)K.lI.bIH
nOCJIe YIOllI.HH TpHrrep MO)KeT H3MeHHTb CBoe COCTOHHHe JIHlllb
nOCJIe Toro, KaK H3MeHHT CBoe COCTOHHHe npe,lI.bI,lI.YllI.HH. HanpHMep,
npH nepexo,lI.e OT 4HCJla 7 (0111- B BOH4HOM KOJI.e) K 4HCJIY
8 (1000) Bce 4eTbIpe TpHrrepa nOCJIe OBaTeJlbHO MeHHIOT CBoe
COCTOHHHe. OOlll.ee BpeMH YCTaHOBJIeHHH t YCT OYJJ.eT "PH 3TOM paB-
HO 4to, rJI.e to - BpeMH YCTaHoBReHHH O,lI.Horo TpHrrepa, KOTopoe
H o"pe eJIHeT MepTBoe BpeMH C4eT4HKa.
BpeMH YCTaHOBJIeHHH He BJIHHeT Ha KOJlH4eCTBO npOC4eTOB.
OHO Ba)KHO B TOM CJIY4ae, Kor a HeOOXO HMO OCYlll.eCTBHTb aBTO-
MaTH4eCKoe ClJHTbIBaHHe HHQ:>opMau.HH (COCTOHHHe C4eT4HKa) 3a
MaKCHMaJlbHO KopOTKoe BpeMH. ,[{JIH COKpameHHH BpeMeHH YCTaHOB-
JIeHHH npHMeHHIOT CHHXpOHHble JI.BOH4HbIe C4eT4HKH (HJIH, HHa4e,
C4eT4HKH C napaJIJIeJIbHbIM nepeHOCOM). 4HCJlO (KOJlH4eCTBO COC4H-
TaHH X COO THH) 3anHCWBaeTCH B 3TMX C4eT4HKax T04HO TaKMM
IKe BOH4HbIM KO OM, KaK H B aCHHxpOHHbIX, O HaKO H3MeHeHHe
411CJla (T. e. onepau.HH npHOaBJIeHHH e HHHLlbI) ocyI.iI.ecTBJIHeTCH
OJI.HOBpeMeHHbIM nepeXOJI.OM TpHrrepOB C4eT4HKa - Tex, COCTOHHHH
KOTOpblX OJI)KHbI H3MeHHTbCH,- B HOBoe COCTOHHHe. CHHXpOHHbIH
pe)KHM paOOTbI C4eT4HKa O THraeTCH OJlarO apH TOMY, 4TO BXO Hble
(COC4HTbIBaeMbIe) CMrHaJIbI nocTynalOT Ha TaKTOBbIe BXOJI.bI Bcex
TpHrrepOB OJI.HOBpeMeHH'O, a KOMMYTaUHH COCTOHHHH TpHrrepOB
OCYlll.eCTBJIHeTCH nYTeM opraHH3aUHH HeOOXO,lI.HMOH CBH3H Me*JI.Y
TpHrrepaMH 4epe3 ynpaBJIHlOm e BXOJI.bI (KaK npaBHJIO, J- H K-BXO-
JI.bI). 04eBH HO, 4TO BpeMH YCTaHOBJIeHHH- CHHxpOHHoro C4eT4HKa
t YeT = to ='t M .
113 Bcex B03MO)KHbIX THnOB C1.feT4MKOB .lI.BOH4Hble C4eT4HKH
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HaHOORee npOCTbI no JIOrHKe CBH3eH, 06J1a aIOT MaKCI1MaJIbHO
B03MOIKHbIM MOJI.YReM C4eTa npH 3a aHHOM 4HCJIe TpMrrepOB m,
y OOHbI ,lI.JIH aBTOMaTH4eCKOH oopaOOTKH HHQ:>opMaLl.HM, KOTopaH
OObI4HO OCYl.I.(eCTBJIHeTCH B BOH4HbIX Ko,nax. O HaKO B TOM CJIY4ae,
Kor a HHQ:>opMaLl.HH (4HCJIO) C4HTbIBaeTCH He MalllHHOH, a 4eJIOBe-
KOM, npeJI.n04THTeJIbHa npHB 4HaH HaM JI.eCHTH4HaH CHCTeMa
183
C4HCJIeHHH. B CBH3H C 3THM He MeHee WHpOKO, 1.IeM .LI.BOH4HbIe,
pacnpOCTpaHeHbI H .LI.eCHTH4HbIe CtJ:eT4HKH.
,LlecHTH4HbIe C4eT4HKH BbInO.JlHHIOTCH 06bI4HO B BH,LI.e .LI.eKa.LI.,
T. e. MO.LI.YJIeH, C k = 10. OOCJIe.LI.oBaTeJIbHOe Coe.LI.HHeHHe TaKHX
.LI.eKa;ll. n03BOJIHeT nOJIY4HTb C4eT4HK C k = 1 (t1, r,ae M - 4HCJIO
,aeKa,a. ,LleKa.ll.Y, T. e. C4eT4HK C k = 10, HeTpY.lI.Ho nOJIY4HTb H3
.lI.BOH Horo C4eT4HKa C k = 16, HCKJIlOlIHB llIeCTb JIHWHHX COCTOHHHH.
3TH' HCKJII04eHHH 06ecne4HBalOTCH ,aonOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH JIOrHlJeCKHMH
CBH3HMH Me>K.LI.Y TpHrrepaMH. Cyrn.eCTByeT 60JIbllIOe KOJIH4eCTBO
BapHaHTOB TaKHX .LI.eKa.LI., Cpe.LI.H HHX HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHOH
HBJIHeTCH .lI.eKa.ll.a, pa60TalOI..UaH B KO.ll.e 8-4-2-1 (3TH 4HCJIa
0603Ha4alOT «Bec» Ka>K.LI.oro TpHrrepa, Ha4HHaH co CTapwero).
HeTpY.lI.HO BH.LI.eTb, 1.ITO 3TOT KO.LI. COBna.LI.aeT C KO.LI.OM- 06bI4Horo
.lI.BOHqHOrO C4eT4HKa C k = 16. ,LleKa.lI.a, pa60TalOw.aH B KO.LI.e
8-4-2-1 .lI.O .neBHToro BXOJJ.Horo HMnYJlbCa BKJII04HTeJIbHO, HMeeT
COCTOHHHH, COBna.LI.alOI..UHe C COCTOHHHHMH .LI.BOH4HOro C4eT4HKa.
OJJ.HaKo .lI.eCHTbIH BXOJJ.HOH HMnYJIbC B03Bparn.aeT 3TY .LI.eKa.LI.Y B HC-
XOJJ.Hoe HYJIeBOe COcToH,"!He, TaK KaK HBJIHeTCH .LI.JIH Hee HMnYJIbCOM
nepenOJIHeHHH.
B 3KcnepHMeHTax HepeJJ.Ko npHMeHHIOTcH TaK)Ke C4eT4HKH,
pa60TalOI..UHe He B pe)KHMe CJIO>KeHHH, a B pe>KHMe BbI4HTaHHH,
JIH60 C4eT4HKH, KOTopbIe MorYT pa60TaTb KaK B TOM, TaK H B .lI.PyroM
pe>KHMe (peBepCHBHbIe C4eT4HKH). PeBepCHBHbIH pe>KHM MO)KeT
npHMeHHTbCH, HanpHMep, .lI.JIH BbI4HTaHHH <pOHa: B pe)KHMe CJIO)Ke-
HHH C4eT4HK perHcTpHpyeT KaK nOJIe3HbIe, TaK H <POHOBble C06bITHH.
OOCJIe Ha60pa Heo6xoJJ.HMOH CTaTHCTHKH HCT04HHK nOJIe3H X
C06bITHH BbIKJII04aeTCH, a C4eT4HK nepeKJII04aeTCH B pe)KHM BbIlJH-
TaHHH. TeXHHtJ:eCKH pe)KHM BbI4HTaHHH OCYI..UeCTBJIHeTCH H3MeHeHHeM
JIOrHKH CBH3eH Me)KJJ.Y TpHrrepaMH .LI.BOH4Horo HJIH ,LI.eCHTH4Horo
C4eT4HKa. C4HTbIBaHHe 4HCJ1a, 3anHcaHHoro B C4eT4HKe, MO)KeT
OCYI..UeCTBJIHTbCH KaK BH3yaJIbHO, TaK H B aBTOMaTHlJeCKOM pe)KHMe.
,LlJIH BH3yaJIbHOrO C4HT BaHHH HH<popMaUHH npHMeHHIOTCH
CBeTOBbIe HHJJ.HKaTopbI: MHHftsaTlOpHbIe JIaMn04KH HaKaJIHBaHHH,
CBeTOJJ.HO.ll.bI, UH<pPOBbIe JIaMnbI H UH<pPOBbIe ceMHcerMeHTHbIe
HH.LI.HKaTOpbI Ha JIIOMHHeCueHTHbIX naHeJIHX, CBeTO,lI.HO,lI.ax HJIH
>KH.lI.KHX KpHCTaJIJI X. HaH60JIee npOCTO ocyrn.eCTBJIHeTCH HH.lI.HKaUHH
COCTOHHHH .LI.BOH1JHOrO C4eT4HKa: K BbIXO,L(y Ka>K.lI.oro TpHrrepa
C4eT4HKa 4epe3 BeHTHJIb I1-HE nO.lI.CoeJJ.HHHeTCH JIaMn04Ka HaK;a-
JIHBaHHH HJIH CBeTO,LI.HO,a TaKHM 06pa30M, liTO JIaMn04Ka CBeTHTCH
TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY4ae, KOr.LI.a TpHrrep HaXO.ll.HTCH B COCTOHHHH 1.
,LlJIH HH.lI.HKau.HH COCTOHHHH .lI.eKa.ll.bI C nOMorn.blO UHcppOBOH
JIaMn HJIH ceMHcerMeHTHoro UH<ppoBoro HH.lI.HKaTopa Heo6xoJJ.HMO
CneUHaJIbHOe YCTPOHCTBO - .lI.elllHcppaTop, npeo6pa3YIOI..UHH KO.lI.
COCTOHHHH ClJeT4HKa B KO.lI., ynpaBJIHIOI..UHH cerMeHTaMH HH.lI.HKa-
Topa. TaKHe .LI.ewHQJpaTopbI BbInycKalOTcH npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTblO B BHJJ.e
OT.LI.eJIbHbIX MHKpocxeM. DpH aBTQMaTH4eCKOM ClJHTbIBaHHH HHcpopMa-
lI.HH \4HCJIO, XpaHHI..UeeCH B C4eT4HKe, MO)KeT 6bITb nepe.lI.aHo B C09TBeT-
184
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YCTPOHCTBO.
IlpOMbIllIJleHHO BbInYCKaeMbIe C4eT4HKH, nOMMMO OCHOBHbIX
<PYHKUHH - C4eT, XpaHeHMe H BbIBO,lI. 4MCJJa, MOrYT BblnOJlHHTb
TaK)Ke pH,lI. BCnOMOraTMbHbIX <PYHKUHH, 06eCne4HBalOllI.HX Heo6xo-
,lI.HMble Y,lI.06CTBa npH npOBe,lI.eHHH 3KCnepHMeHTa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT 3a.ll.a4H 3KCnepHMeHT MO)KeT npOBO,lI.HTbCH B O,lI.HOM H3 ,lI.BYX
B03MO)KHbIX pe)KHMOB.
PerHCTpaltHH C06b1THH 3a 38.,lJ.aHHOe BpeMSI. B 3TOM CJIY1Jae
3KCnepHMeHTaTOp onpe,lI.eJIHeT He06xo.ll.HMOe BpeMH 3KCnepHMeHTa T,
06eCne4HBalOlll.ee Tpe6yeMYIO CTaTHCTH4eCKYIO nOrpeWHOCTb (j =
= 1/..{N , rJI.e N - llHCJIO 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHbIx C06bITHH:
N = noT.
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c4eTa), 06ecne4HBalOIlI.YIO Ha60p N C06bITHH, a TaKIKe MepTBoe
BpeMH T M , 06ecne4HBalOI..I..Lee BbInOJIHeHHe YCJlOBHH () = no TM 0', T. e.
norpellIJ:I0cTb 3KcnepHMeHT3, CBH3aHHaH C npOC4eTaMH, He ,lI.OJlJKHa
npeBbIlllaTb 3a,aaHHOH CTaTHGTH4eCKOH norpelllHOCTH.
,LlJIH npOBe.ll.eHHH C4eTa 3a 3a,lI.aHHoe BpeMH T C4eT4HK 060-
PY.lI.yeTcH ,lI.onOJtHHTeJIbHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM - TaHMepoM. TaHMep
CO.ll.ep>KHT reHepaTop <pHKcHpoBaHHoH 4aCTOTbI H C4eT4HK HMnYJIb-
COB reHepaTopa C nepeKJII04aeMbIM MO,lI.YJleM C4eTa. CqeT1JHK
TaHMepa HBJlHeTCH ynpaBJIHIOlll.HM no OTHOllleHHIO K OCHOBHOMY
CqeTqHKY, perHCTpHpYIOlll.eMY BXO,lI.HbIe C06bITHH. flpH Ha60pe C4eT-
4HKOM TaHMepa 3a,lI.aHHOrO 4MCJla, qTO npH <pHKCHpOBaHHOH 4aCTOTe
reHepaTopa COOTBeTcTByeT 3a,lI.aHHOMY BpeMeHH T, BXO,lI. OCHOBHoro
CqeT4HKa 6JIOKHpyeTcH, H CqeT npeKpalll.aeTCH. KOHCTPYKTHBHO
TaHMep MO)KeT 6bITb BblnOJIHeH KaK B B ,lI.e OT,lI.eJIbHOrO 6J10Ka, TaK
H BCTpoeH B BH,lI.e ,lI.onOJIHHTeJIbHOrO Y3JIa K OCHOBHOMY CIJeTIJHKY.
PerHCTpaltHH 3a,lJ.aHHOrO KOJIHIJeCTBa C06b1THit flpH npOBe,lI.eHHH
3KcnepHMeHTa onpe,lI.eJIHIOlll.HM HBJlHeTCH 3a.ll.aHHaH CTaTHCTHqeCKaH
norpellIHOCTb 3KcnepHMeHTa <J= 1/-{N. ECJIH no YCJlOBHHM npOBe,lI.e-
HHH 3KcnepHMeHTa HHTeHCHBHOCTb BXO,lI.HbIX COObITHH no MO}KeT-
MeHHTbCH B 3Ha4HTeJIbHWX npe,lI.eJIax, ,lI.JIH 06eCneqeHHH 3a,lI.aHHOH
CTaTHCTH4eCKOH norpelllHOCTH 3KcnepHMeHTaTOpy npHXO,lI.HTCH
H3MeHHTb BpeMH 3KcnepHMeHTa T. B 3TOM- CJIY4ae y,lI.06Hee fla6HpaTb
3a,lI.aHHoe KOJIH4eCTBO C06bITHH N, H3MepHH npH 3TOM BpeMH, 3a
KOTopoe 3TH N C06bITHH Ha6paHbl. ,LlJlH 3THX IJ,eJIeH npHMeHHIOTCH
CqeT4HKH C npeJI.YCTaHOBKOH, T. e. C4eT4HKH, B KOTOpbIX C4eT Be,lI.eTCH
-
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nOCJIe 4ero C4eT aBTOMaTHIJeCKM npeKpalll.aeTCH. IlapaJlJIeJIbHo
CO C4eT4HKOM pa60TaeT TaHMep, KOTOpbIH 3anyc.KaeTcH O,lI.HOBpeMeH-
HO CO C4eT4HKOM H o,lI.HoBpeMeHHo C HHM OCTaHaBJlHBaeTCH, H3MepHH
BpeMH 3KcnepHMeHTa T. B 3TOM cJlY4ae TaHMep HBJIHeTCH ynpaB-
JlHeMbIM YCTPOHCTBOM,. a OCHOBHOH C4eT4HK - .ynpaBJlHIOlU.M.
185
C4eT4HKH C npe.n.YCTaHOBKOH Hepe,lI.KO pa60TalOT He B pe>KHMe
CJIO>KeHHH, T. e. npH6aBJIeHHH e.n.HHHLI.bl K XpaHHllI.eMYCH 4HCJIY,
a B pe)KHMe BbI4HTaHHH. Ope,lI.YCTaHOBKOH (aBTOMaTH4eCKH HJIH
BPY4HYIO C nOMOIll.blO nepeKJIlO4aTeJIH) B C4eT4HKe YCTaHaBJIMBaeTCH
3a.n.aHHoe 4HCJIO N, a npH nYCKe C4eT4HKa H3 3Toro 4HCJIa nOCJIe,lI.O-
BaTeJIbHO BbI4HTalOTCH Bxo.n.HbIe HMnYJIbCbI. C4eT4HK OCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCH H OCTaHaBJIHBaeT TaHMep npH .n.OCTH>KeHHH HYJIeBoro. COC-
TOHHHH.
CqeT4HKH C npe.n.YCTaHOBKOH llJHpOKO HCnOJIb3YIOTCH JJ.JIH ynpaB-
JIeHHH 3KcnepHMeHTOM. TaK, npH MOHHTopHpOBaHHH nY4Ka qaCTHLI.
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KOTOpWH aBTOMaTH4eCKH OCTaHOBHT 3KcnepHMeHT nOCJIe Toro, KaK
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30BaTbCH JIH60 He3aBHCHMO, JIH60 COe.LI.HHHTbCH nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO.
MHorHe KOHCTPYKI1.HH npe,lI.ycMaTpHBalOT B03MO)KHOCTb npe.n.ycTa-
HOBKH C4eT4HKa, ynpaBJIeHHH ero pa60ToH OT BHellJHerO YCTpoHcTBa
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TaK>Ke pe>KHM BbIlfHTaHHH.
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paBHOMepHO pacnpeJJ.eJIeHHbIX> BO BpeMeHH (nepHOJI.HlfeCKHX) HM-
nYJIbCOB npOC4eTOB He B03HHKaeT Bo06Il1.e BnJIOTb .LI.O MaKCHMaJIbHOH
4aCTOTbI f Max = 1 /'t M /. TaKHM 06pa30M, ,lI.JIH YMeHbllleHHH npOClfeTOB
ClfeT4HKa C 3a,lI.aHHbIM MepTBbIM BpeMeHeM 't M He06xo.lJ.HMO H3MeHHTb
BpeMeHHYIO nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTb HMnYJIbCOB Ha BXOJI.e C4eT4HKa.
C,lI.eJIaTb 3TO MO>KHO JJ.BYMH MeTO,lI.aMH.
eTO,lJ. nepeCqeTa. PaCCMOTpHM H,lI.eaJIbHOe nepeClfeTHoe YCTPOH-
CTBO C K03<p<pHIJ.HeHTOM nep C4eTa k Ii MepTBbIM BpeMeHeM TM = o.
nYCTb HMnYJIbCbI, nocTynalOIlI.He Ha ero BXOJI., nO.lJ.lfHHHIOTCH pacnpe-
,lI.eJIeHHIO OyaccoHa co cpe,lI.HHM 4HCJIOM C06bITHH B e.LI.HHHIJ.Y BpeMe-
HH ni'Je Ha BbIXO.LI. nepec4eTHoro YCTpoHcTBa 6Y,lI.eT npoxoJI.HTb Ka>K-
,lI.blH k-H HMnYJIbC no OTHorneHHIO K BXO,lI.HbIM.
YHKUHIO pacnpe.n.eneHHH BpeMeHHwx HHTepBaJIOB Me>K.n.y BXO.n.-
HbIM" HMnYJIbCaMH nepeC4eTHoro YCTPOHCTB3 MO)KHO nOJIY4HTb H3
CJIe.LI.YIOIlI.HX co06pa)KeHHH: HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH MeJK.n.y .n.BYMH BbI-
186
XOJI.HbIMH HMnYJIbCaMH 6y JI.eT JIe>KaTb B JI.Hana30He OT t AO t + dt,
eCJIH B Te4eHHe BpeMeHH t Ha BXO,Ll nepeC4eTHOrO YCTpOHCTBa nOCTY-
nHT k - 1 HMnYJ1bCOB, 3 H3 KOHu,e 3TOrO HHTepB3J13 B CKOJlb yrO,LlHO
M3J10M npOMe)KYTKe BpeMeHH dt nocTynHT eI..U.e O,LlHH HMnYJ1bC:
W(t) = W(k - I, t)W(I, dt).
113 p3CnpeJI.eJleHHH nY3CCOH3 CJ1eJI.yeT:
(not)k-I
W(k -I, t) - (k-I)! e- nO (.
BCJIeJI.CTBHe MaJlOCTH HHTepB3J13 dt MOJKHO 3anHC3Tb:
W( I, dt) = nodt,
.OTKYA3
W(t) = (not)k-t -1l0' dt
no (k _ I)! e .
CJ1eJI.OBaTeJ1bHO, YHKU,HH pacnpe,LleJ1eHHH BpeMeHHwx HHTepB3J10B
HMeeT BH,Ll
n tt-'
F K(t) = no () e- tlu1 .
k - I)!
npH k = 1 (K3lK,lI.bIH BXOJI.HOH HMnYJIbC nocTynaeT H3 BbIXO,Ll) nOJIY-
4aeM: F (t) = no e- llu1 , T. e. pe3YJ1bT3T, COBna,Ll31OLI.J.HH C <PYHKu,HeH
p3cnpe.n.eJIeHHH BpeMeHHbIX HHTepB3JIOB AJIH nY3CCOHOBCKoro no-
TOKa.
HeTpYJI.HO nOJIY4HTb CpeJI.HHH H HaH60JIee BepoHTHbIH HHTepB3J1bI
,LlJIH pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHH FK(t):
k k-l k-I
t = -; tBt\P = HJIH t Bep = t .
no no k
TaKHM 06pa30M, tBep=O npH k= 1, H t Bep > 0 npH k> 1.
,LlJIH 3HaJIH33 <PYHKIJ,HH FK(t) YJI.OOHO BBeCTH HOBYIO nepeMeHHYIO
x=t/t (pHC. 6.6). BHJI.HO, 4TO npH k=2 <PYHKIJ,HH p3Cnpe,LleJIeHI1H
HHTepB3JIOB H3 BWXOJI.e YCTpOHCTBa npHHu,HnH3JIbHO OTJIH4aeTCH OT
<PYHKLl.HH p3cnpeJI.eJIeHHH HHTepB3J10B H3 BXO,Lle (k = 1). OpH YBe-
JIH4eHHH k H3H6oJIee BepOHTHoe 3H34eHHe BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJI8
t Bep CTpeMHTCH K cpeJI.HeMY 3Ha4eHHIO, 3 CaMO pacnpe,LleJIeHHe CY-
)KaeTCH. <l>H3H4ecKHH 'CMbICJI 3TOrO npOCT:- nepeC4eTH3H CXeM3 npo-
H3BOJI.HT ycpeJI.HeHHe BpeMeHHbIX HHTepBaJIOB - 4eM 60JlbIlIe k, TeM
BblWe CTeneHb ycpeJ1lleHHH.
ECJIH HJI.eaJIbHYIO nepeC4eTHYIO CXeMY C K03<p<pHu,HeHTOM nepe-
C4eTa k nOMeCTHTb nepe,lI. C4eT4HKOM Ctt C MepTBblM BpeMeHeM tM
(pHC. 6.7), TO npOC4eTbi C4eTIIHKa cymecTBeHHO YMeHbW310TCH K3K
3a ClleT YMeHbllIeHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH BXOJI.HbIX HMnYJIbCOB (OHI1
6YAYT nocTyn3Tb B k p33 pe)Ke), TaK H 3a C4eT H3MeHeHHH Bpe-
MeHHOH nOCJIe,LlOBaTenbHOCTH HMnYJIbCOB. 3aBHCHMOCTb KOJIH4eCTBa
187
Ff(
1,0
0,0
lJ,G
0,'1-
0,2
PHC. 6.6. <I>YHKU,HH pacnpe.n.eJIeHHfI
BpeMeHHblx' HHTepBaJIOB Ha Bblxo)].e
«H.n.eaJ1bHoih> nepeClJeTHOH cxeMbI npH
pa3JIH4HbIX 3HaLfeHMHX K03<P<PHu,MeHTa
nepeClJeTa K
A
o 1f.o 0 C'I
o 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 J,O x
PMC. 6.7. CLfeT HMnYJIbCOB c npe)].Ba-
pHTeJIbHbIM nepecLfeToM M.n.eaJ1bHOH
nepecLfeTHoH cxeMoH C K03cp<pHu,HeH-
TOM nepeClJeTa K
npOC4eTOB C MepTBWM BpeMeHeM LM OT BXO HOH 3arpY3KH (3arPY3-
Ka BbIpaJKeHa B 6e3pa3MepHbIX e.ll.HHHl.I.aX noT M) .lI.JIH pa3HbIX K03CP-
cpHl.I.HeHTOB npe4BapHTeJlbHOrO nepeC4eTa k npHBe eHa Ha pHC. 6.8.
BH.lI.HO, 4TO npH .lI.OnYCTHMbIX npoc4eTax 1 % BBe.ll.eHHe npe,lI.BapH-
TeJIbHOrO nepe 4eTa Ha 2 (T. e. O,lI.HOrO TpHrrepa) n03BOJlHeT YBe-
JIH4HTb BXO HYIO 3arpY3KY Ha nopH oK. HOMorpaMMa Ha pHC. 6.8
n03BOJlSIeT BbI6paTb He06xo,lI.HMbIH K03cpcpHl.I.HeHT npe.ll.BapHTeJ1bHOrO
nepec4eTa npH 3a aHHOM 3Ha4eHHH npOC4eTOB () H 3arpY3Ke nOLM.
ECTecTBeHHo, 4TO H eaJlbHbIX nepec4eTHbIx YCTPOHCTB He CYIll.eCT-
ByeT. MepTBoe BpeMH nepeC4eTHoro YCTpOHCTBa, T. e. C4eT4HKa C
MO YJleM C4,eTa k, ,lI,OJIJKHO 6bITb paCC4HTaHO TaKHM 06pa30M, 4T06bI '
ero npOC4eTbI He npeBbII.IJaJlH 3a aHHoro 3Ha4eHHH o. 3THMH co06-
paJKeHHHMH PYKOBO CTBYIOTCH npH nOCJ1e OBaTeJ1bHOM coe HHeHHH
C4eTHbIX MO.ll.YJIeH (TpHrrepoB, ,lI.BOH4HbIX C4eT4HKOB MJIH .lI.eKa )
pa3Horo 6blcTpo eHcTBHH.
MeTo;tJ, npe;tJ,BapHTeJlbHOrO pa3paBHHBaHHSI. 3aMeHa CJ1Y4aHHoH
nOCJIe,lI,OBaTe.JlbHOCTH BXO HbIX CHrHaJIOB Ha nepHo H4ecKYIO n03BO-
JTHeT YBeJIH4HTb 3arpY3KY C4eT4HKa o npe eJ1bHOrO 3Ha4eHI1H
fnpeJJ. = l/TM 6e3 KaKHX-JIH60 npoc4eToB. TaKYIO 3aMeHY MOJKHO
oCYIll.eCTBHTb, npHMeHHB Ha BXO.ll.e C4eT4HKa Ct.t 6bICTp0,lI.eHcTBYIO-
Ill.ee 6ycpepHoe 3anOMHHalOllI.e YCTPOHCTBO (pHC. 6.9). CTaTHcTH-
4eCKH pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHbIe BO BpeMeHH CHrHaJIbI .lI.eTeKTOpa /1, HaKan-
JIHBalOTCH B 6ycpepHo'M 3J1. reHepaTop nepHo.ll.H4ecKHx CHrHaJ10B
rne nOCJIe,lI,OBaTeJ1bHO BbI4HTaeT HHCPOpMal.l.HIO H3 6ycpepHoro 3J1,
. o.ll.HOBpeMeHHo HanpaBJIHSI CHrHaJIbI BbflfHTaHHH 4epe3 cxeMY npo-
nycKaHHH B C4eT4HK C MepTBbIM BpeMeHeM LM. CxeMa nponycKaHHH
OTKpbITa J1Hlllb Tor a, KOr,lI.a 4HCJIO, XpaHHllI.eeCH B 3J1, OTJIH4HO
OT HYJlH. f103TOMY B C4eT4HK nocTynHT pOBHO CTOJIbKO JKe CHrHaJIOB
OT reHepaTopa, CKOJ1bKO B 3J1 OT ,lJ.eTeKTopa. ,LtJIH Toro 4T06bI He
B03HHKaJIO npOC4eTOB, Heo6xo,lI.HMO, 4T06bI BXO,lI,HaH 3arpY3Ka no
He npeBbIWaJ1a 4aCTOTbI CHrHaJIOB reHepaTopa:
I
f t
no < reH.'
B CBOIO 04epe,lI.b, freH l/LM. KpoMe Toro, nOCKOJIbKY BXO.LI.HbIe HM-
nYJIbCbI nocTynalOT B 3J1 Hep,aBHQMepHO, Heo6xo HMO, 4T06bI 3J1
188
PHC. 6.8. 3aBHcHMoCTb npoclIeToB
OT BXO)].HOH 3arpY3KM .lI.JIH C'lIeT-
'lIHKa C MepTB M BpeMeHeM LM H
H)].eaJIbHOH nepeclIeTHoH cxeMOH C
K03cp<t>Hll.HeHTOM nepeClIeTa K
6,%
5,0
2,0
1,0
0,5
0,2
0, ' 0,01
0,1
1,0 no," M
Ynpa8-
bytpepHoe /leHlLe C'xel'1a
JY nponycffaHlLR
CLf
II
PHC. 6.9. <l>YHKu,HoHaJIbHaH cxeMa YCTpoHcTBa perHCTpaLl.HH C npe.n.BapHTeJIbHbIM
pa3paBHHBaHMeM
o6J1a,LlaJIo ,LlOCTaT04HOM eMKOCTbIO nz (m - KOJIH4eCTBO HMnYJ1bCOB,
KOTopoe cnoc06HO 3anOMHHTb 3Y). Ha pHC. 6.10 npHBe.LI.eHa 3a-
BHCHMOCTb CKOpOCTH C4eTa ClfeT4HKa (B e,lI.HHHu.ax n't M ), CTOHllI.erO
Ha BbIXO,lI.e pa3paBHHBaIOllI.eH CHCTeMbI, OT BXO,lI.HOH: 3arpY3KH (B
e)].HHHu.ax noT M ) JI.J1H pa3JIH4HbIX 3HalfeHHM m. CJIYlfaIO nz = 0 COOT-
BeTcTByeT npHMoe coe,lI.HHeHHe ClfeT4HKa C )].eTeKTopoM (6e3 6y-
<pepHoro 3 Y) . _ BH)].HO, liTO YJKe npH m = 4 C4eTHaH xapaKTepHcTHKa
YCTpoHcTBa 6JIH3Ka K HJI.eaJIbHoH.
npH pac4eTe KpHBbIX, npHBe,lI.eHHbIX Ha pHC. 6.10, npe)].noJIara-
JIOCb, 4TO B caMOM 6y<pepHoM 3Y npOClfeTOB He B03HHKaeT, T. e.
ero MepTBoe BpeMH Ha O,lI.HH-JI.Ba nopH)].Ka MeHbIlle, lfe MepTBoe
BpeMH OCHOBHoro C4eTlfHKa. ,QJIH O)].HOKaHaJ1bHOrO C4eT4HKa peaJlH-
3au.HH 3Toro MeTO,Lla TeXHH4eCKH He onpaBJI.aHa - npow.e pa3pa-
60TaTb 06bI4HbIH TpHrrepHbIH: C4eTlfHK C Tpe6yeMbIM MepTBbIM Bpe-
MeHeM, 4eM C03,LlaTb 6bICTpO,lI.eHCTBYlOllI.ee 6ycpepHoe 3 Y.
MeTo)]. npe,lI.BapHTeJ1bHOrO pa3paBHHBaHHH HBJIHeTCH, O)].HaKO,
OCHOBHbIM MeTO)].OM nOBbIIlleHHH CKOpOCTH perHCTpaIJ:HH C06bITHM
B MHorOKaHaJ1bHbIX 3anOMHHaIOl.I..lHX YCTpoHcTBax. npH perHCTpal.l.HH
60JlbIllerO K0J1H4eCTBa HHcpOPMaU.HH, nocTynalOl.I..leH B BH)].e KO)].OB
C06bITHH, OCHOBHOH: C4eT4HK Ha pHC. 6.9 - 3TO cpaBHHTeJ1bHO
MeJI.JIeHHOe (c 60JIblliHM 't M ) 3Y 60JIbWOH eMKOCTH (HanpHMep, Mar-
HHTHblH ,lI.HCK). YMeHbLIlHTb ero MepTBoe BpeMH npaKTHlfeCKI1 He
Y,LlaeTCH. O,LlHaKO H TPY.LI.HO C03,LlaTb 6bICTpO,LleHCTBYIOl.I..lee 6ycpep-
Hoe 3Y MaJIOH: eMKOCTH (HanpHMep, nOJIynpOBOJI.HHKOBoe 3Y) H
pHMeHHTb ero B KalfeCTBe npe,LlBapHTeJIbHOrO pa3paBHHBalOUJ.ero
YCTpOHCTBa no cxeMe pHC. 6.9.
B npeJI.bI,lI.YllI.HX naparpa<pax o6cYJK,LlaJIHCb npOC4eTbI npH pe-
fHCTpall,HH cpH3H4ecKHx C06bITHH, 06YCJIOBJ1eHHbIe MepTBbIM Bpe-
189
no, 'eM
PMC. 6. 10. 3aBMcHMoCTb CKOpOCTH
CqeTa OT BXO.lI.HOH 3arpY3KM perM-
CTp pYlOllI.ero YCTpoHcTBa C npe.lI.-
BapMTeJIbHbIM pa3paBHHBaHHeM
npH pa3J1HQHOH eMKOCTM m 6y<pep-
HO ro 3 Y
o
0,'1 0,8 2 G 1,0 2/1 n r: M
MeHeM C4eTHoro YCTpoHcTBa '{M. O.n.HaKo Ha npaKTHKe «Y3KHM»
MeCTOM, J1HMHTHPYIOIII.HM CKOpOCTb perHcTpau.HH C06bITHH, MOJKeT
6bITb He C4eT4HK, a 3JIeKTpOHHaH CHCTeMa npe,lI.BapHTeJ1bHOfO OT-
60pa H aHaJ1H3a C06bITHH, CTOHIUaH nepe.n. C4eT4HKOM. TaK, KOHelJ-
HbIM MepTBbIM BpeMeHeM 06JIa,lI.a1OT cxeMbI cOBna.n.eHHH, .lI.HCKpHMH-
HaTopbI aMnJIHTY.n., YCTpoHcTBa oT60pa HMnYJIbCOB no cpopMe H ,lI.p.
n pH nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOM coeJJ.HHeHHH 3THX YCTPOHCTB -npOClJeTbI
6y.n.YT onpe.n.eJIHTbCH TeM YCTPOHCTBOM, MepTBoe BpeMH KOToporo
HBJIHeTCH HaH60JIblllHM. MepTBoe BpeMH TaKHX YCTPOHCTB 3a4aCTYlO
6bIBaeT HenOCTOHHHbIM: OHO MO)KeT, HanpHMep, 3aBHceTb OT aMnJIH-
TYJJ.bI CHrHaJIa, YBeJJH4HBaTbCH npH nocTynJIeHHH CJIe.n.YIOIII.ero'
CHfHaJIa BO BpeMH 06pa60TKH npe.n.bI.n.yw.ero (MepTBoe BpeMH npo.n.-
JIeBalOlll.erOCH THna) H T. ,lI..
He3aBHCHMO OT THna YCTpOHCTBa H THna MepTBoro BpeMeHH
(nOCTOHHHoe, HenOCTOHHHoe, npO.LI.JIeBalOIII.eeCH) OU.eHKY npOC4eTOB
MOJKHO npOBo.n.HTb no cpopMYJIe: 6 =n't M npM YCJIOBHH nT M 1.
OpH 3TOM eCJIH TM * canst, TO ,lI.JIH ou.eHKH 6epeTCH HeKOTopoe
cpe,lI.Hee 3Ha4eHHe i M . Hepe.n.Ko 6bIBaeT, O.ll.HaKO, 4TO TM MOJKeT 6bITb
ou.eHeHO JIHllIb no nopH.n.KY BeJIH4HHbI, TaK KaK ero KOHKpeTHoe
3Ha4eHHe 3aBHCHT OT YCJlOBHH 3KcnepHMeHTa, HanpHMep pT cneKTpa
HCCJle.n.yeMoro H3JIY4eHHH. ,LtJIH T04Horo yqeTa npOC4eTOB B 3TOM
CJIYlJae HCnOJIb3yeTcH CneUHaJIbHbIH npHeM - TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH
MeTO.n. C4eTa no «JKHBOMY BperweHH». OOCKOJIbKY 3TOT MeTO.n. 4aIll.e
Bcero npHMeHHeTCH B 3a.n.a4ax aMnJIHTY,lI.Horo aHaJIH3a, OH 6y.n.eT
paCCMOTpeH B CJIe.n.YIOw.eH rJIaBe.
npOMe.>KYT01.JHOe 3anOMHHaHHe U.H pOBOH HH opMau.HH. OpH
06pa60TKe .n.aHHbIX C nOMOI..IJ.blO 3BM B03HHKaeT He06xo.LlHMOCTb
npOMeJKYT04Horo KpaTKOBpeMeHHoro xpaHeHH UH<PPOBOH HHQ:>OP-
Mau.HH (4HCeJI, KO.n.OB) .n.o Toro MOMeHTa, KOrJl.a 3TH ,naHHbIe MorYT
6bITb nepe,naHbI B 3anoMHHal6ll1.ee YCTpOi\CTBO 3BM. 3THMH .n.aH'"
HbIMH MorYT 6bITb: nOKa3aHHH C4eT4HKa, KO.n. aMnJIHTY.lI.bI CHrHaJIa,
KOJJ. BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa, HOMep cpa60TaBlllero .n.eTeKTopa (Ha-
npHMep, HOMep cpa60TaBllleH npOBOJI04KH HCKpOBOH KaMepbI) H
,lI.p. B JII060M CJIY4ae YCTPOHCTBOM npOMeJKYT01.fHOrO xpaHeHHH
,nOJIJKHO 6bITb npHHHTO, 3anOMHeHO Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMH, a 3aTeM
nepe,naHO HeKOTopoe 4HCJIO B TOM HJIM HHOM KO.Lle. Y CTpOHCTBa,
OCYl.I..leCTBJIHIOI..IJ.He YKa3aHHYlO npou.e.n.ypy, a TaK>Ke HeKOTopbIe
190
-..
.lI.PyrHe OnepalI. HH , HanpHMep npe06pa30BaHHe KO.lI.a, Ha3bIBalOTCH
lI.H<PpOBbIMH perHCTpaMH. B HacToHw.ee BpeMH perHCTpbI BbInOJI-
HHIOTCH Ha TpHrrepaX B HHTerpaJIbHOM HCnOJIHeHHH pa3HOrO ypOB-;
HH HHTerpalI.HH H no CBOHM KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM H Q:>YHKlI.HOHaJIbHbIM
oc06eHHOCTHM 6JIH3KH K ClJeTlJHKaM, paCCMOTpeHHbIM BbIllie.
L{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, lJHCJIO, 3anHcaHHoe B nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHOM .lI.BO-
HlJHOM ClJeT4HKe Ha TpHrrepax, MO)KeT 6blTb ClJHTaHO napaJIJIeJIb-
HblM .lI.BOHlJHbIM KO.lI.OM, eCJIH COCTOflHHe Ka)K.lI.OrO TpHrrepa nepe.lI.aTb
no OT.lI.eJIbHOMY KaHaJIY, KaK 310 nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 6.11.
I1pH nO)1.COe.lI.HHeHHH K BbIXO.lI.aM TpHrrepoB JIOrH4eCKHX cxeM
& 6Y.lI.YT OTKpbITbl TOJIbKO Te cxeMbI, Y KOTOpbIX Ha BXO.lI.aX, CBH-
3aHHbIX C TpHrrepaMH, YCTaHOBHJIOCb COCTOHHHe 1. I1MnYJIbc C4H-
u I
TblBaHHH npOH.lI.eT TOJIbKO 4epe3 OTKpbITbIe cxeMbI, H COCTOHHHH
TpHrrepoB 6Y.lI.YT nepeHeceHbI Ha lllHHbI.ClJHTbIBaHI15I B BH.lI.e' napaJI-
JIeJIbHOrO .lI.BOH4HOro KO.lI.a.
OpraHH3alI.HH CBfl3H Me:>K.lI.Y TpHrrepaMH B perHcTpe 3aBHCHT
OT cnoc06a 3anHCH lJHCJIa B perHcTp: napaJIJIeJIbHbIH .lI.BOHlJHbIH
KO.lI., nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJ1bHbIH .lI.BOHlJHbIH KO.lI. H T. n., a TaK>Ke OT cnoc06a
BbIBO.lI.a lJHCJIa H3 perHcTpa. 110 cnoco6y 3anHCH KO.lI.a perHcTpbI
.lI.eJIS1TCH Ha nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHbIe, napaJIJIeJIbHbIe H napaJIJIeJIbHO-
n OCJI e.lI. OB a TeJI bH bI e.
BbIBO.lI. 4HCJIa H3 perHcTpa TaK>Ke MO>KeT oCYllI.eCTBJIS1TbCH KaK
-HapaJIJIeJIbHbIM, TaK H nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHbI KO.lI.OM. B perHcTpe MO-
>KeT OCYllI.eCTBJIS1TbCH TaK>Ke C.lI.BHr 4HCJIa (perHcTpbI C.lI.BHra)
BnpaBo H BJIeBO cooTBeTcTQYIOlll.HMH TaKTOBbIMH CHrHaJIaMH. OlJe-
BH,lI.HO, 4TO npH 3anHCH lJHCJIa B .lI.BOHlJHOM C4eT4HKe C.lI.Bl1r Ha O.lI.HH
TpHrrep BnpaBo 03Ha4aeT YMHO>KeHHe 4HCJ1a Ha 2, a C.lI.BHr BJIeBO -
.lI.eJIeHHe Ha 2.
I1pH C.lI.BHre lJHCJIa BnpaBo TaKTOBbIMH CHrHaJIaMH B nOCJIe.lI.HeM
TpHrrepe perHcTpa nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO B03HHKalOT COCTOHHHH Bcex
TpHrrepoB perHcTpa, Ha4HHaH co CTapJ.llerO, H B03MO)l{Ha nepe.lI.a4a
QHCJIa, 3anHcaHHoro B perHcTpe, B BH.n.e nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHOrO ,lI.BOHlJ-
Horo KO.lI.a (lJTO HCnOJIb3yeTcfI npH TeJIeMeTpH4ecKoH nepe.lI.alJe
HHcpOpMalI. HH ) .
flpOMbllllJIeHHO BblnycKaeMbIe perHcTpbI pa3JIH4alOTCH lJHCJIOM
.lI.BOH4HbIX pa3pH.lI.OB (6HT). BbInycKalOTcH perHcTpbI Ha 8, 16, 24
/(00
al1n/lllmyiJbl
7 1
J m
Hl1nY/lbC
J1... Co/limb/daHliR
v
napa/l/lc//bHb/tL /fOd
PMC. 6.11. C'4HTbIBaHHe nOKa3aHMH TpHrrepHoro C4eT4HKa napaJIJIeJIbHbIM KO.ll.OM
191
6HT: Ha60p HeCKOJIbKHX perHCTpOB B O.lI.HOM 6JIOKe 06pa3yeT 6y-
Q:>epHoe 3Y (nO.lI.p06Hee CM. rJI. 11).
IloMHMo npeo6pa30BaHHH lI.HQ:>POBOH HHQ:>opMaIJ.HH H3 O.lI.HOrO
npe.lI.CTaBJIeHHH B .lI.Pyroe (1'. e. npe06pa30BaHHH KO.lI.OB) Ha npaK-
THKe Hepe.lI.KO npHMeHHeTcH npe06pa30BaHHe lI.HQ:>POBOH BeJIH4HHW
B aHaJIOrOBYIO C nOMOllI.blO CnelI.HaJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB - lI.HQ:>po-
aHaJIOrOBbIX npe06pa30BaTeJIeH (UAIl). B TaKHX YCTpoHcTBax
lI.HQ:>poBaH BeJIH4HHa (KO.lI.) npeo6pa3yeTcH 4allI.e Bcero B BbIXO.lI.-
HOH nOTeHlI.HaJI, 3Ha4eHHe KOToporo npOnOplI.HOHaJIbHO BXO.lI.HOMY
4HCJlY. HeOOXO.lI.HMOCTb B nO.lI.06HOM npe06pa30BaHHH B03HHKaeT
B TOM CJIY4ae, KOr.lI.a ocyuieCTBJIHeTCH oT06pa>KeHHe lI.HQ:>POBOH
HH<POpMalI.HH C nOMOlll.blO caMOnHClI.eB, OClI.HJIJIOrpaQ:>H4eCKHX TPY-
60K H .lI.p., a TaK>Ke B pH.lI.e CneIJ.HaJIbHbIX CJIY4aeB, paCCM aTpHBae-
MbIX B CJIe.lI.YIOllI.eH rJIaBe. I
UH<ppoaHaJIOrOBbIe npe06pa30BaTeJIH C pa3JIH4HbIMH napaMeT-
paMH, xapaKTepH3YIOIJ).HMH pa3pH.lI.HOCTb npe06pa3yeMoro 4HCJIa,
.lI.Hana30H BbIXO.lI.HbIX nOTeHlI.HaJIOB H T. .lI.., BbInYCKalOTCH npOMbIlll-
JIeHHO B MHKpocxeMHOM HCnOJIHeHHH. 06bI4HO npHHlI.HIT .lI.eHCTBHH
TaKHX YCTPOHCTB OCHOBaH Ha JIHHeHHOM CJIO>KeHHH TOKOB, KOTopbIe
npOnOpu.HOHaJIbHW Becy (pa3pH.lI.Y) e.lI.HHHlI. B .lI.BOH4HOM npe.lI.CTaB-
JIeHHH 4HCJIa. HanpHMep, eCJIH B3HTb .lI.BOH4HbIH C4eT4HK, COCTOH-
llI.HH H3 4eTbIpex TpHrrepOB, K BbIXO.lI.Y Ka>K.lI.Oro TpHrrepa nO.lI.Coe-
.lI.HHHTb TOKOBbIH KJII04, ynpaBJIHeMbIH TpHrrepOM TaKHM 06pa30M,
41'0 KJII04 OTKpbIT, eCJIH TpHrrep HaXO.lI.HTCH B COCTOHHHH 1, H nO.lI.aTb
Ha BXO.lI. KJII04a nepBoro TpHrrepa TOK /, BToporo 2/ H T. .lI.., a
BblXO.lI.Hble TOKH OTKpbITbIX KJII04eH CJIO>KHTb Ha 06ll1.eM conpoTHB-
JIeHHH HarpY3KH, TO nOJIY4eHHaH pa3HOCTb nOTeHIJ.HaJIOB 6Y.lI.eT
npOnOplI.HOHaJIbHa 3anHcaHHOMY B C4eT4HKe 4HCJIY. Ha,npaKTHKe
HCnOJIb3YlOT O.lI.HH reHepaTOp TOKa, a CHJIbI TOKOB, nO.lI.aBaeMbIX
Ha KJII04H, .lI.eJIHT C nOMOlll.blO MaTpHIJ.bI- pe3HCTopOB. T04HOCTb
npe06pa30BaHHH KO,lJ. - aHaJIOr B 3TOM CJIY4ae onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH 1'04-
HOCTblO H3rOTOBJIeHHH MaTpHI.J.bI pe3HCTopOB.
\.;
6.3. H3MEPEHHE CPE,l\HEA lfACTOTbl C06blTHA
AHaJlOrOBbIe H3MepHTeJlH Cpe,lJ.HeH qaCTOTbI. Bo MHorHX npHKJIa.lI.-
HbIX 3a.lI.a4ax B03HHKaeT He06xo.lI.HMOCTb HenpepblBHoro KOHTpOJIH
HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3JIY4eHHH, H3MepHeMOH B 4HCJIe cpa6aTbIBaHHH
.lI.eTeKTOpa B e.lI.HHHlI.Y BpeMeHH, T. e. 3Ha4eHHH no. TaKHe H3Me-
peHHH npOBO.lI.HTCH npH KOHTpOJIe pe)KHMa pa60TbI <pH3H4eCKHX
YCTaHOBOK (peaKTopOB, YCKopHTeJIeH), npH .lI.03HMeTpH4eCKOM KOHT-
pOJIe JIa60paTopHH H T. n. L{JIH 3THX lI.eJIeH npHMeHHIOTCH CnelI.H-
aJIbHble YCTpOHCTBa - H3MepHTeJIH Cpe.lI.HeH 4aCTOTbI (vICll). WKa-
JIa HCll OTrpa.lI.YHpOBaHa HenOCpe.lI.CTBeHHO B e.lI.HHHlI.aX no' (HMn./c)
H MO)KeT 6bITb KaK JIHHeHHOH, TaK H JIOrapHcpMH4eCKOH.
OCHOBHblM Y3JIOM JIHHeHHOro aHaJIOrOBOro HCll HBJIHeTCH HH-
TerpHpYlOllI.aH RC - lI.enb (pHC. 6.12).
192
PHC. 6.12. <l>YHKlJ.HOHaJIbHaH cxe-
Ma aHaJIOrOBOro H3MepHTeJIH cpelI,-
HeA lJaCTOTbI
A
HopMa.nUJamop
JapRUa
u
R
I1MnYJIbCbI .n.eTeKTopa /l" HJJ.YUJJ'Ie co Cpe,lI.HeH 43CTOTOH no,
nocTynalOT Ha HOpMaJIH33TOp 3apfl,lI.a, nOCbIJIalOll.I.HH B KOH,IleHCaTOp
C CTaH,lI.apTHbIH 3apH)]. q Ha Ka:>K)].bIH BXO)].HOH HMnYJlbC.
Tor,lI.a 3apH,lI.HbIH TOK KOH,lI.eHCaTOpa C paBeH: i 3ap = qno. Pa3-
pH,lI.HbIH TOK KOH.11.eHCaTOpa C MO)KeT 6bITb 3anHcaH KaK
i pa3p = U IR.
nOCKOJIbKY i 3ap B Cpe,l.l.HeM nOCTOHHHO, a i pa3p . paCTeT C YBeJIH4eHH-
eM U, YCTaHaBJIHB3eTCH paBHOBeCHe:
. .
l3ap = lpa3p,
B 3TOM CJlY4ae U =ql1oR. .v13MepHH U C nOMOUl.blO BOJ1bTMeTpa
(C BXO,ll.HbIM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM R BX R), MO:>KHO OTrpa.n.YHpOBaTb
IlIKaJIY BOJIbTMeTpa HenOCpe,ll.CTBeHHO B etLHHHu.aX Cpe.11.HeH qaCTOTbI
BXO,lI.HbIX HMnYJIbCOB.
nOCKOJlbKY HMnYJIbCbI, npHXO,lI.HLUHe Ha BXO.11. HCY, paCnpe,lI.e-
JleHbl 80 BpeMeHH CTaTHCTH4eCKH, 3apH,l1. Ha C HenpepbIBHO <PJIYK-
TYHpyeT, a CTaJIO 6bITb, <PJIYKTYHpyeT H U. CJ1e.11.0BaTeJIbHO, 11CLJ
onpe,lI.eJIHeT no C HeKoTopoH CTaTHCTH4eCKOH: nOrpelill-IOCTb!O: 3Ha-
4eHHe CTaTHCTH4eCKOH nOrpell1HOCTH (cpJIYKTyaLlHIO I10Ka33HHH
HCY) MOJKHO OI efIHTb H3 3JleMeHTapHbIX co06pa:>KeHHH. ,LleHcTBH-
TeJIbHO, <PYHKLlHH RC-lI.enH COCTOHT B ycpe,lI.HeHHH 3apH,lI.a, BHOCH-
Moro BXO,lI.HWMH HMnYJlbCaMH 3a xapaKTepHoe BpeMH ycpe,ll.HeHHH:
t yep RC.
OOCKOJlbKY nOTOK HMIIYJIbCOB Ha Bxo.n.e - nyaccoHoBCKHH, cpe.11.-
Hee KOJIHLleCTBO 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHblx C06bITHH
-
N not yep = noRC,
a CTaTHCTH4eCKaH norpellIHocTb paBHa jv = -vn RC. OTHOCM-
TeJIbHaH norpeWHOCTb
I
- -
u-----
I - --- - - -- ,
-y'N -VnoRC
T. e. <PJIYKTyaU.HH nOKa3aHHH HCY HMelOT TY me CTaTHCTHqeCKYIO
\I
npHpO.11.Y, liTO H CTaTHCTH4eCK3H 1l0rpeWHOCTb a6COJIlOTHOrO H3Me-
peHHH (C4eTa 4HCJla HMnYJIbCOB).
T'04Hoe 3Ha4eHHe <pJIYKTyaLtHH nOKa3aHHH HCLI MO:iKHO nOJIV-
4HTh, BOCnOJIb30BaBlliHCb <POPMYJIOH K3Mn6e.HJIa, .11.alOI.I..I.eH Bblpa)l{e-
- HMe ,lI.HCnepCHH CJIYlIaHHOH BeJIH\.IHHbI x (t), 06pa30BaHHOH CJIOlKe-'
HHeM HMnYJIbCOB nyaccoHoBCKoro nOTOKa, Ka)K,lI.bIH H3 KOTOpbIX
193
13- 2790
HMeeT <POPMY v (t):
00
D(x) = No v 2 (t)dt.
o
,LlJISI HHTerpHPYIOIll.eH RC-u.enH HanpH)I{eHHe OT OT.lI.eJIbHOrO BXO.lI.-
lioro HMnYJI bca HMeeT BH.lI.
U ( ) = U exp (tIRC); U = qlC.
Tor .lI.a
00 00
D(U) = no U2(t)dt = no ldUexp(t/RC)J2dt = nodU2 C .
o 0
OTHOCHTeJIbHaH <PJIYKTyaU.HH
6u = -yD(U) = tlU v n oRC/2 = I
U qnoR V2 n oRC
HapH.lI.Y co cTaTHcTH4ecKoH norpellIHocTblO BamHeHweH xa-
p3KTepHcTHKOH HCY HBJIHeTCH BpeMH YCTaHOBJIeHHH nOKa3aHHH.
OpH B15JII04eHHH HCY nOKa3aHHH Ha ero lllKaJIe YCTaH3BJIHBalOTCH
He cpa3Y, 3 cnYCTH HeKOTopoe BpeMH, KOr.11.a 6Y.lI.eT .lI.OCTHrHYTO,
.lI.HHaMH4eCKoe paBHOBeCHe i 3ap = i pa3p . T04HO TaK me npH CKa4KO-
06pa3HOM H3MeHeHHH no He cpa3Y YCTaHOBHTCH ROBoe 3H"a4eHHe
no Ha llJK3JIe HCY. npoLlecc YCTaHOBJIeHHH BbIXO.lI.HOrO HanpH>KeHHH
HCY BO BpeMeHH nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 6.13. ECJIH npeHe6pe4b CTaTHC-
TH4eCKHMH <pJIYKTyau.HHMH H paccMaTpHB3Tb npou.ecc YCTaHOBJIe-
HHH BbIXO.lI.HOrO HanpH>KeHHH KaK HenpepbIBHbIH, TO OH 6Y.l1.eT onH-
C BaTbCH ypaBHeHHeM
. U (t) + c dU (I) = qno.
R dt
PelllaH 3TO ypaBHeHHe, nOJIyttaeM
U(t) = U(l - e -IIRC),
r.lI.e U = qnoR - YCTaHOBHBllleeCH 3Ha4eHHe BbIXO,lI.Horo HanpH}Ke-
HHH np" t= 00.
u
U=lJnoR
PMC. 6.13. npou.ecc YCTa-
HOBJIeHHH BblXO.lI.Horo Ha-
np5DKeHHH aHaJIOrOBOro H3-
MepMTeJIH Cpe.lJ.HeH 4aC'rOTbl
o
194
t
cI>opMaJIpHO H3 ypaBHeHHS1 CJIe)1.yeT, 4TO BpeMH YCTaHOBJIeHHS1
nOKa3aHHH HC4 paBHO 6eCKOHe4HOCTH, n03TOMY Heo6xo.lI.HMO onpe-
.lI.eJIHTb 3TO BpeMH H3 pa3YMHbiX <pH3H4eCKHX C006pa)KeHHH. 3a Bpe-
MH YCTaHOBJIeHHH t ye .., npHHHMalOT TaKoe BpeMS1, 4epe3 KOTopoe
3Ha4eHHe U (t yCT ) OTJIH4aeTCH OT npe.lI.eJIbHOrO He 60JIbllle, 4eM Ha
3Ha4eHHe CTaTHCTH4eCKOH norpelliHOCTH:
U (t Y('T) - U =
U u.
OTKY.lI. a
exp (- tycT/RC) = /) = 1/-V2 noR C-; -t YCT = c In ( 2n oRC),
T. e. t YCT pacTeT C pOCTOM RC. Ka4ecTBeHHo 3TOT pe3YJIbTaT MOJKHO
6bIJIO 6bI nOJIY4HTb H H3 04eBH)1.HbIX co06pa)KeHHH, nOCKOJIbKY BbIllie
MbI onpe)1.eJIHJIH RC KaK xapaKTepHoe BpeMH ycpe.lI.HeHHH CTaTHC-
TH4eCKHX C06bITHH.
YBeJIH4eHHe T04HOCTH nOKa3aHHH HC4 (.lI.JIH 4ero CJIe.l1.yeT YBe-
JIH4HBaTb nocToHHHYIO HHTerpHpoBaHHS1) npHBO.l1.H! K YBeJIH4eHHIO
HHepu.HoHHOCTH H 4. Pa3pellleHHe 3Toro npoTHBope4HH, T. e. BbI60p
OnTHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHHS1 BpeMeHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH, onpe,ll,eJIHeTCH
YCJIOBH.HMH 3KcnepHMeHTa.
flOMHMO CTaTHCTH4eCKOH norpeIlIHocTH, HC4 o6JIa.lI.aeT TaK)Ke
annapaTYPHoH norpellIHocTblO. OCHOBHbIM HCT04HHKOM annapaTYP-
HOH 'norpewHocTH HBJIHeTCH <pJIYKTyau.HH 3apH.lI.a q, nO,lI.aBaeMOro
B C OT HOpMaJIH3aTOpa 3apS1,l1,a.
HaH60JIee npocTbIM YCTPOHCTBOM, n03BOJIHIOlll.HM nO.lI.aBaTb B
HHTerpHpylOIll.YIO u.enb HCY paBHbIe nopUHH 3apH)1.a, HBJIHeTCH
cxeM a C .lI.03HpYIOIll.eH eMKOCTblO (pHC. 6.14).
BXO,lI.Hble CHrHaJIbI OT .lI.eTeKTOpa II. nocTynalOT Ha O.lI.HOBu6pa-
TOp OB, KOTOpbIH <PopMHPyeT HMnYJIbCbI cTaH)J.apTHoH 3MnJIHTY.l1.bI
H .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH. 3TH HMnYJIbCbI 3apH)KalOT .lI.03HPYIOIll.HH KOH,lI.eH-
caTOp C A 4epe3 .lI.HO.lI. Dl (D2 B 3TOT MOMeHT 3anepT). flo OKOHl.la-
HHH HMnYJIbCa O.lI.HOBH6paTopa 3apH.lI. H3 C 4epe3 D 2 nepe.lI.aeTCH
B C. L{JIH nOJIHOH nepe.lI.a4H 3apH,lI.a H3 C A B C BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT HanpHJKeHHH U Ha C Heo6xo,ll,HMO BbInOJIHeHHe YCJIOBHH C)J. C.
OpOCTOH HCY C HHTerpHPYIOlI..leH RC-uenblO H CTpeJI04HbIM
BOJIbTMeTpOM HMeeT Y3KHH .lI.Hana30H H3MepeHHH no--B npe)1.eJIax
H3MeHeHHH no He 60JIbWe, 4eM Ha nOpS1.lI.OK BeJ1H4HHbl. ,LlJI5I YBeJIH-
4eHHH ,lI.Hana30Ha H3MepeHHH HCY 060PY.lI.YIOT Ha6opOM RC-u.eneH,
KOTopble nepeKJIlO4alOTC5I BHeWHHM nepeKJIlO4aTeJIeM. Pa3pa6oTaHbI
OB
C
J!
11 1
Dz
u
PHC. 6.14. AHaJIOrOBbIH H3MepH-
TeJ1b cpe.n.HeH 4aCTOTbi C .n.03HPYIO-
llleM eMKOCTblO
C r
R
195
TaK)Ke KOHCTPYKIJ.HH HCll C aBTOMaTH4eCKHM nepeKJII04aTeJIeM
,lI,Hana30Ha H3MepeHHH, a TaK)Ke C aBTOMaTH4eCKHM nepeKJIlO4eHHeM
(YMeHbweHHeM) BpeMeHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH nOKa3aHHH HCll npH CKa"4-
Ko06pa3HOM H3MeHeHHH HHTeHC,HBHOCTH aXO,ll,HbIX HMnYJIbCOB no.
HaKOHeu., ,lI,JIH pa60TbI B llIHpOKOM ,lI.Hana30He H3MeHeHHH no
HCnOJIb3YlOTCH HCll c' JIOrapH<pMH4eCKOH WKaJIOH:
U 19 no.
flpOCTeHllIHH BapHaHT HCll C JIOrapH<pMH4eCKOH WKa.JlOH nOJIY4a-
eTCH nYTeM 3aMeHbI pe3HCTopa R B cxeMe pHC. 6.14 Ha ,lI,HO,ll" BKJIIO-
4eHHbIH B npHMoM HanpaBJIeHHH. Ha4aJIbHbIH Y4acToK (0,1 B)
BOJIbT-aMnepHoH xapaKTepHcTHKH ,lI,HO,lI.a HeJIHHeeH. OH onHCbIBaeTCH
3aBHCHMOCTblO
i = aexp(l3U),
r,ll,e a H f3 - HeKOTopbIe K03<p<pHIJ.HeHTbI. Tor,ll,a npH YCTaHOBHBweM-
CH peJKHMe (i 3ap = i pa3p )
qno = a exp (f3U),
OT KY,lI. a
U =. A In no + B.
,LlHana30H pa60TbI TaKoro HCll HeBeJIHK H3-3a orpaHH4eHHOCTH
3KCnOHeHll.l1aJlbHOr'o ' Y4acTKa BOJIbT-aMnepHoH xapaKTepHcTHKH ,lI,H-
O,ll,a. ,LlJIH YBeJIH4eHHH ,lI,Hana30Ha HCnOJIb3YIOTCH 60JIee CJIO>KHble
cxeMbI, n03BOJIHIOI..LI,He nOJIY4aTb npH6JIHJKeHHO JIOrapH<pMH4ecKYIO
3aBHCHMOCTb C nOMOl.lJ,blO KOM6HHau.HH H3 HeCKOJIb'KHX RC-IJ.eneH
C pa3HoH nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH.
LlHtjJpoBble H3-MepHTeJlH Cpe,ll,HeH lJaCTOTbl. flpeHMyw.ecTBo aHa-
JIOrOBblX iCll - B HX npocToTe. O,l1.HaKO B Tex CJIY4aHx,. KOr,ll,a
HCll o60PY,11.YIOTCH ,l1.0nOJIHH'TeJIbHbIMH YCTpoHcTBaMH aBTOMaTH4e-
CKoro nepeKJII04eHHH ,11.Hana30Ha H3MepeHHH, BpeMeHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH
H T. n., 3TO npeHMyw.ecTBo B 3Ha4HTeJIbHOH Mepe YTpa4HBaeTcH.
B nO,ll,06HbIX CJIY4aHx 60JIee ueJIeC006pa3HbIM HBJIHeTCH npHMeHe-
HHe UH<PPOBbIX HCll, n03BOJIHIOW,HX K TOMY >Ke C4HTbIBaTb HH<POP-
MaIJ.HIO B U.H<PPOBOM BH,lI,e, B TOM 4HCJIe B BH,lI,e KO,l1.a ,11.JIH aBTOMaTH-
4eCKOH 06pa60TKH HJIH 3anHCH HHQ:>opMaUHH.
B JIHTepaType npe,ll,JIO.lKeHO MHoro BapHaHTOB ll.H<PPOBbIX HCll,
pa3JIH4alOw.HxcH KaK no CBOHM <PYHKu.HOHaJIbHbIM B03MO)KHOCTHM,
TaK H no cnoc06aM HX peaJIH3aIJ.HH. O,ll,HaKO B OCHOBe Bcex 3THX
BapHaHTOB JIeJKaT TpHrrepHbIe C4eT4HKH HMnYJIbCOB, npOH3BO.lI.HI..IJ.He
C4eT nocTynalOw.HX CHrHaJIOB, 3a 3a.lI.aHHOe BpeMH.
PaCCMOTpHM B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa (pHC. 6.15) ynpow.eHHYIO
<PYHKl.I.HOHaJIbHYIO cxeMY U.H<ppoBoro HCll C aBTOMaTH4eCKHM YCTa-
HOBJIeHHeM BpeMeHH ycpe,11.HeHHH TaKHM 06pa30M, 4TO CTaTHCTH4e-
CKafl norpewHocTb H3MepeHHH JIeJKHT B npe.l1.eJIax 1-3%, BHe 3a-
BHCHMOCTH OT 3Ha4eHHH Cpe.l1.HeH 4aCTOTbi BXO.lI.HbIX C06bITHH no-
OCHOBY HCY COCTaBJIHeT C4eT4HK H3 4eTblpex .l1.eKa.l1. lI.l - D. 4.
196
no
Ta I1l'1ep
)
c::s
QJ
5/l0/fLLpogffa
S Tp
,,!ll7patJ/l Hlie 11
R
Copoc
c'Iem'llLffo8
PHC. 6.15. YnpOIlI.eHHa51 QJYHKu,HoHa.l1bHa51 cxeMa LI.HcppoBoro H3MepHTeJ151 Cpe.lI.HeH
lfa CTOTbI
C4eT4HK /1. I /1.4 COClIHTbIBaeT KOJIH4eCTBO HMnYJIbCOB 3a 3a,ll,aHHbIH
HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH t, nOCJIe 4erO ero BXO,ll, 6JIOKHPyeTcH KJII040M K I,
a HHcpopMaIJ.HH nepeHOCHTCH B perHCTp xpaHeHHH, COe,ll,HHeHHbIH
4epe3 ,lI,eWH<ppaTOp C l.I.H<PpOBbIM HH,lI,HKaTopOM. OOCJIe nepeHoca
'4HCJIa B perHCTp xpaHeHHH C4eT4HK J1.1 - /1. 4 pa36JIOKHpyeTcH H
perHcTpHpyeT BXO,ll,Hble CHrHaJIbl 3a CJIe,ll,YIOllI.H.H HHTepBaJI BpeMe-
HH t. CJIe,ll,OBaTeJIbHO, Ha HH,lI,HKaTOpax BbICBe4HBaeTCH KOJIH4eCTBO
HMnYJIbCOB, 3aperHCTpHpOBaHHbIX 3a HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH t, npe,ll,-
weCTBYIOllI.HH TeKyw.eMY IJ.HKJIY H3MepeHHH. Y,lI,06HO BbI6paTb HHTep-
BaJtI BpeMeHH t KaK 10' C.
ECJIH 1 0 (T. e. t= 1 c; 10 c; 100 C H T. )1..), TO ,lI,JIH nOJIY4eHHH
3Ha4eHHH no B HMn./c Y 4HCJIa, BbIBe,ll,eHHOrO Ha HH,lI,HK3TOpbI,
,lI,OJI)I{HbI 6bITb OT ,lI,eJIeHbI 3 anHToH I l.I.H<pP cnpaBa. H/anpOTHB, eCJI H
1<0 (T. e. t = 0,1 c; 0,01 C H T. .l1..), K 4HCJIY, 3anHcaHHoMY Ha
HH,lI.HKaTOpax, .l1.0JI)I{HO 6bITb ,lI,06aBJIeHO I HYJIeH cnpaBa.
HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH ycpe.l1.HeHHH t Bw6HpaeTcH TaKHM o6pa30M,
4T06bI 4HCJIO HMnYJIbCOB, COC4HTaHHblX C4eT4HKOM J1. 1- /1.4, JIe)l{aJIO
B npe.l1.eJIax N= 10 -;-104, 4TO o6ecrie4HBaeT cTaTHcTH4ecKYIO no-
rpewHocTb B npe.l1.eJIax 1-3 %.
,LlJIH 3TOH IJ.eJIH CJIY)I{HT ynpaBJIHeMblH TaHMep, BbIpa6aTbIBa-
IOlll.HH nOCJIe,ll,OB3TeJIbHOCTb CHrHaJIOB, OTCTOHllI.HX OT MOMeHTa Ha-
4aJIa H3MepeHHH Ha HHTepBaJIbI 0,01 c; 0,1 c; 1 c; 100 c. CHfHaJIbI
TaHMepa nO,ll,aIOTCH\I Ha KJII04 K2, ynpaBJIHeMbIH TpHrrepoM Tp.
Ha S-BXO.l1. TpHrrepa Tp nO,ll,aeTCH HMnYJIbC nepenOJIHeHHH, CHHMa-
eMbIH C BbIXO,ll,a ,lI,eKa,ll,bI J1. 3 C4eT4HKa J1.1 - /1. 4. 0 pH Ha60pe C4eT-
4HKOM 10 3 BXO,ll,HbIX CHrHaJIOB HMnYJIbC nepenOJIHeHHH ,lI,eKa,ll,bI /1.3
YCTaHOBHT TpHrrep Tp B COCTOHHHe JIorH4ecKoH e,ll,HHHIJ.bI H TeM
caMbIM oTKpoeT K2. DJIH)I{3HlllHH BO 'BpeMeH'H HMnYJIbC TaHMepa
197
npOM,LI.eT 4epe3 K2 H 3anYCTHT O,LI.HOBH6paTOp OB I. HMnYJIbCOM
O,llHOBH6paTOpa .OBI OCYIII.eCTBJIHeTCH 4epe3 KJII04 KI 6JIOKHpOBK3
C4eT4HKa /1, 1 - /1,4, OCTaHOBKa H c6poc TaMMepa 11 nepeHOC 4HCJIa,
3anHCaHHOrO B C4eT4HKe, B perHCTp XpaHeHHH. O,LI.HOBpeMeHHO ,llO-
nOJIHHTeJIbHbIM C4eT4HK, CBH3aHHbIM C TaHMepOM, YCTaHaBJIHBaeT
4epe3 CBOM perHCTp XpaHeHHH nOJIOJKeHHe 3anHTOM Ha HH,II.HKaTOpe.
,[(0 OKOH4aHHH HMnYJIbCa OJJ.HoBH6paTopa OBI HMnYJIbCOM O,LI.HO-
BH6paTopa OB 2 , 3a,II.epJKaHHbIM Ha BpeMH., Heo6xo.l1.HMOe ,LI.JIH nepe-
Hoca 4HCeJI H3 C4eT4HKa /1, 1 - /1, 4 H C4eT4HKa nOJIOJKeHH5I 3an5lTOM,
C4eT4HKH C6paCbIBalOTCH B HYJIeBOe COCTOHHHe. no, OKOH4aHHH
HMnYJIbCa 0,II.HOBH6paTopa OBI C4eT4HK /1,1-11.4 H TaHMep pa3-
6JIOKHPYIOTCH, H I.J.HKJI H3MepeHHH nOBTopHeTCH.
KOHTpOJlbHble BonpOCbI
1. B03M.Q)KeH JIH CLJeT nOCJIe.n.OBaTe.J1bHbIX CHrHaJIOB (HMnYJIbCOB) oe3 npoc-
4 eTO B :
a) HeB03MO)KeH;
6) B03MO)KeH, eCJIH CHrHaJIbI pacnpe.n.eJIeHbI BO BpeMeHH paBHOMepHO;
B) B03MO}l(eH, eCJIH MHHHMaJlbHbIH HHTepBaJI Me}l(.lJ.Y CHrHaJIaMH OTJIHLJeH OT
HYJIH?
2. B03MO}l(eH JIH CLJeT CHrHaJIOB OT .lI.eTeKTOpa, 00JIY4aeMoro pa.lJ.HOaKTHBHbIM
, HCTOLJHHKOM, oe3 npOClJeToB:
a) B03MO}l(eH .n.JIH .n.eTeKTopoB, HMelOlllHX COOCTBeHHoe MepTBoe BpeMH;
0) B03MO)KeH, eCJIH HHTeHCHBHOCTb OOJlYlfeHHH .n.OCTaTOlfHO MaJla;
B) HeB03MO)KeH?
3. 4TO HY}I(HO C.lI.eJIaTb .n.J1H Toro, LJTOObI .lJ.BOH4HbIH aCHHxpoHHbIH CLfeT4HK pa-
OOTaJI He B pe}l(HMe CJIO)KeHHH, a B pe}l(HMe BbI4HTaHHH:
a) H3MeHHTb nOJIHpHOCTb BXO.n.HbIX CHrHaJIOB;
0) H3MeHHTb CBfl3H Me>K.n.y TpHrrepaMH ClJeT4HKOB;
B) npO.lJ.eJIaTb 06e Onepau,HH?
4. )].JIfI 4ero npHMeHHeTcH npe.n.ycTaHo,BKa C4eT4HKa:
a) .lJ.JIH 3a.lJ.aHHH H'Y}I(HOrO MO.n.YJlH eTa;
0) .lJ.JIH 3a.lJ.a HHH HY)KHOH CTaTHCTMKH;
B) .lJ.JIH 3a.lI.aHHH HY)KHOrO BpeMeHH H3MepeHHH?
5. Cyw.ecTBYIOT CLJeTHbIe YCTpoHcTBa C TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM MepTBblM BpeMeHeM
npO.lJ.JIeBalOll(erOCH THna. CYTb 3Toro nOHflTHH COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO eCJIH B C4eT4HK
B TeLJeHHe LM nona.n.aeT ew.e O.lI.HH CHrHaJI, MepTBoe BpeMH C4eT4MKa YBeJ1H4HBaeTCH
Ha LM OT MOMeHTa npHXO.lJ.a 3Toro CHrHaJIa. KaK oY.lI.eT MeHflTbCH CKOpOCTb C4eTa
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a) paCTH HeorpaHH4eHHO;
0) paCTH .lJ.0 MaKCH MaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHHH n m8x ;
B) CHa4aJI a paCTH, a 3aTeM YMeHblUaTbcH?
6. KaKoe YCTPOHCTBO HY)KHO nOCTaBHTb Ha BXO.lI.e aHaJIOrOBOro M3MepHTeJIH CKO-
POcTH.c4eTa .lJ.JIH H3MeHeHHH ero .lJ.Hana30Ha H3MepeHHfI:
a) nepec4eTHoe YCTPOHCTBO;
0) pa3paBHHBalOllI.ee YCTPOHCTBO;
198
B) JIIOOOe H3 HHxt
7. S03MO)KHO JIH nOBbllUeHHe T04HOCTH nOKa3aHHH HC4 .lI.JIH 3a.lJ.aHHOH HHTeH-
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a) B03MO}l(HO;
0) HeB03MO}l(HO;
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fJlASA 7
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MorYT 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaHbI ,LI.Ba MeTOJ1.a: aMnJIHTY.11.HOrO H BpeMeH-
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4aCTHli.bl B .11.eTeKTOpe, BO BTOpOM - BpeMH npOJIeTa 4aCTHli.eH
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CJIY4aeB 3TH MeTO,LI.bl npHMeHHIOTCH COBMeCTHO - HanpHMep, B
3a,LI.a4aX H)].eHTH<pHKaIl.HH 4aCTHIl., KOr,LI.a HY:>KHO. onpe.11.eJIHTb He
TOJIbKO 3HeprH , HO 11 Maccy 4aCTHI.J.bI.
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coeKTpOB - OHa rOpa3.11.0 lllHpe. KaK 6Y,LI.eT nOKa3aHO B rJI. 8, 06a
MeTO,LI.a WHpOKO npHMeHHIOTcH )].JIH H3MepeHHH Koop)].HHaT 4aCTHIl.
B n03HI.J.HOHHO-4YBCTBHTeJIbHbIX .l1.eTeKTOpax Ii, CJIe.l1.0BaTeJlbHO, ,LI.JIH
nOJIY4eHHH npocTpaHcTBeHH x pacnpe.11.eJIeHHH TpaeKTopHH 4aCTHli..
KpoMe Toro, BpeMeHHoH aHaJIH3 - 3TO MeTO.l1. npHMoro H3Y4eHHH
BpeMeHHoH nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJI bHOCTH <pH3H4ecKoro npoIl.ecca; B03MO)K-
HOCTH MeTO,lI.a Ha CerO.l1.HHlllHHH ,LI.eHb orpaAH4eHbI BpeMeHeM no-
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HbIX )].eTeKTopOB).
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MeTO)].OB eCTb O,LI.HO 06w.ee CBOHCTBO: B 060HX CJIY4aHX pe4b H,LI.eT
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B OTbICKaHHH (H3MepeHHH) nJIOTHOCTH BepoHTHoCTH P (X) HCCJIe.l1.ye-
Moro napaMeTpa X B HeKoTopoM HenpepbIBHoM ,lI.Hana30He 3Ha4e-
HHM 3Toro napaMeTpa.
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. ,LI.HTCH MeTO.11.0M MHorOKaHaJIbHOrO (aMllJIHTY,LI.HOrO HJIH BpeMeHHoro)
199
aHaJIH3a. I1cCJIe.LI.yeMbIH .l1.Hana30H 3HaqeHHH napaMeTpa X pa36H-
BaeTCH Ha KOHe4Hoe 4HCJIO HHTepBaJIOB lllHpHHOH LlX, KOTopbIe
Ha3bIBalOT KaHaJIaMH. B npouecce H3MepeHHH .11.JJH KamAoro nOCTY-
nalOl1l.erO CHrHa.J1a onpeAeJIHeTCH npHHaA.J1e:>KHOCTb napaMeTpa X
K TOMY H.J1H HHOMY KaHa.J1Y H npOH3BOAHTCH C4eT C06bITHH no K3:>K-
JI.OMY KaHaJIY OT,LleJIbHO. Pe3YJIbTaTOM TaKoro nOKaHaJIbHOro C4eT3
6YAeT 3aBHCI1MOCTb tIHCJIa OTC4eTOB 01' HOMepa KaHa.J1a - TaK H3-
3bIBaeMaH rHC1'orpaMMa. OqeBHAHO, 41'0 Ka>K)1.aH T04Ka rHCTorpaM-
MbI eCTb HH1'erpaJI 01' P (X) B npe.11.eJ1ax COO1'BeTCTBYIOI..I.J.erO KaH3.J1a.
TaKHM 06pa30M, rHC1'orpaMMa eCTb HeKoe npH6.nHJKeHHe K HCKO-
MOMY cneKTpy P (X). CTeneHb npH6.nH:>KeHHH onpeAeJIHeTCH CTe-
neHblO AHCKpeTH3aUHH (IllHpHHOH KaHaJIa AX) H cTa1'HcTH4ecKoH
norpelllHoc1'bIO OTC4eTOB B KaJK,lI.OM KaHaJIe.
B Ka4eCTBe npoc1'oro npHMepa paccMoTpHM aMnJIH1'YAHbIH
cneKTp CHrHaJIOB, CHHMaeMblX co Cil.HH1'H.J1.J1Hu,HOHHoro .n.eTeKTopa
He60JIbWOrO (---- 5 CM) pa3Mepa H3 OCHOBe KpHCTaJIJIa NaI (TI)
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200
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3aBHCHT OT nOCTaHOBKH 3a.ll.a4H.
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OTHOCI1TeJIbHOH. cTaTHcTHllecKoH norpewHocTH llHCJ1a OTClleTOB B
Ka}K)J.OM KaHaJIe. . _
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waIOTCH, O)J,HaKO npH .lI.OCTH}KeHHH 4HCJIa KaHaJIOB 5-6 Ha Y4acToK,
paBHbIfl llIHpHHe nHKa Ha nOJIOBHHe ero BbICOTbI, npaKTH4ecKH
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npH 3TOM 4HCJIe KaHaJIOB (6e3 YlJeTa CTaTHCTH4eCKOH norpeWHOCTH
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HbI nHKa Ha nOJIOBHHe ero BbICOTbI. ,L:{JIH Toro 4T06bI CTaTHCTH4e-
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HO BO Bcex KaHaJIaX, npHHa.ll.JIe}KaI1l.HX nHKY.
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201
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KaHaJIOB, TaK lIT06bI B npe eJIax O HOH rpynnbI KaHaJIbI 6bIJIH
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MepHO paBHYID T04HOCTb H3MepeHHH BO BceM Hana30He H3Mepfle-
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OCHOBHOH MeTO , npHMeHfleMbIH B HaCTOfllll.ee BpeMfI JIfI MHoro-
KaHaJIbHOrO aHaJIH3a,- 3TO MeTO aHaJIOrO-UH<ppOBoro npe06pa-
30BaHHfI. Y CTpOHCTBa, npHMeHfleMbIe JIfI 3TOH ueJIH, Ha3bIBalOTCfI
aHaJIOrO-lI.H<pPOBbIMH npe06pa30BaTeJIflMH. Ha BXO npe06pa30Ba-
TeJIfI nocTynaeT aHaJIOrOBafl BeJIH4HHa (aMnJIHTy a HMnYJIbCa,
HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH) , Ha Bblxo e CHHMaeTCfI lI.H<pPOBOH KO 3TOH
BeJIH4HHbI - HOMep KaHaJIa, KOTOPOMY 3Ta BeJIH4HHa COOTBeTcTByeT.
Ko npe CTaBJIfleT C060H orpaHH4eHHYlO nOCJIe OBaTeJIbHOCTb CTaH-
apTH30BaHHbIX no aMnJIHTy e H JIHTeJIbHOCTH 3JIeKTpH4eCKHX
HMnYJIbCOB.
B npOCTeHllIeM CJIY4ae KO BbIpa6aTbIBaeTCfI B BH e Ha60pa
nOCJIe OBaTeJIbHbIX HMnYJIbCOB, 4HCJIO KOTOpbIX paBHO HOMepy Ka-
HaJIa. 3TO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH JIHHeHHbIH nOCJIe OBaTeJ1bHbIH KO .
TaKoH KO Tpe6yeT JIfI CBoeH nepe a4H Bcero JIHWb O HOH JIHHHH
(npOBo a), OH OBOJIbHO nOMeXOYCTOH4HB, TaK KaK CJIY4aHHafl no-
Tepfl O Horo CHrHaJIa B Ko e HJIH 06aBJIeHHe JIHWHerO CHrHaJIa
H3-3a HaBO KH He npHBO HT K cyIlI.eCTBeHHbIM HCKa}KeHHflM KO H-
pyeMoro pacnpe eJIeHHfI. He OCTaTKOM TaKoro Ko a flBJIfleTCfI
cpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIbllIOe BpeMfI ero nepe aqH. ,L:{JIfI COKpalll.eHHfI
BpeMeHH nepe a4H npHMeHfleTCfI BOHqHWH nOCJIe OBaTeJIbHWH KO ,
npe CTaBJIfllOllI.HH C060H nOCJIe OBaTeJIbHOCTb 3JIeKTpH4eCKHX HM-
nYJIbCOB, B KOTOpOH Ka)K bIH HMnYJIbC COOTBeTcTByeT HYJIIO HJIH
e HHHue B BOH4HOH 3anH H 4HCJIa - HOMepa KaHaJIa. fIpH 3TOM
HYJIH MorYT nepe aBaTbCfI nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIMH HMnYJIbCaMH, a e H-
HHUbI - OTpHuaTeJIbHbIMH. lIalll.e, O HaKO, npHMeHfleTCfI YHHnOJIflp-
Hoe KO HpOBaHHe: e HHHUbI KO HPYIOTCfI 3JIeKTpH4eCKHMH HMnYJIb-
caMH TOH HJIH HHOH nOJIflpHOCTH, a HYJIH - OTCYTCTBHeM HMnYJIb-
CO . rIp04ecTb TaKOH KO HeTpY HO, eCJIH 3a aTb qaCTOTY, C KOTO-
pOH OJI}KHbI CJIe OBaTb CHrHaJIbl.
HaHMeHbllIee BpeMfI nepe a4H Tpe6yeTcfI J1f1 BOH4Horo na-
paJIJIeJIbHOrO Ko a, B KOTOpOM Bce BOH4HbIe pa3pfl)..lbI 4HCJIa nepe-
- aIOTCH O HOBpeMeHHO, Ka}K bIH no CBoeH JIHHHH. Ha pHC. .7.2
B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa npe CTaBJIeHa nepe a4a 4HCJIa 11 B JIHHeHHOM
202
nOCJle.lI.OBaTeJIbHOM KO.lI.e (a), .lI.BOHlJHOM nOCJIe,ll.OBaTeJlbHOM KO,ll.e
(6) H ,lI.BOHqHOM na paJlJleJlbHOM KO,ll.e (8). ,[{PyrHe BH,lI.bI KO.lI.OB
(JI.BOHq HO-,lI.eCHTHlJ Hble, BOCbMepHqHble H ,lI.p.) B aHaJlOro-u.H<pPOBbIX
npeoopa30BaTeJlHX npMMeHHIOTCH ,lI.OBOJIbHO pe,ll.KO.
npH KO,ll.HpOBaHHH aHaJlOrOBOH BeJlHqHHbI ,lI.BOHqHbIM nOCJIe.lI.O-
BaTeJlbHbIM HJlH .lI.BOHlJHbIM napaJlJIeJlbHbIM KO,ll.OM OOblqHO BMeCTO
M3KCHMaJIbHOrO lJHCJla KaHaJlOB KO.lI.HpOBaHHH YKa3WBaeTCH MaKCH-
MaJIbHOe lJHCJIO ,lI.BOHqHbIX pa3pH,lI.OB R, KOTopoe MO}KeT ObITb HC-
nOJlb30BaHO ,lI.JlH 3anHCH KO.lI.OB aHaJlOrOBOH BeJIHlJHHbI - TaK H3-
3WBaeM3H pa3pH,lI.HOCTb KO,ll.HpOBaHHH. P33PH,lI.HOCTb KO,ll.HpOBaHHH
CBH3aHa C MaKCHMaJIbHbIM qHCJlOM KaH3J10B KO,ll.HpOBaHHH Kmax
npOCTbIM COOTHOlIleHHeM: Kmax =2R -1. HanpHMep, rnecTHpa3pH,lI.-
HWH aHaJIOrO- H<ppOBOH npeoopa30BaTeJlb pa30HBaeT .lI.Hana30H
H3MepHeMoH aHaJIOrOBOH BeJIHlJHHbI Ha Kmax =2 6 -I =63 KaHaJl3,
64-H (HYJleBoH) KaHaJI, cooTBeTcTBYIOIll.HH HYJIHM BO Bcex ,lI.BOHlJ-
HbIX pa3pH,lI.aX, HH<popMa HH 0 KO.lI.HPyeMoH BeJlHlJHHe He CO,ll.ep}KHT.
YCTpOHCTBO ,lI.JlH nOJIYlJeHHH rHCTporpaMM HCCJle,ll.yeMblx pacnpe-
.lI.eJleHHH aHaJIOrOBbIX BeJlHlJHH - MHorOKaH3J1bHbIH aHaJlH3aTOp-
nOMHMO AIJ,Il ,lI.OJI}KHO CO,ll.ep}KaTb YCTPOHCTBO ,lI.JlH CqeTa H xpa-
HeHHH (T. e. H3KOnJleHHH) H<PPOBOH HH<popMa HH - 33nOMHHalO-
ll.I.ee YCTPOHCTBO 3Y (pHC. 7.3). I1cCJIe.lI.yeMaH aHaJlOrOBaH BeJlH-
4HHa nO,ll.aeTCH Ha BXO,ll. All. fl. Ko,ll. 3TOH BeJlHlJHHbI nocTynaeT C
BbIXO,ll.a npeoopa30BaTeJIH Ha BXO,ll. a,ll.peCHOro YCTpoHcTBa 3Y. 3Y
CO,ll.ep)KHT Ha60p H4eeK (KaHaJIOB) naMHTH, 4HCJIO KOTOpbIX p3BHO
MaKCHMaJIbHOMY lJHCJlY KaHaJIOB aHaJlH3aTopa. IlocJle nepe,ll.a4H
KO.lI.a a,ll.peCHoe YCTPOHCTBO HaXO,ll.HT B 3Y HlJeHKY (KaHaJl) naMHTH
C HOMepOM, paBHbIM KO.lI.Y. H3H,lI.eHHaH HlJeHKa naMHTH nO.lI.COe.lI.H-
HHeTCH K 3pH<pMeTHlJeCKoMY YCTPOHCTBY, KOTopoe OCYIll.eCTBJlHeT
npHOaBJleHHe e,ll.HHHJJ.bI K 1.fHCJIY, CO,ll.ep)Kalll.eMYCH B BbJOpaHHOH
H1.feHKe. YnpaBJleHHe nOCJle.lI.OBaTeJlbHOCTblO Bcex 3THX onepau.HH
OCYll.I.eCTBJIHeTCH C nOMOllI.blO CneIJ.HaJIbHOrO 0J10Ka yrrpaBJIeHHH.
TaKHM oopa30M, nOCJIe JJ.HKJla H3MepeHHH B Ka}K,lI.OM 3Y oY,lI.eT
3anHC3HO lJHCJlO, cooTBeTcTBYlOll.I.ee KOJ1H1.JeCTBY KO,ll.OB 3Toro KaHaJla,
npHllIe,ll.llIHX OT npeoopa30BaTeJIH B .3Y 3a BpeMH 3KcnepHMeHTa.
LlJlH HaOJIIO,lI.eHHH 3a XO.lI.OM 3KcnepHMeHTa H BbIBO.lI.a ero pe3YJlb-
TaTOB CJIY:»<:HT YCTPOHCTBO BbIBO.lI.a, OCYIII.eCTBJlHIOllJ.ee nOKaH3JIbHbIH
PHC. 7.3. <l>YHKU,HO-
HaJIbHaH cxeMa MHO-
rOKaHaJIbHOrO aHa-
JIH3aTOpa aHaJIOrO-
BOH BeJIHLfHHbI
!lcmpot1cmdo
8,Jl8ooa
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203
onpoc 3Y H OTOOpa}KeHHe 4HCeJl, XpaHflIlI.HXCH B Ka)K,lI.OM l{aHaJIe,
B TOM HJlH HHOM BH,lI.e Ha 3KpaH OCIJ.HJlJlOrpaQ:>a, UHQ:>pOne4aTb H T. n.
YCTpOHCTBO, paOOTalOIlI.ee no onHcaHHOMY npHHIJ.Hny, MO)KeT
OblTb OQ:>opMJleHO He TOJlbKO B BH,lI.e OT,lI.eJIbHOrO npHoopa - MHoro-_
KaHaJIbHOrO aHaJIH3aTopa. B HaCTOHIlI.ee BpeMH ,lI.JlfI npHeMa, oopa-
60TKH, HaKOnJIeHHH H npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHH U,HQ:>POBOH HHQ:>opMaUHH (rHC-
TorpaMM pacnpe,lI.eJleHHH) 4aIlI.e npHMeHfllOTCfI MHHM- HJIH MHKpO-
3BM.
KO,lI.HpOBaHHe aHaJIOrOBWX BeJIH4HH (aMnJIHTY,lI.W HMnYJIbCa MJIH
,lI.JlHTeJlbHOCTH BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa) WHpOKO npMMeHfleTCfI He
TOJIbKO ,lI.JIH nOJIyqeHHH 3HepreTHQeCKHX, BpeMeHHbIX, npOCTpaHCTBeH-
HbIX H ,lI.pyrHx cneKTpaJIbHbIX pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHH. OHO B HaCTOfllll.ee
BpeMfI HcnoJlb3yeTcfI TaK>Ke H B YCTpOHCTBax npe,lI.BapHTeJlbHOrO
OToopa C06bITHH ,lI.JIfI BblpaOOTKH TpHrrepa. B CJ10)KHbIX 3KcnepH-
MeHTax aJIrOpHTM OToopa pe,lI.KHX C06WTHH 3<p<peKTHBHO peaJIH3Y-
eTCH TOJIbKO C nOMOIlI.blO cneunpou.eCCOPOB, MHKponp0u.eccopOB H
,lI.a>Ke MHKp03BM, nOCKOJIbKY 06bP.JHbIe annap.aTypHbIe Cpe,lI.CTBa
npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOrO OToopa (,lI.HCKpHMMHaTopbI, cxeMbl COBna.n.eHHH
H ,lI.p.) B 3TOM CJIY4ae He n03B0J1f1IOT 06ecne4MTb 3Q:><peKTHBHoe
nO,lI.aBJIeHHe Q:>OHa.
PaCCMOTpHM OCHOBHble napaMeTpbI aHaJ10rO-UHQ:>pOBbIX npe06-
pa30BaTeJIeH. B JIHHeHHbIX npeoopa30BaTeJIHX CBfl3b Me>KD.Y KO,lI.OM
K (HOMepOM KaHaJIa) H KO,lI.HpyeMoH BeJIH4HHOH X ,lI.OJI}KHa onHCbI-
BaTbCH BbIpa)KeHHeM: K =a+ bX, r,lI.e a - HeKOTopaH KOHCTaHTa
(nopor npH a<O, nbe,lI.eCTaJI npH a> 0), b - K03Q:><pHUHeHT lIpe-
06pa30BaHHH. BeJIM4HHa lib Ha3WBaeTCH ueHoH KaHaJIa H paBHa
IIIHpHHe KaHaJIa (wary ,lI.HCKpeTH3au.MH). 04eBH,lI.HO, 4TO llIHpHHa
KaHaJIa eCTb TaK)Ke H a6COJIIOTHaH norpeWHOCTb M3MepeHHH X.
PeaJIbHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa npe06pa30BaHHfI BCer,lI.a OTJ1H4aeTCH
OT H,lI.eaJlbHOH (JlHHeHHOH). MepoH OTKJlOHeHHH peaJIbHOH xapaKTe-
o u
pHCTHKH OT H,lI.eaJIbHOH flBJIHeTCH HHTerpaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb.
Onpe,lI.eJIeHHe HHTerpaJIbHOH HeJIHHeHHOCTM HBJIfleTCH 06III.HM ,lI.JIH
Bcex CHCTeM C JIHHeHHOH xapaK pHCTHKOH npe06pa30BaHHfI - MaK-
CHMaJIbHOe OTKJIOHeHHe peaJIbHOH (M3MepeHHOH) xapaKTepHCTMKM
OT H,lI.eaJIbHOH, OTHeceHHoe K MaKCHMaJIbHOMY 3Ha4eHHIO napaMeTpa
Ha KOHue IIIKaJIbI. HHTerpaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb npe06pa30BaTeJIeH,
KaK H aHaJIOrH4HaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb B TpaKTax YCHJIHTeJIeH, npHBO.lI.HT
K HeKOTopOMY CMeIl.I.eHHIO MaKCHMYMOB cneKTpaJIbHbIX JIMHHH H
norpeWHOCTH B onpe,lI.eJIeHHH HX HCTHHHoro nOJIO>KeHHfI. OpH npe-
UH3HOHHWX H3MepeHHHX CTapalOTCH nOJIb30BaTbCfI peaJIbHOH xapaK-
TepHCTHKOH npe06pa30BaHHfI, H3MepeHHOH B pe3YJIbTaTe rp?,lI.YMpOB-
KH. O,lI.HaKO, nOCKOJIbKY rpa,lI.YHpOBKa 06bI4HO npOBO,lI.HTCfI no orpa-
HH4eHHOMY 4HCJIY T04eK, xapaKTepHCTHKY npeo6pa30BaHHH HHTep-
nOJIHpYIOT.. HeKOTopbIM nOJIHHOMOM no CTeneHHM X, nO,lI.rOHHeMbIM
K T04KaM rpa,lI.YHpOBKH M.eTO,lI.OM HaHMeHblllHX KBa,lI.paTOB.
AHaJIOrH4HO BceM ,lI.PyrHM JIMlieHHbIM CHCTeMaM onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH
H ,lI.HQ:><t>epeHUHaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb. B CJIyqae aHaJIOrO-UMQ:>pOBbIX
204
npe06pa30BaTeJIeH pOJIb ,LI.H<t><pepeH-
lI.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeHHOCTH B HCKalKeHHH
CneKTpOB BH,LI.Ha HaH60JIee HarJIH,LI.HO.
,L{JIH aHaJIOrO-lI.H4>POBbIX npe06pa-
30BaTeJIeH MepOH ,LI.H4><pepeHlI.HaJIbHOH
HeJIHHeHHOCTH HBJIHeTCH OTHOCHTeJI5-
HOe OTKJIOHeHHe IIIHpHHbI KaHaJIa
K == 1/8 OT CpelI,Hero 3HalleHHH IIIH-
pHHW KaHaJIa K BO BceM ,LI.Hana30He
Ko.n.HpoBaHHH. ,L{H4><pepeHlI.HaJIbHaH
HeJIHHeHHOcTb, KaK Y)Ke ynoMHHaJIOCb
B rJI. 3, npHBO,LI.HT K HCKa)KeHHIO
<POpMbI cneKTpaJIbHoH JIHHHH, a CJIe,LI.o-
BaTeJIbHO, npH annpOKCHMalI.HH JIHHHH
KaKOH-JIH60 <PYHKlI.HH K norpelllHocTHM
B onpe.n.eJIeHHH nOJIO)KeHHH ee MHHH-
MYMa.
B KalleCTBe npHMepa paccMoTpHM HCKalKeHHH <POpMbI nHKa
nOJIHOrO nOrJIOllLeHHH, BbI3BaHHbIe .n.H<P<t>epeHlI.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeH-.
HOCTblO, B Tex lKe cneKTpoMeTpHlIecKHx H3MepeHHHx C nOMOlll.blO
KpHCTaJIJIa NaI (TI), LITO H B HallaJIe HaCTOHllLero. naparpa4>a (CM.
pHC. 7.1). Ha pHC. 7.4, a npHBe.n.eHa rHcTorpaMMa H.n.eaJIbHOro KO.n.H-
pOBaHH5I C ,lI.H<t><t>epeHlI.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeHHOcTblO, paBHOH 'HYJIIO.
Ha pHC. 7.4, 6 npHBe.n.eHa Ta )Ke rHcTorpaMMa ,LI.JIH CJIYlIaH OOJIblllOH
,lI.H<P<t>epeHlJ.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeHHocTH. OYCTb npe96pa30BaTeJIb, C no-
MOllLblO KOToporo H3MepHeTCH pacnpe,LI.eJIeHHe P (X), HMeeT .n.H<p<pe-
peHlJ.HaJIbHYIO HeJIHHeHHOcTb, npOHBJIHlOllLYIOCH B TOM, LITO 14- H Ka-
HaJI HMeeT IIIHP HY, B 2 pa3a 60JIblllYIO cpe.n.HeH IIIHpHHbI KaHaJIOB,
a 16-H H 17 -H B 2 pa3a MeHblllYIO (CTOJIb 60JIblllHe 3HaqeHHH ,lI.H<P-
<t>epeHlJ.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeHHOCTH B3HTbI ,LI.JIH"' Har JIH.n.HOCTH). OOCKOJIbKY
KOHKpeTHoe 3Ha4eHHe .n.H<P<t>epeHlI.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeHHOcTH npeoopa-
30BaTeJIH Ha ,LI.aHHOM YlIacTKe cneKTpa 3KcnepHMeHTaTOpy He H3
BeCTBO, npH nOCTpoeHHH fHCTorpaMMbI IIIHpHHa Bcex KaHaJIOB OT-
KJIa.n.bIBaeTCH o.n.HHaKOBOH. Ha caMOM .n.eJIe B 14-M KaHaJIe paCCMaT-
pHBaeMoro npe06pa30BaTeJIH 6Y,lI.YT COC4HTaHbI C06blTHH 14-ro H
15-ro KaHaJIOB H.n.eaJlbHOrO npe06pa30BaTeJIH. C06bITHH 16-ro Ka-
HaJIa nona.n.YT B I5;H KaHaJI. C06WTHH I7-ro KaHaJIa H.n.eaJIbHOfO
npe06pa30Ba_TeJIH pacnpe.n.eJIHIOTC5I no 16-MY H 17 -MY KaHaJIaM.
OOHHTHO, LITO npH 3TOM <popMa cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH H3MeHHTCH
(cp. pHC. 7.4, a H 6). OpH o6pa60TKe cneKTpa annpoKcHMHPYIO-
llLaH <PYHKlI.HH 6Y,LI.eT no.n.rOHHTbCH no,lI. pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHe pHC. 7.4, 6,
LITO npHBO,lI.HT K HenpaBHJIbHOMY onpe,lI.eJIeHHIO 3HaqeHHH 3HeprHH
y- KBaHTOB.
PHC. 7.4. fHcTorpaMMbI aMnJIHTYJJ.HbIX cneKTpoB
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pe,lI.eJIHeTCH ,lI.OnYCTHMOH nOrpelIlHOCTblO B Onpe,lI.eJIeHHH 3H34eHHH -
3HeprHH CneKTp3JIbHbIX JIHHHH /) ( ). OOCJIe,lI.HHH, B CBOIO 04epe,lI.b,
onpe,lI.eJIHeT Tpe60BaHHH K CTaTHCTH4eCKOH nOrpelIlHOCTH C4eTa B
OT,lI.eJIbHbIX K3HaJI3X /) (N): /) (N) /) ( ). ,L{H<t><pepeHllHaJIbHaH
,HeJIHHeHHOCTb npHBO,lI.HT K H3MeHeHHIO 4HCJIa OTC4eTOB B OT,lI.eJIb-
HbIX KaHaJIaX, n03TOMY 04eBH,lI.HO, liTO 3TO H3MeHeHHe He ,lI.OJI>KHO
npeBbIllIaTb CTaTHCTH4eCKOH norpelliHOCTH. OOCKOJIbKY lIHCJIO OT-
C4eTOB B K3HaJIe npH np04HX paBHWX YCJIOBHHX nponopUHOHaJIbHO
ero IlIHpHHe, OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe 4HCJIa OTC4eTOB B KaH3JIe
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,lI.H<t><t>epeH H3JIbHOH HeJIHHeHHOCTH. B, 60JIblllHHCTBe npaKTH4eCK.HX
CJIY4aeB ,lI.OnYCTHMoe 3Ha4eHHe ,lI.H<p<pepeH HaJ1bHOH HeJIHHeHHOCTH
COCTaBJIHeT OKOJIO 1 % .
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npe06p330B3TeJIH HBJIHIOTCH: BpeMH npe06pa30B3HHH 3H3JIOrOBOH
BeJIH4HHbI B KO,lI. H MepTBoe BpeMH npe06p330B3TeJIH. BpeMH npe-
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MOMeHT3 n0J1Y4eHHH KO,ll.3 3TOH BeJIH4HHbI. MepTBoe BpeMH - 3TO
HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH, B Te4eHHe KOToporo npeo6p33yeM3H BeJIH4HHa
He MO>KeT 6bITb npHHHT3 K npeo6pa30B3HHIO H n03TOMY TepHeTCH.
B 60JIblIlHHCTBe CJIY4aeB MepTBoe BpeMH paBHO BpeMeHH npe06pa-
30B3HHH, O,ll.HaKO cYI.IJ.eCTBYIOT YCTPOHCTB3, y KOTOpbIX 3TH BpeMeHa
CYIlI.eCTBeHHO p33JIH4aIOTCH. T3K, H3npHMep, Y BpeMHlI.H<pPOBoro
npeo6pa30B3TeJIH npHMoro KO,lI.HpOB3HHH, KOTOpbIH 6Y,lI.eT P3CCMOT-
-peH B CJIe,lI.YIOI.IJ.eM n3parpa<pe, MepTBoe BpeMH MO)KeT 6bITb BO
MHoro pa3 MeHbllIe BpeMeHH KO,lI.HpOB3HHH. MepTBoe BpeMH npH-
BO,lI.HT K B03HHKHOBeHHID npOC4eTOB C06bITHH. 3TH npOC4eTbI BbI3bI-
B310T B O,lI.HHX CJIY43HX HCKa)KeHHe B HOpMHpOBKe cneKTpOB, a
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206
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207
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208
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«CTon».
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COCLlHTaHHbIe ,lI.BOH4HbIM C4eT4HKOM; ,lI.alOT ,lI.BOH4HbIH KO,ll. H3MepH-
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nO,ll.aBaH Ha cxeMY & nOTeHll.HaJI, pa3pernalOlllHH npoX.O)K,lI.eHHe
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COB, TO H3MepeHiibIH BpeMeHHOH HHTepBaJI 6Y,lI.eT onpe,ll.eJIflTbCH KaK
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209
14-2790
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BbIM . rtpe06pa30BaTeJIeM co )K,lI.YIll.HM reHepaTopOM COCTaBJIHeT
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210
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nHKa H JI.PYfHX efO napaMeTpOB.
113 J10fHKH pa60TbI TaKHX BlJ,rl CJ1eJI.yeT, 4TO BpeMH KOJI.HpO-
BaHHH paBHO JI.JIHTeJ1bHOCTH KOJI.HpyeMofo HHTepBaJIa. MepTBoe Bpe-
MH MO}KeT 6bITb HeCKOJ1bKO 60J1bIlle, eCJ1H BlJ,rl COJI.epJKHT C4eT4HK,
npe06pa3YIOIlI.HH J1HHeHHbIH n03HUHOHHbIH KOJI. B JI.BOH4HbIH:. CJ1e-
JI.YIOIlI.HH BpeMeHHOH HHTepBaJ1 MO)KeT 6bITb 3aKO.1J.HpOBaH J1HIllb
nOCJ1e TOfO, KaK 3TOT KOJI. 6YJI.eT C4HTaH, a C4eT4HK c6pOIlleH Ha HYJ1b.
TaKHM 06pa30M, MepTBoe BpeMH BUrl npHMofo KOJI.HpOBaHHH
HenOCTOHHHO H 3aBHCHT OT cneKTpa aHaJ1H3HpyeMbIx C06bITHH (Bpe-
MeHHbIx' HHTepBaJ10B-). rlpoc4eTbI, 06YCJ10BJ1eHHbIe HaJ1H4HeM MepT-
BOfO BpeMeHH, He npHBOJI.HT K HCKa}KeHHHM HCCJ1eJI.yeMbIx cneKTpOB,
a JlHIllb K nOTepe 4aCTH nOJle3HbIX C06bITHH. Y4eT npOC4eTOB CHCTeM
nOJI.06HOfO pOJI.a paCCMOTpeH B f JI. 6.
Bce CKa3aHHoe B npeJI.bIJI.YllI.eM a63aue OTHOCHTCH K CJlY4alO,
KOfJI.a BlJ,rl npHMOfO KOJI.HpOBaHHH npHMeHHeTCH JI.JlH peIlleHHH 3a-
JI.a4, B KOTOpbIX no cpH3H4ecKoMY CMbICJlY Ka)KJI.OMY CHfHaJIY «CTapT»
COOTBeTcTByeT JlHIllb OJI.HH CHfHaJI «CTon». rlpH onpeJI.eJleHHbIX YCJ10-
BHHX B03MO)KHO npHMeHeHHe' npocTeHIllefo BlJ,rl npHMOfO KOJI.HpO-
BaHHH H JI.JlH peIlleHHH 3aJI."a4, B KOTOpbIX OJI.HOMY CHfHaJlY «CTapT»
MO)KeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb HeCKOJlbKO CHfHaJIOB «CTon». B 3TOM CJlY-
4ae B03HHKalOT cneUH<pH4eCKHe HCKa)KeHHH HCCJleJI.yeMbIx cneKTpOB,
OJI.HaKO MO)KHO HaHTH YCJlOBHH, npH KOTOpbIX 3TH HCKa)KeHHH He npe-
BbIIllalOT HeKOTopOfO JI.OnYCTHMOfO 3Ha4eHHH.
JIH HJlJIIOCTpaUHH x paKTepa B03HHK31OIlI.HX HCKa}KeHHH pac-
CMOTpHM MOJI.eJIbHbIH CJlY4aH, KOfJI.a CHfHaJIbI «CTapT» B03HHKalOT
nepHOJI.H4eCKH (UHKJIH4eCKH) , a CHfHaJlbI «CTon» pacnpeJI.eJIeHbI
OTHOCHTeJlbHO CHfHaJlOB «CTapT» no paBHOBepOHTHOMY cneKTpy
P (t) = n JI.JlH 0 < t < t max H P (t) = 0 JI.JlH t> t max ' fJI.e t max - MaKCHMaJlb-
HbIH H3MepHeMbIH BpeMeHHOH HHTepBaJl (pa604HH JI.Hana3qH.). rlYCTb
IllHpHHa KaHaJla npe06pa30BaTeJlH paBHa t, a CpeJI.HHH 4aCTOTa no-
cTynJleHHH CHfHaJlOB «CTon» n HeBeJ1HKa, TaK 4TO n t 1, T. e. Bepo-
HTHOCTb nOnaJI.aHHH JI.BYX H 60Jlee C06bITHH (cHfHaJlOB «CTon») B OJI.HH
KaHaJI MaJla. C06wTHe 6YJI.eT COC4HTWBaTbCH B KaHaJle C HOMepoM
K, T. e. B HHTepBaJIe BpeMeHH OT K t JI.O (K + 1) t, eCJlH 3a BpeMH
K t (T. e. B KaHaJIaX JI.O K-fO) C06bITHe He nocTynHT Ha KOJI.H-
POBKY H eCJ1H OHO nOHBHTCH B HHTepBaJIe OT K t JI.O (K + l) t.
BepoHTHoCTb HenOHBJleHHH C06bITHH B HHTepBaJIe OT 0 JI.O K t
COfJlaCHO 3aKOHY rlyaccoHa paBHa exp (-nK t), a BepOHTHOCTb
pefHCTpaUHH B I1HTepBaJle t paBHa n t. TaKHM 06pa30M, Bepo-
HTHOCTb 3apefHCTpHpOBaTb N K C06bITHH B KaHaJle K 3a OJI.HH UHKJI
6Y,QeT paBHa
N K = n t exp ( - nK t),
a Cpe,lI.HHH 4aCTOTa C4eTa C06bITHH B KaHaJIe C HOMepOM K COCTaBHT
nK=NK/ t=n exp (-nK t).
211
BH Ho, qTO BMeCTO paBHOBepOHTHOrO pacnpe eneHHH 6y eT nony-
qeH CneKTp, CKOpOCTb CqeTa C06WTHH B nepBWX KaHanaX KOTOpOrO
6nH3Ka K HCTHHHOMY 3HaqeHHIO [exp( -nK t) I], a npH YBeJIH-
qeHHH HOMepa KaHana K Ha6nlO aeTCH 3KcnOHeHUHanbHbIH cna.n.
cpe HeH qaCTOTbI CqeTa no KaHaJIaM. AHanOrHqHaH cHTyaUHH 6y eT
H B cnyqae cneKTpa npOH3BonbHOH cpOpMbI. HaHMeHblllHe HCKa-
/KeHHH cneKTpa 6Y YT Ha6JIIO aTbCH B HaqanbHbIX KaHanax, H CTe-
neHb HCKa/KeHHH cneKTpa 6y eT paCTH no Mepe YBeJIHqeHHH HOMepOB
KaHanOB. CTporHH yqeT HCKa)KeHHH He TaK Y)K CJIO)KeH, HO OBonbHO
rpOM03 OK, n03TOMY B npaKTHqeCKOH pa60Te CTpeMHTCH BbInOJIHHTb
ycnoBHe ManbIX 3arpY30K, Kor a nKmax t = nt max « I, ponb 3Kcno-
HeHUHanbHoro qneHa Mana H COOTBeTCTBeHHO MaJIbI HCKa}KeHHH
cneKTpa. rlpH 3THX ycnoBHHX H qHCJIO COCqHTbIBaeMbIX C06bITHH 3a
pa60qHH UHKn B O HOM KaHane MHoro MeHbwe e HHHUW. 06WqHO
pa60TalOT npH onycTHMbIX npOCqeTaX He 60JIee 1 % ( imax 10 - 2) .
Pa60Ta npH TaKHX ycnoBHHx 03HaqaeT, qTO CHrHan CTon» nOHB-
nHeTCH B cpe HeM O HH pa3 Ha CTO CHrHanOB «CTapr» H BlJ,rl p-a-
60TaeT npaKTHqeCKH BXOnOCT.YIO. rl03TOMY He06xo HMO HaJIHqHe
CBH3H, nepe alOllI.eH CHrHan nepenOnHeHHH CqeTqHKa CLl Ha c6poc
(BXO R) TpHrrepa * T nH OCTaHOBKH BUrl B cJ1yqae 6eccTono-
Boro C06bITHH. ,anH 'Ko HpoBaHHH HeCKonbKHX BpeMeHHbIx HHTepBa-
nOB ....3a pa60qHH UHKn, T. e. HeCKonbKHX BpeMeHHbIX HHTepBpJIOB,
OTCqHTbIBaeMbIX OT O Horo 06llI.ero CHrHana «CTapT», pa3pa60TaHbI
BlJ,rl, n03BOJIHIOIlI.He npH nocTynneHHH Oqepe HOro CHrHana «CTon»
CqHTWBaTb TeKYllI.ee 3HaqeHHe Ko a 3Toro HHTepBaJIa B 6ycpepHoe
3anOMHHalOIlI.ee YCTPOHCTBO 6e3 OCTaHOBKH npou.ecca KO HpOBaHHH.
CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa H BpeMeHHble HarpaMMbI TaKoro BUrl
npHBe eHbI Ha pHC. 7.6? a 6. B COCTaB BUrl BXO HT LlBa RS-TpHr-
repa [1 H T 2 , reHepaTOp TaKTOBOH qaCTOTbI r, BbIpa6aTbIBalOIlI.HH
HMnynbcbI C nepHO OM t n CqeTqHK CLl, 6YQ:>epHoe 3anOMHHalOllI.ee
YCTPOHCTBO E3Y nH xpaHeHHH H nepe aqH KO OB B OCHOBHoe 3Y,
cpOpMHpOBaTenb CP, BbIpa6aTi?IBalOllI.HH CHrHan 3anHCH Ko a B E3Y.
OTHocHTenbHo THna npHMeHHe-Moro reHepaTopa MorYT 6bITb c enaHbI
Te )Ke 3aMeqaHHH, qTO H BbICKa3aHHbIe paHee npH onHcaHHH BUrl,
KoJiHpYlOllI.ero O HH HHTepBaJI 3a pa60qHH UHKJI. B paccMaTpH-
BaeMoH cxeMe npHMeHeH reHepaTop }K YllI.ero THna. rlpH nOHBne-
HHH CHrHaJIa «Crapr» B3BO HTCH TpHrrep T 1.H 3anYCKaeTCH reHe-
paTOp r, BpeMeHHaH cepHH KOToporo HaqHHaeT COCqHTbIBaTbCH CqeT-
qHKOM CLl (Ha BpeMeHHOH Harpa-MMe CLl nOKa3aHa pa60Ta nep-
Boro TpHrrepa CqeTqHKa CLl). rloHBneHHe CHrHana «Cron» HHHUHH-
pyeT nepeHoc TeKYllI.ero Ko a H3 CqeTqHKa B 6ycpepHoe 3Y.
Ba-)KHbIM MeTO HqeCKHM npHeMoM, Hcnonb3yeMbIM B TaKOM BlJ,rl
nH nepeHoca Ko a H3 CqeTqHKa B 6ycpepHoe 3Y, HBnHeTCH cpa3H-
pOBKa, KOTopaH oCYllI.eCTBnHeTcH C nOMOllI.blO TpHrrepa T 2 H cpop-
MHpOBaTenH CPo He06xo HMOCTb BBe eHHH cpa3HpOBKH CBH3aHa C
* CM. CHOCKY Ha c. 20.
212
ema '7
1/ 'fV'
7i ----J t
r;
Clf --.J I I 1
f2,,
"Cmon
T 2 rL.J So--
cp n s--
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! S--
a)
PHC. 7.6. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa (a) M BpeMeHHbIe .lI.MarpaMMbI paooTbI (6) Bu.n, KO.lI.M-
pYIOw.ero HeCKOJIbKO BpeMeHHbIx HHTepBaJIOB 3a pa60'llMR U,HKJI ;
TeM, LITO CHrHaJIbI «CTOn» B03HHKalOT B CJIYLIaHHbIe MOMeHTbI BpeMe-
HH, H B03MO}KHO HX nOHBJIeHHe B MOMeHTbI nepeKJIIOLIeHHH TpHr-
repOB CLIeTLIHKa. ECJIH B 3TOT MOMeHT npOH3BO HTb nepeHOC KO a
H3 CLIeTLIHKa B B3Y, TO B03HHKHYT HeKOHTpOJIHpyeMbIe HCKameHHH
nepeHOCHMOrO KO a. CJIe OBaTeJIbHO, nepeHOC KO,lI.a OJImeH OCY-
llI.eCTBJIHTbCH TOJIbKO B Onpe eJIeHHbIe MOMeHTbI, He nOna alOIlJ.He
Ha BpeMeHHbIe HHTepBaJIbI nepeKJIIOLIeHHH TpHrrepOB CLIeT1.IHKa.
C 3TOH u.eJIblO C reHepaTopa r CHHMaeTCH cjJa3HPYIOIll.aH cepHH TOM
me TaKToBoH LIaCTOTbI B npOTHBocjJa3e C BpeMeHHOH cepHeH. <l>a3H-
PYlOru aH cepHH nocTynaeT Ha R- BXO TpHrrepa T 2 'H nOCTOHHHO
nO,lIJJ.ep}KHBaeT ero B e6pOI.lleHHOM COCTOHHHH. npH nOHBJIeHHH CHr-
HaJIa «CTon» TpHrrep T 2 nepeBO HTCH B COCTOHHHe 1 H _omH aeT
npHxo a OTpHuaTeJIbHOrO nepena a (nepexo H3 1 B 0) cjJa3HpylO-
rueH cepHH. OTpHuaTeJlbHbIH nepena cjJa3HpYIOrueH cepHH B03Bpa-
Ill.aeT T 2 B" I1CXO Hoe (HYJleBoe) COCTOHHHe. OpH B03BparueHHH
T 2 B HCXO Hoe COCTOHHHe 3?nycKaeTcH cjJOpMHpOBaTeJlb CP, KOTOpbIH
BbIpa6aTbIBaeT CHrHaJI nepeHoca Ko a H3 CLIeTLIHKa B 6YQ:>epHoe
3Y. BH HO, LITO nepeHOC OCYlll.eCTBJIHeTCH TOJlbKO B cpe HeH LIaCTH
BpeMeHHoro KaHaJIa. 113 npHHUHna pa60TbI cjJa3HpYlOuiero Y3JIa
CJIe yeT, LITO cjJa3HpOBKa KaK 6bI CMeruaeT BpeMeHHYIO llIKaJIY Ha
1/2 I.llHpHHbI KaHaJla B CTOPOHY 60JIbllIerO BpeMeHH H B K-M Ka-
HaJIe perHcTpHpYIOTC5I C06bITHH, npoHCXO HIlJ.He B HHTepBaJle OT
(K - I /2)L\ t o (K + I /2) t, a B nepBoM KaHaJIe perHcTpHpYIOTCH
C06bITHH B HHTepBaJle BpeMeHH OT 0 o t /2 H t max - t /2 H C06bI-
THH, BbIXO HIlI.He 3a pa601.lHH Hana30H. nOM HMO 3Toro tpa3HpOBKa
npHBO HT K TOMY, LITO B O HOM KaHaJIe MomeT 6bITb 3aperHCTpH-
pOBaHO TOJlbKO O HO nepBoe c06MTHe, nocTynHBI.llee B HHTepBaJIe
t, a nOCJIe YlOllI.He, npHXO HllI.HeCH Ha 3TOT }Ke KaHaJl, 6Y YT
npOC1.JHTaHbl. I1cKa>KeHHH BO BpeMeHHbIX cneKTpax, nOJIYLIaeMbIX -c
nOMOlll.blO TaKHX BUn, 6Y YT HecyrueCTBeHHbI, eCJIH 6y eT MaJla
BepoHTHoCTb perHcTpaUHH BYX H 60Jlee C06bITHH B O HOM KaHaJIe.,
npaKTHLIeCKH 3TO 03HaLlaeT, LITO npH onYCTHMbIX npocLIeTax 1 %
cpe HHH LIaCTOTa C06bITHH Ha KaHaJl n K He OJlmHa npeBbII.llaTb
10-2/ t. npH 3TOM H 06ruee LIHCJIO C06bITHH, KO HpyeMoe Bun
3a O HH pa60LIHH UHKJI, He MomeT 6bITb BeJIHKO.
213
rlpOC1.IeTbI B KaHaJIaX, CJIe,lI.YIOlII.HX 3a TeM, B KOTOpOM npOH30-
llIJIa perHCTpaUHH C06bITHH, He 6Y,lI.YT B03HHKaTb, eCJIH K MOMeHTY
nOHBJIeHHH CJIe,lI.YIOIll.ero C06bITH5I 3Y 6Y,lI.eT rOTOBO K' npl1eMY CJIe-
,lI.YIOlII.ero KO,lI.a.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 6ycpepHoe 3Y ,lI.OJI>KHO 6bITb rOTOBO K npHeMY
CJIe,lI.YIOlII.ero KO,lI.a 3a BpeMH, paBHoe ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH O,lI.HOrO KaHaJIa.
KpoMe Toro, eMKOCTb 6ycpepHoro 3Y ,lI.OJI>KHa 6bITb paCClJHTaHa
TaKHM 06pa30M, lJT06bI OHO MOrJIO npHHHTb Bce nocTynalOlll.He B
TelJeHHe O,lI.HOrO pa601.lero UHKJIa KO,lI.W. ClJHTWBaHHe HHcpopMa HH
H3 6ycpepHoro 3Y B OCHOBHoe 3Y aHaJIH3aTOpa (HJIH 3BM) MO>KeT
OCYIll.eCTBJIHTbCH JIH60 HenpepbIBHO, JIH60 B TelJeHHe npOMelKYTKa
BpeMeHH Me>K,lI.Y OKOHlJaHHeM UHKJIa KO,lI.HpOBaHHH H nocTynJIeHHeM
CJIe,lI.YIOlII.ero CHrHaJIa «CTapT».
,LLJIH YMeHbllI HHH lllHpHHbI BpeMeHHoro KaHaJIa t He06xo,lI.HMO
YBeJIHlJHBaTb TaKTOBYIO qaCTOTY reHepaTopa. flpH 60JIbllIeH qaCTO-
Te reHepaTopa r, KOr,lI.a BpeMH nepeHoca KO,lI.a H3 CqeTqHKa B pe-
fHCTp He MO>KeT 6bITb C,lI.e}laHO MeHbIlle nepHO,lI.a TaKTOBOH cepHH,
HCnOJIb3yeTcH MeTO,lI. OCTaHOBKH CqeTqHKa Ha BpeMH nepeHoca HH-
cpopMaAHH, a TaKTOBaH qaCTOTa COC1.IHTbIBaeTCH B 310 BpeMH ,lI.0-
nOJIHHTeJIbHbIM CqeTqHKOM. HHcpopMaUHf.I 0 lfHCJIe COCqHTaHHbIX
HMnYJIbCOB H3 3Toro CqeTqHKa nepeHOCHTCH B OCHOBHOH C4eT4HK
nOCJIe 3aBepIl.IeHHH cpa3bI nepeHoca KO,lI.a B perHCTp.
MepTBoe BpeMH Bll,rl, perHCTpHpYIOIll.erO HeCKOJIbKO BpeMeH-
HbIX HHTepBaJIOB 3a pa60qHH UHKJI, OKa3bIBaeTCH CYlII.eCTBeHHO
MeHbllIe BpeMeHH KO,AHpOBaHHH. ,aeHCTBHTeJIbHO, eCJIH HCXO,lI.HTb H3
onpe,lI.eJIeHHH MepTBoro BpeMeHH KaK BpeMeHH, B TeqeHHe KOToporo
HeB03MO>KHa perHCTpaUHH .nOJIe3HbIX C06bITHH, TO, OlJeBH,lI.HO, ,lI.JIH
Bll,rl CO ClJHTbIBaHHeM KO,lI.a 6e3 OCTaHOBKH ClJeTlJHKa OHO paBHO
Il.IHpHHe O,lI.HOrO BpeMeHHoro KaHaJIa. ,aJIH Bll,rl C OCTaHOBKOH H
,lI.OCqeTOM nponYLUeHHoro HHTepBaJIa OHO paBHO BpeMeHH OCTaHOBKH
CqeTqHKa. YqeT HCKa>KeHHH cneKTpOB H3-3a HaJIHqHH MepTBoro Bpe-
MeHH B 060HX CJIyqaHX ,lI.OBOJIbHO CJIO)f{eH, n03TOM"Y cTapalOTcH 06ec-
neqHTb TaKoH pe>KHM pa60Tbf: Kor,lI.a 3THMH HCKa>KeHHHMH MO>KHO
npeHe6peqb. .
MHHHMaJIbHaH Il.IHpHHa KaHaJIa BUrl npHMoro KO,lI.HpoBaHHH
onpe,lI.eJIf.leTCH B OCHOBHOM 6WCTpOJI.eHCTBHeM C4eTHoro YCTpoHcTBa.
B HaCTOHI1I.ee BpeMH cYLUecTBYIOT CqeTHbIe YCTpoHcTBa Ha qaCTO-
TY ,lI.0 I 0 9 r H 60JIbIl.Ie, O,lI.HaKO lliHpOKO HCnOJIb3YIOTCH BUrl
npHMoro KO,lI.HpOBaHHH C reHepaTopaMH Ha lJaCTOTY ,lI.O 10 8 [u.
ECJlu qUCJIO KaHaJlOB Bun paBHo 10 2 _10 3 , TO KO.1I.UpyeMbIH Bfe-
MeHHOH HHTepBaJI npH 4aCTOTe cepHH 10 8 ru COCTaBHT 10- -
10- 5 C. rl03TOMY MeTO,lI. npHMoro KO,lI.HpOBaHHH 06bI4HO OTHOCHT
K MeTO,lI.aM H3MepeHHH BpeMeHHbIX HHTepBaJIOB MHKpoceKYH,lI.Horo
,lI.Hana30Ha.
I1HTerpaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb Bll,rl. npHMoro KO,lI.HpOBaHHf.I
onpe,lI.eJIHeTC cTa6HJIbHOCTblO nepHO,lI.a HCnOJIb3yeMoro reHepa-
Topa onopHOH qaCTOTbl. ,LLJIH reHepaTopOB C KBapueBbIM pe30Ha-
214
TOpOM HeCT36HJlbHOCTb 4aCTOTbI COCTaBJIHeT 10- 6 -10- 7 , 4TO npH
4HCJle KaH3J10B 10 3 ___10 4 06ecne4HBaeT HHTerpaJlbHYIO HeJlHHeHHOCTb
He xY>Ke 10- 3 . reHepaTopbI >K,lLYllI.ero THna HMelOT CYlUecTBeHHo
60Jlbll.IYIO HeCTa6HJlbHOCTb 4acToTbI, COCTaBJlHlOlUYIO OKOJlO 10-\
H HHTerpaJlbHaH HeJlHHeHHOcTb B 10- 2 nOJlY4aeTCH Y>Ke npH 4HCJle
KaHaJlOB 10 2 , 4TO H 060HcHHeT HCnOJlb30B3HHe TaKHX reHepqTOpOB
B Bu,n JlHlllb C He60JlblllHM 4HCJlOM KaHaJlOB.
,L{HQ:>Q:>epeHlUiaJIbHaH HeJlHHeHHOCTb B11,n npHMoro KO,lLHpOB3HHH
06YCJIOBJleHa HeCTa6HJlbHOCTblO pa3pernalOlUero BpeMeHH cxeM,
3a,lLalOlUHx Ha4aJlO H KOHell, cepHH TaKTOBbIX HMnYJlbCOB H .CHCTeMbI
Q:>a3HpOBKH. 3Ta HeCTa6HJlbHOCTb 06bI4HO HMeeT 3Ha4eHHe OKOJlO
10- 2 . KpoMe Toro, ,lLHQ:>Q:>epeHll,HaJlbHaH HeJlHHeHHOCTb 06YCJlOB-
JIeHa BapHaUHHMH aMnJlHTY,lL KpaHHHX CHrHaJlOB cepHH TaKTOBWX
HMnYJlbCOB, KOTopaH npOHBJIHeTCH B BH,lLe Cnell,HQ:>H4eCKOH HeG,lL-
HOpO,lLHOCTH llIHpHHbI 4 THbIX H He4eTHbIX KaHaJlOB. BJIHHHHe 3J1eKT-
pOMarHHTHbIX HaBO,lLOK, B03HHK31OllI.HX npH nepeKJlI04eHHH TpHr-
repOB C4eT4HKa CepHI1 TaKTOBbIX HMnYJlbCOB, MO)KeT npHBO,lLHTb
K cYllI.eCTBeHHbIM pa3J1H4HHM B IllHpHHe Ka}K,lLOrO 4eTBepToro H
,lLa>Ke BOCbMoro KaHaJlOB All,n. Bce 3TH 3Q:>Q:>eKTbI npHBO,lLHT, B
KOHe4HOM C4eTe, K 3Ha4eHHIO ,lLHQ:>Q:>epeHll,HaJIbHOH HeJlHHeHHOCTH
HeCKOJlbKO npOll,eHTOB.
H HHYCHblH MeTO,lJ.. HOHHYCHbIH' MeTO,lL npHMeHHeTcH ,lLJlH KO-.
,lLHpOBaHHH MaJlbIX HHTepBaJlOB BpeMeHH ( :I0-8 c) C HH3KOH
a6COJllOTHOH norpelllHocTblO. WHpHHa BpeMeHHoro KaHaJla MO}KeT
,lLOCTHraTb 10- 10 C, 4TO He,lJ.ocTynHo ,lLJlH MeTO,lLa npHMoro KO,lLH-
pOBaHI1H. K ,lLOCTOHHCTBaM HOHHycHoro MeTO,lLa OTHOCHTCH TO, 4TO
OH He Tpe6yeT ,lLJlH peaJlH3all,HH HH npell,H3HOHHWX YCTPOHCTB aHa-
JlOrOBOro npe06pa30BaHHH BpeMeHH, HH nOBbIIlleHHoro 6bICTpO-
,lLeHCTBHH C4eTHbIX YCTPOHCTB. CYTb MeTO,lLa COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO
MaCIllTa60M, onpe,lLeJIHlOllI.HM lllar BpeMeHHOH III KaJlbI (IllHPHHY
KaHaJla), HBJlHeTCH He nepHO,lL reHepaTopa onopHOH 4aCTOTbI, 3
pa3HOCTb nepHO,lLOB ,lLBYX reHepaTopOB, KOTopaH MO>KeT 6bITb c,lLe-
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HOHHYCHbIH MeTO,lL KO,lLHpOBaHHH, npHBe,lLeHbI Ha pHC. 7.7, a 6.
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t r H tr- t COOTBeTCTBeHHO, cxeMbl COBna,lLeHHH & H C4eT4HKa Ctt.
CHrHaJl «CTapT» B3BO,lLHT TpHrrep TI H 3anycKaeT reHepaTop
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nycKaeTcH reHepaTop F 2 , HMnYJlbcqI KOToporo COC4HTbIBalOTCH
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C6JIH>KaIOTCH Ii B HeKoTopbIH MOMeHT COBna,LlaIOT. npH COBna,lLeHHH
CHf"HaJIOB cepHH cpa6aTbIBaeT cxeMa COBna,lLeHHH &, pa3pelllalOlUee
BpeMH KOTOpOH ,lLOJI>KHO 6bITb paBHO I1t r j2, TpHrrepbI Tt H T 2
c6paCbIBalOTCH B HCXO.l1.Hoe COCTOHHHe H npeKpallI.alOT pa60TY re-
215
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216
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218
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219
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reHepaTOpOM TOKa fT. O.ll.HOBpeMeHHo 3aKpbIBaeTcH JIHHeMHaH
cxeMa nponycKaHHH JICll, lllYHTHPYH BXO.ll.. flpH 3TOM .lI.HO.ll. 11.
3anHpaeTCH, HCKJII04aH pa3pH.lI. C I.Jepe3 JICll. 3a nOTeHIJ.HaJIOM
Ha C CJIe.ll.HT BbICOKOI.JYBcTBHTeJIbHbIH TpHrrep ll1MHTTa. Kor.u.a
nOTeHIJ.HaJI Ha C CTaHOBHTCH paBHbIM HYJIIO, TpHrrep ll1MHTTa
B03BpamaeTcH B HCXO.ll.HOe COCTOHHHe, Bblpa6aTbIBaH CHrHaJI KOHIJ.a
BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa t, copacbIBaS1 TT B HCXO.ll.HOe COCTOHHHe.
TaKHM oopa30M, TpHrrep TT BblpaoaTblBaeT CHrHaJI, .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb
KOToporo' npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHa aMnJIHTY.lI.e BXO.ll.Horo CHrHaJIa. ,L{JIH-
TeJIbHOCTb 3Toro CHrHaJIa npeoopa3yeTcS1 B KO.ll. MeTO.ll.OM npHMoro
KO.ll.HpOBaHHH C nOMOmbIO reHepaTopa onopHoM I.JaCTOTbI r H cxeMbI
nponycKaHHH &. I
,L{OCTOHHCTBOM aMnJIHTY.lI.HO- IJ.HQ:>POBbIX npeoopa30BaTeJIeM
AUfl, HCnOJIb3YIOmHX MeTO.ll. npeoopa30BaHHH aMnJIHTY.lI.a -
BpeMH, HBJIHIOTCH Ma{.lbIe HHTerpaJIbHaH H .lI.HQ:>Q:>epeHIJ.HaJIbHaH He-
JIHHeHHocTH. MaJIaS1 HHTerpaJIbHaS1 HeJIHHeMHOCTb ooecne4HBaeTcH
B03MOJKHOCTbIO C03.l1.aHHH BbIcoKOCTaOHJIbHbIX reHepaTopoB pa3-
pH.lI.HOrO TOKa, a MaJIaH .lI.HQ:>Q:>epeHIJ.HaJIbHaS1 HeJIHHeMHOCTb-
(
HCnOJIb30BaHHeM BWCOKOCTa6H bH X KBapIJ.eBWX reHepaTopoB onop-
HOM 4aCTOTbi. TaK, HanpHMep, HHTerpaJIbHaH H .lI.HQ:>Q:>epeHIJ.HaJIbHaH
HeJIHHeHHOcTH AUfl THna BflA-94, HCnOJIb3yeMoro B MHorOKa-
HaJIbHOM aMnJIHTY.lI.HOM aHaJIH3aTOpe AH -1024, npH 4HCJIe KaHa-
JIOB 1024 COCTaBJIHIOT + 2-10- 3 H + 10- 2 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. flpaK-
THI.JeCKH TaKHe )Ke 3HaI.JeHHH npHcymH H AUfl THna 712, HCnOJIb-
3yeMoro B CHCTeMe KAMAK.
He.ll.OCTaTKoM MeTO.ll.a npeoopa30BaHHH aMnJIHTY.lI.bI B .lI.JIHTeJIb-
HOCTb HBJIHeTCH OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeBblCOKoe ObICTpO.ll.eHCTBHe AUfl,
OCHOB..aHHbIX Ha 3TOM MeTO.ll.e. BpeMH npeo6pa30BaHHS1 t TaKoro
Aun onpe.ll.eJIS1eTCH 4acToToH KaHaJIbHOM cepHH f, aMIJJIHTY.lI. OM
KO.ll.HpyeMbIx CHrHaJIOB - KO.ll.OM a MnJIHTY.lI.bI K,. BpeMeHeM 3anHCH
KO.ll.a B 3anOMHHaIOmee YCTPOMCTBO 13: t = K/ f + t 3 . TaK, .lI.JIS1 KO-
.lI.HpOBllI.HKa THna BflA-94 npH K=10 3 , f=2-10 7 fu., t 3 =3 MKC
BpeMH KO.ll.HpOBaHHS1 t 53 MKC.
fl03TOMY AUfl nO.ll.OOHOrO THna npHMeHHIOTcS1 B npeIJ.H3HOHHbIX
cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKHx YCTpOMCTBax, He TpeOYIOmHX BbICOKoro 6bI-
CTpO.ll.eHCTBHS1, B nepBYIO OI.Jepe.ll.b B cneKTpOMeTpax 3apHJKeHHbIX
I.JaCTHIJ. MaJIOH H Cpe.ll.HeM 3HeprHH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM nOJIynpo-
BO.ll.HHKOBbIX .lI.eTeKTopOB. ,L{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, KaK ObIJIO nOKa3aHO B
rJI.3, BbICOKoro 3HepreTH4eCKoro pa3pellleHHH MOJKHO .lI.00HTbCH
TOJIbKO npH cpaBHH,\eJIbHO He6oJIblllOH Cpe.ll.HeH I.JaCTOTe aHaJIH-
3HpyeMbIx HMnYJIbCOB (-..,. 10 4 C -1), 'H 3Ha4eHHe MepTBoro Bpe-
MeHH AUfl 50 MKC OKa3bIBaeTCH npH TaKHX 3arpY3Kax BnOJIHe
n p HeMJI eM bIM.
CymecTByeT ocooaH pa3HOBH.lI.HOCTb AUf I - TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe
} npeo6pa30BaTeJIH 3apH.lI. - KO.lI.. OTJIHI.JHe HX OT 06bII.JHbIX AUfl
COCTOHT B TOM, I.JTO Ha BXO.ll. AUfl nO.ll.aeTCH He HMnY bC HanpH-
221
, )KeHHH, a HMnYJIbC TOKa, T. e. BXO.ll. AUfl BbInOJIHHeT pOJIb CO-
npOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH .lI.eTeKTopa. HMnYJIbC TOKa HHTerpHpyeTcH
Ha HaKOnHTeJIbHOM KOH.lI.eHCaTOpe C. TaKHM oopa30M, 3apH.lI. q,
C03.l1.aHHbIH 4aCTHIJ.eH B .lI.eTeKTope, nepe.ll.aeTCH HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO
B YCTPOHCTBO npeoopa30BaTeJIH 3apH.lI. - BpeMeHHOH HHTepBaJI.
OlleBH.lI.HO, liTO OTJIHlIHe npeoopaaOBaTeJIeH 3apS1.l1. - KO.ll. OT npe-
oopa30BaTeJIeH aMnJIHTY.lI.a - KO.ll. COCTOHT JIHlllb B ocooeHHOCTHX
3apfl.ll.HOrO YCTpOHCTBa, ooecnellHBalOllI.erO 3apH.lI. C.
MeTO,lJ. nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJlbHOrO B3BeWHBaHHH (ClJeTa). flpeIJ.H3H-
OHHbIe aMnJIHTY.lI.HO- IJ.HQ:>POBbJ:e H 3a pH.lI.HO- IJ.HQ:>pOBbIe npeoopa30-
BaTeJIH BbInOJIHHIOTCH OObIlIHO Ha .lI.HCKpeTHbIX 3JIeMeHTax (TpaH-
3HCTopax) HJiH B BH.lI.e rHOpH.lI.HbIX MHKpocxeM, TpeOYIOllI.HX pa3-
"paOOTKH CneIJ.HaJIbHO TeXHOJIOrHH B H3rOTOBJIeHHH, H n03TOMY
OHH .lI.0BOJIbHO .lI.0pOrH B fipOH3BO.ll.CTBe.
C pa3BHTHeM HHTerpaJIbHOH cxeMOTeXHHKH H nOHBJIeHHeM BbI-
COKOKalleCTBeHHbIX IJ.HQ:>poaHaJIOrOBbIX npeoopa30BateJIeH (UAn) ,
KOMnapaTopOB (Kn), YCTPOHCTB BbIOOpKH H xpaHeHHH (YBX)
YCTpOHCTBa KO.ll.HpOBaHHH aMnJIHTY.lI. CHrHaJIOB MOJKHO BbIfiOJIHHTb
IJ.eJIHKOM Ha OCHOBe HHTerpaJIbHbIX MHKpocxeM. UAfl npeBpa1ll.aeT
.lI.BOHlIHbIH KO.ll., nocTynalOllI.HH Ha ero BXO.ll.bI, B HanpS1)KeHHe, KO-
Topoe npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHO KO.ll.Y. KOMnapaTop, KaK ynoMHHaJIOCb
B 4.1, cpaBHHBaeT .lI.Ba BXO.ll.HbIX nOTeHIJ.HaJIa H B pe3YJIbTaTe
cpaBHeHHH BbIpaoaTbIBaeT onpe.ll.eJIeHHbIH JIOrHlIeCKHH nOTeHIJ.HaJI
(HYJIb HJIH e.ll.HHHIJ.Y). Y CTpOHCTBO BbIOOpKH - xpaHeHHH CJIe.ll.HT
B pe)KHMe BbIOOpKH 3a BXO.ll.HbIM nOTeHIJ.HaJlOM H coxpaHHeT B
pe)KHMe xpaHeHHH 3HalleHHe nOTeHIJ.HaJIa, npHcYTcTBoBaBwero Ha
BXO.ll.e YBX B MOMeHT nepexo.ll.a OT pe)KHMa BbIOOpKH K pe)KHMY
xpaHeHHH. flpHHIJ.Hn nocTpoeHHH YBX 0Y.lI.eT onHcaH HH)Ke. Ha
OCHOBe 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB CTpOHTCH Aun nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOrO B3Be-
lllHBa-HHH (pHC. 7.11).
CHrHaJI, aMfiJIHTy.n.a KOToporo nO.ll.JIe)KHT H3MepeHHIO, nO.ll.aeTCH
Ha J1 BX H nHKOBbIH .lI.eTeKTO n 11., onpe.ll.eJIHIOIUHH MOMeHT .lI.0-
CTH)KeHHH CHrHaJIOM MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3HalleHHH. CHrHaJI C nHKO-
f}xoo
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PHC. 7.11. CTpYKTYPHaH cxeMa (a) H BpeMeHHble .lI.HarpaMMbI pa60Tbi (6) Au.n
n OCJI e)].OBa TeJI bHO ro B3 BelU H B a H H 51
222
Boro .lI.eTeKTOpa nocTynaeT Ha ynpaBJIS1lOllIJiH BXO.ll. Y BX H nepe-
BO.ll.HT ero H3 pe.IKHMa BbI60pKH B pe.IKHM xpaHeHHS1. npH 3TOM
Ha BbIXO.ll.e Y BX nO.ll..lI.ep.IKHBaeTCH nOTeHI.I.HaJI, paBHbIH aMnJIHTY.lI.e
BXO.ll.HOrO CHrHaJIa. 31'01' nOTeHI.I.HaJI nO.ll.aeTCH Ha O.ll.HH H3 BXO.ll.OB
KOMnapaTopa Kll, Ha .lI.PyroH BXO.ll. KOToporo nocTynaeT HanpH.lKeHHe
c lJ,All. ll.All ynpaBJIHeTCH .lI.BOH4HbIM C4eT4HKOM Ctt. Ha BXO.ll.
Ctt nocTynalOT CHrHaJIbI .IK.lI.YllI.ero reHepaTopa KaHaJIbHbIX HM-
nYJlbCOB r, 3anycKaeMoro CHrHaJIOM II 11.. no Mepe nocTynJIeHHS1
HMnYJIbCOB C reHepaTopa HanpH.lKeHHe Ha BbIXO.ll.e lJ,All HapaCTaeT
cTyneH4aTWM 06pa30M .lI.0 Tex nop, nOKa He cpaBHHeTCH C HanpH-
.lKeHHeM Ha BbIXO.ll.e YBX. B 31'01' MOMeHT Kll MeHHeT nOTeHUHaJI
Ha CBoeM BbIXO.ll.e, OCTaHaBJIHBaH .IK.lI.YllI.HH reHepaTOp r. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe TaKOH pa60TbI cxeMbI 4HCJIO HMnYJIbCOB reHepaTopa OKa3bIBa-
eTCH npOnOpI.I.HOHaJIbHbIM a MnJIHTY.lI.e BXO.ll.HOrO CHrHaJIa, caMH
HMnYJIbCbI MorYT BbIllOJIHHTb pOJIb nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHorO KOJI.a, a CO-
CTOHHHe C4eT4HKa Ctt COOTBeTcTByeT .lI.BOH4HOMY KO.ll.Y H3MepeHHOH
aM nJI HTY JI.bI.
BpeMH npeo6pa30BaHHH All,n, Q:>YHKI.I.HOHHPYIOllI.ero no onH-
caHHOMY cnoc06y, KaK H Aun, pa60TalOllI.erO no MeTO.ll.Y npe06-
pa30BaHHH aMnJIHTYJI.bI BO BpeMeHHOH HHTepBaJI, 3aJI.aeTCH, B nep-
BYIO 04ep e .ll.b, 4HCJIOM KaHaJIOB K H 4aCTOTOH CJIe.ll.OBaHHH KaHaJIb-
HbIX HMnYJIbCOB f:t=K/f. .
ECTeCTBeHHO, liTO H 6bICTpo.u.eHCT_BHe TaKoro All,O OTHOCHTeJIb-
, HO HeBeJIHKO. Ero .lI.H<pQ:>epeHUHaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb onpeJI.eJIHeTCH
B OCHOBHOM .lI.H<p<pepeHUHaJIbHOH HeJ.IHHeHHOCTblO UAn. THnH4Hble
3HalleHHH JI.HQ:>Q:>epeHI.I.HaJIbHOH HeJIHHeHHOCTH UAO B HHTerpaJIbHOM
HCnOJIHeHHH COCTaBJIHIOT + 0,5 e.ll.HHHI.I.bI MJIa.ll.wero pa3pHJI.a HJIH
50% CpeJI.HeH lllHpHHbI KaHaJIa. OpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 12-pa3pS1.l1.Horo
l An .lI.JIH nOCTpoeHHH Aun npHeMJIeMaH (MeHblllaS1 10%) .lI.H<p-
cpepeHI.I.HaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb MO.IKeT 6bITb 06eCnelJeHa, eCJIH
3a.ll.eHCTBOBaTb 8-9 cTapwHx pa3pHJI.OB UAO, 41'0 cooTBeTcTByeT
256-512 KaHaJIaM KOJI.HpOBaHHH.
HHTerpaJIbHaH HeJIHHeHHOCTb AUO onpeJI.eJIS1eTCH HHTerpaJIbHOH
HeJIHHeHHOCTblO UAO, KOTopaH COCTaBJIS1eT 06br4HO HeCKOJIbKO .lI.OJleH
npOu.eHTa Ha 12 pa3pS1.l1.0B H nocToS1HHOH cna.ll.a BbIXO.ll.HOrO Ha-
npH>KeHHH YBX B pe.IKHMe xpaHeHHH, KOTopaH 3aBHCHT 01' YCTPOH-
CTBa YBX H THna 3JIeMeHTOB, HCnOJIb3yeMblx B HeM. CTPYKTypa
YBX, pa60TalOllI.erO B Aun, flPHBe.ll.eHa Ha pHC. 7.12. YBX co-
CTOHT H3 3apHJI.HOrO YCTpOHCTBa 3Y, ynpaBJIHeMOrO 3JIeKTpOHHoro
KJII04a K, HaKOnHTeJIbHOrO KOHJI.eHCaTopa""" C H OnepaI.I.HOHHOro
YCHJIHTeJIH OY. 3apHJI.HOe YCTPOHCTBO 06bIlIHO TO.IKe npe.ll.CTaBJIHeT
C060H OnepaI.I.HOHHbIH YCHJIHTeJIb C MaJIbIM BbIXO.ll.HbIM conpOTHB-
JIeHHeM RBbIX, TaKHM, liTO 3Ha4eHHe nOCTOHHHOH BpeMeHH RBblXC tcp
(tcp- JI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb Q:> pOHTa BXO.ll.HOrO CHrHaJI a). 5JIa rO.ll.a pH 3TOMY
YCJIOBHIO nOTeHI.I.HaJI Ha C B pe.IKHMe BbI60pKH nOBTopHeT 3Ha4eHHe
nOTeHI.I.HaJIa Ha BXO.ll.e. Pe.IKHM pa60TbI YBX onpeJI.eJIS1eTCS1 3Ha-
4eHHeM CHrHaJIa (1 HJIH 0) «BbI60pKa - xpaHeHHe» B / X Ha ynpaB-
223
PHC. 7.12. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa
YCTpoHcTBa BbIOOpKH- xpaHeHHfI
I
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PMC. 7.13. CTpYKTYPHaH cxeMa
(a) H BpeMeHHbIe .lI.HarpaMMbI pa-
60T (6) nHKOBoro .lI.eTeKTOpa
!JxoiJ
JIHIO eM BXO.ll.e YBX. B pe/KHMe BbI60pKH B BXO.ll.HOH CHrHaJI 4epe3
3Y C MaJIbIM BbIXO.ll.HbIM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM .RBblX H 3JIeKTpOHHbIH
KJII04 K, HaXO.ll.H HHCH B nOJIO)l{eHHH BbIOOpKH B, 3ap5lJKaeT C.
OOCKOJIbKY .lI.JI5I nOJIY4eHH5I O.ll.H03Ha4Horo COOTBeTCTBH5I Me)l{.lI.Y
Hanp5lJKeHHeM Ha C H BXO.ll.HbIM HanpH)I{eHHeM Heo6xo.ll.HMO, 4TOObI
nOCT05lHHa51 BpeMeHH 3ap5l.ll.HOrO YCTpOHCTBa RBblXC 6wJIa HaMHoro
MeHbIlle CKOpOCTH HapaCTaHHH - CHrHaJIa, 3Ha4eHHe RBblX HaKJIa.ll.bI-
BaeT orpaHHlIeHHe Ha eMKOCTb C. B peJKHMe xpaHeHH5I, KOr.ll.a
KJII04 K HaXO.ll.HTC5I B n0J10)l{eHHH xpaHeHH5I X C pa3pH)KaeTC5I
co CKOpOCTblO dAjdt=A/(CRYT). COnpOTHBJIeHHe RYT COCTOHT H3 CO-
npOTHBJIeHHH BXO.ll.a onepaUHOHHOrO YCHJIHTeJIH OY, COnpOTHBJIeHHH
YTelJKH KOH.lI.eHCaTOpa C, KJII04a K. THnH4HOe 3Ha4eHHe (dAj dt)j A
.lI.JI5I YBX Ha nOJIeBbIX TpaH3HCTopax COCTaBJI5IeT 10- 3 3a 50 MKC.
TaKHM oopa30M, HHTerpaJIbHaS1 HeJIHHeHHOCTb AUf] c f = 20 Mru
H K-I024 COCTaBHT OKOJIO 10- 3 .
HHTepeceH npHHUHn peaJIH3aUHH nHKOBoro .lI.eTeKTOpa, COCTO-
51 ero H3 YBX H KOMnapaTopa Kll, KOTopbIe COe.ll.HHeHbI no cxeMe,
H306pa)KeHHOH Ha pHC. 7.13, a. Ha pHC. 7.13, 6 npHBe.ll.eHbI Bpe-
MeHHbIe .lI.HarpaMMbI, n05lCHHIOI.IJ.He paOOTY 3Toro YCTpOHCTBa.
Y BX HMeeT rHCTepe3HC, npOHBJI5IIOI.IJ.HHCS1 B KOHe4HOH pa3HOCTH
Me>K.lI.Y 3HalleHHS1MH HanpS1.iMeHH5I Ha BXO.ll.e Y BX npH 3ap5l.ll.Ke H
pa3p5l.ll.Ke KOH.lI.eHCaTOpa B pe)KHMe BbI60pKH B MOMeHT .lI.0CTH)KeHH5I
Ha C O.ll.HHaKOBoro nOTeHUHaJIa. 3TOT rHCTepe3HC COCTaBJI5IeT He-
CKOJIbKO MHJIJI{1BOJlbT. ECJIH rHCTepe3HC 60JIbIlle, 4eM lIYBCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTb KOMnapaTOpa, TO YCTPOHCTBO 6Y.lI.eT YHKUHOHHpOBaTb CJIe-
.lI.YIOllI.HM 06pa30M. OpH HapaCTaHHH BXO.ll.HOrO CHrHaJIa nOTeHIJ.HaJI
Ha np5lMOM BXO.ll.e Kfl 0Y.lI.eT BbIIlle, 4eM Ha HHBepGHOM, H Ha BbIXO.ll.e
Kll 6y JI.eT C03.l1.aH BpICOKHH JIOrH4eCKHH nOTeHIJ.HaJI, KOTOpbIH noJI.-
.lI.ep)I{HB.aeT Y BX B pe}ffHMe BbIOOpKH. OOCJIe JI.OCTH/KeHH5I BXO.ll.HbIM
CHrHaJIOM MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHH5I Hanp5l)KeHHe Ha rrpS1MOM
BXO.ll.e Kll Ha4HeT CnaJI.aTb, a Ha HHBepCHOM H3-3a rHCTepe3Hca
Y BX cna.ll. Ha4HeTCH C HeKoTopoH 3a.ll.ep)l{KoH. B MOMeHT BpeMeHH,
KOfJI.a nOTeHIJ.HaJI Ha npHMoM BXOJI.e Kll CTaHeT MeHbIlle nOTeHll,HaJIa
Ha HHBepcHoM' BXO.ll.e Ha 3Ha4eHHe 4YBcTBHTeJIbHOCTH Kll, Ha BbI-
XO.ll.e Kll nOHBHTC5I HH3KHH JIOrHlJe KHH nOTeHIJ.HaJI, nepeBO.ll.HI.IJ.HH
YBX B pe./KHM xpaHeHH5I.
224
MeTO,lJ. nOpa3pSlAHOrO B3BeWHBaHHSI. OnHCaHHbIe BbIllle MeTO.ll.bI
KO.ll.HpOBaHHH n03BOJIHIOT, B npHHUHne, nOJIY4HTb KO.ll. aMnJIHTY.lI.bl
B JII060M BH.lI.e. B OCHOBe 060HX MeTO.ll.OB JIe>KHT npeoopa30BaHHe
aMnJIHTY.lI.bl CHfHaJIa B JIHHeHHbIH nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHbIH KO.ll., KOTOpbIH
YJKe 3aTeM MOJKeT ObITb npe06pa30BaH B JII060H .lI.PYfOH. ,L{JI5I
cOKpaIlleHHH BpeMeHH npe06pa30BaHHH npHMeHHeTcH MeTo)]. He-
nOCpe.ll.CTBeHHofo npeoopa30BaHHH aMnJIHTY.lI.W CHfHaJIa B .lI.BOH4HWH
nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHbIH KO.ll.. 3TOT MeTO.ll. HOCHT Ha3BaHHe MeTO.ll.a no-
pa3pH.lI.HOrO B3BeWHBaHHH. MeTO.ll. nOpa3pH.lI.HOrO B3BeWHBaHHH
n03BOJIHeT cYIllecTBeHHo cOKpaTHTb BpeMH npeoopa30BaHHH: npH
O.ll.HOH H TOH .lKe 4aCTOTe KO.llHPYIOIllHX HMnYJIbCOB ,lI.JIH 1000-Ka-
HaJIbHOfO npe06pa30BaTeJIH Tpe6yeTcH 1000 HMnYJIbCOB JIHHeHHOro
npeoopa30BaTeJIbHOfO KO.ll.a H Bcero 10 HMnYJIbCOB .lI.BOH4Horo noc-
JIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOrO KO.ll.a. ,
YnpoIlleHHaH cxeMa AUO, pa60TaIOIllefo no npHHUHny nopa3-
pH,lI.HOrO B3BellIHBaHHH, H efO BpcMeHHbIe .lI.HarpaMMbI npHBe,lI.eHbI
IHa pHC. 7.14, a, 6. OCHOBHbIMH Y3JIaMH AUO nO.ll.oOHOrO THna
HBJIHIOTCH pefHcTp nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHbIX npH6JIH)KeHHH P il il, Il.Hcp-
pO-aHaJIOrOBbIli npeo6pa30BaTeJIb LlAfl H KOMnapaTop Kil. Ko-
.lI.HPyeMbIH CMfHaJI nocTynaeT H3 YCTpoHcTBa BbIOOpKH - xpa.HeHHH
JlBX Ha O.ll.HH H3 BXO.ll.OB KOMnapaTopa. O.ll.HOBpeMeHHo C HHM Ha
BXO.ll. «CrapT» perHCTpa nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHbIX npHOJIH.lKeHHH nO.ll.3-
eTCH CHfHaJI, pa3pernaIOIlI.HH npOLlecc KO,lI.HpOBaHHH. (3TOT CHfHaJI
CHHMaeTCH C nHKOBOfO ,lI.eTeKTOpa [JJ1.). TaKTOBaH 4aCTOTa KO-
,lI.HpOBaHHH 3a)I.aeTCH reHepaTopOM r. CHrHaJIbI TaKTOBOfO feHe-
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TeJlSlMH. AHaJIH3HPYH paOOTbI Aun, MOLKHO BH.lI.eTb, liTO .lI.JIH HX.
npaBHJIbHOH pa60TbI HeOOXO.ll.HMO, He3aBHCHMO OT Tl1na Aun,
OCYI.IJ.eCTBJIHTb OJIOKHPOBKY BXO.ll.HbIX CHrHaJIOB Ha BpeMH paOOTbI
Aun. TaK, HanpHMep, OTCYTCTBHe OJIOKHpOBKH B AlJ,rI, paOOTa-
lOI.U.ero no MeTO.ll.Y npeoopa30BaHHH aMnJ1HTY.lI.bI BO BpeMeHHOH HH-
TepBaJI, MOLKeT npliBeCTH K .lI.03apH.lI.Y KOH.lI.eHCaTOpa C 11 YBeJIH-
lIeHHIO KO.ll.a aHaJII1311pyeMoro CHrHaJIa, eCJIH nOCJIe.ll.YIOIll.HH I1MnYJIbC
nOHBHTCH Ha BXO.ll.e AlJ,n .lI.0 OKOHlIaHHH npeoopa30BaHHH npe.ll.bI-
.lI.Yll.I.ero. 3TO HBJIeHl1e BbI30BeT cyw.eCTBeHHble _ HCKa>KeHHH B no-
JIYlIaeMOM cneKTpe.
DJIOKHpOBKa AlJ,n OCYI.IJ. CTBJIHeTCH, KaK npaBHJIO, JIHHeHHOH
cxeMOH nponYCKaHHH (JlCn), rnYHTHpYlOll.I.eH BXO.ll. AlJ,n Ha Bce
BpeMH KO.ll.HpOBaHHH 11 3anl1CH HHq,opMaI.I.HH B 3Y. BpeMH OJIO-
KHpOBKH onpe,lI.eJIHeT MepTBoe BpeMH AlJ,n. KaK CJIe,lI.yeT H3 npHH-
I.I.Hna paOOTbI AUfI, MepTBoe BpeMH 3aBHCHT OT a MnJIHTY,lJ.bI aHa-
JIH3HpyeMoro CHrHaJIa Ii JIHHeHHO paCTeT C YBeJIH4eHHeM aMnJIH-
TYJJ.bl. BJIOKHpOBKa AlJ,n nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOrO B3BeWHBaHHH H AlJ,fI
nOpa3pH,lJ.HOrO B3BeIl1HBaHHH OCYIll.eCTBJIHeTCSI YBX, nepeKJIlOlIa-
,1OIll.HMCH B pe)KHM xpaHeHHH Ha Bce BpeMH 06paOOTKH CHrHaJIa,
H MepTBoe BpeMH TaK>Ke MO>KeT 3aBHceTb OT aMnJIHTY,lJ.bI BXO,lJ.HOrO
CI1r'HaJIa. B MHOrO,lJ.I1CKpHMHHaTopHOM AlJ,n onHcaHHoro BbIllIe THna
OJIOKHpOBKa ,lJ.OJILKHa npOH3BO,lJ.HTbCH OT.lI.eJlbHbIM YCTPOHCTBOM JI.O
OKOHtlaHHH npOl.l.ecca CTpOOHpOBaHHH. 3,lJ.eCb MepTBoe BpeMH no-
CTOHHHO.
fIpH nOBbIIl1eHHOH 4aCTOTe CJIeJI.OBaHHH BXO,lJ.HbIX CHrHaJlOB B
MOMeHT pa30JIOKHpOBKH Ha BXOJI.e Aun MO>KeT OK33aTbCH HeKO-
TopaH 4aCTb CHrHaJIa, npHWeJI.Wero HeMHoro paHbIlIe 3TOr:0 MO-
MeHTa. B OTCYTCTBHe CnelJ,HaJIbHbIX Mep 3Ta lIaCTb Cl1rHaJIa OYJI.eT
BocnpHHHTa KaK HOpMaJIbHbIH CHrHaJI, nO.ll.BeprHeTCH KO)J.HpOBKe
H, TaKHM 06pa30M, B cneKTp OYJI.eT BHeceHa HCKa>KeHHaH HHq,Op-
Mal.l.I1H. ,L{JIH YCTpaHeHHH nO,lJ.OOHbIX 3q,q,eKTOB B AlJ,fI ,lJ.OJILKHO
6WTb npe,lJ.YCMOTpeHO YCTPOHCTB KOTopoe CJ1e.ll.HT 3a nOTeHl.I.HaJIOM
Ha BXOAe B MOMeHT pa30JIOKHpOBKH. ECJIH nOTeHl.I.HaJI B 3TOT MO-
MeHT He paBeH HYJIIO, TO 3TO YCTPOHCTBO JI.OJI>KHO npOJI.JIeBaTb
OJIOKHPOBKY .lI.0 Tex nop, nOKa nOTeHl.I.HaJI Ha BXO,lI.e He CTaHeT
paBHbIM Hy.lIlO. 51cHO, 4TO B 3TOM CJIY4ae MepTBoe BpeMH AUfI
CTaHOBI1TCH npO,lJ.JIeBalOllJ.I1MCH.
,L{PyraH ocooeHHocTb, CBH3aHHaH C HaJIHlIHeM OJIOKHpOBKH,
npOHBJIHeTCH B TOM, 4TO 4aCTb Cl1rHaJIOB npHXOJI.HT Ha BXO.ll. AlJ,fI
BO BpeMH JI.eHCTBI1H 6JIOKHPOBKH' H HCKJIlOlIaeTCH 113 aHaJIH3a. 3TO
npI1BO,lJ.HT K B03HHKHOBeHI11O pa3JII14HH nOJIYlIeHHoro C nOMOf1.l.bIO
AlJ,n cneKTpa H cneKTpa CHrHaJIOB, nocTynaIOllI.HX Ha BXO.ll. AlJ,fI.
CTeneHb pa3JIH4HH cneKTpOB onpeJI.eJIHeTCH 3HaqeHHeM H BMJI.OM
MepTBoro BpeMeHH, 3aKOHOM pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHH COOWTHH O BpeMeHH.
B OOJIbIlIHHCTBe CJIY4aeB BpeMeHHoe pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHe COOWTHH no,lJ.-
4HHHeTCH 3aKOHY nyaccoHa H CpeJI.HHH 4aCTOTa nocTynJIeHHH CO-
230
,-
6bITI1H nOCT05IHHa. OpH pa60Te Ha HMnYJIbCHbIX YCTaHOBKaX: YC-
KOpHTeJI5IX, peaKTOpaX H T. n. C06bITH5I rpynnHpYIOTC5I B nallKH,
BHYTpl1 KOTOpbIX pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHe no BpeMeHH MO.>KeT 6bITb B Cpe,lI.HeM
paBHQMepHbIM, a MO.>KeT 6bITb 60JIee CJIO.>KHbIM.
YlIeT I1CKa.>KeHI1H cneKTpa cpaBHHTeJIbHO npOCT, eCJIH AUO
I1MeeT nOCT05IHHOe MepTBoe BpeM5I, nOTOK HCCJIe,lI.yeMbIx C06bITHH
nyaccoHOBCKI1H H OTCYTCTByeT KOppeJI5IIJ.I15I Me.>K,lI.Y aMnJIHTY,lI.aMH
CHrHaJIOB H HX nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHOCTblO - BO BpeMeHH. B 3TOM CJIYlIae
nOJIYlIeHHbIH C nOMOllI.blO AUO OTJIl1l1aeTC5I OT I1CTHHHoro TOJIbKO
HOPMHPYIOllI.HM MHO.>KHTeJIeM, paBHbIM (1- n't)-I, r,lI.e n - Cpe,lI.H5I5I
lIaCTOTa nocTynJIeHH5I C06bITI1H; 't - MepTBoe BpeM5I AUO. O,lI.HaJ{o
Ha npaKTHKe CTOJIb H,lI.eaJIbHbIe YCJIOBH5I peaJIH3YIOTC5I cpaBHHTeJIbHO
pe,lI.Ko. YallI.e, KaK Y.>Ke ynoMHHaJIOCb, MepTBoe BpeM5I AUO 3a-
BHCHT OT aMnJII1TY,lI.bI BXO,lJ.HOrO CHrHaJIa, n03ToMY ,lI.JI5I ynpOllI.eHI15I
npOIl.e,lI.ypbI BOCCTaHOBJIeHH5I cneKTpoB 06bIlIHO I1CnOJIb3yeTC5I TaK
Ha3bIBaeMbIH pe.>KHM Ha60pa I1H<popMaIl.HI1 no .>KI1BOMY BpeMeHH.
THnl1l1HbIM <pH3HlIecKHM npl1MepOM npHMeHeHH5I pe.>KHMa Ha-
60pa cneKTpa no .>KHBOMY BpeMeHH MO.>KeT CJIY.>KI1Tb 3a,lI.alla aKTI1-
BaIJ.HOHHOro aHaJIH3a, KOr,lI.a He06xo,lI.HMO onpe,lI.eJII1Tb a6COJIIOTHOe
KOJIHlIeCTBO KaKOrO-JII160 pa,lJ.HOaKTHBHoro HYKJIH,lI.a B CJIO.>KHOH
CMeCH. B 310M CJIYlIae aMnJIHTY,lI.HbIM aHaJIH3aTOpOM 113Mep5IeTC5I
cneKTp 113JIY4eHH5I CMeCI1, H,lI.eHTH<pHIl.l1pyeTC5I 3HepreTl1l1eCKa5I
JIHHH5I, npHHa,lI.JIe.>KallI.a5I HCCJIe,lI.yeMOMY HYKJII1,lI.Y, H onpe,lI.eJI5IeTC5I
HHTeHCHBHOCTb BW,lI.eJIeHHOH JII1HHH (KOJIHlIeCTBO 3aperHCTpHpO-
BaHHWX B e,lI.HHHIl.Y BpeMeHI1 C06WTI1H B KaHaJIe HJIH rpynne Ka-
HaJIOB, B KOTOpbIX 3Ta JIHHI15I pacnOJIO.>KeHa).
Ope,lI.nOJIO.>KHM ,lI.JI5I npOCTOTbI, liTO HHTepeCYIOllI.ee Hac H3JIYlIe-
HHe perHcTpHpyeTC5I B HeKOTopOM i-M KaHaJIe aHaJIl13aTopa. Ope,lI.-
nOJIara5I, liTO lIHCJIO npOClIeTOB MaJIO, MO.>KHO 3anl1CaTb:
nOi=nil(I-'tMnI)'
r,lI.e ni - CKOpOCTb ClIeTa B l-M KaHaJIe; nOi - HHTeHCI1BHOCTb
C06bITHH no BXO,lI.y, cooTBeTcTBYIOllI.I1X i-MY KaHaJIY, T. e. nOi - Be-
JIl1l1l1Ha, nO,lI.JIe.>KallI.a5I onpe,lI.eJIeHHIO; _ n>.. - cYMMapHa5I CKOpOCTb
ClIeTa aHaJIH3aTOpa no BceM KaHaJIaM, 't M - Cpe,lI.Hee MepTBoe BpeM5I.
OYCTb t - BpeM5I npOBe,lI..eHI15I 113MepeHHH (,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb 3KcnepH-
MeHTa). Tor,lI.a
nOi = ndl(t - TMnI t ).
OpOH3Be,lI.eHl1e nd eCTb lIHCJIO OTC4eTOB B i-M KaHaJIe 3a BpeM5I
. 113MepeHH5I, a np0l13Be,lI.eHHe TMnIt - CYMMapHoe MepTBoe BpeM5I 3a
BpeM5I H3MepeHH5I. Pal3HOCTb t - TMnIt = t)K Ha3bIBaeTC5I )KHBbIM Bpe-
MeHeM. <P113HlIeCKI1 OHO 5IBJI5IeTC5I cYMMapHbIM BpeMeHeM (lIaCTblO
06llI.ero BpeMeHH 113MepeHH5I t), B TelleHHe KOToporo aHaJIH3aTOp
O)KI1,lI.aeT npHXO,lI.a perl1cTpl1pyeMbIx C06bITHH to)K (pHC. 7.16).
Tor,lI.a nOi MO)KHO 3anHcaTb B BH,lI.e
nOi = Nil t)K.
231
3ape2liCmpI.LpodaHO
/lpoClfl.lmaHO '-
o
t OlK
'Z(M
tox<
'l'M
TM
t OiK
t
T
PHC. 7.16. )].HarpaMMa BpeMeHHblx MHTepBaJIOB, 3aTpa4HBaeMblx Au,n Ha 06pa60TKY
TM H O)KH.lI.a HHe To)/( CHrHaJIOB
CJIe.nOBaTeJIbHO, H3Mep5I5I )l{HBOe BpeM5I C nOMOIIJ.IJIO ynpaBJI5IeMOrO
TaHMepa, KOTOpbIH ClIHTbIBaeT BpeM5I JIHlllb B npOMe)l{YTKH t>K MO)l{HO
oppe,lI.eJIHTb a6COJI'IOTHYIO HHTeHCHBHOCTb C06bITHH no JII060MY KaHa-
JIY Ha BbIxo.ne aHaJIH3aTopa.
113 3TOH cf>0PMYJIbI HenOCpeJI.CTBeHHO CJIe.nyeT H elll.e O,lI.HH Ba)l{-
HbIii BbIBO,lI.: npOClIeTbI aHaJIH3aTOpa He HCKa)l{alOT COOTHOllleHH5I
HHTeHCHBHOCTeH Me)l{,lI.Y cneKTpaJIbHbIMH JIHHH5IMH o.nHor cneKTpa,
nOCKOJIbKY
nOil nOj = Nil N j .
-( BMeCTe c TeM ,lI.JI5I Toro, lIT06bI - cpaBHHBaTb a6COJIIOTHbIe HHTeH-
CHBHOCTH O,lI.HOH Ii TOH )l{e cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH, H3MepeHHOH B
pa3HbIx YCJIOBH5IX (HanpHMep, B ,lI.BYX 06pa311.ax pa3HOH aKTHB-
HOCTH), He06xo,lI.HMO npOBO,lI.HTb H3MepeHM5I 3a O,lI.HHaKOBoe )l{HBOe
BpeM5I.
,[leHcTBHTeJIbHO:
n Oi ( I ) = N i ( I )1 t>K (1 ); n Oi ( 2) = N i (2)1 t>K (2),
fJI.e HH,lI.eKCbI 1, 2 OrHOC5ITC5I K ,lI.BYM .06pa311.aM aKTHBHOCTH. OpM
t>K(1)=t>K(2) nOJIYlIHM:
n Oi ( 1 ) I n Oi (2) = N i ( 1 ) I N i (2).
KOHTpOJlbHble BonpOCbI
1. KaKOBO Ha3Ha l leHHe 4>a3HpoBKH B Bun npflMoro KO.il.MpOBaHHSI HeCKOJIbKHX
HHTepBaJIOB 3a pa60lJHH U,HKJI:
a) cTa6HJIH3al HSI WHpHHbI KaHaJIOB Bun;
6) 06eCnelJeHHe B03MO)KHOCTH perHcTpau,HH HeCKOJIbKHX BpeMeHH X HHTepBaJIOB
3a pa60lJlil1 U,HKJI;
B) YMeHbweHHe HCKa)KeHHH cneKTpoB?
2. He06xo.n.HMO 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO no.nyqHTb pacnpe.il.eJIeHHe BpeMeHHblx HHTep-
BaJIOB Me)K.il.Y CHrHaJlaMH C nOJIynpOBO.il.HHI<oBoro JI.eTeKTOpa, perMcTpHpYlOlllero
lJaCTMlI.bI OT (X-aKTMBHoro npenapaTa. KaKoH BpeMflu,H4>poBoH npe06pa30BaTeJIb
232
Bun ll.eJIeCOOOpa3Ho npHMeHHTb .n.JIH peweHHH 3TOH 3a.u.a'llH:
a) Bun npfiMoro KO.ll.HpOBaHHH o.n.Horo HHTepBaJIa 3a pao04HH ll.HKJI, nOCTa-
BHB Ha ero Bxo.u.e 3JIeKTpOHHbIH nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb, nO.lI.aIOIlI.HH HMnYJIbCbI OT .n.eTeK-
Topa noollepe.n.Ho Ha BXO.u.bI «CTapT» H «CTon» Bun
6) Bun KO)].HpoBaHHH HeCKOJIbKHX HHTepBaJIOB 3a pa60qHH ll.HKJ1, 3anYCKaSl
H3pe.ll.Ka Bun O)].HHM H3 CHrHaJIOB C .lI.eTeKTopa M nO.lI.aBaH nOCJIe.n.YIOIlI.He CHrHaJIbI
C .lI.eTeKTOpa Ha BXO.lI. «CTon»?
3. HeKoTopoe CooblTHe, Ha4HHaI01lI.eeCfI CHrHaJIOM «CTapT», cOnpOBO)K.u.aeTcSI
nOHBJIeHHeM .lI.BYX 4aCTHll. 'lIepe3 Cpe.ll.Hee BpeMH tl H t2 OTHOCHTeJIbHO CHrHaJIa
«CTapT», npH 3TOM BepoHTHoCTb nOna.lI.aHHH o.6eHx 4aCTMll. B .n.eTeKTop BeJIHKa.
KaKoH Bun CJIe.u.yeT npHMeooTb, 'lITOObl nOJIY'lIHTb BpeMeHHOH cneKTp 3THX COObl-
THH:
a) Bun npfiMoro Ko.n.HpoBaHHH o.u.Horo HHTepBaJIa 3a paOOQHH ll.HKJI;
6) Bun npHMoro KO.ll.HpOBaHHH HeCKOJIbKHX HHTepBaJIOB 3a paOO'llHH U,ItKJI;
B) rO)I.SlTCH ooa Bun?
4. nYCTb Heooxo.n.MMO H3MepHTb BpeMeHHoH cneKTp C06bITHH C norpeWHOCTblO
Q,1 HC BO BpeMeHHOM HHTepBaJIe OKOJIO 10 HC, OTCTOHlll.eM OT CMrHaJIa «CTapT» Ha Bpe-
MH, paBHoe 100 HC. KaKOH Bun u.eJIeCOOOpa3HO HCnOJIb30BaTb .lI.JIfi pellieHHH 3TOM
3a.n.a4H:
a) npHMeHHTb Bun C HHTepnOJIHlI.HeH no cxeMe 7.8;
0) HCnOJIb30BaTb Bun HOHHycHoro THna (pHC. 7.7), BBe.n.H B cTapToBblH KaHaJI
<pHKCHpOBaHHYIO Ka6eJIbHYlO JIHHHIO 3a.lI.ep>KKH, paBHYIO 100 HC;
B) HCnOJIb30BaTb Bun C HHTepnOJIHlI.HeH, BbInOJIHeHHOH no cxeMe pHC. 7.9?
5. K KaKHM H3MeHeHHHM B aMI1JIHTY.ll.HOM cneKTpe, COCTOHllleM H3 O.ll.HOH Y3KOH
cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHH"H, npHBe.u.eT OOpblB CBH3H Me)K.n.y IT H J1Cn B Aun, npHBe.ll.eH-
HOM Ha pHC. 7.10:
a) npeKpaTHTcH Haoop C06bITHH (Au,n nepecTaHeT HX KO.ll.HpOBaTb);
6) B cneKTpe nOHBHTCH COObITHH C a MnJIHTy.n.oH, OOJIblUeH HCXO.n.HOH;
B) yBeJIH'lIHTCH 'lIHCJ10 perHcTpHpyeMblx COOblTHH B JIHHHH?
6. KaKHe HCKa)KeHHH aMnJIHTy.u.Horo cneKTpa, nOJIY'lIaeMOrO C nOMOlllbIO Aun
nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOrO B3BeWHBaHHH (npHOJIH)KeHHH),' Oy.u.YT HaOJIIO.lI.aTbCH, eCJIH B
YCTpoHcTBe BbIOOpKH-.xpaHeHHH B03HHKHeT 3aMeTHaH YTe'llKa 3apH.n.a Ha KOH.lI.eHCaTO-
pe naMHTH:
a) YMeHblliHTcfI K03<p<pHlI.HeHT npeoopa30BaHHH aMnJIHTY.lI.bI B KO.ll., H KaK CJIe.u.CT-
BHe npOH30H.lI.eT npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHOe C)KaTHe cneKTpa no OCH a MnJIHTY.u.;
0) 0Y.lI.eT Ha6JIIO.lI.aTbCH 3KcnoHeHu.HaJIbHOe C)KaTHe cneKTpa no Mepe YBeJIMQe-
HHH aMIIJIHTY)].;
B) HCKa)KeHHH cneKTpa He oy.n.eT?
7. KaK 3aBHCHT M.epTBOe BpeMH Aun nopa3pH.u.Horo B3BelliHBaHHfI OT aMnJIH-
Ty.u.bl A aHaJIH3HpyeMoro CHrHaJIa:
a) He 3aBHCHT OT A;
0) nponop HOHaJIbHO A;
B) npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHO JIOrapH<pMY A?
8. KaKoH Aun MO)KeT oOeCnetIH.Tb HaHMeHbwyIO .u.H<pcpepeHlI.HaJIbHYIO HeJIH-
HeHHocTb .n.JIH npell.H3HOHHoro aHaJIH3a cJ>OpM Y3KOH cneKTpaJIbHOH JIHHHH:
a) Aun C A - T-npe06pa30BaHHeM;
0) Aun nOpa3pSl.ll.HOrO B3BelliMBaHHSI;
233
B) Au,n MHOrO.lI.HCKpHMMHaTOpHOrO THna, Ha BXO.lI. KOTOpOrO CHrHaJIbI nOCTY-
nalOT 'lIepe3 nOpOrOBbIH YCHJIHTeJIb.
9. )].JIfi BbI)].eJIeHHfI cneKTpa MCCJIe)].yeMoro MCTO'llHHKa B YCJIOBMSIX CHJIbHOrO
nocTopoHHero <poHa CHa4aJIa npOBo.lI.flT H3MepeHMfI cYMMapHoro aMnJIHTY.lI.HOrO
cneKTpa (MCTO'llHHK+<POH), 3aTeM H3MepfilOT aMnJIHTY.lI.HbIH cneKTp cpoHa, nOCJIe
4ero BbI'lIMTalOT BTOpOH cneKTp H3 nepBoro. B KaKOM pe)KHMe CJIe.QyeT npOBO.QHTb
3TH H3MepeHMH, 'lITOObI 06eCne'llHTb HaHOOJIee T04Hoe KOJIH4eCTBeHHoe BbI.QeJIeHHe
3cp<p eKTa :
a) nepBoe H3MepeHHe BeCTH B Te4eHHe HeKOToporo )KHBOrO BpeMeHH T >1<, H3MepHB
npH 3TOM a6COJIIOTHOe BpeMH Ha60pa HHcpopMau,HH T, BTopoe H3MepeHMe BeCTH B
Te4eHHe T - T >1<;
6) nepBoe H BTopoe H3MepeHHe BeCTH B Te4eHHe O.QHHaKOBoro aOCOJIIOTHOrO-
BpeMeHH T;
B) ooa H3MepeHMH npOBO.QHTb B Te4eHHe O.QHHaKOBoro )KMBOrO BpeMeHM T >1<'
fJIABA 8
METO,lI.bl nOJlYIJEHHSI npOCTPAHCTBEHHOA
HH OPMAUHH B n03HUHOHHO-IJYBCTBHTEJlbHbIX
,lI.ETEKTOPAX (nIJ,lI.)
8.t. OnPEAEJJEHHE KOOPAHHATbl lJACTHlI.bl B nlJA
METOj\AMH AMnJJHTYAHOrO AHAJJH3A
Onpe,AeJIeHHe KOop,AHHaTbI lIaCTHlI.bI no aMnJIHTY,Ae CHrHaJIa,
CHHMaeMoro C ,AeTeKTopa, OCHOBaHO Ha HCnOJIb30BaHijH KaKOA-JIH60
H3BeCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH aMnJIHTY,AbI CHrHaJIa )I.eTeKTOpa OT KOOp-
AHHaThI perHcTpHpyeMoA qaCTHlI.bI. HanpHMep, B npOTH)KeHHOM
(OAHOMepHOM) ClI.HHTHJIJIHlI.HOHHOM ,AeTeKTOpe (pHC. 8.1, a) npH
<pHKcHpoBaHHoM 3HeprOBbI,lI.eJIeHHH lIaCTHlI.bI BCJIeACTBHe nOrJIOlll.eHHH
CBeTa B ClI.HHTHJIJIHTOpe 3aBHCHMOCTb aMnJIHTY,lI.bI CHrHaJIa OT KOOP"
,lI.HHaTbI B3aHMoAeHcTBHH QaCTHij9I C Bew.eCTBOM )I.eTeKTOpa HMeeT
BHA
A(x)=Aoexp( - Jlx),
rAe Ao - aMnJIHTy.u.a CBeTOBoA BcnbIWKH B TOllKe B3aHMo)I.eAcTBHH;
Jl - JIHHeHHbIA K03<p<PHlI.HeHT OCJIa6JIeHHH CBeTa, x - paccToHHHe .u.o
<POTOYMHO)KHTeJIH.
OOCKOJIbKY Ao HBJIHeTCH <PYHKlI.HeH 3HeprHH lIaCTHlI.bI (B nepBoM
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,LlJIH onpe.u.eJIeHH5I Koop,AHHaThI lIaCTHLl.bI He3aBHCHMO OT ee
3HeprHH CLl.HHTHJIJIHTOp 06bIlIHO npocMaTpHBaeTcH C ABYX CTOpOH
)I.BYMH <l>3Y (pRC. 8.1, 6). OOCKOJIbKY aMnJIHTY,AbI CHrHaJIOB Al H
A 2 060HX <POTOYMHO)KHTeJIeA nponopIJ.HOHaJIbHbI 3HeprOBbI)I.eJIeHHIO
lIaCTHlI.bI, HX OTHorneHHe Al / A 2 H JIHeTCH <PYHKll.HeH KOOp)I.HHaTbI
234
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.lI.eTeKTOp, n03BOJIHIOIllHH H3MepHTb Koop)].HHaTY npH JIIOOOH 3HeprHH lJaCTHu,bl (6)
I1aCTHlI.bI H He 3aBHCHT OT ee 3HeprOBbI,lI.eJIeHHH. Ha npaKTHKe 06bIIIHO
HCnOJIb3yeTcH He A I / A 2 , a OTHOllleHHe A I /(A I + A 2 ), 3aBHCHMOCTb
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06bI4HO HCnOJIb3yeMbIx ,lI.JIH 3TOH ueJIH, n03BOJI5IIOT nOJIY4HTb n03H-
lI.HOHHOe (KoOp,lI.HHaTHoe) pa3perneHHe nopH,lI.Ka HeCKOJIbKHX caHTH-
MeTpoB.
B ra30BbIX nponopUHOHaJIbHbIX C4eT4HKax MOlKH() onpe,lI.eJIHTb
KOOp,lI.HHaTY I1aCTHUM B,lI.OJIb aHO,lI.HOH HHTH, CHHMa5I ,lI.Ba CHrHaJIa
C ,lI.BYX npoTHBOnOJIOlKHbIX KOHUOB HHTH. ,L{JI5I Ha,lI.elKHOrO BbI,lI.eJIeHHH
3<p<j)eKTa conpOTHBJIeHHe HHTH ,lI.OJIlKHO 6bITb ,lI.OCTaTOIlHO BeJIHKO
(nOp5I,lI.Ka HeCKOJIbKHX KHJIOOM). B 3TOM CJIY4ae OTHorneHHe CHrHa-
JIOB, CHHMaeMbIX C ,lI.BYX npoTHBOnOJIOlKHbIX KOHUOB HHTH, nponop-
lI.HOHaJIbHO OTHOllleHHIO conpOTHBJIeHHH Y4acTKoB HHTH OT TOIlKH
B'3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH ,lI.0 cooTBeTcTBYIOrn.ero KOHua. ,L{ocTHrHYToe. KOOp-
,lI.HHaTHOe pa3perneHHe COCTaBJI5IeT MeHee 0,1 MM.
AHaJIOrH4HbIM 06pa30M MOlKHO onpe.n.eJIHTb KOOp,lI.HHaTY 4aCTHUbI'
B O,lI.HOMepHOM nOJIynpOBO,lI.HHKOBOM ,lI.eTeKTOpe, eCJIH C,lI.eJIaTb O,lI.HH
H3 ero 3JIeKTpO,lI.OB ,lI.OCTaTOIlHO BbICOKOOMHbIM (3TOT cJIY4aH pac-
cMoTpeH B rJI. 2).
B npHBe,lI.eHHbIX npHMepax OTIIeTJIHBO npocMaTpHBaeTcH 06rn.HH
npHHUHn, npHMeHHeMbIH B TaKoro pO,lI.a YCTpoHcTBax: C ,lI.eTeKTopa
CHHMaIOTC5I ,lI.Ba CHrHaJIa, O,lI.HH H3 KOTOpbIX (HJIH HX cYMMa) HBJI5I-
eTCH HOpMaJIH3YIOllI.HM no OTHOllleHHIO KO BTOPOMY, T. e. 03BO-
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cYlll.ero n03HUHOHHYIO HH<j)opMaUHIO. CnelI.H<j)H4eCKHe Tpe6oBaHHH,
npe,lI.'bHBJIHeMbIe K- aMnJIHTY,lI.HbIM TpaKTaM, npe,lI.Ha3HaIleHHbIM ,lI.JIH
perneHHH nO,lI.06HbIX 3a,lI.a4, H cneUH<pHIIeCKHe YCTpOHCTBa, npHMe-
HHeMbIe ,lJ.JIH 3TOH ueJtH, paCCMaTpHBalOTCH B HaCTOHJ..II.eM naparpa<j)e.
KOHeIlHoe n03H,-""HOHHoe (KOOp,lI.HHaTHoe) pa3pellleHHe n4,L{
onpe,lI.eJIHeTC5I 60JIbrnHM KOJIH4eCTBOM <j)aKTopOB, KOTopbIe MOlKHO
pa36HTb Ha ,lI.Be rpynnbl. K nepBOH OTHOCHTCH <paKTopbI, CBH3aH-
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<j)JIYKTyaUHeH 4HCJIa HOCHTeJIeH 3JIeKTpH4eCKoro 3apH,lI.a, HX riepBo-
235
HallaJlbHbIM npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIM paenpe,lI.eJleHHeM, ,lI.H<p<j)Y3HeH H
pH,lI.OM ,lI.PyrHX.
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paH rpynna <paKTOpOB CBH3aHa C KOHKpeTHbIMH MeTO,lI.aMH C'beMa
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- Tpe60BaHHH K napaMeTpaM 3J1eKTpOHHWX cxeM HeBWCOKH H JlerKO
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n03HU,HOHHbIM pa3perneHHeM cYlll.eCTBeHHbIM <paKToPOM, orpaHH4H-
BalOlll.HM n03HU,HOHHoe pa3perneHHe, HBJIHIOTCH rnYMbI 3J1eTpOHHbIX
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3TH CHrHaJlbI, pa3MbIBaH HX aMnJlHTY,lI.HOe pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHe H TeM
caMhIM YXY,lI.rnaH n03HlI.HOHHOe pa3perneHHe.
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nOJlHOCThlO aHaJIOrH4HO YXY,lI.rneHHIO 3HepreTH4eCKoro pa3perneHHH
,lI.eTeKTOpOB no TOH lKe npHlJHHe. ,L{eHcTBHTeJlhHO, n03HU,HOHHoe
pa3perneHtIe .neTeKTopa, B KOTOpOM Koop.nHHaTa lIaCTHU,bI onpe,lI.e-
JIHeTCH KaK ,lI.OJIH 3apH,lI.a, CHHMaeMoro C O,lI.Horo H3 KOHU.OB npo-
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OT 3HeprHH), MOlKHO 3anHcaTh \,1t BH,lI.e
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pO,lI.a; Llq - Cpe,lI.HHH KBa,lI.paTH4eCKaH <j)JIYKTyaU.HH 3apH,lI.a; q-
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ECJIH npHHHTh, 4TO Cpe,lI.HHH KBa,lI.paTH4eCKaH <PJlYKTyaU.HH 3apH-
,lI,a onpe,lI.eJlHeTCH TOJlbKO rnYMaMH, TO
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IlOJIynpOBO,lI.HHKOBble IlY,Q H IlY,Q Ha OCHOBe nponOplI.HOHaJIb-
HbIX C4eTlJHKOB npe,lI.'bHBJIHIOT BeCbMa BbICOKHe- Tpe6oBaHHH, K ypOB-
HIO rnYMOB BXO,lI.HbIX npe,lI.YCHJlHTeJleH. ,L{eHcTBHTeJIhHO, "PH perHCT-
236
paUHH KpeMHHeBbIM on,[l - 4aCTHlI.bI C 3HeprHeH nOpH)1.Ka 1 M3B
B nO,[l reHepHpyeTcH OKOJIO 3. 10 5 3JIeKTpOHHO-)1.bIp04HbIX nap
(3HeprHH 06pa30BaHHH O)1.HOH napbI B Si paBHa 3,62 3B). ECJIH
nOTpe60BaTb n03HlI.HOHHoe pa3pellleHHe n1.J,Ll nOpH)1.Ka 1 % (4TO TI.pH
pa3Mepax l = 10 MM COCTaBHT 0,1 MM), TO )1.0nYCTHMoe 3Ha4eHHe
qw COCTaBHT npHMepHO 3. 10 3 3JIeMeHTapHbIx 3apH)1.0B HJIH 4,8 X
X 10- 16 KJI, 4TO COOTBeTcTByeT ypOBHIO BbICOKOKa4eCTBeHHbIX
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O)1.HaKO, CBOIO cneUH$HKY. ,[leJIO B TOM, 4TO no TeXHOJIOrH4eCKHM
npH4HHaM conpOTHBJIeHHe pe3HCTHBHoro 3JIeKTp0.LI.a cpaBHHTeJIbHO
HeBeJIHKO H JIe>KHT 06bI4HO B npe)1.eJIax 10 2 -10 OM. dTO 3Ha4eHHe
CYllI.eCTBeHHO MeHbllle, 4eM OnTHMaJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe HarpY3KH,
npHMeHHeMoe B pe>KHMe cneKTpOMeTpH4eCKoro CDeMa HH$opMaUHH:
RH 10 8 OM (CM. 3.3). npH conpOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH cYlllecT-
BeHHO' HH>Ke OnTHMaJIbHOrO OCHOBHbIM HCT04HHKOM rnYMa HBJIHeTCH
TenJIOBOH WYM conpOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH. OCTaJIbHbIMH WYMaMH-
WYMOM BXO.LI.HOro TOKa H WYMOM BbIXO)1.HOro TOKa - MOJKHO B 3TOM
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BYIOI.llHe MepbI).
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q =4kT(t H / RH).
nOJIara H, 4TO t H = RHC H , nOJIY4aeM q =4kTC H HJIH qUI =
= -V 4kTC H.
TaKHM 06pa30M, ypOBeHb lllYMa, a CTaJIO 6bITb, H n03HlI.HOHHOe
pa3perneHHe )1.eTeKTopa onpe)1.eJIHIOTCH TOJIbKO ero eMKOCTblO.
npH KOMHaTHOH TeMnepaType H eMKOCTH ,lI,eTeKTopa nOpH)1.Ka
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3apH)1.0B, CHHMaeMbIX C O.LI.HOrO )1.eTeKTopa), eCTeCTBeHHO npHMeHe-
HHe B nO.LI.o6HbIX H3MepeHHHX MaJIOwYMHIlI.HX 3apH)1.04YBCTBHTeJIbHbIX
npe.LI.YCHJIHTeJIeH (3LJY).
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cpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIOe conpOTHBJIeHHe BXO)1.HOH HarpY3KH npHBO)1.HT
K TOMY, 4TO conpOTHl\JIeHHe B uenH 06paTHOH CBH3H TaK.>Ke 3aMeTHO
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BbIX n4l{ Heo6xo)1.HMO O)1.HOBpeMeHHo CHHMaTb C )1.eTeKTopa ,lI,Ba
aHaJIOrOBbIX CHrHaJIa H, B o6111eM CJIY4ae, H3MepHTb aMnJIHTY)1.Y
(3apH.LI.) Ka>K)1.0rO H3 HHX. TexHH4ecKH B 3TOM CJIY4ae 3a)1.a4a He
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237
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Tpe6yeT HaJIH4HH COOTBeTCTBYIOI.IJ.erO 060pY,U.OBaHHH, BKJII04aH 3BM,
H Heo6xo,lJ.HMOrO npOrpaMMHOrO 06eCne4eHHH. Ilo3ToMY Hepe,U.KO Ha
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30BaHHH aHaJIOrOBOro MeTo,U.a HOpMaJIH3allHH (pHC. 8.2) CHfHaJIbI
q. H q2 YCHJIHBalOTCH ,lI.BYMH 3YY. BbIxo,lJ.HbIe CHfHaJIbI 060HX 3YY
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HOlIleHHIO V 1/ V 2 H, TaKHM 06pa30M, HeceT TOJIbKO n03Hll.HOHHYIO
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nepe,lI.a4H BXO,lI.HbIX CHr aJIOB V I H V 2 H3MeH5IIOTC5I no,lI. B03,lI.eHCTBHeM
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aTTeHlOaTopa, no O,lI.HHaKOBOMY 3aKOHY, TaK, 4TO B JII060H MOMeHT
BpeMeHH BbInOJIHHeTCH COOTHorneHHe
k.=ak 2 ,
f,lI.e a=const; k l , k 2 - K03cp$HUHeHTbI nepe,lI.a4H aTTeHlOaTopOB
A I H A 2 COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
YnpaBJIHeMbIe aTTeHlOaTopbI npe,lI.CTaBJI5IIOT C060H ,lI.Ba OMHlIeCKHX
,lI.eJIHTeJI5I Rl, RCH(T I ) H R2, RCH(T 2 ), f,lI.e R., R2 - pe3HCTopbI;
RCH (T 1 ) H RCH (T 2 ) - conpOTHBJIeHHe CTOK-HCTOK nOJIeBbIX TpaH3HC-
TOpOB T I H T 2. 3Ha4eHH RCH H3MeH5IeTCH npH nO,lI.alle CHrHaJIa V ynp
Ha 3aTBOp TpaH3HCTopa. JIH BWnOJIHeHHH Tpe60BaHHH paBeHCTBa
K03$<pHll.HeHTOB nepe,lI.allH 060HX aTTeHlOaTopOB Tpe6yeTcH H,lI.eH-
TH4HOCTb xapaKTepHCTHK Tp H3HCTOpOB T I Ii T 2, 4TO 06ecne4HBaeTCH
npHMeHeHHeM MHKpoc60pKH H3 ,lI.BYX TpaH3HCTopOB.
YCTpOHCTBO pa60TaeT CJIe,lI.YIOIII.HM oopa30M. OpH npHXO,lI.e CHf-
HaJIOB V I H V 2 4epe3 cxeMY & 3anYCKaeTCH feHepaTOp ynpaBJIHIO-
III.ero CHfHaJIa V ynp, H3MeHHIOlll.erOCH BO BpeMeHH no JIHHeHHOMY
3aKOHY, KOTOpbIH 4epe3 KJIlOlI K nO,lI.aeTCH Ha 06a aTTeHlOaTopa.
K03<p<pHuHeHTbI nepe,lI.a4H aTTeHlOaTopOB H3MeHHIOTCH ,lI.0 Tex nop,
[f
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nOKa He cpa60TaeT noporOBoe YCTPOHCTBO (KOMnapaTOp) flY, 6JIO-
KHpYlOlllee KJ1lOlI K. 3TO npOH30H,lJ.eT B TOT MOMeHT, KOr,lJ.a CHrHaJI
. Ha BbIXO,lJ.e YCHJ1HTe.JIH Y:. CTaHeT paBHbIM 3HalleHHIO YCTaHOBJ1eHHOrO,
nopora U nop nOpOrOBOrO YCTpOHCTBa:
k 2 k y2 U 2 = V nop,
r,lJ.e k y2 - K03$<pHUHeHT YCHJIeHHH YCHJ1HTeJ1H Y 2.
B 3TOT MOMeHT 3HalleHHe BbIXO,lJ.HOrO CHfHaJIa V BblX paBHO:
V BblX = klk yl U I,
r,lJ.e k Y1 - K03<p<p H IJ.HeHT YCHJ1eHHH YCHJ1HTeJ1H Y I. IlOCKOJIbKY k I = ak 2 ,
MO.>KHO 3anHcaTb:
VnopkYl VI
V BbIX = Via V k =b U -'
2 Y2 2
r,lJ.e b = aV nopk YI / k y2 .
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HeCKOJ1bKO JIYlIIlle 1 %. 04eBH,lJ.HO, 4TO B TelleHHe BpeMeHH o6pa-
60TKH O,lJ.HorO C06bITHH (COCTaBJIHIOllI.erO B peaJIbHbIX YCTpOHCTBax
OK0.J10 10 MKC) B ,lJ.eTeKTOp He ,lJ.OJ1.>KHbI non3,lJ.aTb ,lJ.PyrHe lIaCTHUbl,
HHalle pe3YJ1bTaT H3MepeHHH OKa)KeTCH HCKa.>KeHHbIM. IlpH 60JIblllHX
3arpY3K3X, ,lJ.OJ1.>KHbl 6bITb npe,lJ.YCMOTpeHbI CneUHaJ1bHble YCTpOHCTBa
6J10KHpOBKH (J1HHeHHble cxeMbI nponYCKaHHH) Ha BXO,lJ.3X VI H V 2 .
04eBH,lJ.HO, O,lI.HaKO, 4TC) eCJ1H no K3KHM-J1H60 $H3H4eCKHM npH4HHaM
B Il4Ll perHCTpHpYIOTCH O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHO ,lI.Be lIaCTHu.bI B pa3HbIX
'ero T04K3X, TO pe3YJIbTaT H3MepeHHH OKa.>KeTCH HenpaBHJIbHbIM-
6Y,lJ.eT H3MepeHa HeKOTopaH KOop,lJ.HHaTa, Cpe,lI.HHH H3 ,lJ.BYX HCTHHHbIX.
Il03TOMY TaKHe C06blTHH ,lJ.OJ1.>KHbI HCKJII04aTbCH H3 perHcTpaUHH
OT,lJ.eJIbHbIMH YCTPOHCTB3MH - pe.>KeKTOpaMH H3JIO)KeHHH, aHa-
JIorH4HbIMH onHcaHHbIM B 4.7.
e.>K,lJ.Y TeM Heo6xo,lJ.HMOCTb O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHoH perHCTpaIJ.HH ,lJ.BYX
H 60JIee lIaCTHIJ. 4aCTO B03HHKae}', B oco6eHHocTH B <pH3HKe BbICQKHX
u , .
3HeprHH, f,lJ.e THnHlIHbIM HBJIHeTCH npouecc MHO)KeCTBeHHoro P0)K-
,lJ.eHHH qaCTHIJ.. OCYlllecTBHTb O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHYIO pefHcTpaUHIO ,lJ.BYX
H 60JIee 43CTHIJ. npH pa3,lJ.eJIbHOM onpe,lJ.eJIeHHH KOop,lJ.HHaTbI Ka.>K,lI.OH
1I3CTHUbI n03BOJIHIOT Il4,Ll ,lI.HCKpeTHoro THna.
THnH4HbIM H HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHblM npe,lJ.CTaBHTeJIeM
,lJ.eTeKTOpoB nO,lJ.06HorO THna HBJIHeTCH MHorOnpOBOJIOqHaH nponop-
IJ.HOHaJIbHaH K3Mepa ( IlK), COCTOHlllaH H3 ,lI.BYX KaTO,lI.HbIX n,TIOC-
KocTeH, Me)K,lJ.Y KOTOpbIMH HaTHHYTbI aHO,lJ.HbIe HHTH C lllarOM S
(pHC. 8.4, a). HanOJIHeHHe KaMep - CneIJ.HaJIbHbIe ra30BbIe CMeCH
I:I _ OCHOBe HHepTHbIX ra30B (qallI.e Bcero Ar). KOH<pHrypaUHH
3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO nOJIH BHYTPH KaMepbI TaKOBa, 4TO K3)K,lI.YIO aHO,lJ.HYIO
HHTb MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK He3aBHCHMbIH npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHbIH
ClIeTqHK. KoopAHHaTa qaCTHUW (B,O,lJ.HOH npoeKUHH) onpe,lJ.eJIHeTCH
no HOMepy cpa60T3BliIeH npOBOJIOtIKH. Il03HIJ.HOHHOe pa3pellleHHe
TaKoro ,lJ.eTeKTOp3 paBHO, 04eBH,lJ.HO, I113ry Me)K,lJ.Y npOB0J10qKaMH
,.
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KaHaJIa perHCTpal.lHH .lI.JIH O.lI.HOH npOBO 0l.JKH.(6)
H COCTaBJlHeT 06bIlIHO OT 2 ,lI.O 0,5 MM. OOCKOJlbKY OT,lI.eJlbHble
npOBOJlOIlKH HBJlHIOTCH no CYllI.eCTBY He3aBHCHMbIMH ,lI.eTeKTopaMH,
TaKHe KaMepbI n03BOJlHIOT perHCTpHpOBaTb O,ll.HOBpeMeHHO 60JlblIIOe
KOJlHlIeCTBO lIaCTHLI. H xapaKTepH3YIOTCH, nOMHMO n03HLI.HOHHOro
(npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro) pa3pelIIeHHH, eIll.e'H MHorOTpeKOBblM (Me)K-
TpeKOBbIM) pa3perneHHeM - MHHHMaJlbHbIM paCCTOHHHeM MeJK,lI.Y
,lI.BYMH COce,ll.HHMH TpeKaMH, KOTopble MorYT 6bITb 3aperHCTpHpOBaHbI
OT ,lI.eJlbHO.
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KaMep KaJK,lI.aH npOBOJlOIlKa ,lI.OJlLKHa HMeTb He3aBHCHMbIH KaHaJl
3J1eKTpOHHKH, BKJllOlIalOIllHH LI.enOIlKY: YCHJlHTeJlb - ,lI.HCKpHMHHa-
TOp - 3anOMHHalOIlI.ee YCTPOHCTBO. YCHJlHTeJlb, KaK npaBHJlO, HMeeT
He3aBHCHMbIH JIHHeHHblH BbIXOJi, n03BOJlHlOIlI.HH no aMnJlHTY,lI.e CHr-
HaJla H3MepHTb 3HepreTHlIeCKHe nOTepH 4aCTHLI.bI B KaMep . B OT-
,lI.eJlbHbIX 3KcnepHMeHTax CYMMapHaH IIYBCTBHTeJlbHaH nJlOma,ll.b
3THX ,lI.eTeKTOpOB ,lI.OCTHraeT 1 TbIC. H 60Jlee KBa,ll.paTHbIJ\ MeTpoB,
a IIHCJlO KaHaJlOB perHcTpHPYIOIlI.eH' 3JIeKTpOHHKH - 60JIee 100 TbIC.
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KaHaJla perHCTpaLI.HH;
,lI.JlH 06pa60TKH HH$opMaLI.HH C HCKpOBWX KaMep npHMeHHIOTCH
3BM B COlleTaHHH C CHCTeMOH KAMAK.
K YCHJlHTeJlHM CHrHaJlOB, CHHMaeMbIX C npOBOJlOllHbIX KaMep,
npe,ll.nHBJlHIOTCH ,lI.OBOJlbHO BbICOKHe Tpe60BaHHH:
MaJlbIH $pOHT HapaCTaHHSl (30-50 HC), liTO CBH3aHO C MaJlOH
,lI.JlHTeJIbHOCTblO TOKOBoro HMnYJIbCa;
MaJlOe BpeMH BOGCTaHOBJleHHH npH 60JlblliHX aMnJlHTY,lI.HWX ne-
perpY3Kax;
HaJlH4He 3aIll.HTbI OT BXO,ll.HbIX CHrHaJlOB 60JlbllIOH aMnJlHTY,lI.bI
(npeBblllialOIllHX HOMHHaJlbHOe 3HalleHHe B 10 6 pa3), B03HHKalOIllHx
B pe3YJl'bTaTe CJlYlIaHHbIX np060eB ra30Boro npOMe)KYTKa;
MaJlOe 3HepronOTpe6JIeHHe H MaJlbIe ra6apHTbI, H pH,lI. ,lI.pyrHx.
nO,ll.06HbIe YCHJlHTeJlH H3rOTOBJlHlOTC5I no cneu.HaJlbHOH rH6pH,lI.-
241
16---2790
HOH HHTerpaJIbHOH TeXHOJIOrHH. B O,ll.HOM Kopnyce nJIOIlla,ll.blO
OKOJIO 10 CM 2 pacnOJIaraIOTCH ,lI.Ba nOJIHbIX KaHaJIa perHCTpaLI.HH.,
BbIXO,ll.HbIe LI.enH TaKHX KaHaJIOB perHCTpaLI.HH n03BOJIHIOT onpe,ll.e-
JIHTb HOMep cpaooTaBllIeH npOBOJI04KH (no COCTOHHHIO 3anOMHHalO- -
Illero T'pHrrepa), a TaK.>Ke 3HeprOBbI,lI.eJIeHHe (no CHrHaJIY, CHHMa-
eMoMY C JIHHeHHOro BbIXO,ll.a YCHJIHTeJIH).
Ha pHC. 8.4, 6 npe,ll.CTaBJIeHa THnH4HaH Q'JYHKLI.HOHaJIbHaH
cxeMa KaHaJIa perHCTpaLI.HH npOnOpLI.HOHaJIbHOH KaMep . BXO,ll.HOH
CHrHaJI C npOBOJI04KH YCHJIHBaeTCH YCHJIHTeJIeM Y H nocTynaeT
Ha ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTop Jj, nopor KOToporo HaCTpaHBaeTCH TaKHM
oopa30M, IITOObI OTcellb llIYMbI. BbIXO,ll.HOH CHrHaJI ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa
lIepe3 JIHHHIO 3a,ll.ep.>KKH nocTynaeT Ha BXO,ll. cxeMbI &1. no ,lI.pyrOMY
BbIXO,ll.y (ObICTpbIH BbIXO,ll.) CHrHaJI nO,ll.aeTCH H3 cxeMbI JIOrHlIeCKoro
OToopa, n03BOJIHIOIlI.He OToopaTb C06bITHH HY)KHOrO KJIaCca. ECJIH
COObITHe KJIaCCHQ'JHLI.HpOBaHO 6bICTpOH JIOrHKOH K3K nOJIe3HOe, pa3-
pellIalOIllHH CHrHaJI (TpHrrep) no BXO,ll.y 3anUCb OTKpbIBaeT cxe-
MY &1, H BbIXQ,lI.HOH HMnYJIbC ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTopa Jj, 3a,ll.ep)KaHHbIH
JIHHHeH 3a,ll.ep)KKH J13 Ha BpeMH, He06xo,ll.HMOe, ,lI.JIH BbIpaOOTKH
pa3pellIalOIlI.erO CHrHaJIa, nocTynaeT Ha BXO,ll. TpHrrepa naMHTH Tp.
I1HQ'JopMaLI.HH 0 COObITHH xpaHHTCH B Tp ,lI.O Tex nop, nOKa Ha cxeMY
&2 He nocTynaeT CHrHaJI CIIHTbIBaHHH, nepe,ll.alOIllHH HHQ'JOMaLI.HIO ,lI.JIH
,lI.aJIbHeHllIeH 06paOOTKH, nOCJIe lIero Tp copaCbIBaeTCH B HCXO,ll.HOe
COCTOHHHe. ECTeCTBeHHO, liTO 3Ta cxeMa MO)KeT HeCKOJIbKO MO.ll.H-
Q'JHLI.HpOBaTbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH 3KcnepHMeHTa.
npOCTeHllIHH cnocoo KO,lI.HpOBaHHH HOMepa cpaOOTaBllIeH npo-
BOJIOIlKH COCTOHT B nOCJIe,ll.OBaTeJIbHOM onpoce Bcex 3anOMHHalOIlI.HX
3JIeMeHTOB. OpH 3TOM HOMep cpaOOTaBllIeH npOBOJI04KH npe.ll.CTaB-
JIHeTCH JIHHeHHbIM n03HLI.HOHHbIM KO.ll.OM, liTO npHBO.ll.HT K IIpe3BbI-
lIaHHO 60JIbllIOMY BpeMeHH KO.ll.HpOBaHHH H HenpHeMJIeMO npH OOJIb-
llIOM IIHCJIe npOBOJIOlleK. B nOCJIe,lI.HeM CJIYllae npHMeHHIOTCH MeTO.ll.bI
rpynnoBoro KO,ll.HpOBaHHH .lI.BOHIIHbIM nOCJIe,ll.OBaTeJIbHbIM KO,ll.OM: pH,lI.
npOBOJIOlleK (HanpHMep, 16 H.n.: 32) OO'be.ll.HHHeTCH B rpynny co
\.
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KO,ll.HpyeT CHallaJIa HOMep cpaooTaBllleH rpynnbI, a 3aTeM HOMep
cpa60TaBllIeH npOBOJIOIlKH B rpynne. HecpaooTaBllIHe rpynnbI He
onpallIHBalOTCH, liTO TaK)Ke COKpaIll.aeT BpeMH KO,ll.HpOBaHHH. TaKoe
nocTpoeHHe onpaB.lI.aHO TeM, 4TO npH perHCTpaLI.HH O.ll.HOrO COOWTHH
IIHCJIO cpaooTaBllIHx npOBOJIOlleK HeBeJI.HKO - He oOJIee HeCKOJIbKHX
npOLI.eHTOB HX oOIllero KOJIH4eCTBa. ,L{aJIbHeHllIee nOBbIllleHHe Hepa p-
XHH KO.ll.HpOBaHHH (oO'be.ll.HHeHHe rpynn B cyneprpynn ) 3KOHOMHH
BO BpeMeHH KO,ll.HpoBaHHH, KaK npaBHJIO, He .lI.aeT, TaK KaK npH OOJIb-
llIOM OOIlleM IIHCJIe npOBOJIOlleK IIHCJIO cpaOOTaBllIHX npOBOJI04eK
TaK)Ke oY.ll.eT ,lI.OCTaTOIlHO BeJIHKO H np3KTHlIeCKH B Ka)K.lI.OH cynep-
rpynne HaH,lI.eTCH XOTH ObI O.ll.Ha cpa60TaBlllaH npOBOJIOIlKa. DOJIee
nO.ll.p06HO BonpOCbI KO.ll.HpOBaHHH HOMepa cpa60TaBllIero ,lI.eTeKTopa
oOCY)K,lI.aIoTCH B r JI. 10. .
n4,L{ ,lI.HcKpeTHoro THna ?6JIa.ll.aIOT O,ll.HHM 3aMe4aTeJIbHbIM CBOH-
242
CTBOM, KOTOpOe B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH IlIHpOKO HCnOJIb3yeTcH B 3KCne-
pHMeHTe: npH Onpe.ll.eJIeHHOH KOH<pHrypalJ.HH 3JIeKTpO.ll.OB n03HlJ.HOHHOe
pa3perneHHe TaKHX nq,a MO)KeT 6bITb nOJIYlIeHO CYllI.eCTBeHHO MeHb-
lllHM paCCTOHHHH (lliara) Me.>K.lI.Y' COCe.ll.HHMH 3JIeKTpO.ll.aMH.
PaCCMOTpHM ynpOllI.eHHO 3TO CBOHCTBO Ha npHMepe npOnOplJ.HO-
HaJIbHOH KaMepbI. B 06bIlJHOH npOnOplJ.HOHaJIbHOH KaMepe, B KOTOpOH
KOOp.ll.HHaTa llaCTHlJ.bI onpe.ll.eJIHeTCH no HOMepy cpa60TaBrneH aHO.ll.-
HOH npOBOJIOlIKH, KaTO,l1.Hble nJIOCKOCTH npe.ll.CTaBJIHIOT C060H, KaK
npaBHJIO, CnJIOlllHbIe 3JIeKTpO.ll.bI (HanpHMep, H3 MeTaJIJIH3HpOBaHHoro
MaHJIapa). npH npOXOLK.lI.eHHH lIaCTHlJ.bI ra30BbIl1: pa3p'Sl.ll. B03HHKaeT B
06JIaCTH, HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO npHMbIKalOu.ieM K O.ll.HOH H3 aHO.ll.HbIX npo-
BOJIOlIeK, C KOTOpOH H CHHMaeTCH CHrHaJI. ,aJIH YBeJIH4eHHH npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHoro pa3pellleHHH O.ll.HY H3 KaTO.ll.HbIX nJIOCKOCTeH pa36H-
BaIOT Ha pH.lI. He3aBHCHMbIX 3JIeKTpO.ll.OB, HaXO.ll.HllI.HXCH no.ll. O.ll.HHa-
KOBbIM nOTeHlJ.HaJIOM, TaK, KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 8.5. n03HlJ.HOH-
HbIe CHrHaJIbI CHHMalOTCH C KaTO.ll.HbIX 3JIeKTpO.ll.OB. B 3TOM CJIYlIae
6JIarO.ll.apH HBJIeHHIO 3JIeKTpOCTaTHlIecKoH HH.lI.YKlJ.HH B03HHKHOBeHHe
ra30Boro pa3pH.lI.a H CBH3aHHoro C HHM 06neMHoro 3apH.lI.a B orpa-
HHlIeHHOM 06neMe KaMepbI - B03JIe O.ll.HOM H3 aHO.ll.HbIX HHTeM (Ha
pHC. 8.5 OTMelJeH 3 Be3.l1.0lI KOH ) BbI3bIBaeT nOHBJIeHHe HaBe.ll.eHHorO
3JIeKTpHlIeCKoro CHrHaJIa Ha HeCKOJIbKHX COCe.ll.HHX KaTO.ll.HbIX 3JIeKTpO-
.lI.ax, npHlJeM aMnJIHTY.lI.a CHrHaJIa na.ll.aeT C paCCTOHHHeM OT 06neM-
Horo 3a pH.lI.a. HeTPY.lI.HO BH.lI.eTb, lITO COOTHorneHHe
x = LXiqi/Lqi,
r.ll.e Xi - KOOp.ll.HHaTa lJ.eHTpa i-ro KaTO.ll.HOrO 3JIeKTpO.ll.a; qi - 3apH.lI.,
c06paHHbIH Ha i- M KaTO.ll.HOM 3JIeKTpO.ll.e, npe.ll.CTaBJIHeT C060H KOOp-
.lI.HHaTY lJ.eHTpa TH.>KeCTH 06neMHoro 3apH.lI.a, T. e. KOOp.ll.HHaTY 3a-
perHCTpHpOBaHHOH lJaCTHlJ.bI. TaKHM 06pa30M, C TOlJKH 3peHHH 3JIeKT-
pOHHKH 3a.ll.alJa CBO.ll.HTCH K H3MepeHHIO CHrHaJIOB, cHHMaeMbIx C
oT.lI.eJIbHbIX KaTO.ll.HbIX 3JIeKTpO.ll.OB. 3TOT )Ke MeTO.ll. CneMa n03HlJ.HOH-
HOH HH<popMaLl.HH, Ha3bIBaeMbIH MeTO.ll.OM lJ.eHTpa THLKeCTH, npHMe-
HHeTCH H B nOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBbIX .lI.eTeKTopax. B 3TOM CJIYlJae O.ll.HH
H3 3JIeKTpO.ll.OB .lI.eTeKTOpa pa36HBaeTCH Ha Y3KHe nOJIOCKH (CTpH-
nbI), ,lI.pyroH OCTaBJIHeTCH CnJIOIlIHbIM. OnHcaHHbIM MeTO,lI. n03BOJIHJI
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Pa3pRU
PHC. 8.5. C'beM CHrHaJIa C ceKu,H-
oHHpoBaHHoro KaTO.lI.a npOnopu,Ho-
HaJ1bHOH KaMepbI .lI.JIH onpe.lI.eJIe-
HHH KOop.lI.HHaTbI lJaCTHu,bl no
MeTo,llY u,eHTpa TH}I(eCTH
A/fOdHble
npo6o.nOI./K/J
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243
HanbHWX KaMep o 16 MKM, a nonynpoBo HHKOBWX eTeKTopOB o
5 MKM!
nOCKonbKY HaBe eHHbIM 3apSI qi pe3KO na aeT C paCCTOSIHHeM
, Ha npaKTHKe orpaHH4HBaIDTCSI c eMOM H 06pa60TKoA CHrHanOB
C HeCKonbKHX (Tpex-nSITH) 6nH)KaHIllHX K 06naCTH pa3pSI a 3neKTpo-
OB. ECTeCTBeHHO, liTO KOHe4HaSI lllHpHHa CHrHanbHbIX 3neKTpO OB
H cpaBHHTenbHO He60nbIlloe HX KonH4eCTBO, Y4aCTBYIOI..Uee B onpe-
eneHHH l.(eHTpa TSI.>KeCTH, npHBO SIT K KOHe4HOH norpeWHOCTH
onpe eneHHSI Koop HHaTbI 4aCTHl.(bI. O HaKO 4pe3MepHoe YBenH4eHHe
HX KonH4eCTBa Ha e HHHUY nHHW eTeKTopa Heuenecoo6pa3HO no
CJIe YIOI..UeH npH4HHe: 4eM 60nbIlle 4Hcno 3neKTpO OB, Me)K Y KOTO-
pbIMH eJIHTCSI HH Yl.(HpOBaHHbIH 3apSI , TeM MeHbIlle onSI 3apSI a
qi, npHXO.llSII..UaSICSI Ha O.llHH 3neKTpo . .
npH perHCTpaUHH penSITHBHCTCKHX 4aCTHl.( B npOnOpl.(HOHanb-
HbIX KaMepax, H B oc06eHHOCTH B nn,[{, nonHbIM 3apSI.ll HeBenHK
H cpaBHHM C 3KBHBaneHTHbIM WYMOBbIM 3apSI.llOM YCHnHTeneH. 04e-
BH.llHO, 4TO Tpe60BaHHSI K YCHnHTenSIM, npHMeHSIeMbIM nSI C4HTbI-
BaHHSI HH<popMaUHH B nq,[{ TaKoro po a, 04eHb .>KeCTKHe: MHHHManb-
HbrH ypOBeHb WYMOB npH MHHHMan,bHbIX ra6apHTax H 3HepronOTpe6-
neHHH (TaK KaK O HH eTeKTOp Tpe6yeT HeCKOJ1bKHX COT H a)Ke TbICSI4
YCHnHTeneH:). B nOcne.llHee BpeMSI npe npHHHMaIOTCSI nonbITKH C03 a-
HHSI nonynpoBo HHKOBbIX .lleTeKTOpOB C HCKpeTHbIMH 3neKTpO.llaMH,
B 06 eMe KOTOpWX O HOBpeMeHHO co ep)KanHCb 6w YCHnHTenH Ha
Ka)K bIH 3neKTpo , T. e., no CYIIleCTBY, e HHOM HHTerpanbHOM cxeMbI,
co ep.>Kalll.eH nonynpoBo HHKOBbIH eTeKTOp KaK BHYTpeHHHH 3neMeHT
CXeMbI.
,[{eTeKTopbI onHcaHHoro THna npHMeHSIIOTCSI B HaCTOSII..Uee BpeMSI -
B 3KcnepHMeHTax Ha YCKopHTenSIX. 06pa60TKa HH<popMal.(HH Be-
eTCSI B l.(H<PPOBOM BH e, T. e 3Ha lIeHHSI q i KO HPYIOTCSI npe06pa-
30BaTenSIMH 3apSI - KO.ll H BMeCTe C KO,lI.aMH HOMepOB cpa60TaBWHX
KaTO.llHbIX 3J1eKTpO OB no alOTCSI B naMSITb 3BM.
PaC MOTpeHHble O CHX nop nq,[{ n03BOJISIIOT nOJIY4HTb HH<POP-
Mal.(HIO 0 KOop H'HaTe 4aCTH$I no KaKOH-nH60 O HOH Koop HHaT-
HOH OCH. Pa3pa60TaHbI H npHMeHSIIOTCSI Ha npaKTHKe TaK)Ke H
BYMepHble nq,[{, KaK aHanorOBoro, TaK H HCKpeTHoro THna.
THnHlIHbIM H OTHOCHTenbHO lllHpOKonpHMeHSIeM,bIM npe CTaBH-
TeneM BYMepHoro nq,L{ aHanorOBoro THna SIBnSIeTCSI TaK Ha3bIBae-
MaSI raMMa-KaMepa, Hcnonb3yeMaSI B Me Hl.(HHCKOM pa HOH30Ton-
HOH .llHarHOCTHKe 3a60neBaHHH BHYTpeHHHX opraHOB, a TaK.>Ke B
pSI e PyrHx HCCJIe OBaHHA.
PaCCMOTpHM KpaTKO npHHUHn eACTBHSI, H OCHOBHbie xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH TaKoro eTeKTopa. YCTpoAcTBO raMMa-KaMepbI nOKa3aHO
Ha pHC. 8.6. DJIOK eTeKTHpOBaHHSI raMMa-KaMepbI BKnlO4aeT KOJIJIH-
MaTOp C Ha60poM oTBepcTHA, napanJIenbHbIX - OCH eTeKTopa, CUHH-
THnnSIl.(HQHHbIH KpHCTaJ1n NaI (Tl) 60JIblllOrO pa'3Mepa ( O 750 MM B
.llHaMeTpe), CBeTOBO H Ha60p <l>3Y, o6pa3YIOllI.HX reKcaroHanbHYIO
pellieTKY Ha nOBepxHocTH CBeTOBo a. y- KBaHT, HcnYI..UeHHbIA 06 eK-
244
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B Cll.HHTHJIJI5ITOpe. AMnJIHTY.LI.bI OT,lI.eJIbHbIX HMTIYJIbCOB <l>9Y, pefHCT-
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H OT KOOP.LI.HHaT CIJ.HHTHJIJI5IIJ.HH. 9Hep feTH4eCKHH CHfHaJI V z, paBHbIH
CYMMe CHfHaJIOB Bcex <l>9Y, npaKTH4eCKH He 3aBHCHT OT MeCTono-
JIO)KeHHH CIJ.HHTHJIJIHIJ.HH H onpe,ll.eJI5IeTCH TOJIbKO 3HepfHeH Y-KBaHTa.
,IJ,JIH onpe,ll.eJIeHHH KOOp.LI.HHaTbI BcnbIlliKH Y3eJI cpOpMHpOBaHHH
BbIXO,ll.HbIX CHrHaJIOB BbIpa6aTbIBaeT KOOp.LI.HHaTHble CHfHaJIbI V x H
V y, p3BHbIe COOTBeTCTBeHHO:
, N N
V x = L kiV i ; V y = L liV i ,
i=1
i= I
f,ll.e Vi - aMnJIHTY.LI.a CHfHaJla i-fo <l>9Y; N - 4HCJlO <l>9Y; k i , li-
K03cpQ'JHlJ.HeHTbI, npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHbIe KOOp,ll.HHaTaM x H Y IJ.eHTpa
Q'JOTOKaTO,ll.a i-fo <l>9Y.
AMnJIHTY,lI.bI CHfHaJlOB V x H V y 3aBHC5IT H OT KOOp,ll.HHaT x, Y
CIJ.HHTHJIJIHIJ.HH, H OT 3HepfHH Y-KB3HTa. ,IJ,JIH nOJIY4eHHH xopOlllefO
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TY.LI.. 'lJTo6bI YCTpaHHTb 3HepfeTH4eCKYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb KOOP.LI.HHaTHbIX
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CHfHaJl. HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIe CHfHaJIbI 3aBHCHT YLKe TOJIbKO OT KOOp-
.LI.HHaT BcnbIlllKH:
V'x=Vx/V z ;
V =Vy/Vz;
N
V z = LVi.
i= I
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JIHIOTC5I xapaKTepHbIMH n04TH .LI.JlH Bcex THnOB faMMa-KaMep. Cne-
IJ.HcpHKa cpOpMHpOBaHH5I KOOp.LI.HHaTHWX CHrHaJIOB B raMMa-KaMepe
onpe.LI.eJIHeT CJle.LI.YIOlll.He Tpe60BaHHH K cxeMaM ,lI.eJIeHH5I aHaJIOrOBbIX
CHrHaJlOB:
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BHCHMOCTblO aMnJIHTY,lI.bI CHrHaJla OT KOOP.LI.HHaTbI BcnbIIllKH, .LI.OJI)KeH
6bITb He MeHbllle 5;
245
Cpe.ll.HHH 4aCTOTa nocTynJIeHHH BXO.ll.HbIX CHrHaJIOB, Onpe.ll.eJIHe-
MaH MHHHMaJIbHbIM BpeMeHeM 3KCn03HUHH HCCJIe.ll.yeMoro OO'beKTa,-
.lI.O 10 5 C - I;
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3TH TpeOOBaHHH OOYCJIOBJIeHbI OCHOBHbIMH napaMeTpaMH raMMa-
KaMepbI: n03HUHOHHbIM pa3perneHHeM (06bIlIHO 3,5 MM), ClIeTHOH
xapaKTepHcTHKOH, Ka4eCTBOM (.lI.OnYCTHMbIMH HCKa)KeHHHMH) H30-
Opa)KeHHH
B OOJIbllIHHCTBe CJIY4aeB B Ka4eCTBe HOpMaJIH3aTOpOB HCnOJIb-
3YIOTCH cxeMbI OTHOllIeHHH npHMoro .lI.eHCTBHH - YCTpoHcTBa, ocy-
llI.eCTBJIHIOllI.He HenOCpe.ll.CTBeIrHO onepaUHIO .lI.eJIeHHH .lI.BYX HanpH-
meHHH. PaccMoTpHM npHHlI.Hn .lI.eHCTBHH O.ll.HOrO H3 BapHaHTOB TaKHX
cxeM - cxeMY OTHorneHHH npHMoro .lI.eHCTBHH C .lI.BYMH ynpaBJIHeMbI-
MH 3JIeMeHTaMH (pHC. 8.7), OJIH3KOrO no cBoeH CYTH K YCTPOHCTBY,
Y)Ke paccMoTpeHHoMY paHee.
YnpaBJIHIOllI.HH CHrHaJI V z 4epe3 ynpaBJIHeMbIH 3J1eMeHT Y3 1
nocTynaeT Ha KOMnapaTop K, r.ll.e OH cpaBHHBaeTcH C onopHbIM
HanpH)KeHHeM V o . 3TO HanpH)KeHHe BbI6HpaeTcH 6J1H3KHM K cpe.ll.-
HeMY 3Ha4eHHlO V z . Ha BbIXO.ll.e KOMnapaTopa nOJIYlIaeTcH pa3HocTb
HanpH)KeHHH V = V - V 0, r.ll.e- V = V Zk y31 .
CHrHaJI V nOCJIe YCHJIeHHH B YCHJIHTeJIe Y nO.ll.aeTCH Ha ynpaB-
JIHIOllI.He BXO.ll.bI 3JIeMeHTOB Y3 1 H Y3 2 . B Ka4eCTBe ynpaBJIHIOllI.HX
3JIeMeHTOB MorYT 6WTb HCnOJIb30BaHW ynpaBJIHeMWe aTTeHlOaTopw
Ha oa3e C60PKH nOJIeBbIX TpaH3HcTopOB JIH60 cxeMbI Ha .lI.HQ>Q>epeH-
lJ.HaJIbHbIX KaCKa.ll.ax, K03Q>Q>HlJ.HeHT nepe.ll.allH KOTOpbIX (.lI.JIH MaJIOrO
CHrHaJIa) JIUHeHHO 3aBHCHT OT TOKa 3MHTTepa. KaK BH.lI.HO H3
pHC. 8.7, B lJ.enH ynpaBJIHIOlll.erO 3JIeMeHTa Y3 1 06pa3yeTcH 3aMKHY-
TaH 06paTHaH CBH3b, YCTaHaBJIHBalOlll.aH K03Q>Q>HlJ,HeHT nepe.ll.a4H
Y3 1 TaKHM 06pa30M, lIT06bI ero BbIXO.ll.HOH CHrHaJI V 6bIJI paBeH V 0:
k Y31 = Vo/V z .
flpH YCJIOBHH H.lI.eHTH4HOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB Y3 1 H Y3 2 Ha BbIXO.ll.e
Y3 2 YCTaHoBHTcH CHrHaJI: V'x Vx(Vo/Vz).
3TH COOTHOllleHHH BbInOJIHHIOTCH B llIHpOKOM .lI.Hana30He H3Me-
HeHHH aMnJIHTY.lI.bI CHrHaJIOB V x . T04HOCTb .lI.eJIeHHH TaKoro YCT-
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TepHCTHK ynpaBJIeHHH Y3 1 H Y3 2 . flpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH COBpeMeHHOH
MHKpocxeMHOH 3JIeMeHTHOH oa3W TaKaH cxeMa HBJIHeTCH O.ll.HOH H3
caMbIX nepcneKTHBHbIX .lI.JIH npHMeHeHHH B raMMa-KaMepax.
CYlll.eCTBYIOT H .lI.pyrHe BapHaHTbI cxeM aHaJIOrOBOro .lI.eJIeHHH,
HCnOJIb3YIOIII.He COBpeMeHHYIO 3JIeMeHTHYlO 6a3Y (HHTerpaJIbHbIe
MHKpocxeMbI). Ha pHC. 8.8 npHBe.ll.eH npHMep _cxeMbI aHaJIOrOBOro
.lI.eJIeHHH, HCnOJIb3YlOIlI.eH OnepalJ,HOHHbIH YCHJIHTeJIb OY H nepeMHo-
)KHTeJIb X. OY - Onepall.HOHHbIH YCHJIHTeJIb, peaJIH3yeMbIH B BH.lI.e
MOHOJIHTHOH HHTerpaJIbHOH cxeMbI H HMelOlll.HH 60JIbrnOH K03Q>Q>H-
UHeHT YCHJIeHHH H OOJIbIllOe BXO.ll.HOe conpOTHBJIeHHe, BCJIe.ll.CTBHe
4ero ero napaMeTpbI (B OTJIHlIHe OT 06bI4Horo YCHJIHTeJIH HanpH)Ke-
246
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llz' - Yo
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[J;' = 0; . [Ix
x 0 lI z
PIIC. 8.8. <l>YHKu,HoHaJIbHaSl
cxeMa HOpMaJIM3aTOpa CHr-
HaJ10B Ha Onepall.HOHHOM
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JIe
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Topa CHrHaJIOB .n.JIH raMMa-KaMepbI
HHH) B OCHOBHOM Onpe,ll.eJIHIOTCH napaMeTpaMH BHellIHeH uenH 06paT-
HOH CBH3H. B uenH OTpHuaTeJlbHOH 06paTHOH CBH3H OJ! CTOHT
nepeMHO)KHTeJIb X - HHTefpaJIbHaH MHKpOCxeMa, OCYlll.eCTBJIHIOlll.aH
onepaUHIO YMHO)KeHHH BXO,ll.HbIX CHfHaJIOB. COf JlaCHO pHC. 8.8, BXO.ll.-
HbIMH CHfHaJIaMH nepeMHOJKHTeJI5I 51BJIHIOTCH CHfHaJI U z H BbIXO,ll.HOH
CHfHaJI OJ! U . BbIXO.ll.HOH CHfHaJI nepeMHOJKHTeJIH .lI.eHcTByeT Ha
BXOJl. OJ!. n03TOMY MOJKHO 3anHcaTb:
, ky
U x -1 + k y U x ,
r,ll.e k y - K03<P<PHUHeHT YCHJIeHH5I OJ!; - K03<P<PHUHeHT oopaTHOH
CBH3H.
B TO JKe BpeMH p,........, U z , TaK KaK oopaTHaH CBH3b ooecnellH-
BaeTCH nepeMHO)KHTeJIeM.
n pH YCJIOBHH, liTO ky 1, nOJIYlIaeM:
U = Ux/ """"" Ux/U z .
B 3aKJIIOlIeHHe KpaTKo paccMoTpHM MeTO,lJ,bI OTOOpa:>KeHHH HH-
<popMaUHH B raMMa-KaMepe. Tpa,lJ.Hll,HOHHbIH cnoco6 C'beMa npOCT-
paHCTBeHHOH HH<popMaUHH OCHOBaH Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHH OCUHJIJIOrpa-
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pOBaHHeM nOJIYlIeHHoro H300paJKeHHH. B nOCJIe.ll.Hee BpeMH qalll.e
npHMeHHeTCH UH<PPOBoe KO.ll.HpOBaHHe CHrHaJIOB U H U C HaKon-
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HbIX YCTPOHCTB oT06pa)KeHHH HHQ>opMaUHH.
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JIOllKH, lIepe3 KOTOpylO npOTeKaeT HMnYJIbC TOKa (aHaJIOrHlIHO TOMY,
KaK 3TO ,lI.eJIaeTCH B nponopUHOHaJIbHOH KaMepe). ,QJIH nOBbIllIeHHH
247
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MeTO.lI. Il.eHTpa T5I.>KeCTH.
Cpe.lI.H pa3JIH4HbIX KOHCTPYKIl.HH .lI.BYMepHbIX flY:,LL .lI.HCKpeTHOrO
THna, nO)KaJIYH, JHaH60JIbIlIHH HHTepeC Y <pH3HKOB BbI3bIBaeT B Ha-
CTOHlll.ee BpeM5I flY:,LL Ha OCHOBe npH60pOB C 3apH.lI.OBOM CBH3blO
(fl3C). nepBOHa4aJIbHO pa3pa60TaHHbIe H .lI.OCTaT04HO IlIHpOKO npH-
MeH5IeMbIe B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH B Ka4eCTBe 3anOMHHalOlll.HX YCT-
pOMCTB (B 3TOM Ka4eCTBe OHH 6Y.lI.YT nO.lI.p06Hee paCCMOTpeHbI B
rJI. 11), fl3C' OKa3aJIHCb TaK)Ke BeCbMa nepcneKTHBHbIMH n03H-
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fl3C npe.LI.CTaBJIHeT C060M nOJIynpOBO.lI.HHKOBbIH npH60p, BbInOJIHeH-
HbIM no CTpYKType M,LLfl (MeTaJIJI - .lI.H3JIeKTpHK - nOJIynpOBO.lI.-
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Ka HeCKOJIbKO COT MHKpOMeTpOB nOKpbITa C O.lI.HOH CTOpOHbI nJIeHKOH
.lI.H3JIeKTpHKa (Si0 2 ), Ha KOTOpylO HaHOCHTCH nYTeM HanbI TIeHHH
.lI.HCKpeTHbIe MeTaJIJIH4eCKHe 3JIeKTpO.lI.bl.
TaKHM 06pa30M, n3C npe.lI.CTaBJI5IeT C060H CTPYKTYPY C 60JIb-
IllHM KOJIH4eCTBOM eMKOCTeH, Ha KOTOpbIX MO)KeT c06HpaTbCH H xpa-
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pH MaJIbIM pa3MepaM KOJIJIeKTOpHbIX 3JIeKTpO.lI.OB (CTaH.lI.apTHbIe fl3C
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MYTaLI.HH HanpH)KeHH5I nepeMelll.aTb 3a pH.lI. OT O.lI.HOrO KOH.lI.eHCaTOpa
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npHMeHeHHH 3HalIHTeJIbHO paCIllHpeHa.
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n03HlJ.HOHHO-IfYBCTBHTEJIbHbIX ,nETEKTOPAX METO,nAMH
BPEMEHHOrO AHAJ1H3A
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H <popMaIl.HH B flLJ,L{ pa3JIHlIHOfO THna IllHpOKO npHMeHHIOTCH B .lI.BYX
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TbIX B O,lI.HOH nJIOCKOCTH (KOOp,lI.HHaTa X). CHCTeMa nOJlOCKOBbIX Ka-
TO,lI.OB, HanpaBJleHHbIX B,lI.OJIb OCH x, KOTOpaH nepneH,lI.HKYJIHpHa Ha-
npaBJleHHID aHO,lI.HMx HHTeM, n03BOJIHeT Onpe enHTb KOOp,lI.HHaTY Y
MeTO,lI.aMH l.(eHTpa TH)KeCTH. PeaJIbHbIH HOHH3au.HOHHbIH CJle,lI. 4ac-
THl.(bI B ,lI.peH<pOBOM 06'beMe He HenpepbIBeH, a npe,lI.CTaBJIHeT C060H
l.(en04KY, crYCTKOB 3a pH,lI.OB (KJI aCTepOB), 06pa30BaHHbIX 6-3JIeKTpO-
HaMH MaJlbIX 3HeprHH. KOOp,lI.HHaTbI Ka)K,lI.orO H3 crYCTKOB onpe,lI.e-
JlHIDTC5I He3aBHCHMO: KOOp,lI.HHaTa z - no BpeMeHH ,lI.peH<pa crYCTKa B
,lI.peH<pOBOM 06'beMe ,lI.0 nJIOCKOCTH aHO,llHbIX npOBOJI04eK, KOOp,lI.HHaTa
x - no HOMepy cpa60TaBllleH aHO,lI.HOH npOBOJl04KH, KOOp,lI.HHaTa
Y - MeTO,lI.OM l.(eHTpa T5ILKeCTH B nJIOCKOCTH KaTO,llHbIX 3JIeKTpO,llOB.
B03HHKaeT THnH4Ha5I 3a,lI.a4a MHoronapaMeTpOBoro aHaJIH3a, O,lI.HaKO
Ta ee 4aCTb, KOTOpa5I OTHOCHTCH K BpeMeHHOMY aHaJIH3Y, HH no
nOCTaHOBKe 3a,lI.a4H, HH no Tpe60BaHH5IM He OTJIH4aeTC5I OT npe,lI.bI-
,lI.YIII.eH. ,,
PaCCMOTpHM HaH60JIee THnH4HbIe cnoc06bI peweHHH CQ>OPMYJIH-
pOBaHHOH 3a,lla4H. 113MepeHHH HHTepBaJlOB BpeMeHH C norpelllHOCTbID
OKOJIO 1 HC Tpe6YIOT oc060ro BHHMaHH5I K T04HOCTH Q>OpMHpOBaHH5I
BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH. <l>pOHTbI TOKOBbIX HMnYJIbCOB ,lI.peHQJoBbIX KaMep
HMeIDT MaJIYIO ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb (MeHee 10 HC) H He60JIblllOH BpeMeH-
HOH pa36poc (,lI.0 1 HC). 003TOMY YCHJlHTeJIb,. npHH,HMaIDIII.HH CHrHaJI
C npOBOJI04KH, ,lI.OJl)KeH HMeTb He60JIbIllOe BNxo,lI.HOe conpOTHBJIeHHe, \
TaK KaK HHTerpHpoBaHHe TOKOBoro BXO,lI.Horo CHrHaJIa Ha BXO,lI.e YCH-
JIHTeJIH BbI30BeT 3aT5IrHBaHHe QJPOHTOB H TeM caMbIM YXY,lI.IlleHHe
BpeMeHHoro pa3peIlleHHH. BMecTe C TeM CJIHIllKOM MaJIOe conpoTHB-
JIeHHe npHBO,lI.HT K He)KeJIaTeJIbHoMY 3QJQJeKTY: CJIa603aTyxaIDIIJ.HM
KOJIe6aHH5IM BXO,lI.HOrO CHrHaJIa, BbI3BaHHbIM c06cTBeHHoH HH,lI.YKTHB-
HOCTbID H eMKOCTbID npOBOJI04KH (T. e. Ha BXO,lI.e YCHJIHTeJIH npo-
BOJI04Ka 06pa3yeT KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIH LC-KOHTYP). BXO,lLHOe conpo-
254
THBJIeHHe .LI.OJl.>KHO 6bITb .LI.OCTa 04'HbIM, lIT06bI 3<P<P KTHBHO raCHTb
3TH KOJIe6aHHH. 3MnHpHlIeCKH YCTaHOBJleHO, liTO OnTHMaJlbHOe 3Ha-
lJeHHe BXO,lJ.HOrO COnpOTHBJleHHH YCHJIHTeJIH ,lJ.OJI)KHO COCTaBJIHTb OKO-
JIO 300 OM. He60JIbWOe BXO,lJ.HOe COnpOTHBJIeHHe H M3JIbIH BXO.ll.HOH
CHrHaJI Tpe6YIDT OT YCHJIHTe H 3HalJHTeJIbHOrO K03<t><PHUHeHTa YCH-
JIeHHH ( 102) npH MaJIOM C06CTBeHHOM <t>POHTe HapaCTaHHH
(HeCKOJIbKO HaHOCeKYH,lJ.). KpoMe TOrO, B YCHJIHTeJI1> He06xo,lJ.HMO
BBO,lJ.HTb uenb YKOpallHB3HHH CHrHa 3 (OOWlIHO ,lJ.H<p<t>epeHUHPYID-
W.YIO RC-u.enOlJKY) ,lI.JIH 06eCnelleHHH BbICOKOrO Me)KTpeKOBOrO pa3-
perneHHH, onpe,lJ.eJIHeMOrO B OCHOBHOM .Li.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO CHrHaJI3,
COCTaBJIHIOIlI.erO 06bIlIHO 20-30 HC. Bce 3TH Tpe60B3HHH Y,lJ.3eTCH
peaJIH30B3Tb, npHMeHHH 6bICTpO,lJ.eHCTBYIDIlI.He ,lI.H<p<pepeHUHaJIbHble
npHeMHHKH (HanpHMep, CepHH K500). B KalJeCTBe <t>OpMHpOB3TeJIH
BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH, CTOHIlI.erO H3 BbIXO.ll.e YCHJIHTeJIH, 06bIlJHO npH-
MeHHIDTCH 6WCTpWe TOKOBWe .lI.HCKpHMHH3TOpW C HH3KHM nOpOrOM
Cpa63TbIBaHHH, T3K K3K ,lJ.HHaMHlIeCKI1H .LI.H3na30H a MnJIHTY,lI., KaK
np3BHJIO, HeBeJIHK.
,L{JIH KO.LI.HpOBaHHH BpeMeHHbIX HHTepBaJIOB npHMeHHIDTCH pa3-
JIHlIHbIe MeTO.ll.bl. MeTO,lJ. npHMoro KO.ll.HpOB3HHH npHMeHHeTCH ,lJ.JISI
KaMep He OlleHb BbICOKoro pa3perneHHH. TaK, npH 1.IaCTOTe KO.LI.H-
PYIDIII.eH cepHH 250 Mru u.eHa BpeMeHHoro KaH3J1a (BpeMeHHoe
pa3perneHHe) COCT3BJIHeT 4 HC. 3TO 06eCne1.IHBaeT npOCTpaHCTBeH-
Hoe pa3peweHHe 200 MKM. llpH 60JIee BbICOKOM npocTpaHcTBeHHoM
pa3perneHHH 06t>I1.IHO npHMeHHeTCH MeTO.ll. npe06pa30BaHHH M3ClllT3-
6a BpeMeHH (t-+T-npe06pa30B3HHe) C K03<p<pHJJ.HeHToM npe06pa30-
B3HHH HeCKOJIbKO ,lJ.eCHTKOB (CM. 5.4).
,L{JIH nOJIYlIeHHH BceH B03MO.>KHOH HH<popMaUHH He06xo,lJ.HMO
HMeTb Ha K3.>K,lI.YID npOBOJIOlJKY oT.LI.eJlbHbIH BpeMHUH<ppOBOH npe06pa-
30BaTeJIb. llOJIOLKeHHe, O.LI.HaKO, 06JIerllaeTCH TeM, liTO npH perHCT-
p3U.HH O.ll.HOro <pH3HlIeCKoro C06bITHH, KaK npaBHJIO, cp363TbIBaeT
JIHrnb He60JIblllOe lIHCJIO npOBOJIOlleK - 6QJIbWHHCTBO .lI.peH<pOBbIX
npOMe)KYTKOB OCTalOTCSI nYCTbIMH. 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO n03BOJIHeT
rpynnHpoB3Tb npOBOJIOllKH H3 O.ll.HH BUll. IlpH 3TOM He60JIblllOe
KOJIHlIeCTBO Bun 06CJIY)KHBaeT cpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIblllOe KOJIHlIeCTBO
CHrHaJIbHbIX npOBOJIOlleK lIepe3 06W.HH KOMMYTaTOp, H3 BbIXO.ll.e
KOToporo nOHBJISleTCH CHrH3JI. T3KaH rpynnHpoBKa, O.ll.H3KO, npH-
BO.ll.HT K nOTepe LJ3CTH HH<popMaJJ.HH H3-3a H3JIO.>KeHHH CHrH3JIOB
B KOMMYTaTope. Il03TOMY, B KOHellHOM ClIeTe, KOJIHlJeCTffO 3JIeKT-
pOHHoro 060PY,lJ.OBaHHH H B03MO.>KHble cnoc06bI ero rpynnHpoBKH
onpe,lJ.eJIHIDTCH YCJIOBHHMH 3KcnepHMeHTa, H 3,lJ.eCb HeT KaKHX-JIH60
0,lJ.H03HallHbIX peuepTOB.
llpHMoe KO.LI.HpOB3HHe, KaK H3BeCTHO, He3KOHOMHlIHO ew.e B O.ll.-
HOM OTHOllleHHH - OHO Tpe6yeT ,lJ.OBOJIbHO 60JIblllOH eMKOCTH 6y<pep-
HbIX 3anOMHH3IDllJ.HX perHCTpOB, B KOTOpbIX Xp3HHTCH KO.LI. HHTepBa-
JIa. ll03TOMY B pH,Lle CJIY1I3eB npHMeHHeTCH ,lJ.ByxcTyneHlJaTOe KO,lI.H-
pOB3HHe: «rpy60e» BpeMH H3MepHeTCH 60Jle.e Me,LlJIeHHbIM reHep3TO-
pOM Kp3THOH 1I3CTOTbI, a «TOll Hoe» BpeMH 3anHCbIBaeTCH B ClJeTlIHKe
255
cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeOOJIbllIOH eMKOCTH. OpH 3TOM C4eTlIHK fPyooro
BpeMeHH OOCJIY)KHBaeT Cpa3Y HeCKOJIbKO KaHaJIOB perHCTpau.HH, a B
Ka)K,lI,OM KaHaJIe BblCTaBJIHeTCH OTMeTKa HaJIHlIHH COObITHH npH ,lI,aH-
HOM 3HalleHHH rpyooro BpeMeHH. DpH onpoce KaHaJIOB nOKa3aHHH
ClIeT4HKOB TOllHOfO BpeMeHH C4HTbIBalOTCH TOJIbKO B CJIyqae OTMeTKH .
rPYOOfO BpeMeHH.
DOCKOJIbKY ,lI,peHQ>OBa5I KaMepa - npHOOp HeynpaBJIHeMbIH, OHa
perHcTpHpyeT Bce COOblTHH nO,ll,pH,lI, - KaK nOJIe3HbIe, TaK H Q>OHO-
Bble. DpH 3TOM, eCJIH npHMeHHeTCH OObIlIHbIH MeTO,ll, np5IMOfO KO,ll,H-
pOBaHHH (HJIH npeoopa30BaHHe t T KO,ll,), cpOHOBbIe COPbITHH npo-
XO,ll,HT _TY }Ke npou.e.ll.YPY KO.ll.HpOBaHHH, liTO H nOJIe3HbIe. CHrHaJI JIO-
fHlIeCKoro OToopa (TpHfrep) .lI.aeT KOMaH,lI.Y Ha C4HTbIBaHHe 3TOH HH-
QJOPMaU.HH, B npOTHBHOM CJIYlIae OHa copaCbIBaeTCH.
,LlJIH YCKopeHH5I copoca Q>OHOBOH HHQJOPMaU.HH npHMeH5IeTCH
MeTO,ll, OOpalll.eHHH BpeMeH.H. CYTb 3Toro MeTO,ll,a COCTOHT B TOM,
41'0 BpeMeHHbIe KO,ll,HpOBI.U.I1KH paOOTalOT B OOpalll.eHHOH BpeMeHHOH
llIKaJIe: CTapTOBbIMH CH;fHaJIaMH HBJIHIOTCH CHfHaJIbI C npOBOJI0geK
.lI.peHQJOBbIX npOMemYTKOB, a OOW.HM CTonOBbIM CHfHaJIOM - CHrHaJI
.lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOfO .lI.eTeKTOpa, 3a.ll.ep)l{aHHblH Ha JIHHHH 3a,ll.ep)KKH Ha
HeOOXO,ll,HMOe BpeMH, onpe,ll.eJIHeMOe MaKCHMaJIbHbIM BpeMeHeM ,lI,peH-
Q>a. 3TOfO BpeMeHH, KaK npaBHJIO, ,lI,OCTaTOllHO ,lI.JIH cpaoaTblBaHHH
JIOfHlIeCKHX u.eneH OToopa. B CJIYlIae, KOr,ll.a «TpHfrep» OTCYTCTByeT
(Q>OHOBoe COObITHe), CHrHaJI «CTon» OJIOKHPyeTC5I H He nocTynaeT
Ha BUD. DpH 3TOM B KO.ll.HpOBlll.HKe BblpaoaTbIBaeTcH CHfHaJI nepe-
nOJIHeHHH, KOTOpbIl1 c6pacbIBaeT ero B HCXO.lI.Hoe COCT05IHHe.
BaMHoR xapaKTepHcTHKOH ,lI.peH<poBbIX KaMep HBJIHeTCH Me)K-
TpeKoBoe pa3perneHHe - MHHHMaJIbHOe paccToHHHe MeMAY ABYM5I
O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO B03HHKllIHMH B OAHOM ,lI.peMcpoBoM npOMe)KYTKe Tpe-
KaMH, .npH KOTOpOM KOOp,ll.HHaTbI TpeKOB MorYT ObITb 3aKO.ll.HpO-
BaHbI p a 3,l1. eJI bHO. B OOblllHOM CJIYLIae, KOr,lla B Ka4ecTBe <POpMHpO-
BaTeJIH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH ,lI,JIH CHrHaJIa, CHHMaeMOfO C aHO.ll.HOH
npOBOJI04KH KaMepbI, npHMeH5IeTCH ObICTpbIH TOKOBbIH .lI.HCKpHMHHa-
TOp, pa3,lI.eJIbHOe KO,ll.HpOBaHH KOOp,ll,HHaT ,lI,BYX TpeKOB B03MO)KHO
B TOM CJIY4ae, eCJIH Ha aHO.ll.HOH npOBOJI04Ke He npOHCXO,ll,HT HaJIO-
)KeHHH 3THX CHfHaJIOB. DpH ,lJ.JIHTeJIbHOCTH HMnYJIbCa aHO,ll.HOrO TOKa,
BW3BaHHoro O,lI.HHM TpeKoM, 20-30 HC H CKOpOCTH ,lI.peH<pa OKOJIO
50 MKM/HC MemTpeKoBoe pa3perneHHe COCTaBHT, OqeBH,lI,HO, 1-
1,5 MM. CYll.I.eCTByeT, O.ll.HaKO, B03MomHOCTb 3aMeTHoro YJIY411IeHHH
Me)KTpeKOBOfO pa3perneHH5I nYTeM aHaJIH3a Q>OPMbI HMnYJIbCa aHO.ll.-
Horo TOKa npOBOJI04KH. 31'01' aHaJIH3 npOBO,ll,HTCH B I..(H<PpOBOM BH,lI.e
C HCnOJIb30BaHI1eM 6bICTpO.ll.eflcTBYIOllJ.HX CTPOOHpYIOI.UHX AUO (CM.
7.3). ,LleHcTBHTeJIbHQ, eCJIH aHO,ll.Hble HMfIYJIbCbI 01' ,lI,BYX COCe,lI.HHX
TpeKoB HaKJIa,lI.bIBaIOTCH .lI.Pyr Ha ,lI.pyra, KaK, 3TO nOKa3aHO Ha
pHC. 8.16, a, TO Q>OpMHpOBaTeJIb BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH cpa60TaeT no
Q>POHTY nepBoro 113 HHX, T. e. 6Y,lI,eT 3aKO,ll.HpOBaHa KOOp,lI.HHaTa
Toro TpeKa, KOTOpbIH pacnOJIO)KeH 6JIH)Ke K aHO.ll.HOH npOBOJIOllKe.
CTpo6HPYlOIlI.HH AUO, KaK OTMellaJIOCb B 7.3, n03BOJI5IeT nOJIYlJHTb
256
PMC. 8.16. Ha.J10)KeHHe CHrHaJIOB
OT .lJ.BYX OJIH3KO pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX
TpeKoB B .n.peH oBoH KaMepe (a)
M Te )Ke CHrHallbl, Ou,H poBaHHbIe
C nOMOw,blO 6blcTporo cTp06wpylO-
Illero Aun 4epe3 Ka)K)].bIe 5 HC
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KO.ll. MrHOBeHHoro 3HaLJeHH5I aMnJIHTY.lI.bI BXO.ll.HOrO CHrHajI3 C BpeMe-
HeM BbI60pKH .lI.O 5 HC. TaKoe MaJIOe BpeM5I BbI60pKH n03BOJI5IeT
pa3BepHYTb BXO.ll.HOH CHrHaJI .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO 20-30 HC BO BpeMeHH,
cTp06HPYfl ero K3)K.lI.ble 5 HC. Ha pHC. 8.16, 6 npHBe.ll.eHO H306pa:tKe-
HHe Tex JKe CHrHaJIOB, noc1'poeHHoe no 3H3qeHH5IM KO.ll.OB 4epe3
K3*.lI.bIe 5 HC. OTLJe1'JIHBO BH.lI.HbI .lI.B3 M3KCHMYMa, n03BOJI5IIOI..U.He
C.lI.eJIaTb 3aKJII04eHHe 0 TOM, 41'0 3aperHC1'pHpOBaHHoe Co6bITHe 6bIJIO
.lI.BYX4aCTH4HbIM, H onpe.ll.eJIH1'b P3CCTOHHH.e Me)K,lJ,Y_ 1'peKaMH 3THX 43C-
1'Hll,. AHaJIH3 Q:>OPMbI nOJIyqeHHOrO CHfH3JI3 06bI4HO oCYUI.eCTBJI5Ie1'CH
C nOMOIII.bIO 3BM no )].OCT3T04HO npOCTOMY 3JIrOPHTMY H fI03BO.JIHeT
YJIY4IIIHTb l\1emTpeKOBoe p33peweHHe B HeCKOJIbKO pa3.
lV\'eTo.ll.bl BpeMeHHoro aH3JIH33 npHMeHHIOTC5I TaK}Ke H .LI.JIH onpe-
.n.eJIeHH5I KOOp,lJ,HHa1'W B CUHHTH JI5IUHOHHWX Koop HHa1'Ho-4YBCTBH-
1'eJIbHbIX ,LleTeKTopax, HCnOJIb3YfOll.{HX .l1.JIH onpe)1.eJIeHHH KOOp,lJ.HHaTbI
MeTO.ll. BpeMeHH npOJIeTa.
Cl.I.H HTHJIJI5IL(HOH HbIe B peM5InpOJIeTHbIE:' KOOP.ll.H H31'HO- 4YBCTBHTeJI b-
HbIe .LI.eTeKTopbI (CK,L{) no.lIYl.fHu'1H UlHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B 3KC-
ncpHMeHTax H3 YCKopH1'eJIflX, B KOCMH4eCKHX I1CCJle,LlOBaHHHX H p5I.lI.e
.lI.pyrHx 6JIarOAap5I 1'aKHM .lI.OCTOHHCTBaM, K3K B03MO./KHOC1'b C03.l1.a-
HH5I rO.ll.OCKOnHqeCKHX CHCTeM 60JIbllIOH nJIOLl.l.3.llH npH O1'HOCHTe.lIbHOH
npOCT01'e H .lI.ellICBH3He 3JIeK1'pOHHoro o60PY.ll.OB3HH5I. Pa3YMeeTcH, no
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CKOJIbKO .lI.eCHTblX .lI.OJIeH HaHoceKYH.lI.bl. 0031'OMY 4all(e Bcero CKL{
npHMeHHIOT. 5I KaK IIO HLI.HOHHO-4YBc1'BH1'eJIbHble 3J1eMeHTbI CJIOIKHbIX
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Op.ll.HHaTOH QaCTI1LJ.bI H3MepHeTC5I BpeMH npOJIeTa <PHKcHpoBaHHoH
6a3bI, T. e. Q:>3KTH4ecKH onpe.ll.e.JIHeTCH CKOpOCTb LJaC1'iiUbI.
KOHCTPYKTHBHO CK,L( 06b(4HO npe)J.CTaBJIHeT C060H CIJ,HHTHJ1-
JIHTOp npOTfLJKeHHOH cpOpMbI (qallI.e - B BH)1.e napaJIJIeJIenl1ne.ll.a,
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257
17 -2790
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<t>eKTa nOJIHOfO .BHYTpeHHero OTpa.>KeHHH OT nOJIHpOBRHHbIX nOBepx-
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KOOp,llHHaTa onpe,lleJIHeTCH C TOllHOCTblO ,llo nonepellH x pa3MepoB
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HOCTH t MOMeHTOB nOHBJIe HH CHfHaJIOB Ha BWXO,llaX npoTHBono-
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r,lle ft - BpeMeHHoe pa3peweHHe ,lleTeKTopa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, ,llJI5I nOJIYlIeHHH xopornero n03HIJ.HOHHOro pa3-
pew.eHHH CK,l{ CJIe,llyeT ,llo6HBaTbCH HaHJIYlIwero npH 3a,llaHHOH
reOMeTpHH .lI.eTeKTopa BpeMeHHOfO pa3perneHHH.
I1HTepecHo, O,lI.HaKO, OTMeTHTb, liTO 3<1><I>eKTHBHaH CKOpOCTb pac-
npOCTpaHeHH5I CBeTOBOfO CHfHaJIa V 3 Q> npH 3a.ll.aHHOH feOMeTpHH
CUHHTHJIJIHTOpa TaK.>Ke MO.>KeT H3MeH5ITbCH B 3aMeTHbIX npe,lleJIax
(OlleBH,llHO, lIeM MeHbwe V 3 Q>, TeM BbIllle n03HlJ,HOHHOe pa3perneHHe).
PaCCMOTpHM 3TOT Bonpoc nO,llp06Hee. 3HalleHHe V 3 Q> 06bIlIHO onpe,lI.e-
JIHeTCH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO npH tpa,llYHpOBKe ,lI.eTeKTopa: KOJIJIHMHpO-
BaHH H HCTOllHHK 06JIYlIaeT .lI.eT KTOp B HeKOTopOH KOOp.ll.HHaTe XI,
npH 3TOM H3MepHeTCH pa3HHua B MOMeHTax cpa6aTbIBaHHH ,llBYX
npOTHBOnOJIO)KHbIX <l>3Y dt I. 3aTeM HCTOl.fHHK nepeMew.aeTC5I B HO-
258
Boe nOJIO)KeHHe C KOOP.lI.HHaTOH X2, H H3Mep5IeTC5I HOBOe 3HalleHHe
BpeMeHHOrO HHTepBaJIa t2. Tor.n.a
I X -XI
V 3 <1> ==="2 /1/2 - /1t I .
3Ha4eHHH V 3 <1>, H3MepeHHble OnHCaHHbIM cnOC060M, B pa3JIHlIHblX
pa60TaX H3MeH5IIOTCH OT 16 .lI.0 4 CM/HC. J1erKo nOHHTb npOHCXOJK-
.lI.eHHe 3Ha4eHH5I V 3 tP === 16 CM/HC. OHO nOJI'Y4aeTC5I, eCJIH YlIeCTb
K034><PHUHeHT npeJIOMJIeHH5I CBeTa B CUHHTHJIJI5ITOpe (OKOJIO 1-,4) H
Y.lI.JlHHeHHe nYTH CBeTa npHMepHo B 1,5 pa3a (yroJI nOJIHOrO BHYTpeH-
Hero OTpa)KeHHH OKOJIO 45°). 3a ClIeT 4ero )Ke 3HalleHHH V 3 <1> MorYT
nOJIY4aTbC5I eme MeHbllle? OKa3bIBaeTC5I, YMeHbllieHHe V 3 <1> CB5I3aHO C
nOrJIow.eHHeM CBeTa B CUHHTHJIJI5ITOpe H 3aBHCHT OT cnoc06a <POpMH-
pOBaHH5I BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH. L{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, npH nepeMeIII.eHHH_,
HCTOllHHKa H3 TOllKH XI B TOllKY X2 H3MeHHeTC5I He TO bKO BpeM5I
npOXO)K.lI.eHHH CBeTOBOH BcnbIlliKH ,il0 cJ>3J1 1 H cfJ3Y2, HO H aMnJIH-
TY.lI.bI CBeTOBbIX BcnbillleK, .lI.Ollle.lI.WHX .lI.0 3THX <t>OTOYMHO)KHTeJIeH.
ECJIH B KalleCTBe <t>OpMHpOBaTeJIeH BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKH opHMeH5IIOT-
C5I <t>OpMHpOBaTeJIH co CJIe.lI.5Iw.HM noporOM (<Pcn) - 3TO H3MeHeHHe
aMnJIHTY.lI. HHKaK He CKaJKeTCH Ha nOJIO}l(eHHH BpeMeHHbIX OTMeTOK
Ha BpeMeHHOH OCH. ECJ1H )Ke B Ka4eCTBe <t>OpMHpOBaTeJIeH BpeMeH-
HOH OTMeTKH npHMeH5IIOTC5I <t>OpMHpOBaTeJIH C nOCT05IHHbIM noporoM
(<Pnn), 3<t><t>eKT rYJIHHH5I BpeMeHHOH 9TMeTKH (T. e. 3aBHCI1MOCTb
OT aMnJIHTY.lI.bI CHrHaJIa) BbI30BeT CMeI..Ue.HHe BpeMeHHbIx OTMeTOK Ha
060HX KOHuax .lI.eTeKTOpa, 4TO pa3HocTb ( t2- tl) YBeJIH4HTCH, a
Bbl4HCJIeHHOe 3Ha4eHHe v 3 <1> YMeHbWHTC5I. 3TOT C,lLBHr onpe.lI.eJ1HeTC5I
.lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTblO <ppOHTa HMnYJIbCa aHO,lJ.Horo TOKa <t>3Y H nO.;10)Ke-
HHeM nopora <l>nn H MO:>KeT 6bITb cpaBHHM C HCTHHHOH pa3HocTblO
BpeMeHH pacnpocTpaHeHHH CBeTOBoro CHrHaJIa. TaKHM 06pa30M,
npHMeHeHHe B KalleCTBe <t>OpMHpOBaTeJIeH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH <pcn
npHBO.lI.HT K 3Ha4eHHHM V3<p 16 CM/HC, a npHMeHeHHe <t>I10 - K
3aMeTHO MeHbWHM 3Ha4eHH5IM. 3TOT <t>aKT HHTepeceH TeM, liTO He.n.oc-
TaTOK <t>OpMHpOBaTeJIeH C nOCT05IHHbIM noporOM - rYJIHHHe BpeMeH-
HOW OTMeTKH C H3MeHeHHeM aMnJIHTY.lI.bI BXO.lI.HorO CHrHaJIa -- MO)KeT
CTaTb .lI.OCTOHHCTBOM H npHBeCTH K 06ll1.eMY YJIYlIweHHIO KOOp.lI.HHaT-
Horo pa3peWeHH5I .lI.eTeKTopa 3a C4l'r 33MeTHoro YMeHbWeHH5I v 3 <1>'
,L{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, 3KcnepHMeHTa bHbIe .lI.aHHbIe nO.lI.TBep)K.lI.aIOT BbICKa-
3aHHbIe C006pa:>KeHH5I.
06bIlIHbIe pa3MepbI CKLL COCTaBJI5IIOT OKOJIO 1 M, TaKHM o6pa30M,
.lI.Hana30H H3Mep5IeMbIX BpeMeHHbIx HHTepBaJIOB COCT BJI5IeT HeCKOJlb-
KO HaHoceKYH.lI.. OPIt 3TOM, YlIHTbIBa5I, liTO BpeMeHHoe pa3pellleHHe
KaJK.lI.oro H3 <p3Y MOJKeT .lI.OCTHraTb HeCKOJI bKO e.lI.HHHlI. H3 10- 10 C,
H3MepHTeJIb BpeMeHHblx HHTepBaJIOB .lI.OJI)KeH HMeTb c06cTBeHHoe
BpeMeHHoe pa3peweHHe He xY:>Ke 10.- 10 C. 3TH M Tpe60BaHH5IM Y.lI.OB-
JIeTBOpHIOT BpeMHaMnJIHTY.lI.HbIe npe06pa30BaTeJIH, KOTopble lIaw.e
Bcero H npHMeH5IIOTCH B nO.lI.06HbIX YCTpOHCTBax. B CJ1Y4ae He06xo-
.lI.HMOCTI1 nOJ1YlIeHH5I BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJ1a B IJ,H<t>POBOM KO.lI.e BbIXO.lI.-
259
HOH CHrHaJI BAD KO,LlHpyeTcH C nOMOIll.blO 6bICTp0,LleHcTBYIOw.ero
Al{D He06xoLlHMOH pa3pH,LlHOCTH.
KaK YJKe OTMellaJIOCb, CK,L{ lIaw.e Bcero npHMeHHIOTCH B YC-
TaHOBKax, r,Lle He06xo,LlHMO nOMHMO H3MepeHHH KOop.ll.HHaTbI lIaCTHll.bI
<pOpMHpoBaHHe TOllHOH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH, TaK KaK CK,L{ CJIY)KaT
O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO H KoopLlHHaTHO-lIYBCTBHTeJIbHbIM, H BpeMeHHbIM Lle-
TeKTopOM, n03BOJIHIOllI.HM nOJIYlIHTb BpeMeHHYIO OTMeTKY C norpern-
HOCTblO HeCKOJIbKO .lI.eCHTbIX ,LlOJIeH H. HoceKYH.lI.bl. <l>opMHpoBaHHe
TOllHOH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH B 3TOM CJIYlIae HMeeT oc06eHHocTH.
D03Hl.I.HoHHaH qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb .lI.eTeKTop8 C TOllKH 3peHHH <pOpMH-
pOBaHHH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH - OTpHI1.aTeJIbHOe CBOHCTBO. DOJIo-
)KeHHe CHrHaJI8 Ka)K.lI.OrO H3 <l>3Y CKLL Ha BpeMeHHoH OCH 3aBHCHT
He TOJIbKO OT MOMeHT8 perHCTp8ll.HH lIaCTHl.I.W, HO H OT ee KOOp,LlH-
HaTbI B CKLL H, TaKHM 06pa30M, HMeeT Heonpe,LleJIeHHOCTb, paBHYIO
l/V3 ' T. e. HeCKOJIbKO H8HoceKYHLl. LLJIH YCTp8HeHHH 3TOH Heonpe-
LleJIeHHOCTH npHMeHHIOTt:H MeTO.ll.bI 'KOOp.ll.HHaTHOH KOMneHCaI1.HH.
B HaCTOHIlI.ee BpeM 'pacnpOCTpaHeHbI .lI.B8 MeTO,Ll8 KOOP.ll.H-
HaTHOH KOMneHC8ll.HH. DepBbIH H3 HHX OCHOBaH H8 npHMeHeHHH'
Cnel.l.HaJIbHOrO YCTpOHCTBa - BpeMHKoop.ll.HH8THOro KOMneHcaTopa
(BKK) H npHMeHHeTCH B OCHOBHOM B Tex CJIYLJ8HX, KOr.ll.a BpeMeH-
HaH OTMeTKa CHHMaeTCH C O.ll.HorO H30JIHpOBaHHoro CKLL. npHHl.I.Hn
.lI.eHCTBHH BKK OCHOB8H H8 TOM, liTO nOJIO)KeHHe Ha OCH BpeMeHH
l.I.eHTpa TH)KeCTH CHrHaJIOB, CHHM8eMbIX C .lI.BYX npOTHBOnOJIO)KHbIX
<l>3Y O.ll.HOrO ,LleTeKTop8, 38BHCHT TOJIbKO OT MOMeHTa perHCTp8lI.HH
lIaCTHl.(bI H He 3aBHCHT 01' ee KOOp.ll.HHaTbl.
,L{eHcTBHTeJIbHO (CM. pHC. 8.16), nOJIycYMMa BpeMeHHbIX HHTepB8-
JIOB t l H 12, COOTBeTCTBYIOI1l.HX MOMeHTaM cp86aTbIB8HHH <l>3Y, paSHa:
t l +t2 _ x +l-x_ 1
2 - 2v cj> 2v 3 (f> - 2V':HI> .
YnpOlll.eHHaH <PYHKLI.HOHaJIbH8H cxeM8 BKK, HCnOJIb3YIOllI.ero
3TOT npHHll.Hn, H BpeMeHHbIe arpaMMbI npHBe,LleHbI H8 pHC. 8.18.
<l>opMHpOB8TeJIH BpeMeHHoH oTMeTKH cP I H cfJ 2 , Coe.ll.HHeHHble C aHO- '
.lI.3MH <l>3Y ,LlBYX npoTHBOnOJIO)KHbIX TOPlI.OB CKLL, <POpMHPYIOT CHr-
HaJIbI paBHoH .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH to. B cxeMe & 3TH CHrHaJIbI CKJI8.l1.bI-
BaIOTCH, 06pa3YH HMnYJIbC nepeKpbITHH LlJIHTeJIbHOCTH t nep . HeTPY.lI.HO
BH.lI.eTb, liTO nOJIO)KeHHe LI.eHTpa TH)KeCTH HMnYJIbCa nepeKpbITHH Ha
BpeMeHHOH OCH O.ll.H03H84HO CBH38HO C nOJIO)KeHHeM UeHTp8 TH.>KeCTH
CHrHaJIOB t I H t2:
t2+(t1 +/0) tt +t2 to l to
t T - 2 - 2 +2= 2 v 3<1> +2.
I1MnYJIbc nepeKpbITHH OTKpbIBaeT 3JIeKTpOHHbIH KJIIOlI 1, lIepe3
KOTOpbIH Te4eT TOK i, 3apH.>KalOlll.HH H8KOnHTeJIbHbIH KOH.lI.eHCaTop C
.lI.O 3apH.lI.a q =it nep . Do OKOHlIaHHH HMnYJIbCa nepeKpbITHH cnYCTH
HeKoTopbIH HHTepB8JI BpeMeHH /3 (3TOT HHTepB8JI BpeMeHH <pHKCH-
pOBaH H OTClIHTbIBaeTCH OT MOMeHTa H811aJIa HMnYJIbCa nepeKpbITHH
260
I/'
Om CP3f:/ f
t3QA
Om CP.JY2
CPz
CPt
---
J/ielfmpOHHblU
1(/7100/ t
L
2i.
J/lCffmpOHHbltL
1(/710'1 2
I C
to
,U,UClfpUl'1tLHamOp f}bIXOO
f/!//7R
a)
tt
CP1 0
t z
t
t 2
CP2 0
t
& a
JapRd 0
C
Pa3pRd a
e
t f + to
tU.T
t2
t = t 2 +/t , +to)
ll.r 2
"JI t
t1+ t 2 + to
2 2
q = lt nep
t nep/2
t
t 2 t 3alJ,
tu.. T =t 2 +t ne /2
t BKK = t 2 +t 3 a./J. + t nep /2 = tU,T +t 3 a,q
t
fjblXOO 0
t BKK
0) t
PHC. 8.18. <l>YHKIlHOHaJIbHafl cxeMa BpeMflKoop.n.HHaTHoro KOMneHcaTopa (a) H Bpe-
MeHHbie )].Ha rpaMMbl CHrHaJIOB Ha Bblxo)].ax Y3JIOB (6)
TaKHM 06pa30M, 4TO t 3 > to) OTKpbIBaeTCH KJII04 2, pa3pH)I{alOlll.HH
C TOKOM 2i. OlfeBH,lI.HO, lfTO BpeMH, He06xo,lI.HMOe ,lI.JIH pa3pH.lI.a ,lI.0
q==O TOKOM 2i, p8BHO t nep /2. B MOMeHT .lI.OCTH)I{eHHH Ha C HYJIeBOrO
nOTeHIl,HaJIa (HYJIeBOrO 3apH,lI.a) cpa6aTbIBaeT ,lI.HCKpHMHHaTOp HYJIH.
MOMeHT cpa6aTbIBaHHH )J;HCKpHMHHaTOpa HYJIH Onpe.ll.eJIHeTCH CJIe-
.lI.YIOlll.HM COOTHOWeHHeM:
t A == t2 + t 3 + t nep /2 == tU,T + t 3 ,
I
T. e. 0,lI.H03HalfHO CBH3aH C MOMeHTOM perHcTpau.HH lfaCTHIl,bI H He
3aBHCHT OT ee K00J',lI.HH8Tbl.
C nOMOlll.blO nO,lI.06HOrO YCTpOHCTBa Y,lI.aeTCH nOJIYlfHTb norpew-
HOCTb BpeMHKOOp.ll.HHaTHOH KOMneHCaIl,HH nOpH,lI.Ka HeCKOJIbKHX ,lI.e-,
CHTKOB nHKoceKYH.lI..
BTOpOH MeTO,lI. BpeMHKOOp.ll.HHaTHOH KOMneHcau.HH lfalll.e npHMe-
HHeTCH B Tex CJIYlfaHX, KOr,lI.a .lI.Ba O.ll.HOTHnHbIX CK,L{ 06pa3YIOT
261
n /I
11 ,-,'/napm
" (mon"
PHC. 8.19. <l>YHKU,HOH3JIbHa51 cxeMa BpeMflKOOpJ1.HHaTHOro KOMneHcaTopa Ha OCHOBe
)].BYX BpeMHaMflJIHTY)].HbIX npe06pa30BaTeJIeH
C HHTHnnH HOHHYID Koop HHaTHO-4YBCTBHTenbHYID BpeMHnponeTHYID
CHCTeMY, T. e. O HoBpeMeHHo H3MepHIDTCH Koop HHaTa l acTH bI B
O HOM HnH 060HX eTeKTopax H BpeMH nponeTa Me.IK Y HHMH. B 3TOM
CJIYlfae H3MepeHHe BpeMeHH nponeTa npOH3BO HTCH C nOMOI..QbID BYX
BAIl, BbIXO Hble CHrHanbI KOTOpbIX nHHeHHO CYMMHPYIDTCH. <l>YHK-
lI.HOHanbHaH cxeMa TaKOfO YCTpOH:CTBa npHBe eHa Ha pHC. 8.19. Y CT-
pOH:CTBO COCTOHT H3 BYX O HHaKOBbIX CK,L{, Ka.IK bIH: AnHHOH: l.
<l>opMHpoBaTenH BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH (jJ1-(jJ4 cpOpMHPYIDT CHfHanbI
BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKH t 1- t 4 , nOnO.IKeHHe KOTOpbIX Ha BpeMeHHOH: OCH
3aBHCHT OT Koop HHaT XI H X2 lfaCTHIJ,bI B 060HX CKLt H BpeMeHH
nponeTa t np :
XI [-XI X2 l-X2
t l =-; 1 2 =-; t 3 =-+t np ; 1 4 =-+t np .
V3$ V 3 $ V 3 $ V $
J1eBbIe II H 13 H npaBbIe t2 H t4 CHfHanbI no aIDTCH Ha BXO bI
«GrapT» H «Gron» COOTBeTCTBeHHO BYX BpeMHaMfInHTY HbIX npeo6-
pa30BaTeneH BAlli H BAll 2 . AMnnHTY bI CHfHanOB Ha BbIxo ax
BAlli H BAll 2 paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO:
Al =kt (/ 3 -/1); A 2 =k 2 (t 4 - / 2).
\."*'
IlpH ycnoBHH paBeHCTBa k l = k 2 CYMMa 3THX CHfHanOB Ha BbIxo e
CYMMaTopa paBHa:
A =A I +A 2 =k(t a - II + t 4 - t2)=2kt np ,
T. e. nponop HoHanbHa TonbKO BpeMeHH nponeTa lfaCTH bI Me.IK Y
BYMH eTeKTopaMH H He 3aBHCHT OT Xl H X2. 113MepeHHe Koop HHaT
XI H X2 npOH3BO HTCH He3aBHCHMbIMH BpeMHaMnnHTY HbIMH npeo6-
pa30BaTenHMH (Ha pHC. 8.19 He YKa3aHbI). OnHCaHHbIH: MeTO
n03BonHeT nOJlYlIHTb npHMepHo TaKYID .lKe TOqHOCTb BpeMHKoop H-
HaTHoH KOMneHca HH, LITO H BKK. Pa3pa6oTaHbI cne HanbHbIe lfeTbI-
peXBXO OBbIe BpeMHaMnnHTY Hble npeo6pa30BaTenH, B KOTOpbIX npe-
oopa30BaHHe Bcex BpeMeHHWX HHTepBanOB B MnnHTY Y npOH3BO-
HTCH Ha O HOM KOH eHcaTope, T. e. O HOBpeMeHHO BbInonHHIDTCH
cpYHK HH BYX BAIl H CYMMaTopa. 3TO HeCKonbKO ynpOI..QaeT 3neKT-
262
POHHKY H nOBbIlllaeT TOll HOCTb H3MepeHHH BpeMeHH npOJIeTa
lfa CTHll.bI.
KOHTpOJlbHble BonpocbI
1. lleM onpe.n.eJIHeTCH n03HI1.HOHHOe pa3peweHHe o)].HoMepHoro ClI.HHTMJIJIHI1.H:OH-
Horo )].eTeKTopa npH H3MepeHMH KOOP)].HH8TW no MeTo.n.y OTHOlUeHHH aMnJIHTY.n.:
a) 3HeproBbl)].eJIeHHeM B )].eTeKTope;
6) 3Ha4eHHeM JIMHeHHOro K03cpcpHu,l1eHTa oCJIa6JIeHHH CBeTa;
B) ypOBHeM lUYMOB <l>3Y?
2. 4TO HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHbIM MCTO'llHHKOM WYMa, OrpaHH'lIHBalOllI.HM n03HUMOHHoe
pa3pelUeHHe o.lI.HoMepHoro nOJIynpOBO.lI.HHKOBOro .n.eTeKTopa:
- a) WYM TOKa YTe4KH )].eTeKTopa;
0) lUYM conpOTHBJIeHHH HarpY3KH .n.eTeKTopa;
B) WYM BXO.lI.HOrO TOKa rOJIOBHOrO KaCKa)].8 YCHJIHTeJlH?
3. B KaKHX CJIY'lIaHX u,eJIeCOOOpa3Ho npHMeHHTb I1.H pOBOH CoeM MHcpOpMal1.HM C
n03Mu,HoHHO-'lIYBcTBHTeJlbHOrO nOJIynpOBO.lI.HHKoBoro .n.eTeKTopa:
a) Kor.ll.a TpeoyeTcH nOBblweHHaH T04HOCTb;
0) .lI.JIH nOJIYLfeHHfI )].BYMepHoro pacnpe.ll.eJIeHM5i 3HeprHfI - KOOP.lJ.HII.! I a;
B) B OOOHX CJIY4aHx?
4. B03MO}l(eH JIH C'beM CHrHaJIa .lJ.JIH BpeMeHHoro aHaJIM3a B cTaH.n.apTHoM KaHaJIe
perHcTpau,HH .n.JIH npOnOpl1.HOHaJIbHOH KaMepbl, H306pa}l(eHHOM H8 pHC. 8.40:
a) HeB03MO)KeH;
0) B03MO}l(eH C BbIXO.lI.a YCMJIMTeJIH;
B) B03MO}l(eH C BbIxo.n.a )].HCKpHMHHaTopa?
5. 4eM orpaHH4MBaeTCH n03Hu,MOHHoe pa3peweHHe O)].HOMepHoro n4)]. H H3Mepe-
HHe Koop)].HHaTbI no MeTO.lJ.X. «l1.eHTp8 TH)KeCTI1»:
a) 'lIHCJIOM 3JIeKTpo.n.OB, C _KOTOpbIX CHHMaeTCH CMrHaJI;
6) 3HeprMeH 4aCTHI1.W;
B) OTHOlUeHHeM CHrHaJIa K lUYMY?
6. KaKHe npeHMYlllecTBa )].aeT MeTO)]. BpeMeHHoro aHaJIH3a no cpaBHeHMIO C MeTO-
)].OM aMnJIHTY.lI.HOrO aHaJIH3a npH M3MepeHHH Koop)].MHaTbI 4aCTHI1.bI B nponopu,MoHaJI -
HOM C'lIeT'lIHKe C pe3HcTHBHbIM aHO)].OM:
a) 60JIee BbICOKoe npocTpaHcTBeHHoe pa3pelUeHHe;
0) OOJIee BblCOKoe ObICTpO.lI.eHCTBHe;
B) ooa MeTo.n.a npMMepHO 3KBMBaJleHTHw?
7. npMMeHHM JIH MeTO.lI. npHMoro Ko.n.MpoBaHMH BpeMeHHoro MHTepBaJla npM
H3MepeHHH Koop.n.HHaTw 4aCTHI1.W B .n.peHcpoBoH KaMepe:
a) HenpHMeHHM;
6) npMMeHHM .lI.JIH KaMep HeBblCOKoro pa3pelUeHHH;
B) npHMeHMM HeOrpaHM'lIeHHo?
8. KaKoH MeTO.lI. n03BOJIHeT YJIY'lIlUHTb Me)KTpeKOB0e pa3pelUeHHe B .lI.peHcpoBoH
KaMepe:
a) YMeHblUeHMe )].peH oBoro npOMe}l(YTKa;
6) U,M pOBOH aHaJIH3 cpOpMbl CHrHaJIa C nOMOllI.blO ObICTpbIX Aun;
B) OpMMpOBaHMe BpeMeHHOH OTMeTKM OpMHpOBaTeJIeM co CJIe)].HllI.MM noporoM?
9. )].JIH 'lIero l1.eJleC006pa3Ho npHMeHHTb MeTO.lI. BpeMeHHoro aHaJIH3a )].JIH M3Me-
peHMH KOQp.lJ.MHaTbI B o)].HoMepHoM CU,MHTMJIJIHU,MOHHOM n4)].:
263
a) Kor.lI.a Tpe6yeTcfI O.lJ.HOBpeMeHHbIH C'bC:\1 C 11.eTeKTOpa CHI'Ha.fla BpeMeHHOH OT-
MeTKH c. BblCOKMM BpeMeHHblM pa3pellJeHHeM
0) .n.JIH YJIY4weHHfI Koop.n.I1HaTHoro pa3peUleHHH;
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265
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266
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.n.ep:>KaIll.HHCH B CTeKJIe <l>3Y, KpHCTaJ1JIe NaI (TI), 3JIeMeHTax KOH-
CTPYKlI.HH ,lJ.eTeKTOpa H .n.p. 3TOT Y4aCTOK cneKTpa MO)KeT 6bITb npe.n.-
CTaBJIeH B BH.n.e ,lJ.BYX COCTaBJIHlOllI.HX - penepHoro nHKa H cpoHa,-
cna.n.aIOIlI.er.o C YBeJIH4eHHeM 3HeprHH n04TH JIHHeHHO, KaK 3TO nOKa-
3aHO Ha pHC. 9.2. Ilo.LI.06Hble cneKTpbI THnH4HbI ,lJ.JIH 60JIblllHHCTBa
npaKTH4ecKHx CJIY4aeB. 5y,lJ.OM C4HTaTb, 4TO cneKTpbI Ha6HpalOTcH
C nOMOlll.blO aMnJIHTY,lJ.HOrO aHaJIH3aTOpa H CHCTeMa cTa6HJIH3alI.HH
06pa6aTbIBaeT KO.n.bl CHrHaJIOB, n pe,lJ.CTaBJIHIOIlI.He C060H HOMepa Ka-
HaJIOB al;IaJIH3aTOpa, B KOTOpbIX 3anHCbIBalOTCH penepHbIe CHrHaJIbI.
,L{JIH nOJIyqeHHH CHrHaJIa 0I.llH6KH B ,lJ.Hana30He ,lJ.onycTHMbIX 3Ha-
4eHHH penepHoro CHrHaJIa pacnOJIaralOT JIeBYIO W JI H npaBYIO W"
30HbI - OKHa (pHC. 9.2), C4eT C06bITHH B KOTOpbIX' HCnOJIb3yeTcH ,lJ.JIH"
BbIpa60TKH CHrHaJIa 01l1H6KH. Pa3Mep 30H onpe.LI.eJIHeTCH BH.n.OM
cneKTpa H cnoc060M nOJIyt:teHHH onopHoro CHrHaJIa. OKHa W JI H W n
pa3Melll.alOT Ha CKJIOHaX penepHoro nHKa, H CHrHaJI 01lIH6KH onpe,lJ.e-
JIHeTCH no pa3HOCTH 4HCeJI, COC4HTaHHbIX 3a BpeMH T B OKHax W JI H
W n . OpH 3TOM OKHa lJ,eJIeC006pa3HO pacnOJIaraTb Ha Y4aC1:.Kax nHKa
C HaH60JIblllHM HaKJIOHOM, TaK KaK B 3TOM CJIY4ae H3MeHeHHe nOJIO-
)KeHHH nHKa H3-3a HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH cneKTpOMeTpa BbI30BeT HaH-
60JIblllHH CHrHaJI paCCOrJIaCOBaHH-H.
268
OYCTb J1eBOe OKHO W JI 3aHHMaeT
KaHaJIbI OT Ka )].0 Kb, a npaBoe W n -
KaHaJIbI OT Kc .n.o Kd, Cpe.n.HSISI 4a-
CTOTa C4eT3 penepHbIX CHrHaJIOB B
JIeBOM H npaBOM OKHax COCTaBJISIeT
COOTBeTCTBeHHO m Jl H mil, a OT <pOHa
n Jl H nn. 3a BpeMSI I.I.HKJI3 cTa6HJIH-
3aI.I.HH l' B JIeBOM OKHe 6y.n.eT Co-
C4HTaHO B cpe.n.HeM M JI =(m Jl +n Jl )1'
C06bITHH, 3 B npaBOM OKHe M n =
=(m n + nn) 1'. ECJIH CHrHaJI 0ll1H6KH,
Bblpa6aTbIBaeMbIH CHCTeMOH cTa6H-
JIH3al HH, npOnOpI.I.HOHaJIe H M n -
- M JI , TO npH OTCYTCTBHH .n.ecTa6H-
JIH3HPYIOIlI.HX <paKTOpOB CHCTeMa
cTa6HJIH33I.I.HH YCTaHOBHT penepHbIH PHC. 9.2. CocTaBHble 48CTH aMnJlH-
B Ty.n.Horo cneKTpa OOJlaCTH penepHoro
nHK TaK, 4TO Mil - M J, = O. eJIH4H- nHKa
HbI M 11 H M J, nOJ1.Bep:>KeHbI CTaTHC-
TH4eCKHM <pJIYKTyaUHHM, KOTopble onpe,l1.eJIHIOT norpeWHOCTb H3Me-
peHHH pa3HOCTH M n - M J, H, B KOHe4HOM C4eTe, )].onOJIHHTeJIbHYIO no-
rpeWHOCTb, BHOCHMYIO B cneKTpOMeTp CHCTeMOH cTa6HJIH33U.HH.
nYCTb penepHbIH nHK no)]. )].eHcTBHeM .n.ecTa6HJIH3HPYlOllI.HX <paK-
TOpOB CMeCTHJICH (H3npHMep, BnpaBo) Ha He6oJIbWOe, no cpaBHeHHIO
C WHpHHOH nHKa, 3Ha4eHHe K, H3MepSIeMoe B 4HCJIe K3HaJIOB, KaK
3TO nOK33aHO H3 pHC. 9.2. ECJIH 3TO CMeIll.eHHe npoHcxo)].HJIO C no-
CTOHHHOH CKOpOCTblO, KaK 06bI4HO H 6bIBaeT Ha npaKTHKe, TO cpe.n.-
Hee 4HCJIO C06bITHH, COC4HTaHHbIX 3a BpeMH l' B JIeBOM OKHe, YMeHb-
/ IllHTCH Ha MJI = ( mJl - nJl) T: /2, a B npaBoM YBeJIH4HTCH Ha Mn =
=( mn+ nll) 1'/2. npH 3TOM pa3HocTb M 6y.n.eT paBHa:
M = M n - MJI = Mn + MJI =
= ( n1n + f1l.1} + nn - nJl) l' /2.
T3K KaK <POH B 06JI3CTH penepHoro nHKa npe.n.cTaBJIeH JIHHeHHo cna-
)].alOIlleH <PYHKU.Heii, TO nn - nJJ = 0 H l M = ( mn + nlJl) l' /2. CTa-
THCTH4eCKaH norpewHocTb M C np3KTH4ecKH .n.ocTaTo4HoH T04-
HOCTblO MO:>KeT 6bl b npe,l1.CTaBJIeH3 K3K
a\M = -/M JI +M n .
/(a Kb K /(c Kd
w n w n
3Ta norpewHocTb 6y.n.eT onpe.n.eJI5ITb norpellIHocTb CHrH3JIa OilIH6KH
H COOTBeTCTBeHHO norpellIHocTb BOCCT3HOBJIeHHH cTa6HJIH3HpyeMoro
napaMeTp3. OTHOCHTeJIbHa51 CT3THCTH4eCKa51 norpewHocTb CHrHaJI3
OIllH6KH 0 \:\1 6Y,l1.eT paBHa
2 -V ( . + r + + ;;n) / [( n1J1 + nln) 1'] .
I _
113 3Toro COOTHOIlleHHH BH,l1.HO, 4TO T04HOCTb BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH CTa-
6HJIH3HPyeMoro napaMeTpa )].OJI:>KH3 paCTH C YBeJIH4eHHeM l mJl H
269
nZn, YMeHbllleHHeM cpOHa n J1 H nn, YBeJIHlfeHHeM BpeMeHH UHKJIa CTa-
6HJIH3aUHH 1'. 01J.HaKO B TelfeHHe BpeMeHH UHKJIa cTa6HJIH3alI.HH 1',
nOKa nO,lJ.,lJ.epJKHBaeTCSI 3HalfeHHe KOppeKTHpYlOlUerO B03,lJ.eHCTBHH '
OT npe,LLbI.nyw.erO IJ.HKJIa, CneKTpaJIbHbIe nHKH, KaK H penepHbIl1, no.n
,lJ.eHCTBHeM .necTa6HJIH3HPYIOW.HX cpaKTOpOB CMelUaIOTCH, 4TO npH-
BO,lJ.HT K HX YWHpeHHIO, a CJIe.nOBaTeJIbHO, H K YXY,lJ.weHHIO pa3pe-
weHHH. OTHOCHTeJIbHOe YWHpeHHe I}HKOB paBHO K/ K =V1'/ K, r.ne
K - HOMep KaHaJIa, B KOTOpOM HaXO,lJ.HTCH MaKCHMYM nHKa; v -CKO-
pOCTb CMelUeHHH nHKa, BbIpaJKaeMaH lfHCJIOM KaHaJIOB B e.nHHHIJ.Y
BpeMeHH. BH.nHO, 4TO YlllHpeHHe nHKa nponopUHOHaJIbHO BpeMeHH
UHKJIa cTa6HJIH3aUHH 1'. OnTHMaJIbHbIM, BH,lJ.HMO, 6Y,lJ.eT TaKoe BpeMH
IJ.HKJIa cTa6HJIH3aUHH, npH' KOTOpOM a6COJIIOTHaH norpellIHOCTb BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHH CHCTeMOH cTa6HJIH3aUHH nOJIOJKeHHH nHKa U\K 6y.neT
paBHa YWHpeHHIO nHKa H3-3a .n.ecTa6HJIH3HPYlOlUHX <paKTopOB B Te-
4eijHe IJ.HKJIa cTa6HJIH3aUHH, T. e. a K = ,'1K.
JIH OTMCKaHHH OnTHMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHH lI.HKJIa cTa6HJIH3all.HH
BbIpa3HM BeJIH4HHbI, Bxo.n.HllI.He B nOJIYlfeHHble COOTHoweHHH, 4epe3
HeKOTopble npaKTHlfeCKH y.n.06HbIe napaMeTpbI penepHoro H <pOHOBoro
cneKTpOB H K03<p<pHlI.HeHT HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH cneKTpOMeTpa. 0603Ha4HM
Cpe.n.HIOIO lfaCTOTY C4eTa B KaHaJIaX Ka, Kb, Ke, Kd OT penepHoro HC-
T04HHKa COOTBeTCTBeHHO ma, nZb, me, md, a Cpe,LLHIOIO 4aCTOTY C4eTa
cpOHa B 3THX KaHaJIaX COOTBeTCTBeHHO na, nb, ne, rld. BbI6epeM OKHa
paBHOH llIHpHHbI W J1 = W n = W, a Y4aCTKH cneKTpaJIbHOrO nHKa B
06JIaCTHX OKOH 6y.n.eM paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK Tpanell.HH. 3TH npe.n.no-
JIO)KeHHH cJ1a60 BJII1HIOT Ha T04HOCTb perneHHH 3a,LLa4H, HO 3aMeTHO
ynpolUalOT nOJIYlfeHHe COOTHOllleHHH, He06xo,lJ.HMbIX .n.JISI npaKTHlfec-
KHX npHMeHeHHH. OpH 3THX npe,LLnOJIOJKeHHHX
W
I1l J1 + nZn + n Ji + nil =TI(m b + nb) + (rna + nu) +(mc + ne) +
W'A
+(md+nd)I=T'
\.
r.n.e 6YKBOH A 0603Ha4eHO BbIpa)KeHHe, cToSIw.ee B KBa.n.paTHbIX
cK06Kax. ECJIH CMelll.eHHe nHKa K MaJIO no cpaBHeHHIO C W, Kal<
JIerKO BH.n.eTb H3 reOMeTpH4eCKHX co06paJKeHHH, -
I1.lJl = (mb -I1Z a ) K,
mn=(nZc-fnd) K.
Tor.na
L'1M = ( I1ZJ1 + L'1m n ) 1'/2 == l(nzb - nZa) + (me - md)J X
KT _ B !J.KT
XT - 2'
-
r.ne 6YKBOH B 0603Ha4eHo BblpaJKeHHe, CTOSIllI.ee B KBa.npaTHblx
cK06Kax. OTKy.na
K = 2 M/(BT),
a/ K = 2a M/(BT) = 2 -Y WAT/2/(BT).
270
TaKHM 06pa30M,
VT = 2 W A /2/(BT) H T,3 = 2W A/(v B ).
ECJIH BMeCTO a6COJIIOTHOrO 3Ha4eHHH CKOpOCTH cMew.eHHH nHKa
BBeCTH OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO CKOpOCTb V Onl = v / K, TO T o3 = 2 W A I
(VOTHBK) . OpH 3a.l1.aHHbIX YCJIOBHHX HaHBbIcwaH OTHOCHTeJIbHaH
T04HOCTb cTa6HJIH3aLlHH nOJIO:>KeHHH nHKa 6Y.l1.eT paBHa:
3 2v OT J! W A
Ok = L\K/ K = VOTHT HJIH O K = .
K 2 B 2
PaCCMOTpHM B03MO:>KHOCTH CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTH4eCKOH cTa6HJIH3a-
LlHH nOJIO:>KeHHH cneKTpaJIbHbIX nHKOB (K03<p<pHLlHeHTa npe06pa30Ba-
HI1H cneKTpOMeTpa) Ha npHMepe CLlHHTHJIJIHLlHOHHoro .l1.eTeKTopa
C KpHCTaJIJIOM NaI (TI) ,l],HaMeTpOM H BbICOTOH, paBHbIMH 150 MM,
H <poT03JIeKTpOHHbIM YMHO:>KHTeJIeM <P3Y-49, eCJIH B Ka4eCTBe pe-
nepHoro HCT04HHKa HCnOJIb3yeTcH eCTecTBeHHbIH H30Ton 40 K, cneKTp
KpToporo npHBe.l1.eH Ha pHC. 9.1. Yaw.e Bcero OCHOBHbIM .l1.eCTa-
6HJIH3HPYIOW.HM <paKTopoM CLlHHTHJIJIHLlHOHHoro cneKTpoMeTpa
HBJIHeTCH TeMnepaTYPHbIH .l1.peH<p ero K03<p<pHLl.HeHTa npe06pa30Ba-
HHH. ,LlJIH paccMaTpHBaeMoro cneKTpoMeTpa TeMnepaTypHbIH ,l],peH<p
COCTaBJIHeT p=2.10- o3 K- 1 . OpH 3TOM OTHOCHTeJIbHaH CKo.pOCTb
cMew.eHHH cneKTpaJIbHbIX nHKOB 6Y.l1.eT paBHa V OTH = pdT / dt, r.l1.e
dT I dt - CKOpOCTb H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTypbI. HaH.l1.eM 3aBHCHMOCTb
OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO YlliMpeHHH cneKTpaJIbHbIX nHKOB OK H OnTHMaJIb-
Horo BpeMeHH LlHKJIa cTa6HJIH3aLlHH L_, 06ecne4HBalOw.ero HaHMeHb-
llIee YllIHpeHHe nHKOB, OT CKOpOCTH H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTypbl. ,LlJIH
3Toro BOCnOJIb3yeMcH COOTHOllieH HHMI1
32 ( dT ) 2 2WA
T P dt = K 2 B'2 ;
dT
O K = T p -
dt .
IlapaMeTpbI ,l],JIH 3THX B-blpa:>KeHHH HaH.l1.eM H3 cneKTpa. OYCTb JIe-
BaH 30Ha W J1 CO.l1.ep:>KHT weCTb KaHaJIOB H 3aHHMaeT KaHaJIbI C
K a ,= 151 no K" = 156, npaBaH 30Ha W n TaK:>Ke CO.l1.ep:>KHT llIeCTb
KaHaJIOB H 3aHHMaeT KaHaJIbI C Kc = 164 no Kd = 169. OpH 3TOM
Cpe.l1. HM e 4aCTOTbI C4eTa B KaHaJIaX Ka, Kb, Kc. Kd paBHbI COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO, KaHaJI -1.C- 1 : m a =0,26; n a =0,49; mb=0,60; nb=0,44;
nlc = 0,93; nc = 0,35; nld = 0,31; nd = 0,31. CKOpOCTH C4eTa CHr-
HaJIOB penepHoro HCT041-!HKa H <POHOBbIX C06bITHH cooTBeTcTBYIOT
peaJIbHO H3MepeHHbIM 3Ha4eHHHM .l1.JIH BbI6paHHoro .l1.eTeKTopa.
Pacc4HTaHHbIe nO\l 3THM .l1.aHHbIM 3Ha4eHHH B H A COCTaBJIHIOT:
B=0,87 KaHaJI - .C-l; A=3,9 KaHaJI-1.c- 1 . MaKcHMYM nHKa
pacnOJIO:>KeH B 161-M KaHaJIe (K = 161). Ha pHC. 9.3 npHBe.l1.eHbI
rpa<pHKH 3aBHCHMOCTH OnTHMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHH LlHKJIa cTa6HJIH3aLlHH
'to M MHHHMaJIbHOH norpelliHOCTH nOJIO:>KeHHH nHKa OK' KOTOpylO
MO:>KeT 06ecne4HTb CHCTeMa aBTOMaTH4eCKOH cTa6HJIH3au.HH, OT
CKOpOCTH H3Me.J-IeHHH TeMnepaTypbI dT Idt. 3TH 3aBHCHMOCTH nOKa-
271
6.10- 3
, 8
It
2
1
.0
1:, C
1011-
10 3
10 2
10 '
PHC. 9.3. 3aBHcHMoCTb OflTHMaJ1b-
Horo u,HKJla CTaOHJlM3au,HH T H
norpelUHocTH CTaOHJIH3au,HH {, OT
CKOpOCTH H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTYPbl
10-" 10- 3 10- 2 10- 1
CKOpOCmh 113MCHelfllR meMnepam!lpbl, K/c
3bIBaIOT, liTO CHCTeMa cTa6HJIH3au.HH MO:>KeT 06eCne4HTb HenJIOXYIO
cTa6HJIbHOCTb CneKTpOMeTpa .l1.a)Ke npH .l1.0BOJlbHO pe3KOM H3MeHeHHH
eMnepaTypbl. TaK, ,lJ.JIH nOJIY4eHHH 3Ha4eHHH 6 K 0,2% CKOpOCTb
'''H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTypbI He .l1.0JI:>KHa npeBbIIllaTb 1,3. 10- 3 KI C,
liTO C'ooTBeTcTByeT 4,8 Kill. Il pH 3TOM BpeMH ll.HKJ1a cTa6HJIH3aIJ.HH
COCTaBHT He MeHee 742 c.
9.2. METO,l1.bl nOCTPOEHHSI CHCTEM ABTOMATHLJECKOA
CTA6HJ1H3AlI.HH CnEKTPOMETPOB 3HEPrHH
CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa cpaBHHTeJIbHO npOCTOH CHCTeMbI aBTOMa-
TH4eCKOH cTa6HJIH3aIJ.HH K03<p<pHIJ.HeH1'a npe06pa30BaHHH cneKTpo-
MeTpa 3HeprHH, HCnOJIb3YIOllI.eH B Ka4eCTBe penepHoro nHKa <POTO-
nHK 01' H30Tona 4U K, CO.l1.ep:>Kalll.erOCH B MaTepHaJIaX ,lJ.eTeKTopa,
npHBe.l1.eHa Ha pHC. 9.4. B COCTaB CHCTeMbI cTa6HJ1H3aIJ.I1H BXOJI.HT
TPH ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopa BepxHero, cpe.l1.Hero H HHlKHero ypoBHeH
1I. BY, J], C Y, D. H Y, onpe.l1.eJlHlOllJ.He rpaHHLlbI OKOH (KoTopble CMbI-
KaIOTcH), .l1.03aTOpbI 3apH.l1.oB - q, + 2q, - q, npHCOe,lJ,HHeHHbIe K
.l1.HCKpHMHHaTopaM, H HH1'erpaTop 3apH.l1.0B H3. IlapaMeTpbI )].03a-
TOpOB 3apH.l1.0B BbI6paHbI TaK, liTO 3apH.l1., nocTynalOW,HH Ha BXO,lJ.
HHTerpaTopa 3apH.l1.a npH cpa6aTWBaHHH .l1.HCKpHMHHaTopa cpe.l1.Hero
ypOBHH, B 2 pa3a 60JIbWe no 3HalleHHIO H npoTHBOnOJIO:>KeH no
-
3HaKY 3apH.l1.aM, nocTynalOllI.H)M B HHTerpaTop npH cpa6aTblBaHHH
.l1.HCKpHMHHaTopoB HH.lKHerO H BepxHero ypoBHeH.
B TOM CJIY4ae, Kor.n.a penepHblH HMnYJ1bC nocTynae1' B JIeBOe
OKHO, cpa6aTbIBaeT ,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTOp HH)KHerO ypOBHH H Ha BXO,lJ.
HHTerpaTopa nocTynaeT e,lJ.HHH4HWH OTpHIJ.aTenbHwA 3apHA. Kor.l1.a
HMnYJIbC nona.l1.aCT B npaBoe, OKHO, cpa6aTbIBalOT O)].HOBpeMeHHO
,lJ.HCKpHMHHaTopbI cpe.l1.Hero H BepXHero YPOBHeH H Ha BXOJI. HH-
TerpaTopa nocTynalOT ,lJ.BOHHOH nOJIO}KHTeJIbHbI 1 H' O.l1.HHapHbIH
OTpHIJ.aTeJIbHbni 3apH.l1.bI. ,LlJIH CHrHaJIOB, npeBblwalOW,HX BepXHHH
ypOBeHb, cpa6aTbIBalOT Bce 1'PH .l1.HCKpHMHHaTopa, H CYMMapHbIH
3apH,lJ., nocTynalOllI.HH B HHTerpaTOp,' paBeH HYJIIO. I1HTerpaTOp
HaKan.TIHBaeT 3apH.l1.bI, nocTynalOllI.He Ha ero BXO.l1., B Te4eHHe HeKOTO-
poro BpeMeHH L (IJ.HKJIa cTa6HJIH3aIJ.HH) H Bblpa6aTblBaeT ynpaBJIH-
lOIII.ee HanpH)KeHHe, npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHOe HaKOnJIeHHOMY 3apHJI.Y. .31'0
HanpH:>KeHHe HCnOJIb3yeTcH ,lJ.JIH perYJIHpOBaHHH K03<p<pHIJ.HeHTa YCH-
272
PHC. 9.4. CTPYKTYPHafl cxeMa CH-
CTeMbl aBToMaTH4ecKoH cTa6HJ1H-
3au,HH K03cp<pHI..tHeHTa npe06pa30-
BaHHH cneKTpoMeTpa 3HeprHH
eHHH CneKTpOMeTpH4eCKOrO TpaKTa. YCH eHHe CneKTpOMeTpH4eC-
Koro TpaKTa YCTaHaB HBaeTCH TaK, 4T06bI MaKCHMYM nHKa 40 K
npH Hy eBoM ynpaB HIOJJ.J.eM HanpH)KeHHH HaXOJ1.H CH Ha ypOBHe
nopora J1.HCKpHMHHaTOpa CpeJ1.HerO ypOBHH. C'Ta6H bHOCTb napa-
MeTpOB caMoro cTa6H H3aTopa 06ecne4HBaeTCH npHMeHeHHeM
BbICOKOCTa6H bHbIX pe3HCTopOB H KOHJ1.eHCaTOpOB B J1.HCKpHMHHa-
Topax H J1.03aTOpax 3apH,lJ.a. OpH nOCTOHHHOH HHTerpHpOBaRHH
L = 15 C YXY,lJ.rneHHe pa3perneHHH, 06yc oB eHHoe cHcTeMoH CTa-
6H H3aUHH (cBH3aHHoe co CTaTHCTH4eCKHMH norpewHocTHMH HaKon-
eHHH 3apHJ1.oB B HHTerpaTope), no 137 Cs COCTaB HeT MeHee
0,5%. 113MeHeHHe K03<p<pHUHeHTa npe06pa30BaHHH cTa6H H3HpO-
BaHHoro cneKTpoMeTpa B Te4eHHe ,lJ. HTe bHoro BpeMeHH npH H3Me-
HeHHH TeMnepaTypbI oKpY)KalOIll.eH cpe,lJ.bI OT 10 J1.0 30° C MeHbwe
.0,5%. dTa CHCTeMa' cTa6H H3au.HH, KaK' C e,lJ.yeT H3 orHKH ee
pa60TbI, oCYJJ.J.ecTB HeT cTa6H H3aUHIO HWb K03<p<pHUHeHTa npe-
06pa30BaHHH, OCTaB HH HecTa6H H3HpyeMbIM nopor cneKTpoMeTpa.
,Q H cTa611 H3aUHH nopora H K03<p<pHUHeHTa npe06pa30BaHHH
cneKTpoMeTpa He06xo,lJ.HMO HcnO b30BaTb cHcTeMY cTa6H H3aUHH
C _ penepHbIMH C_HrHa aMH OT paJ1.HoaKTHBHoro HCTOLlHHKa PH,
cooTBeTcTBYIOJJ.J.HMH Ha4a y H KOHUY 3HepreTHlIeCKoro ,lJ.Hana30Ha
(pHC. 9.5). CneKTpoMeTp COCTOHT H3 KpHcTa a NaI (TI), <poT03 eK-
TpoHHoro YMHO:>KHTe H CP3Yl, npeJ1.ycH HTe H ny, OCHOBHoro
YCH HTe H OY, nporpaMMHo ynpaBJ1HeMOrO YCHJ1HTe H flYY, aMnJ1H-
TYJ1.HO-UH<ppOBoro npe06pa30BaTe H Al1ll, 3anOMHHalOIll.erO YCTPOH-
CTBa 3Y. B CHCTeMY cTa6HJ1H3aUHH cneKTpOMeTpa BXOJ1.HT: penepHbIH
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YMHO)KHTe b CP3Y 2 , J1.Ba <POpMHpOBaTeJ1H CPt H CP2, cxeMa COBna-
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perHCTp P H Il.H<PPoaHaJ10rOBbIH nre06pa30BaTe b /JAn. B Ka4e-
CTBe penepHoro HCT04HHKa HCn0J1b3yeTcH HYK HJ1., HcnycKalOJJ.J.HH
npH t)-pacnaJ1.e 3 eKTpOH (n03HTpoH) H ,lJ.Ba Y-KBaHTa, 3HeprHH
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30Ha cneKTpOMeTpa (;raKHM HYKJ1HJ1.0M MO:>KeT 6bITb 57 Co, HcnYCKa-
lOIlI.l.ni 3 eKTpOH H Y-KBaHTbI C 3HeprHeH 0,12 HI, 13 M3B).
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C HcnYCKaHHeM n03HTpOHa, TO npH ero aHHHrHJ1HIl.HH 6YJ1.YT B03HH-
KaTb Y-KBaHTbI C 3HeprHeH 0,511 M3B, KOTopble MO:>KHO HCnOJ1b-
30BaTb KaK penepHble, OJ1.HaKO B 60J1bWHHCTBe C YlIaeB 3TH KBaH-
TbI 6YJ1.YT C03,lJ.aBaTb ,lJ.onOJ1HHTeJ1bHbIH <POH, H n03TOMY TaKHe
273
18-2790
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JlH3au,HH nopora H K03<p H HeHTa npeoopa30BaHHH
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CHfHaJ10B l-!a <pOH,e HCCJIe.l1.yeMofo H3JIY4eHH5I ocyw.ecTBJIHeTCH CJIe-
.l1.YIOIlI.HM 06pa30M. 3JIeKTpOH pefHcTpHpyeTcH B .l1.eTeKTOpe H3
nJIaCTMaCCOBOfO ClI.HHTHJIJIHTOpa H (/J3Y 2 , a O.l1.HH H3 Y-KBaHTOB
nona.l1.aeT B KpHCTaJIJI N a I (Tl) [O.l1.HOBpeMeHHoe nOna.l1.aHHe .l1.BYX
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CHfHaJIbI C CP3Y 1 H (/J3Y 2 nOCJIe <POpMHpOBaTeJIeH (/J 1 H (/J2
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ynpaBJIHIOIlI.HM .l1.JIH MHKpOnpOlI.eCcopHOfO YCTpOHCTBa ynpaBJIeHHH
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naeT B MHKpOnpOlI.eCCOpHoe YCTPOHCTBO ynpaBJIeHHH, KOTopoe CHf-
HaJIOM cxeMbI COBna.l1.eHHH 6bIJIO nO.l1.fOTOBJIeHO K npHeMY H aHaJIH3Y
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1.J.HCJIY, xpaHHJJ.J.eMYCH B COOTBeTCTBYIOJJ.J.eH HLJeHKe onepaTHBHOH
naMHTH MHKpOnpOlI.eCCOpHOfO YCTpOHCTBa ynpaBJIeHH5I. no OKOH-
1.J.aHHH lI.HKJIa cTa6HJIH3alI.HH MHKpOnpOlI.eccop aHaJIH3HpyeT CO-
.l1.ep:>KHMOe 3THX HlIeeK, BbI1.J.HCJI5IeT CH rH aJI Olll H6KH, nepe.l1.aeT KO.n.
OIlIH6KH K03<p<pHlI.HeHTa npe06pa30BaHHH. B pefHCTp P .l1.JIH KoppeK-
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AlI.fl. -
B cneKTpOMeTpax C nOJIynpOBO,LI.HHKOBbIMH .l1.eTeKTOpaMH CTa-
6HJIbHOCTb .l1.eTeKTOpOB .l1.0CTaT01.J.HO BbICOKa a B03MO:>KHbIH HCT04HHK
HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH, CBH3aHHbIH C 3aBHCHMOCTblO eMKOCTH OOl{ OT
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274
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T04HHKOM HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH HBJIHeTCH TpaKT YCHJIeHHH H npe06pa30-
BaHHH aMnJIHTY.lI.bI B KO.11.. 003TOMY B Ka4eCTBe penepHOrO HCT04HHKa
B CHCTeMe cTa6HJIH3au.HH - CneKTpOMeTpa MO)KeT HCnOJIb30BaTbCH
reHepaTOp T04HOH aMnJIHTYJJ.bI, BbIpa6aTbIBalOllI.HH HMnYJIbCbI C
aMnJIHTY.11.OH, COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.eH Ha4aJIY H KOHLlY 3HepreTHLJeCKOH
lllKaJ1bI CneKTpOMeTpa. 3TH CHrHaJIbI no.11.alOTcH Ha rpa.11.YHpOB04HbIH
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OCYI.I.I.eCTBJIHeTCH cTa6HJIH3aLlHH Bcero CneKTpOMeTpH4eCKOrO TpaKTa.
B TaKHX YCTpOHCTBaX 06W4HO HCnOJIb3yeTcH LlH$pOBOH MeTO.11. Cya-
6HJIH3aUHH, nOCKOJ1bKY OH n03BOJIHeT 06eCne4HTb BbICOKYIO npeUH-
3HOHHOCTb CHCTeMbI cTa6HJ1H3aLlHH.
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HeCTa6HJIbHOCTb napaMeTpOB BpeMeHHbIX CneKTpOMeTpOB, KaK
H CneKTpOMeTpOB 3HeprHH, onpe.11.eJIHeTCH B OCHOBHOM HeCTa6HJIb-
HOCTblO Y3J10B aHaJIOrOBOro npe06pa30BaHHH H oT60pa HH$OpMa-
UHH. OpH 3TOM OCHOBHOH BKJIa.ll. B HeCTa6HJIbHOCTb BpeMeHHbIx
CneKTpOMeTpOB BHOC51T H3MeHeHHH BO BpeMeHH cpOpMbI CHrHaJIOB
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.lI.peHcp K03<jJ<jJHUHeHTa npe06pa30BaHHH B npe06pa30BaTeJIHX ape-
MeHHbIX HHTepBaJIOB B KO.11.. B CneKTpOMeTpaX, nOCTpOeHHbIX Ha
OCHOBe MeTOJla npHMOrO KO.11.HpOBaHHH BpeMeHHbIX HHTepBaJIOB',
.lI.peHcp BpeMeHHbIX OTMeTOK cpOpMHpOBaTeJIeH, KaK npaBHJIO, MaJI no
cpaBHeHHIO C H3MepHeMbIMH I1HTepBaJIaMH, a npl1MeHeHHe BbICOKO-
cTa6HJIbHbIX KBapLleBbIX reHepaTopOB onopHOH 4aCTOTbI CHHMaeT
np06JIeMY HeCTa611JIbHOCTH 3Toro npe06pa30BaHHH. npH KO.11.HpOBa-
HHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIbIX HHTepBaJIOB BpeMeHH no MeTOJlY npe06pa-
30BaHHH BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa B aMnJIHTY.11.Y C nOCJIe.11.YIOI.I.I.HM ee
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HbIM HCT04HHKOM HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH HBJIHIOTCH .lI.peHcpbI TOKOB 3apH.lI.-
Horo YCTpOHCTBa BpeMHaMnJIHTYJlHOrO npe06pa30BaTeJIH H pa3pH.11.-
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KOpOTKHX HHTepBaJIOB BpeMeHI1 MO)KeT nOTpe60BaTbCH aBTOMaTH-
4eCKaH cTa6HJII13aUHH ero napaMeTpOB.
<PH3H4eCKHe npHHUHnbI aBTOMaTH4eCKOH cTa6HJII13au.HH BpeMeH-
HWX cneKTpOMeTpOB He OTJIH4alOTCH OT npHHu.HllOB aBTOMaTH4eCKOH
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MeHH, KOTOpbIH, Kak npaBHJIO, 3a.ll.aeTCH BbICOKOCTa6HJIbHOH Ka6eJIb-
HOH JIHHHeH 3a.11.ep)KKH, cpaBHHBaeTCH B reHepaTope OWH6KH C
3a.11.aHHbIM 3TaJIOHHbIM 3Ha4eHHeM. Pe3YJIbTaT cpaBHeHHH 3aHOCHTCH
B HHTerpaTOp. OOCJIe Ha60pa onpe.11.eJ1eHHOrO 4HCJIa TaKHX cpaBHe-
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6HJIH3aLlHH, Bblpa6aTbiBaeTCH ynpaBJIHlOllI.HH CHrHaJI, KOTOpbIH B
275
3apaHee B 6paHHOM Y3 e KOppeKTHpyeT H3MeHHBWHHCH napaMeTp
CneKTpOMeTpa.
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pOTKHX BpeMeHH X HHTepBa OB C CHCTeMOH aBTOMaTH4eCKOH CTa-
6H H3al.lHH K03<p<pHl.lHeHTa npe06pa30BaHHH npHBe.n.eHa Ha pHC. 9.6.
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3Ha4eHHeM. OpHHlI.Hn nocTpoeHHH 6 OKa cTa6H H3alI.HH aHaJIOfH4eH
npl1HllHnaM nOCTpoeHHH nO.l1.o6H X 6JIOKOB cneKTpoMeTpoB 3HepfHH.
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npeo6pa30BaHHH AlI.fl (HanpHMep, TOKOM pa3pH a HaKonHTe bHOfO
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6e3 113MeHeHI1H.
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f.n.e TaKoe B03.l1.eHCTBHe MO:>Kerr 6bITb peaJIH30BaHO 3aMeTHO npOIIl.e.
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aBTOMaTH4eCKOH cTa6HJIH3al.lHH, CBH3aHHoe C B03MO:>KHOCTblO OKa-
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276
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paMeTpOB ynpaBJIHIOlll.erO Y3JIa.
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nOMOlllblO 3BM
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PYIO 06JIaCTb naMHTH 3BM B TelleHHe Onpe.ll.eJIeHHOrO HHTepBaJIa
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BOH 06JIaCTH naMHTH. OOCJIe 3Toro 3BM c6paCbIBaeT HH<POpMaIJ.HIO
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MorYT 6bITb npHMeHeHbI .lI.JIH ,COCTaBJIeHHH nporpaMM YlleTa HeCTa-
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JIeHHOe .n.eHcTBHeM HeKoTop9ro .n.ecTaOHJIH3HpYlOlllero <paKTopa, B cneKTpoMeTpe
C OnTHMaJIbHO HacTpqeHHoH cHcTeMoH cTa6HJIH3au.HH, eCJIH CKOpOCTb .lJ.eCTaOI1J1H-
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a) YBeJlH4HTCH B 8 pa3;
0) YBeJIH'lIHTCH B -VB pa3;
B) YBeJll14HTCH B 2 pa3a?
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277
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a) YBeJlH'lIHTCH B 8 pa3;
0) YBeJlM'lIMTCH B -18 pa3;
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a) YMeHbwHTcfI B 8 pa3;
0) YMeHbwHTcSI B 4 pa3a;
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283
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284
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285
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OTHOCHTeJ1bHO tpHfrepHoro CHfHaJIa, He06xo,lJ.HMOH .lI.JIH YCTaHoB-
J1eHHH Ha AlJ,fl HanpH)KeHHH, nOJl.,lJ.ep)KHBaeMOfo YBX, Ha4HHaeT
npe06pa30BaHHe 3TOfO HanpH)KeHHH.
IlocJIe 3aBepweHHH KO,lJ.HpOBaHHH no CHfHaJ1Y «KoHe npeo6-
pa308aHuR» HHTep<pei1:c Bblpa6aTbIBaeT cHr!iaJI «3aHRTo» H nepeJI.aeT
KOJI. Ha MafHCTpaJ1b c60pa ,lJ.aHHbIX, KOTOpbIH nocTynaeT B 6y<pepHoe
3Y HJIH 3BM. no OKOHLJaHHH 3Toro UHKJIa HHTep<peflc Bblpa6a-
TbIBaeT CHrH aJI «OJICUOaHue», KOTOpblH LJepe3 cxeMY COBna.ll.eHHH
,lJ.06aBJ1HeT 1 B CLJeTLJHK KOJI.OB. no 3TOMY KO,lJ.Y KOMMYTaTop coe-
JI.HHHeT YBX 2 C AlJ,fl, nOBTOf'HH npouecc KO,lJ.HpOBaHHH. 3TOT UHK-
JIH4eCKHH npouecc npo.n.OJ1)KaeTCH ,lJ.0 Tex nop, nOKa He 6y.n.eT npo-
H3Be,lJ.eHO KO,lJ.HpOBaHHe CHfHaJ10B Bcex KaHaJ10B pefHCTpaUHH. B no-
CJ1e,lJ.HeM u,HKJIe C4eT4HK BbIpa6aTbIBaeT CHrHaJJ nepenOJIHeHHH H
c6paCbIBaeT TpHffep 6JIOKHpOBKH T, nepeBO,lJ.H Bce YBX H3 pe)KHMa
xpaHeHHH B pe)KHM BbI60pKH. npH 3TOM CHCTeMa fOTOBa npHHHMaTb
HH<popMaUHIO CJ1e.n.YIOI..U.efO C06bITHH. B nO,lJ.06HOH CHCTeMe K napa-
MeTpaM YBX npe,lJ.'bHBJJHIOTCH ,lJ.OBOJI bHO )KeCTKHe Tpe60BaHHH.
,L:{eHcTBHTeJIbHO, .YBX C 60JIbWHMH HOMepaMH 06CJIY)KHBaIOTCH
KOMMYTaTopOM H AlJ,fl cnYCTH cpaBHHTeJ1bHO 60JIbWO,fI HHTepBaJI
BpeMeHH nOCJ1e nocTynJIeHHH CHfHaJIa. HanpHMep, eCJ1H N = 100,
BpeMH KO,lI,HpoBaHHH H 3anHCH B 6y<pepHoe 3Y HJIH B 3BM T K
paBHO 10- 4 C, TO CHfHaJI C YBX 100 6YJI.eT" 3aKO,lJ.HpOBaH TOJ1bKO
LJepe3 1 0- C nOCJIe efO npHxOJI.a. 3a 3TO BpeMH coxpaHeHHaH
aMnJIHTYJI.a BXO,lJ.HOfO CHfHaJIa He .lI.OJI)KHa H3MeHHTbCH 3a CLJeT
292
pa3pHJI.a KOHJJ.eHCaTOpa naMHTH B YBX TOKaMH YTe4KH Ha 3Ha4eHHe,
60JIbWee ,lJ.OnYCTHMoro no YCJIOBHHM H3MepeHHH. HanpHMep, eCJIH
OTHOCHTeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe HanpH.>KeHHH 3a BpeMH xpaHeHHH He
,lJ.OJI.>KHO npeBbIwaTb 6 = 0,1 %, TOr,lJ.a nOCTOHHHaH cnaj],a T HanpH-
:>KeHHH Ha BbIXOJI.e YBX B pe:>KHMe xpaHeHHH j],OJI:>KHa YJJ.OBJIeTBOpHTb
Tpe60BaHHIO TKN/6 T, oTKYJI.a T?IO c. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO npH
KOH,lJ.eHCaTOpe naMHTH B YBX, paBHoH C n = 10 3 n<P, conpOTHBJIeHHe
YTe4KH ,lJ.OJI.>KHO 6bITb 60JIbWe 10 lU OM. PeaJIbHbIe npOMbIWJ1eHHbIe
YBX B MHKpocxeMHOM HCnOJIHeHHI1 o6ecne4HBalOT 3anOMHHaHHe
aMnJIHTYJI. CHrHaJIOB Ha BpeMH JI,O 10- 2 c- 1 c norpeWHOCTblO He
xYJKe 0,1 %.
Mbl paCCMOTpeJIH j],Ba npej],eJIbHblX CJIY4aH - CJIY4aH 04eHb
60J1bWHX cpeJJ.HI1X 3arpY30K, KorJI.a Ka.>K,lJ.bIH KaHaJI perHcTpau,HH
Tpe6yeT CBoero AUO, H CJ1Y4aH MaJIbIX 3arpY30K, KOrJI.a Bce KaHaJIbI
perHCTpaIl.HH MorYT n004epe,ll.HO 06CJIY.>KI1BaTbCH O,lJ.HHM AUD. Ha
npaKTHKe 4alU,e BCTpe4aIOTCH npOMe.>KYT04Hble cHTyaIl.HI1, KOrJI,a
4aCTOTa perHCTpall.I1H C06blTHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO BeJ1HKa, HO H3 BceM
cOBoKynHOCTI1 ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB cpa6aTbIBaeT JII1Wb He60J1bWaH HX 4aCTb.
KOJIH4eCTBO OJJ.HOBpeMeHHO nepeJI,aBaeM X KO,ll.OB npH perHCTpaUHH
C06bITHH nO,lJ.06HOrO THna 3Ha4HTeJIbHO MeHbwe 06lU,ero KOJIH4e-
CTBa JI,eTeKTOpOB, 4TO n03BOJIHeT 06'beJJ.HHHTb KaHaJIbI perHcTpau.I1H
B rpynnw KOj],HpOBaHHH B u.eJIHX COKpalU,eHI1H 06'beMa annapaTYpw
H3Mepl1TeJIbHblX KaHaJIOB. Dpl1 TaKOM 06'be,lJ.HHeHHH B03HHKalOT
TPH OCHOBHble np06JIeMbI: B03paCTaHHe WYMOB, YMeHbweHHe 3a-
rpY304HOH cnoc06HOCTI1 KaHaJIOB 11 HCKa:>KeHHe HH<popMau.I1H npH
cpa6aTblBaHHI1 HeCKOJIbKHX ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB, 06'beJJ.HHeHHbIX B O,lJ.HY
rpynny.
PaCCMOTpHM 3TH np06JIeMbl Ha npHMepe perHCTpHPYIOlU,eM CH-
CTeM bI, COCTOHlll.eH H3 N ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB, 06'beJI.HHeHHbIX B L rpynn
no K ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB B Ka.>K,lI.OH rpynne. CxeMaTH4eCKoe 11306pa.>KeHHe
TaKOH CHCTeMbl npHBe,lJ.eHO Ha pHC. 10.6. LleTeKTopbI J], II - J],LK
06'be,lJ.I1HeHbl B rpynnbI C nOMOlU,blO J1HHeHHbIX CYMMaTopOB J] C 1-
J] C L, BbIXO,lJ.bl KOTOp bIX COeJI,HHeHbI C COOTBeTCTBYlOl..Il.HM H a MnJI H-
TY,lJ.HO-Il.H<PPOBbIMH npe06pa30BaTeJIHMH. OpH 06'beJI.HHeHHH K Ka-
HaJIOB perHCTpaIl.HH B O.ll.HH C nOMOlll.blO JIHHeHHOro CYMMaTopa
ypOBeHb WYMOB B03paCTaeT B -{l(pa3, nOCKOJIbKY WYMbI pa3HbIX
KaHaJIOB CTaTHCTI14eCKH He3aBHCHMbi (npeJI.nOJIaraeTCH, 4TO WYMbI
06'be,lJ.HHHeMbIX KaHaJ10B paBHbl). TaKHM 06pa30M, MaKCHMaJIbHOe
4HCJIO KaHaJIOB, KOTopoe MO:>KeT 6bITb 06'beJI.HHeHO, onpeJI.eJIHeTCH
Tpe6yeMbIM 3HepreTH4eCKI1M pa3peweHHeM 6 A WYMaMH O,lJ.HOrO Ka-
l .
HaJIa 6 w ; K (6A 6w) . .
06'be,lJ.HHeHHe KaHaJIOB npHBOJI.HT TaKJKe K YMeHbweHHIO B K pa3
npe,lJ.eJIbHOH cpeJJ.HeH 4aCTOTbI nocTynJ1eHHH C06bITHH no Ka.>K,lJ,OMY
KaHaJIY, KOTopaH onpeJI.e.JIHeTCH MepTBblM BpeMeHeM AUO
T K H 3Ha4eHHeM JJ.onYCTHMbIX npOC4eTOB 6: nKT K 6, oTKYJI.a
n 6 /(KT K). CJIeJI,OBaTeJIbHO, eCJIH 3a,lJ.aHbI 3Ha4eHHH ,lJ.OnYCTI1MbIX
npoc4eToB 6 H CpeJI.HHH 4aCTOTa nOHBJIeHHH C06bITHH B KaHaJ1e,
293
/lC t
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/lC 2
/I C/..
/(odl1po8L4illf
HOl'1epa
iJemelfmopa
PHC. 10.6. CTPYKTYPHafl
cxeMa CHCTeMbI Ko.n.HpoBa-
H"H aMnJIHTY.a. CHrHaJIOB,
CHHMaeMbIX c N .n.eTeKTO-
pOB, 06'be.n.HHeHHbIX B L
rpynn, no K .lI.ereKTOpOB B
Ka)K.lI.OH rpynne
TO 4HCJIO 06'be,lU1HeHHbIX KaHaJIOB K He ,lI.OJI.>KHO npeBblwaTb 3Ha-
LJeHHH o/(nT K ).
Op06JIeMa HCKameHHH npH 06'beJJ.HHeHI1H HeCKOJIbKHX ,lI.eTeKTO-
pOB B rpynny CBH3aHa C TeM, 41'0 npH OAHOBpeMeHHOM cpa6aTW-
BaHHH JI.BYX ,lI.eTeKTOpOB I1JII1 60JIee CHrHaJIbI C 3THX ,lI.eTeKTopOB
6Y.LI.YT npOCYMMHpOBaHbI Ii nepBHLJHaH I1H<popMall.I1H 6YJJ.e.T HCKa-
.>KeHa. KOHellHO, KOJI,HPYH HOMepa cpa60TaBWHX ,lI.eTeKTOpOB, MomHO
YCTaHOBHTb, LJTO cpa60TaJI He OJJ.HH ,lI.eTeKTOp. TaKoe C06bITHe MO}KeT
6bITb oT6porneHo, 11, CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, OHO 6Y,lI.eT npOC4HTaHO. TaKHM
06pa30M, JJ.onYCTHMoe 3HaLJeHHe npOCLJeTOB {) - BepOHTHOCTb OAHO-
BpeMeHHoro cpa6aTbIBaHI1H ,lI.BYX AeTeKTopOB P(2) (BepOHTHOCTb
cpa6aTbIBaHHH Tpex JI,eTeKTOpOB 11 TeM 60JIee 60JIbIUerO HX LJ.HCJIa
06bILJHO CYllI.eCTBeHHO MeHbllle H n03TOMY B ou.eHOLJHbIX paCLJeTaX
BO BHHMaHHe MO.>KeT He npI1HHMa1'bCH) 6YJJ.e1' orpaHH4HBaTb LJHCJIO
JI,eTeKTOpOB, 06'be,Ll,HHeHHbIX B OJJ.HY rpynny.
ECJII1 B CHC1'eMe, COCTOHIlJ.eH 3 N JJ.e1'eKTopOB, npH perHC1'pall.HI1
C06bITHH cpa6aTbIBaeT B Cpe,lI.HeM M JJ.e1'eKTopOB H JJ.eTeKTopbI 06'b-
e,il.HHeHbI B rpynnbI no K JI,eTeKTOpOB, }'O BepOHTHOCTb PI.. (m, N, M)
Toro, 41'0 B rpynne cpa60Tae1' m ,lI.e1'eK1'OpOB, 6y.n.eT onpe,lJ.eJIHTbCH
H3 Bblpa)KeHI1H
P . ( rn N M ) = C mc K-m /C K
1\ " Ivl N -m , N'
H ,lI.JIH m = 2:
{)=p (2 N M) = M(M-I)K(K-I) (N-K)(N-K+I)...IN-K-(M-3)1
K , , 2 N(N -1)...rN -(M - I)]
OpH N K, N M, K 1 H M 1 31'0 BbIpaLKeHHe MO}KHO
ynpocTHTb:
() = P K (2, N, M) = M 2 K 2 /2N 2 .
294
BepOHTHOCTb TOrO, 4TO B rO,lJ.OCKOne, CO,lI.epLKameM L rpynn, npo-
H30H,lI.eT npOC4eT, 6Y,lI.eT paBHa:
fJ = P(2) = M'2KJ.L _ = MJ.K ,
2NJ. 2N
TaK KaK LK = N. TaKHM 06pa30M, K 26N / M 2 .
ECJIH N = 10\ 6 = 5%, M = 5, TO K 40.
ECJIH N = 10 4 , 6 = 5%, M = 20, TO K 2,5.
BH,lI.HO, LITO 4HCJIO 06ne HHHeMWX KaHaJIOB He 04eHb BeJIHKO H
CHJIbHO 3aBHCHT OT I.J:HCJIa O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHO cpa6aTblBalOmHX ,lI.eTeKTO-
pOB. O,lI.HaKO alKe npH K = 2 4HCJIO Aun COKpalll.aeTCH BJI.BOe, a
3TO HeMaJIO!
Bo BpeMeHHWX H3MepeHHHX JI.OnYCTHMoe I.J:HCJIO 06ne,lI.HHeHHwx
KaHaJIOB perHCTpall.HH, 06CJIYlKHBaeMblx O)].HHM BpeMHLI.H<ppOBbIM
npe06pa30BaTeJIeM, 3aBHCHT OT MaClliTa6a H3MepHeMbIX BpeMeHHbIX
HHTepBaJIOB H MeTo a MX KOJI.HpOBaHHH. B HaHoceKYH,lJ.HOM JI.Mana-
30He, KOr,lI.a npHMeHHeTCH MeTOJI. npe06pa30BaHHH BpeMH-aMnJIHTY-
,lI.a, HH<popMaLI.HH 0 C06blTHH HCKalKaeTCH, eCJIH B rpynne 06neJI.H-
HeHHblX ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB cpa6aTbIBalOT ,lJ.Ba JI.eTeKTopa HJIH 60JIee. TaKHe
C06bITHH ,lI.OJIlKHbl 6bITb HCKJIIOI.J:eHbI H3 perHCTpaLI.HH.
B nOA06HoH cHTyaLI.HH 3a,lJ.aI.J:a onTHMH3aLI.HH I.J:HCJIa ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB
K, 06ne,lI.HHHeMblx B rpynny, npH 06lll.eM I.J:HCJIe eTeKTopOB N H
I.J:HCJIe cpa6aTbIBalOlll.HX OJI.HOBpeMeHHO M, pernaeTC5I T04HO TaK lKe,
KaK H paCCMOTpeHHaH BbI\lle 3aJI.aI.J:a 06ne,lJ.HHeHHH KaHaJIOB B aMnJIH-
TYJI.HbIX H3MepeHHHX.
CYlll.eCTBeHHYIO 3KOHOMHIO I.J:HCJIa BpeMHLI.HcppOBbIX npe06pa30-
BaHHH MOlKHO nOJIY4HTb B TOM CJIY4ae, KOr,lI.a ,lJ.JIH KOJI.HpOBaHHH
BpeMeHHWX HHTepBaJIOB, H3MepHeMWX rpynnoH ,lJ.eTeKTOpOB OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO 06mero CHrHaJIa «CTapT», npHMeHHeTCH MeTO,lI. npHMoro
KO,lJ.HpOBaHHH. 3TOT CJIYI.J:aH THnH4eH ,lJ.JIH H3MepeHHH KOOp,lJ.HHaT
I.J:aCTHIJ. C nOMOlll.blO ,lJ.peHcpOBbIX KaMep (npH MaJIbIX BpeMeHax JI.peH-
cpa npHMeHHeTCH npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHOe aHaJIOrOBOe npe06pa30BaHHe
BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa t-+ T). <PaKTH4eCKH 3JI.eCb Mbl HMeeM ,lJ.eJIO
cyme paCCMaTpHBaeMOH (CM. rJI. 7) 3a,lI.a4eH KOJI.HpOBaHHH He-
CKOJIbKHX BpeMeHHblx HHTepBaJIOB 3a O,lI.HH pa60I.J:HH LI.HKJI. npOCI.J:eTbl
Ii HCKaLKeHHH HHcpopMaLI.HH B TaKOM Bun 6Y,lJ.YT B03HHKaTb npH
nOnaJI.aHHH ,lJ.BYX C06bITHH H 60JIee B O,lJ.HH H TOT lKe BpeMeHHOH
KaHaJI. CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, 4HCJIO 06neJI.HHHeMbIX KaHaJIOB 6Y,lJ.eT onpe-
)].eJIHTbCH ,lI.OnYCTHMbIMH npOCI.J:eTaMH nO,lI.06HOrO THna.
OYCTb, HanpHMep, ,lI.OnYCTHMoe 3Ha4eHHe npOCI.J:eTOB paBHO 6
(<5 1), BpeMeHHoH cneKTp paBHoBepoHTeH B npe,lJ.eJIax H3MepHe-
Moro ,lI.Hana30I-la, H 4HCJIO KaHaJIOB Bun paBHo Q. Opoc4eTbI
B03HHKHYT, eCJIH B O,lJ.HH H3 KaHaJIOB Bun nOna,lJ.YT JI.Ba C06bITHH.
BepoHTHoCTb 3Toro paBHa npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO m 3 /(2Q2), r,lJ.e m-
I.J:HCJIO C06bITHH, npHXO,lJ.HIII.HXCH B Cpe,lJ.HeM Ha O,lJ.HY rpynny 06neJI.H-
HeHHbIX KaHaJIOB. TaKHM 06pa30M, <5 = m 3 _/(2Q2) H m = (2Q2<5)1/3.
ECJIH BO BceH ,lJ.eTeKTHpYIOlll.eH CHCTeMe Ha OJI.HO C06bITHe cpa6aTbI-
295
BaeT M JI.eTeKTOpOB, TO 4HCJIO KaHaJIOB K, 06'beJI,HHHeMbIX B rpynny,
MOmeT COCTaBHTb
K Nrnj M = N(2Q 2 6)1/3 j M.
npH -N = 10\ Q = 100, {) = 1 % H M = 20 nOJIyqaeTCH 3Ha-
4eHHe K 3000. OpeHMYIJ..(eCTBa nOJI.06HOrO MeTOJI.a B cpaBHeHHH
C n pe,LI.bIJI.ym H M Oll eB HJI.H bI.
10.4. MHOrOMEPHblA AHAJlM3
B npe.n.bI.n.Yll1,HX naparpa<pax 6bIJII1 paCCMOTpeHbI OCHOBHbIe Ba-
pHaHTbI KOJI,HpOBaHHH HH<pOpMaLlHH B MHOrOJI.eTeKTOpHbIX CHCTeMaX,
THnHllHbIe JI,JIH 3a,lJ.a4 <PH3HKH BbICOKHX 3HeprHH. XapaKTepHbIM JI,JIH
nOA06HWX 3a a4 HBJIHeTCH HCnOJIb30BaHHe 60JIbillOrO 4HCJIa .n.eTeK-
TOpOB, npH4eM, KaK npaBHJIO, OAHOBpeMeHHO Cpa6aT BaeT HX He-
60JIblllaH 4aCTb, HOMep Cpa60TaBlllerO JI,eTeKTOpa 60JIee HJIH MeHee
CJI)'4aeH, a 4HCJIO KaHaJIOB KOJI.HpOBaHHH aHaJIOrOBOH HH<popMaLlHH
Ha OJI.HH JI.eTeKTOp cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBeJIHKO (6--10 BOH4H X pa3-
pHJI.OB) .
B <pH3HKe HH3KHX 3HeprHH 4all1,e BCTpe4aeTcH 06paTHaH cHTya-
LlHH: 4HCJIO JI.eTeKTOpoB YCTaHoBKH HeBeJIHKO (2--3, peme 4), OAHa-
KO <pH3HllecKaH HH<popMaUHH CHHMaeTCH npH OJI.HOBpeMeHHoM cpa-
6aTbIBaHHH Bcex .n.eTeKTopoB, a l.fHCJIO _ KaHaJIOB KOJI.HpoBaHHH no
KamJI.oMI H3 H3MepHeMbIx napaMeTpoB BeJIHKO: OHO COCTaBJIHeT
10 3 --10 (a TO H 60JIbwe). DOJIblllOe 4HCJIO KaHaJIOB CBH3aHO C
lIlHpOKHM JI.HHaMH4eCKHM (HJIH BpeMeHHbIM) pa3pelIleHHeM JI.eTeKTO-
pOB. 3aJI.a4H -nOJI.06HOrO THna nOJIY4HJIH CneIl,HaJIbHOe Ha3BaHHe
«MHorOMepHbIH aHaJIH3», TaK KaK pe3YJIbTaTOM H3MepeHHH B YCTa-
HOBKax nOJI.06HOrO THna HBJIHeTCH MHorOMepHbIH (ABYMepHbIH, Tpex-
MepHbIH H T. JI..) cneKTp HCCJIe.n.yeMoro H3JIY4eHHH.
B 3aJI.al.faX MHorOMepHoro aHaJIH3a Bonpoc 06 3KOHOMHH 3JIeK-
TpoHHoro 060pYJI.OBaHHH, KaK npaBHJIO, He B03HHKaeT: 4HCJIO KaHa--
u
JIOB perHCTpaIl.HH HeBeJIHKO H no YCJIOBHHM 3KcnepHMeHTa KamJI,bIH
KaHaJI JI,OJImeH COJI.epmaTb Bce He06xoJI.HMOe 3JIeKTpOHHoe 060py- -
- JI.OBaHHe. OJI.HaKO B nOJI,06HbIX 3aJI.a4ax JI.JIH HaKOnJIeHHH MHorOMep-
- HbIX cneKTpOB, KaK npaBHJIO, Tpe6yeTcH 3Ha4HTeJIbHOe KOJIH4eCTBO
KaHaJIOB naMHTH, HepeJI,KO npeBbIlllalOIlI.ee 06'beM onepaTHBHOH
naMHTH 3BM, B CBH3H C 4eM B03HHKaeT np06JIeMa C}KaTHH HH<POP-
MaIl.HH.
PaCCMOTpHM HeCKOJIbKO THnHllHbIX npHMepOB MHorOMepHoro
aHaJIH3a. OpH cneKTpOMeTpHH CMelllaHHoro nOTOKa HeHTpOHOB H
1'- KBaHTOB CIl,HHTHJIJIHIl.HOHHbIM MeTOJI.OM JI.JIH H,lJ.eHTH<pHKaIl.HH 4 aCTH Ll
npHMeH5IeTCH MeTOJI. n - y-pa3.n.eJIeHHH (CM. 2.4). .B 3TOM CJIY4ae
He06xoJI.HMO H3MepHTb 3apHJI. 6bICTpOH Q6 H 3apH,lI. MeJI.JIeHHOH
KOMnOHeHTbI QM HMnYJIbCa <POToYMHomHTeJIH. 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHaH
HH<popMaIl,HH npeJI.CTaBJIHeTCH B BH.n.e JI,BYMepHoro cneKTpa (CM.
296
pHC. 2.20), B KOTOpOM Ha nJIOCKOCTH napaMeTpoB Q 6 H Q M, pa3-
6HTbIX no KaHaJIaM, no BepTHKaJIH OTJIO)KeHO 4HCJIO C06bITHH C 3a-
,lI,aHHbIMH 3Ha4eHMHMM Q 6 H Q M. B nO,lI,06HOM 3KcnepHMeHTe 4HCJIO
KaHaJIOB no Ka)I<.lJ.OH H3 oceH Q 6 H Q M paBHo 100, a 06lll.ee 4HCJIO
KaHaJIOB 3Toro ,lI,BYMepHoro cneKTpa paBHO 10 4 . ECJIH HMeTb B BH,lI,Y,
4TO ,lI,JIH HaKOnJIeHHH ,lI,OCTaT04Horo (c T04KH 3peHHH CTaTHCTHKH)
4HCJIa C06bITHH B KaHaJIe Tpe6yeTcH eMKOCTb KaHaJIa OKOJIO 2 1b 6HT,
TO npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH B 3KcnepHMeHTe MHHH-3BM THna «3JIeKTpO-
HHKa-60» no,ll, HaKOnJIeHHe H xpaHeHHe cneKTpa nOTpe6yeTcH OTBeCTH
n04TH nOJIOBHHY onepaTHBHOH naMHTH 3BM.
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PHC. 11.5. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa 3Y .lI.JIH 3anOMHHaHHH KO.ll.OB C06bITHH
CJle.n.CTBHe, K YMeHbweHHIO KOJ1H'lIeCTBa HHcpopMaLI.HOHHbIX CJIOB B SHC 3Y (HanpH-
Mep, no CTeneHH I1HTerpaLI.I1H SHC 3Y C opraHH3aLI.HeH 4096 CJlOB X 1 pa3pH.n.
npHMepHo cooTBeTcTByeT fiHC 3Y C opraHH3au,HeH 256 CJIOB X 16 pa3pH.lI.OB flpH cY-
llleCTBeHHO 60Jlee CJlO}l(HOH TOnOJlOrHH nOCJle.n.HeH). 3Y C MHoropa3pH.n.HoH OpraHI1-
3aLI.l1eH HHcpopMaUHoHHoro CJlOBa npHMeHHIOTcH cpaBHHTeJlbHO pe.lJ.KO (B OCHOBHOM
TaM, r.ll.e no KOHCTPYKTI1BHblM C006pa}l(eHHflM Heu.eJIeco06pa3HO HCflOJIb30BaHI1e Hec-
.' KOJlbKI1X EHC 3Y C 0)].Hopa3pH)].HOH opraHH3aUl1eH: aBTOHOMHaH MaJlora6apHTHaH
annapaTypa H .n.p.).
B npHBe.ll.eHHbIX BbIwe CTPYKTypHblX cxeMax pHC. 11.4 H 11.5 MO}l(HO npHMeHI1Tb
11 fiHC 3Y C MHoropa3pH.n.HoH opraHH3aUHeH, 3aMeHI1B HeCKOJlbKO O.ll.Hopa3pH.n.Hb1X
SHC O.lI.HOH fiHC 3Y C HeoOxO.ll.HMOH pa3pH.lI.HOCTblO.
Bce 3TH C006pa}l(eHHH OTHOCHTCH TOJ1bKO K 5HC 03Y C npOH3B0J1bHbIM .lI.OcTynOM.
fiHC n3Y, KaK npaBHJlO, HBJlHIOTCH MHoropa3pfl.n.HbIMH.
50JIblUHHCTBO CYW.eCTBYIOW.I1X THnOB nOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBbIX SHC 3Y MO}l(HO pa3-
.lI.eJII1Tb Ha .n.Ba 60JlbU1HX KJ1aCCa no Tl1ny HCnOJIb3yeMbIx aKTHBHbIX 3J1eMeHTOB na-
MHTH: 5HC Ha OCHOBe OHflOJIHpHbIX TpaH3HCTOpOB H SHC Ha OCHOBe nOJIeBbIX TpaH-
3HCTOpOB. COBpeMeHHafl TeXHOJlOrHH n03BOJIHeT pa3MeCTHTb Ha O.n.HOM KpHCTaJlJIe
fiHC .n.o "'" 10' aKTHBHblX 3JIeMeHTOB (TpaH3HcTopOB) H 110JlY411Tb HHcpopMaLI.HOHHYIO
eMKOCTb SHC 3Y .lI.O "'" 4 MeraoHT.
11.4. OprAHH3AI.(HSI 6HC 3Y PA3J1HIIHbIX THnOB
B npe.ll.bI.n.YLu,eM naparpacpe ObIJlH paccMoTpeHbI OCHOBHbIe npHHLI.Hnbl HCnOJIb-
30BaHHfI nOJlynpoBo.n.H KOBbIX 3Y B TeXHHKe cpH3H4ecKoro 3KcnepHMeHTa. CaMH }f{e
SHC 3Y MorYT HMeTb pa3HYIO CTPYKTYPY. n03HaKoMHMcH Ha KOHKpeTHblx npl1MepaX
C opraHH3aLI.HeH HaHOOJIee pacnpocTpaHeHHblx Q HC 03Y H nn3Y.
CepHHHo BblnycKaeMble SHC 03Y xapaKTepH3YIOTCH 60JlblUHM KOJll14eCTBOM Bce-
B03MO}l(HblX napaMeTpOB, 113 KOTOpbIX HaHOOJlee Ba}l(HbIMH HBJlfllOTCH HHcpopMaLI.HOH-
Hafl eMKOCTb H BpeMfI OOpallleHI1H K naMHTH. HHcpopMaUHOHHaH eMKOCTb SHC 03Y
315
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHOrO THna H TeXHOJlOrHH H3rOTOBJleHHSI MO}l(eT COCTaBJIHTb
OT 16 6HT .lI.0 4 Mera6HT. (C npaKTHlJeCKOH T04KH 3peHHSI Ba}f{HO TaK)Ke 3HaTb
opraHH3au,HIO BI1C 03Y, T. e. pa3pH.lI.HoCTb ee. HH<popMau,HoHHoro CJlOBa H KOJIH-
lJeCTBO TaKHX CJIOB B EHC.) BTOpOH Ba)KHOH xapaKTepHcTHKOH EHC 03Y HBJlHeTCH
BpeMSI oOpaw.eHHfI K naMHTM, onpe.ll.eJISleMoe KaK BpeMSI C MOMeHTa nO.ll.a4H CHrHaJIa
3anHCH HJIM C'lIMTbIBaHHS1 .n.o Toro MOMeHTa, Kor.n.a 3aKOH4aTCH Bce npOu,eccbl B B.HC,
CBS13aHH e C B nOJIHHeMOH onepau,HeH, H YCTPOHCTBO 0Y.lI.eT rOTOBO K B nOnReHH
cJle.ll.y w.eH Onepau,HH. I1Hor.ll.a rOBopHT 0 u,HKJle naMSlTH, T. e. BpeMeHH, KOTopoe
Tpe6yeTcH .lI.JIS1 nOJIHOrO oopallleHHSI K naMS1TH,- B Te4eHHe u,HKJIa MO}l(HO BblnOJl-
HHTb C4HTblBaHHe H 3anHCb MH<popMau,HH B BI1C 03Y, T. e. H3MeHHTb COCTOHHHe
KaKOH-JIH60 S14eHKH BHC 03Y. nOCJle.ll.HHH THn IJ.HKJIa naMSlTH xapaKTepeH .lI.JlH
HHKpeMeHTHoro pe)K!'Ma paooTbl 03Y. npHMeHHTeJ1bHO K 03Y, BXO.n.HIllHM B COCTaB
38M, HJlH MHKponpoueccopHbIX CMCTeM 'lIaCT HCnOJIb3YIOT nOHSlTHe «BpeMH Bb160p-
KH» - BpeMH OT MOMeHTa nO.ll.a4H CHrHaJIa 3anHCH HJIH C4HTblBaHHH .n.o 3aBepweHHH
cooTBeTcTBYIOw.eH onepau,HH.
Ha pHC. 11.6 npHBe.ll.eHa THnH4HaH CTpYKTypa BI1C 03Y C opraHH3au,HeH
1024 CJlOBa X 4 pa3pH.lI.a, a Ha pHC. 11. 7 - BpeMeHHble .lI.HarpaMMbl <PYHKU,HOHHpO-
BaHHH EHC 03Y.
4eTbIpe .lI.BYHanpaBJleHHbie UlHHbl 1/01 - 1/04* npe.n.Ha3Ha4eHbI .lI.JIH 06MeHa .lI.aH-
HblMH Me}l(.lJ.Y BI1C 03Y H BHellJHHMH YCTpoHcTBaMH 3KcnepHM,eHTaJIbHOH YCTaHOBKI1.
npH 3anMCH 3TH WHHbl paOOTa T KaK BXO.ll.Hble, npH C4HTblBaHHH - KaK BbIXO.ll.Hble.
CHrHaJI R / W*L onpe.ll.eJIHeT pe}l(HM cpYHKU,HOHHpOBaHHSI 03Y B CHCTeMe: Kor.n.a
R/W = I, EHC 03Y aXO.ll.HTCH B pe}l(HMe C4HTblBaHHSI HHcpopMau,MM, KOr.ll.a R/W =
= 0 - npOH3BO.ll.HTCH 3anHCb HHcpopMau,HH B 03Y. )].JISI a.n.pecau,HH K H4eHKaM
naMSlTH HaKOnHTeJlf1 03Y HCnOJlb3yIOTCH .lI.eCHTb a.lI.peCHblX JIHHHH AD - A9. Ha-
KOnHTeJlb 03Y cpaKTHlJeCKM COCTOHT H3 lJeTblpex O.ll.HOpa3pSl.ll.HbiX HaKOnHTeJIeH, npH-
4eM a.ll.pec SI'lIeHKH COCTOHT H3 .lI.BYX 4aCTeH: HOMepa CTpOKH MaTpHu,bI 33 (KOOP.lI.H-
HaTa X) H HOMepa CTOJlOua (KoOp.ll.HHaTa Y). A.lI.peCHble JlHHHH AO - A5 pa3pelUalOT
.n.ocTyn K O.ll.HOH H3 64 CTpOK Bcex 4eTblpex MaTpHu, 33, a JIHHHH A6 - A9 - K O.ll.HOMY
H3 16 CTOJIOU,OB 'lIeTblpex MaTpHu,-HaKOnHTeJleH. TaKHM 00pa30M, nOCJIe nO.ll.a4H 10-
pa3pSl.ll.HOrO Ko.n.a a.ll.peca 6Y.lI.eT pa3peweH .lJ.ocTyn K lJeTblpeM H4eHKaM MaTpHu, 33.
HaKOHeu., BXO.D.HOH CHrHaJI CS -oj pa3pewaeT <PYHKU,HoHHpOBaHJ1e caMOH SI1C 03Y.
ECJIH CS = 1, TO Bce BblXO.ll.Hbie Wtffibl )].aHHbl.X 1/01 - 1/04 HaXO.ll.HTCH B co-
CTOSlHHH BblCOKoro conpOTHBJleHHH H EHC 03Y OTKJIlOlJe.Ha OT BHeWHI1X YCTPOHCTB.
npH 3Ha4eHHH CHrHaJIa CS = 0 ocyw.ecTBJIHeTCfI npou,ecc 3anHCH HJlH C4HTbIBaHI1f1.
PaccMoTpHM npou,ecc 3anHCH 60Jlee nO.ll.pOOHO (CM. BpeMeHHble .lI.HarpaMMbl Ha
pMC. 11.7).
Onepau,HH ClfHTblBaHHH Ha4HHaeTCH C YCTaHOBJIeHHH Ha lUHHax AO-A9 a.ll.peca
Tpe6yeMoH H4eHKH, nOCJIe 4ero no.n.alOTCH CHrHaJIbl CS = 0 If R/W = I. SHC 03Y
aKTHBH3HpyeTcH, H 4epe3 HeKOTopoe BpeMH co.n.ep>KHMOe H4eHKH HaKOnHTeJIH nOHB-
JlHeTCSI Ha WHHax 1/01 - 1/04. nOCJIe Toro KaK lJTeHHe .lI.aHHblX 3aBepweHo, MO}l(HO
CHSlTb CHrHaJIbl C BXO.ll.a CS H JlHHHH a.ll.peca AO - A9.
BpeMSI oopallleHHSI npH C4HTblBaHHH paBHO BpeMeHH 3a.ll.ep>KKH t. 4 .n.aHHbIX OT-
* OT aHrJl. Input/Output (BBO.ll./BbIBO.lJ.).
*2 OT aHrJl. Read/Write (4TeHHe/3anI1Cb).
*3 OT aHrJI. Chip Select (Bb160p KpHCTaJIJIa).
316
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tpOlll1lipoBame/lRI'ft.L
(KoOpdl.Lf/ama Y)
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PHC. 11.6. THnHLJHaH CTpYKTypa 611C 03Y C opraHH3au,HeH 1024 CJlOBa X 4 pa3pH.lI.3
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HHH BHC 03Y
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HOCHTeJIbHO CTaOHJIbHOrO a.npeca. ,l!JIHTeJIbHOCTb Ll.HKJla ClJHTbIBaHHH, paBHaH HH-
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TepBaJlY BpeMeHH Me}l(.n.y 1l0CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHblMH onepau.HSIMH C4HTblBaHHH, HMeeT MHHH-
MaJlbHOe 3Ha4eHHe, paBHoe t 3 + t RC' f.ne t RC - 3a.lJ.ep)KKa BOCCTaHOBJle"HHH BbIXO.ll.-
HblX CHrHaJlOB nocJle CHSITHSI CHrHaJIa CS, HanpHMep, .n.JIH cepHHHo BblnycKaeMoH
SHC 03Y Tl1na KP541PY2A C onHcaHHoH BbllUe CTPYKTYPOH, BpeMSI oopallleHHH
npl1 C4HTblBaHHM H .lI.JIHTeJIbHOCTb UHKJIa CqHTblBaHHSI paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 120 H
I 90 H c.
flpou.e.n.ypa 3anHCH HH<popMaLl.HH B BHC 03Y aHaJlOrH4Ha np0Ll.e.ll.ype C4HTbIBa-
HHH. BHa4aJIe Ha tl.ll.peCHblx WHHax AO - A9 YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH a.lI.pec HY)KHOH H4eHKI1
naMHTI1, 3aTeM YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCSI CHrHaJIbI CS H R/ W H, HaKoHeu" CHrHaJIbl .lJ.3HHblX
Ha WHHax J /01 - 1/04. )].JIH ooecne4eHHSI Ha.lI.e)KHOH 3anHCH HHq,opMallHH B H4eHKY
SHC 03Y HeOOXO.ll.HMO, 4T06bl .lI.J1HTeJIbHOCTb HMnYJIbCa 3anl1CH R/ W ObIJIa He MeHb-
llIe HeKOToporo MHHH MaJIbHOrO 3Ha4eH HH, 011 pe.ll.eJISIeMOrO .lI.JIHTeJl bHOCTblO nepexo.n.-
HblX npOu.eCCOB. BpeMH 06pallleHHSI npH 3anHCH 3.l1.eCb paBHO tAW + t WR' r.n.e t AW -
3 a .ll.ep}l(Ka Me}l(.n.y a.n.peCHblMH CHrHaJIaMH AO - A9 H Ha4aJIOM HMIlYJlbca f!./W;
t W'R - )1.JIHTeJ1bHOCTb I1MnYJlbCa 3anHCH R/W.
MHHI1MaJlbHaH .n.J1HTeJIbHOCTb ll.HKJIa 3anHCH onpe.n.eJlHeTCSI KaK L AW + t WR +
+ t /)N, r.lJ.e t DN - BpeMH Me}l(.lI.Y OKOH48HHeM HMnYJlbCa R/W 11 CHHTHeM .lI.aHHblX
Ha WI1HaX J /01 - J /04. ,l!JIH Y)Ke ynoMHHYTOH SHC 03Y BpeMH 06paw.eHHSI npl1
317
3anHCH H )].JlHTeJIbHOCTb u,HKJ1a 3anMCH paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 110 H 180 HC, .lI.JlH-
- TeJIbHOCTb CHrHaJIa Rj W npH 3TOM 60 HC.
KpoMe BpeMeHHblx napaMeTpoB, npH HCn0J1b30BaHHH SHC 03Y 4aCTO npI1XO.ll.HTCH,
Y4HT.bIBaTb H TaKOH napaMeTp, KaK nOTpeOJlHeMaH MOIllHOCTb B pe}l(HMe oOpallleHJ1H
(
K 3Y Ii nOTpe6J1HeMaH MOllI.HOCTb B pe)KHMe xpaHeHHfI HH<pOpMau,HH (3TH MOllJ.HOCTH
MOrYT pa3J1H4aTbCH Ha nOpH.lI.OK).
B TaOJl. 11.1 npHBe.ll.eHbI napaMeTpbl HaHOOJIee xapaKTepHhlx npeJI.CTaBHTeJIeH
06lUHpHoro ceMeHCTBa cepMHHo BblnycKaeMbIx BHC 03Y.
T a 0 J1 H LI. a 11.1. OCHoBHble napaMeTpbl HeKoTopblX 6HC 03Y CTaTHlJeCKOrO THna
Tl1n 5HC TeXHO- EMKOCTb (opraHI13au,HSI), BpeMH Bbl- flOTpeOJlHeMaSI MOW.-
JlOrl1H 6HT OOPKI1, HC HOCTb, M BT
Kl76PY2 KMOn 256 (256 XI) 550 7,5
KP565PY2A nMOn 1 024 ( I 024 XI) 450 350
KP537PY2A KMOn 4096 ( 4096 X I ) 300 0,2 (xpaHeHHe)
K500PY415 3CJ1 I 024 ( 1 024 XI) 30 750
KP541PY2A HHJI 4096 ( 1024 X 4 ) 120 400
KP537PY8A KMOn 16384(2048X8)-- 190 25 (06pallI.eH He)
K132PY6A nMOn 16 384 ( 16384 XI) 45 125 (xpaHeHHe)
K1809PYI nMOn 16 384( 1024 X 16) 200 -
CTPYKTypa BHC 03Y .lI.HHaMH4eCKoro THna B OCHOBHOM aHaJlOrH'lIHa CTaTH4ec-
KHM 03Y. HCnOJlb30BaHHe B MaTpHu,e HaKOnHTeJIH 33 C .lI.HHaMH4eCKHM xpaHeHMeM
HHcpopMau,HH n03BOJlSIeT, C O.ll.HOH CTOpOHbl, CYllleCTBeHHO YBe.J1HlIHTb HH<p0pMau,HoH-
HYIO eMKOCTb TaKHX SHC (HanpHMep, H3BeCTHbI SHC .n.HHaMH4eCKMX 03Y C HH<POP-
Mau,MoHHoH eMl5oCTblO 4 MOHT!) npH coXpaHeHI1H pa3YMHbiX pa3MepoB KpHCTaJlJIOB
SHC, HO, C .n.PyroH CTOpOHbI, Tpe6yeT npHHHTHfI CneLI.HaJIbHbiX Mep no pereHepau,HH
HHcpopMau,HI1, co.n.ep)KallleHCH B TaKOH SHC 03Y. 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO HeCKOJlbKO
3aTPY.lI.HHeT pa60TY C TaKHMH 03Y H npHBo.n.HT K YCJIO}l(HeHHIO cxeM HX nO.ll.KJIIO-
4eHHH K HCTOllHHKaM H npMeMHHKaM HH.<J>opMau,HH.
B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa THnH4HOH BHC 03Y .n.HHaMI14eCKOro THna paCCMOTpHM
CTPYKTypHYIO cxeMY OTe4eCTBeHHOH SHC THna K565PY5 eMKOCTblO 65536 6HT (c opra-
HH3aLI.HeH 65536 CJlOB X 1 pa3pH.lI.) ,-:W HC. 11.8).
B npHBe.ll.eHHOH CTpYKType eCTb HeKoTopble OTJlH4HH OT CTPYKTYPbl SHC 03Y
CTaTl1 l leCKOro THna. B u,eJlflX YMeHbweHHH K0J1H4eCTBa BHeWHHX BbIBO.n.OB SHC (.n..HH
npHMeHeHHH CTaHJI.apTHOro He.ll.opororo 16-BbIBo.n.Horo Kopnyca HC) HCnOJlb30BaH
npHHlI.Hn MYJlbTHnJIeKCHpOBaHHH a.ll.peCHblx CMrHaJIOB (T. e. pa3.l1.eJIeHHH HX BO Bpe-
MeHH Ha .lI.Ba cy6a.n.peca no 8 pa3pH.lI.oB Ka)K.lI.blH:), 'liTO n03BOJIHJIO YMeHblUHTb B.n.Boe
4HCJIO COOTBeTCTBYlOlllHX BXO.ll.HblX JlHHHH 5HC. JI.JIH 00ecne4eHMfI HaHJIY4W HX YCJIOBHH:
pereHepau,HH 3anHcaHHOH B 5HC 3Y HHcpopMaLI.MH, T. e. n0J1Y4eHHSl MHHHMaJIbHOrO
OTHOlUeHHH BpeMH pereHepau,HHj (CYMMapHoe BpeMH 06palU.eHHH + BpeMH pereHepa-
LI.HH), MaTpHu,a-HaKOnHTeJlb BHC 03Y HMeeT opraHH3aLI.HIO 128 X 512 H4eeK, 4TO
06ecne4HBaeT nOJlHYIO pereHepaLI.HIO BceH HHcpopMaLI.HH B SHC 3a 128 LI.HKJlOB.
CJ1e.n.yeT OTMeTHTb, liTO H npH Ka}l(.n.OM 06pallI.eHHH K SHC 03Y .lI.J1H 3anHCH HJII1
.lI.J1H C'lIHTbIBaHHH pereHepHpyeTcH HHcpopMaLlHH BO BceH CTpOKe MaTpl1u,bl 33.
)].JlSl Bbl60pa J11060H H3 65 536 H4eeK naMHTH Ha WHHbI a.ll.peca 5HC 03Y no-
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318
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CnycTH HeKoTopoe BpeMH Ha Te }I(e BXO.ll.bI MO)KHO nO.ll.aTb BoceMb cTaplUHx pa3pH.n.oB
KO.ll.a a.ll.peca CTOJlOU,OB A8 - A15, KOTopble 3anOMHHalOTCH B TOM :me perHCTpe no
ynpaBJ1HIOllJ.eMY CHrHaJlY CAS -2.
KpaTKo paCCMOTpl1M pa60TY 6l1C 03Y THna K565PY5 B pe}l(HMaX 3anHCH H
C4HTbIBaHHH HHQ>opMaLlHH. Pe}l(HM 3aOHCH B npOM3BOJIbHO BblopaHHYIO H4eHKY BI1C
03Y oCYllleCTBJlHeTCH CJle.n.YIOU.I.HM 00pa30M. Ha a.lI.peCHbIe WHHbI BHC AO - A 7
nO.ll.aeTCH MJla.n.wHH 6a?iT a.n.peca, Onpe.ll.eJIHIOlU.HH CTPOKY MaTpHu,bl-HaKOnHTeJlH,
B KOTOpOH Haxo.n.HTCH HY}I(HaH HaM fl4eHKa. O.n.HOBpeMeHHO (HO He paHee!) MO}l(eT
6blTb nO.ll.aH CHrHaJl RAS, CTPOOHPYIOlU.HH MJla.n.WHH 6aHT a.ll.peca B a.ll.peCHbIH pe-
rI1CTp EHC 03Y. AHaJlOrH4HO K npHXO.n.y CHrHaJla BbIoopa cToJl6L1.a CAS Ha a.ll.pec-
HblX lllHHax 5HC .lI.OJl}I(eH HaXO.ll.HTbCH cTaplUHH oaHT a.ll.peca A8 - A 15, Bbl6HpalO-
llJ.HH cooTBeTcTBYIOllJ.HH cToJl6eu, MaTpMLl.bI-HaKOnHTeJlH. CHrHaJ1 CAS TaK}I(e CTpO-
oHpyeT cTapwHH oaHT a.n.peca B a.ll.peCHbIH perHCTp. O.n.HoBpeMeHHo C CHrHaJlOM
CAS (HJlH HeMHoro paHbwe) .lI.OJl}l(Hbl 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI CHrHaJlbI Ha HHcpopMaUMoH-
HOH WHHe D/*3 H CMrHaJI pa3pemeHHH 3anHCH WE*4. nOCJIe OKOH4aHHH CHrHaJla CAS
npou,e.n.ypa 3anl1CH 3aKaH4HBaeTCH. BpeMH UHKJla 3afIHCI1 Y EHC THna K565PY5
He npeBblwaeT 450 HC.
_ _ Pe)KHM C4HTblBaHHH B 4aCTI1 cpYHKLl.HOHHpOBaHHH ynpaBJlfllOlllHX CHrHaJlOB RAS,
CAS, AO - A 7 aHaJIOrH4eH pe}l(HMY 3anHCH. B OTJIH4He OT pe:mHMa 3anHCH, nac-
CHBHblH (BbICOKMH) ypoBeHb CHrHaJIa WE, onpe.ll.eJIHlOllll1H pe}l(HM C4HTblBaHHH I1H-
cpopMaLlI1H, .lI.O.TJ}I(eH .lI.JlHTbCH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, .lI.O OKOH4aHHH CHrHaJla CAS. CHrHaJl
BbIXO.ll.HOH HHQ>opMaLlHM DO"5 TaK}I(e 6Y.lI.eT Y.ll.ep}l(HBaTbcH Ha BbIXO.ll.HOH lUHHe ellle
npHMepHo 35-90 HC. '
PereHepaUHS1 HHcpopMaLl.MM B EHC 03Y .lI.OJI}I(Ha OCYllleCTBJIHTbCfI 06pallI.eHHeM
K Ka)K.n.oH H3 128 CTpOK HaKOnMTeJlfl 03Y He pe}l(e, 4eM 4epe3 2 MC H3MeHeHHeM
a.n.pecoB AO - A6. 3TO OC¥llleCTBJIfleTCH B CneUHaJlbHOM pe:mHMe ynpaBJleHHS1 EHC,
opraHH3yeMoM 113BHe. \
:I- OT aHr JI. Row Ad J ress Select (Bbl6op a.n.peca CTpOKI1).
*2 OT aHrJI. Column Address Select (BbIOOp a.ll.peca CT0J10ua).
*3 OT aHrJl. Data Input (BXO.ll. )].aHHbIX).
:1-4 OT aHrJI. Write Enable (pa3peWeHI1e 3anHcH).
* 5 OT a H r JI. D a t a 0 u t put ( B bl X o.n. .lI. a H H hi x) .
319
nO.lJ.06Hble BHC 03Y .lI.HHaMHlJeCKOrO THna HaXO,l].5IT UlMpOKOe npHMe.H.eHHe B
Ka4eCTBe 03Y MHHH- H MHKp03BM, a TaK)Ke .lI.JISI BpeMeHHoro H8KOnJIeHHSI 60JIb-
WHX 061>eMOB 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH HH<popMau.HH. ,[{aJlbHeHWee COBepweHCTBOBaHHe
TeXHo.norHH H3rOTOBJIeHHH TaKHX BHC -n03BOJIReT B nepcneKTHBe YBeJIH4HTb 1 HX
HHcpOpMall.HOHHYK> eMKOCTb .lJ.0 8 Mera6HT.
no cBoeH CTpYKType 60JIbWHHCTBO BI1C nn3Y MaJIO OTJIHqaeTCSI OT
Y>Ke onHcaHHbIX Bblwe 611C 03Y. OCHoBHoe HX OTJIH4He 3aKJII04aeTCH B HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHH cneu.HaJIbHblX 3HeprOHe3aBHCHMbiX 33 H HaJIH4HH B CTpYKType 611C .lJ.OOOJIHHTeJIb-
HblX cxeM .lI.JIH 3anHCH HHcpOpMal.lHH nOJIb30BaTeJIeM B TaKHe nn3Y. nOCKOJIbKY
npou.e.lJ.ypbl 3anHCH HHcpopMau.HH B 60JIbWHHCTBO n03Y .lJ.OCTaT04HO CJIO)KHbl H B pH.lI.e
CJIYlI8eB Tpe6YlOT cneu,HaJlbHOrO 060PY.lJ.OB8HHSI, MbI paCCMOTpHM JIHWb CTPYK YPY
THnH4Horo 611C nn3Y H orpaHMlIHMCSI onHC8HHeM pa60Tbl BI1C B OCHOBHOM pe)KH-
Me - pe>KHMe C4HTblBaHHH HH<popMau.HH.
CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa BI1C nn3Y THna KP556PT5 npHBe.lI.eHa Ha pHc.li.9. CJIe-
.lI.yeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO B OTJIH4He OT BI1C 03Y (oc06eHHo OOJ1bWOH HH<popMau.HoHHoH
eMKocTH), HMelOIll.HX B OCHOBHOM 0.lJ.HOpa3pSl.lJ.HYIO opraHH3au,HIO, 60JIbWHHCTB-Q BI1C
On3Y HMeeT 8-, a B HeKoTopblX CJIY4aHX H 16-pa3pH.JJ.HYIO opraHH3au.HIO. 3TO CBSl3aHO,
B nepBYIO 04epe.lJ.b, C pa3JIH4HeM B Ha3Ha4eHHH 3THX EHC. OOCKOJ1bKY B BHC Iln3Y
OObl4HO xpaHHTCSI HH<p0PMaU.HSI, npe.lJ.CTaBJlSIIOllI.aSl C060H JIH60 KO.lJ.bI ynpaBJIHlOllleH
nporpaMMbl 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH YCTaHOBKH, JIH60 Te HJIH HHbie KOHCTaHTbI, Ta6JIHu,bI
nepeKoAHpoBOK H T. n., TO u.eJIeC006pa3HO pa3Me1.1.I.aTb 3TY HHcpOpMaU.HIO B O.lJ.HOH SHC,
a He B HeCKOJ1bKHX. Ha npaKTHKe 4aw.e Bcero HCn0J1b3YIOTCSI 5HC Il03Y C oaHTOBOH.
opraHH3au,HeH Bblxo.n.Horo HH<popMau,MOHHoro CJIOBa (T. e. 8-pa3pSI.n.HOH opraHH3a-
llHeH). K nO.lJ.06HOMY THny OTHOCHTCSI M Y)Ke ynoMHHYTaH 6HC 1103Y KP556PT5.
MaTpHu,a-HaKOnHTeJIb 3TOH BHC nn3Y HMeeT CTPYKTYPY 64 X 64 (T. e. 64 CTpOKH
H 64 cToJ16u,a). B O.n.HOM cToJ16u,e MO)KeT cO.lJ.ep)KaTbCH 8 6aHT HHQ>opMau.HH. O.lJ.HaKO
3anHCb H BbIBO.lJ. I1HcpopMau,HI1 B 3TOM n03Y oCYllI.eCTBJlHIOTCSI nooaHTHo. A.lJ.peCHble
WHHbl AO - A5 HCnOJIb3YIOTCSI .lI.J1SI Bbl60pKH O.lJ.HOH H3 64 CTpOK MaTpHu,bI-HaKOnHTeJISI,
co.n.ep)KallI.eH 8 6aHT npe.lJ.BapHTeJIbHO 3anHc3HHoH HH<popMallHH. CTapwHe pa3pH.lI.bl
a.lJ.peca A6 - A8 ynpaBJIHIOT MYJIbTHnJIeKCOpaMH MilJI H n03BOJlSllOT CQHTaTb HY)KHblH
AD
At
A2
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A4
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l1amplJqa -HalfOill.Lme/lb
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63
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eS1
CS2
CS3
CS4
CxeHa ynpa917eHI.LR
db/90oa I.LHft;oplofaL4l1lL
tL npo2,oal1l1l.Lpo8aHtLR
.00 III .02
.07
PHC. 11.9. CTPYKTYPHaSl cxeMa BI1C nn3Y
320
6aHT 113 CTpOKI1. YnpaBJleHMe pa60TOH fiHC OCYllleCTBJlHeTCH nO.n.a4eH pa3pelUeHHOH
KOM6HHall.HH CHrHaJlOB Ha BXO.n.bl CSI - CS4. npH 3TOM, B COOTBeTCTBHH C BbIOpaHHblM
a.ll.peCOM, Ha BblXO.ll.HOH WHHe .n.aHHbIX DIj - Dl nOHBJIHeTCH 3aflHCaHHblH B COOTBeTCT-
BYJOUJ.YJO CTPOKY M aTp 11 Ubi 6a HT HHq>Op M aUI1I1. B Ta6J1. 1 1.2 npe.n.cTa BJIeHbl DCHOBHble
xapaKTepH.CTHKI1 WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHblx fiHC 11113Y 11 Pi13Y.
T a 0 JI H U a 11.2. OCHoBHble xapaKTepHcTHKH 6HC nn3Y H pn3Y
[Hil I1JlJ.Y EMKOCTb Cnoco6 nporpaM- [ eXHOJlOfHSI BpeMH
H pn3.Y (opraHH3alJ.HSI), 6HT MHpoBaHHSI/cTHpaHHSI H3rOTOBJleHHSI .n.ocTyna, HC
HHcpopMauHH
K155PEJ 256 (J2 X ) 11/ ffJ1 5J1
K 54 J P f I 1024 (256 X 4) 11/- HHJ1 7U
KP556P [4 1024 (256 X 4) 11/- IT Jl III 70
K500PE149 I 024 (256 X 4 ) 11/- .=)CJ1 35
K565P f I 40Y6 (1'024 X 4) 11/- Il MOll JOU
KM556P f 7 16J 4 (z04 X ) Jl/- f fJIW O
K P 1 60 I P P 1 40Y6( 1024 X 4) ::J/.=) MHOil 1100
K51 JP<I> 1 1 Y2 ( 1 U24 X 8) a/Y<I> J1H3N\Oil -I- ,)t )
K57 JP<I>2 J 6 J84 (204 X ) .=) / Y <I> AYl3M011 JJU
K57 JP<I>J 65 536 (4096X Ib) .=) / Y <I> .,1H3N\O.1 4c:>1j
K51 JP<I>6 65 6J6 ( 1 2 X ) .=) / Y <I> Jl.H3Mu! 1 4jlj
Jl p H M e 4 a Ii He. Jl - 3anHCb nepe>KHraHHeM nJlaBKHX nepeMbl4eK; - JleKTpH4eCKoe
nporpaMMHpOBaHHe/CTHpaHHe HHcpopMaUHH; Y<1> - CTHpaHHe HHcpopMaUHH -'J10TOKOM .Y<I>-
H3J1Y4eHHSI; -- CTHpaHHe HeB03MO>KHO (.n.JlSI nn3Y).
KaK Y.>Ke OTMe4aJlOCb, 1l0CTOHHHbie 3anOMI1HalOUJ.l1e YCTpOHCTBa IIpl1MeHHJOTCH
)].JIH xpaHeHHH He H3MeHHeMOH B npouecce 3KcnepHMeHTa HH<popMaUHM - KOHCTaHT,
TaOJlHU nepeKo.n.MpOBOK, ynpaBJIHIOUJ.I1X KO)].OB H .lI.p. IaKaH I1HcpopMaUI1H 06bl4HO HY.>K-
Ha .lI..IIH BbIpa60TKI1 TpMrrepa BToporo ypOBHH, T. e. B TOM CJlY4ae, KOr.ll.a npOHCXO.ll.HT
6blCTpaH 06pa60TKa 4aCTI1 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHOH HHcpopMaU1111 - Bbl411CJleHI1e TpaeK-
TOp HH HeKOTOp bIX 4aCTH LI., yr J10B pa3J1eTa, I1MIlYJI bCOB HJlI1 KaKHX -JI 1160 .n.pyrH x <pH3H-
4eCKI1X napaMeTpoB. 06paUJ.eHHe K 3apaHee COCTaBJleHHblM Ta6J1Hl aM BbI4HCJIeHI1H:,
xpaHHUJ.I1McH B 113Y, n03BOJIHeT BblnOJIHHTb 3TH Bbl411CJleHI1H 3a BpeMH nopH.n.Ka .n.e-
CHTKOB - COTeH HaHoceKYH.lI..
B pH.n.e CJlY4aeB )].J1H Bwpa60TKI1 Tpl1rrepa Tpe6yeTcH aHaJlH3 cpaBHHTeJlbHO He-
60JlbWOrO 4HCJIa KO.ll.OB, CHHMaeMbIX C Tpl1rrepHblX .lI.eTeKTOpOB, 11 OT60p Cpe.ll.H 3TI1X
KO.n.OB orpaHH4eHHoro 4HCJla pa3peweHHbiX KOM6HHaUI1H (HeCKOJlbKO .n.eCHTKOB I1J1H
I10pH)].Ka CTa). OT60p TaKHX KO.n.OB MO.>KeT 6blTb ocyw.eCTBJleH pa3J1114Hb1MM TeXHH4e-
CKI1MI1 cpe.ll.CTBaMH: Ha60pOM KOMOHHaUHI1 cxeM COBlla.ll.eHI1H: 11 aHTMCOBna.n.eHMH, a TaK-
me C 1I0MOUJ.bJO nOCTOHHHbIX 3anOMHHalOUJ.I1X YCTPOHCTB. ! Ipl1 60JlbWOH .lI..{II1He tpa3-
pH.lI.HOCTH) I1H<popMaUHOHHoro CJIOBa, COCTaBJleHHoro H3 3THX KO.ll.OB, H npH KOJ1H4eCTBe
pa3pelUeHHbIX KOMOHHau.HH HeCKOJlbKO .n.eCSITKOB - CTO CHCTeMa OToopa, COCTaBJleHHaSI
M3 cxeM COBna.lI.eHHH H aHT{iCOBna.n.eHHH MaJlOH CTeneHH HHTerpau.HH, CTaHOBHTCSI rpo-
M03.l1.KOH: H 3HeproeMKOH. 11pHMeHeHI1e 113Y )].J1H 3THX ueJleH MO.>KeT CTaTb 60JIee
BblrOiI.HbIM. O.ll.HaKO B03MO.>KHOCTH 06b14Hb1X, paCCMaTpl1BaeMbIX BbIwe t 13Y .LlJIH nO.ll.06-
HOH 3a)].a411 H36b1T04Hbl, H n03TOMY B 1l0.n.OOHbIX CI1CTeMaX oT60pa IIpHMellHIOTCH
CneUHaJI bH ble 113Y c yn pOUJ.eH HOH cHCTeMOH: .lI.e W HcppaLl.l111 Bbl XO)].H bl X KOJlOB H orpa IHf-
4eHHoH eMKOCTbJO M aTpH Ll.bl 3a 110M HH aJOUJ.HX 3JleM ('HTOB - TCI 1\ IfClJhl BHl'MhU' "pol'pa M.
Ml1pyeMble JIOrl14eCKHe MaTpHLl.bl.
321
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11porpaMMI1PyeMbie JIurl14eCKI1e M8TpHlJ.bI (l1J1M) HMeJOT .il.Ba ypOBHH nporpaM-
MI1PyeMoH JIOrI1KI1. l1epBblH ypoBeHb 06pa30BaH Ha60poM cxeM 11, Bblno.ilH5I1OUJ.I1X
cpYHKlI.I1JO, aHaJ10rH4HYIO .lI.eUIl1cppaTopy a.ll.peca I13Y. O.n.HaKo eCJIH .lI.eWl1cppaTop a.n.-
peca n3Y npH n-pa3p5l.ll.HOM BXO.n.HOM Ko.n.e 06ecne4HBaeT a.n.pecau.HIO K 2 n m-pa3-
p5l.n.HbIX H4eeK MaTpl1l1.bI 3anOMI1HalOUJ.I1X 3JIeMeHTOB (11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO nOJIY4eHI1e Ha
Bblxo.n.e 2 . In-pa3p5l.ll.HblX BbIXOAHblX KO'lOB), TO B I1J1M 411CJIO B03MO)KHbIX a.ll.peCOB
npH n-pa3pH.lI.HOM BXO.n.HOM KO.ll.e CYUJ.eCTBeHHO MeHbwe 2 II H 06bl4HO He npeBbIwaeT
3Ha4eH11H 100-150. 110CKOJlbKY 411CJIO a.ll.peCOB B I1J1M cYU.I.eCTBeHHo MeHbwe 4l1CJ1a
KOM611Hall.MH BXO.n.HbIX KU.lI.OB, Ka)K.lI.OMY a.ll.pecy B IlJIM MO)KeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 011-
pe.ll.eJIeHHblH Ha60p BXO.ll.HblX KO.ll.OB, IIpH4eM 3TOT Haoop MO)KeT 6blTb 3anpOrpaMMl1pO-
BaH caMI1M 3KCnepl1MeHTaTopoM. aTI1 oc06eHHocTI1 l1J1M onpe.ll.eJIHIOTCH ee YCTPOHCT-
BOM. <t>aKTH4eCKI1 .n.eWHtppaTop IlJIM npe.ll.CTaBJI5IeT coooH nporpaMMHpyeMYIO MHoro-
cpYHKlI.HOHaJl bH YJO cxe1V1 y COBn a.n.eHH H.
BTOpOH ypoBeHb .TIOrHKI1 B l1J1M n03BOJIHeT 3anporpaMMHpoBaTb cooTBeTcTBYIO-
UJ.I1H Ka)K.lI.OMY a.lI.pecy BbIXO.n.HOH fn-pa3pH.lI.HblH KO.ll. (B 60JIbWl1HCTBe IlJ1M In = ).
dTOT BTOpOM ypOBeHb, c06CTBeHHO, H BbInOJIHHeT cpYHKlI.l111 Il3Y BHYTPI1 I1J1M.
B Ka4eCTBe npl1Mepa paCCMOTpl1M YCTPOHCTBO 511C llJ1M CJ1Lla K556P r I ,
(pHC. II. 10). 3Ta cxeMa n03BOJIHeT nOJlY4HTb 48 8-pa3pH.n.HbIX BbIXO.ll.HbIX KO.n.OB .lI.J1f1 48
pa3.JI 11 4H bIX 1 (j- pa3pH)].H blX BblXO.ll.HblX CJlOB. (OYeB I1.n.HO, 41'0 nOJI Hoe t.( HCJIO B03 M O)KHbIX
KOM611Hall.HH_ H8 BXOAe COCTaSJIHeT 16 = 65536, B TO BpeMH K8K Ha BblXO.ll.e 11.J1M
322
peaJIH3yeTcH J1HLlIb 48 pa?JI114Hb1X BbIXO)].HbIX KOMOI1Hau,HiL TaKHM 06pa30M, 113 65 5;36
BXO.n.HbIX KOMOHHal.l.HH 65 536-48 = 65 4 8 KOM6HHau,HH HBJIHIOTCH JIH60 He 3Ha4a-
lU.UMH, JIH60 He pa3JIH4HMbIMI1.) J1orH4eCKl1e Q:>YHKU,HH 11 OT 16 BXO.n.HbIX nepeMeHHbIx
(0 HJlH 1), no.n.aBaeMblX Ha lllHHbl 10 -- 1 15 , H OT 16 HX HHBepcHblx 3Ha4eHMH 06pa-
3YIOTCfI Ha WHHax Po - P47 C nOMOlllblO 48 32-BXO.n.OBbIX cxeM H. Ka.>K.lI.blH H3 32 BXO-
.lI.OB cxeM 11 COe.ll.HHeH C WHHaMH 10-/15 H 1 0 -1 15 C nOMOlU.blO nJlaBKHX nepeMbIlJeK,
0603Ha4eHHbIX Ha pHC. 11.10 KpY}I(04KaMH. Pa3PyweHHeM 3THX nepeMbI4eK 3a.n.aeTCfI
pa3pewaeMaH KOM6HHaUHH BXO.ll.HblX nepeMeHHblx AJIH Ka}l(.LI.OH H3 cxeM H. TaKHM 06-
pa30M, KOJII14eCTBO cxeM H (48) H Onpe.LI.eJIHeT KOJIH4eCTBO pa3peweHHbix BXO.ll.HbIX
KO)].OB (pa3pelUeHHbIx KOM6HHau,I1H BXO)].HbIX nepeMeHHblx).
Ha BTOpOM ypoBHe nporpaMMHpyeMoH JIOrHKH BbIXO.LI.bI Bcex 48 cxeM H 06'be)].H-
HHIOTCH Ha BOCbMH 48-BXO.ll.OBbIX cxeMax HJ1H. BXO.lI.bI cxeM HJ1H coe.n.HHHIOTCH C Bbl-
XO.LI.aMH cxeM H TaK.>Ke c nOMOlU.bJO llJIaBKHX nepeMbIlleK. Pa3pYlUeHI1eM COOTBeTCT-
BYIOUJ.HX nepeMbl4eK MO}l(HO nOJlY4HTb Ha BbIXO.ll.aX cxeM HJ1.11 So - S7 He06xo.lI.HMble
8- pa3pH.LI.H bIe KO)].bI, COOTBeTCTBYIOlU.He pa3peweH HbIM KOM OHB al.l.HH M BXO.n.HbIX CH r-
HaJIOB. B npOCTeHweM CJlY4ae )I.J1H no.nYlJeHHH pe3YJlbTaTa «.lI.a -- HeT» (Tpl1rrepHOro
Cl1rHaJIa) .n.OCTaTOlJHO HCnOJlb30BaTb J1HlUb O.lI.HY H3 lUHH So - S7.
llporpaMMHpoBaHHe llJ1M 60JIee CJIO}l(HO, lJeM 113Y, TaK KaK OCYUJ.eCTBJIHeTCH B
.n.Be CTa.ll.I1M. O.n.HaKo 6JIarO.lI.apH TOMY, 4TO cxeMoTexHH4ecKI1-11J1M npow.e, 4eM 113Y,
IlJ1M n03BOJIHeT nOJIY4HTb B pH.lI.e CJlY4aeB OOJIee BblCOKoe 6bICTpO.ll.eHCTBHe npH He-
CKOJlbKO MeHbweM 3HepronoTpe6.lIeHHH.
11.5. 3AnOMHHAIOIJ.{HE 3J1EMEHTbl 6HC 03Y
nO.n.aBJIHIOuJ.ee 60JlbWHHCTBO 511C 03Y BbInOJlHHeTCH B OCHOBHOM no O)].HOH H3
.lI.BYX TeXHOJlOrHH: J1H60 Ha OCHOBe OHnOJlHpHblX TpaH311cTOpOB (TT JI, 3CJI, J1HJI),
JIH60. Ha OCHOBe nOJIeBbIX (n MOn, KMOll, MHOn) TpaH3HcTopOB. rJlaBHOe .n.OC-
TOHHCTBO OHnOJlHpHblX CTPYKTYP - BbICOKoe ObICTpO.ll.eHCTBHe, .lI.O 15 HC. COBpeMeH-
Hafl TeXHOJlOrHH n03BOJIHeT C03.n.aBaTb ObICTpO.ll.eHcTBYIOlU.He OHnOJlHpHbIe 5J1C 03Y
C HHcpopMau,HoHHoH eMKOCTblO .n.o 16 KHJIOOHT.
PaccMoTpHM THI10BYIO cxeMY 3anOMHHalOlU.erO 3J1eMeHTa 5J1C 03Y TT JI-THna
(pHC. 11. II). TpaH3HcToP.bI T I H T 2 06pa3YIOT CTaTHlJeCKHH TpHrrep. )].HO.lI.bl 1ll0TTKH
DI H D4 c.nY.>KaT .lI.JIH CBH3H pa3pH.n.HbIX IUHH Plllo H PIll I (KoTopble H HBJIHIOTCH
HHcpopMau.HoHHbIMH lUHHaMH 33) C BbIxo.n.aMH TpHrrepa. A.n.pecHaH WHHa AIll
a1<.THBH3HpyeT 33 )].J1H 06MCHa HH<PopMal.l.HeH. OTMeTHM, lJTO ynoMHHYTbie WHHbl
CJIY)KaT .lI.J1H opraHH3au,HH HH<popMaL HOHHbIX CBH3eH Me}l(.n.y MaTpHu,eH 33 H oc-
TaJIbHbIMH Y3JIaMH 5HC 03Y, H n03TOMY HX CJIe.n.yeT OTJlH4aTb OT a.lI.peCHblX H
HHcpopMaIJ.HOHHbIX lUHH co6CTBeHHO 511C. 03Y, CJlY)KaIll.HX .lI.J1H 06MeHa HHcpopMa-
u,HeH C BHelUHHMH YCTpoHcTBaMH.
)].HO.n.bI WOTTKH D 2 M D3 00ecne4HBalOT nOBblweHHe 6bICTpO.LI.eMCTBHH 33
3a C4eT YMeHblUeHHH CTeneHH HaCbIllI.eHHH OTKpbIToro Tpa H3HCTopa 3 , H YMl'll bweHHe
MOIll.HOCTH, pacceHBaeMoH\ 33.
npHH Hn paooTbl TaKoro 33 CJIe.LI.YIOw.HH: B pe)KHMe xpaHeHHSI Ha A ill YCTaHaB-'
JIHBaeTCSI J10rHlJeCKaH 1 *, )].HO.ll.bl DI H D4 3aKpblTbI. npH C4H1,'bIBaHHH HHcpOpMal.l.HH
* nOTeHu.Ha.HbI, cooTBeTcTBYIOlU.He COCTOHHHHM JIOrH4eCKHX 0 HI, onpe.n.eJIHIOTCH
TeXHOJlOrHeH H3rOTOBJleHHH 33.
323
Ha A III YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI 3HaLfeHHe ° H O.lI.HH H3 .n.HO.lI.OB, D, HJIH D 4 , cOe.lI.HHeHHbIH
C KOJIJIeKTOpOM OTKpblToro TpaH3HCTopa, OTKpblBaeTCSI. npH 3TOM B cooT'BeTcTBYIOUI,eH
pa3pSI.lI.HOH lUHHe nOHBJIHeTCSI TOK, npHBO.lI.SlllI.HH K nOSIBJIeHHIO CHrHaJia Ha BbIXO.lI.e
YCHJIHTeJISI CLfHTbIBaHHSI. )].JISI OCYllI.eCTBJIeHI1SI 3anHCH HH<popMall.HH B 33 nOTeHIJ.HaJi
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BI1C pn3Y MMelOT .lI.Be OCHOBHblX MO.lI.H<pMKau,HH: pn3Y C YJlbTpacpHOJleTOBblM
CTHpaHMeM MHcpOpMall.HH H pn3Y C 3JIeKTpHl!eCKOH nepe3anMCblO. 3anOMHHalOlll.HH
3JIeMeHT pn3Y C Y<I>-cTHpaHHeM npe.lI.CTaBJIHeT C060H MOn-TpaH3HCTOp, nO.lJ.KJ1IO-
lJeHHblH B MaTpHu,y aHaJIOrHlJHO 33 nn3Y. 3anHcb HHcpopMau,HH B TaKOH 33
ocymeCTBJlSIeTCSI HH}I(eKu,HeH 3JIeKTpOHOB B nJiaBalOlllHH 3aTBOp MOn-Tpa H3HCTopa
lJepe3 BXO.lI.Hble lUHHbI. BJIarO.lI.apH OC060H KOHCTPYKU,HH TpaH3HCTopa, TOKH YTelJKH
3aTBopa npeHe6pe)KHMO MaJlbl H HHcpopMau,HH B TaKOM 33 (c OTKJIlOlJeHHblM - HCT04-
HHKOM nHTaHHH) MO>KeT xpaHHTbCH .lI.0 10 H -6oJIee JleT. B CJIY4ae Heooxo)].HMOCTH
HHcpopMau,HIO B TaKOM pn3Y MO>KHO cTepeTb, HO TOJIbKO nOJIHOCTblO BO BceH MaTpHu,e,
OCBelll.aH KpHCTaJIJI BI1C P03 Y Y<I>-H3JIYlJeHHeM. Y<I>-H3J1Y4eHHe C03.lI.aeT .lI.OnOJIHH-
TeJIbHble nOBepxHocTHble TOKH YTellKH, H MH>KeKTMpOBaHHbIH B nO.ll.3aTBopHYIO OOJlaCTb
MOn-TpaH3HcTopa 3apSI.lI. paccacblBaeTcSI B Te4eHHe 15-30 MHH! K CO)KaJleHHIO,
pn3Y C Y<I>-cTHpaHHeM HMelOT O.lI.HH He.lI.OCTaTOK - MaJIOe lIHCJlO U,HKJIOB nepe3anHcH
HHcpopMau,HH, COCTa BJISIIOllI.ee 30- 100.
pn3 Y C 3J1eKTpH4ecKoH nepe3anHcblO JIHWeHbI 3Toro He.ll.OCTaTKa, HO .lI.OBOJl bHO
C O)KHbl H .lI.OporH. B TaKHX pn3Y TaK}I(e HCnOJIb3yeTcH Cneu,HaJIbHblH MOn-TpaH-
3HCTOp C nJIaBalOlllHM 3aTBopoM, B KOTOpOM oOeCnelJHBaeTCH B03MO>KHOCTb 06paTHoro
TYHHeJIHpOBaHHH - oToopa 3JIeKTpOHoB C nJIaBalOlll.erO 3aTBOpa, liTO n03BOJlSleT Bbl-
OOpOt:JHO CTHpaTb 3anHCaHHYlO B BHC pn3Y HH<p0pMau.HIO.
KOHTpOJlbHble BOnpOCbI
l. J.I.JIH 4erO B annapaType cpH3H4eCKOrO 3KCnepMMeHTa npHMeHHIOTCH 113Y:
a) .ll.JIH peaJIH3au,HH YCTPOHCTB npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHOrO oT60pa COObITHH;
6) .lI.JIH oycpepH3au,HH I1H<popMau,MH; /
B) .n.JlSI xpaHeHHSI aJiropHTMOB oopaOOTKH HH<popMau,HH
2. KaKHe THnbl 3Y HBJIHIOTCH 3Hepr03aBHcHMblMH:
a) nOJIynpOBO.ll.HHKOBble onepaTHBHbIe 3Y;
0) cpeppHToBble onepaTHBHble 3Y;
B) nOJlynpOBO.ll.HHKOBble I13Y
3. KaKoH 06'beM 3Y (B 6HTaX) HeOOxO.ll.HM .ll.JIH perMcTpau,HH IUd C06blTHH,
HH<popMau.HH 0 KOTOp IX npe.ll.CTaBJIeHa -pa3pSl.ll.HbIM KO.ll.OM, B pe>KHMe HaKOnJIe-
HHSI KO.lI.OB; B HHKpeMeHTHOM pe}l(l1Me (HaKOnJleHHe cneKTpOB):
a) lOCI; lOG; C:'"
6) 8. 1 OG, 3. 1 O ;
B) J. 1 0:3, . I OG ?
4. CKOJ1bKO a.lI.pecHblx JlHHHH He06xo.LI.HMO .n.J1H 06ecne4eHHH .lI.ocTyna K 512
H4eHKaM 3Y C npOH3BOJIbHOH BbI60pKOH:
a) 7; 6) 8; B) 9t
5. JJ.JlH 4ero HCnOJlb3yeTcH MYJlbTHnJleKcHpoBaHHe a.n.pecHblx JIHHI1H B fiHC 3Y:
a) .lI.JlSI YMeHbweHHH 4HCJla BbIBO.LI.OB 5HC;
6) .ll.JISI ynpollleHHSI CTPYKTypbI SHC;
B) .n.JlH CHH>KeHHH nOTpe6JISIeMOH MOIllHOCTH
6. B YCTpoHcTBe npe.lJ.BapHTeJIbHOrO oT60pa HHcpopMau,MH 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHOH
YCTaHoBKH HCnOJIb3YlOTCSI 16 BXO.lJ.HbIX CHrHa.nOB IIPH B03MO}l(HOM 4HC.ile HX }(OM611-
Hau,HH 32. Ha Bblxo)].e YCTpoHcTBa .ll.OJI>KeH nOHBHTbCH 8-pa3pH.ll.HbIH KO.ll.. Ou,eHHTe
eMKOCTb M OpraHl13au,HIO 5HC 11113Y H I1JlM, He06xo.ll.I1MbIX .J..;IH peaJIH3au,HH
TaKoro YCTpoHcTBa:
328
a) 1t>3 4 X 1,32 8-pa3pH.ll.HbIX CJIOBa;
0) 65536 X 8, MaTpHu,bI 32 X 32 + 32 X 8;
B) 1 t> X ,J2 16- pa3pH.ll.HbIX CJIOBa t
7. JlHHeHKa 113C co.n.ep}l(HT 12 514eeK. OueHHTe Cpe1I.Hee SpeM5I .il.OcTyna K
HQeHKe, eCJ1I1.4acToTa cKaHHposaHHH paBHa Nlru.:
a) 4MKC; 6) MKC; B) 16 MKC
. 3a4eM He06xo.n.HMa pereHepau.I1H co.n.ep}l(I1MOrO .ll.HHaMH4eCKoro 03Y:
a) .LI.JIH oCYLUeCTBJIeHI151 I1HKpeMCHTHoro pe}l(I1Ma;
6) )]..1151 SOCCTaHOSJIeHHH CO.lI.ep.>KHMOrO 514eHKH 03.y, YTpa4eHHoro npl1 CQI1Tbl-
BaHHH;
B) .ll.J151 COXpaHCHI1H HHQ>OPM aUI1H S H4eHKe 03 Y
OTBeTbi Ha KOHTpOJlbHble oonpOCbl
f JlaBa 1.
10; 26; 3B; 46, B; 5s; 6B; 76.
fJlaBa 2.
16; 2s; 36; 4a; 56; 6B; 7s; 86; Ya, IU6; 11 a; 12a; lJ6, B; 14a; Ijs; 16s.
rJlaBa 3.
16; 2B; JB; 4B; 56; 6r.
rJlaBa 4.
1 s; 2a; 36, B; 4a, 6; 5a.
fJlaBa 5.
1 B; 26; 36; 4B; 5s; 6 - .ll.JI5I Bcex; 76; 8B; B; lOa.
fJlaBa 6.
16, s; a; 36; 46; 5B; 6a; 76.
fJlaBa 7.
1 B; 2a; 3a, 6; 40; 56; 60; 7B; a; 98.
fJlaBa 8.
1 a; 6; 26,; JB; 4B; 5a, s; 6B; 76; 6; a; 1 Ua.
rJlaoa 9.
1 a; 2B; 36; 46; 56; t>B.
fJlaoa 10.
IB; 26; 30.
fJlaoa 1 1.
1 a, B; 26, B; J6; 4B; 5a; 66; 7B; 8B.
cnHCOK J1HTEPATYPbl
A6paMOB A. H., Ka3aHCKHH 10. A., MaTyceBHIJ E. C. OCHOBbI 3KCnep11MeH-
T8J1bHbIX MeTo.n.OB H.n.epHoH cpI13HKH. M.: 3Hepr08ToMH3.n.aT, 19 5.
6aCHJlaJl.3e C. r. 5bICTpOJ.1.eHcTBYIOW.aH H.n.epHaH 3JIeKTpOHHKa. M.:' .:)Hepro-
113.n.aT, I Y 2.
6b1CTpOJl.eHcTBYIOw,aH 3J1eKTpOHI1K8 .n.JIH perl1ci'pall.HH H.n.epHblx 4acTHujfO. K. AKH-
MOB, M. H. ,L1.pa)KeB, 11. <P. KOJInaKOB, B. M. PbIK8J1I1HjOO.n. peA. fO. K. AKHMoBa.
M.: ATOMH3.n.aT, 1 70.
AaHHJleBHIJ B. B., l.fepHSlBcKHH A. <1>. BpeMeHHble H3MepeHI1H B cpl13114eCKoM
3KCnep11MeHTe. M.: 3HeproaToMH3.n.8T, 1984.
fOpH J1. C., Xa3aHoB 6. H. Y: .J1bl pa.n.l1oMeTpl14eCKOH annap8Typbl H8 I1HTe-
rpaJI bHblX cxeMax. M.: 3HeprOaTOMHJil.aT, 1 Y73.
fOpH J1. C., Xa3aHoB 6. H. CxeMoTexHHKa p8.n.110MeTpoB. N\.: ATOMI13.n.8T,
1 )77.
KOBaJlbCKHH E. 5ln.epH8H 3J1eKTpoHHKa: l1ep. C aHrJI. M.: AToMH3.n.aT, 1972.
KYPOIJKHH C.' C., MYPHH H. A. <;:oBpeMeHHaH H.n.epHaH 3JIeKTpOHI1K8. LLl1cppo-
Bble HHcpopMau,HoHHbIe CHCTeMbI H YCTpoHcTBa. M.: ATOMH3.lI.8T, 1915. r. 2.
MeJJewKo E. A. I1HTerp8JlbHbre cxeMbI B HaHoceKYH.n.HoH H.n.epHoH 3JIeKTpoHHKe.
M.: AToMH3.n.aT, lY78.
PexHH E. H., LJepHoB" n. C., 6aCHJlaJl.3e C. r. MeTo.n. cOBna.n.eHHH., M.: ATOM-
H3.n.aT, 1979.
COBp£MeHHaH . H.lI.epHaH 3JIeKTpoHI1KajM. C. Kp8weHHHHHKOB, C. C. KYP04KHH,
A. B. M8TBeeB, E. M. PexHH. M3Mepl1TeJlbHbie CHCTeMbl 11 YCTPOHCTB8. M.: ATOM-
113.lJ.8T, lY74. r. 1.
<l>eJl.OpKOB 6. f., TeJleQ B. A., A rTSlpeHKo B. n. MHKp03JIeKTpOHHble 1I. I1cp po-
aH8JIOrOBbIe H aH8JIOro-u.HcppoBbIe IIpe06p830BaTeJ1H. M.: Pa.lI.l1o H CBH3b, 1 84.
I..(HTOBHIt A. n. 5I.n.epHaH 3JIeKTpoH a. lV\.: .:)HeproaTOMH3.lI.8T, 1984.
mHJlO B. JI. <PYHKu,110HaJIbHble HHTerpaJlbHbIe MHKpOCXeMbl. llep. C BeHr. N\.:
Pa;J.Ho 11 CBH3b. lY 2.
J1a6opaTopHblH npaKTHKYM no 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM MeTo.n.8M H.lI.epHOH <PH3HKI1:
Y4e6. noco6He .lI.JIR BY30BjB. B. ABepKHeB, H. H. 6erJIHKOB, r. A. COplOH H .n.p.;
Ilo.n. pe.n.. K. r. <PI1HOreHoB8. M.: 3Hepro8ToMH3JJ.aT, 1 80. I
3J1eKTpOHHble MeTo.n.bl H.n.epHOH cpH3HKHjJl. A. N18T8JIHH, C. M. 4y6apoB,
J1. A. fHMO'XHH H .n.p.; Ilo.n. pe.n.. J1. A. N18T8J1HH8. A.: AToMI.f3.LlaT, 1 7J.
nPEAMETHbIR YKA3ATEJ1b
A
A.lI.pec 3 I 6
AHaJIH3 aMI1JIHTy.n.HbIH 13
-- BpeMeHHoH 53
-- MHoroMepHbB 296
-- cpOpMbI 68
AHaJIH3aTOp aMnJIHTy.n.HMH 228
-- BpeMeHHoH 228
-- MHorOKaHaJ1bHbIH 203
AHTMCOBna.lI.eHHH MeTO.n. 159
ACCOu,HaTMBHbIH pe)KHM 300
ATTeHlOaTop ynpaB.l1HeMbIH 239
6
DJ10KHpOBKa 230
B
BpeMH'BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH 241
BbIOOpKH 292
BbICBe4HBaHHH 65
.n.pefHpa 58
)KHBOe 231
MepTBoe 179
HenOCTOHHHoe 190
OOCTOHHHoe 180
npo.lI.JIeBalOllleecH 190
cxeMbI cOBna.n.eHHH 162
npOJIeTa 147
pa3pelUalOIllee 161
cooMpaHHH 51
YCTaHOBJIeHHH 182
xpaHeHMH 293
r
raMMa-KaMepa 244
raycca pacnpe.n.eJ1eHHe 46
reHepaTop onopHoH 4aCTOTbl 210
-- OlUHOKH 267
-- T04HOH aMnJ1HTYJ1.bl 114
rHcTepe3Hc 128
rMCTorpaMMa 190
rYJIHHHe BpeMeHHoH OTMCTKH I G2
,l\
)].eTeKTop OMKOBbIH 220
)].eTeKTopbl n03 HU,H OHHO-LfYBcTBMTeJ1 bH bIe
79
aHa.norOBbIe 79
.lI.BYMepHbIe 244
.n.HcKpeTHbIe 79
O.lI.HOMepHble 80
)].elUHcppaTop 184
)].Hana30H .n.HHaMHlJeCKMH 86
)].HCKpHMHHaTop aMnJIMTy.n.HbIH 11
ObICTpblH 151
BepxHero ypOBHH 272
.n.HcpcpepeHu,HaJIbHbIH 132
HHTerpaJIbHWH 126
JI HHeHHbIH 134
HYJ1H 78
no cpopMe HMnYJ1bCa 69
npHopHTeTHbIH 168
E
EMKOCTb Bxo.n.HaH 89
.n.03HpYlOllI.aH 195
HHTerp HpYlOlllaH
HarpY3KH 43
HaKonHTenhHaH 220
naMHTH.. 302
3
3a.n.ep}l(Ka C06CTAf'IIJIcH1 f){)
3apH.lI. HOpMaJIUJOIUlIlHhlH I n:3
- UJYMOBOH Hfi
3anoM H IHlIOlJl('(' Yt'TpOHCTBO (3 Y) oY-
(1)('p If O{\ I 88
JlIHHIMHtlCCKoe 311
OIH.'pC:lTHBHOe 311
nOJlynpoBo.n.HHKoBoe 313
.. nOCTOSlHHoe 304
nporpaMMHpyeMoe 310
C nOCJ1e.n.OBaTeJIbHbIM J1.0cTynoM 312
C npOH3B0J1bHbIM J1.0cTynoM II
3eMJ1H BHPTYClJlhllcUI 12:)
''I
H
H3MepHTeJIb Cpe.lI.HeH tlaCTOTbI (HCll)
aHaJIOrOBblH 192
- JIHHeHHbIH 192
- JIOrapHcpMHlJeCKHH 196
- lI.HcppOBOH 196
HMnYJIbc O;llH03JIeKTpOHHbIH 63
HHBepTop I 70
HHKpeMeHTHbJH pe)KMM 302
HCKa}l(eHHH cneKTpa 230
- q,OpMbI JIHHHH 205
K
KaMepa .lI.peH<poBaH 81
KJIlOlJ 3JIeKTpOHHbIH 138
KOMoapaTop 130
Ko.n. .lI.BOMlJHbIH napaJIJIeJIbHblH 202
-- nOCJIe.lI.OBaTe.nbHbIH 202
- 003HlI.HOHHbIH JIMHeHHbIH 202
KO.lI.MpOBaHHe HepapXMlJeCKOe 288
, HOHHycHoe 215
napaJIJIeJIbHOe 202
nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHOe 202
npHMoe 209
C HHTepnOJ15IlI.HeH 217
KOMneHCalI.MH BpeMH-Koop.n.HHaTHaH 260
J]
J1MHHH 3a.lI.ep)KKM 75
- CBH3H 282
M
MarMCTpaJ1b 36
MaTpHlI.a JIOrHlJeCKaH 281
MHKpOnpOlI.eccop 281
MO.n.YJIb ClJeTa 182
H
HaJIO)KeHHH 94
He.nHHeHHocTb .lI.Hq,q,epeHlI.HaJIbHaH 88 ,,_
- HHTerpaJIbHaH 88
o
O.lI.HOBM6paTOp 129
OKHO aMnJIHTy.lI.Hoe 132
- BpeMeHHoe 149
OTOOp aMnJIMTY.lI.H H 123
- npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHbIH 280
- lI.H<pPOBOH 281
OTMeTKa BpeMeHHaH 150
n
neperpY3Ka aMnJIMTy.n.HaH 119
- lJaCTOTHaH 108
nepeClJeT 186
nOCToHHHaH COCTaBJIHIOIll.aH 108
n pe.lI.YCMJIHTe.nb 3apH.n.ollYBcTBHTeJI bHbIH
90
332
npe.n.YCHJIMTeJIb MaJIoruYMHllI.MH I 12
npeoopa30BaTeJIb aMOJIHTY.lI.HO-lI.HcppO-
BOH napaJIJIeJIbHWH 219
-- cTpo6MPYIOllI.MH 227
- 8HaJIOro-lI.HcppOBOH 192
BpeMH-aMnJIHTY.lI.HbIH 17 I
BpeMH-lI.HcppOBOH 207
3apH.n. - KO.lI. 221
TOK - HanpH)KeHMe 125
<popMa - .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTb 78
npHOOp C 3apH.n.oBoH CBH3blO 248
npOClJeTbI 180
p
Pa3paBHHBaHHe COObITHH 188
Pa3perueHMe aMnJIHTy.n.Hoe 46
BpeMeHHoe 56
- Koop.n.MHaTHoe 235
- Me)KTpeKOBoe 253
- n03HlI.HOHHOe 235
PerMcTp 190
- 6Y<fJepHbIH 281
Pe)KeKTOp HaJIO)KeHHH 140
C
CeKlI.HH YCHJIHTeJ1bHaH 92
CeJ1eKlI.MH aMnJIHTy.n.HaH 120
- BpeMeHHaH 145
CHrHaJI OHOOJIHpHbIH 1 15
KOMneHCalI.MOHH H 156
- OruHOKM 267
- penepHbIH 266
COBna.n.eHHH 3a.n.ep)KaHHbIe 164
HCTMHHble 162
- Ma)KOpMTapHbIe 160
- m-KpaTHbIe 170
- CJIYlJaHHbIe 162
ConpOTHBJIeHHe Bxo.n.Hoe 90
BbIxo.n.Hoe 90
- HarpY3KM 42
oopaTHoH CBH3H 113
CneKTp aMOJIHTy.n.HbIH 44
CTa6HJIM3alI.HH aBTOMaTHlJeCKaH 266
- K03cp<pHlI.HeHTa npeoopa30BaHHH 271
CYMMaTop JIMHeHHbIH 123
- HaOpH)KeHMH 124
- TOKa 125
CxeMa aHTHCOBna.lI.eHHH 133
- .n.e.neHHH 245
- nponycKaHHH JIMHeHHaH 137
- CJIO)KeHHH 167
- COBna.lI.eHHH 159
ClJeT4MK aCHHxpoHHbIH 182
- .lI.BOHtlHbIH 182
- .lI.eCHTMlJHbIH 184
- .n.peH<poBbIH 25
HMnYJIbCOB 181
peBepcMBHbIH 184
CMHXpOHHbIH 183
T
YCHJIHTeJIb cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKHH 86
YCTpOHCTBO BbIOOpKH-xpaHeHHH 223
T aHMep 185
TeJIeCKOrr ClJeTQMKOB 23
TpaKT cneKTpoMeTpH4ecKHH 92
TpMrrep MHoroYPoBHeBblH 281
oToopa 20
lllMMTTa 128
D 182
R S 168
y
<l>JIYKTya U,HH 3a.n.ep}l(KH 56
<l>OCBMlJ 71
<l>opMa CMrHaJIa 39
<l>opMMpOBaTeJIb BpeMeHHoH OTMeTKM 151
no MeTO.lI.Y rrepeCeqeH M5I HYJIH 154
-- C nOCTOHHHblM rroporoM 152
- co CJIe.ll.5IIllMM noporoM 154
<l>oT03<t>cpeKT 61
YCHJIMTeJIb OrpaHMQMTeJIb 78
Onepau,MoHHblH 126
OCHOBHOH 89
rroporoBbIH 122
npe.n.BapHTeJIbHbIH 89
Ll
U,eHTpa TSDKeCTH MeTO.lI. 254
"
/
OfJ1ABJ1EHHE
npe.n.HCJIOBMe .........................
Oc HOB H bI e CO K P a III e H H 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r JI a Bal. 3a.ll.a1.JH 3J1eKTpOHHblX Me i'O.ll.OB 8 COBpeMeHHOM SI)1.epHo-4JH3HQe-
CKOM 3KcnepHMeHTe .....:........
1.1. 3JIeKTpOHHble MeTO.lI.bI . H3MepeHMH M oToopa . . . .
1.2. OcooeHHocTM 3JIeKTpOHHbIX MeTo.n.OB pa.lI.MoMeTpHM ....
1.3. OcooeHHocTH 3JIeKTpOHHbiX MeTO.lI.OB cneKTpoMeTpHH B cpH3HKe. HM3-
KHX 3HeprHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4. OcooeHHocTH 3JIeKTpOHHbiX MeTO.lI.OB B 3a.ll.alJaX cpH3MKM BblCOKMX
3HeprHH ................... . . . . .
1.5. OcooeHHocTH 3JIeKTpOHHbiX MeTO.lI.OB cneKTpOMeTpMH KOCMHlJeCKOrO
M3JIY4eHMH . . . . . . .
1.6. MeTo.lI.bl H Cpe.lI.CTBa H.lI.epHOH 3JIeKTpOHHKM
KOHTpOJIbHble Bonpocbl . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r JI a B a 2. MeTO.ll.bI CbeMa HH4JopMaIJ.HH C )1.eTeKTopoB H3J1YIJeHHH
2.1. KJIaC M<pHKaI.I.M5i H oOIllMe CBOHCTBa .n.eTeKTopoB H3JIY4eHHH
2.2. Bbl.n.eJIeHHe HHcpopMaI.I.HH 00 3HeprHH, nOTep5IHHOH 4aCTMLI.eH B .lI.e-
TeKTope ........... . . . . . . . .
2.3. Onpe.lI.eJ1eHMe MOMeHTa perMcTpau,HM lJaCTMLI.bI
2.4. Bb!.n.eJIeHHe HHcpopMau,HH 0 TMne 3apH)KeHHOH 4acTHu,bI no cpopMe
HMnYJIbCa .lI.eTeKTopa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5. BbI.lJ.eJIeHMe npocTpaHcTBeHHoH HHcpopMau,HH B n03Hu,HOHHO-4YBCTBH-
TeJIbHbIX .n.eTeKTopax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KOHTpOJIbHble BonpocbI . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,'"
r JI a B a 3. MeTO.ll.bI aHaJIOrOBOro npeo6pa30BaHHSI aMnJlHTY.lI.HOH HH4JoPMa-
I.J.H H .......................
3.1. YCHJIeHHe CMrHaJ10B B cneKTpoMeTpM4ecKHx TpaKTax
3.2. <POpMHpoBaHHe CMrHaJIOB B cneKTpOMeTpHlJeCKOM TpaKTe
3.3. lllYMbI H oTHorueHMe CHrHaJIa K ruYMY B cneKTpoMeTpHLfecKMx TpaK-
Tax .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. BJIHSIHMe HaJlO}l(eHMH Ha pa3perueHMe cneKTpoMeTpa .....
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