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OCHOBHLIe CTpYKTYpHbIe ypOBKII nOCTpoeHIDI opraHH3Ma. B TeJle qeJIOBeKa pa3-
JII1qalOT qeTblpe OCHOBHbLX CTpYKTypHbIX ypOBIDI OpraHI13aUMI1: KJ1.eTKII, TKaIII1,
opraHbI I1 CIICTelbI opraHOB.
KAelnKll (cellula, cytos) - 3JIeI\1eHTapI-raH e,n;MHI1ua OpraHI13Ma, Ha ypOBHe
KOTOpoiil ocyrneCTBJTillOTC5I rrpoueccbI aCClHvflfJIJIlU1I1 (ycBOeHJ1ill Belu:eCTB) II ,lII1C-
CI1MI1JI5IUI1M (pa3JIO)KeHI15I BeIIJ;eCTB), JIe)KaIIU1e B OCHOBe )KJ13HeJ(e.HTeJIbHOCTI1.
nlt130COfv'la
BaKyonb
nna3MaT14eCKaS1
MeM6paHa
Mlt1TOXOHAPlt1
U1Tonna3Ma
An napaT
r Onbp)Klt1
APO
3HAonna3-
MaT!t14ecKV!vi
peTlt1KynYM
APbIWKO
AepHaS1
o6ono4Ka
UeHTplt10nb
HYKJleOnna3Ma
Pc. 3. CTpOCHI1C KJIeTKJI.

3nTenanbHaTKaHb
BBeAeHit1e 1
HePBHaSi TKaHb
PiIIC.. 4. OCHoBHble TunhI TKaneM.
Pa3BllTI1e opraHI13rvia Ha'IHHae1'CJI C O,n:HOll IGrreTKll (OIIJIo,n:OTBOpeHHo:tt 5il1ueKJIeT-
KM, MJB15IMl(a); Q}ICJ10 KJIeTOK YBeJI}I1J1BaeTC5I rryre1f LT-enep.J15I,n:o 10 16 y B3pOCJIOro
qeJIOBeI<a, rrpllQeM K}IeTKII Bcex opraHOB II 1'KaHet'r rrOCTOilllliO 06HOBJUllOTC5I.
KneTKII Tena qeJIOBeKa pa3.JII1qalOTC5I lIO CBOll1 pa3fepaI II <l:>op:.\-fe, HO lI11eIOT
e,n:llHbIM ITJIaH CTpoeHI15I. Ka)K,lIa5I Kil:eTKa CHapy OKp)')KeHa I1JIa3:rvraTHQeCKOII
MeI6paHOM, I1JIll IIJIa3?vlaJIeIMOM, Bhyrpll KOTopon 3aKJIIOQeHa IIll1'OITJIa31-1a II 5I,n:-
pO (P}lC. 3). B 5IJJ:pe :ocpe,n:OTOQeHa ARK (n:e30KCI1pll60H)1<"JIellHOBa5I KlICJIOTa),
l1:rpaIOma5I KJIIOqeBYh) DOJ1b B xpaHeHlI11 11 rrepe.n:aqe reHeTlrqeCKOII }IH<popMarrn:n.
B IIHTOITJI3.3I\fe Haxo,n:HTC5I OpraHeJ1JIbI (!\.U1TOXOHL(PMIi, J1lf30COI\IbI I1 ,n:p.) 11 pa3JIllQ-
Hble BKJIIOqemI5I, Heo6xo,IU1Mble ,I:(.JTII )K113He,n:e5ITeJIbHOCTH KJleTKlL
TKaHb (hystos) - I1CTOprrqeCKlI CJIO)KllBllIa5IC5I COBOKYTIHOCTb KJIeTOK II BHeKTIe-
TOtffiOrO BemeCTBa, 06JIa,aaIOIIU1X 06III;HOCThIO rrpOllcxo)J()]:eHI15I, CTpoeHlliI II cPYHK-
l(HM. BbI,n:ellil101' qeThlpe OCHOBHbIX TIilla TKaHen (pIlC. 4). JIo2paHllttllble (311ulneflu-
CLflbHble) lnKaHU o6pa3y:IOT Hap1l1 rrOKpOB TeJIa 11 BblCTIUIaIOT rrOJIocrn: BHYTPeH-
HMX opraHOB. OHM BbllTOJIIDIIOT 3aIIUITJIyIO <l:>YIDcurno, a TaIOKe 1forjI' BCaCbIBaTh 11
BbJ)J;eJUITb pa3.JIMq}Ible BemeC1'Ba, rrpl1HI11.fa5I yqacrne B 06NleHe BemeCTB. TKaHu
BHyrnpellllell cpeabl BKJlJOqaIOT KpOBb, ID1McPY 11 pa3JIWIHble BI1,[(bI coe,IU1HMTeJThHbIX
TKaHen, B 1'011 ttIIC.J1e xpm.u:eBy:IO II KOCTHYID. OC06eHHOCTbJO 3TIIX TKaHeM .HBlliIeTC5I
XOpOIliO pa3BI1TOe Me)l(K.n:eTOqJIOe BerueCTBO. K AtblUlellHbLH nlKaHfl.,l, BbillOJlli5llO-
rullf,,! COKpaTHTeJ1bHYID cPYI-IKlUllO, OTHOC5ITC5I rrorrepeq}lorr0J10CaTa5I, 113 KOTopoti
COCTOM1' M)'cKYJIaTypa CKeneTHbIX MblllIl(" IvllillIIe"lIHa5I TKaHb cep,IUJ:a Ii rna,n:Ka5I MDI-
rneLII-Ia5I TKaI11>, 06pa3y:IOma5I 1vlliIIIIeqJI)TIO 060JIo"YJ<)' BHYTPeHHI1X opraHoB. 113 Hepe-
HOll nlKaHU rrocTpoeHa BC5I HepBHa5I CI-ICTel\-fa. OCHOBHa.H cPYHKIJlI5I HepBHoM TKaIDi
CBJI3aHa C BOCrrpM5ITl1eM, npoBe,n:eI-ll1ei\I II rrepe,n:a1.Iett HepBHoro B036)')K,ILeI-nrn.

12 BBe)J.eHlt1e
Op2an (organon) - aHaTOMMlIeCKI1 06oco6JIeHHa5I qaCTb TeJIa, MCTOpI1QeClOI
B03HI1KlIla5I KaK e,I:(I1HOe I(eJIoe o6pa30BaHMe, crre.L(I1aJIH3J1pOBaBIlIeeC5I Ha BblrrOJI-
HeHI1I1 orrpe,II;eJIeHI-IbIX <PYHKI(I1H. Ka)l(,[(bu1 opraH IIMeeT xapaKTepI-Ible ,WI5I Hero
<POPMY 11 C'l'poeHHe I1 3aHI1MaeT orrpe,I:(eJIeHHOe rrOJIO)l(eH11e B OpraHM3Me.
B 3aBJtICMMOCTI1 01' pa3BMTIDI M CTpoeHIDI B opraHax BbmeJTJIIOT KpyTIHble lIaCTI1 -
aOJlU, cecJJlZeHmbl (rrpJtI 3TOM yqI1ThIBaeTC5I BeTBJIeHMe BbIBO,WThIX rrpOTOKOB 11 KpOBe-
HOCHbIX COCY,I:(OB) IT 60JIee 11eJIKI1e I1 1iliOrOlll1CJIeHHble - aO./lbKU. CarvlliLvf Me.JIK:lIM
CTpYKTYPHbIM rrO,II;pa3,I:(eJIeI-llie11 5IBlliIeTC5I cnlpYKnzypno-r.jJYHKl{llOHaabHafl eaUHUl{a
Op2Glla - HaMMeHbIlla5I ero qaCTb, crrOC06Ha5I BbffiOJlli5ITb Bce rrplfcynule 3TOIY opra-
BY <P)'HKUI1I1. Ha ypOBHe CTpYK1)'pHO-<pym<IU10HaJIbHOH e,lU1IDllibI ,[(OCTlITaeTC5I
Heo6xo,lU1Moe CTpYKTYPHoe M <pym<IU10HaJIbI-IOe COrJIaCOBamre pa3illflIHbIX TKaHeBhIX
KOMIIOHeHTOB, npMHMMaJOIIll1X yqaCTIle B nocl'poeHI1I1 nape.f-IXJll\,fbI opraHa. ITpo-
CrpaHCTBeHHa5I OpraHI13aW15I napeHXII11hI orrpe,[(eillIeTC5I KpOBeHOCHhThlli cocy,uaMll
:MI1KpOUI1PKYlliITOpHOrO ypOBIDI, 06eCrre1!IffiaJOI.IIILvIH 06J\1eHHhle rrpOIleCCbI B opraHe.
CTpYKTYPHO-<PYHKIU10HaJIbHOi-t e)JJ1IDIlJ:eH HepBHOH CMCTeMbI 5IBJI5IeTC5I lleupOll.
CllCme;Jta opzan06 rrpe.n:CTaBlliIeT c06011 COBOK)'llHOCTb opraIIOB M .n:pyrMX aHaTO-
MJ1lIeCKI1X 06pa30BaHMM, I1MeJOIUI1x 06IIIee rrpOMCXO)l(,[(eHMe, 06nUH'1: ITJIaH CTpoe-
Hlffi 11 BblrrOJIHIDOIllJ1X eLI:11HYJO <PYHKl[HJO B opraIDI3Me (pilC. 5). K TaKOBbI11 OTHO-
C5ITC5I: CKeJlemllaJl, A1blUleLfHafl, nUl-l{e(3apUnle1bHafl, ablXameJlbHafl, A1011eeafl, nOfloeafl,
cepaeLfHo-cocyauclnafl, flll;HrPOUaHafl, 06W,llU nOKpoB me./la JtI llep611Gfl cucme.Mbl.
ECJII1 opraHbI 06"be,I:(I1HeHbI 06r.r.wOCThlO BblrrOJIH5IeMOH MMM <PYHKUI1l1, HO
IIMeIOT pa3JIJtI1IHOe rrpOMCXO)l(,[(eHl1e M CTpoeHMe, TO rOBOp5IT 06 annapame. MO)l(-
I-IO BbI,II;eJI:UTb arrrrapaT aeUJlCeHll51 (onopHO-aeU2alneJlbflblu), 06'be,I:(I1H5IIOmMM
CKeJIeTHYJO J1 ?vlbIIlIe1!HYlO CI1CTe!\lbI; 311aOKpUHHbIU annapam - COBOKyIIHOCTb
pa3JII1q}{bIX no pa3Bl1TMIO )l(eJIe3 BHYTPeHHet'r CeKpeI(MI1.
W,t.1TOBLIIAHafl )KeJ1e3a
CepAu.e
(nOKpbITO nepLIIKapAOM)
ALllacpparMa
T OJ1CTafl Kt.1WKa
PMC. 5. OpraHbI .n:bIXaTeJIbHOH 11 III1rn:eBapI1TCJIbHOH CI1CTeM.
rOpTaHb
Tpaxefl
nerKoe
)f(eJ1YAOK
TOHKafl KLllWKa

BseAeHlt1e 13
Gne40
BEPXH
KOHEL.JHOCTb
KJ..1CTb
PMC. 6. 'IacTu Tena qenOBeKa.
] ronOBA
] WE
rpYJJ.b
TYnOBLt1UJ.E
Hv1)KH
roneHb KOH EL.J HOCTb
qaCTH Te.JIa H IIOJIOCTH TeJIa. Teno qeJIOBeKa no,n:pa3L(emnoT Ha 20flOBY (caput),
melO (collum), mYJ10BuU{e (truncus), eepxllue H llU:J/CHue KOlleLfHOClllU (membra supe-
riores et membra inferiores).
B COCTaBe T)'JIOBI1Irra pa3.JIWIaIOT cnUHY (dorsum), 2pyab (thorax), JlCUBOm
(abdomen) 11 nza3 (pelvis); B COCTaBe BepXHeM KOHelffiOCT11 - nfleLfO (brachium),
npea11Jlettbe (antebrachium) :11 KUClnb (manus); B COCTaBe HIDKHeM KOHetffiOCT11 -
6eapo (femur), 20fleHb (crus) 11 cmony (pes) (pilC. 6).
3JIeMeHTaMM CKeJIeTa orpaHJ{qeHbI: a) nOflOClnb ttepena, KOTOpa5I coo6rn:aeTC5I C
rrOJIOCTbIO n03BOHOtffiOrO KaHMa; B llliX pacrrOJIaralOTC5I rOJIOBHOM 11 CnI1HHOI1:
M03r; 6) 2pyaHafl nOflocmb; e) 6plOUJHo-nlG30ea51 nOflOClnb (pI1c. 7). OpraHbI, pacno-
JIO)KeHHble B rpYHOH H 6pIOlllHo-Ta30BoM rrOJIOCT5IX, rrOKpbITbI CrreUI1aJIbHbIMH
cep03HbIMl1 060JIOtIKaMlL 3Tl1 060JI0qJ(J1 BbICTI1JIaIOT 11 CTeHKll rrOJIOCTeM. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe opraHDI, HaXOMIlU1eC5I B 3TI1X IIOJIOCT5IX, 10ryr cBo6o,II;HO H3MeHJITb

14 BBeAeHt1e
rpYAHas:I
nonOCTb
Al-1aQ:>parM a.
6pK1WHas:I
nonOCTb
Ta30Bas:I [
nonOCTb
PHC. 7. IIoJIOCTl1 Tena.
nonOCTb
4epena
---J
Cnl-1HHOM03rOBOM
KaHan
CBOlO cPOp11)' Jl pa31:repbI B pa3J1I'lQIThle cpa3bI <PYHKIJ.110HlipOBaHJI5I He3aBI1CIHvIO OT
pa60TbI OIIOpHO- ,I:(BIlraTenbHOrO arrrrapaTa.
,[(JUI OrrI1CaHIDI TIOJIO)KeHJ15I qaCTen: TeJIa 11 opraROB, a TaIOKe I1X BH)'TpeHHero
CTpoeHIDI B aHaTOAfIIJ1 I1CrrOJIb3j'lOTC5I CrreIl}IaJIbHble I1JIOCKOCTJ;I llJII1 CeQeHll51
(pJ1c. 8). Cazl1mmllllbHaJl/tJl0cKocmb pa3L(en5IeT TeJIO 11 oprallbI Ha rrpaByIO 11 JIeB)'lO
QaCTI1 111111 OT,n:eJIbI. ECJI11 Carl1TIaJIbHa5I rrnOCI(OCTh rrpOXOJl,I1T -Qepe3 cepe)]}Il-IY
TeJIa, ee Ha3bIBaIOT cpeaUHHO-U l1.1l0CKocmbJO; OI-Ia ,n:eJI11T Teno Ha 3epKaJIbHble rrpa-
BYIO II neBy10 rronOBI1HbI. Fopu30nmllllbHaR ll./lOCKocmb nepeceKaeT Teno 11 opraHbI
TIOllepeK, pa3,n;eJIIDI era Ha rOJIOBROH (KpaHI1a.:rlbHbli1) H XBOCTOBOM (KaYJIaJIbHbli1)
OT,n:eJIbI. NIHo:>KecTBeHHaH CI11vIfeTpJ15I }rqaCTKOB TeJIa OTIIOCI1TeJIbHO ropH30H-
TaJIbHbIX ITJIOCKocTeti Ha3bIBaeTCH MemaAlepueu. f/JpoHlna./lbHaR U/IOCKocmb ,IXeJIIIT
Teno 11 opraHbI Ha rrepe)IHMI1 (BeHTpaJlhHbrfr) If 3a,n:IDII1: (LI:OpCaJIbHbrn) OT)IenbI.
YKa3aHHble IlJIOCKOCTI1 pacrronaralOTC5I B3a:H!\1HO rreprreHJI,:m<ylliIpHO.
IIOJIOBOH ,lUIMOPc}>H3M. 5IBJIeI-llie IIonOBoro ,1U11fOPcPJ;I311a y qeJIOBeKa, KaK I1 y.n:PY-
fI1X )l(lIBOTHbLX, CB5I3aHO C rrOJIOBbThf crroco601 pa3MHO)KeHillI :U 06pa30BaHJ1eM ,n:BYX
TllrrOB raMeT (rrOJIOBbIX KJIeTOK): 5lUI{eKJ/elnOK, pa3BHBaIOIIJ:11XC5I B )KeHCKOf
OpraHI13Me, 11 cnepJ,ta111030Ua06 - B M)')KCKOM opraHll311e. 110MlIMO pa3JllPTI111 B
CTpoeHMI1 opraHOB IIOJIOBOM (perrpO,nyKTJfBHOM) CI1CTervlbI Y 1\f)T)k'1l]lIH Jf )I(eHll(HH
I1MeIOTC5I xapaKTepHble pa3JIMq}ffi B TenOCJIO)KeHI1I1, a TaIOKe B CTerrelIM pa3BlfT11H

BseAeHlt1e 15
PI1C. 8. AHaTon1qeCKIle IIJIOCKOCTU (ceqeHlrn) 1I03ra.
OT,lXeJIbHbIX opraHoB (BTopWIHble rronOBble rrpM3HaKI1). IIoJIoBon L(l1?\IOPcPlf3I B
CTpoeIDlli HepBHOI1: Cl1CTeMbI Bblpa)KeH He3HaqwreJThHO M CB5I3aH B OCHOBHO'f C Pa3-
JilflJ15ThtIlI MaCCbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra (y 1)')I0lliH B cpe,I(He11 Ha 150 r 60JThllIe, qei\I y
)KeHlIIJIH). 3m: pa3JII1'IM5I 06YCJIOBneHbI pa3illf1llffiMII B o6lIU1X pOCTO-BeCOBbIX
rrapaMeTpax, IIOCKOJThKY B cpe,lXHeI M)')KtIMHbI KpYIIHee )KeHIl11'IH.
KOHCTH1)'lJ;IDI eJIOBeKa. 3TO TIOH5ITI1e OTpa)l(aeT KOmJIeKC I1H,[(11BH.II:Y3JTbHbIX
foP4>OJIOTIlqeCKI1X II <pM31IonorlfleCKI{X oco6eHHocTeJI opraHII3Ma, CKJIa,n;bIBa:IO-
IlU1XC5I B orrpeAeneHHbIX COIJ}IaJIbHbIX M rrpMpO,lJJThIX ycnoBIDIX. KOHCTMTYl(l!O-
Ha,,1IbHble oco6eHHOCTM rrp05IBJUllOTC5I TaIOKe B peaK1UillX OpraHI13?vla Ha pa3Hble
B03,I:(enCTBlffi (TewmepaTYpHble, 60JIeB:ble, pa3IDflIHble HarpY3KJ111 TIp.). BHellIHe1fY
CTpoeHJ1IO Tcna COOTBeTcTByeT onpe,n:eJIeHHOe paCIIOnO)KeHIfe opraHOB II I{)( BHj'T-
peHHee cTpoeI-llie. B aHaT01\fMII npHH5ITO pa3JIW-IaTh TpM TMrra KOHCTI1TYl(MI1 (Teno-
CJIO.>KeHHJI) qeJIOBeKa (pMC. 9).
!JOJlUXOMOprjJHblzl (aclnenuLfecKuu) - BbICOIOII111JIM BbIllle cpen;Hero pOCT, OTHO-
C!'ITeJIbHO KopOTKoe TynoBMwe, lvfaJIa5I OKp)')KHOCTb rpy,II}I, cpe,L:(illIe MJIII Y3KMe
rrneT.JJI, ,lL]IMHHble HIDk.a.rr.rne KOHeQHOCTII, larrb:dt yron HaKJIOHa Ta3a. BHj'TpeHHo-
CTI1 06bIQHO JIe)l(aT HIDKe, KaK 6bI orryru:eHbI, II no pa3fepaM omI IeHbllIe, qeM Y
IIH,J;IIBM,I(YY110B ,UpyrlfX TI1ll0B. KpO!\1e Toro, y JIlIU aCTeHlflIeCKoro TeJIOCJIO)l(eHM51
OTHOCMTeJIbHO BenMK 06'be!vf opraHOB HepBHOll CHCTe!\-fbI.

16 ::3e.:.-,e
AOnIl1XOMop<pHbl Me30Mop<pHbl 6paxIl1MOp<pHbl
(aCTeHII1LjeCKII1) (HopMOCTeHII1LjeCKII1) (rll1nepCTeHII1LjeCKII1)
P&.1c. 9. TIlIIbI KOHCnrryIl,llI1 qeJIOBeKa.
EpaXUA10prjJHblU (2UnepCnzeHUtteCKUU) CpeLUillM llJIH HIDKe Cpe,n:HerO pOCT,
OTIIOCHTeJIhHO ,1J)IHHHoe TYJIOBHrn;e, 3Hat!I1TeJIbHbli1 06'beM rpy,n:H H )J(HBOTa, OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO lIIHpOIGle I1JIelfiI, KOpOTKI1e KOHe"lllIOCTM, 60JIbiliOM yrOJI HaKJIOHa Ta3a.
BHYTPeHHl1e opraHbI OTHOCl1TeJIbHO 60JIbIIIerO pa3Mepa 11 JIe)KaT BblIIIe, qeM y
rrpe,n:CTaBI1TeJIei1 ,n:pyrI1X TI1IIOB KOHCTl1TYIJI1ll.
Me30JV10prjJllbllf (HopAtOcmeHUttecKUU) - cpe,n:HIIM THIT, 3aHHMaIOllJ,HH rrpO:Nle)K)'-
TOQHOe rrOJIO)KeHHe. Oco6eHHOCTbIO rrpe.n:CTaBI1TeJIei1: ,n:aHHoro TMrra 5IBlliIeTC5I,
KaK rrpaBllJIO, rrpoIIopUI10HaJIbHOe cTpoeHI1e TeJIa II ,n:OCTaTOqHO XOpOlliO pa3BI1-
Ta5I M)'cKYJIaTYpa.
AHaTortllf11eCKaH TepMUHOJIOIIDI. AHaTollIqeCKHe TepMHHbI CJI)')KaT ,n:JI5I 0603Ha-
qelll15I II onI1caHI15I OT)JeJIbHbIX aHaTOMWIeCKI1X 06pa30BaHHM. OHI1 HrpaIOT cyrn:e-
CTBeHHYID pOJIh He TOJIhKO B 1\.fe,n:l1IlliIICKOH rrpaKTI1Ke, HO II B rrCI1XOnOrlll1, TaK KaK
5IBlliIIDTC5I TepivfI1HOo6pa3yJOIIH1MJ1 nOIDITIDIMJ1. Cym:eCTByeT CrrelJJ1aJIbHa5I aHa-
mOMUttecKafl HOMeHKJlal11ypa, B KOTOpOH rrpI1Bo,n:l1TC5I cl1cTervlaTl1QeCKI1H nepeqeHb
Bcex aHaTO,fMQeCKI1X TepMHHOB, B TOM QllCJIe 11 no HepBHOH CI1CTeMe. B ,n:aHHOM
yqe6Ho1f rrOC06HI1 aHaTOrnqeCKJ1e TepMI1HbI ,n:aIOTC5I ITO Me)l(l{yHapo,n:HOM aHaTO-
MI1QeCKOH HOMeHKJIaTYpe, rrpl1IDITOH <De,n;epaTMBHbIM KOMI1TeTOM rro aHaTOMWIe-
CKOM TepMMHOJIonrn: (FCAT, 1998).
HIDKe nplffiOllliTC5I rrepeqem HeKOTopbIX Han60JIee qaCTO yrrOTpe6lliIeMbIX
aHaTOMWIeCKI1X TepMHHOB.
Ilepe,[(HI1M (anterior)
,n:I1CTaJIbHbIM (6onee YJ(aJIeHHbIM; distalis)
,n:OpCaJIbHbUf (CIII1HHOlf; dorsalis)
BepXHI1M (superior)
fonoBHoM (cranialis)
<DpoHTaJIbHbIM (frontalis)
fOpl130HTaJIbHbIM (honsontalis)
JIaTeparrbHbIM (60KOBOM; lateralis)
Cpe.n:I1HHbIM (medianus)
Hap)')KHbIM (extemus)  BHYTpeHHI1M (intemus)
COMaTI1QeCIGrti (TeJIeCHbIM; somaticus)  BHyrpeHHocTHbIM (visceralis)
IlpaBbIM (dexter)  JleBbIM (sinister)
 3a.n:HHM (posterior)
 npoKcID\'IaJIbHbIM (6onee 6nI13KI1i1; proximalis)
 BeH1'paJIbHbIll (6pIOIliHOM; ventralis)
 HIDKHHM (inferior)
 XBOCTOBOM (caudalis)
 CarI1TIaJIbHbIM (sagitta lis)
 BepTUKaJIbHbIM (verticalis)
 Me;LI:I1aJIbHbIM (6nIDKe K cepe,n:I1He; nzedialis)

r nasa 1
05LU.ASI AHATOMiJlSI
HEPBHOM CiJlCTEMbl
m:j ...
, ,
:..' \ 'Th",*&'lW
Bce opraHbI 11 qaCTH TeJIa qeJIOBeKa TeCHO B3aI1Mo,n:ei1cTBYIDT le)l()lY co6oil, o6ec-
IIet.IMBan eCTeCTBelllThle aKThI )K}f3He,n:eHTeJIbHocrn: nlillleBapeI-llie, ,lU>IXaHI1e, pa3-
MHO)l(eH11e, nepeMemeHlle B rrpOCTpaHCTBe, a TaIOKe pa3JIWIHble K0111ryH1IKaIllII1 C
q;reHarvrn COl{MYMa. ,lLJrn Toro Iffo6bI opraIDI3f cP)'HKI..I}IOIDIpOBaJI KaK eLIIIHoe IJ:e-
JIoe, Heo6xo,lU1Ma COrJIaCOBaHHa5I pa60Ta Bcex COCTaBJI5IIOnu1X ero 3JIeMemOB.
OqeBll,lUfO, 1.ffO B cnO)KHO YCTpoeHHorvf rv1HOrOKJIeTOq}{011 OpraHI13Me 3TO MO)l(eT
6bITb ,n:ocrnrnyTo cne,IIyIOIIDIMM rryT5IMJ1: a) npl1 J1epapXlflIeCKOM opraIDf3aIJ:I1I1
CB5I3eti: Me)l(,[(y KJIeTKa1lli, TKalffiMH M opraHaMJ1, OCHoBaHHoti: Ha corro,rr-rnHeHllli
O,n:Hl1X YPOBHeti: opraHI13aIJ:ill1 ,n:pyrHf; 6) npM Ha.JIWlliM CrreIU1a.JlbHbIX CHCTeM
BHYTpeHIDIX KO!vfMYHlIKaIJ:MM, 06eCrreQJ1BalOllII1X COrJIaCOBaHHYIO pa6oT)' olWo-
BpeMeHHO orpOMHoro "llliCJIa KJIeTOK :11 opraHOB. B COrJIaCOBaHI1M Bcex <PYHKUJ10-
I-llipYIDIIU1X B opraHI13Me MHorO"lfI1CJIeHHbLX aHaT011WIecKliX CTpYKTYP B TOq}{OM
COOTBeTCTBIIM C pea.JThHOM CMTYaIDIetI M 06CTaHOBKOM B OKp)')KaIOmeM cpe,n:e rJIaB-
Ha5I pOJTh rrpl1Ha)lJIe)KI1T Hep6Hoii cucmeMe (pIIC. 10).
HepBHa5I CMCTeMa KaK MHTerpaTIffiHbrM (o6'be.II.HIDIIOIUIDI) arrIIapaT, yrrpaBJUIIO-
I1.J)1M rrOBe,L(eIllieM OpraHI13Ma, rr05IBlliIeTC5I nM1.l.Ib Ha onpe,n:eneHHOM 3TaIIe 3BOlliO-
illfOHHoro pa3BMTJiI5I. 3TO CBM.II:eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, 1ffO rrOBe,n:eIDIe no Kpai1HeM Mepe
npoCTeMIill1X opraHll3MOB B03rvrO)KHO Ha OCHOBe ,n:pyrI1X npIIHIU1IIoB, B qaCTHOCTII
TaKCI1Ca. TaKCUC - 3TO o6rn:a5I peaKIUUI OTHOCMTeJThHO rrpOCTbIX OpraHM31IOB Ha
BHeI1lliI1e B03,n:eMCTBIDI, npM KOTOpOI1: I1X IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHa5I opMemalU15I M rrepe-
1eIl(eHIDI onpe,n:eJI5IIOTC5I CI1JIOM 3TI1X BHeI.IIHllX B03LIeI1:cTBIDl: HaJlJ{q}IeM :mrn.u1,
5IpKOrO CBeTa M T. II., rrOJIO)l(JITeJIbHO llJlli OTpMI.J:aTeJIbHO B.JIIDllOIIU1X Ha OpraHI131L
C <pOpMMpOBaHMe1 HepBHOll CMCTeMbI II05IBlliIIOTC5I I1Hble c;POpMbI rrOBe,n:e-
HM5I, OCHOBaHHble Ha perftJleKcax - 60nee TOqHbIX peaKIDUIX OpraHI13Ma Ha
1:0KaJIbHble B03)1;ellCTBlliI CIITHaJIOB, rrocTyrraIOmI1X 113 BHelliHeM Cpe,lXbI (pl1c. 11).
B xOJJ:e 3BOJIIOIJ:MM B <pOpMMpOBaHl111 rrOBe,n:ernrn )Kl1]3bIX cyw:eCTB npMo6peTa-
lOT Ba)l(HOe 3HaqeHlIe He TOJIbKO BHeIIIHl1e CMrHaJIbI, BbI3bIBaIOIlU1e pa3LI:pa)l(eHMe
II 3anYCK pec;PJIeKCOB, HO M BHYTPeHIllie <paKTOphI B cPopIe pa3JIWIHbIX rrOTpe6HO-
CTeH, a 3aTeM M MOTJ1BOB.
Hap5I)Iy C BpO)l()];eHHbIIM rvlexaHI13Marvlli, 06ecrrelfiIBalOI.lU1MI1 CTepeOTIIIIHble
<pOpMhI rrOBe,II;ernrn )Kl1]30THbIX, cyrn:eCTBeIllIaH pOJIh B pa3BMTIlli HepBHOM CMCTe-
lliI npJ1HaMe)I(J1T HayqeHI1IO, qTO B KOHeqHOM MTore rrpMBo,n:MT K <popMMpOBa-
HMIO paccy,n:O"lffiOll ,n:e5ITeJIbHOCTl1, xapaKTepHOM.ILJUI BhICIllI1X rrpMMaTOB.
2. AHaTOMSI HepBHO CCTeMbi

18
rnasa 1
nneYeBOeCnneTeHe
HepSbl sepxHet1
KOHe4HOCT
l1e)Kpe6epHble HepSbl
nOCHYHO-KpeCTuosoe
cnneTeHe
'I
J roJlOBHOV1 M03r
-,
I
cnV1HHOV1 M03r
P",c. 1 o. HepBHa5I CMCTeJ\1a qeJIOBeKa.
:s:
s
enoseK ::r
2

npMaTbl 0
Ie
(I)
MneKo- )s
0
nTafOw.e :.::
0
C1>
:T
3eMHo- s
L.
BOAHble 0
c:
0
Pbl6bl :s:
\0
C1>
KWeYHO- s
:2:
nonOCTHble cv

Ie
npocTet1we ca
c.
I::
ca
::J:
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o
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ca

P",c. 11 . H3MeHeHM5I <pOpM rrOBe,n:eHH5I no M:epe YCJIO)I(HeHIDI HepBHoiI CMCTeJ\-IbI B <p1uloreHe3e.
?-::.:;
..:.::. :-":
.......
.-: : :.. -.-
.: t e.:_:.:..
:.........: I:,
t ....... *.-: :.::
f:':..:: :.::
:..:... :::-;.;:.
:.:::\.:.; :
-. ....... ........
::\'....:..:: :
.;.:'"..': -. -..
.". ::..:!: .::..
.. .. .. a. llI . . .
. .........
::-.'. :....
...:-:...:...
.: ::;::
..:::
..
Pecpr.eKCbl
V1HCTII1HKTbl
HaY4eHII1e
PaCCYA04Has:l
Aes:lTeJ1bHOCTb
..
3BOntol..\l<1S1 <l>opM nOBeAeHI<1S1

06a aHaTOMlt1 HepsHot1 C1CTeMbl 19
Ta6n!lll..ta 1. CPYHKUL1 HepSHOt/1 Clt1CTeMbl
AHGJlU3 uHQJop.;\tau,uu
(aHOJlUnlUlJeCKOJl rjJYHKl{UJl)
U3 8HynlpeHHeu
cpeabl
U3 BHeUIHeu
cpeabl
.'@: -A
· I1HTcpopcuenlIIUI
.rrponpnopeuenuu5I
· Becrn6YJUIpHbIM
a rrrr apaT
· 060Hmure
· 3pcHue
· C.rryx
· Bk'Y C
· OC5I3aHUe
PeZ}'flJlI(llJl
rjJYHKl{uii opZaHU3},ta
(pc ZYIlJlnlOpH aJl
qJYHKl( Ufl)
JfHJ1'leZpanlU8HaJl
aeJllne..1bHocnlb
( rPYHKI{UJl)
.-...  - ..
· LI:bIXaHue
· I1nrn: e BapeHue
· KpoBoo6pameHue
· BO;:I:HbIM 6ai'IaHC
· CoxpaHeHlfe
rOleOCTa3a
· I1o;rO)KeHUe TeJIa
II ero qacTeil
· JIOKOfOUlf5I
· PenpO,LI)'KIDUI
TIaUITh
· KOOp,TIIHaUIUI
<PYHKIIUll
opraHIf3Ia
· l.f)'BCTBOBaHUe
· I1rHopupoBaHue
· BHU),lamle
· COR
· A1arrrauu5I
· 06YQeHlIe
}:HCln8eHH aR
aeJlffJe/lbHocn1b
(ncuxuKa)
. (..::::::;:-
· PnCOBaHue
· Boo6pa)KeHUe
· Pe1-Ib
· nMCb{O
· LITe Hue
· BbNlICJleHne
· C03II,I{aRlie
· I103HaHMe
· OC03HaHUC
c06CTBeHHoro
«5I.»
.-:.{:::t=B:::::f t.;::-::::;$.::::::: t:::..":= :5.:::::::::::::::::::::::: :: :  ::::; ::;; :Wg-m::::::: :::;:::::::.::::: ::::::::::i:::::::.::::: i    : :;:"$*.: *::::: f: :: :::: ::::;:::;::;:.  :;  ::::: :: . :::=:=: : ;:. X=::  :  ;::::::.:;::;:
cD)'lIKllJ111 HepBHOII CIICTe1-1bI )J:OCTaT01ffiO MHoroo6pa3HbI (Ta6n. 1). OHa KOH-
TpOJII1pyeT M KOOP.D:MHMpyeT pa60TY pa3HbIX opraHOB 11 pa3HbIX CI1CTeM opraHOB,
06'be,LJJIHillI lIX Tef caMbHvf B u.enOCTHbI11, <p)'HKlI.HOHaJIbHO e/1J;IIHbIll opraHI131L
Ba:>I<HOll <pyHKIJlIeil HepBHOll CI1CTe11bI 5IBJrneTC5I 06eCrreQeHHe B3aMfo,n:errCTBII5I
\fe)K,L1,y OpraHI13l\101-f M OKPY'.A<:aIOIl.(eI1: ero cpe,n:oll. ITocpe,n:CTBOl\1 opraHoB qyBCTB II
crre:QMaJlbHbIX qynCTBMTeJlbHblX HepBHbIX OKOFIaHMi"t, pacrrOnO)KeHHbIX B KO)I(e,
BHYTPeHHI1:X opraHax II CKeneTHbIX 1'IbIIIIIlax, HepBHa5I C11CTeMa rrOCT05IHHO rrOJIY-
'-IaeT 1IH<poplaUMIO 0 COCT05IHTAM BHellIHen 11 BHYTPeHHeil cpe)I,bI. TaKJI1 o6pa-
30M, ,n:e5ITeJlbHOCTb HepBHOll CIICTe1\IbI, C OLI:HOI1: CTOpOHbI, HarrpaBJIeHa Ha MHTer-
paUHIO pa60TbI Bcex qaCTet'I OpraHI13Ia, a C )Ipyroll - Ha B3aMfOOTHOlIleHlrn
opraHJtI3!\fa C OKPY)KaIDIUell cpe.n:ORII Ha perYlliIL(I1IO 3TI1X B3aII1fOOTHOllIeHI11I.
<Dym<IlJ10HMpOBaHlle HepBHOM: CIICTeIbI CB5I3aHO C BOCrrplUIT11eM 11 o6pa6oT-
KOI1 pa3Hoo6pa3Ho:ti: CeHCOpI-IOll l1HcPoplaUMH, a TaJOKe MH<popvfaUI10HHbII
06MeHOf 1fe)K)JY pa3.illlqI-IbInI -qaCT5I11M OpraHJ13l\fa 11 BHeillHelr cpelIoi1. ITepe.n:a-
qa HH<l>oplaU:MM 11e)K)J:Y HepBlThI1-IM KTIeTKa1Il1 ocynrecTBJI5IeTC5I B <popl\1e HepBHblx
IL\1I1YJIbCOB. HepBHbIe MfrryJIbCbI B03HI1KaIOT B celIcopHbIX HellpoHax KaK pe3YJIb-
TaT aKTMBalIJIM ILX BOCrrpI1Hl-I1vlaIOIlI.I1X CTpYKTYP, Ha3bIBael\-IbIX pel{eJ11110paMU.
CaMM peu:enTophI aKTI1Bl1pYlOTC5I pa3JIHtIHbIIM 11311eHeHI15IMI1 BO BH)'TpeRReM
cpeJ(e OpraHM31Ia If B OKp)')KaIOrn;et'I ero BHeIllHeH cpe,n:e. CeHcopHbIe He:ti:poHbI
rrepe,n:alOT B03HI1KlllI1e B peu:eIITopax MMllYJIbCbI B crrllHHOll II rOJIOBROR 103r.
3.necb rrpoHcXO,lI,I1T aKTMBaU:IDI ,n:pyr11X He:ti:poHoB M rrepe,L(aqa HepBHbIX Ml\1rrynbcoB
B KOHeq}fOf IITore Ha I\'foToHei1poHDI, JIOKaJIM30BaHHble B orrpe,n:eJIeHHbIX oT,n:enax
crrMHHoro II rOJIOBHOrO 1vI03ra (pMC. 12). MOToHei1poHbI BCTYIIaIOT B KOHTaKT C
pa3JIMqHbIflI 3cp<peKTOpIThIIH (I1CrrOJIIDfTeJIbHbI1IlI) o6pa30BaHI15IMJtI, TaKYHvflI
2 T

20 rnasa 1
Kopa 60J1bWX nOJ1ywap!l1V1 ronOBHoro M03ra
o
t

(0


npOMe)f()'TOYHbIVi
M03r
t
6a3anbHble
s:I,lJ,pa
 
t
.
t
npo,lJ,onroaaTblVi
M03r

Cn!l1HHOVI M03r
PeuenTopHoe none
(ceHcopHoe OKOHyaHlt1e)
3<p<p eK TOp
(Mblwua)
PMC. 12. I1epapxu5I opraHM3RIJ}IM Hei1poHHbIX CB5I3eM B HepBHoM cnCTe1Ie.
KaK MbIlliI(bI, )l(eJIe3bI, KpOBeHOCHble COCYLI:bI, KOTOpble rro.n: BJIlliIHIIeM rrOCTYITalO-
IIIJIX HepBHbIX IIMrryJIbCOB II3!vIeIDIIOT CBOIO pa60TY, rrOBbIIlIa5I IIJIM CHIDKa5I ee
ypOBeHb. IIocpelI:cTBOM CB5I3ei1:, 06eCrreQIIBalOIlJ}IX rrepen:aqy HepBHbIX IIMnYJIbCOB
Me)l()J:Y HepBHbI!vfII KJIeTKaMM, ocynreCTBIDIeTC5I II36MpaTebHOe 06'belitIHeHMe
(IIHTerpaI(IDI) peuerrTOpHOrO arrrrapaTa II 3<p<peKTOpHOrO arrrrapaTa, peaJII13yrome-
ro OTBeTH)'lO peaKIlIIIO OpraHM31a.
HepBHa5I Cl1CTeMa 06JIa)I;aeT TaIOKe IIarnTblO - CrrOC06HOCTblO XpaIDITb II Ha-
KarrJIMBaTb 3HatfiI1ryIO ,1J)UI OprarnI31Ia JIH<P0P1faUMlO, rro.rryqaeMyIO M3 BHellIHeii II
BHYTPeHHei1 cpeLIbI.
Hei1:poHbI B HepBHoi1: CMCTe11e 06'belI:J1IDIIOTC5I B HepBHble ceTH, KOTOpble o6ec-
rreQIIBaIOT cn0Aa-IYID KOOPlI:IIIDlpOBaHH)'lO Ae5ITenbHOCTb OpraIDI3Ma. ,[(m:r OpraHM-
3aI(MII HepBHoH CI1CTe!vIbI B I(eJI01vI XapaKTepeH rrp:mm:IIrr MepapXI1:QeCKOrO corro.n:-
qMHeHM5I HettpoHHbIX ceTei1:, CTpYKTypHO I1 <PYHKIJ:MOHaJIbHO CB5I3aHHbIX C
pa3JIlflHbIMM OT.n:eJIaMM M03ra.
1 .1. OTAenbl HepBHoi1 CL1CTeMbl
K HepBHO:H: ctlcTeMe OTHOC5ITC5I 20Jl08HOli M cnUHHoil JW032, a Ta:IOKe PM aHaTO!vIWIe-
CKllX 06pa30BaHMM, Ta:KllX KaK HepBbl, HepBllble Y3Jlbl (2all2JlUU), llepBHble CflflemeHUJl

06Lllsa aHaTOMlI1 HepsHot1 ClI1CTeMbl 21
UEHTPAnbHA
HEPBHA CCTEMA(UHC)
nEPcpEPECKA
HEPBHA CCTEMA(nHC)
r OnOBHOv. M03r
(encephalon)
CnV1HHOLl1
M03r
(medulla
spinalis)
rOnOBHOv.
o T,l], eJ1
(12 nap
4epenHbix
HepBoB)
TYJ10m1UJ.Hblv.
OT,l],en
(31 napa
cnV1HHOM03rOBbIX
HepBoB)
AcpcpepeHTHblVi OTAen
· 38,D.Hl1e KOpeWKl1
Cnl1HHOM03fOBbIX HepSOB
· Y3Jlbi Cnl1HHOM03rOBbIX
l1 4epenHbiX HepBOB
3cpcpepeHTHblt1 OTAen
· nepe,lJ,HV1e KopewKV1
cn1HHOM03rOBbIX
HepBoB
SlI1AbI4YSCTSV1TenbHOCTV1:
COMaTV14eCKas:l HC
· 8KcTepou.enTl1BHas:l
. nponpl10enTl1BHas:l
OpraHbll.fYBCTB
ABTOHOMHas:l HC
. Cl1MnaTl14eCKas:l 4aCTb
· napaCl1MnaTl14eCKafi
4aCTb
· BLttclJ,epanbHbJe
cnneTeHis:l
· LttHTepou.enTBHafi
P'1C. 13. OT,ITenbI HepBHoM CHCTefbI.
J-I rrp. Bce OHM rrOCTpOeHbI rrpetI.MYIIreCTBePJ-IO 3 HepBHOI1 TKaHM, KOTOpaH XapaK-
Tepl13yeTcH cneU:I1<pI1QeCKlI1111 CBoi1cTBa111, a 1111eHHO B036YlIJ{1vl0CTblO II rrpOBO-
MMOCTblO. HapMY C 3TI1Iv1 B nOCTpoeHIIII HepBHOM CHCTe1lbI l1pMHMMalOT yqacTlIe
KpOBeHOCHble COCYlI:bI M COelI:J1IDITeJIbHa5I TKaHb, I1rpaIDIIU1e BcrrO!vforaTeJIbH)T1O
ponb.
HepBH)T1O CIICTeMY rrpl1IDITO pa3,QelliITb Ha leHmpa/lbHYIO 11 nepurjJeplllfeCKYIO.
K .ueHTpaJIbHOM HepBHOM Cl1CTe11e OTHOC5IT 20flOBHOll M cnUHHOU ]t032 (pIlC. 13).
ITepM<peplfqeCKa5I HepBHaH CI1CTeMa OCYJ-I.LeCTBJUIeT CBH3b ronOBHoro 11 CTIIIH-
Horo M03ra co BceMM OpraHal\lIM TeJIa. K rrepM<pepl1qeCKOM HepBHoM CliCTeIv1e
OTHOCHT HepBbl, HepBHble CJ1JlenleHUJl, HepeHble Y3Jlbl (2G1l2JlUU) 11 CmBOJlbl.
B HepBHoM CllCTeMe BbI,11eJI5IlOT arjJrjJepeHmHblu I1 3rjJrjJepellmHblu omaeJlbl.
IIocne,11I-II1M rrOJI:pa3JI:ellillOT Ha COMaTtIQecKI1i1: (aIDIMaJIbHbIM) M aBTOH011HbIM
(BereTaTIIBHbrn). COJ.,tamUlfeCKa51 (OT rpeq. soma - Teno) HepellaJl cucmeMa MHHep-
BMpyeT KO)KHble 110KpOBbI Tena, a Ta:lOKe BeCb JI:BI1raTenbHbIM arrrrapaT, B TOM qJ1C-
.1e KOCTM, CYCTaBbI 1111bIIIIUbI. Be2emaln UBllaJl ( OT naT. vegetatio - paCTI1TeJThHbIM),
lIJIM aen10110}rtHaJl, llepellG5l cucnle.J\ta I1HHepBMpyeT BHYTPeHHlle opraHbI, KpOBe-
HOCHble COCY,QbI 11 )I(eJIe3bI, KOHTponMpY5I 11 perynMpY5I Te!v1 CaMbIM 06MeHHble
rrpou:eCCbI B OpraHM3Me. OJI:HaKO CJIe,rryeT Bcerrra rrOMHMTh, qTO perymmlliI )KJ13He-
..1e5ITeJIbHOCTM OpraHM3Ma rrpOTeKaeT rrpM rapMOHl1tffi01vI COQeTaHI1M pa60TbI Bcex
OT,n:eJIOB HepBHOH CI1CTeMbI.
Ha pMC. 14 rrpen:CTaBneHbI OCHOBHble OTlI:enbI ronOBHoro I1 crrI1HHoro M03ra M
rrocne,QOBaTeJIbHOCTb MX pacrrOJIO)KeHIDI. FO.floelloil M032 (encephalon) BKJIIOqaeT

22 r Jlasa 1
UEHTPAJ1bHASI HEPBHA5I CVlCTEMA
r0110BHO M03r
KOHe4HblW M03r
. Kopa M03ra
. 6a3al1bHbie flApa
npOMe)KYT04HbIM M03r
CTBOl1 M03ra
. cpeAH M03r
. MOCT
. npOAOl1rOBaTbl M03r
M03>Ke40K
Cn"HHO M03r
. weHblVi OTAel1
. rPYAHO OTAel1
. nOs:lCHL-1IHbl OTAel1
. KpecTu.OBbl OTAel1
. KOn'-IV1KOBbILl1 OTAeJi
PVlC. 14. OT,n:eJIbI rOJIOBHOrO II CllHHHoro 1-103ra.
KOllettHblU M032 (cerebrum), B KOTOpO1 BbmeJillIOT neBoe l1 rrpaBoe rronyrnapl15I
(llemispheriae cerebri), Ka)l(lIOe l13 KOTOpbIX B CBOIO Oqepe,n;b BKJIIOqaeT KOpy J1032a,
6efloe BeU(ecmeo l1 6G3a.:1bHble .flapa; npol'rleJlcynzolfHblll JU032; cpeallUll ln032, lvtoCJn,
npOaO/120BamblU .114032 M Jr103J1CelfOK. B cnUllllOM Jvt032e pa3JIMqaIOT zueUllblU, 2pyaHOU,
nORcllUlllblU, Kpecml{08blU M KontlUKoeblU OnlaeJlbl.
1.2. Pa3BMTMe HepBHoi1 CL1CTeMbl
Y qenOBeKa, KaK 11 Y Bcex XOp,n;OBbIX, HepBHa.H C11CTe1-fa B rrpoll,ecce 316p11oreHe-
3a <popMl1pyeTC.H 113 o,n;Horo o6m:ero 3aqaTKa - Hap)T)KHoro 3apOlI:bIllieBOro JIl1C-
TKa (3KTo,n;epMbI), M3 TOM ero qaCTM, KOTOpa5I ,I:(OpCaJIbHO rrpMne)KI1T K xop,I:(e M
HOCl1T Ha3BaHl1e Hei1:po3KTo,n;epMbI. TIp0l1CXOlI:11T 3TO Ha 3-i1 He,I:(eJIe BHyTpMYT-
po6Horo pa3Bl1TM.H, Kor,n;a B ,n;OpCaJIbHOM (CIll1HHOM) OTlI:ene 3KTo,n;ep1\fbI o6oco6-

06LLaS1 aHaTOMlI1S1 HepBHO£1 CII1CT8Mbi 23
3aKJ18J].Ka
ronOBHoro M03ra
HepBHblM >Ken060K
XOPAa
HepBHaSl Tpy6Ka
K1WeYHa Tpy6Ka
COMlItTbl
MOTOM
A
XOPAa
KlItWeYHaSl Tpy6Ka
/
MlItOTOM
CnWHHOMo3roBot1
HepB
Ll.enoM
(BTOpYHa
nonOCTb Tena)
J
P",c. 15. <DopM:npoBaHHe HepBHoH CHCTeMbI B 3M6pnoreHe3e. A. 06IlI;I1H BHll. 316pHoHa
qenOBeKa (3-51 He,neillI pa3BHTII5I). E-F. Pa3JIUQHble CTaLIJIH pa3BHTIDI HepBHoit CHCTeIbI:
E -HepBHblti )KeJI060K; B - HepBHa5I TIJy6Ka H HepBHbIH rpe6eHb; r - cPOpMHpoBaHHe
crU1HHOI03rOBblX HepBOB n BereTaTHBHbIX raHrJIHeB.
JIJIeTCJI HepellaJl J1JlaCmUHKa. OqeHb CKOpO, ern:e 11:0 Haqarra 4- M He,IJ,eJIM, HepBHa5I
rrJIaCTMHKa rrocne,n:OBaTenbHO rrpeBparn:aeTCH B HepeHblzl 'J/ceJlo6oK, a 3aTe1 B Hep-
BllYIO nlpy6KY, no 60KaM KOTOpOM pacrrOJIaralOTC5I 2aH2JlUOllapllble nJlaClnUllKU
(pilC. 15).
C caMblX paHllliX cTa,IIJ'IM pa3BI1TIDI oprallli311a YCTaHaBJIllBaeTC5I TeCHaH CB5I3b
1-fe}K)Iy HepBHOI1: TIJy6KOI1: 11 MUOlnOJlaAtU - Te1II1 yqacTKaMII TeJIa 3J\I6plloHa
(coMumalvlu), M3 KOTOpbIX B nOCJIeJIYIOrn:eIvI pa30Bb1OTC5I MbIIIII.XbI. PaHO YCTaHaBnM-
BaeMa.H II rrOCT05IHHaH CB.H3b :M:e)I()Iy HepBHOI1: II J\1blIIIe"lffiOM CMCTeMaMI1 5IBJUIeTCH
He06xo,1J;MMbI1f ycnoBlIe!vf MX HOpMa.i1bHoro pa3BMTlliI.
113 HepBHOM Tpy6KJ1 B 06JIaCTM T)'JIOBIIrn:a BrrOCJIe,1J;cTBI11I pa3BJ1BaeTC5I crrilH-
HOM M03r. B CBoe1 pa3BlITlII1 II CTpOeHI1M OH coxpaIDIeT qepTbI MeTaMepI1M
(cerMeHTapHOCTII). 3TO Bblpa)KaeTC5I B TOJ\f, qTO Ka)I(,UOJ\f)' cerIvfeHTY Tena (COMI1-
1)'), a J1X HaCtfiITbIBaeTCH 34-35, COOTBeTcTByeT orrpe,I:(eneHHbIM yqacToK HepBHoM

24 rJlasa 1
nOrpaHII1YHa 60p03Aa
Me)K)'TOYHa5t 30Ha
Cnll1HHOM03rOBOM Y3ell
KpblllbHa5t nllaCTII1HKa
CnIl1HHOM03roBot1 Heps
6a3allbHa nllaCTII1HKa
nepeAHII1M KopeWOK
UeHTpanbHblM KaHall
Pc. 16. <DYHKIJJIOHaJIbHO pa3Hopo,lIHble -30HbI HepBHoll TPy6KH 316plIoHa.
Tpy6Kll - HeepOJWep, OT KOToporo ocym:eCTBJilleTC5I I1HHepBaIJJl5I 3Toro cerMeHTa.
B o6JIaCTI.1 rOJIOBHOrO KOHDa HepBHa5I TIJy6Ka B CM}IY HepaBHo1fepHoro pOCTa
OT,L(eJIbHbIX ee lIaCTei1: (QTO 6Y,L(eT 60JIee rrO,L(p06HO paCCMOTPeHO Ern. 4), rrpI106pe-
TaeT <POP!\IY IIOCJIe,L(OBaTeJIbHO CB5I3aHHbIX Ie)l(Jly co6oi1: Tpex M0320ebiX nY3blpeu:
nepeaHe2o, cpeaHe20 If 3aaHe20 .I\-t032a.
I1ponecc pa3BJ1TIDI BKJIlOQaeT He TOJIbKO YBeJIIP:IeI-ll1e 1lliCJIa KJIeTOK 1I KaK
CJIe.n:CTBI1e HapaCTaHIle MaCCbI Tena If opraHOB, HO Ii KaqeCTBeHHble lIX rrpeo6pa30-
BaIDUI, 06YCJIOBillIBaIOIl{Me nOCJIe1JYIOIII)'lO <PYHKIJJIOHaJIbH)'lO CrreU}IaJIM3aUI11O
KJIeTOK (pI1c. 16). MHorne CBOI1CTBa HepBHbIX KJIeTOK orrpe,L(eJUIIOTC5I MX f.,IeCTO-
nOJIO)l(eHlieM (ToIIorpa<pMei1:) B HepBHoH TJJy6Ke, M 3TII CBOMCTBa coxpalliIlOTC5I
npM Bcex rrOCJIe,11y:IOIl{MX npeo6pa30BaHIDIx I-IepBHoi1: CMCTefbI.
KaK rrOKa3aHO Ha pRC. 16, B BeHTpaJIbHOM (I1JlM HIDKHerr) qaCTR HepBHoM
Tpy6KlI, nOJIyqI1BlIIeM Ha3BaHlle 6G3aflbllOU nJlaCmUllKU, paCIIOJIO)KeHbI I-IepBJ-Ible
KJIeTKM, KOTopble M3HaQaJIbHO YCTaHaBJII1BaJOT KOHTaKT C pa3BMBaJOIlIlffMC5I
MbnlIeq}fbIIH 3JIeMeHTafI1 M B rrpODecce ,11aJIbHellrnero pa3BMTIDI )J;aIOT HaLIaJIO
MOTOpHbIM (:1:BMraTeJIbHbIf) Hei1:poHaM, MJII1 MOToHei1poHaM. HepBRble KJIeTKI1,
KOTopble pacrlf)JIaraIOTC5I 3a rrpe,11eJIaMM ueHTpaJIbHOll HepBHoH CMCTeMbI, a K HHM
OTHOC5ITC5I Bce 1,lyecnleUnZeJlbHble (IIJII1 arjJrjJepeHnlHble) Hei1:pOHbI I1 TaK Ha3bIBae'1ble
rrepM<pepllqeCKMe Hei1:poHbI aBTOHOIHOI1 (BereTaTIffiHOI1:) HepBHoM CMCTeibI, pa3-
BMBaIOTC5I M3 2aH2JlUOHapllb1X l1JlaClllUHOK, pacrrOnO)KeHHbIX no 60KaM OT HepBHoH
TPy6KI1. B ,[(OpCaJIbHOi1: (CIII1HHOll) QaCTI1 HepBHoi1: TPy6KlI, KOTOpa5I rronyqI1JIa
Ha3BaHlfe KpblflbllOU nflGClllUHKll, pacrrOJIaraIOTC5I HepBHble KJIeTKI1, KOTopble Bbl-
IIOJIIDIlOT pOJIb eCmae0l111blX HellpoHoe, MJII1 uHnzepHellpoHoe, 3aMbIKaIOIIJ:I1X CB5I3b
Me)K,L(Y QYBCTBRTeJIbHbIMI1 M ,[(BI1raTeJIbHbIMI1 HeI1pOHaMlf. 3Ta qaCTb HepBHoH
TPy6KI1 HaM60JIee rrO,11Bep)KeHa I13MeHeHIDIM B nponecce pa3BMTIffi HepBHoi1: CMC-
TeMbI. Ha rpaHMue Ie)l(Jly 6a3aJIbHOI1 II KpbIJIbHOH I1JIaCTI1HKaMM pacrrOJIO)KeHa
Me;)/cymOtfllafl 30Ha, B KOTOpOH JIOKaJIH3y:IOTC5I Hei1poHbI, CB5I3aHHble C BereTaTMB-
HOM HepBHoM CRCTeMOM II I1HHepBaUMeM EH)'TpeHIDIX opraHOB.
1.3. HepBHaSi TKaHb
HepBHa5I TKaHb COCTOlfT M3 HepBI-IbIX KJleTOK - HeupOlloe (pI1c. 17), crroco6HbIX K
B036)')K)J:eHI1IO M rrpOBe.n:eHI1IO HepBHbIX If11rrynbcoB, II HeUp02flUu - OC06blX Ki1e-

06w.a aHaTOM1t1 HepsHot1 CLt1CTeMbl 25
PI-1C. 17. MHKponpenapaTbI HeI1poHoB 1\f03ra. x200. A. OKpallIHBaHHe no [OJIb,D)KH.
E. OKpaIlII1BaHUe no HI1CCJIlO.

26 rIlasa 1
TOK, KOTophle, oKp)')Ka5I HeMpoHhI, BbIIIOnI-I5IIOT no OT1:lOlIIeHI1IO K l-IM113alllJITh y 'IO
J1 Tpo<pIPleCKYIO <PYHKIJJ1ll.
1.3.1.. Hei1poHbl
COfJIaCHO «Hei1:pOHHOll j:LOKTpl1He», CcPOp1f)'JIl1pOBaHHoM C. Pa1'[OH-I1- KaXCL1el\-1:l,
HepBHbIe ¥..JleTKJ1- HeupoHbl- 5IBJIHlOTC5I C'CHOBl-IbIi\IJ1 CTp)'KTypHbL"\IM 11 cPYHKUI1-
OHaJIbHbHvUI elII1I-rnlIafn HepBHOJ1 C11CTelbr. 3Ta n:OKTpl1Ha 6a3lIpyeTC5I Ha CJIe.rry-
lOI..UILX OCHOBHbIX rrO.TrO)Ke:rnI5Ix.
. Ka)l(]:Jpn1: Hei1poH 5IBlliIeTC5I aHaTOIIflecKoi1: e)J}IHMuetI. 3TO 03Hat.JaeT, "LITO
HenpoH rrpe,n;CTaBJTJIeT C060I1: KJleTJ<y, B KOTOpOI1:, KaK 11 B ,n:pyrl1X KJIeTKaX,
IfleeTC5I 5IJJPO 11 UllTOIIJIa3Ma. CHap)')Kl1 HepBHa5! KJIeTKa OKp)')KeHa 060JIOQ-
KOH - IIJIa3MaTI111eCKOM leM6paHOM, IIJll1 ILTIa3MaJIeM1Yl0tL B l(l1TOITJIa3Ivre
He:tIpoHa COlI,ep)l(aTC5I OpraHeJDThI o6rn:ero 3HaqeHl15I: 3Hl(OI1JIa3MaTI1LIecIGlli
peTln<yJIy11, p1160COMhI, MHTOXOH)lpJ1J1lf T. II., a TaIOKe CrreW1aJlbHble OpraHeJI-
JIbI: HeiipocjJu6pUJ1.l1bl, nOCTpoeHHble ll3 6eJIKOBbIX MOJIeKYJI JI)II1HI-Ible TOHKlle
orropHbIe IDITI1, 11 /11U2pOUanoe eeU{eCnleO, l1JllI eellJ,ccnleo HUCCJl51, rrpe,JJ;CTa:BJUI-
IOlI(ee C060H yqaCTIaI illITOITJIa31vfbI C 60JTbIillIM co,n:ep)KaHMeM P1160COM.
. Ka)K)Thn1 HeJfpOH 5IBJIHeTC5I reHeTl1QeCKot'I e,I:(l1HHl.(e:tt Pa3B11Ba5ICh 113 3M6-
plfOH3.J1bHOli HepBHOI1 KJIeTKH - Hei1:po6JIaCTa, - paC110JIO)KeHHOll B I-IepB-
HOI1 1J>y6Ke I1JI11 B raHfJI110HapHo:t'r IIJIaCTl1HKe, Ka:)K,lXbI:H: HeMpOH CO,1Xep:>IGIT
reHeTWIeCKI1 3arrporpaM11l1pOBaHHbIll KO,I.(, onpe.n:eJI5IIOIIDIt'I crreUI1<pIIKY
ero CTpoeIDI5I, 1IeTa6oJI11311a 11 CB5I3ei1: C COCe,I.(H11Mll HeilpOHaMH (p11c. 18).
OCHoBHble CBH3lf Hei1:pOHOB reHeTIPiCCKII 3arrporpaMMl1pOBaHbI. O,n:HaKo
3TO He 11CKJTIOQaeT B03MO)KHOCT11 MO,I.(11<p11KaIJJ111 Hel1pOHHbIX CB5I3eI1: B npo-
uecce 11H11Bl1yanhHoro pa3BMTM5I rrpl1 o6yqeH1111 H <pOpM11pOBaH11M
pa3JI}fl:IlThIX HaBbIKOB.
. Ka)K];bIll Hei1:pOH 5IBlliICTCJI <PYHKIU10HaJIbHO:H: e,I.(11IDIlieH. I1HbIMI1 CJIOBa-
111, Ka)K,I(hII1: Hei1:poH rrpe,n:CTaBlliIeT C060H TY 3JIeMeHTapHYIO CTpYKlYPY,
KOTOpa5I cnoco6Ha BOCrrp11Hl1l\1aTb pa3,I.(pa)J(eHlle 11 B036)')K,[(aTbC5I, a TaIOKe
rrepe,lJaBaTb B036)')K,[(eHMe B <popMe HepBHoro llMIIyJIbCa COCe)];Hl1M Hei1po-
HaI\f JtIJIlf HHHepBI1pyeMbINI opraHaM 11 MbIllluaMe
. Ka)K)J,bn1: Hei1:poH rrpe,I.(CTaBlliIeT C06011 rrOJillp113aUllOHH)1O e,I:(11IDIUY, T. e.
OH rrpOBO,IJ:11T HepBHbIM M1vlrryJIbC TOJIbKO B O,I.(HOM HarrpaBJIellli11. B CllJIY
3Toro OTpOCTKI1 Hel1pOHa nO)Jpa3eJI5IlOTC5I Ha aeHapUlnbl, KOTophle rrpOBO-
,I:(5IT B036]')¥JJ:eHl1e K Teny HeRpOHa, 11 aKCOll, H..TIl1 Heupunl, rrpOBOIDIIUI1M B03-
6)')K,[(eHl1e OT TeJIa K.JleTKI1.
. Ka)K,I(hn1: Hel1pOH eCTb pe<pJIeKTOpHa5I e)JI1HHua. Hel1pOH 5IBJIHeTC5I 3JIeMeH-
TapHOI1: COCTaBHOM QaCTbIO TOM I1JI11 11HOM pe<pJIeKTOpHol1,I:(yI11, no KOTOpOM
1 PaMOH-M-KaxaJIb CaHTh5IrO (1852-1934) KpynHetiIllHH IICnaHCK1IH HetipoaHaToM. B 1906 r.
B1eCTe C KaMMJ1JIO [OJIbD:)KJ1 YJJ.OCToeH H06eJleBCKOll npeI\UIH 3a pa60ThI no 1I3yqeHMlO HetipoHHoro
CTpoeHU5I HepBHoH CMCTeMbI.

06w.a}1 aHaTOMlI1 HepsHot1 ClI1CTeMbl 2
nV1paMV1AHbl
HepOH
ABynY4K08a
KneTKa

f:'
KneTKa nYPKV1Hbe
Kop3V1H4aTbl
V1HTepHet1poH
MOToHet1poH
PMC. 18. <DopfHpOBaHJ1e pa3HbIX TJ1IIOB HenpoHoB M3 Hei1:po6JIaCToB.
ocyrueCTBlliIeTCH rrpOBe,1];eI-llie HMrrynhcoB B HepBHOll CI1CTeMe OT pel(enTO-
pOB, BOCnpI1HMMaIOIllllX cpe.n;OBhle B03.n:enCTBIDI, )]:0 3<p<peKTOpHhIX opra-
HOB, yqacTBy:IOI1.D1X B OTBeTHOll peaKUMl1 Ha 3TH B03.n:ellCTBIDI.
. Ka)J([(hIll Hei1:poH HBn5IeTCH naTOnOf:HQeCKOI1: e.n;MHI1u:ell. JII06aH qaCTh Hep-
BHOll KJIeTKII H ee OTpOCTKOB, OT,[(eJIeHHaH rryreM nOBpe)l()J;eHIDI OT ee TeJIa,
rroTII6aeT II rro.n;BepraeTCH pacrra,IXy, J1nII .n;ereHepaU:I1J1. XOT.H pa3JIWIHhle
Heti:poHbI no-pa3H011Y pearnp)'1OT Ha nOBpe)K)I,eHI1e, TeM He MeHee npH
.n:OCTaTOqHO 06llllipHOM IIOBpe)I(j(e:mn1 U:HTOIIna3I I1JIl15I1I.pa nI06oro HeM-
pOHa OH IIorn6aeT.
IIor:H6nrne HenpOHhI He B03MeIllaIOTC.H. B CJIyqae llX r116en:H IIOCJIe pO)l()J;eHlffi
QJ1cno HeMpOHOB He MO)KeT 6:bITh BOCIIOJIHeHO. TeM He MeHee rrpH IIOBpe)l()J;eHMM
aKCOHa ero BOCCTaHOBJIeHMe B03MO)I(HO nyreM pOCTa OTpOCTKa M BOCC03.n;aHM5I yr-
paqeHHhIX 11M B pe3YJIhTaTe IIOBpe)l()J;eI-lli5I CB5I3eI1:. 3TO Ha6nIO,lJaeTCH B IIepM<pepl1-
qeCKOM HepBHoti: CJ1CTeMe npM rrOBpe)l()J;eIDIM HepBOB.

28 r nasa 1
AeHAPIt1Tbl
Teno HepOHa
Mlt1enlt1HOBa5i
060nOLfKa
nepeXBaT
PaHBbe
ABlt1raTeJlbHOe
HepBHoe
OKOHLfaHlt1e
\
MblweLfHoe . - -
--: -r-_
BOJlOKHO __
A
OKOH4aHLt1 aKCOHOB
Ha Tene Lt1 AeHAPIt1TaX
Het1poHa
MIt1TOXOHAPIt1Lt1
CIt1HanTLt1LfeCKLt1e
nY3bl pbKlt1
CIt1HanTLt1LfeCKa51
w.ellb
nOCTCIt1HanTIt1LfeCKa
MeM6paHa
HeBpo.neMMa
./
/" CapKoneMMa
f29 _
.wr .-:;-  __  e  ;ik.-
.z;-,-  .,... .
 - ;..-    --:.. .-:
r
Pc. 19. CTpOeHI1e Hei1poHa (A), ero TeJIa (E), CI1HarrCa (B) II OKOHQaHIDI (F).
HaI160JIee xapaKTepHOl1 qepTOH cTpoeHillI HenpOHOB 5IBlliIeTC5I HaJII1qJ1e Y HI1X
OTpOCTKOB, C nOforu:bIO KOTOpbLX OHl1 COe,IJ;IfIDIIOTC.H Me)K)JY co6o:n- 11 C I1HHepBI1-
pyel\1bIJ\tlI1 cTpYKTyparvfI1 (lV[bIllielffibIMI1 BOJIOKHaMI1, KpoBeIIOCHbIMI1 cocY,II,aNlli I1
T. n.). ,[(JrMHa OTpOCTKOB OqeHb pa3JI11QHa; B OT,II,eJIbHbIX CJIyqaHX OHa MO)KeT
,1JOCTIITaTb OT 1 ,LI;O 1,5 1\1. TIo q:Hcny OTpOCTKOB rrpMIDITO BbUIeJUITb YllunOJ751pHble
lleupoHbl, J1lelOIUI1e OlII1H OTpOCTOK; 6Un0J151pllble HeiipoHbl - KJIeTKll C ,LI;B)'115I
OTpOCTKaMM M A1YJ7bmUn0J151pHble HeupoHbl, IDfeIOIUI1e 1vfHO)KeCTBO OTpOCTKOB. HaM-
60nee pacrrpoc1'paHeHbI !vrynbTI1IIOJUIpl-Ible HellpOHbI.
I1cTMHHbIX yrII1IIOlliIpHbIX Hei1:poHoB y qenOBeKa HeT. I1IvIeIOTC5I TaK Ha3bIBae-
Mble nceeaOYHunOJ1flpllble (JI O)KH 0 yHI1 II OJUIp Hble ) lleiipollbl, KOTopble o6pa3YIDTC5I
M3 6HIIOJillpHbIX HepBHblx KJIeTOK IIyreM CJIillIIDI5I I1X OTpOCTKOB B O,II,MH. I1ceB,II,O-
yrrnII0n5IpHbIMI1.HBJI5IIOTC5I qyBcTBMTeJIbHble HepBHble KJIeTKll, pacnOnO)KeHHble B
CI1I1HHOM03rOBbIX Y3nax I1 qyBcTBMTenbHbIX Y3nax qeperrHblx HepBoB.
OTpOCTKll HepBHon KJIeTKJ1 HepaBHo3HalffibI B <pyHKDMOHaJIbHOM OTHOllIe-
HI1M, TaK KaK O,LI;HM I13 HI1X IIpOBOIDIT pa3n:pa)KeHI1e K Teny Hei1:poHa - 3TO aeHapU-
nIbl, I1 TonbKO O,LI;MH OTpOCTOK - lleiipunl (aKcoll) - rrpOBolII1T pa3,II,pa)KeHI1e OT
Tena HepBHoi1: KTIeTKI1 I1 IIepen:aeT ero JIM60 Ha ,I:(pyrI1e Hei1poHbI, JII160 Ha 3<PcPeK-
TopHble CTpYKTYpbI (B qaCTHOCTII, Ha 1fbIllIetffible BOnOKH:a) (pMC. 19). bJIaro,n;ap5I

06w.a aHaTOM!I1 HepBHoi1 CL;1CTeMbl 29
a3BeTBJIeH:mo aKCOHa B036)')K,1IeHYle OT O,I:(HOrO Hei1:poHa o,I:(HoBpeMeHHo rrepeLIa-
eTCH MHOrMM HepBHbIM KJIeTKaIvL B pe3ynbTaTe ocyrueCTBlliIeTCH pacrrpe.n:eneHMe
OCTYIIaJOIlIet'r C HepBHbIMM MmyJThCaMI1 I1HcPopMamllI !vfe)l([(Y MHOrI1MJ1 Herrpo-
Ha.fI1, QTO COCTaBlliIeT OLI:I1H I13 3JIeMeHTOB aHaJII1TIflIeCKOll LIeHTeJIbHOCTM HepB-
!..fOll CIICTe11:bI. <DYHKIJ}IOHfuibHa5I pa3HopOllliOCTb OTpOCTKOB HepBHorr KJIeTKI1
06eCrreQMBaeT HarrpaBJIeHHYJO nepeLIaqy HepBHoro B036Y'A([[eHIDI. MYJIbTMnOJillp-
HOCTb MHorlIX Hei1pOHOB c03LIaeT YCJIOBIDI ,lIJI5I O,lUIOBpeMeHHoro BOCrrpII5ITIDI I1
o6pa6oTKII Ka)I([[bIlvf HerrpOH01f pa3JIWIHbIX IIOTOKOB J1HcPop!vfaIJ;I1M, qJ'O JIe)K}rT B
OCHOBe CI1HTeTlf1IeCKOrr ,nemeJIbHOCTM HepBHOH CMCTeMbI.
5iAPO
HepoHa
11".; "...'
,':iJ I I
. . ,..
HepBHble
OKOHYaHl1
. \M 
!Mf;:
"
"!fll
. .,'1\1 \\\ ,: -
R' I I
. ....;II I;- ) .
I .
I
MV1enV1HoBa
060nOYKa
5iAPO
wBaHHoBcKot1
KneTKtI1
MblWeYHOe
BonOKHO
AeHAPV1Tbl
+40
>s J5
:a  j) +20
I ct5  0
ISO
ct5 ::f CJ -20
Q.I s
\0 Q)  -40
I--
Q) 0 S -50
:EC
-80
)I
nOTeHLI,V1an AeCTBV1
nOTeHLI,V1an nOKO
AKCOH
+++++++++++++++++
> _ J5 +40
..D +20
Ict5..D
IS 0
ct5 ::f 0
Q.I CJ -20
\OQ)S -40
I--
Q)O -50
C -80
. - -..... ...... . -- - --.... . - -..... -_._------.---....-.---............ ...
....... _H____. _ .... _ .___..... _p __ _._ .............. ... ._.0____'__,,_ ________
. at: t_t,:J__S_!!
PMC. 20. CTpOeHI1e MynbTI1nOn5.IpHOrO Hej;'IpoHa I1 ,n:enoflHpu3aUlill Me1f6paHbI HepBHoro
BonOKHa B f01IeHT rrpoxo)K)I;eHI15I HepBHoro lIuIynbca.

30 rnasa 1
,I(Jill HepBHbLx K}IeTOK xapaKTepHbI TaIOKe crreIU1<p114:eCKI1e o6pa30BaHI1JI: Hepe-
Hble OKOllliaHUJlll CUHanCbl. Cpe,.[(lI HepBHbLx oKowraHI'IJ1 pa3J1llQaIOT '-tyecllleuineflb-
Hble (ceHcopHble), npe,[(cTaBlliIlOll]J1e C060M KOHn:eBble pa3BeTBJIeHM5I ,.[(epI1ToB
ceHcopHbIX HerrpoHoB B KO)l(e, fbllIlliaX II BHYTPeHHllX OpraHaX, KOTOphle HerrOC-
pe,n:CTBeHHO BOCrrpllHlll\.1aIOT pa3,ilpa)l(eHlUI. 3TO - peZ{ennlOpbl.
jJeU2ameflbHbie (At01110pHble) HepeHble OKOHlfGHllJl - CrreUllaJIbHble CTPYKTYP-
Hble 06pa30BaHM5I KOHeQHbIX pa3BeTBJIeIDIIl aKCOHa Ha pa6oQJ1x KJIeTKaX opra-
HOB (Harrpll?\1ep, KOHueBa5I l\.fOTOpHa5I 6J15IlllKa Ha MbIIlIeqHOM BOJIOKHe),
rrOCpe,ilCTBOlYf KOTOpbIX HepBHOe B036)')KlI.eHMe rrepe,n:aeTC5I OT Hei1pOH:a Ha
I1CrrOJIHllTeJIbHble CTpYKTypbI.
CliHallC - 3TO KOHTaKTHOe COe)J,11HeHI1e O,n:HOrO HenpOHa C ,n:pyr11M. B ero
<pOp!vfllpOBaHllII rrpI1H1I!vfaeT yqaCTI1e aKCOH o,n:Horo Hei1pOI-Ia, 06pa3yroru:lli1
OKOH"lJaHII5I Ha ,lIeHlIpIITax llJI11 TeJIe ,lJpyroro HeMpOHa. I1ocpe,n:CTBOM CllHarrca
HepBHbIM llfrrYJIbC rrepenaeTC5I OT OD:HOrO HeMpOHa K ,n:pyrOMY. l1epeaqa B03-
6)')KlI.eH:IDI ocyrn:eCTBlliIeTC5I rrp11 yqacTllII crrelU,Ia..1IbHbIX BeIUeCTB- rrepe)1aTQllKOB
(HezlpOJ1teaUQ11l0poe), TaIGLX KaK aueTI1JIXOJII1H, Hopa,n:peHaJIllH, cepOTOHI1H, 6pa-
,lI,I1KI1HIIH II D:p. Ka)KlIbIM HeMpOH KOHTaKTI1pyeT C !vfHO)I(eCTBOM .upyrI1:X HeMpo-
HOB, rr03TOlvfY Ha TeJIe II n:eI-f.ILpJITaX OD:HOro Hei1poHa HaCq:UTbIBaIOTC5I TbIC5IqM
CIIHarrCOB.
I1poBe,n:eHJ>Ie HepBHoro lll\.myJIbCa rrpe)1CTaBlliIeT co6oi1 3JIeKTp0XI1ivflI"lIeCKMM
rrpon:ecc, B OCHOBe KOToporo JIe)lGIT ,[(errOJI5Ip113an:ll5I 11eM6paHbI HetipoHa,
pacrrpOCTpaIDIIOI-ua5IC5I C orrpeJLeJIeHHOM CKOpOCTbIO rro ero OTpOCTKal\.f (pllC. 20).
,QerrolliIpll3an:M5I CBSl3aHa C ll3MeHeHI1ef 3JIeKrpIf1IeCKOrO 3apMa BH:yrpH KJIeTKII
11 Ha ee rrOBepXI-IOCTlr, B03HllKaIOIUlI!vf B pe3YJIbTaTe HarrpaBJIeHHOrO rrepeMern:e-
HIUI rrOJIO)KJ1TeJIbI-IO II OTplll(aTeJIbHO 3apIDKeHHbIX lIOHOB Qepe3 rura3MaT:vrQecKy1O
?\1e},,f6paHY HeMpoHa.
1.3.2. Hei1pornll1S1
HeUp02JIUJl (2JlUOl{Umbl, }IJIM 2flUGJlbHble KJlenucu) BblrrOJIIDIIOT MHOrOQ11CJIeHHble
BcrrOMOraTeJIbHble <p:YHKI.LJ1H B HepBHoM CHCTe11e. OHM rrpOllcxo,n:51T 113 o6I.IJ:ero
Helipo6JIaCTHQeCKOrO 3alIaTKa (pHC. 21). B OTJIwrne OT HepBHbIX KJIeTOK rJIllOUII-
TbI coxpaIDIIOT crroco6HOCTb K 11llTOTMlIeCKOMY ;J:eJIeHIIIO BO B3pOCJIOlvI opraHIl3-
Me, I1HbIM11 CJIOBa1111, OHH 110ryr pa3:\IHO)I(aTbC5I. Pa3JIHQaIOT QeTblpe Tllrra
Hef1pOrJ111ll: aC'TporJIlill, OJIJ1roII.eH,ILpOrJIlUI, 11llKpOrJIJ15I 11 3rreHl1}I?\fa. B Ta6JI. 2
rrpHBe;J:eHbI MeCTa rrpeIIMyrn:ecTBeHHoll JIOKa..i1113aUllM 11 <PYIr1<IIllOHcUlbHa5I pOJ1b
pa3JII1t.lI-IbIX THrrOB Hei1pOrJIllH.
J4cmpOl{Umbl, I1JI1i acnlp02flUfl, CO)Iep)I(aTC5I B HepBHoM CHCTeMe B Hall60JIbllleM
KOJIllQeCTBe. CBOHMII ,lJOBO:IbHO ,lJJIIIHHbI1fll II rvIHOrOQllCJIeHHbI?\111 OTpOCTKa?\'IH
OHI1' OKpY)J(aIOT HepBHble KJleTKlI 11 KpOBeHOCHbJe KarrHJIJUIpbI. ACTpOUllTbI o6pa-
3yroT orpOMHoe QHCJIO KOHTaKTOB Ie)K)I)' co6oi111 Hei1:poHaMH (pI1c. 22). ECTb
MHeHH:e, qTO aCTpon:lITbI B1feCTe co CTeHKon KarrHlIlliIpOB yqacTByroT B <pOpMll-
pOBaHllM reMaTo3Hu;e<paJIHQeCKOrO 6apbepa, OCHOBHa5I <PYHKIJ}f5I KOToporo
COCTOI1T B J136llpaTeJIbHOM TpaHcrropTe BerneCTB Me)l()1Y KpOBbIO :VI HepBHbI11H
KJIeTKa1111 M perYJI5In:llH I1IITaHI15I KJIeTOK HepBl-lOM TKaHll. B rrOCJIe,.[(Hee BpeW.L5I
rr05IBJI5IeTC5I Bce 60JIblUe JIO,.[(TBep)l()J;eHIIM TOfY, QTO aCTpOU.HTbI, yqacTBY5I B

06a aHaTOMV1 HepBHO CV1CTeMbl 31

----- ......-
..--- -
He"pOHbl
 . CecopHblt1
- - HeLt1pOH

 BereTan,1BHbltl
@,:- (rarJu10HapHblC1)
HeLt1pOH
BOnOKHLt1CTbl 1-.
aCTpOLJ,Lt1T 
MOToHet1poH
nLt1paMLt1AHblV,
He£1poH
PIllC. 21 . OC-HoBHble IIYTU ,UHcPcPepeH[(HpOBKI1 KJIeTOK raHrJIHOHapHoM IIJlaC-TUHKl1 H HepBHol1
Tpy6KH.
Ta.6nJ..1Lta. 2. cDYHKlJ.VlOHMbHas:t ponb HeVipornltll/1
raJ:);=-;..-:m-.-<::,.:>;dWW- '-
. ':':. ..-
.' , . }"'...?
. '" .e .yj. .
TUllbl Heiipo2Jluu
IIpell.MYll{ecnzeeHHGJl flOKlUlU3Gl{Ufl

.' 
,
J%.
AC1pOfJTIDI
Cepoe 11 6ejJoe BerneCTBO rOJIOBHO-
ro 11 cnUHHoro 103fa
OJIHrO,LI,eHlIPOrJIIDI
EeJIoe BenreCTBO rOJIOBHOrO II
cnUHHoro 103ra, nepHQ;>eplPIecKHe
HepBbI
MI1KpOrJIIUI
EeJIOe BerneCTBO rOJIOBHOrO II
CillfHHoro M03ra npeUMYJl-I:eCTBeH-
HO OKOJIO KpOBeROCHbIX COCY)10B
3neH1(HMa
BbICTHJlaeT Bce BHyrpeHHue no-
Jl0CTI1 B rOJIOBHOM II CITI1HHOM
M03re
_. .. - . ..... .' . .'.' - - - . - - " '!i,;:';'
HKUOHlbHoe3HaeHue
<W-= '.
;:.
06eCneQeHUe TpaHcnopTa Be-
rneCTB 113 KpOBeHOCHbIX Karrl1JI-
illIpOB K HepBHbIf KJleTKaf; yqac-
Tue B 06pa30BaIDUI refaT03HlI.e-
<pa.1MLIeCKOrO 6apbepa
OKpY)J(aeT HepBHble KJIeTKH U nx
aKCOHbI;06pa3yeT BOKpyr HepB-
HbIX BOJIOKOH MUeJIIIHOBV1O 060-
JIOQKY, urpalOIII)'1O pOJIb 6uoJIorn-
qeCKOrO II30JI.HTOpa, KOTOpbIH
npeIUITcTByeT pacnpocTpaHeHHlO
B036y)1(,L1:eIDUI Ha COCe,lIHne Hetfpo-
RbI. He HCKJIlO1JeHO yqacTue B
nOJI.HpII3ar.]JIH 11 MeTa60:IIl3fe
HepBHbIX KJIeTOK
BblnOJIH5IeT 3aIll.IITHyJO pOJIb,
CXO.L(HYJO C pO.lblO faKpoQ;>aroB;
npe,LI,OTBpamaeT nona,n:aHIIe B
HepBH)'K> ClfCTeMY tI)T)KepO,lIHbIX
cy6cTaH1Um
BblnOJIIDIeT PO;1b 6apbepa 1vfe)K,[(Y
Bern:eCTBOM M03ra 11 oMbIBalOIII.eM
ero cnUHHOM03rOBOH )Kl1,.[LKOCTblO;
peryJIlIpyeT CeKpel(I1IO 11 COCTaB
cmIHHOf03rOBOll )KJI,[(KOCTII
.m;;r:m[;:;:1*:w-r£*t;rim*=-:ID: ":;:!m:d=;}1@ :r:]:! ; ::;:..:.mw*rr&;:WffiW::$zmmrrv!:*.!.mftft1::ff!1

32 rna8a 1
nepLt1L1.lt1T
MrKa
M03rOBa
0601104Ka
KpOBeHOCHblVt
cOCYA
KpOBeHOCHblVt
KanV11111p
HeVtpOH
3plt1TpOLl.Lt1T
ACTpOLl.lI1T
ACTpOLl.Lt1T
HeC1pOH
MV1Kpor 11lt10Ll.lt1T
011lt1 rOAe HAPOLl.lt1T
HepBHoe BOJlOKHO
KposeHOCHblVt
Kanlt1J1np
3neHAlt1Ma
Pc. 22. Hei1po-rJII10-cOCY,lXI1CTble B3aHIOOTHOllieHIDI B HepBHoM TKaHI1.
MO,QyJI5IUlfU 110HHOrO COCTaBa HepBHOn TKaH11, 11rpaIOT Ba)I(Hyro pOJlb B aKTJ1BHO-
CTII HerrpOHOB II MX CMHarrCOB, a TaIOKe 06eCrreqlIBaIOT BOCCTaHOBJIeHl1e HepBOB
rrOCJIe rrOBpe)l()]:eHlUI.
OJlU20aellapOLumbl, lIJIJ1 OJlU20aeHap02JlUJl, ll:rvleIOT OTHOC11TeJIbHO MaJIO OTpOCT-
KOB 11 He 06pa3yroT KOHTaKTOB CllHarrTWIeCKoro TJ1rra. HeKOTopble MX HlIX (TaK
Ha3bIBaeMble IIIBaHHOBCKMe KJIeTKJ1) yqacTBYIOT B 06pa30BaH111I MlleJI11HOB0I1
060JIO"llKll BOKpyr aKCOHOB HeI1pOHOB, nOBbIllIaIOlI(en CKOpOCTb rrpOBe,n:eHIDI
IIMrrYJIbCOB B ueHTpa.JThHOn HepBHon CIICTe1\.Ie (p11c. 23). OJIl1ro,n:eH.LI:pOU11ThI
BblrrOJIIDllOT pOJIb cpe,lU:>I, J130JIlIpyrorn:en HeI1pOHbI ,n:pyr OT LI:P}Ta. OHM TaK :/Ke, KaK
II aCTpOlIJiTbI, <p)'HKIJ:110Ha..i1bHO TeCHO CB5I3aHbI C HerrpOHaM11, ocyru:eCTBJIIDI C
HlIMI1 CJIO)l(Hblll 06feH Bern:eCTB, Heo6xo,n:II!vlliII1)1JI5I rrO,IUI:ep:/KaIDffi II1frrYJIbCHOrr
RKTllBHOCTJ1 HerrpOHOB.
MUKp02JlUOl{Unlbl, 11JIll J11UKp02JlUJl, rrpe,lJCTaBlliIIOT C060M MeJIKMe KJ1eTKM,
paCCe5IHHble B I(eHTpaJIbHOI1 HepBHOM CllCTeI\1e. ITp11 TpaBfax I1JII1: ,n:ereHepaI(llll
HepBHOM TKaHJ1 OHM crroco6HbI 11IIrpllpOBaTb K oqary IIOBpe)l()]:eHIDI, r,n:e rrpe-
Bpam:alOTC5I B KpyrrHble MaKpOcPar11, IIOrJIOmaIOlI(lle rrYTeM <parOll:I'IT03a
rrpo,n:)'KTbI pacrra,n:a. TaKHM 06pa301f, MllKpOrJII'lOI(JtITbI rrperr5ITCTByroT pa3BII-
T11IO BOCrraJIJ1TeJIbHbIX rrpoueCCOB II pacrrpOCTpaHeHl1IO 11H<peKU1111 B HepBHorr
TKaHJ1.

06as:I aHaTOMV1s:I HepBHOM Clt1CTeMbl 33
AKCOH
Oce80 LJ,1I1JU1HAP aKCOHa
Hepocpll16p1I11111bl
r 11111 0 LJ,1I1 T
AKCOH
APO r111110LJ,1I1Ta
.A
5
PMC. 23. CTpOeHUe 11I1eJUIHOBOro (A) 116e3flleJn1HOBOro (E) HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH.
Pa3nW':IaIOT TaIOKe KJIeTKM 3nellaUMbl, BbICTlUIaJOlI.U1e BHyTpeHHJ1e IIOJIOCTI1 ro-
10BHoro 11 CII11HHOrO M03ra Ii yqacTByJOIl.X11e B o6pa30BarnfI1il perymruJ1I1 XI1MI1-
qeCKOrO COCTaBa JIllKBOpa -- CIIllHHoM03roBoH )l(J1)J;KOCTI1.
1.4. Pe4>neKTOpHbl npHI..\n 4>YHKl;1oHl;1poBaHSI
HepBHoi1 CI1CTeMbl
B OCHOBe 4!)'HKIJ:110HllpOBaHIDI HepBHOI1 C11CTe!\fbI ne)KllT pe4!JIeKTOpHa5I ,n:e5ITenb-
HOCTI,. PecjJJleKC (01' JIaT. reflexio - OTpaJKeHlle) - 3TO OTBeTHa5I peaKI(Iffi OpraH113-
fa Ha BHeillHee Mil BHyTpeHHee pa3,apa)KeIDle IIPll 065I3aTeJIbHo:rvr yqaCT11I1 HepB-
HOM CMCTeJ\1DI. PeneKTOpHa5I ;J:emeJIbHOCTb IIpe.n;IIonaraeT HaJIwrn:e MeXaIDI3l\1a,
COCT05IIl.XerO 113 Tpex OCHOBHbLX 3JIefeHTOB, rrocne;J:OBaTeJII,HO coe;J:11HeHHbIX
\Ie)K)JY c06o:il:
. pel{enmopoe, BocrrpMHMMaIOIIJ}IX pa3,apa)KeHile 11 TpaHc4!0p1fMPYIDIl.X11X ero
B HepBHbIll 11MrrYJIbC; 06bJ1IHO penerrTopbI IIpe;J:CTaBJIeHbI pa3JII1QHbIM11
QYBCTB11TenbHbIM11 HepBHbIMI1 OKOHQaHIDI!\IM B opraHax;
· 3rjJrjJeKnl0poe, pe3YJIbTI1pYIOIIU1X 34!4!eKT pa3,lJpa)KeHI15I pen:eIITopOB B 4!op-
Me OIIpe;J:eneHHOM pealillJll1; K 34!eKTOpaM OTHOC5ITC5I Bce BHyTpeHIDIe
opraHbI, KpOBeHOCHble COCY,UbI 11 MbIIIIUbI;
. l{eneu nOCJleaOeameJlbHO CeJl3aHHbiX .kteJlcay co6ou HeupOlloe, KOTopble,
HarrpaBneHHO rrepe;J:aBa5I B036y)I()I.eHl1e B 4!opMe HepBHbIX I1MrryJIbCOB,
06eCrreQ11BaJOT KOOp;J:11Han:I1JO ;J:e5ITeJIbHOCT11 34!4!eKTopoB B 3aB11CI110CTJ1
OT pa3,Upa)KeHI1JI peueIITopOB.
3. A/JaToM HepBHoL:1 Cv.CTeMbl

34 rnasa 1
'-
,
-
.s
Accou,lI1aTLt1BHbIVl
(BCTaB04HbIVl)
38.AHLt1V1 HeROH
KopeWOK
Acp<p e peHTHblC1
(ceHcopHbl£1 )
Het1poH
l.{YBCTBLt1TellbHOe
HepBHoe OKOH4aHlI1e
B KO)f(e
CnLt1HHOM03rOBOVl
Y3en
A<f:><f:>epeHTHbl£:1
(ceHcopHbIM)
Hei1poH
I "- --' 
I
'1YBCTBII1TenbHOe
HepBHoe OKOH4aHv.e
B Mblwu,e
nepeAHV1V1
KopeWOK
I
3<f:>cpepeHTHblVl
(ABLt1raTeJ1bHbl VI)
Het1poH
ABLt1raTeJ1bHOe
HepBHoe OKOH4aHV1e
B Mblwu,e
Pc. 24. Cxefa COeL(llHeHIIH HettpoHOB B ,II;Byxq..rreHHoH (c./le8a) II TpeXtLrreHHOH (cnpaBa)
peWJIeKTOpHOll Llyre.
Uellb IIOCJIe,n:oBaTeJThHO CBJI3aHHbLX !\Ie)l([(y C060H HeitpoHoB o6pa3yeT perjJ./leK-
mopnylO oyzy (PylC. 24), KOTOpaJI M COCTaBIDIeT 1aTepMaJIbHbrn cy6cTpaT pecPneKca.
B YHKUII0HaJIbH01f OTHornemrn: pOJIb HeI1poHoB B pe<pJIeKTOpHOM ,n:yre Heo-
,lJ,MHaKOBa. Cpe,rU1 IDLX 1fO)KHO BbmeJlliTb pa3Hble HeMpOHbI, OTBeTCTBeHHble 3a TY
Mlli1IIHYID CTOpOHY pe<pJIeKTOpHoi1 ,IXe5ITeJIbHOCTII.
. ..4cjJrjJepeHmllble (ceHcopHble) HeupOllbl BOCnpJ1HII1aIOT pa3D:pa)KeHMe If nepe-
,UaIOT ero Ha ,IXpyrne Hei1pOHbI. CeHcopHble HenpOllbI Bcer,n:a paCIIOJIaraIOT-
C5I 3a rrpe,IXeJIaMM u:eHTpaJlbHoI1 HepBHOM CMCTeMbI, KaK rrpaBMJIO, B ceHCOp-
HbIX raHfJIlUIX CITl1HHOM03rOBbIX M qepenHbIX HepBOB. I1x ,n:eIUI:pMTbI
06pa3)'lOT B opraHax qyBCTBHTeJIbHble HepBHble OKOlfllaHIDI.
. 3rjJcjJepeHnlHble (aeU2ameJlbHble, JvlomopHble) HeupOllbl, MJIII JHomOlleupOllbl,
rrepe,naIOT B036y)K,I(eHHe Ha 3<PcPeKTOpbI (HarrpMMep, Ha MblIIIUbI liJIll KpO-
BeHOCHble COCY,IXbI).
· BCmae0l111ble lleupOHbl (UHlnepHeupOHbl) coe,n:MIDIlOT Me)l(,[(Y co6oit a<PcPepeH-
THble M 3<PcPepeHTHbIe Hei1poHbI II TeM CaIbIM 3alvlliIKaIOT peq))IeKTOpHYID
CB5I3b.
QI1CJIO He:t1:poHoB B pe<pJIeKTOpHOM ,rryre 3aBMCMT OT xapaKTepa TOM pecPJIeKTOp-
HOM ,n:eJITeJIbHOCTll, KOTOpyIO OHM 06CJI)')KMBaIOT. MMHMUUIbHoe t!llCJIO Hei1poHoB
B peJIeKTOpHOM ,lIyre - ,n:Ba: acPcPepeHTHblill1 3<p<pepeHTHbrn. TaKaJI CB5I3:b B03-
HMKaeT y MJIeKOI1MTalOIIUIX B c.rryqae rrpOCThLX peclJneKcoB cOKpameHlUI MbIT..lII{ B
OTBeT Ha MX paCTIDKeI-llle. B pe<pJIeKTOpHon: JJ:}Te, 06cnY)l(HBaIOI.IJ;ei1 cOKparn:eHIDI
MbIlIIU:bI B OTBeT Ha pa3,Upa)I(eIlli5I KO)l(ll (KO)KHO-MbIIlleqmrn pe<pJIeKC), 06bflIHO
yqacTByroT TpM Hen:pOHa: a<p<pepeHTHbrH, BCTaBOtIHbIJ1 J1l(BYlraTeJThHbIH. MaKcM-
MaJIbHOe qJ1CJIO HeHpOHOB, yqacTBYIOIIUIX B pe<pJIeKTOpHOM OTBeTe, He orpaHWIe-
HO, oco6eHHO B Tex c.rryqa5IX, KOr,IXa B pe<pJIeKTOpHbrn aKT BOBJICKaIOTC5I pa3m-
.I-Thle OT,n:eJIbI rOJIOBHOrO I1 CIIMHHoro M03ra.
B HaCTOm.I(ee BpeM5I 33 OCHOBY pe<pJIeKTOpHOM ,[(e5ITeJThHOCTII npMIDI1IaeTC5I
perjJJleKnlOplloe KO/lb110 (C1f. pI1C. 12). KrracCMQeCKa5I pe<pJIeKTOpHa5I JJ:yra JJ:onOJIHe-
Ha QeTBepThI1-I 3BeHOivI - o6paTHoM a<pcPepemaII:Meii OT 3cPcPeKTOpOB. B IaCTHO-

06a aHaTOMV1S1 HepsHot1 CLt1CTeMbl 35
CTM, OT l\'lliIIIIll B HepBHyIO C11CTe1f)l rrOCT05IHHO rrOCTYITaeT ceHCOpHa5I l'IHtl>opMa-
IJ;Iill 06 llX COCTO.HHllli B pe3YJIbTaTe ,rrenCTBIDI Tex J1JIllIIHbIX pa3,n:proKMTeJIeM.
A<l>cPepeHTfIble, 3<p<pepeHTfIble M BCTaBOtffible Hei1poHbI, yqacTB)'lOm:.He B orrpe-
,n:eJIeHHbIX pe<pJIeKTOpHbIX peaICI.U1IDC, MMeIOT CTpOryIO JIOKa.Jlli3au::mo B HepBHoM
CMCTeMe, qTO 6y,n:eT M3JIO)KeHO B COOTBeTCTBy:IOIillIX pa3,n:eJIax. B HepBHoM CIICTe:rvie
HenpoHbI rpyrrrrnPYIOTC5I B HepBHble u:eHTpbI.
Hep6Hblii l(eHmp IDIM l(enmp Hep6Hoii CUCmeMbl B aHaTo!\-eCKOM OTHOIlleHI1ll
rrpeJJ;CTaBlliIeT c060t'r rpyrrrry (aHca:rvr6JIb) p5I,n:OM pacrrOJIOJKeHHbIX He:ttpoHoB,
TeCHO CB5I.3aHHbIX :rvIe)I()Jy C060M CTpYKTypHO II <PYHKIlJ10HaJIbHO 11 BbillOJIlliIIOIl{11X
o6myro <pymCIJ:MIO B pecpJIeKTOpHOH perylliIIUlli )l(l13He,n:e5ITeJIbHOCTII OpraHM3Ma.
B HepBHOlVI u:eHTpe npOJ1CXO,llJ1T BOCrrplUITIIe, aHaJIll3 nOCTYITaIOm:eH llH<pOpMa-
:U:HM M rrepe,n:aqa ee Ha JJ:pyrne HepBHble u:eHTpbI 11JIM 3<P<l>eKTOpbI. II03TOfY Ka)K-
;(bIM HepBHbrn u:eHTp I111eeT CBOIO CMCTeWj a<p<l>epeHTHbLX BOJIOKOH, rrOCpeJJ;CTBOM
KOTOpbLX OR rrpIIBO,UIITC5I B aKT11BHOe COCT05IIDIe, 11 C11CTe1ry 3<p<pepeHTfIbIX CB5.I-
3ell, KOTOpble rrpOBO,lUIT HepBHOe B036y)I()IeHMe K ,UpyrMM HepBHbIM u:eHTpa11liJ1J1
3<PcPeKTOpaM. Pa3JIWIaIOT rrepM<pepwrecKlle HepBHble u:eH111bI, rrpeJJ;CTaBJIeHHble
Y3JlGMU (2aH2/lUfl],lU): qyBCTBMTeJIbHbIMlI, BereTaTIIBHbIllI. B u:eHTpa.JThHOM HepB-
HOM C11CTeMe pa3mrqaIOT CKOIIJIeHIDI HepBHbIX KJIeTOK mr60 B BMJ(e nOKaJThHbLX
rpyrrrr - flaep (flaepHble l{eHmpbl), JIM60 B BI1)J;e 06Iill1pHhIX paCCeJIeHMll HeI1poHoB
no nOBepXHOCTM 1103ra, o"6pa3yroIIUIX ero KOpy (KopKoeble l{eHmpbl). <PymcI.J:110-
HaJIbHOe 3HaqeIDIe KOpKOBbIX u:eHTpOB 6YJJ;eT IIo,n:po6HO paCCMOTpeHO npM H3JIO-
...KeRMM cTpoeHJ1JI KOpbl Jrl03J1CettKa Ii KOpbl 60flblUlIX nOflYUJapuu M03ca.
1.5. 060nOLlKH i1 KpOBOCHa6>KeHi1e ronOBHoro It1
Cnl1HHOrO M03ra
fOJIOBHOM M03r pacrrOJIO)I(eH B rrOJIOCTII "lleperra, a CIlliHHott M03r - B rr03BOHO"ll-
HOM KaHaJIe. I(OCTHhle CTeHKI1 rrOJIOCTII "lleperra 11 rr03BOHO"llHOrO KaHMa CJIy)KaT
HaJJ;e)l(HOH 3aIUI1TOM ,[I)UI M03ra OT pa3m{qHbIX MeXa:HlflIeCKllX rrOBpe)KJ1:em,rtt
CHap)')KI1 rOJIOBHOM Ii CIlliHHOM M03r rrOKpbIThI COeL(J1HMTeJThHOTKaHHbIMM
o6oJIoqJ(arn, KOTopble <pMKCI1py:IOT rrOJIO)KeIll1e M03ra B KOCTHbIX rrOJIOCT5IX.
B 06oJIo1.IKax rrpoxo)1,5IT KpOBeHOCHble COcy,n:bI, IlliTaIOI.Ill1e M03r. Pa3JIWIaIOT Ha-
P\T)KH)'lO meepayJO M03rOByro 060JIoq}()', cpe,n:HIOIO naymllHllYJO (J1JIll apaxllOUaGJlb-
YlO), 11 BHYTPeHHIOIO MflcKYJO (pMC. 25).
T8epiJQR JW032060Jl 060/l0'lKa IIOCTpoeHa 113 IIJIOTHOll coe,lU1HJITeJThHOM TKaIDI.
OHa rrpe,[(CTaBJUIeT C060M: CIIJIOIllHoi1 !vreIlIOK, ,n:OBOJThHO CB06o,[(H0 OXBaTbIBalO-
JHM JIe}l(anuili: B HeM rOJIOBHOM 11 crrMHHOH 103r. TBep,n:a5I 06oJIoqJ(a IIJIOTHO coe-
.1.IIHeHa C KOCT5IM11 qeperra Ii B HeKOTopbIX v[eCTaX co CTeHKaMM rr03BOH01llIOrO
"aHaJIa. B 06JIacTII 60JIbillOrO 3aThillO"llHOrO OTBepCTJ15I Ha rpaHI1IJ:e rOJIOBHOrO H
rrnHHoro NI03ra TBep,n:aJI 060JIo"llKa IIJIOTHO rrpMKpeIIJIeHa K Kpa5IM OTBepCTIUI,
-aK qTO rrpOCTpaHCTBa, 06pa3yroIl{11eC5I Me)I()Jy BHYTPeHHeH rrOBepXHOCTbIO TBep-
-10i1 060JI0tIKI1I1 HapOH rrOBepXHOCTblO rOJIOBHOrO II CIDIHHoro M03ra CB060JJ;-
rfO coo6rrr:aIOTC5I Me)I()Jy C060ll.
TBep,[(a5I o60JIo"tfKa ,I:(aeT oc06ble BblpOCThI - 01'pOCTKJ1, KOTopble rny6oKo 3axo-
.:JIT 1e OT,n:eJIhHbIMI1 QaCT5L\1I1 rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, QTO CJIy)KI1T)])UI .rryqnreH era
:;>IIKcal(MM B rrOJIOCTI1 qepena. Cpe1U1 TaKHX B:blpOCTOB - cepn 60JlbUJOcO M032a, npo-

36 rl1aBa 1
nOAnayn1HHoe
npOCTpaHCTBO
.lJ.yra n03BOHKa
TBepAafi 060J10YKa
Cnlt1HHOrO M03ra
3nlt1AypanbHoe
npOCTpaHCTBO
3y64aTafi CBs:!3Ka
nayrlt1HHaS1 060J104Ka
Cnlt1HHOrO M03ra
MS1rKaS1 060J10YKa
Cnlt1HHOrO M03ra
Cy6AypanbHoe
npOCTpaHCTBO
'" : QI . .
,
coO
Tello n03BOHKa
.
.
 \,;
.
0
.
.
G a
o .
o 0'.
o ..
.." .....
r;.' --DOli(
: 0 -OO.D
u '0 .G \;; . .. " .'. 0
/J
A
TBepAas:! 060ll04Ka
r0J10BHOrO M03ra
BepXHlt1t1
Carlt1TTanbHblC1
BeHo3Hblii1 CV1HYC
Cepn
60J1bWOrO M03ra
LJepen
H(1)t(HV1t1
Carlt1TTanbHblM CV1HYC
npS1Mot1 CV1HYC
Cy6AypanbHoe
npOCTpaHCTBO
nonepe4Hbl£1 Clt1HYC
HaMeT M03)t(e4Ka
new.eplt1CTbl£1 Clt1HYC
r0J10BHoii1 M03r
PMC. 25. 060JIOQKI1 CIUIHHoro (A) 11 rOJIOBHOrO (E) M03ra.

06a aHaTOMV1s:1 HepBHO£1 CLt1CTeMbl 3
HlfKaIOII.U1I1: B npo,lI,OJIbHYJO 60p03)ly Me)l()Iy JIeBbThI 11 npaBbIM rroJIylIIapM5IMl1, :n Ha-
em M03J1CellKa, OT,Ue.rrmoIIJJili rroJIylIIapM5I rOJIOBHOrO M03ra OT M03)l(etIKa. KpOfe
Taro, TBep,n:a5I M03rOBa5I o6oJIotIKa B 11eCTax cpaCTaHIffi C KOCT5IMll 1.Ieperra o6pa3yeT
kaHaJIbI - CUllYCbl, no KOTOpbIM ocynrecTBlliIeTC5I OITOK BeH03HOll KpOBll OT M03ra.
OT 60KOBbIX rrOBepXHOCTeM crrllHHoro M03ra OTXOMT 3y6llamble Ce513KU, o6pa-
30BaHHble OTpOCTKaMI1 M5ITKOll 060JIOQIGL OHM rrpllKpeIIJI5IIOTC5I K TBep,n;OM
:\f03rOBOH o6oJIo1.IKe, rrO,lI,I(ep)lGffialOT II cPIIKCllpyroT rrorp)')KeHHbrn B crrIIHHOM03-
rOB)'IO )I(}f)1KOCTh crrllHHOll M03f. EJIaro,n;ap5I 3T01v1Y 3Ha1.IYITeJIbHO )'1vIeHbillaeTC5I
iFIIDIHIIe TOJPIKOB 11 COTp5ICeHlIM, llcrrbITbIBae11bIX TeJI011 I1Pll pa3.JIWlHI:>IX ,n:BJlDKe-
HillIX, Ha crrMHHOM M03r.
MR2KlUl M03206llR 060JlOllKa Herrocpe,n:CTBeHHO rrpIDIeraeT K fOJIOBHOM)' M
CI1llHHOI\1Y 1103ry M, rrOBTopIDI peJThe<p lIX rrOBepXHOCTII, 3aXO,[(IlT BO Bce 60p03,n:bI
n rn:eJIII. OHa co,n:ep)KJ1T 11HOfOqJ1CJIeHHble KpOBeHOCHble COCY.LLbI, rrllTaIOlI(IIe
:\f03f 11 06pa3yromlle cocyaucmble CnIlenleHllfl, paCI10JIO)l(eHHble B )l(eJIYJ(OllKax 1103-
ra. Cocy,n:IICTble crrneTeHIUI npO,L(ylU1pyJOT CnUllllO}.1032oeylO JlCUaKOCmb, KOTOpa5I
11l1pKYJIIIpyeT B )l(eJIy,lI,OtIKax M03ra II rrO,I:(IIayrIIHHoM rrpOCTpaHCTBe rOJIOBHOrO 11
CI1MHHOrO M03ra.
IIaymuHHllR 060JlOllKa 3arrOJIIDIeT m:eJIeBH,I:(Hoe rrpOCTpaHCTBO Me)KJ1:y TBep,UOM
II M5JTKOM M03rOBbIMII 060JI01.fKaMllII COCT011T M3 MHO)KeCTBa Tpa6eKYJI. I10.IJ:rray-
TI1HHOe (cy6apaXHOH,I:I:aJIbHoe) rrpOCTpaHCTBO fOJIOBHOrO 1vI03ra coo6ru:aeTC5I C
)Keny,lI,OtIKaMII fOJIOBHOrO M03ra II C rro,n:rrayrlIHHbII rrpOCTpaHCTB01vl CI1llHHOfO
:\f03ra.
B Tex MeCTax, r,[(e rrayrIIHHa5I 060nOQKa rrepeKll,lIbIBaeTC5I Me:>K,L{y II3BM.JIMHa1\.1II
:\I03ra, 06pa3yJOTC5I oco6ble npOCTpaHCTBa - u,ucmepllbl, B KOTOpbIX CKaIIJIlIBaeTC5I
CI111HHOM03rOBa5I )I(}f)1KOCTb. Ha1160JIee KpyrrHble ll3 IDIX - lX11CTepHa 60KOB0I1
5IMKM 60JIbllIOfO M03ra, Me)l(HO)l(KOBa5I U11CTepHa, M03)l(e1.IKOBO-1103rOBa.H
U:UCTepHa II ,UpyrI1e.
Kp060CHa6:»ceHue 20Jl06H020 A-t032a ocyrueCTBlliIeTC5I BeTB5I:rvrn: JleBOU II npaeou
BllympeHHux COHllblX apmepuu 11 BenZB5lMU n03BOllOtfllbiX apmepuu.
BHynlpeHllflfl COllllaJl apmepUfl, BCT)'IIIIB B rrOJIOCTh Qeperra, OT,[(aeT rJIa3HYJO
apTepyIIO, a TaIOKe rrepe,[(HIOIO II cpe,[(HIOIO M03rOBble apTepI1I1. IIepe,1JJIIDI M03ro-
Ba5I apTeplI5I rrIITaeT rnaBHbIM 06pa30M JIo6HYJO ,n:OJIIO M03ra, cpe,[(HIDI 1103rOBa5I
apTeplI5I - TeMeHHYJO 11 BMC01.IHYID ,n;OJIII, a fJIa3Ha5I apTeplI5I cHa6)KaeT KpOBbIO
rJIa3HOe 5I6JIOKO. IIepe,n:HI1e M03rOBble apTeplIlI (rrpaBa5I 11 JIeBa5I) coe,n:I1IDIIOTC5I
I10rrCpe1ffibIM aHaCTOM030M - nepealleu coeaUllumeflbHOU apmepueu.
II03eOllOllllbie apnlepuu (rrpaBa5I 11 JIeBa5I) B 06JIaCTII CTBOJIa M03ra coe,[(MH.illOT-
C5I II 06pa3yJOT HerrapHYJO 6G3WlflPllYlO apmepulO, KOTOpa5I ,n:aeT BeTB11, I1llTaIOIIUIe
\103)l(eQOK I1 ,n;pyrrre OT,n:eJIbI CTBOJIa M03ra, a TaIOKe .L(Be 3a.1Ull1e M03rOBble apTepI1I1,
cHa6)KaIOmIIe KpOBbIO 3aTbIJIOqJThle ,n:OJIlI M03ra. Ka)I()]:a5I II3 3aallUX lvl0320BbiX
aplnepuu Coe,lU1IDIeTC5I co cpe,n:HelI !\103TOBOll apTepIIeM CBoell CTOpOHbI rrpI1 rrOMO-
IJJ;II 3aalleu coeaUllUmeJlbllOU apmepuu.
TaKYHvf 06pa30M, Ha OCHOBaHllII M03ra o6pa3yeTC5I apmepllaJlbllblU KPY260/lbUlO-
20 M032a (pRC. 26), KOTOpbIll 6JIaro,n:ap5I MHOrOqJfCJIeHHbIM aHaCT01v103aM o6ecrre-
qJfBaeT HaI160JIee 6JIafOrrpIDITHble reMo.n:MHaMWIeCKMe YCJIOBIDI ,ILJI5I KpoBocHa6-
)J(eHIDI 3Toro )l(l13HeHHO Ba:>KHOrO opraHa.
Eonee MeJIKMe pa3BeTBJIeHlI5I KpOBeHOCHbIX COCYD:OB B M5IrKOH M03fOBOM
o6onotIKe ,n:OCTIIraIOT M03ra, rrpOHI1KaIOT B ero BemeCTBO, r,n:e pa3,n:elliIIOTC5I Ha

38 rnasa 1
CpeAH5151
M03rOBa apTepll1
nepeAHfIfI
M03rOBas:l apTepVls:l
rna3Has:l apTepll1f1
3 8.AH s:I s:I
COeAVlHII1TenbHafl
apTepll1s:1
6a3111ns:lpHaflapTepVls:l
HVI)t<HlI1e nepeAH5151 111
38.AHs:lfI M03)t(eLjKOBble
apTepll1111
n03BOHO'-lHas:l apTep1f1
BHyrpeHHSi91
COHHas:l apTepll1s:1
nll1L1,eBas:l apTepVls:l
Hap)')KHafl
COHHaSi apTept.1
06w.as:l
COHHa apTepll1
nOAKIltoYII1LjHas:l
apTeplt1f1
Ayra aopTbl
A
nepeAHs:lfI
COeAlI1Hil1TenbHafi
apTep1f1
nepeAHfls:I
M03rOSas:l
apTepll1s:1
BHyrpeHHflfI_
COHHas:l apTepll1s:1
CpeAHfIfi
M03rOBafi
apTepil1f1
3 ap,H s:I s:I
COeAlI1HlI1TenbHafi
apTepll1s:1
6a3i11ns:lpHafi
apTepll1f1
BeTBiI1 K MOC-ry iI1
cpeAHeMY M03ry
n03BOHOLjHas:l
apTepll1f1
nepeAHfIfi
Cnll1HHOM03rOBas:l
apTepll1f1
3 ap,H fI fI H iI1)f(H fI s:I
M03)f(eYKO Bafl
apTepll1f1

06Ll.J.a aHaTOMl1 HepBHO CCTeMbl 39
n03BOHOYHas:l apTepll1s:1
06w,as:l COHHas:l
apTepll1 (.neBas:l)
06w,a COHHa
apTepll1 (npaBa)
,lJ,yra aopTbl
nOAKfHOYlI1YHas:l
apT8pll1
HlI1cxow.a aopTa
06w,t1e
nOAB3AOWHbie
apTepLttll1
B
Pc. 26. B. KpoBOCHa6)l(eHHe CIIHHHoro 'f03ra.
6a3l11.npHa
apTepll1
nepeAH
Cnll1HHOM03rOBa
apTepll1
WeMHbl8
P8.At1KY.n oMeAY .n.npHble
apTepv.lI1
rpYAHble
pa;J,lI1 KY.noMeAY 11m pHbl8
apTepll1l11
nOCHII1YHble
PaAlI1KY .nOMeAY .n.n pHbl8
apTept'!lI1
\fHOrOqJICJIeHllre KarrI1.JIJillpbI. 113 KammmrpOB KpOBb C06I1paeTC5I B MeJIKMe,
:1 3aTeM 11 KpyrrHbre BeH03llre COCY,l:(bI.
KpOBb OT rOJIOBHOrO M03ra OTTeKaeT B CUllYCbl meep80u M0320eOU 060JlOLfKU, K
q]1CJIY KOTOp:bIX OTHOC.HTC5I: eepXllUU 11 llUJlCHUU Ca2UmmGJlbHble, nOnepeLfllble, np51-
, OU 11 CU2M08U811ble. 113 CMHYCOB BeH03Ha5I KpOBb OrreKaeT Qepe3 5Ipe1vfH1>re OTBep-
-nrn B OCHOBaHM11 qeperra BO ellympeHHue 5lpe1vtHbie eellbl.
KpOBOCHa6)KeHMe Crr11HHOrO M03ra ocymecTBlliIeTC5I Qepe3 nepe811JOJO 11 3aaHUe
lUllllOM0320eble apmepuu, ID3llillOIIU1eC5I BeTB5I111i rr03BOHOqffiIX apTeplrn. OTIOK
"""'eH03HOI1: KpOB11 MeT Qepe3 O,I:(H01111eIIH:bre BeH:br BO ellympellllee n0380HOLflloe
H03110e CnJlenlellUe, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOe Ha Bce1vf rrpOT5DKeHill1 rr03BOH01.IHOrO KaHa-
.-a CHap)')KI1 OT TBep,lJ;OM 060JI01fKJ1 CIIlffiHoro M03ra. II3 BHYTPeHHero n03BOHOQ-
:-:oro CIIJIeTeHIDI KpOB:b OTIeKaeT B BeH:bI, I1)IyI.IUIe B,lJ;OJTh rr03BOHOlffioro cToJI6a, a
- _3 HMX - B HIDKHJOlO M BepXH1OlO rrOJThre BellI.

40 rnasa 1
1.6. JlHKBopHaSi CHCTeMa M03ra
BHYTPI'l KOCTHbIX rrOJIOCTell II rOJIOBHOJ1:, II CIIlIHHOM ivl03r HaXOMTC5I EO E3BerneH-
HOM COCT05IHIIII II CO BCeX CTOpOH 01fbIBaIOTCH CnUHHO}r!0320eOU JICUaKOCmblO (flUKeO-
pOJvt). M03r KaK 6bI IL"1aBaeT B 3TOll )Kl1)U<Ocrn (pIIC. 27). CIlliHHoM03rOBa5I )KYI,lL-
KOCTh rrpe,[(oxpaIDIeT rOJIOBHOM II CIlliHHOM M03r OT rvfexaHWIecKI1X B03,[(eMCTBI111,
06eCIIeqJ1BaeT rrOCTom-rCTBO BHyfplflIeperrnoro n:aBneHlliI, rrpI1HI1MaeT Herrocpe,rrCT-
BeHHoe yqacme B TpaHCIIopTe IlliTaTeJIbHbIX BemeCTB II3 KpOBII K TKaIDIM M03ra.
CrrI1HHo!v103fOBa5I :>KI1,II,KOCTb IIpO,[(YIJ:l'IpyeTC5I COCY,IJ,IICTblrvrl1 CIIJIeTemUHvllI B
,IJ,BYX 6oKoeblx, mpembe.lH II Ziemeepmo},t JICeJlyaoZiKax ln032a. DIIPKYlliIUlffi CIII1HHO-
BepXHV1
can1TTanbHblv. CLi1HYC
rpaHynLI,V1V1
nayrLi1HHO o6on04KV1
III >KenY,lJ,04eK
M03ra
TBep,lJ,a o6on04Ka
ronOBHoro M03ra
60K080C1
>KenY,lJ,04eK M03ra
COCY,lJ,V1CTOe cnneTeHV1e
60KOBoro )f(enYA04Ka
nayrLi1HHa o6on04Ka
ronOBHoro M03ra
nO,lJ,nayrV1HHoe
npOCTpaHCTBO
ronOBHoro M03ra
BO,lJ,OnpOBO,lJ,
M03ra
MrKa o6on04Ka
ronOBHoro M03ra
Cy6,lJ,ypanbHoe
npOCTpaHCTBO
LleHTpanbHblC1
KaHan
nO,lJ,nayrLi1HHOe
npOCTpaHCTBO
cnV1HHoro M03ra
Pc. 27. C00611(eHHe nOJIOCTell ()KeJIY,lLOqKOB) f03ra Me)K)JY C060ll H C nO,lLnayrHHHbIM
npocrpaHCTBOM.

06a aHaTOM HepBHot1 CCTeMbl 41
\I03rOBOM )l(}f)::(KOCTM ocym:eCTBlliIeTC5I lIO )Ke.rryn:OqJ<aM rOJIOBHOrO M03ra 6naro,[(a-
pH CBH35Irvf 11e)l():ry HMM11 B cy6apaXHOlI,[(aJIbH01vI lIpOCTpaHCTBe, a y n:eTeM TaIOKe lIO
ueHTpaJIbHOM)' KaHa.rry ClIMHHoro M03ra; y B3pOCJIbIX 3TOT KaHaJI 1-feCTaMM 3apa-
CTaeT. H3 60KOBbIX )Ke.rry,n:O"llKOB ClIMHHOf03rOBaH )l(}f)::(KOCTb lIOCT)'IIaeT qepe3
OTBepCTMe MOHpO B TpeTMM )Ke.rry,lIOqeK, a 3aTeM qepe3 BO,UOlIpOBO,n: M03ra B qeT-
BepTbll1 )Ke.rry,n:OqeK. H3 Hero ClIMHHO103rOBa5I )l(}f)::(KOCTh rrepexo,n:MT qepe3 OTBep-
CTM5I Ma)KaH,U11 11 JIIOIIlKa B lIon:lIayrMHHoe rrpOCTpaHCTBO. OITOK ClII1HHOM03ro-
BOH )l(}f)::(KOCTM B BeH03Hble CMH)'CbI lIpOMCXO,IJ,MT qepe3 2paHY/lfll{UU naymuHHou
060/10ttKU (lIaXI10HOBbI rpaH)'lliIU11M).
Me)l(lJY HeMpOHa11I1 11 KpOBbIO B ronOBHO1 11 CrnIHH01f rvro3re cyrueCTByeT
6apbep, lIOJIyqMBIlIMM Ha3BaHMe 2eMam03HlI,erjJa/lUttecK020, KOTOpbII1 06eClIet.IMBa-
eT M36MpaTenbHoe lIOCT)'IIJIeHMe BemeCTB M3 KpOBM K HepBHhHvI KJleTKaM.. 3TOT
6apbep BbIlIOJIIDIeT 3aIILMTHYID <PYHKI.XMIO, TaK KaK 06eClIeQMBaeT lIOCT05IHCTBO
<pM3MKO-XI1MWIecKI1X CBOMCTB ClIMHH01103rOBOM )l(}f)::(KOCTII, QTO OQeHb Ba)KHO
..1JTII HOpMaJIbHOrO <pyHKI(MOHHpOBaHlliI TKaHI1 M03ra. OCHOBHbIMM KJIeTOtIHbIMI1
'Tpy:KTypaMM, peryJIMpYIDIILMMM ee COCTaB, 5IBlliIIOTC5I 3H)XOTeIDIaJIbHble KJIeTKM
KarrI1.JIJI5IpOB M lIO,[(CTIIJIaIOIILaH MX 6a3wlbHa5I ivfeM6paHa, a TaIOKe 3lIMTeJIMaJIbHble
KJIeTKI1 COCY,[(11CThL"X CIIJIeTeHill1 M03ra. IIoJIaraIOT, qTO aCTpOIIIITbI, yqacTBy:IOIILMe
B 06eClIeqeHMM HeMpOHOB lIMTaTeJIbHbI1ll1 BeIILeCTBaMM, TaIOKe BXOMT B COCTaB
reMaT03HIJ:ecpaJIWIeCKOro 6apbepa.
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbl
1.1. OT,lXeJIbI HepBHou: CIfCTeMbI
1. Orrpe,rxeJIIITe <PYHKIUU1 HepBHorr CMCTe:MbI.
2. Ha30BIfTe OT.IIeJIbI HepBHoM CI1CTe1fbI, pa3JII1QaIOIUI1eC.H rro <PYHKI.J:I10HaJIbH01ry Ha3Haqe-
HI1IO.
3. Ha30BI1Te OT.LI:eJIbI HepBHoM CI1CTeMbI, pa3JIW:IaIOIUI1eC.H no Torrorpa<pI1QeCK011Y pacnOJIO-
)KeHlUO.
4. Ha30BI1Te OT,rxeJIbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra.
5. Ha30BI1Te OT,lXeJIbI crrIfHHoro !\103ra.
6. KaKI1e aHaTOfMQeCKI1e CTpYKTYpbI 06pa3YIOT rrepI1<pepW:IeCKI1M OT,rxeJI HepBHoll CI1C-
Te:MbI?
7. KaKlfe CTPYKTYpbI UHHepBlfPyeT COlaTlfQeCKa.H HepBHa5I cHcTeMa?
8. KaKue CTpYKTYpbI lfHHepBI1PyeT aBTOHOfHa.H (BereTaTlfBHa5I) HepBHa.H cMCTefa?
1.2. Pa3BlfTHe HepBHoH CIICTeMbI
1. M3 KaKoro 3apO,lXbIllieBoro JII1CTKa <pOpII1PyeTC.H HepBHa.H clfcTe:Ma?
2. qTo rrpe,rxCTaBJ15IeT c060i1 3aKJIa,lXKa HepBHoi1 CMCTefbI Ha 3- i1 He,rxeJIe BHYTPHYTP06Horo
pa3BlfTJ1.H?
3. qTO rrpe,n;cTaB.JHleT C060M 3aKJIa.D;Ka HepBHoH ClfCTefbI Ha 4-11 He,n:eJIe BHYTPHYTP06Horo
pa3BI1Tlf.H?
4. qTO TaKoe HeBpoMep?
5. KaKI1e <PYHKUI1I1 BblrrOJIH.HIOT Hei1poHbI, pa3BUBaIOiliMeC.H B 6a3a..TJbHOll IUIaCTlfHKe HepB-
HOM Tpy6KI1?
6. KaKI1e cVYHKUI1U BblrrOJIH.HIOT Hei1poHbI, pa3BlfBaIOIUHeC.H B KpbillbHoi1 rmaCTI1HKe?
7. KaKKe <PYHKll,fflf BblllOflHHIOT HeiipoHbl, pa3BffBaIOLLUfeCH B .\feJKyrOqHott 30HC?
8. KaKJ1e <PYHKI.J:HI1 BblnOJIH.HIOT HeMpoHbI, pa3BlfBaIOIUI1eCH B raHrJIlfOHapHoi1 rmaCTI1HKe?

42 r nasa 1
1.3. HepBHa» TKaHb
1. I13 KaI<I1X KJIeTOK COCTOIIT HepBHa5I TKaHb?
2. qTo 5IBJl5IeTC5I CTpyJCTypHO-<PYHKlJJ10HCL1bHOi1 e)JJ1HHeM HepBHoM CHCTeMbI?
3. TIepeqHCJIHTe TlfrrbI HeMpoHoB. qe:M OHM OT.J1lflIaIOTC5I .upyr OT l1Pyra rro CTpoeHHIO II
<PYHKlJJrnl?
4. KaKHlH OTpOCTKaUI H Y KaKlIX HeMpoHoB 06pa3yIOTC5I QYBCTBMTeJIbHble HepBHble OKOH-
qaHM5I? KaK Ha3bIBaIOTC5I 3TH OKOHQaHH5I?
5. KaJrn:1fH OTpOCTKanI H Y KaKHX Hei1:poHoB 06pa3yIOTC5I ,lJ;BHraTeJIbHble HepBHble OKOHqa-
HI15I? KaK Ha3bIBaIOTC5I 3TH oKOWIaHH5I?
6. qTO TaKoe cHHarrc?
7. KaK rrpOMCXO.IIHT rrepe,IIaqa HepBHoro I-nrrrYJIbca C O,lJ;HOfO HeMpoHa Ha .IIP}Toi1?
8. KaKoBa <PYHKllHOHaJlbHa5I pOJIb le,IIl1aTOpOB B HepBHoit CHCTeMe?
9. KaKue ie,lIHaTopbI Baf u3BecTHbI?
10. KaKJ1e TI1IIbI fJIHaJIbHbLX KJIeTOK Baf M3BecTHbI?
11. KaKHe <PYHKIJJUI BblrrOJIH5IeT rJIlUI?
1.4. PeJIeKTOpHblit nplfHD;un ymrn.u:oHlipoBaHluI HepBlloll CMCTeMbI
1. "lITO TaKoe pe<pJIeKc?
2. KaKHe HeMpoHbI 06pa3)'IOT pe<pJIeKfopHyIO ,lJ;yTy?
3. qTo TaKoe pe<pJIeKTOpHOe KOJIbllO?
4. CKOJIbKO HeMpoHoB ).10)KeT BXO,lJ;I1Tb B COCTaB pe<pJIeKTOpHOM nyrH?
5. qTo TaKoe HepBHbIM eHTp?
6. KaIGIMH aHaTOfMqeCKnnI CTpYKT)'pRrvfH rrpe,lJ;CTaBJIeHbI rrepH<pepHQeCKI1e HepBHble
u;e HTp bI?
7. KaKHMH aHaTOflflIeCKHnf cTpYKTypaIH rrpe.n:CTaBJIeHbI HepBHble eHTpbI B crrMHHOf M
rOJIOBHO1 M03ry?
1.5. 06oJIo'lKJI U KpoBOCHa61KeHUe rO.iIOBHOrO If cnHHHoro M03ra
1. Ha30BMTe 060JIOQK.H crrHHHoro H rOJIOBHOrO M03ra M orrpe,lLeJIHTe I1X <pyHKliHOHaJIbHOe
3HaQeHHe.
2. Ha30BlITe 1\-fe)K06oJIoqeqHble rrpOCTpaHCTBa M orrpe,lJ;eJIMTe I1X <PYHKunOHaJIbHOe 3Ha-
qeHHe.
3. Ha30BHTe OTpOCTKM TBep,lJ;OM M03rOBOM 060JIOQKM rOJIOBHOfO M03ra KaKYIO <PYHKIJ;I1IO
OHH BblrrOJIH5IIOT?
4. f,lLe pacnOJIaraIOTC5I H KaKYJO <PYHKIJ:HIO BblrrOJIH5IIOT 3y6qaTble CB5I3KH?
5. KaKHe COCYl1bI cHa6)l(aIOT KpOBbIO rOJIOBHOM M03r?
6. BeTBII KaKJfX apTepJ1M 06pa3yIOT apTepMaJIbHbIM Kpyr KpOB006pameHIDI 60JIbllIOrO M03ra?
7. I1epeQHCJIlITe OCHOBHble CI1HYCbI TBepLI:oM 1vf03roBoll 060JIoqIGI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra.
8. KaKa5I KpOBb CO,lLep)KHTC5I B clfHycax TBep,lLoll I\'f03rOBOM 060JIOQKI1 M KYn:a OHa OTIeKaeT?
9. KaKMe apTepHH cHa6)KaIOT KpOBbIO crrMHHOll M03r?
10. KY,lLa OTTeKaeT BeH03Ha5I KpOBb OT crrHHHoro M03ra?
1.6. JIIIKBopHa» CHCTeMa M03ra
1. Orrpe.n:eJIMTe <PYHKII:MM JIMKBOpHOll CMCTe11bI 1103ra.
2. f,n:e Bblpa6aTbIBaeTC5I, CKaIIJIMBaeTC5I M II:MPKYJIMPyeT crrMHHOI03rOBa5I )KI1,[(KOCTb?
3. B KaKOM fe)K060JIoQeqHO]\'f rrpOCTpaHCTBe HaXO,lLMTC.H crrMHHO).f03rOBa5I )KM,l(KOCTb?
4. KaKHM 06pa30M co06ru:aIOTC5I le)K)IY C060ll )l(eny,lIOQIGI M03ra? KaK JIMKBOp rrorra,n;aeT H3
eJIY,lLOQKOB M03ra B rrO,lJ;rrayrMHHoe rrpOC'TpaHCTBo?
5. )]:JI5I Qero rrpe,lLHa3HaQeHbI rpaHYJUIIIMM rraYTMHHOH 060JIOQIGI?

r nasa 2
Cn""HHOM M03r M
Cn""HHOM03rOBbIE HEPBbl
.:.?:!:;:::rg::=::!lm-f::;m5t;?:>"{@ :{:l**::;:m:::t:..:-::;t::::f%:mli=*r:fi:%-::::::::1:it:m:r-t!:r
nunnoii M03l (medulla spinalis) - <;pMJIOreHeTWIeCIGI HaI160JIee ,n;peBHIDI qaCTh
HTpa.JIbHoi1: HepBHol1 CI1CTeMbI. OR pacrrO.JIO)l(eH B rr03BOHO\LY.fOM KaHaJIe II Y
3pOCJIOro qeJIOBeKa npO,D,OJDKaeTC5I OT 60JThliiOrO OTBepCTIDI qeperra, r.n:e Herroc-
:,n:CTBeHHO nepexoL(lIT B rOJIOBHOH 103r,,lIO BepXHero Kpa5I BToporo rr05ICHlflIHO-
:-0 rr03BOI-IKa. I-Ia BceM rrpOT5r.lKeHMI1 OT CIllIHHoro M03ra OTXO.n:lIT 31 napa cnUHHO-
_ 0320eblX llepeoe, CB5I3bIBaJOIIUIX ero C COOTBeTCTBYJOI.ID1MM CeThfemaMI1 TeJIa
pIIC. 28). 3m CfilIHH01rf03rOBble HepBbI COCTaBIliIIOT OCHOBY nepucj;epulfecKou Hep-
.: rfOU CUClneAlbl B 06JIaCTI1 T)'JIOBI1IIJ:a.
,D.yrLt1 n03BOHKOB
3aTblI104Hafi KoeTb
Cnll1HI-IOM03rOBbie
HepBbl
KOHCKLt1t1 XBOCT
KOn4Lt1KOBble HepBbl
] Wet1Hoe
cnneT8HV1e
(C1-C 1V )
] nne4eBoe
cnneTeHLt1e
(Cv- Th l )
Me)f(pe6epHble
HepBbl
(rpYAHot1 OTAeI1)
TBepAafi 060I104Ka
CnLt1HHOrO M03ra
nOeHLt14HO-KpeeTOBoe
enI1eTeHLt1e (L1-S v )
c. 28. CnHHHoM M03r (BI1,LI; C3arr;I1: nOJIO)KeHI1e CIIMHHoro :M03ra B n03BOHOQHOM KaHaJIe).

44 fnasa 2
CII11HHOM M03r BbIIIOJIIDIeT PM Ba)KHbIX <PYHKIJJ1M: BO-IIepBbIX, OR rrp:HRlIMa-
eT yqacTHe B BOCfrpI15IT1111 CeHCOpHOM 11H<pOpMaUM11 M3 pa3JII1QHbIX QaCTei1: Tena;
BO-BTOpbIX, OR pCrYJIMpYCT CerMeHTapHYlO pecpJIeKTOpHyIO ,L(e5ITenbHOCTb;
B-TpeTbMX, qepe CIII1HHOM M03r IIPOXOMT pa3JII1"lffible IIpOBO,IDIIII;I1e IIyrlI K rOJIO-
BHOlY M03ry 11 OT rOJIOBHOrO M03ra.
2.1. CTpOeHi1e Cni1HHOrO M03ra
2.1.1. BHewHee CTpOeHL1e CnL1HHOrO M03ra
BHellIHc CIII1HHOR M03r HaIIOI\lliHaeT TIDK IJJ1JIMH.D:p:wrecKoM <pOpMbI, HeCKOJIbKO
c,n;aBJIeHHblit CIIepeIDI Ha3a,n:. HIDKHJIM KOHeu CITI1HHOrO 1f03ra I1MeeT <POpNIY KO-
HYca, KOTOpbrH IIepexo,n;I1T B mepA1UHaJlbllYlO Hunlb - PY,III11vleHT CIIMHHoro M03ra.
OTXQ,[(5IIlU1e OT CIIllHHoro M03ra CIIMHHOM03rOBble HepBbI IIOKH,lIaIOT II03BOHOQ-
HbIH KaRaJI Qepe3 Me)l(II03BOHOqJIble OTBepCTI15I. B rnellHOM 11 rr05ICHI1lffiOM OT,lJ,e-
JIax CIIJ1HHOM M03r yrOJIIIJ:eH, tITO COOTBeTCTByeT ypOBHIO OTXO)I(1];eHIDI OT Hero
HepBOB K BepXHMM 11 HIDKHIiM KOHeQHOCT5I1v1.
B,n:OJIb BceR IIepe)XHeI1: rrOBepXHOCTM CIIMHHoro I03ra paCIIOJIO)KeHa nepeaHJlJl
cpeaUHHaJl U{eJ1b, a B,L(OJIb 3a,aHeM - 3aallJlJl cpeaUHllaR 60p03aa, KOTopble pa3,n;elliI-
lOT ero Ha rrpaByID }I neByJO IIOJ10BIIHbI. Ha 60KOBbIX IIOBepXHOCT5IX crrlIHHoro
M03ra BI1)J;HbI nepeaHflfl 11 3aaHJlJl /lamepaJlbHble 60p03abl, COOTBeTCTBYIOlI1.Me Mec-
TaM IIpOXO)l(.,n:eHl15I IIepe,n;HHX 11 3a,IJ,H11X KopeIIlKOB CIll1HHO103rOBbIX HepBOB
(pI1c. 29).
Cepoe Bew.eCTBO
6eIloe Bew.eCTBO
60KOBOVI
KaHaTt.-1K
3aAH5151
CpeAt.-1HHa51
60p03Aa '"
3C\AHt.-1t.-1 KaHaTt.-1K
3 C\AH 51 51
IlaTepallbHa51 6opo3Aa
3aAHt.-1V1 CTOIl6
nepeAHt.-1V1 CT01l6
nepeAH5I5I
naTepaIlbHa51
6opo3Aa
60KOBOVI
CT01l6
nepeAHt.-1V1
KaHaTt.-1K
CerMeHT
Cnt.-1HHOrO
M03ra
3C\AHt.-1V1 KopeWOK
Cnt.-1HHOM03rOBoro
HepBa
Cnt.-1HHOM03roBoVi
raHrIlt.-1V1
nepeAH5151
CpeAt.-1HHa51 w.eIlb
Cnt.-1HHOM03rOBOVI
HepB
nepeAHt.-1V1
KopeWOK
Cnt.-1HHOM03rOBoro
HepBa
Pc. 29. CerMeHTbI CIIHHHoro M03ra.

CnIt1HHOC1 M03r  Cnlt1HHOM03rOBbie HepSbl 45
2.1.2. CerMeHTapHoe cTpoeHMe CnL1HHOrO M03ra
CIDIlffiOll 1vf03r I1MeeT rrpI13HaKI1 ?vfeTaMepHoro (cerMemapHoro) CTpoeIDUI. llo,IJ,
ce2MenmOM cnunn020 M032a (Heepo.iuepoJrI) lI0HI111aIOT yqacToK ero ceporo Bem:eCT-
:sa, cOOmeTCTB)'lOiliJul rrOJIO)KeHMIO lIapbI (lIpaBoro 11 JIeBoro) ClII1HH01vl03rOBbIX
HepBOB, I1HHepBI1p)'lOillJIX COOTBeTCTB)'lOllU1e cerMeHTbI TeJIa. Pa3.JIWIaIOT 8 rneH-
:HbIX, 12 rpY,ZJJThIX, 5 lI05ICHWllibIX, 5 KpeCTIJ;OBbIX 111 KOIPlliKOBbrM CeDrfeHTbI ClIMH-
1..foro M03ra.
B lIpou:ecce pa3BMTIDI CIlliHHOll J\tl03r HeCKOJIbKO OTCTaeT OT pOCTa lI03BOH01ffi0-
-0 cTon6a, n03TOMY Cer1feHThI ClIllHHoro 1vf03ra HeMHOrO CMemeHbI KBepxy 11 I1X
rrOnO)l(emle He COBlIa)I:aeT C nOJIO)l(eIDIe11 COOTBeTCTByIOI.I(I1X cer!vfemOBlI03BOHKOB.
HarrpI1Mep, KOlIllliKOBbrn 11 Bce KpeCmOBble Cer11eHThI JIe)l(aT B KOHyce CIDIl-lliOrO
'I03ra Ha ypOBHe TeJIa lIepBoro lI05ICHWIHOrO lI03BOHKa, a Bce lIOJICHWIHble cerMeH-
ThI - Ha ypOBHe 10-12 rpy,I:(HbIX lI03BOHKOB. IT03ToIvry B lI03BOH01ffi011 KaHane HlDKe
!COHyca CIlliHHoro M03ra 1vfO)l(HO BJ1)J;eTh MHO)KeCTBO KopeIIIKOB CIlliHHOM03rOBbIX
HepBOB, KOTopbIe crrycKaIOTCJI BHM3 OT n05ICHWIHbIX, KpeCTlXOBbIX 11 KOlIllliKOBoro
CerMemOB K COOTBeTCTB)'IOI.I.U1M Me)l([l03BOHOTh1 OTBepCT.IDI1vl, r,n:e lIPM CJIIDIHJ1J1
rrepe,lUIero I1 3a)U!ero KopeIIIKOB <pop:Ml1pyeTCJI CIlliHHOM03rOBOll HepB. 3TOT KOMII-
:IeKC KopellIKOB CIlliHHoro M03ra HOCIIT Ha3BaHI1e KOHCK020 X80cma.
TaKMM 06pa30M, B npou:ecce pa3BI1TMJI coxpaIDIeTCJI CB5I3b Me)K,I:(y cerMeHTOM
CIDIHHoro M03ra (HeBp01fepOM) 11 COOTBeTCTB)'lOI.I.U111 eMY cerIvleHTOM TeJIa (COMI1-
TOM), KOTOpa5I ocyr.u:eCTBlliIeTCH nocpeJJ:CTBOM napbI CnMHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB.
3Ta oco6eHHOCTb cTpoe:mrn CIlliHHoro 1103ra HaxoL01T OTpa)KeHHe B 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTIDC I1HHepBaI1}Il1 o6rnero KO)KHOrO lIOKpOBa 11 MbIIIIIJ: TeJIa.
lf3 Ka)l()];oro cer11ema CIDIHHoro M03ra C 06eI1X CTOpOH Qepe3 nepe,IIIDIe JIaTe-
paJIbHble 60p03,I:I;bI BbIXO,n:5IT OTpOCTKI1 MOTOHellpOHOB, pacnOJIO)l(eHHbIX B
rrepe,n:HI1X porax ceporo BemeCTBa. COBOKYIIHOCTb 3TI1X OTpOCTKOB 06pa3yeT
rrepe,l(HI1e (,l(BI1raTeJIbHble) KopeZUKU cnUHHOM0320e020 Hepea, lIO KOTOpbI1f l1JIYT
HepBHble 11MrryJIbCbI OT cnI1HHoro M03ra K CKeJIeTHOll M)'cKYJIaTYpe (pI1c. 30). B I1X
COCTaBe TaIOKe rrpoxoMT HepBHble BonOKHa K Y3JIaM CI1MlIaTWIeCKoro CTBona.
3a,D,HiI1£1 (4YBCTBiI1TenbHbl£1) KopeWOK
Cnil1HHOM03rOBoro HepBa
BCTaB04Hbl£1 He£1pOH
(iI1HTepHe£1pOH)
60KOBOVI por
CeHcopHbl£1
(nceBAOYHiI1nons:lpHbl£1) He£1pOH
B Cnil1HHOM03rOBOM Y3ne
C BepXYWKa
 ronOBKa
3a,n.HiI1it1 por weKa
OCHOBaHi-1e
l1YBCTBiI1TenbHoe
HepBHoe OKOH4aHit1e
B KO)l(e
AcpcpepeHTHoe
HepBHoe BonOKHO
3cpcpepeHTHoe
HepBHoe BonOKHO
ABiI1raTenbHbl£1
(MYJ1b TiI1nOns:lpHbl£1)
He£1pOH
ne peAH!II £1
(ABiI1raTenbHbl£1)
KopeWOK
Cnil1HHOM03rOBoro
HepBa
ABiI1raTenbHoe
HepBHoe OKOH4aHiI1e
B Mblwu.e
PMC. 30. HeMpoHHbIM COCTaB CerMeHTa CIII1HHOrO M03ra.

46 rnaBa 2
B Ka)K)J;bIM cerMeHT cnllHHoro M03ra C 06eMx CTOpOH Qepe3 3a,n:I-IMe JIaTepaJIb-
Hble 60p03,n;bI BXOMT 3aaHue (ttyecmeUmeJlbllble) KopeUlKu cnUllHOM032oe020 Hepea,
KOTopble rrpe,n;cTaBJUilOT C060ll KorvmJIeKC u:eHTpaJIbHbIX OTpOCTKOB ceHcopHbIX
HenpOI-IOB cooTBeTCTBy'lOI1.U'IX CnUllHO}r!032oeblX Y3/l0e. 3m Y3JIbI B KOJIIP-IeCTBe
31 l1apbI 06bflHO pacrrOJIO)KeHbI B 06JIaCTM Me)l(l103BOHOqJIbLX oTBepcTMll. Ka)l(-
,lJ;blrr 1'IX IDLX IIpe,n;CTaBJUIeT co6oi1: OBaJIbHOe yroJIIIJ;eHMe no Xo,n:y 3a,I:(Hero KopellIKa
M COCTOI1T 113 ceHcopHbIX rrCCB,I:(OyJll1ITOJrnpHbIX HerrpOHOB.
COBOk)TIIHOCTh HellpOHOB CIII1HHOM03rOBoro Y3JIa o6pa3yeT 2aH2JlUOHapHblU
(}'3Jloeou) HepenblU lI,enmp, rJJ:e npOI1Cxo,n:I1T nepB:wrn:a5I o6pa60TKa ceHcopHOll
(qyBCTBI1TeJIbHOll) I1HcpopMaW1JI. Ka)K)J.brn HenpOH CIllIHHOM03rOBoro Y3JIa I1Me-
eT KOpOTKJ1H OTpOCTOK, cpa3Y ,n:elliII.IJ:I1MCH Ha ,n;Ba: rrepI1<pep:wreCKllM, KOTopbrn
HaqJ-IHaeTC5I pen:enTopaMM B KO)Ke, 1\fbIIIIUaX, CYCTaBax I1.Jil1 BH)'TpeHHl1X opraHax,
lll(eHTpaJIbHbrn, HanpaBllillOmI111C5I B COCTaBe 3a,lUIero KopellIKa B crrlIHHOl1 M03f.
TaKMM 06pa301\1, rrepe,lUille 11 3a,n;HMe KOpelllKI1 COBeprneHHO pa3mPIHbl no
CBOI1M CPYHKIJJI5I1vI. ECJlli 3a,I:(IDie KOpeIIIKI1 co,n:ep)KaT TOJIbKO a<p<pepeHTI-Ible (qyB-
CTBMTeJIbHble, ceHcopHble) HepBHble BOJIOKHa M IIpOBO,lI,5IT B CnI1llliOll M03r qYBCT-
BI1TeJIbHble I1MrryJIbCbI pa3JIMtffiOrO xapaKTepa, TO nepe,Lurn:e KOpernIG1 npe.LI:CTaB-
neRDI TOJIbKO 3<p<pepeHTHbllviM (JIBIITaTeJThHbI11J1, I1JTI1 MOTOpHbIMM, M BereTaTIIB-
FJ:>IMll) BOJIOKHarvn1:, rrepe.n;aIOm:I1MM HepBHble M1frryJIbCbI K 3<p<peKTopaM.
2.1.3. CTpoeHMe ceporo Bel..U,eCTBa
Ha IIOrrepeQHOM cpe3e CIIIIHHoro IvI03ra BI1,I(HO, qTO ero Bern:eCTBO HeO,[(HopO,I:(HO.
BH)'TpM paCIIOnO)I(eHO cepoe eeU{ecmeo, a CHap)')KI1 - 6eJloe eeU{ecmeo. Cepoe Be-
lI(eCTBO rrpe,n:CTaBlliIeT C060R CKOnJleHlle Ten HellpOHOB H l1X KOpOTKMX OTpOCTKOB,
6enoe Bern:eCTBO - CKOI1JIelllie J1X ,I:(JIMHHbIX OTpOCTKOB, Coe,L(I1HmOIIU1X HepBHbIe
KJIeTKM pa3JIH1.IHbIX cerMeHTOB CIIlIHHoro M03ra Me)K)J:Y c060it M C KJIeTKa:rvfM r0110-
EHoro !YI03ra. B u:eHTpe ceporo Bern:eCTBa II1\1eeTC5I l{eHlnpaJlbHb/zt KaNa/I, no KOTO-
poMY l(lIpKYJllipyeT CIlliHHOM03rOBa5I )KJ1)J,KOCTb. C B03paCTOM ueHTpaJIbHbIM
KaHa)I MO)KeT 3apaCTaTh.
B Cep01\.f BemeCTBe CIIlnrHOrO M03ra pa3JIlflIalOT 3aaHue, npOMe;;Jcymottllble M
nepeallue CmOJl6bl; Ha norrepe"lffiOM cpe3e OHM BbIT.JUI)J,5IT KaK IIepe.rlHI1e II 3a,n:HH:e
pora. B rpY,IIHOM OT,I:(ene CITI1HHoro M03ra B cepOM BelI(eCTBe BbI,IJ:elliIlOT eme 60KO-
eble p02a. B 3a,I:(H11X porax M B npOMe)I()'TOq}{OM Be:rn:eCTBe rpyrrrrMpy:IOTC5I BCTaBOq-
IThle HerrpOHbI (liliTepHetipoHbI), a B rrepeL(HMX porax - 1\fOTOHellpOHbI.
JIOKaJIbHble CKOIT}IeHllH HepBHbIX KJIeTOK B cepOM Bern:eCTBe Ha3bIBaIOT
flapaMU. B Mpax OCyrIJ:eCTBlliIeTC5I o6pa60TKa rroCTYITaIOrn:ell B CIlliHHOll M03f
MH<popMan:l1I1 11 nepen:aqa ee Ha .IIpyrI1e HepBHble ueHTpbI.
IIoC'TyrraIOml1e B COCTaBe 3aJIHMX KopellIKOB HepBHble BonOKHa, .HBJIillOIIU1eC5I
OTpOCTKaMII ceHcopHbIX HellpoHoB, JIe)KaIUIIX B CITI1HHOM03rOBbIX Y3nax, qaCTWIHO
3aKaIflIIrnalOTC5I B 06JlaCTM BepXYllIKI1 3a;:rHero pora, KOTOpa5I HOCIIT Ha3BaHlle cmy-
aellucln020 eeU{ecmea (pl1c. 31). CT)',I:(elllicTOe Be:rn:eCTBO, M.JIlI )KeJIaTIffi03HillI cy6-
CTaffill5I, rrpe,I:(CTaBlliIeT co6on cKorureIllie HHTepHetIpoHoB (nYLf.KOebLX KJlemoK)) BbI-
rrOJIID-IIOIIlJ1X B petPJIeKTOpHOM )];yre pOJIb rrpO!vIe)I()'T01ffiOro, BCTaBOq}-fOrO 3BeHa
Me)l()J;Y ceHcopHbIMM HelipoHa1\ili If MOToHetipoHaMll. l1yqxoBble KJIeTIGI B 60JTh-
1l10M KOJIWIeCTBe BCTpeQaIOTC5I He TOJThKO B 3a;:rHl1X porax, HO 1'1 B rrp01\1e)I()'TOtffiOM

CnV1HHoill M03r V1 CnV1HHOM03rOBble HepBbl 47
CTYAeHViCToe
sew,eCTBO
Co6CTBeHHoe
ApO
rpYAHoe APO
nnaCTLt1Hb!
PLt1KCeAa
npOMe)f(yrOYHOe
-:TepaIlbHoe APO
npOMe>Kyr04Hoe
eALt1aIlbHOe APO
naTepaIlbHoe
MOTopHoe APO
J
MeAV1anbHoe
MOTopHoe APO
}1C. 31 . 5l.npa B Cep01-f BeIJJ;eCTBe CIII1HHOrO M03ra.
:=IJJ:eCTBe. Bnaro.n:ap.H CBOJ1J\1 oTpoCTKa1vI OHI1 ocymeCTBIDIlOT CB.H3b BbllIIe- 11 HIDKe-
_)l(arn:MX CeTh1emOB CIII1HHoro M03ra Me)Klly C06011. AKcoHbI 3TI1X BCTaBO"lffibIX
= ctipOHOB ,lIoCTlITaIOT nepe.lUlliX poroB crrllHHoro M03ra, r,n:e 3aKaFllIBaIOTC.H Ha
_OTOHenpOHax, I1HHepBl1pyIOII.IMX COOTBeTCTBYIOIillle CKeJIeTH1:>Ie :MbII.IIlLbI.
TaIGIM o6pa301vI, OCHOBHa5I <pyHKl(lIJI cerMemapHoro anrrapaTa Cnl1HHOrO
o3ra, B COCTaB KOToporo BXO,[(IIT yqacToK ceporo BelI1.ecTBa B:rvreCTe C COOTBeTCT-
3lOmeH napoit CIDIHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB M OTHOC5III.IMXC5I K IDIM nepe,n;IDIX 11
2HMX KopellIKOB, CBOMTC5I K OCYTIQeCTBJIeI110 BpOeHHnIX cerMeHTapHDIX
-e<pJIeKCOB.
B 3aOHUX p02ax (cmoAoax) HeitpOll! pacnOJIaraIOTC5I rrocJIofuIo. 3TO rr03BOJII1-
.-:0 PMKce,[(y (Rexed) BbI,IJ:eJIMTh CKOIIJIeHlUI KJIeTOK H 0603Ha1ffITh llX KaK ITJlaCTI1-
:..rbI. 3,[(eCb cocpe,[(OTOqeHO MHO)KeCTBO 5I,[(ep, Ha KOTOpbIX OKaHQI1BaIOTC5I
_<p(j;)epeHTHble HepBHble BOJIOKHa 06lI1.eM C01vlaTI1QeCKOM 11 BI1cu:epaJIbHOll
YBCTBMTeJThHOCTI1. Cpe,[(11 Mep 3a)XHero pora CJIe,rxyeT oT.feTuTb c06cmeellHoe .RapO
nucl. proprius), KOTopoe paCITOJIaraeTC5I B u:eHTpe 3a,I:(Hero pora 11 COOTBeTCTByeT
II 11 IV IVlaCTI1HaM PI1Kce,II:a. OHO CJIy'.ACllT MeCTOM rrepeI<.JIIOqeI-IJffi Tex qyBCTBI1-
-e.rlbHbIX HepBllIX BOJIOKOH, KOTopble Hecyr HH<popMaU:I1IO 0 60JIeBbIX I1 TeMrrepa-
-YpHbIX pa3JJ:pa)KeHIDIX C nOBepXHOCTI1 KO)KM, 1'1 ITepe,nalJH 3TOlll1H<pop:rvraU:I1I1 ITO
30CXO,ILHlI(MM TpaKTaM B rOJIOBHOH :tvf03r.
B llpOMe3ICYmO'lHbIX cmoA6ax JIe)I(aT: 2pyalloe RapO (5I)IpO l(,-rrapKa), npOl't1eJJCY-
Ollloe MeaUaJlbllOe 5lapO 11 npo.kte;;JcymOZ{Hoe JlamepaJlbHOe 5lapo. TIoCJIe,n:Hee pacno-
uO)KeHO B 60KOBOM pore If npOCne)lGffiaeTC5I TOJIbKO B rpY,IJJIbIX cerMeHTax Clli1H-
:Ioro M03ra. KrreTKI1 npOMe}K)'T01ffiOro naTepaJIbHOrO Mpa CB5I3aHbI C pe<pneKTOp-
HOM ,n;eJITeJIbHOCTbIO BHYTPeHHHX opraHOB 11 COCTaBllillOT u:eHTpbI EereTaTIfBHOM
.:.:epBHOM CI1CTeMbI. rpY,[(Hoe MPO If np011e}K)'TOQHOe 11e,[(I1aJThHOe MPO I1MeIOT
THOllIeHHe K rrepeKJIIOQeHI1IO a<p<pepeHTHon COMaTUQeCKOn 1IH<popMaU;I1I1,
lOCTYTIaIOIl(eM B CITHHHOI1: M03r ITO qyBCTBI1TeJIbHbThf HepBHbII BOJIOKHaM B COCTa-
3e 3a,n;HHX KopellIKOB, Ha npoBoMIIU1e rryr:u, Be,ny11J}Ie K rOJIOBHory 1103ry, B Qac-
OCTII K J\I03)Ke1ll(Y.

48 rnaBa 2
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CnV1HHO M03r V1 CnV1HHOM03rOBble HepSbl 49
B nepeonux pozax (cToJI6ax) ceporo BeIUeCTBa ne)KaT MomopHble (aeu2ameflb-
- e) Rapa. B MeCTax IlleitHoro M n05ICI-IWIHoro yromuelllIM CIlliHHoro M03ra, OT
efMeHTOB KOTOpbIX ocym:eCTBlliIeTC5I I1HHepBaU115I BepXHei1 M IllDKHei1 KOHeqHO-
-eM, BbI):(eJUllOT ,n:o IDITll rpyrrn ,n:BIITaTeJThHbIX Mep. B ,I1,BMraTeJThHbIX Mpax ne)l(aT
_ oToHeMpoHbI, aKCOHbI KOTOpbIX B COCTaBe cOOTBeTCTBYIDIUJIX HepBoB ,n:OCTHraIOT
 lllIe1:IHbIX BonOKOH M nepe,n:aIOT MM Heo6xo,n:MMble KOMaH)U>I M3 n;eHTpaJIbHOll
- epBHoll Cl'ICTeMbI. Ha pMC. 32 nOKa3aHa nocerMeHTHa5I nOKa.Jlli3aI(115I pa3JIWIHbIX
-:..Jep Ha BceM npOTIDKeHMM cnllHHoro M03ra.
.1.4. CTpoeHMe 6enoro BeLl..\eCTBa
CHap)l.)K11 OT ceporo BemeCTBa, B KOTOpOM cocpen;OTOqeHbI Tena HepBHbIX Ki1eTOK,
DaCnOJIO)KeHO 6eJloe eeU{ecmeo. OHO npe,n:CTaBJIeHO )])lliHHbIMll oTpocTKa:MH HeM-
aHOB - aKcoHaMM, rroKpbITbIMJ1 MMemrnoBoll 060JI01IKOll, npI1)::(arorn:ell MM
6enbIll I(BeT. 3TH HepBHble BonOKHa ocyrn:eCTBlliIIOT CB.H3M1-Ie)I(,[(y coce,z:urn::MJf cer-
\IeHTaMM cnMHHoro M03ra, a TaIOKe BocxoMllUIe If HllcxoMllUIe CB5I3M CIlliHHoro
I ronOBHoro M03ra.
ITepe,n:Hlle M 3a)];Hlle 60p03,l.I;bI M meJTh, pacrrOnO)KeHHble Ha nOBepXHOCTH
'ITHHHOrO M03ra, pa3,IJ,eJImOT ero 6eJIoe Bern:eCTBO Ha CMMMeTpWIHO Jle)Karn:Ife qac-
III - KGHamUKU cnUHH020 M032a (CM. pRC. 29). Pa3nMqaIOT 3a,lUllie, 60KOBble M ne-
pe,n;HMe KaHaTMKJ1. CaM)'JO BHYTPeHHIOIO ill( qaCTb, Henocpe,l.I;CTBeHHO npMJIe)l(a-
J.UYlO K cep0M)' BemeCTBY, COCTaBlliIIOT HepBHble BonOKHa co6cmeellllbLX nyttKOe
CITHHHOrO M03ra, KOTopble ocym:eCTBlliIIOT CB5I3H Me)I(,[(y coce,l.I;HM:MH cerMema:MH
CITMHHOrO M03ra. OCHOBHa5I 1-faCCa BonOKOR KaHaTMKOB npe,n:CTaBJIeHa oTpOCTKa-
\IM TeJI HepBHbIX KJIeTOK, KOTopble 06Pa3YIDT .IU3YCTOPOHHIOIO CB.H3b CerMeHTapHO-
fa annapaTa CIllIHHoro IvI03ra C rOnOBmIM M03rOM. 3Ta CB5I3b ocym:eCTBlliIeTC5I
IIocpe,n;CTBOM eocXOaRIll,UX M HUCXOaRU{UX npoeOaRU{UX nymeu, KOTopble COCTaBJImOT
oenoe Bem:eCTBO CIlliHHoro M03ra. ITo BOCXO,l.(5II.lJ:MM npoBoMllUIM rryr5IM MH<pOP-
\faUM5I nOCT)'TIaeT M3 CIlliHHoro M03ra K ronOBHOM)', a no HMCXO,l.(5II.lJ:llM, Hanpo-
TMB, 113 ronOBHoro M03ra K COOTBeTCTBYIDIIUIM ,l.U3HraTeJThHbIM MpaM CIIJ1HHOrO
M03ra.
B <pOpMllpOBaIDfM BOCXO,l.(5II.lJ:11X rrpoBoMllUfX rryrell npHHMMaIOT yqacTMe Mpa
ceporo Bern:eCTBa CIIJ1HHOrO M03ra, npe,IJ,CTaBlliIIOnure C060ll CKormeHIDI BCTaBOq-
HbIX HeltpoHoB, ,lJJIMHHble o1'pOCTKIif KOTOpbIX, HanpaBlliI5ICb K onpe,n:eneHHbIM
aT,n;eJIaM rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, 06pa3YIDT cOOTBeTCTBYIDIlIJIe rryTM. TaK, C06CTBeHHOe
MPO 3a,n;Hero pora cnllHHoro M03ra CB.H3aHO C nepe,n:aqei1 60JIeB0I1 11 TeMITepaTYP-
HOll qyBCTBMTeJIbHOcTll. -qepe3 rpy,n;Hoe M npoMe)KjT01ffiOe Me)U1aJThHOe Mpa ocy-
eCTBJI5IeTC5I nepe,n;aqa B M03)I(eqOK 6ecc03HaTeJIbHOrO MbIIIIeq}fO-cycTaBHoro
qyBcTBa. OrpOCTKH HepBHbIX KJIeTOK, pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIX B 3TJIX Mpax, HanpaBJUI-
lOTC.H B rOJIOBHOll M03r B COCTaBe 60KOBbIX KaHaTI1KOB (pRC. 33).
HRcxoMllUIe rrpoBoMIIU1e rryrM o6pa30BaHbI,lJJIMHHbI:MJf oTpOCTKaMI1 Hei1:po-
HOB, ne)KaII.U1X B rOJIOBHOM M03re. 3TM OTpOCTKH Hecyr MH<4!0pMalI)iIIO K MOTOHell-
pOHaM, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIM B nepe,n;HJ1X porax CIllIHHoro M03ra.
B 3aonux KanamuKax 6enoro BeIIIeCTBa CIlliHHoro M03ra pa3JII1qaIOT ,n;Ba qyBCT-
BllTeJIbHbIX BOCXO,l.(5II.lJ:MX npOBO,l.(5II.lJ:MX rryTM: mOllKUU nY'10K, JIe)l(arn:IDt Me,n;MaJIb-
HO, II KflUHoeUallblU nY'10K, pacnOnO)KeHHbrn naTepaJIbHO. 06a 3TMX rryqxa rrpe,n:-
4. AHaTOM HepBHO CCTeMbi

50 rnasa 2
Kmt1HOBt.1,QHblt1 nY'-IOK
(nY'-IOK 6YPAaxa)
l11HTepHet1poHbl
Cnt.1HHO- TaJ1aMt.1'-1eCKt.1C1
naTepaJ1bHblC1 nYTb
CeHcopHble HeC1pOHbl [
B Cnt.1HHOM03rOBOM
raHrnt.1t.1
Cnt.1HHO- M03>Ke'-l KOBblt1
3a,QHt.1t1 nyrb
(nyrb CbJ1eKCt.1ra)
Co6CTBeHHbie nyLJKt.1
Cnt.1HHOrO M03ra
CnHHO-M03>Ke'-lK08WC1
nepe,QHt.1 nyrb
(nyrb r OBepca)
CnHHO- TanaMt.1'-1eCKLitC1
nepe,QHt.1 nyrb
MOToHet1poH
PMC. 33. flOKaJII13aUIDI OCHOBHbIX BOCXO,lUIlUJ1X IIpOBO,lUIIIJ;I1X rrYTett B 6eJIOM BeIIIeCTBe
CIII1HHOrO M03ra.
CTaBlliIlOT co6on CKOIIJIeHMe l(eHTpaJIbHbIX OTpOCTKOB ceHcopHbIX HenpOHOB,
JIe)l(aIIUIX B CIIllHHOM03rOBbIX raHfJIIDIX. OHM Hecyr Herrocpe,UCTBeHHO B rOJIO-
BHon M03r oco3HaBae1f)'IO qeJIOBeKOM ceHcopHYlO MH<popMal(MIO OT opraHoB
OC5I3amUI, Mbll.IIlX, cycTaBoB, CB5I30K M T. ,n;.
B OOK06blX KanamuKax 6eJIoro BemecTBa crrMHHoro M03ra rrpoXo,n;MT l(eJrbln PM
TpaKTOB. HlDKe paCCMaTpMBaIOTC5I JllffiIb HaM60JIee 3HaqJ1Mble M3 IDIX.
,[(BMraTeJIbHble HMCXo,L(5IIillIe rrpoBo,L(5II..I(Me IIyrM rrpe,n;cTaBJI5IIOT C060M COBO-
IcyrrHOCTb OTpOCTKOB HeMpoHoB, paCIIOJIO)l(eHHbIX B ,n;BMraTeJIbHb1X l(eHTpaX
ronOBHoro M03ra; OHM rrepe,n;aIOT ,n;BMraTeJIbHble MMIIYJIbCbI M3 3TMX l(eHTpOB Ha
MOTOHenpOHbI rrepe,n;HJ1X pOrOB ceporo BemeCTBa CrrMHHOrO M03ra. KOpKOeO-
CnUllllOM0320eOU JlamepGJlbllblU nymb, RJIM JlanlepGJlbllblU nUpaMUaHblU mpaKm,
06eCrreQMBaeT IIpOBe,n;eHMe HepBHbIX MMIIyJIbCOB M3 ,n;BMraTeJIbHOrO l(eHTpa KOpbI
60nbllII1X rroJIyIlIapill1 K COOTBeTCTBy:IOI.I(MM CerMeHTaM CrrMllliOrO M03ra. KpaCllO-
.flaepllO-CnUllllOM0320eOU nymb 06eCrre1lliBaeT rrpOBe,n;eHMe HepBHbIX MMrryJIbCOB K
MOTOHenpOHaM COOTBeTCTBy:IOmI1X CerMeHTOB CrrMHHOrO M03ra M3 IIO,n;KOpKOBbIX
,n;BMraTeJIbHbIX l(eHTpOB rOJIOBHOrO M03ra. PemUKYJlO-CnUllllOht0320eOU nynlb rrpo-
BO,n;MT MMrryJIbCbI OT peTI1KYlliIpHOn <pOpMal(MM rOJIOBHOrO Ivf03ra K MOTOHenpo-
HaM B COCTaBe ,n;BMraTeJIbHbIX 5I,[(ep rrepe,[(HllX porOB crrMHHoro M03ra. IIepe,n;aqa
MMIIyJIbCOB OT BOJIOKOH peTI1KYJIO-CIII1HHOM03rOBoro IIyrM Ha MOTOHeMpOHbI
ocyrn:eCTBlliIeTC5I rrocpe)]:CTBOM MHTepHeMpOHOB - KJIeTOK PeHIllOY.
Ha MOTOHenpOHax CllMHHOrO M03ra rrpOMcxo,n;MT KOHBepreHIlM5I Bcex HMCXO-
MI.IUIX BJIM5IHJ1M M3 pa3HbIX OT,UenOB rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, rrocpe,n;CTBOM KOTOpbIX pe-
,uIM3yeTC5I ,n;e5ITeJIbHOCTh CKeJIeTHOM MYCKYJIaTYpbI (pMC. 34).

CnV1HHot1 M03r V1 CnV1HHOM03rOBble HepSbl 51
MOTOHepOH
naTepanbHbl
nLt1paM1-1AHblii1 TpaKT
KpaCHOAepHO-
Cn1-1HHOM03roBoL:1 nyrb
/
CeHCOpHblL1 HepOH
VlHTepHeLi1poH
(nYYKOBa KIleTKa)
nepeAH1-1n1-1paM1-1AHTpa
Pc. 34. I1epeKJIIOQeHI1e HHCXOMIl1.MX IIpOBO,il5IUUIX rryreiI Ha foToHeMpoHax CIIHHHoro M03ra.
1JysCTBIITeJThHble (BOCXOMIlIJIe) rrpoBoMllU1e rryrn 6oKOBorO KaHaTllKa rrpe,n:-
CTaBJL<rIOT C060R COBOK)'IIHOCTb OTpOCTKOB BCTaBOtfH:bIX HeMpoHoB, pacrrOJIO)l(eH-
HbIX B Mpax ceporo BemecTBa crrliliHoro 1103ra (B 3a,lIH}IX porax II B rrpoMe:>KyTOq-
HOM BemecTBe). 3TH rryr:n rrepe,n:aIOT ceHcopHble llMIJyJIbCbI, rrOCTyIIaIOIllJ1e OT
KO)l(I1, CYCTaBOB 1111bIIIIU B COOTBeTCTB)'IOIllHe ueHTpbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra. CnUllllO-
naJlaMULfeCKue JlamepaJlbllble nymu rrpoBoMT llMIIYJIbCbI 60JIeBOMll TeIrrepaTYpHoM
qyBcTBIITeJThHOCTII B rrO,IO<opKOBble ueHTpbI o6mei1 qyBCTBllTeJIbHOCTII (TaJlaMY-
CbI), pacrrO.JIO)l(eHI-Ible B o6JIacTll rrpOMe:>KyTOq}{oro M03ra, H n:anee - K COIaToceH-
cOpHoll Kope 60JIblllliX rroJIYIIIapIn1. CnuHHo-Jw03J1CelfKOBble nynzu (nepeaHUU II
3ai:Jllui1) Hecyr B M03)l(eQOK HMIJyJIbCbI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOrO 1vThlIIIe1ffiO-CYCTaBHoro
(nporrpllou:errTMBHoro) qyBCTBa.
B nepeiJnux KanamuKax 6enoro BerueCTBa CIlliHHoro 1103ra cpe)JJ1 HMCXOMIIIJIX
rryrett pacrrOJIO)l(eH )]:BlITaTeJIbHbrM rrpOBO,II,5IIl.U1:M rryTb - nepeallui1 KopKoeo-cnUll-
HOM0320BOU nymb (nepeallUU nUpaMUallbfU lnpaKm). 3TOT rryrb rro,n;o6HO JIaTepaJIbHO-
\IY KOpKOBO-CIlliHHOM03rOBOMY rryrn COCTOMT II3 HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH, .ill3JUllOmMX-
C5I oTpOCTKa:Mll mlpaU1)J;HbIX Hei1poHoB ,1XBlITaTeJThHOrO ueHTpa KOpbI M rrpOBO,I(lIT
BMraTeJIbHble MMIJyJThCbI K MOToHeI1poHaM COOTBeTCTBy:IOI.IUiX cerMeHTOB ceporo
BemeCTBa CIlliHHoro M03ra. Cpe,n:M BOCXOMI.IUiX rrpOBO,l:(5IIlU1X rryreM CJIe,rryeT OTI\1e-
TIlTb rrepe,1U{I1i1: cnUllllO-mG.lZaA1UlJeCKUU nymb, CB5I3alllibrll C rrepen:aqeM B rrO):(KOpKO-
Bble qyBCTBllTeJIbHble u:eHTpbI (TaJlaMYCbI) qyBCTBa OC5I3aHIDI II n:aBJIemrn.
2.2. CnHHOM03rOBble HepBbl, ViX npO"3BOAHble Vi
06naCTVi ViHHepBau.ViVi
CnunnOM03206ble nep6bl (nn. spinales), paBHO KaK M QeperrHble HepBbI, 0 KOTOpbIX
TJOMeT peqb B cJIeW.rOrn:eM rJIaBe, COCTaBllillOT OCHOBY <pOpfMpOBaHJrn nepurjJepu-
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..0-". __ ........
....... -0 .......
....... .- -.......
-"-0--' .. _.......
....... .. .......
....... .. ...-....
....... .. .......
:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: :.:. :-:.:.jo:.:.::
....... -- .......
-..-.-.- .. .......
..-.... .. ..-....
-............. .... .....-.........-
...... . -. --.....
....... .- .......
....0..... ........
.....-- . ........
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---"... .. .......
....... .. ........
........ - .......
....... .. .......-
-...... .. .......
....... .. .......
.......- .. .......
....... .. .......
........ .. ....-.-
"_h" n. ..._....
........ .. .......
..--.... ... ........
...........-. .... .......-.......
....... .. ...-.-.
-......... .......
....... .. ..-..-.
....... --- ---...-
....... .. .......
......_. d_ ......._
........ .. .......
-.....- ... -....-.-
.-............. ---. -.............-
::::::::::::::: :::'. :::::::::::::::
........ .- .......
....... .-- -.-.....
........ .. .......
..............-. ..... -...........-.-
....... ... .....-.-
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........ .. ........
....... -.- -....---
........... ........
.....-......... .-.-.- ................
............... .....................
........ ... ........
............... ..... ...............
.......-... .......
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..... -.- ------
Im r-arG
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CnV1HHot1 M03r V1 CnV1HHOM03rOBble HepBbl 53
8nVlHespVlC1
nepVlHe8pVl
BeHa
ApTepVl51
nYYOK
HepSHblX
sonOKOH
8HAoHespVlL;1
MVlenVlHOBoe
HepSHoe sonOKHO
PVlC. 36. CTpOeHMe HepBa.
IleCKoii llep61l0u. CUCmeMbl. HapMY co cIlliHHoMo3rOBbIMll HepBa:rvfll K rrepM<pepM-
qeCKott HepBHO:H: CllCTeMe OTHOCmC5I Bce Te o6pa30BaHM5I, KOTopbIe ocym:eCTBlliI-
IOT CB5I3b u;eHTpaJIbHOI1 HepBHoM CJrICTeMbI C KO)KHbIM rroKpoBoM, orropHo-)lBI1:ra-
reJIbHbIM aIIrrapaTOM, BH)'TpeHHMMM opraHaMM. Cpe,L(11 3TJ1X 06pa30BaIll1i1: BbI.II:e-
15IIOT llepebl M MX KO;)fCllble M MblUlettllble eemeu, Y3Jlbl (2aH2JlUU), cn/lemeHUflll T. ,L(.
(pMC. 35). CTpYKTYPHble 3JIeMeHTbI rrepllcPeplflecKoM HepBHoM C11CTe?\1bI COCT05IT
113 CeHCOpHbIX HettpoHOB 11lIX OTpOCTKOB, a TaIOKe 113 OTpOCTKOB MOTOHeMpOHOB,
TeJIa KOTOpbIX pacrrOnO)KeHbI B rrepe,L{IDLX porax crrMHHoro M03ra II COOTBeTCTB)'1O-
lI(MX ,L(BlITaTenbHbIX Mpax rOJIOBHOrO ?\-f03ra.
Hepe KaK aHaTOMlPIeCKOe 06pa30BaHMe COCTOMT 113 60nbilioro -q}Icna HepBHbIX
BOJIOKOH, IIJIOTHO ynaKoBaHHbIX B e,L(MHyIO CTpYKTYPY (pIIC. 36), ocym:eCTBlliIIO-
IUy:IO CB5I3b ueHTpaJIbHOM HepBHoll C11CTe?\-'fbI co BCeMH opraHaMll B Tene.
KaK }')Ke OTMeqanOCb BbIllIe, -q}Icno rrap CIIllHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB COOTBeTCT-
ByeT qucny cerMeHTOB CIlliHHoro M03ra, KOTopoe B CBOIO oqepe,L(b COOTBeTcTByeT
1llicny cerMeHTOB Tena (COMMTOB), II COCTaBlliIeT 31 rrapy (811Iei1HDIX, 12 rpy.aHbIX,
5 rr05ICHWIHbIX, 5 KpeCTUOBbIX M 1 KOIPIMKOB)'1O). Bce 3TM HepBbI 11MeIOT O)J.HOTIIrr-
Hoe cTpoeHMe.
2.2.1. CTpoeHMe cnMHHOM03rOBoro HepBa
Ka}K,[(bIM cnUllllOM0320eou llepe o6pa3yeTC5I rrocpe,L(CTBOM CJIIDIHlliI rrepe,L(HerO
:\fOTopHoro (,L(BlITaTenbHoro) 11 3a,L(Hero ceHcopHOTO (qyBcTBMTeJIbHOro) Kopern-
KOB. Ha KIDI<)J;OM 3a,L(HeM KopellIKe pacrrOnO)KeHO no O,L(H0MY CIIllHHOM03rOBOM)'
Y3ny, B KOTOpOM HaXO,I:L5ITC5I TeJIa ceHcopHbIX HettpoHoB.
lIo COCTaBY HepBHbIX BonOKOH crrMHHOM03rOBO:H: HepB 5IBlliIeTC5I CMernaHHbIM,
raK KaK B ero o6pa30BalllIll npMHMMaIOT yqaCTIIe qyBCTBllTenbHbIe, ,L(BMraTenbHble
Ii BereTaTllBHbIe BOJIOKHa 1. lIo qyBCTB11TenbHbIM BonOKHaM B CIIllHHOM M03T no-
1 Pacnpen:eJIeHMe BereTaTMBHbIX HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH no.up06HO paCCMOTpeHO B fJI. 3 «ABToH011-
Ha51 HepBHa5I CMCTeMa».

54 rnaBa 2
MeAlllaJ16Hap.
BeTBb
naTepanbHa
BeTBb
3a,o.HSH=I BeTBb
Teno n03BOHKa
Me:>t<pe6epHblC1
HepB
rny60Klt1e
MblWLI,bl
Cnlt1Hbi
CnIl1HHOM03roBo(i1
HepB
CnVlHHOM03rOB0C1
Y3en
naTepanbHa
KO>KHa seTBb
rvle:>t<pe6epHble
f\.1bIWLI,bl
rpYAlt1Ha .;..
nepeAHKO:>t<HaBeTBb
PliIC. 37. CTII1HHO103roBoi1 HepB II ero BeTBI1.
CTYTIalOT ceHcopHbIe llMrryJlbCbI OT peuel1TOpOB KO)Kl1, cycTaBOB, MbIIllll 11 BJIyT-
peHHI1X opraHOB; no ,n;Bl1:raTeJlbRbIM BOJIOKHaM nepe,n;alOTC5I yrrpaBJI5IIOIUMe
KOMaH,[LbI 113 CI1I1HHoro ?\103ra K CKeJIeTHbTh1 MbIllIuaM, a no BereTaTHBHbI11 -
K KpOBeROCHbli\'1 COCYLIa!\1 II BHyTpeHlll1M opraHaM.
Co6CTBeHHbn1: CTBOJI crrllHHOM03rOBoro HepBa OqeHb KOpoTKMI1:. Cpa3Y)Ke no
BbIXo,n;e M3 rr03BOHO"llHOrO KaRMa Qepe3 1,fe)Kl103BORO"llHOe OTBepcrne OR .II:eJIllTC51
Ha nepeaHJOJO 11 3aallJOJO eelneu (pilC. 37), Ka)K)].a5I 113 KOTOpbIX .HBJI5IeTC5I CMemaH-
HOlt Kp01fe Toro, OT Bcex rpy.nHbIX 11 BpXHI1X ,II;BYX I105ICHIflHbIX Cl1MHH01f03ro-
BbIX HepBoB OTXoMT 6e./lble coeaUllUnZej1bHbie eemeu K cI11fnaTW:IeCKoMy CTBOJIy 11
qyBcTBllTeJIbHa5I JwellUH2eG.J1bHafl eelneb K o60JIoq}(aM Cl1llHHOrO M03ra.
3aduue (iJopcll;lbuble) 6em6U CIllIHHOM03rOBbIX HepBoB HanpaBlliIlOTC.H Ha3a,n:
Me)l()J,y nOl1epeQHblldM oTpocTKa11M I103BOHKOB, npOHMKalOT B Tonruy MbIllIU
cnMHbI, r,n;e pa3BeTB.llillOTC5I Ha KOHet:IHble MbIIIIeqHble 11 KO)l(Hble BeTBll. 3a.II:HMe
BeTBll MHHepBllpy:IOT r.rry6oKI1e co6cTBeHHble MbIIIIIU>I C:rnnIbI, a TaIOKe KO)K)T
3aTbIJIOqHOM o6nacTI1 ronoBbI, 3a.II:Hen I10BepXHOcTM meM, CnI11IbI 11 qaCTIflIHO 5ITO-
,n;MqHOM 06JIaCTM. IIpll 3TOM B COOTBeTCTBllM C I1X MeTaMepHbIM pacnOJIO)J(eHlleM
COXpaH5IeTC5I cerMemapHa5I MHHepBalUUI KO)l(l1 11 r.rry60KMX MbIIIIIJ: CnllHbI.
lIepeiJuue 6em6U CIllIHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB YCTpoeHbI HeCKOJIbKO CJIO)Kf[ee.
B rpy,n;HOM OT,n;eJIe T)'JIOBllIUa XOpOllIO Bblpa)l(eHO MX cerMeHTapHoe paCI10JIO)Ke-
HMe. 3,n;eCb nepe,n;HMe BeTBil CI1MHH01-I03rOBbIX HepBOB HarrpaB.llillOTC5I JIaTepaJIbHO
M Bnepe,n;, Ka)K,I(a5I B CBoeM Me)Kpe6epHOM npOMe:>KYTKe, II 1103TOMY Ha3bIBaIOTC5I
Me;Jfcpe6epllblMU llepeGMU. Me)Kpe6epHbIX HepBOB 11 nap, HepBbI 12-n napbI

CnHHOC1 M03r t-1 CnHHOM03rOBble HepBbl 55
Ha3bIBaIOTC5I nOLI:pe6epHhII\1M. OHM paCIIOJIaraIOTC5I Me)lQIy Hap)')KHbIMI1 M BHyT-
peHHMMM 11e)Kpe6epHbIrn Mbllllua11M 11 H.IIYT B)JOJIb Ka)l(lJ;OrO pe6pa no ero HIDK-
HeMY KpaIO. Me)l(pe6epHble HepBhI IIHHepBI1py:IOT c06cTBeHHble 1fhIIIIIXhI rpy,DJ1 M
AGiB01'a, a 1'aIOKe KO)l()' 60KOBOM M rrepen:HeM IIoBepXHocTell T)'JIOBIlliIa, HaIIpaBJIIDI
K I-llIl\1 COOTBe1'CTByroIIJ:I1e BeTBI1. 3,n:ech TaIOKe COXpaF..5IeTC5I cTporoe cerfeHTapHoe
COOTBeTCTBlie B MllliepBaUMJ1 KO)Kll J1 ?\fbIlIII( T)'JIOBI1IIIa. CJIe)1yeT OTMeTI1Th, qTO Ha
rpaHMue cocellHMX CertvfeHTOB J1MeIOTCH yqaCTKJ1 qaCTWIHOrO rrepeKpbIBaHI15I 30H
J1l-11ICpBaUI1I1 KOXGI M3 COce,IUll1X cerMeHTOB.
IfHHep6Ql{uH o6UJ,e2o (KOJICIl020) nOKpo6a T)'JIOBMIIJ:a CKJIa,L(bIBaeTC5I IIOCTeIIeHHO
B rrpouecce 316pIIOHaJIbHOrO pa3BllTIDI. A<p<pepeHTI-Thle BOJIOKfIa, COCTaBlliIIOIIJ:lle
qyBcTBllTeJIbHYIO IIOpUMIO CrrI1HHO.f03rOBbIX HepBoB, IIpOBOMT ceHcopH)'IO (qyB-
CTBMTeJIhH)'IO) I1HcPopMaIJ:llIO B CIIHHHOJ11f03r 01' Tex cerMeHTOB KO)J(M (,n:epfaTo-
fOB), C KOTOpbTh111 6hillI1 CBH3aHhI COOTBeTCTBylOIIJ:I1e cer11eHTbI CIII1HHOrO f03ra
Ha paHHMx 3Tarrax 3M6pllOH3JIbHOrO pa3BIIPA5I. EJIaro,nap5I 3TOM)' BeCb KO)KHbIlt
rroKpoB Te.rra fO)KeT 6bITb pa3,L(eJIeH Ha PM II05ICOB, cooTBeTcTBy:IOll]J'LX 30Ha1f Jill-
HepBalI.lII1 oT)J;eJIbHbIX CillIHHOM03rOBbIX HepBoB (pJ1c. 38).
KO)I(Hbrn rrOKpOB 3a,n:Hei1 IIOBepXHOCTll T)'JIOBI111.La I1HHepBMpyeTC5I 3aallU/V1U
eemefLltlilUeHHbIX, rpy,n:HbIX, n05ICHHqHbLX II KpeCTUOBbIX CIIJ1HHOM03rOBbIX Hep-
BOB. Ha rrepeAHei1 rrOBepX!-IOCTM 1)'JIOBMIIJ:a KO)I(f{bn1 IIOKpOB 60JIbilieM qaCTII
rpY,L(HOM II 6plOlIlHOM CTeHKI1 (3a llCKJIJOQeHHeM IIaXOBhIX 11 Ha,lJ)I06KOBOll o6JIa-
CTCH IIocne,UHei1:) IIHHepBllpyroT COOTBeTCTBeHHO Jlamepa.flbllble M nepeallue eemeu
Me)l(pe6epHbIX HepBOB.
IfHHep6al(Ufl .JWbtUll{ T)'JIOBMrn:a TaICKe HOCl-IT B OCHOBHOf CerMeHTaphIll xapaK-
Tep. TIpM 3TOM 3<p<pepeHTHble BOJIOKHa, COCTaBlliIIOIlD1e MOTOpHy:IO rrOpUI1IO
CIIllHHO?vf03rOBoro HepBa II 06pa3y:IOI.IJJ1e ero nepe,L(Hrn1 KopeIIIOK, rrpOBO,L(5IT
,1J.BllraTeJIbH)'IO MH<popMaullIO 01' Ka)l(lJOro cer:rvleHTa CITI1HHOrO M03ra K TO?vry :MIIO-
TOM)', C KOTOpbIM OH 6hIJI CB5I3aH B IIpouecce -3f6pI10HaJThHOrO pa3BMTIDI. BCJIell-
CTBlIe 31'oro Bbrn:elliIIDT 30HbI MHHepBaUJ1J1 lbIIIIIX TeJIa OT,L(eJIbHbI1M CIIIDIHO:tvr03-
rOBbI1J1 HepBa?\1M.
3a,L(IDle BeTBll IIIeHHbIX, rpy,n:HbIX 11 II05ICHJflHbIX CIIMHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB
06pa3y:IOT Be1'BH, MHHepBI1pyro:I.IJ:lle r.rry6oKI1e MhIIIIU;hI CnI1HhI. Bce OHM, 3a
I1CKJIlOqeHI1eM I rnellHoro HepBa, ,L(elliITC5I Ha JlanlepG.lZbllYlO M AleaUG.lZbHYlO ee/neu.
K IIOBepXHOCTHDIM MbIllIuaM CIIMHbI (llllipOQaHIlIa5I tvfbIIIIIJ:a CIIllHDI, pOM6oBJ1,[(-
HaH MbIIllua H MbIl1ll.(a, IIO,L(HI1MalO:I.IJ:a5I JIOIIaTKy) HarrpaBlliIIOTC5I HepBbI, IUIYI--U:I1e
M3 IIJIeqeBOrO CIIJIeTeHll5I. TaKaH I1HHepBaUI15I IIOBepXHOCTHhIX MbIIIIIX CIIMHbI CBH-
3aHa C TeM, qTO B IIpou;ecce 3M6pI10Ha.i1hHoro pa3BMTIDI 3TI1 MhIIIIIJ:bI IIepe1e:I.IJ:a-
IOTC5I C BepXHei1: KOHe1ffiOCTI1 B 06JIaCTb CIII1HbI (IillIpOQaMillaH fbIIIIIXa CIIIIHhI)
I1J1I1, Ha06opoT, C TYJIOBllma Ha IIOHC BepXHI1X KOHe1ffiOCTell:. I1pll 3TOM coxpaIDI-
eTC5I COOTBeTCTBYIO:I.IJ:a5I cerMemapHa5I llHHepBaUJ15I MbIIlIU. HeKoTopble IIOBepx-
HOCTHble MbIIIIIXbI (3a,I:(HI1e BepXHillI 11 HIDKHillI 3y6qaTble MbII.IIUbI cnllHbI) B
l1poueCce pa3BI1TIDI rrepeMeCTI1JIIICb Ha CIIllHY C BeHTpaJIbHOM nOBepXHOCTI1 TeJIa,
II03TOMy I1HHepBJ1py:IOTC5I MhIllIe1ffibIMM BeTB5IMM rrepellHI1X BeTBett CI1I1HHOM03-
rOBhIX HepBOB (Me)l(pe6epHbIX HepBOB).
Co6CTBeHHble MbIlllULI rpY,lI1l1I )K}IBOTa I1HHepBI1py:IOTC5I IIepeD;HllMM BeTB5IMM
rpY,lIHbIX I1 II05ICHJifi:IHbIX CIII1HHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB.
B CB5I311 co CnO)KHOCTblO <pOpMMpOBaHIDI M)'CKYJIaTYphI B 06JIaCTIIllIeM, a TaK-
)Ke B 06JIacTII BepXHI1X 11 IDDKHJ1X KOHe1ffiOCTerr B 3TI1X OT,n:eJIaX Me)K)XY rrepe,L(HM-

56 rnasa 2
KO>KHble BeTBIt1
WeVtHOro cnneTeH
nepeAHlt1e rpYAHble
KO>KHble BeTB
nOAMblwe4HblVt HepB
60KOBbie rpYAHble
KO)f(Hble seTS
MeAanbHblVt KO)f(HbIVt
Heps nne4a
naTepanbHblVt KO)t(HbIVt
HepB nne4a
(BeTBb nY4eBoro HepBa)
MeAanbHblVt KO)f(Hbl£1
HepB npeAnne4b
naTepanbHbl£1 KO>KHbIVt
HepB npeAnne4b
nepeAHe 6pfOwHbie
KO)f(Hble SeTSL1
60KOBbie 6pfOwHbie
KO)f<Hble BeTB
KO)f(Hble SeTBL1
nOKTeBOrO Hepsa
KO)f(Hble BeTBL1
CpeAL1HHOrO HepBa
nOAB3AowHo-noA4peBHb1Vt
HepB
nOAB3AowHo-naXoSb1Vt Heps
naTepanbHblVt KO)f(HbIVt
Heps 6eApa
nepeAHe KO>KHble BeTB
(6eApeHHb1Vt HepB)
KO)f<Ha BeTSb
(3anL1paTenbHbl£1 HepB)
06w.Vt Mano6epu,oBblVt HepB
BeTBL1 nOBepXHOCTHoro
Mano6epu.oBoro Hepsa
MeAanbHblVt
KO)f(HbIVt HepB L1KPbl
BeTBL1 rny6oKoro
Mano6epu.oBoro Hepsa
PMC. 38. llHHepBalUUI KO)KHOrO 1l0KpoBa.
Ha rrpaBoM IIonOBHHe Tena IIOKa3aHbI 30HbI CefMeHTapHOM I1HHepBall;luf KO)KHOrO IIoKPoBa;
Ha neBoM IIOnOBI1He - 30HbI I1HHepBaIJ;I1M KO)J(l1 BeTB5IMM CIIMHHOM03fOBbIX 11 tfepeIIHbIx
HepBoB.

CnV1HHot1 M03r V1 CnLt1HHOM03rOBble HepBbl 57
3a;J.He weVlHble
KO)f(Hble seTS
KO)f(Hble seTS
weVlHoro cnneTeHfI
3a;J.He rpYAHble
KO)f(Hble BeTS
nOAMblWeYHblVi Heps.
60KOSbie rPYAHble
KO)f(Hble seTB
3a;J.HVI KO)f(HbIVi
Heps nneya
(BeTBb nY4esoro HepBa)
60KOBOVI KO)f(HbIVi
Heps npeAnneYbfl
(BeTBb KO)f(HO-
Mblwe4Horo HepBa)
MeAanbHblVt KO>KHbIVt
HepB npeAnne4bfl
60KOBbie 6plOwHbie
KO)f(Hble BeTB
BeTB nY4eBoro
HepBa
BeTB cpeAHHoro
HepBa
8eTB nOKTesoro
Hepsa
3a)J.He nOflCH4Hble
KO)f(Hble seTB
3a;J.He Kp'CTOBble
KO)f(Hble BeTB
naTepanbHblVi KO)f(HbIVi
Heps 6eApa
3a;J.HVI KO)f(HbIVi
Heps 6eApa
MeAanbHble KO)f(Hble
seTS 6eApa
(3anpaTenbHbIVi HepB)
BeTS nosepXHOCTHoro
Mano6epoBoro Hepsa
KO)f(Hafl seTBb
(KpOHO)f(HbIVi Heps)
nOAKO)f(HbIVi HepB
(seTsb 6eApeHHoro HepBa)
PVlC. 38. (IIpoaoJlJICeHue).
I
,
,
I
" 
...."

58 r nasa 2
MM BeTB5IMM CI1MHHOl\103I'OBbIX HepBoB npoI1CXo,.JJIT o6MeH HepBI-fbHvIM BOJIOKHa-
MI1, B pe3YJIbTaTe qero o6pa3yroTC5I uleulloe, nJleLfeeOe J nORCHUlfHoe I1 KpeCml{OeOe
Cl1JlemeJ-lUfl. 3Tlf CIIJIeTeIIlUI npe,n;cTaBlliIIOT co6oi1 crrelUifaJIbHbIe o6pa30BaHIffi,
o6eCrrel:fMBaIOIlJ;Yle rrepepaCrrpeLIeJIeHIle HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH, rrpOI1CXOMill;I1X H3
pa3JIIP-lHbIX cerMeHTOB. IIpI11:IllHOM o6pa30Bah'115I CIIJIeTelll111: 5IBJUIeTC5I CMellieillIe
1vIllOTo:rvrOB M ,n;epMaToMoB (3aQaTKOB 11bIllIIJ::n cooTBeTcTB)7JOIUI1X OTL(eJIOB KO)l(HO-
ro nOI<poBa) B npou:ecce 31vr6pMOHaJIbHOrO pa3BI1TIDI KOHelffiOCTeM, "lITO He06xo-
)J;llMO .r{Jill cor:raCOBaHH01I pa60ThI l\IHorOl:IHCJIeHHhIX 11b KaK BepXHelr, TaK H
IIIDKHei1: KOHeq}lOCTeM.
282.2. We"HOe CnJ1eTeHllle III era seTS."
!lleuHoe CnJlemeHUe (plexus cervicalis) o6pa3yeTC5I rrepe,n:IDI1ffi BeTBHMM qeTbIpex
BepX1-:lliX rnerrHbLX crrMHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB. OHO ne)KJ1T Ira llIee rro,I:( rpY,I:(I1HO-
KJIIO'llFIHO-coCDeBJ1)J:HOM MbIlllueil M ,n;aeT BeTBI1 K KO)l(C 3aTbIJIOl:ffi011: qaCTH rOJIO-
BbI, KO)Ke rrepe,il,Heil 06JIacTII rne:H (.JltaflbIU 3anlblJlOLfllblU llepe, 60flbUOU YlUllOU Hepe)
110nepe l lllblU Hepe zlieu M llaaK/llOLfl!lfHble Hepebl), a TaIOKe I1HHepBI1pyeT MYCK)'JIaTY-
PY lllelI (AlbllUelfHb!e eell1eu) 11 ,n;IIa<pparrvry (auarjJpa2.iHaJlbllblU Hepe). Coe,IIJ1HI1Te.:Ib-
HbIfIr BeTB5IMJI !lIerrHOe CrrneTeHI1e CB5I3aHO TaIOKe C ,I:(06aBOqHbIM 11 IIO,Z:I:'b5I3bIQ-
HbIf HepBaIIT (XI I1 XII rrapbI qepeIIHbLX HepBoB), c rDleqeBbIM CIIJIeTeHMeM, a
TaIOKe C BepXHI1:vr IlIeJ1:HbIM raIITJIMeM CMMIIaTWIeCKoro CTBOJIa.
2.2.3.. nlleeBOe cnneTeHMe 1/1 ero BeTBM
ILlelfeeoe cn/lemeHue (plexus brachialis) 3HaQITTeJIbHO KpyrrHee llIeMHoro. OHO
06bIlfHO o6pa3yeTC5I rrepeAHM1vH1 BeTB5IM11 qeTbIpex HlDKHI1X rneMHbIX HepBOB II rre-
pe,lXHelI BeTBbIO rrepBoro rpY:J:Horo CIlliHHOM03rOBoro HepBa (C V - VII1 - Th I ). B03-
?\10)l(HbI BapMaHTbI <pOpMllpoBamUI .IJ:allliOrO CI1JleTeHI15I. I1Hor,n;a K IIJIeqeBO1Y
CIIJleTeHMIO rrpI1Coe,n;llIDIlOTC5I BOJIOKHa M3 C N , B 3TOM cnyqae rOBOp5IT 0 KpaHll-
a.i1bHOf CMem:eIDII1 CI1JIeTeHIDI; B cnyqae KaY,LLaJIbHOrO CMemeHIDI CIIJIeTeHIDI K
HeM)' rrpI1COe,J1MIDIIOTC5I BOJIOKHa 113 Th II .
CrrJIeTeHMe rrpOXO,ITI1T B lllDKHef OT.IJ:ene illeI1 I1 crrycKaeTC5I B rrOL(MbIIlIeqJ{)'IO
5IMKY (pilC. 39). B He1 pa3JIWIaIOT Hal1J<JIIOPIHbIll OT,lXeJI, pacrrOJIO)KeHHbrM: Ha
IDee Ha,n; KJIIOtffiDei1, il rro.IXKJIIOtllP!Hbrll OT,nen, pacrrOJIO)KeHHb:rM B rrOLL11bIllIe'IHOM
5IMKe. HaLLKJlIbQWIHa5I qaCTb IIJIeqeBOrO CIIJIeTeHIDI OT,n:aeT KopOTKlle BeTBIT (noa-
KJlJOlJUlJllblU T-lepe J aJlUHHblU 2pyaHou llepe J llaaJlOnamOlfHblu Hepe J nOaJlOnanl0lfllblU
Hepe, 2PyaocnuHHou J nOaMblzueLfllblU I1.IJ:p. Hepebl) K rny60KMM MbIllI:o:a!vlllIeI1 IT M)'C-
KYJIaType rr05Ica BepXIDIX KOHe1ffiOCTeM.
nO,I:(KJIIOPIHa5I qaCTb rDleqeBOrO CIIJIeTeHI15I 06pa30BaHa ,lIJII1HHbIMM BeTB5I-
Mil, HarrpaBJUllOII.UIMITC5I K 11bIIIIIJ;aM il KO)l(e cBo6o,LLHoro OT.n.eJIa BepXHeM KOHeq-
HOCTI1 (MblwelfllO-KO;)fCHbIU J cpeaUllHblU IT JlOKmeeOu Hepebl J MeaUGJlbHble KO;)fCHble
Hepebl nJlelJa I1 npeaflflelJbR J JlYlleeou I1 JlOKmeeOu Hepebl). COe,1U1Hl1TenbHbIe BeTBM
I1JIeQeBOrO CrrJIeTeHIDI CB5I3bIBaIOT ero co Cpe,LLHMM I1 H11.)l(HllM raHrJIIffiMIT rneMHOM
qaCTIT CMMrraTWIeCKoro CTBona. IIo,IT.aBlliIIOmee tffiCJIO ,1J)IMHI-IbIX BeTHerl rureQeBO-

CnHHot1 M03r  CnHHOM03rOBble HepBbl 59
nOAMbiweLlHblVi Heps
C 4
C s
c 6
c 7
Th 1
naTepanbHblVi nYLlOK
3a,D,H(I1V! nYLlOK
rv1eA(I1anbHblVi nYLlOK
MblweLlHO-KO)KHblt1 HepB
nYLlesoVi HepB
CpeA(I1HHblVi HepB
nOKTesoVI Heps
Pff1C. 39. <POp:\ofYIpOBaHIIe TIJIeqeBOrO CTIJIeTeHI15I 11 ero OCHOBHbIX BeTBeM.
fO CI1JIeTellli5I COCTaBlliIIOT CMeIllaHHble HepBbI, llHHepBllpy:IOIlIJ1e 11 KO)K)', II
MbIIIIII:hI. Ha !Liege OHM 06pa3y:IOT Tpll HepBHbIX rryqxa (JIaTepaJIbHhrn, Me.ullaJIb-
HbIM M 3a.wrnM). Hepe,lJKO HepBbI I1,JJyr BMeCTe C apTepI15IMH M BeHaMI1, B 3TIIX
c.rryqa5IX Ha KOHeqHOCTHX 06pa3yroTC5I COCY;XllCTO- I-IepBIThIe rryqKI1, OKp)')KeI-IHbIe
e,n:llIThI1 coe,n:llllliTeJThHOTKaHHbIM cPYTlliIpO r.
IIoiJ./t-tbllUe1tHblU Hep6 B?vreCTe C .rryqeBbI11 HepBO?vf cPopMIIpyeTC5I ll3 3a,n:Hero rryq-
Ka. OH llHHepBllpyeT MbIllIII:bI n05Ica BepXHeM KOHeq}{OCTI1, a TaIOKe KO)Ky 3an:He-
JIaTepa}IbHOM rrOBepXHOCTI1 rmeqa lll1JleQeBOM CYCTaB (pIIC. 40, A).
.!I..vlle6oii Hep6 I1)J:eT no 3a,n:He:H nOBepXHOCTll IIJIeqa II npelIrme%5I. OH lIHHep-
BIIpyeT TpexrJIaBy:IO MbIlIIUY IIJIeqa, IIJIeqeBOrr CYCTaB, a TaIOKe KO)K)' 3a,n:Hcn
rrOBepXHOCTll IDleqa (pllC. 40, A). IIepeM,II,5I Ha rrpe)JJL1:etfbe, JIYLleBO:H HCpB ,n:eJIllT-
C5I Ha ,n;Be BeTEM: IIOBepXHOCTHYID (KO)I(H)'IO), M rJIy6oKYJO (MbIIlle"lffiYIO). IIoeepx-
Hocmllafl eemeb IIHHepBlIpyeT 3a,I(HIOIO rrOBepXHOCTb KO)KI1 rrpC,ilJIJIe%5I; 3aTeM ne-
pexo,n:llT Ha TbIJIbHYID rrOBepXHOCTb KJ1CTII, f,n:e MHHepBMpYCT KO)k7 JIaTepaJIbHott
IIOJIOBMHbI IG1CTII.H TbIJIbHO:H nOBepx..1-l0CTII nepBoro, BToporo II IIOJIOBllHbI TpeTb-
ero naJIbDeB. FJly60KaR eemeb JIyqeBoro HepBa nepeXO,lUIT Ha TbDlbHYID CTOpOHy
rrpen:IIJICqb5I, r;xe IIHHepBllpYCT Bee MbIIllII:bI - pa3rn6aTeJIll KMCTI1 II IIaJIbueB, MbIIlI-
Uy-cyrrIIHaTop, IIJIeqeJIyqeBy:IO MbIIlIUY II JIyqe3alliICTHbrM CYCTaB. TaIG1M o6pa-
30M, .rryqeBOI1 HepB llHHepBllpyeT Te MbIlliUbI BepXHett KOHeq}{OCTll, KOTopbIe
06eCrreqJ1BaIOT ee pa3rn6aHMe M cyrrllHaUlIlO (BpameHlle Hap)')KY).
JIoKme6oii nep6 cPopMMpyeTC5I M3 Me,n:IIaJThHOrO nyqKa II I1,L{eT no BH)'TpeHHett
(Me,n:IIaJIbHott) rrOBepXHOCT11 BepXHen KOHeqHOCTll. Ha npe,n:rmetfbe OH JIe)Kl1T B
JIOKTeBOM 60p03,n:e II ,n:aJIee nepexo,n:llT Ha JIan:oHH)'lO nOBepXHOCTb KIICTM. KO)l(-
Hble BeTBII JIOKTeBOrO HepBa IIHHepBIIpYIOT qaCTWrnO KO:>r<y Ha TbIJIbHOrr II JIa,n:OH-
HOM rrOBepXHOCT5IX KI1CTllli naJIbu;eB. Ha npc,n:rrJIeqbe OH MHHepBMpyeT MbIlliUbI-

60 r Jlasa 2
nOAMblwe4HblC1
HepB
38.AHL-1C1
KO)l(HblC1 HepB
nne4a
J BeTBL-1 K MblWLI,aM -
pa3rL-16aTenSlM nne4<
nY4eB0C1 HepB
38.AHL-1C1 KO)l(HblC1
HepB npeAnne4bSl
BeTBL-1 K MblWLI,aM - [
pa3rL-16aTenSlM
3anSlCTbSl L-1 nanbLl,eB
rny60KL-1e [
BeTBL-1
J nOBepXHOCTHble
BeTBL-1
KO)l(Hble BeTBL-1
K nanbLl,aM KL-1CTL-1
A
nOKTeBOC1 HepB
:
..
..
] BeTBL-1 K MbIWLI,aM-
CrL-16aTenSlM
npeAnne4bSl
L-1 KL-1 CTL-1
] BeTBL-1 K Mblwu,aM-
CrL-16aTenSl M
nanbLl,eB KL-1CTL-1
] nOBepXHOCTHble
BeTBL-1 K KO)l(e
nanbLl,eB KL-1CTL-1
5
PMC. 40. HepBbI BepXHeM KOHeqHOCTH. A. flyqeBoH H rroLI:MblIIIeqHbIH HepBbI. E. nOKTeBOM
HepB.
Crn6aTeJI11 3arurCTh5I 11 rraJThueB, pacrrOJIO)KeHHble B)];OJTh JIOKTeBOR KOCTH, a TaIOKe
qaCTL MLIIIIIJ: KIifCTH (p11c. 40, E).
CpeiJuHHblii Hep6 J1,II:eT BHM3 )];0 JIOKTeBOR 5IMKJ1 11 Ha IIJIeqe BerneR He )];aeT. Ha
rrpe,lIIIJIeT.The OH J1,II:eT Me)K,[(y MLlnrn:aMM, Crn6aIOII..U1Mll KMCTL 11 rraJILUbI, )];aJIee rre-
peXO)];11T Ha JIa,rI;oHHYID rrOBepXHOCTh KMCT11. KO)l(H])Ie BeTB11 Cpe)];11HHOrO HepBa
11HHepBMpyroT KO)l()' JIa)];OHHOll rrOBepXHOCTH KMCTH 11 rrepBoro, BToporo, TpeThe-
ro 11 rrOJIOB11HbI qeTBepToro rraJILueB. OH MHHepB11pyeT MbIIIJI.:{LI - rrpOHaTopLI (Bpa-

CnV1HHO M03r V1 CnV1HHOM03rOBble HepBbl 61
naTepanbHblt1
KopeWOK
BeTB K MblWLI,aM - [
cr6aTenM npeAnneYb
nepeAHt1
Me)l(KOCTHblt1 HepB
(npeAnneYb5t)
BeTB K MblWLI,aM [
6onbworo nanbLl,a

KO)l(Hble BeTB [
K nanbLl,aM KCT
06Ll.\e naAOHHbie
nanbLl,eBble BeTB
A
BeTB K MblWLI,aM -
cr6aTenM nne4a
 npeAnne4b
naTepanbHblt1 KO)l(Hblt1
HepB npeAnne4bH
5
PMC. 41. HepBbI BepXHeH KOHeQHOCTI1: cpe,n:I1HHbIH (A) I1 IblIIIeQHO-KO)l(Hblfi (E).
:w:aTeJII1 BHYTIJb) rrpe,n;IIJIeT.Th5I, a TaIOKe 6oJThIJ.IyIO qaCTb M::bIIIJI.:{-crn6aTeJIeH KI1CTII
M rra.JIbueB (pMC. 41, A).
MbllUe'lHO-KOJICHbIU Hep6 Ha IlJIeqe pacrrOJIO)KeH 6mDKe K JIaTepa.JIbHorvry KpaIO;
OH I1HHepBI1pyeT M::bIIllI(bI -Crn6aTeJlli IlJIeqa M rrpe,n:IlJIe%.H (,n;ByrJIaBYIO !vlbIllIIJy
rrJIeqa, KJIIOBOBM,n;HO- IIJIeqeByIO M IIJIeqeBYIO MbIIIIUbI), a TaIOKe JIOKTeBOH CYCTaB
(pI1c. 41, E). Ha rrpe,n;IlJIeT.The OH crrycKaeTCJI B BM,n;e KO)KHOrO HepBa, KOTOpbIM I1H-
HepBMpyeT KO)l()' rrepe,n;He- JIaTepaJIbHOH rrOBepXHOCTI1 rrpe,n;IIJIeT.ThJI.
IIoMHMO CMernaHHbIX HepBOB M3 IIJIeqeBOrO CIIJIeTeHlliI <pOpMllPYIOTC5I ,n;Ba
qyBCTBI1TeJThHDIX HepBa: Meaua;zbHblu KOJICHblli Hep6 n/letta, KOTOpbIll MHHepBMpyeT
KO)K)' rrepe,n;He- Me,n;Ma.JIbHOH rrOBepXHOCTI1 IIJIeqa, I1 Me,n;I1aJIbHDIM KO)KHbIM HepB
rrpe,n;IIJIeT.Th5I, I1HHepBMPYIOI.IUIH KO)l()' BHyrpeHHeH rrOBepXHOCTI1 rrpe,n;rrJIeT.ThJI.

62 rnasa 2
2oa2.3. nOSlCHIt1"fHO-KpeCTl\OBOe cnneTeH'1e VI era BeTS".,
B HeM 06'be,ilJiHeHbI ,ilBa CIIJIeTeHlrn: rr05ICHH"llHOe M KpeCTIJ:OBOe, BeTB5IMM KOTO-
pbIX MHHepBHpYIOTC5I KO)Ka II MbIIIlD:bI Bcei1 HIDKHen KOHetffiOCTll (pYIC. 42).
TIoHCHH"lJHOe CllJIeTeHHe. TIoHcIDPllioe CIIJICTeIDIe (plexus lumbalis) o6pa3YIDT
rrepe,nHMe BeTBll XII rpy,nHoro, I, II, III 11 qaCTII IV rr05ICI-fI{qH},IX CITlIHHOM03ro-
BbIX HepBOB (Thxn-LIII-IV)' OHO Jle)K}IT B II05ICHMQHOM o6JIacTlI II ,lXaeT KOpOTKI1e
n ,lLJIlllIlible BeTBI1 (nOae3aOUlllo-nOaLfpeeHblu U nOae3aOUlHo-naxoeblU HepBbl J 6eapeH-
HO-nOJlOeou llepe J ./lamepaJlbllblU KOJlCllblll T-lepe 6eapa J 6eapellllblu II 3anupanzeflbHblu
liepebl). 3Tll HepBbI I1HHepBI1pyIOT QaCTh 11}'CKYJIaTYpbI n KO)K11 IllDKHMX OT,neJIOB
6pIOllIHOI1: CTeHKJ1, KO)K)' II MYCI(TjJIaTYPY rrepe,IUIeM 11 Me,n11aJIbHOH CTOpOH 6en:pa n
KO:JKy Me.1U'IfuThROI1 ITOBepXHOCTI1 rOJIeHI1.
EeiJpeHHblii nep6 - CaMbIM KpyrrHbrll HepB rr05ICHlflIHOrO CIIJIeTem15I, 06pa30-
BaH HepBHbIMJ1 BOJIOKHaM:H, J1.[(ylIlllrn OT II, III II IV cerMeHTOB CIlliHHoro :L\f03ra
(pnc. 43). 113 IIonOCTI1 Ta3a OR rrepeXO,UllT Ha 6e,npo II ,naeT 60.TIbIilOe 1ll1CnO KO)l(-
mIX BeTBeM, J1.1J:YIIllIX K rrepe,lUIen I1 BHYTPeHHeM rrOBepXHOCT5IM 6e,npa. HaI160nee
,lLTIl1HHon KO)I(Hoii BeTBbIO 6e,npeHHoro HepBa 5IBlliIeTC5I nOaKOJ/Cllbdlllepe, KOTO-
pbII1, crrycKa5ICb ITO rrepellHe- MeLIllaJThHOll ITOBepXHOCTII rOJIeHI1, ,nOXO,1JJ1T )];0 CTO-
IIb!. OH lIHHepBI1pyeT KO)l(jT BHYTPeHHell IIOBepXHOCTI1 rOJIeHM 11 CTorrbI B 06JIacTII
rrepBoro 11e)l(Ila.,1J:bu;eBOro rrp01fe)l()'TKa. OT 6e,UpeHHoro HepEa :I1l(yT MbIIlleq}Thle
nOAB3AOWHO-nOAypeBHbli:1 HepB
nOAB3AowHo-naxoBblt1 Heps
naTepanbHblV1 KO)f(Hblt1
Heps 6eApa
6eApeHHblt1 HepB
6eApeHHo-nonoBot1 HepB
3anV1paTenbHblV1 HepB
BepxHIllt1
rOAV1YHblV1 Heps
H V1)f(H V1 t1
5IrOAV1YHblt1 Heps
CeAanlllUJ,Hblt1 HepB
l
I
nOCHIt1YHOe
CIlneTeHV1e
J
l
KpeCTLI,osoe
cnneTeHllle
J
nonoBot1 HepB
3aAHV1t1 KO)f(Hblt1 Heps 6eApa
PMC. 42. <POpMHpOBaHI1e rr05ICHI11:fHO-KpeCTiloBoro CIIJIeTeHI15I.

Cn1HHO M03r tt1 Cntt1HHOM03rOBble Hepsbl 63
BepxHLt1£1
HfOALt14Hbl£1
Heps
CeAanLt1UJ,Hblii1
HepB
60JlbWe6epUOBbl£1
HepB
nOBepxHocTHbl£1
MaJ106epU O Bb1VI
HepB
naTepaJlbHbl£1
nOAOWBeHHblil1 HepB
PMC. 43. HepBbI HIDKHei1 KOHeQHOCTI1.
H M)f(H Lt1 £1
s:IrOALt14Hbl£1
HepB
6eApeHHblii1 HepB
.
3an 1-1 paTeJ1 bH bl £1
HepB
06UJ,1-1£1
MaJ1o6epu,oBbli1
HepB
.
r J1y60KLt1i1
Mano6epuoBblVl
HepB
MeALt1aJlbHblii1
TblJlbHblLlt KO)f<HbIVI HepB
( cTonbl)
BeTBM, KOTopble MHHepBMpyroT IIepe,lIHIOIO rpyrrrry Mblnm: 6e,n:pa, o6ecrrelllIBalO-
llU1X pa3rn6aHlle M crM6aHMe rOJIeHJ'f B KOJIeHHO1 cycTaBe, a TaIOKe crn6aHI1e 6e,rr:-
pa B Ta306e,rr:peHHOM cycTaBe.
3anupalneAbHblii nep6 Ha"llliHaeTC5I OT TeX)Ke cerIeHTOB CIIMHHoro M03ra, qTO M
6e,rr:peHHbIM HepB. IIocJIe BbIXo,n:a 3arrMpaTeJThHOrO HepBa 113 IIOJIOCTM Ta3a OT Hero
01')J;elliIeTC5I KO)l(Ha5I BeTEl>, MHHepBMpYIOllia5I KO)l()' Ie)II1a.JIbHoti: rrOBepXHOCTI1
6e)Ipa. 3a.IIJI.IDI BeTEb 3arrMpaTeJIbHOrO HepBa llHHepBI1pyeT fe,rr:I1aJIbHyID rpyrrrry
[bIIIIU: 6e,rr:pa, rrpIIBOMIIU1X 6e,rr:po B Ta306e.II:peHHOf CYCTaBe.
JIamepaJlbllblU KO'JILHblU nepe 6eapa TaIOKe o6pa3yeTcH M3 rr05ICI-IJ{tffioro CIIJIeTe-
HI1.H 11 I1HHepBMpyeT KO JIaTepa.JIbHOH rrOBepXHOCT11 6e.npa M JIaTepaJThHOII qac-
TI19...TO.IJ:WIHoti: 06JIaCTM.
Kpecru;oBoe CnJIeTelllle. KpeCTUOBoe CIIJIeTeHMe (plexus sacralis) o6pa30BaHo
rrepe,[(HI1MM BeTB5IMJ1 qeTBepToro 11 ILQTOrO II05ICl-lliq}ThIX, BeTB.H1vll1 Bcex KpeCT[(O-
BbIX II KOIIIII1KOBOrO I-IepBOB. OHO pacrrOJIO)KeHO B MaJIOM Ta3Y, Ha Ta30BOM rrOBep-

64 rnaBa 2
XHOCTM KpeCTua. 113 KpeCTUOBoro CIIJIeTeHIDI OC)TI.UeCTBlliIeTC5I llHHepBarurn
MbIIlIl( 5ITO,[(WIHon 06JIaCTll, M:bIIIII( II KO)Kll 3a,IIHen IIOBepXHOCTll 6e,npa, a TaIOKe
rOJIeHM II CTOlI:bI. Pa3JIWIalOT KopOTKlle (eepXHUU H llUJlCllUU Jl20aULfHble Hepebl,
nOfloeou Hepe If MbllueLfHble eemeu) I1 ,WlliHHble BeTBM (3aallUU KO:JICHblU Hepe 6eapa,
CeaaJlUUI,llblil Hepe). Cpe,I:(ll KOpOTKHX BeTBen KpeCTIJ;OBOrO CIIJIeTeH:IDI CJIe,nyeT OT-
MeTIITh eepXllllU M llU:JICllUU .fl20aULfHble Hepebl, KOTOp:ble MHHepBllpyroT .HfO,lI;llq}{ble
M:bIIllUbI, a TaIOKe KO:JKy B MO,lJ;lP:IHOM 06JIaCTM.
3aallUli KOJICllblU llepe 6eapa HHHepBMpyeT KO)K)' 3a,ITHei1 lIOBepXHOCTII 6e.II:pa II
BepXHei1: qaCTll 3a;J;HefI rrOBepXHOCTII rOJIeHM. HepB ,rJ;aeT TaIOKe He6oJI:bllIlle BeTEll
K KO)l(e 5lfO,IUfT.ffiOll o6JIacTII II lIpOMe)I(HOCTII.
CeiJlLIlUU{HbiU Hep6 - CMernaHH:bIll, caMbllI TOJICT:bIM I1 ,rJ;JIllHH:bIll ll3 Bcex Hep-
BOB B opraHll3Me qeJIOBeKa. OH BbLXO,rJ;llT ll3 nOJIOCTI1 Ta3a M MeT no 3a,nHen
rrOBepXHocTM 6e.II:pa. Ce,naJIllIUHbIll HepB llHHepBMpyeT 3a,nHIOIO rpynny M:bIIlII(
6e,npa, CrI16aIOIUllX rOJIem B KOJIeHHOM CYCTaBe M pa3rll6aIO:rn:MX 6eLI:po B Ta30-
6e,npeHHOM. OH oT,naeT He60nbIillIe BeTBM K ,IJ;ByrJIaBOM MbIIIII(e 6e,npa, rroJIYcy-
XO)KMJIbHOll M nonyrrepelIOHqaTOH M:bIIIIuaM, a TaIOKe K Ta306e,npeHHOMY
cYCTaBY.
06bflIHO B HIDKHei1: TpeTII 6e,npa ce,naJIJITUHI>rn HepB ,nenllTcH Ha )JJ3e KpynHble
BeTEll: 60JlbLUe6epu,oeblll M 06U{uZJ MaJlo6epu,oeblU llepBbl.
EOJlbUle6epu,oeblU HepB lIpOXO,lJ;J1T B nOllKoneHHOM HMKe, a 3aTeM IIepexo,nllT Ha
lIO.II:OllIBeHHYIO IIoBepXHocTb CTOlI:bI, r.II:e ,neJIMTCH Ha CBOll KOHeIffible BeTBll - Me-
aUaJlbllbllJ ll./lamepaJlbllblU nOaOluBellllble Hepebl. EOJI:bIIIe6epUOBbrn HepB M ero BeT-
Bll MHHepBllpyroT MbIllIUbI 3a.II:Hei1 nOBepXHOCTII rOJIeHM, Crn6aIOII.IMe CTOrry, aHa
CTorre - Bce 11bIIllI(bI, paCIIOJIO)KeHH:ble Ha ee no,nOllIBeHHOll lIOBepXHOCTM. Era
-qyBCTBMTeJIbHble BeTBll MHHepBllpYIDT KO)l()' 3a,nHell ITOBepXHOCTII rOJIeID! II KO:JKy
rro,n:olIIBeHHoM rtoBepXHOCTII CTOIT:bI.
06U{uZJ MaJl06eplJ,oBblU HepB lIpOXO,nMT lIO Hap)')KHOM)' KpaIO lIO.II:KOJIeHHOM
.H11KM M BCKope ,neJIMTC.H Ha ,n:Be BeTEM: noeepxHocmllblu MaJl06epu,oeblu HepB II 2Jly60-
KUU MaJl06epu,oebUJ llepe.
[Joeepxllocmllblu htaJl06epu,oBblU Hepe IIpOXO,nMT ITO Hap)')KHOll rrOBepXHOCTll
roneHM, llHHepBllpYH MaJI06epI(OBble M:bIIIIIJ:bI, crn6aIOIUlle, IIpOHMPYJOIl(Me II
OTBO,lUllII:He CTOrry. )J:aJIee OR crrycKaeTC5I Ha CTOrry, r,r:r;e I1HHepBllpyeT KO)l()' 60JTh-
IIIerr qaCTll ee T:bIJI:bHOM rrOBepXHOCTM.
FJly60KUZJ MaJl06epl{OBblU HepB MeT B TOJIIUe MbllIII( Ha IIepe,n:Het'I ITOBepXHOCTll
rOJIeHll. OR MHHepBllpyeT MbIlI.IlI::bI-pa3TII6aTellli CTOlI:bI II IIa.JI:bueB; rrepeitIuI Ha
cTorry, OH I1HHepBMpyeT 1bIlIlU::bI, paCITOJIO)KeHHble Ha ee ThDThHoi1: nOBepXHOCTll,
a TaIOKe rOneHOCTOIIHbrn CYCTaB. Or C.JIIDIHIDI He60JThlIlliX BeTEeM 60JThllIe6epI(o-
Boro II o6:rn:ero MaJI06epUOBoro HepBOB Ha 3a,n:HeM IIOBepXHOCTII roneIDI 06pa3Y-
eTC5I KO:JICllblU HepB UKpbl, KOTOpb:rM MHHepBllpyeT KO)l()' 3a,nHeM IIOBepXHOCTH
ronellli.
TaKllM 06pa30M, ce,naJIMIUmIM HepB CBOHMll BeTBHMM MHHepBllpyeT KO)l()'
3a)J;Hen M Hap)')KHOI1: rrOBepXHocTei1 rOJIeHI1ll KO)l()T Bcen CTOII:bI, a TaIOKe 3a,II:HIOIO
rpyrrrry M:bIIlII( 6e.II:pa II Bce M:blIIIIU>I rOJIeID! II CTOITbI.

CnV1HHO M03r V1 CnV1HHOM03rOBble HepBbl 65
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbl
2.1. CTpoeHlfe CTIIfHHOfO M03ra
1. K KaKOfY OT.neny HepBHoM CMCTeMbI OTHOCHTC.H CIUIHHOH M03r?
2. [,lIe pacnOJIO)KeH cnHHHOM M03r?
3. Ha30BMTe OCHOBHble cPYHKJJ.HM ClUIHHoro M03ra.
4. [,L(e HaXOlUITC5I yrOJIIIleHU5I CIIHHHoro 1vI03ra II IIOqefY OHII 06pa3yJOTC.H?
5. TITo TaKoe cerleHT (HeBpoM:ep) crrIIHHoro 103ra?
6. KaKue HepBHble BOJIOKHa 06pa3YIOT 3a.L{HHM KopelliOK CIIHHHOM03rOBoro HepBa?
7. f,L(e pacrrOJIaraIOTC.H Hei1:poHbI, aKCOHbI KOTOpbIX cPOpMIIPYIOT 3a,L(HMM KopeillOK
crrMHHOM03rOBoro HepBa?
8. KaKlle HepBHble BOJIOKHa 06Pa3YIOT rrepe,lIHMM KopelliOK crrUHHOM03rOBoro HepBa?
9. f.ae B CIIIIHHOM f03re paCIIOJIO)KeHO cepoe BeIIleCTBO H H3 qero OHO COCTOHT?
10. TeJIa KaKI1X Hei1:poHoB paCIIOJIO)KeHbI B 3a,L(HI1X cToJI6ax (porax) CI1HHHOrO f03ra?
11. T eJIa KaKMX HeMpOHOB paCIIOJIO)KeHbI B rrepeLIHMX cToJI6ax (porax) CIIIIHHoro 103ra?
12. B KaKI1X cerM:eHTax cnHHHoro :M03ra pacnOJIaraIOTC.H 60KOBble pora?
13. TeJIa KaKMX Hei1:poHoB pacrrOJIO)KeHbI B 60KOBbIX porax crrUHHoro M03ra?
14. KaKlle 5I,L(pa pacnOJIO)KeHbI B 3a,lIHI1X, 60KOBbIX M IIepe,lIHI1X porax cnHHHoro M:03ra?
15. f,L(e B crrHHHOf M03re pacnOJIO)KeHO 6eJIoe BeIlIeCTBO II II3 qero OHO COCTOI1T?
16. KaKMe rrpOBO,L(.HII(Me rryTM rrpOXO,L(5IT B COCTaBe c06CTBeHHbIX rryqKoB crrMHHoro M03ra?
17. KaKMe rrpOBO,L(5III(Me rryrH rrpOXO,L(.HT B COCTaBe 3a,lIHMX KaHaTMKOB CIIHHHoro M03ra?
18. KaKMe rrpOBO,WIII(Me rryTM rrpOXO,L(.HT B COCTaBe 60KOBbIX KaHaTMKOB CIIMHHoro 1103ra?
19. KaKlle rrpoBo,WIIIlIIe nyTH npOXOIDIT B COCTaBe I1epe,lIHHX KaHaTHKOB cnMHHoro M03ra?
2..2. CnlfHHoMo3foBLIe HepBLI, HX npOIf3BO,lJ;HLIe If 06JIaCTIf HHHepBalUIH
1. KaKMe aHaTOJ\.fMqeCKMe CTPYKTYpbI OTHOC5ITC5I K IIepMcPepMqeCKoi1: HepBHoi1: CI1CTeM:e?
2. KaK cPopMIIpyeTC.H CrrMHHO?\103rOBOM HepB?
3. Ha KaKMe BeTBH ,L(eIliITC5I cnMHHOf03rOBble HepBbI?
4. Orrpe,L(eJIMTe COCTaB HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH cnIIHHOf03rOBoro HepBa.
5. qTo MHHepBHpYIOT 3aD:HIIe BeTBM cnMHHOM03rOBhlX HepBoB?
6. KaKoe CTpoeHIIe HMeIOT IIepeLIHIIe BeTBM cnHHHOM03rOBblX HepBOB, OTXO,lI5IIlUle OT
rpY,L(HbIX cer1feHTOB cnHHHoro M03ra 11 qTO OHM MHHepBMPYIOT?
7. BeTBII KaKI1X CIII1HHOM03rOBblX HepBOB cPOpMIIpyJOT luei1:Hoe CIUIeTeHl1e?
8. KaKI1e HepBbI OTXO,WIT OT lIIeMHoro CIIJIeTeHlUI M lfTO OHM I1HHepBHpyJOT?
9. BeTBM KaIGIX crrMHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB cPOpMMPYIOT IIJIeqeBOe CIIJIeTeHMe?
10. KaKl1e HepBbI OTXO,L(5IT OT Ha,L(KJIIOqHqHOM qaCTH llJIeqeBOrO CIIJIeTeHH.H? qTo OHH
IIHHepBMPYIOT?
11. KaKMe HepBbI OTXO,L(HT OT IIO,L(KJIIOqMqHoi1: 'lIaCTM I1JIe'lIeBOrO CllJIeTeHIliI? qTO OHM
MHHepBMpyJOT?
12. BeTBM KaIGIX CIIMHHOlvl03rOBbIX HepBOB cPOpMUpyJOT I10.HCHU'lIHOe CIIJIeTeHHe?
13. KaKMe HepBbI OTXO,L(5IT OT IIO.HCHIIqHOrO CIUIeTeHI1.H U'lITO OHH HHHepBHPYIOT?
14. BeTBI1 KaKHX CI1MHHOM03rOBblX HepBOB cPOP111pyJOT KpeCTIJ:OBoe CIUIeTeHMe?
15. KaKMe HepBbI OTXO,lJ;.HT OT KpeCTlloBoro CIUIeTeHIDI M'lITO OHM MHHepBMpyJOT?
16. KaKMe HepBbI yqacTByJOT B IIHHepBaUMM KO)KM crrIIHbI? KO)lQ1 rrepe,L(Hei1: M 60KOBOM
CTeHKM rpY,L(I1, )KllBOTa? KO)K11 BepxHei1: KOHe'lIHOcTH? KO)KM H:IDKHei1: KOHeqHOcTM?
17. KaKMe HepBbI yqacTBYIOT B HHHepBaUI1U MbIlliU crrIIHbI, MbIlIIU rpY,L(H II )KMBoTa?
18. KaKMe HepBbI yqacTByJOT B MHHepBallMM MbIlIIU BepXHei1: KOHe'lIHOcTM?
19. KaKHe HepBbI yqacTByJOT B MHHepBallHH MbIlIIU HlDKHeM KOHe'lIHOcTII?
5. AHaTOM HepsHo!:1 CCTeMbl

r nasa 3
ABTOHOMHASI (BErETATVlBHASI)
HEPBHASI CJACTEMA
i:fWf1:t£i1:%:iitrj:  w. :{.. f:J"  ,
A6mOHOMIlaJl nep6HaH cucmeftta (systema nervosum autonomicum) COCTaBlliIeT TY
-qaCTh HepBHOH C11CTer:bI, KOTopaH peryJIMpyeT BI1Cuepa.JIDHble WYHKIIIIM opra-
HM3Ma. K HJ1:M OTHOC5ITC5I KpOBoo6pa:rn;eHMe, ,nbIXaHMe, IIHIIIeBapeIDle, 06MeH
BemeCTB, BbmeJIelllie, ,neHTeJThHOCTb 3I-LIJ:OKpIIHHbIX )KeJIe3, T. e. 06eCneQeHIle
Tpo<pwrecKMX <PYHKIIMi1 opraIDI3Ma I1 IIO,IT,I(ep)KaHIle COCTaBa BJIyTpeHHei1: cpe,1JbI
(rO!\.1eOCTa3) .
ITOCKOJIbKY <pym<IlliI1 BHYTPeHHI1X opraHOB He CBH3aHbI Herrocpe.n:CTBeHHO C
nepe)J;BJiDKeIDIeM B npOCTpaHCTBe, paHee MX YCJIOBHO paCCMaTpMBaJlli KaK rrp05IB-
JIeHIDI «paCTIITeJIbHOH )KH3HM». ITo 3TOM rrpW:IMHe aBTOH01rnyID HepBH)'ID CHCTe-
MY Ha3LIBaIOT e:rn;e ee2emanlUBHoll (vegetativus - paCTIITeJIbHbIH) llepBHOU CUClne-
l10U B OTJI:wrn:e OT COMamULfeCKOU (aHIIMaJIbHoi1, )K}ffiOTHOH) HepBHOU CUCmejytbl,
}(OTOpaH KOHTpOJII1pyeT pa60TY orropHo-,nB11raTeJIbHOrO arrrrapaTa M YCTaHaBJIl'l-
BaeT CBH3b C OKppKaIOmeM cpe)J;OM -qepe3 06IIU1M rrOKpOB TeJIa 11 opraHbI 1f)'BCTB.
,[LJrn 0603HaqeID15I aBTOHO.IHOfI (BereTaTMBHOH) HepBHOH CIlCTeMbI 11CIIOJIb3Y-
eTCH a66peBMarypa AH C.
Oco6eHHocm pa3BHTIDI AHC B 3M6pHoreHe3e. 3aKJIa.L(Ka nepIl<pepwrecKI1x
BereTaTIffiHbIX HeMpOHOB npOMCXO,lIllT Ha TpeTbet'r He,ne.rre BHYTPHYIpo6Horo
pa3BMTIDI M3 KJIeTOK 2all2JlUOllapHOll 11/lacmUllKU (HepBHoro rpe6IDI). ITo Mepe
cpOprn:pOBaHlliI HepBHoH CJ1CTeMbI, -qaCTb KJIeTOK raHrJIMOHapHOM rmaCTMHKII
OT,nelliIeTCH OT 3aQaTKOB 6yIX CrrMHHOM03rOBbIX Y3JIOB 11 IJ1rpMpyeT B BeHT-
po-.rlaTepaJIbHOM HarrpaBJIeHM11, ,aaBa5I HaqaJIO Y3JIaM aBTOHOMHOH HepBHOH
CMCTeMbI (pIlC. 44). Ba)KHo rro,nqepKH)'Th, qTO B 3116pIloreHe3e o6pa30BaHJ1e
rrepM<pepMqeCIGIX BereTaTIffiHbIX HeHpoHoB rrp011CXO,LUfT o6oco6JIeHHO OT HepB-
HOH T.Py6KM. BCJIe,ncTBMe oco6eHHocTei1 3M6pMOHaJlbHOH 3aKJIalUG1 M rrOCJIelJYIO-
ll(ero pa3BMTIill rrep11<pepWIecKI1e BereTaT11BHble HeHpoHbI OKa3bmaIOTCH JJ:M<p-
<PY3HO paCCeJIeHHbI:rvlli no BceMY TeJIY, KOHUeHTp11pYHCb B BereTarn13HbIX Y3JIaX 11
HepBHbIX CIIJIeTeHlliIX.
Be2enlalrlU6Hbie Rapa B CillllIHOM 11 rOJIOBHOM M03ry TaIOKe Ha"lllIHaIOT <pOp11M-
pOBaTbC.H Ha TpeTbeM He,n;eJIe BHYTPHYTPo6HOrO pa3BMTIUI; OIDI o6pa3)'IOTcH M3
KJIeTOKMeJlcynloLfHoii 3011bl, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOM Me)J(,IIy KpbDThHOII II 6a3aJIbHOM IIJ1a-
CTHHKaMM HepBHoH Tpy6KI1 (CM. pilC. 16). Ha rrOCJIelJYIOlI(I1X 3Tarrax 3M6pI1oreHe-
3a no Mepe pa3BMTIDI MHHepBaUI1I1 BHYTPeHHllX opraHOB CB5I3:b BereTaTill3HbIX
Y3JIOB co CIIlIHHbIM M03rOM YCTaHaBJIMBaeTC5I BTOpW:IHbIM rryreM.

ABTOHOMHa (BereTaTIt18Ha) HepBHafi CIt1CTeMa 67
XOPAa
Aopia
KneTKVI
raHrJ1V10HapHO
nJ1a CTVI HKVI
HepSHa
Tpy6Ka
AOpCaJ1bHa51
Me30AepMa
MVlrpVlPYIOVle
Hei1po6J1aCTbl
<POpM VI PYIO UJ,VI eC51
raHrJ1V1V1 aSToHoMHoi1
HepsHot1 CVlCTeMbl
KVlWel.fHa51 Tpy6Ka
""CII 44. 06pa30BaHHe raHrJIneB aBTOHOl\fHOll HepBHoM CMCTe1-lbI rrocpeLI:CTBO1 MJ1TpaIJ.I1I1
leTOK 113 raHrJII10HapHOII IIJIaCTIIHKM.
06IIUIit IIJIaH cTpoeHIDI aBTOHOMHOH HepBHoii CHCTeMbI. B AH C pa3JIWIaIOT
- enmpGJlbHblU J1 nepurjJepUlleCKUU OmaeJlbl. K u:eHTpaJThHOM)' OT,n:e.rry OTHOCHTC.H
ecelnamU6Hbie 5lapa, pacrrOJIO)KeHHble B ronOBHOM M CIll1HHOM M03re, K nepMcpe-
WIeCKOMy - eecemanZUBllble Y3Jlbl (2all2/lUU), eecemamUBllble llepBbl, 611Cl{epGflbHble
fl./lenZellUfl M Bllympuop2allllble CnflenZellUR (pRC. 45).
ABToHo!\-fHa.H HepBHaH CMCTeMa xapaKTepR3yeTC.H p.HLI;01\.1 OTJIWIRTenbHblX
oco6eHHocTei1, KOTopble rrepeqnCJIeHbI HIDKe.
. PaCCeJIeHHOCTb BereTaTRBHbIX Hei1:poHoB 3a npe,n:eJIaMM u:eHTparrbHoM
HepBHoi1: CMCTeMbI no BceMY Teny.
. CKOITJIeHMe BereTaTIIBHbIX HellpoHoB B COCTaBe nepI1<pepMQeCKOM HepB-
HOll CMCTeMbI B BI1)I;e MHOrOqnCJIeHHbIX 2a1l2JlUeB, o6pa3yroIUI1x nepM<pe-
pWIeCKMe HepBHble u:eHTpbI, M3 KOTOpbIX Henocpe,nCTBeHHO ocymecTBIDI-
eTCH 3<p<pepeHTHaH MHHepBaU:M5I opraHOB.
. OQarOBOCTb JIOKaJII13aU:MM BereTaTIIBHbIX Mep B u:eHTpaJIbHOM HepBHOM
CJ1CTeMe (pilC. 46). Pa3JIIItIaIOT CJIe,nyIOI.IJ:Me OqarM CKOITJIeHI15I BereTaTMB-
HbIX 5I,nep B CIIMHHOM M rOJIOBHOM M03ry: Me3311ll,erjJaJlUlleCKUu, II3 KOTOpO-
ro HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa BbIXO,nHT B COCTaBe rna30,nBRraTeJIbHOrO HepBa
(III napa); 6YJlb6apHblu, M3 KOToporo BereTaTHBHbIe BOJIOKHa BbIXOMT B
COCTaBe JIRu:eBoro, .H3bIKOrJIOTOqJfOrO M 6JI)')K)J:aIOI.IJ:erO HepBOB (cooTBeT-
CTBeHHO VII, IX M X napbI); mopaKo./llOM6aJlbllblU, 06'be,nMIDllOlI(IIll Mpa
60KOBbIX porOB CIIMHHOrO 1vl03ra (Th I - xn , L I - n ), M3 KOTOpbIX BereTaTMB-
HbIe HepBHDIe BOJIOKHa BbIXOMT B COCTaBe COOTBeTCTByroIl(l1X CIIMHHO-
M03rOBblX HepBOB; KpeCml{oBblu, M3 KOToporo BereTaTMBHbIe HepBHbIe
5*

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A8TOHOMHa (8ereTaTtt18Ha) Hep8Ha Ctt1CTeMa 69
Kpb1nOHe6Hbl
Y3en
] CpeAHMM M03r
] MOCT
napaCMnaT4eCKeApa
(6ynb6apHbl OTAen)
VII
: _ n)I(HeYen K)CTHO
Y3en
npOAonrOBaTbl
M03r
YWHO Y3en
LJYBCTBTenbHble Y3Jlbi yepenHblX HepBOB
KOHu,eBble
Y3nbl
Y3nbl
CMnaT4eCKoro
CTBona
t':':.." -- .
.' :/
..;i,:."
.... .: :::::
:.y:{ r.
..... . e. .
- .....:: -
{.
. .
&.'11:'(.;
-.: -:;:.::\.. ::
,--.... ."
..... "'"". ..
9
-::)
:: :}
..:f
. I
. .":! T.:-:"
. -:'1
j. .
..;/ coco
CMnaTW.jeCK CMnaT4ecKe Apa
CTBon (rpYAHo) oTAen
I
J napacMnaT4ecKe Apa
(KpecTu,oBbl) oTAen
PMC. 46. OqarM JIOKaJIH3aUMH BereTaTHBHbIX Mep H !\feCT BbIXo,n:a BereTaTHBHbIX HepBOB 113
l(eHTPaJIbHOH HepBHOH CHCTe:MbI (pH11CKHfH I..{HcPpaMH 0603HaqeHbI rrapbI qeperrHbIX
HepBOB).
BonOKHa BbIXO,[(5IT B COCTaBe rrepe,n:HMX KOpelliKOB KpeCTIXoBbIX CrrMHHO-
M03rOBbIX HepBOB (Sn-rv).
· ,[(BYXHei1:poHHoCTb 3<p<pepeHTHOrO HepBHOrO IIyTI1 OT BereTaTI1BHbIX 5I,n:ep
B :QHC K MHHepBI1pyeMOMY OpraHY. AKCOHbI BereTaTMBHbIX HeMpOHOB,

70 rnaBa 3
pacrrOJIO)l(eHHbIX B H,n:pax CTBOJIa 1\103ra 11 Crr11HHOrO M03ra, rrpo,n:on)I(aIOT-
C5I ,n:0 COOTBcTcTByronU1x rrep11cPeplflICCKllX BereTaTlffiHbIX raHrJIMeB, r,n:e
rrpOMcxo,n:MT rrepeKJIIOqeIDIe B036y)l()XeHM5I Ha 3cpcPepeHTHble Hei1:poHbI,
pacrrOJIO)l(eHHble B 3TlLX Y3JIax. TaKMM 06pa30f, BereTaTIIBHbIM Y3eJI rrpe,n:-
CTaBlliICT C060M HepBHbrn ueH'Tp, B KOTOpOM o6pa6aTblBaeTcH rrocTyrraIO-
I.IJ:Rn B Hero IIHcpOpMa:U;I15I. HaH60JIee xapaKTepHOll oco6eHHOCTbIO 3TI1X
raHrJIHOHapHbIX I(eH'TpOB 5IBJI5IeTC5I 3cPcPeKT «MYJIbTMllJIMKaUllM», o6yc-
JIOBJIelIII:bIM TeM, qTO B036y)l()XeHMe C O,UHoro rrperaHrJIMOHapHoro HCMpO-
Ha, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOrO B II:HC, MO)KeT rrepe,n:aBaTbCH cpa3Y Ha 30-50 rrepn-
cpepMqeCKMX (raI-ITJI110HapHbIX) HenpoHoB.
· 06pa30BaHMe 3a rrpe,n:eJIaMII DHC MeCTHbIX pecpJIeKTOpHbIX ,n:yr, COCT05I-
I.IJ:MX 11:3 ceHcopHoro (qyBCTBHTeJThHOro) 11 MOTopHoro (LI:BMraTeJIbHoro)
Hei1:poHoB, 06bIQHO pacrrOJIOJKeHHbIX BO BHyrpMopraHHbIX CrrJleTeHll5IX.
CJIe,[G'eT TaIOKe OTMeTMTh, "t.ffO IIOCrraHrJIMOI-IapHble HepBHble BOJIOKHa, 5IBJlillO-
mneCH aKCOHaMll raIITJIMOHapHbIX BereTaTlffiHbIX HenpOHOB, He I1..leIOT l\tlMemrn:o-
BOM 060JIOq}Gf, rr03TOMY ,lI,.JUI HI1X xapaKTepHO 1vle,il)IeHHOe rrpOBe,rreHI1e I-IepBHbIX
IIMITYJIbCOB (OT 0,3 LI;O 10 M/ c); B0310)l(fIa TaIOKe 11ppa,IUIaUIDI IIepBI-IOrO B036)')K1Ie-
HM5I Ha coce,UHMe HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa. EJIaro,n:ap5I 1vfHOrO"tffiCJIeHHbIM OTpOCTKaIvI
(KOJUIaTepaJI5IM) aKCOHOB, M,IIy1IJJ11 K pa3HbIM raHrJIJ15Th1 11 B COCTaBe CIIJIeTeHI1ii,
3cPcPepeHTHble B.1IlliIHIDI BereTaTllBHbIX HeMpOHOB O,IUIOBpeMeHHO pacrrpOCTpaIDI-
IOTC5I Ha MHorne opraHbI, OKa3bIBaH Ha IDIX CMCTe1\fHOe B03,n:eMCTBHe. B OTJIJ11IIfe OT
rroCrraIITJlliOHapHbIX HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH rrperafITJll10HapHble BOJIOKHa, 5lB.JImOI.UM-
eC5I OTpOCTKaM11 rrperaIITJIllOHapHhIX HeMpOHOB, pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIX B Mpax [(HC,
11leIOT MHeJIJ1HOBOe rrOKpbITI1e.
OC06eHHOCTH CTpoemrn BereTaTHBHOH pecl>JIeKTOpHOH ,uyrn. nYTb, KOTOpbIM
rrpOXO,n:11:T HepBHOe B036y)l()XeHMe OT 11HTepOpeuerrTOpOB B u:eHTpaJIbJIylO I-IepBHyIO
C11CTeM)', a OT Hee K BHyrpeHHOCTHM, HOCHT Ha3BaHMe 6ezemamU61l0U perjJ./leKmop-
HOU iJyzu (pRC. 47). CeHcopHble HefrpoHbI, BOCIIpMHMMaIOrn:Me 1IHcPopMamno OT
BHyrpeHHllX opraHOB, pacrrOJIO)KeHbI B CII11HHOM03rOBbIX Y3JIaX M.Jll1 ceHcopHbIX
Y3JIaX qeperrHbIX HepBOB. B OTJIwrne OT aHa.i10TIIlffiofr CO?vIaT111:IeCKOll pe<pJIcKTop-
HOM .lJYI11 (HarrpHMep, KO)l(fIO-MblIIIeqHOrO pecPJIeKca) B aBTOHOMHOll HepBHoM
C11CTeMe 3cPcPepeHTHoe 3BeHO Bcer,n:a COCT011T 113 ,n:BYX HefrpoHOB. BCTaBOtffible Be-
reTaTIIBHble HellpOHbI, pacrrOJIO)I(elIlI:ble B Mpax CTBOJIa M03ra I-fJIH B CrrMHHOM
M03ry, - 3TO npe2all2JlUOllapllble (npeiJy3JlOBble) lleupOllbl. 3cP<pepeHTHble Hefrpo-
HbI, rrpOBOMIIU1e 11MIIYJIbCbI K BHyrpeHHMM opraHaM 11 pacrrOJIO)KeHHble B BereTa-
THBHbIX raHrJIIDIX - 3TO 2a1l2JlUOllapHble HeupOHbl; 11:X OTpOCTKlI Ha3bIBaIOT
nOCm2all2JlUOllapllblJylU llepBllbLMU BOJlOKllaMU.
KaK)')Ke OT?vleqarrOCb BblliIe, B aBTOHOMHOll HepBHOM C11CTeMe 1vIOI}1'f 3a1lliIKaTh-
CH MeCTIThle pe<pJIeKTOpHble ,IJyTII, 06pa30BaHHbIe ceHCOpHbIMl1 Hei1:poHaMH BO
BH)'TpMopraHHbIX CIIJIeTeHIDIX (KJIeTKaMll ,LI:orelliI II TIilla). OCyJl(ecTBJIeHMe MeCT-
HbIX BHcuepa..TThHbIX pecpJIeKCOB MO)KeT rrpOTeKaTh 6e3 HerrOCpeLI;CTBeHHOrO yqaCTIffi
II:HC, T. e. aBTOHOMHO. B 3TMX c.rryqa5IX3aMbIKaIDIe pecPJIeKTOpHbIX,nyrrrpoIICXOl(l1T
Ha ypOBHe BMcu:epaJIbHbIX CITJIeTeHI1ii 11JIM BereTaTI1BHbIX raHrJIlleB.
Hap5UIY C BereTaTlffiHbIMll Hei1:poHa1vfM, pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIMM B 5LUpax CTBOJIa
M03ra 11 CIlliHHoro M03ra, B rOJIOBHO?vf M03re 11MelOTCH ern:e 11)Jpynre BereTaTMB-

ABTOHOMHas:l (BereTaT1BHaS1) HepBHaS1 CLttCTeMa 71
)f\ene3a
Y3en CV1Mnan.14eCKoro
CTBona
Cepa
COeAtIIHl-1TenbHa
BeTBb
I
nOCTraHr11Lt10HapHOe
HepSHoe BonOKHO
KposeHocHblL:1 COCYA
PMC. 47. Hei1poHHbIll COCTaB pe<pIIeK'TOpHoi1 ;::ryrH aBTOHOIHO:rI (BereTaTHBHon) HepBHoi1
CHCTe:MbI.
Hble HepEHble u:eI-I'rpbI, 3aHMMaIOllU,Ie 60nee BbICOKoe MepapXIIecKoe rrOJIO)KeHI1e.
3TO MHOr01.JJ1CJIeHHble 5I.LIpa B 06JIaCTll rIIIIOTaJIa11Yca, OKa3bIBaIOlUlle HHCXO,M-
mlle peryJI5ITOpHble BJIIDIIDffi (HellporeHHa5I peryJIJIIIIUI) Ha CTBOJIOBble II crrI1HHO-
M03rOBble BereTaTMBHble ueH11JbI, IIJIII - qepe3 flITIOcPJ1:3 If LlPYTIfe 3H,[I;OKpllHHble
)!Cene3bI - Herrocpen:CTBeHHO Ha pa60T)' BHYTPeHHI1X opraHOB (IY1'IOpaJIbHa5I pery-
.TI5IUIDI). BbICIillle UeHTpbI, yrrpaBJIIDOllU1e BereTaTI1BHbIMI1 <PYlIKlJ;Iill!\n1, HaXOMT-
C.H B Kope M03ra, a 1111eHHO B JIo6HOll, TeIeHHott II BMCOqHOI1 o 6JIaCT5IX. 3)],eCb
rrpOllCXO,lUIT CI1HTe3 BereTaTllBHbIX 11 aHll1arrbHDIX cPytIKII:MM Bcero opraHH31ra qe-
JIOneKa, a TaIOKe lIX corJIaCOnalllIe C ero rrCILXQ-3M0lij10HaJIbHOM ,n:emeJIbHOCTbIO.
qaCTH ARC. YrrpaBJlillI pa60TOM BH)'TpeHIll1X opraHOB II peryJIl'rpy.H 06!eH
BCmeCTB, aBTOHOMHa5I HepBHa5I CMCTeMa OKa3bIBaeT Ha HlLX pa3Hoe, no,rp.:rac rrpo-
THBOrrOJIO)KHoe .n;eMCTBMe. nOLI: ee BJIIUIHMe?vI B03MO)KHO KaK cY)KeHMe, TaK II pac-
illHpeHlle rrpOCBeTa KpOBeHOCHDIX cocy,n:OB, rrOBbIllIeHHe llJIM CHIDKeHHe qaCTOTbI
COKpameIDIM cepLI;ua, )'BeJIWIeHMe HJIM leHbllIeHHe ceKpeTopHOM aKTllBHOCTII
pa3JIWIHbIX )KeJIe3, rrOBbIllieIDIe llJII1 rrOHlDKeHMe ypOBIDI 06MeHa BemeCTB B opra-
Hax M TKaIDIX 11 T. ,n:. ITo xapaKTepy BJIIUIH11JI Ha MHHepBMpyelv1ble opraHbI pa3JIMQ-
HbIX QaCTeM ARC, oco6eHHOCT5IM MX aHaTOMMQeCKOrO cTpoeHI1.5I, a TaIOKe rro Pa3-
JIJflIHOH qyBCTBMTeJIbHOCTll HeHpOHOB BereTaTI1BHDIX raHI'JIMeB K HeKOTopbIM
6110JIOrI1QeCKI1 aKTI1BHDIM BellIeCTBaM aBTOHOMHa5I HepBHa5I CllCTeMa rro,n:pa3LI;e-
lliIeTC5I Ha CUMnamULfeCKYlO II napaCUMnamULfeCKYlO Lfacmu.
<Dym<IlliOHa.i1bHDle rrp05IBJIeHlliI )Kll3HeI(eHTeJIbHOCTll BHYTPeHHIDC opraHOB
no,n: BJIlffiHlleM CllMrraTIflIeCKOll HepBHOM CI1CTeMbI xapaKTepHDI ,[LillI COCTOillII1M
rrOBbIllIeHHOM aKTI1BHOCTll opraHM3Ma (cPll3MQeCKOrO M rrCI1XWIeCKoro HarrpIDKe-
IDUI), a rrapaCI111rraTI1QeCKOM -,[LillI ero OTHOClITeJIbHOrO rrOK05I. TaK, HarrpI1Mep,
pa3LI:pa)KeHHe CMMrraTI1QeCKlIX HepBHbIX 3JIeMemOB BbI3bIBaeT rrOBbll1leHHe qaCTO-
ThI cOKparu:eHMll cep,n:ua, C)')KeHHe KpOBeHOCHbIX cocy,n:OB 11 rrOBbIIIleHl1e apTepI1-

72 rnasa 3
aJIbHOrO JJ.aBJ1eHI15I, yqameHMe ,L(bIXaTeJIbHbIX ,n:B:IDKeHl1M, oCJIa6JIeHI1e nepI1CTaJIb-
TI1KI1 KI1IlleQHI1Ka, paCllll1peHl1e 3paQKoB. B036y)l(lJ,eHl1e rrapaC11MnaTI1QeCKl1X
HepBHblx 3JIe1\1eHTOB HarrpOTI1B rrpMBo,lJ,I1T K CHIDKeHl1lO qaCTOTbI cOKpameHMM
cep,L(lJ,a, rrOIIIDKeH.HIO apTepl1aJIblIOrO ,lXaBJ1eHIDI, YCI1JIeHl1lO rrepMCTaJIbTI1KI1 KlI-
rue1.IHI1Ka J1 T. ,L(. O,L(HaKo 3TM <PYHKIJJ10HaJIbHble pa3JIHQIDI HeJIb35I paccMaTpI1BaTb
KaK rrp5IMOH aI-ITarOHM3f. 06e QaCTI1 aBToHo1IHOM HepBHoi1: CI1CTervlbI pa6oTalOT
cOrJIaCOBaHHo, <PYHKIU10HaJIbHO ,lXOrrOJIHillI )1pyr ,lXpyra.
3.1. CMMnaTMecKaSi aCTb AHC
K CMMl1aTHQeCKOH: qaCTli AH C Herrocpe,[(CTBeHHO OTHOCMTC5I CUMnamulfecKui"i
cmeOJl C ero Y3Jl{LtllI1 OTXO.IDIIUMe OT HHX BereTaTI1BHble llepebl11 eemeu.
CUMllalnU'leCKUU cm60./1 (tnlncus sympathicus) - rrapHoe 06pa30BaHHe; OH
COCTOI1T H3 uerrOQK11 HepBHblX Y3JIOB, paCnOJIaraIOIlI]1XC5I no 60Ka'1 OT rr03BOHOQ-
Horo cToJI6a Ha Bce1 ero rrpOTIDKeHl1M (pnc. 48). Bce Y3.;lbI CI1MrraTWIeCKoro CTBO-
JIa CB5I3aHbI le)l(U)' C060M AteJlCY3./10ebLHU eelne5LtU. Y3JlbI C111IrraTMQeCKOrO CfBOJIa
coxpaIDIIOT HeKOTopble npM3HaKJ1 feTarvfepMM, O,[(HaKO nOJIHOrO COOTBeTCTBM5I
Me)K)1Y BereTaTMBHbIMI1 Y3JIa1U1 H CeThfeHTa1\IM TeJIa He Ha6JIIOLI;aeTC5I. B Cl1iYlrraTH-
qeCKOM CTBOJIe BbLlI.eJUIIOT: UleUHblU omaeJl, npe,lXCTaBJIeHHbIH rneMHbIMl1 Y3JIa'I11,
2pyaHOU, n051CHUlfHblU, KpeCml(OeblU M KonlfUKoebll1 OlnaeJ1bl, TaIOKe rrpel(CTaBJIeHHble
COOTBeTCTByrolIJ}IMI1 BereTaTI1BHbHvfl1 Y3JIa1\111.
B CI11rraTl1qeCKOM t.IaCTII aBTOHofHoI1: HepBHOI1 CMCTe1\1hI nperaHrJIl10HapHble
Hei1:poHbI OTXOMT OT CITHHHoro Nf03ra TOJIbKO B ero rpY.ilHOi\-f 11 qaCTlflJHO rr05IC-
HnqHOM OTJJ.eJIax. TeJIa rrperaHrJI110HapHbIX Hei1poHoB 33.JleralOT B npO/'leJlcynlolf-
HO.l1anlepQ.;lbHbLX Rapax 60KOBbIX porOB Crrl1HHOrO M03ra. 3TH .H,lXpa rrpOCJIe)KJ1BalOT-
C5I Ha ypOBHe Bcex rpYJJ.HbIX (Th I - xn ) n BepXHI1X,L(BYX II05ICHI1QHbIX (L I - n ) cer11eH-
TOB crrlIHHoro I03ra.
I1peraHrJIl10HapHble CH!\lrraTHt.IeCKI1e BOJIOKHa BbIXO,[(5IT M3 CIIJ1HHOrO !\103ra B
COCTaBe rrepe,LJ;HMX KopelilKoB CrrI1HHO103rOBbIX HepBOB. I1x aKCOHbI rrOKpbITbI
I\.1MeJII1HOB0I1 060JIOQKOM 11 B Cl1.rry 3Toro 06pa3YlOT 6eJlbie coeaUHUnlef/bHble eelneu,
OTxoMIUMe OT Cnl1HH01f03rOBoro HepBa. Ka)KJ(a5I TaKa5I BeTBb COe)JJ'IIDIeT CIIMH-
HOM03rOBOH HepB C 0)Ull11I 113 Y3JIOB CI1fvlrraTM-qeCKoro CTBOJIa CBoeM CTOpOHbI
(CM. pMC. 47). 3TH CHMIIaTJtPIeCKHe Y3JlbI Ha3bIBaIOT TaIOKe OKOJIOrr03BOHOQHbI!\IM
I1JII1 napaBepTe6paJIbHbI111 raHrnI15IMl1.
qacTb aKCOHOB nperaHfJI110HapHbIX Hei1:poHoB 3aKaHQI1BaeTC5I CI1HarrCaMM Ha
TeJIaX raHrJIHOHapHbIX Hei1:poHoB cooTBeTcTByIOll.{I1X Cl11\lrraTHQeCKMX Y3JIOB.
OCTaJIbHble CJIe,IXyIOT TpaH311THO qepe3 Y3eJI 11 rrpo,n:OJDKaIOTC5I ,lXO ,Upyrl1X, 60JIee
y,n:an:eHHbIX OT rr03BOHOt.IHI1Ka Y3JIOB, paCIIOJIO)l(eHHbIX B eUCl{epGJlbHbiX cruzemeHu-
5lX (rrpeLI:rr03BOHOQHbIX, J1JI11 rrpeBepTe6parrbHbIX Y3JIax), rn:e rrpOI1Cxo,n:MT MX rrepe-
KJIIO'LleHMe Ha 3cpcpepeHTHble Hei1:poHbI.
Hei1poHbI, pacnOJIO)l(eHHble B Y3JIaX Cl1frraTl{qeCKOrO CTBOJIa, ,lXalOT HaQaJIO
nOCTfamJIl10HapHbI1\f 6e3MMeJIMHOBbIM HepBHbIM Bo.rroKHal, KOTopble B COCTaBe
cepblx coeaUHUmeJlbllblX eemeeu HarrpaBJI.HIOTC5I K KOIY crrHHHofo3roBoMY
HepBY. qacTb rroCTraHrJIHOHapHbIX HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH B Bl1,lXe ca1IOCT05ITeJIbHbIX
HepBoB 11JII1 BeTBeti J1:,nYT JIM60 K BMcu:eparrbHbIM CnJIeTeHIUINf, JIn60 HerrOCpel(cT-
BeHHO K opraHaM. B COCTaBe CrrI1HHOf03rOBbIX HepBoB rroCTraHfJI110HapHble Be-

ASTOHOMHas:l (SereTaTV1SHas:l) HepSHafl CV1CT8Ma 73
r0J10BHOVl M03r
Ci1MnaT'JeCKl-1£1 CTBon
W  I
eV1HblV1 L
OTAeJ1
rpYAHOVl
OTAeJ1
nOCHW"IHbIVl
OTAeJ1
KpeCTOB bl VI
OTAeJ1
BepXHV1V1,
cpeAHV1V1 V1
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napaCMnaTV1eCKe
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_ __ nerOHblVl HepB
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\ , --
..... \ ,
'", , WeVlHbie V1 rpYAHble
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I
CnV1HHOVl M03r
CV1MnaTV1eCKV1e
CnlleTeHV1
r01l0Bbi
COCYAV1CToe
CnlleTeHV1e
601lbWOVl
BHYTpeHHocTHblVl
HepB
YpeBHoe
CnlleTeHV1e
BepXHee
6pbJ)KeeHoe
CnlleTeHV1e
HV1)f(Hee
6pbl)f(ee4HOe
CnlleTeHV1e
BepXHee
nOA4peBHoe
CnlleTeHV1e
HV1)f(Hee
nOA4peBHoe
CnlleTeHV1e
PMC. 48. CTpoeHMe M 06JIaCTM MHHepBaIJ:MM cMMnaTMqeCKOH qaCTM BereTarnBHoll HepBHoll
CMCTeMbI.
reTaTJ1Bffire BonOKHa HanpaBlliIIOTC5I K cocYLI;aM J1 )KeJIe3aM KO)l(ll, K CKeneTHOM
MycKYnaType, a B COCTaBe BereTaTJ1BHbIX HepBoB - HenocpeLI;cTBeHHo K )l(ene3aM
KO)l(HOrO nOKpoBa J1nJ1 KpoBeHocHbIM cocYLI;aM, 3aKaWII1Ba5ICb B OCHOBHOM Ha
KJIeTKaX llX rnaLI;KOM MycKYnaTYpbI. IIOCTralITJIIlOHapHbre BOJIOKHa J1)];yr K HHHep-
BJ1pyeMbIM opraHaM TpeM5I nyr5IMll: B COCTaBe crrHIDIOM03rOBbIX HepBoB, B KOTO-
pbre OHM rrorraLI;alOT no cepbIM COeLI;J1HllTenbHbIM BeTB5IM, ITO XO)J;Y KpOBeHOCHbIX
COCY)J;OB llJII1 )Ke B BJ1):(e o6oco6neIDIblX HepBOB, OTXOMIIU1X OT CMMnaTWleCKoro
CTBona.

74 rnasa 3
B meiinoM omiJe.Ile CUMnamU'leCK020 Cm60.,1a MMeeTC5I TPM rnei1:HbIX Y3JIa: Bepx-
llUU, cpeallUUllllU'JICllUU. CpeallUuzueullblu Y3efl pacrrOJIaraeTC5I Ha YPOBI-I'e VI Illeit-
Horo rr03BOHKa; OH HerrOCT05IHeH M 110)KeT 06'be,lIIIIDIThC5I C HIDKHll:WI rneilHbIM
Y3nOM. HU'JICllUUZUeuHblu Y3e/lllepe,IU<O CJII1BaeTC5I C BepXHHM rpYJJ:HbIM If o6pa3yeT
3ee3al1anlblU Y3eJl, KOTopbrn ne)KJ1T Ha ypOBHe rrepBoro pe6pa rr03a,l],JI rrO,1J.KJIIOlfiPI-
HOll apTep:m,I. BepXHUU LUeUHblU Y3eJl - Ca1-Ibn'1 KPYIIHbIM; OH JIe)KHT Ha ypOBHe
II rnellHoro rr03BOHKa rr03a,n:M BHYTPeHHell CORROll apTeplll1. IIperalITJIMOHapHble
BOJIOKHa, M,LIyIl(I1e K BepXHeIY M cpe,n:HeM)' rneMHbIM Y3JIaM, HallliHaIOTC5I OT Mep
60KOBbIX porOB crrllHHoro M03ra Ha ypOBHe IIIDKHero rneMHoro II BepXHIIX rpY,L{-
HbIX CeTh1eHTOB; omr TPaH311THO rrpOXOMT Qepe3 3Be3,1J.lIaThIlr Y3eJI M BOCXOIDIT ,n:o
BepXHero rnellHoro Y3JIa. OT rneMHbIX Y3JIOB OTXO,n:5IT BereTaTI1BHble HepBbI,
HarrpaBllillOIUI1eC5I K KpOBeHOCHbIM COCYL(aM J1 opraHaM rOJIOBbI M rneM.
K opraHaM rOJIOBbI llJXYT BeTBli OT BepXHero II HIDKHero rnellHbIX Y3JIOB, pac-
rrpOCTpaHIDICb no XOJJY KpOBeHOCHbIX COCY,L(OB B :3M1I:e llapY'JICH020 COHH020, ellym-
pelllle20 COlll1020, 06U{e20 COllH020 II n03eOH0l111020 CflflemellUU. BllYlnpeHllee COHHoe II
n038011011110e cruzemellUfl no Xon:y O,1J,HOIIfeHHbIX apTepIllI rrpOHMKalOT B rrOJIOCTb
qeperra, r,n:e ,n:aIOT BeTBM K cOCYJJ:ai 11 060JIOqJ(aM rOJIOBHOrO 1vI03ra, a TaIOKe K rM-
no <PM3Y. B rrOJIOCTh qeperra rrpOHI1KaeT TalOKe .RpeMHbiU llepe, LI;aIOI.I(MI1: BOJIOKHa K
Y3JIa1vI IX, X 11 XI rrap lIepeIIHbIX HepBOB. HaPY'JICHbIU COllllblullepe, o6pa3Y5I CIIJle-
Temre BOKpyr Hap)')1..t{oI1 COHHOll apTepMM, ,n:aeT BeTBll K cocy,n:aM M opraHa1 rOJIO-
BbI. lIepe3 o6ru:ee COHHoe CIIJIeTeIllie BOKpyr O,1J.HOMMeHHofr apTepMM BepXHIDI
rneJ1:HbIM Y3en LI;aeT BOJIOKHa K CJIe3HbI1I, rrOTOBbI1vf, CJllI3I1CTbThI II CJllOHHbI11 )KeJIe-
3aM, K MbIIllu;aM BOJIOC KO)KM, K l\fbIIlIl.Le, paCIill1p5IlOm;efr 3paQOK, K KOHIJ:eBbIl\1
Y3naM (ynrHOM)' M rrO,IXIDDKHeqenIOCTHOMY).
OpraHbI illeM (ropTaHb, rJIOTKa, COCY,I(bI) rro.rryqaIOT HepBHble BOJIOKlfa Qepe3
20pnlallHO-2JlOm0l1110e Cl1JlelnellUe OT Bcex Tpex ille:tiHbrx Y3JIOB, pacrrOJIaraIOlIJJ1XC5I
B6Jll13M COOTBeTCTB)'IOIl(I1X opraHOB. HeCKOJThKO BeTBell OT HIDKHero llIetrnoro
(3Be3,IXQaToro) Y3JIa 06pa3y:IOT nOaKfllOl1Ul1HOe Clvzemellue, paCIIOJIO)KeHHOe BLI:Oflb
O,L(HOIIMeHHOll apTepIll1; II3 Hero lIHHepBMpyroTC5I IIU1TOBM,1Wa5I II OKOJIOIlU1TOBM,JJ;-
Hble )KeJIe3bI II HeKOTopbIe opraHbI rpY,lUiofr rrOJIOCTII. HeCKOJIbKO BeTBell OT 3Be3-
,WIaTorO Y3JIa rrpllCOe,1J.I1IDllOTC5I K ,IU1a<pparMaJIbHOM)' II 6.JIy)KlI;aIOI.IJ:ery HepBaM. 01'
Ka)I([(oro II3 rnet'IHbIX Y3JIOB rro narrpaBJIelllilO K rpYL(HOll rrOJIOCTH: OTXO,IWT TaIOKe
eepXHUU, cpeaHUUM HUJlCHUll uleliHble Cepael111ble Hepebl, rrpI1HH1YlalOI.I.llie yqacrne B
06pa30BaIll1I1 Cepael1HbLX Cl1JlenZellUU.
B 2pyiJnoM omiJe./le CUMnamU'leCK020 Cm60Jla HaC1IlIThIBaeTC5I ,n:o 10-12 Y3JIOB
aT BToporo ,lJO IUIToro BKJIIO"lffiTeJIbHO rpy,n:HbIX Y3JIOB OTXOMT 2pyaHble Cepael111ble
eemeu, yqaCTBy:IOJ..[(lle B11eCTe C illellHbIMH cep.n:elffibIMlI HepBaMM B cPOpMMpOBa-
HMII cepLI;eqJ{oro CI1JIeTeHIDI. aT rpY.D:HbIX Y3JIOB TaIOKe OTXO,I(5IT TOHKlle CllMrraTH-
QeCKI1e HepBbI K :rnrrueBOJJY, JIerKlll\1, rpYJJ:HOIIlIaCTM aOpThI, 06pa3Y5I nuU{eeOaHoe,
Jle2011110e J1 2pyalloe aOpmaJlbllOe cruzenlellWl.
aT IDIToro rro ,n:eB5ITbrn BKJIIOqJITeJThHO rpY,[(HbIX Y3JIOB OTXO,IXMT 60JlbLUOU eHym-
pellHocmllblUllepe, a OT )J;eC5ITOrO II O,IJ;I1HHa,IXuaTOrO - J,laJlblU ellympeHllocmllblU
llepe. B COCTaBe BHYTPeHHOCTHbIX HepBOB co,n:ep)KaTC5I B OCHOBHOM rrperaHrJIlIO-
IIapHbIe BOJIOKHa, KOTopble TPaH3MTHO rrpOXOMT Qepe3 Y3JThI CM1maTlflIeCKoro
CTBOJIa. H3 rpy,n:Hofr IIOJIOCTM 3TII HepBbI npOXOMT Me)K)Jy MbIllIe1ffibIMI1 rryqKaMM
rr05IClIlPIHofr lIaCTI1 ,Z::(MacPparMbI, rrpOHMKalOT B 6pIOillHyIO rrOJIOCTh M 3aKaWII1Ba-
lOTC5I CI:IHarrCaMll Ha TeJIaX HellpOI-IOB, JIe)KaIl(lIX B l1peeHOM cnflelnellUU. aT 3Toro

ABTOHOMttaS1 (BereTaTBHaS1) HepBHaf1 CltiCTeMa 75
_ -_ -eTeHIDI rroCTraHrJIliOHapHble CH1maTIItIeCKHe BonOKHa HarrpaBlliIIOTcH K COCY-
... _ )l(eny,I1J<Y, IGillIeqJffiKy, IIOTIKaM 11 .!IpymM opraHaM 6pIOIIlHOM rrOJIOCTl1.
JIORcHUIlHblU omiJeJl CUMnamUlfeCK020 Cm60Jla COCTOMT 113 3-4 Y3JIOB.
IlliX OTXOMT BeTBli K caMOM)' KpyrrHOMY Bllcn:epa.iTbHOMY CIDIeTelllilO -- I.fpee-
_,,-' y - a TaK)Ke K 6plOLUllOMY aOplnGflbHOMY, KOTopble pacrrOJIO)KeHbl OKOJIO OL(HO-
_eHHbIX cocy,n:OB.
KpeCml{06blii omOeA cUJ",namUlieCK020 Cm80Jla rrpe,ILCTaBJICH 3-4 KpeCTU;OBbII\llI
."'3..1aMM CllMI1aTWIeCKoro CTBona. IIpaBble If neBble Y3JIbl coe)J,llIDllOTC5I Me)K,.QY CO-
- if C rr01vrO:W:bIO TOHKIIX HepBHbIX CTBonllKOB-aHaCTOM030B. 3TH CTBOJIMKM, rro-
_ -erreI-lliO YKopaT.lliBaIOTGH, B pe3YJThTaTe qero neBble II rrpaBble Y3JIbl C6JIlDKaIOTC5I
-= rrOJIHOrO COC,LIl'IHeHIDI CllMIIaTWleCKI1X CTBonOB C 06pa30BaHJleM HerrapHoro
, OWU1KOBoro Y3JIa. OT KpeCTllOBbIX Y3JIOB OTXO)UIT CliMITaTWIeCKue HepBbl K opra-
-JM Mfu1:0rO Ta3a.
IIapazaHl..lluu - 3TO leJIKJ1:e CKOrrJleHIDI B <popMe Y3eJIKOB xpoMa<l><-PliliHbIX
leTOK no xo,ny KpOBeHOCIThIX COcy,aOB Ii BI1Cu;epaJIbHbIX CIIJleTemrtt OHM. OTHO-
HTC)l K ,lI,06aBOQHhTh.f opraHa1vI CMMTIaTIP-IeCKOI1: QaCTI1 AHC; KaK 11 M03rOBoe
-'e:w:eCTBO HalUIO'Ie1ffiMKOI3, rraparaHTJII1I1 BbuxeJUIIOT B KpOBb KaTCXOJIal\;LHHbl
an;peliaJIJill 11 HoparrpeHaJII1H). KaTeXOJ1a!vII1HbI .HBJillIOTC5I TaIOKe OCHOBI-Iblllr
 
eI1p011e,[(lIaTOpafTA, OOeCrrel.fifBaIOlIII11L:vI CIImaTWIecKYID rrepeL(a'i)' HepBHbIX
MlrynbcoB B CliMTIaTI>reCKOI qaCTH aBTOHOMHOM HepBHOM CHCTeMbI. K rrapa-
aHfJII1JIl\'f, KaK J1 K M03rOBOMy Bem:eCTBY Ha,anOQeQHl1KOB, rrOL(XOMT TOJIbKO rrpe-
raI-IrJIIIOHapHble BOJIOKHa, 6epy"llJJ-re HaqaJIO OT Mep 6bKOBbIX porOB CIlliHHoro
'i03ra. 3TIf rrperaHrJll10HapHble BOJIOKHa IlenOCpeL(CTBeHHO OKaWlliBaJOTC5I Ha
XpOMa<P<l>:HHI-IbIX KJIeTKax, CTllMyJII1pY5I Bblpa60n<y liMn KaTeXOnaMI1I-lOB. 1JacTb
rraparaHrJil1eB MO)l(eT BbillOJIIDITb 11 xe:rvl0peu;errTOpHYIO <p)THKlJ:llIO (HarrpMMep,
2/l0MYC KapomUal1020 cUHyca, paCIIOJIO)KeHHbIH B MeCTe pa3BeTBJIeHI15I o6me:ti COH-
HOM apTepI1I1 Ha BHYTPeHHIOIO II Hap)')KHYIO COHHble apTepMM). Ha1160JIee Kpyrr-
HblM rraparaHrJIlleM 5IBlliIeTC5I n051CHUttHblU aOpmGJlbllblU napa2aH2JlUU.
3.2m napaCMriaTeCKaSl '-IaCTb AHC
KaK )')Ke OTfeqaJIOCb BbIlIIe, B rrapaCII11rraTHQeCKOM qaCTM aBTOH011HOll RepBllOR
CMCTel\1bI CyrIJ:eCTB)'IOT L(Ba OCHOBHbIX oqara BbIXOL(a rrapaCMMIIaTWIeCKJ1X HepB-
HbIX BonOKOH 113l{HC: KpallUClJlbllblU (B 06naCTll CTBOJIa M03ra) J1 ma30eblU (B 06-
JIaCTH KpeCTU;OBoro OTL(eJIa crrMHHoro M03ra). KpaHI1aJIbHa5I QaCTh BKJIIOqaeT
rrapaCllMTIaTWIeCKHe Mpa, pacrrOJIO)KelllIble B cpeL(HeI M03re (Me33HIJ:e<lJaJIll1.Ie-
CKa5I qaCTb), a TaIOKe B 06naCTI1 10CTa H rrpOL(OJIrOBaTOro M03ra (6YJIb6apHa.H
qaCTb). IlapacllMrraTMQeCKI1e raHfJIllH B OT.rrwrne OT C11MIIaTWIeCIGiX, pacrronara-
IOTC.H B Herrocpe,lXcTBeHHoH 6n1l30CTII OT IllIHepBllpye1vfbIX opraHOB l1Jlli B caMI1X
3T11X opraHax; rr03TOM)' I1X Ha3bIBaIOT KOHl{eebUvtU MJIM mep./vlUllClJlbllbLWU Y3JlaMU.
B KpaHI1aJIbHOM qaCT11 rrapacMMrraTWIecKoM HepBHoH CliCTeMbl pa3JIJ11IaIOT:
peCHUl.f.HblU, KpbUloHe611blu, nOallUJlClleLfeJllOCmllOU, nOabf/3blLfllb/U I1 YLUllOU Y3Jlbl
(pilC. 49).
PeCIlUIiUblU Y3eA (ganglion ciliare) paCIIOnO}KeH B rJIa3HMu;e II CB5I3aH Coe,lXMHH-
TenbHbl?\111 BeTB5IMH C rna3HblM HepBOM (I BeTBb Tpo:t:rJ.rw:IHoro HepBa). IIperaHf-
nMOHapHble BOJIOKHa I1,IXyr K HeM)' 113 a06aeOLfH020 Rapa (5I)lpO 5IKY60B:wIa) rna30-

76 rnaBa 3
r OJlOBHot1 M03r
M e33HLlecpan1ll4eCKlII t1
LleHTp
---------
---- 
PeCH1II4Hblt1
Y3eJl
KpbIJlOHe6Hblt1
Y3eJl
YWHOL.1 Y3eJl
nOA4eJlIOCTHot1111
n OAbf/3bI4Hblt1
Y3J1 bl
_..... _ _ ___ __ L!:'\
-- 
6YJlb6apHbie [
LleHTpbl
----------
...
---------
V1HTpaMypanbHble
Y3J1 bl
CnlllHHot1 M03r
V1HTpaMypanbHble
Y3J1 bl
KpeCTLJ.OBblt1 [
LJ.eHTp
I
Ta30Bbie
BHYTpeHHOCTHble
HepBbl
PMC. 49. C'TpOeHMe M 06JIaCTU MHHepBaUMM napacMMrraTMqeCKOH qaCTM BereTaTMBHoi1
HepBHoH CHCTeMbI. PMlCKM1H IJ:Hc;PpaMM 0603HaqeHbI qepenHble HepBbI.
,n:BI1TaTen:bHOrO HepBa (III napa). B COCTaBe rna30):(BlITaTeJThHOrO HepBa rrapaCllM-
rraTWleCKMe rrperaHrnllOHapH:ble BonOKHa ):(OCTIITaIOT peCHMqHOrO Y3na, r,n:e OHM
rrepeKJIIOQalOTC5I Ha 3<p<pepeHTHDle HenpOHDI. I1ocTraHrIDIOHapHble BonOKHa 3TMX
HenpOHOB B COCTaBe peCHWIHl:>IX HepBOB M.LrYT K MDIe, C)l)Kl1:BaIOIIJ:eit 3paQOK, M
K peCHWIHOH MDIllIue, OCYJ..JJ:eCTBlliIIO:w:en HaCTpaHBaIDIe rna3a Ha paCCMaTpllBa-
HMe 6nll3KO pacrrOnO}KeHHbIX IDIll y,n:aneHHbIX rrpe,n:MeTOB.

ABTOHOMHafl (BereTaT1BHafl) HepBHa C1CTeMa 77
KpblJlOne6nblii Y3eA (ganglion pterygopalatinum) pacrrOnO)KeH B oLI;HollMeHHon
,-e II TeCHO CB5I3aH coeLI;lIHllTenbHbIMll BeTB5IMll C BepXHeqemoCTHbIM HepBoM
BeTBb Tpoihrn'IHoro HepBa). O,lUIaKo rrperaHrnlloHapHble BOJIOKHa K HeM)' Ha-
--aBlliIIOTC5l B COCTaBe Jll1ueBOrO HepBa (VII napa); OHM 6epYT HaqanO OT Henpo-
E eepXHecO ClllOHoorniJeJ]UmeJlbl1020 }liJpa, pacnOnO)KeHHOrO B rrOKpbIIliKe MOCTa.
..1eJIllBIIIllCh OT JIllueBOro HepBa B BJ1).Xe 60/lbUl020 KaJvlellUCm020 llepea, qaCTb
-:'eraHrnllOHapHbIX napaCllfrrarnqeCKIfX BOJIOKOH rrpon:OIDKaeTC5I ,n;o KphIJIOHe6-
- fO Y3na, rLI;e 06pa3yIOTC.H CllHarrTJ1QeCKlle KOHTaKTbI C ero HenpoHaMM.
-r OCTraHrJll10HapHble rrapaCHMrraTWIeCKJ1e BonOKHa BbIXOMT H3 KpbIJIOHe6HOro
. .:i.la, rrpllcoeLU1IDIIOTC5I K BepXHeqenlOCTHOry HepBY II HanpaBlliIIOTC5I ,L(J15I llIffiep-
UMI1 )KeJIe3 CJIM3llCTOll 060JIOq}(ll HOCOBon rrOJIOCTH, He6a II rJIOTKll.
,[(pyra5I qaCTb nperalITJrnOHapHbIX rrapaCllmaTI1QeCKI1X BonOKOH OT,n;elliIeTC5I
JIllueBOro HepBa B COCTaBe BeTBll, Ha3bIBaeMOll 6apa6allllou cmpYllou, KOTOpa5I
Mcoe,n;JIIDIeTC5I K OlUIOll 113 BeTBell TpoMHWIHoro HepBa (fl3bll.fllOMY Hepey), rrpo-
-=OJDKalOrn:eIYC.H ,n;o noollUJICIleQeA1OCmllo2o II noiJM!3blllnozo y3.tl06. B 3TIIX Y3JIaX,
-: CIIOJIO)KeHRbIX OKOJIO OLI:HOllMeHHbIX )Kene3, HaXO,IDITC5I raHfJillOHapHble Hen-
"X)HbI, BOJIOKHa KOTOpbIX B COCTaBe )KeJIe3llCThIX 'BeTBell H)JyT K rrO,I:(IIeJIlOCTHOnll
O,lI,'bH3bPIHOll CJIIOHlIbIM )KeJIe3aM.
YUlnoii Y3eJl (ganglion oticum) pacrrOJIO)KeH B 06nacTII Hap)')KHoro OCHOBaHIDI
eperra OKOJIO OBanbHoro OTBepCTIDI. I1peraHfJIllOHapHble BOJIOKHa rrOCTYITalOT B
qero ll3 lllDKHero CJllOHOOTLI;eJlliTeJIbHOrO Mpa B COCTaBe 5I3bIKOrnOTOtIHOrO Hep-
3a (IX rrapa). I1peraHfJillOHapHble rrapaCMMrraTJI1IeCKJ1e BOJIOKHa OT,n;eJIIDOTC5I OT
3bIKOrJIOTOtffiOrO HepBa B Bl1.il:e 6apa6aHllo2o llepea, npOHllKalOrn:ero B 6apa6aH-
H)'IO nOJIOCTb cpe,n:Hero yxa, r,n;e OHll 06pa3yJOT CITJIeTeHMe. ,[(aJIee BOJIOKHa CIIJIe-
reHM5I B BH):(e MGfl020 KaMellUCm020 llepea ,n:OCTIITaIOT ynrnoro Y3JIa H 3aKawnrnaIOT-
C51 Ha era HenpOHax. I1ocTraHfJIllOHapHble BOJIOKHa OT ynIHoro Y3JIa HarrpaBIDllOT-
C51 K OKOJIoynrnOH CJllOHHOn )KeJIe3e B COCTaBe YUllloeucOlfl1020 llepea (III BeTBb
TpOnHWLT-fOrO HepBa).
h./lYJICoalOU(uii nep6 (nervus vagus) 5IBlliIeTC5I OCHOBHbIM KOJIJIeKTOpOM rrapa-
CMMrra1WIecKMX HepBHbIX rryren. J1j:(yn.a1:e B ero COCTaBe rrapaC1l1maTWIeCKJ1e
BOJIOKHa Ha1lliHaIOTC5I OT iJOpCGflbH020 fliJpa 6JlYJlciJalOUI,e2o Hepea, pacrrOJIO)KeHHO-
fO B npO,lIOJIrOBaTOM M03re. OTJIHQJ1TeJIbHOn OC06eIffiOCThlO 3Toro HepBa 5IBlliIeT-
CH HanWIJ1e BH)'Tpll ero CTBOJIa rrotlTll Ha BceM npOTIDKeHlIJI CKOITJIeHMit HepBHbIX
KJIeTOK. 3m HepBHble KJIeTKJ1 CJIy)KaT MeCTOM rrepeKJIIOQeHIDI rrperaHfJlliOHap-
HbIX BOJIOKOH Ha IIOCITaIITJIllOHapHble. qacTh rrperaHfJIMOHapHbIX HepBHhIX BOJIO-
KOH B COCTaBe BeTBen HepBa ,n;ocrnraeT MHoroquCJIeHHbIX Kom..:r:eBbIX Y3JIOB,
pacrrOJIaraIOIIU1XC5I B 06JIacTI1 OKOJIOOpraHHbIX J1JIM BH)'TpllopraHHhIX (llHTpaM)'-
parrbHbIX) BllcuepanbHbIX CI1JIeTeHMit opraHOB rpy,n:HOll II 6plOllIHon rrOJIOCTei1:
TeJIa. ITocTraIITJIllOHapHble BOJIOKHa HenpoHoB rrapaCI1MnaTWIeCKllX Y3JIOB, B KO-
TOpbIX rrepeKJIIOQaIOTC5I BOJIOKHa 6JIy)K,[(aIOm:ero HepBa, llHHepBllpyIOT lI{J1TOBlf)J;-
HyIO )KeJIe3Y, cep,[(I(e, JIerKJ1e, rrI1III;eBO,n;, opraHbI )KeJIy,n:OtIHO-KllllIeqJIOrO TpaKTa
J];O neBoro M3m6a TonCTOM KI111IKJ1, rreqeHb, nO,lI,)Keny,n;olffiYIO )Kene3Y, CeJIe3eHJ<y,
rrO"l!KI1. Ko BceM 3TMM opraHaM OTXO)WT CrreU;llaJIbHhle He60JIbllIMe BeTBI1.
T0306YIO QaCmb rrapaCllMIIaTJI1IeCKOH HepBHon CllCTeMbI COCTaBlliIlOT ma306ble
Y3Jlbl, pa36pocaHlIble rro BllcuepanhHbIM CIIJIeTeHIffiM Ta30Bon 06JIaCTll. IIperaHr-
JIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa 6epyr HaqanO OT Kpecml{oeblX napacUA1namulfecKuxfliJep, pac-
nOJIO)KeHHbIX Ha ypOBHe II - IV KpeCTUOBbIX CerfeHTOB CrrJ1HHOrO M03ra, BbIXOMT

78 rJ1aBa 3
M3 HllX B COCTaBe rrepeIDIx KopelIIKoB KpecTII:OBbIX CIIJ1IlliOM03rOBbIX HepBoB, 3a-
TeM OTBeTBIDIIOTCH OT HI1X B BMe ma30eblX eHympellHocrflHblx HepeOB. 3m HepBbI
o6pa3y:IOT nOJloeoe C11.flenlellUe II CI1JIeTeH:lliI Ta30BbIX opraHOB. llperaHrnMOHapHble
rrapaC11MIIaTWIeCKMe BOJIOKHa rrepeKJIIOQaIOTC5I B rrapaC11MI1aTJ{qecKI1X raIITJIIDIX
3TMX CIIJIeTeHI1i1, rrocne qero )')Ke rrOCTIaHfJillOHapIThle rrapaCIIMIIaTWIeCIGle BO-
JIOKHa HHHepBHp)'JOT BHyTpeHHlfe rronOBble opraHbI, MOqeBOll rry3blpb, MOqeMC-
rrycKaTeJThHbIll KaHaJI, a TaIOKe MYcKYJIaTYPY II )KeJIe3bI KOlfeqrrOH qaCTII TOJICTOll
KMllIKl1 rrOCJIe ee neBoro II3rn6a, BKJllOQa5I rrp5IMYID KlllIIKY.
3.3. BCl..\epanbHble cnneTeHSlII1 B".,cepanbHble Y3nbl
BUCl{epaJlbllble CnJlelneHUR (plexus viscerales) 11 ellCl{epaJlbllble Y3/lbl (ganglia vis-
ceralia) OTHOC5ITC5I K TepMJ1HaJIbHOM t.taCTM aBTOHo:rv1HOM HepBHoH CMCTe:rvlbI II
nOKaJIII3)'JOTC5I BLI:OJIb KpyrrIThIX KpOBeHOCHbIX COCYLI:OB 11 OKOJIO opraHOB rpy,n-
HOM II 6pIOlliHO-Ta30BOM rronOCTeM. 3T11 CI1JleTeHHH M raHrJIMll 06pa30BaHbI
rrpeM1iyIIIeCTBeHHO HepBHbIfI1 KJIeTKa:rvfif II HepBHbI?vlH BOJIOKHaMH CIIMrraTH-
QeCKOM HepBHOM CIICTe?vlbI, OLI:HaKO B HllX rrpIIcyrcTByroT Ii rrapaCMMrraTI1QeCKMe
HepBHble BOJIOKHa, a Ta:IOKe qYBCTBIITenbHble HepBHble BOJIOKHa 113 CIIHHHOM03-
rOBbIX HepBOB, Hecyrulle IIHTepOJenTIIBHYIO ceHcopH)'JO IIHcPopMaUI1lO OT
BHyrpeHHllX opraHOB. B COCTaBe CIIJIeTemrI1: BereTaTI1BHble HepBHble rrpOBO,n:-
HIIKlI Henocpe,n:CTBeHHO ,n:OCTllraIOT MHHepBIlpye11blx opraHOB. Pa3JIIIQaIOT
BIIcu:ep1:bHble CIlJIeTeHH5I lJepenllO-UleUl1020, 2pyal1020} 6pJOUlH020 II ma30e020
omaeJloe.
B 'lepenHO-UleiiHOM onloe./le Bb:IJ(emnoT CIIJleTeIDIe BOKpyr 06meM cORRoll apTe-
pJll1, KOTopoe rro,n:pa3LI:eIDIeTC5I Ha eHympeHllee COlllloe M llapYJlclloe COHlloe CflI/eJne-
llUJl. 3TII CllJIeTeIDUI pacrrpoc1paIDIIOTcH no BeTB5IM COHHbIX apTepMM. BOKpyr
nO)]J<JIIOqwffiOI1 apTepIUI o6pa3yeTcH nOaKflJOLfuLflloe CnflemellUe, rrepexoee 6e3
pe3KOJ1 rpalllil[bI B nJleLfeeOe aenlOllOMlloe Cl1JleJnellUe, ,n:aIOIl{ee BereTaTHBHyIO
11HHepBau:mo BepXHeM KOHe\ffiOCTII.
B ZPYOHO./Jtt omoe;ze BbU(emnoT Cl1JlemeHUe 2pyaHoli aopmbl, CepaelJHOe CnflelnellUe,
Jle20lJllOe Cflflemellue II nllU{eeOaHOe Cl1J1enlenue.
CepOe'lHOe cn.IlemeHUe YCTpoeHo HaH60JIee cnO)KHo. B IIHHepBaIJ:III1 cep,n:u:a
IIpHHIIfaIOT yqaCTJ1e CUfrtnamUlJeCKUe eOJlOKHa, OTXOJJ:5IIl{He OT CMMnaTMQeCKO-
ro CTBona B COCTaBe eepxlle2o, cpeaHe20 H llUJlCHe20 Uleullblx cepaeLfllblx Hepeoe,
a TaIOKe 2pyallblx cepaettllblx eemeeu. IIapacu.rvtnamulJecKue eOJlOKlla nocTyrraIOT
B COCTaBe eepxlleil II llUJlClleU lueUHblX cepaeLfllblX Bemeeu 6JlYJICaalOU{e20 Hepea, a
TaIOKe 2pyallblX CepaelJllblX eemeeu, OTXOJI:5IIII;HX OT B03BpaTHoro ropTaHHoro
HepBa - BeTBM 6JIY)K,[(aIOIII;erO HepBa (pMC. 50). lfyecmeumeJ1bHble eOJlOKHa,
H,n:yrIJ;Me OT cep,n:u:a, HarrpaBJI5IJOTCH qepe3 cep,n:et.tHoe crrneTeHIIe no ?vIHoro-
qIICJIeHHbIM BeTB5IM cnMHHOM03rOBblX HepBOB K CnJ1HHOM03rOBbIM Y3JIa:1 M
H,n:paM CIIHIIHoro 1vf03ra Ha ypOBHe C n - III 11 ThI-V, a TaIOKe B COCTaBe 6JI)')K,[La-
lOm:ero I-IepBa. B calvI f cep,n:eQHOM cnneTeHHII BbI,n;elliIIOT BHeopraHHyJO
qaCTb - rrOBepXHOCTHoe II rJIy6oKoe CnJIeTeHll5I, pacnOJIO}KeHHble B03JIe ,n:yrM
aopTbI H JIeroqoro CTBona, M BHYTpIIopraHHyro qaCTb, KOTopaH Haxo,n:11TC5I B
CTeHKe caMoro cep,L(II:a Mey ero CJIO.HMII: 3nIIKap,n;OM, 11HOKap,n:OM II 3H)]:O-
KapAOM.

A8TOHOMHa (BereTaTlt1BHa) HepSHaS1 Clt1CTeMa 79
r
CerMeHTbl
Cm-1HHOrO
M03ra:
CW-r
,QopcanbHoe HApo
6J1alOw.ero Hepsa
.: - JlrosaTblM I
-.
M03r
CeHcopHblVl HeVlpo
6J1Y)I()J,alOw,ero Hepsa
6J1alOw.M
Heps (X napa)
CepAeYHble
HepSbl
] CepAeYHOe
CnJ1eTeH1e
CV1Mnan1yeCKOrO Y3J1a
KneTKa )J.oreJ1 I TV1na
c::
CiS
J:
c..
o
C::
CiS
J:ID
I:;CiS
U-&L..
ID ID >
 c.. I:[
PMC. 50. llHHepBaluuI Cep.LUI;a.
B 6plOUlHOM omoe./le BbmeJUIIOT: cnrzenleHue 6plOLUHOU aopmbl, lfpeBlloe Cn.Jleme-
Hue, ecpXllee 6pbl;)ICeelfllOe Cfl./lelnellUe, HUJlCJ-lee 6pblJlCeelfllOe CnJlemeHUe, nOlfelflloe
cnrzemellue, KUluelflloe Cllflemellue, .RUlfHUKOBoe MJIll RUlfKoeoe cnrzemellUJl, noi)e3i)olll-
Hoe Cllflemellue. Bce 3Tll CIIJIeTeHIDI paCITOnaraIOTC5I ITO XOl{)' o,n:HOllMeHHbIX
apTepHH.
Ha1160JIee KpyrrHoe 113 HIIX 'lpe61l0e, J1JIll CO./lne'l1l0e, CllJlemenue (pllC. 51); OHO
5IBlliIeTC5I rnaBHbIM llCTOtJIlliKOM llHHepBaU;IUI opraHOB 6pIOllIHOH ITonOCTII. q peB-
Hoe CiineTeHHe paCITOnaraeTC5I Ha rrepe)JJIei1 CTeHKe 6pIOllIHOH aOpTbI B MeCTe
OTXO)l{)J;eHI1JI OT Hee qpeBHOro CTBona II IT03a)IJ1 110,IVKe.rry,n:OQHOH )Kene3bI; ORO
BKJIIOQaeT lfpeBllblU (rrapmllI), aopmonolfelfllblU (rrapmrtt) 11 eepXllUU 6pblJlCeelfllblU
(Herrapmri1) Y3Jlbl (TaK Ha3bIBaeMble rrpeBepTe6paJIbHble raHrJillli). B 3Tl1X Y3nax
rrpOJ1Cxo,n:llT rrepeKJIIOqeHMe 60JIbllIeH qacrn rrperaHfJll10HapmIX CMMIIaTIPIeCKI1X
BOJIOKOH Ha ITOCTraHrJilIOHapmle. K qpeBHory crrneTeHillO IIO)U{O,IWT' 60JlblUOU II
MCl/lblU Bllympellllocmllble HepBbl, llJ{yIIU1e OT rpy,n:HbIX CJ1IIIaTWleCKllX Y3nOB, II

80 rnasa 3
Clt1Mnan."LJeCKlt1i:1
CTBon
ABeHaTlt1nepCTHo-
Klt1WeLJHOe cnneTeHlt1e
s:!lt1LJ Hlt1 KOBoe
cnneTeHlt1e
nOflCHlt1LJHO-
KpeCTOBoe
cnneTeHlt1e
Pc. 51. C'TpOeHI1e qpeBHOro I1 6pIOlliHoro aOpTaJIbHOrO CrmeTeHI1M.
6ny)K,[J.alO lt1 i1
HepB (X napa)
nepeAHee
)l(enYA04Hoe
cnneTeHlt1e
Cene3eHOLJHOe
cnneTeHlI1e
LlpeBHoe
cnneTeHlt1e
BepXHee
6pbDKeeLJHOe
cnneTeHlt1e
H1)KHee
6pbDKeeLJHOe
cnneTeH1I1e
BepXHee
nOALJpeBHOe
cnneTeH1I1e
npMa
K1I1 W Ka
MOLJeBO
nY3blpb
BOJIOKHa nORCHULfHblX eHympeHHocmHblx Hepeoe OT II05ICHWllIbIX ralITJII1eB CI11'vrna-
TJ11IeCKOrO CTBOJIa. IlOCTralITJIllOHapHble BOJIOKHa OT qpeBHOro CIIJIeTeHl1JI o6pa-
3YIDT CM1maTJ11IeCKlle CIIJIeTeHIDI BOKpyr apTepIrtt, BMeCTe C KOTOpbIMlI OHM
HarrpaBlliIIOTC5I KO BceM opraHaM 6pIOIillIOM rrOJIOCTI1.
EIII;e O)UlliM MCTO"t.JIDIKOM HHHepBaIurn: opraHOB 6pIOIIIHOM IIOJIOCrn .HBeTC5I
6plOUllloe aOpmaJlbllOe CnflemeHUe M llUJlCllee 6pblJlCeeLfHOe Cnflemellue. H3 3Toro
CIIJIeTeHl1JI CMMIIaTIf1IeCKlle HepBbI l1):(yT K IllicXOMI.IJ;eM qaCTII TOJICTOM KlllllKM.
EpIOIliHoe aOpTaJIbHOe CIIJIeTeHl1e 6e3 pe3KOM rpaHl1IJ:bI rrepeXO,lU1T B CIIJIeTemrn
BOKpyr IIpaBOM M JIeBOM rrOL(B3L(OIIIHbIX apTepMM M L(aJIee BOKpyr 6eL(peHHbIX apTe-
pMM.
B CTeHKe TOHKOM M TOJICTOM KIfIliOK CpaBHl1TeJIbHO XOpOIliO pa3BMTO BH)'TpI1-
opraHHoe KUUlelinoe c11.Ilemenue. B HeM Bb:r,n:elliIIOT nOacep0311oe, MeJICMblUleLflloe II
nOaCJlU3UCmOe CnflemellUJl, pacrrOJIO)KeHHble Me)l():{y COOTBeTCTBYIDllU1MM CJI05IMM
CTeHKI1 III1II(eBapI1TeJThHOrO KaHaJIa. B COCTaBe 3TlIX CIIJIeTeHllM MMeeTC5I MHO)Ke-
CTBO BereTaTMBHbIX MI1KpOralITJIMeB. B HI1X TaIOKe rrpOl1CXOMT IIepeKJIIOqeHl1e
rrperaHrnMOHapHbIX BOJIOKOH. IlOCKOJThKY B MMKporaHrJIllJIX KllllIeq}fOrO CIIJIere-
Hl1JI HaXOMTC5I M ceHcopHble HeMpOHbI (KJIeTKYI ,n;orelliI II TI1IIa), B HMX rrpOMCXO-
,lUfT 3aMbIKaIDIe MeCTHbIX pe<pJIeKTopHbIX,nyr.

ABTOHOMHa (BereTaTV1BHa) HepBHa CV1CTeMa 81
B ma3080M omoe.lle BbI)J;elliIIOT: eepxHee (B o6JIacTI1 6IIcpYPKarurn: 6pIOlIlHOM
_OpTbI) M HUJlCHee nOaLfpeellble C11JlemellUJl. BepXHee rro,n:qpeBHoe CIIJIeTeHMe ,Z:(aeT
-:aqano rrpaBoM)' II JIeEoM)' nOa1.fpeeHb/Jtl HepeaM, <};>OpMMPYIDII.U1M llU;)ICllee nOa1.fpee-
- e (Ta30Boe) C11Jlemellue. OT HIDKHero rro,nqpeBHoro CIIJIeTeHIffi MHHepBIIpYIDTCH
pramI MaJIOrO Ta3a: MOqeBOM rrY3bIPb, rrpHMa5I KHlIIKa, Y My)I0lliH - CeMHBbIHO-
:IDI.U1M rrpoToK, rrpe,Z:(cTaTeJThHa5I )KeJIe3a, rremepMcTble TeJIa, Y)KeHIIJ;HH - MaTKa,
3..1araJIMII(e M ,Z:(pyrMe )KeHCKMe rrOJIOBbIe OpraHDI.
OHTPonbHblE BonpoCbl
1. ,l(allTe orrpe,neJIeHMe aBTOHOMHOll HepBHoi1: CMCTeMbI.
2. KaKl1e aHaTOMMqeCKl1e CTPYKTYPbI BXOMT B COCTaB aBTOHOMHOll HepBHoH cMCTeMbI?
3. Ha30BIITe OqarM CKOITJIeHIDI BereTaTMBHbIX Mep B cnMHHOM M rOJIOBHOM M03re.
4. B qeM OTJIJ1lIMe BereTaTMBHOll pe<pJIeKTOpHOM ,ayI'M OT COMaTJ1lIeCKoM?
5. f.n:e pacnOJIaraIOTC.H nperaHrJIMOHapHble BereTaTMBHble HeMpoHbI?
6. B KaKIIX aHaTOMJ1lIeCKIIX cTpYKTYPax HaxOMTC.H HeMpoHbI, aKCOHbI KOTOpbIX .HBJUIIOTC.H
nOCTraHrJIMOHapHbIMM HepBHbIMM BOJIOKHaMM?
7. Ha30BIITe BblCIillie IJ;eH'TpbI, ynpaBJUIIOI..UMe BereTaTMBHbIMM <PYHKIJ;M.HMM Bcero opraHM3-
Ma M onpe.n:eJIIITe :me JIOKaJIM3aUMIO.
8. KaKoBbI <PYHKUMOHaJIbHble Pa3JIMqM.H CMMnaTJ1lIeCKOlll1 napaCMMrraTJ1lIeCKOll qaCTeH Be-
reTaTMBHOll HepBHoll cMcTeMbI?
3.1. CHMnaTlf1IeCKaJl1JaCTb
1. f,ne pacnOJIaraIOTC.H nperaHrJII10HapHble HellpoHbI, OTHOC.HI..UMeC.H K CMMnaTWIeCKOll qac-
TM ARC?
2. B KaKJ1X BereTaTMBHbIX Y3JIax HaXOMTC.H raHTJIMOHapHble Hei1:poHbI CMMnaTMqeCKOM qac-
TM ARC?
3. Onpe.n:eJIIITe COCTaB BOJIOKOH 6eJIbIX M cepbIX coe,nMHMTeJIbHbIX BeTBei1: cnMHHOM03rOBbIX
HepBoB.
4. Ha30BIITe TpM nyrM, no KOTOpbIM nOCTraHrJIMOHapHble CMMnaTJ1lIeCKl1e BOJIOKHa M,IJ;yr K
MHHepBMpyeMbIM opraHaM.
5. K KaKl1M opraHaM H.1IYT HepBHble BOJIOKHa B COCTaBe BeTBeM, OTXOMI..U:me OT ruellHoro OT-
,neJIa CMMnaTJ1lIeCKOrO CTBOJIa?
6. K KaKMM opraHaM H.1IYT HepBHble BOJIOKHa B COCTaBe BeTBei1: M HepBOB, OTXOMI..UMX OT
rpy.n:Horo OT,neJIa CMMnaTWIeCKoro CTBOJIa?
7. K KaKl1M opraHaM M,IJ;yr HepBHble BOJIOKHa B COCTaBe BeTBeM M HepBOB, OTXOMI..U:mc OT Kpe-
CTIJ;OBOrO M KOnqMKOBOro OT.n:eJIOB CMMnaTJ1lIeCKOrO CTBOJIa?
8. "tlTO TaKoe naparaHrJIMM M KaKOBO :me <PYHKUMOHaJIbHOe 3HaqeHMe?
3.2. napaCHMnaTlf1IeCKaJl1JaCTb
1. Ha30BIITe OqarM BbIxo.n:a rrapaCMMnaTMqeCKIIX HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH M3 IJ;H C.
2. Ha30BIITe KOHIJ;eBble Y3JIbI (raHrJIMM), CB.H3aHHbIe C KpaHMaJIbHoi1: qaCTbIO napaCMMnaTM-
qeCKOll HepBHoi1: CMCTeMbI. f.n:e OHM pacnOJIO)l(eHbI?
3. OrKY,na H.1IYT nperaHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa KpeCHMqHOMY Y3JIy M KY.n:a OT Hero HanpaBJI.H-
IOTC.H nOCTraHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa?
4. OrKY.n:a M,IJ;yr nperaHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa K yuIHOMY Y31IY M KY.n:a OT Hero HanpaBJI.HIOTC.H
nOCTraHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa?
5. OTKY.n:a H.1IYT nperaHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa K KpbilloHe6HoMY Y3JIY M KY.n:a OT Hero HanpaB-
JI.HIOTC.H nOCTraHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa?
6. OrKY.n:a Myr nperaHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa K no.n:HIDKHeqeJIIOCTHOMY Y3JIY M KY.n:a OT Hero
HanpaBJUIIOTC.H rrOCTraHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa?
6. AHaTOMs:I HepBHO CCTeMbi

82 rnaBa 3
7. KaKMe opraHbI I1HHepBI1pYIOTCH napaCMMnaTWIeCKMMI1 BOJIOKHa1U B COCTaBe 6alO-
IIJ:ero HepBa?
8. KaKHe TepMUHaJIbHble Y3JIbI CBH3aHbI C Ta30BbIM OQar01f napacM:r..InaTM1:.IeCKOH HepBHoM
CI1CTeMbI?
3.3. BIICepaJIbHbIe CllJIeTeHIIH II BIICn;epaJIbHbIe Y3JIbI
1. KaKHe BIICu;epaJIbHble HepBHble CITJIeTeHI1H o6pa3YIOTcH B QepenHO-rneMHo11 OT.lIeJIe?
HHHepBaJJJ151 KaKMX opraHOB OC)'Il1:eCTBJUIeTCH 113 3TI1X CILTJ:ereHI1i1:?
2. KaKMe BI1Cu;epaJIbHble HepBHble CITJIeTeHHH 06pa3YIDTCH B rpy,n;H01\f OT,L(eJIe? HHHepBaU;lffi
KaKMX opraHOB OCYIIIeCTBmreTCH H3 3TMX CITJIeTeHMM?
3. KaKJ1e BI1Cu;epaJIbHble HepBHble CIIJIeTeHMH o6pa3)'JOTcH B 6pIOlliHOM OT,lIeJIe? llHHepBa-
U;HH KaKl1X opraHOB ocyr.u;eCTBmreTCH M3 3TI1X CITJIeTeHI1M?
4. KaKMe BMCu;epaJIbHble HepBHble CIIJIeTeHMH o6pa3)'JOTcH B Ta30B01f oT,Z:LeJIe? HHHe.pBaU;HH
KaKMX opraHOB ocyru:eCTBJIHeTC.H M3 3TMX CITJIeTeHI1i1:?

rJlaBa 4
rOJlOBHO M03r
. :::gf;:::::::::r:-;:r:r1;:m:ffi;;:":::;i:::':'::;;41!::.?::t:m::::m:;::;frR;;:;:::::::::;:.::;::::t::r.-::%::::;':.?:?:::=iJ:t ::?::{:::::::::l>:::::.:J,[:;:;:;;t;::: ;::::::::;:::::m
4.1 . Oco6eHHOCTl1 pa3BVlTl1S1 r0J10Bb111 r0J10BHOrO M03ra
fonOBa qenOBeKa, KaK M ronOBa Bcex rr03BOHOq}{bIX, rrpe,n:CTaBJUIeT C060R o6oco6-
JIeHHbrM rrepeLIJIMM (y qenOBeKa - BepXHJili) OT)];en Tena, cBoeo6pa3HO 11311eHeH-
HbIR B COOTBeTCTBMll C TeMM <PYHKilJIOHaJIbHbThIM 3a.,n:aqaNlli, KOTOpbIe OR Bbmon-
l-rneT. B rrpou:ecce pa3BMTIUI ronOBbI rrpOMCXO,IU1T <poprnpOBaIDIe ronOBHoro
M03ra M opraHOB qysCTB, a Ta:IOIce CKeneTa ronOBbI - qeperra, COCTOillI(ero II3 103-
rOBoro II BMcu:epaJIbI-IOrO OT,neJIOB. M03rOBOM qeperr OKp)')KaeT rOJIOBHOM M03r II
CBH3aHHbIe C IDIM opraHbI qyBCTB, 06ecrreIffiBaH IIX 3alUJ1TY M orropy (pnc. 52).
BrrCuepaJIbHbIM qeperr pa3BIIBaeTC.H B CBH3M C <pOpMMpOBaHMeM qemocTHoro arrrra-
BeHeYHblrl1 WOB M03rOBOVt EPEn
Jlo6HaH KOCTb TeMeHHaH KOCTb
rJla3HL-1u,a
IlaM6AOBL-1AHblLi1
WOB
60JlbWOe KpblJlO
KJlLflHOB1AHt)Li1 KOCH1
Hap,nepeHOCbe
(rJla6elllla)
CJle3Hafl KOCTb
HocoBaH KOCTb
3aTbillOYHaH
KOCTb
CKYllOBa KOCTb
nOJlOCTb Hoca
BepXHHH yemOCTb
BL-1COYHaS1
KOCTb
CocueB1)J.Hbn1 OTpOCTOK
B1COYHOH KOCH1
W1JlOBL-1AHbIH OTpOCTOK
SViCUEPAIlbHblV1 YEPEn
SI.1COYHO-
H L-1)KH eyelllOCTHoH
cycTaB
HL-1)KHS1S1 ellfOCTb
PMC. 52. CKeneT ronOBbI (qeperr).
6*

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r OJlOBHO M03r 85
paTa, cJIy)Karn:ero )J)UI 3aXBaTa M rrepBWIHoM MeXaHJ1qeCKOM 06pa60TJaiI rrocTYIIaJO-
meM B OpraHM3M rrmIU1; KpOfe Toro, BMcu:epaJIbHbllI qeperr rrp:mrn:MaeT yqacTMe B
<popMJfpOBaHMH HaqMbHbIX OT,n;enOB ,[(bIXaTeJThHbIX rryre:tt.
Pa3BMTHe ronOBbI CB5I3aHO C yromu:elllieM rrepe,[(Hero KOHIJ;a HepBHoM 'fPy6Iill
3M6pHoHa, <pop1vllipyJOrn:eMC5I M3 3KTo,n;epMaJThHOM HepBHoM IIJIaCTJ1HKH B pe3YJIb-
TaTe C.JIlliIIDI5I ee 60KOBbIX BaJIllKOB (HettpYJI5IIU1H). Ha 4-tt He,n;eJIe 3M6pHOHMb-
Horo pa3BHTlliI M3 rrepe,lUIero (pOCTpaJIbHOro) OT,n;ena HepBHott Tpy6Iill 06Pa3yJOT-
C5I TpH M03rOBbIX rry3bIp5I (pMC. 53).
TIepBbIM: rrO.HBlliIeTC5I 3a)I;IDIi1: M03roBOM rry3bIpb - Ta qaCTh HepBHoM Tpy6KI1, M3
KOTOpOM B ,n;a.JThHeihueM 06pa3yeTC5I 3aaHUU, JfJIIf pOM60eUaHblU, M032 (rhomben-
cephalon), Herrocpe,n;CTBellliO coe,L(MHeHI-IDrn co CIlliHHbIM M03rOM. ,[(anee <POp1vlliPY-
eTC5I cpe,lUll1iI M03roBott rry3bIpb - 3aqaTOK cpeaHe20 M032a (mesencephalon); HaKO-
Reu:, B03HMKaeT rrepe,lUll1iI M03rOBOM rry3bIpb, JfJIIf nepeallUU M032 (prosencephalon).
K KOHIIY 4-M He,n;eJIll CTeHKa HepBHoH Tpy6Iill COCTOMT ll3 Tpex CJIOeB: KpaeBO-
ro (Hap)')KHOro), MaHTHllHoro (cpe,IUIero) H 3rreHl(MMHOro (BHYTPeHHero). Hapa-
CTaHMe KJIeTOq}fott MaCCbI B HepBHott Tpy6Ke rrpOMCXO,lUIT 3a CqeT BHYTPeHHero
3rreH,IUfMHOro CJI05I, co,n;ep)l(arn:ero Hellpo6JIaCThI M crroHI1I06JIaCThI - KJIeTKlI,
cIIoc06HbIe K pa3MHO)l(emno. Pa3MHO)I(eHlle (rrpoJIll<pepaI..{IDI) If C03peBaIDIe
BROBb 06pa30BaHHbIX Hettp06JIaCTOB M rnnOUMTOB npOMCXO,lUIT B MaOM
CJIoe, a B TOHKOM KpaeBOM CJIoe pacnOJIaraJOTC5I BOJIOKHa H Bepxyrne1IHbIe
,n:eH,ZJ:pJfThI C03peBaJOIIU1X HeMpoHoB.
O,IUIoBpeMeHHo H3 KJIeTOK 3M6pMOHMbHOM Me3eHXMMDI, BbICeJUIIOIIU1XC5I M3
CKJIepOTOMOB TpeX-qeThlpeX rOJIOBHbIX COMMTOB, KOTopbIe 3aKJIa)U>IBaJOTC5I Ha
ypOBHe 3a)UIerO M03rOBoro rry3bIP5I, Haq}ffiaeT <};>OpMMpOBaThC5I Xp5IIIl:eBa5I Karrcy-
JIa. II3 Hee BrrOCJIe,n;CTBID1 06pa3)'IOTC5I KOCTII OCHOBaHMJI M03rOBoro qeperra. OHa
COCTOHT M3 ,1U3yx xpm.u:eBbIX rrpexop,n:a.JThHbIX IIJIaCTMHOK, pacnOJIO)l(eIIHDIX B o6JIa-
crn rrepe,n;Hero M03rOBoro rry3bIp5I, M,I:(BYX napaxop,n;aJIbHbIX IIJIaCTIIHOK, pacnOJIO-
)l(eHHbIX no 60KaM OT XOP,[(bI (pHC. 54). ITpH CpaCTaHIll1 3TIIX IIJIaCTIffiOK Me)l(,[(y
KapMaH PaTKe
r lla3Ha nllaKOAa
npeXOPAaJ1bHa
nllaCTLt1HKa
napaxoPAallbHa
nllaCTLt1HKa
XOPAa
Xpw.e8ble 3aK1lap.KLt1
n03BOHKOB
PMC. 54. <DopMHpoBaHMe CKeJIeTa rOJIOBbI.

86 rnasa 4
llliMM OCTaeTCH oTBepcrne HanpoTI1B 3a)];HeM qaCTI1 rrepe,n:Hero Nl03rOBoro nY3bI-
pH - Kap:rvraH PaTKe, Ha 1vIeCTe KOTOpOrO B )J;aJIbHeMrneM 6y,n:eT C<p O pMI1:pOBaHO
KOCTHOe yrJIy6neIDle (TypeIJ,KOe Ce)UIo) LVI5I rMrrO<;pH3a. POCTpaJIbHee npeXOparrb-
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Hee napaxop,n:aJIbHbIX rr.:rraCTYiliOK 3aKJIaLI:bIBaIOTC5I CJIYXOBble KaIICYJIbI (YI3 HIIX pa-
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He6Ha5I M CKYJIOBa5I KOCTM, HJ1.)I(HillI qenJOCTb, IIOlfb5I3bP-IHa5I KOCTh II CJIYXOBble
KOCTII. Xp5ImeBbIe 3aqaTKI1 nOCJle1J.)-'IOIUMX BMCrrepaJIbI-IbIX, lInn )Ka6epHbIX, n:yr
nOCJJ}')KaT M5I WOp1IlIpOBaHlliI XP5IUXei1 ropTaHH.
B 06naCTlI rOJIOBbI He BCTpeqaIOTC5I TillIJ{qHble co:rvnITb1 (?\IeTa1fepb1), rro,Uo6Hble
rynoBIIIUHb11tf ceThtema!vL KaK)T)Ke OT1feqai1:0Cb, ,1IJUI CIITIHHoro IYf03ra xapaKTepHO
Bblpa)ICeHHOe cerfeHTapHoe cTpoeHl1e, KOTopoe OTpa)KaeT oceByro 1eTa1vleplfIO
Tena, CB5I3aHHyIO rJIaBHbII 06pa30I C nOCTpoeHllef LIBMraTenbHoro arrrrapaTa:
Cer.feHTapHb1f cTpoeHMe?\f CKe.."1eTa T)'JIOBI'lIIJ;a (rr03BOHOtffiOrO cTon6a II pe6ep),
NIbIllIIl M crU1HHOM03rOBbL'X HepBOB. B 06naCTlf rO.i10BbI pa3n:eJIeHI1e CKeJIeTa Ha
OT,n:eJIbI-Thle KOCTI-Thle cerMeHTbI, rron:06Hb1e n03BOHKaI M pe6pa1f, oTcyrcrnyeT;
rOJIOBI-IOM M03r TaIOKe <pOpIIIpyeTC5I B OCHOBHO1 KaK Ha,n:cerJ\1emapHoe 06pa30Ba-
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TbI NfeTaMepHolr opraIDI3aUMlf BCJIe;XCTBI1e ero CB5I3en C <popnlpOBaI-llIe1 )Ka6ep-
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2KeHHOrO no 06eI1M CTopOHaj\tl Kpblf1bHbIX nnaCTIIHOK HepBHOI1 Tpy6KI1 M COCT05I-
mero II3 KJIeTOK HefIp03KTo,.n:epIvIbI. HepBHbIll rpe6em, XI:OXOlUIIUMil B KpaHI1aJlb-
HO?\1 OT,IIeJ1e HepBHOI1: Tpy6Kl11I0 cpe,n:Hero NI03ra, L(aeT HaqaJIO rrep11<pepJ1QeCKl1M
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HbIM HeHpOHa?\I B COCTaBe Y3JIOB ceHcopHoro (VIII napa) H 6paHXI10reHHbIx
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cnyxa, 060IDII-llI5I M BKYCa). H3 KJIeTOK nnaKO,n: pa3BI1BaIOTC5I 3rrMTeJIHaJIbHb1e Bb1-
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nOHKH, rJIa3a, nepenOWIaToro JIa6IIpl1HTa II KopTMeBa opraHa, HOCOCJIe3HOrO Ka-
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)ICene3MCTaH TKaHb CJllOHHbIX 11 cne3HbIX )Kene3, BKYCOBbIe pel(errTOpbI.
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ro M 3a,I:(HerO M03rOBbIX rry3b1pei1 (pMC. 55). IIapaCI1MIIaTIIqeCKHe rrperaHTJIMOHap-
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KOHetffioM)' M npOMeOtffioM)' M03ry, M,[(eT MHTeHCMBHOe YBeJIWIeHMe qMCna
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KJIeTOK I1,[(eT Ha pa3BMTMe MHorOtIllCJIe:HlIbIX 5I):(ep M KOpbI ronOBHoro M03ra.
B rrpOMeOtffiOM M03re Ha 5-H He,n:ene Ha6JIIO,l(aeTC5I HaqarrO MHTeHClffiHoro
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yronlI.{ernHO ero JIaTepaJIbHbIX CTeHOK; 3,l(eCb 06pa3)'lOTC5I 3aKJIa,ru<M rrpaBoro M ne-
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<pepalU1H (HaKOI1JIeHIle KOJIIfleCTBa), II rrpO,L(OJDKaeTC5I nOCJIe pO)K)]:eHM5I B Teqe-
HMe nepBbIX neT )Kll3H11. B Kope f03ra paHbllIe Bcero C03peBaIOT KpYIIHble rr11pa-
1fHII:Hble KJIeTKI1 ee HlDKHero 3Ta)Ka (rrpoeKIJ:MOHHble HeI1:p0 HbI) , CB5I3bIBaIOnrlle
KOpy C HJ1)KeJIe)Kanrl1M11 OT,n:eJIaMl1 ronOBHoro 11 crrMHRoro M03ra. I1x MO)KHO
Ha6JIIo,n:aTb y)Ke Ha 8- I1: He,n:ene 3M6pl1oreHe3a.
K 25-I1: HelleJIe BHYTPMyrpo6Horo pa3B11TIUI B KopKoBon IIJIaCTIIHKe IIJIama
MO)KfIO pa3JIMQl1Th 1111TOapXI1TeKTOI-IWIeCKI1e CJIOl1. POCT l1 pa3Bl1TI1e ITJIarn:a rrpH-
BO,lXl1T K 06pa30BaHJ1IO 60p03L{ l1l13BlUIJIH (CKJIa,n:OK) Ha rrOBepXHOCTII KOHetffiOrO
M03ra, KOTopble <j)Op1111p)'IOTC5I Ha 28-30-I1: He,lXeJI5IX. OKOWIaTeJThHOe 3aBeprne-
HMe <j)OpMl1pOBaHIDI penbe<j)a nonyrnapl1I1: Ha6JIIOJI:aeTC5I B rrOCTHaTaJIbH011 rrepl1-
o)Xe rrpl1MepHO K 7-8 ro,n:aM )Kl13HI1 pe6eHKa. IIocne.n:oBaTenbHocTb l1 CTerreHb Pa3-
BMTIDI peJIbe<j)a rrOJIyllIapl1ll (60p03,lX l1l13BlUIl1H) rrporpa11MlIpyeTC5I reHeTlf1IeCKI1,
O,lXHaKO ero CTpoeHlle B 3HaqJ1TenbHOM CTerreHM 3aBl1C11T TaIOKe OT BHelI.IHMX BJIl1-
5IHMI1: OKp)')Karonrell Cpe)IbI (cOOTHOllieIDrn 6JIarOnpIDITHbIX M He6JIarorrpM5ITHbIX
<paKTopOB cyrn:eCTBOBaIlli5I, CTerreHM 3anrMnreHHOCTII OT B.Tll15IHM5I He6JIarorrpI15IT-
HbIX ycnoBMM, CTerreHll BbIHy)K,IIeHHoI1: aKTl1BHOCTII I11-I,[(I1BM,nYYM:a, l1H<p0pMa:U:l1-
OHROll o6ora:w:eHHOCTI1 Cpe,lXbI l1 T. .n:.) M OT COCT05IIDUI BHYTPeHHet'r CpeL{bI opra-
HI13Ma (YPOBHJI 3HepreTl1QeCKOrO o6MeHa, COOTHOllieHIDI M ypOBlliI ropIVI0HOB B
KpOBl1l1 T. ,n:.). 3TO 06YCJIOBmrnaeT cyrn:eCTBeHHble MH,1J.l1BM,nyarrbHble pa3JIWIM.5I B
BeJIMtfMHe llJIOnra.n:II KOpbI B pa3HbIX ,lIOIDIX II M3BJ1JIMHaX 1-f03ra.

ron08HO M03r 91
4.2. CTBOl1 M03ra
CmOo./l to32a (truncus encepl1ali) 06'be,IU1lliIeT TpII OT)XeJIa rOJIOBHOrO 1103ra: rrpo-
.JOJIfOBaTbIH 1vl03r, MOCT M cpe,[(fllrtt M03r. KaK 11 rum Cnl1HHOrO 1I03ra, OT KOTOpO-
[0 OTXOMT Cill1HHOM03rOBbIe HepBbI, rum CTBOJIa xapaKTepHO OTXO)K)Jelll1e lIepen-
HbIX HepBOB (c III no XII napy), I1HHepBMpy:IOIIJlIX :rvrycKyJIaTYPY 1-1 KO)K)' rOJIOBbI,
BH)'TpeHIDle opraHbI M np0l13BOL(Hble )Ka6epHOro anrrapaTa (P:HC. 57).
HapMY C 3TIINl CTBon 1103ra CJI)0KI1T Tetvf o6pa30BaHl1e11, "Llepe3 KOTopoe ocy-
rn:eCTBlliIeTC.H CB5I3b rOJIOBHOrO I\f03ra co CIII1HHbn.vf nocpe,[(CTB011 BOCXO.n:IDIll!X II
LlliCXOMIIDIX npOBOqIIJJ1X nYTe:t1. HaKoHerr, B CTBOJle M03ra HaXOIDITC.H TaIOKe
iIeHTpbI, II1eIOIlII1e o6meopraHH3Melllioe 3HalIeHMe M CB.H3aHHbIe C perylliIUMen
..1bIXaHI15I ()IbIXaTeJIbHbIM ueHTp), KpoBoo6pallieHII5I (cepL(eQHO-cocynI1CTbIII
.leHTP), tvlbIllIelffioro TOHyca I1 ,[(pyrl1e.
,lJ,JI5I Bcex OT)]eJIOB 1103ra, BXO;:IHllilLX B COCTaB ero CTBOJIa, xapaKTepHO CXOL(HOe
pacrrpeL(eneHl1e ceporo I1 6eJIoro BemeCTBa. Ha Bce1 npOTIDKeHMll B HeM BbI,[(eJI5I-
:-oT Kpblrny (tectum) - CKOI1JIeHlle ceporo BeUJ:eCTBa, pacrro.:rIO)KeHHOe HaL{ nOJIO-
CT5IMM 1\.f03ra, IIOKpbIIIIK)' (tegmerlt1.1m)" 8 KOTOpOM JIOKCli1113yJOTC5I Mpa "LlepeIIHbIX
.:IepBOB, a TaIOKe npoxo,IUIT PM rrpoBo)LQIIJJ1X rrYTe:tt BocxoMillero II HlifCXOMIIJerO
HarrpaBJIeHlffi, I1 OCHOBaHMe (basis), f,[(e cocpe)J;OTO"LleHbI HMcxo,IT,5IIl.UIe rrpOBoM-
..rIll e rrYTI1.
r BepxHV1e
Kpblwa l xonMv1KV1
:peAHero
M03ra Hv1)KHLt1e
XOnMLt1KLt1
Tpo£1HV14Hbl HepB
BepxHV1e
H O)KKLt1
M03)Ke4Ka
TpOHV14Hbl Y3en
CpeAH
HO)KKa
M03)1..e4Ka
HV1)KHLt1e
HO)KKLt1
M03)K94Ka
6yropoK
KnV1HOBLt1AHOroApa
6yropoK
TOHKoro Apa
npeAABepHo-ynTKoBbl
HepB (VIII napa) I
nV1u.eBo HepB (VII napa) I
OTBOAW.Lt1 HepB (VI napa
3bIKornOT04Hbl HepB
(IX napa)
OnV1Ba
OAb3bI4Hbl HepB
(XII napa)
6ny)f(,D,aJOw.Lt1 HepB
(X napa)
)J,06aBo4Hbl HepB
(XI napa)
38.AHV1
KaHaTLt1K
38.AH
CpeALt1HHa
6opo3Aa
38.AHenaTepanbHa
6opo3Aa
PYlc. 57. CTBOJI !\103ra.
l
MOCT
] npOAonroBaTbl
M03r (6ynb6yc)
] CnL-lHHoi1 M03r

92 rnasa 4
4.2.1. npOAonroBaTbl M03r
IIpoiJOJl200amblii M032 (bulbus, medulla oblongata) rrpe)J;CTaBlliIeT co6o:i1 Henocpe)J;-
CTBeHHoe rrpo,[(OJDKeHMe cnMHHoro M03ra, n03TOMy B ero CTpoeIlliH B 60JIbllIen
Mepe, qeM B ,lXpyrnx OT)J;eJIaX CTBOJIa M03ra, npOHBJUIIOTCH HeKOTopbIe qepThI CXO,lX-
CTBa co CnHlll-fbIM M03rOM. BepXHHi1 pacnrn:peHHbrn KOHeL( npO)J;OJIrOBaTOro M03-
ra rpaHJ11-IJIT C IDDI<I-ll1M KpaeM MOCTa, a HIDK.1-IMi1 COOTBeTCTByeT MecTY BbIXO,lXa
KopellIKOB I napbI me:i1HbIX CIll1HHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB.
Ha rrepe,I:(He:i1 (HIDKHei1:) nOBepXHOCTH rrpO,I:(OJIrOBaTOro M03ra rrpOXO,I:(MT
nepeallJlJl cpeaUHHaR U{eJlb, ID3JUIIOlI(aHCH rrpo,lXOJDKeHMeM aHaJIOr11tffio:i1 lI(ellli B
CIll1HHOM M03re. ITo 60Ka:M: OT Hee pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI,Z:(Ba rrpO,lXOJThHbIX B03BbllIIelIM5I -
nUpGMUabl. OHM COCTOHT H3 6eJIoro BelI(eCTBa M o6pa30BaHbI BOJIOKHa:MM rrn:pa-
MM.LI:HbIX npOBO,I:(5IJlU1X nyre:i1. qaCTh IDIpaMJ1JIJIbIX BOJIOKOH B r.rry6l1He rrepe,I:(HeH
cpe,L(HHHo:i1lI(eJIM nepeXO,L(MT Ha npOTIffionOJIo)KH)'IO CTOpOH)', o6pa3Y5I nepeKpecm
nupaMUa. aJIee BOJIOKHa M3 n11paMH,lJ; npO,L(OJDKaIOTC.H B nepe,[(HI1e M 60KOBbIe
KaHan-fIGl CIll1HHoro 1103ra.
CHap)')KJ1 OT IDIpaMH,lJ; crrpaBa M CJIeBa HaXOMTC.H B03BbIIIIeHlliI - OJlU6bl,
BHyrp11 Ka)l()]:oM 113 KOTOpbIX 3aMerno CKOIIJIeHI1e ceporo BeIII:eCTBa, o6pa3yrolI(erO
HIDKHee OJIHBHOe MPO. OHM <PYJIKI.IJ10HaJIbHO CBH3aHbI C peryJI5IIU1eI1: paBHOBeCIDI
M pa6oToI1: Becrn6YJUIpHOrO arrrrapaTa. Me)K)Jy nMpaMH,lJ;oM M OJIill30M pacnOJIO)l(e-
Ha nepeaHRJl JlamepaJlbllaR 60p03aa - MeCTO BbIXo,[(a KopellIKOB nOlU>.H3bPIHOrO
HepBa (XII napa).
ITo ,lXOpCaJIbHOll: nOBepXHOCT11 npO,I:(OJIrOBaTOro M03ra npOXO,IU1T 3aallJlR cpe-
aUllllaJl 60p03aa, HBJUIlOlI(aHC.H rrpO,I:(OJDKeHMeM O,I:(HOMMeHHoM 60P03,I:(bI Cn11HHOrO
f03ra. ITo 60KaM OT Hee M)JyT 3a)Ullie JIaTeparrbHbIe 60P03,[(bI. Me)l():(Y 3a)UIeM cpe-
,I:(l1HHoi1: M JIaTepaJIbHOM 6opo3,lXaM11 C Ka)l(,[(Oll: CTOpOHbI rrpO,L(OJITOBaTOro M03ra
pacnOJIO)KeHbI no ,lXBa )'TOJIlI(eHIDI - mOHKUU 11 KflUH06UallblU 6Y20PKU, BHyrp11
KOTOpbIX HaXOMTC.H O,[(HOMMeHHbIe Mpa. Ha HepBHbIX KJIeTKax 3TI1X Mep 3aKaH-
q11BaIOTC.H BOJIOKHa mOHK020 M KflUll06Uall020 nyttK06, rrpO,lXOJDKaIOI.IU1XCH M3 C:rrn:H-
Horo B npO,lXOJITOBaThIM M03f. ITo,lX 3a)UlliMI1 KaHaTMKa:MM BHyrpM HJ1?KHei1: 1pern
rrpO,lXOJITOBaTOro M03ra HaXO,L(I1TCH l{ellmpaJlbllblU KallG./l, .HBJUIIOlI(I1MCH npo,[(OJDKe-
HMeM aHaJIOI11YHOrO KaHMa CIll1HHoro M03ra. 3TOT KaHaJI OTKpbIBaeTCH B IV )l(e-
.rry,n:OqeK - rrOJIOCTh B 06JIaCTM CTBOJIa M03ra. L(Ho IV )l(eJIy,lXotIKa o6pa3yeT .HMKa
pOM6oBI1L(HOH <pOpMbI - pOM606UallaR RMKa.
YqaCTKH npO,L(OJITOBaTOro M03ra, orpaIIJ1qeHHbIe JIaTepaJIbHbIMJ1 6opo3,n:a:rvrn:, -
3TO 60KOBbIe KaHaTIIKl1, KOTopbIe TaIOKe ID3lliIIOTC.H npO,I:(OJDKeHlIeM 60KOBbIX KaHa-
TMKOB CIll1HHoro M03ra. BOJIOKHa 113 60KOBbIX KaHaTMKOB 6e3 pe3KOM rpaHJ1J.U>I
nepeXO,I:(HT B e HO)KKH M03)l(etIKa. 113 TOJII.IU1 60KOBbIX KaHaTIIKOB BbIXO,I:(5IT
KOpeIlIKI1: H3bIKOrnOT01fHOrO (IX napa), 6.JIy)K,lXaIOlI(ero (X napa) M ,lX06aBO"lffiOrO
(XI napa) HepBOB.
Bnympennee cmpoenue. ,[(.Jrn BHyrpeHHero CTpoeHIDI rrpO,L(OJITOBaTOro M03ra
xapaKTepHO oco6oe pacnpe,n:eJIeHMe ceporo 11 6enoro BelI(eCTBa B KpbIIlle,
nOKpbIllIKe 11 OCHOBaHMH 3Toro OT,[{eJIa M03ra.
KpblLUa npo,n;OJIrOBaTOro M03ra pa3BJITa cna6o; OHa JIe)I(HT BbIllIe ueHTpaJIbHO-
ro KaHaJIa M np11KpbIBaeT CBepxy HIDKHIOIO qaCTb IV )l(e.rry,lXOtIKa. KpbIIIIa 06pa30-
BaHa TOHICH:M CJIOeM KJIeTOK, COCTaBJUIIOI.IJ;I1M HUJlCllUU M032060U napyc, - HeI1:po-

r onoBHot1 M03f 93
Kpblwa [
MeAaJlbHa neTJl
KOpKOBo-cnHHOMo3roBot1 nyrb
nOKpblwKa
OCHOBaHllle[
PMC. 58. TOIIOrpa<pIDI ceporo II 6eJIOfO Beru:eCTBa B npo,n:OJIfOBaTOM M03re: CJleea IIOKa3aHbI
rryqKI1 HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH, cnpaea - JIOKaJIII3all;IDI Mep.
3IlliTeJll1aJIbH)'IO IIJIacTIDIKY, HaTffiIYTYIO :M:e)l()Jy HO)I(KaMM KJIOtIKOB M03)l(eIIKa M
npe,I:(cTaBllillOIII:yro C060R OCTaTOK CTeHKll rrepBlPIHOrO M03rOBoro ny3blpH.
IIOKpblUlKa - HaI160nee 06'beMHaH qaCTh npO,I:(onrOBaToro M03ra; OHa Herroc-
pe,n:CTBeHHO o6pa3yeT ,[(HO IV )l(eny,n:OtIKa (pI1c. 58). B ee Tonru:e pacrrOnO)l(eHbI
IIlDKIllie OJlliBHble Mpa I1 Mpa IX, X, XI H XII nap qepeIIHbIX HepBOB. 3rn Mpa
rrpoeWIPyroTC.H Ha rrOBepXHOCTh pOM6oBI1,1UIOR ill.1KJ1. B CBH3I1 C oco6eHHOCTHMM
pa3BHTHH HepBHoil Tpy6KM H TorrorpaecKoro rrOnO)l(eHMH KpbillbHOM I1
6a3aJIbHOM rrnaCTI1HOK ,lU3lITaTeJThHble Mpa qepeIIHbIX HepBOB pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI HalI-
60JIee Me,lU1aJIbHO, qyBCTBMTeJThHble - JIaTeparrbHO, a BereTaTlIBHble 3aHJ1MaIOT
npoMe)K)'TOtffiOe rrOJIO)l(eHJ1e.
B nOKpbIIllKe rrpo,n:onrOBaToro M03ra JIe)l(aT )Kll3HeHHO Ba)l(fI:ble uempbI
o6rueopraHM3MeHHOro 3Haqe:mrn, peryJIMpyronure ,n:eHTeJIbHOCTb cep,IUJ:a II KpOBe-
HOCHbIX cocy,n:OB (cocy,n:o,IU3HraTeJThHbrn u:elITp), aKT LI:bIXa:mrn (,n:bIXaTenbHbrn
u;elITp). 3TH ueHTpbI pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI B BereTarnBHOM 3aaHeM (aOpCaJlbHOM) Rape
6JlYJlCaaJOU{e20 llepea (X napa). IIplI ero rroBpe)I(,l(eIDIM HeM:e)JJIeHHo npeKparn:aIOT-
CH ,n:bIXaTeJThHble ,n:BlDKe:mrn II peryJUII{IDI pa60ThI cep,n;ua, pe3Ko na;J:aeT KpOB.HHOe
,n;aBJIeHlIe, q'fO rrpllBo,n:llT K 6bICTpOM cMeprn. B 3a,n:He11 Mpe 6.JIy)K,1J;aIOrn:ero Hep-
Ba Haxo,n:I1TcH TaIOKe u:eHTp pBOThI, a B ,lU3lIraTeJThHbIX Mpax IX, X H XII rrap
qeperrHbIX HepBOB - u;eHTpbI qm{aHIDI 11 KaIl.IJI5I. B rrOKpbIIIIKe JIe)KaT TaIOKe HeKO-
Topble Mpa peTMKYlliIpHOR opMaUilil. OC06eHHOCTII CTpYKTYPHOM opraHM 3a rurn:
npo,n:OJIrOBaTOro M03ra npe,I:(CTaBJIeHbI Ha pilC. 59.
B nOKpbIllIKe rrpo,n:OJIrOBaTOro M03ra pacnOnO)KeH PM BocxoMI.IU1X M HeKOTO-
pbIX 3KcTpaIDIpaMI1)];HbIX HJ1CXO,nmI.I:lIX rrpoBoLLHIIUIX rryreil. B 06JIaCTH TOHKoro H

94 fnasa 4
J . ... ... .. . . _ .. . . . . .
::::::.;:::}:: n ::':".:': p .:.'.:::: C) :..:::::.  ::. ..:.::: 0 .::-;:.::: ) ::.: ] ...'.: [ ..::' 0 '.:":.':: ::: B : ....: A :::::::: J'B '::.::".::::}::. I \. V1 ..::t:.:..' M :: . . 0 ..: .: 3 .... n :: ..::. tt:
.......... ...... - . .. . -. ..... . ---..-.-.
......... . .... .... --.. . .. . ... .. .......
.................. ".". ...... ..... . ".." . .". "-"-"." ." .................
t:}::\:.:)/<..: :.::; :.. \:" .. :::i. ::}':. "::-;-::.' -:::.}:.:>-:.... ::.:::::::\...J...:.:.::::.:...: :.: ..":: .:. :.....tr:::::.;
Kpblwa
· HL-1)KHV1C1 M03rOB0C1 napyc
nOKpblwKa
· SiApa LJepenHblX HepBOB
(XII, XI, X, IX nap)
. CepAeLJHO-coCYALt1CTblt1
t1 AblXaTeJ1bHblVJ U.eHTpbl
· APO HI/1)KHe:1 OJU1Bbi
· T OHKoe s:lAPO
111 KJlV1HOBIltAHOe s:lAPO
i npOBOAs:lLl.(lIte nyrL-1
o6w.et1LJYSCTBIltTellbHOCTLt1
L (MeALr1aJlbHas:l neTJ1s:1)
OCHOBaH&1e
! ABL-1raTellbHble
npOBOAs:lLl.(L-1e nyrL-1
Pc. 59.. OCHoBHble KO?\-UI0HeHTbI aHaTOMI-PleCKOro cTpoeHIIH npon:OJIrOBaTOro f03ra.
t - BocxoMIllJle rrpoBo)U1IT(lle rryrn;  - HJ1CXO,1UIIiUle rrpOBO)U1IJJ;Me n)'TlI.
KJIHHOBII,I:(HOro 6yrOpKOB pacrrOJIaraIOTC.H OL(HolfM:eHHble Mpa, B KOTOpbIX rrpo:uc-
XO,l(I1T rrepeKJIIOqeHMe a<p<pepeHTHbIX BOJIOKOH, Hecynurx rrporrpMoueIITllBHble
If!\.1rrynbcbI OT Bcex qaCTen Tena, Kpo:rvre ronOBb!. Or 3TMX .H,I(ep cneBa 11 crrpaBa
OTXOlUIT 811ympeHHue aYcoo6pa3Hble eO/loKHQ, 06pa3y:IOllU1e nepeKpecm JueaUaJlbHblX
nemeflb. IIepei1.1ur Ha rrpOTI1BOrrono)l(H)'IO CTOpOHy, 3TI1 BonOKHa Q!Op11MPYIDT B
KJn1HOBAHoe
APO
TOHKoe APO
KJ1HOBAHbl£1
nY40 K
CnHHOMo3roBot1
Y3eJ1
TOHKt1 nY40K
Co6CTBeHHoe
s:1APO 3aAHero
pora
Ta.naMO-KopKOBble
B0J10KHa
(K Kope M03ra)
T anaMYC
(3pHTellbHblt1 6yrop)
BeHTpOJ1aTepaJ1bHOE
APO (TanaMyca)
HmKKa M03ra
MOCT
MeAanbaS1 neTJ1S1
npOAOJ1rOBaTblt1 M03r
CnHaJlbHaS1 neTlls:1
CnHHHot1 M03r
Pftic. 60. <I>op1MpoBaHHe B rrp0I(onrOBaToM f\103re BOCXO,IUIIIUIX HepBHbIX rryrei1 o6IJJ;ett qyB-
CTBMTenbHOCTH - Me;:U'fCL'IbHOH rreTJIH.

r onoBHot1 M03r 95
.
Cpe,lJ;I1H_HOll qaCTII rrOKphIIIIKJ1 npaByID 11 JIeBy:EO MeaUaJZbHble nem/1U (lemniscus
medialis). B rrpo,[(onrOBaTOM f03re K le,UMCLThHOM rreTJIe rrp11coe,UMHmOTCH BOJIOK-
Ha, BOCXOMllJ;I1e 113 CIIJ1HHOrO M03ra B COCTaBe CnI1HaJlbHOM neTJll1, KOTopaH rrpo-
BO,UMT li:r..1nYJIbCbI, B03IillKaIDIIII1e no,U BJIMJIHlletvI TaKTll.iTbHbIX, TeMrrepaTypHbIX 11
60JIeBbIX B03,n:eIlcTB11rL TaKJ1?vI 06pa30!\f, B COCTaBe Me,UMa.JIbHOM rreTJIlI rrpOXO,L(.HT
HepBHble BOJIOKHa BOCXO,lJ,5IIli.ero ceHcopHoro IIyTH, HanpaBTillJOIlU1eCH B rrpOIvfe-
)KyTOqHbIM M03r (pI1C. 60).
B COCTaBe HMCXO,[(HIll11X nYTe:ti: Qepe3 IIOKpbI)' rrpOII:OJIrOBaTOro M03ra rrpo-
XO)UIT BOJIOKHa KpaCHOMepHO-CnI1HH01f03rOBoro, TeKTOCITHHa.TIbHOrO, peTIIKY-
JIOCrrllHaJlbHOrO If .n;PYI11X HMCXOMlllliX TpaKTOB, HarrpaBmuoll.I;:neCH B nepe,L(HJ1e 11
60KOBble KaHaT11KM cnI1HHoro 103ra. Em-DKe K ,UOpCaJIbHOM nOBepXHOCTJ1 B
rrOKpbIlIIKe rrpoxo,r.(MT rrapHbrn 1vleLI;IlaJIbHbrn rrpO,UOJIbHbrn nyYlIOI( BOJIOKOH, CB5I-
3bIBaIOllIMll: 1e)K)Iy co6or! JI:BI1:raTeJThJ!bJe Mpa Illeiuloro OT,UeJIa CITMHHOrO f03ra,
Becrn6YlliIpHble Mpa 11 5I,lIpa qepenHbIX IIepBOB, yrrpaBJHlIOIIIIIX ,[(BIDKeHIDIl\fM rna3
(III, IV, VI naphI). 3TOT I1)TIIOK 060cnelllIBaeT cornaCOBaHHble J(B:IDKeIDIH rJIa3 rrplf
JII060f rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHOM nOnO)KeHMM rOJIOBLI, a TaIOKe KOOp.LI:lllll1pyeT nOBOpo-
TbI rJIa3 rrplf ,L(BIDKeHIDIX rO!IOBbI 11 illeM B TY ILll! ,Upyryro CTOpOH)'.
OCHoeaHue rrpo,n:OJIrOnaTOro l\f03ra rrpe,n;CTaBneHO nupaA1Uaal1u. Cepoe
Bem:eCTBO B He1f OTCYTCTByeT; 3,UeCb rrpOXO,lX5IT HHCXO,L(HIlJJ1e ,nBl1raTenLHble
KOpKOBO-CrrI1HHO?vl03rOBble II)'TI1, HarrpaBJI5IIOlUlieCH B rrepe,[(HMe 11 60KOBble
KaHaTIIKli crrI1HHoro M03ra 11 06eCrreqMBaIOIIJ}le C03I-IaTenbHoe yrrpaBJIeHlle
BIDKeHIDI?vI11.
4.2.2. MOCT
Mocm (pOllS) 11feeT CHI13Y 11 crrepe,UM BlllI: TonCToro 6eJIoro BaJII1Ka, pacrrono-
JKeHHOrO B cpe,L(Heii QaCTI1 CTBona Jvl03ra. BBepxy OH rpaHll"lllIT C HOJlCKaAIU A103cG,
a llHlI3Y - C IIpo,n:onrOBa1bIM l\103rOM. Ha rpaHJiIue 1vfe)K)Jy IOCTOI M rrpo,n:OJI-
rOBaThIM {03rO1 HaxoMTCH I\1eCTa BbIXo,n:a VI, VII 11 VIII nap qepeITHbIX HepBOB
(CM. p11C. 57).
3Ha'TIITeJIhJla5I qaCTb ?viaCChI MOCTa COCT011T M3 rronepelfHO pacnOnO)KeHHbIX,
rrepeKpeIUliBaIOlll;J1XC5I I\1e)I()lY co6oit HepBHbIX BonOKOH, KOTopble IIlIyr B o6e CTO-
pORbI M HarrpaBlliIlOTCH K 103)KeqKy, o6pa3y.si ero cpeaHue liOJlCKU. B MeCTe rrepexo-
.Ja MOCTa B cpe,IXHlOIO HO)KK)' M03)J(eq}(a BbIXO)XI1T TPOMHJ-PIHbrn HepB (V napa).
3a,[(HIDI (,Uopca.JIbHa.SI) rrOBepXHOCTh MOCTa o6pa3yeT BepxmoIO qaCTh POlvI6o-
BJ1,lJ:HOM H?vfKIL B pOM6oBJIf,[(HOM 5Th1Ke Ha rpaHIII.I:e MOCTa C rrpO,UOJIrOBaTbThI M03-
rOM XOpOIliO pa3JIMIIMMbI nOrrepeQHble JH0320eble nOflOCKU, B KOTOpbIX rrpOXO,IDIT
30JIOKHa cnYXOBoro nyTM. Ha BeHTpaJThHOM rrOBepXHOCTM nocepe,U11He XOpOIllO
BIUI:Ha 6G3U/IRpHGfl 60p03aa, B KOTOpOll JIe)KllT 6a3liillIpHaH apTepH5I, cHa6)KaIOwan
;"POBblO ronOBHOll M03r.
BnympeJlHee cn1poenue .T'rtocma XapaKTepM3yeTcH onpe,neneHHOll JIOKanH3arrneI:r ce-
JOro 11 6enoro Bem:ec.TBa B rrpe,n:eJIax ero KpbII.Ill1, rrOKpbIIlIKI1 Ii OCHOBamrn (PMC. 61).
Kpbllua Jrtocma TaK )Ke, K3K 11 B rrpo,[(onrOBaTOM M03re, pa3BlITa cJIa60 II o6pa-
30BaHa TOHKOM Hettpo3II11TeJIlIaJThHOM IlJIaCTMHKOM - eepXHUM },;t03coebLt napYCOAL
H HaT.HHyr Me)l()J.Y nepXillfMII HO)KKa111 M03)KeqKa, orpaH:wIlIBaIOlllJI1111 BepXHIIM
_ Ton pOI\.I6oBM,lJ:HOM .HMKlL

96 rJlaBa 4
51APO OTSOAs:lw.ero Hepsa
BepXHee
C11IOHOOTAe11Te11bHoe s:lAPO
51APO 11u.esoro HepBa
51APO OAHO'-lHOrO nyr
r11aSHoe '-IYBCTSTe11bHoe s:IAPO
TpoiltH4Horo Hepsa
Becn,,6Y11s:1pHble s:IApa
.lJ.BraTe11bHoe
s:!APO TpoiltH4Horo HepBa
TpoiltH'-IHas:l neT11s:!
CnHHOM03rOBoe s:IAPO
TpoiltH'-IHOrO HepBa
CpeAHs:!s:! HO)l(Ka
M03)1(e4Ka
Pen1KY 11 51 pH as:!
cpopMau.s:!
Tpaneu.eBAHoe
Te110
MeALt1aI1bHas:l neT11s:!
K011eHO 11u.eBoro HepBa
KOPKOBo-cnHHOMo3roBoi7t
 KOPKOBO-MOCTOBoilt nyrLt1
B0110KHa
MOCTO-M03)1(e4KOSOro
nyr
PMC. 61. TOIIorpaqHUI ceporo H 6enoro BeIl(eCTBa Ha ropH30HTaJIbHOM cpe3e MOCTa:
CJleea IIOKa3aHbI IIyqKJ1 HepBHbIX BonoKoH, cnpaea - nOKaJIH3alurn: Mep.
- -.... .-.--.....
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::f::::: :l
j!!ijjj!j!j!j!j!!ij!!jijij!!jj!!jjjI1Kn:}Gj;:;j!jjjlj!jjIljjjjjlj1jjjl!IjI!iiiII:
....."..........,.......... .................-.....-.-..-............_-...-.....-...-.".............-............."...................................-...........-...-.....-.......-
.._........----.-.-.-..-..-......._...........-.-.._-..-.-_..-..-._-.-...---......_...-...-
.----_. _._------------------------------------.-------------------.__._-.---.-_....---...-
.. .. --.- --.---.--..--_.-.. ---
- - -. --....-...-.----. --.
- -- -. -- .---......-.---... .-.
-- - -. .- -.... -- -- -
Kpblwa
. BepxHVI M03roBo napyc
nOKpblwKa
. 5\D.pa 4epenHblX HepSOB (V, VI, VII nap)
· s:lApa npeAlJ,BepHO-Yll&l1TKOBoro HepBa (VIII napa)
· 5\D.pa peT&I1t<yll51pHoi:1 cpopMau.
i n POBOA51L1te nyr
o6L1tet1 4YBCTBTellbHOCT
i CllYXOBot1 nyrb
OCHoBaHMe
 ABraTellbHble
npoBoA51L1t&l1e nyr
l KOpKOBO-MOcToBble
 MOCTO-M03)f(e4KOBble nYT&I1
· s:lApa M OCTa
PMC. 62. OCHoBHbIe KOMIIOHeHThI aHaTOMHqeCKOrO CTpoeHIDI MOCTa.

r onoBHot1 M03f 97
IIoKpblUlKa Mocma 3aHMMaeT rrpocTpaHcTBo OT rrOBepXHOCTM pOM6oBM,[(HoI1:
5IMKlI o H:IDKHeI1: rpaHMI(bI mpaneu,ueeuaHo2o meJla, o6pa30BaHHoro rronepeq-
HbIMI1 rrY1IKaMM CJIYXOBbIX BOJIOKOH, pacrronaraIOlUI1xc.H B TOJIIII;e MOCTa
(pMC. 62). B rrOKpbIllIKe HaXO,I(.HTC5I Mpa V, VI, VII M VIII rrap qeperrHbIX Hep-
BOB, rrpoeKIJ;lUI KOTOpbIX Ha rrOBepXHOCTb pOM60BI1,I(Hoi1: HMKM rrOKa3aHa Ha
pRC. 63. KaK M B rrpO,I(OJIrOBaT011 M03re, ,I(BI1raTenbHble Mpa qeperrHbIX HepBOB
pacrrOJIO)KeHbI Me,n:l1aJIbHee, a qy:BCTBI1TeJIbHble - JIaTepaJIbHee OCTaJIbHbIX
H,I(ep. B rrOKpbIllIKe 110CTa JIOKaJII13yeTC.H rrapHoe BepXHee OJlUBllOe RapO, B KOTO-
pOM rrepeKJIIOqaeTC.H qaCTb CJIYXOBbIX BOJIOKOH, a TaIOKe pacnonaraIOTC.H H.LI:pa
peTl1KYlliIpHOM cpopMaL(MM.
TaJlaMYC
)J.o6as04Hoe Apo
rna30AsraTenbHoro
Hepsa
s:lAPo
rna30AsraTenbHoro
Hepsa
s:lAPo 6nOKosoro
epsa
Kpblwa
cpeAHero
M03ra
IV
BepxHt1
M03rosot1 napyc
Me33He<pan4eCKoe
APO Tpot1H4Horo Hepsa
BepXHSU
HO)f(Ka M03)f(e4Ka
)J.sraTenbHoe APO
Tpot1H4Horo Hepsa
APO oTsoAw.ero Hepsa
rnasHoe
4yscTsTenbHoe APO
Tpot1H4Horo Hepsa
r ony6osaToe MeCTO
CpeAHsu
HO)f(Ka M03)f(e4Ka
H)f(H
HO)f(Ka M03)f(e4Ka
BecT6yns:JpHble s:JApa
M03rosbie nonOCK
YnTKosble s:JApa
TOHKt1 n)f40K
APO
nesoro Hepsa
BepxHee
cmOHOOTAenTenbHoe ApO
APO OAH04Horo nyr
H)f(Hee cmOHOOTAenTenbHoe s:JAPO
AsoViHoe S\p.po
)J.opcanbHoe Apo 6naK)w.ero
Hepsa
APO nOAbs:J3bl4Horo Hepsa
CnHHoMo3rosoeAPo
Tpot1H4Horo Hepsa
APO Ao6aso4Horo Hepsa
TpeyronbHK
nOAbs:J3bl4Horo Hepsa
TpeyronbHK
6nY>KAalOw.ero Hepsa
;')'rapaK l"OHKOra S\p'pa
6yropoK
KJlHOSAHoro s:JApa
KnHosAHblt1 nY40K
PMC. 63. IIpOeKIJlIH Mep qepeIIHbIX HepBoB Ha ,n:HO pOM6oBH,IJ;HOH 5IMKI1.
7. AHaTOMIiI HepBHO CIilCTeMbl

98 rnasa 4
B rroKpbIIIlKe MOCTa rrpoxolI;HT BOJTOKIla BOCXO,lJ}Iill;I1X ceHcopHbIX nyrei1
(P:HC. 62). Ha ypOBHe rvfocTa K 1\[e,L1;J1,UIbHOII neTJIe npl1COe,lJJ1-1JlIOTC5I TaIOKe BOJIOK-
ITa TPOMHMQHOII (Tplire!\tH'IHa.TIbH011) neTJI1-I, 06pa30BaHHOIl OTpOCTKa1'IYI BTOpbJX
IIeI1pOHon, Jle)KaliJ;I1X B "LIYBCTByITeJlbHOJ\1 H)Jpe TpOllfllrIL.qoro HepBa. 3m BOJIOKH:a
COCTaBlliIIOT BOCXO,IDIIlUTi1: ceHcopHbnl rryrb OT rOJIOBbI (pIIC. 62). B TIOKpbIIllKe MO-
eTa rrpOXOMT HepBHble BOJIOICHa BOCXO)JJIIlI.ero CeHCOpl-IOrO nyrII, rrpOBo.rwrn:ero
M1vlrrYJIbCbI, B03HIIKaIOI.I.llie BC}Ie,II:CTBJre rrporrplIODeIITI1BHbIX pa3JJ:pa:>KemrM. 3TH
BOJIOKHa 06pa3YlOT 1\lellHaJlbl-ryIO rreT)]]O. K le,[(llaJThHOil rreTJle npI1coe,IUIIDIIOTCH
HepBI-fble BOJIOKHa, lI,lJynIne B COCTaBe CrrlfHaJIbHOll rreTnlL HepBHble BOJIOKHa
CnMI-IaJIbHOII neTlli1 rrpOBOMT HlvlrrYJIbCbI 3KCTepo:u:enTMBHoil qYBCTBllTeJIbHOCTM
qepe3 IvIOCT K HepBHbI1I lieha1I rrp01Ie)I0jTOt.ffiOro :tvf03ra. TaKl11vI 06pa3011, HepB-
Hble BOJIOKHa, BXOMII.UIe B COCTaB fe)lHanbHOH ITeTJII1, CTIIIHaJIbHOII TIeTJIII 11 TpI1-
re1flIHaJIbHoit rreTJIl1, KOTopble 06'belUIHmOT nOLI: 06IIIMl\'I Ha3B3.ill1e1 fle.;HHUCK06bLe
11ynzll (lerruliscus - rreTlliI), COCTaBillIlOT Ba)KHOe 3BeHO ceHCOplThLX TI)Terr, npOBO-
,I:(5IlI(llX ceHcopH)'1O 1IH<pop11aUMIO B rrp011e)l()'TOq}{bnI 1103r II ,II:aJIee B KOpy KOHeq-
Horo 1\f03ra.
C.rryxOBble B0J10KHa HeMpOHOB ,1J;Opca..TIbHOrO II BeHTpaJlbHOrO y.JJITKOBbIX 5I,I(ep
npe;I,LIBepHO-YJII1TKOBoro HepBa (VIII IIapa) rrpOXOL(5IT B TIOnepeT.IHOJ\,f HarrpaBJIe-
HIIII Ha rrpOTMBOrrOJIO)I(H)lO CTOPOHY :rvIOCTa B COCTaBe nlpanelueellaH020 nlelia II
1iaCTI'llffiO - no )IIlY p01-f6oBI-ILI:Hoit .H1fKlI B ]1,10320BblX nOJlOCKax. I10cJIe nepeKpe-
CTa CJI)XOBble BOJIOKHC1 ,II,yroo6pa3HO I13rlI6aIOTC5I :U CJIe.n:yJOT B BOCXO,DJIIue!\-1 Ha-
rrpaBJIeHMM K cpe,l(HeIY 11 npO!\fe)K)'TOTIH01ry 1103ry. 3TOT M3r116 CJIyXOBbIX BOJIO'-
KOH rrOJI)rqIIJI Ha3Bal-I11e JlalnelJa/lbHoli nen1Jl11, TaK KaK OH JIe)KHT CHapYKll OT
1\-fe,IIIIaJ1bHOI1: neTJIM.
OCHoeallue ]'tlocnza B OTJIIIq]1e OT aHaJIOfMt.JHoro 06pa30BaIDUI npo,n;OJIrOBaTOro
Ivf03ra COCTOHT KaK 113 6eJIoro, TaK M 113 ceporo BelueCTBa. Cepoe Bern:eCTBO TIpe,IJ;-
CTaBJIeHO C06Ci1leeHHbIJ1U 5lapa.ltU .lvlOCnlG. 3TH 5ILI:pa IITpaIOT pOJIb I1po1vre)l()'TOtIHbIX
ueHTpoB CB5I-TH KOpbI 60JIblillIX nOJIyrnap.l1I1: C ?\.f03)f(et.IKO!\L E6nbIIIylO qaCTb BOJIO-
KOH OCHOBarnrn IOCTa COCTaBllillOT nOnepe1fiIhle BO.JloKHa, 6epYIlI}Ie HaqaJIO Ha
Hei1pOHax 5I;J,ep AI0CTa If HarrpaBJIlliOIIU1eCH K rvl03)KeQKY Qepe3 ero cpe,l(HMe HO)J(-
KI1. IIplI 3TOI B 06JIaCTII MOCTa rrp011CXO,JJ1T JLX rrepeKpeCT, TaK 1ffO Ka)K,I(oe nOJIY-
rnaplle 60JIbliiOrO 103ra Henocpe,J:crneHHO BJIIilleT Ha pa6oT)' KOHTpJIaTeparrbHOM
(npoTllBOrrOJIO)l(Hott) rrOJIOBI1H:bI 1103)Kelll<a.
B OCI-IOBaI-llIM !\-10CTa H.IIYT HJICXO,IDIIIUIe 3<!><l>epeHTHble BOJIOKl-Ia KOpKOBO-
cn11HHOf03rOBbIX rryre:ti (TIl1:paNnmHbIX rrYTell).
4.2.3. CpeAHlIIl1 M03r
ITo cpaBHeH11IO C ,II:pyrHrn OT,II:eJIa1\111 CTBOJIa Jvf03ra cpeonuii .IU032 (mesencephalon)
y MJIeKOrrI1Tarorn:IIX H qeJIOBeKa IlM:eeT He60JIbllIlle pa3MepbI. IIepe,n:HIOIO
(Hlf)IQUOIO) qaCTb ero COCTaBJI5llOT HOJICKli M03cG, a 3a,lXHIOIO (BepXHIOIO) - l1JlQ-
Cn1UHKG tlen1BepOXO./1.tIU51 (C1\L pMC. 57). IIOJIOCTbIO Cpe,II:HerO f03ra 5IBJUIeTC5I Y3KI1:H
KaHan: - eoaonpoeoa J\[0320.
BHYTpeHHee CTpoeHHe.;=(JI5I cpen;Hero 1\f03ra xapaKTeptlo oco6oe pacrrpe,n:eJIC-
HMe ceporo 11 6enoro BemeCTBa B KpbIllle, TIOKpbIlilKe 11 OCHOBaHMM, 06pa30Ball-
H01'f I-IO)KKarvn-r M03ra (pHC. 64).

r OJlOBHOt1 M03r 99
Hn,pa rJla30,D.BV1raTeJlbHOrO HepBa
I
BepXHiI1 XOJlMV1K
"'blwa [
IOKpblWKa r
I
L
L
" 3aTbIJl04HO-
BV1C04HO-
TeMeHHO-
MOCTOBO nyrb
KOpKOBO-
cnV1HHOM03rOBO
nyrb
KOpKOBO-AepHbl nyrb
BeHTpa.nbHbl
nepeKpeCT nOKpbIWKV1
Jlo6HO-MOCTOBot1 nyrb
J v
,QopCaJlbHblV1
nepeKpeCT nOKpblWKVI
PMC. 64. TOIIorpaqnuI ceporo M 6eJIoro Bern:eCTBa B Cpe,lUIe11 M03re: CJleeG IIOKa3aHbI IIyqKM
HepBHbLX BOJIOKOH, Cnpa8Q - JIOKaJII13arU1.sI Mep.
Kpbllua CpeaHe20 Jrt032a, MJllI nJlaCmUlfKa l{emeepoxo,/l.;tllJl, COCTOIIT ll3 He6oJIb-
IlIMX B03BbIIlleffiiI1 - ,n:ByX eepXllUX II ,n:BYX HU:JICHUX XOfU"tUKOB. BHyrpM 3TIIX XOJIMll-
KOB HaXO,WITC5I CKOIIJIeHJ1JI ceporo BeIIJ:eCTBa - Mpa, lITpaIOlIJ;I1e Ba)KH)'IO pOJIb B
ocyru:eCTBJIeHJ1M 3pl1TeJIbHbIX I1 C.rryxOBbIX pecpJIeKCOB. B 06.aCTII BepXHliX XOJIIM-
KOB JIeA<aT rro,nKopKOBble 3pllTeJIbHble ueHTpbI, B o6nacTI1 HIDKHJ1X - IIO,IU<0pKO-
Bble c.rryxOBble I(eHTpbI. Ka)I(,[{brM XOJIMllK IIPM IIOMOIJ]J1 TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX pyqeK
CB5I3aH C KOJIeW-IaTbIMM TeJIaMlI - 06pa30BaHI15Illi rrpOJvfe)l()'TOqHOrO M03ra.
OCHOBGHUe cpeaHe20 Jvt032a COCTaB.JI5IIOT HO;)fCKU Jrt032a - ,n:Ba TOJICTbIX 6eJIbIX TH-
)Ka, 11,1JyIIU"IX OT 1YIOCTa KBepxy I1 HapY>KY 11 3aTeM rrorp)')KaIOIU:MXC5I B BerueCTBO
60JIbIlIOrO 1vl03ra. Me BHyTpeHHJ1MI1 IIOBepXHOCTHMM HO)KeK Ha OCHOBaH11M
M03ra Haxo,n:I1TC5I J11e;)fCHO;)fCKOBaR .fl}'1Ka M 3aallee npOablpJ1BJleHHOe Bell{ecmBO. 3,n;eCb
Ha BeHTpaJlbHOM rrOBepXHOCTI1 C BHyTpeHHeM CTOpOHbI Ka)l()];oi1 HO)KKll M03ra BbI-
XOl'IT rJIa30,n:BI1:raTeJIbHhli1 HepB (III napa). Ha .II:OpCaJIbHOM rrOBepXHOCTI1 CTBOJIa
rr03a,lXII IIJIaCTI1HKM KpbIllII1 HaXO,IJ:I1TC5I MeCTO BbIXO)]a 6JIOKOBOro HepBa (IV rrapa).
flocpe,[(cTBoM ttepH020 BeU{eCmBa OCHOBaHIle HO)KK11 M03ra OT)]eJIeHO OT
nOKpbIIlIIGL
B nOKpblUIKe cpeane20 Jrl032a non: Bo,n;onpOBo,n:OM 1-f03ra B OKp)')KaIO:r.u:eM ero
cepOf BeIlleCTBe pacnOJIO)KeHbI Mpa fJIa30,[(BI-IraTeJIbHOrO 11 6JIOKOBOro HepBOB,
a TaIOKe cpe,LU-IeI03rOBoe (Me33ecpaJIMqeCKoe) MPO TpOMIDrqHOrO HepBa,
7*

100 rJlaBa 4
. . . .... .. .. . - - .... . . .... - - -. .. - .. - . .... - .. .. - . -
ttittIWIf@I/'Gp:i: H i9:t1\11,:::r M03'GItfttfjtrtf:.
@;;;;;@;::::::::.. .-::/};..::<:.- i<:::/ : :. --:::::=::::;_. . -:.::" - -:::if;;;;;;;;;;;r;r'.
nnaCTMHKa KpblWM
. nOAKOpKOBble u,eHTpbl
3peHs:I  CJ1yxa
nOKpblwKa
. S1Apa 4epenHbiX HepBOB
(111 , IV napbl)
. KpaCHoe s:lApo
i npOBOAs:Ie nyr
o6et1 4YBCTBTeJ1bHOCT
i CJ1YXOBOt1 nyrb
! T eKTOCnHaJlbHblt1 nyrb
! Py6poCnHaJlbHblt1 nyrb
OCHOBaHMe
· 4epHoe BeeCTBO
! .lJ.BraTeJ1bHble
npOBOAs:Ie nyr (npaMAHble nyr)
! KOpKOBO-MOCTOBble nyr
PMC. 65. OCHoBHble KOMIIOHeHTbI aHaTOMWIeCKoro CTpoeHIUI cpe,I:I:HerO M03ra.
rrpo,n:OJDKaIOrn:eeCJI cIO,n:a J13 MOCTa. KpOMe HJ1X cepoe Bern:ecTBo rrOKpbIllIKI1 06-
pa3yeT rrapHoe KpaCHoe RapO (nucL ruber), KOTopoe rrpe):(CTaB.lliIeT C060H Kpyrr-
Hoe CKOIIJIeHJ1e HepBHbIX KJIeTOK, J1rpaIOrn:ee Hap5L1XY C ):(pyrJ1MJ1 06pa30BaHIDIMM
KJIIOqeBYIO pOJTh B 3KCTparrJ1paMI1,II;HOH CJ1CTeMe M03ra. 3,n:eCb )Ke pacrrOJIO)KeHO
LfepHoe eeU{ecmeo - rrapHoe rro,n:KopKOBoe MPO, TaIOKe OTHOCJIrn:eeCJI K 3KCTpa-
I1J1paMI1,II;HOll CJ1CTeMe. B COCTaB ceporo Bern:eCTBa BXOMT Mpa peTJ1K)'.lliIpHoi1:
<p O pMa:OJ1M.
BeJIoe Bern:eCTBO rrOKpbIllIKI1 cpe,n:Hero M03ra pa3Ho06pa3HO rro COCTaBY Bono-
KOH. 3,n:eCb rrpOXOMT BOCXO)WllU1e qyBCTBJ1TeJThHble J1 HJ1CXOMrn:J1e ,n:BlITaTenb-
Hble rryTI1 (pJ1c. 65). Bocxo)WllU1e ceHcopHble rryTI1 - Me,n:J1aJThHaJI, CIllffiaJThHa5I
J1 TpJ1reMJ1HaJIbHa5I rreTJIJ1 (rrpOBO)WllU1e J1MrryJThCbI rrporrpJ1ou:errTIIBHOH J1 3KC-
Tep o u: e rrTJ1BHOll qyBCTBJ1TeJThHOcrn) J1 JIaTepaJIbHaJI (CnyxOBaJI) rreT.lliI - J1,L()'T E
TOJIIIJ;e rrOKpbIllIKI1 6JIIDKe K ee JIaTepaJThHOM rrOBepXHOCTJ1. HMcxo,IUIllUIe rryTJ1 -
TeKTOCrrJ1HaJIbHbllr J1 KpacHoMepHO-CrrJ1HHOM03rOBoH - 3aHJ1MaIOT B rrOKpbIIlI-
Ke Me,n:J1aJIbHOe nOJIO)KeHMe, TaK KaK OHM 06pa3)'IOT rrepeKpeCT rro CpeJU1HHoi""
JIMHMM.
TeKmOCnUHaJlbHblU nymb 1 6epeT HaqaJIO OT Mep eepXHUX J1 HUJlCHUX XOJlMUK06 E
IIJIaCTllHKe KpbIlilII. AKCOHbI HeHpoHoB, pacrrOJIO)KeI-IHbIX B 3TIIX Mpax, orn6aIO
CHM3Y Bo,n:orrpOBO,n: M03ra J1 rrepeXO,lUIT Ha rrpOTIIBOrrOJIO)KH)'IO CTOpOHY, 06pa3)
aOpCaJlbHblU nepeKpecm nOKpbIUlKU. I10CJIe rrepeKpeCTa BOJIOKHa HarrpaBlliIIOTC5I =-
1 3,lIeCb II ,lIaJIee yno1'pe6JUIeTc.H JIaTI1Hll3MpOBaHHoe Ha3BaHMe nOKpblIIIeQHO-CnMHHOM03rOBO-
TO nyrll (tractus tecto spinalis), nOCKOJIbKY OHO 60JIee TOtffiO 01'pa)l(aeT JIOKaJIll3aU:llIO 3Toro nYTn -
CTBOJIe M03ra.

rOJlOBHot1 M03r 101
COCTaBe rrOKpbIIlIKI1 CTBOJIa M03ra K rrepe,1JJIJ1M KaHaTJ1KaM CrrJ1HHOrO M03ra.
KpacHoRaepHo-cnuHHoM0320eou nymb HaqJ1HaeTCJI OT Hei1:poHoB KpaCHblX Raep; J1X
aKCOHbI 06pa3YIDT eeHmpaJlbHblU nepeKpecm nOKpbIUlKU, rrOCJIe qero TaK)I(e B
IIOKpbIIliKe CTBOJIa M03ra HarrpaBlliIIOTCJI K 60KOBbIM KaHaTJ1KaM CrrJ1HHOrO
M03ra.
B rroKpbIlIlKe cpe,lUIero M03ra, KaK J1 B ,n:pynuc OT,n:eJIaX CTBOJIa M03ra, pacrrOJIO-
:>KeHbI JIJJ:epHbIe J1 BOJIOKHMCTbIe CTpyKTypbI pemuKYJlRpHOU rjJopMal1Uu.
B OCHoeaHUU HO'JICeK M032a rrpoxoMT HJ1CXOMIIUIe KOpKOBO- MOCTO- M03)KeqKO-
BbIe J1 rrJ1paMMLI:HbIe (KOpKoBO-Crr11IffiOM03roBbIe J1 KOpKoBo-MepHbli1:) IIyfJ1,
CBJI3bIBaIOIIJ:J1e KOpy rOJIOBHOrO M03ra C M03)Ke1:IKOM J1 CrrJ1HHbIM M03rOM.
4.2.4. PeTMKYnSlpH8S1 cl>OpM8U,MSI
PemuKY/lRpHaJl fjJopMal{Ufl (formatio reticularis) rrpe,n:CTaBlliIeT co6oi1: <plUIoreHeT11-
QeCKI1 60JIee CTapYIO J1 OTHOCJ1TeJThHO rrpOCTO OpraHI130BaHHYID HepBH)'IO ceTh C
\1HO)KeCTBOM JIJJ:epHbIX n:eHTpOB. Ei1: OTBO,n:J1TCJI Ba)I(HaJ! pOJIb B rrOMep)KaIDIJ1 6o,n:-
pCTByIOIIJ:erO COCTO.HHlUI M03ra, a TaK)I(e B MexaIDI3Max <popMMpOBaHIDI CJIO)KHO-
KOOp,n:11IDIpOBaHHbIX ,IU3J1raTeJIbHbIX aKTOB (TaKllX, KaK 1ffiXaIDIe, pBOTa 11 T. rr.),
06eCrretIllBaIOIIJ:I1X 3aIIJ:11T)T OpraHI13Ma OT B03,n:ei1:cTBIDI BHellIHeM cpe,n:bI, yrpO)Ka-
lOI1..UfX ero )Kl13He,n:e?ITeJThHOCTJ1. OHa pa60TaeT B <p)'HKll:J10HaJIbHOM e,n:11HCTBe C
aHaJIJ13aTOpHbIMJ1 CJ1CTeMaMM J1 OKa3bIBaeT TOHWIeCKI1e BJIIDIHIDI Ha HIDKe- J1 BbI-
rneJIe)KaIlij1e OT,n:eJIbI n:eHTpa.Jli:>HOM HepBHOM CJ1CTeMbI.
K qJ1cny oco6eIffiocTei1: CTpoeHIDI peT11KYlliIpHOM <pOpMan:J1J1 CJIe,nyeT OTHeCTJ1:
. rny6oKoe J1 ,n:11<P<PY3Hoe pacrrOJIO)KeH11e ee JIJJ:ep B CTBOJIe M03ra; rrpJ1 rrpo-
Be,n:eIDIJ1 pa3,n:pa)KeHIDI B peT11KYlliIpHOn <pOpMan:J1J1 11MeeT MeCTO MHO)Ke-
CTBeHHOCTb rrepeKJIIOQeHJ1n Ha ee MHorOqJICJIeHlIbIX JIJJ:pax;
. crroco6HOCTb rrpOBo,n:J1Tb B036)')K)J:eHIDI B pa3JIJ1QHbIX, KaK BOCXOMIIJ:J1X,
TaK J1 HJ1CXO,n:JIIIJ:J1X, HarrpaBJIeHlUIX;
. 06CJIy)KHBaHJ1e KaK COMaTJ1QeCKI1X, TaK J1 BJ1cn:epaJIbHbIX <PYHKIJ:J1i1:;
. pa3HOo6pa3J1e rpyrrrr Mep rro xeMOapXllTeKTOH11Ke (HaJIwrne KJIeTOQHbIX
CKOIIJIeIDIM C CepOTOHMHeprlIQeCKI1MJ1, XOJIJ1HeprlIQeCKI1M11, a,n:peHeprJ1-
QeCKI1M11 J1 ,n:o<paMJ1HeprlIQeCKI1MM HenpOHaM11).
PeTJ1KYlliIpHbIe JIJJ:pa rpyrr:rrn:pyIOTCJI B CTBOJIe M03ra B TpJ1 611JIaTepa.Jli:>HO
C11MMeTpWIHbIX rrpo,n:OJThHbIX cToJI6a: cpe,n:J1Hffbrn (JIJJ:pa lIIBa), Me,lU1aJIbHbrn,
cO)J:ep)KaIIJ:IDI JIJJ:pa C KpyrrHbIM11 peTJ1KYlliIpHbIMI1 HeMpOHaMJ1, J1 JIaTepaJIbHbrn,
co,n:ep)KaIIJJ1n JIJJ:pa J13 MeJIKI1X J1 cpe,n:HJ1X rro pa3MepaM HenpoHoB (pJ1c. 66).
MHO)KeCTBeHHOCTb J1 pa3HOo6pa311e rpyrrrr JIJJ:ep, BXOMIIUIX B COCTaB peTJ1KY-
lliIpHOM <popMan:I1I1, rr03BOlliIIOT xapaKTepJ130BaTb ee KaK Hecrren:M<pWIeCKYID rro-
JIJ1CJ1HarrTWIecKYID CJ1CTeMY. B QaCTHOCTJ1, B.Jll15IIDIe peTJ1KYlliIpHOM <popMan:I1M Ha
KOpy 60JThIlIJ1X rro.rrym:ap11i1: ocyru:eCTBlliIeTCJI rrocpe,n:CTBOM peT11KYJIO-TaJIaMWIe-
CKI1X rryreM Qepe3 rpyrrrry Me,n:11aJThHbIX JIJJ:ep TaJIaMYca, COCTaBlliIIOIIJ:J1X TaK Ha3bI-
BaeM)TIO Hecrren:11<plIQeCKYID rrpoeKI.{J10HH)'IO TaJIaMO-KOpTIIKaJThH)'IO CJ1CTeMY.
BOJIOKHa peTIIKYJIO-TaJIaMO-KOpTJ1KaJIbHbIX rryren3aKaINH:BaIOTCJI BO Bcex o6JIa-
CTJIX KOpbI (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe Hecnel1urjJUl.feCKUe arjJrjJepeHmHble eOJlOKHa KOpbl 60JIb-

102 rnaBa 4
BOCXOAWJ1
peTVlKy.nocnIl1HanbHbl
nyrb
s:lApa waTpa
Megll1a.nbHas:l rpynna qJ],ep
HlI1cXOAW.II1
peTII1 KY nocn VtHanbHbl
nyrb
naTepanbHa rpynna Aep
PMC. 66. 5Wpa reTJIKYIDIpHoI1 <popfaIJJln B CTBOJIe i\f03ra.
llIoro M03Ia), HO HalI60JIblIIee HX QJ1cno 06Hapy)KllBaIOT B Kope JI06HOH ,l1.onI1. OHM
npOBOMT rpy6yro (rrpOTOrraTW-IeCKYIO) qyBCTBIITeJlbHOCTb OT KO)KHOIO rrOKpOBa M
Bcex opraHOB, OKa3bIBa.H HecrreU;:Yf<plIlIeCKOe aKTMBlipyrorn:ee B03LI:ei1:cTBIife I-Ia KOpy
60JIbIill1X rro.TIyIlIaplIi1:. I1x Ha3bIBalOT HeCrreUI1qnrqeCKMMli a<p<pepeHTHbI1fIl BO-
JIOI-<:HaMM B OTJIWII1e OT CrreII:J1<pWIecKl1X, npOBOMIUlIX 60nee TOHh)'JO (3ITI1KpI1TI1-
lIecKylO) qyBcTBllTeJIbHOCTb K COMaToceHCOpHOI1 Kope, KOTOpa5I rr03BOJrneT TOHKO
,l(H<pepeHU:lIpOBaTb JIOKaJIlI.3aII:J1IO J1 HIOaHCbI o:r.uyrueHMn. CrreII:nqrwlecKHe
a<p<pepeHTHble BOJIOKHa 3aKalftIMBaIOTC.H Ha BCTaBOq}{bIX He:ttpOHax IV cn05I KOpbI
aKCOCOMaTfP-'-.CCKMMM KOHTaKTalli, 06eCrre1ll1BaIOIUJ1MM 6bICTpble 11 LI:I1cP<pepeH-
IJ:npOBaHHble OTBeTbI Hei1:poHOB. HeCrreII:M<pJ1lIeCKMe a<p<pepeHTHhle BOJIOKHa B
COCTaBe BOCXO,lUIII(en aKTMBIIPYIOIUen C11CTe1fbI 06pa3YIDT KOHIIeBble BeTBJIeHI15I
BO Bcex CJI05IX KOpbI M03ra J1 <pOp111IPYIDT CJ1HarrTJ1lIeCKMe KOHTaKTbI I-Ia lLeHUpI1-
Tax HenpOHOB, qTO rr03BOJIHeT TOJIbKO MOLI:YJIIifpOBaTb B036Y)IMMOCTb Hei1:pOHOB 11
BJIIUITb Ha ILX cnOC06HOCTh K npOBe,l(eHlIlO I1MIIYJIbCOB.
AK:rI1BHOCTb KaK BOCXO)I5IIIUIX, TaK J1 HJ1CXO,l(5IIIU1X CJ1CTe11 rrO,ITJJ:ep)KJ1BaeTC5I
HerrpepbIBHbIM rrplITOKOfvI a<pcPepeHTHbIX IifJ\mYJIbCOB, nOC1)'I1aIOIIlliX B peTIIKY-
lliIpHYIO <p o pMaII:I1IO no KOJIJIaTepaJIbHbIM BOJIOKHaM OT ceHcopHbIX rrpOBO)UIll(I1X
IIYTen. Ba)KH)'1O pOJIb B nO,ITJJ:ep)KaH11l1 aKTI1BHOCTJ1 peTliKYlliIpHbIX 5I)J.ep lIrpaIOT
rYMoparrbHble pa3,ITpa)I(J1TeJIJtI, no OTHOlIleHillO K KOTOpbIM peTIIKYlliIpI-Ia5I <popMa-
II:lliI 06na,n:aeT BbICOKOi1: -qyBCTBJ1TenbHOCTbIO, qTO 06eCrre'lllIBaeT ee yqaCTI1e B
perylliIII:I1J1 p5I,LLa BereTaTIIBHbIX <PYHI<I(I1i1:.
Bce ,l(BJ1raTeJIbHble 5I)Ipa qeperrHbIX HepBOB nOJIyqaIOT OT peTliKYlliIpHbIX
.H,l(ep BOJIOKHa, Il,l(YIUlie B caCTaBe BOCXO,l(5IllI:I1X 11 ,l(BYX HI1CXOLI:5IIU11X peT11Kyn5Ip-
HbIX nYTei1:: fOCTo-crrlIHHOM03rOBoro (./lGmepa/lbHbIU pemUKYJlOCnUllaJlbllblll
lly'mb) 11 6YJIb60-CIII1HHOJ:03rOBoro (lvleaU{l;1bllbIU penZUKYJ10CnUHGJlbHblii nymb).
BOJIoKHa OT peTI1KYJUIpHbIX 5I,LLep 3aKaHQIIBaIOTC5I 61IJIaTeparrbHO Ha MOTOHet'I-

r On08HO M03r 103
pOHax crrlflIHoro I\.I03ra J1 CIif11IIaTI1QeCKMX rrperaHr;IHOHapI-IbIX Hetipollax ero
rpy,n:Horo OT.n:eJla. 3TI1 rrYTI1 OKa3bIBaIOT BJ1IiHHI1e Ha COCTOHHI1:e CI1M1IJ-IOIvI03fO-
BbIX MOTOI-IenpOHOB, a TaIOKe 6o..TIeByro "l})BcTBI1TeJIbHOCTb Ha ypoBHe cer11eH-
TapI-IbIX CB5I3eM.
4.3. 'iepenHble HepBbl ..., 06naCTi1lt1X ff1HHepBal.4i11i1
lJepellHble nepObl (1m. craniales) TaK ;Ke, KaK If cm'r.dHOf03rOBble HepBbI, OTHOC5IT-
C5I K rrepMcPepJ1lIeCKory 0TILeny HepBHOll CIICTelvfbI. Pa3JIllqJIe 3aKJlIOqaeTC5I B TOvl,
"lITO crrI1HHO103rOBble HepBbI OTXOMT OT CTII1HHOro !\f03ra, a qeperrHDle - OT ro-
JIOBHOrO }'f03ra, rrpI1qeI 10 nap qepeTIHbIX HepBOB HarnHaIOTC5I OT CTBOJIa !vI03ra;
,3TO - rJIa3o;J:BJlfaTeJ1bHblii (III), 6J10KOBblll (1\'), TpOMHJflHbIII (\'), OTBO,ilJlIUJli1
(VI), .rIIIJ-LeBOII (VII), rrpe,lI,1JBepHo-YJIIITKOBbII1 (VIII), 5I3bIKor.1JOTOqmrn (IX),
6nY)l()XaIOIl1}IH (X), ,n:06aBOtffibrt'r (XI), no,n:'b5I3blq}-ThIll (XII) HepBbI; Bce OHII JtIIe-
IDT pa3lliItIHOe <PYHKlU10HaJIbHOe 3HaqeHJle (p:uc. 67). Erne ,n:Be rrapbI HepBOB -
o60lffiTeJIbHbIM (I) 11 3pIITeJIbHbrn (II) - He 5IBJII'I1OTC5I TMnlf1ll-IbI1]I HepBa1.fI1: OHJ1
<pOpfI1PYIOTC5I KaK BblpOCThI CTeHKI1 Irepe,L(HerO l\I03rOBoro IrY3blpH, IifMelOT Heo-
6bFIHoe rro cpaBHeHllIO c ,UpyrnJ.,fH HepBarvrn CTpoeHlle 11 CB5I3aHbI C rrpOBe,1J,eHI1eM
cneUllaJllf3lIpOBaHHbIX BH,I:LOB qyBCTBJ1TeJ1bHOCTJl.
IT 0 06rn:eftfY IIJIaWj CTpoeHl15I qeperrHble I-IepBbI CXO)IlIbI co CIII1HHOM03rOBbIMM
HepBal\fH, O,n;HaKO 111eIDT :H orrpe,n;eJIeHHble OTJ1WllUI. KaK J1 CIIIIHHOf03rOBble
HepBbI, aHI! l\tIOryr COCT05ITb li3 BonOKOH pa3Horo TIlIIa: qyBCTBJtITeJ1bHbIX, ,IJ;BIlra-
TeJIhHbIX J1 BereTaTJ1BHbIX. O.rr:HaJCO HeKOTopble Qepel1Hble HepBbI BKJIlOqaIOT
TOJIbKO a<PcPepelITHble IUI11 TOJIbKO 3<pepeHTHble BOJIOKJ-ra. ,IJ:JUI QaCTl1 qeperrHbIX
HepBOB, CB5I3aHHbIX C )l(a6epI-IbIM arrrrapaT01f, npI1C)'llllI HeKOTopble BHelliHIle
rrpIif3HaIOI MeTafepJ111 (pMC. 68). 06UU1H COCTaB BonOKOH qeperrHOro HepBa rrpaK-
TMQeCKII COOTBeTCTByeT COCTaBY ero Mep B CTBOJIe !vf03ra. CeHcopHbIe a<p<pepeHT-
H_ble BOJIOKHa, KalC npaBIUIO, 6epyr HaqaJIO OT HenpoHoB, pacrrOJIO)l(eHHhIX B
t{jTBCTBJtITeJIbHbIX ralITJII15Ix. IJ:eHTpaJlbHbIM OTpOCTOK Ka%J!oro II3 3TI1X I-IeftpoHoB
npOHI1KaeT B CTBO}I B COCTaBe qepenHOro HepBa II 3aKaWIIIBaeTC5I B COOTBeTCTBY-
IOllieM qyBCTBllTeJIbH011 5IlIpe. ,[(BI1raTenbHble II BereTaTI1BHble 3<;PcPepeHTHble
BOJIOKHa OTXOMT OT rpyrrrr Hei1:pOHOB, pacrrOnO)KeHHbLX B COOTBeTCTBYIOrn:I1X
qepenHOM)' HepBY ,I:(BI1:raTeJ1bHbIX II BereTaTJ1BHbIX 5ID:pax (CJ\L pI1:C. 55, 63).
B cPOpMflpOBaHI1J1 qepenHbIX HepBOB rrpOCJIe)!(}IBaIOTC5I Te )l(e 3aKOHOI<A:epHO-
CTJ1, qTO I1 rrpI1 o6pa30BaHill1 crrl1HHorvf03fOBbIX HepBOB:
. ,I:(BIifraTeJIbHble .H,n:pa I1 ,I:LBJ1raTenbHble BonOKHa 5IBlliIIOTC5I np0I13BO,lXHbIMI1
6a3aJIbHOll ITJIaCTJ1HKJ1 HepBHoM Tpy6KJ1;
. qyBCTBI1TeJ1bHbIe .H,L(pa Iif qyBCTBI1TeJIbHble HepBbI 06pa3yroTC5I I13 HepBHO-
ro rpe6IDI (raHrnJ10HapH0I1 I1JIaCTJ1HKJ1);
. BCTaB01ffible Hei1poHbI (J1HTepHeIIpoHbI), o6eCneqI1BaIOIUI1e CBH3J1 Me)l()J;Y
pa3HbIfJ1 rpyrrrraMJ1 Mep qeperrHbIX HepBOB (qyBcTBJ1TeJIblThIMJ1, )XBI1ra-
TeJIbHbIIIif If BereTaTIfBHbIMJ1), cPOplliPYIOTC.H I13 KpbIJIbHOll rrJ1aCTJ1HK11
HepBHOI1 TPy6KM;

104 rnasa 4
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Pc. 67. MecTa Bblxo,n:a H3 rOJIOBHOrO M03ra 12 nap qepenHbIX HepBOB H I1X <PYHKIJ:HH..

r onoBHot1 M03r 105
6110KOBblt1 HepB
(IV napa)
r 11 a30ABlt1 raTe11 bH bl t1
HepB (III napa)
CpeAHt1 M03r
npOMe>Kyro4Hblt1
M03r
V 1 (r11a3Hot1 HepB)
KOHe4Hblt1 M03r
Tpot1H4Hblt1 Y3e11
(V napa)
nl4eBot1 HepB (VII napa)
S13bIKor110To4Hblt1 HepB
(IX napa)
611Y>KAaK>w.t1 HepB
(X napa)
.[Jp6aBo4Hblt1 HepB
(XI napa)
nOAb3bI4Hblt1 HepB
(XII napa)
Y 311 bl
cnHHOM03rOBbIX
HepBOB
Aa<pparMa11bHblt1
HepB
BepXHe4enK>CTHot1 HepB (V 2 )
H>KHe4e11K>CTHot1 HepB (V 3)
POTOBa 6yxra
)f(a6epHble KapMaHbl
Pc. 68. 3aKJIa,n:Ka qepeIIHbIX HepBoB Y 3M6pI10Ha 5 He,n:eJIb.
· BereTaTJ1BHble .H,I:(pa II BereTaTJ1BHble (nperaHrJI110HapHble) BOJIOKHa
3aKJIa,n:bIBaIOTC.H B Me)l()'TOqHOH:30He Me)K)J:Y KpbillbHOH: 11 6a3aJIbHOM I1JIa-
CTJ1HKaM11.
B pacnOJIO)l(eHJ1J1 Mep qepeIIHbIX HepBOB Ha6moLI:aIOTC.H J1 CneU11<:pWIeCKl1e,
CBOH:CTBeHHble TOJIbKO IifM oco6eHHOCT11, 06YCJIOBJIeHHble xapaKTepOM <:pOpM11pO-
BaHIDI CTBOJIa M03ra. B npouecce ero pa3B11TIDI rrpo11cXoLI:11T YBeJIJ1qeHJ1e 11 BIUJ:O-
113MeHeHJ1e KpbIlllli HepBHoll Tpy6Kll Ha ypoBHe Bcex OTLI:eJIOB CTBOJIa M03ra, a TaK-
)l(e CMeIl(eHI1e 1-faTepllarra KpbillbHbIX ruraCTIIHOK B BeHTpOJIaTeparrbHoM HarrpaB-
JleH1111. 3m rrpou:eCCbI rrplIBoMT K TOM)', qTO 5LIIpa qeperrHbIX HepBOB CMeIIJ;aIOTC.H
B nOKpbIllIKY CTBOJIa M03ra. I1pIif 3TOM,[(BJ1raTeJIbHble 5LIIpa III-XII nap qepenHbIX
HepBOB 3aHllMalOT Ha1160JIee Me,n:IifaJIbHOe nOJIO)l(eHlle, qyBCTBllTeJIbHble - HaJ1-
60JIee JIaTepaJIbHOe, a BereTaTIIBHble - npOMe)l()'TOqHoe. 3TO XOpOllIO BM)JHO Ha
v npoeKIJ;lili Ha ,[(HO pOM6oBMHOH:.HMKJ1 (CM. p11C. 63).
Bce qepenHhle HepBbI, 3a J1CKJIlOqeHI1eM 6.JIy)I<,[(alOIIJ:erO (X napa), llHHepBllpy-
lOT TOJIbKO opraHbI rOJIOBbI 11 me11. E.JIy)I<,[(aIDII.IJ1M HepB, B COCTaB KOToporo BKJIIO-
qeHbI rrapaCllMIIaTWleCKlle rrperaHrJI110HapHble BOJIOKHa, yqacTByeT TaIOKe B illI-
HepBaU:ID1 rrOqT11 Bcex opraHOB rpy,n:HOM J1 6plOIIIHOM nOJIOCTeM. C yqeToM <:PYHK-
II:110HaJIbHbIX oco6eHHOCTeM, a TaIOKe cneU:11<:pJ1Kll pa3BIifTIDI Bce qepenHble HepBbI
MO)KHO pa3LI:eJll1Tb Ha CJIe,DyIOIIJ:11e OCHOBHble rpyrrrrbI: ceHcopHble (CB.H3aHHble C
opraHaMll qyBCTB), COMaTOMOTopHble, COMaToceHcopHble 11 6paHXMoreHHble
(Ta6JI. 4).
CeHcopHble, 11JIM HepBbI opraHOB qyBCTB (I, II 11 VIII napbI), 06eCneq]1BalOT
rrpOBe,[(eHJ1e B u:eHTpaJIbHYIO HepBHYIO C11CTeMY J1MrryJIbCOB cneU:11<:pllqeCKOM qyB-

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r0J10BHot1 M03r 107
CTBl1TeJTbHOCTM OT opraHoB qyBCTB (o6oIffiHIrn, 3peHJ15I 11 CJIyxa). OHM CO,n:ep)l(3T
TOJII)KO qYBCTBHTeJIbIThle BOJIOKHa, KaK, HarrpMMep, VIII napa qeperrHbIX HepBOB,
KOTopble 6epyr Haqa.n:o OT HeI1poHoB, pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIX B ceHcopHO:\i raHrJIMII
(CIIl1pa.JlbHbli1: Y3eJI). I-IepBbI I Iif II IIapbI npeLI.CTaBJUIJOT co6oi1 <pparI\tieHTbI rrpOBO-
;wmero n)'T11 060IDITeJIbHOrO M 3pJ1TeJlbHOrO aHaJ1M3aTopOB.
C 060I--rnTeJIbHbII HepBOM CB5I3aHbI )J:Ba MaJleHbKllX nlep."ttUHa/lbHblX Hepea
(n. terminalis), 0603HaLIHHDIX KaK 0 (HyJIeBa5I) napa qeperrHbLX HepBOB. TepMM-
HaJIb!-Iblt'I, lIJIM KOHIJ,eBoM, HepB 6bIJI OTKpbIT Y HM3IllJtIX rr03BOHOQHhIX, HO 06-
Hap)')KHBaeTC5I TaIOKe y qeJIOBeKa. OIl CO)J,ep)KMT B OCI-IOBHOM He:tvIHeJII1HH311pO-
BaHHble HepBHble BOJIOKHa, OTXO,lUIlllJ1e OT 6I1110Jr5IpHbIX M.ITH 11)'JIbTMIIOJI5IpHbIX
HelrpOT-IOB, co6paHHbIX B He6oJIblilI1e rpyrrnbl, JIOKaJIl13aUJIH KOTOpbIX y qeJIOBeKa
HeM3BeCTHa. CB5I3M He:ttpOHOB, 06pa3)lIOm:lfX 51,UpO TepMI1HaJIbHOrO HepBa, TalOKC
HeI13BeCTHbI. Kabli1: l-IepB pacrrOJIaraeTCJI Me,l(11aJIbHee 060IDITeJIbHOrO TpaKTa,
a era BeTBll, KaK M 060IDITeJIbHble HepBbI, rrpoxo,n:5IT t.lepe3 pellICTLJaTyJO rrJraCTI1H-
KY B OCHOBaIDlIf qepena II OKawrn:BaIOTC5I B CnII3I1CTOM 060J10QKe HOCOBOI1 no-
JIOCTII.
B <PYHKIJJiOHaJlbHOM rrJIaHe TepMI1HaJILHbIH HepB 5IBJI5IeTC5I ceHcopHblrvl II
eCTb OCHOBaHJIC -raTb, QTO OH cn)')Kl1T J])UI 06I-IapeHl15I 11 BOCnpI1JITH.H cPepo-
l\-IOHOB - 11aXYG.IIX nelueCTB, BbmeIDIe?\.fLIX .i15I npI1Bne"lJeHM5I cyrueCTB npOTJ1BO-
IlOJIO)I{HOrO IIOJIa (rrO}J:po6Hee 0 ceHCOpl!bIX HepBax CM. rn. 6).
K co..",'anlocenCOpllbLlJt HepBa11 OTHOCI1TC5I nepXHillI (llJIM nepBa5I) BeTBb TpO:tt-
HI1T.fHoro HepBa (VI), IIOCKonbKY OHa co,n,ep)yJIT TOJIbKO qYBCTBMTeJlbHble BOnOI<Ha
I-IenpOHOB ceHcopHoro Y3JIa Tpoj1:HHQHOrO HepBa, npOBo,n5IIll;lIe :HMrrynbcbI,
BbI3BaHHble TaKTJ1JIhHbIt1H, 60JIeBhIMM M Te!\-1nepaTypHbIMlI pa3,n;pa)l(eHJ15I1ll1
KO)KI1 BepXH.eI1 TpeTM JIllua, a TaIOKe nporrpI10u:errTI1BHbIMII pa3,[(pa)KeHlUItvfII rJIa-
30 ,lI.BI1:ra TeJIbHbIX 1\ 1bIIl.ll."(.
COMamOMomopllble, I1JIH JI:BMraTeJIbHble, qepenHble HepBbI (III, IV, VI, XII
naphI) I1HHepBfrpyIDT MbIllIIJ;bI rOJIOBbI. Bee OHM o6pa30BaHbI,1]JIMHHbIMI1 OTPOCT-
Ka:MJ1 MOToHei1:poHoB, pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIX B )],BIifraTeJIbHbIX Mpax CTBOJIa.
FAll3oiJouzanleAbllblU nep6 (n. oculomotolluS) - III napa; o6a HepBa (npaBbrn M
JIeBhIll) IifMeIOT 5 5I,[( 'P: ,n:BHraTeJIbI-IOe JlapO 2JZa30aSu2ameJlbH020 Hepea (rrapHoe),
a06aeOlf.l-!Oe JlapO (rrapH:oe) II cpeaUHHoe J/apo (IIerrapHoe). Cpe,il,I1HHOe II ,[(o6aBOQ-
Hble ll,ilpa 5IBIDIIOTC5I BereTaTMBHbHvIM (rrapaCM:tvmaTWIeCKI1MM). 3TM Mpa pacrro-
JIO)KeHbI B nOKpbIlliKe Cpe,I:(HerO M03ra non; Bo,n;orrpOBo,n:01vI M03ra Ha ypOBHe Bepx-
I-II-LX XOJI11I1KOB QeTBepOXOJI11lliI.
,[{BIITaTeJIhHble BOJIOKHa rJIa30,[(BI1raTeJIbI-fOrO HepBa nOCJIe BbIXo,n:a H3 Mep
qaCTJflHO rrepeKpeIIDIBaIOTCJI B rrOKpbIIIIKe cpe,I:(HerO M03ra. 3aTeM rJIa30,n:BI1ra-
TenbHbIR HepB, BKJIIOqaIOIIIMM ,nBHraTeJIbHble Iif rrapaCHMnaTlflleCKHe BOJIOKHa,
rrOKI1Il;aeT CTBOJI M03ra C Me,lII1a.JThHot'r CTOpOHbI HoeK M03ra M Qepe3 BepXHIOIO
rJIa3HWIHYJO m:eJIb rrpOHHKaeT B rJIa3HMUY. OH MHHepBI1pyeT rJIa30,[(BIifraTeJIbHble
MbIIIIbI (BepXHIOIO, IDDKHIOIO, Me,lII1aJIhHYJO np5I11ble M HIDKHIOIO KOCyro MblIIIUbI
rJIa3a), a TaIOKe MbIIl.ll."(Y, no,n:mr:tvlaIOIIIYID BepXHee BeKO (pRC. 69).
IIapacMMnaTHqecIGIe BonOKHa rJIa30,lIB11raTeJIbHOrO HepBa rrpepbIBaIOTC5I B
peCHUlfllOM Y3JIe, JIe)Kam:eM B rJIa3HI1IJ;e. OT Hero rrOCTraHrnI10HapHble BOJIOK-
Ha HanpaBJIJIJOTC5I K rJIa3HOMY 5I6JIOKY M MHHepBMpYIOT peCHUtfHYIO MbIUll(Y,
COKpameHI1JI KOTOpOH: 113MeIDIIOT KpI1BM3HY xpYCTaJIfIKa rJIa3a, M crjJUHKnlep
3patfKa.

108 rnaBa 4
APO
rna30AsraTenbHoro
Hepsa
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rna30AsraTenbHoro
Hepsa
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M03r - .>;;:'!.; ".....
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Hepsa 
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naTep8JlbHas:!
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5
A
Pc. 69. rJIa30,D:BIIraTeJIbHbIM, 6JIOKOBbIM II OTBO,lUII.l{MM HepBbI (III, IV II VI rrapbI),
IIHHepBIIPYJOI.l{IIe MbIIIIl!bI rJIa3a. A. CTBOJI rOJIOBHOrO f03ra. E. rJIa3HOe 5I6JIOKO II rJIa30,D:BII-
raTeJIbHbIe fbIIIIl!bI.
5I,npa fJIa30,n:BI1:raTenbHOfO HepBa rro.rryqaIOT a<p<pepeHTHble BonOKHa B OCHOB-
HOM OT Me,n:I1aJIbHOrO rrpo,n:onbHofo I1yqKa (06 ecrre1fiIB aIOmef 0 COfJIaCOBaHHYIO
pa6oT)' 5IIl:ep qeperrHbIX HepBOB, KOTopble yrrpaBlliIIOT ,IU3IDKeHMeM fJla3, a TaIOKe I1X
CS.H3b C BeCTI16YlliIPHbIMM MpaMI1), OT Mep BepXl!MX xonMHKOB nnaCTJ1HKH KpbI-
IlII1 cpe,n:Hero M03ra I1 PM ,n:pynrx BonOKOH.
DnarOJJ:ap.H CB5I35IM 5I)Jep rna3oJJ:BJ1TaTenbHoro HepBa C KOpOR 60nblIIJ1X rrony-
rnapJ1M B03MO)lffibI He TOJThKO Herrp0I13BOJIbHble (aBTOMaTI13J1pOBaHHble, MalIll1
HaJIbHble), HO J1 np0I13BOJIbHble (C03HaTeJIbHble, ueneHarrpaBJIeHHble) ,L{BIDKeHlliI
fna3Horo .H6nOKa.
EJlOK06blU nep6 (n. trochlearis) - IV napa - OTHOCI1TC.H K rpyrrrre rna30,lU3IITa-
TenbHbIX HepBOB. OH 6epeT HaqanO OT HenpOHOB rrapHOfO ,l(BJ1raTenbHoro Rapa
6JlOKOe020 Hepea, pacrrOnO)KeHHOrO B rrOKpbIllIKe cpe,l(Hero M03ra rro,n: ,l(HOM BO,l(O-
npOBo,n:a M03ra Ha ypOBHe HlDKHllX XOJIMJ1KOB qeTBepoxonMlUI.
BOJIOKHa 6JIOKOBOro HepBa BbIXO,l(5IT J13 .H,l(ep B ,l(OpCaJIbHOM HarrpaBJIellli11,
ofJ16aIOT CBepxy BO,l(orrpOBO,l( M03ra, BXO,l(.HT B BepXH11ll M03fOBOll rrapyc, f,l(e 06-
pa3YJOT nepeKpecT J1 BbIXO,lUIT 113 CTBOJIa M03ra Ha ,n:opcanbHon ero nOBepXHOCTI1.
,ZJ:anee HepB OrJ16aeT HO)K]()' M03ra C naTepaJIbHOll CTOpOHbI II HarrpaBlliIeTCJI
BHJ13 11 Brrepe,n:. B f.TIa3H11II:Y OH rrpOllliKaeT BMeCTe C fna30,n:BI1raTeJIbHbIM Hep-
BOM qepe3 fJIa3HilqJI)'IO meJIb. 3,n:eCb 6noKoBbill HepB J1HHepBI1pyeT BepXHIOIO
KOCYJO MbIIllII:Y fna3a, rrOBOpaqJ1BaIOmYJO rJIa3HOe .H6JIOKO BHil3 I1 JIaTepaJIbHO
(CM. pilC. 69).

ronOBHO M03r 109
Om6oiJRU(uii Hep6 (n. abducens) - VI napa - TaIOKe OTHOCMTC5I K rJIa30,[(BM-
raTeJIbHoI1 rpynrre HepBOB. OH 6epeT HaqanO OT HeI1poHoB napHoro ,[(BMraTeJIb-
Horo Rapa OmeOaRUI,e20 Hepea, pacnOJIO)KeHHOrO B nOKpbIIliKe MOCTa. )J:BMra-
TeJIbHbIe BOJIOKHa OTBO,[(5Im:ero HepBa BbIXO,[(5IT 113 CTBOJIa M03ra Me)l()J;Y MOCTOM
M nMpaMM,[(oI1 npO,[(OJIrOBaTOro M03ra. HanpaBJIIDICb Bnepe)J;, HepB npOHMKaeT
B rJIa3HMl{Y qepe3 BepXHIOIO rJIa3HMqHYIO meJIb. HHHepBMPyeT Hap}')KHYIO
np5IMYIO MbIIlIl{Y rJIa3a, nOBOpaqMBaIOm:yIO rJIa3HOe 5I6JIOKO HapY)KY
(CM. pMC. 69).
IIOiJomblllHblii Hep6 (n. hypoglossus) - XII napa - 6epeT HaqarrO B napHOM
,n:BMraTeJThHOM Rape nOOoJl3bltfl1020 Hepea, pacnOJIO)KeHHOM B nOKphIllIKe npO,I:(OJI-
rOBaToro M03ra. 5I,n:po npoeIJ.llPyeTC5I Ha ,[(HO pOM60BJ1,I(HoI1 5IMKll B 06JIacTII ee
HIDKHero yrJIa B TpeyrOJThHllKe no,n:'"b5I3bflIHOrO HepBa. JI,[(po npo,n:OJDKaeTC5I B
cnMHHoI1 M03r ,n:o llIeihIbIX CerMeHTOB (C I - II ).
BOJIOKHa no,n:'"b5I3bPIHOro HepBa B BM,n:e HeCKOJIbKllX KopeIIIKOB nOKM,[(aIOT
npo,n:OJIrOBaTbIll M03r Me)K)J;Y nMpaMJiI,I(Oll M OJIMBOll. KOpellIKM CJI11BaIOTC5I B 06-
rn:Mll CTBOJI, KOTOpbn1: BbIXO,n:MT M3 nOJIOCTM qepena qepe3 KaHaJI no,n:'"b5I3bPIHOrO
HepBa. 3TOT HepB MHHepBMpyeT MbIIlIl{bI 5I3bIKa.
EpallXuo2eHHble, MJIll ma6epHble, nep6bl (V2,3, VII, IX, X, XI napbI) npe,[(CTaB-
lliIIOT C060ll rpymry HaM60JIee CJIO)KHO YCTpoeHHbIX qepenHbIX HepBOB. HCTOpM-
qeCKll OHM pa3BMBaJIMCb B CB5I3M C npOl{eCCOM 3aKJIa,n:KM )Ka6epHbIX,[(yI'. lIMeHHo
3Ta rpyrrna HepBOB MMeeT npM3HaKM MeTaMeplllI: V 2 ,3 napa - HepB I BMCl{eparrb-
HOM (qeJIIOCTHoll) ,l(ylli; VII napa - HepB II BMCl{epaJIbHOll (nO,lJ.'b5I3bPIHOll) ,n:yrn:;
IX napa - HepB III BMCl{eparrbHoll (I )Ka6epHoI1) ,[(yI'M; X napa - HepB II M IIOCJIe-
,n:yroI.IU1X )Ka6epHbIX ,n:yr. XI napa B npOl{eCce CBoero pa3BMTIDI OT,[(eJIMJIaCb OT
X napbI qepenHbIX HepBOB. .
TpoiiHUIlHblii Hep6 (n. trigeminus) - V napa. 3TO O,[(MH M3 HaM60JIee CJIO)KHO
YCTpoeHHbIX HepBOB, TaK KaK cPaKT11qeCKM OH 06'"be,n:MIDIeT B ce6e ,[(Ba HepBa:
VI - COMaToceHcopHbIll HepB rOJIOBbI M V 2 ,3 - HepB I BMcu:eparrbHoll (qeJIIOCT-
HOll) ,n:yrM. Ha OCHOBaHMM M03ra TPOllHMqHbIM HepB n05IBJI5IeTC5I M3 TOJIm:M
cpe,n:HMX HO)KeK M03)KeqKa B B11,[(e TOJICTOrO M KopOTKoro CTBOJIMKa, COCT05Im:e-
ro M3 ,[(BYX KopeIliKOB: qYBCTBllTeJIbHOrO Iif )J;BMraTeJIbHoro. ,ZJ:BMraTenbHbIM
KopeIIIOK HepBa 60nee TOHKMll. OH rrepe,[(aeT ,[(BMraTenbHbIe MMnYJIbCbI K )Ke-
BaTeJIbHbIM M HeKOTopbIM ,[(pyrMM MbIIlIl{aM. qYBCTBMTeJIbHbIll KopelliOK B
06naCTM BepllIMHbI I1MpaMll,[(bI BMCOqHoI1 KOCTI1 o6pa3yeT yrOJIm:eHMe nOJIY-
JIynHoll cPOpMbI - mpouHuLfHblU Y3eJl. OH, KaK M Bce ceHcopHbIe raHrJIM11,
COCT011T 113 nceB,n:oynMnOJI5IpHbIX HellpOHOB, u:eHTpanbHbIe OTpOCTKM KOTOpbIX
HarrpaBJI5IIOTC5I K ceHcopHbIM MpaM TpOllHMqHOrO HepBa, a nep11cPepMqeCKMe
M,n:yr B COCTaBe Tpex OCHOBHbIX BeTBell TPOllHMqHOrO HepBa K MHHepBMpyeMbIM
opraHaM.
TpOllHJ{qHbIll HepB I-IMeeT O,I:(HO ,[(BIITaTeJThHOe MPO M TpM qyBCTBMTeJThHbIX
Mpa. j(e1l2ameJlbHOe RapO mpOUHULfH020 llepea JIe)Kl1T B nOKpbIIIIKe MOCTa. Cpe,lUl
qyBCTBMTeJIbHbIX 5I,lJ;ep BbmelliIIOT:
. cpeaHeM0320eoe, MJIM Me3311l{erjJaJlULfeCKOe, RapO mpOUllUtfll020 Hepea, pacno-
nO)KeHHOe B rrOKpbIIIIKe CTBona M03ra OT MOCTa ,[(0 cpe,n:Hero M03ra; OHO
06eCrreqllBaeT npeMMym:eCTBeHHO nponpIifOl{enTMBH)TIO qYBCTBMTeJIb-
HOCTb rna30,n:BMraTenbHhIX MbIIlIU:;

110 rnaBa 4
s:1,r.\pa TpoLi1HIIIYHOrO
Ha,n.rna3HW.HibIW
HepB
Cne3Haf! )l(enesa
KpblJ10He6Hbl£1
Y3en
BepXHee
3y6Hoe cnneTeHL-1e
nOA60pOAOYHbl
HepB
,lJ.BL-1raTeJ1bHble
BeTBit1 K
)f(eBaTeJJbHbiM
Mblwu,aM
I L 513bl'lHblti Heps
nOD.b3bIYHblLi1 Y3en
HV1)f(HV1i1 aJlbBeOJlpHblil1 HepB
Pc. 70. TPO:tiHJtIIIHbIll HepB (\T napa): ero mrpa, BeTBI11I 06JIaCTI1 I1HHepBaUI1I1.
. cJlGSHOe 'lysC1116UmeJlbHOe, HJIH Mocmoeoe, RapO lnpo({HULfH020 HepeG, JIe)l(a-
II(ee B rroKpbIlliKe I\fOCTa; o6eCrreQHBaeT Ta:KTHJIbHYID H rrporrpllou:errTIIB-
HyJO qYBcTBIITeJIbHOCTb;
. CnUHHO.,U0320eoe JlapO nlpozlHULfH020 Hepea, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOe B IIOKpbIIliKe
MOCTa II rrpO,lXOJIrOBaTOro I\tf03ra, a TaIOKe qaCTHqHO B 3a.n:HHX porax IIIe:tt-
HbIX cer!\-1eHTOB C 1 - II crrHHHoro M03ra; 06eCrreQHBaeT 60JIeB)'lO H TaKTJ1JIb-
HYJO qy13cTBlITe.1:bROCTb.
Tpoi1HMQIThIll HepB )1aeT 'TpJI OCIIOBHDle BeTBH: rrepBy:IO - rJIa3HOll HepB, BTO-
pyro - BepXHeqeJIIOCTHo:il HepB 11 TpeTbIO - IIIDKHeqeJIlOCTHOI1: HepB (pHC. 70).
FJlG3Holi Hepe rrpOX0)1I1T B rJIa3HlIUY Qepe3 BepXH1010 fJIa3HMtffi)'lO meJIb. OR
I1HHepBHpyeT KO)J()' Jr6a, Te!\IeH11 H CJIH3HCTYID 060JIotIKY BepXHero OT)1eJIa rrOJIO-
CTM H:oca. B COCTaBe 3Toro HepBa :UI\treIOTC5I qYBCTBHTeJIbHble rrponplIouerrTI113Hble
BOJIOKHa, M,lXyunIe OT 1vfblnru: fJIa3HOrO 5I6JIOKa.

r onoBHot1 M03r 111
BepXHeLJeJllOCnUlOU Hepe npoxo.rrl1T qepe3 KpyrJTOe oTBepcTlle B OCHOBaHJ1l1 qepe-
11a. OH aeT PM BeTBelr, MHHepBI1:p)'I-oIIIllX ,n:ecHbI 11 3y6bI BepXHeii qeJIIOCTM, KO)K)'
I-IOCa M meK, a TaICKe CJI11311CTYIO 060JI01.JKY Hoca, He6a, rra3YX KJIIIHOBlLII;HOH KOC-
TH OCHOBaHI15I qeperra II BepXHeit QeJIIOCTM.
HU;)/CHetfe.lZ}{)CmHOzl Hepe rrpOXO.1IHT qepe3 OBa-'1bROe OTBepCTI1:e B OCHOBaHIIl1 qe-
perra. OH ,[(eJIMTC5I Ha PM BeTBeit: ceHcopHble BeTBI1IIHHepBIIpyroT .rreCHbI II 3y6bI
HH)KHeH QeJIIOCTl1 (HIDKHMM aJIhBeOJI5IpHbli1 HepB, rrpoxoq]JJJnuI B TO]TIlJ;e HIDKHelI
"4eJIIOCTII) CJI113IICTYIO 060JIOtTh..)' 5I3bIKa (5f3bI-rrnbIII HepB) 11 meK, a TaIOKe KO)K)'
Il(eK II rro)J,60po)U<a; ,n:Bl1raTeJIbHble BeTBl1 MI-IHepBMpYIOT )l(eBaTeJIbHble 11 HeKOTO-
pble ,n:pyrl1e l\IbIllllIbI.
HeilpOHbI ceHcopHbLX Mep TpOIlffiFIHoro BepBa (BTopble Hei1pollbI ceHcopHO-
ro rryrl1) ,n:aIOT HaqaJIO HepBHbI11 BOJIOKHaI, KOTopble rrOCJIe rrepeKpeCTa B
nOKpbIlliKe CTBOJIa M03ra, <pOprn:PYIOT mpotlHULfHYIO nem/ll{) - BOCXO,IDIm:l1ll rryTb
oomell qyBCTBIITeJlbHOCTM OT opraHOB rOJIOBbI 11 IIIel1. OH npl1COel1H5IeTC5I K ;l1e-
aUaJlbHOzl 11 CnllHGJ1bHOil nerrLf/51.;11 11 )1a.n:ee B;,IeCTe C HMi\IJ1 HarrpaBlliIeTC5I K rpyrrrre
BeHTpOJIaTeparrbI-IbIX Mep TarraJ\fyca. OTBeTBJIeHI1SI aKCOHOB Hei1:poHoB TpoitHIP-l-
Horo Y3JIa II ceHcopHbIX Mep HarrpaBlliIIOTCJI K 5IlIpaI .rrpyrlLX qeperrHbIX HepBOB,
peTMK)'lliIpHOM <pop11aI(1111, M03)Keq}(y, IIJIaCTllliKe KPbIlllli cpe.n;Hero M03ra, cy6-
TaJIafINeCKOMY 5IlIPy, rl1nOTaJIa:rvrycy II J\fHorIIM .rrpyrl1M 06pa30BaHl1.H1f rOJIO-
BHoro I\103Ta.
JIuu,e8oii nep8 (n. facialis) - \'II napa. 3TOT HepB I11feeT Tpl1 Mpa: RapO JlUI(eeO-
20 Hepea - )IBllraTeJIbHOe, pacnOJIO)KeHHOe B rrOKpbIIllKe MOCTa 6.ITIDKe K cpe,1]J1H-
Hoft fIJIOCKOCTI1 IIO,n: MPOM OTBO,nm.JJ:ero HepBa; JlapO OaUHOtfH020 nymu - ceHCOp-
floe, 06rn:ee c. IX 11 X rrapa1'Ill, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOe B nOKpbIIIIKe npo,n:OJIrOBaTOro f03-
ra; eepXHee CJllOHOOnlaeJlUlneJlbHoe JlapO - napaCIL\;fnaTl1QeCKOe, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOe B
rrOKpbIIIIKe J\fOCTa.
Ha OCHOBaHIIl1 f03ra m-II(eBOll HepB rr05IBJUIeTC5I 113 5I11KH 1Ie)K)JY IOCTOM,
HIDKHell OJII1BOI1 npo,n:OJIrOBaTOro J\I03ra M lllDKHel1 HO)Kl(OII I\-I03)KeqJ(a. BJ\IeCTe c
npe)IJJ;BepHo-YJIl1TKOBbIM HepBOI\1 OH npOXO,L(l1T qepe3 BHyrpeHHee CJIYXOBoe
OTBepCTlle B TOJIIL.ry rrMpaMIU.I:bI BlfCOq}{OM KOCTl1, r,n:e MeT B /llll{eeOJlt KaHaJle 11
BblXO,[(MT Qepe3 IIIMJIO-coCI(eBl1,I(Hoe OTBepCTlfe B OCHOBaHIIII !vI03rOBoro Lleperra.
B 3aQeJIIOCTHOll JIMKe JIIII(eBoit HepB pa3BeTBlliIeTC5I Ha 1fOTOPHT.rO II CeI-ICopH)TfO
BeTBI1 (pl1c. 71).
ABIlraTeJThHble BeTBM JIl1ueBOrO HepBa HHI-IepBl1py lOT lln\lIW:IeCKl1e 11bIIllIU>I JIII-
ua Ii 1fbIlllUbI CBo,[(a qeperra, a TaIOKe ?vThIIlIDbI IIIel1 )Ka6epIIoro rrpOIICXO)l([(eHIDI -
rrO,[(KOA'HYID 1fbIIIIU)' llIel1, lillIJIOrro,n:"bJI3b:rq}-f)'IO 11 3a.II:Hee 6PIOJlII(O .lIBy6pIOIlIHOI1:
MbIIIIbI.
CeHCOpHa5I rropillm JIlIueBOro HepBa JIe)lGIT 060c06neHHO; ee l1Hor,L(a He,n:OCTa-
TOqHO 060CHOBaHHO Ha3bIBaIOT rrpOIvle)I\.Ylo-rrnbINf HepBOM. CeHcopHblit Y3eJI
JIl1u:eBoro HepBa (Y3eJI KOJIeHu:a) paCrrOJIO)KeH B JIMI(eBOJ\1 KaHaJIe B TOJIme nIIpa-
MII,II;bI BI1COq}{Oll KOCTl1. JIMl.I:eBOll HepB co,n:ep)KJ1T BKYCOBble BOJIOKHa, :I1)J0'II(IIe OT
BK:yCOBbIX JIyKOBI1I nepe,n:HMX 2/3 5I3bIKa, OT M5TIKoro He6a K HettpoHaI Y3JIa
I(OJIelIlXa 11 aJIee rro 11X I(eHTpaJIbI-IOMy OTpOCTKY K MPY O,L(IIHOqI-IOrO nyrII.
B COCTaBe JII1ueBOrO He-pBa rrpOXOMT TaIOKe rrapaCl1!vmaTWIeCKlle (ceKpeTop-
Hble) BOJIOKHa. OmI 6epyr HaQarrO B BepXHe11 CJ1lOHOOT,IXeJ111TenbHO!\tI Mpe M no
crrelIJ1a.J1bHOM' BeTBI1: (6apa6aHHoil clnpYHe) ,L(OCTIlraIO r rrOlIHIDKHeQeJIIOCTHOro
Y3JIa, rn:e rrepeKJlIOQaIOTC5I Ha Hei1:poHbI, OTpOCTKM KOTOpbLX B BM,IIe rrOCTraHrJI110

112 rJlaBa 4
Cne3Has:l )f(ene3a
KpblnOHe6Hbr£1 Y3en
6onbwo£1 KaMeHlI1CTbr£1 HepB
Y3en KoneHa
CnlOHHbre )f(ene3br
.lJ.Bt.1raTenbHbre
BeTB t.1 K
Mt.1MW.ieCKt.1M
MblwaM
nll1u,eBO Heps
Pc. 71. JII1u;eBOM HepB (VII napa): ero Mpa, BeTBII II o6JIacTIf IIHHepBaU;I1II.

r OIlOBHO!i1 M03r 113
BepXHlI1 Y3el1
s:lpeMHoe OTSepCTlI1e
OCHOSaHlI15i yepena
H lI1:>KH lI1  Y3el1
ClI1HYCHa5i seTBb
r110TOYHble, He6Hbie lI1
5i3blYHble BeTBlI1
6apa6aHHbl£:1
HepB
4
HlI1)KHee
Cl1IOHOOTAe-
l1l11Tel1bHOe 5iAPO
He6Ha5i
MlI1HAaJlll1Ha
COHHbl Ct.1HYC
06w.a5i COHHa5i apTepll15i
MblWbl r110TKlI1
PMC. 72. J[3bIKOrJIOTOQHbIM HepB (IX napa): ero Mpa, BeTBIf If 06JIaCTIf IfHHepBaIfIf.
HapHbIX BonOKOH cne,rryIOT K rro,n:'.b.H3bPIHOM II rroeJIJOCTHOll CJllOHHbIM )I(eJIe3aM,
a TaIOKe K )KeJIe3aM CJIll3llCTOll o6oJIotfKll rrOJIOCTM pTa.
H3blKoZAomolinbiu nep6 (n. glossopharyngeus) - IX rrapa. 3TOT HepB llMeeT
TpM Mpa, pacrrOnO)KeHHbIX B rrOKpbIIIIKe rrpo,n:OJIrOBaTOro M03ra: aeoulloe RapO
(,n;BMraTeJIbHOe, o6:rn;ee C X M XI rrapaMM), RapO OaUllOlfl1020 nymu (ceHcopHoe,
o6:rn;ee C VII VI X rrapaMM) M llU;)ICHee CJllOHOOmaeJlUmeJlbllOe RapO (rrapaCMMIIaTll-
qeCKoe) .
JI3bIKOrJIOTOn1 HepB BbIXO,D:llT M3 rrpo,n:onrOBaToro M03ra T.Iepe3 naTepaJTh-
HYID 3a,nHIOIO 60p03)]y rrpo,r:r:onrOBaToro M03ra rr03a)U1 OJlliBbI M rrO:K:M,I:(aeT rrOJIOCTb
qeperra BMeCTe C X II XI rrapaMJiI -qepeIIHbIX HepBOB -qepe3 5Ipe:MHoe OTBepcrne, B
KOTOpOM ne)Kl1T ceHCOpHb:rll eepxlluu Y3efl .H3bIKOrnOTOT.IHOrO HepBa. qYTh HIDKe 3a
rrpe,neJIaMM rronOCTll T.Ieperra pacrrOJIaraeTC5I ceHCOpm:rll llU;)fCllUU Y3eJl HepBa. ,ZJ:a-
JIee 5I3bIKOrJIOT01ffib:rll HepB crrycKaeTC5I rro 60KOBOM rrOBepXHOCTII IlleR, pa3,n:elliI-
.HCb Ha HeCKOJIbKO BeTBeM (pMC. 72).
JI3bIKornOTO:rll HepB M ero BeTEll COCT05IT M3 ceHcopmIX, ,LU3llfaTeJIbHbIX II
rrapaCM:MIIarnqeCKMX BOJIOKOH.
8. AHaTOMSI HepsHo'1 CCTeMbl

114 rnasa 4
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3a,n,Hee APO
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nyn.-,
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H III)I(H III ill
ropTaHHblill HepB
CepAe4Hoe
cnneTeHllle
BeTBb K
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BeTBIll
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T OJlCTa KIIIWKa
TOHKa5I KIIIWKa
PIIIC. 73. E.JI)')K:IJ:aIOIlurrr HepB (X napa): era Mpa, BeTBI1 11 a6JIaCTlf I1HHepBaI1I1.
CeHcopHble BOJIOKHa o6m:en qyBCTBJ1TeJIbHOCTM B COCTaBe 5I3bIKOrJIOTOtffiOrO
HepBa HaQI1HaIOTC5I OT HeitpoHoB o6orrx ceHCOpH:bIX Y3JIOB, ceHCOpH:ble BOJIOKHa
BKyCOBOH qyBCTBI1TeJI:bHOCTIT - B HIDKHeM Y3JIe. llx rrepIT<l>eplflIeCKl1e OTpOCTKM
MHHepBITpYJOT CJII13IICT)'1O 060JIOQKY He6HOH MITH,n:arrMHbI IT He6H:bJX ,lI)')KeK.
rJIOTIGI, 3a,IJ;HeH TpeTIT 5I3:bIKa, 6apa6aHH)'ID rrOJIOCT:b. QeHTparr:bHble OTpOCTKM

r OJlOBHOM M03r 115
HarrpaBJI5IIOTC5I K 5I.IJ:PY O.IJ:MHOqHOrO rryrI1. OT 513bIKOrJIOTOqHOrO HepBa OTXO.IJ:MT
eemeb KapolnUaH020 CUH.vca, KOTOpa.H HanpaBJI.HeTC5I K fifecTY pa3BeTBJIeHI1JI 06-
IJJ;ett COHHOll apTepMM Ha BH)'TpeHHIOIO II Hapw COHHble apTepMM. 3,n:ecb
pacnOnO)KeHbI xe110- J1 6apopeuerrTopbI, CJ1THaJIl13flpYIDiliMe 0 COCT05IHI1M BHYT-
peRHell cpe)J;bI opraHfI3!vfa.
,[LBflraTeJlbHble BOJIOKHa .HBlliIIOTC.H aKCOHaMJi HellpOHOB ,n:BOMHoro 5I.IJ:pa.
B COCTaBe HepBa OHl1l1HHepBJipyroT lllliJIOrJ10T0"lffiYlO 11bIlIIUY, KOTOpa5I rrpM rno-
TaHIIM rrpIIITO.IJ:IDIlvlaeT rJIOTKy M ropTaHb, KOHCTpl1k'10pbI (MbIIilllbI-C)I(I1MaTeJIM)
I'JI01KII, a TaIOKe PM 1-fbIIilll mrKoro He6a.
BereTaTllBHble BOJIOKHa HaqI1HaIOTC.H OT HellpoHoB HIDKHero CJIIOHooT,n:eJIM-
TeJIbHOrO Mpa, JIe)Karu:ero B rroKpblIlIKe rrpo,n:OJIrOBaTOro lvl03ra. IIpo,noJDKa5Icb B
COCTaBe 5I3bIKOrJIOTOqHOrO HepBa, Ollli rro ero BeTB5IM ocTllralOT YU111020 Y3Jla, r,n:e
rrepeKJIIOqaIOTC.H Ha ero HeMpOHbI. H,n:y:III;Me OT Hero rrOCTraHfJIl10HapHble rrapa-
CI1MrraTMQeCKl1e BOJIOKHa 06eCrreQl1BaIOT ceKpeTOpHYJO lIT-IHepBa:IJ;l1IO OKOJIOyrn-
HOll CJIIOHHOll )KeJIe3bI.
hAYJJCiJa1OU{uii nep6 (n. vagus) - X rrapa. 3TOT HepB 111feeT Tpff Mpa, pacrrono-
)l(eHHbIX B nOKpbIIlIKe rrpO.IJ:OJIrOBaTOro !\103ra: aeOUHoe 5lapO (L(BITraTeJThHOe,
06mee C IX II XI rrapa1lli), 5lapO OaUHOtfH020 nynzu (ceHcopHoe, o6rn:ee C VII II
IX rrapaIl1) II 3aaHee flapO 6JlYJlCaalOUI,e20 Hepea (rrapaCllfIIaTWIeCKoe).
EJIy)I<;n:aIOIIUIll HepB .HBlliIeTC.H ca:rvThlfil KpyrrHbI1vI rrapaCMMrraTWIeCKl1M HepB01L
OH rrplIHIIMaeT y-qaCTMe B a<p<pepeHTHoit IT 3cPQ;>epeHTHOM l1HHepBaUffM opraHOB
,IJ:bIXaHI15I, cep.IJ:ua, )!(eJIe3 BH)'TpeHHeM ceKpeU1III 11 IIMrn:eBapl1TeJIbHOrO TpaKTa
(pMC. 73). E.TI)')KLI:aIOIIJJ1M HepB BbIXO)J}IT M3 Bern:eCTBa npo,n:OJIfOBaTOro M03ra He-
CKOJIbKO HlDKe .H3bIKOrJIOTOlfi-IOrO HepBa M BMeCTe C HMM IT .IJ:06aBOQHbIM HepBOf
nOKMJJ:aeT rr0J10CTb Llepena Qepe3 5IpeMHOe OTBepCTMe. B rneMHoM OT,n:eJIe OT 6JI)')K-
,n:aIOlliero HepBa OTXOMT 2.fJOmOtfHble eenleu} eepxllUU20PlllGHllblU Hepe II PM ,npyrrrx
MeJIKI1X Bemell. OR OTn:aeT eepXll1010 M llUJlCll1010 lllellHble CepaetfHble eemeu, a B
rpY,lUIOM QaCTII - 2pyaHble Cepaetfllble eelneu. BMeCTe C cep,n:eqm,I1111 HepBaMll,
OTXO,L:(5IIIJ:Mlvrn OT CI11,maTIrQeCKOrO CTBOJIa, OHJ1 06pa3y:IOT cep.IJ:e1IHoe CIIJIeTeHMe.
B rpy,n:HY1O IIOJIOCTb 6JTY)K)J:alO11U11I HepB rrpOHMKaeT Qepe3 BepXHee OTBepCTI1e
rpy,n:HOM KJleTKH, r,n:e ,n:aeT BeTBI1 K rrMrn:eBO,ny, nerKI1f, 6pOI-IXa11 11 OKOJIOCep,neQ-
HOll CYMKe, 06pa3y.H O)J;HOMMeHI-Ible HepBHble CIIJIeTeHillI Ha 3TI1X opraHax. BrvlecTe
C ITI1IIJ.eBO,IXOM 6JI)l)KL(aIOIIU1M HepB rrpOIDIKaeT Qepe3 ,n:MacPparMY B 6pIOIIlHYIO
nonOCTb, r.IJ:e I1HHepBlIpyeT )Keny,n:OK, rreQeHb, CeJIe3eHK)', BCIO TOHKylO J1 1.IaCTb
TOJICTOfr KHIlIKlI ,no ee JIeBOrO M3r116a, IIOllKll, a TaIOKe ,naeT BeTBM K QpeBHOM)'
CrrneTeHJ1IO (rro,n:po6Hee Cl\'L rJI. 3).
MHOr01.IlICJIeHHble BeTBll 6JTY)K)J:aIOrn:ero HepBa, I1lI.YUJ;fre K pa3JI:w-IHbIM opra-
I-Ialvr, BKJII01.IaIOT ceHcopHble, ,n:BIITaTeJIbHble M BereTaTI1BHble BOJIOKHa.
CeHcopHble BOJIOKHa 06rn:ell 1.I)'BCTBMTeJIbHOCTM B COCTaBe 6JI)ljKJJ;aIOI.UerO
HepBa Ha1.IMHaIOTC5I OT rrceBJ(Oy:HI1rrOJillpHbIX HelrpoHoB BepXHero :n HIDKHero ceH-
COpHbIX Y3JIOB, JIe)KaIIlliX B6JII1311 HpeMHOrO OTBepCTIDI. fIepIT<l>epWIecKI1e OTpO-
CTKll QaCTII HeMpoHoB MHHepBMpYIOT HapyIH CJIYXOBOI1: xo,n:, 6apa6aHHyIO
nepenoHKY IT 3a,n:HMll OT,n:en TBep,I:(oll 060JIOq}(ll1103ra, a tIX u:eHTpaJIbHble OTpOCT-
KM HaI1paBIDIIOTC5I K cnUHHOJrl032060MY Rapy nlpouHuLfH020 Hepea. ,[(pyra.H QaCTb ceH-
COpHbIX Hei1poHoB rrpOBo,nMT BI1cu:epoceHCOpHYJO MHcPop!vlaUllIO OT 3a,J1HeM TpeTM
5I3bIKa, rJIOTKll, ropTaHlI M .IJ:pynrx BHYTpeHHrrx opraHOB, I1HHepBMpyeMblx 6JI)')K-
,I:(aIOII.LI11vf HepBOM, K .flapy OaUHOtfH020 nymu.
8* .

116 rnaBa 4
)];BMraTenbHDle BOJIOKHa B COCTaBe BeTBen 6JIy)K,I:(aIOmero HepBa HatffiHaIOTC5I
OT aeoiiHo20 Rapa J1 MHHepBMp)'IOT rroqrn Bce MbIIlII(bI M5!rKOfO He6a, rnOTKI1,
ropTaHM.
BereTaTMBHble BOJIOKHa 6epyr Haqa.,1:0 OT rrapaC11MI1aTI1QeCKI1X HenpoHoB
3aalle2o .flapa 6JlYJlCaaJOlll,e2o Hep8a. II peraHrJIMOHapHble BOJIOKHa B COCTaBe 6JI)')K-
)J;aIOmero HepBa HarrpaBlliIIOTcH K rrapaC11MIIaTWIeCKJ1M TepMHHaJIbHbIM raIIT-
JI:IDIM, pacrrOnO)KeHHbIM rr06JIll30CTM OT BHyrpeHHMX opraHoB 11JIM Herrocpe,n:cT-
BeHHO B HllX; PM MeJIKJ1X rrapacMMnaTWIecKI1X raI-ITJIMeB pacceHHbI rro xo,n:y
CTBOJIa 6JI)')K)J:aIOmero HepBa.
5I,n:pa 6JI)')K)J:aIOmero HepBa CBH3aHbI C HJJ:paMH TponHI1lffiOrO, JIMn:eBoro,
H3bIKOrJIOTOlffiOfO HepBoB, BeCTM6YlliIPHbIMM II peTllKylliIpHbIMM HJJ:paMll CTBona,
a TaIOKe co CrrllHHbIM M03fOM. KOMIIJIeKC 3TllX CBH3en 06JIerqaeT pery.JI5II(MIO
)KeBaHIDI M rJIOTaHIDI, peaJIM3aII:MIO 3aIUMTHbIX ,n:bIXaTeJIbHbIX, nMmeBapMTeJIbHbIX,
cep)]:elffio-cocy,n:11CTbIX pe<pJIeKCOB (rny6MHa M qaCTOTa ,n:bIXaHIDI, KarneJIb, PBOT-
HbIM pe<l>neKc, M3MeHeHI1e apTepMaJIbHOrO )]:aBJIeHIDI, qaCTOTbI COKpameHMM
cep,n:n:a) M n;p.
J(06a60llnblU nep6 (n. accessorius) - XI napa. 3TOT HepB, HBlliIIOmill1CH )]:BlITa-
TeJIbHbHvf HepBOM, B npon:ecce pa3BMTIrn OT):(elliIeTCH OT 6JIy)K,I:(aIOmero HepBa. OH
6epeT HaQaJIO OT )]:BYX ,D:B11raTeJIbHbIX HJJ:ep. O,D:HO M3 HllX, ,D:BOnHoe MPO, 06mee C
IX M X napaMH qepeIIHbIX HepBOB, JIe)KI1T B IIOKpblllIKe rrpo,n:OJIrOBaTOro M03ra, a
,n:pyroe, CnUHllO]103208oe .flapO a06a80Lfl1020 Hep8a, pacnOJIO)KeHO B rrepe,n:HI1X porax
crrMHHoro M03ra Ha ypOBHe IllenHbIX C 1 - VI cerMeHTOB (CM. pMC. 63).
EYJIb6apHaH qaCTb ,n:06aBolffioro HepBa rrp11Coe,n:I1IDIeTCH K 6JIy)K,I:(aIOmeM)'
HepBY II B )]:aJThHefrrne! B BMJJ:e HU;)ICHe20 20pmaHH020 Hep8a llHHepB11pyeT MbII.III(bI
ropTaHM. BOJIOKHa CI1llHHOM03rOBon qaCTII llHHepB11pyroT rpy,D:MHO- KJIIOqJfqHO-
cocn:eBM)1HyIO M TpanelU'IeBl'UI:HyIO MbIllIl(bI (MbIII.IIXbI me11 M crnrnbI).
4.4. M03>KeI.fOK" ero CBSl3H
M03J1CeliOK (cerebellum) rrpe,n:CTaBmreT co60n OT)]:eJI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, pa3BMBaIO-
m11nCH I13 Kpblnrn 3a,n:Hero M03ra. Ero eme Hepe,n:KO Ha3bIBaIOT «MaJThIM M03rOM».
OH pacrrOJIaraeTCH B 3a;:(Hen qepeIIHOn HMKe no)]: 3aTbIJIOIMM ,I(OlliIMM 60JThIllllX
nOJIyIIIapMn. IIo,n: M03)KeqJ<OM HaXO):(MTCH IV )Keny,JJ:OqeK M03ra.
OCHoBHble <py:HKIU1I1 M03)KeT.IKa COCTOHT B rrOMep)KaHlllI paBHOBeCIDI TeJIa, pe-
ry.JI5II(JIM MbIIIIeqJIOrO TOH)'ca, oceCTBJIeHI1M rr03HO-TOHWIecKl1X pe<pJIeKCOB, a
TaK)Ke B yrrpaBneHM11 rrpon:eccaIH ceHcoMoTopHon KOOPAKHaUMM. 1103)KeqOK
nporpaMMHpyeT rrnaBHoe, TOlffioe M aBTOMaTWIeCKoe BbIDOJIHeHMe ,lXBlDKe:mrtt, "tffO
CTaHOBMTC5I B03MO)l(HbIM 6JIaro,n:apH ero CBH35IM co CIlliHHbIM M03rOM M CTBOnOBbI-
MM n:eHTpaMll yrrpaBneHIDI ,lXBIDKeHIDIMll, a TaK)Ke C Kopon 60JIbIillIX nOJIyIIIapMli.
B M03)I(eqJ<e pa3JIlIqaIOT <pMJIOreHeTWIecKH 60JIee CTapyro cpeJJ:HIOIO qaCTh -
Lfep8b, MrpaIOm:m1: Ba:>ICHyIO pOJIb B pery.JI5II(11M aBTOMaTWleCKJ1X ,n:BJDKernB'1 1)'JIO-
B11lI(a 11 KOHelffiOCTen, HarrpllMep B rrpon:ecce XOJU:>6bI, M 60JIee HOBYIO - nOJlywa-
pUR M03J1CeLf.Ka, rrp:mrn:MaIOIIUfe yqacTlle rrpeMMYIIXeCTBeHHO B yrrpaBJIeIllUI KOOp-
,IU1HMpOBaHHbIMM aBTOMaTI13MpOBaHHbIMM ,n:BlDKeHIDIMll KOHeqHOCTen.
CBepxy M03)KeqOK nOKpbIT CJIOeM ceporo BelI(eCTBa - KOpOU, 06pa3y:IOmei1:
MHOfOqJ1CJIeHHble rrOrrepeqmle ll3BllJillHbI - flucmKU M03;)ICeLfKa. fpyrrnbI JIMCT-

r onoBHo!i1 M03f 117
nepBafl
I.lJ. ell b
rOp30H-
TaJlbHafl
I.lJ. ell b
3a,D.H 51 51
H tJI)f(H 51 51
I.lJ. ell b
Sl3bl40K
4epBfI
BTopafl
I.lJ. ell b
OKOllOKn040K
Kn040K
Y3ellOK
ne soe nonywaptJIe 4epSb npasoe nonywa pe
I I I II j
] nepeAHHH
AonH
3aAHHH
AonH
KnO'IKOBO-
] Y3enKOBaH
AonSi
PMC. 74. M03)KelJOK qeJIOBeKa: qacTI1, ,rr:OJIII II ,ZIOJIbKll (PIIMCKllMII IJ;II<ppaMII 0603HaQeHbI
,[(OJIbKM QepB51).
KOB, OT):(eJIelIlIble rJIy60KHMI1 60p03,n:aMI1, 06pa3YIDT aOJlbKU Jrt03:JlcelfKa (pMC. 74).
IIocpe,n:cTBOM 60JIee rny6oKJ1X meJIeM M03)KeQOK ,n:eJIMTC5I Ha rrepe):(HIOIO, 3a,nHIOIO
11 KJIO"tfKOBO-Y3eJIKOBYID ,n:OJIM. B rrepe,n:HIOIO ,n:OJIIO M03)KeQKa rrpI1XO,lUIT RMrryJThCbI
rrpeMMYllieCTBeHHO M3 CrrMHHOrO M03ra, B 3a,lUllOIO - OT KOpbI 60JIbllIIDC rrOJIyrna-
pI1M nOCJIe IDC rrepeK.,"'IIOqeHIDI B C06CTBeHHbIX 5I.II:pax MOCTa. HaMMeHbiliaH rro pa3-
Mepa! KJIO"tfKOBO-Y3eJIKOBa5I ,n:OlliI COCTOI1T 113 He6oJIbiliOM napHOM 06oco6JIeHHOM
)];OJIbKI1 - KJIOIIKa - M pacnOJIO)I(eHHOrO PMOM yqacTKa QepB5I - Y3eJIKa, CB5I3aH-
HbIX Me)l(JJy co6011 c rrOMOmbIO HO)I(eK KJIotlKa. KJIOtlKOBO-Y3eJIKOBa5I ):(OlliI rrpeJJ:-
CTaBlliIeT C060R caMYIO ,n:peBHIOIO QaCTh f03)I(eq}(a, yqaCTBYIDIIJYIO B yrrpaBJIemrn:
Becrn6YJI5IpHbIMM pe<pJIeKCaMI1. C nOMOI.I.IbIO ,[(BYCTOPOHHI1X CB5I3eM OHa HaM6o-
JIee TeCHO B3aMMo):(ei1cTByeT C BeCTM6YlliIpHbIMI1 MpaMH MOCTa.
B Kope Atf03:J1CettKa BbUI;emnoT TpM CJIOH (pRC. 75). Hap)')KHbIll MOJIeKYJUIpmIll
CJIOI1 6e,n:eH HepBHbIMM KJIeTKaMI1 M COCTOMT rrpeI1MYllieCTBeHHO M3 6e.naro Beme-
HapY)l{Hbl
3epHlI1CTbl cno
MOneKYnflpHbl cno
Cno
rpywe BlI1AH blX
HepOHOB
BHyTpeHHlI1
3epHlI1CTbl cno
PC. 75. CJIOI1 B Kope M03)l(elJKa HOBOpO)K,Il;eHHoro. OKpaIllI1BaHI1e ITO HIICCJIlO. x 90.

118 rnasa 4
MoneKyns:lpHbl
cnoC1
KneTKtI1-3epHa
KOp3Lt1HyaTblC1
HepOH
K11eTKa nyrapo
3Be3AYaTbl
HepOH
raHr11Lt10HapHblt1
C110t1
ACTpOLl,lt1T
3epHlt1CTblt1 c11oC1
5e11oe Bew.eCTBO

. .
.
!
.
PI<1C. 76. Het1poapAllTeKTOHI1Ka KOpbI 103)KeqKa.
K116TKLt1 nypKtI1Hbe
KneTKa rOJlbp)KVI
5eprMaHHoBcKas:l
r11vlanbHas:l KJleTKa
nv.aHOBV1AHoe
BonOKHO
MOXOBlt1AHble
BonOKHa
CTBa. Bo BHyrpeHHeM 3epHUCnZOjH Cfloe HaXO,lJ}ITC5I 60JIbllIOe lIHCJIO IIJIOTHO pacrro-
nO)KeHHbIX 3epHOB:I1)];HbIX HelipoHoB 11aJIOrO pa3Mepa. :rvIe)l()Iy 110JIeK)TJ1}IpHbIivI M
3epHIICTbIM CJI05II\I11 HaXO,IU1TC5I 2all2JlUOllapllblU CJlOU, COCTO.HlllJ111 113 paCrrOnOJKeH-
HbIX B OL(I1H PM 2pyzueeUaHbiX HeilpoHoB, MJIII KJIeTOK ITypKHHbe, - ca:rvfbIX KPYI1-
HbIX HeflpoHoB KOpbI M03)KeGKa. Ka)l(,[(a5I KJIeTKa IIYPIGIHbe o6pa3yeT ryCTO
BeTB5II.I(eeC.H ,L(elUIpMTHoe .n:epeBo, ne)Karuee B MOJIeK)'JISIpHOM cJIoe, Ky,n:a rrpon:oJI-
)KaIOTC5I aKCOHbI 3epHoBlUI:HbIX KJIeTOK. AKcOHbI KJIeTOK I1YPIOIHbe o6eCrreQMBa-
IOT 3cPcPepeHTHbIll BbIXO.n: 113 KOpbI 103)KelfKa Ha ero 5Ulpa.
AcPcPepeHTHble BOJIOKHa OT CIII1HHOrO rvro3ra 11 OT pa3JIWIHblX Mep CTBona
3aKawrn:BaIOTC5I B 3epHl1CTOM CJIoe KOpbI NI03)KetlKa, r,L(e 06pa3ylOT !v1HorOq}ICJIeH-
Hble KOHTaKTbI C ,[(eH,lXpI1TaMI1 3epHOBI1LI:HbIX HeMpOHOB. 3TO - .ftl0XOeUallble BOJlOK-
na (pMC. 76). B036)')KL1:eIDle OT 3TMX BonOKOH lIepe3 aKCOHbI 3epHOBML(HbIX Helrpo-
HOB rrepe.n:alOTC5I Ha ,lJeH,lJpJITbI KJIeTOK IIYPDIHbe. 3,lJeCb)Ke (Ha .n:eH,lJpI1TaX KJleTOK
IIYPKHHbe) 3aKaIfllliBaIOTC.H .;1uallOBUaHble Bo./10KHa, I1lIyru:He B 103)KelIOK OT HIDl(-
HMX onMBHbIX Mep npo.n:onrOBaToro 1103ra. JII1aHOBI11IHble BonOKHa OKa3bIBaIOT
6bICTpoe B036)')KL1:aIOIUee ,rreMCTB11e Ha KJIeTKH I1YPKJiIHbe, n03BOlliIIOrn:ee -r03)KeQ-
KY KOHTpOn11pOBaTb 6bICTp:ble M HeOC03HaHH:ble ,D:BI1raTenbH:ble peaKUl111 Ha
BHe3arrHble BHeIlIHMe pa3,n:pa)KJ1Ten11. 3epHOBI1,II.Hble KJIeTKl1 OKa3bIBaIOT Ha rpy-
llIeBI1,II.Hble Hei1:poHhI Me,l]JIeHHOe B036)')KL1:aIOmee ,L(ei1:cTBl1e, COrrpOBO)K,[(alOrn:ee
peryIDIIUlIO rr03HO-TOIll{qeCKI1X pecPneKCOB 11 o6yqeHMe HOBbIM TMrrarvr ,n:B:IDKeHI1M.
B MOJIeK)'IDIpHOM 11 3epHl1CTO:tvr cno5IX KOpbI M03)KelfKa 11NIeeTC5I TaIOKe HeCKonbKO
pa3HOBI1,II.HOcTei1: M)'JIbTI1l10lliIpHbIX Hei1:poHOB. Bce OHM npen:CTaBlliIIOT C060M
11HTepHei1:poHbI TOpM03Horo Tl1rra, 1136MpaTenbHO rro.n:aBJI5llOlI(11e aKT11BHOCTb
3epHOBI1,II.HbIX Hei1:poHoB 11 KJIeTOK ITYPKHHbe, lITO Ba)l(HO l1pI1 Bblpa60TKe KOOp-
,L(11HaU:11M B rrpou:ecce o6yqeHIDI HOBbII ,D:B:IDKeHIDIM.
BHyTpI1 M03)KeQKa pa3n:wraIOT 6enoe Bern:eCTBO 11 HaXOMrn:11eC.H B HeM l1apHble
5I,L(pa ceporo Bern:eCTBa, TeCHO CB5I3aHHble C KOpOM lIepB5I (Rapa Ulanlpa), KOpOM

r onoBHo!i1 M03r 119
l..{epBb
6enoe Bew.eCTBO
BepXHV1X HO)f(eK M03)f(el.JKa
nV1CTKV1 M03)Kel.JKa
s:lAPO waTpa
np06KOBV1AHoeAPO
WapOBV1AHoe APO
3y6l.JaTOe APO
l..{epBb
Pft1c. 77. 5I,Qpa 1f03)KeQKa.
OKOJIOqepB.HqHot'I 30HbI (zuapOeUaHble U np06KOeUaHbie 5lapa) 11 KOpOM, rroKpbIBaIO-
mei1 rrOJTyrnapIDI (3y6tfalnble 5lapa) (pJiIc. 77). EeJIoe BeIlIeCTBO COCTOMT 113 BOJIO-
KOH, CB5I3bIBa!OIlll1X yqaCTKI1 KOpbI B pa3Jll1"lffibIX ,n:OJIbKaX M JII1CTKaX M03)KeQKa,
5I,IIpa CTBOJIa M03ra C KOpOl1 M03)KeQKa, a TaIOKe KOpy C MpaMl1 M03)Keqxa.
BOJIOKHa 01' Mep 1vr03)KeqJ(a, CB5I3aHHbIX C QepBe1, HarrpaBIDIIOTC.H B OCHOBHOM
K BeCTI16ymrpHbIM 11 peTMK)'lliIpHbIM MpaM, II 01' IDIX - B crrMHHOM :rvf03r. BOJIOK-
Ha OT 3y6qaTOrO .H)J:pa M)I,yr K TaJIa1'[YCY M ,n:a.:rree K Kope 60JIbIllIIX rrOJIyIllapMM, a
TaIOKe K KpaCHOMY MPY, 01' KOToporo HaqJ1HaeTC.H KpaCHOMepHO-CnHH:HO103ro-
BOM rrYTb K NIOTOHeMpOHaM crrMHHoro tf03ra.
CB5I3M M03)I(eQKa co CTBOJIOr 103ra IT crrlIHHbI1vr M03r01.f ocyrn:eCTBJI5IIOTC5I C
norvfoIUbIO Tpex nap HO)KeK, COCT05IIUI1X M3 6eJIoro BeIUeCTBa. TIocpe,n:CTBOM Bepx-
lllLX I-IO)KeK 1vf03)I(eQOK coe,n:ITH5IeTC5I co Cpe)JJIH1vr M03rOM, cpe,n:HI1X - C 110CTOM 11
HIDKHllX - C npo,n:OJIrOBaTbI1 M03ror Ii C:rrn:HHbIM M03rO1.
no llUJ/CHU}.1 HOJlCKaA1 K 103)KetIKY HaIIpaBIDllOTC.H BOJIOKHa 3a,n:Hero CIIIIHHO-
M03)I(eQKOBOrO IIyTI1, lI,1J:yrn:Me B COCTaBe 60KOBbIX KaHaTIIKOB CrrI1HHOrO M03ra.
Qepe3 HIDKHITe HO)KK]1 M03)KeQOK rrOJIyqaeT TaIOKe BOJIOKHa 01' HIDKHero OJII1BHO-
ro 5I)Jpa, 01' 5In:ep npe,1J,L(BepHO-YJIMTKOBOro HepBa (VIII rrapa) IT 01' pacrrOJIO)KeH-
HbIX B rrpO,L(OJIrOBaTo:rvr M03re TOHKoro 11 K}IMHOBI1.LI:Horo 5I,II;ep (Hapy)KHbIe ,lIyTo06-
pa3HbIe BOJIOKHa).
ITo cpeaHUht HOJ/CKGM K M03)KetIKY M.n:yr BOJIOKHa I(OPKOBO-MOCTO-M03:IKeQKO-
Boro IIyTM, o6eCrreQlfBaIOI.ID1e CB5I3M KOpbI M03:IKeQKa C pa3JIMlffiblr..rn: OT)J:eJIaMH
KOpbI 60JIbIllIIX nOJIynrapITM (rro,lIp06Hee CM. TJI. 5).
ITo eepXHUAt llOJ/CKa]v[ K M03)I(eQK)' rrpOXOMT BOJIOKHa OT rrepe,aHero CIII1HHO-
M03:>KeQKOBOrO rryr11, HeCYIUITe rrporrplIOuerrTIfBHyIO I1HcPopMaIDIlO 0 pa60Te
CIIMHH01103rOBbIX UeHTpOB pecPJIeKTOpHOM perylliIunIT ,n:BIDKeHI1I1:. B rrpOTHBono-

120 rnaBa 4
JIO)l(HOM HanpaBJIe:mrn: OT 3y6qaTOrO Mpa M03)KeqKa K nOKpbIIIlKe cpe,n:Hero M03-
ra MYT BOJIOKHa, KOTopble 3aKaWIMBaIOTC.H B KpacHoM Mpe cpe,n:Hero M03ra (3y6-
lfamo-KpacllORaepllblu nymb). 3TO OCHOBHOM nYTb BJIIDIlIJUI M03)Ket[Ka Ha cMcTeM)
no,n:co3HaTeJThHOM pe:ryJI5II(MM ,n:BJDKernn1- 3KcTparrMpaMJ1)J;I-IYIO cMcTeM)'.
ITpM peryJUII..ij1M CJIO)l(HOKOOp,n:MHIIpoBaIillbIX ,n:BJDKeIlliM TOHKI1e BJIIffiHlliI
M03)Ket[Ka Ha cnIIIilloM M03r TpaHCJillpy:IOTC.H qepe3 KpacHoe MPo cpe,n:Hero M03-
ra. TIpII 3TOM M03)KeqOK 06eCne1ll1BaeT rrpeo,n:OJIeHMe opraIlli3MOM CHJIbI TIDKeCTH
B npou:ecce )U3JDKeIDUI:, a TaIOKe u:eJIeC006pa3Hoe rrepeMern:eHHe o6rn:ero u:eHTpa
TIDKeCTM TeJIa (OUT) OTHOCMTeJIbHO IlJIorn:a,[(M OrrOpbI. OH onpe,n:elliIeT, r,n:e Haxo-
MTC5I B Ka)K):(bu1 ,n:aHHbu1 MOMeHT QaCTII TeJIa II cpaBIlliBaeT J1X ,n:eMcTBMTeJIbHOe
nOJIO)KeIllie C TeM, KOTopoe ,n:OJDKHO 6bITb. HanpIIMep, npM xo,n:b6e MJIII 6ere OH
KOHTpOJillpyeT YCTaHOBKy M ,n:BIDKeIllie T)'JIOBMrn: a M PYK B rapMOIlliM C ,n:BIDKeHl1}l-
MM Hor, a TaIOKe C nepeMern:eHMeM OUT. IIpII nIICb11e M03)KeQOK peryJillpyeT rro,U-
,[(ep)KaIllie OnTMMaJIbHOM n03bI M KOop,n:IIHau:mo ,n:BIDKeIrni1 rOJIOBbI, fJIa3 M PYK.
M03)KeQOK IIrpaeT TaIOKe Ba)KH)'IO pOJIb rrpII BbIIIOJIHemrn: 6bICTpbIX nOCJIe,n:OBa-
TeJThHbIX 11 o,n:HOBpeMeHHbIX ,lU3JDKeIrni1, TaKI1X, HanpMMep, KaK ,n:BIDKeIDUI: PYK
nMaHMCTa I1JIM MaIIIMHI1CTKll.
DJIaro,Uap.H CB.H3.H11 C KOpOM 60JThIlIJ1X IIOJIYllIapIIM M03)KeQOK KOOp,lUllllipyeT
aKTIIBHOCTh MOTOpHOM KOpbI II CITI1HHoro M03ra, cnoco6cTBY.H 60JIee TJIa,n:KOMV
BbITIOJIHeIDIlO KOHTpOJIMpyeMbIX MMI1 TOHKllX )U3IDKeHHll. OH 06eCrreq}fBaeT xpa-
HeIllie II CBoeBpeMeIilloe IICrrOJTh30BaHlfe e Bblpa6oTa:HHbIX arrropMTMOBII rrpo-
rpaMM CJIO)l(HOKOOp,n:J1HMpOBaHHbIX ,n:BIDKeIlliH II aKTMBHO yqaCTByeT COBMeCTHO C
KOpOM 60JIblllliX rrOJIYllIapMM M no,n:KopKOBbIMll u;eHTpaMll B cPopMllpOBaHMll
HOBbIX ,lU3lITaTeJThHbIX HaBbIKOB. <DaKTMQeCKJ1 M03)KeQOK .HBlliIeTC5I caMoo6yqalO-
rn:eMC.H CMCTeMOM, KOTOpa5I B CBOlO OQepe,n:b cyrn:eCTBeIillO 06JIerqaeT M YCKOp5IeT
npou:eCCbI o6yqeHlUI B 60JIbIIlMX rrOJIyrnap:IDIX II CTBOJIOBbIX ,n:BMraTeJIbHbIX
u:eHTpax.
4.5. npOMe>KyrOI.fHbli1 M03r
IIpoMe:JICymollHblu M032 (diencephalon) pacrrOJIaraeTC.H Me)KJ(Y KOHetffibIM II cpe,n:-
IlliM M03rOM. Ha OCHOBa:mnr M03ra ero rpaIlliu:a cnepe,n:I1 npoxo,n:MT no rrepeHeM
nOBepXHOCTM nepeKpeCTa 3pMTeJThHbIX HepBOB, nepe,n:HeM)' KpalO 3a,[(Hero npo,n:bI-
p5IBJIeHHOrO Bern:eCTBa II 3pIITeJIbHbIM TpaKTaM, a C3a,[(M - rro KpalO HO)KeK M03ra.
Ha ,n:OpCaJThHOH rrOBepXHOCTII nepe,n:HeH rpaHIfI.J:ei1: .HBlliIeTC.H TepMIDIaJIbHa5I
IIOJIOCKa, OT,n:emnorn:a.H npoMe.}J(yrOtffibrM M03r OT KOHe"tffi:OrO M03ra, a 3a,[(HeH rpa-
HI1I(eM - 6opo3,n:a, OT,n:emnorn:a.H npoMe)K)'TOq}ThIH M03r OT BepXllliX XOJIMllKOB
cpe,n:Hero M03ra. Ha CarnTTa.JIbHOM cpe3e npoMe)K)'To"lffibu1 M03r BI1,[(eH no,n: M030-
JillCTbIM TeJIOM II CBO,n:OM (pMC. 78).
,n:OpCa.JIbHbIll OT,n:eJI npOMe)K)'TO"tffi:Oro 1vf03ra rrpe,n:CTaBlliIeT co6oi1: cPHJIOreHe-
TWIeCKII 60JIee MOJIO,n:OH mGJlGMUlfeCKUU M032, .HBmnoIIU1I1c.H BbIClllliM no,n:KopKO-
BbIM ceHCOpHbIM u:eHTpOM, B KOTOpOM nepeKJIIOQalOTC.H npaKT:WIeCKII Bce acPcPe-
peHTHble rryrn, HeCyrIJ:Me ceHCOpHYIO IIHcPoPMau::mo OT opraHOB TeJIa M opraHOB
qyBCTB. BeHTpaJThHbrll OT,n:eJI, 2UnOmGJlGMYc, 60JIee CTapoe B cPMJIOreHeTJI1IeCKOf
OTHOIIle:mrn: o6pa30BaIllie, IIrpaeT pOJIb BblCIIlero u:eHTpa perylliIUMM BereTaTMB-
HbIX cPyma.rm1 OpraHM3Ma.

ronoBHot1 M03r 121
Banv.K
CTBon
np03paLjHa
neperOpO.D,Ka
CBOA
M e>KTan aM it1Lj eCKoe
cpaw,eHLt1e
3nLt1<pit13
Kpblwa
cpeAHero M03ra
BO,lJ.OnpOBOA
Cpe,lJ.HerO M03ra
M030nit1CTOe
Teno
KoneHO
KntoB
KOHu.eBa
nnaCTit1HKa
nepeAH cnaC1Ka
III >KeJ1YAOyeK
rit1nOTanaMYc
M03>KeYOK
I Ao.eHorV1nocpit13 HeC1porit1nocp13 I
rLt1nocpit13
IV>KeJ1YAOyeK
P".,c. 78. IIpoM:e)KYTOqHbIH 1vf03f Ha CaI1ITTIUIbH01\1 cpe3e rOJIOBHOrO M03ra.
TaJIaMJ11IecKllll M03r B CBOIO Oqepe)Jb nOD:pa3.n:elliIeTC5I Ha napHble 06pa30Ba-
HIm - maJlaMyc (3pIITenbHbrn 6yrop), MemamaJlaMYc (3aTaJIaMWIeCKa5I 06naCTb),
3nUmaJlaMYC (Ha,n:TarraMIIqeCKa.H 06JIaCTb) II cy6nlaJlaMYC (rrO,n:TaJIa1\.fIIqeCKa.H
06JIaCTb) .
llonOCTblO rrpOMe)K)'TOqHOrO M03ra 5IBlliIeTC5I III )KeJIy,n:OqeK, KOTOpbIM
rrocpe,n:CTBOM npaBoro II JIeBOrO MeeJIy,n:OqKOBbIX OTBepCTHll coo6aeTC.H C
60KOBbI1v1ll )Keny,n:OtIKa1vfII, pacnOJIO)KeHHbThfI1 BHyTpII 60JIbIllliX nOJIyllIapIIlt, II
nocpe,n:CTBOM Bo,n:orrpOBo,n:a M03ra - C rrOnOCThIO IV )Ke.rry,n:OqKa M03ra. B BepXHelt
CTeHKe III )KeJIy,n:OqKa pacnOJIaraeTC5I cocy,n:IICTOe CIIJIeTeIDIe, yqacTB)'IOee
_HlpMY co CIIJIeTeIDI5IMl1 B ,n:pyrJ1X )Keny,n:OIIKax M03ra B 06pa30Ba:I-llIII CIlliHHOM03-
rOHOR )l(l1):(KOCTI1.
4..5. 1 . TanaMYC
TllJlOMYC (thalamus), MJIH 3pHTenbHbrn 6yrop, npe,n:CTaBIDIeT co6olt o6pa30Ba:frn:e
.HMu:eBI1,[(HOR clJoPMbI, COCTO.Hee B OCHOBHOM H3 CKOIIJIeHM5I MHorOqIICJIeHHbIX
Mep. TaJIaMycbI 06pa3)'IOTC.H 3a CqeT yrO.JIlI.{eHM5I 60KOBbIX CTeHOK rrpOMe)K)'TOq-
Horo M03ra (pHC. 79). Cnepe,n:II 3aOCTpeHHa5I qaCTb TaJIaM)'ca o6pa3yeT nepeallUU
6Y20POK, B KOTOpO1 pacrrOJIaraJOTC.H rrpOMe)K)'T01ffible u:eHTpbI ceHcopHbIX (aclJclJe-
peHTHbIX) IIyTelt, H,IJylI(I1X OT CTBona M03ra B KOPy 60JThIIlMX nOJIyllIapHll. 3a,n:HillI,
paCIIllipeHHa5I qaCTb TaJIaMyca - noiJyUlKa - co,n:ep)KI1T nO,n:KOpKOBbrn 3pIITenb-
HbIM u:eHTp.
Me,n:HaJIbHble rrOBepXHOCTII TaJIaM)'COB o6paeHbI ,n:pyT K .n:pyry II 06pa3)'IOT
60KOBble CTeHKI1 III )KenyD:otIKa; nocepe,n:I1He OHM Coe,IU1HeHbI Me:>K.IJ:Y co6olt Me)K-
TaJIaMWIeCKHM cpaII(eHIIeM. JIaTepaJIbHa5I rrOBepXHOCTb TaJIaM)'ca rpaHWIMT C

122 rnasa 4
M030nLt1CTOe
Teno
np03paYHa neperOpO,lJ,Ka
CTon6blCBo,o.a
M03r08a
nonOCKa TanaMyca
Me)f<TanaMVlyeCKOe
cpaw.eHLtle
"' )KenYAOyeK
KOHu.eBa nonCCKa
nOBOAOK
3nt-1cp1l13
60KOBO )f<enYAOyeK
r OJlOBKa
XBOCTaToro s:J,D,pa
nepeAH cnaViKa
nepeAHLt1
6yropoK l
J T aJlaMYC
nOAYWKa
naTepanbHoe
KOJleHyaTOe TenD
Me.o.Lt1aJlbHOe
KOneHyaTOe Teno
PHC. 79. JJ;opCaJIbHa5.I nOBepXHocTb npOfe)k)iTOqHOrO f03ra 11 qaCTH CTBona f03ra.
BH)J1l1peHHeu KGnC)JJ10U - CJIO'e1 6e:roro BemeCTBa TIOIIyrnapHi1: rOJIOBHOfO M03ra,
CocTosrm:erO 113 npOeKIJ}IOHHbIX BOJIOKOH, COeDJtIHillOIUJiX KOpy 60JIbIillIX nOJIyrna-
PI1H C HIDKeJIe)l(all(I-I?\n1 !'vI03rOBbL\1M cTp)'KTYpaMYI.
T OJIw:a ceporo BerueCTBa TaJIafYca pa3,n:eJIeHa BepTHKaJIbHOM Y -o6pa3HoM
rrpOCJIOHKOM (rrJIacT.HHKoM) 6eJIoro BerueCTBa Ha Tpll QaCTI1 - nepeLI:HlOIO, Ie,lU1-
aJIbHyID II..TIaTepaJIbHyID (pMC. 80). TIepelIHillI qaCTh T,UlaMYca JIe)KI1T BHyTpI1 pa3-
llBOeHHOI1 qaCTH IIJIaCTHHKl1, ivle,1J}IaJIbHa5I H JIaTepaJIbHa5I - COOTBeTCTBeHHO
BHyrpl1 M CHap)')IGI OT 3TOI1: IIJIaCTHlL1(I1. B Ka)l(,llOM M3 3TI1X QaCTei1: TaJIaI\fYca Haxo-
,lJJfTC5I I-IeCKOJIbKO rpyrrn TaJIarnqeCKI1X Mep. Bcero B TaJIa/lyce TIO pa3HbIM ,n:aH-
HbI?\f COD:ep)KJ1TC5I OT 40 ,n:o 150 CrreW1aJIH3MpOBaHHbIX 5I)lep, 06'be,n:HI-IeHHblx B
8 OClfOBHbIX rpyrrrr. HIDKe pacc:rvlaTpHBaIOTC5I TOJIbKO OCHOBHble rpyrrrrbI.HD,ep Ta-
na!v[yca Heo6xo)lH11ble )])I5I rrOHI1IaHIDI ero CB5I3eM C ,n:pyrHMH OTn:eJIafH f03ra, a
TaIOKe ero CPyHKIlHOHaJIbHOM pOJlli B rrepen:aqe ceHcopHoM (qyBcTBHTeJIbHott) I1H-
<;popJ\faUI1I1 B KOpy 60JIbIilliX no.rryrnapHM.
B rrepenHeH qaCTII Ta. i 1a1{yca pacnOJIaraeTC5I nepeaH51.H 2pynna nZaJlaJvlULfeCKUX
.flaep. HaH60JIee KpyrIlIble H3 HIIX - rrepe,IXHeBeHTpaJIbHOe 5I)l,PO JI rrepe,UHe.fe,n:I1-
aJIbHOe 5IlIPO. OHM nOJIyqaIOT acpcpepeHTHble BOJIOKHa B COCTaBe cocu:eB:nHO-Ta-
JIRMMqeCKOrO rryrH OT COClieBH,I:I;HbIX TeJI - 060H5ITeJIbHOrO u:eHTpa rrpOMe)K)'TOq-
Horo 1103ra. OT nepeIIIDfX .HIIep 3cpcpepeHTHble BOJIOKHa HarrpaBlliIIOTC5I K rr05ICHOM
H3BI1JII1He KOpbI 60JIbIillIX rrOJIyrnapHM. TIepe,n:HIDI rpynna TaJIa:rvfWIeCKlIX Mep 11
CB5I3aHlThle C ReIO CTpyxrypbI 5IBlliIIOTC5I Ba:>KHbIM KOMTIOHeHTOM JIHM6nqeCKOM
CHCTei\fbI I\f03ra, ynpaBlliIIOIUett rrCHX031-fODHOHaJIbHbINf TIOBe,lXeIDfef, 0 Qe1f no,n:-
po6Hee 6y,n:eT CKa3aHO HIDKe.
B feLI:IIaJIbHo:t'I qaCTII TaJIaMyca pa3JIJ1lIaIOT MeaUOaOpCa/lbHOe 5lapO M 2pynny
Raep cpeaHeu flUHUU. Me,lU10,lXopCaJIbHOe 5ID:PO HMeeT ,n:BYCTopOHHHe CB5I3H C 060-
IDITeJIbHOM KOpOH JI06HOM n:OJIM H rr05ICHOH M3BllJIHHOM 60JIbIillIX TIo.rryrnapHH,
1-1HHaJIeBI1!I:HbIM TeJIO!vI M TIepe,n:HeIe,n:HaJIbHbIM Mp011 TaJIaMyca. cDYHKlU10-

r 01l0BH0C1 M03r 123
I
nO,o,YWKa
TanaMyca
BeHTponaTepanbHble
s:1Apa
AopCOnaTepaJlbHble
s:1Apa
9-p- e9
0'().
(90
 '().9-
'().S\'o
)\'()."\e9
Pc. 80. TonorpacpJ15I 5I,:rep Ta.n:alyca.
HaJIbHO OHO TeCHO CB5I3aHO TaIOKe C JIH1611qeCKoi1: C11CTeJ\IOM H 11MeeT ,UBYCTOPOH-
H11e CB5I311 C KOpOM Te1eHHoi1:, BI1COQHOlf H OCTpOBKOBOM ,Uonei1: Nf03ra. EnaroLIa-
p5I 3TOMY Me,n:110,IIOpCa,1:bHOe .H,n:pO HenOCpe,rrCTBeHfIO yqaCTByeT B peaJI113aU:11M
BbICllII1X nCI1XJ11!eCKI1X IIpOueCCOB. Ero pa3pyrnelllie rrp11BO,UMT K CHIDKeHMIO
6ecnOKofICTBa, TpeBO)KHOCTI1, Harrp5DKeHHOCTH, arpeCC11BHOCTil, YCTpaHeHI1IO Ha-
B5I3QMBbIX MbI CJIeH.
fIapa cpeaHeu flUHUU 3aHH1IaIOT Ha1160nee 1're,l:(IHl.JIbHOe nOJIO)Kelllie B Tana11yce
H ,n:OBOJThHO MHOrOQ11CneHHbI. OHM rronyqalOT acpcpepeHTHble BOJIOKfIa OT rI1rrOTa-
JIaMyca, OT 5I,n:ep IIlBa 11 rony6oro rrJITHa peT11KYJillpHOM cpopMaUJ1I1 CTBOJIa 1103ra.
CIO,n:a npoeU11pyeTCJI qaCTb BOJIOKOH Crr11HHO-Ta.JIarnqeCKI1X rryreM B COCTaBe J\Ie-
L(HaJIbHoi1: rreTJI11. 3cpcpepeHTHble BonOKHa OT HeI1pOHOB 5I,l:(ep CpeLI:HeH JIHHlIM
HanpaBJlillOTC5I K f11IIIIOKaMIIY, IMH.II:aJIeB11LI:HOIY Teny M rr05ICHOM 113BMJIlIHe
60nbllII1X no.rryrnapMM, BXOMllIHX B COCTaB nH1f6I[1.IeCK0I1 CMCTe1fbI. CB5I3I1 C
KOpOH 60JIbllIMX rrOJIyrnapMI1 ,lXBYCTopOHIDIe. 3TO rr03BOJilleT MpaM cpeLI:HeI1

124 rnaBa 4
JIHHI1ll HrpaTb Ba)KH)'IO pOJIb B npou:eccax rrp06)')K,[I:eHlliI H aKTHBaU:HH KOpbI 60JIb-
IlIHX rrOJIyrnapHll:, a TaIOKe B 06eCrreqeHHH rrpou:eCCOB rraM5ITH.
B JIaTepaJIbHott qaCTH Tan:aM)'ca pacrrOJIaraIOTCJI 80pCOflamepGJlbHafl, eeHmpOJla-
mepaJlbllaR, eeHmpaJlbllafl 3a811eJ,1e8uaJlbllaR M 3a8HRR 2pynnbl R8ep.
fI8pa 80pCOJlamepaJlbllOU 2pynnbl OTHOCllTeJIbHO MaJIO M3yqeHbI B Q;JYHKll;IIO-
HaJIbHOM IIJIaHe. ECTb ,aaHHbIe 0 rrpJ11:IaCTHOCTM ,aopconaTepa..JIDHbIX 5ID:ep K C11CTe-
Me BocrrplUITlliI 60Jlli.
fI8pa eellmpOJlamepaJlbllOU 2pynnbl aHaTowrqeCKM II Q;J)'HKIlHOHaJIbHO cyrrrecT-
BeHHO pa3JIWIaIOTC5I 1vfe)K,[(Y co60ll:. 3a811ue R8pa eeHmpOJlamepaflbllOU 2pynnbl qaCTO
paCC11aTpHBaIOTC5I KaK OD:HO BeHTpOJIaTepaJIbHOe MPO TaJIaMyca. 3Ta rpyrrrra Mep
rro.rryqaeT OCHOBJIyIO Maccy BOJIOKOH BOCXO,IDIIIlJ1X rryrett o6ruell: qyBcTBHTeJIbHO-
CTH B COCTaBe Me,n:MaJIbHott rreTmI. CIO,aa rrpMXO,IDIT TaIOKe BOJIOKHa BICyCOBOM qyB-
CTBMTeJIbHOCTM 11 BOJIOKHa OT Becrn6YlliIpHbIX Mep. 3Q;JQ;JepeHTHbIe BOJIOKHa,
Haq}fHaIOIllI1eC5I OT Mep BeHTpOJIaTepaJIbHOH rpynrrbI, HarrpaBJUllOTCH B KOpy
Te1vleHHOM ,n:onH 60nbllIHX rronyrnapHM, KYlI,a rrpOBO,[(5IT COMaToceHcopHyro
MH<popMamno OT Bcero Te.rra.
3a811flR 2pynna 5l8ep Tarra1\fYca COCTOIIT H3 KJIeTOQHbIX CKOIIJIeHMM rrOD:yn.IKI1
TaJIaMyca. K 5IJIpa11lmyT a<pcpepeHTHbIe BOJIOKHa OT BepXHllX XOnMMKOB qeTBepO-
XOnMI15I H BonOKHa B COCTaBe 3pHTeJIbHbIX TpaKTOB. 3cp<pepeHTHble BonOKHa, Ha-
qIIHalOll{HeC5I OT Mep 3a,n:HeM rpynnbI, IIll1pOKO pacrrpOCTpaHeHbI B Kope JI06HOH,
TeMeHHott, 3aTbIJIOqJIott, BI1COqJIOtt H JIHJ\f6WIeCKOI1 ,n:oneH 60nblllliX rrOJIyllIapHtt.
5I,n:epHbIe u:eHTpbI no,nyI.llKI1 TaJIaIvryca HMeIOT OTHOIIIeHI1e K 3peHl1lO H rrpHqaCTHbI
K KOMIIJIeKCH011Y aHaJIM3Y pa3JII11II-IbIX ceHcopHbIX pa3,apa)Kl1TeJIeM. IIO-BlUI:MMO-
:rvry, OHM HrpaIOT 3HalffiTeJIbJIyIO ponb B nepu:errTHBHott (CB5I3aHHott C BOCrrpIDITII-
eM) M KOrHJ1Tl1BHOM (n03HaBaTeJIbHOH, MbICJIMTeJIbHOH) ,aemeJThHOCTI1 M03ra, a
TaIOKe B XpaHeHl1H H BocnpOH3Be,n:eHMM HH<pOpMaU:11H - naM5ITM.
Hllmpa/1GMUHapllaR 2pynna 5laep TaJIaMYca JIe)l(J1T B TOJIrue BepTJ1KaJIbHOM
Y -o6pa3Hott rrpOCJIo:tIKH 6eJIoro Bem:eCTBa. HHTpaJIaMHHapHbIe JI,n:pa B3aHMOCBJI-
3aHbI C 6a3aJThHbIMll 5IJIpaMM, 3y6qaTbIM MpOM M03)KeqKa H KOpOtt 60JIbllIMX
rrOJIymapHM. B <P)'HKIlHOHaJIbHOM OTHOllIeHlill 3TH Mpa HrpaIOT Ba)KH)'IO ponb B
aKTHBaU:110HHott CMCTeMe I03ra. IIoBpe)l()]:eHMe HHTpaJIaMI1HapHbIX 5LlJ:ep B 060-
HX TaJIaMycax rrpllBOD:llT K pe3K01fY CHJDKeHMIO ,I:(BHraTeJIbHOM aKTMBHOCTM
(KMHeTlflecKllM J\ryrH3J\f), a TaIOKe al1aTIIH 11 pa3pyWeHlfIO 110THBaU:HoHHoM
CTpYIITYpbIJIWIHOCT11.
Cne,n:yeT OTMeTIITh, QTO Kopa 60JIbllIHX rrOJIyllIapHtt 6JIaro,I:(apJI ,I:(BYCTOPOHHHM
CB5I35IM rrpaI<TWIeCKII co BceM115UIepHbI1lli ueHTpaMH TaJIaMYca crroco6Ha OKa3bI-
BaTb peryJIHpYIDillee B03,UellcTBMe Ha IIX CP)'HKIl110HaJIbJIyIO aKTHBHOCTh.
4.5.2 3nTanaMYc
.3numlLllaMYc ( epithalamus) BKJIIOQaeT 3rrHcpH3 (llIMIliKOBMHoe TeJIo) 11 PM Mep-
HbIX CKOIIJIeHl1ll: HellpOHoB.
.3nurjJU3 - 3TO )KeJIe3a BJIyTpeHHeM ceKpeU:lill, <pyHKIJ:IDI KOTOpOM 3aKJIIOQaeT-
C5I B TOpM03HOM BJIIDIHMH Ha pa6oT)' 60JIbilleM QaCTH ,apynrx 3H,rI:OKpMHHbIX )KeJIe3
(I11nocpI13a, III:MTOBl1)J,HOM 11 rrapall{MTOBMHbIX )KeJIe3, nOJIOBbIX )Kene3, Ha,ano-
Qe"lffiHKOB H ,n:p.). 3rrHcp113 BbIpa6aTbIBaeT HettporopMOH MeJIaTOHHH, MMeIOll{Hi1

ronoBHot1 M03r 125
60JIbllIOe 3HaqeHl1e,IL1JJI nO,IUI:ep)KaIIIDI HMM)'HHoro cTaTYca OpraHM3Ma. fOpMOHbI
3IDIqn13a TaJOKe HrpaIOT onpe,I:(eJIeHH)'lO pOJIb B peryJI5IUl1H ce30HHbIX pHTMOB
)I(]13He,n:e5ITeJThHOCTII opramI3Ma.
4.5.3. MeTaTanaMYc
Memama.Jlll.MYc (metathalamus) pacnOJIaraeTC5.I B 3aJ(He6oKoBoM OT,lI,ene npOMe-
)K)'TOqJIoro. M03ra, r,n:e no nO,rryIIIKoH TaJIaMyca JIe)l(aT ,n:Ba napHbIX OBaJIbHbIX
o6pa30BaHIUI - 60JIee Kpyrrnoe MeaUGJlbllOe H 11eHbllIee no pa3Mepy JlamepaflbllOe
KOJlellttamble meJla. C n01vfOIIU:>IO pyqeK BepXHero M IDDKHero xonmKOB, COCT05.I-
IIJ;HX H3 6eJIoro BeIl(eCTBa, Me,1]J1aJIbHble H JIaTepaJThHble KOJIeWIaTble TeJIa Coe,I:(J1-
IDIIOTC.H COOTBeTCTBeHHO C HIDKHI1Mll H BepXHI1MI1 XOJIMMKaMI1 KpbIlllli cpe,lI,Hero
M03ra. CBepxy KOJIeWIaTble Tena nOKpbITbI 6eJlbIM BelI(eCTBOM, BHyrpH cO,lI,ep)l(aT-
C5.I CKormeHlliI ceporo Bern:eCTBa - 5ILI:pa.
JIapa MeaUaflbH020 KOJlellttam020 meJla (KaK H Mpa IDDKHero XOJI:MJ1Ka qeTBepO-
XOJI11Iffi), .HBJUIl()TC.H nOD:KOpKOBbIM u:eHTpOM cnyxa, nOCKOJIbK)' B HllX oKawnma-
IOTC5I acpcpepeHTHble BOJIOKHa B COCTaBe JIaTepaJIbHOH neTJIII, 6epyrIU1e HaqaJIO B
06JIaCTM MOCTa (CnyxOBOH IIyTh) OT 5I,[(ep npe,lI,I(BepHO- YJIIITKOBoro (VIII napa)
HepBa. fIapa JlamepaflbH020 KOJlellttam020 meJla (BMecTe C MpaMI1 BepXHero XOJIJ\fll-
Ka qeTBepOXOJIMH5I) .HBlliIIOTC5I nO,IU<opKOBbIMH ueHTpaMll3peHIDI: B HID( OKafPlli-
BaeTC5I naTepaJIbHa5I qaCTb BonOKOH, lI):(yIl(I1X B COCTaBe 3pMTeJIbHOrO 1'paKTa
(II napa). 5I,r(pa KOneWIaThIX Ten <;POp:MJ1PYIDT TaIOKe BOCXoMII.U1e IIyTH K u:eHTpaM
3pMTeJIbHOrO M cnyxOBoro.aHaJll13aTOpOB B Kope 60JIbllII1X no.rryrnapMtt.
4.5.4. Cy6TanaMYc
Cy6ma.JlOMYc (subthalamus) .HBJUIeTC5I nO,I:(Ta..,-rraMWIecKoH o6nacTbIO, r,lI,e 3aKawrn-
BaIOTC.H npO,lI,OJDKaIOlI(HeC5I M3 HO)KeK M03ra KpaCHble Mpa H qepHOe BemeCTBO.
BrrepeD:M H JIaTepaJIbHO OT qepHOrO Bern:eCTBa pacnOJIaraeTC5I cy6maflGMUtteCKoe
flapO, IDIM JllOUCOeO meJlo. 3TO MPo OTHOCMTC5I K o6pa30BaHIDIM 3KcTpaIIMpaMl1,n:-
HOM CHCTeMbI M03ra, o6eCrreQHBaIOIl(eH yrrpaBJIeHMe aBTOMaTII3MpOBaHHbIMH
CJIO)l(HOKOOp,n:MHMpOBaHHbIMM ,n:BIDKeHJ15IMM TeJIa. I1pH JIOKaJIbHbIX nOBpeeIDI-
5.IX cy6TaJIaMJfleCKOrO Mpa B03llliKaIOT CIDIbHble «6pOcKoBble» lI,BIDKeHIDI KOHeQ-
HocTeH (6arrJIH3M).
4.5.5. rnoTanaMYc
rUnOma.JlOMYc (hypothalamus) rrpe,n:CTaBlliIeT C060H BeHTpaJIbHbrn OT,[(eJI npOMe-
)K)'TOqJIoro M03ra. B ero COCTaB BXO,aMT KOMIIJIeKC o6pa30Balllitt, pacrrOnO)KeHHbIX
no,lI, III )l(e.rry,lI,Ot!KOM. fJillOTarraM)'c cnepe,n:M orpaIDIqJIBaeTC.H 3pUmeJlbllblM nepe-
KpecmOM (Xlla3MoM), JIaTepaJIbHO - nepe,lI,Hett QaCThIO cy6TaJIaMYCa, BHyrpeHHe:tt
KancYJIOH M 3pMTenbHbIMll TpaKTaMJ1, OTXO,lUIIIU1MM OT xna3!vfbI. C3aLI:H rnnOTaJIa-
MYC npo,n:OJDKaeTC5I B nOKpbIllIK)' cpe,n:Hero M03ra (pHC. 81).
B rnrrOTarraM)'ce pa3JIWIaIOT 66JIbJ.IIyIO no pa3MepaM nepe,aHe6oKoB)'IO qaCTh 11
MeHbJ.IIyIO 3aJ(HIOIO qaCTb.
IIepe,n:He6oKoBa.H qaCTb o6pa3yeT ,n:HO III )Ke.rry,n:ot!Ka M03ra II BKJIIOqaeT cepblu
6Y20P, eopOllKY c 2unorjJu30M, 3pUmeJlbllble mpaKmbl, nepeKpecm 3pUmeJlbllblX Hepeoe

126 rnaBa 4
V13BLt1nVlHbf no6HOVi Aon1
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ill
p(,1c. 81 . BeHTpaJIbHas:r rroBepxHocTb rrpole:)l(yrO"qHOrO 103ra.
(Xlla31ry), n02paHU1.fHYJO (Tep1vllIHa3IbHyro) },1032oeyJO nflacmUHKY. CIO,n:a )Ke OTHO-
ClITC5I C06CTBeHHO llo)16yropHa5I 06JIaCTb - CKOIIJI'HMe Mep ceporo Bem:eCTBa
rJIll OTaJIa:rvryca.
Cepblil 6}'20P - 3TO TOHKa5I, BbIITYKJla5I CHM3Y qaCTh HJDKHeM CTeHKI1 III )KeJIY-
,lXOqKa, pacrrOJIO)KeHHa5I Ie)K)1Y rrepeKpeCT01vl 3plITeJIbHbIX HepBOB crrepen:ll 11
cocu:eBI1lIHbIIJI TeJIalli C3aIUI. B CTeHKe ceporo 6yrpa pacrrOJIO)KeHbI BereTaTI1B-
Hble Mpa, KOTopble rrpJ11llICJTJIIOT K 3IOUyIOreHHbI1vf 30HaM 103ra. I1cToWIeHHoe
rrpOOJDKeHrrle rrepeHeM CTeI ceporo 6yrpa KBepxy II Ra3a,n: rrpCTaBn5IeT
C060ll rrorpaffiI1:IHYIO IlJIaCTMHK)', 06pa3YIDI.IIY1O rrepe.n:HIOIO CTeHK)' III )KeJIyoq-
Ka. BeHTpaJIbHO II qyTb KIIepe,lJ;II cepbIM 6yrop o6pa3yeT eOpOHK}J, KOTOpa5I CJI)l)KI1T
I\IeCT01I rrpHcoe,n:HHeHM5I 2unorjJu3a.
IIoa6Y2opHa51 o6JlaCnZb pacnOJIO)KeHa no,n TaJIaMycawr qyTb BbIIIIe ceporo 6yrpa
11 qacTwrno BH)'TpM l\1e)I([{Y ero CTeHKa1ll1. CBepxy OHa OT,n;e.1eHa OT Ta.n:a11YCOB
2unonZG..:1a},JULfeCKOU 60p03aOU (pRC. 82). TIO,lJ,6yropHaH 06JIaCTb COL(ep)KlIT )];0
40 >I:n:ep, <PYIIKUlIOH3..iThHa5I pOJIb KOTOpbIX oqem Ba)l(Ha.
B nepealle-6oKoeou ttaCnlU 2unoma/la.i1-tyca pa3JIIIQalOT nepe)J;H1OIO 11 cpe,n:HlOlO
rpyrrrrbI rnrrOTa.n:aIWIecK1IX Mep (cJ\f. pIlC. 79).
K rrepe,n:HeM rpyrrrre OTHOC5.ITC5I napaeelllnpUKYJ1flpHOe 5lapO, npeonlnULfeCKoe
RapO, c}'npaOnmULfeCKue 11 cynpaXUG3.Atan1ULfeCKue 5lapa. TIapaBeHTp11KYIDIpHoe 5111:-
po pacrrOJIaraeTC5I rro,n: 3I1eHlU11.fOM B,nOJlb CTeHIGI III )KeJIy,n:otIKa, npeonTWleCKoe
MPO - crrepe,n:H 6mDKe K JIaTepaJIbHOI1: CTeHKe rllnOTaJIaI\1)'ca Ha)1 CepbII\1 6yrpo[,
rpyrrna cyrrpaonTlfleCKI1X M cyrrpaXlla3MaTlrqeCKllX 5I)J;ep - tI)lb HIDKe Ha,n: X11a3-
MOl1 II 3pllTeJIbHbI!\.I TpaKTOJ\.1 CBOe}r CTOpOHbI.
B HeMpoHax napaBeHTp11KyJI5IpHOrO 11 cyrrpaollTIlqeCKllX .sr,nep o6pa3yeTC5I
HeilpoceKpeT, KOTOpbIM no 11X aKCOHa?\1 rrepewIern:aeTC5I B 3an:I-I11M OT,n:eJI r11no-
<pM3a, 11JI11 HenporMnocPI13, rLIe BbICB06o)l(l:{aeTC5I B BM,lJe HeMporopMoHoB Ba-
30rrpeCCMHa II OKCIITOUIIHa, rrocTyrralOIlJJIX B KpOBb. Ba30npeCCIIH, J1JIJI aHTI1-
,nJIypeTI1QeCKlIJ':r ropMOH (.1J;lfype3 - BbI,ne.rreHlIe MOQ11), CT11'lYJIlIpyeT 06paTHoe
BcaCbIBaH11e (pe30p6UI11O) BO,L(bI B rrOqeqHbIX KaHaJIbuax. TIoBpe)l()]:eHJIe nepe-
,nHRX Mep r11IIOTaJIaJ\.fyca rrp11Bo,nlIT K rrpeKpameHHIO BbIeJIeHIIH Ba30npeCCM-
Ha, BCJIe,nCTB11e Qero pa3BI1BaeTC.H HecaxapHbIM ,n:11a6eT. OKC11TOIr11H OKa3bIBaeT

f01l0BH0t1 M03r 127
np03paYHafi
neperopOAKa
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CTH1YJIHpYIOnree ,n:eMCTBI1e Ha rJIallK)'IO 1YCKYJIaTYPY BHYTpeHHHX opraHOB, Ha-
npI111ep MaTKH. B I(eJI011 OT 3Tl1X rop?vl0HOB 3aB11CHT BO,1IHO-COJIeBoit 6arraHC
opraHll311a.
B rrpeOrrTJPleCKOM 5IlIpe o6pa3yeTC5I O,n:llH 113 pI1JI:q3I1Hr- ropMOHOB - JIIOJIll6e-
pIfH, cTHMynI1pYIOIIIIIM Bblpa60TKY B a,n:eHorIfIIocpI13e JIIOTeI1HH3IIpyromero
ropMOHa, KOHTpOJI:upyrolliero aKTI1BHOCTb rrOJIOBbIX )KeJIe3.
CyrrpaXlla3I\faTI1'leCKI1e 5I)J,pa rrpIIHIIMalOT aKTI1BHOe yq:acrne B perylliII(I1I1
UIIKJIlfleCKI1X H3MeHemrtt aKTI1BHOCTI1 OpraHI13I\1a - JJ;I1pKa,lIMaI-IHbIX, J1JII1 CYTOq-
HbIX, 6I10pIIT10B (HanpHI\fep, B qepe,n:OBaIDIH CHa I1 60,n:pCTBOBaHIDI).
I13BecTHO, qTO CTH?vlYJUIUl15I rrepe,n:Hero OT,n:eJIa rIIIIOTarraMyca rrpHBO,L(I1T K
peaKIJ:II.HM rrapaCHI\1rraTHQeCKOrO THrra: C)')KeHI1IO 3paQKa, CHJ1JKeHI1IO qaCTOTbI
COKpanreHHM cep,n:I(a, paCIIlIlpeHI1IO rrpOCBeTa COcy,n:OB II rra,n:eHllIO apTeplianb-
Horo ,n:aBneHII5I, YCIIJIeHl1IO rrepHCTa..irrbTHKll KlIIlleQHI1Ka. Pa3pynreHHe 3Toro
OT,n:ena corrpOBO)J(I(aeTC.H TaIOKe Heo6paTMlbI!\1 rrOBblIIIeHHe11 TeMrrepaTypbI
TeJIa.
K cpe,n:HeM rpyrrrre rI1IIOTaJIaMMQeCKI1X 5I)J,ep OTHOC5IT aOpCOMeaua/lbHoe H eeHl1l-
pOMeallaJlbHOe 5lapa, JlapO cep020 6Y2pa J1 5lapO BOpOHKU. Cpe,UHillI rpyrrna 5I,[(ep KOH-
TPOJllipyeT BO,lIHbIH, )KllpOBOM H yrneBO,IIHbn1 06MeH, Bnl15IeT Ha ypOBem caxapa B
KpOBI1, I10HHbn1: 6aJIaHC opraIlli3Ma, npOHIII(aeMOCTb cocy,n:OB 11 KJleTOQHbIX MeM-
6paH. B Mpax cpe,n:Hei1: rpyrrrrbI nOKaJIH3yWTC5I I(eHTpbI rono,n:a II HaCbnn;eHIDI.

128 rllasa 4
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Mpa ceporo 6yrpa - K CHIDKeIDllO anneTMTa II pe3KOM)' HCXY.IJ:aHJ1IO (KaxeKCMM).
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oJIH6epHH 11 )];p.). Qepe3 rHnOTaJIaMO-r11rro<p1l3apHYIO CMCTeM)' OHM OKa3bIBaIOT
BJIIDIHlle Ha pOCTOBble rrpoueCCbI, CKOpOCTh <p113J1qeCKOrO pa3B11TlliI H IIonOBoro
C03peBaHIDI, <pOpMHpOBaHl1e BTOpJflIHbIX rrOJIOBbIX npH3HaKOB, <PYHKlurn: rrOJIO-
BOM CMCTeMbI, a TaIOKe Ha 06MeH BemeCTB. B u:eJIOM MO)l(HO CKa3aTh, lITO Mpa
Cpe,lI,HeH rpyrIIThI MMeIOT OTHOIlleIllie K peryJIillJJIH IIllIlI;eBoro H rrOJIOBOrO rrOBe,lI,e-
HIDI, a TaIOKe K KOHTpOmo <PYHKIJ}IM 3IUJ:OKpMHHbIX )KeJIe3. ECTb ,lI,aHHble 0 TOM,
qTO B 3Tott 30He rnrrOTarraM)'ca HaxoMTCH crreU:M<pJ1qeCKMe u:eHTpbI (ueHTpbI y)];O-
BOJIbCTBIliI), MrpaIOIIU1e Ba)KH)'1O ponb B rrpoueccax <popMl1pOBaHIDI MOTI1BaUM:H: M
rrClIX03MOIJ}IOHaJIbHbIX cpOpM rrOBe)];eHIDI.
3aaHflR Lfacmb 2UnOmailaMyca pacnOJIO)KeHa Me)J(,[(y cepbIM 6yrpOM 11 3a)];HMM
rrpO)];blp.HBJIeIllIbIM Bern:eCTBOM M COCTOHT H3 rrpaBoro 11 JIeBOrO cOCl{eeUallblX meA.
BHYfPM KroI\I(Oro H3 HI1X no)]; TOHICI1M CJIOeM 6eJIoro Bern:eCTBa HaxO,lUITC5I )J;Ba ce-
pbIX Mpa, OTHOC5II1U1XC.H K nO)];KOpKOBbIM 060IDITeJIbHbIM u:eHTpaM.
K 3a,[(Heti: rpyrrne OTHOC11TC5I TaIOKe 3a,n:Hee rlillOTarra1-rnQeCKOe 5I,lI,po. BfecTe
C MpaM11 rrepe,n:HeH rpyrrrrbI 3a,[(Hee rllrrOTaJIaMWleCKoe MPO yqacTByeT B Tep-
Mopery.JI5IDHH, a TaIOKe co,[(ep)l(J1T ueHTpbI, KOOP)];l1HMpyrom:He aKTl1BHOCTb CMM-
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npMBO)];MT K peaKIJ}UIM CHMrraTHqeCKOrO THIIa: pacIlIHpeHMIO 3paq}(a, nOBbllIIe-
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,[(bIXaHM5I H YMeHbIlleHMIO TOHJ1qeCKI1X cOKparn:eHllll KMIlleQIDIKa. Pa3pyrneHMe
3a,lI,HerO OT,lI,eJIa rMrrOTaJIaMyca BbI3bIBaeT BIDIOCTb, COHJIHBOCTb M CHIDKeHMe
TeMnepaTYpbI Tena.
fMIIOTaJIa:rvryc MMeeT IlIllpOKYID CJiICTeM)' CB5I3eti: co MHorMMH 06pa30BaHM5I-
MH ronOBHoro M03ra, qTO 06'b5.ICIDIeT ero yqacTHe BO MHorHX rrOBe,lI,eHqeCKllX pe-
aKIJlUIX. CHcTeMa a<p<pepeHTHblx II 3<p<pepeHTHbIX BOJIOKOH ceoaa CB5I3bIBaeT
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Cpe)];HerO M03ra.
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JIM. 3a,[(HIDI OlliI, MJIll lleupo2unorjJU3, COCTOMT M3 HeHpOrJIHaJIbHbIX KJIeTOK M 5IB-
lliIeTC5.I npO)];OJDKeID!eM BOpOHKlI rHrrOTaJIaM)'ca. Crrepe,IU1 HaXO)];HTC.H 60JIee Kpyrr-
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HOM)' B3aHMo,[(ettcTBI1IO rI1IIOTaJIaM)'ca C nmo<pM30M B rrpOMe)l()'TO"tffi01vI M03re
<;PyJIKll}IOHMpyeT e,n:HHa5I 2UnOmailaMO-2unorjJu3apllaR cucmeMa, yrrpaBlliIIOrn:aH
pa6oToti: Bcex 3IUJ:OKpMHHbIX )KeJIe3, a C I1X rrOMorn:bIO - BereTaTI1BHbIMM <PYHKlU1-
.HMl1 OpraID!3Ma (p11C. 83). B3a11Mo,n:eHcTBlle C r11rroWM30M ocym:eCTBlliIeTC5I
rrocpe,[(CTBOM Bb:I)J:elliIeMbIX 5.L1J:paMM rHrrOTaJIaM)'ca HeMporopMoHoB - PMJll13lllIT-
ropMOHOB. ITo C11CTeMe BOpOTHbIX KpOBeHOCHbIX COCY,[(OB OID! norra,n:aIOT B rrepe-
)];HIOIO )];omo rmrocP113a (a,IJ:eHOrHrrocPM3), r,n:e crroC06CTBYIOT BblcBo6o)K):(eHJ1IO
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r01l0BHot1 M03r 129
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130 rnasa 4
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4:.6. KOHe"lHbl1A M03r
KOlle l l1lblU .lW032 (telencephalon), F..JIll 60J1bUlOU hl032, IIpe)J;CTaBJilleT co60tt ca1YID
pa3BIIT)'lO II B qnuloreHeTIP:IeCKOf OTHOIIIeHM:If HOBYlO qaCT:b rOJIOBHOrO ?\-f03ra,
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BemeCTBa, 06pa30BaI-IJIOrO Het'rpoHarvrn: 60nee lliITII,lJ,eC.HTH pa3HOB:I1JJ:HOcTei1. IIo,n:
Kopoii 103ra B 60JThlillIX IIo.rrynrapIDlX HaX0JJ:IITC5I 6eJIoe BeI.I:(eCTBO, COCT05Irn:ee 113
l\11ienllIDI3I1pOBaHHLLX BOJIOKOH, 66JIbIIIa.H qaCTb KOTOpbIX COeLII1IDIeT KOpy 60JIb-
lliJiLX IrOJIYllIap11I1: c ,npyTI1:MH OT)J;eJlan1: If n:eHTpaft111 rOJIOBHOrO I03ra. B Tonm:e
6enoro BemeCTBa IIOJIYIIIapIIH HaXO,IDITCH CKOIlJIeIlli5I ceporo BerueCTBa - 6a3GJlb-
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136 rnasa 4
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1ll1CJlO HIICXOMIIU1X BOJIOKOH, CJIenyIOIIIMX B COCTaBe rryrei1:, yrrpaBJIillOIlU1X co-
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rrOMOIIIbIO KOpKOBO-KOpKOBhIX CB5I3eM TeCHO B3aM10,rrellcTByeT C KOpOM JI06HOM
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60po3nbI M M3BI1JIlfHbI 3aTbIJIOtffiOM 06J1aCTI1 qaCTO HerrOCT05IHHbI I1 BaphMp)'lOT
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3aTbIJIOtffiOM,n:oJle COOTBeTCTByeT 3a.rI:HMM por 60KOBoro )l(eIly,n;OlIKa.
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rrpI1Bo,n:11T K CJIerrOTe. I1p11 HapyrneHIDIX B coce,DJll1X co lIlIIOpHOI1 60p03II:OM )iqa-
CTKax KOpbI B 06J1aCTM 3aTbIJIOQHOrO IIomoca Ha Me,L(l1aJIbHOll M JIaTepaJIbHOM rro-
BepXHOCT5IX ,n:OJIM 10)l(eT HaCT)'III1Tb rrOTep5I 3pMTeJIhHoll rraM5ITI1, CIIoc06HOCTll
OpI1eHTMpOBaTbC5I B He3HaKOIOM 06cTaHoBKe, HapyrnaIOTC5I <PYHKUI111, CB5I3aH-
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eepXHflfl, cpeallflfl M llU;)fCHflfl eUCOLlHble U36UJlUHbl (CM. pMC. 85).
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JlOQHOH ,lJ;OJIeM (CM. pMC. 87). PMo1 C 5I3hPIHOM M3BMJIMHOM, OTHOC5IIIIeMC5I K
3aTbillOtffiOll 06J1aCTI1, pacrrOJlaraeTC5I JlamepaJlbllafl 3amblfl0l1HO-8UC0l1HGfl U36UJlU-
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rrOJlIOca K BMCOQHOMY 3amblfl0l1HO-eUC0l1HOU 6opo3aotL.
BMCOtffiOH LJ:OJIe COOTBeTcTByeT HIDICHJ1H por 60KOBoro )l(eJIy.n:otfKa.
(/)yHKU,UOHll./lbHaJl xapaKmepucmUKa KOpK08bIX 30H. B 06JIacTI1 cpe,n:HeH qacrn:
BepXHell BMCOlffiOM J!3BMJIllHbI Ha BepXHeM ee rrOBepXHOCTI1, CKpbITOll B rJly6MHe

r onoBHot1 M03r 137
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p11C. 88). Ero rrOBpe)K)IeHMe rrpllBO)J;MT K r.rryxOTe. B 3a,11Hei1 Tpern BepXHei1: BMCOq-
HOll 113BMJIl1HbI JIe)KJ1T C.rryxOBOll UeHTp peqJ1 (u:eHTp Bepffi1Ke). TpaBMbI B 3TOH
06JIaCTII rrp:HBOMT K Hecrroc06HoCTM rrOIDIfaTb YCTH)'IO pe%: OHa BocrrpMIDIMa-
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. BOMT K HapyrneHIDIM paBHOBeCIDI rrpM CT05IHMM M CHlDKeHMIO qyBCTBMTeJIbHOCTM
BeCTM6YJI5IpHOrO arrrrapaTa.
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)l(aeTC5I Brrepe,lI 11 BHM3 B o6JIacTII BMCOqHOll ,n:OJlli B 60p03iJy 2UnnOKaMna (C1.
pMC. 86). B rronOCTh IDDKHero pora 60KOBoro )l(eny,n:otIKa B TOM MeCTe, r)J;e Ha Me,[(M-
aJIbHoi1: nOBepXHOCT11 HaXO,lU1TC5I 60p03,[(a rMrrrrOKaMTIa, BrrwrnBaeTC5I rrpO,lXOnb-
HbIll BlliTI1K - 2UnnOKahln, MJll1 U3BUJlUHa 2UnnOKaMna.
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TbIO. IIo5IcHa5I 60p03,n:a OTrpaHMqMBaeT nMM6MQeCJ<yIO ,n:OJI1O OT n06Hoi1: 11 TeleH-
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rrOKaMrraJIbH)'1O M3BlUIMHY, 3aKaWII1BaIOIU)'IOC5I KpJOttKOM. OT BMCOtffiOM ,[(om1
rraparnrrrrOKaMnaJIbH)'1O 11:3BMJI11HY M KP1OQOK OT.n:elliIIOT KOJIJIaTepaJIbHa5I 60p03,[(a
11 pUHaJlbHa5l (flOCOBafl) 60p03aa.
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nOKaMITaJIhHOll 113BMJIMHe M KpIOQKe pacrrOJIaraeTC5I KopKOBoe rrpe.n:CTaBMTenbCT-
BO BK)'COBoro M 060IDITeJIbHOrO aHaJIM3aTopOB. BMeCTe C TeM, rMnrrOKaMrr IirpaeT
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138 rnasa 4
4.6.2. CTpoeHMe Kopbl6onbworo M03ra
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Mi-1HAaJleSi-1AHOe TellO
PPr1C. 94. XBOCTIiTOe 11 QeQeB11u;eo6pa3Hoe 5IlIpa.
IIoflocamoe meJlO (Corpus striatllm) COCTOMT M3 ,II;BYX 06pa30BaHMM: XBOClnanZ020
.Rapa MlfeLfeeUl{e06pa311020 Rapa. Cepoe Bem:eCTBO XBOCTaToro 11 qeqeBI1ue06pa3HO-
ro Mep qepe.uyeTC.H C npOCJIOHKaMll 6enoro Bem:eCTBa, q'f0 H 06YCJIOBlUIO 06m:ee
Ha3BaHMe 3TOH rpYIIIIbI nO,I:(KopKOBbIX 5I,II;ep - nOJIOCaTOe TeJIO.
Xeocmamoe .RapO npe,I:(CTaBillIeT C060H oKpyrJIOe II30rnyroe 11 BbIT.HHyroe B
nepe,n:He-3aJJ:HeM HanpaBJIemrn: TeJIO, pacnOJIO)l(eIlliOe BbllIIe M feLI:I1arrbHee qeqe-
BHu:eo6pa3Horo 5ILLPa (pI1c. 94). IIepe)JJffi5I paCnrnpeHHa5I qaCTb XBOCTaToro Mpa
(20JlOeKa) o6pa3yeT JIaTepaJThH)'IO CTeHKY nepe,I:(HerO pora 60KOBoro )l(eJIy):(oq}(a
M03ra. fonOBKa cnepe,lUI rrpI1JIeraeT K nepe,nHeM)' npo,n:blp5IBJIeHHOfy BeweCTBY 11
Coe,lij1IDIeTC.H co cKopnyrroM. 3a,II;HillI I130rnyra5I H 3aOCTpeHHa5I qaCTb (mocln)
<popMMpyeT qaCTh ,Z:(Ha cpe):(HeJ1: qaCTII 60KOBoro )l(eny,noqJ<a H npo,nOJDKaeTC5I ,I:(O
HIDKHero pora 60KOBoro )l(eny,I:(oq}(a, 3aKawrn:Ba5ICb B Henocpe,ncTBeHHoit 6JII130-
CTll OT tvllIH,L1;arreBM,II,HorO TeJIa. Me,nI1aJThHa5I nOBepXHOCTb XBOCTa rrpI1JIeraeT K
BepXHeJIaTepaJIbHOH rrOBepXHOCTII TaJIa!\fYca.
fJetteeul{e06pG3110e RapO pacnOJIaraeTC5I JIaTepaJThHO II Bnepe,lUI OT Tarra1-fYca II
OT,I:(elliIeTC5I OT Hero 6enbIM Bern:eCTBOtf - eHympelllleu KanCYJlOU, B KOTOpOR
rrpoxo,II;5IT :rryrn:, cOe,1]J1HillOIIU1e KOpy 60JIblllliX n onyrnapJ1M C IDDKeJIe)KaIIl.ll?vII1 OT-
,I:(eJIaMII M03ra. 1JeqeBHIJ:eo6pa3Hoe MPO COCTOI1T 113 60nee TeMHOll JIaTepaJIbHOM
qaCTII- CKOpJlynblll6oJIee CBeTJIOM Me,lUIaJIbHOll qaCTII - 6Jleall020 mapa. 06e qa-
cm pa3):(eJIeHbI Me)K,[(y C060R rrOJIOCKaMll 6eJIoro Bem:eCTBa. CKopnyrra coe,IUIIDI-
eTC5I C XBOCTaThIM MpOM T0HKJ11ill TIDKaMll ceporo Bem:eCTBa, paCnOJlaraIOfI1-
C5I Me)K,[(y nyqKa111i BOJIOKOH BHYTPeHHei1: KarrCYJThI.
XBOCTaToe MPO H cKopnyrra H1-feIOT <plIJIOreHe1WIeCKH 60JIee n03)]JIee npOHC-
XO)I():Lelllie no cpaBHemno C 6JIe,lU-IbIM llIapOM. 06a 3TIIX 06pa30BaHM5I 06JIan;aIOT
CXO)]JIOR HeRpOHHOR CTpyKTypOll, 11 I1X 06'be,I:(I1IDIIOT no,n Ha3BaIDIeM cmpuamYM,
J1JIM lleocmpuamYM. CTpI1aTYM 11 6JIe,lU-IbIttrnap (nGJlJlUaYJvt) CB.H3aHbI C KOpOR 60JIb-
mora M03ra, TarraM)'COM, MpaMI1 CTBOJIa I\103ra, M03)l(eqJ(OM. Enaro,I:(ap5I 3TOM)'
CTpl1aTyM 11 naJIJIll.Ir)'M, a TaIOKe <popMMpyeMble IIMll CB5I3I1 COCTaBlliIIOT cn1pllO-
naJ1JlUaapllYlO cucmeA1Y. 3Ta CI1CTe?vla yrrpaBillIeT CJIO)KHOKOOp,I:(IIlllipOBaHHbI!Ylli
aBTOMaTII3I1pOBaHHbIMl1,nBll)l(eHII5I1I1 OpraHM3Ma, KOHTpOJlliIpyeT H rrOMep)l(J1Ba-
eT TOHyC CKeJIeTHbIX MbllIIU, a TaIOKe 5IBillIeTC.H BbICllIHM u:eHTp01-f pery.JI5IlJ:HII Ta-

CTBOJl M030lU1CTOrO TeJla
ronoBHot1 Mosr 147
nepeAHf!f!
HO)!(Ka
C:
c: t:; KoneHO
:1:>-
::I:()
(liC
c.(1j
>.
I
en
3aAHf!f!
HO)!(Ka
COCYACToe
CnneTeH1e
I
3pTenbHa.H _J
JlYl.fCTOCTb
BanLt1K
M030nCTOrO
r911a
nepeAHt1 por
60KOBoro )!(ellYAOl.fKa
r OllOBKa XBOCTaToro Apa
Orpa,o,a
CKOpJ1yna ]
4el.feBvUJ,eo6pa3Hoe
APO
6JleAHblt1 wap
HapY)!(Ha Kancyna
III )f(enYAOl.feK
3n(,1<fJV13
nTl.fb wnopa
WflapHaH 60p03Aa
3a.o,HV.i'1 por
60KOBOiO )!(eJlYAOYl(a
Pc.. 95. CTPOeHHe 6enoro BemeCTBa B TIOnyrnapIUIX 60JIbillOrO M03ra (no TOJIb,rIJ"ri).
KI1X BereTaT11BIThIX <l:>ym<IJ:11M, KaK TeITJIOrrpO.rryKlUill II yrJIeBO,[(Hbrll 061-feH B fYC-
KYJIaTYpe TeJIa. IIpJI nOBpe)YeHVVIX CKOp.rryrrbI 11 6JIe,lI;Horo mapa fOryr Ha6JIIO-
,naTbC5I Me,1J.,lleHHble CTepeonillHbIe ,LU3JDKeHI15I (aTeT03).
Co C11JI1a10111 IIaJIJIMYM01f <1>ym<IJ:I10HaJIbHO 11 aHaTOIJ11IeClrn TeCHO CB5I-
3aHO qepHOe BeI.IJ;eCTBO cpe,n:Hero M03ra. IIpli ,[(ereHepau:rnI rryrei{ OT lIepHOl1 cy6-
CTaHl{TAll K CTp11aT)T11Y pa3BllBaeTC5I napIGIHC0HJ1311, ,1])ffi KOToporo xapaKTepeH
Clillbmrn TpeMOp (.lIpO)l(aHlle) KOHelffiOCTen II rOJIOBbI 11 TPYLI:HOCT:t1 B ynpaBJleHIDI
,IIBIDKeHl1JI1vill BCJIe,[(CTBlle HapynreHH5I peryJI5Il]J1I11fbIIlIe1ffiOrO TOHYca co CTOpO-
RbI CTpMO- rraJIJIl1,[(apHOH CllCTeMbI.
Ozpaaa - 3TO BepTIIKa..:"'IbHa5I 11JIaCTI1HKa ceporo BemeCTBa, HIDKH.J'15I tlaCTb KO-
TOpOH IIpO,lI;OJDKaeTC5I B BemeCTBO nepe,lI;Hett rrpO,II:bIp5IBJIeHHOll nrraCTI1HKI1 Ha
OCHOBaHllll M03ra. Orpa,n:a pacnOJIO)l(eHa JIaTepaJIbllee QeQeBIlu:eo6pa3Horo 5Inpa II
OT;rreJIeHa OT Hero Hap..VJ/CllOU KanCY/IOU M03ra. OT KOphI 113BillII1H OCTpOBKa orpa,[(y
OT,n:eJrneT TOHKI1ll CJIOM 6eJIoro Bero:eCTBa BHeUlHeu KanCJ:lbl M03ra. Orpaa 5IBJUIeT-
C5I Harr60JIee HOBbIM B <pillIoreHeTI1qeCKO1 OTHOllIeHMll 06pa30BaHJ1eM cpe,LI;II
10*

148 rnaBa 4
6a3anbHbIX 51,n:ep If If MeeT 1vIHOrOIIIfCneHHble CB.SI3If C KOpOR 60nbllIIfX nony-
lIlaplitt.
MUHaaJleeUaHOe me/IO Haxo,n:IfTC5I B 06naCTIf rrOJIIOCa BIICOqHOM OJIIfIf rpaHIf-
qIfT c rIfrrnOKaMnOM. B ero COCTaB BXOMT TpIf rpynrrbI Mep: 6a30naTepanI-,HaJI,
CB.H3aHHaJI C KOpOH 60nblIloro M03ra; KOpTMKOMe,L(MaJIbHa5I, CB5I3aHHa5I co
cTpYKTypa11M 060lillTeJIbHOll CIfCTelbI, If n:eHTparrbHa.SI, CB5I3aHHa5I C rl1rrOTaJIa-
MYCOM II MpaMIf CTBOJIa M03ra, KOHTponllpYJOIII:M1IM BereTaTI1BHble <PYHKIJ:IIM
OpraH113Ma. MMHJJ:aJIeBIUJ:Hoe TeJIO .SIBlliIeTC5I Ba)I(HOH qaCTblO /lUJl.16uLfeCKOU CUC-
meMbl M03ra. Ero pa3pyrneHMe npMBOL(IIT K arpeCC:HBHOMY nOBe,n:eHMlO lUll! arra-
TMqHOMY, B5IJIO!\-1Y COCTO.SIHMIO. EJIaro,L(ap.SI CBOM1I CB5I35IM C rMnOTaJIa1YCOM
MM:H:,1XaJIeBJ1.D:Hoe Teno BnM5IeT Ha 3HL(OKpMHH)TlO CMCTeMY, a TalOKe Ha penpo,U)'K-
TI1BHOe nOBe,n;eHMe.
Ea3aJIbHble Mpa OT.n:eJUIIOTC.SI .n:pyr OT ,Upyra rrpOCnOH:Ka1M 6enoro BemeCTBa:
BllynlpeHlleu, llapY:JICH01J M BHeUJlleu KanCYJla.i1,lU (pIfC. 95).
E'llympellll51R KanCYJla pacnOnO)KeHa ft1e)K,I{Y XBOCTaTbIM MpOl M TaJIa11YCO1 C
O,n:HOH CTOpOHbI, II qeqeBllu:eo6pa3HbIM MPOM - C ,L(pyro:tI. OHa COCTOIIT 1I3 rrpo-
eKllllOHHbIX BonOKOH BOCXO,lUIlUIIX H HIfCXO,lUIIII:llX rrYTei1, coe,UI1H5IIOIIlHX KOpy
ronOBHoro 1I03ra co CTBOJIOM M03ra II cnMHHbI11 M03rOM. BonOKHa, npoxo,IUI-
IUlle pOCTpaJIbHee, 06pa3yroT rrepe,UHIOIO HO)KKY BHYTpeHHell KarrcynbI, a
Kay,n:aJThHee - 3aJJ:HIOIO HO)l(K)', coenJ!HeHH)'IO C nepe.n:HeM HO)KKOH KoneHOM.
B rrepe,n:HeH HOACKe rrpOXO,[(5IT KOpKOBO-TaJIa1rnQeCKlIe BonOKHa, a TaIOKC BOJIOK-
Ha OT no6HOH )J:OIDI K co6CTBeHHbIM 5I.IlpaM 110CTa (II ,n:aJIee K M03)Ke'lKY). B 3a-
,n:HeH IIO)l(Ke BOJIOKHa l1)]:yr K Kope 60nbilioro 1I03ra OT opraHOB qyBCTB 11 TaJIaMY-
ca. 3,n:eCb )Ke 11)]:)'1' HIICXOMIUlle BonOKHa B COCTaBe KOpKOBo-cnMHHOM03rOBbIX
rryrelI, a TaIOKe OT Te:rvreHHoil, BI1COQHOM II 3aTbIJIOllHOll ,nonett K co6CTBeHHbIM
Mpa1f MOCTa. Qepe3 KoneHO BHyTpeHHei1 KancynbI cnen:yJOT BonOKHa KOpKO-
BO.SI)IepHOrO rryTM.
HapY;J/Cllafl KanCYJla OT,[(eillIeT orpa,rry OT QeQeBlfI.Xeo6pa3Horo Mpa, BHeUlllflfl
KanCYJla - OT KOpbI OC1'pOBKOBOl1 ,nOJIll. B 3TllX Karrcynax rrpOXO,lU1T 60nbllioe
qJ1CJIO BonOKOH, coeLI:MIDIIOII.U1X orpan:y C pa3IMll 30HaMll KOpbI 60nblIII1X
rr OJIylIIapllM.
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbl
4.1. Oco6eHHocTH pa3BIITIUI rOJIOBbI II rOJIOBHOrO M03ra
1. Ha30BMTe qaCTM rOJIOBHOrO 1103ra Ha CTa.lU1M Tpex :M03rOBblX IIY3blpeM.
2. Ha KaKoli He,neJIe BHyTpJIyTpo6HorO pa3BMTM5I fOJIOBHOM :M03r IIpOXO,lIHT CT3Jl:MIO II5iTll
l\-f03fOBbIX IIY3bIpeii?
3. KaKue OT,QeJIbI rOJIOBHOrO :M03ra <pOpfMPYJOTC.H M3 KIDK,L:{OrO M03fOBoro ny3blp5I?
4. B KaKl1X IIJIaCTMHKax HepBHoM TPy6Kll IIPOMCXO.llUT 3aKJIa,IIKa Mep «TUIIJ11.IHbIX» qepen-
HbIX HepBoB?
5. KaKOM OT,ne.rr fOJIOBHOfO 1103ra 3apO,[(bIIIla paCTeT HaM60JIee MHTeHCMBHO?
6. KaK npOMcxo,nMT <pOpMMpOBaHl1e II:MToapXMTeKTOHMqeCKUX CJIOeB KOpbI fOJIOBHOrO
1vf03ra?
7. qTO TaKoe peJIbe<p IIOJIYlIlapMH? KaK M Kor,na OR <popMMPyeTC5I?

r OJlOBHOii1 M03r 149
4.2. CTBOJI M03ra
1. KaKlIe OT,QeJIbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra OTHOC5ITC5I K CTBOJIY M03ra?
2. Ha30B11Te cPYHKII11If CTBOJIa 1I03ra.
3. KalGle qeperrHble HepBbI OTXO,lUIT OT CTBOJIa fo3ra?
4. "llef 06pa30BaHbI KpbIllIa, rrOKpbIIIlKa 11 OCHOBaHlie CTBOJIa 1103ra?
5. JI..upa KaKI1X qepenHbIX HepBOB pacnOJIaraIOTC5I B IIpo,nOJIrOBaTOf 1f03re?
6. "lle?\.f 06pa30BaHa 11e,QUaJIbHaJI rreTJI5I 11 KaKOBO ee <PYHKI]JfoHa.nbHoe 3HaqeH11e?
7. KaKI1e rrpOBOLI:5IIIIMe nYTI1 rrpOXO,lI5IT B nOKpbIIliKe rrpOD:OJIrOBaTOro M03ra?
8. KaKlle npOBO,.15II..U11e rryr11 npOXO,lI5IT 'B OCHOBaHU11 rrpO,L(OJIrOBaTOro M03ra?
9. KaKHe ueHTpbI o6I.ILeOpraH113MeHHOro 3Ha qeH115I HaXOlI5ITC5I B rrpO,lIOJIrOBaTO!vI
:Mo3re?
10. JI,n:pa KaKMX qeperrHbIX HepBOB pacnOJIaraIOTC5I B focTe?
11. Ha30BMTe <PYHKli.11IO BOJIOKOH, COCTaBIDIIOIlUIX T]JarrerU1eBllJ(Hoe Te.rro 11 I03rOBble rrOJIO-
CKH fOCTa.
12. KaKMe BOCXOLI.5II.ILHe l1YTH rrpOXO,L{5IT B rrOKpbIlliKe MocTa?
13. "IlTO TaKoe :raTeparrbHa5I neTJHI II KaK OHa <pOp1fHpyeTC5I?
14. f,ne JIOKaJIM3yeTC5I C.H}'XOBOM rrpOBO,!UIIIUfM rryTb?
15. f,Qe HaxO,lUITC5I co6CTBeHHble 5I.LI:pa :MocTa? Orrpe,UeJIliTe I1X <PYHKIU11O.
16. KaKne ueHTpbI HaXO,II5ITC5I B BepXH11X XOJII11KaX qeTBepOXOJIMl'rn?
17. KaKI1e lleHTpbI HaXO,lI5ITC5I B HIDKHHX XOJInfKax?
18. JI,n:pa KaKHX qepenHbIX HepBOB pacnOJIaraJOTC5I B rrOKpbIIIlKe cpe,QHero 103ra?
19. KaKHe BOCXO,U5II.ILMe rryT11 rrpoxo,n:5IT B rrOKpbIIliKe cpe,lIHero M03ra?
20. KaKMe H11CXOJJ:5II.IL11e rrYTH 6epyr HaqaJIO B KpbIllie c-pe,QHero M03ra?
21. f,Qe pacrrOJIO)KeHO KpaCHoe 5UIpO M KaKOll: rryTb OT Hero HaqMHaeTC5I?
22. KaKlfe rrpOBo,n;5IIUHe nyT11 rrpOXO,IJ;5IT B OCHOBaHU11 cpen:Hero Io3ra?
23. B KaKI1X OT,QeJIaX CTBOJIa 1\103ra pacnOJIO:>KeHa peTliKYlliIpHa5I <popMaruuI?
24. Orrpe,lIeJIIITe CPYHKIl11H peTHKYlliIpHOM cPopMaUHH 103ra.
25. KaKlfe HMCxo,n5IIIIHe rryT11 6epyr HaqaJlO OT peTUJCyJI5IpHbIX Mep? f,Ue OHH 3aKaHqI1Ba-
IOTC)! ?
4.3. qepellHLIe HepBbI H 06JIaCTII HX IIHHepBaII,lUI
1. Ha30BJITe 12 rrap qeperrHbIX HepBOB. Or KaKlfX OT.J:eJIOB f03ra OHH OTXO,LI:5IT?
2. KaKMe qeperrHble HepBbI 5IBJI5IJOTC5I qIfCTO ceHcopHbII11?
3. ITaQe:\IY I M II napbI He OTHOC5IT K T11rrMqHbIM qeperrHbIM HepBaf?
4. 1-I3.3oB11Te cOMaToIoTopHble qeperrHble HepBbI. KaKlIe Mpa OH11 11!eIOT? KaKOB COCTaB I1X
Bo.,'IOKOH? "llTO OH11 11HHepB11PYlOT?
5. Ha30B11Te 6paHX110reHHble qeperrHble HepBbI.
6. IIepeqMcJI11Te 5IJJ:pa TpOMHlfQHOrO HepBa. Ha KaKMe OCHOBHble BeTBll OH pa3,n:eJI5IeTC5I 11
qTO MHHepBHp)'IOT 3TH BeTB11?
7. IIepeq11cJI11Te 5UIpa JI11u:eBoro HepBa. Ha Ka:IGle OCHOBHble BeTBH OH pa3,QemreTC5I H qTO
OH11 11HHepB11p)'IOT?
8. IIepeqncJI11Te 5UIpa 5I3bIKOrJIOTOqHOrO HepBa. Ha KaKI1e OCHOBHble BeTBH OH pa3,L{emreTC5I
11 qTO OH11 11HHepB11p)'IOT?
9. IIepeq11cJI11Te 5UIpa 6JI)')K.lI:aIOI.ILerO HepBa. Ha KaKMe OCHOBHble BeTBH OH pa3,QemreTC5I 11
QTO 11HHepBMPYJOT 3T11 BeTB11?
4.4. M03JKe1JOK
1. Ha30BMTe <PYHKIJ;11M M03:>KeqKa.
2. KaKMe QaCT11 pa3JIHQaJOT B ?\.i03)KeqKe?
3. C KaKHM11 aHaTOMWIeCKI1M11 cTPYKTypaM11 M03ra CB5I3aHa KJIOqKOBO-Y3eJIKOBa5I ,Qomr
M03)l(eQKa?
4. C KaKMI11 aHaTOMMQeCKI1IM CTpYKTypaMH M03ra CB5I3aHa rrepe,QH5I5I ,QOJI5I M03)l(eQKa?
5. C KaKM1i11 aHaTOM11QeCK11MM CTPYKTYpaM11 M03ra CB5I3aHa 3a)J.IDI5I ,QOJI5I f03:>KeqKa?
6. Orr1111II1Te CTpoeHHe KOpbI ?\.f03)l(eQKa.

150 rnasa 4
7. KaKMe BOJIOKHa ClU1HHoro M03ra CB5I3bIBaIOT JIJIpa CTBOJIa C Kopoll M03)l(eqKa? B KaKI1X
HO)l(KaX M03)l(eqKa OHI1 rrpOXO,LI:5IT?
8. IIepeqI1cJII1Te JI,LI:pa 103)KeqKa. KY,LI:a HanpaB.JUIlOTC5I BOJIOKHa OT 5I.D:ep M03)l(eqKa? B KaKHX
HO)KKaX M03)KeQKa OHIf rrpOXO.D:5IT?
4.5. IIpOMe:/KYTOQHbIH M03f
1. KaIGie aHaTOII1QeCKH:e CTPYk'1YPbI 06pa3)'IOT rrpOfe)KYTOQHbIM :M03r?
2. "IlTo CJIHT rrOJIOCTbIO npOIe)l()70QHOrO M03ra?
3. Ha30BI1Te OCHOBHble rpyrrrrbI JI,LI:ep TaJIaMyca, ,n:aMTe I1X cPYHKllI10HaJIbHyJO xapaKTep:{-
CTlIKY .
4. B KaKJ1X Mpax TaJIaMyca rrpOHCXOLIHT rrepeKJIIOQeHI1e BOCXO;UIllU1X rry-rell rroBepxHocTHOll
11 rJIy60KoH QYBCTBI1TeJIbHOcTH?
5. B KaKRX 5I.D:pax TaJIa1fyca rrpOHcxorU1T rrepeKJIIOQeHI1e BOJIOKOH, I1,n:YIIJJ1X K Kope 60JIbIllHX
IIOJIyrnapI1ll B COCTaBe 3pI1TeJIbHbIX TpaKToB?
6. KaKMe Mpa TaJIa?\.fyca CB5I3aHbI C JII11-.16I1QeCKOM CI1CTe1fOll1103ra?
7. KaK)'IO pOJIb B OpraHl13le I1rpaeT 3rrI1Q:>113?
8. KaKIle lI.CHTpbI pacrrOJIO)KeHbI B le.D:I1aJIbHbIX KOJIeHQaTbIX TeJIax?
9. KaKHe lI.eHTpbI pacrrOJIO)KeHbI B JIaTepaJIbHbIX KOJIeHQaTbIX TeJIax?
10. Ha30BI1Te aHaT03t1I1QeCKl1e CTp}'KTypbI, BXOJI5II..U:IIe B COCTaB rnrrOTaJIaMyca.
11. Ha30BI1Te Mpa rnrrOTaJIaMyca, OTHOC5IllIUeC5I K Cpe.D:HeM rpynrre. KaKlle rrpOlI.eCCbI B p-
raHI13fe OHI1 KOHTpOJII1PYIOT?
12. C KaKM!\.1I1 CTPYKTYpaMI1 rOJIOBHOrO M03ra CB5I3aH rI1rrOTaJIaMYc?
13. "IlTo TaKoe rnrrocPl13 il KaKOBO ero <PYHKlI.I10HaJIbHOe 3HaqeHI1e?
14. "IlTo TaKoe rnrrOTaJIaMO-rMrrocPI13apHa5I clIcTela?
4.6. KOHeqJIbIH M03f
1. Ha30Bl1Te aHaTOfI1QeCKne CTpyKTypbI, BXO,LI:5Ill(I1e B COCTaB KOHeQHOrO M03ra.
2. Ha30Bl1Te .D:OJUI rroJIyrnapl1M rOJIOBHOrO 1103ra. KaKlIe 60p03,LI:bI IIX pa3,lIeJI5IIOT?
3. Ha30Bl1Te OCHOBHble I13BMJIlIHbI M pa3.D:elliIIOlUI1e lL"X 60p03.D:bI B Ka)l(,l];oM ,LI:OJIe 60JIbIill1X
rr o.rryrnap 11M.
4. YK8)KI1Te, r,n:e paCIIOJIO)l(eHbI KOpKOBble neHTpbI ,ilBUraTeJlbHOrO, KO)J(HO-:\1blrneQEOrO,
CJIyXOBoro, 3pUTeJIbHOrO, BK)'COBoro 11 060H5ITeJIbHOrO aH£LiI13aTopOB.
5. f,LI:e pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI ueHTpbI peQI1? CTepeorHo3a? TIpaKCI1I1?
6. f,LI:e pacrrOJIaraeTC5I rI1rrrrOKaMrr 11 KaKOBbI ero <:PYHKUI1I1?
7. "IlTo TaKoe lI.I1TOapXMTeKTOHI1Ka KOpbI f03ra? Ha KaKl1e UI1TOapXI1TeKTOHWIeCKMe CJIOI1
IIo,n:pa3,LI:elliIeTC5I Kopa 60JIbllIOrO 1f03ra?
8. B Qe1-f COCTOHT <PYHKUI10HaJIbHOe 3HaQeHI1e KOpKOBbIX HeMpoHHbIX aHcaM6.n:eli?
9. Ha30Bl1Te 6a3aJIbHble 5I,LI:pa KOHeQHOrO 1f03ra.
10. Orrpe.aeJII1Te <PYHKI.:(110HaJIbHYIO pOJIb 6a3a.rrbHbIX 5ILIep.
11. KaK Ha3bIBaIOTC5I rrpOCJIOMKlI 6eJIoro BeI..U:eCTBa, OT,LI:eJHlIOIlJ;I1C 6a3aJIbHble 5I,LI:pa ,LI:pyr OT
.D:pyra? KaKMe BOJIOKHa rrpOXO.D:5IT B 3TI1X rrpOCJIOHKax?

rnasa 5
npOBOASlW.E nYT
Ll.EHTPAJlbHOVI HEPBHOVI CCTEMbl
..':::
.... ..m;.;mwf.rm:tWBh'W:#.m.-f;m1F'-:tm.:z,:m?¥.':}m'Wjg;Wi
IIpo6oiJRue nymu I(HC rrOCTpoeHbI 113 <PYHKUJ10HaJIbHO O,n:HOpO)1HbIX rpyrrrr
HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH; OHJ1 rrpe,n:CTaBlliIIOT C06011 BHYTPeHHlle CB5I3111vfe)I()J;y MpaM11
M KOPKOBbL\lli u:eHTpaMll, pacrrOJIO)l(eHHbIM11 B pa3HbIX -qaCTHX I1 OTn:eJIaX M03ra, 11
.CJI)')KaT )])151 MX <pym<1.II10HaJIbHOrO 06'be,lUllieHlliI (I1HTerpaU:1111). TIpoBoMllUIe
II)'T11, KaK rrpaBMJIO, rrpOXO,IWT B 6eJI01\f BelI(eCTBe CIlliHHoro 11 rOJIOBHOrO ?vl03ra,
HO :rvfOryr JIOKaJI1130BaThC5I M B rrOKpbIllIKe CTBOJIa M03ra, re 1IeTKllX rpaIDIU Me)l(-
,[(y 6eJIbIM M cepbIM BemeCTBOM HeT.
OCHOBHbIM rrpOBO,lJJlIIUIM 3BeHOM B C11CTeMe rrepe,n;a1I11 I1HcPopMaI..lllli OT
O,l(IDIX u:eHTpOB ?vf03ra K ,n:pyrn:M 5IBlliIIOTC5I llepBllble BOJlOKHa - aKCOHbI HenpOHOB,
nepe.naIOIll;J1e 11H<I>OpMalJ;J1IO B cPopMe HepBHoro MMII)'JIbCa B cTporo orrpe,IJ;eJIeH-
HOM HarrpaBJIeHI1I1, a 11MeHHO OT TeJIa KJIeTKlI. Cpe,n:M rrpOBO,IUIlUI1X rryren B 3aBI1-
Cl1I\10CTJ1 OT I1X cTpoeHI15I M <p)'HKIJ:MOHaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHl15I BbI)J;emnoT pa3JIWIHble
rpyrrIIbI HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH: BOJlOKlla, nYttKU, mpaKmbl, Jlyttucmocmu, cnaUKU
(KOMUCCypbt).
5.1. BHyrpeHHl1e CBSl311 ronOBHoro 11
cnl1HHoro M03ra
Cpe.nI1 BHYTPeHHJ1X CB5I3en B liRC pa3JIWIaIOT TpM rpyrrIThI rrpoBo,l(5IIIU1X rryren:
accOl{uamUBHble, KO.A1UCCypaJlbHble 11 npoeKl{UOHHble (Ta6JI. 7).
5. 1 . 1 . Accou."aT"BHble nyr"
ACCOIll1aTI1BHble rryrM ,n:OCTaTOtffiO MHoro-rrnCJIeHHbI 11 IIllipOKO rrpe)1CTaBJIeHbI B
pa3JIl1QHbIX OT,n:eJIaX QRC, HO Ha1160JIee pa3B11TbI OHJ1 B Kope M03ra. 3m rryrM
o6pa30BaHbI accOl{uamUBHblMU HeUpOHaMU (MX eme Ha3bIBaIOT uHmepHeUpOllaMu) 11
l1X BOJlOKllaMU, coe,n:MIDIIOIIUIM11 pa3JllflIHble 06JIaCT11 KOpbI M03ra o,n:Horo M Toro
)I(e rro.rryrnapillI 60JIbllIOrO M03ra MJI11 M03)l(e1fKa. BOJIOKHa MOryr rrpM 3TOM
pacrrOJIaraTbC5I 11HTpaKopTlIKaJIbHO, T. e. rrpOXO,l(11Tb BHYTPM ceporo BelI(eCTBa,
o6pa3Y5I BHYTPI1KOpKOBble rOp1130HTaJIbHble rryqKI1, 11 3KCTpaKOpTMKaJIbHO, T. e.
HaXO,l(11TbC5I B COCTaBe 6eJIoro BelI(eCTBa M03ra. AccoIU1aTIIBHble :rryTI1 COe,lU1H5IIOT
TaIOKe pa3JIWIHble yqacTKll O,IJ;HOn M Ton )l(e rrOJIOBJ1HbI (rrpaBon I1JIM JIeBon)
CrrI1HHOrO M03ra.

152 rnasa 5
Ta6nMI..\a 7. 06w.afl xapaKTepVlCTVlKa npoBoMw.VlX nyreVi
fi:; W.M"$.::;% :tJ;:f*;m*1:t::;m1:;;;:r;;;;l¥*?&m-=tf.:tl::z;?t::f.t.:::%::f;;:l;%;rm1::*::t%3::::..t;r :.i-=;:;?$r$.:i:::;*:::r*?:;::>i.%t<:::if.ff: m:::;::;;i:::::]
ACCOl{UamU6Hbte nymu
Bua npo80aRU{UX nymeu
HKUOHaAbHOe3HaeHue
iIoKGJ1U3al{Ufl
,l:(yroo6pa3Hble BOJIOKHa
(.n.rrI1HHble 11 KOpOTKI1e)
IIyqKI1 (BepXHI1H 11 HIUKHI1H
rrpO,lIOJThHble, TIOHC 11 ,lJ,p.)
C06crneHHble nyqKH CIDIHHoro
I03ra
CBH3I1 Me)K,Uy ,n:OlliL\fU M03ra
EeJIoe BemeCTBO TIo..1)lIla-
pHll M03ra H M03)Keqa
EeJIoe BeI..qeCTBO TIOJIyura-
PUH M03ra
BHYTPeHP...lliI qaCTh KaHa-
TI1KOB CTIlIHHOro M03ra
CBH3II Me)K,[(Y yqaCTKaMH B Kope
M03ra H B f03)KeqJ(e
CBH3U Me)K)1y CeThleHTaMU CITMH-
Horo M03ra
VO-"''''.'N'o. .""..............
KO.ftflICCYPl1.IlbHble nymu
Bua np080aflU{UX nymeu
fP;wKl{UOHaJlbHOe 3HaeHue
JI OKGJ1 U3al1UR
SIW!:
1030JIHCTOe TeJIO
CBH3b Me)K,Uy JIeEbIM 11 npaBbIM TIOJIyrnapHH 60JIbIIIOrO
TIo.rryrnaplffiMH M03ra
CBH3b Me)lQ]:Y 060IDITeJIbHbIMH TIepeD:HMM OTD:eJI
30HaMH KOHeqHOrO !\f03ra, a KOHellHoro 103ra
TaK)Ke Me)K)1Y JIeBOH H rrpaBoH
BHCOqHbIMII ,lJ,OJUIMM
TIepe)Uffi5I KO'rn:ccypa
KOMuccypa nfrrnOKama
J\.1e)l(]]y HO)KJ(aMJ1 CBOD:a
CHH3U Me)K):l)' CMMleTpMq}{bIMH
yqaCTKaMH apX1fKopTeKca B
JIeBOI II TIpaBOM rroJIyIIIapI15IX
TIepeJIHIDI 6eJIa5I KOrn:ccypa TIepeKpecT BOJ10KOH Me)K,[(Y EeJl0e BeJ..UeCTBO CTIUH-
rrpaBoll H JIeBOH rrO.10BUHa1IIf HOro M03ra
CrrI1HHOrO M03ra l
i:tE im:$C?-»:::::" J&W ]::.k«t: ..::m:g ZZ;$:W:-m1:::-:»..:::$-.dx.:x«.:-:& I $${btJ.:.m..i)t;xr::
3KCTpaKOpTIIKaJThHble aCCOUllaTIffiHble BOJIOKHa B IIonyrnaplllI 1\f03ra 110ryr
6bITb KopomKulvlU M aJlUllllblMU (pMC. 96). KopoTKlle BOJIOKHa Ha3bIBaIOT ern:e aY20-
D5pa311bLMU eOJlOKllaMU. OHJ1 cOe,llI1ID1JOT Me)J(,[()' C060ll COCe,lJ}1l1e M3BI1.TII1hbI II
BKJIIOqaIOT B OCHOBHOM aKCOHbI HellpOHOB VI M VII IlMTOapXl1TeKTOHI1QeCKIIX
CJIOeB KOpbI. ,[LrrMHHble BOJIOKHa ID3lliIIOTC5I aKCOHaMM :rrn:paMM1I:HbIX HelipoHoB
IIpeMM)'II(eCTBeHHO III M V KOpKOBbIX CJIOeB M 06pa3yIOT nyttKU, COe,lUIllilIOI.l.llIe
Me)J(,[()' C060ll OT,l(arreHHble JIPyr OT ,l(pyra yqacTKll KOpbI MJIM ,l(OJll1 60JIbllIOrO
M03ra.
Cpe,1U1 aCCOUllaTMBHbIX IIyqKOB 60JIbIillfX IIonyrnapMll pa3JIlrQaIOT nORC, coeJJ:ll-
llilIOrn:Mi1 :rvre)I()J:Y C060ll pa3JIMlffible yqacTKll JIM:rvf6I1QeCKOll ,l(OJll1. K IDIM OTHOCMT-
C5I TaIOKe eepXllUU npOaOJlbllblU nyttOK, coe,l(I1IDIIOlI(Mll JIo6JIyIO ,l(omo C HIDKHell Te-
MeHHOll ,l(OJIbKOll, 3aTbIJIOtffiOll JJ:OJIell M 3a,l(Hell QaCThIO BMCOlffiOll ,l(OJII1. HUJlCHUU
npOaOJ1bHblU nY1.fOK coe,l(MlliIeT 3aTbIJIO-rrnyIO M BMCO-rrnyIO ,l(OJIM, a KplOttKOeUallblzl
nY1.fOK - HJ1JKHJOIO IIOBepXHOCTb JI06HOll ,l(OJIM M BlICOqJfbIll IIOJIIOC.
B Kope M03)l(e1fKa pacrrOJIO)l(eHHble PM OM JIMCTKll M ,I(OJIbKI1 KaK B QepBe, TaK
M B IIonyrnaplliIX, coe,[(I1HeHbI Me)I()J:Y C060ll aCCODMaTMBHbI1vfM JIyroo6pa3HbI:rvrn
BOJIOKHaMM. K aCCODMaTMBHbIM OTHOC5IT TaIOKe CB5I3M, 06pa3y:IOI.IU1eC5I Me)I()J:Y
MpaMM O,l(HOll IIOJIOBMHbI CTBOJIa M03ra, IIpOMe)K)'TOQHOrO M03ra M 6a3a.JThHbIMM

npOBOA5HlLt1e nyrLt1 u.eHTpaJlbHOt1 HepsHot1 CLt1CTeMbl 153
,0 BOf\
3\1b _ "",",\ \,\e
 O?
pJ\\.\\-\\-\b\e .' I' _. .
n051CHa51 60p03Aa
nOf1C
T allaMYC
M03011I11CToe Teno
WnopHa51 60p03Aa
HII1)KHII1
npOAOllbHbl nY40K
PIr1C. 96. l\.cCOIJ.l1aTIfBHble CB5I3M rvie)K!Iy n:OJUI.MM 11 M3BUJU1HaMM B JIeBOM nOJIyrnapl111 f03ra.
.H,n:paMI1 cooTBeTCTByIDmero IIOJlyrnapIDI. rrplllepOM TaKJ1X CB.H3eM MorYT
CJIyJKMTh cOCl{eeUaHO-maJlClMUttecKUU nyttOK, qaCTh eOflOKOH ceoaa, coe,illIIDIlOlI(I1X
rllIII10Ka1-1II C cocueBll,[(HbIM TeJI01-1 cBoeM CTOpOHbI, CB.H311 11e)K,[{y 6a3aJThHbIm:
5I)1palJ1 o,aHoro IIOJIyrnapll5I (XBOCTaToe 5LlIpo-6.n:eJJ:Hbltf map, cKopJIyI1a-6:re,L(-
HbIMrnap, orpan:a-1fI1HlI:aJIeBMJJ:Hoe Teno) 11 ,L(p.
B CIII1HH01.1 1-f03re accOII:11aTllBHbIe HeMpOHbI 06eCrreqIffiaIOT TaIOKe !\1e)l(Cer-
MeHTapHble CBH311 CII11HHOrO !\f03ra (co6cnleellHble nYLfKU cnUlll1020 Jvl032Q). BOJIOK-
Ha B co6CTBeHHbIX rryqKax 1vIOryr 6bITb KOpOTKIIMH 11 coe,[(lllliITh fe)K,[{y C060M
core)J.HMe CIIMHHOM03rOBbIe CerMeHTbI; IDIMHHbIe BOJIOKHa CB5I3bmaIOT oT,L(aJIeH-
HDI CrMeHThI.
5.1.2. KOMMccypanbHble nyri1
KO_1UCCypaJlbHble nymu, llJIM cnauKu, COCT05IT M3 HenpoHoB M llX BonOKOH, o6ec-
IIe'll1BaIOIllllX CB5I3M Me)l()];Y 3epKaJIbHO CI11fMeTpI1QHbI!\{M yqacTKa1fll IIpaBoM M
neBOM IIOnOBl1H rOJIOBHOrO M CIIllHHoro !\103ra. Hall60nee MOlI(HOM CIIaMKOM
KOHe1IHOrO M03ra, COCTO.Hll(eM 113 KOMllCCYPaJIbHbIX BOJIOKOH, COe,L(MIDIlOlI(IlX
IIpaBoe M neBoe IIonyrnapIDI, 5IBlliIeTC5I M030JlUCmOe meJlO (Corpus callosum)
(pl1c. 97).
MeHee KpyrrHble M03rOBbIe crraMKll - nepeallRR KOMuccypa 11 KOMuccypa ceo-
aa - coe,al1IDIIOT yqaCTKJ1 cTapoM II ,L(peBHeM KOpbI nonyrnapMM (IIaparnrrIIoKaM-
rraJIbHbIe 113BllJIllHbI, rMIIIIOKaMIIbI, 3y6QaTbIe M3BMJIllHbI H ,L(p.). B OTJIMQMe OT
60JIbrnOrO M03ra cym:eCTBOBaHlle KOMllCCYPaJIbHbIX rrYTeM Me)l()];Y IIpaBbI1f II
JIeBbIM IIOJIyrnapIDIMl1 03)l(eqKa B HaCTO.HIIJ;ee BpeM5I OCTaeTC.H HeJ(OKa3aHHbIM.

154 rJ1asa 5
M030nCToe Teno
APO onVlBbl
M03>KeLJOK
CTon6 CBOAa
r OnOBKa
XBOCTaTOrO flApa
COCLI,eBAHble Tena
B HyrpeH H)1f1
Kancyna
4eLJeBLI,eo6pa3HOe
f1APO
Orpa,n,a
Hapy>KHafi Kancyna
BHeWHflfI Kancyna
KOpKOBO-
CnY1HHOM03r080 nyrb
MOCT
npOAonrOB8TbiM M03r
nepeKpeCTnpaMA
Pc. 97. KOllIccypanbHble BOJIOKHa M rrpoeKliMoHHble BOJIOKHa (no TOJIb,rrry).
B OrJnaCTM crrllHHoro M03ra 11 B CTBone rOJIOBHOrO 1vf03ra l1CTI1HHble KOMMCCY-
1J1JIbHJ,Ie liYTH OTCyrcTByJOT. O,n:HaKO rro,n:06MeI M03rOBbIX crraeK 5IBlliIIOTC.H nepe-
, :pecmbl - QaCTl1 BOCXO,lUIII.IJ1X MnM HMCXo.ILHII(l1X rrpoBo,1UII.Ul1X rryre:H: ueH1paJIb-
1.::oti HepBHO:H: CI-ICTeMbI, B KOTOpbIX rrpOMCXO,IJ,1IT rrepexo,n: BOJIOKOH C O,LJ:HOH rrono-
BI1HbI f03ra Ha rrpOTl1BOrrOJIo)KH)'1O (KoHmpJlanZepa/lbHYJO) rrOJIOBl1H)'. Harrpl1Mep,
B nepealleu 6eJlou cnauKe crrMHHoro M03ra, or116aIOI.l{ell )UfO ero rrepe.n:HeH m:enM,
rrepeKpeI.l{MBaIOTC.H BocxoMlUMe BOJIOKHa rrpaBoro II JIeBOrO naTeparrbHbIX crrMHO-
TarraMWIecKHX TpaKToB, a TaIOKe HllcxoIDIlUlfe BOnOKI-Ia rrepe,n:Hero KOpKOBO-
Crrl1HH01vr03rOBoro rryrM.
5.1 .3. npoeKQMOHHbie nYT"
IIpOeKl{UOllllble nymu COCTO.HT 113 HeHpOHOB 1111X BonOKOH, 06eCrreqyrnaIOI.I.U1X CBJI-
3M 1vle)K)Iy C:rIllHHbIM M ronOBHbIM M03rOM. IIpoeKI..U1olffibIe rryru: COe,IJ.I1H.HIOT TaK-
)l(e Mpa CTBOJIa c 6a3aJThHbI1vrn 5IlIpaMI1 M KOpO:H: 60JIbllil1X rrOJIyIllapIDI, a TaJOKe
, Mpa CTBOJIa C KOpOll H MpaMll M03:>Keq}(a. IIpoeKII:110HHble rryTII MOryI' 6bITh eoc-
XOaRUI,UMU 11 HUCXOaRUI,UMU.
BOCXOORU{ue (ceHcopHble) ttyecmeUmeJlbHble 11JIM arjJrjJepellmllble) npoeKuOHHble
nymu rrpOBO,IJJIT HepBHbIe l1MrrYJIbCbI OT 3KCTepo-, rrporrpI10- M l1HTepopen:eIITO-
pOB (qysCTBl1TeJIbHbIX HepBHbIX OKOWIaH11M B KO)Ke, opraH.ax orropHO-J(BI1raTeJIb-

npOBOALt1e nyrll1 u.eHTpanbHoi:1 H8pBHO CLt1CT8Mbl 155
Ta611Lr1l.\a 7, A. 06as:J xapaKTepLt1CTLt1Ka npoBoAs:JUJ.Lt1X nyreL;1
BOCXOORllI;ue npoeKluoHHble nymu
L-W-7;:!?::i% <::?f1'''><'iill'%1ir-  ::;l..w::-;:::m:-.m:..J.;J,m..*,,,%m,"<.J'
Bua npoBOalUI{UX nymeu
(/)yHKlI,UOHaflbl-tOe 3Hal.feHUe
JI OKallU3a lI,Ufl
--
.--_..-........
. J 
K Kope J1032a
a :« ';')J::mK:-
Bce ceHcopHble nyrI1 o6I.IJ;ei1 M
CneU;I1aJIbHbIX BI1,ITOB QYBCTBI1-
TeJIbHOCTlI
IIpoBe.neHMe ceHcopHOH UHcpOp-
faU;I1l1 Bcex Mo.n;anbHocTei1 B
KOPY M03ra
Benoe BeI.IJ;eCTBO
· Cnl1HHOrO M03ra
· nOKpbIIIIKl1 CTBOJIa
:M03ra
· BHYTPeHHIDI KanCYJIa
· Ta.i'IaMO- KOPTMKaJIbHble
BonOKHa(nyqHCTOCTM)
J<: .M03J1Cel.fKY
n ponpnou;eIITHBHbIe ceHCOp-
Hble IIyrn 11 ceHcopHble nyrl1
.upyrnx MO;:J;a.i'IbHOCTeH
IIpOBeJIeHne ceHcopHOH l1HcpOp-
Mau;un B KOpy M03)KetIKa
· Ee.JIoe BeI.IJ;eCTBO
cnIIHHoro M03ra
· HIDKHMe HO)J(KlI
M03)KeQKa
· BepXHue HO)KJ(l1
I03)KeQKa
J<: KpblUle cpeaHe20 }.1032a (l.femBepOXO/LUUJO)
ClliIHHO-TeKTaJIbHbIH TpaKT
IIpOBe;:J;eHIIe ceHcopHoi1 MHcpOp-
MaU;Ml1 B 5Ul:pa QeTBepOXOJIMIDI
EeJIoe BeI.IJ;eCTBO
· CIIl1HHOrO M03ra
· IIOKpbIIlIKI1 CTBOJIa
M03ra
::::*::::-t::-=:"::::.".::?-: :::::;:::=:"::.-f:«::::.:::::::::::::  ::::::::?:=;;:::r.::=::::-:r:::::i-r:-::::?:.::?::::.;r:::::::::::::::::::1:-::::::":::::::::::::::::?::::;$-?::r::::m::::@:: :::::::::.::: 2%::::::::t.: :::":::::;%*:f{1?;:::;==:::: ::::?:.::::::::r wl
Horo arrrrapaTa, BH)'TpeHHMX opraHax), a TaIOKe OT opraHoB qyBCTB B BocxoMlUeM
HarrpaBJIeHl1l1 K rOJIOBHoM)' M03ry, rrpel1M)'mecTBeHHo K Kope M03ra, r,n:e B
OCHOBHOM 3aKaHQl1BaIDTCH Ha ypOBHe IV Dl1TOapXl1TeKTOHl1QeCKOrO CJIOH
(Ta6JI. 7, A). B HaCTOHIUee Bpewr Orrl1CaHO 60JIee 20 BOCXOMlUI1X ceHcopHbIX rry-
Teti; eCTh Bce OCHOBaHIDI rrOJIaraTb, QTO 3TOT Crrl1COK 6y,n:eT rrpo,n:OJDKeH. Hx OTJIl1-
1fiITeJ1bHoti oco6eHHOCTbIO 5IBJTJIeTCH MHOr03TaIIHaH, rrOCJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHaH rrepe,n:a-
Qa ceHcopHoM l1H<pop1faDl1l1 B KOpy rOJIOBHOrO M03ra Qepe3 PM rrpo?vle)K)lTOQHbIX
HepBHbIX DeHTpoB.
IIoMMMo KOpbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra ceHcopHaH MHcpopMaIU15I HarrpaBJilleTCH 11 B
,n:pyrl1e oT,n:eJIbI HepBHoti CllCTeMbI, a 11MeHHO B M03)KeQOK, B cpe,n:HI1M M03r, B pe-
TI1KYJillpH)'IO <p o pMaD11IO.
HUcxooRu<ue (3rjJrjJepeHmllble lUll1l1;ellmpo6e'JICllble) npoeKuoHHble nymu rrpoBo-
MT HepBHbIe l1MrrYJIbCbI OT KOpbI 60JIbliIllX rroJIynrapI1i1, r,n:e 6epyr HaQaJIO OT
rrI1paMJ1)];HbIX HetipoHoB V D11TOapXMTeKTOHMQeCKOrO CJIOH, K 6a3aJIbHbI1vf 11 CTBO-
JIOBbIM MpaM rOJIOBHOrO M03ra 11 ,n:aJIee K MOTOpHbIM MpaM Crr11HHOrO !\-f03ra 11
CTBona M03ra (Ta6JI. 7, E). OHl1 rrepe,n:aIOT HHcpopMaDMIO, CBH3aHH)'IO C rrporpaM-
M11pOBaHMeM ,n:BIDKeHMti: OpraHM3Ma B KOHKpeTHbIX Cl1T)'aDJ15IX, rro3ToMy.srnlliIIOT-
CH ,n:B11raTeJThHDIMl1 rrpOBOMIIUIMl1 rryTHM11. 06meti oco6eHHocTbIO HHCXOLLIDl(MX
,n:BI1raTeJIbHbIX rryreti 5IBJilleTCH TO, qTO OHM 065I3aTeJIbHO rrpOXO,lUIT Qepe3 Bllym-
pellHJOJO KanCYJlY - rrpocnotiKY 6eJIoro BelI.{eCTBa B rro.rrynraplUIX 60JIbllIOrO M03ra,
OT,n:elliIIOIUYID TaJIaMYC OT 6a3aJIbHbIX JI,n:ep. B CTBOJIe M03ra 60JThllIa5I qaCTb HMCXO-

156 rnasa 5
Ta6nLr1l..\a 7, 5. 06w.a xapaKTepLt1CTLt1Ka npoBoAW.Lt1X nyrell1
HllcxoiJRU{lle npoeKuoHHble nymll
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(IIIfpaMI1.lI:Ha5I cHcTeMa)
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MOTopHble lleH'IpbI CIIMHHoro
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nyTM 3KCTpanMpa1ll1,lUIOM Cl1CTeMbI, a TaIOKe peTI1KYJIOCffiIHaJIbHble nyrM.
B Ta6n. 7; 7, A M 7, E npllBe,lIeHa o6rna5I xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka Ha116o.rree Ba)£(llbIX
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parrl1paMM,I:(HyIO Cl1CTeMbI B 3HatIMTeJThHOM Mepe YCJIOBHO 11 ,II:arreKO He nOJIHOCTblO
OTpa)l(aeT CnO)I(HOCTb l1epapXJ.1lIeCKl1X OTHOllieIDIn Me)K):(Y KOpKOBbIMl1 11 MHoro-
t.IJ1CneHHbIMM rrO,LLKopKOBbIM11 MOTOpHbIMM u:eHTpaMM, MMeIOIIJ:l1MM K TOMY )l(e
pa3HyIO rrpe,LLbICTOp:mo OHTO- 11 cpMJIOreHeTWIeCKoro pa3Bl1TIDI.
5.2. CeHcopHble npoBoASlw.e nyr
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,II:e5ITe.Tr:oHOCTI1 QenOBeKa. OHa nOCTYIIaeT B HepBHyIO Cl1CTeMy pa3JI:wIHbIMJ1 rryT5I-
M11. Qepe3 KO)KfThrM rrOKpOB M OT opraHOB qyBCTB MeT nOT OK BHeIIlHen (3Kcmepo-
lI;enmUBllOU) l1HcpopMaUJIl1, Cl1rnarrM3MPYlOII.U1M 0 COCT05.IHIDI BHeIIlHen Cpe,II:bI. OT

npOBOJJJIIl}Jt1e nynt1 u.eHTpaJlbHOt1 HepBHot1 CV1CTeMbl 157
BHYTPeHHI1X opraHoB If)JyT rrOTOKM J1H<pop?vfaU:I1II, KaCaIOIIU1eC5I COCT05IHJ1}l BHYT-
peHHeM Cpe)J.bI opraHll3Ma; 3TO - uHmepou,enlllUella5l qyBCTBIITenbHOCTb. Ba)l(Hoe
MeCTO B 3TIIX rrOTOKax ceHcopHoM I1H<popMaWAM 3aHI1MaeT nponpuOl{enmUBHG5l qyB-
CTBMTenbHOCTh, CB5I3aHHa5I C COCTomrn:e1-f lICrrOJIHIITeJIbHbIX opraHOB - Ml>IIIIIJ; M
CYCTaBOB. I1porrpMou:errTIIBHa5I qyBCTBI1TenbHOCTh COCTaBlliIeT Ba)lfuoe 3BeHO 06-
parnoM CB5I311 HepBHoM CIfCTeMbI C llCrrOJIHIITeJIbHbIMI1 opraHaMM, rrocpeILCTBOM
KOTOpOM ocymeCTBJIHeTC5I KoppeKIlIDI ,n:BIfraTeJThHDIX peaI<I(lIti: opraIDI3?vfa B 3aBIf-
CMMOCTI1 OT ,n:ocrnn-ryToro pe3ynbTaTa.
B rrepeJ:(aqe M aHa.JII13e ceHcopHoM MH<popfauJ'III rrpllHllMaIOT yqacTlle MHOfIfe
HepBHDle CTpYKTYpbI. COBOK)'IIHOCTb Bcex HepBHDIX 06pa30BaHllM QHC If IIHC,
ocyrueCTBJUIIOlll;I1X BOCrrpVJITIIe M aHaJIll3 ceHcopHoM MH<popMarU111, llCXOLLIDl(eM
113 BHeIlIHeM 11 BHYTPeHHeM cpe,n: opraHI13I\-Ia, M. II. I1aBJIOB Ha3BaJI allaJlU3amO-
pa.iW u.
AHaJIll3aTOpbI IfMeIOT o6mMi1: rmaH CTPoeHIDI (pllC. 98). B Ka)I()J;Of M3 HI1X
BbJ.[(eJUIIOT TPM OT,n:ena, rrepe1illCneHHble HIDKe.
· Pel{enmOpllblu omaeJl, OTBeTCTBeHHbIM 3a orr03HaHIfe crreIUI<pMlIeCKIIX pa3-
,n:pa)KllTenei1: M rrpeo6pa30BaHlle MX B03,n:ellcTBIDI B HepBHoe B036)')KlIeHlIe.
Pa3JIMQalOT 3Kcmepopel{enmopbl (3KC11lepOl{enmopbl), BocrrpMHlIMaIOI.IU1e
pa3,n:pa)l(eHIDI 113 BHeIIIHeM cpe,n:bI, nponpuopel{enmopbl (nponpUOl{ennlopbl),
BOCrrpMHM?\1aIOI.U:Me pa3,n:pa)l(eHIDI, B03HlIKaIOIII:Me B MbIIIIIJ:aX M CYCTaBax, M
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HepBHoro B036y)l()];eHIDI no COOTBeTCTBy:IOll(HM HepBaM M TpaKTaM Qepe3
PM 5I,n:epHblx (nOaKOpKOBbLX) HepBHbIX neHTPoB. IIpOBO,n:IDIKOBbIM oT,n:en
JII060ro aHaJIM3aTOpa rrpe,n:CTaBJIeH He TonbKO pa3nMlIHDIMIf MpaMM CTBO-
na M03ra I1 TaJIaMyca II MX rrpoeKIJ:IDIMM K COOTBeTcTByroIII:MM 06JIaCT5IM
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IOT Herrocpe,n:CTBeHHoe yqacTMe B 06pa60TKe ceHcopHOM MH<pop1faUJ1M.
no Mepe rrepe,n:a1IM ceHcopHOM MH<pop1raUI111 OT O)J:Horo HepBHOTO ueHTpa
K ,n:pyroMY ocyrn:eCTBJI5IeTC5I ee rrOCJIe,n:OBaTenbHbIM aHaJIll3, B pe3ynbTaTe
lIero B opraHlI3Me B03HlIKaeT oruyru:eHlle, MM qyBCTBOBaHI1e.
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158 rnasa 5
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B Kope IIpOMCXO,IJJ1:T aHaJIM3 rro.rryqeHHbIx pa3)J.pa)Kemri.:t C yqeTOM cy6'beK-
TMBHoro nepe)l(J1BaIDUI BocnpI1HllMaeMoM cellcopHOM HH<:popMaun:n, T. e.
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npe)J.CTaBJI5ilOT C060M CJIO)l(Hble fHOr03TaI1HbIe rrpOI(eCCbI, rrpM peaJU13aI(MM 1<:0-
TOpbIX MMeeT MeCTO <pym<I.U10HaJIbHOe 06'De)J.I1HeHHe (lfHTerpaI(IDI) pa3JIMq}[bIX
C-TPYKTYP M03ra. Ha ypOBHe pel{enmopoe npOMCXO,I1J1:T OII03HaHI1e pa3)J.pa)KeHMll
(peI(errI(IDI), nOCTYITaIOmMX M3 BHellIHeM cpe,[(bI M BHYTPeHHe:tt CpelIJ>I OpraHI13I\-Ia.
ITo Mepe rrpOBe)IeHIffi ceHcopHOM MH<pOp1vfaUMM B HepBHOM CMCTeMe Qepe3 PM
npo1vIe)I()'TOtffibIX 5UI.epHbIX I(eHTpOB MeT ee aHaJIM3 II nepepacnpe,IIeJIemle Me)l()IY
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)J.eI1cTBMTeJIbHOCTM BKJIIOqaeT He TO:IbKO Orr03HaHI1e pa3JIWIHD1X pa3.pa)Kl1TeJIeI1 M
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3J\..fOIJ;I15IMll M )J.pyrMMII rrOKa3aTelliIMI1 MHTerpaTi1BHOM ,[(e5ITeJIbHOCTM 1vf03ra.
O,I:(HaKO 3Ta ccPepa JIe)KlIT )')Ke 3a npen:eJIaMM aHaTOMWIeCKllX 3HaHI1M.
CeHCOpHa.H MH<popMaI(IDI OT TYJIOBllma H KOHeqJIOCTeM no qyBCTBI1TeJIbHbIM
BOJIOICHaM CI1IIHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB nOCT)'IIaeT K CIll1HHOl\,fy 1vl03ry, OT KOToporo
no BOCXOMI.IJ.llM rryr.HM HarrpaBJUIeTC.H B rOJIOBHOM 1vf03r. ITplf 3TO:Wf BOCXO,[l5IIl{Me
npoeKII:MOHlThIe CB.H311 crrMHHoro 1\103ra C rOJIOBHbIM HaqJ1HaIOTC.H JIM60 BHe crrMH-
Horo M03ra OT HeMpOHOB cnMHHOM03rOBbIX Y3JIOB, JI1160 OT Heti:poHoB, pacrrOJIO-
)KeHHbL"X B 3a,II.HI1X cToJI6ax CIIMHHoro M03ra. CeHCOpHa5I MH<pop1-1aUlliI OT opraHOB
rOJIOBbI II qaCTI11ffiO rnell nocTyrraeT HerrOcpe.I1:CTBeHHO B rOJIOBHOM M03f no tJ)'B-
CTBHTeJThHbI1\f BOJIOKHaM qepeIIHbIX HepBOB; npI1 3T01vf BOCXO)J.mrrn:e npOeKIJ:MOH-
Hble BOJIOKHa Ha1ffiHaIOTC.H B MX ceHcopHbIX Mpax.
06mei1: oco6eHHOCTbIO ceHcopHbIX rryreM .HBillIeTC.H MHOr03TaIIHaH nepe,I.(aqa
B036y)K,[(e:HI15I Qepe3 pa3JIWIHble MepHble I(eH1'pbI, B KOTOpbIX rrpOIICXOILHT rrOCJIe-
,[(OBaTeJIbHbII1 aHaJIIl3I1H<pOp1falU1Jl. B CTBOJIe M03ra ceHcopHble npOBO,IIJIIlJlfe ny-
TM pacrrOJIaralOTC.H B ero rrOKpbIIllKe 11, I-IarrpaBJIIDICb K Kope J\..!03ra, 06.H3aTeJIbHO
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CbI), B Mpax KOTOpbIX 3arreraIOT rrO.1J:KopKOBble UeHTpbI Bcex ElmOB qyBCTBIITeJIb-
HOCTI1, KpOMe C.rryxOBOI1. B Hl1X rrpOI1CXO,IDIT rrepeKJII01IeHMe ceHcopHbIX rryrei1:;
npM 3TOM ceHCOpHa.H I1H<:poplaUM5I rrpOXOJJ:I1T Qac1WIlfYIO o6pa6oTKY (aHaJIII3 If
CI1HTe3) rrepe)J. Te11, KaK 6y.n:eT HarrpaBJIeHa K Kope 60JThlllliX rrOJIYllIap1111.
Cpe,rrn: ceHcopHbIX nyreM pa3JIWIaIOT: nymu npomonanzUttecKOU ttyecn1eUmeJlb-
HOC/llU (HaH6oJIee )J.peBHei1: M CB.H3aHHOM C rrepe,n:aqeM ceHcopHOM HHcPopMaI(1ll1
Qepe3 Mpa peTI1KylliIpHorr cPopMaIlI1I1); nymu 2Jzy60KOU tt)'ecmeVmeJlbllOCmU, CB.H-
3aHHOM C nepe.n:aqei1: rrponpllOIlerrTHBHOll H MHTeponerrTMBHOM ceHcopHOM
MHcPopMaUI111; n}'/nu noeepXllocmHoii, MJIM 3nUKpUmUttecKoU J LfyecnleUllle.f1bHoc/nu,
CB.H3aHHOll c npOBe)J.eHMeM HepBHbIX 111\lrryJThCOB, BbI3Bam--ll>IX B03,1XeMCTBMeM OC.H-
3aTeJIbHOrO, 60JIeBOrO, TeMIIepaTYpHoro pa3,IIpa)KJ1TeJIen.
CeHcopHble IT)'T11 CrreIJJlfuThHbIX BMOB qyBCTBI1TeJIbHOCTH (3peHIDJ, cnyxa,
060IDImrn M BKYca) paCCMa1'pMBaIOTC5I B fJI. 6.

npoBOA5UllV1e nyrlt1 Ll8HTpanbHot1 HepBHot1 CIt1CTeMbl 159
5..2. 1 . BL1Abl peen""
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BOCnpI1HMMaIOIIJ;IIX B03,n:e:ti:cTBM.H pa3JIMq}ibIX cl:>aKTOpOB OKp)')KaIOm:eii Cpe,IJ;bI.
Ka)K)l:bIM BH,l]; peu;errTopoB o6JIa,[(aeT CneIJ;I1<pllqHOCTbIO rro OTHOllIeHlfIO K
KOHKpeTHO 1\1)' pa3,IJ;pa)l(J1TenIO, T. e. BOCrrpMHMMaeT orrpe,n:eneHHbIll BI1)]: pa3LI:pa)I(e-
IDill; HPiliIMl1 cnOBaMM, peu:errTopbI llMeIOT cellcopllYlO M08GJlbHOcmb. OCHoBHble
TMnbI peIJ;errTOpOB B OpraHM3Me 1IenOBeKa rrepe1lliCneHbI B Ta6n. 8.
Ta6nvn.a 8. XapaKTepL.-1CTL.-1Ka HepBHblx peu.enTopoB*
w.: ' . .,"'" ..... .....
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Tun HepBH020 OKOHIlaHUJl
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HepBHO-CYXO)K:UJIbHbIll opraH
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160 rnaBa 5
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PHC. 99. Pa3HoBIUIHOCTU 3KCTepopeu.enTopoB B KO)KHOM nOKpoBe.
PeueIITophI, paCIIOJIO)KeHHhle BO BH)'TpeHHl1X opraH ax TeJIa J1 B cocy)]:ax, Ha3hI-
BaIOT UllmepOI{enmopaJrlU (J1HTepOpeueIITopa:rvrn).
ITpaKTWIeCKI1 Bce peueIITopbI, KpOMe CBoeM CIIeUJ1<p:wIeCKOM ceHcopHOM
1\10,n:a.,ThHOCTJ1, MOryr BocnplIHllMaTb 60JIeBble CI1fHaJIbI, pa60Ta.H KaK llOll,Ul{enmo-
pbi - 60JIeBble peuerrTOpbI.
5.2.2. npOBOASlL1I.l-1e nyrl-1 npOTOnaTl-1lfeCKO IfYBcTBI-1TenbHOCTI-1
3TH rrpOBO,[(5IIlU1e rrynr (3KCTpaJIe1\-lliJ1CKOBble IIpOBOMIl(J1e rryrn) OTHOC.HTC.H K
HaJ160JIee ,lIpeBHM1vI ceHcopHbI:rvr CJ1CTeMa1vr. OHM rrpOBOMT rpy6ble 60JIeBhle omy-
ru:eHl15I, HeCrreUJ1<pWIeCKYID Te:rvmepaTYPHYID -qyBCTBJ1TeJIbHOCTh, rpy60e rrpJ1KOC-
HOBeHMe J1 ,lIaBJIeIDle, MJIYlI.U1e OT Bcex peu.enTopOB, T. e. rrpoBoMT J1MnyJIbCbI Tex
pa3,n:pa)l(eHJI:tI, KOTopble yrpO)l(aIOT OpraIDI31\.fY pa3pyrneIIM.5I1vllI. Hx rrepe)]:aqa B
CITJ1HHOM M03re CB.H3aHa B OCHOBHOM co CIlliHHo-penn<ylliIpHbIM TpaKTOM J11\.1HO-
)l(eCTBOJ\,f nepeKJIlOqeHJI:tI Ha Mpax penn<ylliIpHO:H: <p0p1vIaUMM. KOHetIHa5I rrpoeK-
UM5I nyTell rrpOTOnaTflqeCKOll qyBCTBJ1TeJIhHOCTli ocyrueCTBlliIeTC5I C Kaoro
CnJ1HHO-peTIIKYJI5IpHOrO TpaKTa 6MJIaTepaJIhHO BO Bce 06JIaCTH KOpbI 103ra.

npOBO.£J;5fli.(We nyrw u.eHTpaf1bHO HepBHO cvrcTeMb{ 161
5.2.3. npOBOASlUJ.l-1e nyri1 rny6oKo I.fYBcTBJ..1TenbHOCTi1
IIpo6oiJRU{uii nymb nponpuoenmu6Hoii IlY8cm8Ume.tlbHOCmU HeceT K Kope 60JIhllIllX
rroJIyllIaplfllllH<popfaU:llIO OT rrporrpllOlierrTopOB (ceHcopHbIX HepBHbIX OKOHQa-
Hllll B MbIIIIIJ:aX, CB5I3KaX II cycTaBax) 0 COCT05IIrnll orropHO- ,lIBllraTeJIhHOrO arrrra-
paTa II rrpOCTpaHcTBeHHoH oplleHTaUllll QaCTell TeJIa. IIep6ble HeiipoHbl, rrpOBO,lUI-
mlle rrporrpllou:errTIIBH)'IO qyBCTBllTeJIbHOCTb OT T)'JIOBlllI{a II KOHetffiOCTeiI, pac-
rrOJIO)l(eHbI B CIIllHHOM03rOBbIX Y3JIaX (pllC. 100). Hx u:eHTpOCTpeMI1TeJIhHble
BOJIOKHa o6pa3YIDT mOllKUU II KflulloeUallblU nyttKU, pacrrOJIO)l(eHlI])Ie B 3a,lJHllX
KaHaTMKax CI1llHHOrO M03ra. TOllKUU nyttOK (nyttOK FOJ/Jlfl) HeceT ll1\myJIbCbI OT
BeHTponaTepanbHoe
5tAPO TanaMyca
(III Het1poHb/)
nepeKpeCT
MeALr1anbHblX neTenb
TOHKoe Lr1 KJU,1HOBII1AHOe 5tApa
npoAonrosaToro M03ra
(II Het1poHb/)
TanaMO-KopKOBble
BonOKHa
TOHKLr1V1 nY40K
(nYl/OK ronnfl)
CeHcopHeHepOH
cnHHOM03rOBXY3nOB
(I Hei1poHb/)
I<11Lr1HOBLr1AHbIVi nY40K
(nYl/OK 5YP.D,axa)
PHCc 100. IIpoBOMlI.J;MM IIyTb IIpoIIpMou:eIITMBHoM 1.JyscTBMTenbHoCTM
11. AHaTOMl-1S1 HepBHO Cl-1CTeMbi

162 rnaea 5
rrporrpI10I(eIITopOB HJ1)!(Hen KOHeIiOCTI1 M HJ1)!(HetI IIOJIOBHHbI TYJIOBllIua; KJIUHO-
6uaHblli nyttOK (nyttoK Eypaaxa) - OT BepXIDIX KOHe'IFIOCTe:tt I1 BepXHefI rrOJIOBI1HbI
TYJIOBI1IIl.a. 3TH rrYQKJ1 ,[(OXO)LHT .nO rrpOn:OJIfOBaTOrO M03ra, r,L{e 3aKaHt!I1BaIOTC5I
CIIHarrCaMH Ha TeJIaX BTOpbIX HeMpOHOB rrpOBOMIIJ:erO nyrM, pacrrOJIO)I(eHHbIX B
mOHKOM II KJlUHOBUaHOJ.;! Jlapax.
Ha ypOBHe rrpO,IJ;O.1lfOnaTOro 1vI03ra BOJIOKHa 8mopbIX Heiipo1l08 rrepeXO,Q5IT Ha
npOTllBOrrOJIO)KH)1:0 CTOpOHY, 06pa3)'IOT MeaUaJlbHYJO nemJllO (lentiscus nledialis),
nOCJIe qero HarrpaBlliHOTCJI K 3pHTeJThHDIM 6yrpaM rrpOMe)K)'TOqJIOro 1\103ra. 3TOT
rrepeKpeCT BOJIOKOH, rrpoBoMIl(MX rJIy60KjlO qyBCTB11TeJIbHOCTb, rrOJI}TlII1JI Ha3Ba-
1-I11e llelJltHUcKOB020 nepeKpecnla. BOCXO,IDIll:(:we OT BTOpbIX HenpOHOB BOJIOKHa o6pa-
3)'IOT 6YJlb6o-mQJlC/MUtteCKUU mpaKnl, KOTopbrn pacno..TIaraeTC.H B TOJlrn:e rrOKpbIllIKM
CTBOJIa M03ra; OH OXO,l!MT ,[(0 BelITpOJIaTepaJIbHOrO 5.UIpa TarraMyca CEoen CTOpOHbI.
IIpoBe.n:eIDIe rrporrpI10u;enTIIBHOM qyBCTBllTeJIbHOCTM OT MbII.IIIJ; ronOBbI HatllI-
HaeTC5I B t..I)'BCTBMTeJIbHbIX Y3JIaX qeperrHbIX HepBOB, f,ne JIe)l(aT rrepBble Hei1:pOHbI.
CpeJJ:H qeperrHDIX HepBOB 'TpOMIDPIHb:rM HepB 0' napa) HrpaeT rnaBHyro ponb B
ceHcopHOM MHHepBaU}U1 KO)K!{ H MbIIIIII rOlIOBD!. AKCOHbI ceHcopHbIX Hei1:poHoB
3aKaHtIllBaIOTC.H CIIHarrcaAII Ha Tenax BTOpbIX HenpOHOB, ne:>KaIllHX B ceHcopHDIX
5I):{pax B 06JIaCTII CTBona f03ra. BOJIOKHa BTOpbLX HeMpOHOB B rrOKpbIIliKe CTBO.TIa
M03ra rrepeXO,D;5IT Ha rrpOTHBOrrOJIO)KH)'1O (KOHTpJIaTepa.JIbHyro) CTOPOrry M 06pa3Y-
IOT nenlJlIO InpOUHULfl1020 Hep8a, BonOKHa KOTOpOM npMCOe,IJJIIDIIOTCH K Me,IJJHUlb-
HOM rreTJIe. BMecre C 1enMaJIbHOn rreTlIen OHM BOCXO,IDIT o 5IlJ;ep TaJIaJ\.ryca.
B 8eHmpOJlamepQJlbHO.,W .Rape TarraMYca paCIIOJIaraIOTC5I mpembU HeiipOHbl npo-
rrpMOuerrTIffiHOrO rryrn KopKOBoro HarrpaBJIeIDUI. OT HMX 6epYT HaqarrO maJlaMO-
KOpmUKaJlbHble 80.'10KHa, KOTOp:ble HarrpaBlliIIOTC5I B npea- H nOCmZ{ellmpGJlbll)JlO
U38UJlUHbl, a TaIOKe B napau,eHmp(JJ/bH}'JO II eepXHJOlO meJ"WeHHYlO aO./lbKU 60JIbIIlliX rro-
nynrapMit CIOJJ:a B KOHe'IHOM HTore IIOCTYIIaeT C01faToceHCOpHa5I MH<pop?vlar:U15I 0
COCT05IID111 OIIOpHO-)J;BHraTeJIbHOrO aIIIIapaTa, Heo6xo)lMMa5I,lI)UI C03HaTeJIbHOrO
yrrpaBJIeHIDI ,L{BIDKeWrl5Ihlli.
IIpo6oiJJlU(uii nymb UHmepoenmU8Hoii IlY8cm6UmeAbHOCmU HeceT K Kope 60.TIb-
IIIHX rrOJIynrapm1: If1\-1nyJIbCbI OT MHTepou:enTopOB, paCIIOJIO)KeHHbIX BO BHyTpeH-
Hl1X opraHax. I1epBble HeI1pOHbI pacrrOJIaraIOTC5.I B CIllfHHOM03rOBbIX Y3JIax. qacTb
BOJIOKOH 3THX HeMpOHOB BOCXO,UI1T B COCTaBe TOHKoro M KJIllHOBM,I:I:Horo rryqKOB K
rrpo,n:OJITOBaTory M03ry. ,L{pyraH qaCTh BOJIOKOH IIepeKJIIOqaeTCH Ha C06CTBeHHbIX
5.L1J:pax 3a,UIDIX CTOJI60B CmIHHOrO ?\-f03ra. ,lJ:aJIee nepe,[(aqa illITepou:enTIfBI-IOI1 MH-
cpopMaUI1I1 rrpOllcxo.n:MT TaK )l(e, KaK If PYfID( BHIJ:OB rJIy60 KOllII IIOBepXHOCTHOM
qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTM, B mrpa TaJIaMYca, a 113 HMX B H:IDKHHH OT,n:eJI npen:-ll IIOCTIJ;eH-
TpaJIbHOM M3BlIJIMH 60JIblIlI1X IIOJIyrnapm1: Ha rpaHMI(e C JIaTepaJIbHOM 60p03,lIofI,
r.n:e Haxo,n;I1TC.H KopKOBoe rrpe,n;CTaBllTeJIbCTBO MHTepou:errTllBHoro aHaJII13aTopa.
Ero I1JIOIUMb no CpaBHeHMIO C IIJIOmaJU>IQ n:pyrMX aHaJIM3aTOpoB HeBeJIHKa, qe.I\1
06'bHCIDIeTCH HeTOtffiOCTb, «pa3MbITOCTb», pacrr03HaBaHIDI HCTOqHI1Ka llHTepo-
I(errTIIBHbIX MMrryJIbCOB Ha ypOBHe C03HaHlliI.
5.2.4. npOBOAHI.1.\Me "YT" nOBepxHocTHOM YBcTBMTenbHocTM
3TH rrpoBoMIIU1e rryrH IIepeaIOT 60JIeB)'IO, TaKTIDIbHyro (oC5I3aTeJIbHyro), TeMrre-
paTYPHyro 11 ,UpyrrAe BII,nbI qy13cTB11TeJThHOCTII C BbICOKOM cnoco6HoCTbIO K pa3JIH-
qelillIO ,neMcTBIDI pa3;J;pIDKllTeJIen no ero MHTeHCMBHOCTM M B 3aBI1CHMOCTH OT JIO'-

npOBOA5Iw.lt1e nyrlt1 eHTpa.nbHot1 HepsHot1 Clt1CTeMbl 163
nepeKpeCTBonOKOH
en 1I1HHO- TaJ1aMlt1lfeCKOr
TpaKTa
Tpo£1Hlt14Has:l neTns:l
TanaMCKopKOBble
80JlOKHa
BeHTpOnaTepaJ1bHOe
s:lAPO TanaMyca
(III Het1poHb/)
Cn1l1Ha.,'lbHa neTJ1s:1
CeHcopHble s:lApa
TpOHlIHOrO
Hepsa
CeHCOpHb!t1 Het1poH
Tpo£1H1I14HOrO Y3J1a
(V napa)
Cn1l1HHO-
TanaM1I111eCKlI1t1 nyrb
Co6CTseHHoe APO
3a,l).HerO pora
Cn1l1HHOrO M03ra
(II Het1poHb/)
PMC. 101. IIPOBo,MIlu,ri1: IIYfb 3KcTepouerrTHBHott qyBCTBMTeJIbHOcTlf.
KaJI1l3aIU1M. TaKylO qyBCTBMTenbHOCTb Ha3bIBaIOT 3nUKpUmUttecKOU. ITyrn: rrOBepX-
HOCTHOM qyBcTBMTenbHOCTI1 cn)')KaT ,l])UI nepe.n;aqJf K Kope M03ra MMIIynbCOB,
BC?3IDIKaIOIlUIX B peuenTOpaX KO)KJ1 IIO,n BJIIDIHlIeM pa3.JIWIHbIX pa3,npIDKMTeneit,
rr03TOMY HX B IIonHOM Mepe MO)I(HO Ha3BaTh nyr5IMll KO)I(HOM qyBCTBMTeJThHOCTM.
TIpoBe.n;eHMe KO)I(HOH qyBCTBMTenbHOCTH OT T)'JIOBHI.IJ;a H KOHetffiOCTeM HaqM-
HaeTCH C ceHcopHbIX Hei1poHoB CIIMHHOM03rOBbIX Y3JIOB (nep8ble neiipOHbl rryrn:)
(pMC. 101). AKCOH:D! 3TllX HettpoHOB 3aKaWIMBalOTCH B cmyaeHucmoM 8eU{ecmee M
co6cm8eHHOM Rape 3a,nHero cToJI6a crrIIHHoro M03ra, r,ne OHM 06Pa3YIDT CHHarrCbI
Ha TeJIaX II ,aeH,I(pMTaX BTOpbIX HenpOHOB.
Bnlopble neiipOHbl, rrepe,[(alOIUMe HepBHble MfnynbcDI OT 60neBbIX M TeMI1epa-
TypHbIX peu;enTopOD KO}KM, pacrrOJIararoTC5I rrpellM)'I..U:eCTBeHHO n cmyaeHucmOM
eeU{eC1110e (II rmaCTHHa PHKce,[(a) 3a):(HMX CTOJI60B CI1I1HHOrO M03ra. AKCOHbI 3TI1X
BTOpbIX HenpoHoB rrepCXO,WIT Ha KOHTpJIaTepfuTbHYID (rrpOTIfBOIIOJIO)KHYlO) IIOJIO-
11*

164 rnaBa 5
BMIlY CnI1HHOrO M03ra. IIepeKpecT BOJIOKOH rrpoI1Cxo,[(I1T B rrepe,[(Heil cepoi1: cnaI1:-
Ke 06bNHO Ha ,[(Ba-TpI1 CerMeHTa BbIllie ypOBIDI pacrrOJIO)l(eHIDI Ten caMMX Hei1:po-
HOB. I10CJIe nepeKpeCTa BOJIOKHa BTOpbIX Hei1:poHoB HarrpaBlliIIOTC5I K BbllIIene)l(a-
IIJ:MM OT}J;eJIaM M03ra B COCTaBe 60KOB020 cnUHHO-maflaMUtfeCK020 mpaKma,
KOTOpbIM JIOKarrI13yeTC5I B 60KOBbIX KaHaTlIKax CI1l1llliOrO M03ra, M 06pa3)'lOT cnu-
llaJlbHYIO nelWllO. B CI1l1llliO-TarraMWIeCKOM TpaKTe BOJIOKHa, Hecyrn:rre ceHCOpHYID
MH<popMalnno OT HIDKHMX KOHe1ffiOCTeM, 3aHMMaIOT naTepaJIbHOe (cafoe Hap)')K-
Hoe) nOJIO)l(eHMe; HeCyJ.IU1e lIH<POPMau:mo OT TYnOBlill.."(a 3aIDIMaIOT cpe,[(Hee nono-
)l(eIDIe, a OT BepXHMX KOHeqJIOCTei1: - Me,[(Ma.JIbHoe. Ha ypOBHe CTBona M03ra
BonOKHa crrllHHO-TarraMWIeCKoro TpaKTa, COCTaBlliIIOIIU1e CnUllGJlbllYIO nemnlO,
npMcoe,[(MIDIIOTC5I K MeaUaJlbllOU nemne. 3,[(eCb )l(e K BonOKHaM MeL(MaJIbHOM M
CI1l1HaJThHoi1: rreTenb npnCOe,lUIIDIIOTCH TaIOKe BonOKHa mpU2eMUHaJlbHOU nelWlU,
06pa30BaHHOM (nOCJIe rrepeKpeCTa) aKCOHaMH BTOpbIX HeMpOHOB, KOTopbIe
pacrronaraIOTCH B flape cnUllllOM0320B020 nymu mpOUHUtfH020 HepBa (V napa qeperr-
HbIX HepBOB), Hecyrn:MX ceHCOpHYID MH<popMaIUflO OT KO)l(lf ronOBb!. .D:arree rryrn
cnMllliO-TarraMJfleCKOrO TpaKTa Hec)'T ceHCOpHYID lIH<popMaIUflO K BeHTponaTe-
paJIbHOMY MPY TarraMYca.
AKCOHbI 8mopbIX HeiipOH08, pacnOnO)l(eHHbIX B C06CTBeHHOM Mpe 3a,[(HI1X
cTon6oB (III-V IT.TIaCTIIHbI PMKce,[(a) CIIMHHoro M03ra, npOBO,LWT Ta:KTI1.JThHYID
qyBCTBMTeJThHOCTh OT npJrKOCHOBeHIDI 11 ,[(aBJIeHIDI. OHM TaIOKe nepeXO,LWT Ha
KOHTpnaTepaJThHYID (rrpOTIIBonono)l(H)'IO) nonOBMHY cnMHHoro M03ra. I1epe-
KpeCT BonOKOH rrpOMCXO,[(I1T B nepe,[(Hei1: cepOM crrattKe 06bPIHO Ha ,[(Ba-TpM cer-
MeHTa BbIIIIe ypOBIDI pacrrOnO)l(eHIDI Ten ca:MMX HeMpOHOB. I10cne nepeKpeCTa
BonOKHa BTOpbIX Hei1:poHoB HarrpaBlliIIOTCH K BbIIIIene)l(aIIUfM OT,[(enaM M03ra B
COCTaBe nepealle20 cnUllllO-mGJlaMUtfeCK020 mpaKma, KOTopbrn JIOKaJlli3yeTcH B
rrepe)UlliX KaHaTIIKaX CIIMHHoro M03ra. Ha ypOBHe CTBona M03ra BOJIOKHa rrepe-
,lUfero CIIMHHO-TarraMWIeCKoro TpaKTa BXOMT B COCTaB CI1HHaJThHOM neTJIM M
BMeCTe C HeM ,[(oCTIITaIOT BeHTpOJIaTepaJThHOrO H.IJ:pa TarraMYca.
B TaJIaMYce 3aJIeraIOT mpembu HeiipoHbl rryrn; MX 01pOCTKH B Blf,[(e TaJIaMO- Kopm-
KaJlI>HbIX BonOKOH ,[(OCTIITaIOT KOpbI 60JThlllliX no.rryrnapHi1:. KOpKOBblU lI,ellmp KOJICHO-
20 aHaJlU3amOpa nOKaJlli3YeTC5I B COMaToceHcopHOll Kope B rrOCmeHTpaJThHOH I13BM-
mrne, B 3a)J;Hei1: qaCTM napau:eHTpaJlI>HOM ,[(OJThKM M B BepXHeM TeMeIlliOM ,[(OJThKe.
5.2.4. CeHcopHble nYTM M03>Ke"lKOBOrO HanpaBneHMSI
3rn rryrn npOBO,LWT nporrpMou:enTMBHYID qyBCTBMTeJThHOCTh OT Bcex KOMIIOHeH-
TOB onopHO-,L(BlITaTeJThHOrO anrrapaTa M 6epyr CBoe HaqaJIO TaM )l(e, r,[(e M rryTH
rny6oKoM qyBCTBMTenbHOCTM - OT ceHcopHbIX Hei1:poHoB CIIMHHOM03rOBbIX Y3JIOB
(nep8ble HeiipOHbl). AKCOHbI qacrn 3TIIX HeMpOHOB BXOMT B CIIMHHOM M03r Qepe3
3a)];lllie KopeIlIKlf CIIMHHOM03rOBbIX HepBOB M, MMHY5I cepoe BemeCTBO, rrO,[(HI1Ma-
IOTC.H K rrpO,[(OJITOBaTOMY M03ry B COCTaBe mOllK020 M KflUllOBUal1020 nytfKOB. OT
HeMpOHOB mOHK020 H KflUllOBUall020 Raep (8mopble HeiipOHbl rryrn) HaqJffiaIOTC5I Ha-
p)lJlCllble iJy2006pG311ble BOJlOKlla, HanpaBlliIIOI.I.U1eC.H no HIDKHMM HO)l(l(aM M03)l(eQ-
Ka B KOpy qepB.H. I1pM 3TOM qaCTh ,nyroo6pa3HbIX BOJIOKOH nepeXO,[(I1T Ha npOTH-
Borrono)l(H)'IO CTOpOIlY, 06Pa3Y.H rrepeKpeCT. B Kope qepB.H ,n:yroo6pa3Hble BOJIOKHa
npoen:Mp)'IOTC.H 6MJIaTepaJIbHO, T. e. Ha rrpaB)'IO rr Ha JIeB)'IO nOJIOBlIHbI qepBH
(CM. pMC. 104).

npOBOALUt1e nyrLt1 ueHTpaJIbHO£1 HepBHO£1 C!1,TeMbl 165
AKcoHbI JJ;pyroi1: qaCTII ceHcopHbIX Hei1:poHoB, rrpOBO[(IDlIJ1X rrpOrrpMbI.I!!JMB-
HyIO qyBCTB:IfTenbHOCTh, BCT)'IIaIOT B cepoe Be:rn:eCTBO CIlliHHoro M03ra :If OKawrn:-
BaIOTC5I CMHancaMM Ha ero rpYJJ:HOM Mn:If lIHTepMeJJ;MOMe,1U1a.JThHOM (Me,1U1aJIbHOM
npoMe)J()'TOtffiOM) Mpax. OT 2PyaHo2o Rapa HaqmraeTC5I 3aallUU cnUHHO-M03;)JcettKo-
6blU mpaKm (mpaKm cJJJleKCu2a). ,[(a.rree 3aallUU cnUllHO-]103;)JcettK06blU mpaKm rrpo-
,nOIDKaeTC5I B 60KOBbIX KaHaTIIKaX Ha CBoell CTopOHe, JJ;OXO,lU1T JJ;O CTBona M03ra, a
3aTeM B COCTaBe IDDKHei1: HO)J(}(ll M03)l(e1IKa rrpoeillIPyeTC5I Ha KOpy QepB5I. OT UH-
mepMeaUOMeaUGJlbl1020 Rapa cnMHHoro M03ra Ha"tIMHaeTC5I nepeaHUU cnUHHO-M03-
;)JcettKOeblu mpaKm (mpaKm F06epca). BonoKHa nepealle20 cnUllllO-M03'JICettK06020
mpaKma IIepeXOMT B COCTaBe nepe,nHeM cepoll cnallKH Ha nporMBorrono)l(Jl)'IO
CTOpOH)' crrlIHHoro M03ra M no 60KOBbIM KaHaTl1KaM JJ;OCTJITaIOT rrpOJJ;onrOBaToro
M03ra; JJ;anee BCT)'IIaIOT B Bepxmoro HO)KK)' M03)l(etIKa :If qepe3 Hee npoeIU1Py:IOTC.H
B KOpy QepB5I.
IIporrp:IfOu e rrTMBHa5I MH<popMaUI15I, nOCT)'IIaIOrn:a5I B KOpy I03)l(eq}(a no crrllH-
HO- M03)I(e1fKOBbIM TpaKTaM, IIPOXOJJ;MT qacTJiI1IHYIO 06pa60TK)' B CIlliHHOM03rOBbIX
.HJJ;pax, n03TOM)T OTnMQaeTC.H OT TOll, KOTOpa5I rrOCT)'IIaeT B Hero no Hapy:>ICHbIM JJ;Y-
roo6pa3HbIM BonOKHaM. ITO-BI1)J;:IfMOMY, 3TH pa3JIWIIDI rr03BOlliIlOT M03)I(etIKy B
npou:ecce yrrpaBneHIDI Koop,1U1HaIUIell ,lI:BIDKeHMi1 nyqnre KOHTpOJIMpOBaTh aKT:IfB-
HOCTb H pa60T)' crrMHHOM03rOBbIX JJ;BlITaTeJThHbIX ueHTpOB.
KpOI\fe )'Ka3aHHbIX CIlliHHO-M03)I(eqJ(OBbIX rryrei1, B KOpy M03)l(eqJ<a IIOCT)'IIa-
eT 0611IMpHa5I lIHcpopI\1aUIffi :If OT JJ;pynrx OT,n:enOB M03ra no OJlUeO-M03;)JcettKOeOMYJ
eecmu6YJlO-M03J/CeLf.K060MYJ pemUKYflO-M03;)JcettKOeOJrtY:If ,n:pyrMM TpaKTaM.
5.3. npOBOASll1\e nyri1 npaMAHoi1 CCTeMbl
IIuptLl'rtuiJnafl cucmeMa rrpe,n:CTaBlliIeT C060ll COBOK)'IIHOCTb ,lI:BMraTeJIbHbIX ueHT-
pOB KOpbI M03ra, fOTOpHbIX ueHTpOB qepenHbIX HepBOB, 3aneraIOII.U1X B CTBone
M03ra, M MOTOpHbIX UeHTpOB B rrepe,n:HV1X porax CIIMHHoro M03ra, a TaIOKe 3<p<pe-
peHTHbIX rrpoeKIU10HHbIX HepBHbIX BonOKOH, CB5I3bIBaIOII.U1X MX Me)l():(y C060ll.
IIMpaMMHble nyrM 06eCrre1ll1BalOT npOBe,n:eHMe MMIIYJIbCOB B npou:ecce C03Ha-
TenbHOll perylliIWfM ,n:BIDKeHMll.
IIMpaMl1,[(Hble rryrM <pOpMMpyroTC5I OT rnraHTCKI1X rrI1paMM,[(HbIX Hei1:poHoB
(KJIeTOK Eeua), a TaIOKe KpyrrHbIX rrMpaMM,IUThIX HellpOHOB, nOKanM30BaHHbIX B
V cnoe KOpbI 60nbIill1X rrOJIyIlIap:Ifll. IIpMMepHo 40% BOJIOKOH HaQMHaeTC5I OT nM-
palli,II,HbIX HeMpoHoB B npe,lU.:{eHTpanbHoM M3BJillMHe, r,n:e Haxo,n:MTC5I KopKoeblu
l{ellmp aeU2ameJlbH020 allGJlU3amOpa; OKono 20% BOJIOKOH - OT rrOCTueHTpaJIbHOM
M3BMJIJ1HbI, a OCTaJIbHble 40% BOJIOKOH - OT 3a,n:HMX yqaCTKOB BepXHell M cpe,n:HeM
JI06HbIX M3BMJI:IfH, :If OT Ha,n:KpaeBoll M3BMJIMHbI IDDKHell TeMeHHOll ,n:OJIbKll, B
KOTOpOll pacnOJIO)KeH l{ellmp npaKCUU, KOHTpOJIMpyroI.I..Ulli CJIO)KfIble KOOpJIJIHM-
pOBaHHble :u;eJIeHarrpaBJIeHHble ,n:BIDKeHlffi. qHCJIO HepBHbIX BonOKOH B nMpaMM,n-
HbIX IIyr5IX Ha O,n:HOll CTopOHe TeJIa COCTaBIDIeT npMMepHO 1 MJIH.
II11paMJ1)UIhle rryrn: rro,n:pa3,n:eIDIIOT Ha KopKoeo-cnulllloMo32oeou :If KopKoeo-
Raepllblu. I1x 06rn:ei1: oc06eHHOCTblO 5IBmreTC5I TO, qTO OHM, HaqnHa5ICb B Kope npa-
Boro 11 neBoro nOJIyIlIapHll, nepeXOMT Ha npOTIIBOrrono)l(Jl)'IO CTOpOHY M03ra
(T. e. rrepeKpe:rn:HBaIOTC5I) :If B KOHeqHOM :If Tore ocym:eCTBlliIIOT peryJUIlUIIO ,UBIDKe-
HMM KOHTpJIaTepanbHOllnonOBMHbI TeJIa.

166 rJ1asa 5
npaMAHeHepOH
v CJlO KOpbl
60JlbWOrC M03ra
HepOHbl
ABraTellbHblX Aep
epenHblX HepSOB
60K08011t
>KellYAo4eK
-" T anaMYC
BHYTpeHH
KanCYlla
ASI-1raTeJlbHbie
BOJiOKHa
yepenHblX
HepSOB
MOTOHepOHbl
8 ABraTeJlbHbIX ApaX
nepeAHV1X poros
Cnt.1HHOrO M03ra
ASraTeJ1bHble
B0J10KHa
cnHHOM03r08bIX
Hepsos
nepeKpeCT nvrpaMt.1A
J1aTepaJ1bHblt1
KCPK080-cnV1HHOM03rOBO
nyrb
nepeAHvr
KOpKoBo-cnvrHHoMo3roso
nyrb
P",c. 1 02. TIpoBO,WIII(MM rryrb rrnpaMI1.ll:HOM CMCTeMbI.
KOpK080-cnUHHOM032060ii nymb, KaK )')Ke OT1eqaJIOCb, HaT.fiIHaeTC5I OT HOBOM
KOpbI 60JIbllIIDC IIOJIYllIapMll (pRC. 102). Ero BOJIOKHa rrpOXOMT B 3aaHeu llOJICKe
Bllympelllleu KanCYJlbl M rrpo,n;OJDKaIOTC5I B OCHOBaHllM cpe,l1.Hero 1f03ra (cpeLI:IDIJI
qaCTb HO)KK1{ M03ra) II OCHOBaHllil 1IOCTa. B rrpo.n:onrOBaTOf lVf03re Ha ypOBHe
rrn:pa!\.H1)X BOnOKI-Ia Me,n;MaJIbHbIX qaCTeM rrpaBOrO II .rreBOrO KOpKOBO-CIIllHHONI03-
rOBbIX rryreti: rrepeXOMT Ha rrpOTIffiOIIOJIO)l(ff)'IO CTOpOH)', o6pa3yn nepeKpeCm
nUpaMUa (C1L pilC. 97). 3,n;ecb rrepeKpelli}fBaeTC5I OKOJIO 80% BonOKOH I1MpaMI1L(-
HbIX TpaKTOB. IIepeKpe:rn:eHHble BOJIOKHa crrycKaIOTC5I B cnMHHoii M03f 11 I1,lJ;yr B
COCTaBe 60KOBbIX KaHaTIIKOB B BJ1,l(e Jlamepa./lbH020 KopKoeo-cnUHllO.,M0320e020
lnpaKma. BonoKHa rrlIpa1flUJ:HbIX TpaKTOB 3aKawrnBalOTC5I CMHarrCaMJ1 Ha !vIOTO-
HenpoHax ,l];BMraTeJThHbIX 5I,[(ep rrepe)Ull1X porOB crrMHHoro M03ra.
HerrepeKpem:eHHa5I qaCTh BOJIOKOH rrpo,n:OJDKaeTC5I B CITI1HHOI1: f\,f03r B COCTaBe
ero rrepe,lIHHX KaHaTMKOB rroL( Ha3BaHMeM nepeaHe20 KopKoeO-CnUHllO]10320e020
mpaKma. BonoKHa 3TI1X TpaKTOB rrepeXOL(51T Ha rrpOTI1BOrrono)l(ff)'IO CTOpOHY Ha
ypOBHe COOTBeTCTByrolI(ID{ cerMeHTOB CIIMHHoro M03ra 11 3aKaWIIIBaJOTC5I CilHarr-
ca11M npellMYlUeCTBellliO Ha fIHTepHettpoHax (IV-VI rrnaCTMH PI1KCeL(a), KOTopble

npOBOASiw.e nYT1 l,leHTpanbHot1 HepBHOLlt CCTeMbi 167
n:epe)1alOT u:eH'TpaJIbH:ble HepBHble BJIIDIH:IDI Ha foToHei1:poHbI ,[(BI1:raTeJThHbIX 5I):(p
nepe,DJrrlX poroB CI111HHOrO Ivf03ra. TOJIbI<O He6oJIblUa5I qaCTh rrnpa!\fI1)I;IffilX BOJIO-
KOH (OI{OJIO 8%) Herrocpe,nCTBeHHO oKawnIBaeTC5I Ha 60JIbIlIllX MOToHelipoHax
CIIHHHoro 1,,103ro.. E JIbIIIa5I qaCTb BOJIOKOR IIIIpaH1)J:HbIX nyTei1: OKaWIl1BaeTCJI Ha
J1HTepHet'rpoHax CI111HHOrO M03ra, a e OT HMX pa3,IIpa)KeID1 rrepe,naeTC5I Ha 1\10-
TOHei1:pOHbI.
HepBHble BOJIOKHa, 06pa3)'lOIIIJIe IDIpaMJ1)Wble nynr, HeO,lIHopO,[(HbI KaK no CBO-
11M CTPYKTypHbL\rf, TaK 11 <pyHKI.IJ10HaJILHhL\f napa1-fe'TpaM. E JIbJ1I.Y'"lO qaCTb COCTaBJiSl-
lOT TOI-!K}Ie 11 6e3:MMem!HOBble HepBHble BOJIOICHa, a KpY1TIIble rrlem1HOBble BOJIOKHa,
OTillftIalO11.U1eC5I BbICOKOM CKOpOCThIO rrpOBe,n:eHJrffi HepEHoro myJThca, COCTaBlliIIOT
3HatIJ1TeJIbHO MeRbI.IIY1O qo.CTh. C 3TI1:MJtI crpYKTypHDIMJ1 OC06eI-lliOCT5L\ill CB5I3aHO Ha-
:II1YJ1e 6bICTpO- 11 Me,lJ)IeHH:OrrpOBO.lWlliJ'IX 'llaCTen ITI1paMM,Il}IOI1 CTICrel\lliI.
E JIbllla qaCTh BOJIOKOH IIMpafyll1J(H011 C1ICTeIbI (rrpl1MepHo 55%) 3aKalflll'IBa-
eTCH B mei1HhL'C cer:"iCHTax CIlliHHoro 103ra, 20% - E rpy,n:HbIX 11 25% - B rr05IC-
H:YP:IHO-KpeCTUOBbLX. ITpll 3T01vf BOJIOIG.qa rrepe,lIHerO KOpKOBo-cm1HHOI03rOBoro
TpaKTa He orrYCKaIOTC5I HIDKe rpYHbIX CerleHTOB.
fIoJIaraIOT, tITO 110 Ill1paMI1LLHbIM nyr5!M npo:nCXOl1MT aKT!fBalfH.H rrpeI1IYllleCT-
BcHHO <pJIeKCOpHOll fYCKYJIaT)'PbI (crJI6aTenei1:) II TOp!\10)Kelli1e 3KcTeH30pHoll
(pa3fMOaTeJIett). B03MO)ICHO, QTO O,llHO 113 qrYHKIJJ10HaJIbHbLX 3HaqeHI1M IIMpaMIIl(-
HOl1 CI1CTervIbI COCTOllT B TOHl13MpYIDmeNI B03,lIeMCTBI1M KOpKOBbIX u:eHTPoB Ha
pa60TY ?\10TOHeMpOHOB Cl1lIHHOrO M03ra.
KOpK080-ROepllbIU nymb HatfifHaeTC5I Ta1vI )l(e, f)1e :U KOpKOBO-CIIMHHOM03fOBOH,
a MMeHHO Ha rrMpaMIUIHbIX Hei1:poHax V CII05I KOpbI, HO TOJlbKO B pJ1:Kfieli TpeTM
rrpeL(IJ:eHTpaJIbHOM M:3Blii1MHbI. Hx BOJIOxra npOXO,lUIT B KO/leHe 8HYinpeH1ieU Kancy-
Jlbl Me)l(,II;Y ee rrepeLUlei1: 11 3aLI:Hei1 HO)K1(aIM M rrp0J10IDKaIOTC51 B OCHOBaHI1M HO)I(](I1
M03ra. B CTBOJIe lVf03ra 60JIbllla5I qaCTb BOJIOI(OH KOpKOBO-5I;(epHOro I1yTI1 nepexo-
,[(lIT Ha KOHTpJIaTepa..TIbHYlO CTOPOHY II, n:OCTHfasr L(BIIraTeTibHbIX Mep QepeI1IffiIX
HepBOB, 3aKal1':li1BaeTC5I B HMX CI1HarrCaMM Ha 10TOHeHpOHax.
5.4. npOBOASlUJ,rAe nyrH 3KCTpanpaMHAHO CVlCTeMbl
3Kcnzpunupa./nuiJnaJl CUClne.lta 06'beIUfH5IeT cPI1.J1.0reHeTI1t:I.eCK11 6o:ree ,[(peBHMe l\le-
XaHI13MbI yrrpaBJIeHH5I .n:BIDKeH:IDIfll qeJI0BeKa, qel\1 rr:apa?\1I1l(Ha5I C:YlCTeftfa. OHa
ocyrueCTBJUIeT IIpeMfYllIeCTBeHHO Herrp0I13BOJIbH)1JO, aBTOManflIeCK)'lO peryJrn-
IJ:MIO CJIO)I(HbLX )J:BliraTenbHbIX aKTOB, TaIOLX KaK xO,Lrb6a, 6er, rrO,IT,1];ep)KaHHe II03bI,
)KeBaHIle M T.rr.; OHa peryJIIlpyeT TOHYC Mbrnru:, a Tal'JKe yqacTByeT B perylliIliIDr
)J:BMraTeJThHhIX rrp05IBJIeHMM 3MOIU1I1:. OTlliiqJITenbHOM oco6eHHOCTbIO 2KCTpaII:n..
pa1\lli,[(Hoi1: CMCTeMbI 5IBJilleTC5I MHor03TaIIHa5I, C 1IHO)l(eCTBOM nepeKJilOqeHI1tt, rre-
pe,[(aqa HepBHbIX BJIlUIHMI1: OT pa3m1QHbIX OT)J,eJIOB rOJIOBHOrO 1103ro. K MCrrOJIHM-
Te.JIbHbIM :ueHTpo.1 - MOTOpHbIM 5I.lIpaM CI1MHHOrO lvl03ra M "l.lepeIIHbIX HepBOB
(pilC. 103).
ITo 3KCTparrMpaMJ1,[(HbIM rryr5II\1 rrpOMCXO,lJ:MT rrepe,[(aQa ,[(BI1TaTeJIbHbIX KOfaH.LI:
npM 3aIllMTHbIX BMraTeJIbHbIX pe<pJIeKCaX, IIpOTeKaIOIIJliX 6eCC03HaTeJIbHO. Ha-
rrpI1Mep, 6JIaro,n:ap5I 3KCTpaIIMpaMI1lI:HbIM rryr.Htd rrepeJIaeTC5I I1I-I<popMaUlliI rrpM
BOCCTaHOBJIeHl111 BepTHKaJIbHOrO rrOJIO)KeHM5I TeJIa B pe3YJIbTaTe IIOTepM paBHOBe-
CIDI (BecTM6ymrpHble pe<pJIeKcbI) l1JIM rrpM JJ;BMraTeJIbHbIX peaKIJJIHX Ha BHe3aIIHoe

168 rnaBa 5
::::!1!1!!!!11!i!11!!1!!!1!11!1!!!1!1j1!11j!11j1jjj1j1!1jj1!j1j1i!j1jjj1i11!1jjji1111!jj1j!11!j1j!!jjj!8jj!i1ggn:hL.)f1:;g'gx418ef1'ef1jjj!j!j!1!1j!111i1Ij!!!!!1!Iji11;j1ij;
CeHCOMOTopHa Kopa KopKOBoe npeACTaBLt'neJlbCTBO
3KCTpanLt1paMLt1AHO CLt1CTeMbl
6a3aJlbHbJe Apa
M03)f(el.fOK
 .--.------.--
:jjj;;:'1:;;;w'Li;:l:::
CnLt1HHO M03r (MOTOpHbJe Apa nepeAHLt1X poros)
CTBOJl M03ra (MOTOpHbJe Apa l.JepenHblX HepSOB)
. .
_____ . __....._.. ____0--___-
u_o_ _ __...__.............
1':tVlbldt:::::biJf
-_ . -."---.-----.-----.-.-....,-...-.J.J,..,-,--.-.-.-.
................--.... -........
.... - ....-..-
. . ........
.. . ---..--.
. --..--..
---- .------ ... -- ........
.:1!:::w:i:::jjj!
. -----.--......
j:j\A'brITt:::::gp:' ,
"-----,.--.-..-....,.-,....-.1);..,...-.---.-.-.
-.....-...........-_... .........
.... --..-.-.- --- - .....- -.---
..._ .._ ... 0_...
..._ _... 0-. ......__
.-- ---.. ---
P",c. 1 03. Cxefa nHpau1J(HbIX H 3KcTpanHpa11M,JJ;HbIX CB5I3ei1: B CHCTe11e yrrpaBneHH5I
.nBIDKeHIDIfH qeJIOBeKa.
CBeTOBoe l1JIM 3B)'KOBoe B03,neMCTBMe (3aIU}ITHble pe<pneKCbI, 3aMbIKalOIUMeC5I B
KpbIIIIe cpe,nHero M03ra) M T. ,n:.
8KCTparrMpaMMJJ:HyIO CMCTeIY 06pa3)T1OT 5I,nepHhle ueHTpbI rronyrnapMM
(6G3Clflbllble Rapa: xeocmamoe M tteLfeeul{eo6pa311oe), rrpOIeOqJ{oro 1103ra (MeaU-
aJlbllble .Rapa maJlalvlyca, cy6m{lfl{J},lUttecKoe RapO) M CTBOJIa M03ra (KpacHoe 5lapO,
Lfeplloe eeU{ecnleo), a TaIOKe rrpoBO,I:(5IllJ:Me rryrM, CB5I3hIBalOIlIJ1e ee C KOpOM 6onb-
IlIMX rronyrnap:m1:, C M03)l(e1IKOM, C peTIIKyJUIpHOM <pop:rvlaUMeM M, HaKoHeu, C MC-
nOJIHMTenhHblfi1M u:eHTpa111i, ne)l(alI(l111M B 10TOpHblxMpax qeperrHhIX HepBoB If B
rrepe,n:HI1X porax CITI1HHOrO 1103ra. Cym:eCTByeT TaIOKe 11 HeCKOJThKO paCIill1peHHa5I
TpaKTOBKa COCTaBa 3KCTparrn:pawfI1.LJ:HOM cMcTeIvIbI, Kor.n:a K HeM rrpW-IMClUIIOT
M03)l(eqOK, Mpa qeTBepoxon:rvIJ15I cpe,nHero Ivlo3ra, Mpa peTMKylliIpHOM <popMaDIfl1
M T. II.
KOpKOBble rryrM 6epYT HaqaJIO OT rrpe,nu:eHTpaJIbHOM M3BMJIIfIThI, a TaIOKe ,n:py-
rMX oT,nenoB KOpbI M03ra; 3TM rryrM rrpoeDMpYIDT BnM5IHMe KOphI Ha 6a3aJIbHble
Mpa. CaMM 6a3a.JThHble Mpa (XBoCTaToe M QeqeBMu;eo6pa3Hoe) TeCHO CB5I3aHhI
:rvIHOrOQMCneHHbIMM BHYTPeHHI1MM CB5I35IMM Me)l(lJy C060M, a TaIOKe C MpaMM
TaJIa:rvlyca M C KpacHbIM MpOM cpe,n:Hero M03ra. <POpMl1PYIDIIJ:MeC5I 3,n:ech ,nBJtlra-
TenbHble KOMaH,[(bI rrepe,lXaIOTC5I Ha MCrrOJIHIfTenbHble )J,Bl1TaTeJIbHble u;eHTpbI
Crrl1HHOrO M03ra rrpel1MYJ-I.XecTBeHHo ,nB)'M5I nyr5IMl1: Qepe3 KpacllORaepHo-cnullllo-
M032oeou (py6pocnullClflbllblU) mpaKm 11 Qepe3 5I,lXpa peTllKylliIpHOM cPopMaDill1
(pemuKYJlOCnUllaJlbllblU mpaKm). Ha,no TaIOKe oTMeTMTb, QTO Qepe3 KpacHoe MPo
ocym:ecTBJUIeTC5I rrepe,naQa BnIDIHMM M03)l(eQKa Ha pa6oT)' crrllHHOM03rOBbIX
MOTOpHbIX u;eHTpoB.

npOBOAw.lt1e nyrlt1 Ll8HTpanbHot1 HepBHot1 Clt1CTeMbl 169
KpacHoRoepHo-cnuHHoMo32080ii mpaKm o6pa30BaH OTpOCTKaMM HeHpoHoB, pac-
rrOJIO)KeHHbIX B KpacHoM Mpe. CaMO KpaCHoe MPO rro.rryqaeT rrpoeKI.U1H OT 6a3aJTh-
HbIX Mep, cy6TarraMWIeCKoro Mpa, 3y6qaTOrO 5I.1Jpa M03)KetIKa M ,n:pyrnx nO,lU<opKO-
BbIX CTpYKTYP rOJIOBHOrO M03ra. AKCOHbI HeI1poHoB KpaCHoro Mpa 06pa3y:IOT rrepe-
KpeCT Ha ypOBHe cpemrero M03ra B ero rrOKpbIllIKe (BeHTpaJIbHbllI rrepeKpeCT, l1JIM
rrepeKpeCT <DopeJUI) M ,n:arree, crrycKa5.ICb B nOKpblllIKe CTBOJIa, ,n:OCTMraIOT CIIMHHO-
ro fi103ra (CM. pRC. 104). 3,n:ecb BOJIOKHa KpaCHOMepHO-CnMHHOM03rOBoro TpaKTa
npo,nOJDKaIOTC5I B 60KOBbIX KaHaTMKaX CIIMHHoro M03ra, r,n:e OHM JIe)KaT HeCKOJThKO
Brrepe1U1 OT JIaTepaJIbHOrO KOpKOBO-CI1MHHOM03rOBoro TpaKTa. 3aKaWlliBaIOTC5I BO-
nOKHa KpaCHOMepHO-CIIMHHO103rOBoro TpaKTa CMHarrCaMM Ha IoToHeHpoHax B
,n:BMraTeJIbHbIX Mpax crrI1HHoro M03ra.
Ha MOToHeHpoHax crrMHHoro M03ra 3aKawrnBaIOTC5I CMHarrca111i TaIOKe BO-
JIOKHa pemUKYJlOCnUllClflbl1020 mpaKlna, rrepe,n:aIOIII:erO BJII1illII15I 3KCTparrMpafM-
HOM CMCTeMbI, a TaIOKe npeaaeepHo-cnllHlloMo32oe020 (eecmu6YJ10CnllllaJlbllo20) M
OJlUeO-CnllllHOM032oe020 (oJlUeOCnUHGJlbHo20) mpaKmoe. C rrOMOlI(bIO 3TI1X TpaKTOB
rrOMep)Kl1BaeTC5I aKT'ABHOCTb CrrMHHOM03rOBbIX ,IJ;BIITaTeJIbHbIX u:eHTpOB M o6ec-
rreql1BaeTC5I BeCTI16YlliIPHbrll KOHTpOJIb B rrpou:ecce pery.IDIIJ:MM ,n:BIDKeHMH. 06meH
oco6eHHOCTbIO 3TMX TpaKTOB .ill3lliIeTC5I OTcyrcTBMe nepeKpeCTOB V1X BOJIOKOH,
rrOCKonbKy Ka)K)J;brn M3 HMX 06eCrreqJffiaeT CB5I3M npaBoM M JIeBOH IIOJIOBMH CTBO-
JIa rOJIOBHOrO 1vI03ra TOJIbKO co CBoeM IIOJIOBIDIOM CIIMHHoro M03ra.
5.5. npOeK1,10HHble CBH3J11 M03>Ke'"lKa
IIpOeKI.lI10HHble CB5I3M M03)l(eqJ<a BKJIlOQaIOT:
. rryrM, I1,nym:Me OT crrMHHoro M03ra M CTBOJIa M03ra rro HanpaBJIeHMIO K
1f03)KeQKy (OHM paCCMOTpeHbI BbIllIe);
rrpOBO):(5Ill1:Me rryrM, CB5I3bIBaIOIII:Me M03)KeQOK C rrOJIyrnapM5IMM 60JIbliiOrO
trl:03ra (OHM cafi1ble MHOrOQMCJIeHHble);
. rryrM OT M03)KeQKa no HarrpaBJIeHMIO K CTBOJIY f03ra.
M03)I(eQOK He M11eeT rrp5IMbIX 3<p<pepeHTHbIX rryreM, CB5I3bIBaIOlUMX ero CO
CrrI1HHbIM M03ro:rv1. Ero BJII15IHMe Ha pa6oT)' ,n:BllraTeJIbHOrO anrrapaTa ocym:eCTB-
lliIeTC5I OIIocpe,n:OBaHHO, Qepe3 3KCTparrMpa1fI1,L(HYID CMCTeM)'.
IIyrM OT M03)Keq}(a no HarrpaBneHMIO K CTBOny 1I03ra rrpoxO,[(5IT B OCHOBHO!\1 B
eepXlleu M03JJCettKOeou llOJ/CKe. OHM 6epyr HaQarrO OT KpyrrHbIX rpyrneBM,D:HbIX HeM-
pOHOB KOpbI M03)I(e1fKa. AKcoHbI 3TV1X Hei1poHoB npoeU:MpyroTC5I Ha M03)KeQKOBble
5I,[(pa, re 3aKawrnBaIOTC5I CMHarrca:rvIM. OT 3y6ttam02o Rapa M03)I(eqJ<a BOJIOKHa Ha-
rrpaBlliIIOTC5I K KpaclloMY Rapy npoTMBOrrOnO)KHOM nOJIOBMHbI cpe,nHero M03ra
(pilC. 104). OT Mep M03)I(eqJ<a BOJIOKHa HarrpaBIDllOTC5I TaIOKe Ha Becrn6YlliIpHble
M peTMKYlliIpHble Mpa CBoeM CTOpOHbI, r,n:e 3aKawrnBaIOTC5I Ha TeJIaX M ,[(eH,[(pMTax
MX He:ttpoHoB. lIMrryJIbCbI, Me OT M03)KeQKa rro 3<p<pepeHTHbIM BOJIOKHaM,
OKa3bIBaIOT Ha 5I,[(epHble u:eHTpbI CTBona TOpM03Hoe ,n:eMcTBMe, CIllDKa5I ypOBeHb
MMrryJIbCHOM aKTMBHOCTM 3KCTpanMpaMI1,[(HbIX rryreH 11 06eCrreqJfBa5I onTMMarrb-
Hble YCJIOBIDI ,lLJUI perylliII.D1M ,nBIDKeHMM.
IlpOeKL(MoHHble CB5I3M rro.rrynrapMi1 60JIbllIOrO M03ra M M03)KeqJ<a 06ecrreqJ1-
BaIOT rrepe,n:aqy MH<popMaU:MM Me)lQXY KOpKOBbIMM u:eHTpaMM M M03)KeQKOM (CM.

170 rnasa 5
TanaMO-KOpT1t1KanbHbIe BonOKHa
HeC1pOHbl
MeAVlanbHoro
npOMe)f(yro4Horo
Apa cnVlHHoro M03ra
3y64aro- TanaM4eCK
nyrb
Het1poHbl V CllOfJ
KOpbl M03ra
s:tApa TanaMyca
kOpKOBO-MOCTOBble
nyT
3y64aTo-
KpaCH051AepHbl
nyrb
KpacHOAepHO-
cnHHOM03rOBO nyrb
Het1poHbl
3y64aTblX s:4,D,ep
M03>Ke4Ka
MOCTO-M03)f(el.iKOBble BonOKHa
38.AHVI
cnVlHHO-M03)f(e4KOBbIVi nyrb
(nyrb CPneKClI1ra)
,[J.Bl.-1raT€J1bHble
BonOKHa B COCTaBe
cn1HHOM03rSbIX
HepaOB I
HeC1pOHbl rpYAHoro Apa
3aAHerO pora cnHHoro M03ra
(II Heil1poHb/)
MOTOHeVipOHbl
B ABVIraTenbHblX Apax
nepeAHIllX porOB
cnHHoro M03ra
CeHcopHbre HepOHb:
cnHHOM03rOBbIX
Y3nOB
(I HeMpOHbl)
nepeAHLt1
cn HHO-M 03)Ke4KOB blM
nyrb
(nyTb TOBepca)
PlJIC. 104. I1poeKIJJ10HHble CB5I3I1 103)KeqKa.
pllC. 104). IIOCKOJIbKY M03)KeQOK B llepapXJ11IeCKOf P5IlIY 3aIDIMaeT 60JIee Hll3Koe
:WIeCTO, QeM 60JIbiliOll f03r, rryrll, J1.ITYll-U1e OT M03)KeqJCa K Kope 60JIblllliX nOJIYllIa-
pMM: rrpllIDITO paCC1'1aTpMBaTb KaK BOCXOMilille, a HJ(yn:I;lle B o6paTHoM HanpaBJIe-
IlliM - KaK HllCXOJUill1:11e.
BOCXOiJRUuii nymb 6epeT HaQarrO OT rpyrneBlI,lJ;HbIX HefrpoHoB KOpbI rroJIyllIa-
pllll M03)KeqJCa. Hx aKCOHbI rrpoeUllpYIDTC5I Ha 3y6QaTble 5IIl:pa M03)Ke'lfKa CBoeH
CTOpOHbI. OT 3TlfX HellpoHoB HatffiHaIOTC5I BOJIOKH:a 3y6 l lanl0-ma/zaJI1ll l lecKo2o
InpaKma, KOTopble no BepXHI1NI rvI03)KeqJCOBbIM HO)l(KaM J1.1JYf B cpe.n:HllM1103r, B
rrOKpbIlliKe KOToporo rrepeXOMT Ha rrpOTI1BOrrOJIO:>KHyIO CTOPOHY CTBOJIa. IIOCJle
rrepeKpeCTa BOJIOKHa HefrpoHoB 3y6QaTbIX Mep B COCTaBe 3y6qaTO-TaJIafMqeCKO-

npOBOAIl.U,1e nyr u.eHTpaJ1bHot1 HepBHot1 Cl-1CTeMbl 171
ro TpaKTa ,nOCTI1raIOT TaJIa1-iyCOB, r,n:e o6pa3y:IOT CllllarrCbI Ha HellpoHax BeH1pOJIa-
Tepa.abHoI1 rpynnbI TaJIaMllqeCKMX Mep. OT IDIX maJlaJrtO-KOplllUKaJlbHble 60/10Kfla
rrpo,[(oIDKalOTC5I B pa3JIHqfThle OTeJIbI KOpbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, re 3aKaWIMBaIOTCH
CI1HarrcaMI1 Ha Hei1:poHax IV ulITOapXl'lTeKTOH1.flIeCKOrO CJIOH. Oco6eHHo 60JIbllIOe
Tmcno BOJIOKOH, Hecynu1X I-IH<popMaumo OT 1-103)I(e t IKa, 3aKalfl:lliBaeTC5I B JI06HbIX
06JIaCTHX KOpbI, KOH'TpOJIMPYlOIIJJIX rmaIDfpOBaIDle CJIO)l(H1)IX KOOp,nI1HI1pOBaH-
HbLX C03HaTeJIbHbIX JI.BIDKeHMM.
HUCXOORU<uii nynzb OT KOpbI 60JIbIill1X rronyrnapl'Ill K KOp M03)!(e"llKa nepeKJIIO-
QaeTC5I B Mpax IvfOCTa, rro3ToIvry Ha3bIBaeTC5I KopKoeO-MocmO-Jl!03JICettKoBbIM
nyme,,t. OR HaqJ1HaeTC5I OT nllpaMM,l1,H:bIX HeHpOHOB V cnOH JI06Hoi1, TeMeHHoti:,
BllC01ffiOll M 3aTbLi10qHOM 06JIaCTell KOpbI 60JIbllII1X 110JI)'IlIapllH H 1:reT no
l-IarrpaBJIeIDL."tQ K fOCTY. KaK M Ill1pa1lli,L1JIble rr)'TM, OH npOXO,lJ:llT Qepe3 BHYTpeH-
I"'" ..,
RIOIO KarrCYJIY: flOOHO-..MOCl1l0eOU nyttoK - Qepe3 ee rrepe,IWlOJO HO)KKy, a 3amblJlOtt-
HO-Mocmoeou, meMeHllO-lvtOCmoeou M eUCOl.lHO-A-IOClnOeou nynzu - Qepe3 3MHIOlO
HO)KKy. B 3TIIX riygxax C Ka)KJI:Oll CTOpOHbI HaCqJ{ThIBaeTC 60JIee 3 M.,i1H. HepBHbIX
BOJIOKOH. ITpOli.lUI BHYTpeHHlOIO Karrcy.rry. BOJIOKHa 060IfX I1)TtJKOB BXOMT B OCI-IO-
BaHHe HO)l(KJ1 M03ro, a 3aTe11 ,UOCTI1:raIOT l\tfOCTa. ,LI:oCTI1fHYB 1-iOCTa, BOJIOKHa KOp-
KOBO-1\10CTOBbIX rryreI1 3aKafIlIMBaIOTC5I CMHarrCaMM: Ha Hei1:poHax co6cmeeHHbix
, u
JIoep AlOCYtla CBOe}I CTOpOfIbI.
OT )I)J:ep MOCTa Ha1fI1Ha:IOTC5I BOJIOKHa .ktOCmO-M03J1CettKOBOi!O rnpaKma. ITocJIe
rrepeKpeCTa B OCHOBaHI1lf fOCTa, 3Tll BO.n:OKHa Qepe3 cpeallJOJO A-to3J1CettKOBYlO !f0JIC-
KY BXOMT B M03)KeQOK If rrpoeI(Mpy:IOTC5I Ha KOpy COOTBeTCTBy:IOIl(ero nonyrnapM5I
1:f03)I(eQKa. "'faKM1 06pa301-I, ll1InYJIbCbI OT rrOJIyrnapilH 60JIbliiOrO M03ra noc1}'IIa-
JOT B KOHTpJIaTepaJIbHOe rronyrnapMe M03:>KetJKa.
5.6. CBSl311111M6111eCKO" CiI1CTeMbl
JIUMOU'leCKaR CUCllleMa 001>eL(IlIDIeT KOMrrneKC 06pa30BaHllfi KOHeq}!oro, rrpOMe-
)l()'Toq}{oro II cpe,I(HerO M03ra, COCTaBlliIIOlillIX aHaToMINecI<I1i1 cy6cTpaT ,llJUI
perYJIID..{Mll pa3lli1'IHbIX COCT05IHHM OpraHM3Ma (CHa, 60LI:pCTBOBaHlliI, 3MOL(lII1,
rvroTllBaUllM II T. n.) (pllC. 105). Bce o6pa30BaHIDI M03ra, COCTaB.JI5IIOlUlle JII1M6M-
QecKYID CMCTeMY, OTHOC5ITCH K HaM60JIee cpvilloreHeTllQeCKll ,npeBHMM 06JIaCT5IM, a
3BOJIIOUJUI JIMM6MQeCKMX CTPYKTYP TeCHO CB5I3aHa C <pOp:M:llpOBaHlleM 060IDITeJIb-
Horo aHaJIM3aTOpa 11 Te1-lli o6pa30BaHIDIMH M03ra, KOTopble no.rryqaIOT MMrryJThCbI
OT o6oHflmeflbHoil flYKoeUl{bl.
CyrnecTByeT npe,n:CTaBJIeHMe 0 JIllM6IfleCKOll CllCTeMe KaK 0 Ba)KHOM ueHTpe
BereTaTMBHOM peryJUIll;I1M <PYHKIlllll OpraHM3Ma, q'fO HallIJIO CBoe OTpa)KeHlle B
KOHuenIDII1 «BMcu.epaJIbHOrO M03ra» (IT. MaK-JIMH, 1952). B COOTBeTCTBllM C
3TOll KOHuenunell eHTpaJIbHbIMM cllcTeMOo6pa3YIOIIU1Ivn1: CTpYlcryparn JII1M6M-
"lleCKOI1 CllCTe!\1bI 5IBlliIIOTC.H mrrnOKaMIT II MMH,[(aJIeBJ1)J;HOe TeJIO, 06eCrreQI1BaIO-
IIJ:Me llHTerpaI1:IO (coBMeCTH)'lO o6pa6oTKY, o606Il(eHMe) II xpaHeHlle pa3JIJ1lIHOM
ceHcopHoM MH<p0pMal(llll, B TOM tffiCJIe OT BHYTPeHHMX opraHOB, ,nBI1raTeJIbHOrO
arrrrapaTa II opraHOB qyBCTB (pMC. 106). UeHTpaJIbHa5I pOJIb rrpIIHa)UIe)l(MT TaIOKe
rMIIOTaJIa!\.rycy, 06eCneq}1BaIOIl(ery peryJU.IIJ:MIO BereTaTI1BHbIX peaKIJ:Mt'I C yqeTo11
pe3YJIbTaTOB ,ne5ITeJlbHOCTll r:mmOKaMrra II IMH.II:aJIeBl1,[(HorO TeJIa.

172 rnasa 5
KOPA 6onbworo M03rA
Pc. 105. OCHoBHbIe aHaTO:\fI1QeCKMe KOfIIOHeHTbI JII1f6J1qeCKOM CI1CTeIbI.
B nMf6:wrecKoM CllCTeMe 10)KHO BbILI:eJll1Tb arjJrjJepeHmllble cmpYKmypbl, CBJI-
3aHHble C 060IDITeJIbHbII\.111 nyKoBllu;aMIlI1 rrepe,[(aqeM 060lillTeJIbHOM CeHCOpHOM
llH<pOpMaWIll B M03r; "l{ellmpaJlbllYJO Lfacmb, CBJI3afIHYlO rrpellMYJ-l.{ecTBeHHo C nllNf-
6:wrecKoM L(OJIeM M rI1IIIIOKaMrro!>r1, r,[(e rrpollcxo,[(I1T COrJIaCOBaHMe (aHaJIll3 II CllH-
Te3) BJIlillIDIi1 Bcex Tex HepBHbIX cTPYKTYP, KOTopble yqacTBymT B perylliII.U111 Bere-
TaTIIBHbIX <PYHI<IU1i1: II Bblpa60TKe 3MOll;l'IOHaJIbHO oKparneHHoro ITOBe,n:eHlliI; II
3rjJrjJepeHmHOe 36eHo, fL(e rrpOllCXOL(MT KOHBepreHIJ:lill II rrepeL(aqa C<POp!\llipOBaH-
HbIX KOMaI-UI:, Hecynurx !\-foTllBaI.U10HHO-3MOllYIOHaJIbH)'IO oKpacJ<y rrOBeL(eHlill, Ha
llCrrO.JIHMTeJThHble HepBHble u;eHTpbI II OpraHbI.
BXOMIlU'Ie B JIllM6:wrecKYID cllcTeM)' HepBHble CTpYKTYpbI TeCHO CBJI3aHbI
Me C060ll BOCXO,IUIIlI:llMll II :mrcxo,lUIlI(I1Mll CBJI3JIMll. O,[(HaKO XapaKTepHOM
oco6eHHocTbIO opra:mr3aI(llM Jll1M6:wrecKoM CllCTeMbI 5IBlliIeTC5I <pOpMllpOBa:mre
3aMJ<HyTbIX HenpOHHbIX KpyroB 113 UllI<JIWIecKI1 CB5I3aHHbIX HepBHbIX cTpYKTYP, B
KOTOpbIX rrpollcXo,[(IlT UllPKylliIIJ}UI B036y)l(L(eH:IDI.
B JIllM6:wrecKoM CllCTeMe BbI)JelliIIOT HeCKOJIbKO TaKI1X KpyroB. OL(llH 113 Hall-
60nee Ba)l(HbIX - 60JlbUiOU JluM6utteCKUu KpY2 IIeun"l{a. OH BKJIIOqaeT rllIT-
rrOKaMII -CBO,I:( -CoCu;eBl1,[(Hble TeJIa-cOClleBlll(HO-TaJIaMJIlIeCKllll rryqoK (rryqOK
BllKL('A311pa)-TaJIaMYc (rrepe,LUIIDI rpyrrrra 5I)J;ep )-rr05ICH)'IO 113BI1nHHy (Jll1M6WIe-
CKa5I L(OlliI)-rllrrrrOKaMII. M3 3Toro Kpyra ocym:ecTBJI5llOTC5I rrpoeKIJ:llll BO <pPOH-
TaJIbH)'IO KOpy, a C Hee Ha 6a3aJIbHble Mpa.
HllCXOMIIJ:I1e rryru: CB5I3bIBaIOT JIllM6:wrecKYID cllcTeM)' C peTI1KYlliIpHOM <pop-
MaI(llell CTBOJIa M03ra II rI1IIOTaJIaM)'coM. 1Jepe3 rllrrOTaJIaM)'c pery.rrn:pymrn:lle

npOBOA>1W,v1e nynt1l..\eHTpanbHOC1 HepBHOC1 CLt1CTeMbl 173
M030J1t.1CTOe TeJ10
np03pa4Ha neperopOAKa
CepblVi nOKpOB M030J1t.1CTOrO TeJ1a
CBOA
nOCHa t.13Bt.1J1t.1Ha
s:lApa
nOBOAKOB
Apa
np03pa4HOVi
neperopoAK
nepeAH
cnaViKa
nepeweeK
nocHot1
t.13Bt.1J1t.1Hbl
M t.1HAaJl eBt.1AHOe
TeJ10
060HTeJ1bHble n0J10CKt.1
3y64aTa
t.13Bt.1J1t.1Ha
rt.1nnOKaMn
KOHu,eBa n0J10CKa
napart.1nnOKaMnanbHa
t.13Bt.1J1t.1Ha
Cocu,eBt.1AHO-
TaJ1aMt.14eCKt.1V1 nY40K
Cocu,eBt.1AHOe TeJ10
PMC. 106. JIMM6MQeCKaH CMCTeMa M03ra: ueHTPbI M MX CBH3M.
B.1IIDIlIIDI K opraHaM nepe,n:aIOTC5I Ha MCnOJIIlliTeJIbHble MOTopHble l(eHTpbI crrnH-
Horo M03ra M qepenHbIX HepBOB no IlliCXO,L(ID.lIJ1M CBH3HM, a OT IlliX no HepBaM K
opraHaM (Hei1:poreHHbrn rryTb pery.IDIIU1H) M.Jlli qepe3 rnrrO<pM3 Ha 3lI,lI;OKpMHHble
opraHbI (ryMOpaJIbHbrn rryTb pery.IDIl(MI1).
KOHTPonbHblE BOnpOCbl
5.1. BuyrpeHHHe CBB3H ronOBHoro H cnHHHoro M03ra
1. qTO TaKoe npOBO,DJIIl.{Me nyrM uelITpaJIbHOM HepBHoM cMcTeMbI?
2. KaKMe npOBO,LJ;HIl.{Me rryTM IJ;HC Ha3bIBaIOT accoUMaTMBHbIMM? IIpMBe,LJ;MTe npMMepbI
aCCOU;MaTMBHbIX rryreM.
3. KaKMe nyrM IJ;HC Ha3bIBaIOT KOMMCCYPaJIbHbIMH? IIpMBe,LJ;MTe npMMepbI KOMMccyparrb-
HbIX rryreM.
4. KaKMe nyrM IJ;HC Ha3bIBaIOT npOeKIJJloHHbIMM? IIpMBe,LJ;MTe npI1MepbI npOeKIJ;MOHHbIX
nyreM.
5. KaKoB 06Il.{MM rmaH C1'poeHMH aHaJIM3aTOpOB; B QeM COCTOIIT MX <PYHKIJ;MOHaJIbHOe 3Ha-
qeHMe?
6. OrK)',na, Ky,na M KaK)'IO MH<popMaUMIO rrpOBo,nHT BOCxo,nHIIJ;Me rrpOBO,LJ;HIl.{Me IIyTM IJ;HC?
7. OTK)',na, KY,LJ;a M KaK)'1O MH<popMaUMIO npOBo,nHT HMCXO,LJ;5IIIJ;Me npOBo,nHIl.{Me nyrM IJ;H C?
5.2. CeHcopHbIe IIyTH nOBepXHoCTHoH H rny6oKoH qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
1. qTO TaKoe peuenTopbI?
2. KaKMe TMnbI peu;enTopOB cym;ecTB)'IOT?

174 rJ1asa 5
3. Ha30BI1Te nyrb rrpOBe;D:eHMH rrporrpHoIIenTMBHoM lJYBCTBRTeJIbHOCTM KopKOBoro HanpaB-
JIeHMH.
4. f,lI,e pacnOJIaraIOTCH TeJIa rrepBbIX (ceHcopHbIX), BTOpbIX M 1'peTbMX Hei1:poHoB llyTI1 npOBe-
,neHIUI nponpHou:enTI1BHOM qYBcTBMTeJIbHOcTR?
5. Ha30BllTe rryTH l1pOBe,neHMH TaKTHlIbHoi1, TeMrrepaTYPHoM Ii 60JIeBOM qyJ3CTBMTeJIbHOCTM.
6. [,ne pacrrOJIaraIOTCH TeJIa nepBbIX (ceHcopHbIX), BTOpbIX M TpeTbMX HeupoHoB rryreM npo-
Be,lI,eHHH TaKTMlIbHOH, TeMnepaTypHoM H 60JIeBOM qYBCTBMTeJIbHoCTH?
7. Ha30BMTe BOcxo,nHne cnMHHOf03rOBble nyrn M03)KeQKOBOrO HarrpaBJIeHMH.
8. f,ne pacnOJIaraIOTCH TeJIa nepBbIX (ceHcopHbIX) M BTOpbIX HeMpoHoB BOCXO,D;5IIlJ;I1X rrpOBO-
,lI,HllurX nyreil M03)J(eQKOBOrO HanpaBJleHM5I?
5.3. IIpoBoJJ;BIIUfe nyrH lllfpaMlf.lUIoit CIfCTeMbl
1. qTO TaKoe IIMpaMU)J,HaH CMCTeMa M03ra? KaKoBbI ee CPYHMM?
2. Ha30BIITe nMpaMM,il;Hble rryrM. f.ne OHH HaQMHaIOTC5I?
3. B KaKOU QaCTM HO)l(eK BHYfPeHHei1: KanCYJIbI rrOJIyllIapMH M03ra npOXO;J:HT IIMpa:MHLIHble
nYTM? B KaKOM qaCTM CTBOJIa M03ra OHM npo.n:OJDKaIOTC5I? [,lIe 3aKaHQMBa1OTC5I?
4. KaKJ1e nMpanUIHble nYTM o6pa3YIOT rrepeKpeCT Ha ypOBHe CTBOJIa M03ra?
5. KaKMe ITUpaMH,LJ;HbIe nyrM o6pa3YIOT nepeKpeCT Ha ypO:SHe cer:MeHTOB CTIYIHHOrO M03ra?
5.4. IIpoBoMIIUle nym 3KcTpanHpaMIf,lUlOH CIICTCMhI
1. KaKHe aHaTOMW!eCKMe CTpyKTypbI BXO,lI,HT B COCTaB 3KcTpannpaMH,I:(HOil CUCTeMbI 1io3ra?
2. B lJeM COCTOHT CPYHKUMM 3KcTparrMpaMIUrHoll CJ1.TeMbI?
3. KaKHe npOBOlUIIUMe rryrM OTHOCHTC5I K 3KCTparrnpaMM,J;HbIM?
4. KaK ocyru.eCTBJIHeTCH BJHUIHUe M03:>KeQK.a Ha pa60TY LI:BHraTeJIbHbIX HepBHbIX neHTpOB B
CnMHH01-1 M03re?
5.5. CBB3H M03:>Ke1JKa C nO.1YIDapIUlMH 60JIbmOrO M03ra
1. Ha30BIITe npOBO,D;HmMe n)'''TM, CBH3bIBaIOllJ;Me I03)1(eQOK C nOJIyllIapMH:MM M03ra. KaKoBo
cPYHKlJ;J10HaJIbHOe 3HalJeHMe 3TMX II)'Tell?
2. KaKMe 06JIaCTl1 KOpbI Io3)J(eqKa M KOpbI 60JIbllIMX nOJIyllIapni1 CB5I3bIBalOT nyrM, M,a)'mMe
OT M03)i(eQKa K 60JIblilOMY M03ry?
3. Qepe3 KaKYIO M03;KeqKOByJO HO)KKy rrpOXO,!J;HT rryTM, H,IIyu.I.Me OT M03)KelJKa K 60JIblllOMY
M03ry?
4. B KaKMX HepBHbIX ueHTpax rrpoMcxo,n;l'IT nepeKJlIOtIeHMe rryrei1:, II,n:yllU1X OT M03)KeQKa K
60JIbIlIOMY M03ry?
5. KaYJIe 06JIaCTM KOpbI 60JIbllIMX IIonylIlapHM M KOpbI M:03)1(elJKa CBH3bIBaIOT nyrII, H,lIYIlU1e
OT 60JJbIlIOrO M03ra K M03)KeQKy?
6. B KaKMX HepBHbIX u;eHTpax npOMCXO)];l'IT rrepeKJIIOlJeHHe rryreii, Hl1yIIJ;MX OT 60JIblllOrO
M03ra K f03)1(eqKY?
7. Qepe3 KaK)'IO I03)J(elJKOBYIO HO)J(KY npOXOJJ;HT nYI'M, U.nyI.UMe OT 60JIblIlOrO ?\103ra K 1103-
)KeQKY?
5.6. CBB31f JIIIM6W1eCKoM CHCTeMhI
1. KaKoBa CPYHKUMOHaJIbHa5I pOJIb JU116w-IeCKOM CMCTeMbI M03ra?
2. KaKMe OCHOBHble aHaTOMUlJeCKMe CTpyKTypbI BXO,lI,HT B COCTaB JIMM6WIeCKOM CHCTeMbI?
3. C KaKMMM OT,n;eJIa1IM 1103ra CBH3aHbI aHaTOMw-IeCKlle CTp)'xrypbI, 06pa3YK>IUMe 60JIbllIOlI
JIMM6HQecKMll Kpyr?
4. KaK ocyrueCTBJBIeTCH nepe,lIaqa peryJIMpYJOIIU1X B03.neMcTBMM C JIHM6uQeCKOH CMCTeMbI
Ha eHTpbI CTBOJIa M03ra M CTIMHHOrO M03ra?

rnasa 6
oprAHbl LlYBCTB
:-*::.:..::}::::'.";::-:ot:::.:: .::::(".:.. :::-1:: ..::;:::::::r;?:. .;......::f.:.._.::::..::"': '". ::;:::-..--:". ."." "*1... ....:.....:... ..::A...../.
. . ,.::,- ,. .-:">w . ". . ,._.
. /" J'.
. lJY6cm606QnUe KaK crrOC06HOCTh OpraHI13lVfa BocrrpHIDIMaTb 11 orr03HaBaTb pa3-
JII11IHble pa3,nproKeHI15I 11 OTBeqaTh Ha HID{ orrpe,neJIeHHbI1vlli <popMa1f11 peaKUIIM
rrpMCYJ.Ue BceM opraHM31faM Ha Ca-fbIX pamrnx 3Tarrax <pRJIOreHeT:wIeCKOrO
pa3B:HTIDI HepBHOM CI1CTeMbI. KaK Y)l(e OTMeqa.n:OCb, y qeJIOBeKa qy:BCTBOBaHMe
CKJIa.,rJ;bIBaeTCH M3 BocnplUITIDI ceHcopHOM MH<popMaUMM 113 BHyrpeHHeM cpe,nbI
opraHll3rvra - UHmepOl{enl{uu, K KOTOpOM B rrOJIHOM fepe MO)l(eT 6bITh OTHeceHa H
nponpuol{enu,UJl (MblliIetffiO-CYCTaBHoe qy:BCTBO), II H3 BHellIHCll cpe,nbI - 3Kcme-
pOl1enl{Ufl. I1oCJIe,D;HIDI BKJlIOqaeT o6U{yJO l.fYBcmBumeflbHocmb (OC.H3aIDIe, 60JIb,
BocnpIDITMe TeMnepa1YPbI M,naBJIeHIDI), CB.H3aHHyIO C KOHTaKTHbIM (Henocpe,nCT-
BeHHbIM) B03L{eMCTBMeM BHelliHero IIJ.lli BHyrpeHHero pa3.npa)KJ1Temr Ha BocrrpH-
HMMaIOII.U1ll peu;errTOp, 11 cneu,UaJlbHble 8Uabl l.fY8cmeUme.llbHOCmU, CB.H3aHHble C
B03JJ;eMCTBMeM pa3,npa)K}{Telli! Ha opraHbI qy:BCTB.
,lLJur opzan06 'lY8cm6 (3pe:mrn, c.rryxa H paBHOBeCIIJI, 060IDIHIDI, BKyca) xapaK-
TepHa cnoco6HOCTb BOCrrpHHI1MaTh B03JJ;ettcTB:IDI 06"beKTOB, pacrrOJIO)l(eHHbIX Ha
HeKOTopOM paCCTO.HHMll OT OpraHI13Ma; MHbIMM cnOBarvH1, JLIDI 3TI1X opraHOB xa-
paKTepHO JJ;llCTaHTHOe BOCrrplffiTIIe. TaKon crroco6 BocnplliI1WI BHellIHen cpeL(bI
CYJ.UeCTBeHHO pacnrn:pJIeT B03MO)KHOCTM OpraHM3Ma, HO BMeCTe C Te:rvI Tpe6yeT
BbICOKOM CneUllaJIl13aUJill HepBHbIX CTpYJ<TYP, YCJIO)KHeHHOe I1X CTpoeIDIe H
TeCHblX CB5I3ei1: C COOTBeTCTByroIl(MfH OT,n;eJIaMM M03ra.
TaKJIM 06pa30I, B aI-IaTOMMM HepBHOM CI1CTeMbI nOJJ; opraHaMlI qy:BCTB pac-
CMaTpMBa10T BbICOKOCneU;HaJIM3llpOBaHHble 06pa30BaHIDI, TaKlle KaK rJIa3, yxo,
HOC, .H3bIK, KOTopble, Bo-rrepBbIX, HMeIOT npll3Ha:KI1 opraHHoro cTpoe:mrn, a BO-
BTOpbIX, 06eCrreQl1BaIOT ,nI1CTaHTHOe BOCrrpI15ITIIe pa3,npIDKllTeJIei1:. BbI):(eJIeHI1e
opraHOB qy:BCTB B caMOCTOJITeJIbHyIO rpyrrrry onpaB,n:aHO II no 1JHCTO npaKTWIe-
CKlIM C006pIDKeHJffiM. B Me,nHI.U1HCKOH npaKTIIKe nopIDKeIllUI opraHOB qy:BCTB
OTHOC.HTC.H K qHC.rry IlIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX 3a6oJIeBaHllM, qTO npllBeJIO K
Heo6xo,nMMOCTH Y3KOt'I crreU:HaJIM3aUMI1 Bpaqei1:, HarrpMMep Bpaq-o<j;)TaJIbMOJIOr,
Bpaq-OTOJIapMHfOJIOr II T. JJ;.
<l>yHKUHOHaJIbHble oco6eHHOCTH opraHOB qy:BCTB rr03BOJUIIOT Hap5I,[(y C CMCTe-
MOM BOCrrpHHTJffi pa3JIWIHbIX BM,I.(OB o6I.IJ;ei1: qy:BCTBMTeJIbHOCTM BKJII01ffiTb MX B Co- .
CTaB ceHcopHbIX CMCTeM M03ra, o6eCnetIMBaIOIlI;IIX nocT)'IIJIeHHe II rrepepa60TKY
ceHcopHOM HHcpopMaUHM B HepBHoM CHCTeMe. H. II. IIaBJIoB paCCMaTpHBaJI BCro
COBOK)'III-IOCTb HepnllbIX CTpYKTYP, yqacTByroll{MX B BocnpIDITHM II aHaJ1J13e ceH-

176 rnaBa 6
COpHOR IIHcpopMaU:1I1i Ka)l()J;ofr MO,[(aJIbHOCTI1 (60JIeOR, OC5I3aTeJIbHOM, ,[(BI1:ra-
TeJThHOM 11JU1 rrpOIIp110u:errT11BHofr, 3p11TeJIbHofr II T. ,lI,.) KaK aHllIlU3amop. BbIIIIe
(rJI. 5) 6bUIO paCCMOTpeHO rrpMIUJ:MII11aJThHOe cTpoeHI1e aHaJI113aTopa. )]:aJIee 113JIa-
raeTC5I ,[(eTaJIbHOe aHaTOMWIeCKoe cTpoeHMe opraHOB qyBCTB.
6.1. OpraH 3peHPr1S1
Opzan 3penUR (organum visus), I1.JII1 ZJlQ3 (oculus) rrpe,lI,CTaBJUIeT C060R rrapmIl1:
CBeTOqyBCTBIITeJIbHb:rM opraH. OH rrOMern;aeTC5I B fJIa3HI1u:e - rrOJIOCT11, 06pa30-
BaHROM KOCT5IMlI M03fOBOfO II JIllu:eBoro qeperra, II COCTOIiT 113 2JlG3H020 R6JlOKa,
ecnOM02ameJlbH020 annapama 11 HepBHbIX CTpYKTYP, COCTaBJUIIOrn;I1X 3pUmeJlbllbiU
allGJlU3amop.
6.1.1. rna3Hoe Sl6nOKO
rJl03HOe R6JlOKO (bulbus oculi) IIMeeT rnapOBM)J;IIYIO <poPMY. OHO COCT011T 113 Karrcy-
JIbI, OKp)')KaIOru:efr ero CHap)')KI1, II BHYTPeHHefO Mpa (pIiC. 107). KaIIcYJIa fJIa3HO-
fO 5I6JIOKa CJIaraeTC5I M3 Tpex 060JIOQeK: Hap)')KHofr - rjJu6po3Holl, cpe,lI,Hefr - cocy-
aucmou II 6HympeHHeu - CemlJamKU.
B rjJU6p03110U 060JlOlJKe pa3JII1QaIOT ,lI,Ba OT,lI,eJIa: rrepe,[(IDIR - p020eUl{Y, 11
3a,lI,H11M - cKflepy. POfoBMu:a o6pa3yeT BbIrryKJIOCTb Ha rrepe,[(Hefr rrOBepXHOCTI1
CTeKnOBAHOe
TellO
BepXHfIfI
npflMafl Mblwu.a
3pa40K
6eIl04Hafl
060Il04Ka (CKnepa)
Co6CTBeHHO
COCYACTafl 060Il04Ka
BeHo3Hblt1
CHYC CKnepbl
3pTeJlbHblt1 HepB
PClA}')KKa
ACK
3pTeJlbHOrO Hepsa
MaKYIla C u.eHTpanbHot1 flMKOt1
CeT4aTKa
XPYCTaJlK
PoroBu.a
PecH4Hblt1 nOflCOK
(u.HHOBa CBfl3Ka)
PMC. 107. CTpOeHHe fJH13HOro H6JIOKa.
H)f(HflfI
npflMafl Mblwu.a

OpraHbl 4YBCTB 177
rna3a. aHa JIMllieHa KpOBeHOCHbIX COCYJJ;OB 11 oqem rrp03patIHa. EnaroJJ;apJI rrpo-
3paqHOCTli II 3HaQIITeJIbHOR KpIIBll3He pOrOBIIIU>I Ha ee rpaHMu:e C B03JJ;YXOM
rrpOI1CXO,L(IIT ,nBe Tpern o6III:ero rrpeJIOMJIeIllUI CBeTOBoro rrOTOKa, Bxoronu:ero B
rJIa3. CKJIepa - Herrp03paQHaJI IIJIOTHaJI coeJJ;lIHllTeJIbHOTKaHHa5I 060JIOQKa
6eJIOBaTOro IJ:BeTa, II3-3a qero ee IIHor,L(a Ha3bIBaIOT 6eJIOQHOH 060JIOqKOM. Crre-
peJJ;II CKJIepa rrepexo,n:IIT B pOrOBI1U:Y, a C3a,LLII o6pa3yeT OTBepCTIIe JJ;JI5I 3pIITeJIb-
Horo HepBa.
Cocyaucmafl 060JlOttKa rJIa3HOrO JI6JIOKa 06llJThHO KpOBOCHa6)KaeTC5I. B HeM
pa3JInqaIOT c06cmeeHHo cocyaucmyJO 060JlottKYJ pecllUl.tllOe meJlO 11 paa}'JICKY. C06CT-
BeRHO cocy,n:IICTa5I o6oJIoq}(a II3HyTpli BbICTIUIaeT CKJIepy, rrOKpbIBa5I 6 JTh:rrryIO
qaCTb rJIa3HOrO 5I6JIOKa. KarrllJIJI5IpbI 3TOM o6oJIoq}(ll cHa6)KaIOT KpOBbIO CeTIaTKY
M CKJIepy. B COCTaBe COCY)U1CTOM o6oJIoq}(J1 IIMeIOTC5I TaIOKe KpyIIHble IDITMeHT-
Hble KJIeTIGI, rrpI1,IJ;aIOI.I.UIe eM TeMHb:rM U:BeT.
PeCHUttlloe meJlO B BJ1)];e KOJIbu:a pacrrOnO)KeHO Ha rpaIrnI.:{e Me)K)Xy porOBMueM II
CKJIepOM. OHO co,n:ep)l(J1T rJIa,r(KOMbllIletIHble KJIeTKI1, 06pa3YIDII.U1e pecHUttllYJO
MbllUUJl. C rrOMOI.lU>IO l{UHlloeoil ceR3KU K peCHWIHOMy Teny rrpIIKpeIIJUIeTCJI. xpY-
CmaJlUK. COKparn:eHI1e peC:Hl{qHOM MbllIlU:bI rrpMBO,L:(11T K YBe.1IWIeHMIO KpIIBII3HbI
XpYCTaJll1Ka, qeM JJ;ocrnraeTC5I <pOKYCllpOBKa II306pa)KeIllUI BIIJJ:IIMbIX rrpeJJ;MeTOB
Ha CeNaTKe rna3a, a TaIOKe QaCTJ1qHOe rrpeJIOMJIeHlle CBeTOBOfO rrOTOKa, rrpOHll-
KaIOrn:ero B rna3.
PaiJ}1JICKa COCTaBJUIeT rrepe,L:(HJOIO qaCTh cocy,n:IICTOll 060JI0tfKI111 rrpeJJ;CTaBJUIeT
C060M )]:IICK C KpyrJThIM OTBepcrneM B ueHTpe - 3paq}(OM. OHa co,n:ep)lGIT rna,[(Ko-
MbIIlIeqmle KJIeTKM; UIIPKYJUIpHO pacrrOJIO)KeHHble rpyrrmI MbllIleqJThIX KJIeTOK,
CYAiliBIOIIUIX 3paQOK, Ha3bIBaIOT crjJUllKmepOM 3pattKa, a pa,r(lIaJThHO opIIeHrnpo-
BaHHble MbllIle1IHbIe KJIeTKM, pacllIlIpmoIIUIe 3paQOK, 06pa3yIOT awzamamop 3patt-
Ka. Pa3MepbI 3paQKa 113MeIDIIOTC5I pe<pneKTOpHO B 3aBllCliMocrn OT llHTeHCMBHO-
crn CBeTa, rrOCTYITaIOrn:ero B rJIa3. 3rrnTe.1IHi1, rrOKpbIBaIOI.IU1i1 pa..n)0KKY, co,n:ep)lGIT
I11ITMem MeJIaHMH, OT KOJInqeCTBa KOToporo 3aBllCIIT U:BeT rJIa3.
CemqamKa (retina) - BH)'TpeHHillI 060JIOQKa rna3Horo 5I6JIOKa, npllJIeraIO-
rn:a5I 113HYTPII K COCY,LLllCTOM 060JIOqKe. aHa npe,L:(CTaBJUIeT C060R Hall60JIee
Ba)KH)'IO 060JIOQKY rJIa3HOrO 5I6JIOKa, rrOCKOJIbKY B HeM HaxOMTC5I <pOTopeu:err-
TOpbI - fJIaBHa5I cBeToBocrrpIIHMMaIOrn:aJI QaCTb rna3a. <I>oTopeu:errTopHble
KJIeTKll - naJlOlJKU 11 KOJl60ttKU - pacnonaraIOTC.H B 3pllTenbHOR qaCTll ceaT-
Kll, a llMeHHO B ee 3aJJ;HeM oTJJ;eJIe. MeCTOM HaII60JIbIlleM qy:BcTBIITeJIbHOCTM
CeTtIaTKll .HBn5IeTC5I l{eHmpaJlbllafl RMKa (MaKYJla), B KOTOpOM cKOIITI:eHTpMpOBa-
HbI KOJI60QKM.
CeTtIaTKa MMeeT JJ;ocTaTOtIHO CJIO)l(Hoe mCTonOfWIeCKoe cTpoeIDIe 11 npe,L:(-
CTaBJUIeT C060M yqacToK HepBHOM Tpy6Kll, BbIHeceHHbrn B npou:ecce pa3BMTJUI 3a
rrpe,L:(eJThI ronOBHoro M03ra II coe,lUllIeHHbrM C IDIM C rroMOI.lU>IO 3pUmeJlbl1020 Hep-
ea. <I>oTopeu:errTopbI 06pa3yIOT Hap)')KHbrM CJIOM ceTtIaTKH, corrpMKaCaIOIII:llMC5I C
COCY,lU1CTOM 060JIOq}(OM. C <pOTopeu:errTopaMM KOHTa:KTIIpyIOT 6UnOJlflpllble Hepe-
Hble KJlemKU, KOTopble nepeJJ;aIOT IIMTIYJThCbI OT rraJIOqeK II Kon6oqeK K 2a1l2llU03-
llbUvt HeilpOllaM, 06pa3yIOIIU1M BHyTpelIHMM CJIOM CeTtIaTKll (pMC. 108). MCOillI
raHfJlli03HbIX HeMpoHoB, rpyrrrrllPY.HCb, 06Pa3yIOT 3pllTeJIbHbrM HepB, KOTOpbrM
BbIXO,n:lIT 3a npe,n:eJIbI rJIa3HOrO 5I6JIOKa Qepe3 OTBepcrne B COCY)UiCTOM o6oJIoq}(e II
CKJIepe M HanpaBlliIeTC5I K rrpOMe)KyTOq}-{OM)' M03ry. B ceTIaTKe Ha MeCTe BbIXO,L(a
3pMTeJIbHOrO HepBa o6pa3yeTCJI CJIenoe lliITHO.
12. AHaTOM\.1s:1 HepBHO C\.1CTeMbi

178 rnaBa 6
BOll0KHa
3pTellbHoro
Hepsa
] Cll.? raHrll03HblX
HeVipOHOS
CJ10 6V1n0J1pHbIX
Het1poHos
f
{) J
{j
I
.t

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. ,
. :f.:' .-
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o C
 0
'I" "I'f';
! I. i . · 1I1.lIlIdl .
]:i.l£';'';;}I.rf]{:::£{=:=jf ''''.RYW':''»',p- "'.' - ] KneTKVI
. -. . .--.. ,,,,,.&;':;::-.o«xv...af«t'&... . nVlrMeHTHoro CllO
Clloi:1 K01160yeK
VI nanOyeK
PMC. 108. Hei1:poHHbli1: COCTaB CeTtIaTKM.
fIopo 2/la311020 Jl6JlOKa COCTaB.IDIIOT xpycmaJlUK, eOORHUCmafl e/la2a, 3arronHmO-
maR nepeOllJOIO II 3aOHlOlO KClMepbl 2/l03a, 11 cmeKJloeUonoe meJlo. 3TH 06pa30BaHIDI
B HopMe rrp03paqmI If crroco6HbI rrpOBoLUITb If rrpenOMillITh cBeT, rro3T0M)' ill( OT-
HOCHT K CBeTorrpoBo,1I,HIlI;I1M II cBeTOrrpeJIOMlliIIOIIU1M cpe,n:aM rna3a. XPYCTaJIVil<
If MeeT BM,[( ,lXBOm<OBbIIIyKJIOH nMH3bI. CBoeR rrepe,n:HeM rrOBepXHOCTbIO xpYCTam1K
06pameH K pa)Jy)KKe, a 3aL(HeM - K CTeKJIOBM,I(HOM)' Te;ry. Bl\leCTe C peCHWIHOM

OpraHbl YYBCTB 179
MbIIlIu:e.lllI ll;IIHHOBOll CB5I3KOll XpYCTaJIllK o6pa3yeT aKKOMOaal{uoHHb/U annapam
2Jla3a, o6eCrretfiIBaIOlliIIH <pOK)lCIIpOBKY 11306pa)KeHIDI Ha ce'PIaTKe rrpII paccMaT-
pIIBaHllli y,n:a.i1eHIIl>IX IIJII1 6nI13KOpaCrrOnO)KeHHbIX 06"beKTOB.
IIepeall.RJl KaJWepa 2JlG3a CnepeL(1I orpaflli1IeHa pOrOBlllI:en, C3a)U1 - rrepe,lUIeI1
rrOBepXHOCThIO PM)')KKI1, a B 06JIaCTIl3pa1IKa - rrepe,n:HeM rroBepXHocTbIO xpycTa-
nI1Ka. 3aaHflfl KClMepa 2/la3a pacnOnO)KeHa Me)K,[(y pa):(y)KKOM II XpYCTaJIIIKOM. 06e
Ka'fepbI 3arrOJIHeHbI rrp03pa1ffiOM )l(lf)];KOCTbIO - eOaflHucmou 6Jla2ou. TIoMIIMO
cBeTorrpenOMIDIIOII.UIX CBOMCTB BOMHllCTa5I BJIara mpaeT Ba)l(H)TIO ponb B rroMep-
)KaHlfl1 rrOCTO.HHCTBa BHYTPI1TJIa3HOrO ,n:aBJIeHll5I, qTO OqeIIb Ba)KHO ,lLJUI HOpfaJIb-
Horo <PYHKllJ10mrpoBarnrn: ce'PIaTIGI. CmeKflo6Ualloe meJlO rrpe)]:CTaBJUIeT C060H
6eCCTpYKTYpHOe. rrp03pa1ffiOe C1)'AeHllCToe Bern:eCTBO, 3arrOJIIDllOrn:ee HalI6onb-
IIJYIO qaCTh rna3Horo 5I6nOKa. Ero <pYHKIJ:IIOHaJIbHa5I pOJIb 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B rrOMep-
)KaHllM mapoo6pa3HOM <pOpMbI rna3Horo 5I6nOKa 11 CBeTOrrpenOMJIeHllll.
6.1.2. BcnoMoraTenbHblM annapaT rna3a
K BCrrO?\10raTeJThHOMy arrrrapaJy rJIa3a OTHOCHTCH PM aHaTOnrqeCKHX o6p8.3ona-
filM, o6eCrretIMBaIOII.UIX rrOD;B:IDKHOCTh rJIa3HOrO H6nOKa, CIIoco6CTByIOII.UIX O"lllI-
rn:eHlllO ero rroBepXHOCTII II coxpaHe:mno rrp03pa1ffiOCTII pOrOBI1IJ:bL
TIO,[(B:IDKHOCTb f.IIa3HOrO H6JIOKa o6eCrre1IMBalOT meCTb rrorrepetffio- rronocaTbIX
2/la30ae1l2ameJlbllblX MblUll1- 6epXHJlR, HUJlCHflfl, MeaUatlbllaJl M JlamepGJlbHafl np.R..Mble
MblUll{bl, eepxH.JlJl 11 HUJlCHflfl KOCble MbIUll{bl. E JIbllIa5I qaCTb 3TIIX 11:bIIIIl! Ha1lliHaeT-
CH OT o6ru:ero cYX0)I(l1JThHOrO KOJThII:a, pacnOJIO)l(eHHOrO B rny6HHe rna3HMIU>I, II
rrpl1KpeIIJIHeTCH K <pII6p03HOM o6ono1IKe rna3Horo H6JIOKa. COKpamemrn: rJIa-
3o,[(Bl1raTeJIbIIbIX MbIIIII.:{ 060I1X rJIa3 CKOOp,n:mrn:poBaHbI Me)K)Xy C060R, II03TOMy
,n:BlDKeHIDI rna3HbIX H6JIOK B HopMe npOilCXO,lUIT COrJIaCOBaHHO.
CJle311blU annapam YBJIIDKIDIeT poroBMIJy. OH COCTOIIT 113 cne3HOM )l(eJIe3bI 11
CJIe30Bbmo,I.:(}IllUIX :rryreM. CJle3Hafl JlCeAe3a pacnOJIO)KeHa B naTepaJThHOM BepXHeM
yrny rJIa3mrII:bI. OHa rrOCTOHHHO BbI)J:elliIeT CJIe3HYIO )l(ll)U(OCTb B rn:eneBM,l(Hoe
rrpOCTpaHCTBO Me)K)Jy BepXHI1M BeKOM II rna3HbIM H6JIOKOM. Cne3Ha5I )l(lf)];KOCTb
rrpM MMraHJ1I1 yJ3JIa)KH5IeT porOBMIJy, rrpe,n:oxpaHIDI ee OT BbICbIXaHIDI, CMbIBaeT
rrOrraBI1.ll1e Ha Hee rrbIJIeBble QaCTI1Il;bI, corpeBaeT ee 11 06eCrreqJffiaeT nHTaTeJIbHbI-
MM Bern:eCTBa11H II KI1CJIOpO.n:oI. OTTeKaeT CJIe3Ha5I )l(lf)];KOCTh no CneWfaJIbHbIM
KaHaJThII:aM B HOCOB)'IO IIOJIOCTh.
6.1.3. npOBOAHUJ.He n}ITH 3pMTenbHoro aHanM3aTopa
IIep8ble, 8mopble H mpembU HeiipoHbl npOBOMIIJ:erO :rryrII 3pMTeJThHOrO aHa..lll13aTO-
pa pacrronaraIOTC5I B ceT1IaTKe (pilC. 109). BonoKHa TpeTbllX - ralITJll103HbIX -
HefrpoHoB B COCTaBe 3pumeAbl1020 Hep6a (II napa qeperrHbIX aepBOB), He L(OXOM ,n:o
rrpoMe)K)'T01ffiOro M03ra, qaCJ11tIHo rrepeKpeI.IUffiaIOTC5I, 06pa3YH 3pUme.llbllbiU ne-
peKpecm, IfJIM XUG3MY, pacrrOJIaralOI.IJYIOcH Ha BlfYTPeHHeM OCHOBaHllII qepena B
06JIaCTM TYpeUKoro ce,lI,JIa rrepe,n: rnrro<pII30I. nOCJIe rrepeKpecTa 06pa3YIOTCH
npa6blU M Jle6blu 3pUmeJlbHbie mpaKmbl, Ka)l(,[(brn II3 KOTOpbIX HeceT BonOKHa OT
neBbIX IDIM rrpaBbIX nOJIOBMH ce'PIaTKIf o6ol1X rJIa3HbIX H6noK.
12*

180 rnaBa 6
WnOpHa5t 60p03Aa
KOpK08bl UeHTp
3pTef1bHOrO aHan3aTopa
P,",c. 1 09. IIPOBO)UIIlurtI nyrb 3pMTeRbHOrO aHaJIM3aTopa.
3pIl1TeJ1bHblt1 Heps
3pIl1TeJ1bHblt1 nepeKpeCT
3pIl1TeJ1bHblt1 TpaKT
naTepaJlbHOe KOJ1eHyaTOe TeJ10
(MeTaTaJlaMYc)
BepxHlI1e XOJ1MII1KII1
KpblWII1 cpeAHero M03ra
(HaYaJlO TeKTOCnIl1HaJ1bHOrO nYTII1)
3pll1TeJ1bHafi J1YYII1CTOCTb
3aTblJ10YHa5t AOJ15t
BonOKHa 3pMTenbHoro TpaKTa 3aKawnmaIOTC5I B npoMe)J(yfO"iffiOM M03re (Rape
flamepaJlbHOZO KOfleHZ[anl0Z0 nlefla M noOyUlKe TanaM)'ca cBoeM CTOpOHbI), r,n:e pac-
nonO)J(eHbI qeTBepThIe HeMpOHbI 3pMTeJThHOrO nyTll. He6oJThlIlOe qncno BonOKOH
,n:OCTI1raeT TaIOKe cpe,UHero M03ra B o6nacTI1 6epXHUX XO/ZMUK06 Z[enleepOXOfllvtUfl, OT
5I,[(ep KOTOpbIX HalllIHaeTC5I nleKnl0CnUHaJlbHbiU nlpaKnl. 3TOT TpaKT MrpaeT Ba)I(HfIO
ponb B Koop,n:MHawrn ,n:B:IDKemill: B 3aBMCMMOCTII OT 3pMTeJThHbIX M CnyxOBbIX pa3-
,npa)KeIDIM (nepe,n:aqa nocne,n:Hl1X ocyrn:eCTBJUIeTC5I qepe3 Mpa IDDKHMX xonMMKOB
qeTBepOXonMIDI).
MCOHbI 'lem6epmbLX HeiipOH06 npoxol(5IT qepe3 3a,n:lllOIO HO)Kl()' 6Hynlpelllleu
KanCYflbl M npoeUMpyroTC5I Ha KOpy 3anlblJlOZ[1l0U aOflU 60JThlIlOrO nOJIyllIapMH cBoeM
CTOpOHbI no o6e CTOpOHbI OT wnopHOU 60p03abl, r,n:e pacnonO)J(eH KopKOBbrn u:eHTp
3pMTenbHoro aHaJlli3aTopa.
6.2. OpraH cnyxa" paBHOBeC"SI
TIepM<pepwreCKI1e qaCTM cnyxOBoro aHaJlli3aTOpa M opraHa paBHOBeCIDI MMeIOT
o6rn:ee npOMCXO)I()J;eIDIe M pacnonaraIOTC5I B O,UHO?vf MeCTe - B illIpaMM,Z:I:e BMCOq-
HOM KOCTM. TI03TOM)' Y HllX eCTh o6rn:ee Ha3BaIDIe - npeaaeepllO-YflunlKoeblU opzall
(organum vestibulocochleare).
OpzaH CJlyxa BOCnpMHMMaeT 3By:KOBbIe KOJIe6aHIDI. OH COCTOMT M3 Tpex OT,n:e-
nOB: HapYJ/CllOZO yxa, cpeaHezo yxa M 611ynlpeHHezo yxa.
OpzaH pa6H06eCllR BocnpMIDIMaeT KOJIe6aHIDI, B03HMKaIOII.U1e B pe3YJThTaTe
M3MeHeIilUI IIOnO)l(eHIDI TeJIa M oco6eHHO ronOBb!. OH paCIIonO)J(eH BO BHYTPeH-
He1 yxe.

OpraHbl 4YBCTB 181
6.2.1. Hapy>KHOe yxo
HapY;)ICllOe yxo (auris extema) COCTOMT M3 YUlHOU paKoeUllbl M HapY;)ICH020 cJZyxoeo-
20 XOaa.
YIIIHa5I paKOBMHa rrOCTPOeHa M3 3JIaCTWIeCKOrO xpmua, rrOKpbITOrO CHap)')KI1
KO)l(eM. Hap)')I<HbIM CJIyXOBOM XOL( MMeeT D:Ba OT,neJIa - Xpm..u:eBOM M KOCTHbrn.
IIpocBeT xOL(a rrOKpbIT BM,Z:I:OM3MeHeHHOM KO)l(eM, cOL(ep)l(ameM 60JThlIlOe KOJIMQe-
CTBO CepHbIX M CaJIbHbIX )l(eJIe3. OT rrOJIOCTM cpe)JJIero yxa Hap)')I<HbIM CJIyXOBOM
XOL( OTL(eJIeH rrnOTHOM <pM6p03HOM MeM6paHOM, KOTOpa5I Ha3bmaeTC5I 6apa6aHllOU
nepenOHKOU.
6.2.2. CpeAHee yxo
Cpeallee JlXO (auris media) BKJIIOQaeT 6apa6allllYlO nOflocnlb, B KOTOpOM HaXOMTC5I
CJZyxoeble Kocnl0z[KU, a TaIOKe coo6rn;eHMe C RZ[euKaMu cOCl{eeUall020 ompocnlKa BM-
C01ffiOM KOCTM, M C006meHl1e C rJIOTKOM rrocpe,nCTBOM CJlyxoeoii nlPy6bl (pMC. 110).
Eapa6aHHa5I rrOJIOCTh 06'beMOM 1 C13 pacrrOJIO)l(eHa B TOJIme BMC01ffiOM KOCTM
Me)I()J;Y BHYTpeHIDIM M Hap)')I<HbIM YXOM, OT KOToporo OHa OT,neJIeHa 6apa6aHHOM
HapY>KHOe yxo
CpeAHee yxo
II II
BHyrpeHHee yxo
KOCTHblt1
CTep)f(eHb YJlV1TKV1
OKHO npeA,D,BepV15t
(oBaJlbHoe)
[ CTpeMs:I
CJlyxoBble HaKOBaJlbHs:I
KOCTOYKV1
MOJlOT04eK
3HAOJlV1 McpaTV14ecKV1 t1
npoToK
CnV1paJlbHas:l
nJlaCTV1HKa
n eCTHV1 u.a
npeA,D,BepV1s:1
nOKpOBHas:l
MeM6paHa
Hap}')KHblt1
CJlYXOBOt1 XOA
YJlV1TKOBblt1
npoToK
OKHO YJlV1TKV1
(3aKpblTo BTopV14H0t1
6apa6aHHot1 nepenoHKV1)
CnV1paJlbHas:l
MeM6paHa
CJlYXOBa5t Tpy6a
6apa6aHHa5t
JleCTH V1 u.a
CnV1paJlbHblt1
(KopTV1eB) opraH
KaHaJleu. YJlV1TKLt1
C nepV1JlLt1 McpaTV14eCKLt1 M
npOTOKOM
P,",c. 11 o. CTpOeHMe opraHa cnyxa.

182 rJ1aBa 6
rrepenOHKOM. C3a,II;I1 OT 6apa6aI-IHOM rrOJIOCTM JIe)KaT WIeMKI1 COCueBM,LI;HOrO OTpO-
CTKa BllCOqHOM KOCTM, a Brrepe)U1 - CflyxoeaR lnpy6a, nocpe,n;cTBoM KOTopoi16apa-
6aHHa5I rrOJIOCTb coo6rn:aeTC5I C rJIOTKo:tt. EJIaroap5I 3TOMY aBJIeHMe B03yxa B
6apa6aHHoM rrOJIOCTM Bcera paBRo aTMoc<l>epHolY ,lJ,aBJIeHIIID, "(lTO o6eCrreQMBa-
eT Heo6xol1Mble YCJIOBlliI ,[(JLq cBo6o,I:l;HOrO Kone6aHl15I 6apa6aHHoM rreperroHKH.
KpbIIIla 6apa6aHHoM rrOJIOCT11 o6parn:eHa B 110nOCTb qeperra 11 npMJIe)KMT K
ronoBHoM)' M03ry, a ,n;HOM ee 5IBlliIeTC5I 5IpeMHa5I 5IMKa B11COqJIOll KOCTH, TJJ:e npo-
XOJJ:I1T BHyTpeHIDLQ .Hpe1Ha5I BeHa.
B 6apa6aHHoM IIOJIOCTII nOMemaIOTCJI TpM CJIYXOBble KOCTOqIGf: .ft10JlOnZ0l1eK,
HaKOBaJlbHR II cmpelVlR, coeMHeHHbIe ivIe)l()J;Y C060M CYCTaBaMM. MOJIOTOqeK
OL(HI1M CB011I\I KOHIlO/l CB5I3aH c 6apa6aHHoM rreperroHKoi1:; cTpeMH 3aKp:bIBaeT
pacrrOJIO)KeHHOe Ha BHyTpeHHei1: CTeHKe rrOJIOCTM OTBepCTMe OBaJThHOM <pOpI\lbI -
OKllO npeaaeepll51, KOTopoe BeeT BO BHYTpeHHee yxo. CJIyxoBble KOCT01!Kl1 YCMJIM-
BaIOT KOJIe6aHIDI 6apa6aHHoit neperrOHIGI, BbI3BaHHbIe 3ByICOBbHviM BOJIHa11I, 11
nepe,n;aIOT MX BO BHyTpeHHee yxo.
6.2.3. BHyrpeHHee yxo
BH)JmpellHee Jl.XO (autis intema), B KOTOpOl pacrrOJIaraIOTC5I rrepM<pepwrecKJ1e qac-
TM cnyxOBoro aHaJIll3aTOpa 11 opraHa paBHOBeCIDI, YCTPoeHO HaM60JIee CJIO)KHO.
OHO COCTOMT M3 KocmH020 fla6upUHlna, BH)'TpM KOToporo rrOMem:eH nepenOHtlanlblU
fla6upUlirn (pilC. 111). BHyTpeHHee yxo pacnOnO:>KeHO B TOJIme IllipaMM)U>I BHCOq-
HOM KOCTH, KH)'TpI1 OT 6apa6aHHoM nOJIOCTM.
B KOCTHOM JIa6MpMHTe 11l\leIOTC5I TpII OT)J;eJIa: YflumKa, paCIIOnO:>KeHHa5I crrepe-
)JJ1, B KOTOpyIO 3aKJIIOqeH opraH C}Iyxa; npeaaeepue M nOflYKpYJ/CHble KaHaJlbl,
paCrrOJIO)KeHHble C3aD:11; B IIo..rry'Kp)')KHbIX KaHarrax HaXOMTC5I opraH paBHOBeCVill.
CTeHKa
KOCTHoro na6111plt1HTa
3 HAon 111 M cpaT1I1 eCK1I1 C1
MeWOK
3HAon 111 M cpaT\I1 LJeCKII1 C1
npOTOK
nonYKpy?KHble KaHaflbl
nepeAH
nepenOHLJaTa aMnyna
YnIl1TKOBblL-1 npOTOK
naTepanbHas:!
nepenOHLJaTas:! aMnyna
3HAonll1 McpaTII1LJeCKOe
npocTpaHCTBO
3aAHs:!s:!
nepenOHLJaTas:! aMnyna
ne p 111J1 111 M cpaT\I1 LJ eCKoe
npOCTpaHCTBO
Kpyrnoe OKHO
Ccpepll1LJecKII1C1
MeWOLJeK
P,",c. 111. KOCTHbIH M nepenowraTbIH JIa6MpMHTbI BH)rrpeHHero yxa. CepbIM IJ;BeT011 BbIl(eJIeHO
3HJJ:OJIM11cPaTMQeCKOe npocrpaHcTBo BHyrpI1 nepenOHQaTOrO JIa6I1pI1HTa, 3anOJIHeHHOe 3HLI:0-
JIMM<pOH.

OpraHblLJYSCTB 183
KOCTHa5I YJll1TKa rrpe.n:cTaB.JI5IeT C060R CrrnpaJIbHbnI KOCTHbrn KaHaJI, MMeIOIIUIi1
)];Ba c rrOnOBMHOR 3aBMTKa. OT CTep)l(lffi, BOKpyT KOToporo rrpOXO)U1T 3TOT KaHaJI, B
npOCBeT rrocne,l{Hero OTXO)U1T KOCTHa5I CnUpOJlbllGR llJlaClnUHKa. CBo6o,lUIbIM KOHI(OM
CIllipaJThHbn1: XO,n: YJll1TK11 OTKpbIBaeTC5I B cpe,lWee yxo; B 3TOM MeCTe o6pa3yeTCJI OKHO
YflunlKU, 3aTJIHyToe TOHKOM MeM6paHoM - emOpUl1110U 6apa6allHou MeM6pallou.
IIpeMBepI1e rrpe,n:cTaBlliIeT C060M He6oJIbIIIyIO KOCTHY"lO rronOCTb, MMeIOIIIyIO
coo6meHlI5I C rrOJIYKP)')KHbIMM KaHanaMH 11 co cpe,1Ull1M YX0!vI; 3TO - OKHO npea-
aeepufl') 3aKpbIToe c'rpeMeHeM.
KocmHble nO/lYKpYJlCHble KallaJlbl pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI B Tpex B-1aMMHO rreprreH)I;JfKY-
lliIpHbIX ITJIOCKOCT5IX (ropM30HTaJIbHoi1, <ppOHTaJIbHOM M CarnTIanbHoM). 3TM
KaHaJIbI OTKpbIBaIOTC5I B npeMBepMe CBOHMM HO)l(KaMJ1, TpM M3 KOTOpbIX MMeIOT
pacnrn:peHIDI - ClMn)JJlbl.
IIepenOHlJalnblU Jla6UpUHm pacrrOJIO)KeH BHyTpM KOCTHoro na6MpMHTa M OT,n:eneH
or Hero meJIeBl1)].HbIlYI rrpOCTpaHCTBO?vf, KOTopoe 3arrOJIHeHO )Kl1)J;KOCTbIO - nepu-
JllllVlcjJOU. BH)'TpM neperrowraToro JIa6MpMHTa HaXO,lU{TC5I 3HaOJlf1.AttrjJa. ITeperrowra-
ThIll JIa6:upI1HT COCTOHT M3 ,n:BYX qaCTeM: YflumKoeo20 Jla6UpUHlna, CBJI3aHHOro C
opraHOM cnyxa, M npeaaeepH020 fla6upUHlna, CB5I3aHHOrO C opraHOM paBHOBeCl15I.
6.2.4. YnIl1TKOBbl£1 na6L1pL1HT
Ynl1TKOBbIM JIa611pMHT CJIy)KllT BMeCTMJIMIII;eM ,I:I)I5I cnuplLilbH020, PJIM Kopmue602o,
op2ana, KOTOpbIM rrpe,n;CTaBIDIeT C060lI peuenTOpHbn1: OT,n:eJI CJIYXOBoro aHaJlli3a-
Topa. YnMTKOBbIM na611pMHT COCTOJlIT M3 YflunZKoe020 npomOKa, pacnOnO)l(eHHOrO B
KOCTHOM KaHaJIe YJIMTKI1 11 CJIeno 3aKaWlliBaIOmerOC5I Ha ee BepxyIIIKe. OH MMeeT
Tpll CTeHK11. HapY;)jcHGfl ClneHKa IIJIOTHO cpaCTaeTC5I co CTeHKOM: KOCTHOrO na6M-
pMHTa. I-IJDKHillI - 6apa6aHHGR cmeHKa 5IBJilleTCH <pM6p03HbII\:I rrpo,n;OJDKeHMeM
CrrMpaJIbHOM ITJIaCTI1HIG1:; OHa OT,n:e..rrneT YJllITKOBbill rrpOTOK OT pacrrOJIO)KeHHOrO
KHM3Y rrepMJIllM<paTJ11IeCKOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa, Ha3bIBaeMoro 6apa6allHOU flecnl11U-
l{eu. BepXHIDI - npeaaeepllGfl ClneHKa OT,n:eJilleT YJIMTKOBbrn rrpOTOK OT BepXHero
rrepWiliM<paTI1QeCKOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa - flecmHUl{bl npeaaeepUR.
TIpI1 BocnpIDITMM 3ByJ<OBbIX Kone6amftf 6naro,n:apH ,[(B:IDKeIDillM CTpeIvleHI1,
BCTaBJIeHHOM B rrpe,lJ.,lJ:BepHOe OKRO, rrepl1.Jll1M<pe rrepeJ1;aIOTCH Kone6aTeJIbHbIe
,n:BIDKeIDfH. OHM CHaqana rrpOXOMT rro BepXHell rrpe,lI,I(BepHOll JIeCTHMue BJJ:OJIb
Bcero YJIJ1TKOBOrO na611pIffiTa J1;O BepxyrnKll YJIMTKll, r,n:e OHI1 rrepeXOMT Ha HIDl(-
HIOIO 6apa6aHHYID JIeCTHMUY. BOCrrpI1HHTble KOJIe6aHI1H C rrepllJIMMcPbI nepe,n:a-
IOTC5I TaIOKe Ha 3HLI:OJlliM<PY. B pe3ynbTaTe B KOJIe6aTeJIbHble J1;BJDKeHlI5I npllBO-
,lJ,llTCJI HJDKHillI 6apa6aHHaH CTeHKa ynI1TKoBoro rrpOTOKa, Ha KOTOpOM pacnOJIara-
JOTCJI CneU;MaJIbHble ceHcopHble KJIeTKI1. I136bITOK Kone6aTeJThHbIX ,n:BlDKeHMi1
rrepI1nllIvf<pbI raCMTC5I BTopwrnOll 6apa6aHHOll Mef6paHOll.
CnuplLIlbHblU opzan COCTOMT 113 KJIeTOK ,n:BYX TMrrOB (orropHbIX M BOJIOCKOBbIX)
M pacnOJIO)l(eH Ha OCHoeHOU Melv16palle, rrpe,n:CTaBlliIIOmell co6oil qaCTb llU;)fClleU
cmellKU ynl1TKoBoro rrpOTOKa. 3Ta MeM6paHa co,n:ep)lGfT OKOJIO 24 000 rrorrepeq-
HbIX BonOKOH, oqem ynpyrI1X M cna60 ,n:pyr C ,n:pyrOM CBH3aHHbIX. BOJIOKHa
OCHOBHOM leM6paHbI MMeIOT pa3H)'ID ,l])IMfIY 11 TeM caMbIM HaCTpoeHbI Ha pa3HbIe
TOHbI - Kone6aHIDI pa3HoM qaCTOTbI. OHM npe,n:CTaBJI5IIOT C060M Ha60p CBoero
po,n:a pe30HaTopOB, qaCTOTa co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHMll KOTOpbIX COBrra,n:aeT C

184 rnasa 6
orrpeeJIeHHbIMM qaCTOTaMH 3B)'KoBoro crreKTPa. KOJIe6amrn rrepM - M 3H,[(OJlliM-
<pbI MeXaH:wIeCKMM rryreM TIepeaIOTC5I KOJIe6aHIDIM OCHOBHOM MeM6paHbI, Ha
KOTOpOM pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI ceHcopHbIe KJIeTKI1. IIpM KOJIe6aHIDIX OCHOBHOM MeM6-
paHbI ceHcopHble KJIeTKlI KaCaIOTC5I CBOMMI1 BOJIOCKaMM HenOBlDKHO pacnOJIO-
)KeHHOll Ha HI1Ml1 nJIOTHOH ruraCTIIHKlI - nOKpoellOU MeM6pallbl, B pe3YJIbTaTe
qero rrpOI1CXOMT KOHTaKTHOe pa3pa)l(eHMe BOJIOCKOBbIX KJIeTOK. BOJIOCKOBbIe
KJIeTKM KOHTaKTI1p)'IOT C qyBCTBllTeJThHbIMH OKOlflIaHI15IMM YJIMTKOBOrO HepBa.
OHM TpaHC<pOpMI1PYIDT MeXaHnqeCKMe 3B)TKOBble KOJIe6aHM5I B HepBHbIe
M?vIrryJThCbI, pacnpOCTpaIDIIOI.IJ:neC5I no npeaaeepllO-YflumKoeOJtty Hepey (VIII napa
qepeIIHbIX HepBoB) no HarrpaBJIemno K CTBO.rry M03ra.
6.2.5. npOBOASlUJ.Mi1 nyrb cnyxoBoro aHanM3aTopa
IIep6blii neiipon npOBO,I:(5IlIJ;ero IIyTIf cnyxOBoro aHam13aTOpa paCTIOJIO)l(eH B cnu-
pGJlbllOM Y3Jle B YJlliTKe (pnc. 112). OH npOBOI1T cnyxOBbIe I1MITYJThCbI OT BOJIOCKO-
BbIX KJIeTOK KoprneBa opraHa K nepealleMY M 3aalleMY YflumKOebLM .flapaM, pacrrOJIO-
)l(eHHbIM Ha rpaHJ1I(e Me)K)Jy MOCTOM M npOOJITOBaTbIM M03rOM.
MeALt1aJ1bHOe
KOlleHl.IaTOe TellO
CpeAHLt1L::1 M03r:
neCTHLt1L1,a
npeMBepLt1
BepXH
BLt1COl.lHa
Vl3BVlllVlHa
TaJlaMO-
KOpTVlKaJlbHble
BOllOKHa
naTepanbHa neT ll
AOpCaJlbHOe APO
TpaneLl,VleSVIAHoro Tella
\
CeHcopHble HeL::1poHbl /
B CnVlpaJIbHOM
Y3lle YllVlTKVI
nOKpOSHa
MeM6paHa
YJ1V1TKOSblL::1
npOTOK
CnVlpaJIbHblL::1
(KopTVleB)
opraH
CllYXOBble BOJlOKHa
S COCTase npeMsepHO-
YJlVlTKOSOro Hepsa
(VIII napa)
6apa6aHHa
JleCTHVI Ll,a
BOJlOCKOSble
KlleTKVI
PMC. 112. I1poBoMIl(l1ll rryTb cnyxOBoro aHaJIl13aTopa.

OpraHbl4YBCTB 185
BonOKHa 8mopblX neiipono8, pacnOnO)l(eHHbIX B 3TMX 5IL(pax, M.II:YT Ha npoTM-
BOnOnO}I(HYIO CTOPOHY B COCTaBe mpanel1UeeUal1020 lnella MocTa, qaCTMqHO
rrepeKJIIOqa5ICb B ,[(OpCaJIbHbIX 5IL(pax Tpanen:MeBML(HOrO Tena M B BepxHMx OJIllB-
HbIX CJIYXOBbIX 5IL(pax. IIocJIe nepeKpecTa HepBHbIe BonOKHa BTOpbIX Hei1poHoB
<POpMMPYIOT B nOKpbIIliKe MOCTa flamepallbHYIO nemfllO. B ee COCTaBe OHM BOC-
XO,L(5IT K npOMe)l(YTOqHOMY M03ry M L(OCTMraIOT MeaUaJ1bH020 KOflellttam020 mefla
CBoen CTOpOHbI, rL(e 3aKaHqMBaIOTC5I CMHarrcaMM Ha TpeTbMX HeMpOHax cnyxo-
Boro nyrM. qacTb BonOKOH naTepaJIbHOn rreTnM 3aKaHq11BaeTC5I Ha llU;)fCHUX
XOflMUKax ttemeepOXOflMUfl, rL(e HaQI1HaeTC5I HllCXO.L(5IIIJ:MM meKnl0cnUHaflbllbiU
mpaKm. 3TOT TpaKT, KaK)')Ke OTMeQaJIOCb, KOOp,n;MH11pyeT ,n;BllraTenbHbIe peaK-
U:11M B 3aBMC11MOCT11 OT CBeTOBbIX 11 3BYKOBbIX pa3,n;pa)l(eHMn.
AKeoHbI mpembUX neiipon06 Qepe3 3a,n;HIOIO HO)l(I()' BHYTPeHHei1 KarrCYJIbI rrpo-
en:11pyIOTC5I B eepXll1010 eUCOl1HYIO U3eWZUHY, rL(e nOKaJI113yeTC5I KOpKOBbn1: u:eHTp
cnyxOBoro aHaJI113aTopa.
6.2.6. BecTM6ynSlpHbiM na6MpMHT
B BecTM6YJI5IpHOM JIa6Mp11HTe pacnOJIaraeTC5I opraH paBHOBeC:IDI. OH COCTOMT M3
nOflYKpYJlCHblX npomOKoe, ne)I(aIIII1X B COOTBeTCTByIOIIUIX KOCTHbIX rrOJIYKp)')KHbIX
KaHaJIaX; cfjJepUttecK020 M 3flflunmUttecK020 MeUlOttKoe, 3anOJIHeHHbIX 3H)J.O-
nMM<poi1. Bce 3T11 06pa30BaHM5I C006maIOTC5I Me)K)IY co6oi1 npOTOKaMM
(CM. pMC. 111).
Ha BHYTPeHHell rrOBepXHOCT11 c<pepMQeCKOrO 11 3IDIill1Tl{qeCKOrO MeIllOq}(OB
npe,lI,I(Bep:IDI pacnOJIO)l(eHbI 6enOBaTbIe lliITHa, rrpeL(CTaBlliIIOIIJ:Me co6011 pen:en-
TopHbIe rrOlliI opraHa CTaTWleCKoro paBHOBeCIDI. B 06naCTll aMI1)'JI Ha BHYTPeH-
HI1X CTeHKax nOJIy:Kp)')KHbIX npOTOKOB TaIOKe pacnOJIO)J(eHbI pen:enTopHbIe nOM
opraHa ,IJ,J1HaMWIeCKoro paBHOBeC:IDI, MMeIOIIJ:l1e BllJ( rpe6eIlIKOB. B IUITHaX 11 rpe-
6eIIIKax HaXO,lUITCH ,n:Ba BM,IJ;a KJIeTOK - orropHbIe 11 BOJIOCKOBbIe. Co6CTBeHHO
peu:errTopHbIe KJIeTKJ1 TeCHO CB5I3aHbI C BOnOKHa11l1 rrpe,1J,II;BepHOll QaCTM npe,n:-
L(BepHO- ynMTKoBoro HepBa.
JIllHeIDloe YCKopeIDIe (nOL( L(ei1CTB11eM CI1JThI TIDKeCTM) M yrJIOBOe YCKOpeHMe
(rrp11 BpamaTenbHbIX .L(BIDKeHIDIX rOJIOBbI) BbI3bIBaeT KOJIe6aHlliI 3If)];onMM<pbI, B
CBOIO OQepeL(b BbI3bIBaIOlllJ1e M3MeHeHI1e CTerreHM HaTIDKelllill CTBllTenbHbIX
BOJIOCKOB pen:emopHbIX KJIeTOK. B03HI1KaIOIIUIe npM 3TOM HepBHbIe I1MrryJThCbI
no npe,1J,II;BepHO-YJIMTKOBOMy HepBY HanpaBlliIIOTCH B CTBOJI M03ra.
6.2.7. npOBOASlUJ.MM nyrb BecTM6ynSipHoro annapaTa
TeJIa nep6bIX neiipoHo6 npoBoMIIJ:ero :rryTI1 aHaJIll3aTOpa rpaBIITaI(llM pacnonO)l(e-
lIDI B npeaaeepHoM Y3fle, JIe)l(ar.u:eM Ha L(He eHympeHHe20 C/lyxoe020 Xoaa B B11COtffioi1
KOCTM. Mx nepM<pepID.ecKJ1e OTpOCTKJ1 KOHTaKT11pyIOT C BonOCKOBbI11l1 pen:enTOp-
HbIMM KJIeTKa11l1, a u:eHTpaJIbHbIe OTpOCTKI1 (aKcoHbI) B COCTaBe npe,lI,I(BepHO-
ynl1TKoBoro HepBa (VIII napa) BXOMT B CTBon M03ra Ha rpaIDIue MOCTa II npo,n;on-
rOBaToro M03ra. 3L(eCb OHM 3aKaJItlliBaIOTC5I CllHarrcaMM Ha HenpoHax QeTbIpex
napHbIX eecmu6YllRpHbiX Raep (6mopble neiipoHbl) (pMC. 113). K BepXHeMy MPY

186 rllasa 6
BecTV16yno-
M03>Ke4KOBOe BOll0KHO
npoAonrosaTblii1
M03r
Becn16yno-
CnV1HallbHblii1 TpaKT
npoeKUV10HHoe BOllOKHO
K Kope M03)Ke4Ka
BOll0KHa
KBeHTponaTepallbHorpynne
Aep TallaMyca
Me,D,V1anbHbIVt
npOAollbHblL:1 nY40K
(K ,D,paM III, IV, VI nap)
MOCT
BeCTV16YllpHble Apa
CTBona M03ra
rpyweBV1AHblVt
Het1poH
,Qpo waTpa
CeHcopHblVt HeVtpOH
BeCTV16YJ1pHOrO Y3J1a 
.
PeTV1KYJ1pHOe APO
PeT Vi KYllO-
CnV1HallbHblL:1 TpaKT
PJlJC. 113. IIpOBOJUIII1;Illl rryrb BeCT116YlliIpHoro aHaJIM3aTopa.
(MPY EeXTepeBa) M)::(yT BOCXO,lUIIlJ;I1e BeCTM6YJillpHble BOJIOKHa, K OCTaJIbHbIl\1 M-
pal\.I - JIaTeparrbHOJ\I)' UJ:eMTepCa), 1vle,L(l1aJThHoM)' (lliBaJIb6e) M HIDKHeIvI'j (Pope-
pa) - HMCXO;:UIIlU1e BOJIOKHa. HIDICHee MPO M M.IXYJ..IUIe K HeM)' BOJIOKHa crrycKa-
1OTC5I B IIOKpbllIlKe IIpO,I(OJIrOBaTOro M03ra ,n:OBOJIbHO Hll3KO, BIL"10Tb ,lIO ypOBIDI
TOHKoro M K.JIMHOBM,IUIoro 5""1,IXep.
BOJIOKHa Hei1poHoB BeCTn6YJillplThIX Mep HarrpaBlliIIOTCH, rrepeKpern:MBa5ICb B
rrOKpbIllIKe CTBOJIa M03ra, K BeHTpOJIaTepaJIbHOll rpyrrrre Mep TarraM)Tca, .ne
3aKawrnBa1OTC5I Ha TpeTbMX HeitpoHax rryrI1. OTCIO,n:a TaJIal\rIO-KOpTI1KaJIbHble
BOJIOKHa, Hecym:Me MMIIYJThCbI OT opraHa paBHOBeC:IDI, rrpoeIUIp)'lOTC5I Ha KOpy
60JIbIlll1X l1o.rrynrapMll B 06JIaCTM HUJlClleU eUCOLfllOU U3BWZUHbl, rn;e pacrrOJIaraeTC5I
KOpKOBbrM ueHTp aHaJIM3aTOpa rpaBllTaUlfll.
OT BeCTM6YJUIpI-ThIX 5I,n:ep BOJIOKHa HarrpaBlliUOTC5I TaIOKe K M03)KetIKY (eeClnu-
6YflO-M03J1CettKOBblU mpa1Cm) M K CIIMHHOMy M03ry (eecnlu6YflocnUHaJlbllblU mpaKm).
1JacTb BOJIOKOH If.[{yr B COCTaBe MeaUaJlbH020 npOaOflbH020 nyttKa CTBOJIa M03ra,
Mrparom;ero Ba)l(H}'IO pOJIb B KOOp,lU1HaUI1M pa60ThI rJIa30,[(Bl1raTeJThHbIX \-IbIllIU M
yrrpaBJIellliM BeCTM6YJIo-oKyJIOIOTOpHbIMI1 peaKUIliIMJ1.
TIOCKOJIbKY BeCTM6YJUIpHble Mpa CB5I3aHbI C MpaMI1 513bIKOrJIOTOQHOrO M
6JI)')K)]:aIOm;erO HepBOB, Becrn6YlliIpHble peaKIlI1M MIDI pa3,[(pa)J(eHMe BecTn6yJUIp-
Horo arrrrapaTa qaCTO corrpOBO)l(,[(aeTCH BereTaTMBHbIMH peaKI{ll5IMI1 (TOllL.QOTa,
pBOTa, rra,[(eHI1e apTepnaJlbHOrO ,n:aBJIeHIDI M ,n:p.).

OpraHbl 4YBCTB 187
6.3. OpraH 060HSlHMSI fI1 opraH BKyca
OpZQn OOOHRHU.fl (organum olfactorium) BKJIIOqaeT IY6Cln6Ulneflbllble o6oHRmeflb-
llble (HenpoceHcopHble) KJIeTIGI, paCIIOJIO)KeHHble B o6oIDITenbHoM 06nacTI1
CJIM3MCTOM 060nOQKM Hoca, BblcTllnaIOmeM BepxHMM HOCOBOM XO.LI: IIonOCTM
Hoca.
060IDITeJIbHble KJIeTKM COCTaBlliIIOT nep6ble neiiponbl rrpoBoMII(ero rryTM 060-
IDITenbHoro aHaJIM3aTopa. UeHTpaJIbHble OTpOCTKJI 060IDITenbHbIX Hei1:poHoB
06'be):U1IDIIOTC.H B o6oHflmeflbHbie llumu (BcerO.LI:O 20 HepBoB), KOTopble qepe3 rrpo-
.LI:blpID3neHH)'IO IIJIaCTMHKY pemeTlIaTOll KOCTM rrpOHMKaIOT B rrOJIOCTb qeperra II
3aKawrnBalOTC5I B 0601151meflbHOu flYKOBUI{e (pnc. 114). B 3TOM nYKOBMu;e ne)KaT Te-
na emopblX nei'ipolloe, BonOKHa KOTOpbIX, HarrpaB.JIIDICb K 60JThIliO!\.1)' 1f03ry, 06pa-
3yroT o6011Rme/lbllbIU mpaKm (1 napa qepenHbIX HepBoB). 060IDITeJIbHa5.I ny:KOBllu:a
M 060IDITeJIbHbIM TpaKT 4>aKTW:IeCKM rrpe,n:CTaBJIillOT C060ll BblpOCT CTeHKI1 M03ro-
Boro ny3blp5I. He6onbIlIa5.I qaCTb BOJIOKOH rrpaBoro M neBoro 060IDlTeJThHbIX TpaK-
TOB rrepeKpelI(l1BaIOTC5I B rrepe,nHeM M03rOBOM cnallKe, nOCJIe qero HarrpaBillIIOTC5I
K 060IDITeJIbHOM .rryKOBMu;e rrpOTIIBOrrOnO)KHOM CTOpOHbI. OCHOBHa5I qaCTb BOJIO-
KOH 060fu'ITeJIbHOrO TpaKTa If,n:eT no HanpaBneHllIO K rronyrnapMIO CEoeM CTOpOHbI.
BOJIOKHa npOXOMT 060H511neflbHbiU mpeY20flbllUK (paCllIMpeHHa5I qaCTb 060IDITenb-
pa fl1.1M6MyeCKoi1
Cit1CTeMbl
KptoYOK
BeHTponaTepanbHa
rpynna Aep TanaMyca
BonOKHa B COCTaBe
o60H51TenbHoro TpaKTa
M o60HTenbHb'X nonOCOK
060HTenbHa nYKOBit1ua
060HTenbHble HepSbl
(I napa)
CeHcopHble
o60HTenbHble Hei1poHbl
TanaMO-KOpTit1KaJlbHble
BOJlOKHa (K KplOYKY U
naparit1nnOKaMnanbHoi1
it13Bit1Jlit1He)
BOJlOKHa ,
COe,lJ,it1Hs:nOLLU,19 .D.pO
0Ait1HOYHOrO nym
(.1 TaIl aMYC
S1APO OAit1HOYHOrO nyrit1
CeHcopHbli1 Hei1poH
B Hit1>KHeM Y3ne
6nY>KAalOero HepBa
CeHcopHbli1 Hei1poH
B Y3ne KoneHua
nit1uesoro Hepsa
CeHcopHbli1 Hei1poH
B Hit1>KHeM Y3ne
s:l3bIKOrJlOTOYHOrO Hepsa
PHC. 114. I1poBO.IUIIIIJ1e nyrI1 060IDITenbHoro 11 BKycoBoro aHaJII13aTOpOB

188 rnaBa 6
Horo Tpa:lcra) M 3aKalfTll1BaIOTC5I B 060IDITeJIbHOM 6yropKe Y OCHOBaHIDI 060IDI-
TeJIbHOrO TpaKTa B nepealleu npOablpRBfleHHou cy6cmallL{Uu, B KplOz[Ke M napa2unno-
KGMnaJlbHOU U3BUJlUHe Ha Me)JJHuThHOll rroBepXHocTM JI06Hoi1 OJIM nOJIymap:IDI,
re pacnOJIaraeTC5I KopKoBbrn UeHTp 060H5ITeJThHOrO aHaJIl13aTOpa, a TaIOKe B
MMfI)::(aJIeBM,[(HOM TeJIe.
OpzaH 6Kyca (organum gustatorium) BKJIIOqaeT orropHhle M peuerrTopHble KJIeT-
KI1 - xeMopeu:errTopbI, qyBcTBMTeJThHble K ellcTBmo pa3JII1LIHbIX Xl1MWIecKI1X
BemeCTB. OHM 06DeMHeHbI EO 6KYCOBble flYKOBUl{bl, C06paHI-Ible B HMTeBM,II;Hble,
JIMCTOBM,Z:I:Hble, rpI160BM,II;Hhle M )KeJI060BII,I(Hble COCOZ[KU. COCOq}(ll rrpeMl\1YJ-L(eCT-
BeHHO paCTIOJIaraIOTC5I Ha BepXHell nOBepXHOCTII M no 60KaM 5I3bIKa; BCTpeqaIOTC5I
Ha M5IrKOM Hc6e, B 06JIaCTM 3eBa, rJIOTKM M HarOpTaHHMKa.
B036)')K.I(eHMe OT xeMopeu:errTopOB rrepeJ1;aeTC5I Ha qyBCTBMTeJIbHble OKOWIa-
HJ15I BOJIOKOH Z[YBclnBumeflbllblx HeupOHOB (nep6ble neiipOHbl), pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIX B
Y3JIaX JIMu:eBoro (VII napa), 5I3bIKOrJIOTOqHOrO (IX napa) II 6.TI)')K,I:(aIOII(ero
(X napa) qepeIIHbIX HepBOB. no u:eHTpaJIbHhIM OTpOCTKaM rrepBbIX Hei1poHoB
MMrrYJIbCbI rrepeaIOTC5I B CTBOJI M03ra. 3eCb B Rape OaUHOZ[H020 nymu rrpoJ(OJIro-
BaToro M03ra OHM nepeKJIIOQaIOTC5I Ha 6mopble neiipOHbl rrpOBO,WImero rryTM
BK)'COBoro aHaJlli3aTopa. BOJIOKHa BTOpbIX Hei1poHoB rrepexoMT Ha rrpoTMBorro-
JIo)KH)'1O CTOpOH)' CTBOJIa M B COCTaBe MeJ1;RaJIbHOM rreTJIM OCTI1raIOT rpyrrIIbI
6eHmpOflamepGJlbHblX Raep lnGJlGMyca, rJ1;e pacrrOJIO)KeHbI mpembu HeiipoHbl rryTM.
Mx aKCOHbI rrpoeUMp)'IOTC5I Ha KOpy 60JIbIllOrO M03ra B 06JIaCTI1 napa2UnnOKaM-
naJlbllOU U3BWZUllbl, KplOz[Ka M 2UnnOKGMna, re HaXOJ1;MTC5I KOpKOBbn1: u:eHTp BK)'CO-
Boro aHaJIM3aTopa.
KOHTPOJlbHblE BOnpOCbl
6.1. OpraH 3peHIUI
1. Ha30BI1Te aHaTOMI1qeCKl1e CTPYKTypbI opraHa 3peHlliI; KaKOBO <PYHKIJ:I10HaJIbHOe 3Haqe-
HI1e KCDK.IJ:OH 113 3TI1X CTpYKTYp?
2. M3 KaKl1X 060nOqeK COCTOIIT Kancyna rna3Horo 5I6noKa? KaKue <PYHKIJJIM OHI1 BblnonIDIIOT?
3. f,l1;e pacnonaraIOTC5I 11 KaK Ha3bIBaIOTC5I rpynrrbI MbIIlleQHbIX KJIeTOK, cOKparueHI1e KOTO-
pbIX npHBO,LIMT K M3IeHeHMIO ,LIMaMeTpa 3paQKa? KpHBH3HbI XPycTaJIHKa?
4. KaKl1e HepBHble KJIeTKl1 BXOMT B COCTaB CeyqaTKll? AKcoHa!vIH KaKl1X KJIeTOK CeyqaTKl1
06pa30BaH 3pIITenbHbIM HepB?
5. KaKl1e aHaTOMHQeCKl1e CTpYKTYPbI OTHOC5ITC5I K 5ILI:PY rna3Horo 5I6noKa? KaKoBbI I1X <PYH-
KIJ:HH?
6. qeM 06pa30BaH aKKOMO,LIaUHOHHbIM arrrrapaT rJIa3a? ,l]jI5I Qero OH npe,LIHa3HaQeH?
7. KaKl1!\-fM ?\.1bIIllu:aMI1 06eCneQMBaeTC5I nO,LIBIDKHOCTb rna3Horo 5I6noKa? fD:e OHH pacnono-
)I(eHbI?
8. KaKI1MI1 HepBa1I1 MHHepBI1pyIOTC5I rna30,LIBI1raTenbHble MbIIllU:bI?
9. KaKl1e aHaTOMI1QeCKI1e CTpYKTypbI BXO,l1;5IT B cocraB 3pI1TenbHOro aHaJII13aTopa?
10. B KaKl1X OT,LIenaX 1-f03ra pacnOJIO)KeHbI nO,LIKOpKOBble u:eHTpbI 3pHTeJIbHOrO aHaJIH3aTopa?
11. OT KaKl1X nO,LIKOpKOBbIX u:eHTpOB 3peHH5I HaQMHaeTC5I TeKTOCnMHaJIbHbIH TpaKT?
12. [,LIe HaXO,LIMTC5I KOpKOBbIH ueHTp 3pHTenbHoro aHaJIH3aTopa?
13. OxapaKTepM3yifre nyrH rrpOBe,l1;eHM5I HepBHbIX HMrrynbcoB, B03HHKIllI1X B CeTQaTKe nOD:
,LIeMCTBHeM CBeTOBoro pa3,LIpCDKeHH5I.
14. f,n;e HaXO,l1;HTC5I KOpKOBbIH u;eHTp 3pHTeJIbHOrO aHaJIH3aTopa?

OpraHbl4YBCTB 189
6.2. OpraH cnyxa II paBHoBeclIH
1. OnMIIIMTe CTpoeHMe cpe,rxHero yxa. KaKoBo ero <PYHKIJ;I10HaJIbHOe 3HaqeHMe?
2. Ha30BMTe qaCTM KOCTHoro M rrepenOHqaTOrO JIa6MpMHTOB. KaKMe 113 HMX OTHOC.HTC.H K op-
raHY paBHOBeC:IDI, a KaKMe - K opraHY cJIyxa?
3. f,rxe pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI CJIYXOBbIe peuenTopbI? KaK Ha3bIBaeTC.H peuenTopHbIi1: opraH CJIyXO-
Boro aHaJIM3aTopa?
4. f,lIe pacnOJIaraIOTC.H TeJIa rrepBoro (ceHcopHoro), BToporo M TpeTbero Hei1:poHoB CJIYXOBO-
ro nYI'M?
5. f,rxe Haxo,rxMTC.H KOpKOBbIM UeHTp CJIyXOBoro aHaTIM3aTopa?
6. BOJIOKHaMM Ka:Kl1X HeMpoHoB CJIyXOBoro nyrM <pOp:MMpyeTC.H JIaTepaTIbHa.H rreTJI.H M B
KaKMX nO,lIKOpKOBbIX ueHTpax OHa 3aKaHqMBaeTC.H?
7. f,rxe pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI peuenTopbI CTaTMqeCKOrO paBHOBeC:IDI? ,[(MHaMUqeCKOrO paBHOBeCM.H?
8. f,lIe pacnOJIaraIOTC.H TeJIa nepBoro (ceHcopHoro), BToporo M TPeTbero HeMpoHoB BecTM6y-
JI.HpHOrO rryTl1?
9. f,rre HaXOD;MTC.H KOpKOBbIM u:eHTp aHaTIM3aTOpa rpaBI1TaUMM?
6.3. OpraH 060H5IHII5I II opraH BKYca
1. BO.HoKHa KaKMX HeMpoHoB 06pa3)'JOT 060H.HTeJIbHble HepBbI?
2. f,l1;e Haxo,rxMTC.H 060H.HTeJIbHbIM TpaKT 11 BOJIOKHaMM KaKMX HeMpoHoB OH o6pa30BaH?
3. f,n:e HaXO,lIMTC.H KOpKOBbIM UeHTp 060IDI'reJIbHOrO aHaJIM3aTopa?
4. B Ka:KIDC aHaTOMMQeCKl1X cTpYKTypax HaXO,lI.HTC.H BKYCOBble peu:enTopbI?
5. KaKMe qepenHble HepBbI yqacTByIOT B npOBe,rxeHMM HepBHbIX MMnYJIbCOB, B03HMKIIIMX no,n:
BJII1.HHMeM BKYCOBbIX pa3,n:paJKeHMM, K rOJIOBHOMY M03ry?
6. B .H,rxpax KaKl1X qeperrHbIX HepBOB npOMcxo,rxMT rrepeKJIIOqeHMe BOJIOKOH nyrM npOBe,lIeHM.H
BKYCOBOM qYBcTBMTeJIbHOcTM? f,lIe pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI 3TM .H,rxpa?
7. f,lIe HaXO,lJ;MTC.H KOpKOBbIM ueHTp BKYCOBoro aHaJIM3aTopa?

cnOBAPb TEPMMHOB
lli..M 1 ;z&i::'lli -:" d>;:%:: h  $!*1lJi1@l=W2»ir:J;f?&Etl;i.£:Jtl:t.: ?}:;?-:???l:%kfm: ::ili::.::=;?;:?::--:::::::::::::::::f::$::: gmir/.::: ::::
ABToHOMHaR (BefeTaTHBHaH) HepBHaR CHCTeMa (AHC) - qaCTh HepBHOM CllCTeMhI, Co-
CTOHIIIa5I 113 MHOr01fl1CneHHhIX HepBHhIX Y3nOB (raHrIDIeB), BllCl\epaJIhHhIX II BHYT-
pllOpraHHhIX HepBHhIX CfIJIeTeHllit AHC HerrOCpe,nCTBeHHO perynllpyeT ,1Xe5ITenh-
HOCTh BHyTpeHHllX OpraHOB (nllm;eBapeHIDI, KpOBOo6parn:eHIDI II T. ,n;.), a TaIOKe
06MeH Bern:eCTB II ,n;pyrne cl>YHKD:llll opraHM3Ma. AHC llMeeT MHOrOIIMCneHHhle
CB5I311 C QHC. B AHC BhI,[(elliIIOT rrapaCllMnaTWIecKyIO 11 CllMnaTWIecK)'IO qaCTll.
AKCOH - ,WIHHHhIM OTpOCTOK HeMpOHa, no KOTOpOMy l-llrlrryJIbC npOBO,1XMTC5I OT Tena
HenpOHa K ,n;pyroMy HenpOH)', MhIllIeqJfhIM I1Jlli )l(ene311CThIM KJIeTKaM B COCTaBe
opraHOB.
AopTa - CaMa5I 60nhllIa5I apTepIDI Tena, 6epyrn:a5I HaqaJIO OT neB oro )l(eny,1XOqKa cep,n;-
IJ;a. HenapHa5I rnaBHa5I MarnCTpaJIh 60JThllIOrO Kpyra KpOBoo6parn:eHIDI, HeCyrIJ;a5I
apTeplla.JIbHyIO KpOBh.
ApTepIDI - KpOBeHOCHhIM cocy,n;, HeCyrIJ;llM KpOBh no HanpaBJIeHllIO OT cep.ILI.J;a K
opraHaM.
A4>4>epeHTHbIH - npHHocHrn:lli1:; a<l>cl>epeHTHhle BOJIOKHa - HepBHble BonoKHa, npoBo-
JUIrn:lle HepBHhle lIMrryJThChI OT opraHoB II TKaHell K IJ;HC (IDIll rrpllHocHrn:lle Hep-
BHhle IThfrryJThChI K HepBHoMy u;eHTpY), n03ToMy llX em;e Ha3hIBaIOT u;eHTpocTpeMll-
TenhHhIMll (cp. 3cl>cl>epeHTHhIll).
A4>4>epeHTHbrH HeHpoH - qyBcTBHTeJIhH:bIM (ceHcopHbrn) HenpOH, rrepe.n:aIOm:llll HepB-
Hhle lIMrrynhchI OT peu;enTopoB, pacnOnO)l(eHHhIX B opraHax 11 TKaIDIX Tena, B IJ;eH-
TpaJIhHyIO HepBHyIO cllcTeMy.
Ea3a.TIbHbIe B.apa - CKOIIJIeHIffi ceporo Bern:ecTBa B rny6HHe nOJIyIlIapllM ronOBHoro
M03ra, HanpllMep XBOCTaToe 5I.lIpo, qeQeBI1IJ;eo6pa3Hoe 5I.1XpO 11 HeKoTophle ,npy-
rlle; yqacTByroT B perylliIU;llll CnO)KHOKoop,n;llHllpoBaHHhIX aBToMaT1l311poBaH-
HhIX ,n;BIDKeHllll, OKa3bIBaIOT Bnll5IHlle Ha xapaKTep ,n;BllraTenhHhlx 11 BereTaTllB-
HhIX peaKl{llll B 3aBllCllMOCTll OT 3MOU;llOHaJIhHOrO COCT05IHIDI QenOBeKa.
])OJIbIDOH M03f - qaCTh ronOBHoro Io3ra, BKJIIOqaIOm;a5I nOJIyIIIapIDI, coe,[(llHeHHhle
Iey C060M M030JlliCThIM TenoM, nepe,n;HeM II 3a)lHell crrallKaMM 11 cnallKOll CBO-
,1Xa. B Kope 60JThllIOrO 1\.f03ra, pacnOJIO)l(eHHOM Ha nOBepXHOCTll rrOJIyIIIapllM, Co-
cpe,n;OTOqeHhI BhICIIIlle HepBHhle u;eHTphI, 06eCneQIffiaIOrn:lle perylliIIJ;IlIO Hall60nee
CnO)I(H:bIX cl>Op1\.-I nCllXHQeCKOM ,n;e5ITeJThHOCTM M03ra, B TOM tIMcne C03HaHIDI, MhIIlI-
neHIDI, KOfHMTIIBHOll (n03HaBaTenhHOM), Kpearn:BHOM (TBOpqeCKOM) ,n;e5ITeJThHO-
CTllll T. ;:J:.
EYJIb6yc - eM. ITpo.n:onrOBaThIll M03r.
BeHa - KpOBeHOCHhIM cocy,n;, HecymllM KpOBh OT opraHOB no HarrpaBneHllIO K
cepJJ:I1Y .

CnOBapb TepMt1HOB 191
faurJIHii (HepBHbIH Y3eJI) - JIOKaJIbHOe CKonneHlle HeMpoHoB 3a npe)];enafll QHC,
npe,1XCTaBlliIIOIl(ee C060ll rrepllcl>epllqeCKI1H HepBHbIM u;eHTp.
feMaTo3HD;e4>aJIWlecKllit 6apbep - KOMIIJIeKC CTpYlcryp, BKJIIOqaIOIIJ;IIll 3H):(oTenllM Ka-
IIH.JIJlHpOB, 6a3aJIbHYIO 1IeM6paHY, 3IIeI-UUIMHble KJIeTKllll ,npyrlle rnllOU;UTbI, KOTO-
pbIM 06eCneqllBaeT 113611paTeJIbHOe rrpoxoeHlle Be:rn:eCTB l!3 KpOBll B crrIIHHO-
1-f03rOByro )KM)].KOCTb II B caMII HenpOHbI.
fHllOTaJIaMYC - qaCTb npOMe)KyTOqHOrO 103ra, pacrronaraIO:rn:aHCH B ero HIDKHeM qac-
Tll no,n: rI1IIOTaJIaMllqeCKOM 60p03,UOtL CO)];ep)l(llT 60nhlIIoe qI1cno 5I,[{ep (HepBHblx
u;eHTpoB), perynnpYlO:rn:llX BereTaTllBHble cl>yJIKIJ;llM opraHll3Ma II ero 3MOII;:tfH.
funocl>H3 - 3H,[(OKpllHHa5I )l(ene3a, CTpYKTYpHO CB5I3aHHa5I C rnrrOTaJIaMYCOM; C no-
MO:rn:blO ropMOHOB, Bblpa6aTbIBaeMbIX B rllnocl>1l3e, ocy:rn:eCTBlliIeTCH pery.illIU;IDI
cl>YHKu;llH )];pynrx 3H):{OKpllHHbIX )l(ene3, a TaIOKe npou;eCCOB pOCTa 11 Pa3BUTIDI Bce-
ro opraH1l3Ma.
fmmOKaMll- BaJIllKonO,1Xo6HOe B03BbIIlleHlle, pacnOnO)l(eHHOe Ha 1-Ie)];llaJIbHOM CTeH-
Ke HIDKHero pora 60KOBoro )l(eJIy)];ot{J(a 11 o6pa:rn:eHHoe B ero nonOCTb. OH o6pa30-
BaR CTapOll KOpOll: M03ra (apXIfKopTeKCOM). KaK qaCTb nllM611qeCKOM CllCTeMbI
M03ra rllrrnOKaMn yqaCTByeT B cl>opMllpoBaHllll MOTIlBaU;IlH nOBe)];eHIDI, KpaTKO-
CPOQROM 11 ,UonrOBpeMeHHOM naM5ITll.
fmm: (HeiiporJIml) - co611paTenbHoe Ha3BaHlle .lLIDI KJIeTOK pa3HbIX TllnOB, BXOM:rn;llX
HapH,LJ;y C HeiipOHaMM B COCTaB HepBHOM TKaHll. 3Tll KJIeTKH BblnonIDIIOT BcrrOMO-
raTenbHble cl>YHKu;1l1l1l C03,QaIOT 6JIarOrrpIDITHble ycnoBIDI ,L:(.JUI rrpOBe,[(eHIDI HeMpo-
HaMil HepBHbIX llMrrynbCOB.
fJlHOIUIT - rnllaJIbHaH KJIeTKa. Cpe,Ull rJIllOU;HTOB pa3nllQaIOT MaKpOrJIllOU;llTbI
(aCTpOU;MTbI, OlIllro,[(eH):{pOn;llTbI, KJIeTKll 3neH,[(IlMbI) 11 MllKpornllOn;IlTbI.
fOJIOBHOH M03r - opraH n;eHTpaJIbHOM HepBHOM CllCTeMbI, pacnOnO)l(eHHbIM B rronOCTll
Qepena. OH COCTOllT 113 CTBona M03ra, M03)1(eQKa, npOMe)KyTOQHOrO II KOHeQHOrO
M03ra, pa3BllBaIOIIJ;JIXCH 113 ronOBHoro KOHn;a HepBHOM Tpy6KM. B He1f COCpe)];OTO-
QeHbI HepBHble n;eHTpbI, yrrpaBlliIIO:rn:lle }I(I13He,Qe5ITeJThHOCTbIO Bcero opraH1l3Ma,
ero nCIIXllqeCKllMll <PYHKu;IDIMllll nOBe)];eHlle11.
fOpMOHbI - 6110nOrllQeCKU aKTllBHble Be:rn;eCTBa, BbIpa6aTbIBaeMble 3H)];OKPllHHhI1\.fll
)l(ene3aMll, HeifpoceKpeTopHbIMll KJIeTKafll rllnOTaJIaMyca, a TaIOKe MHOrOqllC-
neHHbIMll 3H):(OKpllHHbIMll KTIeTKaMll, paCCe5II-IHbIMll B TKaIDIX 11 opraHax. D nb-
lIIaH qaCTb ropMOHOB TpaHcnopTllpyeTcH C TOKOM KpOBll, HenOCpe)];CTBeHHO yqa-
CTBYH B rrpou;eccax ryMOpaJIhHOM perylliIU;llll pa3nllqHbIX cl>YHKII;llM opraHll3Ma.
H3BHJIHHa (6oJIbmoro M03ra) - yqacToK nOBepXHOCTll rrOJIyIIIapllM, pacnOnO)l(eHHbIM
Me)l(.[(y COCe)];Hll1\.fll 60p03)];aMll.
MHTepHeiipoHbl- HeMpOHbI, Tena 11 OTpOCTKH KOTOpbIX n;eJllIKOM pacnOnO)l(eHbI B u;eH-
TpaJIhHOM HepBHOM CMCTeMe. K QllCny llHTepHeMpOHOB OTHOCHT Hei1:poHbI Bcex
HepBHbIX u;eHTpOB ronOBHoro 11 cnllHHoro M03ra 3a llCKJIIOqeHlleM MOToHeitpoHoB
,1XBllraTeJIbHbIX H,LJ;ep 11 Hei1:poHoB BereTaTllBHbIX 5I,[{ep B cnllHHOM M03ry 11 B CTBone
M03ra.
HHTepoo;eDTOp(bI) - pen;enTop(bI) (HepBHble OKOHqaHIDI), pacnOnO)l(eHHble BO BHyT-
peHHllX opraHax 11 BocnpllHllMaIO:rn:lle pa3)];pa)l(eHlliI 113 BHyTpeHHeM Cpe)];bI opra-
HIl3Ma.
MHTepoo;eIIIJ)UI- cnoco6HOCTb opraH1l3Ma BocnpllHllMaTb pa3)];pa)l(eHIDI, o6ycnoBneH-
Hble MexaHWIeCKHMll, XIfMllqeCKHMll II )];pyrnMll 113MeHeHIDIMll BHyTpeHHeM cpe-
JI;bI opraHll3Ma.
KOHe1ffibIH l\I03r - CM. DOJIbllIOM M03r.

192 CnoBapb repMII1HOB
KOHneBOH Y3en - CKOIIJIeHlle BereTaTllBH:bIX HellpoHoB rrapacMMrraTWIecKoM qaCTll
ARC, paCIIOnO)KeHHOe OKono opraHa 11 Herrocpe,nCTBeHHO ocym;eCTBJUIIOm;ee rra-
paCllMrraTllqecKYIO MHHepBaIJ;llIO 3Toro opraHa.
Kopa 60JIbIDOrO M03ra - cepoe Bern;eCTBO Ha rrOBepXHOCTI1 nonyllIapllll 60n:bIIIOrO
M03ra, 06pa30BaHHoe MHOrOqllCneHHhI1-lll HellpOHaMll, pacrrOnO)KeHH:bIMll cno-
HMll. B rroJUIX KOphI 60n:bllIOrO M03ra, nOKaJIIl30BaHH:bIX B COOTBeTCTByIOrn;IlX 113-
BllnllHax, HaXO,lIJITCH KOpKOBble KOHIJ;:bI ,lXBllraTen:bHOrO, 3pMTenbHoro, cnYXOBO-
ro II ,lXpyrnx aHaJIIl3aTOpOB, peqeBbIe IJ;eHTpbI 11 aCCOIJ:MaTllBH:ble 30HbI, ocyrn;ecT-
BnHIOrn:Me CnO)KH:ble MHTerpaTllBH:ble rrpOIJ;eCC:bI, CB5I3aHH:ble C o6pa6oTKOM ceH-
COpHOM llHq,opMaIJ;1l1l M q,OpIllpOBaHlieM rrOBe,[(eHIDI.
JleMHHCKOBble nyTH - ceHCOpH:ble npOBO,L(5Im;lle rryrIf, 06pa30BaHHble HepBHbIMll BO-
nOKHaMM, BXOlUIrn:llMll B COCTaB Me,nllaJIbHOM neTnIf (rryr:b rrpOBe,lXeHIDI rny6oKoll
qyBCTBllTen:bHOCTll OT MbIIIIIJ; M CYCTaBOB TYnOBMm;a, IIIell H KOHewocTei1:), cnll-
HaJIhHOM neTnll (nyr:b npOBe.n:eH:IDI nOBepXHOCTHOll qyBCTBllTeJIhHOCTll OT peu;err-
TOpOB KO)lGl rnell, TYnOBHrn;a M KOHeqHOCTell) If TpHreMllHaJlbHOll neTnll (rryTb
npOBe,lXeHIDI nOBepXHOCTHOll M rny60Koll qyBCTBllTenbHOCTll OT opraHOB 11 KO)K-
Horo rrOKpOBa ronOBbI). 06rn:eM oc06eHHOCTbIO 3THX rr)'Tell HBlliIeTC5I rrepexo,n;
HepBHbIX BonOKOH C O,n;HOll CTOpOHbI cnMHHoro M03ra Iillll CTBona M03ra Ha rrpo-
TllBorrono)KH)'IO C 06pa30BaHlleM rrepeKpeCTa neTenb, B pe3ynbTaTe qero Bce qaCTll
Tena llMeIOT KOHTpnaTepaJIbHOe rrpe,lXCTaBllTenbCTBO B COMaToceHcopHOM Kope.
JIHM6W1eCIGUI CHCTeMa - KOMnneKC HepBHbIX CTpyJcryp KOHeqHOrO, rrpOMe)I()'TOqHOrO
11 cpe,lXHero M03ra (n05ICHa5I 11 rraparnrrrrOKaMrraJIbHa5I 113BWIHHbI, rnrrrrOKaMrr, TII-
rrOTaJIaMYC, TaJIaM)'C, fllH):(aJIeBII.nHoe Teno 11 ,n;pyrne 06pa30BaHIDI), yqacTBYIOrn:MX
B perylliIU;1l1l CHa, COCTOHHIDI 60,n;pCTBOBaHIDI, KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ;1l1l BHI1MaHIDI, rny611-
HbI 3MOIJ;llll, B q,OpMllpOBaHllll MOTHBaIJ;IlH rrOBe,neHIDI. JIllM6WIeCKa5I CllCTeMa Ha-
XO,nllTCH rro,U KOHTponeM n06HOll KOpbI; OHa BJIIDIeT Ha pa60T)' Bcex KOpKOBbIX 30H
6 on b III oro M03ra.
Me,lJJlaTOpbI - 611onofWIecKli aKTI1BHble Be:rn;eCTBa atJ:peHa.JllIH, cepoToHllH, 6paL(llKlf-
HllH 11 ,n;p., Bbw:elliIeMble 113 CllHanTWIecKllX ny3blpbKOB B CllHamllqecKYIO rn:eJIh; C
rrOlorn:bIO 3THX Bem;eCTB B036)')K,l1;eHlle C O,lXHOrO HeMpOHa rrepe,lXaeTCH Ha ,npyrOll
HeRpOH JDIll Ha MblIIIeqHble KJIeTKlf.
Me33HD;e4>aJIOH - CM. Cpe,n;HHll M03r.
MHeJllIHOBOe HepBHoe BOJIOKHO - O'TpOCTOK HeHpOHa, nOKpbITbllI cnOIfCTOll MllenllHO-
BOR 060nOqKOM, 06pa30BaHHOM rJIllaJIbH:bIMll (IIIBaHHOBCKHMH) KJIeTKaMll 11 CO-
,lXep)l(am;eM 60nbIIIoe KonWIeCTBO JIllIll1)I.OB.
MHemnm3a - npOTeKaIOm;Hll B npe- II B nOCTHaTaJIbHOM nepllO,LI;aX OHToreHe3a
npoIJ;ecc 06pa30BaHIDI MlleIDIHOBOll 06onoqKlf B HepBHbIX BonoKHax. qaCTh HepB-
HbIX BonOKOH OCTaeTCH He nOKpbITOM MlleJIlIHOBOM o6onOq}(OM (6e3MlleJIllHOBble
HepBHble BonOKHa).
MHH)J:aJIeBH.lUIOe TeJIO - CKOIIJIeHlle ceporo Bem;eCTBa, ne)Karn:ee B rny6HHe BllCOq-
HOM ,n;onll Brrepe,lXll rHnnOKaMrra B HerrOcpe,LI;CTBeHHOH 6nll30CTll OT KpIOQKa. 3Ta
CTpYKTYpa HBJUIeTCH qaCTbIO nllM611qeCKoi1: CllCTeMbI M03ra If KOHTponllpyeT
.n:BllraTenbHble 11 BereTaTllBHble peaKIJ;1l1l opraHll3Ma, CB5I3aHHble C 3MOIJ;:IDIMll.
M03lKetJ:OK - qaCTb ronOBHoro M03ra, npe.n:CTaBJUIIOlI(a5I C060H MaCCMBHoe CKormeHlle
HepBHOH TKaHll B BH,LJ:e rronyrnapllH M cpe,n;HeM qaCTll (qepHH), pacnOnO)l(eHHOe HaL(
IV )l(eny.n:OQKOM 11 nOKpbIToe CHap)')Kll cnoeM ceporo Bem;eCTBa - KOpOll M03)Keq-
Ka. OCHOBH:ble q,YHKII;Hll M03)KeQKa - yrrpaBneHMe Koop,nllHaIJ;lleH ,nBIDKeHMH, pe-
ryJIHU;:IDI 3HepreTWIeCKoro 06leHa B nOrrepeqHOrrOnOcaTOM MYCKYnaTYpe Tena,
yqacTMe B npoIJ;eccax o6yqeHIDI.

CnOBapb repMl1HOB 193
MOCT - cpe,z:UUffi qaCTb CTBOJIa M03ra. COCTOIIT II3 KpbIIlIII, rrOKpbIIlIKlf II OCHOBaHIDI,
BKiIIOqaeT 5I)J;pa V, VI, VII, VIII nap qepenHbIX HepBOB, peTllK)'lliIpH)'IO <popMau;mo,
c06CTBeHHble H.LIpa MOCTa, a TaIOKe nytIKH BOCXO,[(5IIlU1X, HJrICXO,IDIIII;I1X II nonepeq-
HbIX BOJIOKOH, <pOpMIIpy.IOIIJJIX npOBoMIII:IIe IIyTM.
l\10TOpHbIH - ,n,BMraTeJIbHbIM, rrpMBO,IUIIII:MM B ,n,BIDKeHIIe; MOTopHbIe HeMpOHbI, JIJIM
1foToHei1poHbI, - HeMpOHbI, aKCOHbI KOTOpbLX OKaHIIIfBaIOTCH CMHarrcaMM Ha ?\.fbI-
rneQHbIX KJIeTKaX; 1vIOTopHble n;eHTpbI - HepBHble qeHTpbI, r,n,e cpOpMMPYIDTC.H KO-
MaH)1bI, nepe,n,aBaeMl>Ie Ha MOTOHenpOHbI (cp. CeHcopHbIM).
HCBpOMep - yqacToK HepBHon Tpy6KI1, II3 KOTOpOfO MHHepBIIpyeTcH COOTBeTCTB)'IO-
lIJJIll cerMeHT (MeTaMep) T)'JIOBMIII:a II C KOTOpbllvI OR CB.H3aH C nO10I1lbIO napbI
CTIHHH01-f03fOBbIX HepBOB.
HciipHT CM. AKCOH.
HCHponmo4JH3 - 3aJJJlillI ,n;OJUI rnrrO<pII3a.
HCHpOfmm CAt. fJIMH.
HeHpoI\Ie,l.Ufarop - Bblpa6aThIBaeMOe HenpOHOM 6IIOJIOnrqeCKH ak'TIIBHOe BeIII:eCTBO, no-
cpe,n:CTBOM KOToporo Qepe3 CIIHaIITIflecK)'IO m:elTh rrpOIICXO,lUIT rrepe,n,aqa HepBHbIX
IfMny.JIhCOB OT O,LI,Horo HellpOHa K,UpyrOM)' lUIJ1 OT HellpOHa K 3CP<l:>eKTOpHOM)' opraH)'.
K Hei1:poMe,n,IIaTopa1 OTHOC.HTC.H TaKHe BeIII:eCTBa, KaK a;J;peHaJIlIH, Hopa;xpeHaJlliH,
au;eTllJIXOJlliH, y-aMHHOMaClliIHa5I KIICJIOTa (fAMK), 6pa;:unanmH, CepOTOHMH, Tay-
pHH H ;::r;pyrne.
HCHPOH, HJIH HeHpOT - HepBHa5I KJIeTKa. DJIaro,n,ap5I ee cnoc06HOCTII BocnplIHIIMaTb
II reHepnpOBaTb HepBHbIe MMnYJIbCbI, a TaIOKe nepe;::r;aBaTb HX Ha ,n,PYIYIO HepBH)'IO
KJIeTK)' lUIM 9<p<peKTOpHbIR opraH HeMpOH paCCMaTplIBaeTC5I KaK" CTpYKTYPHO-CPYH-
KII;MOHaJIbHa5I e,lUIHMqa HepBHOM: CHCTeMbI.
HeitpoceKpCTopHbIe KJIenrn - BJU(OH31feHeHHbIe KJIeTKH HepBHon TKaHII, cnoco6HbIe
n01-IlIMO BOCnpH5ITlliI, reHepall;IIII, rrpOBe,n,eHlffi II rrepe.n:atlli HepBHbIX HMrryJThCOB
BbIpa6aTbIBaTb II B.bI,I:(elliITb B KpOBb rop1vIOHbI. TaK, HeMpoceKpeTopHble KJIeTKH,
CIIHTe3Mpyrorn:Me rop?vfOHbI Ba30npeCCMH If OKCIITOIJ;MH, paCnOJIaraIOTC.H B cyrrpa-
onTWIeCKllX II IIapaBeHTpIIKYIDIpHbIX Mpax rlIIIoTarraMyca.
HCitp04JH6pIfJL1IbI - TOHKJIe BOJIOKOHua, rrpOXOMIIJ:IIe B U;IITOIIJIa3Me TeJI HepBHbIX KJIe-
TOK II IIX Ol'pOCTKOB. OHII COCT05IT H3 6e.JIKa H BbIIIOJIH5IIOT IIpeHMyrn;eCTBeHHO
onopHYIO CPYHKI(I1IO.
HepBH3.H CHCTeMa - COBOKyIIHOCTb opraHOB (rOJIOBHOM II CIIMHHOM M03r), a TaIOKe Hep-
BHbIX Y3JIOB (raHrJIlIeB), HepBOB II HX BeTBen, pa3BIIBaIOIIIHXCH II3 r-rIaTepMaJIa HepB-
HOM Tpy6KH 11 pacnOJIO)l(eHHbIX no 60KaM OT Hee raHrJlliOHapHbIX IIJIaCTIIHOK, BbI-
rrOJIIDIIOru:aH <PYHKUIIIO yrrpaBJIeHIDI ,n;e.HTeJIbHOCTbIO Bcex CIICTeM opraHII3Ma II ero
rrOBe)J;eHlIe1-1 B IJ;eJIOM.
HepBHa.H TKaHb - IfCTOplIqeCKlI CnO)IGIBllIa5IC.H 06III:HOCTb HeM:pOHOB, 06JIa;J:aIOIII:MX
crroc06HOCTbIO K B036y)1()J;eHMIO, rrpOBe,n,eHIIIO II nepe,n,aqe HepBHbIX IfMnYJIbCOB,
a TaIOKe rJIHOIJ;IITOB, BbIIIOJIlUIIOIIJ;MX BcrrOMOraTeJIbHble CPYHKIIJIII.
HCpBHOC(bIe) BOJIOKHo(a) - ,IUllIHHble OTpOCTKH HeMpOHOB, IIpOBOMIIJ:Me HMrryJIbCbI B
O,L{HOM HanpaBJIeHMII (u;eHTpOCTpeMIITenbHO IUIII uemp06e)l(Ho). B HC H ARC
IIIeIOTC5I KaK MlIeJIHHOBbIe BOJIOKHa - HepBHble BOJIOKHa, rrOKpbITble MMenllHO-
BOR 060JIOQKoi1:, TaK II 6e3MIleJlliHOBbIe BOJIOKHa, He nOKpbITbIe MHeJIMHOBOM 060-
n01IKOM:.
HepBHoe OKouqaHHC - OKOWIaHlle HepBHoro BOJIOKHa B HHHepBMpyeMbIX opraHax II
TKaIDIX. Pa3nnQaIOT ,n,BMraTeJIbHble n qyBCTBIITeJIbHble (peu;enTopbI) HepBHbIe
OKOWIaHIUI.
13. AHaTOMSj HepaHO Ct1CreMbi

194 CnoBapbTepMHoB
HepBHbIH n;eHTp - nOKaJIbHa5I rpyrrna (aHcaM6nb) PMOM pacnOnO)I(eHHbIX HeMpoHoB,
TeCHO CB5I3aHHbIX Me)K)]:Y C060M CTpYKTYPHO 11 q,YIIKIJ;IlOHaJIbHO 11 BbInonIDIIOIII;IfX
o6rn;)'IO q,YHKIJ:llIO B peq,neKTopHoM perylliIIJ;1l1l )KH3He,L(e5ITenbHOCTll opraHll3Ma. B
HepBHOM I(eHTpe ocym:eCTBlliIeTC5I aHaJIll3 rrocTYITaIO:rn:eM llHq,opMaI(MM 11 nepe,L(a-
qa ero Ha ,L(pyrne HepBHbIe I(eHTpbI RJIM 3q,q,eKTOpHble OpraHbI. IIepMq,epllqeCKMe
HepBHble ueHTpbI npe,L(cTaBneHbI raHrnIDIMll (Y3naMll). B I(eHTpaJIbHOR HepBHoM
CMCTeMe pa3nWIaIOT CKOIIJIeHIDI HepBHbIX KJIeTOK B BM,LJ:e nOKaJIbHbIX rpyrrn - Mep
(MepHbIe I(eHTpbI) 11 B Bane KOpbI 60JIblIlOrO ?vf03ra illIM M03)l(eqKa (KOpKOBble I(eH-
TpbI) .
HepB - aHaTOMWIeCKoe 06pa30BaHlle, COCT05IIl(ee 113 HepBHbIX BOJIOKOH, crpyrrrrnpo-
BaHHbIX B nyqKM, KOTopble B COCTaBe HepBa pa3,L(eJIeHbI coe,L(IlHllTeJIbHOTKaHHbIMll
060nOqKaMll. HepBbI ocym:eCTBlliIIOT CBH3b UHC co BceMll opraHaMll II 06:rn:llM
(KO)l(HbIM) rrOKpOBOM.
OpraHbI ttyBCTB - BbICOKOCneI(MaJIIl3MpOBaHHble 06pa30BaHlffi, TaKMe KaK rna3, yxo,
060IDITeJIbHa5I 06JIaCTb Hoca, BK)'COBbIe COCOQKIf 5I3bIKa, KOTopbIe MMelOT rrpM3Ha-
KIf opraHHoro CTpoeHIffi 11 06eCnetIMBalOT, B OTJIlIqlle OT KOHTaKTHbIX peI(errTOpOB,
,L(IlCTaHTHOe BocrrpIffiTlle pa3,L(pIDKMTeJIeM.
I1apaCHMnaTWIeCKaR 'IaCTb ARC - qaCTb AHC, npe,[{CTaBJIeHHaH KOHueBbIMll
HepBHbIMll Y3JIaMll B o6JIacTII rOJIOBbI, CKOIIJIeHIDIMll HepBHbIX KJIeTOK B CTBone
6JI)')K..aalOIUero HepBa, a TaIOKe KOHI(eBbIMll HepBHbIMll Y3JIaMll B Ta30B01-1 BMCI(e-
panbHOM CIIJIeTeHllll, OT KOTOpbIX ocym:eCTBlliIeTCH napaCMMrraTllqeCK8.5I llHHepBa-
lUffi opraHOB. Bce KOHI(eBble Y3JIbI MMelOT aHaTOMWIeCKMe CB5I311 C COOTBeTCTB)'IO-
IIIMMll BereTaTIIBHbIMll MpaMll B CTBOJIe M03ra 11 B KpeCTI(OBOM OT,lIeJIe cnllHHoro
M03ra.
I1upaMHJnlbIe HeHpOHbI - HeMpOHbI KOpbI 60JIbIJlOrO 103ra, pacrrOJIO)l(eHHble BO
II - V I(IlToapXlITeKTOIDIQeCKHX CJI05IX 11 llMe10 IUMe TeJIO B q,opMe KOH)'ca lUIM lliI-
TllrpaHHoM rrMpaMIUI:bI, OT OCHOBaHIffi KOTOpOM OTXO,L(MT aKCOH. IIllpaMMHble
HeMpoHbI V CJIOH 06Pa3)'IOT npOeKIJ;IlOHHbIe KOpKOBO-nO,L(KopKOBble CB5I3M. Ha-
rrpMMep, rMraHTCKMe nllpaMMHble HeMpoHbI Eeu;a, pacnOJIO)I(eHHble B V CJIoe
KOpbI npe,[{I(eHTpa.JIbHOM M3BMJIllHbI no6HOM ,L(OJIll nOJIylIIapllM, ,nalOT HaQanO
BonOKHaM rrMpaMMHbIX rryTeM.
IIHpaMlf)J,llbIe nyTII- HllCXO,L(5IIUMe rrpOBOL(5Irn;Me nyrll QHC, o6eCrreQllBalOIUlle rrpo-
Be,L(eHlle llMnynbcoB OT rrllpaMM,LJ:HbIX HeMpoHoB V CJI05I ceHcoMoTOpHOM KOpbI K
,L(BllraTeJIbHbIM MpaM QepenHbIX HepBOB (KOpKoBo-MepHbIM nyrb) 11 MOTOpHbIM
MpaM cnllHHoro M03ra (KOpKoBo-crrllHHoMo3roBoM rryrb). I1x 06rn;eM oco6eH-
HOCTblO 5IBlliIeTC5I TO, qTO nO,L(aBlliIlOrn;ee QllCJIO COCTaBlliIlOrn;IlX llX BonOKOH rrepe-
XO,n:llT Ha npOTllBOnOJIO)I(H)'IO CTOPOHY M03ra, T. e. rrepeKpern;MBaeTCH. B pe3ynb-
TaTe 3Toro Ka)I()];oe rrOJIylIIapMe M03ra ocy:ru:eCTBlliIeT npOll3BOJIbHYIO perylliIU;1l1O
,L(B:IDKeHMM KOHTpJIaTepaJIbHOM nOJIOBllHbI Tena.
IIpOBO.z:UIDUlH nyTb :QHC - 3TO q,YHKUllOHaJIbHO O,L(HopO,L(HaH rpynna HepBHbIX BO-
nOKOH, 3aHllMalOIUa5I onpe,[{eneHHoe MeCTO B 6enOM BeIUeCTBe rOJIOBHOrO M
cnllHHoro M03ra 11 CBH3bIBaIOIUa5I Mpa 11 KOpKOBbIe u;eHTpbI B pa3HbIX qaCTHX 11
OT,L(eJIaX M03ra. Ka)l()];bIM npOBO,L(5Irn;IlM rryrb OCYIUeCTBlliIeT CTporo HanpaBJIeH-
HYIO nepe,L(aqy HepBHbIX llMnYJIbCOB 113 O,[{Horo HepBHoro u;eHTpa B ,L(pyrOM.
I1pO,n;OJIfOBaTbIii M03r (6YJIb6yc) - HM)I(HIDI qaCTb CTBOJIa M03ra, 5IBlliIIOIUa5ICH He-
nocpe,rrCTBeHHbIM npO,L(OIDKeHlleM cnMHHoro M03ra. COCTOMT M3 KpbIIJlM, rro-
KpbIIJlKM M OCHOBaHIffi, BKJIIOQaeT 5I,[{pa IX, X, XI, XII nap QepenHbIX HepBOB,
peTMK)'IDIpHYIO q,opMaI(MIO, H:IDKHeOJIMBHble Mpa M ,L(p., a Ta:IOKe nyqKlI HepB-
HbIX BOJIOKOH, BXO,L(HIUMX B COCTaB BOCXO,L(5Irn;IlX M HMCXO,L(5IIUMX npoBO,L(5IIUMX
nyreM.

CnOBapbTepMHOB 195
TIpoMeJIQ'TOtffibIH M03r - qaCTb rOJIOBHOrO M03ra, pacnOJIO)I(eHHaH Me)KJlY cpe,n:HMM M
KOHeqHbIM M03rOL OR BKJIIOqaeT TaJIaMYC, MeTaTaJIaMYC, 3nMTaJIafYC, cy6TaJIa-
MYC M rllnOTaJIaMYC. B 5I,n:pax npOMe)l()'TOqHOrO M03ra nepeKJIIOQaIOTC5I BOCXO,n:5I-
III;lle CeHCOpHbIe nYTM, HeCYIIJ:lle MH<pOpMaUMIO OT BCeX OpraHOB TeJIa 11 OpraHOB
qYBCTB K KOpe 60nbIIIOrO 1vl03ra. B rllnOTaJIaMyce cOCpe,n:OTOqeHbI BbICIlIMe ueHT-
pbI perylliIUllli BereTaTIIBHbIX cPYHKl(llll OpraHll3Ma. OH TaIOKe llrpaeT Ba)I(Hyro
pOJIb B cl>OpMllpoBaHMll 3MOIl;I!lll! MOTIIBaUIlM nOBe,n:eHIDI.
TIponpHO:Qenrop(bI) - peu;errTOp(bI) (HepBHbIe OKOHqaHIDI), paCnOJIO)KeHHbIe B MbIIlI-
n:ax IllIX CYX0)KJfJIIDIX, a TaIOKe B KancYJIe CYCTaBOB; nponpMou;enTopbI BocrrpMHll-
IaIOT pa3,n:pa)KeHIDI, CMrHa.JllI311pYIOIIJ:lle 0 COCT05IHllll orropHo-,n:BllraTeJIbHOrO
arrrrapaTa.
IIponpHo:Qemnm - cnoco6HOCTb opraHll3Ma BOCnpllHI1MaTb COMaToceHCOpH)'IO llH-
cl>opMaU;IlIO 0 nOnO)KeHllM TeJIa B rrpOCTpaHCTBe, B3a:nMHOM pacrrOJIO)KeHllM qaCTeM
TeJIa, CTeneHll HanpIDKeHIDI lbIIIIU;.
PeTnxyIDIpHIDI $OpMa:U;lUI - Hall60JIee ,n:peBHillI qaCTb CTBOJIa 103ra M CIll1HHOrO M03ra,
rrpe,n:CTaBJIeHHa5I B BIDIe ceTII M3 MHOrOqllCJIeHHbIX 5I,I{ep 11 CB5I3bIBaIOIII;lIX lIX HepB-
HbIX BOJIOKOH, KOTOpa5I CB5I3aHa co BceMM CTpYKTypaMll ronOBHoro II cnMHHoro
M03ra 11 npMHRMaeT Henocpe,n:CTBeHHoe yqacTlle B llX cl>YHKIJ;MOHllpOBaHllll. PeTM-
KYlliIpHa5I cl>opMaU;IDI OTHOCIITC5I K nOCT05IHHO ,n:ellCTB)'IOIII;eit (60,n:pCTByrorn;eit)
qaCTII M03ra.
Pe$JIeKC - OTBeTHa5I peaKUIDI opraHll3Ma Ha JII060e pa3,n:pa)KeHlle, npOTeKaIOIII;a5I C
yqacTlleM HepBHOll CMCTeMbI.
Pe$JIeKTOpHaB ,ayra - u;enb HeitpoHoB, coe,n:llIDIIOIII;a5I peu;enTOp II 3Q:>Q:>eKTOpHbIH
opraH II 06pa3YJOlll;I1X rryTb, no KOTOPOMY nOCJIe,n:OBaTeJThHO nepe,n:aeTC5I HepBHoe
B036y)1()];eHMe OT o,n:Horo HellpOHa K,n:pyrOMY MJIII K 3Q:>Q:>eKTOpHOM)' opraHY.
Penemop (HepBHbIH) - qyBCTBllTeJIbHOe HepBHoe OKOWIaHlIe, 06JIatJ;aIOIII;ee cnoco6HO-
CTbIO 06Hap)')KMBaTb II pa3llifQaTb ClIrHaJIbI, ,n:enCTB)'IOIII;lle Ha opraHM3M, 11 npeo6-
pa3yIOIIIlle 3HeprnIO I1X B03,n:ellCTBIDI B HepBHbIe I1MnYJIbCbI. B 3aBMCIIMOCTM OT
ceHcopHOll MO)J;aJIbHOCTll (xapaKTepa BOCnpMHJI1.faeMOro CllrHaJIa) peu;enTopbI
no,n:pa3,n:elliIIOTC5I Ha MexaHopeu;enTopbI, xefopen:enTopbI, 6apopeu;eIITopbI,
TepMopeu;enTopbI, cl>oTopeu;enTopbI, 60neBbIe peu;emopbI M ,n:pyrlIe.
CeHCOMOTopHaB Kopa - yqacToK KOpbI 60JIbllIOrO M03ra, nOKpbIBaIOIII;en npe,n:u;eHT-
paJIbHyro 113BMJIllHY II nepe,n:HIOIO qaCTh rrapau;eHTpaJIbHOM ,n:OJIbKlf KIDK,[(oro 113 no-
JIyIIIaplln 60JIhIIIOrO M03ra. IIpe,n:cTaBJUIeT C060R KOpKOBhIll u;eHTp ,n:BllraTeJIbHOrO
aHaTIll3aTOpa, OT KOToporo HaQllHaeTC5I 3Ha'IMTeJIhHa5I QaCTb HllCXOMIII;lIX BOJIOKOH
B COCTaBe nllpaMM,n:HbIX nyrett.
CeHcopHbIH - qYBCTBllTeJIbHbIll; ceHcopHbIe BOJIOKHa - HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa, nepe-
,n:aIOIUlle HepBHbIe IIMnYJIbCbI OT qYBCTBllTeJIbHbIX HepBHbIX OKOHQaHllll M opra-
HOB qYBCTB B [(HC; ceHcopHbIe nYTll - npoBo,n:s:rIUlIe nYTII, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIe B
[(H C II BbITIOJIH5IIOIUlle cl>YHKI(IlIO npOBe,n:eHM5I IIMnYJIbCOB, BbI3BaHHbIX pa3-
,n:pa)KeHlleM peu;enTopOB, no ceHcopHbIM BOJIOKHaM K HepBHbIM n:eHTpaM CIIllH-
Horo 11 ronOBHoro M03ra (cp. MOTOpHbIit).
CeNaTKa - BHYfPeHHillI qyBCTBMTeJThHaH CBeTOBOCnpI1HMMaIOIUaH 06onoIfKa rJIa3HOrO
5I6JIOKa.
CHMIIaTINeCKaB qaCTb ARC - QaCTb ARC, BKJIIOqaIOIII;a5I MHOrOqMCJIeHHbIe HepBHbIe
Y3JIbI (raHrJIMll), 06pa3yroIII;lle CllMnaTllqeCKMR CTBOJI (napHoe 06pa30BaHlle) II
Y3JIbI BIICu;epaJIbHbIX CnJIeTeHllR, KOTopbIe ocyrn:eCTBJUIIOT CRMnaTWIecK)'IO IlHHep-
BaU;IlIO opraHOB. Bce CllMnaTWIeCKHe Y3JIbI CB5I3aHbI C COOTBeTCTB)'IOIII;IlMIl BereTa-
TIIBHbIMll u;eHTpaMII cnllHHoro M03ra.
13*

196 Cnosapb TepMIt1HOB
CHMIIaTHQeCKHe Y3J1LI - CKorrneHHe BereTaTlfBHbIX HeMpoHoB CIL\1TIaTIIQeCKOM qaCT:H
aBTOHOMHOM (BereTaTHBI-IOn) HepBHoM CHCTeIbI, 113 KOTOphIX Herrocpe,aCTBeHHO
ocym;eCTB.ITSIeTC5I CH1-InaTIIQeCKasr HHHepBaU;Iffi opraHOB. Pa3flWIaIOT napaBepTe6-
paJIbHble Y3JIbI, BXO,lUIm;:ue B COC'FaB neBoro H rrpanoro CJ1JvlIIaTHQeCKJIX CTBonOB, a
TaIOKe rrpeBepTe6paJIbHble Y3nbI BHCu;epaJIbHbIX CrrJIeTeHHM.
CHHanc - KOHTaKTHOe coe,aHHeHMe o,aHoro HeMpOHa C ,apyTH?Yf HeMpOl-IOM, C }Kene3M-
CTOM HnH MbImeqHOM KTIeTKoi1; B 06naCTH TaKoro coe,rUfHeHM5I C n01fOrn;blO 6MoaK-
TMBHbIX Bem;eCTB - MeLUIaTopOB - rrpOHcxo,aMT nepe,[(aqa HepBHoro B036)')K,IXeHIIH.
COl\laTOCeHcopHaR Kopa - yqacToK KOpbI, rrOKpbIBaIOllielI rrOCTu;eHTpaJIbJIyIO 1I3BHJIH-
BY, 3a,IJ.HIOIO qaCTb rrapaneHTpaJIbHOM L(OJIbKllII BepXHIOIO TefeHHyIO .n:onbJ<y Ka)K-
,aoro H3 rroJIyllIapilli 60JIbiliOrO 1-I03ra. B <t>YHKlUIOHaJIbHOI nrraRe rrpe.n:CTaBllifeT
C060M KOpKOBbIM II;eHTp aHaJIH3aTOpa nOBepXHOCTHOII H rny6oKoH OC03Hal-IHOM
qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTJ! .
COMHT - yqacTOK,llOpCaJThHOI1 Me30JJ:ep1-IhI (napHbIM), COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;MM CeThleHTY Te-
na (MeTa1fepy) 3M6p1IOHa. Y J\1JIeKOnIITaIOIlUIX 3aKJIalIbIBaeTC5I 43-44 napbI COMlI-
TOB.
CmmHoH M03f - opraH u;eHTpa.i1bHOM HepBHOM CHCTeM:LI, pa3BHBalOIIJ;HMC5I 113 TYJIO-
BIlIUHoro OT.n:ena HepBHOM 'fPy6VJI 3apo,abIllia II pacrrOnO)KeHHbIll B rr03BOHOQHOM
KaHane. B HeI cocpe,n:OTOqeHbI HepBHbIe u;eHTpbI, HerrOcpeL(CTBeHHO ynpaBlliIIO-
lUHe pa60TOM J\1blmu H opraHOB TYnOBHIUa, a TaJOKe rreHTpbI, OCYllIeCTBlliIIOIUne
CB5I3H C rOJIOBHbL\1 I\103rOM. OT ClllIHHoro M03ra OTXO,WIT 31 napa cnMHHOf03rOBblX
HepBOB, CBSI3bIBaIOIUIIX ero C COOTBeTCTBYIOlI.{lilfn CeThfeHTaMH Tena.
CUHHHOMo3foBaR 1KII,LU{OCTb (JIHKBOp) - }KJI,II:KOCTb, KOTOPYIO rrpon:yrrHpYIOT COCY,lIM-
CTble CIIJIeTeHIDI B f03rOBblX )!(eJIYJJ:OqKaX; OKpY)l(a5I ronOBHot'! II CnHHHOJ1: M03r
co Bcex CTOpOH, OHa 06eCneqIIBaeT ero :M:exaHHqecKyIO 3aIUHTY H IIHTaHlle.
Cpe,z:um:il M03f - qaCTb CTBona I03ra, pacnOJIO}KeHHa5I 1fe)!(,[{y fOCTOM M rrpOMe)K)'TOq-
HbI1-f M03rOf. COCTOHT H3 KpbIlIIH, II 0 KphIIIl KIf H OCHOBaHlliI. BKJIIOQaeT Mpa III,
IV nap H Ie33Hu;e<pa.i1HqeCKOe MPO V naphI qepenHbIX HepBOB, peTHKYlliIpH)'IO
cPopMaU;MIO, qepHOe BeIIIeCTBO, KpaCHhle Mpa, 5IJIpa BepXHMX M HlDKHI1X XOJThfHKOB,
a TaIOKe rrytIKlI BonOKOH B COCTaBe BOCXOMIIJ;IIX JIe1-IlillCKOBhIX H HHCXO,[(5Irn;I1X rrpo-
BO,lUIIIIMX rryrelI.
CTBOJI M03fa - qaCTb rOJIOBHOrO :rvI03ra, 06'be,aHII5IIOrn;aH rrpo,aonroBaTbIM M03r, IOCT
H cpe,I:(HMit 103r. OT CTBOJIa OTXO,a5IT THrrUqHble qeperrHbIe HepBbI (c III no XII
napy), HHHepBlIpYIOIUHe MYCKynaTYPY H KO)KHbIM rrOKpOB ronOBbI, BHYTPeHHIIe
opraHbI H rrpOII3BO.D:Hble )Ka6epHOro anrrapaTa. "Ilepe3 CTBOJI M03ra ocym:eCTBJrn-
eTC5I CB5I3b ronOBHoro 1-I03ra co crrnHHbII IIocpe,I:(CTB01\I BOCXO):{5IIU1IX J1 HHCXO-
.D:5IIUl!X npOBo,aHIIIMX rrYTeM. B CTBone M03ra HaXOJJ:5ITC5I TaIOKe II;eHTpbI, M:rvleIO-
rn;He o6rn:eopraHl!31IeHHoe 3HaqeHlle. B HeM BbU(eJUIIOT KpbImy - CKOIIJIeHMe
ceporo BemeCTBa, pacnOnO)KeHHOe Ha,a nOJIOCT5I1-IH M03ra, rrOKpbIlIIKy, B KOTO-
pOll JIOKanM3YIOTC5I Mpa qepenHhIX HepBoB, a TaIOKe BOCXoLI;5Irn:lIe H HeKoTopble
HHCxo,n:5IlI..{lIe nyrII, II OCHOBaHHe, f,I:(e npOXO,I:(5IT HMCXOMlI.{Me rryrH.
TaJlaMyc (3pHTeJIbHhIH 6yrop) - napHoe aHaTOMWIeCKoe 06pa30BaHMe rrpOMe)K)'TOqHO-
ro 1-f03ra, HMeIOIUee HMIJ;eBIDIHyIO <POPMY H COCT05Imee B OCHOBHOM 113 CKOIli1eHM5I
1-IHOrOqnCneHHbIX Mep, KOTopble CJIy)KaT rrpOMe)K)'TOQHbIMM ueHTpaIn rrepe,n;aqH
Bcex BI1)],OB qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTII (Kp01Ie CJIYXOBOM) B KOpy 60JThllIOrO M03ra.
J
Y3eJI (HepBHblli) CM. faHrnHM.
I(eHTpa.TIbHaR HepBHaR CIICTeMa (QHC) - qaCTb HepBHoM CHCTeMbI, BKJIIOQaIOIIla5I
ronOBHOM H cnMHHOM M03r, B HepBHbIX ueHTpax KOTOpbIX Herrocpen:CTBeHHO OCY-
lI.{eCTBlliIeTC5I peryIDIII;lffi Bcex <PYHKUMM H nOBe,aeHIIH opraHH31\fa B II.enof.

CJ10Bapb TepMHOB 197
3KCTepon;enTop(LI) - peuenTop(bI) (HepBHbIe OKOHQaHIDI), pacrrOJIO)KeHHble B KO)J(HO1
nOKpOBe II BOCnpUHJ1M:aIOllI.l1e 113 OKp}')KalOrn:eM Cpe,nbI pa3,npIDKeHM51 OnpelleJ1eH-
HOII CeHCOpHOM MO,n:a.rrbHOCTM (TaKTlUIbHbTe, Te1-lneparypHble, 60JIeBbIC T. n.).
3KcTepou.eIII(IDI - cnoc06HOCTb opraHll3Ma nocnpHHM1faTb 1.Jepe3 KO)KHbIM I10KpOB
Tena pa3,npIDKeHlUI Pa3JIMQHbIX ceHcopHbIX Ivfo,n:anbHOCTen (Te:rvInepaTYPHbIX, 6oJIe-
BbIX, TaKTMJIbHbIX, LI:aBJIeHJ.ffi 11 ,[(p.), CMfHaJIIl3HpYIOll1.lfX 0 COCT05IHllM OKPY)KaIO-
ll(eM cpe,[(bJ.
3KCTpaIlllpallf)JJIbIe nyrn - HllCXO,[(5IlI{Me rrpoBo,I1JIlll}ie rrYTH DHC, CB5I3bIBalOII1.Ue
fe)K)lY C060M pa3JIMQHble HepBHble eHTpbI C 110TOpHbIMll 5I,n:pa1B1 CTBOJIa Jvl03ra n
CI111HHOrO 1f03ra, lffO He06xo)]}IMO,IUUI 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM aBTO1aTlftIeCKOli peryJJH-
UHn CJIO)I(HOKOOPLI:HHHpOBaHHbIX .nB.IDKeHMH 11 CTaTOKHHeTUQeCKIIX peaKlJJIt'I, Ta-
KMX KaK XOllb6a, 6er, 3aIUllTHbIe ,[(BliraTeJIbHbIe pe<pJIeKCbI, IIO,1I,lJ;ep)KaHHe n03bJ,
paBHOBeC:IDI. Pa3JIUQalOT HOBbIe (KOpKOBO-10CTO-{03)KeqKOBble II)'TM) II CTapble
(TeKTOCrrUHaJIbHbIU, Py6pOCITllHaJIbHbIll, peTJIKYJIOCIIllHa.JThHbIM 11 ,n:p.) 3KCTparrn-
paMI1)J}IbIe nYTH.
3nluJ>H3 - HeMp03I-ID:OKpMHHa5I )KeJIe3a, BXO.D.5IIIIa5I B COCTaB IIpOle'YToIHoro I03ra
(3I111TaJIaM)'C); Bblpa6aTbIBaeT ropMOH feJIaTOHffH, BJIIffiIOrn:M:ll Ha perymrUllIO CY-
TOqHOM aKTllBHOCTH opraHM3Ma; OKa3bIBaeT TOpM03Hoe ,[(enCTBIIe Ha npOll.eCCbI
rrOJIOBOrO C03peBaHIDI.
34JepeHTHLIH - BbIHOC5IIl1.HM; 3<PcPepeHTHbIC BO.,10KHa - HepBHble BOJIOKHa, no KOTO-
pbIM HepBHbIe MMnyJIbCbI nepe,LIaIOTC5I or fOTOpHbIX HepBHbIX ueHTpOB K pa60QHM
opraHaM J1 TKalliI1; 3TH BOJIOKHa BbIHOC5IT HepBHbIe RInYJIbCbI M3 HepBHoro u;eHT-
pa (K ,[(pyrOMY HepBHO!\1Y u:eHTpY), I103TOfY HX ewe Ha3bIBalOT u;eHTp06e)l(lfbIMli
(cp. A<p<l>epeHTHbIM).
34>4>epeHTHbIU HeHpOH - Hei1:poH, 06eCne'lI:HBalOlll.UM npOBe,n:eHHe HepBHbIX llMnYJIb-
COB OT DHC K opraHaM llJIli pa3JII1qHbII raHrnUH!\-f. K 3cPcpepCIITHbIM HeMpOHaI
OTHOCHTC5I 110TOHeI1pOHbI .il:BllraTeJIbHbIX l(ep 11 Hei1poHbI BereTaTMBHbIX l(eHT-
pOB crrMHHoro M03ra, HefIpOHbI .D.BJ1raTeJIbHhIX M BereTaTHBHbIX JL[(ep QeperrHbIX
HepBOB, a TaIOKe Hei1poHbI, JIe)KalI.{Me B CMl...InaTHQeCKMX MJIII rrapaCMMIIaTUqeCKMX
Y3JIax. B Illl1pOK01\1 CMbIcne 3cPcPepeHTHbIt'I HeMpOI-I - 31'0 HeMpOH, BbIHOC5IIllJ'ii1
HepBHbIM HMnYJIbC 113 HepBHoro u:eHTpa.
3 <I> 4> eKTOpHbIH opraH - opraH (MbIIlIu;a, )KeJIe3a, KpOBeHOCHbIH COCY.D.ll T. .n.), KOTOpbIM
no,[( I(eMCTBMeM npl1XoMII(llX K HefY HepBHbIX llMrryJIbCOB H31feIDIeT CBOlO <POPMY
11 <PYHKII:HOHaJIbHYIO aKTllBHOCTb.
.H.n;po (HepBHoe) - JIOKaJIbHOe CKOllJIeHlle <PYHKl.(IIOHaJIbHO O,L(HOpOtJ:HbIX Hei1:poHoB B
cnllHHO1 If rOJIOBHOM M03ry, COCTaBlliIlOll(ee HepBHbIll u;eHTp.

nPEAMETHbl YKA3ATEnb
1'{:;$!=m%f.if?«-{$::mmr:-  ,_ .:-x: --rX" :%= * pd$.:r=**j&Wff:f : .: :@ ::ttl"ir;fW'"1[-I-m}
ABToHOMHa51 (BefeTaTJ1BHa51) HepBHa5I
CHCTeM:a 21, 66, 190
A,n;eHofHrrocpH3 128
AKCOH 26, 29, 190
AHaToMIDI 5
ApTepHaJIbHbIH Kpyr 6 OJIbIII Of 0 M03fa 37
ApTepIDI(H) 190
- 6a3J1JI5IpHa51 37
- BHyrpeHHIDI COHHa5137
- fJIa3Ha5I 37
- 3aJJ:HIDI M03fOBa5I 37
- JIHueBa5I 38
- M03fOBble 37
- Hap)')KHa5I COHHa5I 38
- o6IJJ:a5I COHHa5I 38
- rrepe,D;HIDI M03fOBa5I 38
- rrO,D;KJIIOQWIHa5I 38
- rr03BOHOQHa5I 37, 38
- cpen;HIDI M03fOBa5I 37
ACCOUHaTIIBHble HepBHble BOJIOKHa 142, 152
AcpcpepeHTHbIH HeHpoH 34
Ba3aJIbHble Mpa (Y3JIbI, faHfJIHH) 22, 130,
145, 190
Eapa6aHHa5I rreperrOHKa 181
- rrOJIOCTb 181
Ee,D;po 13
Eeu,a KJIeTIGI 141
EJIe.n:HbIH IIIap 146
EOKOBOH )J(eJIY,D;OQeK 41
EOJIbIIIOH M03r 130, 190
EOp03,D;bI 6 OJIbIII Of 0 M03ra 130, 131, 132
EpOKa ueHTp 134
Eypaaxa rryqoK 162
BereTaTHBHa5I (aBToHO1Ha51) HepBHa5I
CHCTeMa 21, 66
BeHa(bI) 190
- BH)'TpeHHIDI 5IpeMHa5I 39
- rOJIOBbI 37
BepHuKe ueHTp 137
BepXIDill fJIa3HJ11fHa51 meJIb 110
BepXIDill KOHe1fHOCTb 13
BepXHIDI 1feJIIOCTb 83
BecTII6YJUIpHble rrpOBO)UIlI(J1e rryrM 185
BecTH6YJUIpHble Mpa 185
BecTII6YJUIpHbIH arrrrapaT 185
BKYCoBble COCOQKM 188
BHyrpeHHee yxo 180
Bo.n:orrpoBo.n: 1f03ra 98
raHrJIHH 20, 191
feMaTo3HuecpaJIWIeCKMH 6apbep 41, 191
fMrroTaJIaMycl20,191
- CB5I3M 128
- CTpoeHMe 125
- 5UIpa 126
fHrrocpH3 125, 128, 191
fJ1rrrrOKaMrr 137, 188, 191
fJIa3 176
fJIa3HHua 83, 176
fJIa3Hoe5I6JIoKo176
fJIMaJIbHa5I KJIeTKa 30, 138

npeAMeTHblt1 YKa3aTenb 199
FOJlJlJl rryqOK 161
rOJIOBa 13
- pa3BMTMe 83
rOJIOBHOM M03r 20, 21, 191
- - pa3BMTMe 85
F08epca rryrb 93, 165
rOp1I30HTIlJIbHa5I I1JIOCKOCTb 14
rOpMOHbI 128, 129, 191
rpyrneBJ1,L{Hble Hei1:pOHbI 118
,IJ;BMraTeJIbHa5I (ceHcoMOTOpHa5I) Kopa 134
)];ByrryqKoBble HeMpoHbI 27
)J;eJIeHMe KJleTOK 11
)J;lIa<pparMa 14
)J;OJI5I(M) 60JIbIlIOrO M03ra 130
- - - BMCOQHa5I 130
- - - 3aTbillOQHa5I 130, 180
- - - JIMM6MqeCKa5I 130
- - - Jlo6HaH 130
- - - OC1'pOBKOBa5I 130
- - - TeMeHHaH 130
)KeJIe3a(bI) BHyTpeHHeM CeKpeUI1I1 128
)KeJIy,n:OQeK(QKI1) M03ra 41
- - 60KOBble 41
- - qeTBepTbIM 41, 92
- - TPeTI1i1: 41
3MHIDI KaMepa rJIa3HOrO 5I6JIOKa 179
3Be3;.rqaTble HeMpoHbI 139, 140
3paQOK 177
3pMTeJIbHble 'lpaKTbI 179
3pMTeJIbHbIM HepB 125, 177, 179
3y6qaTa5I I13BJ1JIMHa 137
3y6QaTOe MPO 119, 169
H3BMJIMHa(bI) 60JIbIlIOrO M03ra 130, 191
- - - BI1COQHble 136
- - - rJIa3HWIHble 133
- - - JI06Hble 130
- - - Ha,QKpaeBa5I 135
- - - IIaparI1IIrrOKaMrraJIbHa5I 137
- - - rrOCTueHTpaJIbHa5I 135
- - - rr05ICHa5I 137
- - - rrpe,QueH1'paJIbHa5I 131
- - - rrpHMaH 133
- - - yrJIOBaH 135
I1HTepHenpOH(M) 24, 34, 152, 191
I1HTepO[(eIITOp 160, 191
KaHaTlIKI1 crrMHHoro M03ra 49
KJIeTKa 10
KJII1HOBI1,IIHbIM rryqOK 49, 92, 161, 164
KOMI1CcyparrbHble HepBHble BOJIOKHa 142, 151
KOHeQHbIll M03r 22, 87, 130
Kopa 60JIbIlIOrO 1f03ra (IIJIarn:) 22, 192
- - - reTepOTMnWIeCKa5I 142
- - - rO10TMIIWIeCKa5I 142
- - - ,QpeBIDill (rraJIeOKOpTeKc) 139
- - - HOBa5I (HeoKopTeKc) 138
- - - CTapa5I (apXMKopTeKc) 139
KopeIlIKM crrlIHHOM03rOBoro HepBa 45
KOp3MHQaTble HenpoHbI 139
KOpKoBble UeHTpbI fIMCbMa 134, 143
- - rrpaKCI1I1 136, 143
- - CTepeOrH03a 136, 143
- - peQM 134, 136, 137, 143
KOpKoBo-crrMHHoMo3roBoM rryrb 50, 165
- - - JIaTepaJIbHbln 50
- - - rrepe,QHI1M 51
KOpKoBo-MepHbIM rryrb 156, 167
KOpKOBbIM [(eHTp 35
-- aHaJIM3aTOpa 143,157
- - - BKYca 137, 143
- - - ,QBI1raTeJIbHOrO 134, 143, 165
- - - 3pMTeJIbHOrO 136, 143
- - - KO)l(HOrO 135, 143, 164
- - - 060lliITeJIbHOrO 137, 143
- - - CJIYXOBoro 136, 143
KOCTHbIll JIa6MpI1HT 182
KOCTb(I1) 83
- BI1COQHa5I 83
- 3aTbillOQHa5I 83
- KJII1HOBM,LI:HaH 83
- JI06Ha5I 83

200 npeAMeTHblt1 YKa3aTenb
- CKYnOBaH 83
- TeMeHHaH 83
:- qepena 83
KpaHMaJIbHbIM 16
KpacHoe MPO 88, 100, 169
KpacHoMepHo-cnMHHo103roBoM nyrb 50,
1 01, 169
KpaY3e KOJI6bI 159
KpoBOCHa6)KeHMe ronOBHoro M03ra 37
KpbIJIOHe6HbIM Y3eJI 75, 77
JIaTepaJlhHaH neTlliI 98, 185
JIaTepaJIbHOe KOJIeHqaTOe TeJIO 125, 180
JIaTepaJIbHbIM 16
JIe1HMcKoBble rryrn 98
JIuaHoBII,[(Hble BOJIOKHa 118
JIM30colbI 10, 11
JIM116MqeCKa5I CMCTela 171
Me.n;MaJIbHaH neTJUI 95
Me.n;HaJIbHOe KOJIeHqaTOe Teno 125
M e,n:I1aJIbHbIM 16
Me,aMaJIbHbIt'I rrpo,n:onbHbIM rryqoK 186
Me33Hu:etPaJIOH 98, 192
I\1 eTaTarlaMYC 121, 125
MMrpaU:lIH (Het pOHOB) 89
tvfMTOXOH,lIPUM 10, II
IvlI1eJIlfH 32
MMenoapXMTeKTOHMKa KOpbI 1103ra 142
MMKpOrJIlIH 31, 32
I\1MaJIeBHoeTenoI45, 192
Mo,aynM KOpKOBbIe 145
I\103r 20, 21, 83
- rOJIOBHOM 20, 21, 83
- 3a,lUfMM 85, 87
- KOHeqHbIM 87
- npo.n;OJIrOBaTbII1 87, 92
- npoMe)K)'fOqHbII1 87
- pOM6oBIULHbII1 85
- cpe.n;HMI1 85
M03)KeqOK 22, 116, 192
I\1030nMcToe TeJIO 130, 152, 153
MOToHeI1poHbI45
IvIocT 22, 95-98, 193
MOXoBM.LI:HbIe BOJIOKHa 118
I\1bIllIeqHa5I TKaHb 11
MbIIlIU:bl 11, 55
HanrrOqeQHIIK 129
Hap)0KHbII1: cnyxoBoM XO.n; 181
Hap)')KHoe yxo 181
Hei1:plIT 28
I-Iet'rpornnoqnI3 128, 193
HeI1por;nuI (rJIluI) 24, 30, 193
Het'rpoHHaH ,UO:klpHHa 26
HeMpo-rnMo-cocY,UIiCfbIIl aHCaM6JIb 149
HeI1po1e.aMaTopbI 30\ 193
Het'rpoH(bI) 24, 26 , 193
- aCCOllI1aTI1BHble 152
- aQ;>Q;>epeHTHble (ceHcopHble. qyBCTBJITe.Tlb-
HbIe) 19
- BCTaBOlJ Ie 24, 34
- nponlI<pe U:I1H 100
- C03peBaHlI 100
- 3<:p<pepeHTH e (fOTopHble, ,[(B H:raTeJIb Hble )
19
HeI1poQ;>M6pIUUI I 26, 193
HeI1polllIT(bI) C)1-f HeHpoH(bI)
HepBHaH TKaHb 11 193
HepBHaH CMCTeMa , 193
- - aBTOHOMHaH 21
- - neplIQ;>epWIecKa 21
- - pa3BMTlIe 22
- - CO1aTIIQeCKa5I 21
- - u:eHTpaJIbHaH 21
HepBHaH Tpy6Ka 23, 24
HepBHoe BOJIOKHO 49, 150, 193
HepBHoe OKOJ{qaHMe 30, 193
HepBHbIM rpe6eHb 66, 86
- u:eHTp 35, 46, 93, 194
HepB(bI) 20, 21, 53, 194
- 6e.n;peHHbIM 62
- 6JIOKOBbII1108
- 6JIy)K1IaIOI1M 77, 92, 115
- 60JIbllIe6epu:oBbIH 64
- 60JIbiliOM BHyrpeHHOCTHbIH 79

npeAMeTHblC1 YKa3aTeJ1b 201
- BepXHeqenIOCTHOll 111
- BepXHMM 5IrO,1J;lIqHbIM 64
- rna3HOM 110
- rJIa3o.n;BI1TaTeJIbHbIR 107
- rny60KMR MaJIo6epu.oBbIll 64
- rpY,[(Hble 58
- .n;naQ;>parMaJIbHbIM 58
- .n;o6aBOQHbIM 92, 116
- 3a.IT.HMM KO)I(HbIM 6e,Upa 64
- 3annpaTenbHbIM 62
- 3pMTenbHbIR 106
- JIaTepaJIbHbH1: KO)KHbIM 6e,apa 62
- JII1IJ;eBoM III
- nOKTeBOM 58
- .rryqeBoM 58
- MaJIhIll BHyrpeHHoCTHbIM 74, 79
- Me,[(MaJIbHbIM KO)I(HbIt'r TIJIeqa 61
- !vfe,[(MaJIbHbIM KO)I(HbIM npe.n;IIlIeqbH 58
- 1Ie)!(pe6epHble 54
- MbIllIetlHO-KO)KHbIM 58, 61
- HIDKHeqenlOCTHOM 111
- o6011iITenhHble 107
- 06IlIJIM MaJIo6epu.oBbIM 64
- OTBO,lUIrn;Mfi 109
- rroBepXHocTHbIM MaJIo6epliOBbIM 64
- rro.n;MbIllIeqHbIM 58
- nOlrD5I3bIqHbIM 106, 109
- rr05ICHMQHble BHyrpeHHOCTHble 80
- ce.n;aJIMrn;HbIM 64
- cep.n;eQHbIe 78
- cnnHHOf03rOBOM 45, 51, 53
- cpelIuHHbIM 60 .
- TePMMHaJIbHbIM 107
- TpOMHMQHbIM 109
- QepenHble 91, 103
- 5Iro.n;WIHbIe 64
- H3bIKOrJIOTOQHbIM 92, 113
HIDICI:IIDI KOHeQHOCTh 13
HucC;/Ul BeII.I:eCTBO 26
HO)KKM M03ra 98, 99
- -- - TBep.n;a5I 35
060nOQKa(n) cnUHHoro M03ra 35
- - - WJTKa5I 35
- - - rrayrHHHa5I 35
- - - TBep.n;an 35
060IDITeJIbHa5I nyKOBFu.a 171
060IDITeJIbHbIe HI1TM 187
060H5ITenhHbIM TpaKT 173
060IDITeJIbHbIil TpeyronbHuK 187
06II.I:MM (KO)J(HbIM) rrOKpOB Te.TIa 21, 55
Orpa,Ua 145, 147
OnMBa HIDICI:IIDI 92
OJIUro,UeH.D:pou.MTbI32
OpraH 12
- BKYca 187
- 3peHlUI 176
- 060H5IHH5I 186
- paBHOBeClffi 180
- CJIyxa 180
OpraHeJL"1bI 11
OpraHbI qyBCTB 175
060JIOQKa(M) ronOBHoro M03ra 35
- - - M5IrKa5I 35
- - - rrayrMHHa5I 35
TIaparaHrJIMM 75
IIapacMMnaTMQecKan QaCTh AHC 69, 71, 194
IIQllUHU TeJIbu.a 159
IIeunl{Q Kpyr 172
ITepe,ZUIIDI KaMepa rJIa3HOrO 5I6nOKa 179
ITeperrOHQaThIM JIa6MpHHT 182
ITepM<peplfleCKa5I HepBHa5I CMCTeMa 21, 43,
53
ITMpaMII,I:I:HbIe HeMpoHbI 139-141, 194
I1MpaMII,I:I:Hble rryrM 194
rrJIa3IaTWIeCKa5I Me16paHa 10, 11
IIrraCTHHKa qeTBepOXOJIurn 98, 99
IIrreQO 13
I1oBepXHOCTh rOJIOBHOrO M03ra 130
- - - JIaTepaJIbHa5I 130, 132
- - - Me.n;MaJIbHa5I 130, 132
- - - HIDICI:IIDI 130 133
,
I10.n;HIDKHeQeJIIOCTHOM Y3eJI 75
ITO,a'b5I3bP-IHbIM Y3eJI 75
IToKpbIllIeQHO-CnMHHoMo3roBoM rryrb 100
ITOJIOBble )Kene3bI 129
- - )KeHCKHe 129

202 npeAMeTHblt1 YKa3aTenb
- - wI)')KCKMe 129
IIonocaToe Teno 145
TIonocTh 13
- 6plOlliHaH 15
- rpY,lIHaH 13, 14
- Ta30Ba5I 13, 14
- t.Jeperra 13, 14
IIonYIIIapIDI (6onbliioro M03ra) 22, 130, 138
IIpe,lI,IJJ3epHo-ynMTKOBbIt'r opraH 180
TIpe,[(IIJIeqbe 13
TIpo6KoBM,lIHoe 5UI:po 118
IIpoBoMI.IJ:Me rrYI'M HC 49, 51, 151
IIpoeKIUloHHbIe HepBHbIe BOJIOKHa 142
IIpO.LI:onroBaTbIM M03r 22, 85, 92-93, 194
TIpoKClflaJIbHbIM 16
npOfeOqHbIM M03r 22, 87- 88, 195
ITporrpMou:errTlfBHble rryrI1161
TIporrpI1ou:errTop 159
IIpoTorraTMqecKa5I qYBCTBMTeJIbHOCTb 158
IIYPKuHbe KJIeTKJ1 118
Ilyn1 rrpOBO,lUIII.I:Me 49, 151
- - ronOBHoro M03ra 49, 151
- - crrMHHoro M03ra 49, 151
IIyqoK(qKM) BonOKOH 49, 152
- BepXHMM rrpO.L(OJIbHbIM 152
- KJUIHOBM,lIHbIM 49, 92
- KPIOqKOBII)]JbIM 152
- HIDKHMM rrpO,II:OJIbHbIM 152
- co6cTBeHHble 49, 151
- TOHKHM 49, 92
Pa,lIyxKa 177
PaH6be rrepeXBaTbI 29
PeCHMqHOe TeJIO 177
PecHWIHbIM Y3en 75, 107
PeTMK)'lliIpHa5I <popMaliIDI 101-103, 195
PeTMK)'lliIpHble mrpa 88, 101
Pe<pneKC 17, 33, 195
PeQ;>JIeKTOpHa5I,nyra 34, 195
Peu:errTop(bI) 19, 33, 195
- KJIaCcM<pMKaIDI 157, 159 .
PUKceaa IIJIaCTHHbI 47
PoroBMa 176
POM6oBM,lIHa5I 5IMKa 92
Pyq)(jJUHU Tenba 159
CarMTIaJIbHa5I rmOCKOCTh 14
CBo6o.n;HbIe HepBHbIe OKOHqaHIDI 160
CerMeHT 12, 23, 45
CeHcoMOTOpHa5I Kopa 134, 196
CeHcopHble nyrM 154, 155, 156
Ce'PIaTKa 177, 196
CHMrraTWIecKaH qaCTh ARC 71, 195
CMMrraTWIeCIGIe Y3JIbI (raHrJIMM) 72, 196
CMHarrc 30, 196
CMHarrTMqeCKI1e rrY3blpbKM 28
CHHYCbI TBep.n;oM 060JIOQIGI 39
CKeneT 13
CKJIepa 176
CKopnyna 146
Cne3Ha5I )Kene3a 179
CnyxoBa5I TPy6a 182
COMaToceHCOpHa5I Kopa 135, 196
COMMT(bI) 23, 53, 196
COCOQKM H3bIKa 188
Cocy,aMcTa5I 060nOQKa rna3HOrO 5I6nOKa 177
COCY.LI:bI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra 37
CrrMHaJIbHa5I rreTlliI 111
CrrMHHoH M03r 20, 21, 43, 196
- - CTpoeHJ1e 22, 44, 46
- - <PYHKIJ;MM 44
CrrMHHoMo3roBan )I(J1):(KOCTb 37, 40, 196
CrrMHHOM03rOBOH HepB 45, 51, 53
CrrMHHO-TaJIaMI1QeCIGIe rryrM 51, 164
CrmeTeHMe(5I) 58
- 6pIOlliHoe aOpTaJIbHOe 75, 79, 80
- BMCu:epaJIbHbIe 67, 72, 78
- KpeCTIiOBoe 63
- rmeqeBOe 58
- rr05ICHMQHOe 62
- qpeBHOe 74, 79
- llIeMHoe 58
Cpe.n;Hee yxo 181
Cpe.n;HJ1M M03r 22, 98-101, 196
CTBOJI M03ra 89 , 103, 196
CTeKJIoBM,lIHoeTeno178
CTpMaTYM 146
TaJIaM)'c 121, 197
- CB5I3M 122
- CTpoeHMe 121

npeAMeTHblt1 YKa3aTenb 203
- Mpa 122
TKaHb(M) 10, 11
- KJIaCCI1Q;>MKaIJJUI 11
- 11bIIIleqHa5I 11
- HepBHa5I 11
- COe)J;I1HMTeJIbHble 11
- 3TIMTeJIHaJIbHble 11
TOHKMll rryqOK 49, 92, 161, 164
TpeTMll )KeJIy,ZJ:OqeK 41
TpMreMMHaJIbHa5I rreTJUI 98, 164
TYJIOBHII.I:e 13
Y3eJI (HepBHbIM) 20
- CH11I1aTHQeCKOrO CTBOJIa 72
- CTIMHHOM03rOBOM 46
- TepMMHaJIbHbIM 75
YJIMTKOBbIe 5UIpa 185
YJIMTKOBbIll I1pOTOK 183
Yxo 180
- BHyrpeHHee 182
- Hap)')KHoe 181
- cpe,ZJ:Hee 181
YlilHOM Y3eJI 75, 77
(/JJleKCU2G I1yrD 93, 165
-cI>pOHTaJIbHa5I IIJIOCKOCTb 14
XBOCTaToe 5I,LI:pO 146
Xe1fopeu;errTopbI 159
XPYCTaJIl1K 178
IJ;eH'TpaJIbHa5I HepBHa5I CMCTeMa 21, 196
MTOapXIITeKTOHHKa KOpbI M03ra 139, 141
MTOIIJIa3Ma 10, 11
IJ;MTorma3MarnQeCKMe BKJUOQeHM5I 11
qeperr 83
- BMCu;epaJIbHbIll 83
- M03roBoll 83
qeTBepTbIM )KeJIY,ZJ:OqeK 41, 92
1.JepHoe BeII.I:eCTBO 100
qeQeBHueo6pa3Hoe 5I.II:pO 146
IDa'Tpa 5Il1:PO 118
IIIBa 5l.upa 101
lIIBaHHoBcKJ1e KJIeTKH 32
llIBbI (qeperra) 83
lIIe5I 13
3KCTepou:eTITOp 159, 197
3KCTpaITMpaMI1.IU1ble nyrM 156, 167, 197
3H,n:OKpMHHbIe )KeJIe3bI 128
3KTo,ZJ:epMa 22
3H,n:oIIJIa3lvfaTWIecKMll peTMKYJIYM 10
3rrMKpHTMqeCKa5I qYBCTBMTeJIbHOCTb 158,
163
3I1MTaJIaM)'C 121, 124
3rrI1TeJIHaJIbHble TKaHI1 11
3rrHQ;>M3 124, 195
3 Q;>Q;>ep eHTHbIll ( e) HellpoH(bI) 34, 155, 197
po(a) 6a3aJIbHble 146
- BecTM6YlliIpHble 185
- KJIeTKM 10, 11
- M03)I(eqKa 118, 119
- peTMK)'lliIpHble 88, 101
- CITMHHOrO 1103ra 46
- qepeITHbIX HepBOB 87, 91, 97, 107
5[MQKO 159
5[MqHMK 159

ornABnEHE
 1:  -::Wx.::$;::;:1;@i ;;; >  J : ?:=-W5:;t.ti i**.::rn:f:$1::r»'rg:"}J:::-=3-=.;.gwddt  :: :::1;:::;t;.t;z?fI:::.;::::;::::
OT ABTO PO B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
BBE,LI:EHME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
rJIaBa 1. OE AHATOMH5I HEPBHOH CMCTEMbI ............. 17
1.1. OT.n;eJIbI HepBHoM CMCTeMbI ......................................... 20
1.2. Pa3BUTMe HepBHoI1: cnCTe1fbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. 3. H ep BHa5I TKaHb .......................  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3.1. He MpO HbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3.2. HeHpOrJIlf5I ................................................. 30
1.4. Pe<pJIeKTOpHbIH npMHl.{Ifn <pyHKl.{HOHMpOBaHIDI HepBHoH CMCTe1fbI . . . . . . 33
1.5. 060JIOQKll If KpoBOCHa6)1(eHMe rOJIOBHOrO M cnMHHoro M03ra .......... 35
1.6. JIMKBopHa5I CMCTe1fa M03ra ............... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
KOHTpOJIbHbIe BOl1pOCbI .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
fJIaBa 2. CIIMHHOH M03r 11 CII11HHOM03rOBbIE HEPBbI . . . . . . 43
2.1. CTpOeHUe cnIIHHoro M03ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1.1. BHeIIIHee CTpoeHue CI1MHHOrO 1\f03ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1.2. CerIeHTapHoe CTpoeHMe CI1MHHOrO 1I03ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1.3. CTpoeHne ceporo BeIlIeCTBa. . . . . . . . . . . . ',' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1.4. CTpoeHMe 6eJIoro Bern:eCTBa ................................... 49
2.2. CnMHHoMo3roBble HepBbI, MX npOM3Bo,n:Hble M 06JIaCTM MHHepBaIJ;MM ..... 51
2.2.1. CTpOeHMe cnMHHOM03rOBoro HepBa ............................ 53
2.2.2. llIeMHoe CllJIeTeHMe M ero BeTBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.3. IIneQeBOe CllJIeTeHMe M ero BeTBM . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.3. II05ICHWIHO-KpecTlloBoe CllJIeTeHMe M ero BeTBM ................. 62
KOHTpOJIbHble BorrpOCbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
fJIaBa 3. ABTOHOMHA5I (BEfETATMBHA5I) HEPBHA5I CHCTEMA 66
3.1. CMMTIaTWIeCKa5I QaCTb AH C ........................................ 72
32. ITapacMMnaTWIeCKa5I qaCTb ARC .................................... 75
3.3. BMcu:eparrbHble CITJIeTeHIDI If BMcu;eparrbHble Y3JIbI ..................... 78
KOHTpOJIbHble BOI1pOCbI ............................................... 81

OrnaSneHl1e 205
fJIaBa 4. rOJIOBHOfI M03f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1. Oco6eHHocTM Pa3BMTIUI rOJIOBbI II rOJIOBHOrO M03ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2. CTBOJI M03ra ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.1. ITpO.D:O.TIrOBaTbIM 1I03f ........................................ 92
4.2.2. MOCT ..................... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.3. Cpe.n;HMM M03r .............................................. 98
4.2.4. PeTI1KYJHlpHa51 <pop1IalUHI .................................... 101
4.3. -qepenHble HepBbI II 06JIaCTII llX llHHepBal.{I1M ......................... 103
4.4. M03)1(etfOK If ero CB}J3If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . 116
4.5. ITpoMe)KyrOqHbIll I03r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.5.1. TaJIaMYc .................................................... 121
4.5.2. 3nIfTaJIa!\I)'C ................................................ 124
4.5.3. MeTaTarraMYc ............................................... 125
4. 5 .4. Cy6Ta,"1 aMY C .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.5.5. rI1nOTaJIaM)'C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.6. KOlleQHbIll 1vI03r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.6.1. ITOJIyrnapIDI ronOBHoro ?vl03ra MIIX penbe<p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . 130
4.6.2. CTpoeHMe KOpbI 60JIbIIlOrO 1I03ra .............................. 138
4.6.3. Ea3aJlbHbIe Mpa ............................................. 145
KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI ............................................... 148
fJIaBa 5. IIPOBO,[(JIIl(llE I1YTM IJ;EHTPAJIbHOM HEPBHOH
Cll CTEMbI ................................................ 151
5.1. BHyrpeHHHe CB5I31l rOJIOBHOrO n crrUHHoro 1vf03ra ..................... 151
5.1.1. ACCOU;llaTllBHble nyrn ........................................ 151
5.1.2. KOMMCCYPaJIbHble nyrM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.1.3. IIpOeKU1l0HHble IIyTll ........................................ 154
5.2. CeHcopHble npOBoMII(lle rryTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.1. BJUI.bI peu;enU;llll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.2.2. ITpoBO,lJJIIIJ:lle nyrM npoTOnaTIIqeCKOH qYBCTBMTeJIbHOCTlI . . . . . . . . . 160
5.2.3. ITpoBo,ilJIIIJ:lle nyrM fJIy6oKoll qYBCTBMTeJIbHOCTll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.2.4. IIpOBO.D:51IIJ;lle nyrll nOBepxHocTHOH qYBCTBlITeJIbHOCTlI .......... 162
5.2.4. CeHcopHble rryrM 1103JKeqKOBOrO HanpaBneHU5I ................. 164
5.3. TIpoBO,il;51IIJ:IIe nyrH nJIpa11lUI;HOH CllCTe11bI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4. ITpoBoMIUMe nyrll 3Kc'TpanMpaMll,QHO:H CHCTe1fbI ..................... 167
5.5. ITpocKluloHHble CB5I3II 1vl03)1(eQKa ................................... 169
5.6. CB5I3M JIllM61lQeCKOH CllCTe1fbI ...................................... 171
KOHTpOJIbHbIe BonpOCbI ............................................... 173
fJIaBa 6. 0 Pf ARbI "llYBCTB....................................... 175
6.1. OpraH 3peHl'tSI ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.1.1. fJIa3HOe 516nOKO .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.1.2. BcnoMoraTenbHbIH annapaT rJIa3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.1.3. IIpoBolUIIUlle nyrn 3plITenbHoro aHaJIU3aTOpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

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6.2. OpraH CJIyxa 11 paBHOBeC:IDI ......................................... 180
6.2.1. Hap}')KHoe yxo .............................................. 181
6.2.2. Cpe,UHee yxo ................................................ 181
6.2.3. BHYTPeHHee yxo ............................................. 182
6.2.4. YJIlITKOBbrM JIa6np11HT ....................................... 183
6.2.5. ITPOBO,lUlIUIIM nyTb cnYXOBoro aHaJI113aTOpa ..................... 184
6.2.6. BecTII6Y1HIPHbIll JIa6IIpIIHT ..................... _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2.7. ITPOBo,ZUlIUl1ll rryTb BecTII6YlliIpHoro al1l1apaTa .................. 185
6.3. OpraH 060H5IHII5I II opraH BK)'ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
KOHTpOJIbHble BOl1pOCbI ............................................... 188
CJIOBAPb TEPMMHOB .................................................... 190
IIPE,JJ:METHbIll YKA3ATEJIb ................................................ 198

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