Автор: Ковалев С.И.
Теги: древняя греция александр македонский царь древней македонии восстание фракийцев
Год: 1937
Текст
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'qTO H,oBbIH: 6paK cplH.I\HIIIIa npHBe.l\ K pa3pbIBY ero He T,o.I\bKO
C O.l\lfMIIHaJJ;oll, H,o H C A.I\eKCaHP;poM.
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nHpy pa3blrpa.l\aeb p;HKaH cgeHa. ,lJ;SlJJ;H HO'B06paqHOH ATTa.l\,
,oqeB'Hp;H,o, CH.I\bH,o II,oJJ;BbIIIHBIIIHll, 06paTIf.l\Cl1 K r,oCTSlM C
IIpeJJ;.I\,omeHlfeM M,o.I\HTb 6,or,oB, qT,06bI ,oHH JJ;ap,oBa.l\ll «:P'II.I\llnny
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6bI.I\a IfH,oCTpaHK,oH (O.l\HJI.1IIHaJJ;a IIplfHap;.I\ema.l\a K 9IIHP-
CKOMY !!;apCK,oMY P,oAY). A.I\eKcaHAP np'HIIIe.l\ B SlpOCTb II IIIBblp-
..
115 CJacmb 1. lOnocmb A.lI.eRCan.4pu u navaJ!.o elO nplllJ.lI.ellUJI
HY.I\ B ATTa.l\a J<y6,oK, B,oCK.I\'HKHYB: «A MeHH, Her,oJJ;HH: TbI
{;qHTaeIIIb He3aKOHOP,omAeHHbIM?» <PH.I\HIIn, TmKe IIbHHbIH,
IIOJJ;HH.I\CH C,o CB,oer,o .l\,oma, BbIXBaTH.I\ Meq H, IIIaTaHCb, cp;e.l\a.l\
HeCK,o.I\bK.o IIIarOB II,o HaIIpaB.I\eHHIO K CbIHY, H,o CII,oTJ<HY.I\CH II
yna.l\. A.I\eKcaHAP HP,oHllqeCKH CKa3a.l\: «CM,oTp'IITe, OH Co6'll
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DpIICYTCTBYIOIJ!He paCTaIJ!H.I\ll ,oTga C CbIH,oM.
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B 11.1\.I\llPHIO. Op;HaKO BCK,ope MemAY oTgOM 'If CbIH,oM np,oH30-
III.I\O 'BHemHee np'IIMHpeHHe 6.1\ar,op;apJI IIocpep;cTBY HeKOer,o
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He B,oCCTaHOBHTb IIpemHlle ,oTH,oIIIeHHH C O'.I\HMIIHaAo,H, T,o, B,o
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DaocaHuH HK,06bI peIIIH.I\ y6HTb CaM,ol'O gapH. Ho JJ;PYT'He
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T,o.I\b'K>O IIpOCTbIM HCIIo,.I\HHTe.l\eM qym,oH BO.l\H, a 3a ero cnH
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rAUB a ll. Y6ui'tcmBo (]Ju.Jt.unnu U Bouupenue A.Jt.eRCUfl.4pU
17
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. IIP,oBeCTH rpaHb MemJJ;y «3aK,oHHbIMII» H «He3aK,oHHbIMH»
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nepCbI 6bIA'II II.I\eMeHeM OTCTa.l\bIM no CpaBHefl'HIO C 3aB05BaH-
HbIMII llMII KY.I\bTypHbIMH HapoJJ;aMH BOCTO'Ki'I;, oJJ;'HaKO nepB,oe
BpeMl1 IIepcuJJ;CK,oe 3aB,oeBaHHe HMe.l\O nO.l\OmHTe.l\bH,oe 3Haqe-
HHe JJ;.I\JI HCTOplI'qeC'KOro pa3BHTHl1 BOCTD'Ka. B paMKax eJJ;H-
Horo r.oCYJJ;apcTBa IIIHpe pa3BepIHY.I\IICb T'OprO'B.I\l1 II KY.I\bTYP-
HbI'e OBH3'H. DepcbI YCTa'HOBII.I\H OP;HY o6IJ!YIO MOHeTHYio
cIIcTeMy, qTO COJJ;eHCTBOBa.l\o, OmUB.I\ffiIiHlO X0311HCTBeHHOH
2K1l3H'H. BbI.I\H npoBep;eHbI XOpOIII'IIe JJ;,oPOrH, cmmaBlIme JJ;Pyr
C P;PyroM cTJJ;a.l\eH'Hble qaCTH orpOMHoro rOCYJJ;apcTBaJ B Ha-
"Ia.l\e V B. nepCbI cJJ;e.l\a.l\H IIOIIbIT:KY H,oJJ;'J:HH'flTb eBPQtleHCI<YIO
f pe!!;HIO (rpeqeCKHe ropoJJ;a MaAOH A3HII ym.e C VI B. Ha-
XO H.I\HCb IIOp; IIepcHJJ;cKOH B.I\aCTblO). Haqa.l\HCb rpeKo-nepCllp;-
CKlle BOHHbI, IIpOp;O.l\maBIIIH Cl1 C 492 IIO 449 r. Op;HaKo Ma-
.l\eHbKHe rpe"IeCKlle rocyp;apCTBa HaIII.I\H B ,ce6e JJ;OCTaTOqHO 'CH.I\
p;aTb aTHOp IIepcHJJ;CKll'M IBTOpmeHHl1M. T pH TIo oJJ;a npOTHB
r pegllH (492, 490 H 480-479 1"1".) 'K,oHqH.I\UCb JJ;.I\l1 IIepcOB
IIO.l\HOH HeYJJ;aqeH, OTl1 H pa30pH.I\H qaCTb fPC!!llH. Doc.I\e
9Toro rpeKH CaM'II nepeIII.I\II B. Ha.CTYII.I\eHHe II O'qIICT'H.I\H aT IIep-
OB ,oCTP,oBa 8reikKoro MOpHll II,06epembe Mi:\-.I\cij A31'I1'l, '
r.ltaBa IV. flepcuR B cepe.4une IV B. .40 n. 9.
25
I, .
DopameHlle B rpeK,o-IIepCIIJJ;CK'IIX BOH:nax l1BH.I\OCb nepe.l\OM-
HbIM M.oMeHTOM ,B llCTOpHII ,lJ;peBHeH DepcHiH. Ee HaCTYIIaTe.l\b-
H,oe p;BHmeHHe 'Ha 3anaJJ; 6bI.I\O OCTaHOB.I\eHO. 0'T6pOmeHHal1 OT
8reHCKoro MOpl1 II OT npO.l\M-BOB, BCJJ;YIJ!HX iB YepH.oe M,ope
(OmIT), nepCHl1 TeM ,caMbIM 6bI.I\a yCTpaHeHa OT OmllB.I\eHHOH
Xo,3HHCTBe>HHOH mH3HH, KuneiBIIIeH B 9THX paHOHax B V 'B.
DpaBJJ;a, iB Haqa.l\e IV B., 6.1\aroJJ;apl1 BiHYTpeHHIHJVI pa3JJ;.opaM
B fpe!!;HH, DepcH'H CHOBa yJJ;a.l\OCb IIO.l\yqIITb Ma.l\Oa3iHaTCK,oe
IIo6epembe. Ho 9TO yme He IIMe.l\O JJ;.I\H 'Hee 60.l\bIIIOr,o 3Ha'qe-
HHJI, TaK KaK f pe!!;Hl1 B 9TOT IIepHOJJ; BCTynll.l\a B IIO.l\OCY 1" .l\Y-
6,oKOrO KpH3Hca. C P;Pyr.oH CT,oPOHbI, B ,caMOM nepC'IIJJ;CKOM
rOCYJJ;apCTBe B IV B. Ha'!a.l\Cl1 pa3Ba.l\. fHeT IIepCIIJJ;cKOH IIpa-
BJIIJ!eH BepxYIIIKll Bce CH.I\b'Hee JJ;aBIH.I\ Ha nOKopeHHble Hap,oJJ;bI.
DepcHJJ;cKoe YIIpa'B.I\eHHe B 60.l\bIIIeH qa.CTH flepcnn Bce
60.l\bIIIe IH 6,o.I\bIIIe CBOJJ;H.I\OCb TO.l\b!K.o K c60PY JJ;aHII II IIOp;aiB.I\e
HHIO BoccT'aHHll. CaT'paIIbI MeCTaMH IIpeBpaTII.I\'ilCb B IIO''ITII
caMOCTOl1Te.l\bHbIX npaBHTe.l\eH, He C:<IHTaBIIIHXCl1 C !!;eHTpa.l\b-
HOH B.I\acTblO. DpO'H3,BO.l\ II ,BbIMo,raTe.l\bCTBa nepoop;CKHX qII
HOBHHKOB BbI3bI.Ba.l\H B OTJJ;e.l\bIHbIX qaCTHX nepCHJJ;CKoro r,ocy-
JJ;apCTBa BaCCTaHHH, IIOJJ;aB.I\l1'BIIllleCl1 co cTpamHaH mecT'o-
KOCTblO. DpII JJ;'Bope nepCHJJ;'CKIIX 1JapeHKHTIe.l\a 6opb'6a
npllJJ;BopHbIX K.I\HK, IIPo,!!;BeTa.l\II HHTpHrll, IIl.l\a Kp.oBaBal1
60Pb6a 3a B.I\a.CTh. B 336 r. iHa nepcIIJJ;CK'HH IIpeCTO.l\ BCTYUH.I\
.n;apHH II I K,oJJ;OMaH, npOIICXOJJ;HBIIIIIH H3 60KO'BOH .l\IIHIHiH
!!;apCT'BOBaBIIIeH: B DepcllH JJ;IHHaCTIHH A"eMeHHJJ;OB.
DepcHJJ;cKaH apMHJI 6bI.I\a KO.l\IIqeCT'BeHHO ,oqeHb Be.l\HKa. Ee
.l\yqIIIylO qaCTb COCTaB.I\l1.I\II OKO.l\O 20 000 rpeqeCK'HX 'HaeMHlH-
KO'B ,II !!;apiCKaH rBapJJ;lll1. Ho, 1" .l\aUHal1 Macca 'BOHCK COCT'Ol1.I\a
H3 MHOrO'qHC.I\eHHblX ,oTpl1JJ;OB, KOTopble JJ;O.l\mHbI 6bI.I\H BbI-
'CTa'B.I\l1Tb OTJJ;e.l\bHbI'e caTpaIIbI. BbIICOKHMH Ka'qeCTBaMH OT.I\II-
qa.l\aCb nepCllp;CKal1 KOHiHH!!;a ll3 BOCTOqHbiX caTpaIIHH - Dap-
"tpmI, BaKTplIH II JJ;p. B paCIIOpl1meHHII 'nepCH CKoro !!;apl1
HaXOJJ;II.I\CJI TaKme M'HOrOqIIC.I\eHIHbIH tp.l\,oT, H,o 9TO 6bI.I\ c06-
CTBeHHO He nepCHJJ;C'KHH tp.l\OT, a tpIHHIHKHHCKlllH. T aKal1 pa3-
HOPOJJ;HOCTb IIepC'HJJ;CK,oH apM'HH IC,oCT'aB.I\H.I\a ee caMYIO c.I\a6yIO
CTOPOHY. B iHeH OTCYTCTBOBa.l\a npD'qiHaH CB113b Memp;y OTJJ;e.l\b-
HbiMli qaCTHMIH, He 6bI.I\,o Taro TeC'HOrO B3aHMOJJ;eHCTBHl1, KO-
'TOpbIM OT .l\Hqa.l\aCb MaKep;O'H'CKaH apMHl1. HeBbI'OOKO CTO'l1.I\O
H IIepCllJJ;CK,oe Ko,MaH.ll,oBaHHe. J\yqIIIHMll nO.l\KOBOp;!!;aMII 6bI.I\/H
FpaTeru rpeqeCICft X flaeMJi H !C08! flo QfI'H BpamAoBa.l\J1 <; oep-
/
\
26
'Cfacmb Il Ilepcu,4cRUU noxo,4
ClIJJ;'CKlIMlI Haqa.l\bHllKaM'lI, H 9Ta .l\iHIIIa.l\a Je,oMaHJJ;OBaHIHiC Hym-
Horo ep;lIHCTBa.
f peKH 6bI.I\lI X:OpOIUO 3HaKOMbI C COICTOHHlleM IIepClIJJ;CKOH:
apM'lIH. DOMHMO TOr,o, qTO Ha np,oTl1meHHH nO'ITU JJ;BYX CTO-
.l\.eTHH: OHII HaXO'JJ;H.I\HCb C nepcaMill B HeIIpepbIB'HOM COIIPHK,oC-
HOBeH'H'H, nOMHMO Tara, qTO Ha IIepC HJJ;CKOH c.I\ym6e HaXOJJ;H-
.I\'HCb MIHOrOqHC.I\eHHblc rpeqeCKlIe HaeMHHKH, - rpeqeCKaH
llCTOpHJI Xpa'HlI.I\a naMl1Tb 06 o,JJ;HOM IIOXO'JJ;e, K,oTOPbIH KaK 6bI
IIpep;Bapl1.I\ B MeHbIIIeM MacIIITa6e IIOX,oJJ; A.I\eKcaH..n;pa. B 401 r.
6paT nepCllJJ;CKQrO papl1 ApTaKcepKca, K'IIp M.I\aJJ;IIIHH, Ha6paB
B fpe!!;lIH OKO'.I\O 10 000 rpeqeCKHX HaeMHiHKOB II IIpucoe..n;HHHB
K HUM MeCTJIble BOH'CKa H3 Ma.l\O'H A3HlI, JJ;B'HHY.I\Cl1 IIpOTHB
CTapIIIero 6paTa, qT006bI 011HHTb Y Her,o TpO'H. BOllcKa K;Hpa
JJ;,oIU.I\H IIOqT'II JJ;O ,caMoro BaBH.I\OHa. 3JJ;ecb'llX BCTpeTH.I\a apMHJI
ApTaKcepKca. B npO'HcIIIe,lJ,IUeH 6HTBe K'Hp 6bI.I\ y6HT, ero
Ma.l\Oa3HaTCKHe BOH,cKa 6ema.l\.H, HO' rpe'KH y,cneIIIH.o OTpa3H.I\If
Bce aTaKH IIepCOB. DepC'HJJ;cK,oe KOMaH.n;OBaHIHe IIplIr .l\aCH.I\O
rpCqeCKlIX CTpaTerOB JJ;.I\l1 IIeperOBOopcm. Bo BpeMl1 IIeperOBO-
pOoB rpeKll 6bI.I\lI BepO.l\OMH.o y6.HTbl, iH HaeMHHKH OCT'a.l\IHCb 6e3
K,oMaHJJ;llpOB. OJJ;HaK.o OHlI He paCTepH.I\HCb. HeMeJJ;.I\CHHO 6bI.I\IlI
Bbl6paHbI HOBbIe KO'MaHJJ;HpbI, H Ma.l\eHbKHH OTpl1JJ; 'CTa.l\ B IIO.l\-
HOoM nopHJJ;Ke oTcTynaTb B.n;O.l\b peKH T Hrpa 'Ha ceBep IIOJJ; Ha-
TlICKO'M npeBO'CXO'JJ;HrmHX CH.I\ lIepCOB. ,lJ;O'.I\ro JJ;.I\H.I\,oCb TpYJJ;HO'e
'II OIIaC'HO'e ,oT'cTyn.l\eHiHe IIO' He3HaKOMbIM MeCTaM, BCe Bp,eMl1.
nOJJ; YJJ;apaMll ,tIp.oTHBHIIKa. B KD'H!!;e KOH!!;OB rpeKH, IIPOHJJ;JI
qepe3 ApMeHHIO, 'B 400 r. BbIIU.I\H K YepHoMY M,oPIO ,oKO.l\O
T pane3)"HTa IH OTTYJJ;a BepHY.I\nCb 'Ha pO.lJ,'HHY. C.I\aB'HbIH IIOoXOJJ;
10000 OnHCa.l\ yqaCTH'HK ero, rpeqeCKllH HCTOpHK KceuO'tpoHT,
B npOH3BeJJ;CHlllll «AHa6acHc». Y pOKIH 1I0x,oJJ;a 6bI.I\H XOPOIII,o
yqTeHbF A.I\eK'CaHJJ;Po,M. 113 HHX BbITeKa.l\O, qTO Ma.l\eHbKae, HO
X:OpOIUO JJ;llC!!;'Hn.l\HHHpOBaIHHoe rpeqeCK,oe BO'HCK,o MomeT OP,o-
HIHKHYTb B caMYIO r.l\y6b DepcHiH II 6.1\aroIIo.l\yqHO BepHYTbCJI
06,eaTHO'.
8HMa 335/334 r. 6bI.I\.a lICnO.l\b3OBaHa A.I\eiKCa'HJJ;poM JJ;.I\l1
....- .
TIJ!aTe.l\bHOlI IIOJJ;rOT.oBKlI ,K iBe.l\lIKOMY noxoJJ;Y, H paHHell Bec-
HOH 334 r. MaKe.llOH,o-rpeqeCKaH apMHl1 BbICTYIIH.I\a 'H3 rO'pO,lJ,a
AMtpHnO.l\l1 IID' :HaIIpaB.I\eHHIO K re.l\.I\eCnoHTY. B MaKep;oHHH
6bI.I\ OCTaBAeH AHTHnaTp C 12000 neXOTbI 'II 1500"BcaAHlI-
K,oB. C,oXpaHeH!lIe Cn,oKO'HCTBHl1 B TbI.I\Y l1B.I\H.I\,oCb ,oJJ;HlIM ll3
BamHeHIIIHX YC.I\OB1ll.H YCIIexa Bcero npeJJ;IIpHHTlll1, - BOT 00-
qelVlY A.I\eKCaHP;p YJJ;e.l\'U.I\ '1l3 CB,ollX CpaBHl'tTe.I\IiliO HeQO.l\pWli:X
....
r.llaBa IV. IlepcuR B cepe.4UHe IV B. .40 H. 8.
27
BoeHHbIX ClH.I\ T'aKYIO ;KpynHYIO qaCTb JJ;.I\H AHTHnaTpa. A Cll.l\bI,
JJ;BIHHYTbIe llM npOTllB DepcHH, 6bI.I\'II, JJ;eHCTBHTe.l\bHO, He C.I\llm-
I<,oM Be.l\HKH.'..B pacnOpl1meHIHH MaKeJJ;OHCKoro KOiMaHJJ;OBaHlIl1
B MOMeHT 'Bbl Tyn.l\eHHH B nOX,op; HaXOJJ;H.I\OCb B 06IJ!eH c.I\om-
-H,oCTII ,oKO.l\,o 30 000 neXOTbI, 5000 K,oHHH!!;bl H OKO.l\,o 160
HoeHHblX CYJJ;OB. 5Ip;po BoikKa COCTaB.I\l1.I\U Tl1me.l\aH K,oHHH!!;a
II IIeXl,oTa. C06CT'BeHHO MaKeJJ;oHcKoH KOHH'II!!;bI 6bI.I\O >DKO.l\O
2000 BcaJJ;HHK,o'B (8 'II.I\), HO K 'Hell: npllC,oeJJ;HHl1.I\aCb TaKme
tpecCa.l\HHCKaH K,oRHH!!;a (aKO.l\O 1800 BCaJJ;H'HKoB), n,o CBOllM
KcrqeCrnaM He YCTynaBIIIal1 MaKeJJ;OHCKOH. T l1me.l\al1 MaKeJJ;OH
CKaH IIeXOTa (tpa.l\a:Hra) COCT,oH.I\a 1I3 6 TaKCHC,oB, T. e. B
06IJ!eH C.I\OmH,oCl1H o,KO.l\,o 9000 qe.l\OBeK. f IIaCnIICT,oB 6bI.I\O
npll'6.1\JH3'HTe.l\bHO 3000 qe.l\QBeK. KpoMe HHX .l\erKal1 neXOTa
HaC"IUTbIBaAa 6000-7000 tppaKIIH!!;eB II U.I\.I\IHpHH!!;e'B. 8TH
me II.I\eMe'Ha JJ;a.l\IH A.I\e'KcaHJJ;py HeCKO.l\bKO OTpl1JJ;OB .l\erKOH
. .
KaBa.l\epll'II.
B COCTaB apMHIH BXOP;!H.I\O TaKme 7000 rpeqeCKOH neX,oTbI,
BbICTaB.I\eHiHOH q.l\e!HaMII COI03a, II 5000 HaeMHHKOB. BIIP,oqeM,
A.I\eKCaHJJ;p He ,oqeHb JJ;'OBepl1.I\ CBOIHM rpeqeCKHM COI03HHKaM.
D09TOMY ,oH nOqTU He nO.l\b30IBa.l\CJI IHMH B 6010, IIpMMeHl1l1
HX 1" .l\aBHbiM o6pa3.oM JJ;.I\H rapHH30HIHOH 'C.I\ym6bI B 3aXBaqelH-
HbIX MeCTHOCTHX, P;.I\JI oxpaHbI' JJ;opor II T. n.
, OJJ;HaKo He60.l\bIIIOH, ,cpaBHHTe.l\bHO, K,o.I\M'qeCTBeHHbIH co-
CTaa MaKeJJ;OHCKHX BOHCK B03MeIJ!a.l\CH HX BbicoKIllMII 60eBbIMll
,KaqeCTlBaMll. M,omHO 'CMe.l\O CKa3aTb, qT'O p;peBHHH MiHp eIJ!e
He 31Ha.l\ IIoJJ;,o6H,oH apMllH. T e CH.I\bI, KOTopble Mor BblCTaBlHTb
IIpOTllB MaKeJJ;OHHiII ,lJ;apHH III, X,oTl1 II 3Ha'IIHTe.l\bH,o npeBOC
XOP;H.I\H IHX q'HC.I\OM, HO JJ;a.l\eKO YCTYlIa.l\H H'M B CMbIC.I\e opra-
HH30BaHH,oCT'H H OIIbITIHOCTlI. K TOMY me MaKep;OHCKaH apMIHH
npeBocx.oJJ;H.I\a nepcOB H CBoeH T'eXHHKOH. A.I\eK'CaHJJ;p IIIHpOKO
Il:ICIIO.l\b30Ba.l\ TeXlHll''leCKlle 3a:BoeBaH'1I11 IV B. DplIapMuH Ha-
X,o)T!H.I\Cl1 ll'HmelHepHbIH 0603 C pa3.1\HqHbIM'II ,oCaJJ;HbIMll npiH-
cIID'c,06.1\eHIHl1MH II KaJJ;pbI OIIbITHbIX IHHme-HepaB II canepOB. ,lJ;.I\JI
nepeIIpaBbI qepe3 peKII YUOTpe6.1\l1.I\'UCb IIOHT,oHHbie MOCTbI,
IIPH D'caJJ;e *pen,oCTeH - Tapa'HbI, lilTypMoBbIe 6aIIIIHH 'II T. n.
3JJ;eCb HymHo OTMeTIllTb eIJ!e ,oJJ;HY !HiHTepeCHYIO qepTY. Dpll-
rOTO'B.I\l1HCb K BOCTOq'HOMY IIOX,oJJ;Y, A.I\eKCaHp;p 'OTJJ;aBa.l\ ce6e
HCHbIH ,oT''IeT 'B To,M, 'qTO 9TO 6YJJ;eT He IIpOCTOH BoeHHbIH Ra-
6er. O'H C06Hpa.l\Cl1 3aBOC'BaTb A3UIO, 3aBoeBaTb ee IIpO"lHO
'H He To,.I\bKO 'CII.I\,oH opymHl1. KOH<eqH,o, B 334 1". IOHbIH A.I\e-
KcaHp;p eI,!!;e He Mor npep;BHAeTb, KaK JJ;a.l\eKO II,oH,n;CT <lTO 3(\-
28
'Cfucmb 11. flepcu.4cRull noxo.4
B,oeBalHlIe. MblC.I\b 0 «MnpOB.oH» MOHapXH'II IH II.I\aHbI ee opra-
HH3a!!;HH, nOBHJJ;HMOMY, C.I\OmH.II.lICb n03JJ;lIee, 'BO BpeMl1 ,caMoro
II.oX,oJJ;a. H'D TeM He MeHee yme 'CeHqaC yqe!HHK ApHCTOTe.l\l1
nOHHMa.l\ OrpOMH,oe KY.l\bTypH,oe 3HaqeHHe IIoxoJJ;a 'II P;.I\l1 B'DC-
TOKa II P;.I\l1 f pe!!;llU. DplI er,o «IIITa6e» HaXoJJ;lH.I\Cl1 !!;e.l\bIH
OTpl1JJ; «3eM.I\eMep'DB» (6eMaTIHCT,oB), 'lIrpaBIIIHx pO.l\b HaIIIlIX
TOIIO'rpatpO'B. B CBIHTe- A.I\eKCaHJJ;pa 6bI.I\a MHoro rpeqeC,KHX
yqeHbIX 'H tplI.I\,oCOtpOB. 113 HHX HymHo OTMeTHTb HCTQPllKOB
Ka.l\J\lllctpeHa (II.I\eMHHIHlIKa ApHCTOTe.l\l1) III ApHCT'D6Y.l\a,
tplI.I\OCOtpOB DHppoHa' H AHaKcapxa, a TaKme MHo,rHX reorpa-
tp'OB 'II 60Ta'HlIWOB, ,co61IpaBIIIllX H OT'IIpaB.I\JIBIIIlIX Apll'CTOTe.l\1O
pa3.1\HqiHble HayqHble KO.l\.I\eK!!;HH. B 'KaH!!;e.l\JIpHIH A.I\eKCaHP;pa,
nOJJ; pYKaBop;CTBaM ee Ha'qa.l\bHHKa 8BMeHa, Be.l\'Cl1 TIOP;p06HbIH
JJ;M-eBHlIK noxoJJ;a, KOT'OpbI'H II,oC.I\ymH.I\ 1" .l\aBHbiM MaTepHa.l\OM
p;.I\l1 n03JJ;HeHIIIHX HCTOpllK.oB 9TOH 9n,om;
T aKHM 06pa30M, B IIop;roToBKe BOCT,oqHOr'D n,oxop;a 'B IIO.l\-
HOH Mepe CKa3a.l\aCb Ta qepTa A.I\elKCaHP;pa, 0 KOTOpOH MbI
YIIOMllHa.l\lI BblIIIe: CTpeM.I\elH'He caMbIM JJ;e.l\OBbIM 06pa30M
IIoJJ;roToBilITb Bce CBOlI IIpep;npHl1Tlll1, KaK 6bI rpaHp;IH'D3'HbI
OHH HH 6bI.I\'H. BIIpaqeM, B opraH1I3a!!;Hl1l noxoJJ;a 6bI.I\O p;Ba
C.I\a6bIX MeCTa: tp.l\OT H tpHHaHCbI. Ho 3JJ;ecb A.I\eKCaHJJ;p HH-
qero He Mor IIOJJ;e.l\aTb. Ero tp.l\,oT, KaK MbI BIHJJ;e.l\IH, C'DCTOH.I\
TO.l\b'KO 11:13 160 CYJJ;OB, B TO BpeMH KaK tp.l\OT' ,lJ;aplIl1 HaCqHTbI-
Ba.l\ He MelHCe 400 6DeBbIX ep;lI'Hll!!;. ,lJ;a IIpHTOM IIepcHJJ;CKHll
tp.l\'DT COCTOH.I\, 1" .1\ aBHbIM o6pa3'OM, H3 BbICOKOIKaqeCTBeHHbIX
tp'llIH'HKlIHCKHX cy JJ;OB. B n.l\OXOM COCT,oJIHHH HaxOJJ;ll.l\'IICb H tplll-
HaHCbI A.I\eKCaHJJ;pa. B ero Ka3'He 6bI.I\O T,o.I\bKO 70 Ta.l\aHT'DB
(,oK,o.I\O 170000 py6.), a p;'D.I\r paBIHl1.I\Cl1 1300 Ta.l\aIHT,oB
OJJ;HaKO He HymHo 3a6bliBaTb, qTO IIpJiI TorJJ;amHeH: CHCreMe<
C'Ha6meHHH apMHH KOpMH.I\aCb 3a CqeT HaCe.l\eHlIl1 3aXBaqeH-
HbIX ,o6.1\aCTeH H, C.I\Cp;OBaTe.l\bHO, eH He HymHbf 6bI.I\lI 6,o.I\b-
IIIlIe 3anaCbI IIpOJJ;OBO.l\bCT.B'nl1. A.I\eKCaHJJ;p IIIe.l\ 3aBOeBbIBaTb
60raTbIH B,oCTOK, 0 CO'KP'DBlllIJ!ax KOT'Oporo B 06IJ!eCTse X,oP;IH.I\H
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.30
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IA-UBU V. IpUflUIl
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caMbIM .I\;UIIIeHHaH CB,060P;bI MaHeBpHP,oBaiHHH, a 3a HeM, Ha
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CIIOIHTCKOH QJpllrMeH (O'6J1.a.-CTb" .l\emaBIIIaHK lOry ,oT fe.l\.I\e'c-
nOHTa iM Dp,onOHT:rt.n;bI): ee caTpanOM A.I\eKCaJHJJ;p Ha3Ha'IllA
MilK,eJJ;OHHHHHa Ka.l\aca.
J 8TH IIepBbie Mep,oIIpMJITHH A.I\eKCaHJJ;pa OqeHb HHTepecHbI.
tJIn'i IIoKa3bl:BaIOT, 'qT,o ,oH cpa3y me cOBepIIIeHH,o pea.l\b1HO
nOp;OIIIe.l\ 'K ,opraHH3a!!;IMIll 3aB,oeBaHHOH TeppHT,oPH'H. DpM aTOM
OH JJ;a.l\e,KO He. ECIDJJ;Y C06Mpa.l\'CH .l\OMaTb IIepCMp;CKYIO CHICTeMY
YIIpa'B.I\e'HHH. OCTa.l\-HCb He TO.l\bK,o JJ;e.l\eHHe [lla caTpaIIllll, H,o
H llX CTapble rpaHll!!;bI. .Ma.l\,o Toro, CaMDe Ha3BaHHe «caTpan»
6bI.I\,o nepe'HeCeH,o Ha H,oBbIX MaKeJJ;OHCIICMX lHaMeCTHHK,oB, KOT,o-
pble II,o.I\Y'IH.I\H B>ce npa-Ba II O'6H3aHHO'CTH CTapbIX caTpaIIOB.
HaCe.l\e:Hlle IIOKopeHHbiX 06.1\aCTeH p;,o.I\mH,o 6bI.I\,o TeIIepb B'HO'-
CllTb MaKep;OHCKOMY !!;aplO' T'e II,op;aTll, K,oTOpble paHbIIIe ,oHO
Y.II.I\aq'lma.l\,o nepcaM.
T PYJJ;H,o CKa3aTb, 6bI.I\O .l\IM 9TO c,oXpa'HeHHe nepcllJJ;cIK,oT",o
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IIepBbix IIO'paX He HMe.l\ll eIJ!e IHH BpeMeHll, 'HH B.o3M,omH,oCTll
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T.oM 'B'IIO.l\'He npOP;YMaHHor.o II.I\aHa, c,or.l\ac'H,o KC'TOPOMY A.I\eK-
ca.-HAP cpa3Y me Haqa.l\ C,03JJ;aBaTb rC'BOIO H.onYlfJ MOHapXHIO Ha
BOCTOqiHbIX ,oC'HOiBax. ,lJ;a.l\b'HeHIIIal1 nQ.I\HT'HKa A.I\eKCaHP;pa
cKopee r,oHOpHT 3a BT,oPoe. A B 9T,oM 'c.I\yqae yp;uBHTe.l\bHa
3pe.l\OCTb p;'BaJJ;!!;aTH.n;BYX.I\eT'Her,o A.I\e'KcaH.n;pa, CYMeBmer,o yme
Tenepb, 'B caMOM Haqa.l\e II,oXOp;a, Bblpa60TaTb ,oCHOBbI CB,oeH
BOCT,o"IHOH II,o.I\HTMK'H, K,oTOpylO B JJ;a.l\b.HeHIIIeM OIl CTaHeT
IIPOB,oJJ;HTb C me.l\e3HOH lIa'CT,oHqH.B,oCTblO, B,onpCKH IIP,oTllB,o-
p;eHcTBHIO Makep;OIHHH IH rpeiKo :J
::I AJIeRC31I.I\p Mm'CAOlICRllii. - 1662.
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34
ZJacmb 11. flepcu.4c1f.ui1 noXo/I
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All.l\ nepCllJJ;CKYIO rO'CYJJ;apCTBeHHylO CHCTeMY. DpHMep C ,AH-
JJ;lleH, B KOT,oPOM 6bI.I\H BOCCTaHOB.I\eHbi ee CTapble 3aIKOHbI,
nOKa3bIBaeT, qT,o A.I\eKCa'HJJ;p CTpeMH.I\iCH IIpHB.I\e"lb Ha CBo,lO
CTOPOHY KY.I\bTypHble Hap,oJJ;HOC'fiH BO'CTOKa, yrHeTeHHble IIep-
caMH. EIJ!e l1pqe 06 9TOM r,oBOpllT er,o OTiH,oIIIeHHe K rpeqe-
CKllM ro,P,op;aM Ma.l\OH A3llH.
.3aHHB CapJJ;bl, MaKeJJ;,oHCKal1 apMHH p;BlI'HY.I\aCb K 8tpecy.
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TllM. l..h,06bI JICHO IIpeJJ;CTaBHTb ce6e ee xapaKTep, HymH,o
II,oMHHTb, qTo, nepcbI B 3a'B,oeBaHHblX 06.1\aCTHX BcerJJ;a ,onHpa-
.l\llCb Ha MeCTHYIO apHcTOKpaTlllO, p;aBaH eM BCJIqeCKllC .l\brOTbI
Ii llepC3 Hee IIPOB,oP;H HymHYIO llM II,o.I\H'illlKY. T aK 6bI.I\,o 'Ii
B rpe"IeCKHX ropoJJ;ax Ma.l\,oll A3UH. HaqHHaH CHOM IIOX:OJJ;
np,oTHB DepcnH, AAeKCaHJJ;p 3aHBll.l\, qT,o OH IIpemJJ;e Bcer,o
HJJ;eT ,oCB,06,olKJJ;aTb rpeqeCKlle Ma.l\O'a3HaTCKHe ropoAa. H,o 9T,o
3Haqlj:.I\,o CBeprHYTb TaM B.I\aCTb apllCT,oKpaTllll H BOCCTaHOBHTb
,n;eM,oKpaTHIO, T. e. npllAepmHBaTbCH II.o.l\ll'TllKH, ,o6paTHOH'
T,oM, K,oT,oPYIO MaKeJJ;OHlll1 IIPOB,oJJ;H.I\a B r pe!!;llH. OJJ;HaJW
A.I\eKCaHP;p, HeCMD'TpH Ha BeCb CB,oH pOMaHTH3M, 6bI.I\ qpe3Bbl-
qaHH,o pea.l\bHbiM II,o.I\llT>!fKOM. B,oT IIOqeMy B Ma.l\,oH A3llU ,oR
cpa3y me IIOCTaBll.l\ CTaBKY Ha p;eMOKpaTlllO.
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C CllptpaKC,oM. TaM me HaXOp;ll.l\HCb MeMH,oH C rpeqeCKHMH
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T,oPble paHbIIIe ,oH,o yn.l\aqllBa.l\,o nepCHp;CK,oMY !!;aplO. BbI.I\ll
TaK1Ke IIOC.I\alHbI B,oHCKa H B COCeJJ;:HHe r,oP,oJJ;a, IlT06bI II,oM,oqb
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35
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38
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39
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40
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