Автор: Грязнов А.Ф.
Теги: история философии философия античная философия
ISBN: 5-211-02147-9
Год: 1993
Текст
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JIeHHbIX BbIpa)KeHHH B 60JIee HCHble, Ol60CHOBaHHe HeOpeaJI'HCTHqe-
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aTO HarJI5IllIHO nOll'TBep}KllaeT H InY'6JIIlKyeMaH HaMH CTaTbH Mypa,
nOBO.lI.OM .lI.JIH KOTOpOH nOCJIY)KHJIa KaHTOBCKaH nOCTaHOBKa Bonpo-
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cnoco60B Y1noTpe6JIeHH5I CJIOB II Bblpa)KeHIIH, BKJIlOqeHHH CJIOB B
OpfaHHlJeCKH npHCYIlI.He IIM KOHTeKCTbI qeJIOBelJeCKOH 'KOMMYHHKa-
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STO 6y,neT 03HaqaTb onpOBep)l{eHIIe <pIIJIOCOcpCKOfO BbICKa3bIBaHH5I.
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npOTHBOpeqHBbIMH, II60 OHH ycnelliHo ynoTpe6Jlfl1OTCfl HaMH ,lI.JIH
onIIcaHHH Tex IIJIH HHbIX CHT.yaUHit TaKHe BbIpa)KeHH5I BbIHOJIHHIOT
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nHcaHa B xapaKTepHoH MaHepe HJIOCO HH «o6w)I.eHHOro H3WKa».
06 .9TOM aBTope CJIe)I.yeT C'Ka3aTb oco60. OTHollleHHe aHaJIHTHKOB
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rocnO)I.CTBa OCTHHa H «OKC OP.lI.CKOH 111IKOJIbI» Ha '6pHTaHCKOH cpH-
JIOCO eKOH cneHe OMeHHJIHCb nepHOJI.OM CTOJIb )Ke e,l1HHO,lI.YllIHoro
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)Ke BpeMH OTHOllleHHe K OCTHHY 60JIee B3BellleHHoe, YlIHTbIBaIOllI.ee
AOCTOHHCTBa H He)I.OCTaTKH ero nO)I.xot.Aa.
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3bIBalOllJ,erO eJIeHanpaBJIeHHbIH .9 ' eKT B03J1.eHCTBHH Ha lIYBcTBa
H MbICJIH BocnpHHH'MalO Hx pellb JIIOJ1.eH). 3Ta TeopHH OKa3aJIa
60JIbllIOe BJIHHHHe Ha HOBeH'llIHe pal60TbI JIHHfBHCTOB H JIOfHKOB.
t.ITO )Ke IKacaeTCH co6cTBeHHo CTaTbH «3HaqeHHe CJIOBa», TO OHa,
KaK npe.lI.CTaBJI5:leTCH, n03BOJIHT qHTaTeJIIO npOHHKHYTb B «JIa6opa-
TOpHIO» JIHHi'BHCTHqeCKOH HJIOCO HH, nOllYBcTBoBaTb KOHKpeTHbIH
xapaKTep caMOH aHaJIHTHqeCKOH Ae5:lTeJIbHOCTH.
TeKcT aBCTpaJIHHCKOro HJIOCO a ,Q.9BHJ1.a ApMcTpoHfa
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qalOllJ,HH B ce6H 60JIee n03J1.HHe pa60TbI aHaJIHTHKOB. B HeM H3JIO-
)KeHa TOqKa 3peHH5:I «HayqHOTO MaTepHaJIH3Ma» Ha np06JIeMY co-
3HaHHH H nCHXHQeCKHX npOII.eCcoB. 3TO TeqeHHe, B03HHKllIee B paM-
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tIHTeJIbHOe qHCJIO CTOpOHHHKOB H nOCJIeJIOBaTeJIeH. B nOCJIeJ1.Hee
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IOJ1.eJIHpOBaHH5:I nCHXHqeCKHX npon:eCCOB C nOMOllJ,blO KOMIIbIOTe-
pOB. B H3JIO)KeHHH ApMCTpOHra Te3HC 0 To eCTBe MeHTaJIbHO O
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JIeHHOCTblO. 11 XOTH aBTOp aprY,MeHTHpyeT, HCnOJIb3YH KOHKpeTHble
pe3YJIbTaTbI COBpeMeHHOH HaYKH, ero paCCY'JKJI.eHHH BnHCbIBalOTCH
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6JIeM cpHJIOCOcpHH - TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH nCHxocpH3HlIeOKOH (nCHlxocpH-
3HOJIOrHqeCKOH) np06JIeMbI.
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pHaJIHCTOB» aMepHKaHOKHH cpHJIOCOcp ,QOHaJIbJI. ,Q3BHJI.COH (p 1917)
n01I.qepKHBaeT HeCBOJ1.HMOCTb MeHTaJIbHOrO K cpH3HQeCKoMY, KBaJIH-
9
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COH nOKa3bIBaeT CBSl3b ceMaHTHqeCKOro 3HaqeHHH C HHllHBH,lI.yaJIb-
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lITO pa60Ta B 3TOM HarrpaBJIeHHH ,6Y,lI.eT np0,lI.OJI,)KeHa Ha Haw
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rOH» HJIOCO HH, HO H JIHH'rBHCTaM, nCHXOJIOraM, JIOrHKaM.
6. Pac c e JI
MOE <l>HJlOCO<l>CKOE PA3BHTHE
r AaBa 5
60Pb6A 3A nJllOPAJIH3M
K KOHUY 1898 rO,lI.a Myp H 51 BOCCTaJIH npoTHB KaHTa II
fereJI51. Myp HaqaJI '6YHT, 51 BepHo 3a HHM nOCJIeJJ.OBaJI ,[LYMalO,
qTO nepBbIM ony6JIHKOBaHHbI I M pa3'b51CHeHHeM HOBOH cpHJIOCOcpHH
CTaJIa CTaTbH Mypa B )KypHaJIe «MaHH,lI.» - «TIpHpO,lI.a cY)K,lI.e-
HH51» *. B,nOCJIe,lI.CTBHH MbI OTKa3aJIHCb OT ,MHorHX TOr,lI.alllHHX H,lI.eH
O,lI.HaKO KpHTH1.IeCKYIO 1.IaCTb, - HMeHHO, qTO fjJaKT B 06w.eM H ue-
JIOM He3aBHCHM OT OnbtTa, - np0,lI.OJI)KaeM CqHTaTb npaBHJIbHOH.
HeCMOTp51 Ha 06W.HOCTb n03HUHH, HHTepeCOBaJIO Hac B HOBOH cpH-
JIOCOcpHH pa3Hoe. TIOJIara1O, 4TO ,lI.JI51 Mypa r JIaBHbIM 6bIJIO onpo-
Bep)KeHHe H,lI.eaJIH3Ma, a ,lI.JI51 MeH51 - onpOBep)KeHHe MOHH3Ma.
BnpOqeM, H,lI.eaJIH3M H MOHH3M TeCHO CB513aHW B yqeHHH 06 OTHO-
rneHH51X, ,lI.HCTHJIJIHpOBaHHoM 5p3,lI.JIH ** H3 cpHJIOCOcpHH fereJI51.
51 Ha3BaJI ero yqeHHeM 0 BHYTpeHHHx OTHOllleHH51X, a co6cTBeHHbIe
B31rJI51llbI - yqeHHeM 0 BHelllHHX OTHOllleHH51X. COrJIaCHO yqeHHIO 0
BHYTpeHHlIx OTHOllleHH51X BC51Koe OTHOllleHHe Me)KJJ.Y ,lI.B)'1M51 qJIeHa-
MH BbIpa)KaeT npe}K,lI.e Bcero BHYTpeHHe npHcyw.He HM CBoHcTBa, a
B KOHeqHOM CqeTe - CBOHCTBO Toro eJIoro, KOTopoe OHH 06pa3Y-
lOT. C HeKoTopbIMH OTHOllleHH51MH 3TO nOXO)Ke Ha npaB,,lI.Y. B03b-
MeM, K npHMepy, JII060Bb HJIH HeHaBHCTb. ECJIH A JII06HT 5, TO
3TO OTHOllleHHe np051BJI51eTC51, a MO)KeT 6bITb, H COCTOHT, CKa)KeM,
B HeKOTopOM YMOHaCTpoeHHH, HcnbITbIBaeMOM A. ,[La)Ke aTeHCT
,lI.OJI)KeH npH3HaTb, 1.ITO qeJIOBeK MO)KeT JII06HTb 60ra. OTCIO,lI.a CJIe-
,lI.yeT, qTO JII060Bb K 60ry - YIMOHaCTpoeHHe, a He caM cpaKT OTHO-
llleHH51. O,lI.HaKO MeH51 HHTepeCOBaJIH OTHOllleHH51 60JIee a6CTpaKT-
Horo pO,lI.a. TIpe,lI.nOJIO)KHM, qTO A H 5 - C06bITH5I H A npOH30111JIO
paHbllle, qeM 5. Bp51,lI. JIH eCTb qTO-JIH60 B A, 6JIarO,lI.ap51 qeMY H -
3aBHCHMO OT 5 OHO 06JIa,lI.aeT TeM, 0 qeM MbI rOBopHM, KOr,lI.a yno-
MHHaeM 5. JIeH6HHIJ. npHBo,lI.HT KpaHHHH npHMep: eCJIH y qeJIOBeKa,
)KHBYlIJ.erO B EBpone, eCTb ./KeHa B I1H,lI.HH H OHa YMHpaeT, a OH 06
3TOM He 3HaeT, TO 4eJIOBeK ,lI.OJI)KeH BHYTpeHHe H3MeHHTbC51 B ca-
MbIl1 MOMeHT ee CMepTH. I1MeHHo C TaKoro p0,lI.a yqeHH51MH 51 H cpa-
)KaJIC51. YqeHHe 0 BHYTpeHHHx OTHOllleHH51X oc06eHHo HenpHMeH -
MO B ,cJIyqae «acHMMeTpH1.IHbIX» OTHOllleHHH (KOr,lI.a HeKoTopoe OT-
HOllleHHe HMeeTC5I Me)K,lI.Y A H 5, HO Me)K,lI.y 5 H A ero HeT). B03b-
MeM OTHOllleHHe «paHbllle». ECJIH A paHblile 5, TO 5 He paHblile A.
ECJIH BbI nonbITaeTeCb BbIpa3HTb OTHOllleHHe Me)K,lI.Y A H 5 nocpe,lI.-
CTBOM npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX K A H 5, TO BbIHY)K,lI.eHbI 6Y,lI.eTe npH6er-
HYTb K nOMOlIJ.H ,lI.aT. BbI MO)KeTe CKa3aTb, qTO BpeM51 C06bITH51 A
eCTb CBOHCTBO A, a BpeM51 C06bITH51 5 eCTb CBOHCTBO 5. Ho 3TO He
nOMOlKeT, nOTOMY qTO BbI ,lI.OJI)KHbI 6Y,LLeTe CKa3aTb ,lI.aJIee qTO Bpe-
M5I, KOr,lI.a npOH3011IJIO A, - 60JIee paHHee, qeM BpeM5I, KOr,lI.a npo-
H30111JIO 5; If BaM HeKY,LLa ,lI.eTbC5I OT YKa3aHHoro OTHOllleHH51 «paHb-
11
me». ECJIH BbI CTaHeTe CqHTaTb 3TO OTHOIlIeHHe CBOHCTBOM n.eJIoru,
COCTaBJIeHHOrO If3 A If 5, "TO OKa)KeTeCb B elIJ.e 60JIee TPYJ(HOM no-
JIOMeHHH, H60 B 3TOM QeJIOM A H 5 He ynop5I)1,OqeHbl If BbI He CMO-
MeTe pa3JIHQHTb Me)K.lI.y «A paHbIlIe E» H «5 paHbme A». ACHM-
MeTpHqHbIe OTHOlUeHH5I HrpalOT cYll1.eCTBeHHYIO pOJIb B MaTeMaTHKe,
TaK lITO 3TO yqeHIfe 6bIJIO 3,lI.eCb BeCbl'v1a Ba)KHbIM.
B03MO)KHO, JIyqIlIeH HJIJIIOCTpall.HeH 6Y.ll.eT ll.HTaTa H3 Moero )1,0-
KJIa,lI.a, npOqHTaHHOro B ApHCTOTeJIeBCKOM 06ll1.eCTBe B 1907 ro,lI.Y
II nOCB5Ill1.eHHoro KHHre r a pOJIb,lI.a l10axHMa «fIpHpO,lI.a HCTHHbI» *.
«:Bce paccMoTpeHHbIe HaMH yqeHH5I BbIBO,lI.HMbI H3 O.ll.HOrO n.eHT-
paJIbHOrO JIOrHqeCKOrO YQeHH5I. CcpOPMYJIHpyeM ero cJIe,lI.YIOll1.HM
06pa30M: «BC5IKOe OTHorneHHe KopeHHTcH B npHpO,lI.e IIJIeHOB OTHO-
rneHH5I». Ha30BeM ero «aK'CHOMOH BHYTpeHHHx OTHOllleHHH» 113 aK-
CH0o/lbI CJIe.ll.yeT, qTO QeJIoe peaJIbHOCTH HJIH HCTHHbI .lI.OJI)KHO 6bITb
3HaqHMbIM n.eJIbIM, B CMbICJIe M-pa 110axHMa. 1160 Ka)K,lI.aH QaCTb
6Y,lI.eT HMeTb npHpO,lI.y, BbI5IBJIHIOll1.YIO CBOH OTHOIlleHH5I K Ka)K,lI.OH
n.pyroH QaCTH H K n.eJIOMY; OTCIO,lI.a eCJIH npHpO,lI.a JII060H 'lIaCTH
nOJIHOCTblO H3BeCTHa, TO If3BeCTHa TaK)Ke npHpO)1,a n.eJIoro H Ka)K-
)I.OH ero qaCTH; If Ha060pOT, eCJIH npHpO,lI.a n.eJIoro nOJI-
HOCTblO H3BeCTHa, TO H3BeCTHbI 6Y,lI.YT ero OTHOllleHHH K qaCT5IM,
OTHOIlleHH5I lIacTeH ,lI.pyr K )I.pyry H, CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, npHpo.ll.a Ka)K-
;:I.ofI H3 qaCTeH. OqeBH,lI.HO TaK)Ke, lITO eCJIH peaJIbHOCTb IICTHHbI 5IB-
JI5IeTCH 3HaQHMbIM n.eJIbIM (B CMbICJIe M-pa 110axHMa), aKCHOM3
BHYTpeHHHx OTHOllleHHH ,lI.OJI)KHa 6bITb HCTHHHOH OTCIO,lI.a aKCHOM a
9KBHBaJIeHTHa MOHHCTHqeCKOH TeopHH HCTHHbI.
,QaJIee, eCJIH MbI He pa3JIHQaeM Me)K,lI.y Bell1.blO H ee «npHpo-
.rr.ofI», H3 aKCHOMbI CJIe,lI.yeT, lITO no HCTHHe HHqerO HeJIb35I paCCMaT-
pHBaTb BHe OTHOIlleHH5I K ll.eJIOMY 1160 eCJIH «A OTHOCHTC5I K 5 »,
A H E OTHOCHTC5I TaKMe KO BceMY OCTaJIbHOMY BO BCeJIeHHOH. Kor-
n.a MbI paCCMaTpHBaeM TY QaCTb npHpOlIbI A, 6JIaron.apH KOTOpOH
A OTHOCHTC5I K 5, MbI, OKa3bIBaeTC5I, paccMaTpHBaeM A 'lIepe3 OT-
HOllleHHe K 13; HO 3TO a6cTpaKTHbIH H JIHIllb qaCTHqHO HCTHHHbIH
cnoc06 paCCMOTpeHH5I A, H60 npHpO,LI,a A, KOTOpa5I TO)KAeCTBeHHa
C caMHM A, CO,lI.epMHT B ce6e OCHOBaHH5I ,lI.JI5I OTHOllleHH I' KO BceMY
,lI,pyrOMY, a He TOJIbKO K E. TaKHM 06pa30M, HHqerO HCTHHHoro 06
A CKa3aTb HeJIb35I, eCJII1 He YLIHTbIBaTb BCIO BCeJIeHHYIO; H TOr,lI.3
TO, 'lITO rOBOpHTC5I 06 A, 6YAeT TO)KJ(eCTBeHHO TOMY, 'lITO rOBopHT-
C5I 060 BceM OCTaJIbHOM, nOCKOJIbKY npHpo,lI.W pa3JIHqHWX Bemeli
,lI,OJIMHbI BblpaMaTb, nO,lI.06HO MOHa,lI.aM JIeii6HHll.a, O,lI.HY H TY :lKe
cHcTeMY OTHorneHHiL
PaccMoTpHM Tenepb 60JIee nO,lI.p06HO CMbICJI aKCHOMbI BHYTpeH-
HHX OTHOllleHHH H )1,OBOAbI 3a H npoTHB Hee. Y Hac eCTb .lI.JI5I HalIa-
JIa .lI.Ba B03MO)KHbIX CMbICJIa: CqHTaeTC51, lITO KaM)1,Oe OTHOIlleHHe
1) peaJIbHO KOHCTHTYHpoBaHo npHpO,lI.aMH ero IIJIeHOB HJIH ueJIbIM,
KOTopoe OHH 06pa3YIOT, 2) HJIH lITO npOCTO KaM.1I.Oe OTHorneHHe KO-
peHHTC5I B 3THX npHpO,lI.ax. He BIIMY, IIT06bI H,lI.eaJIHCTbI HX pa3JIH.
qaJIH; Ha060poT, Bo06me rOBOp5I, OHH CKJIOHHbI OTOM,lI.eCTBJI5ITb
CYM,lI.eHHe C ero CJIe.ll.CTBH5IMH, TeM caMbIM peaJIH3YH O.ll.HO H3 xa-
paKTepHbIx rrOJIO)KeHHH rrparMaTH3Ma. Pa3JIHlIeHHe 3THX .lI.BYX CMbI -
12
JIOB O,ll.HaKO, He CTOJIb Y)K Ba)KHO, rrOCKOJIbKY 06a OHH Be,ll.YT K
B03 peHHIO, corJIaCHO KOTOpOMy OTHOllieHIB1 Bo06me HeT
AKCHOMa BHYTpeHHHX OTHOllIeHHH B JII060H ee cpopMe rrpHBO,ll.H f,
KaK Cl1paBe,ll.JIHBO HaCTaHBaeT M-P Bp3,l1.JIII (CM. «BH,lI.HMOCTb If pe-
aJIbHOCTb», 2-e H3,U.., c. 519: «PeaJIbHOCTb e,lI.HHa (one). OHa ,lI.OJI)K-
Ha 6bITb e,ll.HHCTBeHHOH (single), nOToMY qTO MHO)KeCTBeHHOCTb,
B35ITaH KaK peaJIbHOCTb, npoTHBOpeqHT ce6e. MHO)KeCTBeHHocTb
npe,lI.l1oJIaraeT OTHOllIeHHH, II qepe3 OTHOllIeHHH OHa, caMa Toro
He 2KeJIaH, Bcer,U.a YTBepLK,lI.aeT BbICllIee e,lI.HHCTBO (unity)>», K 3a-
KJIlOqeHHIO, lITO OTHOllIeHHH HeT H qTO CYllI.eCTByeT He MHO)KeCTBO
BemeH, HO TOJIbKO O,U.Ha BellI.b. (l1,U.eaJIHCTbI ,U.o6aBHJIH 6bI: B KOHeq-
HOM C1.JeTe. Ho 3TO 03HaqaeT JIHllIb TO, tITO HM He Hcer,U.a XOTeJIOCb
ObI 110MHHTb 06 3TOM CJIe,lI.CTBHH.) 3aKJIIOlIeHHe rrOJIyqaeTCH, KOr,lI.a
MbI paccMaTpHBaeM OTHOllIeHHH pa3Hoo6pa3HH (diversity). 1160
eCJIIf peaJIbHO CYllI.eCTBYIOT ,U.Be BellI.H A H 5, KOTopbIe pa3JIHQHbI,
nOJIHOCTblO pe,lI.Y HpoBaTb 3TO pa3JIHqHe K npHJIaraTeJIbHWM, npH-
Ha,lI.JIeLKallI.HM A H S, HeB03MOLKHO. A H 5 6Y'u'YT C Heo6xo,lI.HMOCTblO
HMeTb pa3JIHqHbIe npHJIaraTeJIbHbIe, H HX pa3JIHlIHe He MO)KeT 03-
HalIaTb (eCJIH MbI He LKeJIaeM 6eCKOHelIHoro perpecca), lITO A H 5
HMelOT pa3JIHQHbIe npHJIaraTeJIbHbIe no OQepe,lI.H. 1160 eCJIH MbI
f'OBOpHM, lITO A II 5 pa3JIHIIHbl, Kor,lI.a A IIMeeT npHJIaraTeJIbHOe,
«OTJIHQHOe OT 5», a 5 - «OTJIHIIHOe OT A», TO ,lI.OJILKHbI npe,lI.nOJIa-
fraTb, lITO 3TH l1pHJIaraTeJIbHble pa3JIHQHbl. Tor,lI.a «OTJIHQHOe OT A»
lI.OJI)KHO HMeTb npHJIaraTeJIbHOe, «OTJIHIIHOe OT «OTJIHQHOe OT A»»,
II TaK ,lI.aJIee ad infinitum. Mbl He MO)KeM CIIHTaTb «OTJIHQHOe OT
5» npHJIaraTeJIbHblM, He Tpe6YIOllI.HM ,U.aJIbHeHllIefr pe,lI.YK HH, Ii
.n.OJILKHbI cnpOCHTb, lITO HMeeTCH B BH,lI.Y no,lI. «OT JIHQHbIM» B aTOM
Bblpa)KeHHH, r,U.e npHJIaraTeJIbHOe 06pa30BaHO OT OTHOllleHHH, a He
OTHOllIeHHe OT npHJIaraTeJIbHoro. TaKHM 06pa30M, eCJIH MbI HIlI.eM
pa3JIHQHH, TO pa3JIHlIHe He ,lI.OJI)KHO CBO,lI.HTbCH K pa3JIHIIHIO npHJIa-
raTeJIbHblX, T. e. OHO He ,U.OJI)KHO KopeHHTbCH B «npHpO,lI.ax» pa3-
JIHQHblX IIJIeHOB OTHOllIeHHH. n03TOMY eCJIH aKCHOMa BHYTpeHHHX
OTHorneHHH HCTHHHa, H3 3Toro CJIe,lI.yeT, QTO pa3JIHQHH HeT, a eCTb
TOJIbKO O,U.Ha BellI.b. TaK lITO aKCHOMa BHYTpeHHHX OTHOllIeHHH 3K-
BHBaJIeHTHa ,lI.OnymeHHIO OHTOJIOrHQeCKOrO MOHH3Ma H OTpH aHHIO
-CYllI.eCTBOBaHHH OTHOllleHHH. Kor,lI.a MbI CTaJIKHBaeMCH C OTHOllIe-
HHeM, TO B ,U.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 3TO - npHJIaraTeJIbHOe, npHHa,lI.JIe)Kd-
lIJ.ee eJIOMY, COCTOHllI.eMY 1I3 IIJIeHOB 3Toro OTHOllIeHHH.
AKCHOMa BHYTpeHHHX OTHOllIeHHH, TaKHM 06pa30M, 3KBHBaJIeHT-
Ha ,lI.onYllI.eHHIO, QTO Ka}KJI.oe CYLK,lI.eHHe HMeeT O,lI.HH cy6'beKT H O,lI.HH
npe,U.HKaT. 1160 cY)K,lI.eHHe, YTBep2K)I.alOmee HeKoTopoe OTHOllIeHHe,
Bcer'u'a ,lI.OJI)KHO pe,U.Y HpoBaTbcH K cy6'beKT-l1pe,lI.HKaTHoMY cY2KJI.e-
HHIO 0 eJIOM, COCTOHIlI.eM H3 QJIeHOB OTHOllIeHHH. IlpoLLBHraHcb KO
Bce 60JIee IIlHpOKHM UeJIbIM, MbI nOCTeneHHO HCl1paBJIHeM HalliH nep-
Bble H rpy6bIe a6cTpaKTHbIe cY)K eHHH II l1pHOJIH2KaeMCH K eJI.HHoM
HCTHHe 060 BceM. E,lI.HHCTBeHHaH, 110CJIe,lI.HHH H nOJIHaH HCTHHa ,U.OJI-
)KHa COCT05ITb H3 cY)K,U.eHHH C OJI.HHM cy6'beKTOM (T. e. C neJIbIM)
II O,lI.HHM npeLLHKaToM. Ho nOCKOJIbKY 3TO npeJI.110JIaraeT pa3JIH1.Je-
He MeLK,lI.Y cy6'beKTOM H l1pe,lI.HKaTOM, KaK eCJIH 6bI OHH 6bIJIH pa3-
13
JIHqHbI, TO )l.a2Ke 3TO CY2K)I.eHHe He BnOJIHe HCTHHHO. Pa3YMeeTCH
OHO He 5IBJIHeTC5I «HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHO nonpaBHMbIM (corrigible) »
OHO HCTHHHO - HaCTOJIbKO, HaCKOJIbKO HCTHHa Bo06IIJ.e M02KeT ObIT
HCTHHHOH; HO ,lla2Ke a6COJIIOTHa5I HCTHHa OCTaeTC5I He BnOJIHe HC
THHHOH. (Cp. «BH,lI,HMOCTb H peaJIbHOCTb», l-e H3,lI,., c. 544: «,Qa}Ke
a6COJIIOTHa5I HCTHHa, TaKHM oopa30M, OKa3bIBaeTCSI B KOHlLe KOH..
Il.OB 01llH60qHOH. 11 CJIe,lI,yeT rrpH3Ha Tb, tITO B KOHue KOHIl.OB HilKa
KaH B03M02KHaH HCTHHa He 5IBJI5IeTCH BnOJIHe HCTHHHOH, a eCTb qac
THq,HOe Hea,lI,eKBaTHoe rrepeJI02KeHHe Toro, qTO OHa XOTeJIa 6bI co...
6010 npe,lI,CTaBJI5ITb. 11 3TOT BHYTpeHHHH pa3pbIB npHHa,lI,JIe)KHT ca.
MOMY CBOH'CTBy HCTHHbl. Ho Bce )Ke pa3JIHqeHHe Me)K,lI,Y aOCOJIIOT
HOH H KOHeqHOH HCTHHaMH )l.OJI)KHO npoBo,lI,HTbC5I, H60 nepBa5I, ra..
BOp5I KOpOTKO, He HBJI5IeTC5I HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHO nonpaBHMOH».)
ECJIM MbI cnpoC'HM, KaKOBbI OCHOBaHH5I B nOJIb3Y aKCHOMbI BHYi'
peHHHx OTHOllleHHH, TO nOJIyqeHHbIH OTBeT Hac He Y.lI.OBJIeTBopHT.
M-p l1oaxHM, HanpHMep, ,lI,OnycKaeT ee 6e30rOBOpOqHO, O,lI,HaKO He
npHBO,lI,HT HHKaKHX aprYMeHTOB. nonWTKa HaHTH OCHOBaHH5I npH
BOllHT K ,lI,BYM ,lI,OBO)l.aM, XOT5I, B03M02KHO, Ha caMOM ,lI,eJIe OHM HH..
qeM .lI.Pyr OT .lI.Pyra He OTJIMqaIOTC5I. nepBbIH - 3TO 3aKOH 1l0CTa-
TOqHOro OCHOBaHH5I, COrJIaCHO KOTOPOMY rpy6bIx cpaKTOB HeT: Bce
,lI,OJI2KHO HMeTb OCHOBaHHe, qT06bI 6bITb HMeHHO TaKHM, a He ,lI,PY-
rHM. (CM. «BH,lI,HMOCTb H peaJIbHOCTb», 2-e H3J{., c. 575: «ECJIH Be-
IJ..{H He BCTynalOT B OTHOllleHHe no CBoeH BHYTpeHHeH npHpO.lI.e, TO
Torlla OHH, BH.il.HMO, OTHOC5ITC5I 6e3 KaKOH-JIH60 npHqHHbI H HX OT-
HOllleHHe CKopee Bcero 5IBJI5IeTCH npOH3BOJIbHbIM». C'M. TaK2Ke
c. 577.). BO-BTOPbIX, H'MeeTCH TaKOH cpaKT: eCJIH Me2K,lI,y ,lI,BYMH Be
IIJ.aMH eCTb onpe.lI.eJIeHHOe OTHOllleHHe, TO 3TO HeH316e)KHO; eCJIH 16bl
3TO 6bIJIO He TaK, TO OHH ,6bIJIH ObI )I.pyrHMH BeIIJ.3 t MH; 3TO, BH,lI,HMO,
YK33bIBaeT Ha TO, tITO B BeIIJ.ax C3MHX no ce6e eCTb He'IlTO TaKoe,
tITO npHBOllHT K cYlll.eCTBYIOIIJ.HM Me)K.lI.Y HHMH OTHO,llleHH5IM.
(1) 33KOH ,lI,OCTaTOqHOrO OCHOB3HH5I TPY,lI,HO CCPOPMYJIHpOBaTb
TOqHO. OH He M02KeT 03HaqaTb npOCTO, qTO Ka)K,lI,oe HCTHHHoe CY)K-
)l.eHHe JIorHqeCKH BWBO,lI,MMO H3 HeKOToporo Apyroro HCTHHHoro
CY .lI.eHH5I, n60 3TO OtIeBH.LLHa5I HCTHHa, 'KOTOpa5I He Y.lI.OBJIeTBOp5IeT
CJIen.CTBH5IM, Tpe6yeMbIM OT 33'KOHa. K npHMepy, 2+2=4 MO)KHO
BbIBeCTH H3 4+4=8, HO a6cYP.ll.HO 6bIJIO :ObI nOJIar3Tb 4+4=8
OCHOBaHHeM 2+2=4. B K3'lleCTBe OCHOBaHH5I cY)K.lI.eHHSI BCer)l.3 no-
JIa['aIOTC5I O.ll.HO MJIH HeCKOJIbKO 160JIee npocTblX cY)K.lI.eHHH. TaKHM
06pa30M, 33'KOH .lI.OCT3TO,qHOTO OCHOBaHH5I .lI.OJI)KeH 03H3tIaTb, QTO
BCHKoe CY)K.lI.eHHe M02KHO BbIBeCTH H3 .60JIee npocTbIX cY)KJJ.eHH I
Ho 3TO Ka2KeTC5I OQeBM.llHO JIO)KHbIfM; B JII060M cJIYQae 3TO He HMe-
eT OTHOllleHH5I K paCCMOTpeHHIO H.lI.eaJIH3Ma, rrOCKOJIbKY C ero TOQ-
KH 3peHH5I tIeM CY2K.lI.eHH5I npOIIJ.e, TeM OHH MeHee HCTHHHbI - TaK
tITO a6CYP.ll.HO 6bIJIO r6bI HatIHHaTb C npOCTbIX CY)K)I.eHHH 51 3aKJIIO-
tIalO n03TOMY, tITO eCJIH KaKaH-TO CPOPMYJIHpOBKa 3aKOHa .lI.OCT3TOQ-
Horo OCHOBaHHSI H npaXO.ll.HT, ee CJIe.ll.yeT HCKaTb CKopee BO BTO-
pOM .,lI.OBOJJ,e, BbI)I.BHraeMOM B nOJIb3Y aKCHOM OTHOllleHHH, a HMeH-
HO -ltITO qJIeHbI OTHO'llleHH5I He tMorYT OTHOCHTbCSI HHatIe tIeM OHH
OTHOCHTCH.
14
(2) CHJIa ,lI.aHHOrO aprYMeHTa, rro-MoeMY, OCHOBaHa rJIaBHbIM
o6pasoM Ha OIllH601IHOH <popMe YTBep)K,lI.eHHH. MO)KHO CKa3aTb:
«ECJIH A H B OTHOCSITCH HeKOTopbIM 06pa30M, BbI ,lI.OJI)KHbI npH-
3H3Tb, lITO eCJIH 6bI OHM He OTHOCHJIHCb TaKHM 06pa30M, TO 6bIJIH
6bl JIPyrHMH, lIeM OHH eCTb, H lITO, CJIe,ll.OBaTeJIbHO, B HHX ,lI.OJI)KHO
33KJIIOlIaTbCSI HetITO CYIIJ.eCTBeHHoe j.{JIH cnoco6a MX OTHOllIeHHH».
I1T3K, eCJIH ,lI.Ba lIJIeHa OTHOCSITCH onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIM 06pa30M, OTCIO-
.n.3 CJIe,ll.yeT, liTO eCJIH 6bI OHH He OTHOCHJIHCb TaKHM 06pa30M, TO
H3 3Toro 6bI BbITeKaJIO Bce lITO yrO,ll.HO. I1J60 eCJIH OHH TaK OTHOCSlT-
Cfl TO rHnOTe3a, lITO OHH He OTHOCHTCSI TaKHM cnoc060M, SlBJISleT-
,
Cfl JIO)KHOH, a H3 JIO)KHOH IrHIIIOTe3bI BbIBO,lI.HTCSI Bce qTO yrO,lI.HO.
TaKHM 06pa30M, cpopMa YTBep)K,lI.eHHH .u.OJI)KHa 6bITb H3MeHeHa
Mbl MO)KeM eKa3aTb: «ECJIH A H 5 OTHOCHTCH onpe,ll.eJIeHHbIM 06-
pa30M, TO Bce, He OTHOCHIIJ.eeCSI TaKHM 06pa30M, ,lI.OJI)KHO 6bITb
.llPYifHM, lIeM A H 5, CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO ... H T. ,lI..» Ho 3TO JIHlllb ,lI.0-
Ka3bIBaeT, ,qTO Bce, He OTHOCHmeeCH TaK, KaK OTHOCSITCH A H 5,
)J.OJI1KHO HYMepHqeC-KH OTJIHqaTbCSI OT A HJIH 5; 3TO He J{OKa3bIBaeT
pa3JIHqHH npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX B CJIyqae, eCJIH MbI He npHHHMaeM aK-
CHOMbI BHYTpeHHHX OTHOllleHHH. Il03TOMY aprYMeHT HMeeT JIHlllb
PHTOpHQeCKYIO CHJIY H He MO)KeT ,lI.OKa3aTb Te3HC 6e3 Kpyra.
OCTaeTCH cnpOCHTb, eCTb JIH ,lI.OBO,ll.bI -npOTHB aKCHOMbI BHYT-
peHHHX OTHOllleHHH. nepBbIH ap'rYMeHT, KOTOpbIH cpa3Y LKe npHXO-
.D.HT Ha YM ee onnOHeHTY, 3TO TPY,lI.HOCTb npOBe,ll.eHHH aKCHOMbI Ha
npaKTHKe. MbI paCCMaTpHBaJIH O,ll.HH npHMep 3Toro B CJIyqae pa3-
JIHQHH: BO MHorHX .n.PyrHx CJIyqaSlX TPY,lI.HOCTb eIIJ.e 60JIee OqeBH,lI.-
Ha. Ilpe,ll.IIOJIO)KHM, K rrpHMepy, qTO O,lI.Ha KHHra 60JIbllIe, qeM ,lI.py-
raH. MO)KHO pe,lI.Y HpOBaTb OTHOllleHHe «60JIbllle, qeM» Me)K,lI.Y TO-
MaMH K npHJIaraTeJIbHbIM, eCJIH CKa3aTb, qTO O,ll.HH TOM TaKorO-TO H
TaKOTO-TO pa3Mepa, a J(pyroH - TaKorO-TO H TaKorO-TO. Ho TorLla
O,lI.HH pa3MepbI ,lI.OJI)KHbI 6bITb 60JIbllIe, qeM ,lI.pyrHe pa3MepbI. ECJIH
MbI nonp06yeM pe,lI.y HpoBaTb 3TO HOBoe OTHOllleHHe K rrpHJIara-
TeJIbHbIM, KOTopbIe npHHa,lI.JIeLKaJIH 6bI pa3MepaM, TO caMH npHJIara-
TeJIbHbIe Bce paBHO COXpaHHJIH 6bI OTHOllIeHHe «60JIbllIe, qeM» If
T. ,lI.. OTCIOlla, MbI He MOLKeM (He Bna,lI.aH B 6eCKOHeQHbIH perpecc)
He npH3HaTb, qTO paHO HJIH rr03,lI.HO rrpMXO,lI.HM K OTHOllIeHHIO, He
CBO,lI.HMOMY K npHJIaraTeJIbHbIM, KOTopbIe HMeIOTC5I y qJIeHOB OTH')-
llIeHM51. 3TOT aprYMeHT npHMeHHM B oc06eHHOCTH K aCHMMeTpHQ-
HbIM OTHOllIeHHHM, T. e. K TaKHM, qTO eCJIH OHM HMeIOTC5I Me)K,lI.y A
II 5, TO HX HeT Me)K,lI.Y 5 M A. (AprYMeHT, KOTOpbIH 311eCb JIHllIb Ha-
MeQeH, pa3BepHYT rrOJIHOCTblO B MoeH KHHre «IlpHHll.HnbI MaTeMa-
THKH», 212-216.)
DOJIee cepbe3HbIH aprYMeHT rrpoTHB aKCHOMbI BHYTpeHHHx OTHO-
meHHH CB513aH C paccMoTpeHHeM CMbICJIa CJIOBa «npHpo.n.a» TepMH-
Ha. COBna.n.aeT JIH rrpHpO,ll.a C caMHM lIJIeHOM OTHOllIeHHH HJIH 3TO
tITO-TO .n.pyroe? ECJIH ,lI.pyroe, TO OHO ,lI.OJI}KHO HMeTb OTHOllIeHHe K
tIJIeHY, a OTHomeHHe lIJIeHa K eaoeii npHpO,lI.e He MO}KeT 6e3 perpec-
Ca B 6eCKOHelInOCTb 6bITb cBe,lI.eHo K lIeMY-To HHOMY, He}KeJIH OTHO-
IlleHHe. TaKHM 06pa30M, eCJIH HaCTaHBaTb Ha aKCHOMe (BHYTpeH-
)fHX OTHorneHHH) t TO MhI JlOJl}KHbI IIOJlaraTb, QTO TepMHH He eCTb
Ii
HeqTO ,l(Pyroe, He)KeJIH ero npHpO.ll.a. B 3TOM CJIyqae Ka)KJI,oe HCTHt{
Hoe CYLK.lI.eHHe, aTpH6YTHpYIOIIl.ee npe.ll.HKaT cy6'beKTY, HBJIHeTC
lIHCTO aHaJIHTHqeCKHM, InOCKOJIbKY cy6'beKT eCTb ero c06CTBeHHa
npHpO.ll.a, a npe.ll.HKaT - qaCTb 3TOH npHpO bI. Ho qTO )Ke TOrI(
HBJIHeTCH CBH3blO, 06'be.ll.HHHIOIIl.eH npe,l(HKaTbI II JI,eJIaIOIIl.eH HX npe
.D:HKaTaMH O.ll.HOro Cy6neKTa? JII06aH ,l(aHHaH cOBoKyrrHocTb npe.ll.H
KaTOB MOrJIa 6bI TOr.ll.a o6pa30BbIBaTb cy6'beKT, eCJIH cy6'beKTbI H
HBJIHIOTCH qeM-TO JI,pyrHM, He)KeJIH CHCTeMa HX co6CTBeHHbIX rrpe
.lI.HKaTOB. ECJIH «rrpHpO.ll.a» qJIeHa COCTOHT H3 rrpeJI,HKaTOB H B T
JKe BpeMH OHa T02K)I.eCTBeHHa C caMOH BeIIl.blO, TO HeB03MO)KHO no
HHTb, qTO MbI HMeeM B BH.lI.Y, KOr,l(a crrparnHBaeM, HMeeT JIH S npe
.D:HKaT P. 1160 Bonpoc He M02KeT 03HaqaTb: «5IBJIHeTCH JIM P O.ll.HH..
H3 npeJI,HKaTOB, nepeqHCJIHeMbIX HaMH,. Kor.ll.a MbI 06'bHCHHeM, qT
MbI HMeeM B BH.lI.Y rroJI, S?»; a tITO eme, C pa36HpaeMOH TOqKH 3pe-
HHH, OH MO)KeT 03HalIaTb, HeHCHO. MbI He MO)KeM BBeCTH OTHOllIe-
HHe KorepeHI(HH (coherence) Me)K,.lI.Y npe)I.HKaTaMH, 6JIaro,napH KO-
TOPOMY OHH MOrJIH 6w Ha3WBaTbCH npe.ll.HKaTaMH O.ll.HorO cy6'beK
Ta; H60 3TO nOCTaBHT Inpe.ll.HKal.(HIO B 3aBHCHMOCTb OT OTHo,rneHHH
BMeCTO Toro, lIT06bI pe YI(HpOBaTb OTHorneHHH 'K npe)I.HKaI(HHM.
TaKHM 06pa30M, MbI nOna.ll.aeM B 3aTpY,lI.HeHHe 'KaK B CJIYlIae YT-
Bep)K,lleHHH, TaK H B CJIyqae OTpHuaHHH Toro, qTO cy6'beKT OTJIHqa-
eTCH OT «ero npHpO,l(bI». (nO,lI.p06Hee CM. MOIO 'KHHry «<PHJIOCOcpHH
J1eH6HHI(a», 21, 24, 25.)
,LLaJIee, aKCHOMa BHYTpeHHHx OTHOllleHHH HeCOBMeCTHMa C rrpH-
3HaHHeM KaKOH-JIH60 CJIO)KHOCTH. 11!60 OHa Be,lI.eT, KaK MbI BH.lI.eJIH,
K )KeCTKOMY MOHH3MY. I1MeIOTcH TOJIbKO O.ll.Ha BellI.b H TOJIbKO O,l(-
HO cY)KlleHHe. O.ll.HO cY)K,l(eHHe (KOTopoe He rrpOCTO ellHHCTBeHHO
HCTHHHoe CY)K)I.eHHe, HO e.ll.HHCTBeHHoe CY)K.lI.eHHe BOO 6 IIl.e ) aTpH6y-
THpyeT rrpe.ll.H'KaT O.ll.HOMy cy6'beKTY. O)I.HaKo 3TO O.ll.HO CY)K.lI.eHHe
He BnOJIHe HCTHHHO, ,rrOTOMY qTO .npe.ll.nOJIaraeT pa3JIHqeHHe npe-
,l(HKaTa H CY I 6'beKTa Ho TOr.ll.a B03HHKaeT TPY,l(HOCTb: eCJIH npe.ll.H-
KaI(HH npe.ll.rrOJIaraeT pa3JIHqHe npelIHKaTa H cy6'beKTa H eCJIH 3TOT
OllHH npe,lI.HKaT He OTJIHqaeTCH OT 3Toro O,lI.HOrO cy6'beKTa, TO He
MO)KeT 6bITb, BHJI,HMO, ,lI.a)Ke H JIO)KHoro CY)K.lI.eHHH, aTpH i 6YTHPYIO-
mero 3TOT O.ll.HH npe)I.HKaT K 3TOMY O,l(HOMY cy6'beKTY. MbI ,l(OJI)KHbl
6y eM 3aKJIlOqHTb, CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, lITO lnpe.ll.HKaI(HH He rrpe.ll.rrOJIa-
raeT OTJIHqHe 3Toro npe.ll.HKaTa OT 3Toro C"y6'beKTa H lITO .3TOT O.ll.HH
npe.ll.H'KaT HlleHTHqeH 3TOMY O.ll.HOMY cy'6'beKTY. Ho llJIH paCCMaT-
pHBaeMOH HaMH 'cpHJIOCOcpHH CYllI.eCTBeHHO Ba)KHO OTpHII.aTb a6co-
JIIOTHOe TO)K.lI.eCTBO H 'rOBopHTb 0 «TO)K,lI.eCTBe B pa3JIHqHH» - HHa-
tIe OqeBH,lI.Hoe MHoroo6pa3He peaJIbHOrO MHpa OKa3WBaerCH He06'b-
HCHHMbIM. TpY,l(HOCTb B TOM, tITO «TO)KJ!eCTBO B pa3JIHqHH» HeB03-
MO)KHO, eCJIH MbI npH.lI.ep:tKHBaeMCH CTpororo MOHH3Ma. 1160 «TO)K-
,neCTBO B pa3JIHqHH» npe.ll.TIOJIaraeT 'MHoro lIaCTHQHbIX HCTHH, KO-
Topble coe,lI,HHHIOTCH nOCpe.ll.CTBOM B3aHMHbIX cBH3eH B O,l(HO ueJIoe
HCTHHbI (into one whole of truth). OJ!HaKO tIaCTHlIHbIe HCTHHbI B
cTporoM MOHH3Me He npOCTO He BTIOJIHe HCTHHHbI: OHH He CYiIIl.eCT-
BYIOT. ECJIH fibI TaKHe CYJK,lJ.eHH".S1 -cYIlI.eCTBOBaJIH --- HCTHHHbIe HJIH
JIO>KHbIe, - 3TO 1Gb! 03HaQaJIO nJIIOpaJIHCTH 1 1HOCTb.. K.op01Je TOBOpH,
'16
BCH KOHuenU HH «TO)K,lI.eCTBa B pa3JIHQHH». HeCOBMeCTHMa c aKCHO-
MOM BHYTpeHHHX OTHOIlleHHM; H Bce )Ke 6e3 3TOH KOH enUHH MO-
HH3M He MOLKeT 06 p 5ICHHTb MHpa, 6e3 Hee MHp BHe3anHO CXJIOIIbIBa..
eTCH, KaK 'IllanOKJI5IK. 51 3aKJIIOQaIO, tITO aKCHOMa JIO)KHa, a CB5I3aH..
HbIe C HelO nOJI01KeHHH H,lI.eaJIH3Ma HeCOCTOHTeJIbHbI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npOTHB aKCHOMbI, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOM OTHorne--
HHS! He06xo,ll.HMO KopeHHTCH B «npHpO,ll.e» tIJIeHOB HJIH 06pa30BaH-
Horo H3 HHX ueJIoro, ,lI.OBO,ll.bl HMeIOTCH, a B nOJIb3Y 3TOH aKCHOMbt
,lI.OBO,llOB, BH,lI.HMO, HeT. ECJIH aKCHOMa OTBepraeTC5I, TO 6eCCMbIC-
JIeHHbIM CTaHOBHTCH H pa3rOBOp 0 «npHpO,ll.e» qJIeHOB OTHOll1eHHH:
OTHeceHHOCTb (relatedness) He HBJI5IeTCH 60JIee ,lI.OKaSaTeJIbCTBOM
CJIOLKHOCTH; HeKoTopoe )1aHHOe OTHOIlleHHe MO)KeT HMeTb MeCTO
Me)K,lI.Y MHorHMH pa3JIHtIHbIMH napalMH QJIeHOB H HeKoTopbIH ,lI.aH-
HbIH tIJIeH MO)KeT HMeTb MHoro pa3JIHtIHbIX OTHOIlleHHM K pa3JIHQ-
HbIM tIJIeHaM. «TO)K,lI.eCTBO B pa3JIHQHH» HCtIe3aeT: eCTb TO)K.lI.eCTBO
If eCTb pa3JIHtIHe, H KOMnJIeKCbI MorYT HMeTb TO)K,lI.eCTBeHHbIe 3JIe...
MeHTbI If 3JIeMeHTbI pa3JIHtIHbIe. 11 'MbI He 06H3aHbI 60JIee rOBopHTb 0
KaKOH-JIH60 nape 06'beKTOB, 'tITO OHH «B KaKOM-TO CMbICJIe» H TO)K-
)J,eCTBeHHbI, H pa3JIHtIHbI -'KCTaTH, 3TOT «KaKoH-To» CMbICJI Bcer,ll.a
6bIJIO )KH3HeHHO He06xo,ll.HMO OCTaBJIHTb Henp05ICHeHHbIM. TaK 'MbI
nOJIYtIaeM MHp H3 'MHorHX BeIIJ.eH - C OTHOIlleHHS!MH, KOTopbIe HeT
H3,l1.06HOCTli BbIBO,ll.HTb H3 KaKOM -TO «npHpO,ll.bI» HJIH CXOJIaCTHtIe-
CKOH CYIIJ.HOCTH OTHOC5I HXCS! BeIIJ.e I. B 3TOM MHpe Bce CJIO)KHOe
COCTOHT H3 npOCTbIX BeIlI.eH, Me)KlI.Y HHMH HMeIOTC5I OTHOIlleHHH, H
aH3JIH3 He 3aTpY,lI.H5IeTC5I Ha Ka)K OM wary 6eCKOHetIHbIM perpec-
COM. ,QonYCKa5I T3KOH MHP, OCT3eTC5I cnpOCHTb, tITO MbI MO)KeM
CKa3aTb 0 npHpO,ll.e HCTHHbI?»
BnepBbIe Ba)KHOCTb Bonpoca 06 OTHOIlleHH5IX H OC03H3JI, pa60-
TaH Ha,ll. JIeH:6HHl.(eM. 51 06HapY)KHJI (B KHHrax 0 JIeH6HHI(e 3Toro<
He '6bIJIO), tITO ero MeTacpH3HKa OTKpbITO onHp3eTCH Ha YQeHHe, CO-
fJIaCHO ,KOTOPOMY BCHKoe CY)K,lI.eHHe aTpH6YTHPyeT npe.ll.H'KaT cy6'b-
eKTY H (tITO Ka3aJIOCb eMY nOtITH TeM )Ke caMbIM) BC5IKHH cpaKT CO-
CTOHT H3 Cy6CT3H HH, 06JIa)I.alOIIJ.eH HeKOTopbIM CBOHCTBOM. 51 06-
HapY)KHJI, tITO 3TO >Ke ytIeHHe JIe)KHT H B OCHOBaHHH CHCTeM CnH-
H03bI, fereJIH H BP3.l1.JIH, KOTopbIe, BnpOQeM, pa3pa6aTbIBaJIH ero
C 60JIbIlleH JIOrHtIeCKOH cTporocTbIO.
Ho cpHJIOCOcpCKYIO pa,ll.OcTb npHHOCHJIH He 3TH CYXHe JIOrHtIeCKHe
TeopHH. 51 tIYBCTBOBaJI H3CTo5ImylO CBo60,ll.Y, MHe 6Y,lI.TO y.n.aJIOCb
BbIpBaTbCH lI3 .lI.YIllHoro nOMeIII.eHHH II OKa3aTbCH Ha OBeBaeMOM
CBe)KHM BeTpoM MOpCKOM MbICY. Dpe)lnOJIO)KeHHe, QTO npoCTp3H-
CTBO H BpeMS! cY'IIJ.eCTBYIOT TOJIbKO B MoeM YMe, MeHH ,lI.YWHJIO: H
JII06HJI 3Be3,l1.Hoe He60 ,lI.a)Ke 60JIbWe, QeM MOp3JIbHbIH 3aKoH, H
K.aHToBbI B3r JIH,lI.bI, 'no 'KOTOpbIM BbIXO,ll.HJIO, tITO MOH JII060Bb JIHIllb
cYO'beKTHBHa5I <pHK H5I, 6bIJIH .lI.JI5I MeH5I HeBbIHOCHMbI. B nepBoM
nopbIBe oCBo(0)K,lI.eHH5I H CTaJI HaHBHbIM peaJIHCTOM H paJI.oBaJICH,
tITO TpaBa ,lI.eHcTBHTeJIbHO 3eJIeHa5I, BonpeKH MHeHHIO Bcex cpHJIO-
COCPOB HaqHHaH C J1oKKa. He cY:MeB B ,lI.3JIbHeH'IlleM coxpaHHTb B
ce6e 3TOH npHHTHoH BepbI B ee HeTpoHYToi1 QHCTOTe, 51 Bee )Ke HH..
Kor.n.a 60JIee He 3anHpaJIC5I B TeMHHUY cy6'beKTHBH3'Ma..
17
Y rereJIbSlHu:eB HMeJIHCb BCeB03MO)KHbIe aprYMeHTbI J(JISI Jl,OKa-
33TeJIbCTBa «HepeaJIbHOCTH» TeX HJIH HHbIX BeIIJ.eM. 4HCJIO, npOCT-
paHCTBO, BpeMSI, MaTepHH - BCe 3TO npHMO 06BHHHJIOCb B caMOnpO-
TIIBOpeqHBOCTH. HHqTO He 6bIJIO peaJIbHbIM, KaK Hac y6elKJI.a"nH,
KpOMe A6coJIIOTa, KOTOpbIH Mor MbICJIHTb TOJIbKO ce6S1, nOCKOJIbKY
He 6bIJIO HHqerO .lI.Pyroro, 0 qeM MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bI MbICJIHTb; H A6-
COJIIOT BeIIHO MbICJIHJI Te BeIIJ.H, 0 KOTOpbIX MbICJIHJIH B CBOHX KHH-
r ax cpHJIOCOcp bI - H,lI.eaJIHCTbI.
Bce aprYMeHTbI 'rereJIbHHl.{eB, OCYLK,lI.aBIIlHX 3aHHTHSI MaTeMaTH..
KOH M tPH3HKOH, OCHOBbIBaJIHCb Ha aKCHOMe BHYTpeHHHX OTHOlIleHHH.
TI08TOMY KOr.ll.a 51 ee 0T!6pOCHJI, TO HaIIaJI BepHTb BceMY, BO IITO re-
reJIbHHl.{bI He BepHJIH. aTO ,lI.aJIO MHe OIIeHb 60raTYIO (full) Bce-
JIeHHYIO. 51 Bo06pa3HJI ce6e, tITO Bce tIHCJIa CH,lI.S1T pSl,ll.KOM Ha nJIa-
TOHOBbIX He6ecax (CM. MOIO KHlIry «KolIlMapbI 3HaMeHHTbIX JIIO-
)J.ei1» - CTaTblO «KolliMap MaTeMaTHKa».) 51 ,lI.YMaJI, tITO TOtIKH
npocTpaHcTBa H MOMeHTbI BpeMeHH ,lI.eMCTBHTeJIbHO CYIIJ.eCTBYIOT M
lITO MaTepHSI BnOJIHe MO)KeT COCTOHTb H3 3JIeMeHTOB, HaXO,ll.HMbIX
<pH3HKOH. 51 nOBepHJI B MHp YHHBepCaJIHH, COCT05IIIJ.HX no 60JIblIleH
qaCTH H3 Toro, 'qTO 0603HatIaeTCH rJIarOJIaMH H npe,ll.JIOraMH. Kpo-
,Me Toro, 51 Tenepb He 0,6S13aH 6bIJI CtIHTaTb MaTeMaTHKY tIeM-TO He
BnOJIHe HCTHHHbI'M. rereJIbSlHl.{bI YTBep)K,lI.aJIH, 'qTO «,lI.Ba)K,lI.bI ,lI.Ba
tIeTbIpe» He COBceM BepHO. OHH, KOHetIHO, He HMeJIH B BMJ(Y, tITO
JlBa)KJ!bI ,lI.Ba 6YJ!eT 4.00001 HJIH 'tITO-HH6YJI.b B 3TOM pOJ!e. OHM XO-
TeJIH CKa3aTb, LITO A6COJIIOT cnoco6eH ,lI.eJIaTb BeIIJ.H H nOJIyqlIle,
tIeM CKJIaJl,bIBaHHe (BnpOtIeM, OHH He JII06HJIH BbIpaJKaTb 9TY MbICJIb
npOCTO) .
C TetIeHHeM BpeMeHH MOSI BCeJIeHHaSl CTaJIa He TaKOH KOMlcpOp-
1'a'6eJIbHOH. BOCCTaB npOTHB rereJISI, 51 nOJIaraJI, tITO Bellib ,lI.OJI)KHa
CYIIJ.eCTBOBaTb, eCJIH ,lI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBO rereJIH 0 TOM, qTO ee HeT,
HeBepHO. nOCTeneHHO, C nOMOIIJ.bIO «6PHTBbI OKKaMa», 51 nOJIYtIHJI
60JIee rJIa,ll.KOBbl'6pHTYIO KapTHHY peaJIbHOCTH. 51 He HMelO B BHJI,Y,
tITO OHa n03BOJISlJIa ,lI.OKa3aTb He-peaJIbHOCTb CYIIJ.HOCTeH, OTHOCH-
1'eJIbHO KOTOpbIX nOKa3bIBaJIaCb HX He-He06xo,llHMOCTb; OlIHaKO ap-
YJMeHTbI B .nOJIb3Y HX peaJIbHOCTH 6bIJIH YCTpaHeHbl. 51 H CeHqaC
nOJIaralO, tITO HeB03 I MO)KHO onpOBeprHYTb cy, eCTBOBaHHe l.{eJIbIX
QHCeJI, TOtIeK, MOMeHTOB HJIH OJIHMnHHCKHX '60rOB. MO)KeT 6bITb,
OHH H peaJIbHbl. Ho ,AJI51 TaKoro MHeHH5I HeT HH M aJIeHlIlerO OCHO"
BaHHSI.
B paHHHH nepHOJ! pa3BHTHSI MoeH HOBOH cpHJIOCOcpHH H MHoro
3aHH'MaJICH JIHHrBHCTHqeCKHMH BonpOCa'MH. MeHH HHTepeCOBaJIO,
tITO HMeHHO o6pa3yeT e,ll.HHCTBO KOMnJIeKCa, 60JIee CneI.{HaJIbHO-
QTO o6pa3yeT eJl,HHCTBO np ,lI.JIO)KeHHH. Pa3JIHtIHe Me)KJI.Y npe,ll.JIO-
:>KeHHeM H CJIOBOM 6bIJIO ,lI.,JIH 'MeHH 3araJlKOH. 51 BH)I.eJI, tITO eJ!HH-
CTBO npellJIO)KeHHSI 3aBHCHT OT HaJIHlIHSI B HeM rJIarOJIa, HO MHe
Ka3aJIOCb, lITO :rJIa'rOJI HIMeeT B BHJ(Y TY }Ke caMYIO BeIIJ.b, tITO Ii CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.ee OTr JI arOJIbHOe CYIIJ.eCTBHTeJIbHOe, XOTSI OTT JI arOJIb-
Hoe CYIIJ.eCTBHTeJIbHOe Y')Ke He o6JIa,ll.aeT cnoco6HoCTblO CBH3bIBaTb
1JaCTH KOM,nJIeKca. MeHS! 16eOnOKOHJIO pa3JIHlIHe MelKJI.Y CJIOBaMH
«eCTb» H «i6bITHe» (<<is» and «being»). MoS! Te a, H3BeCTHaS! H
18
3HeprHQHa5I peJIHrH03HaSl ,lI.eHTeJI bHHI.I. a , y, e)K,lI.aJIa MeH5I, 1.ITO cpH-
JIOCOcpHSI TPYJU: a JIHlIlb ;nOTOMY, 1.ITO B HeH MHoro ,lI.JIHHHbIX CJIO .
51 B03pa)KaJI eM, npHBOlI5I TaKoe npe1lJIO)KeHHe H3 CBOHX 3anHceM:
«4TO eCTb 03Ha'1.IaeT - ,eCTb H, CJIe,ll.OBaTeJIbHO, OTJIHqaeTCSI OT
eCTb, H60 «eCTb eCTb» oeCOMbICJIeHHO». 'HeJIb35I CKa3aTb, qTO 3TO
npe)I.JIOmeHHe TPY)I.HO H3-.3a ,lI.JIHHHbIX CJIOB. C TeqeHMeM BpeMeHH
TaKMe np06JIeMbI nepeCTaJIH MeHH BOJIHOBaTb. OHH B03HHKaJIH H3-
3a :MoeH BepbI B TO, qTO eCJIH CJIOBO IllTO-HH6Y,lI.b 03HaqaeT, TO ,lI.OJI-
mHa 6bITb KaiKa5I-TO Belll.b, KOTOpa5I HMeeTC51 HM B BHJI.Y. B TeopHH
,lI.eCKpH, nI.I.HH KOTOpyIO 51 Hpe,ll.JIO)KHJI B 1905 ro,ll.Y, nOKa3aHa OIllH-
.60qHOCTb TaKoH TOqKH 3peHH51; ,lI.aHHaSl TeOpH5I pernHJIa TaK)Ke II
p5I)! llpyrHx IIIp06JIeM, KOTopbIe ,lI.O 3Toro He Mor JIM \6bITb pa3pe-
weHb!.
XOT5I MOM B3r JI5I)I.bI H H3MeHHJIHCb C Toro ,lI.aBHerO BpeMeHH, He-
KOTopbIe BelliH 5I Bce )Ke npOlIOJI)KaIO C1.IHTaTb Qpe3BbI I QaHHO Ba)K-
HbIMH. 51 H cerO,ll.H5I 'rrpH,lI.ep)KHBaIOCb yqeHH51 0 BHernHHX OTHorne-
HH51X H CB5I3aHHOro 8 HHM IIJIIOpaJIH3Ma. 51 nO-rrpe)KHeMY CqHTaIO,
1.ITO OT,lI.eJIbHO B351TaSl (isolated) HCTHHa BnOJIHe 'MO)KeT '6bITb HC-
THHHOH; 'qTO aHaJIH3 He eCTb aJIbCM<pHKaI.I.H5I; 'QTO JIIO,6oe He S1B-
JIHIOll1.eeC51 TaBTOJIOrHeii CY)KJI.eHHe, eCJIH OHO HCTHHHO, HCTHHHO B
CHJIY CBoero OTHOlIleHM5I K <PaKTY; H qTO cpaKTbI B 06ll1.eM H u:eJIOM
He3aBHcnMbI OT onbITa. 51 He BH)KY HHqerO HeB03MO)KHOro B CYllI.e-
CTBOBaHHH BCeJIeHHOH, JIHrneHHOH onbITa. EOJIbrne Toro, 51 ,lI.Y'MaIO,
4TO onbIT 5IBJI51eTC5I BeCbMa orpaHH4eHHbIM H C KOc.MHqeCKOH TOq-
KH 3peHH51 TpHBHaJIbHbIM acneKTOM KpOrneqHOH qaCTH BCeJIeHHOiL
no BceM '3THM BonpocaM MOH B3rJI5I,lI.bI He H3MeHHJIHCb C Tex nop,
KaK 51 OTKa3aJIC5I OT y'qeHMH KaHTa Ii rereJI5I.
rAaBa 7
«PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA»: c1>HJlOCOc1>CKHE ACnEKTbI
Ha npOT51)KeHHH Bcero nepHo,ll.a OT 1900 ,lI.O 1910 rO,ll.a
YaHTXe.Ll * H 51 OT,lI.aBaJIH 60JIblllYIO qaCTb Harnero BpeMeHH TOMY,
qTO B KOHue KOHI.I.OB CTaJIO «Principia Mathematica». XOT5I Tpe-
THH TOM 3Toro TpYlIa '6bIJI H3)laHJIHrnb B 1913 roJI.Y, pa60Ta Hall
HHM (KpOMe BbI1JHTKH rpaHOK) 6bIJIa 3aBeprneHa Y')Ke B 1910 ro,ll.Y,
I\.Of,ll.a MbI C,lI.aJIH PYKonHcb B H3.LlaTeJIbCTBO KeM,6pH,lI.)KCKOrO YHH-
BepcHTeTa. M051 KH.Hra «DpHHlI.HlnbI MaTeMatTHKHI», KOTOpylO 51 3a-
KOH4HJI 23 MaH 1902 rO,lI.a, .6bIJIa CJIa6bIM H BeCbMa He3peJIbIM Ha-
6pOCKOM 6Y,,lI.Yll1.ero TpY!1la, HO OTJIHqaJIaCb, OlIHaKO, OT Hero TeM,
qTO COlIep)KaJIa ,l1.HCKYCCHH C ,lI.PyrHIMH cpHJIOCOcpCKHMM KOHI.I.enI.I.H51-
MH MaTeMaTHKH.
HawH fnp06JIeMbI '6bIJIH ,lI.BYX P0,ll.OB: cpHJIOcocpCKHe H MaTeMa-
THqeCKHe. Boo611Ie rOBOp5I, YaHTXe)I. OCTaBHJI cpHJIOcocpCKHe npo-
6JIeMbI MHe. LITO KacaeTC51 ,MaTeMaTH4eCKHX ;np06JIeM, TO YaHTxe.n.
npHJI.YMaJI '60JIblllYIO qaCTb HOTaI.I.MH, 3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM Toro, qTO
6bIJIO B351TO Y IleaHo **; 51 npo,ll.eJIaJI ,60JIblllYIO 4aCTb pa:60TbI, CB5I-
3aHHOH C p5I,l1.aMH, a YaHTXe,ll. npo,ll.eJIaJI 60JIblllYIO qaCTb Bcero OC-
19
TaJIhHOrO Ho 3TO OTHOCHTC5I TOJIbKO K nepBbIM Ha6poCKaM. Ka)l{-
,na51 qaCTh HCrrpaBJI5IJIaCh tnO TPH pa3a. :Kor,na O HH 113 HaC 3aKaH-
qHBaJI Ha I 6poCOK, OH inOChIJIaJI ero ,npyrOMY, H TOT 06hIqHO 3HaqH-
TeJIhHO H3MeH5IJI ero. nOCJIe 3Toro aBTOp InepBOHaqaJIhHOrO BapH-
aHTa rrpHBo,nHJI Bce K OKOHqaTeJIhHOMY BH Y. Bp5l H eCTh XOTh
o,nHa CTpOqKa BO Bcex Tpex TOMax, KOTOpa51 He 6hIJIa '6hI nJIo,nOM
HallIero COBMeCTHoro Tpy a.
rJIaBHa51 neJIh «Principia Mathematica» COCTOHJIa B ,nOKa3a-
TeJIhCTBe Toro, qTO B051 qHCTa51 MaTeMaTHKa CJIe yeT H3 qHCTO JIO-
CHqeCKHX npe rrOChIJIOK H nOJIh3yeTc5I TOJIhKO TeMH nOH5ITII5I,MH, KO-
TophIe onpe,neJIHMhI B OrHqeCKHX TepMHHax. 3TO 6hIJIO, pa3YMeeT-
C5I, aHTHTe30H: yqeHHIO KaHTa, H 'nepBOHaqaJIhHO .3a,naqa BH eJIaCh
B TOM, QTo6hI BHeCTH JIerrTY B ,neJIO orrpOBepLKeHH5I «Toro cocpHCTa-
cpHJIHCTHMJIHHHHa», rro BhIpaLKeHHIO reopra KaHTopa *, ,no6aBJIHB-
meTO JI5I B5IIll.eH: TOqHOCTH: «KOTOphIH: TaK 'nJIOXO '3HaJI MaTeMaTH-
KY». Ho CO BpeMeHeM pa60Ta 'rrp0J(BHHY,JIaCh eme B ,nBYX HarrpaB-
JIeHH5IX. C MaTeMaTHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHH5I '6hIJIH 3aTpoHYThI co-
BepllIeHHo HOBhIe BorrpochI, KOTophIe inoTpe60BaJIH HOBhIX aJIrOpHT-
MOB H c,neJIaJIH B03MOLKHhIM CHMBOJIHqeOKOe npe,nCTaBJIeHHe Toro,
qTO paHee paCrrJIhIBqaTO H HeaKKypaTHo BbIpaLKaJIOCh B 06hI eH-
HOM 513hIKe. C cpHJIOCOcpCKOH: TOqKH '3peHH5I HaMeTHJIHCh Be npo-
THBOrrOJIOLKHhIe TeH,neH!IlHH: OJ(Ha - npH5ITHa5l, ,npyra51 - HerrpH5IT-
Ha5l. InpHHTHa51 COCT05lJIa B TOM, qTO He06xo HMhIH: JIOrHqeCKHH: arr-
napaT BhIllIeJI He CTOJIh rpOM03,nKHM, KaK 51 BHaqaJIe 'npe,nUOJIaraJI.
TaqHee, OKa3aJIHCh HeHYLKHbIMH KJIaCChl. B «llpHHIlH'rrax MaTeMa-
THKH» MHoro 06CYLK,naeTC5I pa3JIHqHe MeLKJl.y KJIaCCOM KaK e,nHHhIM
(one) H ;KJIaCCOM 'KaK 'MHorH,M (many). BC5I 3Ta ,nHCKYCCH5I BMec-
Te C orpoMHhIM KOJIHqeCTBOM CJIOLKHhIX ,nOKa3aTeJIhCTB OKa3aJIaCh,
o,nHaKO, HeHYLKHOH:. B pe3YJIhTaTe pa60Ta B ee OKOHqaTeJIhHOM BH-
J{e '6hIJIa JIHllIeHa TOH: IcpHJIOCOcpCKOH: rJIy6HHhI, nepBhIM 'npH3HaKoM
KOTOpOH: CJIYLKHT TeMHOTa H3JIOLKeHH5I.
HenpH5ITHaH LKe TeH eHnH'H 6hIJIa, 6e3 COMH,eHH5I, O,qeHh Henp'H-
SlTHOH. 113 nOCbIJIOK, KOTophIe 'npHHHMaJIHCb BceMH JIOrHKaMH rroc-
JIe ApHCTOTeJI5I, BbIBO,nHJIHCb npOTHBOpeqH5I 3TO 'CBH,neTeJIhCTBO-
BaJIO 0 He6JIarorrOJIyqHH B qeM-TO, HO He JI.aBaJIO HHKaKHX HaMeKOB
Ha TO, K8'KHM 06pa30M MOLKHO ,6hIJIO 6hI HcrrpaBHTb nOJIOLKeHHe.
OTKpWTHe o,nHoro TaKoro npOTHBOpeqHH BeCHOM 1901 ro a nOJIO-
LKHJIO KOHen MoeMY JIOrHqeCKOMY MelloBoMy MeCHIlY. 51 C006Ill.HJI 0
nenpHHTHOCTH Y aHTxe.rr.y, KOTOphIM «'YTellIHJI» MeH5I CJIOBaMH: «HH-
KOr.Aa 60JIhllIe HaM He HaCJIa :HThC5I 6JIaJK , eH'CTBOM YTpeHHeM 6e3M5I-
TeLKHOCTH» .
51 YBlH leJI npOTHBOpetI'He, K!or.na H3yqHJI J{OKa3aTeJIhCTBO Ka,HTO-
pa 0 TOM, qTO He cymecTByeT caMoro 160JIhIlIOrO KapJI.HHaJIbHOrO
I-IHCJIa llOJIaraH B CBoeH HeBHHHOCTH, qTO qHCJIO Bcex BeIll.eH B MH-
pe ,nOJILKHO COCTaBJI5ITh caMoe .60JIbllIOe B03MOLKHoe qHCJIO, H npH-
MeHHJI ero .rr.OKa3aTeJIbCTBO K 3TOMY qHCJIy - MHe XOTeJIOCh YBH-
,lJ.eTb, qTO nOJIyqHTC5I. 3TO npHBeJIO MeHH K OTKpbITHIO OqeHh JI1060-
TIbITHOro KJIaCca. Pa3MbIIIlJIH5I crroc060M, KOTOpbIM.nO Tex nop
Ka3aJICH a,lJ,eKBaTHbIM, 51 nOJIaraJI, qTO KJIaCC B HeKoTopbIX CJIY-
20
qaSIX SIBJISIeTC5I, a B ,APyrHx - He 51BJI5IeTC5I lIJIeHOM caMoro ce651.
KJIacc qaHHbIX JIOLKe.,K, Ha'l1pHMep, He 51BJI5IeTC5I <:,aM qaMHOM JIOLK-
KOM, HO KJIaCC BeIIJ.e.,H, KOTOpbI: He 51BJI5IIOTC5I qaHHbIMH JIO KaMH,
caM 51BJISIeTC5I O.AHOli H ' 3 BeIll.eH, KOTopbIe He 51BJI5IIOTC5I qaHHbIMH
JIO)KKaMIL Ka3aJIOCb, qTO eCTb CJIyqalI H He HeraTHBHbIe: HarrpH-
Mep, KJIaCC Bcex 'KJIaCCOB 51BJI5IeTC5I KJIaCCOM TIpH!MeHeHlIe ,nOKa3a-
TeJIbCTBa KaHTopa rrpHBeJIO MeH5I K paCCMOTpeHHIO KJIaCCOB, He
5IBJISIIOll1. HXC5I qJIeHaMH calMHX ce651; 3TH KJIaCCbI, BHJ(HMO, ,nOJILKHbI
o6pa30BbIBaTb HeKOTopbIM KJIacc. 51 3a,naJIC5I BorrpOCOM, 51BJI5IeTC5I
JIH 3TOT KJIaCC '1JJIeHOM caMoro ceo51 HJIH ReT. ECJIH OH qJIeH caMora
ce6SI, TO ,nOJILKeH 06JIa.n.aTb orrpe,neJI5I1OIIJ.HM CBOMCTBOM KJIaCCa,
T. e. He SIBJI5ITbC5I qJIeHOM caMoro ce651. ECJIH OH He 51BJI5IeTC5I qJIe-
HO\f caMoro ce651, TO He J1:0JILKeH 0:6JIa,naTb orrpe eJI5I1OIll.HM CBOM-
CTBOM KJIaCCa H rrOTOMY OJILKeH \6bITb qJIeHOM caMoro ce651. Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, KaLK,na51 H3 aJIbTepHaTHB Be,neT K CBoeM rrpOTHBorro-
JIO)KHOCTH. B 3TOM 1I COCTOHT rrpOTliBOpeqHe.
TIoHaqaJIY 51 Jl.Y.MaJI, IqTO B MoeM paCCY2KlleHHlI ,nOJILKHa 6bITb
KaKa5l-TO TplIBHaJIbHa51 OIIIH , 6Ka. 51 paCCMaTpHBaJI KaLK,nbIM IIIar
no)]. JIorHqeCKHM MHKpOCKorrOM, HO He Mor 06HapY'LKHTb HHqero He-
npaBHJIbHoro. 51 HanHCaJI 06 3TOM <1>pere *, KOTOpbIM OTBeTHJI, qTO
aplIcpMeTliKa 3aIIIaTaJIaCb H qTO OH YBH.AeJI JIOLKHOCTb CBoero 3a-
KOHa V. 3TO npoTHBOpeqHe HaCTOJIbKO o6ecKypaLKlIJIO <1>pere, qTO
OR OTKa3aJIC5I OT rJIaBHOrO JIeJIa CBoeM LK1I3HH - OT nOiIlbITKlI Bbl-
BeCTli apHcpMeTHKY H3 JIorHKlI. TIO,n06HO rrHcparopeH[(aM, CTOJI-
h.HYBIIIHMC5I C HeCOH.3MepIIMbIiMH BeJIHqHHaMH, OH HaIIIeJI y6eLKHIIJ.e
B reOMeTpHlI, 51BHO rrOCqHTaB, qTO BC5I ero np IIleCTBYIOIll.a51 ,ne5l-
TeJIbHOCTb 6bIJIa 13a6JIYLK eHHeM. 4TO IKaCaeTC5I MeH5I, TO 51 qYB-
CTBOBaJI, qTO nplIqHHa B JIOrHKe, a He B MaTeMaTHKe, H qTO HMeH-
HO JIOrHKY H CJIellOBaJIO 6bI rrpeo6pa30BaTb 51 YKperrlIJIC5I B 3TOM
MHeHlIlI, KOf.u.a OTKpbIJI pen.elITT COCTaBJIeH1I5I 6eCKOHeqHOrO qHCJIa
npOTHBOpeqHM.
<PHJIOCOcpbI H MaTeMaTlIKlI pearlipOBaJIli Ha cHTya[(lIlO no-pa3-
HOMY. nyaHKape, He JIlo61IBIIlliH MaTeMaT1I4eCKYlO JIOrHKY H 06BH-
H5IBIIIlIM ee B 6eCtrrJIO HOCTlI, 06pa)].OBaJIC5I: «aHa \60JIbIIIe He 6ec-
nJIO,AHa, OHa pOLKaeT rrpOTliBOpeQ1I5I». 3TO ,6JIeCT5IIll.ee 3aMeqaHlIe,
BrrpOQeM, HHKaK He crroc06CTBOBaJIO perneHlIlO 'np06JIeMbI. HeKOTO-
pbIe .rr.pyrlIe MaTeMaTlIKlI, OTHOClIBIIIHeC5I Heo.rr.o6pHTeJIbHO K feop-
ry l(aHTOpy, 3aH5IJIli ITI031I[(1I1O MapTOBCKoro 3aMr[(a: «aT 3Toro 51
YCTaJI. TIoroBoplI:M 0 ttIeM-H1I6y,nb .rr.pyrOM», qTO TOqHO TaK LKe Ka-
3aJIOCb MHe HealleKBaTHbIM. C:rrYCT5I KaKoe-TO BpeM5I n05lBHJIHCb
cepbe3HbIe norrbITKH peIIleH1I5I CO CTOpOHbIJIIO,AeH, KOTopbIe nOHlI-
MaJIH MaTeMaTlIqeCKYIO JIOrliKY H OC03HaBaJIli Hacyrn:HYIO He06xo-
JI.lIMOCTb peIIleH1I5I rrpOTliBOpeQH5I B TepMHHax JIOrHKlI nepBbIM H3
HHX 6bIJI <1>. TI. PaMceM **, paHH5I5I CMepTb KOToporo, K COLKaJIeHHIO,
OCTaBHJIa ero pa60TY He3aKOHqeHHoM. Ho B ro,nbI, npeJI.llIecTBYIO-
I1J.He H3 aHlilO «Principia Mathematica», orrbITa peIIleHH5I np06JIe-
MbI He ,6bIJIO 1I 51 Haxo,nHJIC5I no CYTH O,nHH Ha O,AHH C c06CTBeHHbIM
aaMemaTeJIbCTBOM.
napa,nOKCbI 016Hapy,LKHBaJIH Ii paHbllIe, HeKOTopbIe 6bIJIH M3-
21
BeCTHbI B ,npeBHOCTH; KaK MHe Ka3aJIOCb, TOr a CTaBHJIH nOXOLKHe
np06JIeMbI, XOTH aBTOpbI, nHCaBlllHe nOCJIe lVleH5I, ClIHTaJIH, liTO npo-
6JIeMbI IrpeKOB ,6bIJIH HHOrO pOJl.a. HaH60JIee H3BeCTeH napa,noKc 06
3nHMeHHJl.e- 1 KpIHTHH'HIHe, KOTOpbIH 'CKa3aJI, liTO BCe KpHT5IHe JI)KeUbI.
H 3aCTaBHJI JIlO,neH COMHeBaTbCH, He JIraJI JIH OH, Kor,na rOBOpHJI
3TO. 3TOT Irrapa.n.OKc B caMOH npOCTOH <popMe B03HHKaeT, KOrJl.a
qeJIOBeK rOBopHT: «51 JIry». ECJIH OH JLlKeT, TO ,JIOLKHO, liTO OH JIlKeT
H, CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, OH rOBopHT npaB,ny; HO eCJIH OH rOBopHT npaB-
JJ.Y, TO JILKeT, H60 HMeHHO 3TO OH YTBepLKllaeT. IlpoTHBopellHe 'rro-
3TOMY HeH36eLKHO. 3TO npOTHBopellHe YlnOMHHaeTC5I CB. IlaBJIoM
(THT. I, 12), KOTOpbIH, o,nHaKO, He 3aHHMaJIC5I ero JIOrHlIeCKHMH
acrreKTaMH, a )I.OKa3bIBaJi C ero nOMOIll.blO nopOllHOCTb 513bIlIHHKOB
TaKHe ,npeBHHe rOJIOBOJIOMKH MaTeMaTHKH MOrJIH OTpHf(aTb KaK He
HMelOIll.He OTHOllleHHSI K HX rrpe.n.'MeTY, HO BOT BOlrrpOIC 0 ca,MOIM 60JIb-
rnOM KapllHHaJIbHO HJIH Op HHaJIbHOM lIHCJIe OHH OT6poCHTb He
MOrJIH, a OH npHBo,nHJI HX K 'npOTHBOpellH5IiM. IlpoTHBopellHe, CBH-
3aHHoe C caMbIM i60JIblllHM OpJl,HHaJIOM, 6blJIO 06HapYLKeHO Eypa-
JIH-<POpTH * eIll.e ,nO Toro, KaK 51 OTKpbIJI CBoe npOTHBopellHe, HO B
ero CJIYllae ,neJIO '6bIJIO ropa3,no 60JIee CJIO)KHbI,M, H 51 crr03TOMY rro-
3BOJIHJI ce6e rrpe,nrrOJIO)KHTb, qTO B ero paCCY)K)1.eHH5I 3aKpaJIaCb
KaKaH-TO He3HallHTeJIbHa51 olllu6Ka. B JII060M CJIYlIae ero rrpOTHBO-
pellHe, 6Y.lI.YlIH ropa3.lI.O 60JIee rrpOCTbIM, lIeM Moe, Ka3aJIOCb prima
facie ** MeHee pa3pYlllHTeJIbHblM. OpaB.lI.a, B KOHIl.e KOHIl.OB 51 BbI-
HY)K.lI.eH '6bIJI IrrpH3HaTb, liTO OHO He MeHee cepbe3HO.
B «IlpHHIl.Hrrax MaTeMaTHKH» 51 He 'rrpeTeHllOBaJI Ha TO, liTO pe-
llleHHe HaH.lI.eHO. 51 rrHCaJI B ,rrpe,nHCJIOBHH: «I13JI.aBaH pa60TY, CO-
llepLKaIll.YlO TaK MHoro HeperneHHbIX TPYllHOCTeH, 51 orrpaBllbIBalO
3TO TeM, liTO HCCJIe,nOBaHHe He ,naJIO rrOKa 6JIHlKaHllleH rrepcrreKTH-
BbI .lI.JIH a.lI.eKBaTHoro pellleHHH npOTHBopellHH, 06CYLK)I.eHHOrO B
rJIaBe X, H He lrr03BOJIHJIO JIYlIllle pa306paTbC5I B npHpO.lI.e KJIaCCOB..
IlOCTOHHHO 06HapY)KHBaeMbIe OlllH6KH B peweHHHX, KaKoe-TO Bpe-
M5I IMeH5I y,nOBJIeTBOpHB,lllHX, BbIHBHJIH BClO cepbe3HOCTb rrp06JIeM,
KOTopwe He rrOll.lI.aBaJIHCb 06MaHlIHBO rrpaB.lI.OnOl106H M TeopHHM,
nOpO)KlleHHbIM rrOBepXHOCTHbI'M pa3MbIlllJIeHHeM, a TOJIbKO CKpbIBa-
JIHCb nOll 3THMH TeopHHMH; n03ToMy 51 ClIeJI 3a JIyqrnee CCPOPMYJIH-
pOBaTb Tpy.n.HOCTH H He ')K.lI.aTb Toro BpeMeHH, Kor.n.a MeHH y6ellHT
HCTHHHOCTb KaKorO-HH6YJI.b rrOQTH HaBepHHKa oWH6ollHoro YlIeHHH».
A B KOHIl.e rJIaBbI 0 rrpOTHBopellHHX 51 CKa3aJI: «B rrpOTHBopellHH He
3aMelllaHa HHKaKa51 'cpHJIOCOcpHH, OHO nopO )J.eHO !3.n.paBbIM CMbIC-
JIOM H MOLKeT 6bITb pa3pellleHO, JIHlllb eCJIH MbI OTpHHeM OllHO H3
ero .lI.OrrYIll.eHHH. TOJIbKO TereJIeBCKaH cpHJIOCOcpHH, KOTOp a51 )KHBeT
3a ClIeT rrpo'THIBO!pellHH, Mo eT OICTaTbCH 6e3YlIa,CTHOH, IIOTOMY liTO
HaXOllHT IIo.n.o6HbIe IIpo6JIeMbI BClOJl.Y. B JIlO'60M .n.pyroM YlleHHH
CTOJIb IIpHMOH BbI30B Tpe6yeT OTBeTa JIH60 rrpH3HaHHH B 6eCCH,JIHH.
K ClIaCTblO, JI.pyrHx aHaJIOrHlIHbIX TPYJI.HOCTeH, HaCKOJIbKO 51 3HalO t
«IlPHH,Il.UIIbI MaTeMaTHKH» He CO.lI.ep2KaT». B .rrpHJIO)KeHHH K KHHre
H3JIaraJIOCb YlIeHHe 0 TH\IIax KaK B03MOLKHoe pellleHHe. BIIOCJIeJI.-
CTBHH 51 y6e.lI.HJIC5I, liTO pellleHHe JI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO 06HapYlKHBaeTCH
C IIOMOIll.blO 3Toro yrqeHHH, HO B «IlpHHI..lHIIaX MaTeMaTHKH» H IIPH-
22
ll1eJI K ero OqeHb rpy60H If Hea)J.eKBaTHOH cpopMe. MOM BbIBOJI.bI TO-
ro BpeMeHH Bblpa)KeHbI B nOCJIe,l(HeM naparpacpe KHHfH: «Pe3IOMH-
Pye.M: KaK oKa3aJIOCb, cnel.{HaJIbHOe npoTHBOpeqHe r aB X perna-
eTCH C llOMOlll.blO yqeHHH 0 THllax, HO HMeeTCH 'no KpaHHeH Mepe OJI.-
HO aHaJlorHqHOe InpOTHBOpeqMe, KOTopoe, BepOHTHO, Hepa3pernHMO
c nOMOI.I.(blO 3Toro yqeHHH. TOTaJIbHOCTb Bcex JIorHqeCKHX 06'beKTOB,
IIJIH. Bc.ex CY}K,l(eHHH, npe,lUI0JIara'eT, rrO-'BHJ{H'MOMY, <PYH,n:aMeH-
'TaJIbHYIO JIOrHqeCKYIO TPYJJ.HOCTb. KaKOBO OKOHqaTeJIbHOe ee perne-
HHe, 51 He BbIHCHHJI; HO nOCKOJIbKY OHa OKa3bIBaeT BJIHHHHe Ha ca-
MH OCHOBbI paCCY}K,l(eHHH, 51 OqeHb peKOMeH,lI.YIO BceM, KTO H3yqaeT
JJOfHKY, 06paTHTb Ha 3TO BHHIMaHHe» u
3aBeplllHB «IlpHHII.HllbI MaTeMaTHKH», H HaqaJI HaCTOHqHBO HC-
KaTb perneHHe Irrapa,l(OKCOB. 3TO 16bIJIO nOqTH JIHqHbI,M BbI30BOM, H
nplf He06xo,lI.HMOCTH 51 rOTOB 6bIJI nOTpaTHTb Ha HHX BCIO OCTaB-
rnYIOCH )KH3Hb. O,l(HaKO .rro )l.BYM rrpHqHHaM 51 OTKa3aJICH OT 3Toro
HaMepeHHH. Bo-rrepBbIX, rrp06JIeMa B KaKOM-TO MOMeHT ,rrOKa3aJIaCb
MHe TpHBHaJIbHOH, a 51 HeHaBH,l(en Bce He,lI.OCTOHHoe BHHMaHHH H
JiHTepeca. BO-BTOPbIX, CKOJIbKO 51 HH CTapaJICH, perneHHe He npH-
J{O).(HJIO. H a B'CeM rrpOTH)KeHHH 1903 H 1904 rO,lI.OB 51 ,rrOqTH Bce Bpe-
MH '3aHHMaJICH 3TH'M BorrpocoM, HO .6e3 KaKHX-JIH60 rrpH3HaKoB yc-
nexa. IlepBoM YllaqeH CTaJIa (BecHoH 1905 rO,l(a) TeopHH ,l(eCKpHn-
lI.IfiL OHa, pa3'YMeeTCH, He '6bIJIa CBH3aHa C rrpOTHBOpeqHHMH, HO
n03:>Ke TaKaH CBH3b BbIHBHJIaCb. B KOHII.e KOHII.OB MHe CTaJIO COBep-
rneHHO HCHO, qTO B KaKOM-TO 'cpopMe yqeHHe 0 THnax CYIll.eCTBeHHO
Ba)KHO. He HaCTaHBaH Ha TOM KOHKpeTHoM cpopMe, /KoTopaH rrpH-
--llaHa 3TOMY yqeHHIO B «Principia Mathematica», 51 OCTalOCb rrpH
nOJIHOM y6e:iK)].eHHH, qTO 6e3 TeopHH THrrOB fnapa,,lI.oKcbI pa3pernHTb
HeB03IMO:iKHO.
Kor a 51 HCKaJI perneHHe, MHe Ka3aJIOCb, qTO ,lLJIH Toro, qTo6bI
pellleHHe BbIr JIH,l(eJIO YJJ.oBJIeTBOpUTeJIbHbIM, Heo6xo,l(HMbI TPH yc-
JIOBHH. TIepBoe H3 HHX H a6COJIIOTHO o6H3aTeJIbHoe: rrpoTHBOpeqHH
..nOJI)KHbI HCqe3HYTb. BTopoe - BeCBMa )KeJIaTeJIbHOe, XOTH JIOrHqe-
CKR He HenpeMeH'Hoe: pern,eH'He J1.0JI)KHO' OCTaBHiTb B HerrpUKOOHOBeH-
HOCTH KaK 'MO)KHO 60JIbrne MaTeMaTHKH. TpeTbe, TPY)I,HO cpOPMYJIH-
PyeMoe: perneHHe )J.OJI)KHO, BH,lI.HMO, a.rreJIJIHpOBaTb K TaK Ha3bIBa-
eMoMY «JIOrHqeCKoMY 3,lI.paBoMY CMbICJI'y», T. e. OKa3aTbCH B KOHl{e
KOHII.OB TaKHM, KaKHM MbI ero H O)KH,lI.aJIH YBH,l(eTb. 113 3TH X Tpex
YCJIOBHM rrepBoe, pa3YMeeTCH, npH3HaHO BceMH. BTopoe, o,lI.HaKO,
OTBepraeTCH TeMH, KTO CqHTaeT, qTO :3HaqHTeJIbHbIe pa3)I,eJIbI aHa-
JIRaa B HX HbIHernHeM cpOPMYJIHpOBKe HeBepHbi. TpeTbe YCJIOBHe He
C1JRTaIOT CYIIJ.eCTBeHHO Ba)KHbIM Te, KTO ,lI.OBOJIbCTByeTcH JIO'fHqe-
-CKOH TeXHHKOH. Ilpocpeccop KyaHH *, K InpH'Mepy, HarneJI CHCTeMbI,
KOTopwe npHBJIeKalOT CBoeM H306peTaTeJIbHOcTblO. Ho HX HeJIb3H
C1JHTaTb YJI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIMH, rrOCKOJIbKY OHH, BH)I.HMO, C03,l(aHbI
ad hoc **; If OHH OTJIlIqalOTCH OT Tex CHCTeM, KOTopbIe npe,l(CTaBJIHJI
t bl ce6e CaMbIll: YMHbIll: JIOrHK, eCJIH 6bI He 3HaJi 0 ,npOTHBOpeqmlX.
0u 3TOMY Borrpocy, OAHaKO, BbIIIIJIO orpO'MHoe KOJIlIqeCTBO TPY.n.-
HOH ,lI,JI51 IllOHH'MaHH51 JIIITepaTypbI, II 51 He '6y y KacaTbC51 60JIee
1'OHKHX MOIMeHTOB.
23
06'bHCHlO 06IIl.He 'npHHUHnbI TeOpHH THnOB, He B.n.aBaHCb B TPy)1.-
HbIe TeXHHqeCKHe .n.eTaJIH. B03MO)KHO, JIYJIwe Bcero 6y.n.eT HaqaTb.
C Toro, qTO HMeeTCH B BH.lI.Y no.n. «KJIaCCOM». B03blMel\f npHMep 113
,lJ.OMawHero X03HMCTBa. ,II,onYCTHM, B KOHiII.e a6e.n.a X03HHH npe.rr.,,1Ja-
raeT Ha BbIt60P TPH CJIa KHX '6JIlOlla, HaCTaHBaH Ha TOM, qT06bI BbI
rronp060BaJIH O.n.HO, .n.Ba HJIH Bce TPH, KaK BbI no:tKeJIaeTe. CKOJIbKO
JIHHHi1 nOBe.n.eHH5J OTKpbITO nepe.n. BaMH? BbI ,MO)KeTe OT Bcero OT-
Ka3aTbCH. 3TO nepBbIM BbI,60p. BbI MO:tKeTe BbI6paTb tITO-TO O.n.HO.
3TO MO:tKHO C,lLeJIaTb TpeM5J pa3JIHQHbfMH crroc06aMM, H, CJIe.n.OBa..
TeJIbHO, Inepe,lI. BaMH eIll.e TPH BapHaHTa. BbI MO:tKeTe BbI6paTb ,lJ.Ba
6JIlO,lI.a 3TO TaK:tKe B03MOJKHO ClleJI3Tb TpeMH cnoc0631MH. I1JIH Bbl
MO:tKeTe BbI6paTb Bce TPH, qTO .n.aeT o.n.HY, nOCJIeJ1.HlOIO, B03MO:tK-
HOCTb. 06ll.{ee qHCJIO B03MO:tKHOCTeM, TaKHM 06pa30M, paBHO BOCb':'
MH, T. e. 2 3 . MO:tKHO JIerKO 0606Il1.HTb 3TY np0II.e.n.yPY. IlOJIO:tKHM,
nepe.n. BaMH n 06'beKTOB H BbI MeJIaeTe 3HaTb, CKOJIbKO nYTeM HMe-
eTCH, qTo6bI HHqero He BbI.6paTb, HJIH lITO-TO BbI6paTb, HJIH LKe
BbI/6paTb Bce n. BbI 06Hapy:tKHTe, qTO .qHc.JIO ,nYTei1 2 n . ECJIH BbIpa-
3HTb 3TO B JIOrHqeCKOM SI3bLKe: KJIaCC H3 n-ro KOJIHqeCTBa 3JIeMeH-
10B H AeeT 2 n 'nO)I.KJIaCCOB. 3TO CYM.n.eHHe HCTHHHO H B TOM CJIyqae
KOfJ}.a n 16eC'KOHeQHO KaHTop KaK pa3 H .n.OKa3aJI, qTO .n.a:tKe B 3TOM
CJIyqae 2 n .60JIbllle, qeM n. n pHMeHHH 3TO, KaK c,lI.eJIaJI H, KO BceM
Beru.aM BO BCeJIeHHOM, MbI npHxo.n.HM K 3aKJIlOqeHHlO, qTO KJIaCCOB
BeIll.ei1 60JIbllle, qeM BerneH. OTClO.n.a CJIeJI.yeT, qTO KJIaCCbI He HB-
JIHlOTCH «Bell.{aMH». Ho nOCKOJIbKY HHKTO He 3HaeT TOqHO, qTO 03-
HaqaeT CJIOBO «Bell.{b» B 3TOM YTBep:>K.n.eHHH, He OqeHb-TO JIerKO
TOqHO CCPOPMYJIHpOBaTb, qTO HMeHHO' y.naJIOCb .n.OKa3aTb 3aKJIlOqe-
HHe, K KOTOPOMY H npHllleJI, COCTOHJIO B TOM, qTO KJIaCCbI - 3TO
rrpOCTO rro.n.c06Hoe cp,e.n.cTBo B paccYLK)LeH'H/H. KJIaCCbI rrp'HBO,lI.HJIH
MeHH B 3aMelllaTeJIbCTBO y:tKe B TO BpeMH, Kor.n.a H nHCaJI «IlpHH-
II.HTIbT MaTeMaTHKH». TorJla 51 BbIpa)l{aJI CBOH MbICJIH Ha H3bIKe, KO-
TOpbIM 6bIJI peaJIHCTHqeCKHM (B CXOJIaCTHqeCKOM CMbICJIe) B 60JIb-
llleM Mepe, qeM MHe npeJI.CTaBJIHeTCH cero.n.HH npaBHJIbHbIM. 51 nH-
caJI B npe.n.HCJIOBHH K TOM P a60Te: «06cy:tK.n.eHHe Heonpe.n.eJIeHHO-
CTeM (indefinables), COCTaBJIHlOll.{ee rJIaBHbIM Inpe MeT cpHJIOCOcp-
CKOM JIOrH-KH, HMeeT II.eJIblO HCHO YBHJ(eTb H npoHcHHTb ,l(JIH JlpyrHx
cOOTBeTCTBYlOIll.He CYIll.HOCTH, qT06bI pa3YM Mor 6bITb C HHMH 3Ha-
KOM * TaK Me, KaK C KpaCHbI'M II.BeTOM HJIH BKYCOM aHaHaca. TaM,
r,lI.e - KaK B ,naHHoM cJIyqae - Heonpe.n.eJIHMOCTH nOJIyqalOTCSI
npe}K,l(e BceTO B KarqeCTBe He06xo.n.HMoro OCTaTKa B rrpoqecce aHa..
JIH3a, 3aqaCTYlO 'npOll.{e 3HaTb, qTO TaKHe CYIll.HOCTH ,nOJI:tKHbI 6bITb,
qeM Ha6JIIO.n.aTb HX a:KTyaJIbHO; 3.n.eCb HMeeTCH aHaJIOT'HH C npoII.ec-
COM OTKpbITHH HenTYHa, C TeM pa3JIHqHeM, qTO rrOCJIe.n.HHM 3Tan'-
'I10HJCKH IC rrOMOI.I.J.blO YM'CTBeHHO\fO eJIeCKOna CYIll.H'OCTH, KOTOpa51
u U u
HMeeT BbIBO)J;,HO'H xalpa'KT'ep, - H,epe)J;KO HBJI'HeTCH Ca.MOH T"PYl,lI.HOH
qaCTblO BO BceM npe,lI.npHHTHH. OpH3HaIOCb, qTO B CJIyqae C KJIac..
caMH H He CMor YBHJl.eTb nOHHTHH BbLnOJIHHlOI.I.J.erO Te YCJIOBHH, K?
TOpbLM ,nOJI:tKHO yJI.OBJIeTBOpHTb nOHHTHe «KJIacc». H npOTHBOpeqHe,
o6cy aeMoe B rJIaBe X, ,noKa3bIBaeT, tITO t.IerO-TO He XBaTaeT, H0
qero HMeHHO, H ,[(0 CHX nop He 06HapY2KHJI». .'1"'
24
Terrepb MHe c e yeT C OPMY HpOBaTb BOrrpOC HeCKO bKO HHa-
q.e. CJle.LlyeT CKaaaTb, lITO eC H ,lI.aHa JIIo6aH npOn03HU,HOHa bHaH
-<pyHKUHH, CKa2KeM fx, MMeeTC5I HeKOTopaH o6 aCTb 3HalIeHHif X,
.nJIH KOTOpbIX 3Ta '<PYHKllUfH «3HaQHMa», T. e. H60 HCTHHHa, JIH60
JIOLKHa. EC H a npHHa,lI. e:JKHT .STOM COBOKYinHOCTH, TO fa - cY:JK,lI.e-
Hne, K01'OpOe . H60 HCTHHHO, H60 JIO:JKHO. BJ(06aBOK K nO,lI.CTa-
HOBKe nOCTOHHHOM BMeCTO nepeMeHHoif x eCTb erne )J.Be BelllH,
KOTOpbIe 'MO}KHO ,lI.e aTb C npOn03HIl.HOHa bHOH CPYHKIl.Heif: MO:JKHO
YTBepLK,lI.aTb, BO-fnepBbIX, 'tlTO OHa BcerJ(a HCTHHHa, a BO-BTOpbIX-
QTO OHa HHor.n.a HCTHHHa. npOn03HIl.HOHaJIbHaH YHKIl.HH «eCJIH X
qeJlOBeK, TO x CMepTeH» BCer,lI.a HCTHHHa; npon03HIl.HOHa bHaH
<PYHKIl.HH «x 'tJe OBeK» HHOFJ].a HCTHHHa. TaKHM 06pa30M, C npono-
3HII.HOHaJIbHOM YHKnHeM MO:JKHO npo.,lIe aTb C e,lI.YIOlll.He TPH Be-
lII.H: 'nepBoe - ,nO CTaBHTb ,KOHCTaHTY BMeCTO 'nepeMeHHOH; BTO-
poe - YTBep:JK,l1.aTb Bce 3HaqeHHH CPYHKIJ.HH: H TpeTbe - YTBep)K.rr.aTb
HeKOTopbIe 3HaqeHHH HJIH no KpaifHeif Mepe O,lI.HO 3HaqeHHe. CaMa
110 ce6e npOn03HIl.HOHa bHaH ;CPYHKUHH eCTb Hlllb BbIpa:JKeHHe, OHa
HHqerO He YTBep:JK,lI.aeT H He OTpHIJ.aeT. PaBHbIM 06pa30M K acc
eCTb Hlllb Bblpa:JKeHHe; .9TO YJI06HbIH onoc06 rOBopHTb 0 3HaQe-
HHHX nepeMeHHoif, TIPH KOTOpbIX <PYHKIl.HH HCTHHHa.
LITO KaCaeTC5I nOC e,lI.HerO H3 nepeqHC eHHbIX BbIllle Tpex yc.:.
JIOBHM, KOTOpblM ,lI.O :JKHO OTBeqaTb pellleHHe, TO 51 BbI BHHYJI Teo-
-pHIlO, KOTOpa5I, BH)J.HMO, .n.py:rHM JIO;f:HKaM He nOHpa,BHJIiaCb; O.lI.HaKO
51 ,lI.0 CHX nop CqHTalO ee 3 paBOM. 3Ta TeopHH 3aK IOQaJIaCb B c e-
,nYIOlll.eM. Kor,lI.a 51 YTBep}Kl,lI.alO Bce '3HaqeHHH CPYHKllHH fx, TO 3Ha-
qeHHH, KOTopble ,MO}KeT InpHHHMaTb x, .nO :JKHbI 6bITb onpe,lI.e eHHbI-
MH (definite), eC H 51 XOqy, qT06bI TO, lITO 51 YTBepLKJI.alO, 6bI 0 Oill-
peJI.e eHHbIM. ,I:LOJI:JKHa l6bITb, TaK CKa3aTb, HeKOTopaH TOTa bHOCTb
E03MO:JKHbIX 3Haq,eH:HH x. ECJlH 51 Tenepb tC'Ta/HY 06pa30BbIBaTb HO-
BbIe 3HaqeHH5I B TepMHHax .9TOM TOTaJIbHOCTH, TO TOTa bHOCTb, no-
BH.llHMOMY, 6y.n.eT H3-3a .9TOrO paClllHpHTbCH H, c e.llOBaTeJIbHO, HO-
BbIe 3HaqeHH5I, K HeM OTHOC5Illl.HeCH, 6YJI.YT OTHOCHTbCH K 3TOif 60-
JIee lllHpOKOM TOTaJIbHOCTH. Ho nOCKOJIbKY OHH ,lJ.O }KHbI 6bITb
BK IOqeHbI B TOTa bHOCTb, TOTa bHOCTb HHKOrJI.a He '6Y,lI.eT nocne-
BaTb 3a HHM'H. Blce .9TO HanOMHIHaeT nOITbITKH npblr,HYTb Ha C06CT-
BeHHYIO TeHb. OpOlie Bcero npoH IOCTpHpOBaTb 3TO Ha napa,lIOK"
ce )l{ella. J1}KeII. IroBopHT: «Bce, qTO 51 YTBep}K,lJ.alO, O:JKHO». <PaK-
THqeCKH TO, 'qTO OH JI.e aeT, 3TO YTBep:>K,lI.eHHe, HO OHO OTHOCHTCH K
TOTa bHOCTH ero YTBep:JK,lI.eHHM, fI, TO bKO BK lOqHB ero B 3TY TOTaJIb-
HOCTh, MbI no.nyqaeM napa.rr.oKc. MbI .rr.OJI)l{HbI 6Y,lI.eM pa3J1HqHTb CY:JK-
.lI.eHHH, KOTophIe OTHOC5ITCH K HeKOTopOM TOTaJIbHOCTH CY:JK,lI.eHHM, H
CY*.lleHHH, KOTopbIe He OTHOCHTCH .K HeM. re, KOTopble OTHOC5ITCH K
HeKOTOpOH TOTa bHOCTH CY)l{JI.eHHM, HHKaK He MorYT 6bITb qJIeHa-
MIl 3TOM TOTaJIbHOCTH. MbI MO)l{eM onpe,lI.e HTb CY:JKJI.eHH5I nepBoro
nopR Ka KaK TaKHe, KOTopwe He OTHOC5ITCH K TOTaJIbHOCTH (no
totality) CY)K.JI.eHHM; CY*,lJ.eHH5J BToporo !nOpH,lJ.Ka -,KaK TaKHe, KO-
TOPbIe OTHeceHhI K TOTaJIhHOCTH CY:>K,lI.eHMM nepBoro nOpH,lI.IKa H T. ,lJ..
ad infinitum. TaKHM 06pa30M, Ham JI:>Keu. ,lJ.O *eH 16Y,lI.eT Tenepb
CKaaaTh: «51 YTBep}K,lJ.alO JIO)l{HOe CY}K,lJ.eHHe nepBoro 'nOpHJI.Ka, KO-
25
Topoe BJI eTC 'JIO)RHbIM». Ho caMO 3TO CY}K.lI.eHHe- BToporo no-
pMKa. OH 'n03TOMY He YTBep)K)J.aeT CY:iK.lI.eHIIH nepBoro nOpH.lI.Ka..
fOBOpHT OH HeqTO npOCTO JIO>KHOe, II .lI.OKa.3aTeJIbCTBO TOTO, qTO OHO
TaKLKe II HCTHHHO, PYIIIHTCH. TaKOH )Ke T01.IHO aprYIMeHT npIIMeHHM
II K JII060MY CY)K,;neHHIO BbIClllero 1JI0pHJI.Ka.
06HapYLKIIBaeTCH, liTO BO Bcex JIOrIIqeCKHX napa.ll.OKCaX eCT
CBoero p0,Lla pecpJIeKCHBHaH caMO-OTHeceHHOCTb, KOTOpylO CJIe.nyeT
OCY.lI.HTb no TeM )Ke npHqHHaM: OHa BKJIlOqaeT B ce6H B KaqeCTBe
qJIeHa TOTaJIbHOCTH HerqTO YKa3bIBalOIll.ee Ha 3TY TOTaJIbHOCTb If
IMorYllI.ee HMeTb OlfIpe.ll.eJIeHHOe 3HaqeHHe, TOJIb.KO eCJIH TOTaJIbHOCTb
y*e cpHKCHpOBaHa.
)10JI}KeH C03HaTbC'H, 'llTO 3TO yrqeHHe He nOJIyqHJIO WHpOKoro
npH3HaHHH, HO 51 He BH:iKY apTY'MeHTa npOTHB, KOTOpbIH Ka3aJICH.
ObI MHe HeocnopHMbEM.
TeopHH .lI.eCKpHII/ HM, y;noMHHYT3'H BbIllle, BnepBbIe 6bIJIa H3JIO-
)ReHa B MoeH CTaTbe «0 .lI.eHOTaIl.HH» B :iKypHaJIe «MaMH.lI.» (1905)..
OHa TaK nOpa3HJIa TOr)lalllHero pe,llaKTOpa )KypHaJIa, nOCqHTaBWe-
1"0 ee HeJIenOH, qTO OH ynpalllHBaJI MeHH nepecMoTpeTb ee H He Ha-
CTaHBaTb Ha ny6JIHKa'Il.HH. Ho 51 6bIJI y,6e}K.lI.eH B TOM, qTO OHa HB-
JIHeTCH 3.l1.paBOii, H OTKa3aJICH YCTYJIHTb. BnocJIe.ll.CTBHH CTaTbH no-
JIyqHJIa lllHpOKoe npH3HaHHe H CTaJIa CqHTaTbCH MOHM Ba}KHeMlllHM
BKJIa,LlOM B JIOrHKY. IlpaBJI.a, CerO.ll.HH ee OTBepralOT Te, KTO OTKa-
3bIBaeTCH OT pa3JIHqeHHH HMeH H JJ.PyrHx CJIOB. IloJIaralO, TaKaH
peaK HH npOHCxO,LlHT H3-3a CJIaOoro 3HaKOMCTBa C MaTeMaTHI.J:e-
CKOll JIOrHKOH. Bo BCHKOM cJIyqae, 51 He BH}Ky B TaKOH KpHTHKe
CMbICJIa. Il'pH3HaIOCb, o.ll.HaKo, 1.ITO yqeHHe 06 HMeHax, HdBepHoe
HeMHoro CJIO)KHee, qeM 51 ,KOr.ll.a-TO nOJIaraJI. BnpOqeM, CeMqaC 51.
He '6YJlY paCCMaTpHBaTb 3TH TPY,LlHOCTH H B03bMY H3bIK B ero 06bI-
eHHOM ynoTpe6neHHH.
51 IIOnOJIb30BaJI JI.JIH ,nOKa3aTeJIbCTBa npOTHBOnOJIO:iKHOCTb HMe-
HH «CKOTT» H .lI.eCKpHlnIl.HH '«aBTOp BeBepAefl». YTBep:iK.lI.eHHe
«GKOTT - aBTOp BeBepJIeH» BbIpa}KaeT TO:>K.lI.eCTBO, a He TaBTO.no-
I1HIO. f,eopr IV )KeJIaJI 3Ha1Tb, HBJIHe-rCH JI;H CKOTT al8TOpOrM BeBep-
Aefl, HO He )KeJIaJI 3HaTb, HBJIHeTCH JIH CKOTT CKOTTOM. ,l],JIH Bcex,
KTO He H3yqaJI JIOrHKY, 3TO COBepllleHHO HCHO. Ho .lI.JIH JIOrHKa B
3TOM 3aKJIilOlJ'eHa rOJIOBOJIOMHaH T1PY.ll.IHOICTb. JlorHIKH nOJIaralOT (HJH1
nOJIaraJIH paHbllle), liTO eCJIH .lI.Ba BbIpa:iKeHHH 0603HaQaIOT OJI,HH
H TOT )Ke 06'beKT, TO CY}KJ!.eHHe, co.n.ep:iKaIll.ee O.ll.HO BbIpa)l{eHHe,
BCer,Lla IMO}KeT 6bITb 3aMeHeHO CY:iK.lI.eHHeM, co.n.ep)l{alllH M .lI.pyroe,
11 npH 3TOM OCTaTbCH HCTHHHbI'M, eCJIH OHO .6bIJIO HCTHHHbIM, HJIM
JIO}KHbIM, eCJIM OHO 6bIJIO JIO}KHbIM. Ho, KaK MbI TOJIbKO qTO BHlI.e-
JIM, MO)l{HO npeBpaTIITb HCTHHHoe CYLK,neHHe B JIO}KHOe, eCJIH 3aMe-
HHTb «aBTopa BeBepJIeH» Ha «CKOTTa». OTClO.lI.a BHAHO, qTO He06xo-
)IIIMO pa3JIHqaTb Me}K,lI.y (HMeHeM III ,lI.eCKpHnIl.HeH: «CKOTT» - 3TO
HMH, a «aBTOp BeBepAefl» - .lI.eCKpHnII.HH.
,QPyroe Ba}KHOe pa3JIHqHe Me>K.lI.y HMeHaMH H .lI.eCKpHnIl.HHMH
3aKJIIOqaeTCSI B TOM, qTO HMH He MO}KeT OCMbICJIeHHO BXO,l(HTb B
CY}KlleHHe, eCJIH HeT qerO-TO, qTO OHO HMeHyeT, B TO BpeMH KaK
,LleCKpHnIl.HH He 'nOJlqHHSleTCSI 3TOMY OrpaHHqeHHIO. MeMHOHr *, K
26
paO OT81M KOTOpOrO H OTHOCHJICH TOr)I.a C BeJIHKHM nOllTeHHeM He
cy'MeJl 3aMeTHTb 3To'ro pa3JIHlIHH. :OH YKa3bIBaJI, lITO MO)l{HO .lI.eJIaTb
yTBepLKlleHHH C JIOrHlIeCKHM cyrO'be'KTOM «30JIOTaH ropa» XOTH HH-
KaRoH 30JIOTOH ropbI He CYIll.eCTByeT. OH J1.0Ka3bIBaJI, liTO KOr.ll.a BbI
rOBOpHTe, 6Y.lI.TO 30JIOTOH ropbI He CYllI.eCTByeT, TO OlleBH.lI.HO, lITO
eCTb HellTO, 0 qeM BbI 1f0BOpHTe, liTO 3Toro He CYllI.eCTByeT - a
IIMeH HO , 30JIOTaH ropa; CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, 30JIOTaH ropa .lI.0JI:iKHa IIpe-
6bIBaTb B HeKoeM TY1MaHHOM DJIaTOHOBO,M MHpe 6bITHH, H60 B IIpO-
THBHOM CJIyrqae Barne YTBep:iKJ1.eHHe, qTO \30JIOTaH ropa He CYIll.eCT-
ByeT, He 6Y,.lI. eT H!MeTb 3Ha,qeHHH. np'H , 3HalO ' Cb, qTO, IIOKa, H H,e ITPH-
meJl K TeopHH JI.eCKp, H'ITIII.HM 3TOT aprYMeHT Ka3aJICH MHe y6 e .ll.H-
TeJlbHbIM. CYIll.eCTBeHHO Ba:iKHbIM MOMeHTOM B TeopHH ObIJIO TO, liTO,
XOTH «30JI0TaH Topa» MO}KeT 'ObITb B rpaMMaTHlIeCKOM OMbICJIe
cy.6'beKTOM 3HallH'Moro CY}KlleHHH, TaKoe CY}KJI.eHHe, eCJIH ero IIpa-
BHJ1bHO IIpOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb, OOJIbrne He 6YJI.eT HMeTb CY01>eKTa.
CYfKlleHHe «30JIOTaH ropa He CYIll.eCTByeT» CTaHOBHTCSI CY:iK,lleHHeM
«npOII03HII.HOHaJIbHaSl CPYHK.II.HH «x 30JIOTaH H ropa» JIO:iKHa ,LlJIH
Bcex '3HalleHHM: x». YTBep:iK,neHHe «GKOTT - aBTOp BeBepJleR» CTa-
HOBHTCH YTBep*.lI.eHHe.M «iJ(JIH Bcex 3HalleHHH x «x HaITHCaJI BeBep-
JleR» 3KBHBaJIeHTHO «x - 3TO CKOTT». 3JJ.ecb cppa3a «aBTop BeBep-
JleR» y*e He BCTpellaeTC5I.
TeopHH .lI.eCKpHiIIII.HM ITpOJIHJIa TaK}Ke CBeT Ha TO, liTO HMeeTCH
B BH.lI.Y IIOll «CYIll.eCTBOBaHHe.M». «ABTOp BeBepJleR CYIll.eCTByeT»
03H3'lIaeT «HMeeTCH 3HaqeHHe C, .lI.JIH KOToporo 'IIpOII03HII.HOHaJIbHaH
YHKII.HH «x HaIIHCaJI BeBepJIeH» Bcer.ll.a TO>K.lI.eCTBeHHa «x eCTb C»
HCTHHHO». CYIll.eCTBOBaHHe B 3TOM CMbICJIe MO:iKeT YTBep:iKllaTbCH
TOJIbKO 00 OIIHcaHHH, H, '6y.n.YlIH IIpOaHaJIH3HpOBaHO, OHO OKa3bIBa-
eTCH CJIYlIaeM 'npOII03H'II.HOHaJIbHOM <PYH II.HH, HCTHHHOM no KpaM-
HeM: Mepe ITpH OJI.HOM 3HaqeHHH nepeMeHHOM. MbI MO)l{eM CKa3aTb:
«ABTOp BeBepJleR CYIll.eCTByeT», H 'MbI Mo*eM CKa3aTb: «CKOTT-
aBTOp BeBepJIeH»; HO «CKOTT CYIll.eCTByeT» - CKBepHO C TOllKH 3pe-
HHH rpaIMMaTHK'H. B JIYlIllieM CJIyqae 3TO MOLK'HO IIlpO.HHTepnpeTlHpO-
BaTb KaK 03HaqalOllI.ee «'lIeJIOBeK, HMeHyeMbIH «C,KOTTOM», cymecT-
ByeT», HO «qeJIOBeK, HMeHyeMbIM «CKOTTOM» - 3TO AeCKpHnII.HH, a
He HMH. Kor.ll.a HMH HCIIOJIb3YIOT IIpaBHJIbHO, T. e. KaK COOCTBeHHO
HMH, rpaMMaTHqeCKJf HeIIpaBHJIbHO ObIJIO ObI rOBopHTb: «3TO cy-
lI.{eCTByeT» (<<th at exists»).
UeHTpaJIbHaH HJI.eH TeopHH .lI.eCKpHDII.HH COCTOHJIa B TOM, qTO
<ppa3a MO)KeT OOYCJIOBJIHBaTb 3HaqeHHe II pe.ll.JIO:iKeHHH, He HMeH ca-
Ma no ceoe (in isolation) HHKaKoro 3HalJeHHH. 3TOMY B cJIyqae
.QecKpHnnHH HMeeTCH TOqHOe JI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBO: eCJIH ObI «aBTOp
BeBepJleR» 03HaqaJIO lJTO-HH'OY'llb JI.pY,foe, lIeM «CKOTT», TO
«CKOTT - aBTOp BeBepJleR» 'ObIJIO ObI O}KHO, a 13TO He TaK. ECJIH
.obI «aBTOp BeBepJleR» 03HallaJIO «CKOTT», TO «CKOTT - aBTOp Be-
BepAeR» \ObIJIO ObI TaBTOJIOrHeH, a 3TO He TaK. CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, «a8-
TOp BeBepJleR» He 03HaQaeT HH «CKOTT», HH lITO-JIH60 .lI.py,roe, T. e.
«aBTOp 'BeBepJleR» HHqerO He 03HallaeT. 4TO H CJIeJI.oBaJIO JI.oKa-
3aTb.
M. ill JI H K
nOBOPOT B <l>UJlOCO<l>UU
BpeM OT BpeMeHH yqpe* aIDT npH3W 3a yqlliHH oqep
no Bonpocy: liTO ,QOCTHrHYTO £l>H ococpHeH 3a HeKOTopbIli nepHO,lL.
3TOT InepHO 06@qHO HaqHHaIDT HMeHeM KaKorO-HH6Y b Be HKor
MbIC HTe , a 3BBeprneHHe ero BHJI;.fIT B «HaCTOHIII.eM». npH 3TOM
np no 'araeTC , lITO' nporpecc cpHt OcoqrHiH KO BpeMeHH J(aHHoro
MbIC HTe 5I HeCOMHeHeH, qTO LKe KacaeTCH ,AaJIbHerrlliHX OCTlf/Ke-
HHH, TO OHM He5ICHbI.
Ilo,lI,06HbIe BonpocbI BbIpa}l{-aIDT BHoe He)I.oBepHe K \cpH OCO<pHH
Toro 'nepHO,lLa, KOTOpbIH TOJIbKO liTO 3aKOHqHJIC5I. C03JJ.aeTC5I Brre-
qaT eHHe, qTO MbI HMeeM ,Ae o co CKpbITOH cpOPMY HPOBKOH Bonpo-
ca: a eCTb H Boo6III.e XOTb K8Koe-TO npO,lLBH2KeHHe B CPH OCO<pIIH
sa 3TOT rrepHOJI.? 1160 eC H 6bI MbI 16bI H yBepeHbI, qTO )10CTH*eHH
HMeIDTC5I, MbI TaK}Ke 3Ha H 6bI, B '4eM OHH COCTOHT.
EC H MbI OTHOCH,MC5I K npOlli OMY MeHee c-KerrTHqeCKH H BH,AHM
B era \cpH OCO'cpHH HerrpepbIBHbIrr p5I,lL pa3BHTH5I, TO ( OrrpaB,lLaHHeM
TaKOMY OTROllieHHID Mo*eT C YLKHTb ,JIHllib nOBbI\llieHHoe llYBCTB
nOllTHTe bHOCTH, C KOTOpbIIM MbI paCCMaTpHBaeM Bce, IITO 3aHHMa-
eT JIOCTOrrHoe MeCTO B HCTOpHH. KpoMe Toro, no Kpai1Hei1 Mep
peBHHe cpH OCOcpbI npOJI.eMOHCTpHpOBaJIH CBOID ,crroco6HoCTb OKa-
3bIBaTb HCTOpHqeCK,Oe B HHHHe. fl03TOMY B cY*,lLeHHHx 0 HHX HMe-
eTCH B BH,lLY CKopee HX HCTopHlIeCKaH, HeLKe H ,lLeHCTBHTe bHaH
3HaqHMOCTb, oco6eHHO eO H IMbI - KaK aTO qaCTO 6bIBaeT - He OT-
BaLKHBaeMCH pa3JIHqaTb TO H .u.Pyroe.
OqeHb pe)J,KO Ha.n60 ee crro ' c06HbI ' e H3 MbI'CJIH'fIe err Cq HTaJIH, qTO
pe3Y bTaTbI npeJ]JllieCTBYIOll1.erO cpHJIOCOcpCTBOBaHHH, BKJII04aH H
KJIaCCHqeCKHe 06pa311.bI, BJIHIOTCH HeCOMHeHHbIMH. 3TO ,l1.0Ka3bIBa-
eTCH TeM, qTO rrOllTH KaLK,lLa HOBaH CliCTeMa HaqHHa€T Bce CHalla-
a - Ka*,lLbIH MbIC'JIHTeJIb Hlll.eT CBoe co6CTBeHHoe OCHOBaHHe H He
2KeJIaeT CTOHTb Ha rrJIeqax rrpe 'lliecTBeHHHKOB. ,l:LeKapT (He 6e3
rrpHlIHHbI) qYBCTBOBa , qTO HaqHHaeT Bce COBepllieHHO rrO-HOBOMY;
CrrHH03a BepHJI, qTO ero MaTeMaTHlIeCKaH 'cpopMa (KOHeqHO, BTO-
pOCTerreHHaH) BJI eTC5I OTKpbITHeM nO,lLJIHHHOrO cpHJIOcocpCKoro
MeTO,lLa; KaHT 6bI y6e}l{JI.eH, qTO npeJI.JIOLKeHHbIrr HM nYTb B KOH-
lI.e KOHll.OB npeBpaTHT cpHJIOCOcPHIO B HaYKY. DpH'MepbI MOMHO MHO-
*HTb, a60 npaKTHqeCKH Bce Be HKHe MbIC HTeJIH CTpeMHJIHCb npo-
BeCTH pa)J,HIKaJIbHYIO pecpopMY cpH,JIOCOcpHM H CqHTaJIH 3TO cywecT-
BeHHO Ba)l{HOrr 3a.n.aqeii.
3TY oco6eHHocTb cpHJIOCOcpHH TaK qaCTO OIIHCbIaaJIH, 0 Herr TaK
qaCTO co*aJIeJIH, qTO 6eeno e3HO 6bIJIO' 6bI BHOBb Bce 3TO o6cY)I{-
)laTb. MO,TIqa HBbIl1 CKerrTHII.H3M Ii B03,lLepLKaHHe OT CYLK)l.eHHrr Ka-
)KYTC5I e,lI.llHCTBeHHO npaBHJIbHbIM OTHOIlIeHHeM K .np06JIeMe. OIIbIT
,r(BYX TbIC q JIeT, BH,lLHMO, HayqH , lITO nOTIbITKH nOJIO)KHTb KOHea
xaocy CIfCTeM If H3!MeHHTb CYJI.b6y 'cpHJIOCOcpHH HeJIb3H 60JIee npH-
HHMaTb Bcepbe3 YK3'3aHHe Ha TO, qTO ycnex B perneHHH caMbIX
ynp5.lMbIX 'np06JIeM 6bIJI Bce )Ke ,ll.OCTHrHYT, 3HaIOll1.erO qeJIOBeKa He
28
y6eLLHT; H60 eCTb OrraCHOCTb, qTO cpHJIOCOcpHH rrpOCTO HHKOr,Lla H He'
,llOXO,LlHJIa ,no rrOCTaHOBKH TIO,l(JIHHHbIX «:rrp06JIeM».
51 rOBoplO 06 3TOi1: IlIHpOKO H3BecTHoi1: aHa PXHH cpHJIOCOcpCKHX
n03HII.HH, qTOObI He OCTaBaJIOCb HHKaKHX COMHeHHH B TOIM, qTO H B
nOJlHOH Mepe OC03HalO MaOIlITal6 H 3HaqeHHe Toro B3rJI5IJI.a, KOTO-
pbIH XOTeJI ObI cei1:qac BbIC!Ka3aTb. 51 yJoe)K,lI.eH, qTO MbI CeHqaC ne-
pe2KHBaeM pellialOIll.Hi1: rrOBopOT B <pHJIOCOCPHH, 11 Hallie MHeHHe 0
TOM, qTO 'oeCrrJIO,lI.HOMY KOHcpJIHKTY CHCTeM rrpHIlIeJI KOHe , MO)KHO
onpaB,l(aTb BrrOJIHe 06'beKTHBHbIMH C006pa2KeHH5IMH. Y)Ke cei1:qac
MbI 06JIa.naeM MeTO,lI.aMH, KOTopbIe ,lI.eJIaIOT TaKHe KOHcpJIHKTbI B
npHH!II.Hrre HeHY)KHbI\MH, H CJIe,lI.yeT JIHIlIb pelllHTeJIbHbI'M 06pa30M
HX npHMeHHTb. (...)
HOBoe 3apo,nHJIOCb B JIOrHKe. JIe1i r 6HHII. CMYTHO BH,lI.eJI HaqaJIO,
BepTpaH PacceJI H fOTJI06 -<I>pere npO,lI.eJIaJIH Ba)KHYIO pa60TY B
nOCJle,nHHe ,l(eC5ITHJIeTHH, HO rrepBbIM, KTO 'npH6JIH3HJICH K pelllaIO..
me MY nOBopOTY, 6bIJI JIIOJ(BHr BHTreHlllTeHH (B era «JIorHKo-cplI-
JIOCOcpCKOM TpaKTaTe», 1922),.
XOpOIllO H3BeCTHO, tITO B rrOCJIe)I,HHe ,neC5ITHJIeTHH MaTeMaTHKH
pa3pa60TaJIH HOBbIe JIorHqeOKHe MeTO,lI.bI, BHaqaJIe TJIaBHbIM oopa..
30M ,l(JIH peIlIeHHH CBOHX c06CTBeHHbI , X rr,p06JIeM, KOTopbIe He Mor-
JIH 6bITb peIlIeHbI c nOMOlIJ.bIO TpalIJIII.HOHHbIX MeTO)I.OB. Pa3BHTaH
TaKHM 06pa30M JIOrHKa 06HaPY)KHJIa CBOH 'rrpeH.MYllI.eCTBa H B ,lI.PY-
rHX 06JIaCT5IX. Ii BCKope, HeCOMHeHHO, BbITeCHHT CTapbIe cpOpMbI.
51BJIHeTc5I JIH 3Ta JIOrHKa MOIll.HbIM Cp, eJI.CTBOM KOTopoe B rrpHHII.H-
lie rr03BOJIHT HaM BCTaTb Ha)l BceMH cpHJIOCOcpCKHMH KOHcpJIHKTa-
MH? aeT JIH OHa HaM a6WHe IrrpaBHJIa, C nOMOIll.blO KOTOpbIX Bce
Tpa,lI.HllHOHHbIe np06JIeMbI cpHJIOCOcpHH MorYT i6bITb pellleHbI, nO'
KpaMHeM Mepe npHH HnHa bHO?
ECJIH Bce ,neJIo TOJIbKO B 3TOM, TO 51 BPH,lI. JIH, HrrpaBe rOBopHTb
o COBepIlIeHHO HOBOH 'CHTyau,HH. 11,60 3,lI.eCb OblJI lObI TOJIbKO rrOCTe-
neHHbIH, Ka'K 6bI TeXHHqeC:KHH rrporpecc (KaK, Ha!rrpHMep, B TOM
CJIyqae, KorJ(a H306peTeHHe ,QBHraTeJI5I BHYTpeHHero crOpaHH5I B
KOH e KOH OB pelllHJIO rrp06JIeMY nOJIeTOB). KaK 6bI BbICOKO MbJ
HH 'II.eHHJIH HOBbIe tMeTOJI.bI, rrOH5ITHO, qTO HHqerO cpYH,naMeHTaJIbHO-
ro HeJIb35I )J.OCTHrHYTb e,lI.HHCTBeHHO C nOMOlll.blO pa3BHTH5I MeTO,lJ.a.
DOBOPOT, CJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHO, He06xo,lI.HMO 06'b5ICHHTb He JIOrHKoi1: ca-
MOM rro ce6e, HO qeM-TO ,coBep,llleHHo ,lI.pyrHM. KOHeqHO, OH 6bIJI
BhI3BaH JIOrHKOH H c,lI.eJIaJICH B03 I MO)KHbLM HMeHHO oJIarrO,lI.apH eH.
O.n.HaKO CYTb JI.eJIa B qeM-TO ropa3JI.0 60JIee rJIy60KoM, a HMeHHO B
Borrpoce 0 npHpOJI.e caMoi1: JIOrHKH.
ILOBOJIbHO ,naBHO Y)Ke ObI.JI BbICKa3aH B3r JIH,lI., qTO JIOrHqeCKOe B
HeKOTOpOM CMbICJIe eCTb qHCTO cpopMaJlbflOe; 3TO MHeHHe qaCTO
nOBTOp5IJIOCb, OJI.Ha'KO He 6bIJIO 5lCHOCTH OTHOCHTeJIbHO rrpHpO,lI.bI
lIHCThIX cpOpM. KJIlOq 'K rrOHHMaHHIO HX IrrpOHCXO)K,lI.eHH5I CJIe,nyeT
HCKaTh B TOM cpaKTe, qTO BC5IKOe n03HaHHe eCTb BbIpa)KeH.He, Il.JIa
penpe3eHTau.Il5I. A HMeHHO n03HaHHe BbIpa)KaeT cpaKT, KOTOpbIH B
n03HaHHlI Irr03HaeTCH 3TO MO)KeT CJIyqHTbC5I BeCbMa rro-pa3HOMY, B
PalMKax pa3HbIX H3bIKOB, C nOMOIlI.blO JII060H rrpOH3BOJIbHOH CHCTe-
MhI 3HaKOB. Bce 3TH B03,MO)KHble crrDco6bI perrpe3eHTaII.HH - eCJIH
29
OHH eHCTBHTeJIbHO Bblpa)KalOT O HO H TO )Ke 3HaHHe - .lI.OJI)KHbI
MMeTb qTO-TO 06 ee; H 3TO o6I..U.ee B HHX eCTb HX JIOrHqeCKaH
QJOP'M a.
TaK qro Bce 3HaHHe HBJIHeTCH 3HaHHeM JIHlllb B CHJIY ero cpop-
MbI HMeHHO qepe3 CPOPMY OHO penpe3eHTHpyeT n03HaHHbIH cpaKT.
Ho caMY $OPMY HeJIb3H B CBOIO Oqepe.lI.b penpe3eHTHpOBaTb. OHa
O,ZJ.Ha HMeeT OTHOllIeHHe K n03HaHHIO. Bce OCTaJIbHOe B Bblpa)KeHHH
HecYI1l.eCTBeHHo H CJIyqaHHO H He OTJIHqaeTCH, CKa)KeM, OT qepHHJI,
C nOMoru;blO KOTO{}bIX MbI 3anHCbIBaeM YTBep)K eHHH.
3TO npocToe 3alMeqaHHe H'MeeT qpe3BblqaHHO Ba)KHble nocJIeL(-
CTBHH. IloMHMo Bcero npoqero, OHO n03BOJIHeT HaM H36aBHTbCH OT
Tpa H HOHHbIX np06JIeM «TeopHH n03HaHHH». HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH, Ka-
CalOlll.HeC51 qeJIOBeqeCKOH «cnoco6HOCTH K rn03HaHHIO», eCJIH H no-
CKOJIbKY OHM He CTaHOBHTCH qaCTblO 'nCHXOJIOrHH, 3aMeHHIOTCH Tor-
,na C006pa:IKeHHHMH, KacalOIIIHMHCH npHpO bI BbIpa)KeHHH, HJIH pe-
n.pe3eHTa HH, T. e. BCHKoro B03'MO)KHOrO «H3bIKa» B caMOM 06ll1eM
CMbICJIe 3Toro CJIOBa. BonpocbI 06 «HCTHHHOCTH H 'rpaHH ax no-
3HaHHH» HCQe3aIOT. Il03HaBaeMo Bce, qTO MO}KeT 6bITb BbIpa)KeHO,
Ii 3TO HBJIHeTCH TeM rrpe.lI.IMeTOM, OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOToporo MO}KHO
3a.n.aBaTb OCMbICJIeHHble BOnpOCbI. He cYI..U.ecTByeT, CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO,
Bo.npocoB, Ha KOTopbIe B npHHuHlne HeJIb3H aTb OTBeTa, He CYlll.eCT-
ByeT np06JIeM, KOTopbIe He H,MeIOT pellIeHHH. To, qTO npHHH.MaJIOCb
paHbllie 3al TaKH\e BonpocbI, 'CYTb He nO JIIHHHbI'e Bo,npOCbI, a 6.ec-
CMbIeJIeHHbIe enOqKH CJIOB. Pa3YMeeTcH, BHelliHe OHH BbIr JIH HT
KaK BonpOCbl, nOCKOJIbKY Y OBJIeTBOpHIOT 06bIqHbIM npaBHJIaM
rpaM'MaTHKH, HO Ha caMOM eJIe COCTOHT H ' 3 nYCTbIX 3BYKOB, H'60
lIapYllialOT 60JIee TJIy60KHe BHYTpeHHHe ,npaBHJIa JIOrHqeCKorO CHH-
T3KCHca, o6HapY:lKeHHble C nOMOI..U.blO HOBbIX cnoca60B aHaJIH3a.
ECJIH MbI BCTpeqaeMCH C nO JlHHHOH np06JIeMOH, TO B TeopHH
Bcefl a MO}KHO OTKpbITb nYTb, npHBO) Hru;HH K ee pellIeHHIO. 1160
OqeBH)l,HO, qTO YKa3aHHe nYTH pellIeHH'H COHna aeT C YKa3aHHeM
CMbICJIa 3TOH 'np06JIeMbI. OpaKTHftJeCKOe CJIeL(OBaHHe no 3TOMY rry-
TH MO)KeT, KOHeqHO, 3aTpY HHTbCH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaMH 'cpa'KTH'qeCKO-
ro nOpH.lI.Ka - HanpHMep, He.lI.OCTaTKOM qeJIOBeqeOKHX cnoc06HocTeH.
AKT BepHcpHKaUHH, K KOTOPOMY B KOH e KOHUOB npHBo HT nYTb
pellIeHHH, BcerJ{a O HHa OB: 3TO HeKHH onpMeJIeHHbIH cpaKT, KO-
TOpbIH nO TBep)K eH Ha6JIIO.lI.eHHeM H Henocpe cTBeHHbIM onbITOM.
TaKHM onoco60lM OnpeJI.eJIHeTCH HCTHHHOCTb (HJIH JIO)KHOCTb) Ka)K-
.noro YTBep)K eHHH - B 06bI eHHoH )KH3HH HJIH B HaYKe H He CY-
Ill.ecTByeT PYlrHx cnoc060B npOBeplKH H nO.lI.TBep)K.L{eHHH HCTHH,
KpoMe Ha6JIIO eHHH H 3M 1 nHpHqeCKOH HaYKH BCHKaH HaYKa (eCJIH
11 rrOCKOJIbKY MbI nOHH'MaeM no 3THiM CJIOBOM cO.lI.ep)KaHHe, a He qe-
JIOBeqeCKHe npHc 1 noc06JIeHHH JI.JIH f!ro OTKpbITHH) eCTb CHCTeMa no-
3HaBaTeJIbHbIX npe JIO}KeHHH, T. e. HCTHHHbIX YTBep)K eHHH onbITa.
11 Bce HaYKH B eJIOM, BKJIlOqaH H YTBep)K..lI.eHHH 06bI.lI.eHHOH :lKH3-
HM, eCTb CHCTeMa n03HaBaHHiL He cY,IllecTByeT (B 06aBJIeHHH K
3TOMY) Ka,KOH-TO 06JIaCTH «lcpHJIOCOcpCKHX» MCTHH. cI>HJIOCOcpHH He
SIBJIHeTCH CHCTeMOH YTBep:IK eHHH; 3TO He HaytKa.
Ho Tor..lI.a qTO :lKe 3TO? KOHetlHO, 3TO He HaYKa, HO TeM He Me-
30
Hee OHa eCTh HellTO CTOJIh 3HallHTeJIhHOe H Ba)l{HOe, tITO ee, KaK H
p8HbllIe, MO)l{HO Y)l.OCTOHTh 3BaHHH l.{apH bI HaYK H,60 Hr,ne He
3a 1 nHcaHO, tlTO UapH a HaYK calMa ,nOJI)I{Ha .6bITb HaYKOH. IloBo-
pOT, npOHCXOJlHlUHH CerOJlHH, xapaKTepH3yeTcH TeM, llTO MbI BH-
)lHM B cpHJIOCOcpHH He CHCTeMY n03HaBaHHH, HO CHCTeMY 8eUCTBUU;
cpHJIOCOcpHH - TaKaH )I.eHTeJIbHOCTb, KOTopaH rr03BOJIHeT 06HapY>KH-
B8Tb HJIH onpeJ(eJIBTb :3HatIeHHe rrpe)l.JIOLKeHHH. C nO'MOlll.blO cpHno-
co<t>HH npe)I.JIO}KeHHH 061>HCHHIOTCH, C nOMOlll.blO HaY'KH OHH BepH-
cpHUHPYIOTCH. HaYKa 3aHHMaeTCH HCTHHHOCTblO 'rr2-e)l.JIO)l{eHHH, a
cpHJIOCOcpHH - TeM, llTO OHH Ha caMOM ,ZJ.eJIe 03HarqalOT. Co.n.ep>Ka-
HHe, ,ny'ilia H Ayx HaYKH COCTOHT, eCTeCTBeHHO, B TOM, 'lITO HMeHH()
B ,n,eH'CTBHTeJIbHOCTH 03HarqalOT ee npe.n.JIO)l{eHHH; cpHJIOCo'cpCKaK
.neHTeJIbHOCTb no Ha)l.eJleHHIO CMbICJIOM eCTb, Ta.KHM 06pa30 ' M, aRb-
cpa H OMera Bcero HaYtIHOIf'O 3HaHHH 3TO nOHHM3JIH H paHhllIe
Kor..Lla rOBOpHJIH, tITO cpHJIOCOcpHH o.n.HOBpeMeHHO 11 JIe)KHT B OCHOBa-
HHH, H HBJIHeTC51 BbIClIIeH TO'1l'KOH B 31laHHH HaYKH. Dp3BJla, OllIH-
60qHO nOJIatraJIH, qTO <PYH)l.aMeHT COCTOHT H3 «cpHJIOCOcpCKHX» rrpeJ}.-
JIOiKeHHH - npe)l.JIO}KeHHH TeopHH n03HaHHH, 3 BeH O'M HBJIHIOTCK
cpHJIOcocpCKHe npe)l.JIO)l{eHHH, Ha3bIBaeMble 'MeT3'cpH3HKOH.
JIerKo BH)I.eTh, qTO B 3a.n.3'llY cpHJIOCOcpHH He BXO)l.HT CPOPMYJIH-
pOBaHHe npe)I.JIO)l{eHHH - H3.n.eJIeHHe npe)l.JIO)l{eHHH CMbICJIOM He
MO)l{eT 6bITb ocymeCTBJIeHO C InOMomblO C3MHX npeJI.JIO)l{eHHH. H6o/
eCJIH, CKa)l{eM, H rOBoplO 0 CMbICJIe MOHX CJIOB, npHMeHHH pa31>HC-
HHIOlll.He npeJI.,JIO)l{eHHH H onpe)l.eJIeHHH, T. e. C fIOMOlll.blO )l.PyrHx
CJIOB, CJIe..LlOBaJIO 6bI cnpocHTb B CBOIO oqepe,JI.b 0 CMbICJIe 3TIIX
pa.31>HCHHIO'lll.HX CJIOB H T. .n. 3TO He MO}KeT rrpO)l.OJILKaTbCH )1.0 Gee..
KOHeqHOCTH H Bcer)l.a npH'xo.n.HT B KOHeqHOM CtIeTe K YKa33HHHM
Ha TO, qTO HMeeTCH B BH)l.Y H, TaKHM 06pa.30M, K peaJIbHbIM aK-
TaM; o,n,HaKO Ca.MH 3TH .n.eHCTBHH He MOCYT 16bITb )l.aJIee pa3'bHCHe-
HbI, .lJ.a OHH H He HY)I{..lJ.aIOTCH B p3'3'bHCHeHHH. O,KOHqaTeJIhHOe Ha-
.n.eJIeHHe CMbICJIOM, TaKHM 06pa30M, Bcer)l.a fnpOHCXO)l.HT C nOMOlll.blO
aeRHUU. HMeHHO )l.eHHHH, HJIH )l.eHCTBHH, COCTaBJ1HIOT cpHJIOCOcpCKYIO'
)I.eHTeJIbHOCTb.
O.lJ.HOH H3 caMbIX cepbe3HbIX 01IIH60K npOlIIJIOrO .6bIJIa Bepa B
TO, qTO ..lJ.eHCTBHTeJIbHOe 3H3qeHHe H nO.lJ.JIHHHOe cO)l.ep)l{aHHe TOqHO,
TaK )Ke cpOPMY JIHPYIOTCH B BH.lJ.e npe.Ll.JIOMeHHH H, CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO,
MorYT 6bITb perrpe3eHTHpOBaHbI B 'n03HaB3TeJIbHhIX Inpe.lJ.JIO)l{eHHHX..
3TO 16bIJIO 01IIH6KOH «MeTacpH3HKH». YCHJIHH MeTacpH3HKOB BcerJI.a
6hlJIH HanpaBJIeHbI Ha a6cYP.lJ.HYIO lJl.eJIb - BbIpa3HTb qHCTOe Kaqe-
CTBO (<<CYlll.HOCTb» Belll.eH) C nOMOlll.blO n03HaBaTeJIbHbIX npe.lJ.JIO-
)KeHHH, T. e. BbICKa3aTb HeBbIC'Ka3bIBaeMoe 1. KatIeCTBa He MorYT
6hITb «BbICKa3aHbI». OHH Mor)'T 6bITb JIHlIIb .nOKa3aHbI B onbITe *.
O.lI.HaKO K 3TOMY 'TIOKa3bIBaHHIO n03HaBaHHe He HMeeT HH.KaKoro-
OTHOll1eHHH.
Ta HM OOpa.30M, MeTa,cp'H3HK3 rH/OHeT .Hle nOTOMY, q'foO qeJIOBeqe-
CRItH pa3YM He B COCTOHHHH pa3pelIIHTb ee 3a.lJ.aQ (KaK, K rrpHMepy,
1 CM. MOIO CTaTblO «Erleben, Erkennen, Metaphysik», Kantstudien. Vol. 31
(1930).
31
JI.YMaJI KaHT), HO nOTOMY, qTO TaKHX 13aJI.aQ He cym.eCTByeT. C 00-
H.apY)KeHHeM OlUH60tIHbIX CPOP'MYJIHpOBOK 3TOit np06JIeMbI OO'bHCHH'-
e. H TaKLKe H HCTOpHH MeTacpH3HtIeeKHX cnopOB.
ECJIH Hawa KOH e'llIu.HH B rJIaBHOM BepRa, Mbl J{OJILKHbI 6bIT
C.IIOCOIOHbI 060CHOBaTb ee If HCTOpHqeCKH. CJIe,lI.yeT 06'bHCHHTb 1r3
MeHeHHe B' CMbICJIe CJIOBa «QJHJIOCOcpH5I».
. BOT B qeM 3JI.eCb ,lI.eJIo. ECJIH B JI.peBHoCTH (H .n:a}Ke )1.0 caMoro
nOCJIe,lI.Hero BpeMeHH) cpHJIOCOcpHH CqHTaJIaCb TOLK,lI.eCTBeHHOH BC5I
KOMY "£IHCTO TeOpeTHtIec.KoMy HayqHoMy HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHIO, TO 3TO YKa..
3:bIBaeT Ha TOT cpaKT, 1.ITO HaYKa 6bIJIa B COCTOHHHH caMa BbIrrOJI..
HHTb 3a.n.aqy rrpOHCHeHHH co6CTBeHHbI.X CPYH)laMeHTaJIbHbIX rrOHH..
THH. 3MaHCHnau.HH CrreII.HaJIbHbIX HayiK OT cpHJIOCOcpHH ,l10.Ka3bIBaeT,
qTO CMbICJI HeKOTopbIX CPYH.n.3:MeHTaJIbHbIX rrOHHTHH CTaJI ,lI.OCTa..
TOtIHO HceH, IllT06bI ,o6eeneqHTb B ,lI.aJIbHeMlIIeM ycnelIIHYIO pa60TY
c' HHMH. ECJIH cerO,lI.HH .9THKa H 3CTeTHKa, a 3aQaCTYIO Ta'K/Ke rrCH..
XOJIOrHH CtIHTalOTCH OTBeTBJIeHHHMH cpHJIOCOcpHH, 3TO 03HaiIaeT, tITO
OHH He 06JIa,lI.a1OT rrOKa )I.OCTaTo:qHO HCHbIMH 6a3HCHbIMH rrOHHTHH..
MH, rqTO HX YCHJIHH ,lI.0 CHX nop HarrpaBJIeHbI rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M Ha
CMblCJl c06CTBeHHbIX YTBep)KJI.eHHH. H3tKOHeu., eCJIH BHYTPH YLKe
YCTaHOBHBlIIeHCH HaYKH B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT B03HHKaeT B,lI.Pyr He..
06XOJI.HMOCTb 3aHOBO rrOpa3l\1bIC'JIHTb Ha,lI. HCTHHHblM CMbICJIOM cpYH-
aMeHTaJIbH X rrOHHTHM H B pe3YJIbTaTe )I.OCTHraeTCH GOJIee rJIY"
GOKoe nOHHMaHHe HX CMbICJIa, 3TO cpa3Y LKe CQHTaeTCH BbI aIOIIlH'M"
CH <pHJIOCOcpOKHM ,lI.OCTH)KeHHe'M. Bce COrJIaCHbI, HarrpHMep, tITO pa..
{)OTa 3HHwTeHHa, HanpaBJIeHHaH Ha aHaJIH3 CMbIC,,1a YTBep)KJI.eHHH
o BpeMeHH H npOCTpaHCTBe, GbIJIa HJIOCOcpCKHM JI.OCTH>KeHHeM.
3JI.eCb MbI ,lI.OJIlKHbI .lI.06aBHTb, tITO pell1alOI..I.I.He H 3rrOXaJIbHble llI3trH
B HaYKe BcerlI.a H'MelOT TaKOH xapaKTep; OHH npe,lI..llOJIaraIOT rrpo-
CHeHHe CMbICJIa CPYH,lI.aMeHTaJIbHbIX YTBepLK.n.eHHH, H TOJIbKO Te
OCTHraIOT B HHX ycrrexa, KTO cnocoGeH K cpHJIOCOcpCKOH ,lI.eHTeJIb..
HOCTH. BeJIHKHH HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIb - Bcer,lI.a cpHJIOCOcp.
GaCTO T3'KLKe Ha3BaHHe «/cpHJIOCOcpHH» npHMeHHeTC5I .K ,lI.eHCT-
BIIHM, KOTopbIe H3!npaBJIeHbI He Ha qllCTOe rr03HaHlle, a Ha nOBe,lI.e-
lIHe B )KH3Hll. 3TO BnOJIHe rrOHHTHO. I1,Go MY..1I.PbIH tIeJIOBeK B03BbI-
rnaeTCH Ha.n. Hepa3YMHoH TOJInOl1 TOJIbKO TeM, tITO MOLKeT YKa3aTb
60JIee HCHO CMbICJI YTBepLKJI.eHHH H BorrpocoB, OTHOCHIlI.HXCH K LKH3-
HeHHbI'M OTHOll1eHHHM, cpaKTaM H LKeJIaHHHM.
DOBOpOT B cpHJIOCOcpliH 03HatIaeT TaJK)Ke pernHTeJIbHbIH OTKa3 OT
oll1116oqHbIX nYTeH, KOTopbIe GbIJIH HaMeqeHbI BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe
XIX BeKa II npHBeJIH K cOBeprneHHo HerrpaBllJIbHbIM OII.eHKaM Toro,
QTO T3:KOe IcpHJIOCOcpIiH. 51 H'MelO B BH,lI.y Inpej{cTaBJIeHHe 06 HH.lI.YK-
7HBHOM xapaKTepe cpllJIOCOcpHH H COOTBeTCTBeHHO y6eLK.n.eHHe, QTO
<pHJIOCOcpHH COCTOHT HCiKJIIOtIHTeJIbHO 113 npe.1I.JIOLKeHHH, 06JIa.n.alO-
lll.HX rHnOTeTHqeCKOH HCTHHHOCTblO. I1,lI.eH 0 TOM, tITO npe,lI.JIO)l{eHHH
<pHJIOCOcpHH JIHll1b BepOHTHbl, He 6blJIa paHee norrYJIHpHOH. MbICJIll-
TeJIH npOlIIJIorO OTBepr JIH 16bI TaKYIO HJI.elO KaK HeCOBMeCTHMYIO C
)J.OCTOHHCTBaMH cpH.HOCOcpHH, H B 3TOM npOHBJIHJIOCb 3.n.opOBoe HH-
CTHHKTHBHoe OlIl.Ylll.eHHe, tITO cpHJIOCOcpHH .n.O.H)I{Ha '3aHHMaTbCH no-
HCKOM nOCJIe,lI.HHX OCHOBaHHH n03HaHHH. 06paTHOH CTOpOHOH Me-
32
........
,lI.aJIM 6bIJIa J}.OflMa 0 TOM, qTO <plfJIOCOflJHH HmeT 6e3YCJIOBHO HCTHH-
IIbIe anpUOplible aKCHOMbI; 3TO MbI ,QOJI)KHbI paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK
KpaMHe HeYJI.aqHOe BbIpa}KeHHe YKa3aHHOrO HHCTHHKTa, OC06eHHO
B CBeTe TOrO, qTO flJHJIOCOflJHH Boo61.I.{e He COCTOHT H3 npe,QJIO}Ke-
HMM. OJI.HaKO MbI TO}Ke BepH'M B JI.OCTO HCTBO flJHJIOCOflJHH H CqHTa-
eM HeCOBMeCTHMbIMH C HHM He,QOCTOBepHOCTb M BepOHTHOCTb; M MbI
pa}1.bI, qTO pelIIalOl.I.{HM nOBopOT JI.eJIaeT HeB03MOLKHbIMH TaKHe KOH-
aenn HH . M60 nOHHTHH BepOHTHOCTH HJIH HeJI.OCTOBepHOCTH npOCTO
aenpHJIOLKHMbJ K ,QeHCTBHHM no OCMbICJIeHHIO, KOTopbIe 06pa3YIOT
rPHJIOCOcpHIO. OHa JI.OJI)KHa YCTaHaBJIHBaTb CMbICJI npe,QJIO)KeHHM
KaK HeqTO HBHO OKOHqaTeJIbHoe. JIn60 y Hac eCTb 3TOT CMbICJI, Ii
Tor]l.a MbI 3HaeM, qTO 03HaqaeT 3TO npe,QJIO)KeHHe, JIH60 MbI He
06JIa]l.aeM TaKHM /3HaHHeM H B 3TOM cJIyqae HMeeM J(eJIO C nycTbIMH
CJIOBaMH, a BOBce He c npeJIJIO)KeHHHMH. HeT HHqerO, qTO 6blJIO ObI
nOCepeJI.HHe, M He MO}KeT 6bITb H peqH 0 «BepOHTHOCTH» Toro, qTO
HeKOTopbIH JI.aHHbIH eMbICJI HBJIHeTCH BepHbIM. TaKHM 06pa30M, CO-
DepllIHB nOBopOT, flJHJIOCOflJHH JI.OKa3bIBaeT ,QOCTOBepHbIH xapaKTep
BOHX rrpeJI.JIOLKeHHM eIll.e HCHee, 'tJeM paHblIIe.
11 TOJIbKO 3a CqeT TalKoro nOBopOTa MO)KeT 16bITb npelKpaIll.eH
cnop CHCTe/M. 5I nOBTOpHIO: B pe3YJIbTaTe HOBOrO B3rJIHlla Ha BeIIlM
NlbI MO}KeM CerOJI.HH CQHTaTb 3TOT onop 'npaKTHQeCKH 3aKOHqeHHbIM.
HaJ(eIOCb, qTO 3TO 6YJI.eT co BCeM HCHOCTblO OTpa)KeHO Ha CTpaHH-
[(ax JI.aHHOrO }KypHaJIa * B HaqaJIbHbIM nepHOJJ: ero CYIlI.eCTBOBaHHH.
Pa3YMeeTCH, OCTaHYTCH eme MHOrOqH.CJIeHHbIe nOiIIHTHbIe ,QBH-
>KeHHH. KOHeqHO, MHorrHe flJHJIOCOflJbI CTOJIeTH HMH elll.e '6y JI.YT 6po-
,nHTb 'no npOTopeHHbIM nYTHM H 06CYIKJI.aTb CTapbIe nceB,Qonpo6JIe-
MbI Ho B KOHIlJ,e KOHII.OB HX nepeCTaHYT CJIY,lIIaTb: OHH CTaHYT Ha-
rrOMHHaTb aKTepOB, KOTopbIe InpoJ(OJI)KaIOT HlrpaTb JI.a)Ke nOCJIe TO-
ro, ,KaK aY)J,HTopHH OlnYCTeJIa. 'M TO'f,lI.a He 6YJI.eT Heo6xo,LlHMOCTH
OOCY}K,QaTb KaKJHe-TO o'Clo6bIe «flJHJIOcoflJcKM'e np06JI ' eMbI», H:60 MO)K-
HQ 6y eT no-flJHJIOcoflJCKH rOBopHTb 0 KaKHX YTO HO np06JIeMaX,
T. e. o6CY}KJ(aTb HX HCHO H OCMbICJIeHHO.
M. ill JI H K
o «I>YHAAMEHTE n03HAH"
I
Bce 3HafllHTeJIbHbIe nOIIbITKH C03JI.aTb TeopHIO n03HaHHH
crpOHJIHCb KaK peweHHe np06JIe.MbI ,QOCTOBepHoro 3HaHHH A .3Ta
P?6JIeMa B CBOIO oqepe.lI.b BblpaCTaJIa H3 CTpeMJIeHHH K a6COJIIOT-
Oll AOcToBepHocTH.
CYlI1.eCTByeT B3r JIH.lI., cor JIaCHO KOTOpOMy YTBep)K.lI.eHHH 06bl-
eRROR }KH3HH H HaYKH .MorYT '6bITb B JIyqWeM cJIYQae JIHWb Be-
SlTHbtMH H .lI.a)Ke caMble 06lI1.He pe3YJIbTaTbI Hay.KH nO)1JKpenJIHe-
Ie BceM qeJIOBeCKHM OiIIbITOM, CYTb He 60JIee qeM rHillOTe3bI aTO
2--394
33
B033peHHe nOCTOHHHO CTHMYJIHpOBaJIO cpHJIOCOcpCKYIO MbICJIb - H3
lIHHaH C ,l:LeKapTa H ,lI.a)Ke, XOTH 3TO H He CTOJIb OlJ:eBH,lI.HO, co Bpe
MeH aHTHlIHOCTH - K nOHClKaM HeIKOJIe6HMOro, HeCOMHeHHoro OCHO
BaHHH, HeKoero TBep,lI.OrO 16a3Hca, Ha KOTOpOM MO,rJIO 6bI nOKOHTL
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HO 06'bHCHHJIJH HeB03MO)KHOCTblO, 'CKopee Be-ero npiHIH HnHaJIbHO
nOCTpO'H'Tb 60JI,ee Ha)J.e)K'HYIO CTPYKTYPY 'c.HJIOH lJ:eJIOBelI'eCKOro MbIIiI
JIeHHH. OllHaKO Bce )Ke np0,llOJI}KaJIHCb nOHeKH cpYHJJ.aMeHTa, KOTO-
pbIH CYIlI.eCTBOBaJI 6bI npe)K,Lle BCHKHX nOCTpoeHHH H He 6bIJI 6b
w a TKH,M .
YCHJIHH B 3TOM HanpaB.H,eHHH npe,lI.npHHHMaJIHCb ,lI.a)Ke «peJIH
THBHCTaMH» H «CKenTHKaMH», KOTopbIe He npH3HaBaJIH B03MO}KHO
CTH TaKoro nOHCKa. DYTH nOHOKa 6bIJIH pa3JIHlIHbI/MH, KaK H CBH
3aHHbIe C HHMH MHeHHH. Dp06JIeMa «npOTOKOJIbHbIX 'npellJIO}Ke
HHH», HX CTPYKTypbI H cpYH,K HH eCTb HOBeHwaH cpopMa, B ,KOTOpy
cpHJIOCOcpHH, HJIH OKopee pelllHTeJIbHbIH 3MnHpH H3IM HawHX ,lI.He J
06JIeKaeT nOHCKH nOCJIe,LlHerO OCHOBaHHH I103HaHHH.
DepBOHalIaJIbHO Ino,lI. «npOTOKOJIbHbIMH npe,LlJIO)KeHHHMH» nOHI
MaJIHCb - ,Ka:K 3TO BH,lI.HO H3 caMoro HaHMeHOBaHHH - Te npe,lI.JIO
)KeHHH, KOTopbIe BbIPa)KaIOT cpaKTbl a6COJIIOTHO npOCTO, 6e3 K3tKO
rO-JIn60 HX nepe,lI.eJIbIBaHHH, H3 1 MeHeHHH HJIH ,lI.o6aBJIeHHH K HII
lJ:ero-JIH60 eIll.e, - cpaKTbI, nOHCKOM KOTOpbIX 3aHHMaeTCH BCH¥a
HaYKa H KOTopbIe npe,LlweCTBYIOT BC51KOMY n03HaHHIO H BCHKOM
CY)K,lI.eHHIO 0 MHpe l3eCCMbICJIeHHO rOBopHTb 0 He,LlOCTOBepHbI
cpaKTax. TO.HbKO YTBep)K eHHH, TOJIhKO Hawe 3HaHHe MorYT 6bIT
He,LlOCTOBepHbI,MH. D03TOMY eCJIH H3iM y,lI.aCTCfI BbIpa3HTb cpa'KTbI
«npOTOKOJIbHbIX npe,LlJIO)KeHHHX», 6e3 KaKOrO-JIH I 60 HCKa)KeHHH, T
OHH CTaHYT, HaBepHoe, a6COJIIOTHO HeCOMHeHHbIMH OT,npaBHbIM
TOlIKa\1H 3HaHHfI. KOHelIHO, 'MbI OCTaBJIHeM HX, KOf,lI.a nepeXO,LlHM
YTBepLK,LleHHHM, aKTyaJIbHO YfnOTpe6JI5IeMbIM B )KH3HH HJIH Ha) K
(TaKoro pO,lI.a nepeXO,Ll HBJIHeTCH, BH)lHMO, nepeXO,llOM OT «CHHr
JIHpHbIX» K «YHHBepCaJIbHbI,M» npe,LlJIO)KeHH5IM), HO OHH TeM He v1
Hee 06pa3YIOT TBep,lI.bIH 6a3HC, KOTOPOMY Bce HalliH n03Ha£II
06H3aHbI npHCYIlI.eH HM CTeneHblO npaBHLlIbHOCTH
11 He HMeeT 3HalIeHHH, i6bI.HH HJIH He '6bIJIH OcpOP'My.HHpOBawI
Ha caMOM ,lI.eJIe 3TH Ta'K Ha3bIBaeMbIe npOTOKOJIbHbIe ,npe,LlJIO)KeHH
T. e. 6bIJIH JIH OHH BbICKa3aHbI, 3anHcaHbI HJIH a)Ke HBHO «nOMbY
JIeHbI»; Ha,LlO TOJIbiKO 3HaTb, KaKHe npe,Ll.nOlKeHHH 06pa3YIOT 6a.. 1I
aKTyaJIbHbIX 0603HalJ:eHHH, H 6bITb cnoco6HbIMH 8 .H1060H MOMe
HX peKOHCTpYHpOBaTb. Kor,lI.a, HanpHMep, HCCJIe,LlOBaTeJIb 3anHC I
BaeT, lITO «npH TaKHX-TO H TaKHX-TO YCJIOBH5IX CTpeJIKa ,nOKa3bIs3
eT 10,5», OH 3HaeT, lITO '3TO 03HalIaeT «,lJ.Be lIepHbIe JIHHHH nepeceJ{
JIHCb» H qTO CJIOBa «lnpH TarKHX-TO H TaKHX-TO y'CJIOBHHX» (npell
CTaBHM ce6e, lITO YCJIOBHH 3,lI.eCb OlfOBopeHbI) TOlIHO TaK )Ke CKTJ3
AbIBalOTCH B onpe,LleJIeHHbIe npOTOKOJIbHbIe npe.,LlJIO)KeHHH, KOTOpb
eCJIH 6bI OH lnO)KeJIaJI, MorJIH 16bI ,6bITb CcpOPMYJIHpOBaHbI T01.JHO o
TH, HaBepHoe, 3TO 6bIJIO 6bI TPY,LlHO.
Bp5I,lJ. .JIH KTO-TO CTaHeT ocnapHBaTb, 1.JTO 3HaHHe B )KH3HH H fIt!
YKe B KaKOM-TO CMbICJIe HatLUHaeTCfl C KOHCTaTaIJ.HH cpaKTOB H Tlr
34
--
«npOTOKO.HbHbIe npe,lJ.JIO}KeHHH», B KOTOpbIX OHH cpHKCHPYIOTCH, Ha-
X0)151TCH B TOM }Ke CaMOM CMbIC.He B flatLaAe HaYKH. LITO 3TO 3a
CMbIOJI? B KaKOM CMbICJIe ,lJ.OJI}KHO 6bITb 'HOHHTO «Ha'qaJIO» - BO
epel\1eHHOM HJIH B JIOrHqeCKOM?
YJKe 3,LleCb MbI 06HaPY}KHBaeM MHOrO nYTaHHII.bI H HeHCHOCTeH.
51 CKa3aJI paHee, 4TO HeBa}KHO, ,lJ.eJIaIOTCH JIM (HJIH BbICKa3bIBaIOT-
C5I) TaKHe YTBep}K)I.eHHH aKTyaJIbHO HJIH HeT, H 3TO, OqeBH,LlHO, 03-
HaqaeT, qTO OHH He 06H3aTeJIbHO 1l0JI}KHbI CT05ITb B HaqaJIe no
6pe.l11,eflU, HO ,MorYT 6bITb, eCJIH B03HHKHeT TaKaH Heo6xOllHMOCTb,
HafLlI.eHbI H JIl03}Ke. Heo6xo,lJ.HMOCTb B HX cpOPMYJIHpOHKe MO}KeT
n05lBHTbCH B TOM OJIyqae, eCJIH MbI nO}KeJIaeM npOHCHHTb ,lI.JI5I ce65I
CMbICJl npe,lJ.JIO}KeHIH5I, KOTopo,e MbI .rr.'eHCTBHTeJIbHO 3anHCaJIH. CJIe-
.lI.yeT JIH Tor,lJ.a nOHHMaTb OTHeceHHe K rnpOTOKOJIbHbIM npe11JIO}KeHH-
.M B /102UtLeCKOM CMbICJIe? B '3TOM CJIyqae OHH 6Y,lJ.YT OTJIMqaTbCH
KaKHMH-TO OnpelleJIeHHbIMH JIorHqeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, CBoeM CTPYK-
TYPOll, CBOHM MeCTOM B CHCTeMe HaYKH, H TOr,lJ.a MbI J(OJI}KHbI 6y-
lI.e\1 pelllHTb 3a,lJ.aqy BbIHBJIeHHH 3TMX CBOMCTB. <PaKTHqeCKH HMeH-
HO TaK KapHan *, HanpHMep, nepBOHaqaJIbHO CTaBHJ1 BOlnpoc 0 npo-
TOKOJIbHbIX npe,LlJIO}KeHHHX, XOTH H 06'b5IBHJI nOTOM, IqTO 11aHHbLH:
Bonpoc pernaeTCH C nOMOlll.blO npOH3BOJIbHOrO BbI ' 60pa 1.
C lI.pyroH CTOpOHbI, rqaCTO npellnOJIaralOT, qTO nolI. «npOTOKOJIb-
HbJ.MH npe,lJ.,JIO}KeHH5ItMH» ,lJ.OJILKHbI nOHHMaTbCH TOJIbKO Te npeJ(J10-
)KeHHH, KOTopbIe TalK}Ke H Ino BpeMeHH npe,lJ.weCTBYIOT 11pyrHM npe11-
JIOMeHHHM HaYKH. TI paBHJIbHa5I JIH 3TO TOqKa 3peHHH? MbI 110J1}KHbI
nO\1HHTb, qTO HMeeM .rr.eJIO C nOCJIe.,lJ.HHM 6a3HCOM 3HaHHH 0 pea.llb-
flOCTU. He,lJ.OCTaTOqHO 6bIJIO 16bI Tpa.KTOBaTb YTBep:/KlI.eHHH KaK, CKa-
)KeM, «H11eaJIbHbIe KOHCTPYKII.HH» (B IIJIaTOHOBClKOM CMbICJIe). HaM
CJIellyeT 06paTHTbC5I, cKopee, K peaJIbHbIM npoHclllecTBHHM, C06bI"
"1151'\1, KOTopbI'e CJIyqa 1 IOTC5I BO BpeM.eHH,- OHH-TO !H eCTb TO, 0 qeM
BhICKa3bIBaIOTC5I CY*J].eHHH. TI03TOMY MbI ,lJ.OJI}KHbI 3aHHTbCH npo-
1fCXOll5IllI.HMH B nCHXHiKe a.KTaMH «MbIWJIeHH5I» HJIH LKe 'cpH3HqeCKH-
MH aKTaMH «rOBopeHH5I» HJ1H «nHCbMa». TIOCKOJIbKY nCHXHqeCKHe
aKThI CY}K,lJ.eHH5I fnpHrO,1J.HbI llJI5I YCTaHOBJIeHH5I HHTepcy6'beKTHBHO
BepHoro 3HaHH5I TOJIbKO B TOM CJIyqae, Kor,lJ.a OHH rnepeBe,lJ.eHbI B
Bep6aJIbHbIe HJIH nHCblMeHHO 3acpHKCHpOBaHHbIe BbIpaLKeHH5I (T. e.
B CPH3HqeCKH CYIlI.eCTBYlOllI.YIO CHCTeMY CHMBOJIOB), TO «npOTOKO.Hb-
HWe npellJIO}KeHH5I» CJIe,LlyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK HeKOTopwe npo-
1I3HeceHHbIe, 3anHcaHHbIe HJIH HaneqaTaHHbIe npe11JIO}KeHHH. Ha-
npliMep, KaIKHe-TO CHMBO.HHqeCKHe KOMnJIeKCbI H3 3BYKOB HJ1H TH-
norpacpoKoii KpaCKH, 6Y,LlyqH nepeBe,LleHbI C 06bIqHbIX COKpaIll.eHHH
Ha nOJIHOII.eHHYIO peqb, 03HaqalOT HeqTO BpO,Lle «M-p N. N. B Ta-
oe-TO H TaKoe-TO BpeM5I Ha6JIIO,LlaJI TO-TO liTO-TO B TaKOM-TO H
OaKOM-TO MeCTe» (3Toro B3rJI5I,Lla npH,Llep*HBaJICH, B qaCTHOCTH,
11 HeiipaT) 2**. B caMOM ,LleJIe, eCJIH npOCJIe,LlHTb nYTb, KOTOpbIM
lI I ,QeiiCTBHTeJIbHO H,,LleM, Kor11a ,Ll06bIBaeM 3HaHHe, TO 065I3aTeJIb-
06HapY)KHBaeWb 3TOT HCTOqHHK: HaneqaTaHHble B KHHrax npell-
---------
: a r nap. "Ober ProtokoIlsatze", Erkenntnis. Vol. III. P. 216 ff.
e u rat h. "ProtokoIIsatze", Erkenntnis. Vol. III. P. 104 ff.
:2-tt
35
JIO}KeHHSI, CJIOBa, npOH3HOCHiMbIe yqHTeJIeM, HarnH C06CTBeHHbIe Ha
6JIIO.lI.eHHSI (B nOCJIe.lI.HeM CJIy,qae MbI caMH SIBJISIeMCSI N. N.).
C 3TOH TOqKII 3peHHSI npOTOKOJIbHbIe npe.lI.JIO}KeHHH - peaJIbHbl
npOHcrneCTBHH B MHpe, If OHH Ino BpeMeHH npe.lI.\rneCTBYIOT JI.pyrIf I
peaJIbHWM npoueccaM, Bpo e «nOCTpoeHHH HaYKH» IfJIH npOH3BO
CTBa JIHqHOrO 3HaHHH.
He 3HalO, HaeKOJIbKO pa3JIHqHe, npOBeJI.eHHOe 3.lI.eCb Me}K.lI.Y JIO
rHqeCKHM H BpeMeHHbIM nepBeHcTBoM npOTOKOJIbHbIX rrpeJI.JIo)Ke
HHH, cooTBeTcTByeT pa3JIHlIHHM BO B3rJIHj.{ax, KOTOpbIX npH ep:IKH
BalOTCH cOBpeMeHHbIe aBTopbI, - 3TO HeBa}KHO. HarneH ueJIblO HB
JISIeTCH YCTaHOB,neHHe He Toro, KTO IIMeHHO BbICKa3aJI npaBHJIbHhI
B3r JIHl(, HO Toro, B qeM 3TOT npaBHJIbHbIH B3r JIH 3aKA1O t LaeTC
A ,JIH 3Toro Harne pa3JIHqeHHe .lI.BYX TOqeK 3peHHH 6YJI.eT BeCbM.
rrOJIe3HbIM.
Do cy ecTBY 3TH Ba B3r JIH.lI.a COBMeCTHMbI ,lJ.Pyr C ,lI,PyroM, no
CKOJIbKY YTBepM,lI,eHHH, perrHCTpHpYIO He npOCTbIe .lI.aHHbIe Ha6JIlO
eHHH H CTOSI He Ino BpeMeHH B HaqaJIe, MorYT 6bITb O,lJ.HOBpeMeH
HO TeMH JKe, ,KOTopbIe B CIIJIY CBOell: CTPYKTYPbI 06pa3YIOT JIOrHQe
CKIfH OTnpalBHOH rrYHKT HaYKH.
II
Hac npe2K,ne Bcero 6y eT HHTepeCOBaTb CJIe,lJ.YlOmHH: Bon
poc: llTO ,lI,aeT 'CPOPMYJIHpOBIKa npO'6JIeMbI nOCJIe HerO 6a3Hca no
3HaHHH B TepMHHax npOTOKOJIbHbIX npej.{JIO:IKeHHH? OTBeT Ha 3TO
Bonpoc caM no ce6e HBHTCSI InYTeM ;K perneHHIO np06JIeMbI.
,LLY;MalO, lITO 3HaqHTeJIbHbIM ycoBeprneHcTBoBaHlieM MeTO,lJ.a HB
JISIeTCH nonbIT.Ka HC'KaTb 16a3HC n03HaHHH, BbISIBJIHH He nepBHqHbI
ljJaKTbl, a 'nepBHlIHbIe npe8AOOlCeHUR. Ho H J.LY,MalO TaK}Ke, lITO Ii
.9TOrO J{OCTH)KeH'H'SI 'He 6bIJIO HI3BJIelIeHO Ma&C!HMYlvra rrOJIb3bI, BO
MO)KHO, B pe3YJIbTaTe HenOHHMaHHH Toro, tITO peqb B 06lll.eM-T
H eT 0 CTapOH Inp06JIeMe 6a3Hca. D03HuHH, K KOTOpOH rrpHBeJI
paCCMOTpeHHe 'npOTOKOJIbHbIX n'peJI.JIO:IKeHHll:, Ha MOll: B3r JIH,lJ., He
COCTOHTeJIbHa. OHa npIfBOJJ.HT K CBoero pOj.{a peJISITHBH3MY, He 6
XOj.{HMO CJIe.lI.YlOmeMy H3 Toro B3'r JIH a, qTO npOTQKOJIbHbIe npe.lI. JIo
)KeHHH CYTb 3MnHpHqeOKHe cpaKTw, Ha KOTOpWX 3aTeM CTpOHTC
3j.{aHHe HayrKIf.
,LLpyrHMH CJIOBaMH: ,KOrJI.a npOTOKOJIbHbIe 'npe JIO}KeHHH TpaKT
lOT TaKHM 0'6pa30M, TO cpa3Y Me B03HHKaeT Bonpoc 0 ,lJ.OCTOBep
HOCTH, C 'KOTOPOll: MO:IKHO YTBepJK.lI.aTb 06 HX HCTHHHOCTH; If M"
,lJ.OJI:lKHbI npH3HaTb, qTO 3.n:eCb B03HH'KaeT MHO}KeCTBO caMbIX pa
HbIX COMHeHHH.
HanpHMep, MbI BCTpeqaeM B KHHre npeJI.JIO}KeHHe, B KOTOpO
rOBopHTCSI, qTO N. N. npHMeHHJI HeKHll: HHcTpYMeHT, lITo6bI npo)l
JIaTb HeKoe Ha\6JIIOJI.eHHe. MbI .MO}KeM npH onpe.lI.eJIeHHbIX 06CTO.
TeJIbCTBaX 3TOMY BepHTb. OllHaKo 3TO npe.lI.JIO}KeHHe (H Ha6JIIO)l"
HIfe, KOTopoe OHO IIKcHpyeT) HH B KoeM CJIYlIae HeJIb3H CtIHTa T
a6COA1OTHO )l.oCTOBepHbIM. 11160 B03MO}KHOCTb ornH,61KH oqeHb Be.JJIJ
Ka. N. N. Mor no He6pe}KHOCTIi IIJIH HeHaMepeHHo onHcaTb qTO r
36
TaKoe, qTO He penpe3eHTHpyeT Ha6JIIO,lJ.aeMbIii cpaKT npaBHJIbHO; B
galUJICH 0 HeM HJIH B (neI.IaTH TaKMe MOrJIH 3aKpaCTbC5I OlliH6KH. TIo
cyTJI ,[(eJIa H JIOrrYlIl,eHHe, qTO CHMBOJIbI B KHHre COXpaH5IIOT CBOlO
q>oPMY XOT5I 6bI Ha MrHOBeHHe H He H3MeH5IIOTCH «caMH no ce6e»
B ,lI.pyrHe Irrpe,lJ.JIOMeHH5I, TOMe eCTb 3M'nHpHqeCKa5I rHnOTe3a, KOTO-
paR, 6Y,lI.yqH rHnOTe30ii, HHKorJ(a He MO}KeT 6bITb CTporo BepHcpH-
UJIpOBa,Ha. 1160 iBC5IKaH BeplHpHKa HH rrOKOliTCH H3 T3K!UX 2K l e )1.o,rry-
lll.eHH5IX H Ha npe,lJ.,nOJI02KeHHH, 'qTO Hallia IIaMHTb He BBO,lJ.HT Hac B
3a6JIy2MeHHe no KpaiiHeH Mepe B TeqeHHe 'KpaTKoro BpeMeHHoro
HHTepBaJIa H T. )1..
9TO 03HaI.IaeT, pa3Y,MeeTcH, - H HeKOTopbIe y,Ka3bIBalOT Ha 3TO
nOQTH C TPHYMCPOM, - qTO TpaiKTyeMbIe TaKHM enoco60M npOTO-
KOJIbHbIe npe,lJ.JI02KeHIlH B npHHII.HIIe HHqeM He OT JIHQaIOTC5I OT JIIO-
6bIX JI.pyrHx npeJ(JI02KeHHii HayriKll: OHH 5IBJIHIOTCH TIIJnOTe3aMH Ii
HHqeM ,lI.pyrHM KpOMe fHnOTe3. OHH He 5IBJI5IIOTC5I HeocnopHMbIMll,
II HX MO}KHO HCIIOJIb30BaTb B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe CHCTeMbI HaY'KH, nOKa
OHH IIO,lJ.,lJ.ep2KHBaIOTCH HJIH BO BC5IKOM CJIyqae He onpOBepralOTCH
,lI.pyrHMll rHnOTe3aMH. TaKH'M 06pa30M, MbI BCer,lJ.a OCTaBJI5IeM 3a
C060H IIpaBO H3MeHHTb InpOTOKOJIbHbIe npe,lJ.JIOMeHH5I, II KOppeKII.Hll
OQeHb q3CTO H Ha caMOM ,lJ.eJIe InpOHCXO)1.HT, Kor)J.a MbI 3JIHMHHHPy-
eM HeKOTopbIe npOTOKOJIbHbIe 'npe,lJ.JIOLKeHHH, 06'b5IBJIHH, qTO OHM,
,lI.O.H)KHO 6bITb, HBHJIHCb pe3YJIbTaTOM ,KaKOH-TO 01IlH6KH.
.aa}Ke B CJIyqae YTBep}K,lJ.eHHii, KOTopbIe MbI ,lJ.eJIaeM caMH, He
I1CKJIlOqaeTCH npHHII.HnHaJIbHaH B03 ' MOMHOCTb OlliH6KH. MbI )1.0nyc-
KaeM, qTO Hallie C03HaHHe B TOT MOMeHT, Kor)l.3 CY:IK,lJ.eHHe 6bIJIO
BhICK333HO, MOrJIO '6bITb B COCTOHHHII onYT3HHOCTH H qTO onbIT, 0
KOTOpOM ;MbI Ceiiq3C rOBopHM K3K 06 OIIbITe, ,KOTOpbIH MbI HMeJIM
ABe MHHYTbI H33a,lJ., MO:IKeT O\K333TbC5I H3 lleJIe raJIJIIOUIIHaUHeH HJIII
qeM-To, qero He 6bIJIO BOBce.
T3IKHM 06pa30M, HCHO, 'I.ITO B pa.MK3X 3Toro B3rJI5I,lJ.3 npOTO-
KOJIhHhIe 'IIpe,lI.JIO:IKeHH51 He HMeIOT HRK3Koro CXO,lJ.CTBa C TeM, qTO
HBJIHeTCH 'II.eJIblO nOHCKOB TBep,lJ.OrO 633Hca n03H3HHH. H30'60poT,
B pe3YJIbT3Te MbI ,lJ.OJIMHbJ OTK333TbCH OT HCXO)J.Horo p33JIHqeHH5I
npOTOKOJIbHbIX H HenpOTOKOJIbHbIX CYM,lJ.eHHH K3K p33JIHQeHHH 6ec-
CMhICJIeHHoro. I1T3IK, MbI H31JHHaeM nOHHM3Tb, Ka.K JIIO,lJ.H npHXO-
AHT ,K MbICJIH 3, QTO JII06bIe npeJ(JIO}KeHHH H3)'1KH MO}KHO oT06paTb
npOlI3BOJIbHO II H33B3Tb «rrpOTOKOJIbHbLMH 'rrpe.lJ.JIOMeHHHMH» H qTO
n0 3 TOMy Bonpoc 0 TOM, ,KaKHe HMeHHO npe,lJ.JIOMeHH5I TaK BbI6Hpa-
IOTCH) eCTb BOIIpOC 06 Y,lJ.06CTBe.
Ho 'MOlKeM JIH MbI COrJIaCHTbCH C 3THM? TOJIbKO JIH B YJI.06CTBe
3Aech lII-eJIo? He B TOM JIH )I.eJIO, OTKY,lJ.3 16epYTCH 3TH Oco/6bIe rrpe,lJ.-
JIO)KeHIIH, K3KOBO llX rrpOHCXOM,lJ.eHHe, IIX HCTOpHH? 11 Boo6IlI.e, qTO
3 eCh HMeeTCH B BHlI.Y 'rro,lJ. Y.lI. 0 6CTBOM? K3KOB3 H3lli3 neJIb, KOr.lI.a
MhI eJIaeM II BbI,6HpaeM ITlp e .lJ.JIOMeHH5I?
Ll lI.eJIh MO:tKeT l1pHHaJJ:JIe)KaTh TOJIhiKO caMoii HaY,Ke: .lI.OCTH)KeHHe
(5 CTUftft020 OIIHC3HHH Icp3KTOB ,LLJIH Hac OQeBH.lI.HO, "lITO npo6.HeMa
a3Hca 3H3HHH COCTOHT HMeHHO B H3XO}K,lJ.eHHH KpHTepHH HCTHH-
------
3 1<. Oonnep * B H3JIOLKeHHH KapHana (op. cit. Erkenntnis. Vol. III P. 223).
37
HOCTH. KOHeLJHO }Ke, 'npHLIHHOH BBelleHHH TepMHHa «npOTOKOJIbH I
npe,Il;JIO}KeHHH» ,6bIJIO npe)K,lI.e BCerO TO, LITO OH nOMOraJI BbI,lI.eJIr r
HeKOTOpbIe npe,lI.JIOlKeHHH, HCTHHHOCTblO KOTOpbIX MO)KHO 6bIJIO 0
H3MepHTb, KaK JIHHeHKOM, HCTHHHOCTb BCeX ,lI.pyrHx npe,lI.JIO)KeHHI
Ho, COrJIaCHO TOJIbKO 'qTO H3JIO}KeHHOM TOLIKe 3peHHH, 3TOT H3Mer (j
TeJIbHbIH CTep}KeHb OKa3aJICH 6bI CTOJIb Me OTHOCHTe.JIbHbIM, Ka
CKa)KeM, JII06bIe H3MepHTeJIbHbIe CTep)KHH B cpH3HKe. 11 HMeH I
3TOT B3r JIH,lI. BMeCTe C ero CJIe,lI.CTBHHMH 6bIJI npe,lI.JIO)KeH Ka,K cp
CTBO ,lI.JIH BHTpaBJIHBaHHH nOCJIe,lI.HHX OCTa KOB «a6COJIIOTH3Ma
cpHJIOCOcpHH 4.
Ho qTO TOr,lI.a Bool6ru;e OCTaeTC5J B KaLIeCTBe KpHTepHH HCTI
HOCTll? IloCtKOJIb'KY npelI.JIaraeTCH He TO, qTO Bce HaYLIHbIe npeD-
}KeHHH ,lI.OJI)KHbI cor JIaCOBbIBaTbCH C HeKOTopbIMH onpe,lI.eJIeHHbI
npOTOKOJIbHbIMH npe,lI.JIO)KeHHHMH, HO CKopee TO, LITO Bce npe,LI,.TI
}KeHHH ,lI.OJI}KHbI COrJIaCOBbIBaTbCH pyr C ,lI.pyroM, - C TeM pe3) 1/1
TaTOM, qTO Ka)KI Oe OT eJIbHOe npe,lI.JIO)KeHHe paCCMaTpHBaeTCSI K
B inpHHII.nne MorYIlI.ee 6bITb HC'npaBJIeHHbIM, TO HCTHHa MO}K2T 3
KJIIOLIaThCH JIHlllb BO 83QUMflOM C02JlQCUU npe8JlOJICefluii.
III
3TOT B3r JIHlI., 'KOTOpbIH 6bIJI B llaHHOM KOHTeKCTe HB
CcpOpMy.JIHpOBaH H ,npe,lI.CTaBJIeH, HanpHMep, HeHpaTOM, Xopo
H3BeCTeH B HOBeMlileH cpHJIOCOcpHH. B AHr JIHH ero 06bILJHO Ha3bIB
lOT < KorepeHTHOH TeopHeM HCTHHHOCTH» H npOTHBOnOCTaB.JIHIOT CT
pOM «IKoppeClnOHJJ.eHTHOH TeopHH». CJIe,lI.yeT 3aMeTHTb, LITO c.n
«TeopHH» 3,lI.eCb COBepllleHHO He nO,lI.XO,lI.HT. 1160 Ha6.HIO eHHH, K
calOru;HeCH 'npHpollbI HCTHHbI, HBHO HHoro xapaKTepa, Iqe\1 HaY H
TeopHH, Bcer,lI.a HBJIHIOIlI.HeCH HeKoTopoH CHCTeMOH rHnOTe3.
CYTb HOBoro B3r JIH,lI.a BbIpa)KaIOT, npoTHBonocTaB.JIHSI ero CT
P0:\;lY: COrJIaCHO Tpa,lI.HII.HOHHoMy B3rJIH,lI.y, HCTHHHOCTb npe)I.JIo
HHH COCTOHT B TO'M, LITO OHO corJIacyeTcH C cpaiKTaMH; no HOBu
B3TJIH Y - TeopHH KOrepeHII.HH - HCTHHHOCTb npelI.JIO)KeHHSI COCT
liT B ero COfJIaCHH C CHCTeMOM ,lI.pyrHx npe,lI.JIO)KeHHH.
51 He CTaHY 3 eCb pa36HpaTb Bonpoc 0 TOM, MO)KHO JIH nOCJ1e
HHH B3r JIH,lI. HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb H TaK, qTO BHHMaHHe 6YlleT oap
IlI.eHO Ha HeLITO HnOJIHe npaBHJIbHOe (a HMeHHO, Ha TOT cpaKT, q
B OllHOM onpe,lI.eJIeHHOM CMbICJIe MbI He MO)KeM «BbIHTli 3a rpaHH
5I3bIKa», Ka'K 3TO <POPMYJIHpyeT BHTreHlllTeHH). CKopee, 51 10
}KeH nOKa3aTb, LITO B TOM HHTepnpeTaII.HH, ,KoTopaH Tpe6yeTcH H
CTOHllI.HM IKoHTeKcToM, B31"' JIH,lI. 3TOT He,lI.ocTaTOLIHo y6e,lI.HTeJIeH.
ECJIH HCTHHHOCTb npe JIO)KeHHH COCTOHT B ero IKOrepeHII.HH, 11
COrJIaCHH C .n.pyrHMH npe.n..HO)KeHHHMH, HaM Hallo HCHO nOHHVl3
lITO HMeeTCH B BH,lI.y no,lI. «COrJIaCHeM» H KQKUe 'npe,lI.JIO}KeHHH II
IOTCH B BH,lI.y noJI, « pyrHMH».
Ha nepBbIH Bonpoc OTBeTHTb JIerKO TIOCKOJIbKY nOlI «cor/ I
CHeM» He MO)KeT HVIeTbCH B BHllY, qTO npellJIO)KeHHe, nOlI.JIe)Kan!
4 Car nap. Op. cit. P. 228.
38
-
n OBepKe, YTBep}K.n. aeT TO }Ke caMoe, LITO JI.pyrlle npe..n..HO}KeHHH p
C P T8eTC5I TOJIbKO TOT CMbICJI, LITO OHH JI.OJI}KHbI .6bITb COBMeCTUMblMU
a U TA
C HHM, T. e. LITO Me)K.n.y HH\1H HeT npOTHBopeLIHH. Y1CTHHa COCTOHT
Torft 8 npOCTO B OTCYTCTBHH npOTHBopeLIHH O.n.HaKO rro Bonpocy 0
roM, MO)KeT JIH HCTHHHOCTb 16bITb OTO}KlI.eCTBJIeHa npOCTO C OTCYT-
crBHeM !npOTHBopeLIHH, Heqero H cnopHTb. CJIe.n.OBaJIO )J.aBHbIM-
jl8BHO npH3HaTb, LITO TOJIbKO B CJIyqae TaBTOJIOrHH MO}KHO ypaBHH-
BaTb HCTHHHOCTb (eCJIH Boo6ll1.e npHMeHHTb 3TOT TepMHH) H OTCYT-
CTBHe npOTHBopeLIHH, KaK, HanpHMep, B CJIyqae npe,lJ.JIO}KeHHH LIHC-
TOM reo eTpHH. O.n.Ha'KO B TaKHX 'npe)J.JIO)KeHHHX HaMepeHHo YCT-
paHeHa Ka:KaH-JIH 60 CBH3b C peaJIbHOCTblO; 3TO JIHlllb CPOPMYJIbI
BHyTpH HeKoToporo HCLIHCJIeHHH; HeT CMbICJIa B CJIYLIae npe.n.JIo}Ke-
HHH qHCTOH reoMeTpHH Cnp3JIlIHBaTb, cor JIacYlOTcH JI'H OHH C cpaK-
r3V1H MHpa: OHH .n.OJI}KHbI 6bITb COBMeCTHMbIMH TOJIbKO C a'KCliOMa-
MH, npOH3BOJIbHO nO.HO}KeHHbIMH B HaLIaJIO (K TOMY ./Ke 06bIqHO
rpe6yeTcH, LIT06bI OHH CJIe.n.OBaJIH H3 aIKCHOM), H Tor.n.a MbI Ha3bI-
BaeM HX HCTHHHbIMH, HJIH npaBHJIbHbI H. flepe.n. HaMH B TOLIHOCTli
ro, LITO paHblile Ha3bIBaJIH cpOPMQ.Ilbfloii HCTHHOH H OTJIHLIaJIH OT
MCTMHbI MQTepUQ.IlbHOiL
DocJIe.n.HflH eCTb HCTHHa CHHTeTHLIeCKHX npe.n.JIO}KeHHH, npe.n.-
JIO)KeHHH 0 cpaKTax, H eCJIH MbI }KeJIaeM onHcaTb HX C nOMOlll.blO
KOHuenUHH OTCYTCTB'HH npOTHJBOpeq'HH (COrJIaCHH C .n.PyrHMH npeJJ.-
JIO)KeHHH\1H), TO :\10}KeM 3TO C;I.eJIaTb, TO.JIb'KO eCJIH CKa}KeM, qTO
OHM He MorYT npOTHBOpeqHTb OtLeHb cnel{UQAbHblM npellJIO}KeHHHrM,
3 MVleHHO Te , 'KOTOpbIe Bblpa}KalOT «cp8lKTbI HerrOcpe.n.CTBeHHOrO
Ha6JIIOJI,eHHH». KpHTepHeM HCTHHHOCTH He MO}KeT 6bITb COBMeCTH-
MOCTb C JI106bIMH rrpeJI,JIO)heHHHMH; cor JIaCHe Tpe6yeTcH JIHlllb C
HeKOTopbIMH HCKJIlOLIHTeJIbHbIMH npe,lJ.JIO}KeHHHMll, KOTopbIe BOBce
He HBJIHIOTCH npOH3BOJIbHO BbI6paHHbIMH. ,ILpyrHMH CJIOB3'MH, OT-
CYTCTBHe npOTHBopeLIHH caMO no ce6e - HeJI,ocTaTOLIHbIH fKpHTepHH
M3TepHaJIbHOH HCTHHHOCTH, peqb HJI,eT cKopee 0 COB eCTHMOCTH C
QlIeHb crreu.HaJIbHbIMH npeJI,.nO}KeHHHMH. 11 JI,JIH 0603HaLIeHHH 3TOH
COBMecTHMOCTH HeT HHKaKoH rrpHLJHHbI He Y 1 rroTpe6JIHTb - 51 .n.a}Ke
ClIHTalO, qTO 3TO y.rroTpe6JIeHHe B BbIClileH CTeneHH onp aBJI,aHHO -
CTaporo .lI.o6poro Bblpa)KeHI:IH «cor JIaCHe C peaJIbHOcTbIO».
nOpa3HTeJIbHaH olllH6Ka «.KorepeHTHoH TeopHH» MO}KeT 6bITb
D6"b5lCHeHa TOJIbKO TeM cpaKTOM, LITO ee 3alll.HTHHKH H TOJIKOBaTeJIH
pa3MbIIllJIHJIH JIHlllb 0 npe.n.JIO}KeHHHX, KOTopble a'KTyaJIbHbI B Hay-
Ke, H ClJHTaJIH HX CBOH.MrH e)J.HHCTBeHHbIMH npHMepaMH. fl03TOMY
DTHOweHHe HenpOTHBopeLIHBOCTH 6bIJIO, rno CYTH )I.eJIa, llOCTaTOq-
HbIM, HO TOJIbKO nOTOMY, LITO rrpe.n.JIO}KeHHH 3TH HMeIOT OLIeHb cne-
lI.HaJIbHbIH xa paKTep. OHH 8 HeKOTopOM CMbICJIe (ceHLIac 5J era
a3DflCHIO) «npOMCXO.lUIT» M3 npe.n.JIO)KeHHH Ha6JIIO.n.eHMSI, OHM «M3-
'{ eKaIOTCSI» - :\10)KHO C YBepeHHOCTblO HCnOJIb30BaTb 3.n.eCb Tpa-
I1.HOHHYIO TepMHHOJIOrHIO - «H3 onbITa».
fTt ECJIH cepbe3HO paCCMaTpHBaTb IKorepeHTHOCTb B K3LIeCTBe 06-
..........ero
J{ KPHTepHH HCTHHHOCTH, MbI ,LlOJI)KHbI CLIHTaTb BCHKoro po.n. a
J] 3KI1 CTOJIb )Ke HCTHHHbI:\1II, KaK HCTopH4ecKHe CBHlleTeJIbCTBa
YTBepM.LleHHH B Tpy.n.aX no XHM11H, - KOHeqHO, B TOM c.nytlae,
39
ce He OT Toro (3a HOKJIlOlIeHHeM OlIeHb Crre HaJIbHbIX CJIYlIaeB)
Tpe6yeT JIH ero coxpaHeHHe KOppeKJIlHH MHorHX JI.PyrHx rrpeJI.JIOlKe
HHH Ii B031MO)KHOH peop'raHH3a HH BceH CHCTeMbI 3HaHHH B Ile.J10
Ilpe)KJI.e lIeM rrpHIMeHHTb rrpHHIlHrr 3KOHOMHH, CJIeJI.yeT 3HaTb,
KafKHM rrpeJI.JIO)KeHHHM OH JI.OJI)KeH rrpHMeHHTbCH. 11 eCJIH 6bI rrpHij
H'rr KOHOMHH 6bIJI eOUHCTBeHHblM pellialOlIl.HM rrpaBHJIOM, TO or
BeT Mor 6bI 6bITb TOJIbKO TaKHM: KO Bce.l t, KOTopbIe YTBeplKJI.aIOr
CH (HJIH KOrJI.a-tJIH60 YTBep)KJI.a.TlIHCb) C KaKoH 6bI TO H'H 6bIJIO npe
TeH3HeH Ha rrpaBHJIbHOCTb. Ha ,lJ.eJIe cppa3Y «C KaiKOH 6bI TO HH 6bI
JIO IrrpeTeH3HeH Ha rrpaBHJIbHOCTb» CJIeJI.yeT orrYCTHTb, H60 KaK 5
MbI OTJIHlIaJIH TaKilIe IrrpeJI.JIOlKeHHH OT Tex, KOTopbIe YTBep)KJI.aIO
CSI cOBepllieHHo npOH3BOJIbHO, 8 Ka lIeCTBe lliYTOK HJIH C IleJIblO 0
MaHa? 3TO pa3JIHlIeHHe He MO)KeT 6bITb JI.a)Ke C!cpOp'MYJIHpOBaH
eCJIH He rrpHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe npOUCXO'JICOeHUe rrpelI.JIO)KeHI1
TaK MbI CHOBa 06HapYlKHBaeM, 'tJTO rrpHlliJIH K Borrpocy 0'6 HX rrp
pOJI.e. Ee3 KJI accHcpHKaIlHH rrpeJI.JIOlKeHHH rro HX rrpOHCXO)KJI.eHH
JII0160e rrpHMeHeHHe rrpHHIlHna 3KOHOMHH 6YJI.eT a6cYPJI.HbIM. H
KaK TOJIbKO rrpeJI.JIO)KeHHH H3YlIeHbI B TOM, lITO KacaeTCH HX n;JH
pOJI.bI, TYT )Ke CTaHOBHTCH OlIeBHJI.HbI\1, lITO MbI TeM caMbIM Y h
ynopH OlIHJIH HX rro CTerreHH rrpaBHJIbHOCTH H lITO MeCTa JI.JIH rrp
MeHeHHH rrpHH Hrra 3KOHOMHH YlKe He OCTaJIOCb (KpOMe HeKOT
pbIX OlIeHb CrreIlHaJIbHbIX CJIYlIaeB B elIl.e CPOpMHPYIOlIl.HXCH 06.na
TSIX Ha)'1KH). MbI TaKlKe MO)KeM BHJI.eTb, lITO TaKoe yrropHJI.OlIeHH
Y,Ka3bIBaeT nYTb K '6a3HCY, rrOHCKO\1 KOToporo MbI 3aHHMaeMCH.
v
3)J,eCb, KOHelIHO, HY)KHa BeJIHlIaHlliaH TlIl.aTeJIbHOCTb V:O
lVlbI nYCTHJIHCb 8 rrYTb rro JI.opore, KOTOpOH lliJIH CO BpeMeH aHTH
HOCTH Bce Te, KTO KOrJI.a-.nH60 HCKaJIH rrOCJIeJI.HHe OCHOBaHHH HC 'H
HbI. 11 OHH HeH3MeHHO TeprreJIH rrOpa)KeHHe, CTpeMHCb 1l0CTHrHY
eJIH. YrropHJI.OlIHBaH rrpeJI.JIO)KeHHH rro HX rrpOHCXOlKJI.eHHIO (JI.eJIa
3TO JI.JIH ou.eHKH HX ,lJ,OC'TOBepHOCTH), 51 HalIHHalO C Toro, lITO OTB0
)Ky oc060e MeCTO TeM H3 HHX, IKOTopbIe JI.eJIalO caM. Ha BTOpO
MeCTe rrpeJI.JIO)KeHHH, rrpHHaJI.JIe)KaIIl.He rrpOlliJIOMY: rrOCKO"J1bKY H
)J.OCTOBepHOCTb MO)KeT 6bITb OCJIa6JIeHa «OlliH6KaMH rraMHTH», T
'tJeM OHH OT.LI.aJIeHHee rro BpeMeHH, TeM 60JIee oc.na6JIHeTCH HX JI.
'cToBepHocTb. C JI.pyroH CTOpOHbI, rrpeJI.JIOlKeHHH, KOTopbIe pacrroJI
ralOTCH Ha BeplliHHe H He rrO)J,JIe)KaT HUKaKOMY COMHeHHIO, - 3TO T
KOTopbIe BbIpa)KalOT cpaKTbI Halliero c06CTBeHHoro «BoerrpHHTHSI
IIJIH lIerO-TO B 3TOM pOlle. Ta'KHe rrpellJIO)KeHHH Ka)KYTCH rrpOCTbIM
II HCHbIMH, OJI.HaKO HeCMOTpH Ha 3TO,cpHJIOCOcpbI OKa3bIBaJIHCb
6e3HaJI.e)KHO 3arrYTaHHOM JIa6HpHHTe, KaK TOJIhKO JI.eJIaJIH rrorrbITK
IICrrOJIb30BaTb HX B IKalIeCTBe OCHOBaHHH Bcero rr03HaHHH. 4aCT
MH 3Toro '3arrYTaHHoro JIa6HpHHTa SIBJIHIOTCH, HarrpHMep. Te cpop
MYJIHpOBKH H lleJI.YKIlHH, KOTopwe HaXOllHJIHCb B IleHTpe 6eClIHC
eHHwX HJIOCO OKHX JI.HcrrYTOB no TeMaM: CBHJI.eTeJIbCTBO BHyT
peHHero BocrrpHHTHH», «COJIHrrCH3M», «COJIH'rrCH3IM HaCTOHllJ,erO \10
42
eHTa», «JI.OCTOBepHOCTb caMOC03HaHHH» H T. JI.. KapTe3HaHCKoe
M ito ergo sum - caMaH H3BeCTHaH <POPMYJIHpOBKa, K KOTOpOi1
CO BeJI 'HOT rrYTb - KOHeLlHbIH: rrYHKT, II K HeMy rrplI6JIII3IIJICSI y)!{e
>:arYCTl1H. 4TO 'KacaeTCSI cogito ergo sum, MbI HaiKoHeu: pa306pa-
JlII Cb , B qeM TYT ,lI.eJIo: MbI 3HaeM, qTO 3TO rrpOCTO rrCeB.LI.oYTBep)K,lI.e-
lIlI e KOTopoe He CTaHOBHTCH rrOlI.JIHHHbIM, .,lI.a)Ke eCJIH BbIpa)KaTb
ero 'B f}JopMe «cogitatio est» - «cO,lI.ep)KaHH51 C03HaHHH CYIIlecTBy-
lOT» 5. TaKoe YTBep)K.,lI.eHHe, caMO rro ce6e HHqero He BbIpa)KalOIl{ee,
lIe MomeT HH B KaKOM CMbICJIe CJIY)KHTb 6a3HCOM ,qero 6bI TO HH
6bIJlD. OHO He 51BJIHeTCH rr03HaBaTeJIbHbIM, H Ha HeM HH4efO He
OCHOBbIBaeTCH. He MO)KeT OHO H rrpl1,lI.aBaTb ,lI.OCTOBepHocTb KaKO-
My-TO rr03HaHHIO.
CymecTByeT rr03TOMY ,60JIblliaH orraCHOCTb, lITO, CJIe,lI.YH no }"Ka-
3aHHOMY nYTH, MbI np,H,lI.eM K rrYCTbIM CJIOBeCalM BMeCTO HC'KOMoro
6a3Hca. 3a KpHTHqeC,KOll TeopHell IrrpOTOiKOJIbHbIX rrpe,rr,JIO)KeHHll
CTOHT Ha calMOM )I.eJIe )KeJIaHHe H36,e)KaTb 3TOll onaCHOCTIi. Ho
npe,lI.JlO)KeHHbIll elO BbIXO,lI. HeY,lI.OBeTBOpHTeJIeH. Ero cyU{ecTBeHHblu
He OCTaTOK COCTOHT B HfHopHpoBaHHH pa3JIHlIHH rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHH rro
paHry, llTO BbIpa)KaeTCH HCHee Bcero B TOM cpaKTe, llTO lI.JIH CHCTe-
MbI HaYIKH, KOTopaH rrpHHHIMaeTCH 3a «rrpaBHJIbHYIO», e,lI.HHCTBeHHO
pernalOlIl.ee 13HalIeHHe B KOHIJ.e KOHIJ.OB HMelOT JIHllib HalliH co6-
CTBeHHble YTBep)K,lI.eHHH.
TeopeTHlIeCKH rrpe,lI.CTaBHMO, lITO MOll co6CTBeHHbIe Ha6JIIO,lI.e-
HH51 HHK8rK He rrO,lJ,KperrJIHIOT YTBep)K,lI.eHHH, :KOTopbIe ,lI.eJIalOT 0 MH-
pe .lI.PYfHe JIIOJI.H. B03 I MO)KHO, lITO Bce KHHrH, KOTopbIe 51 4HTaIO,
Bce yqHTeJIH, :KOTOpbIIX CJIYllialO, npe6bIBalOT B rrOJIHeH'llie\1 COfJIa-
CHH, HHKOr,lI.a He 'rrpOTHBopelIaT ,lI.Pyr ,lI.Pyry, O.LlHa'KO npH 3TOM HX
YTBep)K,lI.,eHHH rrpOCTO H2COBMeCTHMbI C 60JIbllieH lIaCTblO MOHX YT-
BeplliLI.eHHH Ha6JIIO,aeHHH. (HeKOTOp bIe TPY,lI.HOCTH 6y,rr,YT corrpo-
BOllillaTb B 3TOM cJIyqae rrp06JI ' e.MY H3YlIeHHH H3bI I Ka Hero yrroTpe6-
J1eHH51 B KOi\1/MYHHIKaUHH, HO OHH MorYT 6bITb YCTpaHeHbI C rrOMO-
lli.blO onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIX ,lI.OrryweHHH, 'KacaIOWHXCH Tex MeCT, B KOTO-
pbIX B03HHKalOT npOTHBopellHH.) COrJIaCHO /KpHTHKyeMoMY B3rJIH-
LI.y, 51 B 3T0\1 CJIYlIae ,lI.OJI)KeH rrpocTo rrO)K,epTBOBaTb CBOHIMH «rrpo-
TOKO J 1bHbI ' MH rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHHMH», u60 HM 6y,rr,eT npoTHBopelIHTb rro--
LI.aBJ151IOIl{ee 60JIblliHHCTBO ,lI.pyrHx rrpelI.JIO)KeHHH, KOTopbIe caMH
HaxO,lI.51TCH BO B3aHMHO:Vf COfJIaCHH, H HeB03MO)KHO O)KH,lI.aTb, lITO
OHH 6YJI.YT HCrrpaBJIeH COOTBeTCTBeHHO MoeMY co5CTBeHHOMY Of-
paHHQeHHOMY H <ppar'MeHTapHOMY orrbITY.
Ho llTO )K'2 TOf,lI.a rrpOH30H,lI.eT? Il pe)K,J,e BcefO, 51 HH rrpH KaKHX
06CT05ITeJIbCTBaX He OTKa)KYCb OT MOHX c06CTBeHHbIX rrpelI.JIO)Ke-
HHH Ha6JIIO,lI.eHHH. Ha060poT, 51 Mory rrpHHHTb TOJIbKO cHcTeMY 3Ha-
lUiSI, B KOTOpylO OHH BXO.lI.HT 6e3 HCKa)KeHHH I1 51 Bcer,rr,a Mory rro-
CTPOHTb TaKYIO CHCTeMY. MHe TOJIbiKO HY)KHO CqHTaTb ,lI.PYfHX JIIO-
eH COHHbIMH HJI.HOTa,MH, B CY\1aCllleCTBHH KOTOpbIX rrpOCJIe)KHBa-
eTCSI 3aMelIaTeJIbHaH MeTOJI.a. HJIH - eCJIH BbIpa)KaTbCH 60JI( e 060-
el\THBHO - 51 OKa3aJI 6bl, lITO n.PyrHe ./KHBYT B MHpe, KOTOpbIH OT-
-----
5 Cp.: "Positivismus und Realismus", Erkenntnis. Vol. III. P. 20.
43
JIHqaeTCH OT MOero M MMeeT pOBHO CTOJIblKO OOlll.erO C MOHM MHpO
qTOObI B03MO)KHO ObIJIO OCTHrHYTb rrOHH'MaHHH Cpe CTBaMH O,lI.HO
ro H TOrO /Ke 513bIiKa. B JII060M CJIYlJae He.3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, KaKY
KapTHHY MHpa 51 PHCYIO, H BCer,lI.a 6y y rrpOBepHTb ee HCTHHHOCTb
B TeplMHHaX MOerO CO:OCTBeHHOrO OrrbITa. 51 HHKOMY H HH,Kor,lI.a He
rr03BOJIIO OTHHTb y MeHH 3TY orroPY: MOH caOCTBe IHbIe rrpe,lI.JIO}I.e
HHH HaOJIIOJJ,eHH5I Bcer,lI.a 0Y,lI.YT nOCJIe HHM KpHTepHeM. 11 51 OY..:I.
BOCKJIHll.aTb: «LITO 51 BH/KY, TO BH)KY!»
VI
B CBeTe 3THX rrpe,lI.BapHTeJIbHbIX KpHTHlJeOKHX 3aMelJaHHH
CTaHOBHTCH HCHO, r,lI.e CJIe,lI.yeT HCKaTb perneHHH 3THX TPY,lI.HOCTeH
MbI OJI)KHbI H,lI.TH ,lI.OpOrOH KapTe3HH -110 Tex nop, nOIKa OHa xo-
pOllia H npOXO,lI.HIMa, HO nOCTapaTbCH 3aTeM H:3 1 0e)KaTb JIOByrnKH H
TOMY nO,lI.OOHOH 'lJerrYXH. MbI ,lJ,OCTHrHeM 3Toro, rrpOHCHHB )J,JIH ce05I
caMHX TY pOJIb, KOTOPYIO B peaJIbHOCTH H'rpalOT rrper,lI.JIO)KeHH51, BbI..
p a)K a 10 III.H e «H en 0 C P e,lI. CTB eH H 0 H al6 JI IO,lI. a eM 0 e» .
lITO B .ll.eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTH CKpbIBaeTCH 3a CJIOBaMH 0.0 HX «a6
COJIIOTHOH ,llOCTOBepHOCTH?» 11 B KaKOM CMbICJIe MO)KHO ClJHTaTb HX
nOCJIe,lI.HHM OCHOBaHHeM Bcero rr03HaHHH?
Pa3 1 0epeM CHalJa.na BTOpOH Borrpoc. Booopa3HM, lJTO 51 Cpe 3Y
2Ke cpHIKCHPYIO 'Ka)K,llOe HaOJIIO.ll.eHHe - H B npHHll.Hrre HeBalKHO, e
JIaeTCH 3TO H3 6YMare HJIH B rraMHTH,- H 3aTeM HalJHHalO C 3TOl'O
nYHKTa rrOCTpoeHHe HaY'KH. B T3IKOM CJIVlJae 51 ObI HMeJI lI..eJIO C
rrO,lI.JIHHHbI'MH «rrpOTOKOJIbHbIMH npeJI.JIO)KeHHHMH», KOTopbIe CTOHT
no BpeMeHH B HalJaJIe n03HaHHH. 113 HHX nOCTeneHHO B03HRKa1H
ObI OCTaJIbHbIe np 1lJIO)KeH.HH HaYKH -- nOcpe.ll.CTBOM npoll.eCca, H:t-
3bIBaeMoro «HH1lYKl.{HeM», KOTOpbIH COCTOHT HH B lJeM HHOM, KaK B
TOM, lJTO rrpOTOKOJIbHble npelI.JIO/KeHHH CTHMYJIHPYIOT HIJIH HH,lI.Yll.I1-
PYIOT BbI1lBH)KeHHe np0.6HbIX 0606IIl,eHHH (rH r nOTe3), H3 KOTOpbIX
JIOrHlJeOKH CJIe,lI.YIOT '3TH rrepBbIe rrpe,lJ,JIO)KeHHH, a TaK)Ke 6eCKOHeQ
Hoe lJHCJIO ,lI.pyrHX. ECJIH )Ke 3TH ,lI.pyrHe rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHH BbIpa)Ka oT
TO alee caMoe, llTO H OOJIee rr03,lI.HHe rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHH Ha6JIIO,lI.eHH5I,
nOJIYlJeHHbIe npH BTIOJIHe orrp.e,lI.eJIeHHbIX yCJIOBHHX, KOTopbIe 3a p 1
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KOTopbIe npOTHBOpelJaT rrpeJI.JIO/KeHHHM, H3BJIeqeHHbIM H3 rH'TIOTe3
H, TaKHM oopa30M, caMHM rHIIOTe3aM. ECJIH 3Toro He npOHCXOJI.HT,
MbI rrOJIaraeM, qTO HaTOJIIKHYJIHCb Ha 3aKOH (npMpO,lI.bI. I1H,lI.y,KuH5I
TaKHM 06pa30M, eCTb He lJTO HHoe, KaK MeTO,lI.HlJeCKH npOBOJI.HMOe
yraJI.bIBaHHe - rrCHXOJIOrHlJeCKHH, OHOJIOrHlJeCKHH rrpOl.{eCC, TelJepJI
KOToporo He H'MeeT, KOH,elJHO 2Ke, HHlJerO OOIII.ero C «.JIOrHKOH»
TaKOBa cxeMa a.KTyaJIbHOM HayqHOH .rrpol(e.n.ypbI. OlJeBH,lI.HO, J{8
KYIO pOJIb MrpalOT B HeM rrpellJIOlKeHHH 0 «HerroCpe,lI.CTBeHHo BOC
rrpHHHToM». OHH He TO)K,lleCTBeHHbI TeM, 1K0TopbIe 3anHCbIBalOTCSJ
HJIH 3arrOMHHaIOTCH, - TeM, KOTopbIe Ha3bIBaIOT'CH «rrpOTOKOJIblI bI
MH npe JIO)KeHHHMH», - HO OHM HBJlHIOTCH nOBOaOM JIH HX 06p8
44
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30BaHHH. TIpOTOKOJIbHble 'npe,AJIO)KeHHH B KHHre HJIH B naiMHTH, KaK
MbI )I.aBHbIM-,lI.aBHO npH3HaJIH, ,MO)KHO cpaBHHTb C rHrrOTe3aMH 1160
f{or)la MbI HMeeM Inepie,lI. CQ60H Ta:Koro pO,lI.a ,rrpe,llJIO)KeHHe, MbI MO-
)KeM ,JIHlIlb ,lI.orryaKaTb, llTO OHO HCTHHHO, llTO OHO COfJIacyeTcH C
npe,lI,JIOLKeHHHMH Ha6JIIO eHHH, KOTopble ero rrop O)K,lI.a lOT. (TIo CYTH
)I.eJl3 OHO 'MO)KeT If He BbI3bIBaTbCH rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHHMH Ha6JIIO,lI.eHHH,
8 H3BIJIe'KaTbCH H3 TOM HJIH HHOH HrpbI.) To, llTO H Ha3bIBaIO rrpe,lI.-
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meMY IrrpOTOKOJIbHOIMY rrpreMO)KeHHIO, XOTH 6bI Y2Ke rro TOM rrpH-
qHHe, qTO ero Bool6Il1.e HeJIb3H 3arrHcaTb. 3TOT MOMeHT MbI ceHlIac
4I 06CYJI.HM.
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pOJlb TIpe,lI.,JI02KeHHM Hal6JIIO,lI.eHHH 3aKJIIO'IIaeTCH rrpe)K)I.e Bcero B
TOM, lITO OHH CTOHT no BpeMeHH B HaIIaJIe Bcero rrpOIJ.eCca, CTHMY-
.JIHPYH er10 If rrO,lI.BH!raH. HaC'KoJIbKO HX cO..Qep)KaHHe rrepeXO,lI.HT B
3HaHHe, OCTaeTCH B npHH'IJ.Hrre nOHaIIaJIY Heonpe,lI.e.JIeHHbI,M. TaKHM
.o6pa30M, BrrOJIHe MO)KHQ YBHJI.eTb B rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHHX Ha6JIIO,lI.eHHH
fJIaBHbIM HCTOtIHHK Boero 'n03HaHHH. Ho CJIe,lI.yeT JIH orrHCbIBaTb HX
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TaK, n60 .n.aHHbIM «HCTOtIHH K» HaXO,lI.HTCH B OIIeHb COMHHTeJIbHOM
OTHOIlleHHH K 3",lI.aHHIO HaY:KH. Ho B ,lI.OnOJIHeHHe K 3TOMY MbI no-
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Horo rrpOIJ.ecca. B peaJIbHOCTH 'TO, tITO Bblpa2KaeTCH B InpOTOKOJIaX,
HaXO,lI.HTCH B MeHee TeCHOH CBH3H C Ha6JIIO,lI.aeMbIM H B eJIOM He
JIe.lJ.yeT 'rrpe.lJ.1rrOJIaraTb, tITO Me)K y Ha6JIIO..lJ.eHHeM H «rrpOTOKOJIOM»
MorYT He3a\MeTHO BCTaTb KaKHe-TO lIHCTble npe.lJ.JI02KeHHH Ha6JIIO-
,neHHH.
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Ha3BaTb, a TOIIHee, rrO,lLKperrJIeHHH 'fH'nOTe3, HX BepucjJUKal1UU.
HaYKa .lJ.eJIaeT npe,lI.CKa3aHHH, KOTopble «orrbIT» npOBepHeT. Ee
cymecTBeHHOM CPYH'KIJ.HeH HBJIHeTCH np,e.lJ.CKa3aHHe. OHa rOBopHT,
K rrpHMepy: «ECJIH B TaKoe-TO H TaiKoe-TO BpeMH BbI nOCMOTpHTe B
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TOBaR TOtIKa (3He3JI.a) Irrepece.KJIaCb C qepHOH pHOKOH (rrepeKpe-
CTHeM) ». ,LLonYCTHM, lITO, BbIirrOJIHHH 3TH HHCTPY'KIJ.HH, MbI ,lI.eHCTBH-
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lITO MbI nOJIYllaeM rrpe.lJ.BH,lI.eHHYIO KOHCTaTaIJ.HIO, MbI BbICKa3bIBa-
eM O)KH,lI.aeMoe CY2KJI.eHHe Ha6!JIIO.lJ.eHHH, 1Mb] nOJIYllaeM TeM caMbIM
oru.Y eHHe CBepUleHUfl, oc06oro YJI.OBJIeTBOpeHHH. BrrOJIHe M02KHO
CKa3aTb, 'lITO :npe JIO)KeHHH 'KOHCTaTalIJ.HH, HJIH Ha6JIIO.lJ.eHHH, OCY-
lIJ.ecTBHJIH CBOIO HCTHHHYIO MHCCHIO, K3'K TO.J1bKO MbI nOJIYllHJIH 3TO
Oco6oro pOJI.a Y.lJ.OBJIeTBOpeHHe.
A OHO inpHXO.lJ.HT B TOT caMbIH MOMeHT, Kor..Qa HMeeT MeCTO KOH-
-CTaTaU,H5I, Kor a eJIaeTCH YTBep/KJ(eHHe Ha6JIIO'.lJ.eHHH. 3TO Qpe3-
BhItIaHHO Ba)KHO. 1160 Tor.na CPYHKIJ:HH YTBep)KJleHHM 0 HerrOCpeJ.l-
CTBeHHO BocrrpHHHTolM caMa npHHa,l(JIe2KHT HerrOCpe,lI.CTBeHHo Ha-
rOSUlJ,eMY. Ha .lI.elJJ:e MbI BH.lI.emI, 1J:TO Y HHX HeT, TaK C1Ka3aTb, .lI.JIH-
eJIbHOCTH, tITQ B TOT caMbIH MOMC'HT, 'Kor.,na OIHH YXO.lJ.HT, B HalIl'eM
45
pac.nopH)KeHHlI OCTaIOTC5) Hal)J.nHCH, CJIe,U.bI B naMHTH, KOTOpble MO...
rYT nrpaTb .JIHlllb pOJIb rHnOTe3 H rrOTOMY JIHllleHbI nOCJIe)J.HelI llO...
CTOBepHOCTH. HeJIb3H nOCTpOHTb HHIKatKOH JIOrHlJeC'KH npHeMJIeMoij
CTPYKTypbI Ha KOHcTaTau.HHX, H60 OHH YCKOJIb3aIOT B TOT Ca\1bIli
MOMeHT, Kor,lla MbI HalJHHaeM CTpOHTb ECJIH OHH HaXOI,U.HTCH B Ha-
lIaJIe npou.ecca n03HaHHH, TO JIOrHlJeOKH 6eCnOJIe3HbI. ,l:LPyroe ,U.eJIO
eCJIH OHH HaXO,lIHTCH B KOHu.e; OHH npHBO,U.HT BepHcpHIKau.HIO (HJIIt
TaK)Ke cpaJIbCHcpHIKaU.HIO) /K 3aBeprneHHIO, H B caMbIH MOMeHT HX
nOHBJIeHHH OHH Y)Ke BbIlnOJIHHJIH CBoe Ha3HalJeHHe. JIoTHlJeCKH OT
HHX HHlJerO 60JIee He 3aBHCHT, H3 HHX He eJIaeTC5) HHKaKHX 3a
KJIIOlJeHHiL OHH ar6COJIIOTHO OKOHlJaTeJIbHbI.
Pa3YMeeTCH, nCHXOJIorHlJeCKH H 6HOJIOrHlJeCKH cpa3Y BCJIe,U. 0a
Y OBJIeTBOpeHHeM, KOTopoe OHH C03,U.aIOT, B03HHKaeT HOBWH npo
IJ,ecc n03HaHHH: rHnOTe3bI, BepncpUKaUH5J IKOTOpbIX 3alKaHlJHBaeTl
3THM Y,U.OBJIeTBOpeHHeM, ClJHTaIOTCH 3alll.HIl1.eHHbIMH, Hlll.YTCH CPop-
MYJIHpOBKH 60JIee o6mHX rHnOTe3, BbI,U.BH)KeHHe ,U.ora,U.O'K H nOHcK
YHHBepCaJIbHbIX 3a'KOHOB ,np0,U.OJI)KaIOTCH. Ilpe,U.JIo:lKeHHH Ha6JIIO,lJ,e
HHH 06pa3YIOT HalJaJIO H CTHMYJI I,lJ,JIH Tex C06bITHH, KOTopble CJIe-
,l1.YIOT 3a HHMH BO BpeMeHH, B YKa3aHHOM BbIlile CMbICJIe.
MHe ,U.YMaeTCH, lJTO 3TH C006pa)KeHHH 6pocaIOT HOBbIH H HC-
HbIH CBeT Ha npa6\JIeMY (nOCJIe,l1.Hero .6a3Hca I103HaHHH, Ii MbI BH
,lI,HM, K3IKHM 06pa30M npOHCXO,U.HT CTpOHTeJIbCTBO CHCTeMbI n03Ha
HHH H KaKOBa pOJIb «/KOHCTaTau.HH» B 3TOM npou.ecce.
Il03HaHHe npe)KJ}.e Boero CJIY)KHT )KH3HeHHbIM HY)K)1.aM. 4TOObI
cop\HeHTHlpOBaTbCH B ,OKpY2KeHHH IH npHcnoc06\H,Tb 'C'BOH )J.eHCTB'lltH "
ca6bITHHM, 'lJeJIOBeK .lI.OJI2KeH B 'Ka/KOH-TO CTeneHH YM€Tb npe,U.BH
,U.eTb C06bITHH ,l:LJIH 3Toro OH HOnOJIb3yeT YHHBepCaJIbHble npe,U.JIO
2KeHHH H MO:lKeT HCnOJIb30BaTb HX TOJIb'KO B TOM CJIYlJae, eCJIH TO,
LITO npe,U.CKa3bIBaeTCH, eJIyqaeTCH Ha caMOM )J.eJIe. 3Ta xapaKTe-
pHCTHKa n03HaHHH npHM€HHMa H K HaYKe: e,U.HHCTBeHHoe OTJIHlJHe
COCTOHT B TOM, lJTO Ha)'1Ka He CJIY:lKHT 60JIee 3a.lI.alJaM )KH3HH H Ha
YlJHOe 3HaHHe He Hlll.eTCH C u.eJIbIO ero npaKTHqeOKOrO HCrrOJIb30
BaHHH. Kor)J,a npe,U.'CKa3aHHe II10,U.TBep,:lK,U.eHO, u.eJIb HaYKH )J.OCTHf
HyT'a: pa,U.OCTb n03HaHHH eCTb pa,U.OCTb BepHcplltKau.HH, Olll.YII1.eHH
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,lI.OCTb ,l1.0CTaB.JIHIOT HaM YTBep)K,U.eHHH Ha6JII01J.eHHH. B HH,X HayK
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np-oc, OKpbITbIl1 3a np06JIeMOlI a6COJIIOTHO ,l1.0CTOBepHoro 6a3Hca
n03HaHHH, eCTb, BH,U.HMO, Bonpoc 0 npaBoMepHocTH 3Toro qYBCTBa
y)J.oBJIe'ftBOpeHHIH, K0'f10pOe HanOJIHHeT HalC npn BepHcp'HKau.'HH. C6bI
JIHCb JIH HalllH npe,lJ,OKa3aHHH? B Ka:tK)J.OM KOHlKpeTHoM CJIYlJae Be
pHcpHKaUHH HJIH cpaJIbCHcpHKaUHH «KOHCTaTaUHH» He,U.BYCMWCJIeHHO
OTBelJaeT «,U.a» HJIH «HeT», H3:nOJIHHH Hac pa,,U.OCTbIO CBepllleHlIfI
HJIH :lKe pa30lJapOBaHHeM. KOHcTaTau.HH HBJIHIOTCH OKOHIIaTeJIbH
MH.
«,3aKOHlJeHHOCTb» - OqeHb nO.lI.XO.lI.HIIl,ee CJIOBO .lI.JI5) o603HaQe
HHH <PYHKUHH npeJJ.JIOlKeHHH Ha6JIIO,U.eHHH. OHH CYTb a6COJIIOTHO
KOHelJHble. B HHX Ha ,U.aHHOM 3Tane BblnOJIHHeTCH 3a,U.alJa n03H8
HHH. HOBaH 3a,U.alJa HaqHHaeTCH BMeCTe C Y,lJ,OBOJIbCTBHeM, 'KOTOpOe
46
-
S!SJI5IeTCSI XYJIbMHHaUHeH, C IrHrrOTe3aMH, KOTOpble OCTalOTCH rr03a-
)111, O.ll.HaKO 3TO HIX He KacaeTCH. HaYKa He rrOKOHTCH Ha 3THX npe.ll.-
JIo1KeHHSIX, HO Be.ll.eT K HHM, H OHH rOBopHT 0 TOM, lJTO HaYKa ,lI.e-
;J3JI3 3TO rrpaBHJIbHO. B peaJIbHOCTH OHH - al6COJIIOTHble cpHKCHpO-
saHHb1e TOlJKH; pa.ll.OCTb rrpHHOCHT TO, lJTO MbI MO:tKeM ,lI,OCTHraTb
}IX, J{3JKe eCJIH He MO:tKeM H a HHX orrHp a TbCH.
VII
B lJeM COCTOHT 3Ta cpHKCHpOBaHHOCTb? MbI B03BpaIII.aeMCSI
1'eM caMbIM K OTJIO:tKeHHOMY Borrpocy: B KaKOM CMbICJIe MO:tKHO ro-
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BepHbIX» ?
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HMeHHO 06 'aHaJluTUtteCKuX 'rrpe)J.\JIO:tKeHHHx: 3TO rrpOJIbeT KaKOH-TO
CBeT Ha rrOCTaBJIeHHbIl1 Borrpoc. 3aTeM SI corrOCTaBJIIO HX C «KOH-
cT3TalI.HHMU» B cJIyqae aHaJIHTHlJeCKHX npe,lI,JIO:tKeHHH XOpOlllO H3-
BeCTHO, lJTO Borrpoc 06 fiX rrpaBHJIbHOCTH He COCTaBJIHeT rrpo6JIe-
MbI. OHH TaKOBbI a priori: HeJIb3H, He CJIe)J.yeT H rrbITaTbCH HCKaTb
onbITHbIX \,lI,aHHbIX ,lI,JIH ,lI,OK3'3aTeJIbCTBa HX rrp aBHJIbHOC'TH, H60 OHH
HHlJerO He rOBopHT 06 06'beKTaX orrbITa. TI03TOMY OHH 06JIa)J.a1OT
JIHlllb «cpopMaJIbHOH HCTHHHOCTblO», T. e. «HCTHHHbI» He rrOTOMy,
qTO .rrpaBHJIbHO Bblpa:tKalOT KaKOH-TO cpalKT, 3 rroToMy,lJTO rrpaBHJIb-
HO nOCTpoeHbI, T. e. COT'JIaCYIOTCSI C Ha,WH!MH ,rrpOH3BOJIbHO YCTaHOB-
JIeHHbIMH orrpe)J.eJIeHH HMH.
O)J.HaKO HeKOTopbIe cpHJIOCOcpbI ClJHTaJIH ce6H 06H3aHHbIMH
cnpa.lllHBaTb: «,Qa, HO IKaK 6bITb B HH)J.HBHlI.yaJIbHOM CJIYlJae, CorJIa-
cyeTcH JIH HeKOTopoe 'rrpe)J.JIO:tKeHHe C orrpe)J.eJIeHHeM HJIH HeT, HB-
JIHeTCH JIH OHO Ha caMOM )J.eJIe aHaJIHTHlJeCKUM Ii MO:tKeT .JIH rr03TO-
My rrpteTeH)J.OBaTb Ha 6eccrropHocTb? He )J.OJI:tKeH JIH 51 B TaKOM CJIY-
qae 'rrOMHHTb 3TH orrpe,lI,eJIeHHH, rrOMHHTb CMbIOJI Bcex CJIOB, .KOTO-
phJ.e HCrrOJIb3YIOTCH, ,Kor)J.a 51 rOBOplO, CJIbIWY, lJHTalO rrpe,lI,JIO:tKeHHH?
Mory JIH SI 6bITb YBepeH, lJTO MOHX rrCHXOJIorH'lJeCKHX CHJI )J.OCTa-
ToqHO JI,JIH 3Toro? He rrOJIYlJHTCH JIH TaK, HarrpHMep, 'tlTO B KOHu.e
e.u.JIO)KeHIISI SI ,no3a6yJI.Y HaqaJIO IIJIII HenpaBIIJIbHO ero 3anoMHIO?
e 1I.OJLlKeH JIH SI COrJI3'CHTbCSI, lJTO B CHJIY rrCHXOJIOrHlJ.eCKHX rrpH-
l}lIH 51 HHKor)J.a He Mory 6bITb yBepeH TaK:tKe II B HCTHHHOCTH aHa-
JIliTlIqeCKoro cy:tKlleHHH?»
Ha 3TO HMeeTCSI CJIe)J.YIOIII.HH OTBeT: B03MO:tKHOCTb Toro, lJTO
nCIIXlIqeCKHH MexaHH3M rrO)lBelI.eT, Bcer)J.a HMeeTCH, HO BbIBOllbI,
ROTOpble H3 3Toro CJI€,lJ.,YIOT, He orrHCbIBalOTCH a,lJ.eKBaTHO TeMH
l{enTII'qeCKHMH BorrpOCaM,H, 'KOTOpble \6bIJIH rrepelJHCJIeHbI TOJIbKO
'"'tTO.
M B0 3MO }KHO, lJTO H3-3a CJIa60H ,rraMSITH II TbICSIlJH ,lJ.py,rHx rrpHlJHH
1I hI He nOHHMa.eM rrpe,lJ.JIO:tKeHHH HJIH nOHHMaeM ero HeBepHO (t. e.
lie nOHHMaeM ero CMbICJIOBOH H3IrrpaBJIeHHOCTH) - HO lJTO 3TO 03-
aqa1eT? TaR, eCJI,H 51 He rrOHSIJI Irrpe,lI.JIO:tKeHHSI, TO OHO SIBJI5IeTC'H
47
Kor,lJ,a B CKa3Ke HeT npOTHBOpe1JHiL 51 Mory C03)laTb CBOell cpaHT n ...
3Hell Y,lJ,HBHTeJIbHbIH MHP, rrOJIHbIH qY,lJ,eCHbIX rrpHKJIIOqeHHH, - H <PH..
JIOCOCP, npHJI.ep)KHBaIOIII.HllCSI «TeOpHH KOrepeHnHH», ,lJ,OJI2KeH nOBe..
pHTb B HCTHHHOCTb Moero nOBeCTBOBaHHSI, 'rrpH YCJIOBHH, qTO H n
3a60qYCb 0 B3aHMHOll COBMeCTHMOCTH MOHX YTBep}K,lJ,eHHll, a Ta ...
}Ke rrpH'MY MepbI npe,lJ,OCTOpO)KHOCTH, HCKJIIOIJHB JII060e CTOJIKHOBe...
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cneHY ,lJ,eHCTBHSI Ha ,lJ,aJIelKOH 3Be3)J.e, qTO HCKJIIOqaeT B03M02KHOCTb
KaKHX-.JIHI60 Ha6JI'IO)J.eHHll. CTpOTO rOBOpSI, MHe )J.a)Ke He Ha o rrpH
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a He Moe onHcaHHe 6WJIO npHcrroc06JIeHO K HHM. OHH He CMOfJH
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HMeHHO HeKHll npHHlnH:rr, B TepMHHax IKOToporo MOlKeT \6bITb YCTa.
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40
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41
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48
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49
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pOlliO «3HaTb», qTO npaBHJIbHbI HX co6cTBeHHbIe 3THqeOKHIe B3rJI5I
,lI,bI. 11 nOKa peQb H,lJ.eT 0 cy6'beKTHBHoH ,LI.OCTOBepHOCTH, He 6Y,lJ.eT
HHqerO, qTO nOMOrJIO 6hI B BbI l 6ope. Kor,lJ.a TaKHe pa3JIHqH5I BO MHe
HH5IX B03rHHKalOT B CB5I3H C 06bIqHbIM '3M'nHpHqeOKHM CY:iK,lJ.eHHeM
:YIO:iKHO InonbITaTbC5I pa3pe'lilHTb HX, aneJIJIHpY5I K COOTBeTCTBYIO
lll.eH 3MnHpHq.eCKOH npOBepKe HJIH 3IKTyaJIbHO npOBO,lJ.5I ee. Ho ,lJ.JIH
3THqeOKHX YTBeplKJJ.eHHH He CYllI.eCTByeT, COrJIaCHO «a6COJIIOTHCT
CKoA», HJIH «HHTYHTHBHCTCKOH», TeopHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.ero 3M
nnpHQeOKOrO TeCTa. fI03TOMY 1bI BnpaBe 'rOBOpH'Tb 0 TOIM, QTO Co
rJIaCHO 3TOi1: TeopHH 3THQeCKHe CY:iKLI.eHH5I HenpOBep5leMbI. OHH
KOHeQHO, Cq,HTaIOTC5I npH 3TOl\tI CHHTeTH'QeCKHMII CY:iK,lJ.eHH5IMH.
YQHTbIBa5I TY pOJIh, KOTOpyIO ,lJ.JI5I Hac HrpaeT npHHIl.Hn, co,r JIac
HO KOTOPOMY CHHTeTHQeCKOe CY)K,l!,eHHe 3HaQHMO, eCJIH OHO 3M'TIH
pH4eClKH npOBep5leMO, np.HH5ITHe «a COJIIOTHCTCKOH» TeopHH 3TH
KH, OQeBIH,lJ.HO, rrO,lJ.opBaJIO 6bI Bce Hallie r JIaBHOe ,lI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBO
11 nOOKOJIhKY l\1bI Y)Ke OTBep'r JIH «HaTypaJIHCTHQeCtKHe» reopHII, KO
TopbIe 06bIQHO CQHTaIOTC5I e,lJ.HHCTBeHHOH aJIhTepHaTHBOH «a6coJIIO
TH.3MY» B 3THKe, MbI, BH,lJ.HMO, nOJl.OlliJIH IK TPYllHOMY MOMeHTY. MbI
pa3pelliHM TPY,lJ.HOCTb, Kor)la nOKa)KeM, tITO npaBHJIbHYIO TpaKTOB
KY 3THQec.KHX YTBep:IK,lJ.eHIHH 06eCneQHBaeT TpeTh5I TeOpH5I, BnOJIHt
COBMeCTH'Ma51 C HaIllH 1\1 pa,lJ.HKa.nbHbIM 3MnHp H lI. H 3M0\1
HaqHeM C Toro, IITO np'H,3HaeM HeaHaJIlI3HpyeMocTh <PYH!laMeH
54
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1"aJIbHbIX 3THIleCKHX rrOH5ITHH: HeT KpHTepH5I, C rrOMOllJ.bIO KOTOpOrO
M01KHO 6bIJIO 6bI npOBeCTH TeCT Ha rrpaBHJIbHOCTb On:eHOK, B 'KOTO-
]JbIe OHH BXO,ll5lT. ,[Lo 3TOrO MOMeHTa MbI COrJIaCHbI C a6COJIIOTHC-
'TaMIl. Ho B OTJIHllHe OT HHX MbI MOMeM ,l!,aTb 06"b5lCHeHHe 3TOMY
4J8'KTY. MbI rOBOpHl\1, tITO rrpHIIHHa HeaHaJIH3HpyeMocTH 3THrqeCKHX
nOH5ITHH B TOM, IITO 3TO rrpOCTO noeBJI.OifIOH5ITH5I. HaJIHIIHe 3THlle-
.cKoro C:H'MBOJIa B CYLKJI.eHHH HWllero He ,n:06aBJI5IeT K ero cpaKTY-
aJIbHOMY CO,lI,epLKaHHIO. Ta.K, eCJIH 51 rOBOplO KOMY-TO: «TbI Herrpa-
13HJIbHO C,JI.eJIaJI, )'IKpaB 3TH JI.eHBfH», TO Hef YTBep)K,n:alO HHllero, KpO-
Me: «TbI YKpaJI 3TH JI.eHBrH». ,Qo6aBJI5I5I, IITO 3TO .n:eHcTBHe Henpa-
BHJIbHO, 51 HHllero 60JIbllIe 0 H,eM He YTBepM'JI.alO, HO rrpOCTO BbI-
.cKa3bIBalO CBoe 'MOpaJIbHOe Heo,n:06peHHe. 3TO rrOXOMe Ha TO, KaK
,eC TIH 6bI 51 CKa3aJI: «TbI YKpaJI 3TH .L(eHbrH» C 'KaKHM-TO OC06bIM
ymaCOM B rOJIOce HJIH HanHCaJI 3TO, cHa6,n:HB enenHaJIbHbIMH BOC-
KJIUuaTeJIbHbIMH 3HaKaMU. 11HTOHaII.H'51 HJIH BOC'KJIHn:aTeJIbHbIe 3Ha-
KM HHllero He JI.o6aBJI5IIOT K ,6Y'KBaJIbHOMY 3HalleHHIO npe,n:JIOMeHH5I.
OHM npOC1'O nOKa3bIBaIOT, IITO ero BbIpaMeHHe corrpOBOLKJI.aeTC5I on-
pe.n.eJIeHHbIMH llYBCTBa:MH, KOTopbIe HcrrbITbIBaeT rOBOp5lllJ.'HH.
ECJIH fI Terrepb o'606my rrpeJI.bIJI.YllJ.ee H CKa)KY: «KpacTb JI.eHb-
rM HerrpaBHJIbHO», TO Bbl'CKaMY inpeJI.JIOMeHHe, He HMeIOllJ.ee cpaKTY-
.aJIbHOr0 3HalleHH5I, HHbIMH CJIOB3IMH, OHO He BbIpaMaeT CY)KJI.eHH5I,
KOTopoe MOMeT ObfTb HCTHHHbIM HJIH JIOMHbIIM. 3TO KaK eCJIH 6bI
'5I HarrHCaJI: «KpaCTb .lI.eHbrH!!», r.n.e <popMa Ii TOJIllJ.HHa BOCKJIHI1.a-
1'eJIbHbIX 3HaKOB 6y.n.YT rrOKa3bIBaTb COrJIaCHO rrpHH5ITOH KOHBeHI1.HH,
llTO HeKoToporo pO,lla MOpaJIhHOe HeoJI.06peHHe 51BJI5IeTC5I BbIpa-
)KaeMbIM llYBCTBOIM. 5ICHO, IITO 3jJ.eCb He rOBOpHTC5I HHllero HCTHH-
Horio HJIH !JIOMHoro. ,[LPYlfOH lleJIOBeK MOMeT He cor JI aCHTbC5I CO
MHOH no Borrpocy 0 HenpaBH'JIbHOCTH KpaMH, B TOM C,MbICJIe, IITO Y
Hero He 6Y ' JI.eT Tex Me ItJYBCTB B OTHorneHHH !KpaMH, K3'K y MeH5I, H
OH MOLKeT 'nOCCOpHTbC5I co MHOIO no nOBOJI.Y MOHX MOpaJIbHbIX llYB-
CTBOBaHHH. Ho OH He MO)KeT, CTporo rOBOp51, MHe rrpoTHBopellHTb.
1160, 'fOBOp5l, IITO orrpeJI.eJIeHHbIii THrr eHCTBH5I rrpaBHJIeH lIJIH He-
npaBHJIeH, 51 He ,lleJIalO HHKaKoro cpaKTyaJIbHOrO YTBep)K.n.eHH5I,
nYCTh JI.aM6 'YTBepMlleHH5I 0 COCT05IHHH co6CTBeHHoro C03HaHH5I
51 BbIpaMaIO rrpOCTO KaIKHe-TO MOpaJIbHbIe llYBCTBOBaHH5I. 11 qeJIO-
BeK, KOTOpbI1I 5IBHO co MHtOlO He COrJIaCeH, BbIpaMaeT npOCTO CBOH
MOpaJIbHbIe llYBCTBOBaHH5I. TaK IITO HeT CMbICJIa BbI5ICH5ITb KTO H3
Hac npaB. 11,60 HH O.L(HH lI3 Hac He YTBep)KJI.aeT rrOJI.JIHHHOrO CYM-
.lI.eHII5I.
To, IITO MhI CKa3aJIH 0 CHMBOJIe «HeBepHO», rrpHJIOMHMO KO BceM
BOPMaTHBHbIM 3TH i lleC!KHM CHMBOJIaM. HHorJI.a OHH BXO.n.51T B rrpeJI.-
JIO)ReHH5I, IKOTopbIe 'cpH'KCHPYIOT 06bI'llHbIe 3\1 I TIHpHqeCKHe cpaKTbI B
ltonOJIHeHHe K 3THQeCKlI'M rqYBCTB3IM rro OTHorneHHIO K 3THM ICP
IiHorJI.a BCTpeQaIOTC5I B (npeJlJIOMeHH5IX, ,KOTopbIe npOCTO BbIi5'a)KaIOT
31'lIQeOKoe QY.BCTBO no rrOBOJI.Y onpeJI.eJIeHHOrO THrra ,n:eHcT H5I HJIH
ClITyaQHIH, He JI.eJIa51 IKaKoro-JIH'60 YTBepMJI.eHH5I.o cpaKTe. Ho B
JII060M CJIYQae, KOlf.1l.a CQHTaeTC5I, QTO BbICKa3bIBaeTC5I 3THQeCKa51
OI.teHKa, <P Y HKUH5I COOTBeTCTBYIOIl1.erO 3TH'QeCKOTO CJIOBa qHCTO
<<-aM
OTHIBHa». OHO ,HiCrrOJIlb3yeTC5I JI5I TOlro, qTo6bI Bblpa , 3HTb QYBCTBO
55
no nOBO)I,Y onpe,l(eJIeHHbIX t06'beIKTOB, HO He JI.JI5I TO'fO, qTo6bI qTO-TI
o HHX YTBep)K,lI.aTb.
CTOHT 3aMe'THTb, qTO 3TH,QeCiKHe Tepl\1MHbI HcrrOvlb3YlOTC5I H"
TOJIbKO )I,JI5I BbIpa)KeHH5I qYBCTBa, HO TaK)Ke .lI.JI5I B036Y)K,lI.eHH5I l1YB
CTBa .M rro6Y)K,lI.eHH5I K ,l(eHCTBHIO. B caMOM )I.eJIe, HeKOTopble H3 HH
HCrrOJIb3YIOTC5I TalKHM 06pa30M, QT06bI npe,lI,-TIO)KeHH5I, B KOTOpbI"
OHH BXO,l(5IT, HIMeJIIH Te )Ke CJIe,ll.CTBH51, 11TO H rrpH'Ka3aHH5I. TaR
rrpellJIO)KeHHe «3TO TBoH ,l(OJIr - rOBopHTb rrpaB Y» MO}KHO pac
cMaTpHBaTb O,ll.HOBpeMeHHo H KaK BbIpa)KeHHe orrpe.rr.eJIeHHOrO 3TH-
qeOK'Orro qYBcTBa B OTHOllleHHH rrpaB)I,HBOcTH,!H KaK Bblpa:tKeHHe
rrpHKa3aHH5I «fOBOpM rrpaB,lI.Y». Il pe,l(JIO)KeHHe «Te6e c.ne.rr.OBa
6bI fOBOpHTb rrpaB,lI.Y» TaK)Ke cO,ll.ep)KHT rrpHKa3aHHe: «fOBOPI
rrpaBJI.Y», HO 3JI.eCb efO HHTOHa H5I He CTOJIb KaTerOpHqHa. B rrpe,l(
JIO)KeHHH «fOBOpHTb rrpaB,lIY - XOpOlllO» rrpHKa3aHHe rrpeBpalll.a
eTC5I 'rrOqTM B COBeT. 11 TaKHM o,6pa30M, «'3HaqeHHe» -cJIOBa «Xopo
1ll0» 8 eTO 3THqeCKOM ymoTpe6JIBHMH OTJIHqHO OT 3HaqeHH5I CJIOB
«,lI.OJIr» HJIH CJIOBa «CJIe',lI.yeT». cD aK11HqeOKH MbI MO:tKeM orrpe,ll.eJIMTb
3HaqeHHe pa3JIH HWX 3THqeC HX CJIOB B TepMHHax pa3JIHqHWX
IJYBCTB, K'OTopble, KaK eqHTaeTC5I, OHH 06blqHO BbIpa)KaIOT, a TaK
)Ke Tex ,pa3JIHQHbIX peaKIl.MH, Ha B036Y)K.lI.eHHe !KOTOPbIX OHH pac
CtIHTaHbI.
Terrepb MbI BH,lI.HM, rrOQeMY HeB03MO)KHO HaHTH KpHTepHH ,l(JI5I
orrpe,ll.eJIeH,H5I rrpaB.HJIbHOCTH o eHOK. IlpHqHHa He B TOM, 1JTO OHM
06JIa,ll.a1OT «a6COJIIOTHOH» rrpaBHJIbHOCTblO, KOTOpa51 TaHHCTBeHHbI\1
06pa30M He3aBHCHMa OT 06bIIJHOrO QYBCTBeHHOfO orrbITa, HO 8 T01\1
qTO B HHX HeT HHiKaKOH 06'be.KTHBHOi1: rrpaBHJIbHOCTH. ECJIH rrpe,ll.JIO-
2KeHHe Boo6lll.e HiHqerO He YTBep2K.LI.aeT, HeT CMbICJIa 'crrpallllHBaTb
HCTHHH'O HJIH JIO)KHO TO', qTO OHO fJIaCHT. 11 MbI BH,lI.HM, Q'TO rrpe,ll
JIO)KeHH5I, KOTopble BbIpa)KaIOT rrpOCTO MOpaJIbHble on:eH.KH, He ro-
BOp5lT HHIJlero. 3TO IJ'HCTble Bblpa)K'eHH5I IJYBCTBa, H KaK TaKOBble
OHH He rrO,ll.rra,ll.aIOT rro,ll. KaTerOpH'IO HCTHHbI H JI2KH. OHH TaK )Ke He
npOBep5leMbI, KaK rr<:pH'K 60JIH HJIH CJIOBO 'KoMaH,lI.bI, rrOc.KOJIbKY He
Bblpa2KalOT rrOllJIHHHbIX CY)K)].eHlHH.
TaKHIM o6pa30M, XOT5I HalllY TeOpHIO 3THKH H MO)KHO crrpaBe,n-
JIHBO Ha3BaTb pa)I.HIKaJIbHO cy6'beKTHBHCTCK!OH, OHa 8 O,ll.HOM Ba2K
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TeopHH. 1160 OpTO,l(OKCaJIbHbIM cy6'beKTHBHCT He OTpH' aeT, KaK 3TO
,lleJIaeM MbI, QTO rrpe.rr.JIO)KeHIfI5I MOpaJIH3aTOpa BbIpa)KalOT rro,l(JIII H-
Hble CY)K,l(eHIH5I. OTpH'Il.aeT OH TO, qTO OHH Bblpa2KaIOT CY2K,lI.eHH5t
YHH'KaJIbHOrO, He3M!rrHpHIJeCIKo'ro xapaIKTe.pa. E'ro TOq'Ka 3peHH5I co-
C'TOHT B TOM, QTO OHH Bblpa)KaIOT CYlK,lI.\eHH5I 0 1JYBCTBax rOBop5I"
llJ.ero. EC.JIH 6bI .9TO '6bIJIO TalK, .9THIJeCKHe o eHKH, OIJeBH,l(HO, MOT"
JIH 6bI i6bITb crroco6HbI K HCTHHHOCTH HJIH JIO)KHOCTH. OHH 6bIJIH 6bJ
HCTHHHbIMH, eCJIH 6bI y BbICIKa3bIBaIOlI1.erO HX IJeJIOBeKa 6bIJIH COOT-
BeTcTByIOlI1.He IJyBcTBa, H JIO)KHbI, eCJIH 6bI TaKOBbIX He 6bIJIO. A 910
B rrpHHII.Hrre 9MrrHpHl1eCKH rrpOBep5leMO. EOJIbllle Toro, HM MO}KII O
6bIJIO 16bI 3HaqH'MO (significantly) rrpoTHBOpeqHTb. 1160 eCJIIi
OKa2KY: «TeprrH,MocTb - 9TO Ao6po,ll.eTeJIb», H KTO-HIH i 6Y,l(b oTBeTlrr:
«TbI He o,n06p5le.Illb 3T'OifO», TO OH, COrJIaCHO 06bIIJHOM C)'i6'beKTJ1"
56
BHCTOKOH TeOpHH, 6Y,lI.eT MHe 'npOTHBOpeq'HTb. n.o HallleH TeopllH,
()H MHe He TIpOTHBOpeII,HT, nOTOMY rtITO, ,rOBop51, LITO TepnHMOCTb-
9TO ,lI.06po.neTe.JIb, 51 HHqerO He YTBep:iK,lI.alO 0 CBOHX IIYBCTBax HJIH
o qeM-TO e e. 51 npOCTO rrp051BJI/511O CBOH qYBCTBa, a 3TO BOBce He
TO me caMoe.
Pa3JIHlIHe lMe:iK,lI.Y Bblpa:iKeHHeM IIYBCT'Ba H YTBep./KJ(eHHeM qYB-
CTBa TPYJI.HO yBH.neTb H3-3a Toro, lITO Bblpa:iKeHH.e HeKOToporo lIYB-
CTBa lIe,,7JOBeKOM qaCTO COrrpOBO}K,lI.aeTC51 YTBep:iK,lI.eHHeM 06 3TOM
qyBcTBe, KOTopoe 51BJI51eTC51, rro CYTH, cpaKTopoM ero BbIpa:iKeHH51.
TaR, 51 Mory O,lI.HOBpeMeHHo BbIpa:iKaTb CKYfKY H rOBopHTb, qTO MHe
cKyqHO. B 3TOM CJIYlIae ,npoH3,HeceHHe CJIOB «MHe CKYIIHO» eCTb 0,lI.-
HO H3 06CT051Te.JIbCTB, ,lI.eJIalOI..UHX HCTHHHbIMH YTBep:iK.neHH51 0 TOM,
qTO 51 Bblpa:iKalO HJIH rrp051BJI511O OKYKY. Ho '51 M'ory Bblpa:iKaTb CKY-
KY If He rOBopHTb 0 TOM, IITO MHe CKYlIHO. 51 Mory Bblpa:iKaTb ee TO-
HOM H :JKeCTaMH, o.n.HOBpeMeHHO .n.eJIa51 YTBep:tK,lI.eHH51 0 qeM-HH6Y)I.b
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lIJIH Bo0'6me 06XO,A51Cb 6e'3 CJIOB. 'faK lITO .n.a:iKe eC'JIH YTBep}K)I.eHlle,
qTO KTO-TO llcrrbITbIBaeT HeKOTopoe qYBC'TBO, Bcer,lI.a Irrpe.n.rrOJIaraeT
BbIpa}KeHHe 3Toro lIYBCTBa, BbIpa:iKeHHe ,qYBCTBa, HeCOMHeHHO, He
Bcer.n.a npe.n.rrOJIaraeT YTBep:iK)J.eHHe 0 TOM, lITO KTO-TO ero HcrrbI-
TbIBaeT. 11 3TO - Ba:iKHbIH rrYHKT ,lI,JI51 rrOHHMaHH51 pa3JIHqlll51 Me. y
HarneH TeopHeH H 06bIlIHOH cy6'beKTHBHCTCKOH TeopHen. 1160 B OT-
.JIIlqHe OT cy6'beKT'HBHCTa, KOTOpbIH CqHTaeT, lITO 3THqeCKHe YTBep-
LK.n.eHlH51 B ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH YTBep:iK.lI.aIOT cymecTBoBaHHe orrpe,lI.e-
JIeHHbIX lIYBCTB, MbI CqIHTae:M 3THqeCKHe YTBep}K.neHH51 BbIpa:iKeHH51-
MIl lIYBCTB H rro,6Y:iK,lI.eHH51MH K HHM, He 06513aTeJIbHO npe.nlrrOJIaralO-
1lI.IIMH KaKHe-JIH60 YTBep:iK.n.eHH51.
MbI Y:iKe OT'MeqaJIH, qTO rJIaBHOe B03pa}KeHHe IrrpOTHB 06blqHOH
cy6'beKTHBH'CT ' OKOH Teop'HH B TOM, "£fTO 'npaBHJIbHOCTb 3TllqeCKH'X
() eHOK He arrpe.n.eJI51eTC51 rrpHpo.n.OH lIYBCTB HX aBTopOB. Hallla Teo-
pHH H36eraeT 3TOH TPYJI.HOCTH. 11160 H,3 :Hee He C-JIe.nyeT, 'lITO cyme-
-CTBoBaHHle JII06bIIX 'qYBCTB 51BJI51eTC5I Heo6xo.n.HMblM H .n.OC'TaTOlIHbIM
YCJIo.BHeM np3!BHiJIbHOCTH 3TlllIeCKoro CY:iKJ(e,H'H,51. Ha / o6opOT, 1I3 Hee
'CJIe yeT, 'llTO 3THqeC'Klle CY:iKJ(eHH51 Bo06rue He 06JIa.n.a1OT rrpaBllJIb-
1I0CTbIO.
I1'MeeTc5I, O,lI.HaKO, 3H3IMeHHTbIH aprYMeHT rrpOTHB cy6'beKTHBHCT-
KHX TeopHH, KOToporo Hallla TeopH51 He H I 300raeT. Myp YKa3aJI Ha
1'0, lITO eCJIH 6bI 3THqeeKHe YTBep:iK)I.eH'Il51 6bI.JIII npOCTO YTBep:iK,ne-
BH5IMH 0 IJ'yBcTBax TOBOp5Illl.ero, TO HeB03MO:iK,HO ObIJIO r6bI oI6CY:iK-
JI.aTh QeHHOCTHble BorrpOCbI 2 . B03bMeM THlrrH'QHbIH rrp'HMlep: elCJIH
UJ.HH QeJIOBeK CJKa3aJI, ftJTO Kpa)Ka - JI06pOlleTeJIb, a .n.Py,roH OTBe-
1'1IJI, lITO OHa - rropOK, OHH no 3TOM TeopHH He CrrOpHJIII 6bI .nPy,r C
JI.PyrOM. B 3TOM CJIYlIae O.n.HH rOBOpHJI 6bl, lITO 0JI.06p51eT KpaLKY, a
lI.py'roH - qTO He D:.n.06p5IeT; H HeT HHKaKOH rrpllQHHbI, rrOQeMY 6bI
uOOHM 3TIIM YTBepLK.n.eHH5IM He 6bITb HCTHHHbIIM'll. ,[LaJIe,e, Myp
'CQHTaJI OQeBUllHbI,M, lITO MbI Bce }Ke ,lI.HOKYTllpyeM no Bo'rrpocaM 0
-----
2 Philosophical Studies. The Nature of Moral Philosophy.
57
ueHHOCTH, H rrD3TD'MY 3a I KJII01.JHJI, 1.JTD Ta IKDHKpeTHa51 cpDpMa cy6'h
eKTHBH3Ma, KDTDPYIO DR paCCMaTpHBaJI, 5IBJI5IeTC5I JIOMHall.
OqeBH,lI.HO, qTa 3aKJIIOqeHHe 0' HeB03MD)KHDCTH cnDpHTb lIa 80
npDcaM 0' ueHRDCTH CJIe yeT TaKMe H H3 'HalueH TeapHH. 1160' no
CKaJIBKY MbI CqHTae'M, qTa TaKHe npellJIDMeHH5I, Ka,K «BapaBcTBD
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)KaIOT CYLK,lJ.eHHH, MbI, IrrOH5ITHO, He MOLKeM 'CIJHTaTb, qTD DHH BbI
pa)KaIOT HeCDBMeCTHiMble CYLK)J.eHH5I. Il03TDMY MbI ,lI.DJI)KHbl npH
3HaTb, qTD eCJIH ,lI.DBD,lI.bI Mypa DnpoBepraIOT 06blqHYIO cy6'beKTH
BHCTCKYIO TeDpHIO, TO' DHH onpOBepraIOT Ta:KMe H Harny TeDp'HIO. H
cp3lKTHqeCKH MbI DTpHuaeM, qTD aHH onpOBepraIOT )laMe 06bIQHy
cy6'beKTHBHCTCKYIO TeDpHIO. 1160' MbI CqHTaeM, qTD peaJIbHO MbI HH
Kor,ll.a He cnDpUM nO' BonpacaiM 0' ueHHDCTH.
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KO YKa3bIBaeT Ha «BemH», 0 KOTOpbIX H.neT pellb; H 51 CTapaJIC5I eme
60JIee 1JeTKO onpe,lIeJIHTb HX, no.nllepKHBa5l, QTO 3TO Bblpa)KeHHe no-
CJIY:>KHT CBoeH IJ,eJIH TOJIbKO r B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH (a) BbI nOHHM aeTe
ero TaK, liTO MHorHe «BemH», HanpHMep, OCTaTOqHble 06pa3bI, ,lLBOH-
HhIe 06pa3bI, .60JIb, KOTopbIe, MO)KHO cKa3aTb, «rrpe,lI.CTaBJIeHbI B
npocTpaHcTBe», Bce )Ke He CJIe,lI.yeT CIIHTaTb «BemaMH, KOTopbIe
,QOJI:>KHbI BCTpellaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe», H (6) BbI OT1JeTJIHBO no-
HHMaeTe HerrpoTHBopellHBocTb npeJI.nOJIO)KeHHH s qTO cYI1leCTBYIOT H
,QOJI:>KHbI «BcTpeqaTbCH B npocTpaHcT;Be» BemH, KOTopbIe HHKor,lI.a
He BocrrpHHHMaJIHCb, He BocnpHHHMalOTCH ceHllac H He 6y.nYT BOC-
npHHHMaTbCH, a TaK)Ke HenpOTHBOpeqHBOCTb npe,lI.nOJIO)KeHH5I, liTO
Cpe.nH Tex H3 HHX, KOTopble KOr,ll,a-TO BocnpHHHMaJIHCb, MHorHe cy-
eCTBYIOT Ii Tor):{a, Korlla He BocrrpHHHMaIOTCH. ,[LYMalO, Tenepb
'CTaJIO HCHO, liTO nOCKOJIbKY 51 He CIIHTalO «BHeIIIHHMH Bell.{aMH OC-
TaT01JHbIe 06pa3bI, ):{BOHHbIe 06pa3bI H 60JIb, TO 51 TaK)Ke He ClleJI 6bI
«BHeIIlHHMH IBe aMH» H JII06bIe H3 «06pa30B», KOTopble MbI lIaCTO
BIi.lUIM «YMCTBeHHbIM B30pOM», KOr,lI.a 60.npCTByeM, H JII06bIe H3 06-
Pa30B, KOTopbIe BH,lI.HM BO CHe; HCHO TaK)Ke, liTO 51 ynoTpe6JIHIO BbI-
Pa}l{eHHe «BHeIIIHHH» TaK, liTO H3 BH3yaJIbHOH raJIJIIOIJ,HHaIJ,HH 6y-
eT CJIe,lI.OBaTb, qTO lIeJIOBeK B 3TO BpeMH .BH.neJI HeIlTO, He HBJIHIO-
eeCH «BHeIllHHM» .lI.JISI ero C03HaHHSI, a H3 TOro, 1JTO Y Hero 6bIJIa
JI JIYXoBaH raJIJIIOIJ,HHaIJ,H5I, CJIe,lI.yeT, liTO OH CJIblIIIaJI 3BYK, He HB-
SI IO HiiCH «BHeIIIHHM» ,l[JIH ero C03HaHHH. Ho 51, KOHeIlHO, He npo-
o IIRJI CBoe ynoTpe6JIeHHe 3THX BbIpa)KeHHH - «BHeIlIHHH HaWHM
n 3HaHH5IM» H «BCTpellaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe» - HaCTOJIbKO, tIT06bI
Cp CJIY'tIae JIl060H «BeI.IJ.H», KOTopaSI MO:>KeT npH.lI.TH B rOJIOBY, Bbl
CO;'3 Y 'nOHHJIH, ClleJI 6bI 51 ee HJIH He ClleJI 6bI «BHeIlIHeH HaWHM
lie lialIH5IM» Ii «BCTpeqalOIII.eHC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe». HanpHMep, 51
.lJ.n:Ra3aJI HHllero, liTO np05ICHHJIO 6bI, ,lI,OJI)KHO HJIH He ,lI.OJI)KHO BH-
Ge MHOro B 3epKaJIe OTpa)KeHHe paeCMaTpHBaTbC5I KaK «BeIUb,
73
KOTOpa5I )I,O.JILKHa BCTpe4a fbC5I B rrpOCTpaHCTBe» H KaK «BHelilHee
HalllHM C03HaHH5!M», H He CJ<:a3aJl HH4ero, tITO rrp05ICHHJIO 6bI, ,lI.OJI){{..
HO HJIH He ,lI,OJILKHO paCCMaTpHBaTbC5I TaKHM crroco60M He60. Ka){{
,L{bIM tIeJIOBeK, 5I .llYMaIO, 4y.BCTByeT HeYMeCTHOCTb BbIpaLKeHIIS{
«Bemb" KOTOpa5I !l.OJIlKHa BCTpeqaTbC5! B rrpOCTpaHCTBe» B OTHOllie..
HHH He6a; H 60JIblllHHCTBO JIlO,lI,eH He 33XOTeJIH 6bI 6e30rOBOpOlJIIO
YTBepLK,lI,aTb, 4TO BH,lI,HMble HMH B 3epKaJIaX OTpaLKeHHH ,lI,OJI)KHbI
«BCTpe4aTbC5I B rrpOCTpaHCTBe». Q,lI,HaKO He60 H OTpaLKeHH5I B 3ep
Ka.JIaX OT JIHtIalOTC5J OT 60JIeM H OCTaTOIJ.HbIX 06pa30B - rrOCJIe)(Hl1e
He 1l0JILKHbI BCTpe4aTbC5! B rrpOCTpaHCTBe: a6CYP)lHO nOJIaraTb, tITO
60JIb, KOTOpylO 5J HcrrbITbIBalO, Mor 6bI OrnYlIl.aTb KTO-TO erne HJIIf
tITO BH,lI,HMbIH MHOIO OCTaTOQHbIH 06pa3 Mor 6bI BH,lI,eTb KTO-TO eIlJ.e.
I-Io B CJIY4ae OTpa)KeHHH B 3epKaJIaX MbI BrrO.JIHe CBo60!l.HO rOBO
pHM, tITO ,lI.pyroH tIeJIOBeK crroco6eH BH,lI,eTb TO :JKe OTpaLKeHHe, QTC
11 MbI. KOHeqHO, MOLKHO CKa3aTb: «TbI BH,lI,Hlllb 3TOT KpaCHOBarhIH
oT6.JIeCK Ha BO)le? He Mory nOH5!Tb, IlTO TaM OTpaLKaeTC5I», H TOtIRe
.TaK LKe CKa3aTb, YKa3bIBa5I Ha CKJIOH XOJIMa: «TbI BH,J.Hlllb, 4rO-T
6eJIeeT Ha XOJIMe? He Mory rrOH5!Tb, tITO 3TO TaKoe» 11 0 He6e BrrOJI.
He MO)KHO CKa3aTb, qTO ,lI,pyrHe .JIlO,lI,H BH,lI,HT ero TaK LKe, KaK 51
IlpHxo,lI,HTC5I npH3HaTb, qTO 51 He rrp05ICHHJI BbIpaLKeHHe «Be H
KOTopbIe ,lI,OJILKHbI BCTpe4aTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe» (a 3HaqHT, Ii Bbl.
paLKeHHe «BHelllHHH HalllHM C03HaHH5IM» - Be!l.b !l.JIH ero 06'b51(
HeHH5I nepBoe BblpaLKeHHe H yrroTpe6JIHJIOCb), naCTOJIbKO, 4T06hI B
CJIyqae .JII06bIX «BerneH» He OCTaBa.JIOCb COMHeHH5J, !l.OJILKHbI HJIH H
,AOJI)KHbI TaKHe BernH «BCTpeqaTbC5I B rrpOCTpaHCTBe» JIH60 6bITb
'«BHelllHHMH HalllHM C03HaHH5IM». Ho OTCYTCTBHe TOqHOrO orrpe,lI,eJH
HH5I «BerneH, KOTopble ..llO.JIlKHbI BCTpeqaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe», He
cyrnecTBeHHO ,lI,JIH MoeH IJ,eJIH. ]JOCTaTOIlHO CKa3aTb, qTO Bblpame-
HHe '«BernH, KOTopbIe ,lI,OJI}KHbI BcrpeIlaTbC5J B npocrpaHCTBe», yn t
Tpe6JI5IeTCH TaK, tITO ,lI.JI5I KaLK,lI,OrO BH!l.a TaKHX BerneH H3 cYLK,lI,eHHJI
06 HX cyrnecTBoBaHHH CJle8yeT cyrnecTBoBaHHe BerneH, KOTOpbI
)lOJILKHbI HCTpeqaTbC5! B rrpocTpaHcTBe. 11 cpaKTHtIeCKH 51 nepe1JHCJIlI
'(XOT5I OTHlOllb He HCIlepnbIBaIOIll.HM 06pa30M) BH,ltbI BerneH, KOTO
pble HMelOT TaKoe OTHOllleHHe K MoeMY crroco6y yrroTpe6JIeHH5I Bb]
paLKeHH5I «BernH, KOTopble ,lI.OJILKHbI BCTpe4aTbC5! B npOCTpaHCTBe'
51 rOBOpHJI 0 Te.JIaX .JIIO,lI.eH Ii )KHBOTHbIX, paCTeHH5IX 3Be3!1.aX, 11
'1:ax, CTYJIb5IX H TeH5IX; H 51 XOqy ceifIlac rrO,lI,qepKHYTb, lITO yn O
Tpe6.JI5I1O BblpaLKeHHe «BeI.I.:(H, KOTopbIe JI.OJILKHbI BCTpeIlaTbCH B npO
.cTpaHCTBe», TaK, IlTO ,lI,JI5I KaLK,lI,OrO H3 3rHX BH,lI.OB «Bemeif» H3 cyJ
JJ.eHH5I, IlTO TaKHe «BernH» CYIll.eCTBYIOT, CJle8yeT, tITO eCTb BeIllJ1
BCTpeqalOrn HeC5I B rrpOCTpaHCTBe: HarrpHMep, H3 CYLK,lI,eHH5I, 1JTO 'fe
HH cyrneCTBYlOT, CJleayeT, tITO CYllleCTBYlOT BeIlI.H, BCTpe1JalOIlI.Mec5I
npOCTpaHCTBe, H TaK ,lI.aJIee rro 0 fHOllleHRIO KO BceM «BeIlI.aM», vI{
3aHHbIM B nepeqHe. Op05ICHeHHe 3Toro CJIYLKHT Moeif IJ,eJIH; Be 0
KOr,lI,a 3TO 51CHO, TO 5!CHO TaKLKe, tITO eCJIH BbI ,lI,OKaLKeTe cyru eC 'f13
BaHRe ,lI,BYX paCTeHHH, HJIH cymecTBoBaHlfe paCTeHH5! H co6aKM, I1J
<:o6aKH H TeHH If T. ,lI,. H T. n., TO BbI ipso facto * JI.oKa./Kere q e
cymeCTBYlOT BeIll.H, BoCTpe1JaIOInlfeC5I B npocTpaHCTBe: BaM He no'f
6yeTC5I 8npudatty ..LI.OKa3bIBaTb, 1JTO H3 CY./K!l.eHR5I 0 CYIll.eCTBOBa ll
74
paCTeHH aeUCTBUTeAbHO cne yeT CY2K eHHe 0 CYIQeCTBOBaHHH Be-
lU efI , BCTpeIlaIOIQHXC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe.
nO-BH;I,H:MOMY, BbIpa)KeHHe «BeII.J.H, KOTopble ,lI,O.JI:IKHbI BCTpeIlaTb-
c}1 B npOCTpaHCTBe», :MO)KHO ynoTpe6.JI5ITb B TaKOM CMbIc.JIe, liTO He
fla)lO 6) eT llOKa3bIBaTb, liTO H3 «paCTeHHH CYI..I(eCTBYIOT» cne yeT
«cymeCTBYIOT BeII.J.H, BCTpeIlalOIJ.J.HeCH B npOCTpaHCTBe»; HO C BbIpa-
)KeHHe\1 «BeII.J.H, BHelllHHe HalllH'\1 C03HaHH5IM», ,lI,eno 06CTOHT HHaIle.
JIIO)lH H\1eIOT 06bIKHOBeHHe rOBopHTb: «MO)KHO OTQeTnHBO BH,lI,eTb,
qTO H3 CY)K,lI,eHH5I «B ,lI,aHHOe BpeMH CYII.J.eCTBYIOT no KpaHHeH Mepe
JIBe c06aKH» cAeayeT CY)K eHHe «B aHHoe BpeMH no KpaHHeH Mepe
JIBe BeII.J.H )I.OJI:IKHbI BCTpeIlaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe», TaK liTO eC.JIH BbI
JO)KeTe JI,OKa3aTb, liTO B aHHbIH MOMeHT CYI..I(eCTBYIOT ,lI,Be c06a-
KIl, TO BbI ipso facto OKa)KeTe, liTO B aHHbIH MOMeHT no KpaH-
HefI Mepe jI,Be BeII.J.H jI,OJI)KHbI BCTpeqaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe. Ha-
CKOJIbKO 5I nOHHMalO, BbI He nOTpe6yeTe OT,lI,enbHoro ,lI,OKa3aTenb-
CTBa Toro, liTO H3 CY)K eHH5I «,llBe co6aKH CYII.J.eCTBYIOT» ,lI,eHCTBH-
Te.JlbHO Cne,lI,yeT CY2K,lI,eHHe « Be BeI..I(H O.JI)KHbI BCTpeqaTbC5I B npo-
CTpaHCTBe»; COBepllleHHO OlJeBH,lI,HO, liTO He Morna 6bI CYII.J.eCTBOBaTb
co6aKa, KOTOpa5I He ,lI,O.JI)KHa 6bIna ,6bI BCTpeqaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe.
Ho MHe He 5ICHO, KaKHM 06pa30M, eC.JIH BbI MOlKeTe ,lI,OKa3aTb, qTD
cymeCTBYIOT ,lI,Be co6aKH HnH jI,Be TeHH, BbI ipso facto ,lI,OKalKeTe, QTO
cy eCTBYIOT )lBe BeII.J.H, BHeWHue aAfl HatuUX C03HaHUU. C06aKa,
XOT5I OHa, HeCOMHeHHO, jI,On)KHa «BCTpeQaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe»,
MOlKeT He OKa3aTbC5I BHeWHHM 06'beKTOM - 06'beKTOM, BHelIlHHM
,lI.J151 HalllHX C03HaHHH. Tpe6yeTc5I OT,lI,enbHO OKa3bIBaTb, QTO Bce,
BCTpeIlalOI..I(H8C5I B npOCTpaHCTBe, ,a,on)KHbI 6bITb BHelllHHM ,lI,JI5I Ha-
ll1HX C03HaRHH. Pa3YMeeTC5I, eC.JIH BbI ynoTpe6.JI5IeTe «BHelllHHH»
KaK npOCTOH CHHOHHM «BCTpeQaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe», TO He HallD
6Y.lI.eT ,L(OKa3bIBaTb, QTO c06aKH HB.JI5IIOTC5I BHelIlHHMH 06'beKTaMH: B
3TOM CJIYQae, OKa3aB, liTO Be c06aKH CYII.J.eCTBYIOT, Bbl ipso facto
,lI.OKalKeTe, [JTO BHelllHHe BeI..I(H CYI..I(eCTBYIOT. lio MHe TPY,lI,HO no-
BepHTb, QTO «BHelllHHH» 3,lI,eCb - CHHOHHM «BcTpeQaTbC5I B npOCT-
paHcTBe»; a eC.JIH BbI ynoTpe6.JI5IeTe 3TH Bblpa:IKeHH5I KaK CHHOHHMbI,
TO pa3Be He Tpe6yeTC5I ,lI,OKa3aTb, liTO Bce BCTpeIlaIOIQeeC5I B npo-
CTpaHCTBe ,1.0n:IKHO 6bITb BHelllHHM ,lI,n5I HalllHX c03HaHHH?
KaRT YTBep:IK aeT, IlTO BbIpa)KeHH5I «BHe Hac» HnH «BHelIlHHH»
Ynorpe6t115IIOTCH B JI.BYX pa3nHIlHbIX CMbIcnax. O,lI,HH 113 HHX OH Ha-
3bIBaeT «TpaHCIJ,eHlleHTanbHbIM»: «BHelllHHH» - 3TO «CYIlI.eCTBYIO'II.J.HH
Q1\, BeU{b B ce6e, OTnHIlHa5I OT Hac». CornaCHO H3BeCTHOMY B3rJI5I,lI,y
\aHra, BeII.J.H, KOTopbIe ,lI,On)KHbJ BCTpeIlaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe, He
SlBJBllOTC5I B 3TOM CMbIcne «BHelllHHMH»: 3HaIlHT, HMeeTCH neKUU
C).1bICJI CJIOBa «BHelllHHH», B KOTOpOM <p11JIOCOcpbI 06bIQHO ynoTpe6-
:5I JIH 3TO C.JIOBO 11 B KOTOpOM H3 'CY)KlleHH5I «,lI,Be c06aKH CYII.J.eCT-
IOT» He 6Y.lI.eT CJIe.ll.OBaTb, 'ITO cyrn.eCTBYIOT KaKHe-TO BHelllHHe Be-
l' Ii. 51 He JI.YMalO, liTO caM KaHT CMor pa3'bHCHHTb 3TOT CMbICJI; 5I
<al{)Ke He YMalO, liTO <pHJIOCOcpbI Kor,lI,a-.JIH,60 ynoTpe6JI5IJIH CJIOBD
c lIelUHHH» B TOM CMbIcne, liTO BeIlI.H, BCTpeIlalOIlI.HeC5I B npOCTpaH-
Be, lie 51BJI5IIOTC5I BHelllHHMH. A KaK 6bITb C PyrHM CMbICnO:M CJIO..
a «BHelllHHH», KOTOpbIH KaHf 0603HaIlaeT KaK «3MnHpHQeCKH
75
BHeIIIHHH»? KaK 3TO nOHHMaHHe COOTHOCHTCfI'C nOHHMaHHeM «BCTpe..
QaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe»? MOlKHO 3aMeTHTb, QTO n03HIJ,HfI KaHTa
3 eCb HeflCHa: CTpeM5ICb H36aBHTbCH OT BCHKOM HeOnpe eneHHOrTa
C nOH5ITHeM «3MnHpHlJeCKH BHeIIIHHM», OH HaMepeH OTnHlJaTb 000"
eKTbI, K KOTOpbIM OHO npHMeH5IeTC5I, OT 06'beKTOB, KOTOpbIe MOlKliO
Ha3BaTb «BHelllHHMH» B TpaHCIJ,eH,lLeHTanbHOM CMbICne, np5lMO Ha..
3bIBa5I HX (3TH nepBbIe 06'beKTbI.- flep.) «BellI.aMH, KOTOpbIe ,llOn)K..
HbI 8CTpe'iaTbCfl 8 npOCTpaHCT8e». 3TH CTpaHHbIe cnOBa MOLKHO HC..
TonKOBaTb TaK, lJTO, no MHeHHIO KaHTa, nOHHTHe «3MnHpHlIeCRa
BHeIIIHHH» TOJIC8eCT8eHHO nOH5ITHIO «BCTpelJaTbCH B npOCTpaHCTBe)}
u u'
T. e. lJTO OH eHCTBHTenbHO ClJHTaeT cnOBO «BHeIIIHHH», ynoTpe6n5le..
Moe B 3TOM BTOpOM CMbIcne, npOCTbI'\1 CHHOHHMOM BbIpa)KeHHSI
«BCTpelJaTbC5J B npOCTpaHCTBe». Ho ecnH KaRT rOBopHT HMeHHO 3TO,
MHe lIpe3BbIlJaMHO TPY HO 'C HHM cornaCHTbC5I. ,lJeM.CTBHTenbHO, pa3-
Be cpHnococpbI Kor a-.JIH60 HcnO.JIb30BanH CJIOBO «BHeIIIHHH» KaK
npOCTOH CHHOHHM «BCTpelJaTbCH B rrpOCTpaHCTBe»? LLa H ynoTpe6..
JIHn nH ero B 3TOM CMbIC.JIe KaHT?
4T06bI nOH5ITb, KaK OHH ynoTpe6n5IIOT 3TH CJIOBa II KaKOBO co..
OTHOllleHHe ,llBYX rrOHHTHH -, «BRelllHHM HalllHM C03HaHH5IM» Ii
«BCTpelJaTbC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe»,- cne yeT, nO-MoeMY, 06paTHTb
BHHMaHHe Ha <paKT, K KOTOPOMY 51 ,ll0 CHX nop 06pallI.anCH TOJIbKO
cnYlJaHHO, a HMeHHO: Te, KTO rOBopHT 06 onpe,ZI.eneHHbIx BellI.ax KaK
«BHelllHHX» n5I HaIIIHX c03HaHHM, B 06llI.eM, eCTeCTBeHHO, rOBOp5lT
o PyrHx «BellI.ax», KOTopbIe XOT5IT npoTHBonocTaBHTb nepBbIM, KaK
o HaXO,ll5lIlI.HXC5I «B» HalllHX C03HaHH5IX. KOHeQHO, lIaCTO rro lIepKH-
BaeTCH, lITO eC.JIH «B» ynoTpe6 T}fleTC5I TaKHM 06pa30M H 3a HHM
cne.nyeT «MoeM .C03HaHHH», «BallieM C03HaHHH», «ero C03HaHliH
H T. ,ll. H T. n., TO «B» ynoTpe6n5IeTC5I leTacpopHqeCKH CYllI.eCTBYIOT
conpOBOLK aeMbIe no 06HbIMH BbIpalKeHH5IMH MeTa<popHlIeCKHe yna-
Tpe6neHH5I «B», BCTpelJaIOIIlHeC5I B 06bIlleHHOH pelJH H nOHHTHble
BceM HaM. HarrpHMep, Bce MbI nOHHMaeM TaKHe BbIpaLKeHliH, KaK
«51 HMen B BH,lI,Y Bac (I had you in mind), Kor a JI.OrOBapHBaJICH>
HnH «51 liMen B BH,lI,Y Bac (1 had you in mind), KOr,lI,a rOBopHn, qTO
HeKOTopble nIO H He MorYT ,lI,OTPOHYTbCH .no naYKa». B 3THX CJIyqa
SIX MOLKHO ynoTpe6JI5ITb BblpalKeHHe «51 .n.YMa.JI 0 Bac» c TeM I{E
3HaqeHHeM, lJTO H BbIpaLKeHHe «51 HMen B BH Y Bac». Ho, OlJeBll)l"
HO, He B 3TO:\! OC060M MeTa'<popHlJeCKOM CMbIcne cpHnococpbI yn o
Tpe6JIHIOT «B», KOr,lla OHH npOTHBonOCTaBnHIOT TO, lITO HMeeTCH «B»
Moe:\! C03HaHHH, TOMY, lJTO 51Bn5leTCH ,LJ,n5I Hero «BHeIllHHM». Hanpo
THB, B fIX ynoTpe6.JIeHHH «BHelliHero» BbI 6Y,lLeTe BHeIIIHH'\1H ,LI,J!'S{
Moero C03HaHH5I llaLKe B TOT MONleHT, KOr,lI,a 51 «HMeIO Bac B BH,l1Y
Ec.JIH MbI XOTHM Y3HaTb, KaKOBO )Ke 3TO oc060e MeTacpopHqeCJ{O
ynoTpe6JIeHHe BbIpaLKeHHH «B MoeM c03HaHHH», IIPH KOTOpOM HHqTO
«BHelllHee» n5I Moero C03HaHHH (B HHTepeCYIOllI.eM Hac ceiiqa C
cMbIcne) HHKor.n.a He MO}KeT 6bITb «B» HeM, HaM nOTpe6yeTC5I, Bl!
.lI.HMO, paCCMOTpeTh npHMephi «Bern.eii», KOTophIe KaK CKa3aJlH 6
rcpHJIOCOcpbI, HaXO,lI,5ITC5I «B» \iOeM C03HaHHlI B 3TOM CneIJ,HaJIblI O
CMbIcne 5I YlKe npHBO,lI,Hn TPH TaKIIX npHMepa, H 3Toro, IIO-MoeMY'
:fIOKa ,lI,OCTaTOlJHO: JI106a5I 60JIb, MHOlO IIcnbITbIBaeMa5I, JII060H ocTa
7&
--iI
1'OQHbIH 06pa3, KOTOpbIH' 51 BHLKY C 3aKpbITbI'\1H rJIa3aMH, II JII060H
,o6pa3, KOTOpbIH 51 «BH)KY» BO 'CHe, 5!BJI5IIOT'C5I THIIHIIHbIMH rrpHMepa-
lVil1 BerneH, 0 KOTOpbIX <pHJIOCOcpbI rOBOp5!T KaK 0 HaXO,lI.5! HXC5! «8
MoeM C03HaHHH». H KOr,lI.a OHH BbICKa3bIBalOTC5! 0 TaKHX BeIIlax,
J{aK Moe TeJIO, .JIHCT 6YMarH, 3Be3,lI.3, T. e. Bo06 e 0 «cpH3HqeCKIIX
.o6'beKTax», KaK 0 «BHeIllHHX», OHM XOT5!T nO,lI.qepKHYTb Ba2KHOe
-pa3JIlIqHe, KOTopoe, KaK OHH qYBCTBYIOT, CYI.I.LeCTByeT MeLK,lI,Y nO,lI.06-
lIbIMH npe,lI.MeTaMII H TaKHMH «Be aMII», KaK 60JIb, OCTaTOqHbIM 06-
pa3, BH,lI.HMbIH C 3aKpbITbIMH rJIa3aMH, H o6pa3 BO CHe. Ho KaKO-
.130 31'0 pa3JIIIqHe? B qeM pa3JIHqHe Me)K,lI,Y HCnbITbIBaeMOM TeJIeCHOH
60JIblO HJIH OCTaTOQHbIM 06pa30M, KOTOpbIH 51 BH)KY C 3aKpbITbIMH
rJIa3aMH, C O,lI.HOM CTOpOHbI, II CaMIIM MOIIM TeJIOM, C ,lI.pyrOM? qTO
'3aCTaBJI5!eT HX rOBOpIITb, qTO B TO Bpervl5J KaK TeJIeCHa5! 60JIb H OC-
'TaTOQHbIM 06pa3 HaXO,lI,5!TC5! «B» MOeM C03HaHHH, caMO Moe TeJIO
He HaXO,lI.HTC5! «B» MoeM C03HaHHH - ,lI.alKe eCJIH 51 o y alO ero,
'BHlKY ero HJIIi .,lI.YMalO 0 HeM? 5I Y)Ke rOBOpHJI, qTO B O,lI,HOM OTHO-
meHHH OHH pa3JIHqa1OTC5!: TeJIO ,lI.OJI2KHO BCTpeqaTbC5! B npOCTpaH-
:CTBe, a 60JIb H OCTaTOQHbIM 06pa3 He jlOJI)KHbl. Ho, ,lI.YMaro, 6bIJIO
o6bI cOBepIlleHHo HeBepHO CQIITaTb, qTO B 3TOM H COCTOHT TO pa3JIH-
lIMe, KOTopoe 3aCTaBIIJIO cpIIJIOCOcpOB rOBopIITb 0 nOCJIe,lI.HHX KaK 0
HaXO,lI,HIIlHXC5! «B» MoeM C03HaHHH, 3 0 MoeM TeJIe KaK '0 He Haxo-
'LI.51III.eMC5! «B» HeM.
Ha Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKOBO lKe 31'0 pa3JIHQHe, 3aCTaBHBIllee HX
BbICKa3bIBaTbC5! B TaKOM ,lI.yxe, OTBeTIITb HenpOCTO; HO H nOCTapalOCb
Bce lKe ,lI.aTb KpaTKHH OTBeT.
npeLK)I.e Bcero, Korlla rOBopHT, QTO JII06ble HcnbITbIBaeMbIe MHOIO
TeJIeCHble 60JIII HaXO,lI.5!TC5! «B MoeM C03HaHHH», cpIIJIOcocpCKoe yno-
Tpe6JIeHHe 3THX CJIOB, BCTpeqalOxneeC5! OqeHb qaCTO, He BnOJIHe CO-
fJIacyeTC5! C 06bI,lI,eHHbIM. HHKTO, HaBepHoe, He CKa3aJI 6bI, qTO
'Omy aeMbIe MHOIO TeJIeCHbIe 60JIIi HaXO,lI.5!TC5! «B MoeM C03HaHHH»,
€CJIH 6bI He 6bIJI TaKlKe rOTOB CKa3aTb, qTO C MOHM C03HaHHeM
[npoHCXO,lI,HT 1 TO, qTO 51 HcnbITbIBalO TeJIeCHbIe 60JIH; II 31'0 nOCJIe,lI.-
lIee, IIO-MoeMY, He OqeHb COOTBeTcTByeT 06bI,lI.eHHOMY, HecpHJIOCOCP-
CKOMY CJIOBoynoTpe6JIeHHIO. BrrOJIHe ,lI.OIIYCTHMO rOBopHTb, qTO C
MOHM C03HaHHeM [npoHCXO,lI,HT 1 TO, liTO 51 BcnOMHHalO, ,lI,YMalO, BO-
o6pa}KalO H HCIIbITbIBaIO ,lI,YIlleBHbIe (mental) CTpalI,aHH5!, HanpH-
Mep pa30qapOBaHHe; HO He CTOJIb lKe eCTeCTBeHHO 6bIJIO 6bI rOBO-
PIfTb, qTO C MOHM C03HaHHeM [npoIICXO,lI.HT 1 TO, QTO 51 HcnbITbIBalO
TelleClible 60JIH, HanpHMep CH..1JbHYIO rOJIOBHYIO 60JIb; H, nOlKaJIYH,
'€14e MeHee npHBbIIIHO - qTO C MOHM C03HaHIIeM [npoHcxo,lI,IITl TO,
tITO 51 BHlKY, CJIbIIllY, 060H5!1O II OC5!331O. CyxnecTByeT, O.lI.HaKO, yCTOH-
tIIiBbIH ,lJ,JIH cpHJIOCOcpHH cnoc06 ynoTpe6JIeHH5!, COrJIaCHO KOTOPOMY
3P:lIne, c.nyx, 060H5!HHe, OCH3aHHe H TeJIeCHa5I 60JIb TOqHO B Ta-
ROlf )Ke Mepe OKa3bIBalOTCH MeHTallbHblMU (mental) C06bITH5!MH HJIH
Pou.eccaMH, KaK H BocrrOMHHaHHe, MbIIIIJIeHHe HJIH Boo6pa)KeHHe.
t} To ynoTpe6JIeHHe, no- MoeMY, 6bIJIO B XO..n.y y <pHJIOCOcpOB, nOTOMY
to OHM BH)J.eJIH peaJIbHOe CXO,lI.CTBO MelK,lI.Y TaKHMIi YTBeplK,lI.eHH5!-
-..c II, KaK «51 BHlKY KOIlIKY», «51 CJIbIIlIY 3BYK rp03bI», «51 qYBCTBYIO
liJIbHhIH 3anax JIYKa» «MoM naJIeu. CHJIbHO HoeT», C O,lI.HOM CTO-
77
pOHbI H TaKHMH YTBep2K,lI,eHH5I:\1H, KaK «51 rrpHrrOMHHalO, 1:ITO BIi..
,lleJl ero», «51 rrpH,lI,YMaJI rrJIaH ,lI,eMCTBHM», «51 rrpe,LLCTaB.JI5!1O ce6
KapTHHY», «51 HcrrbITbIBalO 2KeCTOKOe pa30lIapOBaHHe». 3TO CXO,lI/'l..
BO 06'be,lI,HHHeT Bce 3TH YTBep:IK,LLeHH5! B O,lI,HH KJIaCC - B OTJIH1JHe 01'
,lI,PyrHx YTBep2K,lI,eHHM, B KOTOpbIX «51» HJIH «MOM» ynoTpe6JI5!IOTCSl
HHa1:le: «MoM pOCT MeHee qeTbIpex cpYTOB», «51 JIe2KY Ha cnHHe)
«1\10H BOJIOCbI OqeHb ,LL.JIHHHble». B qeM )Ke 3TO CXO,lI,CTBO? OHO Bbl..
pa:IKaeTC5! B TO , 1:ITO BoceMb rrepBbIX YTBep)K,lleHHM npe,lI,OCTaBJI51..
lOT ,lI,aHHbIe, HCrrOJIb3yeMbIe B rrCHXOJIOrHH, B TO BpeM5I KaK rrOCJIe ..
HHe 3Toro He ,lI,eJIaIOT. Hx CXO,il,CTBO MO)KHO TaK)Ke BbIpa3HTb pac
npocTpaHeHHbIM ceMlIac Cpe,lI,H cpHJIOCOcpOB crroco60M, CKa3aB, tITO
eCJIH llJI5! JII060ro H3 BOCbMH rrepBbIx YTBep:IK,lI,eHHM YKa3aTb BpeM5I
,lleMCTBH5!, TO MbI nOJIYlIHM rrOJIO)KeHHe, H3 KOToporo, eCJIH OHO He
THHHO, CJleoyeT, lITO 51 «HMeJI BOCrrpH5!THe» B ,lI,aHHOe BpeM5!, Tor 1(a
KaK Ha TPH rrOCJIe,lI,HMX YTBep)K,LLeHH5! 3TO He pacnpOCTpaH5!eTCSI
HanpHMep, eCJIH BepHO, lITO CerO,llH5! 51 BH,lI,eJI KOlllKY Me:IK,lI,Y 12 00
H 12.05, TO OTCIO,lla CJleoyeT, 1:ITO cerO,llH5! 51 «HMeJI HeKoe BocnpHH-
THe» Me)K,lI,Y 12.00 H 12.05; Me)KLl.Y TeM 1I3 cY)K}].eHH5!,_lITO B ,lI.eKa6p
,1877 r. MOM pOCT 6bIJI MeHee 1JeTbIpex cpYTOB, He CJleoyeT, qTO B '1.e-
Ka6pe 1877 r 51 1JTO-TO BocnpHHMMaJI. Ho 3TO ynoTpe6JIeHHe cpHJIO
cocpaMM BbIpa)KeHH5! «HMeTb BOCnpH5ITHe» caMO HY:IK,lI,aeTC5! B naRC
HeHH5!X, nOCKOJIbKY He COBna,lI,aeT C ero ynoTpe6JIeHHeM B 06bI,lI,eH-
HOM pe1:lH. <PMJIOCOcp CKa3aJI 6bI, 1:ITO B .lI.aHHOe BpeMH 51 «H\1elO BOC
npH5!THe» TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY1:Iae, eCJIH: (1) 51 C03HaTeJIeH B 3TO Bpe
1\151, HJIH (2) 51 BH2Ky B 3TO BpeM5! COH, MtlTJH (3) B 3TO BpeMH no OT
HOllIeHHIO KO MHe HCTHHHO 1:ITO-10 eII.J.e, HanOMHHalOII.J.ee B onpe.a e
.JIeHHOV1 H BeCbMa OlIeBH,lI,HOV1 OTHOllleHHH TO, lITO HCTHHHO no OT
HOllIeHHIO KO MHe, Kor}].a 5I C03HaTeJIeH HJIH BH:lKY COH. B 3TOM OT-
,HOllleHMH TO, 1:ITO HCTMHHO no OTHOllleHHIO KO MHe, KOf,lI,a 51 BH}K)
.cOH, noxo*e Ha TO, 1:ITO HCTHHHO no OTHOllleHHIO KO MHe, KOf,lla
C03HaTeJIeH; M TO, 1:ITO 6bIJIO 6bI HCTHHHO no OTHOllleHHIO KO MH€
B JII060e BpeMH (HanpHMep, Kor}].a 51 HMelO 3pHTeJIbHbIH 06pa3), Ha
nOMHHaJIO 6bI H TO H ,lI.pyroe. P a3YMeeTC5!, 3TO 06'bHCHeHHe TYMaH
HO, O,lI.HaKO ,lJ;JI5! HaIllHX u.eJIeM OHO rrO,LLXO,LLHT. B cpHJIOCOcpCKOM yno
Tpe6JIeHHH BbIpa:IKeHHH «HMeTb BocnpHHTHe» 060 MHe CKa3aJIH 6bI,
'lITO 51 B .n.aHHoe BpeMH lie HMelO BocrrpHHTHH, eCJIM 51 B ,LLaHHOe Bpe-
.M5! He OC03HalO, He BH./KY CHOB, He HMelO 3pHTeJIbHOrO 06pa3a nJIO
.tte20-TO eU{e B TOM alCe pooe; H 3TO BbICKa3bIBaHHe, KOHe1:lHO JKC
CMYTHO, nOCKOJIbKY 3,lleCb He YTOIIH}leTCH, lITO eII.J.e OTHOCHTC5! K «TO
ty alCe pooy»: OCTaeTC5! BbIBO,lI.HTb 3TO caMHM H3 npHBe,lI,eHHbIX npU
,MepOB. Ho, BH,lI,HMO,. 3Toro ,lI.OCTaTOlIHO: lIaCTO HOlIblO, Kor.n.a 51 cnJIIO
.51 He 5!BJI5!IOCb C03HaTeJIbHb!M, He BH2KY CHOB, He HMelO 3pHTeJIblI Oro
06pa3a HJIH tte20-TO eU{e B TOM alCe pooe - HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, fI
HMelO BocnpHHTHM. ECJIH TaKoe ynoTpe6JIeHHe <pHJIOcocpaMH Bblp8
)KeHH5I «HMeTb BOCnpH5!THe» HBJI5!eTC5! Y,lI,OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM, 1
BbICKa3bIBaHHe 0 TOM, liTO JIl06aH Ow.yw.aeMaH MHOIO 60JIb HJID JI
60M oCTaTolIHbIM 06pa3, KOTOpbIM 51 BH}KY C 3aKpbITbIMH rJIa 38M {)
HaXOIl5!TC5! «B MoeM c03HaHHH», rro,lI.pa3YMeBaeT, BH,lI,HMO, 1:ITO Jl
nYIll.eHHe 0 cYILlecTBoBaHHH TOU J/Ce caMou 60Jlu UJlU T020 {)ICe C
78
jrt020 OCrarO'iH020 06pa3a TOr.aa, KOr.aa 51 He HMelO BocrrpHHTHH, ObI-
.JIO 6bI rrpOTHBOpeqHBbIM. 11JIH, .apyrHMH CJIOBa IH, H3 CYLKlleHHH qTO
Bra 60JIb HJIH 3rOr OCTaTOqHbIH oopa3 cymecTBOBaJIH B KaKOH-TO
:.l1.aHHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH, cJle8yer, qTO 51 B TO BpeM51 HMeJI KaKoe-
TO BocrrpHHTHe. 11 eCJIH 3TO TaK, TO MbI MO)KeM CKa3aTb, qTO HCKO-
!VIae pa3JIHqHe MeLK.ay TeJIeCHbIMH 60JIHMH H OCTaTOqHbIMH 06pa3a-
H, C O.aHOH CTOpOHbI, H MOHM TeJIOM, C ,LJ,pyroH, KOTopoe 3aCTaBHJIO
.cpHJIOCOcpOB rOBopHTb, qTO JI106a5I TaKaH OOJIb IIJIH OCTaTOqHbIH 00-
pa3 HaXO,LJ,HTCH «8 MoeM C03HaHHU», MeLK.lI.Y TeM KaK Moe TeJIO HU-
J(,02aa He HaXO,LJ,HTCH «B MoeM C03HaHHH», HO BCer.lI.a «BHe» ero HJIH
HBJIHeTCH «BHelllHHM» ,LJ,JIH Hero, COCTOHT rrpOCTO B TOM, qTO, XOTH
H npOTHBOpeqHBO npellnOJIaraTb CYI1leCTBOBaHHe OIII.YI1laeMOH MHOIO
lJOJIH HJIH BH.lI.HMOrO MHOIO OCTaTOqHOrO 06pa3a B TO BpeMH, KOr.lI.a
51 He HMelO BocnpHHTHH, B caMOM npe.lI.nOJI02KeHHH, qTO Moe TeJIO
cyllI.eCTByeT npH TOM LKe YCJIOBHH, npOTHBOpeqHH HeT; H MbI MOLKel\1:
L(aJKe CKa3aTb, qTO no.lI. 3THMH COHBalOIII.HMH C TOJIKY H BBOLI.HI1lH\iH
B 3a6JIYLK.lI.eHHe BblpaLKeHHHMH «B MoeM C03HaHHH» H «BHelIlHHH ,LJ,JIH
\10ero C03HaHHH» <pHJIOCOcpbI H ielOT B BHlI.Y HMeHHO 3TO H HHqerO
60JI ee.
Ho eCJIH BbICKa3bIBaHHe, HarrpHMep 0 MoeM TeJIe, qTO OHO HB-
JIHeTC5J BHelllHHM .lI.JIH Moe20 C03HaHH51, rrpOCTO 03HaqaeT, 4TO H3
CY)K,LJ,eHHH 0 ero cyrnecTBoBaHHH B KOHKpeTHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH
HHKaK He CJIelI.yeT .lI.aJIbHeHlllee CYLKlleHHe, qTO fl H eJI B TO BpeMH
BocnpHHTHe, TO BbICKa3bIBaHHe 0 TOM, qTO HeKHH npe.lI.MeT HBJIHeTCH
BHelIlHHM .lI.JIH HaUlUX C03HaHHH, rrO.lI.06HO 3TOMY OYLI.eT TOJIbKO 03Ha-
qaTb, qTO H3 cY2K.lI.eHHH 0 era cYIII.eCTBoBaHHH B orrpe,LJ,eJIeHHbIH MO-
MeHT BpeMeHH HHKaK He CJIe.lI.yeT, qTO KTO-TO H3 Hac HMeJI B 3TO
BpeMH BocnpHHTHe. 11 eCJIH rro 1]. /iaUlUMU C03HaHHHMH rro.apa3YMe-
BaIOTCH (BHllHMO, TaK 06bIKHOBeHHO H ObIBaeT) C03HaHHH LKHByrnHx
Ha 3eMJIe qe.JIOBeqeCKHX CVIII.eCTB, TO OTCIO.lI.a BbITeKaeT, qTO XOTH
JlIo6bIe CTpa,LJ,aHHH HJIH OC-TaTOqHbIe 06pa3bI y JKHBOTHbIX, JII06bIe
HX BocrrpHHTHH 11 He HBJIHIOTCH BHelllHHMH ,lI..JI5I UX C03HaHHH, OHH
Bce-TaKH SIBJIHIOTCH BHelllHH:\1H .lI.JIH HaUlUX C03HaHHiL OTCIO.lI.a cpa-
ay )Ke CTaHOBHTCH HCHO, HaCKOJIbKO rrOHHTHe «BHelllHHH HalllHM CO-
3HaHHHM» OTJIHqaeTCH OT nOH ThH «BCTpeqaTbCH B rrpOCTpaHCTBe»;
H60, KOHeqHO LKe, OOJIH, HCIIbITbIBaeMble )KHBOTHbIMH, HJIH BH.lI.H\1ble
H\1H OCTaTOqHbIe 06pa3bI He ,II.OJI./KHbI BCTpeqaTbCH B npOCTpaHCT-
Be HapaBHe C HaUlUMU CTpa)J.aHHHl\tIH HJIH H01UUMU OCTaTOqHbIMH
06pa3aMH. 113 CYLKlleHHH 0 CYI1leCTBOBaHHH BHelllHHX, He HaXOllH-
lIJI1XCH B KaKOM-JIH60 H3 HaUlUX C03HaHHH, 06'beKTOB He CJIe.lI.yeT,
qTO cymeCTBYIOT BeIII.H, KOTopbIe JI.OJILKHbI BCTpeqaTbCH B rrpOCTpaH-
CTBe n03TOMY BbIpaLKeHHe «BHelllHHH HalllHM C03HaHHHM» He HB-
J] B 5Ierc5J CHHOHHMOM BbIpaLKeHHH «BCTpeqaTbCH B npOCTpaHCTBe».
< Hell1HHH HalllHM C03HaHHHM» H «BCTpeqaTbCH B rrpOCTpaHCTBe»-
.lJ.Ba pa3JIHqHbIX nOH5ITHH..
1\ 00ll.JIHHHOe OTHOllleHHe MeLK,II.y 3THMH nOH51THHMH COCTOHT, rro-
l.J10 MY, B CJIe)J.YIOIII.eM. MbI Y2Ke YCTaHOBHJIH, qTO HMeeTCH qpe3BbI-
.lJ. aliHO MHoro BH)J.OB «Beru.eH», no OTHOllleHHIO K KOTOpbIM H3 CY2K-
elIl15I 0 cymecTBoBaHHH no KpaHHeii Mepe O,II.HOH TaKOR BemH CJle-
79
ayeT CY}K.neHHe, qTO CymeCTByeT XOTH ,6bI O.nHa Bemb, BCTpe1JaIQ.
ma5lc5I B npOCTpaHCTBe: TaKOBbI, HanpHMep, CY}K.neHH5I «CYIII.eCTBY_
eT no KpaHHefI Mepe o.nHa 3Be3.na», «CYIII.eCTByeT no KpallHell Mepe-
O,l!HO 1JeJIOBe1JeCKOe TeJIO», «CYlIlecTByeT no KpallHell Mepe OlIHa
TeHb» H T. ..n. H T. n. 11, 51 .nYMalO, MO}KHO CKa3aTb, 1JTO B Ka}K.nOl\l
TaKOM CJIY1Jae HCTHHHO eme H TO, 1JTO H3 CY}K.neHH5I 0 CYIII.eCTBOBa..
HHH «BeIII.H», BCTpe1JalOIII.eHC5I B rrpOCTpaHCTBe, CJIe.nyeT CY}K.neHHe
o CYIII.eCTBOBaHHI1 no KpaHHefI Mepe O.nHOH BeIII.H, BHellIHeH .nJI5I Ha..
lllHX C03HaHHH: HanpHMep, H3 «CYlIlecTByeT no KpaHHell Mepe O.nHa
3Be3.na» CJIe.nyeT He TOJIbKO «CYIII.eCTByeT no KpallHell Mepe O.nHa
BeIII.b, BCTpe1JalOIII.a5lC5I B npOCTpaHCTBe», HO TaK}Ke H «CYIrleCTBye-r
no KpaHHeH Mepe o.nHa BHeIIIH5I5I BeIrlb».
TIpHBe.ny OCHOBaHHe .nJI5I Moero MHeHH5I. PaCCMOTpHM KaKOH-JIH..
60 BH.n BeIII.ell; nycTb Ka}K.na51 H3 3THX BeIrleH, eCJIH OHa CYIII.eCTBY
eT, 6y.neT «BCTpe1JaTbC5I B rrpOCTpaHCTBe»: B03bMeM, K npHMepy
«MblJIbHbIH nY3blpb». Kor.na 51, BOCnpHHI1Ma51 1JTO-TO, rOBOplO:
«3TO - MblJIbHblH nY3blpb», TO rrpe.nrrOJIaralO, 1JTO HeT npOTHBope_
IIH5I B CY}K.neHHH 0 ero CYIrleCTBOBaHHH ..no H nOCJIe Moero BocrrpHH-
TH5I. 3TO, KaK MHe Ka}KeTC5I, OT1JaCTH H HMelOT B BH.ny, C1JHTa»
:MbIJIbHbIH nY3blpb peaJIbHbIM If OT JIH1Ja51 ero, HarrpHMep, OT HJIJIIO-
3HH. KOHe1JHo, peaJIbHOCTb MblJIbHOrO rrY3bIp51 HHKaK He 03Ha1JaeT.
lITO OH CYIII.eCTBOBaJI .no Toro, KaK 51 ero BOCnpHH5IJI, HJIH 1JTO ero cy-
III.eCTBOBaHHe npo.nJIHTC5I nOCJIe Moero BOCnpH5ITH5I; Be.nb MblJIbHbIe
nY3blPH - npHMep «cpH3H1JeCKOrO 06'beKTa» H «BeIII.H, BCTpe1JalO-
mefICH B npOCTpaHCTBe», 0 KOTOpblX Bce MbI 3HaeM, 1JTO OT.neJIbHbIe
HX 3K3eMnJI5Ipbl CYlIleCTBYIOT, TOJIbKO nOKa OHH BocnpHHHMaIOTC5l
1JeJIOBeKOM. Ho BocnpHHHMaeMbIH MHOIO npe.nMeT He 6bIJI 6bI MbIJIb
HblM nY3blpeM, eCJIH 6bl ero cYIII.eCTBOBaHHe B JII060ll .naHHbIH
MOMeHT BpeMeHH He ,6blJIO 1l0ZuttecKU He3aBUCUMblM, OT Moero BOC-
npH5ITH5I ero, npoHcxo.nIIBllIero Tor.na }Ke, T. e. H3 CY}K.neHH5I 1ITO
MblJIbHbIH nY3blpb cYIII.eCTBOBaJI B onpe.neJIeHHblH ,MOMeHT BpeMeHH
HUK028a He CJIe.nyeT, 1JTO 51 ero Tor.na BocnpHHHMaJI. A eCJIH 3TO Bep.
HO, TO 6e3YCJIOBHO BepHO H TO, qTO OH He 6bIJI 6bl MbIJIbHblM nY3bI'"
'peM, He 6y..nb OH cIIoc06eH CYIII.eCTBOBaTb B JII060H MOMeHT BpeMe"
HH, Kor.na 51 Bo06III.e He HMelO BOCnpH5ITH5I: H3 CY}K.neHHH 0 ero cy
'III.eCTBOBaHHH B JIIO>60ll MOMeHT BpeMeHH He CJIe.nyeT, 1JTO y MeH5I
'HMeeTC5I KaKoe-TO BOCnpH5ITHe ero B 3TOT MOMeHT BpeMeHH. I1Ha1Je
lrOBOp5l, H3 CY}K.neHH5I, 1JTO BocnpHHHMaeMblH MHOIO npe.n MeT eCTb
'MblJIbHblll nY3blPb, BblTeKaeT CY}K.neHHe, 1JTO OH 51BJI5IeTCH BHellIHHM
',l{JISl M,Oe20 C03HaHH5I. TeM caMblM 51 Y:>Ke npe.nnOJIaralO, 1JTO MbIJ1b-
'HbIH' nY3blpb 51BJI5IeTC5I BHellIHHM H ..nJI5I Bcex .npyrHx C03HaHHH: BC e
o.nHOpOJlHble C HHM BeIII.H MOZYT CyIneCTBOBaTb He TOJIbKO TO r,ll a
'Kor.na KTO-TO HMeeT BOCnpH5ITHe. ,QYMalO n03TOMY, 1JTO H3 JII06or O
:CY}K.neHH5I THna «CYIII.eCTByeT MbIJIbHblH nY3bIpb» ..neH'CTBHTeJIbII O
cIle8yer «CYIII.eCTByeT BHellIHHH 06'beKT» (<<CYIII.eCTByeT 06'beJ{f
'BHellIHHH BceM HallIl1M C03HaHH5IM»). Iii eCJIH 3TO TaK, TO 3TO, lIe
COMHeHHO, BepHO II no OTHOllIeHHIO K Jllo6blM .npyrHM BeIII.aM (BKJIIO
l1Ja51 «e.nHHopora»), 113 CYIII.eCTBOBaHH5I KOTOpbIX CJIe.nyeT, 1JTO cy
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80
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H pa306paTbC5I TeM caMbIM B ero CYIII.eCTBe H npaBOMepHOCTII. flY-
MaIO, 9TO OCHOBaTeJIbHO rrp05lCHIIT, KaKOBa rrpHpOJ1.a cpHJIOcocplIli 11
,1JTO 3Ha1JHT Myp .lI.JI5I ee HCTOpHH.
Pe1Ib rrOH.lI.eT 0 CJIe.nYIO HX CPHJIOCOcpCKHX BbICKa3bIBaHH5IX.
(11) MaTepHaJIbHbIe rrpeJ1.MeTbI He cy ecTBYIOT.
(12) BpeM5I HepeaJIbHO
14
(3) npOcTpaHcTBo HepeaJIbHO
(4) HHKTO HHKOr,L( He BocnpHHHMaeT MaTepHaJIbHbIH rrpe,L(MeT
(5) MaTepHaJIbHbIH npe,lI.Mer He cyrnecTByeT eCJIH ero He BOC-
IflIHMaIOT.
l1P (6) Kor)1.a qeJIOBeK CMOTpHT Ha npe)1.MeT, Bce, 1JTO OH BH,lI.HT,-
o qaCTb ero co6cTBeHHoro M03ra.
3T (7) )J,pyrHe C03HaHHH He CYIlI.eCTBYIOT; CYIlI.eCTBYIOT TOJIbKO MOH
lUyru eHH5I .
() (8) MbI He HMeeM OCTOBepHoro 3HaHHH 0 CYIIleCTBOBaHHH Ka-
j{IIX-TO ,npyrHx C03HaHHH.
(9) MbI He HMeeM JI.OCTOBepHoro 3HaHH5I 0 TOM, 1JTO MHp He 6bIJI
o3,lI.aH 115lTb MHHYT Ha3a,lI..
(\10) IMbI He HMeeM ,lI.OCTOBepHoro 3HaHH5I 06 HCTHHHOCTH BblCKa..
3bIBaH HH ' 0. MaTepHaJIbHbIX npe,lI.MeTax.
(11) Bce 3MnHpH1JeCKHe BblCKa3bIBaHH5I 51BJI5IIOTC5I rHnOTe3aMH.
(112) AnpHopHbIe BbICKa3bIBaHH5I CYTb npaBHJIa rpaMMaTHKH.
06paTHMC5I K npHcyrneH Mypy MaHepe KpHTHKoBaTb nO,lI.06HbIe
BbICKa3b1BaHH51. 51 JI.aM Te KOHTpaprYMeHTbI, KOTopble, no MoeMY
\1HeHHIO, rrpHBeJI 6bI H caM Myp - BO BC5IKOM CJIY1Jae, OH' nO,lI.,lI.ep-
JKaJI 6bI HX.
(1) C/JUAOCOtjJ: «MaTepHaJIbHbIe npe,lI.MeTb1 He CYlII.eCTBYIOT».
Myp: «BbI, HeCOMHeHHO, 01lIH6aeTeCb, H60 BOT 0,lI.H8 PYKa, a
BOT - ,lI.pyra5l; n09TOMY CYlII.eCTBYIOT no KpaHHeH Mepe ,lI.Ba MaTepH-
aJIbHbIX npe,lI.MeTa».
(2) C/JUAOCOtjJ: «BpeM5I HepeaJIbHo».
Myp: «ECJIH BbI HMeeTe B BH,lI.Y, qTO HHKaKoe C06bITHe HHKor a
He CJIe)1.yeT 3a ,lI.PyrHM C06bITHeM HJIH He npe,lI.llIecTByeT eMY, TO BbI,
6e3YCJIOBHO, 01lIH6aeTeCb: Be)1.b nOCJIe 3aBTpaKa 51 rYJI5IJI, 3aTeM
v
npHH5IJI BaHHY, a nOTOM nHJI qaH».
(3) C/JUAOCOtjJ: «npOcTpaHcTBo HepeaJIbHo».
Myp: «ECJIH BbI HMeeTe B BH,lI.Y, tITO HH1JTO H HHKOr,lI.a He Haxo-
..nHTC5I cnpaBa, CJIeBa, 3a HJIH Ha)1. qeM-TO elII.e, TO BbI, KOHe1JHO JKe,
OIlIH6aeTeCb; H60 tIepHHJIbHHUa CTOHT CJIeBa OT PYtIKH, a M051 rOJIO-
Ba HaXO)1.HTC5I Ha)1. HHMH 06eHMH».
(4) CPUAOCOtjJ: «HHKTO HHKOr)1.a He BocnpHHHMaeT MaTepHaJIb-
lIbIH npe)1.MeT».
Myp: «ECJIH no)1. «BocnpHHHMaTb» BbI pa3YMeeTe «CJIbIllIaTb»,
«BH,.QeTb», «OC5I3aTb» H T. )1.., TO HeT HHqerO 60JIee JIO)KHOrO; H60 51
'" u
eijqac H BH)KY, H OC5I3aIO 3TOT KYC01JeK MeJIa».
(5) C:PUAOCOcjJ: «MaTepHaJIbHbIH rrpe,lI,MeT He CYlII.eCTByeT, eCJIH
-ero He BocnpHHHMaIOT».
Myp: «aTO a6cyp,lI., H60 HUKTO He BocnpHHHMaJI TY KOMHaTY,
:l.{e SI cnaJI rrpOllIJIOH HOtIbIO, HO OHa, HeCO 1HeHHO, He rrpeKpamaJIa
YI..qecTBoB a Tb».
(6) CPUAOCOcjJ: «Kor,L(a qeJIOBeK CMOTpHT Ha rrpe)I.MeT, Bce, liTO
Ii BlilIJIT,- 3TO qaCTb ero c06CTBeHHoro M03ra».
Myp: «CTOJI, KOTOpbIH MbI 06a CeHtIaC BHllHM, COBeprneHHO ,no-
t{ l'OBepHO He HBJI5IeTC5I tIaCTblO Moero M03ra, H cpaKTHtIeCKH 51 HH-
OrJta He BH,L(eJI tIaCTH CBoero M03ra».
85
(7) C/JUAOCOcjJ: «KaK 6bI BbI CraJIH 1l0Ka3bIBaTb JIO)KHOCTb B
CKa3bIBaHH5I 0 BalIlHX c06cTBeHHblx olll.Ylll.eI-IHHx, qYBcTBax H BO
npH5ITH5IA, QTO TOJIbKO OHH If cymecTBYlOT?»
Myp: «OqeHb npocTo. 51 3H3lO, 1ITO BbI CeHqdC BH,J,HTe H CJIbIllI1i
Te :\1eH5I, H elll.e - qTO Y MoeH )KeHbI 60JIIIT 3y6; 3Ha1IHT, cYlll.ecl
BYIOT omYlll.eHH5I, qYBcTBa H BOCnpH5ITH5I, OTJIHqHbIe OT MOHX».
(8) C/JUAOCOcjJ: «BbI He HMeeTe ,lI.OCTOBepHoro 3HaHH5I 0 cYI..U.ecl
BOBaHHH qYBCTB H BOCnpH5ITHH, OTJIHqHbIX OT BalIlHX c06CTBeHHbIX
Myp: «HanpOTHB, JI5I MeH5I a6COJIlOTHO ,lI,OCTOBepHO, qTO Bbl
CeHqaC BH HTe H CJIbIlIlHTe MeH5I H qTO Y MoeH )KeHbI 60,,1HT 3)- (\
CJIeJIOBaTeJIbHO, y MeH5I eHCTBI1TeJIbHO HMeeTC5I a6COJIlOTHO )lOCI
BepHoe 3HaHHe 0 CYlll.eCTBOBaHHH qYBCTB H BOCnpH5ITHH, OTJIHqHbI
01 MOHX».
(9) C/JUAOCOcp: «Y Bac HeT ocToBepHoro 3HaHH5I 0 TOM, lIT
:\1Hp He 6bIJI C03 aH n5ITb \1HHYT Ha3a)]. B VIeCTe CO BceMH HCKonae
MbIMH».
Myp: «5I 1l0CTOBepHO 3HalO, qIG 51, KaK H MHorHe PyrHe, }KUTT
JJ,OJIrHe rO bI, a )].0 Hac 3TO )Ke npOHCXO,LI.HJIO H C PyrHMH JIlO bMH
A6cYP,LI.HO 3TO OTpHIl.aTb».
(10) ct>UAOCOcjJ: «BbI He HMeeTe ,lI.OCTOBepHoro 3HaHH5I 06 lIC
THHHOCTH BblCKa3bIBaHH5I 0 YfaTepHaJIbHbIX npe,lJ,MeTax».
Myp: «MbI 06a ocToBepHo 3HaeM, QTO B 3TOH KOMHaTe CTOHT
HeCKO.JIbKO cTYJIbeB, H nOJIaraTb. 6Y1I.TO MbI He 3HaeM, HO y6e)KlI. eH 1
B 3TOM, H qTO Bo06lll.e 3TO He TaK,- nOJIHbIH a6cYP)l».
(11) QJUAOCOcjJ: «Bce 3MIIHpH1.JeCKHe BblCKa3bIBaHH5I 5IBJI5IlOTCH
rHnOTe3a \111».
Myp: «BblcKa3bIBaHHe, 1ITO lIac Ha3a 51 3aBTpaKaJI, 6e3YCJIOB
HO, 3MnHpH1IeCKOe, HO HeJIenO Ha3bIBaTb ero rHTIOTe30H».
((12) QJUAOCOcjJ: «AnpMopHbIe BbICKa3bIBaHH5I CYTb npaBHJIa
rpaMMaTHKH».
Myp: «6X9= 54 - 3TO anpHopHoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe, HO C1IHTaTb
ero npaBHJIOVI rpaMMaTMKH B BbIClIleH creneHM HeBepHo».
3aMeTHM, 1ITO Bce nepeqHCJIeHHbIe cpHJIOcocpcKHe BbICKa3bIBaHIUI
OTJIHqalOTC5I napa1I.OKCaJIbHOcTblO. HeHcKYlIleHHbIH B cpHJIOCOcpHH qe
JIOEeK HalIleJI 6bI HX 1Il0KHPYlOlll.HMH: OHH H)lYT Bpa3pe3 co «3)lpa
BbI l CMbICJIOM». 3TOT aKT Ba.IKeH ,J,JI5I 06'b5ICHeHH5I cYlll.ecTBa II
KPHTHKH co CTOpOHbI Mypa.
,LLaBaHTe nOCVIOTpHM, B qe:\i Cylll.eCTBO ero onpOBep)KeHHH. Ta
H XOqeTC5I CKa3aTb, qTO OHH - Bce o e,LIJIHoro - YXO)l5IT OT cyTIf
cnopa Kor,rr,a cpHJIOCOcp rOBOpHJI, qTO anpHopHble BblcKa3bIBaHII 51
5IBJI5IlOTC5I npaBHJIaMH rpaMMaTHKH, OH BKJII01IaJI ClO a, KOHeqfl O ,
H BblCKa3bIBaHHe «6X9 = 54». OH rOBOpHJI 0 HeM HapaBHe C JIIO
6bIM .rr.PyrHM arrpHopHbIM BbICKa3bIBaHHeM. ECJIH Myp npOCTO orpli
Il.aeT, qTO 3TO npaBHJIO rpaMMaTHKH, TO, BIf HMO, OH .rr.eJIaeT ro JlD
CJIOBHOe YTBep)K,rr,eHHe. Bo BC5IKOM CJIyq ae, ero OTBeT He Ka)l{e1 C51
y,rr,alJHbIM; 3TO He TOT OTBeT, KOTOpbIH y6e,rr,HJI ObI <pHJIOcocpa npll"
3HaTb CBOlO 01IlH6KY
Kor.rr.a cpHJIOCOcp rOBopHT, qTO MaTepHaJIbHbIe rrpe MeTbI He cY;
IlI.eCTBYlOT, TO pa3Be OH He HMen B BH.rr.y, lITO PYKH He cymecTBYIO'f.
86
J1JIH eCJIH OH ,QOrrYCKaeT, qTO PYKH CYI.II.eCTBYIOT, TO pa3Be 3TO He
c03Ha1IaeT, qTO PYKH HBJI5IIOTC51 MaTepHaJIbHbIMH rrpe,QMeTaMH? TaK
qTO B CBOHX orrpOBep)KeHH5IX, CJIe,n,Y5I KOTOpbIM, KaKHe-TO ,nBa rrpeJ(-
"leT3 51BJI5IIOTC5I PYKaMH, a PYKH - MaTepHaJIbHbIMH rrpelI.MeTaMH,
MyP TaK HJIH HHa1Ie YXO,QHT OT CYI.II.eCTBa ,neJIa.
Kor,Qa cpHJIOCOcp rOBopHT, qTO He HMeeT ,QOCTOBepHoro 3HaHH5I
() cymecTBOBaHHH OI.II.YI.II.eHHH, qYBCTB H BocrrpH51THH, OT JIHqHbIX OT
€fO COOCTBeHHbIX, OH, HaBepHoe, HMeeT B BH,QY H 3YOHYIO OOJIb, HC-
ilbITbIBaeMYIO ero )KeHOH. fIo3TOMY eCJIH Myp HaCTaHBaeT Ha TOM,
.qTO 0 rrOCJIeJI.HeH OH Bce JKe ,nOCTOBepHO 3HaeT, TO 3TO BpOJI.e ObI
Ill.e He orrpOBep)KeHHe. no KpaHHefI Mepe, OHO CJIHIlIKOM CJIaOO H
He yoe)1.HT cpHJIOcocpa B TOM, qTO ero BbICKa3bIBaHHe HeBepHO.
51, o,n,HaKO, CqHTalO, 1ITO Myp COBepllIeHHO npaBHJIbHO OTBeqaeT
Ha nepeqHCJIeHHbIe cpHJIOcocpCKHe rrOJIO)KeHH5I; oOJIee Toro, 51 Ha-
TaHBalO Ha TOM, lITO BC5IKOe ,lI.aHHOe HM orrpOBepLKeHHe 6e3yrrpeq-
HO, HOO OHO ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO rrOKa3bIBaeT JIO)KHOCTb oOCY)KlI.aeMOrO
nOJIO)KeHH51. B TOM, qTOObI pa3'b5lCHHTb 3TO, 51 BH)KY CBOIO OCHOB-
HYIO Il,eJIb.
CYTb rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHOH MYPOM TeXHHKH orrpOBep)KeHH51 <pHJIOCO<p-
KHX BWCKa3WBaHHH COCTOHT B BW5IBJIeHHH HX rrpOTHBOpeqH51 OOW-
.,l!eHHOMY 513bIKY. Ha,lI,o pa300paTbC5I, Bo-rrepBbIX, KaKHM oopa30M
'OHH eMY npOTHBOpeqaT; H, BO-BTOpbIX, KaK JI.eMOHCTpaIl,H5I rrpOTH-
BOpe1IH51 <pHJIOcocpCKoro BWCKa3WBaHHH OOW,lI,eHHOMY 5I3WKY orrpo-
BepraeT 3TO BbICKa3bIBaHHe.
Kor,lI.a PaCceJI rOBOpHJI, qTO <pH3HOJIOr, HaOJIIO,Qa51 qeR-TO M03r,
BHlI.HT qaCTb CBoero M03ra, a He HCCJIe,lI.yeMoro, OH, KOHeqHO LKe,
HMeJI B BH,lI.Y He OT,lI,eJIbHOrO cpH3HOJIOra, HO BOOOI.II.e Bcex cpH3HOJIO-
rOB, H He TOJIbKO HX, HO H JIIOOoro 1IeJIOBeKa. OH rrpe,lI,nOJIaraJI, 1ITO
KOr,lI,a 'ObI B rrpOIlIJIOM 1IeJIOBeK HH rOBOpHJI, 1ITO BH,lI.HT J(epeBO, CKa-
u
JIY liJIH KYCOK CbIpa Ha CTOJIe, ero BbICKa3bIBaHHe B ,lI,eHCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTH ObIJIO JIO)KHbIM; H qTO BCer,lI.a, Kor,Qa 1IeJIOBeK CKa)KeT B OY-
I{YllI.eM, qTO BH,lI,HT ,lI.OM, aBTOMOOHJIb HJIH paKeTY, ero BbICKa3bIBa-
HHe oy lI.eT JIO)KHbIM. Kor lI.a 1IeJIOBeK rOBopHT, qTO OH qTO-TO BHlI.HT,
HCTHHHO B JIIOOOM CJIY1Iae OY,lI.eT TOJIbKO TO, qTO OH BH,lI.HT qaCTb
06CTBeHHoro M03ra.
BbICKa3bIBaHHe PaCceJIa B BbICllIeH CTeneHH nopa3HTeJIbHO. t.ITO
\10}KeT 6bITb napaJI.OKCaJIbHee! O,lI.HaKO qTO )Ke OH CKa3aJI? MO)KeT
OhITb, qTO KOr,lI.a ObI <pH3HOJIOr HH C1IHTaJI B npOIlIJIOM, 1ITO BHJI.HT
1JY}KOH M03r, OH OOMaHbIBaJIC51? nOJIO)KHM, oe3 Be,QOMa <pH3HOJIOra
1JaCTb ero 1Ieperra Y,QaJIHJIH H B,lI,OOaBOK rrpH,lI,YMaJIH, TaK)Ke BTaRHe
Or Hero, TaKYIO XHTPOYMHYIO 3epKaJIbHYIO YCTaHOBKY, 1ITO KOr,lI,a OH
'II hIT aeTC5I paCCMOTpeTb 1IeH-To. M03r, HaXo.JI.51llI.HHC51 nepe,lI. HHM, TO
BijJI.HT qaCTb COOCTBeHHoro M03ra. XOTeJI ObI PaCceJI CKa3aTb, lITO
IiMeHHO TaK ObIJIO B rrpOIlIJIOM H OY,lI.eT Bcer,n,a? 5ICHO, qTO rrO,lI.OOHOe
PSlMOJUlHeflHoe 3MI1HpHQeCKOe BbICKa3bIBaHHe OH Boo6m:e He CMor
hI .QOKa3aTb. Pa3YMHbIH lIeJIOBeK Ha TaKoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe He OTBa-
)J{liJICH ObI.
"\f HeT, BbICKa3bIBaHHe PaCceJIa He ObIJIO 3MrrHpH1IeCKHM. B HOp-
aJIhHbIX YCJIOBHHX,. KOr,lI.a JIIOOOH qeJIOBeK CKa3aJI ObI lITO BH)J.HT
87
IlOtITaJIbOHa, PaCCeJI ,COrJIaCHJICH 6bI C 3THM. OH He CTaJI 6bI npOTij
BOpetIHTb B OTHOllIeHHH 3MIlHpHqeCKOrO cpaKTa; O HaKO OH Ha ca,
MOM eJIe, CKa3aJI 6bI PaCceJI, BUlleJI He nOtITaJIbOHa, a tIaCTb CBoer()
M03ra. CJIe OBaTeJIbHO, OHH CrrOp5IT, BH HMO, He 06 3MIlHpHtIeCKliX
cpaKTax, HO 0 TOl\1, KaKoM 5I3bIK CJIe1lyeT YIloTpe6JI5ITb JI5I HX onij
CaHH5I. PacceJI eMCTBHTeJIbHO CqHTaJI, qTO KoppeKTHee CKa3aTb
lITO BbI BH,l1.HTe qaCTb CBoero M03ra, He)KeJIM CKa3aTb, tITO BbI Bij,
)1HTe rrOqTaJIbOHa.
<PHJIOcocpCKoe YTBep)K eHHe «Kor1la tIeJIOBeK CMOTpHT Ha KaKoij
TO npe MeT, Bce, £ITO OH BH)lHT - 3TO tIaCTb ero M03ra» MO)KHO HH
TepIlpeTHpOBaTh CJIe YIO Hl\1 06pa30M: «Kor1la 6bI qeJIOBeK HlI
CMOTpeJI Ha KaKoH-To rrpe MeT, 60JIee KoppeKTHO CKa3aTb, £ITO OIl
BH HT qaCTb CBoero M03ra, tJeM CKa3aTb, qTO OH BH HT caM 3TOT
rrpellMeT». 11 OTBeT Mypa: «CTOJI, KOTOpbIH MbI 06a BHllHM, He eCTh
qaCTb \10ero M03ra» MO)KHO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb TaK: «KoppeKTH
CKa3aTb, tITO CeMtIaC MhI BH HM CTOJI, H HeKoppeKTHO - qTO Ka)K,lI,bIi
H3 Hac BH HT tIaCTb CBoero M03ra».
B 3TOM CBeTe COBepllIeHHO HCHO, qTO Myp rrpaB. MbI BH HM, tITO
cpHJlOcocpCKoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe, KOTopoe OH KpHTHKyeT, 5IBJI5IeTC51
JIO)KHbI , He3aBHCHl\10 OT aprYMeHTOB B era 3aIllHTY OHM MorYT"
6bITb OqeHb 3aMaHQHBbIMH, HO MbI npaBbI, CXO Y OTBepraH HX KaK
.il O.JK HbIe. HeMHoro rropa3MbICJIIIB, MbI rroMMeM, qTO TO, qTO rrpOH30
IllJIO, Kor a qeJIOBeK IlO1KeJIaJI B3r.n5IHYTb Ha 3MIlaMp CTeMT DHJI-
,l1.HHr * H BbIIlOJIHHJI CBoe )KeJIaHHe, OObI1leHHbIH 5I3bIK Il03BOJI5IeT OIlR-
caTb TaK: «OH CeMqaC BnepBbIe BH,lI.HT 3MrraMp CTeMT DHJI HHr»; If
MbI HHKor a He COQTeM KoppeKTHbIM !(pyroe onHcaHHe: «OH CeMqaC
BII1lHT tIaCTb CBoero M03ra». lV1yp HaIlOMHHaeT, qTO rrOCT05IHHO
BCTpeqaIOTC5I cHTyaIl,HH, KOTopble 06bIJI.eHHbIM H3bIK Ilepe aeT B
Ilpe JI01KeHH5IX THrra «51 BH)KY pyqKY», «Y BI1)KY KOIllKY» H T. ,L(
M tITO 'OIlHCbIBaTb HX CJIOBaMH «51 BH2Ky qaCTb CBoero M03ra» 6bIJIO
ObI KpaMHe HeKoppeKTHO. HMeHHO TaK OTBeT Mypa orrpOBepraeT BbI-
CKa3bIBaHHe cpHJIOcocpa.
LLaBaMTe paCCMOTpHM cpHJIOcocpCKoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe «MbI He
HMeeM OCTOBepHoro 3HaHHH 06 I1CTHHHOCTH BWCKa3WBaHH5I 0 Ma-
TepHaJIbHbIX rrpe MeTax» H 06bIqHbIM JI5I Mypa OTBeT: «06a MbI
,lI,OCTOBepHo 3HaeM, tITO B 3TOM KOMHaTe CTOHT HeCKOJIbKO cTYJIbeB, II
rrOJIaraTb, 6Y.lI.TO MbI He 3HaeM, HO TOJIbKO y6e)K eHbI B aTOM H tITO
Bo06 e aTO He TaK - rrOJIHbIM a6cyp,l1.». MHeHHH, 6Y TO MbI He HMe
eM OCTOBepHoro 3HaHH5I 00 HCTHHHOCTH BbICKa3bIBaHH5I 0 MaTepn"
aJIbHbIX Ilpe MeTax H 06 HCTHHHOCTH JIIO>60ro 3MIlHpHqeCKOrO Bbl-
CKa3bIBaHH5I Bo06 e, OqeHb rroIlY JI5IpHbI CpeL(H cpHJIOCOcpOB. Ha)Jo
3aMeTHTb, tITO Kor a cpHJIOCOcp rOBopHT, 6Y,l1.TO MbI He HMeeM OCTO-
BepHoro 3HaHHH 06 HCTHHHOCTH BbICKa3bIBaHH5I 0 MaTepHaJIbHbl){
rrpe MeTax, 3BYtIHT 3TO H orYJIbHO, H Ilapa OKCaJIbHo.
Ka)K1lbIH H3 HaCCTaJIKHBaJICH B 2KH3HH C cHTyaIl,H5I'MH, Kor)1.8
qeJIOBeK YTBep2K1laeT, 0Y1lTO OH JlOCTOBepHo 3HaeT 06 HCTHHHOC r8
cY)K eHHH 0 MaTepHaJIbHOM npe,nMeTe, HO OKa3bIBaeTCH, qTO oJJ
oillHoaeTcH. KTO-TO rOBopHT, HaIlpHMep, tITO no 3arraxy ,nOCToBep
HO 3HaeT, qTO Ha IIJIHTe BapHT MOpKOBb. Ho BbI TOJIbKO tITO rrpl1 or '*
88
pbIJIH KaCTpIOJIIO II YBH eJIH TaM peny. Y Bac eCTb 3MrrHpHlIeCKHe
.{)CHOBaHHH YTBep)KllaTb, liTO B ,l(aHHOM CJIYlIae lIeJIOBeK rOBOpHJI,
6yATO OH ,l(OCTOBepHO 3HaeT 00 HCTHHHOCTH BWCKa3@BaHHH 0 Ma-
'fepnaJIbHOM rrpe MeTe, H QTO OH OIlIH.oaeTCH. I1JIH e, MO)KeT 6bITb,
BbI 3HaeTe, liTO OH He rrpaB, TaK KaK BallI npOIliJIbIH onbIT nOKa3aJI,
lIaCKOJIbKO CXO)KH 3anax MOpKOBH H 3arrax penbI; n03TOMY caM no
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HO IJ.HTHpyeT CTaTblO H. MaJIKoJIbMa «Myp H 06bI,lJ.eHHbIH H3bIK», KOTOpa
HOCTblO ny6JIHKyeTcH B HaCTOHllJ.eM H3,lJ.aHHH
100
4
aepH fi crroc06 Y3HaTb, yrroTpe6n eTC CnOBO KOppeKTHO HnH He.
J{oppeKTHO, 3TO BbI CHHTb, KaKoe CO,lI.ep)KaHHe B Hero BKJIa.l(hIBaIOT
a )].aHHOM cnYlJae H KaKOBO ero 06bIlJHOe CO,lI.ep)KaHHe, a 3aTeM
Cp8BHHTb HX. (. . .) Ho eCJIH B KOHelJHOM HTore MbI BbI CHHJIH, lITO
cpIIJIOCOCP yrroTpe6n eT cnOBO HeKoppeKTHO, TO lJTO )Ke OTCIO.l(a CJIe-
)lyeT? ,[LorrYC HM, 3rrHCTeMonor ,lI.efiCTBHTenbHO yrroTpe6JIHeT CJIOBO
«JlOCTOBepHbIH» HeKOuppeKTHO: e TaK, KaK 3TO ,lI.enalOT 06bIlJHO, HO,
cK3me'i, co CCbInKOH Ha HeKHH THrr 3HaHH , ,lI.OCTHrHYTb KOTopoe
)1}I51 lJeJIOBeKa .HorHlJeCKH HeB03MO)l{HO. HCHO, lJTO 06Ha PY)KHB 3TO,
MbI ero He onpOBep2JlU. Pa3 MbI nOHUMaeM cpHnococpa, Hac, KOHelJHO.
yiKe He IlloKupyeT YTBep)Kl{eHHe, lJTO cnOBO «,llOCTOBepHbIfi» He OT-
1I0CHTC K y6e)K,lI.eHH M 0 HanHlJHH Me6enH. Do Bcefi BepO THOCTH,
TO QTO Ka3aJIOCb rrpe)KJl.e rrapaJl.OKCanbHbIM, cefilJac Bblrn Jl.HT TPH-
BlI3JIbHbIM H HeHHTepeCHbIM. Ho MbI He orrpOBeprnH cpHJIOcocpa, rro-
CKOJIbKY He rrOKa3anH JlOOICHOCTU ero YTBep)KJl.eHH . ,[LeficTBHTenb-
HO, Terrepb MbI rrOHHMaeM - lJero He BHJl.enH paHbIlle,- lJTO era Bbl-
CKa3bIBaHHe Bn eTC5J HCTHHHbIM, rrOCKonbKY HaIllHM y6eJKlleHH M
o Me6enH He rrpHCYIlI.e TO lJTO OH HMeHyeT «Jl.OCTOBepHOCTblO».
ManKonbM ClJHTaeT, OJl.HaKO, lJTO «rrapaJl.OKCanbHoe cpHnococp-
CKoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe He MO)KeT He 6bITb JIO)KHbIM». 3HalJHT, MbI
)J,OJI/KHbI npOJl.OJI)KHTb rrOHCK TeXHHKH orrpOBep)KeHH 3TO rrpHBO-
)],HT Hac K rrepBofl H3 yrroMHHaBIllHXC Teo'PHit
Kor,lI.a cpHnococp rOBopHT: «HHlJTO He Bn eTC l{OCTOBepHbIM»,
OH, BuaUMO, HMeeT B BH,lI.Y He 3bIK, HO 3H3HHe H y6e)K,lI.eHHe; ecnH
}Ke CJIeJl.OBaTb 3TOM TeopHH, TO ero YTBepJKJl.eHH B aeUCTBUTeJlbHO-
CTU HBn IOTC «3aMaCKHpOBaHHbIMI1 JIHHrBHCTHlJeCKHMH BbICKa3bIBa-
HH51MH». <PHnococp MO)KeT Jl.a)Ke He rrOHHMaTb 3Toro... (. .) 3TO
pacnpOCTpaH eTC H Ha OCTanbHbIX cpHnococpOB, CKJIOHHbIX K napa-
.u.OKcaM: HarrpHMep, Ha Tex, KOTopbIe OTpHIl.aIOT peanbHOCTb rrpo-
CTpaHCTBa H BpeMeHH HJIH YTBep)KJl.aIOT, lJTO HH OJl.HH MaTepHanb-
RbI!! rrpe,llMeT, ecnH ero He BocrrpHHHMaIOT, He cymecTByeT... (...)
CTOJIKHYBIllHCb C cpHnococpHefi, KOTopa Ha caMOM ,lI.eJIe rrpeJl.CTaB-
J15IeT c060fi 3aMaCKHpOBaHHoe HapYIlleHHe 06bI,lI.eHHOrO 3bIKa MbI
JIO.JLiKHbI rrpOCTO pa306nalJHTb ee H orrpOBeprHYTb, ecnH OHa nO)KHa,
113 lJHCTO nHHrBHCTHlJeCKHX c006pa)KeHHfi.
aTO rrOJl.pa3YMeBaeT, OlJeBHJl.HO, TPH MOMeHTa, Ka)K)J.bIH H3 KO-
'I'°PhIX 51 ClJHTalO BeCbMa COMHHTenbHbIM. (1) CHalJana MbI Jl.On)KHbI
nORa3aTb, lJTO cpHnococpcKoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe He BnHeTC «3MrrHpH-
eCInfM» H He HMeeT OTHOllIeHlUI K «3MnHpHQeCKHM <jJaKTaM». (2)
1' CIO .lI.a B COOTBeTCTBHH C paccMaTpHBaeMoH TeopHeii CJIe.u.yeT, QTO
l' IiJIOcocp rrbITaeTC co06mHTb lJTO-TO HMeHHO 0 H3bIKe. (3) JIHIllHB
1I 1 caMbIM cpHnococpHIO MaCKH, MbI CYMeeM 6e3 TpYJl.a orrpoBepr-
Jl'b ee.
ro<t> (1) (...) Kor.u.a MaJIKOJIbM roBOpHT, QTO BbICKa3bIBaHHe <jJHJIO-
1'1 a lIe 5IBJI eTC5I aMnUpUtieCKUM, OH, KaK rrpaBHno, HMeeT B BH-
l1p' 1JTO B TOM (HeKoppeKTHOM) CMbIcne, B KaKOM cpHnococp HHTep-
I1 lI e l'IipyeT CBoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe, ero OTpHll.aHHe rrpOTHBOpelJHBO.
1 bIMII CJIOBaMH, B paMKax (HeKoppeKTHoro) 3bIKa, HCrrOJIb3yeMo-
<PIiJIOCOCPOM ero rrapa)l.OKCaJIbHbIe BbICKa3hIBaHH Heo6xo8uMbl.
101
11 MaJIKOJIbM nOKa3aJI C 60JIbllIH\1 TI1..(aHHe'1 H H306peTaTeJIbHO..
CTblO, qTO MHOrHe cpHJIOCO<pCKHe BbICKa3bIBaHH5I, B TOM qHCJIe H BbI..
CKa3bIBaHHH 0 ,lI.OCTOBepHOCTH,. RBAfllOTCR B 3TOM CMbICJIe He3 1nHpij..
qeCKHMH Ho OqeHb TPY,lI.HO rrpHH5ITb, KaK TOrO nOTpe6oBaJIa ObI
HaIlla TeOpH5I, qTO Bce rrapa,lI.OKCaJIbHbIe cpH.nOCOcpCKHe BbICKa3bIBa..
HH5I B pa 1KaX 5I3bIKa cpHJIOCOcpOB HBJI5IIOTC5I Heo6xo)I.HMbIMH. (...)
B KOHIJ.e KOHIJ.OB, KaM,lI.Oe rrapa;I.OKCaJIbHOe cpHJIOCOcpCKOe BbICKa3bI..
BaHHe HBJI5IIOI1..(eeC5I B 3TOM Cl\tlbICJIe HeOOXO,lI.H'1bIM, MO)KHO 3aMe..
HHTb ,lI.pyrHM, CTOJIb Me rra pa.lI.OKCaJIbHbIM, HO He HeOOXO,lI.H:\;IbIW
TIpe,lI.nOJIO)KHM, HarrpHMep, qTO cpHJIOCOcp (HeKoppeKTHO) yrroTpee
JIHeT CJIOBO «3HaTb» ,lI.JI5I orrHCaHH5I 3HaHH5I, KOTopoe qeJIOBeK MO:tKeT
nOJIyqHTb TOJIbKO Ha COOCTBeHHOM onbITe. Tor,lI.a OH BnpaBe cKa3aTb:
«HHKTO He MO)KeT 3HaTb 0 CO,lI.ep./KaHHH qy)Koro onbITa»; H nYCTb
3TO napa,lI.OKCaJIbHOe BbICKa3bIBaHHe 6Y,lI.eT B paMKax ero 5I3bIKa lie.
o6xo8UMblM. TIpe,lI.nOJIO)KHM, qTO BbICKa3bIBaHHe «,I:LLKOH OTJIHT.Jae1
C5I OT CBoero 6aKaJIeHI1..(HKa» He 5IBJIHeTC5I HeOOXO,lI.H bIM. Tor;I.a ITa-
pallOKCaJIbHOe BbICKa3bIBaHHe «,I:L}KOH He MOLKeT 3HaTb 0 COllep)Ka-
HHH C03HaHH5I CBoero OaKaJIeHIlI.HKa» He 6V,lI.eT HeoOXO,lI.HMbIM; 3Ha-
oJ
QHT, HMeeTC5I rrapa,lI.OK'CaJIbHOe cpH.nococpCKoe BbIcKa3bIBaHHe, KOTO-
poe,. O,lI.HaKO, 5IBJI5IeTC5I 3MnUpU'ieCKuM.
HeHaMHoro JIyqllle H .lI.pyrHe 3HaT.JeHH5I CJIOBa «3MrrHpHT.JeCKHih
MbI '10rJIH 6bI, HanpHMep, HHTeprrpeTHpoBaTb «3 1nHpHqeCKHiI» KaK
«cnocooHbIH nO)1TBepMllaTbC5I cpaKTaMH» Ho B aTOM CMbICJIe BC
rrpOIJ.HTHpOBaHHwe napa,lI.OKCaJIbHWe BWCKa3WBaHH5I 5IBJI5IlOTCH 3M
rrHpHqeCKHMH, rrOCKOJIbKY KaM)I.Oe H3 HHX nO,lI.TBepLK.LI.aeTC5I HeKU
<paKTOM, nYCTb Hea.LI.eKBaTHbI 1. (. . .)
('2) (...) ECJIH MbI 8eucTBuTeAbHo oOHapYMHBaeM, T.JTO cpHJI
COcpCKHH ,lI.HcrrYT He KaCaeTC5I «'3MnHpHT.JeCKHX <paKTOB», MO}KeM ti
MbI 3aKJIIOqHTb OTC 1O,lI. a , qTO ero yqaCTHHKII crropHT 0 TOl\1, «KaK(
5I3bIK CJIeJI.yeT yrroTpeOJI5ITb )J,JI5I OIIHCaHH5I 3THX cpaKTOB»? ,I:LJIH '\1
H5I OT.JeBHJI.HO, qTO MbI He l\10Me 1 C.lI.eJIaTb TaKOH BbIBO,lI.. (...) H
Toro, qTO OHH rro-pa3HOMY ynoTpe6AR1OT CJIOBa, BOBce He CJIe;ry€
IlTO OHH HMelOT pa3JIHT.JHble npeiJcTaBAeHUR 0 KoppeKTHOCTH. Bep
5ITHO, KaK H y rOBopHIllHX Ha pa3JIHT.JHbIX \1eCTHbIX JI.HaJIeKTaX,
HHX H MbICJIH HeT 0 KoppeKTHOCTH HJIH ,lI.pyrHx JI.OCTOHHCTBax CBOI
,LlHaJleKTOB. (...) Pa3YMeeTC5I, B03MO)KHO, H Ha 3TO qaCTO CCbIJI
IOTC5I, qTO JIHHrBHCTHqeCKOe paCXOLK,LleHHe eCTb CHMnTOM KaKoro th
3HaT.JHMOrO HeOC03HaHHoro HeCOrJIaCH5I HeKOTopbIe cpHJIOCOlf'
(MaJIKOJIbM, HaCKOJIbKO l\1He H3BeCTHO, K HHM He OTHOCHTC5I) p8
CYlK,j,alOT 0 MOTHBax CBOHX KOJIJIer, ynoTpeOJI5IIOI1..(HX O)I.HY H,lI.fl O
BMeCTO ,LlpyrOH. Ho rrCHXHaTp CKa3aJI ObI 000 BCe\1 3T0\1 J1HlII b J1
qTO <pHJIOCOcp MOLKeT 20BOpllTb O.LI.HO, HMeH B BH)I.Y - HeOC03f1 afI
HJIll KaK-TO HHaqe - qTO-TO ,Llpyroe... 11 ObIJIO ObI HeKoppeF'
np.eJI.CTaBJI5ITb 3TO TaK, CJIOBHO cpHJIOCOcp «Ha ca MOM ,lI.eJIe» yTBep
,lI,aer qTO-TO ,lI.pyroe. 113 Toro, qTO JIlO)I.H rro-pa3HOMY yrroTpe6 011f1
H3bIK, He CJIe,LlyeT eI..I.I.e, qTO OHH ,Llpyr JI.pyry rrpoTHBOpeqaT.
(3) (...) ,L(orrycTHM, CK.JlOHHble K rrapalIoKcaM <pHJIOcocpbI .Ll61
CTBHTeJIbHO rrbITalOTCH COOOlll.HTb qTO-TO 0 «npaBHJIbHOCTH» 0 11
,lI.eHHOrO H3bIKa: 3rrHCTeMOJIOr rOBopHT, qTO «HeKoppeKTHO» (
102
«flenpaBHJIbHO») npHnHCbIBaTb OCTOBepHOCTb yoe)K,lI.eHH5IM 0 Ma-
'f e pl1aJIbHbIX rrpe)lMeTaX; KaK YTBep)K,lI.aeT PaCCeJI, «npaBHJIbHee ro...
13 0 pMTb, qTO BbI BH,lI.HTe CKOpee qaCTb CBoero M03ra, qeM rrOqTaJIbO-
fla», H T. ,lI.. MO)KHO JIM CqHTaTb 3TO TeXHHKOH orrpOBep)KeHHH?
K CO)KaJI.eHHIO, He OqeHb HCHO, qTO )Ke - B COOTBeTCTBHM C HC-
C.i1e;IyeMoH HaMH TeopHeH - HMelOT B BH,lI.Y 3TH cpHJIOCOcpbI. nepe,l(
fla\1M )tBe COBepllleHHO pa3JIHQHbIe HHTepnpeTaUHH. COrJIaCHO nep..
130M, 3nHCTeMOJIOr ,lI,YMaeT, qTO JIIO,lI.M H Brrp aBllY OObIqHO He yrro-
Tpe6JI5IIOT CJIOBO «JI.OCTOBepHbIH» co CCbIJIKOH Ha y6e)K,lI.eHH5I 0 Ma-
'fepMaJIbHbIX npeJl.MeTaX; PaCceJI CQHTaeT, qTO JIIOJl.H npHBbIKJIH ro-
BOplITb TaK, KaK 31'0 eJIaeT ON caM B CBOHX cpHJIOCOcpCKHX COQH-
HeHH5IX. . 3TO TO,,1jKOBaHHe Te3Hca MaJIKOJIbMa, KaKHM ObI HerrpaB,lI.O-
no;ro6HbI::\1 OHO HH ObIJIO, BbI3BaHO TeM, QTO TepMHH «KoppeKTHbIH
5l3bIK» rrO,lI.pa3YMeBaeT OObIlleHHbIH H3bIK. (. . .) OTCIO,lla cpHJIOCOcpbI
BpO.a e ObI rrbITaIOTC5I HaM rrOBe,lI.8Tb, KaKOBO 06bIqHOe CJIOBoyrroTpe6-
JleHHe. ECJIH npaBMJIbHaH MHTeprrpeTaUH5I napa,lI.OKCaJIbHbIX BbICKa-
3bIBaHHH cpHJIOCOcpOB B aTOM H COCTOHT, TO Mbl MOJICeM orrpOBepr-
HYTb HX B3r JI5I,lI.bI C rrOMOIII.bIO cpaKTOB OObI,lI.eHHOrO 513bIKa - BeJl.b
OqeBHllHO, qTO JIIOJl.H He H3'b5lCH5IIOTC5I CTOJIb CTpaHHbIMH crrocooaMH.
Ho OqeBH,lI.HO, KaK MHe Ka)KeTC5I, II TO, qTO cpHJIOCOcpbI He IIbITaIOT-
C5I YTBepJlCaaTb, 6YJl.TO OObIqHO JIIO,lI.H rOBOp5lT IIMeHHO TaK 3nHCTe-
\JIo.JIor He YTBep)K,lI.aeT, ,lI,a}Ke HeOC03HaHHO, qTO JIIO,lI.H He ynoTpe6-
JI5IIOT CJIOBO «llOCTOBepHbIH». PaCceJI, hOHeqHO )Ke, )Ka)K,lI.eT COOO-
lltHTb HaYI He TO, qTO HOpMaJIbHbIH qeJIOBeK HHKOrJl.a He rOBopHT,
6Y)].TO OH BH:IHT co.HHue, HO TO, qTO OH aeUCTBUTellbHO rOBopHT 3TO
H Te\1 Ca::\1bI\1 OlllHOaeTC5I. EOJIbllle Toro, 51 He Mory nOBepHTb, qTO
PacceJIY H .aPyrHM cpHJIOcocpaM rrpHnHCbIBalOT HMeHHO aTO. Bep05lT-
Hee a.nbTepHaTIIBHa51 IIHTeprrpeTaUH5I HX rr03HUHH... no MHeHMIO
Jla3epOBHIl.a *, cpHJIOCOcpbI BbICKa3bIBalOT napa,J,OKCaJIbHbIe cY)K,J,e-
HI151 LKopee KaK «npe nOJIO)KeHHH», qeM KaK «YTBep)K.lI.eHH5I». (. .>
Ho eCJIH OCTaHOBHTbC5I Ha TOM, qTO OHH npOCTO npeanOlla2alOT, TO
MbI CHOBa OCTae\1C5I 6e3 \1eTo)].a onpOBep)KeHH5I, rrOCKOJIbKY, KaK 01'-
\1eqaer .TIa3epoBHIl., npe,lI.nO.,1JO}KeHH5) «HHKaK HeJIb351 orrpoBeprHYTb».
DpeLlnOJIO)KeHHe \10)KeT ObITb orrpOMeTqHBbIM, HO He 51BJI5IeTC5I HH
I1CTHHHhIvl, HH J10)KHbL\1 H, CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, He MO)KeT ObITb onpo-
BeprHYTO. (. . .)
Ii t} BTopa51 JIHHrBHCTH4eCKa51 TeOpH5I MaJIKOJIbMa, OY,lI.b OHa HCTHH-
Oij, eHCTBHTeJIbHO, BOopY)KHJIa ObI Hac MeTO,lI.OM orrpOBep)KeHH5I.
B . ) B 06bI,lI.eHHOM 513bIKe, no yoe)K,lI.eHHIO MaJIKOJIbMa, eCTb CJIO-
JI a, ca:MO ynoTpe61leHue KOTOpbIX CBHJl.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, qTO OHM
CJ \felOT lI.eHoTaT. I1Haqe rOBopH, H3 HX ynoTpeOJIeHH5I B OObIlleHHOM
l' 3blKe \1bl ::\10)KeM CJl.eJIaTb BbIBO)]., qTO, ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO, eCTb qTO-TO
l I\oe, K qe\1Y OHH OTHOC5ITC5I. (...) no MHeHHIO MaJIKOJIbMa, H3
'(lI ro , lITO BbIpa)KeHH5I THna «p aHbllle», «n03)Ke», «CJIeBa», «3a»,
' l a 1\» , «:\1 aTe pH a JI b H bI e n p e,a, M eT bI» , «B 0 3 M O)K H 0» , «,lI. 0 C TO B e pH 0»
e u
Tt T XO)K!1.eHHe, :\1bI JrlOJICeM C,lI.eJIaTb BbIBO,lJ., qTO OHH ,lI.eHCTBH-
'- 1I1 b}f
00.:( 0 R qeMY-TO OTHOC5ITC5I. TaKHM oopa30M, eCJIH MbI 3HaeM, qTO
i{a 6BbIe CJIOBa ynoTpe6JI5I1O fC5I B 06bI2I,PHHOM 513bIKe, TO MO)KeV1.
darb lIro JIIOOOH cpHJIOCOcp, YTBep)KllaIOIllHH, oy lITO Her HUKa..
103
KUX cHTyalIJIH ,!{OCTOBepHOCTH HJIH HUKaKUX MaTepHaJIbHbIX npe,nMe
TOB H T. )1.., OIIIH6aeTC5I. 3HatIeHH5I 3THX HHTepeCHbIX C cpHJIOCO ..
CKOH TOtIKH 3peHH5I BbIpa)KeHHH, no MaJIKOJIbMY, ,!{OJI)KHbI 6bITb no
Ka3aHbI; OHH He MorYT 6bITb 06'b5I'CHeHbI JIIO,!{5IM «B TepMHHax 3Ha..
1JeHHH y)Ke H3BeCTHbIX HM CJIOB».
«,LLJI5I Bcex BbIpa)KeHHH, 3Ha1JeHH5I KOTOpbIX )I.OJI)KHbJ 6bITb n01\-a...
saHbl H He MorYT 6bITb 06'b5ICHeHbI (KaK MOMHO 06'b5ICHHTh 3HalIe
HHe CJIOBa «npH3paK»), H3 cpaKTa HX 06bI,!{eHHOCTH CJIeJI.yeT, lIT(
B03MOMHbI MH020tlUCJleHHble cHTyaUHH, KOTopbIe OHH onHCbIBalOT
HHatIe JIIO,lI.H He CMOrJIH 6bI Y3HaTb 06 HX KoppeKTHoM ynoTpe6JIe
HHH. Bcer,lla,. Korlla cpHJIOCOCP'CKHH napalloKc YTBep)KllaeT 0 TaKOM
BbIpa)KeHHH, tITO efO ynoTpe6JIeHHe HeH3MeHHO nopO)K,lI.aeT JIO)KHoe
BbICKa3bIBaHHe, )1,OKa3aTb, tITO 3TO BbIpa)KeHHe 5IBJI5IeTC5I 06bI)1,eH..
HbIM, 3HatIHT nOJIHOCTblO onpoBepfHYTb napa,lI.OKc».
DOJIO)KHM, 3Ta TeOpH5I HCTHHHa. KaKHx cpHJIOCOcpOB OHa nOMa..
)KeT onpoBepfHYTb? He 3nHCTeMOJIOra, no MHeHHIO KOToporo, Mbl He
I1MeeM ,llOCTOBepHbIX y6e)KlleHHH 0 MaTepHaJIbHbIX npe,lI.MeTaX,_
BeJ(b OH :\fOMeT OTpHlJ,aTb HX Jl.OCTOBepHOCTh H Bce Me OCTaBaTb'CSJ
HeY5I3BIIMbIM, CTOHT eMY TOJIhKO ,lI.OnYCTHTb ,lI.OCTOBepHOCTb, CKa}KeM,
tIYBCTBeHHbIX Jl.aHHbIX HJIH 3JIeMeHTapHOH apHcpMeTHKH. 11160 3Ta
TeXHHKa pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC5I JIHillb Ha Tex, KTO YTBep)K,lI.aeT, tITO HeT
HUKaKUX cIITyaUHH,. fJl.e YMeCTHbI HalllH «cpHJIOcocpcKHe» CJIOBa. ,I:{a
)Ke eCJIH 6bI HaM ydaJlOCb HaHTM <pHJIOco<fJa, KOTOpbIH fOBOpHT: «HR.
tITO He 5IBJI5IeTC5I Jl.OCTOBepHhIM» HJIH «CJIOBO «,lI.OCTOBepHbIH» B era
06bltIHOM CMbICJIe He HMeeT 3HatIeHH5I», H TO MbI He CMOfJIH 6bI e20
onpOBeprHYTb, eCJIl1 6hI He 3HaJIH, tITO OH ynoTpe6JI5IeT 3TH CJIOB8
KoppeKTHO. ECJIH 6bI 3nHCTeMOJIOr CKa3aJI, HanpHMep: «HHtITO He
5IBJI5IeTC5I Jl.OCTOBepHbIM», TO MbI 6bIJIH 6bI '6eCCHJIbHbI, nOCKOJIbn
3HaeM, tITO OH ynoTpe6JI5IeT CJIOBO «Jl.OCTOBepHbIH» HeKOppeKTHO H
He TaK, KaK 06bItIHO. CJIeJl.OBaTeJIhHO, 3Ta TeXHHKa ,lI.eH'CTBeHHa
KOf,lI.a CJIOBa ynoTpe6JI5IIOTC5I KoppeKTHO. (...) TaKHM oopa30N
Ha,lI.O 3HaTb eIlI.e, KOf,ll.a Jl.OKa3aTeJIbCTBO JIHHfBHCTH1JeCKOH HeKOp
peKTHOCTH oy Jl.eT MeTOJl.OM onpOBepLKeHH5I. HaH60JIee 6ecnpOHrpbIII1-
Ha 3Ta TeXHHKa no OTHOIlleHHIO K cpHJIOcocpaM, KOTophIe, KoppeK1
HO ynoTpe6JI5I5I 06bIJl.eHHbIH 5I3bIK, Jl.eJIalOT 0 HeM JIO)KHbIe YTBep)l{
Jl.eHH5I, IIJIH, CKopee, )I.eJIalOT YTBep)K,lI.eHH5I, KOTopbIe 6blJlU 6bI JIO
HbIMH, 6Y,lI.b 3Ta TeOpH5I HCTHHHOH.
KaK )Ke OOOCHOBaTb TO, tITO JII060nbITHble C cpHJIOCOcpCKOH Toq
KH 3peHH5I CJIOBa «Jl.OCTOBepHbIH», «MaTepHaJIbHbIH rrpe,llMeT» II J1p
06'b5ICHHMbI TOJIbKO O'CTeHCHBHO, T. e. C nOMOIIl.blO Jl.eMOHCTpaIlJ
HX npHMeHeHH5I? TpYJl.HO npeJl.CTaBHTb ce6e, KaK MOMHO TaKHM ou
pa30M OO'b5lCHHTb, HanplIMep, BbIpaLKeHHe «B03MO)KHO, tITO». (.
EII.I.e TpYJl.Hee Bo06pa3HTb CJIyqaH HCTHHHoro ynoTpe6JIeHH5I cJ1j
«BbI\1bIIllJIeHHbIH», «BOOOpa)KaeMhIH», «HHtITO», «HeCYIIl.eCTBYIOI1lfI
II «HeB03MO)KHbIH». cI>HJIOCOCP, K KOTOPOMY npHMeH5IlOT 3TOT Me TO
OTBeTlIT, QTO JIIOJJ.H 06bIQHO YCBaHBalOT 3HaQeHHe CJIOB «JJ. OCT 0J3: 1
HbIH», «MaTepHaJIbHbIH rrpe,lI.MeT» If T. Jl.., TeMH LKe crrocooaMII, p
H 3HaqeHHe 'CJIOB «HeB03MOLKHbIH» II «HHqTO». OH CKa)KeT, Ban
Mep, tITO JIIO',lI.H OOpaIIl.aIOTC5I K «MeTO,lI.Y KOHTpaCTa»: CXBaTbI138
104
3aaqeHHe CJIOBa «HeB03MO:>KHbIH», rrpOTHBOrrOCTaBHB ero 3HalJeHHIO
cJIOBa «B03M :>KHbIH». (. · .) Cy eCTBYIOT H JI.pyrHe MeTOJI.bI coo6m:e.
J-IIl51 3HalJeHHH CJIOB, HarrpHMep «MeTO npe,lI.eJIOB» - Kor a rrOH5I-
'fIle «coBeprneHHbIH Kpyr» 06'b51CHHIOT, eMOHCTpHPY5I nOCJIeJI.OBa-
'feJIbHO <pOpMbI, KOTopbIe npH6J1HLKaIOTC5I K OKPYLKHOCTH KaK K npe-
jJ.eJIY... (...) B03MO)KeH JI.a:>Ke «MeTO HJIJII03HH». ,LLonYCTHM, MhI
pa 3 'b5ICH5IeM pe6eHKY 3HalJeHHe CJIOBa «xpaGpoCTh» Ha npHMepe tIe-
JIOBeKa, XJIa,lI.HOKpOBHO BocrrpHHHMalOm:ero cHTyaU: HH , KOTopbIe, KaK
MbI OmU60lJHO yGe:>K,lI.eHbI, OH ClJHTaeT onaCHhIMH. ECJIH pe'6eHOK
oIlI1I6aeTC5I BMeCTe C HaMH, TO OH CMO:>KeT aGcTparHpOBaTh KatIe-
CTBO «xpa6pOCTb» TaR, KaK MbI Toro Tpe6yeM; li3-3a 3TOM OlllH6KH
oCTeHCHBHoe 06'bHCHeHHe BbInOJIH5IeTC5I 3,lI.eCb 6e3 )I.eMOHCTpaIlHH
npaBHJIbHOrO npHMeHeHHH CJIOBa. (. ..) 113yqeHHe nCHXOJIOrHH .SI3bI..
K8, HeCOMHeHHO, OTKpbIJIO GbI H ,ijpyrHe crrocoGbI OG'b5lCHHTh 3Haqe-
HH51 CJIOB. B p5I JIH rrO,lI.oGHbIe rrpeJI.rrOJIO)KeHH5I GbIJIH GbI HerrpHeM-
JIeMbIMH ,lI.JI5I rra p a,lI.OKCaJIbHO MbICJI5Im:ero cpHJIOcocpa.
(. . .) TaKHM 06pa30M, HaM He YJlaJIOCb JI.0CTaTOqHO 060CHOBaTh
Te3HC «JII06oe cpHJIOco<pCKoe BbICKa3bIBaHHe, HapYIIIaIOm:ee oGbI,lI.eH-
HbIH 513bIK, 5IBJI5IeTC5I JIOlKHbIM».
MHorHe <pHJIOcocpCKHe BbICKa3bIBaHH5I aeUCT8UTellbflO HapYIlIa-
lOT 06bI,lI.eHHbIH 5I3bIK H B pe3YJIbTaTe BBO)I.5IT B 3a6JIYLK)I.eHHe HJIH Ka-
IKYTC5I GOJIee 3HatIHTeJIbHbIMH, qeM Ha caMOM ,lleJIe; cpHJIOCOcpbI JI.eH-
CTBHTeJIbHO MorYT BrraCTb ' B CJIOBeCHYIO nYTaHHU:Y. MaJIKOJIbM - H
B 3TOM O,lI.HH H3 u:eHHbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB ero pa60TbI - IIOKa3aJI, Ha-
CKOJIbKO JIerKO Bce 3TO IIpOHCXO HT. Ho B OCTaJIbHOM, rro"MoeMY,
06 hI,lI,eH H bI H' 513bIK He CJIHIIIKOM 3HaqHM JI.JI5I cpHJIOCOcpHH, BOIIpeKH
MHeHHIO MaJIKOJIbMa H HeKOTopbIX )I.pyrHX.
AJK. OCTOH
3HAIJEHUE CJIOBA
1.1.
1.11.
1.21.
1.211
1.22 ·
2.1 .
2.1 i
06paSl{bl CMblClLa
lITo..ecTb"3HaqeHHe (CJIOBa) «KpbIca»?
lITo-ecTb"3HaqeHHe (CJIOBa) «CJIOBO»?
lITO TaKoe «KpbIca»?
lITO TaKoe «CJIOBO»?
lITO TaKoe «Mop a» KpbICbI?
4To-eCTb-3HaQeHHe (cppa3bI) «QTo..ecTb-3HaQeHHe?»?
4 To-eCTb-3H a QeHHe (II P eJI.JIOLKeHH5.I) «Q To..eCTb-3Ha QeHHe
(CJIOBa) «X»?»?
06 pasl{bl 6eccMblCIlUl{bl
1.1 IT
1 '"1TO-eCTb-3HatIeHHe CJIOBa?
.Ii IT
1 . '"1TO-eCTh-3HaQeHHe JIIOGoro CJIOBa?
-12
1.2( lITo-ecTb-3HaQeHHe CJIOBa Boo6m:e?
lITO TaKoe 3HaQeHHe-CJIOBa?
105
1.211.
1.22.
1.221.
2.1.
2.11.
4TO TaKoe 3HaqeHHe- (cIITJOBa) -«KpbIca»?
l..JTO TaKoe «3HaqeHHe» CJ10Ba?
LITo TaKOe «3HaqeHHe» (CJIOBa) «KpbICa»?
l..JTo-ecTb-3HaqeHHe (cppa3bI) «3HaqeHHe CJIOBa»?
l..JTo-ecTb-3HaqeHHe (rrpelI.JIOLKeHH5!) «lJTO eCTb 3HaqeHije
(CJIOBa) «X»?»?
4TO-eCTb-3HalJeHHe (npe.lI.J10LKeHH5!) «lJTO TaKOe «3HaqeHIIa
«CJIOBa» «X»?»?
2.12.
I
3Ta CTaTb51 rrOCB5ImeHa aHaJIH3y cppa3bI «3HaqeHHe CJIOBa»
OHa COCTOHT H3 qeTblpex qaCTeH, rrepBa5J H3 KOTOpbIX MHe rrpe,l.(..
CTaBJI5!eTC5! ,nOBOJIbHO 6aHaJIbHOH, 3aTO BTOpa5! qaCTb 5!BJI5!ercSi
KpaHHe 3arrYTaHHoit CHaqaJIa 51 IIonbITalOCb rrOKa3aTb, qTO cppa3a
«3HaqeHHe CJIOBa» 51BJI5IeTC5I B 06IIl.eM onacHoH cppa30H-6ecCMbIC
JIH eH. B ,nBYX ,npyrHx qaCT5IX 51 B CBOIO Oqepe b paccMaTpHBaro
)J,Ba qaCTO B03HHKalOIII.Hx B cpHJIOCOcpHH Borrpoca, KOTopbIe 51BHO
RYLKJ!.aIOTC5! B HOBOM H TIIl.aTeJIbHOM HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH, eCJIH MbI He
II03BOJI5!eM 60JIblile HaB5!3bIBaTb Ha \1 3TY «YJI.06HYIO» cppa3Y «3Haqe
HHe CJIOBa».
XOqy HaqaTb C HeKOTOpwX 3aMeqaHHH rro rrOBO Y «3HaqeHH
CJIOBa». IloJIaralO, qTO MHorHe Y)Ke rrpe,nCTaBHJIH ce6e rrOqTH BC
IIJIH XOT5! 6bI qaCTb Toro, 0 qeM 51 6y JI.Y rOBoplITb. Ho rrOCKOJIbKy
.9TO HeJIb35! OTHeCTH KO BceM, TO, rrOJI.Bepra5! rropKe HOBOo6paIAeH-
HbIX, 51 H3BHH5!IOCb rrepeJI. HHMH.
O HO rrpeJI.BapHTeJIbHOe 3aMeqaHHe. CrrpaBe,lI.JIHBO YTBep)KJI.ae1-
C'5!, qTO TOJIbKO npe8AOJ/ceHue HIvreeT 3HaQeHHe. IlpaB a, MbI \10)Ke1\K
nonpOCHTb «OTbICKaTb 3HaqeHHe CJIOBa» B CJIOBape. TeM He MeHee
Ka:IKeTC5!, qTO CMbICJI, B KOTOpOM CJIOBO HJIH cppa3a «HMeIOT 3Haqe
RHe», rrpOH3BOJI.eH OT CMbICJIa, B KOTOpOM «HMeIOT 3HaqeHH5I» npE
JIOLKeHH5I CJle OBaTeJIbHO, CKa3aTb, lJTO CJIOBO HJIH cppa3a «H elvl
3HaQeHHe», 3HalJHT CKa3aTb, lJTO cymeCTBYIOT npeJI.JIO)KeHH5!, B t
TOpbIX OHH CO,lI.ep)KaTC5!, H 3TH rrpe JIO)KeHHH «HMeIOT 3HalJeHfl5I'
3HaTb )Ke 3HalJeHHe, KOTopoe HMelOT CJIOBO HJIH <ppa3a, 3Haq
3HaTb 3HalJeHH5! rrpe JIO)KeHHH, B KOTOpbIX OHH cO ep:>KaTC5I. Be
1JTO MO:>KeT CJI.eJIaTb CJIOBa pb, KOr,ZI.a MbI «OTbICKHBaeM 3HaqeII
CJIOBa», 3TO rrpe JIO)KHTb nOMOIII.b B rrOHHMaHHH rrpe JIOLKeHHH, (
ep:>K3'mHX ,naHHoe CJIOBO. B HCXO HOM CMbICJIe TO, 1JTO «H\1eeT 3a 8
qeHHe», 51BJI5!eTC5I npe)lJIO:>KeHHe 1. n pe.LlllleCTBYlOmHe <pHJIOCOcV
o6CY2KjJ.aBIIIHe np06JIeMY «3HaqeHH5I CJIOBa», 6bIJIH CKJIOHHbI jJ.OflY
KaTb cnel{utPUtieCKUe OlllH6KH, KOTOpbIX H36e:>KaJIH 60JIee n0 3 J1JI 8
<pHJIOCOcpbI, o6CY)KJI.aBlllHe, .CKopee, rra paJIJIeJIbHYIO rrp06JIeMY «3a l'
qeHH5I npejJ.JI02KeHH5I». H eCJIH MbI XOTHM COxp aHHTb 6.lIHTeJIblI OC J'
no OTHOllleHHIO K .9THM CrreIJ.H<pHlJeCKHM OlliHOKaM, TO JI.OJILKHbI nO
pOOHO HX paCCMOTpeTb. ep
MO:>KHO rrpHBeCTH MHO:>KeCTBO npHMepOB npeJI.JIOLKeHHH, co)l a B
)KaInHX <ppa3Y «3HaqeHHe CJIOBa 5IBJI5IeTCH TaKHM-'TO». «OH He 3 a
eT HJIII He nOHHMaeT 3HaqeHH5I CJIOBa nUAa.» «51 06'b5lCHlO eMY 3
106
qeHMe CJIOBa apeBKO» II TaK ,aa.Jlee 51 npe)K,lJ.e BCerO C06IIpalOCb
paCCMOTpeTb 06IllIIH BOrrpOC: «4TO eCTb 3HaqCHIIe ToeO-TO?», HJIH
«tIro 51BJI5IeTC5I 3HaqeHIIe\1 CJlOBa TO-TO?»
Ope,lI.nOJIO)KIL\1, qTO B nOBCe,Ll,HeBHOH IKII3HH MeH5I CnpOCIIJIH:
«4ro 51BJI.5leTC5I 3HaqeHIIeM CJIOBa xapaKTepflblU?» 51 Mory OTpearH-
pOBaTb JI.B05lKO JIII60 51 OTBeqalO, rrbITa5lCb CJlOSaMU onHcaTb TO,
qe"l 51BJI5IeTC5I xapaKTepHOCTb, rrpe,lJ,JIara51 ,lJ,JI5I 3Toro rrpHMepbI rrpe,lJ,-
JIoJKeHIIH, B KOTOpbIX HCnOJIb3yeTC5I CJIOBO xapaKTepflblU, a TaK)Ke
npM\1epbI npeJlJIO)KeHHH, B KOTOpbI}" ,lI.3HHOe CJIOBO He HCnOJIb3yeTC5I.
aBaHTe Ha30Be\1 3TOT sua OTBeTa «CHHTaKCIIqeCKHM 06n5lCHeHII-
e\1» CJIOBa «xapaKTepHbIH» Ha ,lI.aHHOM 513bIKe. C ,lI.pyroH CTOpOHbI,
51 '\10ry ,lI.eJIaTb TO, qTO MO)KHO Ha3BaTb «,lJ,eMOHCTpar.r.HeH CeMaHTH-
KH» CJIOBa, n03BOJIH5I CrrpOCIIBll1e\1Y npeaCTaSUTb ce6e HJIH ,lI.a)Ke
peaJIbHO UCnblTaTb cHTyallHH, KOppeKTHO orruHCbIBaeMbIe rrpe,lJ,JIO)Ke-
HH5IMH, CO,lI.ep)KaIIl.HMI1 CJIOBa «XapaKTepHbIH», «XapaKTepHOCTb» II
T. JI.., a TaK)Ke cHTyar.r.IIII, ,lIJl>I orrHCaHH5I KOTOpbIX He CJleayeT HC-
n0J1b30BaTb ,lJ,aHHble CJIOBa. STO, KOHeqHO, rrpOCTOH CJIyqaH, HO 3TH
)lBa BUaa npor.r.e,lJ,YP ;6Y,lJ,YT B03MO)KHbI rro KpaHHeH Mepe ,lJ,JI5I HaH60-
J1ee 06IIl.eynoTpe6IITeJIbHbIX CJIOB. ECJIH)Ke 51 3aXOqy BbI5ICHHTb,
«nOHII:\1aeT JIH OH 3HaqeHHe CJIOBa xapaKTepflblU», TO TaK)Ke ,lJ,OJI-
JKeH lleHICTBOBaTb 3THMH ,lI.BYM5I crroc06aMH, KOTopble, Bep05lTHO, He
MorYT 6bITb OT ,lJ,eJIeHbI O,lJ,HH OT ,lJ,pyroro.
DOJIyqHB npe,lJ,JIO)KeHHbIM BbIllie crroc060M OTBeTbI Ha BorrpOCbr
TlIna: «4TO 51BJI5IeTC5I 3HaqeHHeM (C.HOBa) «KpbIca»?», «4TO 51BJI5I-
eTC5I 3HaqeHIIeM (CJIOBa) «KOIilKa»?», «lITO 5IBJI5IeTC5I 3HaqeHHeM
(CJIOBa) «llHHOBKa»?» H OCTaBa5lCb cpHJIOcocpaMH, MbI rrbITaeMC5I 3a-
Jl,aTb CJIe,lJ,YIOII.I.HH o6U{uil Borrpoc: «4TO TaKoe 3HaqeHHe CJIOBa?»
Q,L{HaKO B 3TOM Bonpoce eCTb KaKOH-TO rrO,lJ,JIor. MbI He nO,lJ,pa3Y-
MeBae:\1 cera nOMOII.I.blO BrrOJIHe rrpIIeMJIeMbIH Borrpoc «4'T0 TaKoe
3HaqeHHe (CJIOBa) «CJIOBO»?», rrOCKOJIbKY aTOT Borrpoc 6Y,lJ,eT He 60-
.,1Jee 06II.I.II\1 qeM Borrpoc 0 3HaqeHHH CJIOBa «Kpblca», H Ha Hero
MO)KHO OTBeTHTb CXOllHbIM 06pa30M. CKopee, l\1:bI XOTHM cnpOCHTb:
«lITO TaKoe 3HaqeHHe CJIOBa-B006IIl.e?» (HJIH «JI1060ro CJIOBa») Ie-
nepb, eCJIH MbI Ha MrHOBeHHe OCTaHOBHMC5I ,lJ,JI5I Toro qT06bI rro,lJ,Y-
MaTb, TO 06HapY)KIIM, qTO 3TO COBepllIeHHO a6CYP,lJ,HbIH Borrpoc,
QTo6bI nbITaTbC5I Ha Hero OTBeqaTb. 51 Mory 3a,lJ,aBaTb TOJIbKO Borr-
POCbI, HMelOII.I.He cpOPMY: «lITO TaKoe 3HaqeHHe «X»?», eCJIH «X»
eCTb HeKOTopoe KOHKpeTHoe CJIOBO, 0 KOTOpO\1 crrpallIHBaeTC5I. Halli
npeII.llOJIaraeMbIH 06II.I.HH Borrpoc B ,lJ,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 5IBJI5IeTC5I
CO nfHTeJIbHbIM BorrpOCOM - O,lJ,HHM H3 Tex, qTO qaCTO B03HHKalOT B
CPHJ10C0<pHH. MbI MO)KeM Ha3bIBaTb 3TO 3a6.J1Y)K,lJ,eHHe crrpallIHBaHH-
\1 «UIiIJerO-B-IJaCTHOCTH», KOTopoe 06bIIJHO OCYLK.n:aeTCSI 3.n:paBO-
hICJ1Hll1.IIMH JIIO,lJ,bMH, HO C HeKOTopbIM CaMO,lJ,OBOJIbCTBOM rrpH3Ha-
n 1CH <PIIJIococpaMH H Ha3bIBaeTC5I HMH «reHepaJIH3ar.r.HeH» MO)KHO
II PliBeCTH MHOlKeCTBO npHMepOB rrO)1,06HbIX 3a6JIY)K,lJ,eHHH, B qaCT-
C TIi, co CJIOBOM «peaJIbHOCTb». MbI HaIJHHaeM 'C 06bJoIJHOrO Bonpo-
I{ . «I<aK MO)KHO OTJIHqHTb peaJIbHYIO KPbICY OT Boo6pa)KaeMOH
l{ blCbI?», a 3aKaHqHBae BonpOCOM: «1.JTO TaKoe peaJIbHaSl BeIll.b?»,
10PbIH npOCTO rrpHBO,LIJIT K B03HlIKHOBeHHIO a6cYP,lI.a.
107
OlllH6KY B ,lJ,aHHOM CJIYlJae MbI MO)KeM rrpOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaTb CJIe..
J1.YIOlll.HM 06pa30M BMeCTO Toro lJT06bI crrpaIllHBaTb: «4To. TaKoe
3HaqeHHe (CJIOBa) «KpbIca»?», MbI MO)KeM crrpOCHTb: «4TO TaKoe
«KpbIca»?» H T. ,lJ,. Ho eCJIH HaIll Borrpoc 6Y,lJ,eT rrOCTaBJIeH B 8TOU
<popMe, TO CTaHOBHTC5I OlJeHb TPY,lJ,HO CcpOPMYJIHpOBaTb JII06ble 06..
U{ue BorrpocbI, HHTepeCYIOIII.He Hac B ,lJ,aHHbIH MOMeHT. MO)KeT 6bITb,
rrollOHller cpopMa: «4TO TaKoe qTO-HH6Y,llb?» HeMHorHe cpHJIOC0<phI
6bIJIH HaCTOJIbKO 6e3paCCY,lJ,HO xpa6pbI, lJT06bI OTBa)KHTbC5I 3a,lJ,a...
BaTb rrO,lJ,06Hble BOrrpOCbI. n03TOMY MbI He ,lJ,OJI)KHbI CKJIOH5ITbC5I K
TO:\1Y, QT06bI 0606lll.aTb Borrpoc «3HaeT JIH OH 3HalJeHHe (CJIOBa)
«KpbIca»?» ,lJ,0 Borrpoca «3HaeT JIH OH 3HalJeHHe CJIOBa?», KOTOpbIH
CTaHOBHTC5I npocTo HeJIerrbIM.
CTOJIKHYBIllHCb JIHUOM K JIHUY c a6CYP,lJ,HbIM BorrpocoM «4TO
eCTb 3HalJeHHe CJIOBa?» H, B03MO)KHO, He5lCHO rrpH3HaBa5l, lJTO OR II
JI.0JI)KeH 6bITb a6CYP,lJ,HbIM, MbI TeM He MeHee He crreIllHM MaXHYTb
Ha Hero PYKOH. BMeCTO 3Toro HaM CJIe,lJ,yeT TI.I:{aTeJIbHO H3YlJHTb
TpaHccpopMaUHH 3Toro Borrpoca. ,[Lo CHX rrop Y Hac crr.paIlIHBaJIII:
«l.fTo-eCTb-3rtatteHUe (CJIOBa) «KpbIca»?» II T. ,lJ,., BrrJIOTb ,lJ,O «lfTO-
eCTb-3HatieHUe CJIOBa?» C6HTble C TOJIKY, MbI 1I3MeHHM HarrHcaHHe
,lJ,ecpHca, lJTo6bI crrpOCHTb: «4TO eCTb 3HatieHUe-CAosa?» HJIH «l.JTO
TaKoe «3HaqeHHe» CJIOBa?» (1. 22). ,[LJI5I KpaTKocTH 51 TOJIbKO YKa-
)KY ,lJ,PyroH Borrpoc (J .21). J1erKo BH,lI.eTb, HaCKOJIbKO 3TH BorrpOCbI
OTJIHlJaIOTC5I O,lJ,HH OT ,lJ,Pyroro. OJl.HaKO MHO)KeCTBO Tpa,lJ,HUHOHHbIX
OTBeTOB THrra: «nOH5ITHe», «H,lJ,eH», «rrpeLLCTaBJIeHHe», «KJIaCC cxo,n-
HbIX Olll.YlIleHHH» paBHO 51BJI5IIOTC5I COMHHTeJIbHbIMH OTBeTaMH Ha
rrCeB,lJ,OBOrrpOC DpO,lI.BHra5lCb HJIH, CKopee, B03BpaIII.a5lCb Ha He-
CKOJIbKO lllarOB Ha3a,lJ" MbI rrpo)J.OJI)KHM 3a,lJ,aBaTb BorrpOCbI THI1a:
«4TO eCTb 3HalJeHHe-CJIOBa «KpbIca»?», KOTOpbIH HaCTOJIbKO )Ke
COMHHTeJIeH, HaCKOJIbKO Borrpoc «I1To-ecTb-3HalJeHHe (CJIOBa) «KPbI-
ca»?» rrO,lJ,JIHHeH. 11 CHOBa MbI OTBelJaeM: «Hlle51 KpbICbI» H TaK .n.a-
JIee. HaCKOJIbKO 3a6aBHa ,lI.aHHa51 rrpoue,lJ,ypa, IvlO)KHO ce6e Y5ICHHTb
H3 CJIe,lI.YIOlll.ero rrpHMepa. Dpe,lJ,rrOJIO)KHM, lJTO 3,lJ,paBOMbICJI5IIJ Hii
lJeJIOBeK, HaXO,lJ.51Cb B 3aTpy,lI.HeHIIH, crrpalllHBaeT MeH5I: «4TO 51BJI5I-
eTC5I 3HaQeHHeM (CJIOBa) «BJIa)KHOCTb»?» II rrOJIYlJaeT OTBeT: «11)J.e5I
nOH5ITH5I "BJIa)KHOCTb"» HJIH «I(.nacc qYBCTBeHHbIX )J.aHHbIX, KOTO-
pble COOTBeTCTBYIOT TOMY, QTOObI MO)l(HO 6bIJIO CKa3aTb: "BJIa)K-
HO"». CKopee Bcero 3TOT lJeJIOBeK COlJTeT l\1eH5I CJIa60YMHbIM. .Ll\I1a e
)Ke rrOCJIe 3Toro c.nellyeT C1I.eJIaTb BbIBO,lJ" QTO 51 npe,lI.JIO)KHJI e\fY
06'b5lCHeHH5I He Toro copTa KOTopble OH OT MeH5I O)KH,lJ,aJI.
,LlJI5I Toro lJT06bI pa306JIaQHTb 3TOT rrceB;IOBorrpoc, .lI.aBaHTe pac
CMOTpHM rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIH CJIYlJafI, KOTOpbIH rrOKa elll.e HHKoro fie
BBOllHJI B 3a6JIY)K,lJ,eHHe. Dpe,lJ,rrOJIO)KHM, lJTO 51 crrpalllHBalO: «B qel\1
C:\1bICJ1 COBepIlleHH5I TorO-TO-H-TorO-TO?» HarrpHMep, 51 cnpallIHBalO
CTaporo CB5Illl.eHHIIKa YHJIb5lMa: «B lJeM Cl\IbICJI CT05lHH5I Ha ro JIO -
Be?» HJIH «B lJeM CMbICJI 6aJIaHCHpOBaHH5I yrpeM Ha KOHlJHKe lID.
ca?» nOJIYlJHB CTaH,lI.apTHbIH OTBeT, 51 3a.n.alO CBOH TpeTHfl Bonpoc.
«B qeM CMbICJI COBepllleHIIH tte20-Hu6y8b - He qerO-HH6Y,lJ,b B qac T
HOCTH, a rrpOCTO tte20-Hu6y8b?» TYT OH MeH5I, 6e3 COl\IHeHH5I, npoc"
TO CTOJIKHeT C JIeCTHHilbI Ho KTO-TO pyroH, nOCTaBHB 3TOT )l{e
108
130npOC H He HaH,L{5J Ha Hero OTBeT , OtIeHb B03MO)KHO, 6YAeT BbI-
fIyLKlI. eH nOKOHQHTb )KH3Hb caMOYOHHCTBOM HJIH oopaTHThC51 K Il.e K-
.aU (K CqaCTbIO, Ha Bonpoc: «KaKOBO 3HaqeHHe CJIOBa?» pearnpllOT
l\'IeHee cepbe3HO, OrpaHHQHBaHCb HanHcaHHeM KHHr.) C ,npyroH CTo-
pOHbI, OOJIee CMeJIbIH HHTeJIJIeKTyaJI CTaHeT, 6e3 BC5IKOro COMHeHHH
cnpalllHBaTb: «B tIeM CMbICJI-COBepllIeHHH-HeKOToporo-,neJIa?» HJIH;
«B tIeM «CMbICJI» COBepllleHH5J tIerO-TO?», nepeXO,L{5J nOCTeneHHO K
.BorrpocaM THna: «tITO HBJI5IeTC5I CMbICJIOM-nOellaHH5J-CaJIa?» Ii T. ll.
TaKHM 06pa30M, MbI ,L{OJI)KHbI 6Y)1,eM 3aBeCTH HOBbIH YHHBepCYM
.cy1ll.HOCTeH «CMbICJl COBepllIeHH5I» He COMHeBa5ICb npe,L{BapHTeJIbHO
B HX CYll.(eCTBOBaHHH.
,LlJI5J np05JCHeHH5J cHTya HH )1,aBaHTe paCCMOTpHM npHMep, KO-
70pbIH OTJlUttefl OT CJIYtIa5I «lITO TaKoe 3HatIeHHe?». 51 Mory He TOJIb-
KO cnpOCHTb: «tITO TaKoe KBa.u.paTHbIH KopeHb H3 4?», HO TaK)J{e
3a.n;aTb Bonpoc: «qTO TaKoe KBa)1,paTHbIH KopeHb H3 tIHCJIa?», KOTO-
phIH HJIH aocyp.neH, HJIH 3KBHBaJIeHTeH Bonpocy «qTO TaKoe «KBa)1,-
paTHbIH KopeHb» H3 tIHCJIa?» 51 Mory )laTb JI.ecpHHH HIO «KBa)1,paT-
Horo KOpH5J» H3 QHCJIa, a HMeHHO: )1,JI5J JIlO'Ooro )1,aHHOrO l1HCJIa X
«KBa)1,paTHHH KopeHb H3 x» eCTb onpe)1,eJIeHHa5I .neCKpHn H5I )1,py-
Toro tIlfoCJIa Y. llpHBe)1,eHHbIH npHMep OTJIH11aeTC5I OT Halliero CJIYtIa5I
TeM, tITO «3HatIeHHe p» He 5IBJI5IeTC5I onpe)1,eJIeHHOH ,neCKpHn HeH
J(aKOH -JIH60 CYIIl.HOCTH.
06lI(HH Bonpoc, KOTOpbIH MbI XOTHM 3a,U.aTb no nOBO,L{y «3HatIe-
HH5J» HaHJIYtIIllHM oopa30M cpOPMYJIHpyeTC5I TaK: «tITo-ecTb-3HatIe-
HHe (cppa3bI) «11TO-eCTb-3Ha11eHHe (CJIOBa) «X»?» Tun OTBeTa, KO-
TOpbIH HaM CJIelI,yeT )laTb Ha .9TOT BnOJIHe pa3YMHbIH Bonpoc,- TOT
caMbIH, C KOToporo S1 HaIIHHaJI o6CY)K)1,eHHe. Kor)1,a MeH5I cnpallIH-
BaIOT: «qTo-ecTb-3HatIeHHe (CJIOBa) «X»?», 51 OTBetIalO, OO'b5ICH5J5I
era CHHTaKCHC H ,neMOHCTpHpY5I ero ceMaHTHKY.
3TO Bce ,QOJI)KHO Ka3aTbC5I OtIeBH,L{HbIM, HO 51 XOTeJI 6bI OTMeTHTb,
lITO CKa3aHHoe, O)1,HaKO, JIerKO 3aObIBaeTC5J. ,[La*e Te, KTO CtIHTa-
lOT, tITO «nOH5ITH5I», «aOCTpaKTHbIe H)1,eH» H T. ,L{. 5IBJI5IIOTC5I CPHK-
TilBHbIMH CYIII.HOCT5IMH, KOTOpbIM MbI tIaCTHtIHO 065I3aHbI HallIHMH
BonpocaMH no nOBO,L{Y «3HatIeHH5I CJIOBa», TeM He MeHee ,L{YMaIOT,
6Y!I.TO eCTb HettTO, HBJI5IIOIIl.eeC5I «3HatIeHHeM CJIOBa». TaK, X3Mn-
UllIp 1 nO,L{Bepr KpHTHKe TeopHIO, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH CYIIl.eCTByeT Ta-
Ka5I BeIIl.b, KaK «3flatteflue CJloea». OH CtIHTaeT OillHOOIIHbIM MHeHHe
{) TOM, tITO eCTb eaUHUtlflaR BeIIl.b, Ha3bIBaeMa5I 3HatIeHHeM; H eCJIH
«nOH5JTHe» Ha .9TY pOJIb He nOAXO)1,HT, TO HH O,L{HH «oopa3» He MO-
)KeT ObITb e)1,HHCTBeHHbIM 3HatIeHHeM OOIIl.ero CJIOBa. Ha OCHOBa-
HilH .9TOrO X.9MnIllHp nOC'IHTaJI, l1TO 3HatIeHHeM CJIOBa B ,L{eHCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH ,L{OJI)KeH ObITb «KJIaCC CXO,L{HbIX e,L{HHHtIHbIX H,L{eH». «ECJIH
Hac cnpaIllHBalOT: «qTO .9TO 3HatIHT?», TO MbI YKa3bIBaeM (I) KJIaOC
el1.ilHHtIHbIX HIleH». Ho «KJIaCC eIlHHHtIHbIX HIleH» TaK )J{e 5IBJI5JeTCH
HKTHBHOH CYIIl.HOCTblO, KaK «nOHHTHe» H H «aOCTpaKTHaH H,L{eH».
----
.1 "Ideas, Propositions and Signs" in the "Proceedings of the Aristotelian
. OClety", 1939-1940 *.
109
CXO,lI.HbIM 06pa30Y1 4. Y. lV10ppHC (B 3fll{uKAoneiJuu e8ufloii flaYKu)
KpHTHKOBaJI Tex, KTO ClJHTalOT «3HalJeHHe» lJeM-TO onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIM,
TeM, lJTO «npocTo JIOKaJIH30BaHO» r ,lI.e-TO. OlllH6Ka, no ero MHeHHIO,
3aKJIlOlJaeTC5! B TOM, lJTO JIlOllH ,lIYMaIOT 0 «3HalJeHHH» KaK 0 BH e
CYIIl.HOCTH, KOTOpa5! MOMeT 6bITb nOJIHOCTblO onHcaHa 6e3 YKa3aHH51
Ha 06IIl.YIO ,lI.e5!TeJIbHOCTb «ce IH03Hca» *. OH TaKMe C,lI.eJIaJI He-
CKOJIbKO Henp0,lIYMaHHWX 3a elJaHHH no rrOBO,lI.Y «,lI.eCHrHaTYMa»
C.HOBa - KaM,lI.bIH 3HaK HMeeT ,lI.eCHrHaTYM, KOTOpbIH npe,lI.CTaBJI5Ier
c060ll: He e,lI.HHHlJHYIO Bemb, a Tun HJIH KAacc 06'beKTOB. Ho 3Tor
«)leCHrHaTY\1» eCTb TaKa5! Me <pHKTHBHa5! CY HOCTb, KaK H «rrJIa.
TOHOBCKa5! H,lI.e5!», BBO,lI.HMa5! H3-3a TOll: Me CaMOll: OlllH6KH pa3bI'C
KaHH5! «3HalJeHH5! (HJIH ,lI.eCHrHaTYMa) CJIOBa».
TIOlJeMY Me Mbl CKJIOHHbI He3aMeTHO B03BpamaTbC5! Ha3a,lI., Ha
npOTopeHHbIll: nYTb 3a6JIYM,lI.eHHll:? Ha 3TO eCTb TPH rJIaBHble npH-
lJHHbl. Bo-nepBbIX, CYIIl.eCTByeT crpaHHaH YBepeHHOCTb B TOM, 6Y,lI.TO
Bce CJIOBa 5!BJI5!IOTC5! uMeflalJttU T. e. cpaKTHlJeCKH co6CTBeflflbtMu
HMeHaY1H. TI03T0Y1Y OHM 0603HalJalOT H YKa3bIBalOT TeM Me caMbIM
cnoc060M, 4TO H c06CTBeHHble HMeHa. Ho TOlJKa 3peHH5!, npH3HaIO-
maR, lJTO 06IIl.He HMeHa «HMeIOT ,lI.eHOTaT» TaK )Ke, KaK ero HMeIOT
HMeHa c06cTBeHHbIe, CTOJIb Me 01llH60lJHa, KaK H TOlJKa 3peHH5I
npH3HalOIIl.a5!, lJTO c06CTBeHHbIe HMeHa «HMeIOT KOHHOTaUHIO» **
TaK Me, KaK ee H\1eIOT 06IIl.He HMeHa. BO-BTOpbIX, MbI CTpa,lI.aeM 60-
JIee 06IIl.ell: 60JIe3HblO, KOTOpa5! 3aKJIIOlJaeTC5! B CJIe,lI.YIOIIl.eM. ECJI"
MbI ,lIaeY1 aHaJIH3 onpe,lI.eJIeHHOrO npe,lI.JIOMeHH5!, CO,lI.epMaIIl.ero CJIO-
BO HJIH cppa3Y «X» MbI CKJI0H5!elVIC5! K TOMY, lJT06bI no pe3YJIbTaTaM
Halllero aHaJIH3a BbI5!CHHTb: «4TO B 3TOlJtt eCTb «X»?» HanpH\1ep
MbI npOBeJIH aHaJIH3 npe,lI.JIOMeHH5! «rocy ,lI.apCTBO BJIa eeT 3TOH
3eMJIeH» C nOMOIIl.blO npe)lJIOMeHHll: 06 OT,lI.e,,1JbHbIX JIIO,lI.5!X, HX OT-
HOllleHH5!X H B3aHMO,lI.ell:CTBH5!X. 3aTeM MbI cnpalllHBaeM: «XOPOIllO,
HO liTO BO BceM 3TOM eCTb rOCY,lI.apCTBO?» Ii MOrJIH 6bI OTBeTHTb, lJTO
rocY,lI.a pCTBO eCTb cOBoKynHocTb HH,lI.HBH,lI.OB, 06'be,lI.HHeHHbIX orrpe-
,lI.eJIeHHbIM 06pa30M. IiJIH, eCJIH MbI npOaHaJI1I3HpOBaJIH YTBepM)le-
HHe «,QepeBb5! MorYT cymecTBoBaTb HeBocnpHHHMaeMbIMH» lJepe
YTBepMlleHH5! 0 lJYBCTBeHHbIX ,lI.aHHbIX, TO He ycnoKOHM{'5) ,lI.0 Te
nop, nOKa He CKaMeM, lJTO fleliTO «8eUCTBUTeJlbflO» «cyIIl.eCTByeT He-
BocnpHH MaeMbIM» - OTCIO,lI.a TeopHH no nOBO,lI.y «ceHCH6HJIHll:» **
B HallleM Me CJIY1.Iae, nOJIYlJHB Bce, lJTO Tpe60BaJIOCb, a HMeHHO.
06'b5!CHeHHe Bonpoca «4To-eCTb-3HaQeHHe «4To-eCTb-3HalJeHfl e
(CJIOBa) «X»?», MbI Bce ell{e CKJIOH5!eMCH K 01llH60lJHOMY npe,lI.no"
JIOMeHHIO 0 TOM, qTO Hallle HCXO,lI.HOe npe,lI.JIOMeHHe CO,lI.epMHT coC-
TaBJI5!1OIIl.YIO lJaCTb «3HalJeHHe (CJIOBa) «X»», lJT06bI cnpOCHTb:
«XOPOlllO, HO lJTO )Ke eCTb 3HalJeHUe CJIOBa «X», B KOHIJ.e KOHUOB?>
Ii MbI OTBelJaeM: «KJIacc CXO,lI.HbIX e,lI.HHHlJHbIX H,lI.eH:».
Pa3YMeeTC5!, Moe 06'b5!CHeHHe IOTHBOB, JIeJKaIIl.HX 3a BceM 3TlI '
MOMeT '6bITb TOJIbKO Y,lI.06HOH: .1I.H,lI.aKTHlJeCKOH: CXeMOH:. XOT5! 51 lIe
,lI.YMalO, lJTO 3TO TaK, HO H OC03HalO, lJTO HeJIb3H npHnHCbIBaTb ,apY'"
rHM MOTHBbI, oc06eHHO paIJ.HOHaJIbHbIe MOTHBbl. TaK HJIH HHalJe lID
51 YTBepMllalO, lJTO fleT flU 08fl020 npOCToro H HMelOIII.erOC5! rro)J. pY'"
KOH 'CJIOBa, Ha3bIBaeMoro «3HalJeHHeM (CJIOBa) <<.X»».
110
II
Tenepb 51 nepexo)KY K nepBOMY H3 llBYX nOJIO)KeHHH, KOTO-
pble HY)K,lI.aIOTC5! B TmaTeJIbHOM HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH, eCJIH HaM 60JIblIle
lIe HaB5!3bIBaeTC51 «Y,lI.06Ha5!» cppa3a «3HalJeHHe CJIOBa». To, 0 lJeM
}I 3,aeCb oy,lI.Y rOBopHTb, He CTOJIb 5!CHO, KaK 3TO ,lI.OJI)KHO 6bITb.
MbI nOCT05!HHO 3a,lI.aeM Borrpoc: «5IBJI5!eTC5! JIH Y 3HalJeHHeM
IfJIH tiaCTblO 3HaqeHH5l, HJIH C08epJICUTCfl B 3HaqeHHH X HJIH HeT?».
113JII06JIeHHbIH cnoc06 OTBeTa Ha JI,aHHbIH Bonpoc - B CBOIO Oqepe,ll,b
cnpOCHTb: «5IBJI5leTC5! JIH CY)K,lI.eHHe «X eCTb Y» aHaJIHTHqeCKHM HJIH
CJIHTeTHqeCKHM?» MbI npe,ll,nOJIaraeM, qTO JI Jlu60 iJOJlaICHO 6bITb
qaCTblO 3HaqeHH5! X, JIH60 Bo06 e He eCTb ero qaCTb. Tor,lI.a eCJIH
Y JlBJlfleTCfl qaCTblO 3HaqeHH5! X J CJIe,lI.yeT CKa3aTb, qTO cY)K,lI.eHHe
X He eCTb Y» 6Y,lI.eT caMonpOTHBOpeqHBbIM; B TO me BpeMH eCJIH
Y He flBJlfleTC'fl qaCTblO 3HaqeHH5l X, TO CKa3aTb, qTO «X He eCTb
Y», MO)KHO 6e3 BC5!KHX 3aTpY,lI.HeHHH - TaKoe nOJIO)KeHHe ,lI.eJI 6y-
):leT JIerKO «nOHHTHbIM». Ka)KeTC5!, qTO Bce CKa3aHHoe ,lI.OJI)KHO 6bITb
IlHCTeHIIIHM 3,lI.paBbIM CMbICJIOM 3TO H 6blAO 6bl qHCTeHIIIHM 3,lI.pa-
BbIM CVIbICJIOM, eCJIH 6bI «3HaqeHHe» 6bIJIO BemblO B caMOM 06bIlJ-
HOM CMbICJIe, KOTOpa5! caMa COCTOHT H3 qaCTeH. Ho OHO TaKOBOH He
JlBAfleTCfl. K CO)KaJIeHHIO, MHorHe <pHJIOCOcpbI, KOTopbIe 3HaIOT, lJTO
-«3HaqeHHe» He 5!BJI5!eTC5! BemblO, rOBOp5IT TaK, KaK 6Y,lI.TO Y ,lI.OJI)K-
liO 6bITb HJIH He 6bITb «qaCTblO 3HaqeHH5!» X. CYTb ,lI.eJIa 3aKJIlOqa-
eTC5J B CJIe,lI.YlOmeM: eCJlU «o6'bHCHeHHe 3HaqeHH5! CJIOBa» H B ca-
MOM ,lIeJIe eCTb OC06bIH' BH,lI. ,lI.e5ITeJIbHOCTH H eCJlU HeT HHqerO, qTO
.1leH'CTBHTeJIbHO CJIe,lI.yeT Ha3bIBaTb «3HaqeHHeM CJIOBa», T02iJa cppa-
3bI THna «qaCTb 3HaqeHH5! CJIOBa X», KaK H «JIeBOe, BHC5!mee B B03-
..n.yxe», 5!BJI5!IOTC5! nOJIHOCTblO HeOrrpe,lI.eJIeHHbIMH - MbI npOCTO He
nOHHMaeM, lJTO 3TO 3HaqHT Bo06me. Mbt UCnOJlb3yeM pa60tiy1O MO-
oeAb, He COOTBeTCTBYIOU{YIO cpaKTaM, 0 KOTOpblX Mbl iJeCicTBUTeAb-
HO XOTUlJtt 20BOpUTb. Kor)la )Ke MbI paCCMOTpHM HMeHHO TO, 0 qeM
XOTHM rOBopHTb, a He pa60qyIO MO,lI.eJIb, BCTaHeT Bonpoc 0 TOM,
lITO Bo06me nO,lI.pa3YMeBaeTC5! rro,lI. TeM, qTO cY)K,lI.eHHe 5!BJI5!eTC5!
JIJIH «aHaJIHTHqeCKHM», IfJIH «CHHTeTHqeCKHM». 3Toro MbI npOCTO
He 3HaeM. KOHeQHO, MbI qYBCTByeM CKJIOHHOCTb CKa3aTb: «MO)KHO
.JIerKO npHBeCTH npHMepbI aHaJIHTHqeCKHX H CHHTeTHqeCKHX cY)K,lI.e-
HHii: «DbITb npo<peccopOM He 5!BJI5IeTCH qaCTblO 3HaqeHH5I 6bITb lJe-
JIOBeKOM» H T. ,lI..; «A eCTb A 5!BJI5!eTC5! aHaJIHTHqeCKHM (CY)K,lI.eHH-
eM) ». Bce 3TO TaK, HO OT Hac Be,lI.b Tpe6YIOT o6U{ylO iJecpUHUl{UIO
Toro, 1.ITO MbI nO,lI.pa3YMeBaeM no,lI. «aHaJIHTHqeCKHM» H «CHHTeTHlJe-
-CKHM». ECJIH )Ke MbI JIHlIIb c06HpaeM'C5! nO,lI.TBep,lI.HTb HalIIy iJ02MY 0
TOM, 6Y,lI.TO KaaIC80e CY)K,lI.eHHe 5!BJI5!eTC5! JIH60 aHaJIHTHqeCKHM, JIH-
60 cHHTeTHqeCKHM, TO 06HapY)KHBaeM, lJTO He cnoc06HbI npH6eraTb
K nOMOIll.H qero 6bl TO HH 6bIJIO, 3a UCKAlOtieflUeM flatueu pa60tieu
.Ato8eJlu. C caMoro HaqaJIa 5!CHO, qTO 'C nOMOmblO 3TOH MO,lI.eJIH He
Y.l(acTC5! npOBeCTH pa3JIHqHe Me)KllY CHHTaKCHCOM H ceMaHTHKOH.
lianpHMep, rOBopHTb 0 npOTHBOpeqHBOCTH Ka)KllOrO npe,lI.JIO)KeHH5!
(T. e. HBJI5!eTC5! JIH OHO 'caMonpOTliBOpelJHBbIM HJIH HeT), 3HaqHT ro-
BOPHTb, 6Y,lI.TO Bce npe,llJIO)KeHH5!, KOTopbIe HaM 3anpew.aeTC5! BbI-
111
CKa3bIBaTb,. HapYlIIalOT CUHTaKCutteCKUe npaBHJIa H MOrYT 6bITb pe...
JI.YIl.HpOBaHbI K 6YKBaJIbHbIM CaMOrrpOTHBOpe1JHHM. Ho rrpH .9TOM
yrrYCKalOTCH H3 BH.ny CeM8HTH1JeCKHe C006pa)KeHH51, 1JTO, K COJKa-
JIeHHIO, CBOHCTBeHHO <l>HJIOco<pa 1. ,LLaBaHTe paCCMOTpHM ,nBa CJIyqa51
B OTHOlIIeHH'H Be eH, 0 KOTOpbIX npOCTO HH1JerO Hellb3fl CKaaaTb,
XOTH OHH H He HBJI51IOTCH «caMorrpOTHBOpe1JHBbIMH», H MbI He CKJIOH-
RbI rOBopHTb, 1JTO HMeeM «CHHTeTH1JeCKOe arrpHopHoe» 3HaHHe HX
rrpOTHBOpe1JHBOCTII (B 1JeM MHorHe, pa3YMeeT'CH, '6bIJIH 6bI 3aHHTe...
peCOBaHbI) .
Ha1JHeM co CJIY1JaH, KOTOpbIH, 6y,n:Y1JH OTHeceH CKopee K npea-
IlOJICeHUflM, 1JeM K CIlOBaM, He COBceM COOTBeTcTByeT TeMe pa3rOBO-
pa, 3aTO tCMO)KeT Hac Boo,nYlIIeBHTb B03bMeM XOpOlIIO H3BeCTHoe
BbICKa3bIBaHHe «KOlIIKa Ha KOBpHKe, HO H .9TOMY He Bepro» * OHO
Ka)KeTCH a6cyp.n.HbIM. C ,npyroM CTOpOHbI, «KOIliKa Ha KQBpHKe, H H
.9TOMY BeplO» Ka)KeTCH TpHBHaJIbHbIM. ECJIH MbI rrpHMeHHM Tpa,lJ,H-
I.J.HOHHYID ,n:HXOTOMHIO H CKa)KeM, 1JTO llu60 BbICKa3bIBaHHe p npe,n:..
nOJIaraeT BbICKa3bIBaHHe r JIH60 P COBMeCTHMO 'C He-f, TO no OT-
HOllIeHHIO K HalIIeMY npHMepy MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 1JTO «KOlIIKa Ha KOB-
pHKe» npeonOlla2aeT «H 51 .9TOMY BeplO», 1I3 1Jero 'CJIe.n.yeT TPHBH-
aJIbHOCTb .n.o6aSJIeHH5I «If 51 .9TOM)' seplO», a TaK)Ke a6cyp,n:HOCTb
J(06aBJIeHHH «HO 51 3TOMY He BeplO». KOHe1JHO, «KOlIIh.a Ha KOBpHKe»
lie npe,n:nOJIaraeT Toro, 1JTO «OCTHH BepHT, 1JTO KOlIIKa Ha KOBpIIKe»
HJIM 1JTO «rOBopH HH BepHT, 1JTO KOlIIKa Ha KOBpHKe», nOCKOJIbKY
rOBOp5l HH MO)KeT JIraTb. Ha caMOM ,n:eJIe He p, a YTBepJIC8eHue r
npe,n:nOJIaraeT: «51 (TOT, KTO YTBep2K,naeT p) Bepro, 1JTO p». «ll peJ(-
nOJIaraeT» 3.n.eCb ,n:OJI)KHO 6bITb ,n:aHO B crreIl.lIaJIbHOM CMbICJIe, TaK
KaK CYTb He B TOM, 1JTO «51 YTBep)K,n:alO p» npe,n:rrOJIaraeT (B 06bI1J-
HOM CMbICJIe) «51 BeplO, 1JTO p», nOCKOJIbKY 51 Mory JIraTb. CMbICJ1
3,neCb TOT me, 1JTO H IIPII 3a,n:aBaHHH Borrpoca, Kor,n:a 51 «rro,n:pa3Y-
MeBalO», 1JTO He 3HalO Ha Hero OT,BeTa. YTBep)K.n.aH p, 51 8alO no-
liflTb, 1JTO BeplO, 1JTO p.
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Ke, HO 51 3TOMY He seplO», 3aKJII01JaeTCH He B HapymeHHH CHHTaK-
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npe,n:JIO)KeHHe «p, HO 51 M02 6bl 3TOMY He nOBepHTb» BnOJIHe HMeeT
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)KeT 6bITb, He Q». To, 1JTO nperr5lTcTByeT HaM rOBopHTh, 1JTO «P»"
npe,n:'rrOJIaraeT «51 BeplO, 1JTO p» B 05bItIHOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa «npe,lI.llO-
JIaraeT», ,n:eMOHcTpHpyeTcH 'CJIe,n:YIOIII.HM <paKTOM: XOTH He-Q (Ka-
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HBJIHeTCH a6cyp,n:OM. Ho B 06W1JHUX cJIY1Ja5lx npe,n:nOJIaraHHH fie
TOJIbKO He-Q a6CYPJ(HO, HO H «MO)KeT 6bITb, He Q» TOJICe a6cyp)lHO.
HanpHMep, «TpeyrOJIhHHKH 51BJI5IIOTC5I <pHry.paMH H TpeyrOJI.bHliJ{JI
112
fie HMelOT cpOpMbI» He 60JIee a6cyp.n. HO , qeM «TpeyrOJIbHHKH 5IBJI51'"
IOTC5I cpHrypaMH H TpeyrOJIbHHKH MorYT He HMeTb cpOpMbI». Pac-
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onpe,lI.eJIHTb, B 06blfiflOM IlU CMbICJIe p «npe,lI.nOJIaraeT» r HJIH TOJIb-
KO B cneI1.HaJIbHOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa «npe,lI.nOJIaraTb».
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)KeHHe, KOTopoe, Ha MOM B3rJI5IJI, He MO)KeT KJIaCCHcpHI1.HpOBaTbCH
U)lU KaK «aHaJIHTHIIeCKoe», UIlU KaK «CHHTeTHIIeCKoe». 51 HMelO B
BH.n.y npe.n.JIO)KeHHe «3TOT X 'CYI.IJ.eCTByeT», r,lI.e X eCTb HeIITO OI.IJ.y-
maeMoe, HanpHMep, «3TOT IIIYM CYIIlecTByeT». TIpH rronbITKe KJIaC-
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npe)1JIO)KeHHH «3TOT lllYM CYlIJ.eCTByeT»,H Ha a6CYP,lI.HOCTb npe,lI.JIO-
)KeHH5I «3TOT lllYM He CYI.IJ.eCTByeT». CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, MO)KHO 6bIJIO
6 CKa3aTb, IITO cyU{eCTBOBaflue eCTb «IIaCTb 3HaIIeHHH» (CJIOBa)
aTOT. ,LLpyrHe 6bI OTMeTHJIH, IITO npe,lI.JIO)KeHHe «3TOT lllYM Mor 6bJ
He CYlIJ.eCTBOBaTb» 06JIa,lI.aeT CMbICJIOM. Ho Tor,lI.a cyU{eCTBOBaflue'
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peKTHbI B CBOHX apZYM efl Tax, HO HeKop.peKTHbI B CBOHX BbtBoiJax.
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30eaflue clloea «3TOT» (HO He caMO CJIOBO «3TOT») n03eOilRer no-
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I1cTopHqeCKH, Bep05lTHO, npHBe,lI.eHHbIH cpaKT no nOBO,lI.Y Tpex
npeJIJIO)KeHHH: «3TOT lllYM cymecTByeT», «3TOT lIlYM He cYIIlecT-
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ecTByeT» .n.OJI)KHO '6bITb JIH60 aHaJIHTHQeCKHM, JIH60 CHHTeTHIIe-
CKHM. MHorHe cpHJIOCOcpbI TpeBO{)fCUIlUCb no nOBO.n.y .9TOrO cpaKTa t
npe,lI.rrOJIaraH, IITO rrpe,lI.JIO)KeHHH aOAalCHbt 6bITb TeMH HJIH ,lI.pyrHMHt
II C 60JIblO OC03HaBaJIH TPY.l!HOCTH BbI60pa. 51 CIIHTalO, IITO pac-
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Hac OT nyraJIa KJIaCCHcpHKaI1.HH, B OCHOBe KOTOpOH JIe)KHT npe,lI.-
nOJIO)KeHHe 0 TOM, 6Y,lI.TO Bce npe.n.JIO)KeHH5I ,lI.OJI)KHbI 6bITb llu60
aHaJIHTHIIeCKHMH, Au60 CHHTeTHqeCKHMH. 3TO npH,lI.aCT HaM CMeJIO-
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yrJIy6JIHTbCH.)
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06hlIIHO HcnbITbIBaeMbIH, Kor.n.a rrpOqHble OCHOBaHHH npe.n.y6e)K,ne-
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lIliH, 51BJIHeTCH JIH Y «QaCTblO 3Ha qeHH5I» X HJIH He 51BJIHeTC5I.
,QaBaHTe paCCMOTpHM cppa3bI «CIIHTaeTCH MHOIO XOPOIIIHM» II
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.IlU60 «6bIJIO MHOIO 0.lI.06peHO» eCTb qaCTb 3HaqeHHH «CtIHTaJIOCb
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113
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MeeTC5I, M02KeM rrOJIaraTb, IJTO OHO ,nOJI2KHO 6bITb JIH60 TeM, JIHOO
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OT Toro, KaK MbI HCrrOJIb3yeM CJIOBa» Ho Te JIH 31'0. peaJIbHbIe TPY JJ...
HOCTH, KOTopbIe npeCJIe,lI.YIOT Hac? KOHeIJHO, eCJlU 6bl 6bIJIO YCTa-
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qeCKHM, JIH60 cHHTeTHIJeCKHM, Tor.n.a Tpy,nHOCTH .n.OJI)KHbI 6bITb Ta-
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5IBJI5IIOTC5I aHaJIHTHIJeCKHMH, HO KOTopble TPY)J.HO rrOHHMaTb KaK
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114
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115
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3TOMY B HaIIIeM nOnO)KeHHH elI.HHCTBeHHoe, IITO HY)KHO J(eJIaTb, 3TO
Bo06pa3HTb HnH HcnblTaTb Bce BH,lLbI Heo'6bltIHblX cHTyanHii, a 3aTeM
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06blQHbIX cHTyaII.H X MorYT nOT,pe60BaTbCH HOBbIe H,nHOMbi.
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CY)K,lLaTb H OTKpbIBaTb. Pa3YMeeTc , MO)KeT cnYIJHTbC If CJIYIJaeTC5!
MHoro TaKoro, IITO nOTpe6yeT C03,lLaHII HOBoro H JIYIIllIero 513bIKa
onHcaHH . 11 <pHnococpbI IIaCTO 'TOJIbKO 3THM Ii 3aHHMaIOTC , Kor)la
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JIa B COOTBeTCTBHH C «06bI,lLeHHbIM ynoTpe6neHHeM». B03M02KHbI ca..
MbIe He06blIIHble cpaKTbI, ,lLa)Ke KacalO'I.IJ:Hec HaIIIero nOBce,lLHeBHoro
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IJTO ropa3,l!0 60nbllIe npUCTaJlbHOcO BHHMaHH ,l!On)KHO 6bITb y}le"
.JIeHO 3HaMeHllTOMY Bonpocy, nOCTaHOBKa KOToporo nopOJ(HJIa II p.O
116
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.8 HMeHHO: «Ilo1JeMY MbI Ha3bIBaeM pa3JIH1JHbIe BeIIUi O,nHHM H Te
e HMeHeM?». B OTBeT Ha STOT Bonpoc O,lI.HH H306peT3TenbHWe B
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u t
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IIM5I. ,QpyrHe (<<HOMHHaJIHCTbI») ,lI.alOT 60JIee OCMOTpHTeJIbHbIH OT-
BeT; OCHOBaHHe ,lI.JIH Toro 1JT06bI Ha3bIBaTb .pa3JIH1JHbIe Be H o,nHHM
II reM )Ke HMeHeM, 3aKJII01JaeTCH B TOM, 1JTO OHH HBJIHIOTCH CXoa-
.HblMU, XOTH B HHX H HeT HH1JerO TO{)fCOeCTBeHH020. llpaB,na, ,lI.aHHbIH:
()TBeT Hea)1.eKBaTeH BO MHorHX OTHOlIIeHH5IX: OH He HanpaBJIeH npo-
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HbIH». Ho CeH1JaC Moe B03pa2KeHHe npOTHB HOMHHaJIH3Ma 'CKopee
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KOTopbIe 51 Ha3bIBalO O,nHHM H TeM 2Ke (06 HM) HMeHeM, OKa3bIBa-
IOTCH «CXO,nHbIMH» B caMOM 06bI1JHOM CMbICJIe 9Toro, 3a1JaCTYIO HCKa-
)J{aeMoro CJIOBa.
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HbIMH CBOHM OTBeTOM. ECJIH 6bI OHH 06paTHJIHCb K cpaKTaM, J(OCTa-
T01JHO HHTepeCHbIM caMHM no ce6e, TO 6e3 rpY,lI.a BbI,lI.BHHYJIH 6bI
OOJIee cepbe3HbIe B03pa)KeHHH npOTHB CBOHX onnOHeHTOB. nOCKOJIb-
KY nOKa OHH rOBopHT 0 CXOaCTBe Be eH, OCTaeTC5I B03MO)KHOCTb
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Be)1.b MO)KeT 6bITb 06'bHCHeHO TOJIbKO C nOMOI.I:lbIO YHHBepCaJIHM»
(B03MOLKHbI H ,lI.pyrHe Ha3BaHHH ,lI.JIH SToro naTeHTOBaHHoro JIeKap-
CTBa). M02KHO TaK)Ke HaCTaHBaTb Ha TOM, 1JTO CXO,nCTBO «HHTeJIJIH-
rH6eJIbHO» TOJIbKO KaK 1JaCTH1JHOe TOOICaeCTBO Ii T. ,n. ,[La)Ke Te, KTO
nOJIHOCTblO He y6e)K,lI.eH B np aBore O,lI.HOH H3 cropOH, nOJIaralOT, 1JTO
5I3bIKH «TO)K,lI.eCTBa» HJIH «CXO,lI.CTBa» HBJI5IIOTCH aJIbTepHaTHBaMH,
BbI60p Me)K,lI.y KOTOpbIMH ,lI.JIH Hac 6e3pa3JIH1JeH. O,lI.HaKO eCJIH CTa-
Her 01JeBH,lI.HbIM, 1JTO MbI 1JaCTO «Ha3bIBaeM pa3JIH1JHbIe BeI.I:lH o,nHHM
II TeM )Ke HMeHeM» no «XOPOIIIHM OCHOBaHHHM» 2, KOr)la Be H He
5IBJIHIOTC5I «CXO,lJ,HbIMH» B 06bI1JHOM 3Ha1JeHHH SToro CJIOBa. TO CTa-
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J(ecTBeHHoe» HaJIH1JeCTByeT B KaLh)1.0H Be If. A STO npHBe,lI.eT K
IOMY) 1JTO BC5I n03HlI,HH 6Y)1.eT OTBeprHyra, B 1JeM HOl\IHHaJIHCT pe-
<lJIbHO 3aHHTepecoBaH, XOTH MbI H He HalIeeMC5I H3JIe1JHTb Tex 6e3-
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nOHCKY XOpOIIIHX OCHOBaHHH, no KOTOpbIM «MbI Ha3bIBaeM pa3JIHtI-
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POCOM, HaCKOJIbKO 5I 3HalO, 06bI1JHO npeHe6peraIOT KaK <pHJIOJIOrH,
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MJJH He HMeeT TaKOBbIX. HanOMHHalO c06CTBeHHble paCCYMLleHHH
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2. CJIeLlYIOIIl.HH CJIYlJaH CB513aH C TeM, lJTO ApHCTOTeJIb Ha3bIBaJ1
«a H aJI 0 r H lJ H bI \1H Tep M H HaM H» . 1< or )1 a A : B : : X : JI, Tor .l! a A H X
qaCTO Ha3bIBalOTC5! OllHH\1 H TeM Me HMeHeM, HanpHMep nOLlHO)KHe
(foot) ropbI H HHMH5!5! qaCTb cnHCKa (foot). CYIIl.eCTBYIOT xOpOllIU e
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)KeM JIH MbI CKa3aTb, LITO OHH 5!BJI51lOTC51 «CXO.l!HbIMH»? Bo BC51KOM
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4 Pa3YMeeTCH, BCTpeqalOTCH H HHbIe BH,lJ.bI napOHHMHH **.
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118
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Korn.a rOBOpHTC5I 06 H3MeHeHHH KaK 0 KalJeCTBeHHOM H3MeHeHHH,
H3\1eHeHHH n03HlI,HH, MeCTa II T. ,n., TO HaCTOJIbKO ,naJIeKHM OT HC-
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caMbIM HMeHeM, qTO H A, rrOTOMY lJTO OH nOXO)K Ha A; C Ha3bIBalO
TeM JKe caMbIM HMeHeM, IJTO H B, rIOTOMY lJTO OR nOXO)K Ha B. D
Ha3bIBalO TeM :iRe caMbIM HMeHeM, qTO H C, nOTOMY lJTO OH nOXO)K
H3 C, H T. ,l1.. Ho B KOHI.I,e KOHIl.OB OKa)KeTC5I, IJTO A Ii D COBeprneH-
HO HenOXO)KH ,nPyr Ha ,npyra B JIJ060M 06bIlJHOM CMbICJIe. 3TO OlJeHb
pacnpocTpaHeHHbIH QJIYlJaH, II onaCHOCTb OlJeBH.nHa, Kor,na MbI Ha-
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«HCfHHa». B TaKOM OJIYlIae pa3HOrJIaCH5J MeM,llY TeopeTHKaMH B,
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HHlI.HIO» C.lIOBa «)],06po» B 06bIIIHOl\1 CMbICJIe HJIH 6Y,lleM HCKaTb TO,
KaK «,ll06pble» Belll.H 51BJI51IOTC51 «CXO,llHbIMH» O,llHa C ,llpyrOH. ECJIIi
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pyeMoe CBepXqYBCTBeHHoe KaqeCTBO.
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THHKIl,H51 3,llpaBOrO CMbIClJIa Me*,ay «4TO eCTb 3HalIeHHe CJIOBa X»?
H «KaKHe e,llHHHqHble BeIll.H eCTb X H ,ll0 KaKoH CTeneHH OHH TaKO-
w?» HH B KoeM CJIyqae He HMeeT YHHBepCaJIbHOrO npHMeHeHH51
3TH Bonpocw He MorYT 6WTb pa3JIHlIeHW. ECJIH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH
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,XOT51 eCTb CMbICJI cnpalllHBaTb 0 TOM, KaKHe KO:\1nOHeHTbI ,lle51TeJIb-
,HOCTH COCTaBJI51IOT rOJIbcp, KaKHe npHHa,llJIeMHOCTH (KJIlOlllKH H rrp.)
.HcnOJIb3YIOTC5I B rOJIbcpe H KaKHMH cnoc06aMH. ApHCTOTeJIb cqHTaJI,
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6bIJIO CJIOBO Harro,ll06He «6eJIH3HbI».
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ro, qT06bI nOKa3aTb, HaCKOJIbKO BaMHO HMeTb )],OCKOHaJIbHOe 3Ha-
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IOTC51 O)],HHM H TeM Me Hl'vleHeM. ECJIH MbI nocnelllHM C onpe,lleJIe-
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HCnOJIb3yeM :>KeCTKYIO ,lI.HXOTOMHIO «O,llHO H TO Me 3HaqeHHe--
pa3JIHqHbIe 3HaqeHH51» HJIH «qTO X 03HaqaeT» KaK OTJIHqHOe oT
«Belll.eii, KOTopbIe eCTb X») TO 6Y,lleM npOCTO C03,llaBaTb nYTaHHJ1.Y.
Bep051THO, KTO-TO ceiiqac 06CY:>K,llaeT 3TH BorrpOCbI cepbe3Ho. Bee,
lITO MO:lKeT 6bITb Haii)l.eHO B TpaAHIl,HOHHOii JIOrHKe,- 3TO YKa3aHlI e
120
lIa «aHaJIOfHqHbIe CJIOBa», KOTOpbIe qaCTO HCrrOJIb3YlOTe51 ,l1.JIH TOrO,
QT06H CBaJIHTb B OAHY Kyqy CJIyqaH, KOr,l1.a CJIOBa He HMeIDT HH
Q,llHoro H Toro 1Ke 3HaqeHH51, HH HeCKOJIbKHX pa3JIHqHbIX 3Haqe-
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TO Ber.u.H, Ha3bIBaeMbIe O,l1.HHM H TeM ./Ke HMeHeM, ,l1.0,JI1KHbI 6bITb
CXO,LLHbIMH ,l1.0 HeKOTopOH CTeneHH, qTO otieBu8flO HeBepHO. Ka1KJlbIH,
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'1}eHH51 3Toro CJIOBa 6Y,l1.YT 3,l1.eCb COOTHeceHH )lpyr C )lpyroM MHorH-
MH crroco6aMH.
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XOT51 HCTOpH51 rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO HHOrJla JIyqllle He TpeB01KHTb HX
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MATEPHAJIHCTHlfECKASI TEOPHSI C03HAHHSI
FllaBa 17
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MHorHMH aBTopaMH 1. 5I He Jl06aBHJI rrOqTH HHqerO HOBOfO K TO-
MY qTO OHH Y1Ke C,l1.eJIaJIH, H rr03TOMY CqHTalO rrOJIe3HbIM Harrpa-
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npHBeJleHHbIe BO 'BTOpOH qaCTH, OKa1KYTC51 y,l1.aqHbIMH H B 06'b51C-
BeHHH rrOH51TH51 C03HaHH51 MbI HJleM no rrpaBHJIbHOMY rrYTH, TO
npeJlrrOJIaraeMOe OT01KJleCTBJIeHHe MeHTaJIbHOrO H <pH3HqeCKOrO
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'lpe3MepHO Cl\IfeJIbIM rrpellnpHHTHeM
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RHHrH, 51 XOqy, HaCKOJIbKO 3TO B03M01KHO, rrOllQepKHYTb JIOrHqe-
CRylO He3aBHCHMOCTb 3TOfO <pHHaJIbHOrO lllara B ,l1.0Ka3aTeJIbCTBe
OT Bcero Toro, QTO 6bIJIO C,lleJIaHO paHee, nOCKOJIbKY, 3a HCKJIlOqp-
II He:\1 HeKOTopbIX BTopOCTeneHHbIX 3aMeqaHHH, Bce H3JI01KeHHOe BO
.
Sma r t J. J. C. Philosophy and Scientific Realism, Routledge, 1963 *.
121
..
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122
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CTBO, B qaCTHOCTH, HX BbI.nalOI.IJ.HeCH 06pa3IJ.bI, TaKHe, KaK OTKpbl-
THH HblOTOHa HJIH nbeCbI llleKCIIHpa, CTaBHT MaTepHaJIHCTa nepell
60JIbllIHMH TPYLlHOCTHMH Peqb HLleT 0 «BbICIIleM» <pOpMe JI.eHTeJIb-
HOCTH B COBepllIeHHO 06'beKTHBHOM CMbICJIe, T. e. 0 ..neHTeJIbHOCTH.
OT JIl1qalOI.IJ.eMCH BbICOKOH CTeneHblO CJIO)KHOCTH H YTOHqeHHOCTH OT
o6bIQHOrO qeJIOBeqeCKOrO nOBeLleHHH. fI03TOMY 6y.n e T OC06eHHO
'fpYLlHO cor JIaCHTbCH C TeM, LITO TaKHe cpOpMbI .neHTeJIbHOCTH MorYT
6bITb pe3YJIbTaTOM <PYHKIJ.HOHHpOBaHHH qHCTO <pH3HqeCKOrO Mexa-
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-
Sma r t. Op. cit.. ch. VI. Sect. 3. ..Problem-solving ingenuity"
123
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BWBOllHoro 3HaHHH Toro, 1JTO npOHCXO HT B C03HaHHH Pyroro.
3 S c r i v e n M New Frontiers of the Brain Journal of Parapsychology.
Vol. 25. 1961. P. 305-318
127
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ECJIH 3TH 3KcnepHMeHTbI 'M02KHO nOBTopHTb, TO OO'bHCHeHHe TeJIe-
TIaTHH B TepMHHax H3JIYIIeHH5.I Ka2KeTC5.I COBepIIIeHHO HeBep05.ITHbIM.
Ho MorYT JIM ObITb ,nPyrHe KaHaJIbI cpH3HIIeCKOH KOMMYHHKaIl,HH
Me2KJI.Y BYMH CYO'beKTaMH? Be,l1.b M02KHO CIIHTaTb, LITO HCKOMoe
H3JIYIIeHHe COBeprneHHO HenOX02Ke Ha cpH3HIIeCKoe H3JIYIIeHHe, KO-
Topoe OJIOKHpyeTcH HenpOHHlI,aeMbIMIi KaMepaMH. Ho, BbI,n'BHHYB
3TY ,l1.0ra,nKY, MbI Y2Ke BbIXO,l1.HM 3a npeJI,eJIbI 113BeCTHOH HaM CPH-
3MKH.
ECJIM 1Ke H npe,l1.BH,l1.eHHe 5.IBJIHeT:CH peaJIbHOCTblO, TO OO'bHCHHTb
ero ern:e TpYJIHee. n paB,na, He CYI.I.J.eCTByeT OCOObIX CJI02KHOCTeH B
nOHHMaHHH aOCTpaKTHbIX B03M02K'HOCTeH HeBbI'BO,l1.HOro 3HaHHH 6y-
JLYlll.ero. n pe,n:nOJI02KHM, qTO CHCTeMa «S» )I.BH2KeTCH B onpe..rr.eJIeH-
HOM HanpaBJIeHMH. npHMeM JI,OnYI.I.J.eHHe, IITO 3Ta CHCTeMa B CBoeM
)J.BM2KeHHH He BCTpeIIaeT npeII5ITCTBHH, Ii eCJIH 3TO TaK, TO OHa 6y-
.lleT HaXO,LJ,HTbC5.I B COCTOHHHH «S 1 ». JIerKo npeLlCTaBHTb ceoe, qTO
,lJ,0 Toro KaK CHCTeMa npH,l1.eT B COCTOHHHe «S 1 », HeOOJIbrnOe KOJIJI-
qeCTBO ee 3HeprHH «OT,l1.eJIH'DCH» H B03,LLeH/CTByeT Ha 'C03HaHHe, rrpo-
4 CM.: Experiments in Mental Suggestion, L. L. Vasiliev. English transla-
tion: Institute for the Study of Menta] Images. 1963.
128
H3BO H B HeM HeBWBO Hoe 3HaHHe Toro, qTO «8» CKOpO 6YAeT B
COCTOHHHH «8 1 ». J1106a51 CHCTeMa npe OCTepe)KeHHH (THna CHCTe-
MbI KOHTpOJIH 3a pacxO OM TOIIJIHBa B aBTOM06HJIe) JI.eHC'DByeT no
cXO HbIM npHHII.HnaM, XOTH H npOH3BO HT MeHee 9K30TH'QeCKHe pe-
3YJIbTaTbI: BKJIlOqeHHe CBeTa, a He HeBbIBO Hoe 3HaHHe. B03MOlK-
HO, qTO H MbI HHor a nOJIyqaeM HHcpopMaII.HIO THna «51 CKOpO 3a-
60JIelO» He Ha OCHOBe !KaKHX-JIH60 aH'HbIX, a npOCTO KaK pe3YJIb-
TaT onepaII.HH HeKOToporo MexaHH3Ma, no 06Horo nOJIyqeHHIO He-
BbIBo Horo 3HaHHH HaWHX 6y ymHx TeJIeCHbIX COCT05lHHH.
OJI,HaKO eCJIH Mbl paccMoTpHM CJIyqaH np05lBJIeHHH, KaK
YTBeplK aeTC5I, cnoco6HocTH npe BH eHH5I, TO 06pameHHe K npH-
BelleHHbIM BbIllie 06'b5lc.HeHH5IM CTaHOBHTCSl 3a TPy IHHTeJIbHbIM.
npeJI,nOJIOLKHM, HanpHMep, qTO cy6'beKT npe CKa3bI!BaeT BbIna e-
HHe KapTbI ropa3 O ycnewHee, qeM 9TO MOrJIO 6bI 6bITb C eJIaHO
Ha) aqy, HO nepe KalK bIM npe CKa3aHHeM KOJIO a nepeTaCOBbI-
aae'DC5I. <PH3HqeCKHe npHqHHbI, KOTopbIe 3aCTaBJIHIOT BblnaCTb OT-
J(eJIbHYIO KapTY, HeBepO/51THO MHOrOqHCJIeHHbI, 8 HX B3aHMOCB5I3H
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2Ke'DC5I, qTO 9TOT BHI npeJI.'BH eHH5I He nOA aeTC5I HM OJI.HOH npH-
eMJIeMOH cxeMe 06'b5lCHeHH5I
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pHaJII1CT MOlKeT BbI6paTb OjlHH nYTb H3 BYX, qTOObI H36e)KaTb
Tex TPY HOCTeH, KOTopbIe YLKe 06CYlK)J.aJIHCb B CB5I3H C npOTHBO-
nOCTaBJIeHHeM «HopMaJIbIHoro» H «napaHOpMaJIbHoro». OH MOlKeT
nonbITaTbC5I pa3paOOTaTb 3Mep )KeHTHbIH MaTepHaJIH3M C OCo6bI-
MIl 3aKOHaMH Jl,JIH II.eHTpaJIbHOH HepBHOH CHCTeMbI, alKe B npHH-
Hne HeBbIBO HMbIMH 113 06bIqHOH <pH3HKH. HJIH lKe eMY CJIe yeT
HCKa Tb HOBYIO <PH3HKY, KOTOp a51 C nOMoIIlblO Y'HH<pHllHpOBaHHoro
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51 Bce )Ke C1JI1TalO, qTO (napa) nCHXOJIOfH1JeCKHe HCCJIe)J.OBaHH5I
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TepHaJIHCTH1JeCKOH TeopHH C03HaHH5I. ECJIH He OCTaJIOCb BonpOCOB
no nOBO Y paCCMOTpeHHbIX napaHOpMaJIbHbIX <peHOMeHOB, Tor a,
KalKeTC5I, He )lOJI)KHO 6bITb cepbe3HbIX npenHTCTBHH jlJIH nOJIHOrO
()TOlK)J.eCTBJIeHH5I MeHTaJIbHbIX ,COCT05lHHH C cpH3HKO-XHMH1JeCKHMH
COCT05lHH5IMH II.eHTpaJIbHOH HepBHoH CHCTeMbI OTolK eCTBJIeHHe
6Y eT HaCTOJIbKO lKe onpe)J.eJIeHHbIM, HaCKOJIbKO onpe eJIeHHO H
OTolK.necTBJIeHHe reH8 C MOJIeKYJIOH ,l:LHK. 01JeBHJI.'HOe cymecTBo-
BaRHe napaHOpMaJIbHbIX HBJIeHHH JI.OJIlKHO OCTaBJIHTb MaJIO COMHe-
liMit. CTOpOHHHKH JII060H HaY1JHOH ,lLOKTpHHbI HMeIOT HHTeJIJIeKTY-
a bHYIO 06513aHHOCTb 01JeHb nOJI.p06HO paCCMaTpHBaTb JI.8HHMe,
t{OTopbIe, KaK Ka:lKeTC5I, MorYT nO,lI.opBaTb HX T01JKY 3peHHH. Ta-
5--394 12g
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KHM 06pa30M, CTOpOHHHK MaTepHaJIH3Ma HMeeT HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHY}()
065!3aHHOCTb aKKypaTHo paCCMOTpeTb 3a5!BJIeHHble pe3YJIbTaTbi
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HepBHOH CHCTeMe 5!BJI5!IOTC5! a eKBaTHbIMH npHqHHaMH BCeH COBO-
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I1MeHHo 3TY rr03HIl.HIO 51 Ha3BaJI HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHO JIerKOMbICJIeH-
HOH B CaMOl\1 HaqaJIe aHHOH rJIaBbl.
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qaCTH KHHrH. TI03TOMY MbI MO)KeM 3 eCb He yqHTbIBaTb rr03HllHIO
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Il.HH, a HMeHHO: MeHTaJIbHble COCT05!'HH5! eCTb HeqTO OT JIHqHOe OT
(HJIH HeqTO 60JIbillee qeM) COCT05!HH5! qeJIOBeKa, HaMepeBaIOmero-
C5! COBepIIIHTb orrpe eJIeHHbIH rrocTyrrOK. Tenepb eCJ1H KTO-TO npH-
HHMaeT 06'b5!CHeHHe MeHTaJIbHbIX COCT05!HHH B TepMHHax HX Ka-
Y3aJIbHbIX OTHOIlleHHH K rrOBe eHHIO H cor JIarnaeTC5! C Te , qTO
cpH3HqeCKHX J(eHCTBHH M03ra 1l0CTaTOqHO LlJI5! ocymeCTBJIeHH5! Bcero
qeJIOBeqeCKOro rrOBe,lI.eHH5!, HO corrpOTHBJI5!eTC5! OTO)K eCTBJIeHHIO
MeHTaJIbHbIX COCT05!HHH H COCT05!'HHH M03ra, Tor)1a, KaK Ka)KeTC5!
MO)KHO rrpHH5!Tb TOJIbKO O.lI.HY rr03HIl.HIO. CJIe..n.yeT CKa3aTb, qTO
cpH3HqeCKHe rrpOIl.eCCbI B M03re rrpOH3BO 5!T HeMaTepHaJIbHble MeH..
TaJIbHWe rrpOIl.ecc , KOTopwe B CBOIO oqepe.lI.b npOH3BO 5!T nOBe e-
HHe. MeHTaJIbHble npOlleCCbI LlOJI)KHbI 6bITb BKJIIOqeHbI B KaY3aJIb-
HYIO Il.enb, KOTOpa5! pa3BepTbIBaeTC5! TOqHO TeM )Ke cnoc060M, KaK
eCJIH 6bI TaKoro BKJIIOqeHH5! He 6bIJIO (cp. cnop Me)K y npe.lI.CTaBH-
TeJI5!MH 3Mep )KeHTHOro MaTepHaJIH3Ma H HHTepaKIl.HO'HHCTCKoro
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y6e HTbC5!, paccMoTpHM pyryIO JIOrHqecKYIO B03MO)K,HOCTb. ,Llo,ny-
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HaCJIe CTBeHHwx xapaKTepHCTHK. BC5! Il.enb npHqHH JLeHcTByeTTaK
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qTO, XOT5! 3Ta rHnOTe3a JIOrHqeCKH B03MO)KHa H JIOrHqeCKH COBMe-
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Ke Bblpa60TKH HayqHOrO MHpoB033peHH5!, .3aKJIIOqaeTC5! B rrpHBJIe'"
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130
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nYTpu MHpOB033peHH5I PaCCMaTpHBa5I qeJIOBeKa (BKJIIOqa5I era
MeHTaJIbHbIe npOIl.eCCbI) KaK qHCTO cpH3HqeCKHH 06'beKT, JI.eHCTBY-
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eKne 06'beKTbI, MbI nOCTHraeM ero C BeJIHqaHllIeH HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIb-
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cpH5I KaK TaKOBa5I eme He 3aBepIIlHJIa'Cb, a TOJIbKO HaqaJIaCb. TIpo-
51CHeHHe np06JIeMH C03HaHH5I TOJIbKO CTaBHT Hac JIHIl.OM K JIHIl.Y C
60JIee r JIy60KHMll np06JIeMaMH. TaKHe nOH5ITH5I, KaK cy6cTaHIl.H5I,
rrpHqHHa, 3aKOH, npocTpalHlcTBO H BpeM5I, OCTalOTC5I JI.a)Ke 60JIee
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HbIM H BpeMeHHbIM cpeHoMeHaM 'C03HaHH5I B TepMHHax 3THX nOH5I-
THH. cDH3HKaJIHCTcKa5I TeopHH C03HaHH5I - TOJIhKO npOJIerOMeHbI K
cpH3HKaJIHCTCKOH MeTacpH3HKe. TaKa5I MeTacpH3HKa, KaK H TeOpH5I
C03HaHH51, 6YJI.eT, 6e3 COM'HeHH5I, COBMeCTHbIM pe3YJIbTaTOM Hayq-
HbIX HCCJIe.n.oBaHHH H cpHJIOCOcpCKOH pecpJIeKcliH.
A. A a B HAC 0 H
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illy cnoco6HOCTb npeJI.CKa3bIBaTb H 06'b5I'CH5ITb C06bITH5I, CB5I3aHHbIe
C BBO,lJ,Ol\f IIHcpopMaIl.Hll OT omymeHHH H nOJIyqeHlleM Ha BbIxo.n.e
pe3YJIbTaTa B cpopMe ,lJ,BH)KeHHH TeJTa.
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B pe3YJIbTaTe qero MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bI nOCTpOllTb MaIIlHHY, KOTOpa5l,
nOl1.Bepra5ICb B031leH'CTBll5IM OKpY)KaIOmerO Mllpa, IIMIITHpyeT JI.Bll-
)KeHH5I qe.TIOBeKa. B,ce 3TO He 5IBJI5IeTC5I a6CYP,lJ,OM, XOT5I MaJIO Bepo-
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{}TKp bITH 5Il\1H.
--
@ North-Holland Publishing Company, 1973.
5*
131
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--
I Who r f B. L. The Punctual and Segmentative Aspects of Verbs in
MOPi - Language, Thought and Reality /I Selected Writings. Cambridge,
ass., 1956.
2 I< Y H T. CTpYKTypa HayqHbIX peBOJIIOQHM. M., 1977.
E 3 Qui neW. V. Speaking of Objects 1/ Ontological Relativity and Other
Ssays. N. Y., 1969. P. 24.
145.
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4 K Y H T. CTpYKTypa HayqHbIX peBOJIIOlJ.HH. M., 1977. C. 162
5 S t raw son P The Bounds of Sense. L., 1966. P. 15.
148
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--
1 6 <t> e He p a 6 e H,lJ. n 1136paHHbIe TPY,lJ.bI no MeTO,lJ.OJIOfHH HaYKH. M.,
986. C. 92.
149
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150
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--
7 Who r f B. L. The PunctuaJ and Segmentative Aspects of Verbs in
Ropi. P. 55.
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8 K u h n T S. Reflections on my Critics II Criticism and the Growth of
Knowledge, ed. I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Cambridge, 1970. P. 266- 267 i
9 Fey era b end P. Problems of Empiricism II Beyond the Edge 0
Certainty. New Jersey, 1965. P. 214. . of
10 Qui neW. V. Two Dogmas of Empiricism " From a Logical pOint
View. Cambridge, 1961. P. 42.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid. P. 44.
13 Qui neW. V. Speaking of Objects. P. 1.
152
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'----
14 Ibid. P. 25.
15 Ibid. P. 24.
16 Qui neW. V. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. P. 46.
-- 94
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154
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"c
18 Tar ski A. The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages II Log1
Semantics, Metamathematics. Oxford, 1956.
150
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----
R. Oldenburg Verlag, 1986.
139
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sYJIbTaTOB B «Prin,cipia Mathematica». C 3TOH JIOrHKOH, rroHHMa e "
MOM KaK «CYIII.HOCTb<pHJIOCOCPHH», MO:>K:HO 6bIJIO O:>KHJI.aTb peaJlb"
Horo rrporpecca.
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30Ba'HbI B cpHJIOCOcpHH JI,JIH Toro, lIT06bI 06HapY:>KHTb rrpHpOJlY QC"
1 R u sse 1 I B. Our Knowledge of the External World. L., 1926. p. 40.
160
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HOB.HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB peaJIbHOCTH. C ee rrOMOIl{blO ObIJIO rrOKa3aHO,
qTO BC5I MaTeMaTHKa eCTb B cAeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH JIOrHKa. D03TOMY
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na CYIl{eCTBYIOT B OrrOJIHeHHe K KJIaCCaM, rrOCKOJIbKY IJHCTO JIOrH-
qeCKHMH Cpe.lI.CTBaMH nOKa3aHO, 'IJTO OH'H MorYT ObITb ,CBe.n.eHbI K
KJIaCCa f HJIH 2Ke ObITb iCKOHCTpYHpOBaHbI 'H3 HHX, a, CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIb-
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lITO OHa HMeJIa )J.eJIO C cpOpMOH rrpe,lI.JI02KeHH5I; cpHJIOcocpCKa5l- H3-
3a Toro, IJTO OTKpbIBaJIa cpOpMbI H 3JIeMeHTbI, KOTopbIe oopa3YIOT
peaJIbHOCTb, eCJIH rrpe,lI.JI02KeHH5J OKa3bI,BaIOTC5I HICTHHHbIMH. llJI5I
TaKHX H'CCJIe,lI.OBaHHH: He ,lI.OJI2KHO ObITb pa3JIHIJHH Me2KJlY BbI5IBJIe-
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.lI.bI peaJIbHOCTH.
<P'HJIOCO<pH51 B TaKOM rrOH:HMaHH'H ObIJIa ObI HeOT,lI.eJIHMa OT Hay-
Kif HJIH, .BO BC5IKOM CJIYIJae, HX CTaJIO ObI HeJIerKO pa3JIHIJHTb. <PH-
JIOCOcpH5I OOJIbIlIe, IJeM JIIOOa51 KOHKpeTHa51 HaYKa, xapaKTepH3Y-
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2 Ibid. PI 112.
161
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6bITb rrpe,lI.JIOLKeHHH 0 rrpe.lI.JIO)KeHH5IX, KOTopbIe KaKHM -TO o6pa30 M
3 B H T r e H III T e H H JI JIOfHKO-cpHJIOCOcpCKHH TpaKTaT M.) 1958. Acpo"
pH3M 4.003.
162
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HOH JIHHfBHCTHKe. Bbln. XVI. M., 1985. 127.
166
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8 TaM JKe. 109.
9 TaM JKe. 116.
10 TaM >Ke. 128.
167
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3aKJIIOIJaJIC e.u.HH'CTBeHHO B TOM, tJTO 51BJI eTC HCTHHHbIM (KaK
BernH cyrneCTBYIOT). <PH3HKa, Ma'TeMaTHKa, JIOrHKa - Ka:>Klla 113
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CKHH aHaJIH3 H HaIIpaBJI eT Hac K MeTacpH3HIIeCKOH HCTHHe.
11 A us tin J. L. Philosophical Papers. Oxford, 1961. P.. 130.
168
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12 Qui neW. V. On What There 1S II From a Logical Point of View
Cambridge, Mass., 1953.
13 Qui neW. V. Word and Object. Cambridge, Mass., 1960. Ch. II.
171
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14 D a vi d son D Essays on Actions and Events. Oxford, 1980. P. 180.
173
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pa60TaB ee npHHUHITbI H KOHuenTyaJIbHbIH annapaT. B ,lJ.yxe «JIOfH-
II.H3Ma» CTpeMHJlCH nOJIHOCTblO <popMaJIH30BaTb TaKOH pa3,lJ.eJl MaTe-
MaTHKH' KaK apH<pMeTHKa. Q,lJ.HaKO rpaH,lJ.H03HbIH 3aMbICeJI nOJIHOH JIO-
175
C 22
C. 23
C 24
C 26
fH1JeCKOH cpopMaJIH3aQHH MaTeMaTHqeCKOfO 3HaHHH OKa38 CH nO,lJ.OpBaa
OTKpbITHeM TeopeTHKo-MHoLKecTBeHHbIx napa,lJ.OKCOB B nOCJIe,lJ.HHe fO-
,lJ.bI HeKoTopbIe 3ana,lJ.HbIe aBTopbI (M. ,lJ,aMMHT H ,lJ.PYfHe) paccMaTpH-
BalOT «cpHJIOCOcpHIO H3bIKa» <l>pefe KaK BaLKHeHlliHH: HCT01JHHK aHaJIHTH--
tIeCKOH cpHJIOCOcpHH.
** PaMceu (PaM3u), CPpaflK flllaMnTofl (1903-1930) - O,lJ.HH H3 HaH60..
JIee HpKHX MOJIO.l(bIX MaTeMaTHqeCKHX JIOfHKOB KeM6pH,lJ.LKCKOrO YHH-
BepcHTeTa. Oc06eHHo HHTepeceH BKJIa,lJ. PaMceH B pa3pa60TKY npo6JIe-
MbI TeOpeTH1JeCKHX H 9MnHpHqeCKHX TepMHHoB HaYKH.
* EypaAu-CPopTU, lJeaape (1861-1931) - HTaJIbHHCKHH MaTeMaTHK
B 1897 r. o6HapYLKHBIllHH napa,lJ.OKC B KaHTopOBCKOH: TeopHH nOpH,lJ.-
KOBbIX 1JHCeJI.
** Ha rrepBbIH: B3fJIH,lJ. (AaT.).
* KyauH, YUAAapa (p. 1908) - aMepHKaHCKHH: cpHJIOcocp-aHaJIHTHK It
JIOfHK. YnoMHHaHHe, pa360p H oQeHKY OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX B3fJIH,lJ.OB KyaH:H&
CM. B nOMellI.eHHbIX B ,lJ.aHHOH aHTOJIOfHH TeKCTax LL. ,lJ,9BH,U.COHa H
E. CTpaY,lJ.a.
** ,lJ,JIH 3Toro, npHMeHHTeJIbHO K 3TOMY (CJIyqalO) (JlaT.).
* B COOTBeTCTBHH C paHHHM, HeOpeaJIHCTHqeCKHM B3fJIH,lJ.OM PaCceJIa
B03MOLKHbI ,lJ.Ba BH,lJ.a 3HaHHH. Bo-nepBbIX, H3Ha1JaJIbHOe H HenOCpe,lJ.-
CTBeHHoe «3HaHHe-3HaKOMCTBO», 6JIafO,lJ.apH KOTOPOMY HaM ,lJ.aIOTCH
«1JYBCTBeHHbIe ,lJ.aHHbIe» H «YHHBepCaJIHH». BO-BTOpbIX, «3HaHHe no
onHcaHHIO» (HanpHMep, 3HaHHe 0 «cpH3H1JeCKHX 06'beKTax» THrra CTOJIa
He HBJIHeTCH HerrOCpe,lJ.CTBeHHbIM. MbI MOLKeM TOJIbKO orrHCbIBaTb CTOJ1
KaK JIOfH1JeCKYIO KOHCTPYKQHIO H3 onpe,lJ.eJIeHHbIX «qYBCTBeHHbIX ,!I.aH-
HbIX» ) .
* MeUHOflZ, AlleKCUC (1853-1928) - aBcTpHMCKHM cpHJIOCOcp cpeHoMeHo-
JIOfH1JeCKOH opHeHTaQHH. Pa3JIH1JaJI TPH 9JIeMeHTa MbIIllJIeHHH: caM
MeHTaJIbHbIH aKT, efO cO,lJ.ep)KaHHe H 06'beKT (T. e. TO, Ha qTO Ha-
npaBJIeH MeHTaJIbHbIH aKT; nO,lJ.06HbIH 06'beKT He 06H3aTeJIbHO ,lJ.OJILKelt
6bITb peaJIbHO CYllI.eCTBYIOllI.HM). B noc.ne,lJ.Hee BpeMH COCTOHJIaCb CBoe-
06pa3HaH pea6HJIHTaQHH MeHHOHfOBCKOH: «TeopHH 06'beKTOB» B pa60-.
Tax MaTeMaTH1JeCKHX JIOfHKOB (P. PaYTJIH H JI.PYfHX).
M. lllAUK. nOBOPOT B <l>11JIOCO<l>I1I1
CTaTbH IllJIHKa «nOBOpOT B cpHJIOCOcpHH» OTKpbIBaJIa nepBbIM HOMeI>'
nepBOfO TOMa :>KypHaJIa «Erkenntnis» (<<n03HaHHe») - ne1JaTHOfO opfaHa BeH-
CKOfO KpY:>KKa JIOfHtIeCKHX n03HTHBHCTOB - 3a 1930-1931 rf. (c. 4-11). ,[LaH-
ElbIH nepeBo,U. oCYllI.eCTBJIeH A. A. 51KoBJIeBbIM no H3,lJ.aHHIO: Aye r A. J. (ed.).
Logical Positivism. Glenkoe, 1960. P. 53-59.
:. 31 * IlIJIHK onHpaeTcH Ha KOHQenQlI1O JI. BHTfeHIllTeHHa, CcpOPMYJIHpOBaH-
HYIO, B qaCTHOCTH, B acpopH3Me 4.1212: «To, 1JTO MOJICeT 6bITb nOKa3a-
HO, He Mo eT 6bITb CKa3aHO» (JIOfHKO-cpHJIOCOcpCKHH TpaKTaT. M.,
1958. C. 51). BHTreHIllTeHH pa3JIH1JaJl, C O,lJ.HOM CTOpOHbI, JIOfHtIeCKH
npaBHJIbHbIe npe,lJ.JIOLKeHHH KaK 06pa3bI cpaKToB (npeLK,lJ.e Bcero npe,lJ.-
J10LKeHHH eCTecTB03HaHHH) H, C ,U.PYfOM CTOpOHbI, npe,lJ.JIOLKeHHH MeTa'"
CPH3HKH, 3THKH, 3CTeTHKH H peJIHrHH, OTHOCHMbIe JiM K 06JIaCTH «MHC"
THtIeCKoro» (HeBbIpa3HMoro). nepBbIe OCMbICJIeHHbI, T. e. MorYT 6bITb-
HCTHHHbIMH HJlH JlOJKHbIMH, a BTopbIe 6eCCMbICJIeHHbI.
:. 33 * HMeeTCH B BH,n:y >KypHaJI «Erkenntnis»
76
M. mIlUK. 0 <l>YHLLAMEHTE n03HAH1151
CTaTbH «0 CPYH.naMeHTe n03HaHHH» 6bIJIa BnepBbIe ony6JIH'KOBaHa B
V TOMe LKypHaJIa «Erkenntnis» 3a 1934 r. .lI.aHHbIH nepeBo,U. oCYllI.eCTBJIeH
A. A. 51KoBneBbIM no H3,U.aHHIO: Aye r A. J. (ed.). Logical Positivism. P. 209-
227.
,c. 35
c. 37
* KapHan, pyaollbl/J (1891-1970) - aBcTpHHCKHM cpHJIOCOcp H JIOfHK,
tIJIeH BeHcKofo KpYLKKa. EMY npHHa,U.JIeJKaT MHOf01JHCJIeHHbIe pa60TbI
no JIOfHqeCKOH ceMaHTHKe, JIOfH1JeCKOH KOHQerrQHII BepoHTHoCTH, HH-
JJ.YKTHBHOH JIOrHKe H cpHJIOCOcpCKHM OCHOBaHHHM cpH3HKH. B HatIaJIb-
HbIM nepHo,U., KaK H IllJIHK, npH,lJ.epLKHBaJICH KpaHHeii «aHTHMeTa<pH3H-
tIeCKOH:» n03HQHH.
** HeiipaT, OTTO (1882-1945) - aBCTpHHCKHH cpHJIOCOcp H COQHOJIOr,
1JJIeH BeHCKOfO KpYLKKa. HeHpaT pa3pa60TaJI KOHQenQHIO «cpH3HKaJIH3Ma»
KaK YHHBepCaJIbHOfO H HHTepcy6'beKTHBHOfO H3YKa HaYKH, n03BOJIHIO-
llI.efO <POPMYJIHpOBaTb JII06bIe YTBepJK,lJ.eHHH (B TOM tIHCJIe H YTBepJK-
)J.eHHH cou,HaJIbHbIX HaYK) B TepMHHax npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHbIX
06'beKTOB II C06bITHit
* n onnep, Kapil (p. 1902) - aBcTpHHCKHH <pHJIOCOCP, O,lJ.HH H3 f JIaBHbIX
onnOHeHTOB JIOfH1JeCKOrO n03HTHBH3Ma BeHCKOfO KpYJKKa. nO,U.Bepr
KpHTHKe BepHcpHKaQHOHHcTCKYIO H HH,lJ.YKTHBHCTCKYIO MeTO,lJ.OJIOfHIO Ha-
YKH, pa3pa60TaB npHHQHn cpaJIbcHcpHQHpyeMocTH (T. e. npHHQHrrHaJIb-
HOM onpoBepLKHMocTH) KaK KpHTepHM HayqHOCTH TeopHH (BKJII01JaH co-
QHaJIbHbIe TeopHH).
A. /1,. Aiiep. 513bIK, I1CTI1HA 11 JIO r11KA
KHHfa AHepa «513bIK, HCTHHa II JIOfHKa» BnepBbIe 6bIJIa ony6JIHKOBaH8
B 1936 r. BTopoe H3,lJ.aHHe, ,U.onOJIHeHHOe HOBbIM BBe,lJ.eHHeM, BbIIllJIO B CBeT ,U.e-
CHTb JIeT crrYCTH. ,[LaHHbIH nepeBO,lJ. 6- H f JIaBbI KHHfH OCYllI.eCTBJIeH A. A. 51KoB-
JIeBbIM no H3,lJ.aHHIO: Aye r A. J. Language, Truth and Logic. Harmonds-
worth, 1980. P 136-158.
c. 51
C 61
* C cooTBeTcTBYIOllI.HMH H3MeHeHHHMH (llaT.).
** Pe1Jb H,U.eT 0 napafpacpe «3MoTHBHaH TeopHH QeHHOcTeH» H3 BBe-
,lJ.eHHH KO BTOPOMY H3,lJ.aHIlIO KHHfH. AHep nOJIafaeT, qTO KpHTHKa B
a.rr.pec 6-H fJIaBbI 6bIJIa HanpaBJIeHa He CTOJIbKO npOTHB caMOH 9MO-
TIlBHOH: TeopHH, CKOJIbKO npOTHB n03HTHBHCTCKHX npHHQHnOB, Ha KO-
TOpbIX OHa, KaK C1JHTaJIH, OCHOBbIBaeTCH. no MHeHHIO aBTopa, O,lJ.HaKO,
,lJ.aHHaH TeopHH XOpOIllO 060CHOBaHa caMa no ce6e, 6e30THOCHTeJIbHO
K n03IlTIlBH3MY. B TO LKe BpeMH OHa MOfJIa 6bI 6bITb ,lJ.OnOJIHeHa 60-
JIee ,lJ.eTaJIbHbIM aHaJIH30M npHMepOB 3THqeCKHX cYLK)leHHH. He 6bIJIO
OTMe1JeHO, YKa3bIBaeT AHep, QTO 06'beKTaMH MOpaJIbHOfO 0,U.06peHHH
HJIH Heo,lJ.06peHHH HBJIHIOTCH He CTOJIbKO KOHKpeTHbIe ,lJ.eHCTBHH, CKOJIb-
KO orrpe,lJ.eJIeHHbIH THn (KJIacc) ,lJ.eHCTBHH.
OnnOHeHTbI .Ai1epa l nOllqepKIlBaJIH, qTO C n03Il11HH 9MOTHBHOH: Teo-
pHIl O).I.IlH cy6'beKT He MO)!{eT rrpOTHBOpeqIlTb ,lJ.PYfOMY B Bonpoce 0
QeHHOCTHX. Ha 3TO aBTOp (B nepBOM H3.rr.aHHIl) OTBeTHJI, qTO TaKOfO
po.rr.a cnopbI HMelOT JIHlllb cpahTyaJIbHbIH:, a He QeHHOCTHbIH xapaKTep.
B .rr.aHHOM BBe.rr.eHHIl )Ke fOBOpIlTCH, qTO 3THqeCKHe cnopbI, pa3yMeeTcH,
B03MO}KHbI, TOJIbKO cnOpHllI.He CTOpOHbI HHKOf.rr.a He OKaLKYTCH B CO-
CTOHHIlIl opMaAbfl020 npOTU8ope UR.
* COfJIaCHO KaHTY, CYllI.eCTBOBaHIle 60fa HBJIHeTCH O,lI.HHM 1-13 nOCTYJIa-
TOB «npaKTIlQeCKOfO pa3YMa» HapH,lI.Y C nOCTYJIaTaMH CB060,lJ.W H 6ec-
177
CMepTHH. B TO JKe BpeM5I HeB03MOLKHbI HHKaKHe TeOpeTH1JeCKHe }:tOKa-
3aTeJIbCTBa cYllI.eCTBOBaHHH Dora.
62 * flpaiic, Feflpu (1899-1985) - aHrJIHHCKHH ct>HJIOCOcp, aBTop IllHPOKQ
H3BeCTHOH KHHrH «BocnpHHTHe» ( 1932), B KOTOpOH ,lJ.aeTCH onHcaHHe
npoQeCCOB C03HaHHH, 6JIH3KOe cpeHoMeHOJIOrH1JeCKoMY. BCJIe,lJ. 3a Pac-
CeJIOM npaHc pa3pa6aTbIBaJI TeopHIO «qYBcTBeHHbIx ,lJ.aHHbIX».
/1,. 3. Myp. .lJ.OKA3ATEJIbCTBO BHElllHEfO M11PA
CTaTbH Mypa «.lI.oKa3aTeJIbCTBO BHeIllHefO MHpa» 6bIJIa BnepBbIe ony6-
HKOBaHa B 1939 f. (The Proceedings of the British Academy. V. XXV). .D.aH-
bIH nepeBO,Zl ocymeCTBJIeH 11. B. BOpHCOBOH no H3,lJ.aHHIO: Moo reG. E.
hilosophical Papers. L., 1959. P. 127-151.
66 * Ke tn CMUT - 6pHTaHcKHH cpHJIOcocp-HeOpeaJIHCT aBTop 3HaMeHHTbIX
KOMMeHTapHeB K aHfJIHHCKHM nepeBO,lJ.aM TeKCTOB KaHTa, IOMa, .lJ.e-
KapTa.
** nepeBo.a .aaH no H3.aaHHIO: K a H T 11. COq.: B 6-TH T. M., 1963-
1966. T 3. C. 118 (cHocKa).
74 * TeM caMbIM (llaT.).
H. MallKollbM. MYP 11 OEbILLEHHbIfI 513bIK
CTaTbH MaJIKoJIbMa «Myp H 06bI,lJ.eHHbIH H3bIK» 6bIJIa BnepBbIe ony6-
(KOBaHa B 1942 f. B KH: The Philosophy of G. E. Moore. Ed. by P. A. Schilpp.
lanston and Chicago. 1942. P. 345-368. 'LLaHHbIH nepeBO,lJ. OCYllI.eCTBJIeH
B. EopHcoBoH no H311aHHIO: Rorty R. (ed.). The Linguistic Turn. Chicago;
1975.
88 * O,lJ.HH H3 caMbIX 3HaMeHHTbIX HblO-MOPKCKHX He60cKpe60B Ha MaH-
xeTTeHe.
91 * YUCOOM, ApTYP J1.JlCOfl (p. 1904) - 6pHTaHcKHH cpHJIOCOcp, npe,lJ.cTaBH-
TeJIb TaK Ha3bIBaeMOfO TepaneBTH1JeCKOrO HanpaBJIeHHH B JIHHfBHCTH-
1JeCKOM aHaJIH3e. C6JIHLKaHCb C nCHXOaHaJIH30M, TpaKTOBaJI cpHJIOCOcp-
CKHe Y1JeHHH KaK «3a60JIeBaHHH», HYLK,lJ.alOllI.HeCH B JIeqeHHH.
P. lJU30AM. <l>I1JIOCO<l>bI 11 OBbILLEHHbIfI 513bIK
CTaTbH IIH30JIMa «<I>HJIOCOcpbI H 06bI,lJ.eHHbIH H3bIK» 6bIJIa BnepBbIe
y6JIHKOBaHa B 1951 r. B JKypHaJIe: The Philosophical Review. Vol. LX.
317-328. .lJ.aHHbIH nepeBo,U. OCYllI.eCTBJIeH 11. B. EopHcoBoH no H3.aaHHIO:
) r t Y R. (ed.). The Linguistic Turn. P. 175-182.
103 * JIa3epoBut{, Moppuc - aHrJIHHCKHH c1>HJIOCOc1>, Y1JeHHK BHTreHIllTeHHa,
npe,lJ.CTaBHTeJIb TepaneBTH1JeCKOrO HanpaBJIeHHH. nOCJIe,lJ.HHe ,lJ.eCHTHJIe-
THH ero npeno.aaBaTeJIbCKaH H HayqHaH ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTb npoxO,lJ.HJIa B
ClIlA. BCJIe,n 3a YHC,lJ.OMOM JIa3epOBHQ «cpHJIOcoc1>cKHe napa.aoKcbI»
paCCMaTpHBaeT KaK BbIpaLKeHHbIe B H3bIKe 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIe CTpeMJIe-
HHH H MOTHBbI JIIO,neH
11.. OCTUH. 3HA4EHHE CJ10BA
CTaTbH «3HaqeHHe CJIOBa» 6bIJIa BKJII01JeHa COCTaBHTeJIeM LL. ,[{. Y op-
HOKOM B C60PHHK pa60T OCTHHa nO,lJ. Ha3BaHHeM «Philosophical Papers», BbI-
me,lJ.IllHH B CBeT B 1961 r. B OKccpop,lJ.e, Qepe3 ro,lJ. nOCJIe cMepTH cpHJIOcocpa.
J{aHHbIH: nepeBo.u. oCYllI.eCTBJIeH A. JI. 30JIKHHbIM no 2-MY H311.aHHIO KHHrH
(1970 f.). P. 55-75.
C. 109 * XaMnUlup, CTlOapT HblOTOH (p. 1914) - aHfJIHHCKHM cpHJIOcocp-aHaJIH4
THK, aBTop KHHfH «MbICJIb H ,lJ.eHCTBHe» (1959).
C. 110 * AMepHKaHcKHH cpHJIOCOcp If JIOrHK q apIlb3 Moppuc B CBoeH KHHre
«3HaKH, H3bIK H nOBe,lJ.eHHe» (1946) onHpaeTcH Ha nOHHTHe «ceMHO-
3Hca», BnepBbIe BBe.u.eHHoe OCHOBaTeJIeM nparMaTH3Ma 4apJIb30M
nHpCOM. OHO 0603HaqaeT B3aHMO,lJ.eHCTBHe 3HaKa, ero 06'beKTa Hero
HHTepnpeTaHTa. CeMHOTH1JeCKOe ,lJ.eMCTBHe HeCBO,lJ.HMO K 6HHapHbIM OT-
HOIlleHHHM. TepMHH «3Ha1JeHHe» MoppHC CQHTaJI He,lJ.OCTaT01JHO TOq-
HbIM ,lJ.JIH HaYQHOrO aHaJIH3a 3HaKOBbIX HBJIeHHM.
** KaK JIOrHQeCKHH TepMHH «KOHHOTaUHH» (co03HaQeHHe) 6bIJIa BBe-
,lJ.eHa ,[{. C. MHJIJIeM (1806-1873) , OT JIH1JaBlliHM ee OT ,lJ.eHOTaQHll
(03Ha1JeHHH). B nepBoM cJIY1Jae HMeeTCH B BH,lJ.Y YKa3aHHe Ha COBO-
KynHocTb CBOHCTB 0603Ha qaeMOrO npe,lJ.MeTa, BO BTOpOM - YKa3aHHe
Ha npe,lJ.MeTHOe 3HaQeHHe HMeHH. TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe KOHHOTaTHBHbIe
HMeHa (<<1JeJIOBeK») npHMo 0603HaQalOT CBOM npe,lJ.MeT H KOCBeHHO
YKa3bIBalOT Ha ero CBoHcTBa, B TO BpeMH KaK HeKOHHOTaTHBHbIe HMe-
Ha 0603Ha1Ja1OT JIH60 npeJI.MeT (<<,[{LKOH», «J10HJI.OH», «AHrJIHH»), JIH-
60 TOJIbKO CBOMCTBO ( «6eJIbIH», «,lJ.JIHHHbIH», «,U.06p0,lJ.eTeJIbHbIH») .
B H3bIKe BCTpe1JaeTCH HeMaJIO CJIOB, He HMelOllI.HX ,lJ.eHOTaTOB, HO HMe-
IOllI.HX KOHHOTaQHIO, T. e. nOJIyqalOllI.HX onpe,lJ.eJIeHHe no cOBoKynHocTlI
H3BeCTHbIX CBOH:CTB (<<e,lJ.HHOpor», «pycaJIKa»). AMepHKaHCKHH: cpHJIO-
cocp-nparMaTHCT H JIOrHK K. 11. J1bIOHC C6JIH3HJI «,lJ.eHOTaQHIO» C nOHH.
THeM 9KCTeHCHOHaJIa, a «KOHHOTaQHIO» - C nOHHTHeM HHTeHCHOHaJIa
HMeHH (3HaKa).
*** TepMHH 6YKBaJIbHO 03Ha1JaeT «TO, QTO MOLKeT 6bITb OllI.YllI.aeMbIM».
HanpHMep, PacceJI «ceHCH6HJIHHMH» Ha3bIBaJI TaKHe «1JYBCTBeHHbIe
,lJ.aHHbIe», KOTopbIe CYllI.eCTBYIOT, He 6Y,lJ.YIIH aKTyaJIbHO BocnpHHHMae-
MbIMH KeM-JIH60. OCTHH nO,lJ.Bepf KpHTHKe 9TY H nOJI.06HbIe TeopHH B
KHHre «Sense and Sensibilia» (1962).
C. 112 * nO,lJ.06HOe napa,lJ.OKCaJIbHOe npe,lJ.JIOLKeHHe BnepBbIe CCPOPMYJIHpOBaJ1
Myp: «I1,lJ.eT ,lJ.OLK,lJ.b, HO H 9TOMY He BeplO» (<<napa,lJ.OKC Mypa»).
C. 114 * CYllI.eCTByeT O.l(HaKO He BocnpHHHMaeTCH (llaT.).
C. 118 * HMelOTcH B BH,lJ.y npe,lJ.CTaBHTeJIH JIbBOBCKo-BapIllaBcKoM IllKOJIbI JIO-
fHKOB, OCHOBaTeJIeM KOTOpOH 6bIJI K. TBaplloBcKHH (20-30-e rr
XX B.).
** napOHOMHH - TepMHH, BnepBbIe HCnOJIb30BaHHbIH ApHCTOTeJIeM
(<<KaTefopHH»). B JIHHfBHCTHKe no,lJ. 9THM TepMHHOM nOHHMalOT «HBJIe-
HHe 1JaCTH1JHOrO 3BYKOBOfO CXO,lJ.CTBa CJIOB (napOHHMOB) npH HX ce-
MaHTHQeCKOM pa3JIH1JHH (nOJIHOM HJIH 1JaCTH1JHOM)>> (J1HHfBHCTH1JeCKHH
3HQHKJIOne,lJ.HQeCKHH: CJIOBapb. M., 1990. C. 368)
*** flputtapa FapoAba ApTYP (1871-1947) - aHfJIHH:CKHH cpHJIOCOcp,
cneQHaJIHCT no 3THKe (CTOpOHHHK 9THQeCKOfO HHTYHTHBH3Ma) H TeopHH
n03HaHHH.
C. 119 * 3TO BocnpOH3Be,lI.eHHe H,lI.eH «ceMeHHbIx CXO,lJ.CTB» n03,lI.HefO BHTfeH"
IllTeHHa (CM.: Wittgenstein L. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford
1953. 67).
179
JI,. M. APMCTpOfl2. MATEPHAJIHCTHt.JECKA5I TEOPH5I
C03HAHH5I
nepeBO,lJ. 17-A rJIaBbI KHHfH ApMCTpOHra OCYllI.eCTBJIeH A. JI. 30JIKH-
HbIM no H3,U.aHHIO: Arm s t r 0 n g D. M. Materialist Theory of the Mind. L.
1968. P. 355-366.
C. 121 * ApMcTpoHr CCbIJIaeTCH Ha KHHry aBCTpaJIHHCKOfO CPuHJIOcocpa:
,n. ,n. CMapTa (p. 1920) 7 O,U.HOfO H3 nepBblx npe,U.CTaBHTeJIeH «HaY1J-
HOfO MaTepHaJIH3Ma», CTOpOHHHKa TeopHH TOJK,U.eCTBa MeHTaJIbHOfO H'
TeneCHOfO (HeApocpH3HOJIOfH1JeCKOfO) .
/1,. /1,aBuaCOfl. MA TEPHAJIbHOE C03HAHHE
CTaTbH ,n3BH,U.COHa «MaTepH8JIbHoe C03HaHHe» npe,U.CTaBJIHeT coooii
,U.OKJIa,U., np01JHTaHHbIH Ha 4-M MeJK.lI.YHap0,U.HoM KOHfpecce no JIOfHKe, MeTO,U.O-
JIOfHH H cpHJIOCOcpHH HaYKH (ByxapecT, 1971) Fourth International Congress
for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. The Proceedings. Ed. by
P. Suppes, L. Henkin, G. C. MoisH, A. Joja. North-Holland Publishing Com-
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flUMaeT peallbflOU CBR3U MeJICay OTaellbflbtMU npeaMeTaMU» (10 M ,[{
C01J.: B 2-x T. M., 1966. T. 1. C. 399).
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CTaTbH ,n9BH,U.coHa «00 H,U.ee KOHu,enTyaJIbHOM cxeMbI» ObIJIa Bnep-
bIe ony6JIHKOBaHa B 1974 r. B: Proceedings and Addresses of the American
Philosophical Association. Vol. 47. P. 5-20. ,naHHbIH nepeBo,U. ocyllI.eCTBJIeH
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lterpretation. Oxford, 1985. P. 183-198.
. 145 * AMepHKaHcKHH 9THOJIHHfBHCT B. JI. Yopcp COBMeCTHO C 3 CenHpoM
BbI,U.BHHYJI B 30-e fr. rHnOTe3Y JIHHfBHCTH1JeCKOH OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH, B
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148 *. CTpOCOfl, fluTep C/JpeaepuK (p. 1919) - aHrJIHHCKHH <pHJIOcocp-aHaJIH"
THK. YnoMHHYTaH B TeKCTe KHHra HBJIHeTC5I HCCJIe,U.OBaHHeM KaHTOB-
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Te II «TpaHCu,eH,U.eHTaJIbHYIO aprYMeHTaQHIO», KOTopbIe npHcnoca6JIH-
BaeT K CBoeH KOHQenQHH «,U.ecKpHnTHBHoH MeTacpH3HKH».
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C. 149 * llaTfl8M, XUllapu (p. 1926) - aMepHKaHcKHH cpHJIOcocp-aHaJIHTHK, B
neHTpe BHHMaHHH KOToporo np06JIeMa HaY1JHOH paQHOHaJIbHOcTH.
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J1ococp, 8BTOp 3HaMeHHToH KHHfH «nOHHTHe C03HaHHH» (1949)
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CTaHOBKH, coxpaHHlOlUee HcTHHHOCTHoe 3Ha1JeHHe npe,lJ.JIOJKeHHH. B Ta.
KHX H3bIKax a6cTpafHpYIOTCH OT CMbICJIOBbIX (HHTeHCHOHaJIbHblx) xa-
paKTepHcTHK, Y1JHTbIBaH J1HIllb 06'beMHble xapaKTepHcTHKH.
C 155 * HMeeTcH B BH.zr.y CTaTbH ,a9BH.zr.coHa «True to Facts» (Inquiries into
Truth and Interpretation. P. 37-54).
E. CTpaya. AHAJII1TI1QECKA5I <l>I1JIOCO<l>1151 11 METAcI>113I1KA
nepeBO.zt CTaTbH CTpay.zr.a OCYllI.eCTBneH A. JI. 30JIKHHbIM no H3.zr.aHHIO:
Nag 1 L., H e i n r i C h R. (Hrsg.). W 0 steht die Analytische Philosophie
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C. 171 * TepMHH «npon03HQHOHaJIbHble YCTaHoBKH» 6bIJI BnepBbIe npe,lJ.JIOLKeH
PacceJlOM B J10rHKe no.zr. HHM nOHHMalOT KOHCTPYKU,HH C MeHTaJIbHbIMH
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p" H T. n. KyaHH HecKOJIbKO OCJIa6HJI CBOIO KpaHHlO1O n03Hu,HIO B KHH-
re «Pursuit of Truth» (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), r.zr.e OTMeTHJI HeCBO-
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