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Текст
3-14-8
63-80/6-67
A. H. JIYICOMClCaIl
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H lIaJlblA paAHYCbI saKPyrJleBHII; 1- A.'HHa ueRTpaJlb-
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b - WHpHHa pa60'1ero yqaCTKa 06puua
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pOBaHbI). Ha HeKoTopblX oopasuax ,lJ.OJlJKHbI OblTb nOCTaBJleHbI
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pOJlbHble nJlHTKH 110raHcoHa.
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COOTBeTCTBOBaTb Tpe60BaHHSlM fOCT 269-66.
S 9. MeToAbi onpeAeJleHHSI AeilJopMau.HoHHYX cBoAcTB pesHH
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paS,lJ.BH>KeHHSI Sa>KHMOB 500 MM/MUH no fOCT 270-64. npHMeHHIOT-
CSI KaK CTaH,lJ.apTHbie (22 + 2° C), TaK H nOBblweHHble TeMnepaTypbl.
nOMHMO paspblBHblX xapaKTepHcTHK (<:M. 12 3TOH rJlaBbI), H3Mepft-
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MeHeHHe paCCTOHHHSI Me>KAY MeTKaMH (Y,lJ.JlHHeHHe) I= (1-1 0 )>>,
no fOCT 252-53 ocYlIJ.eCTBJlSleTCSI UHKJI HarpysKa - pasrpysKa H
3anHCblBaIOT-CSi neTJlH rHerepe3H a (CM. pHC. 44). MO>KHO Sa,lJ.aBaTb
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F
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So
1-10 .100%.
10
CTaH.liapTH30BaHbI (fOCT 210-53) TaK>Ke HcnblTaHHSI Ha nOJloc-
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Y,lJ.eJJbHOH HallaJlbHOH HarpysKe f= 10 KeclcM 2 , nOCJIe Ifero HaXO,lJ.HT
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- c - ho.ho 1 0 '"
rAe b o - HallaJlbHaft wHpHHa 06pasua; ho - HallaJlbHaH TOJIIIJ.H-
Ha, to - HallaJlbHaH AJlHHa (no MeTKaM), 1- ,lJ.JlHHa Ha 15-H MHHYTe.
.lI.JlH HcnblTaHHH npHMeHSIIOT TaK HaSbiBaeMbie MO,lJ.YJlbHble paMKH
(pHC. 48). 06pasUbi nOMelIJ.alOT B 3a>KHMbI (pHC. 48, a): BepxHHe 2,
HenO,lJ.BH>KHO YKpenJleHHble Ha BepxHeH nonepellHHe 8, HaXO,lJ.SllIJ.eHCft
68
e"
(19)
B CTOAKax 4, H BH>KBHe 5, K KOTOpblM nO.llBeWeHbI rpysoBbie crep2.KHH
6 c rpY3aMH 7, npOXOAftlIJ.He qepes BanpaBJIRlOlIJ.He b HH>KHeA none-
peQHHe 8. .lI.JlHHY pa60Qero }"IacTKa 06pasl{a H3MepftIOT C TO'IJIOCTbIO
0,5 MM no JIHHeHKaM 9 npH60pa. .
Ha MOAYJlbBOH paMKe, Hs06pa>KeHHOH'Ha pHC. 48,6, onpeAeJJSlIOT
t{a>KYIIJ.YIOCH OCTaTOQHYIO ,lJ.e$opMaUHIO (no rOCT 268-53).
npH onpe,lJ.eJIeHHH OCTaTOIIHoro Y,lJ.JlHHeHHSI Sa,lJ.aeTCSI CTeneHb
paCTft>KeHHSI 06pasua (100, 200, 300% OT nepBOHallaJlbHOH AJIHHbI
2. J J
III
.
J
,
.
II
PHe. 48. MOAym.Hwe p8MKH:
a - AJlII onpeAenenSIi MOAynll SJlaCTH'InOCTR; 6 - Anll onpeAeneHHII OCTaro'lRoro YAnRReHnll;
1 - I18Tepnac: (ypoaeRb); 2, 5 - Sa)KHMbI; 3, 8 - nonepeqsnlol; 4 - croilKR; 6 - CTep)KHR; 7-
rpYSbl; 9 - nHHeilKB; /0 - raAKB; / / - HORnyc; /2 - 06pasUbi
pa60llero YllaCTKa). 06pasUbi BblAep>KHBaIOT 15 MUH B paCTftHYTOM
COCTORHHH H nocJle 5 MUH «OT,lJ.blxa::. SaMepftlOT ,lJ.JlHHY pa60llero
}"IaCTKa 1 2 . OCTaTOIIHOe Y,lJ.JlHHeHHe BbllIHCJIftlOT no $opMYJle:
A. 1,-/0 .100%. (20)
10
I
npH6op, Hs06pa>KeHHblH Ha pRC. 48,6,- paSHOBH,lJ.HOCTb MOAYJlb-
. HOft paMKH, COCTOSllIJ.eH HS CTOeK 4, BepxHeH H HH>KHeH nonepellHH 8
H 8. BepxHHe 3a>KHMbI 06paSl{OB HenO,lJ.BH>KHO YCTaHOBJIeHbI Ha Bepx-
HeH nonepellHHe 8. CreneHb paCTft>KeHHft 06pasuoB 12 (,lJ.JlHHa pa6o-
lIero yqaCTKa 11) HSMepfteTCft no JIHHeHKe 9 C HOHHYCOM II. 06pasUbI,
YCTaHaBJIHBalOT B paCTftHYTOM COCTOftHHH, SaKpenJlftft raHKH 10,
69
HaBHH'IHB8eMbie Ha CTep>KHH 6, HeCYIIJ.He Ha ce6e HH>KHHe 3a>KHMbI 5
H YOHpalOlIJ.HeCR 13 HH>KHIOIO 'OonepelfHHY 8 paMKH.
HeKOTOpble THnbl pesHH (aMopTHsaTopbl, npOKJIa,lJ.KH) , KpOMe pac-
TSI>KeHHft, HcnblTblB810T H Ha C>KaTHe. no fOCT 265-66 HaXOASIT OT-
HOCHTeJlbHYIO ,lJ.e4JopMauu)o C>Ka THB. .. I BblSblBaeMYIO C>KUMaIODI,eA
HarPYSKOH P, BbllIHCJlSISI ee no $opMYJle
- Ho-H. 1 00%
e..- . 0,
Ho
(21)
f.lI.e Ho - BblCOTa 06pa3ua ,lJ.0 HcnblTaHHft, HI - BbiCOTa no,lJ. Harpys-
KOH'P;
BeJlHlfHHY Y,lJ.eJIbHOH HarpysKH npH 3a,lJ.aHHOH ,lJ.e$opMaUHH - no
f $opMYJle
r,lJ.e H 2 - BbiCOTa 06pasua no CHSlTHH Ha-
rpysKH nocJle 1 MUH BOCCTa'HOBJleHHft.
06pageu HMeer $OPMY UHJlHH,lJ.pa SblCO-
ToR 38 MM H ,lJ.HaMerpoM 32 MM H BYJlKa-
H'HSYeT'CSi B HH,lJ.H'BH,lJ.yaJlb'HbiX $opMax.
06pasUbi HCDblTblBalOT H8 paspblBHoH
MaWHHe, B KOTOpylO BMeCTO Sa>KHMOB
BCTaBJIHIOT CneUHaJlbHOe npHcnoc06J1e-
HHe, H8SblBaeMoe p e B e p cop 0 M. 3r0
npHcnoc06J1eHHe npe,lJ.CTaBJIfteT <:060H ,lJ.Be
CKOJlbSSlIIJ.He O,lJ.Ha B ,lJ.pyroA paMKH (pHC.
49). O,lJ.Ha paMKa 06pa3yercSi nJlHTOH 5,
nJl3HKOH 2 H KOJlOHKaMH 8. OHa saKpen-
JlfteTCft BMeCTO BepXHero Sa>KHMa C no-
MOlIJ.blO naJlbua 1. Ha HeH HaXO,lJ.HTCSI
ca oycT3HaBJlHBalOlIJ.aSl'CSI nJlOlIJ.a,lJ.'Ka 9
,lJ.JlSI 06pasua. .lI.PyraSi paliKa COCTOHT HS
nJlHTbJ 4, nJlaHKH 8 H KO.pOHOK 6 H 38KpenJiSIerCSI Ha MeCTe HH>KHerO
Sa>KHMa naJibueM 7. npH C>KaTHH 06pasu.a KOJlOHKH 3 CKOJlbSSlT B
nJlHTe 4, a KOJlOHKH 6 - B dIJlHTe 5. CK9pOCTb ,lJ.BH>KeHHft BepxHeH
C>KHMalOlIJ.eH nJlOlIJ.a,lJ.KH - 25 MM B MHHYTY.
B KOHTpOJlbHblX Jla60paTOpHftX nO,lJ.rOTOBHTeJIbHblX ueXOB saBO-
,lJ.OB npHMeHfteTCft MeTO,lJ. 3Kcnpecc-KOHTpOJlSl, no KOTOPOMY onpe,lJ.e-
JlfteTCft «KOJIbUeBOb MO,lJ.YJlb pesHHbI (fOCT 412-53).
70
.J
9
8
7
PHC. 49. PeBepcop
AnJi CJK8THJI 06pa3QOB
Ha pa3pblBHoA Ma-
wHHe:
I, 7 - nanbUbI, 2, 8 - nna-
HKH; 3. 6 - KonOHKH; 4.
5 - nnHTbI: 9 - caMoYCTa.
HaBnHBalOlUaliCIi nnow.aAKa
I '-L
- I
So
(22)
j
r,lJ.e So - :nepBOHa'laJlbHaSi nJlOlIJ.8Ab no-
nepelJJHOrO CelfeHHSI; OTHOCHTe.'1bHYIO OC-
TaTO'lHYIO ,lJ.ecpopMaUHIO (80CT)
Ho- H 2 1 00
e OCT = . %,
Ho
II
(23)
fipH60p AJIft 9TH X HCnblTaHHH nOKaSaH Ha pHC. 50. Ha OCH 11
Me>K,lJ.Y CTOHKaMH 5, 'npHKpenJleHHblMH K OCHOBaHHIO 10, HaXO,lJ.HTCR
pbllfar 2. OCTpHe pbl'lara ftBJISleTCft YKaSaTeJIeM WKaJlbl 1. Ha pbllla-
Fe - ,lJ.Ba rHes,lJ.a, B KOTOpblX nOMelIJ.aeTCR nOABeCKa 4 C rpysaMH 8
BeCOM 1 HJlH 2 K2C. KopOTKoe nJle'lO pbllfara 7 onHpaeTCft Ha Aep>Ka-
TeJlb 9, 06pa3YSI C HHM UHJlHH,lJ.p 8, Ha KOTOpblH Ha,lJ.eBaerCH HcnblTY-
eMbiA KOJIbueBOH 06paseu.. fipH nOA'heMe appeTHpa 6 pbllfara 06pa-
seu paCTftrHBaeTcSI H nOKasaHHH paCTSI>KeHHft CHHMalOTCft no WKaJle
lIepes 3 ceK.
PHe. 50. npH60p AnJi onpeAeJleHHJI CKOJJb1(eBOro» MOAY.ll!1:
1 - WK8na; 2 - AnHRHoe nne'lo pbI'I8ra; 8 - rpys; 4 - nOA8eCK8; 5-
aoAKH: 6 - appeTHp; 7 - KopOTKoe RJle'lo pbl'l8ra; 8 - UHnRHAP; 9-
Aep)Ka1enb; 10 - ocRo8aHRe; II - OCb
B OnHcaHlibiX MeTO.l1aX Bbl6HpaeTCSI KaKOA-JlH60 OJHH BpeMeHHOH
pe>KHM HarpY>KeHHSI, HO BJlHSlHHe BpeMeHH (CKOpOCTH) HarpY>KeHHft
He HSY'IaercSi.
.l{Jlft onpe,lJ.eJleHHft nOJl3Y'IeCTH pe3HHbI 'IalIJ.e Bcero nOJIbsYIOTCft
MeTO,lJ.OM paCTSI>KeHHft. fipH 3TOM BH,lJ.e Ae$opMaUHH Jlerqe Bcero HC-
nblTbiBaTb 06pasUbi He TOJIbKO no,lJ. AeHCTBHeM nOCTOftHHOH HarpY3KH,
HO H npH nOCTOSlHHOM HanpSl>KeHHH.
.l{Jlft Toro B >KH,lJ.KOCTb norpY>KalOT cpHrypHble rpysbl nepeMeHHO-
ro Ce'leHHSI, KOTopoe paCC'IHTaHO TaK, 'ITO rH,lJ.pOCTaTH'IeCKaft no,lJ.'h-
eMHaSi CHJla, BblTaJlKHBalOlIJ.aSl norpY>KalOIIJ.HHCSI B >KH,lJ.KOCTb rpys,
nOJIHOCTblO KOMneHcHPyeT YBeJJHlfeHHe Hanpft>KeHHSI B 06pasuax HS-
sa YMeHbWeHHft nOnepe'lHOrO celfeHHSI HX npH paCTSI>KeHHH. CJle,lJ.yeT
Y'leCTb, 'ITO ,rJly6uHa norpY>KeHHH'rpysa paBHa Y,lJ.JlHReHHIO 06pa3ua,
a ,lJ.e$opMaUHH pesHHbI npOHCXO,lJ.HT 6es H3MeHeHHSI ee 06'heMa.
CxeMa nOA06HOH YCTaHOBKH C $HrYPHblMH rpysaMH 18 Hs06pa-
>KeHa Ha pHC. 51.
Ha 3TOH YCTaHoBKe MO>KHO TaK>Ke HcnblTbiBaTb pesHHbI Ha nOJl-
8Y1JecTb npH nOCTOftHHOA HarpysKe (no fOCT 10269-62).
.l{Jlft 3Toro HcnoJibsYIOT KOJIbueBbie 06pasUbI, Bblpy6aeMble Kpyr-
JlblMH HO>KaMH C ueHTpHpoBaHHblMH KpoMKaMH. Ha pHC. 51 nOKasaHa
71
'TaJDKe. KOHCTPY.KUHft H AaHbI pa3Mepbl pOJlHKOB, Ha KOTOpble H8,Ae-
B810T 06pasUbi.
B TepMOCTare 3 Ha paMKe 7 HenOABH>KHO SaKpenJiftlOTCft BepXBBe
pOJlHKH 6. COOTBeTCTBYlOlIJ.He HM napbl HH>KHHX pOJlHKOB 5 H3XOJ,UlT-
Cft Ha JlerKHX BSMepHTeJIbHblX JlHHeHKax 4, npoxo,lJ.ftlIJ.HX lIepes OTBep-
CTHft B AHe TepMocTaTa B C nOMOlIJ.b1O BtlHTOB 12, saKpennfteMIiX
Me>KAY nepeAHeA H saAHeH nnaHKa-
MH J1. .
Jl.Jlft HcnblTaHHSI 06pasuO'B pac-
ClfHTbllBaJOT BeJIH'IHHY P rpysa 2,
KOTOpblH He06xo,lJ.HMO nOMeCTHTb
Ha nOABecKy 1 'Ka>K,lJ.OH JlHHeAxH 4,
qr06b1 HallaJlbHaSi Y,lJ.eJlbH3ft Ha-
rpysKa, -npHJlO>KeHHaSi K 06pasuy,
paBHftJlaCb p:
P=p(D-d)h-Pa, [(24)
f,lJ.e Pa - see nHHeHxH 4 C ponHKa-
MH H nO,lJ.BeCKOA, h - TOJlIIJ.H1Ia 06-
pasua, D, d - HapY>KHblH H BHyr-
peHHHH ,lJ.HaMeTpbl 06pasua.
Y,lJ.eJIbHaSi H3I'pYSK3, TeMnepaTY-
pa, 06IIJ.ee BpeMft HcnblTaHHSI H Bpe-
Mft npOMe>KYfOIIHblx OTClleTOB sa-
AaIOTCft.
KOr,lJ.8 B TepMocTaTe yeTaHoBHT-
CH 3a,lJ.a'HHaft reM.DepaTypa, perYJlH-
pyeMaft KOHTaKTHbiM TepMoMeTpoM
10 H KOHTpoJlHpyeMaft TepMoMeT-
pOM 9, Ha pOJlHKH (npH CTaH,lJ.apT-
HOM pa<:<:TOftHHH Me>K,lJ.y OCftMH
BepxHHx H HH>KHHX pOJlHKOB) Ha.zte-
BalOTCft 06pasubl, TepMocTaT sa-
KpblBaeTCft, H nOCJIe nporpeBaHHft
06pasUOB (He .MeHee 3 MUH) O<:BO-
60>KAaIOTCft BHHTbI 12, H JlHHeH'KH
c rpysaMH 'nOBHcalOT Ha 06pasuax.
tJepes 60 ceIC nocJle .opHJlO>KeHHft
HarpysKH ,nepBblH pas OTC'IHTblBa-
lOT I, AeneHHft' WKaJlbl JlBHeHKH 4 OTHOCHTeJIbHO HB>KHerO Kpaft 3a-
>KHMaeMOH DJlaHKH 11.
no HcrelleHHH 3aAaHHoro BpeMeHH BcnblTaHHft 0C5pa3I(bI pasrpy-
>KalOT H OHH BOCCTaHaBJlHB81OTCft He MeHee 24 It :rIpH 'HOPM8J1bHblX
YCJIOBHftX. 3aTeM SaMepftlOT ,lJ.JlHHY L OT,lJ.OxHYBwero 06pa3ua.
YAJlHHeHHe (B %) KO BpeMeHB t AeHCTBHB HarpysKH pa HO: _
s/= 2 (/t-Io) .100%, (25)
Lo
f/
1
l
PRe. 51. YCT8aoBK8
HIUfIlIn TJ.JJI RCDblT8aHJI a8
DOJISyqecn Dpa p8CTJlZeHHR
KO.llbueBbiX 06p83UOB DPH
a8A8HHOA H8rpY3Ke H.IId DO-.
CTOJlHHOM R8np!1ZeHHR:
/ - nOA8eCKa; 2 - rpys: 8 - Tep-
MOCT8T; 4 - R3MepHTMbRble .liB-
HeIIU; 5 - RR)KJIRe poaJUCR; f..
BepxsRe ponHKR; 7 - nnaHKa pall.
IlK; 8 - 8eRTJrnnop; 9 - TepMOe
lIeTp; /0 - KORT8KTBblll TePIIO-
MeTP; II - npR)KHMH811 RJlaRKa:
/2 - BHRTbI; /8 - 4IHrypHblii rpys
12
"
rAe 1.0 - AJlHHa He,lJ.ecpOpMHpOBaHHOrO 0C5pa3l{a, It - AeJIeHHe WKa- .
JIbI, OTCIIHTblBaeMOe KO BpeMeHH t, lo.- AeJIeHHe WKaJIbi npH 'HallaJlb-
HC?M paCCTOSlHHH Me>K,lJ.Y OCftMH BepXHHX H HH>KHHX POJlHKOB.
OTHOCHTeJJbHaSi ,lJ.e$OpMaUHft nOJlsyqecTH K 3TOMY BpeMeHH
paBHa:
100. et- e l - It-II .100%. (26)
el . 11 -/ 0
PeSYJlbraTbi HcnblTaHHH Ha nOJlsyqeCTb H306pa>KalOTCft TaJOKe
KpHBOH «OTHOCHTeJlbHaSi .ne4>opMa'UHft nOJlsYlfecTH - JlOrapH4>M
BpeMeHH». npH 3TOM CqHTaeTCSI, liTO KOHeq-
HblH JlHHeHHblH YlfaCTOK KpHBOH npH ,nOBbI-
WeHHblX TeMnepaTypax XapaKTepHsyeT
paSBHTHe XHMHlfecKoro TelfeHHft.
OCHOBHOH XapaKTepHCTHKOff XHMH'lfeC-
KOrO TeqeHHft (TenJlOBOrO CTapeHHft B Han-
pft>KeHHOM COCTOSlHHH) SI'BJlHerCft OCTaTOII-
Haft ,lJ.ecpopMaUHSI .100%'. OTHome-
Zo
HHe oCTaTolfHoH ,lJ.e$opMaUHH K 06IIJ.eH .ne-
$opMaUHH nOJlsYlfeCTH, pasBHBWeHCft sa
BpeMft HarpY>KeHHSI, HaSbiBaeTCft nOKa3aTe-
/teAl cTapeHUIl no nOJlsyqeCTH: lIeM MeHbwe
3TO OTHoweHHe, TeM Bblwe conpOTHBJleHHe
pesHH CTapeHHIO.
JI.JlSI coxpaHeHHft nOCTOSlHCTBa HanpSl-
>KeHHft npH paCTft>KeHHH nOJlOCKOBH,lJ.HblX
06pasuoB MO>KHO onpHMeHSlTb npHcnoc06J1e-
HHe pblqa>K'Horo THna «YJlHTKY» (pHC. 52).
npO$HJlb 4>HrypHoH nJiaCTHHbI, npe,lJ.CTaB-
JlftlOIIJ.eH nepeMeHHoe nJlelfO pblqara, pac-
CIIHTblBalOT HS COOTHoweHHSI:
R _ Ro 1
-;:- - -:-;-. 1 + e
r,lJ.e 8 - OTHOCHTeJlbHOe y.ztJlHHeHHe 06pasua,
Ro, H R - npoeKUHH nepeMeHHoro pa,lJ.Hyca
A $HrYPHoro ,lJ.HCKa Ha ropH30HTaJlbHYlO OCb B HallaJlbHOM H saAaH-
HOM nOJlO>KeHHH AHCKa.
HcnbITaHHe Ha peJIaKCaUHIO HanpSl>KeHHR npH C>KaTHH no rOCT
9982-62 no CYlIJ.eCTBY TaK>Ke ftBJIfteTCft HcnblTaHHeM Ha xHMHllecKyIO
peJIaKCaUHIO. .
06pasUbi nOMelIJ.alOT B CneUHaJlbH8IX cTpy6UHHax npH Sa,lJ.aHHOH
eneHH C>KaTHft H nepHO,lJ.HqeCKH HSMepSiIOT ,lJ.eiicTBYIOIIJ.YIO B HHX
C>KHMaIOIIJ.YIO HarpysKY. npe,lJ.nOJlaraeTCR, If TO peJIaKCal{Hft Hanpft>Ke-
HHft B C>KaTC1M 06pa3ue npoHCKO,lJ.HT no onpe,lJ.eJIeHHOMY saKOHY, npH
o
p
PHC. 52. npHCRO-
co6neHHe An!1 nOA-
Aep.aHH!1 nOCTO!1H-
HOnJ Hanp!1)KeHH!1 B
06pa3u.ax npH pac-
T!1)KeHHH:
p - rpys; r - paJUlYc
Kpyrnoil 'l8CTB AHCKa;
A - nepeMeBHblii paAK-
yc AHCKa; R - npoeK-
UBII paAHyca'8eKTOpa
A Ha ropB30HTanbHYIO
OCb B saAaHHOM nono-
)KeIlH" 4IHrypBoil Ilna-
CTHBbI; 0 - 06paseu
13
. KO..tOpOM CKOpOCT:.b peJJaKCaUHH HanpftJKeHHH XapaKTepH3yercB BeJlH-
-.IJHHoR'K: . .. .
K = (at, - at.)/aa (Ig t 2 -lg it), (27)
rAe a" at" at.- Hanpft>KeHHe lIepes 3 MUH, II H 12 AlUH nocne Ha-
lIaJla <:>KaTHft.
, Mero,lJ.bI HSMepeHHft $HsHllecKoA peJiaKCaUHH He CTaHAapTHSO-
BaHbI.
S JO. OnpeJJ.eJJeHHe TBepAOCTH pe3HHW
TBep,lJ.OCTb pesHHbJ B 60JlbWHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB xapaKrepHsyeTCft CO-
npOTHBJleHHeM B,lJ.aBJIHBaHHIO B pesHHY (norpY>KeHHIO) HaKOHellHHKOB
pa3J1H'IHblX $OpM (HH,lJ.eHTopOB).
TBepAOCTb OnpeAeJISierCH B Tpex pe>KHMaX HarpY>KeHHft:
1) npH AeHcTBHH Ha HH,lJ.eHTOp Sa,lJ.aHHoe BpeMft onpe,lJ.eJIeRHOH Ra-
rpysKH; 2) npH nepeMeHHoH HarpysKe, cosAaBaeMoH ,lJ.e$opMHPYIO-
Dl,eHCSI npY>KHHOii, KOTOpaft nO,lJ.nHpaer B,lJ.aBJIHBaeMblH B pesHHY HH-
,lJ.eHTOp; 3) npH 3a,lJ.aHHOM norpY>KeHHH B pesHHY HHAeHTopa sa on-
pe,lJ.eneHHblH npOMe>KYToK BpeMeHH.
HSMepSieMblMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH SlBJlSlIOTCSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO:
I) rJlY(SHHa norpY>KeHHH HH,lJ.eHTOpa; 2) BeJlHIIHHa ,lJ.e$opMaUHH
npY>KHHbI (B YCJIOBHblX eAHHHuax); 3) HarpysKa, BblSblBalOIIJ.aSl 3a-
AaHHoe yrJly6J1eHHe HH,lJ.eHTopa.
npH H3MepeHHH TBepAocTH Ha pesYJlbTaTbi BJlHHIOT He TOJlbKO BbI-
6paHHble YCJIOBHSI HcnblTaHHft, $opMa H paSMepbl HH,lJ.eHTOpa, HO H
COCTOSlHHe nOB pXHOCTH 06pasua, ero TOJlIIJ.HHa, creneHb npeABapH-
TeJIbHOrO KOHT3KTa Me>K,lJ.Y o(SpaSUOM H HHAeHTopOM H ,lJ.PyrHe 4>aK-
TOpbl. nO TOMY MO>KHO cpaBHHsaTb TOJlbKO peSYJlbTaTbi O,lJ.HOTHnHblX
HcnblT8HHH B' CTporo perJlaMeHTHpOBaHHblx YCJIOBHftX.
I< MeTO,lJ.aM onpe,lJ.eJleHHft TBepAOCTH no,lJ. nOCTOftHHOH HarPYSKOH
OTHOCHTCft HcnblraHH no rOCT 253-53 Ha npH60pe TIllM-2.
HHAeHTop npeACr8BJ1fter e060A wapHK AHaMeTpOM 5 MM. OH s,lJ.as-
JlHBaeTeH no,lJ. HarPY3KOH F, paBHoH 1 Kec, B TelfeHHe 30 ceK. npH
rJly6HHe norpY>KeHHR h TBep,lJ.OCTb T m paBHa:
Tw=--!.- KZC/CM 2 . (28)
sr.dh
npH cpaBHHTeJJbHO MaJlOH ,lJ.e$opMaUHH pesHHbI HarpysKa
F (Kac), B,lJ.aBJIHBalOlIJ.aR HHAe Top paAHycoM R (CM) , CBftSaHa
<: rJly6HHoH norPY>KeHHft h (CAI) H MOAYJleM C,ZlBHra a (KZCjCM 2 )
COOTHoweHHeM:
F = 0,00051 Gl(O.6Sh l . 36 , (29)
npH'IeM MO,lJ.YJlb IOHra E npH MaJloit.Ae$opMaUHH paBeH 3G, T. e.
E=3G. (30)
74
Me>KAyHapOAHOH opraHHsaUHeA no CTaHAapTHsaUHH (MCO) pe-
KOMeBAOB8H MeTOA BAaBJIHBaHHft c$epHlle<:Koro HaKOHelfHHKa B 06-
paaeu, npH>KaTbiA maA:60A ('KOJIbUOM) oRpeAeJJeHHoro Beca .
"RAeHTop BAaBJIHBaeT<:SI '1epes oTBepcTHe B waA6e CHallaJia
5 ceIC DOA MHHHMaJlbHOH HarpysKoA, 3aTeM 30 ceIC ROA 06IIJ.eH Ha-
rpystcoli (npH A06aBJIeHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOH HarpysKH).
JJ saBHCHMOCTH OT TOJIIIJ.HHbI H<:nblTyeMoro 06pasua npHMeHftlOT
MHKpO- HJlH MaKpOMerO,lJ.bI HcnblTaHHft H COOTBeTCTBYlOlIJ.He HH,lJ.eHTO-
pbl H HarpysKH (Ta6J1. 1). OnpeAeJIHeMbie np.H 3TOM BeJIH'IHHbI no-
rpY>KeHHft HHAeHTopa B pesHHY no MHKpOMeTO,lJ.Y B 6 pas MeHbwe,
lIeM no MaKpOMeTO,lJ.Y.
Ta6.11HII.8 I
PaIleP" lIacrel npHGopa H DpHMea.eMWe HarpyaKH Up. .CDIIIT8MB. OGp43U,OB
p83.llH'IHol 1'O.I".H"
HarpY3KH, II:
T o.tlllHRa 'IaCTb llH8MeTp. MM MaKcRM "b8811 I MHHRM&.abB.. I
o6pasua. MM npH60pa o6w.all
-
8-10 llIapHK 2.,38 z 0,01 534 z 1 3O z 2 564 z 3
2,50 z 0.01 .550 :t 1 3O z 2 580 z 3
npH)KHMHa!1 2O z 1 - - 850 z 150
waM8
OtBepCTHe 6z1 - - -
B UPH)KHM-
Hol waMe
2-2,5 1lI8pHK 0,395 z 0.005 14,85:1:0,05 0,83 z 0,05 15,68 z 0,10
npH)KHMH8!1 3,35 z 0,15 - - 24z3
w8M8
OTBepCTHe l,OO z O,15 - - -
B UPK)KHM-
HoA waA6e
. rJly6HHa norpY>KeHHft no MaKpoMerOAY nepeBOAHTCft B CMe>K,lJ.Y-
HapOAHble eAHHHUbi TBepAocTH» HJlH B cTBep,lJ.OCTb no MCO». HeKO-
Topble nepeBO,lJ.Hble SHa'leHHft npHBeAeHbI B Ta6J1. 2.
T86.11Hua 2
, DepeBOA rJlyGHH norpy.eHu B Me-"YHapoAH..e eAHHHu,w TBepAocTB *
r..y6Htla uorPY)Ke-
HHJI, MM ...
TBepAocTb. . . .
o
100
0,1
97,1
0,5
71.0
0,65
63,0
1
48,8
2
28,5
· DPH nepe80,Ae 8 eABHBUW TBepAOCTII no MCO rJly6HHIoI Dorpy)l(ellRI, onpeAeneRHble
MHKpoMCTOAOII, c:JIeAYeT yJlBO)l(HTb Ba 6.
15
I
Ha pHC. 53 nOKasaH O,lJ.HH HS TBep,lJ.OMepOB, Ha KOTOpOM onpe,lJ.e-
JlSlIOT MaKpOTBep,lJ.OCTb no MCO.
Ha CTaHHHe 1 eCTb CTOJlHK 11 AJiH 06pasua 10 H HanpaBJIftlODI,He
KOJIOHKH 2 ,lJ.Jlft nepeMelIJ.eHHft HarpY>KalOlIJ.erO MeX3HHSMa. BHyTpH
(
G
PHe. 53. TBepAoMep HIUfPn .D.n!1 onpeAeneHHJI
TBepAOCTH DO liCO:
1 - CTaRRHa; 2 - Hanpa8JIIiIOIURe KonOHKH; 8, 4 - 8RRT;
6 - NaKcHManbHblii rpY3; 6 - pyltollTKa; 7 - CTep)l(eHb;
8 - NHKpoNeTp; 9 - wapRK BRAeRTOpa; 10 - 06pueu;
11- CTonH"; /2 - npR)I(HMH811 wail6a
CTaHHHbI nOMelIJ.eHa BH6paUHOHHaft YCTaHOBKa, CHH>KalOlIJ.aft TpeHHe
Me>K,lJ.Y 06pasuOM H HH,lJ.eHTOpOM. MexalfHSM HarpY>KeHHft YCTaHaB-
JlHBaeTCft no BbiCOTe BHHTOM 4 H $HKcuPyeTcSI cTonopHblM BHHTOM 3.
MaKcHMaJlbHblH rpys B 550 2C ,lJ.eHCTByer Ha wapHK HHAellTopa 9 qe-
pes CTep>KeHb 7 MHKpoMeTpa 8 npH nOBopoTe PYKOSlTKH 6. MHHH-
MaJlbHaft (npeABapHTeJIbHaft) HarpysKa 30 2C <:OSAaeTCft OT -cTep>K-'
Hft 7 C wapHKoM 9 H H3MepHTeJIbHOrO YCHJlHft MHKpOMerpa 8. npH-
76
>KHMHaft waH6a 12' 06ecnellHBae.r KOHTaKT 06pasua C onopHoA
. nJlolUaAKoA nOA AaBJIeHHeM 300 CICM2.
no BTOPOMY pe>KHMY 06pasubl HcnblTbiBaJOT Da nopTa HBHblx ne-
peHocHbix npa60pax KapMaHHoro THna, Haa60Jlee pacnpocrpaHeHHblM
H3 KOTOplllX ftBJlHerCft TBepAoMep lUopa.
YCTpOHCTBO aHaJlOrHlfHOro TBep,lJ.OMepa TM-2, Ha XOTOpOM npo-
BOAftTCH HcnblTaHHft no rOCT 263 , nOKasaHO Ha pHC. 54.. -
. HHAeHTop 8 npeACTaBJIfter c060H HrJlY C HaKOHe'iHHKOM B BHAe
ycelleHHoro KOHyca H BblcTynaeT HS Kopnyca 'iepes oTBepcTHe B waA-
6e 7 Ha paccToSlHHe 25 MM. 3
BepxHHM KOHLl.OM OH YJIlfJpaeTCft
B nJIocKyIO npY>KH'HY 4. n pH HC-
nblT3'HHH'IlpH.6op ycraHaBJIH,Baer-
Cft Ha 06pa3'1le, HaX'OASllIJ.eMCH Ha
nJlOCKOH 'HenOABH>KHOH onope
TaK, 'iT06b1 MeraJlJliHQeCKaSi nJlac-
THHKa 1 H waH6a 7 -conplfJKaca-
nHCb c nOBepxnoCTbJO 06pasua
- npH Ha>KaTHH Ha rOJlDBKY 3 nJ>'H-
6opa. npH 3TOM HrJla norpy-
>KaeTCft B 06paseu Ha HeKoTopylO
rJly()HHY AD Tex nop, nOKa CHJla
BblTaJlKlIBaHHR ee HS peaBHbI He
ypaBHOBeCHTCft COnpOTHBJleHfleM
,lJ.ect>OpMHpOBaHHOH IIp)t>KUHbI 4,.
qeM MeHbwe CHJla BblTaJlKHBa-
.JIHSI, 'reM MeHbwe ,lJ.e$opMHipyeT-
Cft npY>KH'Ha H rJly6>Ke -norpY>Ka-
eTCft Hl'Jla. C ABH>KeHHeM HrJlbl
CBftSaHO <:MelUeHHe sy6lfaTOH
peAKH 5, nOBOpa'iHBalOlIJ.eH wec-
repHIO, 'IIa OCH 'KOTOpOH HaXOAHT-
CSI CTpeJiKa 2, nOKa3bPBalOIIJ.aft Ha WKaJle lIpH60pa 1!Bep,lJ.OcTb B ye-
JlOBHblX e,lJ.oHoIJHuaX OT 0 AO 100. BcJIH conpowBJleHHe npY>KH'Hbi (CH-
Jla BblTaJlKHBaHHft) paBHo (HJI'JI MeHee) 56z4 2C (pesHHa npeAeJJbHo
MSirKaft), HrJla norpY>KaeTCft 'B o6paseu. Ha nOJlHYJO rJly6H'HY H
cTpeJJKa nOKaSbiBae T no WKaJle O. ECJIH cOnpOTHBJIeHHe npY>KHHbI
paBHo 822:1:4 2C. (HJlH 60Jlee), HrJla He norpY>Kae1'CR, TBep,lJ.OCTh'
M8IKCHMaJlbHa H CTpeJiKa nOK33b1BaeT tOO! TBe]1.l1oCTb 100 MO>KHO
npoBepulTb 'Ha creKJlftHHOR rJla,lJ.KOH HJlH MeTaJlJl'HqeCKOH noorepxHo-
CTftX. , .
npY>KHHa npH.60p8 nepHoAHllecKH KaJlH6PyercJ{.
TBepAocTb no lUo'py AJift OAHOP0,lJ.HblX HeHanOJlHeHHblX pesos-
npHMepHo COBnuaer C ax TBePAOCTbJO no liCO. . .
KorAa HcnblT8HHft npOBOAftT no MerO,lJ.Y, peKOMeH.D.OBaaHOM:Y
HCO, npHMeHHIOT c$epHtieCKHA HaKoHeIlHHK, KOTOpblH MeHbwe sa-
TynJlJleTC.R eM KOHycHaft Hrna (pesYJlbT8TbI HSMepeHHA SaBHCJlT OT
4-241 71
.
PHC. 54. Taep,noMep TM.2
S8BO.lUl «MeT8.11J1RC'D:
1 - nnaCTHHHa; 2 - cTpenKa; 3 - ro-
n08K8; 4 - npY)I(RRa; 5 - Sy6UT8.
peilKa; 6 - weC1epHII; 7 - wall6a;
-8 - BHAeBTOp (Brna)
paSMepOB H $OpMbI HHAeHTOpa), U CneLl.HaJIbHOe npH>KHMHOe OCHO-
BaHHe, 06eCnelfHBalOIIJ.ee KOHTaKT C OnOpHOH nJIOlIJ.a,lJ.KOH nOA onpe-
,lJ.eJJeHHblM AaBJIeHHeM. KpoMe TOrO, cOSAalOT Onpe,lJ.eJJeHHblH MUHH-
MaJlbHblH rpys, AeHCTBYlOlIJ.HH 3a,lJ.aHHOe BpeMft (5 ceIC). ,lJ,JIft YMeHb-
lIJ.eHUft BJlHftHHft CHJI TpeHHSI Me>K,lJ.Y HHAeHTopoM H .p6J!a3L1.0M
B OCHOBaHHH npl160pa npUMeHSleTCft SYMMep HJIU Bu6paTOp. 3TO
Bce - npeHMYlIJ.ecTBa MeTOAa, peKOMeH,lJ.OBaHHOro MCO. .
npH HcnblTaHHH pe3HHbI Ha TBep,lJ.OCTb TBepAoMepoM TM-2, BO-
nepBblx, 6b1CTpO HSHaWHBaeTCSI urJIa, BO-BTOPblX, co BpeMeHeM HSMe-
HHeTCSI ynpyrocTb npY>KHHbI, H n03TOMY npH60p He06xo,lJ.HMO nepH-
OAHlfeCKH npOBepftTb (KaJlu6pOBaTb).
Onpe,lJ.eJJeHHe TBep,lJ.OCTH - O,lJ.HO HS OCHOBHblX ucnblTaHHH pesH-
Hbl. B KOHTpOJlbHblX Jla60paTopHHx pesHHoBoH npOMblWJleHHOCTH
OHO OlfeHb pacnpocTpaHeHo (CM. 13). no ,lJ.aHHblM HcnblTaHHH Ha
TBep,lJ.OCTb (no MCO) MO>KHO opHeHTHpOBOQHO CYAHTb 0 CTaTUlfeCKOM
MOAYJIe pesHHbI npH MaJlblX ,lJ.e$opMaLl.HftX, T. e. 06 ee ynpyrHx CBOH-
CTBax. McnblTaHHe Ha TBep,lJ.OCTb OTJlHtfaeTCSI CBoeH npOCTOTOH, OA-
HaKO nOJIYlfaeMbie nOKa3aTeJlH HMelOT YCJIO'BHOe SHatfeHHe, T. ,e. B 06-
Dl,eM SaBHCftT OT cnoc06a HarpY>KeHUft (pe>KHMa), pasMepoB H $op-
Mbi HH,lJ.eHTopa. Ha nOKaSaTeJlH BJlHSleT TaK>Ke >KeCTKOCTb onopbl, Ha
KOTOPYIO nOJlO>KeH 06paseIJ. (oc06eHHo npH TOHKUX 06pa3IJ.ax), Tpe-
HHe Me>KAY nOBepxHocT!OO 06pa3IJ.a U HHAeHTopoM. nO TOMY cono-
CTaBJISlTb pesYJlbTaTbI HSMepeRHH, npoBeAeHHblx no pasHbiM MeTOAaM,
MO>KHO TOJlbKO BeCbMa npH6J1H>KeHHo. lIT06b1 He HCKa aJlHCb pe-
SYJlbTaTbI H3MepeHHA, HeOQxOAuMO norpY>KaTb HHAeHTOp Ha onpeAe-
JIeHHOM paCCTOSlHHH 0'1: KpaSi 06pasLl.a. BMecTe C TeM, C YMeHbweHHeM
8,lJ.aBJIHBaIOIIJ.HX HH,lJ.eHTOp HarpYSOK H paSMepOB HHAeHTopa (If TO
CTaHOBHTCH BOSMO>KHblM npu CYlIJ.eCTBeHHOM nOBblweHHH TOlfHOCTH
HSMepeHuff) BJlHSlHUe 3TH X 4>aKTopoB COOTBeTCTBeHHO YMeHbwaeTCSI.
MHblMH CJlOBaMH, BBeAeHHe MHKpOMeTOAOB onpe,lJ.eJJeHHH TBep,lJ.OCTH
nOSBOJIfteT KOHTpOJlHpOBaTb KalfeCTBO HS,lJ.eJlHH, He pasPywaSi HX (He-
pasPywalOlIJ.HH KOHTpOJlb).
MCDblTaHHe Ha TBepAOCTb HMeeT Te npeHMYlIJ.eCTBa, If TO MO>KHO
npOBOAHTb HX H Ha MaJlora6apHTHblX rOTOBblX peSHHOBbiX H3,lJ.eJJHftX.
Ta6nHu.a 3
CpaBHeHHe TBep.-OCTB HO Wopy (rOCT 263-53) R BO rOCT 253-53
T
TB AOeTb bo
opy (yeJJOB- 40 50 60 70 80 90
Rwe eAHHHu,bI)
I
Bel)AoeTb DO
r CT 253-53, 9,95- 11 ,37 - 21,96- 39.81-
H'KZC/CM' . . . 6,37- 7,24-
4,72 5,54 7,24 9,51 14,81 22,75
73
ECJlH >Ke H3AMHH CJlO>KHOff $OpMbI, HaAO YCTaHaBJlHBaTb HX Ita yc-
raHOBOqHblX nJlOlIJ.a,lJ.KaX B Onpe,lJ.MeHHOM nOJlO>KeHHH OTHOCHTMbHO
RH,lJ.eHTopa.
B Ta6J1. 3 conOCTaBJleHbI SHalfeHHH TBepAocTH no 1ll0PY (.roCT
263-53) H no fOCT 253-53.
* J I. DPOIIHocTHwe cBoiicTBa peaHH
flpO'lHOCTb, KaK conpOTHBJleHHe MaTepHaJIa paspyweHHIO, 06b1q-
HO XapaKTepHsyeTcH HeKoTopblM npeAeJlbHblM ,lJ.JISI ,lJ.aHHoro pe>KHMa
HarpY>KeHHH HanpH>KeHHeM, npH KOTOpOM npoHcxoAHT paspyweHHe.
H3BecTHo, tfTO ,lJ.JlH JIaCTOMepoB 3TO HanpH>KeHHe saBHCHT OT THna
,lJ.e$opMao.HH. B CJIO>KHOHanpSl>KeHHOM COCTOSlHHH paspyweHHe HatfH-
HaeTCH aa TOM YtfaCTKe, rAe B03HHKaIOT MaKCHMaJIbHble paCTHrRBa-
IOUUfe HanpH>KeHHH. npH paBHOMepHOM pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHH HanpSl>KeHHi1
no 06pasuy paspyweHHe Ha'lHHaeTCSI C nOBepXHOCTH, HaH60Jlee nOA-
Bep>KeHHOff AeffcTBHIO HeMeXaHHtfeCKHX ct>aKTopOB CTapeHHSI.
TaK Ha3b1BaeMble CTaTHtfeCKHe HcnblTaHHH Ha npOlfHOCTb 06b1llHO
npOBO,lJ.SlTCSI npH paCTSI>KeHHH B ,lJ.BYX OCHOBHblX pe>KHMax: nepBblff-
npH saAaHHOH CKOpOCTH paCTSI>KeHHSI Ha pa3pblBHOH MaWHHe, BTO-
poff - npH 3aAaHHOH paCTSlrHBalOlIJ.eH HarpysKe, T. e. 3aAaHHOM
YCJIOBHOM HanpH>KeHHH. BTopoH BHA - 3TQ ,'HCDblTaHHSI Ha iJO/l 06ell-
HOCTb, T. e. OnpeAeJleHHe BpeMeHH AO paspyweH!fH.
HanpH>KeHHe, npH KOTOpOM npOHCXOAHT paspyweHHe B nepBOM
pe>KHMe, Ha3b1BaeTCH npeiJe/lOM npOfl.HOCTU npu pa3pbl6e (no faCT
270-64), a TOlfHee AOJl>KHO 6bITb HaSBaHO npe{Je/lOM npOfl.HOCTU npu
paCTJl",eHUU *. HanpH>KeHHe, npH KOTOpOM npoHcxoAHT paspyweHHe
BO BTOpOM pe>KHMe, HaSbiBaeTCH iJO/l 08peMeHHou npollHocTblO, HJlH
CTaTUllecICOU YCTa/lOCTHOU npOfl.HOCTblO, nocKoJlbKY paspyweHHe npo-
HCXOAHT BO BpeMeHH B pesYJlbTaTe HBJleHHSI YCTaJlocTH pesHHbI, no,lJ.-
Bep>KeHHOH MeXaHHtfeCKoMY BosAeffcTBHIO.
- npH'IeM ,lJ.OJIrOBelfHOCTb TeM MeHbwe, tfeM 60JlbWe ,lJ.eHCTBYlOlIJ.aSl
HarpysKa (HJIH HanpSl>KeHHe - AOJlfOBpeMeHHaSi npOtfHOcTb). OTCIO-
Aa O'leBHAHO, tfTO paspyweHHe B npHHUHne MO>KeT npoHcxoAHTb npH
pasHblx HarpysKax, OAHaKO sa pasHble BpeMeHa.
B HcnblTaHHSlX npH saAaHHoH CKOpOCTH Ae$opMaLl.HH npOtfHOCTb
OKaSblsaeTCH $YHKUHeH CKOpOCTH: tfeM Bblwe CKOpOCTb, TeM 60JlbWe
npOtfHOcTb. nOBblweHHe TeMnepaTypbl npHBoAHT K CHH>KeHHIO npoq-
HOCTH.
Bo Bcex pe>KHMaX OKa3b1BaeTCH cnpaBeAJIHBblM npHHUHn TeMne-
paTYPHo-BpeMeHHoH, HJIH TeMnepaTYPHo-CKOpOCTHOH cynepn03HuHH
(CM. rJIaBY V). -
nOMHMO npeAeJlbHOrO HanpH>KeHHH K npOqHOCTHblM xapaKTepHc'
THKaM OTHOCHTCH TaK>Ke ,lJ.e$opMaUHH, npOHCXO,lJ.SlIIJ.He B MOMeHT pa3-
* npHMeHJIeTCJI TaKJKe TepMHH «conpOTHBJleHHe P83PblBY:'.
..*
79
pyweHHH, H MeXaHH':IeC aH pa60Ta pa3pyweHHH. TaK, eCJIH Ha
Aec)OpMaIlHOHHliX KpaBbiX (CM. pHC. 46) KoaellHble TOUH COOTBeTCT-
B)1OT npeAeJJbHblM HanpH>KeHHIO f% (npeAeJJY npO':lHOCTH) J:I AecJ>op-
MaUHH 8% (pa3pNBHoMy YAJIHHeHHIO), TO nJlOlIJ.a,lJ.b nO,lJ. Ae$OpMaIJ.H-
OHSOH KpHBOH XapaKTepH3yer PS60TY paspyweHHH, S 6y.zr.YQR OTHe-
CeRa K e.zr.HHHIJ.e 06'beMa Ae$opMHpyeMoro YllaC'i'Ka 06pasua,-
YAeJJbHYJO pa60ry paspyweHHH.
flpO':lHOCTb pesHHN - He TOJIbKO $YHKUHH BpeMeHHoro pe>KHMa
aarpY>KeHHH, HO H COCTOHHHe peSHHbI, B KOTOpOM npOHCXO,lJ.HT ee pas-
pyweHHe.
KaK YKaSbiBaJIOCb paHee, AJiH 3JIaCTOMepOB xapaKTepeH BbiCOKO-
JIaCTHtfeCKHH paspNB, npOHCXO,lJ.SlIIJ.HH npH 60JlbWHX 06paTHMblX
Ae$opMaUHHX. flpH KOMHaTHbiX TeMneparypax H He OqeHb BbiCOKHX
CKQPOCTftX Ae$opMaUHH pesHHbI npaKTH':IeCKH ,lJ.e$opMHpytOTCH BbI-
COK03J1aCTH':IeC H BnJlOTb ,lJ.0 pS3pblBa. nOHH>KeHHe TeMnepaTypbl
HJIH nOBblweHHe CKOpOCTH ,lJ.e$opMaUHH npHBO,lJ.HT K CTeKJIOBSHHIO pe-
SHHbI. B 3aCTeKJIOBaHHOM COCTOHHHH peSHHa pa3pymaercH KaK xpyn-
KHH MSTepHaJl, T. e. npH OlleHb He60JIbWHX ynpyrHx .zr.e$opMaUHftX
6es KaKHX-JlH60 OCTaTO':lHblX .lle$opMaUHH. EtJIH HeCKOJlbKO nOBblCHTb
TeMnepaTYPy Bblwe TaK HaSbiBaeMoA TeMnepaTypb1 xpynKocTH T xp ,
peSHHa HatfHHaeT paspymaTbcSI nOA06HO 'nJiaCTH':IHOMY MaTepHSJlY,
H Ha 06pssue ripH paCTH>KeHHH 06pasyeTcSI CHJlbHO BblTSIHyraft weH-
Ka H paSBHBalOTCH ,lJ.e4>PPMaUHH, OCTalOlIJ.HeCH nOCJIe paspblBa H pa3-
rPY>KeRHH 06pssua. O,lJ.Hako eCJlH HarpeTb pasPyweHHblH 06paseu,
Ae$opMaUHH ero HC'JesaeT. TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha caMOM ,lJ.eJJe OHa
OKaSbiBaeTCH 06paTHMOH, T. e. Ka>KYlIJ.eHCH OCTaTOIIHOH Ae$opMaUH-
ea. Ka>KYlIJ.aHCH OCTaTO':lHaH Ae$opMaUHH HC':Ie3ae:r npH TeMnepaTY-
pe Bblwe TeMnepSTYPbl CTeKJIOBaHHH Te. PaspblB peSHHbI, BHewHe
nOXO>KHH Ha nJiaCTH':IeCKHH, HaSblBaeTCH 8blH!I",aeHHO-a/laCTU'lec/C.UM,
3 KpHTHlleCKHe HanpH>KeHHH, Bbl3b1BaIODI,He paSBHTHe BblHY>KAeHHO-
9J1aCTHtfeCKHX ,lJ.e$opMaUHH,- npeae/lOM 8blHy",aeHHoil 8.IlaCTU'lHO-
CTU (as).
Bblwe TeMnepaTypbl CTeKJIOBSHHH Te peSHHa pS3pywaeTcH BblCO-
K03JIaCTH':IeCKH. ,L{aJlbHeHWee nOBblweHHe TeMnepaTYPbl (Bblwe TeM-
nepSTYPbl nJIaCTHlfHOCTH Tn) cnoc06cTByeT paSBHTHIO He06paTHMoro
TetfeHHH.
IKaK Y>Ke YKa3b1BaJlOCb paHee, HSnpH>KeHHe, Bblwe KOToporo
HallHHaeTCH TetfeHHe, Ha3b1BaeTCH npeae/lOM Te/C.!I'leCTU (an). BeJJH-
If HbI 0'. H O'n saBHCSlT B ':IaCTHOCTH OT TeMnepaTYP H BpeMeHHoro
pe>KHMa HarPY>KeHHSI. Bo Bcex CJIY':IaSix YBeJlHlfeHHe CKOpOCTH Ae-
4>opMaIJ.HH (YMeHbweHHe BpeMeHH ,lJ.eHCTBHH) 3KBHBaJleHTHO CMelIJ.e-
H I9 06J1SCTeH xpynKoro, BblHY>K,lJ.eHHO-3J1aCTHlfecKoro, BbiCOK03J1a-
CTHlleCKoro H TeKytferO COCTOSlHHH B' 60JJee HH3KHe no TeMnepaTypaM
ppe.aeJtbl. UPH eKoTopoH TeMneparype TT TeQeHHe-Ha':lHH8erCH npH
JlIOc5o.,. HSnpft>KeHHH, T. e. O'u=O.
3asHcHMoCTb HCTHHHoro HSnpH>KeHHH npH pa3pyweHHH OT TeM- .
neparypbl aMop$Horo. 3J1aCTOMepa, npH 3SAaHHOM pe>KHMe n9 Bpe-
80
MeSH <:XeM8THQeCKH H306p8>KeHa Ha pHC. 55. CnJlowsoA KPHBOA
Hs06pa>KeHbI SSalleHHft HCTHHHOrO HanpH>KeHHH npK pa3pyweHHH,. a
DyHKTHPHblMH a. H 0'11 - ,npe'«eJIbi BblHY>KAeHHOR 3J1aCTHlfHOCTH B
TeK)'lIeCTH. .
TaKHM 06paSOM, B 06JIaCTH TeMnepaTYP HH>Ke T rp npoHcxOAHT
xpynKDe pa3pyweHHe, B 06JIaCTH TeMnepaTYP or T xp AO Tc - BbI-
HYXtAeHO-9JJaCTHllecKoe. B oOJlacTH reMnepaTYP OT T c AO T T - BblCO-
K09J1 CTHlleCKoe a Bblme T T-
reqeHHe.
OAHOH HS xapaKTepHblX
oc06eHHocrefr npO'lHOCTH pe-
SHHH HBJlHeTCH ee CTaTHCTH'Ie-
e HA xapaKrep. 9T0 OSHalfa-
er, liTO B O.lf,oHHaKOBblX YCJlOBH-
HX HcnblTaHHH Ha nOA06HblX
DO opMe H pa3'MepaM 06pas-
uax OAHOH H TOR >Ke pe3HHbI
nOJlY'lfalOTcH pa3Hble pesYJlb-
TaTbi. HeKOTopble H3 HHX non-
TOp)llOTCH 'lalIJ.e, APyrHe - pe-
>Ke. M'O>KHO HcnbITaTb OOJlb-
woe IfHCJlO o6pa3uoB H nOCT-
pOHTb 'KpHBble paonpe,lJ.eJleHHft
DOK83areneA (pHC. 56). 113
3THX Kp blX BH.ll.HO, liTO \Ka>K-
,lJ.oe 3HatfeHHe nOKa3aTeJlH
npOlfHOCTH h UpH HcnblTaHHH
n 06paSUOB MO>KeT iBCTpeTHTb-
CH onpe,lJ.eJleHHoe IfRCJIO pa3
nit liTO COCTaBHT (ni/n) AOJlIO
01' 06D1,ero IfH-CJla n HcnblTaH-
HbiX 06pa3uoB. npH'leM cYMMa Bcex AOJleff, eCTeCTBeHHO, paBHa e,lJ.H-
HHI1e.
I1SMeHHft pa3Mepbl 06pa3ua, JlerJ{o 3aMeTHTb. liTO npOIlHOCTb
TeM Bblwe. 'IeM MeHbwe 06paseu. .
3aBHCHMOCTb npO'lHOCTH OT pa3MepOB 06 HCHHeTCH TeM, liTO B
MaTepHaJle HMelOTCH ,lJ.e$eKTbI CTPYKTypbl (TpeDl,HHbI, HeO,lJ.HOpO.ll.HO-
CTH H T. n.), Ha KOTOpblX KOHueHTpHPyeTcH HanpH>KeHHe H HS KOTO-
,PblX, KaK H3 O'iarOB, HatfHHaeTCH paspyweHHe MaTepHaJia. 113-3a
Ae<peKTOB Onpe,lJ.eJISieMaH npH HcnblTaHHH npOIlHOCTb, Ha3b1BaeMaSi
reXHHlleCKOH npOIlHOCTbJO, OKa3bJBaerCa BH>Ke TeOpeTHqeCKOff npoll-
HOCTR, Onpe,lJ.eJISieMOH paCllerHblM nyreM no H3BeCTBoA CTpYKTYpe
MaTepHaJIa H CHJlaM BBYTPH- H Me>KMOJleK)'JlHpHOrO B3aHMOAeikTBHH.
,L{ect>eKTbI CTpy rypbl paSJlHQBbI DO BeJlHIIHHe H CTeneHH HX ODaCHO-
CTH. lJeM 60JlbWe 06'beM 06pasI1a, TeM 60Jlbme BepOHTHOCTb, 111'0 B
HeM H8XOAHTCft HaH60JIee 'onaCHwe .ll.e<l>eKTbI CTPYKTYPbI H HH>Ke
6
tJxp
1
Jl[
v dn .
,
1'" 17 7
7Z p
1&
PHC. 55. rp84>HK saBHCHMOCTH HCTHH-
HoA npOqROCTH a OT 86con1OTHoA TeN-
. nep8Typbl T:
'f'- olSnacTb ynpyrux Ae4!oPMaUHII. /1- 0(,.
naCTb 8111COK09naCTll'leCKRX Ae4j!opMaUJlII (8111-
RY)l(AeRHo-9naCTHQecKRX OT T'111 AO T c ).
/II - 06naCTb He06paTHIIIIIX Ae4!op.aUHII;
Txp -TeMnep8Typa xpynKocTH. T c-TeM'
nep8Typa CTeKJI088HHII. T II - TeMllepaTypa
nnaCTH'IROCTH. T T - TeMnep8Typa Te£Y'leCTH.
0xp - xpynKali npO'lJlOCTb. (18 - ppeACJI 8111-
Hy...eHHoll 9naCTH'IHOCTH. On - npeACJI Te-
xycIeCTB
81
npOtfHOCTb *. n03TOMY paSHbie MaTepHaJlbl no npOIJHOCTH Ha,lJ.O
COnOCTaBJlHTb Ha 06pasuax O,lJ.HHaKOBbiX pasMepoB. To >Ke OTHOCHTCSI
H K $opMe 06pasua, onpe,lJ.eJlSllOlIJ.eH BH,lJ. Ae$opMaUHH, B IJaCTHOCTH.
ee OAHOpO.ll..HOCTb.
Pacnpe,lJ.eJleHHe nOKa3aTeJleH npOtfHOCTH (CM. pHC. '56) 06'bSlc-
· HHeTCH pacnpeAeJIeHHeM ,lJ.e$eKTOB B MaTepHaJle. I1s-sa Ae$eKToB
pasHoH BeJJHIJHHbI H onaCHOCTH nOJlYIJalOTCH paSJlHtfHble CTeneHH
KOHueHTpaUHH HanpH>KeHHA B 06pasLl.ax H paSJlHtfHble npolfHocTH,
fz
PHC. 56. KpHBble pacnpe.a.eneHHJI npOqHOCTH
fa)
1 - Ba 0lSpa3uax TOnIllRHOIl 2 MM; 2 -
1.2 MM H 3-0.4 MM: n/ In -AOJIII 06pa3uoB
H3 n HCnYTaHHYx. HMelOlIIHX nJ0'lHOCTH OT
(lz _ 41
z ) AO( ft:+ 41 2z )
TaK KaK ,lJ.eHCTBHTeJlbHOe HanpSl>KeHHe Ha Ae$eKTe OTJlHtfaeTCSI OT
paCIJeTHOrO, KaKOe, HanpHMep, nOJlYtfeHO no $opMYJle ,lJ.JlSI OAHOPOA-
Horo paCTSI>KeHHSI. .D.e$eKTbI 6b1BaIOT MHKpoCKOnHtfe<:KHX paSMepOB,
H YlfaCTOK, r,lJ.e HallHHaeTCSI H npOHCXO,lJ.HT paspyweHHe npH O,lJ.HO-
pO,lJ.HO npHJlO>KeHHOH BHeWHeH HarpYSKe, He HSBeCTeH.
HHatfe 06CTOHT AeJIO npH paSAHpe.
.D.JlSI HcnblTaHHH Ha paSAHp nOJIbSYIOTCSI HCKYCCTBeHHO COS,lJ.aBae-
MblMH KOHUeHTpaTopaMH HanpH>KeHHSI. .D.JlSI 3Toro 06pasUbi Ha.zr.pe-
3a1OT, npOKaJlblBalOT HJlH HCnOJIbSYIOT oopasUbi CneUHaJIbHOH cl»OpMbI
(BbleMKH, HSrH6b1). 3THM npeAOnpeAeJiSIeTCH YtfaCTOK paspyweHHH.
KOTopoe . HaIJHHaeTCH TaM, rAe CKOHLl.eHTpHpOBaHO HanpH>KeHHe,
BepoHTHoCTb HaXO>KAeHHH Ha 3TOM, YlfaCTKe HaH60Jlee onaCHbiX
,lJ.e$eKToB CTPYKTYPbl OtfeHb MaJIa. BpHA JlH Ha,lJ.pe3 HJlH npOKOJI no-
naAeT Ha caMbiA O
aCHb1H Ae$eKT, a nOTOMY, eCJlH YAaeTcSI nO,lJ.CtfH-
TaTb HanpH>KeHHH Ha YtfaCTKe KOHueHTpaUHH HanpH>KeHHH, OHH
n OJlYtfaJOTCH Bblwe TeXHHIJeCKOA npOtfHOCTH H, nO-BH,lJ.HMOMY, xapaK-
- · BnHJIBHe pa3MepoB 06pa3lta H8 DOKa38Te.IIH npOQHOCTHbiX CBOAcTB Ha3b1-
B8eTCJI CM8CWT86HblM 4>aKTOpoM:t.
82
TepHsytOT npOIlHOCTb MaTepHaJIa 6es AecpeKTOB. OAHaKO paCClfHTbI-
BaTb HanpH>KeHHH npH CJIO>KHO-HanpSl>KeHHOM COCTOHHHH, pea.nHsye-
M..0M npH paS,lJ.Hpe, OtfeHb TPy.zr.HO,. n03TOMY nOJIbSYIOTCSI YCJIOBHblMH
nOKa3aTeJJHMH COnpOTHBJIeHHH paSAHpy. TaKoH nOKaSaTeJJb nOJlY-
If a eTCH, HanpHMep, no facT 262-53 (CM. 12). BeJlHIIHHa 'nOKasa-
TeJlH eOnpOTHBJleHHH pa3AHpy 3aBHCHT OT cnoc06a KOHueHTpauHH
HanpsnKeHHA. ·
.CpaBHHTeJJbHO He.zr.aBHO 6b1J1 paspa60TaH MeTO,lJ. onpe,lJ.eJleHHH
y,lJ.eJlbHOH (xapaKTepHCTHqeCKoH) HeprHH pa3 Hpa H, KOTopaSi
MaJlO saBHCHT OT cnoc06a KOHueHTpaUHH HanpSl>KeHHH, SlBJlSlSlCb
pa6oToA, pacceHBaeMoA npH 06pasoBaHHH eAHHHUbi nOBepxHocTH
pa3PymeHHH. OHa nponopUHOHaJlbHa YAeJJbHOA pa60Te pa3pyweHHH
6eSAecj)eKTHoro MaTepHaJIa.
f 12. MeToAw onpeAeJleHHSI npollHocTHWX cBoAcTB pesHH
ffcnblTaHHSI Ha paspblB npOH3BO,lJ.SlTCH no rOCT 270-64 npH
paCTH>KeHHH C saAaHHoA CKOpOCTblO Ha pa3pblBHoH MaUlHHe npH
pa3JJHtfHblX TeMnepaTypax co CKOpOCTblO paS,lJ.BH>KeHH1i Sa>KHMOB
500 MM/MUH. npHMeHSIIOTcSI nSlTb THnOB 06paSLl.OB paSJlHtfHblX pas-
MepoB, B tfaCTHOCTH, C UlHpHHOA pa60tfero ytfaCTKa b o , paBHOH
6,5z0,3; 3,2:t0,2; 4:tO,I; 2:tO,I; 2:tO,1 MoM H paCCTOSlHHeM Me>KAY
MeTK8MH pa60tfero ytfaCTKa 10 COOTBeTCTBeHHO: 25; 25; 20; 20 H
10 MM.
.l1J1H HcnblTaHHA HCnOJIbsYIOT paSJIHlfHble THnbl 06pasuoB B saBH-
CHMOCTH OT Tpe60BaHHH, KOTopble npeA'bHBJlSlIOTCSI K HcnblTaHHSlM, H
BOSMO>KHOCTH HSrOTOBJIeHHSI 06pasuoB. TaK, ,lJ.JlH paspblBa 06pa3uoB
THna A Tpe6YIOTCft 60Jlee BbiCOKHe HarpYSKH, H HeTOtfHOCTH HSMepe-
HHH HarPYSOK H AJlHHbI pa60Qero YllaCTKa ,lJ.alOT OTHOCHTeJJbHO MeHb-
WHe ,oWH6KH. IloBblweHHe TOlfHOCTH HSMepHTeJlbHblX npH60poB
nOSBOJIHeT nepeXOAHTb Ha 60JIee OAHopOAHble o6pasUbi YMeHbweH-
HbiX (THna B) H MaJlblX (THna J{) paSMepOB. 3THM >Ke AOCTHraeTCH
3KOHOMHH HcnblTyeMoro MaTepHaJia.
06pasUbI THna A H B BJlSlIOTCH OCHOBHblMH (>8 - 06paseu
YMeHbweHHblx pa3MepOB no HCQ) H 3aMeHSIIOTCSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO
THnaMH B H r, eCJIH paspblBbI 06pasuoB THna A H B npOHCXO,lJ.SlT BHe
pa60lfero YtfaCTKa. THn .D. - MaJIble 06pasUbI, saroTaBJlHBaeMbie
06YQHO HS rOTOBbiX peSHHOBblX HSAeJJHA.
. 06pasUbi HM'eIOT CPOPMY ABYCTOPOHHHX JIOnaTOK, YWHpeHHblX Ha
KOHuax ,lJ.JlH nOBblweHHH TpeHHH B ry6Kax Sa>KHMOB, sa CqeT KOTO-
poro OHH KpenSlTCSI B Sa>KHMax. BJiarOAapH YWHpeHHIO 06pa3uoB
MO>KHO YMeHbWHTb qpeSMepHoe nO,lJ.>KaTHe.' HX B 3a>KHMaX, KOTopoe
npHBOAHT K paspyweHHIO y 3a>KHMa (<<nepeKycblBaHHIO» o6pasuoB).
O.zr.HOpO,lJ.HOCTb ,lJ.e$opMaUHH (O,lJ.HHaKOBoe Hanp >KeHHe BO Beex
YllaCTKax) HaPYUlaeTcH Y MeCT 3aKpenJleHHSI 06pa31.\0B. n03TOMY B
neHTpe 06pasua BblAeJJSleTCH OAHOpOAHO,lJ.e$opMHpYeMblH yqacToK
(pa6oIlHH), orpaHHIIHBaeMblA. MeTKaMH. HanpH>KeHHH B 3TOM YlfaCT-
83
Ke pacnpeAeJJeBbI OAHOpO,lJ.HO no celleHHIO 06pasua H nOBblweHbI n9
cpaBHeHHIO C HanpH>KeHHHMH B YWHpeHHOH lIaCTH. nOSTOMY pa pblB
06paSUOB npOHCXO,lJ.HT npeBMyIIJ.ecTBeHHo Ha pa60lleM YII8CTKe.
. B HeKOTopbIX CTaH,lJ.apTaX H no MeTO.zr.y MCO ,lJ.OnYCKaerCH npH-
MeHeHHe KOJIbI1eBbiX 06paSI10B.. 06pa3UY-KOJlbI1a O,lJ.eBaIOTCH Ha
POJIHKH. TpeHHe 06pasua 0 pOJlHKH .zteJJaeT HeOAHopOAHOH ero ,lJ.e-
$OpMaUHIO no ,lJ.JlHHe. HMelOTCJPyqaCTKH C nOBblweHHblMH HanpJl>Ke.-
HHftMH (KOHueHTpaUHeH HanpH>KeHHH). YlleCTb HCTHHHble anpH>Ke-
HHH H ,lJ.e$opMaUHH npH pa3pblBe TPYAHO npaKTHlleCKH, n03TOMY
pe3YJIbTaTbi HcnblTaHHH Ha KOJIbueBbiX 06pasuax nOJlytfalOTCH HH>Ke,
lIeM Ha 06pasuax B BH,lJ.e JIOnaTOK. Bblpy6Ka KOJIbueBbiX 06paSUOB
oOJIee CJIO>KHa H MeHee HaAe>KHa, TaK KaK Tpe6yeTcH CTporo U H-
TpHpOBaTb KpyrJlble Bblpy6Hble HO>KH. .l1ecpopMaUHIO B o6pasuax
onpeAeJlSlroT, HSMepSiH paCCTOSlHHSI Me>K,lJ.Y pOJlHKaMH. B CHJlY
YKasaHHblX 06CTOSlTeJlbCTB, HcnblTaHHe Ha KOJIbueBblX oopasuax He
npeAYCMOTpeHO r()cT,27Q--64.
,B KalleCTBe npOqHOCTHbiX xapaKTepHCTHK onpeAeJlSlIOTcH: 1) npe-
AeJJ npollHocTH pe3HHbI npH paCTH>KeHHH:
Iz=Pk/S o , (31)
rAe Ph - HarpYSKa, BblSblBalOIIJ.aSl paspblB (ICee); So - nJlOlIJ.aAb
HatfaJlbHOrO nOnepetfHOrO CeqeHHSI oopasua (eM 2 ); 2) OTHOCHTeJIbHOe
YAJIHHeHHe pesHHbI npH paspblBe:
Ikz-/O 1 00%
sz= .. 0,
10
(32)
rAe 4z -- AJlHHa pa60tfero YtfaCTKa B MOMeHT paspblBa; /0 -- HatfaJlb-
HaH AJIUHa pa60tfero YtfaCTKa; 3) OTHOCHTeJlbHOe OCTaTOtfHOe YAJlH-
HeHHe nocJle paspblBa:
9z= 1,-/ 0 . 100 %,
10
(33)
rAe /2 - ,lJ.JIHHa pa60lfero YlfacTKa no ABYM CJIO>KeHBblM BMeCTe Ifac-
T1IM pasopBaHHoro 06pasua tfepes 1 MUH nocJle p spblBa.
B KalleCTBe ,lJ.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOH xapaKTepHcTHKH HcnoJlbsyercH
HCTHHHoe HanpH>KeHHe npH paspblBe, pac<:qHTblBaeMoe no <!»0p1dYJlaM
(17), (18) TIPH 8 ='t:.
llpH H3YlleHHH saBHCHMOCTH npOqHOCTHbiX xapaKTepHCTHK OT
TeMnepaTYPhr Ba>KHO 6b1CTpO AOBeCTH MaTepHaJi AO Tpe6yeMoH TeM-
nepaTypbl HcnblTaHHH, He Bbl3b1BaH He06paTHMblX H3MeReHHA HCXO,lJ.-
HbiX CBoACTB, KOr,lJ.a Ma'FepHaJi no BOSBpalIJ.eHHH K HCXOAHOH KOM-
BaTHoA: TeMnepaType 06JIa,lJ.aeT TeMH >Ke xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, liTO H
AO HarpeBaHHH..
McnblTaB 06pa3Ubl npH nOBblweHHblX TeMoepaTypax, MO>KHO
onpe.zr.eJJHTb He TOJlbKO I:, 8:, 8:, a iIIPH HaJlHIIHH ,lJ.e$opMaI1HOHHblX
KpHBblX H W: -- y,lJ.eJJbHYIO pa60TY pa3pblBa H COOTBeTCTBYlOlIJ.He
84
Ko3$cpHUHeHTbI'TenJlOCTOHKOCTH no 3THM nOKasaTeJJHM. HanpHMep,
K094»4)JIlXHeHTbI renJloCToffKOCTH no npOIlHOCTH npe,lJ.CTaBJIftIOT<:060A
OTHoweHHH nOKasaTeJJeH fz, onpe,lJ.eJJeHHblX npH nOBblweHHblX TeM-
nepaTypax, K 3TOMY nOKasaTeJJlO, nOJlYlleHHOMY B NOpMaJlbHblX
YCJlOBHftX.
BpeMH nporpeBaHHH 06pasua saBHCHT OT TOJlIIJ.HHbI ero, 060rpe-
BaTeJJbHOff cpe,lJ.bI H Y'CJIO-
IBHA TealJlo06MeHa.
,nJIH HCDblTaH'HH 'Ha AOJl-
rospeMeHHYIO npOtJIHOCTb
06b1I1HO npHMeHSIIOTCH Te
HJLH HHble YCTaHOBoKH, Ha
KOTOpblX H3MepHe'JICft nOJl-
3yqecTb npH paCTH>KeHHH.
CTaH,lJ.apTH3OBaHHoro HC-
nblTaHHH nOKa elIJ.e HeT.
HcnblTaHHe Ha pa3.l1.Hp
no faCT- 262-53 npon3-
BO.ll.HTCSI H8 cepnoBHA'HblX
(<<notflKo06pasHblx») 06pas-
uax (pHC. 57) C nSiTblO 1fa.ll-
pesaMH rJlyoHHoH 0,5 MM,
HaXO,lJ.HIIJ.HMH<:SI Ha pac-
CTOSlHHH 2,5 MM OAHH 'OT
APyroro. 06pa3Ubl Bblpy-
6alOT HS nJiaCTHH TOJlIIJ.H-
HOH 2:tO,2 MM. Ha.ll.lPesbi
HaHOCHT Ha npHCDOC06J1e-
HHIJf, nOKasaHHOM Ha pHC.
58. 06pasUbi ;IIOMelIJ.alOT B
rHeS,lJ.O 8 ,lJ.ep>KaBKH, 'Haxo-
ASllIJ.eHCS Ha nJlHTKe 7, H a-
KpenJiSIIOT B BblnpHMJIeH-
HOM, HeCKOJl KO paCTSlHY-
TOM 'DOJlO>KeH'HH, npH>KH.Man
C nOMOlIJ.blO BHHTa 10 iBbloC-
TynoM lIJ.elfKn 9. 06P33Ubl,
OMOlfeHHble MblJIbHblM pacT-
BOpoM, HaApesalOT Jle3'BtfH-
MH -6esonacHbix -6PHTB. JIesBHH pacnOJIaralOTCH B npopesSix 5 oC6op-
HOH KOJlO.llKH'6 Ha onpeAeJIeHHOM pacCToHHHH O.ll.'HO OT Apyroro, KO- .
JlOAKa SaKpenJIeHa Ha nJlHTKe 1 npH>KHMHblMH JlanKaMH 2 C nOMO-
IIJ.blO 8HHTOB 3 H 4. npH COnpRKOCHOBeHH,n JIe3BHH C nOBepxHOCTblO
nJIJ:lTKH 1 OHH BbicrynalOT Ha,lJ. ypO'BHeM IKOJIOAKH Ha 0,5 A.M.
06pa3Ubl paCTHrHBaIOT sa paspblBHoff MaWHHe, Sa>KHMaH HX TaK,
tfTO OCH a-a H b-b (CM. pHC. 57) COBnualOT oC pacTHrHBalOlIJ.eff
HarpysKOH. HarpysKa Ph OTMellaeTCH npH nOJIHOM paspyweHHH
85
..
1,1
DCII
lIadpt3111
PHe. 57. CepnOBH.lUfble 06p83U,bI AJlJI HC-
DblTaHHA H8 pa3.1tHp no .rOCT 262-53
q
7
PHC. 58. npHcnoc06J1eHHe AJI!1 HaHeceHH!1
Ha.ztpe30B H8 06pa3eu, DO rOCT 262-53:
I, 7 - nnHTKH; 2 - nanKH; 3, 4, 10 - BHHTIII;
5 - npope3H; 6 - C(SoPH811 KO.,oAKa; 8 - ACpJKaB-
Ka; 9 - lUe'lKH
06pa3o.a, 8 COnpOTHBJleHHe paSAHpy (]z' BbllfHCJlSleTCft KaK OTHOWeHHe
a;= -:: ' (34)
rAe ho - HaqaJlbHaH TOJlIIJ.HHa 06paso.a.
Y,lJ.eJlbHYIO (X8paKTepHCTHtfeCKYIO) 3HeprHIO paS,lJ.Hp8 H OnpeAe-
JlHIOT Ha 06pa3o.8X peSHHbl t npHBYJlKaHH30BaHHblX K npaKTHQeCKH
HepaCTH>KHMOH TKaHeBOH nO,lJ.JlO>KKe, npe,lJ.CTaBJISllOlIJ.eH C060H npo-
pe3HBeHHblH qe$ep TOJlIIJ.HHOH 0,8-0,9 MM. 06pa3L1.bI HSrOTOBJIHIOT
HS BYJlKaHdfSOBaHHblX nJiaCTHH, cAy6J1HpOSaH-
HbiX H3 KaJlaH,lJ.pOB8HHoro JlHCTa pesHillosoH
CMeC.H H npopesHHeH'HOH TKaHH, Bblpy6aH no-
nepeK HaTIpaBJleHHH K8J1aHApoBaHHSI, 38TeM
npopesalOT HX <:0 CTOPOQbI TKaHH, nOJIHOCTblO
npopesaH TK8Hb .H tfaCTHqHO (Ha onpeAeJleH-
BYIO rJly6HHY) pesHHY. 3a'KpenJiHIOT 06paseo.
B Sa>KHMaX pa3pblBHoH MaUlHHbI, KaK nOKa3a-
HO Ha pHC. 59. JJ.JlSI Toro peSHHOBYIO tfaCTb
F
PHC. 59. YCTaHOBKa
06pa3 a B 3a>KHMaX
. npH OnpeAeneHHH
\ YAMblHoA 3HeprHH
pa3AHpa
o 8 't
PHC. 60. 3aBHCHMOCTb HarpY3KH F OT
BpeMeHH t DPH onpe.a.MeHHH YAMbHOH
3HeprHH p83AHpa:
OA' - nepaOA nOA'bCMa aarpY3KH. A'B' - nepH-
0.11 pa3AHpaHHII 06pa3ua; AA'. BB' - pa3AHpa-
IOlUali HarpY3Ka
06pas a npopesalOT Ll.eJlHKOM no HHHH nepgOHaQ8J1bHOro H8,lJ.pe3a
npH'MepHO Ha nOJlOfBHHY AJlHHbI 06pa3ua.
npH HcnblTSHHH 06pa3o.OB 'caMonHceo. BbitfeplfHBaeT AHarpaMMY:
«HarpYSKa F - BpeMSI t», nOA06BYIO nOKasaHHoff Ha pHC. 60. XapaK-
TepHCTHtfeCKYIO HeprHIO paS,lJ.Hpa nOACQHTblBalOT no $opMYJle
H _ 2Fcp
- '
rAe ho - TOJlIIJ.HHa HeHaApesaHHoff pe3HHOBOA lfaCTH 06paso.a;
Fcp - CpeAHHft BeJlHqHHa KOJle6J1lOlIJ.eHcH (Ha CTaLl.HOaapHOM
yqaCTKe AB) HarpY3KH.
86
3HatfeHHe Fcp MO>KHO Onpe.zr.eJJHTb, eCJIH C nOMOlIJ.blO nJlaHHMeTpa
HaRTH nJIOlIJ.a,lJ.b A'ABB ' (B K2C' ceIC) ,H nO,lJ.eJJHTb ee Ha BpeMH
A'B' (B ceIC).
Ha pHC. 61 nOKasaHO npHcnoc06J1eHHe ,lJ.JlSI Ha,lJ.pesaHHH pesHHbI
Ha onpe,lJ.eJJeHHYIO rJIy6HHY.
06pa3eo. 1 YKJlaAblBalOT B cm o.HaJlbHOe yrJly6J1eHHe npH>KHMHOA
nnaCTHHKH 3 (,lJ.JIHHa yrJly6J1eHHSI 120 MM H wHpHHa 14 MM COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO pasMepaM 06paso.a), npHqeM TK8HeBaH tfaCTb lIanpaBJIeHa K
5 G ?
."
8
1
PHC. 61. npHCDOCo6J1eHHe .anJi HSHeceHH!1
Ha.apeaa:
1 - 06pa3eu; 2 - OCHOBaHHe; 3 - nPH)I(HMHU nnac.
THHKa; 4 - Hanpa8JIIlIOUJ.He; 5 - BHHT; 6 - KapeTK8;
7 - YCTaHo80'IHblii BHHT; 8 - Aep1Karenb; 9 - HO)l(:
10 - 8b1Ta. KHBaTeJJb
nasy nJiaCTHHKH 3, peSHHOBaH tfaCTb - K OCHOBaHHIO 2 npHcnoc06-
JIeHHSI. nJiaCTHHKa 3 npH>KHMaeT 06pa3eJ..{ K OCHOBaHHIO 2 nJlocKoff
npY>KHHOff (TaK, tfT06b1 He COSAaBaTb saMeTHoro C>KaTHH 06paso.a).
HO>K 9 YCTaHaBJlHBaeT-cH no BbI OTe BblcTynalOlIJ.eff qaCTH B ,lJ.ep>Ka-
TeJJe 8 C nOMOlIJ.blO BHHTa 7 H SaKpenJiHeTCH BHHTOM 5. npH Ha,lJ.pe-
saHHH 06pa3o.a KapeTKa 6 C ,lJ.ep>KaTeJleM 8 HO>Ka 9 ABH>KeTCH no
HanpaBJISllOlIJ.HM 4. HO>K CKOJIbSHT B nasy nJIaCTHHKH 3, Ha,lJ.peSaH
06paseo.. IlpH TOM, nOCKOJlbKY nOJlO>KeHHe KpaH HO>Ka $HKcHpoBaHo
OTHOCHTeJIbHO' OCHOBaHHSI 2, K KOTOPOMY npH>KaT 06pa3eu, MO>KHO
ClfHTaTb, qTO npHcnoc06J1eHHe npHMepHo Ha,lJ.peSaeT 06paseo. Ha no-
CTOSlHHYIO rJIy6HHY. 06b1tfHO 3Ta rJly6HHa paBHa 1 MM. Ee TOtfHO
onpeAeJlSlIOT B OTCqeTHblH' MHKpOCKon. HaApesaHHblA 06paseo. HS-
BJleKalOT HS npHcnoc06J1eHHH BblTaJlKHBaTeJJeM 10.
* 13. npHHItHnW SKcnpecc-KOHTpOJUI pe3HHoBoro npoH3BoAcTBa
npH npoH3BoAcTBe pesHHbI Heo6xoAHMO CHCTeMaTHtfeCKH KOHTpO-
JlHpOBaTb ,lJ.OSHPOBKY HHrpe,lJ.HeHTOB (cocTaBJIHIOIIJ.HX) B pesHHoBblX
cMecHx, HaJlHtfHe B HHX ByiIKaHHsYlOlIJ.HX areHTOB, YCKopHTMeA,
HanOJIHHTeJleff, MHrIlHTeJleff.
87
. ,U,JJft 6b1CTpOrO (3KCnpeCCHOrO) KOHTpOJIft KatfecTBa H3roT08JJe-
HHft.pe3HHOBbiX cMeceA Ha,npeAnpHftTHftX npHMeHH TCft SKcnpeec-
MerOAbi OnpeAeJIeHHft, MexaHHllecKHX CBoAcTB peSHHOBbiX CMeCeH H HX
BYJlKBHHsaTOB.
ECJIH peuenrypa peSHHOBoA CMeCH He BbI,lJ.ep>K,aH3, TO npe>K,lJ.e
Bcero CKaSblB3erCft Ha nJIOTHOCTH CMeCH. 3KcnpeCCHbiA MeTO,lJ. onpe-
,lI.eJIeHHft nJIOTHOCTH no rOCT 267-60 OCHOBaH H3 npHHUHne norpy-
>KeHHft' 06pa&UOB B pacTBopbl pa3J1HIIHOA nJIOTHOCTH. ECJlH nJIOT-
HOCTb 06pa3ua 60JlbWe nJIOTHOCTH p3cTBOpa, 06pa3eu TOHeT. ECJIH
nJlOTHOCTb 06pa3ua MeHbwe nJIOTHOCTH pacTBopa, 06pa3eu BCnJIbl-
BaeT Ha nOBepxHoCTb. ECJlH nJlOTHOCTb pacTBop3 paBHa nJlOTHOCTH
06pa3ua, ,nOCJIe,lJ.HHA nJIaBaeT B pa TBope, He onYCKaftCb Ha ,lJ.HO H He
B nJlblBaft H3 nOBepXHOCTb.
.lJ.JlSI npOBe,lJ.eHHH 3KcnpeCCHbIX HcnblTaHHH H3roTOBJIftIOT pac-
TBOpbl C nJlOTHOCTblO npHMepHO OT 0,9 ,lJ.0 1,00 (BO,lJ.HOCnHpToBble)
H OT 1,02 H BbiUJe (BO,lJ.Hble pacTBopbl XJlOpHCTOro UHHKa), OTJIHlla-
IOIIJ.HeCft O,lJ.HH OT ,lJ.pyroro no nJlOTHOCTH Ha 0,02. nJIOTHOCTb pacTBo-
pOB TOIIHO onpe,lJ.eJlfteTCH C nOMOlIJ.blO Cneu.HaJIbHblX KaJlHOpOBaHHblX
npH60pOB (,lJ.eHCHMerpOB, apeOMeTpOB).
ECJIH pe3HHOBaSi CMecb, CBYJlKaHH30BaHHaft npH onpe,lJ.eJleHHbIX
TeMnepaTypax H ,lJ.aBJleHHSlX, 3a Sa,lJ.aHHOe BpeMR He ,lJ.OCTHraeT COOT-
BeTCTBYlOlIJ.eH CTeneHH BYJlKaHHSaUHH, B HeH He XBaTaeT BYJlKaHHSYIO-
IIJ.HX areHl'oB HJlH YCKopHTeJIeA. CTeneHb BYJIKaHH3aUHH npOBepHIOT
no «KOJIbueBOMY» MO,lJ.YJlIO (fOCT 412-53) Ha npH6ope, H306pa-
>KeHHOM sa pHC. 50. .lJ.Jlft YCKopeHHft BYJlKaHH3au.HH (,lJ.0 O,lJ.HOH
MHHYTbI) nOBbiwalOT TeMnepaTYPY (,lJ.0 180°C) H 06pas1I.hI ,lJ.eJlalOT
TOHbwe, lIeM npe.llYCMOTpeHO faCT 412-53. Ha Tex >Ke KOJIbLl.eBbIX
oopa3uax Onpe,lJ.eJISiIOT TBep,lJ.ocTb no 1lI0PY TBep,lJ.OMepOM TM-2
(CM. pH . 54).
B HaCTOHlIJ.ee BpeMft pa3pa6aTbiBaerCft pH,lJ. npH60poB THna pOTa-
UHOHHblX BHcK03HMeTpoB ,lJ.Jlft onpe,lJ.eJIeHHft KHHeTHKH HallaJia BYJlKa-
HH3aUHH npH nOBbiUJeHHblX TeMnepaTypax (180°C H BbIUJe). KpHBble,
3anHCblBaeMbie npH HcnblTaHHH (3aBHcHMoCTb MOMeHTa conpOTHBJle-
HHft C,lJ.BHry OT BpeMeHH), nO.ll06HbI KpHBOA, H300pa>KeHHOA Ha
pHC. 37, O,lJ.HaKO, HallaJlO BYJlKaHH3aUHH HacTynaeT paHbUJe H CKO-
pOCTh cYlIJ.eCTBeHJ;lO BbIUJe, TaK qTO Bce HcnblTaHHe .llJlHTCSI OKOJIO
ABYX MHHYT. H3MeHeHHe BpeMeHH HaIJaJIa H KPYTH3HbI nO,lJ.'beMa
MOMeHTa conpOrHBJleHHft C,lJ.BHry M YKa3b1BaeT Ha OTKJIOHeHHft B co-
CTaBe pe3HHOBbiX cMeceA CO.llep>KaHHSI areHTOB BYJIKaHH3aUHH H
YCKopHTeJleA, a H3MeHeHHe YPOBHft MHHHMaJlbHoro 3HaIJeHHft M - Ha
HenpaBHJIbHble ,lJ.03HpOBKH MftrllHTeJIeA, HanOJlHHTeJleA HJIH HeCTaR-
,lJ.apTHOCTb nJiaCTHIIHOCTH H XO,ll.HOro KaYllYKa.
B KOHTpOJlbHblX Jla60paTOpHftX 3aBO,lJ.OB npOBOB.HT TaK>Ke BbIOO-
pOIlHblA aHaJlH3 KalleCTBa H3roTOBJleHHft pe3HHOBbiX cMeceA no
nOK33aTeJIftM npOIlHOCTH, OTHOCHTeJIbHOro H OCT3TOtfROrO Y,lJ.JlHHeHHSI
npH pa3pblBe (no faCT 270-64) 06pa3uoB, BbIPy6J1eHHblX H3 nJla-
88
CTHH TOJlDl,HHOA 2::1:0,03 MAl, CBYJlKaHH30BaHHblJ!: H3 oT06paHHblX
np06. . - . .
. I<poMe roro, Onpe,lJ.eJlfteTCft nJiaCTHIIHOCTb pesHHOBbiX cMeceA (no
fOCT 415-53) HJIH Bft3KOCTb no MYHH (no faCT 10722-64)..
KOBTpo."H..e BOBPOC"
. I. 'Ie.. oT.IIH1I8eTCJ1 ycnoBHoe H8np'UKeHBe OT HCTHHHOro H K8K HX DOACqHT'"
B810T B B p8CTJlJKeHHH 06p8 U,OB?
2. ODHWHTe OC06eHHocTH p8BHOBecHoA H Hep8BHoBecRoA Ae4>0pM8u,HA pe3HB.
3. K8KOBbi OCHOBHble oc06eHHOCTH H3roTOMeHH!1 pe3HHOBbiX 06pa3u,oB AnJi
HCDblT8HHA? ,
4. K8KHe HCDblT8HHJI OpOBOAJlT H8 cMoAynbHblx p8MK8X:' H H8HHe OpH MOM
ODpe.a.eJlJlIOT DOK838TeJIH? '
5. 'ITO T8Hoe OTHOCHTeJlbH8JI Aect>oPM8I1,RJI. K8K ee ODpeAen!11OT DPH p8CTJllKe-
HHB H DPH CX(8THH? tho 60nbwe DO BenHqHHe - OTHOCHTeJJbH8,JI Aeq»opM811.HJI 8.
B.IIH OTBOCHTem.H8JI OCT8TOlIH8JI Aect>OpM8I1,RJI 80CT (onpeAenJleMbie DO roCl
265-66) H DO'leMY? '
6. K8HHe Ae4>opMau,HH (06p8THMble HnK Heo6paTHMble) npeo6na.a.alOT OpH HC-
nblT8HKB H8 Don3Y'lecTb no fOCT 10269-62 H H8 pen8,KC8u,HIO H8npJlX(eHHJI DO
fOCT 9982-62? nOqeMY? t{TO T8Koe XHMH'IecK8JI ooJl3Y'leCTb H XHMH'IecHAJI pe-
.118KCau,JtJl?
7. K8KHMH CDoc068MH ODpe.a.enJiIOT TBepAOCTb peaHH? K8KHe 4>8HTOpbl MU-
lOT H8 DonY'l8eMbie nOK838TenH? KaKoe SH8'1eHHe HMeeT oDpe.a.eneHHe TBepAoCTH?
8. t{TO T8Koe DpO'IHOCTb pe3RH, K8a(HMH DOK838Ten!1MH OH8 x8p8KTepH3YeTCJI?
9. t{TO T8Koe AonroBe'lHOCTb peaHH? .
10. K8KHe BHAbi pa3pyweHHJI X8p8KTepHbI AnJi 9n8cToMepoB H qeM HX oBpeAe-
.llJlIOT? KaKHe COCTO!1HHJI 6blBalOT y 9n8CToMepoB H K8KHMH DOK838TenJlMH otiH X8-
p8KTepHSYIOTC!1? .
11. t{eM OTnH'I8eTCJI TeXHH'IeCK8!1 npO'lHOCTb OT TeOpeTH'IecKOA?
12. t{TO T8Koe conpoTHBnenHe p83AHpy H K8K ero oopeAenJlJOll?
13. K8KHe BHAbi 06p83U,OB HCnblTblB810T H8 p83pblB H K8KHe npH 9TOM nonY'l8-
IOTCJI DOK838TenH?
14. OnHwHTe Kp8TKO npHHII.HDW SKCDpecC-KOtrrpO.llJl pe3HHoBoro npoH3BOACTB8.
fJIABA V
OnPEAEnEHHEAE.OPMAnHOHHYX
(YnpY(O-rHCTEPE3HCHYX) CBORCTB PE3HH nPH
AHHAMH'IECKOM HArpY)I(EHHH
s .4. OCHOBHye nOHSITHSI 06 ynpyro-rHcTepe3HCHYX cBoiiCTBax
: pe3HHi KJlaCcHtHKalJ,HSI MeTO,lJ.OB HX onpe,ll.eJleHHSI
51BJ1eHHe HeCOBna,lJ.eHHSI KpHBblX «Hanpft}KeHHe - AecpopMaUHSI
npH HepaBHoBecHoM HarpY>KeRHH H pa3rpY}KeHHH H B03HHKalODI,ee
BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe 3Toro He06paTHMoe paCCeftHHe MeX8HHllecKoA 3HeprHH,
Ha3b1BaeMoe MexaHHlleCKHM rHCrepe3J1COM, UblJlO pac<:MoTpeHo B S 1
fJl. IV. 9TO HeCODna,lJ.eHHe ocYbRcHfteT.cft 3aBHCHMOCTbIO CBftSH CHan-
pft>KeHHe - AecpopMaUHft:t OT BpeMeHH HarpY>KeHHft.
89
npH 3aMKHYTOM npouecce HarpY>KeHHe - pa3rpY>KeHHe, B
peSYJlbTaTe KOTOpOro HcnblTyeMblA 06pa,seu B03BpalIJ.aeTCSI K HCXO,lJ.-
HOMY COCTOHHHIO HarpY>KeHHft, BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe HeCOBna,lJ.eHHH KpHBblX
npH Haq Y>KeHHH H paSrpY>KeHHH 06pasyeTCft neTJlH rHcTepesHCa.
ECJlH Sa,lJ.aHa rapMOHHlleCKaft ,lJ.HHaMHlleCKaft ,lJ.ecpopMaUHft no
saKoHY .(6), npOTeKalOlIJ.aft BO BpeMeHH, KaK nOKasaHO Ha pRC. 62,
UHKJI AecpopMaUHH xapaKTepH3yeTCft nepHO,lJ.OM
2n 1
T=-=-, (36)
II) n ·
f,e
o
e
+
PHC. 62. 38BHCHMOCTIl AHH8MH'IecKoro Hanp!IX(eHH!1 f,
ero COCT8Bn!1lOutHX f' H f" H AHH8MH'IecKOH Ae4>opM8-
II,HH 8 OT BpeMeHH t:
eo. 10. 10'. 10" - allnnHTYAbi Ae4lopMaUHH H Hanpll)KeHHII
<I. I'. r); T - nepHoA Ae4lopMaUHH; tp - yron cABHra 4183
T. e. BpeMeHeM ero npOTeKaHHSI, SaBHCSlIIJ.HM OT qaCTOTbi UHKJIOB
w=27tn (37)
HJlH OT IJHCJla HX oft B e,lJ.HHHUY BpeMeHH t.
KaK YKa3b1BaJIOCb paHee, nOCJIe onpe,lJ.eJleHHOrO qHCJIa Ll.HKJIOB, B
npouecce KOTOpblX HenpepblBHO HSMeHSIeTCH BeJIHtfHHa neTJIH fHCTe.
peSHca, YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCft HeKoropoe CTallJ.HOHapHoe ee 3HaQeHHe.
npH HeOOJIbWHX ,lJ.HHaMHtfeCKHX ,lJ.ecpopMaUHftX ,"eTJlH ,lJ.HHaMHQeCKO-
ro rHCTepeSHca HMelOT CPOPMY, 6J1HSKYIO K JlJlHnTHqeCKoft, KaK TO
nOKasaHO Ha pHC. 63.
npH ,lJ.HHaMHIJeCKOM rapMOHHlleCKOM HarpY>KeHHH 3HaK HanpH-
>KeHHSI H ,lJ.ecpopMaUHH MO>Ker MeHSlTbCSI. Ha npaKTHKe 3TO 03HallaeT,
liTO npH AecpopMaUHHX C,lJ.BHra, H3rHoa H KpyqeHHSI sa ,UHKJI MeHSleTCft
HanpaBJleHHe ,lJ.ecpopMaUHH, a ,lJ.ecpopMaUHft paCTft>KeHHH lIepe,lJ.yeTcSI
C ,lJ.e$opMaUHeA C>KaTHSI (CM. pHC. 1).
90
3aBHCHMOCTb Hanpft>KtHHft f OT BpeMeHH t npH rapMOHHtfeCKOA
AecpOpMaUHH MO>KHO. BbipaSHTb $opMYJIOA .
1= /o,sln (wi-rp), (38)
. rAe /0 - aMnJIHTYAa HanpH>KeHHH, T. e. 3Ta saBHCHMOCTb - CHHYCO-
H,lJ.a, <:,lJ.BHHYTa.ft OTHOCHTeJIbHO CHHYCOH,lJ.bI ,lJ.ecpopMaUHH 8 (CM.
pHC. 62). .
MaKCHMaJlbHOe (80) H MHHHMaJlbHOe (-80) (aMnJIHTY,lJ.Hble)
SHaqeHHft ,lJ.ecpopMaUHH ,lJ.OCTHraIOTCH He TOr,lJ.a, KOr,lJ.a BOSHHKalOT
MaKCHMaJlbHble (fu) H MHHHMaJlbHble
(-/0) SHatfeHdfSl HanpSl>KeHHft. BeJlH-
'IHHa <p HaSbI'BaerCft yrJloM C,lJ.BHra cpa3
Me>K,lJ.Y HanpSl>KeHHeM 1 H ,lJ.ecpopMaUH-
eft '8. Me>K,lJ.Y aMnJlHry,lJ.aMH HanpSl>Ke-
HHSI fo H ,lJ.ecpopMaUHH 80 CYlIJ.ecrByeT
COOTHoweHHe
10 = Ee o , (39)
r,lJ.e E - ,lJ.HlHaMHtfeCKHft MO,lJ.YJlb peSH-
HbI, SI:BJlSlIOIIJ.HHCSI K03cpcpHlJ;HeHTOM
nponopUHOHaJlbHOCTH Me>K,lJ.Y aM-n-
JlHry,lJ.aMH HanpSl>K8HHft H ,lJ.e$opMa-
UHH.
OH HaSbI,BaeTCSI TaK>Ke KOM'I1J1e'KC-
HblM MO,lJ.YJleM, nOCKOJIb:KY Ipa I CKJI8,lJ.bI-
saercSi H8 TaK H8SblBaeMbJe UeIIJ.OCT-
BeHHYIO E ' H MHHMYIO E", cocra'BJlSlIO-
IIJ.He no npa.BHJlY:
E=IE*'= V(E')2+(E") 2 :: (40)
f
PHC. 63. neTn!1 AHHaMHlfe-
CKOro rHCTepe3Hca H ee na-
paMeTpbl:
E-I E'I- KOMOJleKCHblii MOAYJlb;
E' B E" - Bew.eCT8eHHali H MHH-
Mall COCTa8JIIlIOw.HC KOMRJleKCHOrO
MOAYJlII; r-o. 10 - aMOnHTYJUlbie
aHaqeHHII Ae4lopMauHH H Haopll-
)KeHHII; tp - yron CA8Hra 4183
T. e. ftBJISleTCft reOMeTpHlfeCKOA -CYMMOA E' HE". .
3TO npaBHJIO SlBJISleTCSI CJle,lJ.CTBHeM paSJlO>KeHHSI HanpSl>KeHHft f
Ha ,lJ.Be cocraBJISIIOllJ,He: f', HaXO,lJ.SlIIJ.YIOCSI B cpase C ,lJ.ecpOpMaUHeft, H
f", C,lJ.BHHYTYIO no OTHomeHHIO K ,lJ.ecpopMaUHH H8 yroJI n/2. K03«pq>H'
UHeHTaMH nponopUHOHaJIbHOCTH Me>K.llY aMnJlHTY,lJ.HblMH SHatfeHHSlMH
j',1" H ,lJ.ecpopMaUHH 8 SlBJlSlIOTCSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO E ' H E" (CM. pHC. 62):
E'=/
/eo; E"=/
/eo' ' (41)
ECJlH B MaTepHaJIe HeT paCCeSlHHft 3HeprHH (MexaHHlfecKHx
nOTepb), TO E"=O, E=E', /=1', T. e. 06IIJ.ee HanpSl>KeHHe f COBna-
,lJ.aeT no cpase C ,lJ.ecpopMaUHeA 8 H paBHO COCTaBJIftlOlIJ.eft 1'.
TaKHM 06paSOM, B Ka>K,lJ.blft MOMeHT BpeMeHH o6lIJ.ee Hanpft>Ke-
HHe f (ero SHalfeHHe B ,lJ.8HHblft MOMeHT HJIH TaK HaSbiBaeMoe MrHO-
BeHHoe SHatfeHHe) paBHO CYMMe:
1=1 ' + I".
91
KorAa AecpOpMaUHJI 8 AOCTHraeT aMnJIHTYAHorO SHa'leHHSI eo.
AOCTHraeT aMnnHTy.nHOrO SHaqeHHSI 10' H BeJIHqHHa 1'- npH 3TOM
f 0' = E' . 80, KaK CJIe.nyeT HS BblpaJKeHHSI (41), qro H nOKasaHO Ha
pHC. 63 (sHaqeHHIO eo no OCH .ne opMaUHA 8 OTBeqaeT SH81IeHiie
E'. eo no OCH HanpHJKeHHA I). Kor.na JKe HanpSlJKeHHe 1 .nOCTHraeT
aMnnHTy.nHoro SHaqeHHSI 10=\E*I.80=E-eo HnH 1=10 npH
sin «(J)t-cp)=I, T. e. rot= -!!.+cp, TO .ne<l>opMal(HSI 8=eo.sinrot
2
'MeeT SHatJeHHe 80. sin ( 2!..+cp) =eo. cos cp MeHbwe aMnnHTy.nHoro 80
2
(CM. pHC. 63). Ror.na HanpSlJKeHHe 1=0, .ne<l>opMaUHJI 8 He paBHa
aynlO. nOCKOJIbKY npH 1=0, sin (rot--cp) =0 HnH cp=cot, ro 8=
=eo.sinrot=80.sin«p. Ror.na JKe .n opMaUHH 8=0. T. e. sinwt=O,
BaOpSlJKeHHe 1=/0. sin (--cp)-Io. sin cp HJIH 1= 110' sin cp I =
=E. 80. sin cp=E" - 80.
nJIOIUa.nb neTJIH rHcTepesHca SlBJISleTCSI MepoA pacceSlHHoA Mexa-
!fH'IeCKOA 3HeprHH. au nnOIUa.nb paDHa: .
q=1t/o'Eo'sln , (42)
OTKy.na SlCHO, qTO MeXaHft1IeCKHe nOTepH sa UHKJI HarpYJKeHHSI npo-
nopUHOHaJIbHbI CHHYCY yrJIa «p c.nBHra <l>as, HaSblBaeMoro n03TOMY
yrnoM nOTepb. TaHreHc yrJIa nOTepb paBeH tg «p=E'/E".
Ha pHC. 63 .naHbI H .npyrHe xapaKTepHcTHKH neTJIH .nHHaMHtJe-
CKoro rHcTepesHca. MOJKHO nOK8saTb, qTO
E" 2 Elf l 2
q=1t/ O EO'- = 1t/O._=1tE1'EO' (43)
E E2
T. e. MHHMaJi 'IaCTb E" MO.nYJISI E xapaKTepHsyeT MeXaHH'IeCKHe
nOTepH H HaSblBaeTCSI n03ToMY Mo.nYJIeM nOTepb, npH'IeM E" =
=E. sin cpo
MexaHHtJecKHe nOTepH BblpaJKalOTCSI TaK>Ke cJIe.nyIOIUHMH nOKa-
SaTenJlMH:
1) OTHOCHTeJIbHblM rHcTepesHcoM r - OTHoweHHeM MexaHHtJe-
CKHX nOTepb q K nOJiHoA 3HeprHH HJIH paooTe .ne<l>opMaUHH W, sa-
Tp81leHHOA Ha UHKJI:
r=q/w -2 q/E'E ;
(44)
2) Mo.nYJIeM BHYTpeHHero TpeHHSI K, npe.ncTaBJISlIOIUHM y.nBoeH-
Hoe SHa'leHHe MeXaHHqeCKHX nOTepb UHKJIa, Kor.na aMnJIHTy.na
Ae<l>opM aUHH eo paBHa e.nHHHue: '
K =2q/ . (45)
PacceSlHHaSi MeXaHH'IeCKaSi 9HeprHSi npeBparuaeTcSI B, TeOJIOBYIO.
npH UHKJIHqecKHX .ne<l>opMaUHSlx, npoHcxo.nSlIUHX C .nOCTaro'lHO
BblCOKOA qacroroA (OOb1'1HO npH HcnblTaHHJlX pesHH npHMeHJIIOTcSI
qaCTOTbI OT 250 .no 3000 UHKJIOB B MHHyry, HJIH HHa'le -.no
92
50 tepu *). BCJIe.nCTBHe nnoxo/l TennOnpOBO.nHOCTH pes,HHH. nOBH-
maeTca TeMnepaTypa 'B oopasuax. tlepes HeKOTOpOe BpeMSI nOCJIe
Haqana HCnHTaHHA TeMnepuypa .nOCTHraeT CTaUHOHapHOrO SHaqe-
HHSI. TaK KaK npH nOBHmeHHH,TeMnepaTypbl YMeHbWaeTCSI MO.nynbE,
HSMeHSeTCSI }janpSlJKeHHe B oopasue. n03TOMY BblXO.n Ha CTaUHOHap-
HblA pe>KHM CBSl3aH He TonbKO C THKCOTpHnHeA CTPYKTypbl peSHHbI,
.'10 H C VCTaHOBneHHeM TeMnepaTYPbl.
8;
D
6 2
t
.,.
JHC. 64. 3aBHcHMoCTb Aecpop'MaUHft e - BpeMJI t
UpH l'apMOHRqeCKOM Harpy",enHH:
_ OPB sRaKooepe..eRRo" CR....erpRQRO.. IlRKJle; II. 111-
IPR SRaKOOOCTOIIRKO.. acR....erpRQRO.. IlRKJle; eo - a"OJlK"
-vAa ARRa"R'IeCKoA lIecbopMaUHH; Ie.. e.. e. - cpeARRe lie.
opop..aQRR IlRMOB I, II . III: 8 CT - CTaTH'IecKaII Aecllop'
M8IlRII; '''HR.3 R e MaICC. 3 - RaR60JlbWall R RaR..eRb-
wall Aecll0p..aIlBR IlRMa 111
"1a pHC. 62 HSOOpa>KeH CJIY'IaA CHMMeTpHlfHoro SHaKonepeMeHHoro
iarPYJKeHHSI, npH KOTOpOM HaHoonbWHe H HaHMeHbWHe ,(aMnJIHTY.n-
-ible) .ne<l>opMaUHH H HanpSl>KeHHSI (80, '0) B Te'leHHe riepHo.na .no-
:THraIOTCSI .nBaJK.nbl, npH'IeM SHa'leHHSI HX o.nHHaKOBbI no BeJIH'IHHe,
"iO npoTHBOnOJIOJKHbI no sHaKY. ,l{HHaMH'IeCKOe HarpYJKeHHe MOJKeT
'1b1Tb aCHMMeTpH'IHblM, T. e. HMeTb Heo.nHHaKOBble no BeJIH'IHHe HaH-
JOJIbWHe H HaHMeHbWHe 3Ha'leHHSI. MOJKeT OblTb TaKJKe aCHMMeT-
JHlfHblA SHaKonOCTOSlHHblA UHKJI, B KQTOPOM HaHOOJIbWHe H HaHMeHb-
IIHe HanpSlJKeHHSI o.nHHaKOBbI no SHaKY, KaK 3TO H300paJKeHO Ha
-
JHC. 64. IJ.HKJI xapaKTepH3yeTcSI cpe.nHHM HanpSl>KeHHeM 1 - aJIre-
)paH'IeCKOA nOJIYCYMMOA HaHOOJIbmero H HaHMeHbwero HanpSlmeHHSI
· 1 repu - 1)TO 'I UHKJI B CeK}'IIAY HnH 60 UHKnOB B MHRYTV.
93
B u,HKne.. CHMMeTpHlfHblA U,HKJI, nOKaSaHHblA Ha pHC. 62, - 3TO
U,HKJI, B KOTOpOM Cpe.nHSISI .ne<l>opMau,HJI paBHa HynlO.('8-0). B 001UeM
CJIYlfae (KpHBaSi Ill, pHC. 64) HapSl.ny C .nHHaMH'IeCKOA .ne<l>0pMau,H-
eA 8 - eo - sin rot MOJKeT OblTb sa.naHa nOCTOSlHHaJi cTaTHlfecKaSi 8CT
.ne<l>opMau,HJI, KaK, HanpHMep, npH HcnblTaHHH Ha MHorOKpaTHoe
paCTSlJKeHHe. Tor.n.a HaHOOJIbWaSi .ne opMaUHSI
E MaKc =;- + EO = E CT + 2E O '
(46)
a HaHMeHbwaSi .ne opMau,HJI
E MHR = E -EO=EcT'
(47)
KpHBaSi I I Ha pHC. 64 - 3TO 'l8CTHblA CJIYlfaA SHaKonOCTORHHoro
u,HKJIa, B KOTOpOM HeT CTaTHlfeCKoA .ne<l>opMau,HH.
ECT=O.
HaJIHlfHe CTaTHlfeCKoA .ne<l>opMau,HH npHBo.nHT K TOMY, qTO B
H81IaJIbHblA nepHO.n YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI paBHOBeCHoe CTaTHlfeCKoe Ha-
npSlJKeHHe, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUee sa.naHHoA CTaTHlfeCKOH .ne<l>opMaUHH
(CTaTH'IeCKaSi peJiaKCaUHSI), HJIH paBHOBeCHaSi CTaTH'IeCKaR .ne<l>op-
Mau,HSI, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUaSi 3a.naHHOMY .nHHaMHlfecKoMy HanpSl1KeHHIO
(CTaTHIf CKaSi nOJIsYlfeCTb). O.n.HaKO H MeJK.ny .nHHaMHlfeCKHMH Ha-
npJlJKeHHeM H .ne<l>opMaUHeA nOCTOSlHHoe COOTHoweHHe YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCSI BO BpeMeHH (COOTBeTCTBeHHO sa.naHHOMY peJKHMY .ne<l>opMa-
UHH HMeeT ,MeCTO .nHHaMHqeCKaSi peJiaKcau,HSI HJIH .nHHaMH'IeCKaJl
nOJISYlfeCTb). YCTaHOBJIeHHe CTau,HOHapHoro npouecca .ne<l>opMaUHH,
TaKHM oopaSOM, 06YCJIOBJIeHO TaKJKe peJJaKcau,HOHHblMH cBoAcTBaMH
DeSHH.
I1s CooTHoweHHA (39) H (45) CJIe.nyeT, 'ITO y.neJJbHble MeXaHHqe-
CKHe nOTepH u,HKJIa q MorYT OblTb onpe.neJIeHbI CJIe.nYIOIUHMH Bblpa-
JKeHHSlMH:
1£..21 K 1 K I 2
q=- EO=-- EO/O=-- 0,
2 2 E 2 E2
(48)
oTKy.na SlCHO, If TO npH sa.naHHoA .ne<l>opMaUHH 80 nOTepH q nponop-
u,HOHaJIbHbI K H He saBHCSlT OT E; npH sa.naHHoA 3HeprHH u,HKJIa,
onpe.neJISIeMoA npOHSBe.neHHeM 'eo to+ BeJIHlfHHa q nponopu,HOHaJIbHa K
H oopaTHO nponopUHOHaJIbHa E; HaKOHeu, npH sa.naHHOM HanpSl>Ke-
HHH to nOTepH q nponopUHOHaJIbHbI K H oopaTHO npOnOpu,HOHaJIbHbl
£2, T. e. nOTepH saBHCSlT OT ynpyro-rHcTepeSHCHblX CBoAcTB no-pas-
HOMY B paSJIHlfHblX peJKHMaX .ne<l>opMau,HH.
MeTO.n npHBe.neHHSI HJIH npHHu,Hn TeMnepaTYPHO-BpeMeHHoA
cynepnoSHu,HH oasHpyeTcSI Ha 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblX .naHHblX, nOKa-
SblBalOIUHX, 'ITO BJIHRHHe BpeMeHH (nepHo.na), HJIH CKOpOCTH, HJIH
'IaCTOTbI .ne opMaUHH, C OAHOA CTOpOHbI, H TeMnepaTypbl, C .npyroA,
· To >Ke KaCaeTCH CpeAReH AecpopMaQRR 8.
94
Ha nOKaSaTeJJH KOHKpeTHbiX MeXaHH'IeCKHX CBoAcTB (MO.nYJIb, npo'l-
HOCTb) HaXOAHTCH'B onpe.neneHHOA BSaHMOCBB3H.
TaK, B03paCTaHHe lfaCTOTbI HnH CKOpOCTH .ne OpMau.HH (YMeHb-
weaHe nepHo.na .ne opMaUHH) .neAcTByeT KaK CHH1KeHHe TeMnepa-
TYPbl (pHC., 65). ,l1nR Toro 'lTOObl nOJIY'IHTJ» npH TeMnepaType T 2
SH81IeftHe £', paBHoe nOJIY'IeHHOMY npH TeMnepaType T. H 'IaCTOTe
(Oh Ha.no BblopaTb 'IaCTOTY HcnblTaHHH.
MHOJKHTen'b aT, onpe.neJJHIOIUHA 3TY 'IaCTOTY (02, HaSblBaeTCH
<l>a'KTOpOM npHBe.neHHJI. ,
Benlf1lHHa aT IBbI'tf.uCJIHeTCH no C;
onpe.neJJeHHblM cj>opMYJIaM H aaBH-
CHT OT TeMnepaT}'pbl onblTa T H
TeMnepaTypbl Ts, K KOTOpoA n'pHBo-
.nHT SHalfeHHH E'.
IB pa'CcMOTpeHHoM Bblwe npHMe-
pe SHa'leHHe £' 6b1JIO nOJIY'IeHO npH
T=T. H qaCTOTe (0.. npH TeMnepa-
Type Ts= T 2 3TO 1Ke SHalfeHHe E'
nOJIYlfHTCH npH npHBe.neHHoii lfaCTO-
Te (02, y.nOBJIeTBOpHIOIUeii COOTHO-
weHHIO (49). JII060e .nPyroe SHalfe-
HHe £' 'IJ,pH T = T. H .nPyroA lfaCTO-
Te (Os 6y.neT npH TeM'IIepaType Ts=
=T2 OTBelfaTb lfacroTe (04=(OS.aT,
coxpaHHH 3HalfeHHe, KOTopoe 6b1JIO
npH T. H (Os. TaKH'M 06pasoM, eCJI'H iBbI'opaHbI JlIBe TeMnepaTypbl T.
H-'T2, TO .nJIH HHX aT=,const, a O.nHH H Te JKe SHa'leHHH £' nOJIYlfaIOT-
CJI npH 'IaCTOTaX, COOTHOWeHHe KOTOpblX onpe.neJIHeTeH BbIpaJKe-
HHeM ,(49).
ECJIH HSMeHHTb TeMnepaTYPY, KpHBaH, Bblpa>KalOIUaH saBHCH-
MOCTb' £' - 19 (0, CMeIUaeTCH no If a CTOTe, npaKTH'IeCKH nOlfTH He
MeHHH CBOIO OPMY (CM. pHC. 65). nOCKOJIbKY nOJIYlfHTb KpHBble
E' - l'g (0 (npH npOHSBOJIbHO Bbl6paHHoA TeMneparype Ts) HS onbITa
B WHpOKOM .nHanaSOHe lfaCTOT Tpy.nHO, npoBo.nHT HSMepeHHH
E' - 19 (0 B HeOOJIbWOM .nHanaSOHe lfaCTOT npH pasHblx TeMnepaTY-
pax (CM. pHC. 66), a saTeM, nOJIbsYJlCb MeTo.n.OM npHBe.neHHH, Haxo-
.n.HT npHBe.neHHYIO K TeMnepaType Ts (YHHBepCaJIbHYIO) saBHCHMOCTb
£' - l'g (0 (Ha pHC. 66, a TeMnepaTypa npHBe.neHHR T = Ts). To 1Ke
OTHOCHTCH K saBHCHMOCTH E" - 19 (0, KOTopaR HMeeT OPMY KpHBOA
C MaKcHMYMOM (pHC. 66,6 H 8). .
HaHOOJIee npOCTble H WHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHble MeTo.nbl onpe-
.nMeHHH 3JIaCTH'IHOCTH no O KOKY, paCCMaTpHBaeMble B CJIe.nYIOIUeM
naparpa e. OTHOCHTCH K y.napHblM, HecTaAHoHapHblM m:nblTaHHHM.
Onpe.neJIJleMblA nOKasaTeJJb «3JIaCTH'IHOCTH no OTCKOKY» 3 CBHsaH
(l)2=(I)1. a T.
(49)
l!tI)t 19wz
tgrd
PHC. 65. 06D1Hii xapaKTep BnH-
1IRH1I TeMnep8Typbl H8 38BHCH-
MOCTh E' OT qaCTOTbi (J):
T. R T 2 - TeMoepaTypbl; (1)2-(1),. aT'
r,ll.e a T - cIIaKTop OpHBe,ll.eHRII
95
C BHWe paCCMOTpeHHblMH XapaKrepHCTHKaMH ynpyrO-rHCTepesHCHblX
CBoAcTB CJIe.nyJOIUHMH COOTHOWeHHJlMH:' .
a
exp' ( -2
;: ) , exp ( _
,). (50)
'OTCIOAa CJIe.nyeT,
TO eCJIH ASe pe3HHH nOKaShiBalOT paBHYIO '3JIa('
TH'IHOCTb no OTCKOKY, TO 3TO eIUe He OSHa'laeT, 'Iro y HHX OAHH8Kc.
BHe .nHHaMH'IecKHe cBoAcTBa; BblCOKaJl 3naCTH'IHOCTb. MOJKeT OblTc
CBHsaHa KaK C HHSKHM rHCTepeSHCOM (MaJIblM_Mo.nYJIeM BHYTpeHHer(
TpeHHH /(), TaK H C BHCOKHM 3Ha'leHHeM BeIUeCTBeHHOU COCTaBJIHIC..
IUeA £' .nHHaMH'IeCKOrO MO.nYJIJI £.
£
a)
S Ts
lit 6)
7j
72 E,'e'
r,
1
e" t!W
OJ J
1j
lj = cPnst
5 E
< '
E
tg"
tl 'f4}
..
PHC. 66. CxeMa nOCTpoeRHfI npHBeAeHRblx (YRHBepcanbHblx) KpHBblX E' -Ig C1
H E" -Ig (1) MeTOAOM npHBeAeHHs:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - KpRBllle OPR TeMoepaTypax T.. Tt, Ta. Te, Ta: E'. E" - aeDl.ecTIIeHHali H IIHIi
11811 COCTaBnlllODl.Re AIIRalCRQecKoro IIOAY./III: (j) - QaCTOTa: a - SKcoepRMeRTa.llbRllle IIpRBIll.
E' - Ig (I), 6 - sKcoepHlleRTa./lbR"'e IIpRB"'e E" -Ig (I), e - opHBeAeBHllle KpBlllle
tIS. MeTO,lJ,W H3MepeHHS SnaCTH'IHOCTH no OTCKOKY
.9"JIaCTHQHOCTb no OTCKOKy onpe.neJJHeTCH KaK OTHoweHHe 3Hep-
rHH, BOSBpaIUeHHoA peSHHOBHM 00pa3UOM nOCJIe y.napa no HeM
y.napHHKa, K OOIUeA 3HeprHH, SaTpa'leHHOA Ha y.nap.
96
O.ll.HH H3 npHHUHnOB HSMepeHHS 3JIaCTHlfHOCTH no OTCKOKY - C
nOIlO
blO MaSTHHKOBoro npH60pa. ECJIH o.eHTp TSlJKecTH MaSlTHHKa
(pRC. 67), Haxo.nSII{HAcs Ha paCCTOJlHHH R OT OCH Bpa
eHHS 0,
no.nWlTb Ha BHCOTY h, TO npH Macce MaSlTHHKa m sanac nOTeHuuaJIb-
HoA 3HeprHH MaSlTHHKa W J paBeH
4
W.=mgh=mgR.(1-cosa.), (51)
rie g - YCKopeHHe CH
H TSlJKeCTH. au 3HeprHSI nepe.nae'J'CSi oopasuy
npH Y.lI.ape no HeMY ooAKa MaRT- 0
, HH'Ka. -
B03BpaIUeHHaSi 3HeprHJI, npo-
nOpl.{'HOHaJIbHaSi 3JIacTHlfHOCTH pe-
3HHbI, oTopaCblBaeT MaBTHHK Ha
BbiCOTY hJ; 3Ta,3HeprHSi paBHa
W 2 =mgh.=mgR.(I-cosa2)' (52)
TaxHM oopasoM, 3JIaiCTHlfHOCTb
no OTCKOKY MOJK90 BbI'tfHcn'SlT
HS
OTHoweHHR BblCOT:
3= W:: =.!!L.l00% =
w. h
_ I-cos Q:: 100%.
I-cos 41
Ha pHC. 68 nOKasaH MaSlTHHKOBblA ynpyroMeTp, HSrOTOBJISIeMbiA
saBo.nOM «MeTaJIJIHcT», Ha KOTOpOM npOBo.nRTCSI HcnblTaHHSI no
rOCT 6950-54. '
MaaTHHK 1 C rpysoM 3, saKaHlfHBalOIUHMCJI OOAKOM 4, no.nBeIJJeH
Ha .OCH B KpoHwTeAHe 12 Ha CTaHHHe 7. PaccToRHHe OT OCH BpaIUeHHJI
MaSlTHHKa .no o.eHTpa y.napa -ooAKa H pa.nHYC saKpyrJIeHHSI (}oAKa
CTaH.napTHsOBaHbI. 3aIUeJJKoA 13 M8S1THHK y.nepJKHBaeTCSI B no,n.HSI-
TOM nOJIOJKeHHH :no.n yrJIOM 90° (Ha OTMeTKe H = 1) HJIH 60°
(H = 0,5), nOJIYlfaR sanac 3HeprHH B 5 KZC. CM HJIH 2,5 KZC' CM. .D.JISI
KaJK.noro HS .nBYX HCXO.nHblX nOJIOJKeHHA MaSlTHHKa HMeeTCSI CBOSI
.nyroBaJi IJJKaJIa 14, rpa.nYHpOBaHHaJi B SHalfeHHSlX a.
Oopaseu 5 (B BH.ne IJJaAObI TOJIIUHHOA 6:tO,25 MM) SaKpenJiSleTCJI
Ha OOKOBOA nJIOIUa,n.Ke 6 CTaHHHH, .nBYMSI npYJKHHaMH 2, oJiaro.napSi
KOTOpblM 06paseLl.. nJIOTHO npHJIeraeT K HaKOBaJIbHe. Ha OCH MaSlT-
HHKa eCTb npYJKHHHblA saXBaT 10, KOTOpblA B MOMeHT OTCKOKa MaSlT-
HHKa OT 06paso.a 3aXBaTblBaeT CTpeJiKY 8, HaCaJKeHHYIO Ha OCb C
HeOOJIbIJJHM TpeHHeM, H nOCJIe OTCKOKa MaRTHHKa saHHMaeT nOJIOJKe-
HHe, OTBelfalOIUee HaHBblCIJJeMY yrJIY OTCKOKa MaSlTHHKa. nepe,n.
HcnHTaHHeM npY1KHHHblA saXBaT 10 npHKpenneH K MaSlTHHKY TaK,
'ITOOH npH HCXO.nHOM nOnOJKeHHH MaSlTHHKa cTpeJJKa 8 Haxo.nHJIaCb
npoTHB .neJJeHHSI 100 paoo'leA IJJKanbl, a ripH BepTHKaJIbHOM nonOJKe-
HHH MaSlTHHKa H CHSITOM OrpaHH'IHTeJIe 9, KOTOpblA onpe.neJJJleT
Hcxo.nHoe nOJIOJKeHHe CTpeJIKH, - npaTHB .neJIeHHJI «HYJIb». npH 3TOM
(53)
-Q:
-t:
/
/'
//
--
-t:
PHC. 67. npHHuHn pa60Tbi Ma-
JlTHHKOBOro ynpyroMeTpa:
R - ,lUJHRa MaIlTHRKa: P - Bee MaIiT.
HRKa; h - BblCOTa OaJl.eRRII. «, - yron
OaJl.eHRII; h, - BbiCOTa OTCKOKa. «.-
YI'OJl OTeKOKa
97
12
PHC. 68. MaJlTHHKOBblii ynpyroMeTp (3aBOAa CMeTannHCn):
/ - "UTRRK; 2 - oPYJKRRa; 3 - I'PY3. 4 - 6oeK; 5 - oC5pueQ; 6-
OnO aJl.Ka; 7 - cTaHRHa; 8 - CTpenKa; 9 - orpaRR'IHTeJlb; /0 - saxBaT;
11 - 0PY>KHRRWil MexaRH3M C PY'IKoil; /2 - KPORWTeIIR; 13 - sawenKa;
14 - p,yroBU WKana
PHe. 69. CxeMa MaJlTHRKa KMp.OI:
'I - oC5pueQ; 2, 4 - CTpenKR: 3 - OCb; 5-
orpaRR'IRTeJlb; 6 - wKana; 7 - Kooep; 8-
saJKa..",
paCCTOSlHHe MeJK.ny nJIOIUa.nKoA 6 H OOUKOM 4'" .nOJIJKHO OblTb paBHO
TOJIIUHHe oopasua.
,l10 HCIThITaHHSI MaSlTHHK npOBepJlIOT H8 TpeHHe B ero OCH. npaK-
TH1JeCKH .nonYCKaeTCJI TaKaSi BeJIH'IHHa TpeHHSI. npH KOTOpoA MaSlT-
HHK, COBepWaeT He MeHee 300 CBOOO.nHIIIX saTyxalOIUHx KoneoaHHA
npH Ha'laJIbHOM OTKJIOHeHHH Ha yrOJI 45
npH HcnblTaHHH MaSlTHHKY He .nalOT' COBepwaTb saTyxalOIUHe
KOJIeOaHHSI, IfTOObl OH nOBTOpHO He y.napSlJI no 06pasu.y. nOCJIe KaJK-
.noro y.napa no.nHHMaIOT MaJlTHHK B Hcxo.nHoe nOJIOJKeHHe npY>KHH-
HblM MexaHHSMOM C pY'lKoA 11. nOCJIe lfeTBepToro y.napa OTClfHTbI-
BalOT nOJIOJKeHHe CTpeJJKH 8 no WKaJIe, npHHHMaSi 3TO'r OTC'IeT sa
pesYJIbTaT HcnblTaHHJI.
OnHcaHHblM MeTo.nOM HeJJbSSI HSMepHTb rJIyoHHY norpYJKeHHJI
ooAKa npH y.nape. BMec!('e C TeM, eCJIH HapSl.ny C SaTp8'leHHOA H
pacceSlHHoA 3HeprHeA HSMepSlTb .ne<l>opMauHIO oopasu.a, MOJKHO pac-
c'IHTaTby.napHble .nHHaMHlfecKHA MO.nYJIb E H MO.nYJIb BHYTpeHHero
TpeHHSI K. .D.e opMaUHIO oopasua HSMepSiIOT npH y.napHoM'paCTSI>Ke-
HHH Ha MaJITHHKe KMP-OI (pHC. 69), H'DblTaHHe Ha KOTOpOM <:TaH-
.napTHsoBaHo (rOCT 10827-64).
Oopaseu B BH.ne IJIOJIOCOK Sa>KHMHOA .nJIHHOH L, paBHoA paccTOSI-
HHIO MeJK.ny SaJKHMaMH 8, WHpHHOA ao H TOJIIUHHOA hOt YKJIa.nblBaIOT
nepneH.nHKYJISIpHO nJIOCKOCTH KalfaHHJI MaSlTHHKOBoro Konpa
nOCJIe y.napa 00 06paseu Konpa, BSBe.neHHoro Ha yroJi q>o=90°,
npH san ace nOTeHUHaJIbHOA 3HeprHH W (0,1 lCee. eM) HSMepJleTCJI
yrOJI' OTCKOKa ero «pI no Be.nOMoA CTpeJIKe 2. ,l1e opMaUHSI npH y.nape
HSMepSleTCSI yrJIOM «P2 no WKaJIe 6 CTpeJiKOA 4, Haxo.nSlIUeAcSi B MO-
MeHT Ha'laJia .ne<l>opMau.HH y OrpaHH'IHTeJIJI 5.
OO'beM paoolfero YlfacTKa oopasua paBeH
V =aohoLo'
MaK-CHMaJIbHaSi .ne opMau. HSI npH y.nape
... / 16r 2 .sin 2 ( )
EO=JI. +1-1.
L
MO.nYJIb BHyrpeHHero TpeHHSI COCTaBJISIeT
K=AW/V[E-ln(E+1»), (54)
r.ne d W = mgr (cos «PI - cos «P2); m - Macca MaJlTHHKa, r - pac-
CTOJl-HHe OT OCH MaSlTHHKa )10 ueHTpa 06pasua (r=200 MM), g-
YCKopeHHe CHJIbI TSlJKeCTH.
.D.HHaMHIJeCKHA MO.nYJIb
E= w (55)
V ( £ - In (£ + 1)] ·
r.ne W = mgr (I --:- cos «po). 3JIaCTH'IHOCTb no OTCKOKY a BbI'IHCJISleTCSI
99
, flpHHUHn 3H8KOnepeMeHHOrO CHMMeTpH'IHOrO, HsrHoa nOKasaH
Ha pHC. 71.
Ha OCH lII0T0pa 1 3aKpenJIeH Sa1KHM 2 06pasua-u.HJIHH.npa 3. BTo-
pOH Sa>KHM 4 BpaIUaeTcSI B no.nWHnHHKe 5, KOTOpHA MOJKeT nepeMe-
IiJ,anca no HanpaBmnoIUeA .nyre 6, SaKpenJISlJlCb B HeA TaK, 'ITO
o(5paseu Hsru6aeTCSI. npH spaIUeHHH HsorHYTOro oopasu.a CJIOH ero
(sa HCKJIIO'IeHHeM OCH, HaSHBaeMoH HeATpaJIbHoA) nonepeMeHHO
2
PRe. 72. CxeMa npRlSopa .nH3nH:
I - TepMocyaT; 2 - rpYS/o/; 3 - ceKTOp; 4 - WKana: 5 - o(\paseQ:
6, 10 - SUCRM/o/; 1- MeKTpOABBr8Te./Jb 8 - CTpenKa: 9 -IUKana;
II - crollKa: 12 - raJlb88BolleTp: 13, '14 - oepeUlO'laTenR'; 15 -
,JIATP (na60paTOpBbll aBTOTpaRccjlopMaTOp) An" perynRpoBaHRII
CKOpocTH BpaD{eRRR
no.nBe.praIOTCJI -cJKaTHIO H ,paCTSlJKeHHIO 'no rapMOHHlfeCKOMY saKO-
HY (6). CKOpOCTb BpaWeHHJI SaJKHMa 4 onpe.neJIJleT 'IaCToTY .necpop-
MaUHU. OTHOCHTe.nbHoe y.nJIHHeHHe HapYJKHoro CJIOJl oopasu.a, Hsor-
HYTOro Ha u.eHTpaJIbHblA yroJi a, paBHO:
R. - Ro 1 00%
o - Ro . 0,
Ro - pa.zr.HycH HapY>KHor'O CJIOJl H H'eATpanbHoA OCH
(56)
r.zr.e R. H
oopasua.
Ha pHC. 72 IJOKaSaHa
T8JIJJHcn.
cxeMa npHoopa ,l1H3nH saBo.na «Me..-
101
.
npHMeHJlIOTCR .nJIR HCnblTaHHR H raHTe.neBH.nHble OOpa3Ubl, H30-
Opa>KeHHHe Ha pHC. 73, a. ,
K Kopnycy TepMOCTaTa .1 (CM. pHC. 72) KpenHTcR KPOHWTeAH.
Ha KOTOpOM Ha wapHKono.nwHnHHKax YCTaHOBJIeH cTarop KOJIJIeK-
TopHoro 3JIeKTpOMOTOpa 7. Ha BaJIY Moropa Haxo.nHTCJI uaHroBblH
Sa>KHM 6, B KOTOpblA BCTaBJIReTCR KOHeu oopasua 5. BTopoA: KOHeu
oopasua Sa>KHMaeTCJI B uaHroBblH Sa>KHM 10 Ha cB06o.nHOA OCH,
BpaIUalOIUeAcR B CToAKe 11. CroAKa 11 MO>KeT nepeMeIUaTbCR no
<j>HrypHOA npopesH B ceKTope 3 H YKpenJIBTbCR C nOMOIUblO BHHTa H
.nBYx WnHJIeK TaK, 'ITO oopaseu HsrHoaeTcR OT 0 .no 90°. CTaH.napTH-
30BaHbI yrJIH HsrHoa, .nalOIUHe aMnJIHTY.ny .necpopMaUHH paCTR>Ke-
HHe - CJKaTHe Ha nOBepxHocTH oopasua 10; 15; 20; 25 H 30%.
CeKTop 3 Bpall.{aerCR Ha BepTHKaJIbHOA
OCH, H 'H3fHOaIOIl{HA oopaseu MOMeHT M
ypaBHOBeWHBaeTtCJI 'IaWelfKo!i C rpysaM,H 2.
no 'WKaJIe 4 KOHTpOJIl1'PyeTcR nOJIOJKeHHe
CeKTopa. BpaIUalOIUHA MOMeHT Ha OCH MO-
62 5 Topa MO>K'HO HSMepBTb no WK8JIe 9 BeCOBO-
no :J{'Ba.npaHTa 'oJiaro.napJl TOMY, lITO CT8TOp
aJ 2 J MOTopa Kalf8eTCJI -OSOOO.nHO, COOCHO .c pOTO-
/ ./ pOM. lllKaJIa 9 .nBoAHaR, 'paoClfHTaHHaJi Ha
..x 51 .nBa .nHsna3OHa IBp81l{alOIl{HX MOMeHTOB MI.
Il 1 1, 7 aTHM .nHallaSOHaM COOTBeTC'JIBYIOT .nBa
'I C'beMHblX ,rpysa. Bo HSOe>KaHHe KOJIeOaHHA
PHC. 73. faHTeJleo6pa3' CTpe.nKH 8, 'ROKaSblBaIOIUeA BpaIUalOIUHA
HblH o6ps3el( (a) H nepe- MOMeHT, ,npH60p CHaO>KeH MaCJIRHblM .net-fR-
HOCH8JI TepMonapa (6) <f>epOM.
JJ.ml R3MepeRHSI TeMnepa- CTaHna p TH30Ballbi lfaCTOTbI n4A. op Ma n HH
Typbl Ha nOBepxHoCTR 06-.... ...."'t' ....
p83l(a: 1000 III 3000 UHKJIOB B MHHYTY, TeMnepaTypbl
J-KOPOYC; Z-npYJKRBa; 3- OT 15 .no 120°C. TeM,nepaTypa H3MepReTcR
cnaA; 4 - npBJKRMROA WTRcjn H8 nOSepXHOCTH 06pa'3ua 'RepeHOCHOH Tep-
MonapoA (pHC. 73, 6).
ECJIH HSMepeHbI MOMeHTbI M H M 1 npH sa.naHHoA aMnJIHTy.ne .ne-
<l>opMauHH Ha nOBepXHOCTH oopasua eo, MOJKHO paCCqHTaTb .nHHaMH-
'IeCKHH MO.nYJIb E H MO.nYJIb BHYTpeHHero TpeHHR K.
nOM HMO rapMOHHlfeCKoro HarpYJKeHHR peaJIHsyeTcR HerapMOHH-
qeCKOe HMnYJIbCHOe HarpYJKeHHe Ha BHopaTopax H pOTaTOpax
(HanpHMep, Ha pOTaTope nK-4, HcnHTaHHe Ha KOTOpOM CTaH.n8pTH-
sOBaHO no rOCT 10953-64).
KOJIbueBOA oopaseu YCTaH8BJIHBalOT Ha OCH Moropa. npH Bpa-
IUeHHH ero qaCTH nepHo.nHqecKH BXO.nJlT B KOHTaKT C npHJKHMHblM
pOJIHKOM, YKpenJIeHHblM Ha pblqare c rpysaMH. POJIHK .ne opMHpyeT
KOHTaKTHpylOIUYIO C HHM 'IaCTb oopasua, H rJIy4HHa nporHoa 06pas-
ua n«>.n HarpysKoA (rJIyoHHa norpy eHHR pOJIHKa) H3MepReTcR
Haxo.nRIUHMCR Ha pbl'lare MHKpOMeTpOM. ECJIH HSBeCTHbI .necpopMa-
UHR H HarpysKa, BblqHCJIJlIOT .nHHaMHqeCKHH MO.nYJII. E. TOpMOSRIUHA
MOMeHT Ha OCH MOTopa, oOYCJIOBJIeHHblH rJIaBHblM oopasoM MeX8HH-
--&
102
"
qetKHMH nOTepSlMH B pesHHOBOM oopasue, HSMepSieTCR CHCTeMOA
IfOTOp-BeChi. KaK H Ha npHOOpe .l{H3nH. 3T0 nOSBOJIReT OueHHTb
MO.lYJlb BHYTpeHHerO TpeHHSI K.
KOBTpo.IIbBwe BOBpocW
I. IJOqeMY aMnnBTY.ltHbie 3H8qeRRII .lt$pMaURB H Hanpll>KeHHII He COBn8.lta-
lOT no. apeMenR R qeM xapaKTepH3YeTCII 3T0 HecoBna.lteHHe?
2. tlTo TaKoe .ltHH8MHqeCKHii NO.ltynb pesHH, nOqeMY OH' Ha3b1BaeTCII KOMnJleK-
CHbiM B KaKHe COCTaBnJllOlI(He OH HMeeT?
3. lIeM OTnRQ8eTCII CRMMeTpHqHOe HarpYJKeRHe OT aCHMMeTpHqHOrO, K8KHe
lIMelOTCII BHJI,W aCHMNeTpHqHOro UHKna H qeM OHH X8paKTepH3YIOTCJI?
4. liTO TaKoe rHcTepesHcHbie nOTepH? KaKHMH nOKa3aTenllMH OHH MorYT on-
peAeJllITbCH H KaK 3aBHCIIT YAenbHble MeXaHHqecKHe nOTepR URKna OT peJKHM8 .lte-
toPMaURR? .
5. PaCCKaJKHTe 0 npRHUHne TeMnep8TYPHo-BpeMeHHoil cynepn03HUHH.
6. K8I< CBII38Ha 3naCTHqHOCTb n() OTCKOKY C COCT8BnlllOII(HMH .ltRHaMHQeCKOrO
NOAynll?
7. PaCCKaJKHTe 0 npHRUHne H3MepeHRJI !m8CTRQHOCTH no OTCKOKY H MeTO.lt8X
BSMepeHHII 3naCTHqHOCTH no OTCK()KY no fOCT 6950-54 R 10827-64.
8. lieN OTnHq8JOTCJI BH6paTOpbl OT pOTaTopOB? K8KRe Kone6aHRII npOHCXO.ltIlT
Ha BRX?
r J1 A B A VI
ODPE,l1EJ1EHHE YCTAJlOCTHO-RPOtfHOCTHbiX CBORCTB
PE3HH DPH .lI.HHAMHtfECKOM HArpY)I(EHHH
f 17. Pe)((HMW HCnwTaHHH Ha .nHHaMH'IecKYIO YCTaJlOCTHYIO
BWHOc:.llHBOCTI.; oGIQHe xapaKTepHCTHKH YCTaJlOCTHOA BblHOCJIHBOCTH
npouecc yTOMJIeHHR pesHH npHBO.nHT K HSMeHeHHIO HCXO.nHblX
CBoAcTB MaTepHaJIOB H HX paspyweHHIO. Ha MaWHHax .nJIR HcnblTa-
HHR Ha YTOMJIeHHe nOJIY'IaIOT CJIe.nYIOLUHe xapaKTepHcTHKH pesHHbI:
I) YCTaJIOCTHYIO BblHOCJIHBOCTb - IfHCJIO UHKJIOB HarpYJKeHHSI,
KOTopoe MOJKeT BbI.nepJKaTb, He paspywaSlcb, oopaseu peSHHbI B sa-
.naHHblX YCJIOBHSlX HcnblTaHHSI; B bI HOC JI H B 0 C T b - 3TO IfHCJIO
UHKJIOB .no paspyweHHSI;
2) TeMnepaTypa pasorpeBa oopasua, KOCBeHHO xapaKTepHsylO-
LUaR rHCTepesHcHbie cBoACTBa pesHHbI;
3) CTeneHb H3MeHeHHSI MexaHHlfeCKHX cBoAcTB npH YTOMJIeHHH
sa onpe.ne.neHHble nepHo.nbl B sa.naHHblX YCJIOBHSlX.
B nOCJIe.nHeM CJIyqae CHHMaeTCR KHHeTHKa YCTaJIOCTH, T. e. sa-
JUfCHMOCTb cMeXaHH'IeCKOe cBoAcTBO - BpeMR YTOMJIeHHSI».
K8K YKasHBaJIOCb B rJIaBe V. npH .nHHaMHlfeCKHX HcnblTaHHSlX
HS-3a pe.n8KcautlH (HJIH nOJIsyqeCTH) CTaUHoHapHblA nepHO.n .ne op-
MaUHH YCT8HaBJIHBaeTCR He cpasy. BCJIe.ncTBHe Toro, 'ITO pe.naKca-
UHOHHHe cBoAcTBa saBHCRT OT COCTaBa peSHH, Ba>KHO, 'ITO sa.naeTCSI
nDH HcnHT8HHH - .necpoPMaUHR HJIH HanpRJKeHHe. KpoMe Toro, Hs-sa
103
- ":",'P.
TenJIo06pasoBaHHSI peSHHbI C paSHblM rHCTepeSHCOM B .CTaUHOHap:-
HblH nepHQA .ne<l>opMaUHH_HMelOT MeCT8 pa3JlHlfRble TeMnepaTYPH. a
B HeCTaUHOHapHblA nepHO.n - Heo.nHHaKOBaR KHHeTHKa do.n'beMa TeN-
nepaTYP.bI. n03TOMY CJJe.nyeT paSJIHtIaTb pe>KHMH ,lHH8MHQeCKOrO
HarpY>KeHHSI H yqHTblBaTb HX npH Bblpa)KeHHH pesYJIbTaTOB YTOMJle-
HHSI, 'II0CKOJIbKY 'peSYJIbTaTbI 3aBHCSlT OT peJKHMa HarpY>KeHHSI. '
PaHee rOBOpHJIOCb, qTO UHKJI rapMOHHlfeCKoro HarpYJKeHHsf Mo-
>KeT 6b1Tb aCHMMeTpH'IHblM H CHMMeTpHqHblM.
)J.JIR nOJiHoA xapaKTepHCTHKH aCHMMeTpH'IHOro UHKJIa, HapSl.ny C
'IaCTOToA HcnHTaHHR, Heooxo.nHMO YKaSblBaTb pe>KHM HcnblTaHHSI.
Pe>KHMbI KJIaCcH<I>HUHPYIOT no sa.naHHblM napaMeTpaM:
Pe>KHM A - cpe.nHee 8' H aMnJIHTy.nHoe 80'sHalfeHHSI .necpOPM3UHA;
PeJKHM B - cpe.nHee 1 H aMnJIHTy.nHoe To SHa'leHHB HanpSl>KeHHIi;
PeJKHM B - cpe.nHee T SHa'leHHe HanpR>KeHHSI H aMnJIHTY.nHoe eo
SHa'leHHe .ne<l>opMaUHH;
Pe>KHM r - cpe.nHee'8 SHa'leHHe .ne<l>opMaUHH H aMnJIHTy.nHoe to
SHa'leHHe HanpSl>KeHHSI.
Ms qeTHpeX napaMeTpoB M 80, 10) HesaBHCHMO MO>KBO 3a.na-
BaTb TOJIbKO .nBa; .nBa .npyrHe, B saBHCHMOCTH OT ynpyro-rHCTepeSHC-
HblX CBoACTB peSHH, MeHSlSlCb B HeCTaUHOHapHblH HaqaJIbHHA nepHO.n,
npH06peTalOT HeKoropble CTaUHOHapHble SHa'leHHSI, B Te'leHHe HcnH-
TaHHR. 3aBHCSlIUHe TaKJKe OT qaCTOTbI H TeMnepaTypbl HcnblTaHHSI
(pHC. 74). .
CHMMeTpHlfHblA 3HaKonepeMeHHblA UHKJI npH 3TOM MO>KeT 6HTb
onpe.neJIeH KaK UHKJI, B KOTOpOM 8==0 H t= o, a peJKHMbI A H B, B H
r COOTBeTCTBeHHO COBna.naIOT.
.l{pyrHe, oOllee CJIOJKHble peJKHMbI HarpY>KeHHSI, s.neCb He pac-
CMaTpHBaIOTCSI.
HcnblTaHHe B CHMMeTpHlfHOM UHKJIe HMeeT Te npeHMYIUeCTBa, 'ITO
npH 3TOM BH.ne HarpY>KeHHSI HCKJIlOlfaeTCR HaKOnJIeHHe OCTaTO'lHOA
.ne4H>pManHH (TaK HaSblBaeMoe «paSHaWHBaHHe , HJIH nOTepR op-
MbI oopa3ua). KpOMe Toro, 'IIPH aCHMMeTpHqHOM SHaKonOCTORHHOM
UHKJIe H3-sa peJiaKCaUHOHHHX SlBJIeHHA BOSHHKalOT MeTo.nHqeCKHe
Tpy.nHOCTH. TaK, HanpHMep, npH MHorOKpaTHOM paCTSI>KeHHH, Kor.na
sa.naHa aMnJIHTy.na .nHHaMHlfeCKOH .ne opMaUHH 80 (npHqeM OTCyT-
cTByeT CTaTH'IeCKaSi .ne<l>opMaUHSI 80T, T. e. cpeAHSISI .ne<l>opMaUHR -8
paBHa aMnJIHTy.ne .nHHaMH'IeCKOA .ne<l>opMaUHH 80), HanpRJKeHHe
Hs-sa peJiaKCaUHH YObiBaeT BO BpeMeHH. Pe.naKcaUHR cpe.nHero Ha-
npSlJKeHHSI UHKJIa -, npHBo.nHT K TOMY, If TO no HanpR>KeHHIO UHKJI HS
SHaKonOCTOSlHHoro npeBpamaeTCSI B SHaKOnepeMeHHblA. Cpe.nHee
HanpSlJKeHHe r CTaHOBHTCSI MeHbwe aMnJIHTy.nbl .nHHaMHqeCKOrO Ha-
npR>Ke,HHSI to. HHalfe, B oopa3ue nOSlBJISIeTCa .nHHaMHqeCKOe HanpSl-
JKeHHe C>KaTHR. O.nHaKO HenHTblBaeMble Ha paCTII>KeHHe 'ROJIOCKO-
BH.nHble TOHKHe oopasUbi npH HanpSl>KeHHH C>KaTHSI HS-3a nOTepH
YCToA'IHBOCTH HsrHoaIOTCSI, a He C>KHMaIOTCR (cnpOBHcaIOT»).
104
.ijpB CHMMeTpHlfHOM HarpYJKeHHH H nOCTOJlHHoJi TeMnepaTYpe T
;a..eaMOCTb Me>K.ny aMnJIHTy.a.oi to .nHHaMHqecKoro HanpJl>KeHHS H
3b1HOCJIHBOCThlO N (TaK >Ke, KaK H Me>K.ny aMnJIHTY.noA eo .nHHaMHqe-_
i
I
t
1
PRe. 74. Pa3nRQRWe peJKRMW .ltRHaMRQe-
cKoA .ltecJIopMaIl.HR pesHHW:
a - peJKRM A; 6 - pe1KRII 5; tJ - peJKRM B: e-
pe*RM r If. II - R80p1IJKeBRe. AeljlopMaQRII; eo.
'0. II'";,:", aIlOJlBTYAR",e R CpeJUlRe AecllopMaQRH
H HanpJlJKeRRII)
-:KoA .a.e<l>opMaUHH H BHHOCJIHBOCTblO N) \ B JIOrapH<I>MHlfecKOA CHCTe-
.Ie K09P.nHHaT Ig fo+lgN (HJIH Ig eo+lg N) npe.nCTaBJIBeT c060A
0P8MYIO (pHC. 75), HaKJIOH KOTOpOJi xapaKTepHsyeTcJI K03,<I><I>HuHeH-
TOM III (MH f}.). .l(eACTBHTeJIbHO, ecJIH N 1 H N - BblHOCJIHBOCTH npH
105
tOI H to (HJIH npH eol H 80), TO
f= IgN-lgN I
Ig/ 01 - Ig/ o
Ig N- Ig N 1
Ig £01 - Ig £0
C blCJI npHBe.neHHblX COOTHOWeHHA' SaKJIlOlfaeTCJI B TOM, 'ITO
BblHOCJIHBOCTb N TeM OOJIbWe, 'IeM MeHbWe aMnJIHTy.na HanpJl>KeHHJI
to (.necpOPMaUHH 80), H HaOOOpOT. B npe.neJIe MOJKHO Sa.naTb TaKHe
OOJIbWHe aanpJlJKeHHJI tOIt 'ITO oopaseu paspYWHTCJI sa O.nHH UHKJI
.ne<l>opMaUHH; 19 N 1 6y.neT paBeH Ig 1 =0. 3TH SHaqeHHJI tOI OTJ10-
JKeHbI no OCH op.nHHaT. On biT nOKaSblBaeT, 'ITO HX MO>KHO npHpaB-
HJlTb K npOlfHOCTH tz Hcxo.nHoro (HeYTOMJIeHHoro) MaTepHaJia (TO>Ke
KaCaeTCJI 801:::::: 8z npH 19 N I =0, r.ne 8z - paspblBHoe y.nJlHHeHHe).
K03<1> HUHeHT I (HJIH 14.) nOKaSblBaeT, KaK CJIe.nyeT CHH3HTb
aMnJIHTy.nHoe SHalfeHHe HanpJlJKeHHR to (.ne opMaUHH 80) no cpaB-
HeHHIO C HCXO.nHOJi paspblB-
HoA npO'lHOCTblO fz (Ae<l>op-
MaUHeA 8z), IfTOObi pesHH8
BbI.nep>KaJIa .no paspymeHHJI
N UHKJlOB.
5ICHO, If TO qeM MeHbwe PI
(Ii.), TeM pe3lfe 3TO HSMeHe-
HHe. MO>KHO CKasaTb, If TO y
TaKoA pesHHbI nJIoxoe conpo-
THBJIeHHe YTOMJIeHHIO HJIH
BblCOKaJl YTOMJIJleMocTb. Ko-
tg N 3<1>ct>HUHeHT f (Pa) HaSbiBaeT-
CJI n03TOMY KoatjJtjJulfueHToM
aUHaMUlteCKOU 8blHOC/tU80CTU
HJIH KoatjJtjJulfueHToM conpo-
TU8/tlle OCTU peSUHbl n08TOp-
HblM Haep!l3ICeHueM.
Ha pHC. 75 conOCTaBJIeHa
sa HCHMOCTb BblHOCJIHBOCTH
N OT aMnJIHTy.nbl HanpJlJKe-
HHJI to .nJIJI peSHHbI: 1 - C BbiCOKOA HCXOltHOA npO'lHOCTblO, HHSKHM
K03<1><I>WUHeHToM .nHHaMHlfecKoA BblHOCJIHBOCTH, 2 - C HHSKOA HC-
xo.nHoA npolfHocTblO, HO BbiCOKHM PI. npH MaJIbiX BblHOCJIHBOCTJlX N
pesHHa 1 BbI.nep>KHBaeT oOJIee BblCOKHe ltHHaMHlfeCKHe HarpysKH to.
'IeM peSHHa 2. Kor.na He06xoltHMo, o.nHaKO, 06eCne'lHTb 60JIbWHe BbI-
HOCJIHBOCTH N, HanpR>KeHHe to .nOJI>KHO OblTb pes'Ie CHH>KeHO y pe3H-
HbI 1, 'IeM y pesHHbI 2. TaKHM 06pasoM, B 3THX YCJIOBHRX CKaSblBaeT-
CJI MaJIOe conpOTHBJIeHHe YTOMJIeHHIO pesHHbI 1, KOTOpaJl, 06Jfa.nas
BblCOKOA HCXO.nHOA npOqHOCTblO, B .nHHaMHqeCKHX YCJIOBHJlX MOJKeT
OKasaTbCR xY>Ke pesHHbI 2, xopowo conpoTHBJIJlIOIUeAcJI YTOMJIeHHIO.
.
;g(q
0'
PRC. 75. 06l1{Rii xapaKTep 3aBRCRMO-
CTR aMnnHTy.lt8 HanpJl)KeHRe to - BY-
HOtnHBOCTb N:
I - JtesRBa C B/oICOKoll BCXOAlloll npoqBOCTblO'
I z"'/.. B Man/olN KoscllcllRQReBTOM ARRaMR'
qecKoll 8/o1ROCJIRBOCTIf ; Z - peSRR8 C BRS'
Koll npoqROCTblO Iz "1.1 R 8/o1COKRM KOSc!I-
cIIRI(ReRToM
106
(57)
(58)
H 263-53), HS-sa pe.naKcaUHH HanpRJKeHHR He YCTaHIBJIHBae-rCR
UHKJI II (CM. pUC. 64). UPH paCTR>KeHHH 06paSUOB-JlOn8TQ
-
(CM. pHC. 43) no rOCT 261-53 HJIH c
aTHIl nHJJHH.npHqeCKHxo'Jaa-
UOB no raCT 263-53 npaKTHlfecKH He YJtaeTCSI nepeATH OT SHamno-
CTOSlHHoro UHKJIa K SHaKonepeMeHHOMY (CM. pHC. 64). npH paCTR-
meHHH 06pasUbi «npoBHCalOT», 06pasySi neTJIIO, a npH C>K8THH
oTpblBalOTCSI OT C>KHMaIOIUHX nJIOIUa.nOK, H I.{HKJI .necpoPMaUHH CTa-
HOBHTCSI Heonpe.ne.neHlJblM. tlroObl HSOeJKaTb STHX RBJleHHA, aa.no
sa.naBaTb TaKHe YCJIOBHR HcnblTaHHSI, npH KOTOpblX cna.n HanpS>Ke-
HHSI B npouecce pe.naKcaUHH He npHBo.nHJI 6b1 K nepeMeHe ero SHaKa,
HanpHMep .necpOPMaUHH
2Eo HJIH ECT
EO' Kaf<. 3TO peKOMeH.no-
BaHO B HOBblX rOCT 261-67 H 263-67. .
B HcnHTaHHH Ha MHoroKpaTHoe paCTSlJKeHHe 06b1'1HO onpe.le-
JIReTCR BblHOCJIHBOCTb 06pasuoB N npH pasHblx SHalfeHHSX
eo.8, T. e. IfHCJIO UHKJIOB .no pasPyweHHR oopasua. IJ.eJleCOOOpasHo
npHHHMaTb sa paspyweHHe MOMeHT nOJIHoro pas.ne.neHHSI oopasua Ha
.nBe lfaCTH, nOCKOJIbKY nORBJIeHHe TpeIUHH H HX paspacTaHHe oueHH-
BaeTCR BHsyaJIbHO. npH CTaH.napTHHx 'IaCTOTax 250 H 500 UHKJIOB
B MHHYTY Tpy.nHO saMeTHTb nOSlBJIeHHe TpeIUHHbI. npH CJKaTHH
.nOOHTbCR nOJIHOrO paspyweHHR oopasua He y.naeTCR. OOblqHO Hcnbl-
TaHHe no rOCT 263-53 HCnOJIbsyeTcSI .nJISI HSMepeHHR TeMnepaTYpbl
BHYTPH oopasua nOCJIe 25 Mun ero CJKaTHSI. O.nHaKo ue.necooopasHee
oueHHBaTb TenJIoOOpaSoBaHHe KaKHMH-JiHOO 'xapaKTepHCTHKaMH
rHcTepesHcHblx cBoAcTB (sin cp, q, r, E", K).
HcnHTaHHR Ha YCTaJIOCTb npH cHMMeTpHqHOM UHKJIe HarpY>Ke-'
HHSI nOSBOJIRIOT oueHHTb K034>cpHUHeHT .nHHaMHlfecKoH BHHOCJIHBO-
CTH
, xapaKTepHsYIOIUHH conpOTHBJIeHHe pesHHbI npH .nOBTopHOM
HarpYJKeHHH.
no rOCT 10952-64 npOHSBo.nSlT sHaKonepeMeHHblH cHMMeTpH'I-
HblH HsrHO, peaJIHsyeMblH KaK HsrH6 C BpaIUeHHeM raHTeJle06paSHliX
oopasUOB Ha CTeH.ne .nJIR SHaKonepeMeHHoro HsrH6a C3nH, o.nHa HS
ceKUHH KOToporo Hs06paJKeHa Ha pHC. 77, a 06IUHA BH.n Ha pHC. 78.
B KaMepe 3 (CM. pHC. 77) pacnOJIO>KeHO weCTb HarpeBaTeJIeH 1 H
BeHTHJIBTOp 2, .no.ncl'loIUHA rops'IHA BOS.nyX B pa60qylO KaMepy 4.
pHKUHoHHble .nHCKH 8, Haxo.nRIUHeCR Ha OCSIX Sa>KHMOB 5, BpaIUa-
IOTCSI OT 3JIeKTpo.nBHraTeJISI 'Iepes peMeHHYIO nepe.naqy H BaJi 7, H
KOHue KOToporo Haxo.nHTCSI
pHKUHOH 6. 3a>KHMbI 9 YKpenJIeHbI B
cToAKax, KOTopble MorYT nep
MeIUaTbcR no
HrYPHoJi npopesH H
YCTaHaBJIHBaTbCR B nOJIO>KeHHSlX, OTBeqalOIUHX sa.naHHblM aMnJIH-
Ty.naM .ne<l>opMaUHH oopasua 10.
npH HsrHoe oopasua TeMnepaTypa B HeM pacnpe.neJISeTCR He-
paBHOMepHO. nOCKOJIbKY HaH60JIbWHe .ne<l>opMaUHH 6HBalOT Ha
nOBepXHOCTH 06pasua, H paspywaeTCS OH C nOBepXHOCTH, TeMnepa.
TypoA HcnHTaHHS npHHRTO CQH'1'aTb TeMnepaTYPY, HSMepse,.
H8
nOBepXHOCTH oopasua. aTa TeMnepaTypa paSBHBaeTCa Bs-sa C8MO. -
pasorpeBaHHSI -o6pasUOB (TenJIOo(SpasOBaHHSI) H MO>KeT nOBHWaTb'CB
(no sa.naHHIO) .nOttOJIHHTe.nbHHM BHeWHHM 060rpeBaHHeM 06pasUOB
108
(10 rOCT 270-64 (E, fz H 8z npH TOH >Ke TeMnepaType T, IJTO H N)
npHHHMaSi fw::::fz, 801
8z. (no <l>opMYJIe, 57, 58), JIerKO BblIJHC-
JIHTb K03<1><I>H
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I H p., a HMeHHO:
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Ig Ez-Ig £0
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H pa3pacTaHHIO TpelD,HH B YCJIOBHSlX KOHQeHTpaQHH HanpSl1KeHHH
npH HepaBHoMepHoM p8onpe.lJ,eJIeHHH HanpSl>KeHHA B 06pa3
e ero
p83pyweHHe npOHCXO.lJ,HT H8 YIJ8cTKe KOH
eHTpa
HH H8npSl>KeHHH.
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KOJI8MH H H8.lJ,pe38MH. MO>KHO CIJHT8Tb, IJTO BblHOCJIHBOCTb OOpa3110B
C K8H8BK8MH 6e3 Ha.lJ,pe30B H npOKOJIOB: onpe.lJ,eJISleM8S1 IJHCJIOM
HK-
JIOB .lJ,0 nOSlBJIeHHSI nepBoA Tpe11{HHbI B KaHaBKe 06pa3l1a B 3a.lJ,8HHblX
YCJIOBHSlX, Xap8KTepH3yeT cOnpOTHBJleHHe oopa30B8HHIO TpeW.HH, 8
conpOTHBJIeHHe p83paCT8HHIO TpeW.HH xap8KTepH3yercSi IJHCJIOM I1HK-
JIOB, KOTopoe Bbl.lJ,ep>KHB8eT OOpa3el1 OT MOMeHT8 nOSlBJIeHHSI nepBOH
Tpew.HHbl .lJ,0 .lJ,OCTH1KeHHSI Tpew.UHOH onpe,lI,eJIeHHblX p83MepOB. ECJIH
H8 oop83
e C,II,eJIaH npOKOJI (H8.lJ,pe3), TO COOTBeTCTBeHHO oueHHBalOT
COnpOTHBJleHHe p83p8CT8HHIO npOKOJIa (H8.lJ,pea8) IJHCJIOM I1HKJIOB
.lJ,0 .lJ,OCTH>KeHHSI onpe.lJ,eJIeHHOH .lJ,JIHHbI npOKOJIa B npOl1eCce ero pa3-
p8CT8HHSI.
OIJeBH.lJ,HO, IJTO 3TH nOKa38TeJIH 38BHCSlT OT THna H BeJIHIJHHbI
peaJIH3yeMOH. .lJ,e<l>opM8
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KaH8BKH, H8HeceHHoro B HeH npOKOJIa (Ha.lJ,pe38). OHH BeCbM8
YCJIOBHbI. .
H8 pHC. 79 nOKa3aH MHoroKp8THblA H3fH6 OOpa3110B C npSlMblMH
nOJIYI1HJIHH,II,pHIJeCKHMH K8H8BK8MH H8 M8WHHe THna .l{e-MaTTHa,
npH KOTOpOM Ol1eHHBalOT pacTpecKHBaHHe 06pa3
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COfJIaCHO peKOMeH.lJ,a
HSlM HCO M 172 H 173.
no rOCT 9983-62 H3rHoalOT OOpa3l1bl C SHrsarooopa3HOH Ka.
HaBKOH (pHC. 80), KOHl1eHTpal1HSI HanpSl>KeHHH B HHX aH3JIOrHIJHa
KOHl1eHTp8
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Onel1H8JIbHblH MeTO.lJ, HcnblT8HHSI (CM. BBe.lJ,eHHe) n03BOJISIeT HaHTH
conpOTHBJIeHHe npOTeKTOpHblX pesHH 06p830B8HHIO H p83p8cTaHHIO
TpeW.HH C MHHHMaJIbHblM p8aopocoM nOKa38TeJIeA. POCT TpeW.HH 80
BpeMeHH X8p8KTepH3yeTcSI HX oOw.eH nJIow.a.lJ,blO.
1{0HTpo...awe 80npoc..
, 1. ne})eq&CJlHTe H oXapaKTepRsyATe OCHOBHwe pexcRMw ARHaMU'IecKoro Har-
pY>KeURJI. B 'IeM npelfMYlUecT88 CHMMeTpU'IHOro HarpYXCellHSI 06p8S1l.01'
110
2. 'OUHWRTe S8KOH CBIISH 8WROCJIHBOCTH H 8MnJlHTYAW Jl,HH8MH'IecKOro R8D-
pfuKeHHII (Ae+oPM8nHR); paCCK8>K11Te 0 xap8KTepHCTHKe cODpOTHBJleHHII peaBH
yroMJleHlllO. K8K sra X8p8KTepRCTHK8 OnpeAeJJlleTClI? '
3. OoRunrre ycrpOACTBO MaWHRIll MPC-2 H p8CCKaXCHTe 06 OCH08HYX HCDW-
T8BHfIX, apo8oARMWX Ha sroA MaWRHe.
, 4. B 'IeM CMWCJI RCDWT8RHJI H8 CTeRJle C3nH? KU8s Ae+oPM811HII R8 HeM
peaJlRSYercs R K81C?
5. tho TaKDe conpoTHBJleRRe o6p830B8HHIO H p8spaCT8HHIO TpelUHH (npoKo-
"'08, H8Jq)e308) R KaK OHH OI1e&HBaIOTCs?
fnABA VII
OnPEJ].EnEHHE npO'lHOCTH CBR3H
ME
Y PE3HHOR H PE3HHOR,
PE3HHOR H J].PyrHMH MATEPHAJlAMH
t 20. CT8THlieCKHe MeTO,o,w onpe,o,eJleHHJI npOIiHOCTH CBRSH
Onpe.lJ,eJIeHHe cT8THliecKoA npOQHOCTH CBSl3H pe3HHa - pe3HHa,
pe3HHa - npope3HHeHHaSi TKaHb HJIH npope3HHeHHble TKaHH Me>K,II,Y
c06oA: no fOCT 6768--53 H 12255-66 npOH3BO.lJ,HTCSI paCCJIOeHHeM
ot5pa
oB Ha pa3pblBHoA MaWHHe 06b1QHO npH CKOpOCTSIX pa3.lJ,BH>Ke-
HHSI Sa)KHMOB 100 H roo MM!MUH no npHHII.Hny, eXeMaTH1IeCKH H306-
pa}((eHHoMY Ha pHC. 42, 8. npH
TOM pacCJiaHBalOIU.aSl 06pa3ell. Har-
Y31t.a F MeHSleTCSI BO BpeMeHH t UK, KaK 310 H306pa>KeHo Ha pRC.
- PI F
__OllHOCTb CBSl3H Oll.eHHBaercSi no 4>opMYJIe a =-=-t r,lI,e F-
hi h
.waaee 3Ha1leHHe KOJIe6JIIOlUeAcSi HarpY3KH Ha CTall.HOHapHOM Y1Ia.
#-&e (onpe.lJ,eJISIeMOe, HanpHMep, MeTO.lJ,OM nJIaHHMeTpHpOBaHHSI .lJ,H-
aJ'paMMbl F-t); b - WHpHHa 06pasll.a (CTaH.lJ,apTH30BaHa wHpHHa
2,5 CM); 1- .lJ,JIHHa paCCJIOeHHSI 06pa311.a. nOCKOJIbKY HarpY3Ka F
KOJIe6JIeTCSI B xO.lJ,e HcnblTaHHSI, He06xo.lJ,HM 06e3b1HepII.HOHHblA CHJIO-
H3MepHTeJIb. tJro6bl HarpY3Ka F xapaKTepH30BaJIa TOJIbKO pa60TY
paCCJIOeHHSI, HCKJII01IalOT IDO-B,O..3MO>KHOCTH conyrCTBYlOlUYIO pacCJIo-
eHHlO ..pa60TypaCTSI>KeHHSI paCCJlaHBaeMblx CJIOeB. .l{JISI
Toro CJIOR
pe3HHbl B 06pa311.aX npHBYJIKaHH30BblBalOT K InpaKTH1IecKH HepacTSI-
>KHMOA: npope3
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paBJ1eHHe paCCJIOeUHSI H3MeHSleTCSI, B xO.lJ,e HcnblTaHHSI MO>KHO Ha.lJ,-
pe3aTb 06pa3lltbl Me>K.lJ,Y CJIOSlMH, np01lHOCTb CBSl3H KOTOpblX onpe.lJ,e-
JISleTCSI. EcreCTBeHHo, BO BpeMSI - Ha,lI,pe3aHHSI H3MepSlTb CHo!IY F He
UUyeT. npH IIODblTaHHH B YCJIOBHSlX nOBblweHHblX TeMnepaTYP He-
06xo.lJ,HMO HMeTb TepMOCTaTbI, n03BOJISlIOIU.He Ha.lJ,pe33Tb 06pa311.bI
..6es H3MeHeHHSI TeMnep8Typbl HcnblTaHHSI.
-npOIlHOC1'b CBR3H pe3HHa - e.lJ,HHHlIHaSi HHTb KOp.lJ,a Onpe.lJ,eJIS1eTCSI
p8a,1JHlIHblMH MeTO.lJ,aMH. Bce MeTO.lJ,bl .lJ,alOT YCJIOBHNe nOKa3areJIH.
CTaH.lJ,apTH30BaHHblx MeTO.l10B He HMeeTCSI. HaH60J1ee pacnpOCTpaHeH
MeTO.l1 BY.l1eprHB8HHSI HHTH, HJIH H-MeTO.lJ, (aW-MeTO.lJ,), nOJIytlHBwHA:
112
8Oe HaSBaHHe no 4P.opMe o6paslI.a, HanOMHHalOUJ.ero 6YKBY JlaTHH-
cftOro 8J1cp8BHTa elf» (pHC. 8.1,8).
06pasUbi BYJlKaHHsYIOTCSI B HHAHBHAYaJlbHblX CPOpMax (CM.
pHC. 81,6), KyAa SaKJIaAblBalOT CneUHaJlbHble 3arOTOBKH pe3HHOBOA
CIleCH, MeJKAY KOTOpblMH npOJlOJKeHbI HaTRHYTble KOpAHble HHTH.
HCDblTbiBalOT 06pa31l.bI Ha pa3pblBHoA MaWHHe, YCTaHaBJIHBaR HX B
. cneu.H8JlbHble Aep)l(8TeJ1H (pHC. 81, a). nepeA HcnblTaHHeM 06pasII.bI
06b1l1HO nOABepralOT TenJIOBGi o6pa6oTKe. npH saAaHHblX pasMepax
06pasII.a H CKOpOCTH paSABH>KeHHSI S3JKHMOB 100 MM./MUIt npOqHOCTb
CBSISH xapaKTepHsyeTcSI CHJloA, Bbl3b1BalOw.eA BbiAeprHB3HHe HHTH
8S pesHHoooro 6JIOKa.
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TaHHH no H-MeTOAY:
a - 06pasl{bI a opRcnocOlSJleHRo K paspbl8RoA
MamRRe; 6 - aynKaRRs8i1,HORR811 4IopMa; .-
06paseQ; I - AepJKaTeJlR; 2 - pesRRoabie CSno,
KR oCSpuQa; a - HIITIo
Ha pHC. 82 CXeMaTHqeCKH HJlJlIOCTpHpoBaH MeTOA OTCJIOeHHSI HHTH
KopAa OT pe3HHbI B II.HJIHHAPHqeCKOM 06pasII.e nOA AaBJIeHHeM (HHTb
npOXOAHT no AH3MeTpy cpeAHero no BblCOTe CeqeHHSI 06pa3I1.a).
HcnblTbiBalOT 06P3311.bI Ha paspbloHoA MaWHHe C peoepcopOM (CM.
pHC. 49). H3rpY3KY OnpeAeJlSlIOT B MOMeHT OTCJIOeHHR HHTH
(pHC. 82, 8).
.LtJIR onpeAeJleHHSI CTaTlAecKoA npOqHOCTH CO"SlSH pe3HHa - Me-
T3JIJI B CCCP CTaHA3pTH30BaHbI MeTOAbi OTpbl03 (fOCT 209-62),
CABHra (fOCT 410-41) H OTCJlaH03HHSI (fOCT 411-41). npaKTH-
qecKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe nOJlyqHJI MeTOA OTpblB3. MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe
qaCTH 06pasU3 2 H 3 (AHCKH) (pHC. 83), 3aKpenJIeHHble B nJIaHKaX
1, 4 .wnHJIbKaMH 5, 7, oTpbloalOT OT pe3HHOBOA II.HJlHHApHqeCKOA
lIaCTH 6 (AHaMeTp 25 MM, BbiCOTa 2 MM.) npH ABHJKeHHH OAHOro HS
33JKHMOB paspbloHoA MaWHHbI co CKOpOCTblO 50 MAI/MUIt. B 3TO
BpeMR HanpaBJlRIOUJ.He KOJIOHKH 10 H 11 CKOJlbSSlT B oToepCTHRx co-
OTBeTCTBYIOUJ.HX nJlaHOK 12 H 9 peBepcopa, YCT3HOBJleHHoro' C no.
MOW.blO naJIbueO 8 H 13 H3 MecTe BepxHero H HH>KHerO SaJKHMOB
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113
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npOqHOCTb CBSl3H pe3HHa - MeTaJIJI onpe.zr.eJISleTCSI no <l>OPMY i
'( 11). npHHUHn oTpblBa nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 42, a. ECJIH OTpblB npoHcx..5
.zr.HT He no rpaHHue MeTaJIJI - pe3HHa, no CJIe.zr.yeT OTMeqaTb. nQ a.
3aTeJIH HcnblTaHHSI OqeHb 3aBHCSlT OT CTeneHH oopaOOTKH MeTaJIJIH-
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11
12
PHC. 83, PeBepCHBHoe npHcnoco6ne-
HHe AJiR onpeAeneHHR npO'lROCTH
CBIISH pe3HHbI C MeranJlOM npH
OTpblBe:
I. 4 - enaRKR; 2. 3 - MeTannR'!ecKHe
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3RII08811 '!8CTb 06puua; 8. 13 - n8nloQbI.
9. 12 - nJlaHKR; 10. II - RanpaUlIlOl1(Re
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CMeCblO .zr.0 BYJIKaHH3aUHH oopa3UOB, a TaKJKe OT pa3MepOB pe3HHO- ,
BoA 'IaCTH 06pa3ua. 06pa3UbI BYJIKaHH3YlOT B HH.zr.HBH.zr.yaJIbHblX
rHe3.zr.ax CneUHaJIbHOA npecc-<I>opMbl.
f 2.. ,lJ.HHaMHQeCKHe MeTO.zr.Y onpeAeJleHHSI npOQHOCTH CBSl3H
.lI.JISI onpe.zr.eJIeHHSI npOqHOCTH CBSl3H He06xo.zr.HMo pa3pywHTb
oopa3eu no rpaHHue (CTblKY) MaTepHaJIOB. KpQMe Toro, Heooxo.zr.HMO
SHaTb .ztecpopMaUHH H HanpSl}l{eHHSI Ha CTblKe oopa3ua. B .ztHHaMHqe-
CKHX YCJIOBHSlX, Kor.zr.a onpe.zteJISleTCSI BblHOCJIHBOCTb CTblKa N, qaCTO
OblBaeT Tpy.zr.HO oOeCneqHTb paspyweHHe CTblKa H onpe.zr.eJIHTb .zr.eA-
CTBYIOUJ.He H3 HeM HanpSlJKeHHSI H .ztecpOPMaUHH, KOTOpble B sa8HCH-
MOCTH OT KOHCTPYKUHH oopa3ua MOryT OblTb CJIOJKHblM 06pa30M
114
CBH3aHbI C 3aAaBaeMhlMU H H3MepHeMblMH HarpY3KaMH H CMeIUeHHH-
MH 06pa311.a B lI.eJlOM. nO TOMY B 60JIbWHHCTBe CJIyqaeB OnpeAeJlReT-
CH BblHOCJIHBOCTb CTbIKa N npH 3aAaHHblX KOHCTpYKII.HH H pa3MepaX
06pa311.a H TUne ero Ae<popMaIl.HH. ,
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13
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/ - qyrYRHSII CTSHRRa; 2 - OCb nOBOpon pbl'lara; 3 - nO,IJ.BRJltROA aUHT; 4, 7-
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/0 - pblqsr; / / - Kopnyc; /2 - BRHT; /3 - rpys; /4 - MOTOp
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11 n03BOJISIeT <PHKCHpOBaTb nOJIO}KeHHe pblllara, 06eCneQHBalOIUee
nOCTOSlHHoe C}KaTHe 5. .L{HHaMHtJeCKaH Ae4>opMSII.HH CABHra 3aAaeTCSI
ABH}KeHHeM KapeTKH 6 OT MOTopa 14 qepe3 3KCII.eHTpHKoBblH Mexa-
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nJlOlII.aAKH 4, MO}KHO oCYlII.eCTBJIHTb KaK cHMMeTpHtJHbIA, TaK H
aCHMMeTpHlIHbIA CABHr. npH CHMMeTpH1JHOM HarpY}KeHHH KapeTKy6
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115
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CTblKOM, TO HanpSl>KeHHH H ,Zle4>opMa HH Ha CTblKe JlHHeAHO 8S13aH1il
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1(0HTpMbHwe Bonpocw
I. KaK HcnwTWB810T 06pull.W no fOCr 6768-53 H 12255-66 H AJlJI ero
pe3HH8 B 06p8sl18x npHBYJlK8HHSOB8S8 K TK8HH?
2. nepeQHCJlJlTe MeTOAW onpeAeJJeHslI CT8TneCKoA H AHR8MH'IecKOA npOQHO-
CTH CBIISH pesHR8 - KOpA.
, 3. B 'IeM CMYCJI HCRYT8HH. MH<>I'OClIOAHWX pesHHOBWX 06pa3110B npH CHMMeT-
pH'IHOM CABHre H8 6peKepHOA M8wRHe?
116
fnABA-VIII '
HCnblTAHHE PE3HH HA CTAPEHHE
PaaJlHlIalOT CJIe,ZlYIOll(He BH,ZIbI CTapeHHSI pesHH: TenJlOBOe, CBeTO-
.BOe. 030HHoe, KOM01fHHpOB8HBble BHAbI CTapeHHSI, CTapeHHe B P83-
JlHlIHblX 8rpeCCHBHblX Cpe,Zl8X.
113 KOMOHHHpOBaHHblX BH,ZIOB HaH60Jtee WHP.9KO paCnpOCTpaHeHO
CBeTO-030HHOe CT8peHHe. nO CYll(eCTBY, TenJIOBOe CTapeHHe B qHCTOM
BH,ZIe peaJIH3yeTcSI TOr,Zla, KOr,Zl8 OHO npOBO,ZlHTCSI B cpe,Zle HHepTHblX
r830B. B B03,Z1yxe >Ke CO,Zlep>KHTCSI KHCJIOpO,Zl, Bbl3b1BalOll(HA OKHCJIe-
HHe KayqYK8, n03TOMY npaKTHqeCKH npOUCXO,ZlSlll(ee B B03,Z1YWHOA
cpe,Zle (B pa3JIHqHblX TepMocraTax) TenJlOBOe CTapeHHe SlBJISleTCSI
KOMOHHHpOBaHHblM.
CTapeHHe npOU3BO,ZlSlT KaK B eCTeCTBeHHblX, T8K H B HCKYCCTBeH-
HbiX YCJlOBHSlX. B nepBOM CJIyqae OOblqHO ,ZIeAcTByeT HeCKOJlbKO 41aK-
TOpOB CTapeHHSI. npHqeM COBMecTHOe ,ZIeACTBHe ux He3KBH8aJIeHTHO
CYMMe OT,ZleJIbHblX ,ZIeACTBHA. npH HCKYCCTBeHHOM crapeHHH Y,ZIOOHO
p83,Z1eJIHTb ,ZIeHcrBHe Ka>K,ZIOrO U3 418KTOpoB H HHTeHcH4IH HpoBaTb
ero, YCKOPSISI HcnblTaHHe.
S 22. EcTeCTBeHHoe c-rapeHHe peaRR
CT8peHHe pe3HH B eCTecrBeHHblx YCJIOBHSlX npOHcxo,ZlHT oqeHb
Me,ZlJIeHHO. ECTecTBeHHble YCJIOBHSI, O,ZlH8KO, oOJlee Bcero OTBellalOT
YCJIOBHSlM xpaHeHuSi H 3KCnJIyaTa HH pe3HHoBblX H3AeJIHA. OOblqHO
00pa3 bI BblAepJKUBalOT H8 OTKpblTOM B03,Z1yxe. YCJIOBHSI BbI,ZIepJKKU
(3Kcn03H HH) 3aBHCSlT OT BpeMeHu rO,Zla, MeCTHOCTH. UeJIeCOOOpa3Ho
KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb U yqHTblBaTb 9TH YCJIOBHSI, a eCJIH 3TO B03MOJKHO,
perJlaMeHTUpOBaTb, KaK, HanpHMep, nOJIOJKeHHe oop83 a no OTHO-
weHHIO K ropH30HTY, nJlOll(a,ZlK8 ,ZIJlSI 3Kcn03H HH U T. n.
npH aTMoc4IepH9M CTapeHHH 06pa3 bI BpeMSI OT BpeMeHU OCMa-
TPHB8IOT, OTMeqaSl BpeMSI nOSlBJleHHSI Tpell(HH, UX xap8KTep, HHTeH-
CHBHOCTb p8Cnpe,ZleJIeHH .
ECTeCTBeHHoe CTapeHHe OOp83 OB B a8TeMHeHHOM WKa4lY npH
2O:t6°C H OTHOCUTeJIbHOA BJIaJKHOCTH -65% (no faCT 271-53)
cooTBeTcTBYIOT YCJIOBHSlM xp8HeHHSI H3,Z1eJIHH B 3aKpblTblx nOMell(e-
HHSlX. nocJle 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 H 24 MecSI eB xp8HeHHSI 00pa3 bI B BR,ZIe
,ZIBycrOpOHHHX JlOnarOK HcnblTblBalOT no faCT 270-64, a 3aTeM,
cpaBHHBaSi nOJIytlHBwHecSi nOCJIe CTapeHHSI nOKa38TeJIH npe,ZleJI8
npOqHOCTH npH paCTSI>KeHHH (fz)c'I Y,ZIJIHHeHHSI npH p83pblBe
(e z ) C'l C RCXO,ZlHblMH (,ZIO CTa I>eHHSI), HaXO,ZlSlT COOTBeTCTBYIOll(He KO-
9 <I>H HeHTbI CT8peHHSI KII' K.z no .npOQHOCTH, p83PblBHOMY Y,ZIJIH-
HeHHIO H ,ZIPyrHM nOKa38TeJlSlM
KI = (/zk-r . K. = (SZ)CT H T. II.
Z fz Z £z
117
f 23. HCKycCTBeH':'oe CTapeHRe peaRH
YCKopeHHoMY TenJIOBoMY cTapeHHIO (no rOCT 271-53) 06paa-
I1bl-JIOnaTKK nOAsepralOT B B03AymHblx TepMOCTaTaX 06bltJHO ,"pH'
TeMnepaType 100°C H Bblme, 48, 72, 144 It H 60JI e. 06pa3l1bl H3 nap-
THH HcnblTblBalOTCSI no rOCT 270-64 AO cTapeHHSI H nOCJIe' pa3HblX
CpOKOB CTapeHHSI npH pa3JIHtJHblX TeMnepaTypax. Onpe.!l.eJlSlIOTCSI KO-
9414>HI1HeHTbI TenJIOBOrO CTapeHHSI.
HeAOCTaTKH rOCT 271-53: I) OTCYTcTBHe YKa3aHHH Ha perna- '
MeHTHpoBaHHblH B03Ayxo06MeH (nonOJIHeHHe TepMocTaTa CBe>KHMH
nOpl1HSlMH B03Ayxa C OnpeAeJIeHHOH CKOpOCTblO), 2) OTCYTcTBHe yKa-
3aHHH Ha He06xoAHMOCTb pa3AeJIbHOrO cTapeHHSI (B OTAeJlbHblX
SltJeHKax, oTceKax) pe3HH, BblAeJlSllOlllHX npH HarpeBe H OKHCJIeHHH
JIeTytJHe Bew.eCTBa, KOTopble BJIHSlIOT Ha KHHeTHKY OKHCJIeHHSI.
PeKOMeHAal1HH HCO CBOASlTCSI K npoBeAeHHIO cTapeHHSI B SltJeA-
Kax H OTceKax npH OTHomeHHH pa60'lero 06'beMa TepMocTaTa, OTceKa
HJIH SlqeHKH K 06'beMY 06pa3110B 30: 1 H nOJIHOH CMeHe 06'beMa B03-
Ayxa He pe>Ke 1JeM 3a 1/3 'to
TenJIoBoe cTapeHHe 06pa3110B B HanpSl}KeHHOM COCTOSlHHH 06b1Q-
. HO JIyqwe Ol1eHHBaTb He no rOCT 271-53 (no K094>41HI1HeHTaM
cTapeHHSI 06pa3110B nOCJIe BblAep>KKH npH 16 HJIH 25% paCTSI>KeHHSI),
a MeTO.!l.aMH nOJI3ytJeCTH (rOCT 10269-62), nOK33aTeJIeM cTapeHHSI
no nOJI3Y'lecTH (CM. rJIaBY IV, 9) HJIH peJIaKCal1HH HanpSl>KeHHSI
(rOCT 9982-62 H 11099-64).
030HHOMY cTapeHHIO pe3HH no rOCT 6949-63 H KOM6HHHpOB3H-
HOMY cBeTo-030HHOMY cTapeHHIO no rOCT 11054-64 06pa311b1 nOA-
BepralOT npH pa3Hblx KOHl1eHTpal.{HSlX 030Ha B B03Ayxe (OT 5. 10-4
.ll0 5, 10- 3 06'beMHblX npOl1eHTOB). B YCJIOBHSlX 3aAaHHOH Ae4>opMa-
I1KH CTaTH'IeCKOrO paCTSI>KeHHSI (5, 10, 15,20,30,50, 100%) 'npH TeM-
nepaType 25:t 3 0 C. lI.JIH 030HocroffKHX KaytJYKoB KOHl1eHTpal1RSI 030-
Ha nOBblmaeTCSI Ha 1-2 nopSlAKa. B YCTaHoBKe AJISI CBeTO-030HHoro
cTapeHHSI (pHC. 86) npHMeHSleTcSI PTYTHo-KBapl1eBaSl JIaMna 8 co
cBeTo4>HJIbTpOM 9 H3 }KapoynopHoro CTeKJIa nHpeKC, He nponYCKalO-
UJ.HM JIY'lH AJIHHOH BOJIHbl MeHbme 2900A. KaK BHAHO H3 rpa4>HKa 87,
3aBHCHMOCTb BpeMeHH AO nOSlBJIeHHH Ha 06pa3l1e TpeUJ.HH (T B ), KaK
H BpeMeHH pa3pblBa 06pa3l1a (Tp), OT KOHl1eHTpal1HH 030Ha C B JIO-
rapH4>MH'IeCKOH CHCTeMe KoopAHHaT JIHHeHHa. n03TOMY ee MO>KHO
3KCTpanOJIHpOBaTb Ha aTMoc4>epHble KOHl1eHTpal1HH H nOJIytJHTb pe-
3YJIbTaTbl aTMoc4IepHoro CTapeHHSI, He npOBOASI .!I.JIHTeJIbHblX HenbITa-
HRA. B npHCYTCTBHH CBeTa CTapeHHe YCKopSleTCSI (CM. pHC. 87).
npHHI1Hnbl HcnbITaHHSI Ha 030HHOH H cBeTo-030HHOH YCTaHoBKax
OAHHaKOBbi. 030HHpoBaHHblH B 030HaTope B03AYX npoTSlrHBaeTcSI
tJepe3 cHcTeMY HarHeTaTeJIbHblM HaCOCOM HJIH BaKYYM-HacocaMH
C OnpeAeJIeHHOH CKOpOCTblO (2 A/MUtt). nOJIHOCTblO B03AYX B CHCTe-
Me CJIe.ll.yeT MeHSlTb He pe}Ke tJeM tJepe3 30 Mutt. npeABapHTeJIbHO
B03AYX O'lHlllaIOT B 4>HJIbTpe H ocymalOT B KOJIOHKaX C BaTOH XJIO-
pHCTbIM KaJIbl1lreM H cepHOH KHCJIOTOH. CKOpOCTb .lI.BH>KeHHH B03.l1.yxa
118
-.:.
i
,f'
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1'1
BH([t'1JC
-
PHC. 86. YCTaHOBK8 AJiSI CBeTO'030HHOro CT8peHHII (no fOCr 111054-64):
1- cTa6I1J1R38TOP RSnpIIJKeRRII; 2 - SMOTPSRct/!opMaTop J1A1'P.l; 1/ - BOJIbTloIeTpbI; 4 _ 8b1COKOSOnbTRbllI: TpsHCc!l0PMaTOP:
6 - RCnbITaTenbRa" KaMepa; 6 - CMOTpoBoe OKRO; 7 - K8apucBblll XOJIO,IJ.RJlbRRK; 8 - nSMns THns nPK.7; 9 _ CBeT04IlIJIbTp;
10 - KOllneHCSURoHRall CeTKS: 1'1 - KaCceTa; 12 - TOJIKSTeJlb; 13 - XOJIO,IJ.RnbRRK; 14 - Ral'HeTSTeJlbRbllI: RSCOC: 15 _ pOTS'
Me1'p; 16 - TPy6KS I1IIfI pS3JlOlKeRRII 03ORa; 17 - KOn6s 111111 OT60ps np06: 18 - TpCXXO,IJ.OBbie KPSRbI; 19 _ MeTSnnR'Iecll.Re
TpY6KH pa3pfI,lJ.RRKS: 20 - CTeKJIIIRHSII TPy6K8; 21 - nOrnOTHTMbRbllI 4>HnIoTp; 22 _ KOJIORKH c: a8Toll R xnOpRCTblM Ksnb'
aReM
H3MepHeTCH pOTaMeTpaMH HJlH peoMeTpaMH. KOHueHTpaUHH 030H8
peryJlHpYeTCH KaK HanpH1KeHHeM Ha' 030HaTOpe, TaK H CMemeHHeil
030HHpoBaHHoro B03,Z1,yxa C aTMocct>epHblM (B CMecHTeJ1bHblX eMKOC'
THX). nOCJle pa60QeA KaMepbl, r,Zl,e CTapHTCft.. H pacrpecKHBalOTcH 06
p
3UbI, B03,Z1,Y.X npOXO,Zl,HT nOrJlOTHTeJ1bHYIO CKJlHHKy H pecHBep HJlH
TPy6KH ,ZI,JlH pa3J101KeHHH 030Ha H BblnYCKaeTCJI B aTMocct>epy. .l{Jlft
nepHO,Zl,HlIeCKOrO KOHTpOJlH KOHueHTpaUHH 030Ha B03,Z1,YX HanpaBJlH-
111 6 lOT B KOJl6y ,ZI,Jlft oT60pa np06
C 1 %-HbiM .BO,Zl,HblM paiCTBopoM .
HO,Zl,H.cToro KaJlHft 1(1. PeaNf-
PYft C 030HOM OS, HO.lliHCTblA
, KaJlHA BbI,ZI,eJlHeT HO,Zl, 12 KO-
TOpblA 3aTeM O'M'HTpOBblBa-
lOT THOCYJlbct>aTOM HaTpHft
Na 2 S2<)s (cepHOBaTHCTOKHC-
JlblM HaTpHeM) 'B npHcyrCTlBHH
0,5%'-Horo paCTBopa KpaXMa-
Jla.. KaK HH,ZI,HKaTOpa, H 0,5 MA
pac1\BOpa YKCYCHOH KHCJlO-
Tbl.
'n pH STOM npoHCKO,Zl,SlT
CJle,Zl,YIOw.He peaKUHdI:
0 3 + 21(1 + H 2 0
2KOH +
+ 02+12
2Na2S203 + 1 2
2NaI +
+ Na2S.06
e3HOBeHHe CHHeA OKpaCKH
03H81IaeT KOHeu peaI«{HH.
KOHueH:rpaUHIO 030Ha (C)
BbtIlIfCJlHIOT'I10 ct>opMYJle
C _ V.O.112.100
- ,
V t
r,Zl,e V - 06'beM (Mil) TOIlHO 0,01 It pacTBopa Na2S20S, nome,Zl,mero
Ha THTpoBaHHe; VI - 06'beM 030HHpoBaHHoro B03,Z1,yxa, nome,Zl,mero
Ha np06y (Mil); 0,112 - KOJlHlIeCTBO 030Ha (MIl), cooTBeTcTBYIOw. ee
I Mil TOIlHO 0,01 It paCTBopa Na 2 Si>s.
B pe3HHax, CO,Zl,ep1Kaw.Hx CnelUfaJlbHble 3aw.HTHbie Bew.eCTBa:
BOCK, napact>HH, Ha nOBepXHOCTH 06pa3yeT-cH nJleHKa H3 3TH X Be-
W.eerB, npenftTCTBYIOw.aH npOHHKHOBeHHIO 030Ha.
3a,Zl,aBaH 06pa3uaM He60JlbmHe ,ZI,HHaMHlIeCKHe .ZJ.ect>opMaUHH Ma
JloR lIaCTOTbI, STY
JleHKy pa3pymalOT H YCKOpftlOT 030HHoe paCTpec-
KHBaHHe pe3HH. nO,Zl,06HblH BH,ZI, HcnblTaHHft pe3HH Ha 030HOCTOHKOCTb
npH COlleTaHHH ,ZI,HHaMHQecKoro H CTaTHlIeCKoro paCTft1KeHHH CTaH-
,ZI,apTH30BaH no rOCT 11805-66.
120
10.
:t:
IIY
i
...
/'Z
. -I
o _Ill
A -I
. _Ill
III
' ,11 -6 III-S 111-" ll1-J 10- 2 /0- 1
. KOHIIIHmjlllllUII 113I1Ha, %
PHe. 87. fp81J1HK S8BHCHMOCTH BpeMeHH
/1.0 ROSlBJleHHSI TPelUHH OT KOHlI.eRTp811.RH
030Ha:
I - 6es ocaetlteHHII HII puRHn RS .l&HBRHMCTR'
poJIbHOro Kayqyu; /tJ - TO ate npH oc&ell(eHHH;
3 - 6ea oc&ell(eHHII Ra pesHRax Ra RaTYpUbHoro
KayqYK
; 3 D - TO ate OPH OCBeIl(SHR; 3 - HH-
Tepaa.. aTlloc4j)epHwx KOH
eRTpa
RA 030lla
(62)
Ha pHC. 88 nO'Ka3aHa KaMepa K YCTaHO'BKe Ha O'3O'HHO'e CTapeHHe
AJUI MHO'rO'KpaTHO'rO' paCTft1KeHI!B B cpe,Zl,e 030Ha.
, .l{HHaMH1IecKoe paCfB2KeHHe npO'H3BO,ZI,HTCB npH BO'SSpaTHO'-DO'CTY-
naTeJIbHO'M ,ZI,BH1KeHHH ,ZI,HCKa 8 O'T 3J1eKTPO',ZI,BHraTeJlB 1 c pe,Zl,YKTO'PO'M
2 1Iepes 3KcueHTpHK 5. 06paseu 6, pasMelUeHHblA Me1KJl.Y ,ZI,HCKa-
,MH 8 H 11, B KOTO'PblX HMelOTCB COOTBeTCTBYlOlUHe Sa1KHMbI 7. DpeA-
BapHTeJ1bHO CTaTlNeCKH paCTBl'H- J 2 1
BlereB. Bc'e ycrpO'ACTBO' C O'6pa3ua-
101ft HaXO',ZI,HTCB B repMeTHqHOA Ka-
Mepe 9 H nepHO',ZI,HqeCKH nOBO'paqH- ¥
8aeTCB BO'Kpyr o6lUeA OCH 'B 1010'- S
MeHT, KO'r,Zl,a nO'Cpe,Zl,iCTBO'M pe3HHO'-
8O'A maii60'JKH 4 OCYlUeCT8J1fteTCB
PHKUHoHHaB CBB3b Me1K,ZI,y A:HCKa-
MH 3 H 12. B arO',ZI,apB BpalUeIIIHto G
AOC1'H,raeTCft O',ZI,HHalOO'Baft KOoHueHT'
paUHft O'3O'Ha ('HclUllOqalOTCft OWH6-
KH, CBB3aHHble C BO'3MO'1KHblM 7
HepaBHO'MepHblM pacnpe,Zl,eJ1eHHeM PRe. 88. K8Mep8 K YCT8ROBKe .ll.JlII
KO'HueHTpal1HH '03O'Ha). AIIR8MH'IecKRX RCOYT8RHA R8 030R-
3aBHCHMO'CTH BpeMeHH 'nO'BBJle- Hoe CT8peRHe:
HHft TpelUHH ('fB) H 'BpeMeHH pa3pbl- 1- 9JleKTJl(lAaHraTellb; 2 - peAYKTOp; 3, 8,
B 6 as " ( ) H HO" . K 11, 12 - ARCKH; f - peaHHONIi mall6o'lKa;
a 0' p ...a 'fp DP Sa,Zl,aH n O'H- S- Kc eRTJI.K; 6-06pase ; 1-saIKH.
UeHTpaUHH 03O'Ha O'T eeJlHqltHbi ,ZI,e- .....; 9 - KaJlepa; 10 - HanpaulllOm.Re
cpO'PMaUHH 8 HMelOT HeO',ZI,HHaKO'Bblii
xapaKTep. 06bNHO' 'fB MOHO'TOHHO' YMeHbwaeTCB C BO'SpacraHHeM 8,
a 'fp ,ZI,aeT KPHBYIO C MHHJfMYMOM B O'OJIaCTH He6O'JlbWHX J(ecpop-
MauHii.
KOHTpU.Hwe 8Onpocw
I. KaKHe BH.II.W CT8peRHII BaM R3BeCTRW
2. liTO T8Kot KO HlI.ReRTW cT8peRHII?
3. K8KoB CMYCJJ 9Kcrp8nOJlIIURORHYX paC'IeTOB npH RCnYT8RRH no fOCT
6949-63 H 11054-54?
4. 3a'leM npRMeRlllOTclI .IlHR8MR'IecKHe .Ile4l<>PMa1l.llH npR RCnYTaHHR RI
030RHoe CT8peRRe no fOCT 11805-66?
5. K8K OnpeAeJJlleTClI KORlI.eRTp811.HII 030R8 B B03A)'xe? ,
6. lIeM OTJlR'I81OTC1I nOK838TeJJR BpeMeRR nOllBJleRHII rpelUHR R BpeMeRH p83.
pEIIB8 0('iP8311.8 npR HCnYT8RRH H8 o30HRoe H C8eTOO30RHoe CT8peRRe?
f JI A B A IX
HCDblTAHHE PE3HH DPH DOHH)I(EHHblX
TEMDEPATYPAX
S 24. Onpe.D.eJleHHe TeMnepaTypw XpynKOCTH pe:HIH
H3MeHeHHe npO'qHO'CTHbiX CBO'iiCTB pesHH B CBB3H C nO'HH1KeHHeM
TeMnepaTypbl H nepeXO,Zl,O'M H3 BblCO'KO'3J1aCTHqeCKO'rO' CO'CTO'ftHHB
121
B CTeKJlOo6pa3 oe, a TaK1Ke oco6eHHOCTH npOIlHOCTHblX CBoAcTB pe-
3HH B 06J1aCTH Bblwe H HH>Ke TeMnepa.TYPbl xpynKocTH T XI) nOAPo6HO
paCCMorpeHbI B 11 rJl. IV.
IJ
f
'0
PHC. 89. fiPHCSop Hl1l1Wfi AJiSI OnpeAeJJeRRSI TeMnep8TY'
Py XpynKOCTR no fOCr 7912-56:
1 _ coeYA D.&lOapa: 2 - 6oeK; 3 - o<lpasell.: 4 - plllqar; S. 16 - sa.
uteJIKH; 6 _ crepJKeH&; 7. 11 - BTYJlKR; 8 - 3aJKIIII; 9 - npYJKHRI\;
'/0 _ IIyc!ln; /2 _ aHHT aBTOMaTRqec:Koro cnycKa y.u.apIIRKa; 13-
pT)'THoe pe.ne; J4 - cepAeqRIIK; 15 - KaTyWKa 9J1eJt11lOlIaI'HIITa:
16 - saw,e.nxa
TeMnepaTypa XPYOKOCTH T xp OnpeD.eJIR TCR YD.apHblM HarpY>Ke-
HHeM OXJla D.eHHblX pe3HHOBblX 06pa3u.OB. T xp - 3TO MaKCHMaJlbHaR
TeMneparypa, npH KOTOpoA 06pa3eu. pa3PymaeTcR noD. D.eACTBHeM
YD.apHoA 'HarpY3KH HJlH D.ae-r BHD.HMYIO HeBoopy>KeHHblM rJla30M Tpe-
mHHY. ECTeCTBeHHO, T xp - YCJlOBHblA nOKa3ateJlb, 3aBHCSlUJ.HA OT Be-
122
,JIR1IRHbI H CKOpOCTH npHJI02KeHHSI HarpY3KH, THna .llelf>opMaI(HH. Yc-
JIOBHSI HCnblTaHHSI R03TOMY CTpOrO perJIaMeHTHPYIOTCSI.
no fOCT 7912-56 npHMeHSleTCSI Y.llapHblH H3rH6 KOHCOJIbHO 3a-
KpenJIeHHOrO oopa3Lla - nOJIOCKH cTporo onpe.lleJIeHHblX pa3MepoB.
CTaH.llapTH30BaHbI 1f>0pMa H pa3MepbI 60HKa Y.llapHHKa, 331KHMbI 06-
pa3Lla H MeCTO Y.llapa. 06pa3eLl, oXJIa1K.lleHHblH 5 .MUtt B CMeCH cnHp-
Ta H cyxoro JIb.lla, nO.llBepraeTcSI H3rHoy Ha YCTaHoBKe, H300pa1KeH-
HOH Ha pHC. 89.
3a2KHM 8 C oopa3LloM 3 HaXO.llHTCSI Ha KOHLle 300HHToBoro CTep2K-
HSI 6, KOTOpbIH If>HKcHpyeTcSI BO BTYJIKe 7 3ameJ1KOH 5: B HH1KHeM no-
JIO>KeHHH - npH OXJIa1K.lleHHH oopa3Lla B cocY.lle LJ.blOapa 1 H B Bepx-
HeM - npH Y.llape no 06pa3LlY 60HKOM 2. npY1KHHa 9 .llOJI1KHa HMeTb
onpe.lleJIeHHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH (fOCT 7912-56).
Bec Y.ll pHHKa TaK1Ke CTaH.llapTH30BaH. npY1KHHa 9 OCBOOO2K-
.llaeTCSI npH OTTSlrHBaHHH 3ameJIKH 16. DoeK 2, HaXO.llHBWHHCSI Ha
paccToSlHHH 25:t I .MM. OT oopa3Lla, npoXO.llHT paccToSlHHe 40:t 1 M..M
nOCJIe oCB060>K.lleHHSI C1KaTOH npy>KHHbI. BHHToM 12, Ha KoltUe
KOToporo HMeeTCSI BTyJIKa 11 co wTHIf>TaMH, BXO.llSlIIJ.HMH B npope3H
Mylf>TbI 10, OTTSlrHBalOT ooeK H C1KHMaIOT npY1KHHy. LJ.JISI aBTOMa-
THtJeCKoro cnyc-Ka Y.llapHHKa npHMeHSleTcSI pTYTHoe peJIe 13. npH
nO.ll'beMe CTep2KHSI 6 C 3a1KHMOM 8 H oopa3LloM 3 B KpaHHee BepxHee
nOJI01KeHHe pbItJar 4 HaKJIOHSleTCSI, KOHTaKTbI peJIe 13 3aMblKaIOTCSI,
BKJIIO'faeTCSI Llenb KaTywKH 15 3J1eKTpOMarHHTa, Cep.lletJHHK KOropO-
ro 14, BTSlrHBaSlCb; cnycKaeT Y.llapHHK C 3aIIJ.eJlKH 16. '
Pa3J1HtJHble TeMnepaTypbI XOJlO.llHJlbHOH CMeCH B cocY.lle 1 .llOCTH-
ralOTCSI npH pa3HoM COOTHoweHHH cnHpTa H cyxoro Jlb.lla.
f 25. Onpe.lleJIeHHe MOp030CTOHKOCTH pe HH
06b1tJHO MOp030CTOHKOCTb pe3HH on pe.lleJI SI lOT, COnOCTaBJUISI
xapaKTepHCTHKH .llelf>opMaLlHOHHblX CBOHCTB npH uUHH1KeHHblX
'reMnepaTypax H B HOpMaJlbHblX YCJlOBHSlX. TaK, no rOCT 408 66
npH paCTSl1KeHHH HaXO.llSiT K031f>If>HLlHeHT MOp030CTOHKOCTH
Ka=la/I, (63)
SlBJlRIOIIJ.HHCSI OTHoweHHeM y.llJlHHeHHSI la 3aMOp01KeHHOrO 06pa3ua
K Y.llJlHHeHHIO I 06pa3Lla npH CTaH.llapTHOH KOMHaTHOH TeMneparype
no.ll .lleHCTBHeM HarpY3KH P, KOTOPYIO nO,ltoHpalOT TaK, 'ITOObi I co-
CTaBJlSlJIO 100:t5% OT HatJaJlbHOH .llJlHHbI 10 paootJero ytJaCTKa 06-
pa3Lla nepe.ll HcnbITaHHeM;
K031f>If>HLlHeHT B03pacTaHHSI 1KeCTKOCTH
K B.>K= PJP, (64)
r.lle Pa - HarpY3Ka, BbI3BaBwaSi paCrSl1KeHHe I B 3aMOp02KeHHOM
06pa3Lle;
123
OTHOCUTeJlbHYio OCTaTOIlHYIO ,ZI, OpMalll.HlO npH paCTB>KeHHH
OXJla2K,ZI,eHHOrO 06pa311.a
.
r,Zl,e 1 3 ' - ,ZI,JlHHa pa601lero yqaCTKa 06pa3ua Cpa3Y nOCJ1e CHBTHB
paCTJlrHBalO1II.eH HarpY3KH.
npH60p ,ZI,JlSI HCnblT3HHH nOKa3a .IIa pHC. 90. Ha CTOHKe 1 3a-
KpenJleHbI 360HHToBaB Tpy6Ka 8 Ha JlanKe 3 C HH>KHHM HenO,Zl,BH2K- ,
HblM 10 H BepXHHM nO,ZJ;BH1KHblM 3a2KH-
MOM 9, oCBSl3aHlHblM TpOCOM 7, nepeKHHY-
TblM lIepe3 6J10K 6, C nOABecKoA. 2 ,ZI,JlB
7 rpY30B; nO,Zl,CTa'BKa 11 ,ZI,JlB co'cY,Zl,a .u.blOa-
pa C OXJla,Zl,HTeJlbHOA CMeCblO. nO,Zl,BeCKa
2 ypaBHoBeweHa 'BepxHHM 3a>KHMOM 9.
npH HaJUla,Zl,bl'BaHHH r,pY30B Ha nOABecKY
06pa3eu paCTSlfHBaeTCSI, liTO Bbl3b1BaeT
OOAHSlTHe BepXHerO Sa>KHMa H lIOBOpOT
6J10Ka 6 Bo"Kpyr OBoeEr OCH; npH 3TOM
CTpeJiKa 5 YKasbiBaeT no WKaJle 4 CTe-
neub 'paCTB>KeHdl,B.
B onHcaHHOM HCDblTaHHH BpeMeHHoH
pe>KHM ,ZI,e4>opMaIl.HH He perJlaMeHTHpO-
saH. BMeCTe IC TeM, OnpeAeJlSleMble xapaK-
TepHCTHKH MOp030croHKOCTH, KaK H TeM-
neparypHble 06J1aoCTH pai3J1H'IIHblX COCTOSl-
11 HHH, nOKa38HHble Ha pHC. 55, 3aBHCRT OT
nepHoAa (IIa-CTOTbI, BpeMeHu) Harpyme-
HHSI. n03TOMY no rOCT 10672-63 H3Me-
pSlIOT (Ha npH60pe ynKM-4, H306pa1KeH-
HOM Ha pUC. 91) Ko 4)HUHeHThI MOp030-
CTOHKOCTH KaK npH CTaTHlIeCKOM, TaK H
npH .llHHaMHqecKoM oCmaTHH C lIaCTOTOH
24 2/.1. B 060HX pemHMaX :npH TeMnepa-
Type 20z5°C nO,Zl,6HpalOT HarpY3KY, BbI-
3b1Ba101II.YIO cmaTHe UHJlHH,ZI,pHlIeCKOrO
o6pa3ua Ha 80-8-12%. 3aTeM npH
9TOH me HarpY3Ke H3MepSlIOT .lletPopMaUHIO 8t o6pa3ua npH 3a,Zl,aHHOif
1I10HH2KeHHOH TeMnepaType. Onpe,Zl,eJlSlIOT 3aSHCHMOCTb K03<M1HUHeH-
Ta MOp030CTOHKOCTH
J
2
1
PRe. 90. fiPH60p .D.JJII onpe-
AeJleRHII K03cJ11j1RltHeRT8 M()-
p030croAKOCTR (no fOCT
408-66) :
1- CToAKa; 2 - no.uecKa; 3-
lIanKa; 4 - WKaJla; 5 - CTpelIKa;
6 - 6J10K; 7 - TPOC; 8 - Tpy6K4:
9, 10 - SaJltHMW; /I - nO.I&CTaBKa
1= - 10
A:J= .100,
. 10
(65)
K at
t=-
'0
OT TeMneparypbl. nOKa3aTe.neM MOp030CTOAKOCTH CJ1)')KHT TeMnepa-
Typa To... npH KOTOpoA Kt-O,I, T. e. qaCTb coxp.aHeHHoA BblCOK03J1a-
CTHlIeCKOA .lle4>opMaUHH paBHa 0, I.
124
(66)
. B"npH6ope ynKM-4 C}KaTHe o6pasI(oB 12, npHKJleHHYX K CTO-
,IIDB JI .zr.eBB1'HrpaRBHKa 14 H norpY2KeHHYX B, cocYJt ,l(blOapa
',.'JUla.zr.oareHToM, ocyw.eCTBJIBeTCB nOCJJe"no.zr.Be,Zl,eHHB O.zr.HOr.O H3 06-
. pasuoB no.zr. mTOK 11 c nOMow.blO RKcaTopa, COCTOJlw.ero H3 CTep2K-
SB C npY2KHHOA 10 H 6apa6aRoM 13, KOTOpYA 2KeCTKO CBB3aH C .zr.e-
BRTRrpaHHHKoM 14 H RMeeT HKCHpYIOm.He OTBepCTHJI, B HHX no,Zl,
SaJKHMOM npY}KHHY 10 BXO,Zl,HT CTep2KeHb. npHnO,Zl,HHMaJi HKcaTop,
PHe. 91. fiPR60p AJiSI onpe.neJIeHHSI 'M0J>030CT0A.
KOCTH pe3RRW npH C>K8THR YfiKM-4 (no
fOCT 10672-63):
1-"8116; 2 - 4101'0.1180.11; 3 - .naMnOQKa; 4. 10 - npy.
*8RW; 5 - PYKoIITKa; 6 - $Kc eHTPRKoBWil .lIexaRHSII;
7 - lIy4j)Ta; 8 - $..eK'rpOllarop; 9. II - WTOU; 12 - 06.
pa3e ; 13 - 6apa6aH; 14 - AeBIITRrpaR8RK
BYBO,ZI,BT CTep2KeHb H3 01fepe,Zl,HOrO OTBepCTHB 6apa6aHa H nOBOpa1fH-
BalOT 6apa6aH JlHM60M J, OTnYCTHB HKcaTOp. Kor,Zl,a CTep}KeHb
nona,Zl,aeT B CJJe,Zl,yIOIUee OTBepCTHe 6apa6aHa, CJJblmeH IlteJI1fOK.
,l(e4>opMaUHJI 06pa3ua 3a,Zl,aeTCB npH ,ZI,BH2KeHHH WTOKa 11; CTa-
TH1fecKaB - C nOMOw.blO 3KcueHTpHKOBoro MexaHH3Ma 6 npH nOBOpo-
re My<IJTY 7 BPY1fHYIO, a ,ZI,HHaMH1feCKaJI - OT MOTopa 8. 3KcueHTpH-
CHreT YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCJI Bpaw.eHHeM PYKOSlTKH 5 H onpe.zr.eJlSleTCSI no
WKaJle MIIJIJIHBOJIbTMeTpa. HarpY3Ka C2KaTHSI Onpe,Zl,eJlBeTCSI .zr.e op-
MaUHel ynpyroA npY2KHHbI 4, KOTopaSl, KaK H ,ZI,ect>opMaUHSI o6pa3ua,
CBB3aHa C ,ZI,BH1KeHHBMH WTOKOB 9 H II, CMew.alOw.HMH <lJOTO,Zl,HO,Zl,bI 2
OTHOCHTeJlbHO JlaMn01fKH 3. 3TH cMew.eHHSI H3MeHSIIOT HRTeHCHBHOCTb
125
PHC. 92. lIpH60p Ma.
pell .ll.JlJI onpeAeJIeHHII
TeMnep8TYPbl CTeK-
JlOB8HHII:
1- HH.AHKaTOpRblii MHK.
poMeTp; 2 - raAKa; 3 -
aepXHHII CTaKaH; 4 - npy.
JKHRa; 5 - XOA080A BHRT;
6 - KOJIbUO; 7 - QHJlRHAP;
8 - HapY)Kllblii CTaKaH;
9 - TeD.IIOHSO.llHpYlOlI(ali
Tpy6Ka; /0 - KOJIna'lOK;
1/ - HH)KHHII CTaKaH; 12-
- 06paseQ
126
!
OCBe1I(eHHSI <j>OTO.llHO.ll.OB H BeJJH'IJIHY' 4JOTO-
TOKa, HSMepfteMYIO MHJlJlHBOJlbTMeTpaMH.
TaKHM oopaSOM, HSMeHeHHe nOKa3aHHH
MHJlJlHBOJlbTMeTpOB nponopUHOHaJlbHO Ha-
rpYSKe H .lI.e<j>opMaUHH C1KaTHSI.
S 26. Onpe.ll.eJJeHHe TeMnepaTypbl
CTeKJIOBaHHSI
no MeTO.ll.Y BHHHCK, nOJlO1KeHHOMY B
OCHOBY rOCT 12254-66, -Ha npHoope Ma-
peSi TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOBaRHSI onpe.ll.eJlSleT-
Cft KaK TeM'lIepaTypa, npH KOTOpOH 3aMOpo-
1KeH,HblH H HaXO.ll.Sl1I(HHCSI no.ll. 'I10CTOSlHHOH
C1KHMalO1I(eH HarpY3KOH o6paseu npH Harpe-
BaHHH C onpe.ll.eJleHHOH CKOpOCTblO npH06-
peTaeT cnoC06HOCTb K 3J1aCTHlleCK
H .lI.e<j>op-
MallHH. TeMiIlep8Typa CTeKJlOBaHHSI T c 8b1UIe
TeMnepaTypbl xpy-nKOC1'H T xp . flepexo.!l pe-
SHHbI B CTeKJl006pa3Hoe COCTOSI-HHe oCY1I(e-
CTBJlSleTCft B HeKoTopOM HHTep.BaJIe TeMne-
paTYP; npH 3TOM -nepexo.ll.e y pe3HHbI 3Ha-
IlHTeJIbHO B03lpaCTaeT 1KeCTKOCTb (B 103-
10 4 pa3), nocKoJlbKy .lI.JIHHHOuenOlle1JJlble
MOJleKyJlbl KaYIlYKa TepftlOT cnocooHOCTb H3-
rHoaTbCSI. nepeXO.lt 'B cTelUl006pa3Hoe .cOC-
TOSlHHe saBHCHT ,He TOJIbKO OT TeMnepaTY-
pbl, HO H 01' xapaKTepa HarpY1K€lHHSI (CTa-
THlleCKoe, .lI.HHaMHlleCKoe). npH .lI.H'HaMHlle-
CKOM HarpY1KeHHH, lleM 'BblUIe llaCTOTa 00
,HarpY1KeHHSI (MeHbUIe nepHO.ll. HarpY1Ke-
HHSI), TeM BblUIe TeMnepaTypa nepeXO.ll.a,
Pe3Koe nOOblUI-eHHe llaCTOTbI (CKOpoCTH) Ha-
rpY1KeHHSI M<01KeT npHBeCTH K TOMY, liTO pe-
3HHa OKa1KeT-Cft 3aCTeKJIOBaHHOH (He 6yoneT
npoSlBJlSlTb BblCOK03J1aCTHIleCKHX C'BOHCTB)
Y1Ke fIlpH 'KOMHaTHOH TeMnepaTYP
.
npoH H-cnblTaHHH n
rOCT 12254-66
npHMeHSIeTICft iCT8THlleCKoe Harpy*eHHe
(00=0), a n03ToMY TeMnepaTypa Tc M01Ker
OKasaTblCSI H8 npaKTHKe HH1Ke TeMnepaTYpbl '
xpynKocTH T xp, onpe.ll.eJISIeMOH no rOCT
7912-56 npH .llHHaMltlleCKOM Ha'rpY1KeHHH.
CJle.ll.OBaTeJIbGiO, COnOCTaiBJlSlTb T c oR T xp
M01KHO TOJlbK<O npH O.ll.HHaKOBOM iBp,eM6HHoM
pe1KHMe JlarpY1KeHHSI (-qa CTOTe, CKOpOCTH,
BpeMeHH'lHal'pY1KeHHSI) .
Ha pHC. 92 nOKa3aH npH60p Mapeft .lJ;JIft onpe.lJ;eJIeHHft TeMnepa-
TYPIll CTeIUlOBaHHft.
06pa3eLl 3aMOpa}KHBaeTCft npH TeMnepuype npHMepHo Ha 10-
20° C HH}Ke TOH, npH KOTOpOH HaqHHaeTCft CTeIUlOBaHHe. JJ.JIft 3Toro
o6pa3eLll2 nOMew.aeTCft B Me.lJ;HOM CTaKaHe 11, CJlY1KalLleM OCHOBa-
HHeM npH6opa, Me1K.lJ;y .lJ;HOM CTaKaHa H Me.lJ;HblM KOJInallKOM 10.
CTaKaH 11 COe.lJ;HHeH C Me.lJ;HblM CTaKaHOM 3 nOCpe.lJ;CTBOM renJIOH30-
JIHpYIOw.eH
ap
opoBOH Tpy6KH 9 H BCTaBJIeH B HapY1KHblH CT3K3H 8,
KOTOpblH HaBHH1IHB3eTCft H3 pe3b6y JI3TYHHoro KOJIbua 6 H nOMe-
lLlaeTCft HenOCpe.lJ;CTBeHHO B cocY.lJ; JJ.b103p8 C OXJI8.lJ;HTeJIbHOA
}KH.lJ;KOCTblO. BHYTPH CTaKaHOB 3 H 11 .lJ;BH}KeTCft xO,Zl,oBoii BUHT 5,
OCHOBaHHe KOToporo Qepe3 CTelUlftHHblH UHJIHH,ZI,p 7 COe,Zl,HHeHO C KOJI-
n811KOM 10.
,Kor,Zl,a o6pa3eu nOMelLlalOT B npH6op, HaKH,ZI,HYIO raHKY 2 Bpa-
lLlalOT, nO,Zl,HHMaft XO,Zl,OBOH BHHT 5, 8 CHUM H KOJInaQOK 10. nOCJIe 3a-
MOp8}KHB8HHft o6pa3Ll8 CHOBa BpauialOT raHKy 2, OCBo601K,ZI,8ft
BHHT 5 TaK, IIT06b1 o6eCne1lHJIQCb ,ZI,OCTaTOIlHOe p8CCTOftHHe Me1K,ZI,y
H8KH.lJ;HOH raHKOH H ee onopHoH nJIow.a,Zl,Koit npY1KHHa 4, ,ZI,aBftw.aft
O,Zl,HHM KOHLlOM B OCHOBaHHe CTaKaHa 3, 8 .a;pyruM - B OCHOBaHHe
XO.ZlOBOrO BHHTa, C03,Z1,8er C}KHMalOw.ylO Harpy3KY B 5 Kec.
nOCTeneHHo BblHHMaft CTaK8H 8 H3 cocY,Zl,a C oXJIa1K,ZI,alOw.eH
1KH,ZI,KOCTblO, nOBbiwalOT TeMnepaTYPY co CKOpOCTblO tOC B MH"YTY.
TeMnepaTYPY H3MepftIOT TepMon8poH, KOHeLl KOTOpOH HaXO,Zl,HTCft
B OCHOB8HHH HH1KHero CT8K8Ha 11. HaKH,ZI,Haft raHKa COe,Zl,HHeHa
C HO}KKOA HH,ZI,HK8TOpROro MHKpoMeTp8 1, H3Mepsllow.ero ,ZI,e
OpMa-
LlHIO o6pa3Lla.
TeMnep8TYPoH CTeKJIOBaHHft CIIHTaeTCft fa TeMnepaTypa, npH
KOTOpOH H811HHaeT Ha6JIIO,ZI,aTbCft CHCTeMaTHlIecKoe npHpaw.eHHe ,ZI,e-
ct>OPM8LlHH, T.. e. ,ZI,e
OpMaLlHSI o6pa3Ll8 3a 1 MUtt CTaHOBHTCft 60JIbWe,
lIeM npH npe,Zl,bI,ZI,yw.eM H3MepeHHH.
KOHTPOJlbHWe Bonpocw
1. qro T8Koe TeMnep8Typ8 xpynKocTH H K8K ee onpe.ll.eJJJlIOT?
2. .l18ATe onpe.AeJJeRHe K03cJ1cJ1RI(HeRT8M MOpOSOCTOAKOCTR R B03p8CT8RRB
)l(ecTKOCTH H nOK8S8TeJJIO TOol.
3. f.Ae 60JlbWe Y,II}lHHeRRe npH SU8RROA R8rpY3Ke - R8 S8MOpO>KeHHOM oG-
paslI.e UJiH B 06paSlI.e, HCnYTaHROM npR KOMH8TROA TeMnep8Type? K8K080 COOT'
HoweHHe H8rpYSOK, BY3YB81011I.RX OAHRaKOBoe YAJlRReHHe B 3TRX 06p8SQ8X?
4. \Iro T8Koe TeMnep8Typ8 CTeKJIOB8HRB H K8K ee onpeAeJJlllOT no fOCr
I 2554-66?
fnABA X
HCDblTAHHE, J:'E3HH HA HCTHPAHHE
S 27. OCHOBHwe nOHSITHSI 0 TpeRRR R RCTRpaHRR.
Pe]l(RMbI RCOblT8HHH
TpeHHe npOHCXO,llHT npH OTHOCHTeJlbHOM nepeMelUeHHH B KOHTaK-
Te ,llBYX TeJI, C1KBMaeMblX HOpMaJlbHOA HarpysKoA N. TpeHHe ,llBB-
1KeHHft H3MepfteTCft KaCaTeJlbHOH K nJlOlUa,llH KOHTaKTa CHJlOH F co-
npOTHBJleHHB OTHOCHTeJIbHOMY ,llBH1KeHBIO KOHTaKTBpYlOlUHX TeJI:
a) OpH CKOJlb>KeHHH HX OTHOCHTeJJbHO ,llPyr ,llpyra (pHC. 93), T. e.
.lI.BB1KeHHH c pa3HblMH CKOpOCTftMH VI H V 2 , 6) npH KaqeHHH
(pHC. 93, 6). npOCKaJlbSblBaHBe (.11) Bblpa>KaeTC npOLleHTHbiM OTHo-
weHHeM pa3HocTH cKopocreA
(V 1 -V2). OTHeceHHoH K HaH-
600bweH CKOpOCTH V I:
A U.- U 2 . 100. (67)
U.
. N
v,
vz
aJ
UI
V2
11
IfpeHHe BblSblBaeT H3HaWHBa-
HHe (H3HOC. HCTHpaHHe), HJlH
H3MeHeHHe paSMepOB 11>Y-
H306p8>KeHHe lUHXCft TeJl no nOBepXHOCTH.
nOBepXHOCTH I1HTeHcHBHOCTb HCTHpaHHft J
(nOTepB 06'beMa HcrepTOH
pe3HHbI B e.ll.HHHLly BpeMeHH)
paBHa J=a.FV (68). r.ll.e
a - HCTHpaeMocTb. FV -
M011l.H0CTb TpeHHft. TpeHHe xapaKTepH3yercB K03cpcpBLlHeHToM Tpe-
HHft p., npe.ll.CTaBJIftlOILlHM OTHoweHHe C,llBHroBOH (TaHreHLlHaJlbHOH
KaCaTeJlbHoH) HarpY3KH (HJlH CHJlbI TpeHHB) F K HOpMaJlbHOH N:
f'o=F/N. (69)
PHe. 93. CxeM8THllecKoe
'PeRHH H HCTHp8RHH
06P8311.8:
a - CKOIlb)lteHHe;. IS - ltaqeRHe: N - Hopllan.-
Hall Harp)'8K8; VI - CKOJlOCT. UH)lteHH. 06.
pa3 a; U j - CKOpOCTb a6paSHBa
K03cpcpHLlHeHT TpeHHft pe3HHbI p. 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH V.
113 3THX Onpe.ll.eJIeHHH CJle,llyeT. qTO HeJJb3ft He3aBHCHMO 3a.ll.aBaTb
npH HCnblTaHHH H HCTHpaHHe F. N H V. 3a.ll.alOTCft ,llBa DapaMerpa,
a TpeTHH onpe.ll.eJJfterCft HX B3aHMOCBftSblO. TaKHM 06paSOM, paSJlH-
qalOT CJle.ll.YlOlUHe pe1KHMbI Hcn TaHHft Ha TpeHHe H HCTHpaHHe:
pe1KHM A - 3a,llaIOTCB N H V; pe1KHM B - 3a.ll.alOTCB F H V; pe-
1KHM B - 3a,llalOTCft F H N.
B pa3HblX pe1KHMaX HHTeHCHBHOCTb HCTHpaHHB J no-pa3HoMY
CBft3aHa C K03«pcpH:UHeHToM TpeHHB p.: B pe1KHMe A OHa ,npODopLlHO-
HaJlbHa p., B pe1KHMe B - He 3aBHCHT OT p., a B pe1KBMe B npH
HeKOTopblX yCJIOBHftX - 06paTHo nponopLlHOHaJlbHa p..
K09cpcpHLlHeHT TpeHHB p. 3aBHCHT KaK OT cocraBa pesHHbI, TaK H
OT KOHTpTeJIa, HJlB a6pasHBa, no KOTOPOMY npOBSBO.ll.BT HCTHpaHHe _
pe3HHbI. npH HCTHpaHHH, B saBHCBMOCTH OT YCJIOBBH HCTBpaHHB, MO-
128
'pe JlBSOBaThCft pa3J1HQHble MexaHH3UbI HCTHpaHHB: a6paSHBH&di
1f38OC DyreM napanaHHB nOBepXHOCTHWX CJloeB peSHHbI TBep.ltblMH
MilerynaMH mepOXOBaToA nOBepXHOCTH a6paSHBa; YCTaJloCTIlblA B3-
BOC 8s-sa pa3pyweHHft pe3HHbI npH MHorOKpaTHblX .lte4>opMaIUfJlX Ha
DOBepXHOCTBX TBep.ltoA mepOXOBaTOA onopbl; B3HOC nOCpe.ltCTBOM CKa-
TblBaHHB Ha TBep.ltblX rJla.ltKHX nosepXHQCTBX (OTpblBOM B YBJleQeBB"
eM KOHTpTeJlOM CKaTOK C nOBepXHOCTH peSBHbI). npH paSHblX BHAa"
C,M3
TpeHHft H pa3HblX BH.ltaX H3Hoca HCTHpaeMOCTh IX ( ). HJI,H
, Ktlm.'t
1
06paTHaft eA BeJJHqHHa II = , HaSblBaeMaft K03tPtPHLlHeHTOM .H3HO-
(iOCTOAKOCTH (conpOTHBJIeHHeM HCTHp HBJO). HMeJOT Heo.ltHHaKOBble
3HaqeHHB. n03TOMY OqeHb Ba1KHO npaBHJlbHO Bbl6paTb pe1KHM H YC-
JlOBBB HcnHTaHHB npH oLleHKe H3HOCOCTOAKOCTH pe3HH.
. 28. HcnwTaHHR Ha HSHOCOCTOAKOCTb peSHH npH CKOJIb.eHHH
no fOCT 426-66 HCDblTaHHB npOBO.ltBTCft B pe)KHMe A DPH opo-
CKaJlb3b1BaHHH ,1, paBHoM 100%, H8 MaWHHe MH-2 THoa fpaCCeJJH
(pHC. 94). .
2
11
PRC. 94. Cxeata M8WHRW MH-2 THDa fp8CCeJJR:
J - 803./IYJtonpollO.I&: Z - ./&HCIt; 1- nOlI... ....; 4 - pe./IYKTOp: 5 - .IIeKTpo.IUIHra.
TeJlb: 6 - pW'lar; 7 - ynop..; 8 - POJIHK: 9. 10 - rpy...: 11- craRRH8: IZ - JUl.
H81101leTp; JI-uIKRIIRwe BHHT": 14 - paliKH
Ha CTaHHHe 11 YKpenJleH 3J1eKTpO.ltBHraTeJlb 5, KOTOpblA Qepe3
pe.ltYKTOP 4. BpaIUaeT .ltRCK 2 C HaJlO1KeHRblM H 3aKpenJleHHblM Ha
HeM KpyroM a6pa3BBHoA WJlHcpOBaJlbHOA WKYPKH MOHOKOPYH.lt 150
(rOCT 344-57) co CKOpOCTbJO 4Oz5 06/MUH. .lba o6pasLla BCTaB-
J1BlOTCft B SaH<HMHble paMKH 14, HaXO.ltBIUBeCB aa HepaBHOnJleQHOM
pblqare 6 Ha paccToBHHH 68 MAt OT OCH pblqara 6. PaMKH Sa)KBMaJOT-
CB Ha pblqare 6 BHHTaMH 13. OCb pblqara IIIpOXO.ltBT qepe3 nOJibIA
B8J1 3 AHCK8 2 H 06pasLlbl DpH)KHMaJOTCft K AHCKY rpysoM 9, 'DOABe-
129
weHHblM KOCH H8 rpoce, onepeKHHYTOM 'Iepe3 pOJIHK 8. fpY3 9 -C03J(a-,
eT KOHTaKTHoe J{aBJIeHHe Ha 06pa3u,bI 325 eclcM 2 .
Ha J(JIHHHOM nJIe'le pbl'lara HMelOTCH J(Ba OTB pCTHH: KpaHHee
AJIH nOABeWHBaHHH ypaBHoBewHBalOLUero rpY3a 10, cpe,D.Hee - ,D.JIH
npYH<HHHOrO J(HHaMoMeTpa. fpys H J(HHaMoMeTp YJ(epH<HBaIOT pbl'lar
MeH<J(Y ynopaMH 7. MCTepTaH KpowKa pesHHbI cJ(YBaeTcH CH<aTblM
B0311.YXOM, nO,D.aBaeMblM no,D. ,D.aBJIeHHeM 1 aTM, no B03,D.yxonpoBo-
!ty 1. '
nOCJ1e 200 060pOTOB J(HCKa B3BeWHBalOT 05pa3Ubl H) 3HaH HX
nJIOTHOCTb H Ha'laJIbHblH Bec ,D.O HcnblTaHHH onpe,D.emliOT nOTeplO
06'beMa V (CM 3 ). Pa60Ta TpeHHH onpH HCTHpaHHH (K8T'Il) paBHa
2nn (Plr + P24 + P 3 r)
A = rJ(e , - pacCToHHHe OT TO'lKH nO,D.Beca
3,67.10 10 ' ,
rpY3a PI (B ec) (CM. n03. 10
Ha pHC. 94); a - paccToHHHe
OT TO'lKH 3aKpenJIeHHH ,D.HHa-
MOMeTpa 12 J(O OCH 16 (B
CM); P 2 -Cpe,D.Hee nOKa3aHHe
J(HHaMoMeTpa 3a nepHO,D. HC-
nblTaHHH (B ec);. n - 'IHCJlO
060pOTOB J(HCKa 3a BpeMH HC-
'DblTaHHH; P 3 - «nOCTOHHHaH
MaWHHbI» (B ec), HJlH pa3-
HOCTb Beca :nJle'l pbltJara, on-
peJ(eJ1HeMaH BO BpeMH J(BHme-
H6e3 npHH<HMHOrO rpysa 9 B
/ 2
& t- c-
r=l.f.tf
PHC. 95. r8pHpOBK8 M8WHHbI MI1.2:
'/ - BeCbI )l.JIII YPUROBeWRBaHRII pasROCTR Be.
ca nne'l pbl'lara B TO'lKe nO.D.Beca rpY3a; 2-
pbI'Iar; 3 - )l.HCK NaWRRbI MH.2
HHH J(HCKa MaWHHbI Oe3 06pa3UOB
TO'lKe nOJ(BeCa rpY3a 10 (pHC. 94).
CxeMa onpe,D.eJ1eHHH «nOCTOHHHOH MaWHHbI» P 3
WHHbl) H306pameHa Ha pHC. 95.
Pe3YJlbTaT HcnblTaHHH
V C.Al 3
a=-
A KIm. It
(TapHpOBKa Ma-
(70)
M3 J(aHHblX HCnblTaHHH MOH<eT 6b1Tb TaKme onpeJ(eJ1eH K03«P4m.
UHeHT TpeHHH pe3HHbI no MOHOKOPYHJ(Y:
p.=...!:- ( Pt +P3+ P2 ) . (71)
6,8N r
f 29. HcnblTaHRH Ha H3HOCOCTOAKOCTb pe3HH npH Ka'leHHR
Ha MaWHHax, pa60TalOLUHx B peH<HMe Ka'leHHH, npouecc HCTH-
paHHH npepblBHcTblH, TaK KaK KaTHLUHHcH OTHOCHTeJ1bHO a6pa3HBa
KOJlbueBOH 6pa3eu .KoHTaKTHpyeT C HHM nonepeMeHHo pa3J1HtJHblMH
Y'lacTKaMH.
McnblTaHHe Ha HCTHpaHHe MOH<eT cOnpOBOH<J(aTbcH 3aMa3b1BaHH.
eM a6paSHBHOH nOBepXHOCTH pe3HHOH. n03TOMY HCTHpaHHe UeJ1eco.
130
oopa3HO npOBOJ(HTb no 06HOBJlSle fOH nOBepXHOCTH a6pa3HBa npH YC-
,\/IOBHH, no 06pa3eu HenpepblBHO nonaJ(aeT Ha HOBblH, ew.e He HC-
nOJlb30BaHHblH Y'IaCTOK a6pa3HBa. '
, B peH<HMe Ka'leHHSI no 06HOBJ1S1eMOH nOBepXHOCTH HCTHpaJOTCSI
06pa3U bl Ha MaWHHax MMM-3 H MHP-l. CxeMa MaWHHbI MHP-l
J(aHa Ha pHC. 96.
McnblTaHHe Ha MaWHHax MMM-3 H MMp.l cTaHJ(apTH30BaHo no
rOCT 12251-66.
06p a3e u 3 npeJ(cTaBJISleT C060H KOJ1bUO HapYH<HblM -J(HaMeTpoM
50 MM, BHYTpeHHHM J(HaMeTpoM IO'MM H TOJ1IUHHOH IOzO.2 MM. ECJ1H
HcnblTblBaJOT pe3HHbI H3 rOTOBblX H3J(eJ1HH, HX HaKJ1eHBaJOT Ha KOJlb-
ueBbIe (nOJ(WJ11UpOBaHHble nYTeM Ka'leHHSI no a6pa3HBY) 06pa3Ubl
B BHJ(e n0J10COK TOJ1W.HHOH 2z0,3 MM, npH'IeM KOHUbl nOJlOCOK J(oJ1m-
HbI H1\feTb «KOCOH CTblK».
06pa3eu 'YKpenJiSleTCSI npH nOMOw.H BTYJ1KH Ha wnUHJ(eJ1e KapeT-
KH 2, Bpaw.aJOw.eMcSI OT 3J1eKTpoJ(BHraTeJISI 32 tJepe3 KJlHHOpeMeH-
HyJO nepeJ(atJY 31, TpexcTyneHtJaTblH WKHB 30 H HanpaBJISlJOw.UH
WJlHueBOH BaJlHK 8. CTaHJ(apTH30BaHbI CKOpOCTH Bpaw.eHHSI 06pa3ua
OT 300 J(O 400 06/MUH. 06pa3eu HarpY>KaeTCSI pbltJa*HblM CHJlOHa-
rpYH<aTeJ1eM 4, nepeMew.eHHeM no ero J1HHeHKe rpY3a 5. npHH<HMHOe
YCHJlHe MO>KeT MeHSlTbCSI OT 0,1 J(O 5 K2C H OTctJHTblBaTbCSI no, COOT-
BeTcTBYJOW.HM WKaJlaM CHJ10HarpYH<aTeJ1S1. .
nOJ( J(eAcTBHeM CHJlbI TpeHHSI BMeCTe C 06pa3uoM Bpaw.aeTCSI 6a-
pa6aH J, Ha KOTOpOM no CnHpaJ1H (HaBHToH «BCTblK» no tJaCOBOH
CTpeJIKe cneBa HanpaBo) KpenHTcSI a6pa3HBHaSl J1eHTa 3.4 WHpHHOH
.100 MM H J(J1HHOH 3800 MM C KOHuaMH, 3aKpenJ1eHHblMH npymHHHbI-
MH 3aTBopaMH 33. B KatJeCTBe a6pa3HBHoro MaTepHaJia npHMeHSleTcSI
WJlH«poBaJ1bHaSl wKypKa MOHOKOPYHJ( (no fOCT 344-57).
Bpaw.eHHe 6apa6aHa 3aTopMamHBaeTcSI TOPM030M'CH.'10H3Me-
pHTeJleM, npeJ(cTaBJ1S1JOw.HM C060H MaSlTHHK 37 co CMeHHblM rpy,
30M 19 H WKaJlOH 26, no KOTOpOH OTctJHTblBaJOT 3HatJeHHSI TOpM03HO-
ro YCHJlHSI Ha 6apa6aHe. TopMoH<eHHe ocyw.ecTBJlSleTcSI TOpM03HbIM
WKHBOM 11, tJepe3 KOTOpblH nepeKHHYTa KOH<aHaSl J1eHTa 12. OJ(HH
KOHeu J1eHTbI tJepe3 TpOC 20 H 6J10K 17 KpenHTcSI Ha J(HCKe 16. .Llpy-
rOH KOHeu 3aKpenJleH TpOCOM 18, orH6aJOw.HM J(HCK 29 H HaMOTaH-
HblM Ha HaTSlH<HOM 6apa6aHe 35. BJ10K-r0J10BKa 36 BblnOJ1HeHa KaK
OJ(HO ueJloe C J(HCKaMH 16 H 29 H MaSlTHHKOM 37. JIeHTa 12 HaTSlrH-
BaeTCSI npH nOBopoTe PYKOSlTKH 27, npH 3TOM MaSlTHHK OTKJ10HSleTCSI,
Bbl3b1BaSl J(BHH<eHHe BeJ(yw.eH CTpeJiKH 25 WKaJ1b1 26 nOJ( J(eucTBHeM
rpY3HKa 23, HaXOJ(Slw.erocSI Ha YKpenJleHHoii B 6J10Ke 2J HHTH, nepe-
KHHYTOH tJepe3 6J10K 38, CHJ(SlW.HH Ha OCH CTp KH 25. BeJ(yw.aSl
cTpeJJKa J(BHmeTCSI npH nOBopoTax MaSlTHHKa, a BeJ(OMasr- «PHKCH-
pyeT TOpM03Hoe YCHJ1He nOCJIe naJ(eHHSI MaSlTHHKa.
MOH<HO peaJ1H30BaTb npOCKaJlb3bIBaHHSI OT I J(O 100%.
.LlJ1S1 onpeJ(eJleHHSI cTeneHeH npOCKaJ1b3b1BaHHSI MemJ(y 06pa3uoM
H 6apa6aHoM npH TopMomeHHH CJ1YH<aT CtJeT'IHK 060pOTOB 14, «PHK-
CHPYJOW.t+A: tJHCJlO 060pOTOB 6apa6aHa, H 3J1eKTpOTaxoMeTp. MHJ1J1H'
131
BaTrMerp 24, IionYQalOlI1HA CHman C TaxoMeTpa 13, coe,l{HHeHHoro
C 6apa6aHoM qepes wecrepHH 9 H 10, npKaabIB8er 100 AeJIeHHWno
WKaJIe (MaKcHMYM) npH spaLUeHHH 6apa6aHa 6es TOpM01KeHHB. npH
TOpMOJKeHHH 6apa6aHa nOKasaHHB MHJ1J1HBaTTMeTpa COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO YMeHbwalOTcB. Pa3HocTb nOKasaHHH MHJIJIHBa'M'Merpa npH TOp-
MO>KeHHH H npH OTCYTCTBHH TOPMO-' '
)KeBHB cOOTBerCTByer npOl.(eHry .
npOCKaJ1b3b1BaIfHB.
no 06HOBJ1BeMOH nOBepXHOCTH
a6pasHBa 06paseu .!1BH>KerCB 3a
cqer nepeMeLUeHHB KapeTKH 2 npH 26
BpaLUe!fHH X0.!10BOrO BHHTa 7. Ha
l.f
l2
PHC. 96. Cxe..a ..aWHHY MI1P.1 Mil Ou.eHKH H3HOCOCToltKOCTJI pe3HH:
1_ 6apa6aR; 2 - 1t8peTKa; 3 - 06P8seQ; 4 - CHJloR8rpyataTe.ll"; S - rpys; 6-
RarpeBBTenb 06pasQa; 7 _ XOAOBOII BRRT; 8 - WJlHQeBOIi 8811; 9, 10 - mecrepHR;
J 1 _ TOPIIOSROA mKHB; '12 - TOpll03H811 lIeRTa; 13 - TaXONeTp; 14 - C'IeT'
'IRK; IS _ DpoBO;J.a: 15 - DOIIY.I&RCKR; 17, 21. 28, 38 - 6nOKH: J8, 20 - 111001>1:
19 _ rpys lIallTRRKa: 22 - KOI!R'IecKHe meCTepRD; 23 - rpYSHK CTPe.IIKR ./&HR8'
NONe11la; 24 _ MR.IIJlHBOJI"TMeTP; 2S - CTPenlta ARRaNO'feTPa: 26 - WK8118; 27 - PYltO'
IITK8; 29-ARCK: 3O--TpexcTyneR'IaTI>I. mKHB; 31-IUIRHopeNeRRali .nepe.a8'la: 32-
s.nenpoNorop; 33 - nPY)IQUIRl>le saTBOpW: 34 - a6pasRaR811 .IIeRTa; 85 - R8TllatROJl
6apa6aB: 36 - 6J10K'I'OIIOBlta; 3T - NallTRRIt
npH60pe MO>KHO Sa.!1arb nBTb CKopOCTeH nepeMeLUeHHB KapeTKH: 0;
2,5; 5; 7,5; 10 06/MUH, ycraHaBJIHBaB B cooTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.He nOJ1O>Ke-
HHH PYKOHTKY Kop06KH 'lJepe.!1 aQ .
06paseu H 6apa6aH TepMocTaTHpYIOTCH paS.!1eJ1bHO H HeSaBHCH-
MO. TeMneparypa perYJ1HpyeTcH aBToMaTHqeCKH.
no rOCT 12251-66 .!1HaMerp 6apa6aHa 1 .!10JIJKeH 6bITb 200+
+ 5 MM H .!1JIHHa He MeHee 50 MM, a TeMneparypa Ba nOBepxHoCTH
6apa6aHa OT 40 .110 1300 C C TOqHOCTbJO
C.
Bo BpeMB HCnblTaHHH 06pa3eu .!10J1JKeH paBHoMepHo T8JIbKBpO-
132
' m ';"':':
,
..aqa cyxoro TaJIbKa (0,02-0:04 2 H8 100 06opOTOB 06-
\ , , '7
DeqHBaeTCR '-r,neUHaJIbH,
M YCTpoAcTBOM, COCTOBIltHM H3
, "':yx pe3HHOBbiX KOJIeu H Kop06KH C T8JIbKOM. Pe3HHoBYlO XPOWKY OT
, paeMoro 06pasua Y.l1aJ1RIOT C nOBepxHOCTH a6pasHBa, HanpH-
Kep, ueHTp06eJKHblM 8eHTHJuiTOpOM, qepes OTcacblBalOw.ylO Tpy6xy.
MCTHpalOmaB cnoc06HOCTb WKYPXH npoBepBeTcR no 9TaJIOHHblM
pUHHaM. WKypKy saMeHBIOT npH na.l1eHHH HCTHpaeMOCTH 60J1ee qey
Ha 20%. 3TH pe3YJ1bTaTbi nOJ1YllaIOTCB B pemHMe 3allaHHblX CHJIbi
TpeHHB (F=3::t:O,25 K2C) H OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO IipOCKaJ1b3b1BaHHB d
(d=12+I,O%). ' .
KpOMe 9Toro DemHMa, H3 npH60pe MomHO peaJIH30BaTb pemHM6I:
Sa.l18HHblX npH>KHMHOro YCHJ1HB N H OTHOCHTeJIbHOro npOCK3J1b3b1Ba-
,HHB d H Sa.l18HHblX F H N.
3aAaHHbI
napaMeTpbl pe>KHM8 MO>KHO n0.l16HpaTb BO BpeMB CTa-
6HJlHS8UHH WKYPKH HJIH npHTHpKH 06p33UOB. npHTHpKa .I1JIHTCB .IlO
TeX nap. nOKa C 06p3sua He Y.IlaJIHTCSI nOBepXHOCTHaB nJ1eJiKa.
npHTepTbiA 06paseu B3BeWHBalOT .110 HaqaJla HcnblTaHHB C TOq-
, iOCTbro .l{0 0,001 e H nOCJIe HCnblTaHHR, .IlJIBlUerOCSI He MeHee 3 MUH,
npH ycnOBHH, liTO nOTepH MaCCbI pe3HHbI .IlOJ1H<Ha COCT3BnHTb He Me-
Hee 0,02 e,
nJIOTHOCTb pe3HHbI onpeJ(eJJHlO1 no fOCT 267-60. HCTHpae-
- MOCTb a, cM a lK8T' II, BbllIHoCJlHIOT no €popMYJIe
4 V 8,67. ]()5(ml-m
)
«=--
.4 - p.1tD(no-n.) Ft
r.ae l1 V - nOTepH 06'beMa peSHHbI, CM; A - pa60Ta TpeHHH,
KeT. tt; m.. m2 - MaCCbI 06pasua .IlO H nOCJIe HCTHpaHHH e; p-
DJlOTHOCTb, elcM 3 ; D - .IlHaMeTp 6apa6aHa, M; no, nl - CKOpOCTb
BpaIlteRHR 6apa6aHll, 06/MUH, B OTCYTcTBHe H npH TopMQmeHHH
. (no Onpe.lleJIReTCB npH >CHHTOM co WKHB3 TOpMOSHOM peMHe); P-
CRJIe TpeHHR B Kec; t - BpeMH, MUH; 3,67. 10 5 - K09«p€pHUHeHT ne-
pecqera pa60TbI H3 ec, CM B K8T. II.
.ltonOJlHHTeJlbHble nOKa3aTeJ1H, Onpe.lleJIReMbie no fOCT
12251--66: con
OTHBJIeHHe HCTHpaHHIO
= I/a.; HHTeHCHBHOCTb HCTH-
paHHR I=.!....= ml-m2 . f.l1e t - BpeMR HCTHpaHHR; K09€p-
t q
«pHUHeHT TpeHHR ,.,.=FIN.
OKOHllaTeJlbHble pesYJIbTaTbi Onpe.lleJJHIOT, KaK Cpe.llHee apH«p Me -
THllecKoe He MeHee lIeM H3 Tpex nOKaSaTeJIeii, OTJ1HllalOmHXCH, OT
cpeJ(Hero Ha :t 10%.
KOHTPOI.awe 800pocW
I. tleM X8p8KTepH3yercR rpeRHe H 'Iro 080 BW3YB8eT H8 nOBepxHOCTH OKOJlb-
SSlWHX OTHOCHTeJJbRO APyr Apyra Ten?
2. K8KHe peJKHMW TpeHHS H H3HOC8 B8M H3BetTBW?
3. K8K UBHCHT HHTeHCHBIf()CTb MSHOC8 OT K09
H
HeRT8 TpeHHS B P83J1HQ-
.YX
MM8X? . ,
. 4. OX8p8KTepHSyATe TpeHHe K8QeHHS H rpeRHe CKOJlbJKeIIHII.
133
;t;.tJ' _ -
'.,...
5. K8KHe H3BecTHbI MeX8HH3MW H3HOC8?
6. OnHwHTe HCUblT8RHe R8 H3ROC npH CKOJlb>KeHHH no fOCr 426-66. K8KoB
peJKHM HCUWT8HHJI? K8ne DOK838TeJJH nOJlY'l8IOTCJI? _
7. ODHwHTe HcnblT8RHe Ha H3HOC npH K8'1eHHH no fOCr 12251-66. -
8. K8KHe pe>KHMY HCOblT8HHJI MorYT peaJlH30B8TbCSI U8 'M8WHH8X I1MI1.3 . H
M.11
.I? K8KHe DOJlY'I8IOTCJI nOK838TMH? .
3aKJlIOQeHHe
KaK YKa3
Ba
OCb BO BBeAeHHH, MeXaHH'IeCKHe CBoHcTBa pe3HH
onpeAeJJSlIOT He TO
bKO A
SI KOHTpO
SI Ka'leCTBa HX H3rOTOB
eHHSI, HO
H :lIpH pa3pa60TKe HOB
X peuenTYP pe3HH AIISI KOHKpeTH
X YCJIQBHH
HX 3Kcn
yaTaUHH B H3Ae
HH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Tpe60BaHHH K pe3H-
HOBO MY H3AeJlHIO, HaH60
ee BaJKH
M MOJKer OKa3aTbCSI TOT H
H HHOH
KOMn
eKC (CO'leTaHHe) MeXaHH'IeCKHX CBOKCTB. TaK, A
SI MaCCHB-
H
X H3Ae
HH; pa60TalOlL(HX npH MHorOKpaTH
]!: .n.e$opMaUHSlX, 'Ipe3-
BbI'IaHHO BaJKHO HMeTb pe3HH
C Ma
M Ten
006pa30BaHHeM (HH3KHM
BHYTpeHHHM TpeHHeM), Ten
OCTOHKHe (Ma
o CHHJKalOlL(He npOQ-
HOCTH
e CBOKCTBa npH nOB
Il1eHHH TeMnepaTYP
), XOp0Il10 con po-
THBJISlIOw.HeCfl YTOM
eHHIO (.n.
HTeJ1bHO He pa3pYIl1alOlL(HeCSI npH
AHHaMH'IeCKHX Ae$opMaUHSlX). npH 3Kcn
yaTaUHH H3.n.e
HH B HanpSl'
JKeHHOM CTaTH'IeCKOM COCTOSlHHH Ha CBeTY BaJKHO 06eCne'lHTb B
CO-
Koe COnpOTHBJIeHHe pe3HH CBeT0030HHOMY CTapeHHIO (.n.
HTe
bHoe
BpeMSI AO nOSlBJIeHHR TpelL(HH). B npOK
a.n.Kax, Haxo.n.SllL(HXCSI npH
CTaTH'IecKoM CJKaTHH, Heo6xOAHMO npHMeHSlTb pe3HH
, Y KOTOp
X
3aMeAJIeHa XHMH'IeCKaSl pe
a
caUHSI HanpSlJKeHHH H Ma
a OCTaTO'l'
HaSl .n.e$opMaUHSI CJKaTHSI. rHCTepe3HCH
e CBOHCTBa 3THX pe3HH
B AaHHOM c
Y'Iae YJKe He HMelOT nepBOCTeneHHoro 3Ha'leHHSI.
l1
SI nOAOIl1BeHH
X 06YBH
X pe3HH OCHOBH
e CBOHCTBa - XOPO-
wee conpOTHB
eHHe H3HOCY, MaJIaSl YTOM
SleMOCTb npH MHorOKpaT'
HOM H3rH6e H T. n.
nO-BH.n.HMOMY, A
SI Bcex pe3HH BaJKHO 06eCne'lHTb B
COKoe CO-
npOTHBJIeHHe
TapeHHIO (Ma
oe H3MeHeHHe HCXO.n.H
X CBOHCTB co
BpeMeHeM) .
B npHJIOJKeHHH 2 npHBe.n.eH
OCHOBH
e MeXaHH'IeCKHe CBoHcTBa
BYJIKaHH3aToB Ha OCHOBt; pa3JIH'IH
X KaY'IYKoB - HeHanOJIHeHHhlX
(He co.n.epJKalL(HX caJKY) H HanO
HeHHhlX.
BY
KaHH3aThi H3 HaTypa
bHoro KaY'IYKa (HK) xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI
TaKHMH nO
OJKHTeJIbH
MJf CBOHCTBaMH, KaK BhlCOKHe npO'lHOCTH H
YA
HHeHHSI npH pa3p
Be. B
COKaSl 3
aCTH'IHOCTb, HH3Koe Ten
006-
pa30BaHHe, XOpOIl1aSl BhlHOCJIHBOCTb. OAHaKO HX npHMeHeHHe orpa-
HH'IHBaeT cpaBHHTe
bHO HH3Koe conpOTHB
eHHe TenJIOBOMY H 030H-
HOMY CTapeHHIO.
y BY
KaHH3aTOB H3 6YTaAHeHCTHpO
bHoro KaY'IYKa npH 60JIee
HH3KHX npO'lHOCTH H 3JIaCTH'IHOCTH H :lIpH 60
ee BhlCOKOM TenJIo06-
pa30BaHHH no cpaBHeHHIO C BY
KaHH3aTaMH H3 HK
yqIl1e conpo-
THB
eHHe HCTHpaHHIO H TelIJIOBOMY <CTapeHHIO, XOTSI MaJIO yAOBJIeT-
BOpHTeJJbHhle COnpOTHBJIeHHSI pa3AHpy H 030HHOMY paCTpeCKHBaHHIO.
134
BYTHJlKaYQYK B pe3HHe J(aeT BblCOKOe COnpOTHBJleHHe CTapeHHlO,
Oc06eHHO 030HHOMY. OJ(HaKO. 06J1a,!{aeT HHSKOA 3J1aCTHQHOCTblO.
B SaBHCHMOCTH OT COtJeTaHHSI cpaKTHtJeCKH nOJlytJalOJUHXCH Mexa-
HHqeCKHX CBoAcTB pe3HHbI KJlaCCHcpHUHPYIOTCSI Ha THnbl H KJ1aCcbI.
Pa3J1HQaIOT pe3HHbI:
a) C BblCOKHM COnpOTHBJ1eHHeM 030HHOMY cTapeHHIO;
6) C MaJloA J(ecpopMaUHeA OCTaTOQHOrO cmaTHSI (He 60JIee 25%
nOCJIe 24 q, cmaTHSI npH 1000 C); CTeneHb cmaTHSI npH HcnblTaHHH
Bbl6HpaeTcSI B 3aBH.CHMOCTH OT TBep.n.ocTH no 1lI0py: 40% cmaTHSI-
npH TBepJ(ocTH 44 H HHme; 3{)% - npH TBep.n.ocTH 45-64 H T. n.;
B) C HH3KoA TeMnepaTypoA xpynKocTH (He BbIwe -400 C);
r) C XOPOWHM COnpOTHBJ1eHHeM pa3.n.HPy (He HHme 30 Kec/cM).
CYJUecTBYIOT onpeJ(eJIeHHble HOpMbI nOKa3aTeJIeA MeXaHHQeCKHX
CBoAcTB pe3HH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX Ha3HaQeHHSI. BJiaro.n.apSl KJIaC-
cH<pHKaUHH pe3HH'KOHCTPYKTOP H3J(eJlHSI Momer Bbl6paTb .n.JlSI pe3H-
HOBblX .n.eTaJleA JII060ro H3.n.eJJHH pe3HHY onpeJ(eJJeHHoro THna (Map-
KH), He saHHMaHCb CneUHaJIbHOA pa3pa60TKoA peuenrypbl He06xo
.n.HMblX pe3HH.
fipHJlO>KeRHe I
COnKT8SJleHHe nOKa3aTeJJeii nJl8CTH'IHOCTH no rOCT 415-53, )l(ecTKOCTH
H 9JlaCTH'IeCKOro BOCCT8HOBJleHHII no fOCT 10201-62, BJl3KKTH no MyRH
H 9JlaCTH'IecKoro 8OCCTaHOSJleHHJI no rOCT 10722-64 (npH 100 0 C) AJIII
pe3HHOBWX cMeceA Ha KHose CHHTeTH'IecKoro KaY'IYKa c p83JlH'IHWM cO.llep)l(aHHeM
H THnOM C&JKH
... .
0 ..
u !1 t;...
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0 I- U Uu
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u.... :E_ CCI::::" ro::iL.. (1)i:
K3H8J1bH3S1 20 0,50 600 40 1,59 12,0
40 03.5 1000 50 2,09 10,0
60 ' 0:16 2500 94,5 2,53 8,3
ra30BaJi 80 0,03 5600 156,5 4,28 7,0
ne'l,!8H 20 0,54 400 24 1,10 11,5
40 0,54 525 32.5 1,!8 9,8
33088S1 60 0,48 650 30 1,08 9,0
.80 0,43 38 1,12 8,1.
r
Jl8MnOBaSi 20 0,56 500 34,5 1,06 8,3
40 0,53 700 51,5 1,08 7,2
60 0,49 1000 59 0,90 6,6
80 0,42 1600 70 Q,75 6,4
135
i
PeSHH8 J, 18
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.. :Cot og. (J" I- (I) 1:(" 1-00 :.=.-
HnYPubByA . . 20-30 250-330 800-850 90-100 - 68-70 16-18 2,6 -72 - -
1.(I1C-l,4 N30
e-
BOByA (CK -3) 18-28 230-3OQ 750-800 70-90 - 65-67 16-18 2,6 -71 - -
l1li
..,
1:1: 1.(I1C-l,4
1:1: AHBHHH-
q,j JlOByA (CK.ll) .- 10-13 20-30 350-550 5-7 70-73 18-20 2,5 -110 -
1:1: - -
0;
10
1:1
'" 5YT8JI,HeH I
1:1: CTN-
q,j
:c pOJlbHyA
(CKMC-30 8-13 700-800 7-10 20-25 -68
. APKM) . . . 20-30 - 50-55 2,8 - -
.
5YTHJlOBYA . . . 10-15 150-200 800-900 15-20 - 15-20 15-20 3,5 -80 ...... -
: I I
I
OcHOBHwe MeXaHH'IecKHe cBolcTSa 8YJlKaHH3aTOB
fipHnO)J(eHHe 2
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. H8TYPUbHblA . . 120- 250-330 600-850 130-150 60-65 40-45 55-60 18-22 - 270-330 5,5
II' 140
tJ
LUtC-l,4 H30
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8 H08yA (CK -3) 110- 230
600--800 110-130 60-65 40-43 57-62 20-24 - 280-340 5.0
- 130 .
.., (
III UHC.l,4 J{H8HHH-
=..,
ill 101 .II08wI (CKD.) . 70-90 160-190 400-600 35-45 57-63 45-50 55-60 16-18 - 170-i90 -
..,;..,
<.III'
=;..,
0'" 6YT8J{HeHcTHpOJlb- \
=:.:
HyA (CKMC-3O
to APKM) . . . , 100- 200-250 550-650 70-SO 62-67 33-37 54-58 22-26 -
34O '7.0
:.:
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,; 6YT8.1108WA 60-70 150-250 500-650 50-60 65-70 9-11
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, .
n po8oA!JlC4Hlle npUM»Jc. 2
ij
nHTEPATYPA
KpaTKRit nOJlHTeXHHqeCKHit CJlOBapb. rOCYAapCTBeHHOe H3AaTenbCTBO TeXHH-
KO'TeoPeTHlleCKOA .llHTep8TYPY, 1956.
My pH H f. A. renJlOTeXHHllecKHe H3MepeHHJI. f0C3HeproH3A8T, 1951.
fi e p bI W K H H A. B. Kypc 4>H3HKH. CnpOCBew.eHHe:t, 1965 (Y'le6HHK AnSI
CpeAReH UlKOJlY). ,
n e p Y W K H R A. B., M H H 'I e H K 0 B E. sr., K p 8 Y K JI H C B. B., K 8 p-
D H R C K H A f. K. cl>H3HK8. Y'Ine.lU'll3. 1964 (Y'Ie6HHKH AJlJI 6-8 KJl8CCOB).
PUHOJII06RTeJlbCKHA COpaBO'lHHK (noA 06IUeH peA. .lI.. n. JIHHAe). e3HeprHJI
,
1966 (M8CCOB8JI P8AH06H6J1HOTeK8, Byn. 600), rJl. I, 2, 16. 17.
Pes R H K 0 B C K H it M. M., JI y K 0 M C K 8 II A. 11. MeX8HH'IecKHe Hcnblf'-
HHSI K8YllYKa H pe3HHY. eXHMHJI», 1964.
CCCP. fOCYA8pCTBeRHble CT8HA8pTY. PeSHH8. MeTOAY HCnYT8HHit. 11.3.ll8HHe
04»HlI.H8J1bHOe. CT8RA8pTrH3. .
T y pHil H H A. M. 3J1eKTpHlleCKHe HSMepeRHJI He3JIeKTpH'IeCKHX BeJJH'IHIf.
focsReproH3A8T, 1959.
OfJlABJlEHHE
BBeAeHRe
3
rAasa
HOHWe'nOHJlTHJI 0 MeXaHR'IecKHX caoACTBax KaY'IYKa R pesRHW 6
rAasa II. OcHOSHye caeAeHRJI 06 RcnWTaTeJJbHWX npHCSopax H MaWHHU '12
I. O6IURe Tpe60BaHRJI K MeTOAaM MexaHH'IecKHX HCOYTaRHiI R
npR60p8M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. OcHORye Y3JIY M8WHH H npH60poB ,II}lfl npoBeAeHHJI MeXaHH'Ie.
CKRX HcnwT8HHIT KaYQYKa H Pe3HHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5 3. OCSlQlle npa8Hna TeXRRKH CSe3On8cHocTH npR pa60Te Ha HCnYTa.
TeJi......x MaWKllU K npll60pax . . . . . ... 41
r AaBQ 1/1, HCIIiftU.. ..,.,.. H pUHHoawx cMeceA. . ! . 44
..
f 4. MIlo.... onpueneailSr nnacro'SJl8CTR'IeCKHX CSOACTB KayqYKoB R
H808JolX cMeceA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
f 6. MeroAW onpeAeneRHSI BynKaHH3yeMocTR peSRROBYX cMeceA . . 54
5 6. Onpe.ll¥eIIRe KJleAKOCTH . . . . ... . . . . . .:. . . . . 59
r..... IV; OapuueBHe Ae4!opMaltHOHHWX H npO'lRKTHWX caolCTB pe3HH
': ... c..-ax .
opMaItHJlX . . . . . '.' . .:. . . . . '.' . . . . 61
f 1. Jle4loPMaUHORHye cBoACTBa peaHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
, 8. 3aroTOBK8 pe3HHOBYX o6paSI10B p,nJl HcnblTaRHii . . . . . . . 66
9. MeToAbi onpe.n.eneHHJI p,ecJIopMall.ROHHblX CBoAcTB peaRH . . . 68
10. ()npeAeJleIIRe TBepAOCTH peaHHW . . . . . '.' . . . . . . 74
1 I. fipO'lHOCTHWe cBOACTBa pe3RH . . . . . . . . . . . '.' . . 79
12. MeTOAW onpeAeJleHHJI npoQHOCTRYX cBoAcTB peaRH . . . . . 83
f 13. npHRltlfnbl sKcnpecc'Ko'.lTponJl peaRHOBOro npoHSBOACTBa . . . 87
(6a V. OnpeAeJleHHe AetoPMaltHOHHWX (ynpyro-I1ICTepe3RCHwx) caolcTs
IH npH AHHaMH'IecKoM HarpYJKeHHH . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . 89
5 14. OCROBRye nORJlTJlJI 06 ynpyro.rRcTepe.1HcRWX cBoACTBax pesHR;
Kn8ccRcJlRK811.HJI MeTOAOB RX onpeAeneHHJI . . . . . . . . . 89
5 15. MeTOAY HSMepeRHJI SJlaCTH'IROCTR no OTCKOKY . . . . . . . . 96
5 16. OnpeAeJJeHHe ARHaMR'IeCKHX CBoAcTB pe3HHY npR BYR)'1KAeR-
HYX RepeaORaRCRYX KOJIe6aHRIIX . . . . . ....'.. '.' . . . 100
r A6.H VI. OnpeAeJleHHe YCTUOCTHo-npO'iHKTHWX CBOACT. pesHH npH
.......lI'IecKOM H8rpyJKeHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......J..... 103
f 17. Pe>KRMt.i HCnYTaHHA H8 AHRaMR'IeCKYIO YCTa
OCTHYIO BWROClIR-
BOCTb; 0611(ue XapaKTepHCTHKH YCT8nocTRoA BWROCJIRBOCTR , . ,103
139
18. Mero,lUi onpeAeneKHSI YCT8noCTHoA BWHOCliBBOCTH . . . . . . 107
! 19. HcouTaHHJI pe3RB Ba- conpoTHBJleHKe 06pa30BaHliIO R p8spaCTa-
BBIO TpeUUlH B YCJIOBHJlX KOHneHTpall.HH HanpJlJKeRHA .... 110
rAQSa VII. OnpeAe.IIeKHe npOIlHKTH USI'R Me-.e.y pe3RRoA H pes.BOI,
pesRRoA H "'PYI1lMR MaTep""''''R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
20. CTaTH'IecKHe MeTOAhl onpeAeJJeRRSI npoliHOCTH CBJlSH . 112
21. .l{RHaMlilleCKHe MeTOAY onpeAeJJellllSI npoliHOCTB CBRSH 114
rAaBa'VIII. HCRYTaHHe peaRH Ha CTapeHRe . . .
22. ECTeCTBeHHoe CTapeHRe pe3RH . . . . .
23. HCXYCCTBeHKoe CTapeHae pe3HB . . . .
.: .. . , .
. '.
r Aasa IX. HcnwTaHRe
HH npH nOHJlJKeHHYX TeMnepuypax
24. OnpeAeJJeHBe TeMnepaTypw XpynKOCTH pesHH . .
25. OnpeAeneHHe MOpOSOCTOilKOCTH pe3HH . . . . .
26. OnpeAeneHHe TeMnepaTYpY CTeKJIOBaHHII
r Aasa X. HCDwTaHRe pe3RD Ha RCTKpaHRe . . .
27. OCHoBHwe nOHJlTHSI 0 TpeHHH H HCTHpaHHH. Pe>KHMW HCnYT8HHII
-
28. RcnYTaHHJI ua HSHOCOCTOiiKOCTb peSHH npH CKOnb>KeHBH . . .
29. HCnYTaHBII ua H3HOCOCTOliKOCTb pe3HH npH KalleHHH . . .
3aKJIlOQeHHe . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fipHnO>KeHHe 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
fipHnO>KeHHe 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
JIHTepaTYP8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 117
117
118
121
121
. 123
. 126
128
128
129
130
134
135
. 136
. 138
AJlEKCAHllPA HJlbHHHf/HA JlJ!KOMC/(A1i
MeXaHH'IecKRe aeDWTaRHII Kay"yu H pesKRW. Ylle6. nocoCSBe .D.JJSI npo+.-
TeXH. Y"HJlHIU. M., cBYCWaR WRona», 1968.
140 c. C Hnn.
HaY'IBwA peAaKTOp A. r. 11I sapl4
PeAaKTOp 1(. H. CTpaTUAaTqsa
XYAO>KeCTBeHHYA pe.ll.8KTOp C. r. A6eAUH,
reXB. PeAaKTOp H. M. To(jOAb
sa
KOppeKTOp H. A. XAe6H.Ul«Jsa
T .09430
.0pll8T 6iJxlJt1>/...
"SA. M nnM - 276
CAaRO a Ha60p 3O/1
r. '
04be1l 8.75 De'!. .t.
TRpUt 6000
KS. 3aIC. 2.0.
53 - 80/6 OT 31/X'""61 r.
M&cKB8. KoSI. Her.tRRRU Yll., ... 29/14.
"3AaH./lIoCTllO cBwc:mali MlCDlla»
Mo<:It
Kllii THoorpa4l.. M 8 rlla8DMHrpa4lnpolia
KOIiRTeTa no DenTS npH CoaeTe MaHRCTJIOII CCCP.
XoaolClllll IMP.. 7.
nO.l&O. It OA81'1I 28IV-l-tI r.
V'!.-HSA- .t. e.32
Usa 19 IWG.