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Palabra
Fifth Edition
por Palabra
New Advanced Spanish Vocabulary
Fifth Edition
Palabra
por Palabra
New Advanced Spanish Vocabulary
Phil Turk
A HODDER
*7 EDUCATION
AN HACHETTE UK COMPANY
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following for their comments, suggestions, typescript- and
proof-reading and help in many other ways over previous editions of this book:
Virginia Vinuesa Benitez, Derek and Loli Blake and their family, Mercedes Catton,
YVonne Chadwick, the late Antonio Moreno Carrascal, Susanne Elvira, Jose-Luis
Garcia Daza, Mike Zollo; and particularly for this fifth edition Josd-Luis Garcia
Daza, who has scrutinised my Spanish lists in great detail and made many useful
suggestions; also my wife, Brenda, for her customary patience and encouragement.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been
inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary
arrangements at the first opportunity.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at
time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content
of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web
page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of
your browser.
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable
products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and
manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations
of the country of origin.
Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4SB
Telephone: (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open 9.00-5.00,
Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at
www.hoddereducation.co.uk
© Phil Turk, 1991
First published in 1991 by
Hodder Education,
An Hachette UK Company
338 Euston Road
London NW1 3BH
Second edition published 1996
Thrd edition published 2000
Fourth edition published 2006
This fifth edition first published 2010
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year	2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part
of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further
details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the
Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N
8TS.
Cover photo © Jose Fuste Raga/Corbis
Typeset in Helvetica Light by Transet Ltd, Coventry, England.
Printed in [Production to complete]
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978 1444 11001 2
Introduction
This fifth edition of Palabra por Palabra has been further revised to cover a
wide range of vocabulary relevant to the specifications of the main AS and
A2 examination boards. Some new words and phrases have been added and
some which no longer seem relevant have been discarded.
All chapters have been divided into manageable subsections, and cross-references
provided where relevant vocabulary may occur in more than one chapter.
In the topic-based chapters (3 to 22), words and phrases considered more suitable
for A2 level are printed in bold. You will notice that there are fewer of these in the
earlier chapters, which mainly cover the AS topics, and that they predominate in the
later chapters, which are aimed at A2 level and in some cases beyond.
At the end of each topic-based chapter you will also find a revised list of useful
websites, which deal with or provide links to aspects of the particular topics.
Of the other chapters, Chapter 1 provides a vocabulary framework for developing
a topic either in essay form or orally, with the more sophisticated phrases in bold.
Chapter 2 provides material for describing character and personality, which could
prove useful to a number of topics. At the end of the book, Chapter 23 deals with
words which might not mean what their immediate appearance might suggest;
Chapter 24 offers help in choosing the correct equivalent for English words with
several meanings and offers alternatives to some overused words; and Chapter
25 offers a list of useful, mainly abstract, verbs, which you could well need, but
which don’t fit easily under any topic heading.
Learning vocabulary
As an advanced language student, you will by now be aware that words
are the tools of the trade. However sound your knowledge of grammar and
facts, and however brilliant your ideas, you cannot express them without the
necessary words! And unlike when you learnt your mother tongue, unless you
are extremely lucky, you won't be surrounded by people speaking Spanish
24/7! More likely your contact will be limited to a few hours of Spanish classes
per week. Try, however, to increase your contact through websites, satellite
broadcasts, newspapers, magazines or other materials in Spanish that you can
lay your hands on. This little book provides you with a good selection of words
and phrases on most of the topics you are likely to encounter, but you should
also keep your own vocabulary notebook (paper or electronic) and record, as
far as possible under topic headings any further ones you come across.
iii
Vocabulary learning is a very personal process and each of us will discover the
method that suits us best. However, you must accept that it won’t ‘stick’ without
some positive effort on your part. The important thing is to experiment and find
the method that works best for you. And, by the way, ‘method’ is the key word:
you must be methodical!
The following hints might help:
•	Don’t try to absorb too much at once: 20 words might be sufficient,
possibly fewer.
•	You will need to check these several times, at intervals, marking the ones
you know.
•	Take a break or do something else, then check again.
•	Check them yet again before learning the next batch.
•	Work alone, checking yourself, or get a friend or family member to test you.
•	Don’t let lists of words accumulate. Better to learn little and often.
•	Use the words you have learnt in your written and spoken work: ‘use them or
lose them* applies here!
You can also expand your vocabulary by taking a word and seeing how many
related words you know: e.g. cocina-kitchen, cooking or cooker; cocer- to
cook; coccidn- (process of) cooking; cocinar- to cook; cocinero/a- cook / chef.
You can browse this section of a dictionary for further related words, or work with
a friend to see who can find the most words. You can also see how many words
you can find associated by ideas: cocina - gas - electrico - electricidad - luz -
alumbrar, etc; or by opposites: empezar - terminar, permitir- prohibir.
Websites
A useful Spanish search engine is www.terra.es, which has a number of easily
accessible links (enlaces). However, Google and Yahoo are perfectly adequate
if you type in www.google.es or www.yahoo.es.
All the main Spanish and Spanish American press publications have their own
websites, with many features relevant to the topics covered in this book. At the
time of writing all allow free downloads. The main publications are:
Newspapers
El Pais
ABC
El Mundo
La Vanguardia
www.elpais.es
www.abc.es
www.elmundo.es
www.lavanguardia.es
Regional papers in the Diario series, e.g:
Diario montan6s (Cantabria) www.eldiariomontanes.es
iv
Magazines
Cambio 16
Tiempo
iHola!
Marca
As
www.cambio16.infowww.tiempodehoy.com
www.hola.com
www.marca.com
www.as.com
You can also find a comprehensive list of publications by visiting
www.prensaescrita.com/ and adding the relevant area after the slash.
Other general websites with many useful links are the relevant Spanish
government ministries:
Ministerio de Trabajo у Asuntos Sociales Ministerio de Educacidn Ministerio de Industrie, Turismo у Comercio Ministerio de Ciencia у Tecnologla Ministerio de Defense Ministerio de Sanidad у Consume Ministerio de Medio Ambiente у Medio Rural у Marino Ministerio de Fomento	www.mtas.es www.mec.es www.mityc.es www.mcyt.es www.mde.es www.msc.es www.marm.es www.fomento.es
The country suffixes for sites in Spanish-speaking countries are:
Argentina	.ar
Bolivia	.bo
Chile	.cl
Colombia	.co
Costa Rica	.cr
Cuba	.cu
Ecuador	.ec
Guatemala	gt
M6xico	,mx
Nicaragua	.ni
Panama	.pa
Paraguay	•РУ
Peru	.pe
Republica Dominicana .do	
El Salvador	.sv
Spain	.es
Uruguay	.uy
Venezuela	.ve
For example, the Peruvian ministry of education site is: www.minedu.gob.pe.
You will find a list of possible websites for further research at the end of most of
the topic-based chapters in this book.
jQue te diviertas navegando!
v
Contents
	Introduction	iii
1	Quiero decir...	1
1.1	Preparar el terreno	1
1.2	Aportar m&s ideas	2
1.3	Obsteculos	2
1.4	Yo creo ...	3
1.5	Otros dicen ...	3
1.6	La discusidn sigue	4
1.7	Por ejemplo	5
1.8	<j,C6mo?	5
1.9	<j,Cucindo?	6
1.10	<j,Por qu6?	7
1.11	La verdad es que ...	7
1.12	A mi juicio ...	8
1.13	La validez del argumento	9
1.14	Soluciones у conclusiones	9
2	La gente: la personalidad у el caracter	11
2.1	Las cualidades positivas	11
2.2	Los rasgos negatives	12
3 La gente: la fam ilia у
las relaciones personales	14
3.1	Las relaciones en general	14
3.2	El amor	15
3.3	Vamos a casarnos	15
3.4	La familia у los ninos	16
3.5	La vidasexual	17
3.6	El divorcio	18
3.7	Lamujer	18
3.8	La tercera edad	19
vi
4	Los jdvenes	20
4.1	Los problemas de hacerse adulto	20
4.2	Las relaciones con los padres	21
4.3	El desafecto juvenil	22
4.4	La musica pop	22
4.5	La moda	23
5	La ensenanza	24
5.1	La escolaridad	24
5.2	Tus capacidades у aptitudes	25
5.3	Los problemas escolares	26
5.4	Las oportunidades	26
5.5	El personal docente	26
5.6	Los ex^menes	27
5.7	La universidad	28
6
El trabajo
29
6.1	La carrera	29
6.2	El personal	31
6.3	Las condiciones del trabajo	31
6.4	La mujer en el trabajo	32
6.5	En la oficina	33
6.6	Las relaciones laborales	34
6.7	El paro	35
7 El ocio	37
7.1	Los deportes	38
7.2	Juegos у pasatiempos de saldn	41
7.3	La comida у la bebida	41
7.4	No hacer nada	42
8	La vida urbana	44
8.1	La	administracidn у	los	habitantes	44
8.2	La	infraestructura	45
8.3	Viviren la ciudad	45
8.4	La	seguridad ciudadana	48
vii
9 La vida rural	50
9.1	Latierra	50
9.2	La agriculture	50
9.3	Vivir en el campo	53
10	Los transportes, el turismo
у las vacaciones	56
10.1	Las redes de transpose	56
10.2	El turismo у las vacaciones	60
11	Los medios	62
11.1	La televisidn	у la radio	62
11.2	Laprensa	64
11.3	Lapublicidad	65
12	La salud	66
12.1	La infraestructure sanitaria	66
12.2	Las condiciones mddicas у sus slntomas 66
12.3	El tratamiento у los remedies	68
12.4	La medicina preventive	69
12.5	El r£gimen	70
12.6	El tabaco у el alcohol	70
12.7	Ladroga	71
13	La vida cultural	73
13.1	Las artes visuales	73
13.2	El cine у el teatro	74
13.3	La literature	76
13.4	La mOsica	77
13.5	Lacrltica	78
14	El medio ambiente	80
14.1	El ecosi sterna	80
14.2	Laenergia	81
14.3	La contaminacidn	83
viii
15	La ciencia у la tecnologi'a	85
15.1	La informdtica	85
15.2	Otros chismes tecnoldgicos	88
15.3	El personal, los procesos у las sustancias	89
15.4	La exploracidn del espacio	90
16	La religion	91
16.1	Las religiones	91
16.2	Las jerarqufas religiosas	91
16.3	La doctnna religiosa	92
16.4	La pr&ctica de la religidn	92
16.5	Las creencias religiosas	93
16.6 I	La muerte	93
17	La pobreza у el tercer mundo	94
17.1	Los problemas humanos	94
17.2	Los problemas econdmicos a nivel nacional	96
17.3	Los efectos ecoldgicos	97
18	La inmigracion у el racismo	98
18.1	La inmigracidn	98
18.2	El racismo	99
19	La guerra у la paz	101
19.1	El conducto de la guerra	101
19.2	Las fuerzas armadas у el material bdlico	102
19.3	La paz	103
20	Las relaciones internacionales	104
20.1	La diplomacia	104
20.2	La Unidn Europea (UE)	104
20.3	La OTAN	106
20.4	Gibraltar	107
ix
21	La poh'tica	109
21.1	La democracia	109
21.2	La dictadura	110
21.3	La violencia polftica	111
21.4	La monarquia	113
21.5	Las autonomfas	114
22 La economi'a у los negocios	115
22.1	La economfa	115
22.2	Los negocios	117
23	Amigos algo falsos у muy falsos	118
23.1	jCuidadito!	118
23.2	jMucho cuidado!	119
24	jEscoge la palabra correcta!	121
24.1	jCuidado!	121
24.2	Sindnimos para palabras corrientes	127
	25	Algunos verbos utiles	130
X
Quiero decir...
The purpose of this section is to provide the vocabulary to enable you to state,
develop and conclude a written or spoken argument. The subsections are
arranged in an order that seems to be the most logical, but do remember that
many words and expressions could well be used in other parts of the argument,
and in other contexts.
1.1 Prepara r el terreno
primero
segundo
tercero
el tema
el problems
la crisis
la cuestion
en primer I segundo I tercer lugar
al principio
de antemano
tenemos que preguntarnos
a primera vista
a corto plazo
a largo plazo
ordenar los datos
despejar el terreno
ide que se trata?
resumir el tema / la cuestidn
afrontar el tema / la situacion
el problema que se plantea es...
es un tema que ya lleva
varies anos / meses apareciendo
en los medios
es un tema que ya me preocupa /
interesa desde hace algun tiempo
ser£ conveniente establecer los
argumentos en pro у en contra
examiner m£s minuciosamente los
argumentos
una crisis a escala mundial
una situacidn inquietante
la preocupacidn predominante
Preparing the ground
first, firstly
second, secondly
third, thirdly
subject, topic, theme
problem
crisis
question (for discussion), issue
in the first / second / third place
at first, at the beginning
beforehand
we have to ask ourselves
at first sight
in the short term
in the long term
to get the facts in order
to clear the ground
what is it about?
to summarise the issue
to face (up to) the issue / situation
the problem to be addressed /
the problem that arises is...
it’s a topic which has been in the
media for several years / months
now
it’s a topic that has been
concerning / interesting me
for some time now
it will be useful to establish the
arguments for and against
to examine the arguments in
more detail
a crisis on a world scale
a worrying situation
the main worry / concern
1.1 Preparar el terreno
1
1.2 Aportar m5s ideas	Bringing in more ideas
adem5s es mas adem5s de Io dicho asimismo en principio en esto por consiguiente 1 por consecuencia J por otra parte debido a esto de hecho dicho de otro modo dicho eso о sea... no s6lo ... sino ... сото ya se sabe es decir en este contexto por afiadidura a proposito tanto... сото... сото resultado (de) resulta que... esto explica por qu5... no me explico por qu6 ... asi asi es que por supuesto claro que (+ clause) en realidad aparte de eso se trata de	besides, moreover moreover in addition to what has been said likewise in principle at this point / stage consequently, therefore on the other hand owing / due to this in fact in other words that said, having said that or to put it another way .... or rather... not only ... but... as we already know that is to say, i.e. in this context in addition by the way both... and... as a result (of) it turns out that...»the result is that... this explains why ... 1 don’t understand why ... thus therefore of course of course... in reality, in fact apart from that it s a question of
1.3 Obst5culos	Obstacles
sin embargo desgraciadamente 1 por desgracia J no obstante a pesar de esto el tropiezo sea сото sea la situacion va empeorando teniendo en cuenta el hecho de que dado que	however unfortunately nevertheless in spite of this the stumbling block be that as it may that’s as may be the situation is getting worse bearing in mind the fact that given that
2 Quiero decir ... 1
1.4	Yo creo ...
a mi parecer
a mi modо de ver	'I
a mi me parece que ... ?
yo opino que ... J
por mi parte
desde mi punto de vista
(no) estoy de acuerdo con los que ...
estoy convencido/a de que (+ indie)
no estoy convencido/a de que
(+ subj)
esto me lleva a pensar que ...
que yo sepa
yo que tu I usted I ellos
no estoy totalmente a favor de
(+ n or inf)
no estoy ni a favor ni en contra de
(+ n or inf)
tengo que confesarme en contra
de (+ n or inf)
no es una opinion / actitud que
com parts yo
aunque quisiera pensar de otra
man era
tengo que confesarme partidario/a
del comentarista
1.5	Otros dicen ...
hay quienes dicen que ...
la gente piensa que ...
otros constatan que...
la (gran) mayoria opina que ...
segun se oye / se lee
segtin una encuesta
sondear las opiniones
la verclad lisa у Ilana es ...
cualquiera es capaz de ver que ...
desde el punto de vista ajeno
es de presumir que ... 1
segun cabe presum ir J
las cifras atestan que ...
сото ya se sabe
que se sepa
/ think...
in my opinion
I think that...
for my part
from my point of view
I am (not) in agreement with those
who...
I am persuaded / convinced that...
I am not persuaded / convinced that...
this leads me to think that...
as far as I know
if I were you / them
I’m not entirely in favour of
I’m neither for nor against
I have to admit I am against
it’s not an opinion / attitude
which I share
although I would like to think
otherwise
I have to confess to being on
the side of the commentator
Others say...
there are those who say that...
people think that...
others maintain that...
the (vast) majority think that...
according to what one hears / reads
according to a survey / opinion poll
to sound out opinions
the plain truth of the matter is ...
anyone can see that...
from other people’s point of view
presumably
the figures prove that...
as is already known
as far as is known
1.5 Otros dicen...
3
no se puede menos de pensar que ...
es una ilusidn creer que ... (+ subj)
eso seria tremendamente optimista
cualquiera que crea esto ...
1.6	La discusidn sigue
al contrario
visto asi
por un lado
por otro lado
de todos modos	1
de todas maneras / formas J
en Io que concierne 1
en cuanto a J
en lugar de eso
mientras que
no cabe duda de que ...
no se puede negar que ...
es cierto que...
el quid de la cuestidn (es que ...)
hay que tener en cuenta (que ...)
hay que subrayar la importancia
de...
se tiene que hacer hincapie en ...
me limito a sehalar
mbs vale ... que ...
vale considerar...
segun toda probabilidad
nadie ignora que...
por si acaso
no hay manera de saber si...
para coImo
у por si eso fuera poco
no hay manera de saber si...
a juzgar por...
en funcibn de...
en razdn de...
one cannot help thinking that...
we’re kidding ourselves if we
believe that...
that would be wildly optimistic
anyone who believes this ...
The discussion continues
on the contrary, on the other hand
seen like that
on the one hand
on the other hand
in any case, anyway
as for
instead of that
whereas
there is no room for doubt that...
there is no denying that...
it’s certain that...
the crux of the matter (is that...)
you have to bear in mind (that...)
you have to emphasise the
importance of ...
one has to make a special point of...,
stress...
I confine myself to pointing out
it’s better to ... than ...
it’s worth considering...
in all probability
everybody knows that.... nobody is
unaware that...
just in case
there is no way of knowing whether...
to cap it all
and as if that were not enough
there is no way of knowing whether...
to judge by..., judging by ...
in proportion to ... , according to
(in that sense)...
by reason of..., because of... ,
due to...
4 Quiero decir ... 1
1.7	Porejemplo
consideremos
pongamos por caso Io de ...
en concrete
segun el caso
para ilustrar el problema
con respecto a...
vamos a abordar otro aspecto
para considerar el asunto mas
detalladamente
vamos a profundizar
vale agregar que ...
1.8	oC6mo?
ihasta que punto?
hasta cierto punto
extremadamente
total mente
principalmente
tanto mas
de cierto modo
de cierta manera I forma
de ningun modo 1
de ninguna manera J
de un modo u otro 1
de una manera u otra J
apenas
en ninguna circunstancia
simplemente 1
sencillamente J
puramente
pr^cticamente
parcialmente
igualmente
efectivamente
parecido a... 1
similar a... J
por la mayor parte
a cambio de...
sin m£s ni m£s
se trata de saber сото ...
For example
let’s consider
let’s take for example the matter of ...
in particular
as the case may be
to illustrate the problem
with regard to...
let us tackle another aspect
in order to consider the matter in
more detail
let us think about it in greater depth
it's worth adding that...
How?
to what extent?
to a certain extent
extremely
completely, utterly
mainly, principally
all the more so
in a certain way
in no way
in one way or another
hardly
in no circumstance(s)
simply
purely, merely
practically, nearly
partially, partly
equally, to the same extent
actually, in fact
like ..., similar to ...
for the most part, mostly
in exchange for...
without further ado
it’s a question of knowing how ...
1.8 iComo?
5
1.9	^Cuando?	When?
durante estos ultimos afios / meses in the last few years / months
hace poco	a short time / while ago
anteriormente	formerly
recientemente	recently
recidn construido	recently	/	newly	built
recien nacido	recently	/	newly	born
(recidn can be used with various past participles in this sense)
en el momento que ...
en aquel mismo momento
en un momento dado
hoy (en) dfa
en la actualidad
la situacidn actual
mientras tanto
posteriormente 1
con posterioridad J
cuanto antes 1
Io mas pronto posible J
dentro de unos pocos dfas
dentro de poco
sin demora
algun dia
desde ahora
a partir de este I ese momento
a continuacidn
desde ... hasta...
nunca mas
en la Edad Media
en la epoca de la dictadura
la decada
durante los ahos noventa
al final del siglo
tardar (mucho) tiempo en (+ inf)
cada cuando
cada pocos dias
a cualquier hora
por primera I segunda / ultima vez
por enesima vez
cada vez (que ...)
at the moment when ...
at that very moment
at a given moment
nowadays
nowadays, at the present time
the present / current situation
meanwhile, in the meantime
subsequently, afterwards
as soon as possible
in a few days' time
soon, in a short time
without delay
some day
from now (on)
from this / that moment (on)
then, next, below (on page or in list)
from... until...
never again
in the Middle Ages
at the time of the dictatorship
decade
during the (19)90s
at the turn of the century
to take a (very) long time in (doing)
every so often
every few days
at any time
for the first / second / last time
for the umpteenth time
each / every time (that...), whenever
6 Quiero decir ... 1
1.10	^Porqud?
preguntarse por qud
debenamos preguntarnos si...
segun los datos
eso explica por qud ...
no me explico por qud ...
se trata de saber por qud ...
debemos tratar de descubrir
por qud ...
ipara qud?
para comprender mejor
para que comprendamos mejor
puesto que ... 1
ya que... J
por cualquier razdn
la razdn principal
la piedra clave
1.11	La verdad es que ...
Why?
to wonder why
we should ask ourselves if / whether...
according to the facts
that explains why...
I can't explain / don’t understand why ...
it’s a question of knowing why ...
we must try to find out why ...
what for?, for what purpose?
in order to understand better
in order / so that we can
understand better
since / because...
for whatever reason
the main reason
the keystone, the keynote
The truth is that...
The expressions followed by que in this section all express fact or assumed
fact, and are therefore followed by the indicative.
claro que es verdad que ...
Io cierto es que ...
no cabe duda de que ...
en efecto yo diria que ...
quiero dejar muy claro que ...
el caso es que ...
otro factor es que ...
no se puede negar que ...
queda innegable que ...
es de suponer que ...
parece ser que...
debemos tener en cuenta que ...
si nos damos cuenta de que ...
resulta que...
de ahi que...
el dilema es que ...
actualmente se calcula que ...
un 70% de los entrevistados
opina que...
hay quienes afirman que ...
ser consciente de que...
menos mal que...
of course it’s true that..
what is certain is that...
there's no doubt that...
in fact I’d say that...
I want to make it very clear that...
the fact is that...
another factor is that...
it cannot be denied that...
it remains / is undeniable that...
one presumes / supposes that...
it seems that...
we have to bear in mind that...
if we realise that...
the result is / it turns out that...
that’s the reason why ...
the dilemma is that...
at the moment it is estimated /
calculated that...
70% of those interviewed reckon
that...
there are those who maintain that...
to be conscious / aware that...
it’s a good job / thank goodness that...
1.11 La verdad es que ...
7
1.12	Amijuicio...
In my judgement ...
When the phrase makes a judgement or indicates a purpose, the verb which
follows que is in the subjunctive. Remember that the tense of the subjunctive will
depend on the rules of tense sequence, and therefore phrases containing seria,
which is conditional, would require the imperfect subjunctive. These are marked
with an asterisk (*).
a mi me parece Idgico que ...
no me sorprende que ...
todo esto justifica que ...
parece inverosimil que...
parece mentira que ...
a mi me resulta curioso que ...
m£s vale que...
a mi no me importa que ...
no es porque...
^no parece significative que ...?
esto explica que se escriba asi...
hay que asegurar que ...
es intolerable I insoportable que ...
me preocupa bastante que ...
ipor qud tenemos que soportar
que...?
seria un milagro que ...*
mi preferencia seria que ...*
^no seria mejor que ...?*
si no fuera porque ...*
es de suma importancia que ...
ipor que no exigimos todos
que...?
es de lamentar que ...
es una verguenza nacional que...
es una afrenta a la sociedad que ...
es incluso m£s sorprendente
que...
tiene que ser inconcebible que ...
Io fundamental debe ser que...
pongamos por caso que ...
it seems logical / sensible to me that...
I’m not surprised that...
all this justifies (the fact) that...
it seems unlikely that...
it seems incredible that...
I find it extraordinary that...
it’s better / best that...
it’s of no concern to me / it doesn’t
matter to me whether / that...
it's not because...
doesn’t it seem significant that...?
that explains why it should be
written like that...
one has to ensure that...
it’s intolerable that...
I’m somewhat worried that...
why should we put up with the
fact that... ?
it would be a miracle if...
my preference would be that...
wouldn’t it be better if...?
if it weren’t for the fact that...
it is of extreme importance that...
why don’t we all demand
that...?
it is to be regretted that...
it’s a national disgrace that...
it’s an affront to society that...
it’s even more astonishing that...
it has to be unthinkable that...
the main thing should be that...
let us suppose that...
8 Quiero decir ... 1
1.13	La validez del argumento The validity of the argument
razonar
el razonamiento
un caso irrebatible
un argumento de peso
este modo de enfocar la cuestidn
si aceptamos este punto de vista
el argumento no vale, porque ...
rechazar un argumento
condenar rotundamente
ver I no ver Io esencial del asunto
el argumento no esta bien fundado
no tiene pies ni cabeza
carece de sentido
carece de consistencia
el punto flaco del argumento
no tiene nada que ver con la realidad
hacer la vista gorda (a)
pongamos el argumento patas arriba
to reason
the reasoning
a watertight case
a strong / robust argument
this approach to the question
if we accept this point of view
the argument is no good, because...
to reject an argument
to condemn roundly
to see / miss the point
the argument won't hold water
it’s all at sixes and sevens
it lacks sense / meaning
it lacks consistency
the weak point of the argument
it has nothing to do with reality
to turn a blind eye (to)
let’s turn the argument on its head
1.14 Solucionesy
Solutions and conclusions
conclusiones
de acuerdo
(estar) de acuerdo con ...
a fin de cuentas
en resumen
resumir
la clave del problema tiene que ser
la solucion que se destaca
tomar medidas urgentes
vuelvo a mi primera observacion
ya hemos constatado que ...
volvamos al punto de partida
teniendo en cuenta todos los
puntos de vista
podemos deducir que...
es unaperspective...
optimista
poco optimista
(muy) pesimista
(nada) favorable
aunque con ciertas dudas / reservas
por fin
en conclusion
para concluir
agreed
(to be) in agreement with
after all, when all is said and done
to sum up (adv), in brief
to sum up
the key to the problem has to be
the solution which stands out
to take urgent measures
I return to my first statement
we have already stated that...
let us return to the starting point
bearing in mind all points of
view
we can deduce that...
the outlook is ...
optimistic / bright
not very optimistic
(very) pessimistic / gloomy
(not very) favourable
although with certain doubts /
reservations
finally, at last
in conclusion
1.14 Soluciones у conclusiones
9
para que la situacidn siga
mejorando
de modo que la situacidn
no empeore
esto nos lleva a la conclusidn
inevitable (que...)
ojal£ pudiera concluir
diciendo que...
no hay otra conclusidn que valga
so that the situation continues
to improve
so that the situation does
not deteriorate
this brings us to the inevitable
conclusion (that...)
I wish I could conclude by
saying that...
there is no other valid conclusion
See also Section 24.2 for some useful hints on how to avoid overused words!
10	Quiero decir ... 1
2
La gente: la personalidad
у el caracter
The words and phrases in this chapter do not belong to any particular
examination topic, but might be applied to any real or fictitious persons under any
topic heading. You might well find them useful in describing family members in
Chapter 3 and film, drama or literary characters associated with Chapter 13.
la cualidad
el rasgo 1
la caractenstica J
caracteristico (adj) de
tipico (de)
la virtud
la preferencia
el estado de dnimo
relacionarse con alguien
tratar con alguien
quality
feature, trait, characteristic
characteristic of
typical (of)
virtue
preference
mood, frame of mind
to relate to sb
to have dealings with sb
2.1	Las cualidades positives Positive qualities
llevarse bien con alguien
tener el don de ...
tener sentido del humor
conservar la calma
reflexionar antes de actuar
tomarse la vida tai сото viene
actuar por instinto
estar bien dotado de sentido
comun
ser abierto/a
ser alegre
ser amigable
ser atento/a
ser autosuficiente
ser bondadoso/a
ser carifioso/a
ser cauto/a
ser convencional
ser chistoso/a
to get on well with someone
to have the gift of...
to have a sense of humour
to keep calm, keep one’s cool
to think before acting
to take life as it comes
to act instinctively
to be well endowed with common
sense
to be open, of an open disposition
to be happy, jolly (i.e. visibly that sort
of person)
to be friendly
to be thoughtful, kind
to be self-sufficient
to be kind-hearted, generous
to be affectionate, loving, tender
to be cautious, wary
to be conventional
to be funny, witty
2.1 Las cualidades positivas
11
seragudo/a 1 serdiestro/a J ser exigente ser autoexigente ser extrovertido/a ser feliz la felicidad ser honrado/a la honradez ser imaginativo/a ser listo/a estar listo/a ser luchador(a) ser maduro/a la madurez ser optimista estar optimista ser perceptivo/a ser perfeccionista ser persistente ser risuefio/a ser sensible la sensibilidad ser sensato/a la sensatez ser sincero/a la sinceridad ser tolerante la tolerancia	to be skilful, clever to be demanding to expect a lot of oneself to be an extrovert to be happy (by nature) happiness to be honest honesty to be imaginative to be clever to be ready to be a fighter to be mature maturity to be an optimist (by nature) to be optimistic (about a current matter) to be perceptive to be a perfectionist to be persistent to be cheerful, of a sunny disposition to be sensitive (NOT ‘sensible’) sensitivity to be sensible good sense to be sincere sincerity to be tolerant tolerance
2.2 Los rasgos negatives	Negative features
la obsesion obsesionarse por... la fobia no poder soportar el defecto estar en un constante estado de... tener tendencia a... odiar el odio despreciar el desprecio volverse irritable sentirse algo inseguro/a ver con malos ojos no ver mas alia de las narices	obsession to be obsessed with ... phobia not to be able to stand / put up with defect to be in a constant state of... to have a tendency to... to hate hate, hatred to scorn, disdain scorn, disdain to get irritable to feel a bit insecure to take a dim view of not to see further than one’s nose
12 La gente: la personalidad у el caracter 2
tener mal genio
estar lleno/a de contradicciones
lucirse
hacer autobombo
darselas de inteligente / deportista
ser apatico/a
ser asqueroso/a
ser brusco/a
ser un canalla
ser conflictivo/a
ser camorrista 1
ser chismoso/a J
los chismes
no ser honrado/a
la falta de honradez
ser egoista
ser emotivo/a
dejarse arrastrar por las
emociones
ser encogido/a 1
ser tlmido/a л
ser vergonzoso/a J
ser envidioso/a
ser engreido/a
ser estrecho/a de miras
ser grunon / gruhona
ser imbdcil
ser indeciso/a
estar indeciso/a
ser introvertido/a
ser maldvolo/a
ser mezquino/a
ser miedoso/a
ser pesimista
estar pesimista
ser posesivo/a
ser rebelde
ser superficial
ser supersticioso
ser terco/a
ser testarudo/a
ser torpe
ser vago/a
ser vengativo/a
to be bad-tempered, of an evil
disposition
to be full of contradictions
to show off
to blow one’s own trumpet
to fancy oneself as intelligent /
a sportsperson
to be apathetic
to be revolting, disgusting
to be abrupt, sharp, rude
to be a swine, a rotter
to be argumentative, quarrelsome
to be a gossip
gossip, tittle-tattle
to be dishonest
dishonesty
to be selfish
to be emotive, emotional
to let oneself be ruled by one’s
emotions
to be timid, shy
to be envious
to be conceited
to be narrow-minded
to be grumpy (by nature)
to be an idiot
to be indecisive (by disposition)
to be undecided (at this moment)
to be an introvert
to be malicious, spiteful
to be mean, stingy
to be timid, fearful
to be a pessimist (by nature)
to be pessimistic (about a current matter)
to be possessive
to be unruly, rebellious
to be superficial
to be superstitious
to be stubborn, obstinate
to be stubborn, pig-headed
to be clumsy, awkward, dull, dim
to be slack, lazy
to be spiteful, vindictive
2.2 Los rasgos negatives
13
3
La gente: la familia у
las relaciones personales
You will know the Spanish for most of your close family members by now, but
here is a reminder that when used in the masculine plural, the word often means
'one of each sex':
los padres
los tfos
los abuelos
los familiares
los parientes
el cunado / la curiada
la nuera
el yerno
el hermanastro / la hermanastra
el padrastro
la madrastra
el primo / la prima
el sobrino / la sobrina
los sobrinos
el suegro / la suegra
el arbol genealogico
parents
uncle(s) and aunt(s)
grandparents
relatives
relatives (NOT ‘parents'!)
brother / sister-in-law
daughter-in-law
son-in-law
stepbrother / stepsister
stepfather
stepmother
cousin
nephew / niece
nephews and nieces
father / mother-in-law
family tree
3.1 Las relaciones en
general
hacerse amigo/a de alguien
la amistad
entablar amistades
el desarrollo de la personalidad
llevarse bien / mal con ...
tener una relaci6n especial con ...
confiar en los amigos
compartir / guardar un secreto
respetar los sentimientos ajenos
tolerar a los dem£s
armar un folldn
sentir alegria ante el bien ajeno
Relationships in general
to become somebody’s friend
friendship
to strike up friendships
the development of the personality
to get on well / badly with ...
to have a special relationship with ...
to confide in / trust one's friends
to share / keep a secret
to respect other people’s feelings
to tolerate others
to cause a row, to kick up a fuss
to feel joy at others’ wellbeing
14 La gente: la familia у las relaciones personales 3
3.2 El amor	Love
el novio / la novia salir con un chico / una chica el / la ligue (coll) sentirse atraido/a por... enamorarse estar enamorado/a (de) el amor a primera vista 1 el flechazo	J estar chiflado/a por alguien llevar una relacion sena desarrollar una relacidn el companero / la companera flirtear / coquetear con alguien ligar con alguien el carifio carinoso/a hacer el amor sentir celos dar calabazas a alguien la orientacidn sexual del sexo opuesto del mismo sexo una relacidn heterosexual / homosexual la homosexualidad el lesbianismo ser gay / lesbiana	boyfriend / girlfriend, bridegroom / bride to go out with / date a boy / girl boyfriend / girlfriend to feel attracted by / to... to fall in love to be in love (with) love at first sight to be crazy about sb to carry on a serious relationship to develop a relationship partner to flirt with sb to chat sb up affection affectionate to make love to feel jealous to jilt sb sexual orientation of the opposite sex of the same sex a heterosexual / homosexual relationship homosexuality lesbianism to be gay / lesbian
3.3 Vamos a casarnos	Let’s get married
el prometido / la prometida prometerse (con) estar prometido/a/os el noviazgo la pareja prometer casarse (con) la boda el casamiento	fiancd(e) to get engaged (to) to be engaged engagement couple to promise to get married (to) wedding (i.e. the ceremony) wedding / marriage (ceremony or state)
el matrimonio contraer matrimonio la dama de honor el padrino de boda el anillo el voto	marriage (the state) to enter into matrimony / marriage bridesmaid best man ring vow
3.3 Vamos a casarnos
15
estar felizmente casados
ayudarse uno a otro
el apoyo mutuo
ser / quedarse soltero/a
3.4	La familia у los nihos
los padres 1
los progenitores J
estar embarazada
quedar embarazada
parir
el parto
nacer
el / la ЬеЬё 1
el nene / la nena J
la criatura
los gemelos
tienen tres crlos
la ninera
la baja por maternidad / paternidad
el cochecito de nino
la sillita de ruedas
cambiar los pafiales a un ЬеЬё
el protector / la protectora
el / la canguro
hacer / estar de canguro
el hijo / la hija mayor
el / la menor
el benjamin
el padrino
la madrina
los padrinos
el cumpleafios
al cumplir doce anos
el santo
el bautizo
bautizar
se le puso Miguel
el nombre (de pila)
la maternidad
la paternidad
amamantar
dar el pecho
la cuna
mecer
to be happily married
to help each other
mutual support
to be / remain single
Family and children
parents
to be pregnant
to get pregnant
to give birth (to)
birth (in sense of delivery)
to be born
baby
baby, small child
twins
they’ve got three kids
childminder, nanny
maternity / paternity leave
pram
pushchair, buggy
to change a baby’s nappy
guardian
baby-sitter
to baby-sit
the elder / eldest son / daughter
the younger / youngest
the youngest son
godfather
godmother
godparents
birthday
on reaching / when s/he turned twelve
saint’s day
christening, baptism
to christen, baptise
he was named / baptised Miguel
name (first / Christian name)
maternity
parenthood, fatherhood
to suckle, breastfeed
to breastfeed
cradle
to rock
16 La gente: la familia у las relaciones personales 3
criar una fam ilia
la infancia
el jardin de infancia
la guarderia (infantil)
los recuerdos de la niftez
la cancion infantil
desde nifio/a
de nino/a
mimar a un nifio
una fam ilia unida
monopolizar el carifio de los padres
en el seno de la fam ilia
mostrar autoridad
crear lazos de afecto
evitar favoritismos
crear un estrecho vinculo
el maltrato a los nifios
3.5	La vida sexual
la planificacion familiar
la contracepcion / anticoncepcidn
la pildora anticonceptiva
los metodos anticonceptivos
el anticonceptivo
el preservative / el cond6n
el control de la natalidad
dejar embarazada a una mujer
un embarazo (no) deseado
interrumpir el embarazo
el feto
el ciclo menstrual
el aborto
abortar
fecundar
la hormona
concebir
la fecundacion in vitro
el niho probeta
la inseminacidn artificial
la mad re portadora
to bring up / raise a family
infancy
kindergarten
nursery, cr£che
childhood memories
nursery rhyme
from childhood
as a child
to spoil a child
a close family
to monopolise parents’ affection
in the bosom of / within the family
to show authority
to create bonds of affection
to avoid favouritism
to create a close bond
child abuse
Sex life
family planning
contraception
contraceptive pill
contraceptive methods,
birth-control methods
contraceptive
condom
birth control
to get a woman pregnant
a wanted (an unwanted) pregnancy
to terminate the pregnancy
foetus
menstrual cycle
abortion
to have an abortion / a miscarriage
to fertilise
hormone
to conceive
in vitro fertilisation
test-tube baby
artificial insemination
surrogate mother
3.5 La vida sexual
17
3.6	El divorcio
divorciarse
estar divorciado/a
solicitar un divorcio
la tasa de divorcio
el consejero de orientacidn
matrimonial
iniciar los procedimientos del
divorcio
el alejam iento
convivir
un proceso penoso
la ruptura matrimonial
ser incompatibles
cuando un matrimonio se deshace
la separaci6n
separarse
perjudicar gravemente
hijos, bienes у posesiones
el padre soltero
la madre soltera
la custodia de los nifios
el / la сбпуиде
tener relaciones con
la infidelidad
volver a casarse
3.7	La mujer
el feminism©
los derechos de la mujer
los malos tratos
(no) tratar a la mujer сото
objeto sexual
objeto de deseo
сото si fuera algo normal
cuidar de la casa у de la fam ilia
‘en casa у con la pata quebrada’
la publicidad machista
el papel primordial de la educacion
Divorce
to get divorced
to be divorced
to apply for a divorce
the divorce rate
marriage guidance counsellor
to initiate divorce proceedings
estrangement
to live together
a painful process
marriage break-up
to be incompatible
when a marriage breaks up
separation
to become separated
to prejudice seriously
children, property and possessions
single father / parent (male)
single mother / parent (female)
custody of the children
spouse
to have an affair with
infidelity
to remarry
Women
feminism
women's rights
ill-treatment, abuse
(not) to treat women as
sex objects
objects of desire
as if it were something normal
to look after the house and family
‘at home and with her leg broken'
(old Spanish proverb, suggesting
the woman’s place is in the home
- even if you have to break her
leg to keep her there!)
male-orientated advertising
the prime role of education
You will find vocabulary concerning women at work in Section 6 4.
18 La gente: la familia у las relaciones personales 3
3.8 La tercera edad
Senior citizens
jubilarse
estar jubilado/a
los jubilados
el / la pensionista
la persona de la tercera edad
la libreta de pension
el plan de pensiones
la vida empieza a los 60 ahos
el abono para la tercera edad
para las personas de 65 afios о mas
para los mayores de 65 afios
hacer Io que te de la gana
el asilo de ancianos
geriatrico/a
estar postrado/a en cama
la discapacidad
el cuidador / la cuidadora
el servicio de comidas a domicilio
tener que depender de otros
to retire
to be retired
retired people
pensioner
senior citizen
pension book
pension scheme
life begins at 60
pensioners’ travel pass
for people of 65 and over
to do as you please
old people’s home
geriatric
to be bedridden
disability
carer
meals on wheels
to have to depend on others
For young people's relationships with parents, see also Section 4.2.
www.enbuenasmanos.com
www.mujeractual.com/familia
www.terceraedad.org
3.8 La tercera edad
19
4
Los jovenes
la adolescencia
(el / la) adolescente
de nino/a
ir creciendo
el com portam lento
comportarse
adolescence
adolescent (n or adj)
as a child, when X was a child
to be growing up
behaviour
to behave
4.1 Los problemas de
hacerse adulto
el estado de £nimo
estar en la edad del pavo
estar en la edad de querer
independizarse
le cuesta mucho concentrarse
estar hecho/a un Ho
deprim irse
sentirse deprim ido/a
el estado de depresidn
cabrearse (co//)
amargar
amargarse
sentir amargura
sentirse amargo/a
estar harto/a (de)
hartarse (de)
el desarrollo de la personalidad
tener problemas al relacionarse
con la gente
contar mentirijillas
encontrarse mseguro/a
usar el argot callejero
hacerse el chulo
superarse a si mismo/a
sentir la necesidad de ser uno mismo
el servicio voluntario
participar en las iniciativas voluntarias
Problems of growing up
state of mind
to be at the awkward age
to be of an age to want one’s
independence
s/he finds it difficult to concentrate
to be all mixed up
to get depressed
to feel depressed
state of depression
to get mad, livid
to make bitter
to feel / become bitter
to feel bitterness
to feel bitter
to be fed up (with)
to get fed up (with), weary (of)
the development of the personality
to have problems relating to people
to tell lies, fibs
to feel insecure
to use street slang
to act big / smart
to take oneself in hand, control
oneself
to feel the need to be oneself
voluntary service
to take part in voluntary initiatives
20	Los jovenes 4
4.2 Las relaciones con
Relations with parents
los padres
la autoridad
las actitudes
cuestionar la autoridad
la autoridad paterna
rebelarse contra la autoridad
la permisividad paterna
los padres indulgentes
el castigo; castigar
las reglillas
el comportamiento antisocial
soltar palabrotas
mostrarse mal educado/a
montar / armar un folldn
renir
ponerlo todo en tela de juicio
Hegar de madrugada
querer salirse con la suya
no poder entenderse con su
padre / madre
su madre es una antigualla
su padre es un chapado a la antigua
estrecho/a de miras
mis padres insisten en que yo
(+ sub/)
fastidiar a alguien
buscar cinco pies al gato
escuchar todos los di'as el mismo
rollo
сото si fuese Io unico que
importase
no tener prejuicios
compartir ideas
no im porta quidn tiene razon
no es porque no Io intente
hacer las paces
cada cual ofrece su opinidn
ponerse de acuerdo
estar de acuerdo
authority
attitudes
to question / challenge authority
parental authority
to rebel against authority
parental permissiveness
lenient, tolerant parents
punishment; to punish
petty rules
antisocial behaviour
to swear, use bad language
to make a show of bad manners
to cause a row, kick up a fuss
to quarrel
to question everything
to come home in the small hours
to want to get one’s own way
to be unable to get on with one’s
father / mother
his / her mother is old-fashioned
his / her father is an old fuddy-duddy
narrow-minded
my parents insist that I...
to get on someone’s nerves
to make a lot of fuss over nothing,
exaggerate
to hear the same old thing day
after day
as if it were the only thing that
mattered
to be open-minded
to share ideas
it doesn’t matter who’s right
it isn’t for want of trying
to make it up
each one offers his / her opinion
to reach an agreement
to be in agreement, agree
4.2 Las relaciones con los padres
21
4.3 El desafecto juvenil	Disaffection of young people
un fendmeno creciente	a growing phenomenon
el desencanto	disenchantment, disillusion(ment)
la falta de oportunidades	lack of opportunities
las frustraciones	frustrations
sentirse perseguido/a у acosado/a	to feel persecuted and harassed
sentirse / estar marginado/a	to feel / be marginalised
la presidn del grupo paritario	peer group pressure
no integrarse en el tejido social	to remain outside the social fabric
apurar el instante	to live for the moment
vivir el presente	to live for the present
desperdiciar la juventud	to squander one’s youth
necesitar una dosis de aventura	to need a dose of adventure
romper la aplastante rutina social	to break the soul-destroying
	daily routine
4.4 La musica pop	Pop music
la canci6n	song
grabar en disco	to record
la letra	lyrics, words (of a song)
el pinchadiscos	disc-jockey, DJ
la estrella de pop	pop star
la gira por Estados Unidos	US tour
el concierto	gig, concert
el festival pop	pop festival
las listas de exitos	the charts
el disco numero uno	number one hit
el sistema de amplificacion	PA system
los amplificadores	loudspeakers, amplifiers
el teclado	keyboard
tocar la baterfa	to play the drums
los palillos	drumsticks
tocar la guitarra electrica	to play the electric guitar
el sintetizador	synthesiser
el / la solista	lead (singer / player)
doblar	to dub
las luces estroboscopicas	strobe lights
los focos	lights
los fans	fans
See also Section 13.4 for further vocabulary on music.
22 Los jovenes 4
4.5 La moda
una prenda de vestir
estrenar
la manera de vestirse
dar una buena imagen
tener un buen aspecto
expresar su personalidad en la гора
el disenador / la disenadora
el modisto / la modista
la creacion original
estar muy de moda
la ultima moda
pasar de moda
lucir un nuevo vestido
la preocupacidn por vestir bien
saber elegir Io mas elegante
saber c6mo vestir
vestirse de una manera estrafalaria
vestirse al estilo punk
lucir una cazadora de cuero
negro
los vaqueros rotos
la cafda de la chaqueta
los vuelos de la falda
Fashion
a garment, article of clothing
to wear for the first time
way of dressing
to give a good image
to look good
to express one’s personality in
one’s clothes
designer
fashion designer
original creation
to be very trendy
the latest fashion
to go out of fashion
to show off a new dress
the desire to be well-dressed
to know how to choose the smartest
(clothes, etc.)
to know how to dress, have good
dress sense
to dress outlandishly
to dress in punk style
to sport a black leather
jacket
ripped jeans
the hang of a jacket
the spread / swirl of a skirt
You will find further vocabulary concerning young people in Chapter 5.
www.injuve.mtas.es
www.cje.org
www.cruzrojajuventud.org
4.5 La moda
23
5
La ensenanza
la escuela
el colegio (el cole)
el institute
el centro
la asignatura
la vuelta al cole / colegio
el profesor / la profesora
el / la profe (coll)
el maestro / la maestra
el castigo
castigar
school (usually primary)
state primary school, or private
school for all ages up to 18
state secondary school (12-18)
centre (often used just to
denote school)
subject
back / return to school
teacher
teacher
primary teacher
punishment
to punish
5.1	La escolaridad
The school system
el centro docente
Educacidn B^sica Obligatoria
Educacion Primaria (EP)
Educaci6n Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)
el modulo
el institute
el internado
la academia
el parvulario
un traslado de colegio
el curso
pasar de curso
la escolaridad
matricularse
el rendimiento escolar
las clases particulares
los mdtodos de ensenanza
el folleto de informacidn
el temario
las materias obligatorias
las instalaciones deportivas
mandar partes a casa
el parte de clase
educational / teaching establishment
compulsory basic education
primary education
compulsory secondary education
module
state secondary school (12-18)
boarding school
‘crammer’
play school, kindergarten
a change of school
school year
to move up a year
period of schooling, school system
to sign on, to enrol (for a school)
school performance
private classes
educational / teaching methods
information booklet
syllabus
compulsory subjects
sports facilities
to send a report home
school report
24 La ensenanza 5
5.2	Tus capacidades
у aptitudes
Your abilities and aptitudes
un metodo infalible	an infallible method
el alum no talentoso / la alumna talentosa gifted pupil
estar bien motivado/a
me falta motivacion
me cuesta concentrarme
la capacidad de trabajo
tener sed de conocimientos
hacer un mayor esfuerzo
devanarse los sesos
las asignaturas que presentan
mayor dificultad
abordar primero las asignaturas
dificiles
las asignaturas que se pueden
superar con mas facilidad
tener aptitud para los idiomas
no se me dan las ciencias
ser empollon / empollona (coll)
ser curroadicto/a (co//)
(no) vale el esfuerzo
jya caigo!
jno caigo!
organizar su tiempo
obtener resultados
conocer sus deficiencias
la capacidad de retener
conocimientos
perder el h^bito del estudio
un sistema adecuado a las
capacidades у aptitudes del
alumno
desarrollar la capacidad
autocritica
to be well motivated
I lack motivation
I find it hard to concentrate
capacity for work
to have a thirst for knowledge
to make a greater effort
to rack one’s brains
the subjects which present the
greatest difficulty
to tackle the difficult subjects
first
the subjects which can be most
easily mastered
to have a flair for languages
I'm not very good at science
to be a swot
to be a workaholic
it’s (not) worth the effort
got it!
I don’t get it!
to organise one’s time
to obtain results
to know one’s weaknesses
the ability to retain knowledge
to get out of the habit of studying
a system suited to the capabilities
and aptitudes of the pupil
to develop one’s capacity for
self-appraisal
5.2 Tus capacidades у aptitudes
25
5.3	Los problemas
escolares
el fracaso escolar
fracasar
la falta de escolaridad
las expectativas de los
padres / progenitores
la sobreexigencia
flojear / ser flojo/a (en)
la escasa atencion de los padres
la dislexia
ser disl6xico/a
sufrir retraso escolar
repetir curso
faltar a clase
la masificaci6n en las aulas
los materiales trasnochados
garantizar / mejorar la calidad en
la ensehanza
5.4	Las oportunidades
la igualdad de oportunidades
ampliar la formacidn
moldear a las generaciones futures
la polltica educative del gobiemo
la natalidad de los anos noventa
el gasto estatal en educacidn
proceder de las clases sociales
mSs desfavorecidas
5.5	El personal docente
hacer oposiciones para profesor(a)
ensenar una asignatura
dar clase a los alum nos
el director / la directora
el pedagogo / la pedagoga
el catedratico / la catedratica
el agregado / la agregada
el / la PNN (penene) = profesor(a)
no numerario/a
el bedel / la bedela
el claustro
Problems at school
failure at school
to fail, to be a failure (in school)
lack of schooling
parents' expectations
over-expectation
to be weak (at)
lack of parental attention
dyslexia
to be dyslexic
to fall behind in one's schooling
to repeat a year
to skip lessons
overcrowding in the classrooms
out-of-date materials
to guarantee / improve the quality
of education
Opportunities
equality of opportunities
to broaden one’s education
to shape future generations
government education policy
the birth rate in the nineties
state expenditure on education
to come from the most
disadvantaged social classes
Teaching staff
to apply for a teaching job (by
competitive exam)
to teach a subject
to teach pupils
headteacher, principal
pedagogue, 'posh' word for teacher
head of department / faculty
assistant teacher
probationary or trainee teacher
caretaker, head porter
staff meeting
26 La ensenanza 5
las cualidades del profesor
mantener la disciplina
relacionarse con los alum nos
no tener favoritismos
ser capaz de motivar a los alum nos
esforzarse en hacer las clases mas
agradables
autoritario/a
poco exigente
relajado/a
austero/a
estricto/a
fomentar la discusidn
reciclarse
los profesores reel a man su
valoracidn en la sociedad
5.6	Los exdmenes
la evaluacidn
sacar buenas / malas notas
sacar un sobresaliente
un notable
un bien
un suficiente
un insuficiente
un muy deficiente
aprobar un examen por los pelos
suspender un examen
la recuperacidn
la chuleta (coll)
hacer tram pas
tener miedo a los examenes
salir preparado/a para poder
incorporarse al mercado de trabajo
a teacher’s attributes
to maintain discipline
to relate to one's pupils
not to have favourites
to be capable of motivating pupils
to try to make classes more
enjoyable
authoritarian
undemanding, lax
relaxed, laid back
austere
strict
to encourage discussion
to retrain
teachers demand to be
appreciated in society
Examinations
assessment (test held several times
during the school year in Spanish
schools)
to get good / bad marks
to get an ‘excellent’
a ‘very good’
a ‘good’
a ‘satisfactory’
an ‘unsatisfactory’
a ‘very poor’
to scrape through an exam
to fail an exam
retake
‘crib’
to cheat
to have examination nerves
to come out ready and able to join
the labour market
5.6 Los examenes
27
5.7	La universidad
el sistema universitario
acceder a la ensenanza
universitaria
ingresar en la universidad
la solicitud de admisidn
la selectividad
lograr titulos
el procedimiento de seleccidn
cursar estudios universitarios
la facultad universitaria
el intercam bio de conocimientos
la libre circulacion de las ideas
una experiencia enriquecedora
el enriquecimiento
el desarrollo cultural
cientifico
tecnoldgico
la convalidacion mutua de titulos
las humanidades
las ciencias
la licenciatura
ser licenciado/a en derecho
las tasas
conseguir una beca
el prestamo gubernamental
reembolsar un prdstamo
estar pelado/a (co//)
estar sin blanca
acumular deudas para el futuro
la tesis doctoral
la fuga de talentos
las manifestaciones estudiantiles
el lider estudiantil
University
the university system
to gam access to university
education
to get into university
entry application
university entrance exams
to get qualifications
selection procedure
to follow a university course
university faculty
exchange of knowledge
free circulation of ideas
an enriching experience
enrichment
cultural development
scientific development
technological development
mutually agreed validation of
qualifications (between countries)
arts, humanities
sciences
degree
to have a degree in law
tuition fees
to get a grant
government loan
to repay a loan
to be hard up
to be strapped for cash, ‘skint’
to pile up future debts
doctoral thesis
brain drain
student demonstrations
student leader
www.mec.es
www.me.gov.arwww.sep.gob.mx
28 La ensenanza 5
6
El trabajo
el comercio
el director / la directora
la ambicidn
la compania / la em presa
cobrar / ganar
la experiencia laboral
el aprendiz / la aprendiza
el aprendizaje
tomarse un afio libre
la formacion profesional
business, commerce,
business studies
director, manager
ambition
company, firm
to earn
work experience
apprentice
apprenticeship
to take a gap year / year off
vocational training
6.1	La carrera
6.1.1 Solicitar trabajo
andar en busca de empleo
solicitar un puesto de trabajo
el anuncio
leer en las ‘ofertas de trabajo’
responder a un anuncio
la agenda de colocacion
el INEM (Institute Nacional de
Empleo)
hacer oposiciones
se necesita fontanero
un trabajo muy solicitado
la hoja de solicitud
escribir una carta de solicitud
me permito dirigirme a usted
para (+ inf)
el curriculum vitae
los datos personales
los titulos acaddmicos
con licenciatura en...
la experiencia profesional
pedir informes / referencias
dar informes / referencias
Career
Applying for jobs
to be on the lookout for a job
to apply for a job
advertisement
to read in the ‘Situations Vacant’
to reply to an advert
employment agency
Ministry of Employment
(also equivalent of government
job centre)
to seek a job by public competition
(mainly in Spanish Civil Service)
vacancy for a plumber
a much sought-after job
application form
to write a letter of application
I am writing to you in order to ...
curriculum vitae, CV
personal data
academic qualifications
with a degree in ...
professional / work experience
to ask for references
to give references, act as referee
6.1 La carrera
29
en respuesta a su anuncio
publicado en...
las aficiones
tengo un ano de experiencia en ...
aunque no tengo experiencia en ...
domino perfectamente el espanol
ofrecer mis serviciosсото ...
la entrevista
entrevistar bien
ir bien vestido/a
ser apto/a para el trabajo
incorporarse al trabajo Io antes
posible
conseguir un trabajo por enchufe
estar bien enchufado/a
me ofrecieron el trabajo
me rechazaron
el rechazo
rechacd el puesto
6.1.2 Las ambiciones
ser ambicioso/a
mi unicaambicion es hacerme ...
le falta ambicion
buscarse una camera en informatica
planificar su futuro
apuntar alto
poner las miras en un puesto alto
sacar adelante la camera
aspirar a periodista
prepararse para fontanero
seguir un curso de ingenieria
hacer un aprendizaje en
Carpinteria
estudiar para abogado
sonar con hacerse estrella de cine
trabajar de camarero
hay que promocionar la imagen
el potencial adquisitivo
in reply to your advertisement
published in...
interests
I have a year's experience in ...
although I have no experience in ...
I have fluent Spanish
to offer my services as ...
interview
to interview well
to be well / smartly dressed
to be suitable for the job
to go out to work as soon as
possible
to get a job through connections,
by pulling strings
to have good connections, be
well connected
I was offered the job
they turned me down
rejection, refusal
I turned the job down
Ambitions
to be ambitious
my one ambition is to become a...
s/he has no ambition
to seek a career in information
technology
to plan one's future
to aim high
to set one’s sights on a top job
to foster / advance one’s career
to have aspirations to be a journalist
to train as a plumber
to follow a course in engineering
to do a carpentry apprenticeship
to study to become a lawyer
to dream of becoming a film star
to work as a waiter
one needs to promote one’s image
earnings potential
30 El trabajo 6
6.2	El personal
un puesto de alta direccion
el director / la directora general
el director I la directora de ventas
el director / la directora de personal
los altos cargos
la oficina central
el secretario / la secretaria de direccion
el empresario / la empresaria
el encargado / la encargada
la plantilla
la mano de obra
el empleado / la empleada de banco
el obrero / la obrera
el funcionario / la funcionaria
el empleado / la empleada
el trabajador / la trabajadora
el ребп / la peona
el peonaje
el trabajador / la trabajadora eventual
el jornalero / la jornalera
un trabajo de cuello bianco
ser trabajador(a) autonomo/a
experimentado/a
generar empleo
cambiar de empleo
la satisfaccion en el trabajo
el estatus
6.3	Las condiciones
del trabajo
el mercado de trabajo
la rentabilidad
la productividad
la competencia
la creacion de empleo
el contrato
contratar
un trabajo especializado
el sector de servicios
la banca
Staff, personnel
a senior management position
managing director
sales manager
personnel manager
top people
head office
management secretary
manager / boss
foreman/woman
staff
workforce
bank employee
worker
civil servant
employee
worker
unskilled worker
unskilled workforce, labourers
casual worker
day labourer
a white-collar job
to be self-employed
experienced
to generate employment
to change jobs
job satisfaction
status
Working conditions
the labour market
profitability
productivity
competition
creation of employment
contract
to contract, take on
a specialised job
the service sector
banking
6.3 Las condiciones del trabajo
31
la sucursal
la poblacion obrera
el trabajo a tiempo completo
el trabajo a tiempo parcial
el trabajo a destajo
el trabajo con horario flexible!
la flexibilizacidn de horarios J
el trabajo por turnos
trabajar horas extra
el pluriempleo
asalariado
el salario minimo
el sueldo
las posibilidades de ascenso
las normas de seguridad
sentirse a gusto en el trabajo
el absentismo
branch
the working population
full-time work
part-time work
contract work
flexitime
shiftwork
to work overtime
having more than one job
waged, salaried
minimum wage
pay, salary
promotion possibilities
safety regulations
to feel happy in one's work
absenteeism
6.4 La mujer en el trabajo
la incorporacidn de la mujer en el
trabajo
la discriminacidn sexual
la igualdad de oportunidad
cobrar el 30 por ciento menos
estar peor pagadas que los hombres
pocas ocupan los altos cargos
el techo de cristal
el acoso sexual
acosar
una cuestion de actitudes
la guarderfa
el horario flexible
la baja por maternidad
poder diversificar su eleccidn
profesional
tener que sacar adelante el trabajo
de fuera у dentro de la casa
la necesidad de compaginar la vida
familiar con la profesional
Women at work
the involvement / acceptance of
women at work
sex discrimination
equality of opportunity
to earn 30 per cent less
to be less well paid than men
few occupy the top jobs
the ‘glass ceiling'
sexual harassment
to harass
a question of attitudes
cr£che
flexible hours
maternity leave
to be able to vary one’s choice
of job
to have to do work outside and
inside the home
the need to reconcile family and
professional life
You will find further vocabulary on the subject of women in Section 3.7.
32 El trabajo 6
6.5 En la oficina
In the office
6.5.1 La correspondencia
Business correspondence
comercial
Note: In business correspondence, if you are writing to or on behalf of a
company use the plural; if you are writing to a particular person representing
that company, use the singular. Unless you are very well acquainted with your
addressee(s) you will normally use usted / ustedes.
Muy senor mio
Muy sefiora mia
Muy senores nuestros
Estimado Sr. Ramirez
Dear Sir (person to person)
Dear Madam (person to person)
Dear Sirs (from firm to firm)
Dear Mr Ramirez
Estimada Sra. Blas
acuso / acusamos recibo de su carta
del 12 de abril
con referencia a su pedido del
8 de mayo
en respuesta a su anuncio en
El Diario
Dear Mrs Blas
thank you for your letter of
12th April
with regard to your order of
8th May
in reply to your advertisement in
El Diario
tenemos el gusto de informarles
que...
hemos recibido una solicitud de
informacion sobre...
we have pleasure in informing you
that...
we have received a request for
information about...
Ie(s) agradeceria / agradeceriamos
nos mandara ...
I / we would be grateful if you
would send us...
tengafn) la bondad de com unicar nos
su respuesta Io antes posible
tengafn) la bondad de responder por
fax / correo electronic© / a vuelta
de correo
please reply as soon as possible
please reply by fax / email / by
return of post
de acuerdo con sus instrucciones
adjunto encontrara(n)...
le / la saluda atentamente
les saludan atentamente
in accordance with your instructions
please find enclosed...
yours faithfully (from one person)
yours faithfully (from company)
NB: If in doubt, you can just say atentamente/
remitente / rte.
im presos
certificado
confidencial
sender (on back of envelope)
printed matter
registered (mail)
confidential
6.5 En la oficina
33
6.5.2 Al teldfono
On the phone
telefonear / llamar por telefono
la Hamada telefonica
ime pone con la centralita?
ide parte de quidn?
estd(n) com unicando
ipodrla llamarme m£s tarde?
to telephone
phone call
can you put me through to the
switchboard?
who's calling?
the line is engaged
could s/he / you phone me later?
6.6	Las relaciones laborales Labour relations
el sindicato
el sindicalismo
el / la sindicalista
el enlace sindical
la solidaridad de la clase obrera
el / la representante
la tasa de inflacion
la reduccidn de la jomada de
trabajo
exigir retribuciones mejores
las vacaciones retribuidas / pagadas
el coste de la mano de obra
el derecho a la huelga
ponerse en huelga 1
ir a la huelga J
la comisidn
el convenio colectivo
la convocatoria
convocar manifestaciones
reivindicar
la reivindicacidn
la huelga salvaje
la huelga de solidaridad
imponer un periodo de
enfriamiento
las negociaciones
cuarenta horas semanales
despedir por razones disciplinarias
negociar
la subida de salario
trade union
trade unionism
trade unionist
shop steward
working-class solidarity
representative
the inflation rate
reduction in the working day
to demand better remuneration
paid holidays
labour costs
the right to strike
to go on strike
committee
collective agreement
strike call
to call demonstrations
to claim, demand
claim, demand
wildcat strike
sympathy strike
to impose a cooling-off period
negotiations
forty-hour week
to dismiss, sack on disciplinary
grounds
to negotiate
salary / wage increase
34 El trabajo 6
yo creo que hay otras formas de
protestar у conseguir Io que
se pide
la huelga es el mdtodo m£s eficaz
con el que cuenta la gente
para que la escuchen
no se consiguid nada con la huelga
I think there are other ways of
protesting and achieving one’s
demands
striking is the most effective way
to get people to listen to you
the strike achieved nothing
6.7	El paro
6.7.1 El sistema
el paro 1
el desempleo J
el paro a largo plazo
las cifras I la tasa del paro /
desempleo
los costes salariales
la prestacidn / el subsidio
la prestacidn / el subsidio de paro /
desempleo
despedir
despedir temporalmente
el despido
la compensacion por despido
la reduccidn de la plantilla
reducir la plantilla sin despedir
obligar a una persona a que se
jubile anticipadamente
6.7.2 Las consecuencias
estar parado/a, desempleado/a
bs parados / desempleados
incorporarse a las colas de los
parados
sentirse rechazado/a
sentir que uno no vale nada
los resultados psicoldgicos de
estar parado/a
ser una estadfstica
Unemployment
The system
unemployment
long-term unemployment
the unemployment figures
wage costs
benefit
dole
to sack, fire, dismiss
to lay off
redundancy
redundancy pay
reduction in staff
to reduce staff by natural wastage
to force someone into early
retirement
The consequences
to be unemployed
the unemployed
to join the dole queues
to feel rejected
to feel worthless
the psychological results of being
unemployed
to be a statistic
6.7 El paro
35
reciclar a alguien
reciclarse
el reciclaje
dimitir
jubilarse
adaptarse a los cam bios
acostumbrarse a los cambios
tecnoldgicos
to retrain sb
to retrain (i.e. to get retrained)
retraining
to resign, take voluntary redundancy
to retire
to adapt to changes
to get used to technological
changes
www.redtrabaja.es
www.mtas.es/mujer
36 El trabajo 6
7
El ocio
la actividad
el aficionado
el atletismo
el baile
bailar
el baloncesto
el boxeo
el / la cantante
la ciencia-ficcibn
el concierto
la corrida de toros
el deporte
el / la deportista
deportivo/a
la diversion
divertirse
ique te diviertas!
la entrada
el equipo
el espectaculo
el esqul
esquiar
el estadio
la funcibn
el hobby
el interbs
el jugador / la jugadora
nadar
la natacibn
participar (en)
el partido
el pasatiempo
el polideportivo
los ratos libres 1
el tiempo libre J
la sala de fiestas
la taquilla
tocar un instrument©
el videojuego
activity
fan
athletics
dance
to dance
basketball
boxing
singer
science fiction
concert
bullfight
sport
sportsman/woman
sports (adj), sporting
entertainment, amusement
to enjoy oneself
enjoy yourself, have a good time!
(entry) ticket
team
show
ski, skiing
to ski
stadium
function
hobby
interest
player
to swim
swimming
to take part (in)
game, match
hobby, pastime
sports centre
free / spare time
hall
box office
to play an instrument
videogame
7 El ocio
37
7.1 Los deportes	Sports
las actividades ludicas ser deportista las instalaciones deportivas la seleccion la plantilla la junta directiva los seleccionadores el liderazgo el entrenador / la entrenadora entrenarse el adversario / la adversaria el arbitro / la arbitra el terreno de juego el vestuario el campeonato el campeonato mondial la liga la сора el trofeo derrotar la derrota permanecer imbatido/a la competicion	recreational activities to be keen on sport sports facilities team (selection) squad management committee the selectors leadership trainer to train opponent referee, umpire the field of play changing room championship world championship league cup trophy to defeat defeat to remain unbeaten competition (contest or act of competing)
los deportes competitivos el concurso la competencia el deporte de equipo el equipo rival el vencedor / la vencedora el resultado patrocinar el patrocinador / la patrocinadora el grupo patrocinador el patrocinio tomar la miciativa jugar bien bajo presidn el esplritu de rivalidad fomentar el espiritu del equipo proveer ejercicio fisico mantenerse en forma la sensacion de bienestar quemar grasas reducir el estr6s aumentar la calidad de vida	competitive sports competition (= contest) competition (= competitiveness) team sport rival team winner result to sponsor sponsor sponsoring group sponsorship to take the initiative to play well under pressure rivalry, competitive spirit to foster team spirit to provide physical exercise to keep fit feeling of wellbeing to burn off fat to reduce stress to increase the quality of life
38 El осю 7
7.1.1 El futbol у el rugby
Football and rugby
la temporada de futbol
el abono de temporada
bs delanteros
los defensores
el ariete
el enfrentamiento
la fase final del campeonato
marcar un gol
lograr el primer gol
hacer circular el balon
chutar
la mano
ceder un penalti
la quiniela (futbolfstica)
el boleto
el ensayo
el drop
transformar
las competiciones europeas
el partido tendr£ lugar
el torneo
marcar un ensayo
ganar cinco puntos
icdmo van?
icual es el resultado?
el Real Madrid batio al Barcelona
de dos a uno
empatar con
el resultado fue empate cero a cero
7.1.2 El atletismo
el / la atleta
el corredor / la corredora
batir el record
la carrera
bs cien metros lisos
el maraton
el salto de longitud / de altura
los Juegos Olimpicos
la Olimpiada
el estadio oh'mpico
conseguir una medalla de
oro / plata / bronce
la ciudad anfitriona
las pruebas
football season
season ticket
forwards
defence
striker
encounter, confrontation
the final phase of the championship
to score a goal
to achieve the first goal
to pass the ball around
to shoot
handball (i.e. touching with hand)
to give away a penalty
football pools
pools form
try
drop goal
to convert
European competitions
the match will take place
tournament
to score a try
to win / score five points
what’s the score? (game in progress)
what’s the (final) score / result?
Real Madrid beat Barcelona 2-1
to draw with
the result / score was a nil-nil draw
Athletics
athlete
runner, competitor, athlete
to beat the record
race
the hundred metres flat
marathon
long/high jump
Olympic Games
Olympiad
Olympic stadium
to get a gold / silver / bronze medal
host city
trials
7.1 Losdeportes
39
7.1.3 Otras actividades deportivas Other sporting activities
el tenis el golpe el reves la volea el saque la pista de tenis pasarse los s^bados en el campo de golf el patinaje sobre hielo la pista de patinaje el сагпребп / la campeona internacional sobre hielo el patinaje artistico entusiasmarse por el esquf las pistas de esqui dedicarse al ciclismo la vuelta a Espana	tennis shot backhand volley service tennis court to spend one’s Saturdays on the golf course ice skating skating rink international ice champion figure skating to be mad on skiing ski slopes to do a lot of cycling cycle race around Spain, tour d'Espagne
las cameras de caballos el hipddromo apostar jugarse el dinero el juego de azar cazar ir de caza los deportes de alto riesgo bucear el buceo el buceador / la buceadora el traje isoterm ico el vuelo libre el ala (f) delta el ultraligero despegar aterrizar la pista de aterrizaje pertenecer a un club de deportes acu^ticos acceder a un cursillo de iniciacion el senderismo salir de excursion la ornitologfa ser amante del aire libre costearse el equipo los gastos de mantenimiento	horse racing racecourse to bet to gamble game of chance to hunt, shoot to go hunting / shooting high-risk sports to skin-dive skin-diving skin-diver wetsuit hang gliding hang glider microlight to take off to land runway, landing strip to belong to a water-sports club to go on a beginner’s course hiking, trekking to go on a trip ornithology, bird watching to be fond of the fresh air to afford the equipment maintenance costs
40 El ocio 7
7.2 Juegos у pasatiempos de saldn	Indoor games and pastimes
un pasatiempo terapeutico dedicarse al coleccionismo coleccionar sellos / monedas ampliar su colecci6n reunir antigOedades el afan de guardar atesorar tener valor sentimental / сото curiosidad ir haciendose con objetos tener una autentica pasi6n de coleccionista la obra de arte la tienda especializada sacar fotos / fotografias revelar un rollo de peh'cula la camara digital la tarjeta de memo ria imprimir rechazar borrar una partida de ajedrez la tabla / pieza de ajedrez dar mate (a alguien) asistir a una clase nocturna empezar con el espanol	a therapeutic pastime to go in for collecting to collect stamps / coins to expand one’s collection to collect antiques the urge to hoard things to treasure to have sentimental / curiosity value to go on acquiring things to have a real passion for collecting work of art specialist shop to take photos to develop a roll of film digital camera memory card to print to reject to erase a game of chess chess board / piece to checkmate (sb) to go to an evening class to take up Spanish
7.3 La comida у la bebida	Eating and drinking
7.3.1 Comer	Eating
la cocina espanola ser cocinero/a experto/a los comestibles saborear un plato saber a ajo picante el menu gastron6mico el menu tunstico el plato combinado ser goloso/a ser glot6n / glotona salir a un restaurante el restaurante de cinco tenedores	Spanish cooking to be an expert cook foodstuffs to savour, taste a dish to taste of garlic hot (spicy) gourmet menu cheap, set menu set main course to have a sweet tooth to be a glutton to eat out five fork' (= luxury) restaurant
7.3 La comida у la bebida
41
tomarse unos pinchos / unas tapas
ofrecer un ambiente acogedor
no es un restaurants cualquiera
se come bien ahi
la comida r^pida
la hamburguesena
7.3.2 Beber
vamos a tomar algo
el refresco
la bodega
la denominaci6n de origen
el vino corriente / el pele6n
la fiesta
el club nocturno
la juerga
emborracharse
estar borracho/a сото una cuba
ser un borracho / una borracha
cogerse una borrachera
la litrona
hacer un botelldn
ir de bares
la resaca
abstenerse
abstenerse del alcohol '
ser abstemio/a
las bebidas sin alcohol
someter a la prueba del
alcohoh'metro
7.4 No hacer nada
no hacer nada en absoluto
echarse una siestecita
no mover un dedo para ayudar en
la cocina
quedarse pegado/a al televisor
pasarse los ratos libres escuchando
CDs / su MP3
el haragan / la haragana de sofa
haraganear
sonar despierto/a
tumbarse al sol
to have some tapas
to offer a friendly atmosphere
it’s not any old restaurant
the food’s good there
fast food
burger bar
Drinking
let’s have a drink
soft drink
wine bar
mark of origin (of wine)
ordinary wine, ‘plonk’
party
nightclub
binge
to get drunk
to be as drunk as a lord
to be a drunkard
to go on a drinking binge
one-litre bottle of beer
to drink a lot of alcohol in public
places, to go binge drinking
to go on a pub-crawl
hangover
to abstain
to be teetotal
non-alcoholic drinks
to breathalyse
Doing nothing
to do nothing whatsoever
to have forty winks / a snooze
not to lift a finger to help in the
kitchen
to be glued to the television
to spend one’s free time listening
to CDs/one’s MP3
couch potato
to idle / lounge around
to daydream
to lie in the sun
You will find further leisure activities in Section 9.3.4 and Chapter 13.
42 El ocio 7
http://es.sports.yahoo.com www.marca.es www. g uiadelocio .com www.ociototal.com	©
7.4 No hacer nada
43
8
La vida urbana
la acera
las afueras
aparcar
el aparcam lento
la avenida
el barrio
la calle
cdntrico/a
el centro comercial
concurrido/a
la fabrica
el / la habitante
la zona
pavement
suburbs, outskirts
to park
car park
avenue
district, suburb
street
central
shopping centre / mall
busy (crowded)
factory
inhabitant
district, area
8.1	La administracidn у Administration and
los habitantes
inhabitants
el ciudadano / la ciudadana
el madrileho / la madrilefia
el barcelones / la barcelonesa
el sevillano / la sevillana
el ambiente
la capital administrative
la capital econ6mica
el municipio
el Ayuntamiento
el concejo
el concejal / la concejala municipal
la Diputaci6n
el presupuesto comunitario
la urbanizaci6n
la planificacion urbana
la persona que viaja diariamente al
de trabajo
viajar diariamente al trabajo
citizen, town dweller
citizen of Madrid
citizen of Barcelona
citizen of Seville
ambience, atmosphere
administrative capital
economic capital
town, municipality, town council
town hall, town council
council
town councillor
equivalent of District Council
the community budget
urban development
town planning
lugar commuter
to commute to work
44 La vida urbana 8
8.2	La infraestructura
el casco hist6rico
el barrio antiguo
el paso elevado
el paso subterraneo
la peatonalizaci6n
la zona peatonal
la autopista elevada
la autovia
la glorieta
la carretera de circunvalacion
la necesidad de m£s variantes
la calle de direccion unica
la direcci6n prohibida
la desviacion
el carril bus
el cruce de peatones
la pista / el carril para ciclistas
la remodelacion del centro
la vigilancia policial
una soluci6n al trafico de Madrid
8.3	Vivir en la ciudad
8.3.1 La vivienda
las condiciones de vida
la aglomeracidn
la ciudad dormitorio
la vecindad
los vecinos
la manzana
el inmueble de lujo
el rascacielos
el chale independiente
la agenda inmobiliaria
el piso piloto
el bloque de pisos
con cocina amueblada
el propietario / la propietaria
el inquilino / la inquilina
el domicilio
Infrastructure
historic centre
old quarter
flyover
underpass
pedestrianisation
pedestrian area
elevated motorway
dual carriageway
roundabout
ring road
the need for more bypasses
one-way street
wrong way (e.g. in one-way street)
diversion
bus lane
pedestrian crossing
cycle track / lane
redevelopment / restructuring of
city centre
police patrol
a solution for the Madrid traffic
Living in town
Housing
living conditions
conurbation
dormitory town
neighbourhood
neighbours, inhabitants
block (of buildings)
luxury property
skyscraper
detached house
estate agent's
show flat
block of flats
with a fitted kitchen
owner, proprietor
tenant
address, home
8.3 Vivir en la ciudad
45
una casa de alquiler
alquilar un piso
arrendar
deber el alquiler
la vivienda
la hipoteca
hipotecar
la vivienda unifamiliar
la casucha
la chabola
el barrio de chabolas
los sin techo
dormir a la intern perie
el barrio desfavorecido
el espacio verde
la residencia secundaria
el pollgono residencial
dar prioridad a la estetica
el solar de construccion
modern izar
reparar
derribar / derrumbar
derribarse / derrumbarse
descuidar un edificio
descuidado
en las afueras
en el casco urbano
el almac6n
la gran superficie 1
el hipermercado J
los grandes almacenes
la zona industrial
el poligono industrial
la oferta de viviendas disponibles
la escasez de viviendas
la necesidad de viviendas
el programs de vivienda
la escasez de viviendas de alquiler
a rented house
to rent a flat
to rent
to owe the rent
dwelling
mortgage
to mortgage
one-family dwelling / unit
hovel
hovel, shanty
shanty town
homeless people
to sleep rough
run-down district
green space
second home
residential development, estate
to give priority to aesthetic
considerations
building site
to modernise
to repair
to demolish, pull down
to collapse
to neglect a building
run-down
on the outskirts / in the suburbs
in the city centre
store (shop or warehouse)
hypermarket
department store(s)
industrial zone / park
industrial estate
building stock
housing shortage
housing needs
housing programme
shortage of rented property
46 La vida urbana 8
8.3.2 Las ventajas de vivir Advantages of living in a town
en la ciudad
renunciar al coche
poder ap rovechar los transportes
publicos
gastar menos dinero en los transportes
el abono
el descuento
el usuario de los autobuses
tenerlo todo al alcance
ir en bici(cleta)
ir andando a las tiendas
una buena дата de diversiones
la movida nocturna
la posibilidad de mejor
atencion medica
8.3.3 Los inconvenientes
la(s) hora(s) punta
los autobuses van hasta los topes
el caos del trafico
el atasco
atascarse
el embotellamiento
agravar el problema del trafico
el trafico es desesperante
la poluci6n / la contaminaci6n
polucionar / contaminar
el ruido infernal
el humo de los tubos de escape
emitir gases nocivos
causar problemas respiratorios
hacer estragos con la salud
el aparcamiento subterr£neo
no se puede estacionar / aparcar
estacionamiento prohibido
el / la guardia de trafico
cerrado por obras
la grua
remolcar
el серо
to give up the car
to be able to make use of public
transport
to spend less money on transport
travel card
discount
bus user
to have everything within reach
to go by bike / bicycle
to walk to the shops
a good range of entertainments
nightlife
possibility of better medical attention
Disadvantages
rush hour, peak time
the buses are packed
traffic chaos
traffic hold-up
to be held up
traffic jam, bottleneck
to worsen the traffic problem
the traffic is impossible
pollution
to pollute / contaminate
infernal noise
exhaust fumes
to emit noxious fumes
to cause respiratory problems
to wreak havoc with one’s health
underground car park
you can’t park
no parking
traffic policeman/woman, traffic
warden
closed for roadworks
crane (to tow away cars)
to tow (away)
wheelclamp
8.3 Vivir en la ciudad
47
8.4	La seguridad
ciudadana
Law and order
8.4.1 Problemas у causas
Problems and causes
la inseguridad ciudadana
el crimen (p/crlmenes)
el delito
el ladrdn / la ladrona
escalar una casa
el escalamiento
robar
el robo 1
el hurto J
el asesinato / el homicidio
asesinar
el asesino 1
el / la homicida J
la репа de muerte
el atraco
atracar
la agresividad
la pandilla (callejera)
la tribu
la guerra tribal
asumir una actitud provocativa
la crispacidn
destrozarlo todo
los enfrentamientos
el drogadicto / la drogadicta
la drogodelincuencia
(bajo) los efectos del alcohol о de la droga
entonarse
lanzar improperios
las luchas callejeras
montar bronca (co//)
no soportar el aspecto de alguien
la violencia futbohstica
una orgia de violencia
desatar la violencia
mendigar
el mendigo / la mendiga
la mendicidad
el vagabundo
elocupa
citizens' feeling of insecurity /
decline in law and order
crime (in general or particular)
crime, offence (particular)
thief, robber, burglar
to burgle / break into a house
burglary, break-in
to steal
theft
murder
to murder
murderer
death penalty
assault, mugging
to assault, mug
aggressiveness
(street) gang
tribe
tribal warfare, gang warfare
to adopt a provocative attitude
tension
to smash everything up
confrontations
drug addict
drug-addicted crime
(under) the influence of drink or drugs
to get high
to hurl abuse
street fights
to cause a riot / row / scrap
not to be able to stand someone’s
appearance
football violence
an orgy of violence
to unleash violence
to beg
beggar
begging
tramp
squatter
48 La vida urbana 8
la privaci6n urbana
los problemas de los barrios
c6ntricos
no se puede soportar este modo
de com portarse
a ml no me extrana que haya tanta
violencia
8.4.2 Remedios у sanciones
la seguridad ciudadana
mantener el orden publico
la policla
la Guardia Civil
el / la guardia
la protecci6n policial
aumentar las patrullas policiales
el coche-patrulla
estar de ronda
la policia de barrio
el castigo / castigar
la carcel / encarcelar
la multa / multar
los vigilantes
la autodefensa
la vigilancia vecinal
mejorar el alumbramiento publico
la farola
acorralar
la prohibici6n de vender alcohol
un problema con pocas vias de
solucion
urban deprivation
inner-city problems
we can’t put up with this sort of
behaviour
I’m not surprised that there’s so
much violence
Solutions and sanctions
law and order, public safety
to keep law and order
police (force)
Civil Guard, (crime) police
policeman/woman
police protection
to increase the number of
police patrols
police car
to be on the beat
neighbourhood police
punishment / to punish
prison / to imprison
fine / to fine
vigilantes
self-defence
neighbourhood watch
to improve street lighting
street light
to confine, ‘kettle’
ban on the sale of alcohol
an almost insoluble problem
You will find further vocabulary on the subject of transport in Chapter 10, and on
the environment in Chapter 14.
www.dgt.es
www.mviv.es
www.madrid.org
8.4 La seguridad ciudadana
49
9
La vida rural
9.1 La tierra	The land
el campo	the country (as opposed to town) / arable field
el campesino / la campesina el terrene tener 20 hect&reas de terrene la parcela parcelar depender de la agricultura no se puede vivir de la tierra la huerta la tinea la granja la dehesa el cortijo el minifundio el latifundio el minifundista el latifundista el minifundismo / latifundismo	peasant, countryman/woman plot to have 20 hectares of land small plot, strip of land to divide into small plots to depend on agriculture you can't live off the land market garden property, country estate farm (usually small, in northern Spain) pasture, meadow farm, estate (especially in Andalucia) smallholding, small farm large estate smallholder owner of large estate ownership corresponding to the above, often with reference to problems caused by the respective systems
el terrateniente ausente heredar una parcela la reforma agraria integrarse en una cooperative convertirse en ciudad dormitorio	absentee landlord to inherit a plot agrarian / land reform to join / form a cooperative to become a dormitory town
9.2 La agricultura	Agriculture
9.2.1 La labranza de la tierra	Working the land
el agricultor / la agricultora la zona agricola el pueblo agricola arable cultivar patatas los cultivos los productos	farmer agricultural / farming area farming village arable to grow potatoes crops produce, crops
50 La vida rural 9
el cultivo de naranjas	orange growing
el cultivador / la cultivadora de aceitunas olive grower	
el aceitunero / la aceitunera	olive picker
la recoleccidn de la aceituna	olive gathering
la cosecha	harvest, crop
la cosechadora	combine harvester
cosechar a m&quina	to harvest by machine
la mecanizacidn de la agricultura	mechanisation of agriculture
coger a mano	to pick by hand
segar	to reap
la siega	reaping
arar la tierra	to plough (up) the land
el arado	plough
el surco	furrow
germinar	to germinate
irrigar	to irrigate
regar	to water, irrigate
la acequia	irrigation channel
el desag tie	drain, outlet
bs cereales	cereals
sembrar trigo	to sow wheat
NB: Rather than use a general word for ‘field’ such as campo, Spanish often adds -al to the crop grown, hence:	
el trigo / el trigal	wheat / wheat field
el maiz / el maizal	maize / maize field
la cebada / el cebadal	barley / barley field
el arroz / el arrozal	rice / rice field, paddy field
la berza / el berzal	cabbage / cabbage field, etc.
la naranja / el naranjal Note also:	orange / orange grove
la cafiavera / el Canaveral	reed grass / reed grass bed(s) (Cabo Canaveral'^ ‘Cape Canaveral’, where the USA launches its space vessels!)
el olivo	olive tree
el olivar	olive grove
las verduras	greens, vegetables
las hortalizas	vegetables, garden produce
la necesidad de modernizar la agricultura	the need to modernise agriculture
el programa de modernizacidn	agricultural modernisation
agricola	programme
el invernadero	greenhouse
cultivar bajo plastico	to grow under plastic
crear un mar de plastico	to create a sea of plastic
el cultivo organ ico	organic farming
9.2 La agricuftura
51
favorecer abonos qufmicos /
orgdnicos
los nitratos calan la tierra
el estidrcol
la tierra baldfa
dejar en barbecho
la subvencidn agricola
la Polltica Agraria Comun (РАС)
9.2.2 La crla del ganado
у otros animates
la ganaderia 1
la industria ganadera J
el ganado
el ganadero / la ganadera
la feria de ganado
el novillo
el vaquero
el prado / la pradera
pastar las vacas
tener 50 reses
la industria lechera
el ganado lechero
ordefiar las vacas
el ordeno
el establo
el corral
el rebafio de ovejas / cabras
el pastor
la cuota para la produccidn
de la leche
los productos Idcteos
el mal / la enfermedad
de la vaca loca
la trashumancia
el prado
la crla de cerdos
los piensos
to favour chemical /
organic fertilisers
nitrates soak into the soil
manure
sterile, waste land
to leave fallow, set aside
farm subsidy
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
Rearing cattle and other
animals
stockbreeding, cattle raising,
cattle farming
stock, livestock
stockbreeder, cattle raiser
cattle fair
bullock, steer
herdsman, cowman
meadow, grazing land
to graze cows
to have 50 head of cattle
dairy farming
dairy herd
to milk cows
milking
cowshed
farmyard
flock of sheep / goats
shepherd
milk (production) quota
dairy produce
mad cow disease
transhumance (seasonal
movement of cattle to new
pastures: it still happens!)
meadow, pasture
pig breeding
fodder
52 La vkla rural 9
9.2.3 La industria vinicola
la vid
la vina / el vinedo
la cooperativa vinicola
la vendimia
la bodega
la viniculture
vinificar
la regidn vinicola
embotellar
el embotellam lento
9.3 Vivir en el campo
9.3.1 Las ventajas
respirar aire puro
disfrutar el paisaje
dejar atr£s el bullicio de la ciudad
aprovechar la paz у tranquilidad
vivir en armonia con la naturaleza
buscarse una vida tranquila
la gente tiene tiempo para hablar
despertarse con el canto de los pgjaros
encontrar la casita de sus suenos
en el campo
aislarse en Io m£s Hondo del
campo
9.3.2 Los inconvenientes
la necesidad de mejorar la red de
carreteras
se llega por una carretera estrecha
у tortuosa
lleno/a de baches
la falta de servicios
la falta de transportes publicos
la supresidn de las Ifneas de
autobus / tren
se tarda bastante en Hegar a la
ciudad
vivir en un pueblo aislado
en caso de emergencia
cortar el suministro de agua /
electricidad
The wine industry
vine
vineyard
wine cooperative
grape harvest
wine-producing establishment
wine production
to produce wine
wine-producing area
to bottle
bottling
Living in the country
Advantages
to breathe pure air
to enjoy the scenery
to leave the bustle of the city behind
to enjoy the peace and quiet
to live in harmony with nature
to seek a quiet life
people have time to talk
to wake up to bird song
to find one’s dream cottage in the
country
to cut oneself off in the depths of
the countryside
Disadvantages
the need to improve the road
network
you get to it along a narrow,
winding road
full of potholes
the lack of services
lack of public transport
closure of bus / train routes
it takes quite a long time to get
into town
to live in a remote village
in an emergency
to cut off water / electricity supplies
9.3 Vivir en el campo
53
no estds seguro/a de que tengas la
mejor atencidn mddica
los chismes del pueblo
el ‘cque diran?’
meter la nariz en las vidas ajenas
el ambiente opresivo de la vida del
pueblo
9.3.3 Los cambios demog rdf icos
el exodo rural
la emigracidn
emigrar
los trabajadores extranjeros
marcharse a America / Barcelona
la falta de trabajo у oportunidades
con la esperanza de ganar
mas fuera
cobrar mas en el extranjero
buscarse una mejora del nivel
de vida
desarraigarse
ser incapaz de adaptarse
volver al lugar de origen
diversificar
fomentar el desarrollo del turismo
incrementar la capacidad turistica
alquilar habitaciones
9.3.4 Los pasatiempos
campestres
la caza
cazar
el coto de caza
la caza de la perdiz
la caza del zorro
los perros (de caza)
cazar ciervos
el cazador / la cazadora
el cazador furtivo
el fais&n
el jabali
you’re not sure of getting the
best medical attention
village gossip
what will the neighbours say?
to poke one’s nose into other
people’s business
the oppressive atmosphere of
village life
Demographic changes
the rural exodus
emigration, migration (from place
of origin not necessarily to or
from abroad)
to emigrate
foreign workforce
to go off to America / Barcelona
lack of work and opportunities
in the hope of earning more
elsewhere
to earn more abroad
to look for an improvement in
one’s standard of living
to uproot oneself
to be unable to adapt
to return to where you came from
to diversify
to encourage the development
of tourism
to increase the tourist capacity
to let rooms
Country pursuits
hunting / shooting
to hunt / shoot (an animal)
game reserve
partridge shooting
foxhunting
hounds
to go stag hunting
huntsman/woman
poacher
pheasant
wild boar
54 La vida rural 9
la escopeta
disparar a un conejo
matar un conejo a tiros
estar en pro / a favor de la caza
los derechos de los animates
el / la activista de derechos de animates
el deporte en que se mata a un animal
estar en contra de los deportes crueles
abatir un ave
la perdigonada
despedazar la presa
hay que preguntarse si la caza es
cruel о no Io es
la matanza selective de focas
ADDA / la Asociacidn para la Defensa
de los Derechos de los Animates
la pesca
pescar
la cafia de pesca
el anzuelo
el cebo
la pesca de la trucha
pasar horas a orillas del rio
el coto de pesca
el caballo
la yegua
la caballeriza
la equitacidn
ir / montar a caballo
la romerfa
el santuario
shotgun
to shoot at a rabbit
to shoot a rabbit (dead)
to be for / in favour of hunting
animal rights
animal rights activist
blood sport
to be against cruel sports
to shoot / bring down a bird
lead shot
to tear the quarry to pieces
you have to ask yourself whether
hunting is cruel or not
seal culling
Association for the Defence of
Animal Rights
fishing, angling
to fish
fishing rod
hook
bait
trout fishing
to spend hours on the river bank
fishing reserve
horse
mare
stable, stud, horse-breeding
establishment
horse riding
to ride a horse, go horse-riding
pilgrimage, procession (usually
to a local shrine)
shrine (to a local saint or the
Virgin Mary)
www.marm.es
9.3 Vivir en el campo
55
10 Los transportes, el turismo
у las vacaciones
la carretera
el camino
la autopista
la autovia
el ferrocarril
la estacidn de ferrocarriles
la estacidn de autobuses
road
track, lane
motorway
dual carriageway
railway
railway station
bus station
10.1	Las redes de transporte Transport networks
10.1.1 Los ferrocarriles
La RENFE (Red Nacional de los
Ferrocarriles Espafioles)
FEVE (Ferrocarriles Espanoles de
Via Estrecha)
el AVE (Alta Velocidad Espanola) (/)
el tren de alta velocidad
el transporte ferroviario
la red espafiola de ferrocarriles
el ancho de via (inter)nacional
la locomotora de gran potencia
una velocidad superior a 200
kildmetros por hora
el tren de largo recorrido
el tren de cercanlas
el transporte de mercancias
modernizar el sistema
ampliar la red del Metro
construir nuevas lineas
conseguir un mayor numero de
pasajeros / de mercancias en los
trenes
tener trenes eficaces у
competitivos
atraer m£s comercio de
las carreteras
reducir las tarifas
quitar trenes
Railways
Spanish Railways
company which runs Spanish
narrow gauge lines
Spanish high-speed train
high-speed train
rail transport, transport by rail
the Spanish railway network
the (inter)national gauge
high-powered locomotive
a speed above 200km per hour
long-distance train
suburban train
freight transport
to modernise the system
to extend the Underground network
to build new lines
to attract more passengers / goods
to use the trains
to have an efficient and
competitive train service
to attract more business away from
the roads
to reduce fares
to cut train services
56 Los transportes, el turismo у las vacaciones 10
el unico medio de transporte
publico
la privatizacidn / nacionalizacidn
de los ferrocarriles
es cuestidn de rentabilidad
incrementar la inversidn
eliminar las llneas no rentables
10.1.2 Las carreteras
la linea de autobus
mejorar el servicio de autobuses
mejorar el horario
Hegar / salir a intervales regulares
los autobuses siempre van
atestados
el abono de transportes semanal /
mensual
el carril bus
el transporte pasajero rapid©
reintroducir los tranvias electricos
la calzada
el cruce peligroso
el punto negro
la velocidad excesiva
la infraestructura
la seguridad
la carretera de peaje
el desplazamiento
desplazarse
el tr^fico de largo recorrido
el vol urn en de tr&fico
planificar la red de carreteras
el programa de construccidn de
carreteras
el factor m&s important© en la
planificacidn de las carreteras
abrir un nuevo tramo
evitar dano medioambiental
cometer un atropello ecoldgico
el coste medioambiental
incrementar los impuestos sobre
la gasolina
la falta de dinero para pagar la
infraestructura
the only means of public transport
privatisation / nationalisation
of the railways
it’s a question of profitability
to increase investment
to close down unprofitable lines
Roads
bus route
to improve the bus service
to improve the timetable
to arrive / depart at regular intervals
the buses are always full
weekly / monthly travel card
bus lane
rapid passenger transport
to reintroduce electric trams
roadway
dangerous junction / crossroads
(accident) black spot
excessive speed
infrastructure
safety
toll road
movement (from one place to another)
to travel, move about
long-distance traffic
volume of traffic
to plan the road network
road-building programme
the most important factor in road
planning
to open a new section (of road)
to avoid environmental damage
to commit an ecological outrage
the environmental cost
to increase tax on petrol
the lack of money to pay for the
infrastructure
10.1 Las redes de transporte
57
10.1.3 El transporte аёгео
la Ifnea аёгеа
la linea aerea de bajo precio
el vuelo charter
el vuelo regular
el jumbo
facturar el equipaje
el Ifmite de equipaje
el control de seguridad
la seguridad aerea
el registro de equipaje
radiografiar
las horas perdidas en el aeropuerto
la necesidad / lata de las prolongadas
precauciones de seguridad
hay que tener paciencia
impacientarse
el retraso
el desfase horario
la diferencia de horario
emitir x toneladas de didxido
de carbono
estrellarse con la perdida de 300 vidas
el siniestro
la catastrofe
el fallo mecanico
desplomarse del cielo
atribuirse a un fallo humano
10.1.4 El transporte maritime
у fluvial
se tarda mas
el ferry
el muelle
la hidroala
el aerodeslizador
el petrolero
el transatidntico
el buque de carga
el buque salvavidas
los canales del interior
el Canal de la Mancha
el Golfo de Vizcaya
el (Mar) Mediterraneo
el Estrecho de Gibraltar
la travesia
Air transport
airline
low-cost / budget airline
charter flight
scheduled flight
jumbo jet
to check in
baggage allowance
security check
air safety, safety in the air
baggage search
to X-ray
hours wasted in the airport
the need for / nuisance of prolonged
safety precautions
you have to be patient
to get impatient
delay
jet lag
time difference
to emit x tons of carbon dioxide
to crash with the loss of 300 lives
disaster
catastrophe, disaster
mechanical fault
to fall out of the sky
to be attributed to human error
Sea and river transport
it takes longer
(car) ferry
quay
hydrofoil
hovercraft
oil tanker
liner
freighter
lifeboat
inland waterways
English Channel
Bay of Biscay
Mediterranean (Sea)
Strait of Gibraltar
crossing
58 Los transportes, el turismo у las vacaciones 10
marearse
naufragar
ahogarse
hundirse
el rescate maritime
el puesto de guardacostas
10.1.5 El transporte particular
el permiso de conducir
el eddigo de circulacidn
el aparcamiento para turismos
el aparcamiento subterrdneo
el parquimetro
la multa de aparcamiento
acelerar la marcha
adelantar
la velocidad maxima
p mds de 50 semaforo en rojo!
la zona de velocidad controlada
por radar
los detectores automdticos
de velocidad
ponerle una multa a alguien en el acto
las c^maras en carretera
le quitan tres puntos de tu permiso
de conducir
atropellar
tener un encontronazo
estrellarse contra
chocar de frente
patinar
el lesionado / la lesionada
tener una averia
estar averiado
hacer autostop / ir en autostop
el / la autostop ista
compartir el coche
ofrecer llevarle a alguien
prescindir del coche
dejar el coche en el garaje
un coche de alto consume de gasolina
incrementar el impuesto sobre el
combustible
el coche de gasoil
to get seasick
to be shipwrecked
to be drowned
to sink
sea rescue
coastguard station
Private transport
driving licence
Highway Code
parking for private cars
underground car park
parking meter
parking ticket/fine
to step on the accelerator,
put one’s foot down
to overtake
maximum speed
if you do more than 50kph the light
will turn red! (traffic calming device
common in Spain)
speed-trap area
speed cameras / clocks
to fine sb on the spot
speed cameras
you collect three points on your
driving licence
to knock over, run over
to have a collision
to crash into
to crash head-on
to skid
casualty
to break down
to be broken down
to hitch-hike
hitch-hiker
to ‘car-share’
to offer someone a lift
to do without the car
to leave the car in the garage
‘gas guzzler’
to increase the duty on fuel
diesel car
10.1 Las redes de transporte
59
el coche electrico / hfbndo
volver a descubrir la bicicleta
el lobby ciclista
el alquiler gratuito de bicis
electric / hybrid car
to rediscover the bicycle
the cycling lobby
free bike hire
You will find further vocabulary on town traffic in Chapter 8.
10.2	El turismo у
las vacaciones
Tourism and holidays
10.2.1 La industria turfstica
el tour operador
el paquete
el viaje con todo incluido
las zonas costeras
los excursionistas
la localizacidn geogr&fica
las playas estan a rebosar
Espafia esta a tope de turistas
las previsiones para este aho
se espera recibir a cuarenta
mi Hones de visitantes
estar a dos horas de vuelo de Londres
Hegar en el ferry desde Plymouth
Espana es un pals turisticamente
muy organizado
la relacidn precio-calidad
el turismo de masas
el turismo de calidad
el turismo alternative
desarrollar el interior
dirigirse tierra adentro
una ciudad monumental
la zona monumental
el casco antiguo
para el turista perspicaz
un centro turistico de primera categorfa
la industria hotelera
la estacionalidad
la temporada alta / baja
la infrautilizacidn de la capacidad
hotelera
no se puede encontrar ni hotel ni
apartamento
el coste del alojamiento
la doble reserva
The tourist industry
tour operator
package
package tour
the coastal areas
day-trip pers
geographical situation
the beaches are overflowing
Spain is bursting with tourists
the forecast for this year
forty million visitors are expected
to be two hours’ flight from London
to arrive on the Plymouth ferry
Spain is a well-organised tourist
destination
the price-quality ratio
mass tourism
quality tourism
alternative tourism
to develop inland areas
to head inland
a historic town
the historic area
the old part (of town)
for the discerning tourist
a first-class tourist centre
hotel industry
seasonal variation (of demand)
the high / low season
the under-use of hotel
accommodation / capacity
you can’t find a hotel or an
apartment
cost of accommodation
double booking
60 Los transportes, el turismo у las vacaciones 10
el libro de reclamaciones
formular una reclamacidn
una habitacidn con vistas al mar
la habitacidn da a un solar
el gamberrismo
las invasiones de gamberros
extranjeros
10.2.2 Las vacaciones
olvidar la rutina diaria
descansar del ajetreo cotidiano
el crucero
para todos los gustos
disfrutar de unas buenas
vacaciones
a un precio al alcance de cualquiera
costearse unas vacaciones
no supone un gran desembolso
desembolsar importantes sumas
de dinero
gastarse un dineral
tomar el sol en la playa
broncearse
estar a sus anchas
escoger un sitio marchoso
la movida nocturna
salir de marcha
ser noctambulo
pasarlo bomba (co//)
buscarse unos dias de paz у
tranquilidad
un sitio alejado del ruido de las
ciudades
nada mas relajante que...
el ecoturismo
las vacaciones de aventura
viajar con mochila
el mochilero / la mochilera
el parque tematico
complaints book
to lodge / make a complaint
a room with a sea view
the room looks on to a building site
loutishness, yobbishness
invasion of foreign yobs
Holidays
to forget the daily routine
to have a break from the daily grind
cruise
for all tastes
to enjoy a good holiday
at a reasonable price
to afford a holiday
it doesn’t involve a large outlay
to spend considerable sums of
money
to spend a small fortune
to sunbathe on the beach
to get a suntan
to be at one's ease
to choose a trendy place
the night life
to go out ‘on the tiles’
to be a night bird
to have a whale of a time
to seek a few days' peace and
quiet
a place far from the noise of the city
nothing more relaxing than ...
ecotourism
adventure holidays
to backpack
backpacker
theme park
For further possible holiday activities see Chapter 7.
www.dgt.es
www.fomento.es
www.iberia.com
www.feve.es
www.renfe.es
©
10.2 El turismo у las vacaciones
61
11
Los medios
11.1 La televisidn у la radio Television and radio
11.1.1 El sistema у los aparatos The system and equipment
la televisidn
el televisor
la tele
poner / quitar la tele
la televisidn / radio digital
el receptor
el transistor
el / la oyente
el / la televidente
el telespectador / la telespectadora
el programa
la programacidn
el canal 1
la cadena J
una дата amplia de canales
el espacio
el monopolio publico
el monopolio oficial televisivo
la empresa privada
la pantalla chica
la ‘caja tonta’
el mando a distancia
la televisidn por cable
la televisidn por satelite
la (antena) parabdlica
la emisora
television (the medium)
television (the set)
TV, telly
to turn the telly on / off
digital television / radio
receiver
transistor
listener
viewer (of television)
programme
programme times
channel
a wide range of channels
(programme) slot
public monopoly
the official television monopoly
private company
the small screen
'goggle box'
remote control
cable television
satellite television
satellite dish
broadcasting station, transmitter
62 Los medios 11
11.1.2 Elcontenido
una дата de programas
la actualidad
el telediario
las noticias
los anuncios
la telenovela
el dibujo animado
el concurs©
el / la concursante
repetir por enesima vez
el influjo sobre los valores morales
una gran ayuda educative
ejercer control sobre la seleccidn
de los programas
adaptar su propio horario al de
la tele
proporcionar cultura
la violencia televisiva
dosificar el tiempo ante el
televisor
avivar la imaginacidn
producir un efecto hipndtico
una fuerza social destructora
producir la pdrdida de capacidad
creativa
coartar la agilidad mental
perjudicar el desarrollo del nifio
el video
el DVD (dd-uve-de)
la pelicula de video
grabar en video / DVD
el videocasete
la videograbadora
el videofilm / DVD de terror
la pornografia
la porno
el video porno
pornogr^fico/a
Programme content
a range of programmes
current affairs
TV news programme
news (i.e. contents)
advertisements
soap opera
cartoon
competition
competitor
to repeat for the umpteenth time
the influence on moral values
a great educational aid
to exercise control over the choice
of programmes
to adapt one’s own timetable to
the TV
to propagate culture
television violence
to measure / ration time spent in
front of the TV
to sharpen the imagination
to have a hypnotic effect
a destructive social force
to bring about a loss of creativity
to stultify mental agility
to prejudice a child’s development
video (all senses)
DVD
videofilm
to record on video / DVD
video cassette
video recorder
video / DVD nasty
pornography
porn
porn video
pornographic
11.1 La television у la radio
63
11.2 La prensa
el peri6dico
el diario
la revista semanal / mensual
la revista deportiva / futbolistica
la revista / prensa del corazdn
el ‘tabloide’
la circulacidn
el / la periodista
el reporter© / la reportera
el redactor / la redactora
redactar un periodic©
el articulo de fondo
dar una rueda de prensa
defender la libertad de la prensa
la censura de la epoca franquista
luchar contra el censor
aparecer en las columnas del periodic©
los titulares proclaman...
tener prejuicios contra
ser partidario/a de
tener propensidn a
un juicio parcial
apoyar una opmidn politica
la prensa sensacionalista
la consultora sentimental
el triunfo
invadir la intimidad de alguien
se meten en todos sitios con sus
c^maras
demandar a alguien por difamacidn
The press
newspaper
daily paper
weekly / monthly magazine
sports / football magazine
glossy, romantic magazine / press
(e.g. jHola!)
tabloid
circulation
journalist
reporter
editor
to edit a newspaper
editorial article
to give a press conference
to defend the freedom of the press
the censorship of the Franco years
to fight against the censor
to appear in the newspaper columns
the headlines proclaim...
to be biased against
to be biased in favour of
to be biased towards
biased judgement
to support a political opinion
gutter press
agony aunt
triumph, 'scoop’
to invade somebody’s privacy
they get in everywhere with
their cameras
to sue somebody for libel
64 Los medios 11
11.3 La publicidad
la industria publicitaria
la agenda publicitaria
la cartelera
el cartel (publicitario)
el anuncio
los pequenos anuncios
promocionar
el mensaje
la consignacidn de publicidad
el eslogan publicitario
llamativo/a
la propaganda de buzon
el mercado objetivo
hacer impacto (en)
manipular
persuadir (a)
tentar (a)
llamar a nuestros instintos mas bajos
el lavado de cerebro
obrar en el subconsciente de alguien
subconscientemente
una persona de voluntad debil
el consumidor / la consumidora
la sociedad consumista
el poder adquisitivo
codiciar
acumular deudas con la tarjeta
de cr6dito
la interrupcion constante de los
programas
la actitud sexista de los anunciantes
dirigirse al consumidor joven
Advertising
advertising industry
advertising agency
hoarding
(advertising) poster
advertisement
small ads
to promote
message
advertising budget
advertising slogan
appealing, eye-catching
junk mail
target market
to make an impact (on)
to manipulate
to persuade (to)
to tempt (to)
to appeal to our baser instincts
brainwashing
to work on sb’s subconscious
subconsciously
a weak-willed person
consumer
consumer society
purchasing power
to covet
to build up credit-card debts
constant interruption of
programmes
the sexist attitude of the advertisers
to target the young consumer
www.rtve.es
www.telemadrid.es
Pages iv-v also contain a list of press websites.
11.3 La publicidad
65
12
La salud
12.1 La infraestructura sanitaria	Health infrastructure
el m6dico / la m6dica el enfermero / la enfermera el / la dentista la salud la sanidad INSALUD (el Institute Nacional de la Salud) el Ministerio de Sanidad el ambulatorio / el centro de salud la medicina la atencidn m6dica el / la especialista el cirujano / la cirujana la cirugia la clfnica el consultorio	doctor, GP nurse dentist health (personal) health (public) Spanish NHS (National Health Service) Ministry of Health (local) health centre medicine (subject) medical care specialist surgeon surgery (operation) clinic clinic, consulting room, surgery (in this sense)
quirurgico/a	surgical
12.2 Las condiciones Medical conditions and
m£dicas у sus sintomas their symptoms
estar enfermo/a ser enfermo/a caer enfermo/a (de) 1 enfermar (de)	J el tratamiento el microbio el virus la epidemia la pandemia la alergia alergico/a tener alergia a el sfndrome de alergia total el agotamiento el еэкёэ / la tension estar hecho/a polvo no poder mas desvelarse	to be ill to be an invalid (i.e. permanent) to fall ill (with), go down (with) treatment microbe, 'bug' virus epidemic pandemic allergy allergic to be allergic to total allergy syndrome exhaustion stress to feel a wreck to be at the end of one’s tether to be unable to sleep, to lie awake
66 La salud 12
el cansancio fisico у mental
echar mano a un medicamento
contagiarse (de)
evitar contagios
el trastorno
el periodo de incubacidn
pasar desapercibido/a
padecer una dolencia
el minusv&lido/ la minusvdlida
la minusvalia
tener una lesidn grave
las enfermedades invernales
la diabetes
(ser) diabetico/a
la pulmonia
el SIDA (sindrome de
inmunodeficiencia adquirida)
el VIH (virus de la inmunodeficiencia
humana)
ser seropositivo/a
el sistema inmunoldgico
transmitir por los fluidos corporales
el cdncer del pulmdn
el infarto
las enfermedades cardiacas
la viruela
el paludismo
la amigdalitis
la bronquitis crdnica
la tuberculosis
physical and mental tiredness
to reach for the medicine
to become infected (with), to catch
to avoid infection
upset, trouble
incubation period
to go unnoticed, undetected
to suffer from an illness
disabled person
disability
to have a serious injury
coughs and colds, winter illnesses
diabetes
(to be) diabetic
pneumonia
AIDS
HIV
to be HIV positive
immune system
to transmit via body fluids
lung cancer
heart attack
heart disease
smallpox
malaria
tonsillitis
chronic bronchitis*
tuberculosis*
* Most diseases which end in ‘-is' in English are identical in Spanish except for
adaptation to the Spanish spelling system (e.g. bronquitis/ They are always
feminine.
la gripe aviar	bird flu
la gripe A	swine flu
la gripe estacional	seasonal flu
envejecer	to age
la salud mental	mental health
la enfermedad mental	mental illness
la depresion	depression
deprim irse	to become depressed
estar acorn plejado/a	to have a complex
recibir tratamiento psiquiatrico	to undergo psychiatric treatment
el / la psiquiatra	psychiatrist
el colapso nervioso	nervous breakdown
padecer de los nervios	to suffer from one’s nerves
los nervios se me disparan	my nerves are at breaking point
tener los nervios destrozados	to be a nervous wreck
12.2 Las condiciones medicas у sus sintom as
67
suicidarse
el suicidio
el / la suicida
la tentativa de suicidio
la regia
12.3	El tratamiento у
los remedies
jque te mejores pronto!
la farmacia
el farmac6utico / la farmac6utica
el medicamento
la receta
el diagndstico
curar
curarse
reponerse
se vende solo con receta
recetar una droga
las contraindicaciones
los efectos secundarios
el somnifero
el tranquilizante
el analgesico
hospitalizar
pasar un rato en el hospital
la casa / sala de maternidad
la terapia
seguir un curso de fisioterapia
el / la fisioterapeuta
operarse
me (le) operaron el pie
el equipo m6dico de urgencia
un descongestivo nasal
sonarse las narices
limpiarse los mocos
las m£s avanzadas tecnicas en
cirug ia
el tratamiento curativo
la anestesia general / local
anestesiar
el trasplante de higado
el / la donante de drganos / rifidn
rechazar el organo trasplantado
trasplantar
to commit suicide
suicide (act)
suicide (person)
suicide attempt
(menstrual) period
Treatment and remedies
get well soon!
pharmacy, chemist shop
pharmacist, chemist
medicine (which you take)
prescription
diagnosis
to cure, treat
to recover, get better, be healed
to recover
obtainable only on prescription
to prescribe a drug
contraindications
side-effects
sleeping tablet
tranquilliser
analgesic, painkiller
to hospitalise, put into hospital
to spend a while in hospital
maternity hospital / ward
therapy
to follow a course of physiotherapy
physiotherapist
to have an operation
I (s/he) had a foot operation
emergency medical team
a nasal decongestant
to blow one's nose
to wipe one's nose
the most advanced surgical
techniques
curative treatment
general / local anaesthetic
to anaesthetise, give an anaesthetic to
liver transplant
organ / kidney donor
to reject the transplant
to transplant
68 La salud 12
responder al tratamiento
la hormona
la pildora
el com prim ido
la transfusidn de sang re
to respond to treatment
hormone
pill
tablet
blood transfusion
12.4	La medicina preventiva Preventive medicine
la educacidn sanitaria
mas vale prevenir que curar
promocionar la salud
estar en buena forma / condicion
mantenerse en forma fisica
la higiene
llevar un modo de vida sano
la necesidad del ejercicio regular
la funcidn vital
preocuparse por la salud
pasar una revisidn medica
el cheque©
la exploracidn (medica)
tomarse la tension arterial
detectar a tiempo
atajar la aparicidn de
enfermedades
un diagnostic© precoz de
determ inadas dolencias
comprobarse el nivel del colesterol
la vacuna
vacunarse contra
diagnosticar
el autodiagndstico
autodiagnosticarse
poner de manifesto
tener propensidn especial a un
determinado mal
los signos clinicos
darse un respiro
el ritmo biologico
la longevidad
la natalidad
la mortalidad
health education
prevention is better than cure
to promote health
to be in good physical shape
to keep fit
hygiene
to lead a healthy life
the need for regular exercise
vital function
to worry about one’s health
to have a medical examination
check-up
(medical) investigation, check-up
to take one’s (own) blood pressure
to detect in time
to forestall the onset of disease
early diagnosis of certain illnesses
to check one's cholesterol level
vaccine
to be vaccinated against
to diagnose
self-diagnosis
to make a self-diagnosis
to bring to light
to be particularly susceptible to a
specific complaint
the clinical signs
to give oneself a break
biological rhythm
life expectancy
birth rate
death rate
12.4 La medicina preventiva
69
12.5	El rdgimen
el r6gimen 1
la dieta J
una dieta sana
una epidem ia de obesidad
ser obeso/a
el peso
pesar demasiado
el Indice de masa corporal
comer compulsivamente
engordar
engordar ocho kilos
tener doce kilos de mas
esos kilos de m£s
los ‘michelines’
la materia grasa
los ingredientes caloricos
una nutricidn equilibrada
el aporte justo de calon'as
quemar las materias grasas
tener una obsesidn por adelgazar
adelgazar cinco kilos
quitarse dos kilos
cuidarse la llnea
sentir hambre
la anorexia nerviosa
el pan integral
la fibra
la energla
un alimento muy energetico
Diet
diet
a healthy diet
an obesity epidemic
to be obese
weight
to be overweight
body mass index
to be a compulsive eater
to put on weight
to put on eight kilos
to be twelve kilos overweight
that extra weight
‘spare tyre’
fatty substances, fat
high-calorie ingredients
a balanced intake / diet
the right number of calories
to burn off fat
to have a slimming obsession
to lose five kilos
to take off two kilos
to watch one’s figure
to feel hungry
anorexia nervosa
wholemeal bread
fibre
energy
a high-energy food
12.6	El tabaco у el alcohol Tobacco and alcohol
fumar en pipa
fumarse una pipa
dejar de fumar
inhalar
los cigarrillos con menos nicotina
у alquitran
el tabaquismo
la ley antitabaco
en caso de que te resulte
imposible abandonar el cigarrillo
perjudicar seriamente la salud
destrozarse los pulmones
el excesivo consumo de alcohol
to smoke a pipe (as opposed to
cigarettes)
to smoke a pipe (a pipeful)
to give up smoking
to inhale
cigarettes with reduced nicotine
and tar
tobacco habit, addiction
anti-smoking law
in the event of your being unable
to give up cigarettes
to seriously affect one’s health
to wreck one’s lungs
excessive alcohol consumption
70 La salud 12
beber alcohol en ayunas
afecta a todo el organismo
los trastornos cardiocirculatorios
la intoxicacidn aguda
la borrachera
la capacidad de reflejos
el nivel de alcohol en la sangre
ingerir en pequenas dosis
la resaca
someter a la prueba del alcoholimetro
12.7	Ladroga
el estupefaciente
el depresor
los barbituricos
la droga dura / blanda
el drogadicto / la drogadicta I
el toxicdmano / la toxicdmana J
la drogadiccidn
la toxicomania galopante
la drogodependencia
el / la drogodependiente
la cocalna
la ‘coca’
el cocaindmano / la cocainomana
la heroina
el heroinomano / la heroindmana
el narcotrdfico
el / la narcotraficante
el / la camello (co//)
la marijuana
el chocolate
el porro
penalizar el consumo de drogas en
lugares publicos
la legalizacion (parcial) de las drogas
legalizar
el / la yonqui
esnifar
el esnifamiento de disolvente
la jeringuilla
inyectarse
pincharse (co//)
engancharse
estar enganchado/a 1
estar colgado/a J
costearse un vicio
to drink alcohol on an empty stomach
it affects the whole system
cardiovascular problems
acute intoxication
drunken state, binge
reflex capacity
blood-alcohol level
to take in small doses
hangover
to breathalyse
Drugs
narcotic
depressant
barbiturates
hard / soft drug
drug addict
drug addiction
accelerating drug addiction
drug dependency
person dependent on drugs
cocaine
coke, cocaine (not ‘Coca-Cola’!)
cocaine addict
heroin
heroin addict
drugs traffic
drug trafficker
drug pusher
marijuana, cannabis
‘dope’, cannabis
joint, cannabis cigarette
to make the consumption of drugs
in public places illegal
the (partial) legalisation of drugs
to legalise
junkie
to sniff
solvent abuse, glue-sniffing
syringe
to inject (oneself)
to ‘shoot up’
to get hooked
to be hooked
to afford a vice
12.7 La droga
71
drogarse
doparse
probar una droga
estar totalmente en contra de la droga
un programa de reinsercidn social
un programa de desintoxicacibn
el slndrome de abstinencia
tener el mono
estar rabiando por un pinchazo
la dosis fatal
to take drugs
to take dope
to try (out) a drug
to be totally against drugs
a programme of social rehabilitation
a detoxification programme
withdrawal symptoms
to go ‘cold turkey*
to be craving for a fix
fatal dose
www.dietas.com
www.cruzroja.es
www.msc.es
www.madrid.org/sanidad
72 La salud 12
13
La vida cultural
13.1 Las artes visuales	Visual arts
el dibujo dibujar la exposicibn la coleccibn representar pintar la pintura el pintor/la pintora pintoresco el cuadro el retrato retratar el disefio disenar la escultura esculpir el escultor / la escultora el arte abstracto el sfmbolo simbolizar el lienzo la acuarela la pintura al 6leo pintar al bleo el bodegbn representar el pincel la pincelada el contraste de la luz у sombra especializarse en la representacibn de la forma humana no pertenece a ninguna escuela reconocida tiene su estilo individual el museo de bellas artes la galeria de la escuela impresionista la venta vender por una cifra elevada el lote	drawing to draw exhibition collection to represent to paint painting painter picturesque picture portrait to portray, paint a portrait of design to design sculpture to sculpt sculptor abstract art symbol to symbolise canvas watercolour oil painting to paint in oils still life to depict paintbrush brush stroke contrast of light and shadow to specialise in the depiction of the human form s/he doesn’t belong to any recognised school s/he has his / her own individual style fine arts museum gallery of the Impressionist school sale to sell for a high price lot
13.1 Las artes visuales
73
la subasta
la puja
pujar
la obra maestra
el aficionado / la aficionada
13.2	El cine у el teatro
auction
bid
to bid
masterwork, masterpiece
fan, enthusiast
Cinema and theatre
13.2.1 En general
la taquilla
el actor / la actriz
las butacas
la localidad
el rol / el papel
el / la protagonista
protagonizar
una pelfcula / obra protagonizada
рог X
desem penar un papel
despert6 mucho interds con su
primera pelfcula / primer papel
a Io largo de su carrera
el estreno
estrenar una pelfcula / una obra
gozar del cine / del teatro
explorer nuevos horizontes
la subvencion gubernamental
patrocinar las bellas artes
bajo el patrocinio de
contar con el apoyo del Ministerio
de Culture
13.2.2 El cine
el film(e) (p/ films or filmes)
la pelfcula
la pantalla
la estrella de cine
rodar una pelfcula
el largometraje
el cortometraje
el documental
el guidn
el / la guionista
el director / la directora
el / la cineasta
In general
box office
actor / actress
stalls
seat
role
main role, protagonist
to play the mam part / protagonist
a film / play with X in the leading
role
to play a part / role
s/he aroused a great deal of interest
with his / her first film / role
throughout his / her career
first showing / performance
to put on a film / play for the first time
to enjoy the cinema / theatre
to explore new horizons
government subsidy
to sponsor the fine arts
under the sponsorship of
to rely on the support of the
Ministry of Culture
Cinema
film
screen
film star
to shoot a film
full-length film, feature film
‘short’ (film)
documentary
script
scriptwriter
director
film maker
74 La vida cultural 13
doblar en castellano la banda sonora los subtltulos la pelicula esta subtitulada en catal&n para todos los publicos no recomendada a menores de trece afios la sesion continue la pelicula en conjunto la movida madrileha	to dub into Spanish sound track subtitles the film is subtitled in Catalan suitable for all ages not suitable for under-13s continuous performance the film as a whole the Madrid ‘scene’
13.2.3 El teatro	Theatre
la obra (de teatro) poner una obra en escena la puesta en escena interpreter una obra la interpretacion actuar la actuacion la comedia la tragedia el drama el especUculo teatral la escena 1 el escenario J el montaje la obra esta ambientada en Sevilla la trama es muy enrevesada el desenlace al caer el teldn aplaudir los aplausos silbar ante el publico el miedo a salir a la escena el maquillaje maquillarse el teatro callejero los titeres la temporada subvencionar el teatro	play to produce a play production to perform / interpret a play performance, interpretation to act the acting comedy tragedy drama (theatre) show stage design, d£cor the play is set in Seville the plot is very involved outcome, denouement when the curtain falls / fell to applaud applause to hiss, boo in front of the audience stage fright make-up to put one’s make-up on street theatre puppets season (theatre, etc.) to subsidise the theatre
13.2 El cine у el teatro
75
13.3 La literatura
la lectura
el lector / la lectora
el autor / la autora
el escritor / la escritora
el editor / la editora
la biblioteca
el bibliotecario / la bibliotecaria
la librerla
el librero / la librera
la novela
el libro de bolsillo
el genero
el cuento
el / la cuentista
la (auto)biografia
(auto)biografico/a
la novela policiaca
la poesia
la obra pobtica
es un(a) apasionado/a de la
ciencia-ficcibn
el estilo
la narracibn
la historia se localiza en Madrid
el desenlace es una veidadera sorpresa
saber contar una historia
el cuento alcanza su desenlace
el escritor / la escritora de vanguardia
la (casa) editorial
los derechos de autor
ser un ratbn de biblioteca
disfrutar de una buena lectura
en toda su obra
el premio Nobel de literatura
la tirada
la reproduccibn ilegal
Literature
reading
reader
author
writer
editor
library
librarian
bookshop
bookseller
novel
paperback
genre
short story, tale
short story writer
(auto)biography
(auto)biographical
detective novel
poetry, poem
poetic work
s/he is a science-fiction addict
style
narrative
the story is set in Madrid
the outcome is a real surprise
to know how to tell a story, be a
good storyteller
the story unfolds
avant-garde writer
publishing house
royalties
to be a bookworm
to enjoy a good read
in the whole of his / her work
the Nobel Prize for literature
edition, print run
illegal copying
76 La vida cultural 13
13.4 La musica	Music
la musica el / la musico la sala de conciertos el auditorio la orquesta de c£mara la orquesta filarmonica el coro el compositor / la compositora componer la partitura la quinta sinfonfa de Beethoven una gran obra sinfonica el concierto en si bemol menor de Chaikovski la брега el aria (f) operatica la zarzuela el / la cantante el cantaor / la cantaora el cantautor / la cantautora cantar el / la instrumentalista el / la solista ser clarinetista tocar la flauta el director / la directora la orquesta fue dirigida por... bajo la batuta de ... el primer violin ser muy aficionado/a a Rodrigo tocar musica en la calle el / la musico ambulante la musica pop el conjunto de pop el concierto el / la rockero/a el sencillo el elepe el CD, disco compacto descargar	music musician (male or female) concert hall concert hall, auditorium chamber orchestra philharmonic orchestra choir composer to compose score (musical) Beethoven’s fifth symphony a great symphonic work Tchaikovsky’s В flat minor concerto opera operatic aria Spanish light opera singer flamenco singer (only) singer-songwriter to sing instrumentalist soloist to be a clarinettist to play the flute conductor the orchestra was conducted by ... under the baton of... leader, first violin to be very fond of Rodrigo to busk busker pop music pop group gig (of pop music) rock singer, rock fan single (disc) LP (long-play record) CD, compact disc to download
NB: Many types of popular music are known by their English names: jazz, soul,
rock, blues, reggae, punk, etc, and have no Spanish equivalent. There is more
vocabulary concerning pop music in Section 4.4.
13.4 La musica
13.5 Lacntica
Criticism
el crftico / la crrtica de teatro / cine / musica	theatre / film / music critic
se publico en	it was published in
se estrend en	it was first shown / performed in
analizar	to analyse
citar	to quote
la citacidn	quotation
es un(a) pelicula / obra / papel / personaje /	it is a... film / play / role / character /
libro...	book
ameno/a	pleasant
chocarrero/a	scurrilous
deprimente	depressing
exigente	demanding
esotdnco/a	esoteric / highbrow
enrevesado/a	involved
humoristico/a	humorous
hgero/a	light
pesado/a	tedious
salado/a	witty
satfrico/a	satirical
sobresaliente	outstanding, funny
Remember to make the adjective agree correctly!	
se critic6 de lento/a у pesado/a	it was criticised for being slow
and tedious
jdos horas de carcajadas!
logra que el publico se rfa del
principio al fin
mantener la tensi6n a Io largo
de toda la representaci6n
es todo un espectdculo
la brillante interpretacidn de los
adores
demuestra su calidad de primera
el secreto del gran actor
fue un fracaso total
fracasar
al leer / ver esta escena
mi primera reaccidn fue (+ n or inf)
me encant6 la yuxtaposici6n
de... у ...
el uso de la poesla / del baile
de esto se puede inferir que ...
esta escrito en prosa
tiene un estilo muy h'rico
two hours of laughter!
s/he manages to get the audience
laughing from beginning to end
to keep up the tension
throughout the performance
it’s quite a show
the brilliant performance by the
actors
s/he demonstrates his/her first-rate skill
the secret of the great actor
it was an utter flop
to fail, flop
when I read / saw this scene
my first reaction was (+ n or to...)
I loved the juxtaposition
of... and...
the use of poetry / dance
from this we can infer that...
it is written in prose
s/he has a very lyrical style
78 La vida cultural 13
You will find further words and phrases which could be used to describe film or
literary characters in Chapter 2, and further leisure activities in Chapter 7.
www.mcu.es
www.terra.es/cine or/teatro or /musica
13.5 La crftica
79
14
El medio ambiente
14.1	El ecosistema
14.1.1 Problemas у soluciones
en general
el entorno natural
la amenaza a la naturaleza
amenazar / trastornar el equilibrio
ecologico
modificar el ecosistema
el deterioro ambiental
la huella de carbono
la huella ecologica
causar dafios irreversibles
la supervivencia del hombre
un planeta moribundo
las oportunidades de reducir las
emisiones
reducir los dahos causados a...
desatender las advertencias de los
cientificos
el empeoramiento de la calidad de
la vida
14.1.2 Motivos especlficos
de preocupacidn
el cambio climdtico
el recalentamiento del planeta 1
el calentamiento del globo J
el efecto invernadero
los gases invernadero
la destruccion de la capa de ozono
el agujero de ozono
el clorofluorocarbono
los hidrocarburos
el spray
el aerosol
echar / vomitar humos
los gases contam inantes
x toneladas de dioxido de carbono
las lluvias dcidas
The ecosystem
Problems and solutions
in general
natural surroundings / environment
the threat to wildlife
to threaten / upset the ecological
balance
to change the ecosystem
environmental damage
carbon footprint
ecological footprint
to cause irreversible damage
man’s survival
a dying planet
opportunities to reduce
emissions
to reduce the damage caused to...
to disregard the scientists’ warnings
deterioration in the quality of life
Specific areas of concern
climate change
global warming
greenhouse effect
greenhouse gases
destruction of the ozone layer
hole in the ozone layer
chlorofluorocarbon, CFC
hydrocarbons
spray, aerosol
aerosol
to belch out smoke
polluting gases
x tons of carbon dioxide
acid rain
80 El medio ambiente 14
la destruccion de las selvas
tropicales
la deforestacidn
la desertizacidn
las radiaciones ultravioletas
el derretimiento de la capa de hielo
polar
derretirse
el aumento del nivel del mar
con solo dos grados de mas
con toda urgencia
el movimiento ecologista mondial
nos quedan veinte afios para
evitar una cat£strofe climdtica
la velocidad actual del
recalentamiento del planeta
es insostenible
la temperatura a la que resultard
imposible frenar los cambios
la utilizacidn pacffica de la energfa
nuclear
reanudar la construccidn
de centrales nucleares
el viento у el aire no conocen
fronteras
despertar a la opinion publica
luchar por la supervivencia de
las especies
14.2	La energia
14.2.1 Los recursos naturales
los recursos energeticos
el consumo de recursos naturales
el consumo de energia
el ahorro de energia
conservar los escasos recursos del
planeta
los recursos se agotan
la p^rdida de recursos valiosos
el despilfarro
despilfarrar
conservar la energia
el aislamiento t6rmico
encender / apagar la calefaccion
dejar encendidas las luces
destruction of the rain forests
deforestation
desertification
ultraviolet radiation
melting of the polar ice sheet
to melt {intrans)
rise in sea level
with only two degrees (C) more
with the utmost urgency
world ecology movement
we have 20 years left to avert
a climatic disaster
the present rate of global warming
is unsustainable
the temperature at which it will be
impossible to stop changes
peaceful use of nuclear energy
to resume the building of
nuclear power stations
the wind and the air know no
frontiers
to awaken public opinion
to fight for the survival of species
Energy
Natural resources
energy resources
the consumption of natural resources
energy consumption
the saving of energy
to conserve the planet’s scarce
resources
resources are being exhausted
the loss of valuable resources
wastefulness, squandering
to squander
to conserve energy
heat insulation
to switch the heating on / off
to leave the lights on
14.2 La energfa
81
los combustibles fbsiles
el petrbleo
consumir un x% de todos los
recursos del mundo
el uso racional de la energfa
disponible
satisfacer las necesidades de
los pafses industrializados
cuando el petrbleo llegue a
x dblares el barril
los pafses del Cercano Oriente
la crisis de petrbleo
sacar de la tierra
la central termica convencional
minar
los adelantos tecnicos
la mayor fuente de energfa
utilizable
tomar medidas
las reservas sin explotar
ejercer una enorme presibn sobre
una politica de conservacibn
los recursos renovables
la energfa eblica
el aerogenerador
el parque eblico
aprovechar la energfa de las olas
la central hidroelectrica
la hidroelectricidad
el apagbn
14.2.2 La energfa nuclear
radioactivo/a
una fuga de radioactividad
el siniestro nuclear
el reactor
la explosibn
explotar
la energfa limpia
una nueva generacibn de
centrales (f) nucleares
montar una campana antinuclear
el contador Geiger registra ...
alcanzar la fusibn
un bianco para terroristas
сото consecuencia de Chernbbil
fossil fuels
crude oil
to consume x% of all the world’s
resources
the rational use of available
energy
to meet the needs of
the industrialised countries
when oil reaches x dollars
a barrel
Middle Eastern countries
oil crisis
to take out of the ground
conventional power station
to mine
technical advances
the greatest source of usable
energy
to take measures
unexploited reserves
to exert an enormous pressure on
a conservation policy
renewable resources
wind energy
wind turbine
wind farm
to harness the energy of the waves
hydroelectric power station
hydroelectricity
blackout, power failure
Nuclear energy
radioactive
a radioactive leak
nuclear disaster
reactor
explosion
to explode
clean energy
a new generation of nuclear
power stations
to mount an anti-nuclear campaign
the Geiger counter registers ...
to reach meltdown
a terrorist target
in the aftermath of Chernobyl
82 El medio ambiente 14
14.3	La contaminacidn Pollution
14.3.1 La tierra, el mar у el aire
la basura
el vertedero
verter al mar
producir efectos tdxicos
contaminar
los contam inantes atmosf6ricos
la contaminacidn atmosfdrica
transfronteriza
la descontaminacion
descontaminar
la central nuclear
los residues radioactivos
los efectos nocivos
el reactor nuclear
la nocividad de las emisiones
sobrepasar la capacidad
de absorcidn de la naturaleza
estar enterado/a de la amenaza
los palses nuclearizados
satisfacer las necesidades de la
sociedad consumista
reutilizar las bolsas de plastico
tirar las basuras al contenedor que les
corresponde
los envases de cartdn
envenenar
venenoso/a
la mancha de petrdleo
limpiar los vertidos de petrdleo
aves marinas con su plumaje
empapado de petrdleo
el reciclaje de los desperdicios /
la basura
reciclar
Land, sea and air
rubbish
rubbish tip
to tip into the sea
to have toxic effects
to pollute, contaminate
atmospheric pollutants
cross-frontier atmospheric
pollution
decontamination
to decontaminate
nuclear power station
radioactive waste
harmful effects
nuclear reactor
the harmful nature of emissions
to go beyond nature’s ability
to absorb
to be aware of the threat
countries with nuclear capacity
to meet the needs of the
consumer society
to reuse plastic bags
to put rubbish into the correct bin
cardboard packaging
to poison
poisonous
oil slick
to clean up oil spills
seabirds with their feathers
saturated with oil
recycling of waste
to recycle
14.3 La contam inacion
83
14.3.2 La conta minacidn sonora Noise pollution
el nivel sonoro m&ximo
los trastomos auditivos
no deberfa sobrepasar los 70
decibelios
el desmadre sonoro
la insonorizacidn
insonorizar una casa
el aislamiento acustico / t6rmico
maximum noise level
hearing disorders
it shouldn’t go above 70 decibels
the appalling noise level,
infernal racket
soundproofing
to soundproof a house
sound / heat insulation
www.mma.es
www.conama.cl
www.greenpeace.org/espana or other relevant country after the slash
www.wwf.es
84 El medio ambiente 14
15
La ciencia у la tecnologi'a
15.1 La informatica
15.1.1 El ordenador
la revolucion informatica
abrir / cerrar una ventana
acceder al sistema
el acceso a la informacidn
la clave de acceso 1
la contrasefia J
almacenar
el almacenamiento de datos
de alto rendimiento
apagar
el archive
archivar
arrastrar
la barra espaciadora
bloquearse
borrar
el chip
com probar la ortografia
la conexion de redes
la conexion inalambrica
la copia de seguridad
el cursor
mover el cursor
los datos
la base / el banco de datos
la ley de proteccion de datos
el disco compact© / CD
el disco duro
la unidad de disco
el disquete
el disquete de reserva
editar
eliminar
el escaner
la fuente
el hardware
la imagen (p/ imdgenes)
la impresora
Information technology
The computer
information technology revolution
to open / close a window
to log on
access to information
password
to store
data storage
(of) high-performance
to switch off
file
to save
to drag
space bar
to crash
to delete
chip
to spellcheck
networking
wireless connection
back-up copy
cursor
to move the cursor
data
database / bank
data protection law
compact disc / CD
hard disk
disk drive
floppy disk
back-up disk
to edit
to delete
scanner
font
hardware
picture
printer
15.1 La informatica
85
encender la impresora la impresora de inyeccidn de tinta a color el sistema de impresidn inyeccidn de burbujas la impresora laser imprimir informatizar el joystick el listado el menii hacer aparecer el menu el monitor el ordenador el ordenador portdtil la pantalla pegar el / la pirata informatico/a el pixel la potencia procesar el procesador de textos program ar la programacidn el programador / la programadora pulsar pinchar pinchar / pulsar dos veces al pulsar un boton el ratbn salir del sistema el software suprimir el tabulador el teclado la tecla teclear	to switch the printer on ink-jet colour printer bubble jet printing system laser printer to print, print out to computerise joystick printout menu to call up the menu monitor computer laptop computer screen, VDU to paste hacker pixel power to process word processor to program programming programmer to press (key), click (mouse) to click to double click at the push of a button mouse to log off software to delete tabulator keyboard key (of keyboard) to type
15.1.2 Internet	The internet
acceder a la red la arroba la banda ancha el blog (pl blogs) buscar el buscador	1 el motor de busqueda J la biisqueda	to access the web broadband blog to search search engine search
86 La ciencia у la tecnologia 15
el correo electrdnico mandar por correo electronic© el e-mail	email (i.e. the system) to send by email, to email email (i.e. the document sent or received)
el emilio (co//) conectarse con el costo de la conexidn a Internet descargar la direccidn eliminar un virus el enlace la hoja de calculo Internet (usually without definite article} el mddem navegar el navegador el / la navegante 1 el / la internauta J la pagina web piratear musica la red el servidor el spam la superautopista la web	email to connect / link up with the cost of internet connection to download address to get rid of a virus link spreadsheet the internet modem to surf (i.e. the web), browse browser (web) surfer web page to pirate / illegally download music the web server spam superhighway the web / website
15.1.3 Los beneficios de la informatics	Benefits of IT
bs adelantos tecnologicos ahorrar tiempo у dinero desarrollar trabajar con mds eficacia aprovechar los adelantos cientfficos asimilar las nuevas tecnologfas el desarrollo cientffico la innovacidn tdcnica nuevos recursos para los directives una sociedad evolucionada transformer la culture humana transmits e intercambiar informacidn	technological advances to save time and money to develop to work more effectively to benefit from scientific advances to assimilate the new technologies scientific development technical innovation new resources for management a developed society to transform / change human culture to transmit and exchange information
15.1 La informatica
87
15.2 Otros chismes
tecnoldgicos
la alarma antirrobo
la alarma antiincendios
la batidora
la caja de control
el cajero automatico
la calculadora
la cerradura electronica
los electrodom6sticos
el detector de humo
activar
desactivar
el DVD (d6-uve-de)
el enchufe
enchufar
desenchufar
el equipo de hi-fi
el facsimile) / fax
mandar por fax 1
faxear	J
opuede faxe&rmelo?
la fotocopia
la fotocopiadora
fotocopiar
el horno microondas
el lavaplatos
la lavadora
el lector de CDs
grabar
el MP3 (eme-pe-tres)
el sistema de navegacidn por sat6lite
el robot de cocina
la secadora
el secador de pelo
el sintonizador digital
sintonizar
el sistema de seguridad
el telefono inalambrico
el (tel6fono) port&til 1
el movil	J
marcar un numero
Other technological
gadgetry
anti-theft alarm
fire alarm
food mixer
control box
automatic cash dispenser
calculator
electronic locking
electrical appliances for the home
smoke detector
to set off
to deactivate
DVD
power point
to plug in
to unplug
hi-fi equipment
facsimile / fax
to fax
can you fax it to me?
photocopy
photocopier
to photocopy
microwave oven
dishwasher
washing machine
CD player
to record
MP3
satellite navigation system
food processor
tumble-drier
hairdrier
digital tuner
to tune (in)
security system
cordless phone
mobile (phone)
to dial a number
88 La ciencia у la tecnologla 15
el mando a distancia
la television por sat6lite / cable
la antena parabdlica
la televisidn / radio digital
el video
el videograbadora
15.3 El personal, los
procesos у las
sustancias
el cienti'fico / la cientifica
el tecndlogo / la tecndloga
la fisica
el fisico / la fisica
la quimica
el quimico / la quimica
la zoologia
el zodlogo / la zodloga
investigar
el investigador / la investigadora
promover las investigaciones
cientificas
seguir una linea de investigacion
la sustancia
el element©
el compuesto
el proceso
el laboratorio
pasar por un circuit©
el oxigeno
el hidrogeno
el nitr6geno
el monoxido / dioxido de carbono
el mercurio
el plomo
el complejo petroquimico
remote control, zapper
satellite / cable television
satellite dish
digital television / radio
video, video recorder
video recorder
People, processes and
substances
scientist
technologist
physics
physicist
chemistry
chemist
zoology
zoologist
to research
researcher
to promote scientific research
to follow a line of investigation
substance
element
compound
process
laboratory
to pass through a circuit
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
carbon monoxide / dioxide
mercury
lead
petrochemical complex
15.3 El personal, los procesos у las sustancias
89
15.4 La explo racidn
del espacio
el satdlite meteoroldgico
la longitud de onda
poner en 6rbita
el transbordador espacial
la lanzadera espacial
lanzar
la nave (espacial)
la capsula lunar
el satelite de comunicaciones
la estacion espacial
acoplarse
Space exploration
meteorological satellite
wavelength
to put into orbit
space shuttle
space launch pad
to launch
(space) ship
lunar capsule
communications satellite
space station
to dock
www.mityc.es (includes various links)
www.terraes/personal/lermon/esp/enciclo.htm (good for computer
vocabulary!)
90 La ciencia у la tecnologia 15
16
La religion
16.1 Las religiones	Religions
el cristianismo	Christianity
ser cristiano/a	to be a Christian
Dios	God
Jesus / Jesucristo	Jesus / Jesus Christ
el Padre, el Hijo у el Espiritu Santo	Father, Son and Holy Ghost
la Virgen Marla	the Virgin Mary
la (Santa) Biblia	the (Holy) Bible
el evangelio	the gospel
el catolicismo	Catholicism
la iglesia catolica	the Catholic Church
el protestantismo	Protestantism
ser protestante	to be a Protestant
el Islam	Islam
musulman / musulmana (n + adj}	Muslim
AI&	Allah
el profeta Mahoma	the prophet Mohammed
la mezquita	mosque
el Coran	Qur’an
el judalsm о	Judaism
el judio / la judia	Jew, Jewish
sionista (n + adj}	Zionist
el sinagoga	synagogue
el hinduismo	Hinduism
el budismo	Buddhism
Buda	Buddha
la deidad	deity
la diosa	goddess
16.2 Lasjerarqufas religiosas Religious hierarchies
el Papa el arzobispo de Toledo el obispo de Sevilla el cura	1 el sacerdote J el parroco la parroquia el santo / la santa	the Pope the Archbishop of Toledo the Bishop of Seville priest parish priest parish, parish church saint
16.2 Las jerarquias religiosas
91
el ayatola el iman el mullah el rabf	ayatollah imam mullah rabbi
16.3 La doctrina religiosa	Religious doctrine
crucificar la crucifixibn el crucifijo la ortodoxia religiosa la virginidad el nacimiento sin mancha la resurreccion el cielo el paraiso el bngel el infierno el milagro el diablo Satanbs	to crucify crucifixion crucifix religious orthodoxy virginity virgin birth resurrection heaven paradise angel hell miracle the devil Satan
16.4	La prdctica de la religidn Religious practice
el oficio
el culto
rezar
las oraciones
bautizar a un nino
casarse por la iglesia
ir a misa
la primera comunidn
la confirmacion
ayunar
el ramadan
el s&bado (Jewish);
el domingo (Christian)
practicar / abrazar una religibn
predicar
service
worship
to pray
prayers
to christen / baptise a child
to get married in church
to go to mass
first communion
confirmation
to fast
Ramadan
Sabbath
to practise / embrace a religion
to preach
92 La religion 16
16.5	Las creencias religiosas Religious beliefs
creer en Dios
ser creyente
profesar una fe
ser catolico/a practicante
tener / sentir una vocaci6n religiosa
dar sentido a la vida
manifestarse de acuerdo con el Papa
sentir un vacfo
rechazar
ser escdptico/a
la religion no me dice nada
ser ateo/a
el ateismo
ser agn6stico/a
el fanatismo religioso
la (in)tolerancia religiosa
las matanzas sectarias
el culto del diablo
practicar el satanismo
16.6	La muerte
morir
fallecer
despues de morir
el otro mundo
los funerales
el cementerio
el entierro
enterrar
la cremacidn
incinerar
el homo crematorio
elluto
llorar la muerte de
la necrologia
el testamento
to believe in God
to be a believer
to profess a faith
to be a practising Catholic
to have / feel a religious vocation
to give meaning to life
to come out in agreement with
the Pope
to feel a gap / an emptiness
to reject
to be sceptical
religion does nothing for me
to be an atheist
atheism
to be an agnostic
religious fanaticism, bigotry
religious (in)tolerance
sectarian killings
devil worship
to practise satanism
Death
to die
to die, pass away (more euphemistic)
after death
the other world, next world
funeral
cemetery
burial
to bury
cremation
to cremate
crematorium
mourning
to mourn the death of
obituary
will
16.6 La muerte
93
17
La pobreza у el
tercer mundo
un pais tercermundista
los paises en vias de desarrollo
los desvalidos
los desposeidos
la pobreza
a third-world country
the developing countries
the underprivileged, the helpless
the deprived, the have-nots
poverty
17.1 Los problemas humanos Human problems
17.1.1 Las condiciones econdmicas
у sanitarias
empobrecerse
el empobrecimiento
la desnutricion
estar desnutrido/a
la mortalidad infantil
la miseria rural
el hambre (f) endemica
morir de inanicibn / hambre
la marginacion
estar marginado/a
explotar
sentirse explotado/a
la lucha por la supervivencia cotidiana
la apatia
ser apatico/a
la desesperacibn
encontrarse en condiciones cada
vez mbs precarias
las enfermedades relacionadas
con la pobreza
envejecer muy pronto
sufrir un irreversible deterioro en
su forma de vivir
ser analfabeto/a
el analfabetismo
el fnfimo nivel de la educacibn
mendigar
la desigualdad social
Economic and health
conditions
to become poor / impoverished
impoverishment
malnutrition
to be malnourished
infant mortality
rural deprivation
endemic hunger / starvation
to die of starvation
marginalisation
to be marginalised
to exploit
to feel exploited
the struggle for daily survival
apathy
to be apathetic
despair
to be in an ever more precarious
situation
poverty-related diseases
to age quickly
to suffer an irreversible decline in
living conditions
to be illiterate
illiteracy
the abysmal level of education
to beg
social inequality
94 La pobreza у el tercer mundo 17
obtener unos ingresos inferiores a
la media de la renta per capita
vivir por debajo del umbral de pobreza
no Hegar al final del mes
vivir en un estado de extrema
necesidad
no tener recursos
depender de las limosnas
robar para obtener viveres
deber el alquiler
desalojar
estar sin hogar
vivir en un cuchitril
las barriadas de chabolas
la chabola / el chamizo
el chabolismo
sustentar a siete u ocho nihos
el hudrfano / la hudrfana
el orfelinato
ser came de estadistica
se acabd la esperanza
17.1.2 Mejoras у soluciones
la ayuda econbmica
la organizacidn caritativa
cobijar
la autosuficiencia alimenticia
vivir de la tierra
abandonar el campo
desplazarse a la ciudad
compartir (con)
tener una autdntica politica social
hacia la pobreza
el estado del bienestar
detectar manifestaciones de la
pobreza
apadrinar a un nifio
el comercio justo
to receive an income below the
per capita average
to live below the poverty line
not to be able to manage until the
end of the month
to live in a state of dire need
to have no means / resources
to depend on charity
to steal in order to obtain food
to owe the rent
to evict
to be homeless
to live in a hovel
shanty towns
shack, shanty, slum
the problem of the chabolas
to support seven or eight children
orphan
orphanage
to be just a statistic, ‘statistic fodder’
there’s no more hope
Improvements and solutions
economic aid
charity, charitable organisation
to shelter, to house
self-sufficiency in food,
ability to feed oneself
to live off the land
to leave the countryside
to move to the city
to share (with)
to have a real social policy
towards poverty
the welfare state
to detect signs of poverty
to sponsor a child
fair trade
17.1 Los problemas hum a nos
95
17.2 Los problemas
econdmicos a
nivel nacional
la deuda externa
el deudor
el acreedor
el prdstamo
reducir / suprimir / condonar la
deuda del tercer mundo
at ajar el crecimiento en espiral de
la deuda del tercer mundo
estar agobiado por el peso de la
deuda externa
el hundimiento econdmico
el crecimiento econdmico
el Fondo Monetario Internacional
malgastar el dinero
la corrupcidn
los gobiemos corrompidos
sobornar / cohechar
el soborno / el cohecho
establecer severos planes de
ajuste econdmico
un plan de austeridad econdmica
un programa anti-inflacionario
la inflacidn galopante
una inflacidn que pasa ya del 300%
mantener el caos a raya
el Banco Mundial
el sistema bancario mundial
las riquezas naturales
aprovechar sus propios recursos
Economic problems at
a national level
foreign debt
debtor
creditor
loan
to reduce / cancel third-world debt
to stem the spiralling growth of
third-world debt
to be overwhelmed by the burden
of foreign debt
economic collapse
economic growth
the International Monetary Fund
to misspend money
corruption
corrupt governments
to bribe
bribe, bribery
to implement stringent plans for
economic adjustment
an economic austerity plan
an anti-inflationary programme
galloping inflation
inflation already above 300%
to keep chaos at bay
the World Bank
the world banking system
natural wealth / resources
to benefit from one’s own resources
96 La pobreza у el tercer mundo 17
17.3 Los efectos ecoldgicos Ecological effects
la desertizacidn de la tierra
la superpoblacidn
el agotamiento de la tierra
la sobreexplotacidn
la sequfa
aridificarse
la erosidn
la deforestacidn
la conservacidn de los bosques
las zonas forestales
la irrigacidn intensiva
desertification of the land
over-population
soil exhaustion
over-exploitation
drought
to become arid
erosion
deforestation
conservation of forests
forested areas
intensive irrigation
You will find further relevant ecological vocabulary in Chapter 14.
www.redtercermundo.org.uywww.bancomundial.org
17.3 Los efectos ec о logic os
97
18
La inmigracion
у el racismo
18.1	La inmigracidn
inmigrar
el / la inmigrante
emigrar
el / la emigrante
el influjo de inmigrantes
la poblacidn inmigrante
el / la inmigrante ‘sin papeles’l
el / la inmigrante irregular J
proveniente(s) del Tercer Mundo /
de los antiguos palses com unistas /
del Subsahara
la Ley de Extranjerfa
el pais anfitrion
el permiso de trabajo
el permiso de residencia
el permiso / visado de salida
la libertad de movimiento
el centro de acogida
la mano de obra barata
el empleo de baja remuneracion
la identidad cultural
integrarse en la sociedad
el derecho a la ciudadanla
el derecho de voto
acelerar el proceso integrador
la concesion de la nacionalidad
tras cinco afios de residencia
continuada
el trabajador invitado
vivir fuera de su pais de origen
residir legalmente en ...
la segunda generacibn
el matrimonio mixto
solicitar / pedir asilo (politico)
la solicitud de asilo
el solicitante de asilo politico
la inmigracibn ilegal
Immigration
to immigrate, i.e. to migrate in
immigrant
to emigrate, i.e. to migrate out
emigrant
influx of immigrants
immigrant population
illegal immigrant
coming from the Third World /
the former communist countries /
sub-Saharan Africa
(Spanish) Immigration Law
host country
work permit
residence permit
exit permit/visa
freedom of movement
(i.e. of people, goods, etc.)
reception centre (for immigrants)
cheap workforce
low-paid employment
cultural identity
to integrate into society
the right to citizenship
the right to vote
to speed up the process of integration
the granting of nationality
after five years’ continuous
residency
guest worker, immigrant worker
to live outside one’s country of origin
to reside legally in ...
second generation
mixed marriage
to seek (political) asylum
application for asylum
asylum-seeker
illegal immigration
98 La inmigracidn у el racismo 18
una riada creciente de inmigrantes
clandestinos / ilegales
agravar la escasez de viviendas
el refugiado / la refugiada de la
persecucidn polftica
la tortura
repatriar
18.2	El racismo
18.2.1 La discriminacidn racial
el brote de racismo
el racismo encubierto
el odio racista
la agresidn
disc rim inar
las desigualdades raciales
un acto humillante
humillar
la mano dura de la policfa
negar los derechos del hombre
la vulneraci6n de derechos
individuales
pisotear los principios morales
un ciudadano de segunda categorfa
18.2.2 Las actitudes racistas
la xenofobia
la extrema derecha
albergar sentimientos racistas
el movimiento neonazi
el sentimiento antijudfo
el antisemitismo
el choque de cultures
fomentar el odio religioso
el ataque de caracter racista
el atraco
atracar
apalear
el asesinato racista
un incidente racista
un caso conocido de racismo
una campafia de terror
una escalada de la violencia racista
una ley discriminatoria
an increasing flow of illegal
immigrants
to aggravate the housing shortage
refugee from political persecution
torture
to repatriate
Racism
Racial discrimination
outburst of racism
hidden racism
race hatred
aggression
to discriminate
racial inequalities
a humiliating act
to humiliate
police heavy-handedness
to deny human rights
infringement of individual rights
to trample on moral principles
a second-class citizen
Racist attitudes
xenophobia
the extreme right
to harbour racist feelings
neo-Nazi movement
anti-Jewish feeling
anti-Semitism
clash of cultures
to stir up religious hatred
racist attack
mugging, hold-up
to mug, hold up
to beat up
racist murder
a racist incident
a known case of racism
a campaign of terror
an escalation of racist violence
a discriminatory law
18.2 El racismo
99
estar / sentirse marginado/a
las cosas han empeorado
corregir una situaci6n alarmante
representar un amplio espectro
social
la incapacidad de vivir juntos
18.2.3 Vivir juntos
coexistir
la minorla etnica
preservar su identidad cultural
el patrimonio cultural
la eliminaci6n de todas formas de
racismo
ser receptivo/a a la diversidad
cultural
las ventajas de vivir en una
sociedad multiracial
vivir en una armonia racial
tener respeto por la culture
de cada uno
to be / feel marginalised
things have got worse
to rectify an alarming situation
to represent a wide spectrum of
society
inability to live together
Living together
to coexist
ethnic minority
to retain one’s cultural identity
cultural heritage
elimination of all forms of racism
to be open to cultural diversity
the benefits of living in a
multiracial society
to live in racial harmony
to have respect for each other’s
culture
www.mtas.es
www.elpais.com/todo-sobre/tema/inmigracion/espana/27/-
www.inmigra.com
100 La inmigracidn у el racismo 18
19
La guerra у la paz
19.1	El conducto de
la guerra
declarer la guerre
emprender la guerra
estar en guerra
la guerra biol6gica
la guerra civil
la guerra frfa
la guerra de las galaxias
la guerra de nervios
la guerra qufmica
la guerra de trinchera
una guerra sangrienta
la lucha contra el terrorismo
cuando estall6 la guerra entre ...
el aliado
una potencia aliada
el ultimatum
provocar una crisis
prepararse para la confrontaci6n /
el enfrentamiento
desatar una guerra
atacar
el ataque
la agresidn armada
invadir
la invasidn
aplastar las fuerzas enemigas
disparar
incapacitar
lesionar
derrotar
veneer
el botin
el detenido / la detenida
el prisionero / la prisionera de guerra
desterrar
el destierro
la presencia militar
las superpotencias
una fuerza potente
The conduct of war
to declare war
to go to war
to be at war
biological warfare
civil war
the cold war
star wars
war of nerves
chemical warfare
trench warfare
a bloody war
the fight against terrorism
when war broke out between ...
ally
an allied power
ultimatum
to provoke a crisis
to prepare for confrontation
to unleash a war
to attack
attack
armed agression
to invade
invasion
to crush the enemy forces
to fire (a gun)
to incapacitate
to wound, injure
to defeat
to beat
booty, spoils
detainee
prisoner of war
to exile
exile
military presence
superpowers
a powerful force
19.1 El conducto de la guerra
101
las sanciones intemacionales
la pgrdida de vidas humanas
recibir drdenes
la Cruz Roja
la amenaza nuclear
el holocausto nuclear
el genocidio
19.2	Las fuerzas armadas
у el material bdlico
la jerarqufa militar
la mdquina de guerra
el ejdrcito
las tropas
el servicio militar 1
‘la mili’ (coll) J
el cuartel
la flota
la armada
las fuerzas aereas
la brigada
el portaaviones
el avidn de caza
el bombardero
el radar
las tropas aerotransportadas
el destructor
la fragata
el buque de guerra
el tanque
el dragaminas
el coche blindado
la bomba
el cohete
el obus
el gas nervioso
las arm as qufmicas
el armamento nuclear
el sistema de misiles
La Fuerza de Acci6n RSpida (FAR)
las armas de destrucci6n masiva
international sanctions
the loss of human life
to receive orders
Red Cross
the nuclear threat
nuclear holocaust
genocide
The armed forces and
military equipment
military hierarchy
war machine
army
troops
military service
barracks
fleet
navy
air force
brigade
aircraft carrier
fighter plane
bomber
radar
airborne troops
destroyer
frigate
warship
tank
minesweeper
armoured car
bomb
rocket
shell
nerve gas
chemical weapons
nuclear armament
missile system
Rapid Action Force
weapons of mass destruction
102 La guerra у la paz 19
19.3	La paz
mantener la paz
hacer las paces (con)
en tiempo de paz
el pacificador
las fuerzas de pacificacidn
el apaciguamiento
apaciguar
firmar un tratado
abogar por un cese de hostilidades
aspirar a una solucidn negociada
en los anos de la posguerra
disuadir
un arma (f) disuasiva
el movimiento de paz
el pacifismo
ser pacifista
la manifestacidn pacifista
hacer una campaha antimilitarista
el alto el fuego / el cese de
hostilidades
‘dad una oportunidad a la paz’
Peace
to keep the peace
to make peace (with)
in peacetime
peacekeeper
peacekeeping force
appeasement
to appease
to sign a treaty
to call for an end to hostilities
to seek a negotiated solution
in the post-war years
to deter
deterrent weapon
peace movement
pacifism
to be a pacifist
peace demonstration
to carry out an anti-military campaign
ceasefire
‘give peace a chance’
www.terra.es/guerracivilespanola
www. g uerracivil.org
NB: There are many Spanish Civil War sites, some of which tend to be written
from a very partisan point of view.
19.3 La paz
103
20
Las relaciones
internacionales
20.1	La diplomacia
el protocolo
la diplomacia
diplomdtico/a
la ONU (Organizacidn de las
Naciones Unidas)
la Asamblea General
las relaciones hispano-britOnicas
un acuerdo bilateral
la polftica exterior
los intereses nacionales
la presencia extranjera
el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores
el Ministerio de Defensa
el ministro / la ministra de
Asuntos Exteriores
la inversion extranjera
invertir
el indicador econdmico
la intemacionalizaciOn de la
economfa
la multinacional extranjera
20.2	La Unidn Europea (UE)
20.2.1 La organization у las
instituciones
la Uni6n Europea
el Tratado de Roma / Lisboa
la Europa occidental
ingresar en el antiguo Mercado
Comun
solicitar la adhesiOn a la UE
la apertura oficial de las
negociaciones
el ingreso de Espana en la UE en 1986
el Pacto de AdhesiOn
Diplomacy
protocol
diplomacy
diplomatic
UN (United Nations)
the General Assembly
Anglo-Spanish relations
a bilateral agreement
foreign policy
national interests
foreign presence
Foreign Office
Ministry of Defence
Foreign Secretary
foreign investment
to invest
economic indicator
the internationalisation of the
economy
foreign multinational (company)
The European Union (EU)
The organisation and institutions
European Union
Treaty of Rome / Lisbon
western Europe
to join the former Common
Market
to apply for membership of the EU
the official opening of negotiations
the entry of Spain into the EU in 1986
Membership Pact
104 Las relaciones internationales 20
la integraci6n en Europa
las negociaciones
negociar
el Parlamento Europeo
el eurodiputado / la
eurodiputada
el Consejo de Europa
el Banco Europeo de Inversiones
PIB (Producto Interior Bruto)
la competencia libre
el impuesto sobre el valor afiadido (IVA)
la polffica agricola comun (РАС)
los palses miembros
la unidn aduanera
la homologacidn de instituciones
el convenio
el funcionario / la funcionaria
el pasa porte comun itario
el sistema mon e tar io europeo (SME)
una moneda comun
el estreno del euro en el 2002
la eurozona
la armonizacidn de las pollticas
econ6micas
el periodo transitorio
el arancel
el desarme arancelario
firmar un acuerdo de cooperacidn
la ampliaci6n de la UE
basta ya con los veintisiete
integration into Europe
negotiations
to negotiate
the European Parliament
member of the European
Parliament (МЕР)
Council of Europe
the European Investment Bank
GNP (Gross National Product)
free competition
Value Added Tax (VAT)
common agricultural policy (CAP)
member countries
customs union
standardisation of institutions
agreement
civil servant
Community passport
European monetary system (EMS)
a common currency
the launch of the euro in 2002
Eurozone, Euroland
harmonisation of economic
policies
transition period
customs tariff
removal of tariff barriers
to sign a cooperation agreement
expansion of the EU
27’s enough (relating to the EU)
20.2.2 Los efectos de la
adhesi6n a la UE
The effects of joining
theEU
hacer frente al desaflo de la
adhesidn
el desarrollo regional
el aumento de las importaciones /
export aciones
la competencia europea
renunciar a una parte de su soberanfa
eliminar las barreras
la libertad de la circulaci6n de
mercancfas (personas, capitales)
la modernizaci6n de estructuras
modemizar
to face up to the challenge of
membership
regional development
increase in imports / exports
European competition
to give up a degree of sovereignty
to break down barriers
freedom of movement of goods
(people, capital)
modernisation of structures
to modernise
20.2 La Union Europea (UE)
105
una mayor renta agraria
compartir las aguas pesqueras
la flota pesquera espafiola
el desarrollo industrial
la ampliaci6n del mercado nacional
el rendimiento exigido por la UE
la compafifa exportadora /
importadora
el incremento del coste de la vida
protegerse del impacto del cambio
adaptarse a la competencia
comunitaria
la subida general de precios
alimenticios
el consumidor espanol
un abaratamiento para el consumidor
ampliar sus gamas de productos
homologar los niveles de calidad
la supresi6n de barreras
proteccionistas
las barreras aduaneras
el movimiento de trabajadores
una mayor estabilidad
la sobreexplotacidn de los
recursos del mar
la conservaci6n у la gestidn de
los recursos
la estrategia energetics comun
la igualdad de oportunidades para
todos los ciudadanos europeos
los retos para el future
aftorar la vuelta de la peseta
ser euroesceptico/a
estar gobernado desde Bruselas
20.3	LaOTAN
la Organizaci6n del Tratado del
Atlantic© del Norte
el secretario general
permanecer en la Alianza Atl&ntica
integrarse en la estructura militar
de mando
la situacidn de seguridad
los aliados
la defensa de Europa
a greater agricultural income
to share fishing waters
the Spanish fishing fleet
industrial development
increasing the national market
performance required by the EU
export / import company
increase in the cost of living
to protect oneself from the
effects of change
to adapt to Community-wide
competition
general rise in food prices
the Spanish consumer
a price cut for the consumer
to widen one’s range of products
to standardise quality levels
the abolition of protectionist
barriers
customs barriers
the movement of workers
a greater stability
over-exploitation of the sea’s
resources
conservation and management
of resources
common energy strategy
equality of opportunity for all
European citizens
challenges for the future
to long for the return of the peseta
to be (a) Eurosceptic
to be governed from Brussels
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
general secretary
to remain in the Atlantic Alliance
to become part of the military
command structure
the security situation
the allies
the defence of Europe
106 Las relaciones internacionales 20
la pdrdida de la libertad de acci6n
los objetivos militares
en la ёроса de la guerra frla
la carrera de armamentos
los pafses no alineados
el valor estratdgico de Espafia
la importancia militar
supeditar la libertad de accidn
a la OTAN
firmar un acuerdo mutuo de defensa
deshacerse de las bases
norteam ericanas
la presencia militar
la cumbre
el equilibrio militar
el desequilibrio
el presupuesto defensivo
20.4	Gibraltar
el Pefi6n / la Roca
gibraltarefio/a
el llanito / la llanita (coll)
el contencioso de Gibraltar
la coIonia brit£nica
la descolonizaci6n
descolonizar
resolver el problema de Gibraltar
abordar las cuestiones de
la soberanla
la autodeterminacidn
la devoluci6n de Gibraltar a Espana
ceder el Peh6n
rec up erar Gibraltar
demostrar una capacidad de
com promiso
una soberanla compartida
las discusiones concluyeron sin
acuerdo
los gibraltarefios no quieren
someterse a la soberanla espahola
a travds de los canales
diplomdticos ordinarios
la importancia estratdgica
la seguridad del Estrecho
el paraiso fiscal
considerar los aspectos militares
у estratdgicos
loss of freedom of action
military objectives
st the time of the Cold War
the arms race
the non-aligned countries
Spain’s strategic value
military importance
to subordinate freedom of action
to NATO
to sign a mutual defence agreement
to get rid of American bases
military presence
summit (meeting)
military balance
imbalance
the defence budget
Gibraltar
the Rock (i.e. Gibraltar)
Gibraltarian
Gibraltarian
the argument over Gibraltar
British colony
decolonisation
to decolonise
to solve the Gibraltar problem
to tackle the questions of
sovereignty
self-determination
the return of Gibraltar to Spain
to give up the Rock
to regain / get Gibraltar back
to show a capacity for
compromise
shared sovereignty
the discussions ended without an
agreement
the Gibraltarians don’t want to
submit to Spanish rule
through normal diplomatic
channels
strategic importance
the security of the Strait
tax haven
to consider the military and
strategic aspects
20.4 Gibraltar
107
levantar restricciones
abrir la verja
la apertura de la verja
la frontera terrestre
los aduaneros espanoles se
ponen en paro tecnico
to lift restrictions
to open the frontier gate
(between Spain and Gibraltar)
the opening of the frontier gate
(between Spain and Gibraltar)
the land frontier
the Spanish Customs work
to rule
www.un.org/spanish
www.europarl.es
108 Las relaciones internacionales 20
21
La poh'tica
21.1 Lademocracia
Democracy
21.1.1 El sistema parlamentario
el Parlamento
las Cortes
la Camara
el Congreso de los Diputados
la Camara de los Com ones
la Camara de los Lores
el presidente del gobierno
el primer ministro/ la primera ministra
el gabinete
el partido
los mdximos dirigentes del partido
el / la lider
bajo el liderazgo de Aznar
el gobierno encabezado por Zapatero
gobernar
un gobierno de izquierdas / derechas
derechista (n / adj)
izquierdista (n / adj)
el ala (f) derecha del partido
el comunismo
comunista
el / la comunista
el socialism©
socialista
el / la socialista
el gobierno laborista
el partido centrista
el conservadurismo
conservador(a)
el conservador / la conservadora
el poder politico
el grupo politico
la agrupacidn politica
el politico / la politica
la politica
la politica verde
The parliamentary system
Parliament
(Spanish) Parliament
Chamber
the Congress of Deputies
(Spanish lower house)
House of Commons
House of Lords
president, prime minister
prime minister
cabinet
party
the top party leaders
leader
under the leadership of Aznar
the government headed by Zapatero
to govern
a left-wing / right-wing government
right-wing, right-winger
left-wing, left-winger
the right wing of the party
communism
communist
communist (n)
socialism
socialist
socialist (n)
Labour government
centre party
conservatism
conservative
conservative (n)
political power
political group
political grouping
politician
politics / policy
green politics
21.1 La democracia
109
la clase media alta / baja
con el apoyo de la clase obrera
apoyar
el debate
el discurso
la replica
la poldmica
por motivos politicos
la oposicidn
la actitud polftica
man ten er las fuerzas de
orden publico
lograr el objetivo de sacar a
Espana adelante
los derechos humanos
salvaguardar las libertades у los
derechos del pueblo
mantener vivo el sistema democrdtico
21.1.2 Las elecciones
elegir
las elecciones generales
las elecciones autondmicas
la cam paha electoral
el electorado
ganar 100 escahos
el voto
votar (por los socialistas)
las urnas
acudir a las urnas
el referendum
el / la portavoz
el sondeo
el boicot
boicotear
21.2	Ladictadura
el regimen
el franquismo
en la ёроса franquista
el dictador
la dictadura
the upper / lower middle class
with working-class support
to support
debate
speech
reply
discussion, argument, polemic
for political motives / reasons
the opposition
political attitude
to maintain the forces of public order
to achieve the objective of moving
Spain forward
human rights
to safeguard the freedoms and
rights of the people
to keep the democratic system alive
Elections
to elect
general election
regional government / autonomfa
elections
election campaign
electorate
to win 100 (parliamentary) seats
vote
to vote (for the socialists)
ballot boxes
to go to the polls
referendum
spokesperson
opinion poll
boycott
to boycott
Dictatorship
rdgime
Francoism, politics of the Franco
regime
in Franco’s time
dictator
dictatorship
110 La politic a 21
el Caudillo
el fascismo
fascista
el / la fascista
el / la facha (co//)
ultraderechista
el golpe de estado
el golpismo
el / la golpista
el gobiemo tftere
21.3	La violencia polftica
21.3.1 Los responsables
el / la terrorista
la organizacidn terrorista
el grupo terrorista
el guerrillero / la guerrillera
la guerra de guerrillas
los rebeldes
el / la simpatizante
el grupo separatista
ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna)
etarra
una cdlula del Al-Qaeda
21.3.2 Sus razones у objetivos
derrocar el gobierno
la corrupcidn de los politicos
corromper
corrompido/a
la ley del patrdn
luchar por la independencia
21.3.3 Sus mdtodos
protester
la sublevacidn
la revolucidn
revolucionario/a
los disturbios callejeros
el cuartelazo
el golpe militar
fascist leader (esp. with reference
to Franco)
fascism
fascist (adj)
fascist (n)
(derogatory slang term for) fascist
extreme right-wing
coup d’etat
coup mentality
one who takes part in a coup
puppet government
Political violence
The perpetrators
terrorist
terrorist organisation
terrorist group
guerrilla
guerrilla warfare
the rebels
sympathiser
separatist group
ETA (Basque separatist group)
member of, or to do with, ETA
an Al-Qaeda cell
Their reasons and objectives
to bring down the government
political corruption
to corrupt
corrupt
the law of the rich owner / boss
to struggle / fight for independence
Their methods
to protest
uprising
revolution
revolutionary
street riots
military uprising, army coup
military coup
21.3 La violencia polftica
111
las operaciones guerrilleras
la violencia terrorista
el atentado terrorista
el atentado con bomba
secuestrar
el coche bomba
el hombre / la mujer bomba
entregar su vida (por)
la bomba de relojerfa
el explosive Semtex
volar un tren
asesinar
el asesinato
quitarle la vida a alguien
mutilar
lesionar
herir
deg о liar a alguien
rescatar
el rescate
el atentado
el asesinato politico
hundir el pais en la guerra civil
las matanzas colectivas
la masacre sangrienta
ahogar(se) en sang re
matar por mat ar
crear continues conflictos
la cancidn de protesta
‘el pueblo unido jamds serd
vencido’
el alto el fuego
21.3.4 Susvictimas
el / la vfetima
la desaparicion
tomar a una persona сото rehgn
los rehenes detenidos en Iraq
estar sobrecogido/a por el terror
los desaparecidos violentamente
21.3.5 Las contramedidas
los organismos internacionales
de derechos humanos
evitar una guerra civil
firmar una tregua
guerrilla operations
terrorist violence
terrorist outrage
bomb outrage
to kidnap
car bomb
suicide bomber
to give up one’s life (for)
booby-trap bomb
Semtex explosive
to blow up a train
to murder
murder
to take someone’s life
to maim
to injure
to wound
to behead sb / cut sb’s throat
to ransom
ransom
outrage / attempt on someone’s life
political assassination / murder
to plunge the country into civil war
mass killings
bloody massacre
to drown in blood
to kill for the sake of killing
to create continual conflicts
protest song
the people united will never be
defeated’
cease-fire
Their victims
victim
disappearance
to take sb hostage
the hostages held in Iraq
to be cowed by terror
those who have disappeared by force
Counter-measures
international human rights
organisations
to avoid a civil war
to sign a truce
112 La politica 21
romper una tregua
la ruptura de una tregua
desactivar una bomba
el artificiero / experto en desactivar
explosives
tener el apoyo del gobierno
21.4	La monarqufa
21.4.1 La Familia Real
el / la monarca
el soberano / la soberana
los Reyes de Espafia
el Principe de Asturias
la Infanta Elena
la corona espariola
la Fam ilia Real
la Zarzuela
el presupuesto anual
el Jefe de Estado
la coronacidn
las obligaciones oficiales
reinar
el reino
durante el reinado de
la Constitucidn de 1978
el sistema constitucional
el jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas
mantenerse por encima de la
polftica cotidiana
cumplir con su deber
las cuestiones protocolarias
tener sangre real
21.4.2 En pro у en contra
de la monarqufa
ser mon£rquico/a
desde un punto de vista (anti-)
mon&quico...
estar en pro / en contra de la
monarqufa
gozar del privilegio
privilegiado/a
to break a truce
the breaking of a truce
to defuse a bomb
bomb disposal expert
to have the support of the
government
The monarchy
The Royal Family
monarch
sovereign
King and Queen of Spain
Prince of Asturias
Princess Elena
the Spanish crown
Royal Family
home of Spanish royal family
annual budget
Head of State
coronation
official duties
to reign
kingdom, realm
during the reign of
the 1978 Constitution
constitutional system
chief of the armed forces
to remain above everyday politics
to fulfil one’s duty
matters of protocol
to have royal blood
For and against the monarchy
to be a monarchist
from a(n anti-)monarchist point
of view
to be for / against the monarchy
to enjoy privilege
privileged
21.4 La monarqufa
113
gozar del poder hereditario
disfrutar de la riqueza heredada
deberfan trabajar сото cualquier
hijo de vecino
pagar los impuestos
ofrecer estabilidad
gozar de un prestigio sin parangdn
hacerse querer por todos
el Rey Juan Carlos ...
... fue el protagonista de
la transicidn democrdtica
... deseтреп6 un papel primordial
en
el cambio hacia la democracia
to enjoy hereditary power
to enjoy inherited (unearned) wealth
they should have to work like
any other citizen
to pay taxes
to offer stability
to enjoy unequalled prestige
to be loved by all
King Juan Carlos ...
... was the leader of the transition
to democracy
... played a fundamental role in
the change to democracy
21.5 Las autonomi'as
The self-governing regions
el regionalismo
el gobiemo regional
el deseo autondmico
el autogobiemo
la Comunidad Autdnoma
reconocer el derecho a la
autonomia
tener una lengua propia
suscitar expectativas
esto no supone una panacea para ...
crear conflictos sociales
crear mds burocracia
se tiende a una Europa sin
fronteras
la lengua catalana
la Generalitat
los vascos
el Pais Vasco 1
Euskadi J
el euskera
regionalism
regional government
desire for regional government
self-government
self-governing region (of Spain)
to recognise the right to self-
government
to have one’s own language
to awaken expectations
this does not imply a panacea for...
to create social conflict
to create more bureaucracy
there is a tendency to a Europe
without frontiers
the Catalan language
Catalan Parliament
the Basques
the Basque Country
Basque (language)
www.casareal.es
www.elpais.es/diano/autonomias.html
The main political parties:
www.psoe.es
www.pp.es
www.izquierda-unida.es
You can easily find other parties via a search engine.
©
114 La polftica 21
22
La economfa у
los negocios
22.1	La economfa
22.1.1 A nivel gubernamental
la economfa dirigida
la economfa del mercado
el centro bancario у financiero
mondial
el sector publico
el sector privado
privatizar
la privatizacidn
fomentar el capital privado
nacionalizar
la nacionalizacidn
global izar
la globalizacidn
la mundializacidn
Hacienda
el ministro / la ministra de Hacienda
la deuda nacional
la balanza de pagos
subvencionar
la subvene i6n
las actividades econdmicas
el despegue de la economfa
espafiola
el mercado de cambio de monedas
tras anos de estancamiento
el presupuesto
el consumidor / la consumidora
la tasa de cam bio
la devaluacidn
devaluar / revaluar el
peso argentine
las divisas extranjeras
la estadfstica
bruto/a
neto/a
combatir la inflacidn
The economy
At government level
planned economy
market economy
world banking and financial
centre
public sector
private sector
to privatise
privatisation
to encourage private capital
to nationalise
nationalisation
to globalise
globalisation
extension worldwide, internationalisation
Treasury, Exchequer
Chancellor of the Exchequer
national debt
balance of payments
to subsidise
subsidy
economic activities
the lift-off of the Spanish economy
foreign exchange market
after years of stagnation
budget
consumer
exchange rate
devaluation
to devalue / revalue the
Argentinian peso
foreign exchange, currency
statistic(s)
gross
net
to combat inflation
22.1 La economfa
115
la tasa de la inflacidn	inflation rate
la espiral inflacionista	the spiral of inflation
invertir capital en Espana	to invest capital in Spain
la inversidn	investment
la libre competencia	free competition
el mercado libre	free market
estar sujeto/a a las fuerzas del	to be subject to market forces
mercado NB: la banca	the banks (collectively), banking
el banco	bank (building or company)
los movimientos bancarios	bank movements
la fluctuacibn de los tipos de interds	interest rate fluctuation
el aiza (f) / la baja en los tipos de interds	rise / fall in interest rates
la crisis econdmica	economic crisis
la recesidn	recession
la entidad financiers	financial institution
el descenso de la demanda	downturn in demand
el crecimiento mds lento	slower growth
la contraccidn del sector constructor	contraction of the building sector
impedir el hundimiento de la economia to prevent the collapse of the economy	
22.1.2 A nivel personal	On a personal level
el consumismo	consumerism
la sociedad consumista	the consumer society
los bienes de consumo	consumer goods
el poder adquisitivo	purchasing power
la cesta de la compra	shopping basket
el ahorro	savings
la Caja de Ahorros	savings bank
ahorrar	to save
la Bo Isa	Stock Exchange
el / la agente de Bolsa	stockbroker
las acciones	shares
el / la accionista	shareholder
el prestamo	loan
prestar	to lend
la hipoteca	mortgage
hipotecar	to mortgage
el impuesto sobre la renta	income tax
el impuesto sobre el valor afiadido (IVA)	value added tax (VAT)
la plusvalla la tarjeta de crddito el cajero automatic© pedir el saldo la suplantacion de la identidad el fraude de las tarjetas de crddito	appreciation, capital gains tax credit card automatic cash dispenser to ask for a balance statement identity theft credit card fraud
116 La economia у los negocios 22
22.2	Los negocios
la em presa
la (empresa) subsidiaria
la entidad
los recursos
el beneficio
el margen de beneficio
un negocio rentable
la renta
la rentabilidad
la pbrdida
la contabilidad
el / la contable
el acreedor
la cooperative
el convenio
la venta al detalle / al por menor
la venta al por mayor
el contrato multimillonario
las posibilidades de desarrollo
incrementar la productividad
mantener la liquidez
las cifras de exportacibn
la importacibn
financiar un proyecto
la fusibn de dos empresas
el pago
las perdidas
la mercancfa
la planificacion
planificar
el riesgo
arriesgar
la venta a plazos
Business
firm, company
subsidiary, branch
company, organisation
resources
profit
profit margin
a profitable business
income, revenue
profitability
loss
accounting
accountant
creditor
cooperative
agreement, accord
retail sale
wholesale
multimillion contract
development possibilities
to increase productivity
to maintain liquidity, solvency
export figures
import
to finance a project
merger of two companies
payment
losses
goods, merchandise
planning
to plan
risk
to risk
sale by instalments
You will find further associated vocabulary in Chapter 6.
www.bancomundial.org
www.bde.es
www.meh.es
www.infobolsa.es
©
22.2 Los negocios
117
23
Amigos algo falsos у
muy falsos
Many Spanish words of almost identical appearance to their English equivalents
also have much the same meaning. Some, however, although they may share
one or more meanings, are used more commonly with a different sense, as in
Section 23.1. Some other words have a totally different meaning, which could
even lead you into embarrassing situations. These latter, in Section 23.2, are
known as ‘false friends’. So pay close attention to these lists!
23.1 jCuidadito!	Be a bit careful!
el aborto abortar absolutamente en absolute adecuado admirar agitar aguardar alterar(se) anciano/a anticipar(se) antiguo asistir (a)	abortion (but can mean ‘miscarriage’) to abort, have a miscarriage absolutely (but often ‘absolutely not’) not at all, absolutely not suitable to surprise, astonish to wave (arms, etc.) to wait (for) to make / get upset, angry (applied to people) old person to bring / take place early ancient, but also former, one-time to be present at, attend (NOT ’to assist’)
la asistencia la bateria bruto	attendance (rather than ‘assistance’) drums (in band) coarse, rough, uncouth; gross (weight, etc.)
la cacerola el canguro colapsar el colapso la comision la comodidad complete la conferencia el cristal crude cuestidn	saucepan baby-sitter to jam, disrupt (e.g. traffic) jam, blockage committee comfort full (hotel, bus, etc.) lecture pane of glass, window pane raw, uncooked, untreated question (to be discussed, rather than asked)
la desgracia por desgracia	misfortune, bad luck unfortunately
118 Amigos algo falsos у muy falsos 23
divertir(se) efectivamente / en efecto la ёроса el establo fatal la frase genial el genio ignorar el infante / la infanta la memoria la moneda la oracidn particular la propaganda la racidn real el regimen (NB: los regimenes) registrar regular (adj) solicitar suceder	to amuse / be amused in fact, indeed, actually period of time, season cowshed dreadful, awful, ghastly sentence (NOT ‘phrase’) inspired, brilliant disposition, nature; bad temper not to know, to be ignorant of prince / princess memory (mechanism) coin; currency prayer private advertising portion, helping (of food) royal diet to search, inspect (baggage, etc.) so-so (health, quality, etc.) ask for, request; apply for (job) to happen (only ‘succeed’ in sense of ‘come after’)
23.2 iMucho cuidado!	Be very careful!
acomodar(se) acostar(se) actual actualmente afrontar avisar la bala balancear(se) el baldn bizarro el campo la carpeta casual casualmente / por casualidad la casualidad el c(h)rismas el collar el compromise comprometerse	to make (oneself) comfortable to put / go to bed, lie down present (in time) at present, now to face up to to warn bullet to rock, sway (large) ball, e.g. football brave, gallant field, country (as opposed to town) folder, portfolio chance (adj) by chance chance, coincidence Christmas card necklace commitment, engagement; predicament to commit oneself; get into a predicament
concretar(se)	to make / become more specific
23.2 {Mucho cuidado!
119
el delito el disgusto embarazarse em bar aza da energdtico (adj)	crime, offence annoyance, displeasure to become pregnant pregnant to do with energy, e.g. crisis energetica (use energico for person, etc.)
eventual	fortuitous, dependent upon circumstances
el dxito fastidiar(se) el fastidio el flan la gana tener ganas de gentil el gusto honesto honrado el idioma jubilarse largo la letra	success to annoy / get annoyed annoyance crdme caramel desire, wish to wish to, feel like (doing sth) elegant, graceful pleasure, delight; taste decent, chaste honest, honourable language to retire long letter of alphabet, handwriting, words of song
loco molestar la molestia el nudo el obsequio la parcela el pariente / la parienta pinchar pisar el preservativo pretender el profesor / la profesora quitar(se) el rato recorder el refrdn la renta revolver la гора sano el taldn latinta la tormenta	mad to annoy, irritate annoyance, irritation knot gift, present plot of land relative, relation to prick, puncture to tread, trample condom to seek to, try to; claim teacher to take away, remove, take off (short) while to remember proverb, saying income to stir, mix up, turn round / over clothes healthy heel (of shoe); cheque, cheque stub ink; dye storm
120 Amigos algo falsos у muy falsos 23
24
iEscoge la palabra correcta!
You need to take great care when selecting the Spanish equivalent of these
English words.
24.1 jCuidado!
to appear
come into sight
seem
to apply
for job
substance (to)
to argue
quarrel
reason
to ask
a question
sb for sth
sb to do sth
to become
+ n
+ occupation
+ adj
or make verb from adj
Careful!
aparecer
parecer
solicitar, pedir
aplicar (a)
refiir
arguir
preguntar
pedir algo a alguien
pedir a alguien que haga algo
hacerse, convertirse en
hacerse, Hegar a ser
ponerse; hacerse (implies effort)
e.g. independizarse
(become independent)
both
referring to two people or objects
both ... and ...
to burn
consume or damage by fire
be on fire
to care
look after
care / worry about
take care
ambos/as, los / las dos
tanto... сото...
quemar
arder
cuidar
preocuparse por, interesarse por
tener cuidado
24.1 {Cuidado!
121
care (n) anxiety	la inquietud
to come	venir
For come in /out/ up / down, etc, see also under 'go'.
to drive drive a vehicle drive somewhere drive + adj	conducir ir en coche volver (e.g. volver loco - drive mad)
to enjoy have use / benefit of (circumstances, health, etc.) take delight in	gozar gustar (e.g. <*,te gustd la pelfcula? - did you enjoy the film?)
enjoy oneself	divertirse pasarlo bien
to fail be a flop, not succeed crops, machinery, etc. in obligation, duty, etc. an exam fail to do sth	fracasar fa liar faltar suspender dejar de hacer algo
There are numerous other idiomatic uses: check in the dictionary!
to get
This is a multipurpose word in English! The best tip is to find another English
word which expresses the meaning of ‘get’ and use the Spanish equivalent.
obtain receive become + adj	obtener, conseguir recibir ponerse
or convert adj to v, e.g. cansarse - to get tired, mojarse - to get wet
go and get	ir por
to go go / come in(to) go / come out (of) go/come up go / come down go / come across go / come back go / come by go away See also Section 24.2.4 below.	ir entrar (en) salir (de) subir bajar cruzar, atravesar volver pasar irse, marcharse, alejarse
122 jEscoge la palabra corrects! 24
to know
know a fact, know that...
know how to
know / be acquainted with
a person / place
NOT to know (a fact / that...)
last
in series
previous (e.g. last Monday)
to leave
go off / away
train, plane, etc.
leave (the house, work, etc.)
allow to remain
abandon
to let
rent out
permit, let sth happen
saber (que)
saber + inf
conocer
ignorar
ultimo
pasado
irse, marcharse
salir (de)
salir (de casa, del trabajo, etc.)
dejar
abandonar
alquilar
dejar (+ inf or subj),
permitir (+ subj),
que + pres subj
to listen
(usually)
to the radio, CDs, etc.
to love
a person
an activity, food, etc.
fall in love (with)
be in love (with)
to look
look at
look for, have a look for
seem
look like, resemble
look (n)
act of looking
appearance
fashion
escuchar
oir
querer, amar
encantar (e.g. me encanta -
I love it)
enamorarse (de)
estar enamorado/a (de)
mi rar
buscar
parecer
parecerse a
la mirada
el aspecto
la moda, el estilo
24.1 iCuidado!
123
to manage
manage to
a tool, etc.
a company
to move
(general)
move house
to order
command
request (e.g. purchase)
in restaurant
order (n)
for purchase or food
command
succession, arrangement
to put
(general)
place
put into
quite
completely
rather, somewhat
not quite
to reflect
reflect light
think
to run
action of running
run an organisation, etc.
in a particular direction:
run up
run down
run in(to)
run out (from)
to sit
sit down (i.e. action)
be sitting / seated (state)
conseguir, lograr + inf
manejar
dirigir, gestionar
mover (trans), moverse (intrans)
mudarse de casa
mandar, ordenar
pedir, encargar
pedir
el pedido
laorden
el orden
poner
coIocar
meter (en)
totalmente, completamente
bastante, algo, un poco
no del todo
reflejar
reflex ion ar
correr
dirigir
subir corrie ndo
bajar corriendo
entrar corriendo (en)
salir corriendo (de)
sentarse
estar sentado/a
124 jEscoge la palabra corrects! 24
sorry
when you interrupt or
unintentionally hurt sb
to apologise emphatically,
generally express regret,
be sorry about
to be (very) sorry that...
to stand
stand up
be standing (if bodily position
is of importance)
otherwise
tolerate, put up with
to stop
bring / come to a halt
stop doing sth
cease (e.g. rain)
prevent sb from doing sth
to succeed
be successful
succeed in (doing)
be next in succession to
to take
general
take hold of, catch
Warning: this verb has vulgar:
America - use tomar/
occupy
take sb or sth somewhere
(i.e. lead, transport)
take out (from)
then
next
at that time
so, in that case
time
concept or duration
occasion
time of day
period / span of time
short period of time / while
to have a good time
iperdonl
sentir, lamentar
sentir (mucho) que + subj
levantarse, ponerse de pie
estar de pie
estar parado
aguantar, soportar
parar(se), detener(se)
dejar / terminar de hacer algo
cesar
impedir que alguien haga algo
tener dxito
conseguir/ lograr + inf
suceder a
tomar
coger
nnotations in most of Spanish
ocupar
I lev ar
sacar (de)
luego, entonces
entonces
pues, entonces
el tiempo
la vez
la hora
la ёроса
el rato
divertirse, pasarlo bien
24.1 {Cuidado!
125
to try
endeavour to
try out, try on (i.e. test, sample)
to turn (as intrans v)
revolve
change direction
turn round
turn into (become)
turn + adj
to walk
action of walking
to go for a walk
in a particular direction:
walk up
walk down
walk in(to)
walk out (of)
to wipe
clean
dry
to work
do work
function
tratarde, intentar, procurer
pro bar
girar
volver
voh/erse, dar la vuelta
convert!rse en, transformarse en
volverse, ponerse
andar
pasearse, dar un paseo
subir andando
bajar andando
entrar andando (en)
salir andando (de)
limpiar
secar, enjugar
trebajar
funcionar
work (n)
job, the work you do
work of art
road / building works
el trabajo
la obra
las obras
126 jEscoge la palabra corrects! 24
24.2 Sindnimos para
Synonyms for common
palabras corrientes words
We are all inclined to use common, general-purpose words such as ‘to be',
‘to have’, 'lots of', when we could and should be more precise. Here are some
alternative suggestions. However, a word of warning: some ‘synonyms' might
not be synonymous with all meanings of a particular word, and might have a
particular nuance, hence the reason for including some examples to help you
decide.
24.2.1 Ser/Estar
To be
Be aware first of all of the differences between ser and estar, which you will find
fully explained in any grammar book.
Estar
• be in a place, position or state (talking of people): encontrarse, hallarse
Cuando llamaste me encontraba /
me hallaba bajo la ducha
El perro se encontraba /
se hallaba acostado en la huerta
Loli se encontraba enferma aquel dia
When you called I was in the shower
The dog was lying in the garden
Loli was ill that day
• be in a place, talking of objects or towns, cities etc: encontrarse, hallarse,
situarse, and rather more sophisticated^, ubicarse
Salamanca se encuentra / se halla /
se situa / se ubica en el rlo Tormes
Salamanca se encuentra ubicada
en el no Tormes
Salamanca is on the river Tormes
• be in a state, usually after an action (not necessarily expressed): quedar
La ciudad quedaba en ruinas
Ana quedd perpleja
Ser
• be considered: considerarse
Aquella pista de esqul se considera
la mds peligrosa
Pepe se considera muy listo
The town was (left) in ruins
Ana was puzzled
That ski slope is the most
dangerous
Pepe thinks he is very clever
24.2 Sinonimos para palabras corrientes
127
24.2.2 Hay
There is I there are
• se encuentra(n): there is/are to be found
• se ve(n): there is / are to be seen
Se encuentran / ven muchos
edificios historicos en esta ciudad
Se veia una larga cola delante
de la puerta
There are lots of historic buildings
in this town
There was a long queue in
front of the door
• existir. to exist
Existe un gran numero de remedies
para este problema
There are lots of solutions to
this problem
24.2.3 Poseer, etc.
Have, have got
possess, own: poseer
Poseo un ordenador muy rapido
Mi hermana posee un perro
encantador
I’ve got a very fast computer
My sister’s got a delightful dog
suffer from- sufrir de padecer de
La pobre sufria / padecia de una
artritis severa
The poor woman had severe arthritis
24.2.4 Ir, etc.
To go I come
to a place: dirigirse a, viajar, desplazarse a (implies effort or travel)
Jaime se dirigid hacia la puerta
Viajo / me desplazo cada dia desde
Segovia a Madrid
Jaime went / came towards the door
I go / come from Segovia to Madrid
each day
go away: irse, but also marcharse, alejarse, largarse
iCu^ndo te marchas / te vas?
When are you going (away)?
go /move away, alejarse (tends to emphasise increasing distance;
it's derived from lejosj
El tren se alejaba de la estacidn
The train was going / moving away
from the station
128 jEscoge la palabra corrects! 24
go/move away: largarse (often gives the idea of 'clearing off!)
j Legate!
Off you go!
• go/come towards, approach: acercarse, aproximarse (often but not
necessarily more abstract)
В tren se acercaba
Se aproxima el invierno
The train was coming / approaching
Winter is coming
24.2.5 Mucho / mucha / muchos / A lot, much, lots, many
muchas
Try also:
una gran cantidad de
una cantidad enorme de
grandes cantidades de
cantidades enorm es de
un montdn de / montones de
una multitud de
una muchedumbre de
un sinnumero de
miles / millares de
toneladas de
24.2.6 Muy
a large quantity of
a huge / vast quantity of
large quantities of
huge / vast quantities of
a heap of, heaps of
(slightly more colloquial)
a multitude of
a great number of
no end of, a great many
thousands of
tons of
Very
• You can often use the suffix -fsimo on an adjective:
caro - carisimo
rico - riquisimo
very / extremely expensive
very / extremely rich
Don't forget that these may also be converted into an adverb:
estupidisimamente
very / extremely stupidly
• Use:
extremadamente:
extremadamente generoso
enorm emente:
enorm emente feo
extremely generous
enormously ugly
and other adverbs which suggest an extreme or superlative:
importantemente, notablemente, etc.
24.2 Sinonimos para palabras cornentes
129
25 Algunos verbos utiles
The following is a selection of- mainly abstract - verbs which cannot be listed
under particular topic headings but are very useful in written and spoken
argument.
abolish accuse get accustomed to achieve acknowledge (recognise) act	eliminar, suprim ir acusar acostumbrarse a conseguir reconocer actuar (in theatre); actuar, obrar (do sth)
add admit advise afford agree to agree with allow alter annoy apologise appreciate approve assist assume assure attempt attract avenge (oneself) avoid balance bear (endure) behave betray blame boast borrow cancel cheat (deceive) check choose command compel	anadir admitir (all senses); confesar (confess) aconsejar costear consentir en, quedar en ponerse / estar de acuerdo con permitir cambiar fastidiar, enojar disculparse apreciar (most senses); valorar (value) aprobar ayudar asumir asegurar intentar, probar atraer vengar(se) evitar equilibrar aguantar comportarse traicionar culpar jactarse pedir prestado anular, cancelar, suprimir burlar com probar escoger, elegir mandar, ordenar obligar
130 Algunos verbos utiles 25
complain
compose
conclude
confess
confuse
congratulate (on)
dare (to)
deal (with something)
decrease, diminish
demand
deny
depend (on)
deserve
despise
develop
disagree
disagree
disappoint
disgust
distrust
emphasise
endure
envy
excuse
fail
favour
fear
fight (for)
forbid
foresee
forget
forgive
frighten
fulfil
govern
grumble (about)
hasten
hate
hesitate
hinder
imagine
improve
increase
influence
intend to
interrupt
judge
quejarse, lamentarse
componer
concluir
confesar
confundir
felicitar (por)
atreverse a, osar
tratar de
disminuir
exigir, reivindicar
negar
depender (de)
merecer
despreciar
desarrollar
no estar de acuerdo, oponerse
(object)
rehir, discutir (quarrel)
decepcionar
dar asco
desconfiar de, recelar
subrayar
aguantar
envidiar
perdonar
fracasar
favorecer
temer
luchar (por)
prohibir
prever
olvidar
perdonar
asustar, dar un susto a
cumplir
gobernar
protester (de)
apresurarse (intrans), acelerar (trans)
odiar, aborrecer
dudar, vacilar
impedir, estorbar
imaginarse, figurarse
mejorar
aumentar (trans), aumentarse (intrans)
influir en
pensar
interrum pir
juzgar
25 Algunos verbos utiles
131
loathe
maintain
measure
make a mistake (be wrong)
mistrust
mix
neglect
notice
obey
object to
offend
offer
omit
owe
own
permit
persuade to
possess
postpone
prejudice
pretend (make believe)
prevent
profit from
promise
propose
protect
prove
provide
quarrel
recognise
refuse (to)
regret (be sorry for)
reject
rely on
require
resemble
satisfy
scorn
suit
supply
support
suppose
suspect (of)
thank
threaten (to / with)
trust
waste (money / resources)
worry
aborrecer
mantener
medir
equivocarse
desconfiar de, recelar
mezclar
descuidar, desatender
observer, notar
obedecer
oponerse a
ofender
ofrecer
omitir
deber
poseer, ser duefio de
permitir
persuadir a
poseer
aplazar
perjudicar
fingir
impedir
aprovechar de
prometer
proponer
proteger
com probar
proveer, suministrar
refVir
reconocer
negarse (a), rehusar
sentir, lamentar
rechazar
contar con, fiarse de
exigir
parecerse a
satisfacer
desdenar, despreciar
convenir a
suministrar
apoyar
suponer
sospechar (de)
agradecer
amenazar (con + inf or n)
fiarse de
malgastar, despilfarrar
inquietarse, preocuparse
132 Algunos verbos utiles 25