/
Автор: Митрошкина Т.В.
Теги: английский язык учебники и учебные пособия по английскому языку лингвистика английский языки мира языкознание
ISBN: 978-985-7171-59-0
Год: 2022
Текст
Т. В. Митрошкина
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
БЕЗ РЕПЕТИТОРА
Секреты успешной подготовки
к тестированию
2-е издание, исправленное
Минск
«Тетралит»
УДК 811.111(075.4)
ББК 81.2Англ-922
М67
Мнтрошкина, Т. В.
М67 Английский язык без репетитора: секреты успешной под-
готовки к тестированию / Т. В. Мнтрошкина. — 2-е изд., ис-
правл. — Минск : Тетралит, 2022. — 448 с.
ISBN 978-985-7171-59-0
Издание предназначено для систематизации знаний и подготовки к
экзамену и тестированию по английскому языку.
Содержит основные сведения по образованию и употреблению грам-
матических форм и конструкций в виде таблиц и кратких инструкций, пе-
речень необходимых лексических единиц и типичных фраз, используемых
в общении.
В пособие включены тестовые задания, аналогичные тем, которые ис-
пользовались при проведении централизованного тестирования по ан-
глийскому языку в последние годы, а также практические рекомендации
по подготовке к тестированию и выполнению тестовых заданий.
Адресуется абитуриентам, будет полезно школьникам и учителям.
УДК 811.1] 1(075.4)
ББК 81.2Англ-922
ISBN 978-985-7171-59-0
© Мнтрошкина Т. В., 202)
© Оформление. ЧИУП «Тетралит», 2022
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Секреты успешной подготовки.......................7
ВИДО-ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА......................11
Способы выражения настоящего времени.........13
Глаголы, не употребляющиеся в Continuous......15
Способы выражения прошедшего времени.........19
Способы выражения будущего времени...........23
Сводная таблица видовременных форм
глагола в действительном залоге...............27
Страдательный залог...........................28
Таблица наречий времени.......................30
Согласование времен...........................32
Типы условных предложений.....................33
Рекомендации по выполнению тестовых заданий
на видовременные формы глагола................35
Задания на употребление
видовременных форм глагола....................45
ПРЕДЛОГИ........................................70
Значение основных предлогов...................70
Предлоги времени..............................73
Предлоги места................................75
Предлоги направления движения.................76
Предлоги образа действия......................77
Предлоги после существительных................79
Предлоги после прилагательных.................80
Предлоги после глаголов.......................81
Идиоматические выражения с предлогами.........82
Фразовые глаголы .............................86
Предлоги, употребляемые в составе
фразовых глаголов.............................88
Рекомендации по выполнению тестовых
заданий на предлоги...........................90
Задания на употребление предлогов.............94
3
АРТИКЛИ ....................................110
Неопределенный артикль....................110
Определенный артикль .....................114
Отсутствие артикля........................116
Артикли с именами собственными............117
Рекомендации по выполнению
тестовых заданий на артикли...............122
Задания на употребление артиклей..........128
ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ.........................138
Число имен существительных................138
Согласование имени существительного
с глаголом-сказуемым в числе..............140
Притяжательный падеж......................142
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ.................................147
ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ, НАРЕЧИЕ.................158
Степени сравнения.........................158
Сравнительные конструкции.................160
Особенности употребления некоторых
прилагательных и наречий..................160
СОЮЗЫ.......................................168
ИМЯ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ............................174
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА......................178
Инфинитив.................................178
Причастия.................................180
Герундий..................................181
НАХОЖДЕНИЕ ОШИБКИ
В ПОДЧЕРКНУТЫХ ФРАГМЕНТАХ...................186
Рекомендации по выполнению заданий
на нахождение ошибки......................189
СЛОВОУПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ...........................196
Существительные...........................196
Устойчивые выражения с существительными...207
4
Прилагательные..............................209
Глаголы.....................................220
Устойчивые выражения с глаголами............234
Рекомендации по выполнению тестовых заданий
на словоупотребление........................246
Задания на словоупотребление................252
СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНАЯ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЯ...................275
Типичные фразы речевого этикета.............275
ЧТЕНИЕ........................................295
Изучающее чтение............................295
Поисковое чтение............................303
Просмотровое чтение.........................310
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ..............................317
Таблица производных слов....................319
Правила написания суффиксов и окончаний.....328
Секреты правописания........................335
150 орфографически сложных слов.............337
Отрицательные приставки.....................338
Перечень часто проверяемых слов.............341
Рекомендации к заданиям на словообразование..345
Задания на словообразование.................352
ВСТАВКА ПРОПУЩЕННОГО СЛОВА....................363
Перечень типичных слов для вставки..........363
Рекомендации к заданиям на вставку
пропущенного слова..........................368
Задания на вставку пропущенного слова.......373
НАХОЖДЕНИЕ ЛИШНИХ СЛОВ........................382
Типичные случаи ошибочного
употребления слов...........................382
Рекомендации к заданиям на нахождение
лишних слов.................................385
Задания на нахождение лишних слов...........389
5
ПЕРЕВОД ФРАГМЕНТА ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ..................398
Перечень типичных слов для перевода..........398
Рекомендации к заданиям на перевод
фрагмента предложения.......................403
Задания на перевод фрагмента предложения....403
ОТВЕТЫ........................................408
Таблица неправильных глаголов...............437
Таблица соответствия первичных
и тестовых баллов...........................442
Список используемой литературы................444
6
СЕКРЕТЫ УСПЕШНОЙ подготовки
Как говорил классик русской литературы Лев Николаевич Тол-
стой: «Важно не количество знаний, а качество их. Можно знать
очень многое, не зная самого нужного». Так и при подготовке к
тестированию — нужно точно знать, что вас ждет на экзамене, и
готовиться целенаправленно.
На протяжении последних нескольких лет структура теста на
централизованном тестировании остается практически неизмен-
ной, лишь иногда меняется количество заданий того или иного
типа. Большая часть заданий построена на связных аутентичных
текстах и диалогах, что позволяет проверить не только знание лек-
сических единиц и грамматических форм, но и умение целостно
воспринимать контекст, а также адекватно реагировать на предло-
женные речевые ситуации, используемые в повседневном общении.
На тестировании абитуриентам предлагаются различные познава-
тельные тексты для чтения, которые соответствуют их возрастным
особенностям и интересам.
С 2021 года тест включает в себя 48 заданий (30 заданий в ча-
сти А и 18 заданий в части В), на выполнение которых отводится
120 минут.
Структура теста по английскому языку в 2021 году
Часть А
А1-А6 Видовременные формы глагола
А7-А10 Предлоги
А11-А13 Артикли
А14-А15 Нахождение ошибок в подчеркнутых фрагментах
А16-.А20 Словоупотребление (лексика)
А21А24 Коммуникативная компетенция (реплики, диалоги)
А25-А30 Чтение
Часть В
В1-В6 Словообразование
В7-В16 Нахождение лишних слов
В17-В18 Перевод фрагмента предложения
Задания в части А предполагают выбор из пяти (в тексте для
чтения — из трех) вариантов ответов, из которых только один яв-
ляется верным. В заданиях части В вариантов ответов нет, правиль-
ный ответ нужно вписать самостоятельно.
7
Как подготовиться к тестированию по английскому языку?
Чем раньше вы начнете готовиться, тем лучше. Даже при хоро-
шем уровне владения английским, вам потребуется как минимум
год интенсивной подготовки.
Для успешного прохождения тестирования ваш уровень владе-
ния английским языком должен быть достаточно высоким, не ниже
Bl (Intermediate), в идеале В2 (Upper-Intermediate). Уровень В2озна-
чает, что вы имеете большой словарный запас (не менее 3500 слов)
и знаете практически всю грамматику, что позволяет вам свободно
общаться с носителями языка, читать неадаптированные тексты без
словаря, легко воспринимать на слух любую информацию.
Чтобы наиболее эффективно подготовиться к тестированию,
занимайтесь с учителем, у которого есть опыт подготовки абиту-
риентов. Преподаватель не просто проработает с вами задания из
учебников, но и расскажет о процедуре тестирования, его ловушках
и подводных камнях, даст рекомендации о том, как получить мак-
симальный балл.
Безусловно, практика — лучший учитель. Чтобы легко спра-
виться со всеми заданиями тестирования, нужно выполнить как
можно больше тестов. В этом вам помогут задания из данного по-
собия, различные интернет-ресурсы, предлагающие комментарии
к ответам и анализ допущенных ошибок, а также сборники с ма-
териалами централизованного тестирования прошлых лет.
Участие в репетиционном тестировании позволит вам не толь-
ко почувствовать атмосферу тестирования и научиться заполнять
бланк ответов, но и получить оценку ваших знаний, а также узнать,
в каких темах у вас есть пробелы. Доказано, что люди, хорошо зна-
комые с процедурой тестирования, показывают более высокие ре-
зультаты, чем неопытные испытуемые.
На тестировании у вас будет 120 минут на выполнение всех за-
даний, поэтому обязательно научитесь укладываться в отведенное
время. Следите за тем, как быстро вы выполняете задания. Кроме
того, на экзамене вам понадобится не менее 10 минут, чтобы про-
верить свою работу и перенести ответы в специальный бланк.
Главный совет — как можно больше читайте. Особенно по-
лезны тексты, к которым предлагаются вопросы на понима-
ние смысла прочитанного. Старайтесь выполнять такие задания,
к которым прилагаются правильные варианты ответа, или консуль-
тируйтесь с преподавателем, иначе вы не сможете проверить ваше
понимание текста. Смотрите англоязычные фильмы и передачи
(можно с субтитрами), слушайте и пойте песни на английском язы-
ке, пробуйте читать новости, различные статьи и художественную
литературу по-английски.
8
Рекомендации по выполнению тестов
Предлагаю вам несколько практических рекомендаций, кото-
рые помогут вам без труда справиться с тестированием по англий-
скому языку:
S Всегда внимательно читайте задание. Тестирование устроено
так, чтобы вас загубила ваша собственная невнимательность.
J Прежде чем приступить к выполнению задания, прочитайте
весь предложенный текст (ситуацию, предложение).
J Не бойтесь незнакомых слов! Зачастую они не мешают обще-
му пониманию задания (текста). Кроме того, задания составлены
так, чтобы по контексту можно было догадаться о значении непо-
нятного выражения
S Не зацикливайтесь на задании, которое вы не можете выпол-
нить. Пропустите его и переходите к следующему. Это позволит вам
избежать спешки при выполнении других заданий из-за нехватки
времени. Помните, в тесте всегда есть задания, с которыми вы обя-
зательно справитесь. Не так страшно потерять один балл, гораздо
хуже не успеть сделать все задания. Вернитесь к пропущенным за-
даниям после выполнения всего теста. Так вы дадите возможность
мозгу «переключиться» и попробовать выполнить задание еще раз.
J Не оставляйте вопросы без ответа! Не знаете правильный от-
вет - угадывайте. Доверьтесь своей интуиции. Психологи утверж-
дают, что, если вы не можете сделать осознанный, рациональный,
логический выбор, нужно остановиться на том варианте, который
вы выбрали первым. Так ваш внутренний голос подсказывает вам
верный ответ. Не меняйте свой первоначально выбранный вариант,
пока не убедитесь, что другой вариант правильный.
J Метод исключения никто не отменял! Попробуйте не искать
сразу правильный вариант ответа, а последовательно исключать те,
которые явно не подходят. Так вы сможете сконцентрировать внима-
ние всего на одном-двух вариантах и с большей вероятностью выбе-
рете верный ответ. И еще один секрет успеха. Иногда приходится вы-
бирать «наименее неправильный» ответ из предложенных вариантов.
Внимательно изучите образцы написания букв. Потренируйтесь
на демонстрационных вариантах тестирования переносить ответы
в специальный бланк.
В каком порядке выполнять задания теста?
I. Начните с легких для вас заданий в части А, например, вре-
мена, артикли, нахождение ошибок в подчеркнутом фрагменте
и т.п. Так вы успокоитесь и войдете в рабочий ритм.
2. Выполните более сложные задания в части А, например,
предлоги и употребление слов (лексика), до заданий на реплики.
9
3. Далее, пока голова еще хорошо работает, переходите к самым
трудным заданиям в части В.
4. Займитесь текстом для чтения.
5. Выполните задания на реплики и диалоги.
6. Вернитесь к невыполненным заданиям и попробуйте их
сделать.
7. В оставшееся время проверьте свои ответы и заполните спе-
циальный бланк ответов.
Выполняя задания в таком порядке, вы увидите, что самые
сложные задания (лексика, часть В, чтение) вы делаете тогда, когда
ваш мозг находится на пике своей активности — вы еше не устали,
но уже перестали волноваться. Выполнив часть В в середине теста,
вы все оставшееся время можете посвятить чтению, и при необхо-
димости перечитать текст два или три раза.
Подведем итоги. Успех на тестировании по английскому языку
обеспечивается следующими факторами:
J знание грамматических правил и умение применять их на
практике;
J хороший словарный запас;
J выполнение большого количества тестов прошлых лет;
J прохождение всех этапов репетиционного тестирования;
S правильное заполнение бланка ответов;
J внимательность и логическое мышление;
S немного везения.
Помните, что все в ваших руках! Как говорил герой известной
комедии «Чародеи», «для того чтобы проходить сквозь стены, нуж-
ны три условия: видеть цель, верить в себя и не замечать препят-
ствий!»
Желаю вам успехов, легких тестов и веры в свои силы!
10
ВИДО-ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Задания данного блока направлены на определение уров-
ня сформированное™ навыков употребления видо-временных
форм английских глаголов в тексте.
В спецификации теста по учебному предмету «Иностранный
язык (английский)» для проведения централизованного тести-
рования в 2021 году, в разделе «Языковой материал для продук-
тивного владения» (т.е. грамматика для активного употребления,
использования в речи), можно найти следующую информацию:
Временные формы глагола:
- действительный залог:
the Present Simple, the Past Simple, the Future Simple;
the Present Continuous, the Past Continuous;
the Present Perfect, the Past Perfect;
the Present Perfect Continuous;
the Future-in-the-Past.
— страдательный залог:
the Present Simple Passive;
the Past Simple Passive;
the Future Simple Passive.
Прямая и косвенная речь.
Used to do, be used to doing для выражения привычных действий.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
— модальные глаголы с indefinite Infinitive — can, could, may,
might, must, should-,
— эквиваленты модальных глаголов — to be able to, to have to.
Образование и употребление различных типов предложений:
- повествовательные предложения в утвердительной и от-
рицательной формах;
— вопросительные предложения — общие, альтернативные,
специальные, разделительные вопросы;
- побудительные предложения в утвердительной и отрица-
тельной формах;
— предложения с оборотом to be going to',
— сложносочиненные предложения;
— сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными опре-
делительными, дополнительными, сравнительными, об-
стоятельственными причины, реального условия и вре-
мени, уступительными.
II
В разделе «Языковой материал для рецептивного владения» (т. е.
узнавание и понимание в процессе чтения) дополнительно ука-
заны:
Временные формы глагола:
- действительный залог:
the Future Continuous, the Future Perfect Continuous, the Past
Perfect Continuous;
— страдательный залог:
the Present Continuous Passive, the Past Continuous Passive,
the Present Perfect Passive, the Past Perfect Passive.
Согласование времен.
Косвенные вопросы.
Модальные глаголы can’t, could, may, might, must с различны-
ми видами инфинитива для выражения предположения о воз-
можности / невозможности выполнения действий.
Сослагательное наклонение.
Сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными нере-
ального условия, относящегося к настоящему, будущему или
прошедшему; смешанный тип.
Из личного опыта, упоминание в спецификации того или
иного материала в разделе для рецептивного владения вовсе не
означает, что данные правила вам понадобятся только для чте-
ния текстов. Их с легкостью проверяют в самых различных за-
даниях, например, в тексте на времена, в заданиях на знание
грамматики с выбором из нескольких вариантов ответа, в зада-
ниях на нахождение ошибок и лишних слов. So, put your thinking
cap on and go ahead!
12
СПОСОБЫ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
Present Simple — всегда
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 We work You They I We do not work You They 1 Do we work? you they
He She works It He She does not work It he Does she work? it
/ usually lake the bus to school. He doesn’t go to school by bus. How do you get to school?
Случаи употребления
1. постоянные, по- следовательные или регулярно повторя- ющиеся действия 1 get up at 7, have breakfast and go to school. - Я встаю в 7, завтракаю и иду в школу. When she comes to work, she always drinks coffee. - Когда она приходит на работу, она всегда пьет кофе.
2. общеизвестные факты The Earth goes round the Sun. - Земля вращается вокруг Солнца. Ий/ег boils at 1ООаС. — Вода кипит при темпе- ратуре 100 °C.
3. действия по рас- писанию The bus leaves at 9. - Автобус отправляется в 9.
Наречия времени
always — всегда often - часто usually - обычно generally — обычно regularly — регулярно sometimes — иногда seldom — редко rarely — редко never — никогда as a rule - как правило daily - ежедневно every day — каждый день every other day - через день once a week - раз в неделю twice a day — два раза в день from time to time - время от времени
13
Present Continuous - сейчас, в момент речи; временно
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
I am talking 1 am not talking .4m 1 talking?
Не She is talking It Не She is not talking it he Is she talking? it
We You are talking They We You are not talking They we Are you talking? they
I am looking for my keys. He isn't sleeping. What are you doing?
Случаи употребления
1. действие, проис- ходящее в момент речи We are all waiting for you. - Мы все тебя ждем. Are you listening?— Ты слушаешь?
2. действие в процессе (началось, но еще не закончилось) / am learning German. - Я изучаю немецкий. When i get home, the kids are doing their home- work. - Когда я прихожу домой, дети делают уроки.
3. временное действие Не is staying at the hotel. — Он живет в отеле. They are working hard these days. - Они много работают сейчас.
4. изменяющаяся ситуация It is getting colder. - Становится холоднее. Your English is improving. - Ваш английский улучшается.
5. слишком часто по- вторяющееся дей- ствие, которое вызы- вает недовольство, раздражение (с always, constantly, forever) She is always complaining.'- Она вечно жалуется! / am constantly losing keys' - Вечно я теряю ключи!
Наречия времени
пом - сейчас still — все еще today - сегодня nowadays — в наши дни currently — в настоящее время these days — теперь at present - в настоящее время at the moment — в данный момент
14
Глаголы, не употребляющиеся в Continuous
Нижеперечисленные глаголы не употребляются во време-
нах группы Continuous, т.к. являются глаголами, описывающими
состояние, а не действие {non-continuous, stative verbs). Для обо-
значения длительного действия они употребляются во временах
группы Simple. Например: 1 see that you need some assistance but
I don’t know how to help you. - Я вижу что тебе нужна помощь, но
я не знаю, как тебе помочь.
agree - соглашаться appear — казаться be — быть, являться believe - верить belong - принадлежать consider - считать, полагать consist — состоять contain — содержать depend — зависеть dislike - не любить doubt - сомневаться exist - существовать feel* - полагать fit* - соответствовать forget — забывать forgive — прощать hate - ненавидеть have* — иметь, обладать hear - слышать know — знать like — нравиться, любить look* - выглядеть love — любить matter - иметь значение mean - означать mind — возражать need — нуждаться notice — замечать own — владеть possess - владеть prefer - предпочитать realise — понимать recognise - узнавать remember — помнить resemble — напоминать see* - видеть seem — казаться smell* - пахнуть sound — звучать suit — быть к лицу suppose - полагать taste* — иметь вкус think* - думать understand - понимать want — хотеть weigh* — весить wish — желать wonder — интересоваться
Данный перечень глаголов не является исчерпывающим.
Как же тогда понять, употребляется глагол в Continuous или нет?
Один из способов — это попробовать отнести глагол к одной из
следующих подгрупп:
- чувственного восприятия {see, hear, notice, smell, taste и др.);
- умственной деятельности {know, remember, understand и др.);
- чувств {love, like, hate и др.);
- желания {want, wish, prefer и др.);
- принадлежности {be, have, own и др.).
15
Но здесь есть ловушка! Возьмем глаголы hear (слышать)
и listen (слушать). Оба относятся к глаголам чувственного вос-
приятия, но только глагол hear не употребляется в Continuous,
a listen употребляется. Как быть?
Секрет успеха! Используем фразу «я собираюсь чуть-чуть».
Подставляем ее к глаголу. Можно ли сказать «я собираюсь чуть-
чуть послышать»? Нет. А «я собираюсь чуть-чуть послушать»?
Да. Следовательно hear («послышать») в Continuous не употре-
бляется, a listen («послушать») употребляется. / don’t hear you as
1 am listening to music. - Я не слышу тебя, т.к. слушаю музыку.
Глаголы, отмеченные в списке звездочкой (*) могут употре-
бляться либо не употребляться в Continuous в зависимости от их
значения. Запомните, как переводятся такие глаголы, и подстав-
ляйте к ним «я собираюсь чуть-чуть».
глагол употребляется в Continuous HE употребляется в Continuous
feel The doctor is feeling my pulse, (трогать, щупать) How are you feeling ? (чувствовать себя) The towel feels soft, (быть на ощупь) It feels cold in here, (ощущать) /feel that he loves me. (думать) I don’t feel like going out. (хотеть)
fit He is fitting a dash cam into his car. (устанавливать) This key doesn’t fit the lock. (подходить)
have Frank is having dinner (a rest, a lesson, a party, a shower, a smoke, fun, a good time, problems, a headache). /have a lot of friends, (иметь) I have no time, (не иметь)
look Why is he looking al me ? (смотреть) What are you looking for? (искать) She looks like her mother. (выглядеть) It looks as if it’s going to rain. (быть похожим)
see They are seeing each other. (встречаться) I see a mistake, (видеть) I see what you mean, (понимать)
smell Why are you smelling the meat? (нюхать) Your petfume smells nice, (пахнуть)
taste She is tasting the cake. (пробовать) This coffee tastes bitter, (иметь вкус)
think What are you thinking about? (размышлять) I think you are right, (считать, иметь мнение)
weigh Why are you weighing your- self? (взвешивать) My school backpack weighs too much. (весить)
16
Present Perfect - Что сделал ?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
I Vfe have written You (V3) They 1 We have not written You They 1 Have we written? you they
He She has decided It He She has not decided It he Has she decided? it
/ have lost my key. She hasu’t washed the dishes. Have you learned the poem yet?
Случаи употребления
1. действие, которое уже за- кончилось и имеет резуль- тат в настоящем (нет ответа на вопрос «когда?») He has already cleaned his room. - Он уже убрал свою комнату. / am afraid 1 have forgotten ту password. - Боюсь, я забыл пароль.
2. если указано, сколько раз произошло действие They have been to London three times. - Они были в Лондоне три раза. Л is the first time he has cooked breakfast. - Он впервые приготовил завтрак. 1 have drunk 3 cups of coffee today. - Я выпила 3 чашки кофе сегодня.
3. в конструкции Present Perfect since Past Simple They have been friends since they finished school. - Они были друзьями с тех пор, как окончили школу. Не moved to another country and has not called me since then. - Он переехал в другую страну и не звонил мне с тех пор.
4. новая информация в Present Perfect, детали в Past Simple Somebody has spilt water on the floor. - It wasn't me. 1 didn't do it. — Кто-то разлил воду на полу. - Это не я. Я этого не делал.
5. действие длилось в тече- ние определенного периода времени (for, since, all), с глаголами, не употребля- ющимися в Continuous We have been married for many years. - Мы были женаты много лет. (и женаты до сих пор)
17
Продолжение
Present Perfect — Что сделал ?
Наречия времени
ever — когда-либо never — никогда just — только что already - уже yet — еще, уже lately - недавно recently — недавно before - раньше today — сегодня always — всегда so far — до сих пор still — до сих пор (в отриц.) by now — к этому времени this week - на этой неделе once / twice — один /два раза for 2 hours — в течение 2 часов since morning — с утра all my life — всю мою жизнь Since when ...? — С каких пор? How long ..,? — Как долго?
Present Perfect Continuous — Что делал ? Что делаю ? Как долго ?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
I Wfe have been sleeping You They 1 We have not been sleeping You They 1 Have we been sleeping? you they
He She has been sleeping It He She has not been sleeping It he Has she been sleeping? it
We have been waiting for you since morning. She hasn’t been travelling for many years. How long have they been living in Europe?
Случаи употребления
1. действие длилось в течение пе- риода времени (for, since, all, how long) и все еще продолжается в настоящем He has been looking for a job for over a year now. - Он ищет работу уже больше года.
2. результат + длительность Why are you crying? ~ It’s because I have been chopping onions. - Почему ты плачешь? ~ Потому что я резала лук.
3. в конструкции Present Perfect Continuous since Past Simple I have been learning English since I was 6. — Я изучаю английский с 6 лет.
Наречия времени
for a week - в течение недели since yesterday — co вчерашнего дня all day long - весь день long - долго, давно Since when ...? — С каких пор? How long ...? - Как долго?
18
СПОСОБЫ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ПРОШЕДШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
Past Simple - Что сделал ? Когда?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 Не She cleaned It wrote (V2) We You They I Не She did not clean It did not write We You They 1 he Did she clean? Did it write? we you they
He bought a new phone a month ago. I didn't make any mistakes in the test. Did you hear a strange noise at night?
Случаи употребления
1. действие произошло в определенный момент времени в прошлом (есть ответ на вопрос «когда?») She met her future husband in 2018. - Она познакомилась co своим будущим мужем в 2018 году. Л rained for two hoars yesterday. — Вчера дождь шел два часа. 1 called the police when 1 saw an accident. — Я позвонил в полицию, когда увидел аварию.
2. регулярно повторяющи- еся действия в прошлом In childhood, 1 often visited ту Granny. — В детстве я часто навещал (что делал?) бабушку.
3. последовательные дей- ствия в прошлом Igor up at 7 o'clock, had breakfast and went to school. — Я встал в 7 часов, позавтракал и пошел в школу.
4. Past Simple если указано, когда именно произошло действие; Present Perfect, если нет точного времени совершения действия They went out after breakfast but they have already come back. - Они ходили гулять после завтрака, но уже вернулись.
Наречия времени
yesterday - вчера a week ago - неделю назад last year - в прошлом году at first - сначала then — затем, тогда suddenly — неожиданно in 2019 - в 2019 году the other day - на днях as soon as - как только Wien ...? - Когда ...? How long ago ...? — Сколько време- ни тому назад...?
19
Past Continuous - Что делал? Во сколько?(временное)
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 Не was walking She It 1 Не was not walking She It 1 Was he walking? she it
We You were walking They W: You were not walking They we Were you walking? they
/ was doing my homework at 5 о ’dock. The children weren’t going to school because of the epidemic. Нйт Nick driving the car at the time of the accident?
Случаи употребления
1. действие, которое происхо- дило (длилось) в точное время в прошлом Yesterday he was working from 9 till 12. - Вчера он работал c 9 до 12.
2. временное длительное дей- ствие в прошлом Ш? неге slaying al a hold. - Мы жили в отеле. I was surfing the net all night. — Я сидел в интернете всю ночь.
3. действие, на фоне или в процессе развития которого произошло другое действие It was raining when I came out. - Шел дождь, когда я вышел из дома. While Sally was cooking, Mary was wash- ing the dishes. — Пока Сэлли готовила, Мэри мыла посуду.
4. слишком часто повторяв- шееся действие, которое вы- зывало раздражение (с always, constantly, forever) As a teenager he was always getting into trouble. - Подростком он вечно попа- дал в неприятности.
Наречия времени
at 7 o'clock — в 7 часов from 3 to 4 — с 3 до 4 the whole day - весь день at midnight - в полночь at that time — в то время as = while - в то время как
20
Past Perfect — Что сделал?(предпрошедшее)
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 Не She had arrived It had bought (V3) We You They 1 He She had not arrived It had not bought We You They I he Had she arrived? Had it bought? we you they
Mum had finished the cleaning by 5 о ’clock. He said that he had not learned the rule yet. Had the film started before you arrived?
Случаи употребления
1. действие заверши- лось до определенного момента в прошлом By the end of the day v/e had raised over $12000. - К концу дня мы собрали больше $12000.
2. нарушена последо- вательность изложе- ния событий (2+1) 1 remembered that 1 had left the iron on. — Я вспомнила, что оставила утюг включенным. Ted was fined because he had driven through a red light. - Теда оштрафовали, т.к. он проехал на красный свет.
3. в конструкции Past Perfect before /by Past Simple Mum had cooked breakfast before I woke up. — Мама приготовила завтрак до того, как я про- снулся. Сравните: / turned off the light before I left the room. — Я выключил свет, прежде чем вышел из ком- наты. (нет большого промежутка между дей- ствиями)
4. в конструкции Past Simple after Past Perfect 1 came to the station after the train had left. - Я приехал на вокзал после того, как поезд ушел. Сравните: After the guests left, Lera started tidying up. - По- сле того как гости ушли, Лера занялась убор- кой. (нет большого промежутка между дей- ствиями)
21
Продолжение
Past Perfect — Что сделал?(предпрошедшее)
Случаи употребления
5. Hardly... when Scarcely... when No sooner... than Hardly had 1 entered the house when the phone rang. — Как только я вошел в дом, зазвонил те- лефон. Сравните: She had по sooner laid the table than the guests came. — He успела она накрыть на стол, как пришли гости.
6. действие началось до определенного мо- мента и длилось в те- чение периода вре- мени (for, since, all), с глаголами, не упо- требляющимися в Continuous We had known each other for two years before we got married. - Мы знали друг друга два года, пре- жде чем поженились.
Наречия времени
by 9 o’clock - к 9 часам by that time - к тому времени before - до того, как after — после того, как just - только, едва already - уже beforehand - заранее in advance — заранее
Past Perfect Continuous — Что делал?Как долго?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 Не She It had been working We You They 1 He She It had not been working You They I he she Had it been working? we you they
He said that he had been waiting for me for 2 hours. She failed because she hadn't been attending classes since September. How long had they been building the house before they finished?
22
Past Perfect Continuous - Что делал ? Как долго?
Случаи употребления
1. действие началось до определенного момента (by, before) и длилось в течение периода времени (for, since, all, how long) 1 had been calling you for ten minutes before you fi- nally picked up the phone. — Я звонила тебе 10 ми- нут, прежде чем ты снял трубку.
2. в конструкции Past Perfect Continuous before/by Past Simple Не had been looking for a job for over a year before he finally found one. — Он искал работу больше года, прежде чем в конце концов нашел. By the time we arrived, it had been raining ail day. - К тому времени как мы приехали, дождь шел весь день.
Наречия времени
for a week - в течение недели since morning — с утра all day long - весь день long - долго, давно Since when ...? — С каких пор? How long...? - Как долго?
СПОСОБЫ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ БУДУЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
Future Simple — Что сделаю?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 Не She It will call We You They I Не She It will not call We You They 1 he she Wil it call? we you they
He will be here soon. 1 won’t tell anyone. When will they come back?
Случаи употребления
1. однократное дей- ствие в будущем (что сделаю?) 1 will check in at the hotel and then go for a walk. - Я зарегистрируюсь в отеле и затем пойду на прогулку.
23
Продолжение
Future Simple — Что сделаю?
Случаи употребления
2. спонтанное реше- ние (принято в мо- мент речи) i’m so sleepy. / will go to bed. - Я такой сонный. Пойду спать.
3. предположение (после I think, I hope, I believe, I wonder, I atn sure, probably ) / think you won’t like my advice. - Я думаю, что тебе не понравится мой совет. 1 don’t know when she will arrive. - Я не знаю, когда она придет.
4. обещание, просьба, предложение 1 will help you with the home task. - Я помогу тебе с домашним заданием. Will you stay longer? — Останешься подольше?
Наречия времени
tomorrow — завтра soon - скоро tonight — сегодня вечером next year - в следующем году one day — однажды in 2030 - в 2030 году in a week — через неделю in a (little) while - скоро
Future Continuous — Что буду делать?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
I Не She It will be playing We You They I Не She It will not be playing Wfe You They I he she Will it be playing? we you they
/7/ be th inking about you. I won't be steeping when you come. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
Случаи употребления
длительное дей- ствие в точное время в будущем (что буду делать?) This time tomorrow we will be lying on the beach. — В это время завтра мы будем лежать на пляже. 1 will be doing the shopping for 2 hours. - Я буду хо- дить по магазинам в течение 2 часов.
24
Future Continuous — Что буду делать ?
Наречия времени
at 3 o’clock — в 3 часа from 5 to 6 - с 5 до 6 at midnight — в полночь for a week — в течение недели all day long — весь день the whole day - весь день this time tomorrow — в это время завтра
Future Perfect — Что сделаю к этому времени?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 Не She It will have started We You They I Не She It will not have started Wb You They I he she Will it have started? we you they
The licence will have expired by 2 April. He won't have learnt the poem by tomorrow. Will you have received the parcel by the end of the week ?
Случаи употребления
действие завершит- ся до определенно- го момента време- ни в будущем I will have finished my work by 6 o’clock. - Я закончу работу к 6. Му secretary will have booked me a room before /arrive. — Мой секретарь забронирует мне номер до того, как я приеду.
Наречия времени
by 9 o’clock — к 9 часам (by) this time tomorrow — к этому before — до того, как времени завтра
Future Perfect Continuous - Что буду делать к этому времени ?
Утвердительная форма Отрицательная форма Вопросительная форма
1 Не She It will have been We living You They 1 He She it will not have been VVte living You They I he she Wil it have been we living? you they
25
Продолжение
Future Perfect Continuous — Что буду делать к этому времени?
Случаи употребления
действие будет длиться в течение периода време- ни (for, all) и завершится до определенного момен- та времени в будущем (by) By the school graduation I will have been study- ing English for 11 years. - К окончанию школы я буду изучать английский в тече- ние 11 лет.
Наречия времени
for an hour — в течение часа all day long — весь день How long...? — Как долго? by the time — к тому времени
Другие способы выражения будущего времени
Способ Случаи употребления Примеры
Present Simple в придаточном предложении вре- мени или условия после союзов if. when, while, as soon as, til], until, before, after, in case, unless, by the time You will get a fine if you leave the car here. — Ты получишь штраф, если оставишь машину здесь. When you see Nelly, ask her to call me back. — Когда увидишь Нел- ли, попроси ее мне перезвонить.
событие, являю- щееся частью рас- писания или про- граммы The train leaves at 6 o’clock tomor- row. - Поезд отправится завтра в 6 часов.
Present Continuous запланированное действие, по дого- воренности, мож- но записать в еже- дневник We are flying to Paris tonight. — Мы улетаем в Париж сегодня вечером. / am meeting him next week. — Я встречаюсь с ним на следую- щей неделе.
to be going to + + инфинитив запланированное действие(нет до- говоренности и записи в еже- дневник) / am not going to continue with my course. - Я не собираюсь про- должать обучение.
утверждение, основанное на фактах Look al those black clouds. It is going to rain. - Посмотри на те темные тучи. Собирается дождь.
26
СВОДНАЯ ТАБЛИЦА ВИДОВРЕМЕННЫХ ФОРМ
ГЛАГОЛА В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ
В ( «довременные >ормы глагола Образование видовременных форм глагола Обстоятельства времени и конструкции
SIMPLE Обычное, последовательное или повторяющееся действие (всегда) Present I, we you ask / do not ask they he, she, it asks / does not ask always seldom often sometimes usually as a rule never every day
Past I, we you asked (V2) they / did not ask he, she, it yesterday in 20] 8 last week in childhood long ago at school tn summer on holidays
Future I, we you will (not) ask they he, she, it tomorrow in summer next week in 2030 soon in a year will + if, when + Present
CONTINUOUS Длительное действие, про- исходящее в точно указан- ный момент Present to 1м? 4- -V-ing | I am he, she, it is (not) asking we, you, they are now at present still today at the these days moment
Past I was he, she, it (not) asking we, you, they were at 5 o’clock this time yesterday when, white, as
Future 1 he, she, it will (not) be asking we,you,they at 5o’clock, the whole day tonigh t for two hours
PERFECT Действие, совершившееся к опре- деленному моменту времени Present | to have + -V3 | I, we have you, they (not) asked he, she, it has ever, never, yet, just, today, already, lately, this week Present Perfect since Past Simple
Past 1, we you, they had (not) asked he, she, it by 5o’clock Past Perfect before/ by Past Simple Past Simple after Past Perfect
Future 1, we you, they will (not) he, she, it have asked by tomorrow before by the time
27
Продолжение
В ( повременные юр мы глагола Образование видовременных форм глагола Обстоятельства времени и конструкции
PERFECT CONTINUOUS Действие, длящееся в течение определенного периода времени Present | to have been + V-ing j I, we have you, they (not) been asking he, she, it has for two hours since 9a.m. all day long How long Since when
Past 1, we you, they had (not) been asking he, she, it for 2 hours since morning + by all day long
Future I, we you, they will (not) have been he, she, it asking for 2 hours + by all day long
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
be + V3
Страдательный (пассивный) залог употребляется, когда в цен-
тре внимания говорящего находится лицо или предмет, который
подвергается действию, а не лицо или предмет, который совершает
действие. То есть глагол в форме страдательного залога показыва-
ет, что подлежащее не выполняет действие, выраженное глаголом-
сказуемым. Лицо или предмет, который выполняет действие, мо-
жет быть либо выражен дополнением с предлогом by, либо может
подразумеваться из контекста и вовсе не указываться. Сравните:
The secretary received the letter yesterday. — Секретарь получил пись-
мо вчера (подлежащее выполняет действие — действительный залог).
The letter нш received yesterday. - Письмо было получено вчера
(действие направлено на подлежащее — страдательный залог).
The letter was received by the secretary. — Письмо было получено се-
кретарем (подлежащее не выполняло действие, исполнитель дей-
ствия - секретарь).
В английском языке в форме страдательного залога могут
употребляться только переходные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, кото-
рые могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение (отвечает на вопрос
«кого?», «что?»).
Непереходные глаголы не могут употребляться в форме стра-
дательного залога. К таким глаголам относятся: appear, arrive, go,
happen, rise, run, sit, sleep и др.
Некоторые переходные глаголы, обозначающие постоянное
состояние или отношение (be, become, belong, consist, exist, have,
let, seem, suit и др.) также не образуют пассивную конструкцию
и употребляются только в действительном залоге.
28
Видо- временная Действитель- ный (активный) залог Страдательный (пассивный) залог Примеры
q рорма
Present ask(s) am is asked are Football is played all over the world. — В футбол играют во всем мире.
s 1 м p L Past asked was asked were This church was built in the 18h century. — Эта церковь была постро- ена в 18 веке.
E Future will ask will be asked Your package will be de- livered soon. — Ваша посылка будет скоро доставлена.
C Present am am The website is being up-
О is asking is being asked graded now. - Вебсайт
N T are are сейчас обновляется.
I Past was asking was being asked 1 was sure that I was being
N U О и s Future were will be asking were followed. - Я был уве- рен, что за мной сле- дили.
p Present have asked has have been asking have been asked has Не has been offered а new job. - Ему предло- жили новую работу.
E R F E Past had asked had been asking had been asked She said that she had not been invited. - Она сказа- ла, что ее не пригласили.
C T Future will have asked will have been asked The problem will have been solved by the eve- ning. — Проблема бу- дет решена к вечеру.
M can / could can / could The documents must be
о may / might may / might kept in the safe. - До-
D must must кументы должны хра-
A L S should ask have to is going to should be asked have to is going to ниться в сейфе.
29
о
Таблица наречий времени
Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
always often frequently usually normally generally regularly sometimes occasionally seldom rarely hardly ever never as a rule annually daily/every day every other day once a week/ twice a day once in a while from time to time most days most of the time whenever every now and then in an average year now right now right away at the moment still today these days nowadays day by day at present currently temporarily continually gradually for now for the time being ever never just already yet of late lately recently in recent years before still so far today always by now / up to now this week once/twice three rimes Present Perfect + SINCE + Past Simple for 2 hours since morning all my life How long... ? for a week since yesterday since then all day long long in all my life in the last month over the past year Since when...? How long...?
Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
yesterday a week ago last year on Wednesday earlier at first then suddenly immediately in May in autumn in 2019 in childhood the other day just now once as soon as recently When...? How long ago...? at 5 o’clock from 3 to 4 still the whole day at midnight at that time as while by 9 o’clock by that rime just already before after beforehand in advance Hardly Scarcely No sooner Past Perfect + BY/BEFORE + Past Simple Past Simple + AllER + Past Perfect BY/BEFORE + ... for a week since morning all day long How long...? Since when... ?
Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous
tomorrow soon tonight next year in 2030 in a week / in a while in 20 years'lime 2 days later at 3 o’clock from 5 to 6 at midnight all day long the whole day for 2 hours at that moment this time tomorrow by 9 o’clock by this time before by + for
will + IF / WHEN + Present (в придаточных времени и условия после if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, once, till / until, before, after, in case, unless, by the time) /think/hope/am sure + will
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
Правило согласования времен применяется при переходе
прямой речи в косвенную и является характерным, главным об-
разом, для дополнительных придаточных предложений. Прави-
ло согласования времен заключается в следующем:
1. Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в форме настоя-
щего или будущего времени, то глагол в придаточном предложе-
нии может употребляться в любой видовременной форме, требу-
емой по смыслу:
Не says that you are right. — Он говорит, что вы правы.
They have said that we will receive the results next week. — Они
сказали, что мы получим результаты на следующей неделе.
I will tell you why he was absent yesterday. - Я расскажу тебе, по-
чему он вчера отсутствовал.
2. Если сказуемое в главном предложении выражено глаго-
лом в форме прошедшего времени (обычно в Past Simple), то гла-
гол дополнительного придаточного предложения не может упо-
требляться в форме настоящего или будущего времени и должен
стоять в одном из прошедших времен. Подобной зависимости в
русском языке нет.
В этом случае выбор необходимой видовременной фор-
мы определяется с учетом того, является ли действие глагола-
сказуемого в придаточном предложении одновременным, пред-
шествующим или последующим по отношению к действию
глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении.
Сравните:
/ think that they are waiting for me in the lobby. — Я думаю, что
они ждут меня в вестибюле.
/ thought that they were waiting for me in the lobby. — Я думал, что
они ждут меня в вестибюле
She says that she has been looking for a job for six months. — Она
говорит, что ищет работу в течение 6 месяцев.
She said that she had been looking for a job for six months. - Она
сказала, что искала работу в течение 6 месяцев.
Dad promises that we will go on a picnic if it is sunny. - Отец обе-
щает, что мы поедем на пикник, если будет солнечно.
Dad promised that we would go on a picnic if it was sunny. — Отец
пообещал, что мы поедем на пикник, если будет солнечно.
32
Прямая речь Косвенная речь
Present Simple -> Past Simple 1 do -» I did
Present Continuous—» Past Continuous 1 am doing -»I was doing
Present Perfect -> Past Perfect J have done —* I had done
Present Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous 1 have been doing 1 had been doing
Past Simple -> Past Perfect i did I had done
Past Continuous-» Past Perfect Continuous 1 was doing -> I had been doing
Past Perfect -» Past Perfect i had done -» I had done
Future Simple -» Future-in-the-Past J will do—* f would do
Модальные глаголы 1 can do^ I could do 1 may do -* 1 might do i have iodo-* I had to do
Секрет успеха!
При согласовании времен, в придаточном предложении вре-
мени после союзов when, while, before, since нельзя употреблять
времена группы Perfect. Например:
Не said that his car had broken down while he was driving to work. —
Он сказал, что машина сломалась, когда он ехал на работу.
ТИПЫ УСЛОВНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ
Условные предложения — это предложения, в которых в при-
даточной части содержится условие (if «если»), а в главной со-
общается, что будет, если выполнить это условие.
В зависимости от условия, условные конструкции делятся на
четыре типа: условные предложения нулевого, первого, второ-
го и третьего типа. Выделяют также смешанный тип условных
предложений.
Секреты успеха!
В нулевом типе речь идет об обычных, привычных дей-
ствиях, либо об общеизвестных фактах, поэтому употребля-
ется Present Simple как в главной, так и в придаточной ча-
сти. Для удобства придаточную часть далее будем называть
«if-частью».
Запомните эти слова: «планы — мечты - сожаление». В первом
типе мы строим планы и говорим о действиях, которые могут ре-
ально произойти в будущем. Второй тип — это мечты о том, что
могло бы произойти сейчас или когда-нибудь в будущем, но это
маловероятно, поэтому остается только мечтать. Третий тип —
33
сожаление о том, что могло бы произойти, если бы мы могли
изменить прошлое.
Обратите внимание на формы глаголов в if-части. В первом
типе после if ставится глагол в 1 форме (Present Simple), во вто-
ром типе после if - 2 форма глагола (Past Simple), а в третьем
типе в if-части используется had + 3 форма глагола (Past Perfect).
Важно! Нельзя употреблять will или would в if-части!
В if-части II типа глагол to be традиционно имеет форму were
для всех лиц (/ were, he were, you were, they were и т.п.), однако
в современном английском языке were часто заменяется формой
was (/ was, he was, she was, it was). Исключением является выра-
жение if 1 were you «если бы я был на твоем месте».
Смешиваться между собой могут только условные предложе-
ния II и III типов. Существует два вида смешанных условных
предложений III + II и II + III
В типе III + II, условие в придаточной if-части относится
к прошлому, а результат в главном предложении — к настоящему
(см. примеры в таблице).
В типе II + III, условие в придаточной if-части не относится
к определенному времени, а является общей, постоянной харак-
теристикой чего-то. Такие предложения описывают нереальные
условия в настоящем, и их возможный, но не осуществимый ре-
зультат в прошлом (см. примеры в таблице).
Тип Придаточное предложение (IF) Главное предложение
0 Реальное всегда Present Simple (VI) Present Simple (VI)
- If you heat ice, it turns to water. - Если подогревать лед, он превра- щается в воду. — If 1 don't get enough sleep, I feel tired. — Если я не высыпаюсь, я чув- ствую себя уставшим.
I Реальное будущее (планы) Present Simple (VI) Future Simple, повели- тельное наклонение
— If we don ’1 hurry, we will miss the train. - Если мы не поторопимся, мы опоздаем на поезд. - Nobody will notice if you make a mistake. - Никто не заметит, если ты сделаешь ошибку. - If you have a headache, take an aspirin. - Если у тебя болит голова, прими аспирин. —if Bill phones, don’t tell him that lam here. — Если Билл позвонит, не говори ему, что я здесь.
34
Тип Придаточное предложение (IF) Главное предложение
II Маловероятное на- стоящее или буду- щее (мечты) Past Simple (V2) Future-in-the-Past (would + VI)
— If I had a millions dollars, I would build a house. — Есл и бы у меня был миллион долларов, я бы построил дом. - If1 were you, 1 would not trust him. - Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы ему не доверял. - / would buy this laptop if it were (was) cheaper. - Я бы купил этот но- утбук, если бы он был дешевле.
III Нереальное про- шлое (сожаление) Past Perfect (had + V3) Future-Perfect- in-the-Past (would + have + V3)
— If you had studied harder last year, you would have entered the university. — Если бы ты усерднее занимался в прошлом году, ты бы поступил в университет. — If I'd known you were coming, I’d have met you at the station. — Если бы я знала, что ты приезжаешь, я бы встретила тебя на вокзале.
Смешанный тип
Past Perfect Future-in-the-Past
— If I had not eaten too much chocolate, 1 would not feel terrible. — Если бы я не съела так много шоколада, я бы не чувствовала себя плохо. — If 1 had installed an antivirus, my computer wouldn’t be infected. - Если бы я установил антивирус, мой компьютер не был бы зараженным.
Past Simple Future-Perfect-in-the-Past
- If he were not so absent-minded, he would not have lost the keys again. — Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он бы не потерял ключи опять. — if John were more experienced, he would have been promoted long ago. - Если бы Джон был более опытным, его бы уже давно по- высили.
Рекомендации по выполнению тестовых заданий
на видовременные формы глагола
Секреты успеха!
Приступая к выполнению заданий на употребление видо-
временных форм глагола, сначала прочитайте весь текст от на-
чала до конца, чтобы понять, о чем идет речь и как развивались
35
события. Обратите внимание, какие времена уже употреблены в
тексте {Present, Past, Future), есть ли прямая речь, отметьте на-
речия времени, которые являются подсказками на ту или иную
видо-временную форму. Перевод предложений на русский язык
также необходим.
В любом рассказе есть так называемое «ключевое действие»,
с которым мы сравниваем действия в ближайших предложениях.
Обычно ключевое действие - это первое либо второе предложе-
ние в рассказе, либо в абзаце. Ключевых предложений может
быть несколько. Это зависит от размера текста и/или от количе-
ства абзацев. Чаще всего ключевое действие употреблено в фор-
ме Past Simple, т.к. именно с Past Simple легко сравнить, было
ли другое действие одновременным, последовательным {Past
Simple), длительным {Past Continuous) или предпрошедшим {Past
Perfect). Ключевое действие может быть в форме Past Continuous
и указывать на длительное действие, на фоне которого проис-
ходили другие события в рассказе. Если же первое или второе
предложение в тексте употреблены в каком-либо из времен
Present, значит, налицо связь с настоящим, и ближайшие пред-
ложения, скорее всего, будут в /Уедай/либо Future.
Помните, о «золотом правиле» английских времен: Present +
+ Present, Past + Past. Это правило согласования времен. Оно
означает, что если в предложении с пропуском уже есть Present,
то с большой долей вероятности заполнить пропуск нужно
каким-либо временем Present. если в предложении, особенно
в главной его части, употреблено Past, тогда и в придаточной
части тоже выбирайте Past. Употребляйте Future-in-the-Past, если
в прошлом говорится о будущем действии, т.е. если в главном
предложении Past, а в придаточной части речь идет о будущем.
В случае если предложение простое (одна грамматическая
основа), внимательно посмотрите на ближайшие предложения
слева и справа от пропуска и примените то же правило: если
слева и справа Present, то и на месте пропуска ставьте Present',
если слева и справа Past, то и в середине употребляйте Past.
А вот если слева и справа и Present, и Past, то в середине
может быть либо Present, либо Past. Здесь нужно поразмышлять,
есть ли связь с настоящим временем, например, действие регу-
лярно происходит в настоящем {Present Simple), либо длится в
момент речи {Present Continuous), либо уже закончилось, но есть
результат в настоящем {Present Perfect), либо это действие длилось
в течение периода времени {for, since, all, over, long) и до сих пор
36
продолжается в настоящем (Present Perfect Continuous). А может
в предложении есть ответ на вопрос «Когда произошло дей-
ствие?» (yesterday, last, ago), тогда это Past Simple. Либо это дли-
тельное (продолженное) или временное действие в прошлом, ко-
торое отвечает на вопрос «Что делал?», тогда это Past Continuous.
Если очевидно, что действие предпрошедшее, т.е. произошло
перед другим прошедшим действием, выбирайте Past Perfect,
особенно при наличии в предложении слов-подсказок типа by
или before.
Особенное внимание обращайте на наречия времени, которые
могут вам помочь выбрать верный вариант ответа, даже если вы
не совсем понимаете смысл предложения. Помните, что в тексте
слово-подсказка в одном предложении может относиться к не-
скольким ближайшим предложениям.
Делая выбор между формами действительного (активного)
и страдательного (пассивного) залога, постарайтесь понять, вы-
полняет подлежащее действие или нет. Обратите внимание на на-
личие в предложении сочетания «Ьу + исполнитель действия»,
которое однозначно указывает на страдательный залог сказуемо-
го. Например: Google is used by over 60 % of Internet users. - Гугл
используют 60 % интернет-пользователей.
Помните, что в форме страдательного залога могут употре-
бляться только переходные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, которые могут
иметь при себе прямое дополнение (отвечает на вопросы «кого?»,
«что?»). Важно! Отсутствие дополнения («кого?», «кому?») после
переходного глагола может указывать на необходимость употре-
бления страдательного залога. Сравните:
We don’t allow visitors to park, near the office building. (Мы не
позволяем ному? — посетителям. Есть дополнение, значит, дей-
ствительный залог.)
Visitors are not allowed to park near the office building. (Посетите-
ли не позволяют кому? Нет дополнения, значит, страдательный
залог — Посетителям не позволяют.)
Непереходные глаголы (например, go, steep, talk, appear, exist
и др.) не могут сочетаться с дополнением и не употребляются в
страдательном залоге. Например:
The earthquake happened Just after Пр.т. - Землетрясение про-
изошло после 11 часов вечера, (не «его произошли»)
She complained to the manager about the service. - Она пожалова-
лась менеджеру по поводу обслуживания, (не «ее пожаловали»)
37
Запомните следующие КОНСТРУКЦИИ!
Present Perfect since Past Simple / haven’t heard from you since you moved away.
Present Perfect Continuous since Past Simple It has been raining since I woke up.
Past Perfect before Past Simple We had reserved a table before we came to the cafe.
Past Perfect by Past Simple The film had finished by the time 1 turned on the TK
Past Simple after Past Perfect The police arrived after the thief had run away.
Future if/when Present 1 will phone you when I have free time.
Как пользоваться данными конструкциями? Разберем на
примере конструкции Present Perfect since Past Simple. Если вы
увидели слово-подсказку since (с тех пор как) в середине слож-
ноподчиненного предложения (между двух грамматических
основ), значит, слева от since (в главном предложении) употре-
бляйте Present Perfect, а справа от since (в придаточной части) ис-
пользуйте Past Simple. Например;
We have been friends since we were children.
Если же since стоит в начале либо в конце сложноподчинен-
ного предложения, нужно поменять местами части конструкции
(главное и придаточное предложение), т.е. сначала Past Simple,
затем Present Perfect. Например:
Since ! bought a car, I have never been late for work.
He moved to another city and has not called me ever since.
Однако, если в предложении всего одна грамматическая
основа, при наличии в нем since используйте только Present
Perfect. Например:
She has been keen on dancing since childhood.
Since then they have never met.
И еще один секрет успеха! Иногда приходится выбирать
«наименее неправильный» ответ из предложенных вариантов. Так
что метод исключения никто не отменял!
Типичные ошибки в употреблении
видовременных форм глагола
Используйте окончание -s в 3-ем лице единственного чис-
ла в Present Simple. Запомните: «Если видишь it-he-she, в Present
Simple -s пиши», (см. стр. 13)
38
The future depends on what we do in the present.
She has a heart for children.
J Употребляйте Present Simple для описания фактов и посто-
янных действий, a Present Continuous для действий, происходя-
щих в данный момент, (см. стр. 13—14)
do you do? ~ I am a student.
What are you doing? ~ My homework.
J Помните о глаголах, которые не употребляются в Continu-
ous: чувственного восприятия, умственной деятельности, чувств,
желания, принадлежности. В случае сомнений используйте под-
сказку «я собираюсь чуть-чуть», (см. стр. 15—16)
1 see that ту mum is watching те through the window.
Why are you looking at me like this? ~ It's because you look so
wondeful today.
I love holidays. I am loving every minute of this holiday.
J Не используйте Present Simple и Present Continuous при на-
личии в предложении for или since. Употребляйте Present Perfect
или Present Perfect Continuous, (см. стр. 17-18)
/ have been waiting for you for half an hour now!
We have been here since morning.
J Употребляйте Present Perfect, а не Present Continuous, при
наличии в предложении It’s the first (second, third, etc.) time, если
речь идет о действии в настоящем либо в недавнем прошлом
(описание жизненного опыта), (см. стр. 17) Сравните:
It's the first time he has eaten sushi.
Guess what I’m doing? I am eating sushi for the first time!
Употребляйте Past Simple, а не Past Continuous, для обозна-
чения однократного действия («что сделал?») в определенный
момент времени в прошлом.
1 came back home at 6 p.m.
He called me at midday.
J Если глагол отвечает на вопрос «что делал?», употребляй-
те Past Simple для описания привычных, регулярных действий
в прошлом, a Past Continuous для длительного действия, на фоне
которого произошло другое событие (см. стр. 19-20). Сравните:
As children, we walked to school every day.
The children were walking to school when it started to rain.
1 played lots of computer games when I was younger.
While 1 was playing a game, I received a fatal error message.
J Используйте Past Simple, если указано, когда именно про-
изошло действие (запомните: «Действие произошло, и известно,
39
когда»). Употребляйте Present Perfect, если нет указания на точ-
ное время совершения действия. В случае сомнений, является
ли тот или иной указатель времени ответом на вопрос когда?,
смотрите «Таблицу наречий времени» на стр. 30-31.
Не woke up at eight o’clock this morning.
i studied Spanish at the university but I have forgotten most of it now.
I became a vet because animals have always fascinated me.
Z Употребляйте Present Perfect, а не Past Simple, если действие
имеет отношение к настоящему моменту (есть результат в на-
стоящем) (см. стр. 17). Сравните:
The road is closed. There has been an accident.
I left my bike outside the shop but it is no longer there now.
Sasha worked in our office for a few years but now she has found
another job.
J Употребляйте Present Simple, а не will для обозначения бу-
дущего действия после when, while, as, as soon as, till, until, before,
after, if, in case, unless, (см. стр. 26)
You will freeze if you go out dressed like that.
HI come and pick you up as soon as you call.
А сейчас давайте попробуем применить все эти «секреты» и
«ловушки» на практике и проанализируем несколько текстов на
употребление видо-временных форм глагола.
Текст 1
Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
YouTube is a free video-sharing site which (I) ... users to watch,
upload, rate, share, and comment on videos, as well as subscribe to
other users. About 300 hours of video (2) ... to YouTube every minute,
with content ranging from TV shows and music videos to educational
videos and audio recordings.
YouTube (3) ... in 2005 by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley and Jawed
Karim, who worked for PayPal at the time. They (4) ... to think of
a concept for a new website for several months when they (5) ... with
the idea of a video-sharing website. Once the new website (6) ..., they
posted their first 18-second video which (7) ... Me at the Zoo and
featured Jawed Karim, a YouTube co-founder, at the San Diego Zoo
standing in front of the elephants.
If you (8) ... to sign in to YouTube, you will need to create a
Google Account which will also let you use many YouTube features
40
including Like, Subscribe, Watch Later, and Watch History. To put
things in perspective, YouTube gets over one billion views per day,
which means that if YouTube (9) ... a search engine, it (10) ... the
second largest, nearly twice as big as Bing and Yahoo search com-
bined, and roughly a third the size of Google.com!
1. a. is allowed d. will be allowed
b. allows c. allowed e. was allowed
2. a. upload d. are uploading
b. have been uploaded c. are uploaded e. have uploaded
3. a. is founded d. founded
b. was founded c. was found e. was founding
4. a. have been trying d. were trying
b. had been tried c. were tried e. had been trying
5. a. were come up d. came up
b. have come up c. had come up e. had been coming up
6. a. had set up d. has been set up
b. set up c. was setted up e. had been set up
7. a. was called d. was calling
b. called c. is called e. had called
8. a. are wanting d. will be wanted
b. want c. will want e. are wanted
9. a. will be d. had been
b. are c. were e. would be
10. a. was d. would be
b. is e. will be
c. win have been
Анализ текста 1
I b — allows («позволяет»).
Начало предложения в Present, нет ответа на вопрос «когда
произошло действие?», поэтому не Past Simple. Действие проис-
41
ходит регулярно в настоящем. Наличие дополнения (users) гово-
рит о действительном залоге переходного глагола allow. Выбира-
ем Present Simple в действительном залоге.
2 с — аге uploaded («загружают»).
Every minute является словом-подсказкой для Present Simple.
Видео сами себя загрузить не могут, к тому же отсутствует до-
полнение, значит выбираем Present Simple в страдательном залоге.
3 b — was founded («был основан»).
Видим в предложении ответ на вопрос «когда?» - in 2005,
а также предлог by, указывающий на страдательный залог. Зна-
чит, нам нужно Past Simple в страдательном залоге. Вариант иш
found — это пассивная форма глагола find «находить», поэтому
правильный ответ was founded.
4 е — had been trying («пытались»).
Обратим внимание на подсказку for months, которая предпо-
лагает использование Perfect Continuous. Убираем Present Perfect
Continuous, т.к. дальше есть слово when, исключающее Present
Perfect. Try - непереходный глагол, значит не пассив. Останав-
ливаемся на варианте Past Perfect Continuous.
5 d - came up («придумали»).
Помним, что после when в придаточном предложении нельзя
Perfect. Подлежащее активное — «они придумали», а не «их при-
думали». Значит, Past Simple в действительном залоге.
бе- had been set up («был создан»).
Исключим неверные варианты. Точно не Present, т.к. слева
и справа Past. Сайт сам себя создать не мог, следовательно, нам
нужен глагол в страдательном залоге. Формы setted не существу-
ет, т.к. глагол неправильный. Выбираем Past Perfect в страдатель-
ном залоге.
7 а — was called («называлось»).
По глаголу posted в главной части определяем, что требуется
прошедшее время, исключаем is called. Подлежащее video само
не выполняет действие, значит, нужен страдательный залог. Из
оставшихся вариантов ответов подходит только was called.
8b — want («захотите»).
По наличию в предложении if и will определяем, что это
условное предложение I типа. После //‘должно быть Present. Гла-
гол want не употребляется в Continuous. Выбираем Present Simple
в действительном залоге, т.к. подлежащее активное — «вы захо-
тите», а не «вас захотят».
9 с — were («был бы»).
42
Исключим заведомо ложные варианты а и е, т.к. в придаточ-
ном условия после if нельзя ни will, ни would. Вариант аге также
не подходит, т.к. подлежащее имеет форму единственного числа.
По оставшимся вариантам were и had been понимаем, что речь
идет о нереальном условном предложении, а именно о том, что
могло бы произойти когда-либо в будущем (мечты о том, что
YouTube мог бы стать поисковой системой). Выбираем were для
(/-части II типа условных предложений.
10 d — would be («был бы»),
Т.к. /-часть предложения относится к II типу условных пред-
ложений, единственно возможным вариантом из предложенных
является would be.
Текст 2
Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Enrico Caruso, the great Italian operatic tenor, once talked about
his experience, which proves that no man (1) ... as famous as he (2)
... he is.
One day, as Caruso (3) ... along a rural road, his car (4) ... stuck
in the mud in the middle of nowhere. He tried to drive out but the
wheels started spinning in the mud and the car became trapped even
more. Enrico had to walk several miles to the nearest farm for help.
After his vehicle (5) ... , Enrico (6)... to stay overnight at his rescuer’s
house. As Enrico was dirty and wet, he decided that there (7) ... no
point in continuing his way, so he willingly accepted the hospitalty.
Hardly (8) ... into the house, he (9) ... by the farmer’s wife. “Good
evening, Madam. My name’s Caruso,” he said. The astonished woman
grabbed his hand and exclaimed, “I (10) ... to see you in our humble
home! Caruso! The famous traveller, Robinson Caruso!”
1. a. has b. were c. is 2. a. is thinking b. thinks c. had thought 3. a. has been driving b. is driving c. was driving 4. a. will get b. has got c. had got d. would be e. have been d. is thought e. will be thinking d. was being driven e. had been driving d. was got e. got
43
5. a. has been pulled out
b. has pulled out
c. had pulled out
6. a. was offered
b. was offering
c. offered
7. a. will be
b. would be
c. is
8. a. was Caruso stepped
b. has Caruso stepped
c. did Caruso step
9. a. was welcoming
b. was welcomed
c. had welcomed
10. a. never expect
b. had never expected
c. have never expected
d. pulled out
e. had been pulled out
d. had offered
e. had been offered
d. had been
e. would have been
d. had Caruso stepped
e. Caruso had stepped
d. welcomed
e. had been welcomed
d. have never been expected
e. am never expected
Анализ текста 2
1 с - is («является»).
Сказуемое в форме Present Simple употребляется для обозна-
чения постоянного состояния.
2 b — thinks («думает»).
Сказуемое в форме Present Simple употребляется для выраже-
ния постоянного мнения, точки зрения.
3 с — was driving («ехал»).
Сказуемое в форме Past Continuous отвечает на вопрос «что
делал?» и обозначает длительное действие, на фоне которого
произошло другое действие. Слово-подсказка, указывающее на
Past Continuous — as «в то время, как».
4 е — got («застрял»).
Сказуемое в форме Past Simple отвечает на вопрос «что сде-
лал?» и указывает на однократное действие, которое прерывает
длительное действие (was driving) — «застрял, когда ехал»
5 е — had been pulled out («был вытащен»).
Сказуемое в форме Past Perfect используется для обозначе-
ния предпрошедшего действия, которое произошло перед дру-
гим прошедшим действием. Had been pulled является сказуемым
придаточного предложения в конструкции Past Simple after Past
Perfect. Форма страдательного залога употребляется, т.к. под-
44
лежащее (vehicle) не выполняет действие, выраженное сказуе-
мым (pull).
6 а — was offered («было предложено»).
Отсутствие дополнения после переходного глагола offer (не
указано, кому он предложил остаться, значит, предложили ему)
свидетельствует о необходимости выбрать из предложенных ва-
риантов форму сказуемого в страдательном залоге. Выбираем
mis offered, т.к. пропущенный глагол является сказуемым глав-
ного предложения в конструкции Past Simple after Past Perfect.
7b — would be («будет»).
Т.к. сказуемое главного предложения (decided) употреблено
в форме прошедшего времени, делаем выбор между варианта-
ми b, d и е. Показателей на Perfect в предложении нет, поэтому
для обозначения будущего действия выбираем сказуемое в фор-
ме Future Simple-in-the-Past.
8 d - had Caruso stepped («ступил»).
В предложениях, которые начинаются со слова Hardly «как
только», в главной части предложения используется Past Perfect
с обратным порядком слов (инверсией).
9 b — was welcomed («был встречен»),
В предложениях с конструкцией Hardly ... when, во второй
(придаточной) части предложения используется Past Simple. На
форму страдательного залога указывает предлог by.
10 с — have never expected («не ожидала»).
Наличие кавычек является своеобразным «забором», отделя-
ющим предыдущие события от реплики в прямой речи, которая
произносится как-будто в настоящий момент времени и имеет
связь с настоящим. Слово-подсказка, указывающее на Present
Perfect — never «никогда». Подлежащее активное.
Задания на употребление
видовременных форм глагола
I. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Graduating from high school is an exciting time. I am in Year
11 and it’s time to start thinking about what to do after I (1) ... my
studies. With so many choices that (2) ... to school-leavers, I (3) ...
yet what I would really like to do. Continuing education after high
school is a path that many students take. My parents suggested that
I go on to college. I think I (4)... it some serious thought. Earlier, when
45
I was in the lower class, I was keen on designing. 1 believed that I (5)
... to take up architecture or graphic design. However, since then, my
interests (6) ... towards business and e-commerce. 1 didn’t realise how
difficult it (7) ... to make a decision. Fortunately, 1 (8) ... the neces-
sity of selecting a career right now. 1 (9) ... a range of subjects when
I (10) ... college. In two years’ time, I will have a clearer picture of
the course of study I need to pursue the career 1 want.
1. a. will complete d. have been completed
b. will be completed c. complete e. had completed
2. a. have offered d. are offering
b. are offered c. offer e. offered
3. a. don’t decide d. hadn’t decided
b. haven’t been decided c. am not decided e. haven’t decided
4. a. will be given d. had given
b. would be giving c. will give e. will have given
5. a. was going d. would go
b. am going c. will go e. would be going
6. a. had drawn d. have been drawn
b. are drawing c. have drawn e. are drawn
7. a. is d. has been
b. had been c. would be e. will be
8. a. didn’t face d. am not faced
b. haven’t been faced c. not face e. am not facing
9. a. will be studied d. will have been studying
b. study c. would study e. will be studying
10. a. enter d. will enter
b. am entering e. will be entered
c. am entered
2. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Grocery shopping is one of the weekly tasks that I have to do
by myself. On a Friday evening, 1 (1) ... at the supermarket to shop
46
for food. The car park was full, so I (2) ... at the side of the street.
The supermarket was so crowded that it took me over an hour to do
my shopping. When I (3) ... to the cashier, I realised that I (4) ...
my purse in the car, so 1 couldn’t pay for my groceries. I went to
the car to get my purse but the street was empty and my car (5) ... .
I (6) ... the police to report that my car (7) ... . The police officer
said that my car (8) ... away because 1 (9) ... it in a no-parking zone.
My husband had to go to the police station and pay the fine so that
I could get my car back. I (10) ... in that place again and I’d highly
recommend you don’t either.
1. a. have arrived d. was arrived
b. was arriving c. arrived e. had arrived
2. a. parked d. was parking
b. have parked c. had parked e. was parked
3. a. have got d. was got
b. got c. had got e. had been getting
4. a. had been left d. left
b. was left c. have left e. had left
5. a. has disappeared d. had disappeared
b. was disappeared c. disappeared e. has been disappeared
6. a. had called d. called
b. have been called c. was calling e. was called
7. a. is stolen d. has been stolen
b. had stolen c. was stealing e. had been stolen
8. a. had been towed d. is towed
b. had towed c. was towing e. has been towed
9. a. had been parked d. parked
b. had parked c. have parked e. was parked
10. a. would never be parked d. will never have parked
b. will never be parking e. will never be parked
c. will never park
47
3. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
The history of writing and drawing on walls, nowadays known as
graffiti is much longer than most realise. The first drawings on walls
(1) ... in caves thousands of years ago. Modern graffiti (2) ... to have
appeared in Philadelphia in the early 1960s, and by the late sixties it
(3) ... New York. The new art form really (4) ... in the 1970s, when
people (5) ... writing their names, or ‘tags’, on buildings all over the
city. In 2017, the Urban Nation Museum (6) ... in Berlin to cham-
pion and archive street art and graffiti. Nevertheless, the debate over
whether graffiti is art or vandalism (7) ... .
For decades graffiti (8) ... a springboard to international fame for
a few. The Frenchman Blek le Rat and the British artist Banksy (9)
... international fame by producing complex works with stencils, often
making political or humorous points. Works by Banksy (10)... for over
£100,000. Graffiti is now sometimes big business.
1. a. have appeared d. appeared
b. were appeared c. were appearing e. had been appeared
2. a. is seeming d. has seemed
b. is seemed c. seems e. was seemed
3. a. had reached d. had been reached
b. reached c. was reached e. has reached
4. a. was taken off d. had been taking off
b. has taken off c. was taking off e. took off
5. a. had begun d. had been beginning
b. were begun c. began e. have begun
6. a. was building d. built
b. was built c. has been built e. had built
7. a. still go on d. has still been going on
b. has still gone on c. is still gone on e. is still going on
8. a. has been d. is
b. was c. had been e. was being
48
9. a. have been achieved
b. were achieved
c. were achieving
10. a. are selling
b. have sold
c. sells
d. have achieved
e. are achieving
d. sold
e. have been sold
4. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Your fingernails grow at an average rate of 3.47 mm per month,
or about a tenth of a millimeter per day. If you (1) ... a fingernail, it
(2) ... up to six months for that nail to completely grow back. The
nails on your dominant hand grow faster than the rest, as (3) ... the
nails on your longer fingers. Interestingly, it (4) ... that nails tend to
grow faster in summer and during the day. Being younger (5) ... with
a faster nail growth rate as well. A study that (6) ... in the 1990s (7)
... one man’s rate of nail growth over the course of 35 years. At the
age of 23, Dr. William Bean observed that his left thumbnail grew at
a rate of 0.123 mm per day. By the time he (8) ... the age of 67, this
rate (9) ... to 0.095 mm per day. This change in speed may be because
blood circulation (10) ... with age.
1. a. will be lost d. lose
b. are lost e. are losing
c. will lose 2. a. is taking d. has taken
b. will take e. would take
c. will be taken 3. a. are d. were
b. do e. did
c. have 4. a. is appearing d. was appeared
b. is appeared e. appears
c. had appeared 5. a. had associated d. has been associated
b. has been associating e. is associating
c. associated 6. a. was published d. was publishing
b. has been published e. has published
c. published 7. a. reviewed d. was reviewed
b. reviews e. has been reviewed
c. has reviewed
49
8. a. has reached
b. was reached
c. reached
9. a. has dropped
b. dropped
c. was dropped
10. a. has been slowed
b. will have slowed
c. slows
d. had reached
e. will reach
d. will be dropped
e. had dropped
d. is slowed
e. had been slowing
5. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Many parents believe their teens (1) ... to their phones - may-
be even addicted. A new report from the Pew Research Center, US,
shows that even teens (2) ... they have a problem.
The amount of time teenagers spend on social networking sites (3)
... by 62.5 percent since 2016 and (4) ... to grow. It (5) ... that teens
(6) ... an average of nine hours a day online, compared to about six
hours for tweens - those aged 8 to 12. The study, which included
743 US teens, (7) ... in 2018. In keeping with other findings, girls
were more likely than boys to spend too much time on social media
while boys were more likely to report spending too much time on
video games. Nevertheless, there is some reassuring news: more that
50% of teens (8) ... to reduce mobile phone use and limit their use
of social media.
While the long-term effects of constant social media use (9) ...
yet, some major tech companies, including Google and Apple, re-
cently said they (10) ... features to help parents and kids monitor and
manage their time online.
1. a. are too attached d. have been too attaching
b. have too attached c. are too attaching e. too attach
2. a. are thought d. have been thinking
b. think c. thought e. are thinking
3. a. rose d. has risen
b. had risen c. is rising e. has been risen
4. a. continued d. continues
b. is continuing e. will be continued
c. have continued
50
5. a. estimates d. had been estimated
b. has been estimating c. is estimating e. is estimated
6. a. spend b. would spend c. were spent d. have spent e. are spending
7. a. has been conducted b. had conducted c. was conducted d. was conducting e. conducted
8. a. were tried b. are trying c. are tried d. have been trying e. had tried
9. a. have not studied b. are not studied c. were not studied d. have not been studied e. are not studying
10. a. had been itroduced b. will introduce c. are introducing d. would be introduced e. would introduce
6. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
(1) ... of Doodle 4 Google! It is an annual program that (2) ...
children aged 5-17 to use their artistic talents and redesign Google’s
homepage logo for millions to see.
Over the previous years this artwork (3) ... by several different
artists. Then, in 2009, dozens of famous artists (4) ... by Google
to decorate their new website, www.google.com, for free. Some art-
ists (5) ... . For instance, when Gary Taxali, who (6) ... to be one
of the best illustrators in North America, (7) ... by Google, he said
he wasn’t interested. Many other artists also refused because they
felt they (8) ... to donate their work to a multi-million dollar busi-
ness. Google representatives argued that artists (9) ... free publicity
because millions of people would see their work when logging on to
www.google.com.
Nowadays the most talented artist of the year sees his or her
artwork appear on the Google homepage. He or she also (10) ... a
$30,000 college scholarship and a $50,000 technology grant for his
or her school.
I. a. Do you ever hear d. Have you ever been heard
b. Have you ever heard e. Were you ever heard
c. Did you ever hear
51
2. a. is invited d. is inviting
b. had invited c. invites e. will be invited
3. a. produced b. was producing c. had produced d. have been producing e. was produced
4. a. are invited b. had invited c. were invited d. had been invited e. invited
5. a. were objected b. objected c. have objected d. had objected e. had been objected
6. a. is considered b. is considering c. will be considered d. considers e. has considered
7. a. is contacted b. had been contacted c. has contacted d. was contacted e. contacted
8. a. should not be asking b. should not ask c. should not asked d. should not have asked e. should not be asked
9. a. would be given b. will be given c. would give d. would be giving e. will give
10. a. is received b. is receiving d. receives e. has been received
c. will be received
7. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один ид предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
It (1) ... many years since the former US president George W.
Bush (2) ... the White House. So, what’s he been up to? A lot of
painting! His portraiture hobby (3) ... into somewhat of a career.
In October, the 43rd commander-in-chief (4) ... his ‘Portraits of
Courage’ exhibition. It featured 66 of the former president’s oil-paint-
ed portraits of American military veterans and their stories of heroism.
“People ask me, “(5) ... being president?” The answer is ‘not really’,”
Bush told NBC’s Today show. “But I miss saluting people who (6)...
to wear the uniform.”
During the exhibition, Mr Bush (7) ... a book of his portraits. It
(8) ... that the proceeds from the book and the exhibits (9) ... to the
52
George W. Bush Presidential Center, which advocates for post-9/11 military veterans. Bush also said that he (10) ... painting, “to make
sure the last chapters of my life are full.”
1. a. had been d. has been
b. would be e. have been
c. was
2. a. has left d. was leaving
b. was left c. had left e. left
3. a. recently turns d. has recently turned
b. is recently turning c. was recently turned e. had recently turned
4. a. held d. had held
b. holded c. was helding e. has held
5. a. Had you missed d. Have you been missed
b. Are you missed c. Do you miss e. Will you be missing
6. a. are volunteering d. will be volunteered
b. are volunteered c. volunteers e. have volunteered
7. a. has sold d. was sold
b. is selling c. was selling e. had sold
8. a. is announcing d. was being announced
b. announced c. has announced e. was announced
9. a. went d. are going
b. would go c. would be gone e. will go
10. a. was starting d. had started
b. has started c. was started e. had been started
8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
The Louvre is one of the greatest museums in the world and defi-
nitely one of Paris’s most visited attractions with more than 9 million
visitors per year. It (I) ... originally the former residence of the kings
of France and now (2) ... a collection of over 35,000 works of art. (3)
... what makes this expansive and priceless museum so enticing?
53
Le Louvre was actually a fortress that (4) ... in 1190, and turned
into a royal palace in the 16th century. The Louvre museum first (5)
... its doors on August 10, 1793, exhibiting more than 500 paintings
and decorative arts. The majority of those (6)... from the royal family
and French nobility.
These days, the museum has more than 380,000 pieces in its col-
lections, but not all of them (7) ... . It’s hard to believe that if you (8)
... 30 seconds at each piece, it (9)... you 100 days to see every piece of
art. Actually, there are two Louvre museums in the world. The other
one (10) ... in 2017 in Abu Dhabi.
1. a. is d. was
b. was being c. would be e. has been
2. a. is held d. holds
b. has held c. held e. is holding
3. a. Do you ever wonder d. Had you ever wondered
b. Are you ever wondering c. Will you ever wonder e. Have you ever wondered
4. a. built d. was building
b. was built c. is built e. has been built
5. a. has opened d. is opened
b. had opened c. opened e. was opened
6. a. had confiscated d. confiscated
b. have been confiscated c. are confiscated e. had been confiscated
7. a. are displayed d. are displaying
b. displayed c. display e. have displayed
8. a. will spend d. spent
b. are spent c. spend e. will be spent
9. a. will be taken d. take
b. will take c. is taken e. will taking
10. a. was opening d. has been opened
b. has opened c. had opened e. was opened
54
9. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
More than 500 passengers (1) ... in the Channel Tunnel for six
hours on Friday night when their train (2) ... down. The affected train
(3) ... Brussels at 8 a.m. local time and was due to arrive in Lon-
don about two hours later. But because of the breakdown it had to
be towed out of the tunnel by a service engine. The passengers (4) ...
until 3.30 p.m. The incident also affected Eurostar services as about
3,000 people in both directions (5) ... while a rescue train (6) ... to
pull out the broken-down one.
The rail company (7) ... tests to try to get to the bottom of the
problems — thought to be caused by the wintry weather - but it (8)...
under fire for its handling of the situation. A spokeswoman for Euro-
star said: “We (9) ... to get 500 passengers on to a Javelin high-speed
train to Dover Priory and from there we bussed them on to a ferry
to take them on to Paris and Brussels. All affected passengers (10) ...
a full refund, £150 compensation and a free return ticket.”
1. a. were trapped d. have been trapped
b. were trapping c. had trapped e. trapped
2. a. broke d. has broken
b. was broke c. was breaking e. had been broken
3. a. has left d. had been left
b. left c. was left e. was leaving
4. a. had not been rescued d. were not rescued
b. were not rescuing c. wouldn’t be rescued e. didn’t rescue
5. a. had delayed d. were delaying
b. delayed c. have been delayed e. were delayed
6. a. was arrived d. is arriving
b. will arrive c. arrived e. had arrived
7. a. has currently carried out d. will be currently carrying out
b. is currently carrying out c. currently carried out e. is currently carried out
8. a. is come d. has come
b. had come c. comes e. has been coming
55
9. a. had managed
b. are managing
c. were managed
10. a. will offer
b. will be offering
c. are being offering
d. will be managed
e. has managed
d. have offered
e. will be offered
10. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Jersey is a small island located between England and France. Al-
though the whole island is just five miles long and nine miles wide, it
(1) ... a very popular holiday attraction in recent years. Tourists (2) ...
by its sandy beaches, medieval castles and miles of breathtaking coast-
al walks. Jersey (3) ... as a resort by an English TV series 'Bergerac’,
which (4) ... a police detective on his adventures around the island.
The producers of the series did their utmost to show the island at its
best. Scenes (5) ... in all the most beautiful parts of the island, so the
number of visitors to the island steadily (6) ... as the series became
more popular.
Most of the holidaymakers who come to Jersey are English. Jersey
(7) ... to them because the ferry crossing or plane journey (8) ... the
sense of travelling abroad, yet the island has all the conveniences of
home. Nevertheless, as the island is so close to France, it is easy to
sense a French influence in the food, the architecture and the way of
life. Jersey (9) ... third in a list of top ten holiday destinations in the
UK by Trip Advisor and (10) ... an ideal destination for a memorable
family holiday.
1. a. was become d. will become
b. has become c. had become e. was becoming
2. a. are fascinating b. have been fascinating c. fascinated d. are fascinated e. had been fascinated
3. a. popularised b. is popularising c. has popularised d. had been popularising e. was popularised
4. a. follows b. is followed c. was followed d. will be following e. had followed
5. a. were shot b. shot c. are being shooting d. has been shot e. were shooting
56
6. a. are rising d. was risen
b. rose c. had risen e. has been risen
7. a. is appealed b. had appealed c. appeals d. is appealing e. was appealed
8. a. will be given b. was giving c. gives d. has been giving e. is given
9. a. had named b. was named c. named d. was naming e. has been named
10. a. would be making b. will be made d. will make e. made
c. is making
11. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Millions of new TVs, fridges, air-conditioning units and washing
machines (I) ... every day around the world. So what (2) ... to the
old ones?
Electronic waste is becoming a large problem as electronics (3)
... on a regular basis. Unwanted computers, old cellphones, dead
batteries and broken electronic appliances (4) ... in the dumpster
(контейнер для мусора). Most of them (5) ... lead and other heavy
metals which can be extremely dangerous to the environment if they
end up in the landfill (мусорная свалка). But it shouldn’t be this
way - e-waste (6) ... .
Recycling high-tech machines isn’t easy. Special plants (7) ... for
the process. In Japan, where around 20 million pieces of electronic
waste (8) ... each year, new legislation (9) ... in 2001 which encourages
electronic manufacturers to establish their own recycling facilities. In
this way progress (10) ... in dealing with the 21st century environmen-
tal challenge.
1. a. are bought b. are being bought c. buy 2. a. is happened b. is happen c. is happening d. are buying e. were bought d. happens e. has been happened
57
3. a. throw out d. will be throwing
b. are throwing out c. have thrown out e. are being thrown out
4. a. often put b. are often put c. have often put d. have often been put e. are often putting
5. a. are containing b. had contained c. contain d. are contained e. would contain
6. a. can recycle b. can be recycling c. can have recycled d. can recycled e. can be recycled
7. a. are requiring b. require c. are being requiring d. are required e. will be requiring
8. a. have been generated b. are generated c. generate d. have generated e. are generating
9. a. had introduced b. was introducing c. was introduced d. had been introduced e. introduced
10. a. is being made b. has being made c. has made d. makes e. making
12. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
If you feel like you (1) ... or if your hands and feet are constantly
like ice, it may be time to try a cold bath or shower. This unusual
advice comes from a German therapist who (2) ... the effects of cold
water for the last 40 years. Most people (3) ... that it’s important to
keep warm during the cold weather, with extra clothing and heaters,
but research shows that the opposite is true.
Believe it or not, there are some great benefits to taking cold baths!
Cold water (4)... blood sugar levels, the heart beat and breathing rate.
Many studies (5) ... the link between cold water and stress reduction.
Experts have discovered that the rush of cold water (6) ... the pores of
your skin and slow down your heart rate. It (7) ... that such treatment
(8) ... to protect from heart attacks. Besides, those taking daily cold
baths have 50% fewer colds and breathing problems than those who
don’t. When (9) ... the last time you had a cold shower? Why not turn
the tap to cold the next time you (10) ... one?
58
1. a. always shivered
b. have always shivered
c. are always shivered
2. a. had studied
b. studies
c. was studying
3. a. reckon
b. are reckoned
c. are reckoning
4. a. has increased
b. increases
c. increased
5. a. will identify
b. had identified
c. have identified
6. a. will close
b. is closing
c. close
7. a. also proved
b. have also been proved
c. was also proving
8. a. will help
b. was helped
c. would help
9. a. has been
b. was
c. had been
10. a. will have
b. have had
c. had
d. have always been shivered
e. are always shivering
d. has been studying
e. is studying
d. will be reckoning
e. have been reckoned
d. is increased
e. was increased
d. are identified
e. identifies
d. would close
e. will be closed
d. had also proved
e. was also proved
d. help
e. has helped
d. is
e. will be
d. have
e. would have
13. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Ever since the invention of the wheel there (1)... a need for roads.
In Britain, there (2) ... no proper roads at all until the Romans (3)
... some 2,000 years ago. Many of Britain’s roads developed naturally
from footpaths. Most travel in the Middle Ages was only local and all
the roads at that time (4)... links between neighbouring towns and vil-
lages, rather than planned routes across the country. Britain’s modern
road programme (5) ... in the 1950s - it didn’t have any motorways
until then. The idea was to build a network of efficient motorways
59
to connect the major cities. Today, there (6) ... a lot of disagreement
about whether it’s a good idea to build more roads.
By the way, in the UK, vehicles (7) ... on the left. Taking the
left hand side in traffic is a habit that (8) ... back to an era when
people habitually (9) ... swords when traveling. As most people are
right-handed, passing on the left would place their stronger hand in
the best position to greet those coming the other way, or to defend
themselves with a sword. The custom therefore (10) ... as an essential
part of self defence and simply carried over into the present conven-
tion for traffic flow.
1. a. was b. is c. had been 2. a. are b. were c. had been being 3. a. had built b. were built c. built 4. a. had been b. were being c. were 5. a. started b. was starting c. has been started 6. a. was b. is c. is being 7. a. drive b. are driving c. have driven 8. a. is gone b. has been gone c. is going 9. a. were carrying b. carried c. were carried 10. a. has originated b. was originated c. was originating d. has been e. will be d. were been e. has been d. had been built e. have built d. would be e. have been d. had started e. was being started d. have been e. are d. are being driven e. are driven d. goes e. will go d. have carried e. had been carried d. had been originated e. originated
60
14. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
The impoverished Caribbean island of Haiti (1) ... the other day
by a massive earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale, causing
the collapse of buildings and widespread panic. More than 250,000
lives (2) ... to have been lost; 1,5 million people (3) ... homeless in the
Haitian capital and (4) ... now without food, clean water and proper
medical care. The number of the earthquake victims currently (5) ...
3 million people.
The earthquake (6) ... to be the most powerful to hit the Carib-
bean republic in about 120 years. The country (7) ... on a main fault
plane (плоскость разлома) and scientists (8) ... for years that it was
likely to be hit by a severe earthquake. Notable seismic activity (9) ...
on the island since 1751 when the 7.3 earthquake struck at the same
fault. The last major one was in 1887 with a recorded magnitude of 7.2.
Even before these tragic events Haiti was the poorest country in
the Western Hemisphere and (10) ... to recover from a violent hur-
ricane in 2016. 49 countries around the world pledged money or aid.
1. a. hit d. was hit
b. was hitting c. had been hit e. is hitted
2. a. report d. reported
b. had been reported c. are reporting e. are reported
3. a. have been left d. have been leaving
b. had left c. left e. are leaving
4. a. are being d. were
b. are been e. had been
c. are
5. a. is exceeded d. will exceed
b. exceeded c. was exceeded e. exceeds
6. a. thought d. is thinking
b. is thought c. has thought e. is being thought
7. a. sits d. had been sitting
b. is sat c. is sitting e. was sat
8. a. are warning d. have warned
b. have warning c. were warned e. had been warned
61
9. a. was recorded
b. recorded
c. had recorded
10. a. is still struggled
b. have still struggled
c. was still struggled
d. has been recorded
e. is recorded
d. will be still struggling
e. was still struggling
15. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
In the picturesque countryside of Salisbury, England, (1) ... the
ancient circle of giant stones that we know as Stonehenge. About
180 generations (2) ... since the stones (3) ... at Stonehenge between
roughly 5,000 and 4,000 years ago. The biggest of its stones, called
sarsens, are up to 9 meters tall and (4) ... 22 tons on average. It (5)
... that they were brought from Marlborough Downs, a distance of
32 kilometers to the north. There (6) ... controversy about the exact
function of Stonehenge. Although there is no doubt that it (7) ... reli-
gious importance, it also had a special significance with regard to the
sun. Records show that the site (8) ... as a place of worship during
the summer months and especially on June 21st, the longest day of
the year.
One of the world’s greatest world heritage sites, Stonehenge (9) ...
yearly by millions of tourists trying to get a glimpse of the mystifying
ancient structure that (10) .. . archaeologists and historians for years.
1. a. lies b. lay c. are lying d. has laid e. is lain
2. a. had passed b. passed c. have passed d. were passing e. have been passed
3. a. were erecting b. had erected c. erected d. have been erected e. were erected
4. a. are weighed b. weigh c. are weighing d. were weighed e. had weighed
5. a. is widely believing b. widely believed c. is widely believed d. will be widely believed e. has widely believed
6. a. has always been b. always is c. is always being d. had always been e. is always been
62
7. a. has
b. would have
c. has had
8. a. has been used
b. was used
c. was using
9. a. visits
b. is visiting
c. is visited
10. a. baffles
b. has been baffled
c. is baffling
d. had
e. was having
d. had used
e. used
d. has been visited
e. has visited
d. had been baffling
e. has baffled
16. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
These days we (1) ... that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is
the healthiest. However, a large number of people (2) ... this advice.
One of the reasons could be that they have bad memories of the few
vegetables they (3)... to eat by their parents when they (4)... children.
Not long ago, a study by University College London (5) ... in-
creasing health benefits for people who ate up to seven or more por-
tions of fruits and vegetables a day, with vegetables proving more be-
neficial than fruit.
As well as being rich in essential vitamins, fruits and vegetables
(6) ... with minerals and other nutrients that (7) ... to prevent heart
disease, cancer and other illnesses. Some of these nutrients are fi-
ber, potassium, folate, and vitamin A and C. The best way to get all
the various nutrients is to eat fruits and vegetables of many different
colors. The five main color groups are red, blue, yellow, white, and
green. If you (8) ... color to your plate every day, you (9) ... all the
different types of nutrients you (10) ... to stay healthy. Vegetables and
fruits are key to a healthy diet, and variety is as important as quantity.
d. are frequently told
e. have frequently been told
2.
a.
b.
c.
a.
3.
are frequently telling
frequently tell
were frequently told
are still not taking
b. still not take
c. are still not taken
a. forced
b. were forcing
c. were forced
d. still haven’t been taken
e. still doesn’t take
d. have been forced
e. had been forced
63
4. a. were d. were being
b. are c. had been e. have been
5. a. was reported b. reported c. had reported d. had been reported e. has reported
6. a. have packed b. will be packing c. are being packed d. packed e. are packed
7. a. had helped b. are helped c. helped d. help e. will be helped
8. a. are added b. add c. will add d. are adding e. would add
9. a. would get b. will be got c. will get d. have got e. gets
10. a. are needing b. had needed c. are needed d. were needing e. need
17. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
2019 (1) ... two important anniversaries in the evolution of infor-
mation technology. Fifty years ago (29 October 1969), the first AR-
PAnet link, later to be known as the Internet, (2)... between the Uni-
versity of California at Los Angeles and Stanford Research Institute.
Thirty years ago, in March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee (3) ... a proposal
for ‘Mesh’ (later to be known as the World Wide Web) to his manage-
ment at CERN.
The Internet and the Web are not exactly the same thing. The
Internet is basically a huge network made up of smaller networks of
computers. The WWW is a way of sharing information in the form
of webpages. These twin flowers of the digital age (4) ... more than
a third of the world’s population and (5) ... millions of people both
consumers and creators of information. By the beginning of the 21st
century, the World Wide Web (6) ... by businesses as a communica-
tion and sales method. The fastest development since 2010 (7) ... the
adoption of cloud computing, which (8) ... users to access files and
use applications from any Internet-connected device.
64
Today, the Internet of Things (loT) has penetrated all aspects of
human life with its smart solutions, promising a productive, enjoyable
and easy future. And it (9) ... that by 2050 everything (10) ... to the
cloud and to the Internet.
1. a. was marked d. had marked
b. marked c. has marked e. has been marked
2. a. established d. has been established
b. has established c. was established e. was establishing
3. a. was circulated d. has circulated
b. had circulated c. was circulating e. circulated
4. a. so far connected d. have so far been connected
b. are so far connected c. so far connect e. have so far connected
5. a. had made d. have made
b. are made c. are making e. have been made
6. a. had been accepted d. was accepted
b. had accepted c. has been accepted e. will have been accepted
7. a. was d. had been
b. has been c. is e. will being
8. a. is enabling d. had enabled
b. is enabled c. enables e. has been enabled
9. a. expects d. is expected
b. has expected c. is expecting e. is being expecting
10. a. would be connected d. will be connecting
b. will connect c. will have connected e. will have been connected
18. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
“Don’t go out with wet hair or you’ll get a cold!” My guess is a
lot of us (1) ... this by our grandparents. I certainly (2) ... . The name
‘cold’ even suggests you catch it by going outside in low temperatures.
Of course, the illness (3) ... by a virus and unless you (4) ... that virus,
you can’t develop a cold.
65
But why should having wet feet or maybe wet hair make you more
likely to catch a cold? One suggestion is that because when you (5)
... cold, the blood vessels in the nose and throat constrict, meaning
that fewer infection-fighting white blood cells reach your nose and
throat to tackle the virus. Others suggest that people simply (6) ...
more colds in winter because they stay inside together and pass their
germs around more easily. When Anice Lowen from Emory School
of Medicine in the US (7) ... how easily the flu virus passes from
one guinea pig to another, she (8) ... the warm temperatures with low
humidity (typical of a centrally heated house in winter) were ideal
circumstances for passing on the infection.
So, going out in the cold with wet hair (9) ... you a cold, but it’s
possible that if you (10) ... the virus, your body might find it harder
to fight it.
1. a. told d. are been told
b. were telling c. have told e. were told
2. a. was d. had
b. am c. have e. did
3. a. is causing d. was causing
b. is caused c. will been caused e. have been caused
4. a. will catch d. catch
b. won’t catch c. don’t catch e. caught
5. a. feels d. are felt
b. will feel c. are feeling e. have been feeling
6. a. get d. have been getting
b. got c. are got e. will be getting
7. a. has studied d. has been studying
b. had studied c. has been studied e. studied
8. a. was found d. had found
b. found c. has found e. has been found
9. a. don’t give d. aren’t giving
b. aren’t given c. won’t give e. won’t be given
66
10. a. already picked up d. had already picked up
b. have already been picked up e. have already picked up
c. will already have picked up
19. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
It’s no secret that Kylie Jenner, a makeup mogul, loves to docu-
ment her every move on Instagram. She (1) ... several pictures and
videos on the social media platform every day. From family events
to fashion decisions, nothing (2) ... to be off-limits when it comes
to what she is willing to share with her fans. Unfortunately, this also
means that she loves to share videos of herself while in the driver’s
seat of her car.
Since Kylie (3) ... her driver’s license at the age of 16, she (4) ...
for her driving. In fact, shortly after getting her driver’s license, she
(5) ... in a car accident while she was behind the wheel. But appa-
rently, she did not learn her lesson the first time. Now, she once again
(6)... taking photos and videos of herself while driving. Not only was
she holding her phone to record herself, she also had her radio up
very loudly and (7) ... at high speed.
Kylie’s fans immediately (8) ... on her Instagram post to remind
her how irresponsible (and illegal) it was to drive while using your
phone. Kylie never responded to any of the harsh comments that she
(9) ... . Nevertheless, her fans expressed the hope that she finally (10)
... the hint and be much more careful at the wheel.
1. a. is posting b. is posted c. has posted 2. a. is seeming b. seems c. is seemed 3. a. has got b. had got c. will get 4. a. has been criticizing b. had been criticized c. was criticized 5. a. was involved b. involved c. was involving d. will be posted e. posts d. was seeming e. seem d. got e. was getting d. had criticized e. has been criticized d. has been involved e. is involved
67
6. a. is catching d. has caught
b. has been catching c. has been caught e. is caught
7. a. is travelling b. was travelling c. was travelled d. has travelled e. has been travelling
8. a. commented b. has commented c. comments d. were commented e. had commented
9. a. receives b. was received c. has received d. was receiving e. had received
10. a. will get b. would be got d. would get e. will be getting
c. would have got
20. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Youth love technology. Smartphones (1) ... that kids can do all
their favourite hobbies in one place: listen to music, take selfies to
post on Instagram or Snapchat, watch Youtube and, of course, text.
Adolescents largely (2) ... through social media and tech, and while
this may annoy parents, connecting with peers (3) ... a key develop-
mental milestone for this age group.
Not surprisingly, children freak out when their parents (4) ... to
take away their phone as a form of punishment. If their phone (5) ...
away, teens often withdraw from their parents. Instead of focusing on
what they (6) ... wrong, they fixate on not having a phone and finding
someone else’s to use in the meantime. From kids' perspective, adults
(7) ... off their friends.
When 1 was a child, we (8) ... indoors as a punishment. That
meant not seeing friends, too, but back then we (9) ... as much fear
of missing out. We didn’t have ways to connect 24/7. An hour offline
now and you (10) ... a whole lot of interaction from your group.
I. a. meant
b. are meant
d. were meant
e. are meaning
c. mean
2. a. socialized
b. socialize
c. are socialized
d. are socializing
e. had socialized
68
3. a. is considering
b. considers
c. considered
4. a. will threaten
b. are threatened
c. were threatening
5. a. is taken
b. has taken
c. will be taken
6. a. have done
b. are done
c. are being done
7. a, will be cut
b. had cut
c. are cut
8. a. had been kept
b. were keeping
c. kept
9. a. hadn’t had
b. didn’t have
c. haven’t had
10. a. had missed
b. are missed
c. will miss
d. had been considered
e. is considered
d. threaten
e. have threatened
d. takes
e. is being taken
d. have been doing
e. had done
d. have been cutting
e. are cutting
d. were kept
e. have been kept
d. hadn’t been having
e. weren’t had
d. have been missed
e. missed
69
ПРЕДЛОГИ
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ОСНОВНЫХ ПРЕДЛОГОВ
Предлог Значение Примеры
ABOUT о, про a book about - книга о sorry about - сожалеющий о to forget about — забыть о
ABOVE над, выше (по уровню) above sea level — над уровнем моря above average — выше среднего
ACROSS через(без препятствий) to run across the road - перебежать че- рез дорогу to swim across the river - переплыть через реку
AFTER после, за after dinner - после обеда one after another — один за другим the day after tomorrow - послезавтра
AGAINST против against the current - против течения a vaccine against - прививка от io lean against the wall — приел он иться к стене
ALONG вдоль to walk along the street — идти вдоль по улице
AMONG среди panic among the visitors — паника сре- ди посетителей
AT у, около at the doctor’s - у врача al the door — у двери
сфера проявления способностей an expert at — эксперт в good at — хорошо разбирающийся в hopeless at - безнадежен в
на что, куда направлено внимание to look at - смотреть на to laugh at — смеяться над to knock at - стучать в
BEFORE перед, до before breakfast — до завтрака the day before yesterday — позавчера
BEHIND за, позади to close the door behind sb - закрыть дверь за кем-л.
70
Предлог Значение Примеры
BELOW ниже (по уровню) below zero — ниже нуля below the knee - ниже колена
BETWEEN между a choice between — выбор между between you and те — между нами двумя
BY творительный падеж (кем/чем?) by the doctor - врачом destroyed by fire - разрушен огнем shocked by sth - шокированный чем-л.
способ, метод by phone — по телефону by car — на машине by myself — самостоятельно
к моменту времени by 5o’clock - к 5 часам by the time — к тому времени
у, около by the window - у окна to sit by sb - сидеть возле кого-л.
DOWN вниз to go down the street — идти вниз по улице
DURING во время during the film — во время фильма during the night — ночью
FOR для a reason for — причина для goodfor - полезный для to buy for - покупать для
причина (за что?) compensation for — компенсация за grateful for — благодарный за io excuse for — прощать за
период (как долго?) for a week - в течение недели for a long time — долго
по отношению к a talent for — способность к respect for — уважение к
FROM от, из (откуда?) far from the city - далеко от города to return from work — вернуться с работы to be from Riga - быть родом из Риги
от, у (от кого/чего ?) a call from - звонок от to receive from - получать от to borrow from - брать взаймы у
прекращение, освобождение от free from - свободный от to save from — спасать от to prevent from - удерживать от
71
Продолжение.
Предлог Значение Примеры
IN в a specialist In - эксперт в experienced in - опытный в to succeed in — преуспеть в
IX FRONT OF перед in front of the TV — перед телевизором in front of our house - перед домом
INSIDE внутри inside the box - внутри коробки
INTO внутрь to come into the room — войти в комнату to dive into the sea - нырнуть в море
OF родительный падеж (кого/чего?) a cup of coffee — чашка кофе a map of Belarus — карта Беларуси millions of euros — миллионы евро
какой? a friend of mine - мой друг a boy of five - пятилетний мальчик the city of Minsk — город Минск io be of importance — быть важным
с чьей-л. стороны How nice of you to help me!— Как мило с вашей стороны помочь мне!
OFF удаление с поверхности to fall off the bike - упасть с велоси- педа to take sth off the table - убрать co стола
отделение части от чего-л. a day off work — выходной день to bite a piece off a cake — откусить ку- сок от пирога
ON на on the floor — на полу on the bus — на автобусе an impacton — влияние на to insist on - настаивать на
OPPOSITE напротив opposite each other - друг напротив друга
OUT OF изнутри out of the pocket — из кармана to run out of the room — выбежать из комнаты
OUTSIDE вне, за outside the door - за дверью
OVER над an advantage over— преимущество над a bridge over the river — мост над рекой to put a blanket over sb - накрыть кого-л. одеялом
72
Предлог Значение Примеры
PAST мимо io go past sth — пройти мимо чего-л.
SINCE с какого-то момента since childhood — с детства since morning - с утра
THROUGH через, сквозь препятствие through the crowd — сквозь толпу to walk through the forest — идти через лес
через отверстие through the tunnel - через туннель to go through the door - пройти через дверь
ТО направление (куда?к чему?) an invitation to — приглашение в a road to school - дорога в школу io come to an end - подойти к концу
дательный падеж (кому/чему?) io explain to sb - объяснять кому-л. to belong to sb — принадлежать кому-л. It seems tome... - Мне кажется...
К, по отношению к altitude to - отношение к attentive to — внимательный к to her surprise - к ее удивлению
UNDER под under the sofa - под диваном under water — под водой
UNTIL (TILL) до момента времени until 5 o’clock - до 5 часов UH tomorrow — до завтрашнего дня
UP вверх up lhe stairs — вверх по лестнице
WITH творительный падеж (чем?) with a knife - ножом ill with — больной чем-л. satisfied with — довольный чем-л. io fill with water - наполнить водой
совместность (скем/чем?) friendship with — дружба c familiar with — знакомый c to argue with — спорить c
ПРЕДЛОГИ ВРЕМЕНИ
AT
точное время: Запомните:
at 8 о ’clock, at half past 3 at (the age of) 25
at sunrise, al sunset at the. weekend (Am. - on lhe weekend)
at noon, at midday at Christmas (time) (праздник)
73
Продолжение
AT
at night, at midnight at present at the moment at this (that, any) time at the time of at the same lime at lunch (time) at the beginning of (in the beginning) at the end of (in the end) at times ata later date at no lime (никогда)
ON
день, дата: on Monday on 4 April 2020 on that day (evening) on the morning of the 8,h on one’s day off on one’s birthday on one’s anniversary Запомните: on Hew Year’s Day (Eve) on Sunday morning on a cold evening on holiday, on vacation on weekdays on the honeymoon on schedule
IN
период времени: in winter in 2025 in the (early, mid, late) 2010s in one’s teens (fifties) in the past (future) in the 21s' century in the age of the Internet in those days in modem times in the holidays in one’s free time in real time in the last six months once in a lifetime части суток: in the morning in the afternoon in the daytime in the (early, late) evening in the night in the middle of the day
через: in a few minutes, in an hour in two weeks in three years’ time in a moment in no time (быстро)
in time (заблаговременно) / on time (вовремя)
без предлога
last week next Friday this year this time next week yesterday afternoon tomorrow evening the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow al! day long 24 hours a day once (twice) a month three times a year one day the other day every other day these days
74
ПРЕДЛОГИ МЕСТА
АТ
общественное место: at work at home, at one’s place at school (university) at the airport (station) at the hotel at the supermarket at a summer camp at the doctor’s at (the) reception at the party (concert) at the wedding около, вблизи al the door (window) at the table at the wheel at the crossroads at the traffic lights at the bus stop at the seaside
Запомните: at the top (head) at the bottom (foot) at a distance
ON
на поверхности: on the table (wall, floor, chair) on the screen on a page (menu, list) on the horizon on the island(s) on a farm on the bed Запомните: on the Internet (the website, social media) on TV on the radio on the news on (in) the outskirts on a trip (tour, excursion) on the left (right)
на линии: on the way on the road (pavement) on the beach (coast, bank) on a river (lake) способ передвижения: on a bus (train, plane) on a bicycle (skateboard) on foot on tiptoe
IN
внутри: in the pocket (hand) in bed (an armchair) in the book (newspaper) in the office (lobby) in a car (taxi) in the river (sea) в пределах, на ограниченной территории: in the country (town) in the suburbs in the field (mountains) in space (the sky) in the North (East) in the British Isles
75
Продолжение
IN
Запомните: in the wild
in (on} a street in a picture (photo)
in the square in the mirror
in the sun in a row (line)
in the rain in the queue
in the (open) air in the distance
in the shade in one's place
in the darkness in (the) first place
ПРЕДЛОГИ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДВИЖЕНИЯ
COME home to /fro tn work ARRIVE home in a city (country) at the station (office)
GET home to the station (sb's house) back from one’s holiday on/off a bus (plane, bicycle) into / out of a car (house) LEAD to / into /from a place the way
LEAVE home (a place) for Minsk
GO home to/from work for a walk (run, swim, ride) by car (bus, plane, tube, bike) in a (the, one’s) car on a (the) bus (plane) on a trip (visit) on holiday (business) TRAVEL to a place by car (bus, plane, bicycle) on a (the) bus (plane) in a (the, one’s) car
TURN left (right) to the left (right) (round) the comer
Обратите внимание, что следующие глаголы движения упо-
требляются без предлогов, в отличие от русского языка:
APPROACH the bridge — приближаться к мосту the target — приблизиться к цели
ENTER the room — входить в комнату the university - поступать в университет
FOLLOW somebody to a place - следовать за кем-л. куда-л. the road (тар) - идти по дороге (карте)
JOIN somebody — присоединиться к кому-л. the European Union - вступить в Европейский союз
REACH the top of the mountain — достичь вершины горы one’s destination - добраться до места назначения
76
ПРЕДЛОГИ ОБРАЗА ДЕЙСТВИЯ
АТ
at a level at a loss at а расе (speed, rate) at a price (cost) at a profit at a lime at all at breakfast at ease at first at first sight at hand at last at (the very) least at (the) most at once at (one’s own) risk at random at short notice at the expense at the (very) latest
BY
by accident (mistake) by chance by (credit) card by e-mail (phone) by hand by heart by means of by name by oneself by surprise by the arm (hand) by the way
FOR
fora longtime for a start fora -while forages for breakfast for certain for example for free forfun forgood for granted for instance for luck for nothing for once for sale for some purpose for some reason for sure for the better for the first time
FROM
from a distance from (by) experience from memory from one’s point of view from the very beginning from time to time
IN
in (with) cash in a good mood (temper) in a hurry in a language in a low voice in a mess in a way in a whisper in addition (to) in advance in all in an effort in any case in (great) detail in dollars (euros) in exchange (for) in fact in fash ion in favour (of) in general in good condition in good health in itself in love (with) in need (of) in one’s handwriting in reply (to) in response (to) in return (for) in search (of) in short in sight in stock in terms (of) in the beginning (end) in the dark in the first place in the hope (of) in the leas!
77
Продолжение
IN
in charge (of) in one’s opinion in the meantime
in common (-with) in one’s view in the public eye
in company (with) in other words in the same way
in comparison (to/ with) in particular in theory
in conclusion in person in this sense
in connection (with) in possession in trouble
in contact (with) in practice in turn
in contrast (to) in progress in vain
in danger in public in writing
in debt in reality in your own words
ON
on a diet on credit on the contrary
on a regular basis on duty on the increase
on arrival on fire on the move
on average on occasion on the one (other) hand
on balance on offer on the phone
on (in) behalf (of) on one’s own on the spot
on business on purpose on the whole
on condition on sale on top of
OUT OF
out of breath out of date (fashion) out of order
out of curiosity out of doors out of sight
out of danger out of money out of work
TO
to one's delight to one’s satisfaction to some extent
io one’s mind to one’s surprise to the best of one’s ability
UNDER
under any circumstances under stress under the influence
underpressure under the care (of) under the title
WITH
with a bit of luck with cold with (in) regard to
with a key with pleasure (pride) with the exception (of)
WITHOUT
without doubt without exception without warning
Составные предлоги
according to contrary to owing to
apart from despite prior to
as for due to regardless of
because of in spite of thanks to
but for instead of upto
78
ПРЕДЛОГИ ПОСЛЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
access to example of purpose of
addiction to exception to range of
advance in excuse for reaction to
advantage of/over experience of/ in reason for
advertisement for facilities for recipe for
advice on (about) fine for recovery from
allergy to fluency in relationship with / to
answer to gossip about remark on (about)
application for/from graduation from reply to
approach to gratitude for reputation for/of
attitude to impact of /on research on (into)
barton improvement in (on, to) respect for
book on (about)/by increase (rise) in response to
child of (age) influence on responsibility for
career in interest in result of
cause for/of invitation to right to
charge for /of key to search for/ in search of
comment on (about) kiss on skill in (at)
commitment to lack of solution to
congratulations to / on lesson in (on) subscription to
contribution to link to success in
correspondence with loss of talent for
cost of marriage to teacher of
course on (in) medicine for thanks to/for
cure for memory for ticket to/for
damage to monument to tip on (for, about)
decrease (decline) in news of (about) translation from / into
degree in opportunity of /for trouble with
demand for passion for tuition for
difference in / between payment for use of
difficulty in / with picture (photo) of vacancy for
disappointment at (with) point in vaccine for (against)
disapproval of preference for visit to
discount of /on preparation for warning about (against)
effect of/on pride in way of / to/from/out of
79
ПРЕДЛОГИ ПОСЛЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
absent from divorced from married to
accused of eager for named after
accustomed to enthusiastic about nervous of (about)
acquainted with envious of notorious for
addicted to essentialfor (to) packed with
afraid of excited about (by, at) passionate about
allergic to experienced in pleased with
amazed at (by) exposed to popular with /among
angry about (for) fair to prepared for
angry with (at) familiar to /with proud of
anxious about /for famous for ready for
ashamed of fed up with related to
attracted to filled with responsible to/for
available to/for fond of rich in
aware of frightened of rude to
bad at / for full of satisfied with
bored with (by) furious with /at (about) sensitive to
busy (with) doing good at /for serious about
capable of grateful to/for shocked by (at)
careful with (of, about) guilty of (about) short of
certain of (about) happy about (with) /for similar to
close to harmful to sorry about (for)
competent in (al) helpful for strict with (about)
concerned about (for) high in suitable for
conscious of ignorant of (about) superior to / in
contrary to ill with sure of (about)
corresponding to independent of surprised at (by)
covered with (in) innocent of surrounded with (by)
crazy about interested in suspicious of (about)
crowded with involved in (with) terrified of
dependent on irritated at (by, with) thankful to/for
desperate for jealous of tired of
devoted to keen on typical of
different from (to) known for upset by /about (at)
disappointed at (by) late for worried about
disappointed in (with) linked to wrong about / with
80
ПРЕДЛОГИ ПОСЛЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ
accuse of adapt to admire for agree on (about, with) agree to (a plan) aim a! apologize to /for apply to/for argue with /about arrange for ask about/for associate with award for base on believe sb /in benefit from blame sb for borrow from buy from/for care about/for charge for click (on) communicate with commute to compare with (to) complain of (about) concentrate on confuse with congratulate on connect to (with) consist of contribute to convince of cope with criticize for cry for cure of deal with decrease in/by depend on devote to differ from discourage from dismiss from/for distinguish from divide into escape from estimate at excuse for fight for/against fine for focus on gain from glance at happen to head for help with hope, for impact on increase in / by insist on insure against interact with interfere in (with) invite to involve in judge by (from) knock al (on) laugh at limit to mistake for object to operate on sb for participate in persuade of/ into preparefor protect from punish for range from ...to react to reach for recover from remind of / about reply to report to/on respect for result from / in save for /from sell sth to sb/for separate from share with shop for speak to (with, about) spend on split into stare at/ into stealfrom stick to strive for subscribe to succeed in suffer from suspect of switch to thank for translatefrom / into tremble with vary from warn about (of, against) waste on worry about
81
Следующие глаголы в отличие от русского языка употребля-
ются с предлогом:
appeal to sb end in sth provide with sth
approve of sth engage in sth report to sb
ask for sth explain lo sb say sth to sb
ban from doing fill with sth search for sth
belong to sb graduate from sth seem to sb
comment on sth introduce to sb smell of sth
compensate for sth lie lo sb smile at sb
decorate with sth listen to sb/sth supply with sth
dedicate to sth prefer sth to sth sympathize with
deprive of sth prevent from doing threaten with sth
describe io sb pride oneself on sth wait for sb/sth
donate to sb prove to sb wave at (to) sb
Следующие глаголы в отличие от русского языка употребля-
ются без предлога:
access sth contact sb lack sth
address sb cross sth marry sb
affect sth enter sth miss sb
answer sb/sth face sth need sth
approach sth follow sb reach sth
climb sth influence sb refuse sth
consult sb /sth join sb regret sth
ИДИОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ С ПРЕДЛОГАМИ
arrive at (-reach) the conclusion - прийти к выводу
be about to do sth — собираться сделать
be at fault (for) — быть виновным (в)
be beside the point — быть неважным, не по существу
be booked up — все забронировано (о местах, номерах)
be driven mad by sth - сходить с ума из-за
be hard on sb — быть строгим с кем-л.
be home to (of) sb/sth — быть местом обитания (нахождения) для
be in (-get into) deep water — быть (попасть) в затруднительное
положение
be in charge of sth - быть ответственным за что-л.
be in demand - быть востребованным, пользоваться спросом
be in favour of sth — поддерживать, быть за что-л.
be in one's shoes (place) — быть на чьём-л. месте
be in the dark about sth - находиться в неведении по поводу
чего-л.
be in two minds about sth — колебаться по поводу чего-л.
82
be on the tip of one's tongue — вертеться на языке
be out of sight — скрыться из виду
be short of sth — испытывать недостаток чего-л.
be under the impression that — складывается впечатление, что
be up to sth — заниматься чем-л.
bear (=keep) in mind — помнить
book into a hotel — заселиться в отель
break the habit of a lifetime — бросить старую привычку
break the ice with sb - начать обшение с кем-л., сделать пер-
вый шаг
catch a glimpse of - заметить
catch sight of - увидеть
change for the better — улучшаться
come as a surprise — быть неожиданным
come from far and wide - приезжать отовсюду
come into contact with sb — контактировать с кем-л.
come of age — стать совершеннолетним; достичь высокого
уровня
come to (=reach) the conclusion — прийти к выводу
come to an end - подойти к концу
do (=carry out) research on (=into) sth - проводить исследова-
ние по чему-л.
do sth for (-make, earn) a living - зарабатывать на жизнь
do sth to the best of one’s ability - стараться изо всех сил
draw attention to sth — привлекать внимание к чему-л.
fall in love with sb - влюбиться в кого-л.
fall ill with — заболеть чем-л.
feel at ease — чувствовать себя непринужденно
feel pity for sb — испытывать жалость к кому-л.
feel sorry for sb — сочувствовать кому-л.
feel sure of oneself — чувствовать уверенность в себе
follow into sb’s footsteps — идти по чьим-л. стопам
get into a mess — попасть в беду
get into a panic — впадать в панику
get into the habit of doing sth — приобрести привычку делать
что-л.
get into trouble - попасть в неприятности
get on one’s nerves - действовать на нервы
get pleasure from sth — получать удовольствие от чего-л.
get rid of sth — избавляться от чего-л.
get used to sth - привыкнуть к чему-л.
83
give one’s love to sb — передать привет кому-л.
give thought to sth — поразмыслить над чем-л.
go (=run) round in circles — топтаться на месте, ходить по кругу
go out for a meal — сходить поесть куда-нибудь
go to any lengths — стараться из всех сил
have a good laugh about (at) sth — от души посмеяться над
чем-л.
have an advantage over sb — иметь преимущество над кем-л.
have an effect on sb/sth - оказывать воздействие на
have been to swh - побывать где-л.
have difficulty (in) doing sth — испытывать трудности с чем-л.
have по intention of doing sth — не собираться делать что-л.
have nothing to do with — не иметь ничего общего с
have the time of one’s life — отлично провести время
keep an eye on sb/sth — следить за кем-л./чем-л.
keep in touch with sb — поддерживать связь с кем-л.
keep sb on their toes — держать кого-л. в напряжении
keep to the diet — соблюдать диету
know sb by sight — знать в лицо
learn a lesson from - извлечь урок из
look out of place - выглядеть нелепо, быть не к месту
look sb in the eye(s) — смотреть кому-л. в глаза
look out of place - выглядеть нелепо, быть не к месту
lose control of sth - потерять контроль над чем-л.
lose sight of sb/sth — потерять из виду, упустить
make a contribution to sth — вносить вклад во что-л.
make a difference to sb - иметь значение для кого-л.
make a mess of sth — испортить что-л.
make an impression on sb — произвести впечатление на кого-л.
make friends with sb — подружиться с кем-л.
make fun of sb - подсмеиваться над кем-л.
make sense of sth — понять смысл чего-л.
make sure of sth — убедиться в чем-л.
make the best (the most) of sth — максимально использовать
что-л.
make up one’s mind - принять решение
make use of sth — пользоваться чем-л.
pan with sth — расстаться с чем-л.
pay attention to sb/sth — обращать внимание на кого-л./что-л.
pay sb a compliment on sth — сделать комплимент по поводу
чего-л.
84
play a role (=part) in sth — сыграть роль в чем-л.
play a trick on sb - разыграть кого-л.
pour with rain - лить как из ведра
pride oneself on sth - гордиться чем-л.
put a limit on sth — ограничить что-л.
put a strain on sb/sth - оказывать давление на
put an end (a stop) to sth — положить конец чему-л.
put effort into sth - вкладывать силы во что-л.
put ideas into practice — реализовать идеи на практике
put into action - приводить в действие
put pressure on sb — давить на кого-л.
put sb at risk - подвергать кого-л. опасности
put sb in a bad mood — испортить кому-л. настроение
put sth in order - привести что-л. в порядок
put the blame for sth on sb — возлагать вину за что-л. на кого-л.
rise above a certain level - подняться выше определенного
уровня
run into debt - влезть в долги
run out of sth — закончилось что-л.
save (=кеер) for a rainy day - откладывать на черный день
see the (по) point in (of) sth — (не) видеть смысл в чем-л.
set fire to sth - поджечь что-л.
set your mind to sth - задуматься о чем-л.
shake hands with sb - пожать руку кому-л.
sit (for) an exam — сдавать экзамен
slip one's mind - выскочить из головы
stare (off) into the distance - смотреть вдаль
stick (=keep) to the rules — соблюдать правила
take (close) to heart — принимать (близко) к сердцу
take (по) notice of sb/sth — (не) обратить внимание на кого-л./
что-л.
take a chance on sb/sth — поверить в кого-л./что-л. рискованное
take a look at sth — взглянуть на что-л.
take a photo of sb/sth — сделать снимок кого-л./чего-л.
take advantage of sth — воспользоваться чем-л.
take an (no) interest in sth — (не) интересоваться чем-л.
take care of sb/sth - заботиться о ком-л./чем-л.
take into account (^consideration) - принимать во внимание
take offence at sb — обидеться на кого-л.
take part in sth — принимать участие в чем-л.
85
fake pity on sb — жалеть кого-л.
take pleasure in sth - находить удовольствие в чем-л.
take pride in sb/sth — гордиться кем-л./чем-л.
take revenge on sb - отомстить кому-л.
take sb by surprise — застать врасплох
take sb by the hand — взять за руку
take sb for another person — принять кого-л. за другого человека
take sb to a place — отвести кого-то куда-л.
take sth for granted - принимать как должное
take the blame for sth — взять на себя вину за что-л.
trace its roots back to — уходить корнями в
turn a blind eye to sth - игнорировать что-л.
turn inside out — вывернуть наизнанку
turn upside down - переворачивать вверх дном
when it comes to sth — когда дело доходит до чего-л.
ФРАЗОВЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
come across - встретить (случайно) come round — заходить (в гости) come up (to) — подойти (к) come up with - предложить (идею) count он — рассчитывать на cut down (on) — сократить cut off (from) — отрезать; отключать decide on — выбрать dress up (as) - переодеться (в) drop off - высадить (из машины) end in — закончиться (чем-л.) end up (with) — оказаться face up (to) - столкнуться (c) fallout (with) — поссориться (c) fill in - заполнить (документ) find out — узнать get by in (on, with) - справиться c getin(to) - садиться в (машину) get off— выйти (из транспорта) get on — садиться (в общ. транспорт, на велосипед) get on (with) — ладить (с) get out (of) - выходить (изнутри) get through (to) - дозвониться (до) getup — вставать (после сна) give up - перестать (делать) go ahead (with) - начинать(ся) gooff — взорваться; прозвенеть; испортиться go on - продолжать; происходить go out (with) - выйти излома; встречаться (с) go through - пройти через go with - сочетаться с grow up - повзрослеть, вырасти hand in - сдать (работу), подать (заявление) hang on — ждать (у телефона) hang out (with) — тусоваться (с) hang up - повесить (трубку, одежду) head for — направиться в hold up — задерживать hurry up — поторопиться)
86
keep away (from) - держать(ся) подальше (от) keep on — продолжаться) keep out (of) - не впускать (в) keep up (with) - не отставать (от) knock down - разрушить leave behind — забывать, оставлять letdown - разочаровывать let in - впустить в let out - выпустить из lie around — быть разбросанным lie down — лечь log in - войти в аккаунт log out - выйти из аккаунта look after— присматривать за look at — смотреть на look for — искать look forward to - предвкушать look into - изучать, всматриваться look out (for) - быть осторожным look through — просматривать look up — искать (в справочнике) look up to — уважать make for - направиться в make out - разобрать(ся); притвориться makeup — составить, придумать make up (with) - мириться (c) make up for — компенсировать meet up with — встретиться c pass on (to) — передать pay back (for) — отплатить (за) pay off - рассчитаться (с долгами), окупиться pick on - дразнить, придираться pick out — выбирать pick up — поднять; подвезти plug in - подключать (к сети) point out — указывать print out — распечатать put aside - откладывать (в сторону, про запас) put down to — связывать с, объяснить чем-л. put forward - выдвинуть (идею) put off-откладывать; отталкивать put on — набирать (вес) put on - надевать; наносить (на тело) put on - ставить (на сцене) put out — потушить (огонь) put through (to) — соединять (с) (по телефону) put up - повесить (на стену); повышать (цены) put up — строить, возводить (сооружение) pul up with - терпеть refer to - обращаться к; означать (о термине) run around - бегать туда-сюда run away (from) — сбежать (из) run into — столкнуться с run out — закончиться run over- сбить, переехать rush into - броситься в see off— провожать (на вокзале) set out (= off) - отправиться set up — организовать (мероприятие, бизнес) set up - установить (программу) settle down - успокоить(ся), остепениться show (a)round - показывать (дом, город) sort out — разобрать(ся); решить (проблему) split up (with) — расстаться (с) stand by — поддерживать
87
Продолжение
standfor- означать; отстаивать (идею) stand out — выделяться stand up — встать stay up - не ложиться спать sum up — подводить итог take aback — захватить врасплох take after- быть похожим fake away — убирать; забирать take back — взять назад (о словах); вернуть (в магазин) take down — снимать (с полки) take off — взлететь (о самолете) take off-снять (об одежде) take on — взять на себя (работу); принимать (на работу) take over - принять руководство, поглотить take up - заняться (хобби); занимать (время, место) talk into - уговорить tell apart — различать tell off - ругать; отчитывать think over — обдумать throw away (—out) — выбросить try on - примерить turn down - отказать(ся); уменьшить (звук) turn into - превращать(ся) turn off— выключить turn on — включить turn out — оказаться turn over - перевернуть turn round (to) — повернуть(ся) к turn to - обратиться к turn up — появиться; увеличить (звук) wake up - проснуться, разбудить work out — подсчитать; разработать; тренироваться write down (— lake down, put down) — записать
ПРЕДЛОГИ, УПОТРЕБЛЯЕМЫЕ В СОСТАВЕ
ФРАЗОВЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
Наиболее распространенными предлогами (послелогами) яв-
ляются: back, down, off, on, out, over, up. Они соединяются с ба-
зовыми глаголами в сочетания, значение которых иногда идио-
матично, а иногда складывается непосредственно из значений
составных частей.
Предлог Значение Примеры
BACK назад, в обратном направлении turn back — возвращать(ся) look back at the past — вспоминать про- шлое
обратно (в прежнее положение) give back the money — вернуть деньги get back to sleep — снова уснуть
в ответ phone back - перезвонить hit sb back — ударить кого-то в ответ
88
Предлог Значение Примеры
DOWN ВНИЗ, на землю sit down - сесть break down — сломать
уменьшать(ся) turn down the volume - уменьшить звук cut down on coffee — пить меньше кофе
ПОЛНОСТЬЮ, целиком the house burnt down — дом сгорел a plant closed down - завод закрылся
записывать write down - записать copy down the answer - переписать ответ
OFF движение от, удаление a plane took off — самолет взлетел get off the train — выйти из поезда
прекращение действия call off the trip — отменить поездку put off a meeting - отложить встречу
выключать turn off the lights — выключать свет cut off the gas — прекратить подачу газа
ON носить, надевать try on a dress - примерить платье put the shoes on — надеть туФли
продолжать go on reading — продолжать чтение hang on - ждать (у телефона)
включать turn on the computer — включить ком- пьютер switch the cooker on - включить плиту
OUT наружу, за пределы go out — выйти из дома set out on a trip - отправиться в по- ездку
прекращение, исчезновение put out a fire — потушить пожар run out of money - закончились деньги
достижение результата carry out the task — выполнить задачу find out the truth — узнать правду
распределение между hand out copies - раздавать копии share out the food - делиться едой
вслух, громко read out the results - огласить резуль- таты call out for help — звать на помощь
демонстрировать point out a mistake - указать на ошибку stand out in a crowd - выделяться в толпе
89
Продолжение
Предлог Значение Примеры
OVER тщательное выполнение get over an illness - выздороветь think everything over — все обдумать
UP движение вверх stand up - встать pick up mushrooms - собирать грибы
увеличивать(ся) go up in price - подняться в цене hurry up - поторопиться)
завершенность give up smoking - бросить курить hang up the receiver— повесить трубку
Рекомендации по выполнению тестовых
заданий на предлоги
Употребление английских предлогов вызывает некоторые
сложности потому, что не всегда согласуется с использованием
аналогичных предлогов в русском языке. В английском языке
есть правила только для употребления предлогов места, времени
и направления движения. Сочетания с существительными, при-
лагательными и глаголами иногда соответствуют русской логи-
ке, при этом существует большое количество устойчивых выра-
жений, которые приходится заучивать наизусть.
Без преувеличения можно сказать, что один из самых слож-
ных аспектов английского языка - фразовые глаголы. Фразо-
вый глагол — это глагол, который употребляется с предлогом,
и этот предлог кардинально меняет первоначальный смысл гла-
гола (например, to look at — смотреть на, to look for — искать, to
look forward to - ждать с нетерпением, и т.п.).
Секрет успеха в изучении предлогов состоит в выполне-
нии большого количества упражнений, где вы можете увидеть,
как употребляется тот или иной предлог в контексте. Отмечай-
те выражения, в которых вы не уверены либо сделали ошибку,
и снова проделывайте задания. Это более эффективный способ
по сравнению с заучиванием списков выражений с предлогами.
Для запоминания также используйте возможности различных
онлайн-сервисов, например, Quizlet.
Рекомендую вам изучить справочники «Английские предло-
ги» и «Английские фразовые глаголы» Митрошкиной Т.В., со-
держащие сведения о самых распространенных предлогах и фра-
зовых глаголах современного английского языка, их особенно-
90
стях и правилах употребления в речи. А тренировочные упраж-
нения вы сможете найти в книгах «Английский язык: полный
курс подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзаме-
ну» и «Грамматика английского языка: готовимся к централизо-
ванному тестированию».
Выполняя задания на выбор предлогов, помните, что одно
и то же слово может употребляться с разными предлогами. Ино-
гда разница в употреблении предлогов незначительна и воз-
можны несколько вариантов (например, excited about / by / at -
взволнованный чем-то), но иногда от выбора предлога изменя-
ется смысл (например, good for sb — полезный для кого-л., good
at sth - хорошо разбирающийся в чем-л.). Употребление пред-
лога также зависит от выражения, в котором он используется.
Давайте разберем несколько текстов на употребление пред-
логов.
Текст 1
Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
How long have you been sitting today? Maybe you sit to eat break-
fast, (1) ... your desk, in the classroom, (2) ... the car, (3) ... the bus,
and in front of the TV in the evenings. It all adds (4) ... . Sitting time
is a health risk with both long and short term impacts. To reduce your
risk of health problems, you need to be aware (5) ... how much you
sit and try to move more throughout the day.
There are lots of ways for you to be more physically active and
less sedentary (6) ... every day. You don’t have to do organised or
competitive physical activity to benefit. Social physical activity with
family and friends, or being active (7)... yourself, can also be fun and
is good (8) ... you too. So, swap social media (9) ... social outdoor
activity. Get real! Why not try meeting up with friends (10) ... person
instead (11) ... online? Choose activities you enjoy doing, and you will
be more likely to continue doing them. Be active every day (12) ... as
many ways as you can!
1. a. on b. at c. to d. by e. in
2. a. by b. into c. in d. on e. at
3. a. in b. on c. by d. at e. up
4. a. out b. with c. off d. up e. on
5. a. of b. to c. about d. for e. with
6. a. for b. at c. — d. in e. on
7. a. in b. to c. on d. of e. by
8. a. to b. for c. of d. with e. at
91
9. a. with b. over с. on d. to e. for
10. a. on b. by с. in d. at e. with
11. a. of b, from с. for d. off e. in
12. a. by b. at с. on d. in e. out of
Анализ текста 1
1 b — выражение to sit ata tesk - сидеть за партой, не на парте
(on), в парте (in) или рядом с партой (by). Предлог to - направ-
ление движения куда? - к парте.
2с- выражение to sit in the car - сидеть в машине, внутри
небольшого пространства. Предлог by употребляется для обозна-
чения способа передвижения: by саг — (ехать) на машине. Сло-
восочетание on the саг обозначает «на поверхности машины»,
at the car - нахождение около машины, into the car - направле-
ние движения куда? — в машину.
3 b - выражение to sit on the bus - сидеть в автобусе, в об-
щественном транспорте. Сравните: by bus, но on a bus — наличие
артикля (a /the) перед общественным транспортом требует упо-
требления предлога on.
4 d — фразовый глагол add ар «складывать, суммировать».
Идиоматическое выражение: it all adds ар «это все суммируется».
5 а — выражение to be aware of sth «знать о чем-л., быть
в курсе чего-л.». Не путайте с глаголом to know about sth «знать
о чем-л.».
6 с - словосочетания с местоимением every (каждый) не тре-
буют предлога: every day, every year и т.п.
7 е — словосочетание by yourselj означает «в одиночку, без по-
сторонней помощи». Такое же значение имеет словосочетание
on your own.
8 b — по содержанию текста подходит выражение it’s good for
you — это (т.е. быть активным) полезно для вас. Сравните: it’s
good of you to do sth — это мило с вашей стороны сделать что-л.;
he’s good to you - он добр по отношению к вам; he's good at = with
sth - он хорошо в чем-л. разбирается.
9 е — выражение to swap sth for sth «обменять что-то на
что-то». Сравните: to swap sth with sb «обмениваться чем-л.
с кем-л.».
10 с — выражение in person «лично».
11 а - составной предлог instead of sth «вместо чего-то».
12 d — выражение in many ways «по-разному, разными спо-
собами».
92
Текст 2
Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Vietnam, one of the world’s last communist countries, is a land
rich (I) ... natural beauty, delicious cuisine, and friendly locals. They
say that the best season to visit Vietnam is (2) ... April and May when
the country receives the lowest amount of rainfall and there are fewer
tourists. So, (3) ... this spring my parents and 1 went (4) ... holiday to
Vietnam. Although it was my first journey (5) ... air, I wasn’t scared
(6) ... all as we were very well looked (7) ... by the flight attendants.
Our tour guide collected us from the airport and we headed (8) ...
Nha Trang, a coastal city famous (9) ... having some of the freshest
seafood in Vietnam. After we checked (10) ... at our hotel somewhere
(11) ... the outskirts of Nha Trang, we went (12) ... a swim in the pool.
The next day we set (13)... for Vinpearl Land. This amusement park,
located (14) ... Hon Tre Island, is one of Vietnam’s most popular
playgrounds covering more than 200,000 square metres, including six
resorts, a water park, oceanarium and more. It was the holiday (15) ... a lifetime that 1 will never ever forget.
1. a. in b. of c. at d. by e. on
2. a. at b. to c. on d. for e. in
3. a. — b. in c. with d. on e. at
4. a. to b. on c. for d. in e. over
5. a. in b. up c. above d. by e. on
6. a. from b. of c. at d. for e. in
7. a. at b. for c. into d. forward e. after
8. a. for b. in c. at d. off e. by
9. a. about b. by c. for d. to e. of
10. a. out b. up c. in d. oft' e. on
11. a. by b. into c. between d. on e. at
12. a. on b. for c. to d. down e. by
13. a. up b. off c. away d. into e. on
14. a. on b. in c. at d. with e. into
15. a. at b. to c. for d. in e. of
Анализ текста 2
I a — прилагательное rich употребляется с предлогом in - rich
in sth «богат чем-л.».
2 e - названия месяцев употребляются с предлогом in: in April.
3 а — словосочетания с местоимением this (этот) не требуют
предлога: this spring «этой весной», this year «ъ этом году» и т.п.
93
4b — выражение to go on holiday «поехать в отпуск».
5 d - словосочетание by air употребляется для обозначения
способа передвижения по воздуху, на самолете.
6 с — словосочетание at all «совсем» обычно употребляется
в отрицательных предложениях: wasn’t scared at ail «совсем не
боялся».
7 е — по содержанию текста подходит фразовый глагол to look
after sb «ухаживать за кем-л.». Сравните: to look at sb «смотреть на
кого-то», to look for sb «искать кого-то», to look into sth «изучать
что-то», to look forward to sb «ждать кого-то с нетерпением».
Sa- выражение to head for a place — направляться куда-то.
9 с — прилагательное famous употребляется с предлогом for —
famous for sth «известный чем-л.».
10 с — фразовый глагол to check in «зарегистрироваться
(в отеле)».
lid — словосочетание on the outskirts «на окраине».
12 b — выражение to go for a swim «пойти (для того, чтобы)
поплавать».
13 b — фразовый глагол to set off «отправиться (в путь)».
14 а — предлог он используется для обозначения нахождения
на острове - on Hon Tre Island.
15 е — словосочетание of a lifetime «неповторимый, уни-
кальный».
Задания на употребление предлогов
1. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Do you remember the last time you had to follow (1)... a physical
map or write down the instructions (2) ... how to reach (3)... a desti-
nation? Today, it has never been easier to navigate; no matter whether
it is close (4) ... your home or (5) ... a different continent. One of the
top navigation apps available (6) ... the moment is Google Maps, the
online mapping service owned (7) ... Google.
Google Maps stands (8) ... thanks (9) ... its user-friendly interface
and navigation features, but we bet that you don’t know about every
feature of this tool, (10) ... instance, incognito mode, live view, sav-
ing your favorite locations, or sharing your location (II) ... real-time.
(12) ... 2020, Google Maps celebrated 15 years of helping people
across the globe navigate the world around them.
94
1. a. to b. on c. for d. after e. —
2. a. for b. of c. in d. on e. about
3. a. in b. at c. — d. to e. for
4. a. at b. to c. by d. for e. from
5. a. on b. from c. at d. in e. to
6. a. to b. at c. for d. on e. in
7. a. with b. to c. by d. into e. at
8. a. by b. off c. Up d. out e. over
9. a. for b. with c. - d. of e. to
10. a. in b. by c. on d. for e. at
11. a. at b. for c. in d. with e. on
12. a. Since b. In c. By d. On e. At
2. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Contrary (1) ... what many people believe, government offices are
very efficient work places. The managers of such offices are very keen
(2) ... showing that everything works well, that the Head is pleased (3)
... everything and that the employees do a good job. Sometimes, (4)
... course, people can become too ambitious, like Mr Ginsbour, the
US ambassador (5) ... a country in Latin America. Mr Ginsbour was
crazy (6) ... punctuality. He got furious (7) ... his subordinates even if
they were just a couple of minutes late (8) ... work. “Whatever hap-
pens, you must be (9) ... your workplace (10) ... the scheduled time,”
he explained (11) ... new employees (12) ... the embassy.
1. a. of b. to c. for d. with e. from
2. a. for b. on c. at d. about e. of
3. a. with b. of c. on d. from e. for
4. a. in b. for c. of d. at e. on
5. a. at b. from c. with d. on e. to
6. a. from b. in c. of d. about e. with
7. a. on b. with c. for d. by e. of
8. a. at b. of c. on d. for e. into
9. a. in b. to c. at d. over e. on
10. a. on b. at c. of d. in e. up
11. a. to b. about c. for d. at e. —
12. a. by b. to c. off d. on e. at
3. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
I’ll say it loud and proud: I’m a loner, through and through. While
I like the idea of going (I) ... and being social, when it comes (2) ...
95
it, it’s really just not for me. I’m happy in my little cave allowing me
to chill (3)... with some reading, music, or Netflix. With one click (4)
... my Seamless app, 1 can have pizza delivered (5) ... me. So, most
days, 1 don’t really see the point (6) ... leaving the house. I’ve come
(7) ... some plausible reasons as to why 1 absolutely must stay (8)... .
Because sometimes, you really just don’t want to go out — and there’s
nothing wrong (9) ... that! But as someone who works (10) ... home,
I should probably leave once (11) ... a while. I imagine that fresh air
would do me good and that the occasional social interaction (12) ...
my friends might be nice.
1. a. on b. off c. away d. back e. out
2. a. of b. to c. from d. for e. at
3. a. up b. off c. on d. in e. out
4. a. in b. by c. for d. to e. on
5. a. for b. on c. to d. by e. over
6. a. in b. to c. on d. off e. at
7. a. in for b. out of c. over to d. up with e. down to
8. a. with b. in c. up d. on e. off
9. a. about b. of c. with d. for e. by
10. a. on b. from c. off d. in e. to
11. a. in b. at c. for d. to e. of
12. a. to b. of c. by d. with e. for
4. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Instagram has recently expanded user access (I) ... Instagram Di-
rect Messages via the web version of the app, enabling users to send
messages (2) ... their friends and followers (3) ... their desktop PCs.
Web DMs are especially convenient for people who use Instagram
all the time, like reporters, influencers, and social media managers.
It’s the easiest way to communicate privately (4) ... the platform, es-
pecially if someone is trying to respond (5) ... possibly hundreds of
messages (6)... a day. Even for non-power users, typing {7)... a laptop
keyboard is easier than typing (8) ... their phone screen.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said he wants to allow Face-
book, WhatsApp, and Instagram users to message (9) ... each other,
regardless (10) ... the platform they’re using. Now, everyone can ac-
cess (11)... DMs via the desktop app. To check if you have it, head to
www.instagram.com and log in (12) ... your Instagram account.
1. a. on b. for c. — d. to e. with
2. a. at b. by c. of d. — e. to
96
3. a. off b. out of c. with d. from e. by
4. a. with b. in c. over d. at e. on
5. a. on b. for c. to d. by e. —
6. a. for b. - c. at d. on e. in
7. a. - b. by c. on d. at e. into
8. a. on b. in c. at d. by e. with
9. a. to b. up c. — d. on e. for
10. a. from b. of c. off d. to e. on
11. a. to b. with c. for d. - e. into
12. a. at b. for c. — d. in e. to
5. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один ид предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
There’s quite a lot to take along if you want to make the most
(I) ... your beach trip. Sunglasses, sunscreen and towel, phone, wal-
let... Beaches are ail about relaxation and enjoyment. The last thing
you want is to be worrying (2) ... your belongings. A waterproof bag
is a great option (3) ... the beach as it protects your items (4) ... wa-
ter. Water-resistant cases are secure, easy to use, and last (5) ... ages.
Since these bags are resistant (6) ... damage from sand or dirt, you
can bury yours in the sand (7) ... your towel. Snooze and swim (8) ...
peace knowing that all your belongings are well hidden and not (9)...
risk of getting damaged. You can also ask someone who looks reliable
and trustworthy to keep an eye (10) ... your belongings. Families with
kids are usually a safe bet. You can always pay (11) ... them back by
returning the favour. Remember though, no option is 100% safe. The
above options just help you reduce the risk (12) ... losing your items,
but the risk is always there.
1. a. on b. in c. out of d. from e. of
2. a. of b. about c. on d. with e. for
3. a. to b. onto c. for d. in e. by
4. a. from b. at c. below d. off e. out of
5. a. in b. by c. on d. for e. at
6. a. for b. from c. with d. at e. to
7. a. below b. under c. down d. out of e. without
8. a. with b. on c. in d. to e. off
9. a. at b. in c. of d. under e. by
10. a. out b. for c. to d. on e. of
11. a. to b. by c. — d. off e. for
12. a. in b. of c. from d. with e. at
97
6. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
We live (1) ... the digital age with smart phones, iPads and eRead-
ers. And I am one of those people who can’t imagine their life (2) ...
being connected 24/7. (3) ... T/these days, the smartphone has be-
come more of a necessity than a luxury. Our smartphones keep (4)
... us sane because they’re an all-in-one solution (5) ... our day-to-
day problems. Texting and calling are two common ways (6) ... which
people use their smartphones, but those certainly aren’t the only
ones. You can look (7) ... information, stream music, take photos,
watch videos (8) ... YouTube, or even watch full movies (9) ... your
smartphone. Why buy an alarm clock when you can simply set an
alarm (10) ... your phone? Why buy a watch when your phone has
a clock? Why buy a camera when your phone takes stunning photos?
Our smartphones give (11) ... us everything we need to communicate
quickly, get (12) ... the day, and entertain ourselves. It doesn’t get
much better than that.
1. a. in b. on c. between d. to e. at
2. a. off b. away c. from d. out of e. without
3. a. On b. At c. In d. To e. —
4. a. - b. from c. of d. with e. to
5. a. on b. to c. of d. for e. over
6. a. at b. of c. with d. in e. on
7. a. - b. to c. up d. for e. at
8. a. in b. off c. with d. from e. on
9. a. by b. from c. at d. out of e. off
10. a. on b. for c. up d. at e. by
11. a. to b. out c. — d. up e. for
12. a. over b. up c. on d. through e. with
7. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
‘Phubbing’ may not be part of your everyday vocabulary, but it’s
almost certainly part of your everyday life. The definition of ‘phub-
bing’, according (1) ... slang authority Urban Dictionary, is ‘snubbing
(игнорировать) someone (2) ... favour of your mobile phone’. Get
it? Phone + snubbing = phubbing. While it sounds like a decidedly
millennial thing to do, (3) ... reality, pretty much everyone is guilty
(4) ... it, and certainly not just in romantic situations. Examples (5)
... phubbing include last night when you mindlessly scrolled through
Instagram during dinner instead (6) ... asking your S.O. (Significant
98
Other) about their day, that time your dad answered (7) ... emails
in the corner (8) ... place of interacting (9) ... the family (10) ...
Thanksgiving Day, and all those instances in which your little nephew
made it clear he would rather play games (II) ... your iPhone than
communicate with you (12) ... any manner.
1. a. for b. of c. to d. by e. with
2. a. on b. in c. for d. with e. at
3. a. by b. on c. at d. from e. in
4. a. of b. for c. in d. at e. with
5. a. off b. to c. about d. of e. for
6. a. by b. of c. from d. for e. off
7. a. to b. about c. — d. out e. on
8. a. in b. with c. on d. at e. to
9. a. — b. to c. for d. about e. with
10. a. at b. on c. of d. for e. in
11. a. with b. in c. at d. on e. to
12. a. on b. to c. in d. with e. at
8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Too much salt can cause raised blood pressure, which increases
the risk (1) ... heart disease and stroke. The following tips can help
you cut down (2) ... salt.
Around 75% of the salt we eat is already (3) ... everyday foods
such as bread, breakfast cereal and ready meals. Remember, whether
you’re eating at home, cooking or eating (4) ... , don’t add salt (5)
... your food automatically - taste it first. Rather than add salt when
you cook, use lemon juice, garlic, vinegar, or herbs and spices. Many
people add salt (6) ... habit, but it’s often unnecessary and your food
will taste good (7) ... it.
The good news is you don’t have to cut out all salt (8) ... once.
If you reduce gradually, your tastebuds will adjust (9) ... only a few
weeks. You’ll be amazed (10) ... how quickly you get used (11) ... the
taste and notice all the other flavours that salt was hiding. You’ll find
you don’t enjoy salty foods like you used to, and it’s a great chance
to experiment (12) ... different flavours.
1. a. of b. at c. from d. to e. into
2. a. from b. with c. off d. for e. on
3. a. on b. in c. by d. at e. under
4. a. off b. away c. without d. out e. down
5. a. for b. up c. to d. on e. with
99
6. a. under b. out of c. from d. off e. for
7. a. off b. by c. down d. without e. out of
8. a. at b. on c. in d. by e. for
9. a. on b. from c. by d. to e. in
10. a. about b. with c. at d. in e. from
11. a. for b. to c. into d. on e. by
12. a. with b. about c. for d. at e. in
9. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Google Duplex is a new project from Google that allows (1) ...
users to make a restaurant reservation (2) ... phone. Instead of the
user speaking directly (3) ... the restaurant employee, Google Duplex,
(4) ... the help of Google Assistant, speaks for the user. It does this
with an Artificial Intelligence-based, but human-sounding, voice.
Duplex was first demonstrated (5) ... Google’s annual I/O deve-
loper conference (6) ... May 8, 2018. Many people were surprised (7)
... how lifelike Duplex sounded, partly because it used responses like
“uh-huh” and “mmm”, but also because it had the ability to respond
with the correct answers (8) ... some questions.
(9) ... the moment, you can use Duplex to book a table (10) ...
a restaurant or purchase movie tickets online. To do this, you must
use Google Assistant (11) ... English. For now, this feature doesn’t
work (12) ... certain locations.
1. a. to b. - c. for d. of e. from
2. a. on b. by c. from d. with e. at
3. a. at b. up c. to d. on e. by
4. a. with b. on c. by d. for e. under
5. a. on b. by c. in d. to e. at
6. a. at b. in c. after d. on e. of
7. a. of b. from c. at d. in e. with
8. a. to b. on c. — d. for e. at
9. a. On b. At c. In d. To e. For
10. a. for b. into c. from d. at e. on
11. a. at b. by c. with d. on e. in
12. a. in b. from c. on d. away e. of
10. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Being a successful blogger and making a lot of money (1) ... the
Internet is one of the dreams of many people today. When most people
think of a blogger, they picture a person sitting (2) ... the beach with
100
an alcoholic beverage just relaxing the day away. Actually, blogging
activity is not as easy as you imagine. Bloggers always have to pay
attention (3) ... what’s going (4) ... in the world. They pick up on the
stories in the air and put in hours reading websites and doing their
research. They don’t just wait (5) ... the big stories; they find them in
the corners where other people aren’t looking. It need not be a unique
topic, but should (6) ... least be a different take on an old subject. Of
course, all bloggers depend (7) ... other sources for their content and
rely (8) ... traditional mass media.
The most important qualities for someone to succeed (9) ... the
‘blogosphere’ are to have a talent (10)... writing and to believe (11)...
yourself. The negative sides? Blogging takes (12) ... all your time and
there are no guarantees that it will make you a single penny.
1. a. at b. by c. with d. in e. on
2. a. on b. in c. down d. off e. away
3. a. for b. to c. at d. on e. in
4. a. out b. on c. away d. back e. to
5. a. - b. by c. to d. of e. for
6. a. to b. for c. in d. at e. on
7. a. for b. of c. from d. on e. out of
8. a. at b. with c. on d. for e. to
9. a. to b. in c. with d. of e. at
10. a. for b. of c. to d. at e. in
11. a. on b. to c. by d. in e. at
12. a. over b. off c. up d. out e. on
11. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Any locality can be dangerous but a little common sense will keep
you safe. Here are some tips (1) ... how to take care (2) ... yourself
when out and about.
• Plan your route (3) ... advance. Carry a charged mobile phone
and some cash, and tell (4) ... someone where you’re going.
• Keep your valuables, including your mobile phone, other devices
and jewellery, hidden. Remember, out of sight, out of mind.
• There’s safety in numbers, that’s why avoid walking alone (5) ...
the night (6) ... places such as parks and side streets or any unfamil-
iar environment. If you do have to walk, stick (7) ... busy places with
CCTV cameras and good lighting.
• When walking (8) ... the pavement, always face (9) ... oncoming
traffic, as it will make it far more difficult for thieves (10) ... two-
101
wheelers to ride up from behind and snatch your property. But still be
aware (11) ... anyone approaching from ahead (12) ... you.
They say you can never be too careful — and I’m afraid that’s
absolutely correct.
1. a. for b. with c. into d. to e. on
2. a. about b. of c. for d. on e. to
3. a. on b. at c. in d. by e. with
4. a. to b. about c. — d. with e. for
5. a. at b. on c. to d. for e. in
6. a. in b. at c. on d. out e. away
7. a. for b. to c. with d. of e. on
8. a. in b. on c. at d. by e. into
9. a. with b. for c. — d. to e. on
10. a. by b. in c. up d. on e. from
11. a. of b. to c. about d. for e. with
12. a. from b. for c. — d. of e. to
12. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
For years we have taken the health of the earth (I) ... granted. But
today it is (2) ... threat. Some human activities that cause damage (3)
... the environment (4) ... a global scale include human reproduction,
overconsumption, pollution, and deforestation, to name but a few.
It is fashionable to blame the industrialized nations, and they
certainly are responsible (5) ... many environmental problems. En-
vironmentalists claim that if we return (6) ... simple life, everything
will be alright. However, many observers point (7) ... that, (8) ... the
contrary, really simple lifestyles can lead (9) ... even more appalling
environmental damage.
So, what can be done to minimise the negative impacts (10) ...
the environment? Implementing recycling habits into your daily life is
one of the most effective ways to help lessen landfill waste, conserve
natural resources, save habitats, reduce pollution, cut down (II) ...
energy consumption, and slow (12) ... global warming.
1. a. at b. of c. with d. on e. for
2. a. below b. on c. under d. at e. in
3. a. for b. to c. of d. with e. on
4. a. in b. on c. at d. by e. of
5. a. of b. at c. in d. with e. for
6. a. at b. for c. by d. to e. in
7. a. out b. off c. into d. on e. up
102
8. a. to b. on c. for d. in e. by
9. a. from b. - c. to d. for e. with
10. a. of b. for c. on d. to e. -
11. a. from b. with c. off d. for e. on
12. a. up b. into c. out d. down e. off
13. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Dear Sir or Madam,
1 am writing in response (I) ... your advertisement (2) ... www.
jobhunter.com (3) ... the position (4) ... Junior Reporter, which I’d
like to apply (5) ... . I believe that I have the proper qualifications and
experience for this post. (6) ... several years, I was the editor-in-chief
of my school’s monthly magazine. Before 1 graduated (7) ... Cardiff
University with a degree (8) ... journalism, I was working for a small
local newspaper. I was (9) ... charge of covering major local events and
also wrote various articles (10) ... travel and tourism. I have attached
my resume (II) ... full details of my previous experience and educa-
tional qualifications. 1 am available (12) ... an interview (13) ... your
earliest convenience, and I look forward (14) ... meeting with you (15)
... person to discuss employment opportunities.
Yours faithfully, Sabina Daley
1. a. of b. with c. to d. in e. for
2. a. in b. out of c. on d. to e. from
3. a. at b. by c. for d. on e. of
4. a. for b. of c. in d. with e. to
5. a. to b. - c. about d. for e. with
6. a. On b. For c. After d. By e. In
7. a. from b. at c. off d. - e. out of
8. a. at b. of c. for d. in e. on
9. a. of b. in c. at d. with e. for
10. a. for b. by c. on d. of e. in
11. a. with b. in c. about d. from e. of
12. a. in b. for c. at d. on e. to
13. a. to b. on c. with d. at e. by
14. a. at b. after c. for d. - e. to
15. a. in b. with c. by d. on e. for
14. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Play is very significant (1) ... a child during the early childhood
years. When children play games, they interact (2) ... their environ-
103
merit and make sense (3) ... the world around them. Parents are be-
coming more aware (4) ... the importance of play and are therefore
thinking more carefully (5) ... the type of toys they buy (6) ... their
children. (7) ... instance, they buy games that have some educational
value and are fun to play. As a result, children spend an increasing
amount (8) ... time playing games that have been chosen and or-
ganized (9) ... them (10) ... their parents, not the ones they would
choose to play if they are left (11) ... themselves. And psychologists
are beginning to wonder if this is such a good thing. They think that
the most valuable games, (12) ... an educational point (13) ... view,
are those that children make (14) ... and organize (15) .. .. their own.
1. a. in b. for c. on d. with e. over
2. a. to b. with c. by d. into e. about
3. a. of b. in c. about d. for e. on
4. a. to b. of c. with d. about e. in
5. a. on b. into c. up d. by e. of
6. a. from b. at c. — d. to e. out
7. a. On b. By c. To d. For e. From
8. a. to b. with c. of d. on e. in
9. a. of b. for c. to d. at e. —
10. a. by b. from c. with d. off e. on
11. a. to b. on c. for d. with e. by
12. a. from b. at c. in d. on e. to
13. a. in b. to c. of d. for e. by
14. a. out b. off c. down d. over e. up
15. a. by b. for c. to d. on e. with
15. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один
из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Michel: I’m thinking of visiting Bulgaria (1)... the end of November.
Agent: You’d better go (2) ... spring. The countryside is absolutely
stunning (3)... May. 1 can arrange flights and accommodation.
Michel: 1 think 1 can take a fortnight (4)... work then. It could be (5)
... Easter or (6)... Victory Day.
Agent: Let me see. There are flights to Varna three times (7) ...
a week. Would you like the take-off (8)... Sunday, April 25th?
You’ll arrive (9)... Bulgaria (10)... the early evening, (11)...
8.40 local time. You won’t be very jetlagged as there’s only
one hour time difference.
104
Michel: Well, it’s April 15th today. Can you arrange everything in a
week?
Agent: Sure. I can send you all the details (12)... tomorrow (13)...
morning and (14) ... the day (15) ... tomorrow you will be
able to pay the reservation charge.
1. a. at b. in c. about d. since e. on
2. a. during b. by c. at d. on e. in
3. a. on b. at c. in d. since e. after
4. a. out of b. off c. from d. at e. on
5. a. at b. in c. on d. to e. for
6. a. for b. at c. to d. on e. in
7. a. in b. for c. — d. into e. at
8. a. at b. on c. in d. for e. to
9. a. to b. at c. for d. off e. in
10. a. in b. after c. on d. by e. at
11. a. to b. on c. in d. at e. since
12. a. at b. to c. — d. in e. on
13. a. in b. - c. at d. after e. by
14. a. - b. after c. before d. on e. at
15. a. before b. on c. — d. to e. after
16. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Dear Mrs. Lynch,
I am writing (I) ... you with regard (2) ... my son’s misbehaviour
at school. I was shocked when I received a message (3) ... Alfie’s
class teacher saying that he was constantly acting (4) ... at school.
He’s stopped doing his homework and has a reputation (5) ... being a
troublemaker (6) ... class. I can’t understand this sudden change (7)
... his behaviour. (8) ... the past Alfie was such a well-behaved and
industrious boy. I have tried to talk (9) ... him but he is unwilling
to discuss his problems (10) ... me or his father. Since I have never
had any complaints (I I) ... my son’s behaviour before, I am not sure
(12) ... what I should do to struggle (13) ... the problems. I would be
grateful if you could offer (14) ... me your advice (15) ... the matter.
Sincerely yours, Mila Yorky
1. a. to b. on c. for d. by e. at
2. a. about b. of c. to d. for e. on
3. a. from b. over c. off d. out of e. with
4. a. up b. out c. down d. away e. off
5. a. in b. with c. off d. for e. from
105
6. a. to b. on c. into d. about e. in
7. a. from b. to c. for d. with e. in
8. a. On b. At c. During d. In e. For
9. a. about b. into c. to d. on e. without
10. a. to b. with c. between d. for e. about
11. a. from b. about c. to d. on e. for
12. a. for b. at c. in d. about e. with
13. a. with b. of c. for d. into e. —
14. a. - b. to c. on d. with e. for
15. a. for b. with c. into d. to e. on
17. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
There аге a lot of things in life that are (1) ... our control. We may
run (2) ... people, who we don’t get (3) ... well with, (4) ... a party, or
have to wait forever (5) ... a queue for a cup of coffee. A flight might
get cancelled (6) ... least once (7) ... a lifetime, and we have to trust
that fate will find our soulmate. The things we can’t control can seri-
ously disrupt our peace of mind, though.
However, we must take responsibility (8) ... our own lives, and
therefore our destiny. Our lives are made (9) ... of experiences and
people that enrich those experiences, (10) ... better or worse. And
while we can learn a lot (II) ... dealing (12) ... losers of all kinds, we
do often have a choice on whether or not to interact (13) ... them.
There are a few things that we should never put (14) ... with, like
abuse, dishonesty, or betrayal, whether that behavior comes (15) ... a
best friend, a boyfriend, a colleague or anyone else — even ourselves.
We’re worth more than that.
1. a. from b. off c. away d. out of e. without
2. a. to b. on c. into d. for e. over
3. a. on b. out c. over d. in e. up
4. a. into b. by c. to d. on e. at
5. a. for b. into c. at d. in e. on
6. a. at b. on c. for d. by e. in
7. a. in b. of c. with d. at e. for
8. a. of b. for c. on d. with e. at
9. a. from b. up c. out d. off e. by
10. a. to b. on c. by d. from e. for
11. a. of b. from c. for d. on e. in
12. a. in b. about c. with d. up e. on
13. a. to b. with c. by d. into e. about
14. a. out b. away c. off d. on e. up
15. a. off b. out of c. from d. by e. without
106
18. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
Jet lag is a temporary sleep problem that can affect (1) ... anyone
who quickly travels across several time zones. You don’t need to travel
to get jet lag. Shift work or a series (2)... late nights can have the same
effect. It occurs because the body’s internal clock has not adjusted (3)
... the required sleep-wake cycle (4) ... the new circumstances.
The most common symptoms of jet lag are related (5) ... sleep.
You may have difficulty getting to sleep (6) ... bedtime and struggle to
wake (7) ... in the morning, or you may be sleepy when you’re trying
to stay awake. There are a number of strategies to help you get (8) ...
it more quickly.
After arrival (9) ... your destination, avoid going to sleep until it is
a reasonable bedtime (10) ... the new time zone. Prior (11) ... going
to bed, try to relax. Set alarms to stop you (12) ... oversleeping in the
morning. When you get (13) ... , turn the lights (14) ... , then warm
up with light exercise and a hot shower. As a rule, it takes a few days
(15) ... your body clock to change.
1. a. on b. - c. to d. for e. by
2. a. at b. on c. with d. of e. in
3. a. by b. under c. at d. on e. to
4. a. at b. with c. to d. in e. on
5. a. to b. for c. on d. about e. with
6. a. in b. at c. from d. on e. by
7. a. up b. out c. off d. over e. on
8. a. out b. off c. away d. up e. over
9. a. in b. to c. at d. by e. for
10. a. from b. with c. for d. to e. on
11. a. for b. at c. of d. with e. to
12. a. about b. off c. — d. from e. out of
13. a. up b. over c. off d. out e. on
14. a. out b. on c. over d. in e. up
15. a. on b. of c. for d. up e. to
19. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
( 1) ... a Monday morning or after a night out with friends, staying
focused (2) ... class can be impossible. You yawn, your eyes feel tired
and the desk starts to look increasingly attractive as a temporary bed
of sorts. It’s time to reach out (3) ... some of your brain’s favourite
attention and memory-boosters and wake (4) ... again.
107
• As soon as you get (5) ... bed, drink a glass of water. A drink
of water first thing (6) ... the morning will help kick your body’s me-
tabolism into gear.
• There’s no better way to set your day (7) ... the right path than
to give (8) ... your body some healthy exercise while listening (9) ...
upbeat music.
• You’ll be fully awake, alert, and ready to hit the ground running
if you fuel your brain and body (10) ... a healthy breakfast. So before
next Monday’s class, whip up a blueberry shake, drink a cup of coffee,
eat some nuts or go nuts and eat a baked potato (11) ... lunch.
• If you have time to waste before school starts, exercise your
brain. Play a game (12) ... your smartphone that requires you to think
and you’ll be more productive (13) ... all day long!
• Bonus tip: Sleep enough and get enough time outside (14)... the
sun and fresh air! This is especially important before an exam.
Follow these tips and your brain as well as your teacher will thank
(15) ... you.
1. a. In b. On c. For d. - e. At
2. a. at b. with c. to d. on e. in
3. a. of b. at c. for d. with e. on
4. a. up b. off c. out d. over e. down
5. a. out of b. from c. down d. out e. off
6. a. on b. of c. at d. in e. for
7. a. off b. into c. on d. by e. at
8. a. to b. - c. out d. up e. for
9. a. — b. for c. about d. of e. to
10. a. up b. with c. off d. out e. over
11. a. by b. to c. in d. on e. for
12. a. on b. from c. with d. by e. at
13. a. over b. in c. — d. at e. on
14. a. at b. by c. on d. in e. for
15. a. for b. on c. with d. - e. to
20. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вари-
антов ответа:
According (1) (on / for / by / to / with) the latest research, it is
the little things in life that make us happy. Humans are generally op-
timistic, with over half saying they have a ‘glass half full’ attitude (2)
(in/to/of/with/for) life. Over a quarter say that a few small things
will cheer them (3) (out / off / up / away / over), and the research
determined that little surprises provide us (4) (to / on/for/ — / with)
108
the greatest amount of happiness. Check out the following little things
in daily life that bring (5) {for / — / to / up / on) us true happiness:
- waking (6) (out/ — /up/over/off) and realizing it is a sunny day;
— an extra half an hour to snooze (7) (on / by / at / in / into) bed;
- watching (8) (at / - / to / on / for) the sunset or the sunrise;
— putting (9) (off / down / up / on / out) clothes after they have
been warmed on the radiator;
— a smell you love, (10) (out of / from / off / over / with) baked
bread to a freshly mowed grass;
— eating your lunch outside (II) (on / at/ in / with / by) the sun;
— laughing out loud (12) (to/on/ with/at/from) a funny memory;
— finding money (13) (into / on / at/ in / down) your pocket that
you didn’t know you had;
— holding hands (14) (on / with / to / by / for) someone you love;
— smiling (15) (to / at / for / on / of) a child you see (16) (in /
on / at / by / off) public;
— listening (17) (— / for / with / in / to) a song you used to love
and haven’t heard for years;
— receiving a 10-minute massage (18) (by / out of/from / off /
to) your partner or friend;
— climbing (19) (into / - / on / up / under) bed when you have
fresh sheets;
- having a long phone conversation with someone you care (20)
(of/ about / — / after / with) and haven’t spoken to for a while.
109
АРТИКЛИ
Артикли относятся к числу самых распространенных слов в
английском языке. Они играют важную смыслоразличительную
роль в речи и являются важнейшей составляющей успешно-
го общения. Употребление артиклей регулируется множеством
правил и исключений, которые основываются на логике и на
языковой традиции. В большинстве случаев нужно руководство-
ваться смыслом, понимать, в каком значении и с какой целью
употребляется то или иное слово.
Однако, прежде всего, употребление артиклей зависит от
того, каким является имя существительное — собственным или
нарицательным, и, если оно является нарицательным, принад-
лежит ли оно к группе исчисляемых либо неисчисляемых суще-
ствительных. Исчисляемые существительные имеют единствен-
ное и множественное число; неисчисляемые существительные
не имеют формы множественного числа. Таким образом, зная
категорию существительного, мы получаем диапазон артиклей,
которые могут быть использованы:
Суще ствител ьн ые A/AN THE нет артикля
исчисляемые в единственном числе a book the book —
исчисляемые во множественном числе — the books books
неисчисляемые — the money money
имена собственные — the Sun London
Сделать дальнейший выбор вам помогут следующие правила.
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЙ АРТИКЛЬ
A перед согласным звуком AN перед гласным звуком
в написании в произношении в написании в произношении
a tower a user an apple an hour
a computer a year an Idea an SMS
a hotel a one-room flat an umbrella ап MP3 player
ПО
Употребление Примеры
1. с исчисляемыми в ед.ч. в значении «один из», «какой-то», «любой», «каждый» You can choose a dress from this catalogue. 1 got a message from my mum. A person who tries hard can achieve very much.
2. «один», «еще один» Wait a minute, please. His dream is to earn a thousand dollars a month. My phone called a second lime.
3. первое упоминание Гт lookingforajob.
4. описательное определение The Internet is a usefid source of information. We need a secretary with some work experi- ence.
5. профессия, род занятий My brother is a first-year student. After graduation he ’ll work as a doctor.
6. после what, such, quite, rather What a pleasant surprise! This is rather a (a rather) silly mistake.
7. оГ+ цифра a discount of 5 percent an audience of200people a height of Ю metres
8. порция Will you buy me an ice-cream ?
9. эмоция, умственная деятельность + уточнение What a pity / relief /shame / nuisance! She’s got a great love of life. Do you have a guilty pleasure ? 1 have a suspicion that you ’re right. The university gave me a good education and a first-class knowledge of law.
Секреты успеха!
Неопределенный артикль употребляется, главным образом,
перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе. По-
этому, прежде чем поставить артикль A/AN к существительному,
нужно определить, является ли оно исчисляемым. В основном,
категория исчисляемости совпадает с русской логикой, но есть
и особые случаи.
С нижеперечисленными существительными неопределен-
ный артикль никогда не употребляется, даже при наличии
описательного определения. Обратите внимание, что многие
из данных существительных являются исчисляемыми в рус-
ском языке:
111
advice information permission
applause insurance research
equipment knowledge success
evidence lightning sunburn
food luck transport
fun money travel
furniture news trouble
gossip parking weather
hair perfume work
Например:
We had terrible weather at the weekend.
I am not sure if it is _good news.
В английском языке много существительных, которые не
имеют формы множественного числа, но при этом могут упо-
требляться с неопределенным артиклем, особенно при наличии
описательного определения:
advertisement distance memory
age fee mess
alibi friendship mood
amount headache moustache
appetite holiday occupation
audience impact range
background income reputation
benefit increase salary
booking influence sleep
career job smell
choice laugh suspicion
cough lie temper
cure lifestyle variety
diet meal whisper
Например:
A headache may be a direct result of stress.
The cafe has a reputation for a wide choice of well-priced food.
Обратите внимание, что существительные crossroads, means,
series, species могут употребляться с артиклем A/AN, т.к. име-
ют одинаковую форму в единственном и множественном числе.
Например:
Patrick shared a series of selfies in his Instagram Stories.
A drink-driver caused a crash at a busy crossroads.
112
Устойчивые выражения
с неопределенным артиклем
all of a sudden in a hurry/in a rush to drop sb a line
as a matter of fact in a low voice to earn / make a living
as a result in a mess to go for a walk
as a rule in a whisper to keep an eye on sb
at a distance it’s a pity to make a mistake
at a glance it’s a pleasure to make a speech
at a loss on a large scale to make a start
at a profit once upon a time to make an appointment
at a time to a certain degree to make an impression
for a long time to be a success to play a trick
for a meal to catch a glimpse to put an end to
fora while to come to an end to tell a joke
from a distance to cost a fortune to tell a He
in a fury to do a favour to throw a party
in a good mood to do sth for a living to work a miracle
Неопределенный артикль употребляется в сочетаниях с гла-
голами to have, to take, to give:
to have a cold to have a sleep to take a nap
to have a good laugh to have a smoke to take a risk
to have a good time to have a suspicion to take a seat
to have a headache to have a think to take a shower
to have a look to have a try to give a call
to have a reputation to have a word to give a chance
to have a rest to have an impact to give a hand
to have a snack to take a course to give a lift
Обратите внимание, что в следующих словосочетаниях с гла-
голами to have, to take, to give артикля нет:
to have (great) fun to have success to take place
to have breakfast to have trouble to take time to do sth
to have difficulty (in) to take action to give cause
to have dinner to take care to give permission
to have free time to take part to give way
113
ОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЙ АРТИКЛЬ
Употребление Примеры
1. из ситуации (контекста) понятно, о чем идет речь Let’s take the children to the zoo. Could you turn on the kettle? Sorry I’m late, the subway was crazy.'
2. уникальный или единственный в данной ситуации (контексте) He works in the centre of the city. London is the capital of the UK. The sun is shining and there aren’t any clouds in the sky.
3. конкретизирую- щее (уточняющее) определение This is the money Jypygypu. The guy in the car in front of the cafe looks strange.
4. в сочетании с of Put a period at the end of every sentence. (только один) He got married at the age of 47. The popularity of mobile phones has skyrocketed. Сравните: Can I have a cup of coffee? (один) We made a list of places to visit.
5. перед central, fol- lowing, last, left, main, necessary, next, only, opposite, present, right, same, very, whole That’s the right answer. We study al the same school. We just spent the whole day shopping! That’s the very book I’m looking for. English is the main language in the world. Ho: _lastyear, _next week, _next door
6. порядковое числительное This is the first time I’ve been here. I’m the pupil of the ! I,hform.
7. прилагательное в превосходной степени Have you heard the latest news ? ‘The’is the most common word in the English lan- guage!
8. при повторном упоминании There was a cat on the porch. The animal was enjoy- ing the sunshine.
9. после one of, some of, many of, most of, each of Some of the messages were deleted. Most of the world’s electronics are made in China.
10. приложении, если подчеркивается известность лица Katie Holmes married Tom Cruise, the actor. Сравните: Do you know Rob Brown, an actor in ‘Blindspot’? (не является всемирно известным)
114
Употребление Примеры
11. обстоятельство места (где? куда?) ГН meet you at the airport. Сравните: She works in a children’s hospital in Minsk. (в одной из больниц)
12. группа людей The government provides care for the sick, the elderly, the unemployed and the poor.
13. класс предметов i can play the guitar, (музыкальный инструмент) Nobody knows who invented the wheel, (изобрете- ние) The dog is a friend of man. (dog — класс живот- ных; man в родовом значении — без артикля)
14. общеизвестные понятия the cinema the environment the Internet the media the news the police the rain the sky the sunshine the underground the weather the world
Ho: _naiure, _space, _society (в общем смысле)
15. ландшафт the country(side) the forest the mountains rhe sea(side)
Секрет успеха!
Определенный артикль употребляется перед любыми суще-
ствительными, когда и говорящему, и слушающему понятно, что
именно имеется в виду; когда речь идет о конкретном (непо-
вторимом, уникальном, единственном в своем роде) предмете
(явлении, человеке), который невозможно перепутать ни с чем
другим. Вместо артикля the можно поставить слова «этот», «тот
самый».
What’s the time?
Where did you park the car?
Have you locked the front door?
Гт afraid Mr Gail is out of the office just now. Can I take a message?
Everyone has the right to get the healthcare they need.
Устойчивые выражения с определенным артиклем
all the same in the sun io break the silence
a! the bottom in the wild to change for the better
at the moment not in the least to cross the road
at the lop on the contrary to do the cleaning
115
by the way on the increase to hit the roof
for the sake of on the left to lay the table
for the time being on the one hand to look in the eye(s)
from the beginning on the other hand to make the bed
in the daytime on the right to make the most of sth
in the distance on the run topass the time
in the doorway on the safe side to read between the lines
in the end on the spot to speak to the point
in the habit of on the tip of my tongue to lake the floor
in the long run on the whole to take the trouble
in the middle out of the blue io tell the difference
in the night out of the ordinary to tell the time
in the open air out of lhe question to tell the truth
in the original lhe day after tomorrow to tell the way
in the pas! the day before yesterday to weather the storm
in the rain the other day under the impression
in the shade lo be on the move under the influence
ОТСУТСТВИЕ АРТИКЛЯ
Употребление Примеры
1. исчисляемые во мн.ч. в значении «все», «любые», «всякие» или с описанием _Dogs are much more playful than cats. _Mobile phones are the best way to keep in touch. _ Women love it when men send them Jlowers.
2. неисчисляемые в общем смысле или с описанием I’ll help you with _pleasure. We had jerrible weather at the weekend. _ Water is necessary for Jife.
3. количественное числительное Max works _six days a week. Open the book at _page 5.
4. годы We first met in (the year) 2018. Ho: The plant was built in the nineties.
5. наука, учебный предмет The study of-history is a window into the past. Ho: / study the history of World War 11.
6. спорт He plays _tabie tennis twice a week.
7. после amount of, group of, kind of, number of, range of, sense of, sort of, type of What kind of _car do you drive ? The number of-Unemployed is rising. A sense of-responsibility is a vital school goat.
116
Артикль не употребляется в следующих
устойчивых выражениях
arm in arm at breakfast at first at first glance at first sight at half price at hand at high speed at home at last at least at odds at present at risk at sea at short notice at sunrise at sunset at war at work by accident by bus (car, tube) by chance by cheque by heart by means of by mistake by name by plane close to heart common knowledge common sense day after day day by day face to face forages for example forfun for good for instance for life free of charge from beginning to end from memory from top to bottom hand in hand in (outer) space in addition in advance in cash in charge of in comparison with in conclusion in connection with in contrast to in danger in debt in despair in detail in fact in fashion in favour of in honour in person in reality in reply to in search of in secret in seventh heaven in sight in time last but not least on average on behalf of on board (the ship) on condition that on credit on demand on fire on foot on holiday on occasion on purpose on sale on second thoughts on time on top of al! out of date out of doors out of order out of sight to be in trouble to catch sight of to cause, trouble to do research to give advice to give cause for to give permission to give way to go on holiday to keep (good) time to lose control to lose heart to lose sight of to make friends to make fun of to make money to make progress to make sense to make use of to pay attention to to shake hands to take action to take advantage to take care of to take first p lace to take for granted to take notice to take offence to take part to take place to take to heart to win first prize under control under pressure with pleasure
117
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ АРТИКЛЕЙ С НЕКОТОРЫМИ
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ
— A THE
school, college, university, church, hospital, prison, jail
Прямое назначение: I go to school every day. (учеба) She spent a week in hospital, (лечение) He was sent to _prison for fraud, (наказание) Описание: Moving to a new school can be stressful for a child. They got married in a loca^ church. 1 work as a nurse in a hospital, (одна из больниц) Конкретизация: The college was founded in 1998. The walls of the jail were built of massive stones. The locals raised money to rebuild the church.
breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper
Привычный прием пищи в обычное время: Lunch is at 12 o’clock. Let's have dinner out tonight. What shall 1 cook for supper? Описание: It was a delicious break- fast. There’s no such thing as a free lunch. Конкретизация: 7s the dinner ready? How much did you pay for the lunch ?
части суток, дни недели, месяцы, поры года
В общем смысле: _Night has come. I was born in _summer, in June. Описание: 7 spent a sleepless night. We met on a Monday in_ July. A frosty November brought an end to a rainy autumn. Конкретизация: Wake up early on the day of your exam. We will always remem - berthe May of 1945.
АРТИКЛИ С ИМЕНАМИ СОБСТВЕННЫМИ
Название — THE Исключения
планеты Venus, Mars, (the) Earth the earth, the Sun, the Moon the planet (of) Venus
стороны света the North, the Southeast from East to West
118
Название — THE Исключения
полюса the North Pole, the South Pole, the Arctic, the Antarctic
материки, регионы Africa, Europe, (Latin) America, (Central) Asia регионы: the Lake District, the Highlands, the Middle East
пустыни the Sahara (Desert)
острова отд. остров: Sicily группа островов: the British fsles the Isle of Man
горы вершины: (Mount) Elbrus горные цепи: the Alps
океаны, моря, реки the (River) Nile, the Pacific (Ocean)
озера Lake Baikal, Loch Ness the Baikal the Bra slav Lakes
страны the Republic, the Union, the Kingdom, the States, the Federation, the Emirates: the USA, the UK, the Republic of Belarus the Netherlands, the Philippines, the Vatican
Belarus, England the England of the Middle Ages
western Spain, Ancient Greece the west of Spain
населенные пункты Minsk., Athens, New York City the Minsk of 1945, the city of New York
районы города Westminster, Malinovka the City, the West End, the East End
улицы, плошали Fifth Avenue, Broadway, Red Square the High Street, the Main Street
119
Продолжение
Название — THE Исключения
мосты Tower Bridge the Bridge of Sighs the Golden Gate Bridge, the Brooklyn Bridge
парки Hyde Park, Disneyland the National Park, the Botanical Gardens
аэропорты, вокзалы Gatwick Airport, Victoria Station
городские объекты (театры, музеи, дворцы и т.п.), до- стопримеча- тельности Buckingham Palace, London Zoo, Covent Garden, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Shakespeare’s Birthplace (название места, имя в притяж. падеже) the Eiffel Tower, the White House, the British Museum, the Hermitage, the Royal Opera House, the Egyptian Pyramids the London Eye (колесо обозрения), Stonehenge, Madame Tussauds
магазины, рестораны, гостиницы McDonald’s, Selfridges, Harrods, (имя в притяж. падеже или мн. числе) the Studio Cafe, the White Tower, the Hilton Hotel
учебные заведения Minsk State Lin- guistic University, Oxford University (название города) the Belarusian State University, the Open University, the University of London
компании Coca Cola, IBM, Microsoft, General Motors the Coca Cola Com- pany, the British Broadcasting Corpo- ration (the BBC) a Ford, a Nikon, an Android (марка, продукт компании)
государ- ственные учреждения the Government, the City Council, the Senate, lhe Supreme Court, the Pentagon, the British Parliament Parliament, Congress
120
Название — THE Исключения
политиче- ские партии the Democratic Party
обществен- ные меро- приятия the 2018 Olympic Games, the Eurovision Song Contest, the Cup Final, the Minsk Summit
исторические события и периоды World War II the Renaissance, the French Revolution, the Ice Age
праздники New Year's Day, Easter (Sunday), Halloween the Fourth of July, the Eighth of March
националь- ности (the) Belarusians, the English, the French, the Swiss, the Chinese a Russian, a Dutchman, a Swiss, a Japanese
языки French the French language
имена, фамилии Betsy, Mr. Brown, Aunt Jane the Browns (семья) a Picasso (про- изведение)
титул, должность Doctor Heil, Admiral Nelson, Lord Byron, President Lukashenko Peter the Great, Elizabeth 11, the Prince of Wales
В данном разделе перечислены лишь основные правила упо-
требления артиклей в английском языке. Более подробную ин-
формацию вы можете найти в справочнике «Английские артик-
ли» Митрошкиной ТВ., а большое количество упражнений на
отработку правил вы найдете в книгах «Английский язык: пол-
ный курс подготовки к централизованному тестированию и эк-
замену» и «Грамматика английского языка: готовимся к центра-
лизованному тестированию».
121
Рекомендации по выполнению
тестовых заданий на артикли
Прежде чем приступать к выполнению задания на артикли,
внимательно прочитайте предложенный вам текст. Определите,
о чем идет речь, обратите внимание на контекст
Делая выбор между артиклями, используйте следующий ал-
горитм:
1. Определите, к какому существительному относится артикль:
к исчисляемому либо к неисчисляемому.
2. Если существительное исчисляемое, определите его число:
единственное или множественное. Помните, что существи-
тельное во множественном числе обычно имеет окончание
-s. Помните о существительных, которые являются исклю-
чением и образуют множественное число без -s: men, women,
children, people, police, teeth, feet, mice. Кроме того, некоторые
существительные с окончанием -s имеют одинаковую фор-
му в единственном и множественном числе: crossroads, means,
series, species, works.
3. Если перед вами исчисляемое существительное в единствен-
ном числе, оно может употребляться либо с A/AN, либо с
THE:
122
а. Вместо артикля A/AN всегда можно поставить в предло-
жение слова «один из», «какой-то». Также на артикль А
будет указывать описательное определение (прилагатель-
ное, которое обычно стоит перед существительным и от-
вечает на вопрос какой?). Например: Would you like а сир
of tea? Не sent те a yepyjpppy emoticon.
б. Артикль THE употребляется, если есть конкретизация.
Это может быть наличие после существительного при-
даточного предложения или словосочетания с предлогом
(чаще of) либо уточняющая информация в предыдущих
предложениях {ситуация, контекст). Конкретизирующее
определение отвечает на вопрос какой именно? и указы-
вает на такое качество или характеристику существитель-
ного, которое выделяет его среди других, делает его осо-
бенным и уникальным. Например: / like the way you have
done this. Write your name in the space at the bottom of the page.
4. Если перед вами исчисляемое существительное во множе-
ственном числе, оно может употребляться либо без артикля,
либо с артиклем THE:
а. Артикль не ставится, если перед существительным во
множественном числе можно поставить слова «все», «лю-
бые», а также при наличии описательного определения.
Например: _Small children enjoy listening to _stories before
falling asleep. I dislike _peop!e who never say thank you.
б. Артикль THE употребляется при наличии конкретизации
(см. пункт 36). Например: The people who live next door are
really nice. The guests at your party were extremely noisy.
5. Если перед вами неисчисляемое существительное, оно может
употребляться либо без артикля, либо с артиклем THE:
а. Артикль не ставится, если неисчисляемое существитель-
ное употреблено в общем смысле либо присутствует опи-
сательное определение. Например: _Мопеу can’t buy you
_happiness. Wash your hands with _soap and _water. _Bitter
strong coffee is a very common drink.
б. Артикль THE употребляется при наличии конкретиза-
ции (см. пункт 36). Например: The laughter of ту children
is music to my ears. I was kept awake by the noise of the traffic.
Секрет успеха!
Употребление артикля зависит не только от контекста, но и
от типа существительного, к которому этот артикль относится:
123
А / AN THE —
С исчисляемым в единственном числе, в значении «один из» или с описанием. С любым существи- тельным, при наличии конкретизации. С неисчисляемым в общем смысле или с описанием.
С множественным числом,в значении «все», «любые» или с описанием.
Типичные ошибки в употреблении артиклей
J Употребляйте артикль A/AN только перед исчисляемым суще-
ствительным в единственном числе:
Buying an iPhone is an expensive decision.
Happiness is not an inevitable result of having money.
S Употребляйте артикль THE только при наличии конкретиза-
ции:
/ can’t express the happiness that 1 felt when my son was born.
Children need plenty of exercise and _fresh air.
J HE употребляйте артикль A/AN перед неисчисляемым суще-
ствительным:
What _nice weather we are having today!
Have you heard the news?
S HE употребляйте артикль A/AN перед существительным во
множественном числе:
_Rangers have to protect _wild animals from _poachers.
She paid a hundred dollars for a pair of _shoes.
J Запоминайте устойчивые выражения с артиклями:
are you talking in a whisper?
Try to go out for a walk at _least once a day.
Главное правило выбора артикля в английском языке: не-
определенный артикль A/AN используется, когда речь идет не
о конкретном предмете (человеке или явлении), а об одном из
многих. Если же говорим о чем-либо конкретном, понятном со-
беседникам, употребляем определенный артикль THE. Перево-
дите предложение, анализируйте контекст, определяйте тип су-
ществительного (исчисляемое, неисчисляемое), и вы сможете
правильно подобрать к нему артикль.
Попробуем применить все вышеперечисленные правила и
«секреты» на практике и разберем несколько текстов на употре-
бление артиклей.
124
Текст 1
Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или гЛе там,
где это необходимо:
On (1) ... recent Saturday, 1 found (2) ... wonderful coffee table in
(3) ... outlet mall on (4) ... 6th Avenue. I paid my bill, legally drove
my car up to (5) ... front door and went inside to pick up (6) ... table.
After one of the shop assistants kindly helped me load (7) ... heavy
glass table into my car, I ran back inside to get my purse. Less than
(8) ... minute later, (9) ... Parking Control officer was writing me (10)
... ticket for illegal parking. I tried my best to explain what I had done.
He said I needed to park around (11) ... side, where there was no
access. Honestly, it seemed he didn’t believe me, which was strange
because there was (12)... big piece of (13)... furniture in (14) ... back.
He handed me (15) ... ticket and walked away.
Анализ текста 1
1) a (a recent Saturday)
Существительные, обозначающие дни недели (Saturday) упо-
требляются с неопределенным артиклем при наличии описа-
тельного определения (recent).
2) a (a wonderful coffee table)
Исчисляемое существительное в единственном числе table
при наличии описательного определения (wonderful coffee) упо-
требляется с неопределенным артиклем.
3) an (an outlet mall)
Неопределенный артикль употребляется, т.к. outlet mall «тор-
говый центр» упоминается в этом тексте впервые, также можно
сказать, что речь идет об одном из торговых центров.
4) - (6th Avenue)
Названия улиц употребляются без артикля.
5) the (the front door)
Определенный артикль показывает, что речь идет о един-
ственном главном входе в данном магазине.
6) the (the table)
Определенный артикль употребляется при повторном упо-
минании одного и того же предмета (fable).
7) the (the heavy glass table)
Несмотря на наличие описательного определения, по содер-
жанию текста понятно, о каком столе идет речь, поэтому ис-
пользуется определенный артикль.
8) a (it minute)
125
Неопределенный артикль употреблен в значении «один».
9) a (a Parking Control officer)
Исчисляемое существительное officer «патрульный» употре-
блено в форме единственного числа и упоминается в данном
тексте впервые, поэтому необходим неопределенный артикль.
10) a {a ticket for illegal parking)
Неопределенный артикль необходим, так как у существи-
тельного ticket есть описательное определение for illegal parking,
которое допускает существование многих предметов такого вида
(отвечает на вопрос какой штраф?, а не какой именно штраф?).
11) the (the side)
Наличие конкретизирующего определения (where there was по
access) обуславливает употребление определенного артикля.
12) а; 13) - (о piece offurniture)
Словосочетание a piece of используется, когда речь идет об
отдельной части, элементе чего-то неисчисляемого: a piece of
furniture — (один) предмет мебели. Неисчисляемое существитель-
ное furniture в этом случае употребляется без артикля.
14) the (in the back)
Речь идет о багажнике автомобиля, который уже упоминался
ранее, поэтому используется определенный артикль.
15) the (the ticket)
Определенный артикль употребляется при повторном упо-
минании одного и того же предмета (ticket).
Текст 2
Заполните пропуски в тексте артиклями а / ап или the там, где
это необходимо:
On (I) ... Christmas Eve we approached some people in the street
and asked them what they valued most in life. Here are the results of
(2) ... survey.
As expected, (3) ... good health was cited as (4) ... number one
factor essential for a happy life. Having a partner to share life’s ups
and downs was (5) ... next most important factor. In describing
their ideal spouse, people said they wanted to spend their lives with
someone who would give (6) ... love generously, who wasn’t afraid of
(7) ... hard work but at (8) ... same time was capable of having (9) ...
great fun. Interestingly, more men than women mentioned that they
wanted their partners to be intelligent. (10) ... Most women tended to
speak of practicality as (11) ... feature they desired in a relationship.
(12) ... third factor in importance was (13) ... strong family, stated
126
equally by both sexes. Besides, high on (14) ... list was having (15) ...
rewarding career that provides respect and job satisfaction.
Анализ текста 2
1) - (Christmas Eve)
Названия праздников употребляются без артикля.
2) the (the survey)
По содержанию текста понятно, о каком исследовании идет
речь, поэтому используется определенный артикль.
3) - (good health)
Неисчисляемое существительное health при наличии описа-
тельного определения good должно употребляться без артикля.
4) the (the number one)
Устойчивое словосочетание the number one обозначает «самый
важный, первый в списке».
5) the (the next factor)
Перед прилагательным next «следующий* обычно употребля-
ется определенный артикль.
6) — (give love)
Неисчисляемые существительные в общем смысле (love) ис-
пользуются без артикля.
7) - (hard work)
Неисчисляемое существительное work при наличии описа-
тельного определения hard должно употребляться без артикля.
8) the (at the same time)
Перед прилагательным same «тот же самый» обычно употре-
бляется определенный артикль.
9) - (great fun)
Неисчисляемое существительное fun в сочетании с описа-
тельным определением great употребляется без артикля.
10) - (most women)
Артикль не используется, так как прилагательное most в дан-
ном контексте не предполагает сравнения и имеет значение
«большинство».
11) a (a feature)
Неопределенный артикль перед исчисляемым существитель-
ным feature показывает, что имеется в виду одно из многих качеств.
12) the (the third factor)
Порядковые числительные (the third) употребляются с опре-
деленным артиклем.
13) а (г/ strong family)
127
Исчисляемое существительное в единственном числе family
при наличии описательного определения (strong) употребляется
с неопределенным артиклем.
14) the (on the list)
По контексту понятно, что речь идет о списке (list) факто-
ров, важных для счастливой жизни, что обуславливает исполь-
зование определенного артикля.
15) a (fulfilling career)
В английском языке существительное career «профессия» яв-
ляется исчисляемым, поэтому при наличии описательного опре-
деления (rewarding) употребляется с неопределенным артиклем.
Задания на употребление артиклей
1. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
Dos and Don’ts in Case of Fire
(1) ... first thing that you must do is to make (2) ... phone call to
the fire-brigade. You have to tell them (3) ... correct address, what is
burning and if there are any people in (4) ... danger. If there’re people
at (5) ... risk, you should try to help them evacuate. If there’s (6) ...
fire extinguisher, try to put out the fire in (7) ... beginning. If you
haven’t succeeded, you must immediately evacuate. For evacuation
out of (8)... building never use elevators. You can use only the marked
staircases which are usually separated from corridors with solid, thick
automatic doors through which smoke can’t go. Do not push each
other while climbing down (9) ... stairs.
If you can’t leave the building because of smoke, choose (10) ...
farthest room from (11) ... fire and try to insulate the door with (12)
... wet towels or wet sheets. As a last chance, insulate (13) ... bathroom
door and get under the shower. If you can, contact the fire-brigade
and give them information about your location. (14) ... most impor-
tant is not to get into (15) ... panic!
2. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
The Muse Company is looking for an Event Manager with (1) ...
relevant qualifications and at (2) ... least five years’ work experience.
(3) ... competitive salary and (4) ... generous benefits are available
for (5) ... right candidate. You will be responsible for organizing all
kinds of (6) ... business and social events as well as controlling (7) ...
whole project, from planning at (8) ... start to running (9) ... event
128
on the day. You must be available to start work at (10) ... short notice
and must be (11) ... good team player. This is (12) ... challenging and
fulfilling job for anyone wishing to start (13) ... career in event ma-
nagement. (14) ... company wishes to fill (15) ... vacancy immediately.
3. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
The Amazon rainforest in (1) ... South America is (2) ... world’s
largest rainforest. It got its name from (3) ... River Amazon which
flows across (4) ... northern part of (5) ... Brazil. Amazonia covers (6)
... territory of about 5.5 million square kilometres — an area far larger
than (7) ... European Union. It is home to (8) ... third of all known
terrestrial plant, animal and insect species. It has taken (9) ... nature
millions of years to create the Amazon rainforest, yet (10) ... people
have destroyed large parts of it in only (11) ... few generations. Since
(12) ... 1950s, Amazonia has lost 18 percent of its original forest cover,
and up to 50 percent of the forest has been partially destroyed. If (13)
... destruction is not stopped, in fifty years (14) ... largest rainforest
may disappear for (15) ... good.
4. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
I took on my first job on (1) ... summer holidays. At (2) ... first,
my parents were against (3)... idea of me working. I didn’t really want
to spend my summer working either, but it looked like (4)... good op-
portunity to get some experience and a bit of money. I was (5)... sales
assistant in a department store, and while it wasn’t (6) ... particularly
challenging work, (7) ... store could be rather busy at weekends. I had
a supervisor whom I really liked. He regularly kept (8) ... eye on me
to make sure 1 was doing (9) ... right job. To my surprise, I found (10)
... whole experience (11) ... great fun. I made (12) ... friends with one
of the assistants and we often had (13) ... good laugh together as she
told really funny jokes. That was (14) ... few years ago, and now 1 am
(15) ... Managing Director of that same store.
5. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикль the там, где необ-
ходимо.
Europe is the world’s second smallest continent and (1) ... third
most populated. There are about 50 countries — with (2) ... Russia
and (3) ... Turkey being partly in Europe and partly in (4) ... Asia.
Europe is surrounded by water on three sides - (5) ... Mediterranean
Sea, (6) ... Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. It is separated from Asia by
129
(7) ... Ural Mountains. (8) ... highest mountain peak is (9) ... Mount
Elbrus. Europe’s longest river is (10) ... River Volga and (11)... largest
lake is (12) ... Lake Ladoga located in (13) ... north-western Russia.
The world’s smallest country, the Vatican City, is in Europe. (14) ...
Pope, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church, lives here along
with 800 citizens. There are 24 official languages in Europe, but ac-
tually Europeans speak more than 200 languages. (15) ... European
Union was formed to bring together the countries of Europe.
6. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
Once upon (1) ... time, when we were young and reckless, we
believed in (2) ... Santa Claus, a man in (3) ... red clothes with (4) ...
long white beard who comes once (5) ... year to give out presents to
children who have been good. Every year, (6) ... Uncle Teddy used to
dress up as Santa and bring us presents. When he did this, we believed
he was (7) ... real Santa, and we all looked forward to this visit. One
year, we were waiting at (8) ... home for Santa to turn up, and when
we heard (9) ... loud knock on (10) ... door, we opened it in (11) ...
excitement. But this year our visitor was different. He had on (12) ...
same red clothes, but it was unmistakably our Unde Teddy. He had
forgotten to put on (13) ... long white beard he wore to disguise his
face! It was that day that 1 realized that Santa Claus wasn’t real at all;
it was just (14) ... story that had been made up for (15) ... children.
7. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
Dear Mrs Corry,
I’ve seen your advertisement on (1) ... Internet and I am writing
to apply for (2) ... summer job as (3) ... waitress in your hotel. I am
(4) ... 18-year-old girl from Avignon. Avignon is (5) ... commune in
(6) ... south-eastern France on (7) ... left bank of (8) ... Rhone river.
I have just left (9) ... school, where I had (10) ... reputation for be-
ing honest and diligent. I am about to start (11) ... degree course in
(12) ... architecture at (13) ... University of Glasgow in September.
I am interested in this job as ]’d like to gain some experience in (14)
... English-speaking country. This will give me the opportunity to im-
prove my English while also earning some money. Will you please tell
me if you can provide (15) ... accommodation and meals and what
salary you are offering?
I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely, Lara Smut
130
8. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
Located at the China-Nepal border, (1) ... Mount Everest has (2)
... altitude of 8,848 metres. It is (3)... highest point on the planet and
(4) ... particularly desirable peak for mountaineers. (5) ... first person
to reach its top was Sir Edmund Hillary in (6) ... early 1950s. Since
then, going on an expedition there has been (7) ... highlight of many
climbers’ careers.
(8) ... most dangerous part of the climb is called (9) ... Death
Zone, about 8000 metres above (10) ... sea level, where (11) ... air is
so thin that the progress is painfully slow. Climbers can only concen-
trate on moving up one step at (12) ... time as the lack of oxygen af-
fects the brain and muscles so much that thinking and moving become
very difficult indeed.
Many climbers still don’t make it back alive from their attempt to
climb (13) ... mountain. Those who do succeed can expect to suffer
from (14) ... very sore throat and cough, but they inevitably think it is
worth it for (15) ... satisfaction of standing on top of the world.
9. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the там,
где это необходимо:
Instagram it, or it didn’t happen. This is like the modern equiva-
lent of the old philosophical brain teaser: ‘If (I) ... tree falls in a forest
and nobody’s there to see it, does it make (2) ... sound?’
Today many of us document everything we do online. We take (3)
... picture, make it look a little bit better than it actually did and watch
(4) ... likes rack up. According to the Office for National Statistics,
(5) ... UK has the highest number of (6) ... social media users in (7)
... EU, the majority of them being in (8) ... South East.
While adults make up (9) ... largest portion of the total number
of Facebook users, teenagers prefer Instagram, (10) ... photo-sharing
app and (11) ... social network. It’s like Twitter with followers, only
instead of (12) ... real-time text updates, you provide photo updates
about what you’re doing, where you’re going and what you’re thinking
or feeling. As of (13) ... Desember 2020, (14) ... most-followed person
was footballer Cristiano Ronaldo with about 245 million followers. (15)
... United States heads the ranking with 140 million Instagrammers.
10. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
Have you ever felt uncomfortable when someone stands too close?
Most people have (I) ... certain distance, called ‘personal space’,
which they like to keep from others, depending on the relationship.
131
Living in (2) ... cities has made people develop (3) ... new skills for
dealing with situations where they are very close to (4) ... strangers.
(5) ... Most people on (6) ... public transport try not to look at each
other, they avoid (7) ... skin contact and apologise if hands touch by
(8) ... mistake. People use their smartphones, books or newspapers as
(9) ... barrier between them and others and if they do not have one of
these, they stare into (10) ... distance, making sure they are not look-
ing into anyone’s eyes.
Personal space varies widely between countries. Romanians, on
(I I) ... average, like to keep 140 cm between them and (12) ... strang-
er while Ukrainians are happiest keeping their distance at only 40 cm.
From what scientists can tell, people in (13) ... South America, in
(14) ... general, require less personal space than people from (15)
... Asia.
11. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
The coronavirus has forced many people to work from (1) ...
home, juggling (2) ... professional and personal responsibilities from
(3) ... same space. Keeping (4) ... eye on the kids during this time
can be a lot to handle, so many parents are turning to technology to
keep them busy.
But how much screen time is too much? “If you can limit your
child’s screen time to two-hour chunks at (5) ... time, that’s ideal,”
said Titania Jordan, the chief parenting officer. Jordan doesn’t mean
two hours (6) ... day, because that’s not realistic given the amount of
(7) ... time we are cooped up inside during (8) ... pandemic. It’s best
to do two hours of screen time in (9) ... morning, afternoon and at
(10) ... night with (11) ... other activities in (12) ... between. (13) ...
biggest concern with too much screen time is a child’s health.
She says while we are in this unprecedented time it’s important for
parents not to be too hard on themselves. “Give yourself (14)... grace
(передышка). Take (15) ... deep breath. Just give your kids as much
variety as you can. But above all, are they fed? Are they clothed? Are
they safe? Are they loved? Then you’re doing your best.”
12. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
Why are (1) ... British famous for talking about the weather? (2)
... reason is that (3) ... most British people feel it’s rude to ask (4) ...
personal questions when you don’t know someone very well. This is
why they often choose (5) ... ’safe’ topics, like the weather. This fact
132
can give (6) ... British people the reputation for being 'cold’ or unin-
terested in you. But this isn’t necessarily the case.
On (7) ... other hand, many Americans value (8) ... openness and
equality. This means that they feel very comfortable sharing (9) ... per-
sonal information. As (10) ... result, you may find yourself talking to
a stranger in (II) ... USA about topics you would never share with
(12) ... people you don’t know in your own country. This may feel
like Americans are too familiar. They’re not, they’re just trying to be
friendly.
These differences can be confusing but (13) ... thing to remember
is that (14)... people’s behaviour is generally positive, even if it seems
strange. If you’re not sure why someone is being over-friendly or not
being sociable enough, remember that it’s because of the way they
show (15) ... politeness in their culture.
13. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
When young people want some quick cash, they immediately think
of (1) ... babysitting job. Sitting around playing (2) ... games, watching
(3) ... cartoon on TV, and reading a book seems like (4) ... easy way
to make some money. They imagine putting (5) ... well-behaved child
to (6) ... bed at 9 o’clock in (7) ... evening and then relaxing on the
sofa until (8) ... parents come home. They couldn’t be more wrong!
(9) ... truth is that whether or not babysitting is easy depends (10) ...
lot on you.
On (11) ... Sundays, I work as (12) ... babysitter for (13) ... family
with two young boys. While (14) ... boys are usually polite and calm,
at (15) ... times they like fighting, screaming and shouting for no real
reason! Sometimes they really test my patience. Babysitting requires
(16) ... flexibility. 1 have to be (17) ... friend while playing with them,
but (18) ... teacher when they fight with each other over (19) ... silly
things like sharing their toys. So, every Sunday is like (20) ... adven-
ture for me, but I always look forward to it.
14. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
Today I woke up at around nine o’clock in (1)... morning. I made
(2) ... cup of black coffee for my wife and put it on (3) ... dressing
table next to her bed. I go through this ritual only at weekends. On
(4) ... weekdays, 1 have to get up much earlier to take our children to
(5) ... school. I drop them off outside (6) ... school which is on (7) ...
Madison Avenue, and then go straight to (8) ... work.
133
As I work in (9) ... office in the city centre, I always have dif-
ficulty finding (10) ... parking space. You know, I’m sick and tired of
(11) ... city traffic and the pollution — I grew up in the country, close
to (12) ... nature and I’ve never got used to living in the city. 1 think
(13) ... only thing I would miss about living in (14) ... big city like
this is going to (15) ... concerts of all kinds as I’m (16) ... keen pop
music fan. I also enjoy (17) ... exotic food and at (18) ... times we go
out with our friends and have (19) ... dinner in a nice restaurant, but
(20) ... most of the time we eat at home, where the food is extremely
delicious — except when I make it!
15. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
Pet owners continue to identify with their four-legged pets or treat
them like (1) ... real children. (2) ... former celebrity hair stylist cre-
ated her own line of wigs for dogs in (3) ... variety of styles. Gucci
launched (4)... doggy backpack. (5) ... New York City played host to
a Pet Fashion Week, complete with (6) ... canine runway models. The
pet fashion today is (7) ... fast growing multi-million dollar industry,
and more and more pet owners have taken to buying clothing and
accessories from (8) ... designer brands.
Now your dog can keep up with (9) ... latest fashions in (10) ...
sportswear, evening wear, or pyjamas. And if an entire outfit is (11)...
bit too much, take (12) ... look at the collar bandanas that come in
multiple sizes. You can also buy (13) ... hat or jewellery that goes with
your dog’s eyes. (14) ... Sunglasses for dogs are also on (15) ... sale if
you prefer your dog to be anonymous. Don’t have (16) ... dog? How
about (17) ... collar for your cat that lights up in (18) ... dark? It will
certainly help if your pet gets lost at (19) ... night.
Don’t be surprised if in (20) ... near future you’ll see dogs dressed
better than you!
16. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
After visiting a few huge cities around the world, we felt like see-
ing (1) ... most famous location in (2) ... North America, (3) ... Big
Apple. We opted for Radio City Apartments, located on (4) ... 49th
Street which is only (5) ... couple of minutes from both (6) ... Times
Square and (7) ... Rockefeller Centre.
There is so much to do in New York, so it’s worth getting a New
York Pass where you purchase a number of (8) ... attractions as one
134
ticket which in (9) ... general is a lot cheaper than buying entry into
each attraction individually.
We were in New York City for 5 days and wanted to take (10) ...
advantage of every single minute, actually we wanted to make (11)
... most of every single second. We managed to walk across (12) ...
Brooklyn Bridge and catch (13) ... glimpse of (14) ... Statue of Li-
berty, go to the top of (15) ... Empire State Building and see (16) ...
Broadway musical. Besides, we went on (17) ... horse drawn carriage
ride through (18) ... Central Park, bought a lot of great fashions in
(19) ... Macy’s and visited (20)... Museum of Modern Art.
You just have to experience this incredible city first hand!
17. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ан или the
там, где это необходимо:
Amid growing coronavirus tensions across (I) ... globe, (2) ...
Harvard Medical School, a leading medical school in (3) ... US, has
urged all students to perform yoga to fight against the deadly corona-
virus. (4) ... School recently issued its health guideline that yoga, (5)
... meditation and controlled breathing are “some tried and true ways
to relax”.
Yoga is (6) ... ancient physical, mental and spiritual practice that
originated in (7) ... India. (8) ... word ‘yoga’ derives from Sanskrit
and means to join or to unite, symbolizing (9) ... union of body and
consciousness. Yoga is regarded as one of (10) ... best therapies to
deal with (11) ... anxiety. It reduces (12) ... stress levels, lowers blood
pressure, improves lung capacity and in this way can lower (13) ... risk
of coronavirus disease.
It was (14) ... Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi who pro-
moted the virtual importance of yoga in India. In 2014, he offered
(15) ... United Nations to celebrate ‘June 21’ as (16) ... International
Day of Yoga since it is the summer solstice, that is, (17) ... longest day
of the year in (18) ... Northern Hemisphere.
Today yoga is practiced in (19) ... various forms around the world
and continues to grow in (20) ... popularity.
18. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
Potatoes are (1) ... second most-eaten food on the planet (after
rice). Some like (2) ... mashed potatoes, while (3) ... others would
rather have French fries. For many people, though, nothing beats
crunchy potato crisps. It’s hard to believe but this snack food was
created completely by (4) ... accident.
135
There is (5) ... long-standing story that crisps were invented in
(6) ... 1853 by George Crum, a chef at (7) ... American restaurant.
One summer day, Crum wanted to silence (8) ... choosy diner who
complained that his fried potatoes were too thick and oily. Crum cut
wafer-thin slices of potato, cooked them in oil until crisp, added (9)
... rather generous amount of (10) ... salt, and sent them out to (11)
... fussy customer to teach him (12)... lesson. The customer tried one,
liked (13) ... taste — or at (14) ... least so the legend goes — and went
on to eat them all. To Crum’s surprise, the dish intended as (15) ...
prank ended up being a hit.
In (16) ... year 2006, the British Heart foundation warned that
eating (17) ... packet of crisps a day — as many school children do -
was the equivalent of drinking five litres of (18) ... cooking oil a year.
Needless to say, crisps should be kept as (19) ... treat rather than (20)
... staple part of our diets.
19. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / an или the
там, где это необходимо:
The Great Wall of China is (1) ... must-see attraction to all tra-
vellers to China. 2,300 years ago (2) ... first sections of the wall were
built to keep invaders out, but ironically it is now rebuilt to draw (3)
... tourists in. The Great Wall actually consists of numerous walls built
across (4) ... northern China and (5) ... southern Mongolia. It is ap-
proximately 6000 km long. If all the fortified walls that were built by
the different dynasties and kingdoms around China are included, (6)
... total length would exceed 20,000 kilometers.
Unfortunately, (7) ... most of the original wall no longer exists.
Over the centuries each dynasty maintained and developed the wall.
During (8) ... Ming dynasty (1368-1644) the wall was repaired and
extended and took on (9) ... appearance it has today, with a complex
system of (10) ... forts and towers. The Great Wall of China is now
(II) ... famous UNESCO World Heritage Site visited by more than 10
million tourists (12) ... year.
There’s a popular myth that the Great Wall of China is (13) ...
only human-made object visible from (14) ... Moon. According to
NASA, it’s really difficult, if not impossible, to see the Great Wall
from (15)... space with the unaided eye. The Wall is mostly grey stone
in a grey landscape and, in tact, is very difficult to see even from an
airplane flying at a mere 15 kilometers above.
136
20. Дополните рассказ. Используйте артикли а / ап или the
там, где это необходимо:
Benjamin Franklin famously said, “By failing to prepare, you are
preparing to fail”. It’s definitely (1) ... good advice for any student.
Here are a few guidelines for you to use as (2) ... practical reference.
• Start early with revision. Don’t leave it until (3) ... last minute.
While some students really thrive on (4) ... last-minute cram-
ming, this is not (5) ... best way to approach an exam.
• You will be able to work better if you eat (6) ... healthy diet and
get enough sleep. Surviving on (7) ... junk food is not (8) ...
good idea.
• They say that variety is (9) ... spice of life, and it certainly helps
to improve your preparation. Always doing (10) ... same thing is
quite dull. Spice up your revision period by trying (11) ... dif-
ferent exercises and techniques.
• You cannot work solidly for 8 hours. One and (12) ... half hours
is likely to be your limit before you need (13) ... break. Peri-
odically, take 10 minutes to go and get (14) ... drink and walk
around a bit.
• Get your hands on any old exam papers and familiarise yourself
with (15) ... structure and format.
• (16) ... night before the exam, look over your notes and review
what you have done. Try to get (17) ... good night’s sleep, and
give yourself enough time to get to the exam without rushing.
As you get more experienced in taking exams, you will find (18)
... ways that work best for you. In (19) ... meantime, these tips should
give you (20) ... good starting point for study.
Good luck!
137
ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
Задания на проверку имен существительных связаны с об-
разованием множественного числа существительных, особенно-
стями согласования подлежащего и сказуемого в числе, а так-
же с употреблением притяжательного падежа. Это могут быть
задания на выбор из нескольких предложенных вариантов отве-
та либо на нахождение ошибки в подчеркнутом фрагменте. За-
дание на словообразование также может содержать существи-
тельное, которое необходимо употребить в форме единственно-
го или множественного числа.
ЧИСЛО ИМЕН СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
Множественное число существительных
Способ образования Примеры
1. согласная буква + -s dream — dreams month — months car - cars VIP - VIPs
2. гласная буква + -s idea — ideas taxi — taxis sea — seas alibi — alibis
3. непроизносимая е + -s place — places employee — employees house — houses tie — ties
4. -у, -ss, -х, -z, -sh, -ch, -tch + -es box — boxes church — churches quiz - quizzes Ho: monarchs patriarchs
5. гласная буква + -у + -S day — days ray - rays boy - boys key - keys
6. согласная буква + -у—> -jes party — parties baby — babies Ho: Februarys Kennedys
7. гласная буква + -о + -S radio — radios tattoo — tattoos zoo - zoos portfolio — portfolios
8. согласная буква + -о + -es hero - heroes echo - echoes tomato - tomatoes Ho: kilos discos photos euros logos pianos
9. -f/-fe + -s roof — roofs safe — safes chief — chiefs -f / -fe — -ves
half- halves knife - knives leaf — leaves life - lives shelf — shelves thief - thieves wife — wives wolf — wolves
138
Способ образования Примеры
10. изменение корня слова или всего слова man — men goose — geese woman — women tooth — teeth child - children foot - feet person - people mouse — mice
11. сложные слова общее правило forget-me-not -forget-me-notS boyfriend - boyfriends
man / woman + сущ. man-servant - mEn-servantS woman-writer — womEn- writerS Cp: policeman -policemEn
существительное + предлог + существительное mother-in-law - motherS- in-law editor-in-chief- editorS-in- chief
существительное на ER + предлог passEK-by - passerS-by Cp: grown-up - grown-upS
12. слова с одинако- вой формой в ед. и мн. числе aircraft (самолет) series (серия) crossroads (перекресток) sheep (овца) deer (олень) species (вид) means (средство) works (завод)
Существительные только в единственном числе
В английском языке есть большое количество существи-
тельных, которые употребляются только в форме единственно-
го числа. Это неисчисляемые существительные, обозначающие
названия веществ и абстрактных понятий. Неисчисляемые су-
ществительные согласуются с глаголами в единственном числе
и не употребляются с неопределенным артиклем а / ап.
Обратите внимание, что в английском языке следующие
существительные являются неисчисляемыми и употребляют-
ся только в единственном числе (глаголы, следующие за ними,
должны иметь форму единственного числа):
advice gossip parking
applause hair petfume
billiards insurance research
cash jewellery success
chess knowledge sunburn
equipment lightning trouble
evidence money weather
furniture news work
139
Существительные только во множественном числе
В английском языке ряд существительных не имеет формы
единственного числа и употребляется только во множественном
числе (глаголы, следующие за ними, должны иметь форму мно-
жественного числа). К таким существительным относятся:
парные предметы собирательное значение
binoculars clothes
glasses congratulations
headphones fireworks
jeans outskirts
pyjamas people
scales police
scissors stairs
shorts thanks
trousers traffic lights
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ИМЕНИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО
С ГЛАГОЛОМ-СКАЗУЕМЫМ В ЧИСЛЕ
Глагол-сказуемое согласуется в числе с существительным,
выполняющим в предложении функцию подлежащего. Необ-
ходимо запомнить следующие случаи согласования глагола-
сказуемого с некоторыми словами и словосочетаниями, выпол-
няющими в предложении функцию подлежащего.
Число глагола Примеры
there is / there are
ед.ч. There is a woman and some men in the room.
МН.Ч. There are some men and a woman in the room. There are a number of courses available for beginners. There were over a dozen guests at the party.
a number / the number
ед.ч. The number ofproblems is constantly increasing.
МН.Ч. A (large, great, small, limited) number of scientists study climate change.
majority / minority
ед.ч. The majority is always right.
МН.Ч. The majority of credit card users make their payments online.
140
Число глагола Примеры
a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great deal of
ед.ч. Every year a lot of pollution is created. A great deal of money was raised.
МН.Ч. Plenty of trees were cut down.
some / half / most / all / rest
ед.ч. Most of my salary is spent on food.
МН.Ч. Half of the students don’t like school.
дроби / проценты
ед.ч. Two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. 80 per cent of the press was controlled by the state.
МН.Ч. Three-quarters of the workers were dissatisfied with their wages. 60 per cent of my classmates are going to enter the university.
each / every
ед.ч. Every person (ikes New Year. Each pupil (Each of the pupils) has to take the test. The bus crashed but every man, woman and child was saved.
время, деньги, вес, расстояние, скорость
ед.ч. Twenty miles is a long way. Three million dollars has been stolen. 90 kilometres an hour was over the speed limit.
наука или вид спорта на -ics
ед.ч. Statistics is a branch of mathematics. Rhythmic gymnastics is a women-only event.
города, государства, организации
ед.ч. Athens is a mecca for tourists. The United States is located in North America.
группа людей (family, ream, committee, audience, staff и т.п.)
ед.ч. Every family has its own history. The committee was presided over by the chairman, (как единое целое)
МН.Ч. When Icame in, the family were having lunch. The teaching staff are all women, (члены группы)
141
ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ
Существительное в притяжательном падеже имеет оконча-
ние -’s. Такое существительное служит определением к другому
существительному и отвечает на вопрос «чей?», «какой?», обо-
значая принадлежность предмета.
Единственное число .Множественное число
-'s -’s
my mother’s bag, a waitress’s job housewife’s duties father-in-law’s garage a parents’ meeting the girls’ room the Browns’ car women's magazine men’s hobbies children's pool people's problems passers-by’s reac- tion
someone's umbrella someone else’s advice each other's opinions my younger sister Ida’s son his friend’s cousin = a cousin of his friend’s
Особые случаи
совместное владение Jack and Jilt’s house - дом Джека и Джил (общий) Jack's and Jill’s houses — дома Джека и Джил (у каждого свой дом) Tom’s and Pete’s behaviour — поведение Тома и Пита
время и рас- стояние (какой?) tomorrow’s weather a mile’s walk ten minutes’ break - a ten-minute break a two-part book a six-year-old boy
без опреде- ляемого слова учреждение: the baker’s (shop) the dentist's the travel agent’s дом: at my friend Mary’s (place, house, flat)
noun + noun milk chocolate a toy factory a ticket office Ho: ... a customs officer a clothes shop , J , , „ , a sports car a congratulations card r, a sales manager a news agency °
1. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
I. ... stage name was inspired by Queen’s song. Radio Ga-Ga.
a. Lady Gaga’s c. Lady’s Gaga
b. Lady’s Gagas’ d. Ladies’ Gaga
142
2. We have to cancel the ... meeting on Thursday due to the current
circumstances.
a. parent’ c. parents’s
b. parents’ d. parent’s
3. To navigate to ... events click on the right arrow in the calendar
below.
a. next’s month’s c. next month’
b. next month’s d. next tnonths’s
4. ... house has been put up for sale for $100,000.
a. Sally’s and Ben c. Sally and Ben’s
b. Sally’s and Ben’s d. Sally and Ben’
5. It was my ... idea to move house.
a. father’s-in-law c. father’s-in-law’s
b. father-in-law’ d. father-in-law’s
6. Beyonce’s glamorous outfit may cost more than my ... salary.
a. two-months c. two-month
b. two month’s d. two-months’
7. You can buy a bus ticket at the ... or on the bus.
a. news agent’s c. new agents’
b. news’ agent d. new’s agent’s
8. This term the class will be reading ... collection of short stories.
a. Jack London’s c. Jack London’
b. Jack’s London’s d. Jack’s London
9. Mike took ... jacket instead of his own.
a. someone’ else c. someone else’s
b. someone’s else d. someone’s else’s
10. I’ve just happened to find a ... note in my pocket.
a. ten-dollar c. ten-dollars’
b. ten dollars’ d. ten-dollar’s
11. Milena’s shop has a wide choice of hand-made ... wear.
a. childrens’s c. childrens’
b. children’s d. children’
12. ... behavior at the farewell party greatly surprised all teachers.
a. Martin and Clark’ c. Martin and Clark’s
b. Martin’s and Clark’s d. Martin’s and Clark
13. The car accident was filmed on a ... mobile phone.
a. passer-by’s c. passers-by’s
b. passer’s-by d. passer’s-by’s
14. I have ... experience of working in an IT company.
a. two-years’ c. two years’
b. two-year’s d. two-years
143
15. The ... wife was wearing a plain white dress with a string of pearls,
a. governor-general’ c. governor-general’s
b. governor’s-general d. governor’s-general’s
16. It wasn’t a serious accident, but both the drivers took ... insurance
policies.
a. each other’s c. each’s other’s
b. each other’ d. each’s other
17. ... grades in their mid-term maths test were quite good.
a. Sophie’s and Selena’s c. Sophie and Selena’s
b. Sophie’s and Selena d. Sophie’ and Selena’
18. The Personnel Manager checked each ... qualifications and refer-
ences before the job interview.
a. applicant’s c. applicants’s
b. applicants’ d. applicant’
19. Belarus and Russia have signed a ... trade agreement.
a. five-years’ c. five year's
b. five years d. five-year
20. Could you tell me where the ... toilet is?
a. lady’s c. ladie’s
b. ladies’s d. ladies’
21. We were invited to ... wedding ceremony next Saturday.
a. Boris’s and Liz c. Boris’s and Liz’s
b. Boris and Liz’s d. Boris and Liz’
22. My ... cooking is unbelievably tasty.
a. mother’s-in-law’s c. mother-in-law’s
b. mother’s-in-law d. mother-in-law’
23. I’ll see you in the meeting room in ... time.
a. 10 minute’s c. 10 minutes’
b. 10-minute’s d. 10-minutes
24. If you would like to offer an article to our magazine, please con-
tact the ... office.
a. Editor-in-Chiefs c. Editor-in-Chief
b. Editor’s-in-Chiefs d. Editor’s-in-Chief
25. It is the law that the driver and the passengers should be fastened
with the ... .
a. seat’s belts c. seats belts’
b. seats’ belts d. seat belts
26. Unfortunately, ... exemplary behaviour did not last long.
a. Harry’s and Donald c. Harry’s and Donald’s
b. Harry and Donald’ d. Harry and Donald’s
144
27. Vicky’s marks are better than ... in the class.
a. anyone else’s c. anyone’s else’s
b. anyone else d. anyone’s else
28. Alex is always trying to finish ... sentences for them!
a. peoples’ c. people’s
b. people’ d. peoples’s
29. We usually spend our holidays at our ... summer cottage.
a. aunt’s Irina c. aunt Irina’
b. aunt’s Irina’s d. aunt Irina’s
30. ... problems are ... opportunities.
a. Today; tomorrow’s c. Today’s; tomorrow
b. Today’s; tomorrow’s d. Today’; tomorrow’
2. В каждом предложении найдите и исправьте ошибку:
1. Please accept my thank for all that you have done to help us.
2. There was a three-hours delay to our flight.
3. There are no clear evidence that the virus passes easily from per-
son to person.
4. Mrs Browny’s shop specializes in childrens’ clothes.
5. Only a small minority of the first year students does not receive a
student grant.
6. Very little of his money were left after the taxes had been paid.
7. The style and the colour of the costume is both perfect and fit you
extremely well.
8. Several thousand people were made homeless by yesterday hur-
ricane.
9. Imagine my shock when 1 opened my bag and found out it was
someone’s else!
10. The number of applicants taking entrance exams are increasing
with each year.
II. My husband is so choosy and it takes hours to find the clothes
that suits him.
12. Two hundred euros are too much to pay for an hour’s consulta-
tion.
13. The student’s results were published on the school website because
they all had done really well.
14. The majority of all the world’s plant and animal species lives in
tropical forests.
15. My two-years-old sister can only say a few words.
16. It was such a surprising victory that even Boltons’ fans couldn’t
believe it.
145
17. Ina modern multicultural society everyone must learn to respect
each others’ traditions.
18. Joan couldn’t tolerate her neighbours’ loud music at night, so she
reported him to the police.
19. A large number of people has complained about last night’s cash
crunch at the ATMs.
20. All the interviewees who successfully passed the test was invited
to Office Five.
21. Online news are frequently criticised for being unreliable and
based on very little evidence.
22. Billiards are a game played on a cloth-covered table in which balls
are hit with a cue.
23. The police in this area makes more arrests than officers do in
other parts of the country.
24. I remember how uncomfortable I felt in the dress that I’d bought
for my brothers’ wedding.
25. To my mind, three dollars were a good tip even though the wait-
ress didn’t seem to work for it.
26. Putting yourself in someone’s else shoes is a good way of develop-
ing empathy.
27. There was over a hundred children in the hospital but each and
every one was given a Christmas present.
28. I’ve lent her three thousand dollars but it seems to me that she
isn’t going to pay them back.
29. The majority of hotels in Turkey are of a high standard and offers
a huge range of facilities.
30. The reporter asked the airline’s spokesman if there were any other
news about the crash of the plane.
146
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
Местоимения — одна из самых проверяемых грамматических
тем в централизованном тестировании. Местоимения можно
встретить в заданиях на множественный выбор и на нахожде-
ние ошибки в подчеркнутом фрагменте, в текстах на заполнение
пропусков своими словами и на нахождение лишних слов, а так-
же в заданиях на частичный перевод. Для выполнения подобных
заданий вам нужно знать следующие правила употребления ме-
стоимений:
Личные Притяжательные Возвратные
подлежащее кто? что? дополнение кого? кому? перед суш. чей? без суш. чей? сам, себе, -ся
1 me ту mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he, she, it him, her, it his, her, its his, hers, its him / her / itself
we US our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Секреты успеха!
1. Личное местоимение в именительном падеже не может ду-
блировать уже имеющееся в предложении подлежащее. Напри-
мер, нельзя сказать:
These letters they are for you.
The man who has Just come in he is my uncle.
What I need at the moment tf is a cup of strong coffee.
2. Подлежащим может быть местоимение только в имени-
тельном падеже, поэтому предложения типа «Нам сказали ...»,
«Их видели ...» употребляются в страдательном залоге: We were
told ... , They were seen ....
3. Русские притяжательные местоимения «его», «их» {чей?)
совпадают по форме с личными местоимениями «его», «их»
{кого? чего?). В английском языке совпадения между формами
этих местоимений нет. Поэтому, для того чтобы выбрать нужную
форму английского местоимения, нужно задать вопрос: чей? -
для притяжательных местоимений his, their; кого? чего? - для
личных местоимений в объектном падеже him, them. This is his
house {his - чей?). I met him in the park {him - кого?).
147
4. Притяжательное местоимение в независимой форме упо-
требляется без определяемого слова, чтобы избежать повтора
ранее упомянутого существительного: ИТгозе phone is this? ~ It’s
mine. My car is cheaper than yours.
5. Возвратные местоимения не употребляются после глаголов
afford, behave, complain, concentrate, feel, relax, worn’ и др.: How do
you feel? She can’t ajford to buy a new jacket. He behaved badly.
6. Запомните выражения by myself = on my own (сам по себе,
своими силами): Let her do it by herself (= on her own).
7. Выучите несколько устойчивых выражений:
Behave yourself — Веди себя прилично!
Enjoy yourself - Развлекайся! Веселись!
Help yourself to biscuits! - Угощайся печеньем!
Make yourself at home! - Чувствуй себя как дома!
IT неодушевленные предметы, погода, время, расстояние, безличные предложения THERE есть / нет, существует (где-то)
There is a cafe near the shop. There are a lot of cars on the roads.
/г is sunny. It is raining. There is no sun/rain.
It is time to have a rest. There is no time to have a rest.
it is no good it is no wonder it is out of the question it’s a pity it is (not) worth it is easy / necessary it was good of you to,.. there is no excuse there is no doubt there is no limit there is no need there is no point in there is no reason there is no way
It seems (to me) that there is a problem. It looks like rain. It doesn’t matter. It goes without saying. It takes me 5 minutes to get home. It is said/known that... There seems to be a problem. There is nowhere to escape. There is little to choose from. There comes a time in everyone's life... There is nothing more annoying than ... There exist many ways of...
SOME какой-то, некоторые; немного, несколько ANY никакой; какой-нибудь; любой NO никакой
+ 9 Some people are lazy. Would you like some tea ? (предложение, просьба) 9 There isn’t any time left. Do you have any ques- tions? Take any shirt you like. — No news is good news.
148
ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
some- -one - кто-то -body — кто-то -thing — что-то -where — где-то any- -one - кто-то -body — кто-то -thing - что-то -where — где-то no- one - никто -body — никто -thing — ничто -where — нигде
Секреты успеха!
1. Слова except, hardly, little, never, no longer, rarely, scarcely,
seldom, without, unfortunately, unlikely делают предложение отри-
цательным. В таких предложениях вместо some употребляется
any: Не left without any money, did he ?
2. Местоимение no не употребляется без существительно-
го. Вместо по используется none: An old car is better than none
(=no car).
3. Местоимение no имеет то же значение, что и not а или not
any. There are no (= not any) new words. Запомните: no more = not
any more, no longer = not any longer.
4. Местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -one и -body (someone,
nobody, anyone, everybody и т.п.) не сочетаются с предлогом of.
Вместо них используются местоимения some, any, none, all, each:
some of us - кто-то из нас, any of you - любой из вас, none of
them — никто из них, ail of you / each of you — все из вас (нельзя:
every of).
5. Местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -one и -body сочета-
ются с глаголом в единственном числе, при этом заменяющие
их местоимения — местоимения множественного числа — they,
them, their, themselves: Someone has forgotten their umbrella, haven’t
they? Everybody is here, aren’t they?
Местоимения на -thing (something, everything, nothing и т.п.) со-
относятся с местоимением it: biothing has happened, has it?
6. Местоимения, образованные с помощью -one и -body, мо-
гут обозначать принадлежность и употребляться в притяжатель-
ном падеже: Ed like to change someone’s life for the better.
7. Производные местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -one,
-body, -thing и -where могут сочетаться c else (еще), а также упо-
требляться в форме притяжательного падежа: She couldn’t think of
anything else. This suitcase isn’t mine; it is someone else’s.
149
many / much/ a lot of много (so, very, loo) many (of my) friends (so, very, too) much (of the) work most (of the) people (such, quite) a lot of tasks / progress He knows much / a lot.
a few / a little / some немного I have (only, Just) a few friends /a little time (немно- го, но достаточно).
few / little мало / have (so, very, too) few friends / little time (слишком мало, недостаточно).
fewer / less меньше fewer people / less money (меньше) the fewest mistakes / the least experience (меньше всего)
both (+) оба Both (of) the twins were crying. He listens to both pop and classical music.
either любой (из двух) Either of these two answers is (are) correct, aren't they ? 1 would not buy either of these two dresses.
neither ни один (из двух) Neither of your parents know(s) your boyfriend, do they? Would you like tea or coffee?— Neither. (Either, I don’t care.)
none ни один, никакой None of the children like(s) milk, do they? None of the work was done, was it?
each каждый Why do we have 5fingers on each hand (о двух) ? The tickets cost SlOeach (каждый по отдельности). / am proud of each of you. They aren’t talking to each other (друг с другом).
every каждый Every child adores New Year (все, большое количе- ство). He phones me. every two hours. 1 take my pills every other day (через день).
another суш. в ед.ч. какой-то другой Не is looking for another Job.
еше один She offered me another cup of coffee.
цифра еше Give me another 20 minutes. Ho: somebody else - кто-то еше (по- сле производных)
150
the other сущ. в ед .ч. другой (из двух) Не shifted from one foot lo the other.
сущ. в мн.ч. остальные Where are the other students?
the others без сущ. в мн. ч. остальные Where are the others ?
other сущ. в мн.ч. (какие-то) другие Some people like winter; other people prefer summer.
местои- мение другие Do you have any other ideas ? There’re many other ways io keep fit.
others без сущ. в мн. ч. (какие-то) другие i don’t care what others say. Answer question №1 and two others.
Запомните следующие устойчивые выражения:
each other / one another - друг друга
every other day — через день (регулярно), но: in a day — через день
(однократно)
the other day — на днях
in other words - другими словами
one after another - один за другим (о трех и более)
one after the other — один за другим (о двух)
it’s another thing - это совсем другое дело
one way or another — так или иначе
on the other hand — с другой стороны,
on the one hand — с одной стороны
the other way round — наоборот
the other half - вторая половина
and others — и другие
who после одушевл. существ. (который, кто} The people who / that called yesterday want to buy the house.
whom после одушевл. существ. (которого, которому} This is Gabriel, (whom / who / that) f told you about. This is the man to whom I spoke yesterday.
which после н соду ш с вл. су- ществ. (который) The car (which / that) I hired broke down. The horse which / that won the race is called Gerry.
к предшествующему предложению (что; и это) Public transport is very bad here, which is a serious disadvantage.
151
whose после одушевл. и неодушевл. существ. (чей) You are the only person whose opinion f value. Will you trust a company whose webs He has spelling errors ?
what не употребляется после существ. (то что; что именно) 1 don’t believe what he told me. No one knows exactly what happened. What she needs is more self-confidence.
Обратите внимание!
Who, whom, which, that можно опускать, если это не подлежа-
щее в придаточном предложении.
1. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. In the English language, ... is no rule without an exception.
a. it c. its
b. this d. there
2. Sorry! I shouldn’t have said ... I said.
a. that c. which
b. what d. that what
3. Half a loaf is better than ... .
a. none c. no
b. no one d. not
4. The Sanders live in a large villa ... has a view of the sea.
a. what c. which
b. whose d. who
5. Dear guests, please, help ... to drinks and toasts.
a. yourself c. yours
b. you d. yourselves
6. ... goes without saying that honesty is the best policy.
a. That c. There
b. It d. These
7. “Too ... clicks spoil the browse” is a pun on an old proverb.
a. much c. lots
b. a lot of d. many
8. ... 1 need now is a cup of strong coffee.
a. Whom c. What
b. Which d. That
9. There’s hardly any traffic on the road, ... ?
a. is there c. wasn’t there
b. isn’t it d. is it
152
10. Sear the steaks for 2 to 3 minutes on ... side.
a. every c. both
b. each d. everyone
11. People ... live in glass houses should not throw stones.
a. who c. what
b. which d. -
12. He keeps disobeying his parents and they can’t stand it ...
longer.
a. no c. any
b. not d. more
13. Learning is a treasure that will follow ... owner everywhere.
a. it’s c. its
b. his d. their
14. You can’t wear... of these T-shirts, they need washing.
a. none c. both
b. neither d. either
15. The true meaning of life is to plant trees, under... shade you do
not expect to sit.
a. whose c. that
b. what d. which
16. Shopping has replaced many ... activities that people choose as
their hobby.
a. another c. the other
b. others d. other
17. Hardly ... recognizes the most significant moments of their life at
the time they happen.
a. somebody c. anybody
b. no one d. none
18. A survey of more than 3,000 researchers finds out that they don’t
trust ... work.
a. each other’s c. somebody’s else
b. one another d. each’s other
19. The automobile industry is preparing for a future with ... cars and
... traffic.
a. fewer; fewer c. less; less
b. fewer; less d. less; fewer
20. In an interconnected world, ... of us will be safe until ... of us
is safe.
a. nobody; all c. none; each
b. neither; every d. no; both
153
2. Прочитайте предложения. Найдите и исправьте в них ошибки:
1. It’s time to make yourself feel special and buy you a gift.
2. Time is a luxury no one can afford us to lose.
3. Nobody of us really see things as they are, we see them as we are.
4. Each time 1 meet Aisha, she greets me with that broad smile of her.
5. Bullies think they enjoy them when they bully others.
6. A person who lacks self-control is like a city which walls are bro-
ken through.
7. This life is your. Choose what you want to do and do it well.
8. Don’t bother trying to collect money from their. It isn’t worth
your while.
9. The way you behave yourself with others reflects the way you be-
have with yourself.
10. A young man which introduced himself as Baryon sent me this
photo.
11. Russia is going to ban the sale of devices what do not have any
Russian-made software.
12. You can be in a room crowded with other people and still feel
yourself alone.
13. Sometimes, 1 have to remind me that not every project needs to
be a major one.
14. Sipan is the largest island which biggest treasures are its vineyards
and olive orchards.
15. With so much information available, it’s easier than ever for stu-
dents to learn by theirs.
16. My neighbours never get on well with each other and it is always
some misunderstanding between them.
17. Success is not a place at that one arrives but the spirit with which
a person makes their journey.
18. It’s no point in asking ‘why’ when it comes to the English lan-
guage. It is completely pointless, and there is no answer other than
‘just because’.
19. If your account is suspended and none of the two scenarios apply,
so that we please send us a Support Request so that we can help
you further.
20. The list of what people are most worried about is largely un-
changed, and there is a tendency for people to worry less over
time, but less people report that they have changed their behaviour.
3. В каждом предложении найдите лишнее слово.
I. If the police don’t find any proof, then you’ve got nothing to
worry it about.
154
2. These delicious banana muffins they are filled with Nutella.
3. We shouldn’t expect tech giants to solve the problems what they
have created.
4. The ideal of beauty today this is to be tanned and skinny.
5. Many parents are not satisfied with the schools which in their area.
6. The coronavirus math says that either of we break this fever or it
breaks us.
7. A cold is a virus, and we actually catch it from its being in contact
with other people.
8. Our notions of what it makes a planet suitable for life are too
limited.
9. My granny behaves herself as if she were thirty years younger than
she is.
10. Most people tend to think that someone with good looks who is
confident and socially adept.
11. Motorists were alarmed when they noticed a small child walking
down a street by own himself.
12. An attractive person has more self-confidence in its communicating
with others.
13. There are many of women who adore wearing high-heeled shoes
as they give an elegant look.
14. Komodo has become an international business which selling some
of the biggest fashion brands in the world.
15. Joe who has been a strong speaker and debater and a frequent
guest on Sunday morning talk shows.
16. One of the exercises that middle-aged people prefer it is yoga as it
has a lot of health benefits like weight loss and stress reduction.
17. Lots of people these days they are buying organic fruits and
vegetables, but the new buzz word when it comes to produce is
‘home grown’.
18. Our skin is covered with a special oil which called ‘sebum’ that
moisturises and protects our skin.
19. There’s such much you want to teach your babies about life, and
all those lessons are waiting for them in a safe warm place inside
your heart.
20. Kids can easily spend much hours gaming and while it’s not good
in excess, a little moderation makes it a fun hobby.
4. Заполните каждый из пропусков словом, подходящим по
смыслу.
I. Do you consider Martin a friend of... ?
2. ... seems to me that we’ve taken the wrong bus.
155
3. Is ... anything else I can help you with?
4. A draw in the final match was not ... the supporters had expected.
5. How do you react when you look at ... in the mirror?
6. 40 % of young adults who live on ... own still get money from
parents.
7. We can’t wait ... longer for your help.
8. To love someone is to understand and trust ... other.
9. This is your world. Shape it or somebody ... will.
10. ... makes me happy is my family and good friends.
11. Beethoven is known ... over the world, and his music is played
everywhere.
12. For all children, music provides an opportunity for ... self-
expression and creativity.
13. ... is growing evidence that caffeine has a positive effect on the
performance of athletes.
14. Google makes ... possible to have a real time conversation in 44
different languages.
15. Teenagers ... stay up late are more likely to suffer from asthma and
allergies.
16. ... days, you can’t leave home without your face mask, if you want
to stay well!
17. Travelling alone can be quite frightening but ... are ways to help
you get the most out of it.
18. We had an absolutely amazing time and really enjoyed ... at the
party.
19. Behind every angry woman ... is a man who has absolutely ... idea
what he did wrong.
20. My success was attended by quite a ... failures, but I didn’t worry
too ... about them.
5. Переведите на английский язык фрагмент предложения, дан-
ный в скобках:
1. lam unable to log into (ни один) of my two Gmail accounts.
2. What (еще) should I know before taking this medicine?
3. Bruno’s a team player; only Maradona could win on (саму
4. There are (мало) things we love in life more than chocolate.
5. Never test the depth of the water with (обе) feet.
6. Of two evils choose (ни одно).
7. That news is hardly surprising, (не так ли)?
8. (Меньше) people are getting their news from social media than
a year ago.
9. After the competition, (что) you need is a hot bath and a meal.
156
10. (Каждые) few days the floor needs sweeping.
11. Cola is too sweet for me, and Pepsi isn’t much better (тоже).
12. Nobody else is coming, (не так ли)?
13. If you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember (ничего).
14. I’ll try and find out (чья) bag this is, so 1 can return it to them.
15. Light your home using the same amount of light for (меньше)
money.
16. Sunbathing (через день) boost melanin levels, a chemical that
gives skin colour.
17. Friday or Saturday? I don’t mind, (любой) day is convenient.
18. In the Middle Ages (не было) no such thing as childhood.
19. Many high school students can’t (позволить себе) a private
college.
20. Miraculously (никто) of the three passengers were badly injured
in the accident.
21. Why am I getting someone (другого) Facebook notifications in my
Gmail inbox?
22. Only а (несколько) days are left until New Year. How fast time
runs away!
23. I’ve got an error message on my computer “(Есть) a problem
with this download”.
24. Penelope showed her mum and dad that she could get dressed for
school all by (сама).
25. The flowers are (самое малое) we could do to thank you for your
generous hospitality.
26. When 1 meet people for the first time I’m so nervous that their
names go in one ear and out (другое).
27. I always have a bright ribbon tied to (каждый) suitcase so that
I can identify it coming off the airport belt.
28. Residents will have to wait (еще) two weeks before they can return
to their homes after the mudslide.
29. (Есть) is just one life for (каждого) of us: our own.
30. The best way to protect yourself and (других) from infection is to
avoid close contact with sick people.
157
ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ, НАРЕЧИЕ
Согласно спецификации теста по английскому языку для
проведения централизованного тестирования в 2021 году, зада-
ния централизованного тестирования предполагают проверку
имен прилагательных и наречий. Вам необходимо знать, как об-
разуются степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, слова-
«усилители» сравнительной степени: a lot, much, far, a bit, a little,
а также особенности употребления некоторых прилагательных
и наречий. Данные правила могут быть проверены как в части А
(в заданиях на множественный выбор либо в заданиях на нахож-
дение ошибки в подчеркнутом фрагменте), так и в части В (за-
дание на заполнение пропусков своими словами, задание на на-
хождение лишних слов, задание на частичный перевод фрагмента
предложения с русского языка на английский).
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ
Степени сравнения прилагательных
Прилага- тельные Положи- тельная степень Сравнительная степень Превосходная степень
однослож- ные rich cold прилагательное + -er прилагательное + -est
richer less cold richest least cold
много- сложные careful famous more / less + прилагательное most / least + прилагательное
more careful less famous most careful least famous
некоторые двуслож- ные angry simple angrier = more angry simpler = more simple angriest = most angry simplest = most simple
исключе- ния good bad many/ much Hille better worse more less best worst most least
158
Степени сравнения наречий
Наречия Положительная степень Сравнительная степень Превосходная степень
однослож- ные, early fast early наречие + -er наречие + -est
faster earlier fastest earliest
двусложные и произво- дные (-1у) seldom clearly more / less + наречие most / least + наречие
more seldom more / less clearly most seldom most / least clearly
исключения well badly much little better worse more less best worst most least
Секрет успеха! Нельзя одновременно использовать тоге / less
и суффикс -ег! Например, неправильно: more easier, less diffkulter.
Особые случаи образования степеней сравнения
некоторых прилагательных
Степени сравнения Значение Примеры
old older - oldest старший (по возрасту) Mr Nickly is lhe oldest of the teachers.
elder - eldest старший (в семье) My elder / older brother is 3 years older than me.
far farther - farthest более далекий (по расстоянию) His office is farther / further away than mine.
further — furthest допол н ител ьн ы й, дальнейший For further information con- tact Mr Showdon.
near nearer — nearest ближайший (по расстоянию) Where's the nearest post-of- fice?
nearer — next следующий (по порядку) The next train arrives in 5 minutes.
late later - latest более поздний - по- следний (по времени) 1 prefer her later works. Have you heard lhe latest news?
latter — last второй (из упомяну- тых) - последний (по порядку) We visited Spain and Portugal and stayed longer in the former than in the latter. He was the last to come.
159
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ
Конструкция Перевод Примеры
с прилагательными и наречиями в положительной степени
as... as такой же... как Exercise 1 is as easy as exercise 2. He came as quickly as he could.
not so / as... as не такой ... как My marks are not so high as yours. You don’t sing as beautifully as she does.
twice as... as three times as... as в два / три раза Todd is twice as old as Alan. He earns three times as much as 1 do.
c прилагательными it наречиями в сравнительной степени
than чем He is stronger than I am. His business is more successful than mine. Women live longer than men.
much, a lot, far намного, гораздо She is a lot younger than her hus- band. He was driving much more quickly.
a little, a bit немного It’s a little warmer today. Try to speak a bit more quietly.
more and more более и более It rained more and more heavily. It is getting colder and colder.
less and less менее и менее The rainbow grew less and less bright. 1 think of him less and less often.
the... the... чем... тем... The warmer the weather, the bet- ter I feel. The more you give, the more you get.
с прилагательными и наречиями в превосходной степени
one of, some of один из, некоторые из The wheel is one of the most useful inventions.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ
ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
1. В английском языке существует несколько прилагательных,
которые совпадают по написанию с наречиями (заканчиваются
на -1у):
160
likely — вероятный
lively - оживленный
lovely — привлекательный
соответствующих этим прилага-
cowardly — трусл и вы й
friendly - дружелюбный
silly — глупый
Для образования наречий,
тельным, используются конструкции со словами way, manner:
in a silly way — глупо
in a friendly manner - дружелюбно
2. В английском языке после глаголов-связок употребляются
только прилагательные. В качестве глагола-связки могут употре-
бляться следующие глаголы состояния и чувственного восприятия:
appear - выглядеть
be — быть
become - становиться
feel — чувствовать себя
get — становиться
look — выглядеть
seem — казаться
smell — пахнуть
sound — звучать
taste — иметь вкус
The weather is fine. 1 feel bad. You look great! It is getting late. His
voice sounded strange.
Обратите внимание на значение вышеуказанных глаголов-
связок! Если они имеют иное значение (например, appear — по-
являться, look — смотреть, smelt — нюхать, taste — пробовать), то
сочетаются с наречиями, а не с прилагательными. Сравните:
Не looked nervous. Не looked around nervously.
The meat smelled suspicious. She smelled the meat suspiciously.
3. Значение подобия такой же, как; так же, как передается
при помощи предлога like и союза as. Like — предлог, образующий
предложную группу с последующим существительным или место-
имением: Не needs a holiday like all other people. Предлог like особен-
но часто используется, когда сравниваемый объект или процесс
не является тем, с чем он сравнивается: to swim like a fish, to behave
like a child, to work like a slave. Like также употребляется в сочетании
с глаголами feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste: She looks like an angel.
What does this perf ume smell like ?
As — союз, за которым следует придаточное предложение: She
enjoys music just as I do. В сочетании с существительным as является
предлогом, который указывает на род занятий или предназначе-
ние и имеет значение «в качестве», «в роли»: Не works as a waiter.
1 use one of the bedrooms as a study. As также употребляется в соче-
тании с глаголами choose, class, describe, know, regard, see, sene,
treat, use, view: His full name is Robert, but he is commonly known as Bob.
161
1 regard him as my best friend. As употребляется в следующих устой-
чивых выражениях: as always, as usual, such as, as if /as though.
4. Наречие so (так, такой) употребляется перед прилагатель-
ным или другим наречием для усиления его значения: This equip-
ment is so expensive. He speaks so loudly.
Such (так, такой) употребляется как усилитель существитель-
ного: Гт happy to have such a great father.
So сочетается с местоимениями many, much, few, little; a such —
с местоимением a lot of: There were so many participants at the confe-
rence. There was so much hope in her eyes. There were such a lot of people
on the train!
5. Наречие enough (достаточно) ставится после прилагатель-
ного, наречия и глагола, к которому относится: Не is old enough to
make his own decisions. We ran fast enough to catch the bus. 1 know enough
about you.
Если enough определяет существительное, то занимает место
перед ним: She was given enough time to get ready.
6. Наречия too, either, as well (тоже, также) ставятся в конце
предложения, причем too и as well употребляются в утвердительных
предложениях, a either — в отрицательных: I'd like to believe him, too.
He knows the answer as well. Liz did not come either.
Наречие too co значением «слишком» ставится перед опреде-
ляемым словом: The music is too loud. She made too many mistakes in
the test.
1. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. In business, it’s... to stay at the top than to get there.
a. more harder c. the most hardest
b. much more harder d. much harder
2. Riding a bike is... than driving a car.
a. far riskiest c. the most risky
b. far more risky d. much risky
3. Social networks make it ... for people to stay in touch with each
other.
a. much easier c. far more easier
b. the most easiest d. more easier
4. Aluminium is... than copper and is generally used for making electri-
cal cables.
a. far much cheaper c. more cheaper
b. the cheapest d. a little cheaper
162
5. The speed of life today is... than it was a generation ago.
a. much more faster c. a lot faster
b. more fast d. the most fastest
6. Don’t belittle Mark’s abilities — he’s... than you all think.
a. much more smarter c. the most smartest
b. much smarter d. more smarter
7. The boys became ... after the headmaster had a talk with their pa-
rents.
a. more quieter c. a bit quieter
b. a lot more quieter d. the most quietest
8. Bats aren’t really blind; their sense of hearing is ... at night, but they
can see.
a. much stronger c. much more strong
b. more stronger d. the most strongest
9. Lions are ... to attack cattle with eyes painted on their backsides.
a. less likely c. far least likely
b. more less likely d. a lot likely
10. The risk of infection spreading is... when people get together in any
contained space — because of poor ventilation.
a. the most highest c. much higher
b. more high d. much more highly
11. There’s no doubt that my life before the birth of kids moved at
a ... pace.
a. far more slower c. most slowest
b. much slower d. more slower
12. For modern youth, it’s ... to download music from the Internet in-
stead of going out to buy a CD.
a. the most easiest c. a lot easilier
b. far easier d. far more easier
13. The safari park was a bit of a disappointment as there were... animals
than we had expected.
a. much few c. much more fewer
b. far fewest d. much fewer
14. These days, people are ... about healthy eating and natural ingredi-
ents.
a. far much sensible c. far more sensibly
b. much more sensible d. a lot sensiblier
15. Japanese diet is healthier in general, and they consume ... sugar
than Europeans.
a. lesser c. far less
b. more less d. least
163
16. The scientists believe that sea levels could rise ... than it was previ-
ously predicted.
a. a lot higher c. a lot more higher
b. far highly d. much more high
17. Some truck drivers came up with creative tips and tricks to make
their trips....
a. a lot comfortable c. far much comfortably
b. far comfortabler d. much more comfortable
18. Thanks to advances in technology, today’s dental treatment is ...
painful or even pain-free!
a. far more less c. much less
b. much lesser d. far least
19. Asthma and allergies are ... in teens who stay up late.
a. far common c. far more commoner
b. much more common d. much most common
20. In the second set Serena Williams relaxed and played ... — and lost
badly.
a. far less carefully c. a lot carefullier
b. much less careful d. much least carefully
2. Прочитайте предложения. В некоторых из них найдите лиш-
ние слова:
1. Could you please stay a few minutes more longer?
2. Zelda walked faster and even faster, then started to run.
3. Sheila was such frightened and was shaking like a leaf.
4. Ben’s school backpack is twice as more expensive as mine.
5. If you feel as you are down on your luck, check the level of your ef-
fort.
6. It was very cold yesterday, but it’s slightly less warmer today.
7. Can you think of anything as much exciting as space exploration?
8. It’s becoming more difficult and more difficult to find a job.
9. Women have lost as very much as they have gained by achieving
equality.
10. There’s nothing more worse than not being able to sleep at night.
11. Do you really think you’re not enough good at foreign languages?
12. One in three people find it such impossible to take a break from
technology.
13. The Louvre attracts millions of visitors each year - and it’s as easy to
see why.
14. The reason why Camden Market is more popular rather than others
is in its variety.
164
15. The more tired you are the more less mistakes you will make.
16. The lecture wasn’t very useful. It was much less informative than last
week’s.
17. There are so a lot of good films on YouTube and I don’t know which
one to watch.
18. Building with waste material is improving quality of life in very poor-
er countries of the world.
19. Why do we spend more on flights when there is a more cheap, more
comfortable, and often faster alternative - the train?
20. These days, libraries are not such as popular as they used to be and
fewer and fewer people are reading books.
3. Прочитайте предложения. В некоторых из них содержатся
ошибки. Найдите и исправьте их:
I. The weather is much more worse today.
2. You don’t look happily. What’s the matter?
3. You are as white as a sheet; you’d better see a doctor.
4. Giving up bad habits is more easily said than done.
5. Einstein is one of intelligent scientists who ever lived.
6. When Teo puts on his black waistcoat he looks as a waiter.
7. Is this box enough big or do you need a bigger one?
8. Berta tries to keep her life as simple than possible.
9- I have difficulty understanding native speakers as they speak so
fluently.
10. Why do teachers earn fewer money than doctors do?
11. Nothing is worst than missing a flight because of traffic.
12. This morning 1 got up more earlier than usual.
13. I’m so glad to see you after so a long time.
14. Our cat has been a lot livelier since we added vitamin supplements to
his diet.
15. They say that the highest you fly, the further you fall.
16. How important is it for you to be up to date with the last fashions?
17. Although I felt very angry, I smiled at him very friendly.
18. The Boeing 777 is regarded like one of the safest jets in the world.
19. This device uses much less electric energy than the previous one.
It is far much economical.
20. Most consumers are unwilling to pay such a high price for such few
extra benefits.
4. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Carl Ruf is a professional chef and baker at the confectioner’s. He
cooks the most best desserts than I’ve ever tasted. Besides, Carl is such
165
passionate about sharing his baking experience, so he trains me to make
cakes. The more I practise, the far more proficient I become.
The other day I very wanted to bake a birthday cake. Making a cake
as like that is by far more complicated than I thought! We spent twice as
much more time decorating the cake as actually baking it. Now 1 can
understand why Carl is regarded as like one of the most great chefs of
our time.
5, Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только од-
ним словом, подходящим по смыслу:
Му new job is ideal. I like it much better (I)... my previous one. My
colleagues are nicer than I expected. Fortunately, the head of the depart-
ment isn’t as rude (2) ... my old boss, Mr Lincoln, was. I was afraid of
him. He was the (3)... friendly person I’ve (4) ... met. I’m the young-
est person (5)... the office and everyone here is (6)... than (7) .... But
I don’t care about it. The best thing about the job is that I earn a (8) ...
more money, much more than I got before. The bad thing is that my way
to work isn’t as simple (9)... it was in my old job, where the bus took me
straight there. Now 1 have to change buses. But the boss lets me leave
work a little earlier. (10)... earlier 1 leave the office, the easier the jour-
ney is because the buses aren’t so crowded.
6. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только од-
ним словом, подходящим по смысл)7:
Pre-school teaching is much (1)... demanding than most other jobs.
People think that looking after young children is easier (2) ... looking
after older children, but in fact the job is not as bad (3) ... some may
think. What makes it difficult is that the younger they are, (4)... more
responsibility you have.
Small kids can be (5)... funny that they will make you laugh your
heart out. They are (6)... worried than adults about saying ‘inappropri-
ate’ things. Besides, they are twice (7) ... energetic as grown-ups. (8)
... rarest moments in the classroom are when it’s quiet. Of course, you
always get some children who are shyer and a (9)... more quiet than oth-
ers by nature.
Sure it’s neither the easiest job in the world nor the best paid. How-
ever, I believe that teaching is rewarding (10)... to offset the loss of in-
come.
7. Переведите на английский язык фрагмент предложения, дан-
ный в скобках:
I. It looks (как) there was an error signing in to your account. Try
again.
166
2. I usually do my homework at the (последнюю) minute.
3. English is (самый) widely spoken language in the world today.
4. You can enrich your life by spending (меньше) money.
5. (Чем старше) he grew, the wiser he became.
6. Is it possible to eat (слишком много) fruit? The answer is yes.
7. (Как) 1 said, I am not happy with the whole thing.
8. It was (такой) a boring film that I can’t even remember most of it
now
9. Who is the (следующий) heir to the British Throne?
10. A study shows (меньше) people are using cash since the onset of the
COVID-19 pandemic.
11. My boyfriend isn’t going out tonight and I’m not (тоже).
12. He is always getting on my nerves. I can’t stand people (как) him.
13. We had (так) much luggage that we couldn’t get it all into the car.
14. I’ve been feeling a little (луже) since 1 stopped taking vitamins.
15. She nodded to me (дружелюбно) way and smiled politely.
16. In my opinion, apologizing is the (самое малое) you should do.
17. The (последние) news is regularly added to the home page of our
website.
18. Do you ever find yourself thinking you’re not (достаточно хоро-
ший)?
19. Wars, like chess, are won by whoever makes the (меньше всего) mis-
takes.
20. A lovely face is (e два раза) as lovely when it’s radiant and alive!
167
союзы
Союзы в централизованном тестировании проверяют как
в части А (в заданиях на выбор из нескольких предложенных
вариантов ответа или на нахождение ошибки в подчеркнутом
фрагменте), так и в части В (в заданиях на заполнение пропусков
своими словами, нахождение лишних слов и на перевод фраг-
мента предложения с русского языка на английский). Чтобы
успешно справиться с такими заданиями, вам нужно знать сле-
дующие союзы:
Время Условие
when if
когда если, в случае если
while / as unless / if not
в то время как если... не
as long as even if
до тех пор, пока даже если
till / until on condition (that)
до тех пор, пока не при условии, что
before provided / providing (that)
до того, как при условии, что
after as long as / so long as
после того, как при условии, если
then supposing (that)
затем предположим; допустим
since as if
с тех пор, как как если бы
as soon as / once as though
как только как будто
hardly / scarcely ... when in case (of)
как только... то на случай если
no sooner... than whether ...or not
как только... то ли... или нет
168
Дополнение
also / too / as well (в у тверд. предлож.) тоже moreover / what is more более того
either (в конце отриц. предлож.) тоже furthermore к тому же
not only ... but also / not only ... but... as well не только .., но также in addition to (+ дополи.) в дополнение к
as well as так же, как и in addition вдобавок
both... and как... таки besides / apart from кроме того
either... or ИЛИ ... или except / apart from за исключением того, что
neither... nor ни... ни instead (of) вместо
Противопоставление Результат
although / (even) though (+ грам.основа) SO
хотя поэтому
even so so + прилаг./нареч. + that
несмотря на это такой... что
in spite of / despite (+ дополи.) such + (припае.) + существ. + that
несмотря на такой... что
while / whereas that is why
тогда как вот почему
however therefore
однако по этой причине
nevertheless / still / yet thus
тем не менее таким образом
otherwise / or else as a result
иначе; в противном случае в результате
no matter what (how, when) consequently / as a consequence
что бы ни (как бы ни, когда бы ни) следовательно
169
Причина Цель
as / since / for so that (+ ерам.основа)
так как чтобы
because (+ грам.основа) so as (not) to (+ инфинитив)
потому что чтобы (не)
because of (+ дополн.) in order that (+ гран.основа)
из-за для того, чтобы
due to / owing to (+ дополн.) in order (not) to (+ инфинитив)
из-за; благодаря для того, чтобы (не)
1. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1.... I entered the supermarket, I realised I’d left my wallet at home.
a. As well as b. As soon as c. As long as
2.... playing his best, Stefan didn’t make it to the final.
a. As b. Because c. Despite
3. Emma speaks Spanish ... she were a native speaker.
a. as if b. if c. even if
4. You can’t stop or even control your worrying,... hard you try.
d. So as
d. Although
d. if only
a. how b. whenever c. no matter d. however
5. My boyfriend knows he is damaging his health, ... he continues to
smoke.
a. since b. that’s why c. yet
6.1 do exercise every morning ... to stay healthy.
a. so as b. so that c. due
7. Please call me ... you get this message.
a. while b. no sooner c. once
d. otherwise
d. in addition
d. as soon
8. Take out insurance when buying a smartphone ... it gets damaged.
a. if b. in case c. unless d. so as not
9.... it was her first time in Barcelona, she says it was an experience of a
lifetime.
a. Though b. So c. As though d. In spite of
10.... it was a nice night, everyone decided to sleep outside of their tents
under the stars.
a. So as b. Since c. Because of d. So
11.... your permanent job, you may have other sources of income.
a. In addition to b. Not only c. As well d. Moreover
12. You cannot return a product to the shop ... you have a receipt.
a. in case b. if c. as if d. unless
13. My username and password didn’t match. Resetting the password
didn’t work... .
a. too b. as well c. either d. also
170
14.. .. his poor exam results, Tom couldn’t secure a place at university.
a. Because of b. For c. In spite of d. Because
15. Some people add cream and sugar in their coffee,... others prefer it
black.
a. moreover b. while c. therefore d. otherwise
16. More and more people now live much longer ... the progress in
medicine over the past 100 years.
a. in spite of b. because c. due to d. despite
17. The passengers must stay in their seats ... the pilot turns off the seat
belt sign.
a. unless b. except c. instead d. until
18. Google Assistant can stay ‘on hold’... you don’t waste time on call
waiting.
a. so that b. even so c. as d. so as
19. ... had the first book in the Harry Potter series been published ... it
topped the best-seller list.
a. Hardly; than c. No sooner; than
b. Not only; but also d. As long as; so
20. Tourists are allowed to stay in the country for three months... they’ve
got enough money to live on without taking a job.
a. whereas b. provided that c. eventhough d. therefore
2. Прочитайте предложения. В некоторых из них содержатся
ошибки. Найдите и исправьте их:
1. The fans were kept apart so as trouble could be avoided.
2. Despite of the fact that I live very close to work, I prefer to drive
there.
3. You talk as if you are doing me a favour by asking me out.
4. Let’s buy the tickets in advance if there aren’t any left at the end of
the week.
5. He managed to avoid serious injury due of his decision to give up
professional sport.
6. The clouds looked though they were coming up from the earth to the
sky.
7. You can get compensated when your flight was cancelled for bad
weather.
8. I’ve made some sandwiches in order we can have a snack on
the way.
9. Even so Annie tried to break the world record several times, she only
came close once.
10. Avoid playing music so loud that your neighbours can hear it.
171
11. Don’t forget to arrange health insurance in the case you need treat-
ment while you’re abroad.
12. I’m happy that English isn’t my first language because otherwise I
would have missed the opportunity to learn the finest language in rhe
world.
13. If you feel unwell, you should take time off work in order that to
recover.
14. It is good to brush your teeth after you have a meal, but unless you
can’t, chewing stigarless gum is an alternative.
15. The airline only allows 20 kilos of baggage per person, so you should
pack your bags carefully so as to not exceed the limit.
16. Her 14-year old son has startling intelligence, despite he wastes
plenty of time playing computer games.
17. Even if you have lots of money, but are in debt, your situation won’t
change until you learn to live within your means.
18. Roland won’t get the job so he doesn’t have enough qualifications.
And besides, he can’t speak any foreign language.
19. In addition your password, you enter a One Time Pin (OTP) that’s
unique for each login. Thus, these two factors give you stronger ac-
count security.
20. Since stress is the opposite of sleep, there is no use in going to bed
if the brain is still wound up due to working late or because of a late
night’s exercise.
3. Заполните пропуски в каждом тексте только одним словом,
подходящим по смыслу:
А.
It was winter morning, (I)... I woke up and saw that everything was
covered in snow. I was (2)... excited that, (3)... the cold weather, 1 de-
cided to go sledding. “Take your gloves with you in (4)... your hands get
cold”, Mum warned me. And Daddy added, “ Don’t wear a scarf, (5)...
it can get caught in the sled”. 1 put on my warmest clothes in (6)... not
to upset my parents and ran outside.
B.
(1) ... the fact that I especially liked art classes at school, I chose
to study chemistry at university so (2) ... to make a career in science.
I did not (3)... succeed in my studies, but 1 (4)... found a job in a phar-
maceutical laboratory which I found (5) ... challenging and rewarding.
It looked (6) ... if all my dreams had come true. (7) ... so, 1 was not
completely happy (8)... of my dream of being an artist. And (9)... mat-
ter how hard I tried, I couldn’t get the idea out of my head. After work,
172
I would go home and paint, and 1 spent most of my weekends painting
as (10)....
C.
~ Sorry, I’m late, Rachel. I was stopped by the police!
~ Not again! You were driving fast in (1)... to get here on time, weren’t
you?
~ Not exactly. As (2) ... as I arrived at the petrol station, 1 saw a driver
drop his wallet. I wanted to give it back to him, (3)... I followed his
car. I was speeding so (4) ... to overtake him. And (5) ... behind me
I saw a police car which was flashing its lights so (6)... I stopped.
~ What for?
- They explained that one of my back lights wasn’t working and that’s
(7)... they were following me.
~ Did you manage to catch that driver (8)... a result?
~ No, 1 didn’t, (9)... the police stopped me (10)... I could catch him.
D.
Tattoos are becoming more and more trendy nowadays. In (1)... of
the pain that is caused by a needle, millions of people have their bodies
decorated with ink. In part, this is (2)... they are being worn by celebri-
ties, athletes, and people within the fashion industry. Many of today’s
young people get tattoos in (3)... to express their individuality. (4)... to
this increasing demand, tattoo studios have appeared practically every-
where.
(5) ... people tend to think of it as a modern practice, there is evi-
dence that tattoos were worn in Siberia as (6)... as in Ancient Egypt over
4,000 years ago. It is commonly believed that tattooing first appeared
in Japan 10,000 years ago. (7) ... so, Europeans took an interest only
in the late 18th century owing (8)... Captain James Cook who first saw
tattooed people on the island of Tahiti. Because (9)... that, the English
word comes from the Tahitian word tatau. Ever (10)... then, sailors have
had tattoos done as a reminder of their achievements and of the impor-
tant places they visited.
173
ИМЯ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ
Задания на проверку имен числительных можно встретить либо
в заданиях на выбор из нескольких предложенных вариантов отве-
та, либо на нахождение ошибки в подчеркнутом фрагменте. Для вы-
полнения этих заданий вам понадобятся следующие правила:
1. Числительные dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion употре-
бляются в форме единственного числа при наличии цифры перед
ними: three hundred metres, twenty-five billion dollars, a few thousand years.
При отсутствии цифры данные числительные употребляют-
ся в форме множественного числа и сочетаются с предлогом of:
dozens of books, millions ofpeople.
2. При указании на номер упражнения, страницы, дома,
квартиры, автобуса и т.п. цифра ставится после существительно-
го. Обратите внимание, что артикль перед существительным не
употребляется: Open your books at _page 5. Passengers should proceed
to Gate Four.
В некоторых случаях возможно употребление порядкового
числительного, которое ставится перед существительным и упо-
требляется с определенным артиклем the: Will you read out the se-
cond sentence ? My son is in the sixth grade.
3. Числительные twenties, thirties, forties, nineties и т. п. употре-
бляются для обозначения десятка: thirties (= 30s) — числа от 30 до
39; nineties (- 90s) - числа от 90 до 99. Такие числительные могут
употребляться для обозначения:
— возраста: Не was in his (early, mid, late) sixties. Сравните: He
was over (under) sixty. Возраст от 13 до 19 лет обозначается суще-
ствительным teens: She is in her teens.
— температуры: The temperature is in the (low, mid, high) twenties.
— десятилетия: They met in the 1980s (the nineteen eighties).
4. Количественные числительные в сочетании с существитель-
ными, обозначающими время либо расстояние и отвечающими на
вопрос какой?, имеют два способа образования:
I. цифра + существительное в притяжательном падеже: ten
minutes’ break, an hour’s delay, two kilometres’ walk;
2. цифра + дефис + существительное в общем падеже и в един-
ственном числе: a ten-minute break, a one-hour delay, a two-kilometre walk.
Словосочетания, не обозначающие время либо расстояние,
образуют подобные сочетания с числительным только 2 спосо-
бом: a three-page document, a seven-year-old girl, a five-storey building.
174
1. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
I. Noise pollution has doubled every ten years since the ....
a. eighty c. eightieth
b. eighties d. eighty’s
2. English is the native language for... speakers worldwide.
a. million c. millions of
b. million of d. millions
3. Generally, you are not charged for... parking.
a. 15-minute c. 15-minutes
b. 15 minutes d. 15 minute’s
4. See ... for additional instructionsand directions.
a. 103th page c. page 103
b. the 103nd page d. the page 103
5. Tea as well as coffee has been a popular beverage for... years.
a. thousands c. a thousand of
b. thousands of d. thousand
6. Murielle must be in her late ... by now.
a. fortieth c. fourty
b. forties d. forty’s
7. New York offered to pay homeless ... worth of rent if they leave the
city.
a. a year’s c. one year
b. a one year d. a years’
8. By the time we arrived at the station,... o’clock bus had already left.
a. nine c. the ninth
b. ninth d. the nine
9. A loyal friend is worth more than ... relatives.
a. ten thousands c. ten thousands of
b. ten thousand of d. ten thousand
10. We’re planning to leave on the ... this month.
a. thirty c. thirtieth
b. thirties d. thirty’s
11. ... homes were destroyed because of the fast moving flames in
northern California.
a. A dozen of c. Dozen
b. Dozens of d. Dozens
12. The shortest way to get to the railway station is by ....
a. bus four c. fourth bus
b. the bus four d. the bus fourth
175
13. The ... Olympic Winter Games are scheduled to take place in Milan
in 2026.
a. twenty-five c. twenty-fifth
b. twentieth-five d. twentieth-fiveth
14. Professor Forth’s ... intensive course on business etiquette is an
absolute necessity.
a. two-week c. two-week’s
b. two week’s d. two-weeks’
15. Last Friday my grandad celebrated his... birthday.
a. sixty c. sixty’s
b. sixties d. sixtieth
16. In the early..., there was an obvious improvement in the economies
of most developing countries.
a. ninetieth c. nineteens
b. nineties d. nineteenth
17. The organisation is looking for volunteers to complete... course next
month.
a. three months’ c. three month’s
b. three-months d. three-month’s
18. Greta Thunberg, an ... Swedish environmental activist, has become
the face of the youth climate movement.
a. 18-year-old c. 18-years-old
b. 18-year’sold d. 18th-year-old
19. Netflix’s current golden boy, Ryan Reynolds made more than twenty
... on Six Underground and Red Notice.
a. millions dollars c. million dollar
b. millions dollar d. million dollars
20. The US size category “S” means ‘small’ and corresponds to....
a. size 36 c. 36th size
b. 36 size d. the 36 size
2. Прочитайте предложения. В некоторых из них содержатся
ошибки. Найдите и исправьте их:
1. Just think, in a year’s time, you’ll be a first-year student of some
university.
2. Even in her mid fiftieth, Eliza is still a very attractive woman.
3. Graffiti, also called spray can art, appeared in Chicago in the 1980th.
4. I pay four hundreds dollars a month rent for a two-bedroomed
apartment.
5. Open your books and turn to the page 67 to complete exercise 19.
6. In summer temperatures here are usually in the high twenty’s.
7. Every fourth year of 366 days is called a leap year.
176
8. Mr Sandler retired after a 40-year’s career in law.
9. Pirates ofthe nineteen century believed that black cats bring different
types of luck.
10. Lord Byron published two volumes of poetry in his tens.
11. Paraphrase sentence two so that it has the same meaning as the first
sentence.
12. The fine was more than two hundreds and fifty rubles.
13. Mariam’s life took a major turn when she was in her thirty.
14. What’s the point in using the four-hour’s delay button on a
dishwasher9
15. I’ve warned you a dozen of times not to sign any documents without
reading.
16. The malicious application had over a million downloads.
17. There’re obvious differences between a one-star and a five-stars
hotel.
18. My grandparents’ fourtieth wedding anniversary is a little over three
months away.
19. These days we are in the third decade of the twenty-first century.
20. Primary 3B pupilsare in room the 16th and their class teacher is Mrs
Gini.
21. The British Library has around 25 millions of books, more than any
other library.
22. Prince Harry had to wait until his thirties birthday before he could
take control of his money.
23. My son has fallen in love with an 18-years-old girl and they are
getting married on the ninth of June.
24. In the late ninety, 60 per cent of women in Belarus were married
before their 30th birthday.
25. We offer a 24-hour room service to keep you nourished at any time
of the day.
26. Two of my friends, both in their twenties, went on a two-weeks
holiday to Thailand.
27. When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry, show life that you have
thousands reasons to smile.
28. The twenty-tens is a decade beginning on I January 2010 and ending
on 31 December 2019.
29. Teenagers watch hundreds millions of videos a day on YouTube and
upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily.
30. We may live for a hundred years, but not one moment of these
hundred years can be returned, not even if we are prepared to pay
millions of dollars.
177
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Неличные формы глагола не имеют лица, числа, времени
и наклонения. К неличным формам глагола относятся: инфини-
тив, причастия I и II и герундий. Согласно спецификации теста
по английскому языку для проведения централизованного тести-
рования в 2021 году, в заданиях централизованного тестирования
могут встретиться:
- инфинитив с частицей и без частицы to;
- герундий после глаголов to enjoy, can’t stand, to mind, to finish,
to start, to remember, to stop, to regret, to like, to love, to hate, to be
good at, to be interested in;
- герундий после глаголов с предлогами;
- сложное подлежащее после глаголов to say, to know, to believe,
to think, to consider, to expect;
- сложное дополнение после глаголов to see, to hear, to feel, to
want, (would) like, to let, to make.
В тестировании знание вышеперечисленных правил проверя-
ется в заданиях на выбор из предложенных вариантов ответа либо
на нахождение ошибки в подчеркнутом фрагменте.
ИНФИНИТИВ
1) без частицы ТО
- после модальных глаголов (кроме have to, ought to) i can _hetp you with the bags. Ho: You’ll have to wait a little.
- после глаголов чувственного восприятия (see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe) i noticed her Jeave the office. Ho: She was seen to cheat in the exam.
- после глаголов let и make Mother made me _ctean my room. Но: / mb made to apologize.
- после had better, would rather You had be tter _stay inside.
- после Why (not) Why not _go for a walk ?
2) Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) (подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + инфинитив)
- форма местоимений: me, you, him. her, us, them 1 saw him _cross the street. What makes her Jhink so ? She asked me to wash up. 1 would like you to come another day.
- инфинитив без частицы to толь- ко после глаголов see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, let и make
178
— с причастием I (длительное действие) i saw him crossing the street.
3) Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) (подлежащее + сказуемое + инфинитив)
- сказуемое в пассивном залоге: is said, is known, is expected и т.п. He is supposed to arrive any moment. They are reported to have recovered from COT!D-19.
- сказуемое в активном залоге: seem, appear, turn out, prove, happen She turns out to know English well. They seem to be studying now.
— сказуемое: is (un)likely, is sure, is certain ft is unlikely to rain.
4) Инфинитив с предлогом FOR (For-To Infinitive) (подлежащее + сказуемое + FOR + дополнение + инфинитив)
He opened the doorfor me to enter. It is easy for you to say so. ft's lime for you to sell that old car. Гт waiting for him to text me back.
Формы инфинитива
Инфинитив Действ, залог Страд, залог Примеры
Indefinite одновре- менное или будущее действие to write to be written I am proud to study at this school. She asked me not to forget to lock the door. He doesn't like to be asked ques- tions.
Continuous одновремен- ное длитель- ное действие to be writing — He pretended to be sleeping. He seems to be reading my mind. The children are likely to be watching cartoons.
Perfect предше- ствующее действие to have written to have been written 1 am glad to have helped you. He is said to have won the com- petition. The parcel must have been sent to the wrong address.
Perfect Continuous предше- ствующее длительное действие to have been writing — You must have been waiting for hours! It seems to have been raining forever. She appeared to have been crying.
179
ПРИЧАСТИЯ
Формы причастий
Причастия Действ, залог Страд, залог
& S Indefinite одновременное действие building — строящий, строя being built — строящийся
S. Perfect предшествующее действие having built — построив having been built — построенный
Причастие II прошедшее пассивное действие built — построенный
Причастие I (-ing) (-yip, -ют, -aut, -ящ) Причастие II (-ed) (-ни, -m)
существительное выполняет действие flying plane — летящий самолет dancing girl — танцующая девушка законченное пассивное действие written letter — написанное письмо broken vase — разбитая ваза
вещи ing-овые (качества) shocking news - шокируюшие новости The trip is tiring. - Поездка утомительная. The book is boring. — Книга скучная. люди ed-овые (чувства) shocked people - шокированные люди I am tired. — Я устал. 1fee!bored. — Мне скучно.
Причастие I Причастие II
alarming - тревожащий alarmed - встревоженный
amazing — изумительный amazed — изу мле н н ы й
amusing — забавный amused — довольный
annoying — раздражающий annoyed - раздраженный
astonishing — изумляющий astonished — изумленный
boring - вызывающий скуку bored - унылый, скучающий
calling— зовущий called — называемый
charming - очаровательный charmed - очарованный
complicating - усложняющий complicated- сложный, запутанный
confusing - сбивающий с толку confused - растерянный
convincing - убедительный convinced - убежденный
depressing - гнетущий depressed - угнетенный
disappointing - разочаровывающий disappointed - разочарованный
discouraging - удручающий discouraged - удрученный
disgusting — отвратительный disgusted— чувствующий отвращение
embarrassing — смущающий embarrassed — смущенный
endangering — угрожающий endangered — находящийся в опасности
180
Причастие I Причастие II
exciting — захватывающий excited - взволнованный
exhausting - изнуряющий exhausted - изнуренный
fascinating — очаровательный fascinated — очарованный
frightening — пугающий frightened — испуганный
horrifying — ужасающий horrified — напуганный
injuring — травмирующий injured— раненый
interesting — интересный interested — заинтересованный
irritating - раздражающий irritated - раздраженный
pleasing — приятный pleased - довольный
relaxing— расслабляющий relaxed - расслабленный
scaring — пугающий scared — напуганный
shocking - шокирующий shocked - шокированный
surprising— удивительный surprised — удивленный
surrounding - окружающий surrounded - окруженный
terrifying — пугающий terrified — испуганный
tiring — утомительный tired— уставший
worrying - беспокоящий worried — обеспокоенный
ГЕРУНДИЙ
Герундий — это форма глагола, обозначающая название дей-
ствия. Соответствующей формы в русском языке нет. Герундий
употребляется после предлогов, а также после некоторых глаго-
лов и словосочетаний.
to admit (to) to involve can’t help
to avoid to mention it looks like
to delay to mind H’s no good
to deny to miss it’s no use
to discuss to object to H’s worth
to dislike to postpone there is no point (in)
to enjoy to practise to be accustomed to
to fancy to prevent to be addicted to
to fee! like to propose to be used to
to finish to resist to get used to
to imagine to risk to have difficulty (in)
to include to suggest to look forward to
Например:
lam afraid of flying.
All cats enjoy lying in the sun.
181
I don’t feel like walking.
Do you mind my (me) opening the window?
We are looking forward to your coming.
Глаголы, после которых может использоваться
как инфинитив, так и герундий
Глаголы Случаи употребления Примеры
remember, forget, regret герундий предшествующее действие / remember locking the door. He regretted hurting her.
инфинитив одновременное действие Don ’I forget to lock the door. 1 forgo! to add sugar so the cake is not tasty. We regret to inform you that you are fired.
stop герундий прекратить вы- полнять действие He stopped smoking.
инфинитив остановиться, чтобы выполнить действие He stopped to smoke.
try герундий пробовать выполнить легкое действие Try ringing the doorbell.
инфинитив сделать попытку (часто безуспешно) Try to climb in the flat through the window.
advise, allow, permit, consider, encourage, forbid, recommend герундий при отсутствии дополнения He doesn’t allow smoking in his office.
инфинитив при наличии до- полнения He. doesn't allow anyone to smoke in his office.
в форме страда- тельного залога It isn’t allowed to smoke in the office.
be used to / get used to герундий привыкать 1 am used to getting up early.
used to инфинитив бывало, раньше 1 used to swim a lot in my childhood.
1. Прочитайте предложения. Выберите один из предложенных
вариантов ответа:
I. Don’t forget... to my channel to stay up to date.
a. to subscribing c. subscribe
b. subscribing d. to subscribe
182
2. I suggested ... the mall and everyone agreed.
a. visit c. visited
b. to visit d. visiting
3. My friend never lets... the movie we are going to see.
a. me picking c. my picking
b. me pick d. me to pick
4. Sometimes I say things and then don’t remember... them.
a. saying c. said
b. say d. to say
5. The pandemic forced ... a safe distance in public places.
a. our keep c. us kept
b. us to keep d. us keep
6. Walking the dog this morning, 1 saw... down the street.
a. they running c. them running
b. them to run d. they ran
7. We’re really looking forward... you again.
a. to seeing c. seeing
b.to see d. see
8. What caused ... late this morning?
a. you are c. you be
b. your to be d. you to be
9.1 overheard my colleagues... about me.
a. gossiped c. to gossiping
b. gossiping d. to gossip
10. On the last day of the trip, we stopped ... a look at the ancient Great
Wall of China.
a. to take c. taking
b. take d. took
11. Remember... the key at reception when you check out of the hotel
a. leave c. to leave
b. left d. leaving
12. Would you mind ... me an ice cream? I forgot my wallet.
a. about buying c. to buy
b. buy d. buying
13. We were furious that they made ... in the airport lounge all day.
a. we waited c. us wait
b. us to wait d. our waiting
14. I tried ... about you. I failed.
a. to stop to think
b. to stop thinking
c. stopping thinking
d. stopping to think
183
15. How many of you did a factory reset on a laptop but forgot... impor-
tant files on it?
a. to back up c. backed up
b. backing up d. back up
16. Clive doesn’t think he did anything wrong since no one noticed ....
a. he stole c. him stealing
b. his steal d. him to steal
17. Is it worth ... a holiday home to let it out when you’re not there?
a. buy c. to buy
b. buying d. bought
18. How come you didn’t remember... the babysitter? What shall we do
now?
a. called c. call
b. calling d. to call
19. Brad is going to be... today on one of the most popular radio stations.
a. interview c. to interview
b. interviewed d. interviewing
20. You should never stop... because life never stops....
a. learning; to teach c. to learn; to teach
b. to learn; teaching d. learning; teaching
2. Прочитайте предложения. В каждом из них найдите и исправь-
те ошибку в употреблении инфинитива, причастия либо герундия:
1. I would rather regret something 1 did than regret not to do something.
2. Teen boys are likely spend more than three hours a day gaming.
3. The firefighters managed rescuing several people from a burning
building.
4. Human rights activists are demanding better treatment for imprison
criminals.
5. I am really scaring about speaking in front of an audience.
6. Don’t forget to take care of your hair to make it to look healthy.
7. The rain forest homes of many species are disappearing at an alarmed
rate.
8. It is often impossible tell the difference between quality recycled and
virgin paper.
9. 1 feel really shocked about the news, but at the same time not very
surprising.
10. In boil large potatoes, it often happens that outside is soft, while
centre is underdone.
11. The police officer stopped check the vehicle and noticed a child
sleeping in the backseat.
12. There is something unusually calming about stark winter landscapes
and snow-covering hills.
184
13. Stop telling me what to do! Let me to make up my own mind.
14. Tickets purchased online have guaranteed entry while only a limiting
number of tickets will be available at the box office.
15. Applicants are required to submit detailed evidence to show they are
able to meet the requiring standards.
16. Freegal Music allows you download previously downloaded songs
again, without using up one of your weekly downloads.
17. In January Chinese authorities informed the WHO that they were
dealing with an outbreak caused by an unknowing virus.
18. Smiling is known to be a mood booster and even a forced smile can
reduce stress. So, don’t forget smiling!
19. The teacher encouraged Marcus to calm down, and let him to know
that if he didn’t, she would have to ask him to leave the classroom.
20. After a tired walk in the Lake District, we had a hearty meal prepared
by the chef using local ingredients.
21. For women the number one irritated habit in a partner is smoking,
while men dislike their significant other spending too much time on
their phone.
22. A brightly-lit Christmas tree, gifts spread under the tree, and a fire
crackled nearby — this is the typical holiday scene.
23. To protect yourself from a virus, never touch your face with unwash-
ing hands and try to avoid close contact with infected people.
24. Roulette is considered being the most fun game on earth. It’s thrill-
ing to play at the right time when the amounts appear to be coming
out right for you.
25. The unbelted driver got his car smashed up in an accident and was
transported to the nearest medical center with serious life-threat-
ened injuries.
26. If you are lazy and do not like working, CDK is the place for you.
The work is extremely bored and they claim it to be very challenging.
27. The application, calling Never Lost, is created for children and an-
swers some questions that a child may have when lost or found in an
emergency situation.
28. There’s nothing more annoyed than your cat deciding to use your
leather furniture as a scratching post.
29. If you are thinking of get a smartphone that is priced at a pocket-
friendly rate and is also equipped with a plethora of useful functions,
then you have landed on the right page.
30. The Hobbiton Movie Set in New Zealand is a location used for The
Lord of the Rings film trilogy. This fascinating place is worth visiting
even if you are not interesting in the Hobbits.
185
НАХОЖДЕНИЕ ОШИБКИ
В ПОДЧЕРКНУТЫХ ФРАГМЕНТАХ
В централизованном тестировании есть несколько заданий на
нахождение ошибок в подчеркнутых фрагментах. В каждом пред-
ложении подчеркнуто четыре или пять фрагментов. В одном из
них — ошибка. Нужно указать номер фрагмента с ошибкой. В та-
ких заданиях из года в год проверяется один и тот же набор пра-
вил. Зная эти правила, вы легко найдете ошибку.
1. Существительные (см. стр. 139-140, 142)
число существительных We were waving at passer-bys and they were waving back, (passers-by) Meghan Markle and Kate Middleton make the per- fect royal sister-in-laws, (sisters-in-law) It took two hours to be allowed through the custom. (customs) Please, accept this gift as an expression of our thank. (thanks) At that time, we were living on the outskirt of the city. (outskirts)
притяжательный падеж I was whistling a popular childrens’ song, (children’s) She’s made a delicious pizza to her mother’s-in-law recipe, (mother-in-law's) Bob’s and Nora’s honeymoon was an unforgettable experience. (Bob and Nora’s) Try to see this from someone’s else point of view. (someone else’s)
2. Согласование подлежащего и сказуемого в числе (см. стр. 140-141)
a number of 4- глагол в мн.ч. A great number of cookery books contains recipes for healthy meals, (contain) There was a number of strikes against the govern- ment’s reform, (were)
the number of + глагол в ед.ч. There have been several cases of measles and the number are rising, (is) The number of people working from home has grown considerably, (have)
majority / minority + глагол в мн.ч. Only a minority of people supports the new tax on fuel, (support) The majority of people, who diet, doesn’t do it right. (don’t)
186
people, police, clothes + глагол в мн.ч. The police thinks that more than one person was in the smashed car. (think) The clothes in this boutique is too expensive, (are)
money, news, advice + глагол в ед.ч. Rob asked if there were any other news about the ac- cident. (was) A lol of money have been spent on the renovation of the hotel, (has)
период времени / сумма денег / расстояние / вес / скорость + глагол в ед.ч. Three months are enough to learn to swim, (is) Two euros were a good tip for the waitress, (wax) Twenty kilos are quite a lot to carry around all day. (is)
3. Местоимения (см. стр. 147—152)
личные, притяжательные, возвратные I recommended a friend of me to try massage, (mine) The beach was full of people enjoying them in the sunshine, (themselves) He felt himself very happy as though he had won a million dollars, (felt)
it / there It's too much traffic on the roads. (There's) It’s no doubt that he will win the competition. (There’s) There’s impossible to have a normal conversation with you. (It’s) There took years to diagnose the disease. (It)
botli / either / neither / no / none None of the banks of the river has a sandy beach. (neither) There were two witnesses but the police didn’t trust both of them, (either) Either chair is any good, they are both too hard. (neither) There’s none point in cramming the night before the exam, (no)
what / which / who / that Wc listened to the band what was playing fantastic dance music, (which, that) That’s the man which house was burgled last week. (whose) We stayed at the hotel which rooms were luxuriously furnished, (whose) They ran out of petrol miles from anywhere, that was a real disaster, (which) You will never forget that you learn with pleasure. (what)
187
Продолжение
4. Числительные (см. стр. 174)
_bus 5 Turn to the page eight for more details, (page eight) Read the chapter two in your textbook, (chapter two)
dozen/hundred / thousand / million Five hundreds of people were killed in the explosion. (Five hundred people) She changes her mind dozens times before making a decision, (dozens of)
the nineties / the twentieth Michael was a successful businessman in the nine- tieth. (the nineties) In my mid-thirty 1 became the head of a language school, (mid-thirties) On I January 2019, the euro celebrated its twenty birthday, (twentieth)
a ten-minute break = ten minutes’ break Kate is attending a three-month’s driving course. (three-month) I work with 20-years-old students learning English. (20-year-old)
5. Союзы (см. стр. 168-170) Leave a note on his desk so as he will remember to phone the bank, (so that, in order that) He collected the documents so that to apply for a visa, (so as, in order) I got the job despite of the fact that I had little experi- ence with computers, (despile the fact) Although the rain, lots of people came to the open-air concert, (despite, in spite of) I woke up this morning feeling happy because of it was a sunny day. (because it was) Let’s wait until the rain won’t stop, (stops)
6. Сравнение прила- гательных и наречий (см. стр. 158—162) Travelling makes us much more happier than any ma- terial wealth does, (happier) I’m such glad to see you after so a longtime, (so glad; such a long time) It’s always raining! 1 really hate weather as this, (like)
7. Неличные формы глагола (см. стр. 178—182)
инфинитив без to I saw my granny to put salt in the sugar bowl, (put) No one can make me to tell a lie. (tell) It isn’t allowed smoke in the office, (to smoke)
причастия -ing / -ed I felt really shocking when 1 learnt about people who die from starvation, (shocked) The news about the train crash was rather worried. (worrying)
188
инфинитив — герундий I forgot switching off the lights when 1 left the house. (to switch) He regrets to leave school at the age of 15. (leaving) When 1 saw Linda in the street, 1 stopped talking to her. (to talk) I hope you don’t mind to wait a little longer, (wailing)
8. Согласование вре- мен (см. стр. 32—33) The coach told the team it was time they begin train- ing for the next match, (began)
9. Порядок слов в придаточном предложении (всегда прямой) Always wear clothes that reflect who are you. (you are) At the travel agency they know exactly when does the train leave, (when the train leaves)
10. Лексика (см. стр. 222,228, 231-232, 236, 240-241, 243, 246) Never lose your temper with children — it’ll only do things worse, (make) Could you borrow me some money till the end of the month? (lend) For this exercise, it is best to lay down or sit with both feet on the floor, (lie) It’s impossible to say the difference between the ori- ginal and the copy, (tel!) The campaign aims to rise awareness of the dangers of passive smoking, (raise)
Рекомендации по выполнению заданий
на нахождение ошибки
Секреты успеха!
Прочитайте предложение целиком и найдите в нем фрагмент,
связанный с вышеперечисленными правилами. Ваша основная
задача - держать в голове эти 10 правил для того, чтобы знать, что
искать!
Иногда в одном предложении встречается сразу несколько ти-
пичных фрагментов с возможной ошибкой. Например, в предло-
жении It has been an increase in the number of students who leave school
at the age of eighteen есть и фрагмент на употребление it - there (ду-
маю, что вы уже нашли в нем ошибку), и фрагмент с number, и с
местоимением who, и с числительным. Не спешите и внимательно
проверяйте каждый из фрагментов.
Выполняя задания на нахождение ошибки, вы заметите, что
они однотипные. Чем больше заданий вы проделаете, тем быстрее
и увереннее вы найдете фрагмент с ошибкой на тестировании.
Практика доводит выполнение подобных заданий до автоматизма.
189
В тренировочных заданиях старайтесь не только найти, но
и исправить ошибку. В разделе «Ответы» в конце учебника вы
найдете ответы к заданиям с указанием ошибочного фрагмента,
исправлением ошибки и указанием номера правила, которое вам
следует повторить.
Важно! На тестировании не теряйте время на исправление
ошибки! Вам нужно только указать номер фрагмента, в котором
допущена ошибка.
1. Прочитайте предложения. Укажите номер подчеркнутого
фрагмента, в котором допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее.
1. There’s (1) a great article and photo on (2) the page 35 (3) of today’s
newspaper (4)!
2. The police is looking (I) for the woman (2) who (3) used someone
else’s (4) credit card.
3. It’s (1) not the boss’ problem (2) if employees work (3) during their
lunch breaks (4).
4. You never know (1) what (2) you can do (3) unti 1 you won’t try (4).
5. Please feel yourself (1) free to contact me (2) if you need (3) any
further (4) information.
6. There’s (1) none mistake (2) so great (3) as t hat of being always right
£41-
7. Sam got in trouble (I) for doing fun (2) of his teacher (3) in a
YouTube video (4).
8. You will be surprising (1) at the number (2) of volunteers who (3) are
willing (4) to help you.
9. I don’t mind (1) to wait (2) another two weeks (3) to have my order
delivered (4).
10. Don’t speak (1) if you don’t know (2) that (3) you are talking (4)
about.
11. The passer-bys (1) stood around like (2) silent witnesses and did (3)
absolutely nothing (4).
12. Money won’t make me (I) more happier (2). That’s what (3) friends
and nature are for (4).
13. Do you want to know (I) what (2) is it (3) like (4) to live in China?
14. It’s (I) only one way to succeed (2): work hard (3) and do everything
right (4).
15. Nicotine is extremely habit-forming (I), that is why (2) people find
(3) smoking such difficult (4) to quit.
16. Change canbefrightened(l) because of (2) the unknown but almost
always (3) change provides (4) opportunities.
190
17. I need your advice (1) on how to go (2) through custom (3) and
passport control (4) in the airport.
18. Todays' (I) teenagers are the first generation (2) whose lives (3) are
saturated (4) by mobile technology and social media.
19. When I asked him (I) what he was doing (2) there, he said me (3) it
was none (4) of my business.
20. It's (1) estimated that there are (2) nearly 2.5 millions (3) couples
getting married in the United States each year (4).
2. Прочитайте предложения. Укажите номер подчеркнутого
фрагмента, в котором допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее.
I. You shouldn’t let (1) other peoples’ (2) opinions influence (3) what
you do (4) in life.
2. Hundreds of (1) millions of (2) I ndians cannot afford themselves (3)
a healthy diet (4).
3. Any (1) donation, large or small, will do a difference (2) to those
who (3) have lost so much (4).
4. There are (I) many theories (2) about how (3) was life formed (4) on
Earth.
5. I feel (I) a close (2) and special friendship with all my (3) sister-in-
laws (4).
6. When are you going (1) to pay me (2) back the money (3) I borrowed
you (4)?
7. Instagram is the second (I) most logging in (2) social media site (3)
for daily use (4) after Facebook.
8. The majority (I) of bees doesn’t form (2) complex colonies with di-
visions of labour (3), like (4) honey bees.
9. One day someone will hug you (1) so tight (2) that all of you (3) bro-
ken pieces will fit (4) back together.
10. An electric vehicle doesn’t need (1) fuel, what (2) means that run-
ning costs are (3) usually a lot cheaper (4).
II. In the nineteen century (1) about 70 million (2) people left Europe
(3) and migrated to the United States (4).
12. The interviewer wanted to know (1) why (2) had 1 decided (3) to join
their (4) company.
13. Once news (1) are released (2) by one source, it spreads (3) rapidly
often without fact-checking (4) and editing.
14. Shopping online can save (1) you (2) serious cash on your purchases
(3) especially when it’s a sale (4) on.
15. All eyes (I) turned to Mr Elwee - his vote (2) would break the tie,
but to everyones’ surprise (3), he refused to vote (4).
191
16. An increasing number (I) of patients seems (2) to be dissatisfied with
(3) conventional medicine and turn to (4) alternative therapies.
17. I don’t know what (I) to do (2) at the moment because of (3)
I am wondering what is the best plan (4) to follow.
18. Wikipedia is a well-known (1) example of a website (2) which (3)
content developed entirely (4) through crowdsourcing.
19. Police say (1) that a dark-haired woman, in her mid-fifty (2), was hit
by a car (3) at about 6 p.m. on Saturday (4).
20. Sophie cares only about hers (1>, and fashion is one of the few other
things (2) that (3) she is concerned about (4).
3. Прочитайте предложения. Укажите номер подчеркнутого
фрагмента, в котором допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее.
1. Money do not buy (I) happiness but it’s (2) more comfortable (3) to
cry in a BMW than (4) on a bicycle (5).
2. We are so (1) addicted (2) to our mobile devices (3) than (4) we even
take them (5) to the toilet.
3. When I first went on Facebook (1) I felt me (2) uncomfortable about
my parents (3) seeing what (4) I posted (5).
4. Varix refused to say < 1) where was he (2), but we knew he had stopped
(3) showing up (4) for work (5).
5. Studies have shown that people who (I) make their bed (2) each
morning (3) are more livelier (4) than those who don’t (5).
6. Hands-me-down (1) are things that (2) have been already used (3)
or previously owned (4) by somebody else (5).
7. The biggest risk you can take (1) is to do (2) no at all (3), when you
know there’s (4) something you need to do (5).
8. Teeth really need to last (1) your entire life, which (2) makes it (3)
imperative that you make good care (4) of them (5).
9. I realized that I had forgotten (1) packing (2) my hair brush, so (3)
we stopped to get (4) one (5) on the way to the airport.
10. He stepped onto the stairs (I) leading (2) to his (3) upstairs apart-
ment and saw a man which (4) was covered (5) in blood.
11. Tears filled her (1) eyes as she saw me {2), and 1 wondered if (3) had
I chosen (4) a bad time (5) to come.
12. I was so (I) disappointing (2) that the package was damaged (3) and
a few (4) parts were missing (5).
13. It is (1) no secret (2) that there is (3) a number of teenagers who (4)
experiment (5) with e-cigarettes.
14. Bulgaria’s (1) summer 2020 tourist season (2) lost close to (3)
a billion euros (4) because (5) the Covid-19 pandemic.
192
15. According to (I) recent researches (2), three percent of children are
not living (3) with either of (4) their (5) parents.
16. Parent's meetings (1) provide an opportunity (2) for parents (3) to
discuss (4) the academic progress of their children (5).
17. My five-years-old (1) brother has become very demanding (2). He
wants to get his own way (3) and get everything (4) first (5).
18. Among all workers (1), 40 % believe the lockdowns made (2) more
harm (3) than good (4) while (5) 53 % disagree.
19. No one can (I) avoid to make (2) mistakes — and since (3) it’s going
to happen in any case (4), we must accept it (5) and learn from it.
20. In spite of (1) lying (2) on the beach all day is sometimes all we want,
enjoying (3) the surroundings is (4) a great pastime too (5).
4. Прочитайте предложения. Укажите номер подчеркнутого
фрагмента, в котором допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее.
1. The Great Wall of China is the longest (1) wall in the world what (2)
draws in (3) more than 10 million (4) visitors a year (5).
2. Ami is back to work {1) and is feeling (2) much more better (3) after
keeping unwell (4) for the past few days (5).
3. What will you be (1) missing {2) most (3) when are you (4) away
from (5) home?
4. Despite (1) starting a vlog channel seems like (2) a simple and easy
task, there is (3) a lot more to it (4) than (5) meets the eye.
5. London is the only (1) British city where (2) there (3) is less expen-
sive (4) to rent an apartment than buy one (5).
6. Someone (1) posted a joke on the Internet (2), which (3) reads (4)
“A journey of a thousand of (5) sites begins with a single click”.
7. You need to be 14 years old (1) to make research (2) at the US Na-
tional Archives, unless (3) you are accompanied (4) by a parent (5).
8. Olga was sure that Nick had given up smoking (1), so (2) she got
amazed (3) when he stopped smoking (4) as they left (5) the office
building.
9. The company announced (I) another (2) meeting which (3) will
have place (4) on the fourteenth (5) of October.
10. By wearing (1) clothes (2) that suits (3) your lifestyle, you may find
it (4) a bit easier (5) to navigate your life.
11. English can be a really confused (1) language for (2) there are (3)
words that seem to puzzle (4) even native speakers (5).
12. Here аге (I) some great advice (2) for those who spend (3) a lot of
time on a computer, whether by choice or due to their job (4), to
ensure they can stay healthy (5).
193
13. None of (1) my Instagram accounts received (2) a single like or
comment, despite (3) their (4) hundreds (5) fresh followers.
14. Some people (1) forget switching off (2) their mobiles (3) when they
go for an interview (4) and they panic when they suddenly get a call
(5) during the talk.
15 .1 was exhausted (1) after a long day at work and didn’t feel like cook-
ing (2) so since (3) it was such good (4) last time 1 decided to order
(5) a pizza.
16. Seven minutes are (I) a little (2) walk to the metro station and
I take it (3) twice a day (4), five times a week (5).
17. You should stop eating (I) when you are no any longer (2) hungry
given that you allow yourself (3) to eat (4) whenever you feel hungry
(5) again.
18. When sending a letter or e-mail, include your (I) telephone num-
ber so as (2) we can contact you (3) in case (4) more information is
needed (5).
19. There are (1) a number of ways (2) to use tech to help kids learn (3),
explore theirs (4) interests and get creative, says an observer (5).
20. Lara’s and Vicky’s (I) shop, which (2) was founded (3) in the year
2018 (4), specialises in children’s clothes (5).
5. В каждом предложении найдите и исправьте ошибку.
1. Don’t you know the reason why are there so many police officers
surrounding this house?
2. Robotics is both an excited hobby and great preparation for anyone
who wants to make a career in IT.
3. One of the most important lessons that parents can teach their chil-
dren is how to take care of theirselves.
4. There is such much information on the Internet that it can some-
times feel like looking fora needle in a haystack.
5. To get to the main railway station from the airport, take the bus 61 or
the shuttle with the same number, the last stop is yours.
6. She lay her head on my shoulder and without any words asked me to
hug her and make her feel safe.
7. Note that attending the course does not guarantee passing the exam.
A complete list of courses including dates and locations are on our
website.
8. The Council says two new blocks of flats should be built in the area
although not having enough car parking.
9. Do you agree that knowing one’s another strengths and weaknesses
helps make a team stronger and more productive?
194
10. There are no evidence that online homework is more beneficial than
traditional pen and paper homework.
11. I hope that someone will give me a hand with these bags — there's no
way I’ll make it to the fifth floor by my own!
12. When you know exactly what you want and then do your best to
achieve it, it’s a greater chance of success.
13. With each smile 15 facial muscles work together, which improves the
blood circulation in your face and makes you look more young.
14. The European Union must take action now in order that save the
livelihoods of millions of people who depend on the tourism sector.
15. There’s not easy to stop smoking. It can be difficult to give up any
habit, but tobacco is especially challenging to quit.
16. In the late eighty, Microsoft offered Britannica to work on develop-
ing a version of Britannica’s Encyclopedia for PCs. Britannica re-
fused.
17. The euro is the single currency shared by 19ofthe European Union’s
Member States, what together make up the euro area.
18. Despite the removal from the Google Play Store in August 2020,
users are able download Fortnite from other app stores like Epic
Games app.
19. FC Barcelona’s Lionel Messi said, “When I was a kid, my friends
would call me to go out with their but I would stay at home because
I had practice the next day.”
20. Chronic insomnia affects nearly 20 percent of teenagers and grow-
ing use of digital devices before bed - and in bed - is doing matters
worse.
195
СЛОВОУПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
В задании на употребление лексических единиц (словоупотре-
бление) нужно заполнить пропуски в тексте, выбрав одно из пред-
ложенных слов. В данном задании проверяется ваш словарный
запас: знание оттенков значений слов, грамматических и лекси-
ческих синонимов, омонимов, устойчивых выражений, фразеоло-
гизмов, сочетаний с предлогами, фразовых глаголов и т. п.
В спецификации теста по учебному предмету «Иностранный
язык (английский)» для проведения централизованного тести-
рования в 2021 году, в разделе «Языковой материал для продук-
тивного владения» (т.е. активного употребления, использования в
речи), указано, что задания вступительных испытаний предусма-
тривают активное владение 1970 лексическими единицами. Наря-
ду с владением активным лексическим минимумом необходимо
узнавать и понимать при чтении не менее 1310 слов. В предлагае-
мых ниже таблицах содержится около 2500 слов, знание которых
поможет вам с легкостью выполнить любое задание.
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
Основное слово Схожие слова
ability — способность, возможность (делать что-л.) skill, capability, qualification, disability, probability, possibility
access (to/for) - доступ (к / для) right, admission, entry, entrance, permission, intrusion
accident — авария; несчастный слу- чай; катастрофа disaster, catastrophe, incident, emergency, trouble
accommodation - жилье, помещение apartment, residence, habitation
addiction (to) — зависимость, вредная привычка habit, desire
advertisement (for) — реклама announcement, commercial, trailer, promotion, billboard, poster, flyer, ban- ner, spam
advice (on/about) - совет (неисчисл.) tip, suggestion, recommendation
aid — помощь help, assistance, support, benefit
aim (of) — намерение, цель intention, purpose, goal, objective, target, ambition, challenge
196
Основное слово Схожие слова
ambition - стремление, цель desire, intention, purpose, aim, goal, objective, target, challenge
amount of (+ неисчисл. сущ.) - количество quantity, number, volume
anxiety (about/over) - беспокой- ство, тревога (из-за) worry, concern, alarm, distress
application (for/from) — заявление; приложение; (практическое) при- менение request, appeal, demand; software; use, consumption
appointment — деловая встреча; прием (у врача); назначение (на должность) meeting, encounter, gathering, date, arrangement, engagement
approach (to/of) - подход (к); приближение (чего-л.) way, method; movement; arrival
argument — аргумент; спор row, quarrel, dispute, battle, disagree- ment, discord
arrangement (Kith /between) - договоренность arrangements (for) - приготовления (к) agreement, engagement; preparations
attempt — попытка effort, try
attention — внимание caution, notice, care
attitude (to) — отношение (к) behaviour, feeling, opinion, spirit, judgement, outlook, treatment
bargain - выгодная покупка; сделка purchase, acquisition, sale, discount; agreement
behaviour (fan. behavior) — поведение conduct, manner, way
benefit — польза; пособие advantage, aid, bonus, reward
brain - мозг mind, intellect, intelligence
career - карьера; профессия occupation, employment, position
carrier - переносчик (болезни); перевозчик delivery,freight
case — дело, ситуация, случай in most cases — в большинстве случаев example, situation, occasion
cause (of) — причина (чего-л.) (death, fire, accident) cause (for) - повод, основание (для) (alarm, concern, optimism) reason, motive
197
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
challenge - испытание, сложная задача, проблема ambition, intention, competition, pursuit, task, trial
change — изменение; сдача; мелкие деньги banknote, coin, token, cash, penny, currency; exchange
charge (for) — плата (за); ответственность; обвинение; заряд free of charge — бесплатный in charge (of) — ответственный (за) price, cost; responsibility; electricity
choice - выбор a matter of choice — вопрос выбора selection, election, option, alternative, variant, variety
circumstance — обстоятельство condition, situation, case
clue — ключ (к разгадке, решению) key, answer, solution, way out
coin - монета token, penny, banknote, change, cash, currency
coincidence — совпадение occasion, occurrence
commute — (ежедневная) поездка (to work, school) trip, drive, ride, journey
competitor - соперник, конкурент opponent, rival, contestant, participant
complaint— жалоба discontent, dissatisfaction, protest, annoyance
concern — беспокойство; забота worry, anxiety, alarm, distress, panic, tension
conclusion — заключение, вывод decision, opinion, resolution
consequence - (последствие, результат result, outcome, effect
consumer — потребитель user, buyer, customer
cost — стоимость costs - расходы charge, value, fee, fare, payment
courage — смелость bravery, heroism
custom — обычай, традиция habit, tradition, trend, rule, routine
customer - покупатель, клиент buyer, client, purchaser, shopper, visitor, guest; host
damage — вред, повреждение to do / cause damage to sth — причи- нять вред чему-л. injury, harm, break, destruction, ruin, mess, hurt, wound
198
Основное слово Схожие слова
debl — долг bill, loan
definition (of) - определение meaning, description, explanation
degree — степень to some degree — в некоторой степени to get a degree (in) - получить диплом (по) size, level, measure, extent, rate, scale
delivery - доставка courier, deliveryman, carrier, transfer, messenger
desire - желание ambition, intention
destination - место назначения site, location, area, spot, station
discount — скидка reduction, sale, special (offer), bargain; account
discovery — открытие invention, study, finding, development, breakthrough
disease (of) - болезнь to catch a disease — заболеть illness, sickness, weakness, Infection, trouble, disorder
disorder- расстройство (болезнь); беспорядок illness, disease, sickness, trouble; mess
drawback — недостаток disadvantage, fault, downside, weakness
effort — усилие, попытка attempt, try
election - выборы selection, choice, option
employee - работник worker, subordinate, colleague, staff, personnel, crew, workforce
employer — наниматель, работодатель boss, chief, head, master, leader, chairman, authority, official, senior, supervisor
employment — занятость unemployment — безработица job, work, occupation, career, labour
encounter (with / between) - случайная встреча meeting, date, appointment
entertainment — развлечение fun, enjoyment, pleasure
error— ошибка mistake, fault, flaw, bug, inaccuracy
event-событие, мероприятие occasion, case, incident
199
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
exception (to) — исключение (из) with the exception of— за исключе- нием чего-л. distinction; expectation
expectation - ожидание dream, desire, intention
expenses - расходы at sb's expense — за чей-то счет money, costs
experience (of/ in / with) — опыт; случай; впечатление skill, competence, qualification, expertise, event, adventure
expertise (in) — опыт, мастерство, квалификация skill, competence, experience, qualification, ability
explanation (of/for) — объяснение reason, definition, description, interpretation
extent - степень to a certain extent — в определенной степени size, degree, level, measure, scale
fare — плата за проезд payment, fee, toil, price, cost
fault - дефект, недостаток; вина disadvantage, drawback, flaw, weakness, blame
favour- услуга, одолжение; поддержка, одобрение in favour of — в поддержку, в пользу, за assistance, service; help, support
feature — особенность, черта, свойство quality, characteristic, aspect
fee - плата; взнос; гонорар payment, fare, price, cost, toll, tip
feeling - ощущение, чувство, эмоция emotion, thoughts, opinion, sense
fine - штраф punishment, charge, payment, ticket, fee, fare
footway = sideway — тротуар pavement, way, road, street, path, lane, motorway
fortune - состояние (имущество, деньги); судьба; удача state, wealth;fate, luck, chance
gift — подарок present, award, reward, prize, bonus, tip, donation, favour
goal- задача, цель; гол aim, purpose, objective, target
200
Основное слово Схожие слова
grade - отметка; класс (в школе); уровень mark, year, level
guest — гость visitor, client, customer; host
habit - привычка custom, routine, addiction
heading - заглавие, заголовок headline, title, name
headline - газетный заголовок heading, title, name
holiday — каникулы, отпуск vacation
human being — человек man, person, human, citizen, resident, inhabitant; alien
hurt — душевная боль injury, wound, harm, damage
illness - болезнь, заболевание disease, sickness, weakness, trouble, disorder, infection
impact (of/ on) - воздействие; влияние (чего-л. / на) effect, influence, outcome
incident — инцидент, происшествие case, occasion, accident
income — доход, заработок salary, wages, living
increase (in) — увеличение, рост on the increase — в процессе роста rise, growth, spread, expansion, extension; decrease
injury (to) — рана, травма (чего-л.) trauma, harm, hurt, damage, pain, bite, wound, bruise, scrape, sprain
instance - пример, случай for instance - например example, sample
intention (of/to do) - намерение desire, purpose, ambition
invention — изобретение discovery, study, finding, development, breakthrough
issue — выпуск (журнала); пробле- ма, дело; спорный вопрос problem, subject, matter
job — работа; задание to apply for a job - устраиваться на работу task, duty, work, occupation, profession, career, employment
journey — (дальняя) поездка travel, trip, drive, ride, flight, tour
judgement — мнение opinion, sense, point of view
lack (of) — нехватка, отсутствие (чего-л.) absence, shortage, scarcity, deficit, loss; luck
landscape — ландшафт, пейзаж scenery
201
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
lane - тропинка track, way, road, street, path, pavement
leaflet — листовка; брошюра flyer, booklet, brochure, manual, guide, diary, catalogue, directory
leisure - досуг, свободное время relaxation, recreation, rest
list - список record, index, flyer, leaflet, glossary, timetable
loan - кредит credit, bill, debt
look (at) - взгляд (на) to have a look at — взглянуть на glance, sight, view, vision
loss — потеря waste, absence, lack, shortage
maintenance - содержание; (техни- ческое) обслуживание; поддержка repairs, renovation, storage, troubleshooting
mark — пятно, след; метка; отметка din, pollution; feature; grade
matter - вопрос, дело; вещество, материал a matter of concern — дело большой важности issue, question, situation, subject, topic; substance, stuff
means - средство; способ a means of transport - транспортное средство way, method, medium
measure — мера measurement - измерение amount, degree, method, means, medium
mess - беспорядок disorder, untidiness, pollution
mind - ум in one’s mind — в уме brain, intellect, intelligence
motorway- автострада way, road, street, path, lane, footway, sideway, pavement
name - название (предмета, места) heading, headline, title
note - заметка, записка; купюра take/таке notes — писать конспект letter, (post)card, banknote, notice
number of (+ исчисл. сущ.) - количество a number of — несколько amount, quantity, volume
obstacle (to) — препятствие (чему-л.) barrier, difficulty, hardship, pitfall
202
Основное слово Схожие слова
occasion - случай, шанс; (важное) событие chance, opportunity, incident, case, event
occupation — профессия; занятость; занятие profession, career, employment, pastime
opinion (on/of/about) — мнение (о) in ту opinion — по моему мнению view, attitude, belief, Judgement
opportunity (for/to do) - возмож- ность (для) chance, possibility, prospects, occasion
option — (возможный) вариант, опция choice, variant, alternative
order— порядок, очередность; при- каз; заказ sequence; instruction, law; request, demand
pain - боль ache, discomfort, injury, harm, damage
passer-by - прохожий sightseer, onlooker, bystander
path =pathway - тропинка; до- рожка track, lane, way, road, footpath, footway, sideway, pavement
payment — плата, платеж fee, fare, charge, reward, salary, donation, reward, bonus, bribe
perspective (on) - точка зрения, взгляд (на) from sb’s perspective — с чьей-л. точки зрения viewpoint, point of view, thought, opinion, approach
point— точка; мнение, идея; суть, смысл from ту point of view - по моему мнению location, position, idea, opinion, meaning, purpose, aim
pollution - загрязнение dirt, trash, waste, litter, rubbish, garbage, emission, debris, dump
prescription — рецепт (врача) receipt, recipe
price — цена cost, value, fee, fare, toll, payment, charge; worth; prize
profit - прибыль, доход benefit, income, salary, wages
purchase - покупка bargain, acquisition
purpose (of) - цель intention, aim, goat, objective, point, target
quality - качество characteristic, feature, benchmark; quantity
203
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
quantity of - количество amount, number; quality
range (of) — ряд; разнообразие; пределы variety, diversity, selection
rate — уровень; размер; темп level, amount, number, speed
reason (for / why / that) - (уважительная) причина (для) cause, explanation, motive, grounds, excuse
receipt — квитанция, кассовый чек bill, check, recipe, prescription
recipe - кулинарный рецепт manual, guide, directions, instructions; receipt, prescription
recovery (from/of) - выздоровление; восстановление to make a recovery — выздороветь recuperation, rehabilitation, healing
reflection - отражение flicker, display, sign
research (into/on) - исследование (неисчисл.) study, survey, investigation, inquiry
resolution — решение; разрешение solution, decision, conclusion
response (to) — ответ (на) answer, reply
revision - повторение; пересмотр review, study, research
reward (for) — вознаграждение (за) prize, award, benefit
room (for) — комната; место, пространство (для); возможность place, space, site, accommodation, location, opportunity, possibility
row - ряд line, aisle, queue
rush (on/to) - стремительное движение; суета, спешка movement, fuss, hurry, hustle and bustle
salary — зарплата income, wages, earnings, reward, payment, living, allowance
scene — сцена (фильма); эпизод; место действия (в романе, пьесе) или происшествия; пейзаж view, location, point, position, setting, event, scenery
scenery - пейзаж; (театральные) декорации landscape, sight, scene, image
selection - выбор, отбор choice, variety, range; election
sense — чувство (обоняние, вкус и т.п ); разум; смысл, значение (слова) feeling, emotion Judgement, thoughts, meaning, experience
204
Основное слово Схожие слова
sickness — болезнь; тошнота illness, disease, disorder; nausea
sigh! - вид; зрелище look, view, vision; sigh, sign, site; sightseer
sign - знак; признак indication, symbol; signature
signature - подпись autograph; sign
site - место, местонахождение; стройплощадка; сайт place, area, location, spot; sight, seat
skill (in / at) — навык, умение ability, capability, talent, gift, genius, experience, expertise
solution (to) — решение (проблемы) clue, decision, answer, resolution, way out
spectator— зритель (на стадионе) fan, supporter, viewer, sightseer, audience
speed - скорость pace, rate
spread (of) — распространение increase, distribution
staff— персонал, сотрудники (обычно с глаг. в мн.ч.) a staff member — сотрудник employee, worker, colleague, assistant, attendant; personnel, crew, workforce; stuff
slate — состояние, положение; государство condition; fortune
study (of/ into/on) — исследование; изучение; кабинет studies - учеба research, survey, investigation
suggestion — предложение proposal, offer, recommendation, warning
supply — количество; снабжение; припасы in short supply — в недостаточном количестве amount, number, quantity, offer, maintenance; demand
tax — налог duty, tariff, toll, VAT
temper — (вспыльчивый) характер; самообладание; настроение anger, fury, irritation, mood, spirit, manner, behaviour
thief - вор criminal, robber, burglar, pickpocket, kidnapper; victim
thought — мысль brain, mind
205
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
ticket — билет; квитанция за нарушение правил дорожного движения fine, punishment, receipt, bill
tip — совет; чаевые; кончик advice, recommendation; money, payment; fingertip
title — название (произведения) heading, headline, name
travel — путешествие journey, trip, drive, ride, flight, cruise, voyage, tour
trip - поездка business trip — командировка travel, Journey, drive, ride, flight, tour, voyage, commute
trouble (with) — неприятность, проблема (неисчисл.) to be in trouble - быть в беде difficulty, problem, disadvantage, misfortune, worry
usage - употребление (слов) use, consumption
use — применение, использование application, consumption, usage
variety (of) - разнообразие; множество; вид collection, range, diversity, selection
view (of) — вид (на что-то); мнение, взгляд in ту view — по моему мнению look, sight, scene, scenery; opinion
viewer- зритель (по телевизору) listener, spectator, onlooker, bystander, sightseer, audience
vision — зрение look, sight, view
volume - объем; количество; уровень громкости; том amount, number, quantity, degree
voyage - морское путешествие cruise, travel, journey, trip, tour
warning - предупреждение advice, recommendation
waste - (ненужная) трата; отходы loss; dirt, trash, litter, rubbish, garbage, debris, dump
way — путь; способ route, road, street, pa th, footway; direction; means, method
weakness — слабость; недостаток fault, disadvantage, drawback, downside; strength
witness (to) - свидетель (в суде), очевидец (происшествия) eyewitness, observer, onlooker, bystander
workout - тренировка exercise, training, practice, rehearsal
206
Устойчивые выражения с существительными
ATTENTION
to pay /give attention to sth to turn attention to sth to hold / keep sb’s attention to attract / receive / catch /get sb’s attention to draw/ call attention to sth to draw / distract attention from sth to be the centre of attention to focus attention on sth sth is brought to your attention for sb’s attention уделить внимание чему-л. обратить внимание на что-л. удерживать чье-л. внимание привлечьчье-л. внимание привлечь внимание к чему-л. отвлечь внимание от чего-л. быть в центре внимания сосредоточить внимание на чем-л. что-то представлено вашему вниманию вниманию кого-л.
EFFORT
in an effort to do sth в попытке сделать что-л.
despite sb’s efforts несмотря на усилия
without effort без усилий
to make an effort сделать усилие, попытаться
to make little /no effort н с п р и клады вать ус ил ий
to put effort into (doing) sth вкладывать силы в
It takes effort (to do sth). Это требует усилий.
It is worth the effort. Это стоит усилий.
EXPERIENCE
by/from (personal) experience in sb’s experience to have experience (of /for/in) to gain /get experience (from) to know from experience to learn from/ by experience a lack of experience work experience a memorable experience to experience difficulties / emotions по (личному) опыту по чьему-л. мнению иметь опыт (чего-л. / для / в) получить опыт (от) знать по опыту учиться на опыте отсутствие опыта стажировка, опыт работы памятное событие испытывать трудности / эмоции
MATTER
a serious matter по matter how/ what as a matter of fad a matter of life or death in a matter of minutes серьезный вопрос не важно, как / что фактически вопрос жизни или смерти очень быстро
207
to make matters worse What's the matter (with)? is anything lhe matter? Nothing’s the matter. The truth/fact of the matter is (that)... it’s a different / another matter. It's a matter of time / taste, it doesn’t matter (to sb). ухудшить ситуацию Что случилось (с)? Что-то случилось? Ничего не случилось. Дело в том, что... Это совсем другое дело. Это дело времени / вкуса. Это не имеет значения (для кого-л.).
MIND
to ту mind in ту mind on your mind with sth / sb in mind to make up your mind to change your mind to speak your mind to have sth in mind to bear /keep in mind to keep your mind on sth to set your mind on sth to cross /come into/enter sb’s mind to come/spring to mind to stick/stay in sb’s mind to slip out of sb’s mind to get / put out of your mind to be/go out of your mind to be in two minds to be of the same mind to read sb’s mind Out ofsight, out of mind, h’s a load /weight off my mind. по моему мнению в своей голове, в своих мыслях у тебя на уме с учетом чего-л. / кого-л. принять решение передумать говорить, что думаешь представлять себе, намереваться помнить, иметь в виду сосредоточиться на чем-л. задуматься о чем-л. прийти на ум всплыть в памяти засесть в памяти выскочить из головы выбросить из головы терять рассудок, сходить с ума колебаться иметь одинаковое мнение читать чьи-то мысли С глаз долой, из сердца вон. У меня камень с души упал.
SENSE
a sense of humour чувство юмора
a sense of smell обоняние
in a sense в каком-то смысле
common sense здравый смысл
have the sense to do sth хватает здравого смысла, чтобы
to talk sense говорить разумно, по делу
to talk some sense into sb образумить кого-л.
it makes (no) sense. Это (не) имеет смысла.
There is no sense in (doing) sth. Нет смысла делать что-л.
208
SIGHT
a familiar / common sigh! a rare /strange sight in/within sight at the sight of sth at first sight sight unseen to know sb by sight to catch sight of sth to come into sight to be out of sight Io disappear/vanish from sight to hide sth from sight to lose sight of sth to keep sight of sth can't stand/ hate the sight of sih to set your sights on sth to see the sights (of sth) знакомое / распространенное зрелище редкое / необычное зрелище в поле зрения при виде чего-то с первого взгляда вслепую, не глядя знать кого-то в лицо заметить, увидеть появиться в поле зрения скрыться из виду исчезнуть из вида спрятать из виду потерять из виду следить за чем-л. не выносить вида чего-л. задуматься о чем-л. осматривать достоп римечател ьности
WHILE
for a while ДОЛГО
a while ago давным-давно
in a (little) while скоро, вот-вот
once in a while изредка
to be worth sb's while стоить чьих-л. усилий
ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ
Основное слово Схожие слова
able (to do) - способный capable, competent, skilled
absorbed (in) - увлеченный; поглощенный чем-л. interested, involved
accurate - точный (до деталей, без ошибок) exact, correct, true, precise, sharp, strict, punctual
accustomed (to) — привыкший (к) usual, habitual, be (get) used to
acquainted (with) - знакомый (с) familiar, aware, knowing, known
addicted (to) - постоянно делающий; зависимый (от) dependent, related; addictive
addictive — вызывающий привыкание harmful; addicted
209
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
affordable - допустимый, по средствам (price) inexpensive, available, accessible
afraid (of) - боящийся (чего-то) scared, frightened, terrified
alarmed (by/at) — встревоженный (чем-то) anxious, nervous, uneasy, upset, troubled, worried
alike - похожий be alike - быть похожим be like sb — быть как кто-то similar, the same, identical, likely; uniike
alone - один; сам, без посторонней ПОМОЩИ the only, lone, solitary
anxious (about) — беспокоящийся (о); беспокойный anxious (for) — сильно желающий (чего-л.) alarmed, excited, upset, uneasy, worried
artificial - искусственный false, fake, unnatural, virtual
associated (with) - связанный (с) connected, related, combined
available — доступный, имеющийся в наличии accessible, affordable, vacant
average - обычный, средний typical, common, usual, ordinary
aware (of) - знающий, осведомленный (о) familiar, known, conscious, famous
awful - ужасный terrible, horrible, disgusting, unpleasant
bored (with) - скучающий; унылый Гт bored with ту job - мне наскучила моя работа boring — вызывающий скуку fed up, tired, uninterested, restless, indifferent
bound — вероятный; обязанный; связанный likely, certain, sure, definite; obliged, compulsory, obligatory
called — называемый; известный как known as, titled
capable (of) - способный (на) able, competent, skilled
careful (with / about) - заботливый; аккуратный; внимательный attentive, focused, accurate, cautious, exact, thorough
cautious — осторожный, внимательный careful, attentive, focused, thorough
210
Основное слово Схожие слова
ceriain (about/of) - определенный; уверенный (в) def nite, sure, confident, convinced
cheerful — веселый, радостный happy, merry, glad, pleased, delighted, joyful, contented, easy-going
close (to) - близкий (к) have a close look at — внимательно посмотреть на near, nearby, nearest, similar
combined (with) — объединенный (с), совместный connected, associated, compared
comfortable — удобный, комфортабел ьн ы й convenient, cosy
common (to/for) — общий (для); распространенный (name, sight, knowledge) same, similar, usual, ordinary, regular, widespread, general; rare
compared (to, with) - по сравнению (c) connected, combined, related
competent (in/at/to do) — компетентный (в) skilled, capable
complete - полный, целый, законченный whole, total, full, filled, packed
concerned (about/for) - обеспокоенный concerned (with) — связанный c worried, anxious, nervous, uneasy, troubled
confident (about/of) — уверенный (в) sure, certain, definite, convinced
conscious (of) - знающий (о) aware, known
contrary — противоположный (idea, opinion, action) contrary to sth — вопреки чему-то on the contrary - наоборот different, opposed to, vice versa
convenient (for) - удобный; подходящий comfortable, cosy, suitable, handy, useful, usable
conventional— традиционный; общепринятый traditional, typical, common, usual, ordinary
crazy (about) - помешанный (на) keen, eager, fond, enthusiastic
crowded (with) - переполненный (people) packed, full, filled
crucial (for /to) — ключевой, решающий vital, key, major, critical
211
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
curious - любопытный; странный nosy, inquisitive, searching, eager to know; strange, odd, peculiar
delicious - вкусный tasty, appetizing, yummy
delighted - довольный, радостный happy, pleased, thrilled, excited
delightful — восхитительный, очаровательный nice, pleasant, lovely, enjoyable, charming, agreeable
dependable - надежный, заслуживающий доверия reliable, loyal, trustworthy
devoted (to) - преданный; посвященный (кому-л.) faithful, loyal
different (from, to) — непохожий; другой; разный various, unique, unlike, strange, odd, peculiar, foreign
difficult — трудный, сложный (task, situation, person) hard, tough, challenging, tricky
disappointed — разочарованный disappointing - неутешительный unhappy, dissatisfied, discouraged
discouraged — удруче н н ы й, подавленный shy, insecure; encouraged
distinguished - выдающийся, знаменитый famous, known, notable, popular
eager (for / io do) - страстно желающий keen, excited, enthusiastic, willing
economic — экономический economical - экономный economy, economics
employed - нанятый, работающий occupied, working
empty — пустой vacant, free, blank, bare
encouraging - ободряющий inspiring, motivational
endangered — находящийся в опасности, вымирающий extinct, threatened; dangerous
enjoyable — приятный, доставляющий удовольствие nice, pleasant, pleasing, lovely, wonderful, delightful, agreeable
enormous - огромный (по размеру, количеству) huge, great, vast, extreme, tremendous
enlh usiastic (about) — п ол н ы й энтузиазма eager, willing, anxious
212
Основное слово Схожие слова
evident- очевидный, явный clear, noticeable, obvious, apparent, distinct, visible
exact — точный (number, amount, time) correct, precise, accurate, strict
exciting — волнующий, увлекательный excited (by/ about /at) - взволнованный cheerful, enthusiastic, anxious, eager, keen, pleased, thrilled
experienced (in) — опытный (в) aware, conscious, skilled
extensive - обширный spacious, vast, wide, widespread
familiar (with) - знакомый (c) acquainted, aware, known, similar
famous (for) - знаменитый (чем-то) aware, known, distinguished, popular, notable, prominent
fed up (with) - надоело, сыт по горло bored, sick and tired
filled (with) — наполненный (чем-то) full, complete, packed
firm - твердый, крепкий, жесткий hard, tough, strong
flat - плоский, ровный (surface, screen) flat battery - разряженная батарея flat shoes — обувь без каблука straight, even, smooth, level
focused (on) — сосредоточенный (на) careful, attentive, cautious, thorough
fond (of doing) - любящий (что-л. делать) keen, eager, affectionate, cragy
foreign - иностранный alien, unknown, unfamiliar, strange, uncommon, different; domestic
former— бывший; первый (издвух упомянутых) ex-, previous, latter
free - свободный; бесплатный free of charge - бесплатный available, vacant, spare, empty
frightened (of) - напуганный frightening - пугающий afraid, scared, terrified, fearful; scary, terrifying
full (of) — полный (чего-то) filled, complete, packed, crowded
general - (все)обший; в общих чертах; общепринятый; главный (о должности) common, usual, ordinary, overall, public
213
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
grateful— благодарный thankful, obliged
great — большой, огромный (по уровню, количеству) vast, huge, enormous, extreme, utmost
guilty (of) - виновный (в) to feel guilty about/at — чувствовать себя виноватым за ashamed, accused; innocent
hard - трудный; твердый hardly — едва difficult, firm, tough, heavy
heavy - тяжелый (по весу); большой, интенсивный (traffic, rain, fine) hard, difficult, serious, intense, intensive, severe
huge - огромный (по размеру, количеству) enormous, great, vast, extreme
ignorant— незнающий, не в курсе; безграмотный unaware, unknowing, illiterate, unconscious, unfamiliar, stupid
improbable - невероятный, неправдоподобный unlikely, impossible, incredible, unbelievable
incredible - невероятный unbelievable, unthinkable, improbable, impossible
indifferent (to) — безразличный, равнодушный (к) reluctant, uninterested, unwilling
infamous (for) - печально известный (чем-то) notorious, unknown; famous
innocent (of) - невинный, невиновный (в) guilty
instant - мгновенный (message); растворимый (coffee) quick, fast, rapid, immediate, prompt, urgent
intelligent — умный clever, smart, sensible, wise, bright, gifted, brainy
intended (for/as/to be) - предназначенный (для) concerned, related
interested (in) — заинтересованный (в) fascinated, absorbed
irritated (at/by) — сердитый; раздраженный irritating — раздражающий angry, annoyed, furious, cross, moody, nervous, bad-tempered
214
Основное слово Схожие слова
keen (on doing /to do) - увлекающийся (чем-то) fond, eager, enthusiastic, crazy, interested
known (for) - известный (чем-то) aware, famous, distinguished, popular, notable, prominent
lacking (in) — не имеющий, испытывающий нехватку scarce, short, insufficient, without, not enough
last - последний, заключительный; прошлый (night, week) last but not least — последний, ноне менее важный final, previous, former, ultimate, latest, least
latest — последний, самый новый (news, fashion, gossip) recent, newest, modern, last
latter— последний, второй (издвух упомянутых) former, last
leading — лидирующий, ведущий chief, main, major, ruling, senior
least — наименьший minimum, last, latest
likely — вероятный unlikely — маловероятный alike, like sb, (im)possible
lonely— одинокий, страдающий от одиночества isolated, lonesome, miserable
loose - свободный; незакрепленный flexible; to lose
lost — потерянный; заблудившийся missing, absent, lacking, short
loyal (to) - верный, преданный (кому-л.) devoted, faithful, committed, trustworthy
luxurious — роскошный expensive, costly, precious, valuable, splendid
major — главный (role, problem)-, значительный important, main, critical, crucial, key, leading, primary, vital, significant
mean (with/ to) — жадный; подлый (по отношению к) cruel, malicious, violent
modest - скромный shy, humble, decent, quiet
near (to) — около, рядом (с) (place, person) in the near future - в ближайшем будущем the nearest — ближайший (по расстоянию) close, nearby, next
215
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
nearby - соседний, близлежащий close, near, nearest, next
obliged — обязанный; благодарный bound, compulsory, obligatory; grateful, thankful
occupied (in/with) - занятый (чем-л.) busy, employed
opposite — противоположный (sense, side, direction, sex), обратный (effect, end) different, contrary, reverse, vice versa
ordinary - простой, обыкновенный average, typical, common, usual, routine, conventional, plain
packed (with) - упакованный; переполненный (людьми) full, filled, crowded
particular- определенный; особый particular (about / over) — привередливый (в) in particular — особенно definite, certain, specific, special
pleasant — приятный; милый nice, enjoyable, likeable, lovely, attractive, friendly, agreeable
pleased (with / about/to do) — довольный pleasing (to) — приятный, доставляющий удовольствие glad, satisfied, cheerful, contented, delighted, joyful
popular (with / among) - популярный (у / среди) famous, known, distinguished
precious — драгоценный (people, things) (in/valuable, worth, worthy, priceless, worthless
precise — точный (information) exact, clear, correct
previous - предыдущий last, former, ex-
primary — основной (aim, concern)-, начальный (school, level) main, major, significant, crucial
profitable - полезный, выгодный beneficial, useful, valuable
prompt — быстрый (action, reply, payment) quick, fast, rapid, immediate, inslant, short, speedy
quiet — тихий; спокойный; молчаливый quite, calm, silent, still; noisy
216
Основное слово Схожие слова
rare — редкий; сырой (о еде) unusual, uncommon, different, scarce, unique; underdone
reasonable — разумный (explanation, price) fair, sensible, affordable
related (to) - связанный (с); связанный родством connected, associated, combined
reliable - надежный trustworthy, exact, dependable, respectable
reluctant (to do) - делающий с неохотой unwilling, indifferent; eager
responsible (for) — ответственный (за) reliable, guilty, in charge of
reverse - обратный (order, side) different, opposite, contrary
rewarding - стоящий, полезный satisfying, worthwhile, fulfilling, pleasing, worth, useful
routine — текущий, стандартный, ежедневно выполняемый regular, ordinary, usual, normal, common
same (as) - один и тот же, одинаковый the same as - такой же как и similar, equal, identical, alike, like sb
satisfying — доставляющий удовольствие satisfied (with) — довольный, удовлетворенный (чем-л.) rewarding, fulfilling, pleasing; happy, pleased, content
scared (of) - напуганный afraid, frightened, terrified
scary — страшный, ужасный frightening, terrifying, terrible
sensible — разумный reasonable, clever; sensitive
sensitive (to / about) - чувствительный, чуткий sentimental, painful; sensible
short - короткий; невысокий; недостаточный be short of sth - испытывать нехватку чего-л. in short supply — в недостаточном количестве brief, temporary, tacking, scarce, rare, insufficient, without, not enough
sick (with) — больной (person)', чувствующий тошноту be ill, unwell, unhealthy, sore; homesick
217
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
similar (to/in) — похожий (на) alike, like sb, likely, the same, identical
single — единый; одиночный; не состоящий в браке alone, lone, lonely, unmarried, separated, divorced, widowed
skilful — умелый, искусный (в) (driver, player, use) good, expert
skilled (ar/in) - опытный (в), квалифицированный (worker) able, competent, capable
smart — умный; нарядный clever, intelligent, sensible, wise, bright, gifted, brainy
smooth — гладкий (о поверхности); однородный; плавный straight, even, level, flat
spacious - просторный vast, enormous, extensive
spare - запасной (Аеу); свободный (room, time) additional, extra, vacant, free, empty, available
specific (about) — определенный; точный particular, certain, special, exact, precise, accurate
still— неподвижный still mineral water - минеральная вода без газа motionless, quiet, calm
straight — прямой direct, upright, honest
sure (about/of) — уверенный (в) certain, confident, convinced
talented (at) — талантливый (в) good, skilled, capable
tasty - вкусный tasteful— сделанный со вкусом delicious, appetizing, yummy; tasteless
terrific — прекрасный; огромный great, awesome, exceptional, excellent, brilliant, marvellous, splendid, wonderful, amazing
terrified (of/ at/ to do) - напуганный terrifying — пугающий afraid, scared, frightened, fearful; scary, frightening
thirsty — испытывающий жажду thirsty for power — жаждущий власти hungry, starving
thrilled - взволнованный cheerful, enthusiastic, anxious, eager, keen, pleased, excited
tired (of) — уставший (от) tiring - утомительный worn out, weary, exhausted, fatigued, jet-lagged
218
Основное слово Схожие слова
total - полный, абсолютный (disaster, silence)-, общий, суммарный (cost, amount) all, whole, entire, complete, full, general
tough — жесткий; очень трудный strong, firm, hard, heavy
troubled (by) — встревоженный (чем-то) (place, time, situation) alarmed, anxious, concerned, nervous, uneasy, worried
true — правильный; правдивый; настоящий (friend, love) true or false — верный или неверный real, realistic, correct, truthful
trustworthy - надежный, заслуживающий доверия reliable, loyal, dependable
truthful (about/ with) - честный (в/с) honest, sincere, true
ultimate — конечный (goal, result, decision) last, final, primary, utmost
unbearable — невыносимый intolerable, irritating, annoying
uneasy (about) - тревожный (tofeel); неловкий (situation) alarmed, anxious, nervous, troubled, upset, worried
unique - уникальный special, different, unlike
unlike (sb) - непохожий (на) unlikely — маловероятный different, (im)possible
upset (by/ about /at) — расстроенный (из-за) alarmed, anxious, uneasy, nervous, troubled, worried
urgent - срочный immediate, instant, crucial, quick
useful (for) - полезный (для) helpful, worth
valueless - ничего не стоящий worthless, useless, invaluable
various - различный, разнообразный different, diverse, unlike
vast-огромный (area, distance, number, amount) great, huge, enormous, extensive, extreme
whole — весь all, entire, complete, total, full
willing (to do) - готовый (сделать) eager, keen, enthusiastic, anxious
worried (about/ by) - обеспокоенный (из-за / чем-то) alarmed, anxious, nervous, uneasy, troubled, concerned
219
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
worth (doing) — стоящий valuable, worthy, useful, helpful
worthless — бесполезный, ничего не стоящий useless, valueless; priceless, precious
worthy (of) - достойный, заслуживающий (чего-л.) worth, deserving
ГЛАГОЛЫ
Основное слово Схожие слова
accept - принимать; признавать take, agree
accomplish - достигать (result, goal, success) achieve, fulfil, reach, succeed, manage
accuse (of) — обвинять (в) blame, charge, suspect, sentence
achieve — достигать (result, goal, success) reach, succeed, fulfil, succeed, manage, accomplish
acknowledge — признавать admit, accept
acquire - приобретать get, obtain, gain, receive, achieve
admire (sb for) - восхищаться (кем-л. за) look up to, like, adore
admit (to doing) - признавать(ся) (что сделал) admit to/into a place - допустить, впустить куда-л. confess, acknowledge, accept, let in
advance — двигать(ся) вперед; развиваться headfor, move, succeed, develop, progress, improve, promote
affect (sb/sth) — влиять (на) impact, influence
afford (to do) - позволить себе (сделать) allow, let
agree (with, on, about, to) — согла- шаться accept, decide, disagree
aim at doing = aim to do — стремить- ся сделать intend, be going to do, mean
allow (to do) - позволить (сделать) let, permit, encourage
announce— объявить say, tell, speak, talk, pronounce
annoy — раздражать irritate, disturb, bother, worry, get on nerves
220
Основное слово Схожие слова
answer — ответить (question) respond, reply
appeal (to sb) - нравиться (кому-л.) appeal (to sb) (to do) — обращаться (к), призывать (сделать) like, adore, attract, impress; turn to, apply, require
appear - появляться, казаться tum up, mm out, seem, originate, disappear
apply (to, for) - обращаться (к, за); применять tum to, appeal, request, use
appreciate - (высоко) ценить value, evaluate, cost, estimate
approach sth — приближаться к, подходить к (place) reach, achieve, arrive
approve (of) — одобрять prove, improve, justify
argue - спорить; ссориться disagree, quarrel, protest, oppose, ob- ject, criticize, fight
arise (arose, arisen) - возникать (problem, argument, difficulties) come up, appear, rise, raise, arouse
arouse - пробуждать (feeling) raise, rise, arise
arrange (for) sth — организовывать set up, hold
arrive (in, at) - приезжать (в) reach, achieve, enter
associate (with) - ассоциировать (c) relate, attach
assume — предполагать, допускать believe, suppose, suspect, imagine, accept, trust
attach (to) - прикреплять (к) stick to, link, connect join
attempt (Iodo) - пытаться (сделать) try, struggle, strive
attend — посещать (meeting, school) go to, visit
attract (sb to sth) - привлекать; притягивать admire, distract
avoid (doing) — избегать (делать) escape, stop, prevent, refuse, deny
award — награждать donate, reward
ban - запрещать (официально) prohibit, forbid
behave — вести себя treat, act, conduct
believe (in) — верить, считать think, consider, regard, suppose, imagine
221
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
belong (to) — принадлежать (кому-л.) possess, own, keep
benefit (from) - приносить пользу, извлекать выгоду (из) help, improve
blame (for) — винить (за) accuse, charge, suspect
boast — хвастаться claim, praise, pretend
book - бронировать reserve, order
borrow (from) — брать в долг lend, owe
bother — беспокоить(ся) disturb, trouble, worry, distract, annoy
cancel - отменять call off, postpone, delay
care (for, about) - заботиться (о) take care of
carry (sth to sb) — нести (в руке); перевозить carryout - выполнять, проводить wear, bear, fetch, deliver; conduct, perform
cause (to do) - заставить (сделать) cause - вызвать, причинить (problem) make, encourage, obey, lead, result, create
charge (with) - обвинять (в) charge money for - брать плату за accuse, blame, suspect
choose (chose, chosen) (from) - выбирать (из) decide on, select, pick
claim - заявлять, утверждать state, pretend, boast
communicate (with, to) — общаться (с); передавать talk, chat, contact, get in touch, inter- act, socialize, converse, gossip, debate, discuss, express; convey
complain (to, about, of) - жаловаться (кому-то, на) grumble, disapprove
compose— сочинять, писать (music, poetry) be composed of sth — состоять из make up, contain, consist
concern — волноваться, беспокоиться concern sth — касаться, иметь отношение к worry, disturb, regard
conclude — делать заключение include, exclude
222
Основное слово Схожие слова
conduct - проводить (.research, tour, current) conduct yourself— вести себя carry out, perform, undertake, behave
confess to (doing) — признавать(ся) в admit, accept, acknowledge
conf rm - подтверждать ensure, prove, back up, support
consider- считать, рассматривать, обдумывать, обсуждать regard, think
consist (of) - состоять из involve, include, contain
contain — содержать, вмещать compose, consist, involve
continue (with) — продолжать(ся) go on, keep (on), carry on, last
contribute (to) — вносить вклад (в), способствовать invest in, provide, donate
convey - передавать (information, message) pass on, express, interact, communicate
convince sb (of) — убедить (в) talk into, persuade, make sure, assure, urge
cost (cost) - стоить be priced at, value, evaluate
count - считать count (on) — рассчитывать (на) estimate, measure, calculate, rely on
cover — закрывать, покрывать put over, wrap, recover, discover
create - создавать, творить, разрабатывать work out, design, produce, invent, develop, generate, cause
damage — повреждать (сильно), наносить ущерб hurt, injure, wound
deal (dealt) (with) - иметь дело (с) see to, cope with, face, handle
deceive — обманывать lie, cheat, trick, mislead
decide — решить (сделать) decide on — выбирать solve, resolve, choose, select, pick
decline — уменьшаться; отклонять (о#ег) decrease, reduce, refuse, deny
decrease - уменьшать(ся) reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower; increase
dedicate (to) — посвящать (чему-то) devote
defeat — нанести поражение beat, win, score
delay (doing) - задерживать, откладывать postpone, cancel
223
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
deliver (to) — доставлять carry, fetch, provide, supply
demand — требовать (по праву) call for, require, insist
deny (doing sth) — отрицать (что сделал что-л.) refuse, reject, disagree
depend (on) — зависеть (от) need, rely on, count on
determine - определять decide on, identify
develop — развивать, способствовать росту devote, dedicate
devote (to) — посвящать (чему-то) dedicate, develop, contribute
direct — направлять, руководить lead, guide, aim, head, order
disappear — исчезать die out, vanish, appear
discourage (from) - отговаривать (от) stop from, persuade, prevent, disapprove, encourage
discover— открывать, делать открытие create, invent, found, find out
dismiss — уволить fire, sack, make redundant
distract (from) — отвлекать от interrupt, interfere, disturb
distribute — распределять, распространять give out, hand out, supply, share, spread, share, deliver, fetch
disturb — беспокоить, мешать worry, concern, interrupt, annoy, distract, trouble, bother
divide (into) — делить (на части) split up, split into, share, separate, share
donate - дарить, жертвовать contribute, award
doubt (sth/that/if) — сомневаться hesitate, question, suspect
dress — одевать(ся) put on, wear
earn — зарабатывать (money, a living), заслуживать (reputation, respect) gain, get, obtain, receive, achieve
employ - нанимать (workers); применять (method) take on, hire, use, apply
enable (to do) - давать возможность (сделать) let, allow, permit, encourage
enclose — вкладывать (в конверт); окружать (with a fence or wall) attach, surround
224
Основное слово Схожие слова
encounter sb /sth — (неожиданно) встретить, столкнуться с (problem) come across, meet, face, experience
encourage (to do) — поощрять (делать) cheer up, let, allow, praise, make, cause
engage (in) - заниматься, участвовать(в) take part, participate, be involved
enjoy - наслаждаться enjoy yourself - развлекаться get pleasure from, entertain, join
enlarge - увеличивать(ся) increase, grow, rise
ensure (Am. insure) — гарантировать; страховать make sure, assure, guarantee, confirm
entertain — развлекать amuse, invite, enjoy
escape (from) — сбежать get away, leave, avoid
establish - основывать, учреждать set up, found, create, find
estimate - оценивать; подсчиты- вать measure, count, calculate, evaluate
evaluate — оценивать (result, importance, quality, amount) judge, assess, appreciate, estimate
examine - осматривать, изучать; экзаменовать look at, check, study
exchange (for) - обменивать (на) change, swap
exist — существовать stay, remain, stand, inhabit
expect - ожидать wail, look forward to
experience — и с п ы т ы ват ь (feelings, difficulties) feel, arouse, encounter
explore — исследовать look into, find out, investigate, search, do research
face (smth) — смотреть в лицо, стоять перед; сталкиваться (с трудностями) be faced with — столкнуться с deal with, cope with, handle, confront
fail (in) (to do) - потерпеть неудачу (в), не суметь (сделать) manage, succeed, fall, Jill, fulfil
fall (fell, fallen) - падать go down, decrease, drop, destroy, de- molish, collapse ;fdl, feel, fail
225
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
fear— бояться, опасаться fear the worst - опасаться самого худшего be afraid, frighten, dread, worry, scare
find (found) - находить; считать что-то каким-то find out - узнать come across, think, regard, learn, know (found
Jit - подходить (по форме, размеру) match, suit, go with
follow — следовать {advice, signs, example, fashion) stick to, pursue, chase, hunt
forbid (forbade.forbidden) — запрещать prohibit, ban, stop, prevent
force (to do) — заставлять (сделать) make, cause, oblige
found (founded) — основать set up, create, discover, invent, originate, find
frighten - пугать scare, terrify, horrify, threaten, fear
fulfil (\m. fulfil!) — исполнять, осу- ществлять {dream, aim, role, duty) succeed, manage, realize
gain — получать, приобретать (money, knowledge, experience, support, reputation) get, earn, obtain, acquire, achieve
gather — собирать(ся) join, collect
glance (at) — взглянуть (на) look, observe, stare
glimpse — увидеть мельком look at, catch sight of, see, glance, notice
gossip - с пл етн и ч ать talk, chat, talk, interact, socialize
grow (grew, grown) — расти, выращивать grow up - вырасти, стать взрослым lift, rise, increase, raise, bring up
guess — угадывать, догадываться assume, suppose, predict, estimate
handle sth - иметь дело, справляться с чем-л. cope with, deal with
happen - случаться come up, occur, take place
head (for a place) - направляться direct, leave
hesitate - колебаться, сомневаться, не решаться break off, doubt, be in two minds
226
Основное слово Схожие слова
hire — нанимать (workers); брать в аренду (car, equipment) employ, rent, let, lend, borrow
hit (hit, hit) - ударить beat, strike, kick, knock, attack
hold (held) — держать (в руке), удерживать (в месте) hold - проводить (event) keep, set up, arrange
hurt (hurt) — ушибить, ранить, причинитьболь injure, wound, damage
identify - определить make out, determine, recognize
imagine — вообразить, думать think, suppose, believe
impact (он) — оказать влияние (на) influence, affect
improve - улучшать(ся) develop, advance, progress, correct, repair; approve
include - включать (в себя) involve, contain, enclose, consist of, conclude
increase - увеличивать build up, develop, lift, rise, grow, raise, enlarge
indicate (to sb) - показывать show, express, state
influence (sb/sth) — влиять (на) impact, affect
inhabit — населять live, reside, exist
injure - ранить» повредить (Баварии, драке) hurt, wound, damage, harm
inquire = enquire — спрашивать, выяснять look into, investigate, wonder
insist (on) — настаивать (на) demand, require, persist
intend - намереваться be going to, aim, mean
interfere (in, with) - вмешиваться (в) intrude, interrupt, disturb
interrupt - перебивать disturb, distract, interfere
introduce (to) - представлять, знакомить (с); вводить bring in, show, demonstrate, meet
intrude (into, on) — вторгаться (в) break into, interfere, interrupt, disturb
invent — изобретать create, discover, produce, found
investigate - расследовать (crime, accident) look into, find out, explore, examine
227
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
involve — включать (в себя), вовлекать в include, consist of, contain, compose
join sth - соединять(ся); вступить в join in (with sb) - присоединиться (к) link, connect, attach, take part in, participate, enrol
judge (by, front) — судить (по) evaluate, assess, estimate, justify
justify (doing) — оправдывать explain, approve, Judge
keep (kept) — держать, хранить, сохранят^ ся) keep (on) doing - продолжать делать make, maintain, hold, remain
know (knew, known) - знать find out, be aware, learn
lack sth — испытывать нехватку waste, miss, be short of
last- длиться (втечение времени) go on, carry on, continue
launch - запускать set up, send, start, create
lay (laid) — класть, положить lay the table - накрывать на стол put, lie, set
lead (led) (to) — привести (к) guide, direct, cause, result in
learn (about) — узнать (о); (на) учиться find out, know, be aware, study, train, teach
leave (left) - оставлять leave (for a place) - уезжать (куда-л.) stay, remain, forget, omit; live; go away, depart, headfor
lend (lent) (to) — давать в долг (кому-л.) allow, let; borrow, owe
let (let) - разрешить; сдавать в аренду tetsb_do - позволить кому-л. сделать allow, permit, encourage; rent, hire, lease
Не (lay, lain) — лежать lie down - лечь lay, stay, be situated, exist, sit
Не (lied) — лгать deceive, cheat, mislead; lay
lift — поднимать (снизу вверх) rise, grow, increase, raise
Нпк - соединять connect, attach, join
locate — располагать, определять место situate, enclose, stand, stay, lay; He, sit
228
Основное слово Схожие слова
look — выглядеть look like — быть похожим resemble, remind, be alike
look (at) - смотреть (на) see, observe, glance, notice, watch
lose (lost) — потерять; проиграть (game) fail; defeat, beat, win, end in a draw, score
maintain - поддерживать, сохранять save, keep, preserve, hold, support, remain
make (sb _do sth) — заставить (кого-л. сделать) cause, force, encourage, oblige
make up — придумать make up one’s mind - принять решение decide, solve, resolve
manage — управлять; справляться, суметь сделать (сложное) cope with, run, operate, undertake, succeed, can, be able
match — сочетаться (по цвету) fit, suit, go with
mean (meant) (to sb) — означать (для кого-л.); иметь ввиду; намереваться, собираться stand for, explain, mention, mind, consider, regard; intend
measure - измерять estimate, count, calculate, evaluate
mention — упоминать bring up, refer to, mean, remind
mind - быть против, возражать object, oppose, remind
miss - пропускать; скучать waste, lack
wove — двигаться, переезжать advance, head for, remove
notice - замечать detect, recognize, observe, glance, look at, see, watch
object — возражать mind, oppose, protest, disagree, disapprove, argue, quarrel
observe — наблюдать, следить, соблюдать look, watch, stick to, follow, pursue, chase
obtain - получать (приложив усилия) get, gain, acquire, achieve
occupy - занимать (time, space) take up, engage
occur - случаться occur to sb — приходить на ум кому-л. happen, take place
229
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
offer (to do) - предлагать (food, help, job) suggest, propose, recommend, advise
oppose — быть против, возражать object, mind, resist
originate — происходить, возникать come from, go back to, appear
overcome - справиться, преодолеть (difficulties, obstacles) deal with, succeed, defeat
owe - быть должным borrow, lend
own - владеть (house, car) possess, belong, owe
perform - выступать, исполнять (role), выполнять (task) put on, carry out, entertain
permit (to do) - позволить (сделать) let, allow, enable, encourage
persist (hi doing) — настойчиво продолжать insist, continue
persuade sb (into, of) — уговорить, убедить (в) talk into, convince, urge, assure, encourage, make sure
possess — владеть, обладать (object, quality, ability) own, belong, keep
postpone (doing) - откладывать put off, delay
pour - лить(ся) pour with rain — льет дождь flow, flood, water, spill
praise (for) - хвалить (за) cheer up, encourage, congratulate, support
predict - прогнозировать, предсказывать forecast, foretell, foresee, guess
pretend — притворяться claim, boast
prevent (from) - предостерегать (от), препятствовать stop from, ban, prohibit
prohibit (sb from doing) — запрещать (делать) stop from, ban, forbid
prompt — подсказывать advise, hint, guess
propose - предлагать (plan, idea) put forward, come up with, offer, suggest, advise, recommend
prove (sth to sb) — доказывать back up, confirm, support
provide (with) — обеспечивать чем-л. cater, supply, deliver
230
Основное слово Схожие слова
punish (for) — наказывать discipline, fine, sentence
pursue — преследовать; добиваться; заниматься (чем-л.) follow, chase, hunt; strive, try
quit — уйти; уволиться give up, leave, resign, retire
raise — поднимать, повышать raise children — воспитывать детей raise money — собирать деньги bring up, lift, rise, increase, grow
reach sth - добраться, достигать (place, level, goal, agreement) get to, arrive, achieve
recall — вспоминать look back, remember, recollect, remind, memorize
recognize — узнавать (влицо), при- знавать make out, identify, learn, accept, realize
recover (from) — выздороветь get over, overcome; cover
reduce — сокращать cut down, decrease, decline, drop, fall
refer (to) — обращаться (к), ссылаться (на) turn to, call, mention
refuse (to do) - отказываться (де- лать) deny, disagree, reject
regard (as) - считать (каким-то), относиться (как) concern, consider
regret — сожалеть get down, feel sorry
remain — оставаться (в состоянии, в месте) stay, leave, maintain, remind
remind sb (of, about, that) - напоминать кому-л. (о) resemble, look like, mind, remain
remove — удалять; передвигать, перемешать move, delete, replace
rent — арендовать (house, room, ve- hicle, equipment) hire, let, lease
repair — чинить fix, mend, correct
repeat - повторять repeat (sth) after sb - повторять (что-то) за кем-то revise, review, retell
replace — переместить, заменить take over, stand in for, substitute, remove
231
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
reply (то) - ответить (на) answer, respond, react to
report (to, он) — сообщать; докладывать point out, inform, brief, announce, notify, let sb know, comment
request — просить, обращаться с просьбой ask for, appeal, order, demand, beg
require - требовать (чего-л.); требоваться (по правилам) cal!for, need, demand, insist, inquire, request
rescue— спасать save, protect (from), defend, guard, secure, support
resemble — быть похожим remind, look like
resist - сопротивляться oppose, object, mind
resolve - решиться, разрешить (problem, conflict} solve, decide
respond (то) - ответить (на) answer, reply to
result (in) - привести (к) result (from) - произойти (из-за) lead to, cause, make
reveal - открывать (secret) give away, admit, confess, announce
revise — пересматривать, исправлять revise for an exam - повторять (перед экзаменом) change, review, repeat, retell
reward (with) — давать (вознаграждение) award, praise
rise (rose, risen) — п од н и мат ься, увеличиваться go up, lift, grow, increase, raise, arise, arouse
run (ran, run) - управлять (company, service, software) manage, operate
scare - пугать frighten, terrify, horrify, threaten, fear
search (for) — искать что-то look for, look tip, seek, find
seek sth - искать что-то look for, search, find
seem — казаться turn out, appear, look
select - выбрать choose, solve, pick, decide
separate - отделять(ся) split up, divide, share
set — ставить; устанавливать (rules, goal, example) set sb doing sth - заставить сделать put, lay, establish, aim
232
Основное слово Схожие слова
share (sth with sb) - разделять, делить(ся) (с) split up, divide, separate, distribute, spread
solve — решать {problem, puzzle) deal with, cope with, work out, decide, resolve
spare - уделять (что-л. кому-л.) spend, waste, pass
split (split) (up) — делить(ся) на ча- сти separate, divide, share
stand (stood) - стоять, быть расположенным, находиться locale, stay, remain, exist
stare (at, into) — уставиться (на) look, glance, glimpse, see
state — указывать (information'), заявлять (официально) point out, claim, announce, declare, mention, express
stay - оставаться (в каком-то состоянии, в месте) stay up late — засиживаться допоздна settle down, remain, leave
steal (stole, stolen) (from) — украсть (У, из) break into, rob, burgle, shoplift
stick (to sth) — придерживаться (чего-л.) follow, observe, keep to
struggle (with) — бороться (с) fight, compete
study - изучать (subject, document), учиться (atschool) learn, train, teach
succeed (in) - добиться успеха (в) manage, advance
suffer (from) — страдать (от) hurt, ache, trouble, kill, feel pain
suggest (doing) — предложить (сделать) offer, propose, advise, recommend
suit - быть к лицу, соответствовать (требованиям) Jit, match
supply (with) - снабжать, постав- лять (регулярно), предоставлять provide, distribute, deliver
suppose - полагать think, imagine, believe, assume, guess
surround — окружать (by people, objects) enclose, gather
suspect - подозревать doubt, accuse, blame, charge
sympathise (with) - сочувствовать regret, take pity, feel sorry
233
Продолжение
Основное слово Схожие слова
threaten - угрожать scare, frighten, terrify, horrify, endanger, warn
tolerate — терпеть stand, endure
train — тренировать(ся) instruct, teach, educate, learn, study
transmit - отправлять, пересылать send out, transfer, transport
treat (as) — относиться (каким-л. образом); угощать; лечить behave, regard, consider, cure, heal
try (doing) — пытаться (сделать) try on sth — примерить что-л. attempt, struggle, strive
undertake - выполнять, брать на себя (task, work, research) carry out, perform, promise
value — (высоко) ценить, оценивать appreciate, evaluate, cost, estimate
warn (of about, against) — предупреждать let sb know, inform, threaten, endanger
waste — тратить (впустую) spend, spare, pass
wear (wore, worn) — носить (clothes) put on, dress, carry
wonder - интересоваться ask, question, think, consider
worry (about) — беспокоиться) annoy, disturb, bother, irritate, con- cern, fear
wound — ранить (with a knife, gun) hurt, injure, damage
Устойчивые выражения с глаголами
ASK
ask smb about sth спросить кого-то о чем-л.
ask (sb) about sth спросить (кого-то) о чем-то
ask (sb) a favour попросить (кого-то) об услуге
ask (sb) the way спросить (у кого-то) дорогу
ask smb on a dale пригласить на свидание
ask for sth попросить что-то
ask for help попросить ПОМОЩИ
ask a question задать вопрос
ask the lime спросить, который час
ask the price узнать иену
234
BREAK
break a habit break a promise break a/the record break one’s word break sb’s heart break the agreement break the ice with sb break the law break lhe news break the rules бросить привычку нарушить обещание побить рекорд не сдержать слово разбить чье-л. сердце нарушить договоренность начать общение с кем-л. нарушить закон сообщить (плохую) новость нарушить правила
Запомните несколько распространенных в речи выражений:
Break the leg!— Ни пуха, ни пера!
Не spoke in broken English. - Он говорил на ломаном англий-
ском.
CATCH
catch a bus catch (a) cold catch a glimpse of sb/sth catch by surprise catch fire catch sb’s attention / eye catch sight of sb/sth catch up with sb успеть на автобус простудиться заметить кого-л. / что-л. застать врасплох загореться привлечь внимание увидеть кого-л. / что-л. догонять кого-то
СОМЕ
come across come as a surprise come first /second come from far and wide come into contact with sb come of age come to an end come to the conclusion / decision случайно встретить быть неожиданным прийти первым / вторым приезжать отовсюду контактировать с кем-л. стать совершеннолетним подойти к концу прийти к выводу / решению
Запомните несколько распространенных в речи выражений:
Where do you come from ? — Откуда ты родом?
When it comes to computers, Mark is an expert. — Когда дело каса-
ется компьютеров, Марк — большой специалист.
235
CUT
cut a long story short короче говоря
cut and paste вырезать и вставить
cut classes / school прогуливать занятия / школу
cut down on sth сократить употребление чего-л.
cut in half разрезать пополам
cut into pieces порезать на куски
cut oneself on sth порезаться о что-л.
DO
Секрет vcnexa!
DO — заниматься (какой-либо деятельностью: учеба, работа, ра-
бота по дому); поступать каким-либо образом (хорошо или плохо).
do a (crossword) puzzle разгадывать кроссворд
do a degree учиться в вузе
do a favour делать одолжение
do a job выполнять работу
do a service оказать услугу, помочь
do a sum решить задачу
do a test проводить тест, анализ
do a workout проводить тренировку
do an exam(ination) сдавать экзамен
do (an) exercise делать упражнение
do an experiment проводить эксперимент
do badly дела идут плохо
do business вести дела
do damage наносить ущерб
do everything possible сделать все возможное
do good приносить пользу
do harm причинять вред
do nothing ничего не делать
do one’s best стараться изо всех сил
do one’s duty выполнять свой долг
do one’s hair делать прическу
do one’s homework делать домашнее задание
do preparation вести подготовку
do research проводить исследование
do revision заниматься повторением
do sport заниматься спортом
do sth for a living зарабатывать на жизнь
do the cleaning делать уборку
do the cooking готовить еду
236
do the dishes мыть посуду
do (the) housework делать работу по дому
do the ironing гладить белье
do the room убирать комнату
do the shopping делать покупки
do the washing заниматься стиркой
do the washing up мыть посуду
do well преуспевать
do without sth обойтись без чего-л.
do wonders творить чудеса
do work выполнять работу
GET
get a chance получить возможность
get a Job получить работу
get advice получить совет
get angry разозлиться
get better улучшаться
get cold остыть
get hold of раздобыть
get in touch (with) связаться (с)
get into a mess попасть в беду
get into a panic впадать в панику
get into the habit приобрести привычку
get into trouble попасть в неприятности
get lost заблудиться
get married жениться
get on sb’s nerves действовать на нервы
get pleasure (from) получать удовольствие (от)
get ready (for) готовиться (к)
gel rid (of) избавиться (от)
get to know узнать
get to sleep уснуть
get upset расстроиться
get used (to) привыкнуть (к)
get wet промокнуть
get worried забеспокоиться
GIVE
give a call ПОЗВОНИТЬ
give a cry закричать
give a hand оказать помощь
give a hint намекнуть
237
Продолжение
give a hug обнять
give a laugh засмеяться
give a lecture прочитать лекцию
give a lesson дать урок
give a lift подвезти
give a party устроить вечеринку
give a present подарить подарок
give a reason объяснить причину
give a reply ответить
give a response дать ответ
give a ring позвонить
give a smile улыбнуться
give a speech выступить с речью
give a talk провести беседу
give an answer дать ответ
give an example привести пример
give birth to a baby родить ребенка
give cause (for) давать повод (для)
give credit (to) верить
give evidence давать показания
give one's consent (lo) дать согласие (на)
give one’s love (lo) передать привет
give permission дать разрешение
give sb a fright испугать кого-л.
give sb a promise дать обещание
give sb a word дать слово
give thanks (to) благодарить (кого-л.)
give though! (to) поразмыслить (над)
give way уступать дорогу
HAVE
have a cold простудиться
have a good laugh about (-at) от души посмеяться над
have a good time хорошо провести время
have a headache испытывать головную боль
have a look взглянуть
have a quarrel поссориться
have a reputation (for) славиться (чем-л.)
have a rest отдохнуть
have a sleep спать
have a smoke курить
have a suspicion подозревать
238
have a think размышлять
have a try попытаться
have a word in one’s ear сказать на ухо, по секрету
have an advantage over иметь преимущество над
have an effect on оказывать воздействие на
have an impact on оказывать влияние на
have been to somewhere побывать где-л.
have breakfast/ dinner завтракать / обедать
have difficulty (in) doing испытывать трудности с чем-л.
have free time иметь свободное время
have (great) fun (хорошо) повеселиться
have no intention of doing не собираться делать
have nothing to do with не иметь ничего общего с
have the time of one’s life отлично провести время
have trouble испытывать трудности
KEEP
keep a diary keep a record (of sth) keep a secret keep an eye on sb keep control (of sth) keep fit keep house keep in mind keep in touch (with) keep one’sfingers crossed keep one’s head keep one’s word/promise keep quiet keep sb company keep sb from doing sth keep sb on their toes keep sb wailing keep silence keep sth quiet keep still keep to the diet keep to the plan keep to the point / subject keep to the rules keep up with sb keep up with sth вести дневник вести учет (чего-л.) хранить секрет присматривать за кем-то контролировать (что-л.) поддерживать форму вести хозяйство помнить, иметь в виду общаться (с) держать кулачки сохранять спокойствие сдержать слово / обещание не шуметь составить кому-л. компанию мешать кому-то делать что-то держать кого-л. в напряжении заставить кого-то ждать хранить молчание держать что-л. в тайне не шевелиться соблюдать диету придерживаться плана говорить по существу следовать правилам поддерживать связь / быть наравне с быть в курсе чего-л.
239
Запомните несколько распространенных в речи выражений:
How are you keeping? — Как дела?
Му watch keeps good time. — Мои часы правильно идут.
LOSE
lose a game проиграть
lose conscience потерять сознание
lose control of потерять контроль над
lose heart падать духом, отчаиваться
lose interest in потерять интерес к
lose one's head терять голову
lose one’s temper выйти из себя, рассердиться
lose one's way (=get lost) заблудиться
lose sight of терять из виду, упустить
lose speed сбрасывать скорость
lose touch with терять СВЯЗЬ С
lose weight терять нес, худеть
МАКЕ
Секрет успеха!
МАКЕ — создавать, сделать (то, чего раньше не было: блюдо,
ошибку, план); сделать что-то каким-то; заставить сделать.
make a booking make a choice make a comeback make a complaint make a contribution (to) make a dash (for) make a decision make a difference (to) make a film make a fortune make a fuss make a good specialist make a joke make a list make a note (of) make a trip make all the difference make a living make a meal make a mess (of) make a mistake make a noise забронировать сделать выбор вернуться жаловаться внести вклад (в) броситься (к) принимать решение иметь значение (для) снять фильм заработать состояние суетиться стать хор. специалистом пошутить совершить поездку записать (что-л.) составлять список существенно менять дело зарабатывать на жизнь готовить еду испортить сделать ошибку шуметь
240
make (a) payment делать платеж
make a (phone) call позвонить по телефону
make a profit получать прибыль
make a promise обещать
make a purchase сделать покупку
make a request обратиться с просьбой
make a speech произносить речь
make a start начать
make a statement внести предложение
make a suggestion сделать заявление
make a wish загадать желание
make an announcement сделать объявление
make an appointment назначить встречу
make an attempt сделать попытку
make an effort сделать усилие
make an exception сделать исключение
make an excuse извиниться
make an impression (on) произвести впечатление (на)
make arrangements делать приготовления
make (both) ends meet сводить концы с концами
make certain удостовериться
make changes вносить изменения
make friends (with) подружиться (с)
make fun (of) подшутить (над)
make money зарабатывать деньги
make one’s bed застелить постель
make one’s name приобретать известность
make one’s way (in life) проложить себе дорогу (в жизни)
make oneself at home чувствовать себя как дома
make oneself clear выражаться ясно
make peace заключать мир
make preparations (for) делать приготовления (к)
make progress делать успехи
make room (for) освободить место (для)
make sense иметь смысл
make sb angry разозлить кого-л.
make sb do sth заставить сделать что-л.
make sth clear прояснить что-л.
make sure (of) убедиться (в)
make tea приготовить чай
make the best (of) максимально использовать
make the most (of) максимально использовать
make up a story сочинить историю
make up one’s mind принять решение
make use (of) пользоваться (чем-л.)
make war вести войну
241
PAY
pay a bill / a fine / taxes pay a compliment (on) pay a fare / the rent pay a high price pay a visit pay attention to pay for sth pay in dollars pay (in) cash / by card pay interest оплатить счет / штраф / налоги сделать комплимент (по поводу) оплатить проезд / аренду заплатить высокую цену нанести визит обратить внимание на заплатить за что-л. рассчитываться долларами платить наличными / карточкой выплатить проценты
PUT
put a limit on sth put a strain on put an end/a stop to sth put aside put at risk put effort into put forward an idea put in order put into action / effect put into practice put pen to paper put pressure on sb put sb in a bad mood put the blame on sb put up with sth to put it another way ограничить что-л. оказывать давление на положить конец чему-то отложить в сторону подвергать опасности вкладывать силы в выдвинуть идею привести в порядок приводить в действие реализовать на практике начать писать давить на кого-л. испортить настроение возлагать вину на кого-л. терпеть, мириться с чем-л. другими словами
RUN
run a bath наполнить ванну (водой)
run a business заниматься бизнесом
run a campaign проводить кампанию
run a company управлять компанией
run a / the risk подвергаться риску
run an advertisement рекламировать
run into debt влезть в долги
run into trouble попасть в неприятности
run out of sth закончилось что-л.
Запомните несколько распространенных в речи выражений:
run short of milk. — У нас закончилось молоко.
The tap is running. - Вода течет (из крана).
Му nose is running. - У меня насморк.
242
My temperature is running. — У меня температура.
Buses don’t run on Sundays. — Автобусы не ходят по воскресеньям.
Electric cars run on big batteries. — Электрические машины рабо-
тают на больших батареях.
The software wilt run on any PC. — Эта программа будет работать
на любом компьютере.
Blue eyes run in our family. — Голубые глаза - это наша семейная
черта (передаются по наследству в нашей семье).
SAY
say something / that say to somebody say hello say goodbye say yes (to sth) say no say so say a few words say sorry say thank you say a prayer They say... / It is said (that) ... that is to say to say the least (of it) to say nothing of sth сказать что-то / что сказать кому-то поздороваться попрощаться согласиться (на что-л.) отказать так сказать сказать пару слов извиниться поблагодарить прочитать молитву Говорят, что... то есть, другими словами мягко говоря не говоря уже о чем-л.
Запомните несколько распространенных в речи выражений:
Не is said to be a good doctor. — Говорят, что он хороший врач.
I have nothing to say. — Мне нечего сказать.
I’d rather not say. - He знаю, что и сказать. Лучше не спрашивай.
You don’t say!— Да ну! Не может быть!
it goes without saying. — Само собой разумеется.
Easier said than done. — Легче сказать, чем сделать.
SPEAK
speak to sb (about) говорить с кем-то (о)
speak a language говорить на языке
speak in public выступать на публике
speak at a conference выступать на конференции
speak in favour of/ against выступать за / против
speak well (-highly) of sb хорошо отзываться о ком-л.
speak ill of sb плохо отзываться о ком-л.
speak your mind говорить то, что думаешь
generally speaking в общем говоря
so to speak так сказать
English-speaking countries англоязычные страны
243
Запомните несколько распространенных в речи выражений:
Nothing to speak of. — Ничего особенного.
The facts speak for themselves. — Факты говорят сами за себя.
Actions speak louder than words. - Поступки говорят громче слов.
SLEEP
get to sleep уснуть
go to sleep идти спать
have trouble sleeping иметь проблемы со сном
oversleep проспать
sleep = be sleeping = be asleep слать
sleep like a baby спать как младенец
sleep like a log крепко спать
sleep welt/badly хорошо / плохо спать
sound asleep крепко спящий
take (=have) a nap вздремнуть
TAKE
take a bath принимать ванну
take a break сделать перерыв
take a breath вдохнуть
take a bus сесть в автобус
lake a chance рискнуть
take a course изучать (учебный) курс
take a day off взять выходной
take a decision принять решение
take a flight сесть в самолет
take a glance (at) взглянуть (на)
take a liking (to) чувствовать симпатию (к)
take a look (at) взглянуть (на)
take a nap вздремнуть
take a photo (of) сделать снимок
take a ride проехать
take a risk рискнуть
take a selfie сделать селфи
take a shower принимать душ
take a step сделать шаг
take a pill принять таблетку
take a trip поехать в путешествие
take action принимать меры
lake advantage (of) воспользоваться (чем-л.)
take advice советоваться
take an interest (in) интересоваться (чем-л.)
take an exam сдавать экзамен
244
take an initiative взять инициативу
take by surprise застать врасплох
take by the hand взять за руку
take care (of) заботиться (о)
take control (of) взять на себя управление
take exercise делать упражнения
lake first place занять первое место
take for granted принимать как должное
take into account принимать во внимание
take into consideration учитывать
take sth easy не волноваться
take measures принимать меры
take notes делать заметки
take (no) notice (of) (не) обращать внимание (на)
take offence (at) обижаться (на)
take one’s medicine принимать лекарство
take one's seat занять чье-л. место
take one’s side принять чью-л. сторону
take one’s temperature измерить температуру
take part (in) принимать участие (в)
take pity (on) сжалиться (над)
take place случаться
take pleasure (in) получать удовольствие (от)
take pride (in) гордиться (чем-л.)
take revenge (on) отомстить
take sb home провожать кого-л. домой
take sb out for a walk повести кого-л. погулять
take sb io a place отвести кого-л. куда-л.
take sugar in one’s coffee добавлять сахар в кофе
take the blame (for) принять вину (за)
take the floor пойти танцевать
take the opportunity воспользоваться случаем
take the responsibility (for) брать ответственность (за)
take things as they are принимать все как есть
take time off (work) взять отпуск, выходной
take time io do sth требуется время на
take to heart принимать к сердцу
TALK
talk to (=with) sb говорить с кем-то
talk about sth говорить о чем-то
talk to yourself говорить сам с собой
talk sense говорить разумно
talk nonsense /rubbish говорить ерунду
245
Продолжение
talk (about) politics обсуждать политику
talk business обсуждать дела
talk the matter over (with sb) обсудить вопрос (с кем-л.)
talk in a low voice говорить тихим голосом
talk in a whisper говорить шепотом
talk in riddles говорить загадками
TELL
tell somebody something сказать кому-то что-то
tell somebody (about sth) (рас)сказать кому-то (о чем-то)
tell the truth сказать правду
tell a lie солгать
tell a secret рассказать секрет
tell a joke пошутить
tell a story рассказать историю
tell one’s fortune предсказывать судьбу
tell sb the way показать кому-л. дорогу
tell the time сказать, который час
tell the difference (between) назвать разницу (между)
tell sth from sth отличать что-то от чего-то
tell sth apart различать, отличать
tell off ругать, отчитывать
TURN
turn a blind eye to sth игнорировать что-л.
turn inside out вывернуть наизнанку
turn on /off включить / выключить
turn out оказываться
turn over the page перевернуть страницу
turn red покраснеть
turn (round) the comer повернуть за угол
turn (to the) left повернуть налево
turn up somewhere появиться где-то
turn upside down переворачивать вверх дном
Рекомендации по выполнению тестовых заданий
на словоупотребление
Алгоритм выполнения задания на употребление слов:
L Прочитайте текст, не обращая внимания на пропущенные
слова, чтобы получить о нем общее представление.
246
2. Внимательно читайте каждое предложение целиком, а не
только слова до и после пропуска, т.к. там могут содержаться под-
сказки, которые помогут вам выбрать правильный ответ.
3. Исключите варианты, которые явно не подходят, затем из
оставшихся выберите тот, который логически дополнит предло-
жение и будет сочетаться со стоящими рядом словами.
4. Если ответ не очевиден, выбирайте «наименее неправиль-
ный ответ». Если не получается обосновать выбор, пишите тот ва-
риант ответа, который лучше звучит, — память поможет выбрать
тот, который вы когда-то где-то слышали или видели.
5. Прочитайте весь текст снова, чтобы убедиться, что встав-
ленные слова подходят по смыслу и что с ними предложения пра-
вильные и лексически, и грамматически.
Секреты успеха!
При выполнении заданий на словоупотребление, обращайте
внимание на сочетаемость предлагаемых вариантов ответа с пред-
шествующими либо последующими словами: предлогами, арти-
клями, инфинитивом с частицей либо без частицы to, герундием.
При выборе существительных обязательно определяйте, является
ли существительное исчисляемым либо неисчисляемым, следите
за наличием либо отсутствием артикля. У прилагательных следи-
те за способами образования степеней сравнения {-er/est у одно-
сложных прилагательных и more/mosty многосложных). Выбирая
глагол, учитывайте его залог (активный или пассивный), а также
его переходность / непереходность (может ли он сочетаться с до-
полнением). Подбирайте подходящие по смыслу слова, т.е. сло-
ва, значение которых является уместным в данном тексте (кон-
тексте). Помните про устойчивые и идиоматические выражения.
Рассмотрим несколько текстов на словоупотребление:
Текст 1
Dark chocolate is (I) ... of nutrients that can positively (2) ... your
health. Made from the seed of the cocoa tree, it is one of the most deli-
cious eatables known to man. Chocolate can be used as a mood lifter
and brain stimulator (3) ... on the type, ingredients, and (4) ... eaten.
Strange at it may seem, dark chocolate can regulate our appetites when
consumed on a regular basis. Compared to milk chocolate, the dark va-
riety helps us to eat less. It can also (5) ... the negative impact of UV
radiation and promote moisturizing of our skin. It’s a dream come (6)
... for chocoholics!
247
Don’t get too excited, though. In fact, regularly eating milk or white
chocolate could (7)... in the opposite effect - high sugar and fat content
in milk and white chocolate can lead to some serious health problems,
including obesity and heart disease.
The bottom line here is for (8) ... health, a boost in mood, and in-
creased concentration and energy, dark chocolate is the clear winner. If
you’re craving something sweet before turning in for the night, (9)... for
a small piece or two of milk or white chocolate for more (10)... sleep and
sweeter dreams.
1. a. filled c. added e. packed
b. complete d. full
2. a. impact b. force c. pretend d. effect e. affect
3. a. choosing b. determining c. counting d. considering e. depending
4. a. number b. amount c. volume d. extent e. quality
5. a. reduce b. remove c. replace d. shorten e. decline
6. a. real b. realistic c. true d. correct e. right
7. a. ensure b. lead c. cause d. result e. create
8. a. whole b. general c. total d. complete e. well
9. a. take b. apply c. find d. look e. obtain
10. a. long b. deep c. uneasy d. better e. restful
Анализ текста 1
1 d — Предлог of, который стоит после пропуска, исключает
из возможных вариантов ответа все прилагательные, кроме full {be
full of sth — быть полным чего-л.).
2 е - Выбирая верный вариант ответа, следует исключить гла-
голы pretend (притворяться) и force (вынуждать), которые не под-
ходят по смыслу. Глагол impact (влиять) требует после себя пред-
лога он, а слово effect является существительным {have an effect on —
оказать влияние на). Следовательно, выбираем глагол affect {affect
your health — влиять на ваше здоровье).
Зе- Наличие после пропуска предлога он исключает из воз-
можных вариантов ответа слова choosing, determining, considering.
248
Глагол count в сочетании с предлогом on имеет значение «пола-
гаться, надеяться на», что неуместно в данном контексте. Пра-
вильный ответ — depending on в значении «в зависимости от».
4 b — Из содержания текста понятно, что речь идет о количе-
стве съеденного шоколада, а не о его объеме (volume), качестве
(quality) или степени (extent). Делая выбор между словами number
и amount, нужно учесть, что number (количество) сочетается толь-
ко с исчисляемыми существительными, в то время как amount —
с неисчисляемыми (amount (of chocolate) eaten).
5 a - Выбор правильного ответа зависит от знания словарных
значений предложенных слов: reduce — сокращать, remove — уда-
лять, replace - перемещать, shorten — укорачивать, decline — сни-
жаться. С учетом существительного impact (влияние), следует вы-
брать глагол reduce (reduce the impact — сократить влияние).
6 с — A dream come true — идиоматическое (устойчивое) выраже-
ние, обозначающее «сбывшаяся мечта», «предел мечтаний».
7 d - При выборе правильного ответа следует обратить вни-
мание на предлог in, стоящий после пропуска. Только глагол result
требует предлога in и, значит, является правильным ответом (result
in sth — привести к чему-то).
8 b — Словосочетание general health означает «общее самочув-
ствие», «здоровье в целом». Остальные прилагательные со словом
health не сочетаются.
9 d — С учетом сочетаемости предлагаемых глаголов с предло-
гом for, выбираем между apply for (обратиться за) и look for (искать).
Для данного контекста подходит look for (a piece of chocolate).
10 d — Для выбора правильного ответа нужно обратить внима-
ние на слово тоге (более) перед пропуском, которое употребляет-
ся для образования сравнительной степени двусложных и много-
сложных прилагательных и наречий. Следовательно, исключаем
односложные прилагательные long и deep. Прилагательное better
(лучше) является сравнительной степенью прилагательного good
и не может употребляться с more. Uneasy sleep (тревожный сон) не
подходит по смыслу, значит, правильный ответ — restful sleep (без-
мятежный сон).
Текст 2
Technology is revolutionizing the way we learn. Distance learning
is currently booming thanks to the power of the Internet. With a (1)...
of courses to choose from, there is a rise in flexible and (2)... education
options.
249
The main advantage of e-leaming is the convenience it (3)... . You
can learn at your own pace and at a time that (4)... you, allowing you
to prioritize career, family and other responsibilities that (5)... you busy.
You don’t need to (6) ... lectures on campus, so there are no accom-
modation or transport costs. (7)... of tutorials or lectures, support from
lecturers comes through online forums, email exchanges, and video
conferences.
However, a computer screen cannot (8)... up for human interaction.
Distance learning also (9) ... a lot of discipline and self-motivation to
coverthe material. Besides, there are some employers who still (10)... to
hire graduates with an online degree, but this may vary from one com-
pany to another. Nevertheless, e-learning is the future of education -
global, seamless, cost-effective, and flexible.
1. a. difference с. choice e. variation
b. variety d. amount
2. a. valueless b. worth с. affordable d. impossible e. sensitive
3. a. proposes b. offers c. suggests d. supplies e. arranges
4. a. fits b. matches c. suits d. comes e. needs
5. a. hold b. do c. stay d. keep e. remain
6. a. visit b. listen c. come d. go e. attend
7. a. Apart b. Because c. Besides d. Rather than e. Instead
8. a. make b. stand c. change d. compensate e. save
9. a. expects b. enquires c. requires d. wants e. calls
10. a. hesitate b. doubt c. scare d. afraid e. wonder
Анализ текста 2
1 b - Обратим внимание на артикль а перед пропуском и ис-
ключим вариант amount (an amount). Значение остальных слов
следующее: difference — отличие, variety — разнообразие, choice —
выбор, variation — изменение. Содержанию предложения соответ-
ствует variety (a variety of courses - разнообразие курсов).
2 с - Выбор правильного ответа зависит от значений предлага-
емых слов. Так, valueless-ничего не стоящий, worth — стоящий (не
250
употребляется перед существительными), affordable — доступный,
по средствам, impossible — невозможный, sensitive — чувствитель-
ный. С учетом контекста выбираем affordable {affordable options -
доступные варианты).
3b— Глаголы propose и suggest означают «предлагать (план,
идею)» и являются синонимами, следовательно, ни один из них
не может быть правильным ответом. Глагол supply «снабжать (чем-
то необходимым)», arrange «организовывать, договариваться».
Правильный ответ - глагол offer «предлагать, предоставлять (по-
мощь, возможность и т.п.)», т.к. в предложении речь идет о преи-
муществах, которые предоставляет дистанционное обучение.
4 с - Подбираем глагол к слову time. Не подходят глаголы: fit
(подходить по размеру) и match (подходить по цвету). Глагол соте
(приходить) является непереходным и не сочетается с прямым
дополнением (уса). Словосочетание a time that needs you означает
«время, которое нуждается в тебе». Правильным является глагол
suit (соответствовать требованиям) {a time that suits you — время, ко-
торое подходит тебе).
5 d — Видим в предложении структуру «глагол + you + при-
лагательное». Исключаем заведомо неверные ответы. Глаголы stay
и remain (оставаться) являются непереходными и не сочетаются
с прямым дополнением (yow); глагол do (в отличие от таке), не
употребляется в подобной структуре; глагол hold означает «дер-
жать (в руке), удерживать (в каком-то положении, месте)». Нам
подходит глагол keep, являющийся частью устойчивого выраже-
ния keep sb busy (занимать чье-л. время).
бе - При выборе ответа обратим внимание, что глаголы listen,
соте и go требуют после себя предлога to, поэтому нам не подхо-
дят. Выбираем между глаголами visit «посещать (врача, сайт, го-
род)» и attend «посещать (мероприятие, учебное заведение)». Оче-
видный ответ — attend {attend lectures — посещать лекции).
7 е — Предлог of который стоит после пропуска, может соче-
таться только с because и instead. Because of (из-за) не подходит по
смыслу. Правильный ответ - instead of (вместо).
8 а — В данном предложении идет речь о том, что компьютер
не заменит человеческое общение. Глаголы change и compensate
подходят по смыслу, но не сочетаются с предлогом up. Из пред-
ложенных вариантов ответа указанному значению соответствует
лишь фразовый глагол make up for «компенсировать».
9 с — Переводим предложение: обучение не может ожидать
{expect), просить {request) или хотеть {want) дисциплины, оно тре-
251
бует дисциплины. Значение «требовать» есть у глаголов require и
cat!for. Выбираем require, т.к. предлог/ог отсутствует.
10 а - Сразу исключаем из возможных вариантов глаголы doubt
и wonder, т.к. они не сочетаются с инфинитивом (to hire). Прила-
гательное afraid (боящийся) может быть частью сказуемого только
при наличии глагола-связки, например, be (they are afraid to hire).
Глагол scare (пугать) должен быть в пассивной форме, чтобы со-
четаться с инфинитивом {they are scared to hire). Таким образом,
остается глагол hesitate (колебаться, не решаться).
Задания на словоупотребление
1. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Generation Z is today’s teens and tweens, born after 1997. From
birth, Gen Z has had a (1)... relationship with modern technology. They
were born into social media, tablets, smartphones and the mobility that
(2)... them to access it all in no time. They are true digital natives who
(3)... up online, constantly absorbing vast (4)... of information and so-
cializing on the Internet rather than in real life.
They have never known a world where they couldn’t instantly con-
nect and (5) ... up the answer to any question that (6) ... their mind.
There is no need to ask anyone, they can figure it out for themselves
in their preferred domain: online. Multitasking is also one of the posi-
tive generation Z (7)... . Due to their extraordinary ability to process a
wealth of information within seconds, Gen Zers can easily (8)... several
tasks at once.
Gen Z is independent, self-confident, autonomous, highly educat-
ed, technologically savvy and innovative. Counterbalancing their posi-
tives, they are (9) ... and will quickly discount those who can’t imme-
diately deliver on their needs or who complicate their lives in any (10)
... . This translates into extremely high expectations and a high bar for
anyone who covets their business.
1. a. sole c. only e. unusual
b. unique d. extraordinary
2. a. lets c. demands e. allows
b. affords d. provides
3. a. stay c. rise e. bring
b. go d. grow
4. a.lots c. deals e. numbers
b. volumes d. amounts
252
5. a. look c. search e. request
b. find d. take
6. a. passed c.changed e. made
b. came d. crossed
7. a. personalities c. conditions e. activities
b. traits d. circumstances
8. a. make c. deal e. handle
b.cope d. carry
9. a. impatient c. demanded e. annoying
b. impossible d. intolerable
10. a. case c. way e. means
b. occasion d. state
2. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
(1) ... up sports is a major challenge for teens these days. Today’s
young people are being lured into ‘activities’ that (2)... only the move-
ment of a hand, such as video games, social networks or web surfing.
Playing sports will first and foremost help you grow socially. As you
spend more time with your peers, you will learn to come out of your
shell and interact better. Sports are an excellent exercise to build team
spirit and leadership (3)... . You will learn how to cooperate with your
team members and to keep the interest of the (4)... team on top priority
instead of thinking about your individual (5) ... only. Besides, right on
the playground you will form some of your closest friendships that may
(6)... a lifetime.
When you get (7)... in sports, you will also start managing your time
better. You will strike a balance between studies and sports and start (8)
... a routine as well as spending your time productively. Sports also (9)...
important life lessons like overcoming challenges, controlling emotions
and (10)... pride in accomplishments. Sports are a great way to have fun
while staying fit.
1. a. Doing b. Taking c. Setting d. Giving e. Picking
2. a. indicate b. call c. require d. consist e. request
3. a. styles b. role c. gifts d. quantities e. skills
4. a. full b. complete c. hole d. entire e. all
5. a. action b. performance c. practice d. realisation e. production
253
6. a. last
b. spend
7. a. involved
b. joined
8. a. sticking
b. watching
9. a. study
b. take
10. a. being
b. taking
c. long d. seem e. pass
c. interesting d. part e. attracted
c. complying d. following e. feeling
c. teach e. learn
d.train c. making d. doing e. putting
3. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Cats are popular pets: there are an (1)... 200 million pet cats world-
wide, with more pet cats than pet dogs. As we all know, cats are much
more puzzling than dogs when it (2)... to understanding them. You and
your cat might (3)... different languages, but you can still interact with
each other. Important clues such as the look in your cat’s eyes, the tone
of their voice, the position of their ears and the motion of their tail can
(4) ... their feelings and intentions. You can (5)... to read these signals
and interpret what’s on your cat’s (6)... .
’Miaow’ is an all-purpose word. Your cat may be (7)... ’miaow’ as a
greeting, a command or an objection. Some people have watched their
cats walking around the house mewing to themselves. Believe it or not,
cats use mewing as a means of communicating only with humans. Purr-
ing is usually a (8)... of satisfaction and happiness but it can also show
that your cat is scared, sick, or injured, and they want you to stick around
to (9)... care. In this way, purring is a comfort-seeking behaviour.
Growling, hissing or spitting indicate a cat who is annoyed, fright-
ened, angry or aggressive. Leave this cat (10)... .
1. a. estimated c. roughly e. about
b. nearly d.enough
2. a. reaches c. leads e. comes
b. follows d. goes
3. a. say c. speak e. learn
b. tell d. communicate
4. a. open c. reveal e. discover
b. find d.talk
5. a. teach c. recognise e. find
b. learn d. know
6. a. mind c. head e. opinion
b. view d. brain
254
7. a. telling c. doing e. calling
b. speaking 8. a. indication d.saying c. presentation e. sign
b. logo 9. a. receive d. signature c. make e. provide
b. need 10. a. lonely d. suggest c. away e. along
b. alone d. own
4. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Whenever anyone mentions that their hobby is watching anime,
they’re often (1)... with many questions by those who don’t understand
what anime is. In Japan, the word anime (2)... to any form of animated
media. Outside Japan, anime is a Japanese animation style character-
ized by colourful graphics, vibrant characters and futuristic settings.
One of the main (3)... why anime has grown in popularity across
the world is its unique (4) ... to grow with its viewers. Through various
age-appropriate anime films, Japanese anime broke the assumption that
anime is something that only kids (5)... . From drama, action and ro-
mance to historical fiction, horror, comedy, and more — there’s an ani-
me to (6)... any taste. Anime fans claim that they enjoy the intensity of
the storylines with the endings being difficult to {7)... . If you are new to
these addictive Japanese cartoons, this is a perfect (8)... for you: Dragon
Ball, Attack on Titan, Death Note, Naruto, Fullmetal Alchemist.
Today, anime is (9) ... on most streaming services like Netflix and
Hulu. Its impact is hard to (10) ... , but a glance at pop culture shows
anime’s fingerprints everywhere.
1. a. met c. replied e. asked
b. faced d. encounted
2. a. concerns b. describes c. refers d. associates e. regards
3. a. causes b. matters c. cases d. points e. reasons
4. a. skill b. facility c. talent d. possibility e. ability
5. a. watch b. look c. observe d. stare e. notice
6. a. come b. suit c. fit d. appeal e. feel
7. a. prognose b. detect c. predict d. pretend e. estimate
255
8. a. register
b. agenda
9. a. possible
b. visible
10. a. value
b. consider
c. index
d.list
c. open
d. available
c. qualify
d. calculate
e. record
e. affordable
e. evaluate
5. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Italy is an (1)... beautiful country. You can be moved to tears by its
(2).... But there are Italian cities which (3)... yourbreath away in other
ways. Way back in the early 2010s, officials reported that air pollution in
Italy was reaching crisis (4)....
In 2017, Milan and Turin introduced traffic restrictions to lower the
impact of smog and air pollution. As a result, public transport is (5) ...
on days when pollution becomes a (6)... to people’s health, in a(n) (7)
... to encourage people to leave their cars at home. The most popular
measure is free parking on the (8)... of the cities on hot, still days when
exhaust fumes tend to accumulate. Another method is to (9) ... traffic
from several streets on weekends.
A possible (10)... to reduce polluting emissions is switching to elec-
tric cars. Under the plans, electric cars could be given priority at (11)
... lights and exempted from one-way systems. They could also be given
preferential parking spaces and lower charges. New bicycle tracks and
pedestrian zones are also part of the (12)... to a new environmental re-
gulation which says that local authorities must guarantee safe air.
1. a. really c. completely e. extremely
b. indeed 2. a. landscape d. approximately c. scenes e. still lifes
b. surrounding 3. a. catch d. neighbourhood c. hold e. move
b. make 4. a. positions d. take c. levels e. heights
b. degrees 5. a. open d. standards c. affordable e. loose
b. free 6. a. risk d. vacant c. threat e. harm
b. damage 7. a. try d. trouble c. way e. effort
b. trial 8. a. outskirts d. attitude c. centre e. suburbs
b. areas d. slums
256
9. a. reduce
b. ban
10. a. mean
b. opinion
11. a. signal
b. motion
12. a. charge
b. response
c. avoid d. limit e. restrict
c. action e. answer
d. approach c. road e. street
d. traffic c. intention d. question e. relief
6. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Do you have a guilty pleasure? Something that you wouldn’t give up
but would (I)... keep secret? Something that you love doing, but are a bit
embarrassed to (2)... people about?
A poll of 2,000 adults has found an extra scoop of ice cream or slice
of cake is the most (3)... guilty pleasure to indulge in, followed by (4)...
a takeaway in when you don’t (5)... like cooking. (6) ... asleep in front
of the TV or at the cinema came third while another tea break when you
should be working came fourth. Stealing soaps and toiletries from hotels
also feature. Other guilty pleasures include singing your heart out in the
bathroom, going back to bed on a lazy Sunday afternoon and eating a (7)
... there. Staying in your pyjamas all day and going to a cafe straight after
the gym (8)... the top ten.
Almost one in five have been left red-faced after someone (9)... out
about one of their guilty pleasures with 22 per cent of those trying to
cover it up, (10)... being caught in the act. Everyone has some sort of
guilty pleasure and if you say you don’t, then you’re (11) .... No one
wants to admit what their guilty pleasures are because they (12)... to be
ashamed or judged.
1. a. better c. like e. prefer
b. rather d. wish
2. a. discuss b.talk c. speak d. say e. tell
3. a. main b. common c. great d. average e. wide
4. a. booking b. engaging c. reserving d. ordering e. taking
5. a. would b. wish c. feel d. want e. look
6. a. Feeling b. Failing c. Going d. Filling e. Falling
257
7. a. meal c. course e. food
b. dish 8. a. finished d. dinner c. ended e. fulfilled
b. concluded 9. a. knew d. completed c. learnt e. founded
b. found 10. a. although d. recognized c. despite e. in spite
b. nevertheless 11. a. lying d. not looking c. dishonesty e. cheated
b. laying 12. a. afraid d. lieing c. terrify e. fear
b. frightened d. alarm
7. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Summer seems to finally be on its (1) ... I Warmer weather, plenty
of sunshine, the chance to (2)... being outside, eat more fruit and ve-
getables and simply chill out a bit. Why is it that for many of us, just a few
sunny days (3)... us feel better?
Scientists believe that they have (4) ... the reason for this. The in-
crease in sunlight (5)... a chemical reaction in our bodies, limiting me-
latonin production so that we feel more alert and less sleepy. This also
(6) ... the serotonin production, making us happier and more cheerful.
In addition, the heat from the sun has a calming effect as it (7)... blood
pressure, giving us a feeling of relaxation.
However, those suffering from low blood pressure may (8)... feelings
of tiredness and anxiety at this time of year. Experts advise such people
to (9)... up exercise and to add more salt to their diet.
In good weather we (10)... to spend more time in the fresh air, maybe
lunch in the park (11)... than at your desk, a family outing to the beach
or a get together with friends or a relaxed BBQ. These types of (12)... let
us feel on top of the world, so we associate sunshine with good moments
and pleasant memories.
1. a. route c. direction e. path
b. way d. track
2. a. please c. enjoy e. satisfy
b.join d. delight
3. a. make c. force e, inspire
b. cause d. allow
4. a. opened c. founded e. discovered
b. invented d. created
258
5. a. performs
b. realises
6. a. raises
b. arises
7. a. declines
b. resists
8. a. feel
b. give
9. a. carry
b. set
10. a. prevent
b. tend
11. a. better
b. more
12. a. occasions
b. matters
c. brings
d. produces
c. rises
d.adds
c. falls
d. drops
c. hold
d. experience
c. take
d. get
c. extend
d. pretend
c. rather
d. other
c. events
d. circumstances
e. constructs
e. grows
e. reduces
e. explain
e. do
e. attend
e. sooner
e. cases
8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
On 8 January 2020, Prince Harry and his wife Meghan Markle (1)
... on Instagram their desire to (2)... back from their royal duties and to
become financially independent. The couple spoke about the difficulties
of royal life and media attention, with the Duke saying he (3)... his wife
and son would fall victims to ‘the same powerful forces’ that (4)... to his
mother’s death.
This decision was quickly dubbed ‘Megxif by British tabloid The
Sun (from‘Brexit’, the exit ofthe UK from the European Union). In the
months that followed, Harry was pretty (5)... by how people attributed
that decision to Meghan because he was the one who ‘drove’ their exit
from the royal family and Meghan just pushed him to (6)... action and
(7)... his hand through it.
Now that they’re no (8)... royals, Harry and Meghan have the free-
dom to work on projects that (9) ... to them and to make a real differ-
ence. They are also granted the freedom to find support in people and
organisations that align with their (10)... values. They have reportedly
said they will now (II) ... their efforts on social issues such as racial in-
justice, while continuing to highlight subjects such as gender equality,
mental health and environmental (12)... .
1. a. said c. announced e. told
b. talked d. informed
2. a. come c. bring e. return
b. leave d. step
259
3. a. feared
b. afraid
4. a. arrived
b. led
5. a. worrying
b. anxious
6. a. put
b. take
7. a, pressed
b. shook
8. a. wonder
b. larger
9. a. important
b. signify
10. a. own
b. alone
11. a. dedicate
b. focus
12. a. scares
b. states
c. cared
d. concerned
c. came
d. resulted
c. angry
d. nervous
c. have
d. do
c. carried
d. wore
c. longer
d. sooner
c. influence
d. matter
c. self
d. private
c. contribute
d. put
c. alarms
d. doubts
e. frightened
e. caused
e. upset
e. make
e. held
e. later
e. mean
e. personnel
e. devote
e. concerns
9. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов
ответа:
Having a clear-out (выкидывание ненужных вещей)? Cot any old
novels? Why not BookCross them?
Sometimes described as a ‘modern-day message in a bottle’,
www.bookcrossing.com is an online book club which was (I) ... to en-
courage the exchange of books across the (2)... world. This is an online
library that (3) ... book lovers to find books, share books, and meet
others with (4)... interests.
Book Crossers take one of their favourite books and leave it some-
where for another reader to find — on a park bench, on a cafe table,
anywhere they think it’s likely to be (5)... up. Anyone who (6)... across
the book is free to take it, read it and (7)... it on.
Its principle (8)... the work of ornithologists. Before a book is ‘re-
leased’, it receives a book-crossing ID fortracking its movement around
the world. The book also receives a sticker with the company logo and
the (9)... “This book has not been (10)....” An instruction with an ex-
planatory note is inserted in the book, so that it would not be (11)... or
stolen. Every book is tracked via a website so all its readers can see where
it ends up and read what others thought of it.
260
With over 2 million members on the website, there are now (12) ...
12 million books travelling through over 132 countries.
1. a. originated c. set e. found
b. appeared 2. a. all d. founded c. absolute e. whole
b. total 3. a. enables d full c. means e. affords
b.lets 4. a. similar d. cooperates c. alike e. same
b. near 5. a. held d. likely c. picked e. taken
b. given 6. a. walks d. lifted c. goes e. moves
b. takes 7. a. put d. comes c. try e. hold
b. turn 8. a. looks d. pass c. reminds e. seems
b. resembles 9. a. heading d. remembers c. title e. sign
b. sight 10. a. loose d. signature c. lost e.lose
b.loss 11. a. injured d. losing c. hurt e. defeated
b. destroyed 12. a. more d. collapsed c. nearby e. up
b. close d. approximately
10. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Coronavirus, reported to have (1) ... in China’s Wuhan in De-
cember 2019, infected and killed millions of people. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO), (2)... of infection include fever, dry
cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, loss of taste or smell. In more severe
cases, it may (3)... to pneumonia and even death. However, infected pa-
tients can also be asymptomatic, i.e. they do not display any symptoms.
While scientists around the globe were racing to (4) ... a vaccine,
a(n) (5)... of countries introduced various (6)... to slow the spread of the
coronavirus, such as nationwide lockdowns, bans on gatherings, closure
of schools, restaurants and sports clubs as (7)... as issuing work-from-
home decrees.
You can reduce your chances of being infected or spreading any virus
by (8)... some simple precautions:
261
• wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at (9) ... 20
seconds, or use a hand sanitizer if you are out and about;
• (10) ... touching your mouth, eyes and nose, with hands that
haven’t been washed;
• (11)... a cloth face mask in public places;
• maintain social distance (I -2 metres) between yourself and others;
• stay home and self-isolate even with minor symptoms until you
(12)....
1. a. invented c. founded e. originated
b. found d. discovered
2. a. sings b. sights c. signs d. signatures e. sighs
3. a. follow b. indicate c. lead d. result e. cause
4. a. determine b. develop c. dedicate d.depend e. devote
5. a. amount b. few c. number d. quantity e. lots
6. a. measures b. degrees c. extents d. matters e. reasons
7. a. soon b. also c. far d. well e. such
8. a. putting b. preventing c. doing d. removing e. taking
9. a. minimal b. first c. last d. latest e. least
10. a. deny b. avoid c. refuse d. miss e. hide
11. a. put b. carry c. dress d. wear e. have
12. a. cover b. correct c. cure d. improve e. recover
11. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Are you (I) ... after breaking a mirror or seeing a black cat in the
street on Friday 13? All cultures have superstitions of their own, while
some of them are (2)... by all humankind.
Let’s (3)... the superstition associated with walking under a ladder
which is thought to bring you bad (4).... It is said that this superstition is
262
based on ancient Egyptians’ (5)... that a triangle is a holy shape, as can
be seen in the pyramids. A ladder leaning against a wall forms a triangle.
To them, triangles represented the trinity of the gods and if one (6) ...
under it, he or she might see a god or goddess climbing up or down,
which might anger them very much.
However, do not be (7)... ifyou have to pass under a ladder. Accord-
ing to ‘The Encyclopedia of Superstitions’, there are a (8)... things that
you can do to break the curse or bad luck (if you believe in these things).
You can:
- make a wish while walking under the ladder;
- walk backwards under the ladder again;
- cross your (9)... and keep them crossed until you see a dog.
Well, there is really no clue as to whether these (10)... work if there
is a case of angering the gods, but you should probably avoid walking
under a ladder due to the safety (11)... alone if you (12)... for your own
well-being.
1. a. pleasant c. convenient e. cosy
b. glad d. comfortable
2. a. divided b. shared c. distributed d. separated e. split
3. a. look b. regard c. count d. know e. consider
4. a. luck b. chance c. lack d. loss e. success
5. a. church b. impression c. religion d. belief e. attitude
6. a. travels b. moves c. comes d. passes e. heads
7. a. alarmed b. panic c. worry d. terrifying e. scary
8. a. little b. number c. plenty d. lot e. few
9. a. fists b. brows c. fingers d. shoulders e.toes
10. a. drugs b. remedies c. pills d. medications e. tools
11. a. explanations b. excuses c. reasons d. causes e. goals
12. a. care b. worry c. follow d. treat e. concern
263
12. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Selfie is a photographic self-portrait taken at arm’s (1) ... with a
smartphone and (2)... via social media. The inclusion of front facing
cameras on smart phones and the popularity of social networking sites
(3)... Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat have made the posting of self-
ies increasingly (4)... as a form of photographic self-expression.
'A selfie a day keeps bad feelings away’, so goes an updated version
of a well-known (5)... . Taking selfies is often thought to be (6) ... and
unhealthy. But a recent report (7)... there’s a direct link between taking
daily self-portraits and having a positive and (8) ... view of one’s self.
According to psychologists, we take selfies to improve our mood. (9)...
attention to ourselves, boost our self-confidence and share experiences.
After snapping a selfie, we have an (10) ... to change our faces, add fil-
ters, edit our flaws and so on and so forth.
The first-ever ‘selfie’ was taken by Robert Cornelius, a photography
enthusiast, in Philadelphia in 1839. Cornelius took a picture of himself
in the back of his family’s chandelier store. He (11)... up the camera and
then ran into the frame for the picture, thus having clicked the first-ever
‘selfie’. In 2014, BBC officially (12) ...June 21 a Selfie Day.
1. a. length c. breadth e. distance
b. stretch 2. a. shared d. measure c. split e. used
b. divided 3. a. such d. distributed c. as e. like
b. example 4. a. known d. alike c. favourite e. familiar
b. famous 5. a. statement d. popular c. saying e. motto
b. adverb 6. a. infectious d. idiom c. addictive e. absorbed
b. addicted 7. a. offers d. dependent c. suggests e. submits
b. identifies 8. a. profitable d. points c. valuable e. worth
b. beneficial 9. a. focus d. courageous c. catch e. draw
b. distract 10. a. option d. bring c. possibility e. variant
b. ability d. alternative
264
11. a. took
b. placed
12. a. expressed
b. declared
c. installed
d. set
c. celebrated
d. notified
e. stood
e. mentioned
13. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предтоженных вариан-
тов ответа:
These days, in certain countries, there are laws which (1)... children
who are under 16 from working until they leave school. This is because
governments worry that they will be unable to (2) ... with their school
work. However, teenscan be employed in what isconsidered 'light work’.
This means that they cannot do any job that may (3)... their health and
safety or interfere with their education.
When I was a teenager, I had various part-time jobs. My parents
wanted me to (4)... my own money. They couldn’t (5)... to buy all the
things 1 wanted, but if I had a part-time job, I could buy them myself.
They also believed it was good to get practical (6)... of working.
My first job was delivering newspapers. It sounds easy, but there was
a lot to learn. First, I had to (7)... out the best route around the houses so
I didn’t waste too much time. There was also a list of houses to (8)... and
which newspapers they wanted. I had to pay (9)... because the custom-
ers would get annoyed if they got the wrong newspaper. I had that job for
six months, butthen I started to (10)... behind at school. I had to (11)...
up early every morning, which made me tired at school. 1 realized 1 had
to (12) ... up my job. The money was useful, but finishing high school
was more important so that I could enter the university.
1. a. remove c. preserve e. delay
b. oppose 2. a. cope d. prevent c. face e. manage
b.succeed 3. a. depend d. accomplish c. govern e. effect
b. affect 4. a. win d. warn c. cost e. do
b.earn 5. a. encourage d. pay c. afford e. save
b. let 6. a. abilities d. waste c. level e. skill
b. qualifications 7. a. plan d. experience c. search e. make
b. work 8. a. remind d. discover c. resemble e. memorize
b. realize d. store
265
9. a. attention c. notice e. effort
b. bills d. visit
10. a. keep c. fall e. fail
b. slow d. leave
11. a. stand c. go e. stay
b. wake d. raise
12. a. make c. get e. keep
b. take d. give
14. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
City officials and planners are continually (1)... for ways to enhance
people’s quality of life in urban areas, some of which (2)... investing in
outdoor spaces for things like walking and cycling. Now, scientists from
Princeton University in the US have found that home gardening may
also help (3)... the emotional well-being of people who live in cities.
The scholars asked 370 people to use an app to report how they felt
while doing any one of 15 activities. These included (4)... activities, as
well as things like working and (5)... different types of public transport.
The study revealed that gardening at home had the (6)... effect on
emotional well-being (or happiness) as biking, walking or dining out.
In (7) ... , whether people gardened alone or with others (8) ... no dif-
ference, and people who kept vegetable gardens reported a higher level
of average emotional well-being than those who worked in ornamental
gardens.
One of the study’s co-authors, Anu Ramaswami, noted that garden-
ing was among the top five activities in (9)... of how meaningful it felt to
participants (10)... in it. She said, “Gardening could provide the health
(11) ... of fresh fruits and vegetables, (12) ... physical activity, and sup-
port emotional well-being, which can reinforce this healthy behaviour.”
1. a. waiting c. seeking e. finding
b. exploring d. looking
2. a. contain b. compose c. consist d. include e. conclude
3. a. raise b. grow c. progress d. contribute e. improve
4. a. leisure b. excited c. spare d. active e. funny
5. a. going b. having c. taking d. travelling e. driving
6. a. same b. similar c. like d. likely e. alike
266
7. a. vain
b. factor
8. a. had
b. took
9. a. terms
b. plan
10. a. involving
b. participated
11. a. profits
b. benefits
12. a. promote
b. succeed
c. advance
d. common
c. told
d. made
c. place
d. favour
c. engaged
d. occupied
c. care
d. achievements
c. make
d. undertake
e. addition
e. did
e. case
e. interesting
e. prizes
e. perform
15. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Sit down. (I)... yourself a Coke, have a chocolate chip cookie. Then,
grab a yellow sticky note and write this down; “Mistakes are the portals
for discovery”. Certain mistakes in history have (2)... out to be lucky for
the people who (3)... them.
Did you (4)... that in 1886, a pharmacist’s assistant used fizzy water
by mistake to mix a new medicine? The result? Coca-Cola.
In the 1930s, Ruth Wakefield from Massachusetts added (5)... bro-
ken chocolate bar pieces into her cookie batter (.тесто) thinking that
they would melt. Instead, the classic dessert - a chocolate chip cookie
was born.
In 1968, Dr. Spencer Silver, a chemist at 3M Company, was trying
to (6)... a super-strong adhesive, but he (7)... up with a super-weak one
instead. In 1974, Art Fry, a (8) ... of Dr. Silver's at 3M, was singing in
his church choir. He became frustrated when the bookmarks he used
to mark his place in his hymnal kept falling out. He (9) ... Dr. Silver’s
adhesive and tried some on his bookmarks. It worked wonderfully! The
bookmarks (10)... in place, but he could move and reattach them easily
without harming any of the pages. The rest, as they say, is history...
These stories (11)... an interesting fact: ifscientists were always well-
organized, they wouldn’t have (12)... some of the most important dis-
coveriesin history!
1. a. Drink b. Pour c. Water d. Fill e. Flow
2. a. proved b. turned c. appeared d. found e. gone
3. a. created b. made c. solved d. did e. performed
267
4. a. learn c. consider e. regard
b. aware 5. a. hurt d. know c. destroyed e. broken
b. damaged 6. a. think d. injured c. invent e. establish
b. experiment 7. a. came d. experience c.got e. faced
b. kept 8. a. staff d. caught c. college e. colleague
b. employee 9. a. remembered d. acquaintance c. thought e. realized
b. memorized 10. a. located d. mentioned c. reminded e. kept
b. left 11. a. approve d. stayed c. provide e. persuade
b. improve 12. a. done d. prove c. made e. created
b. performed d. opened
16. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Modern teenagers absolutely must have the (1) ... fashion item or
trendy gadget that is taking the world by storm. That is the impression
you get from some of the (2)... today, saying that one in four teenagers
are (3)... to their smartphone.
Teenagers and smartphones are an unstoppable force. It would be
hard to find a(n) (4) ... school in Europe where the hallways aren’t (5)
... with teens and tweens texting and chatting away. Mobile devices these
days are rarely just phones. They are portable electronic entertainment
units that (6)... teens to occupy their minds and hands by providing im-
mediate (7)... to music, images, games, and video. Teenagers see their
devices not only as a status symbol, helping to build their self-confi-
dence, but also as the essential ingredient for (8)... a healthy social life.
For teenagers, gadgets can seem all good, and to parents, they can
seem all bad. Parents are concerned about their teenager’s ability to (9)
... with real people and to be engaged with family. It (10)... out that pa-
rents spend (11)... more time arguing with their kids about their screen
time than they do discussing with them what they’re doing online. It’s
time for a different (12) ... . When both sides can agree that there are
costs and benefits to using their phones, it helps communication be-
tween the two generations.
268
1. a. last c. latest e.late
b. least 2. a. titles d. final c. nicknames e. contents
b. pages 3. a. linked d. headlines c. connected e. addictive
b. addicted 4. a. single d. dependent c. lonely e. only
b. alone 5. a. crowded d. one c. busy e. complete
b. full 6. a. allow d. surrounded c. let e. make
b. afford 7. a. entrance d. suggest c. admission e. access
b. ability 8. a. remaining d. entry c. managing e. making
b. mentioning 9. a. commute d. maintaining c. express e. exchange
b. interact 10. a. looks d. contact c. turns e. seems
b. finds 11. a. many d. sets c. lot e. long
b. far 12. a. research d. little c. reproach e. approach
b. case d. movement
17. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Picture this... You (1)... at a city you have neverbeen to before and
enjoy your day sightseeing and having fun. Then, you head to some-
one’s house, someone you’ve never met before in (2), and stay at their
house as a guest (for free). Well, it’s not as crazy as it sounds. It’s usu-
ally called couch-surfing. ‘Couchsurfing’ is a social networking service
which travellers use to find (3).... Today, wwwxouchsutylng.com has over
14 million members across 200,000 cities and (4)... free to use.
In (5)... to couchsurf, you have to become a member and fill out a
profile with certain personal information, hobbies, interests, and other
information that gives a sense of who you are. As a traveller, you can
meet locals and learn more about a (6).... As a host, you can learn about
other cultures while staying in your home and (7)... new friends around.
And as a community member, you can attend meetups and (8) ... with
like-minded individuals.
269
Once you’re hosted, you can help with cooking a meal or 9)... the
dishes. You can also take the host out, bring a small gift, or offer some
other gesture to express your gratitude. But, in my (10) ... , a must is
spending some time with your host. (11) ... stories with them, (12) ...
things they might recommend, or whatever might come along the way.
Remember, this is an exchange experience, not just a free stay.
1. a. come c. arrive e. reach
b. get d. enter
2. a. reality b. public c. contact d. yourself e. person
3. a. accommodation b. room c. apartment d. residence e. home
4. a. leaves b. reserves c. reminds d. remains e. continues
5. a. need b. order c. reply d. favour e. addition
6. a. destination b. stop c. area d. landing e. direction
7. a. visiting b. going c. showing d. presenting e. touring
8. a. incidents b. matters c. occasions d. circumstances e. events
9. a. making b. watering c. pouring d. showering e. doing
10. a. mind b. point c. brain d. opinion e. place
11. a. Divide b. Share c. Split d. Separate e. Spread
12. a. explore b. discover c. research d. investigate e. look
18. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
While the key to success in both personal and professional relation-
ships (1)... in your ability to communicate well, it’s not the words that
you use but your body language that (2)... the loudest. Even when you’re
silent, you’re still communicating nonverbally.
Body language (3) ... to the nonverbal signals that you use to (4) ...
your true feelings, emotions and intentions. It (5)... your posture, ges-
tures, facial expressions, tone of voice, and eye movements. According
to experts, these nonverbal signals (6) ... up between 60 to 65% of all
communication.
270
Many people can decipher intentional body language without much
(7) ... . If someone rolls their eyes or stamps their foot, for example,
you probably have a pretty good idea how they’re (8)... . Unintentional
body language is harder to pick up on. It’s important to keep in (9) ...
that body language isn’t universal and reading people’s body language
is not an (Ю)... science. You have to account for things like individual
personality or beliefs, the setting, and the circumstances surrounding
the communication.
The ability to understand and to interpret body language allows you
to become (11)... of unspoken issues, problems or negative feelings that
other people might have. You can also use it in a positive way to add
strength to your own words and (12)... a positive impression.
La. lays c. leaves e. has
b. lies 2. a. says d. sets c. pronounces e. tells
b. speaks 3. a. refers d. utters c. knows e. regards
b. calls 4. a. appear d. associates c. open e. reveal
b. relieve 5. a. includes d. recover c. contains e. composes
b. consists 6. a. form d. connects c. constitute e. account
b. do 7. a. difficulties d. make c. problems e. trouble
b. worry 8. a. filling d. disadvantage c. feeling e. failing
b. fulfilling 9. a. brain d. falling c. mind e. order
b. heart 10. a. unique d. touch c. correct e. usual
b. exact 11. a. familiar d. average c. experienced e. capable
b. known 12. a. result d. aware c. establish e. create
b. set d. found
19. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Dreams are stories and images that our minds create while we’re (I)
.... They can be fun, romantic, disturbing, (2)..., and sometimes weird.
271
Dreams are not simply visual — we dream with all our (3).... Sometimes
the sights, sounds, tastes, smells and textures in a dream can be so real-
istic that upon awakening it is hard to believe that they were only part of
a dream.
For centuries, people have questioned the meaning of dreams. Early
civilizations thought of dreams as a medium between (4)... beings and
the gods. It was believed that you should never wake a sleeping person as,
during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be (5)... to return
in time if the sleeper was suddenly awoken. The Greeks and Romans
were (6)... that dreams could predict the future. Since then, times have
changed, of course. There are many different theories when it (7)... to
whether dreams mean something, and most of those theories (8)... dif-
ferent (9)....
Dreams are a bizarre phenomenon. Nine times out of ten they (10)
... of complete nonsense, useful only for entertaining your friends or col-
leagues the next day. However, inspiration can spark in the most (11)...
places and sometimes a dream might give you a great idea. Many famous
songs, paintings and films came from dreams. For (12)..., Salvador Da-
li’s Persistence of Memory was inspired by a dream, as were Christopher
Nolan’s Inception and The Beatles’ Yesterday.
1. a. asleep c. sleep e. sleepy
b. snoring d. oversleeping
2. a. afraid b. scared c. frightening d. alarmed e. terrific
3. a. spirits b. impressions c. emotions d. senses e. feelings
4. a. rational b. sociable c. individual d. human e. person
5. a. can b. aware c. possible d. skilful e. able
6. a. ensure b. convinced c. confirmed d. positive e. believed
7. a. becomes b. arrives c. comes d. goes e. reaches
8. a. supply b. arrange c. offer d. suppose e. advise
9. a. voices b. minds c. looks d. beliefs e. views
10. a. consist b. mean c. include d. signify e. contain
272
11. a. unexpected
b. surprised
12. a. sample
b. pattern
c. curious
d. astonished
c. granted
d. instance
e. odd
e. certain
20. Прочитайте текст. Выберите один из предложенных вариан-
тов ответа:
Nowadays celebrities are everywhere: on TV, in magazines, online.
Is this preoccupation with famous people (1) ... fun or is it bad for us?
How many people are truly (2)... with modern media idols? And on the
other (3)... of the coin, can fame be harmful to the celebrities?
Studies (4)... that the vast majority of teenagers do not really wor-
ship celebrities. Researchers have identified three kinds of fans. About
15 % of young people have an ‘entertainment-social’ interest. They love
(5)... about their favourite celebrities with friends and this does not ap-
pear to (6)... any harm.
Another 5% feel that they have an ‘intense-personal’ relationship
with a celebrity. Sometimes they see them as their soulmate and find
that they are often thinking about them, even when they don’t want to.
These people are more at (7)... from depression and anxiety. If girls in
this group idolize a female star with a body they (8)... to be perfect, they
are more (9)... to be unhappy with their own bodies.
That leaves 2 % of young people with a ‘borderline-pathological’ in-
terest. They might (10)..., for example, they would spend several thou-
sand pounds on a paper plate the celebrity had used, or that they would
do something illegal if the celebrity asked them to. These people are in
most danger of being seriously disturbed.
For better or worse, celebrities have a powerful (11)... on how teens
view themselves and how they (12)... the world.
1. a. harmless b. offensive c. insecure d. protective e. sound
2. a. hand b. side c. part d. half e. end
3. a. worried b. crazy c. addicted d. obsessed e. keen
4. a. deal b. suggest c. offer d. intend e. suppose
5. a. discussing b. telling c. saying d. googling e. chatting
6. a. have b. make c. form d. perform e. do
273
7. a. loss c. risk e. trouble
b. harm d.danger
8. a. consider c. regard e. guess
b. count d. seem
9. a. unlike c. similar e. alike
b. probably d. likely
10. a. talk c. point e. speak
b. tell d. say
11. a. consequence c. result e. outcome
b. cause d. impact
12. a. look c. see e. notice
b. watch d. glance
274
СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНАЯ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЯ
В заданиях централизованного тестирования проверяется зна-
ние культуры языка: особенности приветствий, прощаний, выра-
жения благодарности и т. п. К примеру, русское «спасибо — пожа-
луйста» в английском языке звучит не «thankyou - please», a «thank
you — you're welcome», а «ни пуха, ни пера — к черту» как «break а
leg— thank you». Для успешного выполнения заданий на соотнесе-
ние реплик полезно повторить стандартные фразы, используемые
в общении. Также вам понадобится расположить реплики так,
чтобы получился связный диалог, и ответить на вопрос о содер-
жании диалога, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов ответа.
ТИПИЧНЫЕ ФРАЗЫ РЕЧЕВОГО ЭТИКЕТА
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
Начало разговора
- How are you? -How are you doing? -How are you keeping ? -How are things (with you) ? -How’s it going? -How’s life? - (I’m)fine, thanks. - Good, thank you. — (Quite) well. — Couldn’t be better. — Not (too) bad, thanks. — AH right — can’t complain. - Much the same (as usual). — Nothing special. This and that. — So-so.
- What’s up? - What’s the matter? - Is anything the matter? - I’d rather not say. — Nothing much. - Nothing to worry about.
- Guess what! - Sorry to bother you. - What? - How can I help you ?
Знакомство
- May J (Let me) introduce... to you? - I’d tike you to meet... - Meet... - This is... - I don’t think you’ve met... - You haven’t met.... have you? - Let me introduce myself. - May 1 introduce myself? — It’s a pleasure to meet you. - Pleased (Nice) to meet you. - I've been looking forward lo meeting you. — I’ve heard a lol about you. — Haven’t we met before? — Could I have seen you somewhere ? - Your face (name) seems familiar to me. - Just call me...
- How do you do? — How do you do?
275
Продолжение
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
Прощание
- Good-bye. - Bye. - Bye for now. - Ciao. - So long. - See you (later, soon, on Monday). — Farewell! - 1 must be off. — I’ve got to go. - (Good) night. — Have a nice day! — All the best! — Take care. - Keep in touch. — Send my love to... — Remember me to your family. - Give my regards to... — Give my best wishes to...
Просьба
- Can you give me a hand? - Could you (= Will you) do me a favour? - May I ask you for a favour? - 1 would be grateful (obliged) if you ... - 1 would appreciate it if you... — Would you mind doing... ? — Can I have a (quick) word with you ? - I wonder if you could... ? — Sure. / Definitely. / Certainly. — Willingly!/ With pleasure! - It’s no trouble. - I’ll do it right away. - You can count (rely) on me. — I suppose so.
— / wish I could, but ... — Only for your sake. — Nothing doing. — Why should I? — No way. - Not likely.
- May 1 trouble you for the salt ? - Have you got a light, please ? — Here you are.
Разрешение
- Can I ask you a question ? - May 1 come in? - IsitOKifI... ? - Will you let me handle It my way? — Let’s get started. — Do, please. — You are welcome. - By all means. / Sure. / Certainly. — Go ahead. — Don 7 hesitate. — Feelfree. — It goes without saying. - Why not? — Any lime. — If you say you have to.
- Do you mind if I sit here? — No, I don’t (mind it). — Of course not. — Not at all. - Not in the least.
276
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
Запрет
- Could 1 use your phone? - Would it be all right if 1... ? — Don’t, please. — Of course not. — I’d rather you didn’t. - That’s not a very good idea. — Sorry, it can’t be done. - By no means. / On no account. — It’s out of the question! - ( You’ll do) nothing of the kind.
Благодарность
- Thank you (for...)./ (Many) thanks. — (I’m) much obliged (to you). - I’m very grateful to you. - That’s very nice of you. - It's really kind of you. - You’ve done me a great favour. — You are welcome. — Thai’s all right. — (It’s) my pleasure. — Not at all. — It was no bother. - It’s (really) nothing. — Think nothing of it. — Don’t mention it. — The pleasure was all mine. — Fm glad to be of service.
Извинение
- I’m (so, very, terribly, awfully) sorry. - Excuse me. / / apologize. — Accept my apologies. - Pardon (me). - Forgive me for... - It was wrong of me. - 1 didn’t mean (to do) it. - It’s (al!) my fault. - It was thoughtless of me to... - It’s all right. — Don’t worry. It’s OK. — Don’t blame yourself. — Nevermind. / Forget it. — No harm done. / No problem. - No need to be sorry. - Think nothing of it. — Don’t mention it.
— There’s no excuse. — Shame on you! - You have only yourself to blame. — It serves you right.
Сожаление, сочувствие
- / wish we had ... - ] wish 1 could... - If only 1 had... - It’s a pity/didn’t... - Things are bad with me. - I’ve had a bad accident. — I’m sorry to hear that. — It’s all right. — Cheer up! — Calm down! - Nevermind! - Take it easy. - Pull yourself together. — There’s no need to worry.
277
Продолжение
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
Сожаление, сочувствие
- Don’t lose heart. - Don’t lake it (close) to heart. — It’s not your fault. - You had nothing to do with it. — Better luck next time. — What a shame! - I’m there for you. - You can cry on my shoulder.
- A re there atty tickets available? - I’m afraid not. - Sorry, there is none left. - None at all. — Worse luck... — Unfortunately...
Совет
- You should/ought to... - You’d better (not)... - 1 (strongly) advise you to... - Will you take my advice? - Why don't you... ? - Why not... ? — Make sure (that) ... - Iff were you, J would... - If J were in your shoes, I would... — Thanks for your advice. - I’ll think it over. - I’ll do my best. / I’ll try to. — I will, I promise. — I’m all for it. — I don’t mind. — Why not? - I’d rather not. — Why should I?
Согласие
— She '5 a difficult person to deal with. — You 're right. / Right you are! — That’s true. / Yes, indeed. — Very much so. — I think so. / / suppose so. - No kidding. — (There’s) no doubt. / Undoubtedly. — You have a point. - I see what you mean. - I couldn’t agree more.
- Why not take a few days off? — Of course. - Rather!/ Exactly! - Sure. / Certainly. / Definitely. - If you like. — I’m all for it.
278
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
- We can’t do anything about it. - 5o it seems. - Гт afraid so. — It’s a lost cause. — 1 am of the same opinion. — Same here. — 1 (can't but) agree.
-I’m hungry. - I can7 believe he’s sixty. — Me too. — I can’t either.
- He left on Sunday. - I don’t have any money. - So did she. — Neither (= Nor) do I.
Несогласие
- English is very easy, isn’t it? - What a fancy dress.1 - Not really. / Not particularly. - Not at all. / Nothing of the kind. - Not in the least. - I don’t think so. /{wouldn’t say so. - Quite the opposite. - It’s Just the other way round. -1 don 7 agree with you. - You’re mistaken. - Oh, come on! - It’s not to my liking. - That won’t do.
- Let’s go out somewhere tonight. -I'm sorry, but .../Excuse me, but... - I’d rather not. -1 don 7 think much of the idea.
Сомнение
- Гт in two minds. -Гт (really) at a loss. - You never know. - It (all) depends. - (It’s) hard to say. - Let me see.
- Rumour has it that... -AsfarasI know... - If my memory serves me right... - It’s very unlikely. - Hardly (possible). - You can’t be serious! - Are you kidding? - It’s unlike him (her, you). - He may or he may not. - That can’t be true.
Безразличие
- Гт going to sell my car. - It’s up to you. - Suit yourself. - So what? -1 don’t (really) care.
279
Продолжение
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
- Would you like tea or coffee? - It doesn't matter. - It makes no difference. - It’s all the same to me. - Either (will do). - Either is fine (with me). -I don’t mind. Whatever. - No matter what (how, when) ...
Приглашение, предюжение
Приглашение Согласие
- Welcome! - Come in. - This way, please. - Make yourself at home. - Help yourself to some sweets. - Will you come over for dinner? - Why don 7 you come round for dinner? - Come and see me. - Thank you for the invitation. - That's nice of you to offer. -I’d like to. / I’d love to. - I’m all for it. - Rather!/ Willingly! - With pleasure. - That's fine (by me). - What a brilliant idea! -Agreed./(That’s) settled. -1 don't mind. / Why not ? - I have nothing against it. - Well, I wouldn’t say no. - OK, I would do with a break.
Предложение Отказ
- How about going out tonight ? - How do you feel about going shop- ping? - Do you mind if we...? - Why not go to the cinema? - Shall we dance? - Would you like a glass of wine? - What about a cup of cojfee? - Would you care for a tea? - Do you feel like another drink ? - Can I give you a ride home ? - No, thanks. - No, I’m afraid I can’t. - I’d rather not. -1 wish I could but... -1 hate to say ‘no’ but... - Unfortunately... - I don4 feel like it. - Can we make it some other time? - Some other time. - No, I have other arrangements. - No, thanks, I've had enough. - That'll do. Thank you. - Neither, thank you.
Поздравление, пожелание
- Happy New Year! - Merry Christmas! - Thank you (so much). - Thank you for your kind words.
280
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
- Happy birthday (to you)! - Many happy returns (of lhe day)! - Congratulations (on...)! - 1 wish you...! - May all your wishes come true! - All the best! - Good luck (to you)! - Break a leg! - Bless you! - Enjoy your meal!/ Bon appetit! - Good night. Sleep well. -1 hope so. - The same to you!
Комплимент, похвала
- You look wonderful. - You haven 7 changed at all. - You have very good taste. - A smile becomes you. - This suit looks very nice on you. - Well done! - It was very thoughtful of you. - That’s the way. - Thank you (for lhe compliment). - You ’re just flattering me! - You’re too kind. - It’s nice to hear that. -I’m glad you like it. - The same can be said about you.
Удивление, отсутствие удивления
- Really?/ What? - It’s a wonder. - (My) goodness!/ (Oh) my God! - You don’t say! - You’re joking (- kidding)! - That’s incredible! - I can ’ believe my ears (eyes). - You can 7 be serious. - Thai’s news to me. - Words fail me. - Who would have thought? - How do you know? - How come? - It’s not surprising. - I'm not surprised. - Is it any wonder? - It’s small (= no, little) wonder. - It was to be expected. - There’s nothing to it. - Nothing special. - Nothing much. - Big deal!
Переспрос
- They 're getting married soon. - Sorry ?/ Excuse me? - Pardon (me)? - What did you say? - Could you repeal that again, please?
- Cera is coming tomorrow. - Is she?
- You look pale. - Do I?
281
Продолжение
Реплика-стимул Ответная реплика
- Mark doesn’t like cheese. - Doesn’t he?
-1 felt sorry for her. - Did you?
- He had made no mistakes. - Hadn’t he?
1. Выберите ответную реплику, подходящую по смыслу к пред-
ложенной реплике-стимулу.
1. What do you do?
a. I’m cooking lasagna.
b. I’m Vai’s nephew.
c. None at all.
d. I’m a lawyer.
2. How do you do?
a. Nothing special, thank you.
b. Quite well. And how are you?
c. How do you do?
d. Much the same.
3. You just can’t imagine how grateful I am.
a. Please, don’t mention it.
b. That’s all right. Please, forget it.
c. OK, nothing much.
d. With pleasure.
4. Would you care for another drink?
a. Nothing doing.
b. No, I’m fine, thanks.
c. I’m afraid not.
d. Not at all.
5.1 am always forgetting people’s names.
a. Do you?
b. Aren’t you?
c. Are you?
d. How are you?
6. Have you got any ideas?
a. No, thanks.
b. None at all.
c. Sure. Here you are.
d. No, help yourself.
7. What are you doing this weekend?
a. Nothing of the kind.
b. I should think so.
282
c. Mind your own business.
d. I’m not sure. It depends.
8. I’m so sorry. It wasn’t your fault. Accept my apologies.
a. Never mind.
b. Not at all.
c. It was no bother.
d. I’d rather you didn’t.
9- I don’t like it when people tell me what to do.
a. Do you?
b. And I also don’t.
c. Neither do I.
d. Me too.
10. Come and see us on Saturday or Sunday.
a. Well, none is suitable for me.
b. Can we make it another time?
c. That’ll do. Thank you.
d. I can’t agree more.
11. Could you do me a favour?
a. You’re welcome.
b. Willingly.
c. I’m all for it.
d. No, I don’t.
12. Thanks for looking after the dog forme.
a. That’s nothing.
b. By all means.
c. Never mind.
d. With pleasure.
13. Do you mind if I ask you a personal question?
a. None at all.
b. Nothing at all.
c. Neither at all.
d. Not at all.
14. Leo must be kidding!
a. Is he?
b. Yes, he does.
c. Looks like that.
d. So do 1.
15. Oh, no! We’re lost!
a. Small wonder.
b. It’s up to you.
283
c. It doesn’t matter.
d. No harm done.
16. Sorry for interrupting you.
a. It’s nothing.
b. It’s OK.
c. Don't think of it.
d. It serves you right.
17. What would you say to staying an hour longer?
a. I’m afraid, I don’t.
b. Better luck next time.
c. I’d rather not.
d. There’s nothing to it.
18. Keep in touch.
a. So long.
b. Only for your sake.
с. 1 don’t feel like it.
d. The same to you!
19. Make yourself at home.
a. I will, thanks.
b. Same here.
c. Enjoy your meal.
d. Good, thank you.
20. I’m all achesand pains.
a. Suit yourself.
b. It’s very unlikely.
c. Think nothing of it.
d. You have nothing to do with it.
2. Выберите реплику-стимул, подходящую по смыслу к предло-
женной ответной реплике.
1. Му pleasure.
a. Thanks for your advice.
b. Can I have some water, please?
c. Will you give me a lift?
d. Excuse me.
2. Is he?
a. The baby isn’t enjoying his meal.
b. He’s old enough to live by himself.
c. He works as an IT consultant.
d. Jake’s got divorced.
284
3. None.
a. Would you like still or fizzy water?
b. Who called me?
c. How many shopping malls are there in your town?
d. Would you care for a meal out?
4. Here you are.
a. Can you give me a ride home?
b. Thanks for everything.
c. Could you pass me my glasses?
d. I’m sorry 1 took your seat.
5. Neither do I.
a. I don’t have any more questions.
b. 1 wouldn’t trust him.
c. I’ve got no idea.
d. I have never been to Thailand.
6. That’s very kind of you.
a. Sleep well.
b. Thank you for your hospitality,
c. Many happy returns of the day.
d. Let me help you with the dishes.
7. No need to apologise.
a. I can’t stand your lies anymore.
b. I had to quit the job.
c. You had nothing to do with it.
d. Please, forgive me if you can.
8. Me too.
a. I don’t have time to stay.
b. I can hardly wait to get started.
с. I find the information in the newsletter very useful.
d. 1 won’t be able to meet the deadline.
9. Anytime.
a. How many times have you been abroad?
b. Here is your bike. Thank you.
c. When did you last have your haircut?
d. What time did you get home last night?
10. Thanks! The same to you.
a. What a lovely dress you’re wearing!
b. Make yourself at home.
c. Bless you.
d. Have a nice weekend.
285
11. No, go ahead.
a. Do you mind if 1 turn off the AC?
b. Would you mind giving me a hand?
c. Can 1 stay alone fora while?
d. I’m afraid I’ve taken too much of your time.
12. Ifit’s not much trouble.
a. Is it all right if I’m a little bit late?
b. Would you like a cup of coffee?
c. Will you lend me some money till next Monday?
d. Could you phone me tomorrow morning?
13. Are they?
a. The kids want to take a photo with the dolphins.
b. They say it’s bad luck to cross paths with a black cat.
c. They aren’t going to stay closed forever.
d. My keys are in the upper drawer.
14. Neither, thank you.
a. Can 1 get you something?
b. Would you like pancakes with jam or honey?
c. What would you like to eat?
d. How about a coffee together?
15. But I have!
a. No one knows what to do.
b. You haven’t learnt the rule!
с. 1 have other things to do.
d. Kelly doesn’t have time to spare.
16. I am afraid not.
a. 1 think the milk has gone off.
b. Don’t you feel nervous before the exam?
c. May 1 leave early today?
d. Are you afraid of spiders?
17. So do 1!
a. I can’t believe my eyes!
b. Glad to see you again!
c. See you later.
d. 1 hope it doesn’t rain.
18. I didn’t mean it.
a. You don’t really mean that, do you?
b. You always disagree with me.
c. You’ve given me the wrong address.
d. What did you mean?
286
19. Don’t mention it!
a. You have a point.
b. I really enjoyed that movie!
с. I do appreciate your help.
d. I didn’t do well, I’m afraid.
20. Not at all.
a. Which of these socks are yours?
b. Is there anything I can do to help?
c. Not a single person said thank you.
d. Do you mind helping me with my suitcase?
3. Установите соответствие между репликами-стимулами (1-4)
и ответными репликами (а-е). Одна реплика (а—е) является лишней. 1.
1. How come you are not on Instagram? 2. Thanks for your help. 3. Would you mind holding this for me? 4. I’m sorry, I took your seat. a. Don’t hesitate. b. I’m wasting too much time. c. It’s all right. d. It’s my pleasure. e. No, not at all.
1. Do you need any help with your luggage? 2.1’11 give you a lift if you like. 3.1 hope you don’t expect me to clean up this mess. 4. I’m feeling a lot better, thanks. a. I’m pleased to hearthat. b. Not in the least. c. No, thanks. I’ll manage. d. I’ll think it over. e. Great! Could you drop me off at the shopping mall?
1. Stay calm, try not to panic, and take your time. 2. Would you like to celebrate New Year with us? 3. Sorry, I couldn’t be of much help. 4. Why do you keep laughing? a. The same to you. b. 1 can’t help it. c. 1’11 do my best. d. Nothing would please me more. e. Thank you all the same.
1. Will you lend me your helping hand? 2. Can 1 help you, sir? 3. How do you get on with him? 4. You like horror movies, don’t you? a. Oh, it’s a touchy subject. b. Not particularly. c. I’m just looking, thanks. d. I’d rather not. e. Definitely.
287
5.
1. Help yourself to some doughnuts. a. Me too.
2. I hope it doesn’t rain. b. So do 1.
3. I’m fed up with the traffic in the city с. I will.
centre! d. I can’t stand them.
4. Remember me to your mum, please. e. Exactly!
6.
1. Did you accept his friend request? 2. Would you mind if 1 smoked here? 3.1 wish it were summer now. 4. Do you fancy an outing at the weekend? a. I’d rather you didn’t. b. I couldn’t agree more. c. 1 ’d rather not say. d. That would be great! e. Yes, but 1 wish 1 hadn’t.
7.
1. I’ve bought ice-cream instead of yoghurt. 2. I’ve lost my keys again. 3. I’m afraid I’ve taken too much of your time. 4. Two large coffees, please. a. 1 am in two minds myself. b. It makes no difference. c. No harm done. d. White or black? e. You must be kidding.
8.
1. Why is the sky blue? 2. How are you doing? 3. How are things with you? 4. Hello, is Melissa there? a. Ask me another! b. Very good, thanks. c. Speaking. d. With pleasure. e. Wry well, thanks.
9.
1. How many mistakes can you spot here? 2. Shall we order sushi or pizza? 3. What running shoes do you think 1 should buy? 4. What have you been up to lately? a. Either will do. b. It’s up to you. c. Nevermind! d. None. e. Nothing special. This and that.
10.
1. Nice day, isn’t it? 2. Do you mind opening the window? 3. I must be off. 4. Shall I make tea or coffee? a. Indeed. b. It’s all the same to me. c. Not in the least. d. Right away? e. None at all.
288
11.
1. I’d be grateful if you didn’t tell anybody about it. 2. Would you mind looking after my bag while I go to the restroom? 3. Thank you for all your help. 4. The lock won’t open, I’m afraid. a. I’d be glad to. b. My lips are sealed! c. Rather you than me. d. Shall 1 fetch you something? e. You are welcome!
12.
1. I was fired. a. It was no bother.
2. Many thanks for your useful tips. b. What a shame!
3. May I use your car tonight? c. There’s no excuse!
4. Sorry, 1 was rude to you. I didn’t d. I’d rather you didn’t.
mean to. e. I’m glad to be of service.
13.
1. It’s very nice of you to see me off. 2. Can I rely on you? 3. What’s new with you? 4. Why not go for a disco? a. I’m all for it. b. Take it easy. c. Think nothing of it. d. Sure, I’m always there for you. e. Much the same.
14.
1.1 can’t afford to go to the pizzeria tonight. 2. Have you ever heard of the Pulitzer Prize? 3. How do you know the test has been cancelled? 4. That's the second time I’ve failed my test. a. The name doesn’t ring any bells. b. Oh, this is on me! c. Oh well, it’s not the end of the world! d. Don’t mention it! e. A little bird told me.
15.
1. Chocolate always makes me feel better. 2. We used to be very close friends. 3. You’d better not install the plugin in your browser. 4. What a nuisance! I’ve missed my flight! a. You don’t say so! b. Haven’t you? c. OK. 1 won’t. d. Did you? e. Do you really think so?
16.
1. There’s no pleasing you. 2. Is there any meat in the freezer? 3. Is this the last cupcake? 4. Sorry, I’ve kept you waiting. a. I think we’ve used it all. b. No, help yourself. c. You never know. d. Nothing of the kind. e. Never mind.
289
17.
1. What’s new with you? 2. I’m off to Stockholm for the weekend. 3. 1 need to change my yiy. 4. Belarus never imposed harsh coronavirus restrictions. a. Not too much. I’ve been pretty busy. b. I’d rather not. c. Have a good time! d. Neither did Sweden. e. What on earth does that mean?
18.
1. He has changed very much. 2. Is there anything 1 can do to help? 3. Can you pass me the juice? 4. What if we meet at 7.30? a. Agreed. b. Everything is under control! c. It’s not to my liking. d. Here you are. e. Not at all.
19.
1. I’ve got some interesting news. 2. Hi! How are you? 3. Wiiy don’t you ever say a nice thing to anyone? 4. Do you think you’ll do well on tomorrow’s test? a. Don’t 1? b. Sure, knock on wood! c. Fire away, I’m all ears! d. Forget it! e. Couldn’t be better!
20.
1. Can 1 bring anything? 2. Catch you later! 3. I’m glad we had time to meet up. 4. How are you doing? a. I’m afraid 1 can’t make it. b. Oh, don’t worry about it. I have everything covered. c. It’s going well, thank you. And yourself? d. Bye! Have a good day! e. So am 1.
4. Прочитайте диалог. Ответьте на вопрос, следующий после ди-
алога, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов ответа.
1.
Боу: Oh no! It looks like the battery is low again. I don’t seem to have
good luck with this phone.
Girl: Take it easy! We’ll find a charger.
What seems to be the problem ?
a. The phone is easy to charge.
b. The battery of the man’s phone is dead.
c. The man is not lucky.
d. The phone is not reliable.
290
Man: Did your sister give birth to her baby yet?
Woman: Yes, she had a baby girl last week.
What is the baby’s relationship to the woman ?
a. Daughter
b. Sister
c. Nephew
d. Niece
3.
Husband: Since you did the cooking, I will wash up.
Wife: Fair enough!
What is the woman $ response to the man's suggestion ?
a. They should share household chores.
b. She has cooked enough food.
c. The suggestion sounds nice to her.
d. The man should be fair to her.
4.
Girlfriend: Mrs. Pixy was asking me if we are dating.
Boyfriend: She is really nosy, isn’t she?
What is the man’s opinion of Mrs. Pixy?
a. She is rather curious.
b. She has a big nose.
c. She makes a lot of noise.
d. She does not know anything.
5.
Woman: Andy has a really neat car, doesn’t he?
Man: Are you kidding? I’d die fora car like that!
What does the man mean ?
a. The car doesn’t appeal to him.
b. He thinks the woman is joking.
c. He thinks the car is dangerous.
d. It’s the type of car he dreams of.
6.
Man: Did Paula fix the kettle herself?
Woman: No, she had it fixed by her friend Charlie.
Who fixed the kettle ?
a. Charlie’s friend
b. Charlie
c. Paula
d. A mechanic
291
7.
Woman: What’s the matter with you recently? You look awful.
Man; Oh, nothing much. I’m just a bit homesick.
What’s wrong with the man ?
a. He misses his hometown.
b. He’s tired of his present accommodation.
c. He has been sick at home.
d. Nothing is the matter with him.
8.
Woman: Can you lend me a few hundred rubles till Sunday?
Man: Why not? It’s not a big deal.
does the man say about the money?
a. He’d like to know why she needs it.
b. He’s willing to make a deal.
c. He will give it to her.
d. He doesn’t have it at the moment.
9.
Man: These days my job is very nerve-racking. There are too many
problems to deal with.
Woman: Vvfell, this weekend you should do something to keep your
mind off things.
What does the woman mean ?
a. The man should keep working during the weekend.
b. The man should do something enjoyable and relaxing at the
weekend.
c. The man should quit his job.
d. The man should solve all his problems over the weekend.
10.
Man: I phoned you last night. Why didn’t you return my call?
Woman: Did you call?
Why didn’I the woman return the man’s call?
a. She was unaware of his call.
b. She did not want to call him back.
c. It was too late to return.
d. She did not have the time to cal] him.
II.
Mother: Rick got excellent marks in all exams!
Father: He can accomplish everything if he puts his mind to it.
What is the father’s opinion about Rick?
a. He will complete any course because he’s fortunate.
b. He keeps his mind.
292
с. Не can achieve anything provided he is determined.
d. He does not mind doing anything in order to pass his exams.
12.
Husband: I can’t remember if I locked the dooron the way out of the
house. Do you remember locking it?
Wife: Well, I didn’t lock the door. You were the last one out!
What does the wife mean?
a. She did lock the door.
b. She forgot to lock the door.
c. She remembered seeing him lock the door.
d. The man was supposed to have locked the dooron his way out.
13.
Student 1: Can I borrow your maths notes? I didn’t attend the class
yesterday.
Student 2: I didn’t take any notes. The teacher just read formulas
from her notes, and 1 thought 1 could find them in our maths text-
book.
What is Student 2 trying to say?
a. She isn’t going to give him her notes.
b. She did not think anything important was discussed.
c. The teacher asked them not to take any notes.
d. She thinks he should read the maths textbook himself.
14.
Man: Did you see that shop we passed by just now?
Woman: I did. 1 can’t believe they still have Halloween decorations
up! It’s the end of January!
What does the woman mean ?
a. It’s too early to have Halloween decorations up.
b. The decorations are in poor taste.
c. The woman did not notice the Halloween decorations.
d. The decorations should have been removed by now.
15.
Man: Haven’t you seen Zena pass by? Why didn’t you greet her?
Woman: Zena and I are no longer on speaking terms.
What does the woman mean ?
a. She and Zena had fallen out.
b. She didn’t even notice Zena walking by.
c. She saw Zena the other day and had nothing to say to her.
d. The woman he saw was not Zena.
16.
Woman: I didn’t think Don had ever been scuba-diving before.
Man: Oh, sure. Don’s an old hand at scuba-diving.
И4?<7/ does the man say about Don ?
293
a. He hurt his hand when he was scuba diving.
b. He hasn’t gone scuba diving for a long time.
c. He’s an experienced scuba diver.
d. He’s not too old to go scuba diving.
17.
Husband; These wafers taste funny. Are you sure you’ve added
enough sugar?
H'i/e: I thought I followed the recipe exactly.
What is the man implying?
a. The wafers are delicious.
b. The woman did not follow the recipe.
c. The woman did follow the recipe.
d. The woman should have used a different recipe.
18.
Woman; I’m not sure if I like this dress on me. Do you like it?
Man; I think it brings out the blue in your eyes. Look in the mirror
and see for yourself.
What does the man mean ?
a. He thinks the dress looks good on her.
b. He doesn’t like the dress because it is blue.
c. He suggests that she should try on another dress.
d. He does not like the dress.
19.
Colleague I: I’m feeling unwell. I have a runny nose, a headache,
and a cough.
Colleague 2: Yes, it seems as though the entire office is sick. There is
something going around.
What does Colleague 2 mean ?
a. The whole office is empty as everyone fell ill.
b. The woman is the only person who is not feeling well.
c. The woman is infecting the whole office with her illness.
d. The woman has probably caught the same illness as her co-workers.
20.
Mother; Cindy’s points are good enough to be admitted to the uni-
versity.
Teacher: Yes. But the score is too poor for her.
What is the teacher's opinion ?
a. Cindy is very poor.
b. Cindy could have scored better.
c. Cindy’s result is very bad.
d. Cindy will not enter the university.
294
ЧТЕНИЕ
Раздел «Чтение» включает текст с заданиями на проверку
сформированности навыков изучающего, поискового либо ознако-
мительного чтения. Предлагаемые абитуриентам тексты являются
аутентичными, частично адаптированными и содержат не более
4 % незнакомых слов, о значении которых можно догадаться.
ИЗУЧАЮЩЕЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
Изучающее чтение предполагает полное и точное понимание
основных фактов, второстепенных деталей и мнения автора. Вам
нужно прочитать текст, ответить на 4 вопроса по его содержанию
и определить значение указанных в тексте слов, выбрав один из
трех вариантов ответа.
Для успешного выполнения заданий по изучающему чтению
можно рекомендовать следующее:
1. Прежде, чем читать текст, просмотрите вопросы (но не ва-
рианты ответов!), чтобы определить, на чем сосредоточиться при
чтении текста.
2. Бегло прочитайте весь текст, чтобы понять его основное со-
держание.
3. Прочитайте первый вопрос (без вариантов ответа), найдите
на него ответ в тексте (вероятнее всего, он будет в первом абзаце)
и постарайтесь сформулировать ответ своими словами.
4. Внимательно прочитайте варианты ответа и подберите тот,
который максимально похож на ваш собственный ответ.
5. Если вы не уверены в ответе, действуйте методом исключе-
ния - уберите те ответы, которые точно не подходят, чтобы сузить
выбор. В крайнем случае, попробуйте угадать, ведь вероятность
угадывания правильного ответа из трех возможных — 33 %. Не
оставляйте бланк ответа незаполненным!
6. Повторите пункты 3-5 для следующих трех вопросов.
7. Задание на определение значения слова (нахождение сино-
нима) нельзя выполнить правильно, только вспоминая его пере-
вод. Оно подразумевает обязательное использование контекста и
языковой догадки (умение догадываться означении слова по кон-
тексту), определения значения слова именно в данном тексте. По-
этому, каждый из предлагаемых вариантов ответа нужно вставить
в текст (на место выделенного слова, значение которого нужно
295
определить), прочитать все предложение целиком и выбрать наи-
более подходящий синоним с учетом содержания предложения
(или абзаца).
Секреты успеха!
Чтобы ответить на вопросы, вам не нужно дословно понимать
каждое слово в тексте, поэтому не тратьте время на незнакомые
вам слова и выражения, пробуйте понять их примерное значение
по содержанию текста. Если не получается, пропускайте и читай-
те дальше.
Вопросы идут в том же порядке, в котором находятся ответы
в тексте, т.е. ответ на первый вопрос находится в первом абзаце,
второй вопрос - во втором абзаце и т.д.
Если слова из какого-либо варианта ответа дословно написа-
ны в тексте, это может быть ловушкой! Поэтому не ищите в от-
ветах на вопросы слова из текста (дословные ответы на вопросы),
а подбирайте синонимы или похожие по смыслу фразы. Обра-
щайте внимание на смысл, а не на совпадение слов.
Выбор ответа должен быть основан только на той информа-
ции, которая есть в тексте, а не на вашей собственной логике или
жизненных наблюдениях.
Задания по изучающему чтению
I. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему.
Starting university is a rather tricky time, both for the students who
leave home to go to university and their parents who stay behind. Read the
advice on how to cope from a first-year student daughter and her dad.
Annie Dufly’s advice to parents
§1 . My parents drove me to uni at the end of August. That was great,
but then they hung around, so it was hard to chat to the people in the
rooms near mine. It’s best if you leave us to unpack ourselves. Please
don’t check up on us or our friends on Facebook. I know it’s a public
site, but we have the right to some privacy.
§2 . Don’t ask us to come home during the semester. There’s a lot
going on at weekends, there just isn’t time. Get another interest or a
pet if you feel lonely without us. Don’t make us feel guilty about leaving
home! We’d still like to come on family holidays with you. Don’t forget
to include us just because we’re not there all the time.
§3 . It is quite interesting to hear about your experiences at uni, but
remember that it was a long time ago so don’t go on about it so much.
Things have changed a lot. Now we have a lot more debt and it’ll be
296
harderto find a job in the future. And don’t change anything in ourbed-
rooms. We have only half left home - we’ll be back in the holidays, so
please don’t touch anything.
Kevin Duffy ’s advice to students
§4 . Don’t complain so much about how much work you have to
do. We work a lot too. You’re an adult now, get used to it. Don’t waste
so much time on Facebook. You need time for all that work you have
to do, remember? Just because you’re at university studying some
complex subjects, it doesn’t mean that you’re more intelligent than
everybody else. Don’t treat your family as if they were stupid; we’re
really not.
§5 . Let us come and visit you now and again. We promise to try not
to embarrass you in front of your friends. We just want to see you for a
short time and take you out for a meal. Don’t forget to call home from
time to time and don’t get annoyed if we phone you. It’s not pestering. If
we didn’t call, you wouldn’t know that we care.
§6 . We might make a few changes to your room, so deal with it.
It’s great to have a guest room at last, but we won’t change things too
much, promise. Put up with the fact that we refused to get a dog while
you were at home, then suddenly bought one as soon as you moved out.
We miss you!
Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа в соответ-
ствии с содержанием приведенного выше текста.
1. Annie states when students first go to uni, parents should
a) give their children a lift and then stay a while.
b) help them unpack their things.
c) give them a lift and then leave.
2. Annie is sure that students should
a) not feel bad about spending weekends in their university town.
b) do everything they can to avoid upsetting lonely parents.
c) go home regularly while everyone gets used to the change.
3. Kevin claims students sometimes
a) ask for help with their work too much.
b) forget that their parents were young once.
c) look down on people who are not studying.
4. Kevin promises to
a) keep his daughter’s bedroom exactly as she left it.
b) make only minimal changes to his daughter’s bedroom.
c) redecorate his daughter’s bedroom and turn it into a guest bed-
room.
297
Определите значение указанного слова в тексте.
5. get used (§4)
a) utilize b) adopt c) accustom yourself
6. pestering (§2)
a) annoying b) running c) chasing
II. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему.
§1 . Since the 2014 Oscars ceremony selfie showing the likes of Brad-
ley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence took the internet by storm, it seems
people can’t get enough of the arm-stretching self-portrait. It’s been
shared more than 3 million times on social media. And now it seems
impossible to stop people sharing even their most intimate moments.
The reality TV star Kim Kardashian could be called ‘the queen of the
selfie’. She’s turned hundreds of them into a book in which you can see
her - among other things - in her undies, pregnant, not pregnant and
sticking her tongue out.
§2 . If Kim Kardashian is the queen of the selfie, then you could say
Barack Obama is the king. But though Kardashian has nothing to lose
by sharing too much, the same can’t be said of the former US president.
Politicians have to be careful with selfies. The photo he took at the fu-
neral of South African leader Nelson Mandela divided public opinion.
Some felt it made him look like one of us — glad to record a moment
with his ‘mates’ British Prime Minister David Cameron and Denmark’s
Prime Minister Helle Thorning Schmidt. Others felt the head of state
behaved like a teenager at a pop concert. And his wife, Michelle, was
not amused.
§3 . Why do we take so many selfies? Dr Terri Apter, a psychology
lecturerat Cambridge University, told the British newspaper the Daily
Telegraph, “It’s a kind of self-definition. We all like the idea of being
sort of in control of our image and getting attention, being noticed, be-
ing part of the culture. There’s a sense that if we’re not seen, then we’re
invisible. You can get so exacerbated by celebrity culture that says unless
you’re being noticed, you’re no one. You have to show your life is amaz-
ing, even if it isn’t.”
§4 . The word ‘selfie’ was Oxford Dictionaries’ ‘word of the year’
in 2013. But many believe the photographic self-portrait started much
earlier. The first one was taken in 1839 by Robert Cornelius, an amateur
chemist from Philadelphia. Cameras were basic and he had to uncover
the lens, run into the shot for a minute before running back to cover the
lens again. These days, you don’t need to run for a photo anymore and
soon, you won’t even have to stretch your arms. In the near future you
298
might be able to take a selfie by drone! Attach your camera to it, and
it will follow your every move. Does it sound exciting to you? Are you
ready for your closeup? Smile!
Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа в соответ-
ствии с содержанием приведенного выше текста.
1. Which famous picture has made taking selfies more popular?
a) 1839 self-portrait of Robert Cornelius.
b) The picture of Hollywood celebrities taken during the awards ce-
remony.
c) Barack Obama’s selfie with otherworld leaders during Mandela’s
funeral.
2. Which of these statements is true?
a) US presidents are not allowed to take selfies.
b) Kim Kardashian is making money out of her selfies.
c) Selfie stands for‘Show Everyone Love For Image Enhancement’.
3. Dr Terri Apter believes we take so many selfies because
a) we want to share our experiences with friends and family.
b) our lives are very exciting.
c) we want to portray an ideal version of ourselves to the world.
4. How might selfies be taken in the future?
a) Without uncovering the camera lens.
b) From the air.
c) Out of the picture.
Определите значение указанного слова в тексте.
5. mates (§2)
a) colleges b) acquaintances с) friends
6. exacerbated (§3)
a) made more intense b) insincere c) artificial
1П. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему.
§1 .1 like to think that I’m bringing my kids up to care about the world
around them. They know that resources are scarce: that they shouldn’t
waste water and that they should turn lights off to save electricity when
they’re not in a room. 1 thought my family was environmentally friendly,
so 1 invited Tom Harper from Pollution Prevention Ltd to come and see
if 1 was doing everything right.
§2 . The first thing Tom asked when he came into the kitchen was
“How old’s your fridge?” I told him it was about fifteen years old. “Well,
by the look of it, you should think about getting a new one.”
“I thought we were supposed to use products for as long as possible
before buying new ones. It still works quite well,” I said.
299
“Well,” said Tom, “it may still keep your food cold, but look at
those door seals. They’re old, so they’re leaking cold air. That means
your fridge has to work harder to stay cold, so that uses more electricity.
A new one would be much more efficient and cost-effective.”
§3 . We moved to the living room. It was November, so the heating
was on. “It’s nice and warm in here,” said Tom, “but there’s a problem
with your windows. Those aluminium window frames let a lot more hot
air out of the house than wooden or plastic frames do. And you don’t
have double-glazed windows that keep in almost twice as much heat as
single pane windows. Once again, you’re using far more electricity than
you need to.”
§4 . “Let’s have a look at your bathroom,” said Tom and we all went
up. “You see that showerhead? It’s got lots ofbig holes. That’s going to
let through about twenty litres of water per minute. A new water-saving
showerhead lets through a lot less water, and you still get a good shower.
So, if you fit one of those, you’ll not only save water, you’ll also save hot
water, so you’ll lower your energy and heating costs.”
This was more like what I wanted to hear. A new fridge and double-
glazing were expensive. A new shower? I could afford that.
§5 . Then we went to look at the car. Now I know cars are bad for the
environment, but when you’ve got two children wanting to go to parties
and to the sports centre, what other option is there? The nearest bus stop
is too far away. Tom was sympathetic, “ If you have to have a car, you have
to have a car,” he said. “There’s no such thing as an environmentally
friendly car, but there are things you can do to reduce the negative im-
pact cars have on the environment. First, you should make sure the en-
gine is kept properly tuned. This can increase fuel efficiency by as much
as 8%. Also, regularly check that your air filters are clean. If they’re dirty,
that will increase your fuel consumption.”
§6 . “There are some things you can do,” said Tom, “they’ll help a
little to protect the environment. A new fridge does cost quite a lot. But
you have to be aware that your windows and your fridge at the moment
are costing you more than they should in terms of heating bills and elec-
tricity use. Nobody benefits from that.”
Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа в соответ-
ствии с содержанием приведенного выше текста.
1. Why did the writer invite Tom Harper to her house?
a) She wanted him to see how difficult it is to be environmentally
friendly.
b) She wanted to know if she could be more environmentally friendly.
300
c) She wanted him to teach her children to be environmentally
friendly.
2. The writer was surprised by what Tom said about the fridge because
a) it was only about fifteen years old.
b) she wanted it to stop working before she bought a new one,
c) she thought he would not recommend throwing things away.
3. Why is the writer using too much electricity in the living room?
a) A lot of the heat is escaping through the windows.
b) The writer has the heating on in November.
c) The window frames are not the right size.
4. According to Tom, both clean air filters and a properly-tuned engine
a) reduce fuel consumption by about 8%.
b) help to reduce the amount of fuel a car uses.
c) make a car environmentally friendly
Определите значение указанного слова в тексте.
5. leak (§2)
a) admit b) absorb с) discharge
6. sympathetic (§5)
a) appealing b) agreeable c) satisfied
IV, Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему.
§1 . In recent years, the use of electronic devices has drastically in-
creased, and current studies suggest that they may be responsible for de-
creased levels of happiness. Rachel Canfield had noticed these worrying
tendencies in her own family. “I was aware of the obvious dangers to
teenagers who spend too much time online,” she says. “1 was regularly
telling my 14-year-old son Mason to turn off his game and go and get
some fresh air, or Katie, my 16-year-old daughter, to stop chatting with
her friends and get some sleep. That’s just a normal part of family life to-
day. What worried me more is that their constant mobile phone use was
affecting their social interactions. Even when they invited their friends
over, I would find them all sitting together looking at their phones and
not talking.”
§2 . Rachel’s concerns prompted her to carry out her own research
into the issue. When she came across an article about people who gave up
using electronic devices fora month, she was keen to try it with her own
family. However, she realised that it was going to take more than reading
an article to persuade them. “I found some of the research mentioned in
the article very worrying, particularly the increased risks of anxiety and
depression in young people, but I doubted that my family would be con-
vinced,” she says. “But 1 wanted to avoid financial rewards, as they felt a
301
bit too individualistic.” In the end, the promise of a fun family day out at
a theme park persuaded the Canfields to go tech-free for a whole month.
§3 . At first it wasn’t that easy. “1 felt completely lost without my
phone,” Katie recalls. “I felt isolated because I couldn’t chat with my
friends online. But after two weeks, things got easier. I started to meet
up with my friends more and it was much nicer to catch up face to face.
I already knew that online chat is not always an ideal use of time and
often delays more important tasks like studying, but I just couldn’t resist.
I was also aware that teenagers are often bullied online and that this can
make them anxious and depressed. Fortunately, this hasn’t happened to
me personally, but it’s certainly true that people can be much meaner
online than they would be face-to-face. What I hadn’t noticed was that
it was making me less happy in general.”
§4 . The Canfield family’s experiment is now over, but they have
made a commitment to try and stick to some of the principles that they
established during their tech-free month. “Mobile phones and tablets
are strictly banned during mealtimes,” says Ernest, the father of the fam-
ily. “And we have agreed to have a tech-free weekend activity each week,
where we all leave our phones at home.” Rachel feels delighted with the
results of the experiment and is certain that it helped her to achieve her
aim of improving her family’s happiness. “We now devote more time to
one another than we did when we used to spend every waking hour glued
to our screens,” she says. “ It just goes to show that it is possible to enjoy
the convenience of modern technology without having to compromise
our family relationships and general happiness.”
Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа в соответ-
ствии с содержанием приведенного выше текста.
1. Why was Rachel Canfield worried about her children’s use of electronic
devices?
a) They were not spending enough time outside.
b) They had stopped spending time with their friends.
c) Their relationships with other people had changed.
2. How did Rachel convince her family to go ‘tech-free’ for a month?
a) by arranging an activity for them
b) by getting them to read an article on the subject
c) by giving them money
3. What did Katie realise about chatting online after her family’s experi-
ment?
a) It made her feel anxious.
b) It is more enjoyable to chat face to face.
c) Young people are more often unkind to each other online.
302
4. Which of the following is true about the Canfield family after the experi-
ment?
a) They always leave their phones at home when they go out.
b) They regularly do some activities without their phones.
c) They no longer use mobile phones at home.
Определите значение указанного слова в тексте.
5. prompted (§2)
a) caused b) discouraged с) reminded
6. glued (§4)
a) screwed b) held c) stuck
ПОИСКОВОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
Для проверки навыков поискового чтения, предполагающе-
го умение быстро находить запрашиваемую информацию и иг-
норировать второстепенную, предлагаются несколько коротких
текстов, объединенных общей тематикой, и ряд вопросов к ним.
Необходимо установить соответствие между вопросами и текста-
ми, т.е. нужно указать, в каком из текстов можно найти ответ на
каждый из вопросов. Этот вид чтения подразумевает поиск кон-
кретных ключевых слов и нахождение по ним той части текста,
где содержится необходимая информация.
Алгоритм выполнения заданий по поисковому чтению:
1. Сначала прочитайте все вопросы и отметьте в них ключе-
вые слова.
2. Прочитайте первый текст, определите, на какой вопрос в
нем есть ответ.
3. Когда вы нашли информацию, являющуюся ответом на
тот или иной вопрос, снова прочитайте вопрос и внимательно
перечитайте ответ, чтобы убедиться в его правильности.
4. Повторите пункты 2-3 для следующих трех текстов.
Секреты успеха!
Сложность этого задания заключается в том, что все тексты
связаны одной темой, а вопросы чаще всего касаются не общей
тематики текстов, а отдельных деталей. В некоторых текстах мо-
жет говориться приблизительно об одном и том же. Вам при-
дется внимательно перечитывать вопрос и тексты, чтобы найти
точный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Как правило, в вопросе используются слова, отличающиеся
от тех, которые вы встретите в тексте с правильным ответом.
Имейте ввиду, слова из неверного ответа могут быть написаны
303
в тексте слово в слово, при этом ответ, скорее сего, будет не-
верным. Это ловушка’ Поэтому не ищите одинаковых слов и до-
словных ответов, а старайтесь найти слова и выражения, имею-
щие похожее значение, и понять смысл текстов.
Если вы встретили в тексте незнакомое слово и считаете, что
оно поможет вам ответить на вопрос, попробуйте догадаться о
его значении по контексту.
Задания по поисковому чтению
I. Прочитайте тексты 1-4. Укажите номера текстов, в которых
находятся ответы на вопросы A—F.
1. Deborah Falcone
Kid-fijnd.org is a website that gives children advice on how to raise
funds for charity. This site was the brainchild of Deborah Falcone.
She had been deeply affected by televised scenes of destruction caused
by a hurricane that struck New Orleans. Deborah, who was 11 years
old at the time, decided she had to do something to help. Her mother
gave her a hand in setting up a website intended to raise money for
victims of the disaster. The response was incredible and after one year,
over $10 million had been donated. Deborah’s success made her real-
ize she could use the site to raise money for similar worthy causes.
She doesn’t brag about her achievements, but she believes that chil-
dren shouldn’t be afraid to take on ambitious projects. “1 allow myself
to think big and then I take all the small steps to get there, one after
the other, never stopping.”
2. Ryan O’Donnell
Ryan came up with the idea for his website almost by accident.
One day in Bath, he had come across a protest march in which people
were demonstrating against a new animal testing laboratory in the city.
Fourteen-year-old Ryan had his own strong views on this controver-
sial issue: he was very much in favour of scientific experiments being
carried out on animals because he believed it helped scientists develop
cures for diseases and could save countless human lives. Ryan went
home and set up a website called For-Test.org to raise public aware-
ness about the benefits of using animals for scientific research. The
response to the website was overwhelming and soon Ryan was spend-
ing about 16 hours a day answering emails and keeping the website
updated. While most people supported his efforts, Ryan also faced
some strong opposition. However, he continued to fight for what he
believed in. “It’s something I have to live with if I’m going to get my
point across,” Ryan said.
304
3. Allison Flick
When she was 13 years old, Allison Flick and her 15-year-old
brother, Timothy, launched a website called tutorwithme.com. The idea
was to provide students with online pee r-tuto ring. Allison explained
that they had come up with the idea after assisting in a student tu-
toring programme in their school. “The programme really benefitted
the students, but there were many flaws, such as not having a reliable
place to hold the programme,” Allison explained. As their website
was online, there was no issue of location. Students from anywhere in
the world could interact with other students who provided assistance
with homework in subjects like maths, English, chemistry and physics.
They offered their service Monday to Thursday from 4 pm to 6 pm.
Allison pointed out that their membership fee for the site was a good
deal cheaper than any other online tutoring service.
4. Joel Carroll
This teenage entrepreneur made over a million dollars on the sale
of a website he had created. But the young millionaire was not satis-
fied. From his extensive experience working with the Internet, Joel
felt that most websites for teens focused on unimportant things such
as fashion trends and celebrities. “It seemed like there was a need for
a place to really engage young people in things that were more sig-
nificant.” Joel decided that he wanted to set up a website that would
compensate for this lack of serious material. Together with his girl-
friend, Joel set up TalkingGlobal. a site that gives teens from different
countries an opportunity to exchange ideas on problems facing the
world today. But TalkinyGloba! is much more than another social net-
working site. It also offers practical advice on how young people can
contribute to finding solutions to world problems. Today the website
has approximately 570,000 members in over 200 countries.
Which person...
A. wanted to share ideas about a specific issue?
B. designed a site to make up for something that was missing?
C. was not put off by people’s reactions?
D. offered a service at a reasonable cost?
E. thinks age shouldn’t prevent you from following a dream?
F. was dissatisfied with the topics teenagers were relating to?
II. Прочитайте тексты 1-4. Укажите номера текстов, в кото-
рых находятся ответы на вопросы A—F.
How do you deal with everyday stress?
1. A freshman Julia Marver believes that the best way to beat
stress is to organise your life more sensibly. “My life used to be pretty
305
chaotic, there always seemed to be so much to do, often jobs that
other people should have been doing. So what 1 eventually learned to
do was to say no, politely, to extra work. That helped, as did making
a list of priorities for each day, with some things scheduled for today,
others for tomorrow and some that could be postponed for longer.
I also make rules for myself about meal times, and the amount of
sleep I need. There was a time when 1 was staying up until all hours,
but 1 was exhausted the next day so I don’t do that anymore. 1 think
I manage my time quite well now, but nobody’s perfect and occasion-
ally 1 still oversleep and turn up late for lectures!”
2. Timothy Owens, a second-year college student, likes to get up
early so he has a relaxed start to the day. “I hate leaving jobs till the
last minute, and I always try to do those I like least first,” he says.
“These days I always listen to music while I’m working,” he adds,
“whereas a couple of years ago 1 found it annoying — it always seemed
to spoil my concentration.” When he has some free time, he goes
to the cinema, or out with friends. “If something’s bothering me,
I often find that just talking to them about it helps. Particularly if you
can make a joke about it, because it always seems a lot less serious
when you do that.” If he’s on his own, he has a special way of dealing
with stress, “1 try to relive occasions when I was really relaxed, such
as spending the day by a beautiful lake in the sunshine. That often
works,” he says.
3. For sixteen-year-old Lewis Taylor, life is particularly busy right
now. He’s revising for some important exams but he still manages to
find time for his favourite free-time activities, which include long-
distance running. “It’s fun,” he says, “I only took to it recently when
I found it helped me wind down, because at school I never looked
forward to those cross-country runs we had to do every Monday
morning. Yet nowadays 1 run a lot at weekends, and 1 do some vo-
luntary work with local kids at the sports centre.” As well as doing
plenty of exercise, he also tries to maintain a healthy diet. “I’ve told
myself 1 must always eat a variety of healthy food, with lots of fruit
and green vegetables, though if I’m out with my mates, I may give
in to temptation and have a burger and chips. I never drink coffee,
though, because it makes you talk and act nervously, and it keeps you
awake at night, too, which is bad for your stress level.”
4. School student Christine Stegall knows she has to improve her
marks in her main subjects. She’s trying hard, but it’s not easy and
sometimes she feels she’s doing too much work. “I have to get away
from it now and then,” she says, “so recently I’ve joined a local youth
306
theatre group. It really helps because it takes my mind off everything,
it’s a kind of escape from reality. Also I’m meeting other people of my
own age and I’m hoping to make some friends there. Apart from that
I suppose there’s TV, but there’s not a lot on. I’ve read that laughing
can be very relaxing, but I’m afraid none of the comedy series they’re
showing right now is worth watching. Something I’ve been meaning
to try, though, is work helping others, perhaps old people. A friend
of mine does it, and she says it really makes a difference — both to
them and to her.”
Which person ...
A. is disappointed they can’t see a particular kind of entertainment?
B. believes in putting off certain tasks?
C. likes to think back to times when they felt less stressed?
D. regularly does a job without getting paid?
E. goes to bed quite early nowadays?
F. prefers to do unpleasant jobs as soon as possible?
III. Прочитайте тексты 1-5. Укажите номера текстов, в кото-
рых можно найти ответы на вопросы A—G.
It is estimated that you share your birthday with about 18 million
other people around the world. Here are some interesting birthday
traditions from around the world.
1. There are plenty of unique birthday traditions in Russia. Be-
sides blowing out the candles on your favourite cake to make your
wish come true, it is common to have your ears pulled by the number
of the completed years to ensure that you will grow taller. It is a long-
standing Russian tradition not to celebrate birthdays before their date,
as this is considered bad luck. Gifts can be given not only by friends
and relatives, but also by classmates and teachers. By the way, there is
no ‘Happy birthday to you’ song on Russian birthdays as such.
2. In Mexico, there are two celebrations you have for your birth-
day. The first one is for your name or saint’s day which on this day
you attend church. A priest blesses you. Then you go home to have
a party that includes mostly relatives and close family friends. The
saint’s day party is much quieter and more formal. Children invite
lots of friends to their parties, which always includes a pinata. This is
a decorated bag or jug shaped like an animal. It’s filled with candles,
toys, and coins.
3. In Norway, when it is someone’s birthday, the country’s flag
is displayed outside their house. The Norwegians have got their own
birthday song which is accompanied by a special birthday dance. For
307
birthday celebrations at school, Norwegian children are usually asked
to dance with a friend in front of the class, whilst the other students
sing the birthday song. A common game at birthday parties is ‘’fishing
for ice cream’: guests are asked to fish for frozen gifts, which are at-
tached to pieces of string.
4. In Jamaica, birthday celebrations can be very messy. This is be-
cause in Jamaica there is a tradition which involves throwing flour at
the person whose birthday it is, regardless of their age. As the weather
in Jamaica is often very hot and humid, this can also make the flour
very sticky. The tradition first emerged as a harmless joke played by a
school boy. However, the custom quickly became popular throughout
Jamaica and loved ones can spend days planning how best to surprise
the birthday boy or girl.
5. Although in China a birthday cake does feature as part of the
celebration, the most significant food on that day is noodles. A bowl
of noodles is served as a symbol of long life; the tradition states that
the more you eat, the longer you will live. Another important tradition
which surrounds Chinese birthdays occurs on the second birthday.
During this celebration, objects are placed around the child and left
for them to grab. The items chosen are then supposed to give some
indication as to the child’s future. For example, if a child chooses a
doll, then they will have many children, or if they pick up money,
then they will be wealthy in the future
Which text mentions ...
A. a party game which involves predictions?
B. an action which is supposed to affect someone’s height?
C. that a sense of national pride is expressed on birthdays?
D. that birthday celebrations are mainly shared with relatives?
E. a custom which started with one incident and then was quickly
adopted by other people?
F. the birthday boy or girl needs to choose a partner?
TV. Прочитайте тексты 1-5. Укажите номера текстов, в кото-
рых можно найти ответы на вопросы A-G.
1. Julian and Kelly Lynch have spent all their lives in the hotel and
catering industry. They have made one major sacrifice, however, as by
moving into a restaurant they have a considerable drop in income for
a better quality of life. Julian and Kelly used to manage a hotel, which
provided financial security but never-ending work. Moving to the res-
taurant has meant working seven days a week in the high season, but
they can make time for themselves by shutting in the afternoon. And
308
by closing down entirely during the oft' season, they get a clear two
months off. But they found it hard to combine being in the restau-
rant trade with bringing up the family. In spite of this they kept on
and their children, now 16 and 19, look back and say that they never
realised that there was any other life.
2. Brian Waters has dreamt of his own restaurant since he was in
his early twenties. But he didn't make his move until he was over 40.
The property that he and his wife, Meg, have bought is a restaurant
with rooms for guests, which is down a quiet lane on the wooden
slopes of a beautiful valley. “People will come and find you if you
are good enough. That was the challenge.” Brian said that the only
unpredicted difficulty was the attitude of some of the customers. “It
was hard to get used to being treated like servants.” For Meg, the
most demanding part was the physical work. She also had the dif-
ficulty of taking over someone else’s staff and someone else’s menus.
She gradually changed the menus, and she has a little more time off
now that the business is established.
3. It’s a similar story for Nicole Oliver and her husband Stuart.
“I’m on my feet for such long hours. You have to be incredibly strong
to do this job.” Nicole’s first experience of cooking in a restaurant was
when the chef walked out three days after it was opened. Gradually,
her confidence has built up. For Nicole and Stuart, the hard work has
been worthwhile by a special award for excellent food. “If you have
a place like this, the customers want to see you there every time they
come in. You are an actor and they’ve bought your performance with
the price of dinner.” Clearly proud of their achievement, the Olivers
admit there have been sacrifices. They have no social life and no chil-
dren. If they did start a family, the restaurant would have to go.
4. Leila and Mason Britt found this to be true. When their res-
taurant opened for business they had two small children. “When they
were very small, we could manage by putting them to bed early but
later there was a real conflict of interests. At weekends we would sit
them down in front of the videos. I ended up feeling that it was Ma-
son and the restaurant against me and the children.” When Mason
caught the flu, they made their decision. The family had to come first.
“One day we may have another adventure in the restaurant trade, but
for the time being putting up the ‘closed’ sign has been a great relief.”
5. Perhaps Ashley and Geoff Matis have the most perfect arrange-
ment. Ever since they met at school in their teens they had dreamt of
having a restaurant. While other teenagers went out to clubs Ashley
and Geoff saved up to go to restaurants. When they saw a little restau-
309
rant for sale outside Glasgow, they couldn’t resist. Now the restaurant,
which holds 15 people, is their whole life. It is well known for its food
and appears in the best guide books, so people are prepared to travel
long distance to eat there.
Which statement refers to which couple?
A. They may have another attempt at running a restaurant.
B. They had children who accepted what their parents did.
C. They paid to eat good food even as students.
D. They did not originaly plan to do the cooking themselves.
E. People can also stay overnight at their restaurant.
E They did not benefit financially from opening the restaurant.
G. They consider that interaction with the customers is essential.
ПРОСМОТРОВОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
Основная цель просмотрового чтения не найти конкретную
информацию, а получить обшее представление о содержании
текста, определить его главную мысль. Для проверки умений
просмотрового чтения используют текст, в котором пропущено
несколько предложений. Необходимо заполнить пропуски од-
ним из предложенных текстовых фрагментов, при этом один
или два фрагмента будут лишними. Такое задание проверяет
умение установить причинно-следственные связи и воссоздать
логическую целостность связного текста.
При выполнении данного задания можно руководствоваться
следующими рекомендациями:
1. Прочитайте весь текст, не обращая внимания на пропуски.
Определите главную мысль каждого абзаца (отрывка).
2. Изучите предложения для вставки.
3. Проанализируйте предложения, стоящие непосредственно
до и после пропуска.
4. Обратите внимание на подсказки, которые соединяют
текст с пропущенным фрагментом:
- время и число глагола;
- одинаковые слова либо слова, входящие в одну темати-
ческую группу;
- местоимения, заменяющие ранее упомянутое существи-
тельное (it, this, that, they, his, her, their, one, who, which
и т.п.);
- слова-связки и союзные слова (also, do, so, then, instead,
even though, however и др.).
310
5. Ищите в предлагаемых фрагментах либо похожие, либо
противоположные идеи.
6. Выберите подходящее по смыслу предложение.
7. Для заполнения следующих фрагментов повторите пунк-
ты 3-6.
8. После того, как заполните все пропуски, прочитайте текст
целиком, чтобы убедиться, что все вставленные фрагменты под-
ходят по смыслу и у вас получилось связное повествование.
Секреты успеха!
Для просмотрового чтения достаточно понять около 70 %
текста. Так как этот вид чтения не предполагает полного по-
нимания всего текста, не нужно стремиться переводить каж-
дое слово. Ставное - это умение определить и понять ключе-
вые слова, либо догадаться об их значении из контекста. Нау-
читесь обходить незнакомые слова и не прерывать чтение, если
их встречаете. Обращайте внимание на слова, которые указыва-
ют на связь текста с отрывком. Внимательно читайте предложе-
ния до и после пропуска.
Задания по просмотровому чтению
I. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предложен-
ных текстовых фрагментов.
The last century' has seen a dramatic increase in people’s stature.
Young adult males are about 11 cm taller than their counterparts were
a century ago. Nevertheless, this does not mean mankind is produc-
ing a new super race. (1)“We are only now beginning to ful-
fil our proper potential,” says paleontologist Professor Chris Stringer.
“We are becoming Cro-Magnons again — the people who lived on this
planet 40,000 years ago.”
(2)The Dutchmen, who average 182.5cm, are top of the
tree tor men while Latvian women, at 169.8cm, tower over all other
nationalities in the European Union. The average man in the US is
now 176 cm and in China 175 cm.
It is a welcome trend, though not without its own problems. (3)
A standard bed-length has remained at 190 cm since 1860.
Even worse, leg-room in planes and trains seems to have shrunk rather
than grown, while clothes manufacturers are constantly having to re-
vise their range of products.
The question is: where will it all end? We cannot grow forever. (4)
But what is it? According to Robert Fogel, of Chicago Uni-
311
versity, it could be as much as 193 cm — and we are likely to reach it
some time this century.
However, scientists add one note of qualification. Individuals may
be growing taller because of improved nutrition. (5) During
the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, members of the human race were
rounder and taller — an evolutionary response to the cold as large,
stocky bodies are best at retaining heat. (6)And as the planet
continues to heat up, we may shrink even further. In other words, the
growth of human beings could be offset by global warming.
Заполните пропуски 1—3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (А-D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. Europe boasts the tallest men and women in the world, a new
study has concluded.
B. Heights may have risen but the world has not moved on, it
seems.
C. This poor diet has had a disastrous effect on human health and
physique.
D. In fact, we are returning to what we were like as cavemen.
Заполните пропуски 4—6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (Е-Н). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. This height-health link is still starkly visible today.
B. But as a species we are actually shrinking.
C. We must have some programmed upper limit.
D. Since the climate warmed, we appear to have got slightly
thinner and smaller in order to lose heat.
II. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предложен-
ных текстовых фрагментов.
The modern blog, which is short for ‘weblog’, emerged from the
online diary, where people could share their thoughts, ideas, experi-
ences... A blog is a kind of mini-website. The only real difference
between a blog and a website is that blogs are regularly updated with
new content, which is displayed in reverse chronological order (newer
posts first). (1)No technical knowledge is required to blog.
You just type your text, known as a ‘post’, as if it were any article and
the software of the blog company does the rest.
To date, there are more than 500 million blogs out of 1.7 billion
websites in the world. Their authors account for over 2 million blog
posts daily. Every blog is different: some have only one author, some
are the work of two or more people, some are streams of nonsense
312
about nothing in particular. (2)These are often the ones that
attract most comments.
People blog for different reasons. Some blogs are platforms for the
writers’ own opinions, some bloggers write to promote themselves and
show off their skills, some even sell stuff on their blogs. Other bloggers
write to get in touch with people who have similar views, while some
blog to share their knowledge. (3)
The first step to starting a blog is deciding on your topic. Choose
a descriptive name for your blog so that potential readers can instantly
tell what your blog is about just from the name. Register your blog and
get hosting. (4)Congratulations! You now have your own blog
and can publish content!
(5) Blogs have evolved from personal diaries and online
pages to platforms that support freedom of speech and opinions on a
variety of topics. (6)Delivering the right message nowadays of-
ten includes the help of co-writers, editors, and proofreaders. Sounds
suspiciously similar to a newsroom, right? The popularity of vlogs and
podcasts suggest that blogging is here to stay for the long haul. The
channels or methods might change, but people will always write on
topics they are passionate about and continue to share them with au-
diences.
Заполните пропуски 1-3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (А-D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. Many, though, are clever, informative and well written.
B. They don’t want a wasted visit, so stick to your own particular
subject.
C. Besides, blogs are interactive — readers can comment on what
you write.
D. You can monetize your ideas, gain influence or bring together
huge audiences from around the world.
Заполните пропуски 4-6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (Е-Н). Один фрагмент является лишним.
Е. Blogging has changed considerably since its inception in the
1990s.
E Blogs can be password-protected so that they can only by those
who are allowed to view them.
G. Next, choose a free blog design template and tweak it.
H. Personal blogging has transitioned into professional blogging.
313
Ш. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предло-
женных текстовых фрагментов.
You know that feeling when you reach into your pocket for your
mobile - and get that immediate hot shock of panic when... it’s not
there. Your heart races. Your stomach lurches. Your brain goes into
overdrive. What to do? (1)
You’ve just experienced nomophobia - ‘no-mobile-phone pho-
bia’ - the tear or being without your mobile phone. This includes not
just losing, forgetting, or breaking your phone, but also being outside
of mobile phone contact. And this modern malaise affects many of
us. No wonder, because our phone isn’t just our phone. (2)
Practically our entire lives are in those seductive little devices, so it’s
no wonder we go a little crazy when we’re apart from them. But some
of us take this separation anxiety too far.
A recent study suggests that nomophobia is indeed real — and that
(unsurprisingly) the more you use your device, the more you depend
on it. (3)Another study found that 70 per cent of women worry
about losing their mobile compared to 61 per cent of men. 18- to
24-year-oIds are the most nomophobic age group, with 77 per cent
feeling uncomfortable after being separated from their phones for just
minutes.
So what about you? You know you have nomophobia when: You
feel stressed out, cut off or incomplete without your mobile. You suf-
fer from phantom vibration syndrome. (4)You always carry a
charger. You keep your phone on 24/7 and even sleep with it. You
prefer to communicate via your phone than face to face. (5)
If you feel that you are spending too much time on your phone,
there are things that you can do to better manage your device use:
- Turn your phone off. Especially when you go to bed.
- Take it out of your pocket. Put it down. Back away.
- Distract yourself. Go for a walk (without your phone). Play with
your dog. Visit a friend. (Yes, in real life. People still do that.)
- Try going without your mobile for short periods. Then longer
ones.
(6)Get a noPhone. With this mobile surrogate, not only
will you have something to hold on to at all times, but you’ll never
run out of credit - or battery. The noPhone is also shatterproof and
‘toilet-bowl resistant’, and will never need an upgrade. Just don’t ex-
pect it to make calls.
Заполните пропуски 1—3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (А-D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
314
A. Interestingly, women seem to feel mobile separation anxiety
more than men.
B. If you have symptoms of nomophobia, talking to a mental
health professional can help.
C. You can’t even post your ‘missing mobile’ status or tweet about
your loss.
D. It’s our digital security blanket - and it goes everywhere with us.
Заполните пропуски 4-6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (Е-Н). Один фрагмент является лишним.
Е. Still can’t get a grip?
Г. So, reckon you suffer from phone separation anxiety!
G. It is a growing concern in a world where always being con-
nected seems more important than ever before.
H. You constantly check for missed calls, messages and battery life.
IV. Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски одним из предло-
женных текстовых фрагментов.
I was in my mid-20s when a mutual friend introduced me to a girl
called Jenn. 1 had no idea she was a vlogger and fashion influencer
with millions of followers. On our first date we went for a picnic at
Alexandra Palace — that was the first time she asked me to take a
photo of her. 1 felt a bit of pressure; I wanted to get it right as I was
very focused on trying to make her fall in love with me.
(1)I appeared in a Meet My Boyfriend video on her fash-
ion YouTube channel. Clothes Encounters. We answered questions
from her fans, like what nicknames we call each other. At the time,
I pretty much had no idea what YouTube was but it felt great to know
she wanted to show me off.
She continued to ask me to take photos of her whenever we met.
We were dating, but she was also creating content for her channels.
1 already knew how to take a good photo: I was mainly focused on
her being in frame, pressing the right button and making sure there
wasn’t a massive trash can next to her. (2)I didn’t really think
much of it at the time, I just thought I was helping.
(3) I slipped into becoming what they call ‘an Instagram
boyfriend’, a romantic partner of an influencer who ends up taking all
the photos and videos they post. It was difficult at times; I messed up
a lot while learning. It’s not uncommon for influencer couples to do
this: 95 % of the time, when a guy is dating an influencer, he will end
up being her videographer. It’s really appealing: you get to shoot for
your girl, be a plus one, go on incredible trips and learn a new craft.
315
By the time I was 30, I wanted to try something new. (4)
Once I got there, I realised 1 had all this influencer experience. As
well as shooting videos for Jenn, I started working with other influ-
encers and brands not connected to Jenn’s work.
I’m fine with her being my boss. Jenn has always been relatively
reserved; it’s not like we wake up with a camera in our faces like some
YouTubers. (5).
The Jenn Im Instagram account has 1.7 million followers, and her
YouTube has 275m overall views. 1 can see why the money that comes
with being an influencer tempts people but it’s not really for me.
I don’t go to events with Jenn anymore, because it’s the same thing
every time: people go to 10 parties in one night just to show they’ve
been there, rather than enjoying themselves.
This world is becoming more competitive. (6)1 hate the fact
that people think you’ve disappeared off the planet if you don’t post.
I find the opposite is true: real life starts when the camera switches off.
Заполните пропуски 1-3 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (А-D). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. The more trips 1 went on as a plus one, the more photos I was
taking.
B. The photo above is a self-portrait, taken when 1 was doing a
test shot for Jenn.
C. Then I started to focus on the angles, as I’d taken a few wonky
ones.
D. Not long after that, we started going out.
Заполните пропуски 4-6 одним из предложенных текстовых
фрагментов (Е-Н). Один фрагмент является лишним.
A. There’s a constant pressure to maintain your social media.
В. I wanted to have a permanent document of this memory, both
for our families and friends abroad.
С. I packed my bags and moved to LA.
D. She doesn’t like everyone knowing everything.
316
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
В задании на словообразование необходимо образовать от
приведенных в скобках слов однокоренные слова таким об-
разом, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствова-
ли содержанию текста. Это задание направлено на проверку
основных способов словообразования и навыков их примене-
ния. Чаще всего слово нужно преобразовать из одной части
речи в другую при помощи суффикса либо подобрать его анто-
ним, добавив отрицательную приставку или суффикс. Напри-
мер, able превратить в enable, unable, disabled, ability, inability
или disability.
В спецификации теста по учебному предмету «Иностранный
язык (английский)» для проведения централизованного тестиро-
вания в 2021 году, в разделе «Языковой материал для продук-
тивного владения» (т.е. активного употребления, использования
в речи), пункт 1. Словообразование, можно найти следующую
информацию:
Суффиксы
- имен существительных:
-or, -er, -ion (-tion, -sion, -ssion), -ness, -ment, -ship, -ty, -ist;
- имен прилагательных:
-fill, -ous, -able (-ible), -y, -ian, -an, -less, -ic(al), -ive;
- имен числительных:
-teen, -th, -ty;
- наречий:
-ly;
- глаголов:
-ize (-ise), -en, -ate, -fy.
Префиксы (приставки)
- un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-;
- глаголов: re-, en-.
В разделе «Языковой материал для рецептивного владения
(т.е. узнавание и понимание в процессе чтения)» дополнительно
указаны:
Суффиксы
- имен существительных: -dom, -hood, -ism, -ese;
- имен прилагательных: -ent, -ant.
Префиксы (приставки) глаголов: dis-, mis-, over-.
317
Особое внимание при подготовке следует уделить именно
вышеуказанным суффиксам и приставкам. В Программе всту-
пительных испытаний по английскому языку и. соответствен-
но, в спецификациях централизованного тестирования послед-
них лет не было практически никаких изменений, поэтому
данная информация будет актуальна и для поступающих в сле-
дующем году.
Для успешного выполнения данного задания вам нужно знать
структуру и порядок слов в английском предложении, помнить
типичные суффиксы и приставки существительных, прилага-
тельных, наречий и глаголов, и, безусловно, иметь неплохой
словарный запас, т. к. нет точного правила, какой суффикс или
приставку нужно добавить в каждом конкретном случае. Особое
внимание уделите отрицательному словообразованию. Можно
составить свою собственную таблицу производных слов из че-
тырех колонок: существительное, глагол, прилагательное и на-
речие. А можно воспользоваться уже готовыми таблицами из
пособия Митрошкиной Т. В. «Все способы английского словоо-
бразования». Еще один вариант таблицы из 1500 производных
слов вы найдете в данном разделе.
Ваш успех напрямую зависит от количества выполненных
упражнений на словообразование, которые можно найти в ин-
тернете либо в пособиях, посвященных подготовке к тестиро-
ванию. Обязательно выполняйте тестовые задания прошлых
лет. Главное, выполнять упражнения регулярно! И не забывай-
те учить производные слова с различными суффиксами и при-
ставками - составить карточки вам поможет Quizlet. Также вы
можете установить на свой телефон специальные приложения,
посвященные словообразованию.
318
ТАБЛИЦА ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ СЛОВ
ABLE ADDICT AMAZE (dis)approval
enable addiction amazement (dis)approving(ly)
unable addicted amazing(ly) ARGUE
(in)ability addictive amazed argument
disability ADMIRE .AMBITION ARM
disabled admirer ambitious arms
ABSENT admiration AMUSE armed
absence admiring(ly) amusement disarm
ACCEPT ADMIT amusing disarming! ly)
(un)acceptable admission amused ARRANGE
ACCESS ADORE ANALYZE arrangement
(in)accessible adorable analyst ARRIVE
ACCIDENT ADVANTAGE analysis arrival
accidental(ly) disadvantage analytical(ly) ART
ACCOMMODATE advantageous ANGRY artist
accommodation ADVENTURE anger artistic(ally)
ACCORD adventurer angrily artificial
according! ly) adventurous ANNOUNCE ASSIST
accordance ADVERTISE announcer assistant
ACCOUNT advertiser announcement assistance
accountant advertisement .ANNOY .ASTONISH
ACCURATE advertising annoyance astonishment
inaccurate(ly) ADVISE annoying! ly) astonishing
(in)accuracy advice annoyed astonished
ACHIEVE adviser/advisor ANXIOUS ATHLETE
achievement (in)advisable anxiously athletic
achievable AFFECT anxiety athletics
ACQUAINT a Beet ion APOLOGISE ATTEND
acquaintance aft'ectionate(ly) apology attendance
(un)acquainted AFFORD apologetic unattended
ACT (un)aflbrdable APPEAR attention
actor AGENT disappear (in)attentive
actress agency (dis)appearance ATTRACT
action AGREE apparent(ly) attraction
activity disagree APPLY (un)attractive(ly)
activation (dis)agreement application AUTHOR
activist AIM applicant authorise
(in)active(ly) aimless APPOINT unauthorised
actual ALARM appointment authority
activate alarming appointed AVAIL
ADD alarmed APPROPRIATE (un)available
addition ALTER inappropriate! ly) AVOID
addilional(ly) alternative APPROVE (un)avoidable
added alternatively disapprove (un)avoidably
319
Продолжение
.WARE BRIGHT CHARGE COMEDY
unaware brightly charged comedian
awareness brightness recharge comic
AWFUL brighten (re)chargeable COMFORT
awfully BROAD CHARITY discomfort
BASE broaden charitable (un)comfortable
basis breadth CHEMICAL comfortably
basic(ally) BURGLE chemist COMMIT
basement burglar chemistry commitment
BEAR burglary CHILD COMMON
unbearable CALCULATE children (un)common(ly)
birth calculator childhood community
BEAUTY calculation childish COMMUNICATE
beauliful(ly) CAPABLE childless communication
beautify incapable CHOOSE communicator
beautician capability choice communicative
BEHAVE CARE choosy COMPANY
misbehave caring chosen companion
behaviour careful(ly) CLASS accompany
BELIEF careless! ly) classify COMPARE
disbelief carelessness classified comparison
(dis)believe CARRY classification compa rative(ly)
(un)believable carrier CLEAN COMPETE
unbelievably CAUTION unclean competition
BENEFIT cautious(ly) cleaner competitor
beneficial precaution cleanliness competing
BLOOD CELEBRATE CLEAR competitive
bloody celebration unclear(ly) COMPETENCE
bleed celebrity clarify incompetence
bleeding celebrated clarity (in)competent
BORE CERTAIN CLOSE COMPLAIN
boredom uncertain closely complaint
boring(ly) (un)certainty enclose COMPLETE
bored certainly closure (in)complete(ly)
BOSS CHAMPION COAST completion
bossy championship coastal COMPOSE
BRAVE CHANGE COLLECT composer
bravery changeable collector composition
BREAK unchanged collection CONCLUDE
(un)breakable (un)changing collective conclusion
broken exchange COLOUR CONFIDE
BREATH CHARACTER colourful(ly) confidence
breathe characterise colourless confident(ly)
breathless characteristic coloured confidential
320
CONFUSE CORRECT CURE DEPART
confusion (in)correct(ly) (in)curable departure
confusing correction CURIOUS DEPEND
confused CORRESPOND curiosity (in)dependence
CONNECT correspondent CURRENT (in)dependent(ly)
(dis)connect(ed) correspondence currently DESCRIBE
connection corresponding currency description
CONSCIOUS COST CYCLE DESIRE
(un)consciously costly cyclist (un)desirable
consciousness COUNT DANGER DESPAIR
subconscious(ly) counter dangerous desperate(ly)
CONSEQUENCE countless endanger DESTROY
consequent! ly) (un)countable endangered destruction
CONSIDER COURAGE DARK destructive
consideration courageous(ly) darkness destroyed
considerable discourage darken DETERMINE
considerably discouraging DAY determination
CONSTRUCT discouraged daily determined
construction encourage DEAF DEVELOP
CONSUME encou raging! ly) deafness development
consumer encouraged deafen developing
consumption encouragement deafening (un)developed
CONTAIN COURTESY DECIDE DIE
container courteous(ly) decision dead
containing COWARD undecided death
contents cowardly (in)decisive(ly) dying
CONTINUE cowardice DEEP deadly
continuous CREATE depth DIFFER
continuation creation DEFEND difference
CONTRIBUTE creator defender diffe rentfly)
contribution creature defence indifference
CONVENIENCE creativity defensive indifferent
inconvenience creative(ly) DEFINE differentiate
(in)convenient(ly) CREDIT definition DIFFICULT
CONVERSE incredible (in)definite(ly) difficulty
conversation incredibly DELIGHT DIRECT
CONVINCE CRIME delightful direction
(un)convinced criminal delighted director
(un)convincing(ly) CRITIC DELIVER (in)direct(ly)
COOK criticism delivery redirect
cooker (un)critical DENY DISAPPOINT
cookery criticise denial disappointment
cooking CRUEL undeniable disappointed
(un)cooked cruelty undeniably disappointing
321
Продолжение
DISASTER ELECTRIC EQUIP FACE
disastrous electrical equipment facial
DISCOVER electrician equipped FAIL
discovery electricity ESCAPE failure
DISTANCE EMBARRASS inescapable EAIR
distant(ly) embarrassment ESSENCE unfair(ly)
DIVIDE embarrassing (in)essential(ly) fairness
division embarrassed EVIDENCE FAME
DOUBT EMOTION evident(ly) famous
doubtless emotional EXACT infamous
doubtful EMPLOY exactly FANTASY
undoubtedly employer EXCEL fantastic(ally)
DRAMA employee excellent(ly) FASCINATE
dramatist (un)employment excellence fascination
dramatic (un)employed EXCEPT fascinating
dramatise END exception fascinated
EASE ending exceptional(ly) FASHION
easy unending EXCITE (un)fashionable
uneasy endless(ly) excitement (un)fashionably
unease ENERGY exciting FAVOUR
easily energetic excited(ly) favourite
ECOLOGY ENGAGE EXHAUST (un)favourable
ecologist engaged exhaustion FEAR
ecological(ly) engagement exhausting fearful
ECONOMY ENJOY exhausted fearless
economist enjoyable EXHIBIT FINAL
economics enjoyment exhibition finalist
economic ENTER EXIST finally
economical(ly) entrance existing FINANCE
economise ENTERTAIN existence financial(ly)
EDUCATE entertainment EXPECT FIRM
education entertaining expectation firmly
educational ENTHUSE unexpected(ly) firmness
(un)educated enthusiasm EXPENSE FIT
EFFECT enthusiast (in)expensive fitness
effectiveness enthusiastic!ally) EXPERIENCE unfit
(in)effective(ly) ENVIRONMENT (in)experienced FLUENCY
EFFICIENT environmental(ly) EXPLAIN fluent(ly)
efficiency environmentalist explanation FLY
(in)eft'icient(ly) ENVY’ EXPLODE flight
EFFORT envious(ly) explosive FOOD
effort less(ly) EQUAL explosion feed
ELECT (in)equality EXTREME FOOL
election (un)equal(ly) extremely foolish
322
FOLLOW GENEROSITY HOPE IMPROVE
follower generous(ly) hopeful(ly) improvement
following GLAMOUR hopeless(ly) IMPULSE
FOND glamorous hopelessness impulsive(ly)
fondness GRATITUDE HORROR INCREASE
FOREIGN ingratitude horrible increasing(ly)
foreigner (un)grateful(ly) horrify increased
FORGET GROW horrifying INDUSTRY
forgetful growth horrified industrial
unforgettable growing HOSPITALITY industrious
FORGIVE GUILT (in)hospitable INFLUENCE
forgiveness guilty HOT influential
FORMAL HAND heat INFORM
(in)formal(ly) handful HUMOUR information
FORTUNE handle humorist informative
misfortune handy humorous misinform
(un)fortunate(ly) H.APPY HUNGER INHABIT
FOUND happiness hungry inhabitant
founder (un)happily hungrily (un)inhabited
foundation HARM ICE INJURE
FREE hannful(ly) icy injury
freedom harmless iced injured
freely HATE icicle INNOCENT
FREEZE hatred IDENTIFY innocence
freezer HEALTH identity INSPIRE
freezing (un)healthy identification inspiration
frozen HELP identical(ly) inspiring
FREQUENCY (un)helpful(ly) IGNORE inspired
frequent(ly) helpless(ly) ignorance INSTANCE
FRESH helplessness ignorant instant(ly)
refresh HERO ILL INTELLIGENCE
refreshments heroine illness (unintelligent! ly)
FRIEND heroic IMAGE INTEND
friendship HIGH imagine intention
(un)friendly highly imagination (u n)i ntent iona 1( ly)
friendliness height imaginary INTEREST
FRIGHT HISTORY IMMEDIATE (un)interesting(ly)
frighten historian immediately (un)interested
frightening historic(al) immediacy INTERPRET
frightened HOME IMPORTANCE interpreter
FUN homeless (un)important(ly) interpretation
funny HONEST IMPRESS INTRODUCE
FURY (dis)honest(ly) impression introduction
furious(ly) (dis)honesty impressive introductory
323
Продолжение
INTRUDE LIE LOYAL MISTAKE
intruder liar loyalty mistaken(ly)
intrusion lying LUCK MIX
INVENT LIGHT (un)lucky mixer
invention lighten (un)luckily mixture
inventor lightning LUXURY mixed
INVITE LIKE luxu rious(ly) MOBILE
invitation dislike MAJOR mobility
(un)invited alike majority MOOD
IRRITATE unlike MANAGE moody
irritation (un)likely manage r(ess} MOVE
irritating (un)likeable management movement
irritated likelihood MARRY MUSIC
JEALOUS LITERATE marriage musical
jealousy illiterate (un) married musician
JUST literature MASS MYSTERY
unjust (illiteracy massive mysterious! ly)
(injustice LBT MATHEMATICS NAME
justify life mathematician namely
KIND living mathematical named
(un)kind(ly) alive MEAN NATION
kindness lively meaning (inter)national
KNOW LOCATE meaningless nationality
(un)known location meaningful(ly) NATURE
knowledge located MEASURE (un)natural(ly)
acknowledge local(ly) measurement NAVIGATE
LARGE LOGIC MEDICAL navigator
enlarge (il)logical(ly) medicine navigation
largely LONE medicinal NECESSARY
LAUGH alone MEMBER (un)necessarily
laughter lonely membership necessity
LAW loneliness MEMORY NEIGHBO(U)R
lawyer LONG memorise heighbo(u)rhood
(un)lawful length memorable neighbouring
LAZY lengthen memorial NERVE
laziness LOSE MESS nervous! ly)
lazily loss messy nervousness
LEAD lost MINIMISE NOISE
leader LOUD minimal(ly) noisy
leadership aloud minimum noisily
mislead loudly MINOR noise less(ly)
(mis)leading LOW minority NOTICE
LEGAL lowly MISERY unnoticed
illegal(ly) lower miserable noticeable
324
NUMBER PARTICULAR POISON PRESTIGE
numerical particularly poisonous prestigious
numerous PATIENT POLITE PREVENT
enumerate (im)patience impolite(ly) prevention
OBEY (im)patient(ly) politeness preventive
disobey PAY POLITICS PRICE
(dis)obedient payment political priceless
(dis)obedience PEACE politician precious
OBJECT peace f'ul(ly) policy PRIDE
objection PERFECT POLLUTE proud(ly)
objective imperfect(ly) pollution PRIOR
OBSESS perfection pollutant priority
obsession PERFORM polluted PRISON
obsessed performer POOR prisoner
OCCUPY performance poverty imprison
occupant PERMIT POPULAR imprisoned
occupation permission popularity imprisonment
(un)occtipied PERSIST unpopular PRIVATE
OFFEND persistent(ly) POSSESS privacy
offender persistence possession PROBABLE
offense PERSON POSSIBLE probability
(in)offensive (im)personal possibility improbable
OFFICE personally (im)possibly probably
officer personality POWER PRODUCE
(un)official(ly) personnel powerful producer
OPPOSE PICTURE powerless product(ivity)
opposite picturesque empower production
opposition PLACE PRACTICE (un)productive(ly)
opponent replace (im)practical(ly) PROFIT
OPTIMIST misplace practise (un)profl table
optimistic(ally) PLAY PREDICT PROMOTE
optimism player prediction promotion
ORIGIN playful (un)predictable promotional
originate PLEASE PREFER PROPOSE
(un)original(ly) pleasure preference proposal
OWN (un)pleasant preferable PROSPER
owner (dis)pleased preferably prosperity
ownership POET PREPARE prosperous
PAIN poem preparation PROTECT
painful(ly) poetry (un)prepared protector
painless(ly) poetic(al) PRESCRIBE protection
PART POINT prescription protective
participate pointer PRESS PROVE
participant pointless pressure proof
325
Продолжение
PSYCHOLOGY REFER RETIRE SERVE
psychologist reference retired service
psychological referee retirement servant
PUBLIC REFUSE REVISE SHAME
publicly refusal revision shameless
publicity REGULAR RICH ashamed
PUBLISH (ir)regular(ly) enrich SHORT
publisher RELATE enriched shorten
publication relation richness shortage
PUNCTUAL relationship RISK SICK
punctuality relative!ly) risky sickness
PUNISH related ROB SIGN
punishment RELAX robber signal
QUALIFY relaxation robbery signature
qualillcat ion relaxed SAD (un)signed
(un)qualified RELIEVE sadden SIGNIFY
disqualify relief sadness (in)significance
disqualified RELIGION SATISFY (in)significant(ly)
RAIN religious (dis)satisfaction SILENCE
rainy RELY (dis)satistied silent(ly)
REACT (un)reliable (un)satisfactory SIMILAR(LY)
reaction reliability SAVE similarity
READY REMARK (un)safe(ly) SIMPLE
readily remarkable safety simply
readiness remarkably saving(s) simplify
unready REQUIRE SCIENCE simplicity
REAL requirement scientist SINCERE
(un)real(ly) RESEMBLE scientific(ally) insincere(ly)
(un)realistic resemblance SEARCH sincerity
reality RESIDE searching SKILL
realise resident research skilful(ly)
realisation residence researcher (un)skilled
REASON residential SECURITY SLEEP
(un)reasonable RESIGN (in)secure sleepy
(un)reasonably resignation SELF sleepless
RECEIVE RESIST selfie SOCLAL
reception resistance selfish society
receptionist irresistible selfishness (un)sociable
receipt RESPONSE SENSE socialise
RECOGNISE (ir)responsible sensible SOLVE
recognition responsibility sensitive solution
unrecognisable respond senseless (un)solved
REDUCE REST SERIOUS(LY) SPACE
reduction restless(ly) seriousness spacious
326
SPEAK ensure/insure THREAT VALUE
speaker insurance threaten valueless
speech SURPRISE threatening (in)valuable
speechless surprising(ly) TIGHT evaluate
spoken surprised tighten evaluation
SPECIAL SURROUND TIRE VARY
specialist surrounding(s) tiredness variant
speciality SUSPECT tired variety
specialise suspicious! ly) tiring various
especially suspicion TOLERATE VISION
STABILISE SYMPATHY (in)tolerance (in)visible
(un)stable sympathise (in)tolerant visual
(in)stability (un)sympathetic intolerable VOLUNTARY
STATE TALK TRAGIC volunteer
statement talkative tragedy voluntarily
STORE TASTE tragically WARM
storage tasty TRAIN warmth
STRESS tasteful(ly) trainer WARN
stressful tasteless(ly) trainee warning
stressed TECHNICAL training WEAK
STRONG technique TREAT weaken
strongly technician treatment weakness
strength TECHNOLOGY treaty WEALTH
strengthen technological TRUTH wealthy
strengthening technologist (un)true WED
SUCCESS TEMPT truthful(ly) wedding
(un)successful(ly) temptation truly WEIGH
succeed TEND TAPE weight
SUFFER tendency typical(ly) WIDE(LY)
sufferer TERROR UNDERSTAND widen
suffering terrify (mis)understand(ing) width
SUGGEST terrified UNITE WILL
suggestion terrifying union (un)willing(ly)
SUIT terrific unit (un)willingness
(un)suitable THANK united WISDOM
(un)suitably thanks USE (un)wise
SUM thankful(ly) user WORTH
summary THIEF useful(ly) (un)worthy
summarise theft useless(ly) worthless
SUPPORT THINK USUAL YEAR
supporter thought (un)usual(ly) yearly
supporting thoughtful(ly) VACATE YOUNG
SURE thoughtless(ly) vacant youth
assure unthinkable vacancy youthful
327
ПРАВИЛА НАПИСАНИЯ СУФФИКСОВ И ОКОНЧАНИЙ
Слова, оканчивающиеся на «е»:
1) Нечитаемая конечная буква -е обычно опускается, если
к слову прибавляется суффикс, который начинается с гласной
буквы (-ate, -al, -у, -ing, -able, -ous, -ive и др.):
- active - activate — activity;
- believe — believer — unbelievable;
- create — creative — creature;
- inquire - inquiry - inquiring.
2) Конечная буква -e сохраняется перед добавляемым суф-
фиксом в следующих случаях:
• если исходное слово оканчивается на -ее:
- agree — agreeable;
- see — seeing;
- guarantee - guaranteed;
• если к исходному слову прибавляется суффикс, который
начинается с согласной буквы (-dom, -ment, -ness, -fill, -ly и др.):
- bore — boredom;
- improve — improvement;
- like - likely;
- peace — peaceful.
Ho:
- awe - awful;
- wide - width;
- wise — wisdom.
Если исходное слово оканчивается на -ие, то конечная -е
обычно опускается:
- argue — argument;
- true — truth;
- value - valuable.
Ho:
- value — valueless.
• если суффикс -able добавляется к слову, оканчивающему-
ся на -се или -ge:
- change - changeable;
- notice - noticeable.
Обратите внимание, перед суффиксом -ous в словах, оканчи-
вающихся на -се или -ge, конечная -е меняется на
- grace — gracious;
- prestige — prestigious;
- space — spacious.
328
Но:
- advantage - advantageous;
- courage — courageous.
Слова judg(e)ment и acknowledgement могут писаться как с
буквой -е-, так и без нее.
Слова, оканчивающиеся на «у»:
I) У слов, оканчивающихся на -у с предшествующей соглас-
ной, перед любым суффиксом (за исключением —ing и —ish) -у
заменяется на
- beauty - beautiful;
- easy — easily;
- fury — furious;
- happy — happiness;
- marry - marriage.
Ho:
- baby — babyish;
- carry — carrying;
- shy — shyly.
2) Если перед -у стоит гласная буква, то -у не изменяется:
- boy - boyish;
- enjoy — enjoyment;
- obey — obeyed;
- play - playful.
Ho:
- day — daily.
3) Если к исходному слову, оканчивающемуся на -ie, добав-
ляется суффикс -ing, то -ie заменяется на -у:
- lie - lying;
- die — dying;
- tie — tying.
Удвоение конечной согласной
I) Если исходное слово оканчивается на одну согласную бук-
ву, перед которой стоит одна краткая ударная гласная, то конеч-
ная согласная удваивается при добавлении суффикса, начинаю-
щегося с гласной (-ed, -ing, -er, -est, -у и др.):
- fun — funny;
- god — goddess;
- big — bigger.
Последние согласные также удваиваются у следующих слов:
- kidnap - kidnapper;
- worship - worshipping;
- handicap - handicapped.
329
Сравните:
- hop — hopping, HO hope — hoping (оканчивается на глас-
ную);
- fat - fatter, HO fast - faster (две конечные согласные);
- run - running, HO rain - raining (две гласные перед ко-
нечной согласной);
- begin — beginner, НО visit - visitor (ударение падает не на
последний слог).
2) В словах, оканчивающихся на букву -/ с предшествующей
краткой гласной, в британском варианте английского языка, как
правило, конечная -/удваивается при добавлении суффикса, на-
чинающегося с гласной (-ed, -ing, -er, -est, -у и др.):
- quarrel - quarrelling;
- travel - traveller.
Сравните:
- fee! - feeling (долгий звук);
- steal — stealing (долгий звук).
В американском английском в таких словах обычно одна
буква quarreling, traveler.
Обратите внимание, если слово, к которому прибавляется
суффикс, оканчивается на двойное -11, то в британском варианте
английского языка второе «/» опускается:
- skill — skilful (в амер, варианте - skillful)-,
- will — wilful (в амер, варианте — willful).
Правила написания окончания -(e)s
I) Окончание -s присоединяется к слову (существительному
во множественном числе либо к глаголу в 3-ем лице единствен-
ного числа в Present Simple), оканчивающемуся на согласную
букву:
- dream - dreams;
- month — months;
- to look - looks.
2) Если слово оканчивается на -ss, -х, -z, -sh, -ch, -tch, to
прибавляется окончание -es\
- bus — buses;
- to fix — fixes;
- quiz - quizzes;
- to wash - washes;
- church — churches;
- to watch - watches.
330
3) Если существительное или глагол оканчивается на букву
-е (-ее, -ie, -ие, -уе, -ое), то прибавляется только -л:
- place — places;
- to see - sees;
- to lie - lies;
- queue — queues;
- to tiptoe — tiptoes.
4) Если существительное оканчивается на -о с предшествую-
щей гласной, то множественное число такого существительного
образуется при помощи окончания -st
- radio — radios;
- zoo - zoos.
Если существительное оканчивается на -о с предшествую-
щей согласной, то множественное число образуется при помощи
окончания -est
- hero - heroes;
- tomato — tomatoes.
Ho:
- euro — euros.
Если глагол оканчивается на -о, то прибавляется оконча-
ние -es.
- to do — does;
- to go - goes.
5) Если существительное либо глагол оканчивается на букву
-у с предшествующей согласной, то -у меняется на -I и прибав-
ляется окончание -est
- party - parties;
- to hurry - hurries.
Если же перед -у стоит гласная буква, то прибавляется окон-
чание
- day — days;
- to buy — buys.
Правила написания окончания -ed
1) Окончание -ed присоединяется к основе глагола:
- to work — worked;
- to Join — joined.
2) Если глагол оканчивается на букву -е (-ее, -1е, -ие, -уе,
-ое), то прибавляется только -d.
- to believe - believed;
- to agree — agreed;
331
- to tie — tied;
- to argue - argued.
3) Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на букву -у с предшествующей
согласной, меняют -у на -/:
- to cry — cried;
- to worry - worried.
Если же перед -у стоит гласная буква, то -у перед окончани-
ем -ed сохраняется:
- to stay - stayed;
- to enjoy - enjoyed.
4) Если глагол оканчивается на одну согласную букву, перед
которой стоит одна краткая ударная гласная, то при добавлении
окончания -ed конечная согласная буква удваивается:
- to plan — planned;
- to stop - stopped;
- to permit - permitted.
5) В словах, оканчивающихся на согласную букву -I с пред-
шествующим кратким гласным звуком, конечная -/ удваивается
независимо от ударения (в британском варианте английского
языка):
- to control - controlled;
- to quarrel — quarreled;
- to travel - travelled.
Сравните: буква -l не удваивается, т. к. перед ней долгий
звук:
- to sail - sailed;
- to cool - cooled.
По правилам орфографии, принятым в США, буква -/удваи-
вается, только когда ударение падает на последний слог:
- to compel — compelled;
- to fulfil - fulfilled.
Сравните:
- to cancel — canceled;
- to signal - signaled.
6) Если глагол оканчивается на букву -г, то она удваивается
в том случае, когда ударение падает на последний слог:
- to prefer — preferred;
- to occur - occurred;
- to stir - stirred.
Сравните: буква -г не удваивается, т. к. ударение не падает
на последний слог:
332
- to offer — offered;
- to repair — repaired;
- to appear - appeared.
7) Сочетание -ic при присоединении окончания -ed меняется
на -ick;
- to panic - panicked;
- to picnic — picnicked.
Правила написания окончания -ing
I) Окончание -ing присоединяется к основе глагола:
- to go- going;
- to read — reading;
- to wash - washing.
2) Если глагол оканчивается на нечитаемую букву -е, то при
добавлении окончания -ing эта буква опускается:
- to live — living;
- to argue — arguing.
Конечная буква -e сохраняется, если она читается, а также
если исходный глагол оканчивается на -ее, -уе, -ое:
- to be — being;
- to see - seeing;
- to tiptoe — tiptoeing.
3) К глаголу, оканчивающемуся на букву -у, присоединяется
окончание -ing:
- to play - playing;
- io study - studying.
Обратите внимание, у глаголов to lie, to die, to tie при при-
соединении окончания -ing сочетание -ie заменяется буквой -у:
- to lie — lying;
- to die - dying;
- to tie — tying.
4) Если глагол оканчивается на одну согласную букву, перед
которой стоит одна краткая ударная гласная, то при добавлении
окончания -ing конечная согласная буква удваивается:
- to plan - planning;
- to forget - forgetting.
5) В словах, оканчивающихся на согласную букву -I с пред-
шествующим кратким гласным звуком, конечная -/удваивается
независимо от ударения (в британском варианте английского
языка):
- to control - controlling;
- to travel — travelling.
333
Сравните: буква -/ не удваивается, т.к. перед ней долгий звук:
- to feel - feeling;
- to steal - stealing.
По правилам орфографии, принятым в США, буква -/удваи-
вается, только когда ударение падает на последний слог:
- to compel — compelling.
Сравните:
- to cancel - canceling;
- to signal - signaling.
6) Если глагол оканчивается на букву -г, то она удваивается
в том случае, когда ударение падает на последний слог:
- to prefer - preferring;
- to stir - stirring.
Сравните: буква -г не удваивается, т. к. ударение не падает
на последний слог:
- to enter — entering;
- to repair - repairing;
- to clear - clearing.
7) Сочетание -ic при присоединении окончания -ing меня-
ется на -ick:
- to panic - panicking;
- to picnic - picnicking.
Правила написания суффикса -ly
1) Суффикс -ly добавляют к исходному слову для образова-
ния наречий и некоторых прилагательных:
- love — lovely;
- free — freely;
- friend — friendly.
Но, если исходное слово оканчивается на -ие, конечная бук-
ва -е опускается:
- true - truly;
- due — duly.
2) Если исходное слово оканчивается на букву -у, то она ме-
няется на -/:
- day — daily;
- easy — easily;
- happy - happily.
Ho:
- shy — shyly.
3) Если исходное слово оканчивается на -le, то -1е меняется
на -1у:
334
- gentle — gently;
- terrible — terribly.
Ho:
- whole — wholly.
4) Если исходное слово оканчивается на то оно удваивается:
- careful — carefully;
- final — finally;
-full -fully.
5) Если исходное слово оканчивается на -ic, то наречие име-
ет окончание -ically:
- basic — basically;
- historic — historically.
- optimistic - optimistically;
Ho:
- public — publicly.
Секреты правописания
-IE- or -EI-
Иногда бывает трудно запомнить, пишется слово через -ie-
или -ei-. Для этого есть очень простое правило: «1 перед Е, но
не после С, и когда звучит как А как у neighbour и weigh» {I before
Е except after С or when sounding like A as in ‘neighbour and ‘weigh ’).
I перед Е achieve, believe, brief, chief, field, friend, patience, piece, relieve, thief
C + EI ceiling, receipt, deceive, perceive, receive
[ei] eight, neighbour, weigh, weight, beige
исключения either, neither, caffeine, foreign, height, leisure, their, weird, seize
-ABLE or -IBLE
Вот подсказка (не 100% правило!), которая поможет опреде-
лить вам правильное написание -able или -ible.
Если от прилагательного отнять -able, останется полное сло-
во (afford-able, reason-able, enjoy-able, notice-able, fashion-able, de-
sir-able, valu-able, beiiev-abie).
Если отнять -ible, полное слово не получится (possible, terrible,
horrible, incredible, visible). К исключениям относятся accessible,
sensible, responsible, flexible, irresistible и некоторые другие.
Суффикс -able употребляется намного чаше, чем -ible (800
случаев -аЫе против менее 200 -ible).
335
-cial -tial
после гласных: facial, racial, official, beneficial, artificial, judicial, special, crucial, social после согласных: residential, presidential, confidential, influential, essential, substantial, partial
Ho: financial, commercial, provincial Ho: initial, spatial, controversial
-cian -sion -tion
профессия: musician, electrician, politician, beautician, mathematician после -ss: expression, profession, discussion, mission, permission остальные: relation, imagination, conversation, pollution, exception
после -eit- и -an-: tension, intension, pension, expansion
когда произносится [jn]: vision, revision, decision, confusion, conclusion
Ho: suspicion, complexion, fashion, ocean
-ant -ent
образовано от слова на -е (кроме -се, -ge): tolerate —»tolerant please —> pleasant serve —>servant pollute —»pollutant после мягких -ce [s] и -ge [d^ ]: innocent intelligent urgent Сравните: elegant, vacant
образовано от слова на -у; vacancy —>vacant apply applicant Ho: study student после -id: accident evident resident
-ance -ence
ant —> ance: distant —> distance significant significance assistant —* assistance ent —> ence: different —> difference excellent —> excellence absent —»absence
Ho: pregnancy, truancy, vacancy Ho: agency, currency, (in)ejficiency, emergency, fluency, frequency, proficiency, (in)sufficiency, tendency
336
-апсе -ence
Запомните: romance —> romantic resistance —> irresistible Запомните: essence —> essential influence —> influential offence —> offensive preference —> preferable residence —> residential
Вышеперечисленные правила работают в большинстве слу-
чаев (но не во всех!) Поэтому, в случае сомнений, воспользуй-
тесь словарем. Запоминайте правописание слов и тренируйтесь
в их написании.
150 орфографически сложных слов
Обратите внимание на слова, в написании которых часто до-
пускают ошибки даже носители языка!
absence acceptable accidentally accommodation achieve acquire address advertisement advice aggressive although apparently appearance argument athlete available awful beautiful because beginning believe beneficial business ceiling certainly changeable chief environment equipped exaggerate exceed excellent except exercise existence expect experience explanation extremely familiar fascinating foreign forty glamorous government guarantee happened happiness height hierarchy humorous immediately interpretation interrupt personnel persuade piece pleasant politician possession pronunciation psychology publicly quantity quarter questionnaire quiet quite really receipt receive recommend religious responsibility restaurant rhythm ridiculous schedule science scissors sense
337
Продолжение
colleague irresistible similar
committee island sincerely
communicate jealous soldier
competition knowledge speech
conscious language strength
convenience leisure succeed
country length successful
course license tattoo
curiosity lightning temporarily
daughter loneliness thought
decision lying through
description marriage tomorrow
disappear medicine truly
disappoint millennium twelfth
discipline mysterious unfortunately
disease necessary until
doesn’t neighbour village
easily noticeable weather
eight occasional weird
either official welcome
embarrass ought whether
enough particularly which
entertainment performance whose
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИСТАВКИ
il- перед “1” illegal illiteracy illogical ho: unlike unlimited unlucky
im- перед “m”, “p" immature impatience impolite impossible impractical ho: unpleasant unpopular unpredictable unprofitable
ir- перед L‘r” irrational irregular irrelevant irresistible irresponsible ho: unreal unrealistic unreasonable unreliable
inis- неправильный, ошибочный misbehaviour misfortune mislead misunderstand
338
dis- обратное disadvantage discourage
действие, disagreement discover
удаление, disappear dishonest
лишение disappoint disapprove disarm disbelief discomfort disconnect dislike disobey disorder displeased disqualified dissatisfaction
IN или UN
He существует строгих правил употребления приставок in-
11 un-, поэтому вероятность ошибиться с ними весьма высока.
Ориентиров, помогающих сделать корректный выбор без помо-
щи словаря, немного,
Считается, что приставка in- {и ее варианты il-, ir-, im-,
управляемые начальной буквой основного слова) связана с кор-
нем латинского происхождения, тем самым in- предпочитает
суффикс прилагательных -ible, а не -able:
- impossible — unrealizable;
- inaccessible — unapproachable;
- incredible - unbelievable;
- inedible — uneatable.
Приставка un- является самой продуктивной отрицательной
приставкой и может использоваться не только с прилагательны-
ми, но и с глаголами. Она употребляется с отглагольными фор-
мами, оканчивающимися на -ing и -ed (в этом случае суффикс
-ed присоединяется к правильным глаголам, неправильные гла-
голы ставятся в третьей форме):
- unending;
- unchanging;
- unexpected;
- unknown.
Исключение: inexperienced.
Следует обратить внимание на то, что некоторые слова,
оканчивающиеся на -ing и -ed, для образования формы с отри-
цательным значением используют приставку dis-, mis- или de-,
а не un-. Это происходит, когда такие прилагательные образуют-
ся от глаголов, имеющих собственные отрицательные приставки:
- appear disappear —> disappearing;
- lead —> mislead —> misleading;
- centralise -» decentralise -> decentralized.
339
UN
unable unacceptable unanswered unauthorised unavailable unavoidable unaware unbearable unbelievable unbreakable uncertain uncomfortable uncommon unconscious uncountable undesirable unemployed unequal unexpected unfair unfamiliar unfashionable unfavourable unforgettable unforgivable unfortunate unfriendly ungrateful unhappy unhealthy unhelpful unimportant unknown unlawful unlikely unlimited unlocked unlucky unmarried unmistakable unnatural unnecessary unofficial unpleasant unpopular unpredictable unprofitable unqualified unreal unreasonable unreliable unsociable unusual unwilling
IN
inability indecisive infamous
inactive indefinite informal
inattentive independent insecure
incapable indifferent insensitive
incompetent ineffective insignificant
incomplete inefficient insincere
inconvenient inequality insufficient
incorrect inexpensive invaluable
incurable inexperienced invisible
В существительных и наречиях, образованных от соответ-
ствующих отрицательных прилагательных или глаголов, как
правило, сохраняется та же отрицательная приставка:
- impatient — impatience; - uncertain — uncertainty;
- inactive — inactivity; - unsuccessful — unsuccessfully.
Однако в некоторых случаях отрицательная приставка в су-
ществительных и прилагательных может изменяться:
- disbelief — unbelievable;
- discomfort — uncomfortable;
- inability - unable - disabled;
- inequality — unequal;
- misfortune - unfortunate.
340
Обратите внимание на употребление разных приставок с
прилагательными, имеющими сходное значение:
impatient нетерпеливый intolerant
unable неспособный incapable
unavoidable неизбежный inevitable
uncomfortable неудобный inconvenient
uneatable несъедобный inedible
unfinished незаконченный incomplete
unimportant неважный insignificant
unlawful незаконный illegal
unofficial неофициальный informal
unpractised неопытный inexperienced
unqualified неподготовленный incompetent
unreal неосуществимый impossible
unreasonable неразумный irrational
unsafe небезопасный insecure
ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ЧАСТО ПРОВЕРЯЕМЫХ СЛОВ
Глаголы
accompany enable lose respond
apologise encourage lower satisfy
brighten endanger (mis) behave shorten
broaden enlarge minimise signify
choose enrich mislead simplify
clarify ensure offend socialise
classify enumerate participate solve
compete evaluate prescribe specialise
consume explode pride strengthen
darken ЛУ produce succeed
deafen frighten promote summarise
decide horrify prove symbolise
defend identify realise terrify
destroy intrude recognise threaten
disapprove invite recycle tighten
disconnect irritate reduce vary
discourage lengthen rely weigh
disqualify lighten replace widen
341
Существительные
(in)abillty cruelty impression pressure
accommodation curiosity improvement priority
achievement cyclist (in)convenience probability
action darkness (in)equality production
activity death injury promotion
activist decision innocence prosperity
actor delivery inspiration psychologist
addiction description insurance publicity
addition destruction intention (unjpunctuality
advertisement development intruder reception
alternative difference invention reduction
amazement difficulty investigation relationship
amusement disadvantage invitation requirement
announcement disappointment knowledge researcher
anxiety discovery laziness responsibility
apologies dissatisfaction length sadness
appearance distance liar safety
application electricity lightning science
approval ecologist living scientist
argument employee location sickness
arrangement employer loneliness significance
arrival entertainment loss similarity
assistance environmentalist loyalty society
assistant equipment majority’ solution
attraction evidence marriage stranger
behaviour exception medicine strength
boredom excitement misery success
breadth explanation mobility suspicion
calculation explosion musician temptation
caution failure necessity tourist
choice fascination owner traveller
communication follower patience treatment
competition founder performance (un)employment
competitor friendliness permission (un)happiness
complaint generosity personality vacancy
conclusion gratitude pleasure variety
confidence growth pollution viewer
connection haired popularity vision
consumption height possession visitor
consumer historian prediction warning
contribution identification preference weakness
courtesy illness preparation weight
creativity imagination prescription wisdom
342
Прилагательные
accidental discouraged helpless irrational
additional displeased historic(al) irregular
adorable doubtful horrible irrelevant
adventurous economic horrifying irresistible
advisable economical humorous irresponsible
affordable effective hungry just
aimless effortless icy likely
alarmed encouraged ignorant lucky
alternative endangered illegal luxurious
amazing endless illiterate massive
ambitious energetic illogical meaningless
annoying enjoyable impatient medical
anonymous enriched impossible messy
anxious enthusiastic impractical miserable
attractive envious impressive misleading
available environmental imprisoned mysterious
basic essential improbable nervous
beneficial evident impulsive numerous
bored / boring excellent inaccurate offensive
broad exceptional inactive optimistic
careful excited inattentive painful
careless exciting incapable painless
cautious exhausted incompetent patient
changeable expensive incorrect peaceful
chaotic experimental incredible pointless
charitable faithful incurable poisonous
competitive famous indecisive powerful
confident fantastic indefinite preferable
confused fascinating indifferent prestigious
considerable fashionable ineffective priceless
countless financial inefficient private
courageous flexible inexpensive profitable
courteous fluent inexperienced prosperous
creative frightened infamous proud
daily generous influential psychological
dangerous glamorous inhospitable qualifying
delightful grassy innocent rainy
desirable groundless insecure reasonable
destructive guilty insignificant related
developing harmful intelligent reliable
disappointed harmless intolerable religious
disarming healthy (in)valuable remarkable
disastrous helpful invisible responsible
343
Продолжение
risky thankful unconvinced unnecessary
scientific thoughtful undeniable unpleasant
sensible thoughtless unemployed unpopular
sensitive threatening unexpected unpredictable
sleepy traditional unfair unreliable
sociable typical unfashionable unsafe
social unable unfavourable unspoiled
spacious unacceptable unforgettable unsuccessful
stressful unanswered unfortunate unsuitable
successful unavailable unfriendly unusual
suitable unavoidable ungrateful unwilling
sunny unaware unhappy unwise
supporting unbearable unhealthy useful
surrounding unbelievable unhelpful useless
suspicious uncertain uninteresting valueless
sympathetic unclear uninvited various
talkative uncomfortable unlike wonderful
tasty uncommon unlikely worthless
terrified unconscious unlimited yearly
Наречия
accidentally encouragingly instantly relatively
accurately endlessly (ir)regularly remarkably
actually equally largely sadly
angrily evidently loudly scientifically
annually exactly luckily seriously
anxiously excitedly mainly significantly
awfully extremely mysteriously simply
basically finally namely skillfully
carefully firmly naturally strongly
carelessly fluently nervously successfully
certainly freely normally surprisingly
commonly frequently originally suspiciously
comparatively furiously particularly totally
completely gently peacefully unavoidably
confidently gratefully probably unconsciously
consequently hopelessly promptly undoubtedly
considerably immediately properly unexpectedly
currently (in)appropriately publicly (unfortunately
daily (in)correctly rapidly (un)happily
easily increasingly readily (un)suitably
economically incredibly really (un)usually
effortlessly independently reasonably (un)willingly
344
Рекомендации к заданиям на словообразование
Приступая к выполнению задания на словообразование,
помните, что в английском предложении устойчивый порядок
слов: на первом месте в большинстве случаев находится под-
лежащее, затем сказуемое, после него дополнение (прямое и
косвенное), на последнем месте обстоятельства места и вре-
мени.
Подлежащее Сказуемое Дополнение Обстоятельство
Кто? Что делает ? Кого ? Кому ? Чему ? Как? Где? Когда?
Секреты успеха!
Исходя из порядка слов и структуры предложения, можно
определить часть речи, которую необходимо образовать.
Существительное
• В начале предложения на месте подлежащего, перед сказу-
емым: Cyclists must obey traffic rules.
• После глагола на месте дополнения: Ие has a reputation of
a hard worker.
• После глагола-связки be в качестве именной части сказуе-
мого: She is a student.
• После артикля: Не is such a liar.
• После местоимения: Не tried to hide his excitement. We apolo-
gize for any inconvenience.
• После прилагательного: Physical activity can reduce stress.
• После существительного в притяжательном падеже:
ми Victor’s reaction ?
• После предлога: She tends to act on impulse.
• После числительного: Disneyland attracted 2.5 million visitors
last year.
Образуя существительное, определите, в единственном либо
во множественном числе оно должно быть употреблено. В этом
вам может помочь:
V значение - исчисляемое существительное может быть как
в единственном, так и во множественном числе, неисчисляе-
мое - только в единственном;
V артикль — неопределенный артикль а / ап будет перед су-
ществительным в единственном числе, нулевой артикль говорит
345
о неисчисляемом существительном либо о множественном чис-
ле, артикль the не дает подсказку на число, т.к. может употре-
бляться с любыми существительными;
Y форма глагола-сказуемого — наличие или отсутствие окон-
чания -s в Present Simple, вспомогательные глаголы (is - аге,
was — were, do — does, have - has);
Y местоимение - this, that, each, every будут указывать на
единственное число; many, few, both, these, those - на множе-
ственное).
Прилагательное
• Перед существительным, часто после артикля: We had an
amazing time in London.
• После наречия: She is really talented.
• После глагола-связки (be, become, feel, look, smell, taste,
sound, seem): You look fantastic in this dress.
Наречие
• Перед прилагательным: I find this book extremely boring.
• Перед или после другого наречия: Не lives rather economically.
• После глагола: The baby was sleeping peacefully.
• В начале предложения как вводное слово: Obviously, we
were lost.
Помните, практически любое наречие из предложения мож-
но убрать и смысл предложения при этом не изменится!
Запомните схему: BE + наречие + прилагательное. Например:
/ am terribly tired. The weather is very changeable.
Глагол
• После подлежащего: It irritates me when people are late.
• После вспомогательного или модального глагола: The build-
ing was destroyed by the fire. You must weigh up all the pros and cons.
• После частицы to: The sky began to darken.
• После предлога в форме герундия: Гт sorry for losing the key.
Важно! В некоторых заданиях предполагается преобразо-
вание глаголов с учетом видовременных форм, поэтому не за-
будьте при необходимости добавить к глаголу окончание -s,
-ing или -ed.
Выполняя задание на словообразование можно действовать
по следующему алгоритму:
346
1. Прочитайте текст, чтобы понять его основное содержание.
2. Внимательно прочитайте и переведите предложение, что-
бы определить, какая часть речи должна быть на месте пропу-
ска: существительное, прилагательное, наречие или глагол. Для
этого обратите внимание на слова, стоящие до и после пропу-
ска, задайте вопросы к пропущенному слову.
3. Вспомните все известные вам однокоренные слова к пред-
ложенному слову.
4. Если требуется та же часть речи, что и исходное слово,
скорее всего, нужно использовать отрицательную приставку.
5. Уточните форму образованной части речи: для существи-
тельного определите его число (единственное или множествен-
ное), для глагола — его видовременную форму (окончание -s,
-ing, -ed), для прилагательного — степень сравнения (положи-
тельная, сравнительная или превосходная).
6. Прочитайте предложение, а затем и весь текст снова, что-
бы убедиться, что вставленные слова подходят по смыслу, а так-
же образованы и написаны правильно.
7. Заполните бланк ответов ЗАГЛАВНЫМИ буквами в соот-
ветствии с предложенным образцом написания букв английско-
го алфавита.
Типичные ошибки при выполнении задания
на словообразование
1. Абитуриенты не видят разницы между формообразовани-
ем и словообразованием и указывают в качестве ответа грамма-
тические формы опорных слов. Задание на словообразование
предполагает, что нужно образовать другую часть речи либо сло-
во с иным или противоположным значением, а не просто дописать
окончание -s к предложенному существительному или глаголу,
либо добавить -er / -est к прилагательному, либо поставить пред-
ложенный глагол в Past Simple. Например: The company products
(вместо produces) electrical goods.
2. Неверная часть речи, которая необходима в предлагаемом
контексте. Например, образование наречия вместо прилагатель-
ного: Can you remember a time in your life when you felt confidently
(вместо confident)?
3. Неправильное написание слов, например: assistEnt вместо
assistAnt, benefiTial вместо benefiCial, arguEment вместо argument.
347
Чтобы избежать подобных орфографических ошибок, необходи-
мо регулярно практиковать правописание и в случае сомнений
в написании проверять слова в словаре.
4. Неправильное образование слова с помощью отрицатель-
ной приставки. Иногда абитуриенты и вовсе не понимают из
контекста необходимость использования отрицательной при-
ставки. Например: Avoid IN healthy (вместо Unhealthy) foods such
as hamburgers and chips. He was fortunate (вместо UNfortunate) to
lose in the final round of the match. Чтобы не допустить ошибки,
внимательно читайте весь текст и следите за логикой предло-
жения.
5. Неправильная форма образованного слова:
У существительных - ошибки в выборе единственного или
множественного числа, например: Al is one of the latest technologi-
cal development (вместо developments).
У глаголов - неподходящая видовременная форма (оконча-
ние -s, -ing, -ed), например: People can be classify (вместо classi-
flED) into four basic personality types.
У причастий — ошибки в выборе между окончаниями -ing
и -ed, например: I must get some sleep - Гт too tiring (вместо
tirED).
Давайте разберем несколько текстов на словообразование.
Текст 1
Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста:
The 1st of January is the day when millions of people decide
that they will finally become the wonderful, (1) ...... (pro-
duce), healthy, happy person they’ve always wanted to be. The (2)
............ (commit) that an individual makes at the beginning of
the year to achieving a (3).......... (benefit) lifestyle change is
called a New Year’s resolution. More than half of New Year’s resolu-
tions are health-related, such as exercising more, eating healthier and
getting out of (4)..........(finance) debt.
The trouble is that the (5).........(eager) to make changes,
especially concerning exercise and diet, tends to fade as soon as we
come to the realisation that we can’t change everything overnight.
Many of us lack (6)...........(motive) and accountability for our
resolutions, despite our best (7) ......... (intend). 35 percent
348
of those who make New Year’s resolutions break them by the end of
January. And only 23 percent will see it through to (8)......
(complete). Are you part of the 77 percent who make resolutions only
to find you’ve given up before you ever really got started?
Experts recommend starting with small changes and tackling one
change at a time. Try to set yourself measurable goals, reflect on your
progress towards them, (9) ........... (knowledge) that changes
can be hard, and results won’t happen overnight ... or even in the first
two weeks of the new year. (10) ......... (Interest), January 12
is the fateful day of New Year’s resolutions.
Анализ текста 1
1 - PRODUCTIVE (продуктивный, эффективный)
Пропущенное слово стоит в ряду прилагательных wonderful,
healthy, happy, следовательно, пропуск нужно заполнить прила-
гательным, образованным по цепочке produce - product - pro-
ductive.
2 - COMMITMENT (обещание, обязательство)
Артикль the указывает на необходимость заполнения про-
пуска существительным, однако не указывает на число (един-
ственное или множественное). Т.к. пропущенное слово является
подлежащим, находим к нему сказуемое — is called. Отсюда дела-
ем вывод о необходимости образовать существительное от глаго-
ла commit при помощи суффикса -ment.
3 — BENEFICIAL (здесь — полезный для здоровья)
Наличие существительного после искомого слова свидетель-
ствует о том, что пропущенное слово — прилагательное, образо-
ванное от существительного benefit при помощи суффикса -ial.
Обратите внимание на замену -t- (benefit) на -с- (beneficial).
4 - FINANCIAL (финансовый)
Пропущенное слово является определением к существитель-
ному debt, значит, образуем прилагательное, добавляя суффикс
-ial к существительному finance.
5 — EAGERNESS (стремление)
Наличие артикля the свидетельствует о необходимости за-
полнения пропуска существительным. По структуре предложе-
ния определяем, что перед нами подлежащее; сказуемое tends
указывает на единственное число искомого слова. Образуем его
от прилагательного eager + суффикс -ness.
6 - MOTIVATION (мотивация)
349
По однородному члену предложения accountability определя-
ем, что нам нужно образовать однокоренное существительное от
motive, используя суффикс -ation.
7 - INTENTIONS (намерения)
Определяем пропущенную часть речи — существительное
(после прилагательного best). Содержание предложения указы-
вает на необходимость употребления существительного во мно-
жественном числе, образованного от глагола intend посредством
суффикса -ion и окончания -s. Обратите внимание на замену ко-
нечной буквы -d (intend) на -t- (intentions).
8 - COMPLETION (завершение)
Переведя предложение («23 процента доведут дело до кон-
ца»), делаем вывод, что пропущенное слово является неисчис-
ляемым существительным, которое должно быть образовано от
глагола complete при помощи суффикса -ion. Обратите внима-
ние, что конечная буква -е опускается, т.к. к слову прибавляет-
ся суффикс, который начинается с гласной буквы.
9 - ACKNOWLEDGE (признавать)
По содержанию и структуре предложения можно опреде-
лить, что пропущенная часть — это глагол, образованный от су-
ществительного knowledge при помощи приставки ас-.
10 - INTERESTINGLY (интересно)
Перед нами наречие, которое используется как вводное сло-
во. Образовано от существительного interest через прилагатель-
ное interesting с помощью суффикса -1у.
Текст 2
Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста:
The cactus is a well-known plant of (I)............(water) de-
serts which has adapted well to life in (2).....(believe) hot
and dry areas. These plants can exist in hostile environments where
the (3)...............(major) of other plants never could.
Its spines allow less water to evaporate from them and provide the
cactus with a (4) .............. (defend) against water-seeking ani-
mals. The cactus can also store enough water in its stems and roots to
(5)..............(able) them to survive for long periods without any
rainfall. There are more than 1500 species of cactus, many of which
are considered (6) .............(decor) and grown as houseplants,
and some also have edible fruit.
350
The cactus is a flowering plant which can thrive in harsh condi-
tions. Therefore, its flower is (7).....(symbol) of a mother’s
(8).............(condition) love.
Cactuses come in (9) .......... (differ) shapes and sizes.
Some are just a few inches tall, while others get up to 66 inches in
(10) ........... (high). The average lifespan of a cactus plant is
between 10 to 200 years.
Анализ текста 2
1 — WATERLESS (безводный)
В предложении пропущено определение к существительно-
му deserts, которое в данном случае должно быть выражено от-
рицательным прилагательным, образованным от существитель-
ного water при помощи суффикса -less.
2 — UNBELIEVABLY (невероятно)
Т.к. пропущенное слово из предложения можно легко убрать
без искажения смысла, делаем вывод, что пропущено наречие.
Из содержания текста понятно, что речь идет о «невероятно
жарких и сухих районах», поэтому образуем отрицательное на-
речие от глагола believe при помощи приставки un- и суффик-
сов -able и -1у.
3 - MAJORITY (большинство)
По месту в предложении видим, что необходимо существи-
тельное (между артиклем the и предлогом of). Образуем его от
прилагательного major при помощи суффикса -ity.
4 — DEFENCE / DEFENSE (защита)
Снова имеем пропуск между артиклем и предлогом, сле-
довательно, образуем существительное от глагола defend. Дан-
ное существительное имеет два возможных варианта написания:
defence (Вг.) и defense (Am.).
5 - ENABLE (давать возможность)
В данном предложении пропущенное слово должно быть
глаголом (пропуск после частицы to), образованным от прила-
гательного able при помощи приставки еп-.
6 - DECORATIVE (декоративный)
Содержание и структура предложения указывают на необхо-
димость употребления прилагательного, образованного от суще-
ствительного decor при помощи суффикса -ative.
7 — SYMBOLIC (символический)
351
Пропущенное слово является частью составного сказуемого
(после глагола-связки to be). Таким образом, от существитель-
ного symbol образуем прилагательное при помощи суффикса -ic.
8 — UNCONDITIONAL (безусловный)
Переводим предложение и делаем вывод, что материнская
любовь «безусловная» - приставка un- + condition + суффикс -al.
9 — DIFFERENT (разнообразный, разный)
Пропущенное слово является определением к существитель-
ному shapes и в данном случае должно быть выражено именем
прилагательным, образованным от глагола differ при помощи
суффикса -ent.
10 — HEIGHT (высота)
По смыслу предложения необходимо употребить существи-
тельное, образованное от прилагательного high - height.
Задания на словообразование
1, Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
Believe it or not, love at first sight can actually happen in (1)
.............(real). Researchers at Ohio State University conducted
a series of experiments and (2) (proof) that first impres-
sions are usually very accurate in deciding the (3)....(suc-
ceed) of a relationship. If the first meeting is (4).(excep-
tion) positive, the chances are that the end result will be a close (5)
.............(friend). The (6) (science) paired up col-
lege freshmen for ‘getting-to-know-you’ (7). (converse)
and then asked them to make (8)............. (predict) about how
long their relationships would develop. Nine weeks later they found
that the (9)...........(major) of students had been correct about
whether they would be (10)...........(friend) a tew months later.
2. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
No other issue other than climate change is a (1).........
(true) global concern. A global problem requires a global (2)
............. (solve) when it comes to protecting the environment
for future generations that will thank us for taking (3) .....
(act) to avoid (4) ........... (environment) disasters. The im-
352
pacts of climate change are already being felt and will likely only (5)
............ (intense) over time. The continual (6) .............
(reduce) of the world’s forests and woodlands is (7) ..............
(harm) to both animal and plant life. Many species are now (8)
..............(danger) and unless something is done to protect them,
they may be (9) ...............(threat) with extinction. Therefore, it
is (10)..............(vital) important that the world’s forests, wood-
lands and oceans are protected for our descendants to enjoy.
3. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
(1) (Research) have found that teenagers are spend-
ing more and more time on their own. Today, (2)...........(friend)
is often based on online (3).............. (communicate). Teens are
likely to spend more time writing to a complete (4) ...............
(strange) on a social network than talking to a next door neigh-
bour. Although computers have made our life easier and more (5)
............. (enjoy), they haven’t brought us (6) ......
(happy). Human beings are social (7)..............(create) who still
take (8) .............(pleasant) in meeting face to face. One way to
do this is to join an after-school (9)...........(active), like play-
ing a team sport. Being part of the team that wins the volleyball (10)
............. (champion) can give you a feeling that you won’t get
from beating an opponent in an online computer game.
4. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
Do you know that it is (1) ..................... (possibility) to increase
our brain power? We do this when we read, for instance. The pro-
cess of reading trains the cognitive (2) ....................... (able) of the
brain. It also (3) .............. (act) areas that aren’t used at other
times. Current research shows that the learning process creates new
(4) ................ (connect) between brain cells, which increases our
mental powers. Doing (5) ..................(active) that simultaneously
engage all five of our senses (smelling, touching, tasting, seeing, and
hearing) may help to (6)...................(strong) our brain as well. But
(7)...............(science) are (8)................(able) to say exactly
how much of our brains we don’t use. Despite a lot of research, the
brain is still the most (9).............. (mystery) organ in the body
353
and it will be many years before enough information can be gathered
to (10)...............(explanation) all its functions.
5. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
YouTube was created in 2005 by three PayPal (1) .................
(employ) as a video-sharing website for uploading, sharing and view-
ing content without (2) .............. (restrict). The trio was (3)
............................ (frustrate} by how hard it was, at that time, to find,
watch, and share video clips online. The name “YouTube” is (4)
..............(actual) pretty straightforward. The ‘You’ represents that
the content is user-generated, created by individual (5).............
(use) and not the site itself, and ‘Tube’ is an older (6) ...........
(origin) term for ‘television’. Today, many content creators make a
decent (7) .............. (live) by creating, editing, and uploading
videos onto YouTube. It has also (8)...............(able) the creation
of an entirely new profession — YouTube content (9) .................
(create), that can be a very (10)...........(profit) career for many
YouTubers around the world.
6. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
According to the (1) ............... (late) estimates, the unem-
ployment rate of the United Kingdom is expected to reach ten per-
cent in the second half of 2020, following the outbreak of coronavi-
rus and the (2)............... (close) of several businesses due to (3)
......................... (society) distancing measures. (4) .. (Of-
fice) figures reveal that almost 750 000 jobs have been lost in the Brit-
ish (5) ............................................................. (economical) since the start of the coronavirus
lockdown. The biggest rise in the number of (6)............... (job)
people has been among young people — up 76,000 for 16- to 24-year-
olds compared to last year. They have been most (7) .................
(severe) hit because young people are more (8)..............(like) to
be employed in areas such as hotels, restaurants and tourism. Jobs like
these have been (9) ................. (particular) hard-hit by lockdown
and quarantine (10)................... (restrict) reducing the number of
tourists.
7. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
354
Rupert Grint is a (I) ................. (Britain) actor best (2)
.............. (know) for his role as Harry Potter’s best friend Ro-
nald Weasley in the film series (3).............(base) on J.K. Rowl-
ing’s bestselling books. A multiple award winner, he continues to wow
audiences both on the big screen and in (4) ............... (region)
theatres. When he is not fighting off the forces of (5) .............
(dark) on screen, the 32-year old actor manages properties worth £13
million. His portfolio includes (6) ............ (residence) homes,
farmhouses and a boutique hotel run by his parents. Rupert’s home
has 6 bedrooms, 5 (7) ................................ (receive) rooms, both an in-
door and outdoor (8) ......... (svwtf) pool, and 22 acres of
land. With income from his properties running into the millions (9)
.............. (annual), Rupert can live a life without checking his
(10)......................(finance) statements.
8. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
(1) (Accord) to geological (2) ........... (evi-
dent), the Black Sea was once a freshwater lake, well below sea level,
and was cut off from the Mediterranean Sea by a (3) .................
(mountain) landscape.
As Earth’s last Ice Age ended about 10000 years ago, melting po-
lar ice caps caused the Mediterranean waters to rise, which pushed
a channel through the mountains to form what is now the Bospo-
rus Strait, resulting in a (4) .............. (catastrophe) seawater
flood, 200 times stronger than Niagara Falls. In months, the Black
Sea (5) ..............(wide) ar the rate of a mile a day, submerging
the (6)...............(origin) shoreline under hundreds of feet of (7)
..............(salt) water.
(8)..............(Science) data, that the Black Sea basin experi-
enced a flooding that transformed it, has given rise to (9).........
(interpret) that the true story of this (10) ........(nature) cala-
mity might have something to do with the story of the Biblical Deluge.
9. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
Face Reading, or Physiognomy, is the practice of understanding
a person’s character and (1) ............ (person) from their (2)
..........(appear) — especially the {3).............(face) features.
355
Someone with a round face, for example, is considered to be
emotional, (4) ..................(sense) and caring. Those with square-
shaped faces may be (5).......(credible) ambitious and often
very intelligent.
The (6)..................(long) of your nose and the colour of your
eyes are also of interest to the face reader. People with long noses are
said to have good organizational skills. Face readers say these people
are also responsible and (7) ..............(will) to help others. And
people with blue eyes, for instance, usually tell the (8)............
(true) and are very observant of their (9).............(surround).
However, many (10)................(psychology) disagree with this
ancient method. They say that it is impossible to understand a per-
son’s character just by looking at their face.
10. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
It is believed that some people are ‘born with a silver spoon’.
They seem to have everything, from the perfect family to the best
(1) .............. (employ) at a major company. And we can go on
and on about the many ways someone can be more (2)...................
(success) than another person — race, (3).(finance) sta-
tus, (4)..........................................(value) (5).(possess), popularity,
the list goes on.
The thing is, although some people are really born (6) ..........
(fortune), that’s not to say that you can’t make your own luck. You can.
(7) .................. (Research) have determined that those con-
sidered as (8) ....... (luck) are those who (9) .....................
(enthusiasm) seek to make their own good luck in lite. Be ready to
seize opportunities when they present themselves, be on the lookout
for luck, take a chance, be an “I-can” sort of person rather than an
“1-can’t”.
It’s written that God helps those who help themselves. Remember,
too, not to give up or to let (10)........... (fail) keep you down.
11. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
Anorexia is a serious eating disorder. People who have anorexia
have a distorted image of their bodies, thinking they are fat even when
they are underweight. They try to keep their (I).............(weigh)
356
as low as possible by not eating enough food. Anorexia seems to be
linked to the (2)................(social) we live in which judges us on
our (3) ............... (appear). The mass media has a strong influ-
ence on a person’s body (4) .................. (dissatisfy) by promoting
a certain beauty standard — being thin. Falling short of this can put
enormous (5) ................ (press) on those who are less than per-
fect. Every year there are about 100000 new cases of the disorder.
Anorexia statistics show that the disease mostly (6)...............(ef-
fect) young women in their teens and twenties. Only about 10% of all
(7)...............(suffer) are male. Without (8)...............(treat),
up to 20 % of anorexics (9) .................. (death). If you’re con-
cerned that a family member or friend may have anorexia, let them
know you’re (10) ................ (worry) about them and encourage
them to see their GP.
12. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
In the past few years, there has been a significant (I)............
(reduce) in police popularity. That’s why a PR project has been
launched to make people more aware of the role of the police officer.
The campaign will stress that police do more than just give speed-
ing tickets to (2)...............(motor). Police typically are in charge
of maintaining public order and (3) ................... (save), enforc-
ing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal (4)
.......................... (active). They often act as unofficial social workers, visit
(5)..........(educate) establishments and talk to students, fami-
liarising them with traffic signs and warning them of (6)...............
(vary) dangers. Police departments are (7)...............(respond) for
patrol 24 hours a day, and that means officers need to be staffed at
all hours.
Being a police officer is potentially (8) ............ (danger),
considering that every day they deal with (9) .............. (crime)
like thieves and murderers. Accidents, (10) .............. (injure),
abuse, and death are all a regular part of their working day.
13. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
Staying fit and healthy is a top (1) ..........(prior) for many
people. Exercise is the buzz when it comes to keeping in tiptop condi-
357
tion. Being (2)...............(physics) active has tons of health bene-
fits including improving your heart and lung function, helping you
lose (3)................(weigh) and clearing your mind of negative (4)
..............(think). Moving more needn’t include running a mara-
thon! Gentle exercise is also (5)............ (benefit) in promoting
a healthier lifestyle.
Fruits and vegetables are the best thing to eat when getting into
shape. Lean meats and seafood will keep muscles fit and ready for work-
outs. Healthy food is also often perceived as being (6)..............
(taste) or boring, but in fact, there are so many ways you enjoy it.
Making small changes will soon start to (7)...............(cour-
age) better habits. Of course, it can be hard to find the time to exer-
cise (8) .............(regular) if you have plenty of things to do on
a (9)..............(day) basis. With some commitment and motiva-
tion, you can maintain your physical (10)...............(Jit) for years
to come!
14. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
As cases of coronavirus continue to rise, taking (I).............
(day) precautions such as washing your hands, (2)...............(so-
cieiy) distancing, exercising and getting enough sleep is vital to (3)
..............(low) risk of (4)..............(infect).
But maintaining a (5) ............... (health) diet to help boost
your immune system may also give you an edge. ]t’s important to
note that no (6)..............(search) has been done on foods that
help fight against COVID-19 (7) ................. (specific). However,
previous studies have found that eating certain foods can improve
your health and enhance your body’s (8).................(able) to fight
other invasive viruses.
Here are some expert-approved foods to stock up on during your
next grocery store trip: citrus fruits, red bell peppers, broccoli, chick-
peas, strawberries, garlic, mushrooms, spinach, almonds, yogurt, and
sunflower seeds. (9)............... (Vary) is the key to proper nutri-
tion. Eating just one of these foods won’t be enough to help fight off
the flu, cold, and other (10) ............... (ill), even if you eat it
constantly.
15. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
358
When Amazon started out selling books online in 1994, Jeff
Bezos, its (1)..................(found), knew that the only way to (2)
(success) online was to grow big and fast! Amazon
was (3)..............(origin) to be called Cadabra (from Abraca-
dabra). But Bezos’ lawyer advised him that the (4)....................
(refer) to magic might be a bit too obscure. After scrolling through a
dictionary for some (5).................(inspire), he found the word
‘Amazon’. Jeff thought this was (6) .................... (particular)
fitting as he envisaged his online store becoming the biggest in the
world — much like the Amazon is one of the biggest rivers on the
planet.
Today the company sells everything from books and music to elec-
tronics and furniture. It has become a one-stop-shop and has many
(7)...............(ambitious) for its future. Amazon.com is considered
to be the fourth most (8) ................. (prosper) company of all
time. The first being Apple followed by Goggle, Microsoft, and then
Amazon. Its CEO Jeff Bezos is the world’s second (9)..................
(wealth) person. Amazon is the company where (10) ....................
(custom) can find anything they might want to buy online.
16. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
It’s not a big secret that teens have a complicated (1)...........
(relation) with technology. They manage their social lives through
(2) .............. (vary) apps and social media platforms, and they
use technology to stay organized and on top of their other activities.
Today’s teens face high levels of (3) ................ (press). Some-
times their phone can help them (4) .................. (relief) stress,
but other times they use their phones to keep up with their busy (5)
............(living).
‘Screen time’ has become a parenting buzzword over the past years.
First of all, it’s about (6) ............. (aware) of technology use.
Secondly, it’s about controlling (7)..............(behave), mainly so
that teens engage in other developmental and (8) ............... (re-
creation) activities such as sports, socializing in-person with friends,
completing homework, and even just getting enough sleep. Rather
than going cold turkey, this approach focuses on general well-being,
with technology playing a balanced role.
359
Understanding how to use technology (9).................(reason)
means taking into (10) ................(consider) new norms in ado-
lescent culture.
17. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
We all know that the sun is associated with (1) ..................
(happy). Experts claim that they have discovered the reason for this.
(2)............... (Doubt), there is something uplifting about a clear
blue sky and the warm sun on your back. Sunlight produces a chemi-
cal reaction increasing serotonin release, which is connected to feel-
ings of well-being.
In (3) ............. (add), the heat from the sun produces a
calming (4) (affect) as it reduces blood pressure, re-
sulting in a feeling of (5).(relax).
In fact, getting some rays is not only (6) ........... (benefit)
to your health, it’s actually pretty (7)............(necessity). Vita-
min D, which your body produces when exposed to the sun, helps us
fight disease, improve bone health and even contribute to weight (8)
.......... (regulate).
However, for some people there is a negative side to summer.
Those suffering from low blood pressure may experience feelings of
(9)...............(tire) and (10)..............(anxious) at this time
of year. Experts advise such people to take up exercise and to add
more salt to their diet. So, enjoy the benefits of summer and feel com-
pletely refreshed!
18. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
Taking exams is а (1)..............(stress) thing for teens to deal
with. Causes of exam stress include feeling under pressure to perform,
worrying about the future, and finding it hard to focus. Their future
ambitions may depend on their exam results. They will probably feel
afraid that their (2) ............. (perform) will not be as strong as
that of their friends and may feel (3)..............(worry) about be-
ing compared negatively to them. They may get so overwhelmed by the
amount of studying they will need to do to obtain a successful result
that they give up leisure activities which they would have previously
found (4)...............(enjoy) and relaxing such as doing sports and
360
listening to music. Teenagers suffering from exam stress may show a
(5) ............. (vtzrp) of symptoms, including (6) ...............
(lose) of appetite, being (7)...........(able) to sleep and a lack of
motivation to study. Even though teens are seeking (8)..............
(independent), parental involvement is an important ingredient for
academic success. Parents can play a vital role in helping teens (9)
.............(success) in school by lending a little support and guid-
ance and being as (10)...............(encourage) as possible.
19. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически
и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
In recent years, people’s (1) ................. (aware) of the dan-
gers of smoking has (2) ....................... (consider) increased. Though
experts all agree that smoking is unhealthy and that it costs the state
a lot to treat victims of smoking, it is also (3) .......... (deny)
that many people get (4) .............. (please) from the habit and
find smoking (5).............. (resist) when they are in company.
Since anti-smoking advertising has proved (6) ........... (ef-
fect) with many smokers, many governments decided to take the un-
popular decision to ban smoking in public places. (7) ..............
(Offend) must pay a fine for breaking the law and may feel new rules
are unjust, but for passive smokers who find a room full of smoke (8)
............. (bear) that will certainly come as a (9) ............
(breathe) of fresh air. When a non-smoking policy is first introduced,
motivation to stop smoking is greater and many smokers are eager to
give up smoking all together. Yet, this relates only to the first year of
the ban. So the government campaigns need to be a little more (10)
....................................................................(persuade).
20. Прочитайте текст. От приведенных в скобках слов образуй-
те однокоренные слова таким образом, чтобы они грамматически и
лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
There’s one simple way to cut the odds of getting sick - and it
works for the flu, a cold, e-coli, norovirus, rotavirus and even corona-
virus. What is this magical (1)............. (solve)? Hand-washing.
That our hands are crawling with germs is old, old news. Adults
have (2) .............. (threat) children with the dangers of (3)
..............(wash) hands for generations. Hand-washing is an easy
and effective way to slow the spread of (4) ............. (ill) from
one person to another.
361
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers demonstrate the same (5)
.............. (efficient) as ordinary soap and water. Some people
think antibacterial soap is better, but using it all the time can back-
fire. Research has shown that constant use of antibacterial soaps and
sanitizers can lead to (6) ............(desire) effects, as it can en-
courage drug-resistant bacteria to develop. This (7) ................
(discover) has come as a surprise, (8).............(especial) to those
who believe that bacteria have to be fought with every means known
to man.
Experts recommend that people wash their hands for a full 20 sec-
onds to clean off bacteria. They suggest tracking the time by singing.
You can find plenty of song (9) ................. (recommend) with a
20-second chorus on social media. Most users recommend “Happy
Birthday” or the alphabet song for children, but any song will (10)
..............(certain) do.
362
ВСТАВКА ПРОПУЩЕННОГО СЛОВА
Задание на заполнение пропусков подходящими по смыслу
словами представляет собой небольшой текст с пропущенными
словами без вариантов ответа. В каждый пропуск нужно вста-
вить только одно слово. Этим словом может быть что угодно:
вспомогательный или смысловой глагол, наречие, союз, пред-
лог, одна из степеней сравнения прилагательного или наречия.
Но больше всего в этом задании проверяются местоимения! Не-
редко пропуск является частью устойчивого выражения, вопро-
сительным словом или союзной конструкцией. Примерный пе-
речень наиболее часто проверяемых слов и словосочетаний вы
найдете в следующей таблице.
Перечень типичных слов для вставки
1T-THERE (на месте подлежащего) IT is so hard Io lose weight. IT is said that.../ IT is known that... IT seems that... IT/ THIS/ THAT is a good way to improve co-ordination. When IT comes to the exam I feel quite relaxed. make IT possible, make IT clear, find IT difficult it is no good it is no wonder it is out of the question it’s a pity it is (not) worth it is easy / necessary it was good of you to...
THERE are a fewjobs available in industries. THERE is always room for improve- ment in art. THERE was less crime in those days. During their trip THERE was a ter- rible storm. THERE is nowhere to escape. THERE was a time when all people spoke one language. there is no excuse there is no doubt there is no limit there is no need there is no point in there is no reason there is no way
сравнение с THAN The world is getting MORE and more crowded. What’s even MORE surprising is that... People are becoming much MORE interested in... Bicycles are far LESS expensive. Formore THAN a century... It’s four times bigger THAN our old house. Grandparents spend far more time with their grandchildren THAN their own parents.
363
Продолжение
сравнение с THAN It involves teams RATHER THAN individuals. They WOULD rather spend time with their families THAN stay late in the office.
You had BETTER eatfewer sweet things.
SO/SUCH ... THAT... Her house is SO small that I changed my mind. She had never had SUCH an interest!ng job before. He wrote SUCH an enthusiastic letter that the boss...
SO THAT - для того чтобы Nannies look after the children SO that parents can go to work.
SUCH AS = LIKE — например The big cities SUCH as Milan, Rome and... In a big family such AS AS mine... such great composers AS as Beethoven and Bach Some sports LIKE cycling or...
LIKE- как будто AS — как, в качестве 1 look LIKE like an experienced runner. The noises sound to us LIKE like whistles and squeaks. I feel LI KE crying. We would live LIKE cavemen. They are treated LIKE royalty. THERE is no place LIKE home. serious swimmers just LIKE me Have you ever heard anything LIKE this? What’s the weather LIKE in London? 1 work AS a tour guide. This will come AS a surprise to you. We should eat vegetables AS AS a part of a healthy diet. AS as a resuit in the same way AS/ the same name AS
AS ... AS as many surfaces AS he could The reception is good AS long as nothing moves in front of the aerial. As WELL as being young, they were naughty! As SOON as we arrived... As far AS we know...
AS WELL (AS) Some plastics can be recycled as WELL. You may find a solution to the problem as WELL. the place for beginners as WELL as for experienced divers
WHAT WHA T is the weather like today? WHA T does your house look like ? WHA T is this button for? He asks WHA Tmy hobbies are. (какой) / wasn’t sure WHAT to do. (что именно)
364
WHAT It is clear WHA Tmost teens prefer. We know much about WHAT is happening in the world. Individuality is WHAT makes them special, (то что) Money is WHAT keeps economy functioning. You don ’l have WHA T is needed. WHA T he means is that...// WHAT is true is that... WHAT is more,...
WHERE a place WHERE people come to work the only country in the world WHERE people... That’s WHERE the name ‘goosey’ comes from.
HOW He leamt HOW to make clothes, (как) Ifyou know HOW to make sense of the signs. They saw HOW well he drew. You know HOW envious I’ve been about... (насколько) People may exaggerate HOW hard things used to be. I’ll show you HOW much (money) online stores charge. Be aware of HOW much you disturb others.
WHY WH Y do people keep trying? Explain WHY you think you are... That’s WHY security is very strict there.
WHOSE pupils WHOSE parents were... people WHOSEJob I would like to have... cooking for a family WHOSE members are...
FEW- LITTLE Before TV was invented, very FEW people got the chance to see... a FEWyears ago... only a FEWare more famous than ... More people on public transport means FEWER cars on the road. anyone with a LITTLE money... You may be a LITTLE bit nervous.
ONE ONE of the reasons for it is that they... ONE of the most interesting cities Mercedes is ONE of the world’s best known brands. Versace was one of the MOST successfulfashion designers.
OTHER it has a larger vocabulary than any OTHER language. Some things are belter and SOME/OTHER things are worse, contact with each OTHER communicate with ONE another They can easily switch from ONE language to another. in one form or ANOTHER on the other HAND
365
Продолжение
BOTH ...AND a city where BOTH the modem and the historical can be... exercise so popular with BOTH the young and the old
EITHER - NEITHER NEITHER of my parents wants to go abroad. NEITHER wife nor family wilt ever separate Jim and his mu- sic. Graffiti is something you either love OR hate.
NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO (AS WELL) Honey is valued not only as a foodstuff but ALSO as a medi- cine. Littering doesn't only make a place ugly, but it ALSO endan- gers wildlife. Not ONLY will he surprise you, but you may find a friend as WELL.
NO —NOT — NOT ANY 1 had NO experience of travel. 1 had absolutely NO idea... He has NO regrets about it at all. there are NOT many people It is NOT all glamour and riches. We are NOT going to reach our destination any quicker, it is NO longer the trade centre. I’m not a child ANY more.
ВСПОМОГА- ТЕЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ You ARE completely wrong about it. Two million bicycles ARE bought each year. Scientists WERE looking into... He WAS born in Milan. They WERE offered a higher salary. The art of bee-keeping WAS known... The animals must BE weltfed. Teenagers used to BE criticised for... Exercise is also often thought to BE an easy way of... News HASjust come in that...
DO people DO their best DO smb a favour DO research / DO revision DO stupid things do the SIGHTS This is easier said than DONE.
MAKE He MAKES me feel happy, (заставлять) I would like to MAKE some new friends. Technology MAKES our lives easier and happier, (делать что-то каким-то) People should MAKE up their minds, (принять решение) I made up my MIND.
366
MAKE MAKE sure you go to... That doesn’t MAKE any difference to me. 1-will MAKE an effort to find... MAKE discoveries MAKE plans for MAKE an agreement
TAKE He agreed to TAKE part in... Our first meeting took PLACE in a restaurant. TAKE up a hobby The flight will TAKE off... It TAKES me an hour to gel there. TAKE care of your teeth TAKE notice TAKE pride in TAKE smb by surprise TAKE photos
COME COME to an agreement COME to an end COME across COME as a surprise
ГЛАГОЛЫ I am looking FORWARD to starting work. It GOES without saying... GIVE up smoking TURN up for a meal TURN upside down PUT ideas into practice PUT up with smth LET me know LET smb down pay more A TTENT1ON to
время, возраст He is seven years OLD. She asked me HOW old 1 was. I’m not old ENOUGH to do it. at the AGE of 37 five thousand years AGO EVER Y two or three years several TIMES (раз) to work part- TIME get to the airport on TIME at the SAME TIME It is two hours before departure TIME, two HOURS prior to the departure swim for half an HOUR or so SINCE the nineteenth CENTURY THESE days
367
Продолжение
WAY on their WA У home the WA Y we live an easy way of LOSING weight by the WA У (кстати)
OWN They were quite used to being on their OWN. earn some money of my OWN
возвратные местоимения look at YOURSELF in the mirror I consider MYSELF to be... chance of ENJOYING ourselves all together
MATTER It doesn’t MATTER whether you’re just a beginner. No MATTER where they come from. as a MATTER of fact
разное in ORDER to get a good result ACCORDING to the latest statistics WHETHER... or... There was no DOUBT that... English-SPEAKING tourists generally SPEAKING lucky ENOUGH to find a Job it is WORTH visiting it was no USE trying BECAUSE of the high costs ofCOURSE the so-CALLED a WELL-knownfact how someone ELSE thinks a LOT / BIT of ALL over the world ALL day long my WHOLE life human BEINGS (люди) at LEAST (по крайней мере) /at LAST (наконец)
Рекомендации к заданиям на вставку
пропущенного слова
Алгоритм выполнения задания на вставку пропущенного слова:
1. Прочитайте текст, не обращая внимания на пропущенные
слова, чтобы понять его основное содержание.
2. Внимательно прочитайте каждое предложение целиком, а
не только слова, стоящие до и после пропуска, т.к. там могут
368
быть ‘подсказки’, которые помогут догадаться, какое именно
слово пропущено. Попробуйте понять, какое именно слово про-
пущено при помощи перевода предложения на русский язык.
3. Проанализируйте структуру предложения, чтобы опреде-
лить, какая часть речи либо какой член предложения пропущен:
• На месте пропущенного подлежащего, как правило, стоят
местоимения IT, THERE, WHAT, ONE.
• Если пропущено сказуемое или его часть, определите его
время (видо-временную форму), подберите соответству-
ющий вспомогательный глагол либо смысловой глагол.
Смысловые глаголы встречаются не очень часто, но они
обычно очень простые - DO, MAKE, TAKE, СОМЕ, GO,
GIVE, GET, PUT, TAKE — и почти всегда являются частью
какого-либо устойчивого выражения.
• Первым пропущенным словом в предложении может быть
вопросительное слово WHO, WHAT, WHICH, HOW, WHEN,
WHERE, WHY, WHOSE. Эти же слова могут являться сою-
зами, соединяющими главное и придаточное предложение.
• На месте определения обычно пропускается местоиме-
ние SOME, OTHER. NO, FEW, LITTLE, OWN, SAME,
WORTH, либо часть сравнительной конструкции MORE,
LESS, MOST, THAN, AS ... AS.
• На месте дополнения нередко можно увидеть местоимения
MYSELF, YOURSELVES, ME, EACH OTHER и т.п.
• Часто проверяемыми наречиями являются SO, SUCH,
AS, LIKE, BOTH, ONLY, ALSO, AS WELL, ELSE,
ENOUGH.
• И, наконец, частицы NOT, TO, которые не являются чле-
нами предложения.
4. Если не удается заполнить пропуск с первой попытки,
переходите к следующему пропуску, затем вернитесь и проана-
лизируйте этот фрагмент еще раз. Если сможете понять, какое
слово пропущено по-русски, то наверняка переведете его на ан-
глийский и верно заполните пропуск.
5. Прочитайте предложение, а затем и весь текст снова, что-
бы убедиться, что вставленные слова подходят по смыслу, а так-
же написаны правильно.
6. Для каждого пропуска впишите в бланк ответов только
ОДНО слово ЗАГЛАВНЫМИ буквами в соответствии с предло-
женным образцом написания букв английского алфавита.
369
Важно! Иногда в заданиях на вставку слов встречаются два
возможных варианта ответа, например, at the same /very time, it/
this, if/ whether, who / that, which / that, some / other, many / all, a lot
/ bit of. Помните, что вписать в бланк ответов вы можете только
одно слово, даже если возможны несколько вариантов. Любой
из двух подходящих вариантов будет засчитан как верный ответ.
Посмотрим на несколько примеров, похожих на задания из
тестов прошлых лет.
Текст 1
Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только од-
ним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
No (I) ... what you may think and contrary to popular belief,
pasta is not an Italian invention, but a Chinese (2) ... . To be more
specific, legend has it that pasta (3) ... brought to Italy from China by
the famous explorer Marco Polo in the 13th (4) ... .
Nowadays, pasta is the (5) ... important food in Italy. In fact, it is
served (6) ... a starter to every meal. Pasta is popular not only in Italy
(7) ... also in other countries (8) ... it is served with various sauces.
According to the International Pasta Organization, (9) ... are more
(10) ... 600 different shapes of pasta produced worldwide.
Анализ текста 1
1. MATTER
Ключевым моментом, определяющим выбор правильного
варианта заполнения пропуска, является знание союза по matter
what «не важно, что».
2. ONE
Заполняя пропуск 2, следует учесть, что во избежание по-
вторения ранее упомянутого исчисляемого существительного
(invention) в качестве слова-заместителя употребляется местои-
мение one.
3. WAS
Порядок слов в данной части предложения свидетельствует
о том, что в задании 3 пропущена часть сказуемого, а наличие
предлога by после пропуска — о страдательном залоге этого ска-
зуемого. Переводим фрагмент предложения с пропуском — «па-
ста была привезена в Италию» - pasta was brought.
4. CENTURY
Продолжаем переводить предложение «паста была привезена
в Италию ... в 13 веке» — in the 13,h century.
370
5. MOST
Артикль the перед прилагательным important, а также пред-
лог in дают подсказку об употреблении в данном пропуске слова
most для образования превосходной степени прилагательного —
the most important «самый важный».
6. AS
Содержание текста свидетельствует о том, что пропущенное
слово должно иметь значение «в качестве», поэтому пропуск
нужно заполнить предлогом as — as a starter.
7. BUT
При заполнении пропуска 7 необходимо обратить внимание
на наличие в первой части предложения словосочетания not only,
которое является составной частью союза not only ... but also «не
только ... , но также». Следовательно, пропущенным словом яв-
ляется союз but.
8. WHERE
Пропущенное слово является союзным словом where, при-
соединяющим придаточное предложение к словосочетанию in
other countries, которое является обстоятельством места и отве-
чает на вопрос «где?».
9. THERE
Порядок слов в данной части предложения свидетельствует о
том, что в задании 9 пропущено подлежащее. Для обозначения
наличия различных видов пасты употребляется вводная кон-
струкция there аге (в значении «существует»), где наречие there
выполняет функцию подлежащего.
10. THAN
Наречие в сравнительной степени тоге указывает на необ-
ходимость употребления сравнительного союза than - more than
600 shapes «больше, чем 600 видов».
Текст 2
Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только од-
ним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
The British are (1)... -known primarily for three things: the Queen,
tea and talking about the weather. Whether they are simply discussing
it, (2) ... complaining bitterly about it, the weather often takes the
central place in communication. What makes the British weather (3)
... a fascinating topic is (4) ... it is so changeable and unpredictable.
You never know (5) ... the weather will be like from day to day.
“Lovely day, isn’t it!’’ “Bit nippy today.” “What strange weather
we’re having!” “It doesn’t look (6) ... it’s going to stop raining today.”
371
These are just a (7) ... of the conversation starters to strike up a chat —
at the bus stop, in a shop, or with a neighbour. Perhaps, (8) ... of
their favourite pastimes is to moan about the weather! In English (9)
... exist lots of general expressions (10) ... show the importance of
weather in people’s lives.
Анализ текста 2
1. WELL
Пропуск является частью прилагательного well-known «хоро-
шо известный».
2. OR
Союз or в данном случае вводит в придаточное предложение
вторую часть выбора из двух вариантов «или». Запомните выра-
жение: whether ... or «или ... или».
3. SUCH
Частица such «такой» употребляется как усилитель существи-
тельного — such a fascinating topic «такая увлекательная тема».
4. THAT / WHY
В данном предложении присутствует связка What makes... is
that... «Что делает ... это то, что ...». Также возможно употребле-
ние вопросительного местоимения why.
5. WHAT
Данное предложение представляет собой трансформацию
вопроса What will the weather be like? в косвенной речи.
6. LIKE
Выражение look like «выглядит как» употребляется для срав-
нения и указывает на одинаковую степень признаков, свойств
или качеств.
7. FEW
В данном предложении перед исчисляемым существитель-
ным с предшествующим неопределенным артиклем а следует
употребить местоимение few, которое используется для обозна-
чения небольшого количества в словосочетании fast a few «все-
го несколько».
8. ОМЕ
Содержание предложения, а также сказуемое is указывают на
необходимость заполнения пропуска 8 словом one — one of their
«один из их».
9. THERE
Т.к. пропущенное слово является подлежащим, а в предложе-
нии речь идете существовании в определенном месте (в англий-
372
ском языке) различных выражений, заполняем пропуск словом
there — there exist... expressions «существуют ... выражения».
10. WHICH / THAT
Пропущенное слово является союзным словом, присоединя-
ющим определительное придаточное предложение к неодушев-
ленному существительному expressions. Возможно употребление
which либо that — expressions which / that show «выражения, кото-
рые показывают».
Задания на вставку пропущенного слова
1. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
If you want to learn how (1) .... words there are in English,
(2)....are three key numbers to remember: more (3)...... a mil-
lion total words, about 170,000 words in common usage, and 20,000-
30,000 words used (4)....each individual person. When you see (5)
.....a massive number, it’s important to remember that this million
includes not (6) ....different forms of the (7) .... word, but it
also contains lots (9) ..words that could be called archaic (they
are (9).....longer used in modern English). Language and words
are always changing, so (10)....would be next to impossible to pin
down an ever-evolving number.
2. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
As a growing number (1) ......countries go into lockdown due
(2) the coronavirus - and museums and galleries around (3)
.....world are closed — (4) ....are some you can visit from the
comfort of your (5).............couch.
Even in countries (6) .... are not yet in lockdown, such (7)
.....Sweden, businesses have been encouraged (8)....close tem-
porarily. Many are doing so because people just aren’t going out of the
house, leaving venues like cinemas, theaters and museums deserted.
Musicians and theatres have already started to stream performances
online to make (9)..................................for the fact that live performances have (10)
.....canceled or postponed.
3. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
There exist plenty of definitions of friendship, but (1) . is
only one that accurately expresses how 1 feel about my friends. Ac-
373
cording (2) ..... Roman philosopher Lucius Seneca, “(3).........of
the most beautiful qualities of true friendship is to understand and to
(4)......understood.” This is what I need when I find (5) ......... in
difficult situations.
Real friends are people you can go to for anything. They are there
for you when you need them, they are fun and supportive. Whether
you are wrong or right, once the deed has (6) ........ done, a real
friend will stand by you no (7)....what. You know they will always
be on your side, through thick and thin. They share your successes as
well (8).....your failures. No one (9)....... knows you better (10)
......your real friends.
4. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
Some adults believe that as teenagers spend so (1)...time on-
line, they are likely to do their shopping that way. In fact, that’s not
true, at (2).....not for me. Once in a (3)......, I buy some things
online, (4)......as a phone case or a backpack, and I get computer
games that way (5)......well. It’s very convenient because I can find
something unique and order exactly (6) .....1 want. These (7).....
, Amazon is № 1 retail website but (8).......are many other online
retailers offering nice things. However, I never buy T-shirts and stuff
(9)......that online, as you can’t try anything on before you buy.
Sometimes things look different in real life. A blue jumper may turn
out to be grey! 1 prefer to buy a reduced price article than one at full
price that’s (10) .... I don’t mind waiting for items to go on sale
before making a purchase.
5. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
Aromatherapy is the practice of using aromatic substances, (1)
......are called essential oils, to heal the body, mind and spirit. These
oils come (2)..... flowers, leaves or other parts of plants and can
improve (3) ...... physical and emotional wellbeing (4) ..... long
as you use them in a safe way. Just a whiff of their fragrance may
promote relaxation and relieve stress and anxiety. Essential oils have
also (5).....used to treat skin problems, depression, insomnia as (6)
......as high blood pressure.
As aromatic plants (7) ......... used by the most ancient civiliza-
tions, we could say that aromatherapy is at (8).... 6000 years old.
But so far (9)...... is limited scientific evidence to support claims
that aromatherapy effectively prevents or cures illnesses. (10).it
does is help the body to find a natural way to do so.
374
6. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
(1) ....is often assumed that a look at our origins will lead us
(2) .....the meaning of life. Perhaps, instead (3) .....answering
the question of (4)....we are here by looking backwards, we should
look forwards. What future goal would make this life worth living? The
problem with working towards goals was identified more (5)....two
millennia ago (6)......the philosopher of common sense, Aristotle.
His point was that we do many things for the sake of something (7)
........We eat to live, work to pay the bills, study to pass exams, and
so (8)..But if nothing is done for its own sake, is (9).......any
point in doing anything9 There must be things (10)......are valuable
in themselves: friends, love, success, happiness, raising children, help-
ing others and what not. These are the things that really count and
make our life worthwhile.
7. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
Not long ago, the notion of following a vegan diet was viewed
(1)......impractical and intense. (2).......days, it seems (3)....
and more celebrities and influencers are going vegan. A traditional
vegan diet excludes all animal products — that means eggs, meats,
cheese, dairy products and even honey. Some vegans choose the diet
for health reasons, but (4)....prefer it for ethical reasons, such as
avoiding animal cruelty.
(5).....to a study conducted by the Vegetarian Resource Group,
1 million Americans above the (6) ....... of 18 are now vegan and
the number (7) ........growing. So should you follow the trend? (8)
...... any other diet, going vegan has (9) .....benefits and draw-
backs. Consider each of the pros and cons of a vegan diet before you
decide (10).....................................it is the right program for you.
8. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
‘OK Google’ is a phrase you probably say (1) ....... often that
you may not think twice about it. Google Assistant is (2)...of the
coolest features on your smartphone (3).....may not (4).......help
you get things done, but it can (5)....entertain you.
If you wonder what song your friend might be listening (6)....
, all you have to do is ask Google. If your hands are full but texting
is necessary, Google Assistant can help with that as (7) .... , by
sending voice messages to any of your contacts. Another great feature
375
is using its commands to set up daily routines ((8) ..... instance,
morning and bedtime routines) and thus, ease up your life. Google
Assistant has even become super practical at translating conversations
from many popular languages. (9) ........ sure that you’re using the
best Google Assistant commands and benefit from (10).......Google
Assistant has to offer.
9. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
The teen years is the time (I) ......kids start getting their own
money. A recent poll asked teenagers (2) ....... their money comes
from. Over 80% of the teens gained regular pocket money (3).........
their parents. About half of these had to (4) ....... the household
chores in return for their pocket money. Just under 10% received no
money at (5) ........ but said that their parents bought all essential
items, (6)......as clothes. A further 12% reported having a part-time
(7) ..... Reasons for seeking employment included having more
money to spend, saving up for a large purchase (8) ....a bicycle
and wanting to be financially independent; that is to say, to make their
(9)......money. When asked about their spending habits, about half
said that they spent all their money each month. A quarter of the
teens monthly put by a set amount and 10% saved more (10).......
half of their cash.
10. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу;
All animals communicate. But do they have language? Research-
ers say that animals do not have a true language (1)...humans.
For instance, cats ‘talk1 to (2)...other through body language,
communicating feelings and intentions through posture and facial
expression (3) .... well as sound. Dogs can (4) ....... trained to
follow certain commands like ‘sit’, ‘come’ and ‘roll over'. But does
this mean they understand language and can use it as (5) .... ?
Dogs are known to be experts at reading their owner’s intentions.
They do not respond to actual words but to the tone in (6) .....
something is said.
When animals make a sound, (7) .......as a bark or a call, it is
reaction to (8)....is happening around them. (9).......are huge
differences between the ways animals communicate and the ways hu-
man (10)......do. Nothing else on earth comes close to using lan-
guage in the way people do.
376
11. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
It’s а (1).....-known fact that the way the younger generation
live, learn and communicate has tremendously changed (2) .........of
technology. The term ‘screen time’ is defined (3) ........ time used
for viewing of screen-based media (4).......as television, computer,
laptop, video games and mobile devices.
(5)......is a debate among scientists about the impact of screen
time on young people’s health. Some believe it is the (6)......likely
cause of rising levels of anxiety and depression among adolescents.
While (7).......claim it is relatively harmless compared to things (8)
.......bullying, and can actually be beneficial (9).......used in mo-
deration. But they all agree that screen time must (10)...balanced
with other activities that are good for teens’ development and well-
being (physical activity, socializing, personal responsibilities, enough
sleep, etc.).
12. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
Becoming a rich teen, or at (1) ........ financially independent,
isn’t as hard (2).....some people think. Many (3).........the world’s
wealthiest people, (4) ....as Sir Richard Branson, started making
their millions in (5)......teens. Whether your goal is to become the
world’s youngest billionaire, or you simply want to learn how to make
(6).......money than you currently have, (7)........are plenty of role
models to motivate you in your quest.
Alina Morse, Moziah Bridges, Timur Kuzmin, Slava Marlow show
us that age is not a limitation. You’re never too young or too old.
If you really want to (8) ......a difference in the world, start now,
(9).......matter your age or any other limiting factor. (10)......all
these teens have in common is their mindset. They didn’t start with a
mindset of “can’t”, they started with a mindset of “how can I9” You
can do the same. Even if you’re still in high school.
13. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
We live in a world (1)........ access to the Internet is constantly at
our fingertips. Thanks (2)......thousands of apps available to down-
load, we’re now able to do almost anything when we’re out and about.
However, we’re becoming more addicted and anti-social, choosing
to consult the Internet (3) ....than talk face-to-face with others.
Overuse starts first thing in the morning, when we check our phones
377
as (4)......as we wake up, and it often continues through the day,
when we are almost always online, playing games and monitoring so-
cial media. More (5)......half of us feel (6)...we must reply to
messages right away.
Too (7).......smartphone use makes us unhappy. So says a new
study, which shows that people (8) .... spent more time on social
media, gaming, texting and video-chatting on their phones were not
as happy (9).....those who played sports, went outside and inter-
acted with real human (10)......
14. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
(1) is evidence that the earliest soap in history was pro-
duced about 5000 years (2)......in Ancient Babylon. Babylonians,
Egyptians as (3).....as the ancient Greeks and Romans used soap-
like substances only medicinally and for washing fabrics and actually
cleaned their bodies in a totally different (4).. . Soap for personal
hygiene became popular during the later centuries of the Roman Em-
pire. The Celts, (5) ..... used animal fats and plant ashes to make
their soap, named the product saipo, from (6)...the word soap is
derived. Arabs went on to develop their soap production, making (7)
.....liquid and hard soaps that were often perfumed and coloured.
But it was not (8) ..... the 19th century that large-scale soap
production began making a product that was cheap (9) ....... for
everybody to afford it. The world’s (10)........expensive bar of soap
is infused with gold and diamond powder and costs $2,800.
15. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
Today, the smartphone has become part and parcel of many peo-
ple’s lives. Everywhere you go, you’ll see people sporting the latest
mobile phone models. Mobiles have clearly made (I)......easier to
communicate and they are perfect companions for (2) ....... work
and leisure. You can not only call, send and receive messages, but
(3).....browse, play games, make video calls and what not, no (4)
.....where you are.
Although having all your data on your device is very convenient,
(5).....is a danger that stolen or lost phones’ information could be
accessed by someone (6).......You had (7).......secure your phone
from unauthorized entry and avoid storing sensitive data (8) ....
as passport and credit card details. While smartphones are helpful in
many ways, we are (9)......addicted to them that not a day goes by
378
without it. Leaving home without your phone is (10) ........ leaving
without your shoes on.
16. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
Every teenager knows (1)....... stressful exams can be. Stress is
not a bad thing — in fact, it’s a natural chemical reaction designed
to make us perform well (2)........pressure. But if you spend too (3)
.....time worrying, ask for help. (4) .....are people who are ready
to help: teachers, parents, psychologists, friends. On the (5) ......
hand, remember that most things are hard at first, so don’t panic
when you don’t understand new things immediately.
Think you’re too busy (6)......exams? Your brain will function
better if you have breaks from work. Find some funny clips on the
Internet and give yourself a dose of laughter. Laughter makes the brain
produce chemicals called endorphins, (7) .......are the body’s natu-
ral feel-good medicines. And never forget that everything passes and
everything changes. (8)......day you will look back and wonder (9)
..... you were so stressed. Good luck to you! Be strong and (10)
.....your best.
17. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
With so many sports out there, it can be difficult to choose the
right one for you. It (1)....without saying that excellence in sports
(2).....on a number of factors. For some sports, the body shape and
structure with (3).....you are bom are important. However, don’t fret
if you don’t have the right body type because hard work and discipline
can make (4).......for whatever you lack in the physical development.
The aim of all sports training (5).....to improve fitness and skills,
and develop training programmes that are (6).......safe and effective.
All sports require a combination of strength, speed, endurance, agility
and flexibility. (7)...is important is how these elements are com-
bined to build up the skills of the sport in question. Other factors to
be (8) ...... into account are diet and your general state of health.
Bearing such considerations in (9).......anyone can progress to
a high level, even though only a (10)........sportsmen will go on to
break world records.
18. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
The Internet is one of the (1) ........ important inventions in
human history. Life without the Internet is pretty hard to image. It
379
provides easy access to large amounts of information and allows us to
communicate with people all {2).......the world. We can transfer all
sorts of data immediately, order anything on the Internet, and phone
our relatives using video calls, (3) .... seemed like science fiction
just a decade ago.
(4) .... are currently over 4.33 billion active internet users
worldwide. (5) ......to estimates, 57 percent of the world’s popula-
tion had internet access. (6)..... is no wonder that China has the
largest online community in the world. With a population of over
I billion people, it conies (7)...no surprise that in the (8)......
2020 the number of internet users in China reached 940 million, 99 %
of (9)......are mobile. The country is (10)......known for being
tech-savvy and is home to many IT companies. China is now looking
for other ways to get more people online, most notably through the
use of satellite Internet.
19. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
Bulgaria, (I)....was founded in 681 AD, is the oldest state in
Europe, but its roots go far deeper into the past. It was here, in the
shadow of the Balkan Mountains, that Europe’s first civilization (2)
.....born.
Bulgaria is a fascinating country, a wonderland of (3).......natu-
ral beauty and ancient history. No (4) ................ where you go in this
small but varied country, you will find something to delight you. The
big cities (5) ....as Sophia, Varna, Plovdiv and Burgas are full of
ancient monuments, while smaller towns like Nesebar, Bansko and
Elena are well (6) .....exploring for natural sights.
Bulgarian climate is (7) ..... diverse as its attractions. Along
(8) .... the stunning lakes and mineral springs, deep forests and
breathtaking mountain ranges that dominate its landscape, Bulgaria is
a paradise of sunshine, warm sea and sandy beaches. Its surroundings
that show just a (9)....signs of the (10)........-called advances of
the 21st century make Bulgaria the ideal place for nature-lovers.
20. Прочитайте текст. Заполните каждый из пропусков только
одним словом, подходящим по смыслу.
With over 2 billion sold world-wide every year, the T-shirt is the
(1) .... popular single piece of clothing on the planet. T-shirts
are so popular now that we take their free and easy style (2) .....
granted. So why did the T-shirt become so popular — and (3)........
did it come from?
380
The T-shirts were originally worn by US sailors as underwear be-
neath their uniforms in the 19th (4) ......The idea for the T-shirt
as general-use casual clothing (5).....born in the theatre in the late
1940s. A young actor called Marlon Brando used to wear a white T-
shirt and a pair of blue jeans at rehearsals for some play. The director
was (6) ...... impressed by the look that was created that he asked
Brando to wear the shirt in the play itself (7) ...was the first time
the T-shirt was seen publicly as anything but an item of underwear.
T-shirts became even (8) ........ popular with the public (9) ......
Brando sported the garment in the movie A Street Car Named Desire
in 1951. A short leather jacket completed the look that was adopted
(10) teenage rebels in many countries for decades afterwards.
381
НАХОЖДЕНИЕ ЛИШНИХ СЛОВ
Исключение лишнего слова — не самое простое задание на
тестировании. Для успешного выполнения этого задания вам
нужно изучить структуру английского предложения, знать осо-
бенности употребления местоимений, союзов, наречий, предло-
гов, числительных, а также помнить правила образования видо-
временных форм глаголов и степеней сравнения прилагательных
и наречий. Постарайтесь запомнить, какие слова чаще всего яв-
ляются лишними в предложениях, тогда на тестировании вы бу-
дете знать, что искать и на какие слова обращать особое внима-
ние. Примерный перечень наиболее часто проверяемых лишних
слов вы найдете в следующей таблице.
ТИПИЧНЫЕ СЛУЧАИ ОШИБОЧНОГО
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ СЛОВ
Местоимения
личные Повторяющееся подлежащее или дополнение: - Му aunt SHE is a bookseller. - The man who’s just come in HE is my uncle. - What I need at the moment FTis a cool drink. - Reading books FT contributes to persona! development. - All the presents I gave her she sold THEM. - Italy is a favourite destination for THEM many travellers.
И/there — A girl whose name FT was Sarah sat next to me. — Music which most teenagers prefer FT is hip-hop. — There FT seems to be something wrong with the alarm system. — Many students’essays THERE were filled with silly mistakes. — Friday is the day when you can go out THERE without worrying about anything.
возвратные — She wants to relax HERS ELF for a couple of weeks. — When you look good, you usually feel YOURSELFgood too. — After breakfast he took a shower and shaved HIMSELF in a hurry. — Why do the clients get THEMSELVES lost while trying to find the exit? — Margery apologized HERSEEFfor arriving an hour late.
382
Местоимения
тану / much — He doesn’t care what MUCH people think of him. — You are always too MUCH nervous before the exam. - There are many &F women in business. Сравните: — Many of you will be going on to university. — Many of the world’s best desserts come from Italy.
both - /1 market can BOTH give you a good picture of what Vietnam is. — Social networks allow us to connect with people BOTH of our own age. - Silk makes your body cool-BOTH in summer and warm in winter.
отрица- тельные — 1 can’t stand it -NO any longer. — There was no AN Y escape from the trap. — The Science Museum is NEITHER a place where kids can learn while they play.
относи- тельные — Molly WHO has been a teacher for five and a half years. — 1 saw two masked men WHO running towards me. — They are not satisfied with the shops WHICH in their area. - I’ve bought a book WHICH called ‘Crying in the night’. — The problems WHAT we see in society are really worrying. - He complains about everything WHAT I do. — I know WHAT they 're going to get THEIR married. — No matter what THAT you say about her, 1 still like her. — I’d like to know THAT what the longest match in tennis history was.
Наречия
so / such — Some people find it SUCH difficult to arrive at work on time. - They stayed with us for a SH short time. - Libraries are not SUCH as popular as they used to be.
very — 1 VERY like it. (правильно: ! like it very much.) — Some moisturisers can VERY soften the skin if applied regularly. - Paris attracts VERY lots of visitors every year. - Economic inequality is high in VERY poorer countries of the world. — Make VERY sure you know the rules of the country you’re travel- ling to.
enough — It was ENOUGH foolish of me to trust her. — She hadn’t bought enough GE food for the party. Сравните: — We have heard enough of your complaints for now.
383
Продолжение.
Сравнение прилагательных и наречий
степени сравнения - The sun today is MOR E stronger than yesterday. — She sings much MORE better than I do. - The Antarctic blue whale is the MOST largest anima! on the planet.
сравни- тельные конструк- ции — As time went by, I got THE more and more nervous. — Sunlight takes over THAN S minutes to reach the Earth. — Google Maps are more popular RATHER than other navigation apps. — The explosion would be AS bigger than 1,000 atomic bombs. — Talking to him was AS like talking to a brick wall. - How would you feet ifyou got the same AS gift every year? — At the party there was another girl who had a SAME dress like mine. - My daughter is not very much like PG me and that is fine.
Союзы
- You have to pay extra AS to hire the equipment. - 1 brought a book with me so AS that I would have something to pass the time. - We are aware SG that we need to cut down on Junk food. - People are so ГЯ4Г addicted to their phones that they depend on them. - Social media allows teens HGWto communicate with others. - In Japan WHERE teachers give schoolchildren a lot of homework. - His Instagram shows what PFit’s like to be a teenager in Hollywood. - Don’t go back to work until you are NGF better. - They decided to get married despite OF the huge differences in their ages. - They caught the thief because GF he came back the next day. - I’ve pul aside some money in order FGR to save for my old age.
Предлоги
- He sent PG me lots of really loving messages. -1 wrote PG him a letter to explain the reasons of my behaviour. - Why didn ’t you answer PG my call last night ? I called PG you twice at 12a.m. - I’llbe expectingEGRyou at about half past nine. - 1 sat opposite PG him during the meal.
Числительные
— 1 ’ve told you a hundred OF times to pay attention to what 1 say. - We’ve got a cat and two GF dogs living in our house in harmony. - Megan lives quite near me, only half OF a kilometre away.
Артикли
a /an - You ’ll get info A trouble ifyou aren’t more careful! — If 1 get a betterjob I’m going to buy A new furniture for the flat. - He was fired from the job for causing A damage io equipment.
the - THE most people I know don’t drink any alcohol. — The lift is out of THE order. - Her favourite subjects at PPFE school are geography and art.
384
Видовременные формы глагола
Неуместное употребление вспомогательного глагола: - Most people AREagree with me on this issue. - There must be plenty ofpeople ARE in need of medical help. - He -HAS spent his childhood in the countryside. — If I WILL see her tonight, I will give her your message. - If I’d studied harder at school Id have -HAB a better job today. - We have BEEN made great progress in our research. - Have you ever BEEN wondered what happened to him ?
Инфинитив
Ошибочное употребление частицы to перед инфинитивом: - 1 can’t -Ев understand this yet but f hope J will be able to before long. - My parents won’t let me AO go to the nightclub. - You should say ‘bless you’when you hear someone HE) sneeze. - I’d rather-Ю read a good book.
Етаголы
like — There is one more thing that 1 would EAKE point out. — Just 20 minutes outdoors is enough to make you feel LIKE more alive.
say /tell/ ask — He said -ME that he was busy. — Ask EG me no questions and I ’ll tell EG you no lies. — Tell the kids EJEtEnot to answer the door to strangers.
Рекомендации к заданиям на нахождение
лишних слов
В централизованном тестировании задание на нахождение
лишних слов представляет собой текст, поделенный на строки.
В каждой строке нужно найти ОДНО лишнее слово.
Алгоритм выполнения задания на нахождение лишнего слова:
1. Прочитайте весь текст, чтобы понять его основное содер-
жание. Иногда уже при первом прочтении видно, что в том или
ином месте явно что-то не так.
2. Обратите внимание, что одно предложение может быть раз-
бито на несколько строк. Сначала внимательно перечитайте пред-
ложение целиком, и только после этого читайте строку и пробуйте
найти там типичные лишние слова (см. таблицу).
3. Если не получается сразу найти лишнее слово, разберите
каждое предложение по составу (подлежащее, сказуемое, допол-
нение, обстоятельство), особенно проверьте наличие придаточно-
385
го предложения, у которого должно быть свое собственное под-
лежащее и полноценное сказуемое.
4. Попробуйте перевести каждое слово в предложении, а затем
и в строке, на русский язык. Дословный перевод наверняка помо-
жет найти ненужное слово.
5. Действуйте методом исключения — делите предложения на
небольшие фрагменты и исключайте те, в правильности которых
вы уверены. Помните, что в каждой строке только одно лишнее
слово!
6. Прочитайте каждое предложение (не строку!) целиком, без
лишних слов. Убедитесь, что слова, которые вы вычеркнули, дей-
ствительно являются лишними, и что без них предложение пра-
вильное и лексически, и грамматически.
7. Из каждой строки выпишите ОДНО лишнее слово. Каждую
букву пишите в отдельной клеточке. Слова нужно написать ЗА-
ГЛАВНЫМИ буквами в соответствии с предложенным образном
написания букв английского алфавита.
В тренировочных заданиях данного раздела я предлагаю вам
найти в каждом тексте по 10 лишних слов.
Текст 1
Garlic is one of the most healthiest foods on earth with many
of health properties: antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial properties,
which really help fight the common cold. Cultivation of garlic started
about 4,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest herbs which cul-
tivated by humans. These days, over than 300 varieties of garlic are
grown worldwide.
Garlic is a staple in the most kitchens. It can be used raw, pickled
or such as an ingredient of various dishes, salads, sauces, and mari-
nades. There’s no such thing as too much garlic in a dish 1 would like
say! By the way, do you know that both drinking lemon juice or eating
a few slices of lemon it will stop bad garlic breath? Garlic must to be
stored unpeeled in dark, cool, dry place, away from other foods.
.Анализ текста 1
Garlic is one of the most healthiest foods on earth with many of health
properties: antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial properties, which really
help fight the common cold.
I. MOST
Превосходная степень прилагательного healthy образована
при помощи суффикса — est. Одновременное использование most
и — est невозможно.
386
2. OF
Предлог of может употребляться после many (а также much,
most, few, little, some, any, none} только при наличии артикля the,
притяжательного или указательного местоимения, либо личного
местоимения в объектном падеже. Например: many of the / its /
these health properties.
Cultivation of garlic started about 4,000 years ago, making it one of
the oldest herbs which cultivated by humans.
3. WHICH
Неполноценное придаточное предложение, в котором не
хватает вспомогательного глагола аге для образования сказуемо-
го в страдательном залоге — herbs which are cultivated by humans.
Убираем which и получаем причастие II — «травы, культивируе-
мые людьми».
These days, over than 300 varieties of garlic are grown worldwide.
4. THAN
Предлог over «свыше, больше» равен по значению more than
и не употребляется в сочетании с than.
Garlic is a staple in the most kitchens.
5. THE
Местоимение most в значении «большинство» употребляется
без артикля.
it can be used raw, pickled or such as an ingredient of various dishes,
salads, sauces, and marinades.
6. SUCH
Such в сочетании c as означает «такой, как» и в данном пред-
ложении его употребление неуместно. Словосочетание or as an
ingredient имеет значение «или в качестве ингредиента».
There’s по such thing as too much garlic in a dish I would like say!
7. LIKE
Выражение «я бы хотел сказать» - / would like to say. Т.к.
в данном предложении отсутствует частица to, убираем like и по-
лучаем / would say «я бы сказал».
By the way, do you know that both drinking lemon Juice or eating
a few slices of lemon it will stop bad garlic breath ?
8. BOTH
Местоимение both может употребляться в сочетании с сою-
зом and (both ... and «как ... так и»), и не сочетается с союзом or,
поэтому в данном предложении является лишним.
387
9. IT
Местоимение Сдублирует уже имеющееся подлежащее drink-
ing lemon Juice or eating a few slices of lemon.
Garlic must to be stored unpeeled in dark, cool, dry place, away from
other foods.
10. TO
Частица to не употребляется после модального глагола must (а
также после can, could, may, might, should)
Текст 2
I’ve been in London for about a month now. It feels like much
more longer. To be honest, I didn’t like it much when I first arrived.
It was such cold and wet, after California! But I’ve changed my mind
since then. I think London is enough fascinating. I very miss my
friends, but since 1 left myself we’ve been chatting online a lot of. To
tell the truth, I’ve already made some friends here. And the weather.
It feels like if I haven’t seen the sun for weeks! I also miss the beach —
I haven’t been near a surfboard for ages!
What about school? Things like Maths and Science are pretty
much the same, but I have not problems with French. I’ve only been
studied it for about a year so that everybody’s much better than me.
I make loads of mistakes. And I need to do more work on my British
history!
.Анализ текста 2
It feels like much more longer.
1. MORE
Односложное прилагательное long образует сравнительную
степень при помощи суффикса — ег. Одновременное использова-
ние тоге и — ег невозможно.
It was such cold and wet, after California!
2. SUCH
Частица such не употребляется для усиления прилагательного
или наречия. В таких случаях употребляется частица so. Сравни-
те: ft was so cold. It was such cold weather.
I think London is enough fascinating.
3. ENOUGH
В отличие от русского языка, наречие enough «достаточно» не
может стоять перед прилагательным или наречием и может упо-
требляться только после прилагательного или наречия, но перед
существительным. Например: London is fascinating enough. I have
enough money.
388
I very miss my friends, but since i left myself we’ve been chatting
online a lot of.
4. VERY
Наречие very служит для усиления прилагательных и наре-
чий, а не глаголов, и поэтому в данном предложении неуместно.
Можно было бы сказать 1 miss ту friends very much.
5. MYSELF
Местоимение myself имеет значение «сам себя» и не сочетает-
ся с глаголом left по смыслу.
6. OF
Местоимение a lot может сочетаться с предлогом о/только
при наличии дополнения. Например: a lot of time.
it feels like if I haven’t seen the sun for weeks!
7. IF
В придаточном дополнительном предложении употребление
//'является неуместным, it feels like I haven’t... «Такое ощущение,
что я не ...».
... but / have not problems with French.
8. NOT
Глагол have «иметь» для образования отрицания должен со-
четаться с вспомогательным глаголом либо с местоимением по.
Сравните: / do not have problems, i have no problems.
I’ve only been studied it for about a year so that everybody’s much
better than me.
9. BEEN
Have been studied — это форма страдательного залога. Убираем
been и получаем действительный залог I’ve studied «Я изучал».
10. THAT
Союз so that «чтобы» вводит придаточное предложение цели
и является неуместным в данном контексте. Союз that имеет зна-
чение «который» и тоже не подходит. По смыслу подходит союз
so «поэтому», следовательно, лишним словом будет that.
Задания на нахождение лишних слов
1. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
According to a recent study, using a cell phone while is driving
leads to over than 1.6 million car accidents every year. Out of those
crashes, several end up causing serious injury and even death. So that,
we can definitely understand why such many people are getting upset
about motorists using their phones while they driving.
389
And maybe it is no time for Instagram, Facebook and the like to
start banning itself photos and videos that depict the use of cell phones
while behind the wheel. Distracted driving causes a thousands of
deaths each of year and it’s certainly not being something that should
be praised or encouraged.
2. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Ed Sheeran who knows a thing or two about late nights and work-
ing hard how to create his dream career. The journey started out with
his was playing in London nightclubs and crashing on friends’ couches
because he couldn’t afford himself to pay any rent. His first dream
such as a teenager was to make enough money from music to pay the
rent and sell 100 CDs.
He never gave up. He put his talent on the line every night, when
others faded and failed. Ed’s drive and dedication soon helped him
fund his own records. On top of that he signed a publishing deal which
has gave him his first mega-hit. Thanks to his strategic planning and an
extremely hard work, he has managed to become one of the most rich-
est celebrities in the world, with a net worth of S57 million of dollars.
All before he was 25 years.
3. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Recent research shows what many of us survive on so-called ’junk
sleep’ - the kind when we wake ourselves up frequently throughout
the night. This could make a person to feel cold because their body
is tired. Junk sleep can be caused by many stress or by over-stimu-
lating the brain too close to bedtime. For example, by using tablets
and smartphones which they emit blue light and trick your body into
thinking it’s daytime when you need to wind down.
To avoid junk sleep and feel more warmer, you need to develop
good sleep hygiene — which means going to the bed at a set time, ban-
ning screens for such an hour beforehand and developing a wind-down
routine that prepares your body for sleep, such as a warm bath, which
followed by a milky drink and half-an-hour reading something like
easy-going.
4. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
I was having a wonderful dream when the alarm clock went it off.
7.00. “Another more five minutes,” I told to myself and fell back to
sleep. 1 woke me up suddenly, being aware that 1 had slept for more
over than five minutes. A look at the alarm clock confirmed my whole
390
fears. 7.45. I jumped out of bed and ran into the bathroom. There was
no any time to wait for the water to warm itself up so I had to have a
cold shower. 1 didn’t have time for breakfast or to iron my clothes too.
In ten minutes I was been dressed in creased clothes, was annoyed,
cold and hungry as I didn’t even have a cup of coffee. As I rushed
out of my flat, my neighbour that waved good morning to me and
asked, “Where are you going on Sunday?” I couldn’t believe my ears —
I don’t work on Sundays.
5. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Languages are always changing, and English there is no exception.
In 2019, no one could have been predicted what has become a defining
word of 2020: COVID-19. Coronavirus has led to an explosion of much
new words and phrases: ‘WFH’ (working from home), ‘coronacation’
(a vacation because of the coronavirus), ‘covidiot’ (someone who ig-
noring public health advice) and the like. At the same time, existing
words evolve. Established terms such as ‘self-isolate’, ‘outbreak’, ‘hand
sanitiser’, ‘lockdown’ and ‘social distancing’ they increased in use and
have became the top words of 2020.
New words are entering the English language all the time. If people
begin to use a new word a lot of, it gets added to the dictionary! And
that’s the most best way to learn new vocabulary - listen to people
how using a word, then use it on yourself.
6. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
In sports, you learn to rely on each one other to accomplish a com-
mon goal. Though individual sports are as great, team sports actually
do teach you a life lesson: the success of a team depends on how many
well the players work together. Even the ‘star’ player cannot win the
game alone too. Sports also teach you to play enough fairly, to respect
the players on the opposing team, to put in your most best effort and
demonstrate honourable behaviour whether you win or lose a game.
Sports require time and commitment, but most players who usu-
ally perform better in school and are more likely to be involved in both
clubs or community service. How is this possible? Playing a sport it
requires teenagers to develop two important skills: focus and time ma-
nagement. These are crucial traits in people who get things done and
like achieve their goals.
7. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
The Olympic flag has a white background, with five so interlaced
rings in the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This Olympic
391
symbol — widely known throughout the world such as the Olympic
rings - is based on a design that created in 1913 by Baron Pierre
de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games who very
hoped to revive the ancient Olympic Games as an international con-
test is promoting peace.
Five interlocked rings they represent the five inhabited continents
of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colors are those that
was appeared on all the national flags of the world in that time. The
rings which were first used at the Olympic Games in Belgium in the
1920. The International Olympic Committee takes their rings very
much seriously, and the symbol is subject to really strict usage rules
and graphic standards.
8. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
The flu is a common infectious disease which caused by influen-
za viruses. Though it is more than common in autumn and winter,
you can catch it all year round. The flu usually affects on a person’s
breathing system. The symptoms include a high temperature, a sore
throat, a headache, a runny or stuffy nose and tiredness.
People who with flu are most contagious in the first three to four
days after their illness begins. The flu spreads there when infected peo-
ple cough, sneeze or talk. Due to this fact, cover your nose and mouth
with a tissue if you will cough or sneeze. Regularly wash your hands
with soap for at the least 20 seconds. Don’t touch your face with un-
washed hands. When you feel yourself sick, if it possible, stay home
and avoid close contact with others. Remember: the flu is caused by a
virus, so antibiotics are not so an effective treatment.
9. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
For those who don’t know, Globish it is a simplified version of An-
glo-American English what used as a worldwide lingua franca. 'Global
English’ was developed in the mid-1990s years by French business-
man Jean-Paul Nerriere as to help learners of English to speak with a
limited both vocabulary and simple sentences. Nerriere noticed how
non-native English speakers communicated at conferences and deve-
loped a list of fifteen hundred of English words that can be used to talk
just about anything. Now, the rules are: standard English grammar, no
more jokes and no any idioms.
With 1.5 billion speaking English as a second language; there may-
be Globish will one day be the language of interaction. In the mean-
time, those with a gift for learning languages they are sure to have a big
advantage. For everyone else, why not to start with Globish?
392
10. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
A generation has been grown up that doesn’t know life without
computers or mobile phones. Today’s teenagers take the power of the
Internet with its instant information and communication for the grant-
ed. Forthem there it has been no life without video games, satellite TV
and all the other things that are great advances - or curses - to more
older people.
They navigate in the Internet and all kinds of computer applica-
tions without a second thought. They download music, watch video
and television online, and instant message with its friends. They ar-
range much of their lives through social networking sites and assume
what it’s the most normal thing in the world. Technology has always
been a major component in their all lives, from games consoles and
remote controls to both finding their way by satellite navigation when
they will begin driving.
11. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
A music festival which has been held in our town every autumn
since 2015. It is being organised annually by the local authorities and
everyone is given an opportunity to have take part in the contest. This
year’s festival will be take place on 21 September and will be big-
ger than ever as over than $5000 was raised for the prizes. List year,
20 prizes of $100 were awarded but this year there it will be at least
40 prizes.
At last autumn’s festival one of the participants he was chosen to
go into a national competition. At the end of the day, young perform-
ers are very expected to be brought to the stage. The fireworks, accom-
panied by a laser show, will have be set off from the center of the town
at 10 p.m., capping a day of live entertainment and free activities. If
you would like your name and to be added to the list of participants,
please get in touch with us via the website.
12. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
“How long does it take to turn green?” Most of us probably
thought about this when were waiting at the traffic lights after pressing
the push button for pedestrians. At the end of 2020 year, the Austrian
city of Vienna rolled-out its smart traffic lights system. These are so
innovative devices that are equipped with an in-built camera what ca-
pable of detecting people within a field of five metres near the traffic
lights. Once they will verity that the pedestrian very wants to cross the
street, the signal automatically changes to green without no having to
press any buttons.
393
This solution was realized because not only everyone is prepared
to wait and some people just cross the street while the traffic lights are
on red. On the other one hand, some people press the buttons just for
fun, generating unnecessary retentions and irritating some drivers who
have to stop if even when nobody is crossing the street.
13. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Frozen vegetables which can often be prepared with minimal ef-
fort, making them a quick and convenient alternative to much fresh
vegetables. They’re also typically cheaper rather than fresh vegetables
and tend to have a more longer shelf life, helping you get the most
bang for your buck. What’s the more, they’re available year-round,
meaning that you can enjoy both your favorite veggies regardless of
whether they’re in season.
Adding frozen vegetables to your diet it is a simple way to increase
your intake of fiber, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Plus, studies
show so that increasing your intake of vegetables may be associated
with a lower risk of heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and more
than. Besides, frozen fruit and vegetables contained more antioxidants
such as vitamin C, polyphenols, beta carotene and lutein compared to
fresh varieties stored there in the fridge for three days.
14. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
A painting which stolen many of years ago and then found lying
in a pile of rubbish in New York it has been sold by the auction house
Sotheby’s for more over a million dollars. The painting Tres Perso-
najes ( Three People) by Mexican artist Rufino Tamayo was taken from
a warehouse in Texas where the owners had placed it while they
moving.
It was saved from the rubbish by Elizabeth Gibson, who has spot-
ted it while she was on her way to buy hers coffee. It hung itself on a
wall in her home for several months before a friend suggested it might
be valuable. After discovering the painting’s value, she returned it to its
own original owner.
Ms Gibson has already received a S15,000 reward which the own-
ers put up when the painting was stolen, plus an undisclosed percent-
age of the sale of the painting. It is still not known how much the
painting ended up on the street. The theft of the painting is now being
investigated by the FBI.
15. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Be honest, you want to be more smarter. There’s no nothing wrong
with that. Studies demonstrate that intelligence is among the most de-
394
sirable qualities what a person has. In fact, most of ways to improve
intelligence don’t require a huge commitment of time and energy.
One of the best and easiest things you can to do is to make reading
a habit. The web is also full of great learning resources, like as on-
line videos and courses, intriguing TED talks, and vocabulary-building
tools. Another important strategy is to spend time with both people
who challenge you intellectually. It has been said that your IQ is the
average of the five most closest people you hang out with, so make very
sure your close circle includes some really bright people. Listening to
new music, trying new foods, and navigating foreign streets they all
work to challenge your brain’s capacity to adapt to new situations. You
just need to be willing to learn.
16. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
In the past decade vlogging has become such extremely popular.
Watching someone to do mundane things like folding their laundry is
appealing to us because of we get an insight into someone else’s life.
If you feel yourself comfortable in front of the camera and you don’t
mind trying new things, you’ll have the recipe for a great vlog.
Before even if starting to vlog, you need to learn how to make your
channel stand out, find the right equipment (camera, microphone,
tripod, lighting setup, editing software, etc.), and get acquainted with
YouTube’s guidelines so as that you can avoid both copyright strikes
or similar issues. The sky is the limit when it comes there to vlog con-
tent. Then goes the actual vlogging process, and of course, editing,
publishing, promoting, and so on. If you will monetize your vlogs on
YouTube, you can make money from any ads that play on it. You will
have to become a YouTube partner in order that to cash out.
17. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Contrary to the traditional belief that gaming is just an addictive
source of entertainment, recent research has proved that gaming has
numerous benefits and key among them it is the development of cog-
nitive skills in both children and adults. Some computer games help
how to indulge your brain in constant stimulation, thus improving the
brain’s performance. They learn us to make split-second decisions,
process information more than quickly, and multitask as effectively.
Games can also improve hand-eye coordination.
While online games can seem like an very isolating activity, it is
often more social rather than some people think. There is constant
communication between the players which will results in the develop-
395
merit of relationships among them. Though computer games might be
beneficial, there is neither need to play them in moderation. It is also
enough important to pick the right game so as not all of them provide
the same cognitive benefits.
18. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
The average age for marriage is being going up. Getting yourself
married in your 30s is the new normal in Western countries. In Russia,
on the other one hand, couples tend to marry straight after school or
university. However, Russia has one of the most highest divorce rates
in the world! One of the relationship trends today it is living together
before marriage. 4 out of 5 couples are now likely to be ‘trying before
buying’.
A recent study of housework trends reveals that men increasingly
not support gender equality. They’re rolling up their sleeves and pitch-
ing in more often at home — from caring for the kids to sharing shop-
ping and cleaning responsibilities. Meanwhile, Swedish men do the
most around the house: six times more rather than Japanese men, who
did the least housework in the poll (only four hours’ housework in a
week). But it’s not all bad news for Japanese wives: the typical Japa-
nese husband hands over his all entire salary to his wife, who gives to
him back pocket money in return!
19. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Social networking sites are online communities in where people
can keep in touch with friends, family, colleagues and others with so
similar interests. The most social networks provide much ways for their
users to interact and entertain, such as messaging, video and voice
calls, data-sharing, etc. Popular social networking communities such
as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter are being used daily by millions of
people and are becoming a part of everyday online activities. The Glo-
bal Webindex poll shows that 28 percent of the time which spent online
is on social media.
One of the many unfortunate uses of social media is the risk of cy-
bercrime as like fraud, identity theft or cyberbullying. Whether you like
it or not, the information what you post on the Internet is available to
almost anyone who is enough clever to access it. Most cyber criminals
need just a few of vital pieces of personal information to make your
life a nightmare. Besides, a common complaint it is that social media
make people less social and more aggressive.
396
20. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в нем 10 лишних слов.
Dating customs and habits vary greatly throughout the world. Dat-
ing usually starts in the teenage years. Traditionally, girls be used to
wait for the lads to make the first move, but these days, equality rules.
When it comes to dating in Russia, it’s still as common for men to
show up with lavish gifts and make large romantic gestures. A man will
show his gentlemanly side by opening doors and pulling out chairs and
will never let a woman to pay or even split the bill.
In China, there it seems to be somewhat of a matchmaking boom.
In the city of Shanghai, there is actually something which called a mar-
riage market. Here, parents of unmarried children literally sit outside
and ‘advertise’ their children to potential suitors. This market takes
place once in a week. What makes it embarrassing is that the most kids
don’t give their parents permission or even if know that their parents
attend the market!
Since the introduction of dating apps like Tinder and Bumble, the
way people date has changed more than drastically. This new style of
online dating has been brought on a whole mess of new rules and dat-
ing norms.
397
ПЕРЕВОД ФРАГМЕНТА ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
В последних заданиях централизованного тестирования пред-
лагается перевести на английский язык фрагмент предложения,
указанный в скобках. Это может быть местоимение, глагол, часть
устойчивого выражения либо разделительный вопрос. Выполняя
тесты прошлых лет, вы заметите, что задания на перевод из года
в год повторяются. Наиболее часто проверяемые слова и слово-
сочетания перечислены в следующей таблице.
Перечень типичных слов для перевода
Гтаголы
DO / МАКЕ
do — We’ll (сделаем) our best to help you. DO - Have you (сделал) your homework yet? DONE - This will (причинит) more harm than good. DO - He (оказал) me a favour by giving me a lift home. DID - What do you (зарабатываете) fora living? DO
таке - This cream will (делать) your skin soft. MAKE - Willyou (сделаешь) an effort to be more polite? MAKE - I think it doesn’t (имеет) any sense. MAKES — If (имеет) no difference whether you believe me or not. MAKES — Stop (суетиться) such a fuss! MAKING — I (дал понять) it clear I wasn’t interested in the topic. MADE - Come in and (чувствуйте) yourselves at home. MAKE - You’d better (удостовериться) sure you’ve turned the iron off. MAKE - 1 wish to (пожаловаться) a complaint. MAKE — Rosi’s (произвела) a very good impression on me. MADE — Teachers should (использовать) use of the Internet in class. MAKE — Many families struggle to (сводить) ends meet. MAKE - Close your eyes and (загадай) a wish. MAKE
GET/ТАКЕ
ger - This noise really (действует) on my nerves!GETS — I'm used to (вставать) up early every day. GETTING
таке — (Сними) off this coat. It’s hot in here. TAKE — Don’t (обижайся) offence. TAKE - She always (принимает) criticism close to heart. TAKES - He (гордился) great pride in his children. TOOK — (Обращай) no notice of him! TAKE
398
GET/ТАКЕ
take - We must (принять) action to solve this problem. TAKE — it didn't (заняло) us long to plan another trip. TAKE - Life (застает) us by surprise and makes us move toward the un- known. TAKES - Many schools don’t (используют) advantage of distance learning. TAKE - Never (принимай) anything for granted. TAKE
- We take great (гордость зз) our son’s achievements. PRIDE IN — Have you ever been in a situation when someone look (жалость) you? PITY ON — 1 took (никакого внимания) no notice of the road sign but 1 should have! NO NOTICE
LIE / LAY
lie - I’d like to (полежу) down for a bit. LIE — She was /лежала) on the beach all morning. LYING
lay - The project will (заложит) the foundationsforfuture research. LAY - The ostrich (откладывает) the largest eggs. LAYS
SAY/TELL/TALK/SPEAK
say - People often find it difficult to (сказать) sorry. SA Y — I was surprised, to (сказать) the least. SAY - It is always easier (сказать) than done. SAID
tell - Can you (различить) these twins apart? TELL - It’s impossible to (сказать) the difference between them. TELL
talk — That’s not true — he's (говорит) nonsense! TALKING - They were (говорили) in a whisper and I could not hear what they said. TALKING
speak - Actions always (говорят) louder than words. SPEAK - Generally (говоря), children learn best with a teacher and peers. SPEAKING
MATCH/FIT/SLIT
match — This colour (подходит) your eyes. MATCHES
fit - Does this skirt (подходит по размеру) me well? FIT - The key didn 7 (подошел) the lock. FIT
suit - Reddoesn’t (подходит) people with ginger hair. SUIT/ BECOME
BORROW / LEND
borrow - Mario had to (одолжить) money to pay his bills. BORROW
lend - Could you (одолжить) us your car for the weekend? LEND
399
Продолжение
RISE/RAISE
rise — The sun (встает) in lhe east. RISES
raise - He (поднял) his gun and fired. RAISED — Never (повышай) your voice to elderly people! RAISE
FEEL / AFFORD / BEHAVE
afford - 1 can’t (позволить себе) a holiday abroad. AFFORD
feel - How do you (чувствуешь себя) today? FEEL
behave — The children (вели себя) very badly. BEHAVED (Обратите вни- мание! Вариант перевода conducted themselves не подходит, т.к. в данном словосочетании больше 15 букв!)
Местоимения
FEW / LITTLE
few — 1 have very (мало) really close friends. FEW — There are only а (несколько) days left. FEW — (Меньше) people are using public transport these days. FEWER
little - There’s (мало) 1 can do to change things. LITTLE — All we need is just а (немного) patience. LITTLE - Why do teachers earn (меньше) money than doctors do? LESS
EITHER / NEITHER / NONE
either — There’s orange or apple juice — you can have (любой). EITHER — I’ve read both books but I didn’t like (ни одна) of them. EITHER — There were shops on (обе) side of the street. EITHER - My friends aren’t going out tonight and I’m not (тоже). EITHER
neither — (Никто) of my parents graduated from university. NEITHER — (Ни один) dress is any good, they are both too tight. NEITHER — Tea or coffee?- (Ничего). NEITHER
none — (H и кто) of us could think of anything meaningful to say. NONE - If the business fails, (никакие) of the money needs to be repaid. NONE
ANOTHER / (THE) OTHER
another - Can you give me (еще) ten minutes?ANOTHER - I’m looking for (другую) job now! ANOTHER — Why do animals look so similar to one (другого) ? ANOTHER
other — The grass is always greener on the (другой) side of lhefence. OTHER — The girls often wear each (друга) clothes. OTHER’S
400
ANOTHER / (THE) OTHER
the other — The two parachutes opened one after (другим). THE OTHER - She’s really pretty, but on (другой) hand, she’s very bad-mannered. THE O THER — 1 was at the grocery store (на днях) day. THE OTHER
THERE
there — (Есть) very little chance you’ll keep your New Year's resolutions. THERE IS — (Было) something wrong with her. THERE WAS — In the future, (будет) no forests left. THERE WILL BE
Прилагательные / наречия
else - Is there anything (еще) I can do for you? ELSE — We could hold the meeting somewhere (еще). ELSE — This umbrella isn 'I mine, it must be someone (другого). ELSE’S
worth - Is it (стоит) trying to fix this device ? WORTH - It is (нестоит) the price you’ve paid for it. NOT WORTH
enough - Cybersecurity measures were not (достаточно хорошие)/»^ DDoS attacks. GOOD ENOUGH
Словосочетания
in rhe sun/ in the rain - Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before going out (на солнце). IN THE SUN - Walking (под дождем) may be good, but not if there’s traf- fic. IN THE RAIN
in the mood — Are you in the (в настроении) for a walk in the park? MOOD — Dad was in (не в настроении) for jokes. NO MOOD
in a whisper — Instead of reading out loud or silently, kids read (шепотом). INA WHISPER
at a loss — He was at (в растерянности) for words at what he saw. A LOSS
at a profit — They sold their car (с выгодой). ATA PROFIT
with cold/ with shock — She went blue (от холода). WITH COLD — I was trembling (от шока). WITH SHOCK
MEMORY
from memory — Have you ever tried to draw car logos (по памяти)? FROM MEMORY
401
Продолжение
MEMORY
memory for - 1 have a bad (память на) namesandfaces. MEMORY FOR
in memory of — The monument was erected (в память) those who died in the war. IN MEMORY OF
HAND
by hand — This rug was made (вручную). BY HAND — We had to wash our clothes (руками). BY HAND
by the hand — He took her (за руку) and led her out of the room. BY THE HAND
give/ tend a hand — Could you give me а (помощь) with the dishes? HAND
hand in hand — Science and technology go (рука об руку). HAND IN HAND
Разделительный вопрос
Разделительный вопрос («хвостик») задается с целью пере-
спросить либо получить информацию, а также для выражения
удивления, недовольства, интереса и т.д. На русский язык обыч-
но переводится “не так ли?”.
1. Разделительный вопрос представляет собой повествователь-
ное предложение, к которому присоединяется краткий общий во-
прос, состоящий из вспомогательного глагола в противоположной
форме и подлежащего в виде местоимения: / am not late, am I? You
weren’t listening, were yon? You have no questions, do you?
Обратите внимание, если «хвостик» отрицательный, он дол-
жен быть в сокращенной форме: Phil is your cousin, isn’t he?
2. Если в состав сказуемого входит модальный глагол (сап,
could, may, must, should, would), то в вопросе тоже используется
модальный глагол: You cannot help те, сан you?
Однако модальному глаголу have to нужны вспомогательные
глаголы (do, does, did): We have to hurry up, don’t we?
3. Если подлежащим является There, то there используется и в
вопросе: There is по time left, is there? There were many people at the
meeting, aren’t there?
4. Если подлежащим является someone / somebody, anyone /
anybody, no one / nobody, everyone / everybody, то в «хвостике» ис-
пользуется местоимение they. Everyone is enjoying the party, aren’t
they? None of the films has won any award, have they?
Местоимения something, anything, nothing, everything соотносят-
ся с местоимением it. Nothing is being done to solve the problem, is it?
402
5. В предложениях, содержащих nothing, neither, no one / no-
body, none, never, seldom, rarely, hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, no
longer, except, without, little, unfortunately, unlikely, разделительный
вопрос будет положительным: Neither of the guests complained, did
they? Jake’s left without any warning, has he? Little is known about the
accident, is it?
6. В сложноподчиненных предложениях вопрос задается к той
части предложения, которая вызывает сомнения: Не didn’t say
when he would come, did he? 1 hope no one will object, will they?
Рекомендации к заданиям на перевод
фрагмента предложения
Алгоритм выполнения задания на перевод фрагмента пред-
ложения:
1. Внимательно прочитайте предложение целиком, а не толь-
ко слово или словосочетание, которое нужно перевести, т.к. пра-
вильный ответ может являться частью устойчивого выражения.
2. Вспомните типичные слова и выражения из таблицы. Важ-
но! Переводимый фрагмент предложения может состоять как из
одного, так и из нескольких слов!
3. Уточните форму переведенного слова или словосочетания:
определите видовременную форму глагола (окончание -s, -ing,
-ed), число существительного (единственное или множествен-
ное), степень сравнения прилагательного или наречия (положи-
тельная, сравнительная или превосходная). Не забудьте про ар-
тикли!
4. Прочитайте предложение еще раз. Убедитесь, что переве-
денное слово или словосочетание подходит по смыслу, а также
написано правильно.
5. Каждую букву пишите в отдельной клеточке. Если вписы-
ваете несколько слов, не оставляйте между ними пробелы! Слова
нужно написать ЗАГЛАВНЫМИ буквами в соответствии с пред-
ложенным образцом написания букв английского алфавита.
Задания на перевод фрагмента предложения
1. Переведите на английский язык фрагмент предложения, дан-
ный в скобках.
I. I have (мало) money left in my bank account.
2. Who (еще} can I talk to?
3. Tea or coffee? ~ It doesn’t (имеет) any difference.
403
4. You never know (что) will be useful ahead of time.
5. We left without (говоря) goodbye.
6. (Ни одна) of the buttons on my keypad work.
7. What (другие) people think of you is none of your business.
8. I said hello, but you didn’t (заметил) any notice!
9. I wouldn’t choose such flavor of ice cream (тоже).
10. The best recipes need just а (несколько) simple ingredients.
11. 1 don’t think these two colours (сочетаются no цвету).
12. I can easily (отличить) natural leather from imitation.
13. The emergency exit at (другой) end of the corridor.
14. Diseases teach us how much we (принимаем) for granted.
15. A shopping list will help you not to forget (ничего).
16. Is it all right if I (оЛмжу) your umbrella?
17. The waitress (дала понять) it clear that we were not welcome.
18. 5 out of 5 stars. The film is definitely (стоит) watching.
19. A majority of teens think remote learning is (хуже) than in-person
learning.
20. When you’re out (на солнце), it’s better safe than sorry.
21. We can’t (позволить себе) to stay in such an expensive hotel.
22. Repairs are now expected to take (еще) three weeks to complete.
23. Why are we (суетимся) such a fuss about your birthday celebra-
tion?
24. The Prime Minister has promised not to (повышать) taxes after
the election.
25. Clothes that (подходит no размеру) are the key to looking fabu-
lous every day.
2. Переведите на английский язык фрагмент предложения, дан-
ный в скобках.
I. I’d like some more cheese. - I’m sorry there’s (ничего) left.
2. Some parents are unable to (сказать) no to their children.
3. Snow, sleet and freezing rain lead to (мало) traffic.
4. Friday or Saturday? Sorry, but (ни один) day is suitable.
5. Barnaby used to (обижаться) offence at being called by the nick-
name.
6. Don’t use someone (еще) ideas, use your own ones.
7. Many of the colours are so similar that I can’t (различить) them
apart.
8. It (имеет) sense to follow your doctor’s recommendations.
9. Why are so (мало) teenagers working summer jobs these days?
10. I had to (повысить) my voice to discipline the students.
404
11. You can use (любое) of these two forms and it will still be correct.
12. We (испытывать) great pride in the quality of our accommoda-
tion sendees.
13. The museum tour offers a chance to see how cheese was made
(вручную).
14. The managers (сделали) no attempts to balance workload between
the employees.
15. The twins are so much alike, that it’s hardly possible to tell one
from (другого).
16. His parents (сделали) everything possible to keep him away from
motor sport.
17. Nobody exists in a vacuum — and nobody succeeds in one (тоже).
18. Each of us, at least once, have (извинялись) an excuse about a
deadline we missed.
19. (Меньше) people are currently using Facebook in the US and
Canada!
20. If you’re not busy at the moment, could you lend me а (помощь)
with my homework?
21. Is it ethical for someone who cannot (позволить себе) to buy, to
download a movie or music for free?
22. Please (принимайте) the weather forecast into consideration when
making travel arrangements.
23. Shoes and bags don’t have to look exactly the same, but they
should (сочетаться no цвету).
24. If you are in (не в настроении) to cook, you can always order a
takeaway from the cafes around you.
25. (Есть) a number of new English words that you can learn to im-
prove your understanding of English.
3. Переведите на английский язык фрагмент предложения, дан-
ный в скобках.
1. The last week in France was great to (сказать) the least.
2. Berny had his coat in one hand and a bunch of roses in the
(другой).
3. How do I know that the guy I’m dating is really (стоит) my time?
4. Drinking (меньше) alcohol will reduce the risk of developing many
diseases.
5. We’ll match the price of your products if you find them cheaper
somewhere (еще).
6. Anyone can spin in the sunshine, but skilled cyclists are made (nod
дождем).
405
7. What’s the first thing that (приходит) to mind with ‘tweet’?
A bird or social media?
8. Infection spreads more quickly when people are close to one
(другого).
9. It’s impossible to (отличить) the difference between the flu and
COVID-19 without a test.
10. Comfortable, ambidextrous shape of this USB mouse feels good in
(обеих) hand.
11. (На днях) day, I saw a post from my friend, Annalisa, on her Face-
book.
12. Could you help to cook dinner tonight? It’s late and I’m (чувствую
себя) tired.
13. Young people should (использовать) advantage of the opportuni-
ties that come their way.
14. Public transport is allowed to operate only at 50 % capacity. An
exception is (делают) for school transport.
15. Generally (говоря), success brings out the person’s worst qualities
and failure the best.
16. Luxury villa only а (несколько) minutes from the beach is set on
the town’s waterfront.
17. Leaves were (лежали) on the ground, waiting for the white snow
carpet to cover them.
18. I cannot put (ни одну) of these guitars down. They are both abso-
lutely brilliant!
19. The Chinese internet site Tencent (сделал) a fortune on extra in-
ternet traffic and gamers as a result of the corona crisis.
20. You can never (застать) him by surprise; he knows exactly what
to do when anything unexpected happens.
21. New words are used in conversation first. One person uses a word,
then (другие) pick it up. As a result, its use spreads.
22. It goes without saying that good manners and courteous behavior
help (произвести) a good first impression.
23. I hope that someone will give me а (помощь) with these bags —
there’s no way I’ll make it to the fifth floor on (сам)'.
24. (Hem) no doubt that animals communicate with each (другом)
through sounds and gestures.
25. As Albert Einstein once said, “If you can’t explain something sim-
ply, you don’t understand it (достаточно хорошо)”
4. Переведите на английский язык фрагмент предложения, дан-
ный в скобках.
1. It’s unbelievable, (не так ли)?
2. You never forget to turn off the lights, (не так ли)?
406
3. She’s never been here before, (не так л«)?
4. This seat isn’t occupied, (не так ли)?
5. The police had no right to arrest you, (не так ли)?
6. Ill-fitting grammar is like ill-fitting shoes, (не так ли)?
7. There won’t be another bus at the same departure time, (не так ли)?
8. Not every question has a good answer, (не так ли)?
9- You have to work long hours, (не так ли)?
10. Good news is seldom reported, (не так ли)?
11. Things are rarely as bad as they seem, (не так ли)?
12. There’s nothing better than the smell of freshly baked bread, (не
так ли)?
13. Nobody’s visited the moon in more than 45 years, (не так ли)?
14. Little is enough for those in love, (не так ли)?
15. Hardly anyone wants to study German, (не так ли)?
16. Nothing like this has ever happened before, (не так ли)?
17. Such moments in life change everything, (не так ли)?
18. You’ll have to wait another two days for the results, (не так ли)?
19. In open spaces social distancing can be maintained without any
difficulty, (не так ли)?
20. No one understands what he is trying to explain, (не так ли)?
21. There are many talented people who haven’t fulfilled their dreams,
(не так ли)?
22. None of her posts on Facebook have comments allowed anymore,
(не так ли)?
23. You’ve heard the aphorism that violence never solves anything, (не
так ли)?
24. Fresh milk, either in plastic or glass bottles, needs to be stored in a
refrigerator, (не так ли)?
25. I suppose there’s little doubt that we are living in ’interesting
times’, (не так ли)?
407
ОТВЕТЫ
Видо-временные формы глагола
1.
1.С З.е 5. а 7. с 9. е
2. b 4. с 6. d 8. е Ю.а
2.
1. с З.Ь 5. d 7. е 9. b
2. а 4. е 6. d 8. а Ю.с
3.
l.d 3. а 5. с 7. е 9. d
2. с 4. е б.Ь 8. а Ю.е
4.
l.d З.Ь 5.d 7. а 9. е
2. b 4. е 6. а 8. с Ю.с
5.
1. а 3. d 5. е 7. с 9. d
2. b 4. d 6. а 8. b Ю.е
6.
l.b З.е 5.Ь 7. d 9. а
2. с 4. с 6. а 8. е Ю. d
7.
l.d 3. d 5. с 7. с 9. b
2.е 4. а 6. е 8. е Ю. d
8.
l.d З.е 5. с 7. а 9. b
2. d 4. b 6. е 8. с Ю.е
9.
1. а З.Ь 5. е 7. b 9. а
2. а 4. d 6. с 8. d Ю.е
10.
l.b З.е 5. а 7. с 9. е
2.d 4. а б.Ь 8. с 10. d
408
и.
1. а 2.d 3. е 4. b 5. с 6. е 7. d 8. b 9. с 10.а
12.
1. е 3. а 5. с 7. е 9.Ь
2. d 4. b 6. а 8. с 10 d
13.
l.d З.с 5. а 7. е 9. b
2. b 4. с б.Ь 8. d Ю.е
14.
l.d 3. а 5. е 7. а 9. d
2. е 4. с б.Ь 8. d Ю.е
15.
1. а З.е 5. с 7. d 9. с
2. с 4. b 6. а 8. b Ю.е
16.
l.d З.с 5.Ь 7. d 9. с
2. а 4. а 6. е 8. b Ю.е
17.
l.b З.е 5. d 7. b 9. d
2. с 4. е 6. а 8. с Ю.е
18.
1. е З.Ь 5. с 7. е 9. с
2. а 4. d 6. а 8. b Ю.е
19.
1. е 3. d 5. а 7. b 9. е
2. Ь 4. е 6. с 8. а 10. d
20.
1. с З.е 5. а 7. е 9 b
2. Ь 4. d 6. а 8.d Ю.е
Артикли
1.
l.The 4.— 7. the 10. the 13. the
2. а 5.- 8. the 1 l.the 14. The
3. the 6. а 9. the 12,- 15. a
409
2.
1,- 4.— 7. the 10.- 13. a
2,— 5. the 8. the 11.a 14. The
З.А 6.- 9. the 12. a 15. the
1,- 4. the 7. the 10.- 13. the
2. the 5.— 8. a 11.a 14. the
3. the 6. a 9. - 12. the 15,-
1.- 4. a 7. the 10. the 13. a
2,- 5. a 8. an II,- 14. a
3. the 6.- 9. the 12,- 15. the
1. the 4.- 7. the 10. the 13,-
2,— 5. the 8. The 11. the 14. The
3,- 6. the 9,- 12,- 15. The
1. a 4. a 7. the 10. the 13. the
2,— 5. a 8,- 11,- 14. a
3,- 6.- 9. a 12. the 15,-
1. the 4. an 7. the 10. a 13. the
2. a 5. a 8. the 11.a 14. an
3.a 6.- 9,- 12,- 15,-
1,- 4. a 7. the 10,- 13. the
2. an 5. The 8. The 11. the 14. a
3. the 6. the 9. the 12. a 15. the
1. a 4. the 7. the 10. a 13,-
2. a 5. the 8. the 11.a 14. the
3.a 6.- 9. the 12.- 15. The
1. a 4.— 7.— 10. the 13,-
2.- 5.— 8,- 11.- 14,-
3.- 6,- 9. a 12. a 15,-
410
и.
1,- 4. an 7,— 10,- 13. The
2,— 5. a 8. the 11.- 14,-
3. the 6. a 9. the 12.- 15. a
12.
1. the 4,— 7. the 10. a 13. the
2. The 5.- 8,- 11. the 14,-
3,- 6.- 9.- 12.- 15,-
1. a 5. a 9. The 13. a 17. a
2,- 6- 10. a 14. the 18.a
3.a 7. the 11,- 15,- 19.-
4. an 8. the 12. a 16,- 20. an
14.
1. the 5,- 9. an 13. the 17,-
2. a 6. the 10. a 14. a 18,-
3. the 7.- 11.the 15,- 19,-
4,— 8.- 12,- 16. a 20,-
1.- 5.— 9. The 13. a 17.a
2. A 6.- 10,- 14.- 18. the
3.a 7. a 11.a 15,- 19,-
4. a 8.- 12. a 16. a 20.the
1. the 5. a 9,- 13. a 17.a
2.— 6.- 10.- 14. the 18,-
3.The 7. The 11.the 15. the 19.-
4.— 8.- 12.the 16. a 20.the
1. the 5.- 9. the 13. the 17. the
2.— 6. an 10.the 14,- 18. the
3. the 7,- 11,- 15. the 19,-
4. The 8. The 12,- 16. the 20,-
1. the 5. a 9. a 13. the 17. a
2.- 6.- 10,- 14,- 18,-
3,- 7. an 11.the 15. a 19. a
4,— 8. a 12. a 16. the 20. a
411
19.
1. а 2. the 3. - 4.— 5,- 6. the 7,- 8. the 9. the 10,- 11.a 12. a 13. the 14. the 15,-
20.
1,- 2. a 3. the 4,— 5. the 6. a 7. - 8. a 9. the 10.the 11.- 12.a 13. a 14. a 15. the 16. The 17.a 18. the 19. the 20. a
Предлоги
1.
1. e 4. b 7.c 10. d
2.d 5. a 8. d 11.c
З.с 6. b 9. e 12. b
2.
l.b 2. b 3.a 4. c 5. e 6. d 7. b 8. d 9. a 10. b 11. a 12. e
3.
1. e 2. b З.е 4. e 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. c 10. b 11. a 12. d
4.
l.d 4. e 7.c 10. b
2. e 5. c 8. a 11.d
3.d 6. b 9. c 12. e
5.
l.e 4. a 7. b 10. d
2.b 5. d 8. c 11.c
3. c 6. e 9. a 12. b
6.
1. a 4. a 7.c 10. a
2. e 5. b 8. e 11.c
З.е 6. d 9. b 12. d
7.
l.e 2. b З.е 4. a 5. d 6. b 7.c 8. a 9. e 10. b 11. d 12. c
412
8.
1. a 4. d 7. d 10. c
2. e 5. c 8. a 11.b
3.b 6. b 9. e 12. a
9.
l.b 4. a 7.c 10. d
2. b 5. e 8. a 11.e
3.c 6. d 9. b 12. a
10.
1. e 4. b 7. d 10. a
2. a 5. e 8. c 11. d
3.b 6. d 9. b 12. c
11.
l.e 4. c 7. b 10. d
2. b 5. e 8. b 11.a
3.c 6. a 9.c 12. d
12.
l.e 4. b 7. a 10. c
2.c 5. e 8. b 11.e
3.b 6. d 9. c 12. d
13.
1. c 4. b 7. a 10. c 13. d
2. c 5. d 8. d 11.a 14. e
3. c 6. b 9. b 12. b 15.a
14.
l.b 4. b 7. d 10. a 13.c
2. b 5. e 8. c 11.a 14. e
3.a 6. c 9. b 12. a 15. d
15.
1. a 4. b 7.c 10. a 13. b
2.e 5. a 8. b 11. d 14.a
3.c 6. d 9. e 12. c 15.e
16.
1. a 4. b 7. e 10. b 13. a
2.c 5. d 8. d 11.b 14. a
3.a 6. e 9.c 12. d 15.e
413
17.
l.d 4. е 7. а Ю.е 13. b
2. с 5. d 8. b 11.b 14. е
З.а 6. а 9. b 12. с 15. с
18.
l.b 4. d 7. а Ю.с 13. а
2. d 5. а 8. е 11.е 14. b
З.е б.Ь 9. с 12. d 15.с
19.
l.b 4. а 7. с 10. b 13.с
2. е 5. а 8. b 11.е 14. d
З.е 6. d 9. е 12. а 15. d
20.
1. to 5.- 9. on 13. in 17. to
2. to 6. up 10. from 14. with 18. from
3. up 7. in 11.in 15. at 19. into
4. with 8.- 12. at 16. in 20. about
Имя существительное
1.
1. a 11.b 21.b
2. b 12. b 22. c
3.b 13. a 23. c
4. c 14. c 24. a
5.d 15. c 25. d
6. c 16. a 26. c
7. a 17. a 27. a
8. a 18. a 28. c
9-c 19. d 29. d
10. a 20. d 30. b
2.
1. my thanks 2. a three-hour delay / was three hours’ delay 3. There is 4. children’s clothes 5. students do not 6. money was 7. costume are both 8. yesterday’s hurricane 9. someone else’s 10. is increasing 11. that suit him 16. Bolton’s fans 17. each other’s traditions 18. neighbour’s loud music 19. people have 20. were invited 21. news is 22. Billiards is 23. make more arrests 24. brother’s wedding 25. three dollars was 26. someone else’s shoes
414
12. eurosis 27. There were
13. students’ results 28. pay it back
14. species live 29. and offer
15. two-year-old sister 30. there was
Местоимения
l.d 6. b 11.a 16. d
2. b 7. d 12. c 17. c
3.a 8.c 13.c 18. a
4. c 9. a 14. d 19. b
5.d 10. b 15. a 20. c
1. yourself 11. devices which / that
2. afford to lose 12. feel alone
3. None of us 13. remind myself
4. smile of hers 14. island whose
5. themselves 15. by themselves
6. whose/ where 16. there is always
7. life is yours 17. place at which
8. from them 18. There is no point
9. behave with others 19. neither of the two
10. man who / that 20. fewer people
l.it 11. own
2. they 12. its
3. what 13. of
4. this 14. which
5. which 15. who
6. of 16. it
7. its 17. they
8. it 18. which
9. herself 19. such
10. who 20. much
1. yours 11. all
2. It 12. both / their
3. there 13. There
4. what 14. it
5. yourself 15. who
6. their 16. These
7. any 17. there
8. each 18. ourselves
9. else 19. there, no
10. What 20. few, much
415
1. either 16. every other day
2. else 17. either
3. his own 18. there was
4. few 19. afford
5. both 20. none
6. neither 21. else’s
7. is it 22. few
8. Fewer 23. There is
9. what 24. herself
10. Every 25. the least
11. either 26. the other
12. are they 27. each
13. anything 28. another
14. whose 29. There, each
15. less 30. others
Имя прилагательное. Наречие
1.
l.d 6. b 11.b 16. a
2. b 7.c 12. b 17. d
3.a 8. a 13.d 18. c
4. d 9. a 14. b 19. b
5. c lO.c 15.C 20. a
2.
1. more 6. less 11. enough 16. much
2. even 7. much 12.such 17. so
3. such 8. difficult 13. as 18. very
4. more 9. very 14. rather 19. more
5. as 10. more 15. less 20. such
1. much worse 11. is worse than
2. look happy 12. got up earlier
3.- 13. such a longtime
4. is easier 14.-
5. the most intelligent 15. the higher
6. looks like 16. the latest fashions
7. big enough 17. in a very friendly way
8. as simple as possible 18. regarded as
9.- 19. far more economical
10. less money 20. so few
416
4.
Carl Ruf is a professional chef and baker at the confectioner’s. He cooks the
MOST best desserts THAN I’ve ever tasted. Besides, Carl is SUCH passionate
about sharing his baking experience, so he trains me to make cakes. The more
I practise, the EAR more proficient I become.
The other day I VERY wanted to bake a birthday cake. Making a cake AS
like that is BY far more complicated than 1 thought! We spent twice as much
MORE time decorating the cake as actually baking it. Now I can understand
why Carl is regarded as LIKE one of the MOST great chefs of our time.
1. than 6. older
2. as 7. me
3. least 8. lot
4. ever 9. as
5. in 10. The
1. more 2. than 3. as 4. the 5. so 6. less 7. as 8. The 9. lot / bit / little 10. enough
1. like 11. either
2. last 12. like
3. the most 13. so
4.less 14. worse
5. The older 15. in a friendly
6. too much 16. least
7. As 17. latest
8. such 18. good enough
9. next 19. fewest
10. fewer 20. twice / two times
Союзы
1.
l.b 6. a II.a 16. c
2.c 7.c 12. d 17. d
З.а 8. b 13.c 18. a
4. d 9. a 14. a 19. c
5.c 10. b 15. b 20. b
417
2.
1. so that trouble 11. in case you need
2. Despite the fact / In spite of the fact 12,-
3.- 13. in order to recover
4. in case there aren’t 14. if you can’t
5. due to his decision 15. so as not to exceed
6. looked as though 16. (al)though he wastes
7. because of bad weather 17,-
8. in order that we can 18. because / as / since / for
9. Even though Annie 19. In addition to vour password
10,- 20,-
3.
A.
1. when 4. case
2. so 5. as
3. despite 6. order
1. Despite 6. as
2. as 7. Even
3. only 8. because
4. also 9. no
5. both 10. well
1. order 6. that
2. soon 7. why
3. so 8. as
4. as 9. because / as / since
5. then 10. before
1. spite 2. because 3. order 4. Due / Owing 5. (Al)though 6. well 7. Even 8. to 9 . of 10. since
Имя числительное
1.
l.b 6. b 11.b 16. b
2.c 7. a 12. a 17. a
3.a 8. d 13.c 18. a
4. c 9. d 14. a 19. d
5. b 10. c 15.d 20. a
418
2.
1,- 16,-
2. fifties 17. a five-star hotel
3. the 1980s 18. fortieth
4. four hundred 19,-
5. to page 67 20. in room 16
6. the high twenties 21.25 million books
7.— 22. his thirtieth birthday
8. a 40-year career 23. 18-year-old girl
9. the nineteenth 24. the late nineties
10. his teens 25,-
11,- 26. a two-week holiday / two weeks’ holiday
12. two hundred 27. thousands of reasons / a thousand
13. her thirties reasons
14. four-hour delay 28,-
15. a dozen times / 29. hundreds of millions of videos
dozens of times 30-
Неличные формы глагола
l.d 6. c 11.c 16. c
2. d 7. a 12. d 17. b
3.b 8. d 13. c 18. d
4. a 9. b 14. b 19. b
5. b 10. a 15. a 20. d
2.
1. regret not doing 2. likely to spend 3. managed to rescue 4. imprisoned criminals 5. scared about 6. make it look 7. alarming rate 8. impossible to tell 9. not that surprised 10. In boiling 11. stopped to check 12. snow-covered hills 13. Let me make up 14. a limited number 15. required standards 16. allows you to download 17. unknown virus 18. forget to smile 19. let him know 20. tiring walk 21. irritating habit 22. fire crackling 23. unwashed hands 24. considered to be 25. life-threatening injuries 26. extremely boring 27. application called 28. more annoying 29. thinking of getting 30. not interested
419
I.
Нахождение ошибки
1.3- page 35 (правило 4) 2. 1 - police аге (правило 2) 3.2 - the boss’s problem (правило 1) 4.4 - until you try (правило 5) 5. 1 - feel free (правило 3) 6. 2 — no mistake (правило 3) 7. 2 — making fun (правило 10) 8. 1 — surprised (правило 7) 9. 2 — mind waiting (правило 7) 10. 3 — what (правило 3) 11.1 — passers-by (правило 1) 12. 2- make me happier (правило 6) 13.3 - what it is like (правило 9) 14. 1 - There’s (правило 3) 15. 4 - so difficult (правило 6) 16. 1 — frightening (правило 7) 17. 3 — customs (правило 1) 18. 1 — Today’s (правило 1) 19. 3 — said to me / told me (правило 10) 20. 3 — 2.5 million (правило 4)
2.
1.2- other people’s (правило 1) 2. 3 — afford a healthy diet (правило 3) 3. 2 — make a difference (правило 10) 4.4 — how life was formed (правило 9) 5.4 - sisters-in-law (правило 1) 6.4 - lent you (правило 10) 7. 2 - most logged in (правило 7) 8.2 — don’t form (правило 2) 9. 3 — all of your (правило 3) 10. 2 — which (правило 3) 11. 1 — nineteenth (правило 4) 12. 3 — why 1 had decided (правило 9) 13. 2 — news is released (правило 2) 14. 4 — there’s a sale (правило 3) 15. 3 - everyone’s (правило 1) 16. 2 - seem (правило 2) 17. 3 - because 1 am (правило 5) 18. 3 — whose (правило 3) 19. 2 — in her mid-fifties (правило 4) 20. 1 — herself (правило 3)
3.
1.1 - money does not buy (правило 2) 2.4 — that (правило 5) 3. 2 — felt uncomfortable (правило 3) 4. 2 — where he was (правило 9) 5.4 - are livelier / more lively (правило 6) 6. 1 — hand-me-downs (правило 1) 7. 3 — nothing at all (правило 3) 8.4 — take good care (правило 10) 9. 2 — to pack (правило 7) 10. 4 - who / that (правило 3) 11.4 -1 had chosen (правило 9) 12. 2 — disappointed (правило 7) 13. 3 — there are a number (правило 2) 14. 5 - because of (правило 5) 15. 2 - research (правило 1) 16. 1 — Parents’ meetings (правило 1) 17. 1 — five-year-old (правило 4) 18. 2 — did more harm (правило 10) 19. 2 — avoid making (правило 7) 20. 1 - Although (правило 5)
4.
1. 2-which/that(правило3) 2. 3 - much better (правило 6) 3.4 — when you are (правило 9) 4.1 — Although / Though (правило 5) 5. 3 — it (правило 3) 11 .1- confusing language (правило 7) 12. 1 - Here is... advice (правило 2) 13. 5 — hundreds of (правило 4) 14. 2 — to switch (правило 7) 15. 4 — so good (правило 6)
420
6. 5 - a thousand sites (правило 4) 7. 2 - do research (правило 10) 8.4 — to smoke (правило 7) 9.4 — would take place (правила 8 и 10) 10. 3 - clothes that suit (правило 2) 16. 1 — Seven minutes is (правило 2) 17. 2 - not any longer (правило 3) 18. 2 — so that (правило 5) 19. 4 — their interests (правило 3) 20. 1 — Lara and Vicky’s shop (правило I)
1. why there are (правило 9) 2. an exciting hobby (правило 7) 3. themselves (правило 3) 4. so much (правило 6) 5. take bus 61 (правило 4) 6. She laid her head (правило 10) 7. list... is on our website (правило 2) 8. despite / in spite of not having (правило 5) 9. one another’s strengths (правило 1) 10. There is no evidence (правило 2) 11. on my own (правило 3) 12. there’s a greater chance (правило 3) 13. look younger (правило 6) 14. in order to save (правило 5) 15. It’s not easy (правило 3) 16. In the late eighties (правило 4) 17. which together make (правило 3) 18. are able download (правило 7) 19. to go out with them (правило 3) 20. making matters worse (правило 10)
Словоупотребление
1.
l.b 3. d 5. a 7. b 9. a
2. e 4. d 6. d 8. e lO.c
2.
l.b 2.c З.е 4. d 5.b 6. a 7. a 8. d 9. c lO.b
3.
1. a З.с 5. b 7. d 9. e
2. e 4. c 6. a 8. e lO.b
4.
l.b 3. e 5. a 7.c 9. d
2.c 4. e 6. b 8. d Ю.е
5.
l.e 4. c 7. e 10. d
2. a 5. b 8. a 11.d
3.d 6. c 9. b 12. b
421
6.
l.b 4. d 7. а 10. с
2. е 5. с 8. d 11.а
З.Ь 6. е 9. b 12. е
7.
l.b 4. е 7. е 10. b
2. с 5. d 8. d 11.с
З.а 6. а 9. с 12. с
8.
1. с 4. b 7. е 10. а
2. d 5. е 8. с 11.b
З.а 6. b 9. d 12. е
9.
l.d 4. а 7. d 10. с
2. е 5. с 8. b 11.b
З.а 6. d 9. е 12. d
10.
l.e 4. b 7. d 10. b
2. с 5. с 8. е 11. d
З.с 6. а 9. е 12. е
И.
l.d 4. а 7. а 10. b
2. b 5. d 8. е 11.с
З.е 6. d 9. с 12. а
12.
1. а 4. d 7. с 10. а
2. а 5. с 8. b 11.d
З.е 6. с 9. е 12. b
13.
l.d 4. b 7. b 10. с
2. а 5. с 8. е 11.b
З.Ь 6. d 9. а 12. d
14.
l.d 4. а 7. е 10. с
2.d 5. с 8. d 11.b
З.е 6. а 9. а 12. а
422
15.
l.b 4. d 7. а 10. d
2. b 5. е 8. е 11.d
З.Ь 6. с 9. а 12. с
16.
1. с 4. а 7. е Ю.с
2.d 5. а 8. d 11.b
З.Ь 6. а 9. b Ю.е
17.
1. с 4. d 7. с 10. d
З.е 5 b 8. е 11.b
З.а 6. а 9. е 12. а
18.
l.b 4. е 7. е 10. b
2. Ь 5. а 8. с 11.d
З.а 6. d 9. с 12. е
19.
1. а 4. d 7. с 10. а
2. с 5. е 8. с 11.а
3.d б.Ь 9. е 12. d
20.
1. а 4. b 7. с 10. d
2. b 5. е 8. а 11.d
3.d 6. е 9. d Ю.е
Социокультурная компетенция
1.
l.d 6. b 11.b 16. b
2. с 7. d 12. а Ю.с
З.а 8. а 13. d 18. а
4. b 9. с 14. с 19. а
5. с 10. b 15. а 20. d
2.
1. а 6. d 11.а 16. c
2. b 7. d 12. b 17. d
З.е 8. с 13.d 18. c
4. с 9 b 14. b 19. c
5. а 10. d 15. b 20. d
423
3.
1.1b, 2d, Зе, 4с 2. 1с, 2е, ЗЬ, 4а 3. 1с, 2d, Зе, 4Ь 4. 1 е, 2с, За, 4Ь 5. Id, 2b, За, 4с 6. 1е,2а, 3b,4d 7. lb, 2е, 3c,4d 8. la, 2е, 3b, 4с 9. Id, 2а, 3b, 4е 10. la, 2с, 3d, 4b И. lb, 2а, Зе, 4d 12. lb, 2е, 3d, 4с 13. 1с, 2d, Зе, 4а 14. 1b, 2а, Зе, 4с 15. 1е, 2d, Зс, 4а 16. Id, 2а, ЗЬ,4е 17. 1а, 2с, Зе, 4d 18. 1е, 2Ь, 3d, 4а 19. 1с, 2е, За, 4Ь 20. 1Ь, 2d, Зе, 4с
l.b б.Ь И.с 16. с
2. d 7. а 12. d 17. b
З.с 8. с 13. b 18. а
4. а 9. b 14. d 19. d
5.d 10. а 15. а 20. b
Чтение
Изучающее чтение
1. II. 111. IV.
1. с l.b l.b 1. с
2. а 2. b 2. с 2. а
3. с З.с 3. а З.Ь
4. b 4. b 4. b 4. Ь
5. с 5. с 5. с 5. а
6. а 6. а б.Ь 6. с
Поисковое чтение
1. 1. е II. 1. b, е 111. l.b IV. l.b,f
2. с, а 2. с, f 2. d 2. e
3. d 3. d 3. c, f 3- d, g
4. b,f 4. a 4. e 4. a
5. a 5.c
Просмотровое чтение
1. II. 111. IV.
1. D l.C l.C 1. D
2. A 2. A 2. D 2. C
3. В 3. D 3. A 3. A
4.G 4. G 4. H 4. G
5. F 5. E 5. F 5. H
6. H 6. H 6. E 6. E
424
Словообразование
1. reality 6. scientists
2. proved 7. conversations
3. success 8. predictions
4. exceptionally 9. majority
5. friendship 10. friendly
1. truly 6. reduction
2. solution 7. harmful
3. action 8. endangered
4. environmental 9. threatened
5. intensify 10. vitally
1. Researchers 2. friendship 3. communication 4. stranger 5. enjoyable 6. happiness 7. creatures 8. pleasure 9. activity 10. championship(s)
1. possible
2. abilities
3. activates
4. connections
5. activities
6. strengthen
7. scientists
8. unable
9. mysterious
10. explain
1. employees 6. original
2. restriction(s) 7. living
3. frustrated 8. enabled
4. actually 9. creator
5. users 10. profitable
1. latest 6. jobless
2. closure 7. severely
3. social 8. likely
4. Official 9. particularly
5. economy 10. restrictions
425
1. British 6. residential
2. known 7. reception
3. based 8. swimming
4. regional 9. annually
5. darkness 10. financial
1. According 2. evidence 3. mountainous 4. catastrophic 5. widened 6. original 7. salty 8. Scientific 9. interpretations 10. natural
1. personality 6. length
2. appearance 7. willing
3. facial 8.truth
4. sensitive 9. surroundings
5. incredibly 10. psychologists
10.
1. employment 6. fortunate
2. successful 7. Researchers
3. financial 8. lucky
4. valuable 9. enthusiastically
5. possessions 10. failures
1. weight 6. affects
2. society 7. sufferers
3. appearance 8. treatment
4. dissatisfaction 9. die
5. pressure 10. worried
12.
1. reduction 6. various
2. motorists 7. responsible
3. safety 8. dangerous
4. activities / activity 9. criminals
5. educational 10. injuries
1. priority 6.tasteless
2. physically 7. encourage
3. weight 8. regularly
4. thoughts 9. daily
5. beneficial 10. fitness
426
14.
1. daily 6. research
2. social 7. specifically
3. lower(ing) 8. ability/abilities
4. infection(s) 9. Variety
5. healthy 10. illnesses
15.
1. founder 6. particularly
2.succeed 7. ambitions
3. originally 8. prosperous
4. reference 9. wealthiest
5. inspiration 10. customers
16.
1. relationship 6. awareness
2. various 7. behavio(u)r
3. pressure 8. recreational
4. relieve 9. reasonably
5. lives 10. consideration
17.
1. happiness 6. beneficial
2. Undoubtedly 7. necessary
3. addition 8. regulation
4. effect 9. tiredness
5. relaxation 10. anxiety
18.
1. stressful 6.loss
2. performance 7. unable
3. worried 8. independence
4. enjoyable 9. succeed
5. variety 10. encouraging
19.
1. awareness 6. ineffective
2. considerably 7. Offenders
3. undeniable 8. unbearable
4. pleasure 9. breath
5. irresistible 10. persuasive
20.
1. solution 6. undesirable
2. threatened 7. discovery
3. unwashed 8. especially
4. illnesses 9. recommendations
5. efficiency 10. certainly
427
Вставка пропущенного слова
1.
1. many 3. than 5. such 7. same 9. no
2. there 4. by 6. only 8. of 10.it
2.
l.of 3. the 5. own 7. as 9. up
2. to 4. there 6. which / that 8. to 10. been
3.
1. there 2. to 3. One 4. be 5. myself 6. been 7. matter 8. as 9. else 10. than
4.
1. much 3. while 5. as 7. days 9. like
2. least 4. such 6. what 8. there 10. why
5.
1. which 3. both 5. been 7. were 9. there
2. from 4. as 6. well 8. least 10. What
6.
1. It 3. of 5. than 7. else 9. there
2. to 4. why 6. by 8. on 10. which /that
7,
1. as 2. These 3. more 4. others / some 5. According 6. age 7. is 8. Like 9. both 10. if/ whether
8.
1. so 3. that 5. also 7. well 9. Make / Be
2. one 4. only 6. to 8. for 10. what
9.
1. when 3. from 5. all 7. job 9 own
2. where 4. do 6.such 8. like 10. than
10.
1. like 3. as 5. well 7. such 9. There
2. each 4. be 6. which 8. what 10. beings
11.
1. well 3. as 5. There 7. others / some 9. when / if
2. because 4. such 6. most 8. like 10.be
428
12.
1. least 3. of 5. their 7. there 9. no
2. as 4. such 6. more 8. make 10. Wit at
13.
1. where 3. rather 5. than 7. much 9. as
2. to 4. soon 6. like 8. who/that 10. beings
14.
1. There 3. well 5. who 7. both 9. enough
2. ago 4. way 6. which 8. until 10. most
15.
Lit 3. also 5. there 7. better 9. so
2. both 4. matter 6. else 8.such 10. like
16.
1. how 3. much 5. other 7. which 9. why
2. under 4. There 6. with 8. One 10. do
17.
1. goes 3. which 5. is 7. What 9. mind
2. depends 4. up 6. both 8. taken 10. few
18.
1. most 3. which 5. According 7. as 9. whom
2. over 4. There 6. It 8. year 10. well
19.
1. which 3. both 5. such 7. as 9. few
2. was 4. matter 6. worth 8. with 10. so
20.
1. most 3. where 5. was 7. It 9. when
2. for 4. century 6. so 8. more 10. by
Нахождение лишних слов
I.
According to a recent study, using a cell phone while IS driving leads to
over THAN 1.6 million car accidents every year. Out of those crashes, several
end up causing serious injury and even death. So THAT, we can definitely
understand why SUCH many people are getting upset about motorists using
their phones while THEY driving.
And maybe it is NO time for Instagram, Facebook and the like to start
banning ITSELF photos and videos that depict the use of cell phones while
429
behind the wheel. Distracted driving causes A thousands of deaths each OF
year and it’s certainly not BEING something that should be praised or en-
couraged.
2.
Ed Sheeran WHO knows a thing or two about late nights and working
hard HOW to create his dream career. The journey started out with his WAS
playing in London nightclubs and crashing on friends’ couches because he
couldn’t afford HIMSELF to pay any rent. His first dream SUCH as a teen-
ager was to make enough money from music to pay the rent and sell 100 CDs.
He never gave up. He put his talent on the line every night, when others
faded and failed. Ed’s drive and dedication soon helped him fund his own
records. On top of that he signed a publishing deal which HAS gave him his
first mega-hit. Thanks to his strategic planning and AN extremely hard work,
he has managed to become one of the MOST richest celebrities in the world,
with a net worth of $57 million OF dollars. All before he was 25 YEARS.
3.
Recent research shows WHAT many of us survive on so-called ‘junk
sleep’ — the kind when we wake OURSELVES up frequently throughout the
night. This could make a person TO feel cold because their body is tired. Junk
sleep can be caused by MANY stress or by over-stimulating the brain too close
to bedtime. For example, by using tablets and smartphones which THEY’ emit
blue light and trick your body into thinking it’s daytime when you need to
wind down.
To avoid junk sleep and feel MORE wanner, you need to develop good
sleep hygiene — which means going to THE bed at a set time, banning screens
for SUCH an hour beforehand and developing a wind-down routine that pre-
pares your body for sleep, such as a warm bath, WHICH followed by a milky
drink and half-an-hour reading something LIKE easy-going.
4.
I was having a wonderful dream when the alarm clock went IT off. 7.00.
“Another MORE five minutes,” I told TO myself and fell back to sleep. 1 woke
ME up suddenly, being aware that I had slept for more OVER than five mi-
nutes. A look at the alarm clock confirmed my WHOLE fears. 7.45. I jumped
out of bed and ran into the bathroom. There was no ANY’ time to wait for the
water to warm itself up so I had to have a cold shower. I didn’t have time for
breakfast or to iron my clothes TOO. In ten minutes I was BEEN dressed in
creased clothes, was annoyed, cold and hungry as 1 didn’t even have a cup of
coffee. As I rushed out of my flat, my neighbour THAT waved good morning
to me and asked, “Where are you going on Sunday?” I couldn’t believe my
ears — 1 don’t work on Sundays.
5.
Languages are always changing, and English THERE is no exception. In
2019, no one could have BEEN predicted what has become a defining word of
2020: COVID-19. Coronavirus has led to an explosion of MUCH new words
430
and phrases: ‘WFH’ (working from home), ‘coronacation’ (a vacation because
of the coronavirus), ‘covidiot’ (someone WHO ignoring public health advice)
and the like. At the same time, existing words evolve. Established terms such
as ‘self-isolate’, ‘outbreak’, ‘hand sanitiser’, ‘lockdown' and ‘social distanc-
ing’ THEY increased in use and HAVE became the top words of 2020.
New words are entering the English language all the time. If people be-
gin to use a new word a lot OF, it gets added to the dictionary! And that’s
the MOST best way to learn new vocabulary — listen to people HOW using
a word, then use it ON yourself.
6.
In sports, you learn to rely on each ONE other to accomplish a common
goal. Though individual sports are AS great, team sports actually do teach you
a life lesson: the success of a team depends on how MANY well the players
work together. Even the ‘star’ player cannot win the game alone TOO. Sports
also teach you to play ENOUGH fairly, to respect the players on the opposing
team, to put in your MOST best effort and demonstrate honourable behaviour
whether you win or lose a game.
Sports require time and commitment, but most players WHO usually per-
form better in school ARE more likely to be involved in BOTH clubs or com-
munity service. How is this possible? Playing a sport IT requires teenagers to
develop two important skills; focus and time management. These are crucial
traits in people who get things done and LIKE achieve their goals.
7.
The Olympic flag has a white background, with five SO interlaced rings in
the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This Olympic symbol — widely
known throughout the world SUCH as the Olympic rings — is based on a
design THAT created in 1913 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of
the modem Olympic Games who \TRY hoped to revive the ancient Olympic
Games as an international contest IS promoting peace.
Five interlocked rings THEY represent the five inhabited continents of the
world, united by Olympism, while the six colors are those that WAS appeared
on all the national flags of the world in that time. The rings WHICH were
first used at the Olympic Games in Belgium in THE 1920. The International
Olympic Committee takes their rings very MUCH seriously, and the symbol is
subject to really strict usage rules and graphic standards.
8.
The flu is a common infectious disease WHICH caused by influenza vi-
ruses. Though it is more THAN common in autumn and winter, you can catch
it all year round. The flu usually affects ON a person's breathing system. The
symptoms include a high temperature, a sore throat, a headache, a runny or
stuffy nose and tiredness.
People WHO with flu are most contagious in the first three to four days
after their illness begins. The flu spreads THERE when infected people cough,
sneeze or talk. Due to this fact, cover your nose and mouth with a tissue if
431
you WILL cough or sneeze. Regularly wash your hands with soap for at THE
least 20 seconds. Don’t touch your face with unwashed hands. When you feel
YOURSELF sick, if IT possible, stay home and avoid close contact with oth-
ers. Remember: the flu is caused by a virus, so antibiotics are not SO an ef-
fective treatment.
9.
For those who don’t know, Globish IT is a simplified version of Anglo-
American English WHAT used as a worldwide lingua franca. ‘Global English’
was developed in the mid-1990s YEARS by French businessman Jean-Paul
Nerriere AS to help learners of English to speak with a limited BOTH vocabu-
lary and simple sentences. Nerriere noticed how non-native English speak-
ers communicated at conferences and developed a list of fifteen hundred OF
English words that can be used to talk just about anything. Now, the rules are:
standard English grammar, no more jokes and no ANY idioms.
With 1.5 billion speaking English as a second language; THERE maybe
Globish will one day be the language of interaction. In the meantime, those
with a gift for learning languages THEY are sure to have a big advantage. For
everyone else, why not TO start with Globish?
10.
A generation has BEEN grown up that doesn’t know life without comput-
ers or mobile phones. Today’s teenagers take the power of the Internet with its
instant information and communication for THE granted. For them there IT
has been no life without video games, satellite TV and all the other things that
are great advances - or curses - to MORE older people.
They navigate IN the Internet and all kinds of computer applications
without a second thought. They download music, watch video and television
online, and instant message with ITS friends. They arrange much of their lives
through social networking sites and assume WHAT it’s the most normal thing
in the world. Technology has always been a major component in their ALL
lives, from games consoles and remote controls to BOTH finding their way by
satellite navigation when they WILL begin driving.
11.
A music festival WHICH has been held in our town every autumn since
2015. It is BEING organised annually by the local authorities and everyone is
given an opportunity to HAVE take part in the contest. This year’s festival will
BE take place on 21 September and will be bigger than ever as over THAN
$5000 was raised for the prizes. Last year, 20 prizes of $100 were awarded but
this year there IT will be at least 40 prizes.
At last autumn's festival one of the participants HE was chosen to go into
a national competition. At the end of the day, young performers are VERY ex-
pected to be brought to the stage. The fireworks, accompanied by a laser show,
will HAVE be set off from the center of the town at 10 p.m., capping a day of
live entertainment and free activities. If you would like your name AND to be
added to the list of participants, please get in touch with us via the website.
432
12.
“How long does it take to turn green?” Most of us probably thought about
this when WERE waiting at the traffic lights after pressing the push button
for pedestrians. At the end of 2020 YEAR, the Austrian city of Vienna rolled-
out its smart traffic lights system. These are SO innovative devices that are
equipped with an in-built camera WHAT capable of detecting people within
a field of five metres near the traffic lights. Once they WILL verify that the
pedestrian VERY wants to cross the street, the signal automatically changes to
green without NO having to press any buttons.
This solution was realized because not ONLY everyone is prepared to wait
and some people just cross the street while the traffic lights are on red. On the
other ONE hand, some people press the buttons just for fun, generating un-
necessary retentions and irritating some drivers who have to stop IF even when
nobody is crossing the street.
13.
Frozen vegetables WHICH can often be prepared with minimal effort,
making them a quick and convenient alternative to MUCH fresh vegetables.
They’re also typically cheaper RATHER than fresh vegetables and tend to
have a MORE longer shelf life, helping you get the most bang for your buck.
What’s THE more, they’re available year-round, meaning that you can enjoy
BOTH your favorite veggies regardless of whether they’re in season.
Adding frozen vegetables to your diet IT is a simple way to increase your
intake of fiber, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Plus, studies show SO
that increasing your intake of vegetables may be associated with a lower risk
heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and more THAN. Besides, frozen fruit
and vegetables contained more antioxidants such as vitamin C, polyphenols,
beta carotene and lutein compared to fresh varieties stored THERE in the
fridge for three days.
14.
A painting WHICH stolen many OF years ago and then found lying in a
pile of rubbish in New York IT has been sold by the auction house Sotheby’s
for MORE over a million dollars. The painting Tres Personajes (Three People)
by Mexican artist Rufino Tamayo was taken from a warehouse in Texas where
the owners had placed it while THEY moving.
It was saved from the rubbish by Elizabeth Gibson, who H.AS spotted it
while she was on her way to buy HERS coffee. It hung ITSELF on a wall in
her home for several months before a friend suggested it might be valuable. Af-
ter discovering the painting’s value, she returned it to its OWN original owner.
Ms Gibson has already received a 515,000 reward which the owners put
up when the painting was stolen, plus an undisclosed percentage of the sale of
the painting. It is still not known how MUCH the painting ended up on the
street. The theft of the painting is now being investigated by the FBI.
15.
Be honest, you want to be MORE smarter. There’s NO nothing wrong
with that. Studies demonstrate that intelligence is among the most desirable
433
qualities WHAT a person has. In fact, most OF ways to improve intelligence
don’t require a huge commitment of time and energy.
One of the best and easiest things you can TO do is to make reading a
habit. The web is also full of great learning resources, like AS online videos
and courses, intriguing TED talks, and vocabulary-building tools. Another
important strategy is to spend time with BOTH people who challenge you
intellectually. It has been said that your IQ is the average of the five MOST
closest people you hang out with, so make VERY sure your close circle in-
cludes some really bright people. Listening to new music, trying new foods,
and navigating foreign streets THEY all work to challenge your brain’s capa-
city to adapt to new situations. You just need to be willing to learn.
16.
In the past decade vlogging has become SUCH extremely popular. Watch-
ing someone TO do mundane things like folding their laundry is appealing to
us because OF we get an insight into someone else’s life. If you feel YOUR-
SELF comfortable in front of the camera and you don’t mind trying new
things, you’ll have the recipe for a great vlog.
Before even IF starting to vlog, you need to learn how to make your chan-
nel stand out, find the right equipment (camera, microphone, tripod, lighting
setup, editing software, etc.), and get acquainted with YouTube’s guidelines
so AS that you can avoid BOTH copyright strikes or similar issues. The sky is
the limit when it comes THERE to vlog content. Then goes the actual vlog-
ging process, and of course, editing, publishing, promoting, and so on. If you
WILL monetize your vlogs on YouTube, you can make money from any ads
that play on it. You will have to become a YouTube partner in order THAT to
cash out.
17.
Contrary to the traditional belief that gaming is just an addictive source
of entertainment, recent research has proved that gaming has numerous be-
nefits and key among them IT is the development of cognitive skills in both
children and adults. Some computer games help HOW to indulge your brain
in constant stimulation, thus improving the brain’s performance. They teach
us to make split-second decisions, process information more THAN quickly,
and multitask .AS effectively. Games can also improve hand-eye coordination.
While online games can seem like an VERY isolating activity, it is often
more social RATHER than some people think. There is constant communica-
tion between the players which WILL results in the development of relationships
among them. Though computer games might be beneficial, there is NEITHER
need to play them in moderation. It is also ENOUGH important to pick the
right game SO as not all of them provide the same cognitive benefits.
18.
The average age for marriage is BEING going up. Getting YOURSELF
married in your 30s is the new normal in Wfestern countries. In Russia, on
the other ONE hand, couples tend to marry straight after school or university.
434
However, Russia has one of the MOST highest divorce rates in the world! One
of the relationship trends today IT is living together before marriage. 4 out of
5 couples are now likely to be ‘trying before buying’.
A recent study of housework trends reveals that men increasingly NOT
support gender equality. They’re rolling up their sleeves and pitching in more
often at home — from caring for the kids to sharing shopping and cleaning
responsibilities. Meanwhile, Swedish men do the most around the house: six
times more RATHER than Japanese men, who did the least housework in the
poll (only four hours’ housework IN a week). But it’s not all bad news for
Japanese wives: the typical Japanese husband hands over his ALL entire salary
to his wife, who gives TO him back pocket money in return!
19.
Social networking sites are online communities IN where people can keep
in touch with friends, family, colleagues and others with SO similar interests.
THE most social networks provide MUCH ways for their users to interact and
entertain, such as messaging, video and voice calls, data-sharing, etc. Popu-
lar social networking communities such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter are
being used daily by millions of people and are becoming a part of everyday
online activities. The GlobalWbblndex poll shows that 28 percent of the time
WHICH spent online is on social media.
One of the many unfortunate uses of social media is the risk of cyber-
crime AS like fraud, identity theft or cyberbullying. Whether you like it or not,
the information WHAT you post on the Internet is available to almost anyone
who is ENOUGH clever to access it. Most cyber criminals need just a few OF
vital pieces of personal information to make your life a nightmare. Besides, a
common complaint IT is that social media make people less social and more
aggressive.
20.
Dating customs and habits vary greatly throughout the world. Dating usu-
ally starts in the teenage years. Traditionally, girls BE used to wait for the lads
to make the first move, but these days, equality rules. When it comes to dat-
ing in Russia, it’s still AS common for men to show up with lavish gifts and
make large romantic gestures. A man will show his gentlemanly side by open-
ing doors and pulling out chairs and will never let a woman TO pay or even
split the bill.
In China, there IT seems to be somewhat of a matchmaking boom. In the
city of Shanghai, there is actually something WHICH called a marriage mar-
ket. Here, parents of unmarried children literally sit outside and ‘advertise’
their children to potential suitors. This market takes place once IN a week.
What makes it embarrassing is that THE most kids don’t give their parents
permission or even IF know that their parents attend the market!
Since the introduction of dating apps like Tinder and Bumble, the way
people date has changed more THAN drastically. This new style of online dat-
ing has BEEN brought on a whole mess of new rules and dating norms.
435
Перевод фрагмента предложения
1. little 2. else 3. make 4. what 5.saying 6. none 7. other 8. take 9. either 10. few 11. match 12. tell 13. the other 14. take 15. anything 16. borrow 17. made 18. worth 19. worse 20. in the sun 21. afford 22. another 23. making 24. raise / put up 25. fit
1. none 2. say 3. little 4. neither 5. take 6. else’s 7. tell 8. makes 9. few 10. raise 11. either 12. take 13. by hand 14. made 15. the other 16. did 17. either 18. made 19. fewer 20. hand 21. afford 22. take 23. match 24. no mood 25. there are
1. say 2. other 3. worth 4.less 5. else 6. in the rain 7. conies 8. another 9. tell 10. either 11. the other 12. feeling 13. take 14. made 15. speaking 16. few 17. lying 18. either 19. made 20. take 21. others 22. (to) make 23. hand, my own 24. there is, other 25. well enough
1. is it 2. do you 3. has she 4. is it 5. did they 6. isn’t it 7. will there 8. does it 9. don’t you 10. is it 11. are they 12. is there 13. have they 14. is it 15. do they 16. has it 17. don’t they 18. won’t you 19. can it 20. do they 21. aren’t there 22. do they 23. haven’t you 24. doesn’t it 25. is there
436
Приложения
Таблица неправильных глаголов
I форма II форма III форма Значение
1. arise arose arisen возникать
2. awake awoke awoken будить
З.Ье was, were been быть
4. bear bore borne / born нести; рождать
5. beat beat beaten бить; побеждать
6. become became become становиться
7. begin began begun начинать(ся)
8. bend bent bent сгибать
9. bite bit bitten кусать(ся)
10. blow blew blown дуть
11. break broke broken ломать(ся)
12. bring brought brought приносить
13. broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted транслировать
14. build built built строить
15. burn burnt / burned burnt / burned гореть; жечь
16. burst burst burst разразиться
17. buy bought bought покупать
18. catch caught caught поймать
19. choose chose chosen выбирать
20. come came come приходить
21. cost cost cost стоить
22. creep crept crept ползать
23. cut cut cut резать
24. deal dealt dealt заниматься
25. dig dug dug копать
26. do did done делать
27. draw drew drawn рисовать
28. dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed мечтать; видеть сон
437
Продолжение
I форма II форма III форма Значение
29. drink drank drunk ПИТЬ
30. drive drove driven ездить; водить
31. eat ate eaten есть
32. fall fell fallen падать
33. feed fed fed кормить
34. feel felt felt чувствовать
35. fight fought fought бороться
36. find found found находить
37. fit fit / fitted fit / fitted быть впору; устанавливать
38. fly flew flown летать
39. forbid forbade forbidden запрещать
40. forecast forecast / forecasted forecast / forecasted предсказывать
41. forget forgot forgotten забывать
42. forgive forgave forgiven прощать
43. freeze froze frozen замерзать
44. get got got получать
45. give gave given давать
46. go went gone идти;ехать
47. grind ground ground точить; молоть
48. grow grew grown расти
49. hang hung hung висеть; вешать
50. have had had иметь
51. hear heard heard слышать
52. hide hid hidden прятать(ся)
53. hit hit hit ударить(ся)
54. hold held held держать
55. hurt hurt hurt причинять боль
56.keep kept kept хранить
57. knit knit/knitted knit / knitted сосдинять(ся) / вязать
438
I форма II форма III форма Значение
58. know knew known знать
59. lay laid laid класть
60. lead led led вести
61.learn learnt / learned learnt / learned учить(ся)
62. leave left left оставлять
63. lend lent lent давать взаймы
64. let let let позволять
65. lie lay / lied lain / lied лежать / лгать
66. light lit / lighted lit/lighted освешать, зажигать
67. lose lost lost терять
68. make made made делать
69. mean meant meant значить
70. meet met met встречать
71. mislead misled misled ВВОДИТЬ в заблуждение
72. mistake mistook mistaken ошибаться
73. misunder- stand misunderstood misunderstood неправильно понять
74. overcome overcame overcome преодолеть
75. overhear overheard overheard подслушивать
76. oversee oversaw overseen наблюдать
77. pay paid paid платить
78. put put put класть
79. quit quit / quitted quit / quitted покидать
80. read read read читать
81. ride rode ridden ехать
82. ring rang rung ЗВОНИТЬ
83. rise rose risen подниматься
84. run ran run бежать
85. say said said говорить
86.see saw seen видеть
439
Продолжение
I форма II форма III форма Значение
87. seek sought sought искать
88. sell sold sold продавать
89. send sent sent посылать
90. set set set устанавливать
91.shake shook shaken трясти(сь)
92. shine shone shone светить
93. shoot shot shot стрелять
94. show showed shown / showed показывать
95. shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk сжимать(ся)
96. shut shut shut закрывать(ся)
97. sing sang sung петь
98. sink sank / sunk sunk тонуть
99. sit sat sat сидеть
100. sleep slept slept спать
101. slide slid slid скользить
102. smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled нюхать; пахнуть
103.speak spoke spoken говорить
104. speed sped sped спешить
105. spell spelt/spelled spelt / spelled произносить по буквам
106. spend spent spent тратить
107. spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled проливать(ся)
108. split split split раскалывать(ся)
109. spoil spoilt / spoiled spoilt /spoiled портить(ся)
110. spread spread spread распростра- няться)
111. spring sprang/sprung sprung возникать
112. stand stood stood стоять
113. steal stole stolen красть
114. stick stuck stuck приклеивать(ся)
115. sting stung stung жалить
440
I форма II форма III форма Значение
116. strike struck struck ударять(ся)
117. swear swore sworn клясться; ру- гаться
118. sweep swept swept мести
119- swell swelled swollen / swelled раздуваться
120. swim swam swum плавать
121. take took taken брать
122. teach taught taught обучать
123. tear tore torn рвать(ся)
124. tell told told рассказывать
125. think thought thought думать
126. throw threw thrown бросать
127. under- stand understood understood понимать
128. undertake undertook undertaken предпринимать
129. upset upset upset расстраивать
130. wake woke woken будить; просы- паться
131. wear wore worn носить
132. weep wept wept плакать
133. win won won выигрывать
134. wind wound wound крутить
135. write wrote written писать
441
Таблица соответствия первичных и тестовых баллов ЦТ
по английскому языку в 2020 году
Первичный балл Тестовый балл Первичный балл Тестовый балл
1 1 37 62
2 3 38 63
3 4 39 64
4 6 40 65
5 8 41 66
6 10 42 67
7 14 43 68
8 20 44 69
9 23 45 70
10 27 46 71
11 30 47 72
12 33 48 73
13 35 49 74
14 37 50 75
15 39 51 76
16 40 52 77
17 42 53 78
18 43 54 79
19 44 55 80
20 45 56 81
21 46 57 82
22 47 58 83
23 48 59 84
24 49 60 85
25 50 61 86
26 51 62 87
27 52 63 88
28 53 64 89
29 54 65 90
30 55 66 91
31 56 67 92
32 57 68 94
33 58 69 95
34 59 70 97
35 60 71 98
36 61 72 100
442
С 2019 года на централизованном тестировании при подсчете
результатов используются первичные и тестовые баллы. Первич-
ный балл - это сумма баллов, которые набирает участник ИТ за
правильно выполненные задания. Первичные баллы переводят-
ся в тестовый балл на основе таблицы соответствия. Тестовый
балл и является итоговым результатом.
В централизованном тестировании по английскому язы-
ку 2020 года было 60 заданий: 48 заданий в части А (закрытого
типа, с вариантами ответов) и 12 заданий в части В (открытого
типа, без вариантов ответов). В каждом задании — только один
правильный вариант ответа. За каждый верный ответ в части А
можно было получить 1 первичный балл, а в части В — 2 пер-
вичных балла. В централизованном тестировании по англий-
скому языку нет заданий, в которых возможен частично верный
ответ. Максимальное количество первичных баллов в 2020 году
было 72, что соответствовало 100 тестовым баллам.
Вы можете использовать вышеприведенную таблицу соответ-
ствия первичных и тестовых баллов для самостоятельной оцен-
ки результатов выполнения тестов прошлых лет.
В соответствии со спецификацией теста по английскому
языку для проведения тестирования по английскому языку в
2021 году, количество заданий в части А — 30, а в части В - 18.
Соответствие первичных и тестовых баллов станет известно вме-
сте с результатами централизованного тестирования.
443
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Brook-Hart, G. Complete First for Schools : Student’s Book /
G. Brook-Hart, S. Hutchison, L. Passmore. - Cambridge : Cambridge
University Press, 2019. — 248 p.
2. Mann, M. Destination B2: G rammar and Vocabulary/М. Mann,
S. Taylore-Knowles. — Oxford : Macmillan Publishers Limited,
2008. - 254 p.
3. May, P. First Certificate Trainer / P. May. - Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press, 2010. - 260 p.
4. Moutsou, E. Use of English B2 ; for all Exams / E. Moutsou. —
London : MM Publications, 2009. - 184 p.
5. Thomas, B. Grammar and Vocabulary for First and First for
Schools / B. Thomas. — Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,
2015. - 255 p.
6. Мнтрошкина, T. В. Английские артикли : справочник /
T. В. Мнтрошкина. — 2-е изд., испр. — Минск : Тетралит, 2018. —
80 с.
7. Мнтрошкина, Т. В. Английские местоимения : справоч-
ник / Т. В. Мнтрошкина. — Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2012. — 112 с.
8. Мнтрошкина, Т. В. Английские предлоги : справочник /
Т. В. Мнтрошкина. — 2-е изд. — Минск: Тетралит, 2016. - 96 с.
9. Мнтрошкина, Т. В. Английские прилагательные и наре-
чия : справочник / Т В. Мнтрошкина. - Минск: ТетраСистемс,
2012.- 96 с.
10. Мнтрошкина, Т. В. Английские существительные : спра-
вочник / Т. В. Мнтрошкина. — Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2011. —
80 с.
11. Мнтрошкина, Т. В. Английский язык : полный курс
подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену /
Т. В. Мнтрошкина. — 8-е изд., стереотип. - Минск : Тетралит,
2020. - 496 с.
12. Мнтрошкина, Т. В. Все времена английского глагола :
справочник / Т. В. Митрошкина. - 2-е изд., испр. - Минск: Те-
тралит, 2016. — 80 с.
13. Митрошкина, Т. В. Грамматика английского языка. Гото-
вимся к централизованному тестированию / Т. В. Митрошкина. -
3-е издание, перераб. и доп. — Минск : Тетралит, 2020. - 512 с.
14. Митрошкина, Т. В. Неличные формы английского гла-
гола: инфинитив, причастие, герундий : справочник / Т. В. Ми-
трошкина. - Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2012. — 96 с.
444
15. Митрошкина, Т. В. Справочник по грамматике англий-
ского языка в таблицах / Т. В. Митрошкина. — 3-е иад., стерео-
тип. — Минск: Тетралит, 2019. - 96 с.
16. Митрошкина, Т. В. Типичные фразы английского речево-
го этикета : справочник / Т. В. Митрошкина. - 3-е изд., стерео-
тип. — Минск : Тетралит, 2018. — 48 с.
17. Централизованное тестирование. Английский язык :
сборник тестов / Респ. ин-т контроля знаний М-ва образования
Респ. Беларусь. — Минск : Новое знание, 2020. — 56 с.
18. Централизованное тестирование. Английский язык :
сборник тестов / Респ. ин-т контроля знаний М-ва образования
Респ. Беларусь. — Минск : Аверсэв, 2021. — 48 с.
19. Централизованное тестирование. Английский язык: пол-
ный сборник тестов / Респ. ин-т контроля знаний М-ва образо-
вания Респ. Беларусь. — Минск : Аверсэв, 2021. — 288 с.
445
ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК
446
ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК
447