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Автор: Левин К
Теги: развитие психики генетическая психология проблемы наследования психических свойств; развитие мозга и тому подобное психология социальная психология
ISBN: 5-9268-0004-9
Год: 2000
Текст
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KpblBaeT HX OTHOIllCHUC K OOIllHM KOnH'ICCTBCHHbIM nepeMCHHbIM, KaCCHpcp no-
Ka3aJ1, '1TO TOT )j(C C!lMblH MeTOn; OKa3bIBaeTCJI nnOn;OTBopHbIM B 3MnHpH'IeCKHX
HaYKax, rn;e «3nCMeHTaMH KOHCTPYKLlHH» JlBnJlIOTCJI MarCMaTH'IeCKH onHcaHHbIC
3MnHpH'ICCKHe CYIllHOCTIi (TaKHC, KaK CHnbI, HOHbI, aTOMbl). [rnaBa II, c. 51.1
B nCHXOJlOnm II COUHaJIbHbIX HaYKax He06xo.D:IIMo nOXO)l(lIM 06pa-
30M pa3pa60TaTb COOTBeTCTB}'lOll.{IIe «3JIeMeHTbI KOHCTPYKl\HH» H cnoco-
6bI o6DeJJ:HHeHlIH 3THX 3neMeHTOB B CIICTeMY nOHHTHH. B maBe II JIeBHH
npeJJ:CTaBJIHeT npOHHuaTeJIbHOe 06c .n:eHlIe np06JIeM, 3aTpOHYTblX B 3TOM
npOl{ecce. A;IH Tex, KTO pa60TaeT B HarrpaBJIeHHH pa3pa60TKH CIICTeMbI
nOHHTHH:, oc06eHH nOne3HO paCCMOTpeHHe B 3TOH maBe KOHlfenmYaJlb-
1-IbiX pa3MepHocmeu KOHCTpYKTOB, TaK KaK HMeHHO pa3MepHOCTHafl xapaK-
TepHCTlIKa KOHCTpYKTa onpe.n:eJIfleT TO, KaK OH MO)l(eT 6bITb 061>e,lJ,HHeH C
,lJ,pyrHMII KOHCTpYKTaMH H KaK OH MO}l(eT 6bITb 1I3MepeH. EOJIbIlIIIHCTBY
TeOpeTlIKOB B 061l.{eCTBeHHbIX HayKax ell.{e npeJJ:CTOHT nonHOCTblO YTHJIH-
3IIpOBaTb 3HaQCHIIe II npaKTH1JecKyIO ueHHOCTb 3TOrO 06c .n:eHlUI.
3Tor aHaJIlI3 cyTII 06pa30BaHHH nOHHTHll, XOTfl OH II OIJeHb a6CTpaK-
THblH, Ba)l(eH )IJIH nOHHMaHlUI pa60TbI JIeBHHa, nOTOM)' IJTO HMeHHO KOH-
KpeTHOMY nplIMeHeHHIO 3THX npHHl{HIIOB nocmIIU;eHa 3HaIJIITeJIbHaH 'laCTb
em Hay'lHOro HaCJIe,lJ,lUI. CYIl.{HOCTb 60nbIlIell IJaCTlI ero CaMOH: BbmalO-
ll.{eHCH pa60TbI COCTOHT B KOHl{enTYaJIbHOM aHaJlH3e «npIIpO}:(bI» «peHOMe-
HOB, KOTopbIe paHbIlIe IIMeJIII TonbKO nonyJ1HpHbIe HpnbIKM. JIeBIIH TO II
.n:eno 6paJI KaKoe-HII6y.n:b nonynflpHoe nOHHTHe, KaK, HanpHMep, «KOH«P-
J1HKT», ««PPYCTpal{HH» HJIH «HaYIJeHHe», H n01IBepraJI ero KOHl{enT)'aJIbHO-
OnpeAeJ\.eHHe «noJUl»
HaH60JIee «PYHJJ:aMeHTaJIbHbIll KOHCTPYKT JJ:jJH JIeBlIHa - 3TO, KOHeQ-
HO, nOHHTHe «nOJIfl». Bce nOBe.n:eHHe (BKJ1IOIJafl .n:eH:CTBIIe, MblIlIneHHe,
>KenaIlHe, npHTH3amIe, oueHHBaHHe, .n:OCnJ}I(eHHe, II T. .n:.) nOHHMaCTCfl KaK
H3MeHemle HeKoToporo COCTOHHHH nOM B .n:aHH)'IO e.n:HHHJJ.Y BpeMeHII, ( ) .
TIpII HCCJIeJJ:OBaHlUlIIHJJ:IIBHJJ:yaJlbHOll nCHXOJIOTlm none, C KOTOpbIM ,lJ,OJI-
>KeH HMeTb .n:eJIO )"leHbIH, - «)I(lI3HeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO» IIH.n:HBH.n:a. 3TO
>KH3HeHHoe npocTpaHCTBO COCTOlIT H3 IJeJIOBeKa H nCHXOJIOril'leCKOH OK-
PY)I(aJOIueH cpe.n:bI, KaK OHa CYIUeCTBYeT JJ:jJH Hero. ITpM lI3yqeHlllI rpyn-
nOBOll nCHXOnOrIm HJJH COl{HOJIOrIlM npeJJ:jJaraeTCfl nOXO)l(afl «P0PMYJIII-
pOBKa. MO}l(HO roBOplITb 0 none, B KOTOpOM CYll.{eCTByeT rpynna HJIll IIH-
CTHT)'T, C TOIJHO TaKIIM )l(e CMbICJ10M, C KaKHM roBOp>lT 06 HHJJ:IIBH.n:yaJIb-
HOM }l(lI3HeHHOM npocTpaHcTBe B llH.n:HBHJJ:yaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrHH. )J(ll3HeH-
Hoe npOCTpaHCTBO rpynIIbI, CJIeJJ:OBaTenbHO, COCTOHT 1I3 rpynITbI 11 ee OKPY-
>KaJOIUell cpeJJ:bI, KaK OHa CYll.{eCTByeT ,lI,JUI rpynITbI. 3a.n:aIJa yqeHoro - pa3-
pa60TaTb KOHCTpYKTbI H MeTO)]:bI Ha6J11O.n:eHH1I H 113MepeHlIH, .n:OCTaTOIJ-
HbIe JJ:jJH Tom, IJT06bI oxapaKTep1l30BaTb CBOllCTBa J1I060m .n:aHHoro }l(1l3-
HeHHoro rrpocTpaHCTBa B JII060H JJ:aHHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH H C«POPMYJIH-
pOBaTb 3aKOHbI, ynpaBJIfllOll.{He H3MeHeHlUlMH 3TlIX CBOllCTB.
BbInonHIDl3T)' 3a.n:a'I)', He06xo.n:MMO KOHKpeTHO onpeJJ:eJIHTb, IJTO JJ:OJI-
>KHO 6bITb BKJ1IOQeHO B npeJJ:CTaBJ1eHHe mo60ro JJ:aHHoro )l(H3HeHHoro npo-
CTpaHCTBa B nlO60ll onpe.n:eJIeHHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH. 3Ta np06JIeMa 3K-
BHBaJIeHTHa rrp06JIeMe YCTaHOBJIeHH1I KpHTepIIeB JJ:jJH npHnHCbIBaHlUl Ha-
)"lHoro «CYll.{eCTBOBaHHfl» HJJlI «peaJIbHOCTH» «peHOMeHaM. OHa TaK)I(e
TeCHO CBH3aHa C np06JIeMOll orrpeJJ:eneHH1I rpaHIIQ KOHKpeTHOH HayKII, TaK
to
II
KaK OHa no.n:HHMaeTT3KI1C BonpOCbl, KaK: «LITO C-cTb nCIIXOJIOrll<leCKlfll !jJaKT,
3hOHOMif'IecKIli1 !jJaKT, nO:lIITi1'-lecKIIi1 !jJaKf II T. .n:,?» ITpll onpe.1eJIeHIIH .n:RH-
HOro nom, I'LlIl IKII3HCHHOro npOCTpaHCTBa, Till0Ke B3JimO oxapaKTepH30-
B3Tb em TaKIIl\1 06pa:>OM, IJT05bI MOIKHO 6blJ10 YJIOBJIeTBOpUTeJIbHO Hccne-
.n:OBaTb B33IDI03aBHCw,lOCTb ero LJaCTci1. Hah'OHCl\, cymeCTByeT np06JIe!\<Ia
YTOIJHeHlUI ero MecTOHaXO}l(.n:eHHfl II CYll.{ecTBOBaHlU1 BO BpeMeHII.
CYUICC11160GaHlIC. )f(H3HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO onpe):(cmeTCfl TaK, 1JTO-
6bI B nI060H JIaHHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHil OHO BKJIlOqanO Bce !jJaKTbI, KOTO-
pble 06na,JJ,aIOT CYll.{eCTBOBaHlle f, H IICKnlOQaJIO Te, KOTopbIe He 06JIa,n,a1OT
CYll.{eCTBOBaHueM .n:nH U3}"taCMOZO IIl/OlIGUOa llRlt zpynnbl. «Cym.eCTBOBa-
HlIO .n:nH HH):(I1BlUI,a HJIlI rpynnbI» .n:aeTCH nparMaTllIJeCKOe onpe.n:eJIeHlle.
JIeBuH cIJen HY)I(HbIM npnnHCblBaTb CYll.{eCTBOBaHHe BceMY, IJTO OKa3blBa-
eT .n:eMOHcTpllpyeMoe B03.n:eHCTBIIe. B HH.D:lffiH.D:YanbHOH ncnXOJIOrmI OKPy-
)!\alOll.{afl cpeJJ:a II IJeJIOBeK KaK C03HaTeJIbHO BocnpUHIIMaeMbIe 1JeJIOBe-
KOM 06bIIJHO BKJ1IOIJeHbl B )l(H3HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO. Ho, KpOMe TOro,
6eCC03HaTeJIbHble COCTOHHIIH TO)Ke BKnlOQeHbl B TOH creneHH, B KaI<OH
Y1JeHbIH C nOMOll.{blO npflMoro Ha6nlO.n:eHlUI mIll YM03aKJIIOQeHlUl MO)l(eT
YCTaHOBlITb, IJTO OHII OKa3bIBalOT B03):(ellCTBile. I1HTepecHO 3aMenITb, IJTO
MHonle H3 BeJIHKHX «OTKPbfTHii» nCHXOJIOrHII no CYll.{eCTBY 3aKJIIOIJaJIUCb
B JJ:eMOHCTpal\ilH CYll.{eCTBOBaHlUl B )l(1i3HeHHOM npOCTpaHCTBe BnIlHHHll,
paHee He BKJIIOqaBIlIHXCfl. fTpHMe<IaTeJIbHbIM npl1MepOM flBmeTCfl «OTKpbf-
THe)) <I>peimoM 6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIX B.1HflHHll.
B rnaBax III, VIII H IX JIeBHH nOJJ:p06HO IICCJIen,yeT TO, IJTO JJ:0JI)I(HO
6bITb BKJIIOIJeHO B )l(H3HeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO 1IH1IIIBHJJ:a. OH YKa3blBaeT,
IJTO .n:OBonbHO JIerKO peIlIHTbCfl BKJII01JllTb MHorHe BeIlIU, TaKue, KaK no-
Tpe6noCTn, l\enH, KorHHTHBHafl CTpYKTypa H T. n., II HCKJIIO<lIlTb MHorne
,lJ,PYrIle, TaKHe, KaK !jJH3H1JeCKI1e H counanbHble C06h1THH, npOHCXO,lJ,flIl.{He
Ha 60JIbIlIOM paCCTOHHilH H He HMeIOIl.\I1e npflMoro BJU1HHHH Ha HH):(I1BH.n:a.
O.n:HaKO eCTb norpamfLmafl 30Ha C06b1TIIH II npOl{eCCOB, KOTopbie 06b1IJHO
CqlITaIOTCfl !jJ1I3WleCKIIMH, 3KOHO IJ1IIeCKI!MI1, nOJIHTIIQeCKHMU, npaBOBbI-
MH 1I T. JJ:., KOTopble TeM He MeHee OKa3blB£\IOT npflMoe BJIUflHHe Ha HHJJ:H-
BII.D:YililbHoe nOBe.n:eHHe. TaKHe C06blUUlII npoueCCbl JJ:on)l(Hbl 6bITb BKJIIO-
IJeHbl B )KIDHeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO ilH;J:llBlILJ:.1. BK.laLI JIeBHHa B nOHIIMa-
HIIe <JeJIOBeIJeCKOrO nonelIeHHfl COCTOHT B YKa3aHHI1 Ha TO, <ITO Bce 60JIee
wllpoKafl cqJepa .n:CTCpI\UlHaHTOB .n:on)!<Ha paccMaTpI1BaTbCH KaK qaCTb eJJ:H-
HOro, B33HMOJam!CHMoro nOJm II 'ITa qJeHo'\leHbr, TpaLIHl\I!OHHO p3cnpe-
.n:emICMble CpC ll1 OTLICJlbHbIX «.n:I!CUlI!1JIIIH», .n:OJl)KHbr paccMaTplrnaTbcfl KaK
e.n:HHafl CBSl3armafl CHCTeMa KOHCTPYKTOB. B nOCJIe):(HHe HeCKonbKO MeCH-
QCB CBoeM }KII3HI1 OH 113'.J.a.l 3H3'IIITeJ1bHO rrepepa6aTbiBaTb CBOlO KOHQerr-
IJ,HIO MOTHB3lJ,IUI, <H06b1 c.n:eJIaTb !\leHbIlIIIH aKlJ,eHT Ha «noTpe6HOCTHX») II
60JIbIlIHH - Ha TaKl1X .n:erepMIIHaHTax, KaK rpynnoBoe 'lJJeHCTBO, JIlf'IHaH
cnoc06HOCTb, 3KOHOMIf'ICCKHe H nonUTlI1JeCKHe pecypcbI, COUl1aJIbHbIe
KaHaJIbl, H ):(pyrHX !jJaKTopax, 06b1'1H0 IICKJIIOIJaCMbIX In nCHXOnOrIPleC-
KHX TeopllH MOTllBaUllI1.
B3allA103GGllC1HlOcmb. OCHOBHoe YTBep)l(.n:eHHe TeopHH nOJIH - U
3.n:eCb OIJeBH.n:Ha ee TeCHafl CBfl3b C relllTanbTnCHXonorneH - COCTOHT B
TOM, IJTO pa3nHQHble qaCTII JJ:aHHoro )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa .n:o H3Be-
CTHOH CTeneHH B3aIIM03aBHCHMbI. B03MO}l(HO, qTO B .n:aHHOM )l(H3HeHHOM
npOCTpaHCTBe HeT HH1Jero, YJJ:OBneTBopHlOlliero KplITepHIO CYll.{eCTBOBa-
HHH, 1JTO MO}l(eT 6bITb a6COJIIOTHO He3aBHCHMbIM OT Bcero OCTaJIbHOro B
TOM )l(e caMOM }l(H3HeHHOM npOCTpaHCTBe. 3Ta B3aIlM03aBHCHMOCTb IJac-
Tell CTaBHT MHOro IJaCTHbIX np06JIeM B OTHOIlIeHHII KaK IICCJIe.n:OBaTenbC-
KlIX MeTo.n:OB, TaK H C03JJ:aHHH nOHflTHll. ITp06JIeMbI 060lIX THnOB B or-
pOMHOll CTeneHII IIHTepeCOBaJIlI JIeBHHa. B IIpHJIO)l(eHHlI K .n:aHHOll KHHre
npe.n:cTaBneHo ero Tll.{aTenbHoe HCCJIeJJ:oBaHHe Ha !jJopMaJIbHOM MaTeMa-
TiI'IeCKOM fl3blKe nOHflTlUl B3aHM03aBlICHMOCTII. OH TBepJJ:o BepHJI, <ITa
COBOKYfiHOCTb B3aHM03aBHCHMbIX !jJaKToB MO)KHO aJJ:eKBaTHo TpaKTOBaTb
KOHll.emyaJJbHO TonbKO C nOMOlliblO MaTe!\mTII1JeCKoro nOHHTHH npocTpaH-
CTBa II .n:HHaMH1JeCKIIX nOHflTHii HarrpH}I(eHHH II ClUIbI. 3TH nOnO)l(eHHH B
lI3BeCTHOll CTeneHlI paCKphlBalOTCfl !jJaKTiI'IeCKH B Ka)l(.n:Oll rnaBe 3TOll
KHHrII. MCTO.n:onOrH1JeCKHe CJIe.1l,CTBIIH B3aHM03aBIICHMOCTH qaCTeH }l(H3-
HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa .n:eTaJIbHO pa3pa6aThlBaIOTCH B maBe III (me HC-
cne.n:yeTcfl B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTb pa3Mepa Ha6JIIO.n:aeMoll e.n:IIHlIlJ,bl H ,lLJI11-
HbI eJJ:l1HHl\bI BpeMeHH), B maBe VII (rJJ:e 06cY)I(JJ:aIOTCH np06neMbI Ha-
6JJ1O.n:eHH1I H amlJIH3a COQHaJJbHbIX C06bITlIH) II B maBe X (r e nOJJ:p06HO
onllCblBaIOTCfl MHorHe !jJeHoMeHbI, KOTopbIe He06xo.n:HMO paccMaTpHBaTb
KaK CBoHcTBa B3aHM03aBIlCilMoro l\enoro).
C06peMeHHocmb. YTBep)l(JJ:eHHe JIeBHHa, IJTO eJJ:IIHCTBeHHbIe .n:eTep-
MHHaHTbI nOBe.n:eHHH B .n:aHHoe BpeMfl - 3TO B TO }l(e caMoe BpeMH CBOll-
CTBa nom, BbI3BaJIO 60nbIlIe cnopOB, IJeM JJI060ll H3 .n:PyrHX ero CHCTeMa-
THlJeCKlIX IIpIlHlJ,HnoB. 3TOT npHHQHn YTBep)l(.n:aeT, qTO }l(lI3HeHHOe 1Ip0-
cTpaHcTBo 1IJIHTCH BO BpeMeHH, BHJJ:OH3MeHHeTcH C06bITHHMH II HBJIHeTCH
1Ip0.n:yKTOM HCTOpHH, 1/0 mOJlbKO COGpeMeHHG5I cucme'Wo _ 1OJlCem OK03bl-
eamb G030eUCm611e e J1/o6oe 6pe" IR. fTpHHl\Hn cOBpeMeHHOCTlI npHIJHH-
HOH 06ycnoBneHHOCTH Ka3anCH MHOrIlM Hana.AKaMH Ha rrCHXOaHaJIHTH1Je-
cKYIO Teopl1lO, KOTopafl YTBep)l(]laeT KpaHHIOIO Ba)l(HOCTb paHHero .n:eT-
CTBa 1IJIH 60nee n03.n:Hero pa3BHTHfl nil'lHOCTH H OTpHumme JJ:eMCTBeHHO-
CTH HaY1JeHHfl. B .n:ellcTBHTenbHocTII 3TO He IlMe:lOCb B BU;:Iy. IICh)'ccml B
12
13
maBe III nOKa3blBaeT, qTO OCHOBHafl np06JIeMa COCTOIIT H3 .n:BYX: o.n:Ha -
coxpaHeHHe nOHHTIIll CTpOrHMH, .n:pyrafl - C03JJ:aHHe cooTBeTcTByIOll\HX
HCCJIeJJ:OBaTeJIbCKHX MeTo.n:OB. 06C .lI,eHHe perpeccHlf B rnaBe V .n:aeT npe-
BOCXOJ!:HbIll npHMep BbIHrpblIlIell, KOTopbIe MO)l(HO nonyqHTb H3 CTpOro-
CTlI nOlliITlIH, B OTHOIlIeHHH BpeMeHHOrO lI3MepeHHfl. ITOJIe3HOe pa3rpa-
HllIJeHHe, npOBe,lJ,eHHOe TaM Me)l(.n:y perpeCClIell H peTpOrpeCCHeH, - pe-
3YJIbTaT :3TOrO paCCMOTpeHlli!. MeTO.n:OnOrwIeCKlIe crre.n:CTBlli! nplIHl{Hna
COBpeMeHHOCTH OqeBH)I.HbI B OTBJIeqeHHOM 06C .n:eHlIH aHaMHe3a KaK Me-
TO.n:a onpe.n:eJIeHlli! HblHelliHem COCTOflHlli! llliJJ:IIBH)I.a (rnaBa III) II B 60-
J1ee no.n:P06HOH TpaKToBKe np06JIeM npoBe,lJ,eHlli! IICCJIe.n:OBaHlli! no rpyn-
nOBOH KYJIbT)'pe IIIICTOpliH (maBa VII).
<I>0pMaAH3a:qHB H nporpecc
KOHTHHeHT 3axBaTbIBaIOll.{e, nOTOMY IJTO CTonb OIJeBH.n:HO, IJTO 3TO 6bIJIO
HanHcaHO 3KcnepToM-cTpOHTeJIeM, KOTOpblH Hcnp060BaJI QeJIbIll pH,lJ, B03-
MO)l(HbIX cTpoHTeJIbHbIX uHcTpYMeHTOB H KOTOpbIll n03ToMY 3HaeT l{eH-
HOCTb II «PYHKQHIO Ka)l(.n:oro. <I>opManll3al{illl H MaTeMaTH3aUlli!, c.n:eJIaH-
lfbIe npe)l(,lJ,eBpeMeHHo, YTBep}l(.n:aeT OH, MOryT npHBeCTH Hac K nOCTpoe-
mno JIOril'leCKOll cynepMarncrpanH, OKa3bIBaIOll.{eHCH «T)'nllKOM, KOTOpbIll
HlIKYJJ:a He Be.n:eT». He06xo,lJ,HMaH M)',lJ,pOCTb OnbITHOrO II npo.n:yKTHBHOrO
Y1JeHoro paCKpbIBaeTCH B ero CYMMapHOM 3aflBneHlIH: «YBJIeqeHHOCTb Te-
opHeH? ):(a! ITcHXonOrlli! MO)l(eT IIcnonb30BaTb MHoroe H3 3TOro. O,lJ,HaKO
MbI He C03.n:a.n:HM HHlJerO, KpOMe nycToro «popManll3Ma, ecnH 3a6y.n:eM, IJTO
MaTeMaTH3aumo If «popManll3al{i1IO CJIe.n:yeT npOBO.n:HTb TOJIbKO B TOll Mepe,
B KaKOll n03BOJIHeT 3penOCTb Hccne.n:yeMoro MaTepIfana B .n:aHHoe BpeMID)
(maBa I, c. 21).
MeTO,lJ, nocneJJ:OBaTenbHOro npH6mDKeHlli!, YTBep)l(,lJ,aeT OH, - 3TO
KJIIOq K HaY1JHOll npO.n:yKTHBHOCTH. OH pe,lJ,KO .n:aBaJI COBeTbI CBOHM CT)'-
.n:eHTaM, HO OH HHKOr,lJ,a He KOJIe6anCH nocOBeTOBaTb MOJIO.n:OMY IfCCJIe.n:o-
BaTeJIlO: «3a.n:aBallTe B cBoeM Hccne.n:OBaHHII TOJIbKO Te BOnpOCbI, Ha KOTO-
pbIe BbI MO}l(eTe OTBeTIfTb C nOMOll.{blO MeTO,lJ,OB, KOTopbIe BM MO}l(eTe IIC-
nonb30BaTb. EcnIf BbI He MO}l(eTe HaY1JHTbCH IIrHopHpOBaTb BonpOCbI, Ha
KOTopble BbI He rOTOBbI OTBeTHTb onpe.n:eneHHO, BbI HlU(Oma He OTBeTHTe
HH Ha OJJ:UH BOnpOC».
Pe3YJIbTaTOM 3TOH n03l1JJ.HlI 6bIJ10 BBe.n:eHHe lIM MHorm< <<nonynony-
IDIPHbIX» nOlli!THH, KOTopbIe npeJJ:cTaBJJHJIII C060H TOJIbKO CKpoMHbIe IlIarH
B HanpaBneHlIH CTpomll KOHllemyamnaJJ.HH, HO KOTopbIe BJJ:OXHOBHJIIf Ha
MHOrHe HccneJJ:oBaHlli!. ITpliMepaMH TaKoro po.n:a HBJIHIOTCfl nOlliITlli! ypOB-
IDI np1ITH3aHlIll, rpynnoBoro peIlIeHlli! H npHBpaTHIIKa. )J;pyrlIe TepMHHbI
noxo}l(ero Tlilla OH 3aUMCTBOBaJI y <I>peH.n:a (Me}l(.n:y npoqHM) II npoJJ:oJI-
}l(an cOBepIlIeHcTBoBaTb .n:o cne.D:yIOll.{ero, 60nee BbICOKOro ypOBlliI TOqHO-
crn. ITpHMepaMH TaI<oro pOJJ:a HBJIfllOTCfl ero TpaKTOBKa 3aMerueHlli!, KOH-
«pmiKTa II perpeccHH.
)J;nfl Tex, KTO TeCHO COTpy.n:HHlJan C HlIM, HeoJJ:HoKpaTHo nOJJ:<IePKH-
Banocb, KaK J1erKO If HenplIHY)I(JJ:eHHo OH nepeXOlIHJI OT npaKTH'.JecKoro,
3MnHpHIJeCKoro II HHT)'IfTUBHOro K a6CTpaKTHOMY, CTpOroMY H «popManb-
HOM)'. .51 }l(IfBO BcnOMHHmo pa3rOBOp CHUM He3a.n:OJIro .n:o em CMepTI1, B
KOTOpOM MbI 06CY)l(.n:anH TeXHUqeCKHe np06JIeMbI KOHCTpYHpoBaHlIH HH-
TepBblO MH lICCJIe.n:oBaTeJIbCKoro npoeKTa no Me}l(rpynnoBbIM OTHOIlIe-
Hlli!M. BHe3anHo, nocepe.n:HHe «popMynlIpOBaHlIH Bonpoca, OH C 60JIbIlIIIM
3HT)'3Ha3MOM npepBan caM ce6H, IJT06bI CKa3aTb: «B CJIe.D:yIOll.{eM roJIY MbI
CMO}l(eM ,lJ,eHCTBHTenbHO II3MepllTb nCIIXOJIOril'leCKlIe CilJJbI». OH Bcer.n:a
OrpOMHoe BHIIMaHlIe, YJJ:eIDIeMoe JIeBHHbIM «popManbHbIM xapaKTe-
plIcTHKaM Hay1JHbIX KOHCTpYKTOB, Hero HaCTOll1JHBOe YTBep)l(,lJ,eHlIe, qTO
.n:erepMIIHaHTbI IJenOBeqeCKOrO nOBe.n:eHlli! MoryT 6bITb npeJJ:CTaBJIeHbI Ha
CTporoM MaTeManllJeCKOM H3bIKe, 3aCTaBHJJH HeKOTopbIX npeYBenHIJHTb H
HenpaBHJJbHO lIHTepnpeTlIpOBaTb 3HaqeHHe, KOTopoe OH npH,MBan «Pop-
Manll3al\lIH n 061l.{eCTBeHHbIX HayKax. Ha.n:o npll3HaTb, IJTO OH OT.n:aJJ or-
pOMHYIO 3HeprHIO TaKOll pa60Te, KaK pa3pa6OTKa «rO,lJ,OJIOrIlIJeCKOrO»' npo-
CTpaHCTBa (npe.n:CTaBJIeHHOrO B KHHre «The Conceptual Representation
and the Measurement of Psychological Forces»), H MaTeMaTHIJeCKOll TpaK-
TOBKe ,lJ,1I«P«PepeHl{HpOBaHHblx l{eJIbIX (npe.n:CTaBJIeHHOH B ITpH.J"IO)l(eHIIH K
3TOH KHHre). H HO TalOKe npll3HaTb, IJTO OH CqHTaJJ, IJTO 3TlI IJaCTH era
pa60TbI 6y.n:yT HMeTb 60nee MHTenbHoe 3HaIJeHHe, qeM MHO rIfe 113 era
60nbIlIe CBH3aHH1>IX C npaKTHKOll IfCCJIe.n:OBaHHH. M Bce )l(e em caMafl l1IaB-
Hafl n03IIl{lli! no OTHOIlIeHHIO K HaYKe 6bIJIa npaKTHlJeCKOll, nOJIHOH 3.n:pa-
Boro CMbICJIa, H OH 60HJJCfl, IJTO 3H'I)'3I1a3M B OTHOIlIeHHlI «popManbHbIX
CHCTeM MO)l(eT npHBeCTH K 3aMeruemfio 3MnHpHIJeCKH OnHCareJIbHbIX Te-
OpHH npOCTbIMIf CJIOBeCHbIMH «popMaMlI.
B maBe I, me OH 06cY)l(.n:aeT MeCTO «popManH3aJJ.HIf B Ha)"'lHoM npo-
rpecce, IJpe3BbIqaHHO HpKO paCKpblBaeTCH qenOBeK, KOTOpbIll paccMaTpH-
BaeT CBOIO pa60T)' rnaBHbIM 06pa30M KaK COCTOHIl.{yIO B TOM, IJT06bI c.n:e-
JIaTb CJIe.n:yIOIl.{Hll B03MO)l(HbIH IlIar B peIlIeHHH 3ara,n,OK, KOTopbIe eMY npe-
.n:OCTaBJIHeT npHpo.n:a. Ero cpaBHeHlIe Hay'IHoro npe.n:npHflTlli! CO CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBOM «MarncTpanell II cynepMarnCTpanell» qepe3 He3acTpoeHHbIH
. Or zpelJ, hodos - nYTb (npu;w, nep.).
14
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CTpeMUJICfl K CTpOrOCHI II TO'.J.HOCTlI, H OB nOCTOflHHO HC!10Hb30BaJI IIMe-
IOIl.{HeCfl B HaJIH mH q)Qp'\1aJIbHble KOHCTpYKTbl, HO OTKa3bIBaJICfl n03BO-
J1HTb <j)OpMaml3aI,\lm CTaTb l{CJlbIO B cc6e.
MHOrHe, KTO 3HaJI KypTa J1cBHHa, C!1pmmlBaml, HaCKonbKO em 60-
raTafl npol(yKTI1BHOCTb 'IepnaJIa H3 em TeopHH II y6c)I(.n:eHHH U HaCKOJIbKO
OHa !1pOCTO 6bma pe3ynbTaTOM ero BbICOKOll IJYBCTBI1TCnbHOCTH H HC!1pe-
l(y6C)I(.n:eHHoro 03apeHlUI. To, '1TO OH 06HallaJI He06wIaHHOH IfYBCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTblO, HCJIb3fl oTpHl{aTb. To, '1TO em cep.n:e'lHafl II BOC!1pUll:VllJllBafl nll'l-
HOCTb cOlleHCTBOBaJIa era npol(yKTIIBHOCTH, TO}l(e HeCOMHeHHO. O.n:HaKo
MOC c06cTBeHHoe 3aKJIIO'ICHHe H3 pfllIa JIeT TeCHoro cOTpy.n:HlIlJeCTBa C
HHM 3aKJIIOIJaeTCH B TOM, IJTO OH 6bIJI He06b1'1aHHO npo.n:yKTHBHbIM, nOTO-
MY '1TO cepbe3HO OTHOCHJICH K npIIHl\HnaM Hay1JHOro MbIIlIJIeHlUI II MeTO-
.n:OJIonm, KOTOPYIO OH nponaraH.n:HpOBaJI B ny6JIHKal{IUlX, COllep}!(aIl.{HXCH
B 3TOH KHure, II nOCTOHHHO npHMeHH;'I Ha npaKTI1Ke 3TH npHHl\HnbT H MC-
TOllononlIO.
OCHOBHafl n03HJJ.lUI KypTa J1eBlfHa no OTHOlIIeHlllO K nOCTpoeHHIO
HaYKH, nO}l(anyll, ny1JIlIe Bcero paCKpblBaeTCfl B OTpbIBKe, r.n:e OH OnIICbI-
BaeT pa60ry 3pHcTa KaccHpepa, '1enOBeKa, K KOTOPOMY OH <IYBCTBOBaJI
OrpOMH)1O HHTeJ1JIeK1)'aJIbH)'IO npH3HaTeJIbHOCTb.
TIPEAMCAOBME
If,K
3TO BTOpOH H3 llB)'X TO:VIOB c06paHHfl CO<UlHeHUH KYPTa J1eBuHa,
KOTopoe npellHa3Ha'feHO }:(JIH TOro, <lT06b1 c06paTb Boe.n:IIHO }:(JIfl Yll06HO-
ro IJTeHIIH pH.n: CTaTell, KOTOpblC OH ony6nHKOBaJI B reIJeHHe lliITHa.n:l\aTH
neT }l(U3HH B CoellIIHeHHblX lllTaTax. ABa TOMa - 3TO Hepa3.n:enbHo CBfl-
3aHHble IfaCTH BceH pa60TbI J1eBHHa, H Bce )l(e OHI1 pa3nil'laIOTCfl no CBO-
HM aKl{eHTaM. Tor.n:a KaK nepBb:ll, < PeUIeHHe COl{Ua.l1bHblX KOHc»mIK-
TOB» (Resolving Social Conflicts), OpIIeHTIIpOBaH Ha npaKTmecKHe npo-
6neMbI 06Il.{eCTBa, 3TOT, BTopOll TOM KacaeTCfl 60nee TeOpeTU1JeCKHX Bon-
pOCOB. Toma KaK B nepBOM TOMe aKl{eHT .n:eJIaCTCfl Ha nOCTpOCHHH JIY'I-
IlIero MHpa, B 3TOM TOMe - 03a60QeHHOCTb Y1JeHoro, nbITalOllierOCfl CKOH-
CTpYHpOBaTb Hay1JH)1O CIICTeMY .n:nfl nOHHMaHlUI IJenOBeKa n 06Il.{eCTBa.
CTaTbII, npellCTaBJIeHHbIe 3.n:eCb, 60JIee nOllp06HO 06CY)l(llaIOT pa60'lHe
np06JteMbI cOQnOJIora. 061>eKT nCCJIe.n:OBaHlUI - em KOHl\enryaJ1bHble H
MeTo.n:OJIOrmeCKHe lIHCTpYMeHTbI.
3TOT TOM .n:OBonbHO eCTeCTBeHHO lleJIHTCH Ha TPH 'faCTH. ITepBbIe
TPII maBbI, BMeCTe C ITpnJIO)l(eHHeM, COCTaBJ1flIOT HccnellOBaHHe HeCKOJIb-
KIIX OCHOBHbIX np06neM B <j)r!J10co<j)HH HaYKl1. OHH <j)OPMYJ1HPYIOT onpe-
.n:eJIeHHble PYKOBOllflll.{IIe npIIHl\Hnbl, KOTopbIe CJIY)I(aT OCHOBOH ,lI,JUI no-
HHMaHlUI Toro, nOIIeMY 60JIee KOHKpeTHbIe np06neMbI B nOCJIeJJ:yIOll.{lIX
rnaBax TpaKl)'IOTCfl HMeHHO TaK, a He HHa'le. lllecTb cJIe.LJ.YIOu.\HX rnaB
n01IXBaTblBaIOT 3TH npHHQHrThl H .n:eMOHCTpnpyIOT I1X npHMCHCHHe K IIC-
CJIc.n:OBaHlUlM B 06JIaCTHX HaY'fCHHH, pa3BHTlUI H perpeCCHH, COl{llaJIbHOH
nCIIXOJIOnm H rpynnoBoH .n:UHaMHKH H K nCCJIe.n:onanU.<JM no m6paHHbIM
np06JleMaM KYJIbrypHOH aHTpOn0J10rHH, COl{HOJIOrlm, 3KOHOMHKII. ITo-
CJIe.n:HHH maBa COCTaBJIflCT npcBoCXOllHoe, XOTfl H KpaTKoe, H3jlO)l(eHIIe OC-
HOBHbIX TeopeTHIIeCKHX H He3aBIICHMbIX llaHHblX, nony1JeHHbIX H3 HCCJIe-
.n:OBaHlIH, BbIllOJ1HeHHblX nOll ero HcnocpellcTBeHHbIM PYKOBOllCTBOM.
3TH .n:Ba TOMa, Tenepb .n:eJIalOT nerKollocTynHblM llJ1fl Halliero IJI1Ta-
Ten${ xopOIlIee OCBell.{eHHe OCHOBHhlX npOH3Be.n:eHIIH KypTa J1eBlIHa. Oc-
TaIOTCfl HenepeBCL\CHHbIMIl, OL\HaK HCCKOrThK,l mnn-H-\', r"h()T, Y9:[9p1oW
OH paCKpbIBaCT OCHOBHOI1 xapmaep HaYKH KaK Be<JHYfO rronblTKY Bbll1TIi 3a
pm.IKIi TOro, <JTO C<JIlTaeTCfl HaY'IHO .!iocrynHbrM B nf060e KOHKperHoe BpeMfl. lfT06bI
I3bll1TI1 3a orpaml<JeHHH .!iaHHoro ypOBHII 3HalUlH, I1CCne.!iOBaTenb, KaK npaBliflO,
.!iOmKeH pa3pYUlHn, MeTO.!iOJTOrl1<JeCKlIe Ta6y, KOTopble Ocy/K,L!aIOT KaK «HeHayq-
Hble» HnH «Henorn<JHble» Te caMble MeTO.!ibl I1nI! rrOHIITl1fl, KOTopble n03)KC OKa3LI-
BalOTCfl OCHOBOI1.!inli Cne.!iYfOlIlero 60nblIlOm Ulara I3nepeL( I,
I Kurt Lev in: Cassircr's Philosophy ofScicnce and the Social Scienccs, in Paul Arthur
Schilpp (Ed.). The Pllllosophy of Ernst Cassirer. p, 275, Evanslon, IlL: Library of Living
Philosophers, 1949,
17
BbIIlIJ1H Ha HeMel{KOM fl3bIKe, II OCTaeTCH Ha.n:eflTbCH, 1JTO CKOpO OHH CTa-
HYT ,lJ,OcrynHbJ. B HCTIIHHOM CMbICne 60JIbIlIaH 'IaCTb ero pa60Tbl TO}l(e
OCTaeTCH pa36pOCaHHOU no MHoro'lHCJIeHHblM )KypmUIaM iJ MOHorpacpH-
HM, r.n:e ero cry.n:eHTbI H KOJIJIerH ony6nHKoBanH HCCJIe.n:OBaHHH, B KOTOpbIX
ero BKJIa,lJ, 01JeBII.n:eH. Ero CKpOMHoe HaCTOHHHe, 1JT06bI OH He 6bIJI ynoMH-
HYT KaK coaBTOp 3nIX ny6nHKal\Hll, npHBeJIO K He.n:OCTaTO'IHOMY OTpa)l(e-
HHID ero pOJIH B 60J1bIlIHHCTBe 3THX HCCJIe.n:OBaHHll. Tex, KTO X01JeT nOJ1-
HOCTblO H3Y1JHTb pa60ry J1eBuHa, MbI OTCbIJIaeM K 6H6J1HorpacpH1JeCKHM
CCbIJIKaM B KOHl{e pa3JIH1JHl>IX maB (oco6eHHo maBbI X), K .n:JIHHHOMY pH.n:y
HCCne,lJ,OBaHHH, KOTopbIe OH pe,lJ,aKTHpoBan 1IJ]H Psychologische F orschung
H K cepHH MOHorpacpHH Studies in Topological and Vector Psychology,
cO,lJ,ep)l(all.{HXcH B «University ofIowa Studies in Child Welfare».
Pe,lJ,aKTHpoBaHHe 3TOH KHHrn 6bIJJO npID!THOll3a.D:a'lell. Pe,lJ,KHM HH-
TenneK1)'anbHl>IM y,lJ,OBOJIbCTBHeM 6bIJIO 06Hap HTb HeOTheMJIeM)'lO CBH3-
HOCTb, KOTOpOll 06JIa.D:aIOT pa3JIH1JHl>Ie CTaTbH, C06paHHl>Ie meCb. EYKBanb-
HO 3mrnaTbIBano .n:yx, KOr,lIa CHCTeMaTH1JeCKaH H B3aHMOCBH3aHHaH CTPYK-
rypa B03HHKana H3 npocTOro COe,lJ,HHeHID!,lJ,aBHO 3HaKOMbIX ny6nHKal\Hll,
HlfKor,lJ,a npe}l(,lJ,e He npe1IJ]araBIlIHXCH B npHMOll nOCne,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTH. llo
60JIbIlIeH 1Jacm MO}l(HO 6bIJIO OCTaBHTb OT.n:eJIbHl>Ie CTaTbH 6e3 pe,lJ,aKTOp-
CKoro H3MeHeHID!. To 3,lJ,eCb, TO TaM HO 6bIJIO onycmTb HeKOTopoe
.n:y6JIHpOBaHfle H ,lJ,06aBHTb onpe.n:eJIeHHl>Ie nepeXO,ll,HbIe naparpacpbI, HO
MaTepHan 6bIJI HanHcaH nO'ITH TaK, 6y.zrro OH npe1IHa3Ha1JeH 1IJ]H ny6nHKa-
l{I1H OT,lJ,eJ1bHOH KHHroll. E.n:HHCTBeHHoe cYIlI.eCTBeHHOe H3MeHeHHe CPop-
MbI 06Hap HBaeTCH B OTHOIlIeHHH maB II, VII H VIII. B maBe VII «llpo-
6neMbI HCCJ1e.n:OBaHID! B COl\HanbHOll nCHXOJIOrHH» npe.n:CTaBJIeHl>1 Bbl.D:ep-
}l(Klf H3 npe3H.D:eHTcKoro BbIC1)'IIJIeHID! JIeBHHa nepe,lJ, 06IUeCTBOM no nCH-
XOJIOril'leCKOMY H3Y1JeHHIO COJJ.HanbHl>IX np06JIeM H pa3,lJ,eJI H3 CTaTbH «KoH-
CTpYKThI B nCHX0J10rIlH H nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOll 3K0J10rHH» (OCHOBHaH 1JaCTb
KOTOpOll BbIXO.n:lIT KaK maBa II). B maBe VIII «llCHXOJIOrWIeCKaH 3KOJIO-
rID!» npe.n:CTaBJIeHa TeOpID! COl{lIanbHl>IX KaHanOB JIeBHHa. TaK KaK OH Pa3-
pa6aTbIBaJ1 3ry reopmo B Tpex oT,lJ,eJIbHbIX MeCTax, npo6neMa pe.n:aKTlIpO-
BaHID! COCTOH-1Ja B TOM, IJro6bI CBeCTli Boe,lJ,HHO If3 3THX HCT01JHHKOB e.n:lI-
HyIO H 3aKOH1JeHHyIO CPOPMYJIHpOBK}' 3TOH reoplfH. OKa3aJIOCb B03MO}l(-
Hl>IM nonyqHTb CBfl3Hoe npe.n:CTaBJIeHHe 113 ropa3.n:o 60JIee .n:JIIfHHOro HC-
CJIe.n:OBaHml «CHnbI, CTOflIUHe 3a nHIUeDbIMlf npHBbI'IKaMH, 11 cnoco6bI H3-
MeHeHID!». KpOMe TOro, HeKOTopbIe KopOTKlfe pa3.n:eJIbI BK.'II01JeHbl H3 pa-
60T «KOHCTPYKTbl B nCHXOJIOrnH H nCIIXOJIOrH1JeCKOH 3KOJIOrHH» H H3 «rpa-
HHl{bI B rpynnoBOll.n:HHaMlfKe, II». (EoJIee T01JHaH CCbIJ1Ka Ha 3TH HCTOlJ-
HllKH .n:aeTCH HH)I(e.)
MbI O'leHb 06H3aHl>1 H3,lJ,aTeJIHM opHrHHanOB CTaTeH 3a pa3peIlIeHHe
Hane'laTaTb HX 3.n:ecb. HH)I(e nepe'lHCJIeHl>I HCxo.n:HbIe HCroIJHHKH Ka)l(,lJ,OH
H3 maB.
rJ1aBa I. Formalization and progress in psychology, University of Iowa
Studies of Child Welfare, 1940, 16, No.3, 9-42. llepene'laTaHO c n03BO-
JIeHID! I1ccJIe.n:oBarenbcKoro l{eHTpa 3a6OTbI 0 .n:eTHX B AHOBe.
rnaBa II. Constructs in psychology and psychological ecology,
University of Iowa Studies of Child Welfare, 1944,20,1-29. llepene'IaTa-
HO C n03BOJIeHlUll1cCJIe.n:oBaTeJ1bCKoro QeHTpa 3a60T(,1 0 )];eTflx B AHoBe.
rJ1aBa III. Defining the «field at a given time», Psychological Review,
1943,50,292-310. llepene'laTaHO c n03BOJIeHID! Psychological Review H
AMepHKaHcKoll nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOll aCCOl{Hal{lIH.
rJ1aBa IV. Field theory ofleaming, Yearbook of the National Society
for the Study of Education, 1942,41, part 11,215-242. llepene1JaTaHO C
n03BOJIeHID! Hal{HOHanbHoro 061l.{ecTBa no H3Y1JeHlIIO 06pa30BaHlUI.
rJIaBa V. Regression, Retrogression, and Development (Chapter 1),
Frustration and Regression, by Roger Barker, Tamara Dembo, and Kurt
Lewin. University of Iowa Studies of Child Welfare, 1941, 18, No.1, 1-43.
llepene'laTaHO C n03BOJIeHID! I1ccJIe,lJ,oBaTeJIbcKoro ueHTpa 3a60TbI 0 ,lJ,e-
THX B AHOBe. CoaBTOpbI YBe,lJ,OMHJIH H31IareJIH, IJTO .n:-p JIeBIIH 6bIJ1 aBTO-
pOM 3TOH maBbI H npHJIO}l(eHID!.
rJIaBa VI. Field theory and experiment in social psychology: concepts
and methods, American Journal of Sociology, 1939,44,868-897. llepe-
ne1JaTaHO C n03BOJIeHID! H3.n:aTeJIbCTBa YHHBepClITeTa 1.JlIKaro.
rJIaBa VII. Psychology and the process of group living, Journal of the
Social Psychology, 1943, 17, 113-131. llepene'laTaHO c n03BOneHID! H3.n:a-
TeJIbCTBa Hana. Constructs in psychology and psychological ecology,
University of Iowa Studies of Child welfare, 1944,20,23-27. llepene'laTa-
HO c n03BOJIeHID! I1ccne,lJ,oBaTeJIbCKoro l{eHTpa 3a6OTbl 0 .n:eTHX B AHoBe.
rJIaBa VIII. Forces behind food habits and methods of change, Bulletin
of the National Research Council, 1943, 108,35-65. llepene'laTaHO c no-
3BoneHHH COBeTa no HaUHOHanbHbIM HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHIfHM. Constructs in
psychology and psychological ecology, University of Iowa Studies of Child
Welfare, 1944,20, 17-20. llepene'laTaHO c n03BoJIeHID!l1ccJIe,lJ,oBaTeJIb-
CKOro l{eHTpa 3a60TbI 0 ,lJ,eTHX B AHoBe. Frontiers in group dynamics, II,
Human Relations, 1947, 1, 143-153. ITepene'laTaHO C n03BOJTeHHH Human
Relations .
18
19
rJIaBa IX. Frontiers in group dynamics, Human Relations, 1947, I,
2-38. nepeneLIaTaHO C n03B0J1emm Human Relations,
rJ1aBa x. Behavior and development as a funcIion ofthe total situation.
nepeneqaTaHO C pa3peIlIemlfl 113 Manual of Child Psychology, by
L. Cannichael, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., copyright 1946.
ITplIJIO)l(eHlIe. Analysis of the concepts whole, differentiation, and
unity, University of Iowa Studies of Child Welfare, 1941, 18, N2. I,
226-261. nepene'IaTaHo C n03B0J1eHHH HCCJ1e.n:oBaTeJIbCKoro l{eHTpa 3a-
60TbI 0 .n:eTflX B AlloBe.
X01JY 3.n:eCb BbIpa3HTb MOIO orpoMHYIO npH3HaTeJIbHOCTb .n:-py
AJ1b6epry neIIHToyHY, KOTOpbIll OKa3bIBaJJ HeH3MepHl\IyIO nOMOIlI.b Ha Bcex
3TanaX pe.n:aKrnpoBaHHH 3TOH KHIIrH.
I. <I>OPMAA:H3A.l\I1H
11 npOfPECC B nCI1XOAOfl111
(1940)
I
l(opeuH Kapmpaiim
B nOCJIemme ro.n:bI B n03I1Lum aMepUKaHcKoi1 nClIXOJlOnm npoil3o-
IlIJ1U O'IeHb 3aMeTHbIe H3MeHeHHH. B Te1JeHHe 20-x II Ha L IaJ1a 30-x rD..'I:OB
nCHX0J10rn 6blJ1n B 06meM n UeJIOM CKopee Bpa)l(.n:e6HbI TeopillI. PYKOBO-
.n:I1MbIe Hal1BHLIM MeTa4JH3i1'1eCKHM y6e}l():\eHlIeM, OHH 6hIJ1I1 CKJIOHHbI C1JlI-
TaTb «c60p <!JaKTOB/) e.n:HHCTBeHHOH 3a.n:a1Jeii (<HaYLJHOH» nCnXOJIOfHH II
1Jpe3BbI'1aHHO CKenTIlIJeCKI1 OTHOClUIHCb K H.n:ee nClIX0J10ril'leCKlfX 3aKO-
HOB B 06JIaCTH nOTpe6HOCTeH, BOJIH H 3MOl\I1H, TO eCTb B JII06MX 06JIac-
THX, KpoMe BocnpHHTHH Ii naMHTlI.
Cero.n:IDI nOHBlUICH onpe.n:eJIeHHblM HHTepec K nClIX0J10rWleCKOH Te-
OpilH, IJaCTlf'lHO 6naro.n:apH YCHnHHM HeKOTOpb!X nCHXOJIoroB (B IJaCTHO-
CHI, TOJIMeHa H XaJ1JIa B nCifX0J10rIm )l(lIBOTHbIX). nOTpe6HOCTb B 60Jlee
TeCHOM cnWIHHH pa3JHf'IHbIX 06JIaCTeH nClIxononm Tpe6yeT ilHCTpYMeH-
TapWI, KOTOpbIH .n:aeT B03MO)l(HOCTb nyqIlIei1 HHTerpal\{IU. npaKTIf'leCKHe
3a.n:a'1H nCHXWleCKOH rI!fHeHbI H 06pa30BaHl1fl Tpe6YIOT KOHl\enryaJIbHO-
ro HHCTp}'l\leHTapIU!, KOTOpbIH n03BonfleT .n:eJ1aTb npenCKa1aHl1H. HH OIIHO
H3 3THX Tpe60BaHlIH HeJ1b3fl BbInOJJHHTb 6e3 TeOpml.
Tenepb, OL{HaKO, Ka)!(eTCH He06xo.n:HMb1M YKa3aTb Ha H3BeCTHbIe onac-
HOCTH Teopen13npOBaHlIH. YB.'1e1JeHHOCTb TeopHei1? .D:a! ITcilXOJIOrIm MO-
)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTb MHO roe H3 3TOro. O.n:HaKO !\1bI He C03.n:alJ,HM mf'Iero,
KpOMe nyCTOro <!JOpM<L1II3Ma, eCJ1i1 3a6y.:{eM, LITO r.taT;:: 13TiI3aUlIIO H <!Jop-
Ma.mI33UlfIO cnerlyeT npOBOlJ,ilTb TOJIbKO B TOH Mepe. B KaKOH n03BOJIfleT
3peJIOCTb IfCCJ1elJ,yeMoro MarepII<Lla B .n:aHHoe BpeMH.
C .pHJ10COIfJCKOH T01JKH 3peHl1fl cyu ecTByeT, nO-BlILI,W\IOMY, TOJ!bKO
«iJJ1i1-l!l1H»: ecm1 HayqHbIe «<!JaKTW>, If B oc06eHHOCHf Bce T3K H33blBae-
MbIe .n:HHaMHLJeCKHe qJaKTbI, - He npOCTO «,IIaHHbIe», HO Hepa3pbiBHO ne-
penneTeHb! C TeOpeTlI1JeCKHMI1 npe.n:nOJImKeHI1H:.m, TOma, nO-BI-I.n:HMOMY,
HH'Iero He OCTaeTCfl, KaK OCHOBbIBaTb KaJK.n:oe YTBep)l(.n:ellllt: B nCHX0J10-
rim Ha TeOpenf'IeCKHX npe.n:nOJIO)l(emrnx.
AHII Ap6op, MH'JuraH
15 HIOH}I 1950
21
AnH nCHX0J10ra KaK Y1JeHoro- 3MIllIpHKa CH'ryaillIH BblrJL!mHT HeCKOJIb-
KO HHOll. OH OKa3bIBaeTCH B ueHTpe 60raTOH H 06IlIHpHOH 3eMnH, nOJIHOll
CTpaHHbIX C06b1THll: TaM eCTb J1IO.n:H, y6HBaIOIl.{He caMHX ce6H; HrpaIO-
Il.{Hll pe6eHOK; pe6eHOK, CI<na.n:bIBaIOIlIHll ry6bI, ll1>lTaflCb CKa3aTb CBoe
nepBoe cnoBo; qeJIOBeI<, KOTOpbIll, BJII06HBIlIHCb II OKa3aBIlIHCb B HeC1JaCT-
J1HBOM nOJIO)l(eHHH, He XOIJeT HnH He MO)l(eT HaHTH BblXO.n:; TaM eCTb TaHH-
CTBeHHoe COCTOHHHe, Ha3blBaeMOe rHnH030M, B KOTOpOM BOJIH O.n:HOro
1JenOBeKa ynpaBJIHeT .n:pyrHM 1JeJIOBeKOM; TaM eCTb CTpeMJIeHHe K 60JIee
BbICOKHM H 60J1ee TPY.II.HI>IM l{eJUIM; BepHocTb rpynne; MeIJTaHHe; nJIaHIf-
pOBaHHe; HCCJIe.n:OBaHlIe MHpa H TaK .n:aJIee 6e3 KOHua. 3TO rpoMa.n:HbIll
KOHTHHeHT, nOJIHbIH 01JapOBaHlliI H CHJIbI Ii nOJIHbIH Y1JaCTKOB 3eMnH, me
ell.{e He crynaJIa Hora qeJIOBeKa.
llCHXOJIOrHfl cTpeMHTCH 3aBoeBaTb 3TOT KOHTHHeHT, BbIHCHHTb, r)l,e
cnpRTaHbI ero COKpOBlIIl.{a, Hccne.n:oBaTb ero onaCHbIe MecTa, no.n:'IHHHTb
ce6e ero MHoroqHCneHHbIe CHJIbI H HCnOJIb30BaTb ero 3HeprHIO.
KaI< MO)l(HO .n:OCTlIIJb 3TOH uenH? CnepBa B TO BpeMH, KOTOpoe MO}l(-
HO 6b1JIO 6bI Ha3BaTb «cneKYJIHTHBHoH 3noxoll», 6bIna c.n:eJIaHa nOll1>ITKa
KonHYTb my60I<0 B 3eMJ1IO. C00611IaJIOCb, IJTO no.n: 3eMJ1elJ. KaK CKpblTbIH
HCT01JHHK 3HeprHH Haxo.n:HTcH He1JTO cTpaHHoe. EMy.n:aolH Ha3BaHHe «ac-
COl{lIal{Hfl». HOBbIe HCCJIe.n:OBaTeJ1H np06ypHnH CBOH IlIaXTbI B HeCI<OJIbKO
.n:pyrHX MeCTax. OHH 06Hap HnH He1JTO HHoe, 1JTO OHH Ha3BaJIH «HH-
CTHHKTOM». TpeTMI rpynna co061l.{lUJa 0 .n:pyroll peaJIbHOCTH - «nH6HJJ:0».
11 Bce }'TBep)l(.n:aJIH, 'ITO HaIlIJIH mo OCHOBaHHe, Ha KOTOpOM nOKOlmaCb
3eMJIH. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH nCHXOJIOrH HeCI<OJIbI<O YCTaJIH OT pa3nWIHbIX
nplITH3aHHll. CTano HCHO, 'ITO KOHTlIHeHT 6bIJJ ropa3.n:o 60JIbIlIe, 1JeM npe.n:-
nOJ1araJIH CHaqaJIa. B03MO)l(HO, Ha HeM 6bIJIO 60JIbIlIe O.n:HOro UCTO'IHHKa
3HeprHH. Becb npouecc 30H)I,HpoBaHlliI my6uHbI CTan cKopee Bb13blBaTb
no.n:03peHlliI, B oc06eHHOCTH nOToMY, IJTO HH O.n:HH HCCJ1e.n:OBaTeJIb He Mor
no.n:HHTb CBOll MaTepHaJI Ha nOBepXHOCTb )l,JIH OCMOTpa npH .n:HeBHOM CBe-
Te. KaK )l(e MO)l(HO 6bIno .n:OKa3aTb peaJIbHyIO CBH3b Me)l(JJ:y 061>eKTaMH,
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HbIe, nORBJIHJJlICb IfHTepecHble 4>eHoMeHbI. Tenepb nCHXonor 3aHflJICH 3KC-
TeHCHBHbIMH nyTeIlIecTBlliIMII no nOBepxHocTH KOHTIIHeHTa, CTaCTHO )l(e-
naR HaHTII HOBbIe 4>elloMeHbI, T01JHO onHcaTb HX, COC'IHTaTb H H3MepHTb,
3a4>HKcHpoBaTb HX H3MeHeHHe.
3Ta npoue.n:ypa, o.n:HaKo, TO)l(e OKa3aJIaCb B ueJ10M Hey.n:oBJIeTBOpH-
TeJIbHoll. B KOHl{e KOHl{OB, nCHxonor Ha6J11O.n:aJI He 1JTO HHoe, KaK J11O.n:ell.
.D:eTflM Tpe60BaJIHCb nOMOll.{b If BocnHTaHlIe; npeCT)'IlHHKaM Tpe60BanOCb
22
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BH}:(HO, HY)I(HO 6bIno H.n:TII K 4>aKTaM (<3a», «no.n: nOBepXHOCTbIO». KaK AO-
611TbCH 3TOro, He .n:onycKaH OIlIH60K cneKYJIHTHBHOH 3nOXH? 3TO .n:OMHHH-
pyIOll.{Hll MeTO.n:onOrlllJeCKHll Bonpoc nCHXOJIOrnH cero.n:Hfl, B HaIJaole ee
«raolHJIeHcKoro neplIo.n:a».
OTBeTOM 6y.n:eTIJTO-TO BpO.n:e )Toro: 'IT06bI c.n:enaTbCH X03RHHOM CHJI
06wHpHoro HaY1JHoro KOHTHHeHTa, HY)I(HO BbInOnHHTb .n:OBonbHo Cnel{H-
t}JIlIJeCKyIO 3a.n:a1JY. KOHeIJHaH l{enb - c03.n:aTb ceTb MamCTpaJIell H cynep-
MamCTpaJIell TaK, 1JTo6bI J1I06yIO Ba)l(nyIO TO'IKY MO}l(HO 6bIno JIerKO CBH-
3aTb C JII060H .n:pyrOH. 3Ta ceTb MamCTpaJIeH .n:on)l(Ha 6bITb aAarnHpOBa-
Ha K eCTeCTBeHHOH Tonorpa4>HH CTpaHbI H caMa RBnReTCR, TaKHM 06pa-
30M, OTpa)l(eHHeM ee CTPYKTYPbI H n0J10)l(eHHH ee pecypCOB.
llOCTpoeHHe CHCTeMbI MarucTpanell.n:OJI}I(HO 6y.n:eT IJaCTlIIJHO OCHO-
BbIBaTbCH Ha npe.n:nOJIO)l(eHHHX, OT KOTOpbIX HeJIb3fl O)l(H.n:aTb, IJTO OHH
OKa}l(YTCR a6COJIIOTHO npaBHJIbH1>IMH. llp06Hoe 6ypeHHe npH HCCJIe.n:OBa-
HHH MeCTOpO)l(AeHlIH He Bcer.n:a npllBe.n:eT K .n:OCTOBepH1>IM pe3YJIbTaTaM.
KpOMe Toro, nplI 3aBoeBaHlIH HOBOro KOHTHHeHTa, a TeM 60JIee HOBOH
Hay'IHOH 06JIacTH, B03HHKaeT CneQHt}JiI'IeCKHH napa.n:o Kc . QT06bI c.n:eJIaTb
Ha.n:.!Ie}l(all.{lle npoBepKH, He06xoAHMO nepeBe3TH Koe-KaKoe o60py.n: oBa -
HHe, a TaKaH nepeB03Ka npeAnonaraeT nplI6JIH3HTenbHo TaKyIO )l(e .n:opo-
ry, cTpoHTenbCTBO KOTOpOH 3aBHClIT OT pe3YJIbTaTa npoBepKH. APymMH
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HHa'Ie e 3HaTb 3TO.
4TO .n:eJIaTb HayKe, 'IT06bI pa3pellilITb 3TOT napa.n:OKC? ECJIH OHa 6naro-
pa3yMHa, OHa cneJJ:yeT TOH }l(e npol{eA}'Pe, KOTOpyIO HCnOJTh3yIOT npl1 CHCTe-
MaTiI'IeCKOM HCCJIe.n:OBaHHH pecypCOB HOBOH 3eMJIH: IJepe3 HeH3Be.n:aHHoe
npOKJJaJJ:bIBaIOTCH MaJIeHbKHe TpOIDIHKH; npOCTbIMH H npHMlITlIBHbIMH lIH-
CTpyMeHTaMH npOBOMTCH H3MepeHIDl; MHoroe OCTaBMeTCH Ha .n:OnynIeHlle
H CqaCTnHByIO mnyHIUIID. Onpe.n:eJIeIlllble TpOll1>I Me.rr.rreHHO paCIlIHpHlOTCH;
yra}:(bIBaHHe H YAa1Ja nOCTeneHHO 3aMeHHIOTCH Oll1>nOM H CHCTeManI1JeCKHM
Hccne.n:OBaHHeM C 60nee CJIO}l(HbIMH HHCTpyMeHTaMH. HaKOHel{ CTpOHTCH
MamCTpaJIH, no KOTOpbIM 1JeTKO OpraHH30BaHHble TpaHcnopTHble cpe.n: CTBa
BbICOKOaBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOll JIOrHKli, 6bICTpbIe H .n:eHCTBeHHbIe, MOryT .n:o-
CTH'Ib Ka)I(JJ:Oll Ba)I(HOll T01JKH Ha nOCTORIlllbIX MapIlIpYTax.
B 061l.{eM 4>aKTlIIJeCKOe pa3BHTHe HaYKH, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, cne.n:yeT 3TO-
MY 061l.{eMY 06pa3U)'. 11 Bce }l(e Hepe.n:KO KTO-ro, JJ:yMaH, IJTO OH 3HaeT, r.n:e
J1e)l(aT Ba}l(HbIe COKpOBHll.{a, nblTaeTCH nOCTpOI1Tb cynepMamCTpanb npH-
MO K 3TOH T01JKe, He npl1HHMaH BO BHHMaHlIe eCTeCTBeHHyIO CTpYKTYPY
23
CTpaHbI. B TaKOe .n:OpO)l(HOe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO BKJIa.n:bIBaeTOI IV!HOro 3Hry3H-
a3Ma H Tpy.n:a, HO CnyCTH HeKOTOpOe BpeMfl CTaHOBHTCfl O'leBlI.!JJIO, 1JTO 3Ta
cynepMarHCTpanb - rynHK, KOTOpbIH HHl\l'.n:a He Be,T\eT.
<1>opManH3alJ,H5I II MaTeMaTII3alJ,11H B nCIIX0J10rH11, c.n:eJIaHHbIe npe}l(-
.n:eBpeMeHHO, MOryT npHBeCTII Hac K nOCTpoeHHIO TaKHX JIOril'leCKHX CY-
nepMarHCTpaneH. <1>opManH3aJJ.llIO HY}I(HO 6y.n:eT BbInOJ1HHTb, 1JT06b1 nCH-
XOJIOrIUi CTana npHeMneMOll HaYKOll, H nCHXOJIOrHH MO)l(eT H .n:OJ1}1(Ha c.n:e-
naTb celllJac onpe.n:eJIeHHl>Ie IlIarH B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH. O.n:HaKO MHOro-
06ell.{alOIlI;ee Ha1Jano H pacryII1.HH HHTepec K TaKOMY npe.n:npHHTHIO CKOpO
npeBpaTHTCH B pa301JapOBaHHe, ecnlI H3BeCTHbIe onaCHOCTH, '1aCTH1JHO BbI-
TeKalOIlI.He H3 nOCJIe}:(HHX TeH.n:eHl{HH B 4mnOCOIJmH H JIOrHKe, He 06c -
.n:aIOTCH OTKpbITO 11 He H36eraIOTCH.
R qyBCTBYIO ce6H 06513aHHbIM paCCMOTpeTb 3TOT BOnpOC, nOTOMY
1JTO .n:Be H3 MOHX KHHr l KacaIOTCH B OCHOBHOM KOHlJ,enryanbHoro HHCTPY-
MeHTapHH IICHXOJIOrHH. HeKOTOpbIe KPHTHKII, KOTopble He OC03HaJ1H, IJTO
3TOT KOHlJ,enryanbHbIH I1HCTpYMeHTapHH HCnOJIb30BaJ1CH B Te1JeHIIe He-
CKOJIbKHX J1eT B 60.TIbIlIOM KOJIH1JeCTBe IICCJIe,T\OBaHHll B pH.n:e 06JIaCTeH,
nO-BH1IHMOMY, c.n:eJ1anH 3aKJJI01JeHHe, 1JTO B nCHX0J10rHH MeHH 60JIbIlIe
Bcero HHTepeCyIOT cpopManH3aIUUI H MaTeMaTH3al{HH. He MO)l(eT 6bITb
HllIJerO 60JIee oIlIII60'moro. KaK nCHXonoroB Hac HHTepecyeT nonyqeHlIe
HOBoro 3HaHHH 0 nCHXOnOrH1JeCKHX npOl{eccax H 60JIee rny60Koe npo-
HHKHOBeHHe B HX CYTb. 3TO HBJIHeTCH H Bcema 6b1JIO PYKOBO.D:HIl.{HM npHH-
l{HnOM. TeopHH, MaTeMaTH3aIUUI H cpopManH3alJ,lUI - HHCTpYMeHTbI MH
3TOlll{eJIH. I1x l{eHHOCTb .l\JIH nCHXOJIOrIlH CYIJJ.eCTByeT TOJIbKO nOCTOJIbK)',
nOCKOnbl\l' OHH cny)l(aT cpe.n:CTBOM .l\JIH nJIo.n:OTBOpHOro nporpecca B H3Y-
1JeHHH ee npe.n:MeTa, H HX CJIe.n:yeT npHMeHHTb, KaK Bcer.n:a CJ1e.n:yeT npH-
MeHHTb CJIO}l(HbIll HHCTpYMeHTapHll - TOJIbKO TaM H TOma, r.n:e II KOma
OHH nOMoralOT, a He MeIlIaIOT nporpeccy.
3a mlTbLleCflT JleT [nCHXOaHaJJH3] C03)IaJl 06nmpHYJ{) CHCTeMY HaY'lHbiX
nOHflTHH, OLlHaKO 3TH nOHflTHfl BblpaCTanl1 war 3a waroM KaK Heo6xOLlHMblH H
HeH36e)l(Hb1H npo)IYKT nonblTKH <f>peHLla copHeHTHpOBaTbCfl B 03a,I\a'lHBaJ{)l!leM
xaoce nCHXOJlOrH'JeCKHX ( aKTOB, KOTopble npe)K.Lle HHKTO He 6blJJ B COCTOjjHHH
ofu,jjCHHTb. BcneLlCTBHe TeCHOH CBfl3H 3THX HOBblX nOHflTHH C l}JaKT<L\lH OLlI1H Ha-
60p nOH51THH 6blJJ pa3pa6OTaH LlJ151 o6oflcHeHlUi OI\Horo Ha60pa l}JaKTOB, H HOBafl
np06J1eMa nopo)K.LlaJla COBeprneHHO HOBblH Ha60p nOHflTHH. TonoJlorH'IeCKajj nCH-
xononrn, C LlpyrOH CTOpOHbl, Ha'lIiHacr C nOCJleLlOBaTeJlbHOH MareMaUIIJeCKOH LlllC-
UHnJlHHbJ, a 3aTeM HLleT lICKaTb l}JaKTbl, KOTOpbIe COOTBeTCTB)'IOT eH [c. 149].
II
B Ka1JeCTBe OTBeTa H n03BonIO ce6e c.n:eJIan 0630p .n:eHcTBHTenb-
Horo HCTOplllJeCKOrO pa3BHTlUI. MOH pa60Ta B nCHX0J10rHH Ha1JanaCb C
3KcnepHMeHToB no aCCOlJ,Hal{lIlI H determinierende Tendenz. l . HaMepe-
HHe 6bIJIO He KpHTHKOBaTb aCCOl{HaHH3M, a CKopee YCOBepIlIeHCTBOBaTb
H3MepeHHe «CHJIbI BOJ1H», pa3pa60TaHHoe AXOM. R .n:yMaIO, ero pa60Ta B
TO BpeMH 6bIJIa TeOpeTH1JeCKH caMOH TOIJHOH B 06J1aCTH BOJIH H aCcol{H-
aUHH. llocne Tpex JIeT npOBe.n:eHHH 3KCneplIMeHTOB C COTHHMH pH.n:O B
6eCCMbICJIeHHbIX CJIOroB II nOCJ1e TbICH1JH lI3MepeHlIH BpeMeHH peaKJJ.l1H
(B TO BpeMH npHXO,llHJIOCb H3MepHTb B III 000 ceK)'H.n:bI) H y6e.n:HJIC5I, 1JTO
He lIMeeT CMbICJIa nbITaTbCfl YJ1YIJIlIHTb T01JHOCTb 3TOro lI3MepeHH5I. llo-
nbITKH 6bIJ1H Bce OCHOBaHbI Ha HCXO.n:HOll nOCbIJ1Ke KJlaCCH1JeCKOrO 3aKO-
Ha aCCOIJ,IIalJ,HH, KaK ero CPOPMYJIlipOBan, HanpHMep, r. 3. MIOJIJ1ep. 3KC-
nepHMeHTDI, o.n:HaKO, y6e.n:HTeJ1bHO .n:OKa3bIBanlI, B npoTHBOnOJIO}l(HOCTb
MOlIM O}l(H.n:aHHHM, 1JTO OT 3TOH nOCbIJIKH HY}I(HO 6bIno OTKa3aTbC5I I1JIll
peIlIMTeJIbHO IJ3MeHHTb ee. EbInO He06xo.n:HMO pa3.n:eJIHTb .n:Ba .n:OBOJIbHO
pa3J1H1JHbIX THna npHBbIIJeK (accoQHal{Hll): «npHBbI'IKlI nOTpe6HOCTell»
(KaK aJJKoroml3M) H «npHBbl1JKH HcnonHeHHH» (TaKHe, KaK .n:epraHHe PbI-
IJara BBepx, a He BHH3). llepBbIH THn npe.n:CTaBJ1HeT C060ll «HanpH)I(e-
HlIe» (HCT01JHHK 3HeprHH), nOTpe6HOCTb, TaK)'lO, KaK roJ1o.n:, KOTOpbIH
Tpe6yeT y.n:oBJIeTBOpeHHH J1lI60 np5lMO, nH60 IJepe3 3aMeIlI;eHHe. npH-
BbI1JKa MCnOJIHeHHH, C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbI, CaMa no ce6e He HBJIHeTC5I HC-
TOIJHHKOM .n:ellCTBlUI. aHa 3KBIIBaneHTHa naTTepHY C.n:ep}l(HBalOIJJ.HX CHJ1,
onpe.n:eJ1HIOIl.{MX HeKOTopbIll nyTb. Ee3 nOTpe6HOCTH HnH KBa31mOTpe6-
HOCTH npHBbI1JKa HCnOJIHeHliH He Be.n:eT K .n:eHCTBlilO.
HeKOTopbIe nCHXOJIOm, 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIe B «CTporHX JIOrti1JeCKHX
BblBo.n:ax», KpHTHKOBaJ1H HaIllY 3KcnepHMeHTanbHYIO pa60Ty 3a TO, 1JTO
OHa He 6bIJ1a HanHcaHa no nnaHY: (a) onpe.n:eJIeHHe, (6) mnOTe3a, (B) BbI-
BO.n:. C .n:pyroll CTOpOHbI, <1>pem 2 nllIlIeT:
I Princiles of Topological Psychology (New-York: McGraw-Hili Book Co" 1936);
The conceptual representation and the measurement of psychological forces, Con/r. psychol,
/heor., 1938,/, No, 4, Duke University Press,
2 Thomas M, French: A review of A Dynamic Theory of Personality and nle Principles
of Topological Psychology. by Kurt Lewin, In Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1937,6, 122-128.
24
, ,l(erepMHHl1pYIOIllaJ! TCH)IeHlJ,Hjj (HeM.) - TepMI1H, BBe)IeHHbIH AxOM )Iml o603Ha'Je-
HID! Heoco:maHHblX YCTaHOBOK II TCH)IemWH, ynpaBJlJlIOIIt11X )IOCryTIHbIM Ha6J1IO)IeHHIO npo-
ueccoM peWeHHI! 3a.rIa'J (npUM, nep).
I Kun Lewin, Die psychische Tatigkeit bei der Hemmung von Willensorgangen und
das Gnmdgesetz der Assoziation, Ztschr.f Psycho!., 1917,77, 2i2-247,
25
IToCJIe nepepb!Ba 113-3a nepno« MHpOBOH BOllHhI 6w1a C.n:eJIaHa CHC-
TeM3T:i1JeCKaH nOIThITKa npOnepHTb onpe.n:eneHHOe npe.n:nOJIO)l(eHlfe, BbIpa-
CTalOll.{ee 1f3 enol! KpIITIiKH 3aKOHa aCCOQHaUHH. ITepBbIM maroM 6bIJ1a no-
IIbITKa .n:OCTIfllb 60JIee TOIIHOro KOHQemYaJIbHoro aHMH3a. C .nHHaIVllI1Je-
CKoil T01JKI1 3peHIDI, «aCCOI.{I1aQHfl» - :no He"ITO Bpo.n:e 3BeHa B l{enH, T. e.
naTIepH C.n:eP)l(llBaIOIJJ.HX CHJI 6e3 BHYTpeHHei1 TeH.IJ:eHl{HH C03.n:anaTh H3Me-
HeHne. C .n:pyrOll CTOpmThI, TeH.n:eHl\HH npHBO.D:HTb K .n:ei1cTBHIO HBJUleTCH
OCHOBHOH .D:JIH nOTpe6HOCTH. 3TO Ka1JeCTBO nOTpe6HOCTH HJIH KBa3HTIOT-
pe6HOCTH MO)l(HO npe.n:CTaBHTh, comaCOBaB ee C «CHCTeMOll B HanpH)I(e-
mIID). Koma 3TOT KOHCTpYKT 6b1n npHIDIT Bcepbe3 II 6b1JIII HCnOJIb30BaHhI
onp eneHHbIeOnepal\HOHaJJbHbleonpe.n:eJIeHllH,B1JaCTHOCTH,«BbICB060)1(-
.n:eHHe HanpH)I(eHIDI» 6billO npllBe.n:eHO B COOTBeTCTBHe C «y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHH-
eM nOTpe6HOCTID) (MH «.n:oCTH}I(eHHeM l\enID», a «nOHBJIeHHe HarrpH)I(e-
HlliI» - C «HaMepeHHeM» MH «nOTpe6HOCTblO B COCTOHHHH roJIo.n:a», CTaJ10
B03MO)l(HhIM 60JIbIlIOe KOJUlIJeCTBO npOBepHeMbIx BbIBO.n:OB.
nocne TOro KaK 6bIno .n:oKa3aHO, IJTO 3TH OCHOBHhIe BbIBO.n:bl BaJJH}:(-
HbI, B OCHOBHOM nocpe.n:CTBOM 3KCnepHMeHTOB 3eHrapHHK 1 H OBCHHKII-
HOW, TeopHH 6b1na paCIlIHpeHa, IJT06b1 BKJIIOIJHTb TaKHe np06JIeMbI, KaK
nCHXO.10rH1JeCKOe HaCbIIJJ.eHHe, 3aMeIJJ.eHHe Ha ypOBHe peaJJbHOCTH H HP-
peaJJbHocTH H B I1rpOBbIX cMryal{HHX, H3MepeHHe 3aMell.{aIOll.{elll{eHHoC-
TH, ypOBeHb npllTH3aHl1ll, ero H3MeHeHHe nOCJIe ycnexa MH Hey.n:aIJH, BJII1-
HHl1e y.n:aJIeHHOCTH OT l{eJIH Ha ClIJ1Y nClfXOJIOrll'leCKIIX ClUI, - Kopolle, H3Y-
llaJJlICb naTTepHbI l{eJIeii H rrOTpe6HOCTeii, HX B3aHMOCBH3b H nyTH HX y.n:o B -
J1eTBOpeHHH. Cero.n:IDI K MHo}l(ecTBY np06neM, BKJII01JaIOII1.HX JIH1JHOCTb H
J1H1JHOCTHOe pa3BHTHe, KOrHHTHBHyIO CTPYKIYPY, COl{HaJJbHbIe H K)'JIbl)'P-
HbIe CBH3H no.n:cl)'rraIOT C Ha60pOM CBH3aHHbIX HOIDITHll.
ECJIH npocMoTpeTb HalliH ny6JIHKal{HH B TOM rrOpH.D:Ke, B KaKOM OHH
6b1JIH ony6nHKoBaHhI, H JJ:yMalO, MO)l(HO COmaCHTbCH, 1JTO pa3JIH1JHbIe Te-
OpeTJ11IeCKHe rrpe.n:nOJIO}l(eHHH H KOHCTPYKTbI pa3pa6aTbIBaJJHCb .n:OBOJIb-
HO Me.lUIeHHO, IlIar 3a IIIaroM. npe,lJ,rrOJIO}l(eHHH ,lJ,eJIaJJHCb CHa1JaJJa .n:OBOJIb-
HO HeYBepeHHO H C 60JIbIlIOll .n:OJIeH COMHeHHH. TonbKo B TOll CTerreHH, B
KaKOH Bce 60JIbIIIe 3MIIHpH1JeCKHX <!JaKTOB MO}l(HO 6bIJIO 3KCrrepHMeHTaJ1b-
HO CBH3aTb BOe.D:HHO, TeopHH rrpH06peTaJJa npOIJHOCTb H nOHBJIHJJI1Cb 60-
JIee KOHKpeTHbIe c .n:eHHH.
3Ta nOCTeneHHaH pa3pa60TKa, OCHOBaHHaH Ha 3MrrHpH1JeCKHX
<!JaKTax 11 60JIbIlIOM KOJIHIJeCTBe 3KCrrepHIVIeHTOB, oc06eHHO BepHa B
OTHOIlIeHI1H MaTeMaTH1JeCKHX acrreKTOB TeopHH. TOnOJIOrll1JeCKHe H
BeKTopHbIe nOHHTHH CHa1JaJJa rrpllMeIDIJIHCb TaKHM cnoc060M, KOTOpbIll
OCTaBJIHJI OTKpbITbIM Bonpoc, .n:OJI}I(HbI JIH MbI 6bIJIH HMeTb .n:eJ10 Bcero
J1HIlIb C rre.n:arorH1JeCKHM npHeMoM HJIH cKopee C peaJIbHbIM HaYIJHbIM
rrpe.n:CTaBJIeHHeM. TOJIbKO B TOH Mepe, B KaKOH 3TH KOHl\elIl)'aJJbHbIe
cpe.n:CTBa OKa3bIBaJJHCb none3HblMH rrpH <!JOPMYJ1HpOBaHHH rrp06neM H
n03BOJIHJIH c.n:eJIaTb BbIBO,lJ,bI, KOTOpble MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 3KcrrepHMeHTaJ1b-
HO npoBepHTb, OHH CTaHOBlUIHCb He06xo.n:HMbIMH 1JaCTHMH TeOpH" H
ee .n:HHaMHIJeCKHX KOHCTPYKTOB.
KpHTiI'IecKHe 3aMeIJaHHH <1>peWla B OTHOIlIeHHH «npHHl{HnOB TO-
nonOril'leCKOH nCHXOJIOrHID> He OTpa)!{aIOT TOT <!JaKT, 1JTO 3Ta rrepBaH rro-
nblTKa c.neJIaTb CI1CTeMaTH1JeCKllll 0630p KOHl{enryaJJbHbIX Cpe.n:cTB, HC-
rrOJIb30BaHHblX B HallieM HCCJIe.n:oBaHHH, 6bIJIa rrpe.n:npHHHTa TOJIbKO rroc-
JIe MHorHX JIeT 3Mrrl1pH1JeCKOll pa60TbI C HHMH. To, IJTO <1>peWl roBOpHT 0
nOCTerreHHOM BbIpacTaHHH rrCHXoaHaJJHTH1JeCKHX rrOIDITHll H3 nCHXOJIO-
rlI'IeCKHX <!JaKToB, C TeM }l(e ycrrexoM MO)l(HO CKa3aTb OTHOCHTenbHO HC-
nOJIb30BaHH1I TOrrOJIOril'leCKHX H BeKTopHbIX nOHHTllH B TeopHH rrOJIH. no
CYTH .n:eJIa, C03Hamie He06xo.n:HMOCTH .n:OBonbHO Me.n:JIeHHOrO H TIl.{aTeJ1b-
HOro rrocTpoeHHH TeopHH 6b1JIO rnaBHoll rrpH1JHHOH, KOTopaH y.n:ep}l(aJJa
Hac OT HCrrOJIb30BaHIDI CTpOrnx, TaK Ha3blBaeMbIX <!JOpMaJJHCnllJeCKHX npo-
H-3BO.n:HbIX B rex paHHHX 3KcnepHMeHTaJJbHbIX Hccne.n:OBaHlliIX. 3TO He
03Ha1JaeT, 1JTO H CIJHTaJ1 3TH rrpOll3Bo.n:HbIe He BrrOJIHe TOIJHbIMH ruIH IJTO 11
He l\eHlUI 3Ha1JeHHe MaTeMaTH1JeCKoro JIOrH1JeCKoro H3bIKa, KOTOpbIH H Ha-
IlIeJI 01JeHb nOJIe3HbIM, Kor.n:a paCCMaTpllBaJJ np06JIeMbI cpaBHllTeJIbHOll
TeopHH HayKH I . O.n:HaKO 6billO 6bI npe}l(.n:eBpeMeHHo npe.n:CTaBJUlTb onpe-
.n:eJIeHHble H}:(el1 «more geometrico», T. e. nyTeM <!JOPMYJ1HpOBaHHH TaK Ha-
3bIBaeMbiX <!J0PMaJJbHbIX onpe.n:eneHHll, rHnOTe3 H BbIBO.n:OB, He HMeH B03-
MmKHOCTH c.n:enaTb 3T0 B IJeTKO onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIX MaTeManllJeCKHX CHM-
Bonax, B <!JOPMe ypaBHeHHlllUlH nOXO}l(HX BbIpa)l(eHHH <!JYHKl{HOHaJJbHOll
3aBHCHMOCTH. ECJIH HCnOJIb3yIOTCH TepMHHbI nOBce.n:HeBHoro H3bIKa, Ta-
KHe, KaK «<!JpYCTpaJJ.lUI», «rroTpe6HocTb», «06Y1JeHHe», H HeT B03MO}l(HD-
CTH npllBecTH B COOTBeTCTBHe HM MaTeMaTJ11JeCKHe 06beKTbI, MO)l(HO C
TeM }l(e ycnexoM HCnOJIb30BaTb HOpMaJJbHyIO <!JOPMY pacc .n:eHIDI. npe,lJ,-
CTaBJIeHHe YTBep)l(.n:eHHH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM HeMaTeMaTH1JeCKHX KOHCT-
I B. Zeigamik: Uber das Behalten van erledigten und unerledioten Handlungen
Psycho/, Forsch, 1927,9, 1-85, ",
I M. Ovsiankina: Die Wiederaufnahme van unterbrochenen Handlungen, Psycho/,
Forsch. 1928, ll, 302-389.
26
I Kurt Lewin: Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Bialagie, und Entwicklungsgeschichte
(Berlin: Springer, 1922).
27
PYKTOB «more geomelrico» npe.n:no.laraCT CTeneHb TO'IHOCTII BbIBeJJ,e-
HHfl, KOTOpOM, 601<JCb, KaK npaBIUIO, HeJ1b3H .n:OCTI1'!b C TaKHMH TIInaMIl
KOHCTpyKTOB. 3TO cnpaneJJ,:urBo, JJ,a}Ke KOma 3TH C KOHuemyanbHoH TO'I-
KI1 3peHWI JJ,OBO.lbHO HeonpeJJ,eneHHble KOHCTPYKTbl XopOWO onpe.ae.leHbI
onepaWIOHaJ1bHO. IT03)1(e MI.l BepHeMCfl K 3Toil MblCmI.
MO)l(HO .n:a)l(e nolfTH Ha O.n:IIH IlIar .n:a.'lbIlIe. MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 1JTO 1JII-
HaMWleCKHe KOHCTPYKTbI, Hcnonb30BaHHble, Hanpm.1ep, B IfCCne1JOB<1HHH
3ei1rapHlfK, Y>Ke npImaLJ.'1e)l(aT K TOMY THfI)', KOTOpbIH nerKO nOMaeTcJI CTpO-
roMY MaTeMaTH'IeCKOMY npe.n:CTaBneHIIIO. TeM He MeHee Mbl IJ:YBCTBOBilJll1,
1JTO 6Y1JeT 6naropa3YMHee n01JO)l(.n:aTb C 4>OPMaJIilCTllIJeCKIIM npe.n:CTaBJIe-
HHeM .n:o Tex nop, nOKa 3TH KOHCTPYKTbI He n01JTBep.lI.v.JU1 60JIee OCHOBa-
TenbHO CBOIO 3Mnnpn1JecKyIO rmo.n:OTBOpHOCTb. CnHIlIKoM BbICOKaJl CTeneHb
<}JopMaJlIl3al\HH, BepoHTHo, CTaBHT no.n: yrp03Y 3ry rmaCT1I4HOCTb.
nClIxononrn He MO)l(eT nblTaTbCH 061>HCHIITb Bce C nOMOll.{blO OlJ,HO-
ro KOHCTpYKTa, TaKoro, KaK aCCOl{Hal\irn, IIHCTHHKT lUIH reIlITa.'1bT. H HO
HCnOJIb30BaTb P».n: KOHCTPYKTOB. O.n:HaKO OHlI.n:on)l(HbI 6bITb B3aIlMOCBfl-
3aHbi norWIeCKH TOIJ:HbIM 06pa30M. KpoMe TOro, KaWJ:\oe TeOpeTH1JeCKOe
YTBep)l(1JeHHe, BbI.n:BHHYToe .n:JIH 061>JlCHeHlUl onpeJJ,eneHHblX 3MnImil'!e-
CKHX .n:aHHbIX, .n:OJI)I(HO 6blTb TIJJ.aTeJIbHO Hccne.n:OBaHO He TOJIbKO B BeTe
3THX .n:aHHbIX, HO B CBeTe Bcex 3MnHpH'IeCKIIX .n:aHHbIX H TeOpeTIf'leCKHX
YTBep}l(.n:eHHH nCillmJIOrHlI. ,Z:(pyrHMH cnOBaMH, CJIe.lI.yeT H36eraTb ad hoc
TeOpHI1:. CBe.n:eHile Boe.n:HHO Bcell 06naCTH nCHXOJIOnm H OCYll.{eCTBJICHHe
3TOro JIOrHIJ:eCKH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHbIM 06pa30M BnOJ1He MO)l(HO paccMaT-
pHBaTb K3K o.n:HY H3 OCHOBHblX l{eJIeii Halliero nO,lJ,xo.n:a. Tpe60BaHlle HO-
BOro ypOBIDI TOIJ:HOCTH B OTHOIlIeHlIH KOHuemyaJIbHblX xapaKTepHcTHK
KOHCTPYKTOB, C QenblO B KOHeIJHOM CIJ:eTe CTpOro MaTeManf'IeCKOm npe.n:-
CTaBJIeHHH, - 3TO TOJIbKO Cpe.n:CTBO .lI,Jlfl 3TOH uenil. C .n:Pyroi1 CTOpOHbI,
np0H30IlIJIO OC03HaHife TOro, IJTO 6e3 TaKOll MaTeMaTH3al\ilH pa3BHTHe
nocne.n:OBaTeJIbHoi1 Ha}"lHoll nCHX0J10nm B KOHl\e KOHl\OB HeB03MO)l(HO.
1IJIH pa3JIH JHbIX THI10B np06JIeM B BbICIlIefi CTeneHII )l(e.:mTeJIbHbI pa3nWI-
HbIe TIUIbI nO.lI.TBep)l(.n:eHIUI. Hanpmvlep, ecnH MbI XOTHl\! Y3HaTb, KaK 3aBII-
CHT 'IaCTOTa B0306HOBJIeHIUI OT MOMenTa, KOma .n:eflTeJIbHOCTb 6b1JIa npe-
pBaHa, HY)I(HO 6Y1JeT HCn0J1b30BaTb OTHOCnTeJIbHO 60JIbIlIOe '!HCJIO cJJY'la-
eB, 1JT06bI nonY''IIITb .n:OCTOBepHbIe pe3y'JIbTaTbI, nOCKOJ1bKY 3arpOnyTafl npo-
6neMa 3aKJ1IO'IaeTCJI B TOM, KaK B paMK3X OJJHOll cHTYalUm nOCTeneHHoe
KOJIH1JeCTBeHHOe H3MeHeHife o.n:Horo 4>aKTopa KOJIWIeCTBeHHO MeIDIeT .n:py-
roll 4>aKTOp. B TaKlL" cnyqaHX np06JIeMa T01JHOCTlf H3MepeHHH JlBJIHeTCH
nepBocTeneHHoll, H cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, Ba)I(HO 60nbIlIoe 1JHCnO cnyqaeB.
B03bMeM, C .lIpyroll CTOpOHbI, TaKHe BonpOCbI, KaK, HanpHMep, flBJIH-
eTCJI nH .n:ellCTBHe HaMepeHHH 34>4>eKTOM CBH3yIOIl.{ero 3BeHa (aCCOUHal{lfH)
MH C03):(aHHeM KBa3llnOTpe6HOCTH (3KBllBaJIeHTHOH HanpH)I(eHHOll ClfCTe-
Me). ECJ1H nOCJIe.n:IDUI Teopllil BepHa, cne.n:yeT O)l(H}:(aTb .n:ocTaT01JHoro KOJIH-
1JeCTBa B0306H0BJ1eHHll nOCJIe npepblBaHHfl. I1ccJIe.n:oBaHHe OKOJIO COTHll
npepblBaHHH, c.n:eJIaHHOe OBCHHKHHOll, .n:ellCTBHTeJIbHO nOKa3blBaeT 80%
B0306HOBJIeHHfl. ECTb HeKoTopbIll «nJIIOC» B npoBepKe .n:pyroH rpymIbI H3
CTa npepblBaHHH. ECJIH, O.lI.HaKO, 3Ta rpyrrna CHOBa nOKa)I(eT OKOJIO 80%
B0306HOBJIeHHfl, TO MO)l(HO cne.n:OBaTb .n:ByMfl fI)'TflMlf. MO)l(HO JIH60 nOll1>I-
TaTbCfl onpe.n:eJIHTb ,lJ,ellCTBHTeJ1bHOe npoQeHTHOe co.n:ep)l(aHHe B0306HOB-
JIeHHfl KaK MO)I(HO 60JIee TO'IHO, nH60 B OCHOBHOM 3aHl!MaTbCJI BonpocoM,
MO)l(HO JUI a.n:eKBaTHO nOIDITb .n:ellCTBlIe HaMepeHHfl KaK C031JaHHe HanpH-
}l(eHHoti CHCTeMbI. Ami nocne}:(Hero Bonpoca B .n:aHHbII1: MOMeHT He TaK Ba)l(-
HO, COCTaBJIHeT nH npOQeHT B0306HOBJIeHlliI 75, 80 MH 85, noTOMY' IJTO
JII06aH H3 3nIX l{1I<lJp COOTBeTCTBOBa.'la 6bI 06rneMY npe.n:n0J10)l(eHifIO. llTo-
6bI ,llOKa3aTb IUlH onpoBeprHYTb TeopHIO HanpJl}l(eHHbIX CIICTeM, nO-BlI.n:iI-
MOMY, 60JIee Ba)l(HO Haii'fH pfl.n: cne.n:cTBHH H3 3TOH TeopHl1, KOTopbIe .n:OJI}I(-
HbI 6bITb KaK MO)l(HO 60nee OTJ1lIlJHbIMH .n:pyr OT .D:Pyra, H npoBepHTb KaK
MO)l(HO 60nbIlIe 3THX Cne)I,CTBHH, .n:a)l(e eCJIH 3Ta npoBepKa BHaIJaJIe 6y.n:eT
.n:OBOJ1bHO rpy60H C KOJIH1JeCTBeHHoll T01JKH 3peHlliI.
III
IV
BpeMfl OT BpeMeHn.n:ena.iIHCb KpHTH'leCKHe 3aMe'1aHH5I, IJTO KO.l iIJ:e-
CTBO IIcnblT)'eMblx B HeKoTopbiX 1I3 Hawnx 3KCnepil!\leHTOB 6blJIO He.n:o-
CTaTO'1HO 60JIbIlIIiM. B03MO}l(HO, 'ITO B TOM Imn HHOM JKCnepHMeHTe 60JIb-
wee 1fHCITO CJIyqaCB YClImmo 6bl JJ,ocToBepHocTb; 11, KOHe1JHO, .n:0110JIHlf-
TeJIbHOe J1o,!;TBep>KJJ,ei- He BcerJ(a }J(e"laTenbHO. Ho TaM, rJJ,e .n:pyrl1c HCCJIe-
.n:OBaTe!IH nOBTOpfl.iIH Ha!lJil 3KCnepl!:\fCHTbl HaLJ:Jle>KalllH:\1 06pa30M, HailiH
pe3ynbTaTbi B l(eJIOM O<JeHb XOpOIllO Bbl.'I.epn\l!Bam1 npoBepKY. KpoMe TOro,
28
B03MO)l(HO, I-IJI,leeT CMbICn np011JL'IIOCTpHpOBaTb 3ry MbIcnb, .n:eTaJlbHO
paccMoTpeB nepBoe 3KCnepl!MeHTaJIbHOe HCCJIe.n:oBaHHe BbIIlIeynOMJlnyTOll
cepnH, a HMeHHO 3KCnepHMeHTbI 3ellrapHHK, KOTOpble 6billH BbInOJIHeHbI B
ro.z:u,1 C 1924-ro no 1926-11:,0 npHnoMHHaH11H (BocnpoH3Be.n:emm) 3aBep-
IlIeHHbIX H He3aBepIlIeHHbIx .n:eilcTBHH. n03B0J1bTe HaM nOBToplfTb HeKO-
Topble IB BbIBO.n:OB 3ellrapHlIK, n0J1b3YHCb, o.n:HaKO, 4>opMaJlbHhlM anna-
paTOM ClfMBOJIOB H ypaBHeHHi1, KOTOpbIll 6bIJJ pa3pa60TaH C TCX nop.
29
OCHOBHLle npeAnOJ\.O)KeHHSI
H rJ\.aBHLle BLIBOALI
06 :nOM BH)],e .ue}!TeJlbHOCTH; .upyrHMH CJlOBaMH, CHJla cyruecTByeT He TOJlbKO Ha
ypOBHe IIOBe.ueHIDI (peaJILHOCTH), HO H Ha ypOBHe MblruJleHHSl (HppeaJIbHOCTH),
ECJlH I(SC) > 0, mOh,R > 0,
me R 03HaqaeT BcrrOMUHaHHe,
PellialOll.{He 3KCnepID.feHTbI no aCCOQHal\HIf II {(H3MepeHHIO CHJIbI
BOJIH», ynoMHHYTbIe BbIIlIe, no.n:CKa3anH TeopHIO, IJTO .n:eHCTBI1e HaMepe-
HUH 3KBHBaneHTHO C03.n:aHHIO BHYTpHJIH1JHOCTHOro HanpH)I(eHHH. l{eJIblO
3KCneplIMeHTa 3eHrapHlfK 6bIJIO 06eCne1JHTb nepByIO 3KcnepHMeHTanb-
HyIO npOBepKY 3TOH TeOpHH. TeopHH co.n:ep)l(HT .n:Be OCHOBHbIe rHnOTe3bI.
(f.> runome3aJ. HaMepeHlfe ,IJ:OCTH'lb orrpe.n:eJleHHOM L\eJlIf G (BbIIIonHIfTb
.ueHcTBHe, Be.uyIl\ee K G) cooTBeTcTByeT Hanpfl)l(eHlf1O (I) B onpe.n:eJleHHOM CRCTe-
Me (SCJ BHyrplf qenOBeKa, TaK '1m I(SC) > 0. 3m mrrOTe3a YCTaHaBJlIfBaeT COOT-
HorueHHe Me)l(J{y.n:IfHaMHqeCKHM KOHCTPYKTOM (clfcTeMoH B COCTO}!HHH Hanpll-
)l(eHH}!) H Ha6nlO,l(aeMLiM CHH)],pOMOM, 06bI'IHO Ha3bIBaeMbiM {(HaMepeHHeM».
(f 2 > rUnOme3G 2. Hanp}!)I(eHHe I(SC) BbICB060)l(J{3CTC}!, eCJlH L\eJlb G .n:o-
CTHrHyra.
3Ta nocne.n:IDIH rHnOTe3a 3eHrapHHK 60J1ee KOHKpeTHa no xapaKTe-
py. Ee MO)l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK YTOIJHeHHe (fJ ArrH BblBOAOB 3eHrap-
HHK cKopee Tpe6yeTcH 3Ta cnel{m)?iI'IeCKaH 1)?0pMa (f 3 ), a He (f 3 ).
lh Tpex rHIIOTe3 (f), (f) H (f 3 ) cne.n:yeT:
(B. > Bbl600 J. T eH.IJ:eHL\lUI BCnOMHHarb rrpepBaHHbIe .ue}!TeJlbHOCTH .n:OJl)l(H3
6bITb 60nbrne, qeM TeH.IJ:eHUlffl BcnOMIfHaTb 3aBeprneHHble. JTOT BbIBO.n: MO)l(eT
6L1Tb c.n:eJlaH CJle.ayIOIl\I1M 06pa30M. MLi 0603HaqaeM 3aBeprneHHoe 3!1}:(aHlfe C,
He3aBeprneHHoe - U, 3 COOTBeTCTByIOlUHe CIfCTeMbl - SC H SU. Toma MbI MO>KeM
yrBep)l(J{aTb
I(SCJ = 0. eCJlIf PeG.
(a) I(SU) > 0, COrJlaCHO (f.),
(b) I(SC) = 0, comaCHO (f 2 ) .
Cne.n;OBaTeJlbHO, (C) t;"u > fp,c ' COrJlaCHO (r 3.), Ha ypoBHe MblrnneHIDI. J],py-
nlMI1 CJlOBaMlf: CYlUecTByeT 60JIbrnaJi TeH.IJ:eHL\HJl Herrpolf3BOJlbHO BCnOMHHaTb He-
3aBeprneHHble 3!1}:(aHHJI, qeM 3aBeprneHHbIe 3!1}:(aHIDI.
3KcnepUMeHmaJIbHOe OOKG3ameJIbCm60. ITepBoM ueJlblO 3eMrapHHK 6bIDO
3KCrrepI1MeHTaJlbHO npOBepI1Tb :no 3aIWlOqeHHe, H 6bIDO 06Hap)'JKeHO, qTO OHO
BepHO, rrplfqeM K031}Ji!muHeHT:
3ellrapHHK HCnOJIb30Bana B KaqeCTBe CHMnTOMa JJ:]UI cYll.{eCTBOBa-
HUH HanpH)I(eHHH TeHJJ:eHl{lIIO BCnOMHHaTb .n:ellCTBlUl, COOTBeTCTB)'lOIl.{He
CHCTeMe B COCTOHHHH HanpH)I(eHHH. O)l(H,l(aHHe cYll.{eCTBOBaHHH TaKOH CH-
CTeMbI OCHOBaHO Ha CJIeJJ:ylOll.{eM.
(f]) fimome:Ja 3. ITOTpe6HoCTIf G COOTBCTCTByeT CI1JI3 fp,G ' B03,l(eHCTByIOU\aJI
Ha qeJlOBeK3 11 BbI3blBaIOlUaJI TeH.IJ:eHL\I11O K rrepe.n;BH>KeHIfIO no HarrpaBJIemllO K G.
ECJlH I(SCJ > 0, TO t;"G > 0,
3Ta rHIIOTe3a onpe.n:eJUIeT 3aBHCID.mCTb Me)l(.n:y nOTpe6HOCTbIO H ne-
pe.n:BH}I(eHHeM. ,lWYrHMH CnOBaMH, OHa nO,lJ,pa3YMeBaeT KOHCTPYKT HaIIpH-
)l(eHIDI B qeJIOBeKe H KOHCTpYKT CHJ1bI JJ:]UI nepe.n:BH}I(eHHH B OKp aIOll.{eH
cpeAe. fHIIoTe3bI (f,), (f 2 ) H (f 3 ) no cym .n:OBOJIbHO 06IIUIe H 6bIJ1H HCnOJIb-
30BaHl>I KaK OCHOBHl>Ie rHIIOTe3bI JJ:]UI 60J1bIlIOro KOJ1H1JeCTBa 3aKJIlO'IeHHll H
3KCnepHMeHTOB. [MO)l(eT 6blTb, B03MO}l(HO .n:o H3BeCTHOll creneHH HCKJllQ-
qHTb (f 3 ) H 3aMeHHTb ee KOM61IHal\HeH (r,) H (r 2 ). MO)l(HO 6bIDO 6bI CKa-
3aTb, He BBOM 1)?0pManbHO KOHCTpYKT CHJIbI llJUI nepeABH)I(eHHH, '1TO eCJIIf
t(f?) > 0, TO, B COOTBeTCTBHH C (r 2 ) 3TO .n:on}l(HO npHBeCTH K CTpeMJIeHlllO
H3MeHlITb )l(H3HeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO TaK, IJT06bI t(f?) = O. MbI, 01IH aK O,
npe,lJ,nO'lHTaeM C4>OpM)'JIHpOBaTb (n) KaK OT.n:enbHylO rHnOTe3Y.]
BocrrpOH3Be.n:eHHbIe He3aBeprneHHbie 3!1}:(aHIf}! RU
Bocrrp03Be,l(eHHbIe 3aBeprneHHble 3!1}:(aHIf}! RC
6J>ID paBeH rrplf6J1H3HTeJlbHO 1,9. 3KCrrepI1MeHTbI, me orrpe,l(eneHHbIe 3!1}:(aHHJl
CHaqaJI3 rrpepbIBaJlIfCb, HO rr03>Ke iIX n03BOnJlJJI1 3aBeprnlflTb, CJlY>KHJlH ,l\OKa3a-
TeJlbCTBOM TOro, 1JTO npI1'1HHa TaKoro pe3YJlbTaTa - lIe rrepe)l(HBaHIDI, CBJl3aHHbIe
C CaMI1M rrpepbIBaHI1eM, HO .uOCTI1>KeHHe HJlH He.uOCTIf>KeHlfe L\eJlH. B 3TOM 3Kcrre-
pI1MeHTe BocnpoH3Be.ueHHe 6bIDO He 60Jlee '1aCTbl1\!, '1eM B cJlY'lae 3!1}:(aHIfH, 3a-
BepllJeHHbIX 6e3 rrpepbIBaHHJI.
(f 3 .) runome3a 3a. I1OTpe6HocTb npHBO,l\HT He TOJlbKO K CTpeMJleHHIO i!JaK-
TWleCKH nepe.n:BHraTbCIl no HanpaBJleHHIO K 06J1aCTIf L\eJlH, HO If K pa3MbIrnJleHHIO
IIocne TOro KaK 06HapY)l(eHO, 1JTO 3TOT maBHbIll BbIBO.n: BepeH, B03-
MO)l(Hl>I ABe npoue.n:ypbI. MO)l(HO nOC1JHTaTb, 1JTO .l\JIH .n:OKa3aTeJIbCTBa rnaB-
HOH rHnOTe3bI c.n:eJIaHO .n:OCTaT01JHO, H yrny6HTbcH B 60JIee TOIJHl>Ie KOJIH-
qeCTBeHHl>Ie H3MepeHHH lUIH MO)l(HO nOnblTaTbCH HaHTH HOBbIe He3aBHCH-
MbIe cne.n:CTBHH H3 OCHOBHbIX rHnOTe3 H npOBepHTb HX 3KCnepHMeHTaJJb-
HO C ueJIblO no.n:TBep.n:lITb HX. 3eHrapHHK B3IIJIaCb maBHbIM 06proOM 3a
BTOpYIO anbTepHamBY.
30
31
3HilQeIHUI KOHCTPYKTil «HilnpSDKeHHe»
AJ\.SI TeOpHH noJ\.SI
I1cno,lb30B,mne KOHCTpYKTa «CIICTe!\Ia B COCTOflHiIIl HanpR)I(eHIUI»
.n:JIfl Bblpa)l(eHilH nCIIXOjlOrWleCKI1X nOTpe6HOCTell HeCOMHeHHO npe,'\no-
J1araeT TeOpIiIO nOnH. KOHuemyanbHo HanpR)I(eHne OTHOCilTCfl K COCTO-
HHIIIO O.n:HOll CHCTeMbI, CBR3aHHOMY C COCTORHIIeM OKpY)I(alOIJJ.HX CI1C-
TeM. CyIl.{HOCTb 11 Ha3Ha'IeHl1e 3TOro KOHCTpYKTa - OXBaTHTb CTpeMne-
HUe K 1I3MeHeHIHO B HanpaBneHIIII BblpaBHl1BaHIIH COCTOHHIUI coce.n:HHX
CHCTeM. Cne.n:OBaTenbHO, 3TOT KOHCTPYKT npe.o:nonaraeT reOMeTpH1JeCKOe
npe.n:CTaBJIeHIIe JIII'IHOCTH II pa3JIH1JeHHe CPYHKUHOHaJIbHbIX non.qaCTeH,
HJIll «ClfCTeM», B nH1JHOCTH, HMelOIJJ.HX onpe.n:eJIeHHOe nOJIO)l(eHHe OTHO-
CHTeJ1bHO .n:pyr .n:pyra. 3TO JIlIIlIb )'T01JHeHHe KOHl{emyaJIbHbIX xapaKTe-
pnCTUK, Y>Ke npe.n:nOJIaraeMbIX B KOHCTpYKTe (<Hanpfl)l(eHIIe». <1>opMaJIH-
CTH'leCKH MO)l(HO BbIpa3HTb OCHOBHoe COOTHOIlIeHHe MC)I(.n:y coce.n:HH-
MH HanpH)I(eHHbIMiI CIICTefl,1aMI1 CJIe.n:YIOll{I1M 06pa30M.
(C,) Ec;m I(S') '* I(S") 11 b si . b SJ '* 0, CYWCCTBYCT TCHJleHl.{lISi K 1I1MeHeHlIlO,
TaK '1T06bI I(SI) = I(S2). B :nOH 1}J0pMyne b SI 11 b S2 O3Ha'lalOT rpaHlIl\bl CI1CTeM 8 / 11
S1; b SI . b S1 - lIX 06lltylO 'IaCTI,.
KOHCTpYKf Hanpfl)l(eHli5l, KpoMe TOro, npe.n:nOJIaraeT onpen.eneHHbfe
nmOTe3blO .n:lfHaMllIJeCKOM xapaKTepe 3roro nOJIH, HanpHMep: eCJIH CIIC-
TeMbI, cooTBeTcTByIOll.{He pa3nIf'lHbIM nOTpe6HocTHM IfJIH KBa3HnOTpe6-
HOCT5IM, 6y,'J;)'T B COCTOflHHH nO.lL1.ep)l(HBaTb pa3JUIIJHble BeJIH1JHHbI Hanpfl-
}l(eHH5I B TeIJeHIIe HeKoToporo nepno.n:a, npil.n:eTcH .n:OnyCTHTb, 'ITO 3TO nOJIe
He CJIlUIIKOM TeKY1Jee (HeYCToii'lHBoe). ECJIII 6b1 3TO 6bfno OIJeHb TeKY1Jee
nOJIe, TO 06HapY)l(iIJIOCb 6bf, 'ITO JII06b1e pa3JIII1JlUI Me)l(,lJ,y ypOBIDIMH Ha-
npfl)l(eHHfl pa3JIWIHbIX CHCTeM HC'le3aIOT 3a O'leHb KopOTKoe BpeMfl, BCJIe.n:-
CTBHe TOro cpaKTa, 'ITO TeH.n:eHl\Hfl K ypaBHHBaHlIIO, KOTopaR HBJIReTCR pe-
3YJIbTaTOM JIOKaJIbff'oIX HanpRj.f(eHlfM, He BCTpeqaeT HHKaKoro conpOTHBJIC-
Hilfl; .n:pyrm.UI CJ10BaMII, eCJIH KBa3HrIOTpe6HOCTb COOTHeceHa C Hanpfl-
}l(eHlWH CHCTC loil, KOTopafl MO)l(eT npOflBHTb CBoe BJ1HHHHe .n:a)l(e nocne
3Ha'!IlTe.'lhHoro BpeMeHHoro IIl1TepBaJIa. HYj.f(HO .n:OnyCTHTb, qro C .D:IIHa-
MU<lecKo!i TOqKlI 3peHH5I .11I'IHOCTb Hejlb3H CLIlfTaTb a6COJIIOTHO TeKy'leil.
C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbl, mllJHOCTb HeJIb3H CLllfTaTb a6COJIIOTII0 HenO.LJ:BH)I(HOll.
B npOTIII3HOM CJI)"Iae HeJIb3fl 6bIJIO 6bl 061>HCHHTb BJJIl5lHlIe, KOTopoe o.n:Ha
nOTpc6HOCTb I1MCeT Ha .n:pyme nOTpe6HOCTlI 11 Ha YPOBeHb HanpJlj.f(eHllH
JIIflIHOCTII B l\eJIOM. JIII'IHOCTb, cne.aOBaTenbHO, HY)I(HO nOHHMaTb KaK I1Me-
IOll{YIO Cpe.n:HlOIO CTeneHb TeK)'qeCTH B OTHOlllemm CBH3Il ee CHCTeM na-
32
npfl)l(eHlUI .n:Pyr C .n:pyroM. .HCHO, qro 3Ta CTeneHb TeK}IJeCTH MO)l(eT OTJIH-
qaTbCR OT qenOBeKa K 1JeJIOBeKY H OT CHryal\HH K clIryaUiIIl Mfl O.n:HOro
IJenOBeKa. ITpe.n:nonaraH nOCTOflHCTBO CTPYKrypHblX CBH3eH .n:aHHOH CO-
BOKynHocTII CllCTeM (H npe.n:nonaraH BpeMeHHO HenpOHIIl\aeMYIO rpaHII-
uy, OKpY)l(alOll{yIO Ha60p B ue,10M), MO)l(HO BbIpa:3HTb 3TO YTBepWJ:{eHlIe
cneJJ:ylOIl.{HM 06pa30M.
(C z ) )],anaihe 060311a'lIlM a6comOTHYlO pa1HHl.\Y MenOY Hanplln(eHHCM I(S')
11 Hanpll>KCHHCM I(S2) lIBj"X cocelIHllx CHCTeM BO SpCMjj HapaCTaHIISI HanpSl)l(CmUI
KaK I I(SI) - I(S2) 1°, BpeMII, nporncJJ.rnee C TOro MOMeHTa, 0603na'II1M KaK T;. Pa3-
1I1I'IlIe B Hanpfl>KCHlIU B :no BpCMjj KaK I 1(S1) - I(S2) I T;, a TeKY L lecTL (fluidity) KaK
fl. TorlIa MLI MO>KCM yrBepil\L\aTb:
I I(SI) - I(S2) I D - I I(SI) - 1(82) I T; = F (T;./l).
me F cllMBomulfpycT MOHOTOHHO B03pacTaIOUlYIO !}JYHKI..\I1IO.
3TO 03Ha'laCT: I11MCHeHllC B panllLllI1f B Hanpll}!(Cmlll COCe1IHHX CHCTCM
3aBllClIT OT BpeMeHHoro IIHTcpBaHa 1I113MCII'IlIBOCTlI. KOHC'IHO. 3TO BepRo, TonL-
KO ecnll Hanpjj>KeHlIjj 3TI1X CHCTCM He I1'JMCHjjJOTClilIpyrllMH l}Jah'TOpaMlI, TaKIIMI1,
KaK, HanpllMep, BLlCBoGOil\L\CHl1e H3npSl>KeHlI!I npH .n:OCT11n(CHlIl1 l..\e11l1.
HaCKonLKO 51 Mory BH}:(eTb, (C l ) H (C z ) HBJIfllOTCfl He06xo.n:HMb1MIi
KOHl\errryaJIbHbIMI1 3neMCHTaMH KOHCTpYKTa HarrpH}I(eHHH. COmaCOBa-
HHe nOTpe6HOCTeH H KBa3HnOTpe6HOCTell C 3TIIM KOHCTPYKTOM HanpH-
)l(eHlUl, Cne.n:OBaTenbHO, .n:enaeT B03MO)l(JH.IM JIOrWJeCKOe BblBe.n:eHHe pfl.n:a
cpaKTOB, KoropbIe MOrYT nOKaJaTbCH HeCKOnbKO .n:aneKHMH OT np06JIe-
MbI, HCCJIe.n:OBaBIIIeHCH nepBOHaqaJIbHO. 3TH npe.n:CKa3aHlUI e.n:Ba nH MO)l(-
HO 6bInO C,lJ,eJIaTb 6e3 3TOll Cnel\HaJIbHoit.LJ:IUIaMHqeCKOH TeOpl1l1, H CJIe-
,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO, eCJ1Ii HX MO)l(HO .n:OKa1aTb, OHU npellCTaB.'IJIIOT OC06yIO ueH-
HOCTb .n:JIH nO.LJ:TBep>K.n:eHHjj TeOpI1H.
BLIBOALI OTHOCHTeJ\.hHO TeKYQeCTH nOJ\.JI
II C006m;eHIISI Me)l(AY CHCTeMilMH HanpSlJKeHlfSi
(Bz) Pa1nWIHC B Hanpjj>KCHi111 I\1C}K Y CHCTC:\'iaMII, COOTBCTCTiJYIOUUtl\!II 33-
KOWleHHLI:\1 H HC3aKOH'ICIIIILnl 3Q11alllll!:\1, )YfeHbliJaCiCIi C ) BC,111'leHIICM IHITCp-
Ba,1a BpCMCIII!, npOrnCi\!lIcro C MOMellTa C01,'PHIHI CHCTC,-n,1 IJanpSliKCmUL
Bb/GOO CnClIYCT HCnOCpCJICTBC!Il1O m npanoli LI3CTIf ypaBllclIIl!I (C) 110-
CpelICTBOM (f l ) H (f 3 J
3KCllepZmeHmaJ/b!lOe OOKWame.7bCmCO. K03( (lmUl!eHT 3dir3pl!l!K ) l\fCHb-
rnaeTCIi OT npHMcpHO 1,9}l0 npl1l\ICpHO 1,2, eC.1H TeeT 113 Bocnp::JlnrsC.J,Cllm: GbllI
OTnO>KCH Ha OlIlIH lICHL.
33
EcnH MbI npaBbI, npennOnarM, IJTO nOJJ:lJ,ep)l(aHHe pa3HHI:(bI B HanpH-
}l(eHHH Me}l(.!IY IJaCnllJHbIMH CHCTeMaMIIIlH)I,HBlf}:(a 3aBHCHT OT .n:OCTaT01JHOH
}l(eCTKOcnI Cpe.zn,I, 60JIee 6bICTpOe yMeHbIlIeHHe HaIIpH)l(eHIDI Momo 6bI HMeTb
MecTO, eCJIH qeJIOBeK 60JIee HeYCTOWIlIB. tIT06bI .n:OKa3aTb TIOT BLIBO.n: 3Kcne-
pHMeHTanbHO, 3eilrapHlIK .n:OJl)l(Ha 6b1JIa HallTH COCTOHHHe, KOTOpoe MO)l(HO
6bIJIO npHeMJIeMO oxapaKTepH30BaTb KaK B03pOCIlIYIO TeKY1JeCTb (fl). 061l.{He
CHMnTOMbI YCTaJIOCTH, nO-BHJJ.HMOMY, no.n:TBep}l()I,aIOT CJIeJJ:yIOll.{ee.
(r 4 ) runome3)l4: fl (P YCTaBumc) > fl (P HCYCTaBlIJHC).
RU
(B 3 ) KOJ<J!I}JlII.\HCHT 3CHrapHHK RC MCHbllIC ,l\lliI YCTaBIlIHX, '1CM .n:JUI HC-
YCTaBllIiLX HCIIbl'ryeMbIX.
Bb/600. all CJle.aYCT HCIIOCpC,l\CTBCHIIO H3 3HaMCllaTeJUI 13 (C 2 ) nOCpe.lICTBOM
(r.), (r 3a ) H (rJ
3KCnepu.Me/{ma blioe OOKaJameJlbCn/60. I1cnbl'rycMblC, KOTopble YCTaJll1 BO
BpeMJI BbIIlOJIHCHWI H npHIIOMHHaHUI!, IIOKa3aJ1H K03<J!<J!I1I.\11eHT 0,7; TC, KTO ycraJI 130
BpeMJI BbIIlOJIHCHIUI, HO HC 130 Bpcr"m npHnoMIIHaHIUI, - KOJtlJ<J!lIJJ.I1eHT 0,6; TC, KTO He
ycraJ1 BO BpCMII BbIIlOJlHCH1UI, HO ycra!1 130 BpeMJI npllno:o.mHaH1Ul, - 1,0. 3TH TPH
BapmUITa 6bIDH c.aCJ1aHbl, IIOTOMY IJTO TCK)"iCC COCTOJIHIle qeJlOBCKa Morno IIOMcwarb
napaCTmmlO KaKoro- JlII60 3HaqHTCJlbHOro Pa3;II1'1IU1 13 lIanpfl)l(CHIIH. IToCJ1e)I,HIIH Ba-
piIaIIT IIOKa3bIBaCT, qTO, ,l\aJKC ccnH Hanpjl)!(C me B03pocrro 13 lIeycraBwcM COcrOJlHHH,
K03<J!<J!I1UHCIIT crallOBIITCjI MCHbllle, ccrrH HCIIbl'1)'eMblH ycracr BO Bper"m BCnOMIIHa-
!Urn. (ITp06rrCMa, noqe!\1)' K03<J!<J!MI.{HCm MCllbwe, qeM 1, OmJlCHJlCTCjI <J!aKTopar"m,
KOTOpbJe 3;IeCL He 06C)?K,!!aIOTCjI; 3ci!rapIlHK 06cY)!()Iacr HX B CBOCi! craTI,e.)
HeKOTopbIe 3KcnepmvleHT<L'IbHbIe .n:aHHble H .n:pyrHe Ha6JI1O.n:eHRfl Ha-
B01IHT Ha MbIcnb, 'ITO ypOBHII 60JlbIlIeH HppeanbHOCTH (ypOBHH )l(e.IIaHHH H
Me1JTaHIrn) .n:O.II)I(HbI C1JIITaTbCH 60J1ee TeKY1Jl!MH, 1JeM ypOBeHb peanbHOCTH
(ypOBeHb .n:ellCTBWI). 1-13 TIoro CJIe.n:OBano 6bI, IJTO nOTpe6HOCTH H KBa3H-
nOTpe6HOCTH, CBfl3aHHbIe C 3THMH 60JIee Hepe<L'IbHbIMH ypOBHHMII, .n:OJ]}I(-
HbI nOKa3blBaTb 60JIee 6bICTpyIO pacceflHHyIO pa3pH.n:KY HanpH)I(eHRfl.
(r;) runome1a 5: fl = F (cTeIIcllb HppeaJlLIIocm).
(B 4) CKOpOCTb YMCHbllleHllfl K031lJ<J!I1UlleHTa 3ci!rapHHK 13 TC'IeIlI1C .l\aIlIIoro
BpCMCHHOro HHTcpBana B03paCTaeT C pOCTOM CTCnCHI1 I1ppCa!lbHOCTII 3arpOHY-
TOi!.l\CjlTCJlbHOcrH.
( R R U C ) 0 _ ( R R U C ) Ti _ _ F
(CTCIICHb I1ppCaJlbHOCTII)
Bb/600. (B) CJle.nycT HCIIOCpe,L\CTBcHllO H3 (C z ) 13 CBJl3H C (r), (r 3a ) H (rJ
34
3KCneplL1-1elimanblioe OOKa3ame07bcm60. IJpayn l nOKa3an, 'lT0 cIIoc06HOCTb
BCIIOMIIHaTb IIpcpBaHnylO «HCpCam,nylO» ;J:em-CJlbHOCTb IIa,LJ,acr 6bICTpCC, 'ieM
cIIoc06HOCTb BcnOMHHaTL 60,1ce «pcarrbHYIO», (B03MO)l(HO, 3KcnepIlMeHT IJpaYHa
flMceT .l\eJlo He C pa3J1I1'1I1J1MH 13 crenelIl1 pealIbliOCTII, a CKopec C Pa3,1W/IlJI:vIII
Me>K.LIY 60rrce nepIl<J!epHqeCKIIMH BH)'(aMII l1eJlTeJlbHOCTH no CpanHeH1110 C 60Jlce
l\eHTpaJIbHblMH Ha npH6J11I311TCJlhHO Ol1HOM H TOM me ypOBHC peaJIhHOCTH, B JTOM
CJlY'Iae ero JKCnepHMeHT, BepOJITHO, IIOKa3bIBacr, 'iTO 60nce IIepl1llJcpH'lcCKHH pc-
rHOII '1enOBeKa CJlelIyeT C<IIlTaTh 60iICC TeKyqIlM,)
O.n:HHM 113 cnoc060B YHWITO}I(HTb pa3JIiI'IilH B HanpH)I(eHHII B pro-
JlWIHbIX CHCTel\IaX BHYTpeHHero JIH1JHOCTHOro pemoHa, nO-BH.D:IIMOMY, HB-
meTeR C03.n:aHHe BbICOKOro 3MOlilIoHanbHoro HanpH)I(eHRfl, HJIH, 60JIee KOH-
l<peTHO, 6bIcTpoe H pe3Koe H3MeHeHHe CHJIbHOro 3MOlilIoHanbHoro HarrpH-
>KeHHJI. MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI O)l(H)l.aTb, 1JTO YBeJIiI'IeHHe 061l.{ero 3MOl\HOHanb-
HOro HarrpH)I(eHRfl B IJeJIOBeKe .n:o BeJIlIIJHHbI .n:Pyroro nopMKa, 'IeM Ta,
KOTOpaH COOTBeTCTByeT cpaBHHTeJIbHO CJIa6bIM KBa3HIIOTpe6HOCTIlM, co-
3.n:aBaeMbIM B 3THX 3KCnepl!MeHTaX, ypaBHHeT 3TH HanpH)I(eHHH lUIH no
l<pallHell Mepe c.n:eJIaeT HX pa3JIlIIJRfl npaKTllIJeCKH HH1JTO)l(HblMH. BHe-
3anHoe H pe3Koe H3MeHeHHe TaKOH BeJIiI'IHHbI BnOJIHe Morno 6bI pa3py-
llIHTb .n:OBOJIbHO MHOro 6apbepOB Me)l(.n:y CHCTeMaMH lUIH BbI3BaTb .n:Pyroii
npOl\eCC, 3KBHBaneHTHbIH HX .n:e.n:ml><!JepeHl{Hal\IIH, H ypaBH.!ITb HanpH)I(e-
HlUI TaKHM 06pa30M. TaK KaK KOHCTPYKTbI «IIpOHHuaeMOCTb» H (OJIaCTH1J-
HOCTb» B HaCTOHll.{ee BpeMH He.n:OCTaT01JHO pa3pa60TaHbI, IJT06bI .n:onyc-
THTb <!JopManHCTYlIJeCKOe rrpe.n:CTaBJIeHHe, MbI npe.n:nOIJmaeM .n:aTb 31)' <!Jop-
MynHpOBKY B CJIOBeCHOll 4>opMe.
(r 6 ) runome3a 6: CUJ1bHble BOJlHbI 3MOLlHOHa,lLHoro HanpJlmeHHjI pa3py-
lIIaIOT pa3110CTI1 Harrpjl)l(CHI1J1, COOTBeTCTByIOU\lIe CpaBHHTCJlbHO nOBcpxHocrHblM
nOTpe6HocrflM.
(B;) KOJIlJIlJI1l.IHeHT 3eHrapHlIK nocJlc 3MOLlIlOHaJIhHoro B036}'iK.lIeHlIfl
11 «pa30'lapOBaHIIjI» !\ICHbWC, qeM 6e3 TaKoro npoLlecca, HMCloU\ero MCCTO MC)!()IY
BblfionllCHHCM H npllnOMIIIIaHlIe!\l.
Bb/600. OH CJ1C.l\yeT 113 (r 6 ), (f , ) 11 (r].).
3KcnepUMelimanblioe OOKaJame,7bcm60. Docrrc 3KCnepl1MeHTaJlbHO C03.l\aH-
HLIX JMOLlIlOHarrbHbIX BonH K031lJ$IlUl1eHT 3cHrapHlIK IIa,LJ,aCT 110 0,6. TaKoH )l(e
IIH3KHH K03tlJIlJlILll1CHT - 0,75 - IIpOlICMoHcTpnpOBaHI1 Te I1CIIbl'1)'eMhle, KOTOpLIC
6LIJIII 3MOl{I10HarrbHO B036}'iK.lICHhI 130 BpeMJI 3KcncpllMeHTOB BCJlClICTBlIe ux 06-
eH )!(H3HeHIIOH cm)'amIH,
I J. E Brown: Uberdie dynamische Eigenschaftcn dcr Realit1its und IrreaJiliitsschichten,
Psychol. Forsch., 1933, 18, 143-190,
35
B KaqeCTBe nOCJIe,lIHero npliMepa B 3TOll rpynne BbIBO.n:OB, KOTOpbIe
OCHOBaHbI rnaBHbIM 06pa30M Ha npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX OTHOIlIeHHHX Me)K,ay Pa3-
J1iI'IHbIMH CHCTeMaillIl H Ha lIX ofueMe KOMMYHllKaJJ.HlI, MbI )1J10MHHaeM cne-
JJ:yIOIl.{IIH. YCJIOBUe ,lI,JUI pa3JJII1JHH Me}l(.DY CIICTeMaMH, COOTBeTCTB}'IOIl.{UMH
3aBepIlIeHHbIM H He3aBepIlIeHHbIM 3a.n:aHliHM, 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 1JTO CHCTe-
MbI, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{He Ka)I(.L\OMY OT.n:eJIbHOMY 3a.n:aHHIO B 3KCnepHMeHTe, C
caMoro Ha1JaJIa 3a.n:aIOTCH KaK .n:OCTaT01JHO pa3.n:eJIeHHbIe BHYTpIi JIWlHOCTH.
IIOCKOJIbry, eCJIH 3TH pa3JIWlHbIe CHCTeMbI HBJIHIOTCH nO,lJ,lJaCTHMII OlI.HOH Bee-
OfueMJIIOru.ell e}:(HHHIl,bI 6e3 oc060ro pa3AeJIeHlIH, HlIKaKaH 60nbIlIM Pa3HH-
l{a B HanpH)l(eHHHX He MO)l(eT COXpaHHTCH. B 3TOM cJJy1Jae MOryT 6bITb Pa3J1II-
'lID! B ypOBHHX HanpH)l(eHHfl 60nee Kp)'ffilbIX e.D:HHHl\, HO HHKaKHX pa3JIWlHii
Me}l(.DY pa3JJH1JHbIMH no.n:CIICTeMaMH B paMKax 60J1ee Kp)'ffilbIX e.n:Hl . To,
IJTO .n:OCTaT01JHO CIIJIbHbIe rpaHHIl,bI Me)l(.DY CHCTeMaMH HBlliIIOTCH He06xo}:(H-
MUIM YCJIOBHeM,lI,JUI coxpaHeHHfl HanpH)l(eHHH, e co.n:ep)I(HTCH B (C J ) H (C 1 ).
(B 6 ) K034J4J1I1.lHCHT 3cHrapHHK ,lIOn)l(CH 6blTb OKono ], Ccm! SU H SC
HC,lIOCTaTOqHO pa3,lICnCHbI.
Bb1600. CnC,lIYCT rrpflMO H3 (C l ) H (C 2 ) B CBH3H C (f j ) H (f 3a ),
3KcnepUMel/mGJIbl/Oe OOKa3al11ellbCm60. Eoncc KpyrrHaJi C,lIHHHi\a, B KOTO-
pOH OT,lICnbHbIC 3a,n,aHUfl, HC Ba)1(HO 3aBcprnCHHbIC HnH HC3aBcprnCHllbIC, HC CUJJb-
HO pa3,lICnCHbI, MO)1(CT 6bITb C03,lIaHa C rrOMOli\bJO 4JopMHpoBaHliH KOffiHTHBHOH
CTPYK1YpbI B caMOM HaqanC 3KcrrcpHMCHTa, B COOTBCTCTBHH B KOTOpOH OT,lICnL-
HblC 3a,n,aHUfl rrpC,lICTaBnHIOTCH KaKqaCTH 60ncc BbICOKOYHH4JI1l.lHpOBaHHoro pH,lIa.
B TaKHX ycnoBHHX 6blJI0 06HapY)1(CHO, qTO K034J4JI1l.!l1CHT OKono 0,97.
BLIBOA OTHOCHTeJ\.LHO HHTeHCHBHOCTH
KBa3HnOTpe6HOCTeH
MO)l(HO YT01JHHTb Hallie OCHOBHoe npe.n:nOJIO}l(eHHe (r.) 06 OTHO-
meHHH Me)l(.n:y nCIIX0J10rWleCKl!MH nOTpe6HOCTflMli H CIiCTeMaMH B Ha-
npH)I(eHHH, COOTHeCH HHTeHCIIBHOCTb HanpH)I(eHHH C IIHTeHCIIBHOCTbIO no-
Tpe6HocTH.
(r. a ) runome3a (r. a ): t(SG) = F(n G ), mc n G 03Ha<mCT HHTCHCHBHOCTb rro-
Tpc6HOCTH, COOTHCCCHHOH C ucnbIO G,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, MbI MO)l(eM pa3BHTb OCHOBHyIO mnoTe3Y (r) H
(r Ja ), KaCaIOIl.{HeCH OTHOIlIeHWI Me)l(.n:y HanpH)I(eHlfeM H CHJIOll .LUIH nepe-
.n:BH)I(eHlliI H npHnoMIiHaHlliI, B KOJ1WIecTBeHHyIO 3aBHCHMOCTb.
(r 36 ) runome3a (f 36 ): I 1;"G 1= F I t(SG) I, r,lIC I 1;"G I 03Ha<mCT HHTCHCHBHOCTb
CH!1bI, ,lIcikTBYIOli\CH B HarrpaBnCHI1H nCpC,lIBH)1(CHHH HnH rrpHrroMHHaHHH.
36
(8 1 )
RU = F(n")
RC
Bb1600. (B 1 ) CnC,lIycT H3 (ria)' (f 3a ) H (f 36 ),
3KCnepUMel/mallbl/Oe OOKa3amellbcm6o. HYJKHO O)1(ll,lIan., <JTO TC Hcrrblryc-
MblC, KOTOpblC OC06CHHO <JecToJIJo6HBLI, rrpO,lICMOHCTPHPYIOT KIJaJHrrOTpc6HOCTH
60nbWCH HHTCHCHBHOCTH, qCM CPC)J.HHH HcnblTyeMbIH, Tor,lIa KaK HcrrblTyeMble,
qb1! BOBneqCHHOCTb B ,lICHTCnbHocTb OqCHb cna6a, 1I0n)1(Hbl HMeTb OqCHb cna6b1c
KBa3HrrOTpc6HOCTH. 3CHrapHHK Bbl,lICnHna B OTlIcnbH)'1O rpynrry TCX HCIIblryCMbIX,
KOTOpblX, comaCHO I1X 06li\CMY rroBc)J.cHHIO B 3KcrrcpHMcHTC, MO)1(HO 6blJI0 oxa-
paKTepmoBm:b KaK «qcCTOJIl06HBbIX» (6C30THOCHTcnbHO K034J4JHI_IHcHTa 3cHrap-
HHK). alIa 06HapYJKUJJa, 1JTO HX K034JIfJI1l.!l1CHT rrOKaJan 3Ha</CHHC 2,75 no cpaBHc-
HHIO C 1,9 ,lInH CPClIHCro HCIIb/TYCMOro. C ,lIpyroH CTOpOHbI, rpyrrna HcrrblrycMblX,
KOTOpblC rrpOCTO ,lICnaJIH TO, «qTO HM CKa3an 3KcrrcpHMCIITaTOp», HC BKJIIOqaJICb
JIHqHOCTHO, rrOKa3anH K03tlJlfJHUHCHT ],03, - ropa3L{o MCHbIllC, </CM cpclI mi1. Co-
macHo 3CHrapHHK, HaH60ncc CCpbC3HO BKnlOqCHHOH rpynrroH Hcrrbl1)'CMblX 6b1nH
.n:eTH. J],CHCTBHTcnbHO, HX KOJtlJIfJHi\HCHT 2,5. MO)1(eT 6bITb TaK, qTO CYli\CCTBYIOT
,lIpymc lfJaKTOpbl, KOTOpblC cnoco6cTBYIOT 3TOMY pC3ynbTm:y. M3PPOY' rrOlIOlllcn
K rrp06neMc OTHOIllCHlUI MC y HHTCHCHBHOCTblO rrOTpc6HoCTH H K031fJIfJHi\HCH-
TOM 3ci1rapHHK OC06CHHO OCTOpO)1(HbIM 06pa30M. OH cpamlHBaCT KOIHponbHYIO
rpynrry HCIIbnyCMblX C .n:pyroH rpyrrnoH B CH1)'aUHH COpCBHOBaHHH. OH eli\C 60-
nec 060CTpfleT 3TO COpcBHoBaHHc nH60 nOXBaITOH, nH60 rropHuaHHeM. XOTfl OH
HCrrOnb3yeT HHOH THn .n:CSlTe.TJbHOCTH, K031fJlfJHUHCHT 3cHrapHHK .unH KOHTponbHoH
rpynrrbI 6b1J10nJITb ],9, TorlIa KaK B CH1)'aL\HH COpcBHoBaHHII, me nOTpc6HOCTb
HcrrblryeMoro O<JCHb YCllJIeHa, K03lfJtlJHUHCHT 3ci1rapHHK HBHO nOBb/CHnCH: B cny-
'lac nOOli\pCHHH -.n:o 2,17, B cnyqae nopHuaHHH -1102,10. M3PPOY rrOKaJaIT, '!TO
K031fJIfJm.\HcHT 3ci1rapHHK 6b1n OC06CHHO BblCOKHM lIITH TCX 3a.n:aHHH, KOTOpblC He-
rrocpe)J.CTBeHHo cnC)J.OBaITH 3a rrCpC)1(HBaHHCM nOXBaITbI HITH nopHuaHHH co CTO-
pOHbl 3KCIICpHMCHTaTOpa.
BLIBOALI OTHOCHTeJ\.LHO nCHXOJ\.OfHqeCKOH
XapaKTepHCTHKH 3aAaHHH no cpaBHeHHIO
C HenCHXOJ\.OfH'lJeCKOH
061l.{ee YCJIOBHe nCHXonorwIecKoH Teopmf noml 3aKJIlO'IaeTCH B TOM,
1JTO HO .n:eJ1aTb Bce B03MO)l(HOe, 1JT06LI HCn0J1b30BaTb nCHX0J10rWleCKHe,
a He «OfueKTl1BHbIe» COl\ilOnOrII"IeCKHe !UHf <l>iI3lf'IeCKHe KaTeropmL EbI-
BaIOT CJJy1JaH, Kor.n:a .n:eSlTeJlbHOCTb MO)l(eT 6bITb 3aBepweHa, C TO<IKiI 3pe-
I A J Marrow: Goal tcnsions and recall (1& 11),1, Gel1. Psycho!.. 1938, 19,3-35; 37--64,
37
HHfl I1CIIbI1)'eMOrO, XOTH 3KCnepHMeHTaTopOM OHa MO)l(eT KJIaCCHll>HUHPO-
BaThCH KaK npepBaHHafl. C ,lJ,pyroif CTOpOHbI, 6bIBaeT BHelliHe 3aBepIlIeHHaJl
.n:eflTeJIbHOCTb, KOTopafl nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKH He 3aBepIlIeHaJI.]IJI HCIIbI1)'eMoro.
Co maCHO (f), BbICB060)l(.n:eHHe HanpH)I(eHlliI cooTBeTcTByeT .n:o-
CTH)I(eHHIO l{eJIH, H no .n:OCTH)I(eHHe l{enH Hy}I(HO nOHHMaTl, nCHXOJIOrH-
'leCKH. 113 noro CJIe.n:yeT:
3KCnepl/MeHnlaJlbHOe OOKa3ameJ/bCI1IGO. DbInO 06Hapy>KcHo, 'ITO 11JU! HHTe-
eCIIblK 3a.L\aIlHH KOJI!J( H11l1CHT 3crIrapHHK paBCH I. B CJIY'Iac HHTCpCCHOro 3a.L\a-
f1R Bce emc CCTb nOTpe6HoCTb BCpHyrbCR K 3TOMY nmy lleRTCJIbHOCTH, JJ.a)!(e
eCJIH HHllHBHJ1yanbHblH npllMcp 6bIn pcrncH.
(B 8 )
RU
- = 1 , eCJIH P :J G B MOMeHT «npepblBaHHR».
RC
BblBOA OTHOCUTeAbHO Ao6aBO HbIX nOAeBblX CUA
Bb1600. 3TO CJICllYeT HenocpellCTBeHHo H3 (r 2 ) B CBJl3H C (r.) H (r 3 J
3KcnepUMeHmaJIbHOe OOKG3ameJ/bcm6o. 3eilrapHHK c006ll\aCT 0 pRlle oco-
6blX cnyqaeB BHernHe He 3aBeprneHHoil, nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKH3aBcprneHHOil.lleRTeJlb-
HOCTH, me KOJ( I1JHUHeHT 6b1JI OKOJlO 1. MJppoy HCnOJIb30Ban oc06yro 3KcnepH-
MCHTaJIbHYIO cmyal\l1IO, rlle HcnbI1)'eMoMY roBopHnfl, 'ITO 3KcnepHMeHTaTopa
HHTepccyeT TOJIbKO BblRCHeHHe TOro, cnoc06eH HCIIbI1)'eMblii BbInOJIWITb 3a.L\a-
HHe HJlH HeT, H 'ITO OH npepBeT ero, KaK TOJIbKO y Hero CnO)l(HTCR TaKOe Bne'lame-
HHe. TaKHM 06Pa:30M, npepBaHIIOe 3a,L\aHHe 311ecb nCID(QJIOn.j'leCKH K3)I(eTCR 3a-
BeprncHHbIM. M3PPOY J\eHCTBflTCJlbHO 06Hap}')!(Hn, 'ITO K0311JI1JHl\HeHT 3eilrapHHK
B 3TOM cny'lae 6bIn 0,74.
ComaCHO 061l.{ell TeOpHI1 nOJIH, .n:ellcTBHTeJIbHOe nOBe.n:eHHe CBH3a-
DO c pe3YJIbTHpyIOIl.{eif CHJJOH, B03.n:ellCTByIOll.{eH Ha 'leJIOBeKa B 3TO Bpe-
MR. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, Bcer.n:a Ba)l(HO 3HaTb, KaKHe .n:pyrHe CHJIbI MOml1 OKa-
3bIBaTb BJIlliIHHe Ha nOBe.n:eHHe, KpOMe Tex, KOTopbIe Cnel\HaJJbH c03.n:a-
BaJIHCb B 3KCnep11MeHTe. B 3KcnepHMeHTaX 3eHrapHHK ClUIbI, .n:eHCTByIO-
wl1e B HanpaBneHHH BcnOMHHaHlliI, 06H3aHbI,lJ,ByM npH1JHHaM: HHCTPYK-
QIDI BcnOMHHTb, ,lJ,aHHafl3KCnepHMeHTaTOpoM, 3a.n:aeT KBa3HnOTpe6HOCTb,
COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ee HalIpH)I(eHHe t(SR) H CHJJY t!;"R' (CIIMBOJI if03Ha'laeT «HH-
.DYmqJoBaHHY!O» CHJJY (<<induced» force), B npoTHBOnOJIO)l(HOCTb CHJIe, co-
OTBeTcTByIOll.{eH «c06CTBeHHoH» nOTpe6HocTH IJeJIOBeKa.) 3TO TonbKO IIpH-
MeHeHHe (f,) 11 (f}) B OTHOIlIeHHII .n:eflTeJIbHOCTI1 BcnOMHHaHlUI. KpoMe
TOro, cYll.{eCTByeT CHJJa t R' .n:eHcTByIOll.{afl B HanpaBneHHH CnOHTaHHOm
BcnOMHHaHlliI, BCJIe.n:CTBHe HanpH}l(eHl'IH t(S'), cooTBeTcTByIOll.{ero npe-
pBaHHoMY 3a.n:aHHIO, comaCHO (f 3J
BcnOMHHaHHe 3aBepIlIeHI'IOro 3a.n:aHlUI, CJIe.n:OBareJIbHO, BbI3BaHO CH-
nOH !f;,R' TOr,lJ,a KaK BcnOMHHaHHe He3aBepIlIeHHoro 3a.n:aHHH BbI3BaHO
if, + j, . 113 3Toro CJIe.n:yeT:
P.R P.R
(B \0) lICM 60JIbrne BcnOMHIIaHHe TepReT CBOIO cnOHTaHHOCTL H cTaHoBHT R
pe3ynLTaToM HIICTPYKLlHH 3KcnepHMeHTaTopa, TeM 60JIl,rnc K03( I1JHuHeHT 3eH-
rapHHK npM6JIIDKaCTCR K 1:
MbI MomH 6bI 3.n:eCb ynoMHHyTb 0 pa3nH1JHH Me)l(,lJ,y HeCKOH'lae-
MbIMH H KOHeIJHbIMH 3a.n:aHHHMH. KOHe1JHbIe 3a.n:aHHH, KaK, HanpHMep,
c.n:eJIaTb cryJ1 H3 nnaCTHnlIHa lUIH HaImCaTb CTHXOTBOpeHHe, HMelOT .n:o-
BOJIbHO 'IeTKO onpe.n:eJIeHHbIH KOHell;, TaK IJTO B cJIYIJae npepbIBaHHH HC-
nbIryeMbIif onpe.n:eJIeHHO He .n:OCTHr l{eJIH, Tor.n:a KaK no 3aBepIlIeHHH
3a.n:aHlliI OH .n:OCTHr ee. B nOM cnyqae K031!>I!>Hl\BeHT 3eiJrapHHK HeCOM-
HeHHO BbIllie 1, a HMeHHO 1,8. B cnyqae HeCKOH'laeMOrO 3a.n:aHPJI, KaK,
HanpHMep, HaHH3bIBaHHe 6YCBH Ha HHTKY, HcnbIryeMbIH He .n:OCTHraeT
onpe.n:eJIeHHOlll{eJIH nOCJIe «3aBepIlIeHlliI», H OH onpe.n:eJIeHHO He BbIXO-
.n:HT 3a paMKH 06naCTB l{eJIH, eCJIH em «npepBamm. CJ1e.n:OBaTeJIbHO, Ha-
npH)I(eHlJe B 3THX CJIY1JaHX He .n:OJI)I(HO CHJIbHO pa3JIiI'IaTbCH. }J;ellCTBH-
TeJIbHO, K031!>I!>HQlIeHT 3eifrapHHK - 1,1. (HH3KHe 3Ha1JeHHH KaK RU, TaK
H RC 06Hap eHHbIe 3ellrapHHK, nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO HeCKOH1JaeMOe 3a-
.n:aHHe, He Ba)l(HO - npepBaHHoe HJIB 3aBepIlIeHHoe BHeIlIHe, nCHXOJIOrH-
1JeCKH 3aBepIlIeHO.)
(B 9 )
RU
RC = 1 , eCJlH P :J G BO BpeMR «3aBeprneHHfl».
RU I
RC
BblceoeHlle: MO)!(HO npeJ\nOJIO)!(HTb, 'ITO 0 cpellHeM I if"",RU I = I f"r.RC I.
J-h (r.), (r]) H (r 3 .) CJIe.I1yeT, 'ITO f"r.RU > 0; f"r.RC = O.
XOTR MbI I1C 3HaeM 061l!l1x 3aKOHOB, ynpaBJIRlOmHX CJIO)l(eHHCM CHJI, no-
BiI.L1 H MOMY, MO)l(I10 C yoepeHHOCTblO BblBeCTH H3 3TMX OTHornem1i1, 'ITO
I if"r.Ru + f"r.Ru I = I if"",RC +f"r.RC I.
Bb1600. B 3TOM cJlY'lae HarrpR)I(eIlHe t> 0 OCTaeTCR B 06eHX CHCTeMax S' H
Sc, nOTOMY'ITO I1H O.n:HO H3 3a.L\aHHH nClfXOJlOlWleCKH He 3aKOH'ICHO. (B 9 ) CJle.I1YeT
HenOCp e .I1CTBeIlIlO H3 (r 2 ) B CBR3H C (r.) H (r 3 .).
38
Cne.I10BaTcnbHO, MbI MO)l(eM HarrHcaTb:
RU = F ( ifp'RU + fP,RU )
RC ifP,RC + fP,RC ,
39
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npOl{eJI)'P e cneJJ:yIOT, ecnII onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe nCHXOJIOrII1JeCKlle npOu.eCCbI (KaK,
HanpHMep, COl{HMbHOe nepe,lJ,BH)I(eHHe) COOTHOCHTCH C onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH
OmeKTaMII TOnOJIOrWleCKOH HJIH ro.n:OJIOril'leCKOH reOMeTpHlI (KaK, HanpH-
Mep, 1I)'Tb). He MO}l(eT 6bITb HlIKaI<oro .n:Pyroro 3HaIJeHRfl H HlIKaKoro .n:py-
roro ,lJ,OKa3aTeJIbCTBa npHMeHHMOCTII 3nIX reoMeTpHH: K nCHXOJIOrnH, KpO-
Me nno.n:OTBOpHOCTH npe.n:CKa3aHHll, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha TaKOM COOTHeceHHH.
HeMaTeMaTHK, C ,lJ,pyroll CTOpOHbI, 06BHHHn 6b1 Hac B HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHH 3aYMHbIX MaTeMaTiI'IeCKHX HJJH QJH3i1'1eCKHX nOHHTHH. B HeCKOJIbKHX
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I C. Hull: The problem of intervening variables in molar behavior theory Psychol
Rev,. 1943, SO, 273-291. ' .
42
43
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)l(Ha rrpOBO,lJ,HTbCH IlIar 3a IlIaroM, TaK, 1Jro6bI MO)l(HO 6bIJIO JIerKO npoBe-
pHTb ee JIOrmecKyIO cTporocTb. MbI TO)l(e ,lJ,OBOJIbHO ,lJ,OJIro 110,lJ,IJepKHBa-
JIH, IJro nCHXOJIOrHfl .n:OJI)I(Ha 6y.n:eT nOJIaraTbCfl Ha cTporo JIOrillJeCKHe
BblBeAeHHH H 'ITO IlIar B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH HBJIHeTCH B HaCTOHll.{ee BpeMH
OAHOH H3 caMbIX HeOTJIO}l(HbIX 3a.n:aIJ. Xann 110nbITaJICH Bb1l10J1HlITb 31)'
3Ma'IY, HaCKOJ1bKO H MOry BH}:(eTb, B OCHOBHOM coxpaHHH Tpa.n:Hl\HOHHI>Ie
110HHTH1I ycnoBHoro pel!>JIeKCa H YTO'IHHH HX II npe.n:CTaBJIHfl HX B 110CJIe-
,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTH: onpe.n:eneHH1I, rHI10Te3bI H BbIBOJJ:bI.
CJIe.n:yeT npH3HaTb II.eHHOCTb rrpe,lJ,CTaBJIeHH1I nCHXOJIOrillJeCKOH ap-
ryMeHTal{HH B 1!>0pMe TaKOM CTporOH cxeMbI, nOTOMY 1JTO 3TO MO)l(eT no-
MOIJb 06Hap HTb He,lJ,OCTaTKH MeHee CTpOroro paCC J],eHH1I. R nOJIa-
raIO, o.n:HaKO, IJTO 3.n:eCb MbI HMeeM ,lJ,eJIO He C caMbIM CYll.{eCTBeHHI>IM ac-
neKTOM npeBpall.{eHH1I nCHXOJIOrHH B HayKY, Koropafl HCnOJIb3yeT JIOrH-
IJeCKHe BbIBO.n:bI, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha 1JeTKO onpe.n:eJIeHHI>IX KOHCTpYKTax. Tep-
MHHhl «YCJIOBHbIll pel!>J1eKC», <(T0pMO}l(eHue», «B036Y,lJ,HTeJIbHaH TeH)l,eH-
l{lUI», «I!>PycTpaQH1I» H T. .n:., HCnOJIb30BaHHbIe B TaKHX BblBo.n:ax, onepa-
l\UOHaJIbHO onpe.n:eJIeHbI 60JIee HJJH MeHee IJeTKO. O.n:HaKO 6bIJIa C,lJ,eJIaHa
HeJ],OCTaT01JHafl nOIThITKa I1pOHCHHTb KOHQemyaJIbHl>Ie CBOHCTBa 3THX KOH-
CTPYKTOB. He cnpaIlIHBaeTcH, HMeeT J1H Ka)I(,lJ,bIH H3 3THX KOHCTPYKTOB C
MaTeMaTiI'IeCKOll TO'IKH 3peHH1I CBoHcTBa BeKTopa, HJIH CKaJIHpa, HJJH TeH-
30pa, HBJIfleTCfl JIll OH 06JIaCTbIO B 110JIe, naTTepHOM 06JIaCTeM: IInH H3Me-
HeHHeM, I1pOHCXOiJ,flll.{lIM B 06JIaCTlI. He .n:eJ"IaeTCH HHKOlll10nbITKII npl1-
6JIH3UTbCH K TOMY, qTO B I!>H3HKe Ha3bIBaeTCH pa3MepHocTbIO KOHcTpYKTa.
KopoLJe, KOHl\en1)'aJ1bHbJe CBoHcTBa KOHCTPYKTOB, T. e. HX JIOrWJeCKaH B3a-
HM03aBIICHMOCTb B npOUIB0l10JIO}l(HOCTb HX 3MI1l1pWIeCKoll B3aHM03aBH-
CIIMOCTH, pacKpblBaeMoH 3KcnepHMeHTaMI1, OCTaIOTCfl cOBepIlIeHHo 1)'-
MaHlIbIMH. BbI.lIaIOIl.{HMCfll1pl1MepOM HBJIHeTCJI KOHCTpYKT UmnCf/J7eK/11, KO-
44
45
VII
2. ITepBoe ycnoBlIe .D:JJfl HaY1JHoro npe.n:cTaBJIeHIUI nCHXOJIOmIJeCKO-
ro nOM - 3TO HaxmK.n:eHHe reOMeTpIUf, nOllXo.n:mIleH .D:JJH TOro, IJT06bI npe.n:-
CTaBJIHTb npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe OTHOIlIeHlIH nCHXOJIOril'leCKHX 4>aKTOB. MbI
3HaeM m HCTOpHH 4>H3HKH, 'ITO 3MIlHpH1JeCKOe npOCTpaHCTBO MO)l(eT 6bITb
npe.n:CTaBJIeHO pa3JIiI'IHbIMIf reOMeTpID!MIf: CHa1JaJIa 4>mHKa Hcnonb30Ba-
JIa eBKnH.n:OBY, n03.n:Hee pHMaHOBY reOMeTpH!O. MO)l(HO O)l(H.n:aTb, 1JTO MH
nClIXonorHH TO)l(e MO)l(eT OKa3aTbCH n0J1e3HOll 60JIee IJeM o.n:Ha reOMeT-
pIDI. CeroJJ:Hfl Hac y.n:OBJIeTBoplIT HCnOJIb30BaHHe no KpallHeH Mepe O.D:HOll
reOMeTpHH, KOTopaH n03BOJIHeT C,lJ,eJIaTb MaTeMaTH1JeCKOe TOJIKOBaHIle Tep-
MHHOB BpO.n:e «npIf6nH}l(eHIfe» H «y.n:aJIeHHe», He TepM nCHXOJIOril'leCKO-
ro CMbIcna. llpeAnOJIaraeTCH, IJTO TaKOll reOMeTpHell 6YAeT ro.n:0J10rH1Je-
CKoe npOCTpaHCTBO I . ro.n:OJIOrH1JeCKOe npOCTpaHCTBO - no orpaHH1JeHHO
CTpYK1YplIpOBaHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO, TO eCTb ero 1JaCTIf He 6ecKOHeIJHO .n:e-
J1HMbI, HO COCTOHT H3 onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX e.n:HHHl{ MH 06JIaCTell. HanpaBJIe-
HHe If paCCTOHHHe onpe.n:eJIHlOTCH C nOMOll.{bIO <<o60c06JJeHHbIx nyTeH»,
KOTopbIe MO)l(HO JIefKO cornaCOBaTb C nClIXOJIOrH1JeCKHM nepe.n:BH)I(eHH-
eM. TaKafl reOMeTpID! n03BomleT .n:eJIaTb a.n:eKBaTHoe npe.n:CTaBJIeHHe no-
IlIaroBoro xapaKTepa 60JIbIlIeH 'IaCTIf nClIXOJIOril'leCKHX npOl{eCCOB. KpoMe
TOro, OHa n03BOJIHeT .n:aTb a.n:eKBaTHbIH OTBeT Ha 03a.n:aIJHBaIOIUyIO He06-
XO.D:HMOCTb npIfIlHcbIBaTb pa3nH1JHbIe nClIXOJIOrH1JeCKIfe HanpaBJIeHID! ne-
pe.n:BH)I(eHID!M B O.n:HOM H TOM )l(e 4>H3H1JeCKOM HanpaBJIeHIfIl, ecnH l{eJIb
3THX nepe}:(BH}I(eHHH .n:pyraH. 3TO oc06eHHO Ba)l(HO .n:JIH np06JIeMbI 06xo.n:-
HOro nyTH. ro.n:OJIOrH1JeCKOe npOCTpaHCTBO n03BOMeT onIfCbIBaTb CTPYK-
rypHbIe OTHOllieHID! B 'IeJIOBeKe, TaK }l(e KaK If B ero nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOll
cpe.n:e. HanpHMep, TaKHM 06pa30M MO}l(eT 6b1Tb onpe.n:eJIeHa CTeneHb .n:1l4>-
4>epe H l\l1aQHH IJeJIOBeKa If nepIf4>epil'leCKHe H u.eHTpanbHbIe CJIOH. ro.n:o-
J10ril'leCKOe npOCTpaHCTBO He MeHee nOJIe3HO ,lJ,nH onHcaHIfH CTPYKTypbl
rpynn H HX If3MeHeHIfll. Ero caMafl 60JIbIlIafl l{eHHOCTb, o.n:HaKO, CTaHO-
BHTCH 01JeBIf.n:Ha, KOma MbI HMeeM .n:eJIO C np06JIeMaMH .n:IfHaMllKH.
3. B Te1JeHIfe BTOpOH nOJIOBIfHbI npOIlIJIoro BeKa pa3BHTlIe .n:11Ha-
MII1JeCKIIX nOHHTIfll B HaY1JHoll nCIfXOJIOrHIf onpe.n:eJIRJIOCb cTpaxoM co-
CKOJIb3HYTb B «MeTa4>mIlKY TeneOJIOrHH». H.n:eH 0 TOM, lfTO He 6y.n:YIlIee,
a npOIlIJIOe HY)I(HO C'IIfTaTb «npH1JHHOiI» nOBe.n:eHHH, 6bIna O,lJ,HlI:\1 113
rJIaBHbIX MOTIIBOB npH C03.n:aHlIH aCCOIJ,HaHIf3Ma. B TO BpeMH Bce CBH-
3aHHoe C nOHHTHeM HanpaBJIeHHH ClflITanOCb npIfHa.n:IIe}l(all.{HM TeJIeOJIO-
rWleCKOMY no.n:xo.n:y. nOHHTIfe l\eJIIf 6bIJIO nO,lJ,03pHTeJIbHbIM H nO.D:JIe)l(a-
J10 3aMeHe 1JeM-TO, 1JTO He npe,lJ,nOJIaraJIO nOIDITHe HanpaBneHHfl. .D;py-
,lJ,aJIbIlIe KOHl\enTyanbHoe pa3BI1THe npo.n:BHraeTCH B nCIIXOJIOrHH B l\eJIOM,
TeM 6bICTpee 6y.n:eT B03MO)l(HO npHMeHHTb 4>opMaJIHCTIf1JeCKOe npeACTaB-
J1eHHe .n:a)l(e K HOBbIM 06naCTHM.
1.JTO .n:OCTHrnyTO B OTHOllieHIfH npe.n:CTaBJIeHIUI nClIXOJIOrH1JeCKHX
3aBHCHMOCTeH nocpe.n:CTBOM TOnOJIOril'leCKHX H BeKTOpHbIX nOIDITIfll "
KaKOBbI .n:OJI)I(HbI 6bITb HOBbIe u.eJ1H? ECJIH MHe 6y.n:eT n03BOJIeHO BbICKa-
3aTb CBoe c06cTBeHHoe MHeHHe no 3TOMY Bonpocy, OTBeT Ha KOTOpbIH,
pa3YMeeTCH, 6Y,lJ,eT .n:aH HaMe)l(all.{HM 06pa30M TOJIbKO 6y.n:yIl.{HM Pa3BlITH-
eM nCHXOJIOrHH, H 6bI nO.lI.'IepKH}'JI CJIe1IY!OIl.{Ife MOMeHTbI.
1. B03MO}I(HOCTH TeOp"" nOM B c4>epe .n:emeJIbHOCTH, 3MOIJ,Hll1l JIH1J-
Hocrn TBep.n:o YCTaHOBJIeHbI. OCHOBHbIe yTBep}KJJ:eHIDI TeOp"" nOM COCTOm
B TOM, IJTO (a) nOBe.n:eHIfe Hy)I(HO BbIBO.n:HTb H3 COBOK)'IIHOCTH cocym.ecTB)'IO-
Il.{HX 4>aKTOB, (6) 3TIf cocym.eCTBYIOIl.{He 4>aKTbI HMeIOT xapaKTep «.D:HHaMH-
IJeCKoro nOJIID> nOCTOJIbK)', nOCKOJIbK)' COCTOHHIfe JII060H IJaCTH 3TOro nOM
3aBHCHT OT JII060ll,lJ,pyroll1JaCrn nOM. eHIfe (a) BKJII01JaeT yTBep}KJJ:e-
HIle, 1JTO B nCHXOJIOrHU MbI TO)I(e .n:OJl)l(HbI HMeTb .n:eno CO MHO)l(eCTBOM B3aH-
MOCBH3H KOToporo He MOryr 6bITb npe.n:CTaBJIeHbI 6e3 nOHHTID! npO TpaH-
CTBa'. <I>aKTiI'IeCKH, Bce nCHXOnOril'leCKIfe IlIKOJIbI KOCBeHHO comaIlIaIOTCH C
3T11M yTBep)I(JJ:eHHeM, HCnOJIb3YH nOHHTIUI BpO,lJ,e npIf6JIH)1(eHIDI ImH y.n:ane-
HIlH, COl\HanbHOll n03HIJ.lfH If TaK ,lJ,anee B CBOHX onHcaHHflX. Bce 60nbIlIe
npH3HaeTCH, XOTH Bce ell.{e eCTb HeKOTopbIe HCKJII01JeHIDI, IJTO npocTpaHCTBeH-
Hble OTHOIlIeHWI nCHXonOrIllJecKHX ,lJ,aHHbIX He MOryr 6bITb a.n:eKBaTHO npe.n:-
CTaBneHbI nocpe.n:CTBOM 4>H3i1'1eCKoro npOCTpaHCTBa, HO .n:OJI)I(HbI paCCMaT-
pHBaTbCH, no KpaifHell Mepe ,lJ,0 nopbl .n:o BpeMeHH, KaK nCHXOJIOril'leCKOe
npOCTpaHCTBO. 06Il.{enpH3HaHO, 1JTO 3TO «)I(H3HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO» BKJIIO-
'IaeT lfeJIOBeKa H nCHXOJIOril'lecK)'IO oKp alOIU)'IO cpe.n:y.
B OTHOIlIeHHH c .n:eHID! (6) cIfryall.ID! cxo.n:HaH. ,[(a)l(e TeopHH, nep-
BOHaIJanbHO OCHOBaHHbIe Ha cornaCOBaHHU OT.n:eJIbHbIX CTHMynOB C OT,lJ,eJIb-
HbIMIf peaKl\H1IMH, pa3BHJIHCb B HarrpaBneHlIll, KOTopoe nprffiO,lJ,HT lIX no
MeHbIlIeH Mepe O'JeHb 6mnKo K (6). XOpOIlIHM npHMepoM JJ:]UI 3TOro HBM-
eTCH TeOpID! XanJIa, KOTopafl COOTHOCHT peaKlUIIO He C OT.n:enbHbIM crnMY-
JIOM, KaK, HarrpHMep, OnnllJeCKHH, HO C «narrepHOM CTHMYnOB», KOTOpblH
BKJIIO'IaeT CTHMYJIbll\eJIIf H n06 eHHH. B rrpHHlI.Ime, 06Il.{enpH3HaHO, IJTO
nOBe.n:eHHe (B) eCTb 4>)'HKl\Hfl IJenOBeKa (P) If Cpe.n:bI (E): B = F (P,E) - 11
IJTO P H E B 3TOH 4>0pMYJIe - B3aHM03aBHCHMbIe nepeMeHHble.
I Kurt Lewin. The conceptual representalion and the measurement of psychological
forces, Contr. Psychol. Theor., 1938, I, No.4, Duke University Press.
I C L maBY VI.
46
47
rHMH aCneKTaMH TeJIeOJIOrHH, Ha KoropbIe CMOTpeJIH C He MeHbIlIHM no-
.n:03peHHeM, 6b1JIII: «npe.n:BH.n:eHHe», Koropoe n03BOJIHeT H36e)l(aTb npe-
mITCTBHfl, H «C03HaHHe», KOTopoe YIJHTbIBaeT 06IUYIO 06CTaHOBKY. Ac-
COl\HaHH3M .n:OJI)I(eH 6bITb «CJIem> H OCHOBaH HCKJII01JIITeJIbHO Ha npo-
IlIJIOM (no 03HaIJanO, 1Jro TeopHH aCCOl{Hal{IUf .n:OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa OCHOBbI-
BaTbCH Ha nOHHTHH nOBTOpeHlIH).
KOHeIJHo, 4>aKTbI l\eJIeH, nOTpe6HocTeil: H BOJIll 6bIJIH CJIHlliKOM Ba}l(-
HbI, 1JT06bI npOCTO HrHopllpOBaTb HX. Koma nCHXOJIOnUi OKOJI,lJ,OBaHa .n:H-
XOTOMlleH (<TeJIeOJIOrHfl» HJJH «npH1JllHHaH 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb npOlliJIbIM»,
,lJ,JJH TeX nCHXOJIoroB, Koropl'Ie 6bIJIll y6e)l(.n.eHbl B Ba)l(HOCTll nOHCKa l{eJIH
H HanpaBJIeHHOCTH, nO-BH.n.IIMOMY, 60JIbIlIe HiI'Iero He OCTaeTCH, KaK 06-
paTHTbcH K onpe.n:eJIeHHOH TeJIeOJIOIWIeCKOH TeopHH. MaK-,lOrrann - KJIac-
CiI'IeCKllH npe.n:CTaBHTeJIb noro no.n:XO,lJ,a. AccoQllaHllcTbl TO}l(e He MomH
COBepIlIeHHO HrHopHpOBaTb QeJIeHanpaBJIeHHOe H OCMbICJIeHHOe nOBe.n:e-
HHe. OHll nbITanHCb BKJII01JUTb l{eJIH, HaMepeHHfl H BOJIIO B CHCTeMY, H
HHTepeCHO nOCMOTpeTb, KaK npli 3TOM H3MeHHJJCH xapaKTep aCCOl{HaHHCT-
CKon TeopHll. 3aKOH 34>4>eKTa TopH.n:aHKa H nOHHTlle determinierende
Tendenz Axa npHnHCbIBalOT TeM TllnaM nOBTopeHHfl, KOTopbIe CBH3aHbI C
H3BeCTHbIMH aCneKTaMH l{eJ1H (.n:OCTH)I(eHHe l{eJIH HJ1H 06pa30BaHHe Ha-
MepeHHfl), C C03.n.aHHeM oc06eHHO CHJJbHbIX aCCOl\Hal\Hll. Xann npH3Ha-
Ban Ba)l(HOCTb l{eJIeH H nOTpe6HOCTell, BKJIIOIJaH CTHMYJ1bI l\eJIeH H no-
Tpe6HOCTeH KaK Ba)l(HbIe 3JIeMeHTbl B Te «naTTepHbI CTHMYJIa», KOTopbIe
CqHTalOTCH npH1JHHOH peaKl{HH. Ha TeopHlO aCCOl\HaHH3Ma (YCJIOBHbIll
pe4>JIeKC) Bce 60JIbIlIe OKa3bIBana BJJIUlHlIe nonblTKa nOJIY'IllTb HanpaB-
J1eHHyIO ,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTb, He .n.onycKafl cYll.{eCTBOBaHHfl HanpaBJIeHHbIX .n:H-
HaMillJeCKHX 4>aKropOB.
ComaCHO TeopHH nOAA, nOBe.n:eHlfe He 3aBHCHT HH OT npOIlIJIOrO, Hll
OT 6y.n:yll.{ero, HO 3aBlICHT OT CYll.{eCTByIOIl.{ero B HaCTOHIl.{Hll MOMeHT nOJIH.
(3TO HacroHll.{ee nOJIe UMeeT onpe.n:eJIeHHyIO BpeMeHH)'IO rny6HHY. OHO
BKJII01JaeT «nCHXOJIOrIlIJeCKOe np0IlIJ10e», «nCHXOJIOril'leCKOe HaCTOHll.{ee»
11 «nCHXOJIOril'leCKOe 6y.n:yll.{ee», KOTopbIe COCTaBnHIOT O,lJ,HO H3 H3Mepe-
HHH }l(I13HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa, cYll.{eCTBy!oll.{ero B ,lJ,aHHbIH MOMeHT Bpe-
MeHH.) 3ro npOTHBOnOJIO)l(HO KaK y6e)I(JJ:eHHIO TeJIeOnOrIIH, IJro 6y.n:yll.{ee
HBJIHeTCH npH1JHHOH nOBe,lJ,eHHfl, TalC H y6e)l(,lJ,eHIIIO aCCOl\l1aHH3Ma, qTO
np0IlIJ10e eCTb npl1qmia nOBe,lJ,eHHfl. Eonee Toro, OIlIH60IJHO CqllTaTb npe.n:-
nOJIO}l(eHHe 0 HanpaBJIeHHblX 4>aKTopax XapaKTepHbIM .n:nH TeJIeOnorHll.
KaY3ajJbHble 06'bHCHeHHfl B 4>H3HKe 6e3YCJIOBHO He H36eraIOT TaKHX npe.n:-
nOJIO)l(eHHH: 4>I13i1'1eCKafl CllJIa - 3TO HanpaBJIeHHaH peanbHOCTb, BeKTOp.
I1CifxoJIorHfl TO)l(e HI! B KoeM cnyqae He CTaHOBlfTCfl MeTa4>H31IlJeCKOH,
06pall.{aHCb K TaKHM KOHcTpYKTaM BeKTOpHOrO xapaKTepa, KaK nCHXOJIO-
rillJeCKHe CHJ1bI. 3TO n03BOJIHeT HaqaTb npflMoe HacrynJIeHlle Ha np06JIe-
MbI HanpaBJIeHHoro .n:eHcTBIIH. B.n:06aBOK C nOMOll.{bIO onpe.n:eJIeHHfl Ha-
npaBJIeHHfl C TOIJKH 3peHHfl ro.n:oJIOrII'IeCKoro npoCTpaHCTBa B03MO)l(HO
a.n.eKBaTHoe npe.n:cTaBneHI!e TOro, 1JTO HMeJIO CMblCJI B HeKOTopbIX .n:pyrHX
YTBep}l(,lJ,eHlUIX TeJIeOJIOrllll. ITpHBo.n:flll.{aH B 3aMeIlIaTeJIbCTBO CBH3b Me)l(-
.n:y 3HaHHeM ll,lJ,HHaMHKoH, KOTopaH HMeJIa MllcTiflIecKHH xapaKTep B Te-
J1eOJIOrHH, .n.eJIaeTCH nOHHTHoll no KpallHeH Mepe B O.n:HOM cYll.{eCTBeHHoM
MOMeHTe: CTaHOBHTCH HCHO, nOIJeMY He.n:OCTaTOK 3HaHHfl HMeeT 34>4>eKT
6apbepa. TaHHcTBeHHaH cnoc06HoCTb }l(HBOTHbIX npOKJIa.n.blBaTb 06xo.n.-
HbIe nyTll MO)l(eT 6bITb pal{HOHaJIbHO CBH3aHa C TeM 4>aKToM, IJro paBHo-
BeClle B ro,lJ,oJIOril'leCKOM npoCTpaHcTBe 3aBHCHT OT cOBoKYnHocTll CBH-
.3eH B nOJIe.
4. R nOJIaraIO, qro MHO)l(eCTBO nCHXOJIOril'leCKHX npOl\eCCOB MO)l(-
HO HCCJIe,lJ,OBaTb cpaBHHTeJIbHO a.n:eKBaTHO C nOMOll.{blO HaJIiI'IHbIX KOH-
l{enTYaJIbHbIX Cpe,lJ,CTB 1 . CIO.n:a BXO,lJ,HT OCHOBHbIe xapaKmepucmuKu no-
mpe6Hocmeu H pa3nH1JHbIe cnoc06bI HX y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHHfl, BKJIIOIJaH 3aMe-
ll.{eHlle. MO)l(eT 6bITb H3MepeHa 3aMell/alOll/aRZleHlIOCmb O.n:HOH ,lJ,eHTem,-
HOCTll,lJ,JJH ,lJ,pyroH, H MOryT 6bITb BbIBe.n:eHbl 061l.{He YCJIOBHH MH 3aMell.{a-
IOll.{eil: l{eHHOCTH. 3aMemeHlIe 3aTparHBaeT 4>YH.D:aMeHTaJIbHble np06J/eMbl
nocmaH06KU H06blX 'tJe.neii H yp06HR npumR3aHuu. B 3TOH 06JIaCTH Ba)l(-
HbIH IlIar Bnepe.n. 6bIJI c.n:eJIaH, KOma 6bIJJa YCTaHOBJIeHa HeCKOJIbKO napa-
,lJ,OKCaJIbHafl TeH.D:eHl(IDI npe.n:nOqHTaTb TpYJ],HbIe l\eJIll J1erKHM (TeH.D.eHl{IDl,
KOTopafl Ka)I(eTCH npoTHBOpeIJall.{eH «3aKOHY 3KOHOMHH»). Mbl e yno-
MHHaJIH, qTO MO}l(HO no.n:crynHTbcH KO MHorHM np06JIeMaM, CBH3aHHbIM C
npOl{eCCOM cmpeMJ/eHUR K oaHllOii ZleJ/u, B IJaCTHOCTH K CBH3H Me)l(.n:y K02-
HUmU6IIOU cmpyKmypoii (mlY'IeHHe, HHcallT, 06XO.n:HOH II)'Tb) H HanpaBJIe-
HHeM H MOIIUIOCTbIO nCHXOJIOIWIeCKHX ClUI. TO)l(e caMoe BepHo B OTHOIlIe-
HHll MHorHX np06JIeM, CBH3aHHblX C KOHtjJJ/uKmHbIMu cl/mya1IuR.MU. MO)l(HO
CneWlaJIbHO ynOMHHYTb TpaKTOBKY np06JIeM amMoctjJep. MO}l(HO YCTaHo-
BHTb B03,lJ,ellCTBHe ,lJ,aBneHIDI pa3HbIX CTeneHeH Ha CTeneHb KpaTKoBpeMeH-
HOll olltjJtjJepeHZlUaljl/l/ Illl'JHOCml/. I1pe.n:cKa3aHIUI, KaCalOll.{HeCH BJIHflHHH
tjJpycmpaZlUl/ Ha npooYKml/6HOCmb H pe2peCCl/IO, 6bIJIH no.n:TBep}l(,lJ,eHbI 3KC-
nepHMemoM. EbIna H3MepeHa CTeneHb :JICeCmKOCmu lUIH .n:HHaMH1JeCKOH CBH-
3H Me)l(.ll.)' nO.D:1JaCTflMH JIiI'IHOCTll ( O,ll,HH H3 OCHOBHbIX 4>aKTOpOB B JIillJHOC-
Tll, KpoMe creneHH ee .n:u4>4>epeHl\I-fal\uu). HaKOHel\ O.n:HH pe:JyJIbTaT, KOTO-
pbIH Ka)l(eTCH MHe 01JeHb Ba)l(HbIM: CTaJIa H3MepHMOH, no KpaHHell Mepe B
HeKoTOpbIX CJIY'IaHX, BeJIllqHHa Tex 06J1aCTei1, KOTopble B .n:aHHblll MOMeHT
I DOJlee .neTfulLHoe 06Cy)(()leHue 3THX 3KcnepHMeHTOB CM, B r,laBe x.
48
49
BpeMeHH HMeIOT XapaKTep He.D:H4>4>epeHlUfpOBaHHbIX eOU1lllll e :JICU3l1ellHOM
npOCmpallCm6e l . EbIJI no.n:TBep)l(.n:eH PM npe,lJ,CKa3aHHll 0 BJIlIHHHII pa3Me-
pa 3THX e.n:lIHIIIX Ha nOBe.n:eIDIe }l(lffiOTHOro 2 .
"liTO KaCaeTCH CJIe1IYlOIUHX 3MaIJ, HMeeMCH, 1JTO CKOpO 6y.n:eT .n:O-
CTlIrHYTO KOJIH1JeCTBeHHOe II3MepeIDIe nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHX CM. 3TO .n:aCT
OTBeT Ha BOnpOC 0 3aKOHaX COe.n:HHeHHH CM (pe3ynbTHpyIOIUHX CM) H
nOMOll.{b B II3MepeHHH HanpH)I(eHHH. O.n:Ha II3 06JIaCTell, KOTOpaH HaH6o-
JIee HaCTOHTeJIbHO Tpe6yeT YJIY'lIlIeHHH, - 3TO 06JIacTI, COl{IIaJIbHOM nCII-
XOJIOrHII. Ha MOM B3fJU1,lJ" cero.n:IDI MO}l(HO onpe.n:eJllITb zpynnbl II rpynno-
BbIe l{emf Onepal{HOHaJIbHO II C nOMOIUblO ynoMIIHaBIlIHXcH THnOB KOHCT-
PYKTOB. C HX nOMoIUbIO 6bIJIH c.n:eJIaHbI II 3KCnepHMeHTaJIbHO nO,lJ,TBep)l(-
,lJ,eHbI npe.n:cKa3aHIDI 0 BnHHHllli onpe.n:eJIeHHbIx COljUaJlbllblX amMocrjJep
Ha )l(II3Hb rpynIThI. TeM He MeHee pH.n: OCHOBHbIX KOHCTPYKTOB B COlUfaJIb-
HOM nCHXOJIOrHH, BKJJI01JaH KOHCTpYKT IIH.a)'l{IIPyIOIUHX nOJIeH (::mepze-
mU'IeCKUe nOM), Tpe6yeT YTOIJHeHHH.
IIporpecc, B HaCTOHll.{ee BpeMH .n:OCTlITHYTbIH B KOHQemyaJIbHOM Pa3-
BHTHII nCHXOJIOrHH, CJl)'}l(HT OCHOBaHHeM )J.JUI60JIbIlIOro OnTHMH3Ma. H,LI,eH,
1JTO TaKHe 4>eHoMeHbI, KaK Ha,Ll,e}l(,lJ,a Mil ,lJ,p 6a, MOryT KOr,lJ,a-J1H60 6bITb
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IDITIDIMH, HeCKOJIbKO JIeT Ha3M nOKa3aJIaCb 6bI CBepx BCHKHX peaJIHCTH-
1JeCKHX O)l(H.n:aIDIH. Cero.n:IDI TaKoe npe,Ll,CTaBJIeHlIe B03MO)l(HO II OqeHb
nOMoraeT, KOma HMeemb .n:eJIo C 3THMH 4>eHoMeHaMII. R He COMHeBaIOCb,
IJTO nOIDITIDI TOnOJIOrHII II ro.n:OJIOrll'leCKoro npOCTpaHCTBa HJIII nOHHTHH
CXO.D:HOll npHpO}:(bI OKa CH nno.n:OTBOpHbIMH)J.JUI npe.n:CTaBneHHH H npe.n:-
CKa3aHID! B Ka)l(,LI,OH 06JIaCTH nCHXOJIOrnH. C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbI, O.n:HH II3
caMbIX Ba)l(HbIX 4>aKropoB .n:JIH YCTOll1JllBOro nporpecca B J11060ii HaYKe -
3TO 3.n:paBbIM CMbICJI npH npHIDITHH peIlIeHHH, K KaKHM np06J1eMaM MO)l(-
HO no.n:crynHTbCH, a KaKHe JIY'Illie OTJIO)l(HTb, nOKa He 6y.n:eT .n:OCTHrHYTO
60JIee 3peJIOe COCTOHHHe 3TOM HaYKH.
II. KOHCTPYKTbI B TEOPMM nOAH
( 1944)
KaTJeCTBO H KOAHTJeCTBO
B nCHXOAorHH
Ell.{e co BpeMeH Be6epa H <I>exHepa B nCHXOJIOrHH 6bIJIa TeH,I:(eHJJ.lUI
K nepeBo.n:y B KOJIH1JeCTBeHHyIO 4>OPMY H MareMaTH3al{HH. 3Ta TeH,I:(eHl{HH
CTaHOBHTCH Bce ClillbHee. O,Ll,HaKO 6bIJIO MHOro cnopoB 0 TOM, KaK MO)l(HO
,lJ,OCTillJb MaTeMaTH3a HH. BHa1JaJIe 6bIJIO MHOro B03pa)l(eIDIM B «npHHl{H-
ne», IJTO nCHXOJIOrHH - 3TO KaIJeCTBeHHaH HaYKa H 'ITO KOJIiI'IeCTBeHHOe
npe,Ll,CTaBJIeHHe .n:OJI)I(HO 6bITb orpaHiI'IeHO Y3KOH 06JIaCTbIO nCHXOJIOrHH
BOCnpHHTIUI. Cero.n:IDI npII3HaeTCH, 'ITO paHee IICKJIIOIJaBIlIHeCH 06JIaCTH,
TaKHe, KaK nCHXOJIOrIUI MOTHBal{HH, TO)I(e .n:0JI)I(HbI paccMaTplIBaTbcH Ma-
TeMaTH'IeCKH.
3. KacclIpepl ,lJ,aJI ,lJ,eTaJIbHOe HCTOpH1JeCKOe onHcaHHe pacxo}l(.n:e-
HHll BO MHeHHHX Me)l(,LI,)' KOJIH1JeCTBeHHbIM H KaIJeCTBeHHbIM no.n:xo.n:aMH B
pa3BHTHH <pH3HKH H XHMHH. HeKOTOpbIe II3 cero.n:fUlIlIHHX TeOpeTH1JeCKHX
np06JIeM B nCHXOJIOrHII .n:eMoHcTpHpylOT 60JIbIlIOe MeTo.n:OJIOril'leCKOe
CXO,lJ,CTBO C 3THMH paCXO}l(,lJ,eHlliIMH, XOTH HCTOplfIIecKH HX pa3.n:eJIflIOT BeKa.
ComaCHO KaccHpepy, OCHOBHafl MeH, KOTopafl npHBeJIa K pa3peIlIeHHIO
3THX cnopOB B CaMOH MareMaTIIKe H B MaTeMaTH1JeCKOH 06pa60TKe 4>H3H-
1JeCKHX .n:aHHbIx, 6bIJIa cne1IYlOll.{afl: Ka1JeCTBeHHbIll H KOJIH1JeCTBeHHbIH
no.n:x0.n:bI - He npOTllBOnOJIO)l(HOCTH, HO He06xo.n:HMbIe .n:onOJIHeHlIH .n:pyr
1IJ1H .n:pyra.
KaCCHpep CHOBa H CHOBa YKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO MaTeMaTH3al{lUI He TO}l(,Ll,eCT-
Belma KOJIH1JeCTBeHHOMY npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHIIIO. MaTeMaTHKa HMeeT .n:eJIO C KO-
J1i1'1eCTBOM H Ka<leCTBOM. 3TO oc06eHHo O'IeBHJJ:HO B rex OTpaCJIHX reo-
MeTpHH, KOTopbIe ,LI,eJIalOT He KOJIH1JeCTBeHHbIe, HO Bce )l(e MaTeMaTH1Je-
CKH «TOIJHbIe» YTBep)l(.n:eHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOJIO)l(eHHH H ,LI,pyrHX reOl'vJeT-
pH1JeCKHX OTHOIlIeHHH.
I Dorwin Cartwright: Relation of decision-time to the categories of response, Am.
J. Psychol., 1941,54,174-196.
2 Claude Buxton: Latent learning and the goal gradient hypothesis, ContI: Psychol.
Theor" 1940,2, No.2, Duke University Press.
I E. Cassirer: Substanzbegriff und Funktionbegriff. Untersuchungen uber die
Grundfragen der Erkenntniskritik (Berlin: B, Cassirer, 1910),
51
nOBceAHeBHbIe nOHSlTHSI
H HaY'IHbIe KOHCTPYKTbI
C caMoro Ha'iana 06CY)I(.n:eHile tjJpYCTpal\ilH B paMKax TeopHH nOJIfl
6bIJIO IJpe3BbIIJaHHO aHa11lITlIlJeCKHM. EbIJI Bbl.n:e11eH pflD, cHTyal{ull, Ta-
KHX, KaK: tjJpYCTpal\ilfl B 06CTaHOBKe B03Harpa)l(.n:eHilfl no cpaBHeHHIO C
tjJpYCTpal\HeH no.n: yrp030H HaKa3aHHH; tjJpYCTpal\HH )l(e11aHHH .n:BlIraTb-
CH K 30He .n:ellCTBHH no cpaBHeHlIlO C .n.BH)I(eHileM OT Hee; tjJpYCTpal\HH, B
KOTOpOH He.n:ocTynHa T011bKO orpaHH1JeHHaH 06J1aCTb, no cpaBHeHHIO C
TlOpbMono.n:06HOH 06CTaHOBKOH, B KOTOpOH 6apbep OKpY)I(aeT 'leJIOBeKa
co Bcex CTOpOH.
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npupo.n.e. TeM He MeHee HX MO)l(HO npe.n:CTaBHTb IJepe3 TOnOJIOrIlIJeCKlie H
BeKTOpHbIe nOHHTlIH TaKUM 06pa30M, KOropblH (a) .n:eJIaeT Ka)l(JJ:yIO clIT)'a-
l\HIO OTKpbITOH .n:JIH KOJIiI'IeCTBeHHOH 06pa60TKu, (6) He paCCMaTpHBaeT
3TU Ka'IeCTBeHHO pa3JIWIHbIe cluyal\HH KaK COBepIlIeHHO OT.n:eJIbHbIe pe-
anbHOCTlt, HO CqHTaeT HX pe3YJIbTaTOM onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX KOJIHIJeCTBeHHblX
1I3MeHeHHH HJJH H3MeHeHHH B pacrrpe.n:eJIeHUH CUJI.
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MOll MaTeMaTl1Ke. PaCCMaTpHBaTb KaIJeCTBeHHO OTJIiI'IHbIe reOMeTpHQe-
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ceKpeTOM 3TOro MeTo.n:a. Em HHOr,lJ,a Ha3bIBaIOT MeTo.n:OM «reHeTHqeCKO-
ro onpe.n:eJIeHHfl». OH cnoc06eH B O.n:HO H TO }l(e BpeMH CBfl3bIBaTb H pa3-
.n:eJIHTb; OH He npeYMeHbIlIaeT KaqeCTBeHHbIe p33JTH'IHH H Bce )l(e pac-
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B 3MnHpH1JeCKHX HaYKax, r,lJ,e «3JIeMeHT3MH KOHCTPYKl\ilH» flB11HIOTCfl Ma-
TeMaTHlIeCKlI onilcaHHble 3MnI1pHqeCKUe CYlliHOCTI1 (TaKlIe, KaK CI1J1bI,
HOHbI, aTOMbI).
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HOH KaqeCTBeHHoi1 U KOJIl1qeCTBeHHoH xapaKTepHcTuKH, KOHl\erITyaJIb-
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BbIBO.n:bl, KaK, HanpltMep: npH KaKHX ycnOBI1HX cpPycTpal\ml opllBe.n.eT K
06XOAHOMY 0YTI1, a KOma - K YXO,lJ,Y 113 n011fl, npll KaKHX YCJIOBHHX rroc-
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HOH KOJIH1JeCTBeHHoll 06pa60TKH, BnOJIHe npH3HaeTcH B nCHXOJIOrH-
IJeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe. qTO Ka}l(eTCH MeHee HCHbIM, TaK 3TO TO, IJTO K
caMHM KaIJeCTBeHHbIM pa3JIII1JUHM MO}l(HO H HY)I(HO no.n.XOllHTb MaTe-
MaTH1JeCKH.
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MaeT Ha H3bIKe CTUMYJ1a-peaKl{HlI, comallialOTCH, 1JTO B nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHX
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MOMY, CyIl.{eCTByIOT pa3JIH1JlliI B OTHOIlIeHHU Toro, IJro 03HaIJaeT MareMa-
TH3al{Hfl1I KaK H1ITH Bnepe.n: B pa3pa60TKe Teoplill.
MbI MO)l(eM HCnOJIb30BaTb B KaIJeCTBe npHMepa KOHl{emyanbHyIO
pa3pa60TKY np06JIeMbI IPPYCTpal{UH.
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CHOBlI.n:eHHll 1I BceH 06JIacTbIO nCHXOnaTOJIOrHH. 3TH nOHHTHfl He 6bIJIH
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CTaBnHnOCb B TO Bpel\UI npll3HaKOM .n:HCKYCCliH BHe ctjJepbl HaYKH, KaK .n:JIH
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52
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J10rH1JeCKHMH nOH1lTH1IMH B CMbICJIe HaY1JHbIX «3JIeMeHTOB KOHCTp)'Kl\HH».
IIpH1JHHa 3TOro B TOM, IJTO TepMHH, no.n:06HblH «I!>PYCTpal{HH», (a) Hy}I(-
I EOJlee ,lleTaJILHOe 06C)')K.l\eHlle 3TIIX 3KcnepllMeHTOB CM, B maBe X.
2 J. Dollard, et at: Frustration andAggression (New Haven: YaJe University Press, 1939).
I C. Hull: The problem of intervening variables in molar behavior theory, Psycho/.
Rev" 1943, SO, 273-291.
54
5S
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CBH3blBaTb TaKl!e ljJoHOmnlJ'JeCKH onpe,/\eJlJleMble Co6b1TItJl C O,llHI!M 11 TeM JKe nOHHTHeM,
He 3aBHCHIl\HM OT CI!T)'atlHH, B KOTOpOH npOI!CXOl!lJT co6b1TIte. 3To o.nHa 1J3 OCHOBHblX Me-
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1 M, E. WrighI: Constructiveness of playas affected by group organization and
frustration, Charaet. and Pers" 1942,11,40-49.
3 R Barker, T. Dembo, K, Lewin: Frustration and regression, Univ.lowa Stud Child
Welf., 1941, 18,N2, I.
56
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IDI, Ha KOTOpOM «rrCHXOJIOnIIJecKyIO rrpnpo.n:y» C06bITIUI XapaKTeplI3YeT
KOHuerrryaJIbHa}J KOHCTPYKl{HH, ero npe.n:CTaBJIflIOll.{a}J.
O,lJ,HliM H3 rrpH3HaKOB Hay1JHbIX KOHCTPYKTOB, CTOHIl.{HX BbIllie YPOB-
HH BO,lJ,bI H OrIDI, HBJIHeTCH B03MO)l(HOCTb orrpe,lJ,eJ1eHlUI HX «KOHQerrryaJIb-
Horo THIIa» HJIH B :KOHeIJHOM nTore HX «KOHuerrryaJIbHOll pa3MepHOCTH».
IIpHBe.n:eM He60JIbIlIOH rrpHMep H3 $H3HKH: «CKOPOCTb» H «YCKopeHHe»
He HMelOT O,lJ,HHaKOBOll KOHl{enryaJIbHOH pa3MepHOCTH, nOTOMY IJTO CKO-
pOCTb eCTb paCCTOHHHe 3a BpeMH (dll), TOma KaK YCKopeHHe eCTb paCCTO-
JIHHe 3a KBa,1I.paT BpeMeHH (dill). C ,lJ,Pyroll CTOpOH1>I, Bce, 'ITO MO}l(HO BbI-
pa3HTb KaK CKOpOCTb, HMeeT O,lJ,HHaKOByIO KOHUefi1YaJIbHyIO pa3MepHOCTb.
IIo.n:06HblM 06pa30M Ka)l(,lJ,bIH $H3H1JeCKlIll $eHOMeH, :KOTOpbIll MO)l(HO
BbIpa3l1Tb KaK $H3H1JecKyIO CHJIY (TO eCTb MaTeMaTH1JeCKH - KaK BeKTOp),
HMeeT TaKyIO }l(e KOHl{eIIryaJIbHyIO pa3MepHOCTb. CIiJIbI, O,lJ,HaKO, He lIMe-
lOT TaKyIO }l(e pa3MepHOCTb, KaK 3HeprIUl.
58
59
ECTb YKa3aHlUI Ha TO, IJTO Ha Orrpe,lJ,eJIeHHbIe TiInbI BOnpOCOB MO)l(HO
OTBeTl1Tb TOJIbKO C rrOMOll.{blO Orrpe,lJ,eJIeHHblX THrrOB KOHCTPYKTOB. HanpII-
Mep, Ka)l(eTCfl, 1JTO «npe,lJ,CKa3aHHe nOBe,lJ,eHHfl qeJIOBeKa B Cnel\HlJJH1Je-
CKOH CH1yal\III1» .n:OJ1)1(HO 6blTb OCHOBaHO Ha «CHJIOBOM nOJIe» HnH KOH-
l{enryaJIbHO 3KBHBaJIeHTHOM KOHCTpYKTe. ECJ1I1 BepHO, lfTO HIIKaKOll ,lJ,PY-
roH KOHl\enryaJIbHbIH THn (TaKoi1, KaK rrOJ1e BJIaCTH, n03Hl\IUI, HanpH)I(e-
HlIe, clIJIa) He HBJJHeTCH .n:OCTaTO'IHbIM 1IJUI TaKoro rrpe.n:CKa3aHlm, OIJeBlf.il:HbI
Ba)l(HbIe rr03HTHBHbIe H HeraTlIBHble MeTO,lJ,0J10rHIJeCKHe 3Ha1JeHlUI 3TOro.
B l{eJIOM, TaKHM 06pa30M, Mbl MO)l(eM CKmaTb, IJW np06JIeMa KOH-
l{enryaJIbHbIX THnOB TeCHO CBH3aHa C rrp06J1eMaMH rrCHX0J10mIJeCKOro 1I3-
MepeHHH l1 MaTeMaTHlJeCKHX ypaBHeHIIH, Bblpa)l(aIOIl.{HX nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKHe
3aKOHbI, H C 3a.n:a1Jell CHCTeMaTHlJeCKOrO YCTaHOBJIeHHfl B3aHMOCBH3H Bcex
nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKHX KOHCTPYKTOB. 3Ta CBH3b ,lJ,eJIaeT 3ry rrp06JIeMY CBoeBpe-
MeHHOH; OHa, KpOMe Toro, YKa3bIBaeT, IJTO 3,lJ,eCb Mbl,lJ,OJ!}I(HbI HMeTb ,lJ,eJIO C
O.n:HH.'VI H3 OCHOBHbIX nOCTOHHHbIX BOnpOCOB HaY'IHOH rrCHX0J10rHH.
MbI He 6y.n:eM 3,lJ,eCb rrbITaTbCH .n:eTaJIbHO H3JIO>KHTb H,lJ,eIO KOHl{err-
ryaJIbHblX pa3MepHOCTeH. 3Ta 3a,lJ,aIJa Tpe6yeT pa3MbIIlIJIeHHH II TIl.{areJ1b-
HOH pa3pa6OTKH. TeM He MeHee MbI 6bl XOTeJIH ,lJ,aTb B KaqeCTBe IIJIJJIOCT-
pal\HH HeCKOJ1bKO rrpHMepOB ,lJ,HHaMHlJeCKHX H He,lJ,HHaMHlJeCKHX KOHCT-
PYKTOB pa3HbIX H o.n:HHaKOBbIX «KOHl{emyaJIbHbIX TiiIIOB».
1. O,lJ,HO 1I3 OCHOBHblX rrCHX0J10rWIeCKHX nOWITHH - 3TO rrOHHTHe
nCHXOnOrHIJeCKOH n03uljuu. IT03HJJ.lUI - 3TO (<IIpOCTpaHcTBeHHoe OTHO-
IlIeHHe 06JIaCTeH»; HanpHMep, rr03IIUHIO perHoHa A MO>KHO oxapaK-
Tepu30BaTb TeM, IJTO OH Haxo.n:HTCH B B. fIpliMepbI nCHXOnOnllJeCKHX no-
HHTHH, KOTopbIe HMelOT KOHl{enryaJIbHyIO pa3MepHOCTb n03Hl\I1H: rpyn-
nOBafl rrpHHa.n:ne)l(HOCTb HHJ],IIBH,lJ,a, ero npocpeCCI10HaJIbHaH n03Hl{HH,
BKJ1IOIJeHHOCTb B ,lJ,eHTenbHOCTb.
2. [JepeOeU:JICeHUe HMeeT HHyIO pa3MepHOCTb, qeM n03Hl\HH. OHO
OTHOCHTCfl K «OTHOIlIeHHIO n03Hl{HH B pa3JIHIJHble MOMeHTbI BpeMeHlI».
JII060H rrCHXOJIOnI1JeCKHH cpeHoMeH, KOTOpblll MO)l(HO rrpe,lJ,cTaBHTb KaK
rrepe)J.BI1)1(eHHe - a 3TO CrrpaBe.lI,JIHBO .lI,JIH 60J1bllIeH qaCTI1 «rrOBe.n:eHI1JI» -
HMeJI 6bI TaKyIO me KOHl{errryaJIbHyIO pa3MepHOCTI..
3. MO>KHO 6billO 6bI rrOCIJHTaTb, LITO KOZmlnlllGIJCl5l cmpyKl7lypa IIMeeT
TaKyfO }I(e pa3MepHOCTb, qTO H n03IllUffi, rrOTOMY qTO OHa nplIHa)J.JIe)l(1IT K cymo-
CHTeJIbHOH rr03lilU1H pa3JIH1JHbIX 'IaCTeH nOJm. OJI.HaKO CTpYK1YPa OTHOCI1TCH
He K II03lil{1lH O.n:HOH TOIJKlI, a K n03UQHI1 MHO)l(eCTBa T()<jeK lIJIII 06JIaCTeH.
4. CU:7a, WIll (UeH.D:eHl\I1fl K nepe.n:BH)I(eHl1fO», lIMeeT KOHQenryaJIb-
HO I1HOH xapaKTep, 1JeM ,lJ,eHCTBHTeJ1bHOe rrepe.n:BH)I(eHl1e, XOTfl nepe.n:BH-
iKeHl1e - 3TO O.n:I1H l13 npIl3HaKoB (onepal\110HaJIbHOe onpe.n:eJIeHl1e) .lI,JIH
KOHCTeJIMlUHl CHJI, r,lJ,e pe3ynbTIIpyIOIl.{aH CHJ1a 60JIbIlIe HYJIH. llHor.n:a
YTBep)l(,f(aJIOCb, 1JTO TepMHH «CHJ1a» 3KBlIBaJIeHTeH «CHJ1e n06 .n:eHlUI» B
SR-TeoplIli. 3w 6bIJIO 6bI BepHo, ecnH 6b1 no.n: CIIDOll n06Y)l(.n:eHlUI nOHH-
MaJIaCb nCHXOnOril'leCKaH .n:aHHOCTb, KOTOpaH C MaTeMaTllIJeCKOH T01JKH
3peHlUI lIMeeT xapaKTep BeKTopa. Tak)'lO «cHJIY n06 ,lJ,eHlUI» cne.n:yeT
OTJIHlJaTb OT CHJ1bI «nOTpe6HocTH», eCJIl1 nOTpe6HocTb OTHOCHTCH K Ha-
npH)I(eHHIO (HarrpmKeHlle HMeeT 1IH)'IO pa3MepHOCTb, qeM cHJ1a). IIpe}KJJ:e
IJeM MO)l(HO 6Y,lJ,eT pa3peIlIHTb 3TOT Bonpoc, SR-reoplUl .n:OJI)I(Ha YT01JHHTb,
CJIe.n:yeT nH C1JHTaTb cHJIY n06 .n:eHH1l BeKTOpoM.
5.LJenb. 3w nOHHTHe He HMeeT pmMepHOCTH CHJ1bI, HeCMOTpH Ha TOT
cpaKT, qTO eCTb TeCHaH CBH3b Me}l(.!IY l{eMMH II CHJ1aMH. IJ;enb HMeeT KOH-
l{errryanbHyIO pa3MepHOCTb «CWl06020 nOJlR», TO eCTb pacrrpe.n:eJ1eHlUI CHJ1
B rrpOCTpaHCTBe. IJ;eJIb (HJ1H, B TepMHH0J10rHl1 TeopliH nOM, n0J10}l(HTeJ1b-
HaJI BaneHTHOCTb) eCTb CHnOBoe nOJIe OC060H CTpYK1YpbI, a HMeHHO CHJ10-
Boe nOJ1e, B KOTOpoM Bce CHJ1bI HarrpaBJIeHbI K OJI.HOH 06J1aCTH. TaKoe nOHH-
MaHHe UeJIH OTBO.lI,HT ell orrpe.n:eJIeHHOe MeCTO B cOBOKynHocTH B03MO}l(-
HbIX narrepHoB CHJ10BbIX nOJIeH. AHaJIOroM pacrrpe.n:eJIeHlUI CHJ1 no HarrpaB-
J1eHHIO K OJI.H0MY pemoHY HBJIHeTCH pacrrpe,lJ,eJIeHIIe CHJ1 OT OJI.Horo pemo-
Ha. 31'0 3KBlIBaJIeHT nOHHTHfl «aHTlITIaTIDI». }:qJyrIIe THrrbI CHJIOBbIX rrOJ1ell
3KBlIBaJIeHTHbI TOMY, IJTO Ha3bIBaeTCH «TPYJI.HOCTb» HJIH «6apbep». IIpe06-
pa30BaHIIe TaKHX nOBCeJI.HeBHbIX nOHHTIIH, KaK l{eJIH, TpYJI.HOCTH, aHTHrra-
THH, B CHJ10BbIe nOJIH pmnHIJHbIX THnOB ,lJ,enaeT B03MO)I(HbIM CBH3bIBaHlIe
3THX Ka1JeCTBeHHO 01JeHb pmnHIJHbIX peaJIbHOCTeH TaKlIM 06pa30M, KOW-
pbIH pacKpblBaeT HX cpYHKl\HOHaJIbHOe CXO.n:CTBO l1 pa3JIiI'IlUI.
6. KOHfjJJlUKm OTHOCIITCH He K o.n:HOMY CHJIOBOMY rroJIlO, a K 'tacmu't-
HOM)! nepeKpb16aHUIO no Kpaimeu Mepe 06}X CWI06blX nOJleu. «<I>PYCTpa-
l{IDD> IIMeeT TaKyIO )l(e pmMepHOCTb, qW H KOHcpnHKT. CHCTeMaTHlJeCKHH
0630p B03MO)l(HbIX TlITIOB cpPYCTpal\llH HJIM KOHcpnIIKTa .n:OJl}l(eH, cne.n:OBa-
TeJIbHO, cnpallilIBaTb, KaK CHJIOBbIe nOJIH MOryT nepeKpbIBaTbCH TaKHM 06-
pmoM, IJTO B pe3)'JIbTaTe B HeKOTopbIX TOqKax nOJIH B03HHKaIOT o.n:HHaKOBO
CHJ1bHbIe, HO rrponmOrrOJIO)l(HbIe CHJIbI. TaKoll aHaJIl13 rr03BOJIHeT CHCTeMa-
TiI'IeCKOe paccMoTpeHHe ycnoBHll H CJIe.n:cTBIIll KOHcpnIIKTa. IIoHHTHe pae-
HoeecuR HMeeT Tak)'lO }l(e pa3MepHOCTb, 1JTO II KOHcpnHKT; OHO OTHOCHTCH K
onpe,lJ,eJIeHHbIM KOHCTeJIJIfll\HHM nepeKpbIBaIOIl.{HXCH CHJIOBbIX nOJ1ell.
7. MO)l(eT rrOKa3aTbCJI, 'ITO cmpax HMeeT Tak)'lO }l(e pa3MepHOCTb,
qW H aHTHnaTlUI. O.n:HaKo B 60J1bIlIHHCTBe cnyIJaeB cTpax CBH3aH C ncHXO-
J10rHIJeCKHM 6y.n:yIl.{HM. OH ,lJ,OJ!)I(eH HMeTb OTHOIlIeHHe K HeKowpOMY ac-
neKry «BpeMeHHoH rrepCneKTHBbI». B 3TOM OTHOIlIeHHII OH rroxo}l( Ha Ta-
KIIe nOHHTlUI, KaK Ha.n:e}l(.n:a, nnaH, O)l(lf.il:aHlIe. O:JICuoalJue OTHOCHTCH K
60
61
nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOll CTpYKIYpe II pacnpe.n:eJIeHlIIO CIIJ1 Ha ypOBHe peaJIbHO-
CTH B nCHX0J10HlIJeCKOM 6y.n:yll.{eM. HaoeJICoa OTHOCHTCH K CBH311 Me}l(.n:y
CTPYKIYPOll ypOBlUl peaJIbHOCTII Ii ypOBHH )l(enaHHH B rrCHXOJIOrll1JeCKOM
6y.n:yll.{eM. BUHa OTHOCHTCH K CBH3H Me)l(.n:y CTpYKIYPOH YPOBHH peaJIbHO-
CTlI If ypOBHH }l(enaHHH B nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOM npOIlIJIOM.
8. Bnacmb He HMeeT Tak)'lO }l(e pa3MepHOCTb, IJro H nCID(QJIorHIJe-
CKafl CHna. To, IJTO BJIaCTb A 60JIbIlIe, IJeM BJIaCTb B, He 03HaqaeT, 1JTO A B
.neHcTBHTeJ1bHOCTH OKa3bIBaeT ,lJ,aBJIeHHe Ha B. lIoHHTHe BJIaCTH OTHOCHT-
CH K «B03MO}l(HOCTH HaBe.n:eHHH CHJI» onpe.n:eJIeHHOll BeJ1H1JIIH1>I Ha .n:Pyro-
ro qeJIOBeKa. lIoHHTHe nonfl 6JIacmu, CJIe.n:OBaTeJ1bHO, He HMeeT Tak)'lO }l(e
KOHl{emyaJIbHyIO pa3MepHOCTb, KaK nOHHTHe CHJIOBOrO nOJ1H. I1cnoJ1b3YH
TaIme nOHHTHH, KaK amKa, 3aII{HTa, arpeCCIDI, ,lJ,p 6a, Hy}I(HO HMeTb B
BHJJ:y pa3JIH1JH1>Ie pa3MepHOCTH nOHHTHM: nOJ1e BJIaCTH, CHJIOBOe nOJ1e, ClUJa
H nOBe,lJ,eHHe.
9.l(eHHocmu. nO.n:06HO TepMHHY «UOeOJl02UR», TepMHH «l\eHHOCTb»
HBJIHeTCH .n:OBOJIbHO HeHCHbIM nOHHTHeM B nCHXOJIOrHH. QeHHOCTH OKa-
3bIBaIOT BJIlUlHHe Ha nOBe.n:eHHe, HO He HMelOT xapaKTepa l{eJ1H (TO eCTb
ClUJOBOro nOJ1H). HanpHMep, IIH)J,HBH}:( He IThITaeTCH «,lJ,OCTH1Jb» l{eHHOCTH
qeCTHOCTH, HO 1JeCTHOCTb «PYKOBO)J,HT» ero nOBe.n:eHHeM. BepOHTHO, Bep-
HbIM 6Y,lJ,eT CKa3aTb, qro l{eHHOCTH onpe.n:eJIHIOT TO, KaIme TlIIIbI ,lJ,eHTeJIb-
HOCTH fIMelOT nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHyIO, a KaKHe OTpHl{aTeJIbHyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb 1IJIH
HH)J,HBH.n:a B ,lJ,aHHOH cmyal\HH. }:qJYrHMH CJ10BaMH, l{eHHOCTH He HBJIHIOT-
CSI CI1JIOBbIMH rrOJ1HMH, HO OHH (<HaBo.n:HT» CHJIOBbIe nOJIH. 3TO 03Ha1JaeT,
qTO l{eHHOCTH - 3TO KOHCTPYKTbI, KOTopbIe HMelOT TaKOe }l(e nCHX0J10rH-
qeCKOe H3MepeHHe, KaK nOJIH BJIaCTH. I1HTepeCHO paccMOTpeTb C 3TOH
TOIJKH 3peHIDI nCHXOaHaJIHTH1JecKyIO TeopHIO, YTBep)I(JJ:aIOIUyIO, qro l{eH-
HOCTIi - 3TO «HHTepHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIe» po)J,HTeJIH. He3aBHCHMO OT Tom,
SlBJIHeTCH JIH 3TO yrnep)l(}:(eHHe BepHbIM B OTHomemrn: reHe3Hca l{eHHOC-
TeM lUJIi HeT, MbI MO)l(eM, no KpaiiHeH Mepe, CKa3aTb, qTO l{eHHOCTH H J11O,lJ,H
3KBHBaJIeHTHbl nOCTOJIbK)', nOCKOJ1bK)' H Te H .n:pyrne MOryT 6bITb npe.n:-
CTaBJIeHbI C nOMOII{blO nOJ1eH BJIaCTH.
TOIJHO, 'lT06bI npOHJInlOCTpHpOBaTb no KpallHell Mepe HeKOTopbIe MOMeH-
TbI, KOTopbIe .n:eJ1aIOT np06JIeMY KOHQemyaJIbHbIX THnOB HJIH pa3MepHO-
CTeH KOHCTpYKTOB OqeHb Ba)I(HOH .D:JIH nCHXOJIOrHH cero.n:HH. lIo MoeMY
onbI'I)', MbI HMeeM 3.n:eCb O}:(HO H3 CaMbIX none3HbIX MeTo.n:OJIOrHIJeCKHX
OPY,lJ,HH )J,JIH rro}:(Xo.n:a K HOBbIM 06JIaCTHM npo6JIeM B nCHX0J10rHH. OCHOB-
HM TPy.n:HOCTb B no.n:roTOBKe none3HbIx 3KcnepHMeHTOB B HOBOH 06JIac-
TH - 3TO Hecnoc06HOCTb IJeTKO H y.n:OBJIeTBOpIITeJIbHO C4>OPMYJ1HpOBaTb
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbH1>Ie H TeOpeTH1JeCKHe BOnpOCbI. I1CCJIe.n:OBaHHe KOHl{en-
T)'aJIbHbIX THnOB - 3TO O.n:HH H3 HaH60J1ee nOJIe3HbIX rrepBbIX IlIaroB K 4>op-
MYJ1HpOBaHHIO TaKHX BonpOCOB.
YTBep)I(JJ:aTb, HanpHMep, IJro KOHUemyaJIbHbIe THllbI l{eHHOCTH - 3TO
KOHl{emyaJIbHbIe THllbI nOJIH BJIaCTH, - 3Ha1JHT no.n:HHTb IIp06J1eMY CHCTe-
MaTwIecKOro 0630pa Bcex BH)J,OB nOJIell BJIaCTH. 3TO TOqH1>IM 06pa30M
CBH3bIBaeT l\eHHOCTH C OCTaJIbHbIMH rrCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHMH KOHCTpYKTaMH
(TaKHMH, KaK «CHJIbI» HJIH «nOBe.n:eHHe»). 3TO YKa3bIBaeT, no KpallHeH Mepe
B 061l.{eM BIi.n:e, KaKHM nyTeM .n:OJI}I(HO IIJJ:TH 1I3MepeHHe 34>4>eKToB l{eHHO-
CTeH. 3TO CTaBHT MHO)l(eCTBO 3KcnepHMeHTIlJIbHbIX np06JIeM. HanpllMep,
eCJIH l{eHHOCTb 3KBHBaJIeHTHa nOJ1IO BJIaCTH, J1I060e H3MeHeHHe l{eHHOC-
Tell HY)I(HO, BepOHTHO, nOHHMaTb KaK npOl{eCC, KOTOpbIH 3aBHCHT OT COBO-
KynHocTH nOJ1eM BJIaCTH, BKJIIOIJM COl{HaJIbHbIe, nOJIHUllJeCKHe H JIi1IJHbIe
BJIaCTHbJe nOAA, CYll.{eCTByIOll.{He B 3TOll CH'I)'aUHH. Ha 3TOH OCHOBe BIIOJI-
He MO}l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI HaMeTHTb cHcTeMaTIIIJeCKHM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIH
no}:(Xo,lJ, K CBH3H Me}l(.n:y H)J,eOJIOril'leCKHMH H3MeHeHlUiMlI H BJIaCTHbIMH
OTHOIlIeHHHMH B rpyrrrre.
HaKoHeu, lI)J,eH KOHl{enryaJIbHbIX THnOB HJIH pa3MepHocTei1 .n:aeT
HaY1JHblll CMbIcn Bonpocy 0 TOM, IJTO «eCTb» rrCHX0J10ril'leCKlIll rpeHOMeH.
OHa nOMOraeT onpe.n:eJIHTb, 0603HaIJaeT JIH nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKHH TepMHH
KOHrJ10MepaT 4>eHoMeHOB, KOTOpbIll MO}l(HO CIJHTaTb e.n:HHHl{ell TOJIbKO Ha
ypOBHe rrOHHTHH THna «OroHb H Bo.n:a», HJIH CTOHT ,lJ,ep)l(aTbCH nCHX0J10-
rHH, nOCTpoeHHOll C nOMOll.{blO KOHCTpyKTOB, KoropbIe HMelOT qeTKO Ollpe-
)J,eJIeHHbIe KOHl{enryaJIbHbIe pa3MepHOCTH.
Pe310Me
HeT He06xo1IHMOCTH 06c .n:aTb 3,lJ,eCb OTHOIlIeHH1i Me)l(.n:y pa3nH1J-
HbIMH KOHl{enryaJIbHbIMH THnaMH, TO eCTb np06JIeMY KOHl\enryaJIbHOH
«p33MepHOCTH» B 60nee }'3KOM 3HaIJeHHII3TOro TepMHHa, XOTSI 3TO Ka}l(eT-
CSI B03MO)l(HbIM .n:AA HeKoTopbIX nOHHTHll. lIpHMepoB MO}l(eT 6bITb .n:ocTa-
62
III. OnPEAEAEHllE
«nOAH B AAHHOE BPEMJI»
(1943 )
TeopHSI rrOASI
H 4Ja30Boe rrpOCTpaHCTBO
IfCTOpHH rrpifHHTHH HOBbIX TeopHll qaCTO .n:eMOHcTpHpyeT C11e.n:yIO-
Il.{He marH: CHaIJaJIa HOByIO H1IelO CIJIITaIOT a6coJIIOTHOH 'IenyxOH, KOTO-
paH He CTOIIT Toro, IJT06bI Ha Hee CMOTpeTb. 3areM HacryrraeT BpeMH,
KOma BbI.n:BIIraeTCSI MHO}l(eCTBO npOTHBOpe'IilBbIX B03pa)l(eHIIll, KaK Ha-
npHllfep: HOBaSl TeopHH CJIHIlIKOM <)JaHTaCTHIJHa HJIH HBJIHeTCH rrpOCTO
HOBOH TepMHHOJIOrHeii; OHa He nnO,lJ,OTBOpHa HJIH npocTO HeBepHa. Ha-
KOHeQ, ,lJ,OCTHraeTCH COCTOHHIIe, KOr,lJ,a Ka}l(,lJ,blM 3aHBJ1HeT, 'ITO OH Bcer.n:a
CJ1e.n:OBa11 :nOll TeopHH. 3TO 06bI'IHO 3HaMeHYeT nOCJIe.n:Hee COCTOHHHe
rrepe.n: Bce061l.{HM rrpII3HaHHeM.
Pacryll.{aH CKJIOHHOCTb K TeopHII nOJISI B nCHXOJ10rHII OIJeBH1IHa B
nOCJ1e.n:HIIX pa3HOBH,lJ,HOCTflX nCHxoaHaJUf3a (Kap1IHHep, XOpHH), a TaK-
}l(e B paMKax TeopHII YCJ10BHOro pe<)JJIeKca. 3Ta TeH,ll,eHJJ.lUI,lJ,eJIaeT npo-
HCHeHHe CMbICJ1a TeopHH nOJ1H TeM 60J1ee Ba)l(HbIM, 'ITO Te nCIIXOJIOrH,
KOTopble, no.n:06HO MHe, 6blJIH Ha CTOpOHe TeopilH nOJIH B Te'IeHile I\1HO-
rHX JIeT, He O'IeHb npeycnenn B TOM, IJT06bI c.n:eJIaTb HCHOll CYIl.{HOCTb
3TOH TeoplfH. E,lJ,HHCTBeHHoe OnpaB,lJ,aHIIe, 0 KOTOpOM H 3HaIO, COCTOHT B
TOM, IJTO 3TOT BOnpOC He O'IeHb npOCTOH. Ka)l(eTCH, <)Jll3HKa H <)JHnoco-
<)JHH He npO,lJ,eJ1aJIH 60JlbIlIOll aHaJIHTH1JeCKOll pa60TbI 0 CMbICJIe TeopHH
nOJIH, KOTopaH Morna 6bI 6b1Tb rrone3Ha .n:J1H nCHX0110ra. KpOMe Tore, Me-
TO,lJ,bI, nO,lJ,06HbIe TeopHH nOJIH, MO)l(HO .n:CHCTBIITCJIbHO nOH Tb II OCBO-
HTb TOJIbKO TaKHM }l(e cnoco60M, IJTO 11 MeTo.n:bI B peMeCJIe, TO eCTb 06y-
IJaHCb HM IJepe3 npaKTIIKY.
XHnrap.n: H MapKBIIC' QIITilP}lOT H3 nHCbMa KnapKa XaJIJIa C11e,lJ,y-
lOll\ee np e 1IJJO)l(eHIIe: «KaK H nOHHMalO, B TOT MOMeHT, KOf.n:a IJeJ1QBeK
Bblpa)l(aeT JII06bIM OIJeHb 061l.{IIM 06pa30M pa3JIHIJHbie nOTeHUlIaJIbHbIe
I E. R, Hilgard and D. G. Marquis: COnditioning and Learning (New York:
D. Appleton-Century Co., 1940),
64
B03MO)l(HOCTlI nOBe.n:eHHH, 3aBilCflll.{He OT o.n:HoBpeMcHHoro COCTOHHiUI Ok
BOH IIJIII 60JIee nepeMeHHblX, OH HMeeT CYIl.{HOCTb Toro, IJTO B !-laCTOHll.{ee
BpeMH Ha3bIBaeTCH TeopHeH nOJIH».
BepHO, IJTO TeOpHH n011H rro,n:IJepKllBaeT Ba)l(HOCTb TOro cpaKTa,
IJTO nlO60e C06b1THe eCTb npO,lJ,YKT MHO)l(eCTBa <)JaKTopOB. ITp1I3HaHlfe
He06xo.n:HMOCTH y.n:oBJ1eTBOpHTeJIbHOrO npe.n:CTaBJ1eHHH 3TOro MHO)l(eC-
TBaB3aHM03aBHClIMbiX <)JaKTOpOB - 3TO IlIar B HarrpaBJIeHHH K TeOpHiI
n011H. O,lJ,HaKO 3Toro He.n:OCTaTO'IHO. TeopmI nOJISI - 3TO He'ITO 60nee
KOHKpeTHoe.
. BOCn0J1b3yeMcH lUIJ1IOCTpal{HeH. Ycrrex B HeKOTopOM BiI)Je cnopTa
MO)l(eT 3aBHCeTb OT KOM6HHal{HH MblIlIelJHOH CIIJIbI, CKOpOCTH ,lJ,BiI)I(eHHH,
CnOC06HOCTII npIIHHMaTb 6b1CTpbIe peIlIeHlIH II TOIJHOro BocnpiUITiUI Ha-
npaBJIeHlUI H paCCTOHHHH. If3MeHeHHe B 111060ii H3 3THX IDITH nepeMeH-
HbIX MO)l(eT .n:0 H3BeCTHOH CTcneHH H3MeHHTb pe3YJ1bTaT. MO)l(HO npe.n:-
CTaBHTb 3TH IDITb nepeMeHHbIX KaK IDITb H3MepeHlIi'i rpa<)JIIKa. Pe3YJIbTaT
mo60H B03MO)l(HOH KOHCTeJ1nHl{HH 3THX <)JaKTOpOB .lI,.IIH BeJIlf'IilHbl ycnexa
MO)l(eT 6bITb 0603HaIJeH KaK TOIJKa Ha rpa<)JHKe. Toma cOBOKynHocTb 3THX
TO'IeK - rpa<)JH1JeCKOe npe.n:CTaBJIeHHe 3TOH 3aBHCHMOCTlI, .n:pYrHMlI CJIO-
BaMH, 3MnHpWIeCKoro 3aKOHa.
c1>ll3HKa IJaCTO HCnOJIb3yeT TaKOe rrpe,lJ,CTaBneHHe MHO}l(eCTBa <)JaK-
TOpOB, BJ1HHIOIl.{HX Ha c06bITHe. C Ka}l(.n:OH H3 onpe.n:eJIeHHblX xapaKTe-
pHCTHK, TaKHX, KaK TeMnepaTypa, .n:aBJIeHHe, BpeMfl, npOCTpaHCTBeH-
HoepaCnOJIO)l(eHHe,COOTHOCHTCHO.n:HOH3MepeHHe. TaKoe npe.n:CTaBJIe HHe
B I!JH3HKe Ha3bIBaeTCH «I!Ja30BOe npOCTpaHCTBO». TaKoe l}Ja30Boe npo-
CTpaHCTBO MO}l(eT HMeTb .n:Ba.lI,l{aTb H3MepeHHii, eC11H He06xo,lJ,I1MO pac-
CMOTpeTb .n:Ba.lI,l{aTL l!JaKTopOB. c1>a30Boe npOCTpaHCTBO - no He'ITO
onpe,lJ,eJIeHHO OTJ1HIJHOe OT Tore TpeXMepHoro «I!JH3II'IeCKOrO npo-
CTpaHCTBa», B KOTOpOM .n:BH)I(YTCH I}JH3HIJeCKile 06'beKTbI. TaKIIM )l(e
06pa30M nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKOe npOCTpaHCTBO, )l(lf3HeHHoe rrpOCTpaHCTBO
IllH nCHXOJIOrlI'IeCKOe none, B KOTOpOM npOHcxo.n:11T nClIXOJIOrHlJeC-
Koe nepe.n:BH)I(eHHe HJIH CTPYKrypHbIe H3MeHeHHH, - 3TO He'ITO OTJIHIJ-
Hoe OT Tex rpaI!JHKoB, me H3MepeHHH 03HaIJaIOT npoCTO rpa.n:al{HH xa-
p'aKTepHCTHK.
06CY)[(.lI,aH 3TH BonpOCbI C Be.n:yIl.{HM I!JH3ifKOM-TeopCTHKOM, MbI npH-
IlIJIH K comacHIO B TOM, 'ITO npH3HaHHe MHO)l(eCTBa l}JaKTOpOB, onpe.n: e -
J1HIOIl.{HX C06b1Tlfe, II .n:a)I(e HX npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHlIe KaK 1}Ja30BOe npOCTpaH-
CTBO He rrpe.n:nOJIaraeT reopltlt rrOJIH. B nCHXOJIOrHH l!JaKTOpHbIii aHaJIH3
TepCTOYHa HMeeT .n:eJ10 C TaKHMIt OTHOllieHifHMH pa3JIlI<lHbIX l}JaKTopOB.
1I1060H nHlJHOCTHbIH npoI!JHJIb rrpH3HaeT MHO)l(eCTBO l}JaKTopOB. KaK CTO-
6S
pOHHHKH TeOpHH nOJIH, TaK H CTOpOHHHKH ,lJ,pymx TeOpHll MOryT nOnb30-
BaTbCH 3THMH rrOJIe3HbIMH npHeMaMH, HO He BCHKHH, KTO HCn0J1b3YeT HX,
HBJIHeTCH no 3TOH rrpmHHe TeopeTHKOM TeopHH nOJ1H.
1JTO npe.n:CTaBMeT C060ll TeoplUl nOM? }lBnHeTCH J1H OHa pa3HO-
BH.n:HOCTblO OIJeHb 06IUeH TeopHH? ECJ1H KTO-J1H60 B $H3HKe nepeXOll.HT
OT CneJJ.lIaJIbHoro 3aKOHa HJIH TeopHH (KaK, HanpHMep, 3aKOH 0 CB060.n:HO
nall.aIOll.{eM TeJ1e) K 60J1ee 061l.{HM TeoplUlM (KaK, HanpHMep, 3aKOlThI HblO-
TOHa) HJIH ell.{e 60JIee 061l.{HM TeoplUlM (KaK, HanpHMep, ypaBHeHlUI MaK-
CBeJIJJa), TO OH He npH.n:eT B KOHl{e KOHl{OB K TeopllH nonH. )J;pynIMH CJIO-
BaMH, TeopHIO nOM e}:(Ba JIH MO)l(HO Ha3BaTb TeOpHell B 06bIIJHOM CMbTcne.
3ToT $aKT CTaHOBHTCH ell.{e 60J1ee OQeBlI1IHI>IM, ecnH MbI paCCMaTpH-
BaeM OTHOIlIeHHe Me}l(.!IY npaBHJIbHOCTblO HJIH HenpaBHnbHOCTblO TeopHH
H ee CTaT)'COM TeopHH nOM. CnelUIaJIbHaH TeoplUl B $H3HKe HJIH nCHXOJIO-
mH MO)l(eT 6bITb TeopHeH nOM, HO TeM He MeHee OIlIH60IJHOll. C ,lJ,pyroit
CTOpOHbI, pa3HOBHlIHOCTb TOro, IJTO raHC <I>ai1rm, Ha3bIBaeT, {OMnHpHQe-
CKOH TeopHeH Ha HlT3IlIeM ypOBHe», MO)l(eT 6bITb BepHa, He 6)'JJ:Y'IH TeopHeH
nOM (XOTH H He BepIO, IJTO TeopWI Ha 60JIee BbICOKHX ypOBHHX KOHCTpYKTOB
B nClIXOJIOrHH MO}l(eT 6bITb BepHa, He 6YJJ:ylJH TeopHell nOM).
TeopHIO nOJIH, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, e,lJ,Ba JIH MO}l(HO Ha3BaTb BepHOH HnH
HeBepHOll TaK )l(e, KaK TeopHIO B 06bIIJHOM CMbICJIe 3TOro TepMHHa. Teo-
pUlO nOJ1Jl, eepOflmHo,ll)l'tUle ececo xapaKmepU306amb KaK Memoo, a HMeH-
HO MeTO,lJ, aHaJlU3Up06aHUJl npU'tUHllbiX cefl3eu U noCmpOeHUJl Hay'tHbIX
KOHcmpYKm06. 3TOT MeTO.n: aHaJIH3HpOBaHlUI npmHHHbIX CBH3eH MO)l(eT
6bITb BbIpa)l(eH B $opMe onpe.n:eJ1eHIThIX 06IUlIX YTBep}KJJ:eHIIH 0 «npHpo-
.n:e» YCJ10BIIii H3MeHeHlUI. 311.eCb HeT He06xo.n:HMOCTH 06c .n:aTb TO, B Ka-
KOH Mepe TaKOe YTBep}KJJ:eHHe HMeeT «aHaJIHTH1JeCKlIlm (nOrH1JeCKlIH, an-
PUOpHblU), a B KaKOH Mepe OHO HMeeT {(3MnHpH1JeCKHll» xapaKTep.
>KeT 6bITb HHIJero 60J1ee OIlIH60IJHOro. B ,n:ellcTBHTeJ1bHOCTH TeopeTHKoB
noml 60JIbIlIe Bcero HHTepecYIOT np06JIeMbI pa3BHTHR H HCTOpHH, H OHH
6e3YCJIOBHO c.n:eJIaJIH CBOH BKJIa.n:, 1JT06bI paCIlIHpHTb Bper.teHHOH Mac-
lliTa6 nCHXOJIoril'leCKoro 3KCnepHMeHTa OT MacIlITa6a KJIaCClI'lecKoro 3K-
cnepHMeHTa Ha BpeMH peaKl{HH, KOTOpbIH ,n:nHTCH Bcero HeCKOJIbKO ce-
KyH,lJ" .n:o 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHbIX cHTyal{HH, KOTopble co.n:ep)KaT
CHCTeMaTmeCKH c03,n:aHHyIO HCTOpmo B TeqeHHe QaCOB HJIH He,lJ,eJ1b.
ECJ1H 6bI MO)l(HO 6bIJIO .n:06HTbCH npOHCHeHlUI npHHl{Hrra cOBpeMeH-
HOCTH TeopHH rrOJ1H, 3TO 6bIJIO 6bI, H .DYMaIO, OqeHb rrone3HO .n:nH B3aHMO-
nOHHMaHlUI Me}l(.n:y pa3IThIMH IlIKOJIaMH B nCHXononlH.
3HaIJeHHe 3TOro .n:aJIeKO HJJ:yIl.{ero npHHl{Hna MO)l(HO .n:OBOJIbHO JIer-
KO oTpa3HTb, cocnaBillHCb Ha ero npHMeHeHHe B KJIaCCH1JeCKOH $1I3HKe.
113MeHeHHe B TOIJKe x B $1I3me-
CKOM MHpe 06bJqHO xapaKTepmyeTcH
dx
KaK -; ilHaqe rOBopH, KaK,lJ,H$$epeH-
dt
t-n- l{HaJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe rr03Hl{HH x B Te-
qeHHe .n:H$$epeHQHaJIbHOrO nepHo.n:a
BpeMeHH dt. TeoplUl nOM YTBep}KJJ:aeT,
IJTO H3MeHeHHe 3a BpeMH t 3aBHCHT TOJIb-
KO OT CHT)'al{HH B 3TO BpeMH t (PHC. 1).
t--
t+dt -
npHHI(H" COBpeMeHHOCTH
H BAHSIHHe "pOmAOrO H 6YAyw;ero
S'
01IH0 H3 OCHOBHbIX YTBep}l(.n:eHHH nCHX0J10rHIJeCKOH TeopHH nOJIfl
MO)l(eT 6bITb C$OPMYJ1HpOBaHo cJIeJJ:YI0Il.{HM 06pa30M: BCHKoe nOBe.n:eHHe
HJIH BCHKoe H3MeHeHHe B nCHXOJIOrmeCKOM nOJIe 3aBHCHT TOJ1bKO OT rrCH-
X0J10rH1JeCKoro nOJ1H e mom MOMeHm epeMeHu.
3TOT npHHl{Hn no.n:IJepKHBaJICH TeopeTHKaMH nOJ1H C caMoro Ha'la-
JIa. Ero IJaCTO HenpaBHJIbHO nOHHMaJIH H HHTepnpeTHpOBaJIH TaK, 6y.n:TO
3TO 03Ha1JaeT, IJTO TeopeTHKH nOJ1H He HHTepeCyIOTCH HCTopmeCKHMH
npo6JIeMaMH HJIH BJIlUIHHeM npe.n:illeCTByIOll.{lIX nepe)l(HBaHHif. He MO-
66
PUG. /, S 6 meIJe1lue epeMe1lU om t-n
00 t+n ReRRemCR ((3GKpblmoii
cucmeMou»;
110 S 1Ie 2eHIlOe1lmUIJ1IG S'.
dx
dt 0311GIJaem CKopocmb x.
(1)
dx =F(S')
dt
OHO He 3aBHCHT, KpOMe Toro, OT npo-
IlIJIOll HJIH 6y.n:yll.{eH CHT)'aQHH. )J;pym-
MH CJ10BaMH, BepHa $opMYJIa (1), HO He
BepHa $opM)'JIa (la):
(la) d\: = F(S) + FI(S-I) +. . .
+ P(S'+I) + . . .
KOHeIJHO, B $H3HKe eCTb cnyqaH,
Kor.n:a MO)l(HO KOHcTaTlIpoBaTb CBH3b
MCIK.IJY H3MeHeHHervr H npOIlIJIOH cHT)'a-
lUleH s,-n (me t - n - 3TO BpeMH, He
npe.n:IlIeCTByIOll.{ee t HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHO;
I t - n I > dt). )J;PYrHMH cnOBaMH,
cYll.{eCTByIOT cnyqaH, Kor,lJ,a TeXHiI'IeC-
KH B03MO}l(HO HanHcaTb:
67
(2)
: = F(s,-n).
dx
3KBHBaJIeHTOM -- B .pM3HKe HBJUleTCfl nOHHTl1e «nOBe.n:eHHe» B nCII-
dt
XOJIOrHH, eCJIH Mbl nOHHMaeM TepMHH «nOBe.n:eHHe» KaK OXBaTbIBaIOIl.{HI1
JlI060e H3MeHeHHe B nCHXOnoril'leCKOM nOJIe. ITpHHl\iIH COBpeMeHHOCTH
TeOpHH nOM B nCHXOJIOrHH B TaKOM CJI}"Iae 03HaIJaeT, IJTO nOBe.n:eHlle
(behavior) b BO BpeMH t eCTb .pYHKl{HH cMryaQHIl S TOJIbKO BO BpeMH t
(npe.n:nOJIaraeTCH, 1JTO S BKJII01JaeT KaK qenOBeKa, TaK M ero nCHXOJIorH-
qeCk)'lO cpe.n:y):
(4) b ' = F(S').
a He eCTb, KpOMe TOro, .pYHKl\HH npOIlIJIOH lillH 6y.n:ylilew clIryaQI1H: S I-n
lUIH S '>n (PHC. 2). C .n:pyrOll CTOpOHbI, B03MO)l(HO KOCBeHHO CBH3aTb nOBe-
.n:eHHe b JIH60 C npOIlIJIOll cMryal\Hell (SI...), JIH60 C 6y.n:yll.{ell cHTyal\Hei1
(S /+n); HO OllilTb-TaKH 3TO MO)l(eT 6bITb c.n:eJIaHO, TOJIbKO eCJIH 3TH cHrya-
l\HH HBJIHIOTCH 3aKpbITbIMH CHCTeMaMH M eCJ1l1 H3MeHeHHH B npOMe)l(YT01J-
HbI nepHo.n:bI MO)l(HO 061>HCHHTb npH nOMOIl.{H M3BeCTHbiX 3aKOHOB. Ka-
}l(eTCH, nCHXOJIOrH Bce 60J1bIlIe C03HaIOT Ba)l(HOCTb 3TOH .popMynbI.
O.n:HaKO 3TO B031\10)l(HO, eCJ1H TOJ1bKO H3BeCTHO, KaK 60JIee n03,lJ,HHfl cmy-
al{lliI S' 3aBlICHT OT npe,lJ,IlIeCTByIOll.{eH cHryal{HH SI... ; .n:pyrHMH CJ10BaMH,
eCJIH .pYHKl\HH F B ypaBHeHHH:
(3)
SI = F(SI-n)
H3BeCTHa. TaKoe 3HaHHe 06bI1JHO npe.n:nOJIaraeT, (a) qro 06e cHryal\HH HB-
J1HIOTCH (<3aKpbITbIMH CHCTeMaMH», KOTopbIe reHH1IemW.JHbI I ; (6) IJTO H3-
BeCTHbI 3aKOHbI, KOTopbIe KacalOTCH H3MeHeHHH Bcex TOIJeK npe.n:IlIecTBY-
lOIl{ell Cmyal\HH SI-n. a TaK)l(e 3aKOHbI, KaCaXOIl{HeCH H3MeHeHHH B cHrya-
l\HHX Me}l(.n:y npe}],IlIecTByIOll.{eii cmyaUHeii SI-n H 60J1ee n03.D:HeH cmya-
UHell S.
CMbICJ1 CBH3bIBaHlUl 1I3MeHeHHH C npOIlIJIOH cHryal\Heii npH nOMO-
Il{H .pOPMYJIbI (2) MO)l(HO nyqIlIe Bcero npoHcHHTb, YKa3aB, IJTO no.n:06HbIM
06pa30M MO)l(HO CBH3aTb HbIHelliHee H3MeHeHHe C 6y.n:yll.{eH cmyaUHeH
S/+n H HanMCaTb:
(2a)
: =F(Sl+n).
KaK onpeAeJ\HTb
CBOHCTBa nOJ\SI B AaHHoe BpeMSI
3TO B03MO}l(HO BCHKHM pa3, KOr,lJ,a MbI ,lJ,On)l(HbI HMeTb .n:eJ10 C (<3aKpbITOH
cHcTeMoll» B TeIJeHHe nepHo.n:a BpeMeHH OT t ,lJ,O t+n, H eCJIH H3BeCTHbI
3aKOHbI npOHCXO,lJ,flIl.{HX H3MeHeHHii B Te1JeHHe 3TOro nepHOJIa.
B03MO)l(HOCTb HanHcaHIUI noro .pYHKl{HOHaJIbHOro ypaBHeHlUI He
03Ha IaeT, IJTO 6y.n:yIl.{M cmyal.{lUI SI+ I nOHHMaeTCH KaK «yCJIOBlle» Hacro-
dx dx
Hll.{ero H3MeHeHHH dt . B .n:eMCTBIlTeJIbHOCTH TO }l(e caMoe dt npOH30IlIJIO
6bI, ecnlI 6b1 3aKpblTa}J CHCTeMa 6bIJIa pa3pYIlIeHa.n:o BpeMeHH (t+n). ,lWy-
rHMH CJ10BaMH' H3MeHeHHe 3aBHCHT OT cHryal{HlI (SI) TOJIbKO B 3TO BpeMH
(comaCHO .popMYJ1e (1». TeXHH1JeCKM B03MO}l(HOCTb BbIpa3HTb no H3-
MeHeHHe MaTeMaTH1JeCKH KaK .pYHKJJ.lIIO 6Y1I)'II{ero lUIH npOIlIe.n:IlIero ne-
pHo.n:a BpeMeHH He MeIDIeT 3TOT .paKT 2 .
EcnII He06xoJJ:HM0 BbmeCTH nOBe,lJ,eHHe H3 cmyaUHH B 3ro BpeMH,
He06xo.n:IIMO HaHTl1 cnoc06 onpeOeJ/umb xapaKTep «cmyal\I1H B ,lJ,aHHOe
BpeMID). 3TO onpe.n:eJ1eHHe npe,lJ,nOJIaraeT PH1I BonpocoB, Koropble, H.n:y-
MaIO, HHTepeCHbI KaK C nCHXOJIOril'leCKOH, TaK H C .pHnoco.pCKOI1 T01JKH
3peHHH.
IIro6bI onpe.n:eJIHTb CBOHCTBa HaCTOHll.{eH CIIryal\HII, HJIH - eCJ1H BOC-
nonb30BaTbCH Me.n:HUHHCKOH TepMHHonorneH - nOCTaBHTb ,lJ,HarH03, MO}l(-
HO CJIe.n:OBaTb ,lJ,BYM pa3HbIM npOl{e.n:ypa1\1: MO)l(HO OCHOBbIBaTb CBOM C -
,lJ,eHIUI Ha BbIBO,lJ,aX H3 HCTOplUl (aHGMHe3) HJJH MO)l(HO Hcnonb30BaTb ,lJ,H-
arHOCTH'IeCKHe mecmbl HacmORUle2o.
BOCnOJIb3yeMcH npOCTbIM npHMepOM: H XOqy 3HaTb, .n:OCTaTOIJHO JIM
npOIJeH non IJep.n:aKa, IJT06bI Bbmep)l(aTb HeKoTopblii Bec. 51 Mor 6b1 nonbl-
TaTbCH nOJIY'IHTb 3TH CBe,lJ,eHlIfl, BbIHCHHB, KaKoii MaTepmUI HCnOnb30BaJI-
CH, Kor,lJ,a }JOM CTpOHJIH ,lJ,eCHTb JIeT Ha3a.n:. KOr,lJ,a H nonYIJY Ha.n:e)1(HbIe OT-
1JeTbI, IJTO HCnOJIb30BaJICH XOpOIlII1i1 MaTepHaJI H IJTO apXHTeKTOp 6bIJI IJe-
J10BeKOM, 3acny)l(HBaIOIl.{HM .n:OBepIN, H Mor 6bI C,lJ,eJIaTb BbIBO,lJ" qTO rpY3,
BepOHTHO, 6Y,lJ,eT B 6e30naCHOCTH. ECJ1H H cMory HaHTI1 HCXO.n:HbIe IJepTe-
}l(H, H Mor 6bI npOBeCTH HeKOTopbIe TO IHbIe paCIJeTbl II nOIlYBCTBOBaTb
ce6fl ell.{e 60JIee YBepeHHo.
I Kurt Lewin: Der Begriff der Genese in Physik. Biologie. und EntlVlcklungsgeschichle
(Berlin: Springer, 1922).
2 Yac1'O fOBOpJlT, '11'0 co6blTI1e Bbl3BaHO «npe)J,lUeCTB}'IOIl\HMH ycnOBHJlMH», 3TOT
TepMHH 6bln, no-BH,1J,HMOMY, HenpaBHnbHO nOHJIT nCHxonOfaMH KaK OTHOCJlIllHMCJI K OTJI,a-
JleHHOM npOIllnOM cmyal\HH (S".), XOTI! OH Jl,onJKeH OTIlOCHTbCJI K HaCTOJll1leM cmyaWIH HnH
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68
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qaCTH, HJIII 1JTO B TeqeHHe nOCJIe.n:HHX .n:eCHTH JIeT 6bIJIH c.n:eJ1aHbI KaKHe-
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70
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KOMY,lJ,pyry KaK IJaCTb pa3roBopa 0 J1H'iHbIX nnaHax Ha 6y.uyll.{ee, HJJII 3TO
npe,ZI,JIO}l(eHHe - IJaCTb nOJ1HTII1JeCKOrO 06pall.{eHWI H IIMeeT 3HaIJeHlIe
nOIIbITKH OTKa3aTbCH OT HenplleMJIeMoi1 nOJIlITiI'IeCKOH n03Hl\nH.
,lWYrHMH cnOBaMH, T01JHOe nCHXOJIorHIJeCKOe onHcaHHe xapaKTepa
H HanpaBJJeHHH npOTeKalOll.{erO npouec-
ca MO}l(eT H ,lJ,OJI)I(HO 6bITb c.n:eJ1aHO Ha
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onpe.n:eJIeHHbIH BpeMeHHoi1 nepHO.n:.
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72
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MIOHl{HHrep2 H c1>JIOH.n: OJInnop no.n:IJepKIlB<l.J1H, LJTO nCHXOJIOrIlIJeCKOe
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'iTO Ha'iaJIO II KOHel{ 3THX MaKpOCKOnil'leCKHX e.n:HHHl{ MO)l(HO onpe.n: e -
JIHTb .n:OBOJIbHO TOqHO H C O'ieHb y.n:OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOll Ha.n:e)l(HOCTblO.
O}:(HaKO SI He 6y.u.y 06CY)l(.n:aTb 3TH BonpOCbI 3.n:eCb, r.n:e Hac HHTepeCyIOT
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,-
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t+/i,
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npOHCHeHlIe np06JIeMbI npOIlIJIOro II 6y.n:yll.{ero 6bIJ10 CHJJbHO 3a-
.n:ep)l(aHO TeM l}IaKTOM, LJTO nCHXOnOrH'ieCKOe nOJ1e, KOTOpoe CYll.{eCTByeT
B ,lJ,aHHOe BpeMH, co.n.ep}l(HT TaK}l(e B3rJIH1IbI 3TorO HH,lJ,HBH,lJ,a Ha ero 6y.n:y-
Il.{ee H npOlllJIoe. MHJJ:lIBH.n: BH1IHT He TOJ1bKO CBOIO HaCTOHIlIyIO CHTya-
Puc. 2. S 6 melJeHUe 6pel>teHu om I-n
00 t+n H6J/H£mcH «3aKpbzmOU
cucmeMou»; HO SHe zeHUOeHmUIJHa
S'. s"o+JJJ -MQJ/eHbKaH eOUHlltja
6pe. leHlI-noJ/H, KOmOpaH pacnpocm-
pal/HemCH Ha omHocumeJ/bHO
He6a bWytO meppumopwo U
OX6ambZ6aem omHocume_ bHo
He60J/bUIOU nepuoi'J 6peJIteHU om 1 00
t+LlI, s,.,." , - 3mo 6a ee KpynHaH
eOUHUlJa 6pe. leHu-na H, OX6ambZ6alO-
ulaH 60J/bWYIO mzoUfaob U 6KJ1lOlJalO-
ulaJ/ 6oJ/ee onumeJ/bHbzu neplloo
6pe.MeHu om 1 00 1+ LI . p' ups
0603HaIJalOm U3Jo,IeHeHUe nOJ/OJICeHWI
x 6 melJeHUe Jl.1QJ/eHbKOU U 60J/bWOU
emlHUlJbl 6pe.MeHlI.
I E. C. Tolman: Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men (New York. D. Appltton-
Cel)tury Co" 1932).
2 K. F. Muenzinger: Psychology: the Science of Behavior (Denver: World Press, 1939).
3 F. H. Allport Methods in the study of collective aclion phenomena, 1. Social Psychol.,
1942, 15, 165-185.
4 R. Barker, T. Dembo, K. Lewin: Frustration and regression, Univ. Iowa Stud Child
Welf., 1941, 18, 1-314.
5 R. Lippitt: An experimental study of the effect of democratic and authoritarian
group atmospheres, Univ. Iowa Stud. Child Welf., 1940, 16, No.3, 44-195
73
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Bcero nom!, BKJIIOqaH BpeMeHHYIO rrepCrreKTlIBY B 3TO BpeMH, HO He 3aBH-
CHT, KpOMe TOro, OT JII060ro npOIlIJIoro HJII1 6y.n:ymero rrOJIH H ero Bpe-
MeHHbIX rrepcrreKTHB.
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JIa, CKa)l(eM 3BOHKa KOJIOKOJIbqHKa, nOHBIITCH IIllll.{a. TaK KaK OH roJIO,lJ,eH,
TO OH eCT. nocne pH.n:a TaKHX CJIY1JaeB HH.n:IIBH.n: 6y.n:eT )J.eMOHCTpllpOBaTb-
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.npyroMY. C rrpHBbIIJKaMH .n:ellcTBHH, a TaK)I(e MbIIlIJIeHlUl, HMeIOT .n:eno B
HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHHID: B paMKax TeopHH rrOJIH.
KaK npaBHJIbHO YKa3bIBaJ1H TOJ1MeH, Xlmrap,lJ, H MapKBHc II .n:PY-
rHe, KaK 06ycnOBJIHBaHHe, TaK H 3aryxaHHe CBH3aHbI C H3MeHeHHHMlI
ypOBHH peanbHocTH nCHX0J10rHqeCKoro 6y.n:YIUero. TeopeTHKH TeopHH
ITOJIH .n:OJ1)1(HbI pa3J1H1JaTb B OTHOIlIeHHH 06YCJIOBJ1HBaHlUi H 3aTyxaHHH,
Jl,Ba THna rrp06JIeM. nepBbIll THrr KacaeTCfl Bonpoca 0 TOM, KaK Ha O)l(H-
.n:aHHe BJIHHeT BOCrrpIIHTlIe, C OAHOll CTOpOHbI, H rraMHTb - C .n:pyroii.
KaKHe 1I3MeHeHlIji B BocnpHHWMaeMOH CTpYKrype nCHX0J10rHIJeCKOrO
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6y.n:YIUero, H KaKOBbI 3aKoHbI, orrpe.n:eJ1HIOIl.{He B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTb
3THX ,lJ,BYX IJaCTell nCHX0J10rlIlJeCKoro nOJIH? llccJIe.n:oBaHHH no ypOB-
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3CKaJIOHa I c.n:eJ1aJI IlIar rro HarrpaBJ1eHHIO K MaTeMaTiI'IeCKOH 06pa60TKe
BJ1lIjlHHH ypOBHH peaJ1bHOCTH 6Y,lJ,Yll.{ero Ha CHJIbI, KOTopbIe ynpaBJIH-
lOT nOBe.n:eHlIeM B HaCTOHll.{eM. llccJ1e.n:oBaHHe ypOBHH npHTH3aHHH TaK-
}l(e ,lJ,aJIO HaM 3HaIJHTeJ1bHOe rrOHHMaHHe BJIHHHHH nCHX0J10rHqeCKOrO
npOIlIJIoro (TO eCTb npe.n:IlIeCTBYIOll.{erO ycrrexa HJIlI Hey.n:aIJH) Ha rrCH-
X0J10rHQeCKOe 6Y,lJ,yll.{ee. 3TOT Bonpoc, OIJeBH,lJ,HO, TeCHO CBH3aH C 3a-
TyxaHHeM.
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3bIBaeT COMHeHHH: OHH HMelOT .n:eJIO C B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTblO pa3-
J1HIJHbIX QacTeii nCHX0J10rHQeCKOrO nOJIH, CYIlIecTBylOll.{erO B .n:aHHoe
BpeMH t. .D:pyrHMH CJ10BaMH, 3TO 3aKOHHbIe BonpOCbI TeopHIi rrOJ1H
THrra b' = F(S').
I L. K Frank: Time perspectives, J, Social Phil., 1939,4,293-312,
2 M, L. Farber: Suffering and time perspective ofthe prisoner, Univ. Iowa Stud. Child
Welf, 1944,20, 155-227.
74
I S. Korsch-Escalona: The effect of success and failure upon the level of aspiration
and behavior in manic-depressive psychoses, Univ. Iowa Stud. Child Welf, 1939, 16, N!! 3,
199-303.
75
BonpOCbI BTOpOro THna, paCCMaTpUBaeMbIe TeOpHeH. YCJIOBHOro
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ryal\11H. S!, :Y, SJ, ...: OHa CBH3bIBaeT nOBe.n:eHHe C pfl,lJ,OM nOBTopeHHll.
.D:pyrHMH CJIOBal'vm, 3TH BonpOCbI Hl'vteIOT 4>OPMY h' = F(S H') UJIII
b' = F(S '-n, S ,m, ..). 3.n:eCb TeOpl1H rronH Tpe6yeT 60JIee KpHTH'IecKoro H
60nee aHanHTIIIJeCKoro nma MbIU1JIeHHH. He06xo.n:HMO pa3JII1IJaTb rro
KpaH.Hell Mepe ,lJ,Ba THna np06JIeM.
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TeM He MeHee EPYHCBHK paCKpbIJI HOBbie II Ba)l(Hble aCrreKTbI, II H
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ecnII MbI roBOpHM 0 nOTpe6HOCTHX, MOTHBal(HH, HaCTpoeHHH, uemrx, Tpe-
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KOTopble He OKa3blBaIOT BJ1H$IHlUI Ha }KH3HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO HH,lI:IIBII,J;a
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3. «TIorpaHII1JHaH 30Ha» }l(II3HeHHoro npoCTpaHCTBa: onpe.n:eJIeE::bJe
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I E. Brunswik: Organismic achievement and environmental probability, Psychol. Rev,.
I ()43, 50, 255-272.
76
77
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Ha MOll B3mH)l., OCHOBHafl rrp06neMa 3aKJII01JaeTCfl B TOM, K 1JeMY
OTHOCIITCfl TepMHH «BepOHTHOCTb». X01JeT nIl EpYHCBIIK H3Y1JaTb npe.n:-
CTaBneHllil Bo,a:HTeIDI MaIlIHHbI 0 BepOHTHOCTH 6bITb y6l1TbIM IIJIH OH XO-
qeT lICCJIe.n:OBaTb CTaTHCTIIKY npOIlCIlIeCTBHll, KOTopafl co06m.aeT (<o61>eK-
TlIBHyIO BepOflTHOCTb» TaKoro C06bITllil. ECJ1H HH.n:HBHJJ: CH,lI,HT B KOMHaTe,
1l000araH, 1JTO nOTOJIOK He 06pynIIITCH, cne.n:yeT nIl }lJI!! rrpe.n:CKa3aHlIfl no-
BeD:eHllil npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe TOJIbKO ero «cy6ueKTIIBHYIO BepOflT-
HOCTb» HJIII HaM CJIe.n:yeT TaK)I(e Y1JIITblBaTb «061>eKTHBHYIO BepOHTHOCTb»
Toro, 1JTO nOTOJIOK 06pynIIITCH, onpeD:eJIHeMYIO HH}I(eHepaMH. Ha MOll
romH)l., TonbKO rrepBoe .n:OJ1)1(HO npllHHMaTbCH BO BHHMaHlIe.
51 MOry rrOIDITb, nO'IeMY nClIXOJIOrHlO .n:on)l(HbI HHTepeCOBaTb ,a:a)l(e
Te 06JIaCTH tPH3H1JeCKOrO 1I COJJ.llaJJbHOro MIIpa, KOTopbIe He HBnHIOTCH
qaCTbIO )l(1I3HeHHOro rrpOCTpaHCTBa HJIlI KOTopbIe He B03.n:ellCTByIOT Ha
em norpaHlIIJHYIO 30HY B HaCTOHll.{lIH MOMeHT. ECJ1H 1JenOBeK X01JeT ra-
paHTHpOBaTb 06Y1JeHHe pe6eHKa B Te1JeHHe nOCJ1e.n:yIOIl.{HX JIeT, ecnH IJe-
J10BeK X01JeT rrpe.n:CKa3aTb, B KaKOll CHTya:l\HII HH.n:HBHJJ: OKa)I(eTCH B pe-
3yJIbTaTe onpe.n:eJIeHHOrO .n:ellCTBHH, He06xoJJ:HM0 BbI1JIICJIHTb 3TO 6y.n:yIII.ee.
01JeBII}lH0, TaKOll nporH03 .n:on)l(eH 6bITb OCHOBaH 1JaCTHIJHO Ha CTaTHC-
TH1JeCKlIX C006pa)l(eHHHX 0 HerrCHXOnOrH1JeCKHX }laHHbIX.
TeOpeTH1JeCKII MbI MO)l(eM oxapaKTepll30BaTb 3TY 3aD:a1JY KaK pac-
KpbITHe Toro, KaKafl tIaCTb tPH3H1JeCKOrO nnll COl{HaJJbHOro MHpa 6y.n:eT
orrpe.n:enflTb B TeIJeHHe .n:aHHoro rrepHo.n:a «rrorpaHHIJHYIO 30HY» }l(1I3HeH-
Horo rrpOCTpaHCTBa. 3Ta 3aD:a1Ja CTOlIT IIHTepeCa nClIXOJIoroB. 516bI npe}l-
J10}l(lUI Ha3BaTb ee «nClIXOJIOrH1JeCKOll3KonOrHell»l.
HeKOTopbIe np06JIeMbi «}I(1I3HeHHOll lICTOPIlH» HH.n:IIBII.n:a IIMeIOT
3.n:eCb CBoe MeCTO. nOrpaHH1JHbIe YCJ10Bllil )l(H3HeHHOro npOCTpaHCTBa B
TeIJeHHe KaK .n:onrHX, TaK H KOpOTKlIX rrepllo.n:OB BpeMeHH 3aBlICflT IJac-
J }J;ononHHTenLHoe yro'lHeHHe JToro nOHJlTHJI CM, B maBe VIII.
78
79
THIJHO OT .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH Cal\lOro HH.n:HBH)J,a. B :nOM CTerreHH HX He06xo-
.n:H:\10 CBfl3bIBaTb C rrCHXOJIOril'leCKOH 1IlmaMI1KOH )l(H3HeHHoro rrpOCTpaH-
CTBa. O.n:HaKO OCTaJJbHOe BbIIJHCneHHe .n:On}l(HO .n:eJ1aTbCH .n:pyrHMH rrCH-
X0J10rHQeCKHMH Cpe.n:CTBaMH.
CYIl.{HOCTb o61.HcHeHHH HJIH rrpe.n:CKa3aHHH J11060ro H3MeHeHHH B
HeKOTOpOH 06naCTH COCTOHT B CBH3bIBaHHH 3TOro H3MeHeHHH C YCJ10BHH-
MH rrOJIH B :no BpeMfl. 3TOT maBHbIH npHH Hrr .n:eJ1aeT cy6'beKTlffiHyIO
BepOHTHOCTb C06bITHH IJaCTbIO )l(H3HeHHoro rrpOCTpaHCTBa 3TOro HH)J,H-
BH)J,a. Ho OH HCKJJIOIJaeT 061>eKTHBHyIO BepOHTHOCTh qy)l(,lJ,blX 4>aKTOpOB,
KOTOpbIe Henb3H YCTaHOBilTb 113 )l(H3HeHllOro rrpOCTpaHCTBa.
IV. TEOPI1j1 IIOMI 11 HAYQEHI1E
( 1942)
TeopHSI nOASI
MeHH 1Jacro rrpOCHT OXapaKTepH30BaTb Te He06xo,lJ,HMbIe npH3HaKH
no.n.xo.n:a TeOpmI noml, KOTopbIe HaH60nee HBHO OTJ1H1JaIOT ee OT ,lI,pyrHX
TeopeTWlecKHX HanpaBJIeHHH. KaKOBbI OCHOBHbIe rrpH3HaKHTeOpHH rrOM?
CJ1e.n:yIOIl.{He XapaKTepHCTHKH nOll TeopmI Ka)l(YTCH MHe oc06eHHO Ba)l(-
HbIMH: HcnOJIb30BaHHe KOHCTPYKTIIBHOro, a He KJIaCcH4>HUHPYIOll.{ero Me-
TO.n:a; HHTepec K .n:HHaMiI'IeCKHM acneKTaM C06bITHH; rrCHX0J10rH1JeCKHll,
a He 4>H3H1JeCKHH no.D:Xo.n:; aHaJJil3, KOTOpblH H<lIJHHaeTCH C cmyal{HH B
l{eJ10M; pa3rpaHHIJeHHe Me)l(JJ:y CHCTeMaTHQeCKHMH H HcropH1JeCKHMII
rrp06J1eMaMH; MaTeMaTH1JeCKOe rrpe.n:CTaBneHHe rronH.
1. KOHCTPYKTHBHhIH MeTOA
llo.n:06HO JII060H HaYKe, nCHXOJIOfIDI OKa3blBaeTCH nepe.n: .n:HJIeMMOll,
Koma OHa IIbITaeTCH pa3pa60TaTb «06Il.{He» rrOIDITHH H 3aKOHbI. ECJIH «a6-
cTpafHpOBaTbCH OT HH)J,HBHJJ:yaJJbHbIX pa3nHIJlIll», HeT nOfH1JeCKoro nyrH
Ha3a)l. OT 3THX 061l.{HX YTBep)I(JJ:eHHif K HH.D:HBHJJ:yaJJbHOMY CJJY'IaIO. TaKoe
o6061l.{eHHe Be.n:eT OT OT.n:enbHbIX .n:eTell K .n.eTIlM onpe.n:e.TIeHHoro B03paCTa
HJIH onpe.n:eneHHoro 3KOHOMH1JeCKoro ypOBIDI H OTIy.n:a K .n:eTHM Bcex B03-
paCTOB H Bcex 3KOHOMiI'IeCKHX ypOBHeH; OHO Be.aeT OT nCHXOrraTH1JeCKoro
HHJJ:HBH}:(a K CXO.n:HbIM rraTOJJOfHIJeCKHM THTIaM H oTIy.n:a K 061l.{ei1 KaTero-
pUll «aHOMaJJbHM J1H1JHOCTb». O.n:HaKO HeT nOrHQeCKoro nyTH Ha3a)l. OT
nOIDITiffi «pe6eHOK» lUIH «aHOMaJJbHa51 nil'lHOCTb» K IIH)J,HBHJJ:yaJJbHOMy
cnyqaIO (38)1. KaKOBa eHHOCTb 061l.{IIX nOIDITHH, eCJIII OHH He rr03B0J1H1OT
.n.eJIaTb npe.n:CKaJaHlffi }:(JIfl HH.n:HBiI.n:ya..'IbHOro cnyqaH? Ee3ycnoBHo, TaKafl
rrpo e.D:YPa MaJJorrpHroJJ:Ha LUUI Y1JIITeIDI IIJIH rrCHXOTepaneBTa.
I lItfJpbI B cKo6Kax OTHOCP.TCII K ny6J1HKalJ,uHM, nepe<mCJ1eIlHblM B KOHlJ,e 3TOH ma-
BbI,
81
3Ta np06neMa 6bIna OCTpOH B .n:pyrux HaYKaX. Bo BpeMeHa .n:peB-
HHX rpeKOB reOMeTpHfl nepellina OT «KJIaccHllJHL{HpYIoll.{ero» MeTO.n:a
(KOTOpbIll rpymIHpyeT reOMeTpH1JeCKHe qJHrYPbI no «CXO,lI,CTBY») K
«KOHCTPYKTHBHOMY» IIJIlf «reHeTH1JeCKOMY» MeTO,lI,y (KOTOpbIH rpyn-
nHpyeT <JmrYPbI no cnoc06y, KaKHM OHH MorYT 6bITb C03.n:aHbI HnH
nOJIY1JeHbI .n:pyr H3 .n:pyra). C Tex nop «reHeTH1JeCKOe onpe.n:eJ1eHHe»
npe06JIa.n:aJJo B MaTeMaTHKe. B tPH3HKe CXOlIHoe pa3BHTlfe HMeno Mec-
TO B 3noxy raJIHJIeH (45). EHOJIOrHH nOnbITaJ1aCb c.n:eJIaTb 3Ha1JHTenb-
HbIli IlIar B 3TOM HanpaBneHHH, Kor.n:a CHCTel\fa JIHHHefl 6b1J1a BbITec-
HeHa cHcTeMoll ,lJ;apBHHa.
CYllI,HOCTbIO KOHCTPYKTHBHoro MeTo.n:a HBnHeTCfl npe.n:CTaBJIeIme
HH.n:HBH.n:yaJIbHOrO cnYIJaH C nOMOll.{bIO HeCKOJIbKHX (OJIeMeHTOB» KOH-
CTPYKL{HH. B nCHXOJIOrHH B Ka1JeCTBe 3JIeMeHTOB MO)l(HO IICnOnb30-
BaTb nCHX0J10rH1JecKYIO «n03Hl{HIO», nCHX0J10rH1JeCKHe «CIIJIbD> H no-
,lI,06Hble nOHHTHH. 061l.{He 3aKOHbI nCIIXOJIOrHH - YTBep)l(,lI,eHHH 06
3MnHpH1JeCKHX CBH3HX Me)l(,lI,y 3THMH KOHCTPYKTHBHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH
HJ1H HX onpe.n:eneHHbIX CBOllCTBax. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THMH 3aKOHa-
MH MO}l(HO C03.n:aTb 6eCKOHeIJHOe IJHCJIO KOHCTenJ1HL{HH; Ka)l(lIaH H3 3TlIX
KOHCTennHl{HH COOTBeTcTByeT HH.n:IIBH,lI,yaJIbHOMY cnY1JaIO B .n:aHHoe
BpeMH. TaKHM 06pa30M MO)l(HO npeo.n:OJIeTb pa3pbIB Me)l(.n:y 061l.{HMH
H KOHKpeTHbIMH n0J10)l(eHHHMH, Me)l(.n:y 3aKOHaMH H HHlIIIBH.n:yaJIbHbI-
MH pa3nHIJnHMH.
3. nCHXOAOrOqeCKHH nOAxOA
2. AUHaMUqeCKUH nOAxoA
TeopHH nOJ1H, KaK mo60H HaY'lHbIH no,lI,Xo.n: K nCHXOnOrHH, HBJI>IeT-
CH «6HXeBHopHcTCKOfu>, ecnH 3TO 03Ha'raeT CTpeMneHHe 06eCneIJHTb «One-
pal{HOHaJIbHbIe orrpe,lI,eJIeHHH» (npoBepHeMbIe CHMfITOMbI) ,lI,nH HCnOJ1b-
3yeMbIx nOHHTlill (49). MHorHe nCHXOJIOrH, B oc06eHHocTli Te, KTO
CJIe,lI,OBaJI TeopHH ycnoBHoro petPJIeKCa, cnyTaJIH 3TO Tpe60BaHHe onepa-
l{HOHaJIbHbIX onpe,lI,eJ1eHHll C Tpe60BaHHeM HCKJII01JeHHH nCHX0J10rH1Je-
CKHX onHcaHml. OHH HaCTaHBaJIH Ha nOBepxHocTHOM orrpe.n:eJIeHHH «CTH-
MYJ10B» H3bIKOM tPH3HKH. O.n:Ha H3 OCHOBHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK TeopHH nOJ1H
B nCHXOJIOnm, KaK H ee nOHllMaIO, - 3TO Tpe60BaHHe, 1JT06bI nOJIe, KOTO-
poe BJIHHeT Ha IffiJ],HBlI,lI,a, 6bIno OnHCaHO He Ha «061>eKTIIBHOM tPH311Ka-
J1HCTCKOM» H3b1Ke, HO TaK, KaK OHO CyuIeCTByeT .n:JIH 3TOro 1JeJIOBeKa B 3TO
BpeMH (cp. nOHHTHe «nOBe.n:eHIJeCKOH cpe.n:bI» KOtPtPKH, 32). Y"IHTeJIb
HHKor.n:a He CYMeeT .n:OJI)I(HblM 06pa30M HanpaBHTb pe6eHKa, eCJIH OH He
HayqHTcH nOHHMaTb nClIXOnOrH1JeCKlIii MHP, B KOTOpOM }l(IIBeT 3TOT OT-
,lI,eJIbHblH pe6eHOK. OfiHCaTb cmyauHIO «061>eKTlIBHO» B nCHXOJIOrliH Ha
caMOM JI.eJIe 03HaIJaeT onHcaTb CH1)'al{HlO KaK COBOKYnHOCTb Tex tPaKTOB,
H TOJIbKO Tex tPaKTOB, KOTopbIe COCTaBJIHIOT none 3TOro HH.n:HBH.n:a. 3aMe-
HlITb 3TOT MHp HH,lI,HBH,1I,a MHpOM yqHTenH, tPH3HKa HJIH KOro-JIH60 ell.{e-
3TO 3tIa"IHT He 6bITb 061>eKTHBHbIM, 6bITb HenpaBbIM.
O.n:Ha H3 OCHOBHbIX 3a,lI,aIJ nCHXonornH - HallTH HayqHbIe KOHCTpYK-
TbI, KOTopbIe n03BOJlHlOT .n:aTb a,lI,eKBaTHOe npelICTaBJIeHHe nClIXOJIorH1Je-
CKlIX KOHCTeJIJI>IQHH'TaKHM 06pa30M, "IT06bI MO}l(HO 6bIno J10rH1JeCKH BbI-
Becnt nOBe,lI,eHHe HH.n:HBH,lI,a. 3TO He YMeHbIlIaeT Tpe60BaHHH Onepal{HO-
HaJIbHI>IX onpe.n:eJIeHHH TepMHHOB, HCnOnb3yeMbIx B nCHXOJIOrHH, HO 3TO
nO.D:1JepKllBaeT npaBO H He06xo,lI,IfMOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHHH nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKlIX
nOHHTHll B nClIX0J10nm.
CBOllCTBa «)I(lf3HeHlIOro npOCTpaHCTBa» HH}:(HBH.n:a 3aBHCHT 1JaCTH1JHO
OT COCTOHHIDI 3TOro HH,lI,HBH.n:a KaK npolIYKTa ero HCTOpHH, 1JaCTH1JHO OT He-
nCHXOJIOrII1JeCKoro - tPn3H1JeCKOrO H COu;HaJIbHOrO - OKpY)I(eHIDI. rIoCJIe.n:-
HHe HMeIOT OTHOIIIeHHe K )l(H3HeHHOMY npOCTpaHCTBY, CXO,lI,HOe C TeM, KaKoe
«norpaHH1JHbIe yCJIOBIDI» HMeIOT K JJ;lfHaMH1JeCKOH CHCTeMe. relliTaJIbTTeO-
pHH npH,1I,aBaJIa 60JIbIlIOe 3Ha1JeHHe (nO)l(anyll, BHaIJan:e IJpe3MepHoe 3HaIJe-
HHe) onpe.n:eneHHOMY CXO,lI,CTBY Me)l(lIY BOCnpHHHMaeMOll CTpYK1)'pOH 1I
OmeKTHBHOH CTpYKIYPOH CTlIM)'JIOB. 3TO, O,C(HaKO, He 03HaIJaeT, 'ITO n03BO-
JIHTenbHO TpaKTOBaTb CTHM)IJ1bI Tal<, 6YJJ:TO OHH HBJIHIOTCH BHYTpeHHHMlI IJa-
CTHMH }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa (a He norpaHiI'IHbIMH YCJIOBHHMH) - 3TO
pacnpOCTpaHeHHaH oIlIH6Ka tPH3HKaJIHCTCKOro 6HXeBHopn3Ma.
BepOHTHO, nCHXOaHaJIH3 6bIJI Bbl.D:aIOIl.{HMCH npHMepOM nCHXono-
rH'leCKOrO nO}:(XO,lI,a, KOTOpbIH nbITaeTCH .n:OCTH1Jb rny6HH, a He nOBepx-
HOCTHbIX CJIOeB nOBe.n:eHHH. B 3TOM OTHOIlIeHHlI OH CJIe.n:OBaJI pOMaHHC-
TaM Bcex BpeMeH. rIcHXOaHaJIH3 He Bcer.n:a npH.n:ep)l(HBaJICH Tpe60BaHHH
HayqHoro MeTO.n:a npH HHTepnpeTaUHH nOBe.n:eHH>I. He06xo.n:HMbI Hayq-
HbIe KOHCTpyKTbI H MeTO,lJ,bI, KOTOpbIe IIMeIOT .n:eno C JIe)l(all.{HMH B OCHO-
BaHHH nOBe.n:eHHH CHJIaMH, HO .n:eJ1aIOT 3TO MeTo.n:0J10rHIJeCKH npaBllJIb-
HbIM 06pa30M. (TepMHH «.n:HHaMH1JeCKHH» 3,lI,eCb OTHOCHTCfl K nOHHTHIO
«dynamis» = CHJIa, K TonKOBaHHIO H3MeHeHHll KaK pe3ynbTam nClIXOJIO-
rH1JeCKHX CHJ1.)
I1,lI,eH, 0 KOTOpbIX roBOpHJ10Cb no,lI, BbIIlIeHa3BaHHbIMH 3aroJ10BKa-
MH, no KpallHell Mepe B HeKOTopOH CTeneHH npH3HaHbI .n:pyrHMH TeopH-
HMH. CJ1e,lI,yIOll.{lIe .n:Ba MOMeHTa, o.n:HaKO, 60JIee xapaKTepHbI ,lI,nH Teo-
pHH nOJIH.
82
83
4. AHaAH3, Ha'lHHaIOm;HHCSI
C cHTya:q;HH B :q;eAOM
5. lloBeAeHHe KaK c}>YHK:q;HSI IIOASI B TO BpeMSI,
KorAa OHO HMeeT MeCTO
l1acTo roBOpHJIH, IJTO reOpIDI nonH H relliTaJJbTTeOpIDI npOTHB aHa-
J1H3a. He Morno 6bITb mI1Jero 60nee OIlIH601JHOro. B .n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
Teopwi nOJIH KPHTHK}'eT MHorne tPH3HKaJJHcTcKHe TeopHH 3a OTCYTcTBHe
Tll.{aTeJ1bHoro nCHXOnOril'leCKOrO aHaJJH3a (CM. npHMepbI HH)I(e); 60JIbIlIOe
KOnil'leCTBO cHryauHll no)J,XO,lI, TeopHH nOllil paCCMaTpHBaJI ropa3.n:o 60JIee
aHaJJHTH1JeCKH, IJeM JII060M .n:pyrOll no}:(Xo.n:.
B TeopHH nonH Ba)l(HO, KaK HJJ:eT aHaJJH3. BMeCTO Toro 1JT06b1 BbI-
6HpaTb B cHryal{HlI TOT HJIH HHOM H30J1HpOBaHHbIM :meMeHT, Ba)l(HOCTb
KOTOporo HeJ1b3H Ol{eHHTb 6e3 paCCMOTpeHIDI CH'ryaUylH B UeJ10M, none-
BaH TeopIDI, KaK npaBHno, CIJHTaeT rrOJIe3HbIM Ha1JHHaTb C xapaKTepHCTH-
KH cmyaUHH B QenOM. llocne 3TOro rrepBoro npH6JIH)I(eHHH pa3JIHIJHbIe
aCneKTbI H 1JaCTH cHryaQHH no.n:BepralOTCH Bce 60JIee KOHKpeTHOMY H .n:e-
TaJJbHOMy aHaJJH3Y. 01JeBHJJ:HO, IJTO TaKOM MeTO.n: HBnHeTCH JIY'IllieM fa-
paHTHell npOTHB TOro, IJT06bI 6bITb BBe,lJ,eHHbIM B 3a6ny}KJJ:eHHe TeM HnH
HHbIM 3neMeHTOM cHryal{HH.
KOHe1JHO, TaKOll MeTO.n: npe.n:nOJIaraeT, qTO CYll.{eCTBYeT HeIJTO BpO,lI,e
CBOllCTB rrOJ1H KaK l\eJIoro (30) H 1JTO .n:a)l(e MaKpocKoIIWIecKHe cmyal\HH,
OXBaTbIBaIOUUle IJaCbI lUIH ro,lI,bI, MO)l(HO npH H3BeCTHbIX YCJIOBHHX paccMaT-
pHBaTb KaK e.n:H1fHu.y (3). HeKoTOpbIe H3 3THX 06Il(HX CBOHCTB - HarrpIlMep,
BeJIiI'IHHa «rrpocTpaHcTBa cB060.n:Horo }:(BH)I(emUD> lL'IH «aTMoctPepa .n:pY)I(e-
J1I06IDI» - xapaKTepH3YIOTCH TepMHHaMH, KOTopbIe, B03MO)l(HO, 3B}'1JaT OIJeHb
HeHa}'1JHo J])UI yxa 1JeJ10BeKa, npliBbIKIlIero 1I)'MaTb Ha H3bIKe tPH3HKH. O,lI,Ha-
KO eCJIH 3TOT 1JeJIOBeK Ha MrHOBeHHe 3a1I)'MaeTcH 0 t!JyH,lI,aMeHTaJIbHOM 3Ha-
qeHHH, KOTopoe HMeeT nOJIe CllJIbI TH)I(eCTH, 3neI(IpH1JeCKOe none IlJIH BeJIH-
1JHHa ,lI,aBJIeHlUI J])UI tPH3i1'1eCKHX C06bITHll, OH 6y.n:eT MeHbIlIe Y,lJ,HBJJeH,
06Hapy)l(HB noxo)l(yIO 3Ha1JIlMOCTb np06JIeM aTMoctPepbI B rrCHxonorHH. K
TOM)' )l(e MO)l(HO BnOJIHe TO'IHO onpe,lI,eJIHTb H H3MepHTb nCHXOJIOrII1JeCKHe
aTMoctPepbI (42). Ka)I(JJ:bIH pe6eHoK 'I)'BcTBHreJIeH .n:a)l(e K He60.1JbIlIHM H3-
MeHeHIDIM B COII.HaJJbHOM aTMoctPepe, KaK, HanpHMep, creneHH .D:PY)I(eJIIO-
6IDI HJIH 6e30nacHoCTH. YIJIITeJIb 3HaeT, 1JTO ycrrex npeno.n:aBaHIDI tPpaHu.y3-
CKoro H3bIKa IlJIlf JII060ro npe.n:MeTa B 3Ha1JHTeJIbHOH Mepe 3aBHCHT OT
aTMoctPepbI, KOTOpyIO OH CMO}l(eT C03.n:aTb. To, 1JTO 3TH npo6.rreMbI .n:o CHX
nop He 6bInH .n:on}l(HbIM 06pa30M paCCMOTpeHbI B nCHXonOfHH, om,HCIDIeTCH
He HX He3HaIJHTeJIbHOCTbIO H He KaKOll-JIH60 OC060M TpY,lI,HOCTbIO B 3MnHpH-
IJeCKOM onpe.n:eJIeHHH aTMoctPepbI, HO rnaBHbIM 06pa30M I13BeCTHbIMH tPH-
JIOCOtPCKHMH rrpe.n:paccy.n:KaMH B 06JIacTH tPH3HKaJIHCTCKOro 6HXeBHopH3Ma.
EOJIbIlIHHCTBOM nCHXonoroB 6b1JlO npH3HaHO, IJTO TeJIeOnOrWleCKoe
B.blBe.n:eHHe nOBe,lI,eHHfl H3 6Y,lI,)'ll.{ero He.n:onycTHMO. TeoplUl nOJIfl HaCTaH-
BaeT, qTO BbIBe.n:eHHe nOBe.n:eHHJI II3 npOIIIJJoro HBJIHeTCH He MeHee MeTa-
tPI13H1JeCKHM, nOTOMY 1JTO npOllinble C06bITHJI He CYll.{eCTBYIOT B ,lJ,aHHbIM
MOMeHT H, CJIe.n:OBaTenbHO, He MOryT OKa3blBaTb BJIH5IHHe B .n:aHHbIH MO-
MeHT. BnIDIHHe npOIlIJIOrO Ha nOBe,lI,eHlIe MO}l(eT 6bITb TonbKO KOCBeHHbIM;
rrpownoe nCHXOJIOril'leCKOe nOJIe - 3TO O,lJ,HH II3 «HCTOIJHHKOB» HbIHewHe-
fO rrOJIH, H 3TO, B CBOlO 01Jepe,lI,b, B03.n:eMCTBYeT Ha rrOBe.n:eHHe. CBH3bIBaIU1e
nOBe,lI,eHIDI C rrpOliIJ1bIM noneM, TaKIlM 06pa30M, rrpe,lI,nonaraeT, IJTO MbI
3HaeM ,lI,OCTaTOIJHO 0 TOM, KaK rrpOIIIJJoe C06bITHe 1I3MeHIlJIO rrOJIe B TO Bpe-
MH, H He 6bIJIO nH nOJIe CHOBa H3MeHeHO B rrpOMe TKe ,lI,pyrHMH C06biTH-
1IMH. TeopHIO rronfl HHTepeCyIOT np06neMbI HCTOpHH HJIH pa3BHTHJI, HO OHa
Tpe6yeT rOpa3,lI,0 60nee TOHKoro aHaJJllTYI1JeCKoro paCCMOTpem15l3TI1X npo-
6JIeM, IJeM 3TO npHIDITO, oc06eHHO B TeopHH aCCOUHaHH3Ma.
6. MaTeMaTH'IeCKOe npeACTaBAeHHe
nCHXOAOrH'leCKHX cHTyaU;HH
L{T06b1 .n:aTb B03MO)l(HOCTb .n:eJIaTb HayqHbIe BbIBO}:(bI, nCHxonorHfl.n:on-
}l(Ha Hcrronb30BaTb H3bIK, KOTOpbIH HBJUleTCH nOfHqeCKH CTporHM H B TO )l(e
BpeMH cornaCYeTCH C KOHCTPYKTHBHbIMH MeTO.n:aMH. BnnoTb.n:o 1900 ro.n:a
IlIJIO MHoro cnopOB 0 TOM, CJIe.n:yeT JIH pa3peIlIHTb Hcnonb30BaHHe IJHCeJ1 B
TaKHX «KaIJeCTBeHHbIX» HaYKax, KaK rrCHXOJIOflUl. MHorHe tPnJIocotPbI Bbl-
crynanH npOTHB TaKOro HCnOJIb30BaHIDI Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, IJTO 1JHCna -
npH3HaK tPH3H1JeCKHX HaYK. Cero.n:IDI HCnOJIb30BaHHe 1JHCeJI B nCHXonOrH-
IJeCKOll CTaTHCTHKe BnonHe rrpHH1iTO. TeM He MeHee Ha TOM )l(e OCHOBaHHH
B03HHKaeT HeMaJIOe npOTHBo.n:eHCTBHe Hcnonb30BaHHIO reOMeTpHH npH
npe.n:CTaBJ1eHIlH ncnXOnOfil'leCKHX CH'ryal\Hll. Ha caMOM .n:ene, reOMeTpIDI -
3TO OTpaCJIb MaTeMaTHKH H, KaK TaKOBaJl, rrpHeMJIeMa B Ka1JeCTBe IIHCTPy-
MeJlTa B J1I060ll HaYKe. HeKOTOpbIe THnbI reOMeTpHH, TaKHe, KaK TOnono-
!'WI, OIJeHb nOJIe3HbI rrpll npe.n:CTaBJ1eHHH CTpyK1ypbl nCI1XOnOril'leCKIIX CH-
ryalU1H (39, 40). TOnOJIOfwrecKHe H BeKTOpHbIe nOIDIlWI COqeTaIOT CHJIy
aHaJIH3a, KOHl{emyarlbHYro TOIJHOCTb, none3HOCTb .n:lliI BblBe.n:eHI1J1 H npH-
ro.n:HOCTb J])UI Bcero cneKTpa nCHXOJIOrWIeCKHX np06JIeM TaKIlM 06pa30M,
KOTOpbIll, Ha MOM B3mH.n:, .n:eJIaeT HX JI)"Iwe mo6oro .n:pyroro H3BeCTHoro
KOHl{emyaJJbHoro HHcTpYMeHTa B nCHXonOfHH.
84
85
B HaCTOH ee BpeMH TeOpHfl nOJ1H npHHHMaeTCH, BepOHTHO, TOnbKO
MeHbIlIHHCTBOM nCHXOJ1oroB. O.n:HaKO BCe 60JIbIlIe CBH1J,eTeJIbCTB TOfO,
IJTO npaKTiI'IeCKH BCe OTpaCnH nCHX0J10fHH - KaK, HanpHMep, nCHX0J10-
fHH BOCnpHHTHfl, nCHXOnOrHH MOTHBaI.{HH, COUHanbHafl nCHXOJIOrHfl, .n:eT-
CKaH nCHXOnOrnH, nCHXOnOrHfl }l(HBOTHbIX H aHOManbHaH nCHXOJIOrHfl -
,llBlI)I(YTCH B HanpaBJIeHHH TeOpHH nOnH ropa3.n:O 6bICTpee, 1JeM MO)l(HO
6bIJIO O}l(H.n:aTb HeCKOJ1bKO neT Ha3a.n:.
HayqeHue: TepMIIH C 60"'IbIlIIIM KOJ1HQeCTBOM 3Ha leHIIii
II TpeBOJKall(eH HCTopHeH
HaYKa He MO)l(eT lJ,OCTH1Jb 3TOro COCTOHHHH, He paCKpbIB CHa1Jana 60J1ee
KOHKpeTHbIe 3aKOHbI, Ka)I(JJ:bIM H3 KOTOpbIX OTpa}l(aeT cyn onpe.n:eJ1eH-
HbIX mnOB npOl{eCCOB.
CerolJ,IDl rrOfibITKa HaHTH 3aKOHbI HaY1JeHIDI B IlIHpOKOM CMbICJIe Ka-
)KeTCH cpaBHHMOll C nOfibITKOll XHMHKa nOJIY'IHTh 001iY XHMiI'IeCKyIO tPop-
Myny J])UI Bcex MaTepHaJIOB, COlJ,ep)l(aIl.{HXCH B nOCTpOHKe, BMecTO TOro,
'lT06bI crpynIlHpOBaTb 3TH pa3nil'lHble MaTepHanbI comaCHO HX XHMiI'Ie-
CKOll npHpO,lJ,e H HCKaTb CBOHCTBa.n:llil Ka)I(JJ:OrO Tiilla MaTepHana OT.n:eJIbHO.
TIOlJ,06HbIM 06pa30M TepMHH «HaytIeHHe», B IlIlipOKOM 3Ha1JeHHH «.n:enaTb
'lTO-JIH60 JIY'IIlIe, IJeM paHbIlIe», - 3TO «npaKTH1JeCKHH» TepMHH, OTHOCH-
IWillCfl K MHO)l(eCTBY I1pOUeCCoB, KOTopbIe nCHX0J10r .n:on)l(eH 6y.n:eT rpyrr-
nHpoBaTb H paccMaTpliBaTb comaCHO HX nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOll npHpo.n:e.
B paMKax TOro, 1JTO Ha3bIBaeTCH HaYIJeHHeM, MbI .n:OJ1)1(HbI pa3JIH-
'laTb no KpaHHeH Mepe cneJJ:YlOIl.{He TUfibI H3MeHeHlrn: (1) HaY1JeHHe KaK
H3MeHeHHe B KOfHHTUBHOll CTpYKTYpe (n03HaHHe), (2) HaY1JeHHe KaK H3-
MeHeHHe B MOTHBal.{HlI (HaY1JeHHe JII06HTb HJ1H He JII06HTb), (3) HaY1Je-
HHe KaK H3MeHeHHe B fpYIIIIOBOll npHHa.nne)l(HOCTH HJ1H H1J,eOJIOrHH (3TO
Ba}I(HbIll acneKT BpaCTaHHH B KYJIb1YPY), (4) HaY1JeHHe B CMbICJIe npoH3-
BOJIbHOro KOHTpOJ1fl TeJIeCHOll MycKYJIa1)'pbI (3TO Ba)l(HbIH acneKT npH-
oopeTeHHH TaKHX YMeHHH, KaK peIJb H CaMOKOHTpOJIb).
HCTOpHH nCHX0J10rHH MHOro c.n:eJ1ana, 1JT06bI 3arryraTb 31)' CH1)'a-
WlIO, a OTHIOlJ,b He I1pOHCHHTb ee. KrraCCH1JeCKaH TeOpHH aCCOII:Hal{HH,
ctPopMynHpOBaHHaH TaKHM npeBocxo.n:HbIM 3KcnepHMeHTaropoM, KaK
r. 3. MIOJIJIep, OCHOBaHa Ha cJIe.n:yIOll.{ell TeopeMe. EcnH .n:Ba nepe)l(HBa-
HHfl (mm .n:eHCTBlUI) a H b qaCTO npOHCXO,lJ,HT BMeCTe HJIH B Henocpe.n:-
CTBeHHOM 6JIII30CTH, Me)l(.D:Y HHMH YCTaHaBnHBaeTcH aCCOl{HaI.{HH. 3Ta ac-
COI.{IIaI.{HH OnepaJJ.lIOHanbHO OIlpelJ,eJUIeTCH KaK BepOHTHOCTb nOHBneHHH
b, ecnH IfMeeT MecTO O.n:HO a. CHJIa aCCOl{Ual{HH eCTb tPYHKl{HH KOJJllIJe-
CTBa nOBTopeHHu. rIepBOHa1JaJIbHO aCCOl{HaHH3M HHTepecoBana CBH3b
Me)l(.D:Y ({H.n:eHMH», .n:PyrHMH cnOBaMH, n03HaHHe HJIII IIHTeJ1J1eK1)'anbHbfe
npOl{eCcbI. OlJ,HaKO accounaHH3M IlIeJI Bce .n:aJIbIlIe, nOKa He CTaJI rop-
lJ,HTbCH TeM, IJTO 061>flCHfln O,lI,HHM 3aKOHOM He TOnbKO I1pouecc MexaHH-
IJeCKOrO HaY1JeHHH, HO JII060H BHlJ, HHTeJIJIeK1)'anbHoro npOl{eCca, nOBe-
lJ,eH IeCKHe npHBbI1JKH, l.{eHHOCTH H B oc06eHHOCTH HanpaBJIeHHbIe
):\ei1:CTBHH. JJ:pyrIIMH CJIOBaMII, aCCOQIIal\H5I lJ,OJ1}1(Ha 6bIna 06uHCIDITb KaK
MOTHBal\HIO, TaK H n03HaHHe.
06bHcHeHHe, T01JHO cne.n:yIOll.{ee .n:apBHHHCTCKHM H.n:eHM 0 HanpaB-
J1eHHbIX .n:eHCTBlUIX KaK CJIelICTBHU cpaKTOpOB, KOTopbIe He COlIep)l(aT nOIDl-
TH1I HarrpaBneHHOCTH, CqHTanOCb oc06eHHO Ba)l(HbIM .n:OCTlj)l(eHHeM, nOTO-
TepMHH Hay'leHUe - I10rrynHpHbIll TepMHH, KOTOpbIM HMeeT 60JIee
HJ1H MeHee TYMaHHoe OTHOIlIeHHe K HeKoToporo po.n:a yJIy1JIlIeHIIIO. OKO-
J10 1910 ro.n:a C1)'lIeHTOB nCHXOJIOrnH Y'lHJ1H 061>HCIDITh JII060e H3MeHe-
HHe B nOBe.n:eHHH HaY1JeHHeM (KoTopoe 03HaIJanO YJIY'IIlIeHHe B CKOpOCTH
HJ1H Ka1JeCTBe), YCTanocTbIO (1JTO 03HaIJanO yMeHbIlIeHHe B CKOpOCTU UJIH
KaIJeCTBe) UJIH COIJeTaHHeM 060HX. B .n:ellcTBHTeJ1bHOCTH TepMHH Hay'le-
Hue OTHOCHTCH K MHO)l(eCTBY pa3JIiI'IHbIX cpeHOMeHOB. YTBep}l(.n:eHlIe: «JJ:e-
MOKpaTlIH HY}I(HO HaY1JHTbCH; aBTOKpaTIffl HaBH3bIBaeTCH 1JeJIOBeK}'»-
OTHOCHTCH K o.n:HOMY THrry HaY1JeHlUI. ECJ1H fOBOpHT, 'lTO «pe6eHOK, no-
pa)l(eHHbIH CIIaCTH1JeCKHM napanH1JOM, .n:OJ1}1(eH HaY1JHTbCH paCCJ1a6JIHTb-
CH», TO roBOpHT 0 .n:pyrOM THne HaY1JeHlUI. 06a TUIIa, BepOHTHO, lIMeIOT
01JeHb Mano OTHOIlIeHlUI K «II3Y1JeHHIO CJIOBapHoro COCTaBa cppaHl\Y3CKO-
fO H3bIKa», a 3TOT TlII1, C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbI, HMeeT Mano OTHOIlIeHHH K
TOMY, 1JT06bI «HaY1JHTbCH JII06HTb IlInHHan).
ECTb JIH Y Hac npaBO OTHOCHTb 06Y1JeHHe npbI}I(KaM B BbIC01)', YMe-
HHIO 06XO.n:HTbCH 6e3 anKOfonH H 6bITb lJ,PY)I(eJIlO6HbIM C .n:PYflIMH nlO.n:b-
MH K O.n:HOH KaTeropHH H O)l(H.n:aTb, IJTO OlJ,HHaKOBbIe 3aKOHbI 6y.n:yT HMeTb
CHJIy .nnH Ka)I(JJ:OrO II3 3THX npOl{eCCOB?
TeoplUl aCCOII:HaUHH H ee npeeMHHl{a - TeoplUl ycnoBHofO pecpJIeK-
ca, roBOpHT 06 aCCOI.{I-IaI.{HH B OTHOIlIeHHH nlO60ro THna I1CHX0J10fH1Je-
CKHX npoQeccoB H npe.n:nOJ1araIOT, 1JTO 3aKOHbI aCCOl{Hal{HH He3aBHClIMbI
OT nCHXOnOrH1JeCKoro co.n:ep)l(aHHfl. 3Ta npaKTHKa YCHJIHJ1a TeH}:(eHlUllO
K IlIHPOKOMY HCIIOJIb30BaHHIO TepMHHa Hay'leHue. HeKoTopbIe nCHXOJIO-
rH OTO}KJJ:eCTBJUIIOT HaY1JeHHe C JII06bIM H3MeHeHHeM. KOf.n:a-HH6y.nb, Ha-
lJ,eeMCH, nCHX0J10rH1JeCKaH TeopHH 6y.neT HaCTOJIbKO pa3BHTOH, 'lTO, KaK B
COBpeMeHHOM cpII3HKe, HeCKonbKO OIJeHb 06IUHX cpoPMYn 6y.n:yT n03BO-
J1HTb BbIBo.n:nTb 60JIbIlIHHCTBO nCHXOJIOfnqeCKHX cpeHOMeHOB. O.D:HaKO
86
87
MY tITO B TO BpeMfl 6b1J1a OCTpOH nOneMIiKa Me}l(.n:y TeneOnOril'leCKHM H
KaY3aJIbHbIM 06MICHeHHeM. 3Ta Bbl.n:aIOll.{aHCH OC06eHHOCTb HaYIJHOrO
nplI'lHHHoro 061>flCHeH1lfl HeBepHO paCCMaTplIBaJIaCb KaK Tpe60BaHHe
1!36eraTb nOHflTHfl HanpaBJIeHUfl. 3TOrO B3rnH.n:a npH.n:ep)l(HBaJIHCb, He-
CMOTpfl Ha TOT <!JaKT, IJTO O.n:HO 113 OCHOBHbIX nOH.IITHll B <!JH3HKe, nOHH-
THe tPH3H'leCKOll CHJIbl, OTHOCHTCH K HanpaBJ1eHHOMY 061>eKT)' (BeKTO-
Py, Ha H3bIKe MaTeMaTHKH). Pa3BIITue aCCOl{HaHH3Ma BnOJ1He MO}l(HO
paCCMaTplIBaTb KaK 60pb6y C 3TOM caMOH np06JIeMOH. TeopHH «.n:eTep-
MHHlIpYlOll.{eH TeH.n:eHJJ.HH» Axa If «3aKOH 3tPtPeKTa» TopHlIaMKa 6bIJIH
nOnblTKaMH npH3HaTb oc06yIO ponb, KOTOpyIO l\enH, nOTpe6HOCTI1 HJIH
lIpyrlle (<HanpaBneHHbIe» tPaKTOpbI HrpaIOT B nOBe.n:eHIIH, He OTKa3bIBa-
HCb OT OCHOBHOll n03lIl{HH aCCOUHaHH3Ma. 06a Bbl.D:emIJ1H O.n:lIH oco-
6bIH BH.n: onbITa (,lI,OCTH)I(eHHe ueJIH, nOJIY1JeHHe Toro, 1JTO Ha3bIBaeTCH
Harpa.n:oH, lUIM tPOpMHpoBaHHe HaMepeHHH) KaK oc06eHHo Ba)l(HbIH .n:JI.II
06pa30BaHHH accOQlIaL\HH. C Tex nop Be.n:yll.{lIe npe.n:cTaBHTeJIlI TeopHH
aCCOL\HaHlI3Ma H YCJIOBHOrO pe<!JJIeKCa OTBO.n:HJIH L\eJ1HM Bce 60J1ee .n:o-
MHHlIPYIOIl.{YIO pOJIb B CBOHX BbIBo.n:ax.
BepoflTHo, cero.n:Hfl CnpaBelIJll1BO 6Y,lI,eT CKa3aTb, 1JTO B OTHOIlIeHHH
BOnpOCOB MOTIIBaL\UH OT nepSOHatIaJIbHOll n03HQHH aCCOl\MaHH3Ma no-
1JTH OTKa3aJIlICb. Henb3fl He CKa3aTb, '1TO 6b1JIa nplIHflTa TeopHH nOTpe6-
HocTei1, OtIeHb nOXO)l(afl Ha T)', KOTOpaH npH3HaHa B reopMlI nOJIfl, XOTH
HeCKOJ1bKO cTpaHHbIll THn TepMHHOJIOrHll .n:eJ1aeT 3TOT tPaKT MeHee o'le-
BH.n:HbIM. BMecTo Toro 1JT06bI roBOpHTb, HanpllMep, 0 «nOTpe6neHHH»,
reoplUl YCJIOBHOro petPJIeKCa roBOpHT 0 «l{CJIeBOM OTBeTe». 3TOT l{eneBOM
OTBeT He onpe.n:enHeTCH, KaK MO)l(HO 6b1J10 6bI O)l(HJJ:aTb, KaK mo6afl peaK-
L\Ufl Ha l{eJ1eBOH CTHf.lYJ1; cKopee Ha060poT, BCflKoe nOBe.n:eHIle, KOTopoe
CHlI)I(aeT Hanpfl)l(eHHe nOTpe6HOCTll, H TOJ1bKO TaKoe nOBe.n:eHue, Ha3bIBa-
eTCH l{eJIeBbIM OTBeTOM (8, 6). B .n:BYX .n:pymx OTHOllieHIUlX TaK)I(e oIJe-
BII.n:HO InMeHeHlIe B CTOpOHY TeoplIH nonH.
a. TeopHH YCJIOBHOro pe<!JJIeKCa nblTaJIaCb 6bITb 6HXeBHopllcTCKOll
B CMbICJ1e tPH3HKaJIH3Ma H CTOpOHHJJaCb Bcex nClIXOJIOrIlIJeCKI1X TepMlI-
HOB KaK HeHay<IHbIX. llocne ropHtleH .n:HCKyCCHH nOHflTHe «QeJIb» (53)
6bIJ10 HaKOHel\ nplIHflTO, HecMoTpfl Ha ero nCHXonoril'lecKyIO npHpo.n:y.
Cero.n:Hfl .n:a)l(e TepMHHbI'Tima «O)l(H.n:aHHe» .n:onyll.{eHbI B CJIOBapb ncHXO-
J10roB TeopHH YCJIOBHOro petPneKca (19, 23). J.!:pymMH cnoBaMH, BH.n:Ha
TeH.n:eHJJ.Hfl K nCHXOnOrn'leCKHM repMlmaM, H, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, KJIaCCH1Je-
CKHM tPH3HKaJIIICTCKHH 6HxeBlfOpll3M Me,lI,neHHO CBO.n:HTCH K no.n:xo.n:y, KO-
TOpbIll Tpe6yeT npaBHnbHblx TeXHHtIeCKHX YCJ10BHll OnepaL\lIOHaJIbHOrO
onpe.n:eJIeHlIfl.
6. Bce no.n:XOJJ:bI K nCHXOnOrIm, OtIeBH.n:HO, Bce 60nbIlIe OC03HaJOT,
'ITO TeOplifl .n:OJI)I(Ha BKJII01JaTb onpe.n:eneHHbIH naTTepH tPaKTOpOB, cYll.{eCT-
BYIOIIIlIX B .n:aHHoe BpeMfl. TaKoll Bel!Yll.{lIH TeopeTHK ycnoBHoro peqmeK-
ca, KaK XaJIn (22), npH3HaeT 3T)' n03HUHIO. B llenOM, o.n:HaKO, 3TO npH-
3HaHHe npHBeJIO K YCJIO}l(HeHHlO, a He K npOHCHeHHIO TeopHII YCJIOBHOrO
petPJ1eKca.
Bo061l.{e MO)l(HO 6bIJJ0 6b1 CKa3aTb, IJTO Ha HCTopmo aCCOl{Ha-
HIBMa Hero rronbITKH OXBaTHTb Bce THnbI nCHXOnOrHIJeCKHX npOl\ec-
COB O)J,HUM 3aKOHOM OKa3aJIH 60nbUloe BJIlIHHlIe tPHnocotPCKHe co06-
pa)l(eHHH (mo6afl TaKaH nOnblTKa 06fl3aTenbHO flBJ1fleTCH MeTa<!JlI-
3H'leCKOH no xapaKTepy). 3TO 6bIJIa npaBHJIbHaH 60pb6a rrpOTHB Tene-
OnOrHIJeCKOll nOrrbITKH BbIBeCTlI HbIHelliHee nOBe.n:eHlfe 1I3 6y.n:Yll.{ero.
)l{eJ1aHlIe 3aMeHHTb TaKoe 061>flCHeHne npH1JHHHbIMH 061>flCHeHHflMH
rrpl1BeJIO K TeH.n:eHl{lIH BblBO.n:HTb nOBe.n:eHHe lI3 npOIlIJIoro. 3TOT aK-
L\eHT Ha npOIlIJ10e BHec 60J1bIlIOM BKJIa.n: B 'Ipe3MepHbIM aKQeHT Ha npo-
6JIeMY HaY1JeHlIH.
ECJIH omflHYTbCH Ha HCTOpHIO 3KcneplIMeHTaJIbHbIX HCCJIe.n:OBaHlIll
nCHX0J10rlIH HaYtIeHHH, BbI.n:eJIeHHe .n:BYX rJIaBHbIX HanpaBneHHH pa3BH-
THfl MO}l(eT nOM01Jb npOflcHHTb Bce eIIle HeHcHyIO KapTHHY. O.n:HO HanpaB-
JIeHHe HMeeT .n:eJIO C HaY1JeHHeM, CBfl3aHHbiM C MOTIIBal{Heif, ,lI,pyroe - C
HaY1JeHHeM, CBfl3aHHblM C n03HaHlIeM.
a. TepMHH npU6bl'lKa MO)l(HO lICnOJIb30BaTb KaK 3TaJIOH nOHflTHfl,
B KOTOpOM KJIaCCH1JeCKHH 3aKOH aCCOl{Hal{HlI CBH3bIBaeTCH C .n:ellCTBH-
eM, a He C rr03HaHHeM, H HHTepnpeTHpyeTcH KaK nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKaH
CHJJa, xapaKTep KOTOpOll noxo)l( Ha MOTHBaQHOHHbIe CHJIbI. Ha MOH
B3fJJH,lI" caMaH HCKpeHHHfl nOnblTKa pa306paTb 3Ha1JeHHe 3Toro acneK-
Ta aCCOL\HaHH3Ma 6b1na c.n:enaHa AXOM (1). OH npaBHnbHO B03pa)l(aJI,
IJTO, eCJlH rrOBTopeHlIe Bbl3bIBaeT npilBblIJKH, .n:OJI)I(HO 6b1Tb B03MO)l(HO
H3MepHTb CHJIY BOJ1H C rrOMOIIlbIO IBMepeHHH 11Hcna nOBTopeHHH, He-
06XO,lI,HMbIX lIJIH TOro, 'lT06bl pa3pYUlHTb BnHHHHe HaMepeHlIfl,lI,eHCTBO-
BaTb B .n:pyroM HanpaBneHHH. Em nOnO)l(HTeJ1bHbIe pe3YJ1bTaTbI He
CMonm, o.n:HaKO, Bbl.D:ep)l(aTb npOBepKH. hbIJ10 nOKa3aHO (36, 37, 46),
IJTO .n:a)l(e npe,lI,enbHOe KOJIH1JeCTBO nOBTopeHHll He C03.n:aeT lI3MepH-
Mom npenHTCTBIIH BbIllOJIHeHHIO nO-,lI,pyrOMY HanpaBJ1eHHOrO HaMe-
peHHfl. QT06b1 nOHflTb pa3JIH1JHbIe tPeHOMeHbI, Heo6xo.n:HMO OTJIHIJaTb
«lICnOnHlITeJIbHbIe npHBbI1JKH», KOTopbIe He lIMeIOT xapaKTepa MOTH-
BaL\HOHHbIX ClIJI, OT «npHBbl'leK nOTpe6HOCTeM», KOTopbIe nO,lI,pa3Y-
MeBaIOT CYll.{eCTBOBaHlIe nOTpe6HOCTlI (lUIH KBa3HnOTpe6HOCTH) HJIlI
ee tPHKcaUHIO Ha onpe,lI,eJIeHHblX BaJ1eHTHOCTHX. J.!:pyrllMH CJIOBaMH,
88
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He06xo.n:HMO OTJIHIJaTb MOTHBaL{HOHHble np06neMbI OT KOrHHTHBHbIX
np06neM H no.n:P06HO H3Y1JaTb 3aKOHbI Ka}l():{OH H3 HHX. 3aTeM .n:OJ1}1(Ha
6bITb orrpe.n:eJIeHa oc06aH ponb Ka)l(.n:oro THna l}JaKTopoB .n:JIH pa3HbIX
KOHCTeJInHl{HM.
K CO)l(aneHlIIO, l}JaKT, 1JTO MHome 3KCnepHMeHTbI no HaY1JeHHIO 6bIJIH
npOBe.n:eHbI Ha )l(HBOTHbIX, c):\eJ1an IJeTKOe pa3.n:eJ1eHHe MOTHBaQHOHHbIX
H KOfHHTHBHbIX np06JIeM OIJeHb CJ10)l(HbIM (2, 34, 50). A.n:aMc, TonMeH H
,lJ,pyrHe peIlIHTeJIbHO nO,lJ,1JepKHBanH 3TOT MOMeHT. Pa60Ta no CKPbITOMY
HaY1JeHHIO (7,53) 6bIJIa OlIHHM H3 Ba)l(HbIX pe3ynbTaToB 3Toro 60Jlee nOJ1-
HOro KOHl{enTyanbHoro aHanH3a. O.n:HaKo .n:a)l(e cero.n:HH, BepoHTHo, B 3KC-
nepHMeHTax C )l(IIBOTHbIMH Tpy.n:Hee npaBHJIbHO pa3rpaHWlHTb 3TH ac-
neKTbI, qeM B 3KCnepI1MeHTaX C JlIO.n:bMH.
6. BTopoe HanpaBJIeHHe pa3BHTHJI KacaeTCH Crrel{HI}JH1JeCKHX 3aKO-
HOB, KOTopbIe ynpaBJIHIOT HaY1JeHHeM B CMbICJle H3MeHeHIDI KorHHTHB-
HOM CTpYKTypbI. CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60JIee OIJeBH.D:HbIM, qTO .n:a)l(e B 3TOM,
CBoeH HCKOHHOll 06J1aCTH aCCOl\HaHH3M - CJlHIlIKOM npHMHTHBHaH Teo-
pIDI. ITp06J1eMbI HHcaMTa, nOJ1Y1JeHHH 3HaHIDI HJIH .n:pymx BH}:(OB H3MeHe-
HHH B KOrHHTlIBHOM CTpYK1Ype, nO-BH.D:I1MOMY, TeCHO CBH3aHbI C TeMH 3a-
KOHaMH, KOTopbIe ynpaBJIHIOT BOCnpIDITlleM (27, 30, 32) H onpelIeJIHIOT
CTPYKTYPY BOCnpHHHMaeMoro rrOJIH. Ee3 COMHeHIDI, B H3Y1JeHHH 3THX
np06JIeM 6bIJI 1I0cTHrnyT orpOMHbIll nporpecc.
He.n:ocTaToK HCHOCTH B 06cY)I(.n:eHHflx HayqeHHfl B OTHOIlIeHHH MO-
THBal{HH H rr03HaHHfl, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, CBH3aH rnaBHbIM 06pa30M C Tep-
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CTBeHHoe npoIlIJIoe. ITp06J1eMbI naMHTH B nOM OTHOIlIeHHH HBJIHIOTCH
qaCTbIO np06JleM BpeMeHHoH nepcneKTHBbI. C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbI, roBO-
pH 0 npoQeccax naMHTH, MO}l(HO CCbIJJaTbCH Ha CTpYKTYPHoe CXO):{CTBO
H pa3J1H1JHe Me)l(.n:y )l(H3HeHHbIMH npOCTpaHCTBaMH HH):{HBH):{a, cymecT-
Byroll.{HMH B pa3Hoe BpeMH. ,[(nfl noro Bonpoca OCHOBHoe 3HaQeHHe
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YIJHTbCfl 113 onbITa. O.n:HaKO 1JaCTO npHxo.n:HTCH Y1JHTbCfl He CJIe.n:OBaTb
TOM}I(e caMOll npOl{e.n:ype, KOTopafl HCnOJlb30BaJIaCb panee; BMecTO 3TOro
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rpecca B COllHaJIbHOM )l(H3HH COCTOHT B TOM, IJTO B 06J1aCTH nOJ1HTHKH
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(KOfHHTHBHOii CTpYKTYpe)
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lJeJIOBeK nepee3)1(aeT B HOBbIll ropo.n:. ITocreneHHO OH Y1JHTCfl opn-
eHTHpOBaTbCH BOKpyr reorpaI}JH1JeCKH H COL{HanbHO. KaKOBbI nCIIXO.'IOrH-
qeCKlIe H3MeHeHIDI, Ha3bIBaeMbIe liay<leliUeM B 3TOM CJIY'Iae? lJenoBeK npH-
6bIBaeT Ha cTaHl{HIO KaK He3HaKOMeL{. B03MO}l(HO, OH 3apaHee npH06peJ1
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J10BeK (P). CynIeCTByeT .n:pyraJI 06JIaCTb B ero )l(H3HeHHOM rrpocTpaHcTBe,
COOTBeTCTByIOll.{M KBapmpe (A). Me)l(JJ:y 3THMH .n:BYMH 06JIaCTHMH Haxo-
):{HTCH 06JIaCTb, KOTOpM C nCIIX0J10rHIJeCKOH TOIJKH 3peHluI HMeeT xapaK-
Tep HecTPYKTYPHpOBaHHOH (U), TO eCTb He3HaKOMel{ He 3HaeT, KaK H.n:TH OT
CTaHl{HH K ero KBapTlIpe, HaCKOJIbKO OHa .n:aneKO H KaK BbImH}:(HT TeppHTO-
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npflMO K ero KBapTHpe. B pe3YJ1bTaTe ero nepBOH noe3.n:KH OT CTaHl{HH K
ero .n:OMY npOHcxo.n:HT HeKOTOpaH CTpYKTypanH3aJJ.IIfl: «HanpaBneHlIe OT
CTaHl{HlI K KBapTHpe» onpe.n:enlUJOCb KaK noe3):{Ka Ha Tpa.\1Bae D; BHOBb
npH6bIBIlIHll noJIY'IlUJ npe.n:CTaBJIeHHe 0 paCCTOHIDIH MeiK.n:y ,lJ,BYMJI TOIJ-
KaMH B ropo.n:e. TpaMBall c.n:eJIan pH.n: rrOBopOTOB. B pe3YJIbTaTe BHOBb
npH6bIBIlIHH He 01JeHb XOpOlliO npe.n:CTaBJIHeT reorpaI}JH1JeCKOe n0J10iKe-
IDle 06eIIX TOIJeK. Ii Bce )l(e OH 3HaeT HanpaBJIeHHe B CMbIcne «nyTlI, no
KOTOpOMY MO/KHO nOllTlm (pHC. 4).
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pa60TaTb e Ha CJIe.ayIOll.{ee yTPo. B
3TOM cJIY'Iae OH MO)l(eT nOXO}l(HM 06-
pa30M Y3HaTb «I}JYHI<l{HOHanbHbIe» CBH-
3H Me>I<.n:y ero ,lJ,OMOM H MeCTOM ero
pa60Tbl. Ho Bce paBHO OCTaHYTCH
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IJeCKIf 6J1H3KaH K ero JJ:OMY, H nOCTeneHHO CTeneHb KOrHllTHBHOH CTPYK-
TYpanH3al\HH 6y.n:eT YBenUIJHBaTbCfl, TaK IJTO B KOHl\e KOHl\OB OH 6y.n:eT
3HaTb He TOnbKO O.n:HY JJ:Opory OT em .n:OMa .n:o ero pa60TbI (W) HJIH .n:o
CTaHI.{HII, HO HeCKOJIbKO (pHC. 5). UH
6y.n:eT 3HaTb, KaKOB npliMOH nyTb, H,
HaKOHel{, OH CMO)l(eT BnOJlHe xopo-
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HOro MeCTa JJ:O mo60ro JJ:pyrom B
ropo.n:e. OH 6YJJ:eT 3HaTb caMbIH KO-
pOTKHH nyTb 1IJ1H xO,lJ,b6bI ilnH nt'Je3-
PIiC. 5 .n:KH Ha aBTOMOOHne HJIH Ha MeTpO.
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l\IlpOBaHlIH paHce HelIu<jJ<jJepeHl{HpOBaHHbIX 06naCTeH 6YlIeT npOHCXO-
.n:HTb B OTHOIlIeH!1I1 COL{HaJIbHOH )l(H3HH ropo.n:a. CHalJana 6YlIeT HeHCHO,
B KaKOM HanpaBneHHH C COL{HaJIbHOll TOIJKH 3peHlfH He3HaKOMel\ .n:BH)I(eT-
CH, nOD,xo.n:fl K onpe.n:eJIeHHOMY IJenOBeKY. Ho OH 6y.n:eT Bce 60nbIlIe }'3Ha-
BaTb, KTO eCTb KTO, KaK nOCTpOeHa COL{HaJIbHaH )l(H3Hb B ropo.n:e, KaKOBbl
npHMbIe H KOCBeHHble nYTlf, KaKHe COQHaJIbHble TpOnHHKH HCnOJIb30BaTb
J1erKO, a KaKHe CnO)l(HO. BepOHTHO, HeT He06xo.n:HMOCTH }T01JHHTb CXo.n:-
Hblll npOl{eCC .n:H<jJ!fJepeHl\Hal{HH, KOTOpbIH npOHcxOJJ:HT B cJJy1Jae CTY.n:eH-
Ta, H3YIJaIOll.{erO rpelJecKYIO HCTOpHIO. CHOBa paHee CMYTHafl H HeCTpYK-
TYpHpOBaHHafl 06naCTb CTaHOBHTCH KOrHHTHBHO CTPYKTYpHpOBaHHOll H
KOHKpeTHOH.
,lWyroll npHMep 3TOro THna Ha)"IeHHfl - KOrHHTHBHOe 1I3MeHeHHe
nCHX0J10rH1JeCKoro MHpa B L{enOM B xO.ll.e pa3BlITIDI. 113 Bcero, IJTO MbI
3HaeM, HOBOpO)l(.lI.eHHbIH He MO)l(eT OTJIHlJHTb ce6H OT cBoero oKpY}I(e-
HHfl; nOCTeneHHO onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIe 06naCTH, HanpHMep Te, KOTopble CBH3a-
Hbl C npHIDITHeM nHIl.{H, npHHHMalOT KOHKpeTHbIH xapaKTep, CTaHOBflTCH
Bce 60nee .n:H<jJtPepeHUHpOBaHHbIMH; 'laCUI ero c06CTBeHHom Tena CTa-
HOBflTCH .n:HtPq;epeHQHpOBaHHbIMIf .n:Pyr OT ,lJ,pyra H OT OCTaJIbHoro MHpa;
COL{HaJ1bHbIe OTHOIlIeHHfl pa3BHBaIOTCH H CTaHOBHTCH DJ1tPtPepeHHllpOBaH-
HbiMlI; nOTpe6HOCTH, 3MOl\HH, H3bIK npOXOD,H CXO.n:Hblll npOL{eCC .lI.HtP-
!fJepeHl\Hal{HH (3, 6, 31, 53).
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THe, CBHJaHHOe C TaKHMIf <pYH.n:aMeHTaJIbHbI:\1I1 If 3HaKOMblMH 6HOJ10rH-
IJeCKIf:vIl! npOlleccaMIf, KaK .lI.eneHlle HilQa Ha 60Jlee MenKIIe e.n:HHHl\bI 60-
nee Cnel{HtPHlJeCKOm xapaKTepa. llepexo.ll. OT TeOpUI1 aCCOL{HaL{HH Il,1U
92
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H HHflM B CTpYKTYpe) 03Ha t IaeT nepexo.n: OT tPH3H'leCKOll aHanOrHH (a
JiMeHHO aHa:l0rHH co 3BeHbflMlI l\ellH) K 60nee 6HOnOrlI1JeCKoMY no.n:xo-
.lI.Y. KpoMe Toro, nO-BHJJ:UMOMY, J1er1Je npe.n:CTaBIfTb .lI.H<jJ!fJepeHL{lmQllIO H
,lJ,pYrHe H3MeHeHHfl B CTpYKTYpe MaTeMaTH1JeCKH TOtIHblM 06pa30M (3),
lJeM C nOMOIlI,bIO nOHHTlIH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIx B 60nee cTapbIx TeopHflx. Ac-
COJJ.HaI.{lUl nOCTOJJ1>KY, nOCKOJIbKY OHB OTHOCflTCfl K 1I3MeHeHlIHM B 3Ha-
HHH, BIIonHe MOI)'T 6bITb 3aHOBO lICTOJIKOBaHbI KaK OTHOCHTenbHO IIpO-
CTbIe cnyqaH 1I3MeHeHlL!! B CTpYKTYpe.
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He Bee H3MeHeHHH KOrHlITlIBHOH CTPYKTYpbI, KOTopbIe MbI Ha3bIBa-
eM HaY1JeHlIeM, HMeIOT xapaKTep .n:H!fJ!fJepeHl{Hal{lIH B CMbICJ1e IIO.ll.pa3.n:e-
J1eHIDI 06J1aCTeM Ha 60J1ee MenKHe e.ll.HHlIL{bI. I1Hor,lI,a H3MeHeHHe B Kor-
HHTUBHOll CTpYKTYpe npOI1CXO.n:HT 6e3 YBenlI1JeHHH Hnn YMeHbIlIeHllH
CTeneHlI .n:lI<jJ<jJepeHl{lIal{HlI. KJIacCH1JeCKlIMH npHMepaMH HBnHIOTCH npo-
6neMbI 06XO.n:HOro nyTH (29). KaKaH pa3HlIl{a Me)l(JJ:y IICHXOJIOrH1JeCKOll
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nyTb K CBoell ueJIH, KOr,lI,a OH CTOHT BHYTPII U-06pa3Horo 6apbepa (pIlC. 6),
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XOnOrH1JeCKOe 1I3MeHeHHe npoHcxo.n:HT B TOT MOMeHT, Kor.n:a y pe6eHKa
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Pa3jIWme MmKHO IJaCTH'lHO onH-
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6bI, IJTO pe6eHOK HJ].eT B HanpaBneHHlI
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G' B03.n: eMC TByIOll.{afl Ha pe6eHKa B Ha-
npaBJIeHl-IH K 3TOll QenH, IIpIIBO,lI,HT, B
3TOM KOHCTeJIllill{llH, K CTpeMJIeHHIO ne-
pe.n:BHfaTbCH B HanpaBJIeHI1H d A B' llo-
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pa B CJIHIIIKOM Benl1KII, pe6eHOK He B
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(pHC. 7). 06J1acTH A H G, KOTOpbIe pa-
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CTeM Tenepb CBH3aHbI KaK IJaCTb 06JIa-
cm A, C, D, G. I1epe):{BH)I(eHHe OT A K
C MO)l(eT paccMaTpHBaTbCH KaK rrepBaH
IJaCTb nyTH W ACDG ' Cne.n:oBaTeJ1bHO,
HanpaBJIeHlIe K'C (d A . C ) Terrepb paEHO
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G (dA,c = d A . G ; d A . C 7; dA.-G)' CHJIa t;..G
rrplIBo.n:HT Terrepb K nepe):{BIDKeHHIO OT
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3TOT npHMep HJIJIIOCTpHpyeT, KaK rrCHX0J10fHIJeCKOe HanpaBJ1eHHe
3aBHCHT OT KOfHHTHBHOH CTpYK'rypbI .n:aHHoM CHTyal{HII. I1oBe.ll.eHHe eCTb
pe3YJIbTaT CHJI, KOTOpbIe HMelOT HanpaBJIeHHe. CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO, nlO6oe
rrOBe.n:eHHe B 3Ha1JHTeJIbHOll CTeneHH 3aBHCHT OT KorHHTHBHOll CTPYK-
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X0J10fHIJeCKHe HarrpaBJ1eHHH He orrpe.n:eJ1eHbl; ):{PYfHMH CJ10BaMH,
qeJIOBeK He 3HaeT, KaKoe .n:ellCTBHe npHBe):{eT K KaKOMY pe3ynbTaTy.
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.n:HcpcpepeHl{Ual{HH HJIH .n:e.n:HcpcpepeHQHal\HH, nCHXOnOfH1JeCKHX 06JIac-
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eCJIH YCTaHOBneHbI ero rrCHXOnOfH1JeCKafl rr03Hl{Hfl H ero nCHX0J10rH1JeC-
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HaIJaIOT onaCHbIe CKaJIbI. I13MeHIIJIaCb rrCHXOJIOrHIJeCKaH CBH3b 3THX
«CTHMynOB» C .n:eHCTBHHMH, H, CJIeliOBaTeJ1bHO, H3MeHHJICH CMbIcn.
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fpaHHIJHBaTb BJJlIHHHe rrOBTopeHHH Ha MOTHBal{HIO (CM. HH)I(e) H Ha H3-
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BTopeHHe, a H3MeHeHHe B KorHHTHBHOM CTpYKType. EcnH BHOBh npH-
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XOTJI rrpHHJITHe }l(eJ1aeMoro 3a .n:eiicTBHTenbHoe, 6e3YCJIOBHO, OIJeHb pac-
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HOro cTpecca. EbIJJO rrOKa3aHO (3), IJTO B He6e30nacHoH lUIH tPPYCT-
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}l(eHHe IJaCTHIJHO BbI3BaHO YMeHbIlIHBIlIeHcH B 3THX 06cToHTenbcTBax
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JIOBeKY; .n:eMOKpaTHH OH .D,OJ1)1(eH HaY1JHTbCH. B03MO}l(HO, HCHOCTb BHeceT
60JIee rrOJJP06Hoe 06CY)l(.n:eHHe 3HaIJeHHH TepMHHa Hay'JeHue B 3TOM rrpe.n:-
JIO)l(eHHH.
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THH - 3HaIJHT rr03HaKOMHTbCH C onpe,lJ,eJIeHHbIMH TeXHiI'IeCKHMH rrpHeMa-
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3,a:eCb HeT He06xo.n:HMOCTH YT01JHHTb rrocne.n:HIOIO MbIcnb, nOTOMY
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.D,eMOKpaTHIO) rrpaKTHIJeCKH TO}l(.D,eCTBeHHa np06JIeMe rronyqeHHH 3HaHHH
(T. e. H3MeHeHII5I B KOrHHTHBHOll CTpYI<Type, KOTOpoe Mbi Y)I(e 06cY)I(,lJ,a-
JlH) B COIJeTaHHH C rrp06JIeMOH BbInOJIHeHHH. CeiiIJac 6Y)l,){T 06CY)l(.n:aTbCH
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HII5I. O.n:HH npe.n:nOJIaraeT H3MeHeHHe c06CTBeHHbiX nOTpe6HOCTelllfJIH HH-
repeCOB LIenOBeKa; .n:pyrOll OCTaBJIfleT nOTpe6HOCTU lUIl1 HHTepeCbI 60nee
HJJH MeHee HeTpOHYTbIMH H 3aCTaBAAeT HJUI:HBH1Ia .n:eJIaTb He)l(e,'1aHHOe .n:eft-
CTBHe nHQO C nOMOll{b1O npHMOH CHJJbl, JIu60 C nOMOll.{bIO C03.D,aHHH KOH-
CTennm.{UH, B KOTOpOH .n:pyrne ClUIbHbIe rrOTpe6HOCUI rrepeBellilIBaIOT BnH-
HHHe nepBOll nOTpe6HOCTH.
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MaTb He cnpaIlIHBaeT MJIa.n:eHl\a, Kor,a:a ero HY)I(HO BbIHYTb I13 KpOBaTKII
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C np06neMOH B03paCTa, B KOTOpOM .n:OJ1}1(HO HaIJHHaTbCH 06yqeHHe .n:e-
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KOma M HBH}:( BTHrMBaeTCH B cm)'al{HIO, a 3aTeM «a.n:anTHpyeTCID) K :HOll
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OCBOeHHyIO (26).
99
1.JacTo «HaY1JeHI1e» J1I06HTb HJIH He nI06HTb onpe.n:eJIeHHyIO .n:eHTeJIb-
HOCTb - 3TO pe3YJ1bTaT .n:onrOCp01JHOrO H3MeHeHHH nOTpe6HOCTeH, KOTO-
poe HMeeT MeCTO B XOI{e pa3BHTHH H Ka)l(eTCH oc06eHHO 3aMeTHbIM BO
BpeMH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX KpH3HCOB, KaK, HanpHMep, no.n:pOCTKOBbIll B03-
paCT. 1.Jpe3MepHoe HaCbIIII;eHHe TO}I(e MO}l(eT npHBeCTH K nOCTOHHHoii He-
npIIfl3HII K .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH.
O.n:HHM II3 3a6J1Y)1(.n:eHHll KJI CCmeCKoro 6HXeBHopII3Ma 6bIJIO OID!-
caHHe xapaKTepa .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH TonbKO C nOMOll.{blO ee cpII3meCKHX ac-
neKTOB II IIrHopHpOBaHHe orpOMHoro BJIHHHHH nCHXOJIOrmeCKOH 06CTa-
HOBKII. 3KcneplIMeHTbI no HaCbIll.{eHHIO HCHO nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO o.n:HHa-
KOBbIe 1IBH)I(eHHH PYKOll npII qepIJeHIIII onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIx nHHHll MOryT
HMeTb pa3JIHIJHOe nCIIXOnOrlI'IeCKOe II cpII3HonOrH1JeCKOe .n:ellCTBHe, B CO-
OTBeTCTBHII CO CMbICJIOM 3TOH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH. HanplIMep, pHCOBaHHe Y30-
pa II3 qeTbIpex nIIHJIll, B03MO}l(HO, CTano .n:e31IHTerpHpOBaHHbIM, H PYKa
YCTana B pe3YnbTaTe npeCbIll.{eHHH. IIepexo.n:a K .n:PyrOMY Y30py II3 nlIHlIll
HJIII C03.n:aHHH KapTHHKH H3 3THX nHHHH .n:OCTaTOIJHO, 'IT06bI CTepeTb Te-
J1eCHbIe CHMnTOMbI YCTanOCTH H npIIBeCTlI K peopraHH3aJJ.HH .n:eHTeJIbHO-
CTH. HanHcaHHe CTaTbH, co.n:ep}l(all.{ell COTHII 6YKB, He 03Ha1JaeT nOBTope-
HHe H, CJIe.n:OBaTenbHO, He npHBo.n:HT TaK 6bICTpO K HaCbIll.{eHHIO. 3TO o.n;Ha
H3 npHIJHH, n01JeMY MeTO.n: 06}nIeHHH nHCbMY H IJTeHHIO C nOMOll.{blO H3Y-
IJeHHH npe.D:JIOJKeHHll H CJIOB npeBocxo.n:HT 60J1ee CTapbIll MeTO,lJ, H3Y1Je-
HHH 6YKB. COBpeMeHHbIll 6YKBapb HCnOJIb3yeT paCCKa3bI, KOTopble «pa3-
BHBaIOTCH», XOTH OHH COCTOHT H3 OTHOCHTenbHO He60JIbIlIOrO KOJ1meCTBa
cnOB H 3JIeMeHTOB. TaKHM 06pa30M C03.n:aeTCH n03HTHBHaH MOTHBa HH K
06Y1JeHHIO.
BaneHTHOCTb .n:eHTenbHOCTH IJaCUI'lHO 3aBHCHT OT ee CMbICJIa H, cne-
.n:OBaTeJIbHO, OT KorHHTHBHOM CTPYKTypbl. HanpHMep, pe6eHOK, KOTOpO-
MY onpe.n:eJ1eHHaH e.n:a He HpaBHTCH .n:OMa, MO}l(eT He npOHBHTb TaKyIO He-
npHH3Hb, Kor.n:a OH n0JJY'IaeT TaKyIO }l(e eJJ:y Ha Be1JepHHKe y.n:pyra. CaMbIll
IJaCTbIM MeTO.n: H3MeHeHHH BaneHTHOCTell B 06pa30BaHHII OCHOBaH Ha 3TOH
CBH3II C KOrHHTHBHOll cTpYK'rypoii. HanpHMep, MaTb MO}l(eT nblTaTbCH HC-
KJIIO IlITb onpe.n:eJIeHHOe nOBe.n:eHlIe, .n:enaH 3aMeIJaHHe, 'ITO TOJIhKO <(llJIO-
XHe .n:eTli .n:eJ1aIOT 3TO»; OHa MO)l(eT 3aCTaBIITb ynpHMoro pe6eHKa eCTb,
rOBopH: «J1o}l(eIJKY 3a nany, J10)l(eIJKY 3a MaMY H JIO)!(e1JKY 3a Te6H». IIlI-
ll.{eBble npe.n:n01JTeHHH y .n:eTeH MO)l(HO H3MeHHTb, paCCKa3aB HCTOpHIO, B
KOTOpoii HenpllHTHaH nHll.{a - nI06HMaH e.n:a repOH paCCKa3a (9).
CB>J3b Me}l(JJ:y KOrHHTHBHOH cTpYI\.'T)'pOll H BaJIeHTHOCTbIO MeHee oqe-
BlI.n:Ha B cJI)"IaHX Bpo.n:e Tex, B KOTOpbIX .n:eTH npo.n:OJ1)1(aIOT HCnblTbIBaTb
HenpHH3Hb K nIiII{e, Kor.n:a e.n:1IT ee .n:OMa, XOTH OHH HiI'Iero He HMelOT npo-
11iB TOro, IJT06bI eCTb 'I)' }l(e caMYIO eJJ:y B .n:eTCKOM caJJ:y. ,lVuI 3THX .n:eTeii
no.n:oiim K o6e.n:eHHOMY CTOny .n:OMa npH06peJIo 3Ha'IeHHe il,LJ;TH Ha ccopy
C MaTepblO. 3TH CTapbIe «npHBbI'IKH» MO}l(HO H3MeHHTb 3a O.n:HH .n:eHb,
eCJIli B03MO)l(HO H3MeHHTb CMbIcn .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH (52). J1emo 3aCTaBlITb
B3pOCJIOro c.n:eJIaTb IJTO-HH6y.n:b B Me.n:Hl\liHCKOH 06cTaHoBKe HJIH B KaIJeC-
TBeHcfibI'I)'eMoro B nCHXOJIOrmeCKOM 3KCnepHMeHTe (14), IJTO OH He-
COMHeHHO OTKa3anCH 6bI .n:enaTb BHe 3KcnepHMeHTanbHoH cH'I)'aUHlI.
CBH3b Me}l(JJ:y KOrHHTHBHOll CTPYK'I)'pOH H BaneHTHOCTblO oc06eH-
HO nOpa3HTeJIbHa B Toii 06JIaCTH, IJTO Ha3bIBaeTCH «KYnbrypHbIMH pa3-
JIlI'IHHMID). KYJIb'I)'pbI pa3JIHIJaIOTCH He TOJThKO B TOM, KaKHe eHHOCTH
npH3HaIOTCH; no KpallHeii Mepe HaCTOJIbKO )l(e Ba}l(HO TO, KaKHM 06pa-
30M pa3JIHqHbIe BH):{bI .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH paCCMaTpHBalOTCH KaK CBH3aHHbIe.
,lVrH .n:eTeii-MeHOHHTOB B AllOBe, Hanpli.1\iep, pa60Ta H penHrHH ropa3.n:o
60nee TeCHO CBH3aHbI, 'IeM 1IJIH .n:eTell-HeMeHOHHTOB B conOCTaBHMbIX
CeJ1bCKHX 06J1aCTHX (25). EOJ1bIlIaH 'IaCTb peKJIaMbI H 60J1bIlIaH lIaCTb
nponaraH,lJ,bI B03.n:ellCTByIOT, H3MeHHH He nOTpe6HOCTH H QeHHOCTH, KaK
TaKOBbIe, HO H3MeIDIH KorHHTHBHYIO CTPYKrypy TaKHM 06pa30M, KOTO-
pbIll 3aCTaBJIHeT nponaraH.n:HpyeMym .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb Ka3aTbCH 1JaCTbIO
HnH Cpe,lJ,CTBOM ,lJ,oc'I)'na K 06J1aCTH, HMelOll.{ell BbICOKYIO QeHHOCTb ,lJ,JIH
3TOro HHlIHBH.n:a.
«HaY1JeHHe» HOBbIM H.n:e0J10rHHM, HJIH, .n:pyrHMH cnOBaMH, nepe-
MeHY y6e}l(.n:eHHll, 06bIlIHO Tpy.n:HO BbI3BaTb OTQaCTH H3-3a TOro, KaK ne-
penneTeHbI nOTpe6HOCTH H KOrHHTHBHaH CTpYKrypa. IIpHMepoM ycneIlI-
HOro H3MeHeHHH H,lJ,e0J10rHH H COQHaJIbHOrO nOBe.n:eHHH HBJIHeTCH
nepeYIJHBaHHe CpaBHHTenbHO aBTOpHTapHbIX OpraHH3aTOpOB .n:ocyra B
npeBocxo.n: HbIX .n:eMOKpaTlIQeCKHX PYKOBo.n:IITeJ1ell, npOBe.n:eHHoe EaBe-
naCOM (4). 3TH PYKOBo.n:HTeJ1H OT nHTH.n:o ceMH neT npH.n:ep)l(HBanHCb
CBoero MeTo.n:a 06pall.{eHHH C rpynnaMH. 113MeHeHHe npOH30IlIJIO B Te-
IJeHHe Tpex He.n:eJ1b. OHO 6bIJIO BbI3BaHO IJaCTHIJHO Ha6nIO.n:eHHHMH 3a
.n:pyrHMH PYKOBO.n:HTeJ1HMH H .n:eTaJIbHbIM 06CY}l(I{eHHeM pa3JIHQHbIX B03-
MO)l(HOCTell peaKQJIll PYKOBo.n:HTenH Ha MHO}l(eCTBO cHryaQHll, HBJIHIO-
Il.{HXCH pe3YJIbTaTOM rpynnoBoll }l(H3HH. TaKHM 06pa30M, KorHHTHBHaH
CTpYKrypa nOJIH «nOBe.n:eHHe PYKOBo.n:HTenH» CTaJla ropa3.n:o 60nee TOH-
KO .n:HcpcpepeHIlHpOBaHHOH; HHlIHBiI,LJ; CTan 60J1ee IJYBCTBHTeJIbHbIM. 3.n:eCb
HeB03MO}l(HO no.n:p06HO 06Cy.n:HTb MOTHBaQHOHHoe H3MeHeHHe OT CKen-
THl{H3Ma K YBJIeIJeHHOCTH .n:eMOKpaTmeCKHMH MeTo.n:aMH. 3TO np0H30rn-
JIO 1JaCTHQHO H3-3a BOJIHylOll.{HX OIl{yll.{eHHH OT nepe)l(HBaHIDI TOro, 1JTO
,lJ,eMOKpaTHIJeCKaH rpynnoBaH }l(li3Hb MO)l(eT .n:aTb .n:eTflM, H 6Jraro.n;apH
OC03HaHHIO, IJTO OHH cnoc06HbI C03I{aTb TaKym aTMoccpepy. IIpe.n:IlIeCT-
100
101
ByIOIl{He rO}:(bI 6b1nH AJlH 3THX J11O.n:ell nepHO.n:OM HH3KOro MOpaJJbHOro
,lJ,yxa, Hey.n:OBJIeTBOpeHHOCTII HeHa.n:e}l(HOii n03HQlIell pa60THHKa no
opraHH3aQlIlI .n:ocyra B W. P. A.' H BblnonHeHlUl cBoell pa60TbI no 3aBe-
.n:eHHOMY nopH.n:KY. HOBblll OnblT CMor TaK BHe3anHO H my60Ko 1l3Me-
HHTb H.n:e0J10rHIO II MOpaJIbHOe COCTOHHlIe 3TlIX nlOI{ell, nOTOMY '1TO OH
.n:an CTOHIl.{He QenH H .n:onrocpo'lHYIO nepcneKTHBY J11O.n:HM, KOTopbIe
paHbIlIe }l(IIJIH C BpeMeHHOll nepcneKTIIBoii, COCTOHIlJ,eii H3 HenpIDITHO-
ro npOIlIJIOrO, HeY,lJ,OBneTBOpHTeJ1bHOrO HaCTOHIlJ,ero II He BI<JUO'IalOll.{eii
nOJIO)l(IITeJ1bHbIe BH.n:bI Ha 6YJJ:yIlJ,ee. .l(pyrllMH CJ10BaMH, nepeY'lIlBaHlle
6b1JIO AOCTlIrHyTO He BonepKII ,lJ,aBHllM Bpe.n:HbIM npHBbIIJKaM, HO '1ac-
TH'IHO 6J1aro.n:apH 1IM.
IIp06JIeMa BpeMeHHoll nepcneKTHBbI TeCHO CBH3aHa C onpeAeJ1eH-
HbIMII H3MeHeHIDIMH B BaJIeHTHOCTHX HJIII ueJUIx, KOTopble 3aBlICHT OT
ypOBHH npHTH3aHHH.
6. Hay'leHUe u ypoeeHb npumJl3aHuii. YpoBeHb npHTH3aHllii onpe-
,lJ,eJ1HeTCH KaK CTeneHb Tpy.n:HOCTH l\enll, K KOTOpOll cTpeMIITcH 'IeJIOBeK.
Ha TO, HaY1JHTCH JIll 'IenOBeK HeKOTopOll .n:eHTenbHOCTH IIJIII HeT, OKa3bI-
BaeT rny60Koe BJIIDIHlIe TO, '1TO OH IThITaeTCH HJIII He IThlTaeTCH c.n:eJIaTb
3TO. CJIe.n:OBaTeJ1bHO, 4JaKTopbI, KOTopbIe onpe.n:eJUIIOT ypOBeHb npllTH3a-
HHll, HMeIOT cpYH.n:aMeHTaJJbHoe 3Ha'leHlIe AJlH HaY1JeHIDI.
Ha ypOBeHb npHTH3aHlrn '1aCTII'IHO BJIHHIOT cnoc06HOCTIl HH.n:II-
BII.n:a, npOHBJIHIOIlJ,HeCH B ero npOIIIJIbIX II HaCTOHll.{lIX ycnexax H Hey.n:a-
'lax (17, 21, 24), H IJaCTH1JHO - onpe.n:eJ1eHHble rpynnoBbIe HOpMbI (12,
17,20,43). B l{enOM nepe)l(lIBaHlIe ycnexa II Hey.n:a'lll HMeeT MecTO TOJ1b-
KO B OTHOCHTenbHO OrpaHHIJeHHOii 06JIaCTH Tpy.n:HocTell, KOTopaH 6JIlI3Ka
K norpaHlI'IHoMY ypOBHIO cnoc06HOCTlI IJenOBeKa. Ycnex II HeY,lJ,a'la OKa-
3bIBalOT BJIWIHHe Ha O}l(H}:(aHHe IIcxo.n:a 6YJJ:yll.{ero .n:eHcTBIDI II COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO nOBbIllialOT HJIH nOHH}I(alOT ypoBeHb npllTH3aHlIii. O,lJ,HaKO 3TOT
«pal{HoHaJJbHbIll» 4JaKTOp HII B KoeM CJ1Y'lae He HBJIHeTCH e,lJ,HHCTBeH-
HbIM, onpe.n:enHIOIl.{HM ypOBeHb np1lTH3aHHll. Pe6eHOK HH}I(e HJIII BbIllie
cpe.n:Hero rpynnbI MO}l(eT nOCTOHHHO nO,lJ,.n:ep)l(HBaTb CBoii ypOBeHb npll-
TH3aHlIii CJ1I1IlIKOM BblCOKHM HJIII CJ1I1IlIKOM HH3KHM AJlH CBOlIX cnoc06HO-
CTell. DblJIO nOKa3aHO (12), IJTO 3HaHlIe rpynnoBbIx HOpM CBoell c06.
CTBeHHoii HJIII ,lJ,pyroll rpynIThI BJIIDIeT Ha ypoBeHb peaJJbHocTH II ypoBeHb
}l(enaHIDI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cTeneHH, B KaKoii 3TlI rpynnoBbIe HOpMbI
npIlHHMaIOTcH.
XopOlliHe Y1JeHHKH 06b1IJHO nOMep>KHBaIOT CBOH ypoBeHb npHTH3a-
HHii HeMHOrO BblIlIe CBOHX npOIlIJJbIX .n:oCTlI)I(eHHll, Tor.n:a KaK fiJIOXHe )"Ie-
HHKH lIMelOT TeH}:(eHlUIIO .n:eMoHcTpHpoBaTb 1Jepecqyp BbICOKHe OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO IIX cnoc06HocTell HJIH IJepecqyp HH3KHe ypOBHlI npHTH3aHHM: (47).
.l(pyrnMH CJIOBaMH, nnOXHe Y1JeHIIKH He HaY1JHJIIICb 6blTl> «peaJJHcrn'IHbI-
:MID), Ol{eHIIBaH ycnex H HeYJJ:aqy npH nOCTaHOBKe l{enell. Hey.n:aqa 1JaCTO
opHBo.n:lIT K pal{HOHaJJH3al{HH, 3MOUllOHaJJbHOMY B3PbIBY, 'Ipe3MepHOMY
ynopCTBY lIJIH 6bICTPOMY npeKpall.{eHHIO .n:eHTenbHOCTII (17,28). DblJIO no-
Ka3aHO, 'ITO ,lJ,em, KOTOpbIe 6bIDlI CKJIOHHI:.I pearHpoBaTb Ha HeY,lJ,aIJY npe-
Iq>all.{eHlIeM, pal\HOHaJIH3al\HelllIJlll 3MOl{HOHaJJbHbIM B3pbIDOM, MOryT Ha-
}"IlITbCH pearnpOBaTb Ha TaKYIO HeYAaqy 60JIee 3peno (28). 3TO <<HayIJeHHe
OTHOCIITbCH cnOKOHHQ» 6e3YCJIOBHO HBJUIeTCH o.n:HHM H3 caMbIX Ba)l(HbIX
aCneKTOB HaY1JeHIDI KaK '1aCTl> pa3BHTIDI xapaKTepa IIH,LI,HBHAa.
Pe3IOMe
3TOT KpaTKHii 0630p np06JIeM, CBH3aHHbIX C HaYIJeHlIeM, He BKJIIO-
'Ian paCCMOTpeHHe Tpy.n:HbIX BOnpOCOB HaY1JeHllH B CMbICJIe npOH3Bonb-
HOro KOHTponH MOTOpHKII (KOTOpble BKJIIO'IaJJlI 6bI TaKHe np06JIeMbI, KaK
caMOKOHTpOJIb, 06pall.{eHlIe C MeXaHlI'IeCKHMII HJIH COl{lI<LlbHbIMH «HH-
CTpYMeHTaMH» - TaKlIMH, KaK peIJb H «.n:ellCTBHe Ha paCCTOHHHID». Ba)l(-
HbIll no)JXo.n: K nocne.n:HHM co.n:ep}l(lITCH B TeopHH <<BelllH II cpe.n: CTBa »
Xaif1Iepa (18). .D;HHaMHKoll 3TlIX npol{eCCOB, nO-BHAHMOMY, ynpaBJIHeT
run «opraHII3al\1I0HHOll B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH» (3), CXO.n:HbIll C OTHOIlIe-
HlIeM Me>I<.D.Y BeJJ:yIl.{HM H Be.n:OMbIM lIJIlI Me}l(JJ:y TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIMH BbIC-
IlIHMH H HH3IlIII!\1lI HepBHbIMH QeHTpaMH.
IIO.lI.BOM HTor HaIlIell,lJ,HcKYCCHH C 60nee .n:HHaMH'IeCKOll T01JKH 3pe-
HlIH, MbI MomH 6bI CKa3aTb: MbI .n:OJ1}1(HbI OTJIlI'IaTb HaY1JeHlIe B CMbICJIe
H3MeHeHHH B KOrHHnlBHOll cTpYKIYpe OT HaY1JeHIDI B CMbICJIe H3MeHeHIDI
MOTHBal{HH.
I. M3MeHeHHe B KorHHTHBHOii CTpYKl)'pe
IhMeHeHHe B KorHllTHBHoii cTpyKType MO}l(eT npOlI30llTlI B JII060ii
'1aCTH }l(H3HeHHoro npoCTpaHCTBa IIH}:(HBII,lJ,a, BKJIIO'IM nClIXOJIOrH'IeCKOe
6YJJ:yll.{ee, nClIX0J10rII'IeCKOe HaCTOHll.{ee lIJIlI nClIXOJIOrII'IeCKOe npOIlIJIOe.
OHO MO}l(eT npOH30Hm Ha ypOBHe peanbHOCTH HJIII Ha ypOBHe uppeaJIb-
HOCTH (ypOBeHb )l(eJIaHIDI II CTpaxa) Ka}l(,lJ,OrO H3 3TlIX Y1JaCTKOB }l(H3HeH-
HOro npOCTpaHCTBa.
. WPA - Work Projects (nepBOHmaJIbHO Progress) Administration (1935-1943)-
OpralUl3aI.\HJI, cyuteCTBOBaBlIJaJI B CIlIA BO BpeMeHa BeJlHKOH }J;enpeccHH Ee LleJIbIO 6L/JI0
C03.!{3HHe .!{onOJIHHTeJlbHbIX pa60'lHX MeCT (npUM. nep.).
102
103
YCTaHOBJIeHHe Hnll pa3pbIB CBH3ell Me}l(JJ:y .n:BYMH 06JIaCTHMlI }l(1I3-
HeHHOrO npOCTpaHCTBa, KOTOpbIMH B OCHOBHOM 3aHHMaeTCH TeOplUl ac-
COII:Hal{HII IInll YCJ10BHOro pe$neKCa, - 3TO TOnbKO O}:(HH THn CTpyK'ryp-
HOro H3MeHeHHH. OCHOBHbIM H3MeHeHHeM CTPYK'rypbI KaK Mfl HaY1JeHHH,
TaK H MH .n:OJIrOCp01JHOro pa3BIITIIH HBJIHeTCH .n:1I$$epeHII:HaUHH paHee
He,n,M$$epeHUHpOBaHHbIX 06naCTell.
ComaCHO Teopllll nomI, Bce H3MeHeHlUI 06YCJ10BJIeHbI onpe,lJ,eneH-
HbIMH CHJIaMII (HanpaBJIeHHbIMII .n:aHHOCTHMII). qTO KacaeTCH CHJJ, KOTO-
pbIe BbI3bIBaIOT H3MeHeHHe B KOrHHTHBHOll CTpYKTYpe, y.n:06HO pa3nll-
qaTb .n:Ba mna: O.n:HH, BblTeKalOID:Hll M3 CTPYKTYpbI caMoro KOrHHTlIBHoro
nOJIH, a .n:pyroll- 1I3 onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX BaJJeHTHOCTell (nOTpe6HOCTeH MJIH
no6Y)I(,lJ,eHlIll).
a. nepBbIH THn CMJ1, BeJJ:yID:IIX K 1I3MeHeHHIO B KorHHTlIBHOll CTPYK-
Type, OqeHb noxo)l( Ha Te CHJIbI, KOTopbIe ynpaBJIHIOT nepl{enTlIBHbIMII
nonHMH, eCJIII He TO)I(,lJ,eCTBeH HM. Hx He06xo.n:HMo paccMaTpHBaTb npll
o6cY)I(.n:eHHII np06neM 4JHrypbI H cpoHa, KOHKpeTHbIx naTTepHoB II HX
BHYTpeHHero paBHoBecHH (54). MbI .n:OJ1)1(HbI nplIBbIKHYTb BKJ1IOIJaTb B
nCIIXOJIOrHIO BocnpHHTHH TaK}I(e BocnplUlTlIe xapaKTepa .n:pyrHX J11O.n:ell
II COUHaJJbHbIX cpaKToB. CYll.{eCTByeT pH.n: YKa3aHlIll Ha TO, qTO 3aKOHbI,
KOTopbIe onpe.n:eJ1HIOT 06pa30BaHHe naTTepHOB B BocnpHHTHII, npIl6J111-
3HTeJIbHO TaKlIe )l(e, KaK 3aKOHbI, onpe.n:enHlOIl.{He 06pa30BaHlIe naTTep-
HOB B MbIIlIneHIIH H naMHTH. (CJ1eJJ:yeT, o.n:HaKO, npe,lJ,OCTepe1Jb OT cnMIlI-
KOM npOCToro no.n:XO,lJ,a. HanpHMep, BbIrOTCKHM BbI.n:eJ1eHbI TPH
3BOJIIOUlIOHHbIX THna n03HaBaTenbHOH cnoc06HoCTlI (51): CIITYaUIIOH-
Hoe MbIIlIneHHe, KJ1aCCII$HKal\HH II MbIIlIJIeHlIe Ha TeOpeTH1JeCKOM H3bI-
Ke. AHaJ10rH1JHbIM pa3nnIJHHM npH.n:aeTCH 60JIbIlIOe 3Ha1JeHlIe B nCHXO-
naTOnOrHH (16».
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)\JlTepaTypa
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V. PErPECCM.JI, PETPOrPECCM.JI
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(1941)
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The Intemational Non-Aristotelian Library Publishing Co" 1933)
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(cocaHHe) (J\oaM6HmlJ1eHTHaJI) llUl30cjJpeHHH (c-rynop)
II, 00311Ill!JI OpaJIbHaJI HapllHCCH3M:nonHoe MaHHaKanLHO
C3JlHCTH'IeCKM nOmOll\eHHe o6'beKTa J\enpeCCHBHOM
(KaHHH6anH'IeCKM) '" nCHX03e
III. PaHH.!!JI aHanLHaJI is 'IaCTH'IHM mo60Bb napaHoHe,napaHoHJ\-
C3JlHCTH'IeCKM :c C nomOlueHHeM HLIX COCTOIIHIII!X
<l>
IV. 003J\H!I!I aHanLHM :2 'IaCTH'IHM HeBp03e
:s:
C3JlHCTH'IeCKM 'G1 mo60BL HaB!l3'1HBOCTH
V. PaHHlI1I reHHTanLHaJI '" o6'beKTHaJI mo60Bb C HC-
HCTepHH
(cjJannH'IeCKaJI ) \ KJIIO'IeHHeM reHHTanLHOH
VI. 3aKJIIO'IHTenLHaJI 06'beKTHM nlO6oBL HOpMa.%HOCTH
reHHTanLHaJI (nocTaM6HBaneHTHaJI)
i:i 3aKJIIO'fUTe./'!bHaJi
iii reHImIJJI>HaJI
i PaJIRJul
a. J"eHHTaJlhH8R
C>
co D03JUUUl
8HaJlbliaX
i PalDlSUI
BHB.JIbH8X
=
... 003)("".
=
.. OpaJIhtuUI
=
Pamuul
I! Opa)JbU8J1
U
XOM6yprep (15, 176),lJ,an 60JIee nOJIHyIO KapTHHY B03MO}l(HbIX CTa-
.n:IIll nH6If,lJ,0. TaKHe Ta6JIIfl{bI xapaKTepH3}lOT TO, IJro MO)l(HO 6blno 6bl
Ha3BaTb OC06bIMH CTHJIHMIf nOBe.n:eHlUI, H paCnOJ1araIOT HX B onpe.n:eneH-
HOM nOpH.IJ:Ke. rOBOpHT, IJro IJenOBeK Ha paHHeH aHaJIbHOH Ca1{IfCTH1JeCKOH
CTa,D,IIH 06Hap HBaeT onpe.n:eneHHbIe .n:OMHIDIpYIOIl.{He QeJIIf H cnoc06bl
06pall.{eHlUI C ,D,pyrHMII H caMHM C060H, KoropbIe xapaKTepHbIM 06pa30M
OTJIH1JaIOTCH OT CTHJIeH nOBe.n:eHlUI Ha .n:pyrl;lX CTa,D,lUIX. IIcHXOaHaJJHTH-
IJeCKaH TeoplUl pa3BIfnIH YTBep}l(}:(aeT, KpOMe Toro, IJro HOpMaJJbHoe pa3-
BHTHe xapaKTepmYeTCH onpe,lJ,eneHHbIM nOpH.IJ:KOM, B KaKOM CTIIJIIf nOBe-
,lJ,eHHH CJIe.n:yIOT .n:pyr 3a .n:pyroM B }l(If3HeHHOH HCTOpHH IfH.n:IIBH1Ia.
IIo.n:06HbIM 06Pa30M nOHflTHe perpeCCHH OCHOBaHO Ha paBeHCTBe HJIH CXO,lJ,-
110
0-
Bo3paCT
Puc. J O. Cmaouu J1U6uOUHaJlbHOii opzaHu3alluu. CxeAfamU'IeCKOe npeoCmaeJleHlIe
pezpeccuu c nOMoU/blO cucmeMbl KoopouHam
I EcnH nonL30BaTLC!I KJIaCcHcjJHKaUHei! CT3JlHi! pa:JBlml!l XOM6yprepa (15), nOTpe-
60BaJIaCb fib! CHCTeMa no KpaHHeH Mepe H3 Tpex H3MepellHH, nOToMY 'ITO CHCTeMa )JOJDlma
HMeTL cronLKo KOOPJ\HHaT, CKonLKO BLlJ\eneHO Ka'leCTB, B J\ononHeHHe K KoopJ\HHaTe, npeJ\-
CTaBillIlOllIei! BpeMJI. 3J\eCL HaM npHXOJ\HTC!I HMeTL J\eno C a6cTpaKTlloi! CHCTeMOH KOOPJ\H-
Hm; CXOJ\HOH C «cjJa:JOBLIM npOCTpaHCTBOM» B cjJH3HKe,
III
O.n:HaKO 3Ta KPHBM He npe.n:CTaBmeT HH KOHKpeTHyIO ClI1yaQHIO
(qenOBeKa Ii cpeJJ:y), KOTopafl onpe.n:eJIHeT nOBel{eHIie B nI060ll nepIiO.n:, HH
YCJIOBHH, CYll.{eCTByIOll.{He B TO BpeMH, KOr.n:a npOHcxo.n:HT perpeCCHH. 3TO-
ro MO)l(eT 6bITb .n:OCTaT01JHO, 'J:T06b1 CTano nOHHTHO, qTO pIlC. 10 He OTHO-
CIiTCH K KOHKpeTHbIM reorpal}JiI'IeCKHM HJJH nCHX0J10ril'leCKHM cHryaIlli-
HM. Pa3nlllJHbIe CTHJJIi nOBe.n:eHHH, CYIlleCTByIOll.{He B pa3Hble nepIio.n:bI B
HCTOpHH HH.n:IiBH1Ia, HeJIb3H paCCMaTpIiBaTb KaK IJaCTIi O.n:HOro nonH COCY-
ll.{eCTByIOll.{HX 06naCTell, B KOTOpOM MO)l(HO nepe.n:BHraTbCH, T. e. KaK )l(II3-
HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO, noTOMY IJTO none - 3TO .D:HHaMiI'IeCKOe e.n:lfHCTBO,
CYll.{eCTByIOIl.{ee B O,lJ,HO BpeMH.
PHC. 9 6bIJI 6bI BepeH, eCJIIi 6bI OH orpaHlI1JHBaJICH rpal}JiI'IecKHM
H306pa)l(eHlieM TOro mna, KOTOpbIH .n:aH Ha plIC. 10. O.n:HaKO OH, KpOMe
Toro, npe.n:CTaBJUIeT YCJ10BIDI perpeCCHH B HeKOTopbIll MOMeHT, a HMeHHO
TOr.n:a, Kor.n:a nH6H1I0 BCTpeqaeT Henpeo.n:OJIHMoe npenHTCTBlIe.
<1>pelll{ npH6JIlI)I(aeTCH K nOJ1eBOH TeOpUH perpeccHlI, Kor.n:a OH
YTBep)I(JJ:aeT, IJTO perpeccHH, no KpaHHell Mepe IJaCTiI'IHO, 06YCJIOBJIeHa He-
cnoc06HoCTbIO J1H6H,lJ,0 nonyqHTb .n:OCTaTo'J:Hoe y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHHe Ha 60J1ee
3peJIOM ypOBHe. 3ro npe.n:nOJIO)l(eHHe Momo 6bI 6b1Tb Ha3BaHO «3aMell.{aIO-
Il.{ell TeoplIell perpeCCHH». ECJIlI roBOplITb 0 caMOM HH}:(HBH,lJ,e, a He 0 ero
JIH6H1I0, MO}l(HO npe,lJ,CTaBUTb clIryalUlIO, KOTopafl, KaK rOBopHT, ne}l(HT B
OCHOBe nOBOpOTa nlI6H1I0 Ha3a,ll" C nOMOIllbIO npOCTOH TOnOnOrlllJeCKOll
CXeMbI (puc. 11). qenoBeK P IIblTaeTCH .n:OCnllJb uenu G+, COOTBeTCTByIO-
Il.{ell nOTpe6HOCTH, KOTOpM xapaKTepH3)'eT onpe.n:eneHHbIH ypoBeHb 3pe-
J10CTH. 3TOT perHoH G+ B HaCTOHll.{ee BpeMH He)J.ocl)'IIeH 1UUI HH}:(IIBH1Ia.
.[(PYrnMH CJIOBaMH, cyru.eCTByeT 6apbep B, OT,lJ,eJIHIOIl.{Hll P OT G+ . ITplI 3TOM
ycnOBUI1 qeJIOBeK o6paIllaeTcH (comacHo 3aMell.{aIOIl.{ell TeopHH perpeccIDI)
K .n:pyroMY pernoHY G', KOTOpbIH cooTBeTCTByeT MeHee 3peJ10MY ypOBHIO,
nOTOMY IJTO .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb G' o6ell.{aeT no KpallHell Mepe HeKoropoe y.n:OB-
neTBopeHHe nOTpe6HOCTH. ComaCHO ::nOH TeoplIH, perpeCCHH npe.n:nona-
raeT OTKa3 OT nOllbITKH npeo.n:oneTb 6apbep. HeKOTopbIe nCHXOaHamITlIKH
.n:enaJIH OC06bIll aKQeHT Ha 3TOM acneKTe Ii Ha3bIBaJIH nOIJTIi JJI060ll BH.n:
yxo.n:a OT peaJIbHoro npeWITCTBHH perpeCCIiell, B oc06eHHOCTlI ecnIi IJeJ10-
BeK nOKH)J,aeT ypOBeHb peaJIbHOCTH H YX0l{HT B 60ne3Hb, cpaHTa311IO HJJU
HppeaJIbHOCTb. B .n:aHllliIH MOMeHT He HMeeT 3Ha1JeHHH 06c .n:eHlIe Toro,
BepHa 3Ta TeOpIDI HJJlI HeBepHa. .[(ocnrrOIJHO 6y.n:eT CKa3aTb, IJTO 3TO no cy-
ll.{eCTBY TeOpHH nom. 3TO nOnblTKa oxapaKTepI130BaTb CHryalUlIO B ,lJ,aHHOe
BpeMH H C,lJ,eJIaTb TOnOJIOrHIO }l(I13HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa H onpe,lJ,eJIeHHble
.n:HHfu\1i1'1eCKHe xapaKTepHCTlfKH ero pemOHOB (npUBJIeKaTeJIbHOCTb, 6apb-
ep H T. .n:.) OTBeTCTBeHHbIMII 3a onpe.n:eJIeHHOe co6bITue.
Puc. 11. [Joneeoe npeocmaeneHue ycnoeuii pezpeccuu (comacHo 3GMeU/alOU/eii meopuu
pezpeccuu t/Jpeiioa): P = 'Ie.weeK; G+ = UCxooHllfl/jenb,
G' = 3aJlleU/alOU/aa /jeJ/b, K Komopoii cy6'beKm pezpeccupyem,
B = npemlmcmeue J\1e;J/Coy P u G+ (6apbep);
a, b, c.... - pezuoHbl ;J/CU3HeHHOZO npocmpaHcmea:
f. = cWla e HanpaeneHltll /jeHU,
p,G
112
IIO.D:BO}:(H HTor, MbI MO}l(eM CI}JOPMYJIHpOBaTb: np06JIeMa perpeCCHII,
nO.n:06HO np06JIeMe Pa3BUTHH, BKJIIOIJaeT lICTOpil'leCKHll aCneKT, KOTOpbrH
OTHOCHTCH K nOCJ1e,lJ,OBaTenbHOCTlI CTHJJell nOBe.n:eHIDI B )l(H3HeHHOlllIC-
TOpUH, II ClICTeMaTlIIJeCKHll aCneKT, KOTOpbIll OTHOCHTCH K YCJIOBIDIM H3-
MeHeHHH, npOHCxO}:(Hll.{ero B .n:aHHOe BpeMH. 06a BOnpOca HBJIHIOTCH a6-
COJJlOTHO 3aKOHHbIMlI, II C HHMIi HeH36e}l(HO npHXO.n:HTCH HMeTb .n:eJIO nplI
nCHXOJIOrlllJeCKOM no}:(Xo.n:e K perpeCCHIi. 06a BonpOCa MOryT 6bITb npel{-
CTaBJIeHbI rpal}JlIIJeCKH.
Ha ClICTeMaTlIIJeCKHH BOnpOC, KaCaIOIIUIllCH YCJIOBHll H3MeHeHHH,
KOTOpOe npOIiCXO.n:HT B ,lJ,aHHOe BpeMH, HY)I(HO OTBelJaTb, 1JaCTiI'IHO CCbIJIa-
HCb Ha CTpYKTYPY H .D:HHaMiI'IeCKHe KaIJeCTBa nom (}I(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaH-
CTBa), CYIlleCTByIOIllero B 3TO BpeMH. )KH3HeHHml HCTOpHH M )I(eT 6bITb
npe.n:CTaBneHa C nOMoIllbIO nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTH TaKHX_ noneH, Ka)l(.n:o
H3 KOTOpblX xapaKTepH30BaJIO 6bI curyal{lIIO Ha .n:aHHoH lICTOplllJeCKOH
CTaI{HIi. O.n:HaKO CMbIcn nom 6bIJI 6bI pa3pYIlIeH, eCJIH 6bI )l(H3HeHHbIe
npOCTpaHCTBa HOBOpO}l(.n:eHHoro, Tpex-, IlIeCTH- II IlIeCTH)J.ecHTHJJeTHerO
1JenOBeKa paccMaTpHBaJIHCb BMeCTe KaK O,lJ,HO ,lJ,HHaMiI'IeCKOe e}:(HHCTBO.
Koma }l(H3HemfaH lICTOpHH npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHa O.n:HOll cxeMOll, MbI .n:OJI}l(HbI
HMeTb .n:eno C CHCTeMOll KOOP.D:HHaT, o.n:Ha U3 KOTOpblX OTHOCHTCH KO BpeMe-
lill, a Ka)I(JJ:aH npOIJM OTHOCHTCH K CBOllCTBY CTHJ1H nOBe.n:eHIDI (lIJIH COCTOH-
HIm) 1JenOBeKa. OIDfcaHHe acneKTa }I(Il3HeHHOll HCroP"" C nOMOIl.{bIO KplI-
BOll, CBH3bIBaIOIl.{ell onpe.n:eneHHbIe TOIJKIf B a6CTpaKTHOM CHCTeMe KOOp.n: HHaT ,
,lJ,OBOJIbHO pacnpOCTpaHeHO B nCHXonorHH H, KOHeIJHO, HBJIfleTCH nOJJHOCTblO
3aKOHHbIM; JJI06M KPHBM, H306pmKaIOIl.{M pOCT Tena, HBJIHeTCH npHMepOM.
O.n:HaKO 3TO HO 1JeTKO O1JIlIIJaTb OT nom cOcyll.{eCTBYIOIl.{HX H .D:HHaMH-
IJeCKH CBH3aHHbIX l}JaKTOB, KOTOpoe npeI{CTaBn5leT co6011 ycnoBHH .D:JJH H3Me-
113
HeHIffi B .n:aHHOe BpeMH. CMeIlIeHHH lICTOpil'leCKHX II ClICTeMaTiI'IeCKHX BO-
npOCOB, TaKHX, KaK BOnpOCbI npOHCXO)I(JJ:eHHH II YCJIOBlIH (THIDIIJHbIH npH-
Mep TaKoro CMellieIDIH npe.n:CTaBJJeH Ha pHC. 9), HY)I(HO H36eraTh KaK B rpa-
«p lIKax , TaK H, 'ITO 60nee Ba)l(HO, npH pa3MbIIlIJ1eIDIH, 'IT06b1 nCHXOJIOrHH
pa3BIITHfl H perpeCCHH Morna y.n:OBJIeTBOpHTenbHO pa3BlIBaThCH.
60JIe3HH, no BbI3.n:opOBJJeHlIH B03Bpall.{aeTCH K 60JIee 3penoMY nOBe.n:eHHIO,
KOTopoe OTJJiI'IaJIO ero .n:o 60ne3HH. H HO Ha3blBaTb TaKOe H3MeHeHHe peT-
porpeCCHeH, npil'leM OHO HlIKaK He MO)l(eT 6blTb Ha3BaHO perpeCClIeH.
qeTKoe pa3rpaHH1JeHlIe Me}l(JJ:y peTporpeCCHeii II perpeccneH CTaJIO
oc06eHHO B HbIM BBHJJ:y nOCneI{HHX 3KCnepHMeHTanbHbIX nccne.n:OBa-
HlIll C }l(HBOTHbIMH (23, 30). 3TlI HCCJ1e.n:OBaHHH nOKa3blBaIOT, IJTO )l(HBOT-
Hble B onpe,lJ,eneHHbIX YCJIOBHHX, HanpHMep nocne IlIoKa, MOryT OCTaBHTb
TOJIbKO IJTO YCBoeHHoe nOBe.n:eHHe H BepHYTbclI K cTapbIM nplIBbIIJKaM.
HaCKOJIbKO MbI MO)l(eM CyJJ:HTb, Hn 06 O.n:HOM H33THX HCCJIe.n:oBaHHll Henb3H
CKa3aTb, IJTO OHO .n:OKa3aJIO, 'ITO cTapbIH cnoc06 nOBe.n:eHIDI 6bIJI B .n:eH-
CTBIITeJ1bHOCTH 60nee npHMHTHBHbIM, 'IeM TOnbKO 'lT0 YCBoeHHbIll. IIOKa
:no He c.n:enaHO, MbI 6y.n:eM KJlaCCH«plIl{HpOBaTb 3TlI lIccne.n:OBaHHH KaK
3KCnepHMeHTbI no peTpOrpeCCHR, a He perpeCClIH. MbI MO)l(eM BbIpa3HTb
pa3JIH1JlIe Me}l(JJ:y nOIDITHHMlI perpeCClIH II peTporpeCClIH C nOMOll.{blO
CJIeJJ:yIOIl.{HX onpe.n:eJIeHlIll.
BtI, BI1, B'3... MO}l(eT 03HaQaTb nOBe.n:eHue lIH.D:lIBlI,lJ,a HJIlI ero COCTO-
IIHHe (B nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKlI 3KBlIBaJIeHTHbIX cm)'aJJ.lUlx) BO BpeMII 11, t2, 13...
OnpeOeJleHUe pemp02peccuu. MbI roBOpHM 0 peTporpecclIlI, eCJIlI
B ' 2 '# B'l, HO B ' 3 = B'l. PeTporpeccHH OTHOCHTCH Bcero J1HIlIb K pa3nHQHHM
H CXO.n:CTBY BO BpeMeHHoll nOCJ1e,lJ,OBarenbHOCTH, He nO,lJ,pa3YMeBaH YTBep-
}I(.L\eHHll, KaCaIOIl.{HXCH «npHMHTHBHOCTH», «npHcnoc06JIHeMOCTlI» lIT. .n:.
OnpeOeJleHUe pe2peccuu. MbI rOBopHM 0 perpeCCHM, eCJIH BO 60nee
«npHMMTlIBHO», 'IeM Bt2. 3TO He npe.n:nOJIaraeT, 'ITO BO = Bti.
KOHeIJHO, He06xo.D:HMo 6y.n:eT 06cyJJ:HTb onpe.n:eneIDle «npHMHTIIBH3a-
JJ.lUI» II CHMllTOMbI, KOTOpbIe MO)l(HO lICnOJIb30BaTh B KaIJeCTBe ee npH3HaKoB.
BPM JIH 6y.n:eT .n:OCTaT01JHO }'Ka3aTh Ha TaKHe Heonpe.n:eneHRbIe KplITepHIl,
KaK «MeHee a,L\anTHBHbIH» xapaKTep nOBe.n:eIDIH, oc06eHHo BBHJJ:Y TOro cpaK-
Ta, IJro CaMa perpeccHH qaCTO paccMaTplIBaeTCH KaK nOITbITKa HH}:(HIm.n:a a,n:an-
THpOBaThCH K onpe.n:eneHHoH cHl)'alUlH. OTBeT MO)l(HO HallTH 1JaCTH1JHO B lIC-
cne.n:OBaHIDIX no nCHXOnaTOJIOrHH. OHH HaBOMT Ha MbICJIb, IJro npOlI CX0 1IlIT
nepexo.n: OT «J1M«pcpepeHI.U1POBaHHoro II nOJIHOrO CMbICJIa naTTepHa K 60JIee
aMOp«pHOMY nOBe.n:eHllIO» (11,31). CJIO)l(HbIii HepapXil'leCKHii nOpH,lJ,OK B
noc1)'IIKe MeHHeTCH Ha npoc1)'IO opraHH3alUflO HJJH Ha .n:e30pnUlH3alUflO (6),
OT a6CTpaKTHoro K 60nee KOHKpernoMY nrny MbIIlIJ1eIDIH, OT paccYJK.L\eIDIH -
K HaY1JeHHIO (29, 19,29), OT m6Koro K CrepOOTHITHoMY nOBe.n:eHllIO (19,23).
IIpHMHTHBlI3al\HH - 3TO H3MeHeHlIe B cTpYKTYpe nOBe.n:eHHH, KOTOpoe B
HeKoTopblX OTHOIlIeHHHX, nO-BlI,lJ,HMOMY, HanOMHHaeT MopcpOJIOrlllJecK)'IO
.n:e.n:H«p«pepeHl\HaJJ.IlIO, Ha6JIIO.n: ae MyIO Y HeKOTopbIX npHMHTHBHbIX )l(HBOT-
HbIX, KaK, HanpHMep, B YCJIOBHHX nnoxoro fiHTaHHH (9).
PerpeCCH HpeTpOrpeCCH
Ha Bonpoc 06 OC060M xapaKTepe 3aMell.{aIOIl.{ell .n:eHTeJ1bHOCTH G'
(PHC. ]]) B cnyqaHX perpeCClIlI nCHXOaHaJIH3 OTBeqaeT, 06pall{aHCb K HC-
TOplIH llHJJ:lIBH.n:a. rOBOpHT, 'ITO xapaKTep G' onpe.n:eJIHeTcH BH}:(OM II CTe-
neHblO «plIKCal{HH Ha npe1IbIJJ:yll{eH CTa.L\HH Pa3BHTHH. TaKoe YTBep)l(.n:e-
HHe J10rIllJeCKlI a6coJTlOrno 3aKOHHO C TO'IKH 3peIDffi TeopHlI nOJIH, XOTH
He06xo.n:HMO YTO'IHHTb, KaK Ha HbIHelliHee }l(H3HeHHoe npoCTpaHCTBO BJJH-
HeT «plIKcaUHH, KOTOpaH np0H30IlIJIa MHOro JIeT Ha3a.n:.
3Ta TeopHH cpOpMbI H CTeneHH perpeCClIH 3aTparlIBaeT BTOpOll KOH-
uen1)'aJIbHbIll acneKT np06JIeMbI perpeCClIH, KOTOpbIll HY)l(JJ:aeTCII B npo-
HCHeHHH. MaK-}:(yranJI ,lJ,an no.n:p06Hoe o6uHcHeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX cnyqaeB
perpeCCHlI B pe3ynbTaTe BoeHHoro HeBp03a. OH OIIHCbIBaeT npHMIITHB-
Hoe lIHcpaHTHJIbHOe nOBe.n:eHlIe JIIO.n:ell H npol{ecc BOCCTaHOBJIeHlIH.
MaK-}:(yranJI B},Ipa)l(aeT onpe,lJ,eJIeHHOe comaClIe C cppell.L\HCTCKOH
TeopneH, HO .n:enaeT aKueHT Ha .D:BYX ,lJ,OBOJ1bHO Ba)J{HbIX MOMeHTax (28).
]. OH nOJJ:1jepKHBaeT, 'ITO perpeccHpoBaBIlIee nOBe.n:eHHe He 06H3a-
TenbHO TO}l(.n:eCTBeHHO nOBe.n:eHHIO, KOTopoe 3TOT HH.D:HBH}:( .n:eMOHCTplI-
pOBan paHee. CKopee perpeCCHpOBaBIlIHH 'IenOBeK .n:eMOHCTplIPYeT nplI-
MHnlBHbIll, HO HOBbIll BH,lJ, nOBe.n:eHHH.
2. OH CqHTaeT, IJTO perpeccHH HMeeT MeHee «HaMepeHHbIll» xapaK-
Tep, qeM 3TO npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeTCH BO cppell.L\HCTCKOll TeopHH. B03MO}l(HOCTb
HOBOro BH}:(a nOBe.n:eHHH, HMelOll.{ero MeCTO npH perpecclIH, .n:eJ1aeT He06-
XO.n:HMbIM pa3J1lIIJeHHe ,lJ,BYX THIIOB lI3MeHeHHH.
]) B03BpaT K THny nOBe.n:eWIeCKHX xapaKTeplICTHK npeJJ:IlIeCTBYIO-
ll{eH CTa.n:HH )l(lI3HeHHOH lICTOpHlI HH.n:HBH.n:a. TaKOe H3MeHeIDIe MO}l(eT
6bITb Ha3BaHO «peTporpeccHell».
2) llepexo,lJ, K 60J1ee IIpHMHnlBHOMY nOBe.n:eHllIO, He3aBHCHMO OT TOro,
}1ellcTBHTenbHo J1H TaKOe nOBe.n:eHlIe HMeno MeCTO B )l(H3HeHHoH HCTOpHH
lIH.D:IIBH,lJ,a. TaKoe H3MeHeHHe MO)l(eT 6bITb Ha3BaHO «perpeccHeH».
, 1JacTo npOHCXO.D:HT TaK, 'ITO peTporpeccHH HMeeT TaK)I(e xapaKTep pe-
rpeccHH, II Ha060pOT. O.n:HaKo .n:eno He 06H3aTenbHO 06CTOHT TaK. HanplI-
Mep, pe6eHOK, KOTOpbIll 06Hap npJIMHTlffiHOe nOBe.n:eHHe B re'IeHHe
114
115
Hccne.n:OBaHHH, nO.n:06HbIe 3THM, 3aXOMT .n:OBOJIbHO .n:aJJeKO, oIJep-
IJHBM 60nee KOHKpeTHO, IJTO IlMeeTCH B BlIJJ:y no.n: npHMllTHBH3aQUell.
O.D:HaKO OHH nO-npe}l(HeMY He .n:aIOT OnepaIJ;HOHaJIbHoro onpe.n:eJIeHHH pe-
rpeCCHll IJepe3 3MnHpil'leCKH npOBepHeMble CHMnTOMbI, KOTopble HBJIH-
IOTCH .n:OCTaTOIJHO 061l.{HMI1 H B TO }l(e BpeMH .n:OCTaT01JHO onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH
MH 3KCnepHMeHTaJJbHbIX npOl{eJJ:yp. C QenblO np06Horo I1CCJIe.n:OBaHHH
MO}l(HO onpe.n:enHTb perpeccHIO KaK I13MeHeHHe nOBe.n:eHHH OT BH.n:a, TI1-
nlf'IHOrO 1IJIH 60J1ee CTapIlIHX HOpMaJJbHbIX .n:eTell K TOMY, KOTOpbIH TI1nI1-
qeH MH 60J1ee MJIa,lJ,IlIHX HOpMaJJbHbIX ,lJ,eTeH, (B paBH03HaqHOH nCHXono-
rlf'IeCKOH cm)'al{HI1). TaKoe onepal\I10HaJJbHoe onpe.n:eneHHe HeH36e)l(HO
orpaHlIIJeHO B03paCTHbIM HHTepBaJJOM .n:o 3penOCTH, nOTOMY qTO nepeXO,lJ,
OT B3pOCJ10ro K CTapIJeCKOMY nOBe,lJ,eHHIO HY)I(HO C1JHTaTb perpeCCI1ell, HO
He nporpeCCHBHbIM pa3BHTHeM. TeM He MeHee B 3THX npe.n:enax OHO ,lJ,aeT
qeTKIIii II npOBepHeMbIll KpHTepI1H MH perpeCCHI1. l1.0 Tex nop nOKa Teo-
pHH perpeCCI1H He npO,lJ,BHHeTCH 3HaQI1TeJ1bHO Bnepe.n:, BnOJIHe MO)l(HO I1C-
nOJ1b30BaTb 3TOT KpHTepHll B Ka1JeCTBe onepaQHOHaJJbHOro onpe,lJ,eJIeHHH I .
TaKoe onepal{HoHaJJbHoe onpe.n:eJIeHHe, OQeBH.n:HO, .n:aeT B03MO)l(-
HOCTb YCTaHOBJIeHHH Benil'lHHbI perpeccI1I1 II ypOBHH, K KOTOPOMY pe-
rpeCCI1pyeT IJenOBeK. IIocJIe.n:HHH MO)l(eT 6bITb BbIpa)l(eH B03paCTlIbIM YPOB-
HeM HOpMaJJbHbIX .n:eTell, .D:JIH KOToporo 3TO nOBe.n:eHHe THlllllJHO. BeJ1l11JHHY
perpeCCI1I1 MO)l(HO oxapaKTepH30BaTb, YKa3aB B03paCTHbIe ypOBHH Mfl CO-
CTOHHHH HH}:(HBH}:(a ,lJ,0 H nocne perpeCCHll.
BHALI peI'peCCHH
Korr. Cm)'aJJ.lUl, B KOTOpOH I1MeeT MeCTO 3T0 nOBe.n:eHI1e, cneJJ:yIOll.{aH. Y
AeBOqKI1 eCTb MaJJeHbKIIii 6PaTI1K, KOTOPOMY OHa 3aBHJJ:yeT. OHa, OqeBlUl-
HO, IThITaeTCH peIlIHTb, cneJJ:yeT nI1 eH paCTI1 HJII1 CTaHOBHTbCH MeHbIlIe.
Cyll.{eCTBYeT MHO)l(eCTBO cnyqaeB, Koma lJ,eTI1 B TaKOll cm)'al{HI1 nblTaIOT-
CH HMHTHpOBaTb CBOHX MJIalJ,IlIHX 6paTbeB HJ1I1 ceCTep II HaQHHaIOT .n:e-
:MOHCTpHpOBaTb MJIalJ,eWIeCKOe nOBe.n:eHI1e 3a CTOJIOM, KpHqaT, KaK OHI1,
roIH He cnyIlIaIOTcH II T. .n:.
PerpeCCHH JII1 3TO? Ecnll MbI roBOpUM TOJIbKO 0 BHelliHeM 3Ha1JeHHH
3TOro nOBe.n:eHHH, MbI MO)l(eM roBOpHTb 0 perpeCCHH B COOTBeTCTBI1I1 C
onpe.n:eJ1eHHeM, .n:aHHbIM BbIllie. CTHJIb nOBe.n:eHHH nOHH3HJ1CH OT naTTep-
Ha, THnlllJHOro .n:JIH ypOBHH Tpex neT, .n:o naTTepHa .n:ByxneTHero ypOBHH.
TeM He MeHee Mbl He pelliaeMCH OTO}l(}:(eCTBIITb TaKoe H3MeHeHI1e C pe-
rpeCCI1ell, npOI1CXOMll.{ell B pe3YJIbTaTe 60J1e3HI1 HnH OCTporo 3MOQHO-
HaJJbHOro HanpH)I(eHllfl. l1.eBOIJKa, .n:eMOHcTpHpymll.{aH nOBe.n:eHHe cBoero
:MJIaAlliero 6paTa, MO}l(eT Ha caMOM .n:eJIe «HrpaTb pOJIb», XOTH H pOJ1b 60nee
ManeHbKoro pe6eHKa. 3Ta pOJIb MO}l(eT 6bITb CbIrpaHa C MaCTepCTBOM XOPO-
IlIero aKTepa, XOTH H He nOHapOIlIKy, a Bcepbe3. BepOHTHO, 6bIJJO 6bI cnpa-
BeMHBee Ha3BaTb 3TO ynyqIlIeHHbIM, a He npHMHTHBHbIM nOBe.n:eHI1eM.
ECJII1 pe6eHoK npo.n:OJl}l(aeT HrpaTb TaKyIO pOJIb B TeqeHHe .n:OJIroro
BpeMeHI1, OH .n:ellcTBHrenbHo MO}l(eT CTaTb npHMHTI1BHbIM. OH MO)l(eT no-
TepHTb, no KpaiiHeH Mepe.n:o HeKoTOpoll CTeneHIl, CBOIO cnoc06HoCTb .n:eH-
CTBOBaTb 60JIee 3peJIo. IIoKrt TaKOe COCTOHHIle He .n:OCTHrHYTO, MbI MO)l(eM
roBOpI1Tb 0 «nceB.n:operpeCCHll nOBe.n:eHHH» 6e3 «perpeCCI1I1 JIHqHOCTI1».
1J.pyrnMI1 CJIOBaMlI, perpeCCHH nOBe,lJ,eHHH MO}l(eT 6bITb HJIH He 6bITb CHMn-
TOMOM perpeCCHIl J1H1JHOCTH.
CXO.n:CTBO nOBe.n:eHHH He 06H3arenbHO CBH}:(eTeJIbCTBYeT 0 Cxo.n:CTBe
J1e}l(all.{ero B OCHOBaHHH COCTOHHHfl IJenOBeKa. To, IJTO O.n:HO II TO )l(e co-
CTOHIDIe qenOBeKa MO}l(eT npOHBHTbCH B .n:OBOJ1bHO pa3JIH1JHbIX CHMnTO-
Max, 6bIJIO .n:eTanbHo nOKa3aHO B OTHOllIeHlIH meBa (7) li cnpaBeMIlBo
.n:JIH Bcex 06JIaCrell nCHXOJIOrHH. 3TO CJ1eJJ:yeT Il3 OCHOBHOi1I}JOPMYJIbI, qTO
nOBe.n:eHlle (B) eCTb CPYHKJJ.lIH IJeJIOBeKa (P) H CpeL!bI (E), T. e. B = F (P, E).
3TO lJ,CJIaeT Heo6xo.n:HMbIM pa3.n:eJIeHHe Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO Ha6JIIO.n:aeMbIx
«CHMnTOMOB» (B) H J1e)l(all.{ero B OCHOBaHHIl «COCTOJlHHH 'IeJ10BeKa» (P),
KOTopoe C MeTO.n:OJIOrHqeCKOH TOIJKH 3peHHH Bcema 3aHHMaeT nOJIO)l(e-
HHe «KOHcTpYKTa».
B CBH3Il co CTaAHHMH pa3BIlTHH 3TO 03HaIJaeT, 'ITO ypoBeHb 3peJIO-
CTII 1JeJ10BeKa MO}l(eT Ha caMOM .n:ene 6bITb BbIllie HJII1 HH)I(e, IJeM TOT, Ha
KOTOpbIll YKa3bIBaeT ero nOBe.n:eHHe. .D:eBO'IKa, 0 KOTOpOH paCCKa3bIBaJJOCb
BbIIlIe, - npHMep nepBoro CJIY1JM. ITpiIMep nOCne,lJ,Hero MO)l(HO 06Hapy-
PerpeCCHH nOBe.n:eHlUI II JIH1JHOCTI1: nceB.n:operpeCCHH. !1.ByxneTlUUI
AeBOqKa CTOHT nepe.n: 3epKanOM, CTapaHCb 6bITb MaJJeHbKOll, II IThlTaeTCJI
BbIHCHHTb, KaK 6bI OHa BbImH.n:ena, eCJ1I16bI .n:ellCTBHTenbHO 6bma ManeHb-
I 8bl 3aMernTe, 'lTO 3TO onepal\HOHaJILHOe onpe,l\eneHHe He OTHOCHTCI! K KaKOMY-
Jm60 nOBe,l\eHHIO, KOTOpoe HHlUIBHlI, 0 KOTOpOM lIl\eT pe'lL, npOI!Bnl!"'1 paHee B CBoeM JKII3-
HeHHOM HCTOpHH. OHO OTHOCIITCI! K THny nOBe,l\eHl'UI, XapaKfepHOMY )])I!! HOpMaJILHLIX 1Ie-
TeM onpe1leneHHLlX B03paCTIIblX ypOBHeM.
3T0 onpe1leneHHe OTIII01Ib He OKOH'JaTenbHoe; 3TO pa60'lee onpe1leJleHHe, He06x01lH-
MOCTb KOTOpOro BLI3BaHa coBpeMeHHblM COCTOIIHHeM 3HaHH» B lIaHHOM 06naCTl1 Ero HYJK-
HO HcnonL30BaTb C OCTOpOJKHOCTbIO 1IaJKe B B03paCTHOM HHTepBaJIe 110 3penocTH, nOTOMY
'ITO BO BC»KOM cnY'lae B03MOJKHO, 'lTO B Te'JeHHe HeKoTopLIX nepH01l0B HOpMaJIbHblM cp e 1l-
HHM pe6eHoK MO)f(eT B 1IeMCTBHTenbHocTH CTaHOBlITbCI! 60"'1ee npHMHTHBHblM B TOM rum
HHO" $YHKl\HH. 8 KOHe'lHOM C'leTe pa3nH'lHble ypOBHH Pa3BHTlI» He06x01lHMO 6y.ueT onpe-
1Ien»TL KOHl\enT)'aJILHO C TO'lKH 3peHHI! cTeneHHlUI$$epeHl\Hal\lm, OpraHII3 HH H CXO.1l-
HLIX KmecTB, HO lIe B03pacTa. 8 KOHue KOHl\OB B Onepal\HOHaJILHOM onpe.ueneHHH HYJKHO
6y.ueT COBceM onycTHTL CCbtnKY Ha B03pacT H KOHKpeTlI3HpOBaTb OT.uenLHbJe lI3MeHeHHJI,
npOHCXO)J)lWHe B pa3nH'JHLlx ycnOBH»X.
116
117
)l(lITb Y pe6eHKa, KOTOpbIll TBep.n:O CJIeJJ:yeT onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIM HaBH3aHHbIM
npaBHJIaM TaK, KaK 3TO TlInH1JHO 1IJJH 60nbIlIell «3penOCTlI npllTH3aHHH», II
npOHBJIHeT BCJIe.n:CTBlIe 3TOrO BO MHOrHX OTHOllieHIDIX 60nee B3pOCnOe no-
Be.n:eHHe KaK pe3ynbTaT }l(eCTKOrO .n:aBJJeHlUl lI3BHe; OH 6y.n:eT BeCTlI ce6H
Ha 60JIee H1I3KOM ypOBHe 3peJIOCTlI, KaK TOJIbKO .n:aBneHlIe npeKpaTHTCH.
Pa3JIH1JlIe Me)l(JJ:y perpeCClIell nOBe.n:eHHH II perpecclIeii nH1JHOCTH
TeCHO CBH3aHO C He06xo.D:HMOCTblO CCbIJIaTbCH Ha conOCTaBlIMbIe CH'I)'a-
IUlH, eCJIlI MbI XOTHM lICnOJIb30BaTb pa3nH1JHH B nOBe.n:eHHlf B KaqeCTBe
np1l3HaKOB pa3JIH1JlIll B COCTOHHlIlI qeJlOBeKa.
BpeMeHHaR u nOCmORHHaR pezpeccUR.. PerpeCCHH MO)l(eT 1IJJlITbCH
JlHIlIb HeCKonbKO MHHYT, HanpHMep B cnyqae He3HalJHTeJIbHoro IlIOKa, Pa3-
.n:pa)l(eHHH HJIlI JJ:yIlIeBHoro BOJIHeHIDI, HJIH OHa MO)l(eT 1IJJlITbCH MHorne
ro.n:bI, HanpHMep B pe3ynbTaTe 60JIe3HH. PerpeCCHH MQ)I(eT 6bITb Me,lJ,JIeH-
HbIM norp eHHeM HJIlI BHe3anHbIM na.n:eHHeM. IfH.D:HBHJJ: MO)l(eT OCTa-
BaTbCH perpeCClIpOBaBIlIlIM, OH MO}l(eT Me1IJJeHHO HJIlI BHe3anHO BOCCTa-
HOBlITb CBOll npe.n:bI.n:Y.Il.{lIll ypOBeHb, Hnll OH MO)l(eT BepHYTbCH K
npOMe TOqHOM)' ypOBHIO.
CumyalJUOHHaR u ycmou'tueaR pezpeccUR.. B YCJIOBlIHX 3MOJJ.llOHanb-
HorO cTpecca He TOJIbKO nOBe.n:eHlIe, HO II qeJlOBeK MOryT perpeCClIpOBaTb
K 60JIee npHMlITlIBHOM)' ypOBHIO. ITpll TaKHX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX lIH.n:HBlIA
cl>aKTH1JeCKlI Hecnoc06eH BeCTlI ce6H Ha 60JIee BbICOKOM ypOBHe. If Bee
)Ke ,lJ,a)l(e B 3TOM cnyqae npHMlITHB1I3al{IDI MO}l(eT orpaHHlJHBaTbCH OCO-
60ll CH'I)'aQHell, TaKOll, KaK «npe6blBaHHe B TIOpbMe» HJIH «}I(eCTOKaH cl>PY-
cTpal{llil». KaK TOJIbKO qeJlOBeK BbIXO.n:HT 1I3 3TOll OC060ll clI'I)'alI.lfH, OH
MO}l(eT BOCCTaHOBHTb CBOll npe}l(HlIll ypOBeHb. B .n:p)'I11X cnyqaHx IJeJlo-
BeK MO}l(eT perpeCCHpOBaTb TaKHM 06pa30M, IJTO OH He 6y.n:eT .n:eMOHCTpfI-
pOBaTb CBOll npe.n:bI1I)'III.Hll 60JIee BblCOKHii ypOBeHb .n:a)l(e B CaMOll6JIaro-
npIDITHOll CIITYaJJ.llH. ITepBbIll cnyqall MbI 6y.n,eM Ha3bIBaTb cumyazluoHlIOU
perpeCClIell, nOCJIe.n:HHH - ycmou'tueou perpecclIeii. KOHe1JHO, CYll.{ecTBy-
lOT nepeXOJJ:H1>Ie cnyqaH.
Ba)l(HO He OTO}KJJ:eCTBJIHTb 3TO pa3JIH1JlIe C pa3JIH1JlIeM Me)l(JJ:y Bpe-
MeHHOllll nOCTOHHHOll perpeCClIell. ITocToHHHaH perpeCCHH MO)l(eT 6bITb
pe3YJIbTaTOM Toro cl>aKTa, qTO lIH.n:HBHJJ: nOCTOHHHO Haxo.n:HTCH B paMKax
O}:(HOll cneJJ.llcl>H1JeCKOll ClI'I)'alI.HH; perpeCCHH MO)l(eT 6bITb cpaBHlITenbHO
nOCTOHHHOllll TeM He MeHee CH'I)'aUHOHHOll. TepMHHbI «CH'I)'al{1I0HHaH»
II «YCToWrHBaH perpeCCHH» He OTHOCHTCH K npo.n:OJ1)1(lITenbHOCTH. B cny-
qae CIITYaQHOHHOll perpecclIlI ypOBeHb pa3BlITHfl CHJlbHO Kone6neTCH B
3aBlICHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHHll CH'I)'al{HII, Tor.n:a KaK YCTOWrHBaH perpeCCHH
60JIee He3aBlICHMa OT TaKHX H3MeHeHfIll. 3TO pa3nH1JlIe lIMeeT npaKTH-
qeCKoe 3Ha1JeHHe .n:JIH .n:HarHOCTlIKH II J1eIJeHHH cnyqaeB, KaKlIe BCTpeIJa-
IOTCH, HanpHMep, npH COQHanbHO-nClIXHaTpil'leCKOll pa60Te C .n:eTbMlI.
..HCHO, qTO 3KcnepllMeHTbI C JIIO.n:bMlI .n:on}l(HbI orpaHWIHBaTbCH C03.n:aHlI-
eM CH'I)'aJJ.llOHHOll perpeCClIH.
fJacmu'tllaR u 06ZlfaR pezpeccUR.. PerpeCClIH MO)l(eT nOpa311Tb 60JIee
lIJIlI MeHee orpaHH1JeHHbIe 06JIaCnI }l(1I3He.n:eHTeJIbHOCTlI qenOBeKa. Ha-
npllMep, perpeCCHH MO}l(eT nOpa3lITb TOJlbKO MOTopHbIe cl>yHKUHH HJIlI 3MO-
l{HOHanbHyIO )l(lI3Hb 1JenOBeKa 6e3 oco60ro lI3MeHeHHH ero lIHTeJIJIeKTY-
MbHbIX cnoc06HOCTell. IIcHXonaTOJIOrIDI ,lJ,aeT MHO)l(eCTBO npllMepOB
pa3JIH1JHbIX naTTepHOB perpeCCHlf cneJJ.llcl>H1JeCKHX 06JIaCTell )l(lI3He.n:eH-
TenbHOCTlI qeJIOBeKa, a TaK)!(e 061l.{ero YXYJJ:IlIeHHH. KOHe<rno, JII06aH pe-
rpeccHH Cnel{Hcl>H1JeCKHX o6nacTell B HeKoTopoll CTerreHH nOpa)l(aeT Bce
nOBe.n:eHlIe lIH.nIIBHJJ:a.
OCHOBHble pa3AHQHSI B nOBeAeHHH
Ha pa3Hbix B03pacTHbix ypOBHSlX
QT06bI nOHHTb CH'I)'aJJ.llH, KOTopbIe npHBoMT K perpeccHH, He06xo-
.n:HMO 6y.n:eT pa3pa60TaTb IJeTKHe nOIDITIDI, xapaKTep1I3yIO.Il.{He rrOBe.n:eHlIe
II COCTOHHlIe IJenOBeKa, cooTBeTcTByIO.Il.{He pa3JIH1JHbIM ypOBIDIM pa3BlI-
THH. 3TO ,lJ,OJI}I(HO 6bITb c.n:enaHO TaK, 1JT06bI ,lJ,aTb B03MO}l(HOCTb nOrH1Je-
CKII BbIBeCTH YTBep}l(.n:eHIDI OTHOClITeJIbHO CHJI, KOTopbIe MeIDIIOT qeJIOBe-
Ka OT COCTOHHHH, cOOTBeTCTByIO.Il.{ero 60nee BbICOK0M)' ypOBHIO, .n:o co-
CTOHHHH, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ero 60nee HlI3KOM)' ypOBHIO. EcnH 6bI na 3a)J,a-
qa 6bIJIa BbIfionHeHa, MbI lIMenll 6bI lICqepfibIBalO1l.{yIO TeopHIO perpec-
ClIH, KOTOpaH n03BOJIHJIa 6bI .n:eJlaTb npe,lJ,cKa3aHHH 0 BeJIH1JlIHe II BlI.n:e
perpecclIlI .n:aHHoro 1JeJIOBeKa npll pa3JIH1JHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBax.
OqeBlI.n:Ho, qTO TaKaH ueJIb MO)l(eT 6bITb ,lJ,ocTlIrHYTa TonbKO nOCTe-
neHHO. MbI npe)l(.n:e Bcero nOfibITaeMCH C,lJ,eJIaTb 0630p Toro, qTO MO}l(HO
6bIJIO 6bI Ha3BaTb OCHOBHbIMlI aCneKTaMlI nOBe.n:eH1JeCKHX pa3JIH1JlIll Ha
pa3HbIX B03paCTHbIx ypOBHHX. 3aTeM MbI nepeif1IeM K 06c .n:eHHIO HeKO-
TOpbIX BHJJ:OB KOHCTpYKTOB, KOTopbIe MOryT c.n:eJIaTb B03MO}l(HbIM KOHl{en-
1)'anbHoe npe.n:CTaBJIeHlIe COCTOHHIDI IJeJlOBeKa TaKHM 06pa30M, qT06bI
MO}I(HO 6bIJIO nOIDITb no KpaHHell Mepe HeKOTopbIe nOBe.n:eH1JeCKlIe pa3-
JIH1JHH II BblBeCTH HeKoTopble yCJIOBHH perpecclIH.
Pa3JIH1JHH B nOBe.n:eHHH Ha pa3HbIX B03pacTHbIx ypOBHHX MOryT 6bITb
KJIaCclIcl>lIJJ.l1POBaHbI no cJIeJJ:yIOIIUfM IUITII acneKTaM: pa3Ho06pa3l1e no-
Be,lJ,eHIDl, opraHH3al{HH nOBe,lJ,eHHH, paclIIHpeHlIe o6naCTeii .n:eHTeJIbHOCTlI,
B3allM03aBlICHMOCTb nOBe.n:eHHH II CTerreHb pean1l3Ma.
118
119
Pa3Hoo6pa3He nOBeAeHHSI
IlbIll nCHXOnOrH1JeCKHll MHp Mna.n:eHl{a paCIlIIIpHeTCH II CTpYK1)'pIIpyeTcH
B npOl{eCCe, KOTOpbIH MO)l(HO OnHCaTb KaK ,lJ,H$lfJepeHl{HalI.HIO (20). H3Me-
lleHlIe B 3HaHHII BKJIIO'IaeT MHO)l(eCTBO KorHIITHBHbIX H3MeHeHHH, KOTO-
pbIe HBJIHIOTCH pecTpYK1)'pH3alI.IIeH, a He YBenH1JeHIIeM BII.n:OB 06naCTeH.
O.n:HaKO O.D:Ha H3 npe06JIa.n:aIOIUHX xapaKTepHCTIIK H3MeHeHHH 3HaHHH C
B03paCTOM B OTHOIlIeHHH KaK HaY1JeHlIJI, TaK II HHcaHTa - 3TO ero B03pOC-
roM .n:H$$epeHl{HaQHH, ero 60JIbIlIee 60raTCTBO.
.n:. COlfUaJ/bHoe noeeoeHue H COl{HaJIbH1>Ie CBH31I .n:eMOHCTpHpyIOT B03-
paCTaIOIUee pa3Ho06pa3IIe. KOJlHljeCTBo JIIO.n:eii, COl{HaJIbHbIe OTHOIlIeHHH C
KOTOpbIMII cYll.{eCTByIOT, YBenH1JHBaeTCH, KaK YBeJIH1JHBaIOTCH THIIbI COl\H-
aJIbHbIX B3aHMOCBH3ell. OTHOIlIeHHH C pa3JIHlJH1>IMII HH.n:HBlI)I,aMII CTaHO-
BHTCH Bce 60JIee Bblpa)l(eHHbIMH B TOM, IJTO KacaeTCH OC06bix BH.n:OB .n:p -
6b1, 3aBHClI1\fOCTH IIJIH J1H.n:epCTBa. .n;eJIaeTCH 60JIee IJeTKOe pa3rpaHlI1JeHHe
Me)l(JJ:y nOBepXHOCTH1>IMH II 60JIee my60KHMlI npHBH3aHHocTHMH.
B l{enOM, TaKHM 06pa30M, MbI MO}l(eM CKa3aTb, 'ITO pa3Ho06pa3He
nOBe.n:eHHH B03pacTaeT Ha npoTH)I(eHHII .n:eTcTBa nplI HOpMaJIbHOM Pa3BH-
THH. 3TO MO)l(eT 6bITb BbIpa)l(eHO $OpM)'JIOll:
(1) va,. (BCh) < va,. (BAd),
r.n:e va,. 03HaQaeT pa3Hoo6pa3He (variety); B Ch - nOBe.n:eHIIe pe6eHKa
(behavior ofthe child); BAd - nOBe.n:eHHe B3pocnoro (behavior ofthe adult).
QT06bI ynpOCTIITb Harne $OpMYJJbHOe npe.n:CTaBJJeHIIe H nOKa3aTb, 'ITO MbI
npOCTO XOTHM oxapaKTepH30BaTh OCHOBH1>Ie HanpaBJJeHIDl pa3BIITHH, MbI
6y.n:eM B $opMYnax roBOpHTb TOJIbKO 0 JJ:BYX YPOBHHX, 0603Ha1JeHHbIX KaK
Ch II Ad.
MbI rOBOpHM 0 B03pacTaIOIUeM pa3H006pa3HH nOBe.n:eHHH pe6eHKa,
Kor.n:a OH CTaHOBHTCH CTapIlIe. (3TO BepHo, HeCMOTpH Ha TOT $aKT, IJTO
HeKOTopbIe THnbI nOBe.n:eHHH Bbma.n:aIOT B xo.n:e pa3BHTWI.) B03paCTaIO-
Il.{ee pa31l006pa3I1e nOBe.n:eHlIJI 3aMeTHO BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHlIHX.
a.II oeeoeHue HOBOpO}l(.n:eHHoro 60JIee lIJIH MeHee orpaHil'leHO CHOM,
nnaIJeM, lliITbeM, $H3IIOnOrH1JeCKHMII OTllpaBJJeHlliIMII II ne}l(aHlIeM B 60.n:p-
CTBYIOll.{eM COCTOHHHII. IToBe.n:eHIIe pac'I)'ll.{ero pe6eHKa BKJIIO'IaeT Bce
60nbIlIe TIInOB .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH: roBopeHHe, XO}l(.n:eHHe, IJTeHIIe II T. .n:. He-
,lJ,H$$epeHUHpoBaHHoe nOBe.n:eHlIe CTaHOBIITCH ,lJ,II$$epeHl{HpOBaHH1>IM,
pa3BeTBJDIHCb Ha MHO}l(eCTBO Pa3HOBII.n:HocTell.n:eHTenbHocTII. HanpHMep,
no}:(Xo.n: K l{eJIH - no CHa'IaJIa Bcer.n:a npHMoll no}:(Xo.n:. IT03)1(e 6JIaro.n:apH
OKp HbIM MapIlIpYTaM II IIcnonb30BaHHIO $lI3H1JeCKHX II COl{HaJIbH1>IX
HHcTp)'MeHToB nOHBJJHIOTCH KOCBeHHbIe nyTH nO}:(XO,lJ,a. KpoMe Toro, npH-
MOll no}:(Xo.n: nOKa3bIBaeT 60JIbIlIe pa3H006pa3HH, HanpHMep, B CTeneHH
aKTHBHOCTH, KOnH1JeCTBe peaJIbHbIX lIJIH HanOMHHalOIUHX )l(eCTbI noc'I)'n-
KOB II T. .n:. KOCBeHH1>Ill no}:(Xo.n: CTaHOBlITCH JJ:H$lfJepeHIUIPOBaHHbIM B OT-
HOIlIeHHH BH.n:a HCnOJIb3yeMbIx $lI3H1JeCKHX II COl{HaJIbHbIX HHCTp)'MeH-
TOB. CXO,lJ,HYIO .n:H$$epeHl{Hal\lIIO MO)l(HO Ha6JIIO,lJ,CITb npaKTHIJeCKH BO Bcex
06naCTHX .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH (16). PelJb HH1IHBIIJ(a B03paCTaeT B OTHOllieHIIII
KOJIHlJeCTBa IICnOJIb3yeMbIx CJIOB (27, 34), TlII10B IIcnonb3yeMbIX cnOB II
rpaMMaTH1JeCKOH KOHCTPYKlI.HII. EcnH .n:eHTenbHOCTb paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK
B03MO)l(HOCTII, KOTOpbIe HMeeT HH):(HBIIJ(, TO roBOpHT 06 YBeJIHlJeHI1H pa3-
Ho06pa3HH «)'MeHHll».
6. ITO,lJ,06HbIM 06pa30M YBenH1JHBalOIUeecH pa3Ho06pa3IIe MO}l(eT
Ha6JIIO.n:aTbcH B o6nacTH 3MOlfUU (3, 12). OIDITb npHMHTHBH1>Ie He.n:II$$e-
peHlI.HpOBaHHbIe 3MOl{HOHaJIbHbIe BbIpa}l(eHHH pa3BeTBJIHIOTCH Ha OT,lJ,enb-
H1>Ie BlI)I,b!. CHaIJaJIa MO}l(eT 6bITb TpY.D:HO OTJJH1JIITb paJ(ocTb OT rplI1\faCbI,
BbI3BaHHoll 60JIbIO B }l(enyJJ:Ke. IT03)1(e ynbI6Ka - no HeIJTO, .n:OBOJIbHO HB-
CTBeHHoe no xapaKTepy II o'IeBH}:(Hoe.lllar 3a IlIaroM nOHBJIHeTCH 60nbIlIe
THnOB YJIbI6KH, KaK, HanpHMep, .n:p ecKII OTKpbITbIe YJJbI6KH, C IaCTnII-
BbIe YJ1bI6KII, Ha.n:MeHH1>Ie YJIbI6KH, BbI3bIBalOllI.He YJ1bI6KH H T. .n:.
B. CXO,lJ,HYIO .n:H$$epeHl{Hal{HIO MO}l(HO Ha6JIIO.n:aTb B 06nacTH no-
mpe6Hocmeu, HHTepecoB H l{enell. lllar 3a IlIarOM HeMHoro1JIICneHH1>Ie
nOTpe6HOCTH MJIaJ(eHl{a pa3BeTBJIHIOTCH Ha 60JIbIlIee MHO}l(eCTBO. 3TO YBe-
nHIJeHl1e O'IeHb 3aMeTHO B .n:eTCTBe. KpoMe Toro, npoHcxo.n:HT II3MeHeHIIe
maBeHCTBa onpe.n:eJIeHHbIx nOTpe6HocTell.
r. ITpolI.ecc .n:If$$epeHlI.HalI.l1H .n:o 60nbIlIoro pa3Hoo6pa3HH oc06eH-
HO OIJeBH.n:eH B o6nacTII n03Hallll51. CpaBHllTenbHO He.n:H$$epeHl{HpOBaH-
120
OpraHH3an;HSI nOBeAeHHSI
ECJIH 6bI pa3BIITIfe nOBe.n:eHHH npHBO.n:lIJIO npocTO K B03pocIlIeMY
pa3H006pa3HIO nOBe.n:eHlUl, MO}I(HO 6blJIO 6bI O)l(IIJ(aTb, 'ITO nOBe.n:eHIfe
IIHJ(HBH,lJ,a 6y.n:eT CTaHOBIITbCH Bce 60nee XaOTH1JeCKHM lIJIH no KpallHell
Mepe Bce 60nee HeCBH3HbIM. 3Toro O'IeBIIJ(HO He npOlIcxo.n:HT. ITapanJIenb-
HO paC'I)'IUell JJ:H$$epeHl{Hal\HH lIJ(eT pa3BHTHe, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTO-
pbIM Bce 60JIbIlIee MHO}l(eCTBO IJaCTell BKJIIO'IaeTCH B 0.D:HY e.n:HHHUY .n:ell-
CTBHH. Cyll.{ecTByeT pH.n: nyTell, KaKHMIf pa3JIH1JH1>Ie .n:eHCTBHH MOryT CTaTb
IJaCnlMIf 60JIbIlIell e.n:HHHlI.bI .n:eHTeJIbHOCTII. qacTo e}:(HHCTBO nOBe.n:eHHH,
KOTopoe HMeeT MeCTO B Te'IeHlIe onpe.n:eneHHoro nepIfo.n:a BpeMeHH H CO-
.n:ep}l(HT pH.n: 60JIee lIJIH MeHee pa3JIiI'IH1>IX nOJ(1JaCTeH, xapaKTepH3yeTcfl
O.n:HOll Be.nyll.{eH H.n:eei1, KOTOpM ynpaBJIHeT If KOHTpOJIHpyeT IJaCTH. 3TOH
Be.ll)'lIIeil lIJ(eeH MO}l(eT 6b1Tb OCHOBHOll 3aMbICeJI IIJIH .n:OCTH)I(eHlIe ueJIH.
121
ITo.n:IJaCTHMH MOryT 6b1Tb onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe nO.n:roToBHTenbHbIe .n:eHCTBHH,
3a KOropbIMH CJIe1IyIOT .n:eHCTBHH, npHBO}UlIl.{He HH.D:HBH.D:a K l{eJIH, H HaKO-
Hel.\ onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe 3aBepIlIalOIl.{He .n:eHCTBHH. B TaKOM cJIY'Iae HeKOTO-
pbIe nO.n:IJaCTH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH HMeIOT COOTHOIlIeHHe Cpe.n:CTB .n:mI .n:OCTH-
)l(eHlUI l{eJIH. OCHOBHOlll{eJIbIO MO)l(eT 6bITb TOIJHafll{eJIb, KaK, HanpHMep,
nepeJIe3Tb 'lepe3 3a60p, HJIH 60J1ee 061l.{a If.ZI:eH, KaK Ifrpa B .n:O'IKH-MaTe-
pH. B .n:pyrHX CJIY'IaflX, HanpHMep B pa3BJIeKaTeJIbHOll HJIH IfrpOBOH .n:eH-
TeJIbHOCTIf, TaKOll KaK 'ITeHHe KHIfrH, pa3JIHlJHbIe 'IaCTH B OCHOBHOM HMe-
lOT XapaKTep COrnaCOBaHHbIX nO.n:pa3.n:eJIeHHll.
B CB 3If CO BCeMH TIfnaMIf e.n:HHCTBa B nOBe.n:eHHH, KOTOpbIe nO.D:JIe-
}l(aT PYKOBO.n:CTBY HJIH ynpaBneHHIO rnaBHOlll{eJIH HJIH BeJJ:yll.{ell If.ZI:eH, MbI
6y.n:eM rOBopHTb 06 opraHIf3alUlli nOBe.n:eHHH 1 . B 3THX cJIY'Iam<: MO)l(HO
BbI.D:eJIHTb no KpaHHell Mepe ,n:Ba ypOBHH: ynpaBJIHIOIIO'IO If,n:eIO If ynpaB-
IDIeMyIO MaHHnyJIHJJ.lIIO.
B pa3BHTHH MO)l(HO BbmeJIHTb TpH aCneKTa opraHH3arurn nOBe.n:eHHH.
CllO;)l(;HOCmb eowlul/. MO}l(HO CKa3aTb, IJTO MaKCHMaJIbHOe KOJIHlJeC-
TBO 'IaCTeH If pa3H006pa3Ife IJaCTeH, co.n:ep}l(all.{HXCH B O}:(HOll eZUIHHl\e .n:e-
HTeJIbHOCTH, YBenHIJHBaeTcH C pa3BIfTHeM. BMeCTO Toro 'Iro6bI HMeTb .n:eno
C ,n:By'MH cTpOIfTeJIbHbIMIf 6JIOKaMH o.n:HoBpeMeHHo, pe6eHoK, Kor.n:a OH CTa-
HOBMTCH cTapme, HCnOJIb3yeT Bce 60JIbmee KOmrqeCTBO cTpoHTenbHblx
OOOKOB npH C03.ZI:aHHH npoCTeHruero 06pa3l.\a. OJJ:lIH H3 npIf3HaKOB 60nb-
IlIell CJIO}l(HOCTH - YBenHIJemIe MaKCHMaJIbHOll np0.n:0J1)1(HTeJIbHO Henpe-
pbIBHOll HrpbI C B03pacToM (5).
Hepapxu'teCKCl5l 0P2aJLU3al/Ufl. llOMHMO pac1)'III,ero 1JHCna MaIIlIlIY-
.IDIIUIll:, KOTopbIe MOryTy.n:eP)KIfilaTbCH BMeCTe BeJJ:yll.{ell H.D:eell, caM Tlill opra-
HH3aL(HH, nO-BH.D:HMoM)', CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60JIee CnO}l(HbIM: l\eJlI" KOTopa
ynpaBJJHeT pH.n:OM MaHHIIyJUIIUIll, MO)l(eT CTaTb nO,lJ, eJIbIO 60JIee 06mlIpHoH
ueJllI. ITo eJlH ynpaBJIHlOTcH 60JIee BbICOKHMH l{eJJHMH nO'ITH TaKHM }I(e
06pa30M, KaKHM $aKTHIJeCKaH MaHHnyJIHl{IDI ynpaBJJHeTCH no,n:l{eJIblO. Ha-
npHMep, OCHOBHa H.D:eH nOHrpaTb B .n:OIJKH-MaTepH MO)l(eT co.n:ep}l(aTb PM
no.n:IJHHelIHbIX H,n:ell: nana H.D:eT Ha pa6my, MaMa o.n:eBaeT .n:eTell, CTHpaeT
6eJIbe H T. ,n:. - Bce OHH npHBe.n:eHbl B onpe.n:eJleHHYIO nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTb,
ynpaBJJHeM)'lO maBHOll H.D:eell. TaKa no eJIb, KaK o.n:eBaHHe ,lJ,eTell, MO)l(eT
BKIDOIJaTb o.n:eBaHHe M3pH H o.n:eBaHHe ,lVKop,lJ,)l(a. ):4JyrHMH CJIOBaMH, 60-
JIee KpYIIHa e.n:HHHl{a nOBe.n:eHHH MO)l(eT co.n:eP)l(aTb pH.n: HepapXH1JeCKHX
ypoBHeH, KmI<J\bIH H3 KOTOpbIX ynpaBJJHeTCH cJIe1IyIOIl.{HM 60JIee BbICOKHM
ypoBHeM. rOBOpH 0 pH.D:e ypoBHeH, MbI 6y.n:eM roBOpHTb 0 pa3JUllJHbIX «CTe-
neIDIX HepapXH1JeCKOll opraHH3aQHH» nOBe.n:eWIecKoll e}:(HHHl{bI.
MaKCHMaJIbHa CTeneHb HepapXHlJeCKOll opraHH3al{liH, nO-BHJ(HMO-
MY, YBemllJHBaeTCH C B03pacToM, T. e. O}:(Ha e.n:HHHl\a MO}l(eT co.n:ep)l(aTb
60JIbIlIe ypoBHell y 60nee cTapIlIHX, IJeM y 60JIee MaJIeHbKHX ,n:eTell.
CllO;)l(;HCl5l op2aHU3alfU5l. )];eHTeJIbHOCTb, ynpaBJIHeMa O,lI,HOll lI.D:e-
ell, MO)l(eT He BblnOJIHHTbCH KaK HenpepbIBHoe .n:ellCTBHe, HO MO)l(eT 6bITb
npepBaHa ,lJ,pyroll.n:eHTeJIbHOCTbIO H n03}1(e CHOBa B0306HOBneHa. YcneIlI-
Hoe 3aBepIlIeHHe .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH, KOTOpaH .n:OJl)l(Ha 6bITb HeO}:(HOKparno npe-
pBaHa, OIJeBH,n:HO, Tpe6yeT cpaBHHTenbHO CnO)l(HOll opraHH3alUlli. BTO-
poll BH)J. CJIO)l(HOll opraHH3a HH CYll.{eCTBYeT B nepeKpbIBalOll.{eMCH nOBe-
,n:eHHH, KOma o.n:HOBpeMeHHO BblnonHHIOTCH ,n:Ba HJIH 60JIee BH)J.a ,lJ,eHTeJ1b-
HOCTH, ynpaBJIHeMbIe npaKTiI'IeCKH He CBH3aHHbIMH H)J.eHMH. ITpHMepoM
TaKoro nOBe.n:eHlIH HBJ1HeTCH n060IJHa Hrpa, T. e. Hrpa, KOTopa npOHCXO-
1IHT O}:(HOBpeMeHHO C .n:pyrHMH BH,n:aMH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH, TaKHMH, KaK pa3-
roBOp co BTOpbIM 'IenOBeKOM 0 Be.ll.{aX, He HMeIO.Il.{HX OTHOIlIeHlIH K mpe.
TeCHO CBH3aHa C 3THM opraHIf3al.\HH nOBe.n:eHHH, HMeIO.Il.{a ,n:Ba ypOBHH
3Ha'IeHHH. nO)l(b, IlIYTKH, npOHBJIeHHe IJpe3MepHO .n:p eCKoro 06pa.ll.{e-
HiuJ 113 HeHaBHCTH HJIH Cxo.n:HbIe «HCKa)l(eHHbIe BbIpa}l(eHHH» - 3TO ,lJ,ell-
CTBHH Ha JJ:BYX ypOBHHX, 0 KOTOpbIX MO}l(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITO OHH 60JIee HJIH
MeHee npOTHBOpeIJall.{He. Donee O'IeBH,lJ,HbIll ypoBeHb 'IaCTO CJIY)I(HT 1IJIH
npHKpbITHH npoTHBOnOJIO}l(Horo 3Ha1JeHHH 60nee rny60Koro ypOBHH H HB-
IDIeTCH npIf3HaKOM CnO}l(HOll OpraHH3aQHH .n:eHCTBHH. O'IeBH,n:Ho, np06ne-
Ma caMoKoHTponH TeCHO CBH3ailll C 3THM THnOM OpraHH3aJJ.IIH.
JIO}l(b H llI)'TKlI -:}TO .n:OBOJIbHO paHHHe ,lJ,OCTIDI<eHHfl. OJJ:HaKO nO}l(b .D:BYX-
J1ernero pe6em<a CpaBHHTeJIbHO OIJeBlI,L(Ha H npHMHTHBHa. CnoC06HOCTh npo-
HBIDITb 3TOT urn CJIO}I(HOll opraHH3aII,HH, no-BH.ZI:HMoM)', paCTeT C B03paCTOM.
HeJIb3H CKa3aTb, qTO Bce .n:eHcTBHH cTapIlIero pe6eHKa 60nee BbICO-
KO opranH30BaHbI, 'IeM Bce .n:eHcTBHH MJIa.II.IlIerO pe6eHKa. IToBe.n:eHHe
60JIee cTapIlIero pe6eHKa qaCTO BKJIIOIJaeT e.lJ.llHHl{bI, KOTopbIe MeHee CJIO)l(-
HbI, qeM y 60nee MJIa.n:IlIHX .n:eTell. O}:(HaKO MaKCHMaJIbHa CTeneHb opra-
HH3alUlli nOBe.n:eWIecKHX e.n:HHHl{, nO-BH)J.HMOM)', YBeJlHIJHBaeTCH B B03-
paCToM; .n:pyrHMH cnoBaMH, MbI MO)l(eM CKa3aTb:
(2) hier orgnax (BCh) < hier orgnax (BAd).
Hier orgnax 03Ha1JaeT MaKCHMaJIbHyIO CTeneHb HepapXIlIJeCKOll opra-
HH3al{HH; BCh - nOBe.n:eWIecKyIO e.n:HHIm)' pe6eHKa; BAd - nOBe.n:eWIecKyIO
e,lJ,HHHl{y B3pOCJIOro.
I Hepe.LIKO B :nOH CBJ\3H Hcnonb3YeTCI! TepMHH «HHTerpaUHI!». Mb( npe.LInOqHTaeM
roBOpllTb 06 OpraHH3aUHH, nOTOMY qTO C MaTeMaTllqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHHJ\ HHTerpaIUll! 06-
paTIIa .L\H«jJ«jJepeHUHaUHI!. O.LIHaKO 6b1no npaBHnbHO nOl\qepKHyro, qTO nCHXOnOrHqeCKaII
«HHTerpaUHJ\» He 03HaqaeT .LIe.LIu«jJ«jJepeHI.\HaUHlo, MmKeT 6b1Tb, nyqrne 3aMeHHTb 3TOTTep-
MHH TepMHHOM «opraHH3aI..\HJ\». 3TO Hcnonb30BaHHe TepMHHa «opraIlH3al.\HI!», KaJKeTCI!,
xoporno comacyeTcl! C Hcnonb30BaHHeM ero B 3M6pHOnOrHH, a TaIOKe B COl.\HOnOrHH.
122
123
PaCWHpeHHe
06AaCTHAeDTeALHOCTHHHHTepeCOB
CTBa UHOma npOHCXO.n:HT nOCTeneHHO, HHOr.n:a .n:OBOJIbHO pe3KHMH CKaq-
KaMH. llocJIe}:(Hee XapaKTepHO JJ:IDI TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX KpH3HCOB pa3BHTHfl.
3TOT npOl{eCC ell.{e .n:OJIro npO.n:OIDKaeTCH BO B3pocnocTu (5).
BpeMeliliafl nepcneKmu6a. Cxo.n:Hoe pacIlIHpeHHe )l(H3HeHHOro npo-
CTpaHcTBa B xo.n:e pa3BHTHH npoHcxo.n:HT B TOM, IJTO MO}l(eT 6bITb Ha3BaHO
«nCllXOJIOrHIJeCKHM Bpe ,teHHbIM H3MepeHHeM». B xo.n:e pa3BHTIDI MaCIlI-
Ta6 nCllXOnOrH1JeCKOrO BpeMeHHOrO H3MepeHHH }l(H3HeHHOrO npOCTpaH-
CTBa paCTeT OT IJaCOB .n:o }:(Hell, MeCHl{eB H neT. .[qJyrHMH CJIOBaMH, Ma-
JIeHbKHM pe6eHOK )l(HBeT B 6nH)I(aHIlIeM HaCTOHll.{eM; C YBeJIHlJeHHeM B03-
paCTa Bce 60JIee OT.n:aJIeHHOe nCllXOJIOrH1JeCKOe npOllinoe H 6y.z:ryIIlee OKa-
3bIBalOT B03,lJ,ellCTBHe Ha HaCTOHll.{ee nOBe.n:eHHe.
MO}l(eT 6blTb, MO)l(HO HCTOJIKOBaTb YCHJJHBaIOll.{eeCH paCIIIHpeHHe )l(JJ3-
HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa npOCTO KaK KOM6HHalUlIO pac1)'ll.{ero pa3Ho06pa-
3IDI nOBe.n:eHlrn H pa3JIH1JHbIX THIIOB opramnal\HH nOBe.n:eHIDI. O.n:HaKO MbI
npe)J,nOqHTaeM BbIpa)l(aTb :no H3MeHeHHe B OT.n:eJlbHOM YTBep}I()J.eHHH:
(3) L Sp (Ch) < L Sp (Ad),
r.n:e L Sp (Ch) 03HaIJaeT pa3Mep )l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa pe6eHKa (life
space of the child); a L Sp (Ad) - pa3Mep )l(H3HeHHOro npocTpaHCTBa B3pOC-
JIoro (life space of the adult).
TaK}l(e JJ:IDI npocTpaHcTBa cB060.n:Horo JJ:BH)I(eHIDI (T. e. cOBoKynHo-
cnI .n:OC1)'IIHbIX pernoHoB B paMKax }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa) B cpe.n:-
HeM BepHO, qTO:
(4) SFM (Ch) < SFM (Ad),
me SFM (Ch) 03HaIJaeT pa3Mep npocTpaHcTBa cB060.n:HOro ,n:BH)I(eHIDI pe-
6eHKa (space of tree movement of the child), a SFM (Ad) - pa3Mep npo-
cTpaHcTBa cB060.n:Horo ,n:BH}I(eHIDI B3pOCJIOro (space of tree movement of
the adult). O.n:HaKo npocTpaHCTBO cB060}:(Horo .n:BH}I(eHHH MO)l(eT 6bITb cY-
)KeHO B Te1JeHlle onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX nepHo.n:oB pa3BHTIDI. HanpHMep, Kor.n:a
pe6eHoK no,n:1JHHHeTCH }l(eCTKoMY pe)l(HMY.
ITcllXOnOrHIJeCKHll MHP, KOTOpbIll OKa3bIBaeT BnIDIHHe Ha nOBe.n:e-
HHe pe6eHKa, nO-BHJ(lIMOMY, pacIlIHpHeTcH C B03pacToM KaK B OTHOIlIeHHH
06nacTeH, TaK H B OTHOIlIeHHH BpeMeHHoro HHTepBaJIa, KOTOpbIH npHHH-
MaeTCH BO BHHMaHHe.
rpallUljbl nOJlfl. TpeXMeCfl1JHbIll pe6eHoK, )l(HBYIl.{Hll B KOJIbI6enH, 3Ha-
eT HeCKOJIbKO reorpa$H1JeCKllX 06nacTell BOKpyr ce6H, H o6nacTell B03-
MO)l(Holl,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH cpaBHHTenbHo MaJIO. Pe6eHKY B B03paCTe O,lJ,HOrO
ro.n:a 3HaKOMa ropa3,lJ,o 60JIee IlIHpoKaH reorpa$H1JeCKaH 06nacTb H 60JIee
IlIHpoKoe nOJIe .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH. OH, BepOHTHO, 3HaeT PM KOMHaT B .n:oMe,
ca,lJ, H HeKoTopbIe YJIHIU>I. HeKOTopbIe H3 :nllX TeppHTopHii eMY .n:oc1)'nHbI,
.n:pyrne - HeT. OH MO)l(eT 6bITb B COCTOHHHH 3aJIe3Tb no.n: CTOJI HJJH no.n:
,lJ,HBaH, HO MO)l(eT 6bITb He B COCTOHHHH 3aJIe3Tb Ha onpe.n:eneHHbIH C1)'JI,
XOTH eMY XOTenOCb 6b1 :no c.n:enaTb. TaKHe 06naCTH ero }l(H3HeHHoro npo-
CTpaHCTBa JIe)l(aT BHe npOCTpaHcTBa ero CB060lI,HOrO ,n:BH)I(eHIDI (25), KO-
Topoe orpaHHlJeHO IJaCTHlJHO ero c06cTBeHHbIMH cnoC06HOCTflMH, a IJac-
THlJHO COl\HaJIbHbIMH Ta6y. Pe6eHKY MO)l(eT, HanpHMep, HpaBHTbcH pBaTb
KHHrH. B 3TOM cnyqae pa3pbIBaHHe KHHr - 3TO 06nacTb B ero )l(JJ3HeHHOM
npocTpaHCTBe, OHa MO}l(eT 3HaqHTeJIbHO nOBnIDITb Ha ero nOBe.n:eHHe. 3T0
BepHo, .n:a)l(e HecMoTpH Ha TO qTO «HeT» MaTepH He nycKaeT pe6eHKa B 31)'
06naCTb ,lJ,eHTenbHOCTH. PaCXO}l(,lJ,eHlle Me)l(JJ:y npHTHraTeJIbHbIMH 06nac-
THMH )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa H npOCTpaHCTBOM CB060.n:HOro ,lJ,BH}I(e-
HIDI - O.n:HH H3 .n:OMHI:illpyIOll.{llX $aKTopOB, onpe.n:eJIHlOll.{llX ypOBeHb npH-
TH3aHHH HH.n:HBHlI,a.
B xo.n:e pa3BHTIDI H npOCTpaHCTBO cB060.n:Horo .n:BH}I(eHIDI, 11 )l(H3-
HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO 06bJ1.IHO YBeJIHlJHBaIOTCH. 06naCTb ,lJ,eH1eJIbHOCTH,
.n:OCl)'IIHaH .D:JIH pac1)'ll.{ero pe6eHKa, paCIlIllpHeTCH, nOTOMY qTO nOBbIIlIa-
IOTCH ero c06CTBeHHbIe cnoc06HOCTH, H B03MO}l(HO, qTO no Mepe YBenH-
qeHlrn B03paCTa COl\HaJIbHbIe orpaHH1JeHHH CHlIMaIOTCH 6bICTpee, 1JeM OHll
C03.n:aIOTCH, no KpallHell Mepe nOCJIe nepHo.n:a MJIa.n:emeCTBa. Onpe.n:eJIeH-
HbIe c06bInrn, HarrplIMep nOHBneHHe MJIa.n:IlIero 6paTHKa HJJH ceCTpeHKH,
BnonHe MOryT nOMeHHTb 6aJIaHC H3MeHeHHH B .n:aHHbIH nepHO,n: Ha npOTH-
BOnOJIO)l(HbIM. O.n:HaKO .n:a)l(e B Te npOMelKYTKH BpeMeHH, KOma npOCTpaH-
CTBO CBooo.n:Horo .n:BH)I(eHIDI He paCTeT, )l(H3HeHHoe rrpOCTpaHCTBO C B03-
paCTOM 06bIIJHO pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha HOBbIe, qaCTblO .n:OCl)'nHbIe, qac-
TbIO He.n:OC1)'nHbIe pemOHbI. PaCIlII1peHHe rpaHHU )K1I3HeHHoro npOCTpaH-
B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTL nOBeAeHHSI
124
YTBep)l(lI,eHHe, qTO HH.D:HBH1I CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60JIee .n:H$$epeHl{lIpO-
BaHHbIM, MO)l(eT HMeTb JJ:Ba 3HaqeHHH. OHO MO}l(eT 03Ha1JaTb, QTO YBeJlH1JH-
BaeTCH pa3Ho06pa3He nOBe.n:eHIDI, T. e. 'ITO Bce nOBe.n:eHHe, Ha6JIIO,lJ,aeMOe B
.n:aHHOM B03paCTe, CTaHOBHTCH MeHee O.n:HOpO.n:HbIM. B TaKOM CJIY'Iae Tep-
MHH .n:H$$epeHlUIaUIDI OTHOCHTCH K OTHOllieHIDIM CXO.n:CTBa H pa3JIH1JIDI;
OH 03Ha1JaeT «cneIlIIaJIH3alUlIO» HJJH «HH.n:HBH.n:yaJIH3alUlIO». C .n:pyroH CTO-
poHbI, TepMHH «.n:H$$epeHlUIaIU1Jl» MO}l(eT OTHOCHTbCH K OTHOllieHIDIM 3a-
125
BHCHMOCTH H He3aBHCHMOCTH Me}KJJ:y qaCTHMH .n:HHaMiI'IeCKoro l{eJIoro. B
TaKOM cnyqae YBeJIWIlIBalOll{aflCH .n:HlI)$epeHJJ.I1aJJ.IDI 03Ha1JaeT, IJTO YBenH-
IJlIBaeTCH IJHCJIO 1JaCTell qe.JIOBeKa, KOTOpbIe MOryT $YHKQU:OHHpOBaTb OT-
HOCHTeJIbHO He3aBHCHMO, T. e. qTO YBeJIiI'IlIBaeTCH CreneHb HX He3aBHCH-
MOCTH I . llOCKOJIbKY MbI YA<e 06c .n:anH pacl)'ll.{ee pa3Hoo6pa3lIe nOBe.n:e-
HlUI, Tenepb MbI 06paTlIMCH K BOnpOCaM 3aBHCHMOCTH H He3aBHClIMOCTH.
YTBep}l(.n:eHHe, 1JTO pe6eHOK 06Hap lIBaeT 60JIbIlIee e.n:HHCTBO, IJeM
B3pOCnbIll, CTanO nO.D.1JepKHBaTbCH B nCHXOJIOrnH CpaBHHTenbHO He,lJ,aBHO.
PaHee 6bIJIO npHHHTO ClJlITaTb, qro B3pOCJIbIll npOHBJIHeT 60JIbIlIee e.n:HH-
CTBO, nOTOM)' IJTO B .n:eTCTBe pa3JIiI'IHbIe nOTpe6HOCTH H pa3JIH1JHbIe o6na-
CTII .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH MOryT pa3BlIBaTbCH 60JIee MJIH MeHee He3aBHClIMO. C
,lJ,pyroll CTOpOHbI, 60JIee BepOHTHO, IJTO Y B3pOCJIOro 3TH pa3nH1JHbIe 06na-
CTII .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH HHTerpHpOBaHbI.
Cero}UUI 06Il.{enplI3HaHO, qTO pa3BlITHe pe6eHKa BKJJI01JaeT B03pac-
TaHI1e H .n:lI$$epeHl{Harum, H HHTerpal{HH. Pa3BlITHe, nO-BH.n:HMOM)', YBe-
nH1JlIBaeT KOnH1JeCTBO OTHOCHTenbHO He3aBHCHMbIX qaCTell qenOBeKa II
CTeneHb He3aBHCHMOCTH, TaKlIM 06pa30M )'MeHbllIaH CTeneHb e.n:HHCTBa
IIH.nHBlI1Ia. C .n:pyroll CTOpOHbI, pa3BlITHe npe.n:nOJIaraeT HHTerpal\HIO, KO-
TopaH YBenH1JIIBaeT e.n:lIHCTBO IJenOBeKa. TaK KaK 06a 3THX npOl{eCca HJJ:yT
B O.n:HO BpeMH, HHTerpal\HH, OqeBH.n:HO, He MO}l(eT 6bITb npOl{eCCOM, KOTO-
pbIll Ha caMOM .n:eJIe npOTlIBonOnO)l(eH .n:H$$epeHl{lIal\HH. aHa He YHH-
qTO)l(aeT ,lJ,H$$epeHUI1al\HIO, H OHa He HBJ1HeTCH .n:e.n:H$$epeHl{lIaQHell.
Hanponrn, HHTerpal\HH npe.n:nOJIaraeT .n:H$$epeHl\Hal\lIIO. QT06bI H36e-
>KaTb He.n:op(3)'MeHHH, MbI npe,lJ,n01JHTaeM n03ToM)' IICnOJIb30BaTb TepMHH
«opraHlI3al{HH» BMeCTO «IIHTerpal\lliD>.
BlI1I $YHKll.HOHaJIbHOll B3aHM03aBlIClI1\fOCTH, JIe)l(all.{Hii B OCHOBe CTe-
neHH OpraHH3al{1I0HHOrO e)UIHCTBa IJenOBeKa, .n:OJI)I(eH 6bITb OqeBlI1IHO QT-
JlWIeH OT BlI)J.a B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH, ne)l(aIl{lfii B OCHOBe CTeneHH ero .n:H$-
$epeHl\Hal\HlI. llOHHTHH, onHCbIBalOll.{lIe B3aHM03aBlICHMOCTb, HaX01IHT-
CH Ha ypoBHe KOHCTPYKTOB, H nI06aH nOfibITKa 60JIee TOqHO onpe.n:enHTb
pa3JIH1JHbIe THfibI B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTM npe.n:nonaraeT 06c .n:eHHe pH.D.a
I<OHCTpYKTOB. MbI no.n:Oll.D:eM K HHM nOCJIe 0630pa 3MnHpH1JeCKHX .n:aH-
HbIX, OTHOCHru.HXCH K B03paCTalOIl.{ell .n:H$$epeHIUIaQIIH lIH}:(lIBlI1Ia, C 0,lJ,-
HOll CTOpOHbI, Hero B03paCTalO11Iell OpraHlI3amIH, - C .n:pyroll.
Y Mellbwellue npocmou e30UM030eUCUMocmu MbI Ha1JHeM C Tex $aK-
TOB, KOropbIe YKa3bIBaIOT Ha pacl)'IJJ.YIO .n:H$$epeHl{Hal{I1IO qenOBeKa.
l(uq)(jJepelllfUOZfU5l MomopllblX cucmeM
TaK Ha3bIBaeMaH 06ru.aH aKTHBHOCTb nJIO.n:a H MJIa.n:eHl\a - xapaK-
TepHbIH npHMep He.n:H$$epeHl{HpOBaHHOll peaKUHII HH.D.HBH.n:a BceM Te-
J10M, a He onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH qJIeHaMH. Pa3BHTlIe pe6eHKa xapaKTeplI3Y-
eTCH paC1)'ll.{ell .n:H$$epeHl{Hal\lIeM MOTOpHbIX $YHKl{Hll, npH3HaKOM
I<OTOpOll HBnHeTCH B03paCTaIOIl.{aH CTeneHb, B KOTOpOll pa3JIH1JHbIe qac-
TH npOHBnHIOT CpaBHHTenbHO He3aBHClIMbIe .n:ellCTBHH. Pa3BHTlIe XBaTa-
HHH (13), HanpHMep, HaqlIHaeTCH co CTpeMJIeHHH npH6JIH3HTbCH K 061>eK-
1)' o.n:HOBpeMeHHO ma3aMH, HoraMH, PYKaMH, pTOM. ITocTeneHHO .D.pyrne
BII.n:bI .n:eHTenbHOCTH Bbma.D.aIOT, H pe6eHOK HaqHHaeT HCnOJIb30BaTb CHa-
IJ:aJIa PYKH H KIICTH KaK OTHOCIITenbHO He.n:H$$epeHl\HpOBaHHbJe e.n:IIHH-
W>I H HaKOHel{ naJIbl{bI He3aBIICHMO. BepOHTHO, cnpaBeMHBO 6y.n:eT CKa-
3aTb, qTO MaJIeHbKHM pe6eHOK .n:eMOHcTpHpyeT TeH.n:eHl{HIO .n:enaTb Bce
BceM CBOHM TenOM B 60JIbIlIell CTeneHH, IJ:eM 60JIee CTapIlIHH pe6eHOK.
llOCTeneHHoe )'MeHbIlIeHHe TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX HenpOlI3BOJIbHbIX Conpo-
BO}KJJ.alOIl.{HX .n:BH)I(eHHll - 3TO TonbKO .n:pyroe BbIpa)l(eHHe TOro )l(e caMO-
ro $aKTa. Y pe6eHKa YBenHIJeHHe TOHYca O.n:HOll qaCTH MbIIlIeIJHOH CHC-
TeMbI c 60nbIlIell BepOHTHOCTbIO COnpOBO}l(.n:aeTCH YBenH1JeHHeM TOHYca
B .n:pyrHX qaCTHX, IJeM Y B3pocnoro. }J;pyrnMII CJIOBaMH, MOTopHaH CHC-
TeMa .n:eMOHcTpHpyeT paCl)'IIlYIO .n:1I$$epeHl{Hal\HIO B TOM, ITO KacaeT-
CH MbIIlIeqHOrO HanpH)I(eHlIH.
B30UM030eucUMocmb ellympWlulllIocmllou U MomopliOU 06Jlocmeu
Cxo.n:Hoe )'MeHbIlIeHHe B CTeneHlI B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH MO)l(HO Ha-
6J1IO.n:aTb B TOM, KaK BbIpa}l(aIOTCH nOTpe6HOCTH HJIH 3MOl{HH. BeJIH1JIIHa
MbIIlIe1JHOll aKTHBHOCTII y MJIa.D.eHl\a npHMO npOnOpl\HOHaJIbHa ero ro-
noJJ:y (17). BepoHTHo, npaB.n:a TO, 'frO 1IJIH 60JIee cTapIlIHx .n:eTeH H B3pOC-
J1bIX cYll.{eCTByeT nOXO)l(aH CBH3b Me}l(JJ:y roJIO.n:OM H BeJIH1JHHOll 6ecno-
KOllcTBa, BOIIHCTBeHHOCTH II .n:pyrHx 3MOl{HOHaJIbHbIX BbIpa)l(eHHll.
O.n:HaKo 3Ta 3aBlICHMOCTb MeHee npHMaH. HacblTHBIlIHllCH MJIa.D.eHel\ Ha-
CbITHnCH OT .LJ.YIlIH; OH onbHHeH; OH BbIpa)l(aeT 3TO COCTOHHHe BceM cy-
ru.eCTBOM, H OH 6eCnOMOll.{eH npoTHB 3TOro BbIpa)l(eHHH. Donee cTapIlIHM
pe6eHoK 60nbIlIe KOHTpOnHpyeT ce6H. Ero MOTOpHaH CHCTeMa He nOKa-
3bIBaeT TaK OTKpbITO ero nOTpe6HOCTlI Hero 3MOl{HOHaJIbHOe COCTOH-
HlIe. }J;pyrnMH CJIOBaMH, C YBeJIHqeHHeM B03paCTa nOHBJ1HeTCH MeHee
npHMaH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTb Me}l(JJ:y MOTOpHbIMII CHCTeMaMH H «BHYT-
pMJIH1JHOCTHbIMH CHCTeMaMH», T. e. TeMII perHOHaMH qenOBeKa, KOTO-
pbIe CBH3aHbI C ero nOTpe6HOCTHMH.
I B Mop«f!ononm repMHH (<1lIl«f!«f!epeHl\lIallHJ!» orpaHH'leH cnyq3l!MH, KOr,l:la 'laCTH
CTaHOBIITCI! He TOnbKO 60nee He3aBHCHMbIMH, HO H OTJIH'lHbIMH .l1Pyr OT .l1Pyra. EbIJIO 6bI
ueJIeC006pll3HbIM HCnOJIb30Barb JIBa pIl3JIH'lHbIX -repMHHa.l\llil ):Ioyx npe):lCTaOJIeHHH 0 ):I1I«f!-
«f!epeHI.\lIal\IIH. MbI 6y):leM roBOplITb 0 «cnel\H«f!HKal\HJI) IDIII «HH)),IIBHJ:\YaJIII3al\HH)) B CJIY-
'lae yoenH'lHBaIOilleroCI! pIl3JIH'lIlJl, 0 (<)U1«f!«f!epeHl\Hal\IIH» - B CJIyqae yoeJIH'lHBaIOIlleHCR
He3aOHCHMOCTH.
126
127'
YMeHbIlIeHHe npHMOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Me)l(JJ:y 3THMH ,n:BYMH IJaCTHMH
Y IJ:JIOBeKa TaK)l(e OIJeBM)J.HO B TOM BnHHHIIH. KOTOpOe COCTOHHIIe MOTOp-
HOH CHCTeMbI HMeeT Ha BHYTpHJIiI'IHOCTHbIll perHOH. Y MaJIeHbKOro pe-
6eHKa HaCTpOeHHe H npaKTiI'IeCKH Ka)l(,n:bIll CeKTOp nOBelI,eHHH 60JIee npH-
MO 3aBHCHT OT TeneCHOrO COCTOHHIIfl, HanpHMep YCTaJIOCTH, rono.n:a,
paCCTpOeHHOrO )l(eny.n:Ka H T. .n:., 1JeM Y 60JIee CTapIlIHX ,lJ,eTell.
B3aUJW03a6UCUMOCmb 60 6H)1mplL7U'l1l0CmHb1X pezuOHax
HeKOTOpbIe $aKTbI YKa3blBaIOT. 'ITO pa3J1l11JHbIe nOTpe6HOCTH TaK}I(e
MOryT CTaTb MeHee npHMO B3aHM03aBIICIIMbIMH. COHaCbIll.{eHHe O.n:HOH
nOTpe6HOCTH IJepe3 HaCbIll.{eHHe .D:Pyroll YMeHbIlIaeTCH C B03pacTOM (22).
3KCnepHMeHTbI no 3aMell.{aIOll(elll\eHHOCTII (33) nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO HaCbI-
ll(eHHe O.n:HOH nOTpe6HocTH C 60JIbIlIell BepOHTHOCTbIO BbI3blBaeT 061l.{ee
CO TOHHHe y.n:oBJIeTBOpeHHH y 60JIee MJIa.lWIHX, IJeM y 60JIee CTaplliHX .n:e-
Tel!. ):(nH 60JIee B3pOCJ1bIX JIIO.n:ell COCTOHHHe HanpH}I(eHHH pa3JIiI'IHbIX
nOTpe6HOCTeH B 60nbIlIell CTeneHH He3aBHCIIMO.
B30UM03a6UCUMocmb 'le.'lOeeKa U cpeObl
O'IeHb MaJIeHbI<IlH pe6eHOK 6eCnOMOll(HO no.n:BepraeTCH B03.n:ell-
CTBHIO CTHMynoB CHIOMHHYTHOll CII1)'aJJ.llH. EOJIee CTaplIIHH pe6eHOK MO-
}l(eT C 60nbIlIell JIerKOCTbIO nOCTaBHTb ce6H BbIllie CII'I)'fll{HH. EbIJJO 06Ha-
p eHO, 'ITO 3TO pa3J1l11JIIe CYll.{eCTBeHHO ,n:JIH nOBe.n:eHHH MJIa,n:eHl\eB II
60JIee CTapIlIHX .n:eTell B KOH$nIlKTHOll ClI1)'al{HH. 31'0 OTIJaCTH pe3YJIbTaT
1I3MeHeHWI BpeMeHHOll nepcneKTHBbI, HO 3TO TaK}I(e YKa3b1BaeT Ha
60J1bIlIyIO «$YHKUHOHaJIbHyIO .n:IICTaHUHIO» Me}l(.D:Y «3ro» H nCHXonorn-
'IeCKOll cpe.n:OH. CneHcep (35. 316) H n03}1(e nHa)l(e (32, 360) o6cY)l(.n:anH
3T)' 6onbIlIyIO y.n:aneHHOCTb lUIII 6onbIlIyIO «.n:HCTaHl{HIO» Me)l(.n:y l\eHT-
panbHbIM 3ro IJenOBeKa H cpe.n:oll (CM. TaK)l(e 1, 14). Pacryll.{Hll pe6eHoK
CTaHOBHTCH .n:u$$epeHUHpOBaHHbIM Ha Bce 60JIbIlIeM KOJIlIIJeCTBe ueHT-
paJIbHbIX H 6oJ1ee nepH$eplllJeCKHX cnoeB. TaK)l(e BepHO TO, IJTO «nOBepx-
HOCTHble» CTOpOHbI Bell.{ell H C06bITlIll B BocnpllHHMaeMOH cpe.n:e Bce 60JIb
IlIe OT.n:eJ1HIOTCH OT HX «60JIee rny6oKOrO}) CMbIcna.
EOJIbIlIaH .n:HCTaHlUffi Me)l(JJ:y l{eHTpanbHbIM CJIOeM 3ro H nCHXonorH-
IJeCKOH Cpe.n:Oll npe.n:nOJIaraeT 60J1bIlIyIO He3aBHCHMOCTb lUIH no KpaiiHell
Mepe MeHee npHMyIO B3aHM03aBHCIIMOCTb Me}l(JJ:y 3TlL\1H 06naCTfll\lu }I(H3-
HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa, TO eCTb nCHXOnOrlIlJeCKOH: nil'lHOCTbIO H ncHXO-
JIOnr<reCKOH Cpe.n:OH. 3TO .n:eJIaeT pe6eHKa MeHee 6e33all.{HTHbIM npOTIfB
Henocpe.n:CTBeHHbIX BnHHHHll ero cpe.n:bI H .n:enaeT BOcnplIHlIMaeM)'IO cpe-
.n:y MeHee 3aBHCHMOH OT HaCTpoeHlIH H CHIOMHHYTHOro COCTOHHHH nOTpe6-
HOCTII pe6eH!<a. Mbl 3HaeM, IJTO B3pOCJIblH 6y.n:eT BocnpHHHMaTb .n:aHHyIO
$1I3i1'1eCKyIO o6cTaHOBKY KaK HHyIO nCHXOJIOril'lecKyIO cpe.n:y, eCJIH H3-
128
MeH1iTCH ero nOTpe6HOcTH, cTpaxH, }l(enaHHflll T. .n:. O.n:HaKo 3aBHClIMOCTb
BOCnpllHHMaeMOll cpe.n:bI OT nOTpe6HOCTeH H CTpaxoB HH}:(IIBH.D:a, BepoflT-
HO, 60JIee nonHmI H 60JIee Henocpe.n:cTBeHHafl y pe6eHKa. <I>aHTa3Hfl H pe-
aJlLHOCTb, npaB.n:a H nO)l(b, nO-BII,n:HMOMY, 60nbwe nepenneTeHbI Y pe6eH-
Ka, qeM Y B3pOCJIOro, H 60nbIlIe Y MJJa,n:IlIero pe6eHKa, IJeM Y cTapwero.
B l\eJIOM, TaKIfM 06pa30M, HMeeTCH 60JIbIlIOe IJucno $aKToB, KOTO-
pbIe YKa3blBalOT, qTO pa3BIfTHe npHBo.n:HT K .n:H$$epeHl{Hal{HH BHYTpIf
)l(1I3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa HH}:(UBHJJ:a. TaK qTO HeKoTOpble ero qaCTH CTa-
HOBHTCH MeHee npHMO B3aHM03aBIfCHMbIMH. 3TO YMeHbweHHe npHMOH
B3aHM03aBlIcHMoCTH Ha6nlO.n:aeTcH B MOTOpHOH CHCTeMe HH.n:HBII.n:a. B
ero BHYTpHJIHIJHOCTHbIX perlloHax, B OTHOllieHIIH Me)l(JJ:y BHYTpeHHIfMu
nCHXOnOrlllJeCKlIMII perHoHaMH H nCiIX0J10rIl1JeCKOH cpe.n:ofi. Mbl MO-
)l(eM BbIpa3HTb 3TO Ha6J1IO.n:eHHe $opMynoH:
(5) si uni (Ch) > si uni (Ad),
me si uni (Ch) 03Ha1JaeT CTeneHb e.n:UHCTBa pe6eHKa, Ha KOTOpyIO YKaJbI-
BaeT CTeneHb npoCToii B3aHM03aBUCHMOCTlI onpe.n:eneHHblx 1JaCTell )l(1I3-
HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa pe6eHKa, a si uni (Ad) 03HaQaeT CTeneHb e.n:HH-
CTBa B3pOCJIOro.
KpoMe TOro, MbI MO}l(eM C$OpM)'JIHpOBaTb:
(Sa) dif(Ch) < dif(Ad),
f,lJ,e dif (Ch) II dif (Ad) 03Ha IaIOT CTeneHb JJ:H$$epeHIU Ia l{I1H pe6eHKa H
B3pocnoro (CM. npHJIO}l(eHHe).
H3J'j,telieHue opzaHu3aljUOliliOU e3aUJI,(03a6UCUJuocmu. B03paCTaIOll.{ell
.n:H$$epeHl{HaIUIH )l(lI3HeHHOro npocTpaHCTBa Ha OTHOCHTenbHO 1I30JIH-
pOBaHHbIe qaCTH TaK HJIH HHaqe npemTcTByeT B03paCTaIOll.{aH OpraH1I3a-
lI,IDI }l(H3HeHHoro npoCTpaHCTBa. I1MeeTcH 06lU1He MaTepllaJIa. KOTOpbIll
nOKa3bIBaeT 3T)' pacryll.{yIO C B03pacToM OpraHll3al{HIO. 3TO OTHOCIITCH K
YBenil'leHHIO 06JIaCTH cocYll.{eCTByIOll.{HX IJaCTeH )l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaH-
CTBa, KOTopble MOryT 6bITb opraHH30BaHbI KaK e.n:HHHl{a, II Bce 60JIbIlIeH
nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHOCTH ,lJ,ellCTBHH, KOTopbIe ynpaBJIHIOTCH COBMeCTHO. no-
CJIe.n:HHll MOMeHT MbI e 06C}')K.n: anH .
Opzallu3aljUfl Momopllblx cucmeM
nCIIXOJIOrn C06PaJIH 60JIbIlIOe KOJIlIIJeCTBO ,n:aHHbIx, KOTopble pacKpbI-
BaIOT oo3pacTaIOIUyIO opraHH3aII.lIIO MOTOpHbIX $YHI<IUrn B PaJBHTHII. Ha-
nplIMep, KOHTpOJIb pe6eHKoM nOJIO}l(emrn cooeH ronOBbI II npH06peTeHHe
HM }'MeHlIH CHlI,eTb H CTOHTb; CTa.n:lIH pa3BHTIIH JIOKOMOJJ.lill, TaKHX, KaK nOJI-
3aHHe, XO)l(,n:eHHe, na3aHHe, 6eraHHe, npblraHHe; pa3BlITIIe peIJu H KOHTponb
$H3IIOJIOril'leCKHX OTnpaBJJeHHH - Bce TIO MO)l(HO paccMaTpllBaTb KaK npH-
121}
MepbI B03paCTalOll.{ell OpraHH3aUHH pa3nH1JHbIX IJaCTell MOTOpHOll CHCTe-
MbI1IJIfl e.n:IIHOH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH. OpraHH3al\HH pa3JIH1JHbIX MbIIlIeqHbIX CHC-
TeM B KOHCTeJIMUHH H OpraHH3a HH KOHCTenMUHH B nOCne.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTH
II3 HHX nOKa3bIBaIOT YBeJIiI'IeHHe .n:0 BCe 60nee CJIO)l(HbIX TIInOB. Ha TOq-
HOCTb MOTOpHOH OpraHlI3alUIH YKa3bIBaeT paC1)'ll.{aH TOqHOCTb npOH3BOJIb-
HbIX .n:BH)I(eHHH (36, 4). rOBOpeHHe npe.n:noJIaraeT OpraHH3al\lIIO OqeHb CJ10}1(-
HbIX nOCJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHOCTell MbIIlIeqHbIX KOHCTeJlIDIl{HH.
OpzaHU3alfU5l MomopHou CUCmeMbl 6H)1mpUJ/u'tHocmHblJWU pe2UOHaMU
CBH3b Me)l(JJ:y BHYTpHJ1H1JHOCTHbIMH II MOTOpHbIMH perIIoHaMH Bce
60JIbIlIe npH06peTaeT xapaKTep OpraHH3aUHH, B KOTOpOH MOTOpHbJe <PYHK-
WIH 3aHHMalOT MeCTO IIHcTpYMeHTa. CJIe1IyIOIl.{Hll npHMep IIJInlOcTpHpY-
eT 3TO H3MeHeHHe. ManeHbKHll pe6eHoK, KOTOpbIH XOqeT BbIfiOnHHTb Ta-
I<ylO MammYJIHl{HIO, KaK B.n:eBaHIIe HHTKII B IIrOJIKY, BepoHTHo, 6y eT TeM
60JIbIlIe HanpHraTb MbIIlI bI, IJeM 60nbIlIe OH cTpeMIITcH .n:OCTH1Jb ycnexa,
.n.a)l(e eCJIH npHpo.n:a 3a)J,a1JH TaKOBa, IJTO MbIIlIl{bI .n:OJI)I(HbI 6bITb OTHOCII-
TenbHO pacCna6JIeHbI, IJT06bI 3a.n:aIJa Morna 6bITb BbIfiOJIHeHa. }J;pyrHMII
CJIOBaMII, Y ManeHbKoro pe6eHKa 60nbIlIee BHYTpHJIH1JHOCTHOe HanpH)I(e-
HHe nOTpe6HOCTH, BepOHTHO, npHBo.n:HT K 60nee BblCOKOMY MbIIlIeIJHoM)'
TOHYCY. 3TO cooTBeTCTByeT npHMoll, npocToH B3aHM03aBIICHMOCTH BHYT-
pHJIH1JHOCTHOllII MOTOpHOll CIICTeM, 06c .n:aeMoll paHee.
ECJIII HeopraHH30BaHHOe «pacnpocTpaHeHHe HanpH)I(eHHH» OT BnyT-
plIJIW:lHOCTHbIX K MOTOpHbIM perHoHaM CTaHOBIITCH CJIHIlIKOM ,lJ,OMIIHHPY-
IOIl.{HM, OHO HeH36e}l(HO 6JIOIrn:pyeT JII060e OpraHH30BaHHOe l{eJIeHanpaB-
J1eHHOe MbIIlIeqHOe ,lJ,eHCTBIIe. B «opraHH30BaHHOH» 3aBHCHMOCTH MOTOp-
HbIX <PYHKII;HH OT BHYTpHJIH1JHOCTHbIX perno HOB npOHCXO,lJ,HT He 061l.{ee
YBeJIH1JeHHe TOHYca, a CKopee nOCJIe.n:OBaTenbHOCTb pacCJIa6neHHH II Ha-
npH)I(eHHH B onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX rpynnax MbIIlIIl, II OHH ynpaB.JUIIOTCH TaKHM
06pa30M, 'ITO naTTepH .n:ellcTBHH II lIHTeHCHBHOCTb TOHYca .n:OCTaTOIJHbI
1IJIfl .n:OCTH)I(eHHH eJlH B .n:aHHOll 06cTaHoBKe.
3TO npe.n:nOJIaraeT, IJTO naTTepH II IIHTeHCHBHOCTb MbIIlIeqHOrO TO-
HYca He 3aBIICHT OT IIHTeHCHBHOCTH HanpH}I(eHIDl, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{erO no-
Tpe6HOCTH, CTOHll.{ell 3a .n:ellCTBIIeM. }1.nH Toro qT06bI npo.n:eTb HHTKY B
IIrOJIKY, MbIIlI bI .n:OJI)I(HbI 6bITb OTHOCIITeJIbHO paCCJIa6JIeHbI, .n: e eCJIII
qeJIOBeK OqeHb XOqeT c.n:eJIan, Bce 6bICTpO; .D:JIH Toro, IJT06bI HeCTH TH}I(e-
J1bIll rpY3, TOHYC .n:on}l(eH 6bITb BbICOKllM, .n:a)l(e eCJIII nOTpe6HOCTb c.n:e-
JIaTb 3Jy pa60Jy Mana. C YBeJIH1JeHIIeM B03paCTa OpraHH30BaHHaH B3aH-
M03aBIICIIMOCTb, nO-BlI.lI.HMOM)', BblHrpbIBaeT B CHJIe OTHOClITeJIbHO npo-
CTOH B3aHM03aBIICHMOCTII; II nOJIO)l(eHHe MOTOpHOH CHCTeMbI KaK IIHCT-
PYMeHTa 3aKpennHeTcH 60JIee npOqHo.
OpzaHU3allUfl 6HympWlu'tHocmHblx pezuoHo6
06cy)l(.n:aH pacJyIIIyIO .n:H<p<pepeHUHalUlIO BHYTplUlH1JHOCTHbIX pe-
fHOHOB, MbI HMeJlH .n:eno C npOCTOll B3aIIM03aBIICHMOCTblO nOTpe6Hoc-
TeD, T. e. pacnpocTpaHeHHeM HanpH)I(eHHH. BnHHHHe HanpH)I(eHHH B o -
HOll CHCTeMe nOTpe6HocTeH Ha 061l.{Hll ypoBeHb HanpH)l(emlfl B CHCTeMax
nOTpe6HOCTell HH.n:HBH.n:a (2) MO)l(HO nOHHMaTb KaK TaKOe pacnpocTpaHe-
BIle. npol{ecc COHaCbIll.{eHHH O.n:HOH nOTpe6HOCTII C nOMOll.{b1O HaCblll.{e-
HIDI.n:pyrOll nOTpe6HOcTH (18), nO-BII)J,HMOMY, TaK)I(e HMeeT xapaKTepHble
qepTbI pacnpocTpaHeHIIH.
Ka)l(eTCH, o.n:HaKO, IJTO cYll.{eCTByeT BTOpOll THn B3aHM03aBHCIIMO-
CTH Me)l(,lJ,Y BHYTpHJ1H1JHOCTHbIMH perIIoHaMH, KOTOpbIH HMeeT xapaK-
TepHbIe qepTbI OpraHH3al{HOHHOll B3aHM03aBHCIIMOCTH: o.n:Ha CIICTeMa
MO)l(eT 3aHHMaTb nOJIO)l(eHIIe PYKoBo.n:Hll.{ell nOTpe6HocTII, .n:PyraH - no-
JIO)l(eHIIe PYKOBO.n:HMOll nOTpe6HocTII. HH.D:HBII)J, MO)l(eT, HanpHMep, npo-
JlBIDITb orpoMHoe }l(eJIaHHe IIoc'I)'nHTb B xy.n:0}l(eCTBeHHyIO IlIKOny. 3m
nOTpe6HOCTb MO)l(eT BbITeKaTb II3 IIoTpe6HOcTH 3aHHMaTbCH HCKYCCT-
DOM II 6b1Tb ynpaBJIHeMbIM 3TOll IIOTpe6HocTbIO. ITOTpe6HocTb noc'I)'-
mITb B xy,lJ,O}l(eCTBeHHyIO IlIKOny MO)l(eT, B CBOIO oqepe1Ib, C03.n:aTb II pe-
ryJIHpOBaTb nOTpe6HOCTb BbIITOJIHeHHH onpe.n:eneHHblx Tpe60BaHIIll, KaK,
HanpHMep, no.n:rOTOBKa K BC'I)'IIIITeJIbHbIM 3K3aMeHaM; a :no, B CBOIO
oqepe.D:b, - KBa3HfiOTpe6HocTb KYIIIITb onpe.n:eneHHbIe KHlITH B oIIpe.n:e-
JleHHOM Mara3IIHe. }J;pyrHMH cnOBaMH, MO)l(eT cYll.{ecTBoBaTb HepapxHH
nOTpe6HOCTeH, TaK IJTO caMaH maBHaH nOTpe6HocTb ynpaBMeT O.n:HOll
HJIH 60nee BTopocTeneHHbIMII IIoTpe6HocTHMII, KOTOpbIe, B CBOIO oqe-
pe.n:b, rocno.n:cTByIOT Ha,lJ, nO)J,1JHHeHHbIMH nOTpe6HocTHMII Ha cneJJ:yIO-
m;eM, 60nee HH3KOM ypoBHe.
qacTo .n:OMIIHRpYIOm;aH nOTpe6HocTb C03.n:aeTCH KOM6IIHaUHell H3
60JIee qeM O,lJ,HOll npaBHll.{ell nOTpe6HocTH. HanpHMep, IImpe6HocTb no-
CJyIIHTb B xy.n:O}l(eCTBeHHYIO IlIKony MO)l(eT HMeTb CBOll HCTOpH1JeCKHll HC-
TOqHRK B nOTpe6HOCTII 3aHHMaTbCH IICKYCCTBOM II B ,lJ,OIIOJIHHTeJIbHOll no-
Tpe6HOCTH 3apa6aTbIBaTb Ha )l(H3Hb, .D:JIH KOTOpOll pa60Ta B IlIKOJIe JlBMeTCH
no.n:roToBKOll. nOJI)"IHBIlIaHCH nOTpe6HOCTb nOC'I)'ITlITb B xy.n:O}l(eCTBeH-
HyIO IlIKOny MQ)I(eT CTaTb 60JIee HJIII MeHee aBTOHOMHOll (1), TO eCTb 60-
JIee HJIII MeHee He3aBIICHMOll OT nOTpe6HOcTell, K KOTOpbIM OHa BOCXO)J,HT.
MI,I XOTHM 3.n:eCb nOJJ:1jepKHYTb, IJTO nOnbITKa 06eCneqHTb Y ODneTBope-
HRe O)J,HOll HJIH 60JIee IIoTpe6HOCTell-HCTO'iHIIKOB B .n:aHHOll cpe.n:OBOH
CIITyal{HlI MO}l(eT C03.n:aTb 3aBIICHMyIO nOTpe6HOCTb. 3TOT TIIn 3aBIICHMO-
CTII He npe.n:nOJIaraeT pacnpOCTpaHeHHH HanpH)I(eHHH, HO 3.n:eCb O.n:HOH
nOTpe6HOCTbIO ynpaBJIHeT .n:pyraH, o.n:Ha nOTpe6HOCTb - HHCTpYMeHT .D:JIH
130
131
.n:pyroH. ApyrHMH CJIOBaMH, no OpraHH3al\HOHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb, CXO.n:-
Ha C 3aBHCHMOCTbIO Me}l(JJ:y MOTOpHbIMH CHCTeMaMH H BH)'TPllJIWlHOCT-
HblMH perHOHaMH. l1epapxlUI opraHH3al{HOHHOll B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH
Me)l(JJ:y nOTpe6HOCT MH, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, YCllJIHBaeTC B xo.n:e pa3BHTlUI.
Op2aHU3alJUJ/ nClIXOJl02U1JeCKOU cpeObl
B03paCTalOll.{afl opraHH3aJJ.lUl nCHXOJIOrWleCKOll Cpe.n:bI HH.n:HBH}:(OM
He Tpe6yeT MHOro npHMepOB. ITpOCTbIMH npHMepaMH TaKOll opranH3a-
UIIH HBJIHIOTCH Hcnonb30BaHHe HeKOTopbIX IJaCTell Cpe,lJ,bI B KaqeCTBe opy-
}:(HH. PaCTYIl.{Hll pe6eHOK CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60nee cnoc06HbIM opraHH3o-
BbIBaTb TaKHM 06pa30M qaCTII CBoeH f}JH3i1'1eCKOll H CBoell COl\HaJIbHOll
cpe.n:bI, H na opraHH3aQHH CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60nee CnO)l(HOll, oc06eHHo B
COl\HaJIbHOM none. ITpH6JIH)I(eHHe K l{eJIH nocpe.n:cTBoM 06XO.n:HbIX nyTeH,
BMeCTO npHMoro .n:eiicTBHH, TaK)I(e HJIJIlOcTpHpyeT cnoc06HoCTb pe6eHKa
pa3YMHO OpraHlI30BbIBaTb CBOIl .n:eHCTBHH B OTHOIlIeHHH Bce 60JIbIlIHX rpa-
HIIQ ero nCHX0J10rWleCKOll cpe.n:bI. TaKaH OpraHH3a HH npe,lJ,nOJ1araeT
YMeHbIlIeHHe npoCToii 3aBHCHMOCTH qeJIOBeKa OT ero 6JIH)I(aiiIlI:ero OKPy-
}l(eHlUI. .ZJ:.rrH y,n:OBneTBOpeHlUI CBOHX nOTpe6HOCTell MJIa.n:eHel{ 3aBHCHT
rnaBHbIM 06pa30M OT B03HlIKaIO.Il.{HX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB. no npaB.n:e rOBopH,
OH 6bI YMep, eCJIII 6b1 3TH 6JIaronplUlTHbIe B03MO}l(HOCTH He 06eCneIJHBa-
nllCb B3pOCJIbIM. PaC'I)'IIU1H pe6eHOK Bce 60JIbIlIe fibITaeTCH opraHH30BaTb
CBOIO cpeJJ:y TaK, qT06bI y.n:OBneTBOpeHlIe ero nOTpe6HOCTell He 6billO OC-
TaBJJeHO Ha BOJIIO CJIy'IaH. ApyrHMH CJIOBaMH, )l(lI3HeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO,
co.n:ep)l(all.{ee nCHXOJIOrHIJecKyIO J1W1HOCTb H ee cpeJJ:y, HMeeT TeH.ZI:eHJJ.lIIO
CTaHOBHTbCH Bce 60JIee BbICOKO opraHH30BaHHoii e}:(HHH ell. TaKoll opra-
HH3al\HH Hepe.n:KO cnOC06CTBYIOT onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe HAeOJIOmH H paQHOHa-
J1H3aLtHH, KOTOpbIe npIlB01I1iT onpe.n:eneHHble npOTHBOpeqallI,He c»aKTbI H
nOTpe6HOCTH B nCHXOJIOrHlJecKyIO rapMOHHIO ,lI,pyr C .n:pyroM.
B l\eJlOM, TaKHM 06Pa30M, lIepapXiI'IeCKaH opraHH3a HH )l(H3HeHHO-
ro npOCTpaHCTBa YBenHIJHBaeTCH C B03paCTOM. TaKoe YBeJIHlJeHHe MO)l(HO
Ha6JIIO.n:aTb B MOTOpHOll CIICTeMe, BO BHYTpeHHHX nCHXOJIorHIJecIillX pe-
rlloHax, B OTHOIlIeHHH MOTOpHbIX K BHYTpeHHHM nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKHM pem-
OHaM H B OTHOIlIeHHH nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOH Cpe,lJ,bI K BH)'TPlUIHlJHOCTHbIM pe-
rnOHaM. MbI MO}l(eM BbIpa3HTb 3TO 1I3MeHeHHe C nOMOllI,bIO f}JOPMYJIbI:
(6) hier org (Ch) < hier org (Ad),
me hier org (Ch) 03Ha1JaeT CTeneHb lIepapXHlJeCKOll OpraHH3al{HH qaCTeH
}l(H3HeHHOro npocTpaHcTBa pe6eHKa, a (Ad) OTHOCHTCH K }l(H3HeHHoMY
npocTpaHcTBY B3pOCJIOro. <I>opM)'JIa (6) TeCHO CB 3aHa C (2). IIocJIe.n:HHH
OTHOCHTCH K nepapXHlJeCKOll opraHH3aLtHH oT.n;enbHoll e.n:HHHUbI nOBe.n;e-
HHH, nepBaH - K lIepapxHlJecKoii OpraHH3al\HH MH.1I:HBH}:(a B l{eJlOM.
To, qTO 1JHCnO HepapXHlJeCKIIX CJIOeB B03paCTaeT B xo.n:e pa3BHTHH,
ne 06H3aTenbHo 03HaIJaeT paBHoMepHoe YBemf1JeHile e.n:HHCTBa qeJlOBeKa.
CTapIlIHll pe6eHOK He Bcer.n:a .n;eMOHCTpnpyeT 60nee rapMoHlfllHY!O nHIJ-
1I0CTb llJIH nHIJHOCTb, 60JIee CTpOro ynpaBJISleMyIO O.n:HlIM l\eHTpoM. CKO-
pee, HY)I(HO O}l(HJJ:aTb CnyCKH H no.n:1>eMbI B CTenemr e.n:HHCTBa IJenOBeKa, B
COoTBeTcTBIIH C qeM lI,Hf}Jf}JepeHl\UaJJ.lUl HMeeT TeHJI:eHl{HIO BpeMH OT Bpe-
MeHH YMeHbIlIaTb e.n:HHCTBO, a OpraHl13al{HH - BOCCTaHaBnHBaTb llJIH YBe-
JIlI'IHBaTb e.n:IIHCTBO Ha cneJJ:YIOIl.{HX, 60nee BbICOKHX ypOBIDIX. CTeneHb
opraHH3al\HOHHoro e,lJ,HHCTBa (org uni) Ha 60JIee n03.n:HeM ypoBHe Pa3BH-
TWI MO}l(eT, cne.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 6b1Tb nH60 60JIbIlIe, nH60 MeHbIlIe, IJeM Ha
60nee paHHeM ypoBHe. MbI MO)l(eM Bblpa3HTh 3TO C nOI\lOll{bIO c»OPMYJIbI:
(7) DIg uni (Ch)f; org uni (Ad).
nO-BH.n:IIMOMy, cYll.{eCTBYIOT 60nbIlIlIe HH.n:IIBHJJ:yaJIbHbIe pa3J1H'IHH
B OTHOIlIeHHII CTeneHH opraHH3aulloHHoro e.n:HHCTBa B3pocnoro.
HaKOHel{, MbI MO)l(eM, BepOflTHO, c.n:eJlaTb cneJJ:yIOll.{ee YTBep}l(.n:eHlIe
B OTHOIlIeHHII opraHH3al\UH. Ba}l(HOCTb npOl{eCCOB OpraHH3alUlll (B3aH-
M03aBlICHMOCTH opraHH3al{HOHHoro Tilna), nO-BHJJ:HMOMY, B03paCTaeT B
xo.n:e pa3BHTHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO Ba)I(HOCTU npocTOll B3aHM03aBHCliMOCTH
(TlIna pacnpocTpaIDIIOll.{erocH HanpH}I(eHHH):
(8) weight (org interdep) (Ch)< weight (org interhep) (Ad)
weight (simple interdep) weight (simple interhep)
ITO.n;B01I1i HTor nplf3HaKaM H3MeHemrn 3aBlICHMOCTH pa3JIHlJHbIX qa-
CTell qeJlOlJeKa ()I(H3HeHHOrO npOCTpaHcTBa) B xO,lJ,e pa3BHTHH, MbI npe.n:-
CTaBJIHeM CXeManllJeCKHii pHC. 12. ECTb 1JeTKlIe yKa3aHHH Ha YMeHbme-
HHe e.n:HHCTBa Ha OCHOBe «npOCTOH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTID) onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIX
qaCTell }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa H }l(lf3HeHHOro npOCTpaHCTBa B l{e-
JIOM, HBlliIIOll.{eeCH pe3)'JIbTaTOM YBenHIJemrn ,lJ,1Ic»c»epeHl\HaWfH. B TO }l(e
BpeM CTeneHb HepapXHlJeCKOll OpraHH3aQHH 3THX qaCTell )l(H3HeHHoro
npOCTpanCTBa H )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaIICTBa B l{eJIOM B03pacTaeT. CTe-
neBb e.n:IIHCTBa qeJIOBeKa, OCHOBaHHaH Ha «opraHH3al\HOHHOH B3aHM03a-
BHCHMOCTH», HeYCTOH1JHBa.
CTeneHb peaJ\H3Ma
132
MbI ynoMHHYnH, qTO B xo.n:e pa3BHTHH BOCnpHHHMaeMa cpe.n;a CTa-
HOBHTCfl MeHee «cy61>eKTHBHO oKpaIlIeHHoH». To, 1JTO BOcnpHHHMaeTcH,
MeHee npHMo 3aBHCHT OT 1I3MeIDIIOIl.{HXCH HaCTpOeHlIll H nOTpe6HocTeii
Iffi.n;HBH}:(a. 3TOT pac'I)'Il.{Hll peaJIH3M BOCnpHHTHH oc06eHHo 3aMeTeH B BOC-
npIDITHH COl\HaJIbHbIX OTHOIlIeHHH. ApYmMlI CJIOBa.VIH, peaJIbHOCTb H c»aH-
133
BbICOKaJI
0:1
1=1
i
8
o
t>
o
u@-
Ta3W1 pa3JIH1JaIOTCH 60nee qeTKO. MO}I(Ho 6bIJIO 6bI paCCMaTpHBaTb no
pa3BHTHe npOCTO KaK BbIpa)l(eHHe B03pOCIlIell.n:Hcl>rfJepeHlUI,U HH )l(H3HeH-
HOro npOCTpaHCTBa, YBenH1JHBalOll.{ellCH «,lJ,HCTaHlUIH» Me}l(JJ:y 3ro H cpe-
)lOU H YBenH1JHBaIOll.{ellCH HepapXH1JeCKOll opraHH3aUIIiI. O.n:HaKO MbI, Be-
pOHTHO, .n:OJI)I(HbI 3.n:eCb HMeTI. .n:eno C HeCKonbKO IIHbIM acrreKTOM
H3MeHeHIDI, a HMeHHO B03paCTalOIl.{ell KpHCTaJIJIH3al\Hell 061>eKTHBHOro
MHpa B paMKax }l(H3HeHHOro rrpOCTpaHCTBa l:I B03paCTaIOIl.{ell TeH)J.eHl\HeU
6bITb peaJIHCTH1JHbIM. MHp rrCHXH1JeCKH 60nbHoro IJeJ10BeKa MO)l(eT 6bITb
TaK }l(e .n:Hcl>cl>epeHl\HpOBaH H opraHH30BaH, KaK MHp HOpMaJIbHOro qeJlO-
BeIm, HO eMY MQ)I(eT He XBaTaTb peaJIH3Ma nocne.n:Hero.
nHa)l(e (32) no.n:po6Ho 06c )J.aJI paC'I}'lUHH peaJIH3M MHpa pe6eH-
Ka, KOTOpbIll npoHBmleTcH B pa3JIH1JHbIX CTa)J.HHX ero MbIIlIJ1eHIDI. OTIJa-
cm rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIll npol\ecc B 06JIaCTH .n:ellTeJIbHOCTH nOKa3blBaeT, qTO
01IHO H3 BbI.n:aIOIl.{HXCH pa3JIH1JHH Me}KJJ:y nOBe.n:eHHeM pe6eHKa H B3pOCJIO-
ro - no TO, IJTO pe6eHOK He «3KOHOMHT» CBOIl .n:eHCTBIDI B TaKOH )l(e CTe-
neHH. DbITb npOJJ:yKTHBHbIM, CTpeMHTbCH nonyqHTb MaKCHMaJIbHbIll pe-
3yJIbTaT C MIDfHMaJIbHbIM YCHJIHeM - 3TO rr03l:1l{ID1, THnH1JHaH MlI 60nee
B3pOCJIOro IDf)J.HBH1Ia. MbI )J.on)KHbI 3.n:eCb HMeTb .n:eJIO co cneuHcl>HlJeCKOH
opraHH3aUHell B OTHOIlIeHHH CBOllCTB 061>eKTHBHOro Ml1pa.
3ro H3MeHeHHe MO)l(HO BbIpa3HTb cl>OpM)'JIOll:
(9) real (Ch) < real (Ad),
me real (Ch) 03HaqaeT CTeneHb peaJIH3Ma pe6eHKa, a real (Ad) - CTeneHb
peaJIH3Ma B3pOCJIOro. O.n:Ha o MbI OC03HaeM, qTO .n:eTH qaCTO 60JIee pea-
J1HCTH1JHbI, qeM B3pocnbIe B HeKoTOpbIX OTHOIlIeHHHX; HanpHMep, OHH
MOryT 6blTb MeHbIlIe OCJIenneHbI l:I)J.eOnorIDIMH. ll03TOMY YTBep}l(,lJ,eHHe
(9) .n:eJlaeTCH opHeHmpOBOIJHO, C l{enbIO rnaBHbIM 06pa30M YKa3aTb Ha
Ba)i(HbIU acneKT Pa3BHTHfl.
B KaqeCTBe OCHOBHbIX pa3JIH1JHH B rrOBe.n:emIH pe6eHKa pa3HbIX B03-
pacTHbIx ypoBHeH MbI yrrOMlIHYJIH H3MeHeHIDI B pa3H006pa3HII nOBe.n:e-
HIDI, B opraHH3al{HH rrOBe.n:emrn, B pacIlIHpeHHH )l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaH-
CTBa, B e.n:lIHCTBe 1JeJIOBeKa H B CTerreHH peaJIH3Ma. O.n:HaKo MbI He XOTenH
CKa3aTb, qro 3TO Bce CYll.{eCTByIOll.{Ue rrOBe.n:eH1JeCKHe H3MeHeHIDI, THrrHIJ-
HbIe MlI pa3BHTH1I.
HH3KM
CreneHb e.IDIHCTBa, OCHOBaIlHOro Ha IIpOCTOll B3aJIM03aIlHCHMOCTII
BbICOKaJI
I
g-
,=::
g
o
«IJ
i
t::a.
a
HH3KIDI
BbICOKM
I
;
I
t::e
ago
Hn3KM
CreneHb HepapXWieCKOll 0PraJrn:3al.UIll
o 3paCT CreneHb e.IDIHCTBa, OCHOBaHHOro Ha
Opraml3alIlI:oJIHOH B3aJIM03aBIICHMOCTH
nOBeAeH'IeCKHe aCneKTLI perpeCCHH
PUC. ]2. CXeJllamU'leCKOe npeikma6JleHUe onpeoe.neHHblX U3MeHeHUU 6 xooe pa36umUH.
CmeneHb eouHcm6a, OCH06aHHOZO Ha npocmou 63aUM03a6UcUMocmu,
C 603pacmOM )'MeHblUaemCR; cmeneHb uepapxu'leC/«}ii OpZaHU3QI/UU Y6e.nU'lU6aemcR
n03manHO; cmeneHb 0pZQHU3aI/UOHHOZO eOuHcm6a 6apbupyem.
134
MbI Onpe)J.eJIHJIH perpeccHIO KaK H3MeHeHHe B HarrpaBJIemm, rrpo-
THBOIIOJIO)l(HOM H3MeHeHH1IM, XapaKTepHbIM MH pa3BHTHfl. 113 3TOrO CJIe-
.nyeT, 'ITO H3MeHeHIDI, 06paTHbIe TeM, KOTOpbIe Mbl rrepeqHCnHJIH KaK TH-
13S
136
J(Or.na nOHBnfleTCH HOBbIH 6paT HJJH CeCTpa. TaKOe H3MeHeHHe nponopu,HH
AOC'fyI1HbIX no OTHOIlIeHHIO K He.n:ocrynHbIM o6nacTflM B )l(H3HeHHOM npo-
cTPaHCTBe 06bI1JHO Ha3bIBaeTCH orpaHiI'IeHHeM, a He perpeCCHell. B03MO)l(-
HO, yMeCTHO 6bIno 6bI rOBOpHTb 0 perpeCCHH TOJIbKO B Tex cnyqaJIX, Kor.n:a
yMeHbIlIaIOTCH rpaHlIT(b1 )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa B l{eJIOM. MbI ynoMH-
HaJJH, qTO 3T0 qaCTO npOHCXO.n:HT, ecnH OqeBH):(Hoe COKpall.{eHHe npOCTpaH-
CTBa cB060.n:Horo .n:BH}I(eHHH COXpaHfleTCH .n:OCTaTOqHO .n:OJIroe BpeMH.
5. I1CKJJI01JHTenbHbIH npHMep pweHbweHWl peaJIU3Ma - rrepexo.n: OT
rrCHXH1JeCKOrO 3.n:OpOBbH K 60ne3HH. BpeMeHHoe H cpaBHHTeJIbHO He3Ha-
1JIITeJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH - «cnenOTa» no OTHOIlIeHHIO
K peaJIbHOCTH, THnH1JHaH MH BbICOKHX CTeneHell B036Y)l(.n:eHHH. 06bIqHO
B 3MOJJ.llOHaJIbHOll cHryaUHH YXY.lI.IlIaeTCH TaK)I(e H «3KOHOMHH .n:ellcTBHH»:
qeJIOBeK «B3pbIBaeTCH», He 3a60TflCb 0 .n:ellCTBeHHOCTH H a):(eKBaTHOCTH
cBoero nOBe.n:eHHH KaK cpe.n:CTBa .D:JIH .n:OCTH}I(eHIDIl{eJIH.
TaKoe )'MeHbIlIeHHe peaJIH3MaqaCTO Ha3bIBaIOT npHMHTHBH3aUHell.
lIeKoTopbIe aBTopbI (37) paccMaTpHBalOT «yxo.n: OT peaJIbHOcTH» KaK ca-
M)'IO BbI.n:aIOUJ.YIOCH xapaKTepHcTHKY perpeccHH. O.n:HaKO 60JIee cTapIlIHH
pe6eHoK BnonHe MO}l(eT C03.n:aBaTb CnO)l(HbIe cl>aHTa3HH, H 3TO He 6y.n: eT
CHMnTOMOM npHMHTHBH3au,HH. Ha060pOT, CTapIlIHH pe6eHOK 06blIJHO
HMeeT 60JIee CJIO)l(HyIO }l(H3Hb Bo06pa)l(eHHH, IJeM Mna.II.IlIHll. TaKHM 06-
pa30M, 60JIee cno}l(HyIO )l(H3Hb Bo06pa)l(eHHH, KaK npaBlUIo, cneJJ:yeT CqH-
TaTb npH3HaKOM .n:Hcl>cl>epeHu,HaUHH, a He npHMHTHBHOCTH.
IT03TOMY Ka)l(eTCH He06xo.n:HMbIM TIl.{aTeJIbHO paCCMOTpeTb 06CTOH-
TeJJbCTBa HepeaJIHCTH1JHOro rrOBe.n:emrn, npe)l(}:(e qeM Ol{eHHTb ero KaK CHMn-
TOM perpeCCHH. B03MO)l(HO, 3HaqeHHe HMeeT He cl>aKTiI'IeCKaH CTerreHb pea-
JIH3Ma nOBe.n:eHillI, a Hecrroc06HOCTb 6bITb 60JIee peaJIHCTiI'IHbIM. 3TO
3Ha'IMJI0 6bI, 1JTO BMeCTO cI>oPM)'J1bI (9) npHMeHHMa cJIeJJ:YIOIillUI cl>opMyna:
(9a) real max (Ch) < realllla.< (Ad),
r.n:e realllla.< (Ch) 03HaqaeT MaKCHMaJIbHyIO CTerreHb peaJIH3Ma, KOTOpYlO
crroc06eH npOHBHTb pe6eHoK, H 3TO cneJJ:yeT CqHTaTb OCHOBOll MH Ol{eH-
KH ypOBHH pa3BHTHH.
Pa3nH1JHbJe acneKTbI perpeccHH, KaK, HarrpHMep, YMeHbIlIeHHe Pa3-
Ho06pa3HH nOBe.n:eHHH H opraHH3al\HH nOBe.n:eH1JeCKHX e.n:HHHLJ" H3MeHe-
HHe B e.n:HHCTBe IJenOBeKa, COKpall.{eHHe )l(H3HeHHoro rrpocTpaHCTBa II
)'MeHbIlIeHHe peaJIH3lVIa, He CBH3aHbI }l(eCTKO, TaK, qTo6bI HeKOTopaH BeJIH-
qHHa perpeCCHH B O.n:HOM acneKTe Bcema npHBo.n:HJJa K onpe.n:eJIeHHOll Be-
JIlI'IHHe perpeCCHH B nI060M .n:pyrOM acneKTe. Pa3JIWIHbIe naTTepHbI pe-
rpeCCHH, Ha6J1IO.n:aeMbIe rrpH .n:YIlIeBHOM BonHeHHH, TeJIeCHbIX H
nCHXiI'IeCKHX 3a60JIeBaHHHX, B TIOpeMHOM 3aKJII01JeHHH unH B CTapOCTH,
137
rril'lHbJe MH pa3BHTHH, .n:on}l(HbI 6bITb THIIWIHbI MH perpeccHH. MO)l(HO
CnpOCHTb, cornacyeTcH JIH 3TOT BbIBO.n: H3 Hallero orrpe.n:eneHHH perpec-
CHH H orrHcaHHH pa3BHTHH C cl>aKTH1JeCKHM Hcnonb30BaHHeM TepMHHa pe-
rpeCCHH. MbI YBH)1I1M, 1JTO TaK .n:eno 06CTOHT B 60JlbIlIHHCTBe XOTH H He
,
BO Bcex CJIy'IaHx.
1. EcnH pa:mo06pa3ue rrOBe.n:eHHH IJeJIOBeKa HJJH 60raTcTBo ero .n:eH-
CTBHll3HaqHTenbHO YMeHbIlIaeTcH, rOBopHT 0 npHMIITHBH3al\HH B CMbICJIe
ynpollleHHH.
2. YMeHbIlIeHHe B CTeneHH Op2GHU3aljUU noeeoeH'teCKOu eOUHUllbl Me-
)l(eT 03HaIJaTh JIH60 )'MeHbIlIeHHe KOJIH1JeCTBa HepapXHIJeCKHX ypoBHeH, JIH60
.n:e30praHH3aLJ,HIO. B rrOCJIe.n:HeM CJIY'lae 1Jacm .n:ellCTBHH MOryT 6bITb npOTH-
BOpe1JaIl.{HMH. B 060HX cnylJaJIX HapYIlIeHHe OpraHH3alUlH, BepoHTHO, Hy)I(HO
pacCMaTpHBarb KaK npHMHlliBII3aLJ,HIO, KaK perpeccHIO nOBe.n:emrn.
3. To }l(e caMoe cnpaBe.n:JIHBO ,lJ,nH oeou,p,pepeHlIUaljUU U OJ/R
YMeHbWeHUJI op2aHU3al/UU 'teJlOeeKa, T. e. Tex cl>aKTOpOB, KOTopbIe CBH-
3aHbI C e.n:HHCTBOM IJeJIOBeKa. Yl'yteHbIlIeHHe opraHH3al\HH qeJIOBeKa, lUIH
nepexo.n: OT e.n:HHcTBa, OCHOBaHHoro Ha opraHH3al{HH, K e.n:HHcTBY, oc-
HOBaHHOMY Ha npocToll B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH (pacnpocTpaHeHHe Ha-
rrpH}I(eHHH), 01JeHb pacnpocTpaHeHo B Tex cnyqaHX, Kor.n:a rOBopHT 0
npHMHTHBH3al\HH qeJIOBeKa. OHH THrrH1JHbI ,lJ,nH BpeMeHHoll perpeccHH,
Ha6JIIO.n:aeMoH rrpH cHnbHOll3MOl{HOHaJIbHOCTH H B 60JIbIlIHHCTBe rrCH-
xonaTonorWleCKIiX cnyqaeB perpeccHH.
4. YMeHbIlIeHHe pacIlIHpeHHH 06J/acmu OeRmeJlbHOCmU U uHmepeca,
ne-BlI.n:HMOMY, xapaKTepHo .D:JIH Tex cnyqaeB perpeccHH, KOTopble nOHBJIH-
IOTCH, Harrpll1\tep, B pe3)'JIbTaTe .n:OJIroll 6e3pa60TlfWoI. DbillO 3aMeIJeHO, IJTO
6e3pa6oTHbIll qeJIOBeK H ,lJ,a)I(e ero .n:eTH CY}I(aIOT CBoe none .n:eRTenbHOCTH
ropa3.n:o 60JIbIlIe, 1JeM TOro Tpe6YeT 3KOHOMH1JeCKaH He06xo.n:HMOCTb. I1x
BpeMeHHaH rrepcrreKTHBa, rrO-BH1IHMoMY, COKpall.{aeTCH TaK, qTO rrOBe.n:eHlIe
qeJlOBeKa 60JIbIlIe 3aBHCHT OT Herrocpe.n:CTBeHHoll clIryalUlH. COKpall.{eHHe
}l(H3HH Boo6pa)l(eHHH, rrO-BH.D:HMOMY, YKa3bIBaeT Ha C)I(aTHe H3MepeHHH pe-
aJIbHOCTH-HppeaJIbHOCTH )l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHCTBa. TaKoe H3MeHeHHe
}l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa, npoTHBOrrOJIO}I(Hoe pacIlIHpeHlIlO B xo.n:e Pa3-
BHTHfl, 6e3}tCJIOBHO npe.n:cTaBJIHeT C060ll npll1\fHnIBH3al\lIIO H perpeccHIO.
MbI ynOMHHaJIH, 1JTO He TOJIbKO )l(1I3HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO B l{eJIOM,
HO H Ta 1JaCTb )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa, KOTOpaH Ha3bIBaeTCH npocmpall-
cmeOM ce06ooH020 OeUJlCeHWl, 06bIIJHO YBeJIWIlIBaeTCH B xo.n:e pa3BHTHH.
ITpOCTpaHCTBO CB060.n:HOro .n:BH}I(eHIDI MO)l(eT CY3HTbCH 6e3 Henocpe.n:CTBeH-
Horo H3MeHeHlIH B npoT1J)I(eHHOCm )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. 3TO Me-
)l(eT np0H30llTH, KOma IJeJIOBeK 3a60JIeBaeT HJJlI ero ca)l(aIOT B TIOPbMY, HJJlI
. CHOBa, CHa'laJIa (rjJp) (npZIM, pea).
I'OBOpHT, HBilHeTCH npH3HaKOM. HaM npHJJ:eTCH paCCMOTpeTb, MO}l(eT JIII
3TOT KOHCTPYKT, T. e. 3TO COCTOHHHe IJeJIOBeKa, 6bITb npe.n:CTaBJIeH B KOH-
lI.emyaJIbHO 60JIee TO'IHOM l!J0pMe.
06Ujafl XapGKmepUCmuKa nOHJlmUR iJurjJrjJepeHljUGllull
,[(HI!JI!JepeHIIHaIlIDI OTHOCHTCH K IJHCny IJaCTeM l\enoro. OHa BbIpa-
)KaeT onpe,D:eneHHyIO xapaKTepHCTHKY .n:HHaMH1JeCKoro l{enoro, T. e. OHa
OTHOCHTCji K IJHCny OTHOCHTenbHO 1I30JIIIpOBaHHbIX lliIlI pa3nH1JHMbIX IJa-
CTeH, co.n:ep}l(all.{HXCji B onpe.n:eneHHOM l{eJIOM, II, B03MO)l(HO, K CTeneHH
pa3.n:eJIeHIDI 3THX IJaCTell. MHT03 HHu.a Ha .n:Be, IJeTbIpe H BoceMb KJIeTOK
HJllI 60nee n03.n:HIDl .D:HI!JI!JepeHl{lIal(IDI 3M6plIOHa Ha 3KTO.n:epMY, Me30.n:ep-
MY II 3H.D:0.n:epMY - npOCTbIe npHMepbl .D:HI!JI!JepeHUHaQHH, KOTopmI MO)l(eT
6b1Tb yCTaHOBJIeHa MopI!JonOrH1JeCKH.
l(urjJrjJepeUljUGljUR, OCHOeaHHafl Ha He3aeUCUMocmu tJacmeu
K CO}l(aJIeHHIO, nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKaji CTeneHb ,lJ,HI!JI!JepeHl{HaQHII 'IeJIO-
BeKa He MO}l(eT 6bITb yCTaHOBJIeHa MopI!JonOrH1JeCKH. B nCHXOnOrHH Pa3-
JIWIeHHe 'IaCTeM BHYTPH IJeJIOBeKa H)')KHO npOBO.D:HTb Ha OCHOBe I!JYHKl(II-
OHaJIbHOro pa3,D:eJIeHIDI 3THX 'IaCTeH.
KaK Ha OCHOBe I!JYHKl{HOHaJIbHOH He3aBIICHMOCTH MO}l(HO BblJJ:eJIIITb
'IlaCTb BHYTpII l{eJIoro II KaK MO}l(HO yCTaHOBHTb KOJIH1JeCTBO TaKHX 'Iac-
TeH, CO,lJ,ep}l(all.{HXCji B l{eJIOM TaK, 'ITo6bI MO}I(HO 6bIJJO roBOpHTb 06 onpe-
,lJ,eJIeHHOll CTeneHH ,lJ,HI!JI!JepeHl(HaUlIH lI.eJIoro, - 3TO 3a.n:a'Ia, KOTopaH CTO-
HT nepe,lJ, HaMM.
l(urjJrjJepeHljUaljlUl, C6Jl3GHHGfl C npocmou esaUM03G6UCUMOCmblO, a He C
0pZGHU3aljUOHHOU e3aUM03GeUCUMOCmblO
CTeneHb I!JYHKII;HOHaJIbHOH ,lJ,HI!JI!JepeHIJ.Hall.HII, KOTopaH nplInHCbI-
BaeTCH .n:aHHOMY l{enoMy, 3aBIICHT OT THna II CTeneHH paCCMaTplIBaeMOH
He3aBIICHMOCTH.
MbI 6y.n:eM 3.n:eCb pa3nH1JaTb TOJIbKO .n:Ba THna B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTiI
'IaCTeH B l{eJIOM (CM. IIplIJIo}l(eHHe).
1. O.D:HH THn 3aBHCIIMOCTH, KOTOpbIH 6bIn Ha3BaH npocmou 3aeucu-
MocmblO, HMeeT cneJJ:YIOIl.{He xapaKTeplICTIIKII. Bo-nepBbIx, OH OCHOBaH
Ha npoll.ecce, IIMeIOll.{eM xapaKTep «pacnpoCTpaHeHIDI» OT O.n:HOH IJaCTH K
coce.n:HHM perHoHaM B COOTBeTCTBIiH C 6JIII30CTbIO. BO-BTOPbIX, 1I3MeHe-
HHe 3aBHCHMOM IJaCTH 06bI1JHO npoIICXO,lJ,HT B HanpaBJIeHHII ypaBHlIBaHIDI
ee COCTOjiHIDI H COCTOHHHH 1JaCTH, OKa3bIBaIOll.{eH BJIIDIHlIe. HanpHMep,
pacnpocTpaHeHHe HanpH)I(eHIDI 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO coce.n:HHe 'IaCTH HMeIOT TeH-
)J:eHII.HIO H3MeHHTbCH TaK, IJTO BO Bcex 'IaCTHX npolICxO,D:HT nplI6JIlI)I(eHHe
K COCTOjiHHIO paBHoro HanpH}l(eHIDI. B-TpeTbHX, 3aBIICHMOCTb 'IaCTII G OT
'IaCTH b no cym:ecTBY TOro }l(e nma (XOTji He 06H3aTeJIbHO TOM }l(e CTene-
HH), 'ITO II 3aBIICHMOCTb 'IaCTH b OT'IaCTH a.
y6e.n:HTeJ1bHO nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO pa3ilH1JHbIe aCneKTbI perpeCCIiH B H3BeCT-
HOH CTeneHH He3aBIICIIMbI ,lJ,pyr OT ,lJ,pyra. C ,lJ,pyroM CTOpOHbI, nO-BH)J:H-
MOMY, CYll.{eCTByeT HeKOTopaH CTeneHb B3aHM03aBIICHMOCTH, TaK IJTO IIH-
,lJ,lIBHJJ:, KOTOpbIll perpeCCHpOBaJI HH)I(e onpe.n:eneHHoro ypOBHH B O,IUIOM
OTHOIlIeHHH, He MO)l(eT y.n:ep)l(HBaTb CBOH npe.n:IlIeCTByIOll.{Hll ypOBeHb Pa3-
BHTIUI B OTHOIlIeHHH .n:pyrHX aCneKTOB.
npeACTaBJ\.eHHe ypOBHeii pa3BHTWI
C nOMO LIO HaYQHLIX KOHCTPYKTOB
MbI 06cY)I(,lJ,aJIII HeKoTopbIe 1I3 OCHOBHbIX nOBe.n:emeCKHX CBOllCTB
ypoBHeM pa3BIITIDI. QTo6bI 6bITb B COCTOjiHHH npe.n:cKa3bIBaTb perpeccHIO
IIJIII cI!J0PMYJIHpOBaTb HaY1JH)'IO TeopHlO perpecclIH, HO 6y.n:eT oxa-
paKTeplI30BaTb pa3JIH1JHbIe ypOBHII pa3BHTIDI 'IeJIOBeKa TaKHM 06pa30M,
'IT06bI MO}l(HO 6bIJIO nOrH1JeCKII BbIBeCTH YCJIOBIDI perpeccliH. TaKoe Ha-
Y1JHoe npe,D:CTaBJIeHHe pa3nil'lHbIX cTa.n:Hll pa3BIITIDI,D:OmKHO TaK)!(e 06I.HC-
HHTb, KaK roaHMOCBH3aHbI pa3nH1JHbIe xapaKTeplICTHKH ,D:aHHoH cTa)J:HH,
TaKHe KaK, pa3Ho06pa3lIe II opraHH3all.IDI nOBe.n:eHIDI, e.n:IIHCTBO }l(1I3HeH-
HOro npocTpaHcTBa II T. .n:.
IIcHXoJIorH1JecKlIe KOHCTPYKTbI, KOTopbIe MOryT 6bITb nOJIe3HbI 1IJUI
TaKoH 3a.n:a'IlI, HeT H)')KJJ:bI 1I306peTaTb de nouveau *. PM nOHHTHM (HanplI-
Mep, HI!JI!JepeHl(lIall.IDI) IIcnonb3YeT npaKTH1JeCKH KmK)J:bIH, KTO pa60TaeT
B :nOH 06JIacTH. He06xo.n:HMO npe)l()J:e Bcero KOHl(enryaJIbHOe npoHCHe-
HHe 3THX KOHCTPYKTOB. IIocKonbKY MHorlIe 1I3 3THX KOHl{errryaJIbHbIX npo-
6JIeM BeCbMa 1!J0pMaJIbHbI no xapaKTepy, 06C ,D:eHHe .n:eTaJIeH nOMell.{eHO
B IIplIJIo)l(eHlrn.
QTo6bI KOHl{emYaJIbHOe npe.n:CTaBJIeHHe CTa.D,HM pa3BIITIDI cnoc06-
CTBOBaJIO BbIBe.n:eHHIO ycnoBIiH perpeCCIIH, OHO .n:0J1)1(HO 6bITb C,lJ,eJIaHO C
TOH TOIJKH 3peHIDI, KOTopaH BKJIIO'IaeT IJenOBeKa II cpeJJ:y; ,lJ,pyrHMH cnOBa-
MH, C TOIJKII 3peHHH TeopliH nonH.
CTeneHb AH4>4>epeH:O;Ha:O;HH
AHHaMWleCKOrO :o;eJ\.oro
MbI Ha'IHeM C nOlUITHH JJ:mIJ4>epeHQHaWIH. KaK 6bIJIO CKa3aHO BbIllie
TepMIIH «.n:HI!J4>epeHl(lIal{HH» OTHOCIITCji nH60 K pa3H006pa3HIO nOBe,D:e
HIDI, nH60 K .n:HHaMH1JeCKOMY KOHCTPYK1)', TO eCTb K CTeneHH ,D:1II!JI!JepeH-
l{lIal{HH IJenOBeKa, 1IJIH KOTOpOll pa3H006pa3He nOBe.n:eHIUI, KaK 06bI1JHO
138
139
1IP KO BbIpa)l(eHHbIX eCTeCTBeHHbIX 'laCTeH. TaKHe qaCTM MO}l(HO onpe.n:e-
JIlITb KaK perHOHbI C BbICOKOH CTeneHbIO B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTM no.n:perno-
'HOB BHYTPH O.n:HOll1JaCTH, HO onpe.n:eJ1eHHO MeHbIlIell CTeneHbIO B3alLl\IO-
3aBHCHMOCTH Me}l(JJ:y nO.n:penlOHaMH pa3JJiI'IHbIX 1JaCTell.
.[ijJyrHMH CnOBaMII, nOHflTHe .n:H4>4>epeHJJ.HpOBaHHOrO l\eJJoro npe.n:-
Do:rraraeT CyIl.{eCTBOBaHHe eCTeCTBeHHbIX 'IaCTell BHYTpH l{eJIoro. MbI 6y-
,lJ,eM Ha3bIBaTb eCTeCTBeHHbIe 1Jacm l\eJIoro «H1JellKaMID) (CM. IIpm1O}I(eHHe).
MbI 6y.n:eM 0603Ha'IaTb CTeneHb He3aBHCHMOCTll eCTeCTBeHHOH H1JeH-
KlI c (cell) OT coce.n:Hell HIJeHKlI n (neighboring cell) KaK bo(c,n); 1JHTaeT-
CH: npOIJHOCTb <pyHKl\HOHaJIbHOll rpaHHIUoI (functional boundary) c npo-
THE BJIHHHHH OT n (CM. IIpHno}l(eHHe).
CTeneHb, B KOTOpOll coce.n:HHe HqeHKH HBnHIOTCH He3aBHCHMbIMM,
MO}l(eT 6bITb pa3JJH1JHa KaK B O.n:HOM H TOM )l(e l{eJ10M, TaK II MH pa3nH1J-
IThIX UeJIbIX. UeJIbIe, KoropbIe He 06HapY)l(HEaIOT eCTeCTBeHHbIX 1JaCTell,
MoryT 6bITb Ha3BaHbI He.n:H4>4>epeHl\HpOBaHHbIMH.
KaK C nCHXOJIOril'leCKOH, TaK H C 6HOJIOril'leCKOH TOIJKH 3peHHH, .D:JIH
60JIbIlIHHCTBa opraHH3MOB xapaKTepHO, IJTO OHM COCTOHT I13 eCTeCTBeHHbIX
nO,lJ,e.n:HHlIII" If, 6e3ycnoBHo, 3TO BepHO B OTHOIlIeHHH 1JenOBeKa. .[ijJyrHMH
CJIOBaMH, Opraffi13MbI HMeIOT orpaHH1JeHHYIO CTpYKIYPY; CXOJUIaH orpaHH-
qeHHaH CTpYKTYPa xapaKTepHa .D:JIH }l(lI3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa B ueJIOM.
CmeneHb ourjJrjJepeHljUaljUU
CTeneHb .n:I14>4>epeHl\Hal{lIH l{enoro MO}l(HO onpe.n:eJIHTb KaK IJHCJ10
ero H1JeeK.
51.'IeHKa xapaKTepIl3YeTCH onpe)leJIeHHOH CTeneHblO He3aBHCHMOCTH
OT ee coce.n:ell. KonH1JecTBo OT.n:enbHbIX HqeeK, KOTopbIe pa3JIH1JHMbI BHYTpM
,lJ,aHHoro l{eJIoro (W), ,lJ,pyrHMII CJIOBaMH, CTeneHb ero 1IH4>4>epeHIJ;lIal{HH
(dif (W}), 3aBMCMT OT CTeneHH He3aBHCHMOCTM (k), KOTOpyIO )lOJ1)1(HbI
HMen, ero H1JeHKH, qT06bI HX MO}l(HO 6bIJIO C'IMTaTb ,lJ,ByMji OT.n:eJIbHbIMH
H1JellKaMII. 3TH .n:Ba 3HaqeHHH 06paTHO nponOpUMOHaJIbHbI.
(10) difk (W) = F (l/k)
O.n:HaKO CTeneHb .n:H4>4>epeHUHal{HH 06bI1JHO He yMeHbIlIaeTCH HenpepbIB-
HO C YBeJ1i1'1eHHeM k, HO .n:eMOHcTpHpyeT TO'IKH BHe3anHOro cna.n:a, KOr,lJ,a
k YBeJU1 L IHBaeTCji OT 3HaIJeHHH qYTb HH)I(e He3aBHCHIVIOCTH eCTeCTBeHHbIX
coce.n:HHX H1JeeK (bo(c,n)) .n:o 3HaIJeHHH IJYTb BbIllie ee (CM. IIpHno}l(eHHe).
,!J:PYrHMH CJIOBaMH, CTeneHb AH4>4>epeHl{HaIJ;HH l{eJIoro - He npOIl3Bonb-
HbIH Bonpoc; OHa onpe.n:eMeTCH eCTeCTBeHHbIMM H1JeHKaMH l{enoro. 3ro
He HCKJIJOIIaeT TOro 4>aKTa, IJTO CTeneHb .n:H4>4>epeHIJ;HaUHH l{eJIoro CBH3a-
Ha C onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMM npOH3BOJIbHO yKa3aHHbIMIl ypOBIDIMIf 3aBHCHMO-
CTH mIH He3aBMCHMOCTH.
2. 3aBHcHMoCTb, KOTopaH 6b1JJa Ha3BaHa opzaHu3al/uoHHOU e3aUMO-
3aeUCllMocmblO, npOHBJUleT HeCKOJJ1>KO HHbIe oc06eHHocTH. Bo-nepBbIx,
3TO THn 3aBIICHMOCTH Me}l(JJ:y a M b, CXO.n:HbIH C 3aBMCHMOCTbIO Me}l(JJ:y
BeJJ:yIl.{HM H Be.n:OMbIM HJJH Me)l(JJ:y KeM-TO, KTO HCnOJIb3yeT HHcTpyMeHT, H
HHcTpYMeHTOM. B TaKOM cnyqae TO, KaKHM 06pa30M a 3aBHCHT OT b, 01Je-
BHJJ:HO BeCbMa OTnil'lHO OT Toro, KaKilM 06pa30M b 3aBHCHT OT a. BO-BTO-
PbIX, OpraHl13al\HOHHaH 3aBHCMMOCTb 06blIJHO He .n:eHCTByeT OT coce.n:a K
coceJJ:y no.n:06HO pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO HanpH}I(eHHH. 3TO lI36HpaTenbHbIll
npol{ecc: TO o.n:Ha, TO ,lJ,pyraH 'IaCTb CHCTeMbl OC06bIM 06pa30M I1cnonb3Y-
eTCH B KaIJeCTBe HHCTpyMeHTa. HanpHMep, o.n:Ha H Ta }l(e nOTpe6HOCTb
MO}l(eT BbI3BaTb opraHH30BaHHyIO aKTilBHOCTb B pa3JJiI'IHbIX IJaCTHX MbI-
IlIeIJHOll CHCTeMbI. B-TpeTbHX, BH1I H3MeHeHiUl, HBJJHIOIl.{HllCH pe3YJIbTa-
TOM OpraHM30BaHHOH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH a H b, 06bI1JHO He HMeeT TeH-
.n:eHl\MH ypaBHHBaTb cocrofl:HlIe a H b. ITo.n:1JUHeHHaH IJaCTb b (T. e. qaCTb,
KOTopaH HBJIHeTCH Be.n:OMOH, HHCTpYMeHT) I13MeIDIeTCH TaKHM 06pa30M,
KOTOpblll nOMoraeT a (BeJJ:yll.{eH 1JaCTH) .n:OCTIftIb ee QenH, HO 3T0 He Be.n:eT
K 60JIbIlIeM)' KOHe1JHOMY paBeHCTBY Me}l(JJ:y HHMH.
Kor.n:a MbI 6y.n:eM roBOpMTb 0 CTeneHI1 .n:H4>4>epeHIJ;Hal\HH IJeJIOBeKa,
MbI 6yn:eM roBOpHTb TonbKO 0 nepBoM Time .n:H4>4>epeHIJ;Hal\HiI, T. e. TOH,
KOTopaH OCHOBaHa Ha npOCTOll B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH ' .
Onpeoe.TleHUe KOJlU'leCmea R'leeK e OUllall,tU'lec/{OM lje.TlOM
Onpe.n:eneHlle CTeneHH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTil .n:ByX perlloHoB. l(Ba
perIloHa a II b He HBJUIIOTCH HH a6comOTHO 3aBHCHMbIMH, HH He3aBHCHMbI-
MH. Bonpoc He3aBHCHMOCTH, B oc06eHHOCTH 1JaCTeH B QeJJOM, - 3TO Bon-
pOC CTeneHlf. MO}l(HO onpe,lJ,eJIHTb CTeneHb He3aBHCHMOCTil perHOHa a OT
pernOHa b (indep (a,b}), CCbIJIaHCb Ha Benil'lHHY,.n:o KOTOpOll COCTOHffi1e b
MO}l(eT H3MeHHThCH, He OKa3aB npll 3TOM B03.n:eHCTBHH Ha COCTOHHHe a (CM.
IIpHJJo)l(eHHe). OTclO.n:a MO}l(HO nepeHTH K onpen,eJIeHHIO CTeneHM He3aBH-
CHMOCTH O.n:HOro pemOHa OT ero 6nH)l(allIlIero oKp eHIDl.
l(urjJrjJepeHljUal/U5l npeonoJ/azaem ecmecmeeHHble 'lGClnU (R'leUKU)
eHympu lje.TlOZO,
BHYTPM orpaHiI'IeHHoro O.n:HOpO.n:HOro l{eJIoro, HanpUMep )l(H.n:KO-
CTH B KOHTellHepe, MO)l(HO npOH3BonbHO YKa3aTb .n:Be 06JIacm, a H b, KO-
TopbIe MOryT 6bITb He3aBHClIMbI B 3HaIJHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH. TeM He MeHee
l\enoe He Ha3bIBanOCb 6bI .n:H4>4>epeHl\iIpOBaHHbIM, eCJJlI 6bI TaM He 6bIJIO
I HeT JlOrWleCKom OCHOBaHIHI JJJ1H Tom, '1T06bl proJUI'lHbIe CBOHCTBa, KOTopble MI.l
C'IIITaeM TllfIIl'IHbIMH JJ.,lH npOCTOH B3allM03aBIICIIMOCTII (1IJ111 opraHII3a1.\HOHHOH B3allMO-
3aBHCliMOCTlI), Bcer,lIa 061oe,lIHIUIJlIICb IIMeHHO TaKIIM 06proOM, DOJlee ,ueTaJlbHblH aHIlHII3
nOTpe6oBM 6b1 113Y'lelllll! oco6om BJlHHHlU! Kaif\[(Om 113 3TlIX $IlkTOpOB,
140
141
EAIIHCTBO II CTeneHb
AII4J4JepeH lIa 1I1I eAOrO
B nOCJIe1IyIOlII,ell JJ:HCK)'CCHH MbI OrpaHH1JHM Halli aHaJJm l{eJIbIMH,
B KOTOpbIX Ka)l(.n:aH H1JeiiKa .n:HHaMH1JeCKH paBHa nI060ll.n:pyroH HIJeHKe, B
lIaCTHOCTIl no CTeneHlI He3aBIICHMOCTII (bo (c,n)) OT coce.n:HHX KJIeTOK.
I1pII HaJJH1JIIII O,lJ,IIHaKoBoro KOJ1I1'leCTBa HIJeeK II eCJIII IICX0.n:IITb H3
TOro, IJTO JII06ble .n:Be coce.n:HHe flIJeHKII 06HapY)l(HBaIOT o.n:HHaKOByIO CTe-
neHb He3aBHCHMOCTH no BceMY 061>eMY l{eJIoro, CTeneHb e.n:HHCTBa l{eno-
ro OIJeBll.n:HO TeM MeHbIlIe, IJeM 60nbIlIe CTeneHb He3aBllCHMOCTH coce.n:-
HHX HIJeeK (CM. I1pHJIO}l(eHHe).
MO)I(HO 6bIJJO 6bI O}KHJI.aTb, IJTO e.n:HHCTBO uenoro 6y.n:eT YMeHbIlIaTbCH
C )'BenH1JeHHeM JJ:H<p<l>epeHl{lIaI,{Hll, TO eCTb C YBeJIH'IeHl1eM 'IHCna H'IeeK.
3TO, o.n:HaKO, He BnonHe BepHO.
)J,a)l(e B cJJY'Iae O.n:HHaKOBOll CTeneHH He3aBHCHMOCTH Ka)l(.n:OH ji1JeH-
J(II OT ee coce.n:a )'BeJIH1leHHe '1IICJIa KJIeTOK He 06H3aTenbHO Be,lJ,eT K YMeHb-
meHHIO e.n:HHCTBa l{eJ1oro. HanpHMep, CTeneHb ,lJ,H<l><l>epeHl{HaUHII l{eJIoro
W' Ha pHC. 13 paBHHeTCji 6, Tor.n:a KaK creneHb ,lJ,H<l><l>epeHl\Hal\Ull W" paB-
HHeTCH 12. TeM He MeHee CTeneHb e.n:HHCTBa 060HX l{enbiX O,lJ,HHaKoBaH.
)J,pyrllMll CJIOBaMH, e,lJ,HHCTBO ueJIoro 3aBIICIIT He TOJIbKO OT CTeneHIl He-
3aBllCHMOCTH Ka)I(,lJ,OH H1JeHKH II KOJJH1JeCTBa H1JeeK, HO II OT TOro, KaK crpyn-
nHpOBaHbI 3TH H1JeHKH, TO eCTb OHO 3aBIICIIT TaK)I(e OT CTPYKTYpbI ueJ1oro.
ITpe.n:CTaBJIeHHe 0 TOM, IJTO paC1)'ll\HH pe6eHOK 06Hap HBaeT )'BeJIH-
lIeHIle JI.H<l><l>epeHl\UaUIIH, OT1JacTH OCHOBaHO Ha HaOJIIO.n:eHHli, 'ITO e.n:HHCTBO
pac1)'III:ero pe6eHKa, nOCKOJIbK)' OHO OCHOBaHO Ha npOCTOH 3aBHCHMOCTH (pac-
npOCTpaHeHHH), no-BHJI.HMOMY, YMeHbIlIaeTCH. MbI 06c .n:anH MHO)l(eCTBO
cIIMnTOMoB, KOTopbIe YKa3blBaIOT Ha TaKOe 113MeHeHUe. ,Z:(IDr TeopllH perpec-
CHH cyIl.{eCTBeHHO Ba)l(HO onpe,lJ,eJIHTh KOHUemyanbHoe OTHOIlIeHHe Me)K)l:j'
CTeneHbIO .D:H<l><l>epeHl{HaUIIH l{eJIoro II CTeneHbIO ero e1lHHCTBa.
OnpeOeJlel/ue cmenel/U eouHcmea ljeJl020. TepMlIH «lIllHaMH1JeCKOe
e.n:HHcTBO l{eJIoro» OTHOCHTCH K CTeneHll, B KOTOpOll COCTOHHHe O.n:HOH
IJaCTH BHYTpH l{enoro 3aBHCHT OT COCTOjiHHH .n:pyrHX IJaCrell :noro l\eJIo-
roo rOBOpHT, 1JTO e.n:HHCTBO l{eJIoro 60JIbIlIe, KOr,lJ,a CTeneHb B3aHM03aBII-
CHMOCTH ero IJaCTeH HaH6oJIbIlIafl.
cI>OpMaJJbHO e}:(UHcTBO MO}l(HO onpe.n:eJIllTh HeCKOnbKHMH pa3nH1JHbI-
MH cnoc06aMII (HanpHMep, CCbIJJaHCb Ha Cpe,lJ,HIOIO 3aBHClIMOCTb '1aCTell).
MbI 6y.n:eM onpe,lJ,eJIHTb CTeneHb e,lJ,HHCTBa QeJIoro KaK MUl/UMGJlbl/YIO 3a-
BHCHMOCTb JII060H IJac-rn x OT JII060ll JI.Pyroll1JaCTll y. )J,pyrHMH CJIOBaMH,
MbI 6y.n:eM lI3MepHTb CTeneHb npocTOro e.n:HHCTBa ueJIoro (si uni (W})
(simple unity of a whole) CTeneHblO 3aBIICHMOCTiI (dep) (dependence) ero
HaHMeHee 3aBHCHMbIX qaCTeH.
(II) si uni (W) = depmin (x, y)
3TO onpe.n:eJIeHHe e,lJ,HHCTBa l{eJIoro W no.n:pa3YMeBaeT, 1JTO eCJIH co-
CTOflHHe JII060ll '1aCTH H3MeHHeTCH B CTeneHH, 60JIbllIeH, '1eM CTeneHb, onpe-
,lJ,enHlOIl{aH e}:(HHCTBO l{eJIoro, TO 3TO 3aTparHBaeT Ka)l(JJ:y!O 1JaCTh l{enoro.
IToHHTlle CTeneHH e.n:lIHCTBa MO}l(eT 6bITb Hcnonb30BaHO He TOJIbKO
1IJIH .n:H<l><l>epeHUHpOBaHHbIX, HO H JI..llil He,lJ,II<l><l>epeHUHpOBaHHbIX l{enbIX II
JI..llil np0l13BOnbHO onpeJI.eneHHbIX l{eJIbIX (co.n:ep>KaIl.{HX}:(Ba HJIH 60JIee He-
CBH3aHHbiX perHOHa). O.D:HaKO MO)l(HO onpe,lJ,enHTb «eCTeCTBeHHbIe» l{e-
JIble C nOMOll.{blO MeTo.n:a, CXO,lJ,HOro C TeM, KOTOpbIH IIcnonb3YIOT JI..llil onpe-
,lJ,enemrn H1JeeK (CM. I1pHJIO)l(eHHe).
Eoul/cmeo ljeJl020, e20 ou</JrPepel/ljualjU5l U e20 ouaMemp. KaKOBa
3aBHCHMOCTb Me)K)l:j' e,lJ,HHCTBOM l{eJIoro, onpe.n:eJIHeMoro TaKHM 06pa30M,
II ero CTeneHbIO .n:II<l><l>epeHl\Ual{HH? ,[(pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, KaKOBa 3aBHCII-
MOCTb Me}l(JJ:y reM, HaCKOJIbKO TeCHO COCTOHHHe O.n:HOH H1JellKH BHYTpH
l{eJIoro 3aBHCHT OT COCTOHHlUI J1I060ll,lJ,pyroH H1JellKII l{eJIoro, H KOnH1Je-
CTBOM H1JeeK, co.n:ep)l(amHXCH B 3TOM l{eJIOM?
142
PUC, 13, l(eHmpaJ/bHble u nepucjJepU'IeCKUe CJ/OU lleH020 W' -ljeHOe C OOHOU ljeHmpaJ/b-
HOU U UlecmblO nepucjJepU'IeCKUMU R'IeUKGMU: 1 - ljemnpaJ/bHaR R'IeUKa; 2-6 - nepucjJe-
pu'lecKUe R'IeuKU. W": ljeJ/oe C OOHOU '1eHmpaJ/bHOU U OeeHaOljamblO nepucjJepu'IecKUMu
s/'1eUKGMU: 1 -ljeHmpaJ/bHaJ/ R'IeUKa; 2 - nepucjJepu'IecKUe R'IeUKU, W" 60Hee oucjJcjJe-
peHljupOeQ1/o, '1eM W', HO cmeneHb npocmo2o eouHcmea o6oux 1je. bIX OOUHQKOea.
£OJIee no.n:po6Hoe 06C}')K,lJ,eHHe B I1pHJIO}l(eHHH nOKa3bIBaeT, IJTO
C-rpyK'I)'pHbIH <paKTOP, KOTOpbIH HBJVIeTCH peIlIaIOlIUIM 1IJIH e.n:HHCTBa ue-
JIoro, - :no MaKCHMa.m,Hoe «ro,lJ,oJIOrHIJeCKOe pacCToHHlle» (26) Me>KJIY mo-
143
6b1MH .n:BYMSI fl'IeHKaMH BHYTPH l{eJ1oro (l13MepSIeMOe Ml1Hl1ManbHbIM KO-
J1illJeCTBOM IlIaroB OT O.n:HOH HIJeHKH .n:0 .n:pyroH). Mbl 6y.n:eM Ha3blBaTb 3TO
MaKCI1MaJ1bHOe paCCTOHHl1e Me}l(JJ:y nI06bIMH .n:BYM9 HIJeHKaMH Qenoro
(e::;) ({.n: l1aM eTpOM» l{enoro.
Ecnu HIJeHKH l\eJIoro B .D:PyrHX OTHOIlIeHHHX paBHbl, CTerreHb e,lJ,HH-
CTBa l\eJIoro 06paTHO npOrrOpJJ.IlOHanbHa CTeneHl1 He3aBl1CHMOCTH coce.n:-
HHX IJeeK H .n:HaMeTpy l{enoro.
(12) si uni (W) = F ( ",,(... m ) '
ex:.y
YeeRll'lUealOll/aJlCll He3aeUCw,IOClnb ll'leeK e xooe pa3ewnull. )J,OJ]}l(-
HO 6bITb B03MO)l(HbIM CB5l3aTb )'MeHbIlIalO'Il.{eeCH e.n:I1HCTBO IJenOBeKa B xo.n:e
pa3BHTlifl C ero B03paCTaIOllieH ,lJ,HI!JI!JepeHuual{HeH, HnH, BepHee, ero .n:H-
aMeTpoM. Ha caMOM ,lJ,eJ1e, O}:(HaKO, HMeeT 3HaIJeHHe .n:ononHHTenbHbIH l!JaK-
TOp. Hccne.n:oBaHHe KYHllHa (22) no COHaCbIll.{eHHIO JIIO.n:ell O.n:HOro rrCH-
xonOrH1JeCKOrO, HO pa3HOro xpOHOnOnllJeCKoro B03pacTa rrOKa3bIBaeT, IJTO
nlO.n:H, HMelOll.{He Cxo.n:HbIe CTeneHH .n:11I!JI!JepeHQUal\Hii, MorYT TeM He Me-
Hee pa3nH1JaTbCH B OTHOIlIeHHH CTeneHH He3aBHCHMOCTl1 COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IIliIX perHOHOB BHYTPH 1JenOBeKa. 31'0 Hccne.n:OBaHHe - ell.{e O.n:HO YKa3a-
HHe Ha pacTYll.\YIO He3aBHCHMOCTb coceJJ:HHX HIJeeK, lUIlf, KaK roBOpHT
KYHlIH, pacTYll.\YIO C B03paCTOM pHrH.n:HOCTb HH}:(HBHlla.
C pa3nil'lHbIMH COCTOHHlISIMH HanpH}I(eHHH coce.n:HHX H1JeeK MO}l(HO
COOTHeCUI onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe CHJIbI Ha rpaHMl{e Me}l(JJ:y HIJeHKaMH. MOIl.{HOCTb
3THX CHJI 6yn,eT 3aBHceTb OT CTeneHH pa3JIH1JHH 3THX COCTOHHHll. CTeneHb
He3aBHClIMOCTH )J,BYX coce.n:HHX H1JeeK MO)l(HO B TaKOM cnyqae CIJHTaTb
CBH3aHHOH C MaKCHMaJIbHbIM paJJIiI'IHeM B HanpH)I(eHHH, KOTopoe MO)l(eT
y.n: e p)l(I1BaTb rpaHHl{a. ,lJ,pyrHMH CJ10BaMH, ee MO}l(HO COOTHeCTH C MaKCl:[-
ManbHblM pa3JIH1JHeM Me)l(.D.Y MO'll.{HOCTblO CHJI Ha Ka)l(}:(OH CTOpOHe rpa-
HHl{bI, HJIH C TeM, 'ITO MO)l(HO Ha3BaTb MaKCHManbHOll MOIl.{HOCTbIO pe-
3YJIbTHpyIOIlI 1X norpanWlHblX CUJI.
3TO npe.n:CTaBJIeHHe n03BOJUIeT c.n:enaTb yn,06nyIO 4xJPMYJIHpOBK)' OT-
HOCHTenbHOCTH 3aBHCHMOCUI: }:(Be H1JeliKH BHYTpH l{eJIoro MOryT 6b1Tb 3aBH-
CHMbI B OTHOIlIemm CHJIbHbIX pe3YJIbTHpYIOIl.{HX norpaHHIJHbIX CIL'! H He3a-
BHCHMbl B OTHOllieHIlli 60JIee CJIa6bIX CIL'!. 3TO npe,n,rronaraeT, IJTO creneHb
.n:HI!JI!JepeHl\Harum .n:aHHoro l{eJIoro - 06paTHafl 4>YHKJJ.lliI MOllUIOCTH CIUI, no
OTHOllIeHl1!O K !\."()TOPbIM H1JellKH .n:OJDKHbI 6bITb He3aBHCHMbI (CM. 1!J0pl\tyny
13 a). ,lJ,pynL.\1H CJIOBaMH, MI.I O}l(l1.n:aeM .n:e,lJ,l1I!JI!JepeHl\HaIJ;lOO (perpeCClIIO),
KorJJ:a pe3ynbTHp}lOIllHe ClliThI CJIHlIlKOM BemlKH (CM. npHJIO)l(eHHe).
CTpaTHcpHKa:q;ml:
:q;eHTpaAbHLIe H rrepH4JepH'IeCKHe CAOH;
BHYTpeHHHe H BHeWHHe CAOH
Qepe3 nOHHTHH, KOTOpble 06CY)l(.n:anHCb .n:o CHX nop, BHYTpH Qenoro
MO)l(HO BblJJ:eJIlfTb pa3JIWlHbIe CJ10H. ITCHX0J10rIl Hcnonb30Banlf nOHHTHe
CJIOeB, B IJaCTHOCTH roBOpH 0 60JIee l\eHTpanbHblX R60JIee nepml)epWlec-
KID{ CnOHX. 3TO pa3rpaHiI'IeHHe OKa3anOCb .n:OBonbHO Ba)l(HbIM B CBH3H C
nOTpe6HOCTHMH H npH paCCMOTpemIH no.n:aTnHBOCTH IJeJIOBeKa.
MO)l(HO BblJJ:enHTb }:(Ba THna CJ10eB, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha pa3JIiI'IHblX xa-
paKTepHCTHKax. MbI CHOBa orpaHiI'IHM 06CY)l(,[(eHHe CaMbIM npOCTblM cny-
IJaeM, Koma Bee H1JeHKH BHYTpH l{enoro HMeIOT o.n:HHaKOBbIe .n:HHaMWle-
CKHe CBOHCTBa.
l(eHlnpa!lbHbIe u nepucpepU'leCKlie CROU. MaKCHM,UIbHoe paCCTOfl-
m(1X
HHe OT HIJeHKH C lJ,0 nI060ll.n:pyroll SI1JeHKH Y BHYTPH l\enoro (ex,y ) 06b1IJ-
HO He o.n:HHaKOBO .n:JIH Ka}l(.n:Oll HIJeHKU. OT HeKOTopbIX HIJeeK MO)l(HO
.n:OCTiI'Ib J1I060H .n:pyroH HIJellKH 3a OTHOCIITeJ1bHO He60JIbIlIOe KOnH1JeC-
TBO IlIarOB. HanpHMep, .n:ml HIJellKH 1 Ha pHC. 13 3TO MaKCHManbHoe
paCCTOHHHe paBHo 1; ,lJ,nH nI060H,lJ,pyroH H'IeHKH OHO paBHo 2. Te H'IeH-
KH BHYTPH l{eJIoro, JJ:ml KOTOpbIX 3TO paccToHHHe paBHo .n:HaMeTpy l{e-
noro, 6YJJ:yT Ha3bIBaTbCfl nepHI!JepHIJeCKHMll HIJeHKaMI1, a HX cOBoKyn-
HOCTb - neplfl!JepHlJeCKHM CJIOeM QeJIoro. HaIJI1HaH C 3Toro nepllI!Je-
pH1JeCKOrO cnoH, MbI MO}l(eM BbIJJ:eJIllTb Bce 60nee l{eHTpanbHbIe CJIOll
(CM. rIpHJIO)l(eHlle). Ha pllC. 13 caMbIM l{eHTpanbHbIM cnoeM SIBJ1fleTCH
H1JellKa 1.
BCJIe.n:CTBHe cBoeH n03lll{HH l{eHTpaJIbHaSI HIJellKa HBJIfleTCH cpaBHH-
TeJIbHO 60nee BJIHHTeJIbHOll, 'IeM nepHipepHIJeCKaH H1JellKa. Ml1HHManbHOe
H3MeneHIfe H1JeHKlI, He06xo.n:HMoe .D:JIH TOro, IJT06bI OKa3aTb BJIHHHHe Ha
J1I06YIO .n:pyryIO H1JeifKy, MeHbIlIe B l{eHTpanbHOH H1JeHKe. TaKHM 06pa30M,
COCTOHHl1e l\enoro 60JIbIlIe 3aBHCHT OT COCTOHHHH QeHTpanbHblx SI1JeeK.
B TO )l(e caMoe BpeMH l\eHTpanbHbIe HIJeHKH, B cpe.n:HeM, JIerIJe no.n:-
BepralOTcSI B03.n:ellCTBHIO 113MeHeHHH B nI060M MeCTe l{enoro. TaKHM 06-
pa30M, OHH 60nee «'I)'BCTBlITenbHbD> K COCTOHHfIIO uenoro.
OIJeBH.n:Ho, IJTO 3TH ljJaKTbI MO}l(HO CBJnaTb C HeKOTopblMH CBOIlCTBa-
MIl, 06bIIJHO npHlIllCbIBaeMblMu nCHXOJIOril'leCKI1 60nee l\eHTpanbHbIM
cnOHM. CneJJ:yeT, o.n:HaKO, nOJJ:1JepKH)'Tb, 'ITO 3.n:eCb Mbl I1MeeM .n:eno He C
OTHOllieHueM ynpaBJIHIOll.{ero H ynpaBJmeMoro, a, CKopee, C OTHOCI1Tenb-
HOll 3HaIJHMOCTbIO, OCHOBaHHOH Ha npOCTOH B3al1M03aBI1CI1MOCTH.
144
145
PUC. 14. BHeulHue U 6/lympeHHue
CJlOU '1eJ/OZO. BHeulHuii CJloii
cooepJICUm R'leiiKU
1,2, 3, 10, 18, 17, 16, 13, 5, 4;
nep6blii 611)impeHHUii CJloii
codepJICum R'leiiKU
6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 14; 6mopoii
611ympelilluii CJloii cooepJICum
R'leiiKlI 11. 12.
HeOAHopoAHOCTb H MHOroo6pa3He
COCTOSlHHSI B qeJ\.OM
O.n:HOH H3 BbI.n:aIOIl.{HXCfl nOBe.n:eH1JeCKHX xapaKTepl1CTHK pa3BHTIDI
HBJDleTCH, KaK MbI BlmeJIH, B03paCTaIOlII,ee pa3H006pa3He nOBe.n:eHIDI. C
TOlIKH 3peHlIR .n:HHaMHKH 60JIbIlIee pa3Ho06pa3He nOBe.n:eHIDI HY)I(HO 6y-
11.eT CBH3aTb C 60JIbIlIHM MHoro06pa3lleM naTTepHOB COCTOHHHH, KOTOpbIe
MOryT 6bITI> peanll30BaHbI B ,lJ,aHHOM OpraHH3Me.
OOHOpOOHocmb, ouq)(jJepeHlfUaljU5l U eouHcm6o tjeJ/o20. BbICOKOJJ:U<}>-
<}>epeHUHpOBaHHoe l{eJIOe MO}l(eT 6bITb 01IeHb O.n:HOpO.n:HbIM: HanpHMep,
COCTOHHlle Hanpfl>KeHIDI Ka)I(.n:Oll H1JeHKH MO}l(eT 6bITb o.n:ImaKoBO no Bce-
MY o61>eMY l{enoro. O.n:HaKO cymecTBYeT CBH3b Me)l(JJ:y MaKCHManbHbIM Pa3-
nHIJlIeM B COCTOHHHH J1I06bIX .D:Byx H1JeeK H onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMII aCneKTaMII
11.H<}><}>epeHUHaQHlJ l{eJIoro. EOJ1ee nO,lJ,p06HOe 06CY)I(.n:eHHe nOKa3bIBaeT
(CM. IIpHnO}l(eHHe), IJTO MaKCHManbHaH Heo.n:HOpO,lJ,HOCTb BHYTpH l{eJ10ro,
TO eCTb caMoe 60nbIlIoe pa3JIHlJlIe COCTOHHIDI J1I06bIX ,lJ,BYX lIaCTell, TeCHO
CBH3aHa C ero ,lJ,HaMeTpOM H CTeneHblO He3aBHCHMOCTH COCe,lJ,HHX HIJeeK.
MaKCHMaJIbHafl Heo.n:Hopo.n:HOCTb - 06paTHaH <}>YHKl{IDI eJJ:UHCTBa l{enoro.
MH02006pmue nammepH06. KOJIHlJecTBO naTTepHOB COCTOHHHH, KO-
TopbIe MOryT 6bITb peanlI30BaHbI BHYTpH ,lJ,aHHoro l{enoro, 3aBIICHT OT CTe-
neHH He3aBHCHMOCTH H1JeeK, OT ,lJ,HaMeTpa H, KpOMe TOro, OT KOnil'leCTBa
H1JeeK, TO eCTb CTeneHH .n:H<}><}>epeHUHal{HH l{eJIoro (CM. IIplIJIo}l(eHlle).
Hallie 06cY)I(.n:eHHe rornaMHlJeCKHX l{eJIbIX 11.0 CIfX nop OIIHpanocb Ha
11.0BOJIbHO 06II.{He CBOllCTBa. QTo6bI CBSl3aTb 3TH CBOllCTBa C .n:eHCTBHTeJIb-
HbIM nOBe.n:eHHeM IJeJIOBeKa, He06xo,lJ,HMO paCCMoTpeTb 60nee KOHKpeTHbIe
xapaKTepllCTHKH opraHH3Ma. B cnyqae 60JIbillHHCTBa opraHH3MoB MO}l(HO
I'OBOpHTb 0 lIeM-TO Bpo.n:e HOpMa.JIbHOro COCTOHHIDI. C 6HOnOril'leCKOH H
nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOll TOlIeK 3peHIDI cymeCTBYJOT orpaHHlJeHHH ,lJ,JIH 1I3MeHe-
HHH COCTOHHIDI H1JeHKH, 3a npe,lJ,eJIaMH KOTOpbIX rpallIfUa Me}l(JJ:y H1JeHKaMll
IIJIH caMH HIJeHKH 6YJJ:yT pa3pYIlIeHbI II opraHH3M nom6HeT. 3TOT <}>aKT or-
paHHlJHBaeT H3MeHeHHe B COCTOHHHII H1JeHKII }l(HBOro uenoro CpaBHHTenb-
HO Y3KHM .n:Hana30HOM II IJeTKHMH a6COJIIOTHbIMH ypOBHHMH. OH 3a.n:aeT
OIJeHb IJeTKHe orpaHII'IeHHH MHOroo6pa3lIIO naTTepHoB, KOTopbIe MOryT 6bITb
peanII30BaHbI BHYTpII OpraHlI3MeHHoro l{eJIoro.
EcnH HIJellKa IIJIH 60nbIlIaH IJaCTb l{enoro y.n:ep)l(HBaeTcH Ha <}>HKCII-
pOBaHHOM ypoBHe BHeIlIHHMH BJIIDIHIDIMH Hnll TaKlIMII <}>aKTOpaMI1, KaK
nOTpe6HocTb B HanpH}I(eHHH, MHoro06pa3He B03MO}l(HbIX naTTepHoB
)'MeHbIlIaeTcH. ,[(pyrHMll CJIOBaMII, rH6KoCTb H 60raTCTBO nOBe,lJ,eHIDI CHll-
>KaIOTCH. CTeneHb YMeHbilieHIDI MHOro06pa3ID1 naTTepHoB 3aBHCHT ,lJ,JIH
CTeneHb e.n:llHcTBa l{eHTpaJ1bHoro CJIOH, B3HTOro caMoro no ce6e,
60nbIlIe, IJeM e.n:llHCTBO l{eJIoro (ecnH 3TO l{eJIoe I1MeeT TaK}I(e nepH<}>e-
pllIJeCKl1e H'leHKll).
BHympeHHue U eHeULHue CJ/OU. CreneHb QeHTpanbHOCTH H1JellKH CBfl-
3aHa C BOnpOCOM, HaCKOJIbKO nerKO Ha H1JeHKY B03.n:eHcTByIOT 1I3MeHeHIDI
BHYTpH l{eJIoro. MO}l(HO 3a11.aTb Bonpoc, KaCaIOll.{HllCH BJIIDIHIDI n03Hl{HH
H1JellKH Ha nO)J,Bep)l(eHHOCTb ee BJIHHHIDIM cHap H QeJIoro. Ha Hero MO)l(-
HO OTBeTHTb, BbI.n:eJIHB BHYTpeHHHe H BHeIlIHl1e cnoH. 51.'leHKH, KOTopbIe
HMeIOT 061l.{yIO rpaHllU)' C rpaHHl\elll{eJIoro, MOryT 6bITh Ha3BaHbI «BHeIlI-
HHMID> H1JeHK m, a IfX COBOKynHOCTh - «BHeIlIHHM cnoeM» l{eJIoro (PllC. ] 4).
Ha1JIIHM C BHellIHero cnOH, MO)l(HO BbI.n:eJIHTb, nOXO)l(HM 06pa30M, Bce 60-
nee BHYTpeHHHe CJIOll (CM. ITpIIJIO)l(eHHe). BnOJIHe B03MO)l(HO, lITO YBenH-
llHBaIOll.{eeCH paccToflHHe Me}l(JJ:y 3ro H Cpe,lJ,Oll, KOTopoe MbI ynoMHHanH
BbIIlIe, 'laCTiI'IHO CBH3aHO C paC1)'lII,ell CTpaTH<}>HKal{HefI lIenOBeKa B xo.n:e
pa3BHTIDI.
51.lIeHKII, HBJIHIOlII,lIeCH ueHTpanbHbIMII, lIaCTO pacnonaralOTcH BO
BHYTPeHHeM CJ1oe. O.n:HaKo 3TO He 06a3aTeJIbHO TaK; l{eHTpanbHaH H'lellKa
MO}l(eT 6bITb IJaCTbIO BHelliHero cnOH (CM. pllC. ]5).
I-it BH)'TpeHHHii
c. oii
146
Puc. 15, CJlY'laii, KOZda
ljelimpaJIbliaR R'leiiKa R6JlRemCR
'laCmblO 611elUliezo CJlOR '1eJ/OZO.
l(eHmpaJIbliblii C!lOii coiJepJICUm
R'leiiKU 3, 7, 8, nomOJllY 'lmo
MaKCUMaJlbliOe paccmoRllue 00
opyzoii R'leiiKU 611)impu IjeJ/OZO =
2 OJlR 3mux R'leeK, PM nepupe-
pu'leCKUX R'leeK = 3. BlI)/mpeH-
HuU CJloii cooepJICUm mOJlbKO
R'leiiK)l8, IWmOJllY 'lmo mOJlbKO
3ma R'leiiKa He wlleem 061IJeii
zpaHU'Ibl C '1eJ/blll/, H'leiiKU 3 u
7 - 6HelUHue R'leiiKU, HecMompR
Ha mo 'lmo OHU R6/lRlOmCR
'1 e ll m paJIbHbL'IIU.
147
,lJ,aHHoro QeJIoro maBHblM 06pa30M OT (1) CTeneHll l{eHTpaJJbHOCTll fl1Jell-
KH, KOTOpafl y.n:ep)l(HBacrcH Ha onpe.n:eneHHOM ypoBHe, (2) CTeneHH, B KO-
TOpOH 3TOT ypoBeHb OTKnOHHeTCH OT HOpMaJJbHOro COCTOHHIDI, H (3) KO-
JIHIJeCTBa 3TllX HIJeeK (CM. ITpHnO}l(eHHe). CHH}I(eHHe pa3Ho06pa3llH
nOBe.n:eHiUI MO}l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK perpeccHIO. Cne.n:OBaTeJ1bHO, 3TH
l}JaKTopbl Ba)l(HbI ,lJ,JIH nOHHMaHiUI perpeCCllH.
CTel1eHb HepapXll'leCKOH OpraHH3a HH
KOTopoe HMeeT o.n:HY, a He .n:Be HJIH 60nee KOHKYpl1pyIOll.{He «maBbJ)). ro-
BOpHT TaK)I(e 0 «,lJ,e30praHH3aQHY!» HJII1 OTCYTCTBIII1 e.n:IIHCTBa, eCJIH HC-
nOJIHlUenbHbIe opraHbI He nOJJ:1jHIDIIOTCH lUIH He Cpa3y no.n:IJHHHIOTCji no-
6Y)l(.n:aIOll.{eM: BJIaCTH BeJJ:y1l{llX perHOHOB.
Ka)l(eTCH B03MO)l(HbIM npe.n:CTaBIITb 06a acneKTa opraHU3al\HI1 C no-
MOll.{bIO CpaBHlITenbHO npOCTOll 1}J0PMYJ1bI, KaCaIOll.{eHCH CHJIbI nonH BJIa-
crn TOll IJaCTH QeJIoro, KOTopan: HMeeT I}JYHKl{flIO maBbI, OTHOCHTeJIbHO
CHJJbl nonH BJIaCTH OCTaJJbHOro ueJIoro (CM. rIpHJJO}l(eHue).
OpraHH3al\HOHHOe e.n:HHCTBO l{eJIoro .n:o HeKOTopOH CTeneHlI 3aBllCHT
OT CBOllCTB ero <<ynpaBJUIeMbIX» WIeeK, «HcnOJIHHTenbHOll BJIacTn» B TOM
CMbICJTe, KOTOpbIll HMeJI B BIUI.Y KoI}JI}JKa (21)1. OHO 6bIJIO 6bl MaI<CHManb-
HbIM, eCJIH 6bI HCnOJIHlrrenbHbIll opraH HMeJI CBOllCTBa xopolliero nOCpe}:(HH-
Ka, onpe.n:eneHHbIe Xaif.n:epoM (14), T. e. eCJTII 6bI OH COCTOIDl H3 60JIbillOro
IJHCrra OTHOCHTeJIbHO He3aBHCHMbIX qacn ii, COCTOflHlIe KOTOpbIX MO)I(HO 6bIJ10
6b1 JICrKO H3MeHlITb. 3TOT MOMeHT BIDKeH .D:JIH ycnoBHH perpeccHH.
BepmITHO, .n:eHCTBeHHocTb IIcnOnHHTeJIbllliIX opraHoB B KaqeCTBe no-
cpe.n:HuKa B03pacTaeT Ha npOTfl)l(eHHH .n:eTCTBa, no KpaHHell Mepe B paH-
HeM .n:eTCTBe. Ho KOJIllIJeCTBO maB HepapXHIJeCKOM: opmHH3al\HH, BepoHT-
HO, He .n:eMOHcTpHpyeT npocToro paBHOMepHoro nporpecca. B onpe-
.n:eneHHbIe nepno.n:bI BeCb qeJ10BeK MO)l(eT ynpaBJIflTbCH OLl,HOH maBOH, II
ero opraHH3al\HOHHOe e.n:IIHCTBO 6y.n:eT COOTBeTC'IBeHHO BbICOKHM. PerH-
OH, KOTOpbIM: I}JYHKQn:OHlIpyeT B KaIJeCTBe maBbI, MO)l(eT, o.n:HaKO, pa3,lJ,e-
JII1TbCn: Ha OTHOCIiTenbHO He3aBl1CHMbIe flIJellKH, H 3TO YMeHbIlIHT opra-
HH3aQnOHHoe e.n:HHCTBO pe6eHKa. ITo3}1(e MO)l(eT nOHBIIThCH HOBan: maBa,
a nOTOM MO)l(eT nocne.n:OBaTb .n:anbHellIlIaH .n:HI}JI}JepeHIJ;Hal{llfl HOBOH ma-
BbI H T. .n:. TaKI1M 06proOM, HepapxlfIIeCKan: opmHII3al{IDll{enOro B03pac-
TaeT, XOTji B TO }l(e caMoe BpeMH ero CTeneHb opraHll3al{HOHHoro e.n:HH-
CTBa nepHO,lJ,H1JeCKH YMeHbIlIaeTCH H B03paCTaeT BMeCTe C .n: H I}J4>epeH-
l{Ha!WeH II OpraHH3al{UeM: ero maBbl. To, 'ITO pa3BllTHe nOBe.n:eHlIH 1JaCTO
ImeT IJepe3 nepHo.n:bI 60JIee rapMOHH1JHbIX II MeHee rapMOHiI'IHbIX cTa.n:HH
(KpH3HCOB), MO)l(HO npHHHTb KaK npII3HaK npaBHJIbHOCTH 3TOro B3mH}Ia.
MbI npoBenll pa3rpaHH1JeHlle Me}l(JJ:y .n:BYMji THnaMH 3aBHCnMOCTH -
npoCToH 3aBllCHMOCTblO 11 opraHH3al\HOHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTbIO. 06Cy.n:lIB
.n:HI}JI}JepeHl{UaJJ.llIO, e.n:HHCTBO H MHoro06pa3He naTTepHoB KaK I}JYHKJJ.IIIO
npocToll3aBHCHMOCTH Me)l(JJ:y IJaCTjiMn l{eJIoro, ,lJ,aBallTe 06paTHMCH K 06-
cY)I(.n:eHHIO CBOHCTB l{enoro, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha OpraHH3aUHOHHoH 3aBncn-
MOCTH ero IJaCTell.
OTHoIlIeHHe «Be1IYll.{HH-Be.n:OMbIID>, KOTOpoe xapaKTepHO .D:JIH OpraHH-
3aJJ.HOHHOll3aBHCHMOCTH, MO}l(eT 6bITh npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHO C nOMOllU>1O nOHHTHH
«nOJIe BJIaCTII». 3T0 nOHHTHe, nOKa3aBIlIee CBOIO nOJIe3HOCTb B cou;nanbHoll
nClIXononrn, 0603Ha1Jacr cnoC06HOCTh O}:(Horo 'IeJIOBeKa lIH.lIYllIIP0BaTb CHJ1bI,
,lJ,ellcTB)'IOIl.{He Ha .n:pyroro 'IeJIOBeKa. MO)I(Ho BblJJ:enHTb cHJJY H rpaHHI.U>I nOJIH
BJIaCTH. OMH H3 Ba)l(HbI)( aCneKTOB OTHOmeHIDI Me}l(JJ:y BeJJ:y1l.{HM n Be.n:o-
MbIM 3aKJII01JacrCji B TOM, IJTO nOJIe BJIaCTH «Be1IYll.{ero» Ha.n: «Be.n:OMbIM» CHJIb-
Hee, 'IeM nOJIe BJIaCTH «Be.n:OMoro» Ha,lJ, <<BeJJ:yIl.{HM».
MO)l(HO npHMeHHTb no nOHHTHe K IJaCTHM l{eJIoro H BbI.n:eJIHTb «Be-
JJ:ymne» n «Be,lJ,OMbIe» HIJellKH, CCbIJTaHCb Ha lIX nOJIn: BJIaCTH. HanpHMep,
MO}l(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITO CHnbI, Ll,eHCTByIOlIJ;He Ha WIeHKH MOTOpHOro perno-
Ha, IIH1IYUlIpOBaHbI nOJIeM BJIaCTH WIeeI<, npHHa,lJ,JIe}l(all.{lIX BHYTpeHHeMY
nH1JHOCTHOMY pemoHY (25).
JllJeWKH, KOTopbIe ynpaBnHIOT ,lJ,pyrHMH jiIJeHKaMn, MOryT caMH
ynpaBIDITbCji TpeTbell rpynnoll H1JeeI<. MO}l(HO onpe.n:enHTb CTeneHb Hepap-
XlfIIeCKOll opraHII3aIJ;HH IJ;eJIoro C nOMOlIJ;bIO IJHCJIa CJIOeB, Ka)l(.n:bIll H3 KO-
TOpbIX ynpaBJIHeT ynpaBJIHeMbIM CJIOeM.
OpraHH3a HOHHoe eAHHCTBO eJ\.oro
PaClllHpeHHe )KH3HeHHoro I1pOCTpaHCTBa
PaMKH )l(113HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa MOryT 6bITb npe.n:cTaBJIeHbI C no-
MOll.{bfO KOHl\enryaJIbHbIX Cpe.n:cTB, pa3pa60TaHHbIx B .n:pyroM MeCTe (CM.
maBY VI). MO)l(HO BbI.n:enHTb TPI1 maBHbIX acneKTa pacIlIHpeHlIH. OLl,HH
KOHl\enryaJJbHoe npOHCHeHl1e TOro, 1JTO HMeeTCji B BHJJ:y noLI, opra-
HH3al\HOHHbIM e.n:I1HcTBOM, - He06xo.n:HMaH, HO .n:OBonbHO Tpy.n:HaH 3a.n:a-
'Ia. 3TOT TepMHH 06bl'IHO CBfl3bIBaIOT C c006pa)l(eHHHMH 0 «rapMOHHH»
HJIH «.n:ellCTBeHHocTH». XOpOlliO Oprap.JI30BaHHaH eJIJ1HHl{a - 3TO l{eJIoe,
I £Io,lI 3TUM TCpMHHOM Ko4) Ka nOHI1Macr He «maBY», KOTOpa!! BcnCT, a 'IY 4aCTI.
CI1CTeM!.I, KOTOpa!! nCnOflHJleT.
148
149
I<aCaeTCji rpaHHl{ H }J)I<p<l>epeHl{Hal\HH TOM 06JIaCTH, KOTOpaH .lVUl HH,lI,I1BH-
.n:a HOCHT XapaKTep HblHelliHell peanbHOCTH. BTOpOlll1MeeT ,lJ,eJIO C B03pa-
CTaIOll.{ell.ll.H<p<l>epeHlUIal\Hell B H3MepeHHH peanbHOCTH-HppeanbHOCTH.
TpeTHM KaCaeTCH pacIlIHpeHHH nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKoro BpeMeHHOrO 113Mepe-
HHH, T. e. paCIlIHpeHIDI «nCHXOnOril'leCKOrO npOIlIJIOrO» H «nCHXOJIOnfIIe-
CKoro 6YJJ:yll.{erQ», KOTopbIe CYll.{eCTByIOT KaK 'IaCTH }l(H3HeHHoro npOcTpaH-
CTBa B ,lJ,aHHOe BpeMH.
PerpeCCHH nOBe.n:eHHH .n:OJI)I(Ha rrOHBJ1HTbCH, eCJIH CY)I(eHbI rpaHHl\bI
ypOBHH peanbHOCTH }l(H3HeHHoro rrpOcTpaHcTBa HnH ecnH yMeHbIlIeHbI
ero nCHX0J10rH1JeCKOe BpeMeHHoe H3MepeHHe IDIH ero H3MepeHIDI peaJIb-
HOCTH-HppeanbHOCTH. KpoMe TOro, eCJIH nepepe3aHa <l>YHKUHOHanbHan
CBH3b Me}l(JJ:y ypOBHeM peanbHOCTH H HppeanbHOCTH, T. e. ecnH pa30pBa-
HO CBH3yIOmee 3BeHO Me}l(JJ:y <l>aHTa3HeH H ,lJ,eMCTBHeM, B pe3YJIbTaTe .n:OJI-
}l(HO np0H30MTH H3MeHeHHe B nOBe.n:eHHH, .n:eMOHcTplfpymll.{ee HeKOTOpbIe
xapaKTepHCTHKH perpeCCHH.
16. Irwin, Orvis C.: The amount of motility of seventy-three newborn infants,.!. Compo
psychol., 1932, 14,415-428,
17. Irwin, Orvis C.: The distribution ofthe amount of motility in young infants be-
tween two nursing periods, J, Compo Psychol,. 1932, 14,429-445,
18. Karsten, Anitra: Psychische Sattigung, Psychol, Forsch" 1928, 10, 142-254,
19. Kluver, Heinrich: Behavior Mechanisms in Monkeys (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1933).
20. Koftka, Kurt: The GrolVth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology.
Trans. by Robert Morris Ogdcn, 2 nd ed, (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1928),
21. Koftka, Kurt: Principles of Gestalt Psychology (New York: Harcourt, Brace &
Co., 1935).
22, Kounin, Jacob S,: Experimental studies ofrigidity, Character & Pers" 1941,9,
251-282.
23. Krechevsky, I.: Brain mechanisms and variability I, II, III, J, Compo Psychol.,
1937,23,121-159;351-364.
24, Lashley, K. S,: Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence: A Quantitative Study of
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150
VI. TEOPI1jJ: IIOMlI1 3KCIIEPI1MEHT
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'IHfl» Me)l(JJ:y 4>M3HKOll, COl{MOJIOrHeH: M nCHxonorHeH H .n:OBonbCTBOBaTb-
CH TaKHMH pa3rpaHH1JeHIDIMM TO}l(e 6eCnOJIe3HO.
COOTBeTCTBYlOll.{ee 06CY)l(.n:eHHe 3THX np06neM npe.n:nOJIaraeT, Be-
pOflTHO, 60nee Tll.{aTenbHoe paCCMOTpeHMe HeKOTopbIX BonpOCOB cpaB-
HHTenbHOH TeopHH HaYKH, IJeM 3TO B03MO}l(HO 3l1,eCb. HaCKOJIbKO H MOry
BH.n:eTb, perneHHe JIe}l(MT B TOM HanpaBJIeHlIM, (a) IJTO HayKY cneJJ:yeT C'IM-
TaTb c4>epoll np06neM, a He c4>epoH ,lJ,aHHbIX; (6) IJTO pa3JIiI'IHbIe 06JIac-
TH np06JIeM MOryT Tpe60BaTb pa3JIUIIHbIX cOBOKYnHocTeH nOHHTHH H
3aKOHOB (TaKHX, KaK nOHHTlffi M 3aKOHbI 4>H3I1KII, 3CTemKH, nCl1XOJIOrHII
H COIJ;HOJIOrHH) II (B) 'ITO JII06aH H3 HHX OTHOCIITCH npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO K
O.n:HOH H TOll )l(e COBOKYnHOCTiI .n:aHHbIX.
J1H nI060H npaKTlfIIeCKOlll{enH Hccne.n:OBaHH1I - a 3TO, B KOHl{e
KOHl{OB, caMoe maBHoe - HaYKH, no.n:06HbIe COl{U0J10rHH lUIH nCHXOJIo-
rHH, a6COJIIOTHO He .n:0Jl}l(HbI CTeCWITbCH HCnOJIb30BaTb Te TIInbI KOHCT-
PYKTOB, KOTopbIe OHH CIJMTaIOT HaH60nee aJJ:eKBaTHbIMH.D:JIH pemeHH1I CBO-
HX np06J1eM; H OHM .n:OJI)I(HbI fibITaTbCH .n:OCTH1Jb HHTerpal{HH, KOTOpyIO
MbI 06CY)I(JJ:aJIM, Ha CBoeM c06CTBeHHOM ypOBHe. OHH He .n:OJl}l(HbI 'lY B -
CTBOBaTb ce6H 06H3aHHbIMH HCn0J1b30BaTb KOHCTPYKTbl .n:pyroH HayKH
npocTo H3 4>Hnoco4>cKHX C006pa)l(eHHll (T. e. nOToMY, IJTO HeKoTopbIe
4>HJIOC04>HH HnM nonyJUIpHbIe Mem4>II3HKM npHMeH5lIOT nOHHTHe «MCTHH-
HOll peaJIbHOcTH» TOJIbKO K 4>H3H1JeCKHM 06ueKTaM). C .n:pyroll CTOpOHbI,
6YJJ:y1JH YBepeHHbIMH B cBoell npaBOTe, 3TH HaYKH He .n:OJI}I(HbI 60HTbCH
HCnOJIb30BaTb MeTo.n:bI HJ1H nOHHTHH (HanpHMep, MaTeMaTlfIIeCKHe nOHH-
um), KOTopbIe MOryT HMeTb HJIH MOryT He HMeTb CXO.n:CTBO C nOHHTHHMM
.n:pynrx HayK.
ITO.D:XO.n: TeopHH nomI npe.n:Ha3HaIJeH .n:JIH TOro, QT06bI 6b1Tb npaK-
TWIeCKHM cpelICTBOM Mccne.n:OBaHH1I. KaK :no BepHO JJ:JIfl J1I060ro opy-
.n:Hfl, ero xapaKTepHCTHKH MO)l(HO nOJIHOCTblO nOHHTb, TonbKO Hcnonb3YH
ero B HaCTOflIlJ;eM IIccne.n:OBaHfIH. Cne.n:OBaTenbHO, BMeCTO TOro IJT06bI
4>opMynHpoBaTb 061l.{He MeTOll,OnOnf1.IeCKHe npHHl{Hnbl in abstracto, H
npe.n:nO'IHTaIO 06Cy.n:HTb, B Ka1JeCTBe lUIJIIOCTpal{HH, np06neMY no.n:pOCT-
KOBOro B03pacTa H onpe.n:eneHHe COl{l!£UIbHOH rpynnbI. eJIb 3TOro 06-
cY}KJJ:eHH1I - He .n:OKa3aTeJ1bCTBO OIIpe.n:eJIeHHbIX 4>aKToB HnH TeopHll (KO-
TopbIe MOryT 6bITb HJIH He 6bITb a6conIOTHO BepHbIMH), HO 0630p
onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX OCHOBHbIX acneKTOB no.n:xo.n:a TeopHH nonfl B npHMeHe-
HHH K COl{HaJIbHOll nCHXOJIOrHH. IT03TOMY, 06CY)l(.n:aH 3TH npHMepbI, H
6yJJ:y BpeMH OT BpeMeHH YKa3blBaTb Ha Cxo.n:Hble aCIIeKThI B .n:pyrHX npo-
6JIeMax.
II
MbI BbI6paJIM np06JIeMY no.n:pocTKoBoro B03pacTa, nOToMY IJTO, Ha
nepBbIH B3HUlJJ:, H3MeHeHH1I B nOBe.n:eHHH, KOTopbIe, KaK nOJIaraIOT, xapaK-
TepHbI .D:JIH 3TOro nepHo.n:a, ,lJ,aIOT npeBOCXO.D:HOe no.n:KpeIDIeHHe 6HOJIOrH-
IJeCKOH TOIJKe 3peHHH B COl{HOJIOrHH. OIJeBMJJ:HO, IJTO nOJJ:pOCTKOBbIH B03-
paCT HMeeT OTHOIlIeHlfe K ceKCyaJJbHbIM ropMoHaM M onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIM ne-
pMo.n:aM pOCTa Tena. EOJIee cOBpeMeHHbIe TpaKToBKH np06J1eMbI no.n:pOCT-
KOBOro B03pacTa, O,lJ;HaKO, .n:eJJaIOT aKQeHT Ha ee COl{HaJIbHOM acneKTe. B
IJaCTHOCTII, OHH YKa3blBalOT Ha TOT 4>aKT, 'ITO nOBe,lJ,eHHe, THnHIJHOe AIDI
3TOro B03paCTa, .n:OBOJIbHO pa3JIH1JHO B pa3J1H1JHbIX 06ll.{ecTBax. . MHO)l(ec-
TBO .n:OBO.n:OB 6bIJIO npMBe,lJ,eHO 3a H npOTIlB 06eHX TOQeK 3peHIDI.
O.n:HaKO cnopbI 0 TOM, HBnHeTCH JIH IIO.n:pOCTKOBbIH B03paCT 6HOJIO-
rH1JeCKHM HJIH nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHM pe3)'JIbTaToM, npHHoCHT MaJIO nOJIb3bI.
He O'IeHb nOMoraeT M nOIIbITKa OIIHcaTb, Ha CTamCTH1JeCKOll OCHOBe, B
KaKOH CTeneHH 3Ta np06neMa HBJUIeTCji 6HOJIOrH1JeCKOll WIll nCHXOJIOrH-
IJeCKOll no xapaKTepy. a)l(e eCJIH 6bI OTBeT MO}l(HO 6bIJIO HallTH, OH HMen
6bI CTonb >Ke MaJIeHbKyIO l{eHHOCTb, KaK, HanpHMep, onpe.n:eJIeHHe CTene-
HH, B KOTOpOH HaCJIe,lJ,CTBeHHOCTh H cpe.n:a OKa3bIBaIOT BJIIDlHHe Ha YM-
CTBeHHbIe cnoc06HoCTH. MbI nO-npe}l(HeMY He nOJJy1JHJIH 6bI HHKaKOro
npe.n:CTaBJIeHHH 0 TOM, KaKHM 06pa30M TeneCHbIe H COl{HfulbHbIe 4>aKTopbI
pa60TalOT BMeCTe H JJ:pyr nponrn .D:Pyra, HHTerpHpYji peaJIbHOe nOBe.n:e-
HHe no.n:pocTKa. HaBepHoe, 6y.n:eT 60JIee IDIO.n:OTBOpHO HaQaTb C aHaJIM3a
cmyaIJ;HH B KOHKpeTHoM cnyqae. 3TOT cnyqall,lJ,OJI)I(eH 6bITb BbI6paH He
CTonbKO nO'IaCTare nOflBJIeHHH, CKOJIbKO no CTeneHH nOHMMaHHH KOHCTeJI-
JUIl{HM, THIIiI'IHOll no KpallHell Mepe AIDl1JaCTH paCCMaTpMBaeMOH cmya-
l{HM, KOTOpyIO (CTeneHb nOHHMaHHH) OH .n:aeT.
I CM" Hanpl1Mep: Luella Cole: Psychology of Adolescence (New York: Farrar &
R"nehart, 1936); E. B. Reuter: The Sociology of Adolescence, Am J. Socio[" 1937, 43,
114-427.
156
157
B OTHOIlIeHHH np06J1eMbI nO.n:pOCTKOBOrO B03paCTa, MO}l(eT 6bITb,
n0J1e3HO CHaqaJIa 06paTHTbCH K CJIY'IaHM, KOTOpbIe nOKa3bIBaIOT TaK Ha-
3bIBaeMbIe «mnH1JHbIe» Tpy.n:HOCTII nOBe.n:eHIIH no.n:pOCTKa. AHaJIH3 Ta-
KHX cmyal{HH C n03HJJ.IIH TeopHII nOJ1H .n:on}l(eH .n:aTb KaKHe-HII6y.n:b HaMe-
KH Ha TO, KaKHe YCJIOBRfl 6y.D:YT YCIDIHBaTb HJIH YMeHbIlIaTb 3TH CHMnTOMbI.
o nepHo.n:e OTpOqeCTBa MO}l(HO CKa3aTb, qTO 3TO nepHO.n: nepeXO,lJ,a.
3TO, nO-BH.D:HMOMY, nO,lJ,pa3YMeBaeT, no KpaHHeH Mepe nplI H3BeCTHbIX
06CTOHTeJIbCTBax, 60JIee 6bICTpOe HJIII 60J1ee my60Koe H3MeHeHHe, 'leM
B npe.n:bIJJ:yIl.{HH nepHO.n:. IToCJ1e .n:OBOJ1bHO Ba)l(HbIX H3MeHeHHH npII6J11I-
3HTeJ1bHO B B03paCTe Tpex JIeT 3aqacTyIO y)l(e CJ10)l(HJIaCb 60JIee cTa6IDIb-
HaH cmYaI.{Rfl. B03MO)I(HO, B03HHKaJIII He3Ha'mTeJ1bHble KpH3JICbI; HO OCO-
6eHHO B Tex cnyIJaHX, Kor.n:a OTpO'leCTBO xapaKTeplI3yeTcH OC06blMH
BOJIHeHRflMII, eMY Momo npe.n:IlIeCTBOBaTb OTHOCHTeJIbHO cnOKOHHoe lUJlI
cTa6IDIbHoe BpeMH. ECJ11I nOnbITaTbCH oxapaKTepJI30BaTb CYIl.{HOCTb 3TO-
ro nepexo.n:a, MO)l(HO YKa3aTb HeCKOJ1bKO acneKTOB.
a) MO}l(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb no.n:pOCTKOBbIH B03paCT KaK H3MeHeHHe
rpynnoBoH npHHaMe}l(HOCTH. QeJ10BeK BOCnpHHHMaJICH CaMHM C060H H
.npyrHMH KaK pe6eHOK. TenepL OH He XOqeT, QT06bI K HeMY OTHOCIIJIIICL
KaK K pe6eHK)'. OH rOTOB paCCTaTbCH C .n:eTCKHMH Bell.{aMH H cepbe3HO
nOnblTaTbCH BcrynHTb BO B3pOCnyIO >KH3Hb - B nOBe.n:eHIIH l! BO B3mH,lJ,e
Ha npoiPeccmo KaK Ha }l(JI3Hb Bo06II.{e. lII060e H3MeHeHlIe B npHHaMe}l(-
HOCTII rpynrre OT OL(HOH rpyrrIIbI K 1IPyroll HMeeT orpOMHoe 3HaIJeHIIe
MH nOBe,lJ,eHIDI IJeJ10BeKa; qeM Ba)l(Hee 1IJ1H IJenOBeKa 3Ta CBH3b, TeM cy-
II.{eCTBeHHee H3MeHeHlIe. 113MeHeHlIe B rpynnoBoH npIIHa.n;JIe)l(HOCm-
3TO «COl{HaJIbHOe nepe.n;BIDKeHJIe», T. e. 3TO H3MeHeHlIe n0J10)l(eHHH pac-
CMaTpJIBaeMOro QeJ10BeKa.
To, QTO nOBe,lJ,eHHe IJenOBeKa 3aBHCHT npe)l(,lJ,e Bcero OT ero CHIOMH-
HYTHOll rr03Hl{HH, - 3TO npocTOH iPaKT, HO Bce ell.{e He.n:OCTaTOIJHO rrpH-
3HaHHblH B nCHX0J10nm II COl{1I0J10nm. Hepe.n:Ko MHp BbIrml):UIT OIJeHb
no-pa3HoMY .n:o H nocne C06bITJIH, KOTopoe MeIDIeT perHOH, B KOTOpOM
Haxo.n:HTCH 'leJ10BeK. 3TO rrpwmHa Toro, nOIJeMY, HarrpHMep, B rrOJIlITlIKe
TaK 60HTCH fait accompli". 113MeHeHlIe n03lIlUfH, HarrpHMep nepe.n:BII>Ke-
HlIe OT O.n:HOll rpynrre K .n;pyroH, MeIDIeT He TOJIbKO CHIOMIIHYTHoe OKpy-
)l(eHHe 1JeJ10BeKa, HO 60J1ee HJIII MeHee - 06w.ylo cHryal{HIO: TO, IJTO 6bIJ10
COCe,lJ,HHM perHOHOM, J1erKO .n:ocryrrHbIM H3 rrpeL(bIJJ:yll.{ero n0J10}l(eHHH,
Terrepb MO)l(eT 6bITb pacn0J10}l(eHO .n:aJIbIlIe HJ11I He 6bITb 60JIbme .n:ocryn-
HbIM Boo6ll.{e. C .n:pyrOH CTOpOHbI, Terrepb .n;pyme pernoHbI HBJIHIOTCH
coce.n:HMH H MorYT 6bITb .n:ocryrrHbI HOBbIe pemOHbI. ITepexo.n: B rpyrrny
a
6
Puc. 16. Cpa6HeHue npocmpaHcm6a c606o0H020 06UJ/CeHlIJ/ pe6eHKa U 63pOCJ/020.
flpeocma6J/eHbl rjJaKIIIU'leCKUe pe2UOHbl aKlllU6Hocmu. J(ocmynHble pe2UOHbl- 6e3
UlmpUX06KU; HeoocmynHble - 3aUlmpUX06aHbl: (a) - npocmpaHcm6o c606o0H020
o6UJ/CeHl/Ji pe6eHKa 6KJ/1O'Iaem pe2UoHbll-6, npeocma6J/RlOllIue maKue 6UObl oeRmeJ/bHo-
cmu, KaK XOJ/CoeHue 6 KUHO no oemcKWlf mapurjJGM, npUHaOJ/eJICHOCmb K JIWJ/b'lUUleCKO-
MY Kny6y u m. O. Pe2UoHbl 7-75 neiJocmynHbl, maK KaK OHU npeiJcma6J/RlOm maKue 6UObl
oeRmenbHocmu, KaK 6oJ/CoeHue a6mOM06wIR, 6blnucbl6aHue 'IeK06 3a nO/rynKu, nOJ1umu-
'IeCK(/Ji OeRmenbl/OCmb, 6blnOnHeHUe oen 63pOCJ1bIX U m, 0,; (6) - npocmpaHcm6o
C606o0H020 06uJ/CeHl/Ji 63pOCJ/020 3Ha'lUmeJ/bHO Ulupe, xonm OHO mOJ/Ce 02paHU'IeHO
pe2UOHGMU 6UOO6 oeRmeJ/bHocmu, neoocmynHblX OJ/R 63pOCJ/020: Hanpu.«ep, OH He
MOJlCem 3acmpenumb C60e20 6pa2a WlU Y'lacm606amb 6 oeRmeJ/bHocmu, 6bIXOORlileu 3a
pGMKU e20 COlJUGJ/bl/bIX WlU UHmeJ/J/eKmyGJ/bHblX cnoc06Hocmeu (npeOCma6J/eHO
pe2UoHaMu 20-35). HeKomopble U3 pe2UoHo6, oocmynHblX OM pe6eHKa, Heoocmymlbl on1l
63pOCJ1020, HanpUMep, OH He MOJ/Cem XOOumb 6 KUHO no oemCKOMY mapurjJy UJ1U eJ1amb
6elllU, COljUGJ/bHO ma6YUp06GHHble OJ/R 63pOCJ/020, Komopble n0360J/RlOmCR peoeHK}'
(npeocma6J/eHbl pe2UOHGMU 1 U 5).
. COBeplIll1BlIIl1ficlJ flJaKT (rjJp) (npUM. nep).
158
159
B3pocnhIX, HanpHMep, .n:enaeT B03MO)l(HbIMH orrpe.n:eneHHbIe BHJJ:bI .n:eH-
TeJ1bHOCTH, KOTOpbIe paHee 6bIJUI 3anpell.{eHbI, HO KOTopbIe Terrepb COl{H-
MbHO pa3peIlIeHbI. HH.n:HBHJJ: MO}l(eT nOCell.{aTb BeIJepHHKH, HMeTb .n:o-
cryrr K orrpe.n:eJ1eHHbIM BHJJ:aM .n:eHTeJ1bHOCTH. C .n:Pyroi1 CTOPOHbI. 1IJJH
B3pocnoro CYll.{eCTByIOT onpe.n:eJ1eHHble Ta6y, KOTOpble He CYIIIeCTB)'IOT
1IJJH pe6eHKa (PHC. 16a H 6).
6) llepexo,lJ, OT rpynrrbI .n:eTei1 K rpyrrrre B3pOCJJbIX - 3TO rrepexo,lJ, K
60J1ee HJIH MeHee HeH3BecTHOH n03Hl{HH. llCHX0J10rH1JeCKH 3T0 3KBHBa-
JIeHTflO BXO}l(.n:eHHIO B He3HaKoMbIH perHoH, CpaBHHMO C npHe3.n:OM B HO-
BblH rop0.n:. 3KcnepuMeHTbI B 06nacTH HaY1JeHHH, HarrpHMep, .n:aIOT HeKO-
TOPYIO KapnlHY rlJYH.n:aMeHTaJIbHbIX pa3JIHqHH Me}l(.n:y cHryal{Hei1,
3HaKoMoH HH1IHBHJJ:Y, H cHryal{Hei1 He3HaKoMoi1. He3HaKoMaH cHryal{HH
MO)l(eT 6bITb nCIIX0J10rH1JeCKH npe.n:cTaBJIeHa KaK KorHHTHBHO HecTpyK-
rypHpoBaHHbIll perHoH. 3TO 03HaqaeT, IJTO 3TOT pemOH He ,lJ,HrlJrlJepeH-
l{HpOBaH Ha XOpOlliO pa3J1i1'1HMbIe IJaCTH. ll03TOMY He HCHO, K IJeMY npH-
Be.n:eT onpe.n:eneHHoe .n:ei1cTBHe H B KaKOM HanpaBJIeHHH Hy)I(HO .n:BHraTbCH,
qT06bI npH6JIH3HTbCH K orrpe.n:eJ1eHHOlll{eJIH. 3TOT He.n:OCTaTOK HCHOCTH
HanpaBneHHH nOJIfl - o.n:Ha H3 OCHOBHbIX rrpil'lUH THnH1JHoi1 «H3MeHIJH-
BOCTH nOBe.n:emIH», KOTOpyIO MO}l(HO 06HapY)l(HTb B HeH3BeCTHOM OKPy-
}l(eHHH. HCCJIe.n:OBaHHH COl{HMbHOro .n:aBJ1eHHH l:I BnaCTHOro H rrOKopHO-
ro nOBe,lJ,eHHH I HCHO nOKa3bIBaIOT. qTO B He3HaKOMOH 06CTaHOBKe HH,lI,HBHJJ:
MeHee CKJIOHeH 60pOTbCH HJIH .n:eMOHCTpHpOBaTb rocno.n:CTByIOll.{ee no-
Be.n:eHl:Ie. He3HaKOMaH 06CTaHOBKa .n:HHaMH1JeCKH 3KBHBMeHTHa MHrKOll
nOQBe. fuH, ecnH 6bITb 60J1ee KOHKpeTHbIM. OTCYTCTBHe KOrHl:ITlIBHO HC-
HOll CTpYKrypbI, BepOHTHO, .n:eJ1aeT Ka)l(.n:oe ,lJ,ei1cTBHe npOTlIBOpeQHBbIM.
IIH.n:HBHJJ:, He 3HaIOll.{Hll, npHBe,lJ,eT J1H ero ,lJ,ellCTBHe 6JIH)I(e K l{eJIH HJIH
}'Be.n: eT .n:aJIbIlIe OT Hee, HeH36e)l(HO COMHeBaeTCH, CJIe,lJ,YeT J1H eMY BbI-
nOJIHHTb ero lUIH HeT.
Pa3BHTHe pe6eHKa eCTeCTBeHHO nplIBo.n:HT K OTKpbITHIO HOBbIX He-
H3BeCTHbIX perHOHOB. llepHo.n:bI nepexo.n:a xapaKTepH3YJOTCH 60J1ee IJeM
06bIIJHbIM B03.n:eHCTBHeM TaKHX HOBbIX perHOHOB. BXO)l(.n:eHHe B HOByIO
COJJ.llMbHyIO rpynny MO)l(eT 03HaIJaTb HeQTO OQeHb nOXO>Kee Ha cHrya-
l{iIlO, KOma QeJ10BeK 6pomeH B KOrHl:ITHBHO HeCTpYKrypnpoBaHHoe nOJIe,
BbIHY)I(,lJ,eH CTOHTb Ha HeTBep.n:OH nOIJBe H He 3HaeT, .n:eJIaeT J1H OH «TO, 'ITO
Ha,lJ,O». H3MeHIJlIBbIll xapaKTep nOBe.n:eHHH no.npOCTKa Hero KOHrlJJIHKTbI
MO)l(HO OTIJaCTH 06uHCHHTb ne.n:OCTaTKOM KOrHHTHBHOH HCHOCTH, KacalO-
ll.{eikH MHpa B3pocnoro, B KOTOpbIH OH c061IpaeTCH Bcrynl:lTb (PHC. 17).
H3 3TOro CJ1eJJ:yeT, IJTO 3Ta H3MeHIJHBOCTb TeM 60nbUle, '{eM 60JIbIlIe IJe-
JIOBeKa He nyCKMH BO B3pocnbli1 MHp H .n:ep)l(MH B HeBe.n:eHHH OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO Hero.
B) O.n:HH pemOH, oc06eHHO 6JIU3KHi1 H Ba}l(HbIH )J,JUI HH.L\HBH.n:a,
ero c06CTBeHHoe TeJ10. C nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOH T04KH 3peHHH Teno IJeJIOBe-
Ka B HeKOTOpbIX OTHOIlIeHHflX MO}l(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb TaK }l(e, KaK em OKPY-
)l(alOll.{)'IO cpe,lJ,Y. KaK npaBHJIO, 11HtI,HBHJJ: .n:OCTaTOIJHO «3HaeTI) CBoe TeJ10.
3TO 03HaIJaeT, IJTO OH 3HaeT, LITO OH MO)l(eT O}l(imaTb OT Hero H KaK OHO
6y.n:eT peampOBaTb B .n:aHHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBax. nepl10tI, n0J10Boro CO-
3peBaHHH npHHOCHT C c060i1 H3MeHeHHH, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpblX HH.L\HBH-
.n:a l:IHor.n:a 6ecnOKOHT ero c06CTBeHHoe Teno. nOflBlIHIOTCH 60nee IfJlH
MeHee CTpaHHble H HOBbie TeJIeCHbie Oll.{)'ll.{eHHH, OHH .n:eJ1aIOT 3ry IJaCTb
)l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. KOTopaH TaK 6J1H3Ka H jKH3HeHHO Ba)l(Ha .n:JUI
HHtI,HBHlI.a, CTpaHHOll H HeH3BeCTHOH. B 3TOM cnyIJae H3MeHeHue He npo-
CTO BJ1eIJeT 3a C060ll 06bIIJHbIe Heorrpe.n:eJIeHHOCTH HOBOH II CTpaHHoil
oKpY)l(alOll.{eH Cpe.n:b1; HO, KpoMe Toro, perHoH, KOTOpbIH paHee Ka3aJICH
XOpOlliO H3BeCTHbIM H Ha.n:e)l(HbIM, Terrepb CTaHOBHTCH HeH3BeCTHbIM H
HeHa)J,e)l(HbIM. 3TO H3MeHeHHe HeH36e}l(HO KOJIe6neT Bepy IJenOBeKa B
cTa6HJIbHOCTb nOIJBbI, Ha KOTOpOH OH CTOHT, II, B03MO)l(HO, .n:a)l(e B CTa-
6HJIbHOCTb MHpa B l{eJ10M. TaK KaK perHOH TeJ1a OKa3bIBaeTCH OIJCHb Ba)l(-
HbIM H l{eHTpMbHbIM 1IJJH Ka)l(,lJ,oro. 3TO COMHeHHe MO)l(eT 6bITb .n:OBonb-
HO CYll.{eCTBeHHbIM. OHO MO}l(eT npHBeCTlI, C O.n:HOll CTOpOHbI, K
B03pOCIlIeH 113MeHIJHBOCTH nOBe.n:eHHH H KOHrlJJIHKTaM; C .n:pyroi1 - K ar-
peCClIBHOCTH HeKOTopblX peaKl{nH rro.n:pOCTKa.
TaKoe 061>HCHeHHe, rrO-BH.n:HMOMY, cornacyeTcH C .n:aHHbIMH
JI. £. MeprIJH I, IJTO He6e30rraCHbIe cmyamrn Be.n:yT KaK K OIJeHb arpeCCIIB-
HOMY, TaK H K OIJeHb Yfl3BIIMOMY nOBe.n:eHHIO. rH6enbHoe BJIHHHHe, KOTO-
poe MO)l(eT HMeTb pa3pymeHHe paHee TBep.n:OH nOGBbI, HamH}:(HO HJJJIIOCT-
PHPYIOT rrpHeMHble ,lJ,eTH, KOTopbIe B rr03.n:HeM B03paCTe OTKpbIBalOT
rro.n:JIHHHble rlJaKTbI, KaCaIOll.{lieCH HX rrpOHCXO)l(.n:eHlUl. TpaBMa OT TaKoro
KpYlliemUl COl\UMbHOH nOIJBbI HHOma HaBCema pa3pYlliaeT HX Bepy B Ml1p.
r) «Pa)J,HKMH3M», KOTopbIi13aCTaBJIJIeT HeKOTOpbIX no.n:pOCTKOB npH-
6HB3TbCH K KpaHHe «J1eBbIM» IL1H «rrpaBbIM» rrOnHTHIJeCKHM flapTHflM H
6bITb pe3KIIMlI BO MHorHX cy>K.n:eHHHX, TaK)I(e .n:on)l(CH l:IMeTb OTHOIlIeHHe
KO BTOPOMY rlJaKTOpy. nepHO.n: pa)J,HKanbHoro H3MeHeHHH 3TO, eCTeCTBeH-
HO, rrepno.n: 60J1bIlIeH IIJIaCTl-I1JHOCTii. CaM rlJaKT, GTO LIeJIOBeK HaXO)liITCH
B COCTOHHIHI .n:BH)I(eHHH OT O.n:HOro pemoHa A K HOBOMY pemoHY B II
I L. M. Jack: An experimental study of ascendant behavior in preschool children,
Un/v. Iowa Stud, Child Hlelf, 1934,9, N2. 3.
160
I L. B. Murthy: Social BehavIOr and Child Personaiity: An Exploratory Study of
Some Roots of Sympathy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1937).
161
rr03TOMY OH OTOpBanCH OT perHoHa A, HO ell.{e He YTBep.n:HJICH rrpO'IHO B
perHOHe B, CTaBIIT ero B MeHee npOIJHOe rrOJIO)l(eHHe H .n:eJIaeT ero, KaK
J1I06oi1 o6heKT in statu nascendi, 60JIee crroc06HbIM K pa3BHTHIO.
ITclIXOnOB11JecKYIO cpeJJ:y HY}I(HO <PYHKQHOHanbHo paccMaTpHBaTb
KaK IJaCTb O.n:HOro HHTerpHpoBaHHoro nOJIfl, )l(U3HeHHoro rrpocTpaHcTBa,
.n:pyraJI 'IaCTb KOTOpOro - qenOBeK. 3TOT <PYH.n:aMeHTaJ1bHbIH <paKT - JIellT-
MOTHB rro.n:xo.n:a TeopHH nOJ1H. B rrClIXOnOrllH OH rrpH3HaeTClI B Pa3JIHIJ-
HbIX <popMax Bce 60nbIlIe H MO}l(eT 6b1Tb npoCTo BbIpa)l(eH <popM)'noH:
rrOBe.n:eHHe (behavior) = <PYHKUHfl IJenOBeKa (person) H cpe bI
(environment) = <PYHKl\1UI )l(H3HeHHoro rrpoCTpaHcTBa (life space) (B =
F{P,E) = F{L Sp}). TI03TOM)' HeCTa6HnbHocTb nCHXOJIOmIJeCKoi1 Cpe.n:bI
Be.n:eT B HeKOTopbIX OTHOIlIeHH5IX K 60JIbllieH HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH IJeJ10BeKa.
«YTBCp.n:HTbCH» - 3HaIJHT HMeTb IJeTKO orrpe.n:eJ1eHHyIO rr03HUHIO H onpe-
.n:eJIeHHble CBH3H co MHorUMH perHOHaMH BbICOKO ,lJ,H<p<pepeHlUIpoBaHHo-
ro }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa: B TaKHX 06CTOflTeJIbCTBaX JII060e cepbe3-
Hoe H3MeHeHHe 03Ha1JaeT 60JIbllIOe 'IHCnO IlIarOB H H3MeHeHHe
B3aHMOCBH3H. B HeYCTaHOBHBllieHCH, HOBOH CHTyaUHH rrOJ1e He OIJeHb
,lJ,H<p<pepeHQHpOBaHO H J1106aJI rrp0H3011Ie.n:lliafl JJ:U<p<pepeHUHaulUl He o<reHb
npOIJHaH. I13MeHeHHe rrOJIO)l(eHHfl HH.lI:HBH.n:a OT O.n:HOro pemOHa K ,lJ,pyro-
MY, KOTopoe B MeHee JJ:U<p<pepeHUHpOBaHHOM rrOJIe Momo 6bI 6bITb TOJIb-
KO 01IHHM IlIarOM (pHC. 17), HY)I(HO 6bIJIO 6bI CIJHTaTb cepbe3HbIM H3Me-
1IeHH M (3KBHBaneHTHbIM 60J1blliOMY KOJ1H1JeCTBY IlIaroB) B 60J1ee .n:H<p-
<pepeHl{HpOBaHHoM rrOJ1e (pRC. 16 6). TIO.n:06HbIM 06pa30M TO, IJTO <paK-
THlJeCKH HBJ1HeTCH He OIJeHb 60JJblliHM H JIerKO BbIIlOJIHHMbIM H3MeHeHHeM
B KorHHTHBHOll CTpYK1)'pe H.n:eonOrHIJeCKoro nOJIH rro.n:pOCTKa, co.n:ep}l(a-
ru;ero CpaBHHTeJ1bHO He60JIbIlIOe KOnHIJeCTBO perHOHOB, Ka)l(eTCH pa.n:H-
KanbHbIM H3MeHeHHeM JJ:J]H B3pocnoro C ero BbICOKO .n:H<p<pepeHl{HpOBaH-
HLIM KOrHHTHBHbIM rrOJIeM. Pa3J1H1JHe B KorHHTHBHOll ,lJ,H<p<pepeHl{Hal{HH -
3TO, BepOHTHO, o.n:Ha H3 rrpHIJHH TOro, rrOIJeMY rrO,lJ,pOCTKH J1erKO nepexo-
AU K KpallHOCTflM.
.n:) PacIlIlIpeHHe )l(H3HeHHoro rrpocTpaHcTBa Ha HeH3BeCTHbIe pemo-
HLI KacaeTCH He TOJJbKO reorpa<pHlJecKOro OKp eHIDI (yBJIeIJeHHe nyTe-
WeCTBIUIMH, noxo.n:aMH H T. .n:.) H COl{HanbHOro OKp eHIUI (60JIee umpo-
me COl{HanbHbIe rpYIIIIbI THna nOnHTHlJeCKHX HJ1H npo<peccHoHanbHbIx),
HO H BpeMeHHoro H3MeHeHHH )l(H3HeHHOrO rrpoCTpaHCTBa. Ha J1IO.n:eH Bcex
B03pacToB OKa3bIBaeT BnH5IHHe TO, KaK OHH BH)]}lT 6y.zI:Yll.{ee, TO eCTb 1IX
O}l(H1IaHIUI, CTpaXH H Ha.n:e}l(,lJ,bI.
TIpe.n:eJIbI ne}l(all.{ero Brrepe.n:H BpeMeHHoro npOMe}l(YTKa, KOTOpbIH
OKa3blBaeT BnlUlHHe Ha HblHelliHee nOBe.n:eHHe H, CJ1e.n:OBaTeJ1bHO, .n:on-
>KeH paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK qaCTb HblHelliHero }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa,
}'BeJIHlJHBaIOTCH B xo.n:e Pa3BHTHH. 3TO H3MeHeHHe BpeMeHHOH nepcrreK-
THBbI - O.n:HO H3 HaH60J1ee 4>YH.n:aMeHTaJ1bHbIX SIBJ1eHIIH pa3BHTIDI. TIo.n:-
pOCTKOBbIH B03pacT, nO-BH1IlIMOMY, HBJIHeTCH nepHo.n:OM my6oKoro H3-
MeHeHIDI B OTHOIlIeHHH BpeMeHHOll rrepcrreKTHBbI.
M3MeHeHHe MO)l(HO IJaCTH1JHO orrHcaTb KaK H3MeHeHHe MaCIIITa6a.
BMecTO ,lJ,HeH, He.n:enb HJ1H MecHueB npH rrOCTaHOBKe HeKOTopbIX l{eJIeH
Terrepb Y1JHTbIBaIOTCH ro.n:bI. Ellie 60J1ee Ba}l(HO TO, KaKHM 06pa30M 3TH
6y.n:yIl.{He C06bITIDI BJIIDIIOT Ha HblHelliHee nOBe eHHe. ITpe CTaBJIeHIDI pe-
6eHKa IlIeCTH HJ1H BOCbMH neT OTHOCHTenbHO em rrpo<peCCHH BO B3pOC-
JIOM B03paCTe BpSI.n: J1H OCHOBaHbI Ha .n:OCTaTOIJHOM 3HaHHH <paKTOpOB, KO-
Topble MorYT rrOMOIJb HJ1H rrOMeIlIaTb peanH3aUHH 3THX H.n:eH. OHH MorYT
6bITb OCHOBaHbI Ha OTHOCHTeJIbHO Y3KHX, HO IJeTKHX O)l(H.n:aHIDIX HJ1H MO-
IyT HMeTb xapaKTep MeIJTbI HJ1H HrpbI. ,[(pyrHMH CJ10BaMH, (<H.n:eanbHbIe
ueJIH» H «peanbHble l{eJIID) JJ:J]H OT.n:aneHHoro 6y.n:Yll.{ero He OIJeHb pa3JIH-
qaIOTCH, H 3TO 6YJJ:yll.{ee 60nbIlIe HMeeT no.n:BH)I(HbIH xapaKTep ypOBHSI
nppeanbHOCTH.
B rro.n:pOCTKOBOM B03paCTe, BepOHTHO, npOHcxo.n:HT onpe.n:eJ1eHHaH
,lJ,H<p<pepeHUHal{HH B OTHOllieHHH BpeMeHHoi1 nepcneKTHBbI. B Tex qac-
THX }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa, KOTopble npe.n:CTaBJ1HIOT 6YJJ:yll.{ee, no-
Puc. 17, flpocmpaHcm60 C60600H020 06U:JICeHll5l noopocmKa, KaK OHO npeocmaenRemcfl
eMY. llpocmpaHcmeo c606ooH020 Oell:JICeHW! 3Ha'Jl/meJIbHO Y6enU'IU6aemCR, oxeambl6GR
MH020'Jl/CneHHble pe2uollbl, Komopble paHblUe lie 6blHU oocmynHbl pe6emry, maKue, KaK
npaeo KJ'pumb, n03ollo 603epaUJambcfl oa lOii, 600llmb lHalUliHY (pe211OHbl 7-9,
11-13. ,..). OnpeiJe,qeHHble pe2uollbl, oocmynHble ORR 63pocn020, ReHO lIeoocmynHbl ORR
noopocmKa, KaK, lIanpZIJWep, Y'Iacmue e ebl60pax (npeocmaeneHbl pe2UOllaMli 10 U 16).
HeKomopble pe2uoHbl, oocmynHble pe6em.,y, Y:JICe cmanu ueoocmynHblMu 63pOCnblM,
HanpUMep: lIenb3R XOOumb 6 KUHO no oemcKa IY mapu,py unll eecmu ce6R Ha cnUIUKOM
oemcKOM yp0611e (pe2UoH 1). FpaHUljbl 3mux eHoeb npu06pemeHHbix oonei! npocmpaH-
cmea ce0600Ho20 oeu:JICellW! onpeOeJIeHbl monbKO cMymllo U no c60ei! CYUIHocmll, K{JK
npa6uno, J1,leHee '1emKO U pe3Ko ou,p,pepeIlIjUpOeallbl, '1eM onR 63pocn020, B maKUX
cny'laax :JICU3HeHHoe npocmpaHcmeo noopocmKa npeocmae1/RemCR nOnHblM
e03MOJICI/OCmeu u e mo JlCe epeMR HeonpeoeJ/eHHOCmlt.
162
163
CTeneHHO .n:HrlJrlJepeHl{HpyIOTClI ypOBHH peaJIbHOCTH H Hppea11bHocTH.
To, 0 1JeM MeIJTaeTCH HJJH qTO HBJIHeTCH }l(eJIaeMbIM (YPoBeHb HppeaJIb-
HOCTI1 B 6y.n:Yll.{eM), OT.n:eJIfleTCH OT TOro, IJTO O}l(H.n:aeTCH (YPoBeHb pe-
anbHOCTII B 6y.n:Yll.{eM). TYMaHHbIe H)I.eH .n:OJ1)1(HbI 6b1Tb 3aMeHeHbI 60-
J1ee HJIH MeHee onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH peIlIeHHHMH B OTHOIlIeHHH no.n:rOTOBKH
K 6y.n:YIl.{Cll nporIJeccHH. )J;pyrHl\1H CJIOBaMH, IJenOBeK .n:OJ1}1(eH «lIJIaHH-
pOBaTb»: CTPYKTypHpoBaTb BpeMeHHYIO nepcneKTlIBY TaKlfM 06pa30M,
KOTOpblll COOTBeTcTByeT KaK c06CTBeHHbIM H.n:eaJIbHbIM l{eJ1HM Hnlf ueH-
HOCTHM IJeJIOBeKa, TaK H TeM peaJIbHOCTHM, KOTopbIe He06xo.n:HMO npH-
HlIMaTb BO BHI1MaHlIe 1IJ1H peaJIHCTHIJHoro CTPYKTYpHpOBaHHH ypOBHlI
O}l(H.n:aHHH.
3Ta 3a.n:aIJa xapaKTepHa 1IJ1H Bcex BH.n:OB lIJIaHHpoBaHHH. Dono)l(e-
HHe no.n:pOCTKa B 3TOM OTHOIlIeHHH lIBJJHeTCH OC06bIM TOJIbKO nOTOMY,
IJTO OH .n:on}l(eH rlJopMHpoBaTb Bpel\IeHHYIO rrepClleKTHBY B OTHOIlIeHlfH
rrOJIH, KOTopoe oc06eHHO BeJ1HKO H HeH3Be.n:aHHO. To, IJTO OH y3HaeT H3
KHHr H COBeTOB B3pOCJ1bIX 0 TOM, qerO MO}l(eT .n:06HTbCH qeJIOBeK, nOJIHO
rrpOTlIBOpeIJHi1: B3pOCJ1b1e rrpeB03HOCHT repOH, KOTOpbIH oCYll.{eCTBHJJ TO,
IJTO Ka)l(eTCH HeB03MO}l(HbIM, H B TO )l(e caMoe BpeMlI qHTaIOT Mopanb, IJTO
«Ha)I.O CTOHTb 06eHMH HoraMH Ha 3eMne».
B .n:pyroM OTHomeHHH rro.n:pOCTOK 06HapY)l(lIBaeT, IJTO B3pOC-
J1bIe (rpynrra, IJJIeHOM KOTOpOH eMY npe.n:CTOHT CTaTb) nOJ1HbI npOTII-
BOpeqHH. MHO)l(eCTBO IlpOTHBOpeIJIIBbIX peJIlfrIl03HbIX, nOJIlITlfIJe-
CKlfX H nporIJeccHOHaJ1bHbIX l{eHHocTei1 HBHO CHnbHbI B 3TOll rpynne.
B03MO}l(HO, pe6eHOK He B COCTOHHlfH npl1HeCTlf C C060H B IOHOCTb
XOpOlliO opraHH30BaHHYlO CTPYKTYPY l{eHHOCTell H11H OH OTKa3anCH
OT l{eHHOCTeH cBoero .n:eTCTBa. B nlO60M cnyqae CTpyKTypa ero IOHO-
IlIeCKOH BpeMeHHOll nepcneKTHBbI 6y.n:eT HeCTa6HJIbHOH H Heonpe-
.n:eJIeHHOll, BCJ1e.n:cTBlIe Heonpe.n:eneHHOCTH He TOJIbKO Toro, IJTO MO-
}l(eT 6bITb c.n:eJ1aHO (IJTO MbI 06CY}l(.n:aJIH paHee), HO H Toro, IJTO
.n:OJI)I(HO 6bITb c.n:eJ1aHO. Heonpe.n:eJIeHHbIll xapaKTep H.n:eaJIOB 11 l{eH-
HocTeH ,lJ,ep}l(HT no.n:pOCTKa B COCTOHHHH KOHrlJJIHKTa H HanpH}I(eHllH,
KOTopoe TeM 60JIbme, qeM Ba}l(Hee 3TH np06JIeMbI. )l{eJIaHHe onpe-
.n:eJIeHHbIM 06pa30M CTPYKTypHpOBaTb 3TH nOJIlI (H TaKlfM 06pa30M
pa3peIlIHTb KOHrlJJIlfKT), nO-BH,lJ,HMOMY, HBJIlIeTCH 0.n:HOll113 nplIlJHH,
CTOHIl.{I1X 3a rOTOBHOCTblO rro.n:poCTKa CJ1e.n:OBaTb 3a Ka»<.n:bIM, KTO
npe.n:JIaraeT HCHbIH 06pa3el{ .QeHHOCTell.
e) Depexo.n: OT .n:cTCTBa K B3pocnOCTH MO)l(eT 6bITh .n:OBOJIbHO pe3-
KHM H3MeHeHHeM (HanplIMep, B HeKOTopbIX rrpHMHTHBHbIX 06Il.{ecTBax),
lIJIH OH MO}l(eT npOHCXO.n:HTb rrOCTerreHHO B 06CTaHOBKe, me .n:eTH H B3pOC-
nble He HBnHIOTCH pe3KO 060c06neHlIbIMlI rpynllaMH. O.n:HaKO B cnYIJae
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbiX «1l0.n:POCTKOBbIX Tpy.n:HocTei1» IJaCTO IlpeBaJInpyeT Tpe-
TUH BapHaHT: .n:eTII II B3pOCJIble COCTaBnHIOT 1JeTKO O'lep'reHHbIe rpYllnbl;
nO)I.POCTOK 60nbIlIe He XOIJeT npHH<llLIIe)l(aTb K rpYllne .n:eTeH H B TO )l(e
BpeMH, 3HaeT, IJTO no CYll.{eCTBY OH He npIlHHT BO B3pOCnylO rpynny. B
::nOM cnyqae ero nOJIO)l(eHHe noxo)l(e Ha TO, 'ITO B COQHOJIOrIlH Ha3bIBalOT
«MaprHHaJIbHblM IJeJIOBeKOM».
MapmHan - no IJeJIOBeK, KOTOpblH CTOHT Ha rpaHiUJ,e (puc. 186)
Me)l(,lJ,y rpynnaMII A H B. OH He rrpHHa.n:11e}l(HT HII K O.n:HOH I13 HIIX, I1JlU no
KpallHell Mepe OH He yBepeH B CBoell npIlHa.n:11e)l(HOCTlI. HcpellKO TaKaH
ClnyaUHH B03HHKaeT 1IJ1H IJJIeHOB n0J1b3YlOll.{eHCH MeHbIlIHMH npaBaMH
rpynllbI MeHbIllHHCTBa, B oc06eHHOCTiI .n:Jlfl 60J1ee nplIBII11erllpOBaHHblX
a
PUC. 18. floopocmoK KGK MGpcllHGHLHblii lIeH06eK (G) B me'leHlle OemCm6G
U 63poc,70cmu «63pOCRble» (A) U «oemu» (C) pacc'WGmpU6GlOmCH KGK omHocumenbllO
U30HUp06GHHble 2pynnbl, npu'Je, 1 omoe7bHblii pe6euoK (c', c') II omoeRbublii 63pOCRbili
(ai, G') Y6epeUbl6 c60eii npUHGOneJICHOCmU K coom6emcm6YlOlIJIIM 2pynnGM.
(6) flOOpOcmOK npllHGOneJIClIm K 2pynne, KomopylO . tO:JICHO pGCCMGmpll6Gmb KG/(
nepeKpbl6GIOllluUCH pe2110H 2pynnbl oemeii (C) U 63pocnbiX (A). npIlHGO,1(!:JKaIIlUli UM
o6euM. WlU KGK 2pynny. cmoHII/YIO ,MeycOy HI/1\1U, Ife H&1RHCb IIGCmblO IfU oouoii U3 HUX.
164
165
1JJIeHOB :nOll rpynnbI. CYll.{eCTByeT CHnbHaH TeH.n:eHQHfl .lUIfl 1JJ1eHOB JI11-
IlIeHHOll npHBHJIerHH rpynnbl MeHblliHHCTBa OTpbIBaTbClI H nbITaTbCH
CTaTb IJJIeHOM rpynnbl 60nbIlIHHCTBa l . EcnH IJenOBeKY IJaCTHIJHO y.n:aeTCH
YCTaHOBHTb OTHOllieHHfl C npHBHJ1erHpOBaHHOH rpynnoll, He 6YJJ:Y'IH npn
3TOM nOJIHOCTblO npiIHHTbIM, OH CTaHOBHTCH MaprIlHaJJOM, npHHa}:(JIe}l(a-
Il.{HM K 06eHM rpynnaM, HO nOJ1HOCTblO HII K O.n:HOH H3 HHX. cI>aKT HaXO}l(-
.n:eHHH B COl{lIaJIbHOH «HH1JeHHOH 30He» MO}l(HO Ha6JIIO.n:aTb B 01JeHb pa3-
JIiI'IHblX THnax rpynn MeHbIlIHHCTB, HanpHMep paCOBbIX rpynnax lUlU
rpynne CJIa60CnblIlIaIl.{I1X, KOTOpaflllBJIfleTCH MaprnHaJIbHOH Me)l(JJ:y rpyn-
naMH rnyxHX H HopManbHbIX.
XapaKTepHbIe npH3HaKH nOBe.n:eHlliI MaprHHaJIbHoro IJeJIOBeKa-
3MOl{HOHaJIbHaH HeCTa6lU1bHOCTb H 1JYBCTBHTeJ1bHOCTb. OHH HMelOT TeH-
.n:eHlJ,HIO K HeYCToilIJHBOMY nOBe.n:eHHIO, HJ1H HeHCTOBCTBY, HJ1H 3aCTeH1JH-
BOCTH, npOHBnHH cnHIlIKOM 60JIblliOe HanpH)I(eHHe H IJaCTbIll nepexo.n: OT
KpaHHOCTH K KpaHHOCTII npOnIBOpeIJHBOrO nOBe.n:eHHH. MapriIHaJIbHbIH
IJeJIOBeK .n:eMOHCTpiIpYeT THnH1JHyIO aHTHnaTHIO K MeHee npHBlUIerHpo-
BaHHbIM IJJ1eHaM CBoeH c06cTBeHHOll rpynnbI. 3TO MO)l(HO 3aMeTHTb BO
Bpa)l(.n:e6HOM OTHOllieHHH HeKOTopbIX no.n:rpynn HerpOB HJ1H .n:pyn1X pac
K 1JJIeHaM CBoeH c06CTBeHHOH paCbI H CJIa60CnbIIlIaIIlHX - K rnyxHM.
B HeKOTopOll CTeneHH nOBe.n:eHHe, CHMnTOMaTH1JHOe AJUI MapmHaJJb-
HOro IJeJ10BeKa, MO)l(HO 06Hap HTb y no.n:pOCTKa. OH TO)l(e IJepecIJYP
'IYBCTBHTeJIeH, JIemo nepeXO,lJ,HT OT O,lJ,HOH KpaHHOCTH K .n:pyroH H OCo-
6eHHO IJYBCTBHTeJ1eH K He.n:OCTaTKaM CBOHX 60J1ee Mna,1J,IlIHX C06p<ITbeB.
B caMOM .n:eJIe, ero n03IIl{lliI C COlJ,HOJIOrH1JeCKOH TOIJKH 3peHlIH TaKaH )l(e,
KaK n03Hl{lliI MaprHHaJIbHorO IJeJ10BeKa: OH 60nbIlIe He XOIJeT npHHa.n:JIe-
)l(aTb K rpynne, KOTOpaH, B KOHlJ,e KOHl{OB, MeHee npHBlUIerHpOBaHHaH,
IJeM rpynna B3pocnblX; HO B TO )l(e BpeMH OH 3HaeT, IJTO OH He COBepIlIeH-
HO npHHHMaeTCH B3pOCJIblMH. CXo.n:CTBO Me}l(JJ:y n03HlJ,lIeH IJJIeHOB nH-
IlIeHHoro npIIBHJIerHll MeHbIlIIIHCTBa H no.n:pOCTKOM H Me}l(JJ:y UX nOBe.n:e-
HHeM Ka}l(eTCH MHe TaKHM 60JIbIlIHM, IJTO MO}l(HO 6b1no 6bI oxapaK-
TepH30BaTb nOBe.n:eHue MaprHHaJIbHbIX 'lJIeHOB rpynnbl MeHbIlIiIHCTBa KaK
nOBe.n:eHHe nOCTOHHHoro OTp01JeCTBa.
MbI Momn 6b1 no.n:blTO)l(HTb Hallie 06c .n:eHHe no.n:pOCTKa CJ1eJJ:yIO-
Il.{HM 06pa30M.
a) OCHOBHOll <paKT, KaCaIOIIIIIllClI 061l.{ell cmyalJ,lIH no.n:pOCTKa, MQ)I(eT
6bITb npe.n:CTaBJJeH KaK nOJIO)l(eHlIe IJeJIOBeKa BO BpeMH nepe}:(BH}I(eHHH OT
O.n:HOro pemOHa K .n:pyroMY. 3TO BKIDOIJaeT (1) paCIlIHpeHlIe )l(H3HeHHoro
npoC1paHCTBa (reorpa<pH1JeCKH, COl{UaJIbHO H BO BpeMeHHOH nepCneKTHBe)
II (2) KonillTHBHO HecrpYKIYPHpOBaHHbIH xapaKTep HOBOll cmyal{lIH.
6) ECJIH roBOpHTb HeCKonbKO 60J1ee KOHKpeTHo, no.n:pOCTOK 3aHH-
lo{3eT COlJ,lIaJIbHOe n0J10>KeHHe «Me}l(.n:y» B3pOCJIblM H pe6eHKoM, cxo.n:Hoe
C nonO>KeHHeM MaprHHaJIbHoro IJneHa nOJIb3yIOIIIeHcH MeHbIlIHMH npa-
BaMH rpynnbI MeHbllillHCTBa.
B) ECTb ell.{e 60J1ee Cnel{ll<pH1JeCKiIe <paKTOpbl, KOTOpbIe BJIeIJeT 3a
oo60H no.n:pOCTKOBbIH B03paCT, KaK, HanpHMep, HOBbIH OnbIT cBoero c06-
CTBeHHoro TeJIa, KOTOpblH MO)l(HO npe.n:CTaBHTb KaK 06ecrypa)l(iIBalOIl.{ee
H3MeHeHHe l{eHTpaJIbHOro perHOHa YCTaHOBHBllierocH }l(H3HeHHoro npo-
c1paHcTBa.
113 :noro npe.n:CTaBJIeHHH MO)l(HO KOHlJ,enryaJIbHO BbIBeCTH:
I. 3aCTeH1JHBOCTb, 1JYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb H arpeCCHBHOCTb no.n:pOCTKa
BCJIe.n:CTBHe HeHCHOCTH H HeCTa6llJThHOCTiI nOIJBbI (cJ1e.n:YeT H3 a, 6 H B).
II. Eonee HJIH MeHee nOCTOHHHbIH KOH<PnIIKT Me)l(JJ:y pa3JIH1JHbIMH OT-
HOllieHIDlMH, l{eHHOCTHMH, H,!I.eOJIOrHflMH H CTHlUfMII }l(ll3HH (CJIeJJ:yeT H3 6).
III. 3MOl{IIOHaJIbHOe HanpH)I(eHHe, HBnHlOll.{eeCH pe3ynbTaToM 3THX
KOH<pnHKToB (CJ1eJJ:yeT H3 a, 6 H B).
IV. rOTOBHOCTb 3aHHM<ITb KpallHHe n03iIQHiI iI npe.n:npHHHMaTb KpaH-
HHe MepbI H pa,1J,HKaJJbHO MelUlTb CBOIO n03Hl{HIO (CJ1eJJ:yeT H3 a, 6 H B).
V. «nO.n:pOCTKOBoe nOBe.n:eHHe» .n:OJI)I(HO nOHBJIHTbCH, TOJIbKO eCJIH
CTpYKTYpa H .n:IIHaMHKa nonH TaKHe, KaK npe.n:CTaBJIeHO a, 6 II B. CreneHb
II KOHKpeTHbIH THn nOBe.n:eHHfl,lJ,OJI)l(eH 3aBHCeTh OT CTeneHH peaJIH3al{HH
3TOll CTPYKTYPbl H OT MOIIlHOCTH KOH<PnHKl)'IOll.{iIX CHJI. npe)l(.n:e Bcero
Ba)l(Ha CTeneHb pa3JIHIJHH H pa3,lJ,eneHHfl Me}KJJ:y B3pOCJ1bIMH II .n:eTbMH,
KOTOpaH xapaKTepH3yeT .n:aHHYIO K)'JIbrypy; KpOMe TOro, CTeneHb, B KaKOH
OT.n:enbHbIH no.n:pOCTOK OKa3bIBaeTCH B n0J10}l(eHHH MaprHHaJIbHOro IJe-
JIOBeKa. ComaCHO reopHH nOJ1H, .n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOe nOBe.n:eHHe 3aBiICHT OT
Ka}KJJ:OH IJaCTH noml. Cne.n:OBaTeJ1bHO, Ha CTeneHb HeCTa6HJIbHOCTH nOk
pocTKa ,lJ,OJI)l(HbI TaK}l(e OKa3bIBaTb orpoMHoe BJIHHHlIe TaKHe <paKTOPbI,
KaK 06II1aJI cTa6HJIbHOCTh HJ11I HeCTa6HJIbHOCTb OT.n:enbHoro IIH.n:lIBH.n:a.
III
npe)l(,1J,e 1JeM H HaIJHY 06c .n:aTb MeTo.n:OJIOrHIJeCKHH acneKT HaIlIe-
ro npHMepa, H xOIJY npOlUlJIlOcTpHpoBaTb C nOMOll.{blO .n:ononHHTeJIbHoro
npHMepa O.n:HH 3acny)l(HBaIOIl.{llH oc060ro BHHMaHHfl MOMeHT, a HMeHHO:
XapaKTepHCTHKH C06bITHH H 061>eKTOB IJepe3 HX B3aHM03aBHclIMoCTb, a
He 'lepe3 CXO.n:CTBO HJIll pa3JIH1Jue BHelliHero BH.n:a. B nplIMepe C no.n:POCT-
I Kurt Lewin: Resolving Social Conflicts (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948). CM.
B OC06eHHOCTII maBY XI.
166
l67
. «06Il{HOCTb» H «o6Il{eCTBO» (HeM) (npUAI. nep.).
filM nOTpe60BaJlOCb C.n:enaTb MHOrO IlIaroB, npe)l(.n:e 'IeM OHa 06IJaPYAi:H-
Jla, IJTO .n:HHaMWleCKoe l{eJIoe 06naJJ,aeT cBoiicTBaMI1, KOTopble OTJIllIJa-
IOTCH OT CBOllCTB ero IJaCTell ImIl OT CYMMbl ero 1JaCTen. .IJ;a)l(e cpam-m-
TeJIbHO He.n:aBHo (B paHHeii. nCHxonorHII relliTaJIbTa) IJaCTO YTBep)l(JJ,anoCb,
IJTO «l{enoe 60JIbIlIe, 'leM cYMMa em lJaCTeH». CeroJJ:l'!fl TaKa cpopMyn11-
pOBKa e.n:Ba J111 MO)l(eT C'IHTaTbCfl aJJ,eKBaTHOll. l{eJIoe He «60nbIlIe», 1JeM
CYMMa ero 'IaCTell, HO OHO HMeeT JJ,pyrHe CBOHCTBa. YTBep)I(.n:eHne .n:OJ!)I(-
HO 6bITb CJIe.1JYIDIIIHM: «l{eJlOe OTJUI1JaeTCH OT CYMMbI ero IJaCTeH». )J,py-
rHMH CJIOBaMH, HeT npeBocxo.n:CTBa QeHHOCTH uenom. KaK Qenoe, TaK H
ero IJaCTH o.n:HHaKOBO peaJIbHbI. C .n:pyrOll CTOpOHbI, uenoe HMeeT onpe-
AeJIeHHbIe c06CTBeHHbIe KaIJeCTBa. 3TO YTBep}l(.n:eHHe nOTepflJIO BeCb CBOll
MarHIJeCKHll opeOJI H CTaJlO npOCTbIM cpaKTOM HaYKH, TaK KaK 6bIno 06Ha-
PY)I(eHO, IJTO no cnpaBe,lUIHBO TaK}I(e ,lUIH cpH3H1JeCKI1X IJaCTeH II l{enbIx.
KpoMe Toro, cero.n:HH nCHXOJIOmH npH3HaeT, IJTO cYll.{eCTByIOT l{eJ1bIe Bcex
CTeneHell .n:HHaMH1JeCKOrO e.n:HHCTBa: Ha O.n:HOM KOHl{e CYll.{eCTByIOT CO-
BOK)'nHOCTH He3aBHCHMbIX 061>eKTOB; 3areM l{eJIbIe He60J1bIlIlIX CTene-
Hell e.n:HHCTBa, cpe,uHI1X CTeneHeH e.n:HHCTBa, BbICOKOH CTeneHI1 e.n:HHCTBa;
HaKOHel{ Ha .n:PyroM KOHl{e - l{eJIble TaKOll BbICOKOH CTeneHH eJ(lIHCTBa,
IJTO e.n:Ba J1H HMeeT CMbICJ1 rOBopHTb 0 IJaCTHX.
Bce, 'ITO HMeJIO HaY1JHYIO l{eHHOCTb B nOHHTHH rpynnoBoro MbIIlI-
J1eHHH, CBO.n:HTCH K KOHKpeTHbIM H 3HaKOMbIM np06JIe!\cIaM .n:HHaMHKH l{e-
JIoro B COl{HOnOrHH H COQHaJlbHOH nCHXOJIOrnH.
IToHHMaHHe rpynnbI KaK .n:HHaMH1JeCKoro l{eJIoro .n:OJ1)1(HO BKJllOlJaTb
onpe.n:eJIeHHe rpynTIbI, KOTOpoe OCHOBaHO Ha B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH 1Jne-
HOB (HJ1H, JIYYIIIe, no.n:1JaCTell rpynnbI). MHe Ka}l(eTCH .n:OBonbHO Ba)l(HbIM
no.n:'lepKH)'Tb :ny MbIcnb, nOTOMY 1JTO MHome onpe.n:eJ1eHlIfl rpynnbI HC-
nOJIb3YlOT CXO.n:CTBO 'IJIeHOB rpynnbI, a He I1X .n:HHaMH1JeCKYIO B3aHM03a-
BHCHMOCTb B KaIJeCTBe onpe.n:emllOIIIero cpaKTopa. qacTo, HanpHMep, rpyn-
na onpe.n:eJL<IeTCH KaK COCTOHIIIaH H3 pH.n:a JJIO.n:ell, KOTOpbIe 06Hap HBaIOT
H3BeCTHoe CXO.n:CTBO, B oc06eHHOCTH CXO.n:CTBO OTHOIlIeHHH. .51 JJ:yMaIO,
He06xo.n:HMO nOHlIMaTb, IJTO TaKoe onpeJ(eJIeHHe KopeHHbIM 06pa30M OT-
JlH'IaeTCH OT onpe.n:eJICHlUl rpynnbI, OCHOBaHHoro Ha B3aIIM03aBHCHMOC-
TH ee 'lJIeHOB. BecbMa B03MO)l(HO, IJTO pH.n: J11O.n:ell HMeeT onpe.n:eneHHoe
CXO.n:CTBO - HanpI1Mep, no nony, pace, 3KOHOMHIJeCKOMY nOJIO)l(eHHIO,
OTHOIlIeHHHM, - He HBJIAACb npH 3TOM rpynnoll B TOM CMbICJIe, IJTO OHH
He HBJIHIOTCH B3aHM03aBHCHMblMH IJaCTHMH o.n:Horo COUHanbHoro l{eJIO-
roo )f{eHIl.{HHbI BO BceM MHpe, I1JlH HeKBaJlHcpHl{UpOBaHHbIe pa601JlIe, HnH
cpepMepbI MorYT 06Hap i1BaTb onpe.n:eJIeHHOe CXO.n:CTBO. .IJ;a)l(e MO)l(eT
6blTb B03MO}l(HbIM BbI6paTb rpynny HerpOB B JIYH3HaHe, 6e.n:HbIX 6eJIbIX B
KOBbIM B03paCTOM TOnbKO TaKaH npoueJJ,ypa c.n:enana B03MO)l(HbIM coe.n:H-
HeHHe TaKHX .n:HBepreHTHbIX cpaKTOpOB, KaK rpynnoBaH npHHa,lUIe)l(HOCTb,
TeneCHble II3MCHeHlIfl H OTHOIlIeHHfl.
Ha MOll B3rJIfl.n:, 6eCn0J1e3HO Ha,lUIe)l(all.{lIM 06pa30M CBH3bIBaTb pa3-
JIH1JHbIe np06JIeMbI, 3aTpOHYTbIe B COQUaJlbHOll nCHXOJIOrIm, C HCnOJIb-
30BaHlIeM KJIaCCHcplIlJ,HPYIOIl.{HX nOHflTHH Tlma CHCTeMbI JIIIHHefl B 60Ta-
HHKe. BMecTO 3Toro COUHaJIbHaH nCHxonorHH .n:on}l(Ha 11CnOJlb30BaTb
CHCTeMY «KOHCTPYKTOB». 3TH KOHCTPYKTbI BbIpa)l(alOT He «cpeHOTHnH1Je-
CKoe» CXO.n:CTBO, a TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe «.n:HHaMHIJeCKHe» xapaKTepHCTlIKIf -
xapaKrepHCTHKH, onpe.n:enHeMbIe KaK «THnbI peaKl{Hll» HnH «THnbI BJIHH-
HHll». .IJ;pymM11 cnOBaMH, 3TH KOHCTPYKTbl npe.n:CTaBJIHIOT onpe.n:eJIeH-
HbIe THnbI B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH. fIepexo.n: OT cpeHoTHnHIJeCKHX nOHHTIIH
K .n:HHaMH1JeCKHM (reHeTiI'IeCKHM, ycnoBHo-peaKTIfBHbIM) KOHcTpYKTaM,
OCHOBaHHblM Ha B3aHM03aBHCIIMOCTI1, eCTb, Ha MOH B3rJIH.n:, o.n:Ha 113 Hal1-
60JIee Ba)l(HbIX npe.n:nOCblnOK,lUIH nlO60ll HaYKH, KOTopaH XO'leT OTBeTHTb
Ha BonpOCbI 0 npH1JHHHOH 06ycnOBJIeHHOCTH. nCHX0J10rHH Haxo.n:HTCH B
cepe.n:HHe npol{eCca nepexo.n:a K TaKOMY Tl1ny nOHHTHll. COl{HaJlbHaH nCH-
xonorHH II COUHOnOrHH .n:OJI)l(HbI 6y.n:YT onpe.n:eJ1eHHO nOBepHYTb B 3TOM
HanpaRJIeHHI1. npaB.n:a, TaKOll nepexo,u MO}l(eT 6bITb c.n:eJlaH, TOJIbKO ecnH
11 c06paHO .n:OCTaTOIJHOe KOJlH'leCTBO iPeHoTHnil'leCKHX «iPaKTOB», H npo-
.n:enaHa pa60Ta no KJlaCC11iPHKaUHII. 3TO COCT01iHHe, O.n:HaKO, cewmc .n:o-
CTHrnyTO KaK B nCHX0J10rHH, TaK H B COUH0J10rHH.
B Ka1JeCTBe npHMepa pa3HOBH.n:HOCTII If Ba)I(HOCTH noro nepexo.n:a
K KOHCTpYKTaM, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha B3aIfM03aBHCHMOCTH, H Mor 6bI YKa3aTb
Ha onpe.n:eJ1eHlIe «COl{l1aJ1bHOll rpynnbm.
Onpe.n:eJIeHHe nOHHTHH «rpynna» HMeeT HeCKOJIbKO xaonllJHyIO HC-
TOpl1lO. TepMHH TeCHO nepenJIeTeH C iPl1JIOCOiPCKHMH H MeTaiPH3H1JeCKH-
MH C006pa)l(eHl!5lMH. O.n:HHM H3 OCHOBHbIX nyHKTOB 06CY}l(.n:eHHH 6bIJJO
TO, HMeeT nH rpynna rpynnoBoc MbIIlIJleHHe HJIIf HeT H, CJ1e.n:OBaTenbHO,
HBJIHeTCH JlH OHa peaJIbHOCTblO, CTOHll.{ell Ha.n: OT.n:eJIbHbIM IJeJIOBeKOM. no-
MIIMO 3Toro B 06CY}l(.n:eHHH IJaCTO npe06JIa.n:aJI aKl{eHT Ha pa3nH1JHU Me)l(-
JJ:y Gemeinschaft H Gesellschaft', HMeeM JIH MbI .n:eJIO npocTO C Bonpoca-
MH iPopMaJIbHOll opraHH3al{HI1, HJ1H cYll.{eCTByeT HeIJTO no.n:06Hoe
«ecTecTBeHHoMY rpynnoBOMY e.n:IIHCTBY», OCHOBaHHoe Ha TaKHX iPaKTo-
pax, KaK 3MnaTUH.
,[(.rrH nCHxonora, KOTOpbIll Ha6JIIO.n:aJI HCTOpH1JeCKOe pa3B11TlIe no-
HHTHH «l{enoro», HJIH remTaJlbTa, B nCHxonorHH, 60nbIlIaH 1JaCTb apry-
MeHTalUlH 0 rpynnoBoM MbIIlIJIeHlIH 3BY<HlT cTpaHHo 3HaKOMO. nCHXOJIO-
168
169
KeHTYKKH H KpeCTbHH B KHTae, 06JIa.n.a101l.{HX 60JIblliHM 3KOHOMHIJeCKHM
CXO.n:CTBOM. B03MO}l(HO, B 3TOM OTHOIlIeHHlI Ha,lJ,J1e}l(HT pa3JIH1JaTb «TlInbI»
HJIH «KJJaCCbI»I . O,lJ,HaKO no He no.n:pa3YMeBaeT, IJTO 3TH MaCCbI J11O.n:eH
B3aHM03aBIICHMbI B KaKOH-JIH60 60J1blliOH CTeneHII. O.n:HH H3 pe3YJIbTa-
TOB pa3BHTHH B HbIHelliHHe BpeMeHa COCTOHT B TOM, IJTO HeKOTopbIe 1I3
:nux 3KOHOMH1JeCKHX KJJaCCOB ,lJ,eMOHcTpHpymT pacryll.{ym B3aHM03aBH-
CHMOCTb, T. e. OHH .n:eMOHCTpHpymT TeH.n:eHl,{HH B HanpaBJ1eHHH npeBpa-
ll.{eHHH B lIHTepHal\HOHaJIbHbIe rpynllbI.
rpynna, C ,lJ,pyrOH CTOpOHbI, He 06H3aTeJ1bHO COCTOHT U3 qJIeHOB,
06Hap HBaIOIl.{HX 60JIblliOe CXO.n:CTBO. Ha caMOM .n:eJIe ,lJ,J1H COl{HaJIbHbIX
rpynn, TaK »<e KaK H 1IJ1H l{eJIbIX B JIl060ll 06J1aCTII, CnpaBe,lJ,J1l1BO TO, IJTO
l{eJIoe OIJeHb BbICOI<OH CTeneHlI e,lJ,HHCTBa MO)l(eT co.n:ep)l(aTb OIJeHb Heno-
XO>KHe IJaCTH. HanpHMep, My}I(, )l(eHa H pe6eHOl< B O.n:HOH ceMbe Heco-
MHeHHO MOryT npmlBJlHTb ropa3.n:o 60J1bIlIee pa3JIH1JHe, IJeM Ka)I(,lJ,bIH H3
qJIeHOB nOll rpynllbI npOHBJIHeT no OTHOIlIeHHIO K .n:pyrHM llH)J,lIBH)J,aM
(MY)l(1JHHaM, )l(eHI.JJ.HHaM, .n:eTflM) 3a npe,lJ,eJIaMH 3TOll rpynnbI.,lVuI xopo-
IIIO OpraHH30BaHHbIx rpynn BblCOKOll CTeneHH e.n:lIHcTBa THnH1JHO BKJJIO-
'leHHe pH.n.a IJJIeHOB, KOTopbIe OTJIiI'IaIOTCH .n:pyr OT .n:pyra H HMelOT pa3-
J1H1JHbIe <PYHKl{HH B paMKax L{eJIoro. He CXO.n:CTBO, a I13BeCTHaH B3aHMO-
3aBliCHMOCTb C03.n:aeT rpynny.
H HO nOHHMaTb, qTO .n:a)l(e onpe.n:eJIeHHe rpynnOBOro qJIeHCTBa
IJepe3 061l.{HOCTb L{ellH HJIH 06I.JJ.HOCTb Bpara - 3TO Bce ell.{e onpe.n:eJIeHHe
no CXO.n:CTBY. To )l(e caMoe BepHo B OTHOllieHUIi onpe.n:eneHlUI rpymn.I
qepe3 qyBCTBO BepHocTlI HJIH npHHa.n:JIe}l(HOCTH ee 1jJIeHOB. O.n.HaI<O Ta-
KaH 06Il.{HOCTb, Tal< )l(e l<aK H 061l.{HOCTb l{elllI lUJU Bpara, 06YCJ10BJIHBaeT
l1Hor.n:a TaK}l(e HeKOTopYIO B3alIM03aBHCHMOCTb J11O.n:eH, KOTopbIe npOHB-
JISIIOT 3TO CXO.n:CTBO. IT03TOMY, eCJIH IJenOBeK XOIJeT Hcnonb30BaTb 1JYB-
CTBO npHHa,lJ,J1e)l(HOCTU B KaIJeCTBe KpHTepHH rpynnbI, OH MO)l(eT c.n:eJIaTb
3TO, ecnu YKa)l(eT B3aHM03aBHClIMOCTb, onpe.n:enHeMyIO 3THM IJyBCTBOM.
O.n:HaKO HY}I(HO nOHHMaTb, qTO BepHOCTb HJII1 qYBCTBO npHHa,lJ,J1e)I(HOCTH -
3TO TOJlbKO OAlIH H3 MHO)l(eCTBa B03MO)l(HbIX THnOB B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTII,
KOTOpbIe MOryT C03.n:aBaTb rpynny (.n:pyrHMII HBJIIliOTCH 3KOHOMH1JeCKaJI
3aBHCHMOCTb, JI1060Bb, COBMeCTHaH )l(I13Hb Ha onpe.n:eJIeHHOH TeppHTO-
pHH). BH.n: B3aHM03aBiICHMOCTII IJJ1eHOB (TO, IJTO y.n:ep}l(lIBaeT rpynny
BMeCTe) HBJIHeTClI TaKOll )l(e Ba)I(HOH xapaKTepl1CTHKOH rpymn.I, KaK H
CTeneHb ee B3aHM03aBHCUMOCTH H rpynnoBaH CTpYKTypa.
nO.n:qepKlIBaHHe Cxo.n:CTBa lIJIH pa3JIiI'IlUI, a He B3aHM03aBHCHMO-
CTH THnH1JHO ,lJ,J1H onHCaTeJIbHOH «KJIaCCiI<pHl{lIpyIOll.{eH» 3nOXH, I<OTOpaH
HMeeT MeCTO Ha cpaBHHTellbHO paHHeH CTa.n:HH pa3BHTIUI npaKnllJeCKH B
Ka)l(.n:OH HaYKe. OHO TaK}l(e ynpaBJIHeT, B 60J1bIlIOH CTeneHH, nOBce.n:HeB-
HbIM MbIIlIJIeHHeM, KaCalOll.{HMCH rpynrr. Pa3pbIB Me)l(JJ:y TeM, 1JTO JIIO.n:lI
«.n:eJIaJIH 6bI, eCJIH 6bI HMH PYKOBO.n:HJIH HX .n:eHCTBHTeJ1bHbIe nOTpe6HOC-
TH», H TeM, IJTO OHH ,lJ,eJIalOT Ha caMOM .n:ene, 1JaCTO BbI3BaH TeM <paKTOM,
qTO IJeJIOBeK 1JYBCTBYeT ce611 npHHaLl,ne)l(all.{l1M K TeM, Ha KOro OH noxo-
J],HT, HJIH K TeM, Ha KOro OH XOIJeT rroxo.n:HTb. C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbI, ero
«,lJ,eHCTBHTeJIbHbJe rrOTpe6HOCTH» 3aCTaBJIfliOT ero 1JYBCTBOBaTb npHHa.n:-
JIe}l(HOCTb K TeM, OT Koro OH 60JIbIlIe Bcero 3aBHCHT. TaKHM 06pa30M,
rrOBe.n:eHHe JIIO.n:eH, npHHa,lJ,J1e}l(aIJJ.HX K JIHIlIeHH1>IM npHBHJIerlIii rpynnaM,
e.n:Ba JIH MO}l(HO nOHHTb, He OC03HaB, IJTO IJlleHCTBO B TaKOll rpynne onpe-
,lJ,eIDIeTCH .n:enCTBHTeJIbHOH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTbIO, HO IJTO MHorHe JIHIlIeH-
HbIe rrpHBlUJemll J11O.n:l11JYBCTBymT ce6H (H IJaCTO TaKHMH HBJ1JIIOTCH) 60-
nee nOXO}l(HMH Ha JIIO.n:ell BHe 3TOH rpynrrbI.
B OTHOIlIeHHH rrpo6neMbI rpyrrnoBoH rrpiIHa.n:ne)l(HOCTH, TaK}I(e KaK
H JII060H .n:pyroH COl{HaJIbHOH rrp06JIeMbI, HY)I(HO CTaTb qYBcTBHTeJ1bHbIM
K pa3JIH1JHIO Me}l(JJ:y nOHHTlUIMH, OCHOBaHHbIMlI Ha B3aHM03aBlICHMOCTlI
(BKJJIOqaH CXO,lJ,CTBO B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH), iI nOHHTHHMH, OCHOBaHH1>IMlI
H3 Cxo.n:CTBe 6e3 B3aHM03aBHClIMOCTH. .51 y6e)l(.n:eH, qTO B xo.n:e .n:aJIbHeH-
IlIero pa3BlITlliI COl{HOJIOrHII H COL{HaJIbHOH nCHX0J10rHH nepBbIe 6)'1IYT
Bce 60JIbIlIe rrpe06JIa.lI.aTb H CJJy}l(HTb OpHeHTlIpOM.
BLIBOAbI
I TepMHH «COUHaJ1bHLIHlmacc», KaK npaBHno, Hcnonb3yeTCJI ,l\JIJI TOro, '1T06b1 060-
3Ha'lHTb KaK B3aHM03aBI1CHMYlO rpynny, TaK 11 pJI)]. nlO)].eH, KOTopble npOJIBnJIIOT CXO)].Hble
Ka'leCTBa.
3TO 6emoe HccneJ(oBaHlIe rrp06neMbI no.n:pocTKoBoro B03pacTa 11
orrpe.n:eJIeHHe «COl{HaJIbHOll rpynrrbI» npe.n:Ha3HaIJeHO 1IJ1H Toro, IJT06bI
rrpOlIJIJIIOCTpHpOBaTb cneJJ:yIOll.{ue 061l.{He MOMeHTbI, KacalOIl.{HeCH no,lJ,-
xo.n:a TeopHH nOJ1JI.
a) MO)l(HO orrpe.n:eJ1eHHbIM 06pa30M CBfl3aTb MHO)l(eCTBO <paKTOB llH-
.n:HBHJJ:yaJIbHOll H COl{HaJIbHOH nCHX0J10rHlI, KOTopbIe C KJIaCCH<pHl{HPyIO-
Il.{eii TOIJKH 3peHHJI HMelOT MaJIO 061l.{ero (KaK, HanpHMep, nponecc Hayqe-
HHH H OpHeHTal{HH, BpeMeHHaH rrepCrreKTHBa, nnaHHpoBaHHe, rrp06JIeMbI
HH.lI.lIBHJJ:yaJIbHOro c03peBaHIDl, I<OH<pJ1HKTbI H Hanpll)l(eHHe, rpyrrnoBaH
rrpHHa,lJ,J1e}l(HOCTb 11 MaprHHaJIbHbIH IJenOBeK, TeJIeCHbIe H3MeHeHIDl).
6) 3TO MO)I(HO c.n:emUb, l1CrrOJIb3YH I<OHCTpYKTbI, KOTOpbIe xapaKTepH-
3yIOT o6beKThI H C06bITIDI C TOIJKH 3peHIDI B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH, a He <p eHO -
TlfI:IWIeCKoro cxo.n:CTBa HJIH Pa3JIH1JIDI. MO}l(eT nOKa3aTbCH, IJTO no.u;qepKHBa-
170
171
HHe B3aIfM03aBUCIIMOCTlI C.n:eJIaeT np06JIeMY KJIaCcmjulKal\UH ell.{e 60JIee
CJIO>KHOH, nOTOMY IJTO, KaK npaBHJIO, Tpy.n:Hee OIlllCblBaTb HBneHHe C TOIJKH
3peHlUl ere BJIHHHH5I Ha .n:pyrHX H BJIH5IHHfl .n:pymx Ha Hero (ero ycnoBHo-
reHeTl1L1eCKHe cBoikTBa), IJeM C T01JKH 3peHHH ere BHelliHero BlI.lI:a (<peHOTH-
IHflieCKHe CBOHCTBa). TeM He MeHee, KaK TOJJbKO CXBaThIBaellib H)J.elO, CTaHO-
BHTCfl OIJeBH.n:HO, LITO, eCJIH xapaKTepH30BaTb 061>eKT HJIH C06blTHe C
nOMOll.{blO TOro, KaK OH B03n:eHcTByeT Ha CH1yal\HIO, mOOOH Tim flBJIeHlIll
nOMell.{aeTCH Ha O.n:HH H TOT )l(e ypOBeHb II CTaHOBHTCH B3aUMOCBH3aHHbIM C
J1I06bIM .n:pymM HBJJeHHeM, KOTOpoe B03.n:eHcTByeT Ha CH1yal\HIO. Bonpoc 0
TOM, pa3pemaeTCH nH 061>e.n:UHHTb, HanplIMep, nOHflnUl QeHHOCTeH C nOHH-
TiffiMH Beca Tena, HC'Ie3aeT, Kor.n:a Mbl CTanKHBaeMC». C npOCTbiM <paKTOM,
LITO 06a HBJIemUl OKa3bLBatOT BJlHHHHe Ha o.n:HY H 1)' )l(e CU1)'aU;I1IO.
DepexoJJ, K KOHCTPYKTaM, KOTopbIe BbIpa)l(aIOT B3aUM03aBHCI11\I0CTb,
BKn!O'raCT:
B) CI1CTeMa:nnal\iI!o HBJIemlil C nOMOIIlblO «Knaccu<pUKaUlIH» .n:OJI-
}l(eH nOCTeneHHO 3aMeHHTb nopH.n:OK, OCHOBaHHbIH Ha «KOHCTPYKl\I1H»,
«BbIBe.n:eHHH» U «aKCHOManl3aU;HH» 3aKOHOB.
r) MO)KHO npUHHMaTb BO BHlIMaHue «06Il.{ue» TeH.n:eHl\HH, TaK )l(e
KaK II 60J1ee «KOHKpeTHble», B pa3JIH1JHbIX CTeneHHX KOHKpeTHOCTH (Ha-
npuMep, CBH3aTb 061l.{1Iii <paKTOp nepe.n:BI,weHH5I H3 O.n:HOro pemOHa K .n:py-
roMY C 60JIee KOHKpeTHbIM <paKTOpOM nepe.n:BH)I(eHHH B HeH3BecTHbIH pe-
mOH l1.JUI C nepe.n:BH)I(eHHeM OT O.n:HOll COQHaJIbHOll rpynnbl K .n:pyroH H,
HaKOHeu;, C COCTOHHHeM MaprnHaJIbHoro IJeJIOBeKa «Me)l(JJ:y» .n:BYMH rpyn-
naMU). BMeCTO Toro IJT06bI oroupaTb H3OJIllpOBaHHbIe <paKTbI 11 n03.n:Hee
nblTaTbCH «CHHTe3HpOBaTb» HX, C caMoro HaIJaJIa Y1JHTbIBaeTCH U oT06pa-
}l(aeTCH 061l.{aH cH1yal{IDl. Domon: TeopllH nOJIH, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, 03HaIJaeT
MeTO.n: «nOCTeneHHoro npH6JIH)I(eHHH» B BlI.lI:e n03TanHO paC1)'ll.{eH KOHK-
peTHOCTH. OT60p H30nHpOBaHHbIx <paKTOB B CH'l)'al{HH MO)l(eT nerKO npH-
BeCTH K KapTHHe, KOTopaH nOJ1HOCTblO HCKa)l(eHa. C .n:pyroH CTOpOHbI, npe.n:-
CTaBJIeHI1e C TOIJKlI 3peHIDI TeopHII nOM MO)l(eT H .n:OJl)l(HO 6bITb no cyIl.{eCTBY
BepHbIM npH JII060H creneHH 3aKOH1JeHHOCTH.
.n:) I1MeeT J1H MeCTO onpe.n:eJIeHHbIH THn nOBe.n:eHlIH lUJl! HeT, 3aBH-
CHT He OT npHCYTCTBHH HJIU OTCYTCTBHH O.n:HOro <paKTa HnIl pMa <paKTOB,
paCCMaTplfBaeMbIX no OT.n:eJ1bHocnl, HO OT KOHCTeJIJJHU;HH (CTPYK1)'pbI II
CHJI) KOHKpeTHoro nonH B UeJIOM. «3Ha'leHue» OT.n:eJ1bHoro <paKTa 3aBH-
ClIT OT ero n03Hl{UU B nOJIe, lUJU, ecnll BbIpa3HTb TO )Ke caMoe B 60JIee
.n:HHaMWIeCKUX TepMHHax, pa3JIHIJHbie qaCTH nOJIH 3aBUCHT .n:pyr OT .n:py-
ra. 3TO HMeeT <pYH.n:aMeHTaJIbHOe 3HaIJeHHe B COQHaJIbHOM nC!1XOJIOrIUI.
3TO nOMoraeT npH 061>HCHCHHlI, HanpHMep, BnHHHlIH cenbcKoro IlJIH ro-
'po.n:CKOro oKpY)l(eHlI5I H BJIHHHIUI JJ,eTCKIIX caJJ,oB H npHIOTOB Ha pa3B1iTae
iIHTeJIJIeKTa HJIH, B 60nee 06II1eM Cl\IbICne, BJJlUlHlIfl COCT05lHl1fl OKpY)l(a-
JOll.{eH cpeAbI (CTeneHH ee .n:H<p<pepeHUlIaUlm, HanpH)I(eHHfl H T. .n:.) Ha
COCTOflHue qenOBeKa, rrOTOMY 1JTO 1JeJIOBeK H cpe.n:a o6a HBJIflIOTCfl1JaCTH-
MH o.n:Horo .n:HHal\Il1'IeCKOro nOJIfl.
e) XapaKTepncTHKH nOJIH B u;enOM, TaKHe, KaK CTeneHb era ,lJi1<p<pe-
peHQl1aU;I1I1, ero TeKY1JecTb H ere 3Thloc<pepa, .n:on)l(HbI ,lI,OCTaT01JHO no.n:-
QepKI1BaTbcH.
)I() Dpe.n:cTaBneHlIe COQI1aJIhHO-nCI1XOJ1orHIJeCK!1X <paKToB C nOMO-
lII.bIO .n:HHaMiI'IeCKIIX KOHCTPYKTOB n03BonfleT BbIBeCTH YCJIOBHfl, KOTO-
pbIe BJIHHIOT Ha nOBeLleHIIe B TOM HJIH HHOM HanpaB.l1emlll, IIJIH ycnoBHH,
B KOTOpbIX CJIeJJ:yeT O)l(H.n:aTb «IICKnlO1JeHHfl». 3TO OXBaTbIBaeT 06bI'IHbIll
cnY1Jaii, TaK )l(e KaK H HCKJJ!01JHTenbHbIH.
3) Cne.n:yeT npl13HaTb, 1JTO Bce KOHCTPYKTbI B nCHXOnOrIm H COUlIO-
JIOrnH .n:OJ1)1(HbI 6bITb onepalUlOHaJIbHbIMU; T. e. .n:OJl)l(Ha HMeTbCH B03MO)l(-
HOCTb COOTHeCTH C Ka)l(.n:bIM iI3 HUX Ha6nIO.n:aeMbIe <paKThI I1JII1 npoQe.n:y-
pbI. O.n:HaKO He MeHee Ba}l(HO, IJT06bI 6bIJ1H IJeTKO onpe.n:eJ1eHbI
KOHl{enTYaJIbHbIe CBOllCTBa KOHCTPYKTOB, T. e. HX JIOrnKO-MaTeMaTme-
CKHe B3aHMOCBH3H. llOCJ1e.n:Hen He06xo.n:UMOCTblO, H JJ:yMaIO, B nCHXono-
mH B 06II1eM II ueJIOM npeHe6peraJIH 60JIbllie.
O.n:Hon H3 HaH60nee Ba)l(HbIX cpe,lJ,H 3THX KOHl{en1)'aJIbHbIX np06JIeM
HBnHeTCH HaxO}l(.n:eHHe reOMeTpHH, KOTopa». MO)l(eT a.n:eKBaTHo npe.n:CTaB-
J1HTb nCHXonorH'IeCKoe IIJIH COUHaJIhHOe nOJ1e.
ITcHXonorHH .n:OJI)I(Ha HMeTb .n:eJIO C MHO)l(eCTBOM COCYIlIeCTByIOlII.HX
<paKTOB, KOTopbIe B3aHMOCBH3aHbI 11 3aHIIMaIOT n03HU;HIO no OTHOllieHHIO
.n:pyr K .n:pyry; Ha MaTeMaTIJL!eCKOM H3bIKe 3TO AOJ1)1(HO OTHOCHTbCH K «npo-
CTpaHCTBY». MaTeMaTHKe H3BeCTHO MHO}l(eCTBO pa3nwIHbIX THnOB npo-
CTpaHCTB. Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKOH BH.n: reOMeTpHH nY1JIlIe Bcero ro.n:HTCfl
,1JJU£ npe.n:CTaBneHHH .n:UHaMH1JeCKOH B3aHM03aBl1ClIMOCTH TOH 06JIaCTH
<paKTOB, KOTOpaH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH B OT.n:eJIbHOll HaYKe, - no 3MILIpH-
qeCKHH Bonpoc. Co BpeMeH 3llHlliTellHa 6bIJIO H3BeCTHO, 1JTO eBKJw;::oBa
reOMeTpHH, KOTopaH paHbllie 6bIJ1a e.n:HHCTBeHHOll reOMeTpHell, npl1Me-
IDIeMOll B <pII3HKe, He caMbIM ny1JIlIHM 06pa30M no.n:xo.n:l!T JJ:]JH npe.n:CTaB-
J1eHHH 3MnHpmeCKoro <pH3HIJeCKOrO npOCTpaHCTBa. B nCIIXOJIOrIlH npH
peIlIeHHH np06JIeM CTpYKTYpbI II n03Hl{HH B nCIIX0J10rII1JeCKOM nOJIe MO-
}l(eT y.n:OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHO HCn0J1b30BaTbCH He.n:aBHO pa3pa60TaHHaH HeKO-
J1meCTBeHHaH reOMeTpH5I, Ha3bIBaeMaH «TonOJIOrHeii»I . 3TO npoCTpaH-
I Kurt Lewin: Principles of Topological Psychology Personality (New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Co., 1936).
172
173
npHMOH JII1HHeH HnH ymoM B 20° (no KpaHHcH Mepe, B HacToHllliIH MO-
MeHT). O.n:HaKo TOnOJIOril'leCKOe H ro.n:onOrH'ICCKOe npOCTpaHcTBa npH-
MeHHMbI, HaCKOJ1bKO H MOry BH.D:eTb, He TOJIbKO B COlllIaJIbHOll nCl1XOJIO-
fIlH, HO H B paMKax c06CTBeHHO COl{HOnOrIIH. 1160 B COUHOJIOnm, KaK B
nCl1X0J10rHII, Hepe.n:Ko MO)l(HO onpe.n:eJIHTb OTHOIlIeHWi IJaCTeH H QC,lOro
II H3MeHeHHH paccToHHHH I1JIiI HanpaBJIeHHH, HC HMeH B03MO)l(HOCTII onpe-
.n:eJIHTb KOJIHIJeCTBeHHbIe OTHOIlIeHHH BenH1JHHbI, paccToflHHH IIJIH yrna.
KpoMe TOro, 3TII reOMeTpHH, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, oc06eHHO no.n:xo.n:flT .n:JIH
npe.n:cTaBJIeHHH CneQHlpH'IeCKOH KOM6HHal\iIH «KOrHHTHBHbIX» II «.n:IIHa-
MHIJeCKHX» <paKTopOB, KOTopbIe xapaKTeplI3)'IOT nCIIXOnOrHIJeCKlIe H co-
II.I1aJIbHbIe nOJIH, a TaK)I(e pH.n: .n:pyrHX <PYH.n:aMeHTaJIbHbIX CBOHCTB COUlI-
aJIbHO-nCliXOnOrII1JeCKOll .n:HHaMHKH.
I1cnonb30BaHHe o.n:Horo H Toro )l(e BHJJ,a reOMeTplIH B nCI1XOJIOrHH
H COl{HOJIOrIIH He 03Ha1JaJIO 6bI, IJTO OHlI HBJIIliOTCH O.n:HOll H TOH )l(e Ha-
YKOll. Bonpoc «e.n:HHCTBa» 06eHX HaYK Mor QbI OCTaTbCH OTKpbITbIM. O.n:-
HaKO TaKoe CXO.n:CTBO KOHQenryaJIbHoro IIHCTpYMeHTapPJI, KOHeIJHO, CHJIb-
HO 06JIer1JlUJo 6b! 3aJJ,aQY COl{HaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrIIH.
He3aBHCHMO OT peIlIeHHH 3TOH np06neMbI, COl{HOnOrHH, TaK }l(e KaK
II nCHXOnOrHH, 1l0n)l(Ha 6y.n:eT peIlIiITb, KaKOH BH.n: reOMeTpHII OHa C06H-
paeTcH npHMeHHTb, npe.n:CTaBJIHfl npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKlI
cBoero nOJIH. Jl.o TOro KaK 6y.n:eT .n:aH OTBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, HH COUH0J10-
rHH, HH nCHX0J10rHH He MOryT Ha.n:eHTbCH c.n:enaTb HaY1JHbIe BbIBO.n:bI, 60-
JIee Ha.n:e}l(HbIe, IJeM «CTaTHCTH1JeCK1Ie npaBHJJa», OCHOBaHHbIe Ha COOT-
HeceHHH <paKTOB, paccMaTplIBaeMbIx 60J1ee HJJH MeHee 6e30THOCHTenbHO
iIX HHllHBH.D:YaJIbHOH n03Hl{HIl B KOHKpeTHbIX nomx.
KaK B nCHXOJIOrnH, TaK H B COl{lIOnOrHH eCTb «HcTOpIJlIeCKHe» H He-
lICTOpH1JeCKlIe (<<cHcTeManllJeCK1Ie») np06JIeMbI, TeCHO nepenneTeHHbIe.
B npOTHBOnOJIO)l(HOCTb nCHXOJIOrHH, COl{H0J10rHH nO'ITH C caMoro HaIJaJIa
IJaCTO 6opoJIacb npoTHB CJIlIlliKOM 60JIblliOrO aKueHTa Ha HCTOpil'leCKOM
acneKTe ee np06JIeM. l1epexo.n: K )1HHaMiI'IeCKHM KOHCTPY 'TaM .n:enaeT He-
06XO.n:iIMbIM KaK MO)l(HO 60JIee HCHoe BH.n:eHHe 3THX np06JIeM. 3a.n:aIJa co-
l{lIOJIOrHII HJIH nCHXonorHII He MO)l(eT COCTOHTb B TOM, 1JT06bI HCKJII01JHTb
HCTOpil'lecKyIO CTOpOHY HX np06JIeM. HanpOTHB, no.n:xo.n: TeopHIl nom He
MO)l(eT H36e)l(aTb npHHHnIH BO BHHMaHHe llCTOpH1JeCKoro xapaKTepa Ka)l(-
.n:oro <paKTa Hero KOHKpeTHYIO HCTOpH1JecKyIO 06CTaHOBKY.
TeM He MeHee CJIeJJ:yeT npll3HaTb, IJTO CHCTeMaTH'IeCKHe np06neMbI
roaHM03aBHCHMOCTil OTJ1H1JaIOTCH OT HCTOpH1JeCKHX np06JIeM npOHCXO)l(-
,lJ,eHHH. Bonpoc, KaCaIOll.{IIHCH «npHpo.n:bI» H YCJ10BHH COUHaJIbHOro npo-
l{ecca - ,npYrHMH cnoBaMH, KaCaIOll.{lIHCH «npH'IHHbI H CJIe.n:CTBllim, - no
CTBO n03BOn5IeT npe.n:CTaBnflTb n03HQHIO BHYTPH IIJIH BOBHe onpe.n:eJ1eH-
Horo perHOHa, OTHOllieHIIe Me)l(JJ:y IJaCTHMII H l{enbIM H 60J1bIlIOe KOJIH1JeC-
TBO CTPYKrypHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK. Bce ::no .n:enaeTCH MaTeManllJeCKH TOIJ-
HbIM 06pa30M, HO He npellnOJIaraeT KOJ1HIJeCTBeHHoro YCTaHOBJIeHHH
BeJUI1JHHbI, KOTopoe 06bI1JHO HeB03MO)l(HO B nCIIXOJIOrHIJeCKOM none. To-
nonOrIlIJCCKOe npOCTpaHCTBO CJ1HIlIKOM «06mee» JJ:]JH npe.n:CTaBJIeHHH Tex
.n:HHaMH1JeCKHX nCHXOnOril'leCKHX np06J1eM, KOTopbIe BKJIIOIJaIOT nOHH-
THe HanpaBJIeHlUi, paCCTOHHHH HJIH CHJJbI. I1x MO)l(HO paccMaTpIIBaTb C
nOMOIIlblO HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee KOHKpeTHoH reoMeTplIH, KOTOpyIO H Ha3BaJI
«ro.n:0J10rH1JeCKHM npOCTpaHCTBOM»I. 3TO npocTpaHcTBo n03BOJIHeT HaM
roBOpHTb MaTeMaTiI'IeCKH TOIJHbIM 06pa30M 0 paBeHCTBe H pa3JlHIJHHX
HanpaBJIeHHH H 06 H3MeHeHIIHX paCCTOHHIIH, He Tpe6YH «1I3MepeHIIH» yr-
JIOB, HanpaBneHHll H paCCTOHHHH, KOTopoe 06bI1JHO HeB03MO)l(HO B COl{H-
aJIbHO-nCiIXOJIOrH1JeCKOM nOJ1e.
R nOJ1araIO, HeT COMHeHHH, '1TO COl{HOJIOrHH TO)l(e IIMeeT .n:eJIO C
«MHO)l(eCTBOM cOCYll.{eCTByIOll.{HX B3aHM03aBHCHMbIX <paKTOB» - .n:pyrH-
MH cnOBaMII, C «3MnHpil'leCKHM npOCTpaHCTBOM})2. COl{HOJIOraM H nCH-
XOJIOraM cneJJ:yeT npH3HaTb TO, IJTO ,lJ,aBHO 6bIno H3BeCTHO: 1JTO 3MnHpH-
IJeCKOe npOCTpaHCTBO - 3TO He 'ITO HHoe, KaK MHO}l(eCTBO <paKTOB,
cYll.{eCTByIOll.{HX B .n:aHHoe BpeMH H npOHBJIHIOIl.{HX onpe.n:eneHHbIe TlIrrbl
B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTII. B caMOM .n:ene, COl{HOJIOrHH .n:OJIroe BpeMH HCnOJIb-
30BaJIa 60J1bIIIOe KOJIH1JeCTBO rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX rrOHHTHH (KaK, HarrpH-
Mep, COl{l1aJIbHbIH no.n:xo.n:, lI3MeHeHHe HarrpaBJIeHlliI .n:eHCTBHH H T. .n:.).
PacnpOCTpaHeHHbIH rrpeJ],paCCYJ],OK, '1TO <plI3H1JeCKOe rrpOCTpaHCTBO -3TO
e.n:HHCTBeHHoe3MnHpH1JeCKoenpOCTpaHCTBo,3aCTaBHJIOCOl{1I0nOrOBCIJH-
TaTb HX npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe nOHHTHH npOCTO aHaJIOrneH. JIY1JIlIee nOHII-
MaHIIe CMbICJIa npOCTpaHCTBa B MaTeMaTlIKe H <p1I3HKe .n:OJ1)1(HO Cpa3Y npH-
BeCTiI K nOHHMaHHIO Toro, IJTO COl{HanbHoe nOJIe B .n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCnI
HBnHeTCH 3MnHpil'leCKHM npOCTpaHCTBOM, KOTopoe TaK )l(e «peaJIbHO»,
KaK H <pH3UQeCKoe.
EBKJIll.n:OBO npOCTpaHCTBO, KaK rrpaBllno, He n01IXo.n:HT ,lUUI a.n:eK-
BaTHoro npe.n:CTaBJIeHHH CTPYKTypbI COL1HanbHoro nom - HanpHMep, OT-
HOCHTeJIbHOH n03Hl{HH rpynn HJJH COl{HaJIbHOro rrepe.n:BI'DKeHIIH. HanpH-
Mep, B COQHaJIbHOM none HeJIb3H orrpe.n:eJIHTb TO, IJTO nOHHMaeTCH no.n:
I Kurt Lewin: The concephtal representation and measurement of psychological forces,
COnlr. Psychol. Theor" 1938, I, N24,
1 3m He 03Ha'iaeT, '1m flIo60H COL\1I0n0fl1'1eCKIIH TepMIIH, KOTOpblH KIDKeTCJI reOMeT-
pll'leCKIIM, Ha caMOM ,aenc IIBJIJleTCJl reOMerpll'leCKHM nOmiTIleM, HanpHMep, TepMHH «COL\H-
aJIbHM )JJ1CTaHWUI», BepOJrrno, He JlBJIJleTCIi reOMerpH'IeCKHM nOIUlTHeM.
174
175
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npe.n:CTaBJIeHHHM. 3TO He npOCTa5I 3a.n:aqa. MO)l(HO JIH Boo61l.{e .n:06HTbCH
:noro B COD:MaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrnH? MO)l(HO JIH Ha6JIIO.n:aTb .n:pY)l(ecTBeH-
HbIH HJIH arpeCCIffiHbIll nocrynoK 6e3 HHTepnpeTal{HH TaK )l(e, KaK MO)K-
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HaM n03BOJIlUIH 6bI .n:OJIro OCTaBaTbCfl B YHHBepCHTeTe. l1.eTcKaH nCHXOJIO-
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HO MeTo.n:OJIOril'leCKOe II3yqeHHe 3TOH np06JIeMbi B O.n:HOM II3 HaIIIHX Be-
l!YIl.{HX YHHBepCHTeTOB npHIlIJIO K cJIe):{yIOll.{eMY necCIIMHCTiI'IeCKoMY 3a-
KJJIOqeHHIO: Ha6JIIO.n:M B3aHMOOTHOIlIeHHH rpynIIbI JIIO.n:eH, MO}l(HO c06paTb
,lJ,OCTOBepHbIe .n:aHHbIe 0 TaKHX Bell.{ax, KaK, HanpIIMep, KTO nOllieBeJIlIJI
PYKOll, nOBepHYJI rOJIOBY HnH nepeMecTIDIcfl II3 o.n:Horo MeCTa B .n:pyroe.
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TepHcTHKax nOBe.n:eHHH. IToxo}l(e, HCCJ1e.n:OBaHHe npHBeJIO K nnaqeBHoMY
3aKJIlOqeHHIO, qTO Bce, qTO MO)l(HO Ha6JIIO.n:aTb C .n:ocToBepHocTbIO, COD:H-
aJIbHO 6eCCMbICJIeHHO, a Bce, IJTO HMeeT COl{HaJIbHbIH CMbICJ1, HeJIb3H Ha-
6JIIO.n:aTb .n:ocToBepHo.
K CqaCTbIO, B nOCJIe.n:HHe ro.n:bI pfl.n: HCCJIe.n:oBaHHll nOKa3aJI, qTO
cOQHaJIbHbIll acneKT Me)l(JIHqHOCTHOro nOBe.n:eHHH Bce }l(e MO)l(HO Ha-
6JIIO.n:aTb C BbICOKOll TOqHOCTblO H TaKoll CTeneHblO .n:ocToBepHocnI,
KOTopa» nOJ1HOCTblO y.n:oBneTBopHeT HaY1JHbIM Tpe60BaHHflM. B03MO)l(-
HO, eCTb CMbICJI npOCJIe.n:HTb, KaK 6bIJI c.n:eJIaH 3TOT MeTo.n:OJIOrHqeCKHR
IlIar Bnepe.n:.
. DpnM, ,[(opBnHa KapTpaiiTa: MareplHlJI B nepBoM 'IaCTll :nOM maBbI (BfUlUfb AO
pa3Aena «npoBeAeHne onblTOB B 06cTaHoBKe "peaJILHOn )l(({3Hn") B31!TO 113 Kurt Lewin:
Psychology and the process of group living, J, Social Psychol" 1943, 17, 119-129, OCTaJIL-
HaJ! 'IaCTb maBbl - n3 Kurt Lewin: Constructs in psychology and psychological ecology,
Univ, Iowa Stud. Child Welf., 1944,20,23-27.
178
179
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pafl Tenep b H3)1(I1JIa ce6fl,
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180
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182
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192
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VIII. nCIIXOAOflIqECKAH
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rnH rpynn. ):(on}l(HO 6bITb .n:OCTHrHYTO npaBlIJIbHOe nOHHMaHHe 3TOll CBH-
3H, npe)l(.n:e qeM MbI CMO)l(eM OTBeTHTb Ha MHO)l(eCTBO BonpOCOB, no.n:HJI-
TbIX IIpH nOfibITKax OCyIl.{eCTBHTb HHTerpalUlIO COUIIaJIbHbIX HaYK. I10.n:XO,lJ,
TeopHH nOJ1JI K 3THM np06JIeMaM «rrCIIXOnOrH1JeCKOH 3KOJIOrHH» lIpe.n:na-
meT HeKOTopbIe BapHaHTbI OTBeTOB Ha 3TH BOnpOCbI.
I1oCJIe.D:yIOll.{ero 06c .n:eHHH rrHll.{eBbIX npHBbIqeK MO}l(eT 6b1Tb .n:o-
CTaTOqHO 1IJIH npHMepa nepBoro B aHaJII13e rroJUI IlIara C l\eJIblO iI3MeHe-
HHJI KyJIbTypHbIX npHBbI1JeK. qeJIb 3TOro aHam13a - rrpOflCHHTb, me H KaK
HMeHHO rrepeKpblBaIOTCfl nCHXOJIOrIlIJeCKHe H HenCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHe npo-
6JIeMbI. fpyrrnOBaJI )l(H3Hb JII06oro THna H.n:eT B 06CTaHOBKe onpe.n:eJIeH-
HbIX orpaHH1JeHlIH TOro, 4TO MO)l(HO, a IJTO HeJIb3fl, IJTO MO)l(eT, a qTO He
MO)l(eT rrpOIl30llTH. HerrCHXOJIOril'leCKHe 4>aKTOpbI KJIl1MaTa, KOMMYHH-
KaIurn, 3aKOHa CTpaHbI HJIII opraHH3aUHH Hepe.D:KO flBJIHIOTCH qaCTHMH 3THX
«BHeIlIHHX orpaHH1JeHHID). I1epBbIH aHaJIH3 rrOJJfl .n:enaeTCH C TOIJKH 3pe-
HHJI «nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOH 3KOJIOrnIl»: rrCHXOJIOr H3Y1JaeT (<HerrCHXOnorH-
4eCKHe» .n:aHHbIe, IJT06bI BbIflCHHTb, 4TO 3TH .n:aHHbIe 3HaqaT .n:nH onpe.n:e-
JIeHHH nOrpaHIIIJHbIX YCJIOBHH )l(iI3HH IIH):(HBH):{a lIJIH rpynfibI. TOJIbKO
nOCJIe TOro, KaK CTaJIH H3BeCTHbi 3TII .n:aHHble, MO)l(HO Ha1JaTb caMO nCH-
XOJIOrH1JeCKOe HCCJIe.n:OBaHHe, 4T06bI H3Y1JHTb 4>aKTopbI, KOTopbIe onpe-
.n:eJUlIOT .n:eHCTBHH rpynnbllUJH HH):(HBH.n:a B Tex cHryaQHHX, KOTopble, KaK
6billO nOKa3aHO, HBJIHIOTCH 3HaIJUMblllilH.
I1JIaHHpYH npHcrroc06HTb nHll.{eBbIe rrpHBbI4KH rpynrrbI K Tpe60Ba-
HHHM 3.n:OpOBbflllJlH MeHHlOIl.{HXcH COQHaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH, OIJeBH.n:HO, cne-
JJ:yeT 3HaTb status quo. Ho IJTO cne.llYeT npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHIIe npM
iI3Y1JeHl1H 3TOro status quo? B 4aCTHOCTH, KaK .n:OJI)I(eH .n:eHCTBOBaTb nCH-
XOJIor, 4T06bI BHeCTH BKJIa.n: B OCYll.{eCTBJ1eHHe 3anJ1aHIIpOBaHHbIX H3Me-
HeHHii:?
nOAXOA «pa3BUTUe pe6eHKa»
194
MO}l(HO Ha,lJ,eHTbCH HallTH 60JIee y.n:aIJHble cpe.n:CTBa npe.n:CKa3aHHH,
H3y1jaJI HH):(HBH)I,yaJ1bH}'lO HCTOpHlO. KYJIbrypHaJI aHTpOnOJIOrHH He,lJ,aBHO
C,lJ,eJIana aKueHT Ha TOM, IJTO JII060e nOCTOHHCTBO B KYJIbrype OCHOBaHO
195
nOJ\eBOH nOAxoA:
KY J\LTypa II rpynnoBaSl IKH3HL
KaK KBa3I1CTa:qIlOHapHLle npO:qeCCLI
nb!, HalUm; )l(U3HII B )l(apKOM lUJH npOXJIa.n:HOM KJJHMaTe; B CeJIbCKOll MeCT-
HOCTH HJ1H ropo.n:e, B paHOHe C XOpOIlIHMU npo.n:OBOJIbCTBeHHbIMH Mara-
3HHaMlI U peCTOpaHaMH HJ1H B MeCTHOCTH C nnOXHM H HeperyJIflpHbIM
cHa6)1(eHlIeM npo.n:OBOJIbCTBHeM. TaK Hnu HHa1Je Bce 3TH cpaKTopbl BJIHH-
lOT Ha nHll.{eBble npHBbIIJKH B JII060ll.n:aHHUll MOMeHT BpeMeHH. Omi Ka)l(-
,lI,bIH .n:eHb 3aHOBO onpe.n:eJIflIOT IIlIll.{eBbIe npHBbIqKH rpymThI, TOqHO TaK
}l(e, KaK BeJIllIJlIHa npHTOKa BO.n:bI H xapaKTep peIJHOrO pYCJIa .n:eHb OTO
)J.HH onpe.n:eJIflIOT Te<IeHHe peKH, ero nOCTOHHCTBO IIJIH ero H3MeHeHHe l .
IIHll.{eBue npHBbIIJKH rpynnu, TaK )l(e KaK H TaKOll c]JeHOMeH, KaK
TeMn npOH3Bo.n:CTBa Ha c]Ja6pHKe, HBJJfllOTCfl pe3ynbTaToM MHO>KeCTBa CHJI.
HeKOTopbIe CHJIbl nOJJ,!J,ep)l(HBaIOT .n:pyr .n:pyra, HeKOTopbIe npOTHBOCTOHT
1IPyr .n:pyry. HeKOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCfl n06Y)l(.n:aIOIl.{IlMH CHnaMII, .n:pyme -
c.n:ep)l(HBalOIl.{HMH ClUJaMH. ITO.n:06HO CKOpOCTH peKH, c]JaKTiI'IeCKOe no-
Be.n:eHHe rpynIIbI 3aBHCHT OT ypOBHH (HanpHMep, TeMrr rrpOH3Bo.n:CTBa),
Ha KOTOpOM 3TlI KOHcpJIHKl)'IOll.{He CHJIbl .n:OCTHraIOT COCTOHHHH paBHOBe-
CHH. ECJIH MU roBOpHM 06 onpe.n:eJIeHHOM KYJIbTYPHOM naTTepHe - Ha-
rrpHMep, rrHll.{eBblX npHBUqKaX rpynnu - 3TO 03HaqaeT, 1JTO KOHCTeJIJIH-
l{HH 3THX clIn OCTaeTCH o.n:HHaKoBoH Ha HeKoTopblH rrepHO,lJ, nJIU rro
KpallHell Mepe IJTO B TeqeHHe 3TOro nepHo.n:a OHH .n:OCTHraIOT CBoero CO-
CTOflHHH paBHOBeCHfl Ha nOCTOHHHOM ypOBHe.
lfu rpyrrnoBbIe «rrpHBbI'lKH», HH HH.n:HBHJJ:yaJJbHbIe «npHBbIIJKH» He
MOryT 6bITb B .n:OCTaTOqHOH CTeneHH rrOHHTbI TeopHeiI, KOTOpaH orpaHH-
qHBaeT CBoe paCCMOTpeHHe caMHMH npOiJ,eccaMH H C<IHTaeT «npHBbl<I-
KY» IJeM-TO BpO.n:e 3aCTbIBIlIerO coe.n:IIHeHHH, «aCCOiJ,Hal{UeH» Me}l(JJ:y 3Tll-
MH npoueccaMH. BMeCTO 3Toro rrpHBbIqKH HY)I(HO rrOHHMaTb KaK CJIe,lJ,-
CTBHe CHJ1 B opraHH3Me u ero )l(H3HeHHOM npOCTpaHCTBe, B rpyrrrre u ee
06CTaHOBKe. QT06u HayqHo nOHHTb npOl\eCCu (KOTopble MOryT 6bITb JIH60
nOCTOHHHUMH «rrpHBbI<IKaMII», JIH60 H3MeHeHIDIMH), He06xo.n:HMO rrpe,lJ,-
CTaBHTb CTPYKTyPY opraHH3Ma, rpyrrrrbI, cHryal\HH - KaK 6u HH Ha3blBa-
J10Cb nOJIe B .n:aHHOM cnyqae - II He06xo.n:UMO rrpoaHaJJH3HpOBaTb CHJ1U B
pa3JIH1JHUX IJaCTflX nOJIH. ITpOl\eCC - 3TO TOJlbKO 3rrHcpeHOMeH; rrO,lJ,nHH-
HbIH 061>eKT H3YIJeHHfl - 3TO KOHCTeJIJIflUIDI cnn.
II03TOMY, IJT06u rrpe.n:CKa3aTb, KaKHe H3MeHeHIDI B ycnoBHflX 6y.n:YT
IIMeTb TOT HJ1H HHOll pe3YJIbTaT, MbI .n:OJI)I(HbI rrOHHMaTb )l(H3Hb rpyrrnbl
KaK pe3ynbTaT OC06bIX KOHCTenJIHl{IIH CHJI B paMKax 60JIee Bce061>eMJIIO-
meH cHryaiJ,HH. ApyrHMH CJIOBaMH, KOHKpeTHble npe.n:cKa3aHufl lllill co-
Ha TOM cpaKTe, 1JTO .n:eTH BpaCTaIOT B 3TY KYJIbrypy. ¥Ix 3HaKOMH C KYnbry-
pOll H np JaIOT K HeH B .n:CTCTBe TaKHM 06pa30M, KOTOpbIH .n:OCTaTOIJHO
rrpOIJHO coxpamleT HX npHBbllJKH .n:o KOHl\a )l(H3HII.
3TO lI3MeHeHHe rro.n:xOtI.a OT I1CTOpliH rpynnbI K I1CTOpHH <IeJ10BeKa
MO)l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK rrepexo.n: OT COl\HOJIOruH K nCHXOJIOrHlI. B TO
)l(e BpeMfl 3TO IlIar K CBH3bIBaHHIO CTeneHH COnpOTHBJIeHHfl H3MeHeHIIIO C
HblHeIlIHHM COCTOflHlleM IJJIeHOB rpynnbI, a He C npOlIiJIbIM nOBe.n:eHHeM
rpynnbI. 3TO OTXO.n: OT HCTOpH1JeCKoro rro.n:xo.n:a H IlIar B HarrpaBJJemIH
HeHCTOpHIJeCKOrO .n:HHaMH1JeCKOrO no.n:xo.n:a.
Ha MOH B3IJJH)J., rro}:(Xo.n: «pa3BHTHe pe6eHKa» B HblHeIlIHeH KYJIb-
rypHOH aHTpOrrOJIOmH nno.n:OTBopeH H )l(eJIaTeJIeH. OqeHb Ba)l(HO 3HaTb,
KaKOBbI npHCTpaCTlUl H aHTHnaTHH .n:eTeH Ha pa3HbIX B03paCTHbIX ypOB-
HJIX, KaKOBbI l{eHHOCTH, CTOHIl.{He 3a HX nHll.{eBOH H.n:eOJIOrHell H qTO HJIH
KOro OHH CIJHTaIOT HCT01JHHKaMH o.n:06peHHH H Heo.n:06peHHH. M Bce }l(e
,lJ,OJI}I(HO 6bITb nOHHTHO, 1JTO IICTOpH1JeCKHH H orrHCaTeJIbHbIH no.n:xo.n: He
MO)l(eT OTBeTHTb Ha Borrpoc, KaK H3MeHHTb nHIlIeBbIe npHBbIqKH rpyrrnu
B }l(eJIael\10M HanpaBJIeHHH.
3TOT Borrpoc 3annaHHpoBaHHoro H3MeHeHHfl HJIH JII060H «COl\HaJJb-
HOll HH)I(eHepHH) TO)l(.n:eCTBeH Borrpocy: KaKHe «YCJIOBHH» .n:on}l(Hbl 6UTb
,lI3MeHeHbI, IJT06bI 3T0 npHBeJIO K onpe.n:eJIeHHOMY pe3YJIbTaTY, H KaK MO)l{-
HO H3MeHHTb 3TU ycnoBHH C nOMOll.{blO no.n:pyqHbIX cpe.n:CTB?
H HO paCCMaTpHBaTb HbIHelliHIOIO Cll1yaQHIO - status quo - KaK
nOMep)l(HBaeMYIO onpe.n:e.!IeHHbIMII YCJIOBHHMH HJIH CHJ1aMH. KYJlbrypa-
Hanpl1Mep, n eBbIe npHBbIIJKH .n:aHHOll rpynIIbI B .n:aHHoe BpeMH - He CTa-
TH1JHafl Bell.{b, a )l(HBOll npOl\ecc, no.n:06HbIH peKe, KOTOpafl1IBH)I(eTCH, HO
Bce }l(e coxpaHHeT Y3HaBaeMyIO CPOPMY. )J;pymMH cnOBaMH, B rpynnoBoll
)l(H3HH TaK )l{e, KaK B HH,lI,HBII.n:yaJJbHOH }l(H3HH, MbI .n:OJI)I(HbI HMeTb .n:eno C
TeM, 1JTO B c]JH3HKe lI3BeCTHO KaK «KBa3I1CTal\HOHapHbIe» npOiJ,eCCbI l .
IIHll.{eBbIe nplIBbIqKH He CYll.{eCTByIOT B nyCTOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe. OHH
HeOT1>eMneMafl IJaCTb e)l(e.n:HeBHoro pHTMa CHa H 60.n:pCTBOBaHHH; npe-
6bIBaHHH B o.n:HHOqeCTBe H B rpynne; 3apa6aTbIBaHHfl Ha )l(H3Hb H HrpbI;
)"IaCTHfl B )l(H3HH ropo.n:a, ceMbH, COW1aJIbHOro KJIaCCa, peJIllrn03HOH rpyn-
I 06wyIO xapah'TepHCTIII<}' KBa3HcTaUlIoHapHbix npoueccOB C L B Wolfgang Koehler:
Dynamics in Psychology (New York: Liveright Publishing Co" 1940).
196
I KOllel.lHo, TIm clln HIIOjj; B none, onpCJ1CmllOlIleM pel<}', lIeT H",lern. JKBIIB3J1eIlTHO-
rn «KOrHliTIIBHOH cT)JYKTYpe», IUlH «nCIIX0J10rll'leCKOMY npownOMY», "1111 «nCIlXOnOfll'le-
CKOMY 6YJ1YWeMy»,
197
BeTb! no MeTo.n:aM H3MeHeHIUI .n:on)l(HbI 6bITb OCHOBaHbI Ha aHamne «nOJIH
B QeJIOM», BKJ1lO'IaH KaK ero nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHe, TaK H HenCHXOJIOrH1Je-
CKHe aCneKTbI.
HAAIOCTpaTHBHoe HCCAeAOBaHHe
KaHaJI "caIlOBOllCTBO"
I1ccJIe.n:oBaHMe, HCnOJIb30BaHHOe 3.n:eCb B Ka'leCTBe HJIJIIOCTpaII;HH
061l.{HX npHHl{HnOB, 6bIJIO npOBe.n:eHO COTpy.D.HHKaMH I1ccJIe.n:oBaTeJIbc-
KOro lI,eHTpa 3a60TbI 0 lI.eTflX rocy.n:apCTBeimoro YHHBepCHTeTa AiioBbI.
Ero OCHOBHOll lI,eJIblO 6bIJIO HCCJIe.n:OBaTb HeKOTopbIe acneKTbI Toro, no-
'le.v.y JIIO.D:H e,lJ,HT TO, qTO OHM e,lJ,HT. MeTO.n: 3aKJIIOqanCH B HHTepBbIOHpO-
BaHHH .n:OMOX03JIeK. 113Y1Janocb IDITb rpynn: TPH rpynllbI, npe.n:cTaBIDIIO-
Iu;He 3KOHOMHqeCKHe no.n:pa3.n:eJIeHHH (BbICOKHll, Cpe.n:HHll H HH3KHll
ypOBeHb .n:oxo.n:a) 6eJIbIX aMepHKaHlI,eB, U ,[(Be cy6K)'JIbTYpHbIe rpynnbI:
'1eXH H HerpbI l .
1. TeopHSI KaHaAa
tV
!P,-coo
IIpnro-
TOBJIeHHe
E a
,lJ,Ol\la
Bonpoc «IlO'leMY JIIO.n:H eIDIT TO, '1TO OHH elI.HT» .n:OBOJIbHO cnO)l(HbIii,
3aTparHBaIOIl.{Hll H KYJIbTYpHbIe, H nCHXOJIOril'leCKHe aCneKTbI (KaK, Ha-
npHMep, TpaJI:HJJ.IIOHHbIe npOJJ:yKTbI IIHTaHlUI H HH.II:HBHlI.YanbHbIe npe.n:-
nO'lTeHHfl, BbI3BaHHbIe nepe)l(UBaHlUIMH .n:eTCTBa), TaK}I(e KaK H np06JIe-
MbI TpaHcnopTHpoBKH, .n:OcryllHOCTH npo.n:yKToB B onpe.n:eneHHoii MeCT-
HOCTH H 3KOHOMlIIJeCKHe co06pa)l(eHlUI. IT03TOMY nepBbIll IlIar B HaY1JHOM
aHaJIH3e - 3TO paccMoTpeHHe np06JIeMbI, rlI.e H KaK nepeCeKaIOTCH ncHXO-
JIOril'leCKHe H HenCHXOnOril'leCKHe aCneKTbI. Ha 3TOT BOnpOC MO)l(eT OT-
BeTHTb, no KpallHeH Mepe IJaCTiI'IHO, «TeoplUI KaHana».
nepBoCTeneHHyIO Ba)l(HOCTb B 3TOii reopHH HMeeT TOT <)JaKT, '1TO,
KaK TOJIbKO e.n:a OKa3bIBaeTCH Ha CTOJIe, 60JIbIlIaH ee IJaCTb C1>e.n:aeTCH KeM-
TO H3 ceMbH. CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, OCHOBHOll OTBeT Ha Bonpoc «IlO'leMY JIIO.n:H
eIDIT TO, qTO OHH eIDIT» 6bIJI 6bI Hall.n:eH, eCJIH 6bI MbI CMomH OTBeTHTb Ha
BOnpOC «KaK e.n:a nona.n:aeT Ha CTOJI H nOIJeMY».
t t
&,-pr
nOI\fOTOBKa K CTOJlY
Ha CTOJle
Puc. 19, KaHaJ/bl, no KOmOpblM ei)a nonai)aem Ha cmOll
E.n:a nona.n:aeT Ha CTon no pa3JIlIIJHbIM KaHanaM (pHC. 19). O.n:UH H3
HHX - 1l0KynKa B Mara3lIHe. ITocne TOro KaK e.n:a KynJIeHa, OHa MO)l(eT xpa-
HllTbCH B KJIa.n:OBOll, '1T06bI 6bITb BbInyTOH 1l03.n:Hee, 3aTeM 6bITb npHro-
TOBJIeHHOll H npHHeceHHOll K CTOny. ):Wyroll KaHan - CaJI:OBo.n:CTBO. Cy-
III;eCTByIOT .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe KaHanbI, KaK, HanpUMep, .n:OCTaBKa, nOK)'IlKa
e,[(bI B CeJIbCKOll MeCTHOCTH, BbmeKaHHe .n:OMa H KOHcepBHpOBaHHe.
liar 3a IlIarOM e.n:a npo.n:BHraeTCH no KaHany. KOJIlIIJeCTBO IlIaroB
BapbHpyeTcH 1IJIH pa3JIlIIJHbIX KaHanOB H 1IJIH pa3nU1JHbIX npOJJ:yKTOB B paM-
Kax O,lJ,HOro KaHana. BpeMH, KOTopoe e.n:a MO)l(eT OCTaBaTbCH B O.n:HOM no-
JIO}l(eHHH, pa3JIlIIJHO. E.n:a B KJIa.n:OBOll HJIH e.n:a nOCJIe KOHcepBlqJOBaHlUI
MO)l(eT .n:OJIroe BpeMH OCTaBaTbCH B O.n:HOM H TOM )l(e nOJIO)l(eHHH. C .n:py-
roll CTOpOHbI, B 6y<)JeTe HJIH XOJIo.n:HJIbHHKe e.n:a MQ)KeT Haxo.n:HTbCH TOJIb-
KO HeCKOJIbKO qaCOB HJIH .n:Hell.
1 TIoc!Je CTa.r\Hll npellBapllTeJlbHblX I1CnblTaHllH pa3J1H'lHbIX MeTOllOB, B Te'IeHl1e Mal!
11 I1IOHJI 1942 ro,D,a 6blJlll c06paHbi OKOHqaTeJlLHbIe llaHHbIe, CJlellyeT I1MeTb B Bll.zIy, '1m
pe3YJlbHITbI Onl1CLIBaJOT YCTaHoBKI1 11 npl1BblqKH JllOlleH B TO BpeMJI (TOJlbKO crump, BbIlla-
BaJ1CJI no KapmqKaM). MarepmlJl 6blJ1 c06paH Ha )J(HTeJlJlX ropolla Ha Cpe,D,HeM 3ana.r\e c
HaCeJleHHeM OKOJlO 60 TbICjlq, XOTJI roPOll OKpYJKeH llJepMepCKI1MH X03j1HCTBaMll, B HeM
eCTb Pjlll npOMbIIIIJleHHblX 3aBO).(OB, B ropolle B Te<IeHHe pJl).(a JleT pa60nlJl ).(HeTOJlOr II
HMeeTCIi XOpOlIIaJI nporpaMMa nllTaHllJl.
TIollP06Hoe 06CYJK).(eHHe JTOro IICCJlellOBaHI1JI CM,: Kurt Lewin: Forces behind food
habits and methods of change, Bulletin of the National Research Council. 1943, 108, 35-65.
198
199
Ih06bI BblflCHHTb, KaKafl e.n:a rrOna.n:aeT Ha CTOn, Mbl .n:OJI}I(HbI 3HaTb,
CKOJIbKO KaHaJIOB cYll.{eCTByeT ,WIH OT.n:eJIbHOH CeMbH lJJIH rpynnbL QT06bI
nOHHTb H3MeHeHlIH, rrpOH30IlIe.n:IlIHe nOCJIe TOro, KaK HeKOTOpbIe KaHanbI
OKa3aJIHCb 3a6JIOKHpOBaHbI, MbI .n:0JIX<HbI 3HaTb, KaKHe HOBbIe KaHaJIbI OT-
KpbIBaIOTCfl HJUf B KaKHX CTapbIX KaHaJIaX YBenH1JHBaeTCH .n:BH}I(eHlJe. Ha-
rrpHMep, KOma npHrOTOBneHHe IIlIWH .n:OMa CTaHOBHTCfl CJIO}l(HbIM, MO-
}l(eT CTaTb 60JIee 1JaCTbIM nHTaHHe B peCTopaHax.
E.n:a He nepe.n:BHraeTCH no.n: B03.n:ellCTBlfeM c06CTBeHHOM ABH)I(Yll.{eH
ClUJbL IToCl)'nneHHe HJIH HenOCl)'nneHHe B KaHaJI H nepe.D:BH}I(eHlIe OT
O.n:HOro OT.n:eJIa KaHaJIa B .n:pyroll ocyweCTBJIHeTCfl «rrpHBpaTHHKOM». Ha-
npllMep, onpe.n:eJIAA eLI)', KOTopafl rrOCl)'rraeT B KaHaJI (<II0KYnKa», MbI .n:OJI-
X<HbI 3HaTb, ,lJ,enaeT JIH nOKYrrKH MY)l(, )l(eHa MJIH npllcnyra. ECJIH 3TO .n:o-
MOX03HllKa, TorAa CJIeJJ:yeT H3Y1JaTb rrCHXOJIOrHIO .n:OMOX03flllKH, oc06eHHO
ee YCTaHOBKH H nOBe.n:eHHe B CHl)'aJJ.l1H nOKYnKH.
01JeHb Ba)l(HO OC03HaBaTb, 1JTO nCHXOJIOril'leCKHe CHJIbI, KOTopbIe
OKa3bIBaIOT BnHHHHe Ha .n:BHX{eHHe e,ll,bI, MorYT 6bITb pa3JJHIJHbIMH 1IJIH
pa3HbIX KaHanOB H 1IJIH pa3HbIX OT.n:eJIOB B paMKax o.n:Horo KaHaJIa. Ka)l(-
.n:blll KaHaJI OKa3bIBaeT orrpeAeJIeHHOe COnpOTIfBJIeHHe .n:BH}I(eHHIO, H orrpe-
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06bIIJHO 60JIee CJ10)l(HaH )J;eHTeJIbHOCTb, GeM npOCTO nIITaHHe.
nCIIXOJIOrH1JeCKOe 3Ha1JeHHe npHHHTlliI nHIl.{H reCHO CBH3aHO C rpyn-
nOBblMH cm)'al{HHMH. E.n:a C TOBapHll.{aMH no pa60re Ha !}:Ja6pHKe - :no
HeIJTO OTJIWIHOe OT npHHflTIDI nHIl.{H 3a CeJlleHHbIM CTOJIOM lUJH e.n:bI B
peCTopaHe. «3aCTOJIbHaH KOMnaHlIH» OKa3bIBaCT orpOMHoe BJIHHHHe Ha
nOBe.n:eHHe BO BpeMfl e.n:bI H nHweByIO H}:(eOJIOrHIO HH.n:HBH.n:a. MO}l(HO
CKa3aTb, 1JTO B Ka)i(JJ:OH 3aCTOJIbHOH KOMnaHHH CyuIeCTByeT oc06afl KYJIb-
TYpa npHHHTlIH nHIIIH.
MOTHB3UHH
Mbl 06Cy.n:HM pa3nHIJHble !}:JaKTopbl MOTlIBal{HH B Tpex OCHOBHblX
py6pHKax: (a) UCHHOCTH (MOTHBbI, lI.n:eOJIOrHH), CTOHIl.{He 3a BbI60pOM
nHIl.{H, (6) nHll.{eBbIe nOTpe6HOCTH H (B) npellilTCTBlliI, KOTopble He06xo-
.n:HMO npeo.n:oneTb.
qeHHocmu, cmoRU(ue 3a 6bl6opOM nUl/iu
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CTBe CHCTeMbl OTCqeTa .lUUI HfI.[(HBII.n:a, BbI6HpalOIl.{ero npo.D)'KTbl. 3TH l{eH-
HOCTH He Bccr.n:a HMCIOT o.n:HHaKOBbIH Bec )J;JJH HfI.[(HBH}:(a; OHH MorYT Me-
HHTbCH, KaK 3TO npOHCXO.D:HT BO BpeMH BoifHbl, H, KpOMe TOro, MorYT 6bITb
pa3JJH1JHbI B peCTopaHe H .D:OMa.
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1JeTblpe CHcreMbl OTC'ICTa: pacxo.n:bI, 3)J;0POBbe, BryC H CTaTYC. BmKHO 3H<ITb
cpaBHHTeJIbHbIC CHJIbI 3THX Pa3JIWIHbIX cnCTeM OTCIJCTa)J)151 pa3HbIX rpynrr
JIIOl{ei1, a TaK)KC TO, KaK OHH BapbHpyIOTCH LL1H PaJ;1U'IHbIX npOJJ:yKTOB.
B OTHOIIlCHHH CHCTeMbl l{eHHocTeH MQ)KHO 3a.D:aTb TpI1 Bonpoca.
(1) KaKOBbI UCHHOCTII 3TOH rpynnbI? (2) KaKoB oTHocHTeJIbHblH BCC Ka)l(-
.n:oH l{CHHOCTI1? (3) KaK CBH3aHbi KOHKpeTHble npo.n:Yh..bl C onpe.n:encH-
HblMH QCHHOCTflMII?
204
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205
mo6HT. HalliH .n:aHHble He no.n:KpennHIOT IlIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHoe npe.n:-
CTaBneHne, '1TO JII06HMble 6nIO.n:a - :no 06bl'1HO Te npO;IyKTbI, KOTopbIe
Tpy.n:HO .n:OCTaTb.
Ka)l(.n:yIO .n:OMOX03flHKY TaK)I(e cnpaIlIHBaml: «KaK Bbl .n:YMaeTe, Ka-
KHe npOLl)'KTbI Heo6xo01Utbl JLJIH e)l(e.n:HeBHoro mrraHlUl?» OBOIl.{H H MO-
JIOKO HaH60JIee IJacTO ynoMHHaJlHCb KaK He06xo,lJ:HMbIe npOJJ:yKTbI BO Bcex
rpynnax. XJIe6 C'IHTaJIH He06xo,lJ:HMbIM 3HaIJHTeJIbHO 60JIbIlIee KOJIH'IeC-
TBO ceMeH H3 rpynnbI C HH3KHM ,lJ:OXO,lJ:OM, '1eIlICKOll H HerpnTHHCKOll rpyn-
ffiI, '1eM H3 rpynn C BblCOKHM ,lJ,OXO,lJ:OM. <l>PYKTbI C'IHTaJJHCb He06xo,lJ,H-
MblMH mpa3.n:0 'lame B rpynnax C BbICOKHM .n:OXO,lJ:OM, '1eM B ,lJ,pyrnx.
DOXO)l(He pa3JI1PIlliI 6bInlJ 06HapY}I(eHbI B OTHoIlIeHHH HUQ.
TlpemrmcmeUR, K01nopble Heo6xoOlL\1O npeOOOflemb
HHTepBblO He KaCaJIOCb np06JIeMbI npenflTCTBHll BlIonb pa3JIH'lHbIX
KaH<L'10B KaKIIM-TO OC06bIM 06pa30M, XOTH 3TH np06JIeMbI HY)I(HO npHHH-
MaTb BO BHHMaHHe npH nnaHHpOBaHHH H3MeHeHHll nHll.{eBbIX npHBbIIJeK.
KOHcepBHpOBaHHbIe npOJJ:yKTbI, HanpHMep, '1aCTO npe.n:nO'lHTaIOT nOTO-
MY, 'ITO ,lJ:nfl HX npmOTOBJIeHHH Tpe6yeTcH HeMHoro BpeMeHH. CTeneHb, B
KOTOpOll TaKIIe npenHTCTBHH, KaK CJIO)l(HOCTb TpaHcnopTHpOBKH, He.n:o-
CTaTOK nOMomH B 6b1TY, BpeMH, He06xo,lJ:HMOe JLJIH no.n:roTOBKH H npHro-
TOBneHHH, BnHHIOT Ha BbI60p npHBpaTHHKa, 3aBHCHT OT ero KOHKpeTHOH
CHTYaJJ.lIH.
Tllluleeble nompe6Hocmll
Ba)J<Ho oc03HaBaTb, IJTO cpaBHHTeJIbHbIH Bec p33JIHIJHbIX CHCTeM
OTC'IeTa MeHHeTCH .n:eHb OTO ,lJ,HH B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3I\WHflIOIl.{HMHCH no-
Tpe6HocTHMH. 3TH nOTpe6HocTH MOryT I\JeIDITbCH B pe3ynbTaTe y.n:oBJleT-
BopeHHfl, H3MeHeHlIH CHTYal{IIH HJIH B pe3ynbTaTe KYJIbTYPHbIX CHJI, .n:ell-
CTBYIOIl.{HX B HanpaBneHHH H3MeHeHHH TIlITaHHH.
To, '1TO npO,lJ:OJl}l(HTeJIbHOe nOTpe6JIeHHe O,lJ:HOro H TOro )l(e THna
nHIl.{U Be,lJ:eT K YMeHbIlIeHHIO npHBJIeKaTeJIbHOCTH HMeHHO :nOH nHmH,
comacyeTcH C OCHOBHblMH clJeHoMeHaMH Bcex nOTpe6HOCTeH. 3TO MOIl.{-
HbIH ,lJ,eTepMHHaHT e)l(e.n:HeBHbIX H ce30HHbIX l\HKJJOB B BbI60pe npOJJ:yK-
TOB. OH B pa3HOll CTeneHH 3aTparHBaeT pa3HbJe npOLl)'KTbI, HanpHMep,
OH MeHbIlIe JLJIH xne6a, IJeM JLJIH MHca.
061l.{Hll ypOBeHb y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHHOCTH nHll.{eH TO)l(e OKa3bIBaeT BJIHH-
HHe Ha npHBJleKaTeJIbHOCTb nHIl.{H H H3MeIDIeT CpaBHHTeJIbHbIll Bec Pa3-
JIiI'IHbIX l{eHHOCTHbIX IlIKaJI. EcnH 'IeJIOBeKY .n:OCTYnHO MeHbIlIe npoJJ:yK-
TOB, CpaBHHTeJIbHbIll Bec BKYCOBOll IlIKaJIbI HMeeTTeH.D:eHl{lllO YMeHbIlIaTbCH
B nOJIb3Y «He06xo.n:HMbIX» acneKTOB nHLUH. ECJ111 nOTpe6HTenbCKafl KOp3H-
Ha HanonHeHa .n:OCTaTOIJHO XOpOIlIO, .n:OMOX03HHKa MO)l(eT n03BOJIHTb ce6e
6bITb 60JIee pa360p'IHBOH B CBoeM Bbl60pe, '1eM TOr,lJ:a, Kor.n:a OHa nyCTa.
CmyaJJ.llOHHbIe clJaKTopbl .n:OCTaTOIJHO O'leBH}:(HbI: KOr,lJ:a .n:OMOX0311ll-
Ka B KOHl{e MeCflQa HCnblTbIBaeT He.n:OCTaTOK B ,lJ:eHbrax HJIH KOr,lJ:a OHa
rOTOBHT e,lJ:y JLJIH rocTeH, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{He CHCTeMbI OTCIJeTa 6y.D:YT YBe-
J1HIJHBaTbCH B Bece.
HenpepbIBHafl nponaraH.n:a «nOJIHOl{eHHoro H pa3Ho06pa3Horo nH-
TaHHH» B Te'leHHe nOCJIe.n:Hero .n:eCHTHJIeTlIH YCHJIlUJa KynbTYpHbIe CHJIbl
B HanpaBJIeHHH nOBce.n:HeBHoro H3MeHeHHH nHTaHHH.
KOHIJmHKT
Tlol<.ynKa KaK cumyalJUR npUH51mUR peweHUR. MbI 06Cy.D.HJIH pH.D;
CHJI, KOTOpbJe HanpaBneHbI Ha Bbl60p .D;aHHoro npoJJ:yKTa HJIH OT Hero. Hx
o.n:HOBpeMeHHoe npHCYTCTBHe B CHTYal{HH clJaKTH'IeCKoro BbI60pa C03.D;a-
eT KOHclJnIIKT.
06bIIJHO KOHclJnHKT B03RHKaeT, Kor.u;a, C O,ll,HOll CTOpOHbI, eCTb no-
6Y)l(.n: eHHe 3aIDITbCH onpe.n:eJIeHHOH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTblO (KaK IIOKYfiKa e.n: bI ),
a C ,lJ,pyroll CTOpOHbl - CHJIa, npOTHBOCTOHll.{afl 3TOH .D;eHTeJIbHOCTH. POCT
l{eH, npOTHBo.n:eiicTBYIOIl.{Hll nOKYnKe npOJJ:yKTOB, K KOTOpbIM nlO.D;H npH-
BbIKJJH, YCHJIHBaeT KOHclJnHKT B 06JIacTH nHTaHlIH JLJIH Bcex rpynn. CeMbH
C HH3KHM .n:OXO.n:OM, BepOflTHO, nepe)l(HBalOT 60nbIlIHll KOHclJJIHKT npH no-
KYnKe npOLl)'KTOB, '1eM ceMbH C BbICOKHM .D;OXo.n:OM, TaK KaK HX cB060.n:a
npH nOKynKe Tex npOJJ:yh.'TOB, KOTopble OHH XOTH, OrpaHH'IeHa lIX CKPOM-
HbIMH clJlIHaHcaMII. lIneHbl rpynnbI co Cpe.n:HHM .n:OXO.n:OM, o.n:HaKo, MorYT
nepe)l(HBaTb 60JIbIlIHH KOH4JJIHKT, 'IeM '1JleHbI rpynnbI C HH3KHM .n:OXO-
.n:OM, nOCTOJlbKY, nOCKonbKY OHH HBJIHIOTCH C nCHXOnOril'leCKOH TOIJKH
3peHHH MaprHHaJlbHOll rpynnOH. OHH CTpeMHCH .n:OCTH1Jb COQHaJlbHOrO
CTaTYca clJHHaHcoBO 60JIee CocTOHTenbHbIx II B TO )l(e BpeMH 60HTCH CHO-
Ba OnyCTHTbCH .n:o ypOBHfl 6eJJ:Hblx J11O.n:ell.
CTeneHb, B KOTOpOll npe.n:nOJIaraeMOe H3MeHeHHe nHmeBbIX npn-
BbI'IeK Cny1IallHO 3aTpOHeT nHll.{eBYI{) 06JIaCTb C CHJIbHbIM IIJIH C1Ia6blM
KOHclJJIHKTOM, - 3TO O.n:HH H3 clJah.'TOpOB, onpe.n:eJIfllOll.{HX CTeneHb 3MOl\H-
OHaJIbHOCTH, C KOTOpOll JIIO.n:H 6y.D:YT peampOBaTb.
Bo BpeMH HCCJIeJJOBaHIIH l{eHbI nllll.{eBbIX npOLl)'KTOB B3JIeTenH BBepx
6e3 conOCTaBHMoro YBeJIH1JeHHH .n:OXO,lJ:a, H JIIO.n:lI oc06eHHO ClUJbHO Oll.{y-
THJIH nOBbIIlIeHHe CTOHMOCTH npOJJ:yKTOB. EbJJJH 3a.n:aHbI TPH Bonpoca,
KacaIOIl.{HeCH 3KOHOMHH Ha npOLl)'KTax nHTaHHH: (1) «KaKHe npoLl)'KTbl
BbI YJ/Ce ype3aeme H3-3a nOBbIIlIeHHH l{eHbI Ha npoJJ:yKT?», (2) «EcnH pOCT
207
206
np06AeMLI H3MeHeHHB
I. 3aMe1lReMOCmb Heo6xoau..\1bIX npooYKmo6. BJIlIHHHe onpe.n:eJIeH-
HbIX MOTHBaQlIOHHbIX Clm, HanpaBJIeHHbIX Ha H3MeHeHHe nHll.{eBbIX npH-
BbIIJeK, 6y.n:eT 3aBHCeTb OT rH6KocTH 3THX npHBbIIJeK. OAHH H3 «l>aKTopoB,
CBH3aHHbIX C rH6KocTblO, - :HO CTeneHb, B KOTOpOH: He)l(enaTeJIbHblH HJIH
He.n:ocTH}I(HMblll npoJJ:yKT MQ)KeT 6bITb 3aMell.{eH .n:PYrHM npoJJ:yKToM.
MbI no.n:OIlIJIlI K 3TOH np06JIellIe, cnpawHBaH .n:OMOX03HeK, '1eM 6b1
OHlI 3aMeHHJIII Ka}l(.n:bIH H3 npoJJ:yKToB, BHeceHHbIX B cnnCOK He06xo.n:If-
MbIX npoJJ:yKTOB. B 60nbIlIHHcTBe cnyqaeB 3aMeHHTeJIH nona.n:alOT B CXOA-
HbIe C TOIJKH 3peHHH nHTaTenbHOCTH KaTeropHH: aneJIbCHHbI BMeCTO nH-
MOHOB, }l(HpbI BMeCTO IlIopTeHHHra, CbIp H HllQa BMeCTO MHca, OJIeo-
MaprapHH BMecro MaCJIa, .n:pyroll BHJJ: OBOll.{ell BMeCTO Ha3BaHHom, «l>PYK-
TbI BMeCTO OBOll.{ell H T. .n:. Pa3JIH'IHbIe no nHTaTeJIbHOCTH 3aMeHlITeJIH
6bIJIH ynOMflHYTbl TOJIbKO .n:OMOX03flllKaMH B rpynne C HH3KHM .n:OXO.n:OM.
3TH .n:aHHbIe comaCYIOTCH C TeM «l>ah..OM, IJTO '1eM HH)I(e ypoBeHb yAOB-
JIeTBOpeHHH nOTpe6HOCTiI, TeM 60JIbIlIe .D:JIH Hee .n:Hana30H B03MO)l(HbIX
.n:ellCTBHll, npHBo.n:HIl.{HX K .n:OCTH}I(eHHIO ,l\eJIlI.
2. OCHo6aHue U3.MeHeHUn. nUllje6blX npU6bl'leK. 113MeHeHHH B HanH-
IJHH npoJJ:yKTa - o.n:Ha H3 O'leBHAHbIX npH'IlIH H3MeHeHHH nHll.{eBbIX npH-
BbIIJeK. 06JIaCTb HMelOll.{HXCH npoJJ:yKToB MO)!{eT 3Ha'IHTenbHO cOKpaTHTb-
CH, KaK 3TO npoHcxo.n:HT B cHryal{HH .n:e«l>HJJ.HTOB. 3TO HeH36e)l(HO BJIeIJeT
3a C060H H3MeHeHHe mna, a 'IaCTO H BeJIH1JHHbl nOTpe6JIeHHH.
BTopaH npil'lHHa H3MeHeHHH npHBbI'IeK, CBH3aHHbIX C e.n:oii, - 3TO
H3MeHeHHe, KaCalOIl.{eeCH nHll.{eBblX KaHQJl06. ITpllMep nepexoWl K 60J1ee
.n:ocrynHblM KaHaJIaM BO BpeMH BOllHbl - 3T0 nepexo,lJ, K ca.n:OBo.n:CTBY H
KOHcepBHpoBaHHIO.
TpeTbH B03MO}l(HOCTb - nCHXOJIOril'leCKOe 1I3MeHeHHe: e.n:a, KoropaH
C'IHTanaCb «eoou afln. apy2ux, HO He afln. Hac», MO)l(eT CTaTb «eOoU.ofln. Hac».
TIpOJJ:yKTOBble Ae«l>Hl{IITbl MorYT cnOC06CTBOBaTb TaKOMY H3MeHeHHIO.
TIpHMepOM HBJIHeTCH YBeJIl11JeHHe HCnOJIb30BaHIDI rpaHYJmpOBaHHoro MHca
BO BpeMH BBe.n:eHIUI KapTO'IeK Ha MHCO. XOTH npe)i(JJ:e .n:OMOX03HHKa npoxo-
JJ:lU!a MHMO Hero, renepb OHa MO}l(eT cepbe3HO 3aJJ:yMaTbCH 0 nOKYnKe H
nOKYnaTb ero 'Iall.{e U3-3a ero .n:ocrynHocTH H HH3KOUl\eHbI. TIoXO)l(He 113-
MeHeHIUI MOryT npOH30HTH B OTHOIlIeHHH npneMOB nHIl.{H. B aMepHKaH-
CKOH K)'JIbrype «npOJJ:yKTOBafl Kop3HHa» IIMeeT TPH IJeTKO Pa3JIU1JHMbIe IJa-
CTH, OTBe.n:eHHble ,lJ,JIH 3aBTpaKa, 06e.n:a, Y}I(HHa; MHorHe npo.n:YKTbI
CIJHTalOTCH npHro.n:HblMH TOJIbKO }J)UI O.n:HOH 'Iacm. B cnyqae npo.n:YKTOBO-
m .n:e«l>Hl.\HTa :no MO)l(eT npeTepneTb H3MeHeHlle. TaK KaK 06e.n: - 3TO Hall-
MeHee CTPYKTYPHpOBaHHbIll npHeM nHIl.{II, roTOBHOCTb H3MeHHTb co.n:ep-
}l(aHUe 06e.n:a MO)l(eT 6blTb 60flbwe, qeM ,rum ;:t;PyrHX npHeMoB nHIl.{H.
l{eH npOAOJI)I(IITCH, KdKHe npo.n:YKTbl BbI M02llU 6bl ype3aTb ?», (3) «)J,a>Ke
eCJIH pOCT l\eH npo.n:OJI)I(IITCfl, KaKHe npOJJ:yKTbI BbI 6y.n.eTe O'leHb CTapaTbCfl
lie ype3aTb?»
Ha OCHOBe OTBeTOB Ha 3TH TPH Bonpoca CTaJIO B03MQ)KHbIM nOCT-
pOHTb IlIKany KOH«l>nHKTa, C T01JKH 3peHlIH KOTOpOH MO)l(HO 6bIJIO oue-
HIITb Ka)i(JJ:OrO I1HJJ:HBH.n:a.
ITpe.n:nOJIaranOCb, '1TO cymecTByeT HeKOTOpbIH KOH«l>JIHKT, CBH3aH-
HbIH C .n:aHHhIM npOJJ:yKTOM, ecnu OH 6b1JI ynoMHHYT B OTBeTe Ha JII06011
H3 3THX BonpoCOB, H 'ITO KOH«l>JIHKT 6y.n:eT .n:eMOHCTpHpOBaTb nocreneH-
HbIll pOCT, (1) ecnll npo.n:YKT e ype3aH H MO}l(eT 6bITb ype3aH ell.{e 60JIb-
IlIe (BonpocbI III 2), (2) eCJIH npo.n:YKT Mor 6bITb ype3aH, HO 3T0 npoJJ:yKT,
KOTOpbIii HH,lI,HBH.n: He XOTeJI ype3aTb (Bonpocbl 2 H 3), II ell.{e 60JIee HH-
TeHCHBHbIii - (3) eCJIII 3TO 6b1JI npoAYKT, KOTOpbIll Y)I(e 6bIJI ype3aH, HO
KOTOpbIll HH,lI,HBH.n: He XOTeJI ype3aTb (BOnpOCbI 1 H 3).
)J,.nH Bcell rpynnbl MflCO HMeJIO 3Ha'IUMO 60JIee BbICOKHH ypOBeHh
KOH«l>JIHKTa, IJeM nlO60ll .n:pyroM: npo.n:YKT. Em ypoBeHb KOH«l>nIlKTa, o.n:-
HaKO, 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO BapbHpyeT cpe.n:H rpynn, caMbIll HU3KHH ypoBeHb -
}J)UI rpynnbI C BbICOKIIM .n:OXO.n:OM, a caMblll BbICOKHll -,lJ,JIH 'IeWCKOll rpyn-
fibl II rpynnbI co cpe.n:HHM .n:OXO.n:OM. OBOIl.{H H MOJIOKO - Ha BTOpOM H Ha
TpeTbeM MeCTe BO Bcell rpynne. 3TH TPH npOJJ:yKTa, C03.n:aIOIl.{He Hall-
60J1bIlIHll KOH«l>nHKT, - 3TO TaK)I(e Te npOJJ:yKTbI, KOTOpbIe CIJIITalOTCH ca-
MbIMH He06xo.n:IIMbIMH. Bo BpeMH npOBe.n:eHHfl 3TOro HCCJIe.n:OBaHIUI MHCO
6e3YCJ10BHO 6bIno HaH60JIee IJaCTO ype3aeMbIM npO.llYI<TOM. XOTfl OHO CIJH-
TanOCb He06xo.n:HMbIM npOJJ:yKTOM, OHO 6bIJIO O.n:HHM H3 caMbIX .n:oporHX,
If COKpall.{eHlIe MHca Momo AaTb 60JIbmylO 3KOHOMHIO, IJeM COKpall.{eHHe
JII060ro .n:pyroro npOAYKTa.l1cXOM H3 Halliero aHanU3a, MbI .n:OJI)I(HhI O)!{H-
,lJ,aTb TaK)I(e, 'ITO COKpall.{eHlIe Mflca BbI30BeT HaH60JIbWee 3MOQHOHaJIb-
Hoe BOJIHeHlIe.
To, HaCKOflbKO MOIl.{HbI ClUJbl, Koropble npoTHBo.n:eHCTByIOT lI3Me-
HeHHHM nHll.{eBblX npHBbl'IeK B onpe.n:eneHHoM HanpaBJIeHl1H, B KOHe'I-
HOM cIJere MO)l(HO HccneAOBaTb, TOJIbKO «l>aKTlIIJeCKH nOnbITaBWIfCb H3-
MeHHTb nHlueBbIe npHBbl'IKII, TO eCTb C nOMOlllblO 3KcnepHMeHTanbHoro
no}:(Xo,[(a. .HHKaKOe aHKeTlIpOBaHIfe He MO)l(eT 3aMeHHTb 3KcnepHMeHTbI.
O,[(HaKO 60JIbIlIaH IJaCTb HH«l>opMaQHiI, c06paHHoi1 BO BpeMH iIHTepBbIO,
MO)l(eT 6b1Tb none3Ha npil nJIaHllpOBaHlIiI 3KcnepHMeHTOB. MO)l(HO YKa-
3aTb .n:Ba TaKHX KJ1aCca Im«l>0pMal\IIII.
208
209
qeTBepTafl B03MO)l(HOCTb ,WIH 1I3MeHeHlIH nHll.{eBbIX npHBbIIJeK - U3-
MeHUmb CUllY CUCmeM omc'Iema. 3TOro MO)l(HO .n:OCTHqb O.n:HHM H3 .n:BYX
cnOc060B. (l) H3MeHeHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHOll CHJIbI CHCTeM OTC'IeTa. Ha-
npHMep, nnaHHpOBanOCb, IJTO aK.l\eHT, C,lJ,enaHHbIll BO BpeMH BOHHbI Ha
,lJ,HeTH1JeCKOe nHTaHlIe, YBenH1JHT OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO CHJIY CHCTeMbI OTC'Ie-
Ta «3.n:0POBbe» (<<XOPOlliO nHTaTbCH, '1T06bI C03,[(aTb CHJIbnyIO Hal{HIO»).
(2) H3MeHeHHe cOOep:JICaHUR CHCTeM OTCIJeTa, T. e. npo.n:YKTOB, OTHOCH-
Il{HXCH K HHM. 3a .n:Ba nepBbIx fo.n:a BOllHbI n03Hl{HH fiTHl{bI HeCOMHeHHO
H3MeHHJIaCb: H3 npo.n:YKTa, C KOTOpbIM HY)I(HO «B03HTbCH», OHa npeBpa-
THJIaCb B nOBce.n:HeBHoro 3aMeHHTeml,lJ,JIH .n:pyrnx BH.D:OB MHca, KOTopbIe
6bIJIH MeHee ,[(OCTynHb!. BnOJIHe B03MO}l(HO, '1TO CHa'lana HMeJIO MeCTO
HeKOTopoe conpOTHBneHHe HCn0J1b30BaHHIO llTHl{bI B Ka'leCTBe «06bI'I-
HOfO» I\.JHca )I)UI e)l(e.n:HeBHbIX npHeMOB nHII(H BCJIe,[(CTBHe ee BbICOKOfO
nOJIO}l(eHlIH B CHCTeMe OTC'IeTa «nHll.{a, C KOTOpOH HY)I(HO B031ITbCID) HJIH
«nHll.{a 1IJIH rOCTell».
llHTaH B03MO}l(HOCTb ,lJ,nH H3MeHeHHH - :no 113MeHeHlJe npUHao-
ne:JICHOCmU K «3acmOJ/bHbIM KOMnaHURM». 3.n:eCb HY}I(HO ynoMHHYTb
B03POCIlIYIO nonYJIHpHOCTb IIIKOJ1bHbIX 3aBTpaKOB H 06e.n:OB Ha 4Ja6-
pl1Kax.
IhaK, IIllll.{eBOe nOBe.n:eHHe onpe.n:eJIHeTCH }:(HHaMHKOll nHll.{eBOH CH-
TYal\HH, BKJIIO'IalOll.{eH KaHanbI, no KOTOpbIM nHll.{a nOna,lJ,aeT Ha CTOJI,
npHBpaTHHKa, ynpaBJIHIOIl{ero KaHanaMH B pa3JIiI'IHbIX MeCTax, H nHll.{e-
BYIO H.n:eOJIOrHIO npHBpaTHlIKa. CHCTeMa l{eHHOCTell- 3TO OCHOBa HeKO-
TOpbIX CHJI, KOTopbIe onpe.n:eJ1HIOT npHHHTHe peIlIeHHll 0 npOJJ:yKTax H BbI-
3bIBalOT KOH4JJIHKTbI pa3JIH1JHOll HHTeHCHBHOCTH.
Bceo6IqHOCTb TeopHH
YqaCTKH BOpOT ynpaBJIHIOTCH JIH60 061>eKTHBHbIMH 3aKOHaMH, JIl160
«npI1BpaTHHKaMH». B nOCJIe.n:HeM cnyqae HH.D:HBH.n: HJIH rpynna «06JIa.n:a-
eT BJIaCTblO» .n:eJIaTb BbI60p Me}l(JJ:y «B» HnH «H3». IToHHMaHHe 4JYHKl\HO-
HHpOBaHHH BOpOT CTaHOBHTCH Tor,[(a 3KBHBaneHTHbIM nOHHMaHHIO 4JaK-
TOpOB, KOTOpbIe onpe.n:eJIHIOT peIIIeHHH npI1BpaTHHKOB, a H3IvIeHeHHe
COl{HanbHoro npOl{eCca 03Ha'laeT B03.n:ellCTBHe Ha npHBpaTHHK lInl1 ero
3aMeHY. llepBaH .n:HarHOCTH1JeCKafl 3a.n:aqa B TaKHX cnyqa5IX - 3TO 3a.n:aIJa
HaXO:>K,Z:\eHWJ 4JaKnllJeCKHX npHBpaTHHKOB. 3TO Tpe6yeT, no cymeCTBY,
COl{HOJIOflflIeCKOfO aHaJIH3a, Hero He06xo.n:HMO BbInOJIHHTb, npe:>K,Z:\e IJeM
CTaHeT 1I3BecTHo, IJblO nClIXOJIOrHIO HY)I(HO H3Y1JaTb lIJIH KOro HY)I(HO 06y-
'1aTb 1IJIH TOro, '1T06bI 6bIJIO ,[(OCTlIfnyTO COl{HaJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe.
llo.n:06HbIe C006pa)l(eHHH CnpaBe1IJlHBbl 1IJIH J11060H COJJ.IIaJIbHOn
KOHCTeJ1JIHl{HH, KOTopaH lIMeeT xapaKTep KaHan a, BOpOT H npHBpaTHlIKa.
)J;HCKplIMHHaQHH MeHbIlIlIHCTB He 1I3MeHHTCH ,[(0 Tex nop, nOKa He H3Me-
WITCH CHJIbl, onpe.n:eJIHIOll.{He peIlIeHWI npHBpaTHlIKOB. Hx peIlIeHHH '1ac-
TH1JHO 3aBHCHT OT lIX H1IeOJIOrlIH, T. e. HX CHCTeMbI l{eHHOCTell H y6e:>K,Z:\e-
HHll, KOTOpbIe onpe.n:eJIHIOT TO, '1TO OHH CIJHTaIOT «XOPOIlIHM» lIJIlI
«nnOXHM», a '1aCTH1JHO OT TOfO, KaK OHH BOcnpHHlIMaIOT ,[(aHHyIO CHTYa-
HIO. TaKHM 06pa30M, eCJIH MbI c06lIpaeMCH nOnbITaTbCH CHH3HTb .n:HCK-
pHMHHal{HIO BHYTpH 4Ja6pI1KI1, IlIKOJIbHOll CHCTeMbI HJIH JII060ro .n:pyroro
op2aHU30eallH020 uHcmumyma, MbI .n:0J1)1(HbI paCCMOTpeTb COl\HanbnyIO
}l(H3Hb B 3TOM MeCTe KaK He'lTO, '1TO npOTeKaeT '1epe3 onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe Ka-
Hanb!. TOf.n:a MbI BH.n:HM, IJTO CYll.{eCTByIOT a}:(MHHHCTpaTopbI HJIH npaBJIe-
HHH, KOTopbIe pellialOT, KOro npHHHTb B opraHH3a.l\HIO HJIH KOro He .n:onyc-
THTb B Hee, KOro npo.n:BHraTb no cny)l(6e H T. ,[(. TexHHKa ,[(HcKpHMHHal{HII
B 3THX opraHH3al{HHX TeCHO CBH3aHa C TeMI1 MexaHH3MaMH, KOTopbIe 3a-
CTaBnHIOT Te'lb )l(H3Hb IJJIeHOB opraHH3aQHH B onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe KaHanbI.
TaKlIM 06pa30M, .n:HCKpHMHHal{HH no cymecTBY CBH3aHa C np06JIeMaMlI
PYKOBo.n:cTBa, C .n:eHcTBHHMH npHBpaTHHKoB, KOTOpbIe onpe,[(eJIHIOT, '1TO
.n:enaTb, a '1ero He .n:eJIaTb.
B HallieM aHanH3e .n:BH}I(eHHH nHIl.{H no KaHanaM MbI BH1IeJIH, IJTO
KOHCTeJIJIHJJ.IIH CHJI nepe.n:Y1JaCTKOM BOpOT 11 nOCJIe Hero HeCOMHeHHO Pa3-
J1H'IaIOTCH. TaK, ,[(oporafl nHll.{a CTaJIKHBaeTCfl B MOIl.{HOll CHJIOll, npOTH-
Bo.n:ellCTByIOll.{ell BXO,[(y B KaHan, HO CTOlIT ell BCe-TaKH BOHTH, KaK Ta )l(e
caMaH CHJIa npOTanKHBaeT ee .n:anbIlIe no KaHany. 3Ta CHTyaQIIH HMeeT
CHJ1Y He TOJIbKO ,lJ,JIH nHmeBbIX KaHanOB, HO H .n:mI npOXO)l(.n:eHW1 HOBOCTII
no onpe,[(eJIeHHbIM KOMMYHHKal\HOHHbIM KaHaJIaM B rpynne, 1IJIH .n:BH)I(e-
HHH TOBapOB H CO.l\HaJIbHOfO nepe.n:BH)I(eHlIH HH.n:HBH.n:OB BO MHorHX opra-
HH3al{HHX. YHHBepCHTeT, HanpHMep, MO)l(eT 6bITb BeCbMa CTpor B CBoen
TOT BH1I aHaJIH3a, KOTOpbIll MbI npOBeJ1H 3.n:ecb, C KOHKpemOll CCblJI-
KOll Ha H3MeHeHHe nHll.{eBbIX npHBbI'IeK, MO)l(eT npHMeHHTbcH .n:OBOJIbHO
IlIlIpOKO. CO.l\HaJIbHbIe H 3KOHOMH1JeCKHe KaHanbI MO)l(HO BbI.n:eJIHTb B 1110-
60M THne 4JopMaJIH30BaHHOfO lIHcTHTYTa. B 3THX KaHanax MOryT Haxo-
.n:HTbCH Y1JacTKH BOpOT. COJJ.IIanbHbIe H3MeHeHHH B 3HaQHTeJIbHOn CTene-
HH ocymeCTBJIHIOTCH nyTeM H3MeHeHlIH KOHCTeJIJIHJJ.IIH CHJI HMeHHO B 3THX
oT.n:eJIaX KaHaJIa. K aHanHTiI'IeCKoll3a.n:aIJe no.n:xOJJ:flT C TOQKH 3peHwI nCH-
XOJIOrHIJeCKOH 3KOJIOrHI1; HenCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHe .n:aHHbIe HCCJIe.n:yIOTCH)I,JIH
Toro, '1T06bI onpe,[(eJIHTb nOrpaHH'IHbIe ycnOBHH .n:nH Tex, KTO KOHTpOJIH-
pyeT pa3JIH1JHbIe cerueHTbI KaHaJIa.
210
211
nonHTHKe npneMa H MO}l(eT C03.n:aBaTb MOmHbie CMJIbI npOTHB npoxo)l(.n:c-
HHH CJIa6bIX KaH.n:H.n:aTOB. O.n:Hmm KaK TOJIbKO C1)'.n:CHT npIlHflT, YHlmep-
CHTeT 'IaCTO nbITaCTCH c.n:CJIaTb Bce, 'ITO B ero CHJIaX, 'IT06bI nOMOIJb Ka)l(-
.n:OMY .n:BHraTbCH .n:aJIbIlIe. MHO rIle KOMMepIJCCKne opraH1I3al\1I1I npH.n:ep-
)l(HBaIOTCfl no;:r06HOll nOJIHTHKH. OpraHH3aQHH, KOTopbIe npc.n:B3flTO OT-
HOCHTCH K 'IJICHaM rpynn MeHbIlIHHcTB, 'IaCTO HCnOJIb3yIOT apryMcHT, 1JTO
OHH He rOTOBbI npHHHTb J11O.n:ell, KOTOpbIX OHH He CMOrJIH 6bI npo.n:BHraTb
B .n:OCTaT01JHOll Mepe.
CBH3b Me)l()Jy COl{HaJIbHbIMH KaHaJIaMH, COI{naJIbHbIM BocnpHHTH-
eM H npHHHTHeM peIlIeHlIH IIMeeT 60JIbIlIOe 3Ha'IeHHe C MeTo.n:OJIorH'IeC-
KOll H npaKTII1JeCKOll TO'IKH 3peHlUI. TeopHH KaHaJIOB H npHBpaTHHKOB
nOMoraeT 60JIee TO'IHO YCTaHOBHTb, KaK onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe (<o61>eKTHBHbIe»
COII.HOJIOrHIJeCKHe np06JIeMbI nepe.n:BII}I(eHlliI TOBapOB H JIIO.n:ell nepece-
KaIOTCfl C «cy61>eKTHBHbIMH» nCllXOJIOrH1JeCKHMH H KynbTYpHbIMH npo-
6JIeMaMH. OHa YKa3bIBaeT Ha xapaKTepH3yeMbIe COQHOJIOrlllJeCKH MCCTa,
no.n:06HbIe BopOTaM H CO.l\HaJIbHbIM KaHaJIaM, r.n:e YCTaHOBKH HMeIOT HaH-
60nbIlIee 3Ha'IeHHe,lJ,JIH onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX COQHaJIbHbIX npO.l\eCCOB H me HH-
,[(HBH)JyaJIbHbJe HJIH rpynnoBble pemeHHH HMelOT oc06eHHO 60JIbIlIOH Co-
l{HaJIbHbIll 3ilJilJeKT.
IX. rPAHllQbI B rpynnOBOH
AIlHAMIlKE
(1947)
O.n:HH 1f3 n060'IHbIX npOJJ,YKTOB BTOpOll MHpOBOH BOllHbI, KOTOpblll
061l.{CCTBO e.n:Ba JIH OC03HaeT, - 3TO HOBa CTa.n:HH pa3BHTIlfl, KOTOpOll.n:O-
CTHrJIlI COl{HaJIbHbIe HaYKH. 3TO pa3BHTHe .n:a)l(e MmKeT OKa3aTbC TaKHM
}l(e peBOJIIOQHOHHbIM, KaK aTOMHa 60M6a. ITpHMcHeHHe Kynb1)'pHOH aH-
TpOnOJIOrHH K COBpeMeHHbIM, a He K «npHMlITHBHbIM» KYJIb1)'paM, 3KC-
nepHMeHTHpOBaHHe C rpynnaMH BHYTPH H BHe na60paTOpHll, H3MepeHHe
CO.l\HaJIbHO-nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKHX aCneKTOB 60JIbIlIIlX COQnaJ1bHbIX rpynn,
KOM6HHal{ml 3KOHOMHIJeCKoro, KyJIb1)'pHOro H nCHXOJIOril'leCKoro c60pa
;:I;aHHbIX - Bce 3TH BHJJ:bl pa3BHTH1I Ha'IaJIHCb .n:o BOHHb!. Ho, 06eCne1JHB
6ecnpel{e.n:eHTHbJe B03MO)!<HOCTH H Tpe6YH peaJIHCTlIIJHbIX H OCYIl.{CCTBH-
MbIX peIlIeHHH HaY1JHblx np06JIeM, BOMBa 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO YCKOpHJIa nepc-
xo.n: COl{HaJIbHblX HaYK Ha HOBblll ypOBeHb pa3BHTHH.
I-Iayrnn,Ie acneI(IbI 3TOffi pa3BHTHfl COCpen:OTa'llmaIOTCH BOKpyr TpeX l\eJIeH.
I. I1HTerpHpoBaHlIe COl{HaJIbHbIX HayK.
2. ITepexo.n: OT onHcaHHH COl{HaJIbHbIX rpynn K .n:HHaMlIIJeCKHM npo-
6JIeMaM H3MeHCHHfl rpynnoBoll )l(H3HH.
3. Pa3pa60TKa HOBbIX HHcTpYMeHToB H MeTo.n:OB COl{HaJIbHOro HC-
CJ1e.n:OBaHH .
TeOpeTlIIJeCKHll nporpecc e.n:Ba JIH nOCneBaJI 3a pa3BHTIIeM MeTO-
,[(OB. O.n:HaKo ,[(.JI COl{HaJIbHbIX HaYK TaK }l(e, KaK .n:nH <)JH3H1JeCKHX H 6HO-
JlOril'leCKlIX, BepHO TO, 'ITO 6e3 COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ero KOHl{eII1)'aJIbHoro
pa3BHTH HaYKa He MO)l(eT nOHTH .n:aJIbme onpe.n:eJICHHOH CTa.n:HlI. Ba)!{-
HbIH mar BnepeJJ, - TO, IJTO Bpa)l(.n:e6Hoe OTHOlliemle K TeOpeTII3HpOBa-
HHIO, KOTopoe .n:OMHHHpOBaJIO B pH.n:C COl{IIlli1:bHbIX HaYK .n:CCflTb JIeT Ha-
3a.n:, n01JTH HC1JC3JIO. Ero 3aMeHHJ10 cpaBHHTeJ1:bHO IlIHpOKO pacnpOCT-
paHeHIlOe npH3HaHIIe Heo6xo.n:IlMOCTH pa3pa60TKH ny'IIlIIlX nOHHTHH H
Teopilli Ha 60nee BbICOKHX ypOBHflX. TeopeTII1JeCKOe pa3BHTHe .n:on}l(HO
HJJ:TH .n:OBonbHO 6bICTpO, 'lT06bI COQHaJ1:bHaH HaYKa ,[(OCTIlrna TOro ypOB-
HH npaKTH'IeCKOH nOJIe3HOCTH, B KOTOpOM 06w,ecTBo H)')K.n:aCTC», 'IT06b1
BbmrpaTb roHKy C n:CCTPYKTHBHbIMH MOIl.{HOCT}!MH, BbICB060)K.n:eHHbIMH
B pe3)'JIbTaTe HCnOJIb30BaHIIH 'IeJIOBeKOM eCTeCTBeHHblX IIaYK.
213
nOHSITHe. MeTOA II peaAbHOCTb
B COl\lIaAbHOH HaYKe
(<HeCYll.{eCTBYI0Il.{ero» 3KBHBaJIeHTHO 061>HBJIemIlO ero «3anpeTHbIM)) .n:ml
yqeHoro. ITpHIIHcbIBaHHe npelIMery «CYll.{eCTBOBaHHH» aBTOMaTH1JeCKH
.n:eJIaeT paCCMOTpeHHe :noro npeJ(MeTa KaK 061>eKTa Hccne.n:OBaHHH 06H-
3aHHOCTbIO YIJeHoro; 3TO BKJIlO'IaeT He06xo.n:HMOCTb paCCMOTpeHHH ero
CBOHCTB KaK «clJaKTOB», KOTOpbIMH HeJIb3H npeHe6peraTb B 061l.{ell CHCTe-
Me reopHH; HaKOHel{, 3TO npe.n:nonaraeT, 'ITO TepMHHbI, KOTOpblMH onH-
CbIBaeTCH npe.n:MeT, npH3HaIOTCH KaK HayqHbIe «nOIDITHH}) (a He KaK «npo-
CTO CJIOBa»).
Y6e)i(JJ:emm, KacaIOLUHeCH «CYll.{eCTBOBaHHH}) B COQHanbHOll HaYKe,
H3MeHHJIHCb B OTHOIlIeHlfH CTeneHH, B KOTOpOll nCHXOJIOrWIeCKHM H CO-
l{HanbHbIM clJeHoMeHaM npHnHCbIBaeTCH «llOJIHafl peaJIbHOCTb», H B OT-
HomeHHH peaJlbHOCTH HX «60Jlee my60KHX», ,lJ,HHaMH1JeCKHX Ka'IeCTB.
B Ha'Iane 3Toro BeKa, HanpHMep, 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHaH nCHXOJIOrHH
«BOJIH H 3MOl{Hll» ,lJ,OJ1)1(Ha 6bIna 60pOTbCH 3a npH3HaHHe npOTHB npeBa-
J1HpyIOLUeH YCTaHOBKH, KOTopaH nOMell.{ana BonlO, 3MOl{HH H IJYBCTBa B
«n03TH'IecKyIO cclJepy» KpaCHBbIX CJIOB, B cclJepy, KOTOpOll He COOTBeT-
CTBOBaJIO HH1Jero, IJTO MO)l(HO 6blJI0 6bl CIJHTaTb «CYll.{ecTByIOWHM» B Ha-
yqHOM CMbICJle. XOTH Ka}l(J(bIH nCHXOJIOr B cBoeH 'IaCTHOH }l(H3HH ,lJ,OJI-
}l(eH 6bIJI HMeTb .n:eJ10 C 3THMH HBJIeHHHMH npaKTHGeCKH, OHH 6blJIH
OTrOpO}l(eHbI OT cclJepbl «clJaKTOB» B HaY'IHOM CMbICJIe. 3MOQHH 6bIJIH
06'bHBJIeHbI 'IeM-TO CJ1HIlIKOM «H3MeH1JHBbIM» H (<HeOCH3aeMbIM», 'IT06bI
HX MO)l(HO 6bIJIO «CXBaTHTb» C nOMOll.{blO HayqHoro aHanH3a HJlH 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHblX npOl.(e,lJ,yp. TaKaH MeTO,lJ,OJIorH1JeCKaH apryMeHTal.(HH He
OTpHl{aeT CYll.{eCTBOBaHHH clJeHoMeHa, HO OHa HMeeT TOT )l(e 3clJclJeKT He-
J(onyll.{eHHH TeMbI B cclJepy 3MnHpH1JeCKOH HaYKH.
nO.n:06HO COI.(HanbHbIM Ta6y, HayqHoe Ta6y nOJ(.n:ep}l(HBaeTCH He
CTOJlbKO paQHOHanbHOH apryMeHTal{Hell, CKOJIbKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHOH
YCTaHOBKOH cpeJ(H yqeHbIX: Ha J11060ro 1JneHa HaY1JHOH rHJIb.n:HH, KOTO-
pbIH He BbInOJIHHeT Ta6y caMbIM CTporHM 06pa30M, CMOTpflT KaK Ha 'Iy.n:a-
Ka; ero nO,lJ,03peBaIOT B TOM, 'ITO OH oTcrynaeT OT HayqHbIx HOpM KPHTH-
'IeCKOrO MbIIlIneHHH.
1. CTa,lJ,HII pa3BHTHH HaYK
,lVIH nJlaHHpOBaHHH H BblllOJIHeHHH HCCJIe.n:OBaHHH He06xo.n:HMo flC-
Hoe nOHHMaHHe HbIHelliHell CTa.D:HH HayqHoro pa3BHTlIH. I1ccJle.n:oBaHHe
03HaGaeT CJIeJJ:ylOIl.{HH mar OT H3BeCTHoro B JJ:)I(YHrJIH HeH3BeCTHoro. qTO-
6bI Bbl6paTb HayqHo 3Ha'IHMbIe l.(eJIH H npOl.(eLl)'pbI, HeJ(OCTaTOIJHO 6bITb
3HaKOMbIM C clJaKTH1JeCKHM 3HaHHeM, HMelOll{HMCH B HanH1JHH Ha ,lJ,aHHOH
CTa,lJ,HH. He06xo.n:HMO TaK)I(e OCB060Jl,HTbCfl OT HaY1JHbIx npe.npaccYJJ:KOB,
xapaKTepHbIx ,lI)IH .n:aHHoH CTaJ(HH Pa3BHTHH.
QT06bl OTOllTH Ha .n:OCTaTOGHOe paCCTOHHHe OT HaY1JHbIX no.n:p06-
HOCTell H nonY1JIlTb Ha.n:ne)l(all.{HH 0630P J(nH onpe.n:eJleHHH cne.n:yIOll.{HX
IlIarOB, Y1JeHbIll MO}l(eT BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH Haxo.n:KaMH «cpaBHHTeJIbHOH Te-
OpHH HaYKH». 3Ta .n:HCI.(HIIJIHHa 3aHHMaeTCH ypOBIDIMH pa3BHTlIH HaYK,
HX pa3JIH1JHHMH H paBeHcTBoM, H MO)l(eT HHoma npe.n:oCTaBHTb 3MnHpH-
KY nOJIe3HbIe MepHJIa HJIH YKa3aTeJIH.
THIIbI npenHTcTBHll, KOTopbIe HY)I(HO npeo.n:oneTb npH nepexoJ(e Ha
cJ1eLl)'IOIl.{ylO HaY1JHyIO cryneHb, Hepe.n:Ko O'IeHb OTJIH1JaIOTCH OT TOro, GTO
MO)l(HO O)l(H.n:aTb. OrJIHJUoIBaflCb Ha3a,lJ" IJaCTO Tpy.n:Ho nOIDITb, KaK Ha KOro-
J1H60 MomH OKa3aTb BJIHHHHe Te apryMeHTbI, KOTopble Ha J(OJIroe BpeMH
3a.n:ep)l(anH HaY1JHbIll nporpecc.
3pHCT KaccHpep, aHanH3HpoBaBIlIHH CTa.n:HH pa3BHTHH eCTeCTBeH-
HblX HayK H 06JIa.n:aBIlIHH BeJIHKHM .n:apOM BH1IeHHH JIOfHIJeCKHX np06JIeM
TaK, KaK OHH npe.n:cTaIOT nepeJl, 'IeJIOBeKOM, BblllOJIHHIOIl.{HM Hccne.n:OBa-
HHe, YKa3blBaJl, IJTO HaY1JHbIll nporpecc GaCTO HMeeT BHJ( H3MeHeHHH B
TOM, IJTO CIJHTaeTCH «peanbHbIM» HJIH «CyIl.{eCTBYIOIl.{HM» (4)'.
2. IIp06J1eMa cYLUecTBoBaHIIH B 3MnUpU'IeCKOH HaYKe
MO)l(eT nOKa3aTbCH, IJTO cnopbI 0 «cYll.{eCTBOBaHHH» HBJlHIOTCH Me-
TaclJH3H1JeCKHMH no npHpO.n:e H n03ToMY HeJIb3H O)l(H.n:aTb, IJTO OHH 6y.n:YT
HaIJaTbI B 3MnHpH1JeCKHX HaYKax. Ha caMOM .n:eJIe B3mH.n:bI Ha cYll.{eCTBO-
BaHHe HJ1H HecYll.{eCTBOBaHHe .n:OBOJIbHO pacnpocTpaHeHbI B 3MnHpH1Je-
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214
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aJIbHbIe C06bITlIH HBJIHIOTCH KaK pe3ynbTaToM, TaK H ycnoBHHMH B03HHK-
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KOTOpbJe He MeHee peanbHbI, 'IeM tlJH3H1JeCKHe tlJaKTbI H KOTopbIe MO}l(HO
H3Y1JaTb He MeHee 061>eKTHBHO.
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tlJopManbHbIX MeTO.n:OJIOril'leCKHX np06JIeM HJIH KOHl{emyanbHbIX np06JIeM.
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Me)l(L\)' HHMH HeT pa3JIH1JIIH B peanbHOCTH.
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B Te'IeHHe Bcell HCTOpHH MaTeMaTHKH H tlJH3HKH Bce 60nbIlIee 3HaIJeHHe
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4. PeaJ1bHOCTb H ,lJ,HHaMH'IeCKHe .l\eJ1b1e
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'ITO rpynnbl HMeIOT C06CTBeHHbJe CBOHCTBa, KOTopble OTJII1IJalOTCH OT
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perHcTpauHH H 3KcnepHMeHTlIpOBaHHe
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216
217
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Ha.n:e}l(HOM IlJnKcaUHH CTpYKTypbI MaJIbIX HJIl1 60nbIllHX rpynn H perHCT-
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BO.l(lffb K eCTecTBeHHoll HHrerpaUHH COl{HaJIbHbIX HayK, H OHO 6y.n:eT BbI-
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219
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222
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IJeH 6pHra1IbI COXpaHHJICH, HeCMOTpfl Ha TOT aKT, 'ITO o.n:HH 1jJIeH 6pHra-
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npOJJ:yKTHBHOCTb y.n:ep)l(IlBaeTCH Ha O.n:HOM H TOM )l(e ypOBHe, TO MO}l(HO
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CTIf B CMbICJIe COnpOTHBJIeHHH H3MeHeHUIO, TaK }l(e KaK 3Ha1:fHTeJIbHOe
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aKTHlJecK)'IO CTeneHb nOCTOHHCTBa C MOIl.{HOCTblO ClUJ, .n:eiiCTBYIOmHX
no HanpaBJIeHHIO K HbIHelliHeMY nOJIO}l(eHlIIO .n:eJI lUJU OT Hero, MO)l(HO
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npaKTHIJeCKaH 3a.n:aIJa COl\HaJIbHoro ynpaBneHf!fl, TaK )l(e KaK If
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C006pa)l(eHHH HanpaBJIeHbI B 60;lbIlIeH CTcneHU Ha ycoBepllleHCTBO-
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npe.n:eJIa ycnoBHH OTCYTCTBlliI H3MeHeHHH, a ycnoBHH nOCTOflHCTBa MO)l(-
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22
225
2. COUlIaJIbHble nOJlH 11 4Ja30Bble npocTpaHcTBa
OCHOBHOll HHcTpYMeHT Mfl aHaJUna rpynnoBoH )l(H3HH - npe.n: cTaB -
JIeHHe rpynnbI H ee cHryaJJ.HH KaK «COllHaJIbHOrO nOJIH». 3TO 03HaIJaeT,
IJTO COUHanbHoe c06bITHe paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK npOllcxo.n:flll.{ee B (H HB-
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nOJIH - OTHOClITeJIbHaH n03HUHH 061>eKTOB, KOTopble HBnHlOTCH IJaCTHMH
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ee 3KOJIOrII1JecK)'IO 06CTaHOBKY. aHa TaK)l(e OTpa}l(aeT OCHOBHbIe B03MO)l(-
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Ha6nIO.n:aeMbIMH aKTaMH. BHaIJaJIe Ka)l(eTCH, IJTO nerIJe 3MnHpHIJe-
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nIB H COUHOJIOrIlB JIerIJe COOTHeCTH Ha6J1IO.n:aeMbIH aKT C
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228
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(2) I f(L+n),L I > I f(L+n),-L I
I f(L-n),L I > I f(L-n),-L I
CMbIcn 3TOro YTBep)l(.n:eHHH CTaHeT HCHee, eCJIH MbI paCCMOTpHM pe3YJIb-
THpyIOIJJ.YIO cHJJY fL,x' me fL,x = ,s + ,g' B cnyqae KBa3HCTaUHoHapHoro
npouecca pe3ynbTHpyIOIl.{aH Cilia Ha ypoBHe L paBHa HYJJIO (pHC. 22).
(3) f = 0
L,x
Pe3YJIbTHpyIOIl.{lIe CHJIbI Ha «coce.n:HHX ypOBHHX» (L :l: n) HanpaBJIe-
HbI K ypOBHIO L, npil'leM HX MOillHOCTb B03pacTeT C YBeJIIflIemleM pacCTo-
HHHH OT L. APYrHMH cnOBaMH, pe3YJIbTHpyIOIl.{He CHJIbI no coce.n:cTBY C L
HMeIOT xapaKTep «nonO)l(HTeJIbHOro ueHTpa..'IbHOrO CHJIOBOro nonH» (8)1.
(4) f (L*"),L - F(n)
XapaKTep 4JYHKQIIH F onpe.n:enfleT TO, HaCKOJIbKO CHilbHO, ceteris
paribus, COl{H<LlbHbIH npouecc «!JnYKT)'HpyeT B KOHKpeTHoM cnyqae.
113MeHeHHfl ypOBHH KBa3HCTal{HOHapHbIx npOl\eccOB 6YJJ:yT npOHC-
XO.n:llTb Tor,!J,a, H TOJIbKO Toma, Kor.n:a H3MeHHeTCfl 'IHCJIeHHOe 3HaIJeHlIe L,
,n:JIH KOToporo npoTHBo.n:eHCTByIOll.{l1e CHJIbI paBHbI. EcnH pe3YJIbTlIpyIO-
Il.{ee CIIJIOBOe none TepHeT CTPYKT)'PY l{eHTpaJIbHOrO nOJIfl, COl{HaJIbHbIH
npol{ecc TepfleT CBOM KBa3HCTaUHOHapHbIH xapaKTep.
rpa;:JIICHTbl pe1)'nbTl'PYIOli!HX CII:1 (/*)
a) OTHOCHTCJIbHO 6) OTHOClfTC'lbHO
KPYTOll rp3.L\lIeHT IT"lOCKHll rp3.L\HeHT
PUC, 22, rpaiJueHmbl pe3)'RbmupyIOUjux CUll (f)
e. CW1060e nOlle 6H)impu U 3a npeoeJ/OMu npWle2alOU/eu oa7Gcmu.
Ba)l(HO nOHHMaTb, 'ITO KBa3HCTaUHOHapHbIll npOl{eCC npe.n:nOJ1araeT l\eH-
TpaJIbHyIO CTpYKTYPY CIL10BOro nOJIH TOJIbKO BHYTPH onpe.n:eJIeHHOll 06-
J1aCTH no coce.n:C"fBy C L. YTBep}K.lJ.eHUe (4) He 06fl3aTeJIbHO BepHO .nJIfl n
BbIllie IL1H HH)I(e onpe,n:eJIeHHoro 3HaIJeHIUI. JWYrHMH CJ10Ba."vIH, B onpe.n:e-
JIeHHbIX npe.n:eJIax 60JIee MOIl.{Hble CHJIbI 06fl3aTeJIbHO H3MeHHT ypOBeHb B
60JIbIlIeH creneHH, a oCna6JIeHHe 3TliX CHJI npHBe.n:eT K B03Bpall.{eHHIO npo-
uecca Ha npeJJ:bI.D:YIl.{IIH ypoBeHb. EcnH, o.n:HaKo, H3MeHeHHe O.D:Ha)l(.n:bl BbIIlI-
JIO 3a 3TH npe.n:eJIbl n Ha ypOBeHb (L:l: my, npOl\eCC MO)l(eT 06Hap HTb
TeH,n:eHl{HIO I1L\TH .n:aJIbIlIe H He B03Bpall.{aTbCH Ha npeJJ:bIJJ:yIl.{Hll ypOBeHb.
3TO, nO-BH)I,UMOMY, xapaKTepHO}:(JIH peBOJIIOl\HH nocne TOro, KaK OHH IIpe-
o.n:OJ1eJIH nepBOHa'IaJIbHOe COIIpOTlIBJIeHue. qTO KacaeTCH CIL10BOro nOJIH,
3TO 03HaqaeT, IJTO 3a npe.n:enaMH «06JIaCTH no coce.n:CTBY» C L, pe3YJIbTH-
pym!ltHe CHnbI HanpaBJIeHbI OT L, a He K L.
O'IeBH)I,HO, 'ITO.lUUl 60nbIlIHHCTBa np06JIeM ynpaRJIeHUH IlIupOTa ,lI,H-
ana30Ha, B KOTOpOM npOl{ecc HMeeT xapaKTep CTaUHoHapHoro paBHOBe-
CHH, IIMeeT nepBOCTeneHHoe 3HaIJeHHe. 3TO o.n:HHaKOBO CYll.{eCTBeHHO }:(JIH
npe,lJ,OTBpall.{eHHH maBHblx ynpaBJIeH1JeCKHX KaTaCTpo4J H}:(JIH oCYll.{eCTB-
J1eHHH )l(eJIaeMoro nocTOflHHOro H3MeHeHlUl.
2. BllUJIHUe pa3J1U'lHbIX 2pai'JueHmoe. Dpe)l(.n:e qeM 06paTHTbCSI K 3M-
nHpHIJeCKHM npHMepaM, ynoMHHeM HeKOTopbIe .nOIIOJIHHTeJ1bHbIe aHa-
JIHTHIJeCKlIe BbIBO.n:bI. YTBep)l(.n:eHHe (4) xapaKTepH3yeT CTPYKT)'PY npH-
23l
BbiCOKlIM
ypOBCHb
1 1 1 1 [(L+n) L
! ! ! !
L
HH3KHH
ypOBem
I DonmKIITenbHoe lleHTp!L%HOe CHnOBoe none onpe.l\eJ1J1eTCIi KaK KOHCTeJlJJJllllI1I CHJl,
HanpaBJleHHblX K 0,1J,1I0MY perlloHy. 8 cpa:JOBOM npocTpallcTBc, r.l\e 0.1\110 lI3MCpellHc - Bpe-
MJI, :nOT TepMHH MOllillO HCnOJJb30BaTb ,lI,JIJI KOHCTeJJJlJlIlIUI, B KOTOpOH Bce CI1J1bl lIanpaBJJC-
IIbl K O,!I.HOMY ypOBHIO.
230
! ! !
! ! !
L L L
If(L+n),L
L
&
t
,
f f f f
f J f ff(L-n),L
J1eraIOIllero ClUJOBOro nOJIH, HO ero rpa.n:HeHT eIlle He oxapaKTepl130BaH.
OH MO)l(eT 6bITb 60JIee lUJH MeHee KPYTbIM (PHC. 22a H 6). BbIllie H HlI)I(e
L rpa.n:HeHT MO)l(eT 6bITb pa3JIiI'IHbIM.
(5) TIpll YCJIOBlIII o.n:HHaKoBoH BeJIH1JIIHbI I13MeHeHlUI MOIl.{HOCTlI pe-
3ynbTupYIOIl.{eH CIIJIbI ((LX) BeJIWII1Ha H3MeHeHlIH ypOBHfl COJJ.lIanbHoro
npouecca 6y.n:eT TeM MeHbIlIe, 11eM KpY1Je rpa.n:HeHT.
3T0 cnpaBe.nJIHBO He TOJIbKO .nJUI nepHo.n:HIJeCKlIX <fJnyKT)'al\HH, HO
H .n:nfl nOCTOHHHbIX H3MeHeHUH L. l1.0 CIIX nop MbI roBOpllJlH 0 nOBe.n:eHlIII
rpynnbI B l\eJIOM. ECJIH MbI paccMOTpHM HH.n:HBHJJ:yanbHbIe pa3JIH1JHfl BHYT-
pH rpynnbl, MbI MO}l(eM KOHCTaTHpOBaTb:
(6) Ceteris paribus, HH,Z:\IIBHJJ:yanbHble paJJIH1JIUl nOBe.n:eHHH B rpynlIe
6YJJ:yT TeM MeHbIlIe, IJeM KpY1Je rpa.n:HeHT pe3ynbTupYIOIl.{ero CHJIOBOro
nOJIfl no coce.n:cTBY C ypoBHeM rpynnhI.
CHT)'aJJ.lI1I Pa3JIlIQHbIX CTeneHell TepnHMOCTH MO)l(HO paccMaTpH-
BaTb KaK npuMepbI pa3JU1 1 1H0H KPYTH3HbI rpa.n:HeHTa, BnllillOIllero Ha HH-
,lJ,HBH.n:OB B rpynne. EonbIlIlIll.n:HalIa30H BH.n:OB .n:eHTenbHOCTH, pa3peIlIeH-
HbIX .n:eMoKpanI'-leCKHM JIH!l.epOM B 3KCnepH.MeHTaX JhmmlTTa H YallTa
(14), COOTBeTCTBOBaJI 60JIblliHM pa:L'IH1JIIHM nOBe.n:eHHH cpe.n:H HH.n:HBH-
,lJ,OB B OHlOlliemIn TaI\I1X BonpocoB, KaK npe.n:JIO)l(eHlliI JIH.n:epy, paJroBOp
Ha BHeKJ1Y6Hb!e TeMbI H Tpe60BaHHe BHlIMamUi co CTOpOHbI TOBapHll.{eH.
EblJIO 6bI Ba}l(HO KOJUI1JeCTBeHHO CBH3aTb JIerKOCTb H3MeHeHIUI rpyn-
nOBoro ypOBHfl B ueJIOI\l C HH.n:HBlIJJ:yanbHbIMH pa3JIHQHHMH BHYTPH rpyn-
nbI, XOTH MbI He O)l(H.n:aeM, QTO 3Ta CBH3b OKa)l(eTCH npOCTOH.
I. YpOBeHl:. arpeCCHBHOCTII B .n:eMOKpaTIf1JeCKOil
If aBTOKpaTlI1JeCKOii aTl\1Oc4Jepax
JIlInnHTT (13) H JhmnHTT H YallT (14) CpaBHHJIII BeJII1 1 1l1HY arpec-
CHU Me)l(JJ:y IJJIeHaMII O.n:HOH H TOM }l(C rpynnbI ManbIJHKOB B .neMoKpaTH-
IJeCKOH H aBTOKpanlIJeCKOH aTMOC<pepax. TaK KaI< JIl1IJHOCTH H BI1.n:bI .n:efl-
TeJIbHOCTH 6b1JIH nocToHHHbI, H3MeHeHHe MO)l(HO 06bHcHHTb Pa3JJ1-IQHbIM
couHanbHbIM KJJHMaTOM lUJU <pOpMOH JJl-I.n:epCTBa. OHH 06HapY)l(UJIH, IJTO
cpe.n:Hee ./L.1JH arpeCCHBHocTH Me}l(JJ:y IJJIeHaMH B rpynne npH aBTOKpaTlIH
J1H60 BbIcoKoe, J1H60 HH3Koe; npH .n:eMOKpaTlIll OHO Haxo.n:HTCH Ha 60JIee
}'MepeHHOM ypOBHe (pHC. 23).
TIpe.n:nonO)l(HM, IJTO Ka}l(.n:bIll H3 3THX YPoBHell arpeccHBHoCTU-
KBa3l1CTal\HoHapHoe paBHOBeCHe, H cnpocHM, KaKHe CI!J1bI HMelOT TeH-
,lJ,eHl{HIO nOBbIlliaTb, a KaKHe - nOHH)I(aTb ypoBeHb. O.n:HH <paKTop - THn
,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH: 6YllHafl Hrpa .naeT 60JIbIlIe B03MO)l(HOCTeH JJ:jJH CTbIIJeK,
IJeM cnoKOHHllil pa6OTa; onpe,lJ,eJIeHHOe KOJIH1JeCTBO ,lJ,paK MO)l(eT 6bITb
pa3BJIeIJeHHeM JJ:jJH ManbIJHIlIeK. CHJIaMH, .neHCTByIOIl.{HMH npOTHB BHYT-
pHrpynnoBoH arpeccHH, MOryT 6bITb: ,llp a Me)l(,lly 1J.JIeHaMH; npHcyT-
CTBlIe B3pOCJIoro JIH.n:epa; TOp)l(eCTBeHHbIM xapaKTep CIITYaUllH.
(])aKTH1JeCKOe nOBe.n:eHHe nOKa3blBaeT, QTO B .n:eMoKpaTHIJeCKOH aT-
MOC<pepe 3TH KOH<pnHKT)'IOIl.{IIe CHJIbI BeJJ:yT K paBHOBeCHIO (fw.x = 0)
JJ:jJH LD = 23. 3TO npe.n:IIOnaraeT pe3YJIbTHpYIOIllee CHJIOBOe nOJIe TaKoro
xapaKTepa, KaK H306pa)l(eHHOe Ha pIlC. 236.
. OTHOCUTC-:1bHbIC
Jl03JUJ.lHf 'yPOHHdi
6. YPOI:lCHb 1:1. )'POHCHb arpcc.> L YPOHCHb 6e3p;13-
.u.ClI-JUKpanm cJumoii c.JI:ITUKpaTJJ.H .:m'tHoii CJlfrOKp<llHU
llpHMepbI KBa3HCTa:qHOHapHOrO paBHOBeCHJI
B pa3AHq:HbIX 06AaCTJlX rpynnoBoH }l(H3HH
I'Q
C
a 40
e:
gS
t::
,g- 30
;sc
:t: U
gj
20
5i
@:;s
fi16 10
t,
CJ
:t:
;::;
C
;:,:::
arpeCUHUa>l f 1 1 1
aHTOKpaTIlSi (A!l - -r-l-1---
1f*4o I-m n !!!
t t t
..0 I ,J. ,J.
ileMOI{paTIISI (D) L :: + +
.. .. ..
t t t
t t t
T T T
T T T
o .HnOKp;HU>I (PA) ---I---r--r---
CneJJ:yIOll.{ue npHMepbl He npe.nHa3HaIJeHbI ./L.1JH Toro, IJT06b1 .n:oKa-
3aTb npaBIlJlbHOCTb TeopHH .n:JIH .n:aHHoro cnyqaH. OHH npe.n:Ha3HaIJeHbI
maBHbIM 06pa30M ./L.'1H Toro, QT06bI npOHJ1JIIOCTpUpoBaTb npuHl{HnbI H
no.n:roToBuTb nyTb .lI.:-m KOnil'leCTBeHHoro H3MepeHlliI COl\HaJIbHbIX ClUJ.
B OTHOIlIeHHH KOHKpeTHoro CJ1Y'IaH OHH npe.n:cTaBJIHIOT rHnOTe3bI, KOTO-
pbIe Jl,OJI}I(HbI 6bITb npoBepeHbI 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHo.
DpH OTCYTCTBHH .n:oCTaTOIJHbIX ,llaHHbIX no rpynnoBblM 3KcnepH-
MeHTaM, IJT06bI npOHJIJ1IOCTpHpOBaTb pa3JIH1JHbIe aHaJIHTiI'IeCKiIe npHH-
UimbI, KOTopble cne.n:yeT 06cy.n:HTb, MbI n03BOJ1lIJlH ce6e HeCKOJIbKO He-
pa360p1JIIBO Hcnonb30BaTb .n:aHHbIe, KacaIOIl.{UeCH rpynn, IJaCTell
HaceneHlm, KOTopble He HBJIfllOTCH rpynna'-H1, H HH.n:HBH,10B.
(jC3J}a3.;1J1IJH UI
L AA
.. .. ..
.. .. 4-
't 't 't
t t t
f f T
f f T
---r-T-r u
III
If/ 111
------------ p+u r r r
Pue. 23. CUJ/o6oe nOJ/e Ha pG3JIII'lHbIX yp06HRX ai'peCCII6HOC11I11 it?R ai'peCClI6Hoii
a6mOKpanlllll, OeAlOKpam1l1l II 6e3pa3ml l lHoii a61110KpamUII_
232
233
ECJllI Mbl HCn0J1b3yeM CHnOBOe nOJIe B .n:eMOKpaTll1JeCKOH aTI\10CcpC-
pe B Ka1JeCTBe OCHOBbI .n:JIfl cpaBHeHH}!, 60nee BbICOKHH ypOBeHb arpec-
CHBHOCTiI npH arpeCCIIBHoil aBTOKpaTlHf (AAGr) (L AA = 40) MO)l(HO 6bIJ10
6bI 06M!CHIlTb peCTO:\! MOIl.{HOCTII ClUJ, HarrpaBJ1eHHbIX Ha YBenIlt{e liIe
arpeCCIIlI, I1JIlI YMeHbIlIeHHeM CHJ1, HarrpaBJIeHHbIX Ha CHH)I(eHUe arpec-
CIIU. B .n:eHCTBIlTeJIbHOCTH, nO-BHlI,I1MOMY, 06a BII.n:a CI1JI rrpH aBTOKpaTHH
H3MeHIIJIHCb: CTlmb JIH.n:epCTBa H pa3.n:pa)l(eHHe, 06YCJIOBJteHHoe orpaHH-
IJeHHeM npOCTpaHCTBa CB060lI,HOrO .n:BH}I(eHHfl, yBeJIiI'IlIBaeT CHJJY, HarrpaB-
JIeHHYIO Ha arpeCCI1BHOCTb:
(lfAAGr.g I > If DGr.gl ).
JIHnrrHTT 06HapY)I(lUJ, IJTO qyBCTBO «MbI», KOTOpoe HMeeT TeH.n:eHIUlIO
CHll)l(aTb arpeccHIO Me)l(JJ:y IJJIeHaMH, rrpH aBTOKpaTHH yMeHbIlIaeTCH:
WAAGr.s I < I I'vor.s I).
3TOro, HaBepHO, .n:OCTaTOIJHO, qT06bI 06bJICHlITb, rroqeMY ypOBeHb ar-
peCCHH B03paCTaeT npH aETOKpanlll (L D < L AA). ECJIH 6b1 He npHCyTCTBOBa-
J1H .upyrHe H3MeHeHHfl, MbI MomH 6bI .n:a)l(e BblBeCTH yTBep)l(1IeHHe, KaCaIO-
ll{eeCH rpa,lJ,Hema CHJIOBOro rronH B .n:eMOKpaTH1JeCKOH cmyaIUlH: eCJIH YBe-
J1WIeHHe CHJIbI far.g paBHO n, a yMeHbIlIeHHe CHJJbI far.s paEHO m, Tor.n:a MOIlI-
HOCTb pe3ynbTHpyIOIl.{ell ClUIbI Ha ypoBHe 40 6bIJ1a 6b11 f40 D ,LD 1= m +n.
KaK }l(e Tor.n:a arpeccHBHoCTb rrpH 6e3pa3JIIl1JHOH aBTOKpaTHH (PA)
MO)l(eT 6bITb HH3KOll (FA = 3)? JIHnnHTT H YaHT (14) 06HapY)I(IUIH, IJTO
qYBCTBO «MbI» HBJUIeTCfl HH3KHM B 060HX nmax aBToKpaTHH; MaJIOBepO-
MHO, 'ITO He 6y.n:eT pa3.n:pa)l(aIOIl{erO 3 eKTa PYCTpHpyIOll.{ero aBTO-
KpaTll1JeCKoro JIH.n:epCTBa. MbI CKopce CKJ10HHbI npe.n:rronaraTb, 'ITO op-
Ma aBTOKpaTHIJeCKOrO nH.n:epCTBa nOlI,pa3yMeBaeT .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHYIO CHJJY
(f; ), KOTOpM COOTBeTcTByeT 60JIee BbICOKOH CTerreHH aBTopIlTapHoro
Gr,c
KOHTpOJIH H KOTopafl B 3THX cmyal\lliIX HarrpaBJIeHa npOTlIB OTKpbITOll ar-
peccHH.
KaK rrpaBHno, Mbl MO)l(eM npe.n:n0J10)l(HTb, IJTO 3Ta Clma .n:OBOJIbHO
MOIl.{HaH H IJTO OHa 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO 60JIbIlIe, IJeM m + n r.t;,AOr.C = p > (m + n)).
3TOT aBTOKpaTillJeCKHH KOHTpOJIb, BepOHTHO, y,lJ,ep)l(lIBaeT OTKpbIT)'IO ar-
peccHIO Ha OIJeHb HIl3KOM ypoBHe, HeCMOTpH Ha 60nbIlIYlO CH.ny, HanpaB-
JIeHH}1O Ha arpeccHIO. TOJIbKO eCJIH 6bI 3TOT KOHTpOJIb 6b1JI rro TOH HJIH
HHOll npIl1JHHe .n:ocTaTo'IHo ocna6neH, TaK 'ITO I !, G I < (m + nY, TOr.n:a
r.c
npOflBHJIaCb 6b1 B03pocrnaH CKJIOHHOCTb K arpeCCIIH.
113 3TOll TeopHH MO)l(HO c.n:eJIaTb BbIBO.n:: XOTH pe3YJIbTHpyIOIl.{aH ClUIa
Ha ypOBHe LPA 6e3pa3JI1l1JHOH aBTOKpanlll, pa3yMeeTCH, OnHTb paBHa HYJIIO
(f PA = 0), rrpOTlIBOCTOHIl.{He KOMIIOHeHTbI, KOTopbIe COCTaBJIfllOT pe3YJIb-
L .x
THpyIOll.{He CHJIbl, 60nbIlIe, IJeM B cnyqae .n:eMOKpaTHII. MOIl.{HOCTb 3TOro
,l(OnOJ1HHTeJIbHoro KOMrrOHeHTa - no cpaBHeHHIO C .n:onOJIHllTenbHblM KOM-
nOHeHTOM B .n:eMOKpaTiI'IeCKOll CHT)'auIIH - ceteris paribus paBHa .n:aBJIe-
HHIO aBTOKpaTiI'IeCKoro KOHTpOJIH nJIIOC CHJIa, 06YCJ10BJIeHHafl Pa3JI1l1JH-
eM B qYBCTBe «MbI» (I f I = p + n). ,lWyrHMH cnOBaMH, MbI O)l(H.n:aJIlI 6bI
eblCOK)110 cmeneHb eHympeHliezo HanpR:J/CeH1I51, cytl{eCmeYlOU{ezo npu 6e3-
PQ3J/UIJHOU aemOKpamllll, HeCMompR Ha eUOllMocmb cnoKoiicmellR II no-
pROKG. 3TO .n:06aBO'IHoe HanpH)I(eHHe COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO 6b1 npOTHBOCTOH-
Il.{HM CHJIaM MOIl.{HOCTH I fl = p + n (PUC. 23z).
TaK KaK aBTOKpaTH1JeCKafl aTMoc epa MeHee TepnllMa, IJeM .n:eMO-
KpaTWIeCKaH aTMoc epa, MO)l(HO 3a.n:aTb ce6e Bonpoc, KaK npH aBTOKpa-
THH MO)l(eT HMeTb MeCTO BblCOKlIll ypOBeHb BHYTpurpynnoBoH arpeCClm.
OTBeT Ha.n:o HCKaTb B TOM cpaKTe, IJTO orpaHlIIJHBaIOIl.{HH xapaKTep aBTO-
KpaTHH lIMeeT .n:Ba npOTlIBOpe1JHBbIX CJIe.n:CTBHfl: (a) OH Be.n:eT K pYCTpa-
UHIl qJIeHOB rpynrrbI H, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, K YBeJIWIeHHIO t; g B HarrpaBJIeHIIH
pOCTa arpeccHH; (6) KOHTpOJIbHbIH acneKT orpaHIl1JeHIIJI paBHOCHJleH c.n:ep-
}l(lIBaIOll.{eif CIIJIe 1f r ,g npoTlm BHYTpnrpyn;JOBOH arpeCClIl1. 3TO BHYTpeH-
Hee npOTlIBOpeIJHe CBOHCTBeHHO Ka)l(1IoH aBTOKpaTll1JeCKOH CIIT)'al\HH II
HBJIfleTCH OCHOBOH BblCOKOro ypOBHH Hanpfl)l(eHllfl (PHC. 23z).
C TOIJKII 3peHHfl ynpaBJIeHlliI aBTOKpaTiI'IeCKOe nH}:(epCTBO CTaJIKH-
BaeTCH C 3a,lJ,aqell YCTaHOBJIeHI1H c.n:ep}l(ImaIOIl{cro CIL'lOBOro nOJIfl ( rJ;>,g )
TaKOll MOIl.{HOCTH H rpa.n:HeHTa, QT06b1 HHTeHCHBHOCTb OTKpblTOll BHYT-
pHrpyrrnoBoH arpeCCHH He no.n:HHMaJIaCb BblIlIe onpe.n:eJIeHHoro ypOBHfl.
06bIIJHO B KaIJeCTBe nepBoro IlIara K 3TOll uenH aBTOKpaT IIbITaeTCfl YCII-
JIHTh CBOIl orrepaTlIBHbIe cpe.n:CTBa KOmpOJIH. YCHJIeHHe rrOJIHIJ}IH IIJIH .n:py-
rHX Cpe.n:CTB BJIaCTH COOTBeTCTByeT YBeJIWIeHIIIO «MOIl.{HOCTH» KOHTpOJIH.
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234
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nepellIJIo Ha 60JIee BbICOKHH ypoBeHb B cnyqae nepexo.n:a K nonycTHTeJIb-
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HOBeClffi, MO)l(eT caMO no ce6e OKa3bIBaTb BJIHflHHe Ha 06IUyIO cHryal\11IO B
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239
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238
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HO, HMeeT rpa.n:HeHT, nO.n:06HbIM 3KCnOHeHu.HanbHOM KpHBOM.
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Il.{ero ypOBIDI }l(H]HH, IJTO OHH He CTpeMlUJHCb 3apa60TaTb 60JIbIlIe .n:eHer .n:a)I(e
3a CpaBHHTeJIbHO He6oJIbIlIOe .n:onOJlHIITeJIbHOe YCHJ1He.
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rpa1IHeHTOM CIIJIOBOrO nOM pa3nH'IaeTCfl B pa3Hb1X Cy6KYJ1b1)'pax rpynnbl.
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PHC. 27 npeAcTaBAAeT .n:aHHble In 3KcnepHMeHToB, npoBe.n:eHHblx
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pUMeHTaJIbHOH BbI60pKlI II KOHTpOJIbHOll BbI60pKlI lIMeeT TllIIHqHbIll KBa-
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lOT CHJIbI, HMelOll.{Ue TeH.n:eHl{HIO CHH}I(aTb npo.n:YKTHBHOCTb, a He Ha npo-
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80
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56
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PUC, 27, Bnw/Hlle 2pynn0602o peUleHlIR II KapmO'ieK cf:opocmll
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BhICOK)'IO npo.ayKIHBHOCTh
54
HIOHb 1943
50
1942 EK.
Pue, 29. B.qw/Hue KapmO'IeK eKopoemu Ha ema6u.%HOemb 6blpa6omKu npo(jYKlJUU
Puc. 28. /(60 603MO:J/CHblX COemOllHWI HanpRJICeHWI, R6J/1IIOUjUXClI pe3YJ/bmamOM
pa3JIU'IHblX enoeo606 U'3MeHeHWI YPo6Heii npoi:JyKmu6Hocmu
TaK KaK 6ecnOKOHCTBO - pacnpOcTpaHeHHbIH CHMnTOM HanpH)I(eHMH,
MbI MO}l(eM npe.n:nOnO)I(HTb, IJTO 6onbl1lee nOCTOflHCTBO M oTcyrcTBIIe HeBbI-
XO.n:OB Ha pa60T)' - 3TO BbIpa)l(eHHe TOro «l>aKTa, IJTO H3MeHeHHe ypOBHH
npOJJ:yKnlBHOCTH 6bIJIO .n:OCTHrHYTO qepe3 H3MeHeHHe ClUJOBOm nOJ1H, CO-
OTBeTCTByIOll.{erO narrepHY 286, a He 286.
(7) ECJ1l1 rrepexo.n: OT ypOBHH V K L 2 BbI3BaH pOCTOM CHJI, HanpaB-
J1eHHbIX K L 2 (pIlC. 28a M 6), BTOpH1JHbIe 3«l>«l>eKTbI .n:on)l(HbI 6bITb HHbIMM,
qeM B cJIY'Iae, Kor,zI,a TO }l(e caMoe H3MeHeHHe ypOBHH BbI3BaHO YMeHbIlIe-
HHeM npOTHBo.n:eHcTByIOIl.{HX ClUJ (pHC. 286). B rrepBOM cJIY'Iae npOl{eCC
Ha HOBOM ypOBHe L 1 conpoBO)l()J,aJICH 6bI COCTOHHHeM CpaBHHTeJ1bHO BbI-
COKoro HanpH)I(eHMH, BO BTOpOM cnY1Jae - COCTOHHHeM cpaBHHTeJIbHO Hll3-
Kom HanpH)I(eHIDJ.
TaK KaK YBeJ1H IeHHe HanpH)I(eHlUI CBbIllie onpe.ll.eneHHOH CTeneHM
MeT napanneJIbHO C 60nbIlIeH yCTanocTblO, 60J1ee BblCOKOH arpeCCHBHO-
CTblO, 60nee BbICOKOH 3Mol{IlOHanbHOCTblO H MeHbilieH KOHCTpYKTHBHO-
CTblO, HCHO, IJTO, KaK rrpaBHJIO, BTOpOll MeTO.ll. 6y.n:eT npe.n:rrOIJTHTenbHee
no cpaBHeHHIO C MeTO.n:OM BbICOKOro .n:aBJIeHIDJ.
PHC. 29 npe1IJIaraeT BHHMaHHIO nOpa3HTeJIbHbIll npHMep npo.n:yKTIIB-
HOCTH (<HepBHoH» pa60THHII,bI, KOTOpbIH comacyeTcH C 3THMH co06pa)l(e-
HIDJMH. Ee Cpe.ll.HHH ypoBeHb 6bIJI BbIllie cpe.n:Hero rpynfibI; o.n:HaKO OHa
.n:eMoHcTpHpOBaJIa Qpe3BblQaHHble KOJIe6aHIDJ B CKOpOCTH M IJaCTO He BbI-
XO.ll.HJIa Ha pa60T)'. Hcnonb30BaHMe KapTOIJeK CKOpOCTH rrpHBeno K YBeJ1H-
QeHHIO npoJJ:yKTHBHOCTH .n:o HCKJJIOQHTeJIbHO BbICOKoro ypOBIDI. B TO )l(e
BpeMH Kone6aHMH 3aMeTHO CHll3lUJHCb.
242
6. Cnoco6HoCTb, KpHBble HaY'IeHHSI H COCTOSlHHSI paBHoBecHSI
a. Cnoc06Hocmb, mpyoHocmb U U3MeHeHue mpyoHocmu. O,lJ,HH «l>aK-
TOp, KOTOpbIH OKa3bIBaeT BJIIDJHHe Ha ypOBeHb MHOrHX COl{HanbHbIX CO-
6bITHH, - no «crroc06HOCTb». Crroc06HoCTb - pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIH Tep-
MHH, OTHOCHIl.{HHCH K MHo}l(eCTBY OqeHb pa3HbIX «l>aKToB, TaKHX, KaK cno-
C06HOCTb rOBOpHTb Ha «l>paHl\Y3CKOM H3bIKe M crroc06HoCTb TepneTb no-
pa)l(eHlle. TeM He MeHee B OTHOIlIeHHH H3MeHeHHll TepMHH «cnoc06HOCTb»,
nO-BH.D:HMOMY, no.n:pa3yMeBaeT CCblJIKY CKopee Ha C.n:ep}l(HBaIOIl.{He, He)l(e-
J1H Ha 1IBH)I(yll.{He CIIJIbI. .n:BH UlHe CHJIbI - COOTBeTCTByIOIl.{He, HanpM-
Mep, QeCToJII06HIO, l{eneBblM rroTpe6HOCTHM HJIll CTpaxaM - 3TO «CHJIbI
no HarrpaBJIeHHIO K» IJeMY-lIH6y.n:b HJIM «CHJIbI no HarrpaBJIeHHIO OT» Qero-
HH6y.n:b. OHH HMelOT TeH,lJ,eHl{llIO BbI3bIBaTb nepe.n:BII)I(eHHe lUJH H3MeHe-
HMH. «C.n:ep)l(HBalOll.{aH CIIJIa» no CBoell cymHOCTM He 3KBHBaJIeHTHa TeH-
,lI.eHl{HH K H3MeHeHHIO; OHa npOCTO npOTHBOCTOHT .lI.BH)I(YUlHM CIIJIaM.
243
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l{O ncpCBOl{a nocne nepeBoAa, ecnlf YMeHbmeHa
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lIa IIOBYIO TO!1bKO CJ\cp>KIIBa- J\BIf)l()'m,aJI cllna
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PUC, 30, BRUHHue 2pynn06020 pemeHUH Ha Meo" umenbHblx pa60mHUlj nocne
nepe600a (oaHHble AneKca Ea6enaca)
TenbCTBYH 0 paBHoH CJlO}l(HOCTII .n:BYX pa60T, 6blJ10 06Hap eHO, IJTO ne-
peBe.n:eHHbIe pa60THHl{bI pa60TanH Ha HOBOH pa60Te He TaK XOpOlliO. JVlH
nepeBe.n:eHHOH pa60THHl\bI, OIJeBH.D:HO, HOBoe 3a.n.aHHe 60nee TPY.lUIOe, qeM
npe.n:bILJ;ymee.
ITpe.n:I1onO)l(HM, IJTO pe3YJlbTHpyIOIl.{ee CIIJIOBOe nOJIe (.n.BII)I(Yll.{iIX II
c.n:ep}l(HBalOll.{HX CHJI) ,lJ,0 nepeBo.n.a COOTBeTcTByeT l{eHTpaJJbHoMY noJ1lO,
npe.n.CTaBJIeHHoMY Ha pHC. 31. BBe.n:eHIIe HOB om 3a.n.aHRfl 3KBHBaJIeHTHO
BBe.n:eHHIO 60JIee MOIl.{HOll C.n:ep)l(HBalOll.{eH CHJlbI HJIH .n:a)I(e .n:06aBJIeHi'1IO
nOJ1H c.n:ep)l(HBalOll.{HX CHJI npOTlfB 60JIee BblCOKOll rrpOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOcTH.
ECJ1H 6bI nepeBo.n: Ha HOByIO pa60ry .n.OJI)I(eH 6bIJI OCTaBIITb CIIJIOBOe
none B .n:pyrHX OTHOIlIeHHflX HeH3MeHCHHbIM, Mbl MornlI 6bl C,lJ,CJIaTb CJ1e-
JJ:YIOIl.{Hll BbIBO.n: (pHC. 31): MOlI\HOCTb .n:06aBneHHoH c.n.ep}l(HBalOll.{ell CIIJIbI
Ha BTOpOM (6onee HH3K"OM) ypoBHe U B MOMeHT BpeMeHlI b /L2)b paBHa
MOlI\HOCTH pe3YJIbTnpyIOll.{ell.n:BlI ll.{eH CIIJIbI, cYll.{eCTB)lOru.ell Ha ypOB-
He U B MOMeHT BpeMeHH a .n.o H3MeHem:fl:
113MeHeHMe cnoC06HOCTIl 3KBImaneHTHO IDMeHeHHlO <crpYJJ:HOCTIl 3a-
.n.aqH». B CaMOM .n:ene }J.IDI npe,lJ,CTaBJJeHIDI B KaqeCTBe ClUJ B 4>a30BOM npo-
CTpaHCTBe OHM H.D:eHTlllJHbI. MbI Bcema HMeeM ,lJ,eJIO C 3aBHCHMOCTblO Me}I()J.)'
lIH.lI.HBH,lJ.OM HJIH rpYIIIIOH H 3a.n:aqeH. TepMHH «crroc06HOCTb» HJIll TepMHH
«Tp}'.D.HOCTh» HCrr0J1b3YCTCfl B COOTBeTCTBHH C TCM, paccMaTpHBaeM J1H MbI B
KaqeCTBe nepeMeHHOH B 3TOll3aBHCHMOCTH cy6beKTa HJIH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb.
PHC. 30 nOKa3bIBaeT na.n:eHlIe npOH3Bo.n.HTenbHOCTH nOCJIe TOro, KaK
pa60THHUY nepeBCJIH - Ha TOH }l(e caMOH IlIBeHHoH MaIlIHHe - Ha .n:pyrym
pa60ry no IlIHTblO. XOTH )I)IH .n.BYX pa60T KpHBafl HaY1JeHIDJ HOBHlJKOB Ii
ypoBeHb rrpoJJ:yKTIIBHOCTH CTapbIX pa60THHl{ B cpe.n:HeM paBHbI, CBH,lJ.e-
244
(I rl L2,g I b =1/* L 2 ,g r).
245
3TO 03HaIJaJIO 6bI, 'ITO nOHII)I(eHlle BbIpa60TKH npO.n:yKl{HH conpo-
BO}l{)I,aJIOCb pOCTOM HanpH)I(eHIDJ.
3TO TOJIbKO ell.{e O.n:HH npHMep )J,JIfl TeOpeMbI: H3MeHeHHe, BbI3BaH-
HOe .n:06aBJIeHHeM ClUJ B ero HanpaBJIeHHH, npl1Bo.n:HT K YBenil'leHHIO Ha-
npjj)l(eHlUI. (B npe.n:bIJJ:ymeM cJIY'Iae MbI npl1MeHHJlH :ny TeopeMY K H3-
MeHeHHIO, HanpaBneHHOMY BBepx, B 3TOT pa3 - K H3MeHemlIO, HanpaB-
JIeHHOMY BHH3.) 3TOT BbIBO.n:, o.n:HaKO, He comaCYeTCH C Ha6JIIO.n:eHIDJMH.
Ha caMOM .lI.ene HalIpH)I(eHl1e nOCJIe nepeBo.n:a Ka3aJIOCb 60J1ee HH3KHM,
CBH}:(eTeJIbCTBYH 0 TOM, 'ITO nepeXO.ll. Ha 60nee HH3KHH ypOBeHb npOJJ:yK-
THBHOCTH COnpOBO}l{)I,aJICfl YMeHbIlIeHHeM MOIl.{HOCTH .n:BH)I(YIl.{HX CHJI, Ha-
npaBJIeHHbIX Ha 60JIbIlIyIO npOJJ:yKTHBHOCTb (pHC. 31):
I r Ll g I b < I r Ll,g la.
ECTb npH3HaKH TOro, 'ITO nepeBO.ll. B 3THX cnyqaJlx B caMOM .n:ene
cOnpOBO}l{)I,aeTCH 3aMeTHbIM nOHH)I(eHHeM pa60IJero HacTpoH B OTHOIlIe-
HHH n06Y)l(.n:eHIDJ K 60JIee BbICOKOll npoJJ:yKTHBHOCTH. ECJ1H 3TO 061>flCHe-
HHe BepHo, HaY1JeHHe nOCJ1e nepeBO.ll.a .n:OJ1)1(HO 6bITb HH3KHM, H OHO B
caMOM .lI.eJIe Y,lJ,HBHTenbHo HH3KOe (PHC. 30). XOTH 3TH pa60THHUbI 3HaKO-
MbI C MaIlIHHaMH, HX CKOpOCTb YBeJ1H IHBaeTCfl TaK Me;J)leHHO, 'ITO ;J)ISI
4>a6pHKH BbIro.n:Hee HaIDJTb HOBbIX pa60THHU, IJeM MeHHTb 3a.n:aHIDJ OfiblT-
HbIX pa60THlIl{.
BepOHTHO, HeCKOJ1bKO 4>aKTopoB 061>e.n:HHHIOTCfl, YMeHbmaSl CRJIY
r Ll,g nOCJIe nepeBo.n:a: pa60THHK Ha xopOllieM CIJery, rOPMIl.{HHCH CBOH-
MH .lI.OCTH)I(eHIDJMH, oT6pOllieH K COCTOSlHHIO HH3Koro pa60'Iero cTaryca.
3ro, BepOHTHO, BJIIDJeT Ha ero HaCTpOH H pBeHHe. eJIb - pa60Ta Ha YPOB-
He «Bblme HOpMbI» -.lI.O nepeBo.n:a 6bIJ1a peanHCTiI'IeCKOH B03MO}l(HOCTblO;
Terrepb OHa «CJIHIlIKOM» BbICOKa, OHa He.n:OCflraeMa. I1ccJ1e.ll.oBaHIDJ no
ypOBHIO rrpHTfl3aHHH (12) nOKa3aJIH, 'ITO npH TaKHX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBax 'Ie-
J10BeK CKJIOHeH «c.n:aBaTbCH». 3TO o6uSlcHHeT YMeHbweHHe r Ll,g- nOCJ1e
IIpHHHTIDJ rpynnoBoro pemeHIDJ KPHBM HaY1JeHIDJ rrO,lI,HHMaeTCH, BepoHT-
HO, nOToMy, IJro nOCTaHOBKa HOBbIX l{eJIeH BbI3bIBaeT pe3YJIbTHpyIOrn:yIO
cRJIY, HarrpaBJIeHHyIO K 60JIee BbICOKHM ypOBHHM, 6e3 KOTOpOH HaY1JeHHe
MO)l(eT He HMeTb MeCTa.
6. Kpu6ble Hay'leHUfl KaK OCHoeHClfl J/Uflllfl OJ/51 paccMompeHufl co-
cmoflHuii paen06ecUfl. Cyll.{eCTByIOT 06CTOflTeJIbCTBa, IIpH KOTOpbIX cocro-
SlHIDJ paBHOBeCIDJ .lI.OJI}I(HbJ 6b1Tb CBfl3aHbI C OCHOBHOH J1HHHell, olIpe.n:e-
J1eHHOH He B a6C0J1IOTHbIX BeJIH II1Hax. EaBeJ1ac opraHH30BaJI Crrel{HaJIb-
Hoe 06Y1JeHHe )J,JIH IJenOBeKa, OTBe'IalOmero 3a 06Y1JeHHe HOBHIJKOB Ha
4>a6pHKe. 3TO 1Ip1iBeJIO K 3HaIJHTeJ1bHO 60JIee KpYTbIM KpHBbIM HaY1JeHIDJ
HOBiI'IKOB. nOcJIe HeCKOJIbKI1X He.n:enb, KOr.ll.a cnel{naJIbHO 06Y1JeHHoro
HHCTpYKTOpa y6paJIH H 3aMeHlUJH em pa60TaBIlIHM paHee IIHCTpyKTOpOM,
Kplmafl HaY1JeHIDJ HeMe;J)leHHo BepHYJIaCb K ypOBHIO, Ha KOTOpOM OHa 6b1JIa
6bI 6e3 06Y1JeHIDJ HHCTPYKTOpa. 3TOT H .n:Pyme cnyqaH .n:eJIaIOT B03MO)l(-
HbIM paccMoTpeHHe rrpH onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX yCJIOBIDJX KpHBOH HaY'IeHHfl KaK
OCHOBHOll J1HHHH, T. e. J1HHI1H «O,lJ,HHaKoBoro ypOBHH» )J,JISI orrpe.n:eJIeHIDJ
ClUJOBbIX nonell.
BKfIK)'IeHHe KpHBOll HaY1JeHIDJ B KaIJeCTBe B03MO)l(HOH OCHOBbI MO)l(-
HO 6bIllO 6bI HHTepnpenIpoBaTb KaK BbIpa)l(eHHe 06ru.ero npHHL{HIIa:
(8) COl\HanbHbIe CIDIbI CJIe1IYeT aHaJIH3HpOBaTb Ha OCHOBe CBH:3H Me)l(-
1IY COl{HanbHbIMH npOl{eCCaMH H cnoc06HoCTbIO (YMeHHeM) rpYIlIIbI (IDIH
HH,lI,lIBH1Ia), KOTOpyIO 3TO KaCaeTCSI.
ECJIH npHIDITb 3TOT 06lI\Hll rrpHHl{Hn, TpaKTOBKa «a6C0J1IOTHbIX»
ypoBHeH npol{eccOB (cTeneHH rrpo.n:yKTHBHOCTH, .lI.PY)I(em06IDI H T. .n:.) B
KaqeCTBe CHCTeMbI OTC'IeTa )J,JIfl aHaJIH3a CHJI, onpe.n:eJIHIOlI\HX KBa3HCTa-
l{lIOHapHoe paBHOBeCHe, .n:onycnIMa, TOJIbKO ecnH cnoco6HoCTH paccMaT-
pHBaeMoll rpyrrfibI He MeIDlIOTCH B Te'IeHl1e 3Toro nepllo.n:a.
7. KOM611Hal{HSI «cy6'beKTHBHbIX» H «om.eKTHBHblX» MeTO.ll.OB
QT06bI onpe.n:eJIIITb xapaKTep CHJI, KOTOpbIe HBIDIIOTCH OCHOBHbIMH ne-
peMeHHbIMH B .n:aHHOM cnyqae, MO)l(HO HCnOJJb30BaTb orpoMHoe MHO)l(eCTBO
npol{e.n:yp. AHaJIH3 KaK KOrHIITHBHbIX (<<cy61>eKTHBHbIX»), TaK H nOBe.n:eH-
qeCKHX (<<o6ueKTHBHbIx») aCrreKTOB rpynrroBOH )l(H3HH Tpe6yeT KOM6HHa-
IUfH MeTo.n:OB, pacKpbIBaIOll.{HX cym.eKTHBHbIe aCneKTbI H n03BOJIHIOIIlHX c.n:e-
JIaTb BbIB01IbI, KaCalOlI\HeCH nOBe.n:eHIDJ, KOTopoe MO}l(HO npOBepHTb. Mo-
}l(eT 6blTb, O,lJ,HH npHMep npoHJIJllOcTpnpyeT 3aTpOHYTbill rrpHHQHn.
OT.lI.eJ1 nporpaMMHbIX HCCJ1e.n:oBaHHH MHHHcTepCTBa CeJ1bCKOrO xo-
3S1HCTBa COe,lJ,HHeHHbIX llLTaToB BO BpeMSI BOHHbI npOBO,lJ,HJI )J,JIH MHHH-
cTepCTBa 4>HHaHCOB nepl10.ll.HlJeCKHe HCCJ1e.n:OBaHIDI MOTHBal{HH K nOKYn-
Ke H rroramemlIO 06JIHral{HH BoeHHoro 3alfMa. I1HTepBblO nOKa3aJIH xa-
paKTep HeKoTopbIX CIIJI, HarrpaBJIeHHbIX Ha I10raIlIeHHe II om Hero, 1IJISI
HH}:(HBH,lJ,OB B pa3JIH lHbIX rpynnax HaCeJIeHIDJ.
EbIno 06HapY}l(eHO, 'ITO HaH60nee 'IaCTO BCTpe'IalOlI\aSlCH CIDIa, Ha-
rrpaBJIeHHaH Ha noraIlIeHHe, - 3TO 4>HHaHcoBbIe 3aTpY.D:HeHIDJ B pe3}'nbTa-
Te .lI.eHCTBHTenbHOro KpHTHlJeCKoro n0J10)l(eHIDJ, TaKoro, KaK 60JIe3Hb. CI1-
JIaMH npOTHB nOrallieHIDJ 6bIllH nOTpe6HOCTb 6bITb YBepeHHbIM B 6y1IY-
lI\eM, IJTO 06eCneIJHBaJIOCb 4>HHaHcoBbIM pe3epBHbIM 4>OH,lJ,OM, naTpHO-
TH3MOM lUJH nonyq:eHHeM 60J1ee BbICOKOro .n:oxo.n:a OT 1Ip0l{eHTOB B TOM
cnyq:ae, ecnH .n:eP)l(aTb 06JIHral{HH .n:OJ1bIlIe.
246
247
QT06bI CBH3aTb «cy61>eKTHBHbIe» .lI.aHHbIe 0 XapaKTepe CHJJ C KPHBbI-
MH, npe.n:CTaBnHIOIl.{HMH paBHOBeCHe, HY}I(HO npHHHTb BO BHHMaHlle Ta-
KHe «o61,eKTHBHbIe» ,lJ,aHHbIe, KaK «CnOC06HOCTb» HaCeJIeHHH nOraCHTL
06nHral{IlH BOeHHOrO 3am\1a. TaK KaK :na CnOC06HOCTb 3aBHCHT OT BCerO
KOJ1H1JeCTBa BbInyll.{eHHbIX 06J1Hral{HH BOeHHOrO 3allMa, comaCHO Teope-
Me (8), )'MecTHo OCHOBbIBaTb paccMoTpeHHe CM Ha KpHBbIX, KOTopbIe npe.n:-
CTaBJJHIOT ypOBHH noraIlIeHHH KaK npo:ueHTbI OT :noro 061l.{ero 'IHCJIa.
TIepJI-Xap6op, Ocl>Hl{HaJIbHOe BC'I)'nneHHe COe,lI,llHeHHbIX llhaToB B
BOllHY, cOnpOBO)i(JJ:aJICH 3aMeTHbIM cna,lJ,OM ypOBHH noraIlIeHHH. H3 6ece.ll.
C HaCeJIeHHeM BLIHCHHeTCH, 'ITO no 6bIno 06YCJIOBJIeHO YBenH1JeHHeM CHJJbI
npoTHB norameHHH (a He )'MeHbIlIeHl1eM CHJJ 3a norameHHe), a HMeHHO
YCHJIHBIlIHMCH naTpHOTH3MOM.Hcxo,lI,5l H3 3Toro o61,flcHeHHH, MO}I(HO 6bIllO
6bI O)l(H.lI.aTb, IJTO B KOHl{e BOHHbI 6y.n:eT HMeTb MeCTO npOTHBOnOnO)l(HOe
H3MeHeHHe. B caMOM .n:eJ1e pHC. 32 nOKa3bIBaeT pOCT ypOBHH noraIlIeHHH
B TO BpeMfl; 3TO MO}l(HO IJaCTH1JHO 061,HCHHTb KaK pe3ynbTaT )'MeHbIlIHB-
IlIerOCH naTpHOTH1JeCKOrO MOTHBa.
B l{enOM noraIlIeHHe B nepHo.n:bI C anpeJIH 1943 r. no ceHTH6pb
1944 r., C OKTH6pH 1944 r. no HIOJ1b 1945 r. H C aBrycTa 1945 r. no anpenb
1946 r., nO-BH,lJ,HMOMY, npe.n:CTaBnHeT Tpl1 ypOBHH KBa3HcTaQIlOlmpHoro
npOQecca, npH1JeM Ka)l(JJ:bIll nepHo.ll. .lI.eMOHcTpHpyeT TlITIiI'IHbIe nepHo.n:H-
IJeCKMe JIyK1yauHlI. TIepexoLI. C nepBoro Ha BTOpOH ypOBeHb COBna,lJ,aeT C
BBe.n:eHHeM MHHHcTepcrnoM IlHaHcoB nOJIHTHKH 60JIee JIerKoro noraIlIe-
HHH, cOOTBeTCTBYH )'MeHbIlIeHHIO c.n:ep}l(}malOll.{HX ClUJ nponm noraIlIeHHfl.
OCYIqeCTBAeHHe nOCTOSlHHbIX H3MeHeHHH
1. H3MeHeHl1e C"JIOBbIX nOJIe"
1.90
1.80
1.70
1,60
1.50
1.40
1.30
06CY)l(.n:afl cnoc06bI .n:OCTH)I(eHHH )l(eJIaeMOrO nOnO}l(eHHH .n:eJ1, CJIe-
.n:yeT pa3MbIlliJUITb He C n03IIl{HH «l{eJIII, KOTOpOH He06xo,lI,HMO .n:06HTb-
Cfl», a CKopee C n03Hl{IlH nepexo.n:a «C HbIHelliHero ypOBHH Ha )l(eJIaTeJ1b-
HbI" ypOBeHb». ,gHCKYCCHH, KOTopaH BeJIaCb .n:o CHX nop, nO,lJ,pa3yMeBaeT,
'ITO nnaHOBoe H3MeHeHHe 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B 3aMeHe CHJJOBOrO nonH, COOT-
BeTCTByIOru.ero paBHOBecHIO Ha Ha'IaJIbHOM ypOBHe Ll, ClUJOBbIM noneM,
paBHOBeCHe KOTOpOro - Ha )l(eJIaeMOM ypOBHe L 1. CJ1e.n:yeT nO.ll.IJepKHYTb,
'ITO .lI.0JI)I(HO 6bITb H3MeHeHO Bce CHJJOBOe nOJ1e no KpallHell Mepe B o6na-
CTH Me}l(.n:y £I H U.
MeTOJJ:bI H3MeHeHHH CHJIOBOrO nOJIH Henb3fl nOnHOCTbIO BbIBeCTH II3
npe.n:CTaBJIeHHH 0 a30BOM npOCTpaHCTBe. QT06bI H3MeHI1Tb CKOpOCTb
peKH, ee pyCJIO .lI.OJ1)1(HO 6bITb cY)l(eHo IIJIH pacIlIHpeHo, OIJHll.{eHO, OCBO-
6o)i(JJ:eHo OT KaMHe" H T. .lI.. 1JT06bI pemHTh, KaK HaHJIY'IIlIHM 06pa30M BbI3-
BaTb TaKoe peaJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe, He.n:OCTaTO'IHO pacCMOTpeTb O.n:HO KaIJeC-
TBO. H HO H3Y1JHTb Bce YCJIOBHH. If.:rrH H3MeHeHHH COl\lIaJIbHOrO paBHo-
BeCHH TO)l(e HY}I(HO paccMoTpeTb Bce COl{HaJIbHOe nOJIe: 3aTpoHYTbIe rpyn-
fibI H nO,lJ,rpynnbI, HX CBH3H, HX CHCTeMbI :ueHHocTeH H T. ,lJ,. HY}l(HO Hccne-
.lI.OBaTb KOHCTeJIJIflJJ.llIO COl{llaJIbHOrO nOJ1fl B l{eJIOM H peOpraHH30BaTb ee
TaKHM 06pa30M, IJT06bI COl{l1aJIbHbIe C06bITHH npOTeKaJIH no-.n:pyroMY.
AHaJIH3 C nOMomblO a30BOrO rrpocTpaHCTBa 60J1bIlIe YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO,
3 eKTa KaKoro THrra He06xo.n:HMO ,lJ,06HTbCfl, He)l(eJIH Ha TO, KaK 3TOro
MO}l(HO .n:06IITbCfl.
c:i ..c t,; ...:
t: ::c Q:J ::r:::
'" SO d C
:. 1943
ci.
"I -e-
..::3 to:
::c co :.:
Ode
:;: 1944
c:S
c.. t.:
SO gj ;:;
:. 1945
= ci.
"I .g.19 6
2. KBa3HCTaIUIoHapHbIe npoueCCbl " COUHaJIbHble «npHBbI'IKH»
B03.n:ellCTBHe Ha rpynny HaCeJ1eHHH C l{eJ1blO oCYll.{eCTBHTb TaKOe
H3MeHeHHe, KaK3aMeHa nOTpe6neHHH 'IepHOrO xne6a 6eJIbIM xne6oM, 03Ha-
qaeT nOIlbITKY CnOMaTb YKopeHHBIlIHHCfl «o6bI1Jall» MH «COl{llaJIbHyIO npII-
BbI1JKY». COl{HaJIbHbIe npHBbI1JKH 06bI'lHO C1JHTaIOTCH npeIDITCTBHHMH JI.lliI
H3MeHeHHH. 1JTO 03Ha'IaeT COl{llaJIbHafl npHBbI'IKa C T01JKH 3peHHH CHJJO-
BbIX nOlIeH II 'ITO 03Ha'IaeT «nOMKa npIIBbI'IKII»?
PUe. 32, flozaweHlle c6epezameJ/bHblx 06J/llza1lllii ceplill E KaK npOlleHm om o6Ufe2o
'1ucJ/a o6,1112aLJllU, 6bmYlljeHHbiX 6 o6pallleHlle,
248
249
EcnH Mbl paCCMaTpHBaeM COIU1aJIhHbIH CTal\HOHapHblll npOl\eCC KaK
Onpe.n:eMeMbIH KB33HCTalUIOHapHbIM paBHOBeCHel\l, MbI 6y.n:eM mKl1.D:aTb, IJTO
mo6afl.n:06aBJIeHHafl CHJIa H3MeHHT ypOBeHb. Mbl 3HaeM, 'ITO pe3ynbTHpyIO-
mafl CHJIa Ha HbmelliHeM ypOBHe L paBHa HYmo (f L,x = 0). )J;06aBJIeHHe ClUJbI
If. I > 0 OJI}I(HO npo.n:BHHy'Tb ypOBeHb B HanpaBJIeHlIH n .n:o .n:pyroro ypOBHH
1.,Il
(L + 1':.). BeJIiI'IHHa H3MeHeHlIH I':. onpe eJIfleTCH ypaBHeHHeM:
(9) 1 f(L+Ai,L 1 = I.t;.n I.
nOHHTHe «COl{HaJIbHaH nplfBbI'IKa», nO-BH1IHMOMY, no.n:p33y"MeBaeT,
'ITO HecMoTpfl Ha nplIJIO)I(eHHe CHJIbI t;.n' ypoBeHb COl{HaJIbHOrO npol{ecca
lf3MeHHTCH MeHbIlIe, 'IeM Ha 1':., Bcne CTBlIe HeKoToporo THna «BHYTpeH-
Hero COnpOTHBJIeHHH» ll3MeHeHHIO. QT06bI npeo oneTb 3TO BHYTpeHHee
ConpOTHBneHHe, Tpe6YeTCH .n:ononHHTeJ1bHaH CHJIa - ClIJIa, OCTaTO[lHajJ
1IJ1fl Toro, 'lT06bI «CJIOMaTb npHBbI1JKY», «p33MOp03HTb» 06bIIJaH.
MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI nOfibITaTbCH He npll3HaBaTb CYll.{eCTBOBaHHe TaKO-
ro «BHYTpeHHero COnpOTHBJIeHHH ll3MeHeHHIO» BCJ1e CTBHe COl{HaJIbHOH
npHBbIIJKU I . B03MO)l(HO, COl{HaJIbHbIe npHBbI'IKH npOCTO OTHOCHTCH K cny-
llaflM TaKOro KpyToro rpa}:(HeHTa, IJTO 06aBJIeHUe CllnbI t;.n He Be.n:eT K
OIl{)'THMOM)' ll3MeHeHHIO. TaKoe 06uHCHeHHe BPM J1H HBJIfleTCH .n:OCTa-
TOIJHbIM. B JIY'IllieM cnyq:ae OHO npeBpall.{aeT np06JIeMY npHBbIIlKU B Bon-
pOC 0 TOM, nOlleM}' pe3YJIbTHpyIOIl.{ee CHJIOBOe nOJIe .n:eMOHCTpllpyeT 'fa-
KOll KPYTOH rpa}:(HeHT B Henocpe.n:CTBeHHOll6JIH30CTH OT L.
TeopHH COl{l1aJIbHOll npUBbI1JKH OTBe'IaeT, 'ITO UCTopHlIecKoe noCTO-
HHCTBO C03,lJ,aeT « onOJIHHTeJIbHOe ClIJIOBOe none», KOTopoe HMeeT TeH.D:eH-
l{HIO nOMep)l(HBaTb HblHeIlIIIHH ypOBeHb B OnOJ1HeHl1e K mo6bIM ,lJ,PYrHM
CHJIaM, KOTopbIe y ep)l(HBaIOT COl{l1aJIbHbIll npOl{ecc Ha 3TOM ypOBHe. B 'fa-
KOll TeopHu npe.n:nonaraeTCH Ba YTBep)l(,lJ,eHHH: OAHO - YTBep}l(.n:aIOIUee CY-
ll.{ecTBOBaHHe <monOmllITeJIbHOrO CHJIOBOrO nOM», Apyroe - KaCaIOIl.{eeCH
ero HCTOpHIJeCKOrO npOHCXO)l(,lJ,eHHH. Hac 3.n:eCb HHTepecyeT rnaBHbIM 06- '
pa30M nplIpO,lJ,a .n:onOnHlITenbHoro CHJIOBOrO nOM.
COl{llaJIbHafl }l(ll3Hb, npOTeKaIOll.{afl Ha onpe.n:eJIeHHOM ypOBHe, 'IaCTO
npHBO.n:HT K C03 aHHIO opraHJI3al{HOHHbIX HHCTH1)'TOB. OHH CTaHOBHTCH
3KBlIBaJIeHTHbI «3aKpenneHHbIM 3aKOHaM HM}'ll.{eCTBeHHbIM npaBaM» Ha
onpe.n:eJIeHHOM COl{l1aJIbHOM ypOBHe. BTOpOH B03MO)l(HbIll HCTO'IHHK COl{H-
aJIbHbIX rrpllBbIIJeK CBH3aH C CHCTeMOll IleHHOCTeH, 3TOCOM rpyrnIbI. MbI
o6cy.n:HM 3T0 no p06Hee.
3. HH HBH yaJIbHOe nOBe.n:eHHe iI rpynnoBble HOpMbI
06c CHJIOBbIe nOJUI, MbI paccMaTpHBaJIII B KaIJeCTBe «TO'IKH npH-
JIO)l(eHHfl» ClIJJbI J1H60 HH.n:HBlma, nH60 rpynny B u.eJIOM. )J;aBallTe Tenepb
paccMOTpHM CBfl3b Me)l(.Qy HHJJ:HBH.D:OM II ypoBHeM COIlHaJIbHbIX npOl{ec-
COB. HH,IUffiH.D: P MO)l(eT OTJIiI'IaTbCfl Ha CBoeM J1HIIHOM ypOBHe nOBe.n:eHHH
(LP) OT ypOBHH, KOTOpbIH npe.n:CTaBJJHeT rpynnoBble HOpMbI (LGr), Ha onpe-
.n:eJIeHIi)'IO BeJIiI'IHH)' 11 (ILGr - LP 1= n). B pa3JJiI'IHbIX KYJIb1Ypax TaKOe
pa3nHIJHe .n:03BOMeTCfl HJIH nOOll.{pHeTCH B pa:mOll Mepe. Ecnu HH,D,HBM
nOIIbITaeTCH «CJIHIlIKOM CHJIbHO» OTKJIOHHTbCfl OT rpynnoBbIx HOpM, OH CTOJI-
KHeTCfl C B03paCTaIOIl.{HMH Tpy.n:HOCTflMH. Ero 6y.D:YT BbICMeHBaTb, C HHM
6y.D:YT CypOBO 06pall.{aTbCH, H HaKOHel{ OH 6y.n:eT H3rHaH H3 rpynfibI. IT03TO-
M}' 60JIbIlIHHCTBO HHJJ:HBH.n:OB ,lJ,OBOnbHO cTporo npH ep)l(HBalOTCH HOpM
rpynn, 1JJIeHaMH KOTOpbIX OHM HBJIHIOTCH lIJIU XOTHT 6blTb.
.zq,yrHMlI CJ10BaMH: rpynnoBoH ypOBeHb - 3TO He npOCTO ypOBeHb
paBHOBeCHH, HBJ1HIOIUHHCfl pe3YJIbTaTOM JII06bIX ClUJ t;.,g H t;.s' C03AaBae-
MbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa.lVIH. qacTo 3TOT ypoBeHb caM no ce6e npH06peTaeT
l{eHHOCTb. On CTaHOBHTCfl n0J10)l(HTenbHOH BaJIeHTHOCTblO, COOTBeTCTBY-
IOIUelll{eHTpaJIbHOMY CHJIOBOMY nOJIIO, me CHna !;"L y.n:ep}l(HBaeT HH.n:HBU-
.n:a B cornaCUH B HOpMaMH rpynfibI.
4. rpynnoBbIe ypOBHH, HMelO IIe COUIIaJ1bHYIO ueHHOCTb
H He HMeIO He ee, II COnpOTHBJIeHIIe H3MeHeHHIO
XOTH l{eHHOCTHbIH xapaKTep rpynnoBoro ypOBHH ,lJ,OBOJ1bHO pacnpo-
crpaHeH, 3TO BepHO He .D:JJfl Bcex THTIOB npOl\eCCOB. HanpHMep, HeCKonbKO
llHJJ:lIBH OB 3Ha1OT, 'ITO ypOBeHb norameHlliI 06JIHraIU1H BoeHHoro 3aiiMa
Me)l(JJ:y anpeneM 1943 r. U aBryCTOM 1944 r. 6bIll OKOJIO OAHoro npOl{eHTa.
l{eHHoCTH, KOTopbIe Y1JaCTBOBaJIH B pel1leHMHX noraCHTb 06J1IITaJJ.llH, He
BKJII01JaJIH l\eHHOCTb y,n:ep)l(aHHH ypOBHH noraIlIeHHH He BbIllie U He HlI)I(e
3Toro ypOBHH. B 3TOM OTHOlliemIII cmyaJJ.llH COBepIlIeHHO OTJIHlJHa, HarrpH-
Mep, OT ClIT)'al\HH HHJJ:HBU a, KOTOpbIlllIblTaeTCH He OTCTaTb OT 6pHra.lU>l.
KaKOH 6bI HH 6bIJIa npHIJHHa TOro, IJTO onpe.n:eneHHbIH ypoBeHb 06-
peTaeT HJIH He 06peTaeT l{eHHOCTb, pa3nHIJHe Ba)l(HO 1IJ1fl np06JIeMbI H3-
MeHeHHH.
)J;onyCTHM, IJTO JI,lliI.n:BYX rpynn Gr 11 Gr J pe3YJIbrnpyIOIl.{ee ClIJIOBOe
none COOTBeTCTBYeT pUC. 33 6, eCJ1H MbI He Y1JHTbIBaeM COIlHanbnyIO ueH-
HOCTb L. B cJIY'Iae Gr J , HO He B cnyqae Gr Mbl AonycKaeM, 'ITO ypOBeHb L
HMeeT COl{l1aJIbnyIO ueHHOCTb JI,lliI1jJIeHOB. 3Ta l{eHHOCTb .n:OJ1}1(Ha COOT-
BeTCTBOBaTb CHJIOBOM}' noJIlO, npe.n:CTaBJIeHHOMY Ha pHC. 33 a. )J;onyCTHM,
I nOIDITHe «npHBbl'lKa» ,/\eCIITHJleTHI!MI1 BHOCHJlO CMyry B nporpecc B nCHXOJlOrHH_
Cern,/\HI! ern M())KHO C'IHTafb nonYJlllpHblM TepMHHOM, OTHOCI!IlIHMCII K KOHr,loMepary p!l3-
JlH'IHLlX npoueccoB, Ern Heo6xo,/\HMO nOMeIDITb Ha HeCKOJlLKO 60Jlee aueKBarnL\X nOHIiTHIi
(CM. rJlaBY IV).
250
251
'ITO K HH,[(HBH.n:y 6bIJIa npHJIO}l(eHa CHJIa r. 'IT06b1 H3MeHHTb ero nOBe.n:e-
HHe B HanpaBJIeHHH g. B Gr J BeJIHIJHHa H3MeHeHHH 6y eT onpe enHTbCH
rpa.n:HeHTOM npOTHBo.n:ellCTByIOlliell CIIJIbI f(L+n),.' B Gr - 061>e.n:HHeHHbIMH
npOTlIBO eHCTByIOru.HMH CHJIaMH f(L.n;,g + t;"L (PHC. 33 B). 3TO 03Ha1JaeT:
(10) qeM 60nbIlIe COl\Ham.Hafll{eHHOCTb rpynnOBOll HOpMbI, TeM 60JIb-
IlIe COnpOTHBJIeHHe OT.n:eJIbHoro IJJIeHa rpynnbI y.n:aneHHIO OT :noro ypOBHH.
MHome cnyqaH «CO.l{HanbHOH npHBbI'IKID>, nO-BH,lJ,HMOMY, OTHOCflTCfl
K rpynnoBbIM HopMaM, HMelOlI\HM COl{HaJIbHyIO ueHHOCTb, II COnpOTHB-
JIeHHe H3MeHemlIO IJaCTO MO)l(HO 061>HCHIITb C nOMOll.{blO TeopeMbI (10).
ECJIlI :na TeopIDl BepHa, MO}l(HO c.n:eJIaTb onpe.n:eneHHbIe BblBO.n:bI B OTHO-
IlIeHUH JIOMKH COl{HanbHbIX npHBbI'leK.
::trOT BTOpOH MOMeHT - O.n:Ha II3 npHIJHH .n:eHCTBeHHOCTH «nplfIDI-
TbIX rpynnOll» H3MeHeHHH (17), KOTopbIe 06paIl\eHbI K HH.n:HBHJJ:aM B
rpynnax Henocpe.n:CTBeHHoro 06lI\eHlUI. BepOflTHO, MO)l(HO 6bIllO 6bI
O)l(H}:(aTb, 'ITO OT.n:eJIbHbIe HH HBH.n:bI 60JIee nnaCTH1JHbl, IJeM rpynnbI co-
maCHbIX HH,[(lfBH.n:OB. O.D:HaKO OnbIT 06Y1JeHlfH JIH.n:epOB, H3MeHeHHfl nH-
ll.{eBbIX npIIBbIIJeK, npOlf3Bo.n:HTeJIbHOCTH Tpy.n:a, npecrynHocTH, aJIKO-
roJ1H3Ma, npe.n:y6e}l(.n:eHHH - Bce CBH.n:eTeJIbcTByeT 0 TOM, IJTO 06bI'lHO
JIerqe H3MeHlfTb HH.n:HBH.n:OB, OpraHH30BaHHbIX B rpynrry, IJeM lf3MeHHTb
J1I06oro H3 HHX no OT.n:eJIbHOCTII (1 0).l1.0 Tex nop, nOKa rpynnoBbIe l{eH-
HOCTH OCTalOTCfl HeH3MeHHbIMH, lfH,[(HBH):( 6y.n:eT conpOTHBJIHTbCH H3Me-
HeHIDlM TeM ClfJ1bHee, 'IeM 60J1bIlIe. eMY npe.n:CToHT OTOHTH OT rpynno-
BbIX HOpM. ECJIH H3MeHHeTCH caMa rpynnoBafl HopMa, conpOTlfBJIeHHe,
KOTOpoe 06YCJ10BJIeHO CBfl3blO Me}KJJ:y HHlIHBIUI:OM If rpynnoBoH HOpMOH,
YCTpaHHeTCH.
BJ,ICOKIIH
1111 fp(Lrm),L t t t t f(L+m),s 1111
1111 f(L"'m) s+ fp(Lr n ) L
- 1111 'p(L'"'.L III! '(L+"),' ' ,
L ........ tttt
tttt tttt tttt
t t t t fp(L-n),L t t t t f(L-n),g 1111
f(L-n),g+ fp(L-n) L
- f f f f fp(L-no ,L t t t t f(L-m),g 1 J J J '
-
HH3KHH
a) .l\eHcTaylOlI\lle Ha G) CHJ1"', ,l\eHCTByIOII\"e B) CHRonoe nOJTe"
HH.l\HBHl\a CHn",. Ha rp)'f1nOBYIO HOP")' JlBJUllOlIteeCJI
COOmeTCTBYlOlI\lle B HanpaBJIeHHH Gonee pe3)'nJ, TaTOM
BaneHTIIOCTH "H3KQrO unu BLICOKOI'O CHT)'aL\HH a) H 6)
rpynnoBOH HOpMLI (L) YPOBHJI
Pue. 33, Cuno6ble nonJ/ 6 mex eny'lGJ/X, Kazoa zpynno6ble HOpMbl
UJ.lelOm eOljUQJ/bHYIO ljeHHoemb U He UMelOm ee
6.lhMeHeHHe KaK TPH cTyneHH:
pa3MOpamHnaHHe, nepe.n:BHmeHHe H 3aMOpa"amaHHe
rpynnoBblX HOpM
TIepexo.n: K 60J1ee BbICOKOMY ypOBHIO rpynnoBoro nOBe.n:eHIDI 'Iac-
TO He.n:onrOBe'IeH; nocne «YKOJIa B PYKY» rpynnoBM }l(H3Hb CKOpO B03-
pall.{aeTCH K npe.n:IlIeCTByIOll.{eMY ypOBHIO. 3TO nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO He.n:o-
CTaTO'lHO onpe.n:enHTb u.eJ1b nnaHIIpyeMoro H3MeHeHIDl B rpynnoBoM no-
Be.n:eHHlI KaK .n:OCTH)I(eHHe orrpe.n:eneHHoro ypOBHfl. nOCTOHHCTBO HOBO-
ro ypOBHH, HJ1H nOCTOflHCTBO Ha )l(eJ1aeMbIH nepHO.n:, .n:OJI)I(HO 6bITb BKJIIO-
'IeHO B l{eJIb. YcnelliHoe H3MeHeHHe BKJ1IOIJaeT, CJ1e.n:OBaTenbHO, Tplf ac-
neKTa: pa3MOpa)l(HBaHHe (ecnH He06xo.D:HMo) HbIHemHero ypOBHH [/, rre-
pexo.n: Ha HOBbIH ypOBeHb L2 H 3aMOpa)l(lfBaHlfe rpynnoBoH }l(H3HH Ha
HOBOM ypOBHe. TaK KaK ypOBeHb onpe.n:eJ1HeTCH CHJ10BbIM noneM, no-
CTOHHCTBO no.n:pa3YMeBaeT, IJTO HOBoe ClfJ10BOe none ,lJ,enaeTCH OTHOCH-
TenbHO 3all.{lfll.{eHHbIM OT H3MeHeHIDl.
«Pa3MOpa)l(lfBaHHe» HbIHelliHero ypOBHH MO)l(eT 3aTparHBaTb pa3-
J1H'IHbIe np06JIeMbI B pa3J1II1JHbIX CJIY1JaHX. OnJInOpT (1) onHCblBaJI «Ka-
TapClIC», KOTOpbIll He06xo.n:IIM, npe}l(.n:e 'IeM MO)l(HO 6y.n:eT y.n:anlfTb
npe.n:paccy.n:KH. 1JT06bI BCKpbITb CKOpJ1Yrry caMo.n:OBOJ1bCTBa II YBepeH-
HOCTlf B CBoeH npaBOTe, HHor.n:a He06xo.n:IIMO YMbIIlIJIeHHO BbI3BaTb 3MO-
UHOHaJIbHYIO BCTpHCKY.
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260
261
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x. nOBEAEHIIE II PA3BHTHE
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ero )l(H3HeHHOe npOCTpaHcTBO. 06oeKmu6Hocmb B nCHXOJIOrHH Tpe6YeT
npaBHJIbHoro npe,nCTaBJIeHHH nOJIH TaK, KaK OHO cYll.{eCTBYeT }J.JIJl paCCMaT-
pHBaeMoro HH.n:lIBJI.lI,a HMeHHO B TIO BpeMH. ,Z:{mI 3TOro nOJIH ,lJ,p eCKHe
OTHOllielIlIfl pe6eHKa, C03HaTeJIbHbIe H «6eCC03HaTenbHbIe» l\eJIH, MeIJTbI,
JI.lI,eaJIbI H CTpaXH no KpaHHeH Mepe TaK )l(e CYIlIeCTBeHHbI, KaK JII06aH 4>iI-
3H1JeCKafl 06CTaHOBKa. TaK KaK 3TO nOJIe pa3JIH1JHO }:(JJH Ka)l(.n:0ro B03paCTa H
}J.JIJl Ka)l(.n:oro HH.L\HBJI.lI,a, ero He MO}l(eT 3aMeHHTb cnryaIUUI, xapaKTepH3ye-
Ma51 4>H3HKOH HJIH COl\HOnOrHeH, O}:(HHaKOBaH }J.JIJl Bcex. TeM He MeHee Ba)!(-
HO 3HaTb 4>1I3i1'1eCKHe H CO HaJIbHbIe YCJIOBHH, nOTOMY IJTO OHH orpaHH1JH-
BaIOT pa3Ho06pa3He B03MO)l(HbIX )l(H3HeHHbIX npOCTpaHCTB - BepOHTHO, KaK
nOZpaHU'l.Hbze YCl106UR (CM. rnaBbI 1II H VlIl) IICHXOJIOril'leCKoro nOJIH.
2. COgH<L1bHbIH acneKT nCiIxonorwIecKoH CHT)'aJJ.IIH no KpallHeM
Mepe TaK )l(e Ba)!(eB, KaK 4>H3i1'1eCKHH. 3TO BepHo .n:a)l(e }:(JJH OIJeHb Ma-
neHbKoro pe6eHKa.
I B03MOJKHOCTb paCCMarplfB!ITb lJ.1aKTOPM, Onpe,lJ,eIDIlOllIlfe pa3Blfme, 1J.10pM3JlbHO
TaKlfM JKe 06pa30M, '1TO If lJ.1aKTOPbl, onpe,lJ,enJllOll\,lle nOBe,lJ,eHlfe, 3Ha'll1TenLHO ynpolllaeT
nClfxonOlWlecKYIO TeoplflO. 51 06J13aH JTOH If,lJ,eeH )J:oHanb,lJ,y K. A,lJ,aMcy.
264
265
3. 1Jr06bI Ha.u.rr III.HM 06pa30M oxapaI<TepH30BaTb nCHXOJIOIWIeCKOe
nOJIe, HO npllHflTb BO BHHMaHn:e TaKHe KOHKpemHble BOnpOCbI, KaK OT-
,lJ,eJIbHbIe l\eJIH, CTHM}'JIhI, nOTpe6HocTH, COIWaJIbHbIe CBH3H, TaK }l(e KaK n:
60JIee 06UJue xapaKTepHCTHKH nOJIH, TaKHe, KaK amMocpepa (HanpHMep,
,lJ,p emo6HaH, HanpH)l(eHHaH HJJH Bpa)l(,lJ,e6HM aTMoc$epa) HJJH CTeneHb
CB060,lI,bl. 3m xapaKTepHCTlIKH nOJ/Jl KaK ljeJl020 TaK }l(e Ba)l(HbI B nClIXOJ1O-
rHH, KaK, HanpHMep, nOJIe CHJIbI TH)I(ecm Ba)I(HO MH OOI,HCHeHIDI HBJIemrn:
B KJIaCCH1JeCKOll 4>H3l1Ke. ITcHXOJIOrH1JeCKHe aTMOc4>epbI HBJImOTCH 3MIIH-
pH1JeCKHMH peaJIbHOCTHMH n: HayqHO OIIHCblBaeMbIMH 4>aKTaMH (82).
4. IToHHme nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKoro noJUI KaK .n:eTepMllHalITa nOBe.n:eHHH
nO,lJ,p(3)'MeBaeT, IJTO Bce, qTO OKa3bIBaeT B03.n:ellCTBHe Ha nOBe.ll:eHHe B ,lJ,aH-
Hoe BpeMH, .lI:OJI)I(HO 6bITb npe.n:CTaBJIeHO B nOJIe, CYll.{eCTByIOIl.{eM B no
BpeMH, n: qTO MOryT BJIHHTb Ha nOBe.n:eHHe TOJ1bKO Te 4>aKTbI, KOTopbIe HB-
JUIIOTCH 'IaCTHMH HbIHelliHero nOJIH (CM. rnaBY III).
5. 1JT06bI H36e}l(a'Th He HbIx .n:onyIlI.eHHU, MO)l(HO npe.n:cHlBJUlTL
nCHX0J10rH1JeCKOe nOJIe HaY1JHo C nOMOIII.L1O B3aHMOCBH3n: ero 'IaCTell Ha
MaTeMaTH1JeCKOM H3bIKe, He cnpaIlIHBaH, «qTO CTOIIT 3a» 3THM nOJ1eM. Ta-
Roe MaTeMaTH1JeCKOe npe.ll:CTaBJIemIe nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKoro nOJIH H ypaBHe-
HIDI, Bblpa)l(alOIII.He nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKHe 3aKOHbI, - 3TO Bce, 'ITO HY}I(}IO 3HaTL
AJIH npe.ll:CKa3aHHH nOBe.ll:eHIDl.
TeopHH H KOHCTPYKTLI:
3aKOH H OTAeALHLIH cAyqaH
KO R anaTHli, HO H K arpeccHBHocTH (82). O}:(Ha H Ta )l(e JIfl'IHOCTh MO}l(eT
npOHBIDITbCH B npaKTiI'IeCKH npOTHBOnOJIO:>KHbIX noCTyIII<ax. yrHMH cno-
B3Mn:, onpe.ll:eJIeHHOe COCTOHHn:e qenOBeKa COoTBeTCTByeT pa3Ho06pa3Ho-
MY nOBe.ll:eHHIO H MO}l(eT, CJIe.ll:OBaTenbHO, 6bITh Bbme.n:eHO TOJIbKO H3 061,-
e,wmeHHoro aHaJIH3a O'IeBH}:(Horo nOBe.n:eHHH H cmyaIWH. 3TO ell.{e O.n:n:H
cnoc06 CKa3aTb, IJTO nOBe.ll:eHHe (B) onpe.n:eJIHeTCH'IeJ10BeKOM (P) H cpe.n:oll
(E), (B = F (P, E)), a He O.ll:HHM 'IenOBeKOM HJIH O}:(HOll Cpe.ll:Oll.
ITcHXOJIOrHH HHKOr.ll:a He CTopOHHJIaCb Teopllli, .n:a H He MO)l(eT ee
CTOpOHHTbCH (16,59, 79, 101, 123), HO OHa MO)l(eT nOIIbITaTbCH HCKJIlO-
qHTb Te cneKynHTHBHLIe Teopllli, KOTopbIe 'IaCTO BBO.D:HTCH 6e3 HCHOli l\eJIn:
HJIH TaHm,IM 06pa30M, n: BMeCTO 3TOro nOnbITaTbCH Hcnonb30BaTb OTKpbI-
TO «!J0pMYJIMpyeMbIe 3MnMpH1JeCKHe Teopllli. OCHOBHbIe KOMnOHeHTbI 34>-
clIeKTHBHOll3MlIHpH1JeCKOll Teopllli -:no (1) KOHCTPYKTbI, KOTopbIe (a) CBH-
3aHLI C Ha6moD,aeMbIMH 4>aKTaMH (cHMnToMaMH) C nOMOIIJ;blO TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMoro onepaIWOHaJIbHoro onpe.ll:eJIeHllil HJIH pH.n:a Onepal(HOHaJIbHbIX
onpe.n:eneHHll, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{HX B03MO)l(HOCTHM Ha6mo.ll:eHHH B pa3nH1J-
HLIX YCJIOBIDIX, n: KOTopbIe (6) HMelOT IJeTKO onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe KOHl.{emYaJIb-
HLIe CBOllCTBa. 3m CBOllCTBa cornaCOBaHbI C onpe.ll:eJIeHHbIMH MaTeMaTn:-
'IeCKHMn: (JIOrH1JeCKHMH) nOIDITIDIMn:. TaKoe cornaCOBaHHe HBJIHeTCH He-
06XO,II,HMLIM YCJIOBHeM MH J10rH1JeCKH cTporHX BbIBO.n:OB. (2) 3aKoHbI (T. e.
3aBHCHMOCTb Me}l(JJ:y nOBe.ll:eHn:eM, C O}:(HOll CTOpOHbI, H nOJIeM, xapaKTe-
pH3yeMLIM onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMn: KOHcTpYKTaMH, - C ,lJ,pyroll, HJIH Me}l(JJ:y Pa3-
J1HIJHbIMn: 4>aKTOpaMH, onpe.ll:eJIHlOIIJ;n:MH nOJIe) .n:OJI}I(HbI 6bITb no.n:TBep}l(-
.n:eHbI 3KCnepHMeHTOM. 3aKoH .lI:0JI)I(eH npH3HaBaTbCH HMelOIII.HM cRJI)', TOJIb-
KO eCJIn: eMY He nponmopeqaT .n:aHHbIe B mo60u oTpacJIn: nCHXOJIOrHH. B
3TOM CMLICJIe 3aKOH Bcema .n:OJI)I(eH 6bITb 06I1I.HM.
np06JIeMbI 06I1I.HX 3aKOHOB H HH.n:HBH.n:yanbHbIX pa3JIfl'IHll IJaCTO
npe.n:CTaBJIHIOTCH HeCBH3aHHbIMn: BonpocaMH, KOTopbIe H,ZIyT HeCKOJIbKO
pa3JIfl'IHbIMH nyTHMH. JlI060e npe.n:cKa3aHHe, O,lJ;HaKO, npe.ll:noJIaraeT pac-
cMoTpeHn:e 060HX mnOB BonpocoB.
llpHBe.ll:eM TOJIbKO O,lJ,llH npHMep CBH3H Me}l(JJ:y HCCJIe.ll:OBaHHeM 06-
Il.{HX 3aKOHOB H HH.n:HBHJJ:yaJIbHbIX pa3nil'lHli: CKOpOCTb, C KOTOpOll HaCbI-
III.aeTCH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb, )'Benil'lHBaeTCH, comaCHO KapcTeH (68), C pOCTOM
creneHH, B KaKOU .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb HBJIHeTCH nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKH QeHTpaJIbHOll
(no cpaBHeHHIO C nepH$epH1JeCKOli). 3TO YTBep}l(.lI:eHHe HMeeT xapaKTep
061l.{ero 3aKOHa. ECJIH OHO BepHO, OHO 061>HCHlUJO 6bI, nOIJeMY npHHTHbIe
n: HenpHHTHbIe BHJJ:bI .lI:eHTeJIbHOCTH HaCbIll.{aIOTCH 6bICTpee, qeM OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO HellTpaJIbHbIe, H nO'IeMY Mo.n:a Ha )l(eHCKn:e BeIlI.H MeHHeTCH qall.{e,
qeM Ha My}I(CKlie. nOcpe.n:CTBOM 3TOro 3aKOHa MO}l(HO 061>HCHHTb pa3JIn:-
Ee3 TeOpHll B nCHXOJIOrHH, KaK H B J1I060H.lI:pyroll HaYKe, HeB03MO)l(-
HO BbIllTH 3a paMKH npocTOro c60pa n: onHcaHHH 4>aKTOB, KOTopbIe He
llMelOT HHKaKOH npe.n:CKa3aTeJIbHOll QeHHocm. HeB03MO)l(HO peIlIHTb npo-
6JIeMbI YCJIomrn HJIH CJIe.n:CTBHH, He oxapaKTepH30BaB OUHaJWu'teCKue CBOll-
CTBa, CKpbmaIOIII.HeCH 3a nOBepxHOCTblO HenOCpe.ll:CTBeHHO Ha6mo.n:aeMbIX
cjJeHomunu'teCKUX CBOUCTB.
TepMHHbI nompe6Hocmb, aCC01JualJUfl, YCJ106HbIU pepJ/eKC, meHoeH-
1jUfl e036y:»coeHUfl, 2eUlmOJ/bm, J/u6uoo H cynep-320 - 3TO npHMepbI Teope-
TH1JeCKHX KOHCTpYKTOB, C nOMOll.{bIO KOTOpbIX pa3JIi1'1HbIe nCHXOJIOrfI'IeCKHe
IDKOJIbI IIblTaJIHCb oxapaKTepH30BaTb onpe.n:eneHHbIe J1e)l(arrme B OCHOBe
,lI,llHaMiI'IeCKHe HJIn: reHOTlliIH1JeCKHe 4>aKTbl. Ba}l(HO pa3nH1JaTh 3TH $aK-
ThI, He06xo,lJ,HMLIe MH npelJ,CKa3aHllil H 061,HcHeHHH, OT HX p33JIH1JHbIX CHM-
nTOMOB. HanpHMep, TaKoe 3MOl{HOHaJIbHOe COCTOHHHe, KaK rHeB, MO}l(eT
npHBeCTH K MHO}l(eCTBY TaKHX OqeHb pa3HbIX CHMmOMOB, KaK KpHKJIHBOCTb
n: nOJJ:1jepKHYTM Be)I(JIHBOCTb (25); HanpH)I(eHHe MO}l(eT nplffieCTH He TOJIb-
266
267
qHH B CKOpOCTiI HaCbIll.{eHHH, rrpOHBJIHeMbIe O.n:HHM H TeM }l(e IJenOBeKOM B
pa3JIIIIJHbIX COCTOHHHflX. OrrpC.n:eJIeHHbIe BH.n:b1 .n:eflTenbHOCTH, HarrpHMep,
JlBJIflIOTCH 60JIee u.eHTpaJIbHblMll BO BpeMH MeHCTpyau.HH, 'IeM BO BpeMH
Me}I(MeHCTpYaJIbHOro rrepilO.n:a, H, comaCHO 061l.{eMY 3aKOHY, 3TH BHMoI
.lI:eflTeJIbHOCTIf HaCbIll.{aIOTCH 6bICTpee BO BpeMH MeHCTpyaJJ.HH. llpHMeHeH-
HbIM K B03paCTHbIM pa3JIiI'IHHM, 3aKOH 061>flCHHJI 6bI, nOIJeMy CKOpOCTb
HaCbIll.{eHHH onpe.n:eneHHbIX BH,[(OB .n:eHTenbHOCTH HH)I(e y 60JIee CTapIlIHX,
IJeM y 60nee MJIa,lJ,IIIHX .lI:eTeii. HaKoHeu., OH 06MICHHJI 6bI, rroIJeMy orrpe.ll:e-
J1eHHbIe TllfibI np06JIeMHbIX .lI:eTeH, qpe3MepHO qyBCTBHTeJIbHbIe, .lI:OCTHra-
lOT TOIJKH HaCbIIl.{eHIDI 6bICTpee, IJeM Cpe,lJ,HIDI pe6eHOK noro B03pacTa.
3TOT npHMep MO}l(eT rrOKa3aTb, IJTO rrpo6neMbI lfH.lI:HBn:.ayaJIbHbIX Pa3-
JIH1JHM, B03paCTHbIX ypOBHell, J1H1JHOCTH, KOHKPeTHblX cm:yal{lill II 06lJJ.HX
3aKOHOB TeCHO nepeIIJIeTaIOTCH. 3aKOH BbIpa}l(aeTCH B ypaBHeHHH, KOTO-
poe CBH3bIBaeT HeKOTopbIe rrepeMeHHble. I1f1,[(HBn:.ayaJIbHbIe pa3JIH1JHH -
HO rrOHHMaTb KaK pa3JIH1JHbIe KOHKpeTHbIe 3HaIJeHHH, KOTOpbIe 3TH nepe-
MeHHbIe HMelOT B OT.lI:eJ1bHOM cnyqae. ,[WyrHMH CJIOBaMH, 061l.{He 3aKOHbI
II HH.II:HBn:.ayanbHbIe pa3JIH'IHH - 3TO rrpOCTO .n:Be CTOpoHbI O,lJ,HOll np06JIe-
MbI; OHH 3aBHCHT .n:pyr OT .n:pyra, li HCCJIe.ll:OBaHHe O}:(Horo He MO}l(eT H.n:TH
6e3 my-qeHHH .n:pyroro. 3TO rro.n:pa3YMeBaeT, IJTO .n:aHHbIe 0 pa3JIiI'IHbIX
B03paCTHbIX ypOBIDIX, 06eCneIJHBaeMbIe .n:CTCKOll rrCHXOJIOrHell, HMelOT
npaKTH1JeCKOe 3HaIJeHHe 1IJJH nOHHMaHHH H BOCrrHTaHHH OT.n:enbHbIX .lI:e-
TeM, TonbKO eCJIH 3TH .n:aHHbIe CBH3aHbI C KOHKpeTHOll CHT)'aJJ.IIell, BJIIDIIO-
ll.{eH Ha rrOBe.n:eHHe MHHOro pe6eHKa B .n:aHHoe BpeMfl.
3TOT npHMep, KaCaIOll.{Hikfl rrCHXOnOrilqeCKoro HaCbIll.{eHHH, TaK)I(e
lfJ1JIIOCTpHpyeT TO, qTO 3aKOH .lI:OJI)I(eH H, KaK npaBHJIO, MO)l(eT npHMeHHTb-
CH KO BceM 'IaCTIlM nCHXOnOrHH. O,lJ,Ha H3 OCHOBHbIX YHKII;lill TeopliM H
KOHCTp)'KTOB - CBH3aTb BOe.ll:HHO Bce pa3JIH1JHbIe 06JIaCTH rrCHX0J10rHH,
KOTopbIe B npOTHBHOM cnyqae CTpeMHJIHCb 6bI pacnaCTbCH Ha pH,lJ, HeCBH-
3aHHbIX .lI:HCl\liIIJIliH.
XOJIOrHH 3aHHMaeTCH BoiIpocaMll, KaCalOIl{HMHCH BpeMeHHbIX e.n:HHlil\ Pa3-
MepoM B .n:OJIli ceKYH}:(bI (<<peaKl\HH rJJa3HOrO BeKa, .n:BH)I(eHHH rJJa3 B aKTe
IJTeHlliD» H BpeMeHHbIMH e.n:HHHQaMH pa3MepOM BO MHorHe ro.n:bI (npo-
6neMa }l(H3HeHHOll HCTOpHH, 3,20, 26).
HanpHMep, HCCJIe.n:OBaHHe 3aHKaHHH BKJIIOqaeT H3Y1JeHlle rrOJIO)l(e-
HIDI 3B)'Ka HJIH cnora B CJIOBe (18), CJIOBa B npe,!LJ10)l(eHHH (17, (9); OHO
BKJIIOIJaeT HCCJIe.n:OBaHHe 3HaIJeHHH npe.n:nO)l(eHHH B TeKcre a63al\a (64);
CBH3b 3Toro Bep6aJIbHoro BbIpa)l(eHHH C Henocpe.n:CTBeHHOll COl{HaJIbHOll
cm:yaJJ.Hell- npOH3HeCeHHe pa3bI B o.n:liHOIJeCTBe lfJ1H BbIcT)'IIJIeHHe ne-
pe.n: MaJIeHbKOlllUJH 60JIbIlIOM aY.lUIToplieii (7, 100); liccne.n:OBaHHe BJIHH-
HIDI KJIaCCll HKaQIIH pe6eHKa ceMbell KaK 3aHKI1 (53); nOnO}l(eHHH HH.lI:H-
BH.lI:a B ero ceMbe - HarrpHMep, em rrOJIO)l(eHHH no cTapIlIHHcTBY CpC}:(H
6paTbeB II cecTep (104); ero nOJIO}l(eHl1fl cpe.n:H HaceneHHH B l\eJ10M (124);
II 06lJJ.ell aTMoc epbI ero }l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHCTBa. ,[WyrllMH CJIOBaMll,
He06xo.D:HM0 IICCJIe.n:OBaTb e.ll:HHHu.b1 .n:eHTeJIbHOCTIf cOBepIlIeHHo pa3HbIX
pa3MepoB H cHT)'alUIH cOBepIlIeHHo pa3HOro MacIlITa6a, KaK, HanpHMep,
({Henocpe.n:cTBeHHaJI clIT)'au.HH» li «CI1T)'aU.HH B l{eJIOM».
MO>KHO nonyqllTh om,eKTHBHbIe H Ha.n:e}l(HbIe Ha6JI1O.n:eHHH B OTHO-
IlIeHHiI e}J;HHHQ JJI06oro pa3Mepa, eCJIH HCnOJIb30BaTb MeTO.lU>I, nO.D:XOM-
Il{He ,lI,JUI pa3JIlI'IHbIX THnOB (9, 83). O}J;HaKo nOfibITKa .lI:OCTOBepHo onpe-
.lI:eJIllTb 60JIbIlIlle, MaKpOCKOnll'IeCKHe e.n:HHHl{bI, Ha6mo.ll:aH MHKpocKonH-
qeCKHe e,lJ,HHHl{bI, B nCHXOJIOrHH, KaK H B .n:pyrHX HayKax, 06pe'IeHa Ha
nOpa)l(eHHe (120). TeXHlI'IeCKH HeB03MO)l(HO orrHcaTb JJ:Bll)l(eHHe COJIHQa,
OnHCbIBaH .n:Bll)l(eHHH Ka)l(.n:oro HOHa, co.n:ep}l(all.{erocH B HeM.
nOBEAEHHE B AAHHOM
nCHXOAOrHQECKOM nOAE
MHKpOCKOnHQeCKHe H MaKpOCKOnH'leCKHe
eAHHHl\LI B nCHXOAorHH
KorHllTllBHaH CTpYlnypa )Kll3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa
lfuppepeHlfUCtlfUJl pa3JlU'tHblX u3MepeHuii :J/CU3HeHH020 npocmpau-
cmea. I1cKJIIOIJllTenbHoll xapaKTepHcTHKOll H3MeHeHHH }l(H3HeHHoro npo-
CTpaHcrna B xo.n:e pa3BHTiIH HBnHeTCH B03paCTalOlJJ.aH ,lJ,H epeHJJ.HaIUUl.
3HaqeHHe noro aKTopa 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO B OTHOIlIeHHll pa3BllTHH H3bIKa
(49), 3HaHllil (122), COl{HaJIbHbIX B3aHMOOTHOIlIeHHll (95), 3MOl{Hll (63) II
.n:eMCTBHll (34).
)I{mHeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO HOBOpO}l(.n:eHHoro pe6eHKa MO}l(HO onH-
caTb KaK nOJIe, KOTopoe HMeeT cpaBHllTeJIbHO HeMHoroIJHCJ1eHHbIe H JIllIlIb
He'IeTKO pa3JIlI'IHMbIe 06JIacTH (74). CHT)'al{HH, BepoHTHo, COOTBeTCTByeT
IIp06JIeMa, r.n:e npe}J;paccy.n:KH CHJIbHO 3aTPY,lJ,HlUJlI nporpecc HCCJ1e-
.n:OBaHRfl, - 3TO TpaKToBKa e.ll:HHHl{ pa3JIiI'IHblX pa3MepoB. B .n:eTcKoll nCH-
XOJIOrHH MbI XOTHM 3HaTb pa3BHTHe H YCJIOBHH JJ:Bll)l(eHRfl pa3JIlI'IHbIX naJIb-
l{eB B aKTe XBaTaHHH (54) HJIll ,lJ,BH)I(eHHH H3bIKa (48), TaK}I(e KaK H BJIHH-
HHe .lI:OMallIHeH 06cTaHoBKH Ha Y1Je6y pe6eHKa B IlIKOJIe lUJH BJIHHHHe ero
lJ,eTCKHX cBH3eM C pO.l(HTeMMH Ha ero rrOBe.n:eHHe B3pOCJIOro. )J;eTCKml rrCH-
268
269
o6m:eMY COCTOHHHIO 60nbIlIero HJIH MeHbIlIero KOM4>OPTa. ITO-BH1IHMOMy,
He BbI.l(eJ1HIOTCH HMKaKHe onpe.n:eneHHbIe OmeKTbI HJIH J11O.l(H. He cym:ecT-
ByeT HHKaKoll o6JIacTH, Ha3bIBaeMoll «Moe C06CTBeHHOe TeJ1O». EY1I)'ll.{He
C06bITWI HJIH O)l(H.l(aHlUI He cym:eCTByIOT; pe6eHKOM ynpaBmleT Henoc-
pe.l(CTBeHHO Hanil'leCTByIOIl.{aH CH'ryaIJ:Rfl.
HeKOTopbIe H3 nepBbIX 06JIaCTell, KOTopbIe nonyqaIOT onpe.l(eneH-
HbIM xapaKTep, nO-BH.D:HMOMY, CBH3aHbI C e.n:Oll H Bbl.D:eJIeHHeM. IToCJIe KO-
pOTKOro nepHo.n:a OT Tpex lJ,0 IlIeCTH .l(Hell pe6eHOK pearHpyeT Ha no}:(ro-
TOBKY K KOpMJIeHHIO (88). CXO.l(HOe YBenH1JeHHe pa3Mepa M .l(H4>4JepeHIJ:H-
al{Rfl }l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHCTBa npOHCXO,lJ,HT B ,lJ,pyrHX OTHOIlIeHlUIX. Pe-
6eHoK H3)'IJaeT CBoe c06cTBeHHoe TeJ10 (20) H CBoe 6JIH}I(aMIlIee 4>H3H1Je-
CKoe oKp eHHe. B re'IeHHe HeCKOJ1bKHX nepBbIx MeCHueB pa3BHBaIOTCR
orrpe.l(eJIeHHbIe COl{HanbHbIe OTHOmeHRfl.
YBenH1JeHHe }l(H3HeHHOro npocTpaHcTBa B OTHOIlIeHHlI nCHXOJIOrH-
'IeCKHX BpeMeHHbIX H3MepeHHll np0.l(0J1}1(aeTCH BO B3pOCJIOCTH. llnaHbI
npOCTHpaIOTCR ,lJ,OBOJIbHO .n:aneKO B 6YJJ:yll.{ee, H BHJJ:bI .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH Bce
60J1bmell npO.l(OJI)I(HTeJIbHOCTH OpraHH3yIOTcH KaK O.l(Ha e.l(HHHl{a. HanpH-
Mep, Me)l(JJ:y 1IBYMH H IlIeCTbIO ro.n:aMH )'BenH1JHBaeTCH npo.l(On)l(HTeJ1bHOCTI>
HrpbI (9).
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MepeHHH peanbHocTb-HppeanbHOCTb. Pa3JIH1JHbIe CTeneHH HppeanbHoc-
TH COOTBeTCTByIOT pa3JIH1JHbIM CTeneHJIM 4>aHTa3HH. OHM BI<JIK)qaIOT KaK
nOJIO}l(HTeJIbHbIe }l(enaHRfl, TaK H CTpaXH. ,1{HIfaMH1JecKH ypoBeHb Hppe-
aJJbHOCTH COOTBeTCTByeT 60JIee TeK)"Iell cpe.l(e (15, 32), H OH 60JIee TeCHO
CBH3aH C l\eHTpanbHbIMH CJIOHMH nH1JHOCTH. 3TOT 4JaKT oc06eHHo Ba}l(eH
.D:JIH nCHXOJIOrHH CHOBH1IeHHll (42,43). I1rpy MO}I(HO nOHHMaTb KaK .n:eH-
TenbHOCTb Ha ypOBHe peanbHOCTH, TeCHO CBH3aHHYIO C HppeanbHbIM ypOB-
HeM (116). I1rpoBoH MeTO.l( (56) B HCCJIe.D:OBaHHH J1H1JHOCTH HCnOJIb3yeT
TOT 4>aKT, 'ITO HppeanbHbIM ypOBeHb TeCHO CBH3aH C l{eHTpanbHbIMH CJIO-
JIMH IJeJIOBeKa.
YpOBeHb HppeanbHOCTH B nCHX0J10rH1JeCKOM 6y.nym:eM COOTBeTCTBY-
eT }l(eJIaHRflM HJIH CTpaxaM Ha 6Y1I)'ll.{ee; ypOBeHb peanbHOCTH - TOMY, 'ITO
O}l(H.l(aeTCH. PaCXO}l(.n:eHHe Me}l(JJ:y CTpYKTYPOM )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa
Ha ypOBHJlX HppeanbHOCTH H peanbHOCTH Ba)l(HO .lIJ1H nnaHHpOBaHllil H.D:JIR
npOJJ:yKTHBHOCTH pe6eHKa (9). Ha.l(e}l(.l(a cooTBeTcTBYeT .n:ocTaTOIJHoMY
CXO.l(CTBY Me}l(JJ:y peanbHOCTbIO H HppeanbHocTblO r.l(e-TO B nCHX0J10rH-
qeCKOM 6YJJ:yll.{eM; BHHa - onpe.n:eneHHoMY pacxo:>K.l(eHHlO Me}l(JJ:y peanb-
HOCTblO H MppeanbHOCTbIO B nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOM np0IlIJ10M. Y ManeHbKoro
pe6eHKa npaB.l(a M JIO)l(b, BocnpHJITHe H Boo6pa)l(eHHe MeHee pa3.l(eneHbI,
qeM y 60JIee cTapIlIero pe6eHKa (39, 99, 116). 3TO IJaCTH1JHO 06ycnoBne-
80 reM 4>aKTOM, qTO 60nee ManeHbKHll pe6eHoK em:e He pa3BHJI 1)' CTe-
neHb ,lJ,H4>4>epeHUHa HH }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa Ha ypOBHJlX peanb-
80CTH H HppeanbHOCTH, KOTOpaH xapaKTepHa 1IIDI B3pOCJ10ro.
CKOpOCTb, C KOTOpOll pa3MepbI H CTeneHb .l(H4>4>epeH Hal{HM }l(H3-
HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa YBeJIH1JHBaIOTCH B xo.n:e pa3BHTHJI, CHJIbHO Bapb-
HpyeTCH. ITO-BH1IHMOMY, CymeCTByeT TeCHaH CBH3b Me}l()()' HHTeJ1JIeI\TOM
HJIH, TO'IHee, Me)l(JJ:y nCHXH1JeCKHM BoopaCTOM H CTeneHblO .n:H4J4JepeH-
ItHal{HH IJenOBeKa H nCHXOJIOlWIeCKOll cpe.n:oll (76, 77). ECJIH 3TO Bep-
RO, Tor.n:a pa3JIH1JRfl B IQ CJIe1IYeT paccMaTpHBaTb KaK pa3J1H1JHbIe TeMnbI
paC1)'III:ell .l(m)J4>epeHIJ:HaUHH }l(H3HeHHOro npocTpaHcTBa. CXO.lI.HbIe co-
06pa)l(eHHH npHMeHHMbI K MOTOPHOMY pa3BHTHIO (91) H cO HanbHoMY
Pa3BHTHIO.
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4JepeHUHal{HH }l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa B uenOM Ha .n:BYX c1)'neHJIx Pa3-
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npeacma6J/Jlem ;JICU311e1l1l0e npocmpa1lCm60 MJlaomezo pe6ellKa. HU;}ICIIJIfI cxe.lUa
npeocma6J/Jlem 6oJ/ee 6bIC01<J'1O Cmenellb ourjJrjJepelllJualJuu :JICU311e1l1lOZo npocmpa1lcm6a
cmapme20 pe6e1l1<il 011l1/0CumeJ/b1l0 IIblllemlleii cumyalJuu,
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C - pe6ell0K; R - YP06ellb peaJIb1locmu; 1- ypo6e1lb UppeaJIbll0Cmu.
270
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CTpaHCTBa B OTHOIlIeHHH (a) TOro, IJTO HBJIHeTCH 'IaCTblO nCHXOJIOOReCKO-
ro HaCTOHIl{ero; (6) BpeMeHHOll nepCneKTHBbI B HanpaBJIeHHH nCHXonOfH-
'IeCKoro npOIlIJIOro H nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOrO 6Y.D:Yll.{ero; (B) H3MepeHIDI pe-
aJJbHOCTb-HppeaJIbHOCTb; (2) pac1)'lJJ.aH outjJtjJepeHZJua1JUR Ka)I(JJ:oro ypOBHH
}l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa Ha MHO}l(eCTBO COl\HaJIbHbIX CBH3eH H 06JIac-
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Bu:J/CHocmu HJIH :HCeCmKOCmu }l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHCTBa.
He Bce 06JIacTH 3Toro }l(H3HeHHOro npocTpaHCTBa .n:oc1)'nHbI pe6eH-
KY. OH BH.D:HT, 'ITO 60JIee cTapIlIHe .n:eTH 3aHHMalOTCH onpe.ll:eJIeHHbIMH BH-
.n:aMH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH, KOTopbIe OH caM XOTeJI 6bI oCYll.{eCTBJIHTb, HO B KOTO-
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.lI:OCTaTO'IHO CHJIbHbIll HJIH YMHblll. .l(onOJ1HHTeJ1bHbIe OrpaHH1JeHHH ero
npOCTpaHCTBa cB060.n:Horo .n:BH}I(eHHH C03.n:aIOTCH 3anpeTaMH B3pOCJIOro
HJIH .n:PyrHMH COl(HaJIbHbIMH Ta6y.
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KOCTb rpaHHl\bI Me}l(JJ:y .lI:OC1)'nHbIMH H He.n:OC'I)'nHbIMH 06JIaCTHMH HMeIOT
orpOMHoe 3HaIJeHlle ,lI,JUI nOBe.n:eHHH H pa3BHTHH HOpMaJIbHOrO H YMCTBeH-
HO OTCTaJIOro pe6eHKa (78).
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npaBJIeHHH, npOTHBOn0J10)l(HOM TOM)', KOTopoe xapaKTepHO ,lI,JUI pa3BHTHfl,
MO}l(eT 6bITb Ha3BaHO pe2peccueii (CM. rnaBY V). PerpeCCHH MO)l(eT BKJJIO-
IJaTh COKpall.{eHHe BpeMeHHOH nepCneKTHBbI, .lI:e1IH4>4>epeHl{HaJJ.llIO HJIH
.n:e30praHH3aIJ;HIO, BeJJ:y1l.{ylO K nOBe.n:eHHIO, 60J1ee HJIH MeHee THIIH1JHOM)'
,lI,JUI .lI:eTell Ha 60JIee paHHeM B03paCTHOM ypOBHe.
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pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIll4>eHoMeH, H OH MO}l(eT 6bITb 06YCJIOBJIeH, HanpHMep,
60JIe3HbIO (63), 4>pycTpal{Heii (9), He6e30rracHocTbIO (95) IUIH 3MOl{HO-
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rrCHXOJIOrwIecKoro HaCTOHIl{ero, MO}l(eT npOHCX01IHTb B pe3yJIbTaTe 3MO-
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}l(eJIaeT npeo.n:OJIeTb npeIDITcTBHe (75).
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IIrpbI pe6eHKa WITH C nOJIOBHHOU JIeT MO}l(eT perpeCCHpOBaTb .lI:O ypOBIDl
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06YCJIOBJIeHO TeM 4>aKTOM, IJTO KOHCTpYKTHBHOCTb H!'pbI TecHO CBH3aHa C
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eT (1) KaIJeCTBO ero HeIIocpe.n:CTBeHHoro oKpY)I(eHIDI, (2) Kame BH,lI,bI pe-
fHOHOB npHJIefaIOT K HbIHelliHeMY perHOHY, T. e. KaKHe B03MO}l(HOCTH eCTb
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J11060e IIOBe,lJ,eHHe H3MeIDIeT clfIYaIUDO. MbI npHBe.n:eM TOJ1bKO HeCKOJIb-
KO npHMepOB BJ1ID1HIDI pernoHa, B KOropOM HaXO,lJ,HTCH 'IeJIOBeK.
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aTMocq,epaM B 3KCnepHMeHTaX C nepBoKYPcHHKaMH KOJIJIe.n:)I(a. I1MeeTcH
MHOro CBH.n:eTeJIbCTB H3 KOHKpeTHbIX HCCJIe.n:oBaHHii:, 'ITO HanplI)I(eHHOCTb
MaTepH nefKO OKa3bIBaeT BJ1ID1HHe Ha 3MOl{HOHaJIbHOe COCTOHHHe MaJIeHb-
KOro pe6eHKa. ECTb YKa3aHIDI Ha TO, 'ITO 3TO npOHCXO.ZI:HT .n:a}l(e B Te'IeHHe
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pbIe }"laTCH KOmpOJIHpOBaTb MOIJeBoii: rry3bIpb, MO}l(eT B0306HOBHTbCH
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3eH, CIIOPTHBHOll opraHH3al{HH HJIH npe,lJ,IIO'IHTaeMOH IIo.n:rpynnoll B paM-
Kax 60J1bIlIell rpynfibI. 3ro MO}l(eT 6bITb rpynna Bcero JIHIlIb H3 ,lJ,BYX 'Ie-
J10BeK, KaK B cnyqae .n:p 6bI Me}l(JJ:y MaTepblO H pe6eHKOM. IIpllHa.n:ne-
)J(aTb HJIH He npHHa.n:ne}l(aTb rpynne 3KBHBaJIeHTHO 3aIDITHIO n03HUHH BHe
HJIH BHYTpH 3TOii: rpynfibI. 3Ta II03HlUffl onpe.n:eJJHeT npaBa H 06H3aHHO-
CTH HH.lI.HBH.n:a H HBJJHeTCH peIlIaIOID:ell ,lI,JIJI MHpOB033peHIDI HH1IHBH.n:a.
qYBCTBO npHHa.n:ne}l(HOCTH K onpe.n:eJ1eHHOll rpynrre - 3TO KJIlO'Ie-
BOH $aKTOp ,lI,JIJIIJ)'BCTBa 6e30IIaCHOCTH y .n:eTeH MeHbIlIHHCTB (27, 80).
CTpeMJIeHIIe CTaTb 1jJIeHOM onpe.n:eneHHoH rpYIIfibI H y.n:ep}l(HBaTb O.n:HHX
,n:eTeH B rpynIIe, a .n:pyrHX - BHe 3TOll rpYITIThI HrpaeT OrpOMHyIO pOJIb B
IIOBe.n:eHHH pe6eHKa B .n:eTCKOM caJJ:y (85,95). 3ro cTpeMJIeHHe Ba)I(HO }:(JJH
,lJ,eTCKOll 6aH.n:bI (113). IIo,lJ,poCTKH B HCIIpaBHTeJIbHoii: KonOHHH, He nOJ1-
HOCTblO npH3HaBIlIHe CBOIO npllHa.n:ne}l(HOCTb K npeC1)'nHHKaM, CKJIOHHbI
Ha3bIBaTb CBOHMH nyqmHMH .n:PY3bHMH JIIO.n:eii: 3a npe.n:eJIaMH HcnpaBH-
TeJIbHOll KOJIOHHH (73).
JIHIIIIHTT (83) 06Hap HJI, 'ITO IJ}'BCTBO rpynnoBoll npHHa.n:ne)l(HO-
CTH (BbIpa)l(aeMOe, HanpHMep, HCnOJIb30BaHIIeM CJIOBa «MbI» BMecro «11»)
CHJIbHee B .n:eMoKpaTH1JeCKlIX, IJeM B aBToKpaTH1JeCKlIX KJIY6ax. B aBTO-
KpaTH1JeCKOll cH1)'al{HH (PHC. 40) cYll.{eCTB)'IOT ]J;Ba OT1JeTJIHBbIX COl{H-
274
275
aJIbHbIX CJIOH: BbICIIIllii ypOBeHb BKJIlOIJaeT J1H.n:epa (L), a HH)I(HHH BKJIIO-
qaeT .n:eTeH (C). (COl{HaJIbHa .n:HCTaHl{HH Me}l(JJ:y 3THMH ypOBHHMH nOKa-
3aHa Ha pHC. 40 a }l(HpHbIM qepHbIM KpyroM.) ilpH .n:eMoKpaTHlI CTa1)'C-
HbIe pa3nHqHH MeHee 3aMeTHbI (nyHKTHpHa 1IlIHHH). B aBTOKpaTHlJeCKOM
06cTaHoBKe cYll.{ecTByIOT OneTJ1HBble rpynnbI H3 JJ:BYX 1JeJIOBeK, co.n:ep-
}l(all.{He O.n:HOro pe6eHKa H JIH.n:epa. CJ1e.n:oBaTeJIbHO, Kor.n:a JIH.n:epaY,lJ,aJI -
lOT, Me}l(JJ:y 1JJIeHaMH He OCTaeTCH HlIKaKOH ClIJIbHOll CBH3H. ITpH .n:eMOKpa-
THH pa3.n:eJ1eHHe Ha nO,lJ,rpynnbI nepeMeHHoe H MeHee }l(eCTKoe. ClIJIa rpyn-
ObI (potency ofthe group) B u;eJ10M (GrP) TaM BbIIlIe, qeM B aBTOKpaTHlJe-
cKOM 06CTaHOBKe, me clIJIa IIH.D:lIBHJJ:yaJIbHOlll\enH (IP) H no.n:rpynnbI (SuP)
cpaBHlITenbHo BbIme. 3TH pa3J1H1JHH Me}l(JJ:y aBTOKpanllJeCKOll H .n:eMO-
KpaTHlJeCKOH CH1)'al\lUIMH .n:alOT HeKOTopbIe 061>HCHeHIDI TOro, nOIJeMY 60-
J1ee BepoHTHo, qTO .n:eTH B aBToKpaTHlJeCKHX rpynnax 6yJJ:yT arpecclIBHbI
no OTHOIlIeHHIO K CBOHM TOBapmu.aM, XOT nOKopHbI no OTHOIlIeHHIO K
J1H.n:epy. M.-3. Pam (134) 06HapY)l(HJ1, qTO .D:PY)l(6a Me}l(JJ:y JJ:BYMH .n:eTbMH
}'BeJIiI'IlIBaeTCH B onpe.n:eneHHbIx cUl:yau.IDIX I!>pycTpaJJ.HH OT1JaCTH noTOMY,
IJTO 3TH CUl)'alUlH 6JIaronpHHTCTBYIOT rpynnoBoll CTpYKTYPe, B KOTOpoll.n:eTH
BH.D:HT caMHX ce6H npOTlIBOnOCTaBJ1eHHbIMH B3pOCJIbIM. EaBeJ1aC (11) 06-
Hap IUI, 1JTO CTeneHb cOTpy.n:HWlecTBa Me}l(JJ:y .n:eTbMH B .n:eTCKOM ca.ny }'Be-
J1i1'1HJIaCb nOCJIe TOro, KaK HX ropOCJIbIX pyKOBO.n:HTeJIeH nepeY1JHnH C aBTO-
KpaTlILJeCKliX Ha .n:eMoKpaTiI'IeCKHe MeTOJJ:bI PYK0B<?.n:cTBa.
a
Pa3JIiI'IHe Me}l(JJ:y HaXO}l(.n:eHHeM BnyTPH H BHe perHoHa cYll.{eCTBeH-
HO He TOJIbKO ,lI,JUI COl\HaJIbHbIX rpynn, HO H 1IJJfl JII060lll\eJIeHanpaBneH-
HOM .n:eflTeJ1bHOCm, H ,lI,JUI np06JIeMbI I!>pYCTpal\HH. CTpeMJIeHHe .n:061ITb-
C onpe.n:eJIeHHOH l\eJIH 3KBHBaJIeHTHO CTpeMJIeHHIO BoihH B perHOH, 3a
npe.n:eJIaMH KOToporo Haxo.n:HTCH IJeJIOBeK. MbI no.n:HHMeM 3TOT Bonpoc,
Kor.n:a 6y.n:eM 06CY)l(.n:aTb nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKHe ClIJIbI.
H3MeHeHHe KOrHHTHBHOH CTPYKTYPLI
CTpYKTypa )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa - 3TO n03Hl{HOHHbIe OTHO-
IlIeHHfl ero IJaCTell. CTpYK1)'PY MO}l(HO BbIpa3HTb C nOMOll.{bIO TOnOJIO-
mH }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. ilepeJJ:BH}I(eHHe IJeJIOBeKa, T. e. H3Me-
HeHHe ero n03Hl\HH OT o.n:Horo perHOHa .n:o .n:pyroro pemOHa, MO)l(HO
paCCMaTplIBaTb KaK O.n:HH THn H3MeHeHHH CTpYK1)'pbI. ,[Wyme npHMe-
pbI - 3TO re H3MeHeHIDl, KOTopbIe npOHCXO.D:HT BO BpeM «HHCaHTa» lUJH
HaylJeHHH. EeCKOHeqHOe MHO)l(eCTBO H3MeHeHlIll CTPYKTYpbI MO)l(HO rpy60
pa3.n:eJIHTb Ha CJIeJJ:yIOIJJ.He rpynObI: (1) YBeJIHIJeHHe .n:Hl!>l!>epeHUHaIJ,lIH
pemOHa, T. e. YBeJ1H1JeHHe 1JHCJIa no.n:perH9HoB; (2) 061>e.n:HHeHHe H30-
JIlIpOBaHHbIx pemoHoB B O,lJ,HH .n:Hl!>l!>epeHl\HpOBaHHbIll pemoH; (3)
YMeHbIlIeHHe .n:Hl!>l!>epeHl\HaIJ,HH, T. e. YMeHbIlIeHHe IJHCna no.n:perHOHOB
BHYTPII perHoHa; (4) pacna,lJ, l\enoro, Kor.n:a CBH3aHHbIe npe}l(.n:e noma-
CTH perHOHa pa3.n:eJIHIOTC Ha OTHOCHTeJ1bHO He3aBHCHMbie perHOHbI; H
(5) pecTpYK1)'pHpoBaHHe, T. e. H3MeHeHHe naTTepHa 6e3 YBeJIHlJeHIIH lIJIH
YMeHbIlIeHHH .n:Hl!>l!>epeHl\Hal\HH.
TlP06J/eMbl 06XOOH020 nymu U uHcaum. PeCTpYKTYP11p0BaHHe onpe-
.n:eJ1eHHbIX 06JIaqell )l(H3HeHHOro npocTpaHcTBa MO)l(HO JIerKO Ha6JIIO.n:aTb
npH peIlIeHlIlI np06JIeM 06xo.n:Horo nyTH. OCHoBHbIe BonpocbI MO}l(HO
npOHJIJIlOcTpHpoBaTL npOCTbIM npHMepoM: uenb G (pHC. 41) Haxo.n:HTCH
3a U-06Pa3HbIM 4JH3H1JeCKHM 6apbepoM B. Pe6eHoK C, nCHXHlJeCKHll B03-
pacT KOToporo O,lJ,HH ro.n: (c TOIJKH 3peHHH 6HonoIWIecKoro B03paCTa, 3TO
MO}l(eT 6b1Tb MaJIeHbKHll pe6eHOK lIJIH 60JIee CTapmHll CJIa60YMHbIM pe6e-
HOK), BepOHTHO, nOOblTaeTCH .n:OCTHlJb l\eJIH, .n:eMCTBYH B HanpaBneHHH 6a-
pbepa B.n:OJIb nyTH WAG 1 . Pe6eHOK nHTH JIeT B Tex )l(e caMbIX 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBax He 6y.n:eT HMeTb HHKaKHX TPy.n:HOCTell. OH .n:OCTHrHeT l\eJIH nocpe.n:-
CTBOM 06xo.n:Horo nyTH no Mapmpy1)' W 'A G (pHC. 42). KaKoBbI np06JIeMbI
MaJIeHbKOro pe6eHKa? 06a pe6em<a 06Hap lIBaIOT cTpeMJIeHHe nepe-
6
Puc. 40. PmoeJ/eflue fla noo2pynnbl u cWla zpynnbl 6IJeIIOM 6 (a) a6mOKpamU'IeCKoU u
(6) OeMOKpamU'IeCKOU o6cmaflo6Ke i
I 3TO npe)JcTaBneHife 3aHMCTBOBaHO m TeopeTIl'lecKOro aHaJIma, )JaHHoro JIHnnHT-
TOM (83).
276
1 Donee nonHO 06CYJK.!leHlfc :non npo6ncMbI HanpaBnCHlfl! If nyrn B nClfxonOfHH
MOJl(HO HanTII B: Lewin (79).
277
E
:I
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,
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
! ,D
.
.
D
Puc. 41.11pocmOJ/ npo6neMa 06:wOHOZO
nymu, KQK ee 6UOum MQJ/eHI:>KUU pe6eHOK.
1. AmI ManeHbKoro pe6eHKa HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHM clnyaQIDI MeHee npo-
TH)KeHHlliI, 'IeM 1IM cTapmero (31'0 TOJIbKO O,/UIO CJIe,lJ,CTBHe TOro cfJaKTa, IJTO
}l(H3HeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO MJ1aJ\mero pe6eHKa BO MHOrHX OTHOmeHIDIX
MeHbme, 'IeM }l(H3HeHHOe npoCTpaHCTBO CTapmero pe6eHKa). OHa BKJIIO'Ia-
eTTOnbKO pernoHbI A, B H G (PHC. 41). AmI cTapmero pe6eHKa nCHXOJIOrn-
'IeCKll npHcyrCTByeT 60JIee mHpoKM 06JIacTh, BKJIIO'IalO M, HanpHMep,
06JIaCTH D H F. KaK CJIe,lJ,CTBHe 3TOro pa3nHIJlliI B MaclliTa6e cmyawrn, cY-
lI{ecTByIO eH B HacToHll{lIii MOMelIT, ManeHbKHH pe6eHoK BHIDIT, 'ITO 06JIa-
cm A H G pa3lIeJIeHbI HenpoxolUiMbIM 6apLepoM B. AmI 60JIee cTapmero
pe6eHKa pernoHbI A H G CBH3aHbI lIepe3 npOxOlIHMbIe pernoHbI D H F.
HanpaBJJeHIDI B nCUXOJIOIWIeCKOM }l(H3HeHHOM npocTpaHCTBe xapaK-
repH3yIOTcH onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH nyrHMH KaK «enbIM. CTapIlIHH pe6eHoK BH-
)UIT IlIar OT A K D KaK lIaCTh nyrH A, D, F, G no HanpaBneHillO K G. ManeHb-
KllH pe6eHoK BH,lI.lIT IlIar A, D KaK lIaCTb nyrH A, E, T. e. OT G. Pa:3JIH'IHe B
KonnmmHoH cTpYKTYPe cmyawrn MH ManeHLKoro H 60JIee cTapmero pe-
6eHKa npHBO)UIT, CJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO, K pa3JIH1JHOMY 3HalleHillO HanpaBneHlliI K
G H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, K pa3JIHlJHOMY nepe.D:BH}I(eHHIO, HBJIHIO eMYcH pe-
3)'JIbTaTOM O.D:HHaKOBbIX cTpeMJIeHHH 060ux .n:eTeH ,lJ,OCTH1JL G.
2. AmI ManeHbKoro pe6eHKa nyrb W'A,G nCHX0J10rHIJeCKH npOCTO He
cymeCTByeT. AmI CTapIlIero pe6eHKa nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKH cy eCTByroT 1IBa
H K G, a HMeHHO: OKp HOH nyrb W'A,G H 3a6JIOKHpOBaHHbIH «npH-
MOH» nyrb WA,G' «IIpHMoe» HanpaBneHHe K G MO)l(HO HlITepnpeTHpOBaTb
B 31'0M cnyqae KaK HanpaBneHHe rorJUI1Ia, YCTpeMJIeHHoro Ha G; MeHee
«npHMoe» HanpaBJ1eHHe - KaK HanpaBJ1eHHe npOXO}l(}:(eHlliI K G. .!VIH Ma-
JIeHbKoro pe6eHKa «HanpaBJIeHHe K G» ell.{e He pa:3,lJ,eJ1HJJOCb Ha 3TH ,lJ,Ba
HanpaBJJeHIDI. (3TO npHMep MeHbmeH CTeneHH 1IH4>4>epeHl{Hal{HH )l(H3-
HeHHoro npocTpaHCTBa ManeHbKoro pe6eHKa.)
.D:ByxneTHHH: pe6eHOK, OKa3aBIlIHllCH B TOH )l(e caMoH cmyaUHH, MO-
}l(eT CHa'Iana HMeTb KOrHHTilBHYIO CTpYKTYPY, COOTBeTcTByIO KOrHH-
THBHOH cTpYKType MJIaJ\mero pe6eHKa (PHC. 41). IIocJ1e HeCKOJ1bKUX no-
IThITOK cTpYKTYpa cmyal{HH MO)l(eT nOMeIDITbCH Ha cTpYK1YPY cTapmero
pe6eHKa (PHC. 42). 3m H3MeHeHIDI lIaCTO npoHCXO,lJ,HT KaK BHe3anHbIH
C1IBHr: 3TO npHMepbI Toro, liTO 6bIJIO Ha3BaHO uHcaumoM (75).
I1HcaifT Bcema MO)l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK H3MeHeHHe KOrHHTHB-
HOH CTPYK1YPbI cHl)'al{HH. OH lIaCTO BKJIIOlIaeT 1IHcfJcfJepeHUHaUHIO H pe-
cTpYK1YPH3aQlIIO B CMbICJIe pa:3lIeJIeHlliI onpe,lJ,eJ1eHHbIX pernoHoB, KOTO-
pbIe 6bIJIH CBH3aHbI, H coe.n:HHeHIDI pernoHoB, KOTOpbIe 6bIJIH pa3.D:eJ1eHbI.
HanpHMep, IITo6bI HCn0J1L30BaTh BeTIcy ,lJ,epeBa B KalleCTBe nanKH (75) MH
,lJ,OCTaBaHIDll{eJ1H, Haxo.D:H eiicH 3a pellieTKOH, He06xo,lJ,HMo )'BHJ(eTL BeT-
Puc. 42. llpo6neMa 06:wOHOZO nymu,
npeocma6!leHHOJ/ Hapuc. 41,
KaK ee 6uoum cmapUluu pe6eHoK.
.D:BHraTbCH OT HX HbIHemHeH cmyal{HH A K ueJIH G. (KaK MbI YBH,lI.HM n03-
}l(e, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITO cYll.{eCTByeT nCHXOJIOlli1JeCKM CHJJa ,G' ,lJ,eHCTBY-
IOll.{aH Ha pe6eHKa B HanpaBneHHH OT A KG.)
MI.I MO)l(eM nOHHTL pa3nHIJHe B TPY,/UIOCTHX, eCJIH paCCMOTpHM, 'ITO
3HaIJHT «HanpaBneHHe K G» MH 060HX ,lJ,eTeH. AmI 60J1ee ManeHbKoro pe-
6eHKa HanpaBneHHe OT A K G, dA,G' paBHO HanpaBneHHIO 'K 6apbepy B
(dA,G = dA,B)' ):(BH}I(eHHe OT A K D BD.OJ1L nyrH WAD HMeJIO 6bI ,lJ,JIH 3TOro
pe6eHKa 3HalleHHe Y,lJ,aneHIDI OT G. ,n:pyrHMH CJ10BaMH, HanpaBneHHe K D,
dAD' npOTHBOnOJIO}l(HO HanpaBneHillO KG, d AG (dAD = - d AG ). AmI 60J1ee
CTapIlIerO pe6eHKa (PHC. 42) HanpaBneHHe K'D, dAD' HMeeT xapaKTep He
npOTHBOn0J10)l(HOCTH, a paBeHCTBa HanpaBneHHIO K G (d = d ), noTO-
A D A,D A,G
MY liTO mar OT K paCCMaTpHBaeTCH 3THM pe6eHKoM KaK IJaCTL 06xo,lJ,-
Horo nyTH W'A,G K G. Pa3J1H1JHe B 3HalleHHH HanpaBJIeHlliI dA,G K G 06y-
CJIOBneHO rnaBHbIM 06pa:30M JJ:BYMH cfJaKTaMH.
278
279
ry KaK OTHOCHTeJIbHO 1I30nllpOBaHHYlO e.n:HHHl\Y, a He KaK 1JaCTb BHYTPll
60JIbIlIeH e.n:ifHifl\bI -,lJ,epeBa. KpOMe Toro, He06xo.n:ifMO CBfl3aTb :ny BeTry
C l\enbIO 3a pellieTKOll.
113 TeopllH HHcallTa B np06JIeMaX 06XOJl,HOro nyTH MO)l(HO BbIBeCTH
onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe 3aKJ1IOIJeHlUI OTHOCllTeJIbHO 4>aKTopoB, cnoc06CTByIOmHX
HHcailTy. 3MOU.HOHaJIbHOe BOJIHeHlle npllBo.n:HT K CY}I(eHHIO nCHXOJIOrll-
1JeCKH HaJIWIHOM 06JJaCTll. COcToHHlle CllJIbHOM 3MOl\IlOHaJIbHOCTH .n:OJI)I(-
HO, Cne,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO, MeIlIaTb HaxO)l(,lJ,eHHIO peIlIeHHll. ,[(HcTaHl{lIJI, ,lJ,OCTa-
TOIJHafl1IJIH 0603peHlIJI 60JIblileM cHlyal{HH, nOMoraeT npH peIlIeHHH lIH-
TenJIeKTYaJIbHbIX np06neM. KaToHa (69) 06cY)I(.n:aeT BJIlIflHlle pa3JIHlJHbIX
CHl)'al{ilH Ha H3MeHeHHe KorHllTHBHOll CTPYKTYpbI H cnoc06HoCTb Haxo-
.n:HTb HOBbie peIlIeHHH.
TIpllHl{HnbI H3MeHeHHH KorHHTHBHOH CTpYKl)'pbI, 06CY}I(.n:aeMbIe
3J1,ecb, TaK )l(e npHMeHHMbI K COl{llaJIbHbIM H MaTeMaTH1JeCKHM np06JIe-
MaM, KaK K 4>ll3i1'1eCKHM np06JIeMaM.
Hay'leHUe U opueHmaljUfl. Hay'JeHHe -3TO nonynflpHblll TepMHH, OT-
HOCJlIl.{IlHCH K TaKHM Pa3JIWlHbIM npOl{eCcaM, KaK HaY1JeHHe JII06HTb IlIOH-
HaT, 06Y1JeHlle XO,lJ,HTb llJJlI 1I3Y1JeHHe 4>paHl\Y3CKOH JIeKCHKH, T. e. K npo-
6JIeMaM lI3MeHeHHH l{eJIell HJ111 nOTpe6HOCTeM, H3MeHeHHH nOJIO)l(eHHH TeJIa
H MbIIlIeIJHOM KOOp.n:HHal{llH H 113MeHeHHM B 3HaHHJlX. TIo:nOMY HeB03MO)l(-
Ha HllKaKafl e.n:llHaJi TeoplUl HaY1JeHHH. ITp06J1eMbI H3MeHeHHH l{eJIell 6y-
.n:YT 06CY ,lJ,aTbCH n03)1(e. HHcallT HBnHeTCH npHMepOM Hay'JeHHH B CMbIC-
ne 113MeHeHllH KOrHlITlIBHOH CTpYKTYpbI. HaY1JeHHe B 3TOM CMblCJIe 06bIIJHO
BKJ1IOIJaeT HeCKOJIbKO 113 Tex THnOB CTPYKTYPHbIX 113MeHeHHM, KOTopbIe MbI
ynoMllHaJIH paHee, B COIJeTaHlIH C H3MeHeHlleM B CTeneHH opnUUl3alI,HH.
I13MeHeHlle B HanpaBneHHH 60JIbIlIelllIH4>4>epeHl\Hal{llH llMeeT Me-
CTO, HanpHMep, KOrJl,a pe6eHOK HaIJIlHaeT OplleHTHpOBaTbCfl B HOBOM OKpy-
}l(eHIlII. HaXO)l(,lJ,eHHe B He3HaKOMOM OKpY)I(eHlIH 3KBlIBaJIeHTHO HaxO}l(.n:e-
HHIO B perHOHe, KOTOpbIM HeCTpYKl)'pHpOBaH B .n:BOHKOM CMbICJIe: He 00-
pe.n:eJIeHbI HH KaIJeCTBO, HH no.n:IJaCTH HblHelliHero perHOHa, HH HenOCpe,lJ,-
CTBeHHO COCe,lJ,CTByIOmlle pemOHbI. OpHeHTal{HH 03Ha1JaeT CTpYI<1YPH3a-
l\HIO HeCTpYKl)'pllpOBaHHoro pemOHa. TaKHM 06pa30M CTaHOBllTCH on-
pe.n:eneHHbIM HaOpaBJIeHlle BHYTPH )l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa (79). OpH-
eHTal{iIJI - 3T0 npol{ecc, KOTOpblll, B MeHbIlIeM MacIlITa6e, 06HapY}I(HBaeT
cYll.{eCTBeHHbIe aHaJIOrHH C pa3BHTHeM )l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa Ma-
neHbKoro pe6eHKa.
HecTpYKl)'pHpOBaHHbIll pernoH 06bIIJHO HMeeT TaKOll )l(e 34>4>eKT,
KaK HenpeO,lJ,OJIHMOe npenHTcTBlle. TIpe6bIBaHHe B HecTpYKTYpHPOBaH-
HOH cpelle npHBo.n:HT K H3MeH1JllBOCTH nOBe.n:eHHH, nOToMY IJTO He HCHO,
npHBeJl,eT nll .n:eHCTBlIe K l{enllllnll YBe.n:eT OT Hee. He onpe.n:eneHo, onac-
HbI liJIH Jl,PY)I(eCTBeHHbI cocelUlHe perlloHbI. YopllHr, )J:yatlep if )J:}I(aH-
KllH (126) 06HapY)I(llnH, IJTO .n:eTH BO BpeMH nplleMoB nIIIl.{I1 B nepBbIM
,lJ,eHb B Jl,eTCKOM ca.n:y CKJ10HHbI cnYIlIaTbcH COBeTOB B3pocnbiX 6onbIlIe,
IJeM n03)1(e, KOr,lJ,a OHll 1JyBCTBOBaJIH ce6fl Ha XOpOlliO ll3BecTHotl nOIJBe
.n:JIH conpoTHBneHHfl.
'lh06bI 3aBepIlIllTb 3TOT pa3J1,en, MbI .n:06aBHM TOJIbKO 01IH0 3aMeIJa-
HIIe 0 CBH3ll Me)l(,lJ,y nOBTopeHHeM II HaY1JeHifeM. TIoBTopeHHe onpe,lJ,eJIeH-
HOM Jl,eHTeJIbHOCTll MO)l(eT nplIBecTH K .n:H4>4>epeHl{Hal{llH paHee He.n:H4>-
4>epeHlI,lIpOBaHHoro pernoHa )l(ll3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa H K 061>e.n:HHe-
HHIO paHee lI30JIllpOBaHHbIx .n:eMcTBlIH. 3TO IJaCTO npOHCX01IHT B cJIY'Iae
MOTOpHOro HaY1JeHHJI. O,lJ,HaKO, eCJIll nOBTopeHHe npo.n:OJI}I(aeTCH 1I0CTa-
TO'lHO .n:onro, OHO MO}l(eT HMeTb OpOTHBOOOnO)l(HbIll 34>4>eKT, a HMeHHO:
pa3pYIlIeHHe 60JIee KpynHbIX eJJ:HHlIlI, .n:ellcTBHM, ,lJ,e.n:H4>4>epeHl{Hal{HIO, pa-
3Y1JeHue H ,lJ,e30praHll3alUlIO, CXOJl,HbIM C 34>4>eKToM npHMHTJlBH3al{llH HJJH
.n:ereHepal{llH. 3TH npOl\eCCbI THnil'lHbI .n:JIH nCIJxonOril'leCKoro HaCblll.{e-
HHJI H nepeHaCblll.{eHHH.
CHAa H CHAOBOe nOAe
A. CllJm " BaJ1eHTHOCTb
CTpYKTYPa )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa onpe.n:enHeT, KaKlle nepe1IBH-
)l(eHHH B03MO)l(HbI B .n:aHHoe BpeMH. To, KaKoe H3MeHeHHe npOHCXO,lJ,HT Ha
caMOM )leJ1e, 3aBllCIn OT KOHCTeJIJIflJJ.l1H nCHXOJIOfillJeCKHX CHJJ. KOHCT-
PYKT CllJW xapaKTepU3}'eT 1IJIJI .n:aHHOH TOtlKif )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa
HanpaBneHHe II MOIl.{HOCTb TeH1IeHl{HIJ K H3MeHeHHIO. 3TOT KOHCTPYKT He
no.n:pa3YMeBaeT HlIKaKHX ,lJ,OnOJ1HlnenbHbIX npe.n:nOJIO}l(eHlIll 0 «npWIHHe»
3TOll TeHJI,eHlI,HH. KOM6HHal{llfl pH.n:a CHJJ, ,lJ,ellCTByIOll.{HX B O.n:HOll H TOll
}l(e TOIJKe B .n:aHHOe BpeMH, Ha3bIBaeTCH pe3YJlbmupYlOllfeu CHJJOH. CBH3b
Me)l(l\Y CHJJOM II nOBe,lJ,eHHeM MO)l(HO, CJIe,lJ,OBarenbHO, OO.n:bITO)l(lITb CJ1e-
JJ:y'rlHlI,HM 06pa30M: BCHKllH pa3, KOr)la cYll.{eCTByeT pe3YJIbTHpyIOIl.{aJi CHJJa
(OTJJH1JHM OT HYJIJi), npoHCX01IHT JIll60 nepe)],BH)I(eHHe B HanpaBneHlIH nOH
CHJJbI, JIH60 113MeHeHIJe KOrHHTHBHOM CTPYKTYPbI, 3KBHBaJIeHTHOe TaKOMY
nepe.n:BH)I(eHillO. 06paTHoe TaK)I(e BepHO: BCHKHH pa3, KOr,lJ,a HMeeTCH ne-
pe1IBH)I(eHHe HJJH 113MeHeHHe CTPYKl)'pbI, B 3TOM HanpaBJJeHHH cymeCTBY-
lOT pe3YJ1bTlIpyIOIlI,lIe CHJJbI I .
280
I Mbl He 06cyJK.1lacM 3,llCCL CJlOJKHLlC npo6ncMbl '1YJKilLIX «!JaKTOpOB, T. C. TCX «!J11311'1C-
CKHX 11 COlUlaJIbHLIX «!JaJITOPOB, KOTOpblC MOJKHO paCCMaTpl1BaTL KaK norpaHH'IHLIC YCJlOBI1JI
JKH3HCIIHOro npOCTpaHCTBa (CM. rJIaBbl m 11 VIII), MLI HC BblXOllHM 3a paMKI1 nCI1XOJlonll1.
281
fICHXOJIOrH1JeCKlIe CHJ1bI COOTBeTCTByIOT CBH3H Me)l(JJ:y no KpafuIeH
Mepe ABYMH pernOHaMH )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. fIpOCTOH npHMep -
CHJ1a ,G' ,lJ,eHCTByIO aH Ha pe6eHKa C B HanpaBJ1eHHH K l{eJIH G (PHC. 43).
3Ta CHJ1a 3aBHCHT OT COCTOHHWI pe6eHKa C, B IJaCTHOCTH OT ero COCTOH-
em nOTpe6HocTeH, H OT xapaKTepa pemOHa G. ECJIH pernoH G (KOTO-
pblH MO)l(eT npe,lJ,CTaBJIHTb ,lJ,eHTeJ1bHOCTb, cOUHanbHyIO n03HUHIO, o6ueKT
HJ1H JII06yIO ,lJ,pyrym B03MO)l(HYIO l{eJ1b) npIIBJ1eKaTeJIeH ):IJIH lIeJ10BeKa,
rOBopHT, lITO OH HMeeT n0J10)l(IITeJ1bHyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb.
CH1JHbIHpe6eHOK, KOTOpbIH TIlHeTCH K HrpYIlIKe, MO}l(eT .D:BHraTb B 3TOM
HanpaBneHlIH KaK PYKII, TaK H HorH. OH MO)l(eT OTKpbIBaTb pOT II HaKJIo-
HHTb ronOBY B HanpaBneHlIH uenII. Eonee cTapmHll, 60nee 1IM«l>«l>epeHl{H-
pOBaHHbIH pe6eHoK, BepoHTHo, 6yn:eT pearnpoBaTb 60JIee «KOHTpOJIIIpye-
MbIM» 06pa30M TonbKO O,lJ,HOH lIaCTblO TeJIa.
Puc. 44. OmpUl/ameJIbHoe l/eHmpanbHoe nane CUJI, coomeemcm6}'lOlqee
ompUl/ameJIbHOU eaneHmHocmu
Puc, 43. IlanoJ/CumenbHoe l/eHmpanbHoe nane CUJI, coomeemcm6}'lOlqee
nOJ/OJ/CumenbHOU 6aneHmHocmu
MOUJHocmb CWlbl U YOaJleHHOCmb eaJleHmHocmu. IT03)1(e MbI 06cy-
,lJ,HM, KaKlIe «l>aKTOpbI onpe.n:eJJHIOT II3MeHeHIIe BaJIeHTHOCTH. CHalIana ,lJ,a-
Bai1Te 3a.na,lWM BOnpOC, KaKoe BnWlHHe HMeeT .n:aHHaH BaJIeHTHOCTb, HJ1II
pacnpe,lJ,eneHHe BaJIeHTHOCTeH, Ha nOBe,lJ,eHHe. MOIl.{HOCTb CHJ1bI B HanpaB-
neHlIH K HJ1II OT BaJIelITHOCrn 3aBHCHT OT MOIIl,HOCTH 3TOH BaJIelITHOCTH H
nCHXOJIOfHIJeCKoro paccToHHWI (e A.G) Me)l(JJ:y lIeJIOBeKOM H BaneHTHOCTbIO
G = F{Va(G), e AG }).
, <1>MHC (34) o6Hap HJ1a, 1ffO ynopCTBO ,lJ,eTeH (B B03pacTe OT 01IH0-
m ):10 IlIeCTH neT) B CTpeMJIeHHH ,lJ,OCTHlJb l{eJIH C pa3JIHlJHbIX «l>H3H1JeCKHX
.n:HcTaHIUill (8-100 CM) B03paCTaeT C YMeHbIlIeHHeM paCCTOHHWI. 3TO MO-
)l(eT 03Ha1JaTb, lITO C }'BeJIHlJeHHeM paCCTOHHIDI JIH60 YMeHbIlIaeTCH CHJ1a,
JIH60 pe6eHOK 6bICTpee BH,lI,lIT, lITO 6apbep Henpeo.n:OJIHM. ECJIH npe06J1a-
):IaeT nepBbIH «l>aKTOp, TOr,lJ,a 3MOl{HOHanbHoe HanpH}I(eHlIe ,lJ,OJl)l(HO YMeHb-
IlIaTbCH C }'BenHIJeHIIeM paCCTOHHIDI. <1>aHHc 06Hap HJ1a, 'ITO :no BepHO
TOJIbKO JIJUI MJIa.n:eHl{eB. ,lVIH 60nee CTapIlIHX ,lJ,eTeH, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, npe-
06JIa.naeT BTOpOH «l>aKTOP, BepOHTHO, noTOM)', IJTO 3TH ,lJ,eTH paCCMaTpHBa-
lOT npefiHTCTBHe KaK HeIJTO, 3aBHCHIl.{ee OT BOJIH 3KcnepHMeHTaTopa, a He
KaK «l>H3H1JecKyIO .n:HCTaHUHIO.
B HeKOTopbIX 3KcnepHMeHTaX C KpbIcaMH 6bIno 06HapY)l(eHO, 'ITO
CKOpOCTb 6era K l{eJIH }'BeJ1H1JHBaeTCH C YMeHbIlIeHHeM paccToHHWI (60).
r. <1>. PaHT (133) He 06napY)I(HJI HHKaKoro COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ero YKa3aHWI
Ha TaKOH rpa)(HeHT CKOpOCTH B 3KCnepHMeHTax, B KOTOpbIX ,lJ,eTH H3 ,lJ,eT-
283
TaKM BanelITHOCTb COOTBeTCTBYeT noJIlO ClUJ, KOTopoe HMeeT CTpyY<-
TYPY n0J10)l(HTenbHoro l{empanbHoro nom (pHC. 43). ECJIH 6bI He cy ecT-
BOBano HHKaKHX ,lJ,pyrHX BaJIeHTHOCTeH, lIeJIOBeK, HaX01IHIl.{HHCH B JII060M
pernoHe A, B, D, E... BCer,lJ,a cTapancH 6bI nepeMecTIITbcH B HanpaBneHHH
KG. ,lWyrnMH CJ10BaMH, BaJIeHTHOCTb G COOTBeTCTBYeT CHJIe ,G'h.G,fo.G
II T. .n:. Ha6JI1O,lJ,eHHe nOBe):leHWI n03BOJUleT onpe,lJ,eJIIITb He TOJIbKO C03Ha-
TeJIbHbIe l{eJ1H, HO H «6eCC03HaTeJIbHbIe l{eJIlI», KaK 3TOT TepMHH HCllOJIb-
3yeT <1>peii,z!;. ECJ1H G OTTaJIKHBaeT lIeJIOBeKa, MbI rOBopHM 0 OTpIIuaTenb-
HOH BanelITHOCTH G, COOTBeTCTB}'IOll.{eH OTp arenbHOMY u;empanbHOMY
rroJIlO (pHC. 44), KOTopoe COCTOIlT H3 CHJ1 .-G'h.-{j,fo.-{j H T.,lJ,., HanpaB-
JIeHHbIX OT G.
BJ1W1HlIe CHJ1 MO)l(HO Ha6JI1O):IaTb C caMoro paHHero MJIa.neH'ieCTBa:
.D,BH}I(emUl K H OT rpY1IM BO BpeMH KOpMJIemUl MO}l(HO 3aMeTHTb B nepBbIe ,
He,lJ,eJIH )l(H3HH. CMOTpeHIIe Ha 061>eKT (4JHKcal{IDI) - .n:pyroll npHMep Ha-
rrpaBJ1eHHoro ,lJ,eHCTBWI. fI03)1(e nOHBJIHeTCH XBaTaHMe. EOJIee CJIO)l(HbIe
HanpaBneHHbIe ,lJ,eHCTBWI npe.n:lIonaralOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO 60JIee BblCOKyIO
.D,H«l>«IJepeHl{IIal{HIO )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. Y ManeHbKoro pe6eHKa
ClUJa C 60nbllleH BepOHTHOCTblO 6Y,lJ,eT OKa3bIBaTb npHMoe BJ1W1HHe Ha Bce
qaCTH pe6eHKa, lIeM B 60JIee n03):1HeM B03paCTe. HanpHMep, meCTHMe-
282
CKOro ca a TflHYJIH U;eJIb (CTeKJIflHHbIH IlIapHK) K ce6e. 3TO nOKa3blBaeT,
qTO B nCHXonornH CBH3b Me)l(JJ:y MOIl{HOCTbIO CHJIbI H TeJIeCHbIM nepe,lJ,BH'"
}l(eHHeM ,lJ,OBOnbHa CJIO}l(Ha H IJTO «l>u3i1'1eCKaH H nCHXOnOril'leCKaH ,lJ,H-
CTaHl{HH MOryT 6bITb CBfl3aHbI COBepIlIeHHO nO-pa3HOMY npH pa3JIHIJHbIX
06CTOflTeJIbCTBax.
B KaIJeCTBe oc060ro npl1Mepa MO)l(HO ynoMflHYTb CIITyal{HIO, B KO-
TOPOH qeJIOBeK «nOIJTID) .n:OCTHraeT u;eJIH. Y )l(HBOTHbIX (60), KaK H Y ,lJ,e-
TeH, Ha6JI1O,lJ,anOCb 3aMeTHOe 3aMe}:(JJeHHe Ha nOCJIe.n:HeM :nane ,lJ,0 TOro,
KaK l{enb ,lJ,OCTHrHYTa. Ecnll 6bI ClUJa 6bIJIa npocTO CBfl3aHa C «l>H3H1JeCKOH
,lJ,HCTaHl{HeH, B :noH TOqKe He 6bIJIO 6bI HHKaKoro BHe3anHoro na eHHH
CKOpOCTH. OIJeBH.n:HO, nOCJIe TOro KaK HH1II1BH1I nonan BHYTPb perl10Ha
u;eJ1H, CHJIa ,G 60JIbIlIe He MO)l(eT I1MeTb HanpaBJIeHHe «K» perHOHY l{enH,
HO OHa npeBpall.{aeTCH B CIIJIY fa.G' KOTOpyIO HO npaBlUJbHO HHTepnpe-
THpOBaTb KaK TeH1IeHl{HIO COnpOTHBJIHTbCH BbITeCHeHHIO H3 perHOHa u;enll
(nO,lJ,p06HO CM. B 79). HaXO}l(,lJ,eHHe B pemoHe u;enH IJacTO He 3KBHBaneH-
THO nOTpe6JIeHHIO l\eJIH, HJIH TenecHoMY KOHTaKI}' C HeIO, a 3KBHBaneHT-
HO BnaCTH Ha l{enbIO, YBepeHHocTH B HeH. BepOHTHO, 3TO npH1JHHa 3a-
Me}:(JJeHlUI Ha nOCJIe,lJ,HeM oTpe3Ke nepe,lJ, u;eJIbIO. 3TO TaK)I(e 061>HCIDIeT
IJaCTOe «CHmKeHl:le HHTepeca» nOCJIe OBJIa.n:eHHH, lUJJIIOCTpHpyeMoe CJIe-
1IyIOIl.{HM npHMepoM. )J;eBHTHMeCHqHbIH pe6eHOK TflHeTCfl K ,lJ,BYM norpe-
MylliKaM, JIe}l(all.{HM nepell HHM. Kor.n:a OH ,lJ,OCTaeT o.n:HY, OH He HaIJUHaeT
HrpaTb, a HHTepecyeTcH TOJIbKO TOH norpeMylliKOll, KOTOpOH y Hero HeT.
ITpHMep YMeHbIlIemUl MOIII;HOCTH CHJIbI C YBeml1JeHHeM paCCTOHHIDI
OT OTpHl\aTeJIbHOH BaneHTHOCTH MO)l(HO HaUTH B HeKOTopbIX cHryal{HHX
npHIDITIDI nHIl.{U (79, 117). )J;nH pe6eHK<l, KOTOpbIH He JII06HT IlInHHaT, aKT
npllIDITIDI nHIl.{H MO)l(eT COCTOHTb H3 pMa OTHOCUTenbHO H30J1HpOBaHHbIX
IlIaroB, KaK, HanpHMep, nOJIO}l(HTb PYKY Ha CTOJI, B3HTb JIO)l(},.')', n0J10)l(HTb
eJJ:y Ha JIO)l(KY H T. .n:. MOIl.{HOCTb CHJIbI, HanpaBJIeHHOll OT C1>e.n:eHIDI He-
npIDITHOH nHIUH, H, CJ1e,lJ,OBaTeJ1bHO, conpOTHBneHHe CJIe1IyIOIl.{eMy mary
B03paCTaeT B 3aBHCI1MOCTH OT 6JIH30CTH IlIara «l>aKTH1JecKOro C1>e.n:eHIDI.
IToCJIe TOro KaK pe6eHOK HaQUHaeT }l(eBaTb, CTpYKTYpa cHryal{HH B OTHO-
IlIeHHH :noro K)'CKa 06bIIJHO MeIDIeTCH KopeHHbIM 06pa30M. BMeCTO CO-
npOTHBJIeHIDI pe6eHOK fibITaeTCH nOK01f'lHTb C }"')'CKOM. 3TO npllMep TOro,
KaK HanpaBneHHe H MOIl.{HOCTb ClUJ, ,lJ,eHCTByIOIl.{HX Ha IJeJIOBeKa, 3aBHCHT
OT perHOHa, B KOTOpOM HaXO,lJ,lITCH IJenOBeK.
IhMeHeHHe MOIl.{HOCTH CHJIbI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT paCCTOHHIDI .n:o Ba-
JIeHTHOCTH pa3nH1JHO }:(JJH nOJIO)l(UTeJIbHbIX H OTpHl{aTeJIbHbIX BaneHTHO-
CTeH. fIOCJIe.n:IDIH 06bIIJHO YMeHbIlIaeTCH ropa3lIO 6bICTpee. BeJIHIJHHa
YMeHbIlIeHIDI 3aBHCHT TaK)I(e OT xapaKTepa perHOHa, KOTOpbIH HMeeT no-
JIO)l(HTeJIbHyIO HJIH OTpHl{aTeJIbHyIO BaneHTHOCTb. Benil'lHHa YMeHbwe-
HIDI, HanpHMep, B cnyqae onacHoro }l(HBOTHOro, KOTopoe MO)l(eT nepe-
JumraTbCH, OTJIH1JaeTCH OT Benil'lHHbI YMeHbIlIeHWI B cnyqae HenO.D.BI1)1(-
Horn HenpwITHoro o6ueKTa.
BnIDIHHe BpeMeHH6H }:(HCTaHl{H11 Ha MOIl.{HOCTb CIIJI B HeKoTopbIX
OTHOllieHIDIX, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, aHaJIOrH1JHO BJIIDIHHIO «l>H3i1'1eCKOH .n:HCTaH-
liMU. 3. Ka.u (71) B 3KcnepHMemax C .n:eTbMH H3 .n:eTcKoro ca a 06Hapy-
}l(HJI, IJTO IJaCTOTa B0306HOBJIeHIDI npepBaHHbIx 3a.n:aHHll B03pacTaeT C YBe-
JUllJeHHeM 6JIll30CTI1 npepbIBaHIDI K 3aBepIlIeHHIO 3a.n:aHIDI, HO na.n:aeT Jl:JIH
npepblBaHlIll, OqeHb 6JIll3KHX K KOHUY. HaXO.D:HIl.{HeCH B HcnpaBHTeJIbHbIX
3aBe.n:eHHHX no.n:POCTKI1, no.n:06Ho .n:PYrHM 3aKJIIOIJeHHbIM, MOryT nonbI-
TaTbCH 6e}l(aTb He3a.n:onro .n:o TOro, KaK OHH n0JJY'IaIOT npaBo Ha OCB060)l(-
eHHe. HepeJJ:Ko OHH CTaHOBflTCH HenoKopHbIMH (35). Hx 3MOU;IIOHaJIb-
Hoe HanpH)I(eHHe nOBbIlliaeT BpeMeHHaH 6JIll30CTb l{eJ1H.
2. Tun CH "I. .lI.BHmYIl{Ue H c.n:epmHB31Oll{Ue cnJIbi
CHJIbI, HanpaBJIeHHbIe K nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHOH, HJIH OT OTpHl{aTeJ1bHOH,
Ba.11eHTHOCTI1, MOryT 6blTb Ha3BaHbI .n:BH)I(YIl.{HMH CHJIaMH. OHI1 npHBO,WIT
K nepe.n:BmKeHHIO. 3TllM nepe.n:BH)I(eHlUlM MOryT nOMeIlIaTb «l>H3H1JeCKHe
HJII1 COu.HaJIbHhIe npen5ITCTBIDI. TaKHe 6apbepbI COOTBeTCTByIOT coep:JICu-
eGlOUIUM CWiGJI4 (79). ClIep)l(HBaIOll.{l1e CHJIbI, KaK TaKOBbIe, He npHBO.D:HT K
nepe.n:BI1)1(eHIllO, HO OHH BJII1IDOT Ha .n:ellCTBHe .n:BH)I(YIl.{HX CIm.
C.n:ep)l(lffia!Oll.{IIe CHJlbI, TOIJHO TaK }l(e, KaK .n:Bl ll.{l1e CHJIbI, 06y-
CJIORJIeHbI CBH3bIO Me)l(JJ:y .D.BYMH perHOHa m }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa, a
MMeHHO: xapaf:TepOM perHOHa 6apbepa H «cnoc06HOCTbIO» I1H,!UIIlH.n:a. O,lJ,HO
II TO )l(e COl{HaJIbHOe "JIH «l>H3H1JeCKOe npenHTCTBHe COOTBeTCTByeT, CJIe.n:o-
BaTeJIbHO, pa3JIWIHbIM C,lJ,ep}l(HBalOm;IIM ClJ.!IaM 1IJIfl pa3Jlil'lHbIX HMHBH1IOB.
IfuoYljUpOeGUHble CWlbl, CWlbl, coomeemcmeY101IJue co6cmeeHUblM
nompe6uocmfIM u 6e3JlU'IUble CWlbl. CHJIbI MOryT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb c06-
CTBeHHbIM nOTpe6HOCTHM qeJ10BeKa. HanpHMep, pe6eHOK MO)l(eT XOTeTb
nOllTH B KIIHO HJIH C1>eCTb onpe.n:eJIeHHYIO nHIII;y. O.n:HaKO MHorne ncHXO-
JIOrWIeCKlIe CHJIbI, .n:ellCTBYIOIII;He Ha pe6eHKa, COOTBeTCTByIOT He ero c06-
CTBeHHbIM }l(eJIaHHHM, a )l(eJIaHWIM ,lJ,pyroro qeJIOBeKa, HanpHMep MaTepH.
3TH CHJlbI B )l(H3HeHHOM npoCTpaHCTBe pe6eHKa MorYT 6bITb Ha3BaHbI UH-
oyqupoeauHblMu CWlOMU, a COOTBeTCTBYIOll.{aH nOJIO/KlITeJ1bHaH HJIH OT-
pHl{aTeJIbHaH BaJIeHTHOCTb - «HHJJ:Yl{HpOBaHHoH BaneHTHOCTblO». (CIIJIY,
.n:eHCTB}'IOIl.{)'IO Ha pe6eHKa B HanpaBJJeHHH U.eJIH G, HH1IYIUIPoBaHHyIO ero
MaTepblO, MO)l(HO 3anlICaTh iMfc.G')
284
285
CYll.{eCTByIOT CMJIbI, KOTOpble C nCHXOnOrH1JeCKOH TO'IKH 3pemrn He
COOTBeTCTByIOT HH c06CTBeHHOMY }l(enaHHIO pe6eHKa, HH )l(eJ1aHHIO ,lJ,py-
roro IJeJIOBeKa, HO HMelOT 1IJJH pe6eHKa xapaKTep IJero-TO «6e3JIHlJHOro»,
Tpe60BaHHH .n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. MbI Ha3bIBaeM HX 6e3J/u'JHblMU CWlaMU.
AnH peaKIlHH pe6eHKa H ,lJ,J1H aTMoc«l>epbI CH1)'al{lIJl 60J1bIlIOe 3HaIJeHHe
HMeeT TO, npe06JJa)I.aeT J1H 6e3JIHlJHOe Tpe60BaHHe HJIH JIHlJHafl BOJIH .n:py-
roro IJeJIOBeKa.
TO'JKa npWlO:JK:eHuR. CHJIbI MOryT OKa3bIBaTb ,lJ,eHCTBHe Ha JII06yIO
'IaCTb )l(H3HeHHOro npocTpaHCTBa. qacTo TO'lKa nplUJO)l(eHHH - TOT perH-
OH }l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa, KOTOpbIll COOTBeTCTByeT C06CTBeHHOH nep-
COHe. Pe6eHOK MO)l(eT, O)I.HaKO, O ll.{aTb, 'ITO «K)'KJIa XOIJeT rrOHTH cnaTb»,
HJIH '1TO «,lJ,pyroH pe6eHOK XOIJeT onpe.n:eJIeHHyIO HrpYIlIKY». B 3THX cny-
'1aHX TOIJKH nplUJO)l(eHHH ClUJ - HHbIe perHOHbI B }l(H3HeHHOM npOCTpaH-
CTBe pe6eHKa, He)l(eJIH ero c06CTBeHHaH nepcoHa. Tame cnyqaH umpOKO
pacnpocTpaHeHbI H HrpaIOT Ba)l(HyIO pOJIb, HanpHMep, B np06JIeMaX anbT-
pYM3Ma.
HO roBOpHTb 0 KBa3M«l>H3H1JeCKHX noJ1HX.) npHMep pe6eHKa, CTOHll.{ero
Me>K.nY .nBYMJI oTpHl{aTeJIbHbIMM BaneHTHOCTflMH, - cH1)'aQIDI, B KOTOpOH
eMY yrpo)l(aeT HaKa3aHHe GJ, eCJIH OH He BbIfiOJ1HHT HeKOTopoe HenpHHT-
Hoe 3a.n:aHHe G2 (pHC. 456). PHCYHOK 45a M 6 npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeT COOTBeTCTBY-
IOllUIe CHJIOBbIe nOM. ECJ1H pe6eHoK HaxO)I.HTCH B A H CHJIbl BaneHTHOC-
TeH paBHbI, OH 6Y,lJ,eT nO.D:BepraTbcH CHJIaM, KOTopbIe paBHbI no MOIl.{HOC-
TIf, HO npOTlIBOnOJIO}l(HbI no HanpaBJIeHHIO. B nepBoM npHMepe npoTlIBo-
.neHCTByIOIl.{He ClUJbI .a1 H .G2 HanpaBneHbI K fiHKHHK)' H Hrpe. Bo BTO-
pOM npHMepe npOTlIBO,lJ,eHCTByIOllUIe CHJIbI .-Gl H ,_G2 HanpaBJ1eHbI OT
3a.n:aHIDI H HaKa3aHHH.
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KOH«l>JIHKTHyIO cmyal{HIO MO)l(HO onpe,lJ,eJIHTb KaK cH1)'aJJ.llIO, B KO-
TOpOH CHJIbI, )I.ellCTByIOll.{He Ha IJeJ10BeKa, npoTlIBOnOJIO)l(HbI no HanpaB-
JIeHHIO H npHMepHo paBHbI no MOIl.{HOCTH. B OTHOlIIeHHH .D:BIDK)'llI:HX CHJI
B03MO)l(HbI TPH cny1JaH: IJenOBeK MO)l(eT HaxO.n:HTbCH Me)l(,lJ,y )I.BYMH nOJ1O-
)l(MTeJIbHbIMH BaneHTHOCTHMH, Me)l(,lJ,y ,lJ,BYMH OTpHl{aTeJIbHbIMH BaneHT-
HOCTHMH, lUJH nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHaH H OTpHu.aTeJIbHaH BaneHTHOCTb MorYT Ha-
XO,lJ,HTbCH B O.n:HOM HanpaBJIeHHH. TaK)I(e MOryT 6bITh KOH«l>nHKTbI Me)l(,lJ,y
,lJ,BH Il.{HMH M c.n:ep)l(lIBalOll.{HMH CHJIaMH. HaKOHel.{, MOryT 6bITb KOH«l>-
J1HKTbI Me)l(,lJ,y C06CTBeHHbIMH CMJIaMH H pa3nHIJHbIMH KOM6HHal\HflMH
Inf):{yIlHP0BaHHbIX H 6e3JJlIIJHbIX CHJI. Pe3YJIbTaT H pa3BHTHe KOH«l>nHKTOB
BapbHpyIOTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3THX pa3JIHlJHbIX KOHCTeJIJlHl{HH, XOTH Bce
KOH«l>nHKTbI HMelOT onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe 061l.{He xapaKTepHCTHKH.
KOHpJ/uKmbl Me:JK:oy Oeu:JIC)IU{UMu CWlaMU. To, 'ITO 06b1'IHO Ha3bI-
BaeTCH BbI60pOM, 03HaIJaeT, 'ITO IJeJIOBeK HaXO,lJ,HTCH Me}l(JJ:y .n:BYMH nOJ1O-
}l(HTeJ1bHbIMH HJIH oTpHQaTeJIbHbIMH BaneHTHOCTHMH, KOTopbIe HBnffiOTCJI
B3aHMOHCKlllO'IaIOIl.{HMH. Pe6eHoK ,lJ,OJI)I(eH BbI6paTb, HanpHMep, Me)(())y
nHKHHKOM (Gl) (pHC. 45a) H HrpOH co CBOHMH TOBapHll.{aMH ((;2). (PHCY-
HOK 45 H HeKoTopbIe H3 nOCJIe.D:yIOmHX PHCYHKOB npe.n:cTaBJIffiOT clI1)'a-
!XlIH, B KOTOpbIX «l>H3H'leCKHe HanpaBJIeHIDI H .n:HCTaHl{HH )I.OCTaTOIJHO Ba)l(-
HbI C nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKOH TOIJKH 3peHHH, '1T06bI MCn0J1b30BaTb HX B KaIJeCT-
Be CHCTeM OTC'IeTa 1IJJH )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. B 3THX cnyqa1iX MO)l(-
286
Puc. 45. (a) CWI060e nOJle, coom6emcmsylOUjee O6')IM nOJlOJK:UmenbHblM
BaneHmHocmJ/M. (6) CunOBoe nOJle, coom6emcmsylOUlee
OsyM ompuljamenbHblM 6GJ/eHmHOCmJ/M,
113 3THX CHJIOBbIX nOJIell MO}l(HO BbIBeCTH HeKOTopbIe pa3JIHlJIUI no-
Be,lJ,eHHH. B cnyqae .nByx OTpHl.{aTeJ1bHbIX BaneHTHOCTell CYll.{eCTByeT pe-
3YJ1bTHpyIOll.{aH CHJIa B HanpaBJIeHHH «nOKHH)'Th nOJ1e» BOBce. ECJIH .D:Be
OTpHl{aTeJIbHbIe BaneHTHOCTH OIJeHb BemIKH, pe6eHoK MO)l(eT y6e}l(aTb M3
,lJ,OMa HJIH nOfibInlTbCH YKJIOHHTbCH OT np06JIeMbI. qT06bI 6bITb )I.eHCTBeH-
HOH, yrp03a HaKa3aHHH ,lJ,OJI)I(Ha BKlllOIJaTb C03,lJ,aHHe cH1)'aI.{HH, KOTOpaH
npefiHTCTBYeT 3TOMY YKJIOHeHHIO (77), T. e. C03)I.aHHe CH1)'aI.{HH TIOpeM-
HOro 3aKJ11OIJeHHH, B KOTOpOH 6apbepbI (barriers) B MeIlIaIOT BbIHTH M3
287
CH1yal{HlI JIl06b1M ,lJ,pyrHM nyTeM, KpOMe CTOJ1KHOBeHHH C 3a)J,aHHeM (task)
THJlH HaKa:3aHHeM (punishment) P. ECJIH eCTI, Bbl60p Me>KlI)' JIBYMH nOJIO-
}l(HTeJIbHbIMH BaJIeHTHOCTHMH, He cYll.{eCTByeT HHKaKOH ClUJbI B HanpaB-
neHHH nOKH.n:aHHH nOAA. BMeCTO :noro pe6eHOK 6Y,lJ,eT IIbITaTbCH ,lJ,OCTHlJb
o6eHX l{eJIeH, eCJIH 3TO B03MO}l(HO.
npHMep KOH4>JIHKTa, 06YCJIOBJIeHHoro npHCYTCTBHeM OTpHl{aTeJIb-
HOH H nOJIO}l(HTeJIbHOH BaJIeHTHOCTH, - 06ell.{aHlle HarpaJI:b1 3a BbInOJIHe-
HHe HenplliITHOro 3aJI:aHHH (PHC. 46). 3,lJ,eCb KOH4>JIHKT Bbl3BaH npomBo-
,lJ,eHCTBlIeM CHJlbI .R' HanpaBneHHoH K Harpa.n:e (reward) R, H CHJlbI .-T'
HanpaBJJeHHOH OT HenpHHTHOH ,lJ,eHTenbHOCTH T. CTpYKTYPa CIITYal{HH no-
.n:06Ha cTpYKTYPe CIITYaUHH, xapaKTepHOH L1JUI np06JIeMbI 06XO,lJ,HOrO nym.
B caMOM ,lJ,eJIe, pe6eHoK IJacTO IIbITaeTCH nonyqHTb Harpa.ny R no 06xoJI:-
HOMY II}'TH W A,CR' He npOX01IH IJepe3 HenpH1iTHyIO ,lJ,e1ITeJIbHOCTb. Harpa,u,a
6Y,lJ,eT .n:eM:CTBeHHOH, TOJIbKO eCJIH Bce .n:pyme nyTH K R 6JIOKHpOBaHbI He-
npeO,lJ,OJIHMbIM 6apbepOM B, KOTOpblH pa3pelliaeT .n:oc"I)'n K R TOJIbKO IJe-
pe3 T. EapbepbI B 3TOM cnyqae, KaK H B cnyqae yrp03bI HaKa3aHHH, 06bIIJHO
HBJIHIOTClI COl{HaJIbHbIMH no xapaKTepy: pe6eHOK 3HaeT, IJTO B3pOCJIbIH BOC-
npeIDITcTByeT onpeJI:eJIeHHbIM ,lJ,ellCTBHHM C nOMOll.{bIO COl{HaJIbHOll CHJlbI.
He06xo.n:HMOCTb B031IBHrHYTb 6apbep BOKpyr HarpaJI:bI YKa3bIBaeT
Ha OJI:HO H3 pa3JIHlJHll Me)!(JJ:y 3THM cnoc060M 3aCTaBHTb pe6eHKa BblfiOJI-
HHTb HenpHHTHyIO .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb T H MeTO,lJ,aMH, KOTOpbIe IIbITalOTCH H3-
MeHHTb caMY OTpHl{aTeJIbHyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb T Ha n0J10}l(iITeJIbHyIO. «H3-
MeHeHHe HHTepeca» K T MO)l(HO BbI-
3BaTb, BKJ1IOQHB JI:eHTeJIbHOCTb T (Ha-
npHMep, HeJII06HMblH pe6eHKOM
CQeT) B )J,PYIJ'lO CH"I)'al\HIO (HanpH-
Mep, Hrpy B Mara3HH), TaK IJT06bI
CMbICJ1 H, CJ1e,lJ,OBaTeJ1bHO, BaJIeHT-
HOCTh T 1IJIH pe6eHKa H3MeHHJlHCb.
TaKOH MeTO,lJ, JI:enaeT C03.n:aHHe 6apb-
epa He HbIM H .n:06HBaeTCH TOro,
IJTO ,lJ,06pOBOnbHbIe ,lJ,ellCTBHH pe6eH-
Ka HanpaBneHbI K paHee HeJ1I06HMOll
,lJ,eHTenbHOCTU B pe3yJJbTaTe BHOBb CO-
3.n:aHHoro nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHOrO l\eHT-
paJIbHOro nOAA.
)J;pyroll npHMep KOH«IJJIHKTa
Me)l(.n:y n0J10)l(HTeJIbHOH H OTpHl a-
TeJIbHOH BaJIeHTHOCTHMH MO)l(HO Ha-
WA,C,R
288
Puc, 46. flpeonoJ/CeHue Hazpaobl
6JI1O,lJ,aTb B CH"I)'al{HH, Kor.n:a pe6eHoK Tpex JIeT nbITaeTCH BbIXBaTHTb Hrpy-
IlIeIJHoro JIe6e,WI H3 BOJIH Ha MOpCKOM 6epery. nO.n:1JHHJIHCb CHJIaM, COOT-
BeTCTByIOll.{HM nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHOH BaJIeHTHOCTH JIe6e1IH, pe6eHOK 6y.n:er noJJ.-
XO,ll,HTb K JIe6eJJ:!O. O.n:HaKO eCJIH OH no.n:Oll)J,eT cnHIlIKOM 6JIH3KO K BOJIHaM,
CHJla, HanpaBJIeHHalI OT BOJIH, MO)l(eT 6bITb 60JIbIlIe, IJeM CHJlbI, HanpaB-
JIeHHbIe K JIe6eJJ:!O. B 3TOM cJJY'Iae pe6eHOK OTC"I)'lliIT. CHJIa, COOTBeTCTBY-
lOIJJ.aH OTpHUaTeJ1bHOH BaJIeHTHOCTH BOJIH (waves), YMeHbliiaeTCH .n:OBOJIbHO
6bICTpO C YBenil'leHHeM paccToHHHH BCJIe.n:cTBHe OrpaHHlJeHHOH .n:aJIbHO-
CTH ,lJ,eHCTBHH BOJIH (PHC. 47). CHJIbI, cooTBeTcTByIOIJJ.He nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHOH
BaJIeHTHOCTH JIe6e1IH (swan), YMeHbIlIaIOTcH C YBeJIiI'IeHHeM paccToHHIDI
ropa3.n:0 60JIee Me}:(JJeHHO. IT03TOM)' B TOIJKe E, me ClUJbI paBHbI s = -w),
cyrn,eCTByeT paBHoBecHe (equilibrium) Me)KJJ:y npOTHBO,lJ,eHcTByIOIl.{HMH CH-
JIaMH. MO}l(HO Ha6JI1O.n:aTb, KaK ,lJ,ern B HepeIlIHTeJIbHOCTH TOIIlJ}'TCH OKOJIO
3TOll TOIJKH paBHoBecIDI, nOKa O)J,Ha H3 3THX ClUJ He CTaHeT ,lJ,OMHlIHpyIOll.{eH
B pe3)IJIbTaTe H3MeHeHIDI 06CTOHTenbCTB lUJH npHHJInIH pellieHIDI.
MOIJJ.HOCTb CHJIbI
POSJ1l(G?
PaCCTOHHHe ,lJ,0 BaJIeHTHOCm
Puc. 47. rpa,pUlJ.ecKoe npeocmaeneHue U3IIleHeHUJl MOUjHOcmU CWlbl B 3aBUCUMocmu om
paCCmOJlHWI 00 nOJlOJ/CUmenbHoii U ompmjamenbHOU BaJ/emnHocmeii,
E - mOIJ.Ka paBHOBecWl CWI, coomBemcmB)l1OUIUX no,w,J/CumenbHoii U omPUlJamenbHoii
BaJ/eHmHOCmMt
289
KOHrpJ/UKmbl Me.JICOy 06U:J/C)'U{UMU U coep.JICUealOUjUMU CUJ/QMU. Hall-
60JIee paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIll THn KOH«l>JIHKTa B03HHKaeT, KOma 6apbep B Me-
IlIaeT pe6eHKY .n:OCTH1Jb l\enH G. MO)l(HO BbI.n:eJIIITb 1IBa OCHOBHhIX cny-
qafl: (1) pe6eHOK OKp eH 6apbepOM, a l{enb HaxO.n:HTClI cHapY)l(H; (2) u;enb
oKpY)I(eHa 6apbepoM, a pe6eHoK Haxo.n:HTCH cHapY)I(H. ITepBblH cnyqall -
CliryauHH, no.n:06HaH TIOpeMHoMY 3aKJIIOIJeHHIO, KOTopaH npe.n:ocTaBJJHeT
pe6eHKY ManeHbKoe npocTpaHCTBO cB060.n:HOro ,lJ,BH)I(eHIIH. Bo BTOpOM
cJJY'Iae pe6eHoK cB060.n:eH, 3a IICKJIIOIJeHlIeM TOro, IJTO KaCaeTClI perHoHa
G. Ka}KJJ:bIH H3 3THX cnyqaeB BeJl,eT K cneu.H«l>H1JeCKHM peaKU;lliIM (77).
Ceif1Jac MbI 06Cy.n:HM 60JIee no.n:p06HO nOCJIen;OBaTeJIbHOCTb nocrynKoB,
Tlinil'lHyIO .nmr BTOpOro cnyqalI.
CHaIJana 06bI1JHO npoHcxo.n:HT onpe,lJ,eneHHOe II3MeHeHHe B CTPYK-
rype: pe6eHoK IIbITaeTCH H3Y1JHTb xapaI<Tep npenHTCTBHJI C u;eJ1blO HaRm
Y1JacToK s B 6apbepe, KOTOpbIll n03BOJIHT npOllTH. TaKoe II3MeHelille B Kor-
HHTHBHOH cTpYKTYPe noxo}l(e Ha TO, KaKoe Ha6JIIO.n:aeTCH B np06JIeMaX 06-
XO.n:HOro II}'TH. J]jJH pe6eHKa OIJeHb THnil'lHO OKa3bIBaTbCH B cmyau.HHX, B
KOTOpbIX npemTCTBlie MO)l(HO 6bIJJO 6bI npeo.n:oneTb C nOMOlllbIO B3pOC-
JIoro. B 3THX cliryalUlHx 6apbep COCTOHT no KpaHHeH Mepe 113 .n:BYX ceKTO-
pOB, O.n:HH H3 KOTOpbIX COOTBeTcTByeT «l>H3H1IeCKOMY npenlITCTBHIO
(physical obstacle) ph (pHc.48), .D:Pyroll- COUHanbHOMY npemTcTBIOO
(social obstacle) sf. B 3KcnCpHMeHTaX <I>aJlHC, ynoMflHYTbIX BblIlIe, npaK-
TiI'IeCKH Bce .n:eTH CHaqana CIJHTanl1 6apbep «l>lf3l<lIJeCKHM npemTcTBHeM
(cnHIlIKoM 60JIbIlIOll «l>H3i1'1ecKoH .n:HCTaHu.HeH). J]jJJI Jl,eTeti CTapIlIe JJ:BYX
JIeT nocne HeKOToporo npOMt)j(yn.:a BpeMeHJ1 CTaHOBHJICfl HceH COl{H-
anbHbIll acneKT CHl)'au.HI1, H 3TO npHBo.n:HJ1O K npl1MeHeHlIIO cOu.mL'IbHbIX
no.n:xo,a:OB K l{enH (.n:eTH npOCI1JIU B1pocnoro nOMO%).
Eapwp npH06peTaeT OTpHI.(aTenbHyIO BaneHTHOCTb }J,IDI pe6eHKa noc-
JIe pMa Hey.n:aIJHbIX nOIIbITOK nepeCeIJb ero. 3TO H3MeHeHue 3KBHBaJIeHT-
HO nepexoJJ:y B ClUJOBOM nOJIe OT CTPYKrypbI, npe.n:CTaBneHHOH Ha pHC. 49,
K cTpYKTYPe Ha pHC. 50. EcnH 6apbep HBJ1HeTCfl npemTcTBueM, HO He IlMeeT
OTpHQaTeJIbHOH BaneHTHOCTH, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ee CHJIOBOe none He BbIXO-
,lJ,HT .n:aJIeKO 3a npe.n:eJIbI 6apbepa (pHC. 49). C.n:ep)l(HBaIOll.{He ClUJbI if .B
npOCTO MellialOT nepelIBH)I(eHHIO B HanpaBneHHH cunbI feB' He OTTaJIKH-
BaH IJenOBeKa OT B. JIHHHH paBHOBeCHJI E Me)l(.n:y .n:BH)I(yll.{fIMH H ClIeP}l(H-
BalOll.{HMH CHJIaMH HaXOJJ:l1TCH, CJIe.n:OBaTenbHO, He.n:aneKO OT perHOHa 6a-
pbepa.
!
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PUC. 49, JIliHUH paBH06eCUH Me.J/Ci)y 0611:JICYU/UMU U cOepJICU6l11OUlUMU CUJlllMU
B clIJ''Il1e KfJYZ/1020 6apbepa
PUC, 48, KOH(tJHlIKn/ /" 'lC{)y ()61l."jCJ'lIt't,1I1I1I coep.J/Cll/;alou/u.\'1I c!ao.\fll B cnY'lae
qJiI311lJeC1(()..YJ 1I COllfla,lbl-U;4 O IIp!'1!JiI1101'i6Uil V;/R dOClua.}If'eH!i51 'le_1l1 fill -- Oeu.JKy u lt1R
CURl); 'I' 8 coep.Jh"IoSOIOU! <ifl ClIHO' ph - pu u'leall1i CI'K!1iOp oapbepa, B;
sl- C01Ff'HbHbli/ Ceta1lOp 6a/H.fpo
ECJIH nOCJIe Hey.n:a'lH 6apbep npH06peTacr OTpHu.aTeJ1bHyIO BaneHT-
HOCTb, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ee oTpHl{aTeJIbHOe l\eHTpanbHoe CHJ10BOe nOJIe 6y-
,lJ,eT npocTHpmbClI .n:ailbIlIe (pHC. 50), TaK IJTO JIHHHH paBHoBecHH E Me)l(JJ:y
CHJIOH fc.G' HanpaBJJeHHOM K l\eJIH, H CHJIOH (,-B' HanpaBJIeHHOH OT 6apbe-
pa, 6y.n:eT pacnOJIO)l(eHa Ha 60JIbIlIeM paccToflHHH.
OTpHl{aTeJIbHalI BaneHTHOCTb HMeeT TeH.n:eHl.lHJO YBenn'lJlBaTbCH C
pOCTOM Hey.n:a'lH. 3TO YBenWIHBaeT paccTo';! me MCJKL\Y iillHllf,:f{ paBHoBe-
CHH H 6apbepoM .n:o Tex nop, nOKa pe6t:HoK BOB e HC nOKlma::T nOJIe.
290
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TaK)i(e np0H30llTH, eCJIH npefiHTCTBHe MelliaeT pe6eHKy nOKI1HYTb none
OTpHUaTeJIbHOH BaJIeHTHOCTiI. TaKaH cmyal{llfl CYll.{eCTByeT, HanpHMep,
eCJIH pe6eHOK npeCbITHJJCH ,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTbIO, HO eMY He .n:aIOT OCTaBHTb ee,
HJJH B mo60ll.n:pyrOH cmyalUlH, no.n:06HOH TIOpeMHOMY 3aKJIIOIJeHHIO. fIo-
CJIelIOBaTeJIbHOCTb nOC'I)'nKOB BO MHOrHX OTHOIlIemrnx cxo.n:Ha C nOCJIe-
1I0BaTeJ1bHOCTblO, KOTopaH 06cY)I(.n:aJIaCb BbIllie. 3a nOIThITKaMH YHTH CJIe-
}:(yeT OTKa3 OT TaKHX nOIThITOK B pe3YJIbTaTe CBH3H Me}l(JJ:y MOIl.{HOCTbIO
CHJIbI ,-A' HanpaBJJeHHOH OT perHoHa A, H B03paCTalOIl.{eM oTpHl{aTeJIb-
HOll BaJIeHTHOCTbIO 6apr.epa. qacTo B pe3YJ1bTaTe B03HHKaeT COCTOHHHe
BbICOKOro 3MOl{HOHaJIbHOrO HarrpH)I(eHHH.
KOHrpJ/uKmbl Me.JICOy co6cmeeHHblMu U UHOyljupOeGHHblMU CUJ/aMU.
JII06aH H3 KOH«l>JIHKTHbIX CI1'I)'al{Hll, KOTopbIe 06cY)I(.n:aJIl1Cb BbIIlIe, MO)l(eT
6bITb 06YCJIOBJIeHa npOTHBOCTOHHHeM JJ:BYX CHJI, cOOTBeTCTByIOll.{HX c06-
CTBeHHbIM nOTpe6HocTHM pe6eHKa, npOTHBOCTOHHHeM lIBYX HHJJ:yl{HpO-
BaHHbIX ClUJ HJIH npoTHBocTOHHHeM Me}l(JJ:y c06cTBeHHoH H HH.n:yJJ.HPO-
BaHHoM CHJIOM. MHO)l(eCTBO 3«l>«l>eKTOB KOH«l>JIHKTHbIX CH'I)'au.HM He 3aBH-
CHT OT 3THX pa3nHIJHH. OlIHaKO onpe,lJ,eneHHbIe 3«l>«l>eKTbI THnHIJHbl lUIH
KOH«l>JIHKTOB Me)l(}:(y C06CTBeHHbIMH H HHlI)'JJ.HpOBaHHbIMH CHJIaMH.
CHJIY, HH.DYJJ.IIPoBaHHYIO IJenOBeKOM P Ha pe6eHKa C, MO)l(HO pac-
CMaTpHBaTb KaK pe3YJIbTaT nOM BnaCTH 3Toro qeJIOBeKa HaJJ. pe6eHKOM.
qeJ10BeK, 06JIa,lJ,arolIIlill BJIaCTblO Ha.n: pe6eHKOM, cnoc06eH HH.n:YJJ.HpOBaTb
nOJIO}l(HTenbHbIe H OTpHUaTeJIbHbIe BaJIeHTHOCTiI, OT,lJ,aBaH paCnOpH)!(eHHH.
C nOMOll.{blO CjJ,ep}l(HBaIOll.{erO npHKa3a OH MO}l(eT H3MeHHTb xapaKTep pe-
rnOHa, KOTOpbIM 6bIJI 6bI npOX01IHMblM no C06CTBeHHbIM cnoc06HOCTHM
pe6eHKa, Ha HenpOxOlIHMbIH 6apr.ep. ,l(pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, «BnaCTb P HaJJ.
C» 03HaIJaeT, IJTO P cnoc06eH C03.n:aTb HH.a)'l{HpOBaHHbIe .D:B Il.{He HJIH
c.n:ep)l(HBalOll.{He CHJIbI jPfc,G' KOTopbIe COOTBeTCTByIOT BOJIe P.
KOH«l>JIHKT Me)l(}:(y C06CTBeHHbIMH H HHJJ:yl\HpOBaHHbIMH CHJIaMH Bce-
r.n:a .n:onycKaeT no KpaRHeM Mepe ell.{e O.n:HO peIlIeHHe B 1I0nOJIHeHHe K TeM,
KOTopbIe 06CY)l(.n:aJIHCb BbIIlIe: pe6eHoK MO)l(eT nOnbITaTbCH no.n:opBaTb
BJIaCTb .n:pyroro qenOBeKa, no KpaRHell Mepe B 06JIaCTH KOH«l>JIHKTa. TeH-
.n:eHUlIH KOH.prrHKTa Me}l(JJ:y C06CTBeHHbIMH H HHlIYl{HpOBaHHbIMH CHJIaMH
npHBo.n:HTb K CCOpaM 6bIJIa 3aMe1JeHa YOpHHroM, ):OrallepoM H }J;)I(aHKH-
HOM (126) y lIeTeM B lIeTCKOM caJJ:y B cH'I)'aUHH npHIDITH1I nHIl.{H. }J;eM60
(25) H .}J;. <I>paHK (37) Ha6JIIO.n:aJIH nOXO)l(He TeHlIeHl{HH Y c'I)'.n:eHToB.
M. 3. PaRT (134) 06HapY)l(HJI pacTYIU)'IO arpeccHIO no OTHOIlIeHHIO K 3K-
cnepHMeHTaTOpy y nap lIeTeH B .n:eTCKOM caJJ:y B 06cTaHoBKe «l>pycTpaUHH,
HHlI)'l\HpOBaHHOH 3KCnepHMeHTaTOpoM. }J;eTil npOHBHJIH 60JIbIlIee COTpYlI-
293
Puc. 50. JIUHWI pa6H06eCWI noc/le m020, K(1K 6apbep (maKOU ;}ICe, KaK HQ puc. 49)
npu06peJl ompUlfame/lbH}'1O BaJ/eHmHocmb
<I>aHHc (34) ,lJ,aJIa nO,lJ,p06HbIll OTIJeT 0 «l>opMe H nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO-
CTH C06bITilH B TaKOH cmyaUHH. 06bIIJHO pe6eHoK CHaIJaJIa nOKH}:(aeT none
ronbKo BpeMeHHo. fIocJIe HeKoToporo BpeMeHH CHJIbI, HanpaBJIeHHbIe K
u;eJIH, CHOBa CTaHOBHTCH 60JIbIlIe, qeM CHJIbI, HanpaBneHHbIe OT 6apbepa,
If pe6eHOK B03Bpall.{aeTCH. ECJIH HOBbIe nOnbITKH no-npe)l(HeMY HeY,lJ,atI-
HbI, OTpHIJ;aTeJIbHaH BaJIeHTHOCTb CHOBa B03paCTaeT,lJ,0 Tex nop, nOKa pe-
6eHOK He YXO.n:HT. B cpe.n:HeM 3TH nOCJIe1IHHe nOnbITKH .n:eMOHCTpHpyIOT
MeHbIlIyIO npOlIOJI}I(HTenbHOCTb. HaKOHel{, pe6eHOK nOKH.n:aeT nOJ1e Ha-
COBceM; OH c.n:aeTCH. EapKep, }J;eM60 H fleBHH (9) C0061l.{aIOT 0 nOXO)l(HX
nOCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTHX noc'I)'nKoB Y lIeTeH Me}l(JJ:y 1IBYMH H IlIeCTbIO ro.n:a-
MH B HeMHoro HHOll 06cTaHoBKe «l>PycTpaUHH.
AKTHBHbIe .n:eTH B cpe1IHeM 6oJ1ee HaCTOH1JHBbI, qeM naCCHBHbIe (34).
HeKoTopbIe aKTHBHbIe .n:eTlf, O,lJ,HaKO, nOKH.n:aIOT cH'I)'aJJ.IlIO oc06eHHo 6bIC-
TpO, BepoHTHo, nOToMY, IJTO OHH 6bICTpO pellialOT, IJTO 6apbep HenpeO,lJ,o-
JIHM. COcToHHHe paBHoBecHH B TaKOM KOH«l>J1HKTe MO)l(eT npHBecTH K nac-
CJlBHOMY, noxo)l(eMY Ha )l(eCT ,lJ,eHCTBHIO B HanpaBJIeHHH l\eJIH: pe6eHoK
CTOHT no.n: u;eJIblO, no.n:IDIB PYKy, HO OH He ,lJ,eJIaeT HHKaKHX «l>aKTHlJeCKHX
nOIThITOK ,lJ,OCTHlJb ee. }J;eTil IJaCTO nOKH.n:aIOT nOJIe nCHXOJJorHIJeCKH, He
nOKH}:(aH KOMHa'I)' «l>H3H1JeCKH. OHH MOryT nOIThITaTbCH 3aIUlTbCH ,lJ,pyroM
,lJ,eHTeJ1bHOCTbIO, MOryT MeqTaTb HJIH HaIJaTb MaHHnynHpOBaTb CO CBoeM
OlIe}l(,lJ,OH HJIH CBOHM TenOM (6, 34, 116).
292
HiI'IeCTBO Me)l(JJ:y c060H. 3TO MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI OQ1>HCHHTb OTIJaCTH KaK
CJIe.n:CTBHe CTpeMJIeHHH }'BenHIJHTb CBOIO C06CTBeHHyIO BJIaCTb no OTHO-
IlIeHHIO K BnaCTH 3KCnepHMeHTaTOpa. fleBHH, fll1nnHTT H YaliT (82) 06Ha-
P)')KHJIH ClUJbHyIO TeHJJ,eHJJ.lIIO K arpeccHll B aBTOKpaTiI'IeCKHX aTMoc«l>e-
pax, B KOTOpbIX ropa3.n:0 60JIbIlIe npe06JIa.n:aIOT HH.n:Yl{HpOBaHHbIe CHJIbI,
IJeM CHJIbI, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{He C06CTBeHHbIM nOTpe6HocTHM ,lJ,eTeH. O.n:-
HaKO 3Ta arpeccHBHoCTb, KaK npaBlUJO, He 6b1na HanpaBJIeHa npOTlm Bep-
XOBHOH BJIaCTH JIII,ZI:epa, a 6bIJIa HanpaBJIeHa Ha HX TOBapHll.{ell HJIH Ha Ma-
TepHanbHble 061>eKTbI. ECJIH no.n:aBJIHIOIIlaH BJIaCTb JIII,ZI:epa CJIHIlIKOM Be-
J1HKa, .n:a)I(e 3Ta arpeccHH npeKpaIIlaeTcH.
eM HanpH)I(eHHH. Ha caMOM ,lJ,eJIe HMeIOT MeCTO Bce COIJeTaHHH HeHanpaB-
J1eHHoro BbIpa)l(eHHH, TaKoro, KaK 6ecnOKOllHoe II 6eCl{eJIbHOe nOBe.n:eHne
(25).l1pBHH (61) 06Hap)')KHJI, qTO 061l.{M aKTHBHOCTb, H3MepHeMaH CTa6H-
J1HMeTpoM, B03paCTaeT Y MJIaJ\eImeB C YBenil'leHHeM BpeMeHH, npome.n:-
IlIero C MOMeHTa nOCJIe.n:Hero KOpMJIemm. 3TO YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, IJTO KonH-
IJeCTBO HeHarrpaBneHHOll aKTHBHOCTU - xopOIlIee H3MepeHHe COCTOHHlU! JIa-
npH}I(eHHH, CorrpOBO)I(JJ:aIOll.{ero rOJ1o.n:, Ha 3TOM B03paCTHOM ypOBHe.
EecnOKOHHbIe .n:BH)I(eHHH 06bI1JHO nepneHJU1KYJIHpHbI HanpaBJIeHHIO
CHJIbI, HanpaBJIeHHOH K l\eJIH, HJIH, B 60JIee 061l.{eM CMbIcne, OHH pa3BHBa-
IOTCH, HaCKOJIbKO 3TO B03MO)l(HO, B,lJ,OJIb JIHHHH paBHoBecHH. EecnOKOH-
HbIe 1IBll)l(eHHH PYK H Hor IlIeCTHMeCHIJHoro pe6eHKa, llbITaIOll.{erocH ,lJ,0-
CTaTb l{enb, npOHCXo.n:H nepneHJ\HKYJIflpHO HanpaBJIeHHIO u;eJIH. 3a U-06-
pa3HbIM 6apbepoM (PllC. 41) 6ecnoKollHbIe .n:BH)I(eHHH napaJIJIeJIbHbI 6a-
pbepy B.n:OJIb nHHHH rm. B KOHCTeJIJJHl\llH, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ell pHC. 49 lUJH
50, 6ecnoKoHHble .n:BH)I(eHHH 6y.D:YT Cne,lJ,OBaTb JIHHllll E. 3TO no.n:TBep)l(-
.aaeTCH B CIlTyal{Hn, Kor.aa pe6eHoK B B03pacTe O,lJ,HOro C nOJIOBllHOH ro.n:a
nbITaeTCH .n:OCTaTb HrpYlliKY G 3a KpyrJIbIM «l>H3H1JecKHM 6apbepoM B. Eec-
nOKOHHbIe 1IBH)I(eHHH pe6eHKa npHHHMaIOT «l>OPMY 1IBH)I(eHHH no KPYry
BOKpyr 6apbepa (no.n:P06HOCTH CM. B 79).
EecnoKollHoe 1IBIDKelllie MO}I(HO nOHHTb KaK cTpeMnelllie OT.n:anllThCH
OT HbIHeIlIHell cmyaJJ.llH, T. e. KaK 1IBll)l(eHHe, COOTBeTCTByIOIIlee ClUJe ft,-A .
4. 3MOUHOHaJILHOe HanpsnKeHHe H 6ecnoKoHcTBO
3MOlJUOHaJlbHOe Hanp51::»ceHue U CWla KOHrpJ/uKma. ECJIH ,lJ,Be npOTU-
BOnOJIO)l(HbIe CHJIbI paBHbI no BenWIHHe, pe3YJ1bTHpyIOIIJ;M CHJIa 6y.n:eT paB-
Ha HyJIIO, He3aBHCHMO OT a6COJJIOTHOH MOIl.{HOCTH CHJI. CJIe.n:oBaTeJIbHO,
nOCTOJIbKY, nocKonbKY 3TO KaCaeTCH H3MeHeHHH n03lll{HlI, He ,lJ,OJI}l(HO 6bITb
HHKaKHX pa3JIHlJHll B ,lJ,eHCTBHH KOH«l>mIKTOB Me}l(JJ:y CJIa6bIMH H Me)l(JJ:y
CHJIbHbIMH B03,lJ,eHCTBHHMll (CHJIaMH). Ha caMOM .n:eJIe COCTOHHHe IJeJIOBe-
Ka BeCbMa pa3JIHlJHO B CJIa60M H B CHJIbHOM KOH«l>JIllKTe. O,lJ,HO H3 OCHOB-
HbIX pa3JIH1JHii -llHTeHCHBHOCTh 3MOl{HOHaJIbHOrO HanpH)l(eHH1i (emotional
tension) (et), KOTopoe, nO-BII.ZI:HMoMy, HBJIHeTCH «l>YHKl{HeH MOIl.{HOCTH npo-
THBO,lJ,eHCTByIOIIlHX CHJI {et = F ( I ft G I )}. KaK 6bIJ10 ynoMHnyTo BbIIlIe, y
MJIa.n:eHu.eB 06HapY)l(HBaeTcH 60JIbmaH 3MoUHoHanbHocTb, eCJIH paccTOH-
Hlle ,lJ,0 He,lJ,Oc'I)'IIHOH u;enn Mano, qeM eCJIH OHO BeJ1HKO. 3TO O,lJ,Ha n3 npH-
qllH TOro, nOIJeM)' }'BeJ1H1JeHHe CTHMYJ1Hl{Hll cnOc06CTByeT peIlIeHHIO npo-
6neM 06XO.n:HOro nym H 1IPyrHX np06JIeM TOJ1bKO ,lJ,0 onpe.n:eJ1eHHoro YPOB-
m HHTeHCHBHOCTll. BbIllie 3TOro ypOBHH, o.n:HaKo, }'BeJIiI'IeHHe CHJI no Ha-
npaBJIeHllIO K uenH ,lJ,enaeT He06xo.n:llMyIO pecTpYKTYPH3aUHIO 60JIee CJIO)l(-
HOH, - OT1JaCTH nOToMY, qTO qeJIOBeK .n:0JI}I(eH .n:BHraTbCH npoTHB 60JIee
MOIl.{HbIX CHJI, OT1JaCTH nOToMY, IJTO nOHBnmoll.{aHCH B pe3ynbTaTe 3MOl{H-
OHanbHOCTb Be,lJ,eT K npHMHTHBH3aU;llH (perpeccHH). EapKep, ,AeM60 H
JIeBllH (9) 06Hap)')KlUJH, IJTO IJaCTOTa HeraTllBHbIX 3MOl\HOHanbHbIX no-
c'I)'nKoB B03pacTaeT C pOCTOM HHTeHCHBHOCTU «l>PYCTpal\HH. TO}l(e caMoe
CnpaBe.D:JJHBO .D:JJH BenHIJHHbI perpeccHH, H3MepHeMoH KOHCTPYKTHBHOC-
TbIO HrpbI (PHC. 39).
f/Jopwa 6ecnoKouHo20 o6u::»ceHllJl. OJJ:HO ll3 npocTellIlIHX BbIpa)l(e-
HHll 3MOl\HOHaJIbHOCTH - 6ecnoKoHHble .n:BH)I(eHHH, .n:BH)I(eHHH, KOTopbIe
He HanpaBJIeHbI K onpeJ\eJIeHHOH l{eJIH, HO HBJIHIOTCH npocTO Bblpa)l(eHH-
TIepeKpblBalOID;HeCB CHTya:U;HH
HepeJJ:KO qenOBeK OKa3bIBaeTCH B o.n:HO H TO }l(e BpeMH B 60JIee IJeM
O.n:HOM cliTyau.llH. CaMbIH npocTOll npHMep - pacnpeJJ:eJIeHHOe BHHMaHHe:
pe6eHoK B KJIacce cnyrnaeT Y1JHTenH, HO TaK)l(e JJ:yMaeT 06 Hrpe B MH1J
nocne IlIKOJIbI. CTeneHb, C KOTOpOH pe6eHoK BOBJ1e IeH B JII06yIO ll3 3T!1X
,lIBYX CH'I)'al{I1H, Sl II SZ, Ha3bIBaeTCH HX OTHOCHTeJIbHOH nOTeHl\HeH
(potency) Po(SJ) n Po(SZ).
Bmu!Hue, KOTopoe Cll'I)'aU.IDI OKa3bIBaeT Ha nOBe.n:eHne, 3aBHCHT OT
nOTeHlllIli 3TOH cHryau.HH. B IJaCTHOCTH, BJIHHHHe, KOTopoe CHJIa HMeeT
Ha nOBe.n:eHHe, nponopulIoHanbHo nOTeHl{Hll cHryal{Hll.
294
1. IIepeKpLIB31OlIJ;HeCSI,lJ,eSlTeJILHOCTH
EapKep, )J;eM60 H fleBllH (9) roBOpHT 0 BTOpHIJHOH Hrpe, OTnil'laIO-
ll.{ellCH OT nepBWlHoH HrpbI, Kor.n:a pe6eHOK He y.n:eJIfleT Bcero cBoero BHH-
MaHHfl Hrpe. KOHCTPYKTUBHOCTb BTOpil'lHOH HrpbI HBHO HH)I(e KOHCTPYK-
TUBHOCTH nepBl.!1JHOH HrpbI. B 3KcnepllMeHTax no nCHXonoril'leCKOMY Ha-
295
CbIll.{eHHIO (68, 76) IJenOBeK, KOTOpbIH .n:OJI)I(eH nOBTOplITb ,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTb
CHOBa H CHOBa, CKnOHeH BbIDOJIHHTb nOBTopeHHe KaK BTOpWIHyIO .n:eHTeJ1b-
HOCTb Ha nepH«l>epH1JeCKOM ypOBHe. TaKHe BH.n:bI .n:elITenbHOCTH, KaK nHCL-
MO, MO)l(HO CIJHTaTb nepeKpbIBaHHeM .n:BYX JJ:elITeJIbHocTeM, a HMeHHO: (1)
nepe.n:aqa onpe.n:eneHHoro CMbIcna, (2) HanHcaHHe CIIMBOJIOB. fIepBafl HMe-
eT xapaKTep nOCTOHHHO nporpeccHpyIOll.{ero ,lJ,ellCTBHH, BTopafl - nOBTO-
peHHH. CKOpOCTb HaCbIll.{eHHH 3aBHCIIT OT OTHOCHTeJIbHOll nOTeHIUIH ac-
neKTa ,lJ,eHTeJ1bHOCTH, CB1I3aHHOro C nOBTopeHHeM. HanHcaHHe nHCbMa,
CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, MO)l(eT 6bICTpee npHBecTH K HaCbIll.{eHHIO pe6eHKa, KOTO-
POMY TpY,lJ,Hee nHcaTb. ITO.n:06HbIM 06pa30M xo.n:b6a HJlH .n:pyme BH.n:bI .n:e-
HTenbHOCTH, KOTopbIe 06bI1JHO llMelOT OIJeHb HH3KyIO nOTemuno 1IJIH B3pOC-
JIoro, MOryT 6bICTpO npHBecTH K HaCbIll.{eHHIO Y pe6eHKa.
pOB, qTO BOCbMHJleTHHe .n:eTH, IJbH BbI60pbI 6bIJ1I1 Bce JIH60 anbTpYHcTH-
qeCKHMH, JIH60 3roHCTH1JeCKHMH, npHXOJJ:IIJIH K peIlIeHHIO 6b1CTpee, IJeM
Te, KOTopbIe HHor.n.a .n:eJIaJIH O.n:HH THn BbI60pa, a I1HOrn;a - .n:pyroH. KapT-
paifT (22) B 3KCnepHMeHTaX no pa3JIiI'IeHHIO 06pa30B II CMbICJIa 06Hapy-
}l(HJI, 'ITO BpeMlI npllHHTHH peIlIeHHH 6bIno HaH60JIbIlIIIM, ecnH CHJlbI B
npOTHBOnOJIO}l(HhIX HanpaBJIeHHHX 6bIJJlI paBHhI. fI03)1(e 3Ta TeopHH 6bIna
,lJ,OnOJIHeHa H npe.n:CTaBJIeHa B KomllJeCTBeHHoM «l>opMe KapTpaifToM H <De-
CTHHrepOM (23).
BpeMH npHHHTHH peIlIeHHH TaK)I(e YBenil'lHBaeTcH C pOCTOM 3HaIJe-
HHH peIlIeHHH (BaneHTHocTblO l\eJIell). IOKHaT (65) B HCCJIe.n:OBaHHH YPOB-
HH npHT1I3aHHH y .n:eTeM II EapKep (8) B HCCJIe.n:OBaHHH BbI60pOB Me}l(JJ:y
60JIee HJlH MeHee npHHTHhIMH H HenpHHTHbIMH npo.n:YKTaMH nHTaHHH 06-
HapY)l(HJlH, qTO BpeMH BbI60pa B03paCTano C YBeJIH1JeHHeM CHJIbI KOH«l>-
mlI<Ta. BpeMH npllHHTHH peIlIeHHH 60JIbIlIe npH BbI60pe Me)l(JJ:y ,lJ,BJMH OT-
plll{aTeJIbHhIMH, qeM npH BbI60pe Me}l(JJ:y .n:BYMH n0J10}l(HTeJ1bHhIMH BaneH-
THOCTHMH (8). 3TOT nOCJIe.n:HHH «l>aKT BbITeKaeT H3 pa3J1l11IHhIX cocTOHHHM
paBHOBeCHH, cYll.{eCTByIOll.{HX npH pa3JIH1JHhIX KOHCTeJ1JIHlU1HX CHJI (79).
BpeMH npllHHTHH peIlIeHHH .n:eMOHCTpHpYeT 60JIbIlIlIe I1H)].HBHJJ:yanbHhIe
KOJIe6aHHfl. fIpe,lJ,eJ1bHOe 3a.n:ep)l(HBaHHe npHHHTHH peIlIeHHH xapaKTepHO
,lJ,JIH HeKoTopbIX TilnOB .n:enpeccIIH (33).
2. PemeHHe
ClIryal\HIO BbI60pa MO}l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK nepeKpblBalO cH
cHryaU;I1IO. QeJ10BeK, Haxo.n:HIl.{HMCH B npou;ecce npHHHTIIH peIlIeHHH
(decision) D (PHC. 51), 06bIIJHO K0J1e6JIeTCH Me}KJJ:y TeM, KaK OH BH1IHT
ce6H B 6YJJ:yll.{ell clIrya[(Hll, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ell O.n:HOH H .n:pyroM B03MO)l(-
HOCTH (8 1 U 8 2 ). APYrHMH CJIOBaMH, nOTeHu.HH pa3JIiI'IHbIX B03MO}l(HOCTeH
«l>nyKryHpyeT. Koma peIlIeHHe ,lJ,OCTHTHYTO, o.n:Ha H3 3THX cHryaUHH nony-
qaeT npe06JIa.n:alO nOTeHIJ;HIO nOCTOHHHO. ITpH BbI60pe Me}l(JJ:y ,lJ,BY-
MH BHJI.aMH ,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH pa3JIH1JHhIX CTeneHell CJ10)l(HOCTH Ha peIlIeHHe
BJIHHeT BepOHTHOCTb ycnexa HJIH HeY,lJ,aqH Ka)I(JJ:OH 3a.n:aIJH. 3cKanoHa (33)
nOKa3an, 'ITO 3Ta BepoHTHoCTb 3KBHBaneHTHa nOTeHl{HH cooTBeTcTByIO-
mell 6YJJ:yll.{eM cHryaIJ;llH.
3. Henocpe.n:cTBeHHaH cHTyaUHH H OH
BJIHHHlIe, KOTopoe HMeeT «l>OH cHryal{HH Ha nOBe,lJ,eHlIe, MO)l(HO no-
HHTb KaK nepeKpbIBaHHe Henocpe.n:cTBeHHoM cHrya[(HH H cHryau.HH Bo06-
Il.{e (9). Ha «l>oHe «l>pYCTpal{HH JMeHbIlIaeTcH KOHCTPYKTHBHOCTL IIrpbI,
.na)l(e eCJIII caMoH IIrpe He MellialOT 1I3BHe. BeJIH1J1IHa perpeCCIIH YBenH-
qHBaeTCH C YBenH1JeHHeM nOTeHl{HH «l>oHa «l>pYCTpal{HH (PHC. 39).
llIe«l>«l>HJI,[( (115) H ,lJ,pyme C0061l.{aIOT 0 cnyqaHx, KOma IlIKOJ1bHaH
ycneBaeMOCTb CHJlbHO H3MeHHJlaCb B pe3YJIbTaTe 1I3MeHeHHH ,lJ,OMalliHeM
o6cTaHoBKH.
Puc. 51. CocmOf/Hlie HepelUlimenbHocmll. Sill S2 - D6e 603MOJICHOCmll
c !IX 1jeJ/f/MU GI U G2; D - peclioH npllHf/mlif/ pelUeHW/.
4. BJ1HHHlIe rpynm.. H3 HH1IHBH.n:3
BJ1HHHHe rpynnoBoH npHHa.n:JIe)l(HOCTiI Ha nOBe,lJ,eHHe HH)].HBHJI.a
MO)l(HO paccMaTplIB3Tb KaK pe3YJIbTaT nepeKpbIBalOll.{eHClI cHryallHH: 01IHa
clIryal\lliI COOTBeTCTByeT c06cTBeHHhIM nOTpe6HoCTHM H l{eJIHM qeJIOBe-
Ka; .n:pyraH - u.eJIHM, npaBlmaM H u;eHHocTHM, KOTopbIe cYll.{eCTByIOT ,lJ,JIH
Hero KaK IJneHa rpynfibI. A.l!.anTau.HH IIH.n:HBH.n:a K rpynne 3aBHCHT OT H3-
6eraHHH cnHIlIKOM CHJlbHOrO KOH«l>JIHKTa Me)l()Jy JJ:BYMH Ha60paMH ClUJ (79).
297
BpeMH npHHHTHH peIlIeHlliI TO)l(e YBenH1JlIB3eTCH TeM 60JIbIlIe, qeM
60JIbIlIe npOTHBOnOJIO}l(HhIe CHJIbI paBHbI no MOI[(HOCTH (8). E.-A. PaifT(132)
06Hap lUJ B HCCJIe.n:OBaHlIH anbTpYHcTiI'IecKHX H 3roHCTiI'IeCKHX BbI6o-
296
Pe6eHOK 06bIIJHO npHHaWIe)l(HT K 60J1bIlIOMY IJHCny rpynn, KaK, Ha-
npHMep, ero ceMbH, IlIKOJ1a, llepKOBb, .n:PY3bH. B ceMbe OH MO)l(eT npHHa)J.-
J1e}l(aTb K no.n:rpynne, BKJIIOIJaIOIIlell ero H ero HaH60JIee 6JIH3KOro 6paTa
lUIH ceCTpy. BJ1ID1HHe pa3J1WIHbIX rpynrr - B oc06eHHOCTII TO, PYKOBO.n:flT
J1H pe6eHKOM H.n:eOJIOrIDI H l{eHHOCTH O,lUiOH lUJH .n:pyroH rpynnbI MH HeT -
3aBHCHT OT OTHOCIITeJIbHOll nOTemUIH 3THX rpynn B 3TO BpeMH. lllaHK
(106) 06HapY)l(lUJ, IJTO BJIIDIHHe 06IIlecTBeHHbIx lUJH JIiI'IHbIX HOpM HpaB-
CTBeHHoro nOBe.n:eHIDI pa3JIiI'IHO .n:OMa H B u.epKBH. Y IlIKOJIbHlIKOB CKJIOH-
HOCTb cnHCbIBaTb H3MeHfleTCfl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cOllHanbHoH 06cTaHoB-
KH (55).
MHO)l(eCTBO KOH4>JIHKTOB B .n:eTCTBe 06YCJIOBneHO ClUJaMH, COOTBeT-
CTByIOIIlHMH pa3JIWIHbIM rpynnaM, K KOTOpbIM npHHaWIe}l(HT pe6eHoK.
TaKHe KOH4>JIHKTbI oc06eHHo 3Ha1JHMbI WIH .n:eTell B MaprHHanbHbIx n03H-
l{IDlX, T. e. WIfl .n:ereH, KOTOpbIe HaxO.n:HCH Ha rpaHHIIe Me}l(JJ:y ,lJ,BYMfl rpyn-
naMH. OJJ:l1H H3 npHMepoB - no.n:pocTOK, KOTOpblif 60JIbIlIe He XOqeT npII-
HaWIe}l(aTb K rpynne .n:eTeH, HO KOTOpbIll eIIle He nOJIHOCTbIO npIIHHT B3pOC-
J1bIMH. Heonpe.n:eJIeHHOCTb n01JBbI, Ha KOTOpOH CTOIIT pe6eHOK, npHBO,lJ,HT
K KOJIe6aHHIO Me}l(JJ:y u.eHHOCTflMH O.n:HOH H ,lJ,pyroll rpynn, K COCTOHHHIO
3MOllHoHanbHoro HanpH}I(eHIDI H K qaCTOMY KOJIe6aHHIO Me}l(JJ:y IJpe3Mep-
HOH arpeCCHBHOCTbIO H 1Jpe3MepHOH P060CTbIO (CM. rnaBY VI). CTeneHb,
B KOTOpOll npOHBJIHeTCH TaKoe no.n:poCTKoBoe nOBe.n:eHIle, 3aBHCHT OT TOro,
B KaKoif Mepe .n:eTH H no.n:pocTKH paccMaTpHBaIOTcfl B :nOll K)'JIbrype KaK
H30JIHpOBaHHbIe rpynnuI (13, 102).
IToXO}l(Hll34>4>eKT MaprHHaJIbHOCTH MO)i{HO Ha6JIIO.n:aTb B OTHOll1e-
HHH rpynn .n:pyrHx TunOB. 3MOu,1I0HaJIbHOe HanpH)I(eHHe BbICOKO y 0611-
TaTeJIeH IICnpaBIlTeJIbHblX IlIKOJI B pe3YJIbTaTe MapnmaJ1bHoro nOJ1O)i{e-
HIDI 3THX .n:eTell Me)KJr'j npecT)'nHHKoM II «IJeCTHbIM rpmK.n:aHHHOM» (73).
3J\IOu.HoHaJIbHOe HanpH)!<eHHe YMeHbIlIaeTcH, Kor.n:a pe6eHoK npHHHMa-
eT CBOIO npHHa.n:J1e)KHOCTb K onpe.n:eJ1eBHOll rpynne. Cna.n: 3Mou.nOHaJIb-
HOCTII Ha6JIIO.n:aJICH y Tex 061ITaTeJIell HcnpaBHTeJIbHbIX IlIKOJ1, KOTOpbIe
npH3HaJ!H CBOIO npIIHa.n:ne)i{I10CTb K KJIaccy npecrynHHKoB. Mapn!HaJlb-
HOCTb - 3TO Ba}l(Hafl np06JIeMa .n:nfl pe6eHKa-KaJIeKH lLTm pe6em<a, He-
nOJIHou.eHHoro B .n:pyroM OTHOIlIeHHH (10, 29).l1l0y H .n:p. (114) nOKa3a-
J1H BJIH5!HlIe npO)!<HBaHIIfl B MaprHHanbHblx palloHax ropo.n:a Ha npecryn-
HOCTb .n:eTell. MaprllHaJ1bHOCTb no.n:HHMaeT BmKHbIe np06JIeMbI WIfl ,lJ,e-
TeH, npHHa.n:J1e}l(aIl.{Hx K rpynnaM MeHbIlIHHCTB, KaK, HanpHMep, HerpbI
IIJIH eBpeH (40, 80). 34>4>eKT BO MHOrHX OTHOllieBIDIX no.n:06eH TOMY,
KOTOpbIll xapaKTepeH .n:nfl nO.!IpOCTKa.
«I>AKTOPbI, OnPEAEMllOlQlIE nOAE
II ErO 113MEHEHIIE
B npe.n:bIJJ:yll.{eM pa3.n:eJIe MbI 06cY)l()J.anH pe3YJIbTaTbI BJIIDIHIDI Kor-
HHTiIBHOll CTPYK1)'pbI H onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX KOHCTeJIJIHllHll CIIJI Ha nOBe.n:eHlIe.
Tenepb MbI 06cy.n:HM 4>aKTopbl, KOTopbIe onpe.n:eJIHIOT KOHCTenJIHllHIO ClUJ.
3m BTOpaH np06JIeMa 3KBlIBaneHTHa BOnpOCY, KaK o.n:Ha IJaCTb HJIII CTOpO-
Ha }l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa 3aBHClIT OT .n:pyrHX qacTeii MH CTOpOH.
KOHeqHo, 06e np06JIeMbI B3aHMOCBH3aHbI, TaK KaK J1I060e nOBe.n:eHHe, HB-
J1H1OIIleeCH pe3YJIbTaTOM onpe.n:eJIeHHOH cmyaIlHH, onaCTH H3MeHHeT CH-
Tyal{HIO. MbI orpaHWIHM 3.n:eCb Hallie 06cY)l()J.eHlle np06JIeMaMH, CBfl3aH-
HbIMH C nOTpe6HocTHMH. OHH KaCaIOTCH 3aBHCHMOCTH Me}l(JJ:y COCTOHHH-
eM TOro pernOHa B )l(H3HeHHOM npOCTpaHCTBe, KOTOpbIH npe.n:CTaBJJfleT
qeJIOBeKa, II nClIXOJIOrII1JeCKOH cpe.n:Oll.
nOTpe6HOCTL, CHAOBLIe_ OOA5I
H KOrHHTHBHa51 CTpYKTypa
Tlompe6nocmb u eaJlenmnocmb. B xo.n:e pa3BHTlIH pe6eHKa no-
Tpe6HOCTII nOCTOHHHO MeHHIOTCH no HHTeHCHBHOCTII H CTeneHH .n:H4>-
cl>epeHllHau.HII. TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe KpH3HCbI pa3BHTHH - 3TO nepHo.n:bI
oco6eHHo Ba}l(HbIX HJIH oc06eHHO 6bICTpbIX 1I3MeHeHHll nOTpe6HOCTell.
KpoMe TOro, npOHcxo.n:HT H3MeHeHHe nmpe6HOCTeii B 60Jlee KopOTKlIe
neplIo.n:bI, cooTBeTCTBYIOIIllIe COCTOHHIIHM roJ1o.n:a, HaCbIIIleHHH II ne-
peHaCbIIIIeHIIH.
IToTpe6HOCTII IIMeIOT xapaKTep «opraHII3al\HH» nOBe.n:eHIIH. MO}l(-
HO BblJJ:eJ1IITb HepapxHIO nOTpe6HOCTeH. O.n:Ha nOTpe6HOCTb HJIH KOM-
6lIHaIlHH HeCKOJlbKlIX nOTpe6HOCTell MO)l(eT c03.n:aBaTb npOH3Bo.n:HbIe
nOTpe6HOCTH (KBa3HnOTpe6HOCTH), 3KBHBaneHTHbIe KOHKpeTHbIM Ha-
MepeHIIHM.
ITOTpe6HOCTH TeCHO CBH3aHbI C BaneHTHOCTflMH. To, KaKyIO BaneHT-
HOCTb HMeeT onpe.n:eJleHHbIll 061>eKT MH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb {Va(G)}, IJaCTHq-
HO 3aBHClIT OT xapaKTepa 3TOH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH (G), a qaCTH1JHO - OT COCTO-
HHIDI nOTpe6HocTell {t(G)} IJeJIOBeKa B 3TO BpeMH {Va(G) = F(G, t(G))}.
YBeJIiI'IeHlle CMbI nOTpe6HocTH (HanpHMep, nOTpe6HOcTH B oT.n:blxe) npH-
BO.n:IIT K YBeJIWIeHHIO nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHOll BaneHTHOCTH HeKoTopbIX nH.'IOB .n:e-
HTeJ1bHOCTH (KaK, HanpHMep, nocell.{eHHe KHHoTecrrpa I1JJU t:fTe!-IHe Ki,ljH!)
II K YBeJIiI'IeHHIO oTpHQaTeJIbl-IOll BaneHTHOCTH HeKO"Wph!,( ,'J,pynJ:. BH,lJCiB
.n:eHTeJIbHOCTI1 (KaK, HanpliMep, BbInOJIHeHHe n[1( .'lOV, p",50'fhI). J1j{)6oe
298
299
}'TBep)l(.n:eHHe, KaCaIOIl{eeCH li3MeHeHlUI nOTpe6HOCTell, MO)l(HO BbIpa3HTh
c nOMOIIUoIO }'TBep}KJJ:eHHH 06 onpe.n:eJleHHbIX nOJlO)l(HTeJlbHbIX lUIH OTplI-
uaTeJlbHbIX BaneHTHOCTHX.
B pe3YJlbTaTe YBeJ1H1JeHIDI nOJlO)l(lITeJ1bHOll BaneHTHOCTH, KOTopoe
ConpoBO}KJJ:aeT COCTOflHHe rono.n:a orrpe.n:eJleHHOll nOTpe6HoCTH, 06nacTlI
,lJ,eHTenbHOCTH, HBIDllOll.{HeCfl oTpHl{aTenbHbIMH HJIH HaXO}:(HIl{HeCH Ha HY-
J1eBOM ypOBHe, KOma nOTpe6HOCTb HaCbIIl{eHa, npH06peTaIOT nOJIO)l(HTeJlb-
HyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb. bOJlee rOJIo.n:HbIll IJeJ10BeK 06bIqHO .n:OBOJIbCTByeTcH 60-
JIee CKY.n:HOH nHll.{eH (70).
BaneHTHOCTb .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH CBfl3aHa C ee nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOlll{eHHO-
CThIO JI)lH y.n:oBneTBopeHIDI nOTpe6HOCTH. O.n:HaKO He Bce BHJJ:bI ,lJ,eflTeJIb-
HOCTH, HMelOIl{lIe n0J10)l(HTeJIbHyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb, TaK)I(e HMelOT l{eHHOCTh
y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHIDI B cJIY'Iae nOTpe6neHIDI; C .n:pyroll CTOpOHbI, BH.n:bI .n:eH-
TeJlbHOCTH, KOTOpbJe He HMelOT HHKaKOll BaneHTHOCTH HJIlI ,lJ,a)I(e HMe
OTplIUaTeJlbHyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb, MOryT HMeTb l{eHHOCTb y.n:OBneTBopeHHH.
CJ1e.n:yeT n03TOMY qeTKO pa3JIH1JaTb BaneHTHOCTb H l{eHHOCTb y.n:oBJIeTBO-
peHHH. Y,lJ,lIBHTeJlbHO, KaK IJaCTO BaJIeHTHOCTb H l{eHHOCTb «tJaKTH1JeCKH
H T pYKa 06 PYKY. )J;. Kal{ (70) Co06Il{Hn 06 YBeJlH1JeHHH BaJIeHTHOCTH
npO KTOB, co.n:ep)l(all.{HX MHHepanbHbIe BeIl{eCTBa, He.n:OCTaTOK KOTOpbIX
6bm 06Hap eH B KYPlIUe. Koma He.n:OCTaTOK 6bm yCTpaHeH, BaneHTHOCTb
CHOBa CHlI3HJIaCb. IToXO)l(He pe3)1.11bTaTbl 6bmH 3aHBneHbI 1I)UI.n:eTeH. OmIT
MO)l(eT H3MeHHTb BaJIeHTHOCTb, TaK )l(e KaK II 3HaqeHHe, KOTopoe .n:eHTeJIb-
HOCTh HMeeT 1I)UI pe6eHKa. Pe6eHOK ,lJ,OJI}I(eH npHHHTb MHOro Ba)I(HbIX pe-
IlIeHHll (HanplIMep, B OTHOIlIeHHH 3aHHTIDI) Ha OCHOBe BaneHTHOCTlI .n:eH-
Ts:nbHOCTH, a He Ha OCHOBe HCHOro 3HaHIDI ee lleHHoCTH y.n:oBneTBOpeHIDI.
Tlompe6Hocmb U K02HUmUeHaJl cmpYKmypa. Ha KOrHHTlIBHyIO CTPYK-
1YPY )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa OKa3bIBaeT BnIDIHHe COCTOHHHe nOTpe6-
HOCTell. MlOppell (96) 06Hap HJI, IJTO JlHlla JIIO.n:ell Ka)l(YTcH .n:eTHM B co-
CTOHHHH cTpaxa 60JIee 3JI06HbIMH, qeM 06bIqHO. CrepH H MaK-)J;oHanb,lJ,
(117) 06Hap lUIlI, IJTO PHCYHKH 6e3 onpe.n:eJIeHHoro CMbICJIa pe6eHoK
6y.n:eT nOHHMaTb B COOTBeTCTBHH co CBOlIM HacTpoeHHeM.
BJIIDIHHe, KOTopoe nOTpe6HocTb HMeeT Ha cTpYKTYPY }l(li3HeHHoro
rrpocTpaHCTBa, 3aBHCHT OT CURbl nompe6Hocmu H OT nO}:(BIDKHOCTH COOT-
BeTCTByIOIII.HX 06nacTell )l(H3HeHHoro rrpocTpaHCTBa. )J;eM60 (25) 06Ha-
p HJIa no.n:06Hble raJIJIlOllHHal{IDIM HCnOJ1HeHIDI )l(eJIaHHll B Qpe3BbIIJall-
HO 3MOllHOHanbHbIX CH'I)'allIDIX. ECJIll BH3yanbHoe none .n:OCTaTOIJHO no-
}:(BIDKHoe, ero cTp)'KTYpa MO}l(eT 6bITb 3HaIJHrenbHO H3MeHeHa HaMepeHH-
eM (KBa3HrrOTpe6HOCThIO) (51,77). YpOBHH HppeanbHOCTlI, 6y.n:yqH 60JIee
nO}:(BIDKHbIMH, IJeM ypOBHH peanbHocTH, B pe3ynbTaTe Jler'Ie nO}:(Bepra-
IOTCH BJIIDIHlIIO KaK )l(eJIaIIHii, TaK H CTpaXOB. 3T0 npH1JHHa TOro, nOIJeMY
CHbI H MeQTbI oTpa)l(alOT nOTpe6HOCTH pe6eHKa. 3T0 TaK)l(e 061>HCHHeT, no-
IJeMY B BOo6pa)l(eHlIH H CHOBH.lI.eHIDIX MOryT OTKpbITbCH nOTpe6HOCTH, KO-
TOpbIe He .n:onycKaIOTcH B «o6Il{ecTBeHH)'lO }I(ll3Hb» COl{HaJIbHbIMH Ta6y.
CJIHoc6epr (116) nOKa3ana, IJro CMbICJI om.eKTOB H C06bITHll 60JIee
nO}:(BIDKeH B U2pOOblX, qeM B HempoBbIX cmyal{illlX. TaK Ha3bmaeMbIH HrpO-
BOll Mero.n: (32, 56) H 1IPyrne npoeKTlIBHbIe MeT01IbI (96) HCnOJIb3yIOT 31)'
60JIbIlIYlO nO}:(BIDKHOCTb mpbI, IJro6bI lI3Y1JHTb 60JIee my611HHbIe II no.n:aB-
J1eHHbIe )l(eJIaHlliI .n:eTell. (CJIe eTynoMJIHYfb, O,lJ,HaKO, IJTO mpa qaCTO OTpa-
)l(aeT peaJIbHYIO ,lJ,OMalllliIOlO cmyal\HIO, a He )l(eJIaHlliI H CTpaxH pe6eHKa.)
ITOTpe6HOCTII OKa3bIBaIOT B03.n:ellCTBlIe Ha KOrHHTlIBHyIO CTPYKT)'-
py He TOJIbKO nCHXOJIOrHIJeCKoro HaCTOHIl{ero, HO, .n:a)I(e 60JIbIlIe TOro, nCH-
XOJlOrHIJeCKoro 6y.n:yll.{ero H rrpOIlIJJoro. 3T0 oc06eHHO Ba)l(HO 1I)UI ypOBHH
npHTfl3aHHll. ECJlH BnIDIHHe nOTpe6HOCTell Ha nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKOe 6y.n:yIl{ee
oc06eHHO BeJIHKO, roBOpHT 0 HepeanlICnllJHOM qenOBeKe. O.D:Ha li3 «tJOPM
BnIDIHIDI nOTpe6HOCTell Ha CTpYKTYPY rrCHXOJIOrH1JeCKoro rrpOIlIJJoro Ha-
3bIBaeTCH palfUOHaJlU3alfueu; 1IPyrHMH «tJOPMaMlI HBnHIOTCH eblmeCHeHue
H nOJ/Cb. qacTo Ka)l(eTCH, IJTO JlO)l(b pe6eHKa B nepBbIe ro1IbI )l(H3HH HMeeT
xapaKTep .n:ellCTBHTeJIbHOrO H3MeHeHIDI nCHXOJlOrHIJeCKoro rrpOIlIJJoro B
COOTBeTCTBlIH C nOTpe6HOCTHMH pe6eHKa.
CylueCTByIOT 60JIbIlIHe HH,lJ;IIBJI,!{yanbHbIe pa3JIH1JIDI (24) B TOM, KaK
pe6eHOK BH.lI.HT qepHHJIbHbIe fiflTHa (reCT PopIlIaxa). HeYCTOll1JlIBbIe, npo-
6neMHbIe .n:eTH C 60JIbIlIell BepoHTHOCTblO nona,lJ,aIOT BO BJIaCTh )l(eJIaHHll H
CTpaxOB, qeM cpe.D:HIlli pe6eHOK, BCJle,lJ,CTBHe HX 60JIbIlIell nO}:(BIDKHOCTH.
YAOBAeTBopeHHe nOTpe6HOCTH
IIoTpe6HocTb MO)i(HO y.n:OBneTBOPHTb, J1H60 .n:OCTHrHYB )l(eJIaeMOll
l{eJIII, nH60 .n:OCTlIrHYB 3aMell.{aIOIl{elll{enH.
300
1. Y.n:oBJ1eTBOpeHlIe qepe3 tJ.OCTHmeHHe nepBOHaqaJlbHOllueJlH
HaMepeHHe BbIIIOJIHHTb onpe.n:eJIeHHOe .n:ellcTBHe 3KBiiBaneHTHO co-
3.n:aHlflO KBa3HnOTpe6HOCTH (77). )J;o Tex nop nOKa nOTpe6HOCTb He y.n:OB-
JIeTBOpeHa, .n:on)l(Ha CYll.{eCTBOBaTb CHJIa, COOTBeTCTByIOIl{aH BaneHTHOCTH
u.eJIeBOrO perHOHa, H OHa .n:OJI)I(Ha nplIBO.n:HTb K .n:ellCTBHIO B HanpaBJIeHHlI
nOll ueJIII (CM. maBY I).
OBCHHKHHa (97) H3}"Iana B0306HoBneHHe rrpepBaHHbIx .n:ellcTBHll.
OHa 06Hap HJIa BbICOKYIO TeH.D:eHJJ.lIIO B0306HOBnflTb 3a.n:aHHe (OK0J10
80 rrp0l{eHTOB), eCJIH BHYTpeHHHH l{eJIb qeJIOBeKa He .n:OCTHrHYTa. B HeKO-
301
TOpbIX CJIY'IaHX nOCJIe B0306HOBneHHH IJeJlOBeK OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH, KaK
TOJIbKO .n:OCTHrHYTO 3aMemaIOwee y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHHe.
qacTOTa B0306HOBneHHH 3aBHCHT OT XapaKTepa 3a.n:aHHH (OHa BbICO-
Ka .D:JIH 3a.lI.aHHll C qeTKIIM KOHQOM no cpaBHeHHIO C HenpeKpall.{aIOll.{HMH-
Cfl3a.n:aHIDIMH) HOT OTHOIlIeHHH (nOTpe6HOCTH) HCnbnyeMoro. )J,eTH Me)l(JJ:y
.n:eBHTbIO H o.n:HHHa.D:JJ.aTblO nOKa3bIBaJ1H npOl{eHT B0306HOBJIeHHH (86 %),
CXO.n:HbIM C npou.eHTOM B3pOCJlblX. )J,eTH, KOTopbIe CIJIITaJIH, qTO HX 3K3a-
MeHyIOT, H HMeJIH YCTaHoBKY cTpororo no.n:IJHHeHHH, nOKa3blBaJIH He60JIb-
IlIoe B0306HoBneHHe B CHny He.n:OCTaTKa BKJIIOIJeHHOCTH; HMH PYKOBO.n:H-
J1H, rnaBHbIM o6pa30M, HH.a)'l\HpOBaHHbIe ClUJbI. 3. Kau. (71) B HCCJle.n:OBa-
HHII B0306HoBneHHH npepBaHHbIx .n:eHcTBIIll Ha .n:eTHX .n:eTCKOro ca.lI.a 06-
Hap HJJ npaKTWIeCKH TaKyIO }l(e qaCT01:y nOBTopeHHH, qTO H OBcHHKHHa
(88 %). Pa3J1WIHH IIHTeJIJIeKTa B HOpMaJIbHbIX npe,lJ,eJIax He OKa3bIBaIOT
3HaqIITeJIbHOrO BJ1HHHHH Ha B0306HOBJIeHHe.
TeH.D:eHIUUI K B0306H0BJ1eHHIO He YMeHbIlIaeTCH, ecnH He3aOOpIlIeH-
HM pa60Ta HaxO,lJ,HTCH BHe nOJIH 3peHHH (97). C .n:pyroll CTOpOHbI, npII<:yr-
CTBHe He3aKOH'IeHHOll pa60TbI ,lJ,pyroro IJenOBeKa He nplIBO,lJ,HT (HJIH npH-
Bo.n:HTqpe3BbIIJallHO pe,lJ,KO) K cnomaHHOMY 3aBepIlIeHIIlO y B3pocnbIX (97)
HJJII Y .n:eTeM (2). 06a pe3yJIbTaTa nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO COCTOHHHe nOTpe6HO-
CTH pe6eHKa HBJIHeTCH peIlIaIOIII.HM 1IJIH B0306HOBJleHIDl. TaKyIO nOTpe6-
HOCTb MO}l(HO CnpoBol{HpoBaTb, eCJIH pe6eHoK .n:OCTaTOIJHO YBJIeKaeTcH 6JIa-
ro.n:apH Ha6mo,lJ,eHHlO 3a .n:pyrHM IJeJIOBeKOM, BbIllOJIIDlJOIII.HM pa601Y. (Pe-
3YJIbTaTbI P03eHQBeifra (103) C ,lJ,eTbMII pa3JJWIHbIX B03pacToB HeCKOJ1bKO
OTJJWIaIOTCH OT pe3yJIbTaTOB 3. KaQa H A1Inepa H Kymma. 3TH pa3JIWIIDI,
BepOHTHO, 06YCJIOBJleHbI «!JaKTOpaMH, Cnel\H«!JWIeCKHMH 1IJIH ero CIIlyarurn:.)
CHJJbI B HanpaBJIeHHII u.eJIH, KOTopafl COOTBeTCTByeT nOTpe6HOCTII,
MO)l(HO Ha6mo.n:aTb He TOJIbKO B .n:eHTeJ1bHOCTH, HO H B MbIIlIJIeHHH (CM.
rnaBY I). 3eifrapHHK (135) H3Y1JaJIa BnIDIHHe KBa3IInOTpe6HocTell Ha TeH-
,lJ,eHJJ.lIIO K npIInoMIIHaHHIO. OHa 06HapY)l(HJJa, IJTO OTHOIlIeHHe npHnOMII-
HaHHH He3aBepIlIeHHbIX 3a.n:aHHll K 3aBepIlIeHHbIM - 1,9 .n:nH B3pOCJIblX H
2,5 1IJIH .n:eTell Me}l(.n:y IDITbIO H .n:eCHTblO ro.n:aMH. 3TO OTHOIlIeHHe (K03«!J-
«!JHl\HeHT 3eifrapHHK), no.n:06Ho qaCTOTe B0306HoBneHIDI, 3aBHCHT OT CTe-
neHH BKJIIO'IeHHOCTH HCnhI'ryeMoro. Pa3JIWIHe IVIe)l(JJ:y .n:eTbMH H B3pOC-
J1bIMH, BepOHTHO, 06YCJIOBJleHO 60J1bIlIell BKJIIO'IeHHOCTbIO ,lJ,eTell B .n:aH-
HbIli THO .n:eHrenbHOCTH H 60Jlee Henocpe.n:CTBeHHoH 3aBHCHMOCTblO M1>IIlI-
JIeHHfl OT BaJIeHTHOCTell. 3efirapHHK 06Hap HJJa, 'ITO onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe THIlbI
HeYMHbIX .lI.eTeH oc06eHHo ynopHbI B CBoeM CTpeMJIeHHII B03Bpall.{aTbCH K
He3aBepmeHHbIM 3a.n:;3HIIHM, TOrI\a KaK nerKO OTBJleKaeMbIe .n:eTH .n:eMOH-
CTpnpYIOT Hl13KHH K03<pq1HIUleHT.
M3PPOY (89) HCCJIe.n:OBaJI BnIDIHHe Ha K03«!J«!JHlUIem 3eMrapHHK no-
XBaJIbI H nOPHQaHIDI B cIIlyarurn: copeBHoBaHIDI. OH 06HapY}l(lfJ1, IJTO B 060-
lIX CnyqaHX OH nOBbIlliaeTCH. 3TO nOKa3bIBaeT, IJTO MOmHOCTb CHJIbI B Ha-
npaBJIeHHH HenpOll3BOJIbHoro npIInoMIIHaHHH HBJIHeTCfl «!JYHKl\Hell CHJIbI
nOTpe6HOCTH. Kor,lJ,a HCIIbIl)'eMoMY rOBOpHJJH, IJTO ero npepBYT, KaK TOJIb-
KO 3KCnepHMeHTaTOp YBH.D:HT, IJTO OH MO}l(eT ycnelliHo 3aKOH'IHTb .n:eHTem...
HOCTb, K03«!J«!JIIlUIeHT 6bIJI HeMHoro HH)l(e e.n:HHHIJ.bI. )J,aHHbJe M3PPOY H
3eMrapHHK nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO peIlIaIOIIlHM «!JaKTOpOM .D:JIH BbICB06o}l(.lI.eHIDI
Hanpfl}l(eHHH nOTpe6HOCTH HBJIfleTCH .n:OCTH)I(eHHe u.eJ1H HH.D:lIBH.D:a, a He 3a-
BepIlIeHHe pa60ThI, KaK TaKOBoe. 3KCnepHMeHTbI IlIJIore (107), 3aH.D:«!Jocca
(105) H ITaIJaypH (98) B 06meM nO}:(TBep)l(,lJ,aIOT .lI.aHHbIe 3eHrapHHK.
P03eHIJ,Beifr (103) 113yqaJI K03«!J«!JIIlUIeHT 3eifrapHHK B YCJIOBHHX, Kor-
,lJ,a npepbIBaHHe BbI3bIBaJIO 'IYBCTBO Hey.n:a'IH. HeKoTopble .n:eTH BcnOMHHa-
JIll 60nbIlIe He3aBepIlIeHHbIx, .n:pyrHe - 60JIbIlIe 3aBepIlIeHHbIx 3a.n:aHHM.
ITocne.n:HHe HMeJIH 60nee BbICOKHll Cpe1IHHll ypoBeHb qYBcTBa rop.n:OCTII.
B CII'ryaQHH P03eHIJ,BeMra ClUJe B HanpaBJIeHHH npHnoMHHaHHH 3a.n:aHHH,
KOTOpM 06YCJIOBJIeHa Hanpfl}l(eHHeM nOTpe6HocTII, npoTHBo.n:ellcTByeT
CHJla, HanpaBJIeHHafl OT :noro 3a.n:aHHH, BbI3BaHHafl oTpHQaTeJIbHOll Ba-
JIeHTHOCTbIO Hey.n:a'IH. )J,nH .n:eTell, nOKa3aBIlIHX BblCOKi1H ypoBeHb qYB-
CTBa rop.n:ocTH, :na oTpHuaTeJIbHafl BaJIeHTHOCTb .n:OJI}I(Ha 6b1Tb BblIlIe,
CTaHOBj/Cb, TaKHM 06pa30M, npWIHHoH pe3YJIbTaTOB Pe3eHIJ,BeHra.
2. 3aMell{alOIl{ee Y)::{OBJIeTBOpeHile
TepMHH 3WI1eUjeHue 6bIJI BBe.n:eH B nCHXOJIOrHIO <I>pefmoM (43). LJac-
TO o.n:HY .n:eHTeJlbHOCTh Ha3bIBaJOT 3aMeIIJ.aIOmeH 1IJIH .lI.pyrofi, ecnH OHH 06-
Hap lIBaIOT CXO.n:CTBO. O.n:HaKo, eCJIH .lI.Ba Tllna nOBe.n:eHHH 06Hap HBaIOT
HeKoTopbIll BILT!: Cxo.n:CTBa, 3Ta TepMHHOJIOrll5I BBOrUiT B 3a6JlYIK.n:eHae. <I>YH-
Ku.nOH<LlbHO 3aMell.{eHHe MO)l(HO CBH3aTb JIn60 C BarleHTHOCThIO )leHTeJIbHO-
CTH, 0060 c ee u.eHHOCThIO y.n:OBJlcTBopeHH1I.
3GMeUjGlOlqG51ljeHHOCmb, cxoOcmeo u cmeneHb mpy01locmu
J1HccHep (86) C nOMOIIJ,bIO MeTO)Ia B0306noBJIeHHH H3Y'laJIa u.eH-
HOCTb, KOTOPYIO o.n:Ha .n:eflTeJIbHOCTb HMeeT .n:Jl51 y.n:oBJIeTBOpeHHH nOTpe6-
HOCTH, nepBOHa'IaJIbHO HanpaBJIeHHOH Ha .D:PyryIO .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb. 3aMe-
IlIaIOma51 ueHHOCTb H3MepHJIaCb BenWiHHOll YMeHbIlIemlH B0306HOBJIeHlIfl
npepBaHHoH nepBOHaqaJIbHOH .n:eflTeJIbHOCTH nOCJIe TOro, KaK 6b1JIa 3a-
BepIlIeHa 3aMemaIOIIJ,aH .n:eflTeJIbHOCTb. 3aMemaIOIl.{aH u.eHHOCTb B03pac-
TaJIa (I) C pOCTOM CTeneHH cxo.n:CTBa Me)K.n:y nepBOHa'laJIhHOfi H 3aMema-
IOll.{efi .n:eflTeJlbHOCTbIO I1 (2) C pOCTOM CTeneHH Tpy.n:HOCTH 3aMell.{aIOIQeH
302
303
.n:eHTeJ1bHOCTH. nOCne.n:HHll «tJaKTOp, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, 6bIJI CBfl3aH C 60JIee
BbICOKIIM ypOBHeM np1ITfl3aHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIQHM 60JIee Tpy.n:HOMY 3a-
.n:aHHIO.
3aMelljeHlIe na yp06He rjJanma3UU. ECJIH .n:OCTH)I(eHHe nepBOHaIJanb-
HOll u.eJIH (HanpHMep, Hana.n:eHHe Ha .n:pyroro IJenOBeKa) 3aTpy.n:HeHO, IJac-
TO MO)l(HO Ha6JIIO.n:aTb 3aMeIQaIOIQee ,lJ,ellCTBHe Ha ypOBHe «tJaHTa3HH IIJIII
pa3roBopoB (28). <I>peM.n: paccMaTpHBaeT CHOBII,D,eHHe OT'IaCTH KaK TaKyIO
3aMell.{aJOIl.{yIO .n:eHTeJlbHOCTb. llMelOT JlH 3TH 3aMeIQaJOIIlHe .n:eHTeJIbHO-
CTH 3aMeIIlaIOIl.{yIO l{eHHOCTb?
Manep (87), HCnOJIb3YH B KaIJeCTBe HCnbI'l)'eMbIx .n:eTell OT ruecTIl
.n:o .n:eCHTH J1eT, H3Y1Jana 3aMeIQaJOIl.{yIO l{eHHOCTb 3aBepIlIeHID! npepBaH-
HOH .n:eHTeJlbHOCTH MbICJ1eHHO HJlH B pa3roBope BMeCTO .n:eHCTBlIfl. aHa
TO}l(e onpe.n:emma 3aMeIQaJOIl.{yIO l{eHHOCTb no YMeHbIlIeHHIO IJaCTOThI BO-
30 HOBJIeHHH. B cpe.n:HeM 3aMeIQaJOIQaH l{eHHOCTb (2,3) JI.JlH 3aBepIlIeHID!
,lJ,eHCTBHeM 6bIJla 3HaqIITeJlbHO BbIIlIe, IJeM JI.JlH 3aBepIlIeHlIH nporoBapH-
BaHHeM (1,2). (EbIJIO 06Hap eHo ManeHbKoe pa3JIH1JHe Me}l(JJ:y .n:eTbMH H
B3pOCJIbIMH.) O,lJ,HaKO 1IJIH HeKoTopbIX BIl,D,OB .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH, KaK, HanpH-
Mep, C'IeT, 3aBepIlIeHHe nporoBapHBaHHeM HMeJIO BbICOKYIO 3aMeIUaIOIl.{yIO
lleHHOCTb. ComaCHO Manep, TOT }l(e caMbIll «tJaKTOP, KOTOpbIll onpe.n: eJlH -
eT 3aMeIQaIOIl.{yIO l{eHHOCTb .n:ellCTBHll, HBJlHeTCH peIlIaIOIQHM JI.JlH 3aMe-
IQaIOll.{ell u.eHHOCTH nporoBapHBaHIDl, a HMeHHO: ,lJ,OCTHrHYTa l{eJIb HH1IH-
BIl,D,a HJIH HeT. ,ZVrH npo6J/eMHblX 3aoaHuii peIlIaJOIQHM flBJIHeTCH HHTeJ1-
J1eK'l)'anbHoe peIlIeHHe; CJle,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO, nporoBapHBaHHe MO}l(eT HMeTb
OIJeHb BbICOKyIO 3aMeIQaIOIl.{yIO lleHHOCTb. ,lVrH 3aoaHuii no eblnOJ/HeHulO
lleJIb - nOCTpoeHHe MarepHanbHoro 061>eKTa (KaK, HanpHMep, H3roToBne-
HHe Kop060IJKH); CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, nporoBapHBaHHe He lIMeeT npaKUllJe-
CKH HHKaKOll3aMeIQaIOll.{ellueHHOCTH. Ilp01IYMbIBaHHe .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH He
HMeeT HHKaKOll H3MepHMOll3aMell.{aJOIl.{elllleHHOCTH 1IJIH 3a.n:aHHll no BbI-
nonHeHHIO HJIH 1IJIH np06JIeMHbIX 3a.n:amrn:. 3TH .n:aHHbIe nOKa3blBaIOT, qTO
qaCTO YCJIOBHeM 1IJIH l{eHHOCTH y.n:OBneTBOpeHID! HBJlHeTClI C03.n:aHHe CO-
II:HanbHoro «tJaKTa (.n:aTb 3HaTb JI:pyroM)' IJeJ10BeKY). «BOJIIlIe6HbIe» peIlIe-
HIDI, BbInOJlHeHHbIe «nOHapOIlIKY», no-BH.lI.HMOMY, HMelOT HeKOTOpyIO 3a-
Mell.{aJOll.{yIO l{eHHOCTb, HO TOJlbKO eCJIH HCllbI1)'eMbIll npH3HaeT BonIlIe6-
HbIll xapaKTep CH'l)'al{HH. )];eTH npH3HaBaJIH 3TO C 60JIbIlIell rOTOBHOCTbIO
He}l(eJIH B3pocnbIe. '
3aMelljalOUJa5lljeHHOCmb u KOZHUmUeHa5l cnoco6Hocmb. AJI.Jlep (I)
H3Y1Jan CBH3b Me}l(JJ:y HeKOTopbIMH KorHHTHBHbIMH npOl{eCCaMH H 3aMe-
IQaJOll.{elll\eHHOCTbIO Ha Tpex ypOBIDIX (6HOJlOrH1JeCKIIll B03paCT - OT ceMH
.n:o ,lJ,eClITH J1eT). IToCJIe npepblBaHHH nepBOHaqanbHoro 3a,D,aHID! pe6eHOK
JI:OJl}l(eH 6bIJI 3aKOHIJlITh BTopoe 3anaIme, KOTopoe 6b1JIO «tJH3H'IeCKi'I TO)I(-
.n:eCTBeHHO npepBaHHOM)'. )];mi 60JIee MJIalIIlIHX .n:eTefi CTpOIlreJlbCTBO .n:orwla
,lJ,JIH M3pH He HMeJIO HHKaKOH 3aMell.{aroIQeli ueHHOCTH .n:nH CTpmUeJIb-
CTBa no.n:06Horo .n:oMa JI.JlH )];}I(OHHH, XOTH 3TlI .n:eTlI MOrTI\! YBI11J.en, CXo.n:-
CTBO 3THX .n:BYX .n:eHTeJIbHocreii. ,ZVrH 60JIee CTapIlIlfX .n:eTeH B CI11)'au.11I1,
KOTOpaH cnoc06cTBoBana «KOHKpeTHOMY oTHolliemuo» (T. e. paCCl\10Tpe-
HHe Ka)l(,lJ,oro .n:oMa KaK CBH3aHHoro HMeHHO C M3pH HJlH )];}I(OHHII), 3aMe-
ll.{alOll.{aH l{eHHOCTh TO)l(e 6bIna HH3KOH. O.n:HaKO, ecnlI no.n:qepKlIBanOCb
KamezopuanbHoe omHOUleHue (T. e. CTpOHreJIbCTBO .n:Ol\ta, KaK TaKOBoe),
JI:Be .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH npo.n:eMOHCTpHpOBanH 3HaIJHTeJIbH)'10 3aMell.{alOIl{)'IO
l{eHHOCTb JI.JlH 60Jlee CTapIlIlIX .n:eTell. ,ZVrH 60JIee Mjla,D,IlIlfX .n:erei1 3aMe-
IQalOll.{aH l{eHHOCTb 6bIJIa HH3KOll .n:a}l(e B «KareropHanbHOH» ClI1)' a l\lII1.
TeOpeTiI'IeCKlI, 3aMell.{aJOIl.{afl l{eHHOCTb O.n:HOH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH .n:ml
.n:PyroH 3aBHCHT OT CBH3H Me}l(JJ:y .n:BYMH JIe}l(all.{HMH B OCHOBaHHII CHCTe-
MaMH nOTpe6HOCTeii TaKlIM 06pa30M, IJTO y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHlIe OAHOll TaK}I(e
y.n:OBJIeTBOpHeT .n:pyrym. Pe3YJIbTaThI J1HccHep, Manep n A.n:JIepa nOKa3bI-
BaJOT, IJTO 3Ta CBH3b IJaCTH1JHO 3aBlIClIT OT KorHHTHBHOro Cxo.n:CTBa ,lJ,efl-
TeJIbHOCTeH, a OHO, B CBOIO OIJepe.n:b, - OT xapaKTepa cHTyal\HH II COCTOH-
HID! pa3BHTWI qeJIOBeKa. 3TlI pe3YJIbTaTbI cornaCYIOTCH C ,lJ,aHHbIMH, 'ITO
60JIee npllMHTHBHbIll IJeJIOBeK MblCJ/um 60J/ee KOHKpemno (pa60Ta reJIb6a
H rOJIb.n:IlITeifHa (47) C naI(HeHTaMH C nOpa)l(eHHHMlI M03ra; .n:aHHble r. Bep-
Hepa (129, 130), KaCaIOIQHeCH YBeJIH1JeHID! «061>eKTHBau.HH H a6cTpam-
pOBaHID!» B xo.n:e pa3BHTID!; 3KcneplIMeHThI BallrJIH (127) C .n:eTbMH; 06-
!AIle Ha6JIIO,lJ,eHHH CJIa60yMHblX). OHH nO,lJ,TBep)l(,lJ,aIOT TeopHIO BblroTCKO-
ro (125), IJTO «cmyaII:HOHHOe» MbIIlIJIeHHe B pa3BHTHlI pe6eHKa npe.n: IlIe -
CTByeT «a6cTpaKTHoM)', nOIDITHllHOM)'» MbIIlIJIeHHIO. CpaBHI1TenbHo 60J1b-
IlIOll B03pacT (.n:eCHTb neT), B KOTOpOM «K!ITeropHanbHafl CH1)'al{ID!» CTana
,lJ,eiicTBeHIIOH B 3KCneplIMeHTax AI JIepa, CBHJJ:eTeJIbCTByeT, KpOMe Toro, 0
TOM, qTO npOCTaH cnoc06HOCTb YBHJJ:eTb a6CTpaKTHOe CXO.n:CTBO He 06sI3a-
TeJIbHO HMeeT ,lJ,OCTaTOIJHbIll Bec, IJT06bI C03JJ:aTb 3aMell.{aIOIl.{yIO l{eHHOCTb
JI.JlH nOTpe6HOcTeH.
3aMelljalOUjaR ljeHHOCmb e uzpoeoii u lIeuzpo8oii cumyazillu. ECJIH
.n:OCTH)I(eHlIe l\enII, T. e. y.n:oBJIeTBOpeHHe nOTpe6HocTH onpe.n:eneHHbIM 06-
proOM, 3aTpy.n:HeHO, MOryT nOHBHTbCH CTlIXlIllHbIe 3aMell.{alOIl.{Ile lleJlH.
bblJIO 06Hap eHO, IJTO C1)'.n:eHTbI, KOTopbIe nOTepnenH HeY.ll,a'IY B CBOIIX
nOnbITKaX Ha6poCHTb KOJIbl{a Ha 6YTblJIK}', Ha6paCbIBanH HX Ha HaxoM-
IQHeCH n06JIH30CTH KpIOKIl (25). TaKHe cnOHTaHHbIe 3aMeIQaJOll.{l1e .n:ell-
CTBID!, comaCHO )];eM60, qaCTO He HMeIOT .D;OJIroBpeMeHHOH 3aMeIQaJO-
IQelll{eHHOCnI. BMeCTO y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHID! OHH, nO-BlI.n:iIMOMY, TOJlbKO ycy-
304
305
ry6JIHIOT 3MOl{HOHaJIbHOe COCTOHHHe. 3TO YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, qTO .n:eHTeJlb-
HOCTH, KOTOpbIe Ka TCH 3aMeCTHTemIMH, T. e. KOTOpbIe HMelOT 3aMeIl{a-
IOIJJ.yIO BaJIeHTHOCTb, He 06fl3aTeJIbHO HMelOT l{eHHOCTb.n:JIH Y,lJ,OBneTBOpe-
HIDI. MbI ynoMHHaJIH noxo}l(ee paCXO}l(,n:eHHe Me)l(JJ:y BaJIeHTHOCTblO H l{eH-
HOCTblO npH 06bI1JHOM nOTpe6JIeHHH.
CJIHoc6epr (116) H3Y1JaJIa 3aMell.{aIOruyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb C .n:eThMH
Me)l(JJ:y TpeMH H IlIeCTbIO ro.n:aMH B HrpoBoM l! cepbe3Holl cmyau.HH. B
cepbe3HoH cmyal{HH .n:eTH He XOTeJIH npHHHMaTb Bo06pa)l(aeMyIO KOH«tJe-
1)' (H3 KapTOHa) 3a K)'COK IlIOKona.n:a, ecnH Bo06pa)l(aeMaH KOH«tJeTa 6bIJIa
npe}:(JJO}l(eHa nOCJIe TOro, KaK OHH HaIJaJIH ynOTpe6JIHTb HaCTOHIl{Hll IlIo-
KOJla,n:. ECJlH Bo06pa)l(aeMaH KOH«tJeTa 6bIJIa npe}:(JJO}l(eHa C caMoro HaIJa-
J1a, 17 % Tpex- H qeTbIpeXneTHHX .n:eTell npHHHMaJIH ee H nOHapolliKY 06-
pall.{anHcb CHell, KaK C HaCTOHll.{eH KOH«tJeTOH. KpoMe Toro, Bo06paiKae-
MbIe HO}l(HHl{bI npUHHMaJIHCb BMecTO HaCTOHIl.{HX (B 15 % cnyqaeB), TOJIbKO
eCJIH OHH 6bIJIH npe.n:nO}l(eHbI paHbIlIe HaCTOHIl.{HX.
B HrpOBOH CfI1)'3l\HH .n:ern npHlfJ1MaJIH Bo06pa)l(aeMbIH IlIOKOJIa,lJ, lUIH
HO)l(HfIl{bI nOqTH B 100 % cJJY'IaeB (HeKoTopbIe H3 HHX ,lJ,a)l(e HaIJaJIH }l(e-
BaTb KapToHHbIll IlIOKOJIa,n:). ECJIH Bo06pa)l(aeMbIll 061>eKT BBO.n:HJlCH 6e-
30THOCHTenbHO K H,JJyll.{ell fIrpe, npOl{eHT npHIDITIDI HeCKOJIbKO YMeHb-
wanCH - ,lJ,0 75 %. Pe6eHoK 6bIJI MeHee CKJIOHeH npfIHHMaTb 3aMeIl{alO-
Il{Hll 061>eKT, ecnH CBH3aHHafl nOTpe6HOCTb 6bIJIa He y.n:OBJIeTBOpeHa B 60JIb-
weM CTeneHH.
Ba)l(HOH.n:mr npHIDITUfl HJIH OTBepraHIDI 3aMeCTHTeJIH HBJIHeTCH nna-
CTH1JHOCTb CMbICJIa 061>eKTa H CH1)'al{HH. llrpymelJHoe )l(fIBOTHOe HMeeT
60J1ee «tJHKCfIpOBaHlioe 3HaqeHHe, qeM 6YJIbI}I(HHK HJlH K)'COK nnaCTlUIHHa,
H, CJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO, MeHee BepOHTHO, qTO OHO 6y.n:eT npHIDITO KaK 3aMecrn-
TeJIb.n:mr IJerO-TO ellie. ITpHeMJIeMOCTb 3aMeCTHTeneM 60JlbIlIe 3aBHCHT OT
nnaCTH1JHOCrn CMbIcna 3aMeIl{aIOll.{ero 061>eKTa, IJeM nepBOHaIJanbHOrO
061>eKTa. To, IJTO 3aMeCTHTeJIH JIer1Je npHHHMaIOTCH B Hrpe, 06YCJIOBJIeHO
60J1.bIlIeM nnaCTH1JHOCTbIO HrphI B OTHOIlIeHHH COl{HaJIbHbIX poneM, c06-
CTBeHHOll n03Hl{HH H l{eJIeH pe6eHKa H CMbIcna 061>eKToB.
>I<eT 6hITb pe3YJIbTaTOM 60JIbIlIOro MHoro06pa3HH 06CTOHTeJIbCTB (96). Pe-
6eHoK M())KeT 06HapY)l(HTb, IJTO ero .n:pyr BbICOKO l{eHHT onpe.n:eJIeHHble
noc1)'nKH, H Tor.n:a OH caM MO)l(eT Ha1JaTb l\eHHTb HX. IhMeHeHHe COU.H-
anbHOll 06cTaHoBKH, KaK, HanpHMep, nOCeIl{eHHe .n:eTcKOH BeIJepHHKH,
MO)l(eT cYll.{eCTBeHHo H3MeHHTh nOTpe6HocTH pe6eHKa B OTHOIlIeHHH ere
MaHep 3a CTOJIOM. )J;oCTH)I(eHHe u.eJII1, TaK }l(e KaK H He.n:OCTH}I(eHHe ee,
MO)l(eT H3MeHHTb BaJIeHTHOCTH Ha KopoTKoe BpeMH HJJH Ha.n:OJIro. B XO,lJ,e
pa3BHTIDI HOBbIe nOTpe6HOCTH MorYT nOHBHTbCH nocpe.n:CTBOM .n:H«tJ«tJe-
peHl{Hal{HH npe.n:IlIeCTByIOll.{HX. IToBe.n:eHHe B KOHKpeTHOH cmyal{HH 06bIIJ-
HO HBJIHeTCH pe3YJIbTaTOM KOM6HHal{HH HeCKOJlbKHX nOTpe6HOCTell; Ta-
KHM 06pa30M MO)l(eT B03HHKHYTb «npOH3BO.D:HaH nOTpe6HOCTb» }:(JJH 3TOro
nOBe.n:eHHH. TaKaH npOH3Bo.n:Hafl nOTpe6HOCTb MO)l(eT OCTaBaThCH 3aBHCH-
MOll OT nompe6HocmeU-UCmO'lHUK06 lUIH MO}l(eT CTaTb «tJYHKl{HOHaJIbHO
aBToHoMHOll (3). B TeqeHHe pa3JIH1JHbIX nepHo.n:oB }l(H3HeHHOM HCTOpHfI
HeKoTopbIe nOTpe6HOCTH HH1II1Bl!,n:a nOCTeneHHO oTMHpmoT.
Bo061l.{e rOBopH, Ha nOTpe6HocTH MOryT BnIDITh H3MeHeHIDI B JIIO-
60ll IJaCTH nCHXOJIOI'WIeCKOll Cpe.n:bI, H3MeHeHHH BHYTPHJlH1JHOCTHbIX pe-
rHO HOB, H3MeHeHHH Ha ypOBHe peaJIbHOCTH, a TaK)I(e Ha ypOBHe HppeaJIb-
HOCTH (HanpHMep, H3MeHeHHe Ha,n:e)l(,lJ,bI) H H3MeHeHHH B KOrHHTHBHOM
cTpYKTYpe nCHXOJlOrH1JeCKOrO 6YJJ:yll.{ero H nCHXOJIOril'leCKOrO npoIlIJIoro
(80). 3TO BnOJIHe cornacyeTCH C TeM «tJaKTOM, qTO Bce }l(H3HeHHbIe npo-
cTpaHcTBa IJeJIOBeKa CJIeJJ:yeT paccMaTpHBaTh KaK O,n:HO CBH3aHHoe none.
ITp06JIeMa nOHBJIeHHH nOTpe6HocTeH ne}l(HT Ha nepeCeIJeHHH K)'JIb1)'pHOll
aHTpOnOJlOrnH, nCMXOJlOrHH pa3BHTIDI H nCHXOJIOrnH MOTI1Bal{HH. Ee H3Y-
IJeHHIO nOMeIlIaJIH npe)l(,lJ,eBpeMeHHbIe cneK)'JUlTIffiHble nonbITKH CHCTe-
MaTH3HpoBaTb nOTpe6HOcTH no HeCKOJIbKHM KaTerepHHM. Ha CJIe.n:yIOIl{MX
CTpaHHl{aX MbI 06cy,n:HM HeKOTOpbIe H3 CBH3aHHbIX C 3THM np06JIeM.
H3MeHeHHB nOTpe6HOCTeH H n;eAeH
1. C.n:ep)KHB31OIl{He CHJ1b1,
OK33bIBalOIl{He BJ1HHHHe H3 nOTpe6HocTH
HaCmOU'lU60cmb. MbI BH,n:eJIII, 1JTO Hecnoc06HOCTb ,lJ,OCTH1Jb onpe-
.n:eJIeHHYIO u.eJIb MO)l(eT YBeJIiI'IHBaTb OTpHl\aTeJlbHYIO BaJIeHTHOCTb npe-
nHTCTBIDI .n:o Tex nop, nOKa KOHCTeJIJlfll{HH ClUI He H3MeHHTCH TaKHM 06pa-
30M, qTO IJenOBeK nOKHHeT nOJIe BpeMeHHO HJIH HaBCer,lJ,a. 3TOT yxo.n: IJac-
TO COnpOBOiK)I,aeTCH OTKpbITbIM HJIfI CKpbITbIM KOH«tJJlHKTOM, KOTOpbIM MO-
)KeT npOHBHTbCH B arpeCCHBHOCTH. YXo.n: MO)l(eT, O.n:HaKO, H.n:TH pYKa 06
PYKY C nOJ1HbIM npHIDITHeM He.n:ocl)'nHocTH l{eJIH. 3TO 3KBHBaJIeHTHO «tJaK-
TH1JeCKoMY OTKa3Y: He.n:oCl)'nHblll pernoH nepeCTaeT 6bITb .n:ellcTBHTeJIb-
ITmlBJIeHHe 3aMeIl{aIOIl{ell BaJIeHTHOCTH MO}l(HO paccMaTpHBaTh KaK
O,lJ,fIH H3 npHMepoB H3MeHeHHH nOTpe6HocTelllUlH BaJIeHTHOCTeM. B03-
HHKHOBeHHe nOTpe6HocTell B ,lJ,OJIroCPOqHOll HCTOpHH qeJIOBeKa H B CHIO-
MHHYTHbIX cHTyal\IDlX - 3TO O,lJ,Ha H3 OCHOBHbIX npo6JIeM .n:eTcKoH ncHXO-
J10rHH. HOBbIe nOTpe6HOCTH ruIH, TOqHee, H3MeHeHHe nOTpe6HOCTell Mo-
306
307
HOH 1JaCTbIO }l(H3HeHHoro rrpOCTpaHCTBa. ECnH pe6eHOK .n:OCTIIraeT COCTO-
HHHfl, KOr.n:a He.n:OC'I)'rrHOCTb CTaHOBIITCH ««l>aKTOM», OH 60nbIlIe He Haxo-
.n:HTCfl B COCTOHHHH «l>PYCTpal\HH HJJH KOH«l>nHKTa.
To, 1JTO 06bI1JHO Ha3bIBaeTCH HacTOWIiiBOCTbIO, HBnHeTCH BbIpa)l(e-
HHeM Toro, HaCKOJIbKO 6bICTpO II3MeHHIOTCH u.eJIH, KOrJI,a HH,lJ,HBH.lI, CTaJI-
KHBaeTCH C rrpeIDITcTBIDIMH. <I>aHHC (34) 06HapY)I(HJIa, IJTO npe.n:llIecTBY-
JOll.{aH Hey.n:aIJa YMeHbIlIaeT HacToWIHBOCTb .n:eTell OT O.n:HOro .n:o IlIeCTH
neT, Kor.n:a OHH CHOBa CTaJIKHBaJIHCb C Tpy.n:HOCTbIO TOro )l(e THna. Ycrrex
nplIBo.n:HJI K OTHOCHTeJIbHOMy YBeJIH1JeHHIO HaCTOWIHBOCTH. Kor,lJ,a TO }l(e
caMoe 3a.n:aHHe rrOBTOpHJIOCb, C01JeTaHHe ycrrexa H rrOXBaJIbI YBenH1JIIBaJIO
HaCTOWIHBOCTb Ha 48%, TOJIbKO ycrrex - Ha 25%; 3aMeIlIalOllIHM ycrrex
rrpHBo.n:HJI K YMeHbIlIeHHIO Ha 6%, Hey.n:a1Ja - K YMeHbIlIeHHIO Ha 48%. ITo-
XO}l(He CJ1e,lJ,CTBIDI nOXBaJIbI H Hey.n:aIJII 6billH 06Hap eHbI Bonb«l> (131).
MbI BH.n:eJIH, IJTO TaKoe H3MeHeHHe u.eJIell3aBHciiT OT H3MeHeHIDI B KOrHH-
TIIBHOH CTpYK'I)'pe H OT IIH,lI,HBHJJ:yaJIbHbIX pa3J1HIJHH, KOTopble MO}l(HO
Ha6JJ1O.n:aTb .n:a)l(e y MJIaJI,eHl{a (34). 3TH 3KCrrepHMeHTbI rrOKa3blBaIOT, IJTO
CKOpOCTb, C KaKoH H3MeHfllOTCH 3TH l.{eJIlI, 3aBHCHT, KpOMe TOro, OT nCHxo-
JIOril'leCKoro rrpOIlIJJoro H COl.{HaJIbHOti a-q.lOc«l>epbI. ,[(}I(eK (62) H KaH-
cTep (72) 06HapY}l(HnH, 1JTO IJepe3 HaWIe)l(aIQee 06Y1JeHHe B03MO)l(HO l!3-
MeHHTb peaKlUIIO .n:eTeH .n:eTca.n:OBcKoro B03pacTa Ha Hey.n:a1JY. YBeJIH1Je-
HHe HaCTOll1JHBOCTH H YMeHbIlIeHHe pal.{HOHaJIH3aUHH H 3MOl.{HOHaJIbHbIX
H .n:ecTpYKTiiBHbIX peaKl\Hll rrpo.n:eMoHcTpHpOBaJIO HeKoTopyIO CTerreHb
rrepeHoca Ha .n:pyme 06J1aCTH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH .
TpyoHocmu, ycuJ/uealOll/ue nompe611ocmu. r.-<I>. PallT (133) rro-
Ka3aJl B 3KcrrepHMeHTax co B3pOCJIbIMlI H .n:eTbMH, IJTO Tpy.n:HOCTb MO-
}l(eT yCHJlHTb nOTpe6HocTb B 061>eKTe, Haxo.n:Hll.{eMCfl 3a 6apbepoM.
,[(eTH, rro.n:06Ho B3pocnbIM, 6y.n:YT rrpe.n:nOIJHTaTb l{enH, KOTopbIe TPY.n:-
Hee .n:OCTHIJb, rrpH YCJ10BHH, 1JTO 6apbep He CJIHIlIKOM rrp01JHbIll H IJTO
06a u.eJleBbIX 061>eKTa He nOJIHOCTbIO TO)l(.n:eCTBeHHbl. TaKoll BbI60p
Ha6JIIO.n:aeTcH, eCJ1H caM 061>eKT HMeeT xapaKTep l{eJIH, HO He Tor.n:a,
Kor.n:a no npOCTO cpe.n:CTBO. HanpHMep, pe6eHOK npe.n:nOIJTeT (npH
np01JHX paBHbIX) IIrpYIlIKY, KOTOPYIO HeMHoro Tpy.n:Hee .n:OCTaTb. EcnH,
o.n:HaKO, OH .n:on)l(eH BbI6paTb Me}l(}:(y .n:BYMH Opy.n:HHMH, C nOMOll.{blO
KOTOpbIX OH MO)l(eT nonY1JIITb O,lJ,HH II TOT )l(e 061>eKT, OH npe,lJ,nOIJTeT
TO opy.n:He, KOTopoe ner1Je AOCTaTb. Hccne.n:OBaHIDI PaifTa nOKa3bIBa-
lOT, IJTO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIii 3aKOH 3KOHOMHH (Hcnonb30BaHIIe caMoro
npocTOro nYTH) CnpaBe,lJ,JIIIB TonbKO AJIlI nClIXOnOrIItfeCKlIX Cpe.n:CTB,
HO He Ami l.{eJleii. 3TOT nOCJleAHHll «l>aKT TeCHO CBH3aH C np06J1eMoii
ypOBHH npHTH3aHHii.
308
2. I1cHX0J10nl'ieCKOe H3CblmeHife
B OTHoweHllii Bcex HJJiI 60JIbUIUHCTBa nOTpc6HocTeil MOiKHO BbI1J.e-
J1HTb COCTOHHHe roJIo.n:a, HaCblll.{eHlUlH nepeHaCblweHIUl. 3TH COCTOHHlUI
COOTBeTCTBYIOT nOnO)l(HTeJIbHOM, HellTpaJIbHOHl1 OTpl1l\aTeJ1bHOH BaJIeH-
THOCTII perHOHOB .n:eflTeJIbHOCTlI, KOTopble CBfl3aHbI C onpe.n:eJIeHHO [ no-
Tpe6HOCTblO. KapCTeH (68) B 3KcrrepHMemax co c'I)'.n:emaMl1 KOJme.n:>Ka
113Y1Jana 3«l>«l>eKT nOBTopeHIDI CHOBa Ii CHOBa TaKHX BH,D,OB .n:eHTeJIbHOCTn,
KaK IJTeHHe CTHXOTBopeHIDI, Hanl1caHHe nnceM, pHCOBaHHe H Bp31l.{eHlle
KOJleca. OHa 06Hap lUIa, IJTO OCHOBHbIe CIIMnTOMbI HaCbIIl{eHlUI nOflB-
J1HIOTCH B TaKOM nopH,D,Ke: (1) He3Ha[UneJIbHble I13MeHeHlUl; (2) 3Ha1JH-
TeJIbHbIe H3MeHeHHfl; (3) pa361lBaHIle 60JIee KpynHblx e.n:HH.Hl\ .n:eHcTBIUl
Ha 60JIee MeJIKHe IJaCTl1, nOTe pH CMblCJIa; (4) OIlIII6KH, 3a6b1BaHHe; (5)
YCTaJIOCTb H no.n:06HbIe «TeJIeCHbIe» Cl1MIITOMbI.
3TH pe3YJIbTaTbl,lJ,aIOT ell.{e O.n:HO OCHOBaHl1e .n:nH IIepeCMOTpa CTa-
pblX TeopHH, KOTOpbIe 061>HCIDIIOT IIpOHCXO>K.n:eHHe 60JIee KpynHblx e.n:H-
HIll{ .n:eHrenbHocTH C T01JKH 3peHlI)I aCCOl\Hau,l1H IVIe)l(.D:Y 60nee MeJ1KHMH
e.n:HHHl(aMH, C03.n:aBaeMbIX rrocpe.n:CTBOM rrOBTopeHlUI. IToBTOpeHne MO-
)l(eT nplIBeCTH K 061>e.n:HHeHHIO 60JIee MejlKIIX e.n:i1HHl{ ,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH B
60JIee KpynHbIe, HO .n:OCTaT01JHOe nOBTopeHHe pa3pYlliHT 6bJIee KpynHbIe
e.n:IIHHl{bI. 3TO npHBo.n:HT B cJIY'Iae OCMbICJ1eHHoro MaTepllaJIa, TaKoro, KaK
CTHXH lUIH rrpeWIO)l(eHHfl, K pa3pYIlIeHHIO CMbICJIa. Cxo.n:HaH ,lJ,e3Hmerpa-
l{IUI MO)l(eT TaK)l(e rrp0H30HTH .D,JUI CH'I)'al\HH B l\eJIOM.
HaCbIll.{eHlIe npOHCXO,lJ,HT, TOJIbKO ecnH .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb HMeeT nCIIXO-
JlOrIl'IeCKH xapaKTep ,lJ,eHCTBHTenbHoro rrOBTopeHIDI, TOrrTaHIDI Ha MeCTe B
rrpOTlIBOnOnO}l(HOCTb npO}:(BH)I(emlIO Bnepe.n:. ECJIHxapaKTep npO}:(BH)I(eHIDI
Bnepe,lJ, y.n:aCTCH coxpaHHTb, 06bl1JHbIe CHMnTOMbI HaCbIll.{emUi He nOHBHTCH.
ITclIXOJIOrH1JeCKOe HaCbIll.{eHHe 1JaCTO npHBO.D:HT K MbIIlIeIJHOll YCTa-
JlOCTH HJJH TaKHM TeJIeCHblM CHMnTOM3M, KaK xpHnOTa. OHO 1JaCTO HBnH-
eTCH OCHOBHO" rrpH1JHHOll «YCTaJIOCTH» Y .n:eTeH. I10,lJ,06HO HCTepH1JeCKHM
CHMnTOMaM, 3TH TeJIeCHbie CHMnTOMbI HeJIb3H yCTpaHHTb C03HaTeJIbHbIM
yCHJIHeM, xorn OHH BbI3BaHbI nCIIXOJIOnf'IeCKHMH «l>aKTOpaMH H MorYT HC-
,IJe3 Tb C nepeXO,lJ,OM K .n:pyrHM BH.lI,aM .n:eflTeJIbHOCTH, .n:a)l(e HeCMOTpfl Ha
TO 1JTO HOBaH .n:eHTenbHOCTb lICrrOJIb3yeT Te )l(e MblIlIl{bI npaKTH1JeCKH Ta-
KHM }l(e 06pa30M. BKJIIO[J:eHHe .n:eHTeJIbHOCTlI B .n:pyroe nCHXOnOrH1JeCKOe
l{eJIoe TaK, IJTO H3MeHfleTCfl ee CMbICJI, HMeeT npaKTH1JeCKH TaKOll }l(e 3«l>-
«l>eKT npH HaCbIll.{eHlIH, KaK nepexo.n: K .n:pyrOll.n:eHTeJIbHOCTIi. ITpeBOCXO.n:-
CTBO MeTO.n:a 06)"IeHIDI1JTeHHIO H nHCbMy u.eJIbiX npeWIO)l(eUHH HJll1 CJIOB,
a He OT.n:eJIbHbIX 6YKB, IJaCTll'lHO OCHOBaHO Ha TOM «l>aKTe, 1JTO nepBbIM
MeTO.n: C MeHbIlIell BepOHTHOCTblO npHBo.n:HT K HaCblll.{eHHIO. XOPOIlIHll6YK-
309
Bapb nOBTOpHeT O.n:HH H Te )l(e CJIOBa TaKHM 06pa30M, IJTO 0HH BKJIIO'IaJOT-
CH B HeCKOJIbKO HHbIe l{eJJbIe H HMeeT MeCTO «npOrpaMMa CMbICJIa», a He
.n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOe nOBTopeHHe.
IIOBTopeHHe He TOJIbKO H3MeIDIeT nO'rpe6HOCTH, cmnaHHbIe C BbI-
nonIDIeMOll .n:eHTeJJbHOCTbIO, HO 06b1IJHO TaK)I(e BJIIDIeT Ha rroTpe6HOCTH,
CBH3aHHbIe C nCHXOJIOrH1JeCKH nOXO}l(HMH BH,D,aMH .n:eHTenbHOCTH, nocpe.n:-
CTBOM COHaCbIll.{eHIDI.
CKOpOCTb HaCbIIl{eHHH (T. e. TO, HaCKOJ1bKO 6bICTpO nOBTopeHHe npH-
BO.n:HT K H3MeHeHHIO nOTpe6HOCTell) 3aBHCHT, comaCHO KapCTeH, rnaB-
HbIM 06pa30M OT (1) po.n:a ,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH (B oc06eHHOCTH OT pa3Mepa ee
e.n:HHHl{ .n:eHcTBIDI), (2) CTeneHH l{empaJIbHOCTH H (3) HH}:(HBII.n:yaJIbHOro
xapaIITepa H COCTOHHIDI qenOBeKa. IIpIIHTHbIe, TaK )l(e KaK H HenpIDITHbIe,
BH.n:bI .n:eHTenbHOCTII HaCblIl{aIOTCH 6b1cTpee, qeM HellTpaJIbHbIe BH}J,bI .n:e-
HTeJIbHOCTH, KOTopble B .n:pyrHX OTHOIlIeHH1iX paBHOl.{eHHbI. Y.n:eJleHHe 60JIb-
IlIero BHHMaHIDI .n:eHTeJIbHOCTII (He MeHHH ee 3HaIJeHHH), nO-BHJJ:HMOMY,
TOJlbKO y6bICTpHeT HaCbIIl{eHHe. <I>pOHH.n: (44) 06Hap HJI, IJTO CKOpOCTb
HaCblIl{eHIDI HecyIl{eCTBeHHblX 3a.n:aHHll 60JIbIlIe BO BpeMH MeHcTpyau.HH.
Bce TPH pe3yJIbTaTa MO}l(HO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb KaK CBII,D,eTenbCTBO TOro,
IJTO CKOpOCTb HaCbIll.{eHIDI B03paCTaeT C YBeJ1H1JeHHeM l{empaJIbHOCTH .n:e-
HTeJIbHOCTH. qacTo qeJ10BeK nbITaeTCH H36e)l(aTb HaCbIll.{eHIDI, BbInOJIlliUI
,lJ,eHTeJlbHOCTb nepH«tJepH1JeCKHM 06pa30M. HenpoH3BonbHbIe BH}J,bI .n:eH-
TeJIbHOCTH, TaKHe, KaK }J,blxaHHe HJIH xo.n:b6a, He HaCbIIl{aJOTCH, eCJIH OHlf
He BbInOJIHHIOTCH C03HaTeJlbHO KaK npOCToe nOBTopeHHe. BmlHHHe nep-
BH1JHbIX H BTOpH1JHbIX aCrreKTOB .n:eHTeJlbHOCTH MO}l(HO 06C)lJI:HTb C nOMO-
II(blO nOIDITIDI OTHOCHTeJJbHOH nOTeHl.{HlI.
,[(eTH B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX MeHbIlIell CTerreHblO .D:H«tJ«tJepeHIUIal{HH
lfMelOT TeH,lJ,eHl{HIO BKJIIOIJaTbCH B .n:eHTeJIbHOCTb Bcell CBoell JlH1JHOCThIO.
CKOpOCTb HaCbIIl{eHWI .n:OJI)I(Ha, CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, H3MeHHTbCH 06paTHo rrpo-
nOpUHOHaJIbHO nCHXH1JeCKOMY B03pacl)'. 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe pe3YJIbTa-
TbI no.n:TBep)l(,lJ,aIOT 3TO O)l(H.n:aHHe, XOTH OHH He o.n:H03HaIJHbI (77, 131).
OIJeBH.n:Hoe paCXO)I(.LJ.eHHe .n:aHHbIx, BepOHTHO, 06ycnoBneHo TeM «tJaKTOM,
IJTO .n:eTCKaH rrCHXonorIDI paccMaTpHBaeT np06JIeMbI HaCbIlI(eHHH no.n: 3a-
roJlOBKOM HacToWIHBoro lUIH ynopHOro nOBe.n:eHHH H qTO TepMHH Hacmou-
'tueocmb HCnOJIb3yeTcH JI)lH onHcaHIDI .n:HHaMH1JeCKH .n:OBOJlbHO Pa3JIH1J-
HbIX cHl)'al{Hll (HanpHMep, HacToWIHBoCTb B npeo,lJ,OJIeHHH npeIDITCTBIDI
H HacToWIHBOCTb B BblIIOJIHeHHH .n:eHTeJlbHOCTH 6e3 npeIDITCTBIDI). llleK-
Tep (112) 06HapY}l(HJ], qTO BpeMH HaCbIll.{eHHH 60nbIlIe .D:M CnO)l(Horo 3a-
,lJ,aHIDI, IJeM JI)lH npOCTOro, npH 3TOM Me}l(JJ:y Tpex-, qeTbIpex'- H IDITlUIeT-
HHMH ,lJ,eTbMH HeT 60JIbIlIHX B03paCTHbIX Pa3JIHlJHll.
BOJIb«tJ (131) H3Y1JaJIa HaCblIl.{eHHe B CH'ryaIUlHx nOXBaJIbI, copeBHo-
BaHIDI H B cmyal{llH 6e3 CTHMYJIHpOBamrn C .n:eTbMH 'IeTbIpex H IlIeCTH
JleT, Tll.{aTeJIbHO aHaJIH3HpYH HH.n:HBHJJ:yaJIbHbIe cJIY'IaH. OHa 06Hap HJIa,
'ITO HH}J,HBlfJJ:yaJIbHaH u.eJIb pe6eHKa HMeeT nepBOCTerreHHoe 3HaIJeHHe H
IJTO 3Ta l{eJIb 3aBHCHT OT ypoBIDI npHTH3aHHll.
KYHHH (76) cpaBHUJI HaCblIl{eHHe H COHaCbIIl{eHHe HOpMaJIbHOro ceMH-
J1eTHero pe6eHKa co CJIa60YMHbIMH JIIO.n:bMH JJ:BeHa.n:u.aTH neT H OT TpH1Il\aTII
,lJ,0 copOKa JIeT TaKOro }l(e nCHXiI'IeCKoro B03paCTa. OH 06Hap , qro CKO-
pOCTh HaCblll.{eHHfl (pIfcoBaHHe pa3JIHlJHbIX Y30pOB) YMeHbIlIaJIaCb C yreJ1H-
qeHHeM B03paCTa. EOJIee MaJIeHbKHe .n:eTH 06Hapy}I(HBaJIH 60JIbIlIee COHaCbI-
ll.{eHHe, HecMoTpH Ha He60JIbIlIOe KOJIHlJeCTBO nOBropeHlIll, Tpe6yeMbIX D,JIH
HaCblII eHHfl,lJ,eHTeJIbHocTH. JJ:pyrnMH CJIOBaMH, CKOpOCTh HaCblIl.{eHHH H CTe-
neHb cOHaCbIll.{eHHfl YMeHbIlIaeTcH C YBemrqeHHeM 6HOJIOrHIJeCKoro B03pa-
CTa, .n:IDKe eCJ1H nCHXiI'IeCKHH B03pacT OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM. KYHIIH (76) H
CHIIlOp H EaBenac (11 0) 06Hap HJJH rrpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO TaKHe }l(e CHMIITOMbI
HacbIll.{eHIUI y .n:eTell, KaKHe KapcTeH OnHCaJIa .D:M B3pOCJlbIX.
<I>eHoMeHbI HaCbIIl{eHHfl nOKa3bIBaIOT, (1) IJTO eCTb TeCHaH CBH3b Me)l(-
BlI,D,aMH .n:eHTenbHOCTH II nOTpe6HOCTHMH H (2) 'ITO .n:eHTenbHOCTb MO}l(-
HO paccMaTpHBaTh KaK nOTpe6JIeHHe, KOTopoe H3MeIDIeT Jle)l(alI()'IO B ero
OCHOBe nOTpe6HoCTb H, CJIe.n:OBaTenbHO, nOJIO}l(HTeJlbHyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb
,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH Ha OTpHl{aTeJIbHyIO. B pe3yJIbTaTe 3Toro rrOTpe6JIeHIDI Ba-
JIeHTHOCTb «nOXO)l(HX BlI,D,OB .n:eHTeJIbHOCTID) TaK)l(e CTaHOBHTCH oTpHl{a-
TeJIbHOH, Tor.n:a KaK HeKoTopbIe ,lJ,pyrHe THIIbI .n:eHTenbHOCTH npH06peTa-
lOT Bce 60Jlee nOJlO}l(HTeJ1bHyIO BaJIeHTHOCTb.
HaCblIl{eHHaH lUIH rrepeHaCbIIl{eHHaH nOTpe6HoCTb nOCJIe HeKOTO-
poro npOMe TKa BpelVJeHH IJaCTO CHOBa B03Bpall.{aeTCH B COCTOHHHe ro-
J1o}J,a. YcnOBIDI 3THX H3MeHeHHll Tpe6yIOT H3Y1JeHIDI.
3. HaMepeHHe
Pe3YJIbTaT HaMepeHlIH MO}l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK C03.n:aHHe KBa3H-
rrOTpe6HOCTH (77). KBa3HnOTpe6HOCTb ,lJ,HHaMH1JeCKH 3KBHBaJIeHTHa .n:py-
rHM rrOTpe6HocnIM B TOM OTHOIlIeHHH, IJTO OHa HMeeT TeH}:(eHlUIIO BbI3bI-
BaTh .n:eHCTBIDI B HanpaBneHHII )lJI:OBneTBOpemrn nOTpe6HOCTH, rrpH 3TOM
COOTBeTCTByIOll.{Hll u.eJIeBOH 061>eKT MO}l(eT rrpHCYTCTBOBaTb HJIH He npH-
CYTCTBOBaTb. HaMepeHlIH B03HHKaIOT, KaK cne.n:CTBHe onpe.n:eJleHHOH Bpe-
MeHHOll nepcneKTlIBbI, IJT06b1 06eCneqIITh B 6YJJ:ym;eM HeKoTopoe nOBe-
}J,eHHe, Koropoe, KaK O)l(HJJ:aeTCH, npH6JIH3HT y.n:oBJIeTBOpeHHe O,lJ,HOll HJIH
HeCKOJIbKHX nOTpe6HocTell. BHOBb C03,lJ,aHHaH KBa3HnoTpe6HOCTb 06bIIJ-
HO OCTaeTCH 3aBHclIMoll OT 3THX rroTpe6HocTell-HCTOqHHKOB.
310
311
3KcnepUMeHTbI DHpeH6ayM (14) nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO ypoBeHb Hanpfl-
)KemIH TIiKOH KBa311ll0Tpe6HocTH 3aBHCHT OT ypOBHH Hanpfl}l(eHHH 60nee
IlIHpOKOll cOBoKynHocTH nOTpe6HocTell, qaCTblO KOTOpOll HBJJHeTCfl na
KBa3HnOTpe6HocTb. HaMepeHHe 6y.n:eT «3a6bITo», T. e. He BbIllOJIHeHO, ecnH
3a 3TO BpeMH 3TH nOTpe6HOCTH-HCT01JHHKH 6bIJIH }JI:OBJJeTBOpeHbI lUIlI e JIH
COCTOflHHe qenOBeKa B l{enOM CTaJIO COCTOS!Hl1eM BbICOKOro 061l.{ero y.n:OB-
J1eTBOpemIH.
YpOBeHb npHTfl3aHi1lllllVleeT OCHOBHoe 3HaqeHlIe .n:JIH nOBe.n:eHHH J1IO.n:ell H
OKa3bIBaeT BnlIflHHe Ha 60JIbIlIYlO qaCTb HX CTpeM.f!eHWI K u.enH. B :nOll
CBfl3H MbI HMeeM napa.lI.OKC, IJTO HH,lJ,HBH.n: MO)l(eT npe.n:nOIJeCTb 'lTO-HII-
6y.n:b 60JIee Tpy.n:Hoe IJeMY-HH6y.n:b 60JIee J1erKOMY.
3llJI3 (4) B TeIJeHHe IlIeCTH MeCHl{eB II3Y1JaJIa pa3BHTne npHTH3a-
HHll y .n:eTeii OT .D:Byx .n:o Tpex JIeT. aHa Ha6JIIO.n:aJIa TaKHe BH.n:bI .n:eflTeJIb-
HOCTH, KaK Ha.n:eBaHHe H CHHTHe 3HMHero KOM6llHe30Ha. OTKa3 OT nOMO-
Il.{H - 3TO, BepOHTHO, HalUJY'IIlIHll nOBe.n:emeCKHH npH3HaK CYll.{eCTBOBa-
HHH npHTfl3aHHH B OTHOIlIeHHH .n:eHTeJJbHOCTH. TaKoe HaCTOllqHBOe Tpe-
60BaHHe He3aBHCHMOCTH CBH.n:eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO c06CTBeHHoe .n:ell-
CTBHe IJeJIOBeKa CTaJIO IJaCTbIO u.eJIH. Ha6JIIO.n:aH IVIaHHnyJJHl{HH pa3JIHIJ-
HbIX CTeneHeH CJIO}l(HOCTH (TaKHe, KaK: paCCTerHYTb MOJIHHIO, BbITall.{lITb
PYKY H3 naJIbTO, nOBeCHTh IlIanKY Ha KpIOIJOK), OHa 06HapY)l(HJJa, 'ITO ,lJ,eTH
3TOro B03pacTa HMeIOT npHTfl3aHHH TonbKO B OTHOIlIeHHH onpe.n:eJIeHHbIX
BlI.n:OB .n:eflTenbHocTH. O.n:HH H3 onpe.n:eJIHIOIl.{HX «tJaKTopoB - cnoc06Ho-
CTlI pe6eHKa; OH He OTKa)l(eTCfl OT nOMOIl.{H B Tex BH.n:ax .n:eflrenbHOCTH,
KOTopbIe eM}' onpe.n:eJIeHHO He.n:ocrynHbI. Kor.n:a OH CTaHOBHTCH CTapIlIe
HJJH nyqIlIe 06Y1JeH, ypOBeHb npliTH3aHHll 06Hap liBaeTCH B OTHOIlIeHliH
60J1ee CJIO)l(HhIX .n:eMCTBHM. 3llJI3 TaK}l(e 06Hap HJJa, IJTO COl{HaJIbHbJe
cmyal\HH HJIH nOXBaJIa cnOC06CTB}1OT nOBbIIlIeHHIO npHTH3amIH. 3TO CBH-
,lJ,eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO COU.HaJIbHbIll KOMnOHeHT Ba)l(eH JI.lliI nplITH3a-
HHll, HaIJHHaH C lIX caMoro paHHero nepHO,lJ,a pa3BHTHH.
MO}l(HO BbIJJ:eJIHTb pa3JIHlJHbIe CTeneHH «3penOCTH npliTH3aHHll», CO-
OTBeTCTByIOll.{lie pa3JJHlJHbIM THTIaM l{eJ1ell H npOl{eJJ:yp JI.JUI,lJ,OCTH)I(eHIDI
3THX l{eJIell Ha pa3JJHlJHbIX B03paCTHbIX ypOBHHX. C. AH.D:epCOH (4) pa3pa-
60TaJI IlIKany 3peJJOCTH npliTfl3aHHll JI.lliI .lI.eTell Me)l(JJ:y .n:ByMH H BoceMblO
ro.n:aMH, Hcnonb3YH TaKHe BH.n:bI ,lJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH, KaK Ha6pacbIBaHHe pH.n:a
KOJIel{ Ha naJIKY H c6HBaHHe Kemeii MWIOM. Pe6eHoK BOCbMH JIeT 6y.n:eT
paccMaTpifBaTb pH.lI. H3 IDlTH 6pOCKOB KaK O.lI.HY e):(HHHl(}' if nonoM}' He
6y.n:eT nepe6paCbIBaTb OT.n:eJIbHbJe KOJ1bUa, KOTopbIe He nOnaJIH Ha naJIKy,
npe}KJI.e qeM no.n:ClJHTaTb CBOH O'IKH. ,[(eTH B caMOll MJIa.D:IlIell rpynne (Tpex-
J1eTHHe) Bcema no.n:6HpaJOT oT.n:eJIbHbIe KOJIbl{a, KOma He nona.lI.aJOT, H ne-
pe6paCbIBaIOT lIX HJIH Ha.n:eBaJOT HX npHMO Ha naJIKY. CaMbIe ManeHbKHe
,lJ,eTH He BblTIOJIIDIIOT npaBHJJa He 3axO}:(HTb 3a J1HHHIO. 3TH H ,lJ,pyrne npH-
3iIaKH CBH}:(ereJIbCTByIOT 0 TOM, IJTO pa3BliTlie ypOBHH npHTH3aHHH, BbI-
60p l{eJIH onpe.n:eJIeHHOll CTeneHH CJIO)l(HOCTH, npe.lI.nonaraeT: (1) pH.lI.l{e-
neM paccMaTpliBaeTcH KaK no.n:'IHHeHHbIe l{eJIH B paMKax 60J1ee KpynHOM
l{eJ1eBOll CTpYKTYpbI, (2) caMa .n:eHTenbHOCTb nOHHMaeTCH KaK IJaCTb l{eJIH,
H (3) pe6eHoK nOHHMaeT CMbICJI npaBHJJ H roTOB BbIllOJJHHTb HX.
4. lloTpe6HocTH KaK qaCTb 60JIee 06UI.HX nOTpeOHOCTeH
DbIJJO CKa3aHO, qTO u.eJIH HnIl .n:pyrHe BaneHTHOCTli TeCHO CBfl3aHbI C
nOTpe6HocTHMH. H3MeHemm u.eJIeH B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOii creneHII 3aBHCflT OT
B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH nOTpe6HocTeii. ITOTpe6HoCTH MOryT 6bITb B3aHI\IO-
3aBHCHMbI no-pa3HoMY: (a) .n:Be HJJII 60JIee nOTpe6HOCTli MorYT 6bITb CBH-
3aHbI TaKiIM 06pa30M, qTO HX Hanpfl}l(eHHH H3MeHHIOTCH comaCOBaHHO.
KaK MbI BlmeJIH, TaKaS! CBH3b Ba}l(Ha .n:JIH np06JIeMbI 3aMeIl{emm. (6) B3a-
liM03aBHCHMOCTb IVIe)l(JJ:y nOTpe6HocTflMH MO}l(eT 6bITb 3aBlICHMOCTblO
Me}l( ynpaBnflIOIl.{HM H ynpaBJIfleMbIM. HanpHMep, KBa3HnoTpe6HOCTH,
KOTOpbIe COOTBeTCTByIOT HaMepemmM, HH.a)'UHpyIOTCH ynpaBJIHIOll.{lIMH
nOTpe6HoCTHMH. B 060lIX cnyqaS!x B3aIIM03aBHCHMOCTH nOTpe6HOcTb CTa-
HOBHTCH qaCTbIO 60JIee IlIHpOKOH CHCTeMbI nOTpe6HOcrell (CM. maBY V).
MbI 06CY)l(.n:aJIH BnHHHHe 3aBepIlIeHIDI H He3aBepIlIeHIDI OTHOClITeJIb-
HO y,lJ,OBneTBOpeHHfl HJJH Hey.n:OBJJeTBOpeHIDI nOTpe6HocTH, CTOHIl.{ell3a .n:ell-
CTBHeM. CefllJac MbI 6y.n:eM 06c .n:aTb BJIIDIHIIe 3THX .n:ellcTBHll Ha nOCTa-
HOBKY HOBbIX l{eJleH.
3peROC11lb npUIIlR3Gl/UU. ArrfliliecTliMeCHIJHoro pe6eHKa, JIe}l(amero
Ha )l(HBOTe H nbITaIOll.{erOCfl .n:OCTaTb norpeM}'IlIKY, nO-BHJJ:HMOMY, He HMe-
eT 3HaqeHIDl, .n:OTHHeTCfl JIH OH B KOHu.e KOHl{OB .n:o 3TOH norpeMYlliKH B
pe3ynbTaTe CBoero C06CTBeHHoro YCHJJIDI HJJH KTO-TO .n:pyroii no.n:BHHeT ee
TaK, 'lT06bI OH Mor ee ,lJ,OCTaTb. PeoeHOK 6y.n:eT y.n:OBneTBopeH B 060HX
CJIY'IaHX. TpexneTHHH pe6eHOK, nblTaIOll{HllCH cnpbIrHYTb BHH3 C TpeTbeM
cryrreHbKH, MO)l(eT OTKa3aTbCH OT nOMOIl{l!. OH He y.n:oBJIeTBOpHTCH, nOKa
He ,lI,OCTlirneT onpe.n:eneHHbIx pe3YJIbTaTOB caMOCTOflTeJIbHO. OqeHb Ma-
neHbKHll pe6eHOK, nO-BH}:(HMOM}', 3HaeT TOJIbKO y.n:OBneTBOpeHHe H HeY.lI.QIi-
JIeTBOpeHHe, HO He ycnex H Hey.n:a'IY. ,[(pynlMH CJIOBaMH, OH HMeeT no-
Tpe6HOCTH H l{eJIH, HO eIl{e He ypoBeHb npHTfl3aHHll.
MbI roBOpHM 0 npU11lR3aHUli B OTHOIlIeHHH .n:ellCTBIDI, eCJIH pe3ynb-
TaT 3TOro ,lJ,eiiCTBIDI paccMaTpliBaeTcH KaK .n:ocTIDKeHHe, oTpa)l(aIOIl{ee c06-
CTBeHHbIe cnoc06HoCTli qeJIOBeKa; ecnll, KpoMe Toro, MO)l(HO BblJJ:eJIliTb
pa3JIH1JHbIe creneHH CJIO}l(HOCTH, MbI rOBopllM 06 yp06He npu11lmamdi.
312
313
MJIa.n;illaH
rpynrra
IIIIJI!II 6e3 Harpa.D;bI
Cpe.n;IDUI CTaplIIaH
rpynrra rpYIIIIa
_ Harpa.n;a
bbIJIO rrOKa3aHO (36, 52, 108), IJTO 1IJIH TOro, IJT06bI II36e)l(aTb 1JYB-
CTBa Hey.n:atJ:H nOCJIe MOxoro BbInOJIHeHHH, 1JaCTO MeHHIOT cHcTeMY OT-
ctJ:eTa. .l(pyme cnoc06bI H36e}l(aTb Hey.n:aIJH - pa3JIH1JHbIe !jJOpMbI pal{HO-
HaJIH3al{HH (36, 57), TaKHe, KaK OTHeCeHHe H31>HHOB HcrronHeHHH 3a C1JeT
MOXOro IIHcTpYMeHTa. TaKHM 06pa30M pa3pbIBaeTcR CBH3b Me}l(}:(y BbI-
nonHeHlIeM II C06CTBeHHbIMH cnoc06HoCTHMH IJeJIOBeKa, KOTopafl flBJUI-
eTCSI, KaK MbI BlU(eJIH, O,ll,HIIM H3 YCJlOBHll !jJeHOMeHa npHTH3aHHH.
IOKHaT (65) BbI.n:enlUJa pa3JIH1JHyIO cHny 1JYBCTBa ycnexa II Hey.n:aIJH.
OHa .n:OJI)I(Ha 6bITb CBH3aHa C BeJIH1JHHOll paCXO)l(,lJ,eHHH Me}l(JJ:y ueJIbIO H
BbInOJIHeHHeM. 3TO crrpaBe.n:JIlrnO, o.n:HaKO, TOJIbKO B .n:Hana30He Tpy.n:HO-
creii:, KOTOpbIll6JIH30K K nOrpaHH1JHOMY ypomno cnoc06HOCTell. «CJIHIlI-
KOM JIen<He» HJIH «CJIHillKOM Tpy.n:HbIe» 3a.n:aHHH He npHBO.n:HT K tJ:YBCTBy
ycnexa H HeYiJ,aIJH. 3m MO)l(eT 6b1Tb rrpH1JHHoii: TOro, rrotJ:eMY COrrepHH1JeC-
TBO Me)l(JJ:y 6paTbHMH H cecTpaMH BCTpetJ:aeTcR pe)l(e, KOma Me}l(JJ:y HHMH
cpaBHHTeJIbHO 60nbIIIaSI pa3HHua B B03pacTe (111).
CBH3b Me}l(.uy tJ:YBCTBOM ycnexa H Hey.n:aIJH, C O,ll,HOH cmpoHbI, H rpa-
HHl{ell crroc06HocTeii:, C .n:pyroll, HMeeT CHny, TOJIbKO eCJIH .n:pyme CHCTe-
MbI OTCIJeTa, Tame, KaK onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe rpynrroBbIe HOpMbI, He CTaHOBHT-
CH )J;OMHHIIpyJOIl{HMH. YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJJbIll pe6eHOK Mor rrOCTOHHHO
IIMeTb qyBCTBO HeYiJ,atJ:H B rpyrrrre ,lI,eTell C BbICOKHMH cnoc06HOCTHMH,
,lJ,a)l(e HeCMOTpSl Ha TO IJm 3a.n:aHHH 6bIJIH B ,lJ,ellCTBIITeJlbHOCTH ,lJ,aJIeKO 3a
npe.n:eJIaMII ero c06CTBeHHbIX crroc06HOCTell.
llccJIe.n:oBaHHH KOHKpeTHblX cJIY'IaeB (67) H 3KcrrepIIMeHTaJIbHble
,lJ,aHHbIe (43) nOKa3blBaIOT, IJm H3MeHeHHe rpynnoBoro CTa'I)'ca (HanpH-
Mep, nonyqeHHe rrpH3HaHHH HJIH JII06BH lUJH OTBep}l(eHHe co CTOpOHbI HH-
.n:HBlU(a HJIH 60Jlee IlIIIpOKOH rpyrrllbI) BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX 3KBHBa-
J1eHTHO ycnexy HJIH Hey.n:aIJe.
(/JaKmopbl, onpeoenRIOUjue ypoaeHb npumR3aHuu. IToCJIe nepe-
}l(HBaHIDI ycrrexa IIITH Hey.n:a1JH IJeJIOBeK MO}l(eT nH60 rrpeKpaTHTb .n:eH-
TeJIbHOCTb, JIH60 npO,lJ,OJ1)1(HTb C 60JIee BbICOKHM, TaKHM }l(e HJIH 60JIee
HH3KIIM ypoBHeM npHTH3aHHll. Pa3JIHtJ:He Me)l(JJ:y ypOBHeM rrpHTSl3aHHll
JI,JIH HOBoro .n:eii:cTBHH II ypoBHeM nOCJIe.n:Hero BbInOJIHeHHH Ha3blBaeT-
CH «paCXO}l(.n:eHHeM» Me}l(.n:y ypoBHeM rrpHTH3aHHll H BbInOJlHeHHeM
(rro.n:p06Hee CM. 81).
<I>aKTopbI, onpe.n:emlOll.{He H3MeHeHHe ypOBIDI npHTH3aHHll, pa3Ho-
06pa3HbI.IOKHaT (65) 06HapY)l(HJIa, IJTO y .n:eTeii: OT .n:eBHTH.n:o IDITHa.lIua-
TH JleT H y B3pOCJ1bIX HanpaBJIeHlIe H BeJIH1JHHa H3MeHeHHH ypOBIDI npIITH-
:mHIIH 3aBHcenH OT CTeneHH ycnexa H Hey.n:atJ:H. KpoMe TOro, B ,lJ,aHHOM
pMe 3a.lIaHHH pacxo)l(,lJ,eHlle 6bIJIO reM MeHbIlIe ,lJ,JUI O.n:HOll H TOll )l(e BenII-
ECJIH Ha pe6eHKa OKa3bIBaIOT .n:aBJIeHHe, npeJI,JIaraSi HarpaJJ:y, ypo-
BeHb npIITH3aHHH (T. e. BbI6paHHaH CTeneHb Tpy.n:HOCTH) 6Y,lJ,eTYMeHbIlIaTb-
CH. ECJIH c.n:eJIaHO TaK, IJTO nOHH)I(eHHe ypOBIDI npHTH3aHHll HeB03MO)l(HO,
MO)l(eT perpeccHpoBaTb 3peJIOCTb npIITH3aHHll (pHC. 52), T. e. IICn0J1b3Y-
eTCH npoue.n:ypa, KOmpaH xapaKTepHa JI,JIH 60JIee MJIa,lJ,IlIero B03pacTa. Pe-
rpeccHIO 3penocTH npIITH3aHHll MO)l(HO Ha6JIIO)J,aTb y B3pOCJIblX B 3MOl{H-
OHaJIbHbIX cmyal{lIJlX.
PUC. 52. 3peJ/ocmb npumJl3aHuii Ha mpex 603pacmHbIX yp06HRX U 6eJ/U'IUHa pezpeccuu 6
YCJ/06UJlX COljUWlbHOZO Oa6JIeHlJR (Hazpaoa). YKa3aHa '1acmoma, C Komopoii pe6eHOK
Haoe6aem Henona6mee KOJIbljO Ha nWlK)' UJ/U nepe6paCb/6aem OmOeJlbHOe KOJIbl{O 6Mecmo
mozo, '1m06b/3aKOH'IUmb pRO KOJIel{'.
YpoaeHb npummaHUU. YpOBeHb npHTH3aHHH 6bIJ1 onpe,lJ,eJleH (57)
KaK CTeneHb TpyiJ,HOCTH Toro 3a.n:aHHH, KOTopoe BbI6paHo B Ka'leCTBe l{eJ111
,lJ,JUI CJIeJJ:yIOIl{ero .n:ellCTBHH. MO)l(HO Bbl.D:eJlIITb }:(Be OCHOBHbIe np06JIeMbI:
(1) npH KaKlIX ycnoBllJIX HH)J;HBlU( nepe}l(HBaeT ycrrex HJIH Hey.n:a1JY II (2)
KaKIIe «!JaKTOpbI BnIDlIOT Ha ypOBeHb npHTH3aHHii:.
Ycno6UR OJ/51 nepeJ/CueaHUR ycnexa lWU Heyoa'lu. IIepe}l(lIBaHlIe yc-
nexa HJIH Hey.n:atJ:H 3aBHCIIT OT ypOBIDI BbInOnHeHH1I B CHCTeMe OTCtJ:eTa
(81). 3TOll CHCTeMOll OTCtJ:eTa MO}l(eT 6bITb ypoBeHb npHTH3aHIIii (T. e. ueJlb,
KOTopaSi 6bIna nOCTaBJIeHa JI,JIH :noro .n:ellCTBHH), BbInOJIHeHlIe B npOIlIJIOM
JIH HOpMbI rpyrrIIbI. qYBCTBO ycnexa 6y.n:eT npe06JIa.lI.aTb, ecnH )J;OCTHr-
uyr onpe.n:eJleHHbIll ypoBeHb, CBH3aHHbIll C .n:OMIIHIIpyIOll.{ell CHCTeMOll.
To, KaKaH CHCTeMa OTC1JeTa 6Y,lJ,eT .n:OMHHHpOBaTb, 3aBHCHT OT pH.lI.a «!JaKTo-
pOB, O.n:HH H3 KOTOpbIX - CTpeMJIeHHe H36e}l(aTb tJ:YBCTBa Hey.n:atJ:H.
I }J;aHHI./e Ha )TOM pllCYHKe B3RThI H3I1CCJle)J.OBaHIIR C. AH.I\epCOHa (4).
314
315
5. l1H,lJ,YUilpoBaHHble nOTpeOHOCTIf
IToTpe6HocTH HH.n:HBH.n:a onpe.n:emllOTcfl B OIJeHb, 60JIbIlIOH CTe-
I)eHli COUHaJIbHbIMH «tJaKTOpaMH. IToTpe6HocTII pac.T)'ll.{ero pe6eHKa
H3IVIeIDIIOTCH H HOBbIe nOTpe6HOCTH HH.n:YU.HpYIOTCH MHoroL\HCJIeHHbI-
316
MII MaJIbIMH H 60JIbIlIHMH COUHaJlbHbIMII rpynnm.lH, K KOTOpbIM OH I1PH-
Ha.n:JIe}l(HT. Ha ero nOTpe6HocTH TaK)I(e OKa3bIBaeT 60nbIlloe BJ1HflHHe
H.n:eOJIOrID! H nOBe.n:eHHe Tex rpynn, K KOTOpbIM OH XOTen 6bI npHHa.n:-
J1e}l(aTb HJIH OT KOTOpbIX OH XOTeJI 6bI OT.n:aJIHTbCfl. B03.n:eiIcTBIIH COBe-
Ta MaTepH, Tpe60BaHHH TOBapHll{a HJIH Toro, 'ITO nCHxoaHanHTHK Ha-
3bIBaeT cynep-3ro, Bce TeCHO nepenJIeTeHbI C COllHaJlbHO HH.n:Yl{HpO-
BaHHbIMH nOTpe6HOCTflMH. MbI BH.n:eJIH, 'ITO ypOBeHb npHTfl1aHI1H CB}J-
3aH C COU.HaJlbHbIMH HBJIeHlIflMH. MbI MO)l(eM YTBep}l(.n:aTb B 6\JJlee 06-
meM CMbICJIe, 'ITO K)'JIbrypa, B KOTOpOH paCTeT pe6eHOK, OKa,ib!BaC
BJIHHHHe npaKTHqeCKH Ha Ka}l(.n:yIO nOTpe6HOCTb H Ha Bce ero nOBe.n:e-
HHe H 'ITO np06J1eMa BpaCTaHHH B KYJIbTYPY - o.n:Ha 1I3 caMbIX OCHOB-
HbIX B .n:eTCKOll nCIIXOJIOrHH.
MO}l(HO Bbl.n:eJIHTb TpH THna CJJY'IaeB, Kor.n:a nOTpe6HOCTlI HMeIOT
OTHOIlIeHHe K COUHaJIbHbIM CBH3flM: (1) .n:ellCTBID! HH,.'I,HBH.n:a MOryT BbI-
nOJIHflTbCH B nOJIb3Y KOro-JlH60 .n:pyroro (Ha MaHep aJIbTpynCTH1JeCKoro
nocrynKa); (2) nOTpe6Hocrn MOryT 6blTb HHJJ:yUHpoBaHbI nOJIeM BJIaCTH
,lJ,pyroro IJeJIOBeKa HJIH rpynnhI (KaK nO.D:1JHHCHHe 60JIee cJIa60ro IJenOBe-
Ka 60JIee MorymecTBeHHoMY); (3) nOTpe6HocTH MO)l(eT C03.n:aBaTb npH-
Ha.D:JIe)l(HOCTb K rpynne H npe.n:aHHocTb ee u.eJIflM. B .n:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
3TH TPH THna TeCHO nepenneTalOTCH.
HCmO'lHUKU uoemlO2uu. 6aBeJIaC (12) H3Y1JaJI iICTO'IHlIKH 0,lJ,06pe-
HID! H Heo.n:06peHID! B pH.n:e IlIKOJI. OH 06Hapy)l(HJI, IJTO 'IaCTOTa, C KOTOpOM
.n:eTH Ha3bIBaJIH Y'IIITeM B KaIJeCTBe HCTO'IHlIKa nOXBaJIbI HJIH nOpIIllaHID!
3a nOBe.n:eHHe B IlIKone, OCTaBaJIaCb CpaBHHTeJIbHO nOCTOHHHOM C 'IeTBep-
TOro no BOCbMOll KJIacc. OT.n:eJIbHoro o.n:HOKJIaCCHlu<a (B OTJJH1JHe OT no-
IDITlUI «.n:eTH») IJaCTO Ha3bIBaJIH B KaIJeCTBe HCTO'IHHKa WUI oueHKH nOBe-
.n:eHID! B IJeTBepTOM KJIaCce; 3Ta IJaCTOTa y6bIBaJIa .n:o HYM K BOCbMOM)'
KJIaccy. ]J;HpeKTOp IlIKOJIbI npaKTiI'IeCKH HHKor.n:a He Ha3bIBaJICH B Ka'IeC-
TBe HCTOIJHlIKa ,lJ,eTbMH B 'IeTBepTOM KJIaCce; n03}1(e ero Ha3bIBaJIH C )'Be-
JlHlJHBaIOmeHCH IJaCTOTOll, HO maBHbIM 06pa30M B KaIJeCTBe IICTO'lHHKa
nOpHllaHID!.
KaJIXOpH (66) cpaBHHBana nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHbIe H oTplll{aTenbHbIe u.eH-
Hocrn H HCTOIJHllKlI l{eHHOCTell Y .n:eTell-MeHOHlITOB H HeMeHOHHTOB B CeJIb-
CKOll MeCTHOCTH. aHa 06HapY)l(lUJa pa3JIH1JID! B aKueHTc Ha TaKHe lleHHO-
CTlI, KaK HHJJ:HBH,uyaJIbHOC ,lJ,oCnI}I(eHHe H peJIHrIDI. B 06elIX rpynnax .n:eTH
yKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO po.n:HTCnH HMeIOT npe06JIa.n:aIOruee BJIIDIHlIe B Ka'IeCTBe
IICTO'IHHKa llCHHOCTCii. O.n:HO H TO )l(e nOBe,lJ,eHHe MO)l(eT IIMeTb pa3JIH1J-
HbIll nClIXoJlorHIJecKIIii CMbICJI B pa3HbIX K)'JIb1)'pax. HanpHMep, nocerue-
HHe uepKBII CBH3bIBaeTCH .n:eTbMH-MeHOHHTaMH C bOroM KaK IICTOIJHlfKOM
IJI1Hb! ycnexa H TeM 60JIbWe .n:nH OAHOH H TOH }l(e BenWIHHbl Hey.n:a[IH, IJeM
6JIH)I(e npe.n:IlleCTByIOIl.{HH ypOBeHb BbmOJIHeHHfl no.n:ornen K 3KCTpeMYMY
B pHJ.I.e Tpy.n:HOCTeH.
Ha ypOBCHb npHTH3aHHH OKa3bIBaIOT 60J1bIlIOe Billl5lHHe COl{HarIbHble
«tJaKTOpbl. B C11T)'aUHH copeBHoBaHlUl OH MO}l(eT B03paCTaTb (37). 3HaHHe
rpynnOBbIX HOpM MO}l(eT nOBJIHHTb Ha ypOBeHb npHTfl3aImH (36). HanpHMep,
pacxo)!QJ:eHHe Me>K.uy npHTH3aHHeM H BbmOJ1HeHIIeM YBeJIHIJ manOCb B Ha-
npaBJIeHHH 60Jlee BblCOKOro ypoBHfl npHTfl3amrn, ecnl1 qeJIOBeK Y3HaBaJI, 'ITO
ero nOKa3aTeJIH 6blnH HU)l(e HOpMbI ero C06CTBCHHOH rpynIThI HJIH rpynrn.l,
KOTOpyIO OH C'IHTan 60JIee mf3KoH. PaCXO}l(.n:eHlIe YMeHbIlIaeTcH, eCJIH HMeIOT
MecTO npOTHBOnOJIO)l(Hble yCJ10BHH. Ha ypoBeHb npHTH3aHlIH TaK)I(e Bnl'UleT
CTeneHb peanHcTwlecKoll Ol\eHKlI CBOHX C06CTBeHH1>IX cnoc06HoCTeH (37).
n. CUp3 (108) 06HapY)l(IVI, IJTO cpe.n:Hee nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHOe paCxo)I(JJ:CHlIe (T. e.
BeJlIflllHa, Ha KOTOpyIO ypoBeHb rrpHTH3amlii rrpeBOcxo.n:HT nOCJIe.n:Hee BbI-
rrOJIHeHHe) Y .n:eTeH 60JIbIlIC rrOCJIe Hey.n:a'IH, IJeM rrOCJ1e ycrrexa, 'ITO CBlIJ],e-
TenbcmyeT 0 60JIbUleM peanH3Me rrocne ycrrexa, IJCM nOCJIe Hey.n:a'IH.
]J;rrH O,lJ,HOro H TOro )l(e HH.n:HBlIJ],a .ZI.JIfl pH.n:a .n:eHTeJIbHOCTell HarrpaB-
JIeHl1e H BeJIHlJHHa pacXO}l(.n:eHIDI, nO-BH}:(HMOMY, B H3BeCTHOH CTerreHH no-
CTOflHHbI (37, 45, 108). n. CHp3 (37) H IOKHaT (65) 06Hapy)l(HJIlI, IJTO pac-
XO)I(JJ:eHHe 60JIbIlIe y .n:ereH Ha rrJIOXOM c'Iery B IlIKOJIe, LleM y .n:eTell Ha
xoporneM c'Ie1)'. CrerreHb, B KOTOpOll ypoBeHb npHrn3aHHll B O.n:HOM BH}:(e
.n:eHreJIbHOCTH BJIWIeT Ha ypoBeHb npHrn3aHHM B .n:pyroM BlI.D,e ,lJ,eHTCnbHO-
CTH, 3aBHCIIT OT IIX cxo.n:CTBa H OT TOro, HaCKOJIbKO XOpOlliO rrpe.n:IlIecTBY-
IOIl.{HM OnbIT cTa6HJIH3HpOBaJI ypoBeHb rrpHTH3aHHll B 3TlIX BHI\aX .n:eH-
TCJIbHOCTH (65). BJIID!HHe ycnexa B O,lJ,HOM BH}:(e ,lJ,eHTenbHOCTH Ha ypo-
BeHb rrpIITH3aHHll B .n:PyroM He60JIbIlIOe, eCJIH pe6eHoK COCTaBHJI HCHoe
MHeHHe 0 CBOlIX cnoc06HoCTHX B nOCJIe.n:HeM BlI.D,e .n:eHTeJIbHOCTH.
YpoBeHb rrpIIrn3aHHll TCCHO CBfl3aH C BpeMeHHoH nepCneKTHBOll B
OTHOIlIeHHH KaK rrCIIXOJIOrnQeCKoro npOIlIJIoro, TaK H nClIXOJIOrHIJecKOro
6YJJ:ymero. ComaCHO 3CKaJIOHe (33), ypoBeHb npHrn3aHHll B .n:aHHoe Bpe-
MH 3aBHCHT OT ClUJbI BaneHTHOCTH ycnexa H Hey.n:a'IH H OT BepoflTHoCTH
ycrrexa B 3TO BpeMfl. I1pe.n:cTaBJIflfl 3ry BepoHTHoCTb KaK rrOTCHl{HIO 6yJJ:y-
Il.{ell clfI)'aUHH ycnexa lUJH Hey.n:aIJH, MO}l(HO nOIDITb OCHOBHbIe «tJaKTbI,
KaCaIOIl.{HeCfl ypOBIDI npHrn3aHHll (CM. 81).
317
0.n:06peHHH, .n:eTbMII-HeMeHOHHTaMH - co BCeMH. 3TO CBH1IereJ1bCTBYeT 0
TOM, IJTO nOCeIl{eHHe L(epKBH HBnHeTCH B OCHOBHOM peJIHrH03HbIM .n:enOM
.D:JJH nepBbIX II COl{HanbHbI I .n:enOM -1IJIfl nOCJIe,n:HHX.
320U3JW U ClJ1bmpYU3/W. B 3KCnepHMeHTe Moop (94) .n:eTeH B B03pac-
Te MC)I(JJ:y .L\B)'MH H TpeMH ro.n:aMlI npOCHJIH no.n:enHTbCH aneJIbCHHOBbIM
COKOM C TOBaplIIl{eM, KOTOpOro Ca)I(amf pH,lJ,OM C HcnbrryeMbIM. Pe3YJ1bTa-
TbI nOKa3bIBaIOT IlIHpoKlIe HH.n:IIBIIJJ:yaJIbHbIe pa3JIH1JHH II HlIKaKHX Koppe-
JIHl{HH co creneHblO )'Ba)l(eHHH IICnbIT)'eMbIM npaB .n:pyrHX, onpe.n:eJIHe-
MOH .n:pyrHMII MeTO.n:aMII. XapTIlIopH H M3H (55) H3Y1JaJIlI TeCTOBbIe cHT)'-
al{HlI, B KOTOpbIX MO)l(HO 6bIJJO Ha6J1IO.n:aTb nOMOll.{b (aJIbTpYH3M, COTPY)l,-
HH1JeCTBo) co CTOpOHbI .n:eTell. OHlI YTBep)l(.n:aIOT, IJTO TeH1IeHUHH OKa3bl-
BaTb nOMOIl.{b «cneL(H<pH1JeCKaH», a He «06Il{aH» y .n:eTell Me)l(JJ:y .n:eCHTblO
II IJeTblpHa,lJ,uaTblO ro.n:aMH (06c .n:eHlIe np06neMbI 06Il{HOCrn IJepT CM.
B 3). MaK-rpaT (90), HCnOJIb3YH MeTO.n: onpocHHKa, c006ll.{aeT, IJTO aJIbT-
pYIlCTH1JeCKHH OTBeT Ha rHnOTeTH1JecKYIO cHT)'aL(HIO )'BeJIH1JHBaeTCH C B03-
pacToM. IIlIa}l(e (99) ynopH.n:OIJHBaeT CBOIl .n:aHHbIe no MOpaJIbHOMY Pa3-
BHTHIO .n:eTell C TOqKII 3peHHH .n:B)'X nCHXOnOrH1JeCKH pa3J1H1JHbIX THnOB
MOpaJIlI, KOTopbIe IIBJIHIOTCH npOJJ:yKTOM .n:BYX THnOB COl{HaJIbHbIX OTHO-
IlIeHlIll: .n:o ceMII HJJII BOCbMII J1eT HMeeT MeCTO COUlIaJIbHaH CBH3b O,lJ,HO-
CTopoHHero )'Ba)l(eHHH, B KOTOpOll pe6eHoK n01IlJHIDIeTCH BJ1aCTH B3pOC-
J1oro. IIocTeneHHo YCTaHaBJ1HBaeTCH OTHOIlIeHlIe B3aHMHoro YBa)l(eHHH, B
KOTOpOM Ka)l(,lJ,bIH IJneH IIMeeT 60JIee paBHyIO IJaCTb KOHTpOJIH.
E. PaliT (132) lI3Y1JaJI ,lJ,eTell B cHT)'aL(HII, KOma y HlIX 6bIn Bb160p
OCTaBHTb npe.n:noIJHTaeMyIO HrpymK)' ce6e HJIII OT.n:aTb ee KOMY-mr6Y,lJ,b
ell.{e. .lWyrHM pe6eHKoM (KOTOpbIH He npHCYTCTBOBaJI) 6bIn J11160 KTO-TO
He3HaKOMbIH, J1H60 .ny<IIlIHll.n:pyr. lliTHJJeTHHH pe6eHOK npaKnIIJeCKH Bce-
ma 6bIJ1 3roIlCTlI'IHbIM; BOCbMIIJ1eTHlIll pe6eHOK .n:eMOHCTpHpOBaJI 3HaIJH-
TeJIbHbIll aJIbTPYH3M, H 60J1bIlIe - no OTHOIlIeHHIO K He3HaKOMl{y (58 %
ll.{e.n:pbIX BbI60pOB), IJeM no OTHOIlIeHHIO K .n:pyry (23 % Il{e.n:pbIX BbI60-
pOB). )J;ellCTBYH B KaIJeCTBe nOCpe,lJ,HlIKa Me)l(JJ:y .n:pyroM II He3HaKOMbIM
pe6eHKoM npll pacnpe,lJ,eJ1eHHM HrpymeK, fiHTHJIeTHHl1 pe6eHoK IJall.{e OKa-
3bIBaJI npe.n:nOIJTeHHe .n:pyry, IJeM He3HaKOMl{y. BOCbMHJJeTHHH IJall.{e OKa-
3bIBaJI npe.n:nOqTeHHe He3HaKoMl{y, IJeM ,lJ,pyry.
TeOpeTlI'IeCKII, aJIbTpYHcnllJeCKHH HJJH 3roHCTillJeCKlIH BbI60p MO}l(-
HO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK pe3YJ1bTaT OTHOCHTenbHO MOIl{HbIX ClIJI, ,lJ,ellcTBY-
IOIl.{HX Ha pa3J1lI'IHbIe perHoHbI }l(H3HeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa, II nOTeHL(lIlI
pa3J1lI'IHbIX cHT)'aL(Hll. B }l(H3HeHHOM npOCTpaHCTBe pe6eHKa C (PHC. 53)
CHJJa fc.G .n:ellcTBYeT Ha Hero caMoro B HanpaBJJeHIIH L(eJ1lI G. KpoMe TOro,
B ero )l(1I3HeHHOM npocTpaHCTBe cYIl{eCTByeT CHJJa {C 01 . G ' ,lJ,eHCTBy!oll.{aH
Ha ,lJ,pyroro pe6eHKa (the other child), Oc, B HanpaBneHllH TOU }l(e caMOH
L(eJIH. (CHT)'al{lUl n03BomIeTTOJIbKO O.D:HOMY IJeJIOBeI<)' .n:OCTiI'Ib L(enH.) 3Ta
BTOpaH ClIJIa {Cot,G COOTBeTCTByeT nOTpe6HOCTH .n:pyroro pe6eHKa (KaK ee
BOCnpHHHMaeT pe6eHoK, IJbe )l(H3HeHHoe npocTpaHcTBo npe,n:CTaBJJeHo) II
rOTOBHOCTb pe6eHKa C nOMep)l(aTb L(enb pe6eHKa Ot. rOBOpH C clJOpMaJIH-
CTH'IeCKOH TOIJKH 3peHllil, aJIbTpYlICTiI'IHbIH HJIII 3rollCTillJHbIU Bbl60p 3a-
BIICHT OT OTHOCHTenbHOH MOIl.{HOCTII 3THX .n:BYX CHJJ. CornacHo PaH'!)',
OIJeHb MaJIeHbKHll pe6eHOK He BocnpHHHMaeT nOTpe6HOCTb ,lJ,pyroro pe-
6eHKa. 3TO MO}l(eT 6bITb npH'IHHOll OTCYTCTBHH KOonepHpyIOll.{eH IIrpbI Y
MaJIeHbKoro pe6eHKa. C )'BeJIH'IeHlIeM B03paCTa nOTeHJJ.lIH BOCnpIlHHMae-
MOll nOTpe6HOCTlI .n:pyroro pe6eHKa YBeJIH1JHBaeTCH. IIo.n:06HbIM 06Pa30M,
nOTeHJJ.lIH BHenIHeH rpynfibI B03paCTaeT no OTHOIlIeHHIO K nOTeHl{HH BnyT-
peHHell rpynnbI (.n:pyr).
If&G
Puc, 53. CumyaliW/ aJ/bmp)lU3Ma, (3Ha'leHlle pa3JIIl'lHbIX CllM60Jl06
onllcaHO 6 meKcme.)
EonbIlIHH aJIbTpYH3M no OTHOIlIeHHIO K He3HaKOMU;Y, 'IeM no OTHOIlIe-
HHIO K .n:pyry, nO-Blf1IHMOMy, 06YCJ10BJ1eH 'IaCTH'IHO TeM <paKTOM, qTO pe6e-
HOK Bll)I,lIT caMoro ce6H B nOJIO)l(emrH X03HHHa no OTHOIlIeHHIO K He3HaKOM-
uy, HO He no OTHOllielDlIO K ,lJ,pyry II qTO ero H,lJ,eOJIOrHH Tpe6YeT, qT06bI OH
6bill rocTenpHHMHbIM. )J;enJ OL(eHHBaJIlI .n:pyrHX JJIO.n:eH KaK aJIbTpYHCTH1J-
HbIX HJJH 3roHCTH1JHbIX B TOll )l(e CTenemr, B KaKOU omr caMII 6bInll TaKHMH.
IIpe.D:BapHTeJIbHoe HCCJ1e.n:OBaHHe nOKa3blBaeT, IJTO B3poCJIbIe B no.n:06HoH
06cTaHoBKe 60JIee 3roHCTH'IHbI, IJeM BOCbMHJJeTHHH pe6eHoK.
[JOKopHocmb U COl/U(JJlbHOe Oa6JleHue. 06c .n:aH np06J1eMbI KOH<p-
JIHKTOB, MbI BH.n:eJIH, IJTO ClIJIe, .n:eHCTByIOll.{ell Ha IJeJIOBeKa B HanpaBJJe-
HHM l\eJIH, MOryT npOTHBO,lJ,ellCTBOBaTb HHJJ:ylJ.HpoBaHHbIe ClIJIbI, COOTBeT-
cTBYIOIl.{He BOJIe .n:pyroro IJenOBeKa. BBHJJ:y CBH3H Me}l(1I)' nCHXOJIOfH1Ie-
318
319
CKHMiI CilnaMU iI IlCliXOnOrIf'IeCKHMH nOTpe6HOCTflMiI Mbl MOiKeM TaK)I(e
roBOpHTb 06 llHOY1lup06aHHblx nompe6HocmRx. OTHoweHlIH Me}!(JJ:y .n:BY-
Mfl nIO.n:bMI1 MorYT 6bITb .n:py}!(eCKHMI1 HJIH Bpa)l(.n:e6HbIMH; nOTpe6HocTb
Ka)l(.n:oro Cl1nbHO 3aBI1CHT OT nOJIfl BJIaCTH .n:Pyroro.
BH3 (77) H30J1IO.n:an .n:eTeH B B03pacTe Me)l(JJy .n:BYMfl U '1eTblpbMH
ro,lJ,aMII, Kor.n:a B KOMHary pe6eHKa BXO.n:HJ1 He3HaKOMeL(. OH 06HapY}I(HJI,
'ITO Ha cuny nOJIfl BJ1aCTII He3HaKOML(a B .n:aHHbIH MOMeHT BJIllHeT 4>1I311-
IJeCKafl n03Hl\HH 060HX nlO.n:eu. BnHHHlIe nonH BJIaCTIf Ha pe6eHKa YBenH-
'IlIBaeTCH C YMeHbweHileM paccToHHiIH. OHO O'leHb CHJIbHO, eCnl1 pe6eHKa
nOMCll.{alOT Ha KOJIeHH B3pocnoro. IIone BJIaCTII cna6ee n03al1.U He3HaKOM-
ua lUJU TaM, r.n:e pe6eHKa Henb3H YBll1IeTb, 'IeM Bnepe.n:H He3HaKOMua. .lWy-
rUMlI CnOBaMlI, cuna nOnH BnaCTH O.n:HOro 'IeJ10BeKa Ha .n:pyroro pa3JIHlJHa
1IJJSI pa3nH'lHblX 06JIaCTeH. ,[(>K. ,l);. <I>paHK (37) B 3KcnepHMeHTaX co CTY-
.n:eHTaMH II YopHHr, ,lJ;yaHep 1I ,l);)I(aHKilH (126) B 3KcnepHMeHTaX C .n:eTbMlI
113 .n:eTcKoro ca.n:a 3a 06e.n:eHHbIM CTonOM TaK)Ke 06HapY)I(ilJllI, '1TO .n:eH-
CTBeHHOCTb nOJIfl BJIaCTH npH C03.n:aHHH 1IH1I)'lU1pOBaHHbIX ClUJ 60JIbWe,
eCJ111 paccTOHHHe Me)l(JJ:y nlO.n:bMH MeHbIlIe.
JIHnnHTT H YaHT (84) B 3KcnepllMeHTaX C .n:eCHTlUJeTHHMlI .n:eTbMlI
npoBepHnll BJIlUlHHe HHJJ:yIUlpoBaHHblx nOTpe6Hocrei1 BO BpeMH npHcYT-
CTBHH iI OTCYTCTBI1H lIH,lJ,YL(UpyIOll.{ero nOJ1H BnaCTlI. OHH 06HapY)I(lInll,
IJro 061>eM Bblpa60TKH B aBToKpaTH'IeCKOH rpynnoBoll aTMoc4>epe na-
.n:an O'leHb 3Ha'lineJIbHO B TeIJeHlIe HeCKOJ1bKHX MlInyT, Kor.n:a PYKOBO.n:lI-
TeJ1b nOKH.n:an nOMell.{eHHe. He TaK 6bIJIO B .n:eMoKpaTlIIJeCKOH rpynno-
BOll aTMoc4>epe, r.n:e pa60Ta BbI6HpanaCb 1I nnaHHpOBanaCb caMOH rpyn-
nOH II me BbIpa60TKa 6bIJ1a HeH3MeHHOH, Kor.n:a pYKOBo.n:lIreJIb yxo.n:Hn.
C.-E. Maepc (93) H3Y'Ian BJ1l1HHlIe KOH4>JIHK1)'IOll.{eH BJIaCTH B3pOCJIbIX
Ha .n:eTeH .n:eTca.n:OBcKOro B03pacTa. OH 06HapY)l(Hn, IJTO npoTlIBOpe'lll-
BbIe npIIKa3bI O'leHb 3Ha'lllTeJ1bHO nOHlDKaIOT KOHCTpYKTHBHOCTb lIrpbI
.n:erell (OT 41/2.n:0 21/2 no ero IlIKane KOHCTpYKTlIBHOCTlI). Pe6eHoK MO-
}l(eT Bo061l.{e npeKpaTHTb .n:eHTenbHOCTb (nOMHMO caMoMaHimYmIL(IIH, CXO.n:-
HbIX C TeMlI, KOTOpbIe onllcaHbI ApceHlIaHoM, 6), eCJIll OH He Haxo.n:HT
cnoc06a cne.n:OBaTb npllKa3aM 06eHX Bnacrell. ,l);a}I(e ecnll npllKa3bI 060HX
B3pocnblX cornaCyIOTCH, CJlHWKOM IJaCToe BMeWaTeJIbCTBO B lIrpy pe6eH-
Ka HeCKonbKO nOHlf}!(aeT ero KOHCTPYKTHBHOCTb. HeraTlIBHbIe npllKa3.bI
HaHOCHnH 60JIbIlIUH yll.{ep6, '1eM n0J10}l(lITeJ1bHble KOMaH.n:bl, a Heonpe.n:c-
JIeHHbIe KOMaHl1.bI - 60JIbliIIIU yll.{ep6, 'leM KOHKpeTHbIe.
HH.ll)'lUlpOBaHHbIe nOTpe6HocTlI, IIpOTI1BOnOJIO)l(HbIe C06CTBeHHbIM no-
Tpe6HOCTIIM, MOryT npHBeCTH K nOCTOHHHOMY COCTOflHl1lO KOH4>nHKTa, KOTO-
pbIH 60nee HJIH MeHee CKpbIT. Ecnll T3KOll KOH4>-'1HIrr HeJIb3fl pa3peWHTb, Pa3-
PYIlIIffi rocno.n:CTBylOll.{ee none BJIaCTH, pe6eHOK MO)l(eT CTaTb arpeCClIBHbIM
no OTHoweHHIO K MeHee MOryll.{eCTBeHHbIM J1IO.D:HM. JIeBHH, JIImmfTT H Yaih
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,lJ,eTeH. PYKoBo.n:HTeJ1b C03.n:aBan J1HWeHHOe npaBlmerHH MeHbIlIlIHCTBO B
paMKaX rpynIIb1.n:eTell, KOTopbIe nepBOHaIJanbHO MMenll o.n:lIHaKOBbIH CTa-
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BHJJerllH, .n:a}I(e KOma pyKoBo.n:HTenb nOKll1Ian KOMHary. 3Ta .n:lIcKpHMIIHa-
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AHTepaTypa
1, Adler, D, L.: Types of Similarity and the Substitute Value of Activities at Different
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2, Adler, D, L., and Kounin, j,: Some factors operating at the moment of resumption
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3, Allport, G, W.: Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, New York: Henry
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4, Anderson, c.: The Development of a Level of Aspiration in Young Children, Un-
published Ph.D. Dissertation, State University ofIowa, 1940,
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ten children and teachers, Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1939,21,287-385.
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10. Bartos, A.: Die psychologischen Grundlagen der seelischen Erziehung bei Verk-
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He3aBUCHMOCTb (independence) .n:BYX pemOHOB a II b MO)KeT 6bITb
pa3.rIU'IHa B pa3JIHlJHbIX HanpaBJIeHHHX (indep I a, b I '# indep I b, a I ). EcnIl
CBOllCTBa CIICTeMbI TaKOBbl, IJTO dep (a, b) = dep (b, a), TO MbI MO)/{eM onpe-
,lJ,enHTb CTeneHb B3aHM03aBHCliMOCTH (interdependence) a u b (interdep
I a, b I ) cneJlYIOIl.{HM 06pa30M:
Pue, 54, HeiJurjJq;epeHljl1po6GHHOe ljeHoe. W = ljeHoe; G, b - npou36oRbHO onpeiJeHeHHble
'1oemu W; / - RUHUH, p03pe30lOUjaH W; I. 2, 3".. - ManeHbKue peZUOHbl 6iJOHb /.
. JUI YJ\o6crna 'JHTareIT!1 B Dpl1.,'10)l(eIlHl1 BMeCTO BTOpblX cKo6oK HlIorn.a IICnO;JbJY!OT-
C!I BepTHK<LlbHble nnHHH. DpH TaKOM npHMeHeHHH OHI{ He YKa:JI,lEaIOT, KaK E HeKOTopblX IjJop-
MynHpoBKax J1eBHHa, Ha a6conlOTHoe 3HatJCHHe KOHl\emyaJII,Horo :meMeHTa,
I HYMepal\HI! CYJKn.eHHH B DpHnC»KeHHH - np0.1\On)l(eHne HYMepal\11I1 C}lImeHHH B
maBe V
Pue, 55. Au,ppepeH1JUP06G1lHOe 1jenoe. W =1jenoe; C', C ". C ....... - eemeem6eHHble
'Ioemu W; a. b. c.... - np0U360RbHO onpeiJeneHHble 'Iocmu C;
/ - J1UHW/. pa3pe3aJOlqClJ/ fV; J. 2. 3.... -ManeHbKUe pe2UoHbl 600nb /.
332
333
OnpeOeJleHUe ecmeCmeeHHblX 'laCmeU (R'teeK) eHympu ljeJl020 U cme-
neHU ouq)(jJepeHljUaljUU ZJeJl020. )J;aBaiITe BbI.n:eJIHM B.n:OJ1b nyTH !, KOTo-
pbIR pa3pe3aeT ueJIOe W, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 54 H 55, nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIb-
HOCTIo TOIJeK (ManeHbKHX perHoHoB) 1,2,3... H ,lJ,aBallTe onpe.n:eJIHM CTe-
neHb He3aBHCHMOCTH l?emoHa 1 OT JJI060ro ,lJ,pyroro pemoHa :noll nOCJ1e-
,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTH (indep \1,2\; indep 11, 31; indep 11,41 ;...). KPHBaH, npe,lJ,-
CTaBJIHlOll.{aH 3TH CTeneHH He3aBHCHMOCTH, MO}l(eT HMeTb o.n:Ho06pa3HblH
xapaKTep (pHC. 56)1, HJIH OHa MO)l(eT ,lJ,eMoHcTpHpoBaTb BHe3anHbIe H3Me-
HeHHH yrna HaMOHa, KaK, HanpHMep, Ha pHC. 57. PHC. 56 COOTBeTCTByeT
ueJIOMY, npe.n:CTaBJIeHHoMY Ha pHC. 54. PHC. 57 cOOTBeTCTByeT pHC. 55.
ECJIH ueJIoe MO}l(HO pa3pe3aTb TaKHM 06pa30M, IJTO nOHBJIHeTCH KpHBaH
BTOporo nma, TO roBOpHT, 1JTO ueJ10e ,lJ,H<p<pepeHUHpOBaHO; B npOTHBHOM
cnyqae OHO He.n:H<p<pepeHl{HpOBaHHoe. PerHOHbI, KOTopbIe COOTBeTCTBY-
lOT O,lJ,HOMY H TOMY }l(e nnaTO KpHBOH, MbI Ha3bIBaeM no.n:qaCTflMH O.n:HOH
«eCTeCTBeHHOll» IJaCTH HJIH O.n:HOH «WIeHKID) ueJ1oro. HanpHMep, 1,2,3
npHHa.1I.JIe)l(aTo.n:HoHH1JellKe (cj; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 -.n:pyrollH1JellKe (c"); 10,
11, 12 - c....
2345678 \I 10 1112 1314 IS 161718192021
ManeHLKH:e penlOHLI (X) B OJlL JIl1HlU1 I
Pue. 57. CmeneHb He3a6Ueu.Mocmu peZUOH06 61jeJlOJ\I, coiJep:JICaUleM ecmeemeeHHble
noo'laemu, TpaifiuK omHoeumefl K 1jenOJ\ly. U306pa:J/CeHHOJ\IY Ha puc. 55. OH nOKG3bl6Gem
cmeneHb He3a6UCUMocmu (indep /1, x /J peZUOH06 2, 3, 4,... om peZUOHa 1. 3ma KpU6(1Jl
OeMOHCmpupyem '1emKUe emyneHu, He 06Hapy.»cU6aeMble Ha pue, 56.
2 34 S 6 7 8 910111213141S 1617181920
MaJleHbKlle pemOHbI (x) B,!\OJ1b DIIHH\! I
Pa3nwme Me}l(JJ:y L(eJIbIM Ha pHC. 54 H 55 MO)l(HO npe.n:CTaBHTb He-
CKonbKO HHbIM 06pa30M, 06paTHBIlIHcb K CTeneHH He3aBHCHMOCTH J11O-
6bIX ,lJ,BYX H.n:YIl.{HX ,lJ,pyr 3a .n:pyroM TOqeK B nOCJ1e,lJ,OBaTeJ1bHOCTH
(indep 11,21; indep 12, 31; indep 13,41 ;...). ,lVIH pHC. 54 pe3YJ1bTaTOM
6y.n:eT HBJIHTbCH KpHBaH TOro nma, KOTOpbIH npe.n:cTaBneH Ha pHC. 58; .1I.JIH
pHC. 55 - KPHBaH, cxo.n:HaH C pHC. 59. ECJIH TOIJKH 1,2,3... BbI6paHbI HaJJ:-
J1e}l(all.{HM 06pa30M, TO BbICOTbI nHKOB nOKa3bIBaIOT CTeneHb He3aBHCHMO-
CTH O,lJ,HOll HIJellKH OT coce.n:HeH HIJellKH (HanpHMep, indep 13, 41 =
= indep I c', c" I). 3TO 3HaqeHHe MO}l(HO Ha3BaTb «npOqHOCTblO rpaHH-
UbI» bo (c', c"). (BbIcoTa nHKOB Ha pHC. 59 He 06H3aTeJIbHO .n:OJI}I(Ha 6b1Tb
TaKOll }l(e, KaK BbICOTa COOTBeTCTByIOll.{HX CKaIJKOB Ha pHC. 57.)
TpeTHll H, B03MO)l(HO, caMbIll y.n:oBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIll cnoc06 MaTe-
MaTHlJeCKH nOKa3aTb eCTeCTBeHHbIe IJaCTH CJle.D:yIOlJJ.Hll. EcnH BHYTPH ue-
noro MO}l(HO BbI.n:eJIHTb perHOHbI a, b,... TaKHM 06pa30M, qTO He3aBHCH-
MOCTb J1106bIX .n:BYX no.n:pemoHoB 1,2 BHYTPH Ka)I(JJ:oro 113 3THX pemOHOB
(la, 2°), MeHbIlIe, IJeM BeJJHlJHHa ie, a He3aBHCHMOCTb JJI06bIX no,n:perHO-
HOB, qnrna.1I.JIe}l(aIl.{HX pa3JIlIIJHbIM pemOHaM (]O, ]b,...), 60JIbIlIe, IJeM k
(indep 1]0, 2 0 I < k, a indep 1]0, ]b I > k), TO pernOHbI a, b,... jffiJIHIOTCH «ec-
TeCTBeHHbIMH qaCTHMH» HJIH <OJ1leHKaMH» (c) l\eJIoro (W) (17). CTeneHb
.D:H<p<pepeHIUIaUlfH L(eJIoro (difk I Wi) - 3TO MaKCHMaJIbHOe IJHCJlO H1JeeK
(x, y,...), Ha KOTopoe W MroKeT 6Lltb pa3.n:eJIeHO TaK, IJTO indep (x, y) k.
335
Pue, 56, CmeneHb He3a6UCUMoemu peZUQH06 61jenOJ\I, He UMe/QuleM ecmeem6eHHbIX
noo'laemeu. TpaifiuK omHoeumefl K 1jenOJ\Iy, U306pa:J/CeHHOJ\IY Ha pue, 54,
OH nOKG3bl6aem emeneHb He3G6UeUMOCmu (indep II. x /J pezuOlfa I
(6oonb nUHuu) om pezuoHo6 2, 3. 4. .n
I 3.aecb MbI npe,/\CTaBJ1i1eM L\eJ1ble pemoHaMlf, HJ\lelOll1HM\! HC MeHee .lJ.BYX KJMepemlil, lie
C'JJrn\I! )TO npl1HL\llllilaJ1LHbIM BonpocoM. npe,/\CTaBJ1JITh L\enoe pernoHOM, liMelOll1HM HOJlb H3Me-
peHllii (TO'JIIDH), 06bI'lHO H 06Ho, nOTOM}' 'ITO 'Jacro -rpe6)'C'TCI! Bb/,l\emITb 'Jacm BH}'fpH L\enoro.
ECJlli MLI XIJI11M Bb/,l\emrTh no)J,'lacm BH}'fpH T./acm, T./acm L\eJ1oro TaIOKe OJDl(HbI HJ\1en. 601lL1Ile,
T./eM HOIlL H3MepeHllii, ipaHlill,3 pernoHa, liMelOlI\ero O.n;HO KJMepeHlfe, 06blT./HO 3KBHBaJIeHTIla PIl.DY
.n;HCKpeTIlLIX TO'Iel<. ::no Heau,eKBaIHOe npe,/\CTaBJ1eHHe ,ll,!lJI 601lL1IIHlfC'IBa nCIlXOJIOlWlecKHX rpa-
Hlfll KpoMe TOro, pernoHLI, liMelOlI\He O.n;HO H3MepeHlfe, He O'leHL y,/\oBJ1ernopmeIlLHbl ,ll,!lJI npe.ll.-
CTIIBJIeIDIJI CHJI, COOIBeTCmyJOIUHX HanpJlJlreIDllO.
334
MaTeMaTHlJeCKUH aCneKT 3THX C006pa)l(eHlfH, B03MOIKHO, HY)I(.n:aeT-
CH B TeXHHlJeCKOM YCOBeprneHCTBOBaHiIH. TeM He MeHee OHH 1IOCTaTOIJHbI
MH TOro, IJT06bI OXapah"TepH30BaTb OTHOIlIeHHH, KOTOpbIe MbI HMeeM B
BHJ{Y, H c.n:eJIaTb B03MO}l(HbIMlf onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIe norHlfeCKlIe BbIBO.D:bI.
i f , . ., . :;: .;.. . . . ,
12 23 3.4 45 56 67 78 899.1010.1111.1212.13111414.15151616.1717.1818.1919202021
"'G
.5 I1apbICOCe.lJ;HHXpemoHoB(X,X+ J)BJl,OJIb JIHHHIII
Pue. 58. CmeneHb He3a61/eUMOeml/ eoeeiJHI/X peZI/OH06 6Hympu /je.QOZO,
He UMelOtqezo eemeem6eHHblx noiJllaemeu, TpaifJl/K OmHOel/meR K /jenOAfY. u30f5pa.J/CeHHO-
MY Ha pI/C. 54, OH nOKa3bl6aem emeneHb He3a6UCllMOemU (indep I X,x+ 11 ) peZUOHa x
6iJonb J/I/HI/U om f5nl/.J/CaUl/leZO peZUOHa (x + 1).
+
H
H
'-=-
]
.-
12 2.3 3,4 4.5 5.6 67 7B 89 9.1010,1111.1212.13 I3.14 14.1515.1616.1717.1818.1919,202021
napbI COCe.lJ;IDLX perHOHOB (x,x+ 1) BJl,OJIb JIHHHH /
Pue, 59. CmeneHb He3a6ueUMocmu eoeeollux peZUOH06 6 /jenQM, eooepJICatqeM eemeem-
6ellHble noollaemu. TpaifiuK oml/OeUmeR K /jenOMY, U306pa.J/CeI/I/0AIY
I/a pue 55, 01/ nOKa3bl6aem emenel/b l/e3aBUeUf;fOeml/ (mdep I X,x+ II) peZUOHa x
600nb nUI/Uu om f5nuJlCauluezo pezuol/a (x + I), ilUKI/ Ha KPU60U eoom6emetn6YlOm
Zpalll//jllJ\I Me.J/Coy eemeem6eHHbHIU RlleUKaAlU (e', e',on) ,:e,70Z0,
OlnHOCUlnenbHOClnb ourjJrjJepeHlIUaljuU U J\taKpOCKOnU'leCKUe U MllK-
pOCKOnll'leCKlie rJ;yHKljUOHOJ/bHble yp06HU. CreneHb He3aBlfCHMOCTH HIJeH-
KH C OT Coce.n:Hell HIJeHKlf n BHYTPU uenoro, HnH, KaK MbI roBOpI1M, npOlf-
HOCTb ee <PYHKIUIOHaJIbHOll rpaHIIUbI (bo I c, n I = indep I c, n I), MO}l(eT
IlIHpOKO BapbHpOBaTbCH OT l\eJ1oro K l\eJ1oMY H BHYTpU o.n:HOrO II TOro }l(e
UeJIoro. MO)l(HO BbI.n:enUTb TPH cnylIaH B OTHOIlIeHHII pa3nHIJHbIX rpaHHU
336
BHYTpH uenoro: (a) Bce rpaHHl\bl o.n:UHaKOBO npOlJHLle; (b) MO}l(HO fiblLle-
J1HTb HeCKOJ1bKO onpe.n:eneHHblx cTeneHeH npolfHocTU; 11 (c) Bce o6Hapy-
>KHBaIOT orpoMHoe MHoro06pa3He npolfHocTH. I1cnoJIbJYH TOT }l(e CaMbl"
npHHuHn npe.n:CTaBneHHfl, IJTO H Ha pHC. 59, MbI MO)l(eM npOlmnlOcTpnpo-
BaTb TpH cnyqaHpllCYHKaMH 60, 61, 62.
3TH cnyqaH nOMoraIOT npo.n:eMOHCTpHpOBaTb OTHOCHTenbHOCTb no-
IDITHH .n:H<p<pepeHUHaUHIf. }:VIH HlleHKH THnHIJHO TO, lITO ee no.n:pernOHbI
He3aBHCHMbI B CTeneHH, MeHbIlIeH, IJeM OTHOCHTenbHO He60nbIlIafl BenH-
llUHa k. OTHOCHTeJ1bHO MaKpOCKOnHIJeCKoro B3IJIH1Ia onpe.n:eneHHble 3Ha-
lleHilH k MOryT 6bITb «MaJIeHbKHMH», HO OTHOCUTenbHO MltKpOCKOmfllec-
KOro no.n:P06HOro aHaJIH3a 3TlI3Ha l leHHH MOryT He 6bITb MaJIeHbKHMU. lWY-
rHMH cnOBaMH, npHHaMe)l(aT .n:Ba perHOHa 01IHOH HlleHKe HJIl1 HeT, 3aBH-
CRT OT BenHIJHHbl k. }:VIH MaKpOCKOTIHlJeCKoro B3IJIHJ{a 3HalfeHHe k, KOTO-
poe 60JIbIlIe, lleM In Ha pHC. 61, MO)l(eT TeM He MeHee 6bITb ManeHbKIIM.
,ArrH s>k>1n 6bIDlI6bI pa3JIHlJHMbI TOJIbKO TpH HlJellKH. Toma KaK 1IJ1H MHK-
pOCKOnHIJeCKoro B3rJIH.D:a (k<w) 6bIJIH 6bI pa3J1H1JHMbI IlIeCTHa.n:l\aTb fllleeK.
113 3TOro CJIeJJ:yeT, IJTO CTeneHb .n:H$<pepeHl\Hal\i1H - 3TO y6b1BaIO-
ll.{aH <PYHKUHH k.
(10) difh (JfJ = F(llk),
r.n:e F 03HalfaeT B03paCTaIOIl.{yIO <PYHKl\IIIO.
O.n:HaKO pHC. 61 nOKa3bIBaeT npllMep, KOma CTeneHb .n:H<p<pepeHUI1-
aIUIi1 He 06fl3aTeJIbHO HenpepblBHO YMeHbIlIaeTCH C YBenHIJeHUeM k. Cre-
neHb .n:Ii<p<pepeHl\I1al\HH l\enoro OCTaeTCfl o.n:HHaKOBOH MH Bcex 3HaIJeHlIH
k HH)I(e w. OHa BHe3anHO YMeHbIlIaeTCH, Kor.n:a k H3MeIDIeTCH OT 3HaIJeHHH
HH)I(e w .n:o 3HaIJeHHH BblIlIe w. CTeneHb 1Ii1<p<pepeHl\HaUHH CHOBa OCTaeT-
CR nOCTOHHHOll MH 3HalleHlIH k Bblrne w, HO HH)I(e In, HO OHa CHOBa na.n:aeT
npH H3MeHeHHH k 1I0 3HaIJeHlIH lIYTb BbIllie In H, HaKOHeu, OCTaeTCH 0.n:I1-
HaKoBoH 1IJJH 3HaIJeHilH k> In, HO k < s. lWyrHMH cnOBaMU, H3MeHeHI1e k
OKa3b1BaeT BJJHHHUe Ha CTeneHb .n:H<p<pepeHUHaIUIH (diP I Wi), TOJIbKO eCJ1H
k nepexo1IUT 3Ha1JeHHe, xapaKTepHoe MH npOIJHOCTH rpaHIIl\bI HIJeeK.
,l];aHHbIe nOrpaHHlJHbIe 3HaIJeHHH, bo(c, n) = indep(c, nY, onpe1IenHIOT TO,
IJro MO)l(HO 6bIDO 6bI Ha3BaTb «eCTeCTBeHHbIM MHKpocKOnHIJeCKHM» Ii «ec-
TeCTBeHHbIM MaKpOCKOnHIJeCKHM» B3lJIH,lI,OM Ha ueJIoe.
npHMep, npe1ICTaBneHHbIH Ha pHC. 60, nOKa3blBaeT .n:emlTb HlleeK
MH k < bo(c, n). 01IHaKO .n:nH k > bo(c, n) ueJ10e .n:OJI)I(HO 6bITb Ha3BaHO
He.n:H<p<pepeHUI1pOBaHHbIM (CM. Hi1}1(e).
O.n:HO H3 3HaIJeHHH onpe.n:eneHHfl .n:1I<p<pepeHl\HaUHH nOKa3aHO Ha
pHC. 63. ITpe.n:nOJIaraeTCH, lITO npOIJHOCTb rpaHHl{bI (bo I c, 11 I ) o.n:HHaKO-
Ba MH Bcex HlfeeK. B 3TOM cnyqae dijh(W) = 22 .D:JJfl k < bo(c, n). ECJIII k
337
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YBeJIHIJHBaeTCH TaK, qTO k> bore, n), ueJIoe CTaHOBHTCH He,lJ,H4J4JepeHUH-
pOBaHHbIM no onpeJJ,eJIeHHIO, nOTOMY IJTO He CYll.{eCTByeT perHOHOB B W,
KOTopbIe Y.l\OBJIeTBOpHIOT YCJIOBHHM }:(JIH HIJeHKH.
MO}l(HO, O.l\HaKO, HaHTH B W ceMb pemOHOB, IJbH He3aBHCHMOCTb
> k, eCJIH bo(e, n) < k < 2bo(c. nY, ecnH rOBOpHTb 0 pemOHax, KOTopbIe He
HBJJHIOTCH coce.n:HlIMH. ITpH HeCKOJIbKO MeHee CTpOroM onpe,lJ,eJIeHHH HIJeH-
KH MO}l(HO CKa3aTb, IJTO difk(W) = 7. 3HaqeHHH TaKoro onpe,lJ,eJIeHHH He
6bIJIH HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHbI, HO B03MO)l(HO, IJTO 3TO onpe.l\eJIeHHe B KOHue KOHUOB
OKa}l(eTCH JJY'IIlIHM. B HaCTOHll.{ee BpeMfl 3KcnepHMemaJJbHbie 3HaqeHlfil
1IByx onpe,lJ,eJIeHHll O,lJ,HHaKOBbI.
Ha pHC. 62 CTeneHb ,lJ,H4J4JepeHl\HaUHH YMeHbIlIaeTCH BCHKHll pa3,
KOr,lJ,a k npeBOcxO,lJ,HT cJIe.D:yIOll.{ee 60JIee BbICOKoe 3HaqeHHe bore, n); T. e.
YMeHbIlIeHHe cpaBHlITeJIbHO nOCTOHHHO C YBeJIiI'IeHHeM k.
C nCHX0J10rH1JeCKOll TOIJKH 3peHHH IJeJIOBeK - 3TO ueJIoe, KOTopoe,
BepoHTHo, HMeeT xapaKTep, nOKa3aHHbIH Ha pHC. 61 HJIH 62.
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PUC. 63.Cmel1eHb ourjJrjJepeH/fUGlfUU WK rjJYHK/fUR k. C/Juzypa CJle6a I1peOCma6JIRem /feJloe
W. co()epJ/CaUfee 22 R'IeiiKU (difk' wi = 22), eCJlu 3Ha'ieHUe k HU:JICe, 'IeM mo, Komopoe
coom6emcm6)!em npO'lHOCmU zpaHU/fbl (bo I c, 111) MeJ/COy 3mUMU R'IeiiKGMU. ECJlU k >
bo(c, 11) U 6 mo J/Ce 6peMR k < 2bo(c, 11), MOJ/CHO 6bloe.QUmb 7 R'IeeK, I, 3, 10, 12, 14, 17.
21. ECRu kOaJ/bUle603pacmaem mm..'UM 06pG3OM. 'Imo 2bo(c, n) < k < 3bo(c, 11) (rjJuzypa
cnpa6a), 'IUCJlO omiJeJlbHblXR'IeeKYMeHbUlaemcR 003 (2,17. 20); m. e. difk(W) = 3,
B nep60M cf1)l'Iae OuGMemp dia(W)= 5, 'Imo 3K6u6aJ/eHmHO MaKCUMaJ/bHOMY paccmoRHu/Q
Me.JICOy J1/06bLlo/u 06)!MR R'leiiKClMU, HanpuMep, e I ,,; 60 6mopOM C!IJl'lae dia(W)=2. 'Imo
3K6U6aJ/emnHO e '1.1,; 6 mpembeM cf1)l'lae dia(W} =1, "mo 3K6U6aJ/emrmo e "'2.!O (CM. cmp, 347).
3TH C006pa)l(eHHH MOryT HrpaTb Ba)l(HY!O pOJ1b}:(JIH pa3peIlIeHHH CTa-
poro cnopa. MHOme nCHXOJIOrH H 4JIUIOC04JbI CIJHTaJJH BOnpOC 0 TOM,
CKOJ1bKO IJaCTeH MO)l(HO BbI,lJ,eJIHTb BHYTPH ueJIoro, COBepIlIeHHO npOH3-
341
BOJlbHbIM. ,lJ;pyrlle nCllX0J10rH npH.n:ep}l(llBalOTCH rrpOTHBOnOlIO}l(HOrO
B3mH.n:a. Halli aHaJJH3 nOKa3blBaeT, 'ITO 06a B3rmma rrpaBHJ1bHbI .n:O onpe-
.n:eJIeHHOH CTerreHH. qHCJIO IJaCTeH B ueJIOM MO}l(HO onpe.n:eJIJITb TOJIbKO
no oTHomemno K onpe.n:eJIeHHOii BeJIH1JllHe k, 113Ta BeJIH1JllHa MO)l(eT 6b1Tb
orrpe.n:eJIeHa npOll3BOJIbHO. o'II,l:IaKO npH HaJJH1JHH 3TOii BeJ1H1JIIHbI IJHCJ10
»'IeeK 3aBllCHT OT npOIJHOCTll rpaHllII;bI eCTeCTBeHHbIX IJacTeii ueJIoro. qTO
erne 60J1ee Ba}l(HO, CTeneHb .n:H4>4>epeHJJ.lIaJJ.llll ueJIoro MeHHeTCH TOJ1bKO
BMeCTe C onpe.n:eJIeHHbIMH 3HaIJeHHHMH k. 3TH 3HaIJeHIDlueJIHKOM 3aBHCHT
OT npOIJHOcnI rpaHllU WleeK, KOTopbIe He onpe.n:emnoTcH rrpOH3B0J1bHO.
2. TIpoCToe e,lJ,llHCTBO H CTeneHL ,lJ,HclJclJepeHUHaUHH ueJIoro
OnpeOeJleHUe cmeneHU npocm02o eouHcmea 'lIeJ102O U nOHJlmUe ec-
mecmeeHHblX 1jeJIbIX. MO)l(HO onpe,n,eJIHTb CTeneHb npocToro e}:(HHCTBa ue-
J1oro (si uni I wI), T. e. e}:(HHCTBa, OCHoBaHHoro Ha rrpocTOii 3aBHCllMOCTH,
oxapaKTep1l30BaHHOii BbIIlIe, cJ1e.D:yIOllI.HM 06pa30M. MbI CpaBHHBaeM CTe-
neHb 3aBHCHMOCTIf ,WUI J1I060ii napbI perlloHoB x If Y B W H orrpe.n:eJIHeM:
(11) si uni (fJ? = deJl";Yx, y),
x H Y -J1I06bIe 1IBa pernoHa W.l'h (14) cne.nyeT, 'ITO (II) 3KBHBaJJeHTHO
( 11 a ) siuni(W) -. 1f' ) '
mde (x,y
.n;rrH .n:aHHoro ueJ1oro 3Ha'IeHHe indep..ayx, Y) MO>I<eT 6bITb 0603Ha'ieHO
Ch. 113 (11) cJ1e.nyeT, IJTO eCJIH J1I06a» IJaCTb ueJIoro MeHHeTCH Ha BenH1JU-
ny, 60J1bIlIyIO, 1JeM Ch, TO 3TO BJIIDIeT Ha Ka}l(.D:yIO IJaCTb ueJIoro.
(lIb) EcnH ch(x) > Ch, TO ch(y) > E;XUY -3TOJ1lO6bIe,n,Bejl1JeHKHB W.
W'
perHOHOB a, b H d; interdep(a,b)=IOO; interdep(a,d)=IOO;
interdep(b,d)=100. O.D:HaKO B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTb B H a (I1JIH JII060ii IJaCTU
A) MO)l(eT 6bITb HH3KOii; HanpHMep, interdep (B, a)=2. B :nOM cnyq:ae CTe-
neBb e,lJ,IIHCTBa W'TaIOKe HH3Ka: si uni (Wj = deJl";Yx, y)=2. BTOpoe ue-
J10e MO)l(eT 6bITb orrpe.n:eJ1eHO KaK cOBoKYnHocTb perHoHOB A, B, C H D,
pHC. 65. B3aHM03aBHCUMOCTb 3THX perHOHOB .n:pyr C .n:pyroM TaK)I(e MO-
)l(eT 6bITb paBHa 2. B 3TOM cnyqae si uni (W'j =2. ):WyrHMH CJ10BaMU,
CTerreHH npOCTOro eJUfHCTBa W' U W" paBHbI. KOHeIJHO, eCJ1H HCKJIIOIJHTb
perHOH B B W' (PHC. 64), rrpocTOe e.n:HHCTBO OCTaJJbHOH IJaCTH (A) 6bIJIO
6bI ropa3.n:o BbIme (si uni I A I = 100), TOma KaK UCKJII01JeHHe pernOHa B B
W" (PHC. 65) OCTaBlUJO 6bI CTerreHb e,lJ,HHCTBa OCTaJJbHbIX (A, C. D) 6e3
113MeHeHIDI (si uni I A, C. D I = 2).
W"
o (9
o 0)
PUC. 65. CmeneHb eOUHCI1I6Q ecmecm6eHHbIX ljenblX. l!enoe W"
6KRIO'Iaem peZUOHbl a. b. d c.
B
o
IJ;enble W' U W" - rrpHMepbI npOll3BOJ1bHO orrpe,lJ,eJ1eHHbIX UeJIbIx.
EbIJIO 6bI 60JIee a,lJ,eKBaTHO roBOpHTb B cnyq:ae W' 0 ,lJ,BYX ueJIbIX (A u B), a
B cnyqae W" - 0 'IeThIpeX ueJIbIX. MO}I(Ho orrpe,lJ,eJIHTb «eCTeCTBeHHbIe
UeJIbIe» CJIe.D:yIOllI.HM 06pa30M.
(18) W Ha3bIBaeTC» eCTeCTBeHHbIM ueJIblM, ecnH dep (x, y) > dep (x,
z), me xu Y OTHOCHTCH K J1I06bIM 1IByM perno HaM BHYTPH W (x C W;
yeW), a z - K J1I060M)' pernoHY BHe W (z . W = 0).
):WYrHMU CJIOBaMU, CTeneHb 3aBHCUMocm Me}l(JJ:y J1I06bIMH IJaCTlI-
MH BHYTPU eCTeCTBeHHoro ueJ1oro 60J1bme, IJeM Me}l(JJ:y J1I060ii IJaCTbIO U
pernoHoM 3a rrpe,lJ,eJIaMU uenoro.
113 3TOro CJIe.nyeT, IJTO rpaHllUa eCTeCTBeHHoro ueJIoro W H BHeIlI-
Hero Mupa ( outside) Ou CHJ1bHee, IJeM rpaHHUa BOKpyr mo60ii rrpOH3B0J1b-
HOll rr01I'Iacm p ueJIoro W:
(l8a) bo (J¥, Ou) > bo (p, nY,
r,lJ,e bo (p, n) OT,lJ,eJIHeT p OT OCTaJJbHOii 'Iacm W. B03Bpall.{alICb K ueJIbIM,
COCTOHllI.HM U3 eCTeCTBeHHbIX WleeK, MbI MO>I<eM YTBep}l():{aTb KaK CJIe,lJ,-
CTBHe 4>OpM)'JlbI (10):
PUc. 64, CmeneHb eOUHCI1I6Q ecmecm6eHl'lblX ljenbIX. l!enoe W' 6KRIO'Iaem pezuoHbl A u B.
A 6KJI1O'Iaem a, b, d.
Onpe.n:eJ1eHHe e,lJ,HHCTBa ueJIoro HMeeT CJIe.D:yIOIUee 3HaIJeHHe. IJ;e-
noe W' MO)l(eT 6b!Tb npOll3BOJIbHO onpe,lJ,eJ1eHO KaK cOBoKYnHOCTb perno-
HOB A H B Ha puc. 64. A MO>I<eT COCTOHTb 113 BbICOKO B3aUM03aBUCHMbIX
342
343
(19 a)
bo (W, Ou) > bo (e, n),
2345678
(19) }:(JJH eCTeCTBeHHbIX u.eJ1b1X BeJ1l11JHHa k MO)l(eT 6bITb onpe.n:ene-
Ha TaK, IJTO no OTHOIlIeHHIO K 3TOMY k u.eJIoe W HBJIHeTCH He.n:Hll>4>epeHUIl-
pOBaHHbIM. APyrHMH CJIOBaMH, MO}l(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb eCTeCTBeHHOe ue-
JIoe KaK o.n:HY HQeHKY (19) 3KBHBaneHTHO yTBep)l(.n: eHHIO :
me bo (e, n) OT.n:eJ1fleT J1I06ym HQeMKY e OT OCTanbHoro W.
YTBep)l(.n:eHHe (19) CJ1eJJ:yeT H3 (18), HO Tpe6yeT MeHbIlIe, IJeM (18).
HanpHMep, ueJIoe, nOKa3aHHoe Ha pIlC. 66, HMeeT BHeIlIHHe rpaHHUbI,
60J1ee CHnbHbIe, IJeM nlO6bIe BHYTpeHHHe rpaHlIubI (indep If¥, Ou I>
indep Ie, n I). CJ1e.n:oBaTeJ1bHO, MO)l(HO J1erKO onpe.lI.enHTb k TaK, IJTO
BbmOJIHHeTCH (19 a). TeM He MeHee CYMMa npOIJHOCTell pa3JIHQHbIX
BHYTpeHHHX rpaHHU MO}l(eT c.n:eJ1aTb HIJeMKlI 1 H 9 MeHee 3aBHCHMbIMH
.n:Pyr OT ,lJ, F yra, IJeM 3aBHClIT HIJeiiKa 9 OT BHelliHero npoCTpaHcTBa
(dep 11,9 < dep 19, Ou I). B 3TOM cJ1YIJae ueJIoe HeJ1b3H 6bIJ10 6b! Ha-
3BaTb eCTeCTBeHHbIM ueJ1bIM CO maCHO (18). {O.n:HaKo B KaIJeCTBe onpe-
.lI.eJ1eHHH eCTeCTBeHHoro ueJIoro MO}l(HO lICnOJIb30BaTb MeHee Tpe60-
BaTenbHoe YTBep)l(.n:eHHe (19 a). MbI He 6Y,lJ,eM 06CY)l(.n:aTb 3.n:eCb n0J10-
}l(HTeJ1bHble H OTpHuaTeJ1bHble CTOpOHbI TaKOll B03MO)l(HOCTH.}
YTBep)l(.n:eHHH (18) H (19) nOKa3bIBa1OT, IJTO ueJ1b1e, nOKa3aHHbIe
Ha pIlC. 60, 61 H 62, He HBlliIlOTCH eCTeCTBeHHbIMH ueJIbIMH. MO}l(I10 CKa-
3aTb, IJTO npHMep, npe.n:CTaBneHHbIll Ha pHC. 60, COCTOHT H3 .lI.eBHTH ec-
TeCTBeHHbIX ueJ1bIX. ITpHMep Ha pllC. 62 - 3TO He O.n:HO eCTeCTBeHHoe
ueJ10e, HO ero MO)l(HO C1JHTaTb TpeMH eCTeCTBeHHbIMlIuenbIMlI.
B HTore MbI MO)l(eM CKa3aTb: BblCOKaH CTeneHb He3aBHCHMOCTH OT
BHelliHero MHpa TaK}I(e He06xo.n:HMa}:(JJH eCTeCTBeHHoro ueJ1oro, KaK BbI-
COKaH 3aBHCHMOCTb pa3JIlIIJHbIX IJaCTeH ueJ1oro.
C6R3b Me:JICOY emeneHblO eouHemea u ourjJrjJepeHlfllGljUeU lfeJ/020.
ECJ1H He YTBep)l(1IaeTCH .n:pyroe, nOCJIeJJ:YlOll.{ee 06c .n:eHHe orpaHlIIJHBa-
eTCH eCTeCTBeHHbIMH ueJIblMH, r.n:e:
1. CTeneHb He3aBHCHMOCTH Ka}l(.n:oll WleHKH OT ee coce.n:a (n) O.n:H-
HaKOBa.lI.llil Bcex WleeK (x) BHyTPH ueJIoro (indep I x, n I = canst).
2. He3aBHcHMoCTb no.nperHoHoB BHyTpH O}:(HOH H TOll )l(e HIJellKH
npaKTH1JeCKH HYJ1eBM.
3. jJIJeHKH HMelOT o.n:HHaKOBbIe .n:HHaMlIIJeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH; (B
IJaCTHOCTH, eh (n), cJ1eJJ:YlOll(a»: H3 eh (x), paBHa.lI.llil Bcex coce.n:eH).
4. 3aBHCHMOCTb OCHOBaHa Ha npouecce pacnpocTpaHeHIDl (npocTafl
3aBHCHMOCTb). lIpH 3TOM YCJIOBHH CTeneHb e,ll,HHCTBa ueJIoro 3aBHCHT rnaB-
:::;
+
H
H"
2-
"'\3
,
BHelllHee
npOCTp311CTBO
2 3 4
5 6 7
8
9
lIeUJHee
npOCT-
paHCTBO
bo(c,n)=W
l.{enoe C ClillbHbIMlI BHemHHHlI rpaHHl\al\Il1
9 H<iceK: K <W
Puc, 66, Cmeneub ue3a6UCWi/Ocmu JI'IeeK ecmecmeellllozo ljeJ/ozo opyz om opYZG u om
611eumezo M/lpa,
HbIM 06pa30M OT ,lJ,BYX 4>aKTOpOB. lIpH npOIJHX paBHblX CTeneHb e.n:lIHCTBa
TeM MeHbIlIe, '{eM 60JIbIlIe He3aBHCHMOCTb COCe}:(HHX HIJeeK. lIOCKOJIbKY
eCJIH indep (c, n) 60nbIlIe, TO indepma"{.'I:,y) 60JIbIlIe.
BTOpOH 4>aKTOp CBfl3aH C KOJIWIeCTBOM H OTHOClITeJ1bHbIM nono)l(e-
HHeM HqeeK. PHC. 13, HJIJIIOCTpHPYeT TOT 4>aKT, IJTO ,lJ,Ba uenbIX W' H W"
MOryT HMeTb O.lI.HHaKOByIO CTeneHb e.n:HHCTBa {uni(W') = llni(W'') = indep
(c, n+ I), me n+ I OTHOCHTCH K H1JeHKe, KOTopafl OT.n:eJ1eHa .lI.BYMfl rpaHH-
uaMH (.n:BYMH IlIaraMH) OT e}, HecMoTpH Ha 60J1bIlIOe pa3JIlIIJHe B IJHCJIe
fl'{eeK {difk(W') = 2 difk(W''), }:(JJH k < bo (e, n)}.
IJ;eJ1oe W'" (pHC. 67) HMeeT TaKoe }l(e KOJIHIJeCTBO HQeeK, IJTO H W'
(pHC. 13) (difk I w'l = difk 1 W"',). TeM He MeHee CTeneHb e.n:HHCTBa W'"
HeCOMHeHHO MeHbIlIe, qeM CTeneHb e.n:lIHCTBa W' {uni(W"') < uni(W') =
= dep (c, n+l)}. 3TO MO}l(HO 6y.n:eT JIerKO nOIDITb, eCJ1H MbI BepHeMcH K
onpeL(eJIeHHIO He3aBHCHMOCTH HlJeeK H e,ll,HHCTBa ueJIoro. CTeneHb He3a-
BI'ICHMOCTII c OT coce.ua n (indep I e, n I) onpe.n:enHJIaCb KaK MaKCHManb-
'toe H3MeHeHHe n (eJt"ax I n I), KOTopoe H3MeHHJIO 6b! c MeHee, IJeM Ha Ma-
344
345
J1yIO BeJIH1JHHY c. B cJJY'Iae eCTeCTBeHHbIX HIJeeK MbI Ha3BanH 31)' BeJIH1JH-
Ii)' H3MeHeHHH bo (C, n). ECnH 6bI COCTOHHHe HIJeHKH I Ha pHC. 67 H3MeHH-
J10Cb B TaKoll CTeneHH, 3TO He nOBJIHHJJO 6bI Ha COCTOHHHe HIJeHKH 3. 1160
,lI)IH TOro, IJT06bI nOBJIlIHTb Ha COCTOHHHe 3, COCTOHHHe HIJeHKH 2 ,lJ,OJ1)1(HO
6bIJIO 6bI H3MeHHTbCH no KpaHHell Mepe Ha BeJIHIJHHY chmayn) =
= indep (3, 2) = bo (c, n). Ey.n:eT J1H ,lJ,OCTaTOIJHO H3MeHeHHH HIJellKH I Ha
BeJIH1JHHY 2bo(c, nY, IJT06bI OKa3aTb BJIHHHHe Ha HIJeHKY 3, HeJIb3H YTBep-
>K.n:aTb. O,lJ,HaKO MbI MO}l(eM CKa3aTb, qTO H3MeHeHHe WleHKH I .n:OJ1)1(HO
6bITb .n:OCTaTOIJHO 60J1bIlIOe, qT06bI BbI3BaTb B WleHKe 2 H3MeHeHHe, PaB-
Hoe MH 60nbIlIee, qeM indep (3, 2), npe}l(,lJ,e IJeM 6YJJ:eT OKa3aHO B03,lJ,eH-
CTBHe Ha H1JellKY 3, H 3TO H3MeHeHHe WleHKII I 6Y,lJ,eT indep (3, I) > bo (c, n).
Ell.{e 60JIbIlIee H3MeHeHHe I Tpe6yeTcH,lI)IH TOro, IJT06bI nOBJIHHTb Ha HIJeH-
KlI 4, 5 'lIJlH 6. APyrHMH CJIOBaMH, 3aBHCHMOCTb HIJeHKII y ueJIoro W'" OT
HIJeHKH I (dep II, y I) TeM MeHbIlIe, IJeM 60J1bIlIe H1JeeK HaXO,lJ,HTCH
Me)l(,lJ,y I H y. TaK KaK CTeneHb e,lJ,HHCTBa ueJ10ro - 3TO CTeneHb 3aBHCH-
MOCTH HaHMeHee 3aBHCHMbIX HqeeK, H3 3TOro CJIe,lJ,yeT, qTO uni (W"J =
= dep (1,6) < dep (I, 3) = uni(WJ.
MbI 6Y,lJ,eM Ha3bIBaTb e:; «.lIHaMeTpoM» W (dia I Wi).
(20) dia (W)= e:;, r,lJ,e x C WHY C W
113 (II a) cJ1e.n:yeT, qTO si uni (fJ1 = F(1/dia I Wi) }:(JIH .l\aHHoro 3Ha-
IJeHHH indep (c, n).
EcnH MbI rrpHMeM BO BHHMaHHe KaK KOJIllIJeCTBO H n0J10}l(eHHe Wle-
eK B ueJ10M, TaK H npOqHOCTb rpaHHU WleeK, MbI MO)l(eM CKa3aTb, IJTO CTe-
neHb e.n:HHCTBa ueJIoro B03paCTaeT BMeCTe C 3aBHCHMOCTbIO COCe.D:HHX
HIJeeK H )'MeHbIlIaeTcH C ero .l\HaMeTpoM.
(12)
si uni (W) = F [ I ] = F ( dep (c,n» )
bo ( c n ) emax dia (W)
, 7 X,y
3Ta cpopMYJ1a nOKa3bIBaeT, IJTO e.n:HHcTBO ueJ1oro He 3aBHCHT rrpHMO
OT ero CTeneHH ,lJ,HcpcpepeHJJ.lIaUHH, a 3aBHCHT OT ero «CTpYK1)'pbl» (KOJIH-
qeCTBO H nOJIO}l(eHHe H1JeeK).
W'"
2
3
4
5
Puc, 67. J(uprJ;epeHIjUaIjUR. cmpYKmypa u eOUHcm60 Ijenozo. l(enoe W'" wweem maKJllO
;)ICe cmeneHb ouppepeHljualjuu. '1mo u Ijenoe W'. npeocma6neHHoe
Ha puc. /3 (zna6a 5); diJk(W"J = difk(WJ = 6. OOHaKo W' wweem 60nee 6blCOK)'1O
Puc. 68. [JozpaHUllHble CURbl u pe3)'nbmupylOUjue nOZpaHU'lHble CURbl.
n, C - coceoHue R'IeUKU lje,Q020; bJ...c U bf..n - CURbl (boundary forces). oeucm6YIOUjue Ha
zpaHUIfY Me;)ICOy C u n 6 Hanpa6neHuu K C URU n coomeemcm6eHHO.
Ha ne60U CXeMe npomU60nOnOJICHbie nozpaHU'IHble CURbl pa6Hbi no MOUjHocmu,
HO npa60U CXeMe OHU OmnU'lHbl.
max max
cmeneHb eouHcmea. nomOMY 'lmo e x.y = I onR W'. e x.y = 5 onR W"'.
B03MO)l(HO, 3THX C006pa)l(eHHll ,lJ,OCTaTOIJHO, qT06bI npo.n:eMOHCT-
pHpOBaTb, IJTO npH Ha3BaHHbIX BbIllie ycnoBHHx CTeneHb 3aBHCHMOCTH
J1I06bIX .l\BYX WleeK X H Y ueJIoro 3aBHCHT OT MHHHManbHoro KOJ1H1JeCTBa
rpaHHI(, nepeceKaeMbIX nyTeM OT O.D:HOH H3 3THX HIJeeK K .n:pyroH. 3TO
3KBHBaneHTHO TOMY, qTO B «ro.n:0J10rH1JeCKOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe» Ha3bIBaeTCH
«paccTOHHHeM» (ex) Me}l(JJ:y X H y. (HanpHMep, B JIeBOH cxeMe Ha pHC. 63
pacCToHHHe Me}l(JJ:y WleHKaMH I H 3 paBHo 2, (e u = 2); e J . 21 = 5; e 9 . U = 5).
):(pyrHMH CJ10BaMH, indep (x, y) = FI e I, r,lJ,e F 03HaIJaeT MOHOTOHHyIO,
X.Y
B03paCTalOII()'IO CPYHKUHIO.
346
Il02paHu'tHble CWlbl, ou,prpepeHlJUalJWl u eOuHcmeo lJeJl020. CTe-
neHb He3aBHCHMOCTH HIJeeK 6bIJIa orrpe.n:eJIeHa C TOIJKH 3peHHH orrpe.n:e-
J1eHHOH BeJIH1JHHbI H3MeHemIH. ECJIH 3TO H3MeHeHHe HBMeTCH H3MeHeHH-
eM HanpH}I(emIH (H, BepOHTHO, TaK)l(e, eCJ1H MbI .n:omKHbI HMeTb .n:eJ10 C
J1I06bIM .n:PYTHM BMOM H3MeHeHHH), CTeneHb He3aBHCHMOCTH MO}l(HO CO-
OTHeCTH C MOII(HOCTblO CHJ1 Ha rpaHHue O,lJ,HOH HIJeHKH, KOTopble He 6YJJ:yT
OKa3bIBaTb BJIHHHHe Ha COCTOIDlHe 1IPyroH WleHKH. TOIJHee, npe,lJ,ll0J10)l(HM,
IJTO CYll.{eCTBYeT COCTOHHHe paBHOBeCHH, T. e. ClUJbI Ha rpaHlII(e COCe.D:HHX
341
H1JeeK hi H hI. paBHbl H npOTHBOn0J10}l(HbI (pl1c. 68, JIeBaJ! cxeMa). YMeHb-
IlICHiIe C ;JI h,{ c(pHC. 68, npaBafl cxeMa) nOBJ1HHeT HaCOCTOflHHe, KaKTOJIb-
KO pa3HOCTb I h!"c I-I bJ",n I, KOTOpyIO Mbl MO)l(eM Ha3BaTb pe3YJIbTHpyIO-
ll.{ei1 nOrpaHiI'IHOH CiIJIOH bf ,.n:OCTHraeT lI3BeCTHoro 3HaIJeHHH. 3m 3Ha-
IJeHHe hI 6y.n:CT reM 60JIb;;;e, IJeM 60JIbIlIe He3aBHCI1MOCTb 3THX HIJeeK
(indep I ;"C n I ). Onpe.n:eJIeHHe He3aBI1CHMOCTH COCe.l\HHX HIJeeK MO}l(HO,
CJIe,lJ,OBaTCJIbHO, Bblpa3HTb l :
npOllHOCTH H nOJIO}l(eHHH rpaHI-lIJ. eCTeCTBeHHblX 5IIJeeK BHYTPH lleJIOro.
O.n:HaKO Bcer.l\a MO)l(HO onpe.n:enHTb MOIl.{HOCTb pe3ynbTupYIOIl.{CH norpa-
HiI'IHOH CHJIbI, no OTHOIlIeHHIO K KOTOpoi1 eCTeCTBeHHoe u.eJIoe 1I0J1)1(HO
C1JHTaTbCfl He.n:HlpcpepeHUHpOBaHHbIM, H onpe.n:eJIemIyIO npOIJHOCTb, no
OTHOIlIeHHIO K KOTOpOll uenoe He MO}l(eT paCCMaTpHBaTbCfl KaK eCTeCTBen-
Hoe ueJ10e l .
3HaIJeHIDI 3THX co06pa)l(emIH CTaHYT flCHee, KOma MbI 06CY.!UL\I CBfl3b
Me}l(}:(y cnoc06HOCTbIO K H3MeHeHHHM H .n:HcpcpepeHlUiaJJ.Hell.
(13a) indep (c, n) = hi. : ; ,}:(JJfl KOTOpOM ch(c) < E.
MOIl.{HOCTb pe3YJIbTHpyIOll{ei1 norpaHH4HOH: CHnbl, .n:ellCTByIOll.{ell B Ha-
CTOflll{l1H MOMeHT, MO}l(eT 6bITb 0603Ha4eHa bf. OIJeBH,lI.HO, IJTO onpe.n:e-
J1eHHble 3HaIJeHHH bf B cpoPMYJ1e (13 a) 3KBHBaneHTHbi onpe.n:eJIeHHbIM
3HaIJeHlIHM B cpopMYJIe (17). CJ1e.n:oBaTeJ1bHO, H3 (10) cJIe.n:YeT, IJTO:
(lOa) difb f . (W) = F( h ' )-
To eCTb 1J1IeilKu, KOTopble HBnHIOTCfl He3aBHCHMbIMH no OTHOllieHUIO K
CJIa6bIM norpaHHIIHbIM ClUJaM, He oGH3arcnbHO He3aBHCIfMbI no OTHOllIeHUIO K
CHJJbHbIM CHJJaM. Pa3Mep YBeJJH1JemIH, KOTOpbIH He06xo.lI.HM, IJT06bI .n:e.n:l1cp-
cpepeHUHPOBaTb (ff1, 3aBHCHT OT npOIJHOCTH rpaHHl\bI (bo I c, 11 I ) HIJeeK B W.
B CJ1Y4ae uenoro, npe.n:CTaBJJeHHoro Ha pHC. 61, 6y.n,eT cyIl.{ecTBoBaTb
3HaIJeHHe bfn.c' KOTopoe COoTBeTCTByeT Ka)l(j(0MY 3HaIJeHHIO indep (11, c).
IIpe.n:noJIo}l(HM, IJTO indep(n, c) = W COOTBcTcTByeT 3HaIJeHHIO hI = w',
n.c
IJTO indep (n, c) = m COOTBeTCTByeT bf = m' H IJTO indep (n, c) = S
n,c
cooTBeTcTByeT bf = s'. Tor.n:a di.fJ" (W) = 16, eCJIH bf < w'.
c c
ECJIH W' < bf < m " Tor.n:a difbJ" {W) = 8, H, HaKOHeu, ecnH m' < bf < s',
AC M
TOr,lJ,a difbJ*{W) = 3.
3THX npMMepOB MO)l(eT 6bITb .n:OCTaTOIJHO, IJT06bI npOHJIJIIOcTpHpO-
BaTb cJIeJJ:ylOIJJ.YIO MbICJIb. [Jpe,lJ,nOJIO}l(HM, no TOM lUJH HHOM npWIHHe He-
06XOJJ,HMO y.n:ep}l(aTb IJaCTH UeJIoro (HanpHMep, OpraHlI3Ma) He3aBHCMMbI-
MH .n:pyr OT ,lJ,pyra. qHCJIO TaKHX He3aBHCHMbIX IJaCTeM 3aBHCHT OT pa3HH-
lU>1 B HanpH)I(eHHH (MOIl.{HOCTH pe3YJ1bTHPYIOIl.{HX norpaHiI'IHbIX CHJI), no
OTHOIlIeHHIO K KOTOpbIM H'{ellKH .n:on}l(HbI 6bITb He3aBHcHMbl, M OT nOJIO-
}l(eHHH perHOHOB B COCTOHHHH HanpH)I(CHHH. To, KaK YMeHbIlIaeTcH CTe-
neHb .n:HcpcpepeHUHaUHH .n:aHHoro uenoro C YBeJIlfLIeHHeM CIlJI, 3aBHCHT OT
3. CTpaTlHj>HKaUlUI ueJIoro
MbI OrpaHH1JHM HaII1Y .l\HCKYCClIIO eCTeCTBeHHbIMH ueJIbIMH, B KO-
TOpblX Bce rpaHHQbI HMeIOT o.n:HHaKoBYIO npOIJHOcTb. BHYTpH lleJIOrO B03-
MO}l(HO BbI.n:enHTb onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe rpynnbl H'leCK Ha OCHOBe HX cpYHKUHO-
HaJJbHOro Cxo.n:cTBa. 3TH 60J1ee 06IlIHpHbIe no.n:IJaCTH ueJIoro MOMHO Ha-
3BaTb «CJIOHMH». «CTeneHb CTpaTl1cpHKaw,m ueJIoro» (stra I Wi) MO}l(HO
onpe.n:enHTb KaK '{HCJIO ero cnoeB.
L(eHmpOllbHble u nepurjJepu'tecKue pezuOHbI. MbI MO}l(eM BbI.n:emITb
H'leMKH pa3nM'lHbIX «CTeneHeH UeHTpanbHOCTH» (cent I c I) (degree of
centrality), Y'lHTbIBafl MaKCHMaJIbHOe ro.n:OJIOrH1JeCKOe paccToHHHe HIJell-
Kfl c OT JII060ll.n:pyroM H'lellKH Y B u.eJIOM W.
(2Ia ) ECJ1H ell/ax = dia (ff1, TO c HBJIHeTCH nepHcpepWIeCKOll H1Jell-
c,y
KOll. Ee CTeneHb ueHTpaJIbHOCTH paBHa HYJIIO (cent I c 1= 0). MJ1H 60J1ee
IlIHpOKO:
( 21) eCJIH ell/ax = dia (W) - 111, TOr.l\a CTeneHb UeHTpaJIbHOCTH C paB-
c,y
Ha m (cent I cl = 111).
TaKHM 06pa30M MbI MO}l(eM Bbl.n:eJIHTb H'leMKH nepBoH, BTOpOll, Tpe-
Tbell... CTeneHH ueHTpaJIbHocTH. RIJellKH caMoll BblCOKOH CTeneHM I.:,eHT
paJIbHOCTH BHYTpM ueJ1oro MOryT 6b1Tb Ha3BaHbI «caMbIMH UeHTpasijHbI-
MID) H1JellKaMH.
I Mbl He MOJKeM CKa3aTL, '1TO CTeneHb e.n.IIHCTBa (uni I Wi) eCTL I!JYHKL\IIJ1 3TIIX CIITI.
BepHO, '1TO .o.II3MeTp dia (W) 113MeHJIeTCJI B 3aBllCIIMOCTII OT bl IUIII k, O.n.HaKo, KIDKeTCJI,
cn p aBpnnllBO lITO un; (W,' = F ( dep(C,n» ) = const ,lI)IJI.n.3HHom eCTeCTBeHlIom W, KaKOBO
""", . / dia(W)
6b1 HII 6b1no 3Ha l leHlle bl IInll k, no OTHOlIJeHll1O K KOTOPOMY onpe.n.enJleTCJI JI'IeHKa
BHyrpll W.
I B <p113I1KC 3H3'1eHlle,ll)lJl h/,, ':' '1aCTO HC33BliCIIMO OT a5COJIlOTHOrO ypOBlIJI 113-
npJlJKelUlJI, Mbi He MO"MeM npe.D.llOnO>lmTb, '1TO 3TO BCpHO Bcem3, DOJTOMY Mbi mBopliM 06
onpe.n.eneHHoM Ha'l3JILHOM ypoBHe bl",c'
348
349
COBOK)'IIHOCTb (TOnOJIOrH1JeCKaH C)'MMa) HIJeeK, .D:JIH KOTOpbIX CTe-
neHb ueHTpaJIbHOCTH paBHa m, MO}l(HO Ha3BaTb «m-HbIM ueHTpaJIbHbIM
cnoe m (m,h central layer) (m,h cen lay).
(22) m,h cenlay = COBOK)'IIHOCTb H1JeeK, 1IJJH KOTOpbIX cent(c) = m. CJIoii,
co.n:eP)l(aIl.{HH H1JeiiKH cent(c) = 0, Ha3blBaeTCH nepH4>epHIJeCKHM CJIOeM.
CTeneHb «C:rraTH4>HKal{HH ueHTpaJIbHOCTID) (centrality stratification)
ueJIoro (cen stra I Wi) Ha e1IHHHIIY 60JIbIlIe, IJeM caMaH BbICOKaH CTeneHb
UeHTpaJJbHOCTH mo60H H3 ero HIJeeK. 3TO onpe.n:eJIeHHe .n:eJIaeT CTeneHb
CTpaTH4>HKaUHH UeHTpaJIbHOCTH paBHoll IJHCny cTpaT.
(23) cen stra (U1 = (cent max I c I) + I
MO}I(Ho nOJJ:HHTb BOnpOC 06 OTHOIlIemrn Me>K1IY ,nHaMeTpOM n;eJIoro H
caMoii BbICOKOii creneHbIO ueIITpaJJbHOCTII ero H1JeeK. HarrpHMep, Bcer.n:a JIlI
n;eIITpaJJbHbill CJIoii HBJIHeTCH COe}:(HHeHHbIM pernoHoM? 3,lJ,eCb MbI He M())I(eM
npHC'I)'IIHTb K nO,ll,p06HOMY o6cy)I(.D:emno 3nIX BOnpoCOB. TeM He MeHee MO)l(-
HO npHBeTCTBOBaTb HeCKOJIbKO npHMepOB B Ka'leCTBe HJ1JIIOCTpal{Irli:.
PHC. 69, neBaH cxeMa, npe.n:CTaBJIHeT ueJIoe, cO,lJ,ep}l(all.{ee )J;BeHa,n-
n;aTb H1JeeK, KOTopbIe Bce HBJIHIOTCH nepH4>epHIJeCKHMH. CTeneHb cTpaTII-
4>HKal{HH UeHTpaJIbHOCTH - e,nllHHua. To )l(e BepHo B omOIlIeHIIH ueJIoro,
npe.n:cTaBJIeHHoro Ha npaBoii cxeMe. jIlJeiiKH 1 H 2 HBIDIIOTCH nepH4>epH-
IJeCKHMH, HecMoTpH Ha TOT 4>aKT, qTO HIJeiiKa I OKp eHa WIeiiKoii 2.
PUC. 70, CmpamuqJUljUp06aHHb,e ljeJlble. CxeMa CJle6a nOKa3b/6aem
cmpamupUljUp06aHHoe ljeJloe, e KomopOM dif(W) = 19; dia (W) = e:,: = 4;
cen stra (W) = 3; inn stra (W) = 3, Ilepupepu'leCKuu CJlOU ( e;: = 4) cooepJ/Cum
R'leUKU 1,4,10,11,12,16,19; nepeblu ljeHmpGJ/bHb/uYPo6eHb (e;: = 3) co(}ep:JICum
R'leUKU 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18; emopou ljeHmpGJ/bHb/U ypoeeHb ( e max = 2)
c,y
co(}epJICUm R'leUKU 7, 15. BHeUlHUU CJlOU ( e c,o", = 1) cooepJICUm R'leUKU I, 2, 3, 4, 10,
11, 12, 16, 17,18, 19; nepeb/u 61/}'mpeHffUu CROU
(e c,OIll = 2) co()epJlCUm R'leUKU 5, 7,9, 15; 6mopou 61/}'mpeHHUu CJlOU (e c,o", = 3)
co(}epJICUm R'leUKU 6, 8, 13, 14. CXeMa cnpa6a WlJ/IOCmpupyem 6J/W/Hue
U3MeHeHW/ O(}HOU R'leUKU Ha nOJlOJ/CeHue opyzux R'leeK ljeJlOZO, H3MeHeHue zpaHUljbl
MeJlCQy R'leUKOU 3 U R'leUKOU 7 UCKJtlO'laem R'leuK)lI5 U3 CaMOZO ljeHmpaJ/bHozO CJlOR,
Komopblu menepb cooepJ/Cum mOJlbKO R'leuK)l 7.
PUC. 69. CmeneHb ljeHmpGJ/bHocmu. CxeMa CJle6a npe(}cma6J1Rem ljeJloe, cooepJ/CaUjee
12 nepupepU'leCKUe R'leeK; dif(W) = 12; cent(x) = const = 0; cen stra (W) = J; inn stra
(W) = 1. CxeMa cnpa6a npeOcma6J1Rem ljeJloe, cooepJ/C{1UJee 2 nepupepU'leCKUe R'leUKU,
OOHa U3 KomopblX - 6HympeHHRR R'leUKa; dif (W) = 2; cent (1)= cent (2) = 0;
cen stra (W) = 1; inn (I) = 1; inn (2) = 2; inn stra (W) = 2.
nOKa3aHO Ha pllC. 70, caMbIii UeHTpaJIbHbIii cnoii co.n:ep}l(HT TOJIbKO H1Jeii-
KY 7. <I>YHKl{HOHaJIbHOe pa3JIiI'IHe Me>K1IY H1JeHKaMH, OTHOCHIl{HMHCH K
CJIOHM pa3HOH CTeneHH UeHTpaJJbHOCTH, MO)l(eT 6bITb 0603Ha'leHO cJIeJJ:y-
IOmHM 06pa30M. CaMaH UeHTpaJIbHaH HIJeHKa (HanpHMep, HIJeiiKa 7) 6y-
,lJ,eT no.n:BepraTbcH B03.n:ellcTBHIO, eCJIH B mo60ll H1JeHKe pe3YJlbTHpyIOmaH
norpaHHlJHafl CHJIa bf npHHHMaeT 3HaIJeHHe bf" > hi" n.:: 1 ; HIJeHKa nep-
BOll CTeneHH UeHTpaJIbHOCTH (HanpHMep, HIJellKa 2) no.n:BepraeTCH B03-
.n:eHcTBHIO, ecnH B mo60H HIJeiiKe bf" > hi" max ; nepH4>epH1JeCKaH HIJeH-
n,c+2
Ka (HanpllMep, H1JeHKa 4) no.n:BepraeTCH B03.n:ellCTBHIO, eCJIH B mo60ll HIJell-
Ke b if " > hi. max . IT ",vrm.'H CJIOBaMH, '1eM ueHTnaJIbHee WIeHKa, TeM J1er-
n,c+3 I-\l-IJ &-",uu. &r
PHC. 70, J1eBafl cxeMa, npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeT uenoe, cO,lJ,ep)l(amee ,lJ,eBHTHa,lJ,-
n;aTb H1JeeK. Cen stra (U1 = 3. CaMbIH UeHTpaJIbHbIH CJIOH co.n:ep}l(llT TOJ1b-
KO )J;Be HIJeiiKH, a HMeHHO H1JeiiKH 7 II 15. 3TO npHMep Hecoe.n:HHeHHoro
n;eHTpaJIbHoro CJ10H. ECJIH MbI HeMHoro H3MeHHeM rpaHlmy H1JeiiKH 3, KaK
3S0
351
'ie OHa no.n:BepraeTCH B03.n:eHCTBHIO co CTOpOHbI H3MeHeHHH BHYTPH ue.'
JIoro Ii TeM J1erqe H3MeHeHHe B :nOll HlJellKe B03.n:ellCTBYeT Ha .n:pyrIie HlJeH-
KH l\enoro.
BHympeHHuu u eHeUlHUU CROU. Mbl onpe.n:eJIHeM BH}'TpeHHHe H BHeIlI-
HHe cnOH, paCCMaTpHBafl ro.n:onormeCKoe paCCTOHHHe ec,o.. HIJeHKR c OT
penlOHa (Ou) BHe ueJIoro.
MbI 6y.n:eM roBOpHTb 0 BHYTpeHHell HIJeHKe CTeneHH m:
(24) inn (c) = m, eCJ1H (ec,o.J - I = m.
EcnH (ec,o,) - 1= 0, c Ha3bIBaeTCH «BHelliHell» HlJellKoH. COBOKYn-
HOCTb BHeIlIHHX HIJeeK - «BHeIlIHHll CJ10H» uenoro.
(25) m,lJ inn lay = cOBoKynHocTb HlJeeK, JI)UI KOTOpbIX inn (c) = m.
CTerreHb «t!HYTpeHHell cTpaTHcpHKaUHH» ueJIoro cooTBeTcTByeT IJHCJ1Y
CJIOeB.
HaCKOJIbKO nerKO HqeMKa 6y.n:eT no.n:BepraTbcH BJIHflHilIO H3MeHeHHH B mo-
60M MeCTe BHYTpH ueJIoro H HaCKOJ1bKO nerKO H3MeHeHHe B 3TOH fl'fellKe
6y.n:eT BJlHHTb Ha OCT3JJbHYIO IJaCTb ueJ1oro. IT0J10)l(eHHe HIJeHKi1 B onpe.n: e -
neHHOM BHYTpeHHeM CJIoe onpe.n:eJIHeT TO, HaCKOJ1bKO nerKO H'feHKa 6y.n:eT
nO,lJ,BepraTbCH BJI HHIO H3MeHeHHH BHe ueJIoro t1 HaCKonbKO J1erKQ H3Me-
HeHHe B 3TOH HlJellKe 6y.n:eT BJIHHTb Ha BHelliHee npOCTpaHCTBO.
4. MHoroo6pa3IIe naTTepHOB,
KOTopMe MOryT 6MTb peaJ11I30BaHM B ueJ10M
(26) inn stra (W) = (inn maX I c I) + 1
B Ka'feCTBe nplIMepa MbI MO}l(eM CHOBa 06cy.n:HTb PHCYHKH 69 H 70.
.lVJfl uenoro CJ1eBa Ha pHC. 69 inn stra (W) = I; OHO co.n:ep)l(HT TOJIbKO
BHeIlIHHll CJIOll.
L(eJIoe, H306pa)l(eHHOe cnpaBa, CO,lJ,ep)l(HT BHeIlIHHll Ii nepBblll BH}'T-
peHHHll cnOll: inn stra (W) = 2, XOTII cen stra (W) = I, KaK MbI Blf):{enH BbIllie.
QeJIoe, H306pa)l(eHHOe CJ1eBa Ha pHC. 70, 06HapY)l(HBaeT TaKoe )l(e IJHCJIO
ueHTpaJIbHbIX CJIOeB, IJTO H BHYTpeHHHX: inn stra (W) = cen stra (W) = 3.
O,lJ,HaKO TPH cnOH COCTOHT H3 OIJeHb pa3HblX HIJeeK B .n:BYX Blf):{aX cTpaTH-
cpHKaUHH. HarrpHMep, cent (HIJellKa 7) = 2, inn (HIJellKa 7) = I; cent (HIJeii-
Ka 2) = I, inn (HIJeiiKa 2) = O. 113MeHeHI1e HlJellKIi 3 Ha pIlC. 70 H3MeHHeT
KOJ1WIeCTBO HIJeeK, npHHa1IJ1e)l(all.{HX K caMoMY ueHTpanbHoMY CJ101O.
O,lJ,HaKO :no He MeHHeT «npHHa1IJ1e)l(HOCTIl» mo60ll HIJeiiKH K BHeIlIHHM
HJ1H BHYTpeHHHM cnOHM pa3nWIHbIx creneHeii.
<l>YHKl(lIOHanbHOe pa3nH1JIle Me)l(JJ:y HlJellKaMH, npHHa.n:ne)l(alI(HMH
K pa3J1HIJHbIM BH)'TpeHHHM CJIOHM, MO)l(HO npOHJIJIIOCTpHpoBaTb cJIeJJ:ylO-
Il.{HM 06pa30M. RIJeifKa BHelliHero CJIOH nO,lJ,BepraeTCfl B03.n;ellcTBHIO, KaK
TOJ1bKO pe3}'JIbTHpyIOIlIa$l CHJ1a Ha rpaHHue ueJIoro CTaHOBHTCfl 60J1bIlIe,
IJeM hI *;;: . EOJIee MOIl.{Ha$l CHJ1a ll3BHe 06H3arenbHO OKa)l(eT B03.n;eii-
CTBHe Ha flIJeHKY nepBoro BH}'TpeHHero CJIOlI, a ell{e 60nee MOIl{Hafl CHJIa -
Ha fl'feHKY caMoro BHYTpeHHero CJ10fl.
ilO,lJ,Bo.n;$1 HTor pa3JIWIHIO Me)l(JJ:y CTpaTHCpHKaUHell Ha l\eHTpanbHble
H nepHcpepWIeCKue cnOH Ii CTpaTHcpHKaUHeH Ha BHYTpeHHHe H BHeIlIHHe
CJ10H, MO}l(HO cKa3aTb, IJTO CTeneHb ueHTpanbHOCTH HIJeHKH onpe.n;emreT,
OOHOpOOHocmb u pmHopOOHocmb ljeJ/020. <l>aKTH'feCKOe COCTOHHHe
(KaIJeCTBO) .n:BYX HIJeeK a H b MO)l(eT 6b1Tb paBHo {s(a) = s(b)} , ,lJ,a)l(e eCJ1H
06e $IIJellKH B BbICIlIell CTeneHH He3aBHCHMbl. O.n:HaKO MaKCHM,UIbHa$l CTe-
neHb pa3JIiI'IHH .n:BYX HIJeeK 3aBHCHT OT HX CTeneHH He3aBHCHMOCTH:
(27) I s(a) -s(b) Imax = F{indep (a, b)}.
MO)l(HO onpe.n:eJ1HTb Heo.n:HopO,lJ,HOCTb ueJ10ro (inhom I Wi)
(inhomogeneity of a whole) KaK caMoe 60J1bIlIOe pa3JIHIJHe COCTOflHHH J1IO-
6bIX HIJeeK BH}'TpH W {BepOHTHO, a03MO}l(HbI ,lJ,pyme orrpe.n:eJIeHH$I}:
(28) inhom (W) = I s(x) - s(y) I ",ax B ,lJ,aHHOe BpeMH.
3m npe.n:nOJIaraeT, 'iTO inhom (W) = 0, eCJIH Bce H1JellKH HaxO.n:$ITClI B O.n:H-
HaKOBOM COCTOHHHH. O.n:HOpO.n:HOCTb MO)l(HO onpe.n:enIiTb:
bot ( W ) = I
inbot (W) .
QeJIoe, KOTopoe HBJJHeTCH BbICOKO .n:HcpcpepeHUHpOBaHHbIM H cTpa-
THcpHUHpoBaHHbIM, MO)l(eT TeM He MeHee 6bITb nonHOCTblO O,lJ,HOpO,lJ,HbIM.
.l(pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, JI)UI J1I060ro Blf):{a ueJ1oro BepHO, IJTO inhom(W}min = O.
MaKCHManbHa$l HeO,lJ,HOpo.n:HOCTb Pa3JIWIHbIX ueJIblX, o.n:HaKO, MO)l(eT 6b1Tb
pa3JIWIHOll.
MbI CHOBa orpaHiI'IHBaeM Harne 06CY)l(.n:eHHe eCTeCTBeHHbIM ueJ1bIM
C nOCTOHHHOll CTeneHblO He3aBHClIMO CTH coce.n:HHX HIJeeK BHYTpH ueJ10-
ro H HeKOTopbIM a6COJ1lOTHbIM .n:HanrooHoM COCTOHHHll.
113 (28) H (27) cJIeJJ:yeT:
(30) inhommax(W} = F(indep'"ax I x, y I ).
113 (30) BMeCTe C (11 a) H (12) CJIe)J,)'eT:
(30a) inbotmax(W)=F ( . ) =F[diO(W),bO(C,n)].
Sl um(W)
(29)
352
353
APyrHMH CJ10BaMH, MaKCIIManbHafl HeO.n:HOpO.n:HOCTb uenoro eCTb
YHKUHH ero ,lJ,HaMeTpa H rrpOIJHOCTH BHYTpeHHlIX rpaHHU. 3TO 06paTHaH
YHKl{IDI CTerreHH e.n:HHCTBa ueJ1oro.
MH02006pmue nammepHoe. l{eJIoe A MO)l(eT co.n:ep)l(aTb TpH HqeM-
KH (a, b, d), KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 64; MaKCHManbHoe pa3J1lIqHe Me)l(,lJ,y
COCTOHHHHMII .n:BYX COCe}:(HlIX H'leeK MO}l(eT 6bITb g. ECJIH COCTOHHHe
(state) OP:HOH HIJellKH paBHHeTcH U (s I a I = u), TO COCTOHHHe .n:pyrHX
HIJeeK MO)l(eT TaK}I(e paBHHTbCH u (s I b I = u; s I dl = u); HJIH o.n:Ha HJIH
06e H3 3THX ,lJ,BYX HIJeeK MOryT HMeTI. JII060e COCTOflHHe Me)l(.n:y II H
u:l:g{u-g s Ibl u +g;u-g s Idl U+g}.qHCJIOpa3JJiI'IHbIX
COIJeTaHHll COCTOHHHll pa3HbIX HlJeeK, KOTOpbIe MOryT 6bITb ocyll.{eCTBJIeHbI B
ueJIOM, MO}l(HO Ha3BaTb MHoro06pa3HeM (variety) narrepHa (var I Wi) B W.
MHoro06pa3lIe narrepHa 3aBHClIT OT MaKCHM,UIbHOro pa3JIiI'IHH J1IO-
6bIX .n:BYX HIJeeK B ueJIOM, T. e. OT MaKCHMaJIbHOll CTeneHH Heo.n:HopO}:(HOCTH
(30). ComacHo (30 a), OHa 3aBHCHT OT ,lUIaMeTpa H npOIJHOCTH BnyTpeHHHX
rpaHHu.uenoro (var I wi =F I inhommax{W} I=F{dia (Tf), bo (e, n)}). O,lJ,-
HaKO npH O,lUIHaKOBOM rrpOIJHOCTII BHYTpeHHlIX rpaHHU H 0.n:HHaKOBbIX
,lI;HaMeTpax II CTeneHII CTpaTH IIKaUHH, pa3Ho06pa3He MO)l(eT TeM He Me-
Hee OTJ1i1'1aTbCH, eCJIII CTeneHb .n:H epeHJJ.lIaIUIH He o.n:HHaKOBa. HanpH-
Mep, 1IJIH ueJIbIX A H B, H306pa}l(eHHbIX Ha pHC. 71, BepHO, IJTO: dia (A) =
= dia (B) = 2; een stra (A) = een stra (B) = 2; inn stra (A) = inn stra (B) = 2,
bo (e, n)A = bo (e, n)B. QT06bI ynpOCTHTb 06CY)l(.n:eHHe, MbI MO)l(eM .n:ony-
CTIITb TOJIbKO ,lJ,Ba COCTOHHHH HlJeHKII, 0603HaIJeHHbIe Sl H Sl. O,lUIH B3IIDI,lJ,
Ha BaplIaHTbI (1), (2) H (3), nOKa3aHHbIe Ha pHC. 71, .n:eJ1aeT nOHHTHbIM,
IJTO var (B) > var (A) HecMoTpH Ha paBeHCTBo Ha3BaHHbIX aKTOpoB. 3TO
03Ha1JaeT, qTO CTeneHb .n:H epeHJJ.lIaUHII HBJIHeTCH Ba)l(HbIM aKTOpOM
.D.JUI MHOro06pa3HH B03MOX<HbIX naTTepHoB:
(31) var (W) = F{ dia (W), difk (W), bo (e, n)}, r.n:e k < bo (e, n).
MH02006pmue nammepHa op2aHll'leeK020 ljeJ/020 u pe3)lJ/bmam yoep-
;)ICUeaHUR onpeoeneHHblx 'taemeu e HeU3MeHHQM eOemOJlHuli. ITp06JIeMY MHO-
r006pa3HH naTTepHoB MO}I(HO paccMOTpeTb HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee KOHKpeTHbIM
06pa30M, eCJIH MbI npHMeM BO BIDIMaHHe TO, qTO CTeneHb H3MeHeHIDI BHYTpH
opraHH3Ma HeCOMHeHHO orpaHWIeHa. EcnH 3TO COCTOHIDle CJIlIlliKOM CHJ1bHO
OTKJJOHHTCH OT HOpMaJJbHOro COCTOHHIDI, }l(HBM KJJeTKa nOrn6HeT.
MCn0J1b3YH IDKaJIy H3 .n:eBHTH TOIJeK, MbI MO}l(eM 0603HaIJHTb Bepx-
HIm: H HH)I(HHM MaKCHMYMbI KaK +4 H -4, HopManbHoe COCTOHHHe - KaK O.
QT06bI ynpocTIITb 06c .n:eHHe, MbI He 6Y,lJ,eM paCCMaTpHBaTb HenpepbIB-
HbIe H3MeHeHHH, HO TOJ1bKO COCTOHHHH, COOTBeTCTByIOll{He ,lJ,eBHTH TO'l-
KaM Ha IlIKane.
A
B
I.
2..
J.
I.
1.
J.
Puc. 71. MHOZoo6pa3ue nammepHo6 u cmeneHb ouppepeHljualjUU
):{aBaifTe o6cY,lJ,HM MHO}l(eCTBO B03MO)l(HbIX naTTepHOB BHYTPII npo-
CTOro ueJIoro, COOTBeTCTByIOInero pHC. 67. MaKCHMaJIbHOe pa3JJWIlIe Mex<-
.D:Y COCTOHHHHMH coce.n:HHX HlJeeK Mox<eT 6bITb nOCTOHHHbIM H paBHbIM
O,lJ,HOM TO'lKe HallieM IDKaJIbI {I s(e) - s(n) I max = I}. COBOK)'rrHOCTb B03-
M<»KHbIX CO'leTaHHM nplI 3THX YCJIOBHHX: var (W) = 9'3 s - (2'3 4 + 4'3) +
+6.3 2 +8,3 +10)= 1829. PHC. 72 rpa WIecKHIIpe.n:CTaBJIHeT3THB03MO}l(-
HOCTH C nOMOInblO COBOK)'IIHOCTII KPlIBbIX, HerrpepbIBHo nporpecclIpyIO-
InHX CJIeBa HarrpaBo.
ECJIII no TOM rom HHOM npWIHHe HlJeHKa 1 y.n:ep}l(lIBaeTcH Ha HOp-
ManbHOM ypoBHe 0, KOJ1WIeCTBO B03MOX<HbIX naTTepHoB (PHC. 73, Bepx-
HHM PHCYHOK) }'MeHbIIIaeTCH.n:O 3 s -2 = 241. ECJ1HHlJeiiKa 1 Y,lJ,ep}l(lIBaeT-
CH Ha ypoBHe::l: 1, ::1:2, ::1:3 HJIII ::1:4, MHoroo6pa3lIe naTTepHoB }'MeHbIlIaeTCH
.n:o 239, 230, 203 HJIH 122 COOTBeTCTBeHH0 1 (CM. pHC. 73 H 74).
I 0601311 $opMyna ,WIJI L\enom C :noH npocTOH CTPYKIYPOH B TOM cnyqae, ecnH
JlqeHKa I y,nep)l(IfBaCTCIi B HeH3MeHHOM COCTOIIHHH: var = 3n-1 _ (3",...1-2 + 3 "'a-I-3 +,... +
+ 3°) _(3"-o-I-Z +3"-0-1-3 +... + 3°), r,ne n = qHCROIIqeeK, ::I:a =OTnH'lHe COCTOJlHHIIJlqeHKH 1
OT «HOpManLHoro», a I = HlIH60nLlllee B03MO)l(IfOe OTnH'IHe COCTOJlHHII lI'IeilKH OT HOp-
ManLHoro.
354
355
1 2 3 4 5 6
+4
+3
+2
+1
:I:
'"
j:: 0
(.)
0 -1
u
-2
-3
-4
1 2 3 4 5 6
HOMep jf'ICHKI-I
COCTORHIIC '!'{CImH
KpafrHee +4
OTKJIOHeWfC
OT HOpMaJlb- +3
Horo COCTO-
HmOI
+2
-1
2 3 4 5
MHOI'Oo6pa3Hc lIarrepHOB, CCJlH H'lcib.:a N> t
Yl\cpxmoacTcH Ha HOpMaJlbHOM ypoBHe.
KOJIII'ICCTBO pa:MU'JHbIX natTepHOn (V AR(W) )=24 t ,
+1
HOP>laJlb-
Hoe COCTO- 0
HHItC
-2
Puc, 72, MHO:JICeCm60 603MO:JICHbIX nammepH06, eCRU '1acmu l{eR020 yoep:JICU6alOmCR 6
HeIGUeHHOM cocmORHUU, 3mom PIlCYHOK nOKG3bl6aem JI/H02006pa3ue 603, to:JICHbIX
nammepH06 61leROM, coom6emcm6}'IOUJeM l{eROJIfY Hapuc. 67; var (W) =/829
KpaliHCC
O'fKJIOHefutc
OT HOpMaJlb- -3
HO)'O COCTO-
HHItH
-4
I
jJ'ICHKa
APyrnMH CJIOMMH, IJeM 60JJbIlIe COCTOHHHe H1JeliKH, KOTOpaH y.n:eP)l(H-
MeTCH Ha nOCTOHHHOM ypOBHe, OTKJIOmreTCH OT HOpMaJIbHOro (0), reM MeHb-
IlIe MHoro06pa3He B03MO)l(HbIX naTTepHOB. YMeHbIlIeHlle 3TOro MHoro06pa-
3Hfl, COOTBeTCTByIOll.{ee nepexoJJ:y OT O.n:HOro ypOBHH Ha cneJJ:yIOIl.{IIll, TeM
6oJJbIlIe, IJeM 60nbIlIe 3TOT ypOBeHb npHMH)I(aeTCH K KpallHeMY 3HaQeHHlO.
ECJIH .n:Be 1JlleliKH Y,D,ep)l(HBaIOTCH Ha nOCTOflHHOM ypOBHe, MHOro06-
pa3lle naTTepHOB YMeHbIlIaeTCH ell.{e 60JIbIlIe. HanpHMep, ecnH HIJellKH 1 H
4 Y,D,ep)l(HBaIOTCH Ha HOpMaJIbHOM ypoBHe (PHC. 75), MHoro06pa3He narrep-
HOB CHl!}I(aeTCH .n:o 63. ECJIH HIJeiiKll 1 H 4 y.n:ep)l(HBaIOTCH Ha ypoBHe ::1:4,
MHoro06pa3He )'MeHbIlIaeTcH 1IO 20 OT nepBOHaIJaJIbHoro var (U1 = 1829,
KOr,D,a HH o.n:Ha HIJellKa He Y1Iep)l(HBaeTCH B nOCTOHHHOM COCTOHHHH.
EbIJIO nOKa3aHO, Iff 0 cocromrne OCTaJIbHOll IJaCTH ueJIoro 3aBHCHT 6on&-
IlIe OT UeHTpcUIbHOii, qeM OT nepH4JepH1JeCKOii HIJellKll. IT03TOMy MO}I(HO Q)l(H-
1IaTb, IJTO MHoro06pa3He naTTepHoB .n:OJDKHO 60JJbIlIe )'MeHbIIIaTbCH, eCJIll Ha
.n:aHHOM ypOBHe y,n:ep}I(HBaeTCH uempaJIbHaH, a He nepmlJepH1JeCKaH 1JlleliKa.
3TO, 01IHaKO, He BCer,D,a BepHO. HanpllMep, 3TO HeBepHO JI)UI npOCTOll CTpYK-
'I)'pbI Ha pHC. 67. RIJeliKa 4 HBJIHeTCH 60JIee UempaJIbHOM, IJeM HIJeMKa 1.
01IHaKO eCJIll H1Jelli<a 4 nOCTOHHHO y.n:ep)l(HBaeTCH Ha HOpMaJIbHOM ypOBHe 0,'
MHoro06pa3He OCTaBIIIHXCH ITaTTepHOB TaKOe }l(e, T. e. 234, KaK eCJIH 6bI ne-
pmpeplllJecKaH H1JeliKa I y.n:ep}l(HBaJIaCb Ha 3TOM ypOBHe.
TeM He MeHee }J.JUI 60JIee CJIO)l(HbIX ueJ1bIX 06bIIJHO BepHO TO, qTO
MHoro06pa3He naTTepHa )'MeHbIlIaeTCH 60J1bIlIe, eCJIH Ha ypoBHe, .n:OCTa-
TOIJHO OTJllf<IalOll.{eMCH OT HOpMaJIbHOro, y.n:ep)l(HBaeTCH UeHTpaJIbHaH, a
He nepmpepil'leCKaH H1JellKa.
CUCTUJlHJIC H'feiiKH
-1
2 3 4 5
MHoroo6paaHc na1TcpHoB, CCJDf JI'IcfrKa N> t
)'l\epJKHBaeTCH Ha ypoBHC, epaBHltTc.1bHO
6J1l13KOM K HOpMaJlbHOMY.
KoJIH'IeCTDO pa3J1I1'1Hb1X na1TcpHoD (VAR (W»=239.
+4
KpaHHCC
OTKJIOHCHJIC
OT HopMa"'b- +3
Horo COC1"O-
HHHH
+2
+1
HOpMaJlh-
Hoe COCTO- 0
HUMe
KpanHCC
OTKJIOHCHHC
OT HOpMaJlh- -3
HDCO eOCTO-
HHIUI
-2
-4
I
jJ'IcliKa
Puc. 73, BRwIHlIe 02paHU'IeHUR yp06HR R'IeUKU / 00 06YX pa3JlU'IHbIX YPo6Heu Ha
MH02006pG3ue 603.'W0:JICHbIX nammepHo6
356
357
COCTOJlIUIC K'lcibar
KpaAHee +4
OTKJIOHCIUIC
OT HopMaJIIr- +3
Horo COCTO-
JlHHJI
+1
COCTOJlIDIC JI'ieibCH
KpaAHee +4
OTKJIOHCHHC
OT HopMaJIh- +3
HorO COeTO-
JlHRJI
+2
+2
-1
-1
+1
HOpMaAb-
Hoe COCTO- 0
JlHHC
HopMaJlb-
Hoe COeTO- 0
HHHC
-2
-2
KpaiiHCC
OTKJlOHCHHC
OT HOpMaJIb- -3.
HOrO COCTo-
HHHII
-4
1
H'iciiKa
2 3 4 5 6
MKorooopaaHc Ba1TCpHOB, CCJDI K'lciiKa .N1 1
:l'ACpJKHBaCTCJI ua ypoBHC, cpaBHHTCJlbHO
!!;I KOM K KpaibtC/ofY.
KOJlH'iCCTBO paaJIII'IHblx naTICpHOB (VAR(W»=203.
KpaiiHCC
OTKJIOHCHHC
OT HOpMaJIb- -3
HorO COCTO-
RHHII
-4
1
H'iciiKa
2 3 4 5 6
MHOl'OoOpaaHc naTICpHOB, CC./IH JI'IciiKa .N1 1 H JI'iciiKa
.N1 <I YAcPXCHBalOTCIi Ita HOpM3J1bHOM ypOBHC.
COCTOJlIDIC H'iCHKH
Kpalbtec
OTKJIOHCIUIC
OT HOpMaJIb- -3.
Horo COCTO-
RHHJI
-4
1
H'iciiKa
2 3 4 5 6
MHoroo6paaHc n3TICpHOB, CCJIH K'leiiKa .N1 1
YP.cpJKHBaCTCII Ita KpaibtCM ypoBHC.
KOJIH'iCCTBO pa3Jlll'lHblX BaTIepHOB (V AR(W) )=122.
COCTOHIDIC H'iCUKH
Kpalbree +4
OTKJIOHcmlC
OT HopMaJIb- +3
HOCO COCTO-
RtDIJI +2
+l
HOpMaJIb-
HOC COCTO- 0
HHHC
-1
Kpalbtec -2
OTKJIOHCHHC
OT HopMaJlb- -3
HorO COCTO-
JlHHII -4
1
H'IcuKa
+1
Kpalbtec +4
OTKJIOHCmlC
OT HopMaJlb- +3
HOCO COCTO-
JlHHJI +2
HopM3Jlb-
Hoe COCTO- 0
JlHHC
-1
-2
2 3 4 5 6
MHorooopaaHc BaTIepHOB, CCJlH JI'IciiKa .N1 1 H R'iciiKa
.N1 <I YACpXGIBaIOTCJI Ha KpaiiHcM ypoDHC.
Puc. 74, /{onoffHume.nbH{U/ w/nIocmpaIJUJl6JlUJlHUJI Oi!paHUIJeHWl yp06HJl Jl'leUKU 1 0006)'X
pa3!lU'lHblX YP06Heu HO MHOi!oo6pCl3Ue 603M0J/CI/bIX nammepH06
Puc. 75. BRURHue Oi!paHU'leHUR yp06HJl Jl'leeK 1 U 4 00 onpeoe.neHHblx YP06Heu HO
MHOi!oo6pCl3Ue 603MOJ/CHblX nammepH06. Ha 6epXHeM pUcyHKe var (W) = 63, Ha I/UJ/CHeM
pUC)lIIKe var (W) = 20,
358
359
3TH npHMepbI nOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO MHoro06pa3He naTTepHa na.n:aeT C
YBeJIH1JeHHeM qHCJIa H1JeeK, y.n:ep}l(HBaeMbIX B onpe.n:eJIeHHOM COCTOHHHH,
C YBeJIiI'IeHHeM paCCTOHHlUl OT HOpMaJJbHOro COCTOHHlUl H 06bI1JHO C YBe-
JIH1JeHHeM CTeneHH UeHTpaJJbHOCTH H1JeeK, y.n:ep}l(HBaeMbIX Ha KpallHeM
ypOBHe. ITpe)l(.n:e qeM MO}l(HO 6y.n:eT c.n:eJIaTb 06lUHe YTBep}l(.n:eHlUl OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO YCJIOBHll YMeHbIlIeHlUl B03MO}l(HOCTH H3MeHeHHll, He06xo.n:HM
60JIee .n:eTaJJbHbIH MaTeMaTiI'IeCKHll aHaJJH3 II;eJIbIX, 06Hap lIBaIOIl.{HX pa3-
J1H1JHbIe CTpYKTYPbI H CTeneHb .n:HtlJtlJepeHUHal{HH. 3Ta np06JIeMa .n:OJI}KHa
HMeTb OCHOBHoe 3HaqeHHe ,l:\JIH nCHX0J10rIlH, 6H0J10rIlH, a TaI()I(e ,l:\JIH HC-
CJ1e.n:OBaHHH cnOC06HOCTH K H3MeHeHHIO pa3nH1JHbIX COl{HaJJbHbIX rpynn.
5. MHOf'oo6pa3He naTTepHa II pef'peCCHSI
HOM .n::JaJla30He. (B HeKoTopbIX OTHOllIeHHHX :no, BepoflTHo, HaIIJ\1eHee cnpa-
Be}:(JIlIBO BO BpeMH cHa.) O.n:HaKO TaKHe cHlyal{HH HeJIb3fl Ha3BaTb «perpec-
CHeH», nOTOMY 1JTO B .n:eHCTBHTenbHOCTlf 1JeJIOBeK HHKor.n:a He .n:eMOHCTPH-
pOBaJJ 60JIee BbICOKOro 3BOJIIOIUIOHHOro COCTOHHllJl. O.n:HaKO eCJ1H TaKHe
BHeIlIHlIe Tpe60BaHHfl OIJeHb YCHJIlIBaIOTCH, Kor.n:a, HanpHMep, IUJ,lI,lIBH,l:\ .n:eHb
3a .n:HeM pelliaeT HeKOTopbIe PYTHHHbIe 3a,l:\aqll, KOTopbIe 3aHHMalOT 3HaIJH-
TenbHYIO ero IJaCTb (T. e. .n:ep)l(aT 3TY 1JaCTb B onpe.n:eneHHOM COCTOHHHH
HJIH nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHOCTH), OH MO)l(eT .n:eMOHCTpHpOBaTb HeKOTopbIe npH-
3HaKH perpeCCHI1. TeM He MeHee 3Ta perpeCCHH 6y.n:eT CpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJJa
,l:\0 Tex nop, nOKa 3TH 3aHHTbIe 06JIaCTlf He CJIHIIIKOM 06IlIHpHbI, nOKa nopa-
}l(eHbI TOJIbKO nepHtlJepH1JeCKHe CJ10H II eCJIH CTeneHb He3aBHCHMOCTH CO-
CeJJ:HHX H1JeeK (np01JHOCTb BHYTpeHHHX rpaHlU-V .n:OCTaTOIJHa.
3TOT BbIBO.n: H3 HaIlIHX tlJOPMY_1J y.n:lIBHTeJIbHO XOpOlliO COrJIacyeTcH C
3KcnepllMeHTaMH no nCHX0J10ril'leCKOMY HaCbI.Il.{eHHIO. HaCbIIl.{eHHe MO-
}l(eT B03HHKaTb B CH1)'al{HH, B KOTOpOll o.n:Ha H Ta}l(e .n:eHTeJ1bHOCTb nOBTO-
pHeTCH CHOBa H CHOBa, T. e. Koma onpe.n:eJIeHHbIe 06J1aCTH IJeJ10BeKa y.n:ep-
)l(HBaIOTCH B 60J1ee IIDH MeHee HeH3MeHHOM COCTOHHHH. BbmaIOIl.{IIeCH
CHMnTOMbI nepeHaCbIll.{eHHH MO)l(HO BnOJIHe Ha3BaTb THnHqHbIMH CJJY'IaH-
MH perpeCCHI1. HanpHMep, 60J1ee KpynHbIe e1IHHlll{bI .n:e.n:HtlJtlJepeHI.{Hpy-
IOTCH Ha Bce 60JIee MeJ1KHe IJaCTH. 3KcnepllMeHTbI nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO, eCJ1H
.n:eHTeJ1bHOCTb OCTaeTCH .n:OCTaT01JHO nepHtlJepH1JeCKOll, MO}l(eT He B03HHK-
HYTb HHKaKoro HaCbIll.{eHIUl. KaK npiUlTHbIe, TaK H HenpHHTHbIe BH}:(bI .n:e-
HTenbHOCTH 6bICTpee HaCbIII.{aIOTCH, IJeM HeHTpaJJbHbIe. B caMOM .n:eJIe, B
060nx cnyqaHX 3aTparlIBaIOTcH 60JIee ueHTpaJJbHbIe 06J1aCTH H, CJIe.n:OBa-
TeJIbHO, 60J1ee KpynHbIe 06nacTH 1JeJIOBeKa y.n:ep}l(lIBalOTcH B tlJHKCHpO-
BaHHOM COCTOHHHH. Bce OCTaJJbHoe, IJTO YBeJIWIHBaeT UeHTpaJJbHOCTb,
nO-BH.n:IIl\lOM)', YCKopHeT HaCbIll.{eHHe. CKOpOCTb HaCbIll.{eHlUI 60J1bIlIe y
.n:eTell; .n:ellcTBHTeJIbHO, OHH MeHee .n:HtlJtlJepeHl{HpOBaHbl, H HIJellKH MeHee
He3aBHCHMbI. CJ1a60YMHbIe JJ!O.n:H, KOTopbIe nOKa3bIBaIOT 60JIbIlIyIO He3a-
BHCHMOCTb coce.n:HHX HIJeeK (H3MepHeM}'IO C nOMOll.{blO COHaCbIll.{eHlUlll
.D:Pymx npH3HaKoB), .n:eMOHCTpllpyIOT 60J1ee Me1IJ1eHHOe HaCbIll.{eHHe, IJeM
MaJJeHbKHe .n:eTH TaKOll}l(e CTeneHH JJ:iltlJtlJepeHII;HaII;HH (CM. rJIaBY X).
11:3 HaIlIHX npeJJ:bIJJ:yIl.{HX 06cY)l(.n:eHHll, MbI MornH 6bI O}l(ll,L(aTb, qTO
YBenil'leHHe 3MOIUIOHaJJbHOro HanpH}I(eHHH nplIBe.n:eT K BbIpa)l(eHHOH pe-
rpeccHH, KOma HanpH)I(eHHe .n:OCTHmo onpe1IeneHHoro ypOBIDI. 3TO Teo-
pIUl, BbI,[(BHHYTaH B npe.n:IlIeCTB}'IO.Il.{eM HCCJIe.n:OBaHHll ,lJ;eM601, TeopHH,
KOTOpaH XOpOllIO cOrJIacyeTcH C 3KCnepHMeHTaMllll pe3YJIbTaTaMH HaCTO-
Hll.{ero Hccne.n:OBaHHH.
ECJIII YMeHbIlIeHlIe pa3Ho06pa3lUl nOBe.n:eHHH HBnfleTCH CHMnTOMOM
perpeccHI1 H eCJ1H pa3Ho06pa3He nOBe.n:eHHH npe.n:nonaraeT MHoro06pa3He
naTTepHoB, oCyIl.{ecTBllMbIX B llenOM, Tor.n:a MO}l(HO ctlJ0pMYJIllPOBaTh HeKO-
TopbIe ycnoBHH, npH KOTOpbIX .n:OJJ)l(Ha npOHCXO,l:\lITh perpecclUl.
1. JII06aH tlJHKcawUl .n:OCTaTOIJHO 60J1bIlIOll IJaCTH ueJIoro B HeH3-
MeHHOM COCTOHHHH .n:OJI)I(Ha BeCTH K perpeccHH.
3TO YMeHbIlIeHHe MHOro06pa3IUl .n:OJ1}1(HO, o.n:HaKO, 6bITb 01JeHb He-
3HaIJHTeJIbHbIM, eCJ1H TOJIbKO o.n:Ha nepHtlJepH1JeCKaH HIJeHKa y.n:ep)l(lIBaeT-
CH Ha HOpMaJJbHOM ypoBHe. ECJIH 6bI lleJIOe, KOTopoe paccMaTplIBaeTcH Ha
pIlC. 67, co.n:ep}l(aJ1o .n:Ba,l:\II;aTb, a He IlIeCTb H1JeeK, tlJHKcaUIUl H1JellKH 1 Ha
HOpMaJJbHOM ypOBHe He HMeJIa 6bI npaKTlIIJeCKH HHKaKoro 3HaqeHlUl1IJ1H
var (W"1. PerpeCCIUl.n:OJJ)l(Ha 6bITb TeM 60_TIbIlIe, 1JeM 60J1bIlIe H1JeeK y,l:\ep-
}l(lIBaeTCH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH, 1JeM 60JIee UeHTpaJJbHbIMH HBJIHIOTCH H1JellKH H
qeM 60nbIlIe COCTOHHHe HIJellKH y.n:aJJeHO OT COCTOHHlUl HOpMaJJbHOCTH.
CH1)'allHH, B KOTOpbIX HeKOTopbIe IJaCTH nCHXHKH qeJIOBeKa y.n:ep-
}l(lIBaIOTCH B nOCTOHHHOM COCTOflHIIH, B03HHKaIOT 1JaCTO. HanpHMep, no-
Tpe6HOCTb, KOTopaH He y.n:OBneTBopeHa, COOTBeTCTByeT cpaBHHTeJIbHO no-
CTOHHHOMY COCTOHHHIO HanpH}I(eHlUl onpe.n:eJ1eHHbIX BHYTPHJIH1JHOCTHbIX
CHCTeM. ,lJ;aBJIeHHe co CTOpOHbI OKPY}I(aIOll.{ell CpeJJ:bI MO)l(eT .n:ep}l(aTb HH-
.n:HBH,l:\a HJIH ero 1JaCTb B HeKOTopOM COCTOHHHII HanpH}I(eHHH. Onpe.n:eJIeH-
HbIe .n:ellCTBIUl, KOTopbIe qeJIOBeK .n:OJ1}1(eH BbIllOJIHHTb, Hepe.n:KO Tpe6}'1OT,
1JT06bI onpe.n:eneHHbIe qaCTH HH.n:HBlI.n:a y.n:eP}l(HBaJJHCb B npe.n:eJIax IJeTKO
3a,l:\aHHoro .n:Hana30Ha COCTOHHHH.
Bce HJIH no KpallHell Mepe 60J1bIlIaH IJaCTb CHl)'aJJ.IIll, B KOTOpbIX 1Je-
JIOBeK HaxO.n:HTCH B COCTOHHHH 601IpCTBOBaHHfl, Tpe6yIOT, 1JT06bI COCTOHHHe
60JIee HJIH MeHee IlIHpOKOll qaCTH 1JeJIOBeKa ep)l(lIBanOCb B orpaHH1JeH-
360
I Dembo, T.: Argcr als dynamisches Problem, Psychol. Forsch., 1931,15, 166-120.
361
2. MbI .D:OJ1}l(H1>I O)l(H.1J,aTb perpeccHIO, eCJIll YMeHbllIaeTcH npOIJHOCTb
rpaHHU. ITpHMepOM MO)l(eT 6bITb YCTanOCTb, KOTOpaH, comaCHO 3eiiraplllIK,
COOTBeTCTByeT 60JIee TeK)'IJeMY COCTOHHillO, me IJeJIOBeK Hecnoc06eH cTpo-
IITb HJIH COXpaHflTh CHCTeMbI B COCTOHHHlI HanpH)I(eHHH. (nOXO)l(aH Hecno-
C06HOCTb nO,lUJ,ep)l(JffiaTb HarrpH)I(eHHe Ha6JIIO.D:aJIaCb Y nal{HeHTOB-IlIll30$-
peHHKoB, eCJ1H BbIllOJ1ID1J1HCb nepml)epH1Jecme BH.1J,bI 1IeHTeJIbHOCTH.)
KOHeIJHO, BO Bcex 3THX cnyqaflX KpOMe MHoro06pa3ID1 naTIepHOB
llrpaIOT pOJ1b H 1Ipyme $aKTOpbI.
3. CneJJ:yeT 3aMeTHTb, IJTO orpaHH1JeHHe BapHaHToB naTTepHOB oc-
HOBaHO Ha 1IBYX .D:OBOJIbHO pa3HbIx rpynnax 4>aKTOpoB. O.D:Ha rpynna llMe-
eT OTHOIlIeHHe K CTeneHH .D:H4>4>epeHUHaWHl, .ZI:lIaMeTpY ueJIoro II npoIJ-
HOCTH rpaHHU H'IeeK. BTOpaH rpynna KaCaeTCH .ZI:lIana30Ha COCTOHHHM,
KOTopbIe MO)l(eT llMeTb I<JJeTKa, He YMHpaH.
Cne)l)'eT IJeTKO pa3JIi1'1aTb 06a $aKTOpa, oc06eHHO B CBIDH C HeKOTOpbI-
Mll TeH.D:elIl{IDlMH pa3BlITIDI. B OTHOIlIeHHll nepBOro 4>aKTOpa (.D:H4>$epeHIUi-
al{IDI, npOIJHOCTb rpaHHll H T. .D:.) ropOCJIbIit onpe.D:eJIeHHO .D:eMOHCTpHpyeT
60JIbIlIyIO cnOC06HOCTb K ll3MeHeHillO, IJeM pe6eHOK. B OTHOIlIeHHll BTOporo
$aKTOpa, 01IHaKO, npll3HaKH YKa3bIBaIOT Ha TOT $aKT, IJTO KJIeTKH MOnO.D:oro
OpraHH3Ma MOryT 60JIee IlIHpOKO OTKJIOHHTbCH OT HOpMaJIbHOro COCTOHHHH,
He 6Y.D.Y'Ill npH 3TOM ymr<ITO)l(eHHbIMll, II IJTO 60JIee MOJIO.D:OH IJeJIOBeK, cne-
.ZI:OBaTeJIbHO, .D:eMOHCTpHpyeT 60JIbIlIyIO cnOC06HOCTh K 113MeHeHillO. HaIIIll
npHMepbl nOKa3bIBaIOT, IJTO 60J1bIlIaH TepllliMOCTb K OTKJIOHeHHHM OT HOp-
MaJIbHOro COCTOHHHH .D:OJI}KHa 6bma HBJJHThCH OIJeHb 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH (ropa3.D:O
60JIbIlIeH, IJeM OHa eCTb B .D:eMCTBHTenbHocrn), eCJIH 6bI OHa 1IoJI}I(Ha 6bma
HeHrpaJIH30BbIBaTb }'BeJIH1JeHHe MHOro06pa3ID1 narrepHOB, npOHCXOM.Il.{ee B
pe3)'JIbTaTe 60JIbIlIeH .ZI:lI4>4>epeHIUial{HH 60JIee 3peJIOro IJeJIOBeKa, ero crpa-
m4>HKal{HH II 60JIbIlIell npOIJHOCTH rpaHllI( ero KJIeTOK.
pyroll pemOH. ,ArrH opraHH3al{HOHHOH 3aBllCHMOCTH Ba)l(HOll xapaKTe-
pllCTHKOll a HBJ1HeTCH ero cnOC06HOCTb llHJJ:yUHPOBaTb ll3MeHeHHe COCTOH-
HIDI B b, a 3Ta cnoc06HOCTb, nO-BH.1J,HMoMY, He HMeeT npHMoro OTHOllieHIDI
K BeJIH1JHHe ll3MeHeHIDI B a, He06xo.D:HMOro, IJTo6bI nOBJIIDITb Ha b. MO}I(HO
OlIpe.D:enllTb opraHll3aUHOHHyIO 3aBllCHMOCTb a OT b (org dep I a, b I )
KaK MaKCHManbHoe H3MeHeHHe, KOTopoe b MO}l(eT HH.D:YUHpOBaTb B
a (;bch I a I max).
(32) org dep (a,b) = hh (a) max.
Pa3JIH1JHe Me}l(JJ:y (32) H (13) BbIpa)l(aeT pa3JIH1JHe Me}l(JJ:y npoCToll H
opraHH3al{HOHHOll 3aBHCllMOCTblO. .AmI nepBoll, HO He MH nOCne.D:HeM cy-
ll.{ecTByeT TeH.D:eHl\IDI COCTOHHHll3aBHCHMbIX pemOHOB paBeHCTBa.
MbI ynoMHHYJIH, tITO nOXO)l(llH mn 3aBHCllMOCTH cYll.{eCTByeT B CO-
UHaJIbHOll nCHX0J10rHll. ECJIH MbI 06paTHMCH K llHJJ:yUHpOBaHHbIM CMJIaM,
a He K llHJJ:yUHpOBaHHbIM ll3MeHeHIDIM, MbI MO}l(eM onpe.D:enHTb BJIaCTb
(power) b Ha.D: a (pow b/a) KaK OTHOIlIeHHe MaKCllMaJIbHOll CllJIbI, KOTO-
( .b l mllX )
PYIO b MO)l(eT HHJJ:yUHpOBID'b Ha a I O,x ,II MaKCHMaJIbHOro conpOTHB-
neHHH {r;;;;;}, KOTopoe MO}l(eT OKa3aTb a (x 03HaIJaeT pernOH, B KOTOpbIH
1IOJI)I(HO nepeMeCTHTbCH a comaCHO BOJIe b; lo,x 03HaIJaeT CHJIY B Ha-
npaBJIeHHH, npOnIBOn0J10}l(HOM 1;,).
t /,max
(33) power (hI a) = ;;;
/".x
ECJIH C.D:eJIaTb 060cHoBaHHoe npeJJ:IIOJIO)l(eHHe, IJTO CYll.{eCTByeT Tec-
HaH CBH3b Me}l(JJ:y llHJJ:yUlIpoBaHHbIMll CMJIaMll II llHJJ:yUlIpOBaHHbIMH m-
MeHeHIDIMH, TO (32) II (33), BepoHTHo, 3KBHBaneHTHbI.
II. OpraHH3aqHoHHaSi 3aBHCHMOCTL
H opraHH3aqHoHHoe eAHHCTBO qeAoro
2. nIaBa U oPY.D:ue
rOBOpH 0 .D:HHaMH1JeCKHX UeJIbIX, MbI 6Y.D:eM Ha3bIBaTb BeJJ:yll.{lIll pe-
rnOH «maBOll» (head) (h), a Be.D:OMbIH pemOH «opyJ1HeM» (tool) (to). MbI
MO}l(eM onpe1IenHTb maBY H 0pY.D:lIe C nOMOll.{b1O CJ1eJJ:Y!Oll.{eH $OPMYJ1bI:
(34) pow (hIto) > pow (to/h).
qeM 60JIbIlIe BeJIH1JHHa pow (hIto), TeM JIerIJe MH maBbI HHJJ:yUHPO-
BaTb TaKHe ll3MeHeHIDI Ha 0PY.ZI:lIe, Kame }l(eJ1aTeJIbHbI. ,lJ;aBaHTe paCCMOT-
pHM, HanpllMep, 0pyJ1He, CO.D:ep)l(all.{ee MHO)l(eCTBO nO.D:perHOHOB. JIer-
KOCTb, C KOTOpOll MO}l(HO ll3MeHlITh n0J10)l(eHHe no.n:perHOHOB no OTHOIlIe-
MbI orpaHH1JHM 06CY}l(.D:eHUe opraH1I3aUHOHHOH 3aBUCHMOCTlI II
e1IHHCTBa HeCKOJIbKlIMH 061l.{HMH C006pa)l(eHIDIMU.
1. OpraHH3auuoHH8U 38BUCUMOCTb
ITO-BH.1J,lIMOMY, HeB03MO}l(HO onpe1IeJIlITb CTeneHb «opraHH3al{HOH-
HOM 3aBlIClIMOCTlI» MJIH He3aBHClIMOCTH 1IBYX perlloHoB a II b TaKHM }l(e
06pa30M, KaK «npoc1)'IO 3aBHClIMOCTb», a HMeHHO: CCbIJIaHCb Ha BeJIH1Jll-
HY U3MeHeHHH B O.D:HOM pemoHe, KOTOpoe Heo6xoJJ;HMo, IJTo6bI 113MeHlITb
362
363
HHIO .D:pyr K .D:pyry, 3aBHCHT OT MOIl.{HOCTH ClUJ, HHJJ:yUHpOBaHHbIX maBOH,
no cpaBHeHHIO C MOIl.{HOCTblO C.D:ep}l(iIBalOIl.{UX ClUJ, .D:eMCTBYIOIl.{HX Ha
opY.D:He nponmOnOnO}l(HO HH.a)'UHpOBaHHbIM ClUJaM.
enbHO BbICOKHM 061l.{HH ypOBeHb Hanpfl}l(eHWI. HeCKonbKO HHOH nm e.D:HH-
CTBa IJeJIOBeKa .D:OCTUraeTCfl, eCJUI pfllI maB, UMelOll.{HX OTHOCUTeJIbHO OlIU-
HaKOByIO BJIaCTb, OpraHl130BaH 60JIee «lIeMOKpaTiI'IeCKUM» 06pmOM. B
3TOM cnyqae HaBepxy HepapXIlIJeCKOH OpraHl13alU1U CTOUT rpynna maB,
061>e.D:IlHeHHbIX B O.D:HY IJaCTb u.enoro, onpe.D:eJIfllOll.{YIO nHHlIIO nOBe.D:eHlUI
(H). ECJIH 3TO H CIJHTaeTCH O.D:HHM pernoHoM, CTeneHb e.D:HHCTBa u.eJIoro
BbIcoKa, XOTH B u.enOM He CYll.{ecTByeT O.D:HOH BceMoryll.{eH flIJellKH. Mo-
)l(eT 6b1Tb TaK, IJTO 60nee rapMOHH'IHbIe H .D:06poJJ:yIlIHbIe nlO.D:H HMeIOT
TaKoll THn BHYTpeHHeil OpraHl13aJJ.lIlI.
3. OpraHH3aUHoHHoe e1IilHCTBO
ITpe.D:CTaBJIHeTCH B03MO)l(HbIM onpe.D:enHTb opraHH3al\HOHHOe emiH-
CTBO (org un; I Wi) ueJIoro CJIe.D:yIOll.{UM 06pa30M:
(35) org un; (W) = pow (hh I W - hh).
APyrHMH CJIOBaMH, OpraHMJau.HoHHoe e.D:IIHCTBO ueJIoro CBH3aHO C Bnac-
TbIO caMoll CHJIbHOll maBbI (hh) Ha OCTa.nbHOH £IaCTblO ueJIoro (W-hh).
B03MO}l(HO, CJIeJJ:yeT .D:06aBHTb .D:pyme 4>aKTopbl. 01IHaKO 4>opMYJIa (35)
BnonHe MO}l(eT Cny}l(HTb B kaIJeCTBe nepBoro npH6JIH}I(emm.
ECJIH lleJIOe COCTOHT H3 H'IeeK, KOTopble HMelOT O.D:HHaKoByIO BnaCTb,
opramnaUHoHHoe e1IHHCTBO ueJIOro Mano, nOToMY 'ITO BnaCTh JJI060H
H1JellKH c OTHOCIITeJIbHO OCTa.nbHOH 'IaCTH uenoro (power c I WI-c) Mana.
ITpOCTOH cnyqall BbICOKOro opraHinau.IIOHHOrO e.D:IIHCTBa B03HHKa-
eT, ecnH MbI .D:OJI)I(HbI HMeTb .D:eJIO C uenblM, co ep)l(all{HM OOHY CHJIbHYIO
rnaBY, a OCTanbHaH 'IaCTb HMeeT nHIlIb ManeHbKyIO BnaCTb. ECJIH perHO-
HOB-OPY.D:HM OIJeHb MHOro, 4>aKTlI1JeCKafl BJIaCTb maBbl MO}l(eT 6bITb 60JIb-
IlIe, eCJIH MO)l(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb pH.D: nO.D:1JHHeHHbIX PYKOBO.D:HTeJIell (no.D:-
IJHHeHHbIX maB (subheads), sh).
ECJIH uenoe CO.D:ep)l(HT .D:Be IinH 60nbIlIe He3aBHCHMble rnaBbl, opra-
HH3aQHOHHoe e.D:HHCTBO ueJIoro MO)l(eT 3HaIJHTeJIbHO YMeHbIlIHTCH. Ba)l(-
HO, KOHe'IHO, HBnHIOTCfl JIH .D:Be maBbI «.D:PY3bflMiD) HJJH «BparaMiI». O.D:Ha-
KO 4>opMyna (35), BepoHTHo, BepHa, ecnH nOHHMaTb «BnaCTb caMoH CHJJb-
HOM maBbI» KaK cHJIY nonH BJIaCTH caMOH rnaBbl, .D:06aBJIeHHyIO K cune
nruul BJ1aCTI1 .D:PY3eM nOCTOJIbK)', nocKonbK)' OHH COTpY1IHH1JaIOT.
ECnH MbI nOHHMaeM He3aBHCitMbie maBbl TaKHM 06pmoM, MbI, Be-
pORTHO, MO)l(eM CKa3aTb, 'ITO:
(36) org uni (W) = F ( )
n(h) ,
r.D:e n(h) 03HaIJaeT'IHCnO He3aBHCHMblX maB. APymMH cnOBaMH, npH npo-
IJHX paBHbIx, CTeneHb OpraHMJal{HOHHoro e.D:itHCTBa lleJIOro 06paTHo npo-
nOpllitOHanbHa 'IHCny He3aBHCHMbIX maB.
ITO-BlI):(HMOMy, cymecTBymT Ba)l(HbIe HH,LI,HBHJJ:yanbHbIe pmnH1JHfl B
CTeneHH opraHH3al{HOHHoro e.D:UHCTBa qenOBeKa. Y HeKOTOpbIx HH,LI,HBU-
1IOB O.D:Ha HJIH HeCKonbKO nOTpe6HoCTeH 1IOCTaTO'IHO CHJIbHbI, 'IT06bI no-
.D:aBHTb .D:pyme nOTpe6HocTH. B 3TOM CJIyqae MO}l(HO O)l(H}:(aTb cpaBHH-
364
4. OpraHH3aUitOHHOe e HHCTBO
B xo e pa3BHTHfI 1[ npit perpeccHH
PmBHTHe nOlIpa3YMeBaeT 1I1I4>4>epeHllHauHIO. ECJIH 3TO npHBO.D:HT K
l!oHBJIeHHIO 6onbIlIoro IJHCJIa IJaCTell, HMeIOIl.{HX npHMH3HTenbHO O.D:HHa-
KOByIO BJ1aCTb, CTeneHb opraHH3aQHoHHoro e.D:MHCTBa .D:OJl)l(Ha YMeHbIlIaTb-
CH comaCHO (35). TIoflBJIeHHe maBbI .D:On}l(HO YBeJIlIIJHTb CTeneHb opraHH-
3al{HOHHoro e.D:HHCTBa.
EcnH pemoH-maBa CHOBa .D:H4>4>epeHWIpyeTcH Ha.D:Be HJIH 60JIee He3a-
BHCHMbIX maB Jr. Il. Jr1 H npH 3TOM KroKJI,afl H3 3THX mas 6YL\eT 06JIa.n:aTb
BJ1acTbIO no OTHOIlIeHHIO K pemOHaM-opY.D:W1M, TO Benil'litHa pow (hI I W-h I )
.D:OmKHa YMeHbIlIHTbCfl OIJeHb 3Ha'IHTenbHO II, CJIe.D:OBaTenbHO, cornaCHO
(36), CTeneHb OpraHll3au.HoHHoro e.D:itHCTBa TO}I(e .D:OJl)l(Ha YMeHbIlIHTbCH.
MbI CKmaJIH (maBa V), IJTO YBeJJH1JeHHe .D:H4>4>epeHllHaUHH lleHl-panbHbIx
nOTpe6HoCTeH B XO.D:e pa3BHTlm BnonHe MO)l(eT npHBecTH K YMeHbIlIeHHIO
opraHlnau.HoHHoro eJJ:ilHCTBa IJenOBel,a. ECJIH, o.J:HaKo, .D:1I4>4>epeHllHaUHH
npo.D:On}l(aeTCfl TaK, 'ITO O.D:Ha H3 maB CTaHOBHTCH rocno.D:CTByIOll.{ell, HJIH
TaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO nOHBJIfleTCH HOBaH 60nee BbICOKaH maBa (higher head)
(hh), KOTOpM .D:aeT npeJJ:IlIeCTByIOll.{itM maBaM ponb nO.D:1JHHeHHbIX maB,
CTeneHb e.D:HHCTBa uenoro CHOBa 6Y.D:eT YBenH1JHBaTbCH B COOTBeTCTBHH C
(35). B 3TOM cnyqae TaK}I(e YBemI1JHBaeTCH creneHb HepapXH'IeCKOil opra-
H1nau.HH u.eJIoro.
PerpeccHIO B CMbICJIe .D:e30praml3al\Hl1 CJIe.n:yeT O)l(H}:(aTb, eCJIH YBenH-
IJHBaeTCH IJHCJIO npOTllBOCTOHUU1X maB (nOTpe6HOcTell), noTOMy 'ITO opra-
HH3 OHHoe e IIHCTBO ueJIoro .D:OJI)I(HO B TaKOM cJIY'Iae YMeHbIlIaTbCH CO-
maCHO (36). CTeneHb opraHH3al\llOHHoro e.D:I1HCTBa TaK)l(e HeCKOJIbKO YMeHb-
IlIaeTCH, ecnH pemoH-opYJJ:ile CTaHOBHTCH MeHee nO}:(BH)I(HbIM. 3TO MO}l(eT
np0H30Hrn, eCJIH 061l.{Hii ypoBeHb Hanp HHfl CJIHIlIKOM BbICOK, unH ecnH
0pY.lU,m 01IHOBpeMeHHo ynpaBJIHIOTCH npOTHB060pcTBymll.{HMH CMJIaMH.
1\ q i.lfA ' , "
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OmeqaTaHO C I'OTOBbIX JlHa003HTHBOB B rITIT ITeqaTHblii }J;BOP"
MHHHcTepcrna PcD no JleJIaM neqam, TeJIep3.l1Hooem;aHHl!
H cpel\CTB MaccoBbIX KOMM)'HHKa .
197110, CaHKT-ITCTep6ypl', qKaJIOBCm np., IS.
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