Текст
teacher's book
E. MOUTSOU
Use
English
for all exams
QQQQ
m m publications
Use of English B2 for all exams
E. M outsou
Published by: MM Publications
www.mmpublications.com
info@mmpublications.com
Offices
Great Britain - Greece - Poland - France - Cyprus - U.S.A. - Turkey
Associated companies and representatives throughout the world.
Copyright © 2009 MM Publications
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Produced in the EU
C 1 103001307-5240
C 1103002007-5239
ISBN: 978-960-443-928-7
Teacher’s Edition ISBN: 978-960-443-929-4
Use of English B2 for the FCE Examination and other exams is intended fo r B2 level students. It system atically
eaches gram m ar and vocabulary and prepares students th o ro u g h ly fo r all exams.
" i e FCE Use of English Paper contains fo u r parts and lasts 45 m inutes. The task types and the num ber of questions in
each part are presented in the fo llo w in g table.
PART
TASK TYPE
NUMBER OF QUESTIONS/MARKS
1
Multiple-choice cloze
12 (one mark per question)
2
Open cloze
12 (one mark per question)
3
Word formation
10 (one mark per question)
4
Key word transformation
8 (two marks per question)
This book is d iv id e d in to 15 units, fo llo w e d by a Final FCE Test and a Final ECCE Test.
~ne v o c a b u la ry and g ra m m a r ta u g h t has been d is trib u te d in 12 u n its (U nits 1-4, 6-9 and 11-14), each o f w hich
is divid e d in to tw o sections. In th e firs t section, in u n its 1,3, 6, 8,11,13 th e re is a se le ctio n o f c o llo c a tio n s and
expressions, w h ile in u n its 2 ,4 , 7,9,12,14 th e re is a se le ctio n o f p re p o sitio n a l phrases. Phrasal verbs, w ords
ith prepo sition s, g ra m m a tic a l s tru c tu re s and key w o rd tra n s fo rm a tio n s are presented and practised in all 12
-n its . This section ends w ith tw o exercises w h ich are s im ila r in fo rm a t to tasks in th e FCE Use o f English paper
and ECCE G ram m ar and V o ca b u la ry sections, b u t w h ich te s t o n ly th e item s ta u g h t in th e co rre s p o n d in g unit.
In the second section, a n u m b e r o f g ro u p s o f easily confused w o rd s and d e riv a tiv e s are presented and
practised, fo llo w e d by tw o exercises w h ich te s t o n ly th e item s ta u g h t in th e c o rre sp o n d in g unit.
Units 5,10 and 15 are c o n s o lid a tio n u n its w h ich revise th e m a terial p re v io u s ly ta u g h t. Each o f th e m is a c tu a lly
a co m p le te Use o f English Practice Test fo llo w in g th e exact fo rm a t o f th e FCE/ECCE exam ination s, b u t te s tin g
o n ly th e item s ta u g h t in th e fo u r u n its pre ced in g it.
The Final FCE Test and Final ECCE Test are m o de lled on th e C a m bridge Use o f English Paper and on the
G ram m ar and V o ca b u la ry se ction s o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f M ichigan E xam ination fo r th e ECCE.
The reference se ction at th e end o f th e b oo k in cludes an o v e rv ie w o f English Gram m ar, v o c a b u la ry notes
w ith d e fin itio n s o f easily con fuse d w ords, exam tip s and th re e appendices. These appen dices a lp h a b e tica lly
present p re p o s itio n a l phrases, w ords w ith p re p o sitio n s and d e rivatives.
The Teacher’s Book consists o f tw o sections. The firs t se ctio n is th e S tudent's Book w ith th e answers
o ve rp rin te d . The second se ctio n inclu de s notes fo r th e te a ch e r and th re e p h o to c o p ia b le Revision Tests w ith
Key.
U N IT 1
p. 6
UNIT 2
p. 16
UNIT 3
p. 26
UNIT 4
p. 36
UNIT 5
p, 4 6
Section 1
Section 2
Collocations with go, come, reach, get
Collocations of the type noun+of+noun
Phrasal verbs with come, go and be
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Tenses
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topics of work and employment)
Introduction to Derivatives
Prepositional phrases of tim e and place
Phrasal verbs with get, pull and throw
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Relative Clauses-Clauses
of Time
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topics of time and viewing)
Adjectives in -ful, -less and nouns in -ship
deriving from noun roots
Expressions with day, year and time
Collocations w ith hold, run, catch and keep
Phrasal verbs with look, check, watch and
show
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Adverbs-ComparisonsArticles-Uncountables
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topics of people and education)
Adjectives in -al, -y, -ous, -ly (+adverbs) and
nouns in -hood deriving from noun roots
Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous)
Phrasal verbs with keep, hold, catch, carry,
wear, work and move
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Determiners-Pronouns
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topics of travel and tourism)
Adjectives in -ic, -ical, verbs in -ise and
nouns in -ist, -ian, -dom deriving from noun
roots
Consolidation I (Units 1-4)
UNIT 6 P.so
Collocations with do and make
Collocations with break, change, cut, turn
and draw
Adverbial expressions
Phrasal verbs with make, do, grow, pass, fill
and leave
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Infinitive /-ing form
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topic of money)
Common negative prefixes
UNIT 7
p. 60
Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous),
linking phrases
Phrasal verbs with break, burn, cut and turn
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Modal Verbs
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topic of thinking)
Verbs in -en and nouns in -ness, -nee, -ncy,
-cy deriving from adjective roots
UNIT 8
p. 70
UNIT 9 P.so
Collocations with leave, put, set, shake, miss
and lose
Collocations/Expressions with way
Sentence linkers
Phrasal verbs with put, lay, set, settle
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Passive Voice
Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous)
Phrasal verbs with mix, run, hang, fall, hurry
and try
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Pronouns-Causative Form
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topic of communication)
Verbs in -ise and nouns in -ity, -hood
deriving from adjective roots
Words easily confused (miscellaneous)
Inflections of nouns, adjectives, adverbs and
verbs
Section 1
UNIT 10
p.
90
Section 2
Consolidation II (Units 6-9)
UNIT 11 p.94
Collocations with follow, have, take, give,
pay, bring and mind
Phrasal verbs with take, close, knock, clean,
clear and drop
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Clauses of concession,
reason, purpose and result
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topics of crime and punishment)
Adjectives in -able, -ible, -ent, -ant and nouns
in -ery, -ence, -ance, -ant deriving from verb
roots
UNIT 12 p.104
Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous)
Phrasal verbs with bring, give, hand, burst
and blow
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Conditionals
Words easily confused (mainly related to the
topics of health and illness)
Nouns in -ion, -ation, adjectives in -ive, -ative
and nouns in -al deriving from verb roots
UNIT 13 p.114
Adjective + Noun Collocations
Collocations with say and tell
Idiomatic expressions with all
Phrasal verbs with lie, stand, sit, save,
dress, pay, end, point, lock and let
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Unreal Past
UNIT 14 p.124
Prepositional phrases (miscellaneous)
Phrasal verbs with call, speak, tell and count
Words with prepositions (miscellaneous)
Grammar Review: Reported Speech
UNIT 15
p.
134
Words easily confused (miscellaneous)
Nouns in -ment, -ure, -er, or and -ee deriving
from verb roots
Words easily confused (miscellaneous)
Irregular Derivatives
Adjectives and nouns deriving from the
name of a country or continent
Adverbs and pronouns ending in
-body, -one, -thing,
-where, -how, -ever and -self
Consolidation III (Units 11-14)
Final FCE Test
..............................................................................138
Final ECCE Test
..............................................................................142
Grammar R e v ie w ...........
..............................................................................147
Vocabulary N o t e s ..........
...................................................................165
Exam T i p s ........................
.............................................................................. 171
Appendix I: Prepositional P h ra se s................................................ .............................................................................. 173
Appendix II: Words with Prepositions........................................... .............................................................................. 174
Appendix III: Derivatives............................................................... .............................................................................. 176
Teacher’s Notes ..................
...................................................................185
Revision Test 1 ....................
.................................................................. 186
Revision Test I I ....................
............................................................................. 190
Revision Test III ...................
.................................................................. 194
Key to Tests ........................
.................................................................. 198
Collocations/Expressions
A
Complete the blanks with the verbs go, come, reach or get.
get
go/get
better
reach
a decision
come
to sleep
get
revenge
get
on sb’s nerves
get
rid of
go
red
get
off sb’s back
reach
an agreement
get
down to business
to terms with
get
ready
get
into trouble
get
the sack
get
lost
go
over the top
get
dark
come
in handy
get
the job
get
even with
B Complete the sentences with the collocations / expressions in the box below. Use each one only once.
in somebody’s shoes
on top of
in charge of
1 Mr Johnson is
in search of
on the safe side
in charge of
in trouble with
____the company’s marketing department.
2 People who system atically cheat the tax system will one day b e ________ in trouble with
the Tax Department.
on the safe side
3 The doctor insisted that I should be given a thorough check-up just to be __
4 The children wandered around the neighbourhood __________in search of
their lost dog.
5 Nobody would want to b e __________ in his shoes_________ _ pot with all those debts he has to pay off.
on top of
6 After weeks of hard work, Kevin was confident he was finally
C
the situation.
Complete the collocations belo w with the w ords in the box. You may use some of the w ords more than
once. In some cases more than one w ord may be correct.
bar
bunch
can
clap
flash
pair
of pyjamas
sheet
flash
of lightning
bar
of beer
pair
a
pint/can
a
set
a
bunch
flock
pair
pint
set
sheet
swarm
tube
pair
of scissors
flock
of sheep
of sunglasses
set
of rules
claP
of thunder
of paper
.o f soap
of traffic lights
flock
of birds
of flowers
tube
of toothpaste
swarm
of bees
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
correct num ber in the box next to each definition.
A
COME
1 While cleaning the basement, I came across something I thought I had lost
years ago.
2 Joe cam e into a lot of money, which changed his life completely.
3 Why doesn’t Julie come round to our place anymore?
4 The scientists took months to come up with a solution to their problem.
3
stop by, visit
2 inherit
1 find by chance
6 regain consciousness
5 betaken ill with
5 Richard came down with a bad cold the day before his exams.
6 It took the woman a few minutes tocom e round/to after she had fainted.
4
think of and suggest
unit 0 1
B GO
move / travel around, visit
1 They decided to go ahead w ith th e ir trip despite the bad w eather conditions.
match
2 Once you have finished cleaning, you can g o o n w ith your job.
explode
3 The d octo r w anted to go over the test results w ith his patient.
start sth
4 That tie goeswith yo ur suit nicely.
C
5 Luckily no one was injured when the bom b went off.
continue doing
6 W hile visiting Rome, we went round all the m ajor archaeological sites.
turn sour, start to decay
7 The child went through a lot before recovering com pletely.
examine / discuss in detail
8 The m ilk went off a fte r o nly an hour in the scorching heat.
suffer
9 W hat’s going on in there? Open the door!
happen
BE
1 What's on this weekend at the theatre?
2 We were prom ised th a t the hard tim es w ould be over soon.
3 I was about to leave home when some unexpected visitors arrived.
4 I'm for the mayor's plan to relocate the tow n hall.
5 What are the boys up to? Don’t tell me th e y’re ruining the garden again!
6 I m ust be off now. My parents are expecting me fo r dinner.
Words with Prepositions
A
Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
excellent
at
experienced
happv
in
for
h a o D V w ith /a b o u t
D ro u d
responsible
Verbs
an answer
associate
an exDert
(take)D ride
s th
a reDlv
a reDort
for
cooperate
t0
deal
on
w ith
on
sth
sb
w ith
include
an o p p o rtu n ity
sth
on
conaratulate sb
in
praise sb
w ith
concentrate
o n /in /a t
sb
°f
respected
Nouns
'n
w ith
sth
provide sth
fo r
sb
succeed
in
supply sb
w ith
sth
to
sb
supply sth
G Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
for
2 I would be m ore than happy to provide you
3 We supply all m ajor com panies
4 She takes great pride
with
in
our products.
of
for
the homeless.
yourself. W hat you did was w rong!
7 The governm ent supplied food and m edicine
8 The jo u rn a list was praised
our com pany's catalogue.
her work. That's w hy she's the best in her field.
5 The governm ent w ill provide housing
6 You shouldn't be proud
you and yo ur wife.
with
for
his report
to
the victim s of the hurricane.
on
sth
provide sb
fo r
1 C ongratulations Rodney! I'm so happy
fo r
the starving children o f Africa.
unit 0 1
Grammar Revision (Tenses)
See Grammar Review page 147 ^
Read the text below and complete each blank with one word. All missing
words are auxiliary verbs (is, was, have, has, had, do, does, did etc.).
My life (1 ) __________has__________ im proved a lot since last year. You see, before
th a t I ( 2 ) __________ _____________ been w orking in the same jo b fo r five years and
I ( 3 ) __________was__________ beginning to feel rather bored. I ( 4 ) __________ was
g ettin g ready to apply fo r another job when one day my boss called me into her office. "Our com pany
( 5 ) _________ __________ planning to expand overseas," she said. "We ( 6 ) ___________^
w ith Spain, therefore we w ill ( 7 ) ___________be
branch there. ( 8 ) ________ ^
needing some of o ur best em ployees to su pp ort o ur new
you th in k you w ould be interested in a transfer?" N aturally I accepted, although at
did
the tim e I (9)
__________ th in kin g of starting
_ not know that they ( 1 0 ) _________ ______________also going to prom ote me
to assistant manager.
been
By the end of this m onth, I w ill have (11)
exciting my life (1 2 )__________ has
living in M adrid fo r a year. You can't im agine how
become.
B Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple, Past Progressive, Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect
Progressive and complete the boxes with the time words below. Use each time word only once.
fo r
While
when
was having
ago
already
since
_ (have) a bath yesterday evening, I was in the kitchen.
s h e ________ came__________ (com e) into the kitchen, she couldn 't believe her eyes!
Mum. I
° iafen lo oking
I
(look) for m y black belt
stj||
haven’t found
seen
for
the past hour and
Have
(not fin d) i t . .
________ you
(see) it anywhere?
Mother: No, but I th in k you
Jim:
still
(cook) her fa vou rite dish because I ________ wanted________ (want) to surprise her.
When
Jim:
yet
Mary
was cooking
2
w hile
Ie ri__________ (lend) it to your bro the r about a week
Oh, you’re rig ht. He
hasn't ciyen/didrrc give
(n ot g (ve) jt back to me. I bet he
ago
nas been wearing
(wear)
it all week. Where is he now, Mum?
Mother: I'm afraid M a rk ___
H e __________ 90 t
3
|
have been w orking
I
haven’t finished
has
left
already
.(ge t) up about an hour before you .
(work) on this project
(not finish) it
did
.(leave).
. (do).
this m orning but
yet
. What am I going to tell m y boss?
& M y sister loves cats. /
She loves cats. /
She has gone to Italy.
(She is still there.)
She has been to Italy.
(She has returned.)
M y s is t e r s h e lo v e s c a t s .
I bought this bike tw o years ago. /
(Only one subject in each sentence.)
(Past Simple + ago)
$> There is a b o o k o n the table.
I-h a v e & o u g h tth is bike -two y ears ago.
It is Susan’s.
I b o u g h tth is b tk e tw o y e a r s b e fo r e .
(Use there when m entioning sth fo r the firs t time.
I have had this bike for tw o years. /
Use it fo r sth already mentioned.)
(Present P erfect+for)
Ib a v eth i-sb ik e-lo rtw o y ear-s.— -
€> T h ey don't have a car. / (have = own)
T h ey haven't got a car. /
I have had this bike since 1998. /
(have got = own)
(Present Perfect + since + time)
I have had this bike since I w as sixteen. /
They haven't a car.
(Present Perfect + since + Past Simple)
® H e has a bath e v e ry morning. / (have = take)
H e doesn’t have a bath e v e ry m orning. J
H e has- got a bath e v e ry
moTning.
(Only one tim e word in each sentence.)
I haven't studied for a w eek , (refers to the past: The
last time I studied w as a week ago.)
® Jam es didn't use to sm oke so m uch. /
I have to study for a week, (refers to the future: I
Jam es didn't used to s m o k e s o m u e h .
must study fo ra week before I do sth else.)
(did/didn’t + bare infinitive)
& I do speak French. /
I have-had this-bike since two years ago. »
I haven't eaten spaghetti for six months. /
(emphasis)
Ihavetoeatspaghettiforsixm onths-.
He does eat snails. /
T h e y did bu y a house. /
W e did saw the thief.
(do/does/did + bare infinitive)
Key Transformations
I h ave n ever b e e n to M alta before.
It is the first tim e I h ave ever b e e n to Malta.
& The last tim e I sa w h er w a s a y e a r ago.
I last sa w h er a y e a r ago.
I h aven ’t seen h er for a year.
I h a d n ever b e e n to M alta before.
It w a s the first tim e I h a d e v e r b e e n to Malta.
W h e n did he start working?
H o w long has h e b e e n working?
H o w long is it since he started working?
It has b e e n a y e a r since I last sa w her.
It is a y ear since I last sa w her.
unit 0 1
Examination Practice
A
Read the text belo w and think of the w ord which best fits each space. Use only one w ord in each space.
MONGY
w hat
There is no d ou bt th a t money, in the form th a t we know it today, (1).
keeps m odern econom ic life fu nctio nin g. Yet, th ro u g h o u t history, money, in w hatever form , has provided
people (2 )_________ with__________ the a b ility to buy (3 )_________ and/or_________sell goods.
Thousands o f years (4 ) __________ ago__________ , civilisations (5 )__________ used_________ to rely on
the barter system as a way of exchanging goods. W ithin this system a person had to exchange one thing
fo r another. This m eant th a t the tw o parties involved had to ( 6 ) ______ make/reach_______ an agreem ent
as to w hat th ey th o u g h t th e ir products were w orth. Items such (7 )__________ as___________wheat,
tobacco and livestock have all been used as m oney at one tim e or another. It was not until much later
th at humans came up ( 8 ) _________ with__________ the idea o f m oney in the form of m etal coins. So w hy
(9 ) __________did___________the barter system come to an end? The answer is simple. Coins were much
easier to handle and carry around. Since then, the use of coins has become widespread. It has made
com m erce sim pler and has given countries an o p p o rtu n ity (1 0 )__________ _____________developm ent
by doing business w ith other countries fu rth e r afield, which they (11)__________ h^d__________ never
done business w ith before.
In recent years, paper m oney has become m ore com m on all over the w orld, as it is easier to use. It
(12)__________ ^
__________ not be long, however, before plastic cards take over com pletely, replacing
coins and paper money.
6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar m eaning to the first sentence, using the w ord given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the w ord given.
1
We last w ent abroad a long tim e ago.
not
yye
have not been abroad for
a long tim e.
When did they sta rt living in the suburbs?
have
How
long have they been living
in the suburbs?
It's the firs t tim e she has ever had problem s w ith the authorities.
trouble
4
w ith the a uth orities before.
When Carl was young, h e __________________used to go to
. a holiday camp every summer.
A fter the earthquake, the governm ent supplied food and m edicine to the homeless,
provided
6
has never had trouble
When Carl was young, he w ent to a holiday camp every summer,
used
5
She
A fter the earthquake, the g o v e rn m e n t_______provided the homeless with_____
Lucy hasn't visited me since February.
was
The la s t_______________ tim e Lucy visited me was__________________ in February.
How long has he had this car?
bought
8
How lo n g _________
is it since he bought
this car?
I haven't caught a cold fo r ages,
down
I la s t___________
came down with a cold
ages ago.
.fo o d and m edicine.
unit 0 1
Words easily confused
Use the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You
may use some of the words more than once. In some cases, more than one word may be correct.
job
occupation
w ork
e m ploym ent
1 People in the m e d ic a l______ profession
w ork long hours.
2 In order to get a ( n ) _________ 12^______
-
__since January.
Employment______ agencies help people find w ork in th e ir field.
5 I was asked to w rite m y present
B
as a com puter analyst, you need a degree in com puter science.
work
3 Betty has been o ut o f ____
profession
task
course
occupation________ on the a pplication form .
d uty
task
1 They were set the
duty
2 It is a n u rs e 's ___
o f cleaning the room after the m eeting.
______ to make the patients feel com fortable.
3 Her marks are quite high, so she can choose between a medical or a la w ________ course
em ployer
em ployee
assistant
1 The shop
2 The car park
colleague
assistant
clerk
o ffice r
attendant
___ helped me choose a ju m p e r th a t suited me.
attendant_______ js responsible fo r parking custom ers’ cars.
employees_______ are expected to be at w ork by 8.30. O u r ________ employer
3 All
at university.
4 Jill w orked as a ( n ) _________clerk_______
insists on it.
fo r a law firm before entering politics.
5 All m y ______ colleagues_______ at the office are friendly.
officer
6 Bob is a senior
D
p arty
crew
staff
1 A m em ber o f a p o litic a l______
staff
2 The teaching
party
3 The search _
crew
4 The s h ip 's __
aim
goal
in the arm ed forces.
intention
1 The Maths problem was a ( n ) ___
party
gave a speech in the tow n centre last night.
at our school have form ed a basketball team.
_ had no luck in fin ding the m issing child,
served drinks as the ship set sail.
challenge
challenge
success
a m b ition
and to ok me over an hour to solve.
2 T h e _______ aim/goal________ 0f environm ental organisations is to stop environm ental destruction.
unit 0 1
am bition
3 People w ith
success
4 Their firs t album was a great
intention
5 I have no
achieve
and sold tw o m illion copies w orldw ide.
of changing my plans fo r to nig ht.
cope
fu lfil
goals
w ill always try to achieve th eir
deal
face
succeed
1 J o h n _______ succeeded________ jn convincing his boss to give him the day off.
2 He doesn’t ________deal/cope________ w ith crisis situations very well.
3 Despite his health problem s, J o e ________fulfilled___________his am bition to play in the local fo otball team.
facing
4 The Johnstons are
financial d iffic u ltie s after Mrs Johnston lost her job.
5 Kim put a lot of w ork into her project and
6 During his career as a teacher, he h a s ___
manage
run
operate
achieved
dealt
excellent results.
w ith students from d iffe re n t backgrounds.
undertake
1 You have to read the instructions carefully before y o u ______ operate __________ the photocopying machine.
2 Brett co uldn 't find experienced staff so h e _________ ________________ his business on his own fo r a few months.
3 Kate was supposed t o _______undertake_________ train in g of the new staff.
4 The com pany is
H
skills
managed/run_______ by tw o people w ho share the responsibilities.
qualities
qualifica tion s
experience
1 To get the job you m ust have three years’
experience
qualifications
2 Leadership
in telecom m unications and the necessary
., one o f w hich is a university degree.
qualities
__ are required by a Prime Minister, as well as c o m m u n ic a tio n .
skills
3 Learning to w ind surf was a fa n ta s tic ______experience_________ |
A
Look at the sentences below. What part of speech (verb, noun, adjective or adverb) is each of the words
in bold type?
unit 0 1
Each part of speech has a d ifferen t fu n ctio n in the sentence.
n u m
describe actions, events, feelings or situations.
(e.g. The tw o patterns differ from each other.)
refer to people, animals, things, actions, situations or ideas.
(e.g. There is a difference between the tw o patterns.)
JECTIVES2 describe the qualities o f nouns.
(e.g. This pattern is different from th a t one.)
VERBS
describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases or w hole sentences,
(e.g. The tw o patterns have been differently designed.)
A lot of English words can be used as roots fo r the fo rm a tion of other words, w hich are called derivatives.
Most adverbs, fo r instance, are form ed by adding the ending -ly to the root adjective.
careful 4 ca re fully
te rrib le 4 te rrib ly
d iffe re n t 4 d iffe re n tly
B Choose the correct word A, B or C to complete the following sentences.
•
The zoo's main _________ attraction________ are the pandas.
A a ttra ctive ly
B a ttractive
(c )a ttra c tio n
2 The teacher w a s ___________angry__________w ith the student because he d id n ’t do his hom ew ork.
A anger
(BJangry
C a ngrily
3 Before I set o ff on my journey, my fa th er to ld me to d r iv e ___________safely__________.
A safe
B safety
(c )s a fe ly
4 What's t h e _________difference________ between increase and decrease?
A difference
B d iffe re n tly
C d iffe re n t
5 I hired a _______ photographer______ to take pictures at my wedding.
A) photographer
B p ho tography
C photographic
6 Despite his age, he leads an __________ active__________ life.
A a c tiv ity
B acting
( ^ a c t iv e
7 She com pleted the p r o je c t________ successfully_______ and was prom oted.
A success
(B )succe ssfully
C successful
C Read the sentences below and decide what part of speech is missing. Then, complete the sentences with
the correct form of the words in capitals.
1
I love sitting on my new sofa. It’s so (Part of speech:
adjective_______ ) _____ com fortable
2 She chose light-coloured fu rn itu re to (Part o f speech:
ve|-b
COMFORT
) _brighten_____ ___ BRIGHT
up her dull flat.
3
It’s ce rta inly (Part of speech:
4 August is a (Part of speech: __
everyone is away on holiday.
adjective
adjective
) ______ dangerous tQ drjve gt hjgh speed
)
peaceful
m onth in our city, as
DANGER
PEACE
unit O f
robber
noun
5 The (Part o f speech: _
held up the bank and
ROB
stole £ 20 0 0 0 0 .
noun
6 N obody could find the (Part o f speech:.
solution
to the
SOLVE
d iffic u lt Maths problem .
7
happily
8
adverb
Even th ough they had financial d ifficulties, they were (Part o f speech:.
HAPPY
___ m arried.
I feel very (Part o f speech:_________adjective
sleepy
)
today. I th in k I’ll have
SLEEP
some coffee.
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A , B, C or D best fits each space.
F IN D IN G
EMPLOYMENT
job
My firs t (1)^
assistant
was as a sales (2)_
at
I w anted to w ork part-tim e, because I was still studying (3).
at a large d epartm ent store.
___u niversity and I was only
( 4 ) _________ able__________ to w ork a few nights a week.
across
I came (5).
the advertisem ent in the local
newspaper. I rem em ber the intervie w as though
(6 )
I!___________ were yesterday. The personnel
m anager sat behind a large desk. He asked me various questions
w hich surprised me because all I w anted was to w ork in sales. An hour
later, I was told th a t I had g ot the jo b and was given a co ntract to go
(7 )
over_________ . I was to be trained fo r ten days before i
to ok m y post. Also, as a m em ber of (8).
s ta ff
I was e ntitled to some benefits, including discounts.
When I eventually started, I was responsible (9)_
for
the to y section. I really enjoyed it there
and I loved dem onstrating the d iffe re n t toys. I was surprised at how frie n d ly m y (10) _
were, too. They made w orking there fun even when we had to (11)________deal with
( 12) .
forget.
got
colleagues
custom ers who
on our nerves. On the whole, w orking there was a great experience which I w ill never
1
A occupation
B job
C w ork
2
A employee
B attendant
C o ffice r
3
A in
B on
4
A excellent
B able
C proud
D experienced
5
A across
B into
C on
D round
B 1
C th a t
D there
6
( A ) it
(» a t
D em ploym ent
( d) assistant
D fo r
7
A on
B over
C ahead
D w ith
8
(f i) staff
B crew
C team
D party
9
A of
B at
C w ith
D fo r
10
A assistants
B staff
11
A control
12
A came
( C) colleagues
(JB) deal w ith
B w ent
C manage
© got
D em ployees
D cooperate
D were
Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
AN UNUSUAL OUTING
Last week I made a (1)_______ suggestion______ tQ m y C0USjn A |ex 0f f e rjng to
SUGGEST
take him to an (2 )______ amusement______ park. He was very excited because it
AMUSE
was his (3 )_______ favourite________place. However, from the m om ent I picked
FAVOUR
him up, he was very ( 4 ) _________ noisy__________ w hich surprised me since
NOISE
his behaviour was (5 )_______ normally________ very d jfferent, At one point,
NORMAL
w hile w aiting to get on a ride, he disappeared. ( 6 ) ________ Luckily_________
LUCK
the manager, w ho was very (7 )_________ helpful_________ found him an hour
HELP
later am ongst a crowd. Apparently, Alex had seen a fam ous basketball player and
wanted his autograph. He (8 ) ______ apologised_______ to me immecjiate ly but I
APOLOGY
was so (9 )_________ angry_________at him that we left. It was then th a t I made
ANGER
the (10)________ decision________never to take Alex o ut again.
DECIDE
Prepositional Phrases
A
Com plete the blanks with the prepositions in, on or at.
on
a farm
on
the right/left
in
prison
in
a queue
at
work
in
the North
at/°n
the back of
at
school
in
town
at
17 W alkley Road
at
the door
in
the suburbs
at
university
on
the outskirts
in
the m ountains
in
rows/a row
in
the country
on
an island
at
the crossroads
in/on
Park Avenue
B Read the sentences and com plete them with the prepositions in, on or at.
1 My brother is working part-time
the corner of the room.
2
There is a TV set
3
Jam es sits
4
They went on a boat ride
5
Hom eless people sleep
6
He had to stay
7
My girlfriend is waiting for me
8
The robbers parked their car
C
in
the front of the class.
at
the river.
on
the streets of most m ajor cities.
in/ ° n
in
hospital for a w eek after his operation.
front of the bank.
in
Read the sentences and com plete them with the prepositions in,
A tattoo is
3
Kick-off is in tw enty m inutes, so
ln
for
out
on/for
my birthday, but now I’ve changed my mind.
the beginning of the book.
at
now on, no one is allowed to enter the school building during the lunch break.
I haven’t seen Michael
aaes. so I’m going to visit him
for
9 It’s a pity I have to remain indoors
10 I can ’t talk to you
at
at
such a nice day.
on
the moment. Ring me back
11 It’s difficult to see the moon in the sky
by
in______ a while.
day.
12 I’m really worried about Sam. He should have been here
MB&
the very latest.
of date.
6 You should read the introduction
8
at
the meantime, do your warm-up exercises.
in
the beginning, I didn’t want to have a party
5 Typew riters are already
From
Tuesday
on
on, at, by, for, from or out.
life. So, think carefully before deciding on having one done.
2
7
the corner.
at/on
1 You can hand in your assignm ents
4
the hospital.
at
by
now.
the weekend.
unit 0 2
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by w riting the
correct number in the box next to each definition.
A GET
Joe was a fussy person and difficult to get on / along with.
2 The police surrounded the building, making it difficult for the criminals
to get away.
3 He always gets away with his bad behaviour.
4 A large percentage of the population get by on very little money.
5 It took Betty months to get over her father’s death.
1
2
escape
5
overcome
4
manage to live
1 have a good relationship
3
avoid being punished
B PULL, THROW
1 The authorities declared the building unsafe and had it pulled down
immediately.
2 A strange rattling noise forced the driver to pull over onto the hard
shoulder.
3 It was time I threw out / away my old trainers. They were torn.
3 get rid of sth unwanted
1 demolish
2 move closer to the side
of the road and stop (for
vehicles)
Words with Prepositions
A
Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
a m a zed
Nouns
at/by
Verbs
a d e scrip tio n
of
d istin a u ish
betw een
with
carefu l with/of/about
a fa ilu re
in
e x p e rim e n t
cro w d ed
a s e a rc h
for
q la n c e
with
fed up
with
ready
for
sa tisfied
a so lu tio n
hear
to
rem in d sb
s th
sb /sth
(=have inform ation about)
hear
with
from
sb
(=have n ew s from )
ioin
reaard sb/sth
of
smile
at/t0
SD ecia lise
sta re
in
at
as
B Read the follo w in g sentences and com plete them with prepositions.
1
Must I always remind you
2 I haven’t heard
3
4
5
6
7
a b o u t/o f
neecj
t0 follow
sb/sth
(= see m sim ilar to sb/sth)
vo te for/against
in
sth
(=tell sb again to do sth)
rem in d sb
at
about/of
of/about
the proper procedure?
from
Lisa for over two weeks now.
The police released a description
of
the wanted man.
The park was crowded
w ith
enthusiastic teenagers celebrating the end of the school year.
your problem.
There must be a solution_______ t0
“I’m a failure
in_____ life,” declared the famous actor to his adoring fans.
In some cultures staring
at_____ people is considered offensive.
unit0 2
8 Have you heard
about
the latest medical discovery?
9 A final search
for
evidence at the scene of the crim e proved fruitless.
10 You remind me
of
m yself when I was yo ur age.
Grammar Revision (Relative Clauses - Clauses of Time)
See G r a m m a r R e v ie w p a g e 148
A
R ea d th e t e x t b e lo w a n d c o m p le te e a c h b la n k w it h o n e w o rd . A l l th e m is s in g w o r d s a re r e la tiv e p ro n o u n :
o r a d v e rb s .
M arilyn Monroe, (1) ___________who___________ was one of the w o rld ’s m ost fam ous film stars, was born in 1926.
M arilyn, ( 2 ) __________whose__________ real name was Norma Jean Baker, had a m iserable childhood. She grew up
in Los Angeles, ( 3 ) __________ where__________ she spent m ost of her early years in foster homes. T hat’s
( 4 ) ____________why__________ she still fe lt lonely even when she became famous. She w orked as a m odel and also
played m inor roles in various film s before m aking "Niagara”, the film ( 5 ) ________ w hich/that________ made her very
popular. In 1954 she m arried Joe di Maggio, w ith (6) __________ whom__________ She entertained Am erican troops
fig h tin g in Korea. She w ent on to make m any film s, some o f ( 7 ) __________ which__________ were very successful sue
as “Some Like it H ot”, “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes” and “ Bus Stop”. Her film career ended tra g ica lly in 1962,
( 8 ) __________ when__________ she died at the age of th irty six.
B C h o o se A, B, C o r D to c o m p le te th e f o llo w in g s e n te n c e s .
1
As____________ Celia was d riving to the a irpo rt, she realised th a t she had left her passport at home.
A As soon as
C§)As
C During
D Until
2 I w ill have finished s tu d y in g ________ by the tim e________the film starts.
A u ntil
B w hile
© b y the tim e
D once
3 The audience started c la p p in g _______ the moment________the singer came on stage.
A by the tim e
(JB)the m om ent
C w hile
D just
4 Peter w on’t le a ve __________ until___________ he has finished all his work.
(^A) until
B by
C ju s t as
D when
5 I haven’t heard fro m h im __________ since__________ we finished school.
A before
B as soon as
C after
© s in c e
6 Jane was w orking as a jo u rn a lis t__________ while___________she was w ritin g her firs t book.
A during
© w h il e
C ju s t as
D once
7 My m other used to c r y ________ whenever________ she heard this song.
A by the tim e
B the m om ent th a t
© w henever
D until
8 The police o ffice r returned my d rivin g lic e n c e ___________ after__________
A ju st as
B until
C w hile
(D )a fte r
9 She burst o u t la u g h in g ________ as soon as________ she saw the clown.
© assoonas
B since
C u ntil
D w hile
10 ________By the tim e________ we g ot back to the hotel, it was already dark.
A The m om ent th a t
B As soon as
© B y the tim e
D Once
he had checked it.
& My brother, who j^fis a chemical engineer, works
The room (which/that) he works in is small./
for a multinational company, (subject: who)
The-foem-in w here he-works is-smaB.--
Jennifer’s brother, who you met
T-he-foem where he-works-in is-smalt. -
at her party last
week, is an engineer, (ob je ct: who)
Tke-i©©in-in-that- fre-works-fe small.— »
(Have o n ly one w ord fo r the subject o r the object o f
P I have 3,000 stamps, some of which are valuable. /
the relative clause.)
I-haw-3^€>©sta¥»psrS©me-©Hhat:'are'va±uabie.'
€> Ann’s father, who/whom we met last week, is ill. /
(expressions o f q u a ntity+ w h o m /w h ich /w h ose )
Ann-’s father, that w e -meHastweekris-rtl-. -..
(That is n o t used in non -d efin ing relative clauses.)
>When I grow up, I want to become a dentist. /
Wherrf-will grow -u-pi-f-warrt-iaberomeadenttst:^
& The man with whom she is talking is her
He said he would call as soon as he returned. /
husband. /
Iie-said-ii*.would^ail»aS'-se©H-a-ske-wouklretuFH,
(preposition + w ho m /w h ich)
(Never use will a nd would afte r tim e words)
Theraan w ith who/tha»-3hetstaftcingTSiter-^
>I visited two museums while I was on holiday. /
husbandrThe man (who(m)/that) she is talking with is her
I visited two museums during my holiday. /
husband. /
Ivisite^frwe-m-Hsettms-dwingl-wasonh-olid-ay:- —
(w h o /w h o m /w h ich /th a t + pre po sition s)
(during + noun)
& The room where he works is small. /
The room in which he works is small. /
Key Transformations
& Students who wish to go on the day-trip should
write their names on this list.
She always watched TV after she did /had done her
homework.
Students wishing to go on the day-trip should write
their names on this list.
& I will sign the document when I read /have read it.
I will sign the document after I read /have read it.
@ She always did her homework first and then she
I won’t sign the document before I read /have read
watched TV.
it.
She never watched TV until she did /had done her
I won’t sign the document until I read /have read it.
homework.
She never watched TV before doing / having done
<
q Andrew left after/before breakfast.
her homework.
Andrew left after/before having (had) breakfast.
She would never watch TV before she did /had
Andrew left after/before he (had) had breakfast.
done her homework.
She always watched TV after doing /having done
her homework.
unit 0 2
Examination Practice
A Choose the correct answer.
1 The Smiths b u ilt a huge house
on
the o utskirts
6 The e le c tric ity w ill be reconnected when you pay
o f the town.
the bill.
a. in
Vb; on
c. at
d. to
2 Once th ey
come
a. came
( c jc o m e
w e’ll ta lk to them about it.
4 ■■
From
c. when you are paying
d. during you pay
b. w ill come
on very little money.
d. are com ing
a. w ith
Mrs Davidson's nephew.
c. w ho sittin g
b. when you pay
7 There are people w ho manage to get
3 The man who is sitting jn the fro n t row is
(a.) w ho is sittin g
a. when you w ill pay
b. w here is sitting
a. in w here
d. th a t sitting
c. which
now 0 n, yOU w on't be allowed to use
b. over
c. round
8 The hotel
(d )b y
in which
we stayed was perfect,
( b ) in which
d. that
9 The students left as soon as they finished the test,
(a ) as soon as
your m obile phones at school!" the headm aster warned
b. as
c. w hile
the students.
a. By
b. For
c. At
( d. From
"We visited the tow n
c. the sleeves of th a t
d )th e sleeves o f which
where
our grandfather
grew up.
are to o long,
b. th a t the sleeves
d. until
10 "What did you do on Saturday?"
the sleeves
5 My gra nd m o th er knitted me a jum per
of which
a. w hich the sleeves
by
a. w hich
b. that
( c ) w here
d. when
B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 Here’s the house w here I lived as a child.
in
Here’s the h o u se _____________________ in which I lived_____________________ as a child.
2 I don’t know w hat made her q u it her job.
reason I don’t __________________ know the reason why__________________ she q u it her job.
3 Passengers w ishing to get up can do so a fte r the seat belt lig h t has gone off.
who
Passengers_________________who wish to get up__________________can do so after the seat belt light has gone i
4 He d id n ’t study enough fo r his exams, so he failed tw o of them.
caused He didn’t study enough fo r his exams________________ which caused him to fail_______________ t wo o f them .
5 He always checked his car tyres before setting o ff on a journey.
until
He never set o ff on a jo u rn e y ____________ until he (had) checked___________ his car tyres.
6 I’ve read all o f Jane Austen’s novels and there were o nly a couple th a t I did n ’t enjoy.
most
I’ve read all of Jane Austen’s nove ls,______________________most of which_____________________ I enjoyed.
7 Dr W illiam s is a ca rd io log ist and has his surgery on the second floor.
whose
Dr W illiam s,____________________ whose surgery is____________________ on t he second floor, is a cardiologist.
8 Last week Phil to o k part in a spelling co m p etitio n and won firs t prize,
in
Phil won first prize in a spelling com petition
(that/which) he took part in/in which he took part
|ast week.
unit0 2
.Vords easily confused
. se th e c o rr e c t fo r m o f th e w o r d s in th e b o x e s to c o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s in e a c h g ro u p A-G b e lo w . Y o u m a y
. s e so m e o f th e w o r d s m o re th a n o n ce . In s o m e cases, m o re th a n o n e w o r d m a y b e c o rre c t.
look
see
w atch
notice
regard
stare
glance
observe
11 .Ve spent weeks in A fr ic a _______ observing_______ the way lions catch th e ir prey.
; Did y o u _______ see/notice_______ the tie he was wearing? It had pink elephants on it!
3 "h e students regarded/watched/observed the new teacher w ith curiosity.
4 - w a y s __________look__________left and then rig h t before crossing the road.
5 Don’t _________ stare__________at people like that! It’s really rude.
■
saw/watched______a great science fictio n film last night.
~ Before I bought the magazine, I
glanced/looked
th rough it quickly.
IB I couldn’t h e lp ________ noticing________ the big red spots on his face.
glanced/looked
find out
invent
at his watch and started running. He was late fo r school.
discover
detect
Many serious illnesses may be cured if they a r e ________ detected_______ early enough.
2 We m u s t ________ find out________ as m uch as we can about the gang,” said the detective.
3 Was it Captain Cook w h o _______ discovered______ Australia?
■t The firs t camera, the Kodak 1, w a s ________ invented_______ by G. Eastman in 1888.
explore
investigate
look for
look up
(do) research
• The police came t o _______ investigate_______the m urder im m ediately.
2 I still h a v e ________ research________to do fo r my p roject on sharks.
3 I m u s t________ look up________ this w ord in the dictionary, because I don’t rem em ber w hat it means.
4 Mum, I’m _______ looking for______ m y trainers. Have you seen them?
5 As soon as the five friends g ot to the cave, they decided t o ________ explore________ it.
a tte m p t
e ffo rt
tria l
experim ent
1 It takes a lot o f _________ effort_________ and patience to learn how to play a m usical instrum ent.
2 John’s case came t o __________ trial__________and in the end he was found innocent.
3 The athlete failed in his la s t ________ attem pt_______ to break the w orld record.
4 Many cosm etic com panies claim they don’t carry o u t ______ experiments______ on animals.
5 I w orked fo r the com pany fo r a ( n ) __________ tna]__________ period of tw o weeks before I was fu lly em ployed.
unit 0 2
audience
spectators
view ers
sightseers
onlookers
witnesses
1 T h e _______spectators_______ disagreed w ith the referee’s decision and interru pted the fo otba ll match.
2 The tw o teenagers claim ed they were j u s t _____ onlookers_________and had nothing to do w ith the fig ht.
3 Paris attracts thousands o f ______ sightseers________all year round.
4 At the end of the play, t h e _______ audience_______ applauded enthusiastically.
5 T h e _______ witnesses_______ were asked to give a detailed description o f the accident.
6 The concert was broadcast on TV and attracted one b illio n ________ viewers________ w orldw ide.
F
m em orise
rem ind
recall
recognise
1 I did n ’t _______ recognise________her at first. She had changed a lot.
2 I had t o _______ memorise_______ his phone num ber because I d id n't have a pen to w rite it down.
3 I’ll ring Dad t o ________ remind_________him to buy coffee, otherw ise he’ll forget.
4 My grandfather can s t i l l _________ recall_________ scenes of World War II.
G
view
sight
image
vision
scene
1 The sun affects m y ______ vision/sight______ when I’m driving, so I always wear sunglasses.
2 We have a s u p e rb _________ view__________0f the sea from our balcony.
3 The child started to cry at t h e _________ sight_________ of the dogs.
4 The television show was about t h e _________ sights_________ you can visit in Rome.
5 The police arrived at t h e ________ scene_________ of the accident w ith in minutes.
6 An a c to r 's _________ image________ js im p o rta n t fo r his career.
7 I ran o ut of paint, so I co uldn ’t finish the sky fo r the b a c k g ro u n d ________ scene__________jn the play.
8 When we were leaving the flow er show, we were asked to fill in a questionnaire to give o u r _________ views
on w hat we had seen.
Derivatives are formed from noun roots, adjective roots and verb roots. In this unit we will deal with
adjectives, adverbs and nouns which derive from certain noun roots.
Adjective = Noun + -ful
Noun Root
Adjective = Noun + -less
Describing a q uality or
Having enough of th a t q uality or
Not having th a t q u a lity or
characteristic (often abstract nouns)
characteristic
characteristic
care
careful
careless
Adverbs Noun + -fully
t
Adverb = Noun + -lessly
carelessly
carefully
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: colour, harm,
hope, meaning, pain, p o w e r and use.
• The noun doubt form s the adjective in -ful and the adverb in -fully and in -less.
d o u b t 4 d o u b tfu l 4 d o u b tfu lly - doubtless
• In some cases o nly one o f the tw o adjectives - and corresponding adverbs ■derives from the noun root,
not both.
beauty
b e a u tifu l - begs&tess / b e a u tifu lly - b e ^ fig $ s ly
- endless / e nitM T y - endlessly
end
In the same way: delightful, d utiful, grateful, aimless, effortless, heartless, homeless, nameless, pointless
and shapeless.
• The opposite of some adjectives in -ful is un + noun root + ful, not noun root + less.
success 4 successful * unsuccessful
skill 4 s k ilfu l t u n skilfu l
tru th 4 tru th fu l * u n tru th fu l
• Sometimes both adjective form s (noun root + less and un + noun root + ful) derive from the same noun.
In such cases the tw o adjectives have d ifferen t meanings. The adjective form un + noun root + ful is the
opposite o f the adjective in -ful.
h e lp - } h e lp fu l (= sb who gives help)
*
u n h e lp fu l (= sb who doesn't give help)
helpless (= sb w ho needs help)
• The opposite of some adjectives in -less is noun root + -y or noun root + -b le , not noun root + -ful.
g u ilt
guiltless
g u ilty
sense 4 senseless * sensible
sleep -4 sleepless * sleepy
value -4 valueless * valuable (note the changes in spelling)
• Be careful w ith the m eaning of the adjectives derived from price.
price -4 p rice y (=expensive)
4 priceless (= too valuable to have a p rice)
Noun Root
1 Som ebody in a certain position / occupation
author
2 Som ebody having a relationship w ith sb else
friend
Noun = Noun + -ship
1 State of being in certain position / occupation
authorship
2 Relationship between tw o people
friendship
• Some com m on nouns th a t form nouns in the same way as a u th o r are: citizen, leader, m em ber and owner.
• Some com m on nouns th a t form nouns in the same way as frie n d are: com panion, p a rtn e r and relation.
• Some nouns form nouns in - ship w ith a d ifferen t m eaning: champion, scholar and sponsor.
[ J I J J 3 When you are asked to com plete a sentence w ith a suitable w ord deriving from a given root, read
the sentence carefully to decide: 1) w hat part o f speech the m issing w ord is (noun, verb, adjective or
adverb), 2) if the missing w ord has the same m eaning as the given roo t (e.g. success-successful) or the
opposite m eaning (e.g. success-unsuccessful).
unit 0 2
C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e c o rre c t fo rm of th e w o rd s in c ap itals.
1 The top m odel w a s ________ beautifully_________ dressed in an elegant evening gown.
BEAUTY
2
PEACE
My street i s _________ peaceful__________
because it’s far from any main roads.
3 Our fo otba ll team won the ______ championship________ at the end o f the season and received
_______ sponsorship_________ from a large company.
SPONSOR
4 There are thousands o f _________homeless__________ people sleeping in the streets.
colourful
5
I b ought a
6
I was fined because I was d riving
8
I am feeling q u it e __________ sleepy
9
I g ot into a b u s in e s s ______
being
HOME
. dress but its colours faded after I washed it.
7 The directions you gave us were rather
carelessly__________ .
because I d id n ’t get enough sleep last night.
__ w ith my cousin but it ended up
HELP
SLEEP
PARTNER
unsuccessful
10 The m usical perform ance was so
COLOUR
CARE
________unhelpful___________ as we still got lost.
partnership
CHAMPION
SUCCESS
powerful
. th a t the audience gave
POWER
the orchestra a standing ovation.
11 The w itness’ statem ent d id n ’t help the police in the investigation, so it proved to
be ________ valueless__________ .
VALUE
12 The man was found __________ guilty___________ of s h op liftin g and sentenced
GUILT
to one m onth in prison.
13 He has ______ successfully__________com pleted his postgraduate studies.
SUCCESS
14 The new lazer trea tm en t can extract teeth ________ painlessly__________ .
PAIN
harmless
15 It’s ju st a
. dog. There is no need to panic.
HARM
Examination Practice
A R ead th e te x t b e lo w a n d d ec id e w h ic h a n s w e r A, B, C o r D best fits e ach space.
A NIGHT AT THE THEATRE
Going to the theatre brings back happy m em ories, as it (1)________ reminds
. me of m y very firs t perform ance on
stage, (2 )_________ which_________ was th irty years ago. Parts o f th a t p articula r n ig ht are so vivid th a t I can still picture
m yself as th ough it were yesterday. The excitem ent am ongst the actors, the (3 )_______ audience's______ applause and
the party after the opening n ig h t are m em ories which w ill rem ain w ith me fo r (4) _
life
I don’t know how we m anaged to do so well. The rehearsals were far from satisfactory because we th o u g h t th a t
we could ju s t have tw o rehearsals a week (5 )_________ when_________ in fa ct we needed more. The background
( 6 ) _________scenes________ to the last act w eren’t ready u ntil an hour before the beginning o f the play despite the set
b u ild e r’s best (7 )_________efforts_________. The director was not satisfied ( 8 )__________ with__________ anything and he
d id n ’t even w ant to show up on the firs t night. Adm ittedly, I w o u ld n ’t have wanted to either.
( 9 ) _________ When_________ the n ig ht fin a lly arrived, we were all a b it w orried. I rem em ber (1 0 )_____
glancing
th ro ug h the curtain ten m inutes before the s ta rt and being amazed (11)___________at___________ the
(12) _
sight
. of a fu ll house. Finally, it was tim e fo r the curta in to go up. In the end, we proved the d irector
w rong and everythin g w ent like clockw ork.
unit 0 2
C recalls
D m em orises
B when
C w here
D w ho
A onlookers’
B view ers’
C audience’s
D spectators’
4
A life
B ages
C a w hile
D tim e
5
A where
B when
C which
D w henever
6
A images
B visions
C scenes
D sights
7
A attem pts
B efforts
C trials
D tries
8
A by
B in
C at
9
A When
B After
C While
D Until
B noticing
C staring
D w atching
C on
D fo r
1
A recognises
2
A w hich
3
10
E
:A )glancing
11
A in
12
A view
(B )reminds
© at
B vision
© s ig h t
i D )w ith
D image
Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
FRIENDS
Many people consider (1)_______ friendship_______ to be the
FRIEND
m ost im p o rta n t (2 )______ relationship______ th ey can have.
RELATION
It is (3 )_______ wonderful_______to have a frien d you can talk
WONDER
to and share (4) ________ valuable________ experiences w ith.
VALUE
However, it is im p o rta n t to choose friends
(5 ) ________ carefully_______ .
CARE
An ideal friend should be ( 6 ) _______ thoughtful_______
THOUGHT
Of course, there w ill be tim es w hen we m ig ht be
(7 )________ doubtful_______ of our friends. But, we should
DOUBT
always ta lk things through in a ( 8 ) ________ sensible________
SENSE
way and find a solution to our problems. Moreover,
we should be careful not to be ( 9 ) _______ untruthful_______.
TRUTH
W ithout honesty, the bond between friends is
(1 0 )_________useless________ and not w o rth anything at all.
I
m
and when any d ifficu ltie s arise, hopefully be there fo r us.
USE
Collocations/expressions
A The following expressions include the words day, year and time. Complete them with prepositions.
( DAY
YEAR
in
day
this day and aae
by/after
dav
TIME
all vear
vear
for
round
after
at
year
this tim e
o f the year
V
a period of tim e
sb’s free tim e
from
tim e to tim e
in
for
the firs t tim e
have no tim e
at
the riq h t tim e
take tim e
no tim e
f° r
off
B Complete the sentences with the collocations /expressions in the box below.
the o the r day
in tim e
pass the tim e
all day long
call it a day
ahead of its tim e
at tim es
tim e and tim e again
on tim e
fo r the tim e being
1 Despite technical problems, the flig h t l e f t ________ on tim e________ .
2 We’ll be g ettin g a new p rin te r next m onth. So,
for the tim e being
_we have to put up w ith this one.
3 Most engineers agreed th a t the ca r’s design w a s _____ ahead of its tim e
4 I started a conversation w ith the person sittin g next to me on the bus t o ______ pass the tim e______
5 I saw S a lly _____ the other day______ . Did you know th a t she had broken her leg?
6 The m atch started at 7 pm and Jack arrived j u s t ________ in tim e_________for the kick-off.
7 Let’s ______ call it a day_______ and go home. We’ve been w orking fo r over tw elve hours w ith o u t a break.
8 He keeps m aking the same mistake
tim e and tim e again
9 I find it very d iffic u lt to agree w ith y o u ________ at times________ . Your views can som etim es be extreme.
10 I have been s le e p y _______all day long______ today. I don’t know w h a t’s the m atter w ith me.
C Read the sentences and complete them with the correct form of the verbs hold, run, catch or keep.
1 The student w a s _________caught________ jn th e a ct o f cheating by the examiner.
2 I ju s t need you t o _________ keeP__________an eye on Sam w hile I go out.
3 Jenny w ill c e rta in ly _________ catch_________ everyone's a tte n tio n w ith th a t dress she's wearing.
4 Blue eyes and red h a ir __________ run__________ in m y fa m ily . Only m y aunt has brown eyes.
5 When m y gra nd m o th er was in hospital, I used t o __________keeP_________ her co m p a n y in the afternoons.
6 Mary is m oving to another city, but we prom ised t o _________ keeP_________ in to u c h w ith each other.
7
Running________ a business requires m any skills and expertise.
8 You can't rely on Roger. Actually, he's the kind of person th a t c a n 't_________ keeP__________a prom ise.
9 The w inner o f the m arathon had t o _________catch__________his b re a th before speaking to the journalist.
10 P le a se _________ keeP__________in m in d th a t sm oking is not allowed in this building.
11 We a l l __________held
o u r b re ath when the w inn er o f the co m p e titio n was being announced.
12 As I was running t o _________ catch_________ th e bus, I slipped and fell.
13 Can y o u _________ keeP_________ a secret? Jane is organising a surprise p arty fo r Kevin’s birthday!
14 The c h ild re n __________held__________hands w hile w alking down the street.
w ork
unit 0 3
^
________________ ________ ____________________ _______________ _
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
correct number in the box next to each definition.
A LOOK
1 We looked after Ben’s house w hile he was on holiday.
7
have a poor opinion of
8
respect, admire
5
warn somebody about potential danger
1
take care of
2
expect sth pleasant to happen
3
investigate
4
inspect quickly
6
try to find in a book or list
3
be careful about
4
care for sb or sth, especially because it
2 We are all looking forward to the opening game o f the season.
3 The auth orities prom ised to look into the claims o f co rrup tion .
4 I looked over yo ur essay and can suggest some im provem ents.
5 Look out! The pavem ent is broken and you m ight trip.
5 Look up the m eaning of the w ord in the dictionary.
7 John looks down on people w ho aren’t as rich as he is.
3 Children often look up to sports heroes.
B CHECK, WATCH, SHOW
1 We were told to check in at the a irp o rt as early as possible.
2 Guests are kindly rem inded to check out by 12 o’clock.
is your responsibility
3 The to urists were told to watch out for pickpockets.
6
arrive, appear
4 The older children were told to watch over the younger ones.
1
report one’s arrival at a hotel/airport etc.
5 The man was showing off his new sports car to his friends.
2
pay the bill and leave (a hotel/clinic etc.)
6 Everybody showed up at the p arty on Saturday night.
5
try to make people notice and admire
Words with Prepositions
A
Complete the blanks with prepositions.
accustomed___ to
familiar
to
sb (=well known)
knowledae
addicted____ ^
familiar
with
sb (=friendlv)
a rise
amused
be familiar
at/with/by
astonished
un)aware_
crazy,
famous
of
fond
to
interested
about
delighted
keen
witl1
enthusiastic
about
t° r
Dleased
w 'th
for
a taste
of
a taste
in
as
a talent
for
^or
(= liking, preference)
(=reaarded)
of
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
1 Did vou know
2 Are you familiar
about
the surprise party?
with __ the com pany's no sm oking policy?
3 Do you like the taste.
of____ red w ine m ore than th a t of w hite wine?
4 He is feared by everyone in the area. He's known
5 I'm really keen
on
as
involve _
know
(=flavour.
to
ty p ic a l
fill sth _
with
sth
else
in
brief experience)
by/with
known
of/about
(feel) sympathy
sth (=know well)
on
rude
about
with
°f
imoressed
curious.
excited
by/at
about
cruel
Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
‘The Cleaner'.
the idea of spending m y holiday on an island in the M editerranean.
in
about
sth
(=have knowledge of)
unit 0 3
to
6 This village looks fam iliar.
7 A rise
in
me. Have we been here before?
infla tion w ould have negative consequences fo r the c o u n try ’s economy.
8 I d id n ’t like olive oil but I’ve developed a taste
for
it now th a t I’m living in Spain.
Grammar Revision (Adverbs - Comparisons - Articles - Uncountables)
See Grammar Review page 150 ^
A Read the text below and complete each blank with one word.
Gianni Versace was one of the (1)__________most_______
______ successful fashion designers (2 )_____
of/in
the 1980s and 1990s. He was born in 1946, in Reggio, a (3) __________ v e r y / r a t h e r ________ small town in Italy, where he learnt
how to make clothes. In (4) _________ the_____________beginning, he sold his clothes to (5) ____________ a____________
m anufacturer in Milan, but he was not as popular then (6 ) ___________ as____________he was in later years. Very quickly he
developed a personal style, which made him famous. He used bright colours and, over time, his clothes became more and
(7 )___________ more_________ extravagant. The more successful his collections were, the (8 )___________m o r e __________ his
talent was acknowledged. Celebrities (9 )__________ [ike___________ Princess Diana and Elton John loved his style. Versace
same
also paid the (10),
. attention to his surroundings (11) _
lots
clothes and spent (12)
(13)_________ one
as
he did to his
______ of m oney on art and expensive furniture. Versace’s fame, however, is just
. side of this story of style, which ended suddenly w ith his death (14)_________ in__________the
summ er of 1997. Some fashion critics have described his clothes (15)___________ £5___________ “fabulous rubbish” and
criticised him for using cheap materials. Nevertheless, he has to be seen as one of the most influential designers of his
generation.
B Choose A , B, C or D to complete the following dialogue.
Jim:
Have you made up your mind about where to go on holiday?
Mike: I've narrowed down my choices to tw o (1)
rather
large countries, France and
Mexico. What do you think?
Jim:
Well, France is one of (2) the largest countries in Europe. Did you know it's tw ice
(3 )
as big as
the UK? Since you've got eight weeks off (4)
—
work,
you could go on a cycling to u r of the country.
Mike: I'd like to visit (5)
the
Alps and M ont Blanc, which is (6)
higher
than any other m ountain in Western
Europe. I suppose I could also go on long walks in the country, as the clim ate there is sim ilar (7)
to
that in
Britain.
Jim:
Really? I th ink it's (8)
much
warmer.
Especially on the Riviera, the Mediterranean in
1 (A ) rather
B m ost
C far
w inte r is (9)
the same tem perature as the
2 A larger
B largest
C the larger ( D ith e largest
British coastal waters are in summer! I
3 A bigger than
B as big as
C so big as
can really picture you, tanned and
4 A a
B the
C some
relaxed, tasting delicious local specialities
5 A an
B jth e
C some
D -
(10)
6 (^ jh ig h e r
B highest
C the higher
D the highest
7 A as
B w ith
© to
D of
8 A more
B m ost
('C)m uch
D quite
9 A the same
B same
10 A such
B as
© lik e
© fa r
C the
like
Cam em bert cheese, froas'
legs and snails!
Mike: Come on, that sounds disgusting!
Jim:
D too
ADoarentlv. thev taste (11)
far
better
than they sound.
Mike: I don't know. I'd rather go to Mexico and eat
to rtillas and chilli every day!
11 A pre tty
C sim ilar
D as bigger than
® -
D the sim ilar
D so
D more
<9 Mary is the tallest girl in her class. /
The train is cheaper than the plane. /
7he train is cheaper from the plane.—-
(the+superlative, for several people /things)
Both Mary and Sheila are tall, but Mary is the taller
of the tw o./
Your story is funnier than mine. /
Your story is more amusing than mine. /
:out story ic more funnier than mine. -
(the + comparative, for only two people / things)
Both-Mary and Sheila are-tall, but Mary is the taUost of the two:—-
Your house is as big as mine. /
ioiir house is asbigger as mine. -
© That's my elder / eldest brother. /
(as +positive degree + as)
(only for brothers, sisters, sons, daughters)
The children were too excited about the trip.
That's my older / oldest brother. /
My brother is a year older than me. / (older + than)
Myfarother-is-a year elder than-me
(negative meaning - excessively)
(no than after elder)
The children were very excited about the trip.
(positive meaning)
Lisa is a very / pretty / rather careful driver.
(a/an + very/pretty/rather +positive degree of ad] + noun)
Lisa is quite a careful driver.
© He spoke like a lawyer. / (= as if he were a lawyer; he isn't)
He spoke as a lawyer. / (= he is a lawyer)
He spoke as he was advised to. (as + clause)
He-spoke-liko ho was adviseerte .
(quite + a/an +positive degree ofadj + noun)
Lisa drives very / pretty / quite / rather carefully.
(very /pretty /quite/rather +positive degree of adv)
Lisa is rather / much / a little / a bit / a lot / far more
careful than Tim. /
Lisa drives rather / much / a little / a bit / a lot / far more
carefully than Tim. /
Lisa ievery/ pretty-/ quite more careful than Tim. Lisa drives very / pretty / quite moro carefully than Tim. (rather/much /a little/a bit/a lot/far+comparative degree ofadj /adv)
© John gave me some important information. /
Johagave me somo important informations.
(Uncountable nouns have no plural forms.)
John gave mo an important information. —
John gave me an important piece of information. /
(No a /an immediately before uncountable nouns.)
© The news was really shocking. /
T-he-nawswere reaHy-sheek-mg.
(Uncountable nouns go with singular verbs.)
Key Transformations
6 Fiona is taller than Gina.
Gina is shorter than Fiona.
Gina is not as tall as Fiona.
© Andrew smokes more than John.
John smokes less than Andrew.
John does not smoke as much as Andrew.
John is not such a heavy smoker as Andrew.
John is not so/as heavy a smoker as Andrew.
& This is the fastest car I have ever driven.
I have never driven such a fast car.
I have never driven a faster car than this (one).
I have never driven a car as fast as this (one).
None of the cars I have driven is/are faster than this (one).
None of the cars I have driven is/are as fast as this (one).
© She is the worst singer I know.
She is / sings worse than any (other) singer I know.
No other singer I know is as bad as her / she is.
No other singer I know sings as badly as her / she does.
© The atmosphere is becoming more polluted by the day.
The atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted.
© His behaviour is becoming more sensible as he gets older.
The older he gets, the more sensible his behaviour
becomes.
The older he gets, the more sensibly he behaves.
& He hasn't got much furniture in his new flat.
He has got very little furniture in his new flat.
He has got very few pieces of furniture in his new flat.
& George is not usually late.
It is not typical of George to be late.
It is not like George to be late.
© Your bicycle looks exactly like mine.
Your bicycle is exactly the same as mine.
Your bicycle is identical to mine.
unit 0 3
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
A TALENT FOR LYING
Although we are all natural born liars, m ost o f us seem to take it fo r granted th a t lying
(1 )
is__________ bad. However, psychologists argue th a t lying is just
(2 )
as__________ im p o rta n t as any other social skill we possess.
We learn (3)_________ the__________a rt of deception very early in life; by the age of
five, we have not o nly become quite e fficie n t at lying, but we have also learnt how to read people's
reactions and act accordingly.
(4 )_________ For__________ example, if som eone is avoiding d irect eye contact w ith us, this makes us th in k th a t w e’re
being lied to so we m ig h t lie, too. A person's sm ile is also (5)__________ a__________ giveaway. A genuine smile makes
the skin near the eyes crease, whereas a "put on” sm ile doesn't have the (6 )________ same_________ effect on the facial
features (7)__________ as__________ a real one.
Even th ough both w om en and men know how to watch (8 )_________ out__________ fo r clues th a t som ebody is lying, it
is a fa ct th a t w om en are (9 )_______far/much_______ m ore skilful liars (10)_________ than_________ men. Despite this,
wom en are also m ore affected by o the r people's feelings, so they have m ore sym pathy (11)__________ for__________them .
As a result, w om en tend to be (12)________ more_________ w illin g to have an honest conversation.
B C o m p le te th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e so th a t i t h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e f i r s t s e n te n c e , u s in g th e w o r d g iv e n
u n c h a n g e d . Y o u m u s t u s e b e tw e e n tw o a n d fiv e w o rd s , in c lu d in g th e w o r d g iv e n .
1 Sarah is a better sw im m er than Jessica.
sw im
Jessica doesn’t __________________ swim as well as_______________________ Sarah.
2 Mark and Tony are equally tall.
h e ig h t Mark is _________________ the same height as_____________________ jo n y .
3 Jane is more enthusiastic about sports than Brendan is.
keen
Brendan isn’t _________________ as keen on sports as____________________ Jane is.
4 The baby’s te m perature kept rising, so we to o k him to hospital.
h ig h e r The baby’s tem perature w a s _______________ getting higher and higher__________________ _ so we
hospital.
5 Patrick doesn’t usually fo rg e t his appointm ents.
like
It is _________________ not like Patrick to forget_________________ his appointm ents.
6 As it g ot darker, we had m ore d iffic u lty seeing.
h a rd e r The d a rk e r____________________ it got, the harder____________________ it was fo r us to see.
7 Daniel is the w orst cook I’ve ever known.
co o k
None o f the people I k n o w ____________________ cook as badly as____________________ Daniel.
8 I co uldn ’t find a bigger house in the area.
th e
This w a s ____________________the biggest house____________________I could find in the area.
9 The child re n ’s perform ance made q uite an im pression on us.
ra th e r
We w e re ___________________ rather impressed by___________________the child re n ’s perform ance.
10 Jeremy doesn’t run as fast as Jonathan.
so
Jeremy is n o t____________________so fast a runner as____________________Jonathan.
hjm t0
unit 0 3
.Vords easily confused
the correct form of the w ords in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You may
:
t ■e som e of the w ords more than once. In some cases, more than one w ord may be correct.
arise
raise
rise
arise
: -o u ld the n e e d .
2
lift
raised_________enough m oney to build a shelter fo r the refugees.
'~ie ch arity o rg a n is a tio n .
in the East and sets in the West.
: 'n e s u n ___________ r'ses
41 r * 6
______
rise
at seven every weekday to get ready fo r school.
lift
grow
, 1i r .......■ ,
grow up
,
________ we'll order m ore food fo r the extra guests.
____ the table so that I can slide the rug underneath?
bring up
....... ,n ............... .......................... I,
(be) born
I-.nil,
, ir
1ir- - r - r- . L- r ,
become
■ - ,- - ,- ,- - ^ 5 ^ ^ ^ ^
1 i the last six m onths Joe h a s _________grown___________ ta lle r by 15 centim etres.
; .Vhen Brett w a s _________ born____________ , he weighed 3.8 kilograms.
3 Most parents have fond m em ories of the years they w e re _______bringing up________ th e ir children.
* When Je an ______ grows up__________ , she w ants t o __________ become_________a m echanical engineer.
educate
learn
teach
stu dy
read
in stru ct
1 I a lw a ys__________ read___________ a book ju st before I go to sleep.
2 John w a s ________ educated________ in France, so his French is very good.
3 Michelle w orks in the g y m _______ instructing________ people how to use the equipm ent properly.
4 In my final year I had t o __________ study__________ at least fo u r hours every day t o ___________learn___________
everything th a t was required fo r the exams.
5 I __________teach__________ Physics and Maths at the local high school.
6 The e x a m in e r_______ instructed________ us to pick up our pens once we h a d ___________ read___________ the questions
carefully.
11
behaviour
a ttitu d e
te m p er
m ood
m anner
m anners
1 My parents had to see the headm aster because of m y b a d _______ behaviour________ in class.
2 A fter the argum ent, Jake was in a b a d _________m ood___________ and w o u ld n 't speak to anyone.
3 If Betty wants to keep her job, she m ust change h e r _________ attitude_________ tow ards her boss.
4 Where did you learn such excellent ta b le ________ manners_________ ?
unit 0 3
5 The children like him because o f his g e n tle ________ manner________ .
6 C liff is so calm th a t I have never seen him lose h is ________ tem per
7 What you're saying should be done in a p ro fessio na l________ manner
E
fa m ilia r
accustom ed
aware
1 I hope y o u 're _________ aware_________ o f the dangers involved in rock clim bing.
2 Is anyone in this cla ssro o m ________ fam iliar________ w ith the w ord "incubator"?
3 That w om an lo o k s ________ familiar________ to me. I'm sure I've seen her before.
4 Paul is feeling tired because he's n o t______ accustomed______ to w orking fo r so long w ith o u t a break.
r
custom
habit
fashion
trend
routine
1 Going to w ork has become a d a ily ________ routine________ fo r m ost people.
2 The g e n e ra l_________ trend_________ fo r men in the 1970s was to have long hair and sideburns.
3 In m any countries it is t h e ________ custom________ to roast turkey fo r Christmas.
4 Sandra has the b a d _________ habit_________ of biting her nails.
5 S lightly flared trousers are in ________ fashion________ this year so m any people are w earing them .
6 If you go shopping, d e fin ite ly go to Blare's. They’ve g ot all the la te s t________fashions________
G
com m on
1 It is ________
2
o rd in a ry
n o r m a l ________
usual
norm al
regular
to feel weak when you are ill, even if yo u ’ve ju s t got a _________c o m m o n ___________ co |<j
Regular________ exercise means w orking o ut fo r one hour at least tw ice a week.
3 It was a (n )________ o r d i n a r y ________weekend. We w ent to the cinema on Saturday evening and fo r a drive on Sunday
m orning, a s _________
4
H
u s u a l _________
.
I get on very well w ith m y friends because we have m any th ing s in _______
eager
keen
enthusiastic
interested
c o m m o n ________
w illin g
1 I a m ________willing__________to help you w ith your hom ew ork if you make an effort.
2 He's re a lly __________ keen_________on heavy metal music. That's all he listens to.
3 Please sit down as I'm _________ea9er_________ to sta rt the m eeting.
4 Billy is a(n)
enthusiastic / keen
tennis player, so he plays tennis every afternoon.
5 Sheila is ________ interested______jn taking up gardening this spring.
6 We w e re ______ enthusiastic______ about going to Ireland fo r Christmas.
unit 0 3
jTB
In this unit we will deal with more nouns, adjectives and adverbs deriving from nouns.
Noun = Noun + - hood
Noun Root
These nouns describe the state o r period of being w hat
Referring to a person
the noun root refers to.
adult
boy
adulthood
boyhood
• Some other com m on nouns th a t form nouns in the same way are: child, man, m other, p a re n t and woman.
• Pay atte ntio n to the follow ing:
n e ig h b o u r
n eig h b o u rh o o d
• Some other com m on nouns th a t form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: accident, addition, em otion,
fate, intention, nation, nature, person, profession and tradition.
• Note the changes in spelling:
com m erce
com m ercial 4 co m m ercially
finance 4 financial 4 fin an cia lly
p a rt 4 p a rtia l 4 p a rtia lly
confidence 4 c o n fid e n tia l 4 c o n fid e n tia lly
a rtifice 4 a rtific ia l 4 a rtific ia lly
essence 4 essential 4 essentially
b en efit 4 b eneficial 4 ben eficially
Noun Root
Adjective = Noun + - y
Adverb = Noun + - ily
luck
lucky
luckily
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: ease, fun, health, noise
and s/eep.
• Pay atte ntio n to the fo llo w in g nouns th a t form only adjectives: cloud, dirt, hair, rain, risk, snow, sun, wealth
and worth.
• Note the changes in spelling:
anger
a ng ry
a n g rily
Noun Root
h un g e r
h u n g ry
h u n g rily
Adjective = Noun + - ous
Having the quality or characteristic of the noun root
Referring to a quality or characteristic
danger
dangerous
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t form nouns in the same way are: adventure, fame, hum our, nerve and
poison.
• Some nouns ending in -ion form adjectives in -ious:
am b itio n 4 am bitious
caution 4 cautious
re lig io n 4 religio us
suspicion -> suspicious
in fe c tio n 4 infectio us
• Some nouns ending in -e form adjectives in -eous: advantage
• Note the fo llo w in g irregularities:
anxiety
anxious
n um be r
advantageous
courage
num erous
p rice + precious
courageous
Noun Root
Adjective/adverb = Noun + -ly
day
daily
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t form (both) adjectives and adverbs are: m onth, mother, w o rld and year,
m on th 4
m onthly:
His m o n th ly salary is fa r above the average, (adjective)
He gets p a id m onthly, (adverb)
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the w ords in capitals.
fatal
1 Four people died in a
icy
.a ccide nt due to the
angry
road conditions. Local residents are
. because
FATE, ICE
numerous
ANGER, NUME
accidents have occurred there and no measures have been taken yet.
2 If you re q u ir e ________ additional_______ inform ation, do n ot hesitate to contact me.
ADDITION
3 I woke up this m orning feeling happy because it was a ________ delightful________ _
DELIGHT
________sunr|y_________ day. I realised th a t the
m is e ra b le ___________ rainy_________ days were
over and t h a t __________ luckily_________ sum m er was ju s t around the corner.
LUCK
I get p a id _________m onthly______ , w hich puts a lot of pressure on m e ________financially
hopeless
the end of the m onth. I am
SUN, RAIN
at
at c o ntrolling m y m oney over a long period of
MONTH, FINAI
HOPE
tim e.
daily
____ ________basis to get to school. He does, however,
5 Phil crosses the main road on a ____
cro ss________cautiously_______by looking both ways.
Parenthood
CAUTION
can be an enjoyable experience. Yet, m ore and more couples these days
are deciding to r e m a in ____
childless
7 Eliza isn’t v e r y _________ friendly
I d id n ’t say i t _______intentionally
8 My frien d David liked going on
bitten by a ________ poisonous
DAY
PARENT
CHILD
. lately. I hope she w asn't offended by m y com m ent.
FRIEND
to h urt her.
INTENTION
adventurous
. holidays until last sum m er w hen he was
. snake and nearly died.
ADVENTURE
POISON
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
THE ART OF BEING A PARENT
In order to (1)_______ bring up_______ children, many qualities are required. As well as the (2 )_______ usual________
requirem ents such as love, patience and understanding, a sense of hum our is an im portant feature of any parent's
personality. (3 )_________In fact________ , it's quite an art to transform a child's bad mood into ( 4 ) _______ behaviour______
everyone in the fam ily can live with.
A nother aspect of child rearing is teaching children lim its and rules. This means the child needs to be
(5 )________ aware________ of w hat his or her rights are and w hat other people's are, too. Setting lim its on children must
occur on a daily basis. Temporary measures don't achieve anything but just waste time. A (6)
common_______
mistake, however, is being (7 )_________ f^ I___________stricter than necessary. Parents m ust be ( 8 ) ________ willing______
to allow th eir children the o p p o rtu n ity to explore and learn ( 9 ) _________ from _________experience.
What's more, m ost parents m ust know the im portance of (10)________routine________ as it gets children used to certain
everyday activities. For instance, eating at the same tim e (11)__________ ^ __________ th eir parents gets them into the habi
o f sitting at a table and (12)_______ teaches________ them how to conduct themselves properly.
Overall, child rearing is no easy task but it is certainly a challenge and a learning experience.
unit0 3
1
A g row
B grow up
C born
( p.) bring up
2
A rou tin e
B p o p u lar
C o rd in a ry
UD) u su al
B But
C All in all
3
( a ) In fa ct
4
A te m p e r
B c h a ra c te r
5
A know n
B a c c u sto m e d
6
A w illing
B fa m o u s
7
A v e ry
8
A k een
B eager
9
A by
B on
10
A cu sto m
B rou tin e
11
A like
12
A le a rn s
( j ) far
(Das
B e d u c a te s
( c ) b e h a v io u r
C fa m ilia r
( c ) co m m o n
D A s w ell as
D m anner
®
a w a re
D c o n tin u o u s
C q uite
D fairly
C in te re ste d
D w illing
( f i) from
D w ith
C fa sh io n
D tren d
C th an
D of
( c ) te a c h e s
D in stru c ts
Complete the text below with the correct form of the w ords in capitals.
ARTHRITIS
Arthritis is a general term for aches and pains in the body's joints.
Most types of arthritis involve the deterioration of cartilage, which
is an (1)_______ essential________material covering the ends of the
bones in the joint. When the (2 ) ________ healthy________cartilage
wears out, it becomes rough and this causes pain when the joint
moves. This condition is more common among the elderly, but some
people can be sufferers from (3)_______childhood_______ .
Apart from (4 ) _______traditional_______painkillers, little or no
treatment is available. However, (5)
ambitious_______
scientists have designed (6)_______ artificial________ joints that
can replace the ( 7 ) ________painful________ , worn-out ones. These
new jo in ts co u ld prove v e r y (8 ).
beneficial
to a rth ritis
ESSENCE
HEALTH
CHILD
TRADITION
AMBITION
ARTIFICE
PAIN
BENEFIT
su ffe re rs. A lth o u g h so m e b e lie v e th at jo in t re p la c e m e n t m ay be
(9 )
(10 )
C0St|V_______________ n u m e ro u s p a tie n ts a re
anxio usly____________w aitin g for th is m e d ica l
b rea kth ro u g h .
COST
ANXIOUS
Prepositional Phrases
A Complete the blanks with the prepositions in, on, at, for or by.
for
hire/rent
for
sure/certain
on
board
in
public
at
least
by
post/air mail
in
short
in
cash
in
the firs t place
on
an excursion
on
one's own
by
chance
on
schedule
by
accident
for
instance
by
cheque
for
a change
in
o the r w ords
on
a trip /to u r
in
on
the move
at
once
in
private
a g oo d /b i
m ood
B Read the sentences and complete them with the prepositions in, on, at, under or without.
1
All assignm ents are due to m o rro w
w ithout
f aj|.
2 A com puter chooses the lo tte ry n u m b e rs_______at_______ random.
3 Our house has b e e n ______ 5D_______ the m arket fo r over tw o m onths but we haven’t been able to sell it yet.
4 Everyone w a s _______in_______ a state o f shock after the devastating news.
5 I w a s _______ at_______a |Qss fo r w ords when I was to ld I had won the prize.
in
6 The roadworks
__ progress are responsible fo r the tra ffic jams.
7 I can't go o ut to n ig h t. I'm feeling a b it
under
the weather.
8 The train is _______ in_______ sight. It w ill be pulling in any m inute now.
9 Dianne was refused e n try to the club because she w a s _____ under
10 Final - year students are
under
age.
a lot o f pressure to pass th e ir exams.
11 I have b ought this gym e q u ip m e n t______ 21!______ approval. I can return it w ithin fifte e n days.
12 My bro the r fa in ts _______ §t_______the sight of blood.
13 My w ife isn’t here at the m om ent because she’s away
on
business.
C Complete the sentences with the prepositional phrases in the box below.
at a glance
on the road
on arrival
in order
at heart
fo r granted
in com m on
in some respects
1
Although he seems rather a bru p t at tim es, he is ve ry k in d _______ at heart________.
2
You should not take i t ______ for granted______ th a t your parents w ill always su pp ort you.
3 E verything w a s ________ln order_______ anc| ready to be inspected.
4
At a glance
5 We w e re .
6
..th e earthquake doesn't seem to have caused any serious damage.
on the road
fo r tw o days before we reached our destination.
_______On arrival_______ at the train station, they w ent straig ht to the platform .
Even though I don 't agree w ith yo u r overall argum ent, I do agree w ith you
. _______________
■ tm m
e
My bro the r and I d on ’t have a n y th in g ______ in common______ .
in some respects
unit 0 4
P*ad the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
cr rrect number in the box next to each definition.
KEEP, HOLD, CATCH
A
The governm ent kept back vita l inform a tion concerning the oil spill.
■y 5katers were warned to keep off the thin ice.
'n e students kept on w orking hard despite the te rrib le heat.
4 •Ve were told to keep out of the abandoned house.
9
rob
7
prevent from being taken away
5
m aintain
1
reserve, not reveal
s 'e d , you got an A in yo ur Biology test. Keep up the good work!
10
reach
i
2
stay off, not approach
3
continue
8
delay
6
w ait fo r a sh ort tim e
4
not enter
8
sta rt living in
1
continue
6
find a solution, discover
3 The fans g ot carried away during the concert and clim bed onto the stage.
9
stop living in
4 The tyres of my car have worn out. 1m ust get new ones.
3
over-excited
7
take part in physical exercise
2
perform , conduct
5
tired
4
become thin, weak or unsuitabl
fo r fu rth e r use
Hold on! I’ll ju st get my jacket and we can leave.
Despite his financial problems, he m anaged to hold on to his fortune.
■ Sorry I'm late, b ut 1was held up in tra ffic on the way here.
9 'w o men held up a superm arket last n ig ht and stole £ 2 00 0.
Even though he was injured during the race, he still managed
B
:o catch up with the o the r runners.
c CARRY, WEAR, WORK, MOVE
It was im possible fo r Alison to carry on w orking after receiving
the bad news.
2 Recent studies carried out by the g overnm ent show th a t m ore and
more people are relying on the state health system.
m too worn out to go anywhere to nig ht.
5
6 Scientists still haven’t worked out w hat caused the death of the animals.
Working out on a regular basis reduces the risk of heart disease.
8 1took a week o ff w ork in order to move into my new home.
9 My landlord w on 't renew m y co ntract so 1have to move out by
the end of the m onth.
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
Nouns
Verbs
bad
a connection between/with
arrive
at
a buildinq
a decrease
arrive
in
a c itv /c o u n trv
an increase
i i
°f
a lack
depart
from a place
at
bound
to
close
to
d ifferent
from /to
full
a reduction
of
aenerous
to
sb
d iffe r
from
between/
,
.
- .»
divide sth
amona people (=aive each a share of sth)
divide sth
into
inferior
to
divide a num ber
separate
from
receive sth
superior
to
translate sth
te rrified
of
another
sth (=seoarate into small parts)
by
from
from
another num ber (Maths)
sb
onelanauaae
into
unit 0 4
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
1 Can you please translate this docum ent
2 They arrived
3 The lack
at
from
French
into
English?
the hotel a fte r m idnight.
of
medical supplies made the d o c to rs 'ta s k even m ore d ifficu lt.
between/
4 The thieves divided the loo t
among
themselves.
5 He's very generous
w ith
6 The teacher divided the class
7 The m anager is ve ry generous
8 We arrived
in
his m oney and supports various charities.
into
to
fo ur groups fo r the role-play.
all his staff, regardless o f th e ir position in the company.
F rankfurt in the afternoon and looked fo r a hotel straightaway.
Grammar Revision (Determiners - Pronouns)
See Grammar Review page 152
A Read the following text and complete each blank with one word.
Very (1 )_______ few____________ people know the real inspiration fo r cubism , the m ost im p o rta n t a rt m ovem ent
of the 2 0th century. A lm ost ( 2 ) _______ everyone_______ seems to believe th a t cubism was created by Pablo
Picasso and Georges Braque, w ho were ( 3 ) __________ both_________ painters. However, ( 4 ) _________ nothing______
can be fu rth e r from the tru th . In the late 19th century another French painter, Paul Cezanne, painted a
( 5 ) ___________lot__________ of landscapes, ( 6 ) ______ all/some/many
of which greatly influenced Braque
and Picasso. ( 7 ) ________ Neither________ o f these tw o painters ever trie d to hide this fact. Yet, in the past, alm ost
( 8 ) _________ every_________ book about cubism tended to concentrate only on Picasso’s and Braque's achievem ents, no
m aking ( 9 ) __________ any__________ reference to Cezanne's influence. Over the years ( 1 0 ) __________ some_________
authors have tried to co rrect this inaccuracy, b ut to (11)__________ little_________ effect; m ost people know very
(12 )
(13 )
little_________ about Cezanne himself, let alone his work. Nowadays, however,
nobody________ can dispute (1 4 )__________ either_________ Cezanne's influence on early cubism or the
im portance o f this a rt m ovem ent.
B Choose A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences.
1 This film w ill be very popular a m o n g ____________ those________ w ho enjoy science fiction.
A these
(JJjthose
C some
D someone
2 F ortu na te ly,__________ none of________ the guests were injured when the fire broke o ut at the hotel.
A none
(ji)n o n e of
C no one
D no one of
3 You needn’t buy m ore m ilk because th e re 's ____________[ots__________ in the fridge.
A v e ry
4
B m uch
C lo t
(B )lo ts
Neither__________ the students nor the teachers were happy w ith the educational reforms.
A Either
5
B Either o f
( ^ N e ith e r
D N either of
Each___________ of the m em bers of the com m itte e came up w ith a d iffe re n t proposal.
A Every
B Everyone
(c)Each
D Anyone
6 We’ve o nly g o t___________ a little_________ tim e left. H urry up!
A little
( i) a little
C few
Da few
7 It to o k Henry a (n )___________ whole_________day to clear out the attic.
A all
8
B all of
(c)/vhole
D com plete
Each one_________ of the tw o g irls was given a bicycle as a Christm as present.
A Both
B Either
C Every one
(^D)Each one
There isn’t anything else I can do. S
Either book is interesting. /
There is nothing else I can do. /
Either of these books is/are interesting. /
Neither book is interesting. /
noro-isn’t nothing else I can do. —
The baby climbed the stairs without any difficulty. /
Neither of these books is/are interesting. /
The baby climbed the stairs with no difficulty. /
None of these books is/are interesting. /
The baby climbed tho otairo without no difficulty.—
(both +p lu ra l verb,
fonly one negative word in each sentence)
either/neither+singular verb,
either of/neither of/none o f +singular or p lu ra l verb)
• There isn’t much milk left in the fridge. /
There isn’t many milk loft in the 'fridge.-
You can go to the beach both by bus and by train. /
There is (a) little milk left in the fridge. S
You can go to the beach either by bus or by train. /
There is (a) few milk loft in thofridge. -
Youcan go to tho boach-and by bus and-bytfamr-
(much, (a) little + uncountable nouns)
(both...and «►the one and the other
either... o r «* the one or the other)
- There aren’t many strawberries left in the fridge. /
Ther&aron’t much strawberries left in the fridge. -
He can’t sing and he can’t dance either. /
There are (a) few strawberries left in the fridge. /
He can’t sing or dance (either). /
There are (a) littlo strawberries left-m the fridge. -
He can neither sing nor dance. /
(many, (a) few + countable nouns)
Hecan’t noithcr-smg-nordanee:
He can noithor cing or danec.-
- There is lots /a lot /plenty of information on volcanoes
(neither...nor ^ not the one and n ot the other)
in this book.
There are lots /a lot /plenty of toys in the garden,
We were studying all morning. /
children.
We spent the whole morning studying. /
(lots of, a lot of, p le nty o f + countable and uncountable nouns)
We-spetrtthe-alhaerfflngstudyffigr-
€ Both of these books are interesting. /
Both of those books is interesting. —
Key Transformations
6 There weren’t a lot of things to see in the gallery.
Both Jim and Jack like playing tennis.
There wasn’t much to see in the gallery.
Jim likes playing tennis and Jack does, too.
There was little to see in the gallery.
Jim likes playing tennis and so does Jack.
& Most students didn’t go to the demonstration.
Both Jim and Jack dislike football.
(Very) few (of the) students went to the demonstration.
Neither Jim nor Jack like(s) football.
Hardly anyone went to the demonstration.
Jim doesn’t like football and Jack doesn’t (like it) either, j
Hardly any (of the) students went to the demonstration.
Jim doesn’t like football and neither/nor does Jack.
unit 0 4
Examination Practice
A
R ea d th e t e x t b e lo w a n d t h in k o f th e w o r d w h ic h b e s t f it s e a c h space. U se o n ly o n e w o r d in e a c h space.
® S JJ7
lerT )
To have an allergy means th a t a person is affected either by a substance in the atm osphere
(1)__________ or__________ by some sort of food. (2)________ These_________days a lot of
people suffer from one kind of allergy or another.
So, w hat can people do to fig h t allergies? If someone is allergic to chocolate, fo r instance,
the sim plest ( 3 ) ________ thing_________ to do would be to avoid eating any chocolate. If,
on the (4 )________ other_________ hand, the allergic reaction is caused by
(5)______ something______ unknow n or d iffic u lt to avoid, then the only solution is
prescribed m edication.
The chances of (6 )_______ someone_______ having an allergy are bound to be great if allergies (7)________ run________ i
the fam ily. In o the r words, if one parent suffers from allergies, the child has a th irty percent chance of being allergic, too. I
(8 )
both_________ parents are affected, the risk doubles.
However, there is absolutely (9 )_________ no__________ logical reason to be te rrifie d (10)_________ of___________ that
possibility. Those w ho suffer can carry (11)__________ 2D_________ w ith th e ir lives and not let th e ir allergies wear them
out. They shouldn’t feel d iffe re n t (12)_________ from_________everyone else.
B C o m p le te th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e so th a t i t h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e f i r s t s e n te n c e , u s in g th e w o r d g iv e n
u n c h a n g e d . Y o u m u s t u s e b e tw e e n tw o a n d f iv e w o rd s , in c lu d in g th e w o r d g iv e n .
1 The washing m achine is not w orking properly.
w ro n g
There is __________________ something wrong with__________________the washing machine.
2 U nfortunately, m ost people did n ’t have a good tim e at the party.
h a rd ly
U nfortun a tely,____________________hardly anyone had___________________ a good tim e at the party.
3 I d id n ’t like a single song from th e ir new CD.
none
I __________________liked none of the songs_________________ from th e ir new CD.
4 I’m p re tty sure th a t Mary doesn’t like jazz music and Susan doesn’t either.
d islike
I’m p re tty sure th a t________________both Mary and Susan dislike_______________ jazz music.
5 There isn’t enough petrol on the market.
lack
There is _____________________ a lack of petrol_____________________ on the market.
6 We realised th a t both cars were expensive.
car
We realised th a t_____________________ neither car was_____________________cheap.
7 There aren’t a lot o f th ing s to rem em ber from th a t awful trip.
little
T h e re ___________________ is little to remember___________________ from th at awful trip.
8 I’m afraid I can't study both Maths and Physics to n ig h t - ju s t one of the two.
or
I’m afraid I c a n _______________study either Maths or Physics_______________ to n ig h t - not both.
9 They were looking fo r th e ir lost dog all week.
th e
They s p e n t____________________ the whole week_____________________ looking fo r th e ir lost dog.
10 The concert was sold o ut tw o weeks in advance.
any
T h e re _________________ weren't any tickets (left)_________________ fo r the concert tw o weeks in advance.
unit 0 4
W-si the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You may
some of the words more than once. In some cases, more than one word may be correct.
travel
transfer
tra n sp o rt
tran sm it
■ l ~eed t o ________transfer________ some m oney from my savings account to m y current account.
■
. father u s u a lly _________travels________ to w ork by car.
■ 'h e goods w e re ______ transported_______ to the United States.
B '- e inform ation is _______ transm itted______ by satellite th ro u g h o u t the world.
■ .e rry g o t______ transferred_______ to Bristol and he is m oving there next week.
arrive
■
get
reach
com e
approach
appear
• took us a long tim e t o _________ 9£t__________to the theatre but w e _________ arrived________ in tim e for the first act.
2 The ocean lin e r________appeared______ on the horizon and w ithin tw o hours it h a d ________ reached_______ the port.
■ .’lou ld you like t o __________ com e________ to our house tonight?
4
»*»as______ approached_______by a beggar asking fo r money.
5 'Ve________ arrived________ at the village late at night.
carry
fetch
deliver
■ Can y o u _________ fetch_________ th a t b ottle from the top shelf?
2 Some superm arkets now arrange fo r your shopping to b e ________ delivered_______ to your door.
3
c o u ld n 't__________carrV_________the boxes by m yself so I asked the shop assistant to bring them to m y car.
voyage
jo u rn e y
1 Our class is going on a(n)
trip
to u r
excursion
travel
e xpedition
cruise
flig h t
excursion/trip______ to the zoo tom orrow .
2 Joan kept a diary o f h e r_____ travels/journey
th ro ug h Europe.
3 O u r________ voyage________ on the ocean liner lasted tw o weeks.
4 Many explorers have died o n ______ expeditions______ to the A ntarctic.
5 It's a nine-hour b u s ______ journey/trip______ f rom M elbourne to Sydney.
6 We w ent on a M ed iterra n ea n _________ cruise_________ fo r our honeym oon.
7 We were given a (n )__________ tour_________ of the ancient castle as soon as we arrived.
8 O u r_________ flight_________ to Bangkok was delayed so o u r __________ trip__________ to Asia was put o ff fo r a day.
unit 0 4
E
guide
d ire ct
lead
ride
1 I recently b ought a bicycle t o __________ ride__________to work. Surprisingly, I get there faster than when I used to
drive my car there.
2 Could you please_________ direct_________ m e to the train station?
3 This ro a d _________ leads_________ to the castle at the top of the hill.
4 We w e re _________ guided________ around the m useum and saw its m ost fam ous exhibits.
5
F
Lead__________the way, John, and we'll fo llo w you.
address
road
street
way
d ire ctio n
route
path
1 You'll need a map to find y o u r __________ way__________around this city.
2 I need your n e w ________ address________ so th a t I can keep in touch w ith you.
3 I'll find th e _______ way/route_______ to your house by looking up th e __________ street_________ jn the directory.
4 We m ust fo llo w th e ________directions_______Judy gave us, or we'll never find th e __________street_________ her
house is on.
5 The hikers to ok t h e ________road/path_______ th a t led to the castle.
6 They walked ca refully th ro ug h the woods fo llo w in g th e _________ path__________
7 We were up and ready at sunrise and headed in th e _______ direction________ of the m ountains.
G
site
p osition
location
p o in t
place
room
space
1 T h e ________ l° cation________ o f the house is ideal, w ith the liv in g __________ room_________ overlooking the bay.
2 To enter the b u ild in g __________ site__________yOU mUst wear a hard hat.
3 W h a t________position________ you p|ay jn the school fo otba ll team?
4 Do you live in a _________ Place_________ 0f your own or do you still rent?
5 The s ta rtin g _________ Point_________ fo r the m arathon is on the corner of Bell and Church Street.
6 He travelled to a lot o f _________places_________ w hile w orking as a flig h t attendant.
7 There wasn't e n o u g h ______ room/space_______in the house fo r the children to play, so I to ld them to go outside.
8 It to ok us over half an hour to find a p a rk in g ______ space/place______ .
H
fo re ign
strange
d iffe re n t
peculiar
curious
1 He's g ot a ________strange_________accent; I can't understand w hich part o f England he comes from .
2 According to astrologers, Aquarians a re ________ curious________ people w ho w ant to know everythin g about
everyone.
3 Melissa buys a ________different________ car every tw o years.
4 It's d e fin ite ly an advantage to know a fe w _________ foreign________ languages.
5 There’s a
strange/peculiar
smell com ing from the kitchen. Is som ething burning?
unit
Si
This unit deals with more words deriving from nouns.
Noun Root
Verb = Noun + -ise
character
characterise
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t form verbs in the same way are: apology, com puter, economy, hospital,
m emory, summary, sym bol, sym pathy and victim.
• Pay atte ntio n to the fo llo w in g irregularities: criticism -4 criticise
emphasis -4 emphasise
• Verbs deriving from nouns in -ice are form ed by changing the -c into -s:
advice 4 advise
device 4 devise
p ractice -4 practise
Noun Root
Adjective = Noun in -ic
Adverb = Noun + - ically
hero
heroic
h e ro ica lly
1
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: dem ocrat, diplom at,
enthusiast, hygiene and optim ist.
• Nouns in -y usually fo rm adjectives in -etic:
apo lo gy 4 a po lo ge tic
energy
energetic
sym pathy 4 sym pathetic
• Some nouns form tw o adjectives, one in -ic and the o the r in -ical w ith no difference in m eaning:
iro n y -4 iro n ic /iro n ic a l
sym bo l 4 sym bolic/sym bolical
Noun Root
(usually subject of study)
Noun (person) =
Noun in-ist or-ian
Adjective =
Noun in-ical or-ic
A rt
Biology
C hem istry
Drama
Gram m ar
Logic
M athem atics
M edicine
Music
Politics
Psychology
Science
artist
biologist
chem ist
dram atist
gram m arian
logician
m athem atician
artistic
biological
chem ical
dram atic
gram m atical
logical
m athem atical
medical
musical
political
psychological
scientific
m usician
p olitician
psychologist
scientist
• The adverbs form ed from these adjectives have the ending -ically:
lo g ic a l 4 lo g ica lly
scie n tific 4 scien tifically
• Some nouns form tw o adjectives, one in -ic and the o the r in -ical, but th e ir m eaning is different:
econom ics 4 econom ic (= related to econom y o r the fie ld o f the econom ics)
4
econom ical (= inexpensive, saving m oney)
4 h isto ric (= im p o rta n t in h istory)
4 h isto rica l (= b elon gin g to history; related to sth that happened in the past)
• Very few nouns (eg. physics) form nouns (person) both in -ist and in -ian, but th e ir m eaning is different.
physics
-4 p hysicist (= a person who has stu die d o r is stu dyin g physics)
4 physician (=a d o cto r)
h is to ry
Noun Root
Noun = Noun + -dom
bore
king
star
boredom
kingdom
stardom
• Some nouns in -dom are derived from adjectives, not fro m nouns. The m ost com m on ones are:
free
■
freedom
wise -4 w isdom
....... — —
unit 0 4
C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e c o rre c t fo rm o f th e w o rd s in c apitals.
1
Melina was very
2
The
3
Howard is a very
4
We had t o _____
5
enthusiastic______ about picking up her new scooter.
politician______ is trying to find a _______ diplom atic
energetic
memorise
Personally
ENTHUSIAST
solution to the crisis.
POLITICS, DIPLOMAT
. person.
ENERGY
a |0t Qf WOrds for the spelling test.
\believe that the governm ent should preserve the
MEMORY
historic
PERSON, HISTORY
buildings in the city centre.
6
You m ust
7
John had to get
very
8
apologise
___ to him for your rude behaviour.
psychological
APOLOGY
help after his m other’s death because he had become
PSYCHOLOGY
emotional
EMOTION
The firefighter was given a medal for t h e ____
heroic
. rescue of the little boy from
HERO
the burning building.
9
The play we saw at the theatre w a s ______ symbolic_______
SYMBOL
10 The up and c o m in g _________ artlst_______ finally exhibited her paintings in a gallery.
ART
11 Children should b e ______ medically______ examined at least twice a year.
MEDICINE
12 I don’t know what to do now that my friends are away. I feel that I’m going to die
o f ______ boredom
BORE
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
A D 231
EXPERIENCE _
■ !
As a journalist, I’m asked to travel around the globe to all sorts o f (1)_______ foreign_________ countries.
Over the years, I’ve used different means o f transport. Of course, fo r long (2 )_________trips__________ >
flying is the fastest and safest way to (3) ________ reach__________ a far-off destination.
Unfortunately, I’m not a very organised traveller and despite m y travel agent’s best efforts, (4)
something________
always goes wrong. Last week, while I was heading for the airport, I realised I had left my passport at home. Obviously, I had
to go back so I asked the taxi driver to tu rn around and take me home. In the meantime, I crossed my fingers and hoped th a t I
w ouldn’t miss my (5 )_________ flight_________ .
All the ( 6 )_________ waY__________ home, the driver was speeding in and out of traffic. He g ot even more carried
(7) _________ awaV__________when he g ot on the motorway, (8 ) ________travelling________ at speecj s Df up to 150 kilometres!
per hour.
By the tim e we arrived home, I was (9 ) _________ in____________ a state o f shock and it took me a w hile to
(1 0 )_________ catch_________ my breath. So, before driving o ff again, I decided to pay him (11)_________a little_________
extra, so that he would go slower as we were bound (12)_________ ^ ____________ have an accident.
unit 0 4
1
2
A curious
B peculiar
A travels
B excursions
C tours
D trips
3
A arrive
B.) reach
C get
D approach
C everything
D nothing
B cruise
C trip
D journey
B way
C route
D direction
B on
C out
D along
C transferring
D transporting
4
5
6
A anything
C c 1foreign
(^ so m e th in g
/ '" 'N
(A,; flight
A road
D strange
/■— -N
7
(^A) away
8
A moving
9
A at
10
A hold
( b ) catch
C keep
D find
A many
' B ja
C a few
D some
C in
D of
11
12
( b ) travelling
B under
(A ) to
C on
little
B for
0 in
Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
LIFE EXPECTANCY
'ne longest-living person (1)__
officially
.recorded lived to be 122 years and 164 days
OFFICIAL
OM.
-1
general, the number of people who live to be over one hundred is increasing, especially among
••omen, yet there isn’t a single (2) ... ........... scientist________w|-|0 can fU||y explain this phenomenon.
SCIENCE
rome of them claim that it’s purely a (3 )________ biologica l _____ fact
BIOLOGY
-owever, in the developing countries, where (4)
SCIENCE
expectancy is much less. According to (5 )____
scientific________ progress is slower, life
medical
•nese people is about forty years. (6 )_______ Economic
.records, life expectancy for
.reasons are mainly responsible for
MEDICINE
ECONOMICS
:-iis and as a result a high percentage of the population suffers from malnutrition. One must also
(7)_
emphasise
(8 ) .
unhygienic
To (9) _
(10) _
summarise
nutritious
. the fact that sanitary conditions in developing countries are rather
EMPHASIS
HYGIENE
, proper housing and sanitation, adequate healthcare and a(n)
.diet play an important part in a person’s life expectancy.
SUMMARY
NUTRITION
SECTION 1 (FCE format)
m
tk
For questions 1-12, read the test below and decide which answer A , B, C or D best fits each space. There is an
example at the beginning (O).
A far
Example: 0
B individual
(c )re m o te
D separate
P A S T M E M O R IE S
remote
I was raised on a farm in a(n) (0)
e verything was covered in snow. I was always (1)
arrived
When spring (2)
_ village in the 1950s. The w in te r m onths were endless and
eager_________ fo r the w arm er w eather to come.
, everythin g came alive - flow ers w ould bloom and the animals w ould come
o ut of hibernation. I'd fo llo w the bear tracks and search fo r them . Once, however, I ( 3 ) ____
came across
angry m other bear w ho saw me ( 4 ) ___________ ^ __________ a threat. ( 5 ) ___________ !2l_
an
the sight o f the
bear I did w hat m y father had told me. I stood still until she stopped grow ling and walked away. The tric k was effective,
but looking back now, I realise th a t the situation was ( 6 ) __________i EiI___________ m ore serious than I th o u g h t at the
tim e.
By the age o f tw elve, I had lots of cam ping ( 7 ) ______ expei ien-..e_______ : as | usec| t Q go cam ping w ith my dog
on my school holidays. We w ould spend days ( 8 ) _____
exploring
( 9 ) ________ looking________ at the frogs and the (10)
the forest, catching fish fo r dinner,
flocks
_____ o f birds and the insects hopping up
and down on the surface of the water.
Of course, this was possible only during the warm m onths. When autum n came, everything w ent quiet, w hich was quite
(11)__________ usual
in those parts. It w asn't long (1 2 )_________ before_________th e animals disappeared,
the birds flew south and the snow to o k over. The place became deserted once again.
1
A keen
(^B) eager
2
A approached
3
A dealt w ith
(j5 )cam e across
C reached
D found out
4
A like
( jj) a s
C same as
D such as
5
A In
B By
6
A very
7
B reached
C w illing
C appeared
D enthusiastic
Q
arrived
© A t
D On
B quite
C so
( j ) far
A qualifications
B skills
C qualities
D 1experience
8
A exploring
B detecting
C researching
D investigating
9
A looking
B noticing
C w atching
D observing
10
A swarms
B bunches
11
A o rdinary
B) usual
C fa m iliar
12
A until
B after
C since
© f lo c k s
D sets
D regular
©
before
122221___ __________________________
unit O S
f :: questions 13-24, read the text be lo w and think of the w ord which best fits each space. Use only one w ord in
* ic h space. There is an exam ple at the beginning (0).
Nowadays the ( 0 ) ___________
most__________com m on balloon flig h ts
are usually fo r pleasure or sport, but did you know th a t ballooning began
(1 3 )_________ as____________ a science in the 18th century?
It all started in 1783, (1 4 )________ when__________ the M on tgo lfier
brothers were looking (1 5 )__________ _____________ the properties of
smoke. W hat (1 6 )________ caught________ th e ir a tte ntio n was the fact
th a t smoke could make things rise. They experim ented fo r a year or
so (1 7 )______ until / before______ they were ready to show th eir
invention to everyone. On th e ir firs t attem pt, they filled a silk bag
(1 8 )_________w ith__________ hot air from a fire. The balloon rose more
than 1.5 km into the (1 9 )_________ air/sky________ . Five m onths later,
in Novem ber 1783, h isto ry was made once more when the firs t flig h t
carrying passengers left the ground. The volunteers to ok o ff from Paris
and rem ained in the air fo r over tw e n ty minutes.
Soon afterw ards, scientists all over Europe became interested
(2 0 )
in___________the potential o f ballooning, and
it wasn't long before the a c tiv ity became very popular.
(21 )
Lots__________ of enthusiastic fans also experim ented
w ith ballooning and co ntribu te d to its developm ent. In the 19th century,
gas balloons were used fo r m any ( 2 2 ) _______ different________
purposes, the m ost im p o rta n t one being polar exploration.
In the tw e ntie th century, hot-air ballooning was re-introduced,
due to a m uch im proved propane burner. This has
(23 )
been__________ responsible fo r a w hole new
generation becom ing interested in ballooning e ither fo r scientific
(24 )
^ ___________ sp orting reasons.
uinit 0 5
j 2 jT T E |
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word
that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
SKATEBOARDING
■
F
coastal
In the early 1960s, a new craze swept through the ( 0 ) __
cities of the United States.
COAST
Being (2 5 )______ physically______ fit, the surfers wanted some fun while the surf was low. That's when
PHYSICS
an ( 2 6 ) _______energetic______ new pastim e called skateboarding was born. The skateboard was
ENERGY
(2 7 )________originally
ORIGIN
developed by attaching a plank of wood to roller-skates.
However, skateboarding has undergone ( 2 8 ) __
( 2 9 ) ______ Professional
dramatic
changes since then.
DRAMA
skateboarders now use plastic and fibreglass, which make the
PROFESSION
boards more durable and flexible. Nowadays, skateboarders spend ( 3 0 ) ________ endless
hours perform ing tricks and stunts many of which are (31)__
dangerous
END
, so
DANGER
experts (3 2 )_________ advise______ skateboarders to wear protective gear such as helmets and elbow
and knee pads, especially if they are not (3 3 )____
skilful
sensible
many falls before becoming proficient, so it is (34)
ADVICE
A skateboarder goes through
SKILL
___ to take precautions against
SENSE
accidents.
For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between! two and five words, including the word
given. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Example: 0
When I was younger, I played tennis every Sunday.
used
When I was younger, I _________________ usedtc?play
tennis every Sunday.
35 How long have you been living in yo ur new house?
moved
How long is i t ___________________since you moved into
.y o u r new house?
36 The police questioned all the eye-witnesses but they did n't find anyone capable of describing what
exactly had happened.
none
The police questioned all the eye-witnesses,_______________none of whom were capable
of describing what exactly had happened.
37 His com puter game addiction is getting worse.
and
He is g e ttin g .
more and more addicted to
.co m p u te r games.
38 She w ent out after finishing the housework.
until
until she had finished
She did n't go o u t.
.th e housework.
39 I heard th at neither of the defendants was found g u ilty in yesterday's trial,
innocent I heard th at
both defendants were found innocent
.in yesterday’s trial.
4 0 John feels he doesn't share many interests w ith his new penfriend.
little
John feels h e _____________ has little in comm on with
_ his new penfriend.
41 The shop w here he w orks is in the city centre.
which
The s h o p _______________ in which he works/which he works in
. is in the city centre.
42 He is the m ost talented player in the team,
as
None of the players in the team _
is/are as talented as
he is.
unit 0 5
SECTION 2 (ECCE format)
Grammar
Z'-oose the correct answer.
t
will have
finished
By the end of next week, I
a. will finish
my project,
6. Two masked men held
downtown yesterday.
(l))w ill have finished
c. will be finished
d. am finishing
who
'his author,
is very popular, has
b. off
c. out
(d )u p
(a )th e fitte r
(jj)w h o
c. whom
Mr. Jones. He is a
the fitte r
8. I found very
d. the fittest
^ew______mistakes in your
composition.
respectable member of our community,
a. looks up to
b. looks up
a. little
(b )fe w
c. looks down on
d. looks over
c. more
d. much
ve seen two of his movies but
neither
of them
9. Everybody congratulated Mary
on______ her
good exam results.
//as very interesting,
a. either
( b ) neither
d. both
c. none
S My parents
y0u get.
b. the more fitte r
c. the most fittest
d. which
X Everybody looks up to
4.
a. on
7. The more you exercise,
published a new book.
a. that
UP a bank
have been
living
b. in
(c )o n
d. of
10. He said that he will rent a bigger house when he
here since 1980.
a. are living
a. for
gets
(lb) have been living
c. live
a new job.
a. will get
d. were living
b. is getting
(c)g e ts
d. will be getting
[Vocabulary
G o o s e the correct answer.
t
The businessman owes his
success
to his
a)success
b. ambition
c. challenge
d. goal
comm on
was an interest in
b. progress
cycommon
d. private
ar|se
don't hesitate to contact
a. rise
(b)arise
c. raise
d. lift
d. at random
7. After the operation, the patient was
a. transported
transferred
b. transmitted
(c)transferred
8. It is Fay- s
d. travelled
intention
spectators
in the stadium applauded the
a. challenge
t o do well in her exams so
line.
the country.
c. onlookers
to ur
of Lapland, the northern part of
b. audience
a. expedition
(b )to u r
(d)spectators
c. excursion
d. voyage
Parents always say how quickly their children 9 row UP
10. Christine has a
habit
of running ten
kilometres per day.
and become adults,
a. bring up
d. skill
9. While on vacation in Finland, John went on
a(n)
a. viewers
(b )in te n tio n
c. qualification
winner of the marathon when he crossed the finish
c. raise
b. in charge
that she can study Psychology.
me.
5
( J )in search
of gold.
another hospital.
a. sight
4. All the
in search
c. at the sight
stamp collecting.
^3. If any problems
During the gold rush, many settlers travelled to
California
excellent public relations.
2 What we had in
6.
b. rise
(d )g ro w up
a. trend
b. custom
(c )h a b it
d. fashion
{0
Collocations/Expressions
A Complete the blanks with the verbs make or do.
make
fun of
progress
do
a job
do
wonders
make
a choice
make
an offer
make
a request
w ro n g /rig h t
make
sense
make
ends meet
make
a trip/voyagi
m atters worse
make
the m ost of
do
harm /dam age
make
noise
do
one’s hom ew ork
an app ointm e nt
make
an escape
make
a phone call
one's best
make
a guess
make
make/do
b etter/w orse
make
friends (w ith)
make
certain/sure
do
make
a com plaint
make
a reservation
do
an experim ent
make
a suggestion
make
a decision
make
make
an excuse (for)
one's d u ty
make
do
do
do
an exercise
do
/jo urne y
make
do
w ell/badly
make
an e ffo rt
make
money/a p ro fit
make
an arrangem ent
make
a fo ol of
make
a mess (of)
make
a difference
a mistake
a favour
make
up one’s min
B Read the sentences below. Complete the boxes with the verbs make or do and the blanks with prepositions
1 My lawyer advised me to
make
the best_________ of
2 Before signing the contract, the client wished to
3 The university students are going to
4 Bill wanted to
make
6 Your plan will only
make
7 if we
good use
make
make
10 Why don't you
make
trouble .. .
of
8 This ugly furniture does not
9 We
research
a good impression
5 The police officer was instructed to
do
on
for
do
12 Everyone stepped aside to
make
the company’s president.
the strange incident.
the people you are supposedly trying to help.
___ our resources, we can achieve our goal.
justice_____ _______ this m agnificent house.
yourself_____ at
11 Emissions from factories
the matter.
on____the effects of noise pollution on people.
a detailed rep ort_____ on
a considerable contribution
make
some enquiries______ into
make
do
this d ifficult situation.
to______ the heart foundation every year.
home while I get ready?
considerable h arm ______ to
way_
for
the environment.
the marching soldiers.
C Complete the blanks with the verbs break, change, turn or draw.
change
break
turn
shoes
sb’s heart
a page
break
change
draw
the law
break
tra in s /b u s e s
change
sb’s attention
change
a habit
d irection
clothes
break _ a prom ise
turn
change
_ a corner
the subject
D Read the sentences and complete them with the correct form of the verbs break, change, cut or draw.
1 I'll try to
change
Ted's mind about leaving his job.
2 No one was w illin g t o _____ break_____ their silence and help the police w ith th e ir investigation.
3 I decided to make the firs t move and
4 Cowboys were known to _
draw
5 The famous athlete Jesse Owens
break______the ice.
_a gun on the slightest of pretexts.
broke_____ fo u r O lym pic records in 1936.
6 My holiday w a s ______ cut______ short when I broke m y leg w hile skiing.
7 Well, t o _____ cut_______ a long story short, our car broke down in the m iddle of nowhere.
unit 0 0
\dverbial Expressions
: mplete the sentences with the adverbial expressions in the box below. Use each expression only once.
by and large
last b ut not least
every now and then
■nake an e ffo rt to visit m y grandparents
one by one
every now and then
on my own
as a m atter o f fact
.
One by one_______ , the lo tte ry num bers I had chosen came up on the screen.
..sed a Do-It-Yourself m anual and b uilt the tree h o u s e ________on my own_______ _
Last but not least
Most people are,
.th e final contender is from Venezuela....
by and large
Asa m atter of fact
, creatures of habit.
, I d id n 't like the present you gave me.
3hrasal Verbs
id the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
rect number in the box next to each definition.
MAKE, DO, GROW
The thieves made o ff w ith all the precious artefacts in the museum.
3
The boy made up a ridiculous sto ry about alien abduction to avoid sittin g
go tow ards
for the exam.
2 invent
^et's make fo r the nearest village before it gets dark.
10
become an adult
When the baby was born, we made the study into a nursery.
4
transform , convert
I couldn't quite make out w hat she was saying, as her English was very
5
manage to understand
poor.
1 steal and run away
Even th ough Derek had made up w ith Joanne, the tension between
6
become friends again
them was still evident.
9
Women make up a large p ro po rtio n of the w orkforce nowadays.
Ever since my salary cut, I’ve had to do w ith o u t many little luxuries.
11
The m anagem ent decided to do away w ith the old m achinery and
8
modernised the factory.
7
get rid of
become older and stop a habit
endure the lack of
constitute, form , be a m em ber of
When 1grow up, I w ant to become a singer.
n We've grown out o f the childish pranks we used to play on our teachers.
PASS, FILL, LEAVE
1 Our neighbour, w ho was 75 years old, passed away a few m onths ago.
2 The legends o f this trib e have been passed down from father to son
over the centuries.
3 The old wom an passed o u t when she saw the thief.
4 I had to fill in a five-page application form fo r a credit card.
5 Could you please fill up the tank w ith unleaded petrol?
6 Our best player was left out o f the team due to a knee injury.
3
fa int
4
com plete
1
die
5
make com p le te ly full
2
pass from one generation to the next
6
exclude from
unit 0 6
Words with Prepositions
A
Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
Nouns
on
dependent_
engaged___ to
equal
sb
for
a demand
of
to
sth
cover sb/sth
to
apologise.
for
things
sb
at
aim
a difference, between two
m arried___ to
for
of
an advantage.
to
independent_
grateful_
Verbs
sth
in
a difference
of
_sth
.opinion
a disadvantage___ of
an intention____2 l
.doing
_ sb
sth
on
in
for
on
spend money/time
to
on
sth
waste money/time _ on
to
contribute
pay.
re ly .
of
consist
sth
__
belong___ ^
from
borrow
confess sth
depend
invest
of
(dls)approve.
a difference,
. sb
in/with
sth
B Read the follow ing sentences and complete them with prepositions.
on
1 I found a part-time job so as not to be financially depen dent.
2 The President diplom atically labelled the crisis as a d iffe re n ce _
my parents.
of
_ opinion between the two nations.
3 We have spent a fo rtu n e ______ 2D______ our new house, but I think it was worth it.
4 The d iffe re n ce ________ |D_____ price for the same product can vary considerably from store to store.
to
for
5 I will always be g ra te fu l____
Susan
. her support during my time of need.
6 The difference
between
the rich and poor Is staggering in most developing countries.
7 My sister wastes a lot of m oney.
on
_ clothes she doesn’t end up wearing.
8 The report on corruption was completely independent______ 2!______ the government.
Grammar Revision (Infinitive, -ing form)
See G ram m ar R ev ie w p ag e 153
Complete the sentences belo w with the bare infinitive, the full infinitive or the -ing form of the verbs in
brackets. You can use either the Present or the Perfect form.
1 We watched the ship
2 Forgive mv
disappear
getting
3 She begged her brother.
(disappear) slowly over the horizon
(get) so upset about such a trivial matter.
to ier|d
(lend) her his car, but he refused.
living
4 The children were not accustomed to
.(live) in a village.
having stolen
'
i/
'
5 The thief admitted
stealing
(steal) the jewels.
driving
(drive) as I was really tired.
6 My wife prevented me from
7 My driving instructor encouraged me _
8 I’m in favour of
9 How about
Keeping
eaving
10 That man is believed
11 They are unlikely.
to take
(keep) the environment clean.
(leave) on Thursday evening?
to have caused (cause) the accident.
to come
.(come) home early tonight.
12 The traffic was so heavy that it took me three hours
house.
(take) the driving test.
to get
.(get) to my country
The coffee was too cold for me to drink. /
Judy was made apologise for lying. -
r he coffee was too cold for me to drink it. -
(make+bare infinitive in Active Voice,
The coffee wasn't hot enough for me to drink. /
make +fu ll infinitive in Passive Voice)
Vhs coffee wasn't hot enough for me to dri n k it. ■
Helen used to wake up early. /
(No object pronouns after too and enough)
Helen is used to waking up early. /
She objects to staying up late. /
Helen w ill soon get used to waking up early. /
Subject of-ing form same as subject o f main verb)
Helen is used to wake Bp-eariy—-
She objects to the children/children's staying up late. /
Helen w ill soon get used to wake apeariy—
She objects to their/them staying up late. /
(used to +infinitive, be/get used to +-ingform)
She objects to thcy-staying up late. -
It seems that he hates animals. /
Subject of-ing form different from subject o f main verb)
He seems to hate animals. /
We heard John sing an old song. /
Ho scorns that he hatc3 animals—
(witnessed the whole action)
(It seems/appears + that-clause
We heard John singing an old song. /
Subject+seem/appear+fu ll infinitive)
'witnessedpart o f an action)
It appears that she didn't lose m uch weight. /
,Ve heard John to sing an old song. -
She appears not to have lost m uch weight. /
(Verbs of the senses in Active Voice+bare infinitive/-ing form)
She doesn't appear to have lost much weight. /
John was heard to sing an old song. /
Sheappears to not have loot much w cighfc—
John was heard sing/singing an old song. CVerbs o f the senses in Passive Voice+fu ll infinitive)
It is likely/unlikely that John is interested in football. S
John is likely/unlikely to be interested in football. /
The teacher made Judy apologise for lying. /
The teacher made Judy to apologise fo r-tying. Judy was made to apologise for lying. /
Key Transformations
» It took Susan one hour to dye her hair.
There’s no point in discussing this m atter any further.
Susan took one hour to dye her hair.
It's no use/good discussing this m atter any further.
Susan spent one hour dyeing her hair.
It is not w orth discussing this m atter any further.
- She found w orking long hours difficult.
This m atter is not w orth discussing any further.
She found it d ifficu lt to w ork long hours.
The clim bers did not manage to reach the m ountain peak.
It was d ifficu lt for her to w ork long hours.
The clim bers did not succeed in reaching the m ountain
She had d ifficu lty (in) w orking long hours.
peak.
$ I expect that they w ill arrive soon.
I expect them to arrive soon.
They are expected to arrive soon.
0 I suggest we plan a surprise party for him .
The clim bers were not successful in reaching the
m ountain peak.
The clim bers were unsuccessful in reaching the
m ountain peak.
I suggest planning a surprise party for him .
He prevented/stopped his children from going out alone.
W hy not plan a surprise party for him?
He prevented/stopped them from going out alone.
How about planning a surprise party for him?
He prevented/stopped his children's going out alone.
@ I don't see w hy we should discuss this m atter any further.
He prevented/stopped their going out alone.
unit 0 6
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
HEALTHY
HEALTHY
“A healthy mind lives in a healthy body” is a saying that is believed to (1)___
have
often been used by the ancient Greeks. Thousands of years later, the same idea still applies. According
to health experts, it’s advisable to (2)_______ drink___________ eight to ten glasses of water every day.
However, water itself is not enough; a balanced diet is essential, too.
A healthy body naturally is the result of (3)________ doing_________ exercise. Many people, however,
do not like gyms and object (4)__________ to___________ going there for different reasons. Some, for
instance, say that aerobic sessions are too difficult (5)__________ to___________follow while others
claim that gyms are just too expensive. Many people also claim that they have difficulty in
(6 )________ finding________ tim e to exercise due to their hectic lifestyle, but the truth is that everyone
can make a little tim e every now and (7)_______ then_______. Regardless of the way people
choose to exercise, (8 )__________ it___________ is im portant to remember that there’s no point
(9 )____________in___________ doing it only for a short period of time.
Last (10)_________ but________ not least, having a positive attitude and doing (11)
w ith negative thoughts contributes (12)______
to
away_________
one’s well-being. In short, following
this simple advice surely helps in having a healthy mind and body.
B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 John is too im m ature to make decisions fo r himself,
m ature
John is _______________ not mature enough to make
decisions fo r himself.
2 He can’t get used to travelling abroad every fortnight,
accustomed H e _____________ is not accustomed to travelling
. abroad every fortnight.
3 He managed to convince me that it was a safe operation,
succeeded
H e_______________succeeded in convincing me
. that it was a safe operation.
4 Hearing that a war had broken out was a shock to everyone,
shocked
Everyone___________________was shocked to hear
___ that a war had broken out.
5 John told Helen he was sorry he had argued w ith her.
apologised
Jo h n _______________ apologised to Helen for arguing
w ith her.
6 Nobody liked having a new factory in the area,
objected
Everyone___________________ objected to having
. a new factory in the area.
7 She couldn’t afford to buy a laptop computer,
expensive
A laptop c o m p u te r____________
was too expensive for her
_________ to buy.
8 More dustbins have been put around so that people w on’t throw rubbish in the streets,
prevent
More dustbins have been put a ro u n d ________ to prevent people (from ) throwing
rubbish in the s
9 It would be d ifficult fo r me to adjust to a new w orking environm ent,
d ifficulty
I w o u ld ______________ have d ifficulty (in) adjusting
_to a new w orking environm ent.
10 I don’t see w hy we should wait fo r the blood test results all day.
point
There’s _________________ no point in waiting for
. the blood test results all day.
11 He first told his m other about his success in the exam.
know
His m o th e r__________________ was the first to know
__ about his success in the exam.
12 The police forced the crim inal to get into the car.
made
The p o lice _____________made the criminal get into
the car.
unit 0 6
Vords easily confused
th e c o r r e c t fo r m o f th e w o r d s in th e b o x e s to c o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s i n e a c h g ro u p A -I b e lo w . Y o u m a y u se
e o f th e w o rd s m o re th a n o n ce . I n s o m e cases m o re th a n o n e w o r d m a y b e c o rre c t.
borrow
lend
let
hire
rent
U . friends and I __________ hired__________ a car to travel around the island.
Ian y o u ___________ lend___________me some money? I'll pay you back on Friday.
5 ome of the rooms in the co u n try house w e re ____________jet___________ to to urists fo r the weekends.
______ borrowed________ m oney from the bank to buy a house.
M . p a re n ts__________ hired__________ a tu to r to help me w ith Maths.
' l e firs t th ing I did when I w ent to Crete w a s ___________ rent___________a house by the sea.
spend
waste
save
afford
-ave b e e n ________ wasting_________a lo t o f m oney lately on th ing s I don 't really need. I u s u a lly __________spend_________
all my incom e and don’t __________ save__________any m oney fo r a rainy day.
. Dhn_________spends_________ too m uch tim e on the com puter and doesn't pay enough a tte ntio n to his hom ew ork. Of
: ourse, he c a n 't_________ afford_________ to b e _________ wasting________ tim e, especially now th a t he's g ot exams.
bill
fare
fee
fin e
tic k e t
receipt
account
d isco un t
tax
T h e ___________ tax___________ d epartm ent expects all custom ers to get a ___________ receipt_________ w ith every
purchase they make, otherw ise they w ill have to pay a (n )___________fine___________ .
had to com plain to the telephone com pany about m y extrem ely high p h o n e ___________ bill____________, w hich I was
not prepared to pay. In the end they gave me a (n )________ discount________ and I paid less.
.Vhen he had his w allet stolen, he d id n't have any m oney to pay fo r his b u s ___________ fare___________.
bought an a irlin e __________ ticket__________ fo r M adrid w ith British Airways.
___________ Tax___________is autom atically w ithdraw n from my pay every month.
Most universities require th a t tu itio n ___________ fees___________should be paid at the beginning o f each academ ic year.
7 Sheila g ot a p a rk in g __________ ticket__________ fo r parking on the pavement.
8 My parents have a (n )_________ account_________ w ith the local shop and pay the am ount th ey owe every m onth.
salary
wage
paym ent
incom e
bonus
allowance
award
reward
d onation
1 M y _________salary_________ gets paid into my bank account every fo rtn ig h t.
2 Steve’s parents give him a w e e k ly _______ allowance_______.which he can use any way he likes.
3 Some people g iv e _______ donations_______to ch arity organisations.
4 Young w orkers under the age o f 21 get the m in im u m _________ wage_________set by the law.
5 M y _______ income_________f rom m y j 0k jSly t sufficient to cover m y weekly expenses. Only when I get
a(n)________ bonus_________ as a(n) ________ reward_________ for excellent results can I afford som ething special for myself.
6 Your car
payments
__are due on the 10th o f each m onth.
7 I received a Young A chiever's_________Award________ for g ettin g the best exam score in the school.
unit 0 6
E
owe
own
possess
owns
to? If no one_
it,th e n I'll.
own
________ th e ir house, b ut s till___________ owe__________ some m oney to the bank.
4 H e's__________ kept
_______ all his toys in a box in the attic.
prize
charge
value
bargain
w o rth
prize
1 The National L o tte ry ’s m ain.
tip
was £ 2 m illion.
2 When eating out, it is advisable to leave a
fo r the waiter.
worth
3 The thieves stole m illions of d o lla rs _____
4 T h e __________ value
of paintings fro m the gallery.
_____ of our house has gone up since we renovated it.
5 That restaurant has very reasonable__________Prices__________ . It's c e rta in ly ___
worth
visiting.
bargain
6 My new sofa was a real
valuable
priceless
value
fo r m oney and
. I g ot it fo r half the price.
charge_________ .
7 You can have the appliances delivered free of _
precious
keep
possessed_______ a |0t Qf strength and speed in the ring.
2 Muham mad AN__
price
belong
belong
1 Who does this pen
3 T h e y ________
keep
w orthless
1 Some o f Picasso's paintings a re _________ priceless
econom ic
econom ical
financial
____ .O n ly a billionaire could afford to buy them .
2 The police have been guarding th e _________precious _______ stones on display at the gallery.
3 When Rose lost her job, she was in a d iffic u lt____
financial________ situation fo r a while. It d id n ’t help that
she hadn't b e e n _______ economical_______ and not saved a penny w hile she was em ployed.
4 The c o u n try 's ________ economic_______ situation has im proved ever since the developm ent of the to u ris t industry.
valuable
5 Thank you fo r y o u r.
___ advice. You've helped me a great deal.
6 Julie gave away some o f her fake je w e lle ry because she th o u g h t it w a s ________ worthless
and ju s t to ok
up space.
H
loan
debt
sum
deposit
budget
1 We're on a tig h t
and car
am ount
instalments
instalm ent
budget
this m onth because we have m any expenses. Our housing
loan
_ are due in the next few days.
He had parked illegally and was fined th e ____________ sum
Could you please tell me the e x a c t____
of £ 20.
amount
I owe?
4 Joan w ent to the bank because she w anted to make a (n )______
deposit
5 He has asked me to lend him money, as he is i n __________ debt
cheque
cash
coins
currency
(bank)notes
change
1
When we arrived in Indonesia, we exchanged some o f o ur m oney fo r lo c a l________ currency
2
I m ust take all th e _________ c°ins__________ |'Ve received a s __________ change
to the bank and exchange them
f o r ______(bank)notes________ w hich are lighter.
3
When paying b y ________ cheque__________
always w rite yo u r address and sign the back o f it.
4
I'm paying fo r the shoes in __________cash___________ .
unit 0 6
^25S3SB3S3li
_____ _______________________________________________
The opposites of many English words are formed by adding a negative prefix to the words. The most common
negative prefixes are un-, in-, dis- and mis-.
• Most words that derive from the same root take the same negative prefix as the root word:
approve 4 disapprove
approving ^ disapproving
approval 4 disapproval
approvingly 4 disapprovingly
• Sometimes verbs, nouns, adjectives or adverbs deriving from the same root form their opposites with the
addition of different negative prefixes:
com fort
discom fort (noun)
fortune
m isfortune (noun)
equal
unequal (adjective)
comfortable
uncom fortable (adjective)
fortunate
unfortunate (adjective)
equality -■>inequality (noun)
• Some words of the same category (verbs, nouns or adjectives) deriving from one root form two opposites using two different negative prefixes -but with a difference in meaning:
a£>/e (adj)
unable (=not able), disabled (=handicapped)
inform ed (adj)
uninform ed (=not informed), m isinform ed (=wrongly informed)
used (adj)
unused (=not used), misused (=wrongly/badly used)
attractive
attractively
certain -*• uncertain
unable
inability, disability
able +
ability
252
lock
efficient
■ w in iin ii .ii . i n . . i ii .n .ii 'j!
1uwh mi i wfw
i
t
?
j
inefficient
unlock
efficiently
unattractive
unattractively
certainty-^ uncertainty
dress
undress
inefficiently
efficiency
inefficiency
1<u 1j n
• The prefix in- changes to:
/'/- before /-.-legal
illegal
im- before m- and p-: mature 4 immature
patient 4 im patient
ir- before r-: rational ^ irrational
• The prefix in- is not used to form opposites of verbs.
• The prefix in- is not used to form opposites of words beginning with in-:
interesting 4 uninteresting
interpret 4 m isinterpret
integrate 4 disintegrate
agree + disagree
agreement
honesty
|
disagreement agreeable
dishonesty honest
judge
connect
disconnect
disagreeable agreeably
dishonest honestly
disagreeably
dishonestly
misjudge judgement ^ misjudgement
unit 0 6
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
1 Even though he's tw e n ty years old, he is r a th e r ______ imm ature_______ .
MATURE
2 Thomas said th a t he i s _______ unable
ABLE
doubtful
_to attend the m eeting because he’s ill. I am a little
__ as to w hether this is true or not.
DOUBT
incorrectly
3 The student was v e r y ______ nervous______ and answered the question
NERVE, CORRECT
b ut the teacher asked him to try again.
4 He has become rich in a _______ dishonest
_way.
HONEST
5 I d id n't correct yo ur essay because yo u r w ritin g was s im p ly ___
6 The teacher expressed her
so
disobedient
dissatisfaction
LEGIBLE
w ith Tom because he's
SATISFACTION
jn class.
irresponsible
7 It was
illegible
OBEDIENT
. of you to leave the baby
8 U n fo rtu n a te ly , m any clim bers have been
unsuccessful
unattended
RESPONSIBLE, ATTENDE
in th e ir attem pts to clim b
SUCCESS
Mt Everest.
9 I detest people w h o ________ mistreat_______ animals or use them in
scientific
TREAT, SCIENCE
research.
10 D riving at speeds o f 150 kilom etres per hour is not o n ly ____
illegal
LEGAL
but
a ls o ________unsafe_________.
11 Her
unwillingness
SAFE
to he|p gQt her jnt 0 trouble.
WILLINGNESS
12 Why do you always have t o _______disagree________w ith w hat I say?
13 She's a very
14 Don't sit in th a t
im patient
AGREE
__ person. She wants everythin g done im m ediately.
uncom fortable
PATIENT
arm chair, sit here.
COMFORTABLE
)
15 Are you sure you d id n 't
misunderstand
him? He can't have said that.
UNDERSTAND
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
PLASTIC MONEY
cash
In the past, people b ought goods using (1)_____
m oney from financial in stitu tio n s and o nly w hen they had (3).
borrowed
.T h ey rarely (2).
saved_________
the money, did they buy
w hat they wanted.
Recently, however, there have been great changes in the way people purchase goods. To begin w ith, some people
pay fo r things by cheque, w hile others prefer m o n th ly ( 4 ) __________instalments______ >rath er than paying the whole
(5 )
(6 )
amount__________ at once. Most consumers, though, prefer to buy things using th e ir cred it cards.
By and large________ , it is th o u g h t th a t there are benefits to having a credit card. A part from the fact
th a t cred it cards are handy, some stores o ffe r bonus points to people m aking purchases, w hile others give
(7)
discounts
on certain products.
On the o the r hand, cred it cards m ust be used w isely because they can prove disastrous. In the long run, consum ers
find th a t they can't ( 8 ) ____________ do____________ w ith o u t th e ir credit cards and constantly rely
( 9 ) __________ on______________ them , as they are “easy m oney”. As a result, some people lose co ntrol of th e ir
finances spending m ore than th ey should and w ind up not being able to (10)
they end up in (11) _
debt
and have d iffic u lty (12) _
make ends meet______ . so,
in paying
it back.
iiuitOS
1
A change
B cash
2
A lent
B let
3
A. afforded
B owned
C saved
4
A sums
B deposits
C budgets
5 © am ount
B debt
C bill
6
A Last but not least
B One by one
7
A bargains
8
A go
(B ) discounts
9 (A )o n
10
A make m atters worse
C notes
©
©
borrow ed
D kept
D possessed
^ in s ta lm e n t s
D cost
By and large
C tips
D Every now and then
D prizes
B make
C be
(D jd o
B in
C to
D of
C do th e ir best
D do business
D owe
( b ) make ends meet
11 ( a ) debt
B loan
C charge
12
B to paying
C in pay
A to pay
D currency
( p ) in paying
Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
HOMEWORK
Hom ework is a part o f every student's school life. (1)_______ Unfortunately_______ , many o f them
FORTUNATE
12)
APPROVE
______ sapprove_________ 0f the am 0unt o f hom ew ork they are given, and find it p articula rly
3 )
unfair_____________ when they have to study a lot before a test. This makes them feel
4 )
anxious________and some even become physically sick w hen under pressure. Others
sometimes find it (5)_
relieve it's an act o f (6) _
impossible
to com plete th e ir hom ew ork, w hich makes teachers
disobedience
On the o the r hand, teachers consider hom ew ork (7) „
FAIR
ANXIETY
POSSIBLE
OBEDIENCE
beneficial
______ . They believe
BENEFIT
students should have a daily schedule to avoid g e ttin g ( 8 ) ___________ disorganised________ ancj
ORGANISED
naving to hand in ( 9 ) __________ incomplete___________ hom ew ork. M oreover, teachers th in k
COMPLETE
1 0 )______ inadequate______ am ounts of hom ew ork put students' fu tu re at risk.
ADEQUATE
Prepositional Phrases
A
C o m p le te th e b la n k s w it h p r e p o s itio n s .
regardless
due
of______
according
to
except
because
for
apart
to
of
from
ow ing
to
but
for
instead
of
co n tra ry
thanks
to
as
to
for
B C o m p le te th e b la n k s w it h p r e p o s itio n s .
in
spite
of_________
in
com parison
in
favour
to
of
in
charge
of
as
far
in
control
of
in
honour
on
behalf
as
well
of
as
of
as
C R ead th e s e n te n c e s a n d c o m p le te th e m w it h th e p r e p o s itio n s in , o n , a t, by, u n d e r o r to .
1 You’ll find a fa irly detailed map o f the t o w n __________ on_____________page 4 0 of this guide.
2
3
lo ______________ m y parents' surprise I passed all my examinations.
Under___________ th e circum stances, the police o ffice r had no o the r choice but to arrest them .
4 W h a t's ___________ on____________ yo u r mind, Geoffrey? You look rather w orried.
5 I prom ise to b e ___________ by____________ yo u r side no m atter w hat happens.
6 You look so calm a n d ___________ at_____________ease w ith yourself.
7
Jo____________sum up, this book is a good read and I d e fin ite ly recom m end it.
8 I made several a ttem pts to convince her, b u t____________ in____________ vain.
9 I w a s _________ under__________
the im pression you knew how to operate the video camera.
10 Their w illingness to em ploy me im m ediately w ith o u t another intervie w to ok m e _____________ by__________ surprise.
11
lo ____________a certain extent, yo ur anger is understandable.
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
correct number in the box next to each definition.
A BREAK, BURN
1
I'm buying a new car because m y old one keeps breaking down.
2 As soon as the governm ent announced the harsh econom ic
measures, rio ts broke out th ro u g h o u t the country.
5
in te rru p t
8
be destroyed by fire
1
stop fu nctio nin g
6
end a relationship
2
sta rt suddenly
7
becom e exhausted
3
enter illegally
4
lose co ntrol of one’s feelings
3 The th ie f broke into the house and stole the jewels.
4 She co u ld n ’t handle being under so m uch stress so she broke down and
started crying.
5 I started describing w hat had happened to the police o ffice r but
m y sister broke in to tell him som ething I had forgotten.
6 They broke up a fter having been to g e th e r fo r three years.
7
If Peter doesn't stop w orking so hard, he'll burn out before his time.
8 By the tim e the fire brigade arrived, the b uilding had already burnt down.
unit 0 7
B CUT
2
reduce
4
cut into sm all pieces
I 3 The speaker w as cut off by protesters m any tim es during her speech.
1
cut from /rem ove
| A Alw ays cut up the meat for the dog, otherw ise it w ill choke on it.
6
stop doing
5 During the w inter the island is cut off from the rest of the world.
3
interrupt
5
isolated
1 These pictures of film stars were cu to u t of different m agazines.
I 2 The doctor told me to cut down on junk food.
I 6 The boys are shouting upstairs. Tell them to cut it out!
C TURN
'
Turn off the heater. It's v e ry hot in here.
4
a rrive u n exp ected ly
I 2 John has turned into a reliable and efficient w orker much to my surprise.
6
reject
I 3 It turned out to be a great party.
1
sw itch off
I 4 More people turned up at the meeting than I had expected.
7
switch on
I 5 Can you please turn down the m usic? I can't hear you.
Z red u ce the am o u nt of sound,
D
heat, etc.
9
in crea se the am o u nt of sound,
I 6 My application for a visa was turned down again.
I 7 Don't forget to turn on the alarm when you leave home.
heat, etc.
I 8 I want you to know that you can turn to me for help any time.
I 9 When Je ssica heard her favourite song, she turned up the radio full blast
and started dancing.
3
result in a particular w ay
2
ch a n g e to
8
co m e to and ask for
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
ashamed _ of
-usy with
:onscious_
•-iendlv
Verbs
Nouns
of
je a lo u s,
mean
to
re le v a n t_____ to
of
with/to
of
an e x a m p le .
to
__
an opinion of/about/in
contrast
with
a question
about
decide
on
a reaction
to
at
sth (=competent)
useful
to
sb
rood
to
sb(=kind)
useful
for
sth
good
for
sb/sth
(=beneficial)
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
2
W hv are vou alw ays so mean
3 My friend Giles introduced me
the high jump.
to
to
on
an excep tio n .
good
at
com m ent
.sb
s h o rt______
1 W alter is ve ry good
in
believe
Sarah?
the fascinating world of classical music,
dedicate sth
to
.sb
introduce sb
to
.sb /sth
mean
by
relate
to
think
of/about
unit 0 7
4 The travel book w ill be useful
5 W hat exactly do you mean
for
by
our trip to Paris at the end o f the m onth.
saying I'm arrogant and a snob?
6 Most nouns fo rm th e ir plural in -s, but there area lot of exceptions
7 Mrs Ming is a very nice lady. She's always been good
to
to
me.
8 A glass of orange juice a day is good
for
9 This brochure w ill be useful
all the to u rists w ho vis it the sights.
to
this rule.
you.
Grammar Revision (M odal Verbs)
See G ram m ar R e v ie w p age 155 ^
Read the short texts below and complete each blank with one word. All the missing words are modal verbs
(can, could, may, should etc.)
a
As children, they (1)__________ used_________ to spend a lot of tim e together. They (2 )_________ would___________go
fo r long bike rides along the coast u ntil th ey reached the cave. Once there, th ey (3)__________were__________ able
to explore it to th e ir heart's content, as no one else knew about this secret hideaway. They fe lt they
(4 )__________ had___________ to keep this place to them selves no m atter what.
b
I'm w orried about Gene. He hasn't been well lately. Yesterday, he was pale and he (5) _________rnust___________ have
been feeling sick, as he (6 )_________ could_________ not eat a thing. I th in k he (7)____________ had__________better
see a doctor, as he (8)
O)
may/might/could
might/could/may
jUSt
have some serj0us j||ness he’s not aware of. Of course, it
a Vjrus. j Q be on the safe side, though, I (10)__________ w l]___________ drop by
his house later and tell him th a t he (11)______ should/m ust______do som ething about it im m ediately.
c
When used properly, videos (12)_________caD____________ be very educational fo r children. Of course, they
(13)______ must/should______ be suitable fo r th e ir age and children (14)_______ should/m ust______ not just be placed in
fro n t of the television and left unsupervised. Parents (15)_________ ought__________to be a ctively involved, too,
as children (16)
d
must/should________not be passjve viewers; they need som eone to interact w ith w hile watching.
My car broke down yesterday and I (17)__________ had__________to take the bus to work. I (18)_________ should________
have taken a taxi instead, as it was a fru stra tin g experience. We were all squashed to ge th er like sardines in a tin and
we (19)__________ could_________ hardly breathe. To make m atters worse, an o verw eight lady standing next to
me wanted to get o ff at one point. "(2 0 )________ Do/Would_______ y 0U m ind m oving a b it to the side so that I
(21)________ can/could
get to the door?" she said. She nearly squashed me to death! (22)_________Must__________
the public tran spo rtatio n system be this bad?
unit 0 7
I must wash my car. /
I have to wash m y car. /
: must to wash my car. •
You should wash your car. /
You ought to wash your car. /
You should to wash your car. Peter would wash his car every Saturday. /
Peter used to wash his car every Saturday. /
Peter would to w ash hip car every Saturday. tModal verbs arefollowed by a bare infinitive (without 'to'.)
Note: have to, ought to and used to.)
Jonathan can play tennis very well.
Jonathan could play tennis when he was ten years old.
If it doesn't rain, w e'll be able to play tennis.
I haven't been able to contact Mike this week.
(can has no future or perfect tenses so be able to is used
in itsplace.)
Bill could run quite fast when he was young.
(general ability in the past)
The injured athlete was able to finish the race.
(ability in aparticular situation in thepast, especially a difficult one.)
I must go to bed early tonight.
I have to get up early every morning.
I had to return some books to the library yesterday.
I've never had to wait for more than ten minutes at the
doctor’s surgery.
W e'll have to work hard on our project next week.
(must has nopast, perfect orfuture tenses, so have to is used
in itsplace.)
e
He must be home now. /
He must be watching TV. S
(Positivedeductions about thepresent/future)
He must have arrived early. ✓
He must have been working hard lately. /
(Positive deductions about thepast)
He can't be home now, he is usually at work at this tim e
o ftheda yV
He can't be watching TV. /
He mustn’tbe home now.
(Negative deductions about thepresent/future)
He can't/couldn’t have stolen the money. /
Ilemusttrt-havo stolon t-hemeneyr(Negative deductions about thepast)
Ruth needs to see the doctor today. /
Ruth nead see the doctor today.Does Ruth need to see the doctor today? /
Need Ruth see the doctor today? /
Ruth doesn't need to see the doctor today. /
Ruth needn't see the doctor today. /
(need is used as a modal verb only in present tense
questions and negations.)
They didn't need to return the books to the library
today. (=it wasn't necessary and we don't know if they
didornot.)
They needn't have returned the books to the library
today. (=it wasn't necessary but they did so nonetheless.)
You should apologise. /
You ought to apologise. /
You had better apologise. /
(Refer to the present or future)
You should have apologised. /
You ought to have apologised. /
It would have been better if you had apologised. /
Youhadbot-ter-haveapologised:(Refer to thepast)
Key Transformations
6
Could I (possibly) turn the music down?
Do you m ind if I turn the music down?
Would you m ind if I turn/turned the music down?
Would you m ind m y turning the music down?
I wonder if I could turn the music down.
& Your room needs tidying.
Your room needs to be tidied.
You have/need to tid y your room.
It is necessary for you to tid y your room.
It is necessary that you tid y your room.
® It is not necessary for you to go shopping.
There is no need for you to go shopping.
You don’t need/have to go shopping.
You needn't go shopping.
& It was not necessary for you to go to the doctor.
There was no need for you to go to the doctor.
You needn't have gone to the doctor.
& My grandfather went fishing every morning.
My grandfather used to go fishing every morning.
My grandfather w ould go fishing every morning.
& The students did not manage to finish the project.
The students were not able to finish the project.
The students were unable to finish the project.
The students did not succeed in finishing the project.
& (I think / Perhaps) you should take some tim e off work.
(I think / Perhaps) you ought to take some tim e off work.
You had better take some tim e off work.
The best thing you could do is take some tim e off work.
The best thing for you to do is take some tim e off work.
unit 0 7
Examination Practice
A Choose the correct answer.
1. You needn't have cooked so much food. There was
7. “Would you mind my leaving
plenty of food left over from yesterday.
a. cook
I must go to the dentist's.”
b. to cook
c. me to leave
2. Susan hates Maths and Chemistry but she’ s really
good
at
. awful when she was told that
a. feel
(b )h a ve felt
d. of
c. felt
d. be felt
not go
out tonight. It's raining
9. You
ought
to drink lots of water when you're on
a diet.
( a ) n o tg o
b. n o tto g o
c. d o n 't go
a. should
d. to d o n 't go
4. The climbers d id n 't succeed
a. to reach
10. Your jeans need
in reaching the
washing
c. wash
t>e Annie who is crossing the street;
Annie's taller.
11
d. have washed
According to t he weather forecast, it will be cold and
foggy at the weekend,
a. m ustn 't
(b )c a n 't
c. w o u ld n 't
d. shouldn't
a. Owing to
( ji ) According to
d. Instead of
c. Apart from
“When are Michael and Julie getting married?”
12. There used to .
be
.a coffee shop on that
“Well, they w o n 't get married after all. They broke
corner when I was young,
_____ UP
a. have been
a. out
c. off
before y0U wear t hem
b. to wash
(a)w ashing
(d )in reaching
ca n t
d. used
for the first time.
b. to have reached
c. reach
b. must
(c )o u g h t
mountain peak due to extreme weather conditions,
6.
have felt
she had been fired
heavily.
5. It
d. me to leaving
(b )a t
c. for
3. You had better
8. She m ust.
Science.
a. to
b. me leave
(a )m y leaving
d. to have cooked
@ h a v e cooked
a |jttle earlier today?
two months ago!”
b. down
(b )b e
c. were
d. being
( d)up
B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 I'm sure he hasn't refused such a good offer.
turned
He____________________can t have turned down___________________such a good offer.
2 There was no need for the climbers to bring so many supplies.
not
The clim bers____________________ need not have brought___________________so many supplies.
3 If I were you, I wouldn't stay in the sun w ithout sunscreen.
had
You______________________ had better not stay_____________________ in the sun w ithout sunscreen.
4 Shall I water the plants for you?
like
W ould______________________you like me to water____________________ the plants for you?
5 It is necessary that he doesn’t eat so many sweets.
cut
He_____________________needs to/m ust cut down on______________ sweets.
6 I expect that she has invited everyone to her birthday party.
must
She___________________ must have invited everyone_______________ to her birthday party.
7 As a child, David was never in the habit of eating cornflakes.
used
As a child. David
never used to eat
cornflakes.
unit 07
5-noking is not allowed in the building,
■ m ust
must not smoke
You____________________
19 3erhaps Julie thought that you would check the report.
have been under the impression
im pression Julie m ay____________________________ ________
k
. that you would check the report.
: was wrong of you to steal that book.
should
r
_in the building.
should not have stolen
You______________
_that book,
5ne is not obliged to cook if she doesn't have time.
nave
She____________________ doesn't have to cook
if she doesn't have time.
Vords easily confused
; the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You may
: some of the words more than once. In some cases more than one word may be correct.
th in k
■ - ease.
regard
consider
consider
mean
. m y o ffe r and call me if you decide to sell.
thinking
* l have b e e n .
believe
I deserve it because I've w orked
_____ of taking a holiday. I _________believe
nard all year.
regarded
The death penalty is _
d o n 't__________think
d id n 't_____
realise
as a barbaric practice by m ost people.
. he re a lly .
mean
means__________w ha t he is saying, because he’s usually joking.
to offend you. Please_________ believe_________ me.
recognise
understand
m eet
introduce
present
appreciate
meet _________ m y favourite film star and get his autograph.
1 One day I'd like t o .
2 That's the journalist th a t
presents________the evening news. Don't y o u ________recognise_________ her?
v
3 The teacher did n ’t _________realise
[ 4 Aren't you going to _
5 | ________appreciate
introduce.
__th a t the students hadn’t understood w hat he was saying.
______ me to yo ur friend? I haven’t ______________[O^t_________
her before.
yo ur help, but you m u s t_______ understand_______ th a t I w ant to do this on my own.
.Jgfg
assume
guess
suppose
1 Since I hadn’t studied for the test, I had t o ____
estim ate
guess
calculate
p re dict
■r
most of the answers.
2 We w ere _______ supposed_______to play football today, but we cancelled it.
3 It's almost impossible t o _________ Predict_______ what the future holds.
4 I suppose/assume/guess |’|| be late for work, since there’s so much traffic.
5 We h ad _______ estimated_______the value of the house to be around 6 0 ,0 0 0 dollars, but we hadn’t .
the cost of the renovation.
calculated
unit 0 7
idea
view
th o u g h t
p o in t
aspect
respect
1 She's ve ry rude and has no
m atter
.fo r anyone.
aspects
2 You should consider a ll___
respect
points
. of his proposal, because he made some in te re s tin g .
3 In m y ________ view_______
______ the education system should change.
4 I can't bear the
thought_______ 0f going back to w ork a fte r such a great holiday.
point
5 There's n o ____
___ in talking to Clark about th is problem , as he has n o __
m atter
6 A s a (n )_
queue
idea
_o f fact, I hired an in te rio r decorator, w ho gave me some good
line
aisle
c o rrid o r
hall
about it.
ideas
row
1 The cornflakes are in the th ird
aisle
2 Walk dow n th e _______ corridor
.and the to ile t is the th ird door on your right.
3 The e n tra n ce ____
hall
_____to m y fla t is so small th a t it's a waste of space.
4 Please get in _____
line
____ and w ait yo ur turn, madam!
5 We were lucky enough to be given seats in the fr o n t___________[2 ^ _________ at the theatre.
q u e u e /lin e
6 There was such a lo n g .
available
spare
in the bank th a t I couldn’t be bothered to go in.
free
convenient
1 When I bought my car, I got the a ir-c o n d itio n e r____
handy
usable
f ree_________of charge. It really came in
handy
during the summer.
2 Every car m ust have a (n )_________ spare_________ tyre in the boot.
available
3 The Red Dog’s new album is now __
4 A laptop com puter is v e ry ________ handy
in music stores.
. because it is portable a n d .
usable
.anyw here.
5 I'm ________ f ree___________to m o rro w evening. Would you like to go to the cinema?
6 A car is a v e ry .
absence
convenient
lack
. means o f tra n sp o rt com pared to buses and trains.
shortage
loss
#
1 A fter the accident, my father suffered a g ra d u a l__________ 1055
o f m emory.
2 V icky's _______ absence________f rom w o rk was noticed, so the boss rang her at home.
3 T h e __________lack__________of rain created severe________ shortages______ of fresh fru it and vegetables.
shortage
4 There's a w orld
__of energy and scientists are looking fo r alternative sources.
5 Although I liked living w ith m y family, I was annoyed by th e __________ jack_________ 0f privacy.
H
sh ort
scarce
rare
inadequate
insu fficien t
*
1 As a botanist he specialises in _________ rare__________ species of plants.
2 The book costs $ 21 and I'm __________ short________by one dollar. Could you lend me some money?
3 A(n)
inadequate_______supply o f oxygen to the brain can prove lethal.
4 In m any parts of the w orld w ater is _________ scarce________ .
_______5 Parking space in the city centre is
V | lE l
scarce/inadequate
insufficient/
due to th e _______ inadequate______ num ber o f car parks.
unit 0 7
{^223331.
This unit deals with some verbs and nouns which derive from adjectives.
Verb = Adjective + -en
Noun ^Adjective + -ness
Describing the process of acquiring
the q ua lity / state o f the adjective
The q ua lity / state described by the
adjective
darken
darkness
Adjective Root
I Describing a quality/state
dark
Some o the r com m on adjectives th a t form verbs and nouns in the same way are: fresh, hard, loose, quick,
sharp, thick and weak.
The adjectives broad, deep and w ide form nouns in -th:
broad
broaden
breadth
deep 4 deepen 4 depth
wide 4 widen 4 width
Some verbs in -en do not derive from adjectives, but from the corresponding nouns:
Adjective
Noun
Verb
high
long
strong
height
length
strength
frig h t
threat
heighten
lengthen
strengthen
frigh ten
threaten
—
—
The adjective short form s tw o nouns w ith a difference in meaning:
short
shortness (being sh ort or having little of sth)
shortage (lack or insu fficien t q u a n tity o f sth)
Noun in-nee or -ncy
Adjective Root in -nt
Describing a quality / state
The quality/state described by the adjective
distance
intelligence
efficiency
d istant
intellig en t
e fficie n t
Most adjectives in -ant/-ent form nouns in -ance and-ence.
Some com m on adjectives th a t fo rm nouns in -ance are: arrogant, assistant, ignorant, im portant, relevant,
reluctant, resistant, significant and tolerant.
Some com m on adjectives th a t form nouns in -ence are: absent, confident, convenient, different, evident,
innocent, patient, present, silent and violent.
Some com m on adjectives in -ant/-ent th a t form nouns in -ancy/-ency are: consistent, efficient, fluent, frequent,
pregnant, proficient, redundant, transparent, urgent and vacant.
Noun in -cy
Adjective Root in -te
Describing a q uality / state
The quality/state described by the adjective
private
privacy
Some o the r com m on adjectives th a t form nouns in the same way are: (in)accurate, (in)adequate, (il)literate,
immediate, intim ate and obstinate.
The adjective secret form s tw o nouns w ith a difference in meaning:
secret
secret (fact known o nly to few people and not to ld to others)
secrecy (having/keeping secrets)
The adjective fortun a te does not form a noun in -cy but derives from the noun fortune.
unit 0 7
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
1 Despite being a keen camper, I fin d the _
darkness_______jn this forest
unbearable
DARK, BEARABLE
2 In ord er t o ________ broaden________ yOUI- shoulders, you have to do m any push-ups at the gym.
BROAD
3 She d id n ’t like the colour o f her hair, so she decided t o _________ darken__________it. She was,
DARK
anxious
however, rather
____about how dark it w ould become.
ANXIETY
4 The suspect was released because of lack o f ________ evidence________against him.
EVIDENT
5 Being unable to m eet John, I rang to apologise fo r the
CONVENIENT
6
inconvenience______ | had caused him.
Fluency________ in at least tw o languages is essential if you w ant to become an
FLUENT
interpreter.
7 The tow n council placed restrictions on the w ater supply due to a ________shortage_________Gf
SHORT
w ater th a t year.
8 There are m any com plaints about t h e ________ inadequacy______0f facilities fo r the handicapped.
ADEQUATE
9 The governm ent attem pted to re d u c e __________violence_______ by increasing police patrols.
VIOLENT
10 T h e __________ depth_________ of th a t lake has never been measured.
11 To calculate the area of a room, you m u ltip ly i t s _____
length
DEEP
width
. by its
LONG, WIDE
12 The d o cto r advised me to exercise in ord er t o ________ strengthen______ my back muscles.
STRONG
13 Amanda is unlikely to lose any w eight, as she has a ________ weakness_______ fo r sweets and junk
WEAK
food.
14 Many flig h ts were delayed today, causing g row ing _
impatience
PATIENT
am ong the
passengers.
15 In some countries, the percentage o f ______ illiteracy
is still ve ry high.
LITERATE
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
NEW YEAR r
New Year celebrations date as far back as 2 0 0 0 BC in Mesopotamia. Yet, the actual date has changed a
num ber of times. There was always a problem because New Year was (1)________ calculated
by the m ovements o f the Sun and Moon w hich allowed room fo r error. To (2).
a long sto ry short, it wasn't until 1582, when the calendar we use today was (3).
cut
introduced
th a t January 1st became New Year’s Day in m ost cultures. Some cultures, however, celebrate the New
Year at various times, according to th eir calendar and religious traditions. For example, the Chinese celebrate it
between the 21st of January and the 19th o f February. In (4)
contrast___________w ith m ost of the w orld who celebrate
at the beginning of the year, the Jewish people celebrate it in September or early October.
In any case, the New Year is a festive occasion. Some people celebrate at home w ith no (5).
shortage
champagne, w hile others party on the streets, w atching the firew orks that the city council ( 6 ) _____
may
of
have
provided. Others prefer night clubs, joining the long (7 )_________ queues________ of people w aiting to get in and dance the
night away. In China, there are parades w ith dancing dragons and hundreds of people tu rn (8 ) ____________ up__________to
look on. It is also common to make New Year’s Resolutions, the ( 9 ) ________ idea
(10)________regard__________ the New Year as a chance to (11)___________ break
(12) To sum „
M
M
up
. bejng that m ost people
.bad habits.
., New Year is a tim e of celebration that a large proportion of the people look forw ard to.
unit 0 7
1
B assumed
( a ) calculated
2
A break
B change
3
A realised
B recognised
4
A co ntrary
B opposite
5
(A ) shortage
C known
D introduced
© c o n tra s t
D difference
C absence
C possibly
A likely
B should
7
A aisles
( b ) queues
Q.
00
B on
D tu rn
© cut
B loss
6
D considered
C supposed
D scarce
( d ) may
C rows
D co rridors
C into
D
o ut
D m atter
© id e a
9
A view
B point
10
A )re g a rd
B th in k
C believe
D realise
11
A cut
( b ) break
C change
D split
12
A on
D in
© up
B fo r
: Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
/
financial
. help and found m yself in the
FINANCE
2 ______ delightful__________position of fu lfillin g my dream - buying my own house.
DELIGHT
Last year I received some (1)____
v . friends tried to (3)_
frighten
_ me by describing te rrible experiences
irv o lv in g house hunting. I knew th at my ordeal would test my (4 )_________ patience
t j t I was determ ined to go to any (5).
PATIENT
lengths
.•.anted to live close to the city centre so I placed great (6 ).
FRIGHT
LONG
importance
on
IMPORTANT
the location. I inspected num erous houses and fin a lly found one I was happy w ith. I needed
|o (7 )_________ freshen_________ the walls up a bit, but th a t w asn't a problem . I really loved
:ne (8 ) _________ quietness_______ of the area, w hich was (9).
considering the short (10) _
.•.hat I had dream ed of.
distance
unusual
. from the c ity centre. It was exactly
FRESH
QUIET, USUAL
DISTANT
Collocations/Expressions
A Complete the blanks with the verbs le a v e , p u t, s e t or s h a k e .
Put
a stop to sth
set
s liake
f jre to sth
set
leave
an exam ple
set
hands w ith sb
put
pressure on sb
a message
set
fo o t in
the table
set
the alarm clock
B Read the sentences and complete them with the correct form of the verbs p u t, s e t or s h a k e .
1 The u niversity h as________ set
. ve ry high standards to a ttra ct the best students.
2 D o n 't_______ Put______ the blame on him. He’s not the one responsible fo r the accident.
shook______ his head in disappointm ent.
3 Jerry
4 She loved the house the m inute s h e ________set______ eyes on it.
5 Ia n ______ E>ut_______ a lot of e ffo rt in to repairing th a t old car.
set
6 Mrs Smith
. her children the task of clearing o ut the attic.
7 A fter years o f im prisonm ent, the man w ho had w ro n g fu lly been accused o f the robbery was fin a lly ______ set
free
8 They have announced th e ir engagem ent but they h a v e n 't________set______ a date fo r th e ir w edding yet.
C Complete the blanks with the verbs m is s , or lo s e
lose
.in te re st in
miss
lose
.a com p etitio n
lose
miss
lose
a chance
lose
. m oney
lose/miss
a person
a class
lose
w eight
lose
a m eeting
one's job
lose
miss
a train/plane etc.
miss
miss
a /you r turn
lose
_patience
.c o n tro l (over)
miss
. an o p p o rtu n ity
one's tem per
lose
. one's way
contact
lose/miss a m atch
D Complete the sentences with the c o llo c a tio n s /e x p re s s io n s in the box below.
o ut o f the way
u n d e rw a y
make our way to
1 "This jo b is going to be done
by the way
on the way
have it yo u r way
way ahead
com e a long way
one way or another
one way o r another
way o f th in k in g
th ere ’s no way
way of life
said the m anager in a determ ined voice.
2 I 'm ______ on the way_________ to Julie's house. Will I see you there?
3 This school has
come a long way
4 We were asked to
5 Can you please move
6 N egotiations are
There’s no wav
By the way
make our way to
underw ay
___ ? We w ant to m ove this big box.
t< buy a new striker, to im prove the team ’s chances.
to
_ our parents w ill let us go to the rock festival next weekend.
_ , whose tu rn is it to wash the dishes?
9 Once you understand the lecturer's
10 Why m ust you always _
the dining hall.
out of the way
way of thinking______ , his th e o ry becomes quite easy to follow.
have it your way
? it's not fair!
11 Stop w asting yo ur tim e in class, Michael. The rest of the class is
way ahead
12 Teenagers tend to idolise film stars and im itate the way they look and th e ir
o f you in M athematics.
way of life
unit 0 8
Sentence Linkers
plete the sentences/paragraphs with the sentence linkers in the box below.
fu rth e rm o re
besides
w hat is more
otherw ise
nevertheless
to be m ore specific
not o nly
yet
likewise
to tell you the tru th
Not only
'n e students are not happy w ith th e ir new English teacher.
sim ilarly
. does he assign them a lot of
- omework, but he is also very critica l o f th e ir work.
felt like com plaining to the a irp o rt a uth orities the o the r day. Our flig h t was delayed fo r an unknow n reason.
s more/Besides/Furthermore the airline d id n ’t bother to apologise fo r th e inconvenience.
'lin e representative I asked was of no help, if not rude.
Besides/ What is m ore/ >the
Furthermore
Nevertheless/Yet______ , | m anaged to stay calm and get
ie inform ation I needed.
To tell you the truth
, I don’t th in k Adam is very good at his job.
To be more specific
_he is slow and not
Furtherm ore/ Besides/ , he believes th a t he is the backbone o f the company. He is so annoying!
What is more
Yet/ Nevertheless
don’t dare to challenge him because o f his close friendship w ith the manager.
.ery creative.
Otherwise
I w ould not have a problem te llin g him a th ing or two.
' you change address n o tify me.
Similarly/Likewise_______<-|o so jf y0ur phone num ber changes.
Reading books in a foreign language helps you expand yo ur vocabulary.
Likewise/Similarly
, w atching film s
-elps you get used to the pronunciation.
Phrasal Verbs
ad the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
rrect num ber in the box next to each definition.
A PUT
11 devote to
• Even though it was summer, I still needed to put on a ju m p e r at night.
1
wear
2 Jane shouldn't have to put up w ith th a t noisy class.
6
save
4
suffer
3
postpone
8
extinguish
sum m er holidays.
9
offer hospitality to
Jason put on a lot o f w eig ht over the sum m er break.
2
tolerate
8 The man I was sittin g next to asked me to put out m y cigarette.
7
gain
9 I was m ore than happy to p ut m y friend up fo r the summer.
5
put sth in its usual place
10
connect by telephone
4
establish, create
1
state, establish
2 We have laid o ut the garden. It should look beautiful in spring.
g
start living a quiet life in a place
3 The stall was set up and ready fo r business.
7
delay
5
begin a Journey
5 The group set o ff/o u t early in the m orning to clim b the treacherous peak.
6
start doing sth
6 I set out this m orning to clean the garden but was inte rru p te d by the rain.
8
become used to
3
make the necessary preparations
3 We w ill have to put o ff the barbecue if the rain continues.
i
Why m ust you put yourself through all this stress?
5 The students were to ld to put away th e ir books and clear th e ir desks.
5 I put m oney aside every m onth, so th a t I w ould have enough fo r my
7
K) Just a m inute, sir. I'll put you through to Mr Jones.
•1 I have put a lot of w ork in to this project.
B LAY, SET, SETTLE
1
As soon as the new teacher introduced herself, she laid down her rules.
4 After years of living w ith friends, Geoffrey decided it was tim e to set up
a home o f his own.
7 Technical problem s set us back tw o weeks.
8 It to o k Jill m onths to settle into her new home.
for sth to start
9 Carl was not the type to settle down, so his announcem ent th a t he was
going to m arry soon to o k everyone by surprise.
2
plan and arrange how sth should appear
unit 0 8
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
afraid
Nouns
of
Verbs
(aive) advice
(in)caoable
of
a hope
advise sb
for
confident
of/about
(be) free
from /of
handv
f° r
a result
polite
to
a specialist
upset
about
sth
on
choose
on/about sth
between tw o
protection from /against
choose
a reputation
collaborate
for
of
from
connect
cope
with
with
to/w ith
to/at
to
sb
to
for
prevent
from
tn
in
(= cause to happen)
result
to
to
prepare
result
explain sth
m ention
p oint
refer
with
listen
t<">
prefer
com m unicate
in
occur
from
(= be caused by)
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
for
1 A compass may come in handy _
2 Sunscreen offers protection
„ our hiking trip next week.
from / against
3 We have a va riety o f m aterials to choose
the sun's harm ful rays.
from ______ .
4 Her aggressive behaviour resulted_________ in______ her being fired.
5 You can choose
between
the red or the blue dress.
6 These yo gh urts are free _______ of
. a rtificial colouring.
7 The damage to th e ir p ro pe rty resulted____
from
the fire.
8 Must I always explain e v e ry th in g _______ to_
___you twice?
9 The local councils decided to collaborate__
with_______ one another fo r the p ro tectio n of the environm ent.
10 The d octo r advised his patient
on/about
the risks involved in sm oking.
11 The accident was the result________ of_______ his carelessness.
Grammar Revision (Passive Voice)
See Grammar Review page 157
Read the text below and complete each blank with one word.
The Loch Ness M onster (1)___________ is____________th o u g h t to be one of the w orld's m ost fam ous m ysteries. Nessie,
as her fans call her, is believed (2) ____________ to__________ be living in the Scottish loch (lake) Ness. Scientists as well
as o rd in a ry people (3) ___________ are__________ fascinated by the m ystery of the existence o f a very large living
creature w hich (4) ____________is___________ still unknow n to science. However, it is very u nlikely fo r an animal to
(5) ____________ be__________ living in Loch Ness, as it is deep, dark, very cold and alm ost lifeless. A rth u r Grant is alleged
to (6).
have
. encountered Nessie on January 5th, 1934. Being a ve terina ry student himself, he gave
a detailed description o f the animal w hich m atched the p o rtra it o f a p le s io s a u r- a p rehistoric aquatic reptile w hich had
(7)__________ been_________ considered e x tin ct fo r m ore than sixty m illion years.
Nevertheless, m any sonar and p hotographic recordings (8) ________ have________ been obtained (9) _________ by_________
several scientific team s over the years. U nfortunately, none o f them could (10)___________be___________ used to provide
any form o f evidence th a t Nessie exists.
Long-necked w ater m onsters are (11)____
being
_____detected every now and then in several o the r Scottish
lochs. For this reason, Scotland has become a popular holiday destination and (12)___________ is____________ visited by
m illions o f to urists every year.
unit 08
'poiwrfcs
[ ' They gave him a puppy for his birthday. 4
He was given a puppy for his birthday. /
A puppy was given to him for his birthday. /
A puppy was given him for his birthday-*
We bought Susan a new camera. 4
A new camera was bought for Susan. /
(Use theprepositions to andfo r before the indirect object person - of passive verbs.)
|
By whom was this essay written? /
Who-wa&this essay written?
What caused the power failure? 4
What was the power failure caused by? /
What wasthe-pewer fatiureeaused?
(When asking about the agent of apassive sentence, by
must be included in the question.)
0 She couldn't sleep because she was terrified by the
We heard him say that he was guilty. /
Weheard him to say that he wasgaflty-^
He was heard to say that he was guilty. /
tfowas hoard say that ho was guilty -(see, hear+bare infinitive in Active Voice;
see, hear +full infinitive in Passive Voice)
horror film./
Terrified by the horror film, she couldn't sleep. /
She couldn't sleep because she had been terrified by
the horror film ./
Having been terrified by the horror film, she
couldn't sle ep./
Joe helped Sue carry/to carry her suitcase. 4
Sue was helped to carry her suitcase. /
Suo was holpod carry her suitcase.-.
(help +full / bare infinitive in Active Voice;
help +full infinitive in Passive Voice)
Been-temfied43ythe-h©i¥©riita;shecouldn't steep.
(Past andperfectparticiples may replace clauses in the
passive voice.)
0
| i Mary m a d e the children w a sh their handsV
Mary m a d e tho children to WQ3h their hands. The children w e re m a d e to w a sh their hands. /
Tho children wore made wash their hands:- (make+bare infinitive in Active Voice;
make +full infinitive in Passive Voice)
They accused Harry of stealing the money. 4
Harry was accused of stealing the money.
(In the Passive Voice thepreposition of prepositional verbs
goes immediately after the verb.)
& We haven't touched anything. -4
Nothing has been touched. /
AnyOriHg-hasnetbeenteHehed:
(any+compounds in Active Voice
no +compounds in Passive Voice)
The dangerous scenes of the film were performed by stuntmen.
& They didn't let me buy a dog. -4
The forest was destroyed by fire.
I was not allowed to buy a dog. /
The photograph was taken with an expensive camera.
Iwa¬4et-toteny-adeg.
(by+agent (person or thing), with + instrument)
(let in Active Voice -4 be allowed to in Passive Voice)
Who wrote this essay? 4
Who(m) was this essay written by? /
Key Transformations
• I haven't told anyone the news yet.
No one has been told the news yet.
Julie is permitted to go to parties.
Julie has her parents’ permission to go to parties.
• Susan was amazed to find out that her book was missing.
To Susan's amazement, her book was missing.
Julie's parents don't allow her to go to parties.
S We expect that the Australian athlete w ill w in the race.
It is expected that the Australian athlete w ill w in the race.
The Australian athlete is expected to w in the race.
I S Julie's parents allow her to go to parties.
Julie's parents let her go to parties.
Julie is allowed to go to parties.
Julie's parents give her permission to go to parties.
Julie's parents don’t let her go to parties.
Julie is not allowed to go to parties.
Julie cannot get her parents’ permission to go to parties.
Julie is forbidden to go to parties.
One must not smuggle goods into the country.
It is not allowed to smuggle goods into the country.
It is illegal to smuggle goods into the country.
It is against the law to smuggle goods into the country.
It is forbidden to smuggle goods into the country.
unit 0 8
Examination Practice
A
R ead th e t e x t b e lo w a n d t h in k o f th e w o r d w h ic h b e s t f it s e a c h sp ace . U se o n ly o n e w o r d i n e a c h space.
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
The Great Wall o f China (1)____________(5___________ known to be over 1900
kilom etres long, m aking it by far the longest wall in the w orld. The building of
the wall is said (2 )__________ ______________ have begun in the th ird century
BC (3)__________ ______________ the Em peror Shih Huangti. The reason it
(4 )___________was__________ b uilt was to keep the Huns o ut of Central Asia.
A lot o f e ffo rt was put (5 )___________into__________ co nstructin g the wall.
It is (6 )_________ made__________ o f earth, stone and brick and its highest
section is close to nine m etres. Over the centuries, the wall has often
(7 )
been__________ added to, re b u ilt and repaired. This was done to give China p rotection
(8 )
from ________ invaders. Despite its size, however, the wall failed to (9 )__________ Pyt__________ a stop to
invading arm ies such as the M ongols and the Manchus.
The wall is still o f great im portance, as it divides Inner China fro m Outer China. W hat is (10)__________ more_________ ,
it is useful fo r d ivid in g the region into cultivated land and pastureland.The Great Wall holds another impressive record
w hich w on 't (11)____________ be__________surpassed fo r q uite a while; it is the o nly man-made structure visible from
space. It is no w onder th a t m ost travel guides refer (12)____________^ ___________the Great Wall of China as the world's
greatest to u ris t attraction.
6
C o m p le te th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e so th a t i t h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e f ir s t s e n te n c e , u s in g th e w o r d g iv e n
u n c h a n g e d . Y ou m u s t u se b e tw e e n tw o a n d fiv e w o rd s , in c lu d in g th e w o r d g iv e n .
1 They had to postpone the match until next week,
put
The m a tch ______________________ had to be put off___________________until next week.
2 We haven't told anyone about the change in our plans.
informed
No one
has been informed about
the change in our plans.
3 We had to go up the stairs because someone was using the lift.
so
The lift
was being used so
we had to go up the stairs.
4 Experts believe that the landslides were caused by recent floods.
resulted
The landslides are
believed to have resulted from
recent floods.
5 She doesn't let him smoke in the house.
allowed
He
is n° t allowed to smoke
in the house.
6 We m ustn't park on the yellow line.
forbidden
It
is forbidden to park
on the yellow line.
7 The teacher saw tw o students leave the school.
were
Two students
were seen to leave
the school.
8 The coach let the players take the day off.
permission Theolavers
got the coach's permission to
take the day off.
m m m im m m i_________________________________
e the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-I below. You may use
me of the words more than once. In some cases more than one word may be correct.
A
choose
pick
gath er
co lle ct
1 Every spring the peaches a re __________ picked_________ from the trees and packed in boxes.
b I have b e e n _________ collecting_______ coins fo r the last five years. I have one coin th a t dates back to 1935.
2 .Ve c a n __________ choose________ between g ettin g a blue or a black car.
a Many p e o p le _________ gathered________round the injured man to see how badly he was hurt.
E The tw o captains had t o ____________P jf*__________ the players fo r th e ir team.
choice
collection
selection
election
va rie ty
o ption
• ! don't have a (n )__________ choice_________ , as you did n ’t give me a n y __________ options_________
K Every fo u r years there is a g e n e ra l_________ election________ and people vote fo r the p arty they prefer.
3 My s ta m p ________ collection________ consists o f tw o thousand stamps.
k Aspirin is the num ber o n e ___________ choice________ fo r com bating fever and pain.
p The shop has ice cream in a (n )________variety___________ of flavours.
C Jo hn 's_________ selection________ as captain of the team to ok us by surprise.
C
consult
advise
suggest
propose
recom m end
1 Would y o u _______ recommend______ this restaurant or not?
2 If the chest pain continues, you m u s t__________consult_________ a doctor.
3 I __________suggest________ we go
|y|a|ta f or a
4 The d o c to r _________ advised_________ me f 0
unless you c a n ________ recommend_______another destination.
a few C]ay S 0ff WOrk due to a persistent illness.
5 The g o v e rn m e n t_________proposed________m aking radical changes to the health system.
D
tip
clue
advice
info rm a tio n
1 The FBI is still looking f o r ___________ clues_________ to help them catch the dangerous crim inal.
2 Take m y __________ advice_________and see yo ur bank m anager if you’re having financial problems.
3 I n e e d _______information________regarding the polar bear fo r m y project.
4 Our teacher gave us some u s e fu l_______ tips/advice_______ on how to prepare fo r the exams.
unit 0 8
E
reliable
responsible
reasonable
respectable
1 I b ought a television set, as I found the price v e ry ________ reasonable_______
2 At camp, each teacher w a s ________ responsible______ fo r t w enty students.
3 Judges are co n sid e re d ________respectable_______m em bers o f society.
4 She's a v e r y __________ reliable________ person, so you can tu rn to her if you are having any problems.
F
m en tion
refer
express
com m ent
re p o rt
1 Most western econom ies a re _________ referred________ to as "free markets".
2 My m anager asked me t o __________ report_________ back to her after the seminar.
3 The w o m a n ________ expressed_______ her dissatisfaction to the builder fo r not having the house ready on tim e.
4 The politician refused t o _________comment_______ on the new tax laws.
5 The children d id n 't_________ m ention_________anything about the trip u ntil the last m inute.
6 H e _________ reported________the th e ft of his briefcase to the police.
G
announce
inform
confess
intro du ce
reveal
publish
1 When the th ie f________ confessed_______ to the robbery, he was o ffic ia lly charged w ith the crime.
2 The jo u rn a list refused t o __________ reveal_________ her source, saying it was highly confidential.
3 The well known a u th o r_________ published_______|-|jS new novel last week.
4 The finance m in is te r________announced_______ th a t there w ould be no wage increases fo r the fo llo w in g year.
5 The h ea dm aster________ introduced_______the new teacher to the class.
6 If you lose yo ur cred it ca rd ,__________ inform _________ the bank im m ediately.
7 The potato w a s ________introduced_______ to Europe in 1565.
H
1
ensure
insure
reassure
Make sure_______ you
make sure
co n firm
the w indow s before you go.
2 I had to ring the airline t o __________ confirm ________ my flig h t 48 hours in advance.
3 You s h o u ld __________ insure_________ y0ur car against fire and theft.
4 She________ reassured________ me th a t e verythin g w ould go according to the plan.
5 The role o f the jud ge is t o __________ ensure_________proper legal proceedings.
I
agree
accept
a dm it
approve
1 I d o n 't__________approve________ o f people sm oking in a d o c to r’s w aiting room.
2 I don 't a lw a ys___________ agree_________ w ith Jessica, because we don’t share the same views.
3 A fter being questioned, the s tu d e n t_________ adm itted________th a t he had cheated in the test.
4 Children are warned not t o ___________ accept________ sweets fro m strangers.
unit 0 |
This unit deals w ith verbs and nouns which derive from adjectives.
Adjective Root
Describing a state or co ndition
Verb = Adjective + -ise
A cquiring the state or cond itio n described by the
adjective
generalise
general
• Some o the r com m on adjectives th a t form verbs in the same way are: familiar, fertile, legal, mobile, modern,
neutral, special, stable and sterile.
• Pay atte ntio n to the fo llo w in g irregularity:
stable 4 stabilise
Adjective Root in -able/-ible
Noun in -ability/-ibility
(in)capable
(im )possible
(in)capability
(im )po ssib ility
• Some o the r com m on adjectives th a t form nouns in -ability are: available, stable and suitable.
• Some other com m on adjectives th a t form nouns in -ib ility are: flexible, responsible, sensible and visible.
• The nouns a b ility and sta b ility form opposites w ith the addition o f the prefix -in, not -un.
unable 4 inability
unstable 4 instability
-ous
-e
-al
-ive
-or
-ar
-an
-IC
-d
Adjective Root
Noun + -ity
generous
secure
original
creative
m ajor
sim ilar
hum an
a uthentic
hum id
generosity
security
o rig in a lity
cre a tivity
m a jo rity
sim ilarity
hum anity
a u th e n tic ity
h u m id ity
• Some nouns w hich derive from adjectives do not fo llo w the rules presented above. Some o f these are:
ambiguous 4 am biguity
anonymous 4 anonym ity
• Note the fo llo w in g irregularities:
safe
safety
various 4 variety
Nouns in-hood
ferocious 4 ferocity
simple 4 sim plicity
writ 0 8
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals
1 It is o f vital
importance
th a t d o c to rs _______sterilise
surgical equipm ent
IMPORTANT, STERILE
before using it.
2 It is yo u r
responsibility
Visibility
. to sw itch o ff the lights when you leave.
.w as down to a m etre due to the th ick fog, so we had to drive very
cautiously
RESPONSIBLE
VISIBLE
CAUTION
4 Superm arkets o ffe r a
variety
. o f products to consumers.
VARIOUS
5 They depended on grow ing tom atoes fo r t h e i r ________livelihood______
LIVELY
6 He is v e r y _______ cheerful_______ anc| |-|as a |jVe l y _______ personality_____ _ So he gets along
CHEER, PERSONAL
w ith alm ost everyone.
7 For th e ir o w n _________ safety_________passengers are advised to remain seated.
SAFE
8 The m anager of the com pany is concerned about the decrease i n ______ productivity
PRODUCTIVE
9 Do you know the saying " ________Curiosity______ killed the cat"?
CURIOUS
10 Can you sign this docum ent, please? Don't worry, it’s ju s t a _
11 Violent, trouble-causing hooligans are a ________ m inority
12 We w ould like to p o in t o ut t h e ______ dissim ilarity
the
form ality
among fo otba ll fans.
between this new typ e of engine and
conventional______one jh e y have nothing in com m on.
fertilise
13 You have to
. plants if you w ant them to grow well.
FORMAL
MINOR
SIMILAR
CONVENTION
FERTILE
Examination Practice
A
Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
ADVERTISING
In th is day and age, a dve rtisin g is big business. It (1)
(2 )
(3 )
•________ Puts_______________ a lo t o f e ffo rt into e ffe c tiv e ly
inform ing____________ the p ublic about a p ro du ct or service. Advertisem ents are introduced th ro u g h a
variety__________ o f means. Companies can choose ( 4 ) _____________ from
the p rin t media,
television, radio or even huge lit-up billboards th a t (5 )_______ have been_________ put Up around o u r cities and w hich
(6 )
suggest________
t hat we buy this type of ice-cream or that type of trainer. A dvertising com panies use a
num ber of techniques to a ttract our attention, including stunning photography, eye-catching graphics, jingles or clever
(7 )
comments_______
( 9 ) _______ recommend
(g ) _______What is more______ .com panies may em ploy fam ous people like film stars to
th e ir products.
However, m any gove rn m e nts have in tro d u ce d rules and regulations th a t advertisers m ust follow . These codes o f
conduct (1 0 )__________ensure__________ th a t advertisers don’t make exaggerated claims or offend certain groups of
people. In some countries, advertisem ents can be displayed only in specific areas. (11)_______ Furthermore________ ,
some countries do not (12)_________ approve_______ o f the advertising of certain products, like tobacco, so th ey don’t
allow such advertising at all.
unit 08
1
A sets
B) puts
2
A introducing
B explaining
3 ( a ) va riety
4
(A ) from
5 ( a ) have been
E
6
A mean
7
A descriptions
8
A To be more specific
C lays
D does
(C ) inform ing
D m entioning
B choice
C collection
D selection
B between
C th rough
D th ro u g h o u t
B have
C had been
D had
B approve
( b ) com m ents
( c ) suggest
D consult
C reports
D announcem ents
B Vet
C Not only
D W hat is more
9 (A ) recom m end
B suggest
C advise
D propose
10
B insure
( c ) ensure
D confirm
A reassure
11 ( a ) Furtherm ore
B Nevertheless
C Otherw ise
12
B adm it
C agree
A accept
D Likewise
( d ) approve
Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
AIR-CONDITIONERS
'~ e Am erican inventor W.H. Carrier developed the firs t air-con dition ing u nit in 1902. Since then,
' ne (1)_______popularity_________ o f air-conditioners has increased (2 )__________rapidly__________
: ven people's(3).
inability
____to fu nctio n in the heat, air-conditioners provide them
ith a feeling of com fort. That is w hy the (4 )______ likelihood_______0f even m 0re people installing
;ir-c o n d itio n e rs fo r(5 )________ personal________
use in the ( 6 ) _________ privacy_________ o f th e ir
POPULAR, RAPID
ABLE
LIKELY
PERSON, PRIVATE
:iwn home w ill increase further.
But w hat do they do? Their aim is to (7)
is accom plished by the (8 ) __
presence
stabilise
the te m perature in a room. This
____ of a fan, w hich also removes dust and odours
‘ -om the air and controls the hum idity. The ( 9 ) __________ efficiency________
o f an air-conditioner
depends on the pow er o f its fan. Nowadays there is a great (1 0 )___________ variety____________ of
air-conditioners on the m arket w hich are bound to cover each person's needs.
STABLE
PRESENT
EFFICIENT
VARIOUS
Prepositional Phrases
A Complete the blanks with the prepositions in, on, at, by or under.
under
arrest
on
. the radio
in
. return
on
purpose
in
reality
in
. one’s opinion
by
_force
on
average
on
a diet
by
. heart
at
. last
in
conclusion
in
. a mess
in
in
.a d d itio n
on
demand
on
strike
on
by
in
on
in
fire
. mistake
. general
second thoughts
.th e long run
any case
control
at
television
by
. oneself
in
particular
in
detail
on
the whole
on
the contrary
at
all costs
in
person
in
sum m ary
in
pairs
under
on
first sight
JD ____ half
B Read the sentences and complete them with the prepositions in, into, on, at, by, for or off.
in
1 The statue in the square is
_______memory of the soldiers w ho fo u g h t in the war.
2 The drow ning child was rescued by the lifeguards w ho w e r e ______________21]_________ duty at the time.
3 Rainwater is carried away from the s tr e e ts ___________ ^y____________ means of a drainage system.
4 The ite m s ____________2!]___________ sale were all second hand.
5 Most people shop
6
BV
on
. credit nowadays due to the convenience of cred it cards.
. all accounts, she is a great perform er.
7 I accidentally dropped an expensive vase on the flo o r and it b ro k e ____
into
8 I can't believe it! I was booked by the police fo r d r iv in g _____________
hundreds o f pieces.
60km/h.
9 Please state yo ur name and a d d re s s ____________ _____________ full.
10 Try to keep c a lm ____________^ _______
______the sake of yo u r children.
11 Despite the fa ct th a t the police o ffice r w a s ____________ off___________ duty, he chased the bank robber down the
street and managed to arrest him.
12 The house next to ours is u p ____________ for______
13
. sale and we’re th in kin g of buying it.
By____________ a || means, you can help yourself to anything th a t’s in the fridge.
14 The present governm ent c a m e ____________ _____________ power tw o years ago.
15 The war was eventually won, b u t _____________at___________ a great cost in human lives.
unit 0 9
i d the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
•
■■Trect number in the box next to each definition.
1/ MIX, RUN, HANG
6
knock down w ith a vehicle
2
confuse
5
m eet unexpectedly
4 He was a restless teenager and kept running away from home.
8
spend tim e at a place not
doing anything im p o rta n t
5 You w on’t believe w ho I ran into at the d epartm ent store yesterday!
3
go away
10
w ait fo r a sh ort tim e
4
leave, escape from
1
socialise
7
have no m ore left
9
p ut down the receiver, end
a phone call suddenly
11
frequent, go often
1
be stron gly attracted to
1 John is a ve ry good host. He knows how to m ix w ith the crowd.
2 My sister and I are tw ins and people always m ix us up.
3 Run along now, I'm busy; I'll ta lk to you a fte r the break.
6 My dog Dido was nearly run over by a car yesterday.
7 Gary ran out of petrol in the m iddle o f nowhere.
8 Teenagers tend to hang about/around arcades spending th e ir pocket
m oney on video games.
9 The man on the o the r end of the line was so rude th a t I hung up on him.
10 I was told to hang on w hile th ey connected me w ith another departm ent.
11 Jeff doesn’t hang o u t in the city centre anym ore.
5 FALL, HURRY, TRY
1 Frank fell fo r Susan during th e ir final year at university.
2 The m anaging d ire cto r replaced the sales m anager after falling out w ith
him over a crucial issue.
5
3 M ost students had fallen behind in th e ir studies because o f the dem anding
w orkload.
4 The com pany fell apart w hen the m anaging d irector was arrested fo r fraud.
6
p ut on clothes to see if they
fit or look nice
3
n ot make adequate progress
4
stop existing or fu n ctio n in g
7
test
2
have an argum ent w ith
5 If you don't h u rry up, we'll miss the beginning o f the concert.
6 While shopping, George has to try on at least five shirts before he makes up
his mind.
7 I had the o p p o rtu n ity to try o ut all the latest pow er tools at last week's do-it-
make haste, do sth quickly
yourself exhibition.
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Verbs
Adjectives
anxious
about
sth
(dis)aaree
concerned about/for
late
w ith
about
nervous
about
worried
about
w ith
about/on
aDDlv
institution
Nouns
acom D laint
araue
about
sb/an
for
w ith
a bout/for sth
ask
for
sb
an action
to
sb
bea
auarrel
for
comolain
a subject
(dis)aaree
for
sb
to
about
sth
comDlain
of
criticise sb
sth
speak
f° r
discouraaesb
sth
f rom
talk
to
sb/sth
sth
to/w ith
about
thank sb
w o rrv
sb
to/w ith
w onder
doing sth
obiect
about
sb
sth
w ith
sb
sb
sth
for
sth
about
about
sb/sth
unit 0 9
3 Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
1 Joe looks very w orried
his job. Why doesn't he ta lk
about
2 The captain demanded m ore e ffo rt
3 Most w orkers agreed
4 I a p p lie d ______ to
5 Jane was late
w ith
someone
about
jt?
his team.
the m anagem ent
a com puter com pany
for
6 I always quarrel
f rom
to
on
f° r
having a wage cut to save th e ir jobs.
the position o f sales representative on offer.
Susan's b irth da y party on Friday night.
w ith
my sister
7 Why m ust you always argue
about
w ith
Donald
w hat to w atch on TV.
about
football?
Grammar Revision (Pronouns-Causative Form)
See Grammar Review page 158
Read the short texts below and complete each blank with one word.
a As soon as I got my driver's licence, I stopped taking the bus to w ork and started driving my
(1)__________own___________Car. It was great! However, after a few m onths I noticed that my
car wasn't running very well. I had never (2 )___________ ______________ the car serviced, so I
decided it was tim e 1took (3 )____________ jt_____________to a garage. The problem was that
I didn't have much money. So, I w ent to a friend of ( 4 ) ___________mine__________ , Harry,
w ho I knew fixed (5 )___________ hjs____________car ( 6 )_________ himself__________. Harry had alm ost
become a professional over the years and had even turned (7 )__________ 1215____________ garage into a workshop. He had
mine
a great car too, better than (8 ) ______
. He was kind enough to have a look at my car, and after that
(9 )
jt____________ ran sm oothly again. I was so satisfied that I decided to get
(10 )
iiim ____________ (11)______________ to___________check my car in the future.
having
b I was feeling really nervous about (12) _
my m other assured (13)____________me
some medical tests done, but
_______that I had nothing to w orry about. When
the day came, she couldn't accompany me because she had (14)__________ _______________
someone to paint our house and she had to be there herself, so I w ent by
(15 )
(16 )
myself__________
pjrst | was seen ^ a physician who examined
[HX____________ears, nose and throat. I had no problem w ith that, but I hated
even the idea of (17)_________ having__________ a blood test done. Just the sight of that needle
makes (18).
me
feel faint! After that ordeal, I was told th a t I had to (19) _
have
m y chest X-rayed, so I w ent to the radiography departm ent. The test results came out a week later and showed that there
was nothing w rong w ith (2 0 ) ____________[0^___________ . I was so relieved that I w ouldn't be having any more tests done
for a while.
unit 0 9
Mary typed three letters yesterday.
(Active Voice, she typed them herself.)
Mary had/got three letters typed yesterday.
(Causative Form, someone else typed them for her.)
Three letters were typed yesterday.
(Passive Voice, we don't know who typed the letters;
it could have been Mary.)
-
-
&
(Reflexive pronouns are not used after the verbs relax, rest,
concentrate.)
I woke up early this morning. /
Iwokemyselfup early thism orning.
(Reflexivepronouns are not used after verbs such as
wake up, wash, dress, shave, sleep etc.)
Mary had some letters typed yesterday.
Did Mary have any letters typed yesterday? /
Had-Ma^y-aeyjettefstyped yesterday?^
(Questions in the Causative Form areformed with
do/does/did in the Present and Past Simple.)
The woman was looking right in front of her. /
Ttewomafrwas-toekingrighLm front o f herself.
(Reflexivepronouns are not used after prepositions of place.)
We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party. /
We enjoyed the party very much. /
Weenjoyed -very much at the party.
(Reflexivepronouns are used after verbs such as enjoy, help,
teach etc. when the subject and the object of the verb are the
same.)
She has her children tidy their bedroom every weekend. /
(=She makes her children tidy their bedroom.)
She hasheteteiM jen^otidytheir-bedroom -every weekend:
She got her children to tidy their bedroom yesterday. /
(=Shepersuaded her children to tidy their bedroom.)
She gothar children tidy th eir bedroom yesterday. -
They were looking at each other. /
They were looking at one another. /
They-were looking at oneother.
■ They had their flat broken into last night. (Their flat
was broken into last night.)
(The Causative Form is often used instead of the
Passive Voicefor accidents or misfortunes.)
I’d like another glass of m ilk. /
I'd like one more glass of m ilk. /
Mlikeone-othergJassofm iik.
We drove for another ten miles and then we stopped. /
We drove for ten more miles and then we stopped. /
W ediovefor tenother m ilesand then we stopped.
& I have my own car now, so I don't have to borrow my father's. /
Not even his own mother recognised him in his disguise. /
I weRtsfaopptegwithm yownrnotheronFriday.
(Own is usedfor emphasis or to indicate that something
belongs only to aparticular person, thing or group.)
•
You need to take some tim e off and relax. /
We are meeting the other students at the train station. S
We are meeting the others at the train station. /
We-are-meetiHgtheet-hersstudentsatthetrainstation.
(When other is used before a noun, it does not take an s.)
That woman's cat ate m y pet hamster. /
Thacatof-that-womanate m y pet-hamster. The cat of the woman who lives next door ate my pet
hamster. /
Tfrewoman'swholivesnextdoorcatatemypet hamster.
(of+ noun is usedfor people only in longphrases.)
Key Transformations
& A computer expert must update m y computer.
I need to/must have my computer updated.
My computer needs updating.
I need to have a computer expert update m y computer.
I need to get a computer expert to update my computer.
The young artists’ exhibition was sponsored by a mobile
phone company.
® No one helped me paint my apartment.
I painted my apartment on m y own.
I painted my apartment (all) by myself.
& A mobile phone company sponsored the young artists’
exhibition.
The young artists had their exhibition sponsored by a
mobile phone company.
®
One of m y cousins is a famous basketball player.
A cousin of mine is a famous basketball player.
®
We made sure that the books were returned to the library.
We had/got the books returned to the library.
unit 09
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
THE VW BEETLE
The Volkswagen Beetle is one o f the best known cars in the world.
(1 )
______________ all accounts, it defined a w hole generation
(2 )
2!____________people.
It all began in 1935 when Ferdinand Porsche designed the car on his
(3 )
own_____________ and later presented it to the German public.
Although back then it was criticised (4 )____________ for___________ its shape
and its noise level, the car w ent on to become a legend. D uring W orld War
II, the Volkswagen fa cto ry was b urnt down, b ut this did not discourage the
m anufacturers (5 )__________ from ___________continuing th e ir work. At the end of
the war, Volkswagen (6 )__________ had/got________ jfS fa c to ry reb uilt by the Allies, among others.
In 1946, Volkswagen named the car ‘Type I' to m ark a new sta rt fo r the company. W ithin tw o years, the firs t Beetle
co nve rtib le was produced. Although com plaints (7 )___________ about_________ the noise persisted, the Volkswagen
designers made every e ffo rt to im prove ( 8 )______ their/the/that______ model. They always believed it was o nly a m atter of
tim e before everyone fell ( 9 ) ___________ for___________ the Beetle - and they were right!
Over the years, sales grew dram atically and by 1972 the Beetle had made its way into h istory books as the m ost produced
car ever! Its p ro du ction reached tw e n ty m illion cars in 1981, a high percentage (10)___________ of_____________w hich were
exported to the United States.
In 1999, the new Beetle w ent (11)_____________21]___________sale. This m odel is not sim ply a m ore fashionable version o f the
o riginal (12)____________orie__________ . It is a com pletely new, m odern car w hich has d e fin ite ly come a long way since the
1935 model.
B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 Someone stole Bill's briefcase yesterday.
stolen
Bill
had his briefcase stolen
yesterday.
2 Our flat needs painting before we rent it out.
qet
We need
to get our flat painted
before we rent it out.
3 Sheila, make sure they sign the contracts by the end of the day.
siqned
Sheila,
get/have the contracts signed
by the end of the day.
4 My secretary has rescheduled the meeting for Tuesday.
had
I
have had the m eeting rescheduled
for Tuesday.
5 Did you know that one of our friends painted this picture?
friend
Did vou know that
a friend of ours
painted this picture?
6 Have some more cheesecake.
help
Please.
help yourself to
some more cheesecake.
7 Jennifer finally agreed to apply fo r the position.
qot
Thev finally
got Jennifer to apply
for the position.
8 He always waxes his car on his own.
anyone He never
lets/has anyone (else) wax
allows anyone (else) to wax
9 The children were told to be well-mannered in front of the guests.
his car.
behave The children were to ld ___________________to behave themselves_______________ jn f ront 0f the guests.
unit 09
10 The students were made to do some extra work for the project.
had
The teacher____________________had the students do________________ some extra work for the project.
T1 No one helped the children build the treehouse, that's w hy they were so proud of their achievement,
The ch ild re n __________ built the treehouse by themselves______________ that's why they were so proud of their
by
achievement.
12 We had a very good tim e at the rock concert.
enjoyed W e____________ enjoyed ourselves very much/a lot_________ at the rock concert.
Words easily confused
Ise the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You may
=se some of the words more than once. In some cases more than one word may be correct.
say
tell
speak
ta lk
discuss
debate
* Don't in te rru p t the teacher w hile sh e's_________ talking__________.
2 W e________ discussed________ the problem at the m eeting so th a t e verybody could give th e ir opinion.
3 It's so noisy in here th a t I can't hear w hat h e 's___________saying________ .
4 We were amazed to find o ut th a t s h e __________ speaks_________ five languages.
5 "D o n 't____________ _____________ me w hat to do!" h e ____________ said__________ to her in a loud voice.
6 The p a n e l_________ debated________ wom en's role in society.
B
ask
dem and
w onder
question
apply
1 The c u s to m e r________ demanded_______ a fu ll refund because his washing m achine d id n 't w ork.
2 I'll____________ask___________my parents if I can go to the concert.
3 You m u s t____________apply________ fo r a visa if you w ant to vis it China.
4 B ill_________wondered_______ w hether he w ould be able to finish his re p o rt on tim e.
5 The p o lic e _______ questioned_______ the suspect fo r hours.
6 J o h n __________ asked__________ the w aite r fo r the bill.
7 Most patients hardly e v e r_________ question________ th e ir d o cto rs’ decisions.
C
require
request
o rd er
beg
inquire
com m and
appeal
1 The homeless o fte n ___________beg___________ in the streets fo r money.
2 The couple w eren't satisfied w ith the court's decision, so they decided t o _________ appeal__________to a higher court.
3 I w ould like t o ___________order_________ a pizza and a lemonade, please.
4 The teacher expects the students t o __________ request________ perm ission to leave the room.
5 A pplicants fo r this position a re _________ required________ to have a degree in Accounting.
6 Jerry called the bank t o __________ inquire________ a bout the hom e loans they had on offer.
7 The arm y o ffic e r______ commanded_______ the soldiers to swim across the river.
unit 0 9
D
advice
directions
guide
instructions
manual
plan
recipe
1 Before using the com puter, read ca re fully th e _______ instructions_______w hich are in th e __________manual_________ .
2 If you give m e ________ directions_______ Gn w hat needs to be done, I’ll make a (n )___________Plan___________ o f action.
3 A (n )__________guide__________ to cheap restaurants th ro u g h o u t Europe has ju s t been published.
4 The a rch itect drew u p ________ Plans_________ fo r o ur new house and gave us some in v a lu a b le _________ advice________
5 M ary w anted to try o ut a n e w __________ recipe_________ fo r chocolate cookies.
E
brochure
leaflet
handbook
catalogue
list
menu
1 There were so m any delicious dishes on th e _________ menu________ th a t I co uldn ’t decide w hich one to choose.
2 "Is m y name on th e __________ Hst__________of successful candidates?" asked Jo.
3 People usually look th ro ug h tra v e l_______ brochures______ to decide on th e ir holiday destinations.
4 I b ought some tools th ro ug h a m a il-o rd e r_______ catalogue______ .
5
Leaflets________ advertising the new pizza restaurant were d istribu te d around the neighbourhood.
6 The u n iv e rs ity _______ handbook______ contains useful inform a tion about the courses on offer.
refuse
deny
regret
resist
reject
1 T h e y _______ regretted______ not having installed an alarm system.
2 Even th ough Diane was on a diet, she c o u ld n 't_________ resist_________eating the cake.
3 D o n 't_________deny_________ th a t you broke the w indow. I saw you break it.
4 T h e y ________refused________ to let me into the club because I was under age.
5 My application fo r the position o f sales representative w a s ________ rejected_______ .
G
com plain
criticise
object
discourage
disapprove
p ro test
argue
quarrel
1 The w orkers were determ ined t o _________ fight_________ fo r th e ir rights.
2 The food was so cold and tasteless th a t I decided t o _______ complain_______ to the m anager about it.
3 Many teachers
disapprove_______ 0f students chew ing gum in class.
4 Local re sid e n ts_______ objected_______ to the opening o f a new fa c to ry in the area.
5 The new budget w a s_______ criticised_______ fo r being harsh on poor people.
6 Don't
argue/quarrel
7 I trie d not to feel
w ith yo ur sister. Sit down and discuss your problems.
discouraged
by my low test score, b ut it was d iffic u lt not to.
8 John and Kate sp lit up because they were
quarrelling/arguing
a|| the tim e.
9 The m iners closed down the mines t o ________ protest________ against the inhum an w orking conditions.
H
w o rry
m ind
b o th e r
annoy
tro u b le
d ou bt
1 It is natural fo r parents t o _________w o rry________ about th e ir children.
2 He asked not to b e _______ bothered_______jn the afternoon, because he w ould be busy.
3 Do y o u _________ mind________ if | com e w ith you or w ill I be in your way?
4 I'm not qualified fo r the job, so I _________ doubt________ w he th er I'll get it.
5 Jane was so tired th a t she couldn’t even b e _______ bothered_______to cook.
6 He used to call me names ju s t t o _________ annoy________ me.
7 Som ething is _______ troubling_______ Janet, but I have no idea w hat it could be.
fig h t
u n itQ 9
U 2 SS2 3 L ____________________________________________________________________________________
When you are asked to form a derivative, first check what part of speech the missing word is; it
could be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Then, check what form of the missing word you
should supply.
• Nouns can be in the singular or plural form . The plural of m ost nouns is form ed by adding the endings -s or
-es to the singular form of the noun.
Root Word
Deriving noun-singular
Deriving noun-plural
action
actions
activity
activities
act
• Adjectives and adverbs can be in the positive, com parative or superlative degree. One-syllable adjectives
and adverbs and some tw o-syllable adjectives form th e ir com parative degree in -er and th e ir superlative
degree in -est.
Root Word
Derivatives
Comparative
Superlative
luck(n o u n )
lucky (adj)
luckily (adv)
luckier
more luckily
luckiest
m ost luckily
faster
fastest
deeper
more deeply
deepest
m ost deeply
fast (adj/adv)
—
deep (adj/adv)
deeply
Adverbs in -ly and adjectives w ith more than tw o syllables form th e ir com parative and superlative
degrees w ith m ore and most +adjective/adverb respectively. You w ill not be asked to form the
com parative/superlative degree of such adjectives and adverbs in this part of the exam ination.
• Verbs can be either in the Present Simple, the Past Simple, the -ing form or they could be Past Participles.
Root Word
Derivatives
Form
Present Simple
danger
endanger
Past Simple
-ing form
mistake
Examples
-s/-es in the 3rd
person singular
endanger-s
mistake-s
-ed
irregular fo rm a tion
endangered
m istook
■ing
endangering
m istaking
-ed
irregular form ation
endangered
mistaken
mistake
Past Participle
• Present participles in -ing and past participles in -ed/ irregular form s are also used as adjectives.
interest 4 interesting / interested
grow
growing / grown
u n it 0 9
C o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s w it h th e c o r r e c t fo r m o f th e w o r d s i n c a p ita ls .
1 I th o u g h t the colour o f m y room was ve ry light, so I decided to paint i t _________darker__________ __ DARK
2 A ______ managing_________ d irector w ho wants t o _______ successfully______ run a com pany
m ust take on m any
MANAGE, SUCCESS
responsibilities______ _____________________________________________________ RESPONSIBLE
3 The d o c to r I'm sending you t o _________ specialises______ in neurology.
SPECIAL
4 What are t h e _________ chances________ o f yo u r team w inning the final?
CHANCE
5 I d id n't have a pen to w rite down Kevin’s phone number, so I _______memorised_______ it.
MEMORY
6 Things a r e _________ livelier_________ here in sum m er than in w inter.
LIVE
7 Many Third W o r ld ________ countries________ n e e d ________ modernising_____ , but this can o nly
COUNTRY, MODERN
be
achieved____________ w ith the help o f
developed___________ ___________________________ ACHIEVE, DEVELOP
--------------nations--------------.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NATION
8 My frien d i s __________ luckier________ than I am when it comes to fin d in g
___________ parking
spaces.
LUCK
PARK
9 J a n e t________ dis|ikes_________ a nything I do. We sim ply can't get along.
10 The new skyligh t d e fin ite ly _______ lightened_________ up the room.
LIKE
LIGHT
11 l a m _______ thirstier__________ now than I was before I had the soft drink.
THIRST
12
SCIENCE
Scientists__________have been w orking on this pro je ct fo r weeks b ut the problem rem ains
______ unsolved__________ •
SOLVE
13 She k e e p s ________ spending________ her m o n e y _______thoughtlessly______ .
SPEND, THOUGHT
14 I ran t h e _________ fastest_________ I could to get to the hospital.
FAST
15 We found his behaviour s o __________annoying______ th a t we had to leave the room.
ANNOY
16 When the teacher to ld the children th a t th e ir excursion w ould be ________ cancelled________ a||
CANCEL
he could see was a room fu ll o f ______ disappointed_______faces.
17 Children learn hardly anything d u r in g ________ boring__________ lessons.
DISAPPOINT
BORE
Examination Practice
A
Read the text below and decide which answer A , B, C or D best fits each space.
A rth ur M iller was born in New York in 1915. He was the son of a coat m anufacturer who
(1)_________ [ost__________ control o f his business through bankruptcy. This experience
at an early age disturbed M iller and thereafter he was aware of society’s inadequacies.
He would (2 )________ criticise_______ them later in his plays by attacking the modern
(3 )__________ way_________ of life.
Miller's m ajor achievem ent came in 1949, when he won the Pulitzer Prize fo r Drama for his play “ Death o f a
Salesman”, which is still regarded as one of the finest contem porary plays. It (4 )_________ tells__________the tragic story
of an average man destroyed by false values w hich get (5 )___________ in__________ the way of developing an honest
relationship w ith his sons, w ho (6 ) _______ disapprove
0f ^
beliefs and look down on him.
(7 )______ On average______, Miller's plays (8 )__________ discuss______ social issues and deal w ith m atters people are
anxious ( 9 )_________ about________ .They include them es such as how human relationships fall (10)__________ apart_______
the responsibility of the individual and th e ir purpose in life. One way or another, M iller’s plays analyse (11)
the troubles people have in th e ir life and (12)________question_______ society's values.
in detail
unit 0 9
1
A failed
(JB) lost
C missed
D wasted
2
(a ) criticise
B disapprove
C com plain
D protest
3
(a ) way
B course
C approach
D m anner
D speaks
4
A debates
B says
5
A under
B out of
C by
(D)in
6
A argue
B d oubt
C object
(d ) disapprove
B On demand
C By force
7
/''TA „
(^AjOn average
B w onder
8
A apply
9
A of
10
A in
B behind
11
A in pairs
B in person
12
(a ) question
(b ) a bout
B inquire
© te lls
D At firs t sight
D talk
© d is c u s s
D fo r
C w ith
C out
(
d)
apart
D in half
© i n detail
C ask
D appeal
B Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
\
The New Zealanders Dwayne van der Sluis and Andrew Akers
m ust be the happiest people on Earth now th a t th e ir i
and (1)_____ latest______________craze, zorbing, has become
LATE
a success. Zorbing involves (2 )_______ standing_________jn
STAND
a ball-or zorb-which (3 )_______ consists_________ 0f specially
CONSIST
hardened plastic.
The zorb is rolled down a hill, speeding at about 50 kilom etres
an hour. (4)
(5)
Participants
__can be
guaranteed________a huge adrenaline rush. It may
sound like quite a (6 ) __________ riskV__________ pastime, but
PARTICIPATE
GUARANTEE
RISK
the 70 centim etres of air between you and the ground make it
(7)
impossible_________t 0 get hurt. That's w hy zorbing
POSSIBLE
didn't take long to gain in (8 )________ popularity______
POPULAR
In 2 00 0, (9 ) ________inventors_______ broke up their
INVENT
(1 0 )______ partnership_______ , but zorbing remains popular in
PARTNER
many countries w orldwide.
SECTION 1 (FCE format)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
F o r q u e s tio n s 1-12, re a d th e te x t b e lo w a n d d e c id e w h ic h a n s w e r A , B, C o r D b e s t f it s e a c h space. T h e re is an
e x a m p le a t th e b e g in n in g (0).
- y " Example: 0
IJ J
(A )o n th e w a y
B underw ay
C in the way
D by the way
____________________
it's the end o f the school year and the exam period is ( 0 ) ________ on
(I )
the u>ay
. U ndoubtedly, exams
Py^____________ pressure on both students and parents alike.
Most parents w ould like to see th e ir children ( 2 ) _______succeeding________ academically, as they believe a good
education gives them an added advantage in life. They w ant to see th e ir children settled in a rew arding job and be
( 3 ) _______ financially_________ w e|| Qff. But is th a t w hat th e ir children have planned fo r themselves? A pparently not.
Most students either can't th in k th a t far ahead or have no ( 4 ) ________ intention_________ 0f doing so. They w ould
rather aim low so as not to be disappointed if they get low marks.
However, child psychologists, w ho have been ( 5 ) __________consulted______ on the matter, stress th a t students should
aim high, b ut at the same tim e have a(n) ( 6 ) __________ variety________ of o the r options. As a result, students w ill not
have to w o rry about grades and in the long ( 7 ) ___________ run___________ w ill have better chances of succeeding.
On the whole, there are many practical things th a t parents can do and w hich may prove invaluable to th e ir children.
( 8 ) ________ Apart from _______being people th e ir children can ( 9 ) ______________ turn________ to, parents can plan a
reasonable schedule th a t both they and th e ir children ( 1 0 ) __________ agree__________ on. According to psychologists’
(II )
instructions_______ , this schedule should include no more than e ig ht hours o f studying, three proper meals
a day and some exercise. Finally, p rio r to each exam, parents need to (1 2 )__________ reassure_______ th e ir children th a t
e verything w ill be fine w hatever the result.
1
A force
2
A to succeed
3
A richly
B set
( jj ) succeeding
------------
®
---------- -------------- --------------”
p ut
D bring
C have succeeded
D been succeeding
B econom ically
C) fin ancially
D valuably
4
(A) intention
B dem and
C opinion
D reaction
5
(A) consulted
B recom m ended
C suggested
D advised
6
A am ount
7
A tim e
8
A Nevertheless
9
(A ) tu rn
10
A approve
11
A clues
12
A ensure
B sum
(C) va riety
D selection
(J3) run
C term
D process
(j3) A part from
C Instead of
D As far as
C depend
D apply
B com m unicate
B accept
(J3) instructions
B insure
@ a g re e
C announcem ents
C make sure
D confirm
D directions
(d ) reassure
unit I Q
For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
WHY
SLEEP is NECESSARY
Thomas Edison, the inventor ( 0 ) ___________ ______________ the ligh t bulb, th o u g h t th a t sleep was unnecessary and th a t a
society th a t operated (1 3 )________ w ithout_________ sleep w ould be an ideal (1 4 ) __________ 20^____________ •
However, he was w rong. Nowadays, we are living in a society w hich is sleeping less than ever and this has resulted
115)___________ In_____________ m any negative effects.
According (1 6 )___________ to____________ police reports, more than tw e n ty five percent of m otorw ay accidents
are d irectly or in d ire ctly a ttrib u te d to lack of sleep. It is tru e th a t people (1 7 )______ used_______________ to sleep
-in e hours a night, whereas today they sleep seven (1 8 )___________or_____________ even less. This is because our
19 )
20 )
wav__________ of life has changed and we are try in g to squeeze a ctivities like
watching_________ television, shopping or going to the gym in our 24-hour day.
Lack of sleep also has a negative effect on our health. Research th a t has (2 1 )__________ been__________ carried o ut on
animals co ntin uo usly deprived of sleep has shown that they are likely to die. Of course, experim ents o f this kind are
- g h ly unlikely to ( 2 2 ) ___________ be____________carried o ut on humans ( 2 3 ) ________ themselves______ .The longest
period of wakefulness w hich broke the record was eleven days. This experim ent showed th a t after a few days w ith o u t
sleep, the m ind and body w ere unable to fu n ctio n normally.
To put it in a nutshell, the vast m ajority o f us ( 2 4 ) __________ need__________ an adequate am ount o f sleep, in every
tw enty-four-hour period.
unit I Q
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at
the end o f each lin e to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
There is an exam ple at the beginning (0).
SHARKS or DOLPHINS?
A m bitious athletes will go to great ( 0 ) __
spo rt if there is a ( 2 5 ) _________ possibility
in order to su cce e d in their
of th em participating in the O lym p ic G am es and
LONG
POSSIBLE
even w inning a m edal.
training
T his is the ca se with the A m erican sw im m ing team w ho are in (26)
next y e a r’s O lym p ics. Their co ach has (27)
fam iliarised
sh a rk s m ove through w ater in ord er to (28)
stren g th en
and eventually m axim ise their ( 2 9 ) ___________ efficiency
TRAIN
him self w ith the w ay
the sw im m e rs’ stroke
and speed. Sw im m ing like sh a rk s
FAMILIAR
STRONG
EFFICIENT
could give them the ad vantag e they require, though altering their style m ay seem a(n)
(3 0 )
u np leasant__________ e x p e rie n ce at first.
PLEASANT
T h e (3 1 )_________m aJ ° ritV____________ of British sw im m ers, how ever, find the d o lp h in s’ m o vem en ts
MAJOR
e a sie r to adopt. By co pying them , sw im m e rs can co ver a g reater (32)
DISTANT
th us increasing their (33)
likelihood
d istan ce______________
___ of w inning gold in the next O lym p ics.
Of co u rse, only tim e will tell w hich "fish" will sw im ( 3 4 ) ____________ faster____________ .
LIKELY
FAST
For questions 35-42, com plete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar meaning to the first sentence, using
the w ord given. Do not change the w ord given. You must use betw een tw o and five words, including the word
given. There is an exam ple at the beginning (0).
Exam p le: 0
W hen I w a s yo u n g er, I played te n n is e v e ry Su n day.
used
W hen I w a s y o u n g er, I __________________________ used t a p
fay____________________________ te n n is
e v e ry Sunday.
35 S p e e d in g in th e city is a g a in st th e law.
forbidden
I t _______________________________ is forbidden to speed _________________________ in th e city.
3 6 T h e re w a s no n eed for you to bring an u m b rella.
not
Y o u __________________________ need not have brought___________________________ an u m b rella.
37 A b u rg la r e n te re d Mr S te in b erg 's o ffice last night,
into
Mr S te in b e r g ________________________ had his office broken into
_____________ last night.
3 8 No o n e help ed u s o rg a n ise th e fe stiv itie s th is year,
by
yVe
org an ised the festivities by o u rse lv e s
th is year.
3 9 He failed to d e liv e r th e p a rce l on tim e,
succeed
He
didn't su cce e d in delivering
th e p a rce l on tim e,
4 0 P eo p le e x p e c t h er to e sta b lish h er o w n b u sin e ss so o n ,
se t
S h e __________________________ is exp ected to s e tu p _________________
h er ow n b u sin e ss so on.
41 I g et th e im p re ssio n th at Je n n y is w o rrie d ab o u t so m e th in g ,
seem s
J e n n y ________________________ se e m s (to be) w orried_______________________________ a b o u t so m eth in g .
4 2 I b elie ve sh e sw itch e d off the h e a te r before going out.
turned
S h e ___________________________ m ust have turned off_____________________________ th e h e a te r b efo re g oing out.
unit I Q
SECTION 2 (ECCE format)
Grammar
Choose the correct answer.
1. The teacher got the students
to clean
the
6. You should have your hair
schoolyard.
a. clean
© t o clean
d. cleaning
don t need
a. needn't
a. to be painted
to Paint
the whole camp,
has decided to leave her job
© t o pick
d. to picking
9. You must
have had
a great tim e on your vacation
b. had
c. be had
d. us
run out
airport this afternoon.”
a. have
5. Could you please go to the grocery store on your way
home? We've
b. turned out
^ )ru n out
d. put out
will have © h a v e had
10. This project
finished
bv the end of this month,
© w i l l have finished
of tomatoes.
a. made out
Jason up from the
You seem happy and relaxed.
© o u rs
c. ourselves
d. is expect
to Pick
c. pick
as a journalist and follow a career in modelling.
a. our
© i s expected
a. picking
d. be painted
ours
is expected to win the elections,
c. is been expected
© t o paint
c. paint
© s ty le d
8. "Jim, d o n 't forget
d. had better not
3. The soldiers were made
b. style
c. styles
a. is being expected
b. haven't
© d o n 't need
a. styling
7. Mr. Blake's party
t0 go t0 the supermarket. I have
everything we need for the cake.
4. A cousin of
for your
sister's wedding.
c. cleaned
2. You
styled
b. will have be finished
c. will be finishing
d. will finished
Vocabulary
Choose the correct answer.
1. i w asn't satisfied with the
salary
I was getting,
so I decided to quit my job.
a. allowance
^ s a la r y
2. It was difficult to
b. income
a. contact
© te m p e r
c. chance
d. control
t ^ e extent of the
7. As soon as I get paid, I will pay all my
a. deposits
a. predict
b. suppose
c. assume
© e s tim a te
available
4. The student
, so we decided
service.
b. insufficient
© in a d e q u a te
© in d e p e n d e n t
b. refused
c. incapable
d. resisted
10. I want to
regardless
the d ifficult questions.
a. except
inadequate
c. short
cheating on the test
5. The third contestant managed to win
© re g a rd le s s
the
9. Now that the children had grown up and were
independent _she hacj a |0t of free t|me
although her teacher caught her in the act.
c. rejected
d. budgets
a. scarce
b. spare
© d e n ie d
b. sums
© d e b ts
d. handy
denied
0f
make sure
b. on behalf
b. engaged
d. relevant
that I turned off all the lights
in the house, so I'll go back and check,
a. insure
d. thanks
debts
8. We complained to the restaurant manager about
to go somewhere close.
c. ready
and started screaming at
d. reward
damage at first sight.
© a v a ila b le
tem per
her colleagues.
estimate
3. We only had a few days
6. Julie lost her
© m a k e sure
b. reassure
d. inquire
Complete the blanks with the verbs follow, h a v e or take.
A
take
a photograph/picture
take/have a seat
have
fun
follow/take Sb's advice
take
care of
action on sth
take
have
a party/celebration
take/have a [qq^ (g^
have
a meal
have/take a rest/break
have
an araument/a quarrel
have/take a h o |idav
__________a meeting
follow/take orders
take
a test
have
trouble with
have
a headache/toothache
follow
take
take
take
sb/sth for granted
take
turns
take
measures
sth into consideration
take
have/take a bath/shower
have
instructions
the blame for sth
have/take t|me
a dream
follow
sbbv surprise
take
directions
take
place
one's chance
B Read the sentences below. Complete the boxes with the verbs have or take and the blanks with prepositions.
1 Twenty two countries will
take
2 Every year we
advantage
3 They
take
have
part
no respect
°f
f° r
have
6 I
have
any idea
9 I
10
of
the weather conditions
th e ir eves
take
off
the performing dolphins.
responsibility
f° r
the company's disastrous performance.
d iffic u lty ____ [I]____ deciding which school to go to next year.
Take
no notice
have
12 Now that I’m older, I
13 I am a pilot and I
°f
what she savs. She's always making up stories.
more confidence
have
take
account.
how to operate this contraption?
have
11 Youneedto
into
going back to school next year.
take
8 David had no option but to
the Bank Holiday and spend a long weekend at a seaside resort
take
no intention
7 The children couldn't
this year's water polo tournament.
their new teacher.
4 Before setting off on a fishing trip, you must
5 Do you
in
in
no interest
a lot of pride
yourself.
in
stamp collecting.
in
mv work.
C Read the sentences and complete them with the correct form of the verbs give, pay, b rin g or mind.
1 It's been weeks since I last
2
Give
Paid
Helen a visit.
Henry a ring immediately. He said it was urgent.
3 What were you doing hiding behind the door? You
4 The chairperson
brought
5 Gerry was kind enough to
6 Passengers are asked to
7 Who can
9ive
me a real shock.
meeting to an end because the members of the board could not agree on a plan of action.
give
rnind
me a lift to the railway station.
the step when disembarking.
_ me an explanation for the rising sea waters?
8 The teacher got angry because nobody was
ft
gave
paying
attention to him.
unit 11
-"fvmf:
|
,V'■
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
correct number in the box next to each definition.
A TAKE
5
1 The custom ers were asked to take th eir shoes off before entering the
leave the ground
10 fu lly understand
Japanese restaurant.
4 look like, resemble
2 Susan decided not to take on any new responsibilities.
3 The video recorder I bought wasn't w orking properly, so I took it back.
7 gain control of
4 Everybody says I take after my mother.
9 fill, occupy
5 The passengers had to w a it over th irty m inutes before the aeroplane fin a lly
3 return
took off.
6
begin, become interested in
1
remove
3
leave suddenly w ith o u t
telling anyone
2
accept
4
demolish
6 After retiring, Steven took up bow ling to keep him self occupied.
7 My brother w ill take over the com pany now th a t my father has passed away.
8 Why did you take o ff w ith o u t saying goodbye last night?
9 The fu rn iture takes up too much space and the kids have nowhere to play.
10 He m ust have been tired because he didn't seem to take in anything I was saying.
B
CLOSE, KNOCK
1 The police had closed off the highway in search of the escaped prisoner.
cease, stop operating
2 The fu nfair was closed down because of its terrible safety record.
isolate, prevent from being
used/accessed
3 The force of the ball h itting his head knocked him out cold.
4 They had no choice but to knock down the old warehouse.
make unconscious
5 Cycling on the footpath is prohibited due to the danger of knocking down/over
hit and cause to fall down
pedestrians.
C
CLEAR, CLEAN, DROP
6 visit w ith o u t warning
1 The m isunderstanding w ill be cleared up as soon as he gets here.
2 Students are asked to clean out their lockers at the end of the school year.
2
3 We were detained after school in order to clean up the laboratory.
4 leave somewhere
4 Could you please drop me off at the railway station?
1 resolve, explain
5 He had a big fig h t w ith his parents because he decided to drop out of college.
3
em pty and clean
clean thoroughly
6 You w ouldn’t believe w ho dropped in yesterday at m y place!
leave w ith o u t finishing the
course
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
disgusted
envious
Verbs
Nouns
by/at
of
a reason
a threat
for
to
put the blame
for
sb
on
lie
sth
auiltv of/about
patient
popular
shocked
suspicious
for
Verbs
with
w ith
by/at
of
forget
sb
accusesb
sentence sb
dream about/of
of
sth
arrest sb
for
sth
blame sb
for
sth
escape
fiaht
from
w ith
sb
about
about
to
sth
sth
sb
about
to
unit I f
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
1
Why do I always get the blame
for
2
The w hole co u n try was shocked
by/at
3
Both parties put the blame
on
4
Jane’s friends were envious
of
5
Don’t blame me
6
The w ell-know n businessman was sentenced
7
People are usually suspicious
for
e verything th a t goes wrong?
the president’s sudden death.
each o the r
for
the collapse o f peace negotiations .
her rise to fame and fortune.
the m isunderstanding. I tried my best.
of
to
three years in jail fo r fraud.
politicians m aking promises during election tim e.
Grammar Revision (Clauses of concession, reason, purpose and result)
See G r a m m a r R e v ie w p a g e 1 6 0
A
R ea d th e t e x t b e lo w a n d c o m p le te e a c h b la n k w it h o n e w o rd .
The production of items made of gold dates back to ancient Egyptian and Minoan
times, when gold was panned (1)_________ with___________ the aim of making golden
bowls and cups. Gold was usually found in river beds, (2)__________so_____________ in
(3 )_________ order__________ to pan for gold, a circular dish (pan) was filled w ith a
m ixture of sand and gravel that contained gold. So (4 )__________as____________ to
obtain the gold, this m ixture was held under a stream of water and swirled (5 )__________so_____________that the lighter parts
would slowly wash away and the gold particles would collect at the bottom of the pan.
(6 )_______ Since/As_________ gold was a scarce metal, it was used as a form of exchange, and (7)
therefore/so________
it became the basis for international transactions. Over time, new m ining techniques developed and elaborate methods
were adopted because (8 )___________ of___________ the demand for gold.
(9 )
(10 )
Due__________ to its huge reserves, South Africa has always been the world's leading supplier of gold
despite__________ the discovery of gold in California and Australia in the 1840s.
Gold is stored in reserve by many governments. In Fort Knox, USA, alone, there are thirty-eight billion dollars w orth of gold
bars secured behind a tw enty-ton door. In (11)_________ spite___________of these resources, however, financial circles predict a
decline in the demand for gold. Gold was once a powerful currency, (12)______ whereas/but______ nowadays it seems to have
lost much of its glitter.
B R e w rite th e f o llo w in g s e n te n c e s so th a t th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e f ir s t . B e g in w it h
th e w o rd (s ) g iv e n .
1 They never help the poor even though they are very wealthy.
Despite the fact that they are very wealthy, they never help the poor/being very wealthy,
they never help the poor
2 However well he performed, he didn't win the first prize.
No m atter how well he performed, he didn't win the first prize______________________________________________ .
3 Even though I was sick, I tried not to fall behind w ith my homework.
Sick though/as I was, I tried not to fall behind w ith my hom ework___________________________________________ .
4 In spite of his disability, he managed to get on w ith his life.
Although
he was disabled, he managed to get on w ith his life______________________________________________ .
5 She is so friendly that everyone wants to hang out w ith her.
She is such a friendly person/girl that everyone wants to hang out w ith her_________________________________ .
6 All flights were delayed yesterday because there was an accident on the runway.
Due to an accident on the runway, all flights were delayed yesterday_______________________________________ .
In spite of / Despite the cold weather, they went swimming. /
In spite of / Despite the fact that the weather was cold, they went
We carituse-the company car for to goo a tin the evenings
We can’t use the company car for going out in the evening. /
sw im m ing./
Wecan!t use the company car for to going out in the cvcning.(to+infinitive, fo r+-ingform, expressingpurpose)
In spite of / Despite the weather being cold, they went
swimming. /
© He wakes up early so as not to be late for work. /
In spite of/Despite the weather was cuhl, Uieywenl Hewakes up eariy so as to not be lateforwerk. ■
swimming?
He wakes up early in order not to be late for work. /
Despite of the cold weather, they went swimming. Hewakesupearly-inordeFtonotb e-latefor-wefk. (in spite of/despite+noun/the fact that/-ingform)
He wakes up early not to be late for work.—
(so asnot to and in ordernot to expressnegativepurpose.)
q Although the weather was cold, they went swimming. /
Though the weather was cold, they went swimming. /
& I'm going to buy a car so that I can get to work faster.
I bought a car so that I could get to work faster.
Even though the weather was cold, they went swimming. /
(so that+can/may/will expresspurpose with present/
Rvfin although the wpathpr was rnlri they wpnt swimming
future time reference.)
Although /Though /Even though the cold weather, they went
(so that+could/might/would expressespurpose with past
swimming.
time reference.)
(though /although/even though+clause)
& The flight was cancelled because the air-traffic controllers were ® I'm taking an umbrella in case it rains. /
I’m taking an umbrella, in case it will rain: on s trik e ./
I took an umbrella in case it rained. /
The flight was cancelled because of the air-traffic
I took an umbrella, in caseit would rain.
controllers'strike. /
(Do not use will/would after in case.)
The flight was cancelled because of the air-traffic
controllers being on strike. /
The film was so boring thatlnearly fell asleep. /
The flight was cancelled because uf Ule aii -Ualflc controllers It was so boring a film that I nearly fell asleep. /
were on strike.
It was such a boring film that I nearly fell asleep. /
(because+clause of reason, because of+ noun/-ingform)
The film was suchboring that I nearly foil asleep It was such boring film that I nearly fell asleep. & We can’t use the company car to go out in the evening. /
0
Key Transformations
Q Although/Even though/Though it was raining heavily,
they went on a day trip.
In spite of / Despite the fact that it was raining heavily, they went
on a day trip.
In spite of / Despite the heavy rain, they went on a day trip.
€> They worked hard but they didn't manage to finish the
project on time.
However hard they worked, they didn't manage to finish the
project on time.
No matter how hard they worked, they didn't manage to finish
the project on time.
& Jane wasn't feeling well, so she didn't go out.
Jane didn't go out because/as she wasn’t feeling well.
Since/As Jane wasn't feeling well, she didn't go out.
Not feeling well, Jane didn't go out.
Jane didn't go out because of / due to not feeling well.
Jane didn't go out because of / due to the fact that she was not
feeling well.
& The child was rescued because the lifeguards acted
immediately.
The child was rescued due to / thanks to / owing to the
lifeguards' immediate action.
& Whatever he tells me, I don't believe him.
I don’t believe him no matter what he tells me.
© We arrived at the airport early because we did not want to miss
the plane.
We arrived at the airport early in order / so as not to miss the
plane.
We arrived at the airport early so that we wouldn't miss the
plane.
We arrived at the airport early for fear of missing the plane.
We arrived at the airport early for fear (that) we might miss the
plane.
& We left early in order to / so as to / to get there in time.
We left early so that we could/would get there in time.
We left early w ith a view to / w ith the aim of getting there in
time.
& There was so much smoke that we couldn't see anything.
There was such a lot of smoke that we couldn't see anything,
g) His heart was so weak that he didn't survive the operation.
He had such a weak heart that he didn't survive the operation.
He had so weak a heart that he didn’t survive the operation.
His heart was too weak to survive the operation.
His heart wasn't strong enough to survive the operation.
unit I f
Examination Practice
A
C hoose th e c o rre c t answ er.
1. The church has set up a charity with the aim
of raising
6. She was heavily dressed
funds for the refugees,
a. of raise
@ o f raising
a. due to
d. to raising
c. because of
to send
them
7. He walked in quietly
to my friends abroad.
a. to sending
c. I can send
( d ) to send
3. You should have more confidence______ in_______
yourself if you want to succeed.
b. in
c. at
d. of
4. They a re _____ such_____ nice people that everyone
likes them.
(jj^such
c. so
b. such a
d. a so
5. “ Look at Sheila! She's so beautiful, is n 't she?” “ Yeah,
she has ta ke n _____ after_____ her mother.”
( a ) after
c. on
b. despite
(c£)for fear of
so as not to
fa/iso as not to
b. I could send
a. for
catching
a cold.
b. raising
2. I took photos of the baby so as
for fear of
b. over
c. so as d o n 't
8.
wake up the baby,
b. so as to not
d. so as to d o n 't
________ the weather was fine, we decided to
go for a swim.
( a)As
c. While
b. Because of
d. Due to
9. “You know I have nothing to do with all this mess! Don't
put the blam e______ on_______me."
a. in
(b )o n
c. at
d. for
10. Take a jum per with you in case i t _____ 9ets______
colder at night,
a. will get
(c/igets
b. would get
d. getting
d. up
B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 Although the police suspected him, they didn't arrest him.
suspicious
Despite______________ being suspicious of him___________________ _ the police didn’t arrest him.
2 However busy she is, she always makes tim e for exercise.
m atte r
She always makes tim e for exercise,_______________ no m atter how busy_____________________she is.
3 There was so much traffic on the road that I was an hour late.
lo t
There w as____________ such a lot of traffic_________________________ on the road that I was an hour late.
4 The operation was cancelled because it was considered risky.
due
The operation was cancelled______________ due to the risk___________________________ involved.
5 The puzzle was not easy enough for them to do.
so
The puzzle_________________was so difficult that they_______________ couldn’t do it.
6 He wants to buy a new computer, so he is saving up.
aim
He is saving u p _________________ w ith the aim of buying_________________ a new computer.
7 He braked suddenly to avoid hitting the old man.
as
He braked suddenly__________________ so as not to hit_______________________ the old man.
8 He is proud of his work, but he is not arrogant.
p ride
Even______________though he takes pride in__________________ WO|-|<) he is not arrogant.
9 That accident was so frigh tfu l that I'll never forget it.
such
It w as____________ such a frigh tfu l accident that________________I'll never forget it.
10 He uses tw o alarm clocks in order not to wake up late.
th a t
He uses tw o alarm clocks__________________ so that he doesn’t____________________ wake up late.
unit 11
Words easily confused
Use the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A -I below. You may use
som e of the words more than once. In some cases, more than one word may be correct.
stop
avoid
fo rb id
1 Smoking has been
p ro h ib it
ban
banned/prohibited
prevent
escape
in all public places.
2 The exam iner asked the students t o ___________stop___________w ritin g and put down th e ir pens.
3 The governm ent has taken strict measures t o _________ prevent_________ accidents on m otorways.
4 I take these pills t o __________ avoid__________ gettin g seasick w hile travelling by boat.
5 For reasons of hygiene, animals are
forbidden/prohibited
to enter hospitals.
6 She trie d t o _______stop/prevent______ her husband from inform in g the authorities.
7 She was lucky t o _______ escape/avoid
blame
accuse
arrest
a conviction fo r shoplifting.
charge
co nvict
sentence
1 The p o lic e ________ arrested__________Mr Jones a n d ________ charged__________ him w ith assault.
2 Despite the stu d e n t’s protests, the te a c h e r_________ accused________ her of cheating.
3 The man w a s _________convicted_______ of m urder a n d _______ sentenced_________ to tw e n ty years in prison.
4 D o n 't_________ blame__________ us fo r the broken window, we w eren’t playing fo otba ll this m orning.
co m p la int
annoyance
accusation
disa pp oin tm en t
1 Much to o u r _________ annoyance_______ we had to w ait fo r over an hour to purchase the tickets.
2 Despite the media hype, the concert was a real
3 I wish to make a(n)
disappointm ent
.
complaint__________ about the q u a lity of the food.
4 Don’t make fa ls e _______ accusations_______ when you don 't have proof.
chase
pursue
h un t
fo llo w
1 A stray d o g _________ followed________ me home today and I’m th in kin g o f keeping it.
2 My bro the r and I used t o _____________ chase_______each o the r around the house when we were young.
3 Police have b e e n __________ hunting________the te rro rists fo r weeks now but still haven’t found them .
4 He w anted t o ______ pursue/follow______ a career in engineering.
cause
excuse
reason
purpose
aim
1 John has to find a g o o d __________ excuse_________ for being late, otherw ise he'll get into trouble.
2 T h e _______ purpose/aim______ 0f the m eeting is to discuss next year’s plans. If you can't attend it, you m ust have a
g o o d __________reason_________ , as th e ___________ ElU1____________is to get everybody's opinion.
3 The carelessness of the d river was th e __________ cause_________ o f the fatal accident.
unit 11
F
rob
steal
burgle
hijack
deceive
cheat
lie
s h o p lift
blackm ail
1 The c rim in a l’s innocent lo o k s _________ deceived________ people into tru s tin g him.
2 “ D o n 't__________ !!e______________to me. I know you w eren’t at school to d a y!” shouted m y mother.
3 Our house w a s ________ burgled__________ last n ig ht and all our valuables w e re _________ stolen___________ .
4 Two te rro ris ts ________ hijacked__________the plane and made the p ilo t change course.
5 The student tried t o __________ cheat__________ during the test, but the teacher caught him and to o k away his paper.
6 As a teenager, B o b ________shoplifted________ f rom the local store and was even caught once.
7 Two m e n _________ robbed_________ the bank on Elm Street this m orning.
8 K im ________ blackmailed______ John by dem anding $1000 so th a t she w o u ld n 't reveal his secret.
G
attack
knock
h it
beat
blow
strike
1 It's dangerous t o ___________ t ill____________ people on the head.
2 The child w a s _________ attacked________ by a vicious dog and had to be taken to hospital.
3 She n e v e r__________knocks_________ on the door before entering.
4 Some fo otball hooligans started t o _________ beat/hit_________ each o the r after the match, so the police had to
intervene.
5 He received a se vere ___________ blow__________ on the head, w hich left him unconscious.
6 The church clock in the village square began t o __________ strike__________ ten.
H
robber
th ie f
burglar
kidnapper
co n vict
crim inal
pickpocket
vic tim
hostage
1 T h e _______ kidnappers______ dem anded one m illion dollars as ransom fo r the release o f th e ir _______ hostage______
2 A ___________ thief__________ snatched the old lady's handbag from her arm.
3 T h e _________ burglars________ responsible fo r breaking into the fla t next door have been caught.
4 The b a n k __________ robbers________ escaped th rough the fire exit.
5 Most o f the gang’s __________ victims_________were old people living on th e ir own.
6 The e scaped__________convict_________ was caught w ith in 24 hours.
7 When you travel, always be w ary o f _______ pickpockets________Wh0 can steal yo ur w allet w ith o u t you realising it.
8 Jack the Stabber is one o f the country's m ost w a n te d __________ criminals_______ it is said th a t he has m urdered ten
people.
I
fo rg e t
leave
ignore
neglect
o m it
1 I _________ forgot__________ to tu rn o ff the TV last night, so it was left on all n ig ht long.
2 It's cruel t o __________ neglect________ pets as they rely on th e ir owners.
3 Why is J ill_________ ignoring________ Bill? Aren't they talking to each o the r anymore?
4 I d on 't w ant people to know I was involved in this pro je ct s o __________ om it__________ m y name from the credits.
5 I'v e ____________ l^ft___________the concert tickets upstairs. Could you get them?
unit 11
This unit deals with adjectives, adverbs and nouns that derive from verb roots.
i
Verb Root
Adjective = verb + -able
accept
acceptable
• Many adjectives in -able sign ify th a t w hat the verb describes can be done.
believe 4 believable = that can be believed
• Some adjectives in -able deriving from verb roots have a d iffe re n t meaning:
agree -4 agreeable (=pleasant)
consider -4 considerable (=great in am ount, substantial)
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t fo rm adjectives in the same way are: advise, bear, cure, depend, enjoy, identify,
predict, prefer, recognise, remark and respect.
• When the verb root ends in -ate, the -ate is replaced by -able.
irritate 4 irritable
tolerate 4 tolerable
• When the verb root ends in -e, the -e is dropped before the ending -able, unless there is a vowel, a c or a g
before the -e.
admire 4 admirable
notice 4 noticeable
change 4 changeable
• Adjectives in -able form adverbs in -ably: prefer -4 preferable -4 preferably
Verb Root
Adjective = verb + -ible
access
accessible
o
°
• Many adjectives in -ible signify th a t w hat the verb describes can be done.
accessible = that can be accessed
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t fo rm adjectives in the same way are: convert, digest, resist and sense.
• When the verb roo t ends in -d or -de, the -d / -de changes into -s before the ending -ible:
comprehend 4 comprehensible
divide 4 divisible
• When the verb roo t ends in -mit, the -t changes into -ss before the ending -ible.
perm it 4 permissible
• Adjectives in -ible form adverbs in -ibly:
sense -4 sensible -4 sensibly
............. —----- ------ -
Verb Root
Noun = verb + -ery
cook
cookery
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t form nouns in the same way are: rob and trick.
• When the verb ends in -e or -er, the -e/-er is replaced by -ery.
discover -4 discovery
Verb Root
confide
ignore
forge -4 forgery
Adjective = verb + <
-- -ent
— -ant
___ - -ence
Noun = verb + CT
---- ance
co nfid en t
ignorant
confidence
ignorance
• Some other com m on verbs th a t form adjectives in -ent and nouns in -ence are: correspond, depend, differ and
exist.
• A nother com m on verb th a t form s an adjective in -ant and a noun in -ance is: resist
• When the verb roo t ends in -ate, the -ate is replaced by the -ant and the -ance:
tolerate 4 tolerant -4 tolerance
• Some verb roots form o nly nouns in -ance, not adjectives in -ant:
assist 4 assistance
attend -4 attendance
unit |1
Some adjectives and nouns w hich derive from verb roots do not fo llo w the rules presented above:
appear 4 apparent 4 appearance
perform 4 perform ing 4 performance
insure 4 insured 4 insurance
please -4 pleasant 4 pleasure
interfere 4 interfering 4 interference
signify 4 significant 4 significance
obey
obedient
obedience
Verb Root
................. ......— .........— ........... ..................Noun (person) =verb + -ant
assist
assistant
—
• Nouns in -ant referring to people signify a person th a t does w hat the verb describes.
• Some other com m on verbs th at form nouns in the same way are: account, attend, consult, contest, defend,
depend, inhabit and serve.
• When the verb root ends in -ate or -y, the -ate/-y are replaced by -ant.
immigrate 4 im m igrant
occupy -4 occupant
• Be careful w ith the noun (person) deriving from the verb apply.
apply 4 applicant
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
1 I have to buy a ________ cookery_________ book as I 'm ________ hopeless_________ a( cooking.
noticeable
2 There has been a
3 My friend was in fo r a(n)
__change in his behaviour lately.
NOTICE
unpleasant_______ surprise when he saw th a t his house had
b e e n ________ burgled
PLEASE
BURGLE
4 The food at the restaurant w a s ____
5 I can't stand this
COOK, HOPE
tolerable
unbearable
6 This disease is still
incurable
, but the service was awful.
TOLERATE
. heat! I have to buy an air-conditioner.
BEAR
__ , so it i s _______advisable__________to be extra
CURE, ADVISE
careful.
7 Many students lack i n __
confidence
speaking
.w hen it comes to
CONFIDE, SPEAK
English.
8 He i s _______ remarkably
9 Some students are to ta lly
.cle ve r fo r his age.
REMARK
disobedient______ and th e ir behaviour in general
OBEY
i s _______ unacceptable
10 Kelly’s house was n o t____
ACCEPT
insured
. against fire, so the
insurance
INSURE, INSURE
com pany w ill not pay fo r the damage.
11 He was charged w i t h __________ forgery
and was im prisoned fo r six years.
12 My trip to Japan w a s _______ unforgettable
. I had an
enjoyable
FORGE
tim e.
13 V is a ________applicants_______ m ust |>,ave t hejr passports w ith them.
14 Despite his young age, he behaved very
sensibly
FORGET, ENJOY
APPLY
SENSE
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
A WILD HUNT
Living in a modern society, we cannot (1).
ignore
the acts of crim e that take place every day. Criminal activity
ranges from stealing to the more serious crimes of kidnapping and murder.
Just recently, a hunt was on for tw o men who (2 )_________ robbed
an off-licence in broad daylight. The shop owner tried
unit |1
to call the police, but he received a severe blow to the back of his head, which left him unconscious. It appears that the tw o
3 ) _______ criminals______ had planned everything very well, since they (4 )_______ avoided_______ getting caught. They were
seen getting on their m otorbike holding guns by tw o policemen in a patrol car, who started (5)_______ chasing_______ them.
6 )_______ However______ , the robbers managed to get away through the back streets. All exits from the city were closed
(7)__________ off_________ immediately. Even the airport was put on alert and flights were delayed, as strict security measures
.■.ere (8 )_______ taken_________ and all passengers were asked to give proof of their identity. Many people considered this
a nuisance and were shocked (9 ) _________ ^ __________ these tactics. So, they put the (1 0 )_________ blame________ for the
situation on the police and (11)
accused_______ them of incompetence. In the end, the police (12)_________took________
responsibility for the setbacks.
1
(A ) ignore
2
A stole
B neglect
( b ) robbed
C fo rg e t
D o m it
C shoplifted
D hijacked
C pickpockets
D burglars
3
(A )crim in a ls
4
A escaped
(B) avoided
C prevented
D stopped
5
A arresting
(B )chasing
C hunting
D fo llo w in g
6
A Despite
7
A down
8
(A ) taken
9
B convicts
B Therefore
C Although
( d ) However
C up
D away
B follow ed
C put
D made
A w ith
B about
C from
D by
10
A fa u lt
B accusation
11
A charged
12
A got
(B )° ff
© b la m e
(jja c c u s e d
B recognised
C blamed
© to o k
D cause
D convicted
D received
B Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
ANTIBACTERIAL SOAPS
A (1)_
considerable
soaps is the (2 )____
3 ) ______ ignorance
(4 )___
no real (5)_
preferable
num ber o f people feel that washing w ith antibacterial
sensible_________thing to do. Unfortunately, their
CONSIDER
SENSE
_ has led them to believe that these soaps are
IGNORE
_ to normal ones. However, research has shown that there is
PREFER
difference_______ between washing w ith ordinary soap or soap
(6 )_______containing_______ antibacterial agents.lt has also been
proved that being too clean actually has (7)
effects, as our (8) _
(9 )
resistant
bodies
undesirable
______do not become
to germs. This (10)______ discovery
has come as a surprise, especially to those who believe th a t bacteria
( have to be fo ug ht w ith every means known to man.
DIFFER
CONTAIN
DESIRE
BODY
RESIST, DISCOVER
Prepositional Phrases
A Read the sentences and complete them with the prepositions on, at, by or to.
1 The auth or is a d o c to r________ by______ profession but she prefers to w ork on her novels.
2 I always s h o p _______ 5D_______ impulse. I never make plans.
3
Jo_______ this day, nobody knows w hat became o f the missing aristocrat.
4 Cancelling the m e e tin g ________ f t _______ such short notice was an inconvenience fo r everyone.
5 Some o f the artist's best w orks a re ________ on______ display at the gallery.
6 These elaborate rugs were all w o v e n _______ by________ hand.
7 My fa vou rite fo otball team is ________ at_______ the to p of the league.
8 The school principal is ________ ________ good term s w ith all the teaching staff.
B
Complete the blanks with the prepositions in and out of. In some cases both prepositions can be used.
fashion
in /o u to f
prjn t
out of
.w o rk
in/out of
business
in /o u to f
tQUch
out of
date
in/out of
danger
out of
reach
in /o u to f
in /o u to f
control
in /o u to f
stock
in
debt
sight
in/out of
season
co m fo rt
in /o u to f
order
the o rd in a ry
in/out of
practice
in/out of
out of
in
in
in/out of
. breath
in
.pain
out of
.d iffic u lty
in/out of
in /o u to f
place
use
o u to f
act|Qn
the question
C Complete the sentences with the prepositional phrases in the box below.
out of season
in shape
o ut o f reach
o ut o f control
o ut o f the question
o ut o f place
o ut of date
in touch
1 The w ild animal w a s_______ out of control______and nearly broke down the cage door.
2 We looked
out of place______ w earing jeans in such an expensive restaurant.
3 It's d iffic u lt to find good oranges in summer, as th e y 're _______out of season______ .
4 The tw o friends k e p t__________ in touch________ during the sum m er break.
5 I s ta y _________ in shape________ by fo llo w in g a stric t exercise program m e.
6 My parents told me th a t taking the car on Saturday n ig ht was
out of the question
.
7 The books on the to p shelf w e re _______ out of reach_______fo r m ost people o f average height.
8 T h e _______ out of date________m achinery was the main cause of the company's financial collapse.
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
correct number in the box next to each definition.
A
BRING, GIVE
1 Bringing up children is a full-tim e job.
2 You can bring your friend along to the party on Saturday.
7
stop having or doing sth
10
reveal
2
take with you
4
cause
3
recall, remind
11
return
8
distribute
6
give free of charge
1
raise
3 Looking through old photograph albums brings back many memories,
i 4 The greenhouse effect has b rought about a change in our climate.
5 When she fainted, we all tried to bring her round.
| 6 The new airline was giving away free tickets to many lucky passengers.
7 My doctor told me to give up coffee for health reasons.
8 The man standing on the corner was giving out advertisement leaflets to
passers-by.
9 When we moved to Scotland, I had to give up my job.
12
admit being defeated
11 Have I given you back the money that I owe you?
5
make conscious again, revive
12 A good tennis player never gives in no matter what the score is.
9
quit, resign from
7
destroy by explosion
6
suddenly begin to laugh, cry etc.
3 They handed the m oney over to the police.
1
give to sb in charge
4 The secret know ledge of the profession was handed down from father to son.
3
deliver to sb in authority
5 The child was know n to burst in to tears fo r no apparent reason.
8
extinguish
10 The review didn’t give away the end of the book, so I’m curious to read it.
B HAND, BURST, BLOW
1 The students were told to hand in th e ir assignm ents at the end of the lesson.
2 Before handing out the test papers, the teacher asked us to be quiet.
5 The students burst out laughing when the teacher slipped and fell down.
distribute
7 The te rro ris t’s initia l plan was to blow up the plane.
pass on
3 We blew o u t the candles before leaving the room.
break into tears, laughter
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
harmful
mad
mad
to
at/w ith
Sb (=angry)
about/on Sb/sth
for
sb
(=sympathetic)
(feel) sorry for/about sth
(=regret)
damage
weak.
at
shame
on
w ro n g .
about
shelter
from
sb
head
for
lean
on/against
punish s b ____ ______
from
(feel) sorry
of
of
bew are.
to
tired _
protect from /against
(=interested in)
safe
Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
recover
from
to
reduce sth _
rescue sb
from
save _
from
steal
from
suffer.
from
unit 12
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
1 I feel really s o rry ______ for________Bob. He looks so depressed.
2 If the w eather is good this weekend, I'm h e adin g _______ f° [ ______ the beach.
3 Rodney is very w e a k _______ at_______ Maths. He should consider studying som ething else.
4 Sham e______ on________ Peter! His behaviour was unacceptable.
5 Sue is very m a d _______ at________G eoffrey fo r not showing up at her party.
6 The explosion reduced the b u ild in g ________ to_______ an unrecognisable tangle of metal and bricks.
7 I’m really sorry
about______ y0ur cai-; Sally. I promise to pay for the repair work.
8 Most teenage boys are m a d ______ about
9 Lean the paintings
on/agas* ;st
fo otba ll and sports in general.
wa|| gent|y please.
Grammar Revision (Conditionals)
See Grammar Review page 161
Rewrite the following sentences so that the second sentence has a similar meaning to the first. Begin with the
word(s) given.
1 They w ant to travel abroad next m onth, so they have to renew th e ir passports.
Unless they renew their passports, they w on't be able to travel abroad next m onth_________________________
2 I th in k th a t you shouldn't drive so carelessly.
If I
were you. I w ouldn't drive so carelessly_______________________________________________________________.
3 The reason w hy the dog attacked them was because they h it it w ith a stick.
If they hadn't hit the dog w ith a stick, it w ouldn't have attacked them ______________________________________ .
4 I m ig ht not manage to repair the leaking tap on my own, so I'll ask my bro the r fo r help.
In case I don't manage to repair the leaking tap on my own. I'll ask my brother for help______________________ .
5 In ord er to hire a car, you need to have a d rivin g licence.
Unless you have a driving licence, you can't hire a car____________________________________________________ .
6 I w ant to buy a big house w ith a garden, but I can’t afford it.
If I could afford it, I would buy a big house w ith a garden__________________________________________________.
7 The burglars broke into my house because the burglar alarm didn't go off.
Had
the burglar alarm gone off, the burglars wouldn't have broken into my house_______________________ .
8 Not having heard th a t his flig h t was boarding, he missed the plane.
Provided (that) he had heard (that) his fligh t was boarding, he wouldn't have missed the plane_____________ .
9 The buses may be on strike, so you m ig ht have to catch a taxi to work.
If the buses are on strike, you m ight have to catch a taxi to work_________________________________________.
10 My parents encouraged and supported me after the accident, so I recovered quickly.
But fo r my parents' encouragement and support, I w ouldn't have recovered quickly after the accident
11 We feel so tired th a t we can't continue our journey.
If we didn't feel so tired, we would/could continue our journey__________________________________________
12 You can borrow m y bike, but you m ust prom ise to take good care of it.'
As long as y ° u promise to take good care of my bike, you can borrow it__________________________________
13 She m ust do her hom ew ork, otherw ise her parents w on 't let her go to the party.
On co ndition (that) she does her homework, her parents will let her go to the party
.
PC.OA'tS'tC
He w ill buy a car if he saves enough money. /
Ho will buy a car if ho will-savc enough moneys
n i buy a car provided (that) I save enough money. /
111buy a r ar prmriripri (that)-U faall save enough money.—
He would buy a car if he saved enough money. /
He w ould buy a car if he would save enough money. -
(will, shall and would are not used after linking words/
phrases introducing conditional sentences.)
| - I won’t go to the party if they don't invite me. /
I won’t go to the party unless they invite me. /
I won’t go to tho party unless they don't invite me.—
(unless=if not)
I’ll buy a bottle of water in case I get thirsty.
(=111buy it before I get thirsty; I might not use it.)
I’ll buy a bottle of water if I get thirsty.
(=77/ buy it when I get thirsty; I'll definitely use it.)
If he was taller, he could join a basketball team.
If he were taller, he could join a basketball team.
(were can be used instead of was in allpersons in
If I had been the Prime Minister, I would have-given lots ~
Qf-monoytothopoor. ~
(We use Conditional Sentences Type 2 for unreal situations
in thepresent orfuture.)
> If I had studied harder last semester, I would have
passed m y exams. /
If I studied harder last semester, I woukipass-ffly~
-examsT
(We use Conditional Sentences Type 3 fo r unreal situations
in thepast.)
> If you should need me, don't hesitate to call me. /
Should you need me, don't hesitate to call me. /
If should you need me, don't hesitate to caHmc.—
If she needed your help, she would call you. /
Were she to need your help, she would call you. S
If woro she to nood your help, she would csfryottrIf she had needed your help, she would have called you. /
Had she needed your help, she would have called you. /
If ha&sha-neaded your holp, sho would have-eatledyou. -
(if is not used in conditional sentences starting with
Conditional Sentences Type 2.)
should/ were/ had+ subject.)
| £) If I were the Prime Minister, I would give lots of money to
the poor. /
Key Transformations
I & If you see Harry, ask him to return the books to the
Your application w ill be considered on condition (that)
you submit it on time.
library.
If you should see Harry, ask him to return the books to the library. & If he hadn’t helped me, I wouldn't have finished m y essay.
Should you see Harry, ask him to return the books to the
Had he not helped me, I wouldn't have finished m y essay.
library.
If it hadn't been for his help, I wouldn't have finished m y essay.
But for his help, I wouldn't have finished m y essay.
© If he doesn’t study hard, he won't pass the exam.
I wouldn't have finished m y essay w ithout his help.
He won't pass the exam unless he studies hard.
He has to / must study hard, or else / otherwise he won’t
pass the exam.
& Your application w ill be considered only if you submit it on time.
Your application w ill be considered provided / providing
(that) you submit it on time.
Your application w ill be considered as long as you submit it on
time.
<0 We might go swimming, so bring your swimsuit.
Bring your swimsuit because we might go swimming.
Bring your swimsuit in case we go swimming.
& What would you do if the lights went out?
Suppose/ Supposing the lights went out, what would you do?
What would you do were the lights to go out?
unit 1 2
Examination Practice
A
R ead th e t e x t b e lo w a n d t h in k o f th e w o r d w h ic h b e s t f it s e a c h space. U se o n ly o n e w o r d i n e a c h space.
TAKING TO THE SKIES
Every day m illions o f people travel (1)__________ ^ ____________plane. However, a small
percentage of passengers go weak at the knees ju s t thinking about flying,
(2 )______ while/and_________others suffer acute physical d iscom fort, which is m ostly
b ro ug ht (3 )_________ about_________ by the change in air pressure.
So w hat can be done to prevent problems? If you move about as often as
(4 )
(5 )
possible___________th a t is w alk up and down the aisle, you
can/may_______ prevent sluggish circulation and s tiff joints.
In (6 )__________ case________ _ 0f breathing d ifficulties, you w ill be able to ease the
problem o nly if you increase yo ur oxygen intake before boarding. A good th irty -m in u te
brisk walk should help.
If you intend to fly, it (7 )______w ould/m ight______ also be wise to fo llo w some general advice. Firstly, if you suffer
(8 )__________ from __________any serious health problems, ask yo u r d octo r (9 )__________ w hether/if
it's safe fo r you to
travel or not. (10)____________ If___________ you have a medical condition, don 't fo rg e t to bring yo ur m edicine
(11 )
(12 )
along_________ . It has been suggested that if you can clim b a dozen stairs w ith o u t g ettin g
out___________ o f breath, it is safe fo r you to fly. Should you have a heavy cold or a bad cough, try to avoid
flying.
As long as you fo llo w this advice, you w ill have no problem durin g your fligh t.
B C o m p le te th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e so th a t i t h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e f i r s t s e n te n c e , u s in g th e w o r d g iv e n
u n c h a n g e d . Y o u m u s t u se b e tw e e n tw o a n d fiv e w o rd s , in c lu d in g th e w o r d g iv e n .
1 Paying in cash entitles you to a special discount.
pro vid e d You are entitled to a special d isc o u n t__________________provided (that) you pay________________ jn cash.
2 They didn't go on a picnic because it was raining heavily.
rain
B u t____________________ for the heavy rain____________________ >they would have gone on a picnic.
3 It is possible that your fligh t w ill be delayed, so take a book to read.
case
Take a book to read___________________ incase your fligh t is___________________delayed.
4 John had better call the police if he notices any suspicious characters.
should
John had better call the p o lice ___________ should he notice / if he should notice__________ any suspicious
characters.
5 It would be foolish of him not to consider this opportunity.
if
It would be foolish of h im ____________________ if he d id n t consider__________________ ^ j S opportunity.
6 With your encouragement, the players w ill improve.
long
The players w ill im p rove ________________ so / as long as you encourage____________ them.
7 They missed the turn because they didn't see the sign.
w o u ld
T h e y______________ would not have missed____________________ the turn if they had seen the sign.
8 The d octor warned him to q uit smoking so that his health w ouldn't deteriorate.
up
The doctor warned him that his health would deteriorate i f ___________________ he didn't give up_________________
smoking.
unit12
Sectriah
Words easily confused
Use th e c o r r e c t fo r m o f th e w o rd s in th e b o x e s to c o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s in e a c h g ro u p A -I b e lo w . Y o u m a y u se
so m e o f th e w o rd s m o re th a n o n ce . I n s o m e cases m o re th a n o n e w o r d m a y b e c o rre c t.
A
p ro te ct
rescue
save
su pp ort
secure
defend
guard
1 We bought a watchdog t o __________ guard_________our house.
2 In tim es of a war every soldier is obliged t o _________ defend________ his country.
3 The paramedics managed t o __________rescue________ the d river from the debris of the car, but they couldn’t
________ save___________ the passenger, w ho had been seriously injured.
4 Make sure y o u __________secure________ all items on the roof-rack so th a t nothing falls off.
5 W ildlife organisations aim t o _________ protect________ rare species of animals from becoming extinct by
them from dangerous situations a n d _________securing_______ safer places for them to live in.
rescuing/saving
6 Parents m u s t_________ support________th eir children during the d ifficu lt tim es in th eir life.
B
inju re
w ound
h u rt
collapse
harm
1 During the earthquake a num ber of b u ild in g s ________collapsed_________ancj hundreds of people were
______ hurt/injured________ .
2 My grandfather fo u g h t in W orld War II, but he was sent home when he w a s ________wounded_________ .
3 Let go o f my hand! You’r e _________ hurting__________me!
4 The dog w o n 't_________ harm___________ you. It's friendly.
5 The athlete had a heart attack a n d ________ collapsed________ as he was running.
C
dam age
in ju ry
w ound
pain
ache
1 John was in a lot o f __________ Pain___________ when he cut his fin ge r w ith a knife and had to have the
_______ wound___________ stitched.
2 The hurricane caused m illions of dollars w o rth o f _________ damage________ .
3 A fter a couple of days t h e _________ ache/pain_______in m y low er back had gone.
4 K e lly's_________ injury___________Was serious, so she was taken to hospital.
D
endanger
risk
threaten
warn
1 I m u s t___________ warn_________ you about my dog - it's vicious.
2 The security guards dealt w ith the robbers w ith o u t______ endangering_______ any |jves
3 Our n e ig h b o u rs ________ threatened______ to call the police if we d idn't tu rn the music down.
4 The W orld W ildlife Fund updates its list o f _______endangered_______ species every year.
5 She__________risked__________ her life to save the young boy from drow ning.
unit 1 2
illness
disease
infection
sickness
weakness
1 If you d on 't w ant to get a (n )________ infection
accident
, I suggest you clean and dress the wound.
diseases
2 Penicillin has been used to fig h t many in fe c tio u s .
sickness
3 Some people suffer from a ltitu d e _____
incident
at many m ountain ski resorts.
illnesses
4 Young children come down w ith m a n y .
_____when they firs t go to school.
5 Charles had a (n )________ accident_________ at Work and he was taken to hospital.
6 I m ust be com ing down w ith the flu because I have a general feeling o f ________ weakness________ .
7 A se rio u s __________ incident_______ near the border made the governm ent take stric t measures concerning im m igration
cure
heal
trea t
recover
overcome
1 It to ok me m onths t o _
treated
Mavis w a s .
E th e l_____
overcom e
my grandm other's death.
heal
fo r her w ound and w ith in days it began t o .
recovered
___from her illness after being confined to bed fo r a fo rtn ig h t.
4 When my father came o u t of hospital, he seemed to be c o m p le te ly ___________ cured_______
however, his condition
d eteriorated after a few days.
G
sensible
sensitive
sensational
em otional
31
1 The concert was fantastic and the laser s h o w _______ sensational
sensible
2 Buying a cheaper car was a (n )_
3 Joel is re a lly __________sensitive
sensational
4 You look
decision considering you had a lim ited budget.
and cries if you raise yo u r voice.
_ in th a t dress. You should buy it.
5 A part from food and shelter, the refugees n e e de d _________ emotional
H
produce
develop
increase
build up
create
1 If we take out another loan, w e’ll ju st
Ita ly .
produces
M edicine has
create
support.
progress
advance
im prove
financial d iffic u ltie s fo r ourselves.
___ some o f the m ost stylish cars on the market.
advanced_________ in the last decade, w ith many m ore diseases being cured.
4 Max is a weak student and I try t o __________ build UP________ his confidence by asking him to w ork w ith more
advanced
5 My French has
students.
progressed/improved
so much th a t I can have a conversation w ith a native speaker.
6 He has hopes o f _______ developing_______ his business a n d _________ increasing________his profits.
7 The w eather has
reduce
decrease
improved
destroy
q uite a lot lately.
drop
low er
dem olish
fall
1
___________Lower_________ yo ur voice. The baby is asleep in the next room.
2
You s h o u ld ________ reduce___________speed when you're approaching a pedestrian crossing.
3
During the n ig ht the te m p e ra tu re _______ dropped/fell_______ by ten degrees.
4
The village was co m pletely _
5
D o n 't___________drop
6
The old b uilding w as.
7
Peak season is over, so all the hotels in the area are
destroyed
by the earthquake.
______ the eggs, otherw ise the w hole kitchen w ill stink.
demolished________ w ith the use of dynam ite.
lowering/decreasing
th e ir rates.
unit 12
This unit deals w ith nouns and adjectives which derive from verb roots.
V e rb R o o t
N o u n = v e rb + -io n
»
A d je c tiv e = V e rb + -iv e
impress
im pression
im pressive
....... |
• Some other com m on verbs th a t form nouns and adjectives in the same way are: act, attract, collect, connect,
construct, direct, express, instruct, invent, object, possess, prevent, p ro te ct and select.
• Some verbs form o nly nouns in -ion, not adjectives in -ive: complete, contribute, discuss, inspect, pollute,
predict, reject, revise and suggest.
• Verb roots ending in -m it change the final -t to -ss before the endings -ion and -ive:
p e rm it 4 perm ission 4 perm issive
om it 4 om ission
• Verb roots ending in -d or -de, change the -d/-de to -s before the endings -ion and -ive:
extend 4 extension 4 extensive
explode 4 explosion -4 explosive
• Pay atte ntio n to the fo llo w in g irregularities:
attend -4 attention 4 attentive
defend 4 defence 4 defensive
• The adjective (in)expensive derives from the noun expense.
offend -4 offence 4 offensive
V e rb R o o t
N o u n = v e rb + -a tio n
A d je c tiv e = V e rb + -a tiv e
inform
inform a tion
inform ative
• Some com m on verbs th a t form nouns and adjectives in the same way are: conserve, im agine and represent.
• Some verbs form only nouns in -ation, not adjectives in -ative: combine, invite, oblige, observe, organise, realise,
relax, starve and transform .
• Pay atte ntio n to the fo llo w in g irregularities:
prepare 4 preparation 4 preparatory, sense -4 sensation 4 sensitive, compare 4 comparison 4 comparative
V e rb R o o t in -a te
N o u n in - a t io n
A d je c tiv e in -a tiv e
appreciate
appreciation
appreciative
• Some com m on verbs th a t form nouns and adjectives in the same way are: communicate, create, decorate,
operate and relate.
• Some verbs in -ate form only nouns in -ation, not adjectives in -ative: calculate, celebrate, dictate, fascinate,
investigate and separate.
• The verbs educate and hesitate form nouns in -ation, but the corresponding adjectives do not end in -ative.
educate 4 education 4 educational
hesitate -4 hesitation -4 hesitant
• Pay atte ntio n to the fo llo w in g irregularities:
V e rb
N oun
add
com pete
consume
describe
destroy
explain
addition
com p etitio n
consum ption
description
destruction
explanation
A d je c tiv e
—
com petitive
—
descriptive
destructive
explanatory
V e rb
N oun
introduce
oppose
produce
receive
reduce
repeat
in tro d u ctio n
opposition
p roduction
reception
reduction
repetition
|
in tro d u c to ry
—
productive
receptive
—
repetitive
• Certain nouns in -ion and adjectives in -ive do not derive from verbs:
aggression -4 aggressive
mass -4 massive
V e rb R o o t
N o u n = v e rb + -al
betray
betrayal
• Some com m on verbs th a t form nouns in the same way are: approve, arrive, deny, dismiss and rent.
unit|2
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
1 The student asked f o r ______ permission______ {0 |eave the classroom.
PERMIT
2 Steven’s
CONTRIBUTE, DISCUSS
contribution______ to t h e _______ discussion______ received everyone's
APPROVE
_______ approval_______.
3 Many c a r _________rental________ com panies have increased th e ir rates this summer.
RENT
4 The student was given back her assignm ent as it was obvious no tim e had been
spent in its
preparation______ and it bore n o _________relation_______ to the subject.
5 W orried th a t everyone w ould be bored, Sally w a s ________ hesitant_______ to give a h ighly
7 He’s g ot such an
8
9 It to ok a lot of
been little
com petitive______ sports.
impressive_______________collection
Addition________ js one of the sim plest
of fine art.
calculations
persuasion______ to get Celia to w rite to her m other, as there had
com m unication
between them fo r years.
10 As the students were tired, they were not v e r y _______receptive_______ to the te ach er’s
COMPETE
IMPRESS, COLLECT
ADD) CALCULATE
PERSUADE
COMMUNICATE
RECEIVE
EXPLAIN
explanation______ o f the theory.
11 Many animals are
HESITATE
DESCRIBE
______ descriptive______ account o f her holiday.
6 Sandra chose aerobics because she doesn’t like
PREPARE, RELATE
inactive_______d urin g the daytim e and hunt durin g the night.
12 I find it d iffic u lt to b e _______ objective_______ about m atters th a t concern me.
ACT
OBJECT
Examination Practice
A
Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
A DEADLY JOB
In Eastern Java one way to (1)________ secure________ a living is to harvest the sulphur (2 )________ produced______ by a loca
volcano. Twice a day, around th irty porters leave their huts and head (3)_________ for___________ the 3,156 metre sum m it of the I
Welirang Volcano. Once there, they use metal bars in order to break the sulphur into blocks that will fit into their baskets.
While collecting sulphur, the porters are exposed to toxic fumes which cause many incurable (4 ) _______diseases________ . Mos!
of them, however, don't pay attention to the health risks they face daily and use only a face mask to (5 )_________ protect_______
themselves. This work (6)
endangers
their health and they are often in (7)__________pain__________. as they get
older, they become fragile and eventually (8 )_________ suffer________ from throat or lung cancer, from which they never
(9 )
(10 )
recover________ . What is more, they are not paid well, even though they lead a difficult life and their health is
harmed________ beyond repair. Yet, in spite of the unhealthy conditions, the porters have no intention of giving
( ID __________ yP___________their job. (12)_______ As long as_______jt provides them and their fam ily w ith an income, they will
continue to do it.
unit12
1
A support
2 ( a ) produced
B' secure
C protect
D defend
B increased
C developed
D b uilt up
C into
D at
3
A on
4
A sicknesses
8 diseases
C injuries
D infections
5
A guard
B rescue
C support
D protect
6
A risks
S ' endangers
C decreases
D warns
7 (A )p a in
B ache
C d iffic u lty
D illness
8
A injure
B hurt
( c ) suffer
D collapse
9
A overcom e
B cure
( c ) recover
D heal
10 A h urt
B injured
( c ) harmed
D w ounded
11
B away
C in
B Unless
C Even if
( j) fo r
A back
12 (A )A s long as
® u p
D In case
B Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
HURRICANES
A hurricane is a (1)
destructive
storm which is always accompanied by torrential
DESTROY
rain and winds that can reach speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour. Hurricanes form
over warm expanses of water and increase in (2)
strength_______
STRONG
as they make their way towards the mainland.
(3)________ Coastal_________ areas are usually hit the hardest, but the
COAST
A ) ________ intensity________ 0f the S(-orm decreases as it continues inland.
INTENSE
Hurricanes can cause (5) _______ extensive________ damage. They uproot trees, destroy
EXTEND
houses and (6)
CONSTRUCT
construction_______sjtes anc| even |jft up boats
right out of the water. So, it is crucial that m eteorologists keep constant
(7 )
observation_______of any suspicious weather form ations which may evolve into
OBSERVE
hurricanes. If a hurricane is approaching inhabited areas, the authorities issue
(8 )
warnings________ ancl g|ve people (9 )_______ instructions_______as
to how to prepare for its (10)_________ arrival_________ and for their evacuation.
WARN, INSTRUCT
ARRIVE
Collocations/expressions
A Complete the collocations below with the adjectives in the box. You may use some of the adjectives more
than once. In some cases more than one adjective may be correct.
long
secret
com m on
lig h t
a light/heavy meal
com m on/
a
fatal
mistake
a common
sight
heavy
traffic
a
close
relative
weak
eyesight
throat
a light/strong colour
a
strong
rule
a long/short tim e
heavy/light
rain
a long/short iournev
astrong/weak personality
common
sense
a
a
strong/weak coffee
com m on/
wide
knowledge
com m on/
close
friend
fatal/
a comm on
accident
a
sore
a comm on
secret
aaent
heavy
sore
w ide
weak
sh ort
heavy
schedule
close/long/
a
short
relationship
aweak/strong argum ent
fatal
close
strong
influence
B Read the sentences and complete them with the correct form of the verbs say or tell.
hello to John when you see him, w ill you?" said Camille as she waved goodbye.
The last thing she does before she lies down to sleep is
We could never
tell
My fa th er still tells me to
the difference between our cousins because they were identical twins.
saY
It's so hard nowadays fo r people to
Mr Grimes w ill begin by
"if I
tell
yOU
saying
thank you, and I’m fo rty years old!
a few words and then proceed to show ing the slides,
a story, w ill you go to sleep, then?" the m other asked her child.
My friends trusted me because I w ould never
9
You should have
said
tell
C
saYs
anyone th e ir secrets.
tell
something. Now the police w ill suspect you.
. the tim e or is he still to o young fo r that?
11 The hardest thing he's ever had to do was
12 If she
the truth. Everyone is frigh ten e d o f tru s tin g each other.
tell
8
10 Can Tim
a prayer.
saY
sorry.
saY
so, then it m ust be the tru th and we have to believe her.
Complete the sentences with the expressions in the box below.
all of a sudden
1 The child spilt the m ilk .
all in all
all over
all over
a fte r all
n ot at all
once and fo r all
all the same
__the expensive rug.
2 I don’t care w here we go on holiday. Majorca, Ibiza, th e y ’ re
3 The old train was m aking good progress, when
all the same
all of a sudden
4 Janet expected to get a high m ark on her project.
After all
5 This argum ent has been going on fo r far too long. Let me settle it _
to me.
_ a loud clank was heard and it grinded to a halt.
__ , she had w orked very hard.
once and for all
6 Most m em bers of the school com m ittee believed th a t
all in all
. the fete was a great success.
7 "Is m y request to o dem anding?" asked the cu sto m e r.".
Not at all
.," replied the salesperson.
unit 13
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
correct number in the box next to each definition.
A
LIE, STAND, SIT, SAVE
1 I th ink I'll lie down for a w hile before going out tonight.
be ready for action
2 I hate it when you leave your shoes lying around!
3 Brendan was the only friend w ho stood by me during those d ifficu lt months.
;ettle com fortably in a chair
4 The w orkers were encouraged to stand up fo r their rights and demand a pay
be noticeable
rise.
5 Shawn really stands out w ith that strange haircut.
economise
6 Although the fire was under control, the fire brigade in the city was
support
standing by.
defend
7 What do the initials MJB stand for?
leave sth somewhere untidily
8 I'll drive - you just sit back and enjoy the view.
represent
9 Neil saved up a considerable am ount fo r his summ er holidays.
4
give back all the money one owes
5
find oneself in a situation,
usually w itho ut planning to
2 Jerry w ent to the party dressed up as Superman.
8
disappoint
3 I'll pay you back on Monday.
6
draw sb's attention to
1
dress form ally
3
give back money one owes
7
make a building safe by
B DRESS, PAY, END, POINT, LOCK, LET
1 Everyone was to ld to dress up fo r the school dance, as it was a form al
occasion.
4 Harry finally paid o ff his car loan last week.
5 Sue never expected to end up as sales manager so soon in her career.
6 The doctor pointed out all the com plications involved in the treatm ent.
7 Don't forget to lock up before leaving.
locking doors and windows
8 The voters felt they had been let down by the governm ent.
2
disguise for fun
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Verbs
Adjectives
Nouns
careless about/of
adelav
faithful
an influence
to
frightened
a need
serious
the opposite
surDrised
about
at/by
benefit
in
boast
on
of
a relationship
w ith
a relationship
between
tw o people or things
sb
mistake sb/sth
about/of
pray
for
for
w ith
(=be concerned)
suspect sb
of
care
take care
about
for
sb/sth
sb
sb/sth else
sb/sth
replace sth
care
for
from
of
sth else
sth
sb/sth
(=be fond of, love)
wait
exchanaesth
warn sbabout/against/of
sth else
hooe
for
insist
on
for
for
unit 13
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
1 If you are not satisfied with the gift, you can exchange it
2 Graham still cares
for/about
f ° r______something else.
you, you know.
3 A further delay _______[n_____ our schedule will create a bad impression on our clients.
4 I warned Luke
about/of
5 The relationship
the bad weather conditions but he insisted on leaving.
between
man ancj anjma| has changed significantly over the centuries.
6 My parents are going away for the weekend, so I have to take care ______of______ my little sister.
7 Jane's relationship
w ith
her mother is based on mutual respect.
8 I did not expect Richard to be such a bad influence _____ 51!______Craig.
9 She wanted to replace the antique furniture
with
more contemporary pieces.
10 It's getting rather late, so we won't w a it _____ for_____ anyone else to show up.
11 There was a great need
for______ volunteers at the refugee settlement.
12 Martha sounded more serious than ever before
13 I hate it when he starts boasting
about
about
leaving her job.
his achievements.
14 The principal always mistakes Peter______for_____ another student.
15 In what way is the company going to benefit
from
installing this new software?
16 Mary insisted _____ 2D______taking the train because she is afraid of flying.
17 Richard's colleagues suspected h im ______ of
stealing the money, but they said nothing.
Grammar Revision (Unreal Past)
See Grammar Review page 162
Complete the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Camping can be seen as an alternative to taking a holiday in a five-star hotel.
Here are som e p eople’s view s on this form of holiday making.
“When it comes to camping, I wish (1) _
to make
(make)
“I really don’t mind camping, that is, if it’s in a well-organised
something clear. I am not a fan! I’ve only been
campsite. You see, it’s a matter of safety. Supposing
camping once, and it was a horrific experience. I’d rather
(2)
not have gone
(not go) at a|| |_ast summer my friends
I (8)
alone out in the mountains, what would 1do? I hear some peo: *
insisted that I go with them. I was reluctant at first, but I ended up
talking about camping as though it (10)
going. I wish I (3)
chance to endure hardship. It’s a holiday, for Pete’s sake!”
had trusted
(trust) my instincts. Our
first mistake was to set off without listening to the weather
9Qt
(get) injured and (9)
was/were
were/was
Kelly Sutherland, 28
forecast. Well, two days later it started to rain so heavily that our
tents somehow flooded! We had taken so many things with us
“ I really enjoy camping. It gives you a chance to become one .
that it took hours to pack up and leave. It was as if we
nature and live the way you were meant to live. If only I
(4)
(11) could get away
had taken
(take) half of Selfridges with us! It
was awful, and on top of that, I caught a cold. If only I
(5).
had known
(know)
(get away) more often! Most people
though, would rather (12)_____ sPend______ (spend) their I
at a luxurious resort with swimming pools and the lot. But it's
better! Camping is not for me.
about time they (13)
I prefer (6)
it is to experience the freedom camping has to offer. There’s c e j
to stay
realised
(realise) how i m p o r : r
(stay) in a cosy hotel room and relax
more thing I would like to point out. I wish people who actua!
rather than (7)______ pitch_______
camping (14) wouldn’t/didn't leave (not leave) their rubbish !
(pitch) a tent.”
when they pack up their tents and go home. I mean, if we al
Wayne King, 23
(15)________ did_______ (do) the same, our world would be:
a huge rubbish tip!”
Ben Cosworth, 18
He speaks as if he were a lawyer.CHe isn't.) /
Hespeaks as if he is a lawyer.CHe isn't.)—He spoke as if he had known me for years. (He didn’t.) /
Hespokeasifhaknew.me for years. (He didn’t.)
(as if+PastPerfect refers to unrealsituations in thepast.)
He acts as if he was rich.=He acts as if he were rich.
She wishes she was rich.=She wishes she were rich.
(were can be used instead of was in all persons in Unreal Past.)
Q I wish to speak to the principal. /
(=1want to speak to the principal).
&
I wouidratherlhadn’tstayedathome yesterday.
(would rather+PastSimple refers to thepresent/future
would rather+PastPerfect refers to thepast
Thesubject of would rather is differentfrom the subject of
the second verb.)
Q I prefer coffee to tea. /
He prefers swimming to scuba diving. /
HeprefersswimmingfromscubaeUvmg. (prefer+noun/-ingform to noun/-ingform=generalpreference)
@ He prefers/would prefer to swim rather than scuba dive. /
He prefers/would prefer to swim rather than to scuba dive.
(prefer/wouldprefer +fu ll infinitive rather than +bare infinitive)
<S He would rather swim than scuba dive. /
(wish +full infinitive= want; the subject of wish mustbe the
same as the subject o f the infinitive.)
0 I wish I smoked/could smoke less. /
I wish you smoked / could smoke less. /
twishyeusmokeless.
(wish+ unrealpast/could + infinitive; the subject of wish
®
can be the same as or differentfrom the subject of the second verb.)
& I wish you would smoke less. /
He-woaidrather-toswimthanscubadive.
He would rather swim toscubadive.
(would rather+bare infinitive+than+ bare infinitive).
You had better see a doctor. /
Td rather you saw a doctor. /
I hadbetteryousaw a doctor
(The subject of had better mustbe the same as that of the verb.)
(wish+ would + infinitive; the subject of wish must be
®
You had better see a doctor. /
Youhadbettertoseeadoetor.
&
You should have seen a doctor. /
It would have been better if you had seen a doctor. /
Youhadbetterhaveseen a doctor. —
differentfrom the subject of would.)
& I would rather (not) stay at home tonight. /
I would rather not to stay at home tonight.
(had better +present bare infinitive refers to thepresent/future)
I wowM-ratheF-notstaymgathome-tonight:
I would rather (not) have stayed at home yesterday. /
I would-rathor stay a theme-yestefetey.
I wouldrather not had stayed at home yesterday.
@
(would rather+presentbare infinitive refers to thepresent/future
would rather +perfect bare infinitive refers to thepast
Thesubject of would rather is the same as the subject of the second
verb.)
& I would rather we stayed/didn't stay at home tonight. /
Xwould^aftepid^rit^Fathemetenightr—
(It would have been better if+PastPerfect refers to thepast)
It's time we bought a new car. /
It’s time webuy anew car
It's time for us to buy anew car. /
It'sabout/hightimeweboughtanewcar. /
It’s about /hightime for us tobuy a new ear.
(It's time+unrealpast =for sb +fu ll infinitive;
it's high/about tim e+unrealpast)
I would rather we had (not) stayed at home yesterday. /
Key Transformations
&
I wish /If only you didn’t/wouldn’t speak so loudly.
I would rather/sooner you didn't/wouldn’t speak so loudly.
I would prefer it if you didn’t speak so loudly.
iQ Iwish/Ifonlyw ehadhiredacar.
I would rather/sooner we had hired a car.
I would have preferred it if we had hired a car.
I would prefer us to have hired a car.
It's a pity we didn't hire a car.
We regret not hiring/having hired a car.
&
You ought to/had better/should wash the dishes now.
I wish /If only you washed the dishes now.
It’s (about/high) time you washed the dishes.
It's time for you to wash the dishes.
© She pretended to be working.
She acted as if / as though she were working.
If you saw her, you would think that she was working.
If you had seen her, you would have thought that she
was working.
By her behaviour, you would assume that she was working.
&
He prefers going out to watching TV
, He prefers to go out rather than watch TV.
He would prefer to go out rather than watch TV.
He would rather/sooner go out than watch TV.
unit13
Examination Practice
A
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY CARS
Living in a modern w orld may have its advantages but it also has its disadvantages. One
disadvantage of the modern way o f life which stands (1)________ out_______ from the
rest is the negative influence cars have (2 )_________ 2D________the environment.
Today, all developed societies face a (3 )_______ wide
by cars and (4 )_______ other
(5 )
heavy
. range of problems caused
.vehicles. These include air and noise pollution,
_ traffic and the evergrowing num ber o f roads in our cities. Major
cities around the w orld face considerable environm ental damage (6)
because
of this and are in need of serious
measures to reverse this trend.
How did we end (7 )_________ DP_
___w ith such a problem? There are no simple answers to this question and no
serious e ffo rt has been made to find any either. It's about (8 )________time_______
however, that our generation got serious
(9 ) ______ about_______ this issue. People m ust be w illing to stand (10)_________ ___________environm ental groups and make
any e ffo rt necessary to change the situation.
Many environm entalists believe that we could help by using our (11)
common
sense. Car pooling, for instance, co ul:
be a solution to the problem. This simple program m e calls fo r people to share their car w ith fellow workers to and from work. A
lot of interest has been shown in car pooling and other more am bitious program m es are planned fo r the future.
Our society as a whole m ust be in touch (12)________ with_______ such issues, and we should all be w illing to contribute and
participate actively for the com m on interest.
B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 You ought to return the money you owe.
back
It is a b o u t________________
tim e you paid back
. the money you owe.
2 We regret not having installed an alarm system,
wish
We
wish we had installed
.an alarm system.
3 If you had heard him speak, you’d think he had studied the subject extensively,
if
He spoke____________________as if he had studied______________
______ the subject extensively.
4 Dennis doesn’t feel like playing football today.
rather
Dennis__________________ would rather not play
.football today.
5 It’s a pity we can’t visit the gallery,
only
I f_________________
only we could visit
.th e gallery.
6 Julie doesn’t like playing the guitar as much as she likes singing,
rather
Julie prefers___________________ to sing rather than play
.th e guitar.
7 Michael didn’t want to spend his holidays in London, but in the end he did.
rather
Michael
would rather not have spent
. his holidays in London.
8 Please don’t disappoint me this time,
let
I’d rather y o u ________
didn’t let me down
this time.
I can’t stand Ronnie complaining about everything.
wish
| _____________wish Ronnie didn’t/w ouldn’t complain
.about everything.
unit | 3
Words easily confused
Use th e c o r r e c t f o r m o f th e w o rd s in th e b o x e s to c o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s in e a c h g ro u p A -I b e lo w . Y o u m a y u se
som e o f th e w o rd s m o re th a n o n ce . I n s o m e cases, m o re th a n o n e w o r d m a y b e c o rre c t.
A
a tte ntio n
care
notice
w arning
signal
caution
1 The scientist dem anded e x tra _________ caution_________ from the people w ho were m oving his lab ora tory equipm ent.
2 When I give th e ___________ signal_________ ; everyone shout “ HAPPY BIRTHDAY”.
3 If we had been given a couple of days’ ___________ notice________ about the m eeting, we w ould have been more
organised.
4 The tw o students were given a (n )______ warning____________not to fig h t again in the school grounds, or they w ould be
suspended.
5 Some people don't p a y _________ attention_______ to th e ir pets’ needs and fo rg e t th a t they require a lot of
________
care__________ and affection.
6 This is a very expensive piece of e quipm ent, so it m ust be handled w ith __________ care___________ .
B
insist
persist
continue
last
rem ain
m aintain
p ro te ct
keep
1 Some European cars are expensive t o _________ maintain________; yet th e y __________ continue_______ to be extrem ely
popular.
2 The c u s to m e r__________ insisted________ on seeing the m anager because the staff were so unhelpful.
3 We repaired our TV set, b ut it o n ly ____________ lasted_______ fo r tw o m onths before it broke down again.
4 I th in k it's cruel t o __________ keep___________ animals in flats.
5 If S andra_________ persists_________ in m aking trouble, the headm aster w ill call her parents.
6 In case of an earthquake, people s h o u ld _________ remain__________ calm.
7 My fa m ily b ought a w atchdog t o __________ protect________ our property.
C
convince
persuade
urge
impress
a ttra c t
appeal
1 Bob tries t o _________ impress_________ people by buying them expensive gifts.
2 The te a c h e r___________ urged________ the students to study harder after the te rrib le te st results.
3 A fter a lot of discussion, I was able to
persuade/convince______ Anne to come w ith me even th ou gh parties don't
___________ appeal________ to her.
4 The com pany tried t o __________ convince______ the public th a t they were not p olluting the river.
5 Children som etim es cry ju s t t o __________ attract_________attention.
D
win
beat
gain
earn
defeat
fail
1 We have t o ___________beat__________ all our opponents, otherw ise we w ill_____________ fai]__________ to get to the finals.
2 F rance_____________ won________ the W orld Cup in 1998 by
defeating/beating
3 Napolean w a s _________defeated________ at the battle o f W aterloo.
4 I d o n 't_________earn____________ enough money. I need to find a new job.
5 A fter y o u 'v e ___________ gained________ experience, you'll be able to get a prom otion.
Brazil.
unit 13
E
appeal
a pp lica tion
a ttra ctio n
interest
1 Disneyland is a fa m o u s ________ attraction_______ fo r children, but adults love it too.
2 You m ust com plete th is ________ application_______f 0 rm before doing a nything else.
3 U nfortunately, Larry shows n o __________ interest________ jn his studies.
4 I made a n __________ appeal_________ against the parking fine by w ritin g to the council.
F
result
e ffe ct
a ffe ct
consequence
influence
1 I missed the train this m orning and as a (n )__________ result__________ | was late fo r school. Then, I had to face the
______ consequences______w hen m y teacher saw me.
2 Sm oking has a n e g a tiv e ______ effect/influence
0 n our health.
3 The fo otba ll players’ perform ance w a s ________ affected_________ by the rain.
4 Bob's friends have had a p o s itiv e _________ influence________ on him and h is ___________ results_________ have im proved.
G
allow
let
p e rm it
accept
make
oblige
force
1 My parents w o n 't___________ ______________ me go to the p arty because it’s on a weekday.
2 I _________ accepted_______ the job o ffe r because it was too good to refuse.
3 Many teenagers a re _________allowed_________ to stay o ut a fte r m idnight.
4 The new la w __________ obliges________ all drivers to have th e ir licence w ith them at all times.
5 I can’t ________ force/oblige______ you to do this if you don 't w ant to.
6 Students are
permitted/allowed
to enter the lab o nly under teacher supervision.
7 My m o th e r__________ makes_________ us tid y our rooms every Saturday m orning.
H
postpone
cancel
delay
1 All trains w e re __________delayed________ due to a power failure.
2 I had t o _________ cancel__________ a|| m y appointm ents as I was ill.
3 Joel's busy today, so we have t o ________ postpone________ the m eeting u ntil next Friday.
I
guest
host
v is ito r
c lie n t
custom er
1 Car m anufacturers go to great lengths to keep th e ir _______ customers________ satisfied.
2 T h e ___________host___________of the party looked after h is __________ guests__________extrem ely well.
3 The gallery is open t o __________ visitors_________from 10 am to 5 pm.
4 Most of the law yer’s ___________clients_________were rich and famous.
This unit deals with nouns which derive from verb roots.
Verb Root
Noun = Verb + -ment
The process or the result of doing w hat the verb
describes
develop
developm ent
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t form nouns in the same way are: achieve, agree, amaze, amuse, announce,
appoint, argue, arrange, employ, entertain, excite, im prove, punish, replace and require.
Verb Root
Noun = Verb + -ure
depart
departure
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t fo rm nouns in the same way are: expose, fail, please and press.
• The verb create form s a noun in -ure, but its m eaning is different:
create
creature
• Pay atte ntio n to the fo llo w in g irregularities:
m ix 4 m ixture proceed ^ procedure
sign 4 signature
Verb Root
Noun (Person)= Verb + -er /-or
The person w ho does w hat the verb describes
train
operate
train er
o perator
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t fo rm nouns in -er are: advertise, announce, consume, employ, examine, found,
hunt, insure, interview , observe, organise, own, perform , produce, re p o rt and work.
• Some other com m on verbs th a t fo rm nouns in -o r are: act, collect, construct, contribute, create, decorate,
direct, govern, inspect, instruct, invent, investigate and protect.
!
Verb Root
Noun (Thing)= Verb + -er /-or
The th ing th a t does w hat the verb describes
record
calculate
recorder
calculator
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t form nouns in -er are: blend, compute, cook, m ix and p rin t.
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t form nouns in -or are: react, refrigerate and sense.
-----Verb Root
Noun (Person)= Verb + -ee
The person w ho receives the action described by the
verb
em ploy
employee
• Some o the r com m on verbs th a t form n ouns in the same way are: examine, interview, pay, refer, train and trust.
unit 13
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals
1 ________ Failure________ to com ply w ith the safety
regulations
may
FAIL, REGULATE
fatal
prove
FATE
disagreement
2 We already had a(n)
ancj |'m not jn t he mood for another
AGREE
______ argum ent_______ , so let's just drop the subject.
3 Many people’s purchases are influenced by
ARGUE
advertisements
.
ADVERTISE
4 The panda is a r a r e ________ creature_______, but unfortunately it is under threat from
CREATE
hunters
5 What
HUNT
requirements
employees
. must potential
have in order to get
REQUIRE, EMPLOY
this job?
6 Scientists have proved that too much
exposure
to the sun is
EXPOSE
harmful
HARM
actors
7 A lot of
directors
.film
producers
and
__________singers______ had been invited to the cocktail party.
8 His
departure_______ Uom the country guaranteed his _
SING
safety
DEPART, SAFE
9 It's always a ________ pleasure______ to watch children play.
10 We had to ask the g y m ________ instructor
What type of
ACT, DIRECT, PRODUCE
PLEASE
trainers
he
INSTRUCT, TRAIN
recommended.
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, 6, C or D best fits each space.
A IR P O R T
DGLAY5
Although the plane is the fastest means of transport, the idea of
travelling by plane does not (1)________ aPPeal________to everyone
because of the frequent delays. It is extrem ely frustrating when you
(2)________ allow________ yourself plenty of tim e to get to the airport
and - once there - it is brought to your (3)______ attention_______
that there is a problem w ith your flight. The staff at the check-in are
trying to (4)
convince________ yOU that it w on't be long
before the problem is solved. Yet, hours later you feel let
(5 )_________ down
, as you (6)
continue
to wait patiently for your boarding call. Of course, you won't
(7 )
9 am________ anything by complaining.
By this stage, you realise you are going to miss your connecting fligh t and now you must change your bookings. You feel
(8 )
as if________ you're never going to get to your destination. However, there is the slight chance that you could be
one of the lucky ones spending the night at a top class hotel at the expense of the airline that caused your problem in the first
place. Admittedly, you would rather ( 9 ) __________be__________ heading for your original destination.
Regular (10)
customers______ advise us just to accept the fact that no m atter how frustrating this situation m ight be,
it’s unavoidable and shouldn't (11)________ affect________ us that much. Nevertheless, it will always be a
(12)_______common______ sight to see people eagerly waiting, in the hope of hearing their flight announced.
unit 13
D affect
C impress
JJ) appeal
1
A a ttra ct
2
A let
B keep
3
A care
B w arning
C interest
© a t t e n t io n
4
A insist
B a ttract
C urge
© c o n v in c e
5
A o ff
6
© c o n t in u e
C away
D o ut
B persist
C insist
D remain
C earn
©dow n
7
A win
B result
8
A if only
B though
9
(A ) be
D make
© a llo w
© g a in
D if
© a s if
B to be
C had been
D to had been
10
A guests
B.) custom ers
C clients
D visitors
11
A effect
B influence
C appeal
D affect
B general
C wide
D strong
12
© com m on
B Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
THE MODEL T-FORD
One of the m ost im portant (1)
achievements
the history of the m otorcar was the (2)
jn
ACHIEVE
development
DEVELOP
of the Model-T Ford in 1913, which was the first car to be
produced on a large scale. The (3 )______ inventor______
INVENT
of this m ethod of production was Henry Ford, the founder
of the Ford M otor Company. The production line, as it came
to be (4)
known
.offered (5)
employm ent
KNOW, EMPLOY
to thousands of (6 ) ______ workers_______. It cut costs as
well, making cars affordable to (7)
consumers
WORK
.
CONSUME
In addition, the replacement of old w ork practices made
cars more ( 8 )_______ reliable_______, w hile numerous
RELY
(9 )
IMPROVE
improvements
t0 t he interio r of the car made
driving a pleasure. So, car (10)
owners_________have
OWN
Henry Ford to thank fo r his enorm ous co ntribu tion to the
car industry.
M n m
Prepositional Phrases
A Complete the blanks with the prepositions in, on, at, for, of, with or to.
at
. the expense
in
. the m ood
on
the p o in t.
in
of
need
with
.c o n ta c t
in
in
for
of
.c o n n e c tio n __
in
in
with
with
in
.a d d itio n .
to
in
.th e m id d le ____ of
_support_
of
in
the c e n tre _____ of
in
of
re g a rd ______ t°_
with
touch
at
.th e age.
of
in
answer
to
to
relation
with
re s p e ct_____ to
B Read the sentences and complete them with the prepositions in, on, for, of, with, to or as.
as
1 Mr Kingston is disabled
a result
2 We lost the bid to a rival com pany
3 I stack all m y m agazines
5 Sally b ought an old house
6 I'm w ritin g
in/with
on
account
top
on
4 Tom w ith d re w his objections
of______ a childhood illness.
of
a view
w ith
reference
a silly m istake th a t Roy made.
the bookcase.
the sake
for
of
of
the team's unity.
to
renovating it in the future.
to______your new spaper’s investigation into police corruption.
C Complete the sentences with the prepositional phrases in the box below.
in captivity
in haste
under repair
under strain
in aid of
in the first place
in exchange fo r
in court
in w riting
ahead of schedule
out of hand
in instalments
inflam es
in demand
behind schedule
1 The ch arity m arathon w a s_________ in aid of_________ cancer research.
2 Hats a re _______in demand_________this season because of the cold weather.
3 I gave m y bicycle to m y friend
4 The fam ous m usicians le f t___
5 The delay at the a irp o rt has p ut us _
6
If you had asked fo r directions
in exchange for
in haste
his ele ctric guitar.
. after the concert to avoid th e ir fans.
behind schedule
in the first place
_we w ould not be lost now.
7 Requests fo r inform a tion made to this d epartm ent m ust b e ________ in w riting_________.
8 The businessman was k e p t_______in captivity________ for 0ver a m onth by his kidnappers.
9 I am paying o ff m y c a r________in instalments
10 The c o u n try ’s econom y is s till.
under strain
___and the econom ic situation w ill not im prove soon .
11 To the surprise o f everyone, the pro je ct was com pleted
ahead of schedule
.
12 My car is ______ under repair________at the m om ent a fte r last week's crash.
13 The man decided to settle his claim
14 Don't you th in k th a t infla tion is g e ttin g __
15 The w hole building w a s ________in flames
in court
out of hand
. despite his lawyer's advice.
?
. by the tim e the fire brigade arrived on the scene.
unit 14
Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by writing the
correct number in the box next to each definition.
A CALL
2
return a phone call
1 Why don't you call your mother up and surprise her?
5
pay a short visit
3 The celebrations were called off after the tragic accident.
4
shout loudly
4 I heard someone calling out my name from a distance.
1
make a phone call
5 I called at the office to pick up my laptop before coming here.
3
2 The bank manager said he would call back after lunch.
cancel
B SPEAK, TELL, COUNT
1 Speak up please! I can't hear a word you're saying.
:: 1 I speak loudly
2 I could never tell the two identical twins apart.
5
rely on
2
distinguish
3
include
4
exclude
3 Joe said to count him in for this weekend's fishing expedition.
4 I guess we will have to count Dave out of tomorrow's match if he doesn't feel
better by tonight.
5 Rob can always count on his brother to help him with the gardening.
Words with Prepositions
A Complete the blanks with prepositions.
Adjectives
anarv
Nouns
Verbs
w ith/at
sb
a comparison
anarv about/at
sth
an understanding
annoyed
w ith
about
sth
bored
with
between
of
combine
w ith
compare
w ith/to
competewith/against
Sb
for
sb/sth
Sb
sth
describe sb/sth
to
certain about/of
sb (=say what they look like)
identical
excuse sb
to
similar
to
suitable
f° r
be made
p ro te s t
sure about/of
terrible
at
for/from
of/from
about/against/at
shout
at/to
sth
B Read the following sentences and complete them with prepositions.
1 Many new paper products today are made
of/from
2 The copy o f the m asterpiece was identical
to
3 The m anager was ve ry angry
at/about
4 Dennis has a good overall understanding
recycled paper.
the one in the museum.
the way things turned o ut at yesterday's presentation.
of
5 In next m onth's athletics m eeting I w ill be com peting
.th e subject.
fo r
the gold m edal w ith/against mv arch-rival,
Gary Flash.
6 My d octo r was annoye d.
with
me when I told her I wasn’t taking m y m edication regularly.
unit 14
7 Leone is not sure
8 I was bored
about
w ith
her new jo b offer. She needs tim e to th in k it over.
all the advice the teachers fe lt obliged to give us on the firs t day back at school.
9 Erica was absolutely certain about/of
w hat she saw th a t night.
10 Dan and Carole are a lovely couple because they're so suitable
11 For the firs t tim e in years, farm ers aren't protesting
12 Many students are te rrib le
at
a 9 amst
^°r
each other.
t[ie decrease in th e ir income.
Maths and English.
Grammar Revision (Reported Speech)
See Grammar Review page 163
Change the following sentences into R e p o rte d Speech. Use one of the reporting verbs in the box below.
suggest
advise
warn
prom ise
explain
com plain
a dm it
ask
deny
threaten
1 “ You’ll sprain your ankle, Celia, if you run in those shoes,” said her mother.
Celia's m other warned her that she would sprain her ankle if she ran in those shoes___________________________ .
2 “ Stand still or I'll tie you up!” shouted the kidnapper at the man.
The kidnapper threatened that he would tie up/to tie up the man if he didn't stand still_________________________
3 “ You’re late again, Fay!” said John.
John complained to Fay about her being late again/that she was late again___________________________________
4 “ I w on't tell you another lie, M um ,” said Ben.
Ben promised his m other not to tell her another lie/that he w ouldn't tell her another lie________________________
5 “ I did n't steal your wallet, Betty,” he said.
He denied stealing/having stolen Betty's wallet
6 “ Take the pills for three days and visit me again next week, Mr Farrow,” said the doctor.
The doctor advised Mr Farrow to take the pills for three days and visit him /her again the following week________.
7 “ Let's go on a boat trip ,” my brother told me.
My brother suggested going/that we go/that we should go on a boat trip_____________________________________ .
8 “ Yes, I did ruin the printer,” my colleague said.
My colleague admitted (to) ruining/having ruined the printer________________________________________________.
9 “ Why did n't you do your hom ew ork yesterday, Mary?” the teacher wanted to know.
The teacher asked Mary why she hadn't done her homework the previous day/the day before_________________ .
10 “ I need the m oney because I m ust fly to London to n ig h t,” she said.
She explained that she needed the money because she had to fly to London that night
© “You should speak more politely,” he said to me. 4
He told me to speak more politely. /
He told to ma to spook more politely. (tell someone something; say something to someone)
© “If she phones, r 11let her know” said John. 4
John said that if she phoned, he would let her know.
(Conditional Sentences Typel usually change into Conditional
Sentences Type 2 in Reported Speech.)
“I'll drive you to school,” said m y father. 4
My father promised to drive me to school.
My father promised that he would drive me to school.
(agree, claim, promise, threaten, warn + full infinitive or
that-clause)
© “I'm sorry I'm late,” she said. 4
She apologised for being late. /
Sheapologised-that-Ghc wasl ater
(accuse of, apologise for, blame for, insist on etc. + ing form)
© “If I had money, I would go abroad,” said Kim. 4
Kim said that if she had money, she would go abroad.
g “My coffee is too cold,” she said. 4
“HI had had money, I would have gone abroad last year,” said Kim. 4
She complained about her coffee being too cold.
Kim said that if she had had money, she would have
She complained that her coffee was too cold.
gone abroad the previous year.
(admit, complain, deny+ -ingform or that -clause)
(Conditional Sentences Types 2 and 3 do not change in Reported
“Let's go for a walk,” said Peter. 4
Speech.)
e
Peter suggested going for a walk. /
P p tp r c n g g g g tp H t n g n f n r a w a l k © “I wish I didn't have to work late,” she said.
She said she wished she didn't have to work late. /
Peter suggested that we go for a walk. /
She said she wished she hadn't had fo-work late.Peter suggested that we should go for a walk. ✓
(Unreal Past Tenses do not change in Reported Speech.)
< “Do you like your job?” he asked me.
© “Please, fasten your seatbelts,” said the flight attendant. 4
He asked if/whether I liked my job. /
The flight attendant asked us to fasten our seatbelts. /
Ho ackod mo did I like my-job. "Please, don't smoke,”said the flight attendant. 4
He asked me if did I like my jeb.—The flight attendant asked us not to smoke. /
“What are you going to do?” she asked me. ^
The flight attendant askod us to not smoke. She asked me what I was going to do. /
(tell, ask, beg order, command, advise, forbid, warn, encourage +
She asked me what was I going to do. ~
object +full infinitive)
When can we see the principal?
Could you tell us when we can see the principal? /
© “I’ll drive you to school,” said my father. 4
Could you toll us whoB can-wo see the principal?—
My father offered to drive me to school. /
(In Reported and Indirect questions the verb is always in
M y f a t h e r n f f p r p r l t h a t h g w r t n l r i r ir fa /o m a t n c r h n n l
the affirmative form.)
(offer, refuse +full infinitive)
Key Transformations
© “You should exercise more,” the doctor said to me. 4
The doctor said that I should exercise more.
The doctor told/advised/encouraged me to exercise more.
The doctor suggested that I (should) exercise more.
The doctor insisted on my exercising more.
© “Don’t move the desks,” said the teacher to the students. 4
The teacher told/ordered the students not to move the desks.
The teacher forbade the students to move the desks.
The teacher didn't let the students move the desks.
The teacher didn't allow the students to move the desks.
© “We missed the plane and you're responsible for that,”
said his wife to him. 4
His wife blamed him for missing the plane.
© ‘Til do the shopping,” said Mike. 4
Mike offered to do the shopping.
Mike promised to do the shopping.
Mike promised that he would do the shopping.
Mike agreed to do the shopping.
Mike agreed that he would do the shopping.
© “If only I knew how to operate the machine,” she said.
She wished she knew how to operate the machine.
© “Have you ever been to Japan, Julie?” asked Ben. 4
Ben asked Julie if / whether she had ever been to Japan.
Ben wondered/wanted to know if/whether Julie had
ever been to Japan.
© Could you tell me the way to the beach?
Could you tell me how I can/could get to the beach?
Could you tell me how to get to the beach?
unit 1 4
Examination Practice
A
R ead th e t e x t b e lo w a n d t h in k o f th e w o r d w h ic h b e s t f it s e a c h space. U se o n ly o n e w o r d in e a c h space.
A CAREER AT HOME
Jodie Sutter is th irty-e ig h t. She has tw o daughters and has recently changed her
lifestyle. She is part o f a g row ing num ber o f w om en (1)_________ who___________ are
abandoning th e ir careers to become fu ll-tim e homecarers. Jodie w orked fo r ten
years as a successful law yer in a large legal firm in the city. She loved her jo b and
was m oving up the career ladder. She explained (2 )___________that__________ she
had fascinating cases (3 )__________ in____________ co urt and gave it everything she
had. Twelve-hour days were not uncom m on and her weekends were always busy.
When she had her firs t child, though, things ch a n g e d ." In the (4 )_________ first___________ place, m y colleagues co uldn ’t
count (5 )___________ 21]___________me when they had a heavy w orkload because I’d have to rush home to Lucy," she said.
Her husband also had a dem anding job and they soon realised th a t there was m ore to fa m ily life than th ey had imagined.
"We were always (6 )_________ behind_________schedule!" she exclaimed.
Jodie adm its (7 )________ getting_________ frustra te d at tim es when the situation g ot (8 )___________ out___________ o f hand.
T hat’s when she was sure (9) _________about/of_______ her decision to leave her job. Her husband suggested th a t they
(10)________should__________ get a nanny. However, Jodie insisted (11)___________ 2!]___________ giving up her career, and
did so when Lucy was three. "It's very d iffic u lt to com bine w ork (12)________with_____________fa m ily life and I believe the
latter is m ore im portant."
B C o m p le te th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e so th a t i t h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e f i r s t s e n te n c e , u s in g th e w o r d g iv e n
u n c h a n g e d . Y ou m u s t u s e b e tw e e n tw o a n d fiv e w o rd s , in c lu d in g th e w o r d g iv e n .
1 "He stole my money!" shouted the old lady.
accused
The old la d y ________________accused him of stealing her______________________money.
2 "I th ink you should stop eating so many sweets," Mary's sister said to her.
advised
Mary's siste r_______________ advised her to stop eating________________________so many sweets.
3 "Don't cancel your trip because of us,” we said to John.
o ff
We told Jo h n ________________________ not to call off___________________________ hjSf rjp because of us.
4 "I'm sorry I didn't tell you the truth," Peter said to us.
apologised
Peter_______________apologised fo r not telling us______________________ the truth.
5 Is the gallery open in the afternoon?
know
Do you
know if/w hether the gallery is
open in the afternoon?
6 "Why don't you try on a pair of jeans?" Peter asked Mary,
suaaested
Peter
suggested (that) Mary try/should try on
a pair o f jeans.
7 "You really must let me cook dinner," said Anne,
insisted
Anne
insisted on cooking
dinner.
8 "What does he want to tell me?” Julie asked herself,
wondered
Julie
wondered w hat he wanted
to tell her.
unit | 4
Words easily confused
Use the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You may
use some of the words more than once. In some cases, more than one word may be correct.
A
like
alike
unlike
likely
common
1 It's v e ry .
as
same
sim ilar
com m on
to see people asleep on the train when travelling to work. When I’m tired I do the
same
like
2 My cousin John looks ju s t__
unlike
3 Jonathan is very p o lite _____
4 Dora and Mary lo o k ________
alike
B
suit
fit
similar
habits.
his brother w ho is really rude.
______ and often I can't tell one from the other.
5 He's as w h ite ___________
6 They a re _____
his father. They even h ave .
a ghost. It's v e ry ___________ likely________ that he is going to faint.
likely
to be late, so le t’s start eating dinner.
match
combine
compare
1 You m u s t_______ combine_________ strength w ith w ill-pow er to become a successful w eightlifter.
2 The red tie d oe sn't___________suit__________ you and it d o e sn 't___________ match________
y0ur
clothes either.
3 My trainers are too small and d o n 't____________ fit__________ me anymore.
4 You c a n 't________ compare_______ a Ferrari to an ordinary car.
C
punctual
accurate
correct
exact
sharp
1 T h e __________correct________answer to the maths problem is 2.43 not 2.53.
2 Be here at 8 o 'c lo c k _________ sharp__________ _ otherw ise I'll leave w ith o u t you.
3 Barometers are the m o s t_________accurate_______ way 0f measuring atm ospheric pressure.
4 Jason is a v e ry _________punctual
__ person. He is never late.
5 T h e __________ exact_________ distance from Burwood to the city centre is 17.4 km.
D
rem ain
reveal
review
revise
relieve
release
1 The journalist w o u ld n 't__________ reveal_________ her source no m atter how much pressure I put on her.
2 My fam ily w e re ________ relieved________ to hear that my grandfather’s operation w ent well. He then had to
________remain__________ in hospital fo r four weeks before he could b e _________ released________ .
3 We had t o __________ revise________ all ten units for the maths test.
4 My e ditor asked me t o _________ review_________ a new
p |a y b y
John Astor.
5 The ‘New Rockers’ h a v e ________ released________ th e ir new album and the reviews have been excellent so far.
unit 14
E
1
o utcom e
o u td o o r
o u tfit
o u tle t
o utsid er
Bullfighting is fo ug ht in a n ________ outdoor________ arena.
2 I bought an expensive___________ o utfit________ fo r the awards ceremony.
3 When Beth moved to her new school, she fe lt like a n ________ outsider________ until she became friends w ith a few girls.
4 The fa c to ry __________ outlet________ sells shoes at cost price.
5 T h e ________ outcome_______ Qf the match was in favour of the home team.
F
p erfect
ideal
fine
th orou g h
detailed
d e fin ite
certain
p a rticu la r
special
sure
1 M y __________'deal__________ w eight is 54 kilograms. At the m om ent I'm 61 kilograms, so I'm going on a diet.
2 The doctor gave her patient a (n )_________thorough_______check-up once a year.
3 My supervisor asked for a (n )________ detailed________ report concerning the new project we were doing.
4 This m irror w ill b e _______ perfect/ideal
for our entrance hall. I'm ______ certain/sure______ jt w j|| fjt on
w an
opposite the door.
5 I need a (n )______ definite___________answer by tom orrow because I want to know f o r ________ sure____________ how
m any people are com ing to the restaurant.
6 The weather to m o rro w w ill b e ____________^ ne_________ w ith a light breeze from the North.
7 The superm arket had a ___________ special_______offer on a (n )________ particular________ brand of spaghetti that was
very tasty.
G
stand
resist
to lerate
suffer
1 I don't like people w ho lie and cheat. I w ill n o t____________ tolerate
SUch behaviour.
2 Many p e o p le _________ suffer_________ from allergies in spring.
3 I c a n 't__________ resist_________ chocolate cake when I see it in fro n t o f me.
4 I couldn't bear to watch my c a t__________ suffer________ _ so | asked the vet to put him down.
5 Kate c a n 't_________ stand__________ m ilk and never drinks it.
H
o ffe r
provide
supply
cater
1 Peter__________ offered_______ to take me home since it was raining.
2 Does this re sta ura nt___________cater_________fo r vegetarians?
3 The airline
provided/offered
lunch fo r the passengers of the delayed flight.
4 T h e y _______ offered___________us home-made cookies.
5 The injured clim bers were
supplied/provided
Wjth food and w ater until help arrived.
unit 14
In the previous units we dealt w ith derivatives which are form ed according to certain rules. There are, however,
some less predictable form ations. The m ost com m on o f these are:
V e rb
N oun
bear
behave
choose
com plain
die
hate
heat
laugh
lose
m arry
pride
prove
pursue
relieve
see
sing
solve
speak
succeed
th in k
—
b irth
behaviour
choice
co m p la int
death
hatred
heat
laughter
loss
m arriage
pride
proof
pursuit
relief
sight
song
solution
speech
success
th o u g h t
youth
A d je c tiv e
I
behavioural
choosy
—
dead
hateful
hot
—
lost
m arried
proud
—
—
relieved
—
—
-
speechless
successful
th o u g h tfu l
young
• You may be asked to form an adjective or noun w hich derives from the name o f a co u n try or continent,
e.g. England
4
English
Europe
4
European
• Finally, you may be asked to derive an adverb or a pronoun ending in -body, -one, -thing, -where, -how, -ever
or -self.
some
any
every
else
*
som ebody
anyone
everything
elsewhere
any
anyhow
when 4 whenever
one
oneself
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in bold type.
1 Janet was at a _________ _____________ fo r words when she saw the damage done to her car.
2 My parents have had a long and happy _
3 I need
somebody/someone
I've looked
tc> help me find t h e _____
everywhere
British
rainy
marriage
MARRY
missing
.docum ents, as
and can’t find them .
.people like to make
LOSE
SOME, MISS
EVERY
complaints
.a b o u t London’s
BRITAIN, COMPLAIN
weather.
RAIN
5 He com m itte d the crim e o ut o f ra cia l_________hatred________
HATE
6 The fa th er w a s ________ proud________ o f his son's admittance/admission f 0 Cambridge.
PRIDE, ADMIT
7 I can't stand t h e __________ sight________ o f _______
SEE, DIE
8
Wherever
_ we go, we manage to enjoy
dead_______ animals!
ourselves
WHERE, OUR
9 Many people can't stand e x tre m e _________ heat
10 The
Italian
.am bassador is giving a
HOT
speech
.to n ig h t.
ITALY, SPEAK
11 He _
12 The _
somehow
thought
mixed
w ith
behaviour
13 His
proof
. managed to find
th a t he was innocent.
SOME, PROVE
_ o f leaving my hom e tow n and going to live in the c ity filled me
THINK
_ fe e lin g s , but I had made m y _________ choice_______ .
MIX, CHOOSE
.w as
BEHAVE, ACCEPT
unacceptable
and |'m never going to speak to him
again.
14 It is com m only accepted th a t
laughter
is the best m edicine fo r stress.
15 H is __________Pride________ doesn't allow him to adm it his faults.
16 The
imm igrants
17 It was such a
crossed the
relief
Mexican
19 They th in k very highly o f _
w jth
20 The _
anybody/anyone
success
PROUD
border.
____fo r her when she found her dog.
18 I believe th a t it's im possible to find a __________solution
themselves
LAUGH
t0 every problem .
.and prefer not to associate
.th e y consider inferior.
IMMIGRATE, MEXICO
RELIEVE
SOLVE
THEM
ANY
.o f yo ur book w ill depend on how well you prom ote it.
SUCCEED
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
A BIG DECISION
When Lucy (1)
announced_______that she was going to move abroad because
she was bored (2)__________w ittl_________ her life, we weren't surprised. After all,
she had been talking about moving to a warm er country for ages, one which would
(3)_________ offer__________sun, sea and opportunities for outdoor activities. A country
like Spain or Portugal would (4 )_________ sujt__________ her just fine.
We took her even more seriously when she called (5)__________ off__________ an
interview fo r a job she was sure of getting.
Of course, her parents were annoyed w ith her decision, but I had to adm it that I
sympathised with her. I had done something (6 )________ similar_________when I was her
age, so I supported her all the way. I even helped her decide on a suitable destination.
It was near an ancient site which, given Lucy’s academic background in archaeology, was
(7)__________ idea_________for her. I (8 )________ warned_______ her that in the beginning
she would feel (9) _________[ike_________ an (10)_______ outsider______ , but people from
small towns are friendly and she w ouldn't feel lonely for too long.
The tim e came for Lucy to depart. She wasn’t sad, (11)________ unlike_________ her
parents who were crying and couldn’t bear to see their daughter leaving. Seeing her
parents cry made me feel responsible for w hat had happened. In the end, I (12)______ apologised______ for having encouragec
Lucy to leave. To tell the truth, however, I'm glad to have influenced her decision to move abroad.
unit 1 4
1
© announced
B to ld
C agreed
D claim ed
2
© w ith
B fo r
C about
D at
B offer
C reveal
D cater
C com bine
D m atch
B up
C fo r
D o ff
B com m on
C same
D likely
3
A supply
4
A fit
5
A o ut
© s u it
6
© s im ila r
7
A )ideal
B special
C p articula r
D fine
8
A insisted
B explained
C said
© w a rn e d
9
A as
B alike
C like
D unlike
10
A o u td o o r
© o u t s id e r
C outcom e
D o u tfit
11
A not alike
B unlikely
C not as
D unlike
12
A a dm itted
B denied
© a p o lo g is e d
D accused
E Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.
A TENNIS STAR IS BORN
Whenever
the tennis star Richard Krajicek stepped onto the court, his opponent
WHEN
needed to prepare for one of the (2)_______ fastest_________ serves in the game. Krajicek was
FAST
(3)_________ proud________ of his 220 km/h serve, since his (4 )___________success______ on
PRIDE, SUCCEED
the court could be partly attributed to it.
Without doubt, Krajicek can be described as (5)
w)l0 was jn pursujt Gf
SOME
^ Wimbledon in 1997, bad weather conditions didn’t dampen his
EXCEL
thought______________ that went through his mind was that of holding the
THINK
(6 )_____ excellence_______
spirits. The only (7)
somebody/someone
trophy. Krajicek had a lot of (8)
determ ination
ancj t>eat his (9)
American
opponent three sets to love. Many considered Krajicek to be the next great (10) _
tennis champion following in the footsteps of Boris Becker.
European
DETERMINE, AMERICA
EUROPE
SECTION 1(FCE format)
For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. There is an
example at the beginning (0).
Example: 0
(A)heading
B counting
C increasing
D progressing
POPULATION FACTS
A ccording to the United Nations’ population figures, the w orld's population w ill be ( 0 ) _________ heading ________ f or g g
b illion by the year 2050, (1)_______ compared________ to 6.7 b illion in 2009. This fig ure (2 )__________takes___________
into account th a t each w om an on the planet w ill give b irth to tw o children.
Eight billion, nine hundred m illion people may sound ( 3 ) ___________ [ike___________ an astronom ical figure, yet statistics
reveal__________that, th ro u g h o u t the w orld, the num ber of children being born is dropping. In Africa
(4 )
the b irth rate has decreased from 6.6 to 5.1, in Asia from 5.1 to 2.6, in Latin Am erica from 5.0 to 2.7 and w ith
(5 )
respect_________ to the European countries, the b irth rate is below the replacem ent level. This means fewer
people being born fo r every elderly person. For instance, by 2050, Spain risks being the oldest co u n try in the w orld. The
explanation ( 6 ) __________ given__________ fo r this is the fact th a t wom en have become better educated and w ould rather
( 7 ) ___________ Pursue________ a career than enjoy m otherhood. Therefore, they ( 8 ) ___________ avoid__________ bringing
up m any children and being o ut o f w ork fo r long periods of tim e.
( 9 ) _______ All the same_______, the w orld's population w ill continue to increase (1 0 )_________ in spite of________ the
ageing population. This w ill happen because o f an overall rise in life expectancy, especially in the developed countries.
The main reason fo r this is th a t many diseases which were fatal in the past, can be (11)__________ cured__________
nowadays.
In view o f these facts, experts argue th a t 8.9 billion people is m ore than our planet w ill be able to take. Others w ho have j
a m ore pessim istic o u tlo o k on life (1 2 )___________ warn_________ that we are already on the p o in t of not being able to
sustain the current population.
1
A com bined
B unlike
C com peted
2
A brings
B has
C takes
3
A as
B alike
C likewise
B give away
C describe
D speak out
4
(A ) reveal
(o )c o m p a re d
D gives
( p ) like
5
A connection
B view
C relation
D respect
6
A given
B made
C supported
D told
7
A chase
B create
C pursue
D advance
8
A prevent
B o m it
9
( A) All the same
( c ) avoid
B A fter all
C All in all
D p ro h ib it
D Once and fo r all
10
A whereas
B although
C even th ough
11
A healed
B cured
C defeated
D beaten
B accuse
C threaten
D advise
12
( a ) warn
( 5 ) in spite of
unit | 5
For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space.
J L
O
W
E
:
Flowers grow everyw here in the w orld b ut (0)
_____people th in k o f tulips, they th in k
of the Netherlands. The Dutch have a saying: “ Flowers love people”. (1 3 )_____________ |f___________ this is
true, then flow ers really love the Dutch, as flow ers have been cu ltiva te d in the N etherlands fo r hundreds
of years. In fact, the flo w e r ind ustry has been (1 4 )___________ ?2____________ p ro fitab le th a t it has been
boosting the Dutch econom y since the seventeenth century.
Recently, however, the Dutch flo w e r growers have been (15)
having
d ifficu ltie s
in coping w ith the tough com p etitio n from abroad. The Colombians, fo r instance, have
(1 6 )________ taken________the Dutch by surprise. Their flow ers are now (1 7 )____________ in_________
dem and all over the w orld (1 8 )__________ due____________to the sim ple fact th a t they are cheaper.
W ithin a few sh ort years, the Colombians have b ro ug ht Holland's
dom ination o f the flo w e r in d u stry to an end.
(1 9 )_________Despite__________this fact, the Netherlands is still in
control o f over sixty per cent of the w orld's flo w e r m arket.
In (20)
order
to help the Dutch growers, the
European Com m ission has decided to prom ote the flo w e r industry,
as (2 1 )_________ long____________ as the grow ers them selves are
w illing to cu t costs and become more com petitive. All this in the
hope o f m aking people buy m ore flow ers than they used to.
Today the average Dutchm an buys 150 stems a year,
(22)
whereas/while______ the Germans buy 8 0 stems and
the English only 50 stems. These num bers are constantly declining.
(23 )
Unless_________ this trend is reversed, many Dutch
growers w ill soon be ( 2 4 ) _________ out_____________ of business.
* * * * *
u n itf 5
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word
that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (O).
DESERT ANIMALS
u n in h a b ite d
Deserts are not (0)
INHABIT
places as many people believe. Although the daytime air
unbearable______ 58 ° c and the surface temperature 77° C,
temperature may reach a(n) (25)
BEAR
;
many animals live in these conditions. Their (2 6 )_______survival________, however, is
SURVIVE
(27 )
dependent
. on them being able to get the water they need.
DEPEND
(28)
Observation
_of desert animals has revealed a lot about the strategies they
OBSERVE
employ to achieve this. (29)
Researchers
RESEARCH
have found that beetles, for example, get their daily
REQUIRE
requirem ent_______ 0f water after waiting for the moisture from fog to condense on their bodies and
(30)
drip down into their mouth.
solution
Larger desert animals have come up with another (31)
source of water. For example, (32)
(33)
creatures
SOLVE
to the problem of finding a
CREATE
like hares or rats get their supply by eating
CONSIDER
considerable______amounts of desert vegetation, which contains the water they require.
However extreme the conditions may be, desert animals (34)
somehow_______ manage to obtain water.
SOME
For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word
given. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Example: 0
When I was younger, I played tennis every Sunday.
used
When I was younger, I ___________________ used to pCay
.te n nis every Sunda.
35 We took the ring road because we did n't w ant to get caught in tra ffic in the city centre.
as
We took the ring ro a d .
so as not to get
. caught in tra ffic in the city centre.
36 “ Why don't we participate in the game?” my friend said.
part
My friend su gg este d____________ ta k in g /th a t we take p artin
.th e game.
37 By the look on th e ir faces, yo u ’d assume they had seen a ghost,
though
They lo o k e d _____________as though they had seen
a ghost.
38 A lthough he smokes heavily, he refuses to go fo r a check-up.
smoker
D espite____________ being a heavy smoker_________
., he refuses to go fo r a check-up.
39 You m ig ht get lost and need to ring us, so take yo ur m obile phone w ith you.
in
Take your m obile phone w ith y o u _______________ in case you get lost
. and need to ring us.
40 They had better dem olish th a t old b uilding on Kensington Road.
down
It is _________ tim e they knocked/pulled down___________ th a t old building on Kensington Road.
41 “ Do you speak Spanish fluently, Vanessa?” he asked.
w hether He wanted to k n o w __________w hether Vanessa spoke Spanish__________ fluently.
42 Fortunately, the m o to rcyclist was w earing p rotective clothing, so he got away w ith m in or injuries,
injured
The m oto rcyclist
would/could have been (seriously) injured_______ had he not been wearing p rotective clot-
unit 15
SECTION 2 (ECCE format)
Grammar
Choose the correct answer.
1. Suppose David
asked
y0u to marry him, what
would you do?
6.
Despite
being seriously injured in the car
accident, the man managed to survive.
a. asks
(c)asked
2. it's time for the children
b. will ask
a. Although
d. would ask
c. In spite
to start
doing their
homework.
7. We'd better
b. Though
^ D e s p it e
repair
the car before Dad returns
home.
a. started
b. had started
c. to have started
(d )to start
c. have repaired
3. "Have you heard the news? Our neighbour has been
arrested_____ f ° r
a. told to me not
b. of
(o )to ld me not to
d. from
( c )fo r
4. I would rather he
dark.
(b^lhadn't lied
a. was
c. hasn't lied
b. told me to not
d. told me to d o n 't
9. Wayne complained about the room
h a d n 't lied to me yesterday,
a. d id n 't lie
d. to have repaired
8. Jonathan told me not to reveal his secret to anyone,
forgery.”
a. on
b. to repair
( a^lrepair
d. co u ld n 't lie
5 . Had I known how boring this course was going to be,
I w o u ld n 't have enrolled.
c. be
being
too
b. had been
( d)being
10. The bank manager forbade the employees to smoke
in the building.
a. If had I known
b. If I knew
(c)H a d I known
a. of smoking
d. Did I know
b. of smoke
d. smoking
@ t o smoke
Vocabulary
Choose the correct answer.
1. Alex is
envious
0f his brother's success. He
always says unkind things about him.
ja ; envious
c. annoyed
2. The
effect
6. We delayed our departure on
a. relation
d. disgusted
(c.)account
b. order
d. condition
7. The moment the teacher
gave out
as it's still in the trial process.
papers, I was filled with anxiety.
a. result
b. consequence
a. gave away
d. affect
c. handed down
3. "Which dress should I buy? The blue or the red one?"
"Well, I think the blue one
a. compares
fc )s u its
suits
you better",
prevent
d. combines
c. progressed
9. The defendant tried to
b. forbid
( a.)convince
c. prohibit
d. avoid
c. appeal
remain
reading to you.
quiet while I'm
( d.)gave out
increased
b. developed
( d)increased
convince
the ju ry of his
innocence.
( ji ) prevent
5. I would like everyone to
b. handed over
our city.
a. advanced
burglars from entering.
the exam
8. According to police reports, crime has
b. matches
4. We have had security locks installed on all doors and
windows to
of the bad
weather.
b. suspicious
of this new drug is not known yet,
f c ) effect
account
b. urge
d. oblige
10. It took Steve three weeks to
recover
illness and return home from the hospital,
a. maintain
( ^ re m a in
a. heal
c. tolerate
d. notice
c. cure
(bjreco ver
d. overcome
from his
jn
f
For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer A , B, C or D best fits each space. There is an
example at the beginning (0). Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Example: 0
A first
B ideal
C special
B
1
D best
THE BEST STUDENTS
According to m ost professors, m ature students are ( 0 ) ___________id e a l______
w orking and become a ctively ( 1 ) __
involved
students because they are hard-
_____ in all aspects of the learning process.
The m a jo rity o f m ature students have a poor educational background but they ( 2 ) ________ manage
exceptionally well at te rtia ry level. ( 3 ) __
(4 )
Although
to do
m any o f them have a m ortgage, a jo b and children to
raise___________ , they are always present at seminars and lectures and always hand
(5 )
in____________ essays on tim e. They like studying and w ritin g essays and they enjoy the class discussions
th a t take place. Consequently, they ( 6 ) _________ achieve_________excellent results. In fact, as th ey have
(7)
experienced________
(8 )
m any o f life's pleasures, th ey are content w ith th e ir lives and this has a positive
effect___________ on th e ir a ttitu de , m aking them ( 9 ) ___________ eager__________to learn.
On the o th e r hand, despite th e ir enthusiasm and co m m itm e nt, m ature students ( 1 0 ) __________suffer__________
from
anxiety. The fa ct th a t th ey have made m any sacrifices to get into u niversity puts extra pressure on them to succeed.
(11)
Nevertheless________
, com pleting a degree gives m ature students a sense o f achievem ent, boosts th e ir
confidence and (1 2 )_________improves________ th e ir job prospects.
ANSWER SHEET
1 A included
B related
C involved
D com bined
1
A
B
C
D
2 A able
B succeed
C manage
D capable
2
A
B
C
D
3 A Although
B Despite
C However
D In spite of
3
A
B
C
D
4 A grow
B develop
C rise
D raise
4
A
B
C
D
5 A in
B over
C o ut
D up
5
A
B
C
6 A fu lfil
B achieve
C reach
D earn
6
A
B
C
D
7 A known
B experienced
C found out
D recognised
7
A
B
C
D
8 A effect
B affect
C conclusion
D consequence
8
A
B
C
D
B anxious
C interested
D im patient
9
A
B
C
D
10 A tolerate
B resist
C suffer
D com plain
A
B
C
D
10 i-----1
i-----1 b
i---- :
11 A Likewise
B Furtherm ore
C Nevertheless
D Otherwise
12 A creates
B im proves
C progresses
D advances
9
A eager
11
A
B
C
D
12
A
B
C
D
FCE
test
For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your word on the separate answer sheet.
dozvn
0
Example: 0
TV RATINGS
down
As you settle (0)
ever
____in fro n t of yo ur television, have you (13)
w atched w hile we're
wondered how TV ratings are calculated? Don't w orry, we're not (1 4 )_________ being
in fro n t of the TV. It’s the Audience Research Board (ARB) th a t w orks (1 5 )_____
out
___ the ratings for
each program m e. To (1 6 )__________ do_____________ this, the board appoints researchers whose task is to choose
from a sample o f viewers, w ho receive a small paym ent fo r (17)
their
cooperation. To gather
the required inform ation, the researchers connect the vie w e r’s TV set and video recorder to electronic m eters w hich
record when these appliances are turned on and o ff and w hat is being viewed.
There is a difference (1 8 )_________ between________ counting TV program m es and those recorded on video. To count
the latter, the day, tim e and channel are im p rin te d by the electronic meter. (1 9 )_________ However________ , only
when the video is watched does the program m e recorder on the m eter become activated. It sounds com plicated but
the ARB need to separate live recordings ( 2 0 ) ____________ from _________ taped ones.
(21 )
Another__________problem is the num ber of view ers in one household. If there is
(22 )
more__________ than one viewer, then the household is given a special rem ote control.
when
Finally, (23)
( 2 4 ) _______
in
all the figures are collected, they are com pared to the TV guides and
the end the national view ing figures are calculated.
ANSWER SHEET
DO NOT WRITE
HERE
13
13
ever
i----- 1i----- 1
14
being
14
15
out
15
16
do
i— i i— i
17
their
i----- 1i— i
18
between
i----- 1 i— i
19
However
19
20
from
i----- 1 i----- 1
21
Another
21
22
more
i----- 11— i
23
when
23
24
in
i----- 1 i— i
16
17
18
20
22
24
FCE
test
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a
word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your word on the
separate answer sheet.
philosopher
0
Example: 0
0
PYTHAGORAS
Pythagoras was a (0)
philosopher
He was well known as a great (25) _
_ born on the Aegean island of Samos.
m athematician
ancj his academic
PHILOSOPHY
MATHEMATICS
excellence has been ( 2 6 ) _______ respected_______ for over 2 0 0 0 years.
RESPECT
As a young man, he travelled and was ( 2 7 )_________ g reat|y_______ influenced by
GREAT
some ( 2 8 ) _______ remarkable
REMARK
Over time, he made (29)
ideas he came across in Egypt and Babylon.
extensive
__mathematical investigations,
which included "Pythagoras' Theorem", a great ( 3 0 ) ______ discovery_______
EXTEND
DISCOVER
stating that the square of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equal to
the sum of the squares. In (31)_______ addition________ , Pythagoras was one of
ADD
the earliest (3 2 )______ scientists________to suggest that the earth was a sphere
SCIENCE
revolving around a (3 2 ).
(34 ) ______contribution
ANSWER SHEET
central
fire. W ithout doubt, his
to the scientific world will always be acknowledged.
DO NOT WRITE
HERE
25
mathematician
25
26
respected
26
i----- 1i----- 1
27
greatly
27
i----- 1i----- 1
28
remarkable
28
29
extensive
29
30
discovery
30
31
addition
31
32
scientists
32
33
central
33
34
contribution
34
i— 11----- 1
CENTRE
CONTRIBUTE
FCE
test
For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word
given. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write only the missing words on the separate answer sheet.
Example: 0
When I was younger, I played tennis every Sunday.
used
When I was younger, I ___________________ used to p Cay
0
.te n n is every Sunday.
0
used to pCaif
35 Judy is as old as Helen,
same
J u d y ________
is the same age as
Helen.
36 I w ould stron gly advise you to apologise fo r yo ur mistake,
better
You
had better apologise for
.y o u r mistake.
37 Take a coat because it m ig ht get colder in the evening,
case
Take a c o a t________________________ incase it gets
_ _ _ _ colder in the evening.
38 They had to postpone the m atch until Friday.
off
had to be put off
The m atch
_______u ntil Friday.
39 A lthough he tries hard, he never manages to w in a game,
matter
He never manages to w in a g a m e _____________
no m atter how hard
. he tries.
4 0 " No, I w on’t pick you up from the airport," said Nick to James,
refused
N ic k _________________ refused to pick James up
.fro m the airport.
41 You w on't become fitte r if you d on 't exercise more,
unless
You w on’t become f it t e r ________________
unless you exercise
more.
42 You should learn how to operate the washing machine.
about
It is ___________________about tim e you learnt
ANSWER SHEET
DO NOT WRITE
HERE
35
35
is the same age as
36
had better apologise for
37
in case it gets
37
i----- 1i----- 1
38
had to be put off
38
39
no matter how hard
39
40
refused to pick James up
i
36
ii
i
40
i----- 1i----- 1
41
unless you exercise
41
42
about time you learnt
42
i----- 1i— i
. how to operate the washing machine.
1.
a d octo r’s appointm ent tomorrow?
8. If only I ________ on vacation now.
a. Have got
a. had been
b. Do you have
b. would be
c. you have
c. were
d. You have
d. have been
2. When I _________the book, I'll return it to the library.
9. Our house looks dirty. It must definitely________ this
a. will finish
summer.
b. will have finished
a. been painted
(c jin is h
d. am finishing
3. She has many friends, one o f _________is a doctor.
a. which
b. that
(1^;be painted
c. being painted
d. have been painted
10. She has her brother________ the dishes every morning.
(a)do
c. whom
b. to do
d. whose
c. done
4. My bike is the sam e_________yours.
a. to
d. doing
11. A friend o f________ called this afternoon.
b. with
a. you
c. like
b. your
c. yourself
5. “ I want to go to Eurodisney this year.”
“So_________my brother.”
a. wants
(b^does
c. is
d. will
6. My husband prefers to cook rather th a n _________the
dishes.
a. to wash
(dTyours
12. When the firefighters arrived, the fire was out of control but
they managed to put i t ________ .
a. off
(b)out
c. up
d. through
13. They wondered________ the letter yet.
( a ) if I had received
b. washing
b. if had I received
c .to washing
c. whether did I receive
(d)wash
7. Your car is tw ic e _________mine.
d. whether have I received
14. She didn't g o ________ last night. She stayed at home.
a. as big as
a. somewhere
b. bigger than
b. nowhere
c. big to
c. everywhere
d. more bigger than
(d)anywhere
ECCE test
15 .
earlier about your coming, we would have
23. Chris would ra th e r_________to work today.
prepared something to eat.
a. to not go
a. If we had informed
b. not to go
b. If we were informed
c. Had we informed
d)Had we been informed
16. Sally bought________ furniture that her apartment looks
great after the renovation.
(cpnot go
d. d o n 't go
24. It was the first tim e she_________sushi.
a. has ever tasted
( b.)had ever tasted
a. such a nice
c. ever tastes
b. so a nice
d. was ever tasted
c)such nice
25. Our teacher gave u s_________homework for the weekend.
a. far much
d. so nice
17. He________ have caused the accident; he's a careful
b.)too much
driver.
c. such much
aj)can't
d. a lot much
b. m ustn't
26. We objected_________on vacation alone.
c. did n 't have to
d. w ouldn't
(a )to his going
b.him going
18. She________ this book for five months.
c. him to go
d. his to go
a. is reading
b. reads
27. It w asn't lo n g _________I realised I had lost my wallet.
c. has read
a. when
(d)has been reading
19. My father suggested________ the National Museum.
(bybefore
c. just as
d. as soon as
a. to visit
b. us to visit
28. The new government promised to b rin g _________
c. us visit
changes in the co un try's economy.
d)visiting
(a )a b o u t
20. Susan always dresses________ her mother.
b. up
a. as
c. along
b. such as
d. back
c. the same like
a. starts
( jj) like
21_________ .
29. It's about tim e she_________studying fo r her exams.
the hotel was very luxurious, Alan was not
( b ) started
satisfied with anything,
c. has started
a. Despite
d. had started
(b)Eventhough
30. You had b e tte r_________to Jeremy for your bad
c. Despite of
behaviour.
d. In spite of
a. apologise
22. She was so beautiful in that dress that I couldn't take my
b. to apologise
eyes________ her.
c. apologised
a. from
d. have apologised
b. out of
c. by
Q o ff
E C C E test
31.1always sh o p _________credit because I d o n 't want to
carry cash on me.
34. Anne accused T im _________breaking her sunglasses.
© of
a. by
b. for
b. with
c. about
(c )o n
d. in
32. Why n o t_________camping this year?
d .to
35. She's clearly superior_________the other candidates; she
should definitely get the job.
a. to go
a. of
b. to going
b. from
© go
d.going
©t°
d. on
3 3 .1will w rite to you provided y o u _________back.
a. will write
b. have written
© w r it e
d.wrote
VOCABULARY
3 6 .1________ an ironic tone in his voice when I spoke to him
about my promotion.
; a. detected
40. This weekend I have more homework th a n ________
© usual
b. regular
b. found out
c. typical
c. discovered
d. ordinary
d. invented
41. Over the years we have grown rather fond of foreign
37. The demonstrators asked th e ________ to join in the
demonstration.
a. expedition
a. witnesses
b. excursion
b. sightseers
© o n lo o ke rs
d. viewers
38. A lot of famous artists have______ _ themselves how to
paint.
a. learnt
b. educated
c. instructed
© ta u g h t
39. The zoologist was studying the _______ of tigers in their
© tr a v e l
d. voyage
42. Curry powder is _________to most European dishes.
a. strange
b. peculiar
© fo r e ig n
d. unaware
43. There will be a o n e -h u n d re d -d o lla r_ ______ fo r anyone
who finds my Siamese cat.
a. bonus
natural habitat.
b. donation
a. attitude
c. award
© b e h a v io u r
c. mood
d. temper
reward
ECCE
44. Kim got a tw enty per c e n t_________when she bought her
51. You_________something about a reduction in prices. What
vacuum cleaner during the sales.
did you mean by that?
a. account
a. reported
(b)m entioned
b.fee
c. referred
c. receipt
^ d is c o u n t
45. 1
test
Craig th irty dollars, but I c a n 't pay him back
d. expressed
52. He gave me detailed_________how to operate the fax
until I get paid.
machine.
a. borrow
a. directions
b. let
b. recipe
(o)owe
c. advice
d. own
4 6 .1d o n 't usually c a rry _________. I prefer to use my credit
card.
a. change
constructions
53. The Supreme C ou rt_________the appeal due to lack of
evidence.
(a ) rejected
b. currency
b. resisted
c. budget
c. denied
d . cash
d. refused
47. Famous people know that even when they wear dark
54. Trespassing is _________and offenders will be prosecuted.
glasses, they are som etim es_________.
a. prevented
a. realised
b. convicted
(^re cog nised
c. distinguished
d. neglected
48. You s h o u ld n 't_________that your house is safe just
because you have installed a burglar alarm.
a. guess
(bj)assume
c. estimate
d. appreciate
49. H is_________as mayor was an occasion fo r celebration.
(^ p ro h ib ite d
d. sentenced
55. Two police officers_________the bank robbers who ran
down the alley.
a. hunted
((b)chased
c. banned
d. forbade
5 6 .1pretended to be sick so that I w ou ldn 't have to do my
homework, but my mother knew that I was trying t o _______
a. selection
her.
b. choice
a. cheat
(c)election
d. option
50. “ Be_________, Jack! How can I lend you my car when
y o u're only fifteen.”
a. responsible
b. blackmail
c. pursue
(djde ce ive
57. The Titanic sank a fte r_________an iceberg.
( a. hitting
b. reliable
b. knocking
c. relevant
c. beating
d)reasonable
d. om itting
ECCE
test
58. Cyclists should always wear helmets t o _________their
6 5 . 1think that Cathy has become________ to chocolate. She
heads in case of an accident.
eats at least four bars a day.
a. secure
a. fond
b. defend
b. keen
( c.) protect
c.iaddicted
d. save
d. adjusted
59. Mary is v e ry _________to criticism so be careful w hat you
6 6 .1disliked the place the moment I ________ eyes on it.
say.
a. put
a.sensitive
b. kept
b. sensible
c. sensational
d. emotional
60. The police officer waved her hand as a _ _ _ _ _ fo r the
Q set
d.got
67. Andrew________ greater responsibilities when he was
promoted.
driver to stop.
a. went over
a. notice
b. put up
b. warning
c. caution
d.signal
61.1have never played golf, as it's never _ _ _ _ _ to me.
(c )to o ko n
d. got over
68. This picture is ________ to one my mother has in her living
room.
a. impressed
a. identical
b. appealed
b. same
c. attracted
c. equal
d. urged
d. engaged
62 .
__ me to show you the way.
69. Every now and then, I ________ my grandparents a visit
a. Accept
just to keep them company.
b. Oblige
a. give
c. Allow
b. have
d. Let
c. take
63. The exam _________w ill be out tomorrow.
s a.;results
d. pay
70. When we got off the bus, the tour guide told us to ________
b. effects
of pickpockets.
c. influences
a. beware
d. consequences
b. warn
c. compete
64. D o n 't throw that box away! It m a y_________in handy.
(a ) come
b. get
c. be
d.go
d. distinguish
THE PRESENT SIMPLE IS USED:
• for habits, permanent situations and general truths
in the present.
1usually travel alone.
Water boils at 100° C.
• for future actions related to timetables and
programmes.
The ship sails at 9 o 'clock.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE IS USED:
• for temporary states and actions / events happening
at or around the time of speaking.
We're staying at my grandmother's at the moment.
• for planned future actions related to personal
arrangements.
I'm going to the cinema tonight.
now
usually always often never sometimes rarely
seldom hardly ever every day/week etc.
THE PAST SIMPLE IS USED:
• for completed actions that happened at a definite
time in the past.
When 1was five, my father gave me a bicycle.
• for habits, repeated actions or permanent situations
in the past.
Last summer we went swim m ing every day.
at the moment tonight at present
nowadays this month etc.
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE IS USED:
• for actions that were in progress at a definite time in the
past.
/ was washing my hair at 9:00 o ’clock last night.
• for lengthy past actions that were interrupted by
short sudden ones (Past Simple).
1was driving along the street, when a rabbit jum ped
in fro n t o f m y car.
• for actions happening at the same time in the past.
While my sister was cooking, 1was reading a magazine.
• for background scenes to a story.
• for temporary past states or actions.
while
yesterday then ago last month/night/week etc.
THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE IS USED:
• for actions which started in the past and are still
happening or have just finished.
I've had this car since 1995.
■ with adjectives in the superlative degree or
expressions like: the only/first/second etc..
This is the best film I've ever seen.
• for past actions the results of which are connected to the
present.
Mum! The dog has sp ilt the m ilk on the floor! (The floor
is dirty).
• to announce news, changes or events that affect the
present.
etc.
THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE IS USED:
• to emphasise the duration of actions that started in
the past and are still happening or have just finished.
Ian has been watching TV a ll day.
• actions the results of which are obvious in the present.
Her car is so shiny!She's been waxing it all m orning!
how long
since for just yet already how long
ever never etc.
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE IS USED:
• for past events that were completed before other
past events or by/at a definite time in the past.
By Monday, we had finished rehearsing the school play.
as
for
since
all day/morning etc.
THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE IS USED:
• to emphasise the duration of actions that had been
in progress up to a time in the past or before
another past event.
He had been driving fo r 20 years when he had his first
car accident.
for lengthy past actions with visible results in the past.
The children were exhausted because they had been
playing football a ll morning.
•
by + time after before when by the time etc.
by when for since after before how long etc.
Grammar Review
THE FUTURE SIMPLE IS USED:
THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE IS USED:
• for decisions made at the m om ent of speaking.
• fo r already planned future actions or events that
w ill be in progress at a specific tim e in the future.
1like this dress. 1think I'll buy it
• to make predictions based on personal opinions;
promises; requests or offers.
This tim e next month, 1w ill be sending you a
postcard from Hawaii.
1think Grandpa w ill live to be 100.
next week
m onth/year etc.
tom orrow
in a w eek/m onth/year etc.
THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE IS USED:
THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE IS USED:
• fo r actions that will be completed by a specific tim e
in the future or before another future action.
/ w ill have finished this project by next week.
• to emphasise the duration of actions up to a point of tim e
in the future.
by
by the tim e
before
By next July, they w ill have been living in this house for
ten years.
by
........__ _
THE FUTURE "Going to" IS USED:
WAS/WERE "Going to" IS USED:
• for predictions based on evidence.
• fo r actions that had been planned in the past
BUT did not eventually happen.
The acrobat is losing his balance; he's going to fall.
• fo r plans or decisions that have already been made.
We 're going to renovate our summer house during the
holidays.
They were going to go to Chris'party, but they changed
their mind.
Stative Verbs
The following groups of verbs express states -not actions- and are not used in the progressive tenses.
• verbs of the senses (feel, hear, see, smell, taste etc.)
• verbs o f em otions and preferences (like, dislike, love, hate,
fear, mind, want, wish, need, prefer etc.)
• verbs o f perception, belief, knowledge and ownership (think,
believe, know, understand, expect, remember, forget, hope,
have, own, belong (to) etc.)
• other verbs which describe permanent states (be, cost, weigh,
seem, appear, consist (of) etc.)
This pizza tastes delicious.
It costs £10.
A t the moment, I think we should keep calm.
• Some stative verbs are used in the progressive form s when
they express actions rather than states.
I see you've cut your hair. I'm seeing an old friend tonight.
I think her cooking is delicious. I'm thinking o f m oving into
a new apartment.
• Listen, look and watch, though verbs of the senses, are used
in the progressive tenses because they describe voluntary
actions.
I didn't hear the telephone ring because I was listening to
music.
Unit 2 Relative Clauses - Clauses of Time
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why).
Defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses
• provide inform ation which is essential to the meaning of the
sentence.
• are not put between commas.
PEOPLE
|
• provide additional inform ation which is not essential to the
meaning of the sentence.
• are put between commas.
• the relative pronouns cannot be om itted; neither can we
use 'that' instead of them.
ANIMALS/THINGS
The man who/that is standing next to her is her father.
(Defining)
| The man, who was found g u ilty o f m any crim es, was
sentenced to life im prisonm ent. (Non-Defining)
Her parents gave her a cat which/that had lovely grey fur
(Defining)
Her cat, which had lovely grey fur, was a gift from her parents
(Non-Defining)
The man who/whom/that (*) she is expecting is her father.
(Defining)
Her father, who/whom we met at the party last week, is sick.
(Non-Defining)
(*) The pronouns may be omitted.
The cat which/that (*) she is holding has lovely grey fur.
(Defining)
Her cat, which was given to her six m onths ago, has already
had kittens. (Non-Defining)
(*) The pronouns may be omitted.
I met a girl whose father is a pilot. (Defining)
Coco Chanel, whose original first name was Gabrielle, was
the first to design simple women's clothes. (Non-Defining)
I've ju s t finished a novel whose main character/the main
character of which is an animal. (Defining)
His latest book, whose main character/the main character of
which is an animal, im m ediately became a best-seller. (NonDefining)
MM
Grammar Review
He was born on the day w hen/that/on which (*) his father died. (Defining)
W A new age in space exploration started in 1969, when Neil Armstrong walked on the moon for the first time.
i in I- (Non-Defining)
GO
X
(*) may be omitted.
L
L
l
I>
i Q u This is the house where/in which John lives. (Defining)
< u This is the house w hich/that (*) John lives in. (Defining)
Ll I
<
> _i One of the most famous areas in China is the Forbidden City in Beijing, where the emperors used to live. (Non-Defining)
H a. (*) may be omitted.
<
1 -1 aajgas
1u Z
1K o
in There must be a reason why he always wears black. (Defining only)
<
u
BC
...
1 That is used only in d efining relative clauses and can
replace:
• w ho/w hich/w hom when they refer to the object of the
verb.
• when.
• where (’that' must be followed by a preposition)
That is never used after a comma.
2 Which sometimes refers to the whole previous sentence and
cannot be omitted.
He never tidies his desk, which really annoys me.
3 Prepositions are used:
• before or after which and whom.
The hotel at which we stayed/which we stayed at was not
very expensive.
• only after who and that.
The man who she came to the party w ith is her husband.
• never with when, where, why.
4 Expressions of quantity+of (some of, all of, many of, any of,
much of, each of, a few of, most of, half of, either of, neither of,
none of, a number of, one of, the majority of etc.) can be used
before whom, which and whose.
They have three children, tw o o f whom have already
finished school.
5 Present and past participles can be used instead of relative
clauses.
• Present participles (-ing) replace relative clauses in the
active voice.
The man who is cleaning the garden is the gardener.
4 The man cleaning the garden is the gardener.
• Past participles (-ed/irregular form s) replace relative
clauses in the passive voice.
Cars which are produced in Germany are rather expensive.
4 Cars produced in Germany are rather expensive.
LAUSESOFTIME
Clauses of time are introduced by when, while, as, just as, the m oment (that), till/u n til, as soon as, before, after, once,
whenever, every tim e etc.
Clauses of time go before the main clause (separated by a comma) or after the main clause (no comma).
Meaning
Exam ples
Use/Significance
T im e w ords
when, as, while
for two events happening at the same time
W hile m y b ro th e r was waxing the car, 1 was
preparing dinner.
just as,
the moment (that)
for two short actions happening at the same time
Just as 1entered the room, the phone rang.
when, as soon as,
before, after, once
for events happening one after the other
They le ft as soon as they heard about the
accident.
by the time
"not later than"
You should have finished by the time we return.
till, until
"up to a point of time"
I'll stay at the office until 1finish m y work.
• Will and would are ne'i/er used in clauses of time.
• The present participic ; (-ing) can be used instead of clauses
of time.
a
• Will can b( used after when only if it is a question word.
Call me when yousvifl get back, (clause o f time).
When w/ill you get back? (question)
Exam ples
S ignificance
As she was drivin g hom e, she had a te rrib le acciden t.
4 Driving home, she had a terrible accident.
a lengthy action interrupted by a short/sudden one.
As I was walking along, I fe lt that someone was follow ing me.
4 Walking along, I had the feeling that....
an action happening at the same time as another one.
As I closed the door, I rem em bered where m y keys were: an action happening immediately before another one.
4 Closing the door, I....
I
-
Grammar Review
Unit 3 Adverbs-Comparisons-Articles-Uncountables
ADVERBS
• General order of adverbs: manner-place-time. Did you sleep well at your hotel last night?
• Order o f adverbs after verb of movement: place-manner-time. Did you arrive at your hotel safely last night?
Special Cases
——
Types o f adverbs
P osition
|
Exam ples
Adverbs of frequency
always, occasionally, often,
rarely, seldom, etc.
• before the main verb
• after the (first) auxiliary
• after the verb "to be"
We often play basketball together.
I've never liked yoghurt.
She is always late fo r school.
Adverbs of degree
absolutely, hardly, quite,
rather, very, etc.
• usually before the word they m odify
• a+rather+adjective+noun
• rather+a/an+adjective+noun
• a+quite+adjective+noun
• quite+a/an+adjective+noun
• a+fairiy/pretty+adjective+noun
He was partly involved in this.
It was a rather d iffic u lt subject.
It was rather a d iffic u lt subject.
It was a quite d iffic u lt subject.
It was quite a d iffic u lt subject.
It was a fairly d iffic u lt subject.
COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Formation
Degree of
comparison
Positive
Typesof
adjectives/adverbs""-^
Comparative
Superlative
one-syllable
clean
long (a d j/a d v)
shy
clean-er
long-er
shy-er
clean-est
long-est
shy-est
two-syllable
ending in-y
heavy (adj)
early (adj/adv)
heav-i-er
earl-i-er
heav-i-est
earl-i-est
more-than-one syllable
creative (adj)
creatively (adv)
m ore creative
m ore creatively
m ost creative
m ost creatively
Pay attention to
fat-fatter-fattest
close-closer-closest
dry-drier-driest
quiet-quieter-quietest or
quiet-m ore quiet-m ost quiet
But:
recent-more recent-most recent
Irregular form s
Positive
good/well
bad/badly
old
far
much/many
little
Comparative
better
worse
older/elder
farther/further
more
less
Superlative
best
worst
oldest/eldest
farthest/
furthest
most
least
... —
Elder/Eldest describe close fam ily relations. Elder is not
followed by than.
My elder sister is a vegetarian.
My sister Ann, who is older than me, is a vegetarian.
Comparative+than
The+superlative-M
Farther/Farthest is used for distances only. Further/
Furthest is used for distances or additional information.
Pluto is the farthest / furthest planet from Earth.
For further inform ation please contact 9312.
Jim is fatter than Peter.
* of all/period
„ in+place/group of people
The+comparative to compare tw o people or things.
Other forms of comparison
She's the m ost famous runner
o f ail/the decade,
in her country/her team.
Nicky is the more beautiful o f the two sisters.
Examples
• as...as, not so/as...as or not such (a)+...+noun+as
• the same as
• tw ice/three times as...as
• less...than
She's as good a painter as her father.
The weather today is the same as yesterday.
An ostrich's egg is five times as big as a chicken's egg.
A sports car is less economical than a city car.
• the least
• the+comparative...the+comparative (cause-result)
This is the least practical machine 1have ever used.
The more we learn, the wiser we get.
• comparative + and + comparative (continual change)
As 1grow up, 1get wiser and wiser.
Grammar Review
EBIH 33
Examples
Use
Structures
like+noun/pronoun/-ing form
as+subject+verb
sim ilarity
He waved the flag like a sword.
She advised her husband to do as he was told.
as+article+noun
Description of sb's job or of the
function of something
She works as a nurse at the local hospital.
He used his coat as a blanket.
• Like and such as are used to give examples.
Many o f the earth's largest forests, such as/like the tropical rainforests, have been destroyed to a large extent.
before the positive degree
before the com parative degree
very*, too*, pretty, most, rather, quite, fairly
Considering you’ve ju st had an operation, you look fa irly well.
a bit, a lot, even, far, much, rather
* very + adjective = positive meaning
* too + adjective = negative meaning
Your employer is even stricter than you told me.
She’s a very good student.
She’s too good fo r her class.
• Very much is not placed before adjectives and adverbs.
m n ssm
The indefinite article a/an is used before singular countable nouns or adjectives followed by singular nouns.
Examples
A/AN is also used:
• before a noun which is mentioned for the first tim e and is not specific.
They own a house in the village.
• before a noun representing a group of people, animals or things.
A dolphin is faster than a shark.
• to show somebody’s character, job or nationality.
Her brother is a doctor.
• w ith expressions of quantity and numbers.
A couple of friends came by the house yesterday.
The definite article the is used before countable and uncountable nouns both in the singular and the plural.
Examples
THE is also used before:
• specific nouns or nouns that have been mentioned before.
She bought two T-shirts and a dress yesterday but
she likes the dress best.
• names of seas, rivers, groups of islands, mountains (plural), ranges,
countries (plural), cinemas, theatres, museums, restaurants, hotels,
institutions.
the Black sea, the Netherlands, The Odeon Cinema,
The Archaeological Museum, the Steak House, the
Holiday Inn, the University o f London, the Alps
• names of families and nationalities.
the Johnsons, the Japanese
• adjectives referring to classes of people.
the underprivileged, the deaf
• musical instruments, dances, inventions.
the piano, the mambo, the fax machine
Examples
THE is not used before:
• nouns referring to something general or not mentioned before.
llik e tea.
• names of people, streets, cities, islands, countries, continents, mountains Alain Delon, Regent Street, Paris, Sicily, Germany,
(singular), religious holidays, days of the week, months, squares, parks, Africa, M ont Blanc, Easter, Monday, July, Trafalgar
lakes, stations, m agazines, sports, games, colours, school subjects, Square, Hyde Park, Lake Victoria, Euston station,
Vogue, tennis, cards, red, Psychology, Spanish.
languages.
• meals.
1always have breakfast.
• means of transport.
She goes to work by bus.
• the words bed, court, church, home, hospital, prison, school, university, She went to bed early because she was exhausted.
She always makes the bed early in the morning.
w ork when they are used fo r the purpose for which they exist.
• pubs, restaurants, hotels, shops, banks whose names include the name Mandy's Bar, G iovanni’s Restaurant, Burberry's,
Harvey Nichols, Barclay's bank.
of their founder or another proper name.
NOTE:
A/an is used when we don't specify the kind.
She brought me a magazine.
One is used when we emphasise the quantity.
She brought me one magazine (only one).
Grammar Review
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted and have no plural form. Some, any, (a) little etc. can be used with most of them, but not a/an/
one. To specify the quantity of uncountable nouns we use expressions like a piece of (advice, news), a bar of (chocolate, soap), etc.
Uncountable nouns describe food (e.g. meat, cheese, etc.), liquids (e.g. milk, water, etc.), material (e.g. glass, wood, etc.), natural
phenomena (e.g. weather, heat, etc.), languages (English, German, etc.), diseases (e.g. chickenpox, cancer, etc.), sciences and school
subjects (e.g. Physics, Literature, etc.), games (e.g. football, cards, etc.), abstract nouns (e.g. freedom, dignity, knowledge, etc.) and
some concrete nouns (e.g. money, luggage, etc.).
U n it 4 Determiners - Pronouns
Determiners are: articles (a/an, the), possessive adjectives (my, your, etc.), demonstratives (this, that, etc.), numbers (one, two,
etc.), quantifiers (some, any, no, each, every, much, many, a lot of, plenty, a little, a few) and the words both, either, neither, most,
all, none, whole.
Some, any and no are used w ith countable and uncountable nouns. Each and every are used only w ith singular countable nouns.
The compounds of some, any, no and every cannot be used w ith nouns.
SOME (someone/somebody/som ething/somewhere)
are used in:
• affirm ative sentences.
ANY (anyone/anybody-anything-anywhere) are used in:
• questions.
Did you see anyone running?
1need some advice.
• negative sentences w ith not or other negative words
(hardly, never, rarely, etc.).
• polite requests and offers.
Would you like some tea?
You haven't done anything terrible.
• questions (a positive answer is expected).
Could 1help you w ith something?
• affirmative sentences, meaning “no matter who/which/where”.
You can buy this magazine anywhere.
NO (no one/nobody/nothing/now here) are used in:
• negative sentences instead of not any. No other
negative words can be used (never, not, etc.).
You have nothing to do w ith m y problems.
EVERY (everyone/everybody-everything-everywhere)
are used:
• for people or things considered as a group.
Every student needs books.
• w ith nearly and not.
EACH is used:
Not everybody can do a cartwheel.
• for people or things considered separately.
Each athlete received a medal.
Every one of + plural noun.
Every one o f the children came up with an excuse.
Each (one) of + plural noun/pronoun
Each one o f you m ust go out.
m any + countable nouns / m uch + uncountable nouns are used:
• in questions and negations.
• in affirm ative sentences w ith too, how, so and as.
• at the beginning of a sentence (formal English).
Are there many cars in the street today?
I'll do as much as 1can.
Much trouble has been caused by this war.
a few + countable nouns
a little + uncountable nouns
few + countable nouns
little + uncountable nouns
• show a very small am ount (positive) and can be used w ith
• show a very small am ount (negative) and can be used with
very, so, too, as and how.
only.
I've only read a few pages.
There's very little cheese in the fridge.
a lo t (of) - lots (of) - plenty (of) + countable nouns and uncountable nouns are used:
• in affirm ative sentences before nouns and pronouns.
A lo t o f people like chocolate.
A lot, lots and plenty can be used w ithout nouns.
D on't buy any more cheese; we've got a lot.
FOR TWO PEOPLE OR THINGS
FOR MORE THAN TWO PEOPLE OR THINGS
BOTH (OF):
MOST (OF)-ALL (OF):
• is used w ith a plural verb.
• are used w ith a plural verb.
They both know how to dance the tango.
EITHER (OF)
• Either means "any of the tw o ”.
Skiing o r snow boarding? Either sport is enjoyable.
• Either o f is used w ith a singular or plural verb.
Either o f these sports is/are enjoyable.
Most teenagers like pop music.
Most o f m y schoolmates are noisy.
A ll o f my children enjoy picnics.
• all + that clause + singular verb = the only thing..
A ll I want is a little peace.
Grammar Review
FOR TWO PEOPLE OR THINGS
FOR MORE THAN TWO PEOPLE OR THINGS
NEITHER (OF)
• Neither means “not one and not the other”.
Neither dress fitte d me well.
• Neither of goes w ith a singular or plural verb.
N either o f m y cousins know(s) how to swim.
NONE (OF)
• None is not followed by a noun.
Which book did you like best? None.
• None of is used before nouns or object pronouns w ith
a singular or plural verb.
None o f the film s 1saw in the past five m onths was/were
interesting.
WHOLE (=COMPLETE)
• Whole is used between a determ iner and a singular countable noun.
The whole world knows that China has the biggest population.
A ll (o f) the w orld knows that China has the biggest population.
• both...and ■
• either...or
■ are used as linkers.
• neither...nor <
Both Kate and Peter are good students.
You can either go skiing or m ountain climbing.
Neither John nor Paul like chocolate.
• So/neither + auxiliary verb + subject i
• 1think/hope/believe etc. so
show agreement.
• either at the end of the sentence
J
1love the opera! - So do 1.
Jim didn't go swimming. - Neither did 1.
Is Mike com ing to the party? -1 think so.
1don't like fish! -1 don't either.
Unit 5 Consolidation I
Unit 6 Infinitive, -ing Form
Examples
-ing fo rm
verb+ing
taking (present form )
having+past participle
(perfect form)
• as a noun (subject or object of a verb)
• after a preposition or
verb+preposition
• after the verb go, indicating physical activities
• after the verbs need, want, require etc., with a
passive meaning
• after the object of the verbs catch, find, leave
• after be busy, spend/ waste+expression of
We go fishing in the summer.
Your room needs cleaning. (=Your room needs
to be cleaned.)
I caught him listening behind the door.
I used to spend hours looking at the sea.
money/time
having taken
possessive adj/case
{
object+from+-ing
• after excuse, forgive, pardon, r pOSSessive
prevent, understand +
dislike
enjoy
fancy
finish
imagine
involve
keep (on)
mention
mind
miss
postpone
practise
prefer
quit
His m other prevented him (John) from
getting hurt.
Excuse my being late, b ut I got stuck in traffic.
{
I adjective/case
• after certain verbs and expressions listed below
adm it
appreciate
avoid
consider
delay
deny
discuss
Hitch-hiking can be dangerous.
I'm thrilled about going to that party.
recall
recommend
resent
resist
risk
suggest
tolerate
be/get
accustomed to
be/get used to
in addition to
look forward to
object to
take to
I quit smoking last year.
as well as
be in favour of
can't stand/help
feel like
have difficulty (in)
have a hard tim e
have trouble
how about
it's no good/use
it's w orth
there's no chance of
there's no point in
w hat’s the point of...?
What’s the use of....?
Examples
to express purpose
after would like, would love, would
to be+past participle (simple)
I went home to check if everything was alright.
I would prefer to stay home than go to that
prefer
party.
after the first/second/last/best etc.
Laika was the firs t dog to travel to the moon.
after some, any, no and their compounds She looks like she doesn't have anything to do.
after it+be+adjective(+of/for+object)
It was generous o f her to host us fo r the night.
after too/enough
This coffee is Too hot fo r me to drink.
after it+take+expression o f time
It takes me h a lf an hour to walk home.
after certain verbs and expressions listed She refused to come to the party.
to be taken
below
Present Infinitive Active Voice
to+bare infinitive (simple)
to take
to be+verb+ing (progressive)
to be taking
Present In finitive Passive
Voice
Grammar Review
A fte r these verbs follow ed
by who, w hat, which,
where, how but not why.
ask
decide
explain
forget
know
learn
remember
show
tell
understand
wonder
teach, etc.
As the object o f these verbs
afford
agree
appear
arrange
ask
beg
claim
decide
demand
deserve
expect
fail
forget
happen
hesitate
hope
learn
manage
Forms
mean
need
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
promise
refuse
regret
remember
seem
swear
tend
threaten
volunteer
want, etc.
A fte r the object o f these verbs
advise
allow
ask
beg
cause
challenge
convince
encourage
expect
Use
Bare In fin itive
remind
require
teach
tell
urge
want
warn, etc.
Examples
after most modal verbs
after these verbs in the active voice: hear,
take
forbid
force
hire
instruct
invite
need
order
perm it
persuade
let, listen to, make, notice, observe, see,
watch etc.
after why....?/why not.....?
anything,
but
evervthina + 1J
everything
, except
' nothing
f
Perfect In fin itive Active
Voice
after modal verbs
after the verbs promise, seem,
(to) have+past participle
(simple)
appear, claim, expect, hope,
happen, pretend
(t o ) have taken
after these verbs in the passive voice:
(to) have been+verb+-ing
(progressive)
believe, say, think, consider, suppose,
understand
I may be late tomorrow.
I heard her scream. BUT She was heard to
scream.
Why not go fo r a picnic?
/ did everything but clean the bathroom.
I would have finished by now if he hadn’t called.
She claimed to have clim bed Mount Everest.
She seemed to have been crying all night.
He is thought to have stolen the emerald.
The emerald is thought to have been stolen.
(to) have been taking
Perfect In finitive Passive
Voice
(to) have been+past participle
(t o ) have been taken
full infinitive
{
. *. . .
bare infinitive
My brother helped me (to) prepare lunch.
Subject + seem + full infinitive = It (impersonal) + seems + that clause.
He seems to be intelligent. = It seems that he is intelligent.
-ing
• Advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommend, require
ire+ J *r
object + full infinitive
l ot
The doctor encouraged exercising.(=The doctor encouraged him to exercise.)
Prefer can also take a full infinitive. Ip re fe r to drink coffee in the morning.
Prefer+full infinitive+rather than+bare infinitive. I prefer to walk rather than drive.
likely/unlikely +
1full infinitive John is likely to come to the party. It is unlikely to snow tomorow.
, that clause
It is likely that John w ill come to the party.
The in fin itive o r the -ing form are used w ith no difference in m eaning a fte r these verbs:
like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, can’t bear etc.
He began to run as soon as he heard the shot. (=He began running as soon as he heard the shot).
The in finitive o r -ing fo rm are used w ith different meanings a fte r these verbs:
try + -ing: do something to see what effect it w ill have.
If you want to get rid o f your sore throat, try drinking
som ething hot.
try + full infinitive: make an effort.
I tried to finish everything in tim e but that was impossible.
rem em ber/forget/regret + -ing: We refer to som ething that remem ber/forget/regret + full infinitive: We remember
has already happened.
I regret talking to my mum that way.
'
something before doing it.
We forget something we are supposed to do.
We regret something when we are sorry to do it.
I regret to tell you that you have failed your test.
Grammar Review
........ ..... ....................... .. ....... .. ... ...-....—...— ..-..... -..-..go on + full infinitive: the action changes.
go on + -ing: the action continues.
1went on doing my homework u n til m idnight.
When 1had finished eating, 1went on to do my homework.
stop + -ing: the action was stopped and not repeated.
A fter having a heart attack, he stopped smoking.
stop + full infinitive: to pause an action tem porarily in order to
see/hear/sm ell/feel/notice/watch/observe/listen to + -ing:
see/hear/feel/notice/watch/observe/listen to + bare
infinitive: for complete actions.
1watched her feed her dog.
for actions which are incomplete or still in progress.
On m y way to the supermarket, 1saw him walking the dog.
do something else.
He was eating, but stopped to smoke a cigarette.
Unit 7 Modal Verbs
Modal verbs do not form all tense form s and are followed by a bare infinitive, except for need. They have the same form in all
persons, except have to and need. They express:
■can/be able to: ability in the present/future
>could: general ability in the past
>was/were able to: ability in a particular situation in
the past
• can, could/may, m ight + present infinitive:
possibility in the present/future
• could/m ay/m ight + perfect infinitive:
possibility in the past
r t In the negative only may not/m ight not can be used
• could/m ight + perfect infinitive: for events that
were possible but finally didn't happen
• be likely to: can also express possibility
(especially in questions)
She can sing in Spanish.
Will you be able to finish this project by Friday?
Mozart could play the piano at the age o f three.
Last weekend we stayed at home, so we were able to spend
some time together.
They m ay/could/m ight watch TV tonight.
Don't go there! There m ight be a riot.
Sam can be very noisy sometimes.
They could/m ay/m ight have forgotten about the concert. It's
strange they didn't come.
D on't ever cheat in your exams again! You could have been
expelled fo r that.
Is she likely to come to the party?
Why don't you ask Tim? He should be in his office now.
■should/ought to + present infinitive:
probability in the present/future
• must + present infinitive: positive deduction about the
They must be out; Nobody is answering the phone.
present or the future
must + perfect infinitive: positive deduction about the
past
• can't + present infinitive:
Mary m ust have been to the supermarket; the cupboards are
a ll full.
The 7:30 train to Bristol can’t be leaving yet; it ’s only 7:10.
negative deduction about the present or the future
It can't have been Ted I saw yesterday; Ted has got red hair.
can't + perfect infinitive:
negative deduction about the past
IWBWMW
- can/could I (possibly)...? May/might I....?
asking for permission
. giving/
>Yes, (of course) you can/could/may L refusing
No, (I'm afraid) you can’t/m ay not J permission
C a n /C o u ld / M ay/M ight I go out please?
You can/could/may/can’t/m ay not smoke in this room.
Synonymous Expressions:
I wonder if I could/ m ight.... Is it all rig ht if I .....?
Would it be possible for me to ... ? Do you mind if I....?
Would it be possible fo r me to /l wonder if I could/Do you
m ind if I open the door?
Grammar R eview
|
• can/will....? informal request
5
:r •could/may/would....? form al request
W ill you come to the doctor's with me?
Can you help me with m y homework, Mum?
Could you show me the way to Oxford Street, please?
~ Synonymous Expressions:
j Would you mind....? I/we'd like...
Would you m ind turning the lights on?
" will: willingness to help
P
w ill (you)....? informal offers and invitations
|jjr • can/could: willingness to help
can/could/shall 1....? form al offers
|S • would you like/prefer + noun/full infinitive.,,,?
Would you rather + bare infinitive....?
| Polite or form al offers and invitations
^ • can: informal suggestions
5 • shall/could...? polite or form al suggestions
1 w ill clean the car fo r you.
Will you come to Mexico w ith me?
1can help you w ith the washing up, if you like.
Shall 1wait fo r you?
Would you like to come to the cinema with us?
Would you rather have dinner with us?
You can visit the Grand Canyon while you're in the USA.
Could you turn down the music, please?
5
c Synonymous Expressions:
? Let's + bare infinitive, Why don't
“ How about + noun/-ing
7
B • shall: asking for advice
J j • should/ought to + present infinitive:
asking fo r and giving advice
E
should/ought to + perfect infinitive:
p r something should have happened but it didn't
H • had better: strong advice, threat or warning
■
B
p
K
g
• used to: past habits and situations that are no longer
true (NEGATIVE = didn't use to)
• would (+present infinitive): past habits or a person's
typical behaviour in the past
• will: to describe a person's typical behaviour in the
present
| 9 B • must: internal obligation felt by the speaker
• have (got) to: external obligation coming from facts
• ought to/should: we remind someone of a duty or
■ f*
obligation
• need + noun/ -ing fo rm / full/bare infinitive:
P®
necessity
M E
E jr
p iS
P R
H s
O g
Why don’t we g o /H o w about going to the cinema?
Shall we tell him the truth or not?
You should pay a visit to your dentist if you have a toothache.
She should have told her father before she went away.
You'd better stop interfering in my affairs.
She used to go fishing when she lived in the island.
He didn't use to dance when he was young.
They would read a book before they went to sleep.
Every time he passes by, he w ill say "hello".
1m ust tidy up or mum w ill get angry.
You have (got) to take this syrup three times a day.
You ought to/should inform your parents about the school
trip.
I'm so d irty! 1need a shower!
The car needs repairing.
• don't have to/haven't got to /n e e d n 't/d o n 't need
You needn’t eat it if you don’t like it.
to + infinitive: It is not necessary to do something
You don’t have to pay me back today.
• needn’t + perfect infinitive: something wasn't necessary We needn't have cooked. There was plenty o f food le ft over
but it was done
from yesterday.
• didn't need to + infinitive: something wasn't necessary He didn’t have to clean the car.
but it isn't clear if it was done or not
• mustn't: prohibition
•
1 can't: not being allowed to do something
You m ustn't smoke in here.
He can't enter that room; it's fo r sta ff only.
m
NOTE • Need as a main verb form s the negative and
interrogative w ith do/did.
Do you need anything?
I need som ething (a machine) to cut the grass with.
I didn't need his advice.
>Must is used o nly fo r the present. Past and future
tenses are form ed w ith have to.
He must take the dog fo r a walk.
He had to take the dog fo r a walk last night but he
forgot to.
Grammar Review
Unit 8 Passive Voice
Passive Voice stresses the action itself, not who or what caused it.
FORMATION
destroyed
The fire
Active Voice:
the factory
1
I
Passive Voice:
completely.
I
The factory
was completely destroyed by
'T
the fire.
ERB FORMS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE,
Verb Forms
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present Simple
Producers make horror film s every year.
Horror films are made every year.
Present Progressive
We are removing the furniture right now.
The furniture is being removed right now.
Past Simple
The technician repaired my TV yesterday.
My TV was repaired yesterday.
Past Progressive
They were pursuing the th ie f when there
was an explosion.
The thief was being pursued when there was an
explosion.
Present Perfect Simple
We have finished these reports.
These reports have been finished.
Past Perfect Simple
They had made a statem ent in Parliament
before the war broke out.
A statement had been made in Parliament before
the war broke out.
Future "will"
Someone w ill make a speech on technology
tomorrow.
A speech on technology w ill be made tomorrow.
Going to
They are going to hire a new employee.
A new employee is going to be hired.
Future Perfect Simple
1w ill have typed my thesis by next month.
My thesis w ill have been typed by next month.
Present Infinitive
We o ug ht to finish the building before the
end of the year.
The building ought to be finished before the end
of the year.
Perfect Infinitive
We sh o u ld have fin ish e d th e b u ild in g
earlier.
The building should have been finished earlier.
-ing form
We all appreciate other people helping us.
We all appreciate being helped.
Modal verbs
You must clean your room.
Your room must be cleaned.
Imperative
Please fill in this form.
This form should/must be filled in.
■The Present, Past and Future Perfect Progressive and the Future Progressive are not used in the Passive Voice.
* By + agent is used to emphasise who does or what causes the action.
The new tax law was announced by the Prime Minister.
Note the fo llow in g changes in:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Verbs w ith tw o objects
He gave her a painting.
She was given a painting.
A painting was given to her.
Question words
(what, who, when, where, why, how)
Who composed this song?
Who was this song composed by?
(informal)
By whom was this song composed?
(formal)
not...any
no
not....anyof
none of
not....anyone/anybody
no one/nobody
not...anything
nothing
The head teacher didn't expel any of
the students.
They didn’t find anything in the
excavations.
None of the students were expelled.
Nothing was found in the excavations.
make, hear, help, see, etc.
1heard her scream.
She was heard to scream.
believe, consider, expect, find, hope,
know, report, say, think, understand
People say that he is very wealthy.
People say that he was very wealthy.
It is said that he is very wealthy.
He is said to be very wealthy.
He is said to have been very wealthy.
They separated him from his parents
when he was young.
He was separated from his parents when
he was young.
verbs w ith prepositions
a s #
Grammar Review
To:
....................
Use the fo llo w in g expressions
...........................
Examples
-.........................
Give permission
let sb do sth
allow sb to do sth
give sb permission to do sth
Her parents le t her stay out late.
My father allowed me to borrow his car.
The M ayor gave us perm ission to use the old
building fo r our rehearsals.
Be given permission
be allowed to do sth
get sb's permission to do sth
She is allowed to stay out late.
We g o t the M ayor's perm ission to use the old
building fo r our rehearsals.
Deny permission
not let, not allow to, not be allowed to + infinitive
subject+is prohibited/banned
It is illegal/forbidden to do sth
Her parents don't allow her to stay out late.
She's not allowed to stay out late.
Smoking is prohibited in this section.
It is forbidden to enter that room.
The Perfect participle is used for an action that happened before another one in the past.
Having been h it by an earthquake, the small town took 15 years to return to its previous condition.
=A fter it had been h it by an earthquake, the sm all town took 15 years to return to its previous condition.
The past participle is used in
the passive voice to replace
Examples
a relative clause
The dresses w orn by film stars on the night of the Oscar awards are all designer labels. = The
dresses which are worn by film stars on the night of the Oscar awards are all designer labels.
a conditional sentence
Handled w ith care, contact lenses can last fo r over 2 years. = If they are handled w ith care,
contact lenses can last for over 2 years.
a clause of reason
Fascinated by the film , they decided to stay and w atch it again. = As/Because they were
fascinated by the film, they decided to stay and watch it again.
a clause of result
Carried away by the beautiful scenery, he lost concentration and had an accident = He was so
carried away by the beautiful scenery that he lost concentration and had an accident.
U n it 9 Pronouns - Causative Form
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
(My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Your, Their)
Use
Examples
• before a noun
m y notebook, her car, their chairs
• possessive adjective + own + noun is used to emphasise that
1don't take the bus. 1have m y own car.
something belongs to only one person
• on + possessive adjective + own is used to emphasise that the My son always studies on his own.
subject acts alone, w itho ut help
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
(Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Ours, Yours, Theirs)
----------------- I
Use
Examples
• to replace a possessive adjective + noun
They are never followed by nouns.
1like your house better than oursJ&usG,
• A/an + noun + of + possessive pronoun =
A colleague o f yours = one o f your colleagues.
one of + possessive adjective + noun
POSSESSIVE CASE
Form
’s
Use
•
•
•
•
singular nouns (people or animals)
the compounds of some, any, no
irregular plural nouns not ending in -s
tim e expressions/idiom s
Examples
John's car, the horse's tail
Somebody's car is in fro n t of m y garage.
Men's ties, women's dresses
A hard day's work
1
Grammar Review
Form
Use
>
o f + noun
Z E E
Exam ples
• plural nouns ending in -s
My cousins' house.
• things, abstract nouns and animals (sometimes)
The ro o f o f the house, the price o f independence, the fu r o f
the cat (=the cat's fur)
• When two or more people own something in common,
's is added to the last noun.
• We can use o f for people, only in long phrases.
The cousin o f the g irl who lives next door is a
student.
John and Mary's house.
• When tw o or more people own different things, 's is
added to each noun.
John's and Mary's cars.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
(Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves)
i
Use
Exam ples
• w ith the verbs behave, cu t, educate, enjoy, help, h u rt, kill,
like, teach etc, if the subject and the object of the verb are
the same.
The little g irl likes herself in that red dress.
She hurt herself while trying to cut the bread.
We enjoyed ourselves very much at your party.
• after certain verbs w ith prepositions (talk to, say to, take care
of, etc.)
The young people took care o f themselves while camping.
• a fte r the verbs look, seem, etc, to describe em otions or
behaviour.
She doesn’t look herself lately; som ething must be wrong with
her family.
• for emphasis (emphatic pronouns)
The Queen herself gave the Beatles an award.
• by + reflexive pronoun = alone, w ithout help.
1painted my room by myself.
NOTE
• One-Ones are used if we do not w ant to repeat a
countable noun.
>Note the difference between them selves and each o th e r
( =one another).
This phone is broken; you can use the one over
there.
Mary and John enjoyed themselves at the zoo yesterday.
Mary and John liked each other from the m om ent they
met.
• another = one more. It can also go w ith expressions
of time, distance or money.
I'd like another steak please. I'm afraid you'll have
to wait fo r another ten minutes.
CAUSATIVE FORM
The Causative Form is used when we do not do something ourselves, but we arrange fo r someone else (usually an expert) to do
it fo r us.
Form ation
Subject
+ Have /G e t
+ Object
+ Past Participle
(in the correct form )
We
are having
our house
painted next month.
• Questions and negations are form ed as in the Active
Voice w ith the auxiliaries do/does in the Present
Simple and did in the Past Simple.
• If we want to m ention w ho perform s the action, we
can add by + agent at the end of the sentence.
How often do you have your hair cut? When did
you have your car serviced?
- have som eone do so m ething = make someone do
something.
• We can use g et instead of have, especially in informal
style.
My dress was too long so I g o t it shortened.
We had the tap fixed by the plumber.
She had her children clean the living room.
- g et som eone to do som ething = persuade someone
to do something.
She got her children to clean the living room.
U n it 10 Consolidation II
Grammar Review
Unit 11 Clauses of concession, reason, purpose and result
CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
express contrast, opposition o r unexpected results
Use
• although
even though I + subject + verb
though
J
Examples
Although she's studied medicine, she faints at the sight o f blood.
Even though he's smart, he didn't get into the course he wanted.
Though we knew the way, we got lost.
• despite
1 + noun / -ing form
in spite of J the fact that + clause
We managed to clim b the m ountain despite the rain.
In spite o f the fact that he was sleepy, he drove home safely.
" adverfc>Ve }
Clever though he is, he couldn't solve the problem.
Cloudy though it was, we got sunburnt.
+ as/th o u 9h + subject + verb
• however*
l
... .
no m atter how ] + adJ/adv + sub^ect + verb
However fast he walked, we managed to keep up w ith him.
No m atter how much she ate, she didn't get fat.
• whatever
1 + sut>ject+verb
no matter what J
She can't convince me that she's telling the truth, whatever she says.
I'll go to the party, no m atter what you say.
* However can introduce a main clause.
Sam came by yesterday; however, he forgot to bring the book 1had lent him.
CLAUSES O F R E A S O N ^ B ^ B W I
Examples
• because ■*
as
r + clause
since
J
They don't talk to each other, because they have had a fight.
1didn't know where to turn as I'd forgotten my map.
Since you're a vet, you can have a look at m y canary.
• because o f i + noun/ -jng form
due to
J
They wanted nothing to do w ith him because o f his rude behaviour.
Due to her allergy, she never touches daisies.
• due to the fact that + clause
Due to the fact that they knew each other so well, they decided to share a flat.
CLAUSES OF P U R P O S E H H H H i
...— - j-— ------------ —......——
positive purpose
• to
so as to
in order to
<
L + infinitive
J
■
Examples
They visited us to announce the good news.
She told him to come along so as to introduce him to her friends.
I'm learning Portuguese in order to go to Brazil next year.
r can/may/will + infinitive
for present/
They're going to Africa so that they can study the gorillas.
• so that < future
We thought o f staying home fo r the whole week, so that we could 1
L could/m ight/would + infinitive
for past rest.
• with a view to/w ith the aim of + -ing form
She started training hard w ith the aim o f winning the tennis cup.
• in case + present tense
for present/future
in case + past tense ^ for past
Take an anorak in case it rains.
We always had an extra tyre in the car, in case we got a fla t tyre.
• for -ing form
She uses that needle fo r sewing.
negative purpose
• so as not to
i
in order not to )
..........
Em m es
The th ie f was wearing a mask, so as not to be recognisable.
She tied her key around her neck in order not to lose it.
f can/may/will + not + infinitive
• so that ■I for present/future
They rem inded me 1had a class, so that 1w ouldn’t forget.
L could/m ight/would + not + infinitive ^ for past
• for fear / lest + subject + might/should + infinitive
She closed the door fo r fear it m ight be broken by the wind.
• for fear of + noun/-ing form
She was wearing long boots fo r fear o f snakes.
Grammar Review
LAUSES OF RESULT
Examples
• too + adj/adverb (+for sb) + to + infinitive
not + adj/adv+enough (+for sb) + to + infinitive
so + adj/adv + that + clause
That exercise was too d ifficu lt fo r me to do.
The sea isn't warm enough for us to swim in.
The weather was so cold yesterday that nobody dared to go out.
• noun + verb + so + adj/adv
1
so + m uch/m any/little/few + noun r + that + clause
so + adj + a/an + noun
^
The tunnel was so low that we had to crawl.
We had so much spare tim e that we didn't know what to do.
It was so hot a day that we decided to go swimming.
• such (a/an) (+adj)
such a lot of
It was such a scary place that 1wanted to get out as fast as possible.
She’s lost such a lo t o f weight that 1hardly recognised her.
1
| + noun + that + clause
NOTE
are used in exclamatory sentences.
It's such an extraordinary animal!
Your baby is so cute!
How interesting!
What a surprise to meet you here!
Unit 12 Conditionals
TYPE I = REAL SITUATIONS IN THE PRESENT / FUTURE
If-Clause
Main Clause
• future tense
If Paula learns Spanish, she'll visit Spain.
Present Simple
(or Progressive)
lf +
Use
real/probable situations in the
present/future
• can/m ay/might/should + infinitive
If you have finished eating, you can/may watch TV.
Present Perfect Simple
(if the action has
already finished)
• present simple
general truths
If you m ix red and blue, you get purple.
• Imperative
instructions/comm ands
If you go out, turn the lights off.
• If-clauses either precede or follow the main clause. When they precede, we separate them w ith a comma.
If you can hear me, give me a sign.
Give me a sign if you can hear me. (no comma)
• We can use should in the if-clause if there is a slight possibility o f something happening.
If you should buy that car, take it to the mechanic to have it checked first.
• Sometimes if is om itted and should comes before the subject (inversion).
Should you buy that car, take it to the mechanic to have it checked first.
TYPE 2 = UNREAL SITUATIONS IN THE PRESENT / FUTURE
If-Clause
Main Clause
w ould/could/m ight + present infinitive
If + Past Simple
(or Progressive)
Use
If he were a pianist, he could get a jo b in the Orchestra.
unreal/imaginary
situations in the present
If 1became a m illionaire, 1would buy a house w ith a swimming
pool.
events that are unlikely to
happen in the future
I f l were in your shoes, 1 would talk to my parents.
to give advice
Use were instead o f was in type 2 conditional (formal).
If she were more polite, people would like her more.
• Sometimes if is o m itted and were comes before the subject
(inversion).
Were he more careful, he would avoid such awkward situations.
TYPE 3 = UNREAL SITUATIONS IN THE PAST
If-Clause
Main Clause
w ould/could/m ight + perfect infinitive
If + Past Perfect
(Simple or Continuous)
Use
for actions that didn't happen
If she had stepped on the banana peel, she would have had an
accident.
If 1had taken better care o f m y teeth, 1wouldn't have had this
terrible toothache.
to express criticism /regret
Grammar Review
Sometimes if is om itted and had comes before the subject (inversion)
Had he been older, he would have been allowed to enter the disco.
NOTE
We can have combinations according to the context (Mixed Conditionals)
If they le ft early, they would have arrived by now. (types 2,3)
If we hadn’t go t lost, we would be there now. (types 3,2)
conditionals can be introduced w ith other expressions (instead o f if):
O'
• unless (=if not)
/ won't talk to her unless she apologises to me.
• as long as/provided/providing (=only if)
I'll go to his party provided (that)/as long as he invites me.
• in case
I'll take an umbrella in case it rains.
• on condition (that) (=provided)
On condition you've told the truth, I'll le t you go w ithout punishment.
• but fo r (=if it wasn’t/hadn't been for)
But for her help, 1would have failed my exam.
• or else (=if not/otherwise)
Do as 1tell you, or else I'll get angry.
• suppose/supposing (=imagine if)
Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?
• only if
I'll work w ith you only if you promise not to talk all the time.
• even if
She w ouldn't change her m ind even if you proved her wrong.
We use the future "will" only after the expression o r else.
Unreal Past = unreal situations stated w ith Past Tenses
PRESENT OR FUTURE REFERENCE
Use
Examples
type 2 Conditional
If I could go on a holiday, I would go to Peru.
present/future imaginary situations
Supposing you were an animal, what would
you choose to be?
w is h /if only
+ Past Tense
we wish a present situation were different
(if only is stronger than wish)
I wish I had a pet.
If only I were in Jamaica!
w is h /if only
+
would + infinitive
- to express annoyance, irritation,
dissatisfaction
>to make a wish concerning a present
situation that is unlikely to change (The
subject of would must be different from
that of wish)
I w ish/if only you would stop shouting.
w is h /if only
+ could + infinitive
make a wish/express regret about
sth we cannot do at present
He wishes he had a motorbike.
as if/a s though
+ Past Tense
untrue situations in the present (were is
used instead of was)
She walks as if she were a dancer.
it’s (a b o u t/h ig h ) tim e
+ Past Tense
• to indicate that tim e has come for sb to
do sth
• to express criticism /com plain about
sth that should have already been done
(It's tim e + infinitive = the right tim e for
sb to do sth) (It's about/high tim e are
stronger expressions)
It ’s tim e we le ft this place.
It's tim e you told them the truth.
It's high tim e you qu it this jo b !
It's tim e fo r him to ask fo r a raise.
If + Past Tense
imagine / suppose / supposing
+ Past Tense
I wish days would go by quicker!
Examples
If + Past Perfect
type 3 Conditional
If she had been more careful, she w ouldn't have
crashed into the tree.
Grammar Review
Use
w is h /if only
+ Past Perfect
as if/a s though
+ Past Perfect
im a gin e/ suppose/
supposing
+ Past Perfect
Examples
express sorrow/regret about sth in the
past
1wish 1had m arried Paul.
If only 1hadn't forgotten m y passport!
unreal situations in the past
She behaved as if she had not seen anything.
imaginary situations in the past
Imagine you hadn't gone to the beach, would
you be brown now?
WOULD RATHER (= I WOULD PREFER)]
If the subject o f w ould rather is the same as the subject o f the verb:
Present / Future reference
Past reference
would rather (not) + present bare
infinitive
I'd rather have a crepe.
He'd rather not take the test tomorrow.
would rather (not) + perfect bare infinitive
We'd rather have rented a jeep.
I'd rather not have eaten so much at the dinner
party yesterday.
*
If the subject o f w ould rather is d ifferent from the subject o f the verb:
Present / Future reference
would rather + subject + Past Simple
I'd rather you didn't bring your dog along on
our trip.
Past reference
would rather + subject + Past Perfect
He would rather she hadn't cut her hair so
short.
§ • Would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare
infinitive
I'd rather sleep than watch TV.
• Would sooner is used in the same way as would rather
I'd sooner go to the East than to America.
EXPESSING PREFERENCE
........... ...... ..... .. ..... .................................................... '|
• prefer + -ing/noun + to + -ing/noun
1prefer fishing to hunting.
• prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive
(general reference)
He prefers to play chess rather than play scrabble.
• would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare
infinitive (preference in a particular situation)
She would prefer to have an orange juice rather than have a
cup o f coffee.
HAD BETTER <= SHOULD))
expresses strong advice/w arning/threat. It is stronger than should/ought to. Its subject is the same as th a t of the verb.
Present / Future reference
had better + (not) + present bare infinitive
You'd better take a torch w ith you.
Past reference
It would have been better if + Past Perfect
It would have been better if she had adm itted
her guilt.
Unit 14 Reported Speech
in Reported Speech we give the meaning of w hat someone said w ith some changes and w itho ut quotation marks. We usually
introduce Reported Speech w ith the verbs tell ( when there is a person / pronoun as an object) and say (when there is no person
/ pronoun as an object). That is optional.
DIRECT
REPORTED
Present Simple
She said, 7 like this film .”
Past Simple
She said (that) she liked that film.
Present Progressive
They said, “we are planning to throw a big party. ”
Past Progressive
They said (that) they were planning to throw a big party.
Past Simple
Maria said, “1had a great time yesterday.”
Past Perfect Simple
Maria said (that) she had had a great tim e the previous day.
i
Grammar Review
DIRECT
REPORTED
Past Progressive
7 was wandering in the woods, ” the boy said.
Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
“We have already cleaned the car, Dad, "said Sam.
Present Perfect Progressive
He said, "I've been trying to fix m y bike all day. ”
W ill
The boy said (that) he had been wandering in the woods.
Sam told his dad (that) they had already cleaned the car.
Past Perfect Progressive
He said (that) he had been trying to fix his bike a ll day.
W ould
"I'll tell you where 1w ill be, Tina, ’’said Mike.
Can
Mike told Tina (that) he would tell her where he would be.
Could
James said, “lean whistle very loudly.”
May
James said (that) he could whistle very loudly.
M ig ht
"He m aybe lost,’’said Alice.
M ust
Alice said (that) he m ight be lost.
Had to (oblig atio n)
“You m ust brush your teeth, Bruce,” said Mum.
Mum told Bruce (that) he had to brush his teeth.
M ust (deduction)
“It m ust be late, ” he said.
He said that it m ust be late.
M ust not
M ust n ot (p ro h ib itio n )
“You m ustn't touch this,” said Mark.
Need
Mark said (that) 1m ustn't touch that.
Needed / Had to
They said, “we need to have our house painted. ”
Needn't
They said (that) they had to have their house painted.
Needn't / d id n't have to (present)
She said, “you needn't eat all that food. ”
She said (that) 1didn’t have to eat a ll that food.
W ouldn't Have to (future)
He said, “You needn't phone us tonight. ”
He said (that) 1w ouldn't have to phone them that night.
........................................................
............................. ............
W ould, co uld, m ig h t, sh ould, o u g h t to d o n o t change.
now
(A today/tonight
c
o yesterday
E i tom orrow
last week (month, year, etc.)
U.
X
1x1
next week (month, year, etc.)
ago
then
that day/that night
the day before/the previous day
the next/follow ing day
the previous week (month, year etc.)/the week (month,
year etc.) before
the following week (month, year etc.)
before
(/) this/these
M g here
that/those
there
u
NO CHANGES ARE MADE IN THE FOLLOWING CASES
When the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect.
Steven says, “I have been looking fo r a good book ail day. ” 4 Steven says (that) he’s been looking fo r a good book a ll day.
When a general truth or sth unlikely to change is reported.
The teacher said, "The Statue o f Liberty is in New York.’’ 4 The teacher said (that) the Statue o f Liberty is in New York.
The Past Perfect does not change.
Mary said, “I had prepared everything by m idnight. ” ■> Mary said (that) she had prepared everything by m idnight.
The Past Progressive does not usually change; Past tenses in tim e clauses do not change.
“I was speaking on the phone when the doorbell rang,” she said 4 She said (that) she was speaking on the phone when
the doorbell rang.
When sth is reported im m ediately after it is said.
"John is a spoilt kid, ” said Paul. 4 Paul said that John Is a spoilt kid
When something, although said earlier, will take place in the future.
John said, "I’m flying to Rome tomorrow. ” 4 John said (that) he is flying to Rome tomorrow. (It is s till today.)
When there is a Conditional (type 2,3) or a sentence w ith w ish/if only.
Ben said, "if I had a Cadillac.it would be a pink one. ” 4 Ben said (that) if he had a Cadillac, it would be a pink one.
»
Grammar Review
UESTIONS
Questions are reported w ith the verbs ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc. and the word order is the same as in statements.
YES-NO questions
Wh- questions
NOTE
Examples
Form
Type
If/whether+subject+verb
“Can you come over on Saturday?” 4
He wanted to know if 1could come over on
Saturday.
Wh-question word+subject+verb
“Why are you still here?"
She asked me why 1was still there.
I
Whether is used instead of if when there is a choice between tw o alternatives.
“Well, are you coming or not?” 4 She wondered whether I was going (with them ) or not.
COMMANDS - REQUESTS - ADVICE
They are reported w ith the verbs tell, ask, beg, order, command, advise, forbid, warn, encourage, etc.
+object+full infinitive
“You’re not going to the concert,” said Mum.
Mum forbade me to go to the concert.
“ Please, Dad, let me go to the football match,” said Gerry.
Gerry begged his dad to let him go to the football match.
I
OTHER REPORTING VERBS
refuse/offer/promise (+object) /
threaten (+object)/claim/agree etc. +
full infinitive
accuse sb of/complain to sb about/ insist
on/adm it (to)/deny/apologise
for + -ing form
7 won’t lend you my green dress,” said “I’ m sorry 1called you names,” said the
my sister. 4 My sister refused to lend boy. 4 The boy apologised for calling him
names.
me her green dress.
NOTE
“ Let’s play a game of tennis,” Lucy said.
Lucy suggested
complain/explain/agree/claim/deny/
promise/threaten/warn (+ object) +
that clause
“Sorry I’m late but 1had a flat tyre, ” said
Bill. 4 Bill explained that he was late
because he had a flat tyre.
playing a game of tennis.
that they play a game of tennis.
that they should play a game of tennis.
Words easily confused
U N IT l
LA
job (n) = the work sb does to earn
money, employment
occupation (n) [job, profession,
employment (referred to
generally)]= a person’s regular
work or profession
work (at/out of)* (n) =
occupation or profession /
particular tasks sb has to do in
their job / the place where sb
does their job
employment (n) = work, esp. in
return for regular payment
profession (n) = job requiring
advanced education or training
*at work = at one’s job or place of
employment / in action
* out of work = jobless,
unemployed
I.B
task (n) = activity sb has to do,
usually as a part of a larger
project
course (n) = series of lessons or
lectures on a particular subject
duty (n) = what sb has to do for
their job
1.C
employer (n) = person, firm that
hires workers
to do
1,H
employee (n) = a person who is
challenge (n) = a difficult task
skills (n) = the ability to do sth
that tests sb’s ability
success (n) = achievement of a
desired aim
ambition (n) = a strong desire for
success or distinction
1.F
achieve (v) = to succeed in doing
sth, accomplish, especially after a
lot of effort
fulfil (v) = bring about the
completion or achievement of a
desired promise etc.
cope (with) (v) = to deal
successfully with sth difficult
deal with (phr.v.) = act in order
to solve a problem or make a
decision about a situation
face (v) = confront, have to deal
with a difficult situation
succeed (in) (v) = to manage to
do sth, achieve your goals
1.G
manage (v) = to be in charge of
1.E
run (v) = be in charge of a shop or
aim (n) = a purpose, an intention business
operate (v) = function or cause to
goal (n) = sth that you hope to
achieve esp. when much time
functipn
undertake (v) = to make oneself
and effort is needed
intention (n) = sth which sb plans responsible for sth
paid to work for an organisation
or for another person
colleague (n) = a person you
work with (at a professional job)
assistant (n) = person who helps
sb in their job
clerk (n) = person who works
in an office or shop and keeps
records, files, accounts etc.
(army) officer (n) = person
appointed to command others in
the armed forces
attendant (n) = person whose job
is to provide a service in a public
place
1JD
party (n) = a group of people
working or travelling together
crew (n) = people who work on a
ship or aircraft
staff (n) = people who work for
a company or organisation,
employees
very well
qualities (n) = usually good
characteristics
qualifications (n) = a quality or
skill that makes sb suitable for a
particular job
experience (n) = 1) sth that
happens to you or sth that you
do 2) the knowledge you have
acquired
UNIT 2
2A
look (through) (v) = to read,
examine
look (at) (v) = to turn your eyes to
a particular direction
see (v) = notice, observe, take a
look at sb/sth
watch (v) = to look at sb/sth for a
period of time and pay attention
to what is happening
notice (v) = to become aware of
sb/sth
regard (v) = look at sth
stare (at) (v) = look at sb/sth
for a long time (often rudely or
impolitely)
Words Easily Confused
glance (at) (v) = to take a quick
look at sth
observe (v) = to see or notice
something
2J8
find out (v) = to learn sth you
didn’t know, especially through
deliberate effort
invent (v) = create or make up sth
for the first time
discover (v)= become aware of
sth you didn’t know before
detect (v) = notice, recognise that
sth is present
2.C
explore (v) = investigate sth
(a place or scientific field)
systematically, in order to find
out more facts about it
investigate (v) = to discover and
examine all the facts about sth
look for (v) = to search for or try
to find sb/sth
look up (v) = find out by looking
in a reference book
(do) research (v) = careful study
or investigation, esp. to discover
new information
2D
attempt (n) = an act of trying
to do sth, esp. when this is
unsuccessful
effort (n) = the use of much
physical or mental energy to do
sth
trial (n) = 1) a formal examination
of evidence in a law court 2) a
test of quality
experiment (n) = a scientific test
done to discover what happens
to sth in particular conditions
2.E
audience (n) = a group of people
watching or listening to a play,
concert, film etc.
spectators (n) = people who
watch sth, especially a sporting
event
viewers (n) = people who watch
television
sightseers (n) = people who visit
places of interest as tourists
onlookers (n) = people who
watch sth happening without
getting involved
witness (n) = a person who sees
an event and is able to tell other
people what happened
2JF
memorise (v) = learn sth well
enough to remember it exactly
remind (sb of sth) (v) = to make
sb remember sth
recall (v) = to bring sth back to
mind, remember
recognise (v) = be able to identify
sb/sth
2.G
view (n) =1) opinion 2) a scene,
esp. of a fine tract of countryside
sight (n) =a thing that one sees
or can see / places of interest in a
town or city, that are often visited
by tourists
image (n) = a mental picture
vision (n) the ability to see
scene (n) = the place where an
action or event occurs
UNIT 3
3.A
rise (v) = move upwards, stand
up
raise (v) = (money) support by
collecting money
arise (v) = begin to exist or
become known to people (for a
situation or problem)
lift (v) = raise sb / sth to a higher
position or level
fashion (n) = popular style of
clothes, hair etc. at a particular
time or place
trend (n) =a general tendency or
direction
routine (n) = the usual series
of things sb does regularly at a
particular time
3.G
common (adj) = ordinary,
frequently encountered or often
happening
ordinary (adj) = average, not
different or special
usual (adj) = happening most
often in a particular situation
normal (adj) = regular, ordinary,
3.B
in accordance with what people
expect
grow (v)= increase in size or
quantity
regular (adj) = done or
happening often, frequent
grow up (v) = reach the stage of
3.H
full development
bring up (v) =to care for and raise eager (adj) = full of interest or
(a child)
desire
(be) born (v) = to come into
keen (on / to) (adj) =eager,
the world by birth (out of your
enthusiastic, very much wanting
m other‘s body)
to do sth
become (v) = develop into / grow enthusiastic (about) (adj) =
to be
showing great interest in sth
3.C
interested (in) (adj) = showing
educate (v) = teach sb over
curiosity, concern or desire to
a period of time at school,
learn more about sth because
university etc.
you think it is important
learn (v) =gain knowledge or a
willing (to) (adj) = ready and
skill by study
wanting to help or do sth
teach (v) = give lessons in (sb) /
show sb how to do sth
U NIT 4
study (v) to give one’s time and
4A
attention to learning about a
travel (v) = to go from one place
subject
to another
read (v) = to look at and
transfer (to) (v) = to cause sb or
understand the written or
sth to move from one place to
printed word
another
instruct (v) = to give orders or
transport (v) = take goods,
directions to sb
people etc. from one place to
another in a vehicle
3.D
behaviour (n) = social conduct,
transmit (v) = to send out electric
the way a person or an animal
signals etc. by radio
behaves
4JB
attitude (n) = the opinions and
arrive (in /at) (v) = get to a place
at the end of a journey
feelings that you usually have
get (to) (v) = arrive at a place
about sth
reach (v) = to get, to arrive at
temper (n) = state of mind
regarding being angry or being
come (v) = to move to, towards or
calm
into a place (where the speaker
mood (n) = the way sb feels at a
is)
particular time
approach (v) = to get closer to sb
manner (n) = the way sb behaves, or sth (in place or time)
appear (v) = to start to be seen or
their social conduct
manners (n) = ways of behaving suddenly be seen
4.C
in social situations
3.E
carry (v) =to take sth somewhere
familiar with /to (adj) = knowing in your hands or arms, on your
sth well and understanding it
back etc.
accustomed to (adj) = to be used fetch (v) = to go and bring sth
to sth
from the place where it is
aware of (adj) = knowing sth
deliver (to) (v) = to convey, carry
sth to a destination
3.F
4D
custom (n) = sth that is done by
voyage (n) = a long journey by
people in a particular society
ship or spacecraft
because it is traditional
journey (n) = when you travel
habit (n) = sth you do often or
from one place to another
regularly
trip (n) = a short journey to a
place and back again
tour (n) = an organised trip
during which you visit different
places
excursion (n) = a short journey
made for a particular purpose
travel (n) = the act of taking a
journey
expedition (n) = a long journey,
esp. one made by a group of
people with a particular aim
flight (n) = a journey in a plane or
space vehicle
cruise (n) = a holiday on a large
ship
4.E
guide (v) = to show sb around a
place that you know well
direct (v) = to tell or show sb the
way to a place
lead (v) = 1) go to a particular
place 2) to show sb the way by
going in front (first)
ride (v) = to travel in or on a
vehicle or animal
4J
address (n) = the number of
the building and the name of
the street and town etc. where
someone lives or works
road (n) = a specially prepared
hard surface for cars, buses etc j
to travel on
street (n) = a public road in a
city or town that usually has
buildings on its side(s)
way (n) = a route / road etc. taker
in order to reach a place
direction (n) = the way sth or
sb moves, faces or is aimed /
information or instructions abod
what to do or where to go
route (n) = the way from one
place to another
path (n) = a track that people
walk along over an area or
ground
4.G
site (n) = a place where a
building, town etc. was, isorv. j
be situated
position (n) = where sb or sth s *
relation to other things
location (n) = the place where sd
happens or is situated
point (n) = a particular place or
position where sth takes place
place (n) = a point, building or
area
room (n) = empty space for
people or things to be fitted in
space (n) = an area of any size
that is empty or available for use4.H
foreign (adj) = not from your o .'i
country or the country you are
talking about
strange (adj) = unusual, not
familiar
different (from / to) (adj) = not
the same
Words Easily Confused
peculiar (adj) = odd or strange,
esp. in an unpleasant way
curious (adj) = eager to know or
learn
UNIT 6
6A
borrow (v) = take sth from sb
with their permission, intending
to return it in the future
lend (v) = allow sb to use sth that
you own for a period of time
let (v) = allow the use of your
property in exchange for money
hire (v) = pay money to the
owner of sth in order to use it for
a period of time / employ sb to
do a particular job for you
rent (v) = to have and use sth
which does not belong to you in
exchange for a sum of money
that you pay regularly
6JB
spend (v) = 1)to use your money
to buy or pay for things 2) to pass
or use time
waste (v) = using too much of
something (money, time etc.)
unnecessarily
save (v) = gradually collect
money by spending less than
you get, usually to buy sth you
want
afford (n) = to have enough
money, time etc. for a particular
purpose
6.C
bill (n) = a written statement of
money that you owe for goods /
services
fare (n) = the price you pay to
travel by bus, train, plane etc.
fee (n) = an amount of money
that you pay to a professional
person or organisation for their
work
fine (n) = punishment in which
sb has to pay a sum of money
because they have done sth
wrong or broken a rule
ticket (n) = 1) a printed piece of
paper showing that a person has
paid to travel on a bus, plane, etc.
or to enter a cinema, concert hall
etc. 2) an official note given for a
traffic offence
receipt (n) = a piece of paper that
you get from sb as confirmation
that they have received money
or goods from you
account (n) = a written statement
of money paid or owed for goods
and services
discount (n) = a reduction in
the cost of goods that you are
buying
tax (n) = money that you pay to
the government according to
your income
6D
salary (n) = fixed regular
payment, usually made every
month to employees
wage(s) (n) = regular payment,
on hourly, daily, weekly basis
payment (n) = a sum of money
paid
income (n) = money one earns or
receives
bonus (n) = a payment added to
what is usual or expected
allowance (n) = money given
to sb on a regular basis (e.g. as
pocket money)
award (n) = prize /gift / trophy
reward (n) = a thing that is given
or received in return for doing
sth good
donation (n) = contribution to a
charity or other organisation
6.E
owe (v) = to have an obligation to
pay sb a certain amount
own (v) = to have as one’s
possession
possess (v) = to have (an ability)
keep (v) = continue to have or
hold sth
belong to (v) = to be the property
of
6.F
price (n) = the amount of money
which sth is bought or sold for
prize (n) = an award given to the
winner of a competition, race etc.
charge (n) = amount of money
sb has to pay for a service or to
buy sth
value (n) = how much sth is
worth
bargain (n) = sth bought cheaply
or for less than its usual price
w orth (adj.) = having a certain
value /(n) = the value, usefulness
or importance of sth
tip (n) = extra money given to sb
(eg a waiter, porter etc.) in order
to thank them for their service
6.G
precious (adj.) = of great value
or importance because of being
very beautiful, rare or expensive
valuable (adj.) = worth a lot of
money / very useful or important
priceless (adj.) = too valuable
to be priced or extremely
expensive
worthless (adj.) = having no
value, importance or use
economic (adj.) = connected
with trade, industry and the
management of money
economical (adj.) =using money,
time, goods etc. carefully and
without wasting any
financial (adj.) = connected with
money or the management of
money
6JH
loan (n) = money that you
borrow (usually from a bank)
debt (n) = amount of money that
you owe to a person /bank
sum (n) = a quantity, esp. of
money
amount (n)= a quantity of
money, time or a substance
deposit (n) = 1) to pay part of a
larger sum the rest of which is to
be paid later 2) to put money into
a bank
instalment (n) = a small sum of
money paid at regular intervals
over a period of time, rather
than paying the whole amount
at once
budget (n) = a plan of how
a person or organisation
will spend the money that is
available in a particular period
of time
6.1
cheque (n) = a printed form that
you can sign and use instead of
money
cash (n) = money in the form of
coins or notes
coins (n) = money made of metal
currency (n) = the money used in
a particular country
(bank) notes (n) = paper money
change (n) = coins / money that
you receive when you pay for sth
with more money than it costs
because you do not have the
exact amount of money
UNIT 7
7.A
think (of/about) (v) = have an
opinion / impression about sth
consider (v) = think carefully
about sth / have an opinion
about sth
regard (v) = believe that sb or sth
has a particular quality
believe (v) = to be sure that sth is
true or that sb is telling the truth
mean (v) = 1) explain what you
wish to say 2) intend
7JB
realise (v) = to become aware
that sth is true, understand it
understand (v) = to know the
meaning of what sb is telling you,
or the language that they speak
recognise (v) = to know who a
person or what a thing is
meet (v) = to become familiar
with sb for the first time
introduce (v) = to present (sb) by
name (to another person)
present (v) = to appear in and
introduce a programme on radio
or television
appreciate (v) = to recognise and
enjoy the good qualities of sth /
to be grateful for sth
7C
assume (v) = to take for granted
(to believe sth to be true without
proof)
guess (v) = to make an estimate
or conclusion you are not sure of,
without knowledge
suppose (v) = 1) to think that
sth is true or probable 2) to be
expected or required to do sth
estimate (v) = to form a rough or
general idea of sth
calculate (v) = to estimate sth
by using numbers or one’s
judgement
predict (v) = to say in advance
that sth will happen
7J>
idea (n) = 1) knowledge or
understanding of something
without being certain
(n) = 2) a suggestion, thought or
plan for doing something
view (n) = opinion
thought (n) = idea
point (n) = single fact, idea or
opinion
aspect (n) = a distinct feature or
element in a problem, situation
etc.
respect (n) = politeness and
honour shown towards sb or sth
matter (of fact) (phrase) =
actually, in fact
7.E
queue (n) = a line of people or
vehicles waiting for sth
line (n) = a number of people
/things one behind the other or
standing side by side
aisle (n) = a long narrow gap
between rows of seats (in a
church, classroom etc.) or
between supermarket shelves
corridor (n) = a passage in a
building or train, usually with
rooms on either side
hall (n) = a room serving as an
entry area
row (n) = a number of people/
things standing or arranged in
a line
7JF
available (adj.) = that can be
found or obtained
spare (adj.) = extra, additional,
available for use when needed
free (adj.) = not being used /
occupied by sb or not reserved
for somebody to use (e.g. table,
seat)/costing nothing
convenient (adj.) = easy, useful
or suitable for a particular
situation
handy (adj.) = useful for a
particular purpose
usable (adj.) = that can be used
7.G
absence (n) = the state of not
being somewhere
lack (n) = when something is
insufficient or does not exist at all
shortage (n) = deficiency, when
there is not enough of sth
loss (n) = the fact of no longer
having sth or having less of it
7.H
short (of sth) (adj.) = not have
enough of sth, nearly run out of
scarce (adj.) = not easy to find or
obtain
rare (adj.) = not common
inadequate (adj.) = too low in
quality, or too small in amount;
not good enough
Words Easily Confused
insufficient (adj.) = inadequate,
not enough for a particular
purpose
comment (on) (v) = express your apply (for) (v) = to request
opinion about sth or give an
explanation for it
report (v) = inform some
UNIT 8
authority about sth that has
8A
happened
choose (v)= to select from a
8 JG
number of alternatives
announce (v) = to state or make
pick (v) = to gather / to make
known publicly
a selection from a number of
inform (v) = to tell, give
things
information
gather (v) = come together in a
confess (v) = admit that you have
group
done sth wrong or shameful
collect (v) = to accumulate sth as introduce (v) = to present (sb) by
a hobby or for study
name (to another person)
8JB
reveal (v) = uncover or expose
choice (n) = an act of choosing
sth hidden, make it known to
between two or more
people
possibilities
publish (v) = print numerous
collection (n) = a group of
copies of a book or magazine
objects that have been gathered 8 H
together
ensure (v) = to make sth certain
selection (n) = the state of being to happen, guarantee
chosen
insure (v) = pay money to an
election (n) = voting in order
insurance company
to choose a person or group of
reassure (v) = to comfort sb and
stop them from worrying
people for an official position
variety (n) = different types of
make sure (v) = to make sth
sth
certain, ensure
confirm (v) = to make an
option (n) = alternative / one
thing which can be chosen from arrangement or meeting certain,
a set of possibilities
often by telephone or writing
8J
8.C
consult (v) = ask for specialised
agree (v) = (on sth): have the
advice
same opinion on sth
advise (v) = to give an opinion on accept (v) = to receive with
what sb should do
approval / to receive, take
suggest (v) = to mention (an idea, admit (v) = to confess or
plan etc.) for consideration
acknowledge (a crime, mistake,
propose (v) = to put forward (a
etc.)
plan etc.) for consideration
approve of (v) = like, admire sb
recommend (v) = advise,
or sth
suggest sth as the best choice
8D
UNIT 9
tip (n) = a helpful piece of advice 9A
clue (n) = a sign or information
say (sth to sb) (v) = speak words
that helps you to solve a problem to sb
advice (n) = an opinion which
tell (sb sth) (v) = let sb know sth,
sb offers you about what
give information
you should do in a particular
speak (v) = use your voice in
situation
order to say sth
information (n) = knowledge
talk (v) (1) = express thoughts,
feelings or desires by using
about sth, esp. news or facts
8,E
words
reliable (adj) = sb or sth that
(2) = to have a conversation with
sb
can be trusted to work well or
discuss (v) = to consider a
behave in a desirable way
responsible (adj) = having
subject by talking about it with
others.
control or authority over sth or
sb
debate (n) = (formal) discussion
about a subject on which
reasonable (adj) = quite good,
fair, sensible
people have different and often
opposing opinions
respectable (adj) = having or
9.B
deserving the respect of other
ask (v) = to put a question to sb,
people
inquire.
8J?
mention (v) = refer to or speak
demand (v) = ask for sth urgently
or in a forceful way
about sth briefly or incidentally
wonder (v) = to ask yourself
refer to (v) = 1) to send sb or sth
to another place for advice 2) to questions or express a desire to
mention, describe or involve
know about something
express (v) = show what you
question (v) = 1) to ask someone
about sth 2) express doubt about
think or feel by saying or doing
sth
sth
something in writing or by
sending in a form
9.C
require (v) = need, demand
inquire (v) = to ask for
information
request (v) = an act of asking; a
polite demand for something
command (v) = order
order (v) =to ask for goods or
services
appeal (v) = to take a legal case
to a higher court where it can be
judged again
beg (v) = to ask for food, money,
especially in the street or to
request strongly and without
pride
9X>
advice (n) = recommendation or
opinion
instructions (n) = the (written)
information that tells you how to
use a piece of equipment etc.
directions (n) = instructions
about how to get from one place
to another or about what to do
manual (n) = a book which gives
you instructions on how to do
sth or how to use sth, such as a
machine
guide (n) = a book for travellers
or tourists giving information
about a place
plan (n) = 1) a drawing from
which sth is made or built 2) a
decision made in advance
recipe (n) = a set of instructions
for cooking
9JE
brochure (n) = a thin book giving
information or advertising sth
leaflet (n) = a printed piece
of paper for distribution, esp.
advertising
handbook (n) = a small reference
book giving useful facts
catalogue (n) = a complete list
of items, usually in alphabetical
order
list (n) = a set of words, numbers,
etc. written one below the other
menu (n) = a list of all the kinds
of food that are available in a
restaurant
9.F
refuse (v) = say no to a proposal
or invitation; turn down,
deliberately not do sth
deny (v) = state that sth is untrue,
not accept an accusation/not
allowed
regret (v) = feel sad or
disappointed because of sth that
happened
resist (v) = to stop yourself
having sth that you like very
much or doing sth that you want
to do
reject (v) = turn down, refuse to
accept
9.G
complain (about) (v) = say that
you are not satisfied with a
situation
criticise (v) = express disapproval
of sth, say what is wrong with it
object to (v) = to feel or express
opposition to or dislike of sth or
sb
discourage (v) = to take away
sb’s confidence or sb’s hope of
doing sth
disapprove (of) (v) = not like, not
agree with or approve of sth
protest (n) (v) = say or show
publicly that you object to sth
argue (v) = to express an
opposite opinion, to exchange
angry words
quarrel (v) = to disagree, argue
fight (v) = to oppose or struggle
against sb or sth
9.H
worry (v) = to be anxious and
troubled about sb or sth
mind (v) = to be upset, annoyed
or disturbed by sth or sb (used in
questions or negative sentences)
bother (v) = to make the effort to
do sth / to annoy, worry or cause
problems to sb
annoy (v) = to irritate or make sb
angry
trouble (v) = to cause sb to be
worried or anxious
doubt (v) = to have a feeling of
uncertainty about sth
UNIT 11
1LA
stop (v) = to put an end to sth
happening / prevent
avoid (v) = not to allow sth to
happen / to keep away from sb
or sth
forbid (v) = to order sb not to do
sth, not allow sb to do sth
prohibit (v) = forbid or make sth
illegal, ban
ban (v) = state officially that sth
must not be done, shown or usee
prevent (v) = to stop sth from
happening / to stop sb from
doing sth
escape (v) = to avoid sth
11.B
blame (v) = believe or say that st
or sth is responsible for sth bad
accuse (v) = to say that you
believe sb has done sth wrong
arrest (v) = to take and keep sb
prisoner with the authority of
the law
charge(v) = to accuse sb of
having done sth illegal
convict (v) = to decide in a'court
of law that sb is guilty of a crime
sentence (v) = to state that sb v\ I
be punished in a certain way (by
a law court)
11C
complaint (n) = expressing your
dissatisfaction with a particular
situation
annoyance (n) = irritation, feelinc
angry and impatient
Words Easily Confused
accusation (n) = criticising sb
quantity or size
destroy (v) = to cause damage in
a violent way, to cause to exist
drop (v) = to fall or let sth fall (by
accident)
lower (v) = to reduce sth or
become less in amount, level,
quality etc.
demolish (v) = destroy a building
completely
12JE
illness (n) = the state of not being fall (v) = move downwards
in good health
UNIT 13
disease (n) = illness of people,
13.A
animals plants etc. caused by
attention (n) = notice, thought or
infection
infection (n) = a disease caused consideration
care (n) = the responsibility of
by germs and bacteria
h i
protecting sb or sth
sickness (n) = a particular type
forget (v) = to fail to remember
notice (n) = attention,
of illness or disease, nausea
leave (v) = to not take sth with
observation
weakness (n) = not feeling
you when you go
warning (n) = advice to beware
healthy and strong
ignore (v) = pay no attention to
of sth that might happen
accident (n) = sth unpleasant
sb/sth
signal (n) = sign, gesture or
neglect (v) = fail to look after sth which happens unexpectedly,
sign intended as a message or
causing damage or injury
properly
command
incident (n) = an event which is
omit (v) = leave sth out
caution (n) = great care and
either unpleasant or unusual
deliberately or by accident
attention
12JF
13.B
cure (v) = to make sb healthy
UNIT 12
insist on (v) = say firmly that sth
again
12A
must be done
protect (from) (v) = to prevent sb heal (v) = to make or become
persist in (v) = go on doing sth
well again, esp. after a cut or
or sth from being harmed
despite having difficulties
injury
rescue (v) = get sb out of an
continue (v) = go on doing sth,
treat (v) = to give medical care
unpleasant or dangerous
not stop doing sth
or attention to a person or a
situation
last (v) = to continue for a period
condition
save (v) = help sb out to avoid
recover (v) = regain health after of time
harm or to escape a dangerous
remain (v) = to stay in the same
being ill
situation
place or condition
support (v) = 1) help, encourage overcome (v) = to successfully
maintain (v) = to keep in good
2) provide sb with money or the deal with a feeling or a problem
condition
12jG
things they need
defend (v) = take action in order sensible (adj) = based on reason, protect (v) = to keep sth or sb
safe from injury, damage or
not on emotions
to protect or support sb or sth
sensitive (adj) = 1) easily affected loss
guard (v) = watch over in order
to protect or not allow to escape or harmed by sth 2) aware of and keep (v) = have, look after
J3 £
understanding other people’s
secure (v) = to make sth safe
convince (v) = to make sb agree,
needs and problems
from being harmed
understand or realise sth
sensational (adj) = very good,
12.B
persuade (v) = to convince sb
injure (v) = cause physical harm wonderful, exciting
emotional (adj) = causing strong that sth is true or make them do
to
sth
wound (v) = to cause an injury to feelings
urge (v) = to try hard to persuade
a part of the body usually with a 12.H
sb to do sth
weapon
produce (v) = to make or
impress (sb) (v) = to make sb
manufacture sth, esp. in large
hurt (v) = to cause physical or
admire you
mental injury; to cause a painful quantities
develop (v) = to grow or change attract (v) = to cause a particular
sensation
reaction
collapse (v) = fall down suddenly into a more advanced form
increase (v) = become greater in appeal to (sb) (v) = to attract,
harm (v) = to cause physical
charm, fascinate or interest sb
number, level or amount
injury to sb, usually on purpose
13D
build up (v) = to increase or
I2.C
win (v) = achieve first place and
become larger or stronger
damage (n) = physical harm
gain a prize in a competition
create (v) = invent, design or
caused to an object
beat (v) = defeat sb in a
injury (n) = damage to a person’s make sth new
competition or election
progress (n) = advance,
or animal’s body
gain (v) = acquire sth(gradually)
development for the better
wound (n) = an injury to part of
earn (v) = receive money as
advance (v) = 1) to progress,
the body, usually caused by a
payment for your work
develop 2) doing more difficult
weapon
defeat (v) = to win a victory over
work
pain (n) = the physical suffering
sb
caused by injury or illness
improve (v) = to (cause sth to)
fail (v) = not to succeed in
get better
ache (n) = physical pain or
something
discomfort caused by injury or
121
13JE
reduce (v) = make sth smaller
illness
appeal (n) = a formal request
in amount (quantity) or degree
12D
to the authorities asking for a
endanger (v) = to put sb or sth
(size)
decrease (v) = become smaller in decision to be changed
in danger of being harmed,
from a bank, shop or vehicle
using force or threats
thief (n) = person who steals
from sb else
burglar (n) = person who enters
a building illegally, with the
intention of stealing
11D
kidnapper (n) = criminal who
chase (v) = to run after sb in
kidnaps another person
order to catch them
hostage (take / hold sb) (n) =
pursue (v) = follow or chase sb
or sth especially in order to catch a person captured and held
prisoner by one or more people
them
hunt(v) = to chase esp. birds and victim (n) = sb who has been hurt
animals in order to catch and kill or killed
pickpocket (n) = sb who steals
them
things from people's pockets
follow (v) = to go behind
and expressing the belief that
they have done sth wrong
disappointment (n) = feeling
let down, because of sth not
meeting your expectations
U.E
cause (n) = what makes an event
happen
excuse (n) = a reason sb gives,
in order to explain why sth has
been done or in order to avoid
doing sth
reason (n) = fact or situation
explaining why sth happens or
what causes it to happen; cause
purpose (n) = the reason for
which sth is made or done,
intention
aim (n) = what you are hoping to
achieve by an action, plan etc.
11JF
burgle (v) = to enter by force and
steal
rob (v) = steal money or property
from sb
steal (v) = take sth away without
permission or intention of giving
it back
hijack (v) = to force someone
to give you control of a vehicle,
aircraft or ship that is in the
middle of a journey
deceive (v) = make sb believe
that sth is not true in order to
gain sth yourself
cheat (v) = to behave in a
dishonest way in order to get
what you want
lie (v) = to say sth which is not
true
shoplift (v) = to take sth from a
shop without paying for it
blackmail (v) = to demand
money or favours from sb, by
threatening them
1LG
attack (v) = try to hurt or damage
sb or sth using violence
knock (v) = a sound made with
the hand on the door
hit (v) = to strike with the hand or
with an object
beat (v) = to hit repeatedly with a
hand, stick or other object
blow (n) = a hard hit with a hand
ora weapon
strike (v) = to hit or attack
forcefully or violently
U.H
convict (n) = sb who is in prison
criminal (n) = sb who commits
crimes
robber (n) = person who steals
damaged or destroyed
risk (v) = the possibility of
meeting danger or of suffering
harm or loss
threaten (v) = say that you will do
sth to sb in order to make them
do sth you want
warn (v) = to make sb aware of a
possible danger or problem
Words Easily Confused
application (n) = formal request
definite (adj) = fixed, certain,
for sth
clear, that cannot be doubted
certain (adj) = sure, beyond
doubt
particular (adj) = specific, special
special (adj) = not ordinary or
usual
sure (adj) = certain, confident
that one is right
14.G
stand (v) = tolerate, endure
sth/sb
resist (v) = refuse to accept sth/
stop yourself from doing sth,
although you would like to do it
tolerate (v) = to put up with
suffer (v) = to feel pain,
discomfort, sorrow etc.
14H
offer (v) = ask sb if they would
like to have or use sth
provide (v) = supply sth that sb
needs or wants
supply (v) = give sb sth that they
need
cater (v) = to provide what is
required or desired
each other
similar (adj) = resembling sb/sth,
attraction (n) = a person or thing almost the same
that attracts sb or sth
common (adj) = usual,familiar
interest (n) = a state of wanting
14.B
to learn or know about sth
suit (v) = 1)be convenient for sb
13JF
or the best choice in a particular
result (n) = 1) answers that are
situation 2) make sb look
produced by a scientific study or attractive
test 2)sth that happens or exists fit (v) = be the correct size or
because of sth else
shape
effect (n) = a change produced
match (v) = 1)be in harmony
by a particular influence
with sth 2)have a pleasing
affect (v) = to have an influence
appearance when used together
on sb or sth
combine (v) = join together,
blend, mix
consequence (n) = an often
bad or inconvenient result of a
compare (v) = to examine and
particular action or situation
look for the difference between
influence (n) = an effect of one
two or more things
person or thing on another
14£
13.G
punctual (adj) = arriving,
allow (v) = to let sb do sth or let
doing sth or happening at the
sth happen; permit
expected, correct time
let (v) = to give sb permission to accurate (adj) = precise, correct
do sth
to a very detailed level
permit (v) = to allow sth or make correct (adj) = right, accurate
sth possible
and without mistakes
accept (v) = say “yes” to sth or
exact (adj) = in great detail,
agree to take sth
correct, precise
make (sb do sth) (v) = to force sb sharp (adv) = exactly at the
(or sth) do sth
stated time
oblige (v) = to require sb to do
14D
sth by legal, moral or physical
remain (v) = to stay in the same
means
place or condition
force (v) = to make sb do sth
reveal (v) = uncover/expose sth
against their will
hidden, make it known to people
13.H
review (v) = 1) to write an opinion
postpone (v) = to arrange for an of a book, film, play etc. 2) to
event etc. to happen at a later
examine or consider sth again
time
revise (v) = to study again (sth
cancel (v) = to say that sth which already learned) in preparation
for an exam
has already been arranged will
not be done or take place / to
relieve (v) = make sth less
order sth to be stopped
unpleasant, cause sth
delay (v) = to be slow or late or
unpleasant to disappear
make sb slow or late
release (v) = to allow sb or sth to
131
come out of a place/to make sth
guest (n) = sb who is visiting you available to the public
or is a customer at a hotel
14.E
host (n) = sb who receives or
outcome (n) = something that
entertains guests
follows an action or situation
outdoor (adj) = existing,
visitor (n) = sb who is visiting a
person or a place
happening or done outside
client (n) = a person or
rather than inside a building
outfit (n) = clothes worn together
organisation that receives a
service from a professional
as a set
person or another
outlet (n) = 1) a place that sells
organisation in return for money goods made by a particular
company 2) a hole or pipe
customer (n) = a person
who buys goods or services,
through which liquid can flow
especially from a shop
away
outsider (n) = a person who is
not accepted as a member of a
UNIT 14
14JV
society, group etc.
14J?
like (prep.) =such as, similar to
alike (adj) = when two or more
perfect (adj) = excellent, suitable,
people/things are similar
without fault
ideal (adj) = the best possible
unlike (adj) = different from sth
person or thing for sth
likely (adj) = probable, sth that
may happen
fine (adj) = sunny and dry(for
as (prep.) = like, with the identity weather)
of
thorough (adj) = detailed, careful
same (adj) = having two or more detailed (adj) = having many
people or things exactly like
details, thorough
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
—
® Skim-read the text to get an idea of what it is about.
® Read the text again, one sentence at a time. Read the
whole sentence, not just the words before and after the
gap, as there may be clues that could help you.
® Try to guess what part of speech is missing and what the
meaning of the missing word is.
® Do not look at the four choices or guess the answer until
you've tried to understand what the sentence means.
@ Do not always think of words as single isolated items, but
as parts of a context.
® Read the options carefully.
Decide which of the four choices is best in this context.
Consider syntax and style.
Find which of the choices may have the same meaning
and decide which one should be left out.
If you aren't sure about the right answer, try to eliminate
three of the four alternatives starting with the words that
don’t make sense.
® Check if the word you have selected forms an acceptable
expression with the word before and/or after it.
Read the text again including the words you used to fill in
the gaps to see if it makes sense.
Part 2: Open Cloze
® Skim-read the text to get an idea of what it is about.
® Read the text again, one sentence at a time. Read the
whole sentence, not just the words before and after the
gap, as there may be clues that could help you. Note that
sometimes you may find clues in other sentences, too.
® Try to guess what part of speech is missing and what the
meaning of the missing word is.
0 Remember most of the missing words will be grammatical
words, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, articles,
linking words etc. and not vocabulary items.
Part 3: Word Formation
0
Remember: there is only one missing word. If you think
that two or more words are suitable, you will have to
choose and w rite only one.
0 'Check for accuracy of grammar and spelling.
& Read the text again including the words you used to fill in
the gaps to see if it makes sense.
L
® Skim-read the text to get an idea of what it is about.
® Read the text again, one sentence at a time.
® Decide what part of speech is needed to fill in the gap.
The words to be formed will usually be nouns, verbs,
adjectives or adverbs.
® Decide if the word to be formed has the same or the
opposite meaning of the given word according to the
meaning of the sentence.
® Remember that you will need to add a prefix and/or a
suffix to the given word to form a derivative. Sometimes
you m ight also add an ending to the derivative (e.g. -s
after a noun, -s, -ed, -ing after a verb, -er, -est after an
adjective). Note, however, that you never need to make
more than two changes to the given word.
® Make sure the new word and given word have a common
root and that you have spelt the new word correctly.
® Read the text again including the words you used to fill in
the gaps to see if it makes sense.
Part 4: "Key" Word Transformation
® Read the given sentence, the incomplete sentence and
the ‘key’ word.
® Consider what kind of transform ation is required, e.g.
passive voice, reported speech, conditional sentences
etc. Look for clues in both the given and the incomplete
sentences.
0
Remember that your answer must be between two and
five words. Keep in mind that you must definitely use the
‘key’ word and not change it in any way at all.
® Write your answer, making sure that the completed
sentence means the same as the given sentence.
® Check for accuracy of grammar and spelling.
Exam Tips for A ll Parts of the Paper
0
When dealing with each of the four parts, start with the
questions that seem easy to you. Leave the ones you
aren’t sure about until later.
® Do not spend too much time on any one question. Go
back and try to answer it later.
® Answer all the questions, even those you are not
completely sure of. Make a sensible guess rather than
leave a question unanswered.
0 Do not w rite more than one answer for each question.
® Write your answers on the answer sheet clearly and
correctly.
ECCE
In this part of the test there are 35 multiple-choice items which test basic knowledge of grammar. Candidates are required to
choose a word or phrase which will complete the given sentence in a grammatically correct way.
Remember:
& Read the sentence or short exchange carefully and consider what kind of structure is required.
& Look at the position of the gap in the sentence and consider what part of speech is required.
& Look out for words (e.g. linking words) or expressions (e.g. tim e expressions) that can help you decide on the
correct answer.
Consider the syntax and style of the sentence.
Read the four answer choices carefully and decide on the correct answer.
If you are not sure about the correct answer, try to eliminate the answer choices that are grammatically incorrect.
Once you have decided on the correct answer, read the sentence or short exchange together with your answer,
making sure that they form a grammatically correct sentence.
& Make sure you transfer your answers to the answer sheet clearly and carefully.
&
&
&
&
There are 35 multiple-choice items in this section which test basic knowledge of vocabulary. Candidates are required to choose
the word or phrase which is appropriate in the context of the sentence.
Remember:
& You should always learn new words in context. You can even try to use these new words in your own example
sentences. This helps you remember new vocabulary instead of simply memorising their definitions in your mother
tongue.
@ You should learn verbs, nouns and adjectives with their dependent prepositions (e.g. laugh at somebody, talent
for something, be good at something).
& Try to remember collocations (e.g. make a mistake, do one’s homework) and fixed expressions (e.g. at the
beginning of, in the beginning) that are considered problematic because they are quite similar.
& Learn how to break down words in order to find the root, prefix and suffix. This w ill not only help you learn more
words but also help you understand how they are formed. This w ill automatically increase your awareness of the
language.
& You can greatly improve your vocabulary by reading as many authentic English texts (e.g. books, magazines) as
possible.
Appendix
\
Prepositional Phrases
AT
at + address
at a glance
at a loss
at all costs
at ease
at first
at first sight
crossroads
door
end (of)
expense of
front
hospital
latest
at random
at school
at short notice
at the age of
at the back of
at the beginning (of)
at the corner
as far as
as long as
ahead/behind schedule
by chance
by cheque/credit card
by day/night
by far
by force
by hand
by heart
by means of
by mistake
by now
by oneself
by one's side
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for sale
at the moment
at the sight of
at the top/bottom of
at the weekend
at university
at work
AHEAD
AS
as a result of
at the
at the
at the
at the
at the
at the
at the
at heart
a t ... km/miles per hour
at last
at least
at night
at noon
at once
BY
by accident
by all accounts
by all means
by bus/car/plane
by phone/post/airmail
by profession
(take) by surprise
FOR
for
for
for
for
a change
a while
ages
certain/sure
example
fear of
granted
hire/rent
instance
life
one's sake
the sake of
FROM
from experience
from now/then on
IN
in + month/season
in + year/century
all in all
in a bad/good mood
in a mess
in a queue
in a row/rows
in a state
in a while
in addition (to)
in aid of
in advance
in answer to
in any case
in captivity
in case of
in cash
in charge of
in com fort
in common
in conclusion
in connection with
in contact with
in court
in debt
in detail
in difficulty
in exchange for
in fact
in favour of
in flames
in full
in general
in half
in haste
in honour of
in hospital
in instalments
in memory
in need of
in/out of action
in/out of business
in/out of control
in/out of danger
in/out of demand
in /o u to f fashion
in/out of hand
in/out of order
in/out of place
in/out of print
in/out of season
in/out of shape
in/out of sight
in/out of stock
in/out of touch
in/out of use
in one's opinion
in other words
in pain
in pairs
in particular
in person
in practice
in prison
in private
in progress
in public
in reality
in/with reference to
in relation to
in reply to
in return
in secret
in shock
in short
in sight of
in summary
in support of
in the beginning
in the centre (of)
in the city/country
in the corner of
in the end
in the first place
in the future
in the long/short run
in the meantime
in the middle (of)
in the mood for
in the m orning/
afternoon/evening
in the mountains
in the North/South
in the streets
in the suburbs
in this respect
in touch with
in town
in trouble (with)
in vain
in writing
on + road/avenue
on a diet
on a farm
INTO
into pieces
(come) into power
ON
on (a) + day
on + date
m m *
Appendix 1 & 2
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
a journey/trip/tour
an excursion
an island
account of
approval
arrival
average
behalf of
board
on business
on credit
on demand
on display
on/off duty
on fire
on good/bad terms
on holiday
on impulse
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
one's birthday
one's mind
one's own
page
purpose
sale
schedule
second thought(s)
strike
out of the ordinary
out of practice
out of the question
out of reach
out of work
to one's astonishment
to one's surprise
to some extent
to this day
under control
under the impression
under pressure
under repair
under strain
under the circumstances
under the weather
with respect to
with a view to
with the exception of
w ithout delay
w ithout fail
w ithout warning
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
television
time
top of
the back of
the contrary
the corner
the floor
the left/right
the market
on the move
on the one/other hand
on the outskirts
on the phone
on the point of
on the radio
on/off the road
on the whole
on weekdays
OUT
out of breath
out of date
TO
to one's amazement
UNDER
under age
under arrest
WITH
with regard to
WITHOUT
w ithout (a) doubt
A
(un)aware of
Verbs
Nouns with Prepositions
accuse sb of
advise sb on/about sth
(dis)agree with sb about/on sth
aim at
apologise to sb for sth
apply to sb/sth for sth
(dis)approve of
argue with/sb about/for sth
arrest sb for sth
arrive at a building
arrive in a city/tow n/country
ask for
associate with
(dis) advantage of
(give) advice on
an answer to
Adjectives
accustomed to
addicted to
afraid of
amazed at/by
amused at/with
angry at sth
angry with sb
annoyed about sth
annoyed with sb
anxious about
ashamed of
astonished at/by
B
Verbs
beg for
believe in
belong to
benefit from
beware of
blame sb for sth
blame sth on sb
boast about/of
borrow from
Adjectives
bad at sth
bored with sth
bound to
busy with
c
V erbs
_
care about sb/sth
care for sb/sth
choose from/between
collaborate with
combine with
comment on
communicate with
compare w ith/to
compete with sb for sth
complain to sb about/of sth
concentrate on sth
confess sth to sb
congratulate sb on sth
connect to/w ith
consist of
contrast with
contribute to
cooperate with sb
cope with
cover sb in/with sth
criticise for
Adjectives
(in)capable of
careful of
careless about/of
certain about/of
close to
concerned about/for
confident of/about
conscious of
crazy about
Appendix 2
crowded with
cruel to
curious about
Nouns with Prepositions
a comparison between
a complaint about
a connection between/with
fed up with
fond of
free from /of sth
friendly w ith/to
frightened of
full of
Nouns
a failure in
D
Verbs
deal with
decide on
dedicate sth to sb
depart from
depend on
describe sth to sb
differ from
discourage from
distinguish between
divide sth between/among
divide sth into
divide by (Maths)
dream about/of
Adjectives
delighted with
dependent on
different from /to
disgusted by/at
Nouns with Prepositions
damage to
a decrease in
a delay in
a demand for
a description of
a difference between/in/of
E
Verbs
escape from
exchange sth for sth else
excuse sb for/from
experiment on sb/sth with sth
explain sth to sb
Adjectives
engaged to sb
enthusiastic about
envious of
equal to
excellent at
excited about
experienced in
Nouns with Prepositions
an example of
an exception to
an expert at/in/on sth
F
Verbs
fight with
fill sth with sth else
forget about
Adjectives
faithful to
familiar to sb
familiar with sb/sth
famous for
G
Verbs
glance at
Adjectives
generous to sb
good at sth
good for sb/sth
good to sb
grateful to sb for sth
guilty of/about
H
Verbs
head for/towards
hear about/of sb/sth
hear from sb
hope for
Adjectives
handy for
happy about/with sth/sb
happy for sb
harmful to
Nouns with Prepositions
hope for
I
Verbs
include in
insist on
introduce sb to sb/sth
invest in
invite to
involve in
Adjectives
identical to
impressed by/with
independent of
inferior to
interested in
Nouns with Prepositions
an increase in
influence on
an intention of (doing sth)
J
Verbs
join in
Adjectives
jealous of
K
Verbs
know about sth
Adjectives
keen on (doing) sth
known as
Nouns with Prepositions
knowledge of
L
Verbs
lean on/against
lie to sb about sth
listen to
Adjectives
late for
Nouns
a lack of
M
Verbs
(be) made of/from
mean by
mention to
mistake sb/sth for sb/sth else
Adjectives
mad about/on sb/sth
mad at/with sb
married to
mean to sb
N
Adjectives
nervous about
Nouns
a need for
o
Verbs
object to sb/sth
occur to
Nouns with Prepositions
an opinion of/about/in
an opportunity for
the opposite of
P
Verbs
pay for
point at/to
praise sb for sth
pray for sb/sth
prefer to
prepare for
prevent from
protect sb from/against sth
protest about/against/at
provide sb with sth
provide sth for sb
punish sb for
put the blame for sth on sb
Adjectives
patient with
pleased with
polite to
popular with
proud of
Nouns with Prepositions
protection from
(take) pride in
Appendix 2 & 3
Q
s
Verbs
quarrel with sb about sth
Verbs
Nouns with Prepositions
a question about
R
Verbs
receive sth from sb
recover from
reduce sth to
refer to
regard sb/sth as
relate to
rely on
remind sb about sth
remind sb of sb/sth
replace sth with sth else
rescue sb from
result from
result in
retire from
Adjectives
ready for
relevant to
reluctant to
respected for
responsible for
rude to
Nouns with Prepositions
a reaction to
a reason for
a reduction in
a relationship between
a relationship with sb
a reply to
a report on
a reputation for
the result of
a rise in
thank for
think of/about
translate from
save sb from
sentence sb to
shout at
smile at/to
speak to/w ith sb
specialise in
spend money on sth
stare at
steal sth from sb
succeed in
suffer from
supply sb with sth
suspect sb of
u
Adjectives
Adjectives
safe from
(dis)satisfied with
separate from
serious about
shocked by/at
short of
sim ilarto
sorry fo rsb
sorry for/about sth
suitable for
superior to
sure of/about sth
surprised at/by
suspicious of
upset about
useful for sth
useful to sb
Nouns with Prepositions
a search for
shame on sb
(take) shelter from
a solution to
a specialist in
(feel) sympathy for
Adjectives
terrible at
terrified of
tired of
typical of
Nouns with Prepositions
a talent for
a taste of
a taste for
a threat to
Nouns with Prepositions
an understanding of
V
Verbs
vote for/against
w
Verbs
wait for
warn sb about/against/of
waste money on sth
wonder about
w orry about
Adjectives
weak at sth
worried about
wrong about
T
Verbs
take care of sb/sth
talk to/w ith sb about sth
1 When the root w ord ends in consonant +e, the final -e is dropped when adding a suffix th a t starts w ith a vowel.
e.g. com bine 4
com bination
fame
4
famous
wide
4 widen
2 When the roo t w ord ends in one consonant and before it there is one stressed vowel, th e last consonant is
doubled when adding a su ffix th a t starts w ith a vowel.
e.g. w it
w itty
fat
fatten
occur
4 occurrence
When the root w ord ends in -y and before it there is a consonant, the -y changes into -i when adding a suffix,
e.g. carry
4
carriage
happy 4
happiness
g lo ry
-4 glorious
Appendix 3
VERB
NOUN
accept
achieve
act, activate
add
admire
admit
advertise
advise
afford
(dis)agree
amaze
acceptance, acceptability
achievement
(in)action, act, activity, acting
addiction
addition, additive
(in)adequacy
admiration
admittance, admission
adventure
advertisement, advertising
(dis)advantage
advice, advisability
agency
(dis)agreement, (dis)agreeableness
amazement
ambition
amusement
anger
announcement
annoyance
anxiety
apology
(dis)appea ranee
application, applicator
(dis)appointment
(dis)approval
argument, argumentation
arrangement
arrival
art, artefact, artistry, artifice
assistance
astonishment
attendance, attention
attraction, attractiveness
automation, automatic
avoidance
bearing
beauty
(mis)behaviour
belief
benefit
blackness
blood, bleeding
boredom
breath, breathing, breather
breadth
brightness
building, build
burglary
(mis)calculation, calculator
care, carelessness
caution, cautiousness
celebration
championship
character,characteristic, characterisation
cheerfulness, cheerlessness, cheerness
childhood
choice
city, citizenship
coast
collection
colour, colouring, discoloration
combination
comedy, comic
(dis)comfort
communication
competition, competitiveness
-
amuse
anger
announce
annoy
-
apologise
(dis)appear
apply
(dis)appoint
(dis)approve
argue
arrange
arrive
-
assist
astonish
attend
attract
automate
avoid
bear
beautify
(mis)behave
believe
benefit
blacken
bleed
bore
breathe
broaden
brighten
build
burgle
(mis)calculate
care
celebrate
-
characterise
cheer
-
choose
-
collect
(dis)colour
combine
-
comfort
communicate
compete
NOUN (person)
achiever
actor, actress, activist
addict
—
admirer
-
adventurer
advertiser
-
adviser
-
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
accepted, (un)acceptable
achievable
(in)active, actual
addicted, addictive
additional
(in)adequate
admirable, admiring
(in)admissible, admissive
adventurous
advertising
(dis)advantageous, (dis)advantaged
(in)advisable, advisory(*adv:advisedly)
affordable
agent
—
-
(dis)agreeable
amazed, amazing
ambitious
amusing, amused
angry
(un)announced
annoyed, annoying
anxious
apologetic
apparent
(in)applicable, applied
(dis)appointed, (dis)appointing
(dis)approving
(un)arguable, argumentative
arrangeable
-
announcer
—
—
—
applicant, applier
—
-
arranger
-
-
artist
assistant
artistic, artful, artless, arty, artificial
assistant
astonished, astonishing
(in)attentive, unattended
(un)attractive
automatic, automated
(un)avoidable
(un)bearable
beautiful
behavioural
(un)believable
beneficial
black
bloody, bloodless, bleeding
bored, boring
breathless
broad
bright
-
attendant
—
-
bearer
beautician
-
believer
beneficiary,benefactor
—
bore
-
builder
burglar
_
-
calculated, calculating, (in)calculable
careful, careless, carefree
cautious, cautionary
celebrated
—
celebrity
champion
character
—
child
-
citizen
-
collector
-
comedian, comic
comforter
communicator
competitor
—
—
(un)characteristic, characterless
cheerful, cheerless, cheery
childish, childless
choosy
-
coastal
collective, collected
colourful, colourless, coloured
combined
comical, comic
(un)comfortable, comforting, comfortless
(un)communicative, communicable
competitive
Appendix 3
VERB
NOUN
NOUN (person)
complain
complete
conclude
confide
(dis)connect
consider
construct
consume
contain
contribute
com plaint
com pletion
conclusion
confidence, confidentiality
(dis)connection
consideration
(de)construction
consumption
containm ent, container
contribution
(in)convenience
convention
cooker, cookery, cooking
co-operation
correction, correctness
correspondence
creation, creativity, creativeness
crime, crim inality
criticism , critique
cure, curability
curiosity
darkness
day, daily
deafness
decision, decisiveness
decoration
defence
delight, delightfulness
dem onstration
denial
departure
depth
(in)dependence, dependency
description, descriptiveness
design, designing
desire, desirability
destruction, destructiveness
determ ination
developm ent
device
death
difference
difficulty
diplom acy
direction, directive, directory, directness
disaster
discouragement
discovery
discussion
distance
distribution
disturbance
dominance, dom ination
doubt, doubtfulness, doubtlessness
com plainant
—
—
constructor
consumer
(in)complete
(in)conclusive
confident, confidential, confiding
(dis)connected, connective
considerable, considerate, considered
constructive
consuming
-
-
—
convene
cook
co-operate
correct
correspond
create
-
criticise
cure
-
darken
—
deafen
decide
decorate
defend
delight
demonstrate
deny
depart
deepen
depend
describe
design
desire
destroy
determine
develop
devise
die, deaden
differ, differentiate
—
—
direct
—
discourage
discover
discuss
distance
distribute
disturb
dominate
doubt
emphasise
employ
enable
drama, dramatisation
drive, driving
economics, economy
education
effect, (in)effectiveness
(in)efficiency
election, electorate
embarrassment
emotion, emotionalism
emphasis
(un)em ploym ent
(in)ability, disability
encourage
courage, encouragement, courageousness
dramatise
drive
economise
educate
effect
—
elect
embarrass
—
—
confidant
connection
—
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
contributor
contributory
—
(in)convenient
convener
(un)conventional
cook
(un)cooked
co-operator
(un)co-operative
—
(in)correct, corrective,
correspondent
correspondent, corresponding
creator, creature
creative
criminal
criminal
critic
(un)critical
curer
(in)curable, cureless
curious
dark
daily
—
deaf, deafening, deafened
—
(in)decisive, (un)decided
decorator
decorative
defendant, defender defensive, (in)defensible
—
delightful, delighted
dem onstrator
demonstrative
(un)deniable
departed
—
deep
(in)dependent, dependable
dependant
descriptive
designer
designing
(un)desirable, desired
destroyer
destructive, indestructible
determ iner
determined
developer
(un)developed, developing
—
—
-
-
dead, deathly, deadly, undying
different
difficult
diplom atic
direct, directive, directional
disastrous
discouraging
discoverer
-
—
diplom at
director
—
discursive
distant
d istributor
distributive, distributional
disturbing, disturbed
—
dom inant
doubtful, (un)doubtable, undoubted
doubter
(adv: doubtless)
dram atist
dramatic
driver
driving
economist
economic, economical
educational, educated, educative
educator
—
(in)effective
—
(in)efficient
elected, elective, electoral, electable
elector
embarrassing, embarrassed
—
emotional
—
em phatic
employer, employee (un)employed
(un)able, disabled
—
—
courageous, encouraging
VERB
NOUN
end
endanger
energise
engineer
enjoy
entertain
enthuse
equip
evidence
examine
exceed
excel
excite
exhaust
exhibit
exist
expand
end, ending
danger
energy
engine, engineering
enjoyment
entertainment
enthusiasm
equipment
essence, essentials
evidence
examination
excess
excellence
excitement, excitability
exhaustion
exhibition, exhibit
existence
expansion, expansibility, expansiveness,
expanse
expectation, expectancy
expense(s), expensiveness
experiment, experimentation
explanation
explosion, explosiveness
exposure
expression, expressionism, expressiveness
expect
expend
experiment
explain
explode
expose
express
extend
fail
-
familiarise
fascinate -
favour
fear
fertilise
fight
finance
-
fool
extension, extensibility, extent
failure, failing
faith
fairness, fair
familiarity, familiarisation
fame, infamy
fascination
fashion
fate, fatality
favour, favourite
fear, fearfulness, fearlessness
fertilisation, fertiliser
fight, fighting
finance
fluency
foolishness
-
-
forge
forget
formalise
forgery
forgetfulness
formality, formalisation
(mis)fortune
foundation
freedom
freezer, freeze, freezing
freshness
friendship, friendliness
fright
fun
generalisation, generality
generosity, generousness
government
grace, graciousness
growth
guarantee
guide, guidance
guilt, guiltiness
happiness
hardness, hardship
harm
hatred, hatefulness
health, (un)healthiness
-
found
free
freeze
freshen
_
frighten
-
generalise
-
govern
grace
grow
guarantee
guide
-
harden
harm
hate
NOUN (person)
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
-
endless
dangerous, endangered
energetic
—
engineer
entertainer
enthusiast
-
-
enjoyable
entertaining
(un)enthusiastic
equipped
(in)essential
evident
examiner, examinee
—
-
excessive, exceeding
excellent
exciting, excited, excitable
exhausting, exhausted, (in)exhaustible
—
existent, existential
expansive, expandable, expandible
-
exhibitor
-
—
—
experimenter
—
-
expressionist
—
—
-
familiar
-
fatalist
—
—
-
fighter
financier
-
fool
foreigner
forger
-
formalist
-
founder
-
fresher
friend
-
general
—
governor, governess
-
grown-up
guarantor
guide
_
-
expectant
(in)expensive, expendable
experimental
explanatory, (in)explicable
explosive
exposed
expressive, expressional,
expressionless, expressionistic
extensive, extensible, extended
unfailing
(un)faithful, faithless
(un)fair
(un)familiar
(in)famous, famed
fascinating
(un)fashionable
fatal, fateful, fated
(un)favourable, favourite, favoured
fearful, fearless, fearsome
(in)fertile
fighting
financial
fluent
foolish
foreign
forged
forgetful, (un)forgettable
(in)formal, formalistic
(un)fortunate
—
free
frozen, freezing
fresh
(un)friendly, friendless
frightened, frightening, frightful
funny
general, generalised
(un)generous
governing, (un)governable
graceful, graceless, gracious
growing, grown
—
guiding, guided
guilty, guiltless
happy
hard, hardened, hardy
harmful, harmless
hateful
(un)healthy
Appendix 3
NOUN
heat, heater, heating
height
help, helping, helplessness
—
heroism
hesitate
hesitation
—
history
—
home
—
(dis)honesty
hope
hope
—
horizon
host, hospitalise hospital, hospitality
humanise
(in)humanity, humanism
VERB
heat
heighten
help
humour
hunger
hunt
-
ice
idealise
ignore
-
immigrate
imagine
imitate
-
impress
imprison
improve
include
individualise
influence
inform
infuriate
inhabit
injure
inspect
instruct
insure
-
intend
intensify
interest
interfere
interpret
interview
introduce
invent
investigate
invite
irritate
-
(mis)judge
-
know
-
laugh
-
lead
learn
-
lengthen
live
lighten
light
humour, humorlessness
hunger
hunting, hunt
hygiene
ice, icing
idea, idealism, idealisation
ignorance
illness
immigration
imagination, image
imitation
importance
impression, impressiveness
prison, imprisonment
improvement
inclusion, inclusiveness
individualism, individuality
influence
information
fury
—
injury
inspection
instruction
insurance, insurability
intelligence, intelligibility
intention
intensity
interest
interference
interpretation
interview
introduction
invention, inventiveness, inventory
investigation
invitation
irritation, irritant
irony
jealousy
jewel, jewellery
journal, journalism
(misjudgement
kingdom
knowledge
language, linguistics
lateness
laughter
law
leadership, leader
learning
(il)legibility
length
life, living, livelihood, liveliness
light, lightness
lighter, lighting, lightning
NOUN (person)
—
helper
hero, heroine
—
historian
—
—
-
host, hostess
humanist, human
humorist
-
hunter
hygienist
—
idealist
—
-
immigrant
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
heated, hot
high
______ _
(un)helpful, helpless
heroic
hesitant
historic, historical
homeless, homely
(dis)honest
hopeful, hopeless
horizontal
hospitable
(in)human, (in)humane,
humanitarian, humanistic
humorous, humourless
hungry
___________
—
(un)hygienic
icy, iced
ideal, idealistic
ignorant
ill
—
imaginary, (un)imaginable, (un)imaginative
imitative, imitational
—
(un)important
impressionist
(un)impressive, impressionable
prisoner
imprisoned
—
improving, improved
—
inclusive, included
individual, individualist individual, individualistic
—
influential
informer, informant
informative, (un)informed
furious, infuriated, infuriating
inhabitant
(un)inhabitable, (un)inhabited
—
injured
—
inspector
instructor
instructive, instructional
insurer
insured, insurable
—
(un)intelligent, (un)intelligible
—
(un)intentional, intended
—
intensive, intense
—
(un)interesting, (dis/un)interested
—
interfering
interpreter
interpretive
interviewer, interviewee —
—
introductory
inventor
inventive
investigator
investigative
—
inviting, (un)invited
—
irritated, irritating, irritable
—
ironic, ironical
jealous
jeweller
jewelled
journalist
journalistic
judge
judicious, judgemental
—
king
knowledgeable,(un)knowing,(un)known
linguist
linguistic
late
laughable
lawyer
(un)lawful, lawless, (il)legal
leader
leading
learner
(un)learned
(il)legible
long, lengthy
lively, alive, living, live
light
lit
-
imitator
A p p e n d ix 3
VERB
(dis)like
-
(un)lock
—
loosen
lose
love
-
luxuriate
mechanise
maintain
major
manage
manufacture
marry
-
mature
measure
medicate
—
memorise
—
-
miss
mix
modernise
-
mother
-
mount
move
murder
—
mystify
nationalise
naturalise
necessitate
—
—
normalise
notice
numerate
—
(dis)obey
object
oblige
observe
occupy
offend
operate
—
oppose
optimise
(dis)organise
originate
own
—
paint
—
participate
—
-
pay . . .
NOUN
likelihood
liking, (dis)like
(il)literacy, literature
lock, locker, locket
logic, logistics
looseness
loss
love, loveliness
luck
luxury, luxuriousness
machine, mechanics, mechanism,
mechanisation, machinery
maintenance
majority
management, manageability
manufacturing
marriage
mathematics
(im)maturity, maturation
measurement, measure
medicine, medication, medicament
membership
memory, memorial, memorisation
minority
misery, miserableness
miss
mixer, mixture
modernity, modernism, modernisation
month
motherhood
motor
mountain, mountaineering
movement
murder
music, musical
mystery
nation, nationalisation, nationality
nature, naturalisation, naturalness
necessity, necessaries
neighbourhood, neighbourliness
nerve, nervousness
noise
norm, normality, normalisation
notice
number, numeration, numerator
nutrition, nutrient, nutriment
(dis)obedience
object, objection, objective, objectivity
obligation
observation, observatory
occupation
offence, offensiveness
operation
opportunity, opportunism
opposition
optimism
(dis)organisation, organiser
origin, originality, origination
ownership
pain
painting, paint
parenthood, parentage
participation
partnership
(im)patience
payment
peace, peacefulness
NOUN (person)
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
mechanic
(un)likely
likeable
(il)literate, literal, literary
(un)locked
(il)logical
loose
lost
lovable, (un)lovely, loving, unloved
(un)lucky, luckless
luxurious, luxuriant
mechanical, mechanistic
-
—
major
manager(-ess)
manufacturer
major
managing, manageable
manufacturing
married
mathematical
(im)mature
(im)measurable
medical, medicinal, medicated
—
—
—
logician
—
loser
lover
-
-
mathematician
-
medic
member
-
minor
-
n
modernist
-
mother
motorist
mountaineer
-
murderer
musician
-
nationalist
naturalist
-
neighbour
—
—
—
—
-
objector
—
observer
occupant, occupier
offender
operator
opportunist
-
optimist
organiser
originator
owner
-
painter
parent
participant
partner
-
payer, payee
-
memorable, memorial
minor
miserable
missing
mixed
modern, modernistic
monthly
motherly, motherless
motor
mountainous
(im)movable, moving
murderous
musical
mysterious, mystic, mystical
national, nationalistic
(un)natural, naturalistic
(un)necessary
neighbouring, neighbourly
nervous
noisy, noiseless
(ab)normal
noticeable, unnoticed
numberless, numerous, numerical,
numeral, (in)numerate, innumerable
nutritious, nutritional, nutritive
(dis)obedient
objective, objectionable
obliging, obligatory, obligated, obliged
observant
occupational, (un)occupied
(in)offensive
operational, (in)operative, (in)operable
(in)opportune, opportunistic
opposite, opposable, opposing
optimistic
organisational, (dis/un)organised
original
-
painful, painless
painted
parental
—
-
(im)patient
paying, payable
peaceful
Appendix 3
VERB
NOUN
NOUN (person)
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
perfect
perform
permit
persist
impersonate,
personalise, personify
persuade
photograph
perfectionism, (im)perfection
performance
permission, permissiveness
persistence
person, personality, personnel,
personification, impersonation
persuasion, persuasiveness
pessimism
photograph, photography
physics
play
(dis)pleasure
poetry, poem
poison
politics, policy
pollution, pollutant
popularity
population
possession
(im)possibility
power, powerfulness
practice, practising, practicality
prediction, predictability
preference, preferment
preparation
presentation
prevention
price
pride
privacy, privatisation
procedure, proceeds
product, production, produce,
productivity
profession, professionalism,
professorship
promotion
protection
(dis)proof
psyche, psychology
publishing, publication
punishment
pursuit
(dis)qualification
quiet, quietness
rain
rapidity
reaction, reactor
reality, realisation, realism
reason, reasoning
rebellion
reception, receiver, receptiveness
recognition
reduction
reference
reflection, reflector, reflex
refreshment
regulation
rejection, reject
relation, relationship
relaxation
(un)reliability, reliance
relief
religion, religiousness
remark
rental
repetition
replacement
report, reportage
perfectionist
performer
(im)perfect, perfectible
performing
(im)permissible, permissive
persistent
(im)personal, personable, personified
-
play
(dis)please
-
poison
politicise
pollute
popularise
populate
possess
-
power, empower
practise
predict
prefer
prepare
present
prevent
price
pride
privatise
proceed
produce
profess
promote
protect
(dis)prove
-
publish
punish
pursue
(dis)qualify
quieten
rain
-
react
realise
reason
rebel
receive
recognise
reduce
refer
reflect
refresh
regulate
reject
relate
relax
rely
relieve
-
remark
rent
repeat
replace
report
—
-
—
-
pessimist
photographer
physicist, physician
player
-
poet
-
politician
-
people
possessor
—
-
practitioner
—
—
presenter
—
—
private
—
producer
professor,
professional
promoter
protector
—
psychologist
publisher
punisher
pursuer
persuasive
pessimistic
photographic
physical
playful, playable
(dis)pleased, (un)pleasant, pleasurable
poetic, poetical
poisonous
(im)politic, political
polluted, polluting
(un)popular
populated
possessive, possessed
(im)possible
powerful, powerless, powered
(im)practical, (im)practicable, practised
(un)predictable, predictive
preferable, preferential
(un)prepared, preparatory
presentable, presentational
preventive, preventable
precious, priceless, pricey
proud
private
procedural
(un)productive
professional, professorial
promotional
protective
provable, proven
psychological
—
punishment, punishable
—
(dis/un)qualified
quiet
rainy
—
rapid
—
reactionary, reactive
realist
(un)real, (un)realistic
—
(un)reasonable, reasoned
rebel
rebellious
receptionist, recipient receptive
—
(un)recognisable
—
reducible, reductive
referee
referential, referable
reflective, reflexive
—
refreshing
regulator
regulatory
reject
rejected
relative
related, relative, (ir)relevant
relaxing, relaxed
—
(un)reliable, reliant
relieved
religious
—
(un)remarkable
—
-
.
—
-
replacement
reporter
—
repetitive, repeated, repeatable, repetitious
(ir)replaceable
reported
Appendix 3
VERB
NOUN
represent
reproduce
require
research
reside
resist
respect
respond
retire
revise
risk
rob
sadden
save, safeguard
(dis)satisfy
representation
reproduction
requirement
research
residence, residency
resistance, resistor
respect, respectability
response, responsibility
retirement
revision
risk
robbery
sadness
safety, safe, safeguard, saving(s)
(dis)satisfaction
scene, scenery
scholarship
science
secret, secrecy
security
sight
sense, sensitivity, sensibility,
serving, service
settlement
shame
shop, shopping
shortness, shortage
sickness, sickliness
signature
significance
(dis)similarity
song, singing
skill
sleep
society, socialism, socialisation
-
secure
see
sense
serve
settle
shame
shop
shorten
sicken
sign .....................
signify
-
sing
-
sleep
socialise
-
solve
speak
specialise
spectate
spend
sponsor
stabilise
starve
sterilise
store
straighten
-
strengthen
succeed
suffice
suggest
suit
sum, summarise
-
survive
suspect
symbolise
sympathise
talk
taste
-
tend
terrorise, terrify
thank
thicken
solitude, solitariness
solution, solubility, solvent
speech, speaking
speciality, specialty, specialisation
spectacle, spectacles
spending
sponsorship
(in)stability, stabilisation, stabiliser
starvation
sterilisation, sterility
store(s), storage
straightness
strangeness
strength
success, succession
(in)sufficiency
suggestion
suit, suitability
sum, summary
sun
survival
suspicion
symbol, symbolism
sympathy
talk
taste
technique, technicality
technology
tendency
terror
thanks, thanklessness
thickness
NOUN (person)
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
representative
(un)representative, representational
reproductive
required
-
researcher
resident
-
respecter
—
-
revisionist
—
robber
-
saver, saviour
—
-
scholar
scientist
—
-
sensualist
server, servant
settler
—
shopper
—
-
singer
-
sleeper
socialite, socialist,
sociologist
-
speaker
specialist
spectator
spender
sponsor
—
—
-
—
residential
resistant, resisting, (ir)resistible
respectable, respectful, respective
(ir)responsible, responsive
retiring, retired
revised, revisory
risky
-
sad
(un)safe, savable
(dis)satisfied, (un)satisfactory, satisfying
scenic
scholastic
scientific
secret, secretive
(in)secure
sighted, sightless
(in)sensible, senseless, (in)sensitive
-
unsettling, (un)settled
shameful, shameless, ashamed
shopping
short
sick, sickly, sickening
signed
(in)significant
(dis)similar
singing
(un)skilful, (un)skilled
sleepy, sleepless
(un)social, (un)sociable
solitary
(in)soluble, (in)solvent
(un)spoken, speechless, unspeakable
special, specialised
spectacular
—
sponsored
(un)stable
starved, starving
sterile
-
—
—
straight
strange
strong
(un)successful, successive, succeeding
(in)sufficient
suggested, suggestive
(un)suitable
summary
sunny
surviving
suspicious
symbolic, symbolical
(un)sympathetic
talkative
tasteful, tasty, tasteless
technical
technological
stranger
-
successor
—
—
-
survivor
suspect
—
sympathiser
talker
taster
technician
technologist
-
—
terroriser
terrifying, terrified, terrific
thankful, thankless
thick, thickening
-
Appendix 3
VERB
NOUN
NOUN (person)
thirst
think
thirst
thought, thinking
thinker
threaten
thrill
tire
tolerate
toughen
threat
thrill, thriller
tiredness
(in)tolerance, toleration
toughness
tradition, traditionalism
train
training
transform
transformation, transformer
(mis)treat
(mis)treatment, treatise, treaty
(dis)trust
(dis)trust, trustworthiness
truth, truthfulness
typing
type
(mis)understand (mis)understanding
unite
unity, union, unit
universe, universality
use
usage, usability
value
value, valuation, valuables
vary
variety, variation, variant, variance, variable
victimise
victim, victimisation
violate
violence, violation
vision, visibility
visit
visit
warm
warmth, warmness
warn
warning
weaken
weakness
wealth
week
weigh
weight
widen
width
will
will, (un)willingness
wise
wisdom
wonder
wonder
work
work, works
worth, worthlessness, worthiness
year
youth
—
—
—
—
traditionalist
trainer, trainee
—
—
trustee
—
typist
—
—
user
valuer
-
victim
violator
visionary
visitor
-
ADJECTIVE (+opposite)
thirsty
thoughtful, thoughtless, thinking,
unthinkable
threatening, threatened
thrilling, thrilled
tired, tiring, tireless, tiresome
(in)tolerant, (in)tolerable
tough
traditional
trained, trainable
transforming
(un)treatable
(dis)trustful, trustworthy
(un)true, (un)truthful
typed
understandable, understanding
united
universal
useful, useless, (un)usable, (mis)used
(in)valuable, valueless, valued
various, variable, varied
—
violent
visionary, (in)visible
visiting
warm
—
—
weakling
weak
wealthy
weekly
weighty, weightless
wide
(un)willing, wilful
wise
wonderful
working, workable
worthy, worthless, worthwhile
yearly
young
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
worker
—
—
youngster
Teacher's Notes
Teacher's Wotes
Use of English B2 for the FCE E xam in atio n a n d other exam s is intended fo r B2 level students. A part from th o ro u g h ly
preparing students fo r all exams, this book also system atically teaches English gram m ar and vocabulary. The texts included
are based on a va rie ty of interesting and m otiva ting topics w hich are com m only found in exam inations.
The m aterial included in the book is g radually presented and practised in 12 units (Units 1-4,6-9 and 11-14) and consolidated
and revised in units 5,10 and 15. All 15 units include exercises w hich are in accordance w ith the FCE Exam ination and the
ECCE form at, w hile the Final FCE and Final ECCE Tests provide students w ith fu rth e r practice and fam iliarise them fu lly w ith
the C am bridge FCE Use of English Paper and the Gram m ar and Vocabulary sections of the ECCE.
Each o f the units 1-4, 6-9 and 11-14 has been divid ed in to tw o sections. The firs t section m ainly focuses on gram m ar.
Collocations, expressions, prepositional phrases, phrasal verbs and w ords w ith prepositions are presented and practised
th ro ug h exercises. These exercises enable students to id e n tify the syntactic and sem antic features o f the item s introduced
and see how they are used in m eaningful contexts. Appendices I and II alphabetically present all prepositional phrases and
w ords w ith prepositions w hich are introduced in the book.
In section 1 some gram m atical structures are also revised by means of a num ber of exercises. Although these exercises do not
follow the exact exam ination form at, they practise sentence transform ation and te xt com pletion, thus preparing the ground
fo r the corresponding parts of the FCE Use of English Paper and the ECCE Gram m ar section. Some basic rules are given in
the form of ‘Points to Remember' accom panied by illu strative examples w hich h ig h lig h t the co rrect gram m atical structures
as well as some mistakes co m m only made by students. Finally, the m ost com m on sentence transform ations related to the
gram m atical structures explained are presented. For fu rth e r explanations, students can refer to the corresponding part of
the special Gram m ar Revision Section at the end of the book.
The firs t section o f each u nit ends w ith a sub-section called exam ination practice. This includes tw o exercises w hich have
a sim ilar fo rm a t to FCE Use o f English Gram m ar and Vocabulary and ECCE tasks and test a selection of the items th a t have
already been introduced in the unit.
The second section o f each o f the units 1-4,6-9 and 11-14 m ainly focuses on vocabulary. In this section, seven to nine groups
of w ords th a t are easily confused are presented and practised through a num ber of m ultiple m atching/sentence com pletion
exercises. D efinitions w hich h ig h lig h t the differences between the words in each group are given in the special Vocabulary
Section at the end of the book.
The second section of each u nit ends w ith a sub-section called exam ination practice. This includes tw o exercises w hich test
a selection of the item s th a t have already been introduced in the unit.
Section 2 also includes a sub-section focusing on derivatives. In each unit, a num ber o f com m on prefixes and/or suffixes
added to verb, noun or adjective roots is discussed and b rief rules accom panied by illu stra tive tables and exam ples are
given. This is follow ed by an exercise practising the patterns ta ught. A ppendix III presents all derivatives dealt w ith in the
book + m ore in alphabetical order.
The syllabus of the book includes all the m aterial that is com m only required fo r Paper 3 of the FCE Examination as well as fo r
ECCE and other exams and should be mastered by students at this level. Despite its com prehensiveness, this book cannot
be regarded as exhaustive, as it is possible th a t a few items not included in it may be set in fu tu re exam inations.
Use of English B2 fo r the FCE Exam ination and other exam s has been s p e c ific a lly designed to be co m p le te d in
a pp ro xim a tely fo rty -fiv e teaching hours, provided th a t some o f its parts are assigned as hom ew ork. It is recom m ended
that m ost of the exam ination practice sub-sections and consolidation units should be assigned as hom ew ork and discussed
in class.
The G ram m ar Review, V ocabulary Notes and Appendices at the end o f the book are m eant to be used by students fo r
reference, although some parts may have to be explained in class by the teacher. The section including the exam tips should
be explained in class, though, before the firs t Consolidation Unit is done. A fter com pleting each Consolidation Unit, teachers
should do the corresponding photocopiable Revision Test in class allow ing students about one hour and fifte e n m inutes
to com plete it.
SECTION 1(FCE format)
For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. There is an
example at the beginning (0).
-z& r Example: 0
A for
® to
c of
D on
ALTERNATIVE FAST FOOD
It is generally agreed upon th a t fast food is a great solution ( 0 ) ______
to
the problem of w hat to
eat. However, it’s ( 1 ) __________________________ as less n utritio n a l than a healthy meal, which is w hat growing children
need. For years, n u tritio n ists have been try in g to get children into the ( 2 ) __________________________ of eating healthy
food. W ithout a doubt, this has not been easy, (3)
in m ind th at they have had to com pete
w ith num erous fast food restaurants which are very popular w ith young people.
N utritionists have lately ( 4 ) __________________________ up w ith an idea which could prove to be successful. This
involves ( 5 ) __________________________ children how to cook and in the process to enjoy the taste of fresh food.
In the long run, this may keep them ( 6 ) __________________________ fast food. There are already a num ber of school
projects th ro u g h o u t Britain th a t are experim enting w ith the idea. They begin by m aking vegetarian pizza ( 7 ) __________________________ the dough and the topping. Many children were ( 8 ) _______________________
w ith
th eir own home-made pizzas. When they compared th e ir pizzas w ith ready-made ones, the differences were
noticeable. They found the latter greasy and not ( 9 ) __________________________ delicious as the home-made ones.
Throughout the lessons, the children learn about q ua lity and become skilful in the differen t techniques
( 1 0 ) __________________________ in cooking. They become interested in cooking and (11)___________________________
they even learn how to look after them selves by eating n u tritio u s food.
Finally, n u tritio n ists would like to get children cooking at home, too. It may be messy, but, it’s also a(n)
(1 2 )__________________________ for parents to spend q u a lity tim e w ith th e ir children.
1
A regarded
B observed
C noticed
D recognised
2
A custom
B habit
C routine
D trend
3
A staying
B getting
C keeping
D holding
4
A come
B caught
C gone
D got
5
A learning
B teaching
C studying
D facing
6
A o ff
B back
C out of
D up w ith
7
A neither
B both
C all
D either
8
A enthusiastic
B astonished
C impressed
D keen
9
A much
B as
C even
D more
10
A respected
B included
C involved
D addicted
11
A in no tim e
B at tim es
C on tim e
D is .ime
12
A am bition
B position
C o p p o rtu n ity
D reduction
Revision test I
For questions 13*24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning CO).
HUMMlftCMON
Many cultures, ( 0 ) ___________ such __________ as the Incas, the Australian
Aborigines and the ancient Egyptians practised the custom of
m um m ifyin g th e ir dead. M um m ification dates as far back
(1 3 )__________________________ 3 0 0 0 BC, and it was the ancient Egyptians
w ho carried (1 4 )__________________________ the process m ost often and
m ost thoroughly.
There were various ways of m um m ifying a body. The best method was also
the (1 5 )__________________________tim e-consum ing and took about seventy
days.
(1 6 )__________________________ m ethod involved opening up the body and
rem oving the internal organs, (1 7 )__________________________ were placed
in jars. Spices and resin were then placed in the body. Such a
burial was very expensive and only (1 8 )__________________________
rich could afford it. A cheaper way was to soak the
(1 9 )__________________________ body in chemicals fo r fo ur to five weeks.
However, ( 2 0 ) __________________________ methods required the body to be
wrapped in many layers of bandages. As (2 1 )__________________________ as
the body was wrapped up, it was placed in a coffin which was In the shape
of a mummy, and then in a second coffin made of wood, stone or
even gold. As the process was considered holy, the knowledge
( 2 2 ) __________________________ how to m um m ify a body was
reserved for only a ( 2 3 ) __________________________ people and
( 2 4 ) __________________________ step was accompanied by prayers.
M
Revision test I
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word
that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (O).
HOLIDAY NEEDS
Summer is in the air and it’s only ( 0 ) __
(2 5 )_______________________
n a tu ra l
for people to feel good and
NATURE
ENTHUSIASM
about going on holiday. Everyone needs to relax and get away, so they
try to use their (26)
leave in the best possible way.
YEAR
Some people find it (27)
___ to stay at a holiday resort and have everything done
LOGIC
for them. Of course, if you are (28)
_____________ , money is not an issue whatsoever. A more
WEALTH
(29)
to be much more (30)
alternative would be a camping holiday, which many people consider
ECONOMICS
_________________ and challenging. Exploring nature as well as relaxing
ADVENTURE
(31 )
in the mountains is a great way to recharge your batteries,
PEACE
(32 )
to say, getting away and escaping from your routine reduces stress. Any
NEED
(33 )
w ill tell you of the benefits a holiday offers. So, even if you have to
PSYCHOLOGY
(34 )
in order to afford a holiday, do it. In the end, it's w orth it!
ECONOMY
For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word
given. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Example: 0
When I was younger, I played tennis every Sunday.
used
When I was younger, I ___________________ used to p la y
_tennis every Sunday.
35 Both houses are fa irly new, b ut John's is m ore m odern than ours,
the
Both houses are fa irly new, but John's is _______________
the two.
36 The com pany has o nly tw o em ployees and they both w ork part-tim e,
neither
The com pany has o nly tw o em ployees,____________________
works
full-tim e.
37 John had never fe lt so proud of his work.
tim e
It was th e _________________________________________________
.so proud o f his work.
38 She inherited her fa th e r’s fo rtu n e six m onths ago.
came
It has been six m o n th s _________________
.h e r father's fortune.
39 Jack hadn't had Chinese food fo r weeks and yesterday he ordered some,
w hich
Yesterday Jack ordered some Chinese fo o d ,___________________
for
weeks.
4 0 I w ill investigate the m atter and then I w ill give you my opinion.
in to
I w ill give you m y o p in io n _____________________________________
the matter.
41 How long have you been exercising at home?
w orking W hen_____________________________
at home?
42 She always takes her cred it card w ith her w herever she goes,
never
She_________________________
her cred it card.
Revision test I
SECTION 2 (ECCE format)
Grammar
Choose the correct answer.
1. My best frie n d _____________ over for dinner tonight.
6 . 1_____________ dinner yet and I'm starving.
a. comes
b. is coming
a. haven't
b. haven't had
c. will have come
d. has been coming
c. don't have
d. hadn't
2. That's the island______
___we spent our vacation
last year.
a. that
b. which
c. where
d. whom
3. H ardly_____________noticed that she had left.
a.anybody
b. nobody
c. somebody
d. everybody
4. When the bomb w e n t_____________ , there were a lot of
7. Kelly is _____________ interested in photography.
a. a lot
b. enough
c. far
d. very
8. We went cam ping _____________ the mountains. It was
very relaxing to be so close to nature.
a. at
b . in
c. up
d. by
9. The apartment in _____________ he lives is on the fifth
people in the department store but luckily no one was
floor.
injured.
a. that
b. where
c. which
d. whose
a. out
b. over
c. through
d. off
10. After he lost his job, he has been living on very
money, but it doesn't seem to bother
5. The baby had a temperature yesterday and today it
him.
is _____________ .
a. badly
c. badlier
b. worse
a. few
b. a few
d. worst
c. a little
d. little
Vocabulary
Choose the correct answer.
1. Who's the leading actor in this movie? I can't
6. “ It’s cold in here.”
“ Should I _______
his name.
a. remind
b. recognise
c. recall
d. memorise
2. It took Julie quite some tim e to ____________ .to terms
. you a sweater to put on?”
a. get
b. deliver
c. carry
d. approach
7. The firm I work for has over five hundred _____________ .
with the fact that she wouldn't go to work again after
a. employers
b. colleagues
she retired.
c. attendants
d. employees
a. come
b. get
c. reach
d. go
3. T o _____________ an interpreter, you need to be fluent
in at least two languages.
a. grow
b. become
c. arise
d. involve
4. I didn’t like my boss in the beginning, but I soon got
to his strange ways.
a. accustomed
b. familiar
c. aware
d. addicted
5. Caroline is r e a lly _____________of children. She says
that when she grows up, she’ll have at least four.
a. fond
b. interested
c. eager
d. keen
8. There was a _____________ of lightning and it suddenly
started pouring with rain.
a. clap
b. bunch
c. flash
d. flock
9. Steve went through a red traffic light, and he was lucky
t o _____________ with only a fine.
a. getaw ay
b. ca rry o u t
c. come round
d. go ahead
10. People who are colour-blind c a n n o t_____________
between green and red.
a. associate
b. depart
c. differ
d. distinguish
1
For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. There is an
example at the beginning (0).
Example: 0
A believe
B regard
C think
(D )consider
KILLER PLANTS
consider
People (0)
all plants to be harmless. But th a t is not the case w ith carnivorous plants,
otherw ise known as kille r plants.
Carnivorous plants are every insect's nightm are, as the insect cannot (1)
the colour
o f the plant and the sweet liquid on the inside of its leaves. However, once it has landed, sensitive hairs
on the leaves signal the plant to pum p a small am ount o f w ater around the leaves, w hich makes them p artially
( 2 ) __________________________ . By this tim e, the insect has ( 3 ) __________________________ it is in trouble, because the
hairs on the edges of the leaves have form ed bars which trap the insect inside. ( 4 ) __________________________, there is
little chance of the insect (5)
Carnivorous plants th rive in areas where the soil is poor. (6)
the
( 7 ) __________________________ supply of nutrients, they get w hat they require from live insects. Among the plants
of this category is the Venus flytrap, native to North and South Carolina, USA. It produces small w hite flowers and its
leaves consist ( 8 ) __________________________ tw o b rig h t lobes. It is ( 9 ) ___________________________ th a t one Venus
fly tra p w ill eat around five thousand flies in its lifetim e. If necessary, it w ill even consume small spiders.
Surprisingly, the largest prey are ( 1 0 ) __________________________ to have been found in traps in the tropics.
Carnivorous plants there have captured animals the size of birds or small rodents.
So, here’s a word of (11)__________________________ . Don’t (12)
a mistake and tease a
fly tra p w ith your finger. You m ight not get it back!
m p
S
j k
1
A refuse
B deny
C resist
D reject
2
A to close
B to be closed
C close
D closing
3
A realised
B recognised
c known
D agreed
4
A On second thoughts
B In vain
c On the contrary
D Under these circum stances
5
A to escape
B escape
c escaping
D to escaping
6
A As for
B Because of
c As well as
D Regardless of
7
A short
B shortage
c inadequate
D lack
8
A of
B w ith
c from
D in
9
A guessed
B estim ated
c predicted
D assumed
10
A announced
B presented
c com m ented
D reported
11
A instruction
B tip
c direction
D advice
12
A perform
B make
c do
D try
Revision test II
For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
TIMES ARE CH AN G IN G
The tw e n tie th ce n tu ry is believed to ( 0 ) __________ nuvt-___________been
a century of technological advances, when many changes were made,
w hich have dram atically affected people's lives. Take, for instance, life
expectancy. Until the nineteenth century, people lived till the age of
th irty-five (1 3 )__________________________ average. Growing
(14 )
in unhealthy living conditions,
Sack of good quality food and hard work, all co ntributed
(15 )
low life expectancy.
(16 )
big change concerns people's homes
and way of life. Families once had to settle fo r the bare essentials. Large
extended fam ilies lived toge th er in small houses. Nowadays, our houses
are bigger and better; extended fam ilies have been replaced by nuclear
families; and both parents w ork long hours.
Transport has come a (1 7 )__________________________ way, too. The car
has replaced earlier means of transport, and public tran spo rt has also
been im proved. As a (1 8 )__________________________ , travel tim e has
decreased drastically and people have (1 9 )__________________________
brought closer together.
However, all this progress has come at ( 2 0 ) __________________________
cost. We live in a m odern world and our life has been made easier,
(21 )
stress and anxiety are m ajor health
concerns. Family ties are not as strong as they used to be, as parents
w ork hard to afford all the luxuries, which nowadays are considered to
(22 )
necessities. Last but not
(23 )
, cars and other means of tran spo rt cause
congestion and pollution.
It is clear th at a balance ( 2 4 ) __________________________ to be found
before the situation gets out of hand.
M
Revision test II
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word
that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A HOLIDAY OFFER
It's summ er and everybody is looking forward to (0)
£ e ttin B
GET
_away to a holiday place
where they can enjoy their favourite ( 2 5 ) __________
__________ .But are you one of those people
ACTIVE
whose anxiety levels reach new ( 2 6 ) _______________
______ every tim e you think about organising
HIGH
your holidays? If you are ( 2 7 )_____________________
w ith w hat is available, don't feel frustrated and
SATISFY
(28 )
. We are here to find the right place for you and make your life
HELP
(29 )
and more relaxed. Whether you dream of a holiday in the m ountains to
EASY
enjoy the (30)
QUIET
of nature, or you like the busy resorts that offer people a
(31)__________
VARIOUS
of things to do, come and see us!
We (32)
SPECIAL
__ in making your dreams come true. No one can deny the
(3 3 )___
IMPORTANT
of being able to get away from your daily routine and going to a place
that is to your (34)
SATISFY
_____________ . So why don't you take the tim e to consider our offer?
For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word
given. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Example: 0
When I was younger, I played tennis every Sunday.
used
When I was younger, I _______________
used to p la y
.te n n is every Sunday.
35 An optician m ust test yo u r eyesight as soon as possible,
tested
You n e e d _________________________________
. as soon as possible.
36 Kate, I suggest we go cam ping this summer,
how
Kate,_____________________________
this summer?
37 It was w rong of you to cheat him out of his money,
should
Y ou___________
out of his money.
38 They made me refuse the offer,
down
I ________________
. the offer.
39 He still finds it d iffic u lt to drive on the right-hand side of the road.
get
He can't.
_ driving on the right-hand side of the road.
4 0 Could I in te rru p t you fo r a mom ent?
my
W o u ld ____________________
______fo r a mom ent?
41 They don’t let people take photographs in the a rt gallery,
allowed
P eople________________________________________
______ photographs in the a rt gallery.
42 He was not able to com plete the application fo rm on his own.
in
He was inca pa ble __________________________________
own.
_________________the application form on his
Revision test II
SECTION 2 (ECCE format)
Grammar
Choose the correct answer.
1. It was kind of y o u _________
. my daughter home
after the party.
6. We
. either eat out or order takeout. What
do you prefer?
a. to bring
b. bring
c. bringing
d. to bringing
2. When Tom looked a t _____________in the mirror, he
a. should
b. could
c. would
d. have to
7. The new mayor has a rep uta tio n_____
noticed that his eyes were red.
corrupted, but that’s far from the truth,
a. him
b. himself
a. of
b. on
c. his
d. he
c. about
d. for
3. Now that she's moved to the suburbs, she misses
by her friends.
. being
8. After the alarm went off, a man was seen
down the stairs quickly and leaving the building,
a. to be visited
b. have been visited
c. being visited
d. been visited
4. If the day tu rn s _____________ wet, we may have to
change our plans.
a. walk
b. walking
c. to walk
d. to walking
9. Samantha could have been an excellent musician but
she hasn’t made good use_____________her talents.
a. up
b. into
c. on
d. out
5. She decided to let th e m _____________for the night
a . to
b . for
c. of
d.on
10. Did they finally get their washing machine
?
though she didn’t want to.
a. to stay
b. staying
a. repair
b. to repair
c. stay
d. have stayed
c. repairing
d. repaired
Vocabulary
Choose the correct answer.
1. Cathy got a speeding_________
for exceeding the
6. When Mary’s grandmother died, she came into some
_ jewels.
speed limit.
a. fee
b. fare
c. ticket
d. receipt
2. John is a very talented writer. His books have gained
a. priceless
b. worthless
c. insufficient
d. available
7. Jenny is a _____________secretary; she never makes
several lite ra ry _____________ .
mistakes and I have complete trust in her.
a. donations
b. rewards
a. convenient
b. spare
c. prices
d. prizes
c. reliable
d. usable
3. “ Look at that awful stain on my new dress! What would
8. We decided t o _____________ the best of the situation
y o u _____________for removing this ink stain?”
and have our picnic despite the awful weather.
a. recommend
b. consult
a. do
b. make
c. propose
d. confess
c. give
d. take
4. “ You should keep in mind that a car_____________
9. “What tim e are you planning t o _____________ on your
servicing regularly, otherwise you’ll have problems
trip tomorrow?”
with it.”
“ We haven’t decided yet.”
a. inquires
b. requests
a. set off
b. turn on
c. requires
d. commands
c. make for
d. run along
5. The residents_____________to having a mall built in
their neighbourhood,
10. “ Don’t be so
________to your brother! He just
wanted to play with you and you kicked him!"
a. rejected
b. disapproved
a. jealous
b. relevant
c. resisted
d. objected
c. mean
d. upset
M
Revision TestIII
For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. There is an
example at the beginning (O).
Example: 0
A harm
B injure
C hurt
D suffer
SUM M ER IN TH E CITY
Sum mer is a w on de rful season because it means sun, beaches and having fun. However, sum m er in the city can make
s u ffe r ______________ . a m ixture of airborne gases and heat can (1 ) __________________________ som ething
one (0)
of a m ini-greenhouse effect, w hich is ( 2 ) ______________________
to our health. This, in turn, brings
( 3 ) __________________________ a rise in tem perature, m aking it essential to seek (4)
in an
air-conditioned building. Some cities even have the added problem of smog. This, com bined w ith the heat makes
conditions unbearable.
Asthm atics, w ho are considered to be more ( 5 ) __________________________ during the sum m er season, are the ones who
are ( 6 ) __________________________ the m ost by these conditions and th e ir lives are often ( 7 ) _____________________ _ _ .
It is therefore im p o rta n t th a t these people (8)
. going o ut when p ollutio n levels are high.
According to official records, the increase in tem perature coincides w ith a higher num ber o f deaths. Twenty percent
more people die from heart attacks or are killed in car accidents.However, there is hope fo r c ity dwellers. Experts say
th a t the situation can be ( 9 ) __________________________ if we pay more ( 1 0 ) ___________________________ to looking after
our environm ent. One step w ould be to (11)
which produce to xic emissions. Even (1 2 )__
the num ber of vehicles and lim it heavy industry,
dark-coloured roofs w ith lighter-coloured ones can
cause a drop in tem perature o f up to 4 ° Celcius.
1
A result
B gain
C remain
D create
2
A w rong
B suspicious
C harm ful
D serious
3
A up
B about
C round
D along
4
A rescue
B guard
C shelter
D caution
5
A sensitive
B sensational
C sensible
D influenced
6
A affected
B attacked
C obliged
D appealed
7
A warned
B risked
C damaged
D endangered
8
A o m it
B avoid
C ban
D prevent
9
A im proved
B progressed
C recovered
D saved
10
A care
B caution
C interest
D attention
11
A dem olish
B lower
C reduce
D destroy
12
A exchanging
B urging
C advancing
D replacing
Revision test III
For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
AN INTERVIEW
WITH A CHALET COOK
W orking as a chalet cook at a ski resort is the p erfect o p p o rtu n ity to
com bine cooking ( 0 ) ___________ zvith _________ skiing - at least that's
w hat Victoria Kent th ou gh t. She (1 3 )__________________________ up a post
as a chalet cook in the French Alps last year but d id n ’t get to see m uch of
the slopes.
First of all, she had to prepare a considerable am ount of food every day.
In (1 4 )__________________________ to buying all the food and preparing it,
Victoria had to tid y up the chalet and make sure e verything ran smoothly.
(1 5 )__________________________ the job appeared exciting and easy at
first, it soon became apparent th at this wasn't the case. Victoria had to
w ork hard (1 6 )__________________________ th a t she could cope. Since she
d idn't have any help, she had to take (1 7 )__________________________ of
everything by herself. She'd rather fo rg et the tim e the dishwasher was out
of (1 8 )__________________________ for a week and the inconvience th at it
had caused her.
On top (1 9 )__________________________ it being hard work, the pay
wasn't the best either. Victoria earned only £150 a week and
was, therefore, unable to save up much. At tim es she wondered
( 2 0 ) __________________________ it was w orth it and often th o u g h t of
giving it (2 1 )__________________________ , and going home. But, all
(22 )
all, Victoria adm itted having gained
invaluable experience which b uilt up her character. When asked if she
(23 )
go back, she replied th a t she would,
(24 )
th a t she worked w ith others and shared
the responsibility.
Revision test III
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word
that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (O).
Mata Hari
Margaretha Zelle was a well known (0)
e n te rta in e r
_at the beginning of the 20th century.
ENTERTAIN
Her sensational Eastern-style (2 5 )____
. made her famous throughout Europe.
PERFORM
But who was Margaretha Zelle? She was an (26)
_____________ woman who was born in the
ATTRACT
Netherlands, but lived in the ( 2 7 )_____________
( 2 8 ) ____________________
FRANCE
_capital for most o f her adult life. She gave
the stage name Mata Hari, which literally means ‘eye of the day’, and is
HER
EXPRESS
a Malayan ( 2 9 ) ____________________
_________ used to describe the sun. She was extrem ely successful and
before long became very wealthy.
Her good fortune ended during World War I. The (30)
___________________ in Paris accused her of
GOVERN
being responsible for handing over documents to the (31)_______________________ . However, her
GERMANY
(32 )
to prove her innocence had serious consequences. She was sentenced to
FAIL
(33 )
and was consequently shot by a firing squad. Till now, this
DIE
(34 )
w artim e incident remains shrouded in mystery.
PLEASE
For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word
given. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Example: 0
When I was younger, I played tennis every Sunday.
used
When I was younger, I ___________________ used to p[ay ____________________ tennis every Sunday.
35 "Don't go swim m ing on a fu ll stomach," the lifeguard said to us.
advised
The life g u a rd _____________________________________________________________ sw im m ing on a full stomach.
36 It would be foolish of us not to go shopping during the sales.
if
It w ould be foolish of u s _______________________________________________________ shopping during the sales.
37 They are saving up as they w ant to buy a new car.
view
They are saving up
a new car.
38 I don't w ant to lie to him this time,
tru th
I'd
this time.
39 "I’m sorry I shouted at you," Kelly said to me.
apologised
Kelly
at me.
4 0 A fter her illness, she wasn’t strong enough to be able to walk on her own.
so
A fter her illness, she
couldn't walk on her own.
41 You can use the telephone if it works.
not
You can use the telephone provided
order.
42 In spite of m aking a lot of mistakes, she passed the test,
even
She passed the test
a lot of mistakes.
Revision test III
SECTION 2 (ECCE format)
Grammar
Choose the correct answer.
1.
the heavy rain, all flights were cancelled,
a. Because
b. Since
c. Due to
d. As
6. He’s always boasting
success at school,
2. Susan made a wish and then she blew
the candles on her birthday cake,
a. up
b. over
c. out
d.away
3.
a. for
b. about
c. on
d. in
7. The teacher wanted to know w h e re _____________ .
more responsible, she wouldn’t have lost
a. did I live
b. I lived
c. do I live
d. have I lived
8. It was _____________ frightful accident that I’ll never
her job.
forget it.
a. If she would be
b. Had she been
c. would she be
d. If she has been
4. I wish you ______
his children’s
making so much noise! I just
b. stop
c. had stopped
d. would stop
5. The burglar didn’t turn on the lights ______
a. so that not
b. so as not to
d. so as to not
c. a too
d. so
a. bought
b. have bought
c. had bought
d. buy
. Cathy tried hard, she didn’t manage to
10.
be
seen by the neighbours.
c. so that to not
b. a so
9. Would you _________
_________ a yacht if you were rich?
need to relax for a while,
a. will stop
a. such a
win the race,
a. Even though
b. In spite of
c. Despite
d. Despite of
Vocabulary
Choose the correct answer.
1. Many businesses have _____
because of the
financial crisis,
a . ended up
b. given out
c. closed down
d. dropped off
2. The hijackers kept the pilot as a _____________ on
board the plane.
a. convict
b. victim
c. hostage
d. kidnapper
3. I won’t _____________ your behaving in this way! Please
stop!
a. forbid
b. resist
c. remain
d. tolerate
4. Mary is not always _______ _____for her appointments.
She’s late at times.
a. punctual
b. sharp
c. exact
d. correct
5. A good way to ___________ _ your English is to visit an
English-speaking country,
a. decrease
b. improve
c. produce
d. recover
6. I said hello to Jill, but she
me completely.
a. neglected
b. omitted
c. cheated
d. ignored
7. A good friend should ___ ________you whatever
happens.
a. stand by
b. take after
c. let down
d. bring round
8. The two companies a re _
with each other
to gain the contract.
a. combining
b. competing
c. comparing
d. protesting
9. Lucy has been under considerable______
. lately
because she has a lot of personal problems,
a. haste
b. schedule
c. aid
d. strain
10.1think Meryl should _____________ responsibility for
the company's financial problems,
a. mind
b. pay
c. give
d. take
Key t. Revision Tests
Revision Test I (Units 1-4)
1 regarded
13 as
25 enthusiastic
35 the m ore m odern of
1 b
6 b
2 habit
14 out
26 yearly
36 neither of w hom
2 c
7 d
3 keeping
15 m ost
27 logical
37 firs t tim e John had fe lt
3 a
8 b
4 come
16 This
28 w ealthy
38 since she came into
4 d
9 c
5 teaching
17 w hich
29 econom ical
39 w hich he hadn't had
5 b
10 d
6 off
18 the
3 0 adventurous
4 0 when 1look/have looked into
7 both
19 w hole/dead
31 peacefully
41 did you sta rt w orking out
8 impressed
2 0 both/these
32 needless
42 never goes anyw here w ith o u t
1c
6 a
9 as
21 soon
33 psychologist
2 a
7 d
10 involved
22 of
34 econom ise
3 b
8 c
11 in no tim e
23 few
4 a
9 a
12 o p p o rtu n ity
24 each/every
5 a
10 d
Revision Test II (Units 6-9)
1 resist
13 on
25 a ctivities
35 to have/get yo ur eyesight tested
1a
6 b
2 close
14 up
26 heights
36 how about going cam ping
2 b
7 d
3 realised
15 to
27 dissatisfied
37 shouldn't have cheated him
3 c
8 b
4 Under these
16 A nother
28 helpless
38 was made to tu rn down
4 d
9 c
17 long
29 easier
39 get used to
5 c
10 d
5 escaping
18 result
3 0 quietness
4 0 you m ind my in te rru p tin g you
6 Because of
19 been
31 va riety
41 are not allowed to take
7 inadequate
20 a
32 specialise
42 of fillin g in
8 of
21 b u t/ye t/h o w e ve r 33 im portance
9 estim ated
22 be
circum stances
10 reported
23 least
11 advice
24 has/ought
12 make
34 satisfaction
1*1 1n
1c
6 a
2 d
7 c
3 a
8 b
4 c
9 a
5 d
10 c
Key to Revision Tests
Revision Test III (Units u-14)
B EI
235
1 create
13 took
25 perform ance(s)
35 advised us not to go/against going
1c
6 b
2 harm ful
14 addition
26 attractive
36 if we d id n 't/d o n 't go
2 c
7 b
3 about
15 A lth ou g h/
27 French
37 w ith a view to buying
3 b
8 a
4 shelter
Though
28 herself
38 rather tell him the tru th
4 d
9 d
39 apologised fo r shouting/having
5 b
10 a
1c
6 d
2 c
7 a
3 d
8 b
4 a
9 d
5 b
10 d
5 sensitive
16 so
29 expression
6 affected
17 care
30 governm ent
7 endangered
18 order
31 Germans
4 0 was so weak (that) she
8 avoid
19 of
32 failure
41 it is not o ut of
9 im proved
2 0 w he th er/if
33 death
42 even though she (had) made
10 atte ntio n
21 up
34 unpleasant
11 reduce
22 in
12 replacing
23 w ould
24 provided
shouted
E. MOUTSOU
Use
of
English
EE
■
■
for all exams
QQCQ
m m publications
teacher's book
Use
of
English
This book systematically teaches
grammar and vocabulary and
helps students develop all the
skills necessary to succeed in all
exams at B2 level.
m
for all exams
Use of English B2 includes:
• Consolidation Units and Practice Tests
• Presentation of lexical items and
• A reference section including an
grammatical structures in context
overview of English grammar,
(including collocations, expressions,
vocabulary notes, exam tips and
phrasal verbs, words with prepositions,
comprehensive appendices
prepositional phrases, key
• A Glossary
transformations, words easily confused
and derivatives)
• Clear explanations and useful exam tips
• Exercises providing thorough practice
in Use of English (including multiple
The Teacher's Book includes:
• The Student's Book with the Key
overprinted
• Photocopiable revision tests
choice, matching, gap filling, open and
multiple choice cloze tests, key word
transformation and word formation)
ISBN:978-960-443-929-4