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«<!>eHHKC»
POCToB-Ha-)J,oHY
2001




66K 47.2
Y-49
BJla,lJ,HMHp qepliOBOJI
q-49 CrrpaBOQHHK TypHcTa. CepHH «CTpaHbI Ii
Hap0)J,bl». - POcToB-Ha-,JJ:oHY: «CPeHHKc», 2001. -
224 C., lfJlJ!.
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ISBN 5-222-01925-X
66K 47.2
<Q J.13L(aTenbCTBo «CPeHHKc», ocpopMneHlie, 2001
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8

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10

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11

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12

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13

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Bce HOBblMH H HOBblMI1 rrOpl(H5!MI1 06bIlIHO X0J10)J.HOH BO)J.bI. 3TO
.lJ.OBOJ1bHO peaJ1bHCUI orraCHOCTb )J.J15! 3L(OpOBb5!, 1160, KaK H3BeCT-
HO, nOCT05!HHOe oxna:>K)J.eHHe BO)J.OH TeMnepaTypbl + 10°C MO)f(eT
npHBeCTH i< rrepeoxna:>K)J.eHHIO, BrrnOTb )J.O CMepTeJ1bHoro HCXO)J.a.
ECJ1H, np06HpaHcb CKB03b TaKOH KycTapHHK, Bbi nOllYBCTByeTe,
liTO c6HBaHHe naJ1KOH BJ1arH C BeTBeH He cnacaeT Bac OT nOTepH
14

C03HaHlfS!, OCTaHOBHTeCb HnH 060HlfTe MeCTO nOBblWeHHOH BO-
OHaCblmeHHOCTlf.
P03a BerpOB 06HapY)f(HBaer nplfOpHTer BYX OCHOBHblX HarrpaB-
neHlfH - BKpeCT npOCTlfpaHlfiO rnaBHoro xpe6m 3TO CeBepO-BOC-
TO'iHbIH BeTCp - HOpL(-OCT, H Berep IO)f(HbIX PYM60B - MOpS!K.
CeBepHble BeTpbl npHHOCS!T CYXYIO rrpOXnaHYlO.nOroy, IQ)f(Hble,
Ha060pOT, TennYlO H BJIa)f(HYIO.
npOphIBbl XOnOL(HbIX MaCC B03L(yxa B paHOHe HOBOpOCCHHCKa
ycyry6mIlOTCS! Cnel(lfqm'ieCKHM CTpOeHHeM HeBblcoKOro rrepeBana
If 06PYWHBaIOTCS! Ha n06epe)f(be B BlfL(e yparaHHOrO BeTpa, HOCH-
llerO MeCTHOe Ha3BaHlfe 60pa. IO)f(Hee reneH)f(lfKa CeBepO-BOC-
TO'iHble Berpbl HMeIOT MeHbWYlO cHny. Ho BCe)f(e nplf nepeKlITbIBa-
HHlf 'iepe3 OTKpblTble rrpOCTpaHCTBa BbICOKHX Xpe6TOB BeTep MO-
)f(eT L(OCTlfraTb 3Ha'ilfTenbHOH CKOpOCTlf - o 30 M/C, If nOL( yrpo-
30H MO)f(eT OKa3aTbCH KaK BpeMeHHoe )f(HnlU.L{e (rranaTKa, HaBec),
TaK H caM 'ienOBeK.
WeH - BeTep crop, rrpHHOCRIJJ,HH rrOBblweHHe TeMrrepaTypbJ
H rrOHH)f(eHlfe Bna)f(HOCTH B03yxa. B03HlfKaeT nplf nepeCe'ieHHIf
B03YWHbIM Te'ieHHeM L(OCTaTO'iHO BbICOKOro ropHOro coopY)f(e-
HlfR. B03L(YX, rrOL(HHMIDICb rro HaBeTpeHHOMY CKnOHY, QXna)f(a-
eTCR, HO nplf KOHeHCal(HH BOL(RHOrO napa H 06pa30BaH11H 06na-
KOB 3aMeL(nHeTCR naL(eHlfe TeMrrepaTypbI C BbICOTOH. BbmaeHHe
OCaL(KOB yanS!eT Bnary. nplf CKaTbIBaHHH crop B03L(YX HarpeBa-
eTCS! L(O TeMneparyp y)f(e Bblwe lfI;:XOHbIX. npOL(OmKlfTenbHOCTb
cpeHa 06bI'iHO CYTKH.
})p1l3 - 60nee 6b1CTpOe HeBHoe HarpeBaHHe If HO'iHOe ox-
na)f(eHHe CYWH rro cpaBHeHlfIo C BOOH, C03L(aer pa3Hlfl(Y aBne-
HlfH. n03TOMY BeTep rro 06e CTOpOHbl OT 6epera Ha 10 KM L(HeM
yeT B CTOPOHY CYWlf, a HO'ibIO - B CTOPOHY MOpR. CMeHa Ha-
rrpaBncHHR L(HeBHOro If HO'iHOro 6plf3a npolfcxolfT B 10-11 'iaCOB
YTpa H 7-8 'iaCOB Be'iepa.
CxeMa pacnpeeneHlfR OCaL(KOB BbIRBJUler MaKCHMYM HX Bbma-
L(eHHR B XonOL(HOe BpeMH roa, B 3lfMHe-BeceHHHH nepHO, Ho
KpaTKoBpeMeHHble, BeCbMa lfHTeHCHBHble nHBHH MorYT cnY'iaTbCa
npaKTlf'lecKH B m060 BpeMS! roa, B oc06eHHocTlf B aBrYCTe-ceH-
TH6pe. I1HorL(a B :no BpeMS! OHH YCHnHBaloTcH L(OrrOnHHTenbHbIM
3a60poM BObllf3 MOpS! C rrOMOmbIO CMep'ieH. BbmaL(eHHe TaKHX
15

ocaKOB B ropax MO)KeT rrOBJIe':lb 3a C060H KaTacTpoq)lf'leCKHe no-
CJIeL(CTBHH, I1HOrL(a 3a HeCKOJIbKO '1aCOB BbIrraaeT MeCH'IHaH HOp-
Ma OCa,D,KOB If 6oJIee. TaK, 23 aBrycTa 1980 roa Ha,D, oKpeCTHOCTII-
MH ropoa Tyance BbmaJIO 3a 23 '1aca 221 MM OCaL(KOB, '1TO paBHO
rrOJIOBHHe rOL(OBOH HOpMbI, CKa)KeM, TaKoH MecTHocTH, KaK EHCK
HJIH TeMpIoK,
MeJIKaH pe'lYlUKa naYK JIlfHOH Bcero 8 KM BOpBarIaCb B '1epTY
ropoa, 3arIlfB BCIO 3acTpoeHHYlo OJIHHY MHoroMeTpoBbJM rroTO-
KOM MYTHOH BOL(bI C rrJIbIBYWHMH BbIpBaHHbIMM C KOpHHMH epe-
BbHMH. PacxoL( BObI COCTaBMJI 220 M 3 B ceKYHY, '1TO COOTBeT-
cTByeT 60JIee '1eM rrOJIOBHHe cpeHerooBoro pacxoa peKM Ky-
6aHb y ropoa KpacHoapa.
KaTacTpocpa B TyarrcMHcKoM paHoHe, KaK 1 aBrycTa 1991 roa,
nOBTOpHeTCH He 60JIee OHoro pa3a B HeCKOJIbKO CTOJIeTlfH.
B 3TOT eHb Ha paCCBeTe Ha CKJIOHax ropHbIx rrOL(IDITMH B MCTO-
Kax peK Tyarrce, AlUe If nlUMlU npOlUeJI He6bIBarIbIH JIMBeHb. nOTO-
KM BObI Hlf3BepraJ1MCb He paBHOMepHO, a M03aM'IHO pacrrOJIO)KeH-
HblMM nHTHaMM, Ha KOTopble rraaJ1lf CTpYlf BObI 6YKBaJIbHO B He-
CKOJIbKO L(eCHTKOB MeTpOB B rrOrrepe'lHfIKe, BbIpbIBaH rpYHTbI O
CKaJ1bHOrO OCHOBaHMH, 3TO rrpOH30lUJIO BCJIeCTBHe cpOpMlfpOBa-
HMH Ha paHOHOM KY'leBo-,li.O)KeBbIX, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbiX Bb1Me06-
pa3HbIX, 06JIaKOB. CJIMBaHCb HM)Ke rro Te'leHMIO, MYTHbIe nOTOKlf
HeCJIM BbIpBaHHbIe C KOpHHMM epeBbH, 6peBHa, BarIYHbI MaMeT-
pOM HeC.KOJIbKO MeTpOB, CMeTWi Ha eaoeM rryTM nOHMeHHbIe OJIbXO-
BbIe JIeca.
B CTBope y nOceJIKa reopmeBCKoro no 3aMepaM CJIeOB HaBOk
HeHHH pacxo BObI 6bIJI orrpeeJIeH B 2100 M 3 /C, T, e. rrpM6JIM3MJICH
K pacxoy peKlf BOJIrM no HH)KHMM HOBropooM. nO'beM BOL(bI B
noc. KMprrM'IHOM COCTaBMJI 12 MeTpOB. norM6JIH 170 '1eJIOBeK, B
OCHOBHOM )KHTeJIM rrOCeJIKOB, paCKMHYBlUMXCH BOJIb peKM Tyarrce.
MHora rrpM HHTeHCMBHblX JIHBHeBbIX OCa,D,Kax cMbIBaeMbIH co
CKJIOHOB 06JIOMO'lHbIH MaTepHarI BHraeTCH BHH3 rro oBparaM B
BHe rpH3eKaMeHHoH MaCCbI. 06Pa3YIOTCH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe CeJIH,
rrpeCTaBJIHIOJ..L{He 3Ha'lHTeJIbHYIO orraCHOCTb }J,JIH OKa3aBlUHXCH B
3TO BpeMH B ropax,
CHe)KHbIH nOKpOB B ropax MO)KeT OCTHraTb 2-6 M, B HeKOTO-
pbIe rObI, HarrpHMep 3HMOH 1975- 79 rOOB, - o 7,5 M.
16

CBe)KHH CHer, paCKplfCTarrnH30BblBa$lCb rro CnO$lM, MO)KeT CXO-
)J.lfTb B BH)J.e naBHH Ha He3aCeJIeHHbIX CKnOHax KpYTH3HOH 60nee
15° fpYHToBble naBHHbI MorYT CXO)J.HTb B BeceHHee BpeM$I rrpH
Ta$lHHH CHerOB Ha CKnOHax. JIaBHHbl BblpblBaloT C KOpHHMH H JIO-
MalOT )J.epeBb$l, OCTaBn$llOT Ha CKJIOHax 6e3necHbie rrOnOCbl.
CHer B Te'leHHe 3HMbI MHoroKpaTHo rrepeBeBaeTC$I, c.u.yBaeTC$I C
OTKpbITb1X IO)KHbIX CKJIOHOB rocno)J.cTBYlOWHX xpe6ToB H CKarrnH-
BaeTC$I B nO)K6HHaX rro)J. rpe6ID1MH H rrepeMbI'IKaMH xpe6ToB C no)J.-
BeTpeHHoH ceBepHoH CTOpOHbl. I1Hor)J.a TaKHe Ha.u.YBbl )J.OCTHraIOT
BbICOTbl 20-30 M.
nplf pe3KOM rra)J.eHlfH TeMrreparypbl oca)J.KH B BH)J.e )J.O)K)J)I 3a-
Mep3aIOT Ha BeTBJIX, $IBneHHe 3T0 HOCHT Ha3BaHHe rOJlOJIe)J.a. nepe-
.lI;BH)KeHHe rro CKonb3KHM CKJIOHaM CTaHOBHTC$I BeCbMa TpYL(HbIM.
Half60nbIllYIo onaCHOCTb B 3TO BpeM$I npeL(CTaBJI$llOT 06Mep3IllHe
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ne)J.oBoH KOpKOH)J.O HeCKonbKHX caHTHMeTpOB B pa)J.H)'ce ()J.o 8 CM B
cpeBparre 1954 r. B ropo)J.e Tyance).
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BepxYIllKH )J.O KOMn$l MeTpoBble B )J.HaMeTpe CTBonbl Ka"IllTaHOB, B
TaKoe BpeMJI cne)J.YeT OTClfL(eTbC$I rro)J. YKpbITHeM B KaMIUIX, YCTpo-
lfTb 6HBaK B MeCTax, cBo060)J.HbIX OT HaBHcalOHX KpOH )J.epeBbeB.
npH He06xo)J.HMOCTH rrepe)J.BH)KeHH$I H)l)KHO npH)J.ep)KHBaTbC$I OT-
KpbITblX npocTpaHc,TB H HeBblCOKHX KycTapHHKoB,
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CTH OT KOHcepBHbIx 6aHOK.
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Tbl necOM, HarrpHMep, B TyarrcHHcKoM paHoHe OH 3aHHMaeT 98%
TeppHTOpHH H TOJIbKO 2% rrpHxo)J.HTC$I Ha )J.onlO ropHbIX nyroB Bep-
XHero rro$lca. BOCTO'lHee Ha 60JIee BbICOKHX ypOBH$lX pacrronara-
IOTCH 6e3necbIe OTKpbITbie rrpocTpaHcTBa. Ho Ha Bcex 3Tanax pac-
THTenbHoe llapcTBo rrpOHBJI$leT 6e3Y)J.ep)KHOe 6YHCTBO, Be)J.b rrpH-
pOCT 6HOMaCCbI B 3THX ropax B 6 pa3 BblIlle, '1eM, CKa)KeM, B Kyp-
CKOH o6nacTH.
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.u.y6bI, rpa6bl H 6)'KH, HarrpHMep, no TyarrcHHcKOMY Mexnecx03Y .u.y6
17

3aHlfMaeT 57% 06meH nnOlIJ.a,ll,11 neca, rpa6 - 8%, 6YK - 19%,
KalliTIlH - 10%. lh ,lI,pymx ,lI,peBeCHbiX nopo,ll,: rpa611HHlfK 3aHI1Ma-
eT 2% neCHOH nnOlIJ.a,ll,lf, OClfHa If onbxa - 2% B CYMMe, HceHb,
COCHa, rpYllia If rpel(KI1H ope X - no 0,5% Ka)K,ll,aH nopO,ll,a. B no.lI;-
neCKe pa3BlfBaIOTCH CBlfL(I1Ha, 60HpbllllHI1K, CKYMrrHH, I<JleKa'-lKa, ,lI,e-
CHTKI1 L(pymx BlfL(OB. B caMOM Hlf)l(HeM nOHce 111l1pOKOnI1CTBeHHoro
neca MHome ero Y'-laCTHlfKlf nepeBlfTbi nl1aHaMI1 nOMOHOC; B nOH-
Max peK - 06BOHHI1KOM, KOmO'-llfM caccanaplfneM, Be'-lH03eneHblM
llJIIOWOM - BblOml1MCH If KOnXHL(CKI1M, pe)l(e )I(lfMOnOCTbIO-Karrplf-
<ponblO If BlfHOrpa.n.OM'.
B 3TI1X MeCTax O'-leHb MHoro 3a6pOllleHHbiX C pa3HbiX 3rrox ca-
,lI,OB C OL(lf'-laBllllfMlf rpYlllaMlf, H6nOHHMI1, '-IepeUJHeH, Mbl'-leH, rpeu-
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CKoe B nO,ll,neCKe pacrrpOCTpaHeHbl Be'-lH03eneHble paCTeHlfH: caM-
llllfT, pO,ll,OL(eHL(pOH nOHTI1HCKI1H, naBpOBI1!1lHH. B BepXHeM rrOHce
nlfCTBeHHoro neca Ha'-lI1HaIOT rrplfMellilfBaTbCH HceHb, nl1rra.
Ha BblCOTax 1200-1700 M rocrrO,ll,CTBYIOT 6YKI111 I<JleHbI TpaYT-
q)errepa, nlfXTa, 11 BOCTO'-lHee - enb. C 1700 no 2300 M - 30Ha
cy6anbrrl1HcKlfx BblcoKOTpaBHblx nyroB. HarpaHI1l(e I1X C necaMlf
rrpOXO,ll,lfT rronoca KpI1BOneCbH, COCTOHwero lf3 HeBblCOKI1X lfCKplfB-
neHHblX ,lI,epeBbeB: 6YKa, 6epe3bl, pH6HHbi KaBKa30pO,ll,HOH, '-IepHlf-
Klf KaBKa3CKOH. C 2300 M Ha'-lI1HaIOTCH anbnl1HCKlfe neCTpOl(BeT-
Hble 11 3naKOBbie Jlyra.
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'-IaCTb 3arra,ll,Horo KaBKa3a cnarmOT L(peBHlfe nOp0L(bI, MeCTIlMlf ,lI,IDKe
L(OKeM6pI1HCKoro B03paCTa, rro 60pTaM rrpOL(OnbHO BbITHHyroro H,lI,pa
If C OKOHe'-lHOCTeH ero 06TeKalOT 60nee MOnOL(ble rrOpO,ll,bl, B oc-
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3Ha'-llfTenbHO nepeMHTbl, a C lora MeCTaMH H OrrpOKI1HyrbI.
Ha BOCTO'-lHOM KaBKa3e ,lI,peBHee HL(PO rrorpy)l(eHO rro,ll, MOHO-
nl1THble CKna,ll,KI1 Me3030HCKHX CnaHl(eB, H3BeCTHHKOB 11 nec'-Ia-
HlfKOB. nOCJle,ll,HHe npope3aHbI rny60KI1MH KaHbOHaMI1. OKOH'-Ia-
TenbHO, T. e. ,lI,0 cOBpeMeHHoH KapTI1HbI, BonHbI KaBKa3CKI1X xpe6-
TOB rrO,ll,HHnHCb B rrOCneL(Hlfe ,lI,Ba MI1nnl10Ha neT, B '-IeTBepTI1'-1HblH
rrepI10,ll,. TaK 11 3aCTbInH 3TI1 BonHbI, 6e)l(aBllll1e 11 nO,ll,HI1MaBllll1e-
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MhIH ceBepHbIH - JIeCI1CTbIH - nO,ll,HI1MaerCH L(O BblCOTbI rrOpH,ll,Ka
18

1 TblC, M. nacT6HWHblH -,lJ.O 1800 M. CJIC,lJ.YIOHH K lory -
CKaJIlfCTblH - lfMceT OTMCTKH BblClllHX TOLIeK 60JICC 3 TblC. M.
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HX BblClllHX TOLIKax .lI;OCTl1raIOT 5000 M 11 6oJIce. BblClllajj TOLIKa
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TO'1HOM KaBKa3e BCpllllfHbl e,lJ.Ba He L(OCTHrmoT 4500 M, HO 06JIc-
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B ,lJ.aJIbHeJ.illlCM Jp03lfpYlOIJJ.ajj ,lJ.CHCJIbHOCTb BOL(bllf JlbL(a C03,lJ.a-
JIa OCTpblC rpC6Hl1, nlfpaMl1,lJ.aJIbHbIe BCplllHHbl, KPYTOCTCHHblC Ka-
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jjHBapjj Ha CCBCpHOM CKJIOHC l.I,CHTpaJIbHoro KaBKa3a - 5°C, TOr,lJ.a
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COM C ATJIaHTMK11.
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Ha6moL(aTb Ha U:eHTpaJIbHOM KaBKa3C, B 30HC ,lJ.CnpeCCMM MC)I(,lJ.y
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XBaTC BJIa)l(HblX B03L(YlllHblX Macc H C03,lJ.aHMH TaK Ha3blBaCMOH
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CTBa JICCOB 3ana,lJ.HOrO KaBKa3a HJIH IO)ICHbIX 3aKaBKa3CKHX CKJIO-
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Kcepo<pHTHbIH KycTapHI1K, nCpeMC)ICalOIJJ.MHCjj C CYXl1MI1 CTcrrHMI1.
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Horo MaCCMBa, 111l1pOKOJII1CTHbIC JICca B paHOHC JICCI1CTblX H LIac-
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19

6epe30BbIe KpMBOJIeCMI. COCHOBble JIeCa Ha BOCTO':!HOM KaBKa3e
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60CTb M )].pyme He)((eJIaTeJIbHble H3MeHeHHjI B OpraHH3Me CKa3bIBa
IOTClI no-pa3HoMY npH nO)].'beMe Ha O)].HY H T)' )((e BbICOT)'.
TaK, Ha IlaMHpe nO)].'beM Ha 3000 M, a HHOrL(a H Ha 3500 M, rrpaK-
TH:':!eCKM He OIl(yIl(aeTCjI, Ha KaBKa3e)((e 31'0 3aMeTHO BceM H He Me-
lIlaeT TOJIbKO TpeHHpOBaHHblM BOCX.o)J.HTeIDIM. OrCH,IJ,Ka C O)((H)J,aHH-
eM yny':!lIleHIDI noro)J.b1 HJIH rrOMOIl(H Ha 3Ha':lnTCJIbHbIX BbICOTaX :w.o-
pOBbll He rrpnHocnT, n03TOMY, eCJlli eCTb TaKa5I B03MO)I(HOCTb, H)l)KHO
onpe)].eJIHTb C oroJIeHHblX MeCT B HHBaJIbHOM, aJIbnMHCKOM If cy-
6anbnMHCKOM nOjlcax MaplIlpyr BbIxo)].a H CrryCKaTbCjI BHH3. KCTaTlf,
H HO':!JIer B JIeCHOH 30He HMceT ropa3)].0 60JIbIlIe B.o3MO)((HOCTeH}]..JUI
C03)].aHIDI )((enaeMOr.o YIOTa.
TeppnTOpIDI rapHOH qaCTI1 l())JmOH CH6Hpn rro I1JlOIl(8,lJ,H B 4 pa3a
npeBocx.o)J,HT KaBKa3. ClOL(a OTHOCjJTCjI; AJITaH C Ky:meU,KMM Amrray
H CanaHpcKMM Kpjl)((eM, 3ana,u,HbIe H BOCTOqHble CWIHbI, CWIHO- Ty-
pHHcKoe Haropbe, IlpH6aHKaJIbc M 3a6aHKam.e. rOpbI OTJInqalOTCjI
OqeHb CJI.o)((HOH TeKTOHHqeCKOH C1pyK"l)'pOH, CJIO)((eHbI B OCHOBHOM
)].peBHHMH nop.o)].aMH. OTJIO)((HBIlIHeC1I OC8,ll..oQHble nopo)J,bI Ha)].He
)].peBHHx )].oKeM6pHHcKHX H HH)((Henane030HcKHX MopeH nc)]. B03-
)].eHcTBHeM TeKT.oHH':IeCKHX )].BH)((eHHH rrane03oHcKoro M Me3030Hc-
KOro BpeMeHH rrO)].IDIJIMCb B BH)].e MOIl(HbIX CKJI8,lI.QaTbIX coop)')Ke-
HHH. Il03)].Hee rocnO)].CTBOBaHHe 3)].eCb YCJIOBHU )J.JIJI pa3pYlIleHH1I
rop C03)].a.JlO K KOHu.y rraJICOreHa rrO':lTH paBHHHbIe npoc1paHCTBa.
IIOCJIe.nyIOIl(He MOIl(HbIe )J.BIDKeHIDI MOJI.o)].cH aJIbHUCKOH CKJIa,u,':Ia-
20

TOCTH y*e He CMOrJIH C03,AaTb ITJ1aBHbIe cpOpMbl H3 >KeCTKoro ,ApeB-
Hero MaTepHaJIa, H TeppHTopml 6bIJ1a paCLJ:J1eHeHa Ha MOHOJ1HTHbie
fJ1bI6bI. ,D;peBHlfe CKJ1a,ALJ:aTbIe ropbI rrpeBpaTHJ1HCb B cTyrreHLJ:aTbIe
ITJIOCKOropMl C KpyrbIMH CKJIOHaMH H rrOLJ:TH ITJIOCKHMH BepllIHHaMH.
YLJ:aCTKH TaKoro peJ1becpa 3aHlfMaIOT He 60J1ee 6% TeppHTOpHH rop
IO>KHOH CH6HPlf, a Cpe,AHerOpHblH peJ1becp - 60%,
feorpacplfLJ:eCKOe n0J10>KeHHe B l(eHTpe EBpa3HaTCKOro MaTepH-
Ka 06yCJ10RJIlfBaeT THnlfLJ:HbIH KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIH KJllIMar. 3HMOH Hau.
paccMaTpHBaeMOH TeppHTOpHeH YCTaHaBJ1HBaeTCH 06J1aCTb nOBbI-
llIeHHoro ,AaBJ1eHHH (a3HaTCKHH aHTHl(HKJIOH). Ho BCJ1e,ACTBHe TeM-
rrepaTypHblX lfHBepcHH, xapaKTepHblX ,AJ1H ropHoH MeCTHOCTH BO-
06ll(e, MOp03bI 3,AeCb He CTOJ1b CypOBble, KaK Ha OKPY>KaIOll(HX
ropHYIO CTpaHY paBHHHax. O,AHaKO KOHTHHeHTaJIbHOCTb CKa3bIBa-,
eTCH, LJ:TO HeMaJIOBa>KHO ,AJ1j! H,AYll(erO B KOHTaKTe C rrpHpO,AOH. LJ:e-
J10BeKa, B pe3KHX aMrrJ1Hry,AaX CYTOLJ:HbIX TeMrreparyp, ,AOCTHralO-
ll(HX 20-30 °C. Cpe,AHj!H TeMrrepaTypa HHBapH OT -20°C,A0 -27°C,
Ha ceBepHoM 3a6aHKaJ1be - ,AD -35°C, OCa,AKOB 3HMOH MaJIO,
JIeTOM, Ha060poT, CHJ1bHbIH HarpeB YCTaHaBJIHBaeT 0611IHPHYIO 06-
J1aCTb rrOHH>KeHHoro ,AaBJ1eHIDI. J1eTHHe OCau.KH CBH3aHbl KaK C rrpo-
XO>K,AeHHeM l(HKJIOHOB MOHroJ1bCKOrO cppoHTa, TaK H C l!p0l(ecca-
MH aTJ1aHTHLJ:eCKoro rrepeHoca.
MeiKfOpHble KOTJ10BHHbI OfJ1HLJ:aIOTCH3HMOH HaHMeHbllIHMH TeM-
rreparypaMH (,AO -65°C), J1eTOM >Ke nporpeBalOTCH HaCTOJ1bKO, LJ:TO
Cpe,AHeHIOJ1bCKWI TeMrrepaTypa MO>KeT ,AOCTHraTb 22°C. Ho y*e Ha
BbiCOTe 1500-2000 M 3aMop03KH B03MO>KHbI B J11060 BpeMH ro,Aa.
CYPoBaj! 3lfMa HCKJIIOaeT 3,AeCb B03MO>KHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHH
llIlfpOKOJ1HCTBeHHblx J1eCOB, a cpaBHHTeJ1bHO BbiCOKHe J1eTHHe TeM-
rreparypbl rrO,lJ,HHMa!Of rr0J10>KeHHe rrOLJ:BeHHo-pacrHTeJIbHblX rrOHCOB,
Ha AnTae, HarrpHMep, J1ec rrO)].HHMaeTCH,AO 2300-2500 M, qTO BbIllIe,
LJ:eM Ha 3arra,AHOM KaBKa3e. B 3a6aHKaJIbe LJ:eTKHH rrpH3HaK CTa.
6HJ1bHOCTH nOrO,AbI - BeTep C EaHKaJIa, YKa3bIBaeT Ha HeH3MeH-
HOCTb noro,Abl B TeLJ:eHHe HeCKOJ1bKHX ,AHeH.
PeJ1becp rop-Cpe)].HeH CH6HpH HMeeT BH.n crono06pa3HbIX ITJIOC-
KOropHH, Cpe,llHHj! BbICOTa 500-700 M, a MaKCHMaJIbHWI (r. KaMeHb
2037 M) e,ABa rrpeBbIlliaeT 2000 M.
BO,AOpa3,AeJ1bHble npocTpaHCTBa nO,DJUITbI Hau. ,AOJ1HHaMH peK Ha
100-400 M, qTO npHBO,AlfT K 3HaLJ:HTeJ1bHOMY paCqJ1eHeHHIO Kpae-
21

BblX '-IaCTeH BOL(Opa3L(eJIOB. Xpe6T006pa3Hbie B03BbJIUeHHOCTIi
IiMelOT BblpOBHeHHble KaMeHIiCTble nOBepXHOCTIi lfJIIi YBaJIlfCTO-
03epHbIH JIaH)J.lIlacpT.
B nOCJIe)].HeM CJIY'lae BepXOBbie 03epa Ii 60JIOTa 06pa3YIOTCH 3a
C'leT BblTalfBamrn lUIaCTOBbIX JIb)].OB liJIlf KapcTOBblX npOl..\eCCOB.
,[(OJIIiHbl KpyrrHblx peK IiMelOT KpYTble 06pbIBlfCTbie CKJIOHbl.
BblpOBHeHHble BOL(Opa3L(eJIbHble rrOBepXHOCTIi 60JIblIleH 'laCTbIO
06H3aHbI lIlIiPOKOMY pa3BIiTlfIO BynKaHlf'leCKIiX lf3JIIiHHIiH OCHOB-
HbIX nopo)]. -TpannaM.
KOHTlfHeHTaJIbHOCTb KJ1IiMaTa CpeL(HeH CIi6Iiplf onpeL(eJUIeTCH
pacrrOJIO)l(eHIieM ee B l(eHTpe CeBepHOH A3IiIi, B HaIi60JIbWeM y)].a-
JIeHlfH OT TenJIblX MopeH, If xapaKTeplf3yeTcH CypOBOCTbIO 3IiMbI,
pa3BlfTIieM OTplfl(aTeJIbHblX TeMneparyp C OKTH6pH no MaH. fo)].o-
Boe KOJIlf'leCTBO OCaL(KOB y6bIBaeT OT 600 MM Ha 3ana)].e L(O 180 MM
Ha BOCTOKe. 3Ha'lIiTeJIbHbIIiHBepcIilf TeMrreparyp, rrpIi KOTOpbIX B
nOHIi)l(eHlfHX peJIbecpa CKanJIlfBaeTCH 60JIee XOJIOL(HbIH B03L(YX.
3IiMa - 3TO rocnO)].CTBO rpaH)].lf03Horo YCTOH'lIiBOrO clf6IipC-
KOro aHTIil(lfKJ10Ha, KOrL(a B nOJIHOM 6e3BeTplfIi YCTaHaBJIIiBaIOTCH
MOp03bl L(O -43°C B cpe)].HeMeCH1.J:HOM Ii3MepeHlflf. Oc06eHHo yc-
TOH'llfBa aHTMl(lfKJ10HaJIbHWI KapTIiHa C HOH6pH rro MapT. OrreneJIeH
B 3TO BpeMH He 6bIBaeT, Ii rrpIi BbIHY)I(L(eHHOH 3lfMOBKe CTeHbl Bpe-
MeHHbIX cpy60B MO)l(HO YTerrJIHTb HaMOpa)l(HBaHIieM J1b.u.a M3BHe.
TIO'lTli Ha BceM rrpOTH)I(eHlfH rocrro.u.cTByeT TaHra, oKpaMHbl ee
Ha ceBepe 3axo.u.HT B JIeCoTYH.u.py If TYH.u.py, Ha lOre - B JIeCO-
CTerrb. OCHOBHOH nOpOL(OH HBJUleTCH JIlfCTBeHHlfl(a, rro L(OJIIiHaM peK
TIlHeTCH eJ10BO-Ke.u.poBaH MOXOBaH TaHra.
TIJIOCKMe BepwIiHbI Bo.u.opa3L(eJIOB Bblwe 600 M Ha.u. ypoBHeM
MOpH MMelOT rrOHC KYCTapHlfKOBbIX - OJIbXIi, 6epe3bl.
BbIXO.u. K l(IiBIiJIIi3al(IiIi B03MO)l(eH 06bI1.J:HO TOJIbKO rro peKaM.
TIo PY1.J:bIO .u.OXOL(HT L(O peKIi If nepeceKalOT .u.OJIIiHY rrorrepeK, rrpIi
3TOM 06H3aTeJIbHO Haxo.u.HT XOTH 6bI 3BepIiHYlO Tporry Ha OL(HOM Ii3
6eperoB.
ropbl ceBepo-BocToKa CH6upH. Ha MeCTe L(peBHeH L(OKeM6-
pIiHCKOH rrJIaT<popMbl (60JIee 1,6 MnH. JIeT Ha3aL() B Te'leHIie rrOCJIe-
L(YlOweH reOJIOrli'leCKOH IiCTOpHH pa3BIiJIaCb CJIO)KHeHWaH H rpaH-
.u.Ii03HaH rro MOIl..\HOCTIi CKJ1aL('laTaH 06JIaCTb, pa30pBaHHaH WBaMlf,
3aIllfTaH BHe.u.peHIiHMIi MarMbI.
22

OCTaTKlf TaKOH L(peBHeH nJIaT<pOpMbl BbIemI.lOTC» B BHe )I(e(,'T-
KHX Cpe.lI;HlfX MaCCHBOB. COOTBeTCTBeHHO reOJIOrH1.feCKOMY cTpoe-
HHIO ClfCTeMbl rOpHbIX Xpe6TOB OplfeHTlfpOBaHbI B pa3HbIX HanpaB-
JIeHlf»X, pa3eJIeHbl nJIOCKoropMIMlf H Brra,u,lfHaMH.
HaH60JIee BbICOKa5! qaCTb Ha lore BepXO»HCKOro xpe6Ta nOHH-
MaeTC» BbUlle 2,5 TbIC. M.
A3lf<)TCKlfH aHTlfll.lfKJIOH, KOTOpblH cpOpMl1pYeT XOJIO.lUlble B03L(y!ll-
HbIe MaCChi, CBOlfM »3bIKOM 3aXOlfT If B CeBepo-BoCTOqHYlO CI1-
6lfpb, eJla»3I1MY npOL(OJI)I(lfTCJIbHOHlf CYPOBOH. Cpero-OOI TeMnepa-
Typa »HBap» B paHOHe OHM»KOHa If Bepxo»HcKa -50 DC.
Ha OXOTCKOM Il06epe)l(be TeMnepaTypa Ha 12-15 DC BbIwe, HO
L(bIXaHl1e MOp» npO»BJI»eTC» B CbIpbIX 3aT»)I(HbIX HI130BbIX ryMaHa-
X,lf n03TOMY B Mara.lI;aHe CpeL(H»» HIOJIbCKa» TeMrrepaTypa Bcero
+ 11 DC, B TO BpeM» KaK BL(aJIlf 01' 6epera, B BepXO»HCKe, + 15 DC.
I1epeXOL( TeMrreparyphllJepe3 HOJIb rrpOI1CXOL(lfT B KOHl(e Ma»11 Ha-
1.faJIe ceHT»6p».
fOpbl nOKpbITbl JIl1CTBeHHHqHbiM Tae)l(HblM JIeCOM H ropHCTOH
TYHpOH..CaMble MOWHbIe JIeca pacnOJIO)l(eHbI Ha CKJ10He IO)I(HOH
3KCn03lfl(l1lf, B nOL(JIeCKe - KepOBbIH CTJIaHHK, 6arYJIbHlfK, OJIb-
xa, 6epe3a, CMOpOL(I1Ha, roJIy6l1Ka, 6pYCHHKa.
BbIwe TaHrlf - CrrJIOllIHOH no»c KepoBoro CJIaHHiIKa C npl1-
MeCblO OJIbXH, BbiCOTOH2 M, OqeHb TpYL(HO-npOXOL(I1MbIH.
K -BOCTOKY OT KOJIblMCKOro xpe6Ta r<>pbl 6e3JIeCHbl.
fopbI,LJ:am.uero BOCTOKa B reOJIOrlfqeCKOM nJIaHe - MOJIOL(M
ropHa» CTpaHa. BblpOBHeHHbie Me3030HCKI1e nOBepXHOCTI1 rrpeTep-
neJII1 3Ha'll1TeJIbHbie lf3MeHeHlf» 6JIaroap» HOBeHWI1M BIDKeHIDIM,
pa30pBaHbl, lf30fHyTbl, pa36l1Tbl TpellJ.lfHaMl1, Ha,u,CTpoeHbI BYJIKaHI1-
lJeCKI1Ml1lf3Bep)l(eHlf»MH (Ha BOCTOKe),
HHTepeCHO, qTO B HaqaJIe qeTBepTl1qHOrO rrepI10L(a, Bcero 1-2
MI1JIJIHOHa JIeT Ha3a, np0l130WJIO 3HalJI1TeJIbHOe onycKaHHe BOC-
TOqHOH cYWI1, npOCTl1paBllIeHc» Ha MeCTe OXOTCKOro H .5InoHcKo-
ro MopeH. 3lfMOH TeppHTOpl1» .LJ:aJIbHero BocToKa HaXOL(HTC» no
BJIIDIHl1eM a3Ha'rCKOro aHTI1UHKJ10Ha: ce3epo-3arra,u,HbIe BeTpbl rrpH-
HOC»T XOJIO, He CBOHCTBeHHbIH 3TI1M WHpOTaM, HarrpHMep, B eB-
porreHCKOH qaCTH 6bIBwero CCCP.
BJIa)l(Hbie MaCCbI OKeaHl1qeCKOrO B03.L\yxa JIeTOM yqaCTBYIOT B
UHKJIOHlf1.feCKOH e»TeJ1bHOCTlf, npHHOC» 80% roL(OBOH C}'MMbl OCa,U,-
23

KOB B BHe MYCCOHHbIX 06HJIbHbIX O)(()J,eM.
CaMblC Mory'me I..{HKJIOHbI pO)(()J,alOT yparaHHbIe BerpbI - TaM-
<PYHbI, KOTOpbIe MOrYT BbI3BaTb OCeHHee, HaH60JIee OnaCHOe Ha-
BOHeHHe. CeBepHee UllfpOTbI r. KOMCOMOJIbCKa ropbl nOKpbITbI
JIHCTBeHHH'iHOM TaMrOM, BOCTO'iHee - 3aMeHHeMOM eJIblO H rrHX-
TOM.IO:>I<Hee pacnOJIaralOTCjf WHpOKOJIHCTBeHHbIe UJIH CMewaHHbIe
JIeca,
06HJIHe BHOB paCTHTeJIbHOrO MHpa 3eCb 06'bHCHjfeTCH TeM,
'iTO CnJIOWHoro JIe)J.jfHoro rrOKpOBa B :moxy BeJIHKoro OJIeL(eHeHHjf
3eCb He 6blJI0 U pacTeHHH pa3HbIX WHpOT H rrOjfCOB cOXpaHlfJIHCb,
B3aHMHO rrpOHHKajf H 06oralJ..{WI YHBHTeJIbHbIM MHp )];aJIbHero Bo-
CTOKa, KpOMe Toro, MycCOHHoe YBJIa:>KHeHHe c03aeT elJ..{e OHO
'iYo - mraHTH3M TpaB.IIHHCTbIX paCTeHHM, KOTopble HHora oc-
TlfraIOT B BbICOTY 4 M.
BO]]b 6eperoB oCTpoBa CaXaJJUH rrpoTHHYJIHCb rrO'iTH napan-
JIeJIbHble Pyr pyry 3arraHo- H BOCTO'iHO-CaXaJIHHCKlfe ropbI,
pa3eJIeHHble TbIMb- TIopoHaMcKHM OJIOM - 6b1BWHM rrpOJIlfBoM.
DOJIee BbICOKHMH (,11.0 1609 M - r. JIorraTHHa) jfBJIHIOTCH Boc-
TOy.Ho-CaxanlfHcKHe ropb!. OHH :>Ke 60JIce .lI.HKH. 3ana.lJ.HbIC - Y.}'Tb
nOHH)I(e, o 1300 M, 60JIce ocTyrrHbI. 3HMOM Ha 3arraHblX CKJIO-
Hax rop CKa3bIBaerCH.lJ.I>IXaHHe BbIXOJIO:>KeHHoro MaTepHlal, HO 3HM-
HHe TeMllepa'I)'pbI Y)I(e He MaTepHKOBbIe, a MopCKHe. CpeflAA TCM-
rrepaT)'pa HHBapH Ha ceBcpe -18-22 °C, Ha lore -6-11 °C, XOTjf MO-
p03bl MorYT OCTHraTb -40°C, Ha HH3MeHHOCTHX - o -50°C.
JIeToM, Ha060poT, BOCTO'lHWI cTopoHa rop OTKpbITa XOJIOHbIM
aHaM OXOTCKOro MOpH. OceHb cpaBHHTeJIbHO TenJIWI, O:>K,lJ)lH-
BWI. CaMblH TenJIbIM MeCHl(, KaK H Bo06lJ..{e B paMOHax C MOpCIotHM
KJIHMaTOM, - aBrycT.
rOpHbIe JIeca CaxanHHa B OCHOBHOM eJIOBO-rrHxToBble, B 10)1(-
HOM 'iaCTH oCTpoBa - WHpoKOJIHCTBeHHble H3 y6a, MaH'i)l(ypcKO-
ro opexa, HceHH, nepeBHTbI JIHaHaMH - JIHMOHHHKOM, aKTHHHH-
eM, BHHOrpa,n;OM.
B 3anaHo-CaxanHHcKHx ropax rro rrOJIOrOM JIeca pa3BHTbI
.3apOCJIH KypUJIbCKOrO 6aM6YKa, Ha BOCTO'iHO-CaxaJIHHCKHX ro-
pax OH OTCYTcTByeT. DaM6YK rrO,lIHHMaeTCH H BLlwe BepxHeM rpa-
HHl(bI neca (700 M) B 3apOCJIH KaMeHHoM 6epe3bI, a HHora H Bblwe
HHX, 3a 1100 M, r,lIe rocrrocTByer KepoBblM CTJIaHHK, 6arynbHlfK,
24

pO.ll.O.ll.eH.lI.pOHbI. ArrbmdicKHH rrORC $OpMHpyeTcR Ha rOJ1hUax,
IIocpe.ll.HHe rrOJ1YOCTpOBa KaMqaTKa npOXO.ll.HT CpeL(HHHWH
xpe6eT aCHMMeTpH'IHOrO CTpOeHIDI C 6oJ1ee KPYTbIMH BOCTO'lHWMH
CKJIOHaMH. IIepeBanhI rrO.ll.HRThI.lI.O BbICOTbI 1200 M, BhICWaJI TO'l-
Ka - cprrKa ABalJ.HHCKaR - 3621 M. B QeHTpanhHoH lJ.aCTH xpe6Ta
HMelOTCR CJ1e.ll.hI rrpowJ1wx H3Bep)l(eHHH (J1aBOBWe nOJ1R, BYJ1KaHH-
lJ.eCKHe KOHYChI) If J1e.ll.HHKOBOH .lI.eRTeJ1hHOCTH (KapbI H TporoBwe
.lI.OJ1HHhI),
IIapaJ1JIeJ1bHhIH BOCTOlJ.HbIH xpe6eT KOpO'le Cpe.ll.HHlfOro, dH
HHTeHClfBHO paClJ.J1eHeH 3p03HeH: anhrrHHCKHe cl>OpMhl ero peJ1hecl>a
lfMeiOT MHOro rrHKo06pa3Hbix BepWHH BhlCOTOH rrOpR.lI.Ka 2000 M,
oCTpoKOHelJ.HhIX rrHJ1006paJHbIX rpe6HeH, KapOB, my60KHx pe'lHbIX
)J.OJ1HH.
Me)l(L(Y J1HHHRMH xpe6ToB HaXO.ll.HTCR-BYJ1KaHH'IeCKOe rrJ1aTO
BblCOTOH BCerO.ll.O 1300 M, HO B3.l1.bIMalOTCjj lf3peL(Ka Ha MHorOKH-
JIOMeTpOBwe BbICOTbI (KmO'leBCKajj. conKa - 4850 M) BYJ1KaHlf-
lJ.eCKlfe KOHYCbl, KOTophle .lI.enaIOT rreH3a)l( rpaH.lI.H03HWM, BeJIlf'le-
CTBeHHbIM H orraCHbiM.
3HMa Ha KaMlJ.aTKe cypoBaR, npOL(OJI)I(aIOlI.{aRCjj C .lI.eKa6pR rro
MapT. Bo BHYTpeHHlfx .lI.OJIHHax MOp03hl MOryT .lI.OCTHraTh -50 ec.
TerrJ1ee 6J1H)I(e K no6epe)l(hlO: Cpe,ll,HHe TeMrrepcnypbl Jl.HBapR Ha 3a-
rra.ll.e -15 ec, Ha BOCTOKe - -11 ec. JIero npOXJIa,LI.HOe, O'leHb CbI-
poe. BJ1ID1HHe OKeaHa CKaJbIBaeTCR Ha paJHlfl(e BeceHHeH H oceHHeH
rroro.ll.bI: TaK, BeCHOH rrepeXO.ll. 'Iepe3 HYJ1h rrpOHCXO.ll.HT B rrepBOH no-
JIOBHHe MWl, a oceHblO - B Cepe,IJ,HHe ceHTR6pJl..
BbICOKOCTBOJ1hHble J1eca H3 CWlHCKOH enH H .lI.aYPCKOH J1HCTBeH-
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KO B oceBbiX .lI.OJ1HHaX UO BbICOT He 60J1ee 300 M. OCHOBY )l(e pac-
THTeJIhHoro rrOKpOBa COCTaBllileT IqmBOJ1eCbe cy6anhrrHHcKOro rro-
Jl.ca H3 KaMeHHoH 6epe3bl C npHMecblO OJIbXH If )l(HMOJIOCTH. Bblwe
700 M CTeJ1J1.TCJI. OJIhXOBble H Ke.ll.pOBble CTJIaHHKH, ropHhle J1yra,
O'leHb 6bICTpO, Y)I(e Ha 1000 M, CMeIDIeMble ropHblMH TYH.lI.paMH.
KOJlbCKHH nOJIyocTPOB CJIO)l(eH .lI.peBHHMH .lI.OKeM6pHHCKHMH
rropo.ll.aMH, B pCHOBHOM KpHCTaJJJlH'IeCKlfMlf CJIaHl(aMH, rrpopBaH-
HbIMH 60J1ee MOJIO,ll,bIMH BHe.ll.peHIDlMH MarMbI. 3aneralOT OHlf B BH,lI,e.
CUCTeMbl ropCToB U rpa6eHoB, BhITXHyrWX, rro cnylJ.aHHoMY COBrra-
.lI.eHHIO, C 061.I.{eKaBKaJcKlfM rrpOCTHpaHHeM C 3ana,LI.a-CeBepO-3arra,LI.a
25

Ha BOCTOK-lOrO-BOCTOK. Ha TeKTOHlf<ieCKlfH penbecp nonYOCTpOBa
HanO)f(HJ1HCb CJIe,lJ,bllfHTeHCHBHOH ,lJ,eUeJ1bHOCTlf ne,lJ,HlfKOB.
rOpbl HeBbICOKI1, TonbKO B l(eHTpanbHOH <iaCTlf OTL(eJIbHble Bep-
lllHHbl npeBbllllaloT 11 '0'0 M, HO KPYTbl.
B 3HMHee BpeM516naro,lJ,apH lfKJ10Hlf<ieCKOH ,lJ,eHTeJ1bHOCm ropbl
OKa3hlBalOTCH rreperpY)f(eHHblMlf cHeroM, CpeL(HHH era rny6lfHa B
ropax 5'0-12'0 CM, 3a<iacrylO If 60J1bllle. JIaBHHoonaCHblMH MorYT
6b!Tb Bce rOpHb!e paHOHbl.
B l(eJ10M 3lfMa caMllii TenJ1M, eCJ1lf cpaBHHBaTb C ,lJ,PymMlf paH-
OHaMl1, pacn0J10)f(eHHbIMH Ha ')TOH )f(e llllfpOTe, HO Bce )f(e no-ce-
BepHOMY cypOBa. nplf cpe)J,HeH TeMrrepaType 5!HBapH -15°C MOpO-
3bI MorYT L(OCTlIraTb -4'0 °e, B03MO)f(Hbl If orrenenH, T. e. nora,lJ,a
HenpeL(CKa3yeMa Ha 60nee lfnlf MeHee L(J1HTeJ1bHbIH CpOK.
J1eTo npOXJ1a,lJ,HOe, CKa3bJBaeTCH pacrr0J10)f(eHlfe 6011bllleH <iac-
TH Xlf6HH 3a nOJ1HpHbIM KpyroM. B mo60H MeCHl( MorYT CJ1Y<iHTb-
CH 3aMop03Klf.
nOHca BbICOTHOH 30HanbHOCTH paCTlfTeJIbHOCTH)J.J1H Xlf6HHCKHX
rap BeCbMa 3aY)f(eHbl. TaK, COCHOBbIe 11 <iYTb BbIllle enOBbIe neca
,lJ,OCTHraIOT Bcera J1HIIlb OTMeTKH B 4'0'0 M. J1eca B l(eJIOM Hlf3KOpOC-
J1b!, pa3pe)f(eHbI, MeCTaMH 3a60J10<ieHbl. B HHTepBane BblCOT 4'0'0-
5'0'0 M pacrro.haralOTcH 3apOCJ1H 6epe3ID1KOB, CMeHHeMbIe BbIllle HB-
IDIKOM If MO)f()f(eBenbHlfKOM. C 50'0 M Ha<iHHaIOTCH rapHble ryHL(pbl.
BHYTpeHHee cTpoeHlfe YpanbcKHx rap HaCTOJ1bKO CJ10)f(HO, <iTO
BPHL( J1H B03MO)f(HO Bbl,lJ,eJ1l1Tb KaKYIO-J1H60 0606wa10ll(Ylo 3aKOHO-
MepHocTb. Pa3Ho06pa3Hble CKJ1a,1J,Klf C pa3pblBaMlf, HaL(BlffaMlf 6bUlH
OCJ10)f(HeHbl MHOrO<ilfCJ1eHHbIMH H pa3Ho06pa3HblMl1 no cocTaBY
HHTPY3lfHMH, B Me3030i1cKYlO H KaHH03oHcKYlO 3pbI npeTepneJ1H
rny60Kl1e lf3MeHeHlfH, C03L(aBlllHe cOBpeMeHHblH 06J1lfK Ypanbc-
KHX rop. BorrpeKH 6blryIoeMY MHeHlfIO, YpaJ1 He ,lJ,peBHee KaB-
Ka3CKHX rop.
Ha rrpOTH)f(eHHH 60J1ee L(BYX TblCHQ KHJ10MerpOB npHpO,lJ,a Ypa-
J1a HaCTOJ1bKO pa:mo06pa3Ha, <iTO CTOI1T raBoplfTb OT,lJ,eJ1bHO 0 era
perHOHax, HX oporpacpHH, KJ1HMaTe, paCTHTe.rIbHOCTH.
E,lJ,l1HCTBeHHOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTblO, xapaKTepHOH)].JUI Bcera Ypa-
J1a, HBJ1HeTCH pacnpeL(eJ1eHHe OCa,lJ,KOB B 3aBHCHMOCTlf OT 3Kcrr03H-
LlHl1 CKllOHOB. Ha 3arra,lJ,HOM CKJIOHe YpaJ1a, HaBerpeHHOM )J.J1H 3a-
na,lJ,Horo rrepeHoca B03,lJ,)'lllHbIX Macc, Bblrra,lJ,aer OCa)J.I<OB OT 1 'ODD MM
26

Ha CeBepe ll.O 700 MM Ha lore. TpeXMeTpOBblH CHe)I(HbIH rrOKpOB 3L(eCb
He peL(KOCTb. BOCTO'iHbIH CKJIOH, HaXO,WIllmHCji B BeTpOBOH TeHlf,
nOJIy'meT Bcero 300-450 MM ocall.KOB B roll..
CpeL(Hlfe TeMrrepaTypbI jiHBapji, KaK HH cTpaHHo, ClfJIbHO He OT-
JIlf'laIOTCji: -20-22 °C 3a nOJIjipHbIM KpyroM, -16-17 °C Ha lore
Yparra. A BOT 3aMop03KH Ha nOJIjipHOM YpaJIe B03MO)l(HbI Kpymo-
rOll.lf'lHO. Ha Cpell.HeM Yparre 6e3Mop03HbIH neplfOL( )J)1HTCji B cpeL(-
HeM TpH MeCjil(a, Ha IO)I(HOM - 'ieTbIpe.
nOJIjipHbIH Yparr nOKpblT ropHOH TYHL(pOH, paCTeHlfji KOTOpOH
He C03ll.aIOT CnJIOillHOrO cpOHa, a IOTjiTCji CpeL(lf KaMeHHbIX POCCbl-
neM, Ha lOre nOJIjipHOro Yparra, TO'iHee B nplfnOJIjipHOM, HaXOL(lfT-
Cji CaMaji BbICOKaji TO'iKa BceM YparrbCKOH CHCTeMbl - r, Hapok
Haji (1895 M), 3L(eCb Y)I(ell.o BbICOT 500 M pa3BlfTa rOpHaji TaHra:
JIlfCTBeHHHl(a, eJIb, COCHa, nHXTa, J.I3 He6JIarOrrpHjiTHhIX YCJIOBlfH
CJIeL(YeT OTMeTlfTb CHJIbHhIe BeTpbI.
CeBepHhIH YpaJI HH)I(e nOillipHOro (1200-1500 M), yqacTKH rop-
HOH l)'HL(phl JIemH pa30pBaIfHOH. l(errO'lKOM Ha BepIllHHhI xpe6ToB,
Bce OCTarrbHoe - Mope TaMrH.
YBaJIbI Cpell.Hero YpaJIa MaJIO HarrOMlfHalOT rophI, ll.a H JIeca B
IO)l(HOH ero 'iaCTI1 3Ha'll1TeJIbHO CBeL(eHhI Ha{,'l)'nalomHl\'! Ha rrpHpo-
ll.y HH,lI.YCTplfarrhHhIM rreM33)1(eM.
IO)I(HblH Yparr CHOBa rrOll.HHMaeT uenlf CBOlfX xpe6ToBll.o 1000-
1600 M. CHOBa rrOjiBJIjilOTCji KaMeHHb.Ie pOCChIllH, KYPYMhI, Ha rrjiT-
Hax ropHOH TYHll.pbl Bhlille KHJIOMeTpOBOH OTMeTKlf. TaHra rrOCTe-
rreHHO YCl)'naeT MeCTO CMeIllaHHbIM H ll.a)l(e IlllfpOKOJIHCTBeHHblM
JIeCaM 113 JIlfrrhI, L(y6a, HJIhMa, KJIeHa,
20% rrJIOwaL(11 Cpell.Heii A3HII 3aHlfMalOT rOpbI. HCTOpH}I HX
pa3BlfTHji BKpaTl(e TaKOBa. C Ha'iarra naJIe030ji L(O KOHu.a rrarreoreHa
Ha 3TOH TeppHTOpHH cymecTBoBarr MOpCKOH CpeL(H3eMHOMopCKHH
6acceHH. CHa'laJIa lf3 ero BOJIH rrOll.HjiJIlfCb ceBepHhIe u.enH TjiHb-
lllaHji, 3aTeM -- !O)I(Haji qaCTb H paHOH xpe6TOB A.rrTaMcKoro, Typ-
KeCTaHCKoro If 3epaBIllaHcKoro. B L(aJIbHeHilleM B TeqeHHe Me30-
30HCKOro BpeMeHH rrOL(H}lBillajiC}I rOpHaji cYilla rrOL( BJIHjiHHeM 3K-
30reHHblX cpaKTopOB 3Ha'iHTeJIhHO CHH3HJIaCb H npeBpaTHJIaCb B
rrO'iTlf paBHliHY.
B Ha'laJIe HeoreHoBoro BpeMeHlf (26 MJIH. JIeT Ha3aL() npoH30Ill-
JIO rrOL(HUHe OrpOMHbIX Teppl1TOpl1H. B Te'leHHe rrOCJIeL(Hero MlfJI-
27

JIHOHa JIeT rrpOHCXO)].HJIO )].aJIbHeHIllee paJBHTHe COBpeMeHHoro pe-
JIbe<pa rro)]. BJIIDIHHeM 3p03HOHHOH H JIe)J.HHKOBOH )].eRTeJIbHOCTH.
THHb-llIalib XapaKTepeH qepe)].OBaHHeM IllHpOTHO BbITRHYTbIX
Xpe6TOB H BrraL(HH H 06I..IJ;HM rrOBbIIlleHHeM peJIbe<pa)].o 7000 M rrpH
)].BH)((eHHH Ha BOCTOK, COOTBeTCTBeHHo, YBeJ1H'iHBaIOTCR H OqarH
OJIe)].eHeHIDI.
110BepxHocTb )].peBHero BbIpaBHlfBaHHR 06HapY)((HBaeTCR Ha
BOCTO<IHOM TRHb-lllaHe B BH)].e rrJIOCKHX nOJIOrOBOJIHHCTblX rrpo-
CTpaHCTB,
110 neplf<pepHH ropHoH CHCTeMbl THHb-lllaHbcKHe ropbl60JIee
H3pe3aHHbI, CKJIOHbl 60JIee KPYTbI.
KnHMaT THHb-lllaHR pe3Ko KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIH, qTO xapaKTepH-
3yeTcH pe3KHM rrepena)].oM TeMnepaTYP B Te<IeHHe CYTOK,
Ha BblCOTax 3600 M cpe)].HRH TeMnepaTypa HHBapR-20 °C,
HIOJIH - +6 °C, MorYT 6bITb MOp03bI )].0 -40°C.
O<IeHb 60JIbIllOe 3Ha<IeHHe HMeeT 3KCn03Hl(HH CKJIOHOB. TaK,
ceBepHbIe H 3arra,u,Hble CKJIOHbI rrOJ1Y<IaIOT B 3-4 paJa 60JIbIlle oca)].-
KOB, <IeM rrpOTHBOnOJIO)((HbIe,
PaCTHTeJ1bHbIH rrOKpOB BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3eH. B CTerrHX H JIY-
rax rocrrO)].CTBYIOT TpaBHHHCTbIe paCTeHIDI, J1eca 3aHHMalOT TOJIbKO
6% rrOBepXHOCTH THHb-lllaHH. CeBepHaH 'laCTb ropHbIX JIeCOB Ha
BblCOTax 1400-3000 M Ha YBJIa)((HeHHblx If TeHeBblX CKJIOHax 3aHR-
Ta CTpOHHblMH THHb-IllaHbCKlfMH eJIRMH, pe)((e - rrHxToH H ap'leB-
HHKaMH (Pa3J1H<IHblMH BH)].aMH MOJIOKeBeJIbHHKoB). B nO)J.JIeCKe -
C'be)].06Hble HrO)].HbIe: pJt6HHa, 6ap6apHc, IlllfrrOBHHK, CMopo)].HHa.
Ha IO)((HOM T$IHb-llHme, Ha cl>epraHcKoM H qaTKaJIbCKOM xpe6-
Tax, rrpOH3paCTaIOT llIHpOKOJIHCTBeHHble JIeca H3 rpeIJ,KOrO opexa,
KJIeHa. B nO)J.JICKe l\1Horo C'be)].o6HblX K)'CTapHHKOB: $I6JIOWl, rpy-
Illa, <pHCTaIIIKa, aJIwqa.
TIaMHp - 3TO CJIO)((HbIH Y3eJI Ha CThIKe )].BYX ropHbIX rrORCOB -
AnbrrHHcKO-rHMaJIaHCKOro H l1aMHpo-QYKOTcKoro. l103TOMY OH H
B3MeTHYJICR B OT)].eJIbHbIX MaccHBax BbIIlle 7000 M. 3ana,u,HblH l1a-
MHp - rpyrrrra IllHpOTHO-BbITRHyrbIX xpe6TOB C MaKCHMaJIbHOH Bbl-
COTOH Ha BepIllHHe rrHKa KOMMYHH3Ma -7495 M. BOCTO<IHbIH l1a-
MHp - OTKpbITbIe, nOqTH nJIOCKHe rrpoCTpaHCTBa KaMeHHCTOH rryc-
TblHH, Pe3Ko KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIH KJIHMaT l1aMHpa xapaKTepH3YeTCH
OOJIbIllHMH CyrO'lHhlMH H ce30HHbIMH K0J1e6aHIDIMH TeMnepa1YpbI
28

B03AYXa, MaJIOH 06JIa'iHOCTblO, HCKJIIO'iHTeJ1bHOH CYXOCTblO. Mopa-
3bI 3HMOH )J,ocmralOT -50°C.
O)J,HH H3 rrapa)J,oKcoB IIaMHpa - HaJIH'iHe Be'iHOH Mep3JIOTbI,
OJIe)J,eHeHHe IIaMHpa rpaH)J,u03HO, 60JIee TbICJI'lH JIe)J,HHKOB 3aHH-
MalOT rrJIOI«aJJ,b 8000 KM 2 ,
Oca)J,KH YMeHbllIalOTcR C 3arra.n;a, r)J,e COCTaBJIJlIOT 500 MM B
roll., )J,O 50-60 MM Ha BOCTO'lHOM IIaMHpe.
PaCTHTeJIbHOCTb 3acyxoYCTOH'iHBa. JIecHYIO OCHOBY ee COCTaB-
illIlOT ap'ieBble JIeca. 3TO paJOMKHyrble, H30rHYTbIe, 3aKpY'ieHHbIe
)J,epeBbR MO>IOKeBeJIbHHKOB B HHTepBaJIe BblCOT 1700-3000 M. BblllIe
H)J,yr cy6aJIbrrHHCKHe H aJIbnHHCKH JIyra.
IIepexo)J,oM OT TJlHb-IIIaIDI K IIa1Hpy CJI)')KaT napaJIJIeJIbHO Bbl-
UlHyrble xpe6Tbl IIaMHpo-AJmUl: ArraHCKI1H H 3aanaHcKHH C rrHKOM
JIeHHHa - 7134 M, TypKecTaHcKHH, 3epaBllIaHcKHH H rHccapc-
KHH. 3)J,ecb 60JIee BJIa)KHO. KpoMe ap'ieBllliKOB HMelOTCR HaCIDK)J,e-
HHRllIHpOKOJIHCTBeHHblx'rropOll. - rpeu.Koro opexa, KJIeHa; O'ieHb
MHoro <PPYKTOBbIX )J,epeBbeB - aJIbl'llf, Jl6JIOHb, rpYllI, MHH)J,aJUI,
6ap6apHca, pR6HHbl, BHllIHH.
O'leHb HHTepeceH, a C TO'lKH 3peHIDI Bbl)KHBaHIDI H BeCbMa rrOJIe-
3eH crroco6, C rrOMOI«bIO KOTOpOro rraMHpcKHe ropHb}e pacTeHIDI
DpHcnoc06HJllicb K rrepeHeceH.lf.!,o Hlf3KHX HOLJ!n;.IX TeMII6pa'I)'p. Be)J,b
Ha 3500-3900 M (a 3TO Ha IIaMHpe BbICOTa, I;IJ;e Ha'iHHaeTCjf 3eMJIe)J,e-
JIHe) JIeTOM TeMIIepaTYPa Ha nOBepXHOCTH rrO'IBbI MO)KeT rra.n;aTb)J,O -
10°C, MO)KeT nOHTH CHer. PacTeHIDI rrpHcrroco6HJ1HCb K 3THM He-
B3ro)J,aM, HaKaWlHBWi B TKaHRX caxap. IIpH'ieM B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHbIX KO-
JIH'leCTBax. Tal(, B CYXHX JIlfCTbjfX H CTe6JIjfx R'lMeIDI caxapa MO)KeT
6blTh)J,O 40%. CeHo Ha BbICOTHOM IIa1Hpe HMeeT cO)J,ep)KaHHe caxa-
pa B 6-8 paJ 60JIbllIe, 'leM CKOllIeHHoe B cpe)J,HHX llIHpOTax. Caxap B
KJIeTKax CBJl3bIBaeT BO H CHH)KaeT TO'lKY ee 38Mep3aHHJI. KpoMe
TOro, npH HH3KHX HO'lHbIX TeMneparypax rrpou.eCCbI HO'lHOro )J,bIXa-
HHJI, rrpH KOTOpbIX 'laCTh caxapa npeBpaI«aeTCJI B KpaxMaJI, npHTOp-
MO)KeHbI, IIpaKTH'lecKH Bce BH)J,bl, KOTopble Ha KaBKaJe jfBJIJlIOTCJI
rrpocTO CaJIaTHbtMH )J,JllI y6ml)KeHHjf rrYCToro )KeJIYJJ,Ka, Ha IIaMHpe
eI«e H KaJIOpHHHbI, H BHTaMHHa C B HHX B 2-2,5 paJa 60JIbllIe.
KoneT)J,ar - COBceM MOJIO)J,oe CKJIa)J,'laTOe coopY)KeHHe. B
OTJIH'lHe OT KaBKaJa xpe6eT Ha.n;BHHyr Ha CeBepJlH, rro3ToMy KpyrbI
ero ceBepHbIe CKJIOHbI H 60JIee rrOJIOrH IO)KHbIe, Oca)J,O'lHbIe nopo-
29

.lI;bl ClfnbHO lf3pe3aHbI YlI.{enbSIMH, nOBCIOAY pOCCbIrrH rnbl6 - CBlf-
L(eTenbCTBa rp03HbiX 06BaJIOB.
MlfHlfMaJIbHbIe TeMneparypbI B03L()'Xa 3lfMOH B ropax.lI;O -30°C.
OCaL(KOB HeMHoro - 250-300 MM, PY%H H He60nbllIHe peKH 60Jlb-
WYlO 'iaCTb roL(a rrpeACTaBnHIOT C060H nepecoxwHe Pycna, HO BO
BpeW!: nHimeH rro HlfM CXO,lJ)lT rpo3Hble ceneBble rrOTOKH.
110 CKJIOHaM If HaL(He ywenlfH IOTHTCH ap'leBHHKH, H6noHlf, rpy-
WI1, L(I1KHHlfH)I(l1p. Ha BOCTOKe BMecTO ap'leBoro peL(KOneCbH BCTpe.,
'1aIOTCH qJlfCTaWKoBble.
B npeL(enbI 6bIBlUero COBeTcKoro COI03a 3aXOL(I1T TonbKO cpeL(-
WIH '1aCTb KapnaTcKoH L(ym, HaJblBaeMaH BOCTO'lHbIMH Hnlf J1ecl1-
CTblMlf KapnaTal\lH. 3L(eCb MbI CHOBa BCTpe'laeMCH co 3HaKOMbiM
HaM rro 3arra.n.HOMY KaBKa3Y <jJnHlUeM - MenKOpHTMI1'1HbIM nepe-
Cnal1BaHlfeM MepreneH, rreC'IaHHKOB, rnlfH, KOHrnOMepaTOB. HMe-
IOTCH H cneAbI BymalHH'IeCKOH L(eHTeJ1bHOCTH. Ha'laBlllI1HCH rrOA'beM
KaprraTCKlfX rop B HeoreHe BpeMSI OT BpeMeHH rrpepblBaJlCH, o6pa-
30BblBaJlHCb rrOBepXHOCTH BbIpaBHHBaHHH. OHH, rrOAHSlTble Ha PaJ-
nl1'iHYlO BbICOTy, H peKH, OL(HOBpeMeHHO C nOAHSlTHeM rrpomUIHBa-
IOlll.He TOnlll.H nopOA, C03Aa.JJ.lf peWeT'IaT)'IO paC'IneHeHHOCTb MHO-
ro'lI1CneHHbIX CT)'rreH'IaTbIX xpe6TOB, BblTHHYTbIX C ceBepO-3arra.n.a
iIa IOro-BOCTOK. CpeL(HHe BbICOTbI nOpH)J,Ka 800-1000 M.
YMepeHlto KOHTHHeHTaJlbHbIH KJII1MaT L(OBOnbHO MHrOK (cpeA-
HeHHBapCKWI TeMnepaTypa -2-4 0e).
OKpy)l(alOlll.l1e paBHlfHbl nOJ1YQaIOT 400-700 MM ocaAKOB B rOA,
ropbI )l(e, TaK KaK nepexBaTbIBalOT BJIax<Hble MaCCbl, 60nee YBnax<-
HeHbl - 800-1500 MM. J1eca OQeHb nOXO)l(H Ha KaBKa3CKl1e. Ha
HH)I(HI1X CKJIOHaX rop Ta )l(e paCTHTeJ1bHOCTb: Ay60Bble C rpa60M,
KJIeHOM, nHnoH. qYTb nOBbIwe, npHMepHo C 600 M, rrpOH3paCTalOT
6YKoBo-rrHxToBble H eJ10BbIe neca. TaK)I(e pacrrpOCTpaHeH rrnlOlI.{.
C 1500 M cy6aJIbnHHCKaH, B OCHOBHOM 3naKOTpaBHaH 30Ha.

rnaBa 2.
OpeHTpoBaHe. Bbl60p HO"lnera.
nOCK BOAOCTO"lHKOB
OpMeHTMpOBaHMe
qTO npe.n.CTaBnjleT C060H OpI1eHTl1pOBaHl1e? B nlfTepaT)'pe, r.n.e
OHO 06bI1.J:HO onlfCbIBaeTCjI, - B cnpaB01.J:HlfKaX If PYKOBOL(CTBaX rro
Tonorpaqmlf - TepMlfH «opl1eHTlfpOBaHlfe» yrroTpe6njleTCjlllmpOKo
If nOL(1.J:ac B pa3I-10M CM,bIcne. rOBOpjlT 06 Opl1eHTl1pOBaHlfl1 rro Kap-
Te, rro.n.pa3YMeBaji nOL( 3TlfM YMeHlfe, HaXO.JJ.jlCb Ha OTKpbITOH MeCT-
HOCTI1 C llmpOKlfM 0630POM, HaHTlf Ha KapTe T01.J:KY CBoero CTO-
jlHlfjl. rOBOpjlT 06 oplfeHTlfpOBaHl1lf KapTbI, I1MeSi B Blf.n.y OTblCKaJIlfe
TaKoro ee nonO)l(emlSi (3a C1.J:eT nOBopOTa KapTbl B roplf30HTaJIbHOH
nnOCKOCTI1), npl1 KOTOpOM ceBepHaji CTopOHa paMKlf 6bIna 6bI 06-
paIll.eHa K ceBepy Ha MeCTHOCTI1. rOBOpjlT 06 Opl1eHTl1pOBaHI1H no
KOMnacy: B 3TOM CJIY1.J:ae 06bI1.J:HO pe1.J:b l1.n.eT 06 onpeL(eJIeHHI1 CTO-
pOH rOpl130HTa (ceBep-lor, 3ana.n.-BocTOK), HO I1HOrL(a nOL( Opl1eH-
Tl1pOBaHl1eM no KOMrracy pa3YMeiOT YMeHl1e BblL(ep)l(a:rb Ha MeCT-
HOCTH HY)l(Hoe HarrpaBJIeHl1e C rrOMOIll.blO KOMrraca. BCTpe1.J:aJOTCH
TaKlfe Bblpa)l(eHlfH, KaK OplfeHTl1pOBaHl1e B ropax, B JIecy, B rrYCTbl-
He If T. .n.. 3L(eCb I1MeeTCH B BI1.n.y YMeHHe, CTpOH CBOI1 .n.eHCTBHjI,
npl1HlfMatb BO BHI1MaHlfe oc06eHHOCTI1 Toro I1JIl1l1HOrO Blf.n.a npl1-
pO.n.HOro JIaH.n.llla<pTa. Hepe.n.Ko pe% 3axo.n.I1T 06 Opl1eHTI1pOBaHl111
no He6ecHblM CBeTlfJIaM (COJIHl(Y, 3Be3.n.aM, JIYHe). lloL( 3TI1M rro)J.-
pa3YMeBaJOT YMeHl1e orrpe.n.eJII1Tb rro HI1M CTOpOHbI rOpI130HTa. )];0-
CTaT01.J:HO '"!.acTo yrroTpe6ID1eTcjI Bblpa)l(eHl1e «opl1eHTl1pOBaHl1e rro
MeCTHbIM npe.n.MeTaM». qawe Bcero 3.n.eCb HMelOT B BI1L(Y crroco6-
HOCTb rrplf6JIH3lfTeJIbHO orrpe.n.eJII1Tb CTOpOHbI ropl130HTIl no Mypa-
BeHHI1KaM, KpOHaM .n.epeBbeB, 3aMilleJIbiM rrHHM 11 KaMHjlM 11 TOMY
. rro.n.06HblM rrpe,lJ,MeTaM. Ho I1HOrL(a nOL( 3THM rro.n.pa3YMeBaJOT )'Me-
Hlfe COOTHeCTI'I C KapTOH MecTO cBoero HaXO)I()J.eHI1H, OnI1paHCb Ha
xapaKTepHbIe MeCTHbIe npeL(MeTbl (KOJIOKOJIbHI1, OT.n.eJIbHbIe .n.epe-
BbH, Tpl1roHoMeTpI11.J:eCKI1e rrYHKTbI 11 T. .n..).
MbI paCCMOTpI1M HeKOTOpbIe lf3 rrepetmCJIeHHbIX BI1L(OB opHeH-
TI1pOBaHIDI.
31

06yqaTb OpMeHTMpOBaHMlO JIyqllle BCerO B TYPMCTCKOM JIarepe
MJIM B CepMM BOCKpeCHbIX rrOXO,ll;OB. B 3THX YCJIOBMHX o6yqeHMe
OpMeHTlfpOBaHMIO MO)f(eT 6bITb OCHOBHOH l(eJIbIO KIDK.lI.Oro BbIXO,ll;a,
l(eJIblO, KOTOpOH nO,ll;qMHHlOTCH Bce OCTaJIbHbIe, llpeBpaTMTb )f(e
MHoro,ll;HeBHbIH rrOXO,ll; B yqe6HblH, KaK rrpaBMJIO, ,lI;eJIO TpY,LI,Hoe: TaM
npaKTMqeCKMe l(eJIH 06bIqHO ,lI;OMMHHPYIOT Ha,lt yqe6HbIMH, A eCJIM
HMeTb B Bli,ll;y 06yqeHMe opMeHTMpOBaHMIO, TO 3$$eKTMBHOCTb He-
CKOJIbKMX O,ll;HO,ll;HeBHblX rroxo,ll;oB.6Y,ll;eT 3aMeTHO BbIllie paBHoro
MM no }J)1MTeJIbHOCTM MHoro)J.HeBHoro rrOXO,ll;a, )l(eJIaTerrbHO IIpH 3TOM
He c06MpaTb 60JIblllMe rpyrrrrbI, C reM, qT06b1 KIDK,/J,blH Mor HeCKOJIb-
KO pa3 rrorrp060BaTb ce6H B pOJIM Be,ll;YlIJ.ero. 11, HaKOHl(, rrOCJIe-
,lI;Hee 3aMeqaHMe. rOBOpHT, qT06bI HayqMTbcH rrJIaoaTb, Ha,ll;O BOHTM B
BO,ll;Y. YqlfTbCH rrJIaBaTb Ha 6epery 6eCCMblCJIeHHO, AHaJIOrMqHbIM
06pa30M HayqMTbCH opMeHTMpoBaTbcH MO)f(HO TOJIbKO Ha MeCTHOC-
TM. OTHlO,lI;b He B KJIacce. 3aHHTMH B KJIaCce MorYT lfrpaTb JIMmb
BcnOMOraTeJIbHYlO pOJIb. ECJIM B OTHOllleHMM rrJIaBaHMH 3TO rrOIDIT-
HO BceM, TO MHaqe 06CTOMT ,lI;eJIO C opHeHTMpOBaHHeM, 06bIqHaH
0llllf6Ka HeorrblTHoro PYKOBO,ll;MTeJIH COCTOMT B TOM, qTO JIbBHHYIO
,lI;OJIIO BpeMeHH, OTBe,ll;eHHoro Ha 06yqeHMe opMeHTHpOBaHMlO, OH
TpaTlfT Ha 3aIDITMH B KJIacce: HarrpMMep, ,lI;Ba ,lI;ByxqaCOBbIX 3aHHTIDI.
B HeL(eJIIO - KJIaCC M O,ll;HO BOCKpeceHbe B MeCHIJ, - BbIXO,ll;. Ha,ltO JIM
061,HCHHTb, qTO 3TO nOXO)f(e Ha o6yqeHMe rrJIaBaHMlO Ha cyme?
CKa3aHHOe He CJIe.nyeT, KOHe'lHO, rrOHMM<ITb a6COJIIOrHo. B KOHu.e
KOHlJ,OB; MO)f(HO HaY'lMTbCH opMeHTMpoBaTbcH M B rrpou.ecce caMO-
06yqeHIDI. llpOCTO Ha 3TO YHAeT OqeHb MHOro BpeMeHM.
OpMeHTMpOB8HMe no He6eCHblM CBeTMn8M
B HaCTOHlIJ.ee BpeW( ropo,ll;a M cerra pacrrOJIO)f(eHbI Ha 3arra,n.HOM
KaBKa3e rrOqTM MCKJIlOqHTeJIbHO rro 6eperaM peK, MOpH, B rrpe.wo-
pbHX. ll03TOMY rrpM Heo6xo,ll;HMOCTM CpO'lHOH 3BaKyau.MM M3 rop-
HO-JIeCMCTOH MeCTHOCTM BbIXO,ll; ,lI;OJI)f(eH oCYlIJ.eCTBJIHTbCH B pac-
umpeHHble qaCTM ,lI;OJIMHbI, K ,lI;OpOraM M )f(MJIMwaM. Ha IO)f(HOM
CKJIOHe xpe6Ta cJIe.nyeT npMAep)f(MBaTbCH HarrpaBJIeHIDI Ha lOrO-3a-
na,lt, Ha .ceBepHoM CKJIOHe - Ha ceBepo-BOCTOK. Onpe,ll;eJIeHHe CTO-
pOH CBeTa B ropax conpH*eHO CO 3HaqMTeJIbHblMH Tpy,ll;HOCTRMM.
boJIblIIag qaCTb rrOBepXHOCTM CeBepo-3ana,ltHoro KaBKa3a nOKpbl-
32

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P/IIC, 1, OnpelleneH/IIe cropoH
csera no COnHL/Y.
P/IIC, 1a, OnpelleneH/IIe cropoH
csera no nonflpHoM 3Se31le.
Ta necoM, qaCTbl TYMaHbl, COnHeqHblM AHeM orrpeAeneHi-ie He CO-
CTaBmleT TpYAa. HMeR qaCbI, rroCTyrraloT TalC qaCOBYID CTpenKY
OCTpHeM HarrpaBnRIDT B CTOPOHY COJIHlJ,a (pHC, 1), rrpH TaKOM no-
nO)KeHHH qaCOB 6HCCeKTpHCa yma Me)K)1Y qaCOBOH CTpeJIKOH H
IJ,HcI>POH 2 Ha l(Hcpep6JIaTe (c OKTR6pR no MapT - u.HcI>POH 1) YKa-
)KeT HanpaBJIeHHe Ha lOr.
B RCHOM HOqHOM He6e ceBepHoe HanpaBJIeHHe YKIDKer BaM ITo-
nRpHaR 3Be3Aa. OTblcKaTb ee MO)KHO C nOMOIlJ,blO C03Be3AIDI bOJIb-
lllOH MeABeAHlJ,bl, HMelOIlJ,erO cl>OPMY 60JIblllOro KOBllla C PyqKOH,
PaccToRHHe Me)KAY ABYMR KpaHHHMH 3se3AaMH KOBllla, OTJIO)KeH-
Hoe MblCJIeHHO 5 pa3 Ha npRMoH, HX coeAHHRIOIIJ,eH, rrpHBeAeT Bac
K ITOJIRpHOH 3Be3Ae (pHC, la).
ITpH rrOJIHonyHHH CTOpOHbl ropH30HTa orrpeAeJUlIDT TaK )Ke, KaK
If no COJIHu.y H qaCaM, npHqeM JIYHa rrpHHHMaeTCR 3a COJIHl(e, T. e.
B 19 qaCOB JIYHa HaXOAHTCR Ha BOCTOKe, B qac HOqH Ha -lOre,
B 6 qaCOB - Ha 3anaAe,
ITpH APyrl1X cl>a3ax YCTaHaBJIHBalOT, rrpH6blBaer nyHa lfJIH y6bIBa-
er, ECJIH JIyHa npH6blBaeT, aHa 06paIlJ,eHa pO*KaMH BJIeBO, eCJIH
y6blBaeT  BrrpaBo. OlJ,eHHBaIOT Ha ma3, CKOJIbKO llleCTblX AOJIeH
pa,u,Hyca JIYHbl COCTaBJUler OCBeIlJ,eHHM qaCTb, ECJIH nyHa Ha YIIJ,ep-
6e, TO K nOKa3aHIDIM BpeMeHH Ha qacax npH6aB.1U1lOT CTOJIbKO qaCOB,
CKOJ1bKO ll1eCTblX AOJIeH pa,rJ,Hyca COCTaBJUIer OCBeIlJ,eHHWI qaCTb, Ec.rni
JIYHa rrpH6blBaeT, TO H3 rrOKa3aHHR BpeMeHH 3TO 'lHCJIO BbIqHTaer.
2. CnpaBoH"'K TYP",cTa
33

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PHC. 2. Onpe,qeneHHe cropoH CBer8 no nYHe.
BbI'lHCJIeHHOe C yqefOM rrOrrpaBKH rrOJIO)KeHHe qaCOBOM CTpeJIKH Ha-
rrpaBJUlefCH B CTOPOHY JIYHbI.
YroJI Me)KAY 3THMH HarrpaBJIeHHHMH H l(H!ppOM 2 (3HMOM - 1)
Ha u.H!pep6JIine AeJIHTCH norrOJIaM. 3TO HarrpaBJIeHHe YKIDKeT Ha lOr
(plfC. 2).
OpueHTupOBaHMe no MeCTHblM npellMeraM
M npMpOIlHOMY naHllwacpTY
IIpH OTCYTCTBHH pa60TalOIIJ,HX qaCOB CJIeAyeT C rrOMOlIJ,bIO ca-
MOM KOpOTKOM TeHH OT YKperrJIeHHOM B 3eMJIlO naJIKH orrpeAeJIHTb
HarrpaBJIeHHe Ha COJIHu.e B MeCTHblM rrOJIAeHb, a 3aTeM paCCqHTaTb
HarrpaBJIeHHe Ha lor, rrOMHH, qro 3a 'lac COJIHl(e CMelIJ,aeTCH rro He-
60CKJIOHY Ha yrOJI, paBHbIM 15°
Ha paBHHHHblX yqaCTKaX HarrpaBJIeHHe Ha lOr MO)KHO onpeL(e-
JIHTb no 60JIbIIIOMY BbIcTyrrJIeHHIO CMOJIbI Ha lO)KHOM rrOJIOBHHe
CTBOJIa xBoMHoro AepeBa.
C ceBepHoH CTOpOHbI Kopa rpy6ee y MHorHX AepeBbeB, KaK
XBOMHbIX, TaK H JIHCTBeHHbIX, rro3ToMY, oco6eHHo rrOCJIe AO)KAH,
Ha6yxIIIWl Kopa CMOTpJ1TCH 60JIee TeMHOH.
ECJIH MypaBeMHHK pacrrOJIO)KeH Y CTBOJIa AepeBa, 06bIqHO 3TO
6bIBaeT C IO)KHOM CTOpOHbI.
C03peBWI, HroAbI H CPPYKTbI CHaqaJIa oKpaIIIHBalOTcH C IO)KHOH
CTOpOHbI.
34

c ";(
  ?'\i
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::::Y;::":
;. $f" "'.1 
'." ----=-- .
PI1C, 3. Onpel1eneHl1e CTOpOH caeTa no cHery.
B OBparax CHer TIleT Ha CKJIOHe 1O)I(80H 3Kcrr03Hl(Hlf 6bIcrpee.
flYHKa B cHery y )J.epeBa 06UIHpHee C IOra. K rrOJIyorraHBalO-
meMY KaMHIO CHer pHmmaeT C ceBepa. KOpHH L(epeBbeB paHbIlle
rrOKa3blBaIOTCX H3-rrop. CHera C 1O:)I(80H CTOpOHbI. BecHoH Ha CKJIO-
Hax, 06paIll.eHHbIX K lOry, CHer TaeT, 06pa3Yx xapaIcrepHbIe BbICTY-
rrbl H Hmbl, HX OCH HarrpaBJIeHbl K TO'lKe KYJIbMHHal(HH COJIHl(a
(pHC. 3).
OrrpeL(eJIeHlfe CTOpOH CBeTa rro 06menpHHXTbiM B JIHTepaTYpe
rrpH3HaKaM, KaK TO: no HaIlH'lHIO Mxa Ha CeBe)HOH CTopOHe CTBO-
JIOB )J.epeBbeB, lllHpHHe rOL(H'lHbIX KOJIel( Ha rrIDIX, rycToTe BeTBeH
H T. )J.., B HaType, oc06eHHO B ropHOH MeCTHOCTH, 'laCTO XBJIXeTCX
6eCCMblcneHHblM.
Bce 3Tlf nplf3HaKH YKa3blBaIOT Ha OCBeweHHOCTb, a OHa 3aBHCHT
OT pa3HbIX npH'lHH: ryCTOTbI JIeca, 3KCrr03Hl(lfH CKJIOHa, HaIlH'lHX
CKaJIbHbIX BbIXO)J.OB, OKOH OT YdaBlllHX )J.epeBbeB, BJIa)l(HOCTH B03-
.lI;yxa. rOpa3L(0 Ha)J.e)l(Hee MO)l(HO onpe)J.eJIHTb CTOpOHbI CBeTa rro
BlfL(OBOMY COCTIlBY paCTHTeJIbHOCTH, rrpHYPO'leHHOH K ceBepHOMY
HJIH 10:>KHOMY CKJIOHY. TaK, npH 'leTKOM pa3)J.eJIeHlflf CKJIOHOB Ha
3aHXTbie 6YKOM H L(y60M MbI L(OCTOBepHO MO)l(eM YTBep)l(;ll,aTb; qTO
35

CKJIOHI, 3aHJlTbIe 6YKOM, 06pameHbI CTpOro Ha CeBep, ,lJ,y60M -
Ha lOr.
tIHcTbIe, KaK 6bl rrp03paqHbIe Y'laCTKH neca H3 HH3Kopocnoro
rpa6HHHHKa rrOKa3bIBaIOT rrpHHa,lJ,JIe:>KHOCTb CKJIOHa K IO:>KHOH 3KC-
rr03HI.1,HH.
P03a BerpOB Ha yqaCTKe qepHoMopCKOH l(enH KaBKa3a OT,lJ,aeT
rrpe,lJ,nOqTeHHe ,lJ,BYM HarrpaoneHIDIM - ceBepO-BOCTOqHOMY H IO:>K-
HOMY. II031'OMY, oco6eHHO B XOnO,lJ,HbIH rrepHO,lJ, ro,lJ,a, ecnH MbI omy-
maeM CYXOH XOnO,lJ,HbIH Berep, MO:>KHO rrpHHJlTb C ,lJ,OCTa1'OqHOH CTe-
rreHbIO ,lJ,OC1'OBepHOCTH HarrpaBneHHe; OTI<)',D,a OH ,lJ,yer, 3a ceBepO-BO-
C1'O'iHOe, BJ1a:>KHbIH MOpCKOH TerrnbIH Berep YKa:>Ker Ha HanpaBJ1eHHe
lO:>KHbIX p)'M60B, C rrOCne,lJ,HHMH CBJl3aHbl OCHOBHbIe nepeHOCbl OCa,U.-
KOB H, COOTBerCTBeHHO, CHe:>KHbIe Ha,u.YBbl Ha xpe6Tax, CKannHBaIO-
WHeCJI If 06pbIBalOIl\HeCJI KapHH3aMH Ha ceBepHblX CKJIOHaX; IO:>K-
Hble CKJIOHbI, Hao6opOT, BbI,lJ,YBaIOTCJI. IIonOCbl CHera, oropaqHBaIO-
mlfe CBepxy ceBepHbIe CKJIOHbI, Aep:>KaTCJI Ha BblCOTax 1500-1800 M
,lJ,O KOHl(a HlOIDI.
B neTHee BpeMJI ,lJ,O BbICOT 1700 M Ha,lJ, ypoBHeM MOpJl Cne,lJ,yeT
opHeHTHpOBaTbCJI Ha Berep CYTOqHOH u.HpKynJll(HH. 31'0 6pH3. YT-
pOM H ,lJ,HeM, C 10-11 qaCOB, OH ,lJ,yeT C 60nee rrpOXJIa,lJ,HOrO MOpJl
Ha 6blCTpO HarpeBalOmYIOCJI CYIllY, T, e.c IOra Ha ceBep, a Be'le-
pOM, C 20-21 'I, HanpaBneHHe ero MeHJlerCJI Ha npOTHBOnOnO:>KHOe,
C ceBepa Ha lOr.
To :>Ke H B BbIcoKoropbe: ropHO-,lJ,OnHHHbIH Berep ,lJ,HeM AYer OT
ne,lJ,HHKOB BHH3 rro CKJIOHY, HO%lO, Hao6opOT, BBepx rro ,lJ,OnHHe,
Ha ropH30HTaJ1bHbIX yqaCTKax, rroKpblTblX TpaBJlHHCTOH paCTH-
renbHOCTblO, HY:>KHO BHHMarenbHO npHcMarpHBaTbCJI K HeKOTOpbIM
paCTeHIDIM ceMeHcTBa cnO:>KHouaerHbIX - naTYI<)', JlCTpe6HHe. Ilna-
CTHHKH nHCTbeB Y HHX opHeHTHpYIOTCJI B HanpaBlIeHHH ceBep-lOr.
IIpH nOna,lJ,aHHH B He3HaKoMYIO MeCTHOCTb Cne,lJ,yeT HaHTH OT-
KpbI1'Oe rrpocTpaHCTBO - oroneHHYlo BepIllHHY, CKaJ1bHbIH BbIXO,lJ"
BblCOKoe ,lJ,epeBO H T. ,lJ,. -,lJ,illI onpe,lJ,eneHHJI cBoero MeCTOHaXO:>K-
,lJ,eHHg H nYTeH 3BaKyaLl,HH. IIpHqeM Cne,lJ,yeT nOMHHTb, qTO HaH6o-
nee KOpOTKHM H 6e30rracHbIM nYTeM BbIXO,lJ,a crop JlBnJlIOTCJI OCH
Xpe6TOB, T: K, nYTb rro ymeJIbJlM 3aqacTYIO HeB03MO:>KeH H3-3a.He-
rrpOXO,lJ,HMbIX KaHbOHOB, BO,lJ,Orra,u.OB, 3aBaJ10B. 11 Boo6me, H3BHnH-
CTaJI HHTb py%eB BCer,lJ,a ,lJ,JIHHHee xpe6TOBOH nHHHH.
36

ECJlli BbI OTCTaJIH OT rpyrrrrbI H BepnyJIHCb Ha TO MeCTO, OTKY.lI;a
rpynna YllllIa 6e3 Bac, He LJ;OrOIDIHTe ee BTOpOIUlX, nocrapaifrecb ua-
LJ;e)f(HO HLJ;TH 3a HeH no CJIeLJ;8M, CJIeLJ;bI - 3TO He TOJIbKO OT'IeTJlliBble
BWlTIUIbI Ha cHery HmI ome'larKU 3HaKOMbIX rrOL(OUIB Ha rJIHHe. CJIe-
LJ;bI OT HLJ;yInerO OCTaIOTCg BCerLJ;a, LJ;IDKe Ha C8MOM TBepL(OM rpYHTc.
BIDKHO 06.iIaLJ;aTh HCKYCCTBOM BHLJ;eTb HX,
CJIeLJ; MOJKHO Decm no CJIOMaHHbIM BeTO'lKaM, rro pa3LJ;aBJIeH-
HbIM mHJIbIM 6peBHaM H C)"IKaM, no CL(BHH)'TbIM K8MHHM, oTomy-
TOM}' MXY. O'leHb XOpOillO BHLJ;eH CBeJKHH CJIe.lI; rrOCJIe npOilleLJ;llIe-
ro HeKOTopoe BpeWl Ha3aLJ; L(OJKJJ)l: Ha ero CTpO'lKe TeMHelOT nepe-
BepHyrbIe JIHCTbg. Ha JIYry, rrOCJIe. Toro KaK rrpOillJIH JIIOLJ;Jf, .lI;OJIro
BHLJ;Ha rrOJIoca TpaBbI, BbIBeLJ;eHHaH H3 CBoero HOpMaJIbHOrO nOJIO-
JKeHIDI. B ryCTOH: '1e MO)f(HO yoHLJ;eTb rrepeBepH)'TbIe JlliCThH, CJIO-
MaHHbIe BeTKI1, HaKOHeu., .lI)llIHHbIe ruIeTH eJKeBHKH, rrJIaCTHHKH Jlli-
CTbeB narrOpOTHHKOB 06bI'IHO rrpOTgII)'TbI BCJIeL( YilleLJ;IIIHM JIIO.wIM.
XOpOllIO, KOrLJ;a 3Haeillb, KTO npOllIeJI BrrepeLJ;H, xapaKTepHbIe
oc06eHHocTH ero 06YBH, LJ;aJKe xapaKTep, 'lT06bl nporH03HpOBaTb
ero 1I)'Tb. 11H0rLJ;a H Ha060pOT, B.l()'M'IHBbIH, BHHMaTtJIbHbIH Ha6JIIO-
LJ;aTeJIb MOJKeT onpeL(eJlliTh xapaKTep HeH3Becrnoro '1errOBeKa, npoH-
.wI HeCKOJIbKO KHJIOMeTpOD no ero cJIeLJ;Y.
.D;BHraTbCg CJIeLJ;yeT paBHoMepHo, H36er3JI JIHillHHX YCHJIHH,
HanpHMep CJIUillKOM 60JIbillHX llIarOB Ha nOLJ;'beMe, YLJ;apHbIX Ha-
rpY30K Ha cycTaBbI npH cnycKax. IIpH L(BHJKeHHH B ropy LJ;OJIHH-
HYIO HOry peKOMeHLJ;yeTCg Ha MrHOBeHHe paCCJIa6HTb, npH cnyc-
Ke TaIOKe JIerKHM 6pOCKOM BnepeLJ; nOO'lepeLJ;HO paCCJIa6JIJlTb HorH.
.D;BHraTbcH JIY'Iille HerrpepbIBHo B Te'leHHe HeCKOJIbKHX '1a-
COB. PeKOMeHL(yeMbIH: TYpHCTCKHMH crrpaBo<iHHKaMH 10-15-MH-
HYTHbIH OTLJ;bIX '1epe3 KIDKLJ;bIe 40-60 MHH. He L(aCT B8M OCB060JK-
LJ;eHHH OT HaKOrrHBilleH:Cg B MbIillu.ax MOJIO'lHOH KHCJIOTbI, a BbI30-
BeT JIHllIb rrOTeplO TeMna, H3JIHllIHee paCCJIa6JIeHHe. .lJ;JIHTeJIbHbIH
1-l,5-'1acoBOH OTLJ;bIX XOpOillO COBMeInaTb C npHrOTOBJIeHHeM
rrHInH, K)'rraHHeM.
KCTarn, KYnaHHe B ropHbIX pe'lKaX, me TeMIIepal)'pa LJ;aJKe B JIeT-
Hee BpeWl He npeBbIllIaeT 10-16 °C, - OTJIH'lHOe cpeLJ;cTBo LJ;IDI CIDI-
TIUI YCTIlJIocrn. KynarbCH B XOJIO.l(Hou H LJ;IDKe B JIe.lJ)lHOH BOLJ;e B mo60e
BpeWl rOLJ;a MO)lQ{O H Hj')KHO 'DCeM 6e3 CCbillOK Ha HerpeHHpOBaH-
HOCTb. IIepeLJ; K)'IIaHHeM He06xOLJ;HMO IDIUn, paccra:rbcJi'c BeI<aMH K)'JIb
37

THBHpyeMoM «6a6yuIKH.HOM <!JHJIOCO<!JHeM», 3aKJllOqeHHOM B rrpaBHJIe:
«CHaqaJIa OCTblHb, rrOTOM JIe3b B BO», KaK paJ Ha060pOT. 8 XOJIO.A-
HYIO BO CJIeAYeT OKyHaTbCjI 2-3 paJa rro 5-15 c, TOJIbKO XOpOlllO
paJorpeBlllHCb Kp)'TbIM nOA'beMOM, 6eroM, rrpeOAOJIeHHeM my60KI1X
CHe)I(HblX 3aHOCOB. ECTb MHeHHe, qTO HaH60JIee rrOJIe3HbI KyrraHIDI B
TaJIOH BOAe KaK OMOJIIDKHBalOHe, CpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIOe cOAep)ICa-
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naAHbIH ,JJ;arOMbIC, TeMrreparypa BOAbI B TeHHCTbIX caMlllHTOBbIX
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HaJbIBaeMoe per6H, rAe OCHOBHbIM rrpaBHJIOM 6bIJIO rrOJIHOe OTCYT-
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rro HCreqeHHH )J,BYX ceMHMHH)'THbIX TaHMOB pe6ua 6bIJIH a6COJIIOT-
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lllHM CYXOCTOM, rrOAI"HHBlllHM C KOpIDI, eCJIH HMeeTCjI rrHJIa, H caMoe
maBHoe YCJIOBHe: peKa AOJDKHa HMeTb rrOCTOjlHHbIe my6HHbI He Me-
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38

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OCHOBHOH BepeBKOH.
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39

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Ha reoJIOni'leCKoM) npOTHB 'IaCOBOH CTpeJIKH, Me u.l1<pPOBbIMH
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40

neHblGie TO'lIGi Ha AeJIeHIDIX 0, 90, 180 H 270 0 rrOKpblTbI CBeTJlll(HM-
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41

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42

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HarrpaBJIeHI1j1X, rro,A ymoM He MeHee 11 He 60JIee 150 0 , ,ABa MeCT,
HblX rrpe,AMeTa, KOTopbIe 0603Ha'leHbI Ha Kapre. KapTY Opl1eHTl1py-
lOT, 3aTeM HaKJIa,AblBaIOT Ha Hee JII1HeMKY TaK, qT06bl ee pe6po rrpo-
XO,AI1JIO 'lepe3 YCJIOBHbIH 3HaK (,AOnYCTHM, rrpaBbIM rrpe,AMeT Ha Kap-
43

Te) H 6blJIO HanpaBJIeHO Ha TOT)f(e rrpeAMeT MeCTHOCTH. IlocJIe :no-
fO Ha KapTe, BAOJIb pe6pa JIHHeHKH, rrpOqepqHBaIOT JIHHHIO. TaK
nOCTyrraIOT H rro OTHOllIeHHIO K JIeBOMY npeAMeTy, MecTo rrepece-
qeHH5I Ha KapTe 3THX ABYX JIHHHH H 6YAer TOqKOH CT05lHIDI.
norpeWHOCTU npu opueHTMpoa8HUU no K8pTe
l1TaK, 06bIqHWI 3aAa'la Ha opHeHTHpOBaHHe, KOTOpylO HHOfAa
npHXOAlfTC5I pellIaTb 3aTep5lBllIeMYC5I TYPHCTy, COCTOlfT B TOM, qTO
HaAO rrpHHTH H3 OAHoro rrYHKTa B APyroH, rrOJIb3Y5ICb TOJIbKO KOM-
rraCOM H KapTOH. MeCTHOCTb He3HaKOMa51 H K TOMY )f(e 3aKpbITa5l,
T. e. JIHllIeHHWI CKOJIbKO-HH6YAb IlIHpOKOfO 0630pa. IlycTb MbI Ha-
XOAHMC5I Ha BbICOTe 211,5 H HaM HY)f(HO npHHTH K AOMHKY JIeCHH-
Ka (pHC. 4). Ha 3arraA OT HallieH BbICOTbI MeCTHOCTb OTKpbITa5l,
XOpOIliO rrpocMaTpHBaeMWI. IlpHHTH Ha BbiCOTy C MeJIbHHIieH HaM
He rrpeACTaBJI5IJIO 6bI HHKaKOfO TpYAa. Ho AOM JIeCHHKa HaXOAHT-
C5I 3a JIeCOM, H C BbICOTbI 211,5 efO He BHAHO. KaK HaM rronaCTb K
HeMY? TeOpeTHqeCKH 3TO 3aAaqa HeCJIO)f(HaJI. CHaqaJIa MbI H3Me-
pHM no KapTe YfOJI Me)f(AY HarrpaBJIeHHeM Ha ceBep H HarrpaBJIe-
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MbIH a3HMYT. A3HMYTbI H3Mep5llOTC5I B rp8Aycax H OTCqHTbIBaIOT-
C5I B HarrpaBJIeHHH rro qaCOBOH CTpeJIKe, B AaHHOM CJIyqae OH
COCTaBHT rrpHMepHo 35°. 3HaqHT, eCJIH MbI 6YAeM HATH qepe3 JIec
nOA ymoM 35° K ceBepy (HJIH, KaK npHH5ITO roBOpHTb, rro a3HMY-
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KaK AJI5I 3TOfO, Bo-rrepBbIX, HaAO YMeTb XOpOIliO qHTaTb KapTy,
BO-BTOpbIX, HaAO YMeTb npaBHJIbHO nOJIb30BaTbC5I KOMrraCOM, B-
TpeTbHx, HY*HO YMeTb, 3Ha51 CBOH a3HMYT, BbIAep)f(aTb HY)f(HOe
HanpaBJIeHHe BO BpeM5I ABH)f(eHH5I,
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BaTbC5I He 6YAeM H OTOIlIJIeM qHTaTe.ID.I K CrrpaBOqHHKaM H PYKOBOA-
CTBaM rro TOrrorpa<pHH, fAe OHH orrHcaHbI, KaK npaBHJIO, AOCTaTOq-
HO rroAp06HO H XOpOIliO. MbI COCpeAOTOqHM CBoe BHHMaHHe Ha
TperbeM rrYHIcre-YMeHHH BbI6paTb H abIAep)f(aTh H)')KHoe HarrpaBJIe-
HHe rro XOAY .LI:BH)f(eHH5I.
44

t{)
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neCHVlKB 35°; o6pBrVlre SHI1MBHVle, 4ro B311Myr HB sblcory C
MenbHVlLlei1 cOCrBSnf/er He 40°, B 360°-40°, r. e. 320°.
,D;eJIO B TOM, 4TO OHO HBJIHeTCH Half60JIee CJIO)l(HblM Ii K TOMY
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'IeM nepBbIe )J.Ba,
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CTBJUlTbCH MaTeManl4eCKlf 1'O'IHO. OHO Helf36e)l(HO )J.aeT 3Ha4lfTeJIb-
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45

KapTe MI : 100000 TaKasI rrOrpeIlIHOCfb H3MepeHIDI AaeT OTKJIOHeHHe
rrpHMepHO x50 M, Ha KapTe MI : 200000- x xl 00 M H T. A.
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MpHaHOBa COCTaBIDIeT 3°, BbIL(ep)J(aTh TaKYIO TO'lHOCfb Ha MeCTHO-
CTH HHKorAa He YAaeTCH. IIpaKTHqecKH rrpH caMblX 6JIarorrpIDITHbIX
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oIlIH6Ka KaK MHHHMYM B 5°. A oIlIH6Ka B 5° AaeT OTKJIOHeHHe OT
HY)J(HOro HarrpaBJIeHHH rrpHMepHo Ha 1/10 npOH,n,eHHoro nyTU, T. e.
npH ,lJ,IUDKeHHH Ha pacCTOHHHe B I KM 3TO aTKJIOHeHHe COCTaBHT 100M.
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ero HaAO HCKaTb B npeAeJIaX OKPY)J(HOCfH pa,zJ.HYCOM B 100 M. IIpH
ABH)J(eHHH Ha 10 KM 60KoBoe CMeeHHe 6YAeT paBHo )')Ke l(eJIOMY
KHJ10Merpy. 3HaqHT rrpH CaMblX 6narorrpIDITHblX ycnOBIDIX npHAeTCH
BeCTH nOHCK B OKPY)J(HOCTH L(HaMerpoM B 2 KM! 113To npH MaKCH-
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MeHee 6JIarorrpIDITHbIX YCJIOBHHX OTKJIOHeHHe MO)J(eT 6bITb 3Ha'lH-
TeJ1bHO 60JIbIlIe. 30Ha nOHCKOB ee 60JIbIlIe B03paCTeT!
KaK )J(e 6bITb B CKJIa,zJ.bIBalOeHcH cHryalJ,HH? IIpaKTHKa 3HaeT
3L(eCb ABa pa3HblX crroc06a AeHCTBHH. IIepBblH H3 HHX OCHOBaH Ha
TOM, qT06bl CBeCTH K MHHHMYMY AorrYCKaeMYIO rrorpeIlIHOCfb npH
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npHeMOB, HanpaBJIeHHbIX Ha BceMepHoe nOBblIlIeHHe TOqHOCTH
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TOM, qTO qeJIOBeK C03HaTeJIbHO HAeT Ha OTKJIOH6Hlfe OT a3HMyra,
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MeCTHOCTH. .LJ:JIH 3Toro TO)J(e cyeCTBYIOT CBOH npHeMbl, 0 KOTO-
pblX 6YAeT HL(TH pe% HH)J(e.
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rrorpelUHOCTb npHcya CaMOMY Opl1eHTlfpOBaHHIO H nOTOMY Heyc-
46

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6bl ee H36e)J(aTb, a Ha TOM, qTo6bI C,1J.enaTb rrorpelliHOCTb nO,ll,ll;aIO-
UJ,eHCH Y'lery.
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PYKOBO,1J.CTBa no TOnorpa4>HH peKOMeH,1J.YlOT cne,ll.}'lOUJ,He rrpHeMbI.
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B YKa3aHHOM eMY HanpaBJIeHUH, a Be,1J.YUJ,HH, HaxOMCb C3a,1J.H, KOp-
47

peKTMpYeT .lI.BIDKeHMe, 3aMeTMTb OTKJIOHeHHe OTTpe6yeMoro HanpaB-
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Be,[{)'ll.{MH CTaHeT B KOHeIJ, rpyrrrrbI M 6Y,lI;eT BM,lI;eTb rrepe,ll; C060H BClO
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M HarrpaBJ1eHMeM, rro KOTOPOMY ,lI;BM)l(eTCH rpynrra, Ho rrpaKTHKa
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ll.{eMY CTaHOBMTCH TpY,lI;HO yrrpaBJUlTb MMM, Era LIacTO He,lJ.OCJ1bIIllaT,
I1J10XO pearMpYIOT Ha ero KOMaH,lI;bI, rrO,lJ.'Iac B03HMKaeT rrepe6paH-
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CJ1eBa.
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BbICOTb1211,5 Ha ,lI;OM J1eCHMKa (PMC. 4), rpynrra HeCKOJIbKO YKJIOHM-
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B,lI;OJ1b ,lI;OpOrM, HY)l(HO COC'IMTaTb, CKOJ1bKO waraB Tpe6YeTcJI C,lI;e-
J1aTb, 'lTo6bl npoHTM 3TO paccToHHMe, a 3aTeM BbI'IMCJIHTb Cpe,ll;HlOIO
AJIMHY wara. ECJ1M yqacTOK 6blJ1 KOpOTKMM - MOB 100 MJIM MeHb-
we, TaKoe M3MepeHMe CJ1e,ll;yeT rroBTopMTb HeCKOJ1bKO pa3 M B3HTb
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48

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49

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Hee)].o BbIPy6KH H, HaKOHel(, )].0 H)')((HOro o{TheKTa-)].oMa JIeCHHKa.
CMblCJI :3TOro npHeMa 3aKJIIO'IaeTCX B TOM, 'IT06bI O)((M)J.aeM}'lO Ha
,l(HcTaHl(HH 4 KM 0lllH6KY 60KOBOro CMeIl\eHHX, pasHYlO rrpHMepHo
400 M, pacrrpe)].eJIlITb Ha'leTbIpe orpe3Ka. Ha KIDK)J.OM H3 OTpe3KOB OHa
MO)((eT (TaK)((e KaK rro BceH )J.HCTIlHlJ,lfH) COCTaBJUITb 1/10 rrpoii.n.eHHo-
ro paccTOxHIDI, HO rrOCKOJIbKY KIDK)J.Oe H3 3THX paccTOxHHH COCTaBJUl-
eT rrpH6JIH3HTeJ1bHO 1 KM (HeMHoro 60JIbllle HJIH HeMHoro MeHbllle),
TO)J..JUI KIDK)J.Oro OT)].eJ1bHOrO CJIY'-laX 0lllH6Ka CHH3lfTCX rrpHMepHO )].0
100 M. A HCKaTb B npe)].eJ1ax 100 M - 3TO 3Ha'lHT HCKaTb B rrpe)].eJIax,
0603pHMbIX )J..JUI 'IeJIOBeKa.
HaKoHeu., BOCbMOH rrpHeM 3aKJIlO'IaeTCX B rrpe,ll,BapHTeJIbHOH no)].-
roToBKe Bcex L(aHHbIX, He06xo)].HMbIX )J,J1X.)].BH)((eHlfX, H o4>opMJIe-
HHH lfX B BH)].e cxeMbI )].Blf)((eHHX rro a3HMYTY H B BH)].e COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIl\eH Ta6rrHl(bI. 3aHHMaTbCx 3THM Ha Maplllpyre 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO
CJIO)((Hee. TYT MO)((eT 6bITb H )].O)(()J.b, H MOp03, U BeTep, If TeMHOTa,
H nOL(CTYnaIOIl\CUI YCTanOCTb, crroC06CTBYIOIl\CUI rroxBJieHHIO OIllH-
601<, H )].IDKe npocTO Hey)].06HCUI 06cTaHoBKa - Her)].e pOBHO paCCTe-
JIlfTb Kapry, rrpHxo)].HTCX pa6OTaTb, )].ep)((a ee Ha Becy, H T. )].. II03TO-
M}' BCX 3Ta pa60Ta npo)].eJIbiBaeTCx 3apaHee. CHa'lana H3yqaeTCX no
KapTe Maplllpyr npe)].cTOXIl\ero )].BH)((eHUX, pa36HBaeTcx Ha KOPOT-
KUe Y'IaCTl<H, onpe)].eJIXIOTCX XOpOIllO 3aMeTHble H JIerKO orr03HaIO-
Il\Hecx Ha MeCTHOCTH npe)].MeTbI, KOTOpbIe 6y.n.yr CJI)')KHTb opHeHTH-
paMH, 0603Ha'laIOIl\HMH Ha'lanO H KOHelJ, KIDK)J.Oro Y'IaCTKa. 3aTeM
50

arrpe,lJ,emnaTCH rra KapTe paCCTOHHHH aT apHeHTHpa,lJ,a apHeHTHpa
(T. e. L(JlHHa Ka)((,lJ,aro Y'IaCTKa), KOTapbIe BhIpIDKalOTCH B rrapax
llIaraB, rra Kapre anpe,lJ,eJUlIOT a3HM)'T OT a,lJ,Hara apHeHTHpa,lJ,a ,lJ,PY-
roro. HaKaHeu., 6epyr JlHCT 6YMarH H, pa3rpa<pHB Ta6JlHl(Y, BbIITH-
CbIBaIOTTY,lJ,a Y'IaCTKH nyrn, CaOTBeTCTBYlOIIJ.He HM a3HMYTbl, ,lJ.JlH-
HY 3THX Y'IaCTKaB B rrapax llIaroB. 3aBepllIaeT 3TY pa6aTY cacnlB-
JleHHe CXeMbI rra m6JlH'IHbIM ,lJ,aHHbIM. OHa 3apHcaBhIBaeTCH Ha He-
6aJlbllIaM JlHCTe, 'IT06bl e\i 6bIJIa YL(a6Hee rraJlb3aBaTbCH Ha Mapm-
p)'Te. Ha cxeMe naKa.3hIBaIOT Ha'laJIbHblM H KaHe'IHbIM nyHKTbl Map-
llIpYTa, a TaIOKe Bce apHeHTHpbl, OTL(eJUllOIIJ.He a,lJ,HH Y'IaCTaK aT
,lJ,Pyroro. MaCllITa6 cxeMbI npaH3BaJlbHblM, Ha, naKa.3blBaJI apHeH-
THPhI Ha cxeMe, cTapaIOTcH rrpaBHJlbHa rrepe,lJ,aTb HX B3aHMapacrra-
Jla)((eHHe. OpHeHTHpbl Cae,lJ,HHHIOT rrpHMblMH JlHHHHMH H ,lJ,eJlaIOT
aKaJla HHX naL(nHCH, YKa.3blBalOIIJ.He a.3HMYT ,lJ.JlH ,lJ,aHHaro Y'IaCTKa
Hera L(JlHHY (B rrapax llIaroB).
TaKaB KaMrrJleKC rrpHeMaB, peKaMeHL(yeMbIX PYKOBaL(CTBaMH no.
Tarrarpa<pHH C l(eJlbIO rraBblllIeHIDI Ta'IHaCTH H rrpaBHJlbHaCTH ,lJ,BH-
)((eHIDI rra a3HMYTY.
BTOpOM cnoco6 OpueHTupOsaHuR
fIepBaM aca6eHHacTblO 3Tara crraCa6aHBJUleTCH HHae aTHallIe-
HHe K a3HMYTY. OH rrepecTaeT paccMaTpHBaTbcH B Ka'IeCTBe HL(e-
aJlbHaM JlHHHlf ,lJ,BH)((eHHH, KaTapyIO Hea6xa,lJ,HMa Bbl,Ziep)((aTb KaK
Ma)((Ha Ta'IHee. 3L(eCb a.3HM)'T paccMa'rpHBaeTCH JlHllIb KaK a,lJ,Ha H3
HarrpaBJleHHM, K?TOpble KJIa,lJ,alfCKaTeJlb MblCJleHHa Y'IHTbIBaeT, Ha-
xaMCb Ha MeCTHaCTH.
,[(BYMH ,lJ,PYflfMH HBJUllaTCH HarrpaBJleHIDI Ha cTOpaHbl rapH3aH-
Ta (ceBep, lar, 3arra,lJ" BacTOK), 06pa3YIOIIJ.He rrpHMaM yraJl, BHYTPlf
KOTaparo HaXa,lJ,lfTCH a3lfMYT. ,[(BHraJICb Ha MeCTHaCTH, HCKaTeJlb
KJlaL(OB Bce BpeMH MbICJleHHa npe,lJ,CTaBJlHeT ce6e ,lJ,Ba OCHaBHblX
HarrpaBJleHHH, KOTOpblMH arpaHH'IeHa 'IeTBepTb, B rrpeL(enax KOTO-
paM OCYIUeCTBJlHeTCH L(BH)((eHHe. TaK, L(BHraHCb Ha ceBepo-Bac-
TOK, OH Bce Bpel\UI npeL(CTaBJUleT ce6e, B KaKOM CTopOHe Haxa,lJ,HTCH
ceBep H B KaKoM BOCTOK, ,lJ,BHraHCb Ha laro-ana,lJ, - rL(e 3arra,lJ, H r,lJ,e
lor, H T.,lJ,. TpeTbe HarrpaBJleHHe, KOTOpoe Heo6xoL(HMO 'IeTKO rrpeL(-
cTaBH-Tb ce6e, - 3TO a3HMYT 1m l1CKaMblH nYHKT. Ho 'IeTKO rrpe,lJ,-
51

CTaBJIHTb - He 3HaqHT CJIe,IJ.OBaTb rro HeMY.
npe,IJ.CTaBlliITb ce6e 3TOT a3HM;yr He06xo,IJ.HMO )J.JUI roro, qT06bI
HMeTb B03MO*HOCTb COBeplIIeHHO C03HaTeJIbHO OTKJIOHHTbCH OT
Hero, HO OTKJIOHHTbCH, yqHTbIBIDI BeJ1HqHHY 3TOro OTKJIOHeHIDI, TaK,
qT06bI MO)KHO 6bIJIO B HY)KHbIH MOMeHT BHeCTH B CBOH ,lJ.eHCTBHH
COOTBeTCTBYlOIltylO norrpaBKY. B 3TOM COCTOHT BTOpIDI H, nO)Ka-
JIYH,rJIaBHIDIoco6eHHOCTb3Torocnoc06aopHeHTHpOBa HIDI .
qeM )Ke Onpe,IJ.elliIeTCH HarrpaBJIeHHe H BeJIHqHHa ,lJ.OnYCKaeMO-
ro OTKJIOHeHHH? B OCHOBHOM ,lJ.BYMj{ cpaKTOpaMH - Y,lJ.06CTBOM rre-
pe,IJ.BH)KeHHH H Y,lJ.06CTBaMH opHeHTHpOBaHHH. nOHCHHM, qTO 3TO
3Ha'lHT,
npH HcnoJib30BaHHH rrepBoro cnoc06a opHeHTHpOBaHHH npH-
XO,IJ.lfTCH, CTpeWlCb TOqHO BbI,lJ,ep)KaTb H)')KHbIU a3HMyr, np06HpaTb-
CH qepe3 KYCTbI H 60JIOTa, qaCTbIH rrO,lJ.J1eCOK H rYCTYlO KparrHBY,
BiuIe)KHHK H pa3BeTBJIeHHbIe oBparu, BOCrrOJIb30BaTbCH rrorra.u.alO-
HMHCj{ ,lJ.OpOraMH HeB03MO)KHO, eCJIH TOJIbKO OHH He Be,IJ.YT TOqHO
B HY)KHOM HanpaBJIeHHH, qTO CJIyqaeTCH KpaHHe pe,IJ.KO. npH BTO-
pOM )Ke crroc06e opHeHTHpOBaHHj{, peLUHBlIIHCb Ha OTKJIOHeHHe OT
a3HMYTa, KJIa,IJ.OHCKaTeJIb MO)KeT Bbl6HpaTb KaKoe-TO 60JIee Y,lJ.o6-
Hoe HarrpaBJIeHHe ,lJ.BH)KeHHj{, eCJIH OHO, KOHeqHO, He qepecqyp OT-
KJIOHj{eTCH OT HY)KHOrO a3HMYTa. B 3TOM CJIyqae 06bIqHO MO)KHO
HCrrOJIb30BaTb MHorHe H3
BCTpeqalOIltHXCH Ha MaplIIpy-
Te JIeCHblX H rrpOCeJIOqHblX
,lJ.opor, Tpon, npoceK, HaKO-
HeQ, npocTO BbI6HpaTb Y,lJ.06-
Hble no CBoeMY peJIbecpy, CTe-
I I I
_ 1"__0J..':' 1°....:....':L.:..
:A: t ,Io. ° To . 6. I o. .
o I DU 1,0 0 0 ' 0 . , . ,
I 0 0 0
100000100.0100\'
0 , 0 001 . 1 . 0
rreHlf ryCTOTbI nO,lJ.J1eCKa, CO- 0 0 0 0 . . . .
CTOHHHH rpY HTa H T, n. Ha- _ -.j.:   L 0    -  -
c 0 I 0 0 01 a 0 0 0 0 0 I 0
npaBJIeHHH ,lJ.BH*eHHj{' j 0 . 0 I. o. I
B03bMeM KpaHHe npOCTOH I . 0 0 0 0 I . .0 . I
npHMep. rpynna ,lJ.BH)KeTCH 0 I 0 0 I 0 0 0 I '. 0
qepC3 JIec, pa36HTblH Ha ol. 0" . ° : :1 0 0.. 1 .
KBapTaJIbI, B HanpaaJIeHHH Ha - - + , ;-: :-1 =: :1 :- -;-1:- -
ceBepO-BOCTOK OT TOqKH]I B IQ I I I
TOqKY E (pHC. 6), MO)KHO, Puc, 6, Mcnonb30s8HUS
KOHeqHO, ,lJ.BHraTbCSl no a3H- OC06SHHOCTSH MBCTHOCTH,
52

MYTY 40°, cTpeMHcb KaK MO)l(HO TOq-
Hee BbI,ll,ep)l(aTb JIHHHIO )J.BH*eHilll. 31'0
nepBbIH crroc06. Ho MO)l(HO BOCrrOJIb-
30BaTbCH rrpoceKaMH. 3To rrpoIl.(e, 'leM
rrpO,lJ.HpaTbCH qepe3 JIecHYlO qaIl.(Y.
Y'lHTblBaH ,lI)lHHY H umpHHY KBapTa-
JIOB, MO)((HO <paKTHqeCKH )J.BH*eHHe Ha
ceBepo-BocTOK 3aMeHHTb rrooqepe,lJ.-
HbIM ,lJ.Blf)l(eHlfeM TO Ha ceBep, TO Ha
BOCTOK C TeM )l(e KOHeQHbIM 3<p<peK-
Puc, 7. /ltcnonb30s8Hue TOM. 3TO BTOpOH crroc06. IIycTb rrpH-
nUHeMHoro OpUeHT/I1p8. Be,lJ.eHHbIH rrplfMep yrrpOIl.(eH, HO OH
XOpOllIO HJIJIlOCTpHpyeT OCHOBHYlO
H,lJ.eIO - OTKJIOHeHlfe OT a3HMYTa pa,lJ.lf YL(06CTBa rrepe,lJ.BH)I(eHHH,
Tenepb 06 OTKJIOHeHlfH C l(eJIbIO YL(06CTBa opHeHTHpOBaHHH. B
TIOM CJIyqae qeJIOBeK OTKJIOH5!eTCH OT a3HMyra H BbI6upaeT B rrpe,lJ.e-
JIax ,lJ.aHHOH qeTBepTH rapH30HTa TaKOe HanpaBJIeHHe, KOTOpoe rrOMO-
)l(eT eMY B H)l)KHbIH MOMeHT 0)J.H03HaqHO Orrpe,lJ.eJIHTb CBoe MeCTOHa-
XO)I()J.eHlfe, lfCrr0JIh3YH KaKOH-TO XapaKrepHbIH MeCIHbIH rrpe,D,MeI; JIH60
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH mIHeHHbIH opHeHTHp (T. e, BOCrrOJIb30paTbCH KaK
opHeHTHpOM KaKHM-TO rrpe,D,MeTOM, lfMeIOllI,HM 3Ha'llfTeJIbK)'lO rrp<ml-
)l(eHHOCTb Ha MeCTHOCTH - peKoH, ,lJ.OpOraH, BbmlHyrbIM 03epOM, JIH-
HlfeH CBH3H H T. rr.), JIH60 eIl.(e'lTO-
TO, rrOMOralOII.(ee B opHeHTHpOBa-
HHH. IIpOH.JIJIIOCTpHpyeM CKa3aH-
HOe rrpOCTbIM npHMepOM (pHc.7).
BpH,lJ. JIH H3 TOqKH 0 QeJIeco06-
pa3HO 6paTb a3HM)'T Cpa3Y Ha xy-
TOp: rrpH cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIb-
llIOM OTKJIOHeHHH OT B3HToro Ha- ?
rrpaBJIeHilll BJIeBO MO)l(HO rrpOHTH
COBceM 6JIH3KO, He 3aMeTHB era.
fopa3,lJ.O l(eJIeC006pa3Hee 3HaqH-
TeJIbHO OTKJIOHHTbCH OT TIora a3H-
Myra, TaK, qT06bI BblHTH Ha peKY, PiIIC. 8. /ltcnonb30s8Hille
3aTeM npOHTH BBepx no TeqeHHlO 38se,QOMoro orKllOHeHillfi or
11 OT MOCTa rro TporrKe rrpHHTH K 83i11Myr8.
c.
· 'I, /
). //
.\,
>0
c
A
H)
53

X)'TOpy. IIpH L(BHx<eHHH K peKe MOX<HO HarrpaBJIeHHe rro KOMrracy
BbIL(ep)KHBaTb OqeHb rrpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO, He 3a60TI1Cb 0 60JIblUOH TOq-
Hocm: ecJIH OTKJIOHHllIbCR OT B3KfOro HarrpaBJIeHIDI Bnpaoo, Bee paaHO
BbIH,u,elUb Ha pel<)', eCJIH BJIeBO-Ha Tporry. OlUH6Ka B 10-15° T)'T pOJIH
He urpaer.
KOHeqHO, 3aBe)].OMO pelUIDICb Ha cYlIJ.eCTBeHHOe OTKJIOHeHHe OT
a3HM)'Ta, KJIa,u,oHCKaTeJIb npHMepHO rrpe)].CTaBJUler ce6e H HarrpaBJIe-
HHe, If BeJIHqHHY )].orrYCTHMOH rrorpeIUHOCTH, a maBHoe, 3Haer, KaK
rroraCHTb ee. DOJIee TOro, OH RCHO nOHHMaer, qTO Bce rrpe)].BapHTeJIb-
Hble paCqerbI npH6JIH3HTeJIbHbI H 3apaHee rrpe)].CTaBJIReT ce6e, qTO
rrpOlf30HL(er B CJIyqae OTKJIOHeHHR, OX<H)].aeT ero H roTOB K HeMY.
B03bMeM elIJ.e O)].HH rrpoCTOH npHMep (pHC. 8),lh TOqKlf A Ha,u,O
BblHTH Ha X)'TOp, pacrrOJIox<eHHbIH Ha 6epery peKlf. ECJIH B3RTb a3H-
M)'T rrpRMO Ha xyrop (cnJIOIUHaR JIHHHR Ha pHCYHKe), TO BeJIHKa Be-
pORTHOCTb TOro, qTO, )].OCTHfHYB peKU H He YBH,lJ,eB X)'TOp, KJIa,u,OHC-
KaTeJIb He 6YL(eT 3HaTb, B KaK)'IO CTOPOHY OH OTKJIOHHJ1CR, H rrOHCKH
3aHM)'T MHOro BpeMeHH. rOp(3)].O Bblro)].Hee rrOHTH C 3aMeTHbIM OT-
KJIOHeHHeM OT HYX<Horo a3HM)'Ta C TeM, qT06bl 3apaHee 3HaTb, qTO
OTKJIOHeHHe npoH30llIJ10 J1H60 Brrpaao, JIH60 BJIeBO OT xyropa (WTpH-
XOBble JIlfHHH Ha pHCYHKe). 11 CHOBa, KaK H B rrpe)].bI)]'YlIJ.eM rrpHMe-
pe, MOX<HO He 3a60THTbCR 0 60JIblUOH TO'lHOCTH )].BIDKeHIDI rro KOM-
rracy, a 3TO CHJ1bHO 06JIerqaer )].eHCTBIDI H 3KOHOMHT BpeMR,
To, qTO BbllUe 6bIJ10 Ha3BaHO oc06eHHocTRMH BTOporo crroc06a
opHeHTHpoBaHHR - MbICJIeHHOe npe)].cTaBJIeHHe ce6e Tpex HarrpaB-
JIeHHH ()].BYX Ha CTOpOHbI ropH30HTa, TpeTbero Ha HYX<HbIH rrpeL(-
MeT), OTKJIOHeHHe OT H3MepeHHoro a3HMYTa pa)].H y)].06CTBa nepe-
)].BHx<eHIDI HJ1H opHeHTHpOBaHIDI (c 3aIlJ1aHHpOBaHHbIM rrorarneHH-
eM rrorpeIUHOCTH), O)].HOBpeMeHHO MOX<HO CqHTaTb rrplfeMaMH, HC-
nOJIb3yeMblMH npH 3TOM cnoc06e.
PaCCMOTplfM elIJ.e )].Ba npHeMa, OTHOCRlIJ.HeCR KO BTOPOMY cno-
co6y opHeHTHpOBaHIDI, nOMOraIOIlI.lfe Ol(eHHTb npOH,u,eHHOe paccroR-
HHe (B rrepBOM crroc06e 6bIJ1 O)].HH TaKOH rrpHeM-CqeT rrap lUaroB).
IIepBbIH-yqeT BpeMeHH )].BHx<eHIDI. BTOpOH - IUHpOKoe Ha6mo)].eHHe
3a MeCTHOCTblO H conOCTaBJIeHHe ee C KapTOH.
OCTaHOBHMCR BHaqaJIe Ha BpeMeHH L(BHx<eHHR, Yx<e Y MaJIO-
MaJIbCKH OrrblTHoro UCKaTeJIJI KJIa,u,OB 06blqHO Bblpa60TaHO qYBCTBO
TeMna cBoero )].BHx<eHIDI. OH )].OCTarOqHO RCHO pa3J1HqaeT CKOpOCTb
54

3 KW'l, 4 KW'i, 5 KW'i, T. e. MO)l(eT onpe)J,eJIHTb ee C TO'iHOCTblO )J,O
1 KMI'i. IIo-HaCTmuu.eMY onbITHbIH KJIa,lI,OHCKareJIb onpe)J,eillleT ee C
TO'iHOCTblO)J,O 0,5 KM, a 6bIBaeT, liTO elIJ.e TO'iHee, HarrpHMep: «rro-
60JIbllIe 3, rrOMeHbllIe 3,5» (3,2-3,3- KW'i), «rr060JIbllIe 3,5, rro-
MeHbllIe 4» (3,7-3,8 KM/'i).
OCTaJIbHOe rrpoCTO. IIepe)J, BbIXO)J,OM Ha MapllIpyr no Kapre orrpe-
L(emleTCH paCCTOHHHe)J,O H}')KHoro rrYHKTa. 3aMe'laercH BpeW!: BbIXO-
)J,a. IIpHKH)J,o'iHO orrpe)J,emleTCH, B KOTOpOM 'iacy rpyrrrra npH,ll,eT K
3TOMY rrYHlcry, eCJIlf rroH,ll,eT co CKOpOCTbIO 3, HJIH 4, HJIH 5 KMI'i.
MHuyr 'iepe3 30-40 rrOCJIe BbIXO)J,a, a TO H paHbllIe CTauOBHTCH HCHO,
C KaKoH CKOpOCTblO Q>aKTH'ieCKH H,lI,eT rpyrrrra. IIocJIe 3TOro BpeW!:
O)l(H)J,aeMoro rrpHXO)J,a yro'iHHeTcH. 3HaTb rryreBoe BpeW!: H, CJIeL(O-
BaTeJIbHO, rrpoH)J,eHHoe paccToHHHe He06xo)J,HMO, 'lT06bI B CJIY'iae
Herrpe)J,BH)J,eHHoH 01lIH6KH He npoihH MlfMO HY)KHOtO nYHKTa, CBO-
eBpeMeHHo Ha'laTb ero nOHCK.
,[(pyroH npHeM Ol(eHKH'paccTOHHIDI 3aKJIlO'laeTCH B lfcnOnb30Ba-
HHH HenpepbffiHoro If llIHpOI<Oro Ha6JIIO)J,eHIDI 3a MeCTHOCTbIO. IIpe)J,-
BapHTeJIbHO H3Y'iHB MapllIpyr no KapTe, KJIa,lI,OHCKaTeJIb 3apauee
npe)J,cTaBJIjieT, KaK 6YL(eT MeIDITbCH xapaKTep MeCTHOCTH no Mepe
rrp0L(BH)l(eHHH. IIpe)J,rroJIo)l(HM, OH 06paTHJI BHHMaHHe.Ha TO, liTO
Ha'iaJIO nyrH rrpe)J,CTaBmIeT C060H cnycK K cJIa60 BbIpIDKeHHOH HH-
3lfHe C nocJIe)J,YIOlIJ.HM nOL('beMOM Ha L(PYryIO CTOPOHY ee. 3T0 3aH-
MeT rrpHMepHO 'ieTBepTYIO 'iaCTb nyrH. 3aTeM rrpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO )J,O
nOJIOBHHbI rryrH 6Y)J,eT H,lI,TH O'leHb rrOJIoroe nOHIDKeHHe no Hanpao-
JIeHHIO L(8IDKeHIDI. ,L{aJIee KpyrH3Ha rrOHH)l(eHIDI YBeJIH'iHTCH, a Kor-
)J,a)J,o KOHe'IUOH u.eJIH oCTaHercH npHMepHO 'ieTBeprb nyrH, )J,OJDKHO
Ha'iaTbCH rrOHH)l(eHHe crrpaBa, B CTOPOHY npOXO,WIwero TaM )J,JlHH-
HOro OBpara. BHHMaTeJIbUO Ha6mo)J,IDI3a MeCTHOCTblO no XOAY L(BH-
)l(eHIDI, KJIa,lI,OHCKareJIb MO)l(eT rro 3THM rrpH3HaKaM orrpeL(eJIHTb, KOr;u.a
OH rrpOllIeJI 1/ 4 , 1/ 2 , 3/ 4 nyrH H TeM caMblM orrpe)J,eJIHTb, Kor)J,a OH
rrpH6JIH3HJICH K KOHe'lliOH l(eJIH. B rrpHBe)J,eHHOM rrpHMepe Ha,lI,O 6bIJIO
CJIe)J,lfTb 3a lf3MeueHHeM peJIbeQ>a MeCTHOCTH. qlfCJIO rrpH3HaKOB, rro
KOTOpbIM MO)l(HO CYL(HTb 0 rrpOH,ll,eHHOM paCCTOjiHlfH, O'leHb BenHKO:
3TO lf3MeHeHHe xapaKTepa rpYHTa - rrOjiBJIeHHe, HanpHMep, 3a6oJIo-
'leHHOH nO'iBbI; H3MeHeHHe xapaKTepa paCTHTeJIbHOCTH, Kor)J,a, Ha-
npHMep, XBOHHblH JIeC CMeIDIeTCH CMellIaHHbIM, a rrOTOM JIHCTBeH-
HhIM HJIH JIec - JIeCOrrOCa,ll,KaMH, He rOBOpji y)l(e 0 TaKHX pe3KHX
55

rrepexo,!!.ax, KaK CMeHa JIeCa JIyroM lfJIlf rralllHeH If MHoroe ,!!.pyroe.
OrrlfCblBaeMblH rrplfeM MOJKeT rrOKa3aTbC5! CJIOJKHbIM, HO Ha rrpaKTH-
Ke OH ,!!.aer, KaK rrpaBlfJIO, XOpOllllfH pe3YJIbTaT, OC06eHHO B CO':leTa-
Hlflf C KOHTpOJIeM BpeMeHlf.
ConOCT8BneHMe nBYX cnOC060B
OpMeHTMpOB8HMfI
,[(JU1 TOro ':IT06bl JIY':lwe Y5!CHlfTb ce6e CYll(eCTBO ,!!.BYX paCCMOT-
peHHblX crroc060B OplfeHTlfpOBaHWI, COrrOCTaBlfM lfX, rrOKa3aB, KaK
O,!!.Ha If Ta JKe 3a,!!.a':la peWaeTC C rrOMOll(bIO KaJK,!!.oro lf3 HlfX. 3a.lI;a-
':Ia BrrOJIHe peaJIbHa5!, If 3alfMCTBOBaHa OHa B O,!!.HOM lf3 Y':le6HlfKOB
rro Torrorpa<plflf (paBHO KaK If peweHlfe ee rrepBblM crroc060M).
I1YCTb He06xo)J.l1MO rrpOHTlf OT C. HlfKl1TCKOe,!!.o JKeJIe3Ho,!!.opOJK-
HOro MOCTa IOro-BOCTO':IHee 3rapeBO (pHC. 9). KaK peKOMeH,!!.yerC5!
,!!.eHcTBoBaTb rro yqe6HlfKY?
CHa':laJIa Mapwpyr pa36lfBaerC Ha Y':laCTKI1lf HaMe':lalOTC5! Oplf-
eHTlfpbl, cJIyJKall.I,l1e rpaIflfl(aMlf Y':laCTKOB. OplfeHTlfp l-ceBepHM OK-
palfHa c. HlfKl1TcKoe; opHeHTlfp 2
- KypraH C nO.lI;-rrlfcblO+ 1 ,0; -Oplf-
eHTlfp 3-6po,!!. ':Iepe3 p. KaMeHlfc-
TM; oplfeHTlfp 4 - 5!Ma C rro,!!.rrlf-
CblO - 2,5; opHeHTHp 5 - IOrO-BO-
C1'O':IHbIH yroJI rraWHlf; oplfeHTlfp
6-cKpeweHlfe JIeCHblX rrpoceK;
oplfeHTlfp 7- MOCT, Y KOTOpOro If
3aKaH':IlfBaeTC5! Mapwpyr.
H3Mep5!IOTC rro KapTe a3HMY-
Tbl,lJ,IDI KIDK)J.oro Y':IaCTKa. ,[(mI Y':la-
CTKa - KypraH a3lfMYT COCTa-
BHT 25°,,lJ,IDI yqaCTKa KYPraH - 6po,!!.
330°, 6po,!!. - 5!Ma 20°, Ma - rraw-
H5! 327°, rraWH5! - CKpell(eHlfe rrpo-
ceK 75°, cKpeweHlfe npoceK -
MOCT 27°. I10cJIe 31'OrO, lfCrrOJIb-
3Y MacIIITa6, orrpe,!!.eJUiIOT rro Kap-
Te paCC1'05!Hlf5! OT opHeHTlfpa .lI;O
I v"1
/
PI1C 9. MecTHocTb, Ha
KOroPOi1 l1eMoHcTpl1pyeTCf/
I1CnOnb308aHI1e pa3Hbix
cnoco608 Opl1eHTI1p08aHI1f/.
56

OpHeHTHpa, HJIH, HHbIMH CnOBaMH, rrp<>TJI)I(eHHOCTh oro yqaCTKa.
113MepeHHe )J.aeT: 1200 M, 525 M, 575 M, 680 M, 680 M; 345 M, 3aTeM
BCe 3TH paCCTOJIHIDI rrepeBO)J,SITCJI B rrapblillaroB. TIpHHHMaJI, 'iTO rrapa
warOB COCTaBillIeT 1,5 M, rronyq:alOT: . 800 rr, ill" 350 rr. ill., 383 rr, ill"
420 rr. ill., 420 n, Ill., 230 rr. ill,
Bce 3TH )J.aHHble CBO,lJ)lTCJI B Ta6nm.J,y H COCTaBillIeTCJI CXeMa)J,Jlll
Blf)l(eHHJI rro a3HMYTaM (pHc.1 0)
Ha HCXO)J.HOH TO'iKe orrpe)J.enJilOT rro KOMrracy HY'KHbIH a3HMYT,
HaXO,lJ.JlT C rrOMOllIblO Bli3lfpHoro nplfcrroc06neHHJI KaKOH-HH6Y)J.b
MeCTHbIH rrpe,lI,MeT, HaXO,lJ)lWHHCJI CTporo B 3TOM HarrpaBneHHH ( OT-
enbHbIH KYCT, CKorrneHHe KaMHeH, rreHb, KpHBoe )J.epeBO, 6enbIH
KaMeHb H T, )J..), H, rrpHHJlB 3TOT rrpe)J.MeT 3a rrpOMe)l(YTO'iHbIH OPH-
eHTlfp, Ha'iHHalOT )J.BH)I(eHHe K HeMY, Be)J.JI C'ieT rrap illaroa.
,D;OH)J.JI )J.O rrepBoro rrpOMe- 
)KYTO'iHOrO opHeHTHpa TeM)I(e W'JrA..&.
nOpJl)J.KOM, HaMe'ialOT cne,lJ.YlO-  7
ll(lfH npOMe*YTO'lHbIH opHeH- '7
mp H Tal< )J.anee, rrOKa He 6Y)J.eT ., " ! 
npoH)J.eHo 800 rrap illarOB H He ....: .... ,,_ 2'0 n.w .
OCTHrHYTKYPraH-3Ha'iaIJ.UolHCJI \.."' ') - -.....
Ha CXeMe opHeHTHp 2. 3,lJ.eCb "''';;7 ,\..
Blf3HpHOe rrpHcnoc06neHHe YC- ;;;o-n:w. \
TaHaBJIHBTHaHOBbIHa3HM)'T '- Jj1 Z ': 20.
Ii .lI;anee ,lJ.eHCTBYlOT TO'iHO TaK "l Ja-';;:;;"
"
)Ke, KaK Ha rrepBOM Y'iaCTKe, H oP.¥'-! J3.'
T.)J,. npH )J.BH)I(eHHH 'iepe3 nec $'5'\. SO n.".
peKOMeH)J.yeTCJI, Bbl,lJ.ep)l(HBaJI b II":. 2
HanpaBJIeHHe no KOMnacy, L(ep- 1.
)KaTb ero Bce BpeMJI rrepe)J. CO- 25'
60H. KpoMe TOro, peKoMeH)J.Y- Toii'"ii:;:i.
eTCJI BbI,!J.enHTb Be.nyllIHX, KOTO-
pbIe 6y.ny-r Onpe,lJ.eillITb HarrpaB-
neHHe )J.BH*eHHJI, H oT)J.enbHo &..i .......T....
Ha3Ha'iHTb C'ieT'iHKOB illaroB. , ,
Bce 3TO BpeW! nepBbIH erro- 
co6 opHeHTHpOBaHHJI B caMOM PHC. 10, CxeMs Wlfl .QSH)/(eHHfI
'lI1CTOM BH)J.e. no S3HMyry,
57

YqaCTOKIITH
1. HHKHTcKoe - K
2. K raH - 6 o.n;
3. E o.n; - HMa
4. JIMa - rOJI naillHH
5. YroJI IIaillHH - cKpeeHHe
II oceK
6. CK eeHHe II oceK - MOCT 27 230 n,ill, j

Terrepb rrpe.n;CTaBHM, KaK B .n;aHHoH cHTyal(HH 6YL(eT .n;eHcTBo"'
BaTb '1eJ10BeK, HCn0J1b3YIOlfH BTOpOH cIIoc06 oplfeHTHpoBaHHH./j
IIpe)K)J.e Bcero, OH Ol(eHHT rro KapTe 06HH xapaKTep MeCTHOC"ij
TH H HMelOHXCH Ha HeH rrperrHTcTBlfH. qTO 3TO .n;ae-r eMY? He BL(a,,:
BaJlCb B .n;eTCl.IIH, OH BbIL(eJ1HT L(Ba rnaBHbIX MOMeHTa. Bo-rrepBblx'
MeCTHOCTb rrepeceKae-rcH p, KaMeHHcToH B 06eM HaIIpaBJIeHHH C
3ana.n;a Ha BOCTOK, 3Ha'lHT, He MHHOBaTb 6po.n;a '1epe3 Hee, BO-BTO-:-
pbIX, 03. qepHoe C 3a60JIOLIeHHbIMH 6eperaMH .n;eJ1aeT HeB03MO)K-
HblM ,rJ;BH)KeHlfe IIOCJ1e 6po.n;a HarrpHMYIO K )KeJ1e3Ho.n;opmKHOM}' MO-
CT}', a TeKYHH H3 03epa B p. KaMeHHCT}'1O PYLIeH B 60J10THCTbI
6eperax HCKJIIOLIae-r 06xo.n; 03epa C BOCTOKa, 3Ha'lHT, 03epo rrpH,D;eT-
CH 06XO.n;HTb C 3arra.n;a, OCTaBJIHH ero npaBee ce6H,
B 06HX LIepTax MapillpYT Y)Ke HceH: CHaLIaJ1a.n;o 6po.n;a, a 3a
TeM, orH6aJ103epO C 3arraL(a,.n;0 MOCTa. BbIH}J)l Ha ceBepHYlO OKPa i , ' ,
HHY HHKHTcKoro, KJIa.n;OHCKaTeJ1b rrOH.n;eT B 06eM HanpaBJIeHH;
Ha ceBep, He oc06eHHO 3a60nlCb 0 TOLIHOCTH BblL(ep)KHBaHHH Ha}
IIpaBJIeHHH, HO rrOMHH, LITO OTKJ10HeHHe K BOCTOKY Bce )Ke IIpe.n;"'i
rrO'lTHTeJIbHee, LIeM OTKJIOHeHHe K 3arra,.lI;Y. 3.n;ecb )Ke 3apaHee HaMe-
THT, KaK rroraCHTb HeH36e)KHYI0 OillH6KY. ECJ1H OH BbIH.n;eT Ha 06-
pblBHCTbIH 6eper p, KaMeHHcToH, 3Ha'lHT, BorrpeKH O)KHL(aHHIO OH
CJIHlllKOM OTKJ10HHJ1CH K 3arra.n;a H Ha.n;o HL(TH B.n;OJ1b pelO BHH3 no
TeLIeHHIO .n;o MeCTa rL(e ee rrepeceKaeT nOJ1eBCUI .n;opora. 3L(eCb H
6y.n;e 6poL(. ECJ1H )Ke paHbille LIeM ,D,OCTHrHeT peKH, OH « BbIH,D,eT Ha
rrOJIeBYIO L(Opory, 3HaLIHT, ,D,OrryeHo OTKJIOHeHHe K BOCTOKY H Ha,.lI;O
rrOHTH rro ,D,opore BJ1eBO, aHa H rrpHBe,D,eT rrpaMO K 6po,D,Y. ECJUj:
KJIa,.lI;OHCKaTeJ1b Bblll.u.e-r K peKe Ha Y'laCTKe, J1HilleHHOM OC06blX rrpH-
MeT, 3Ha'lHT, uarrpaBJ1eHHe Ha ceBep BbI,D,ep)KaHO 60J1ee HJ1H MeHee
TO'lHO. HY)I(HO rrOHTH BHH3 IIO peKe L(O 6poL(a.
58
PaCCTOHHHe
800 II.ill.
350 II.ill.
383 II.ill,
42Q II,ill.
420 II.ill,

HMKaKHX npOMe)J()'TO'lHbIX OpMeHTMpOB, HMKaKOro cllera rrpOH-
.LJ.eHHbIX IllaroB BeCTM He Tpe6yercJI. ,lJ;e 0 BbI.LJ.epJKHBaHIDI. TOIlHO-
ro HarrpaBJleHMJI He Tpe6yercJI oc06eHHo 6ecrrOKOMTbCJI: BHO He
L(OrrYCTMTb OlleHb YJK rpy60H OIllM6KM (Ha 30° MJlM 60Jlee).
Terrepb rrocMoTpMM, KaK 6Y,ll;eT ,lI;eHCTBOBaTb KJla.LJ.OMCKaTeJlb
nOCJle 6po,ll;a llepe3 p. KaMeHHcTYIO. I1peJK,lI;e Bcero, OH He CTaHeT
nOKM,lJ.aTb ,lI;Opory, KOTOpWi nOCJle 6po,ll;a rrOH,n,er JleCOM M rr03TOMY
3aCJlYJKMBaer Ha.:maHIDI YJKe He rrOJleBOH, a JleCHOH ,lI;OporM. PeIlle-
Hlfe MCrrOJlb30BaTb JTY ,lI;opory MOJKeT CJlyJKMTb xopOIlleH MJlJlIOCT-
pal(MeH O,ll;HOro M3 Ha3BaHHbIX BbIIlle rrpMeMOB, MCnOJlb3yeMbIx rrpM
BTOpOM crroc06e opMeHTMpOBaHMJI: HarrpaBJleHMe ,lI;OpOrM CMJlbHO
OTJlMllaerCJI OT HyJKHoro, HO TeM He MeHee 'leJlOBeK MOJKeT 11 0c TpO-
MTb CBOM L(eHCTBHJI TaK, IlT06bI Ha KaKOM-TO YllaCTKe BOCrrOJlb30-
BaTbCJI eIO. B HaIlleM CJlYllae u.eJleC006pa3HO rrpOHTM rro L(opore,ll;O
rrepeCelleHMJI ee C rrpoceKOH. OTKJlOHMTbCJI C .LJ.OpOrH HeB03MOJKHO,
npoceKa B 3TOM paHOHe e.LJ.MHCTBeHHWI, M MeCTO MX rrepeCelleHHJI
orrpe.LJ.emIerCJI COBepIlleHHO 0,lJ,H03Ha'lHO. OrclO,lI;a HyJKHO B3J1Tb a3H-
MYT Ha YllaCTOK rraIllHM, OKpYJKeHHOH JleCOM. I10CKOJlbK)' YllaCTOK
naJllHH lfMeer ,lI;OCTaTO'lH)'lO npOTIDKeHHOCTb, OIDITb-TaKI{ MOJKHO He
oc06eHHO 3a60TMTbCJI 0 TOIlHOCTM HarrpaBJleHMJI: Jl1060H a3!fMYT,
JleJKaJ.lJ,HH B npeL(eJlax OT 10 ,lI;O 30°, BbIBeL(eT K HYJKHOH II.eJlH: 3Ha-
LllfT, caMoe pa3YMHoe - CJle,ll;OBaTb rro a3lfMYTY 20° C ,lI;OnycTMMbIM
OTKJlOHeHMeM ::1::10°. KpoMe TOro, He ,lI;OrrYCTHTb CJlHIllKOM 60Jlb-
IllOH rrorpeIllHOCTH rrOMOJKer BHMMaTeJlbHOe Ha6JllO,lI;eHMe 3a MeCT-
HOCTblO. Brrepe.LJ.M CJleBa no XO.LJ.Y ,lI;BHJKeHHJI Ha KapTe rrOKa3aHa
OBaJlbHaJl BbICOTa. BpJl,ll; JlM OHa 6YL(eT BML(Ha B Jlecy, HO HanpaBJle-
HMe CKJIOHOB ,lI;OJlJKHO 6blTb ,lI;OCTaTOIlHO 3aMerHblM AillI BHMMaTeJlb-
HOro Ha6JlIO.LJ.aTeJlJl. I1epBYlO llaCTb rrYTM rrO,ll;'beM MeCTHOCTM L(OJl-
JKeH IlYBCTBOBaTbCJI rro XO,ll;Y .LJ.BMJKeHMJI Brrepe,ll;M - CJleBa, 3aTeM
CJleBa H, HaKOHelJ" oK<i3aTbCJI C3a,ll;M - CJleBa, lfJlM, MHbIMM CJlOBaMH,
MOJKHO 6Y,lI;er rrOIlYBCTBOBaTb nOHIDKeHMe MeCTHOCTM B HarrpaBJle-
HlfH Brrepe,ll; - BrrpaBO. I103TOMY, eCJlM BCKope rrOCJle BblXOL(a OKa-
JKerCJI, IlTO OIII.YIII.aerCJI rrO,ll;'beM npJlMO rro XO)J;}' ,lI;BHJKeHIDI, 3HaIlMT,
rrpOH30IllJlO OTKJlOHeHHe BJleBO OT HaMelleHHoro rrYTM H rpyrrna
Hallarra nO,ll;'beM Ha OBarrbHYIO BbICmy. MOJKHO 6Y,lI;er TYT JKe BHeCTM
KOppeKlJ,MIO B HarrpaBJleHHe L(BMJKeHIDI, rrpMIDIB Bnpaao. ECJlH CXO.LJ.-
HbIM 06pa30M OKaJKeTCJI, IlTO 3aMeTeH crrYCK rrpJlMO rro XO,ll;y,ll;BM-
59

)l(eHI1.II, 3Ha'iI1T, np0I13011IJIO Cl1JIbHOe OTKJlOHeHl1e BnpaBO 11 rpyrrna
Ha'iana CnYCK B HI13I1HY, rL(e JIe)l(l1T 03, qepHOe. On.IITb-TaKlf MO)l(-
HO 6YL(eT BHeCTI1 KOppeKl(l1lO B HanpaBJIeHl1e L(BI1)1(eHI1.II, Pa3YMeeT-
C.II, nepeL( TeM, KaK np0I13BOL(I1Tb TaKYlO KOppeKl(l1lO, HY)l(HO npo-
BeplfTb HanpaBJIeHlfe L(BI1)1(eHI1.II no KOMnacy. OTMe'ieHHble 113MeHe-
HI15! peJIbecpa L(OJI)I(Hbl CJIY)I(l1Tb Cl1rHaJIOM)J..J1.II TaKOH npOBepKI1, a
He Cl1rHaJIOM L(JI.II BHeCeHI1.II KOppeKl(I1H. ECJII1 np0l13011IJIa 01lI116-
Ka, OHa TYT )l(e Bbl.IIBlfTC5! npl1 KOHTpOJIe no KOMnacy. ECJII1 )l(e no-
Ka3aHI1.II KOMnaca roBOp.IIT, ''iTO 01lI116KI1 HeT, a cJIa60 3aMeTHbie
oc06eHHocTI1 peJIbecpa (KaK Ha HallI eM MapllIpYTe) HaBOL(.lIT Ha
MbICJIb, 'iTO 01lI116Ka Morna np0I130MTI1, Ha,lI.O OTL(aTb npeL(nO'iTeHl1e
KOMnacy. .LJ:eJIO B TOM, 'iTO Ha 3aKpblTOM cJIa60- 11 CpeL(Henepece-
'ieHHOH MeCTHOCTI1 L(IDKe L(OBOJIbHO OrrbITHblH rryTellIecTBeHHI1K no-
Ka3aHHbie Ha KapTe 113MeHeHI1.II peJIbecpa MO)l(eT cnYTaTb C JIOKaJIb-
HbIM'J1 nOBb1llIeH11.IIM1111 nOHlf)l(eHWlMI1, KOTOpble 3aMeTHbi Ha MeCT-
HOCTlf, HO CJII111IKOM He3Ha'iI1TeJIbHbl, 'iT06bl 6blTb OTMe'ieHHbIMI1 Ha
KapTe. qT06bl3TOro He np0l130llIJIO, B COMHI1TeJIbHblX c.rry'iMX 11)"1-
llIe L(OBep.IITb KOMnacy.
ECJII1 Ha rrepBOM 'iaCTI1 nym rrOMoralOT 1136e)l(aTh 3Ha'iI1TeJIbHOM
rrorpellIHOCTI1113MeHeHI1.II peJIbecpa, TO Ha BTOpOM 'iaCTI1 3TOMY )l(e
6YT cnOC06CTBOBaTb HeKOTOpble npl1MeTbI, OTHOC.lIWl1eCR K JIecy.
Ha6moL(eHl1e 3a npOCBeTaMI1 Me)l()J,y L(epeBb5!MI1 06bI'iHO n03BOJUIeT
Ha L(OBOJIbHO 3Ha'iI1TeJIbHOM paCCTO.IIHI1I1 nOL(MeTI1Tb, KOrL(a n03a,l1.I1
HI1X OKa3bIBaeTC.II OTKpblTOe npOCTpaHCTBO. B HallIeM c.rry'iae KapTa
rrOKa3bIBaeT, 'iTO 60JIOTa, OKp}')KaIOllI,I1e 03. qepHoe, 6e3J1eCHbI. To'IHO
TaK )l(e yqacToK naruHI1, Ha KOTOpblH Ha,lI.O BbIHTI1, rrpeL(CTaBJUleT L(O-
BOJIbHO 60JIbllIYlO 6e3JIeCHYIO nJIOWa,lI.b BHYTpI1 JIeCHOrO MaCCI1Ba.
I10TIOMY, eCJII1 rro Mepe npOL(BIDKeHWI CTaHeT 3aMeTHO, 'iTO BnepeL(11
yraL(blBaeTC.II OTKpblToe MecTO, 3Ha'ilfT, MO)l(HO L(YMaTb, 'iTO rpynrra
CJIeL(yeT npaBI1.JIbHO 11 BbIXOL(I1T K HaMe'ieHHOH l(eJII1, ECJII1 OTKpblTOe
npOCTpaHCTBO CTaHeT 3aMeTHO CJIeBa rro XO)J,y L(BI1)1(eHWI, MO)l(HO
npeL(rrOJIaraTb, 'iTO rpynna OTKJIOHl1JIaCb CJII111IKOM Brrpaso, T. e. CPaK-
TI1'ieCKI1llIJIa no a3I1Myry 40-50°,11 Tenepb BbIXO)J,I1T B «yrom> Me)l(-
)J,y nallIHeM 11 60JIOTOM, 6JII1)1(e K Y'iaCTKY nallIHI1. CJIY'iaH, KOrL(a
6e3JIeCHM nJIOwaL(b OKa)l(eTC.II BrrpaBo no L(BI1)1(eHl1lO, MaJIOBepo.II-
TeH, HO 11 ero HaL(O rrpl1H.lITb BO BHI1MaHl1e: OH 6YL(eT 03Ha'iaTb, 'iTO
L(OnyweHa O'ieHb 60JIbllIM, rpy6a.II 01lI116Ka. rpynna JIlf60 O'ieHb
60

OTKJIOHMJIaCh K cesepy, T. e. WJIa CTporo Ha CeBep (MJIH ,lJ.IDKe HeMHO-
ro Ha CeBepO-3ana,lJ.), H Teneph cnpasa npOrJIJlAhIBaeT yqaCTOK naIII-
HH, JIH60 OTKJIOHMJIaCh CJIHWKOM K BOCTOKY H Teneph BhIXO,lJ.HT B
Y)f(e yrrowlHyrhIH «yroJI», HO 6JImKe K 60JIOTy. Bce BhICKa3aHHhIe
coo6pIDKeHWI MOryr CJl)')l(HTh HJIJ1IOCTpHeH eIUe o,lJ.Horo npHeMa,
HCrrOJIh3yeMoro rrpH BTOpOM cnoco6e opHeHTHpOBaHWI: IlmpoKOro
If HenpephlBHOro Ha6mo,lJ.eHWI3a MeCTHOCThIO.
¥lCnOJIh30BaHHe 3Toro rrpHeMa n03BomleT H Ha 3TOM yt:lacTKe
MapwpYTa 3apaHee HaMeTHTh, KaK 06HapY)l(HTh H noraOOTh B03-
MO)l(HYIO_ OWH6KY.
BbIii,.a)I Ha yt:laCTOK, 3aHHMaeMhIH nawHeH, CJIeJJYeT npe)l()J.e Bcero
onpe,lJ.eJIHThClI, T. e, nOHlITh, K KaKOMY Kpaw Yt:laCTKa rpynna BhIW-
JIa, 3TO y,lJ.06Hee Bcero C,lJ.eJIaTh, COOTHeClI BH)J.HMhIe HanpaBJIeHHlI
rpaHHu.bI JIeca H naWHH C 3THMH HarrpaBJIeHWlMH, rrOKa3aHHhIMH Ha
KapTe. HY)l(HO TOJIhKO nOMHHTh, t:lTO, eCJIH Kapra CTapM, 3Ta rpaHH-
l(a Moma HeCKOJIhKO H3MeHHThClI. Orrpe,lJ.eJIHBWHCh, Ha,zJ,O BhIHTH K
BOCTOt:lHOMY Kpaw rraWHH H nOHTH B,lJ.OJIh orrYWKH JIeca Ha ceBep -
ceBepO-3ana,lJ., nOKa He BCTpeTHTClI Hat:laJIO opoceKH, KCTaTH, t:lyrh
,lJ.aJIbWe 3Toro MeCTa KKpalO naWHH nO,lJ.XO,lJ.HT JIeCHall ,lJ.opora H3
3rapeBO. n03TOMY eCJIH, KaK 3TO HHOr,lJ.a 6hIBaeT, Hat:laJIO npDceKH
rrJIOXO BH,lJ.HO co CTOpOHhI naWHH, TO MeCTO BhIXO,lJ.a ,lJ.OpOrH 06hIt:I-
HO xopOWO 3aMeTHO. ECJIH rpyrrna nO,lJ.OWJIa K 3TOMY MeCTY, 3Ha-
t:lHT, Hat:laJIO npoceKH OCTaJIOCh rr03a,lJ.H H Ha,lJ.O HeMHoro B03Bpa-
THThClI Ha3a,lJ.. KCTaTH, eCJIH rpynrra YCTaJIa MJIH Y Hee MaJIO BpeMe-
HH H T. n" 1'0 HaH60JIee rrpOCTOH crroc06 ,lJ.OCTHrH)'Th KOHet:lHOH ueJIH
MapwpYTa, 3TO npOHTH no JIeCHOH ,lJ.opore ,lJ.O )l(eJIe3HO,lJ.OpO)l(HOrO
nOJIOTHa H 3aTeM B,lJ.OJIh Hero BnpaBO K Mocry.-Ho HHTepeCHee, KO-
Het:lHO, BOCrrOJIh30BaThClI 06HapY)l(eHHOH npoceKOH. no HeH H)')l(-
HO npOHTH,lJ.O MeCTa, r,lJ.e C IOra K HeH nO,lJ.XO,lJ.HT eIUe O,lJ.Ha npoceKa
(Be,lJ.YIUWl K 03epy), 3TO CKpeIUeHHe npoceK npH peweHHH 3a,lJ.at:lH
rrepBhIM cnoc060M HCnOJIh30BaJIOCh B Kat:leCTBe O,lJ.HOro H3 opHeH-
mpOB, TorL(a OTCIO,lJ.a npllMO Ha MOCT 6paJIClI a3HMYT H npHHHMa-
J1lfCb Mepbl, 'lT06hI B03MO)l(HO TOt:lHee BhI,lJ.ep)l(aTb ero. ITpH BTOpoM
cnoc06e KJIa,lJ.OHCKaTeJIb B03hMeT a3HMYT Ha pet:lKY HH*e MOCTa H,
KaK 06hIt:lHO, He 3a60TlICh 0 TOt:lHOM C06JIIO,lJ.eHHH' HanpaBJ1eHHH,
BbIH,lJ.eT K peKe H ,lJ.aJIee BBepx rro ee Tet:leHHIO K MOCT)'. ¥lJ1H )l(e
B03hMeT a3HMYT Ha )l(eJIe3HYIO ,lJ.opory H, BhI,lJ.ep)l(aB ero B caMOM
61

rpy60M rrpH6JIH*eHHH, .D.OH,u,eT .D.O rrOJIOTHa H B.D.OJIb HerO BrrpaBO K
MOcry. IIpOHL(eHHbIH rrYTb 6YL(eT, KOHe'IHO, HeCKOJIbKO 60JIbIIle, 'IeM
npH rrepBOM cnoc06e, HO 3aTpaTa BpeMeHH 6Y.D.eT TaKOH )Ke HJIH
.D.a)Ke YMeHbIIlHTCjj B CBjj3H C TeM, 'ITO HeT He06xo.D.HMOCTH TIu.a-
TeJIbHO BbIITOJIIDITb npHeMbI TO'IHOro C06JIIO.D.eHIDI a3HMYTa H B OCO-
6eHHOCTH C'IHTaTb napbl II1aroB.
MTaK, MbI BH.D.eJIH, KaK O.D.Ha H Ta)Ke 3a,u.a'la Ha opHeHTHpOBaHHe
peIIlaeTCjj rrepBbIM crroc060M, rrOCTpoeHHbIM Ha )KeCTKOM c06JllO.D.e-
HHH H3MepeHHoro a3HMYTa, H BTOpblM crroc060M, rrOCTpoeHHbIM Ha
3aBe.D.OMOM OTKJIOHeHliH OT H3MepeHHoro a3HMyTIl C 3apaHee rrpe.D.Yc-
MmpeHHbIM norarneHHeM B03HHKaIOeH norpeIIIHOCTH. Ha,u.o CKa3aTb,
'ITO B 60JIbIIlHHCTBe C.II)"IaeB B rrOXO.D.e C 'IHCTO rrpaKTlf'leCKOH l(eJiblO
(BbIHTH B TOT HJ1H HHOH 3a,u.aHHbIH rrYHKT) 60JIee l(eJ1eCo06pa3HO HC-
rrOJIb30BaHHe BTOporo cnoc06a. XOTII Ha rrepBbIH B3rJUI,LJ, OH rrpe.D.CTaB-
IDIeTCjj MeHee TO'iHbIM, Ha npaKTHKe OH L(aeT .JIY'iIIIHH pe3YJIbTIIT. ,[(e.no
B TOM, 'ITO rrpHeMbI rrepBoro crroc06a O'rJIH'IaIOTCjj HeKO'lOpOH HCK}'C-
CTBeHHOCTbIO H ox TpY.lJ.HO npoBeCTH B :>KH3Hb. MCKJllO'IeHHe npe.D.CTaB-
IDIeT, rrO)KanYH, JIHIIIb HCrrOJIb30BaHHe rrpoMeJlo/I'O'IHbIX OpHeHTHpOB
(rrepBbIH rrpHeM no HaIIleMY orrHcaHHIO) H L(BIDKeHHe B CTBOpe C H.D.Y-
ll\HM Brrepe.D.H TOBapHeM (TpeTHH npHeM).
B rrepBYlO O'iepeL(b B nOXO.D.e OKa3bIBaeTCjj TPY.D.HO npaBHJIbHO
C'IHTaTb II1arH. ,[(a)Ke xapaKTepHbIe)J.J1jj Cpe.D.HeH nOJIOCbl POCCHH
TaKHe COBceM npocTbIe rrperrjjTCTBIDI, KaK KO'lKH, KycTapHHKH, ry-
CTOH JIec, oBparH H He60JIbIIlHe npOMOHHbI, npHBO)J)lT K TOMY, 'iTO
'leJIOBeK HL(YHH no MapIIlpyTY JIerKO C6HBaeTCjj co C'IeTa. M He
TOJIbKO rrpenjjTCTBHjj. CTOlfT Ha ceKYH.D.Y OTBJIe'IbCjj, rrOL(YMaTb 0
TOM, KaK 060HTH .JIY*Y HJIH 6peBHO, YCJIbIIIIaTb 3aMe'IaHHe TOBapH-
ll(a HJIH PYKOBO.D.HTeJIjj, H C'IeT 6bIBaeT T)'T)Ke rrOTepjjH,
MCK}'CCTBeHHbIM jjBIDIeTCjj rrpOBeIIlHBaHHe nym (BTOpOH rrpHeM).
BeXH Ha,u.O HJ1H 3arOTaBJIHBaTb 3apaHee H HOCHTb C C060H, JIH60 Tpa-
THTb O'leHb MHOro BpeMeHH,lJ.JUI HX H3rOTOBJIeHIDI Ha MeCTe. KpOMe
TOro, rrpOBeIIlHBaHHe nYTH Bo06ll(e HerrpHMeHHMO Ha 3aKpbITOH Me-
CTHOCTH, T. e. HMeHHO TaM, rL(e opHeHTHpOBaTbCjj TpY.D.Hee Bcero.
IIOO'Iepe.D.HbIH 06xo.D. npeilllTCTBI1H (CJIeBa-CnpaBa) MeHee HCKYCCT-
BeHeH, HO Be.D.b rrpeilllTCTBI1JJ pe,lJ,KO 6bIBaIOT O.D.HHaKOBOH II1HPHHbl.
06xo,lJ, KpynHbIx rrpeilllTCTBHH C l1CrrOJIb30BaHHeM 06parHoro a3I1MY-
Ta (rnecToH npl1eM) rrpe.D.CTaBJIJJeTCjj 6e3yrrpe'IHbIM, HO, BI1L(I1MO,
62

nHIllb 3a C'IeT TOrO, 'IT'O M Ha- : \ . . : ". '. . . . .
o. ... ... i..
rJUl,lJ,HocrH HJ1JllOCTpHPYeTC IIpO-', . 6EP. tt &-6. . I-
crbIMH, ynpOIu.eHHbIMH IIpHMepa- ::. .: : :. : : F" -;...;-.1 "
MH. )J;ocraTO'lHO B3KTb He OBaJIb- ':.: f=.:-:=-I
Hoe BbITHYToe 03epo, a 'IaCTO .: . 1 ===
BCTpe'laIOlIJ.eeCBrrpHpO)J.e03epo : :':I  t - - I-.- ;--:;:
HerrpaoHJIbHOH 4>OpMbI (pHc.11), .:' .' . nlffI: to' .
KaK qerKWI reOMeTpIDI3TOro IIpH- . .. . ° I =:..   .J . I .
eMa IIonOMaerc. Kna)J.OHCKaTeJIb .:. . : ' .. . I .
BbIIlleJI K 6epery 03epa.l1oBepHYJI :. . .:. .'
rro)J. 90° HaJIeBO, rrOIlleJI, Be)J. ,.
c'Ier IllarOB. HeMHoro IIpOIlleJI -
BblIlleJI K 3aJIHBY TOro )l(e 03epa,
KOTOpbIH He 6bIn Bl1)J.eH H3)J.aJIH.
ElIJ.e paJ nOBepHYJI no)J. 90 0 -'Iepe3
HeKOTOpoe BpeWi rrOilaJI Ha 60JIO-
TO. HOBbIH IIOBOpOT H T. L(. ECJIH eM}' IIpl1)J.eTC cOBepIllHTb Bce MHO-
ro'lHCJIeHHbIe IIOBOpOTbI, nOKaJaHHble Ha pHcYHKe, TO, CKopee Bcero
OH IIpOCTO C06beTCH If 3anyraeTC.
PaJ6HBKa MapIllpyra Ha Y'laCTKH (ce)J.bMOH IIpHeM), KOHe'lHO,
rr03BOIDIer YMeHbIllHTb L(OrrycKaeM}'Io 0IlIH6K)', HO BCe)f(e He ¥O)f(er
CBeCTH ee )J.O HYIDI. A Ha 3aKpbIToH MeCTHOCTH 3TOT rrpHeM MO)f(er
Boo6lIJ.e OKaJaTbCH HeIIpl1MeHHMbIM H3-311 OTCyrcrBIDI H}')KHoro 'IlfCJIa
CHO BH)J.HMbIX opHeHTHpoB. TaK, O'leHb COMHHTenbHbIM IIpeL(CTaB-
IDIeTC HCIIonb30BaHHe B Ka'leCTBe opHeHTHpa MbI, HaxO)J)llIJ.eHC
cpe)J.H neca, - cnY'laH H3 paccMoTpeHHoro BbIllie peIlleHHH 3a)J.a'lH.
CKopee Bcero, H,lJ)I Ha Y'IaCTKe opHeHTHp 3 - opHeHTHp 4, IIellIexo)J.
rrpOCTO YilpeTC B 60noTO H He 6Y)J.eT IIpe)J.CTaBJUITb ce6e, KY)J.a OH
OTKJIOHHJIC OT HCKOMOro opHeHTHpa H HaCKonbKO BenHKO 3TO OT-
KJIOHeHHe. )J;a H K)'praH BbICOTOH 1 M (opHeHTHp 2) He cnHllIKOM
Ha)J.e)I(HbIH opHeHmp, )J.IDKe )J.IDI OTKpbITOH MecrHOCrH.
HaKOHel(, nocne)J.HHH H3 npHeMOB 3TOro crrocoQa - COCTaBJIe-
HHe Ta6JIHlJ,bI H cxeMbI )J.BH)f(eHH no aJHMYTY (CM, pHc.l 0), OH
OT'IaCTH none3eH, nOCKonbKY 3aCTaBnHeT KJIa)J.OHCKaTen IIopa60-
TaTb C KapTOH, ou.eHHTb MecrHOCTb, IIpoMepHTb Tpe6yeMbIe paccTO-
HHH. Ho peKOMeH,U.au.H HCrrOJIb30BaTb TaK)'IO cxeMY BMeCTO Kap-
TbI Ha MapllIpYTe MO)f(eT rrpHBeCTH K caMbIM HerrpIDITHbIM rrOCJIe)J.-
PI1C. 11. CxeM8,
I1nmocTpI1pYlOllJ8R TpYIiHOCTI1
I1cnonb30S8HI1R 06p8THoro
8311MJlT8 npl1 o6xolle
npenRTCTSI1H
63

CTBlfHM. TaKWI CXeMa COCTaBJUIeTCH, lfCXO,WI lf3 rrperrOCbIJIKlf, I.{TO
OplfeHTlfpOBaHlfe HBJIHeTCH eHCTBHeM, OrrYCKalOlfM OH03Haq-
HYIO OrrpeeJIeHHOCTb MecToHaxO)K,lJ.eHlfH. )J;ocraTOqHO He6oJIbllIOH
HeTOqHOCTlf - If lfCKaTeJIb KJH1OB, He BbIH,WI Ha OqepeHOH oplfeH-
mp, He 6yer rrpeCTaBJIHTb, re OH HaXOlfTCH If qTO Hao eJIaTb,
lf60 Ha TaKOH cxeMe OTCYTCTByeT OrrOJIHlfTeJIbHaH lfH<popMal(HH,
KOTOpWl Morna 6bI eMY rrOMO% BOCCTaHOBlfTb oplfeHTlfpOBK)'. ECJIlf
HeJIb3H B3HTb B rroxo Kapry, 60JIee rrpaBlfJIbHO cenaTb BbIKorrlf-
POBKY KapTbI B rrOJIoce 3-5 KM rro o6e CTOpOHbI rrperrOJIaraeMOro
MapllIpyra,
HecMoTpH Ha OTMeqeHHbIe HeOCTaTKlf rrepBoro cnoco6a oplfeH-
TlfpOBaHlfH, C HlfM Heo6xolfMO 6bITb 3HaKOMbIM, )J;eJIo B TOM, qTO
BTOpOH crroco6 orrpaBbIBaeT ce6H B OCHOBHOM rrplf BlfJKeHlfH Ha
3HaqlfTeJIbHbIe paCCTOHHIDI-HeCKOJIbKO KHJIOMerpOB If 6oJIee. Ha Ma-
JIbIX paCCTOHHIDIX ero He Bcera MO*HO rrplfMeHlfTb,
A3l1MYT I1CTI1HHblM 11 B3l1MYT MBrHI1THblM
QTo6bI 3aBepllIlfTb paccMoTpeHlfe BorrpocoB, CBH3aHHbIX C Oplf-
eHTlfpoBaHlfeM, Heo6xolfMO paccMOTpeTb ewe OlfH Bonpoc, B rrpe-
.lI;bIyweM lf3nOJKeHlflf MbI lfCXOlfJllf lf3 TOro, qTO HarrpaBJIeHlfe Ha
ceBep, rrOKaJaHHoe Ha KapTe, If HarrpaBJIeHlfe Ha ceBep, orrpe.lI;eJUle-
Moe C rroMoWblO KOMrraca Ha MecTHocTlf, HBJUleTCH OHlfM If TeM JKe,
B eHCTBlfTeJIbHOCTlf TIO COBceM He TaK, rr03TOMY Heo6xolfMO ce-
naTb COOTBeTCTBYIOee YTOqHeHlfe, (Cyrb orrlfcaHHbIX crroco60B
oplfeHTlfpOBaHlfH OT 3Toro He MeHHeTCH, K HlfM nlfllIb 06aBJUIeTCH
O)J.Ha rrpocrWl BbIqlfCnlfTeJIbHWI orrepaI.(IDI, 3HaTb KOTOPYlO KJIa,z:J;OlfC-
KaTemO Heo6xolfMO), Pe% H,ZJ.eT 0 rrepeBoe lfCTlfHHbIX aJHMyroB B
MarHlITHbIe If 06paTHO,
BbIllIe MbI orrpeenlfJIlf aJlfMYT KaK yron Me)K,lJ.Y HarrpaBJIeHlfeM
Ha ceBep If HarrpaBneHHeM Ha HYJKHbIH HaM MeCTHbIH rrpe)J.Mer, C
HarrpaBJIeHlfeM Ha HYJKHbIH rrpe)J.MeT Bce HCHO" If TYT HHKaKHX Borr-
pOCOB He B03HlfKaeT, Ho qTO TaKoe HarrpaBJIeHlfe Ha ceBep? 3TO Ha-
rrpaBneHlfe Ha CeBepHbIH rrOJIIOC, 11 orrpeeJUleM MbI 3TO HarrpaaJIe-
Hlfe Ha MecTHocrlf rro KOMrracy, )J;eJIo 3aKJIlOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO KOM-
nac Ha CeBepHbIH rrOJIIOC He YK83bIBaer! MarHlfTHWI crpeJIKa KOMrra-
ca YK83bIBaeT Ha MarHHTHbIH, a He Ha reorpa<plfl.{eCKMH nonlOc;
64

IIoHJlTHe 0 reorpa4m'leCKOM, HJIH, HHa'le, HCTHHHOM, rromoce
CBJl3aHO C npeACTaBJIeHHeM 0 t}lopMe 3eMJIH H XapaKTepe ee Bpa-
llleHHJI: CeBepHbIH H IO)I(HbIH nOJ1l0CbI - 3TO TO'lKH, 'Iepe3 KOTOpbIe
npOXOAHT OCb BpallleHIDI 3eMHoro wapa,
B TO )l(e BpeMJI 3eMJL!I 06JIa,ZJ;aeT CBOHCTBaMH MarHHTa, H BOKpyr
Hee CyrueCTBYeT MarHHTHoe nOJIe. KaK BCJlKHH MarHHT, OHa HMeeT
ABa nomoca, He cOBna,ZJ;alOlllHe C reorpat}lH'IeCKHMH, CeBepHbIH
MarHHTHbIH DOJIIOC HWWAHTCJI nOA 174 0 ceBepHoH WHpOTbl H 100°
3arra,ZJ;HOH AOJII'OTbI,lOiKHbIH MarHHTHhIH noJIlOc JIe)KHT DOA 69 0 10)1(-
HOH WHpOTbI H 144 0 BOCTO'lHOH AOJIrOTbI. (MarHHTHble rronlOCbI C
Te'leHHeM BpeMeHH Me,D.JIeHHO nepeMell..talOTCJI; npaBAa, rrepeMellle-
HIDI3TH He HaCTOnbKO 3Ha'lHTeJIbHbI, 'lr06bI )":IHTbIBm'b HX,lJ,IUI npalC-
TH'IeCKHX ueneH B KJIa,ZJ;OHCKaTeJIbCKOH 3KCDe,lUiUHH.)
HTaK, CYlllecTBYIOT HCTHHHbIH H MarHHTHbIH rronlOCbI, He CO-
Bna,ZJ;aIOlllHe Me C060H. COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3TOM)' eCTb HCTHHHbIH
H MarHHTHbIH MepHAHaHbI. H OT Toro H OT APyroro MO)l(HO OTC'IH-
TbIBaTb HanpaBneHHe Ha HY)l(HbIH npeAMeT. B OAHOM cnY'Iae MbI
6YAeM HMeTb Aeno C HCTHHHbIM a3HM)'ToM, B APyroM - C MarHHT-
HbIM. HCTHHHbIH a3HM)'T-3TO yron Me)((,ll.y HCTHHHbIM (reorpat}lH-
'IeCKHM) MepH,lJ,HaHOM H HanpaBJIeHHeM Ha AaHHbIH npeAM.eT. Mar-
HHTHbIH a3HMyr-yron Me)((,ll.y M8rHHTHbIM MepHAHaHoM HlIanpaB-
neHHeM Ha AaHHbIH npe,lJ,MeT. IIOIDITHo, 'ITO HCTHHHbIH H MaI1:IHTHbIH
a3HMyrbI OTnH'laIOTCJI Ha TY)I(e caMYIO BenH'lHHY, Ha KOTOPYIO Mar-
HHTHbIH MepH,lJ,HaH OTnH'IaeTCJI OT HCTHHHoro. 3Ta BeJIH'IHHa Ha3bI-
BaeTCJI MarHHTHbIM CKJIOHeHHeM. EcnH CTpeJIKa KOMnaca OTKJIOIDI-
eTCSI OT HCTHHHOro MepHAHaHa K BOCTOKY, MarHHTHoe CKnOHeHHe
Ha3bIBaIOT BOCTO'IHbIM, ecnH CTpenKa OTKJIOIDIeTCSI K 3ana,ZJ;y, CKJIO-
HeHHe Ha3bIBaJOT 3ana,ZJ;HbIM. BOCTO'lHOe CKJIOHeHHe 'IaCTO 0603Ha-
'IaIOT 3HaKOM «+» (nnIOC), 3anMHoe - 3HaKOM «-» (MHHYC)
BenH'IHHa MarHHTHoro CKJIOHeHHSI HeOAHHaKOBa B pa3nH'IHOH
MeCTHOCTH. TalC, ,WUIMOCKOBCKOH 06nacTH CKJIOHeHHe COCTaBJUI-
eT +7, +8 0 , a Boo61lle Ha TeppHTOpHH POCCHH OHO MeIDIeTCJI B 60-
nee 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIX npeAeJIax.
B03BpalllWlcb K cnY'lalO, KorAa HMO, HMeJl KapTY H KOMnac,
BblHTH Ha KaKOH-nH60 nYHKT, KOTOpbIH He BHAeH C TO'lKH CTOJIHIDI,
MI.l CTanKHBaeMCJI CO CJ1eAYlOllleH TpYAHOCTblO. H3Mepgg a3HMyr
rro KapTe, MbI Y3HaeM HCTHHHblH a3HMYT. KorAa Ha MeCTHOCTH MbI
3. CnpaBaHHK TYpHaa
65

N
N.
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A.
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PHC. 12. nepeBoll HCTHHHblX aaHMyroB B MarHHTHbie H
o6paTHo: CfleBa BOCTOI./HOe, cnpaBa - aananHoe CKflOHeHHe.
onpe,.lI;eIDIeM no KOMnacy TO )Ke CaMoe HarrpaBJIeHHe, TO MbI Y3HaeM
MarHHTHbIH a3HMyr. OTClO,.lI;a B03HHKaeT Heo6xo,.lI;HMOCTb }'MeTb rre-
peBO,.lI;HTh HCTHHHbIe a3HMyrbI B MarHUTHbIe H o6paTHo.
qTO )Ke HY)KHO C,.lI;eJIaTb, 'lTo6bl, 3HM MarHHTHoe CKJIOHeHHe,
HCTHHHbIH a3HMYT nepeBecTH B MarHHTHbIH? 06paTHMcH K pHC. 12
(CJIeBa). IIycTb ON-HCTHHHbIH MepH,.lI;HaH, yrOJI NOA-HCTHHHbIH
a3HMyr. ECJIH MbI HMeeM BOCTOqHOe CKJIOHeHHe (, TO OqeBH,.lI;HO,
CTpeJIKa KOMrraca nOKa)KeT HaM He CTporo HarrpaBJIeHHe ON, a OT-
KJIOHHTCH OT Hero K BOCTOKY Ha yrOJI, paBHbIH (, H 3aHMeT rrOJIO)Ke-
HUe ON 1. COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3TOMY, eCJIH MbI B03bMeM HY)KHbIH HaM
a3HM}'T, rrpHWIB JIHHUIO ON 1 a HarrpaBJIeHHe Ha ceBep, TO MbI rrOH-
,.lI;eM He rro HarrpaBJIeHHlO OA, a OTKJIOHHMCH OT Hero Ha TY)Ke BeJIH-
'lHHY, Ha KOTOpylO CTpeJIKa KOMnaca OTKJIOHHJIaCb OT HCTHHHOro
MepH,.lI;HaHa, T. e. TO)Ke Ha yroJI C. IfHaqe roBOpH, nOH,.lI;eM no Ha-
npaBJIeHHIO OA 1. ,[{rrH Toro qTo6bI BHeCTH B CBOH ,.lI;eHCTBHH rro-
npaBKY, OqeBH)J,HO, Ha,ZJ.O B3HTb JIeBee Ha TOT)Ke yroJI p. Tor,.lI;a ,.lI;BH-
)KeHHe 6Y,.lI;eT rrpOHCXO,.lI;HTb 0 Tpe6yeMoMY HarrpaMeHHIO OA.
3Ha'IIIT, B CJl)"Iae BOcro'lHOro CKJIOHeHillI HCTHHHbIH a3HM}'T Ha,ZJ.O
}'MeHbIIIHTb Ha BeJIH'lHHY CKJIOHeHillI, qT06bI rrOJIyqHTb MarHHTHbIH:
AM=Al:I-{
B CJIY'lae 3arra,ZJ.Horo CKJIOHeHIDI (c¥. pHC. 12 crrpaBa) CTpeJIKa
KOMnaca BMecro HarrpaBJIeHIDI ON, COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI.ero HCTHHHOMY
MepH)J,HaHY, 6Y,.lI;eT nOKa3bIBaTb HarrpaBJIeHHe ON 1, OTKJIOHIDlCb OT
HCTHHHOro MepH)),HauaBJIeBO Ha yrorr p. COOTBeTcrneHHo 3TOM)', eCJlH
66

MbI He BHeceM rronpaBKH B CBoe ,lI.BH)KeHHe, TO 6Y,lI.eM ,lJ.BuraTbcR He
rro HYJKHOM)' ,lJ.IDI Hac HanpaBJIeHHlO OA, a YKJIOHHMCR OT Hero BJIeBO
Ha yroJI ( H rrOH,lI.eM no HarrpasJIeHHIO OA 1. QT06bl 3TOro He npo-
H3011IJIO H HeCMOTpR Ha TO qTO CTpeJIKa KOMnaca BMeCTO HanpaBJIe-
HHR ON nOKa3blBaeT HarrpaBJIeHHe ON 1, MbI IlIJIH Bce-TaKH no Ha-
rrpaBJIeHHlO OA, HY)KHO 6Y,lI.er B3RTb npaBee Ha yroJI (.
3HaqHT, B cnyq:ae 3ana,n;Horo CKJIOHeHIDI HCTHHHblH 1l3HM)'T Ha,n;O
yaeJIH'iHTb Ha BeJIHqHHY CKJIOHeHIDI, 'lT06bI npuifrn B HYJKHoe MeCTO:
AM=AH+{
C nOMOl.l.J;blO amUIOrH'lHbIX pacc}')K,lI:eHHH Herpy,lJ.HO nOIDlTb, Ka-
KHM 06pll3OM OT MarHHTHoro Il3HMYJa nepeHTH K HCTHHHOMY B cJIY'lae
BOCTO'lHOrO H 3ana,u,Horo CKJIOHeHHR. BnpOqeM, 3TO MO)KHO onpe-
L(eJIHTb H qHCTO MaTeMaTH'leCKHM rrYTeM. ECJIH rrpH BOCTOqHOM
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rrpH rrepeXO,lI.e OT KapTbI K MeCTHOCTH.
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npe,lI.MeT, XOTHM HaHeCTH ero Ha Kapry. Onpe,lI.eJIHB no KOMnacy Ha-
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MbI 0llIH6eMCR Ha BeJIH'lHH)' MarHHTHoro CKJIOHeHIDI. QT06bI He ,lI.0-
nyCTHTb TaKOH 01lIH6KH, Heo6xo,lJ.HMO onpe,lI.eJll!:Tb HCTHHHblii 1l3HM)IT
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67

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68

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peIlleHHe.
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H He ,naTb rrpe,D;CI'OBLQeM}' C06bITHIO 3acraTb Bac BpaCllJIOX.
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60JIOTa, paCnOJIaralOLQHeCB rro OCBM xpe6TOB. TaK:>Ke He rrepeHO-
69

CjJ:T OHH 3anaXa 6aryJIbHHKa, MeJIHCCbI, rrH)«MbI. B KaKOH-TO Mepe
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YCTpaHBaTb HO'lJIer B rrOHMax peK! Onpe.n:eJIHTb T'j rrOJIOcy, KOTO-
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HHIO 6peBeH, OKaTaHHbIX naJIO'leK,KOpHeH, HanpaBJIeHHbIX BHH3 rro
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npOTOKaMH pa3JIHBalOlIJ.HXCjJ: rro IlIHpOKOH rrpOHMe peK. Bo BpeW(
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3aBaJIbI H3 CTBOJIOB .n:epeBbeB, BeTOK, KopHeH. HaKanJIHBalOlIJ.WlCjJ:
3a HHMH Macca BO.n:bI rrpopbIBaeT 3aBaJIbI H YCTpeMJIjJ:eTCjJ: BHH3 B
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70

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71

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6HBaKOM H Ha OKp}')KaIOIllHe CTBOJ1bI ,lJ.epeBbeB Ha rrpe,lJ.MeT CYXHX H
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rrOBbIIlleHHeM peJ1beiPa,
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MY cHery MO*HO, B3}!B B Pym o6e naJIKH BMeCTe, ceCTb Ha HHX
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I136eraHTe ,lJ.BH)I(eHH}! H OK0J10 6epera - TaM Bac MO)l(eT rro,lJ.-
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72

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TO BOAY ,WllI npMro1'OBJIeHHJI nHIlI.H JIY'lwe nOAHeCTM K nJIOIll.a,lI,Ke,
qeM CTaBHTh JIarepb Y BO,ll,bI B 60JIee HeYA06HoM MeCTe. IlIm 3HaqH-
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CTOJlHKY K HCTO'iHHKY BOAbI. B 3aCYWJIHBOe BpeMJI roAaHa 3ana,ll,-
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73

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MY rrpH onpeeneHHOM HaBbIKe npaKTH'IeCKH nOBceMeCTfIo MO:>KHO
OTblCKaTb Ha,l(e)l(HbIH HCro'lHHK If.IIH XOTH 6bI MecTO npOCa'lHBaHHH
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nOM, KaMHeM - H O:>I\):(aTbCH OTCTaHBamUi BOL(bI. ,lLrnI HaxoeH1U1
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TO'IHHKa, qa.Ill.e Bcero OHH pacrronaraIOTCH B HCTOKax nO)l(6HH, rro
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74

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75

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76

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77

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78
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79

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ycrpOHCTBO onHCblBaeMoro KOcrpa. CaM rro ce6e TaKOH KOCTep He-
CJIOJKeH, HO rrOHCKH CYIllHH ,.lI;lliI Hero, ill( BanKa, pa3,.lI;em<a H, HaKO-
Hell., TpaHCrroprnpoBKa K OrHlO OTHHMaeT MHoro BpeMeHH H CW!. £eM
)f(e B rranaTKe crraTb XOJIO,.lI;HO H peilleHO pa3BeCnr KOCTep, 'IT06bI
cnaTb B03JIe Hero, HCnOJlb3yihe JIy<IIlle nanaTKy KaK TeHT.
OnbITHble TYPHCTbI, npHBbIKillHe HMeTb ,.lI;eJIO C KocrpaMH, YMe-
lOT pa3JKHraTb TaKOH KOCTep H 6e3 ymeH. OHH YKJIbIBaIOT CHa'la-
JIa ,.lI;Ba HHJKHHX 6peBHa rrO'lTH BrrJIOTHYIO, a 3aTeM rrOBepx HX rro
BceH A/lHHe pacnOJIaralOT MeJIKHH XBOpOCT, cBepxy Ha rrorrepe'l-
HblX rraJIKax KJIyr TpeTbe 6peBHO H nO,WKHralOT XBOpOCT. O.l\HaKO
HOBH'lKaM JIY'IIlle pa3BO,.lI;HTb TaKOH KOCTep, rrOJlb3YSlCb yrJUIMH.
KaKHe JKe U3 orrHcaHHblX KOCTpOB OTHOCSlTCSI K JKapOBbIM, a
KaKHe - K rrJIaMeHHbIM?
31'0 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO OT KOHCTpYKu.HH KOCTpa, HO H OT Ka'le-
CTBa ,.lI;pOB - CMOJIHCTbIe HJIH HeT, COBepIlleHHO CYXHe HJIH'C CbIpO-
BaTOH KOpOH, a TaIOKe OT MaHepbI pa60TbI KOCTpOBOro:
TaK, «KOJIO,.lI;eu.» U oc06eHHO «IllanaIllHK» 'Iall(e Bcero OTHOCHT-
CSI K qHCJIY llJIaMeHHbIX KOCTpOB. Ho ,.lI;OCTarOqHO nYCTHTb Bnepe-
MeJKKY C CYXHMH nOJIeHbSlMH HeMHoro CbIpOBaTIX UJIH YJIOJKHTb
rrOJIeHbSl ,.lI;OCTaTO'lHO TeCHO, KaK lIJIaMH 3aMeTHO YMeHbIllHTCSI, CBe-
Ta KOCTep CTaHeT L(aBaTb COBceM MaJIO, ropeHHe qaCTH'IHO rrepeH-
,.lI;eT B TJIeHHe, H KOcrep CTaHeT JKapOBbIM. «3Be3.l\HbIH» KOcrep 06bI'l-
HO C'IHTaeTCSI JKapOBbIM. Ho ,.lI;OCTaTO'lHO YJIOJKHTb KOHl(bl rrOJIeHb-
eB, HaxO.lf)lll(HeCH B u.eHTpe, L(Pyr Ha ,.lI;Pyra, U rrOJIY'IHTCSI nJIaMeH-
HblH KOCTep.
DepBbIe ,.lI;Ba THrra «TaeJKHbIX» KOCTpOB MOJKHO C,.lI;eJIaTb JKapo-
BbIMH HJIH lIJIaMeHHbIMH, YMeHbillaH HJIU YBeJIH'lUBaH IllHPHHY 3a-
30pa MeJKAY rrOJIeHbHMH. TpeTHH THn «TaeJKHoro» Kocrpa B OCHOB-
HOM JKapOBOH, HO, H3MeIDISI paccToSlHHe Me)l()J;Y rrOJIeHbHMH UJIH
rrOBOpaqHBaSi HX BOKpyr npO,.lI;OJIbHOH OCU, MOJKHO H ero C,.lI;eJIaTb
llJ1aMeHHbIM, rrpaB,.lI;a, Ha KopOTKoe BpeWl. ,[(aJKe rrOCJIe.l\HHH H3 pac-
CMOTpeHHbIX THrrOB KOCTpOB (H3 Tpex MaCCHBHbIX 6peBeH), S1BHO
87

rrpHHa,wte:>Kalll.HH rro CBoeMY Ha:ma'leHHIO K :>KapOBbIM, MO:>KHO 3a-
CTaBHTb pa60TaTb KaK nmlMeHHhlH, rrO)J)lO)l(HB rro,ll, BepXHee 6peBHO
,lI,Be nOrrepe'lHble qYPKH,
OnbiTHblH KOcrpOBOH )'MeJIO rrOJIb3yercJl3THM 06CTOJlTeJIbCTBOM.
CJIerKa nepe,ll,BHraJi rrOJIeHbJl B KocTpe, OH MO:>Ker 3aCTaBHTb ero B
HY:>KHblH MOMeHT ,lI,aTb 60JIbille cBera, YBeJIHqHTh HJIH YMeHbIllHTb
lliIaWl, 06eCrreqHTb HHTeHCUBHoe HJIH, HanpoTHB, Me)J)leHHOe rrpo-
ropaHHe TOruIHBa.
YMeHHe peryJIHpOBaTb Kocrep ,lI,aeTCJI He CpaJY. llYCTh 3TO He
CM)'II.{aer Bac. Ha,no np060BaTh, 3KCrrepHMCJITHpoBaTb. Bce, qro MO:>K-
HO rrpOqHTaTb 0 KOCTpax B KHH:>KKax (B TOM '-IHCJIC U B 3TOH), 6Y,lI,er
rrOJIe3HO TOJIbKO Ha riepBblX nopax. 3aTCM npH06peraerCH onblT, a C
HHM H C06CTBCHHaJI MaHepa pa60Tbl C KOCTpOM. BOT TOr.u.a MO:>KHO
y6e,ll,l1TbCH, QTO onHcaHHble 3,l1,CCb KOHCTpYKl(HH B 'lHCTOM BH,lI,e npH-
MeIDIlOTCH KpaHHe pC,lI,KO. Bbl 6Y,lI,I1Te CKJIa,nbIBaTb KocTep, KOTOpblH
TOJIbKO H3pe,ll,Ka H HCHa,nOJIro 6Y,lI,CT npH06peraTb BH,lI, «IllaJIaIllHKa»
HJIH «KOJIo.u.u.a», KaK HX PHCYlOT B CrrpaBOQHI1Kax. PCryJIHPYH OroHb,
MO:>KHO 6y.u.er nepeXO,ll,HTb OT O.u.HOH KOHCTpYKl(HH K .u.pyrOH, aqalll.e
I1Ml1pOBH3HpoBaTb, C03L(aB8J1 Ha KIDK,lI,blH paJ KaKHC-TO HOBble crro-
C06bI YKJIa,lI,KH rrOJIeHbeB Be,ll,b maBHoe-3TO 06eCrre'lHTb .u.ocryn B03-
.u.yxa K omiO H HCnOJIb30BaTb B3aHMHblH paJorpeB rOpJllll.HX nOBep-
XHOCTeH, a .u.06HTbCJI 3Toro MO:>KHO TbICH'lbIO paJHblX cnoc060B.
I1CKJIlO'ICHHC COCTaBJUleT JIHillb KOCTep «TPH 6peBHa». ,[(eJIaTb ero
Ha,nO TaK, KaK orrHcaHO B KHHrC, H 'ICM TOqHeC, TeM .rry'lille. llpaB,lI,a,
U 3,lI,eCb MOryr 6blTb BaPH8HTbI, HO rrplfMeIDIIOTCJI OHH TOJIhKO B 3HM-
HHX BblJIaJKaX C HOqeBKaMU Ha cHcry. 11 rrOCJIe,ll,HCC, «lllaJIaIl.lHK»,
«KOJIO.u.CQ» H rrCpBble,ll,Ba THna <<Tae:>KHblX» KOcrpOB rrpe,ll,CTaBJUlIOT
co60H KOHCTpYKQHH, KOTOpbIC MOryT 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaHbl "PH PaJ-
Be,ll,eHHH KOcrpa, Ha,no nonpo60BaTb YKJIa,nbIBaTb 3THMU cnoc06aMH
MeJIKHe BeIO'IKH H .rryqUHY.
JIY'lillHe ,lI,pOBa - H3 XBOHHblX ,lI,epeBbeB, Y 6blBaJIbIX nYTeIlle-
CTBeHHHKOB npHHHTO OT,lI,aBaTb npe.u.rrOqTeHHe COCHe H KC,lI,PY, TaK
KaK OHH MaJIO UCKpJIT. O,ll,H8KO 3TO HMeer CYllI.CCTBeHHOC 3HaqCHHe
TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY'lae, eCJIU rrpc.u.CTOHT HOqeBKa He B nanaTKe, 8
pJl,ll,OM C orHeM, TaK qTO nOHCKOBHKH MOryT CqHTaTb, qTO eJIb HH-
'lYTh HC xY:>Ke COCHbl H KC,lI,pa. XOpOillO ropHT TaK:>KC CYXaJI JIH-
CTBeHHUl(Il H nHXTa. llOCJIe,ll,IDlH, npaB,lI,a, qaCTO «crpeJUleT» yrOJIb-
88

KaMU. Jib nHCTBeHHblX rropo,A nytlIue ,ApyrHx - 6epe3a, HO ,Aa)Ke
OHa CqHTaeTCJI xy*e XBOHHblX epeBbeB. 3TO Hepe,AKO y,AHBmIeT
Tex, KTO HMen paHhwe ,Aeno C rreqHblM OTorrneHHeM: rrpH nOKyrrKe
,ApOB BCer,Aa OT,AalOT npe,AnOqTeHHe 6epe30BblM. ,[{eno B TOM, <iTO
nOKynHble ,ApOBa npe,nBapHTenbHO rrpOCYUlHBaIOT. ,[{a K TOMY )Ke
HX H nocne nOKynKH 06b1qHO He Cpa3Y rrycKalOT B ,Aeno, a CKJIa,l\bI-
BalOT B rroneHHHUY, r,ne OHH ewe rrO,AChIXaIOT, B 3THX ycnoBlliIx
6epe3a, ,neHcTBHrenhHo, 3KOHOMHqHee COCHbI H enH. MHaqe 06CTO-
HT ,Aeno B necy, r,ne ,npoBa H,AYT B orOHh HeMe,nneHHo. CYXOCTOH-
HMI 6epe3a rrOQTH Bcer,na rHHnaJl, TeM 60nee ynaBWMl, KOTOpaJi
06blqHO Bo06we npeBpawaeTCJI B TPYXY. HH rHHnbe, HH Tpyxa Ha
Kocrep, rrOWITHO, He ro.wrrcx. A BOT XBOHHble nOp0,AbI3HaqHrenhHO
MeHbllle rrO,ABep*eHhl rHHeHHIO - 3TOMY rrpeilllTcTByer CMona,
EcnH Ha ,ApOBa 6epyr ynaBwee ,AepeBO, TO em Cne,AyeT CHaQana
110rrp060BaTh TonopOM H y6e,AHTbCX, He rHHnoe nH OHO. )l(eJ1aTeJlb-
HO rrpOBepHTh ,AepeBO TaKHM 06pa30M B HeCKonbKHX MecTax (XOTX
6bl B ,ABYX). OqeHb qaCTO ,AepeBO rHHeT HepaBHoMepHo: Ha BrronHe
npHrO,AHOM)J)Ul Kocrpa ,AepeBe B,Apyr OKa3blBaeTCJI yqaCTOK C nUlJIb-
l(OH HnH, Ha060pOT, Ha rHHnOH neCHHe r,Ae-TO coxpaHHTcx cyxWI
,ApeBecHHa. Ecnu 6HBaK YCTpoeH CpaBHHTenbHo He,AaneKO 0/ Hace-
neHHoro nYHKTa, r,Ae nec xopowo OQHweH H OT cyxoeTox, U OT
Bane)KHHKa, H ,AIDKe OT CYXHX cyqbeB, TO MO)KHO C rpeXOM nOlIO-
naM Ha6paTb TOfinHBa Ha KOCTep, HaKOnOB TonCTOR wenbl OT CYXHX
nHeR, OCTaBWHXCX OT paHee crrHneHHblX ,AepeBbeB. BrrpOqeM, C TIt-
KOR Heo6xo,lJ,HMOCTblO KJIa,l\OHCKarenH BCTpe'laIOTCJI pe,AKo: nOqTH
BCer,Aa MO)KHO npORTH rrapy nHllIHUX KunoMeTpoB H YCTpOHTb 6H-
BaK TaM, r,Ae HecnO*HO HaRTH ,Aposa.
3arOTaBJIHBWI ,npOBa)J)Ul cBoero KOCTpa, 'I)'pHCTaM npaKTUQec-
KH He rrpHXO,lJ,HTCJI CTaJIKHBaTbCJI C He06xo,l\HMOCTblO BaJIHTb CKOJIb-
KO-HH6Y,Ah KpynHble CYXOCTORHbIe ,nepeBMI. 06blqHO cyxux cy%-
eB, BaJIe)KHHKa u, HaKoHeu., HecKOnbKo, TOHKHX CYXHX enO'leK 6b1-
Baer BnonHe ,nocTaTOQHO, qT06b1 cBapHTb nuwy H nOCH,AeTb y OIWI.
O,AHaKO TaKaJl He06xo,AHMOCTb Mo*eT H BCTpeTHTbCX B KaKOR-HH-
6y.AI> Qpe3BblQaHHOR CHTYaIJ,HH, HanpHMep rrpH He06xo,AHMOCTH Pa3-
BeCTH KocTep «rpu 6peBHa» B cnYQae He3annaHupoBaHHoH HOqeB-
KH B necy B xOnO,AHOe BpeW! rO,Aa. II03TOMY He Melliaer 3HaTb, KaK
HY)KHO BaJIUTb 60nbwoe ,AepeBO. IIpe)I()J.e Bcero Ha,l\O 060HTH BOK-
89

pyr epeBa Ha paCC'I'OXHHU HeCKOJIbKHX MeTpOB H rrOCMOTpeTb, He
HMeer JIH OHO eCTeCTBeHHoro HaKJIOHa. ECJIH epeBO HMeer CKOJIb-
KO-HH6Yb 3aMeTHblM: eCTeCTBeHHbIM: HaKJIOH, TO BaJIHTb elO HMO B
3TOM *e HarrpaJ3J1eHHH. 3aBaJIHTb epeBO B HarrpaBJIeHHH, OTJIH'la-
lOI.QeMCX OT eCTeCTBeHHOrQ HaKJIOHa, C)'MeIOT TOJIbKO J1l0H, HMelO-
I.QHe OCTaTO'IHbIM: OrrblT. BaM He CJIe.z:ryer H rrbITaTbCx3TOro eJIaTb.
)];aJIee, Hao ou.eHHTb, KaK ynaeT epeBO, He 3aBHCHeT JIM OHO,
3al(enHBlUHCb BepXYlUKOM: 3a BeTBM coceHMX ,AepeBbeB. CHHMaTb
3aBMClUee ,AepeBO-,AeJIO XJIOnOTHOe H He Bcer,Aa 6e30nacHoe. qac-
TO 6bIBaeT l(eJIeC006pa3HO He TpaTHTb CHJIbI H He py6MTb ,AepeBO,
KOTopoe CKopee Bcero 3aBMCHeT rrpM rra,AeHHM, a Cpa3Y rrObICKH-
BaTb ,Apyroe, 60nee rrO,AXO,AjlI.Qee. EcnH ,AepeBO paCTeT Ha KaKOM-TO
CKJIOHe, CJIe,AYeT npHKHHyrb, He CKaTMTCX JIM OHO rrpH nMeHMH a-
JIeKO BHM3, OTK)',Aa era 6Y,AeT Tpy,AHO ,AOCTaTb, a eCJIH ,AepeBO CTOMT
B03JIe MeCTa 6HBaKa, TO He ynaeT JIM OHO Ha JIarepb.
qacTo 6bIBaeT, 'lTO py6MTb ,AepeBO MelUalOT COCe,AHMe KYCTbl
HJIM BeTBM 6JIM3KO pacryI.QHX ,AepeBbeB. Hx HMO y6paTb, 'IT06bI He
MelUaJIH pa60TaTb H tIT06bI rrpM na,AeHHH ,AepeBa 'MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI-
CTpO OTOM:Tlf B CTOPOHY. OTOM:TM B CTOPOHY MOryr nOMelUaTb TaIOKe
BaJIe)l(HHbI HJIH cY'lbX, JIe)l(aI.QMe nOL( HoraMH. Hx TO)l(e HMO 3apa-
Hee y6paTb.
Py6XT ,AepeBO TaKMM 06pa30M (PMC. 25). CHa'laJIa C TOM: CTOpO-
HbI, KY,Aa ,AOJI)I(HO ,AepeBO ynacTb, ,AeJIalOT rro,Apy6, rrpMMepHo Ha
I
ii

PV/C. 25, nocnellosaTenbHocTb Yllapos npVl Py6Ke Ilepesa.
90

TpeTb HJIH Ha <{eTBepTb ,lI;HaMerpa CTBOJIa. 3areM Ha'lHHalOT ,lI;eJIaTb
nO,ll;py6 C npOTHBOnOJIO*HOH CropOHbI (npHMepHO Ha JIIl,lI;OHb BbIllie
nepBoro rro,ll;py6a). Kor,ll;a BTOpOH rro,ll;py6 CTaHeT ,lI;OCTaTO'lHO my-
60KHM, ,l],epeBo rra,ll;aeT rro,ll; ,lI;eHCTBHeM c06CTBeHHoro Beca. ECJIH
)ICe BCTpe<{HbIH nO,ll;py6 He C,lI;eJIaTb, 3TO npHBe,ll;eT K JIHIlIHeH pa6o-
Te: <{T06bl ,lI;06paTbcj( TonopoM ,lI;O rrOCJIe,ll;HHX CJIOeB ,lI;peBeCHHbl,
y,ll;ep)ICHBalOI..QHX ,lI;epeBO B BeprHKaJIbHOM nOJIO)ICeHHH, rrpHXO,lJ,HTCj(
CHJIbHO pacIlIHpj(Tb C,lI;emlHHbIH rro,ll;py6, KpoMe Toro, pa60TaTb 6e3
BCTpe'lHOrO nO,ll;py6a onaCHO: rrpH nll,ll;eHHH ,lI;epeBO lIJ.errHTCX, H 3Ta
l..Qena, nO,ll;06HO npY*HHe, MO)l(eT CHJIbHO OropOCHTb KOMeJIb Ha-
3a,ll;, HMeHHO B TY CTOPOHY, r,ll;e CTOHT 'leJIOBeK, rrO,ll;py6HBIlIHH ,lI;e-
peBo. BaJIHTb ,lI;epeBO, rro,ll;py6ax ero paBHOMepHO co Bcex CTOpO-
HbI, rro Kpyry, Hepau.HOHaJIbHO.
Kor,ll;a rrO,ll;py6alOT ,lI;epeBO, TO qepe,ll;YIOT ,lI;Ba pO,ll;a y,ll;apOB. IIep-
BbIH, HaHOCHMbIH no,ll; OCTpblM ymoM, ,lI;OJI)I(eH rromy6)ICe rrpOHHK-
HYTb B TOJIl..Qy ,lI;epeBa. BtopoH y,ll;ap rrpHXO,ll;HTCX HeMHoro HH)lCe H
rro,ll; MeHee OCTpbIM ymOM. YIM Bbl6HBalOT nO,ll;py6JIeHnylO ,lI;peBeCH-
HY. Oqepe)l;HOH y,ll;ap HL(eT rro,ll; TeM )l(e yrJiOM, qTO H rrepBbIH, HO Ha
1-2 CM BbIllie rro CTBOJIY, a CJIeL(YIOI..QHH - B my6b nO,ll;py6a, qTo6bI
BbI6paTb ,lI;peBecHHY, nOL(py6JIeHHYIO rrpe,ll;bI.ltYI..QHM y,ll;apOM, H T. ,lI;.
KOHeqHO, Ha rrpaKTHKe CrrJIOllib H pX,lI;OM npHxO,ll;HTCX rrpoH3Bo-
L(HTb He OL(HH, a ,lI;Ba HJIH TpH OL(HHaKOBbIX y,ll;apa rro,ll;px,lI;, HO CYTb
L(eJIa OT noro He MeHxeTCX.
C yrraBIlIero ,lI;epeBa HIl,lI;O rrpe)l()J;e Beero CHUb cyqKH, rrpOHM
BL(OJIb Hero C TorropOM. BeTBH TYT)lCe c06HpalOT B Kyqy. OHH TO)ICe
nOHL(YT B KOCTep, IIocJIe 3TOro MO)l(HO pa3,l1;eJIbIBaTb CTBOJI Ha rro-
JIeHbX HY)l(HOH ,[(JIHHbI. IIbITaTbcx CL(eJIaTb 3TO L(O Toro, KaK ,lI;epeBO
ocyqKOBaHO, He CJIeL(yeT. YrraBIlIee L(epeBO rrO'lTH BCeI',lI;a JIe)l(lfT,
orrHpIDICb Ha BeTBH. ECJIH B TaKOM nOJIO)l(eHHH Haqarb py6HTb CTBOJI,
TO BerBH 6y.u.yr aMoprH3HpOBaTb y,ll;apbI TOnopa. CHJ16Y,ll;er YX0,lJ,HTb
MHOro, a 3c}>c}>eKT 6Y,ll;eT He3HaqHTeJIbHbIM.
CYl..QeCTBYeT npaBHJ10 - HlfKor,ll;a He py6HTb ,lI;pOBa Ha 3eMJIe HJIH
Ha KaMHXX. ,l],a)l(e B MxrKOM rpYHTe BcerL(a eCTb rreC'lHHKH H MeJI-
KHe KaMHH. IIpH HeYL(aqHOM YL(ape Torrop BTbIKaeTCX B 3eMJIlO, rroc-
JIe qero Ha HeM rrOqTH BCeI',lI;a nOXBJIHlOTCj( 60JIbIlIHe HJIH MaJlble
3a3y6pHHbI, OH 6bICTpO T)'nHTCX. Pa60TaTb TaKHM TonopOM O'leHb
DI)I(eJIO. II03TOMY np" pa3,l1.eJIKe nOBaJIeHHQrO ,lI.epeBa HY)l(HO 0651-
.-< 91
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3aTenbHO rrO,lJ,JIO>KHTb rro.lJ, Hero KaKOe-HH6Y.lJ,b noneHO HnH qnawKY,
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OKa3aJIOCb, MO>KHO rrO.lJ,TawHTb cpy6neHHoe .lJ,epeBO K rrHIO HnH
BbiCTymuoweMY H3 3eMnH KOpHIO. llocne roro KaK <JTPy6neHo rrep-
Boe rroneHO, .lJ,aJIbWe MO>KHO rrO.lJ,KJIa.lJ,blBaTb Y>Ke ero,
llpH pa3.lJ,enKe .lJ,epeBa Ha rroneHMI, TaK >Ke KaK H rrpH BaJIKe,
qepe.n.ylOT rrO.lJ,py6aIOWlfe H BbI6HBaIOWlfe .lJ,peBeCHHY y.n.apbI. TonbKO
rrpH BanKe Y.lJ,ap CHH3Y HaHeCTH Henb3jf, n03TOMY 3aMax BCer.lJ,a .lJ,e-
naeTCjf C O.lJ,HOrO rrneqa, a 06a pO.lJ,a Y.lJ,apOB OTnHqalOTCjf TonbKO
yrnoM HaKJIOHa, no.lJ, KOropblM ne3BHe ronopa BXO.lJ,HT B CTBon. llpH
Py6Ke ne>Kawero .lJ,epeBa MO>KHO qepe.lJ,OBaTb Y.lJ,apbl C 3aMaXOM C
O.lJ,HOrO H .lJ,Pyroro rrneqa, O.lJ,HH y.lJ,ap nO.lJ,py6aeT .lJ,peBeCHHY, a Bro-
pOM (BCTpeqHbIM) C 3aMaXOM C .lJ,pyroro rrneqa BbI6HBaeT ee. ,[(ena-
lOT rro.lJ,py6 Ha ne>KaweM 6peBHe He cBepxy, a HeMHoro C60KY, Ha
TOM cTopoHe, KOTOp1Ul 06paweHa OT py6jfwero. Kor.lJ,a rro.lJ,py6 CTa-
HeT .lJ,OCTaroqHO rny60KHM, TOr.lJ,a ero MO>KHO oCTaBHTb, rrepewar-
HyTb qepe3 ne>Kawee 6peBHO H HaqaTb HOBbiM nlKoM >Ke rro.lJ,py6, HO
C .lJ,pyroH CropOHbI. KOHeqHO, Mecro .lJ,JUI HOBoro rro.lJ,py6a HY>KHO
Bbl6paTb TaK, qro6bl OH qepe3 KaKoe-TO BpeMjf COMKHYJICjf C rrep-
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6HTb He cnuwKOM roncroe .lJ,epeBO.
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99

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Cna.J1bHHKH, plOK3aKH na.J1aTKH, O,l(e)I()J.a.
B,l(pyr rrOCnbIIlla.J1lfCb KpHKlf H3 necy: «Bna.u.HMHp IIaBnoBH'i!
HL(HTe CIO,l(a, 3,l(eCb TaKOH ,l(O)I()J.b h>
H TO'iHO. MeTpax B 60 OT KocTpa - ,l(O)I()J.b, 3aMep3alOI.l.\HH
IllypIllaIl.(lfM ronone,l(OM, a Ha,l( KOCTpOM YXO,l(HJIa B HO'iHOe He60
ry,WIIl.(CU1 OfHeHHaS! peKa, He nporrYCKaIOwaS! HH KarrnH ,l(0)f(,WI. 3a
nOnHO'ib ,l(OrOpenH yrnH, B GYXlfX Illa.J1aIllaX rro,l( rronH3TlfneHOM
Crra.J1H pe6S1.Ta.
,[(IDI CYIllKH H HO'iHOro 060rpeBa KpyrrHbIe 6peBHa CJIeeT yno-
)f(lfTb rrapannenbHO ,l(pyr ,l(pyry C rrpOMe)f(YTKOM Me)f(,l(y HlfMH He
60nee rronOBHHbI ,l(HaMeTpa 6peBHa If no Mepe CropaHIDI rrO,l(BHraTb
6peBHa B ropSl.I.l.\YIO 'iaCTb KOCTpa. J1Y'iIlle He CTaCKHBaTb TI!)f(enbie
6peBHa, a pa3BeCTH KOCTep rro,l( ne)f(aI.l.\HM 60JIbIllHM ,l(epeBOM, Ha
HO'ib 3aBa.J1lfTb KOCTep rrporrHTaHHblMH BO,l(OH 6peBHaMH, c06paH-
HblMH Ha 3eMne rro,l( JIeCHOH rrO,l(CTlinKOH, B ryCTOH pacTHTenbHoc-
TH H MOKpblX nHCTbSl.X.
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CYIllHJIKY B BHL(e ropH30HTa.J1bHO YCTaHOBneHHOH Ha poraTHHe
nanKlf He06xo,l(HMO opraHH30BaTb C HaBeTpeHHOH CTOpOHbI BO H3-
6e)f(aHlfe 3aropaHHSI. O,l(e)f(,l(bI If 06YBH. B ,l(O)f(,l(b Ha,l( CYIllHnKOH
HY)f(HO YCTpOHTb KPbIIllY lf3 BeTBeH If KpyrrHblx nHCTbeB HnH lf3
rronH3THneHOBOH rrneHKH . IIocYL(Y MO)f(HO rrOBeCHTb Ha cnOMaH-
HYIO BeTKY L(epeBa, BOTKHYTYlO B 3eMnlO Ha CKnOHe HnH YKpeIIJIeH-
HYlO 60nbIllHM KaMHeM B BH,l(e KOHconH.
MO)f(HO TaK)f(e CnO)f(lfTb o'mr H3 KaMHeH, npH 3TOM Cne,l(yeT
rrOMHHTb, 'iTO ropHbIe rrOp0,l(bl co 3Ha'iHTenbHbIM COL(ep)f(aHHeM
KpeMHe3eMa - OKpeMHeHHble H3BeCTHS!Kl1, OKpeMHeHHble aprHn-
nHTbl (TpeCKYH), Xa.J1l(e,l(OHbI - Mory'r paCTpeCKHBaTbCSI., pa3py-
maS! O'lar, a lfX OCKonKH OTneTaTb Ha HeCKonbKO MeTpOB. JIY'lIlle
Bbl611paTb rrOp0,l(bI, He rrOMaIOI.l.\HeCSI. paCTpeCKHBaHHIO rro,l( TeMrre-
103

parypHbIM BOmeMCTBlfeM: MepreJIb, rreC'IIlHHK, BYJIKaHH'leCKlfM TY<P,
.n.Ha6a3 H TY<P.
Ha 60JIbllIOM 060rpeBaTeJIbHOM KOCTpe B03MO)KHO rrpHfOTOBHTb
rrHll(}', BCKlfIUlTHTb ':laM, rrocraBHB rrocy.n.y B u.eHTp ropjlI..lJ,HX ymeM -
06JIO)KHOM crroc06, BbITaWHTb rrocy.n.y H3 rrOJIbIXalOlI.(ero KOCTpa
O':leHb rrpocro: 06JIHTb PY':lKY ':IaMHHKa, KaCTplOJIH XOJIO.n.HOM BO.n.OM,
3aJIHTb KOCTep co CTOpOHbI .n.BH)KeHIDI PYK.
ECJIH HaM H)')KHO yrrmpe6HTb rrHll(}' rr06bICTpee, OXJIa,D,HTe TOJIbKO
':ITO BCKHrreBllIYlO )KH.n.KOCTb, .n.06aBHB B Hee JIb.n.HHKH, KOMO':lKH
CHera HJIH npOMbITbIe B py%e KaMHH,
,lJ;JIjI YCTpOMCTBa .n.bIMOBOrO CHrHaJIa 06bI':IHbIM XOpOllIO pa3rO-
peBllIHMCjI KOCTep CJIe.n.yeT 3aBaJIHTb CBe)KHMH JIHCTbjlMH, TpaBOM,
MOKpOM JIeCHOM rrO.n.CTHJIKOM HJIH MXOM. nOKH.LJ.M MeCTO HO':lJIera,
3araCHTe KOCTep.
B YCJIOBHjlX CH6HpH p(3)Ke':lb KOCTep BaM rrOMO)KeT 6epeCTa,
HO Ha.n.e)KHee HacTpyraHHbIe werrKH H3 KOpHeM BbIBOpO':leHHOrO
KOMJUI nHXTbI, eJIH, JIHCTBeHHHl(bI.
B Cpe.n.HeM A3HH B YCJIOBIDIX CYXOCTH B03.n.yxa p(3)Ke% KOCTep
He COCTaBJUleT Tpy.n.a. CaMbIM y.n.06HbIM O':laroM CJIY)KaT .n.Ba 06bI':I-
HbIX HepaCTpeCKHBalOWHXCjI KaMHjI, Ap':leBbIe .n.pOBa .n.OJIro, HHor-
.n.a 60JIee CYTOK .n.ep)KaT )Kap.
B 30He, Ha':lHCT9 JIHllIeHHOM JIeca, MO)KeT 06ropaTb, rrpaB.n.a,
He.n.o.rrro, rro.n.O)IQKeHHbIM KYCT rro.n.yllIKo06pa3HbIX KYCTapHHKOB -
aCTparaJIa, 3Crrapu.eTa, aKaHTOJIHMOHa, HX OTMepllIHe CYXHe BeTO':l-
KH ropjlT )KapKHM nJIaMeHeM. Ho 3TO, pa3YMeeTCjI, He 3a6aBbI pa.n.H,
a JIHllIb npH He06xo.n.HMOCTH COrpeTbCjI, ':IT06bI HMeTb CHJIbI crryc-
THTbCjI BHH3 K JIecy HJIH .a;O)K.n.aTbCjI nOMOlI.(H. TaKHe)Ke KOJIlO':IHe
rro.n.YllIe':lKH eCTb H B lO)KHOM H BOCTO':lHOM 3aKaBKa3be, B ApMe-
HHH H A3ep6aM,wKaHe.
B XBOMHbIX JIecax pOJIb paCTpeCKlfBalOli(erOCa KallITaHa BbIllOJI-
HjlIOT eJIb H rrHXTa - OHH TaK)Ke .n.alOT KpynHbIe HCKpbl, orraCHbIe
.LJ.illl o.n.e)K,l].bI.
B lO)KHbIX 6e3JIeCHbIX paMOHax TOnJIHBOM CJIY)l(HT KH3j1K - Ha-
B03 KonbITHbIX )KHBOTHbIX, OH .n.aeT pOBHoe )KapKOe rrJIaMjI,
B CH6HPCKHX H .n.pyrHx ceBepHbIX paMOHax O':leHb XOpOill .LJ.JIjI
HO':lHOro YlOTa KOCTep-Ho.n.bjl. ,lJ;Ba CTBOJIa rro 2-3 M CYXOcToMHoro
.n.epeBa, JIY':lllIe Bcero eJIH, H3 JIHCTBeHHblX - HJIbMa, yKpenJIalOT-
104

CR BepTHKarrbHO O,lJ,HH HaL( ,lJ,pyrHM KonbRMH, 3a6HTbIMH y KOHl(OB
6peBeH, BepXYlliKH KonbeB CKperrmiIOTCR. Me)K,lJ,Y 6peBHaMlf Kna-
L(eTCR CblpCUI )l(ep,lJ,b - rrpHrrO,lJ,HHK H paCTorrKa. MO)l(HO rrOnO)l(lfTb
B,lJ,Onb TpeTbe 6peBHO -)J.JIR perynHpoBKH CKOpOCTH ropeHHR, 3a-
)l(HralOT C rrO,lJ,BeTpeHHoro KOHu.a, CrrRllI.HH YKna,LI,bIBaeTCR rro,lJ, Ha-
Bec rraparrnenbHO HO,lJ,be. npH orrpe,lJ,eneHHOM HaBbIKe 3a)l(HraHHR
HO,lJ,bR ropHT BClO HO%.
B Ka'leCTBe CYXOH Ha6HBKH crrarrbHHKa, HMnpOBH3HpoBaHHoro
OL(eRna HnH TerrnOH rrO,lJ,CTHnKH Ha cHery, B nelll.epe, Ha Hapax Ha
)J;arrbHeM BOCTOKe MO)l(HO HCrrOnb3()BaTb TOHKHe BeTBH C OCTaIO-
WHMHCR Ha BCIO 3HMY nHCTbRMH L(y6a MOHroJIbCKoro. npH HeL(O-
CTaTKe BpeMeHlf MO)l(HO 3apblTbCR B BOpOX 3THX BeTBeH, HarrOMaH-
HbIX y*e rroKpyrrHee.
B MecTax rrOHH)I(eHIDI penbe<pa, rro 60nOTaM H 03epHblM rra,WIM
BCTpe'laIOTCR rycTbIe 3apocnH TpOCTHHKa H KaMbIllia. Hx copBaH-
HbIe MeTemrn - OTJIH'IHCUI YIOTHCUI rrOCTenb,
B ycnoBIDIx rrOBblllIeHHOH BnIDKHOCTH 3arra,lJ,HOrO KaBKa3a ry-
llIeHlfe KOCTpa rrepe,lJ, YXO,lJ,OM C 6HBaKa CKopee ,lJ,eno npHBbI'IKH,
'IeM rrpOTIrnOnO)l(apHOH 6e30rraCHocrn, HO B ycnoBID1X cyxoro XBOH-
Horo neca, CYXHX nyroB H oc06eHHO TOp<pRHOH rrO'lBbI cnWJ;HTb 3a
KOCTpOM CJIe,lJ,yeT BeCbMa TllI.aTenbHO, a B rrOCne,lJ,HeM cnytfae ny'l-
llIe pa3BeCTH KOCTep Ha BbIXO,lJ,aX rarrbKH, llI.e6W1 HnH nO,lJ,rOTOBHTb
KaMeHHoe JIO)l(e)J.JIR Kocrpa,
Henb3R pa3BO,lJ,HTb KOCTep y KOMneH ,lJ,epeBbeB, oc06eHHO co-
CHbl: orOHb MO)l(eT rrpOHHKHYTb Bmy6b H BbI3BaTb 3aropaHHe JIec-
HbiX MaCCHBOB,
npurOTOBneHue nUI1lU 6e3 nocy,qbl
llpOCTeHllIHH crroc06 - 06)1(apHBaHHe rrHllI.H Ha BepTene, llpH
BbI60pe CBe*HX TOHKHX BeTBeH, I1pHrO,lJ,HbIX Ha llIaMrrypbI, cne,lJ,YeT
lf36eraTb pe3KO rraxHYlll.eH ,lJ,peBeCHHbl, HarrpHMep CHJlbHO R,lJ,OBHTO-
ro BOn'leRrO,lJ,HHKa, nyqllIe BbI6HpaTb BeTBH H3BeCTHbIX BaM ,lJ,epeBb-
eB H KYCTapHHKOB (,lJ,y6, 6YK, rpa6, KH3HJl H T. ,lJ,.).
06)1(apHBaHHe rrpOH3BO,lJ,HTCR rrYTeM HaHH3bIBaHHR MRca, KOp-
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TMKanbHO 6JIH3 KOCTpa HJIM Ha poraTHHax Ha,lJ, yrOJIbRMH, HO He B
105

nJlaMeHH OCTpa BO H36e)((aHHe 06YrJIHBaHlfH rrHll.{lf. C'be06Hble
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B HMY rro KOCTpOM, MlfHYT 'Iepe3 40-60 )((apKOe 6yeT rOTOBO.
ECJlH BaM yaJlOCb 06blTb MaCJla, HarrpHMep H3 rpeu.Koro ope-
xa (CM. CJleL(YlOll.{YIO rJIaBY), MO)((HO O'leHb BKYCHO rrO)((apHTb
rrpOYKTbI Ha rmOCKHX, cJlema BomYTblX HepaCTpeCKlfBaIOl1.(lfXCH
KaMHHX, rrpeBaplfTeJlbHO paCKaJIHB HX Ha KocTpe.
CBapl1Tb ey 6e3 rrocYL(bI CJlO)((Hee, HO B03MO)((HO. BbIpbIrylO B
3eMJIe HMKY YCTlmalOT rro MY If 60pTaM BOOHerrpOHlfu.aeMOH rmeH-
KOH, rrpH OTCYTCTBI1H TaKoBoH 06Ma3bIBaloT rJIlfHOH If, 3aJlHB BO-
OH, orrycKaloT B HMKY He60JlbllIHe paCKaJleHHbIe Ha KocTpe KaM-
HH, 3aMeHHH HX no Mepe OTL(a'll1 TenJla. C O'lepeHOH nOpl(lfeH KaM-
HeH Boa 3aKl1naeT. IumeHHe rrOMep)((HBaeTCH TeMlf )((e KaMHHMI1.
BapKa B BoJl6J1eHHOM CTBOJle L(epeBa, B rrocYL(e H3 6epeCTbI rrpo-
lf3BOHTCH TeM )((e cnoc060M.
COJlb MO)((HO 3aMeHHTb 30JlOH, rrOJlY'IeHHOHOT C)((lfraHI1H KOpbI
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BOpHIOT rrOTpe6HOCTb OpraHI13Ma B rrOMep)((aHHI1 COJleBoro 06MeHa.
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MeJIHCCbl, IIo)J,6cJla H L(PYrux 6aIcrepl1l(MHbIX paCTeHI1H.
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<j>aYHbl, HeJllflllHI1M 6YL(eT BCnOMHI1Tb Te 3KCrrepI1MeHTbI, KOTopbIe
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CJleL(YlOll.{eMY: rrpH npO'lHX paBHblX YCJlOBHHX Y'IaCTHHKlf rpynrrbI
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rpyrrrra paBHOMepHO pacnpeeJlHBlllHX TpexcyrO'lHbIH rraeK Ha BeCb
Kypc 3KcrrepHMeHTa.
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106

nlfTaHl1H, T. e. C06CTBeHHbIX pe3epBOB. n03TOMY nO,lJ.HO)l(HaH eL(a
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BaMl1l1 nJIO,lJ.aMlf, Ha MOH B3rJIH,lJ., JIY'irne OTKa3aTbCH If ,lJ.BHraTbCH B
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Opexonno,qHble
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KamTaHa O'leHb rrJIOXO rrOMaeTCg rHHeHHIO.
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108

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JIeIll.HHa, opex - cl»YH)1,YK. ITo )1,OnHHaM peK, Ha Teppacax
BCTpe'iaeTCX ryCTOH MHOrOBeTBHCTbIH KycTapHHK.Ero m6KHe TOH-
KHe rr06erH-rrpYTbX, c06paHHbIe B TeCHblH rrY'iOK, pacryT H3 KOM-
rraKTHoro OCHOBaHHX, ITpYTbX 3TH - He3aMeHHMblH MaTepHan)J,IDI
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa )KlfnlfIl(-HaBeCOB, a)1,blreHCKHX )1,OMHKOB, Hap. Ca-
Max rrpxMax H nerKax y)1,O'iKa TO)Ke H3rOTaBnHBaeTCX H3 HHX, JIHC-
TbX oKpymbIe, lIIeplIIaBbIe.
IJ:BeTeT OH caMbIM rrepBbIM, B XHBape-<I>eBpane. B aBryo<re C03pe-
BaIOT OKpyrnbIe opelIIKlf. OHH COL(ep)KaT 56-66% )Klfpa, 16-18% 6en-
KOBbIX BeIl(eCTB, 13% ymeBO)1,OB, XOpOlIIO YCBaHBaeMbIX rrpH )1,OC-
TaTO'lHOH H3Menb'ieHHOCTH, TaK-)Ke, KaK lf3 rpel(Koro opexa, H3 ne-
ll(lfHbI MO)KHO rrpHroTOBHTb opexoBoe MaCJ10, H3Menb'iHB opelIIKlf H
3anHB HX KHillITKOM, Macno BcrrnbIBaeT 'iepe3 HeCKonbKO 'iaCOB.
I)YK. Bce BbICOTbI qepHoMopCKOH uerrH, Ha'iHHax C 800 M Ha,u,
ypoBHeM MOpX H )1,0 BepxHeH rpaHHl(bI neca, a Ha ceBepHbIX CKno-
Hax H Ha 60nee Hlf3KHX ypOBHXX, 3aHXTbI 6YKOBbIMH necaMH. B
3THX JIecax CBeTno, 'iHCTO, OTCyrCTBYlOT HerrpOXO)1,HMble 3apocnH
(3a lfCKJIlO'leHHeM Be'iH03eneHbIx). TpeyronbHble opelIIKlf 6YKa-
«'ilfHaplfKH» - rrocneBalOT B oKTX6pe-Hox6pe H orra,u,alOT TOnCTbIM
cnoeM. OHH CO)1,ep)KaT 23% a30THbIX BelI.(eCTB, 28% 6e3a30THbIX
3KcTpaKTHBHbIX BeweCTB, 23-34% )KHpa. ITpHeM )1,OCTaTO'iHOrO HX
KOJIH'ieCTBa B CblpOM BH)1,e MO)KeT BbI3BaTb HerrpHXTHbIe XBJIeHID!:
ronoBHYlO 60nb, cna60cTb, TaK KaK OHH CO)1,ep)KaT MOBHTbIH anKa-
JIOH)1, cl»arHH, B rrO)1,)KapeHHOM BH)1,e, XOTII 6bI Ha KOCTpe, OHH a6co-
JIIOTHO 6e3Bpe)1,Hbl, BK)'CHbI H rrHTaTenbHbI.
109

fpeu.KHH opex. ITo ,Z\OJIHHaM peK, OC06eHHO KpyrrHblx, Ha Tep-
pacax, BOKpyr nomlH ,Z\OCTaTO'1HO MHOtO ,Z\epeBbeB co CBeTJIbIMH
CTBOJIaMH, lllHpOKHMH HerrapHOrrepHCTblMH JIlfCTbHMlf H BKYCHbl-
MH, O'1eHb rrHTaTeJIbHblMH IIJIOL(aMlf.
TBepL(YIO CKOpJIyny opexa 3aWlfI.aeT TeMHO-3eJIeHaH 060JIo'1-
Ka, KOTOpaH '1epHeeT H paCTpeCKlfBaeTCH rrpH C03peBaHlfH (CeH-
TH6pb-OKTH6pb). ITOL( JIHCTbHMlf OpeXH MOryT COXpaHlfTbCH ,Z\O ce-
pe,Z\lfHbI 3lfMbI.
ITo KaJIOplfHHOCTH rpel(KHH opex npeBOCXO,Z\HT Bce H3BeCT-
HbIe rrpO'z\YKTbl paCTHTeJIbHOrO rrpOHCXO)f(,Z\eHHH. 51,Z\pa co,Z\epx<aT
48-58% )f(Hpa, 18-24% a30T}1CTbIX H 10-12% 6e3a30THcTbIX 3K-
CTpaKTHBHblX BelIJ.eCTB, 17% 6eJIKa.
XOTH rpel(KHH opex rrpOH3paCTaeT B ,Z\HKlfX JIecax, OH He HBJIH-
eTCH HalllHM KopeHHbIM paCTeHHeM, a npHBHeceH BO q)JIOPY 3anak
HOro KaBKa3a H3 fpeu.ml B 3noxy KOJIOHH3al(HH rr06epe)f(bH 2000
JIeT Ha3a,l\ (OTclo,Z\a H Ha:3BaHHe),
H CeH'1aC ero HaCIDK,l\eHIDI THrOTelOT K ,Z\peBHHM ropHbIM rroce-
JIeHHHM, KYpraHHbIM rpyrrnaM MOrHJIbHlfKOB, KaMeHHblM KJIa,l\KaM,
YJIO)f(eHHbIM rrpH 6JIaroycTpoHcTBe OropO,Z\HbIX y'1aCTKoB. 3T0 CJIe-
L(yeT y'1HTbIBaTb rrpH Bl-l3yaJIbHOM nOlfCKe opexoBblx L(epeBbeB Ha
CKJIOHax.
(/JPYKTOBble H RrOI1Hble
ITo caMbiM CKpOMHbIM nO,Z\C'1eTaM, Ha KaBKa3e 06WlfH ypoBeHb
)J,HKlfX cpPYKTOB H Rro,Z\ 3Ha'1lfTeJIbHO npeBbIIllaeT l(lfcpPy 2 MJIH TOHH.
OL(HlfMlf 113 nepBblX rrOHBJUlIOTCR HrO,Z\bl '1epeWUH.
Ee CTBOJI C 6JIeCTHlIJ.eH OTCJIaHBalOlIJ.eHCH rro OKPY)f(HOCTH (KaK
y 6epe3bI) KOpOH ,Z\OCTHraeT BbICOTbi 35 MeTpoB. IJ;BeTeT '1epeIllHH
paHHeH BeCHOH elIJ.e ,Z\O nOHBJIeHHH JIUCTbeB, B mOHe C03peBalOT
CO'1Hble IIJIOL(bI. Or,Z\eJIbHble 3K3eMITmIpbJ ,Z\epeBbeB HMelOT ropbKlfe
rrJIO,Z\bI, ,Z\pyrHe, Ha060pOT, CJIa,Z\KHe H BKYCHble. I1JIOL(bJ O'1eHb lfH-
TeHCHBHO CKJIeBbIBaIOTCH rrTHu.aMH. 51rO,Z\bI BKYCHbl CbIpble. TaK)f(e
H3 HHX MO)f(HO rrpHrOTOBHTb KOMrrOT, BapeHbe. ElIJ.e paHbIlle, BO
BTOpOH ,Z\eKaL(e MaH, nocrreBalOT HrO,Z\bl 3eMnHHHKH. 3TO MHoro-
JIeTHee TpaBHHHCTOe paCTeHHe C )J.J1HHHO'1epeIllKOBbIMlf TpOH'1aTbl-
MH JIHCTbHMH. Ee 6eJIbIe npaBHJIbHble rrHTHJIeneCTKOBble l(BeTbI no-
110

S!BJUIlOTC5I paHHeM BeCHOM H l(BeTYT npaKTH'leCKH BCe neTO, TaK
Y.TO He TonbKO B Mae-HlOHe MO)((HO naKOMHTbC5I nnO)J.aMH 3eMnS!-
HlfKH, HO Ha BepXHeM rpaHHl(e neca pe)J.KHe ee rrnO)J.bl MO)((HO OTbIC-
KaTb )J.O rny60KoM oceHH.
KU3UJI. B HapOL(e ero Ha3blBalOT «WaMTaHOBO )J.epeBO». Kor)J.a
AJInax )J.enHn )J.epeBbS! Me)(()J,Y rrepBbIMH 06lfTaTen5lMlf 3eMnH, waM-
TaH BbI6parr ce6e KH3Hn, pewHB, Y.TO L(epeBO, IJ.BeTYll\ee a $eBpa-
ne, paHbwe )J.pymx )J.aCT nnO)J.bl. Ho )((L(aTb eMY rrplfl.l!nocb )J.O oce-
Hlf, If L(eMCTBHTenbHo, paCl(BeTa51 B KOHl(e 5IHBapS! - Hay.arre $eB-
panS!, nepBbIe 5IroL(bl Klf3Hn L(aeT ronbKo B aBrycTe H rrnOL(OHOCHT
L(O KOHl(a CeHT5I6pS!. 5IroL(bI KH3Hna COL(ep)((aT 9% caxapa If 06na-
.lI;aIOT 3aKpenJUIlOll.\HM L(eMCTBHeM.
KpoMe BKYCHbiX rrnO)J.OB, COL(ep)((all\lfX 9% caxapa If 06na)J.aIO-
ll.\lfX 3aKpenmllOIll,HMH CBOMCTBaMlf ( OC06eHHO TOny.eHbIe KOCTOY.KH),
3aMey.anJ1bHa TIlIOKe L(peBeCHHa KH3lfna. ITpOY.HOCTb ee BeCbMa 3Ha-
y.lfTenbHa. B ycnoBIDIx aBTOHoMHOro BbIXOL(a ero BeTBH MOryT HC-
nonb30BCITbC5I B Kay.eCTBe rrpOy.Horo arrbneHWTOKa,)J,.JUI HaTIlI11BaHIDI
TeTlfBbI nYKa ( OXOTa, )J.06bIBaHIDI OrH5I) H B )J.pyrliX cnyy.CUlx, Tpe6yIO-
ll.\HX yrrpyroH HexpynKoM )J.peBecHHbI.
1)0SlpblmHuK - KOmOy.HM KycTapHlfK, HHor)J.a HeBbIC.OKoe L(e-
peBO C MenKlfMH pe3HbIMH nHCTb5lMH, KpaCHbIMH H y.epHBIMH 5Iro-
)J.aMlf. 5IrOL(bI C'be)J.06HbI B CbIpOM Blf)J.e. CyweHbIe rrnOL(bl, rrepe-
MonOTbIe BMeCTe C KOCTO'lKaMH, MorYT cnY)((HTb MYKOM )J,.JUI rrpH-
roToBneHH5I XJ1e6a,
AHBa - HeBblCOKoe )J.epeBo C oTcnalfBaIOll\eMC5I KOpHy.HeBoM
KOpOM, KpyrrHbIe, lfHor)J.a BeCOM B KHnorpaMM rrJIO)J.bI nOCrreBaIOT
B oKTS!6pe, L(ep)((aTC5I Ha )J.epeBb5lX L(O MOp030B.
HaH60nee rr03)J.HHM ypo)((a» - B H05l6pe-)J.eKa6pe -- L(aeT K)'c-
TapHHK MymMYJIa (BKJI. 8), ITnOL(bI erO.CTaHQB5ITC5I C'beL(06HbIMH
TonbKO rrocne TOro, KaK HX cO)J.ep)((HMOe rrpeBpaTHTC5I B CnaL(KYIO
MS!KOTb. 06blY.HO 3TO 6bIBaeT nOCJIe MOp030B.
ITo )J.onHHaM KpyrrHbIx peK, peL(KO Ha CKJIOHaX, BCTpey.aIOTC5I
O'leHb KOmOy.He K)'CTbl o6JIenuxu, rroCneBaIOll\eM oceHblO.
B M5IKOTH rrnOL(OB COL(ep)((HTC5I 30% )((HPHOro Macna. ITo co-
.lJ,ep)((aHHlO BHTaMHHa C 06nenl1xa ycryrraeT y.epHoM CMOpOL(HHe H
ll1HnOBHHKY, HO 6naro)J.ap51 OC060MY Ha60py OpraHHy.eCKHX KHC-
nOT BHTaMHH He pa3pYll1aeTC5I rrpH TepMHy.eCKOM 06pa60TKe.
111

Be'IH03eJIeHbIH KYCTapHHK JIaBpOBHWHH HMeeT HrO,n;bI, KOTO-
pbIe ,n;a)Ke CrreJIble TeprrKH H KaK 6y,n;TO He BKyCHbI, HO rrOCJIe MOpO-
30B .HJIH CBapeHHble CTaHOBHTCH rrpHro,n;HbIMH,D;IDI yrrOTpe6JIeHIDI B
rrHI1.{Y.
no MeHbllIeH Mepe 600 TbIC. TOHH -TaKoH yp0)KaH ,n;HKOH HMO-
UH B JIecax KaBKaJa. Ee rrocrreBUIHe I1J10,n;bl co,n;ep)KaT 8-9% caxapa,
MHoro OpraHH'leCKHX KHCJIOT. B OTJIlf'IHe OT rpYUIH, HMelOI1.{eH
TaKYIO )Ke, eCJIH He 60JIbIIIY10, yp0)KaHHOCTb, ee rra,n;alOI1.{He Ha
3eMJIlO rrJIo,n;bl He crHHBalOT cpa3Y, a JIe)KaT rro,n; JIlfCTbHMH ,n;o
BeCHbI.
rpywa ,n;HKaH rrpOH3paCTaeT B OCHOBHOM B MeCTax CTapbIX
nOCeJIeHHH H B 3a6pOIlleHHblX ca.n;ax, B03paCT KpyrrHbIx ,n;epeBbeB
rrpeBblllIaeT 120-140 JIeT. B oc060 YP0)KaHHble ro,n;bl, HarrpHMep B
1976 ro,n;y, CrrJIOllIHOH CJIOH onaBIIIHX rpYIll no,n; ,n;epeBbHMH ,n;OC-
nraJI B TOJIWHHY HeCKOJIbKHX Ci:lHTHMeTpoB. no pa3Ho06pa3HoH
<popMe B OCHOBHOM MeJIKHX o,n;H'IaBIlllfX I1J10,n;OB yraL(blBaeTCH rrpH-
Ha,wIe)KHOCTb HX paHee K MHOrO'IHCJIeHHbIM COpTaM,
B OTJIH'IHe OT KyJIbl)'pHbIX COpTOB rpYUIa L(lfKaH CTaHOBHTCH C'be-
,n;06HOH TOJIbKO rrOCJIe Crreu.H<pH'IeCKoro rrO'IepHeHIDI H3H)'TpH.
IIY3b1p'IaTaH BHWHH, MOXYHKa, 3TO HeBblCOKoe TpaBHHHcToe
pacTeHHe C HpKHMH OpaH)KeBbIMH OKOJIOrrJIo,n;HHKaMH, HarrOMHHa-
lOI1.{HMH l(BerHble <poHapHKH. BHyrplf HHX rrOXO)KHe Ha MarreHbKHe
rroMH,n;op'IHKH (ceMeHcTBo rraCJIeHOBblx) Hro,n;bI, KOTopble HMelOT
pe3KHH BKYC. nOCJIe MOp030B (HJIH MapHHOBaHIDI) OHH CTaHOBHTCH
C'be,n;06HbIMH.
B JIHTeparype rrpOH3paCTaHHe nY3blp'IaTOH BHIIIHH YBH3blBaeTCH
HCKJIlO'IlfTeJIbHO C HaJIH'IHeM )KHJIbH, T. e. C TeMH MeCTaMH, rL(e HeT
He06xoL(lfMOCTH B aBTOHOMHOM BbI)KlfBaHHH, O.ll,HaKO rrOIUlTHe «6JIH3
)KHJIbH» B 3TlfX KpaHX BKJIIO'IaeT B ce6H Bce nJIOI1.{a.n;H, 3aHHMaeMble
Kor,n;a-TO a,n;blreHCKlfMH rrOCeJIeHHHMH, a 3TO npaKTlf'IeCKH BeCb
CeBepo-3ana.n;HbIH KaBKaJ. BoceMb npOIeHTOB caxapa COL(ep)KHT-
CH B rrJIo,n;ax pOL(CTBeHHbIX KYCTapHHKOB - aJlbl'IH H TepHa, B
I1J10,n;aX.WHnOBHHKa co,n;ep)KHTCH,n;O 1900 Mr BHTaMHHa C, MHoro
caxapa. C03peBaHHe HX rrpOHcxo,n;lfT B KOHl(e HlOJIH, ,n;ep)KaTCH ,n;o
cepe,n;HHbl,n;eKa6pH.
KycTapHHK e*BHKH (BKJI. 9) H rrOJIYKYCTapHHK O*HHbI MO)K-
HO BCTpeTHTb rrpaKTH'IeCKH rro BceM rrOHMaM peK, Ha OrryiliKax JIeca,
112

rro BbIPy6Karvi, rrO)l(apHlI..(aM. Bcero Ha CeBepo-3arra,lI;HOM KaBKa3e
rrpoH3pacTaer 11 BH,lI;OB pacTeHHH, pO,lI;CTBeHHbIx e)l(eBHKe, (»)I(HHe
H MaIlHHe. Bce OHH C'be,lI;06HbI B J1Io60e BpeMR. .5IrO,lI;bI MaJIHHbI
cO,lI;ep)l(at 58% caxapa (B CYXOM BH,lI;e) - rJ1l0K03Y, JIeBYJI03Y, ca-
xap03Y, ,lI;eKaTp03Y. Ee 3apOCJIH pacrrOJIO)l(eHbI rro CJIe,lI;aM JIaBHH-
HbIX BbIHOCOB Ha MeCTe cpe3aHHoro JIeca.
6Y3HHa '1epHaB. 31'0 HeBblCOKHH KpyrrHblH KYCTapHHK (HMeH-
HO KYCTapHHK - B OTJIH'iHe OT TpaBRHHcTOH 6Y3HHbi BOHIOqeH)
HMeeT C'be,lI;06Hble RrO,lI;bl, COL(ep)l(aWlfe 6% caxapa. HaCeJIeHHe
rrplfrOToBillIeT H3 Rro,lI; 6Y3HHbi MapMeJIa,lI;, rrlOpe, ,lI;)I(eM, )l(eJIe. 6y-
3HHa KpacHaB rro BceM CnpaBOqHHKaM R,lI;OBHTa, HO ,lI;eTlf ceBep-
HblX JIeCHblX 06JIaCTeH e,WIT ee C OXOTOH.
HfJlHu.a - rrOJIYKYCTapHHKOBoe paCTeHHe C JIHC1'OBblMH rrJIa-
CTHHKaMH, rrpe,lI;CTaBJIRIOlI..(HMH He JIHCTbR, a !j>HJIJIOKJIaL(HH - BH-
,lI;OH3MeHeHHbIe cTe6JIH. Y Hac HX ,lI;Ba BH,lI;a: KOJIlOqwr HfJIHu.a nOH-
TlfHCKaR (BKJI. 10) C lllHpOKHMH !j>HJIJIOKJIa,lI;HRMH H HfJIHu.a rro,lI;-
JIHCTHaR (BKJI. 11). IIocJIe,lI;HRR BKJIIOqeHa B KpacHYlo KHHry, Y
060HX BH,lI;OB Ha Cepe,lI;lfHe 3eJIeHbIX rrJIaCTlfHOK B HIOJIe-OKTR6pe
c03peBaloT KpacHbIe RrO,lI;bI, C'beL(06Hble, HO 6e3 OC06bIX BKYCO-
BblX KaqeCTB.
To )l(e MO)l(HO CKa3aTb H 0 naCJIeHe '1epHoM. CBe,lI;eHHR 0 ero
jf)],OBH1'OCTlf OllIH60'lHbI.
Y peJIHKTOBOrO, TaK)I(e BKJIIOqeHHoro B KpacHYIO KHHry XBOH-
Horo ,lI;epeBa THca BrO)J.Horo XBOR H ,lI;peBeCHHa R,lI;OBHTbI, a BKYC-
HbIe Rro,lI;bI, Ha060pOT, 6e3Bpe,lI;Hbl B He60JIbllIHX KOJIHqeCTBax.
lloBceMecTHo Ha BblCOTax 60JIee 1000 M, H OqeHb peL(KO - .lI;0
400-700 M, BCTpeqalOTCR 3apOCJIH BblCOTOH 1-2 M (HHOrL(a TPY,lI;-
HOrrpOXO,lI;HMble) '1epHHKH KaBKa3CKOH, Oc06eHHo MHOro ee B 06-
paMJIeHHH BbICOKOropHbIX cy6aIlbrrHHCKHx JIyroB, Cpe,lI;H 6epe3IDI-
Ka H 6YKOBoro KpHBOJIeCbR, OTBap lf3 JIlfCTbeB HJIH Be1'OqeK qepHH-
Klf KaBKa3CKOH rrpH ,lI;OCTaTOqHO rrpO,lI;OJDKHTeJIbHOM npHeMe 3HaqH-
TeJIbHO YJIyqllIaeT TeqeHHe caxapHoro ,lI;Ha6era, a B HeKoropbIx CJI)'-
qlUlX rrOJIHOCTblO H3JIeqHBaer.
.5Iro,lI;bI rrpW(rHqeCKlf HHqeM He OTJIHqalOTCR OT eBporreHCKOH rro-
JIYKYCTapHHKOBOH qepHHKH, paC'fYweH, KCTaTH, 3,lI;eCb )l(e, qYTb
BbIllIe. OHlf C'be,lI;06Hbl, BKYCHbI B CbIpOM BH,lI;e. IIocrreBalOT B KOH-
Ie lfIOJIR, ,lI;ep)l(aTCR Ha KYCTax ,lI;0 rrepBbIX 'lHCeJI HOR6pR.
113

ITo BblCOKOfOpblO BL(OJIb Tporr, rro 3aMilleJIbiM BanYHaM Ha Hlf3-
KOTpaBHblX CKJIOHaX HHOf,n:a rrorra,n:aeTCH 6pYCHHKa. Ee HroL(bI CO-
,n:ep)((aT 3% 'mIOK03bI, 4,5% <PPYKT03bI, CJIerKa rop'laT. lh HHX
rrOJIY'IaIOTCH OTJIH'IHble KHCeJIH, KOMrrOTbl, COKH, 6pycHlfKa C'be-
L(06Ha B CbIpOM BH.lI;e.
B Ha'lane oceHlf 3pelOT rp03,n:bH KanHHbI. rope'lb HC'Ie3aeT rrpH
BapKe Hro,n: B Te'leHlfe 55 MlfH.lh KYJIlfHapHbIx lf3,n:eJIlfH JIl060nbIT-
HO OTMeTlfTb KanHHY B CMeCH C H6JIOKaMH B rrpOrrOpl(lflf 1: 1 - Ba-
peHbe If 20:7 - nacTlfJIY.
B Hro,n:ax 'lepHOH CI\IOpOL(HHbI, ,n:lfKO rrpoH3pacTaIoweH Mlf)((e
K BepxHeH rpaHlfl(e JIeca, L(O 11 % caxapa, BbICOKoe cOL(ep)((aHHe
BlfTaMlfHa C.
B 3apOCJIHX '1epHlfKlf, 6PYCHHKH Ha KaBKaJe H rro BceH CH6lfpH
L(O caMoro J1e,n:OBHToro OKeaHa BCTpe'laeTCH Ha BlfL( He O'leHb npH-
BJIeKaTeJIbHaH Hfo,n:a BO)J.HHHKa (OHa)((e BopOHlfKa, IlIlfKllIa). C'be-
,n:06Ha B CblpOM Blf,n:e. Y ceBepHblX Hapo,n:OB H3 Hee, pbI6bI If TIOJIe-
H,bero )((lfpa roTOBHT TaK Ha3bIBaeMYlO TOJIKYIlIKY,
EepCKa, rJIOrOBHHa (BKJI. 12). 3TO BbICOKoe,,n:o 20 M, ,n:epeBo
C 6eJIOH KOpOH, KJIlfHOBHL(HbIMH JIHCTbHMH H KOpH'IHeBbIMlf C'be-
L(06HbIMlf Hro,n:aMH.
vh nJIOL(OB pH6HHbI, KpoMe yrrOTpe6JIeHHH ee B CblpOM BHL(e
rrOCJIe MOp030B B oKTH6pe-HoH6pe, MO)((HO rrpHfoToBHTb CMeCb C
H6JIOKaMH. ITJIO,n:bI, yrroTpe6JIHeMbIe C rrpoTepTbIMlf KOCTO'lKaMH,
BeCbMa rrlfTaTeJIbHbI, lf60 cOL(ep)((aT 22% MaCJIa.
B lfHbIX ropHbIX ClfCTeMax <PPYKTOBbIMH H HfOL(HbIMlf ,n:apaMH
JIeCOB MorYT 6blTb L(PYfI1e Blf,n:bl. )l{eJIaTeJIbHO n03HaKOMlfTbCH C
HlfMH 3apaHee. TaK, Bce BlfL(b1 )((HMOJIOCTH Ha KaBKa3e Hec'beL(06-
Hbl. B CH6lfplf )((e If Ha ,L(anbHeM BocToKe pacTe'!' )((HMOJIOCTb C'be-
L(06HaH, C TeMHO-roJIy6bIMH KHCJIO-CJIa,zJ,KlfMlf Hfo,n:aMlf.
3Ha'lHTeJIbHYIo L(OJIlO rrOL(HO)((HOro KopMa Ha ,L(anbHeM BocTOKe
COCTaBnHeT aKTHHH)J.HH (BKJI. 13), oc06eHHo aKTlfHH,n:HH KOJIO-
MHKTa, coxpaHHlOIl(lUI Ha CBOlfX JIHaHaX BKycHbIe HfOL(bI rrO'lTH ,n:o
BeCHbl. TaIOKe,n:o CXOL(a CHera rrpHro,n:Ha B rrHIl(Y KnIOKBa.
OBOUlHble KOpHennO,fJHble
Ha KaBKa3e HaC'Il1TbIBaeTCH OKOJIO 70 BHL(OB JIYKa. Bce BH,n:bI
114

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c'beA06Hbl, BKJIIQ'laH JIYKOBHl(bl.
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B 100 r 70 Mr aCKop6lfHOBOH KHCJIOTbl If 06JIaAalOllJ,He rrpOTlfBO-
l(HHrOBbIMlf CBOHCTBaMH.
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lJ,Berbi C BbleMqaTblMH JIerreCTKaMH Ha TOHKHX, qallJ,e Bcero BbICO-
KHX cTe6JIRx. KOpHH ero C'beL(06Hbl, oc06eHHo B )((apeHOM BlfL(e,
COAep)((aT 37% KpaXMa.J1a If 4% caxapa.
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pRT B COJIeHOH BOL(e lfJIlf C A06aBJIeHHeM JI1060H OpraHHqeCKOH
KlfCJIOTbl: JIlfMOHHOH, He3peJIbiX rrJIOL(OB a.J1blqlf, JIHCTbeB waBeJIR
H T. A. KOpHH JIonyxa MO)((HO )((apHTb If neqb. rIpH 3TOM lfHYJIHH
rrpeBpawaercR B caxap. rIoJIyqaerCR CJIaAKOe rrHTaTeJIbHOe mope.
TaK )((e ynoTpe6JIRIOT KOpHH L(eBHCHJla H accjJoAeJIHH rrpHqeM
clfpon lf3 L(eBRClfJIa B 1,5-2 pa3a rrpeBbllllaeT rro CJIaAOCTH caxap lf3
caxapHoH CBeKJIbl.
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6ble, pacKpblBalOllJ,HeCR rro YTpaM lJ,BeTbl 3HaKOMbi BceM. Ko<l>eH-
HblH HanlfTOK lf3 rrOA)((apeHHblx If nepeMOJIOTblX KopHew l(lfKOpHR
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c06cTByer paCTBOpeHHlo If BblBeL(eHlflO )((eJIqHbiX KaMHeH. HacToH
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<l>PYKTOBbIH caxap H clfporr.
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Hbl B KpaCHYIO KHHry. rIpeL(BapHTeJIbHO BbiCYllIeHHbie If CBapeH-
Hble IiJIH 06)((apeHHble, OHH CTaHOBRTCR c'beA06HbIMH, T. e. B YC-
JIOBlfRX aBToHoMHOro BblXOAa HenpHrOAHbl. A BOT rrpH AJ1HTeJIb-
HOM Bbl)((HBaHHH B03MO)((HO yrrOTpe6JIeHHe 3THX paCTeHHH, a TaK-
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115

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rrpmmJla: He3HaKOMbIe paCTeHlfH CJle,l\yeT npHHHMaTb He60JlbllIOH
rrOpu.lieH, 3aTeM rrO,l\O)((,l\aTb 1 ,5-2'1 H rrpH OTCyrCTBHH HenpIDITHbIX
OlIJ,yweHHH rroeCTb CHOBa.
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noraHKH, HanpHMep, HHKY6al(lfOHHbIH rrepHO,l\, T. e. BpeWi OT Halfa-
Jla npHeMa,l\O nORBJleHHH rrepBblX rrpH3HaKOB <rrpaBJleHIDI, COCTaB-
illIeT 12 'I. .
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HBaH-qaH (BKJI. 14), 60,lJ,HKa, 3y6HHKH (BKJI. 15), TaTapHHKa KO-
JlIO'IerO, ,lJ,OHHHKa (BKJI, 16), nTHIJ,eMJleqHHKa (BKJI. 17),
KCTaTH, 0 60)J)lKe. 3TO Half60Jlee 3JIOCTHbIH copmlK, pacrrpocT-
paHeHHbIH rrpaKTH'leCKlf BO Bcex paHoHax 6bIBIlIero CCCP. MHo-
rHe BH,l\bI HMelOT C'be,l\06HbIe KOpHeBHlIJ,a H JlHCTbH.
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pa. Ero MOJlO,l\bIMH l(BeTOlfHbIMH rOJlOBKaMH 3anpaBJIKIOT cyrrbl,
CBe)((He JlHCTbK KJla,n;YT B CaJIaT, BbicYIlIeHb1e If rrepeMOJlOTbIe JlH-
CTbH - B xJle6.
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HTpblWHHKa - CJle,l\yeT OTBapHBaTb HJIlf BblMa'llfBaTb B rro,l\CO-
JleHHOH BO,l\e,
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rr06em (BKJI. 18) c06HpaloT B 60JlbIlIOM KOJlH'leCTBe, 3aCaJlHBalOT,
MapHHYlOT, a oTBapeHHble e,WIT B ropHlfeM BH,l\e,
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nanopoTHHKa-cTpayconepa, B RrroHHH rrpe,l\CTaBJleHHe 0 caMY-
PaHCKOH .u.06J1eCTH CBH3aHO C 06H3aTeJlbHbIM yrrorpe6J1eHHeM B rrHlIJ,y
narropoTHHKOB, TaM *e 3aMelfeHo, 'I TO :no nOJIHOCTblO lfCKJIlO'laeT
B03MO)((HOCTb rJIHCTHblX 3a60JleBaHHH.
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peBKHHCTOH 060JlOlfKOH) HBbl, TOnOJIH, 6epe3bI, KJIeHa, JlHnbl.
116

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CanaTa, HMeIOT CJIeL(YIOI.QHe paCTeHHjf: e*eBHKa, HBaH-'IaH, HC-
TO.ll., KJleBep, K03J1000pO.ll.HHK, KyneHa, KpOBOXJleOKa JleKap-
CTBeHHaH, JlHna, MeJIHCCa JleKapCTBeHHaH.
MeJIHCCa Bo06I.Qe HHTepeCHoe H pa:m006pa3HO rrpHMeHjfeMOe
paCTeHHe. HaCTOH ee TpaBbI peKOMeHL(yerCjf rrpH 06I.QeH cJIa60cTH
opraHH3Ma, )KeJIYL(OlJ:HbIX 3a60JIeBaHlfjfX H HeBp03ax, HaTepeB OT-
KpblTbIe lJ:aCTH TeJIa TpaBOH MeJIHCCbI lfJIH «HKOH Pjf6HHKH»-
nH*Mbl, MO)KHO Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMjf H36aBHTITICjf OTYKYCOB KOMa-
pOB H MOIIIeK.
C'be06HbI B CbIpOM BHe (A1Ijf npHroTOBJIeHHjf canaTOB) nac-
ryWbH CYMKa, CMOJIeBKa, Jleoe.ll.a, JIonyx, Mapb - He TOJIbKO
MOJIObIe rr06erH, MaH*eTKa, MOJIO.ll.HJIO, nO.ll.0PO*HHK, K TOMY
)Ke JIHCTbjf rrOOpO)KHHKa KJIaYT B cyrrbl JIjf YJIYlJ:IIIeHHjf BK)'ca,
npocBHpHHK, nTHu.eMJle'lHHK, Cep.ll.e'lHHK - Bce BHbI, TbICH-
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JIe oTBapHBaHHjf, wHnoBHHK, WHpHu.a H HpYTKa.
MOJIObIe rr06em nCOpaJIeH (TpaBjfHHCTOe pacTeHHe (BKJI, 19)
ceMeHCTBa 6060BbIX C <pHOJIeTOBbIMH l(BeTaMH) HMeIOT OlJ:eHb pe3-
KHH 3arrax, HO OTBapeHHbIe rrpeCTaBJIjfIOT C060H BeCbMa rrHKaHT-
Hoe JIaKOMCTBO.
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u.bI - paCKJIaHcToro paCTeHHjf ceMeHCTBa KpecTou.BeTHbIx, C
MeJIKHMH 6eJIbIMlf l(BeTO'lKaMH, )],Jll:lHHbIMH CTp)"lKaMH H TpeyrOJIb-
Ho-cepu.eBHHbIMH JIHCTbjfMH, rraxHYlllero lJ:eCHOKOM.
B CbIpOM BHe (B CaJIaTax) Bcera BKYCHbI KHCJIeHbKHe MOJIO-
bIe rr06em H JIHCTbjf HKoro BHHorpMa.
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TeT OHa B MapTe-arrpeJIe, Ha MOXHaTOM ee cTe6JIe 3aBHTKOM pacrro-
JIO)KeHbI rrpaBHJIbHble BeHlJ:HKH, OT rryprrypHoro o CHHero lI.Bera. B
TpaBe MeHHl(bl eCTb KpeMHHeBaH H aCKop6HHOBaH KHCJIOTbl, Map-
raHeIJ.. He)KHbIe MOJIOL(bIe rr06erH C'beL(06HbI B canaTax H cyrrax. B
AHfJIlfH ee CneIJ.HanbHO BblpaWHBaIOT AJUI 3THX l(eJIeH.
KHCJlH'IKa pacTer B TeHHCTbIX JIecax BepxHero nOjfca, lJ:aCTO Ha
117

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XO,1l}lT rrpHMO OT KOpHH 6e3 cTe6JIH. OHa XOpOIllO YTOJUIeT )l(a)KL(y, H3
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IlIOM KOnH'IeCTBe HL(OBlfTa.
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Bo.n.e no 40 MHHYT. B 3arra.n,HoH EBporre If CIlIA O,lI.YBaH'IlfK KYJIbTH-
BlfPYIOT )J.J1H CaJIaTOB, BbIBe,lI.eHHble copTa 06JIaL(aIOT 60JIee Kpyrr-
HbIMlf H He)l(HbIMH JIlfCTbHMlf.
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Ka (BKJI. 21). B ApMeHHH ero CYllIaT, oTBapHBaIOT ,lI.JIH Y,lI.aJIeHlfH
rOpe'llf If L(OBapHBaIOT B BHL(e cyna lfJIlf coyca.
M0J10,lI.bIe n06erlf HopMaHHHH, HJ1lf TpaxHcTeMoHbI, naXHYT
CBe)l(lfM orYPl(OM. B arrpeJIe-Mae lf3BJIeKaIOT lf3 3eMJIlf lfJIH JIeCHOH
nO,lI.CTIiJ1KIi HH)I(HHe, JIHIlleHHble 3eJIeHOH oKpacKlf 'IaCTlf MOJIO,lI.bIX
cTe6JIeH. YrroTpe6JIHIOT lfX B CblpOM H )l(apeHOM BHL(e, B CaJIaTaX,
cynax. Oc06eHHo BKYCHO 6mo,lI.0 nOJIY'laeTCH H3 3a)l(apeHHblX cTe6-
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eB HOpL(OMaHHlf, 'IT06bl B 6010 6blTb BeCeJIbIMli, a Ha3blBaJICH OH y
rpeKOB JI1060BHbIM HarrHTKOM.
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MOJIO,lI.bJe rr06erH cnap*H, MO)l(eTe ynoTpe6JIHTb lfX OTBapeHHblMlf
lfJ1l1 CbIpblMlf B CaJIaTax.
lh ,lI.BYX BHL(OB nOL(6eJIa C'be.lI;06eH nO,lI.6eJI rrypnYPHblH. ApMH-
He ynOTpe6JIHIOT B rrHWY em MaplfHOBaHHbIe rr06eflf.
1)0pUCBIIK (BKJI. 22). EOJIbllIlfHCTBO lf3 26 KaBKa3CKlfX BIi,lI.OB
3Toro paCTeHHH (B 6bIBilieM CCCP OKOJIO 40) BbICOKHe, OT I L(O
3,5 M, TpaBHHIiCTble paCTeHIiH ceMeHCTBa 30HTlf'lHbIX, C KpynHblMlf
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MHomx OrraJIKHBaeT pe3KHH cnelII1<plf'leCKlfH 3arrax 60pll(eBHKa,
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,lI.elJ,HMeTpa H 60JIee B ,lI.lfaMeTpe, CKOrrJIeHHH He)l(HbIX pOCTKOB 6y-
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118

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113 TOJl'leHbIX opeXOB C rrepu.eM.
MOJIOL(bIe crropOHOCHble rr06erlf XBOl..lJ,a eMT B CbIpOM BI1L(e H
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J1lfCTMI nepBou.BeTa (rrplfMYJlbl) KJla.u.YT B I..lJ,lf. B HI1X MaKCI1-
MaJlbHOe KOJllf'leCTBO aCKop611HOBOH KI1CJlOTbI no cpaBHeHlflO co
BCeMI1113BeCTHbIMH HaM paCTeHI1}1MI1.
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:>Kypbl, eMT BapeHblMlf, :>KapeHbIM!1. ITo BKYCY JlaKOHOC HanOMlfHa-
er rpl16bl. KCTaTH, ')TO paCTeHHe B CIlIA Ha3bIBaIOT «PYCCKIDI :>KHp-
Hag TpaBa» If IlllfpOKO B03,lJ.eJlbIBaIOT.
B JllfCTbgX KpanHBbI CO,lJ.ep:>KHTCg 17% 6eJlKa, 10% KpaXMaJIa,
1% caxapa, 5% a30THO-KHCJlOrO KaJllfg. MOJlO,lJ.ble JlHCJbg yrroT-
pe6mnoT ,lJ.JIg npHroTOBJleHHg CaJIaTOB, mope, l..lJ,eH, nJloaa; TOJlKYT
C rpel(KHMH opexaMlf If nepl(eM.
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Por03 lfMeeT KOpHeBlfwa, cO,lJ.ep:>Kawlie 44-57% KpaXMaJla 11
caxapa. B 06HXO,lJ.e I1CnOJlb3yeTcSI L(Jlg npHroToBJleHlfg CJla,lJ.KOrO
xJle6a, 6HCKBUTOB, KI1CeJleH, ne'leHbSl Ha MOJlOKe.
B YCJlOBHgX 6e3lfHcTpYMeHTaJlbHOrO BbIXOL(a B OrpaHI1'leH-
Hble CpOKlf O'llfl..lJ,eHHble KOpHlf por03a, KaK 11 OCTaJlbHblX Kpax-
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TOBUTb Ha KOCTpe - nO:>KapHTb Ha ymgx, 3ane'lb B 30Jle If T. L(.
P030BbIe MeTeJlKH HBaH-'IaSi XOpOIllO BH,lJ.HbI B cy6aJlbrrUKe BO
BTOpOH rrOJlOBlfHe Jlen, KOr,lJ.a 06lfJlHe pa3HOl(BeTbg Y:>Ke If,lJ.eT Ha
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HeBI11..lJ,a - npeKpacHoe Bropoe 6J11O,lJ.0. 113 KopHeH MO:>KHO rrpl1ro-
119

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BaTblH BKYC. rOAaTca em JIMCTba M l(BeTbl KaK 3aBapKa AJIa '1M.
B BblcyweHHbIX M rrepeMOJIOTbIX KOpIDIX Jlonyxa 30% KpaxMa-
JIa. rOAaTCa B rrMy M B CBe)((errpMrOTOBJIeHHOM BMAe,
B KopHax copHaKa nbIpeH 40% KpaXMaJIa M caxapa, 10-11 %
6eJIKa,
3epHOBble
CopHaKH mHpHIla, MapH COAep)((aT 9% MaCJIa, 19% rrpOTeM-
Ha, 41 % KpaXMaJIa, B pa3MOJIOTOM BlfAe CrreJIble ceMeHa HCrrOJIb-
3YIOT ,lI,J1a rrpHrOTOBJIeHIDI Kaw.
OT rr06epe)((ba M cTenHoH 30HbI AO aJIbrrHHCKoro rroaca rrpoM3-
pacTaIOT MHOrOqHCJIeHHble (y Hac 28 BML(OB) rrpeACTaBMTeJIM pOAa
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If rpy60ro xJIe6a. 113 3peJIbIX ceMaH MapH M JleOeAbi rrOJIyqaeTCa
TO)((e HeI1JlOXM Kawa,
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cycaKa M CTpeJlOJIHCTa. no BKYCY rreqeHble KJIy6HM rrOCJIeAHerO
HarrOMMHalOT KapTo<peJIb, B CeBepHOH AMepMKe C1peJIOJIMCT Ha3bI-
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Hoe paCTeHMe. Ero KOpHM OqeHb YA06HO rreqb B 30JIe Koc1pa. Y
BOAbl Bo06e MHom C'be.n.06HbIX pacTeHMH. KOpHeBMIu.a M MOJIO-
Able cTe6JIlf por03a COAep)((aT KpaXMaJI, KOTOpbIH paBeH nOJIOBHHe
MX MaCCbI. BKYCHbI OHH BO Bcex 6JIlOAaX H Aa)l(e Cblpble,
KopHeBMwa M IJ,BeT.b1 BOAHOH JIIIJlHH TaIOKe c'beA06ubI.
OrracaiiTecb HeKOTopbIX BMAOB OCOKH - OHa MO)((eT AaBaTb
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126

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127

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npHBopOTHOH TpaBKH (BKn. 42), TaBonm, H6noHlf If rpYllllf.
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KOHCTBO, 6eCCOHHlfl(Y, B TO BpeMH KaK YMepeHHbIe L(03bI 3TlfX TpaB
.lI;eHCTBYlOT ycrroKaHBalOwe.
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3H3H<popa. Ee ronoBKlf pacrronaralOTCH Ha KOHl(aX TOHKlfX HlfTeH,
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BOl'O conHbIlllKa.
128

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cTe6JIeH KpyrrHbIx JIHCTbeB peBeIDI - KHCJIHHKH.
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HbI, BeH'IHKOB u.BeTOB nepBou.BeTa (BKJI. 46).
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MeHHTb 3Bepo60H MOryr MeTeJI1<H KOHCKoro m;aBeJIU. qaM U3 HHX. -
npHxTHoro u.BeTa, BKYCHbIH, C 3aKpeI1IDlIOlI.{HMH CBoHcTBaMH.
He peKoMeH,lJ,yeTcx ynOTpe6JUITb 'laH H3 3Bep060x B )lCapK)'IO
noro,lJ,Y, MexaHH3M )J,eHcTBHx 3Bep060x He BnOJIHe xceH, HO B Ta-
KOM CJIY'lae MO)ICeT HacrynHTb neperpeB opraHH3Ma co BceMU Bbl-
TeKalOUJ.HMH OTCIO)J,a nOCJIe)J,CTBIDIMH.
CymaT BrrpOK JIHCTbX H BeTbI Ha Bero'lKax, CBX3aB UX B nY'lKH
H rrepeBepHYB «BHH3 rOJIOBOH», 'IT06bI rrpeKpaTHTb np0,lJ,OJI*eHHe
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pe3YJIbTaTaM, CYTb ero B BbIrOHe COKa Ha nOBepXHOCTb JIHCTbeB C
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TeHH B Te'leHHe 3-6 'I, 3aTeM CKpyrHTb &JIa,IJ,OIDIX,lJ,O nOXBJIeHIDI Ha
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KY'lY, 3aKpbITb BJIIDKHOH TKaHbIO H BbI)J,ep)ICaTb 7-10 'I. ,L{anee -
cYillKa Ha COJIHQe UJIH B ne':!u.
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cJIY'lae npHMeHeHIDI CbIpOH TpaBbi. TaK rOTOBXT 'laM U3 KHnpex H
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)J,OMaIIlHHX YCJIOBIDIX )J,JUIJI)''illIero BK)'ca MO)KHO npuroTOBuTb 3a-
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x<aT 70-80% ymeBO,lJ,OB, B OCHOBHOM B BH,l{e KpaxMaJIa, 3% GeJI-
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rYCTOH CJIH3HCTblH OTBap - cnaCHTeJIbHOe Cpe,lJ,CTBO B rOJIO,lJ,Hble
rO,lJ,bI y ceBepHblX HapO,lJ,OB. KpoMe mrraTeJIbHOCTH HCJIaH,lJ,CKHH MOX
cnoc06cTBYeT BbI,lJ,eJIeHHIO *eJIY,lJ,O':lHoro COKa, BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO
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CBoHcTBaMH: 5 r Mxa, npOKHnJl':leHHble B JIHTpe 60JIOTHOH BO,lJ,b1,
C,lJ,eJIaIOT ee nOJIHOCTblO 06e33apIDKeHHoH.
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OTHOCHTCJI H K COtiHOH 3a60JIOHH COCHbI.
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rrOiliJIH Ha KOpM rrTHI.(aM. EAlfHcTBeHHoe, 'IeM MO:>KHO CJIerKa HaCbI-
TlfTb )l(eJIYAOK, - :no Kopa (TO'IHee, nOAKopKOBblH CJIOH) JIHCTBeH-
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113 CaJIaTHbIX paCTeHHH KaK HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX no
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Ee JIe:>Kalme BeTBHCTbIe cTe6.rrH C MeJIKHMH 6eJIbIMH 3Be3AO'lKaMH
l(BeTKOB H3BeCTHbI BceM. PaCTeT OHa no COpHblM MOKpblM MeCTaM,
Y BOL(bl. 3TO paCTCHlfe c'beA06HO H HMeeT HCITJIOXOH BKYC.
Ha ceaepe AJIH npHrOTOBneHHH CaJIaTOB lfCnOJIb3yeTcH O'leHb
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142

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TaX, 'ITO M lOraH (1500-2500 M), HO ero 3,AeCb ropa3,Ao MeHblIIe M
BCTpeTHTbC1I C HHM MO)((HO pe)((e.
npo,AaeT cTapYIIIKa Y Mara3MHa 6eCXHTpocTHble 6YKeTMKH paH-
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oxpaHe. B arrpeJIe 3Ta )((e CTapYIIIKa 6Y,AeT rrpOL(aBaTb 6YKeTbI H3
snpbllIIHHKa L(epeBeHCKoro "JIM aHaKaMHTHca rrMpaMM,AaJIbHOro,
BHeceHHbIX B KpaCHYIO KHMry KaK pe,AKMe H HaXOjJ)lII.(MeC1I rro,A yr-
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143

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145

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CKaJIbl, 6ypeJ10Mbl, qepHlfqHHKH.
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146

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60JIbIllHX JIYHKax Ha IO:>KHbIX, rrOL(orpeBaeMbIx COJIHl(eM CKJIOHax.
,L{mI OXOTbI Ha Hee H8)J.O rrpHHTH Ha MeCTO 3aC8)J.b.l )J,O 3aKaTa COJIHl(a
If, CTaB 3a rrplfKpblTHeM, C06JllO)1.aTb HerrO)J,BH:>KHOCTb H THIllHHY.
3HMWIH OXOTa Half60JIee 3<1><I>eKTHBHa B MeCTax; r)J,e CHer C)J,Y-
BaeTCSI BeTpOM If 06Ha:>KaeTCli Tporra. BeceHHlIli - Ha COJIOHl(aX,
MeCTax BbIXO)J,OB HCTOlfHHKOB C pacTBopeHHbIMH COJIHMH HJIH TO'i-
Kax HCKYCCTBeHHoH nO)J,KopMKH. OceHHHlI - Ha BblCOHOropHblx
JIyrax, MOJIO)J,bIX (2-3 rO)J,a) )J,eJIHHKax. JIeTHHH - B JIHCTBeHHbIx
JIecax, rpaHH'iaHX C 3a6poIlleHHbIMH ca)J,aMH, Ha CKJIOHaX C pe)J,-
KHM pO)J,OL(eHL(pOHOM, B rroca)J,Kax KYJIbTYpHIX pacTeHHH.
KorrbITHblX MO:>KHO JIOBHTb, KaK H Ka6aHa, rreTJIHMH Ha rrepexo-
L(ax HJIH B03JIe BO)J,orrOH.
JIeTOM KOCYJIH He )J,emuorr 60JIbIllHX rrepeXO)J,OB B nOHCKax rrHlIJ,H
If BO)1.bl, HOtJeBKI1 06bI'iHO YCTpaHBalOT B03JIe MeCT KOpMe:>KKI1.
CJIe.u.yIOYIO JIe:>KKY )J,eJIalOT He)J,aJIeKO OT rrpe)J,bIJJ.YeH, HO)J,Ba paJa
O)J,HY 11 TY :>Ke He HCrrOJlb3YIOT. XapmcrepHblH npH3HaK 06HTaHIDI -
060)J,paHHaH poraMH 3eMIDI H KYCTbl.
KpyrrHble rpau.H03Hble :>KI1BOTHble - OJIeHH HMelOT Maccy B
roL(OBaJIOM B03pacTe 100-1220 Kr, IlleCTHJleTKH - 300 KI: rOJIOBa
I1X YKpailleHa MOHbIMI1 pOraMH MaccoH OT 7 )1.0 18 Kr (BKJI. 51).
Ha O)J,HOM MeCTe OHI1 :>KI1BYT HerrOCTOllHHO, COBepiliWi ce30H-
HbIe rrepeXO)1.bI, Ha 3HMY 06bI'iHO crrycKalOTcH C XOJIO)1.HOH, 3aCbI-
naHHOH my60KHM CHerOM cy6aJIbnl1KH B JIeCHYIO 30HY.
CepHbI (BKJI. 52) )J,ep:>KaTCH 06bI'iHO y BepxHeH rpaHHu.bI JIeca
147

Ha CKaJIaX, OCbInJlX, JIyrax. Y HHX BepTHKaJIbHO CTOHHe 3arHY-
Tble pora.
MecTa 06HTaHWI TYpOB (BKJ1, 53) ee BbIllle, OT 1000.ll.o 4000 M
Ha,lI, ypoBHeM MOpJl, Cpe.ll.H CKaJI. OT HerrOrO.ll.bI OHH npJlqYTcJI B
neepax, HHlllax, no.ll. CKaJIbHbIMH HaBecaMH, rrOJI TaKHX y6e)l(lf.
BbICTJIaH HX «opeIIIKaMH», Ha lllepoxoBarocTJlX CKaJI - KJ10qbJl
TYPbero nyxa.
HeKpyrrHbIH XHHHK - co6HpaTeJIb WaKaJl (BKJ1. 54) pacnpo-
cTpaHeH Ha BblCOTaX.lI.O 800 M. )l(HBeT OH B my6oKHx, 3apocIIIHx
ryCTbIM KycTapHHKoM H JIHaHaMH oBparax, llIaKan BbIXO.ll.HT oxo-
THTbCJI B cYMepKax H HOqblO. 3ro OqeHb YMHbIH H oCTopmKHbIH
3Bepb. BnpOqeM, MOiKHO nOHMaTb era I.ia npHMaHKY, HCrrOJIb3YJI
,lI,.JIJI :nora MbIIIIb IfJIIf rrTlfl(Y, HaCIDKeHHYIO Ha 60JIbillOH KPlOqOK H
nO.ll.BeIIIeHHYIO Ha,lI, 3eMJIeH Ha BbICOTe O.ll.lfHOrO Merpa TaK, qT06bI
rOJIO.ll.HbIH IIIaKaJI CXBaTHJI npHMaHKY, roJIbKO rrO.ll.rrpbIrHYB. IIo.ll.-
KapaYJIHTb era MOiKHO Y rr!l.lf.aJIlf Ha Tpone rrOCTOJlHHOro XO.ll.a, KOTO-
paJi onpe.ll.eJUleTCJI no CJIe.ll.aM.
POBHaJi CTpOqKa 6Y.lI.TO C06aqbHX CJIe.ll.OB rrplfHa,ll,JIeiKHT 06bIK-
HOBeHHOH JlHce. OTJIIf\me COCTOHT B TOM (BKJ1, 55), qTO MeiK,ll,Y
3a,l1,HHMH KpaJIMH OTneqaTKOB nO.ll.YIIIeqeK .lI.BYX Cpe,ll,HHX nanbu.eB H
nepe.ll.HHMH KpaJIMH .lI.BYX 60KOBbiX MOiKHO rrOJIOiKHTbCIUf.qKY.
JIHca - TOiKe cYMepeqHbIH XHll.{HHK. OHa rrOJIb3yeTcJI ,lI,JIJI CBOlfX
nepeXO.ll.OB nOCTOJlHHbIMH TponaMH, aKKypaTHo Hac-rynaJI B CJIe.ll.
paHee npOIIIe.ll.IIIeH JIlfCbl HJIH B CBOH c06CTBeHHbIH, 3ro nO.ll.CKa-
>KeT DaM, r.ll.e YCTpOHTb 3ana,ll,HlO Ha ee Tpone.
EHOTOBH.lI.HaH co6aKa B 20-x ra.ll.ax 6bIJIa 3aBe3eHa Ha KaBKa3
H3 YCCYPlfHCKOro KpaJI ,lJ.JUI aKKJ1HMaTH3auHH. IIaJIbUbi Ha OTneqaT-
Kax ee CJIe.ll.OB pa3BepH)'Tbl B BH,lI,e Beepa (CM. CJIe.ll.bI Ha BKJ1. 56),
EHOTOBlf.ll.HaJI c06aKa - cYMepe'iHbIH XHll.{HHK He60JIbIIIifx BbiCOT,
06PbIBOB, OBparOB, 3apOCJIeH KYcTapHHKoB.
EHOT-nOJlOCKYH 3aBe3eH K HaM H3 CeBepHOH AMepHKH. BCTpe-
qaeTCJI .lI.OBOJIbHO qaCTO. IhBecTHbJH BopHIIIKa, MOiKeT CTaHTb
nHy, JIeiKaylO B MeTpe OT cnJlll.tero qeJIOBeKa. 3BepeK BeC.bMa
mynbIH, If .lI.06bITb era He COCTaBHT 60JIbillOrO TPY.lI.a. 06Hapy-
)KlfTb ero MOiKHO no xapaKTepHbIM OTneqaTKaM JIan (BKJ1. 57), oc-
TaBJIeHHbIM Y nporpeBaeMbiX BOL(OeMOB If He60JIbIIIHX ropHbIX pe-
qeK. ,naJi CBOHX y6e*H OH JIl06lfT HCnOJIb30BaTb .lI.yrrJIa cTapbIx
148

,AepeBbeB, paCrrOJIO)((eHHbIX HeBbICOKO Ha,A 3eMJIeH, paCl.l.(eJIHHbI
B CKaJIaX. OXOTHHKH 'IaCTO BbIKypHBalOl' eHOTa H3 ,AyrrJIa ,AbIMOM
KOCTpa. 06HTaeMOCTb HOpbI rrO,ATBep)((,AaeTC$I 060,ApaHHOHKOpOH
Y nO,AHO)((b$l ,AepeBa H rro KpaJIM ,AyrrJIa, BOJIOCKaMH wepCTH, OC-
TaBJIeHHbIMH Ha Kope.
BYPblH MeJJ;BeJJ;b BCTpe'laeTC$I BO BCex BbICOTHblX nO$lCax,
CKJIOHHOCTb K nepeMeHe MeCT MO)((eT nO,AHHMaTb ero B aJIbrrHHC-
KHH rrO$lC, onYCKaTb B HH)((HHH JIeCHOH K ,AHKHM rpywaM H $l6JIo-
IDIM. XO,AHT rro ropaM OH CMeJIO, He nO-X03$1HCKH «X03$1HHH'IaJI».B
CBOHX yrO,Ab$lX: C,AHpaeT JIbIKO C Kapara'leH H JIHn, 06JIaMbIBaeT
BepxywKH nHxro'leK, 0603Ha'laJI rpaHHQbl CBOHX BJIa,AeHHH, CpbI-
BaeT ,AepHOBHHbI Ha nyrax, BbIBOpa'lHBaeT KaMHH, nHH. CJIe,Ab1 Me,A-
Be,WI C 3aBepHYTbIMH BH)'TPb HOCKaMH (OTKY,Aa H np03BHIlte - KO-
COJIarrbIH) Be,AYT K Y,A06HbIM rrepeBaJIaM, 06XO,AU 3apOCJIH pO,Ae-
,AeH,ApOHOB, CKaJIbI H' BOJJ;ona,!{bI (BKJI. 58).
EepJIorH OH YCTpaHBaeT rroJJ; BbIBOpO'leHHblMH KOPH$lMH, B
CKaJIaX Ii npocTo Ha rpe6H$lx CKJIOHOB C YCTOH'IHBbIM CHe)((HbIM
rroKpoBoM, C JJ;eKa6p$l no MapT, TIpH xopomeM ypo)((ae opexorr-
JIO,AHbIX B TenJIble 3HMbI MeJJ;BeJJ;b MO)((eT Bo061.l.(e He BnaJJ;aTb B
cn$l'lKY.
Bcrpe'la C BOJIKOM B HaWID{ ropax MaJIOBepOUHa. OctpbIH CJIYX
H xopowee 3peHHe, 60JIbWaJI OCTOPO)((HOCTb n03BOJI$llOT H pbICH
A36eraTb BCTpe'lH C 'IeJIOBeKOM. ,l(JI$I ee CJIeJJ;OB XapaKTepHO, KaK H
Y Bcex KOweK, OTC)'TCTBHe OTne'laTKa BT$I)((HblX KOrreH (BKJI. 59).
BapcYK no pa3MepaM KpynHee JIHCHLtbI, HO MeHbwe BOJIICa. ,[(JIH-
Ha ero OKOJIO o.i\Horo Merpa, a Macca npHMepHo 20 Kr. TIHTaeTC$I 3TOI'
3Bepb npaKTH'IeCKH BceM: rpbl3YHaMH, JUlrywKaMH, $ll.l.(epHQaMH;
HaceKOMblMH, $PYKTaMHH $lroJJ;aMH, :>KHJIHl.l.(e ero - Hopa rny6H-
HOH 5-10 M co MHorHMH BblXO,AaMH. MapwPYTbl ero npHB$l3aHbI K
Hope H Pa36eraIOTC$I OT Hee pa,zJ,HWIbHbIMH TpOIIHHKaMH. 3HMHHH COH
6apCYKa HenpOOJDKHTeJIeH H HenOCTO$lHeH, ero CJIeJJ;bI Ha cHery
BCTpe'lWOTC$I JJ;OBOJIbHO 'IaCTO (BKJI. 60),
JIecHaa KYHHLta OTJIH'IaeTC$I OT KaMeHHOH CBeTJIblM rOpJIOBblM
WlTHOM, He 3axO,IJ,SlI.IijiM Ha nepeAHHe JIarlbI, H tJepHbIM KOH'IHKOM Hoca,
3ro CYMepe'lHO-HO'IHOe )l(HBOTHOe, BeA)'l.l.(ee nony.npeBeCHblH OOpa3
)l(H3HH. ,l(.1uI Toro 'IT06b1 ee nOHMaTb, npHcnoc06JIeHIDI ,!J,JIJI JIOBJIH
YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT Ha nepeKHHyI'bIX. epe3 pyqI>H 6peBHax (J;JKJI, 61, 62),
149

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cHery 6PIOXOM If XBOCTOM, HnH He06bILlHbie Cne,ll.bl (BKJI. 63) C roH-
KOH nlfHHeH Me)I()J.Y rrepeL(HlfMH nanbl(aMH (oTneLlaToK nnaBaTenb-
HOH nepenoHKlf) npHHa)J,Jle)l(aT BbI.lI.pe. OHa )l(HBeT B LllfCTbIX 6b1C-
TpblX peKax. OLleHb LlYTKa If rrpH rrepBOM )l(e ClfrHane orracHocTlf
roroBa YHTlf rro,ll. BO,ll.Y. I10,ll.KapaynlfBaTb BbI,ll.PY HMO Ha Tpone, KO-
TOpOH OHa rrOCTORHHO nOJIb3YeTCR.
1-13 OTp5!,ll.a HaceKOMOR,ll.HbIX HaH60nee pacrrpocTpaHeiIHblM RB-
nReTC5! e* 06b1KIIOBeHHblH, MeHee - Man03aMeTHble H3-3a rrOL(-
3eMHoro If HOLlHoro 06pa3a )l(lf3HH KpOTbI, ManbIH H 06bIKHOBeH-
HbJH, 6yp03YOKH H 3CMJlepOHKH.
110 BceM BbICOTHbIM rrORcaM llIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeH 3aHu.-PY-
caK. I1pH BCTpeLle C HI1M HY)I(HO YLllfTbIBaTb ero oc06eHHOCTb: rpbI-
3YIl\I1H, HanplfMep, KOpy MOnOL(bIX L(epeBbeB 3ID1l( rrnoxo CJIbIIlllfT If
Ha BpeW!. YTpaLllfBaeT OCropO)l(HOCTb (BKJI. 64).
Half60nbillee KonHLleCTBO BI1L(OB IipI1Ha,ll.ne*I1T OTpR,ll.Y rpbI3Y-
HOB. 3TO Bce MblmeBHL(Hble, KaBKa3CKI1H 11 anTaHcKHH rrO,ll.BI1,ll.bI
06bIKHoBeHHoH OCJlKH (BKn. 65).
OLleHb MHOrOLlI1CneHHbI BO BTOpOH nonOBI1He neTa COHH-non-
'IOK H neCHaH COHH. TpH npOLllfX BpeMeHH rO,ll.a 06e COHH crrRT B
,ll.yrrnax B CYXlfX CTBOJIaX L(epeBbeB.
B rrORce IlllfpOKOnl1CTBeHHbIX neCOB 3HaLlHTeJIbHO BH)J,OBOe MHO-
ro06pa3He nnil( (85 BH,ll.OB), HO '.JlfCneHHOCTb HX HeBbICOKa. 3,ll.eCb
0611TaIoT HBonra, Bop06eH, KOHOnJlHHKa, npOCHHKa, 3eJlellblH
L(HTen,
B 10)l(HbIX ,ll.OnHHaX MHoro 3H6J1HKOB, .lI.HTJlOB, L(p03L(OB. B
XBOHHblX necax 06blLlHbi COHKIf, .lI.HTJlbI, nOnOJl3HH, cHerHpH.
C cy6anbrrl1HCKoro rrORca pacnpocTpaHeHbI nycTeJlbra, CO po-
Kony.lI., TeHbKoBKa, KaBKa3cKHH TeTepeB.
Ee Bblille, B anbnHHcKoH 30He, X<HBYT KaBKa3cKliH YJlap, ne-
CTpblH KaMeHHbIH .lI.P03.l1., anbnHHcKaH raJlKa, ropHbIH KOHeK.
Ha IO)l(HX CKJIOHax ropHOH LlaCTU BcrpeLlaIOTCR 'ICpHblH .lI.P03.l1.,
MaJlaH MYXOJlOBKa, 3H6J1HK, 3apHHKa, KpanHBHHK, B PYLIMIX -
CKJlHnKa H 'IepHaH TpHcory3Ka.
3lfMOH K HaM npHJIeTaIOT CHcrHpH, .lI.y60HOCbI, IOpKH, 'IH*H,
merJlbl, KJlCCTbI.
CaMble MHorO-nicJIeHHbie'rocTH - roJly611-BHXHpH. Hx CTaH,
150

,l\OCTHralOlIJ.He COTeH MeTpOB B norrepe'lHHKe, C'be,l\alOT Ha CBoeM
nyrH Bce, 'iTO MO)((HO C'beCTb - KaWTaHbl, )((eJIy,l\H, 6YKOBble opern-
KH, ,l\a)((e ceMeHa rpa6a.
OXOTa MarIO COKpalIJ.aer HX qHCJIeHHOCTb. B MecTax rrpe,l\rrOJIa-
raeMOH KOpMe)((KH, Ha Teppacax, rro BblCOKHM TOqKaM 3arIeCeHHblX
xpe6TOB MO)((HO YCTpaHBaTb CHJIKH H3 JIeCKH, TOHKHX HHTeH, rrpo-
BOJIOKH. Eme JIyqwe Ha TaKOM BH.l\HOM MeCTe pa3rpeCTH CHer: rrTH-
IJ,bl 06H3aTeJIbHO CnyCTHTCH Ha BH.l\HOe CKB03b KpOHbI ,lJ;epeBbeB TeM-
Hoe IDITHO.
B ropHbIX peKax BO,ll,HTCH ,lJ;OCTaTO'lHO pblObi. B HH)((HeM H cpe,lJ;-
HeM Te'leHHe 3TO rOJlaBJI-b, yca'l, neCKapb, 'IepHonY3 - Ha 10)((-
HOM CKJIOHe. Ha ceBepHOM - Iu.YKa, KpaCHonepKa, *epcx, YK-
JleHKa, nelIJ., KapaCb, OKYHb, COM, CY,IJ;aK.
B rrepHO,lJ; HepeCTa B peKax IO)((HOro CKJIOHa rJIaBHoro xpe6Ta
BCTpe'laeTCH JlOCOCb.
B BepxHHx TeqemUIX rrpaKTH'ieCKH Bcex KpyrrHblx, He rrepeCbl-
XaIOX JIeTOM PY'lbCB H pCK BO,lJ;HTCH «ItOPe.rIb. fIperpaL(oH Ha nyrH
ee rrp0L(BH)((eHHH BBepx CJIy)((aT nlfWb BO,lJ;Ona,l\bl BbICOTOH 60JIee
6-7 MeTpOB. OHa JII06HT nOpO)((HCTble Y'IaCTKH PY'lbeB, OMYTbI H
6blCTpble rrepeKaTbl 3a HHMH. ECJIH O'leHb MeAJ]eHHO H jHXO rro,l\-
KpaCTbCH K 6epery pyqbH, MO)((HO BbIHCHHTb HarIHqHe OpeJIH no
ee 6bICTpO MeJIbKHYBweH TeHH.
Hau60JIee nepCneKTHBHa JIOBJIH 3TOH pbl6bI B XOJIO,lJ;HOe BpeMH
ro,lJ;a - oceHbIO, 3HMOH H BeCHOH, C BbIITaL(eHHeM nepHO,l\a Hepec-
Ta B HOH6pe-,IJ;eKa6pe. JJ:JIH JIOBJIH HCnOJIb3yercH KplO'iOK N2 7, JIec-
Ka 2-3 MM. Ha)((HBKOH CJIy)((aT 'iCpBH, KOTOpbIX HaXOL(HT rro,l\ MOK-
pblMH KaMHHMH HC,IJ;arIeKO OT PYCJIa peKH, B MO'la)((HHax. qepBH
HaCa)((HBaIOT nOJIHOCTblO, 3aKpbIBaH AJ]HHHOe l(eBbC KpIO'iKa. fo-
./UITCH ,l\JIH Ha)((HBKH H HaceKOMble: KY3He'lHKH, KOpOe,lJ;bI, MYXH.
XopOWO KJIlOeT 4>opeJIb Ha pblObH nJIaBHHKH, )((a6pbl H rJIa3a, B
TOM 'IHCJIe H 4>opeJIeBble.
IIo,IJ;XO,l\HTb K BO,l\e HaL(O O'leHb OCTOpO*HO, rrpe,lJ;rrO'lTHTeJIbHee
B TeMHOH O,l\e)((,l\e. JIOBHTb pbI6y JIY'Irne H3-3a YKpbITIDI - KaMHH,
CTBOJIa ,lJ;epeBa, 06pbIBa. CHaCTb H3 JIeCKH, KplO'IKa H ,l\p06HHKH
MO)((HO HCnOJIb30BaTb 6e3 rrOnJIaBKa: CHJ1bHbIH nOKJIeB 4>opeJiH xo-
porno 'iYBCTByeTCH. JIer'ie JIOBHTb 4>opeJIb HOCJIe CllaL(a JIHBHeBbIX
HJIH TaJIblX BO,l\, KOr,l\a BO,lJ;a elIJ.e He rrpH06peJIa rrpO,3pa'lHOcTb.
151

,nnJl nOBJ1H npOqeH pbI6bI MO)l(HO Hcrronb30BaTb KpIO'iICH MeHb-
WHX pa3MepOB -.N2N2 3,5-5,7.
ronaBnH ICJIIOIOT Ha MenKHX nJlryweK, ronOBaCTHKOB, OBOOB,
cnenHeH, 6a6oqeIC. Yca'iH H 'iepHonY3bl m06J1T nIDIBOK, MypaBbH-
HbIe }lHua, KopoeoB. I1noTBa, paBHO KaIC H BCJlICaJl pyrWl pbI6a,
O'ieHb OXOTHO KJIlOeT Ha nH'iHHICH CTpeIC03bI, o6blBaeMbIe Ha 06-
paTHoH CTopOHe ne)l(aw.HX B Boe ICaMHeH,
npH npHfOTOBneHHH pbI6bl cneA)'eT nOMHHTb, qTO yqepHonY3a
BHYTpeHHOCTH OICpy*eHbl 'iepHOH, ropbICOH Ha BXYC nneHICOH (OT-
ClO,LJ,a H H83BaHHe), npH nOTpoweHHH qepHcrry cneYeT yanHTb.
<l>opem. )l(e MO)l(HO rOTOBHTb caMbIM 6bICTpbIM cnoc060M: Ha-
HH3aB Ha npYrHIC, nOCTaBHTb B CTBope )l(apa ICOCTpa. BnaroapJl
H3YMHTenbHOMY BKYCY 3Ta pbI6a a)l(e He Hy)((,ltaeTCJI B OC06blX
YXHI.UpeHIDIX npH npHroTOBJIeHHH.
B 60nbWHHCTBe ropHblX paHOHOB pbI6y nY'iwe nOBHTb B He-
60nbwHx BooeMax - npHToICax, PY%JlX, rrpoTOICax,- 'ieM B ca-
MOH peKe,
B(.'Tpe'ia C KpynHblM *HBOTHblM npeCTaBIDleTCJI sce-TaKH C06bl-
THeM pe.LJ.I<HM, H nOHMICa ero ronblMH pYI<a1H Tpe6YeT onpeeneHHOH
CMenOCTH, H caMoe rnaBHoe, BpeMeHH. qaw.e nOna,ltaIOTC}l H 60nee
ocrynHbI 3eMHOBOJJ,Hble 1:1 npecMblICmow.HeCJI,
CaMbIM pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIM 3eMHOBOHbIM JlBJUleTCJI 03epHas
nsrywK8, ICpynHaJl, C ,lI,J1HHOH Tena o 17 CM, C 3eJ1eHOH HnH 6pOH-
30BOH cnHHICOH H TeMHO-3eneHblMH WlTHaMH H rp}l3Ho-6enblM 6plO-
XOM (Kn. 66a). Ee MO)l(HO BCTpeTHTb B JII060M ManOnOBH)I(HOM
BooeMe Ha BbICOTax a)l(e 60nee 2000 M. AICTHBHbIH 06P83 )l(H3HH
03epHaJl JIJlrywKa BeeT C MapTa no HOJl6pb, a B TenJ1bIe 3HMbI --
KpyrnoroJ:nl'iHo.
Q3epHWI J1J1rywICa HMeeT HaH60nbwHH apean pacnpocTpaHe-
HIDI - OT KapnaT o I1aMHpa.
B Ba pa3a MeHbwe no pa3MepaM l\f8J1083H8TCK8S JlsrywK8.
QHa HMeeT oICpac cBemo-6YPblH cBepxy H p030BblH CHH3Y. 3TO
3eMHOBOHoe BCTpe'iaeTCJI B ropax aJ1eICO OT BooeMOB, a TaIOKe
B CblpbIX MeCTax. AKTHBHa OHa HeM H Be'iepOM. CaMUbI ManOa3H-
aTCKOH JIJlryIllKH H:maIOT xapaKTepHOe yp'iaHHe.
Ew.e OHH BH n}lrYIlleIC - npy.aoBas - 06HTaeT B ropax
Kapmrr. .
152

Ha .AMbHeM BOCTOKe paCnpoCTpaHeHbl qepHOIDITHHCTIUI,-
HeBOCTOqHWI H 6yropqaTWI J1J1rYWKH. B ropax CWlH H AJ1TWI -
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(Bce BH.u.bl) CJ1e.u.YeT HMeTb B BH.n.Y, qTO KO)((a HX B pa3Hoii CTerreHH
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MaKCHMMbHoro pa3Mepa 14 CM Y 3eJ1eHoii. 06a BH.u.a aKTHBHbI B
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onpe.u.eJ1J1eTCjI CJ10BOM «xpIOKaHbe». ¥lKpY )Ka6bI npHKpenmIlOT. KO
L(HY Bo.u.oeMOB B BH,lJ.e MHOroMeTpOBbIX WHypKOB, Ha,!J.J1onaTOqHble
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KaHaJ1bl, T. e. I:IX ceKpeT jlBJ1j1eTCJI oTnyrHBalOwHM cpe.u.cTBoM.
TaK KaK npHrOTOBJ1eHHe, B 0611.leM-TO, C'be.u.o6Horo )Ka6berO
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n03a.u.H Hee JI.u.OBHTblMH )((eJ1e3aMH H CHjlTHeM WKypbl, TO nyqwe
rrpe.u.rrOqeCTb, 6e3ycnoBHo, C'be.u.o6HblX mIryweK.
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pa3MepaMH H oKpacKOii. 06b1KHOBeHHblii TpHTOH (BKJI. 67) -
HaH60nee MeJ1KHH, 06b1'1HO 8 CM ,!J.J1HHoii, H3 KOIOpoii rrOnOBHHa npH-
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oKpacKe crrHHbl HMeeT OpaH)((eBOe 6pIOXO, KO)((a 6yropqaTWI.
B ropax Ha BblCOTe OT 600 .u.o 2700 M MO)((HO BCTpeTHTb MMO-
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153

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COKHH 3a3y6peHHblH rpe6eHb rrpepblBaerCjI Y XBOCTa. rpe6eH'IaTbIH
TpHTOH 3aHeceH B KpaCHYIO KHHry.
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B <peBpaJIe-MapTe, H He peampYIOT Ha OtJeHb Me.n;JIeHHO rro.n;xo,lJ)l-
lIJ.ero 'IeJIOBeKa H rro.n;Bo.n;HMbIe Opy.n;HR JIOBa.
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TpHTOH. B KapnaTax BO,lJ)lTCR KapnaTCKHH H aIlbnHHCKHH TpHTOHbl.
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KOpH'IHeBO-'IepHoro l(Bera, C )l(eJITOBaTbIMH OpaH)I(eBblMH IUlTHbIUI-
KaMH Ha cnHHe H 60Kax. ITo 06elfM cTOpoHaM ee rOJIOBbl pacrroJIo-
)l(eHbl Ha.n;JlOrraTO'IHble )l(eJIe3bI, BbI.n;eJIRIOlHe TOKClf'lHblH ceKper.
113 6ecxBoCTbiX RL(OBlfTbIX aM<lm6HH cJIeer OTMerHTb *epmI-
IIOK: )l(eJIT06plOxylO B Kapmrrax, cBepxy cepo-6yporo l(Bera C 3eJIe-
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BCTpe'laerCR L(aIIbHeBOCTO'lHCUI )l(epJUlHKa. OHa MeHblllHX pa3MepOB
(40-45 MM), 'IeM )l(em06plOxaR, H TaK)I(e RpKO OKpaUIeHa.
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154

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cyxorryrHaH cpe)].Hea:maTCKaH, HJIlf CrerrHaH, 'Ieperraxa.
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CH JIHlllb L(Ba BH)].a ra)].lOKI1: Ka3HaKOBa, HJIH KaBKa3CKaH, H CrenHaH.
ra)].loKa Ka3HaKOBa (BKJI. 69a) - 06HTaTeJIb BblCOKoropbH,
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paCll.(emIHaX CKaJI. 3m O'leHb ClfJIbHaH, TOJICTaH, KOpOTKaH, )].0 65 CM
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raL(IOKa CTcnHaH (BKJI. 696) - He60JIblllaH, MaKCHM}'M L(O 80 CM
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3MeHKa C TeMHOH 3Hr3aro06pa3HOH rrOJIOCOH B)].OJIb xpe6rn.
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HUH KHlllHHeB- ,[(Herrpone-rpOBCK - Caparo - KYCTaHaH -- Ce-
MHITaJIaTHHcK).
155

B HawHX KpaHX OHa BCTpeqaeTCjI B paBHHHHOH qaCTH Ky6aaH,
e,AHHHqHbIe HaXO,AKH ee OTMeqeHbl B 6acceHHe peKH IIIlla,Aa Ha
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MH IllHpHHOH, TOJICTOe, Ka)KYIUeeCH paCrrJIlOIUeHHblM TYJIOBHll.te,
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OKOHqaHHe XBOCT, pa3JIHqHOrO pHCYHKa H OKpaCKH 3Hr3aroo6paJ-
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TbIX 3y60B, H3 KOTOpbIX 06bIqHO COqHTCjI KpOBb.
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TaK qTO npH ynoTpe6JIeHHH B nHIUY rOJIOBa JI1060H 3MeH ,AOJI)KHa
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'IeJIlOCTHbIX, He6HbiX H KpbIJIOBH,lJ,HbIX KOCTjIX), npH'IeM BHYTpeH-
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B MOMeHT YKYca H,AOBHTOH 3MeH 60JIb He CHJIbHee 6YJIaBO'lHOro
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paJIJIeJIbHO paJBHTHlO reMOpparH'IeCKOrO (KpOBHHHcToro) OTeKa H
nO,AKO)KHoro KpOBOH3JIUJlHUJI npOHCXO,w.lT KpOBOH3JIUJlHUJI BO BHYT-
peHHHe opraHbI, 06YCJIOBJIeHHble KaK rrOBblweHHeM COCY.AHCTOH
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156

u.HH. HaH60JIbWYIO OnaCHOCTb MO)f(eT BbI3BaTb ,AeHCTBHe HeHpO-
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BpeMeHH rO,Aa: B )f(apKYIO noro,AY JI,AOBHTbIe CBOHCTBa 3MeHHoro
SI,Aa nOBblwaIOTCH. KpOMe BblweYKa3aHHbIX iPaKTOpOB BIDKHO Mec-
TO YKyca, HaH60JIbWYIO onaCHOCTb npe,ACTaBIDIeT YKYC, CJIyqaHHO
norraBIlIHH B KpynHblH KpOBeHOCHbIH COCY,A, H YKYCbI B roJIOBY,
TaK KaK H,A 6bICTpO BcaCbIBaeTCH H nopa)f(aeT MHorHe )f(H3HeHHO
Ba)f(Hble IJ.eHTpbI. Ba)f(HOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT TalOKe Macca rrocTpa-
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CTenHaH ra,AIOKa.AIDI tJeJIOBeKa MaJIOOnaCHa: JIeTaJIbHbIX HC-
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ra,AIOKa KaBKa3CKaJI 60JIee onaCHa, HO 3,AOpOBbIH tJeJIOBeK noc-
JIe YKyca MO)f(eT OCTaTbCH B )f(HBbIX.
K pO,AY ra,AlOK OTHOCHTCH H rlOp3a (BKJI. 706). 3TO KpynHaH,,AO
1 ,5 MeTpa AJIHHOH, TOJICTaH CHJIbHaJI 3MeH )f(eJITOrO H KOpHtJHeBoro
UBeTOB. BCTpetJaeTcH B ,lJ;arecTaHe, 3aKaBKa3be H pecny6JIHKax
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KpeCT006pa3HbIM PHCYHKOM Ha roJIOBe, HanOMHHaIOllI.HM CHJIy:n
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113 aCrrH,ll,HbIX 3MeH BcrpeqaercH JIHWb CpeAHea3HaTCKaa K06-
pa (BKJI. 71) B Ta,A)f(HKHCTaHe. ITpH npH6JIIDKeHHH «Bpara» OHa He
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Ha6JIIO,AaeTCH rrporpeccHpYIOIUee yrHeTeHHe u.eHTpa.m.HOH HepBHoH
CHCTeMbI.
157

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JIHBaeT ero TOKCHtJeCKoe AeHCTBHe.
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rocnHTaJIH3aIJ,H'" YKYIlleHHoro, npH KOTOpOH OCHOBOH K)'pc JIe'le-
HH'" - BBeAeHHe A03HpoBaHHoro KOJIH'IeCTBa npOTHB03MeHHOH
CbIBOpOTKH.
.158

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pbl, 3cpbI H rlOp3bl: Ee *e CJIe,ll,yeT BBO,ll,HTb rrpH YKyce m060H jI,lI,O-
BHTOH 3MeH, 06HTaIOIl{eH Ha TeppHTOpHlf 6bIBIIIero CCCP. npH YKYce
Bcex jI,lI,OBHTbIX 3MeH, KpOMe K06pbI, MO:>KHO BBO,ll,HTb CblBOPOTKY
«aHTHflop3a». BBOL(HTb ee :>KeJIaTeJIbHO He rr03L(Hee 'ieM 'iepe3 30
MlfH. OOCJIe YKyca.
npO,ll,OJI:>KHTeJIbHOe rrpHMeHeHlfe lfCKyccTBeHHoro ,lI,bIXaHIDI Ha
<poHe CHMrrTOMaTU'iecKOro JIe'ieHlfji 06bI':lHO crracaeT 60JIbHOro.
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:>KeHHOH KOHe'iHOCTU coopY:>KeHHeM IIIUHbI lfJIH JIy6Ka.
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B Te'ieHlfe rrepBbIX 3-5 MHH. rrOCJIe YKyca pTOM HJIlf nOCTaHOBKY
KpoBooTcaCbIBalOIl{HX 6aHoK.
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)J,JUI 6blCTpeHIIIerO BbIBOL(a ji,ll,a H3 OpraHH3Ma.
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pe:>K,lI,eHHe YKYCOB, H60 jI,lI,OBHTble 3MeH rrpH BCTpe'ie C 'ieJIOBeKOM
CTapmOTCji CKpblTbCjI. YKYC MO:>KeT 6b1Tb HaHeceH HMH TO.nbKO B
lfCKJIlO'IUTeJIbHbIX 06CTOjITeJIbCTBax: KOr,ll,a 'ieJIOBeK HacrynHJI Ha
3MeIO, OTpe3aJI eH nYTb K Hope H T. L(,
BbICOKWI rrpO'iHIDI 06YBb - pe3HHOBbIe HJIH KO:>KaHble canorH,
BblCOKHe 60THHKH C lIIepCTjIHbIMlf HOCKaMH - rrpe,ll,OXpaHjieT OT
3THXCJIyqaHHOCTeH.
nplf XO,ll,b6e no 3apOCmlM KYCTa}JHHKa, BbICOKOH TpaBe, KaMeHH-
CTblM OCbIITjIM He06xo,ll,HMO HMeIOIl{eHCjI B PYKaX rraJIKOH YL(apnb
BOepe,ll,lf ce6jI, KaK 6bI co06Il{aji 0 CBoeM npH6JIH:>KeHHH.
He cJIe,ll,)'eT YCTpaHBaTb HO'llier B03Jle ,lI,)'I1JIHCTbIX ,lI,epeBbeB, K}"I
BaJIe:>KHHKa, BXO,ll,OB B rreIl{epbI, B6JIH3H CKaJIC TpeIl{HHaMH.
ECJIH, npocHYBIIIHCb, BbI 06HapY:>KHTe pji,ll,OM C C060H 3MeIO,
rrocTapaHTecb ee He npoBou.HpOBaTb Ha YKYC CBOHMH HcnyraHHbI-
MH ,lI,BH:>KeHIDIMH. JIY'IlIIe ,lI,aTb eH yrrOJI3TH HJIH pe3KUM, HeO:>KH,lI,aH-
HbIM ,lI,mI 3Meu ,lI,BH:>KeHHeM OT6poCHTb ee B CTOPOHY.
lh HejI,lI,OBHTbIX 3MeH HaH60JIee BepOjiTHa BCTpe'ia C 'ieTbIpbWl
BH,lI,aMH rrOJI030B. 3TO KpynHbIe,,lI,O 140-200 CM, 3MeH.
IIoJ103 3cKYJlanOB (BKJI. 72a). OKpalIIeH 60JIee HJIH MeHee POB-
159

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60e paJrpaHI1'IeHl1e llIel1l1 r0J10BbI. nOBceMecTHo pacrrpocTpaHeH
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J1bIM 6plOXOM 11 KpacHOBaThIM rOpJ10M. 3To Hal160J1ee 6bICTpWl 3Me.
aHa CTpeMI1TeJ1bHO y6eraer rrOBepx ryCTbIX K)'CTOB e)l(eBI1K11, HO He
BCer.lI;a - 3TO e.lI;I1HCTBeHHWI 3Me 113 HallIeH 4>aYHbI, He crrellIawWl
yrrOJ13TI1 OT 'IeJIOBeKa, MO)l(er 6bITb, 113 rrpocroro mo60rrbITCTBa. KCTIl-
m, YKYCbI rr0J1030B, oc06eHHO )l(emo6plOxoro, 6bICTpO 116e360J1e3-
HeHHO 3aTIlrI1BalOTC.
B 1110He )l(eJIT06plOXHH rr0J103 OTKJ1a)U>IBaer 7-10 cne.lI;06HblX 11l(
.lI;l1aMeTpoM .lI;0 50 MM, Y OCTaJ1bHbIX n0J1030B paJMepbI 11l( rro-
MeHbllIe.
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HbIM IDITHOM Ha 3aTbIJ1Ke.
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TOHKWI, I13$IllJ,HWI, He60JIbllIWi (;1.0 60 CM) 3MeHKa MeHK3 (BKJ1. 726),
6yporo u.Bera C KpaCHOBaTbiM orreHKOM.
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TbIBaeT 39 BI1.lI;OB. DOJ1bllII1HCTBO 113 HI1X (35 BI1)1.0B) He .lI;OBI1Tbl.
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06paJHOH n0J10CbI OKpac, TOHKI1H XBOCT, rrpo)1.0J1roBarWi r0J10Ba.
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Ha BOCTO'IHOM KaBKaJe - KOllIa'Ib 3Me, TaM )l(e 11 Ha CeBep-
HOM KaBKa3e - wepl1'IHa 3Me,)1.0 170 CM AJII1HOH. B npe.lI;ro-
pbX 11 )1.0J1I1HaX Cpe)1.HeH A31111 )1.0 BbiCOT 2600 M - cTpeJ1a-3Me,
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160

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C rony6hlMH XBOCTHKaMH wypwaT B TeIIJIOH JIHCTBe IO>KHOro CKJIOHa
B ,!J.eKa6pe H JlHBape.
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nOJITOpa pa3a ,!J.JIHHHee TYJIOBHw.a), JlBJIJleTCJI snQepHu.a
npblTKaR (BKJI. 73).
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RllI.epHQa Cpe,lJ,HRR.
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M COBceM MaJIeHhKOH - 5-6 CM .nJIHHOH - JlBIDIeTCJI KaSKa3-
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na.nuLIX paiiOHax Cpe.n;u:eii A.3HH.
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CIIIOIIbI.
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162

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HeM BOCTOKe, HanpHMep, capaH'Ia JIBJDleTCJI JIaKOMCl'BOM.
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IIpH nOHCKe I1'fHIIbHX JIHU crre.nyeT HayqHI'bCJI orJIH'lan. 6pomeH-
H&Ie f'He3,l{a or BLICJDKHBaeMLIX - no BHenmeM)' BH.ny, orcyrCTBmo
TeIIJIa or TO.II&KO 'ITO YJIeTeBmeH IlTHIU>I.
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ero BeTOlieK CnJleTaIOT KOJlbl.\O, B KOTOpOM paCnpaBJlRIOT rreTJllO.
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Klf; .lI;JlR 6eJlKlf - rplf6bl.
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npe.lI;BaplfTeJlbHO corHYToro .lI.epeBa. B Ollerrax rrerIDI3aTRrHBaerCR
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pblllar Y.lI;epjJ(HBaeTcR B HaKJ10HHOM rrOJlOjJ(eHlfH C rrOMOWblO CTO-
PMC. 30. HopHble nemM.
164

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rrpH HeycTOHqHBOM rrOJIO)l(eHHH naJIOqKOH HJIH ,ABYMJI <rrpe3KaMH
CTBOJIOB (rra3HKH MO>KHO BbIpe3aTb HO>KOM HJIH BbI6HTb.KaMHeM).
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168

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rrHTIUOTCJI KJIelJJ,H naTOnOrH'IeCKHM 3KCCy,naroM, 06pa3YIOIJJ,HMCJI B
pe3YnbTaTe B3aHMo,neHCTBHJI TOKCH'IHOH cmoHLI C KpOBblO 'IenOBe-
Ka.lli nepSH'IHoro o'lara naTonorHlfeCKHe npo.nyKTLI nona,naroT S
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169

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KasKa3a, Kapnar H Cpe)J.HeH MHH. qaCTcHbKO pocoMaxa BblITOJ1ill1eT
170

1)' )f(e pOJIb, 'I TO H B yrrowuiyrblX ropax. IllaKalI, - aBIDleTCH CaHHTa-
pOM JIeca, y6Hpaa rra,u.arrb, a 3aO,ll.HO H rrpHMaHKY, H nonaBIIIYlO B
KanKaHbl,ll.lfl.fb. DJIarO,ll.apH IIIHpOKHM JIarraM OHa JIerl.fe L(pymx 3Be-
peH rrp06HpaeTCH rro cHery. .
CKa3aTb 0 rrpe,ll.rrOI.fTeHHH ropHOCTaeM (BKJI. 78) Tae)f(HbiX YC-
JIOBlfH HeJIb3H: OH )f(HBeT rrOBceMeCTHO, KpoMe KpblMa, KaBKa3a H
KorreT,lI.ara, B pa3HbiX 30Hax, B ropax. rrpeHMYlIJ.eCTBeHHo TIlroTeeT
K JIecy. TaK)f(e KaK H C060JIb, aKTHBeH rrpeHMYll(eCTBeHHO HOlIblO.
CXO,ll.Hbl no o6pa3Y )f(H3HH C ropHocTaeM KOJlOHOK H COJlOH-
rOH, HO rrOCJIeL(HHH HaCeJIHeT elIJ.e, KpOMe IOra H CH6HPH, H ropbl
CpeL(HeH A3HH.
B ropax Cpe,ll.HeH CH6HPH, rrOKpbITbiX JIecOT)'H,lI,pOH H 1)'H,I1,pOH,
If ceBepHee OCHOBY KpyrrHblx KOllblTHbiX )f(HBOTHbiX COCTaBJIHlOT
L(HKHe ceBepHble oneHH (BKJI. 79). OHH 3HMOH ,lI.ep)f(aTCH B 30He
JIeCOTYH,lI.pbl, JIeTOM, crracaHCb OT rHyca, OTKOlIeBblBalOT B rrpo,ll.Y-
BaeMble paHoHbl ceBepHblX BOL(Opa3,l1.eJIOB H Ha rr06epe)Kbe J1e,ll.o-
BHTOro OKeaHa. OrpaHHtJeHHblH rrpOMblCeJI pa3peIlleH KopeHHoMY
HaCeJIeHHlO KpaHHerO CeBepa.
OCHOBHOH rrpe,ll.CTaBHTeJIb ,lI.HKOH qJJIOpbl 1)'H,lI,pbl - JleMMHHr.
ApealIbl pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH ,lI.BYX OCHOBHbIX BHL(OB JIeMMHHra -
cH6HpCKOro H KorrblTHoro - rrpaKTHtJecKH COBlla,u.alOT, B ropax,
npaBL(a, 60JIbIlle KOnbITHbiX.
B 3a6aHKalIbe 3TOT pO,ll. rrpe,ll.CTaBmIeT BeCbMa pe,ll.KlfH aMypc-
KHH JIeMMHHr, B XH6HHax - HOpBe)f(CKHH. 3HMY JIeMMHHrH rrpo-
BO,ll.HT rro,ll. CHerOM, llpoma,u.bIBaH MHorol.fHCJIeHHble XO,ll.bI. TIpH
BCTpel.fe C l.feJIOBeKOM OHH Be,ll.YT ce6H arpeCCHBHO: CBHCTHT, 6po-
calOTCH H3 CTOpOHbI B CTOPOHY. B nHTaHHlf JIeMMHHrH C06JIlO,lI.alOT
cTporHH pe)f(HM, l.fepe,ll.YHCOH H rrpHeM llHlIJ.H l.fepe3 2 tJaca. CaMH
CJIY)f(aT OCHOBHOH rrHlIJ.eH necu.y, rr03TOMY I.fHCJIeHHOCTb 3TOro He-
60JIbIIIOro rrYIIIHoro 3BepH ';IerKO COOTBeTCTBYeT KOJIe6aHIDIM I.fHC-
JIeHHOCTH JIeMMHnra.
113 ITTHu. OTMeTHM KyponaToK 6eJIYIO (BKJI. 83) H 1)'H,lI.pOBYIO,
6cJIYlO COBY, ryH,/J.pOBoro Jle6c,/J.H, rycH-ryMaHHHKa.
Palmo KaK H paCTHTeJIbHbIH MHp, )f(HBOTHbie ):{alIbHero BOCTOKa
xapaKTepH3yIOTCH COl.feTaHHeM pa3HOpo,lJ;HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB ceBepHOro H
lO)KHOro npoHCXO)f()J,eHIDI. 3,l1.eCb MO)KHO YBH,lJ.eTb cPa3Y cJIe,ll.b1 X03H-
HHa cy6TpOllHKOB 'fHIlJaH Tac060mI, yrKH-MaH,lJ,apHHKH H 3aH-
171

u.a-6emu\a, ruraHTU3M paCTeHHM TO:>Ke HaxO,nHT rraparu:IeJ1b B *MBor-
HOM MHpe, B3HTb XOTII 6bI CaMYlO KpynHYlO 3MelO.<j>aYHbI 6bIBIllero
CCCP - JUlYXMerpOBOrO aMypCKOrO nOJl03a.
3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe MeCTO 3aHHMaIOT peAKHe H HC'Ie3aIOUe :>KHBor-
HbIe H DTHlI.bl, 3aHeCeHHbIe B KpaCHYlO KHHry H B Me)K,l{)'HapO.l\H)'lO
KpaCHYlO KHHry - THrp, JIeonap.l\, KpaCHbiM BOJIK, IUITHHCTbIM
OJIeHb, ropaJI, 6eJIbiM aHCT, .l\po<j>a.
lli KpynHbIX MJIeKOIIHTalOHX Cpe,l\HeM A3HH He06xo.l\HMO yrro-
MHHYTb ropHbIX 6apaHOB - apxapOB, 3a6HpalOHXCJI.l\0 BbICOTbl
5000 M Ha.l\ ypOBHeM MOpH, IJ,eHTpaJlbHOa3UaTCKoro K03JIa, 60-
JIee pe.l\KOrO BUHTopororo K03J1a, .l\*eupaHa (BKJI, 80).
Cpe,nH cH6upcKUX DTHlI. HaH60JIee HHTepeCHbIMH HBIDIIOTCJI rrpe.l\-
CTaBHTeJIH TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM 60pOBOU .l\H'IH. 3TO He60JIbIlllfe, Mac-
COM.l\O 400-500 r, pH6'1UKU (BKJI. 81) H rrUHKHJIorpaMMOBbIe rJIY-
xapu (BKJI, 82), 06a BH)J;a - Tae:>KHble 06HTaTeJIH. PH6'1HKH npeL(-
nO'lHTalOT 3ax.J1aMJIeHHbIe eJIOBbie JIeca; myxapH, oc06eHHo 3HMOM,
OTKO'IeBbIBaIOT B XBOMHbIe MaCCHBbI. B CHJ1bHbIe MOp03bI 06a BH)J;a
Haxo,WIT ce6e y6e:>KHIl.\e nOL( cHeroM, rra,l\aJI C .l\epeBbeB B CHe:>KHbIe
JIYHKlf. B MOMeHT TOKOBaHIDI B KOHl(e arrpeIDI - HatJane MaJI CTaHO-
BJiTCH KaK 6bl rnYXHMH, rrO.l\rrYCKaH 6JIH3KO K ce6e (OTKY.l\a H Ha-
:3BaHHe DTUI.I,hI).
Ha .D:anbHeM BOCTOKe H CaXaJIHHe BCTpetJaeTCJI B TeMHOXBOM-
HOM Taure .l\UKywa. npeCMbIKalOHeCH orpaHH'IeHbI B BH.l\OBOM
COCTaBe 06bIKHOBeHHblMH y*OM, ra,lJ,IOKOU U *HBOpO,lJ,HlIJ.CH
HlIJ.epUu. eu .

rnaBa 6.
npeoAoneHMe eCTeCTBeHHblX
npenTcTBMM. CTpaxoBKa.
TpaBHMcTble CKJ10Hbl M OCbmM
HaH60Jlee npOCTblM ,D,JUI nepe)J.BH)f(eHHlI peJlbe<pOM lIBJllIlOTCli
TpaBlIHHCTble CKJIOHbl H OCbll1H. fiplf )J.BH)f(eHHH no HHM HOry cJle-
.lIYeT CTaBHTb Ha BClO crynHlO, HC-
110Jlb3YSI KO'IKOBaTble nY'IKlf Tpa-
Bbl, 6yrpbl, KpynHble BblCl)'nalO-
llI.He KaMHH B Ka'IeCTBe C1)'neHeK.
fipH ,11,Blf)f(eHHH nonepeK CKJIOHa
Hory, HaxoMW.YlOCli )J.aJIbllle OT
CKJIOHa (,DJII1HHYlO), cJle.D.)'eT Pa3-
BepHYTb BHH3 no CKJlOHY )J.JlSI
60Jlblllell YCTOll'IHBOCTH, a 6J1H3-
KYIO K CKJIOHY CTaBHTb ropH30H-
TaJIbHO. 3aOCTpeHHYlO Ha KOHl(e
naJlKY lf3 KpenKoro )J.epeBa--
KH3HJla, CBH.lI;lfHbl, )J.y6a, 6YKa -
P/o1c. 34, BC7pe4Hbli1 Y3en.
HCnOJlb3YlOT KaK aJIbneHlllTOK.
rJlalmali onaCHOCTb TpaBlIHHcTblX CKJIOHOB -- no na)J.alOw.He
cBepxy KaMHH. Ka1Hena)J. Ha TpaBlIHlfcTblX CKJIOHaX cTpallleH CBO-
ell6eclllYMHoCTblO H BblTeKaIOlllell
OTClO,11,a HeOJMl)J.aHHOCTblO,
Ha OCbInliX oc06eHHo onaCHbl
MeCla, r)J.e KaMHH Jle)f(aT Ha TBep-
,11,OM IJ1a,D,KOM OCHOBaHl1H -11JIHT'dX,
6apaHbHx Jl6ax, H60 TaM B03MO)f(-
HO COCKaJIb3blBaHHe pblXJIOM Mac-
CbI.
CJle,11,yeT HMeTb B BI1.lIY, 'ITO npH
KpYTH3He CKJIOHa 60Jlee 45° (KPy-
TH3Ha onpe)J.emreTcSI C nOMOWblO
naJIKlf, HaBeL(eHHOH napaJIJIeJlbHO
CKJIOHY: 'IeJlOBe'IeCKHll rm13 06bl'I-
?
P/o1C 35. 5paMwTOKoBbli1
Y3en.
173

HO HMeerTeH,AeHIUllO }'BeJIHtlHBaTh
QUCneHHOe 3HaQeHHe KpyTH3HhI)
rrOTepgBIIIUH paBHOBeCHe H CO-
pBaBIIIUHCg qenOBeK CaMOrrpOU3-
BOJIbHO He OCTaHaBJIHBaercg, TpaB-
MbI MOryr 6hITb npu 3TOM 3HaQH-
TeJJbHhI.e. B 3TOM CJIY'lae nOMO)l(eT
BepeBKa aJlbnUHUCTCKaJI, pbI6au.-
KWI:, CTpOnaMhi TOpM03HOro H rpy-
PHC. 36. 6ynHH&. 30BOro napauIIoTOB. )l(enarenbHo,
QT06h1 OCHOBHaJI BepeBKa 6bIna
KarrpOHOBaJI H HMena.,l\HaMeTp 10-12 MM, )J.JUl cnYCKa - 8 MM.
B KaQeCTBe BcnOMonrrenbHOH BepeBKH roCg aJlblIHHHCTCKHU
HJIH phl6aI.J.KHii perrnrnyp NfaMer-
paM 6 MM, 6enbeBaB KanpOHOBaB
BepeBKa (5 MM), cTponhi 3anac-
HOro U OCHOBHoro napaIIIlOTOB.
Pa60rac BepeBKOH Tpe6yeTon-
pe.ll.eJIeHHbIX 3HaHHH, nOOTOM)' CJIe-
.nyer BLI}"iHTb onpe.ll.eJIeHHbIH MD-
HHMYM )'3J10B. TaK, HaH60nee Ha-
.lI.e)f(}{h1M Y3JlOM ,LI)UI CBg3LIBaHIDI
BepeBoK ONfHaKOBoro NfaMerpa PHC. 37. 06BR3K8,
gBIDIercH BCTpe'fHbIH (PHC. 34).
Bg)l(ercg CHaqana nerIDI, 3areM npomBOXO.ll.OM npa.ll.eBaerCH BCTpeq-
Hag BepeBKa (OTCIO.ll.a Ha'3BaHHe).
P/lfC. 38. Y,q8BK8.
174
,[{mI CBg3bIBaHHg BepeBOK Pa3-
Horo NfaMerpa, HanpHMep cpana H
CTponbI, Bg)l(eTCg 6paMWTOKO-
BbIH Y3en (PHC. 35).,[{mI 06Bg3b1-
BaHIDI BepeBKH BOKpyr rpY.ll.H pe-
KOMeH.lI.yeTCg 6YJlHHb (pHC. 36),
OH)I(e - IIIKonbTOBLIH. KoHeu. Be-
peBKH, rrepe6poIIIeHHbIH qepe3
nJIetJo U 3aKperrneHHblH, Y.ll.ep)l(H-
BaeT neTnlO Ha ypOBHe rpY.ll.H
(puc. .37).

Y,ZJ;aBKa UCnOnL3YeTCJI MJI
npUBJl3bIBaHHJI BepeBKH K BbIC-
TynaM CKM, cTBony ,nepeBa
(pHC. 38).
CTpeMH (pHC. 39) OqeHL
y.n06Ho,ZJ.IIJI y,nep)l{H88.HHJl neTJIH
Ha 6onuIKe. HcnoJIL3YJl ero B co-
qeTaHUe C JaXBaTbIBalOInHM
yJJIOM (puc. 39a), MO)I(HO BbI6-
p!ITLCJI H3 HenpoXO.IUlMoro KaRL-
OHa HJIH TpeIUHHbI no 3apaHee
3aKpenneHHOH BepeBKe, npu-
CTerHYBillUCL K HeH 3axBaTbIBaIOIIJ,HMH Y3naMH Ha .nsyx CTponax,
H,l{)'IUHX K .nsYM CTpeMeHaM Ha 6omHKax.
Ecmi He06xo,lJ,HMO nepece<lb KpyTOH CKJIOH HnH no,!I;HJIThCSI no HeM}',
cne.nyeT 06BJ1JaTL ce6J1 O,nHHM KOHu.OM, 3aBeerU BepeBKY Ja ,nepeBO
HJIH BbIcryn, C ,npyroH cropOHbI Ha BepeBKe 3aBJI3aTL 3axBaTbIBaJO-
I.QHii Y3en, npHcrernyB ero K rpy.nHOH 06BJ13Ke. ,l(BHrnI'LCJI, BLIJJ.aBWI
BI'OPOH KOHel( BepeBKH tJepe3 JaXBaThIBaIOI.QHii,,no H3,lJ;exalOro Meera
HJIH cne.nyIOIUeH TO'IKH CTpaxOBKH, me nepe,nepHyrL BepeBKY.
JIerqe Bcero ,nBuraTLCJI BBepx no KpyroH OCbInu (T<)ilbKO He
rrpoxo,nHTL noon 60nLillHMU HaBucalOIUUMH KaMWlMH) H BHH3 no
MenKOH, CKOJIL3J1 HOraMH BMeCTe C ,npeCBOH.
HaH60nee Tpy.nHoe ,nBH*eHHe - BHM3 no cpe,nHeH OCbIDH (era-
BHTL HOI)' He06xo.IUlMO OCTOpo)I(HO, nocreneHHo Harp)?KWI) H BoepX
no MenKOH (KaK no cbInyqeMY
necKY) ,
Ha Meerax, r,ne He,naBHO CTa-
Jln neon Hnu CHer, MorYT 6bITL
cu.eMeHTupOBaHHbIe unu cne-
>KaBWUeCJI O'leHL nnOTHbIe
CKnOHbI. npu HeB03MO*HOCTH
BbI6HTL Ha HUX 6pOBKY paHTOM
60THHKa cne,nyeT BocnonL30-
BaTbCJI 3aOCTpeHHOH nanKOH, pHC. 399. 3SXSBTblSBIOUlHH
OCTpbIM KaMHeM unH HO)((()M C ysen
«IJuKcaTopoM.
PHC. 39. CrpeMR.
175

flel1HnKn n nel10Bbie CKnOHbl
IIpH Heo6xo)1HMOCTH npeoOJIeHHJI JIe,lJ,HHKOB CJIeeT nOMHHTb,
qTO HaH6om.WeH OnaCHOCTH OKa3aBWHHC1I B OHHOqHOM nepe-
.zum)((eHHH qeJIOBeK nOBepraeTC1I Ha 3aKphIThIX JIeHHKax, r,ne
TOHKHH CHe)((HbIH nOKpOB CKphIBaeT rny60KHe TpeIl{HHhI B TeJIe
JIe,lJ,HHKa. TpeIUHHhI HaH60JIee MHoroqHCJIeHHbI Ha BhInyKJIbIX yqa-
CTKax B cpe,nHeM TeqeHHH JIeHHKOB. 3THX MeCT CJIeyeT H36e-
raTb, o6xo,WI HX no CKJIOHaM. IIPOXO,nHTb JIeHHK 'MO)((HO JIHWb
npH OCTaTOqHOM CHe)((HOM nOKpOBe C 3HMhI O HIOH1I HJIH rro
OTKPhITOMY JIeHHKY (aBrYCT), Kor,na Bce TpeIl{HHhI OTKphIThI H
npOCMarpHBaIOTC1I. E,lUiHCTBeHHbIM cpe,nCTBOM crpaxOBKH MO)((eT
CJIY)((HTb Bblpy6JIeHHhIH 3apaHee B JIecy KpenKHH weCT ,MHHOIO
He MeHee 2 M.
IIpH Heo6xo)1HMOCTH cnyCKa no KpYT0M)' JIeoBOM)' CKJIOHY Ja1(-
penHTb BepeBKY MO)((HO, Bbl6HB HO)((OM JIeAOBblH
CTOJI6HK HJIH npoeJIaB B CKJIOHe
= ,/ /./" npoywHHY (PHC. 40). CnYCTHB-
2=: :;':/ /' / ::::a;;;= ;
"::., /' BepKH - He JacrpJUlaJIH, a JaKOH-
i": "ill" qHB CnyCK - nepeepHYTb, IIpH
. (. HeB03MO*Hocrn o6oifrn CHe)KHbIH
MOCT Ha,IJ; TpeIUHHOH ero JIyqwe
rreperrOJI3TH nO-IDIaC1)'HcKH, co
crpaxOBKOH M)'WI rraJIKaMH rro
CHCTeMe (<KaTanYJIbT8» (PHC. 41)
(CM, OnHCaHHe HIDKe). IIpH cnyc-
Ke no MOC1)' CnOJI3alOT HOraMH
BHH3, qTo6hI, "?Ke rrpOBaJIHB-
WHCb B TpeIUHUY, He OKa3aTbC1I
BHM3 roJIOBQH.
IIpH rrpeOOJIeHHH JIe,lJ,HHKOB
CJIe,nyeT orraCaTbC1I 06pYWHBa-
HID! ceppaKOB - OCTphIX JIe,WI-
PHC. 40. nellRHoH cTon6HK H HbIX3y6I.\OBHanOBepXHocrnJIe-
npoywHHa. HHKa, a TaK*e na,IJ;eHID! OT,neJIb-
176

HbIX BhITaHBaIOIIUIX C JIe,nOBOrO CKJlOHa KaMHeH. B JIl060M cJIyqae,
BCer,na Hyx<HO npom03UpoBaTb B03MO)I(HOCn. HenplUlTHoro JlBJIe-
HUI U Bbl6upaTb Mapwpyr U BpeMJI ,nBU)I(eHIUI C MUHUM8nbHhIM
pHCKOM.
CHe)l(Hbie CKI10Hbi
CHC>KHble CKJlOHhI npU 6JIaronpID1THOH .MJI X())((,lteHHJI nOBepXHo-
crn - )I(eCTKUH, CJIeI'Ka npo,naBJIHBalOIIudicJI HacT UJIH qlHpH -
OqeHb y.n06HM TpaCCa.MJI6hIcrporo npoxo,na. Ho npu pLIXJIOM CHe-
re ,nsIDKeHHe OqeHb H3HYPHTeJIbHO H qaCTO npeBpaIltaeTCJI B 6e3Ha-
,ne)I(HOe 6apaxTaHbe. B TaKHX cJlyqaxx .D.IDI YBeJIHqeHIUI DJIOIUa,nH
orrophI CJIe.nyer onHpaTbCI Ha JIOKI'U, KOJIeHU.
H8H60JIbWM orraCHOCTb HCXO,nHT OT CKphIBaIOIIUlXCJI H .nBIDKY-
WHXCJI BHH3 no CKJlOHY CHe)I(HblX Macc - JIaBHH. llpH3HaKOM B03-
HHKHOBCHHJI JIaBHHHOH onacHOCTH JlBJUl.KYI'CJI HaKJIOHHhIe (Kpyqe 1 S°)
60JIbWHe CHe*HhIe npocTpaHcTBa, oc06eHHo B nOJIomx JIO)I(6H-
Hax, cnycKalOIUHXCJI no CKJlOHY nOJIOCbl, JIHWeHHhIe ,npeBecHoH
PacTHTeJIbHOCTH. OcHOBHOH npH3HaK JIaBUHHOH onacHOCTH - npe,n-
weCTBYIOIIJ.Hii CUJILHbIH cHerona,n.
llepe,nsuraTbCI no CHe)l(HbIM CKJlOHaM Jl)"iwe B yrpemrne qaCbI,
Kor,na JIaBUHHWI onaCHOCTb MHHHM8nLHWI. ,Z:{BuraTLCJl6e30nacHee
no JIHHHH na,neHIDI BO,nLI, a He nOBepx CKJlOHa (no,npe3aHUe CHera).
TpaBepc CKJlOHa CJIe,nyer ,neJIan. B Hau60JIee Y3KOM MeCTe, HanpH-
Mep B BepXHeH qaCTH CKJlOHa, )I(eJIaTeJILHO B6JIH3H CK8n UJIU TOp-
tJaIlUfX U3 CHera KaMHeH.
llpH HU3KHX TeMDepaTYPax B03HHKalOT cyxHe JIaBHHbI, .nBIDKY-
wHeCJI C 60JILWOH CKOpOCTLIO H C03,naIOIUHe Bnepe,nH ce6J1 y,nap-
HYIO BOJIHY.
BJIa)I(HhIe JIaBHHhI xapaKI'epHbI )J,1llI nJIIOCOBLIX TeMnepaTYp.
CKOpOCn. HX HU)I(e, HO OqeHb orraCHO YDJIOTHeHHe H CMep3aHHe
TeJIa JIaBUHbI npH OCTaHOBKe.
H8H60JIee KOsapHhI U Tpy,ZUfOnpe,nCKaJyeMLI CHe)I(HhIe ,nOCKH,
B03HHKaIOIUHe rrpu OTCyrcTBHH cu.eDJIeHIUI BepXHero HaCTa C HIDKe-
'JIe)I(aIlUfMH CJIOJlMH. TaKHe yqaCTKH «npe.nynpe)l(,AaIO'l') 0 B03MO)I(-
HOM cxo,ne npHce,naHHeM no,n HOraMH C xapaKl"epHbIM «B3,nOXOM».
llpH nona,naHHU B JI8BHH}'JIyqwe OCBo60.zum,CJI OT 3anJIe'IHoro
177

rpY3a H lUlaBaTeJIbHblMH BIDKeHIDIMH ( CnlJIeM 6aTrep4Jmlii, eJIb-
4JHH) nOnbITaTbCJI OCTaTbCJI Ha nOBepXHOCTH.
EcnH BbI rron8JJ.eTe B CHe)l(}lblH nneH, nepBoe, '1TO cneYeT ce-
naTh, - pa3.lJ;BHHYfb p)'KaMH CHer OT mw.a.zv.uI ocraTO'lHOro 06'beMa
B03yxa, OCB060HTb rpYb MJI cBo6oHoro blxaHIDI. 3aTeM,
orrpeenHB HanpaBJIeHHe BBepx rro 60nee CBeTnOMY cHery, no CTe-
KaIOllI.eH CHIOHe, He06xo,l\HMO nonblTaTbCJI npo6HTbCJI Ha rrOBepx-
HOCTb.
O'leHb onaCHbI CHe)l(}lble KapHH3bI, npHIcpelUleHHble K rpe6HJ1M
xpe6TOB. OHH MOryr Pyxuyrb He TOJIbKO OT TJI)KeCTH nYTHHKa, Heo-
cropo)KHO C1)'nHBmero Ha HX nOBepXHOCTb, HO H OT rpoMKoro 3BYKa.
EcnH Hora rrpOBaJIHBaeTCJI B HeOCTaTO'IHO IUlOTHblH CHer, ero
cneyer YIUlOTHHTb HeCKOJIbKHMH HIDKmwIMH C1)'nHH, nOnO)KeHHe
CI)'fIHeH npH 3TOM0JDICH0 6bITb ropH30ImlJIbHbIM. HaxO,ZJ;HTbCJI H}?KHO
B BeprHKaJIbHOM nono*eHHH, He HaKJIOIDIJICb K CKJIOHY, H60 TaK YBe-
JIH'IHBaerCJI B03MO)l(}lOCTh COCKaJIb3bIBaHIDI.
IIpH crrYCKe C KPYTblX OTpe3KOB CKJIOHa HJIH KapHH3a H3 BYX
naJIOK, npHXBa'l!?HHbIX C C060H, MO)KHO opraHH30BaTb CHCTeMY,
Hcnonb3yeMYIO MHorOKpaTHO KaK TOtJKY 3aKpenneHIDI BepeBKH
(pHC. 41). IIocne crrycKa pblBKOM BcrroMorarenbHoH BepeBKH CH-
CTeMa BbI,lI,eprHBaercJl.
Bep-rHKaJIbHaJI namca He OIDKHa JaI'OHJITbCJI B CHer O'leHb IUlOT-
HO, a nepe cnYCKOM ee H8JJ.O pa3a Ba npOBepHYTb, '1To6b1 y6e-
,l\HTbCJI, '1TO npH BbI,lI,epmBaHHH OHa He JaCTpnIer.
MapmpYT no rpe6HIO co CHe*HblMH KapHH3aMH TaK*e TaHT B
ce6e HeMaJIO onaCHocreH. HanH-
CalOllI.He C BepmHH H Ha Kynya-
.' , paMH KapHH3b1 cneYeT BO H36e-
   . 1V . h )KaHHe 06BaJIHBaHHJI BMeCTe C
 . ,- I BaMH npeooneBaTb He no HX
  .   .7. 7  rpe6HlO, a OCKJIOHY HIDKe npe-
f ?, i / OOIIIInIeMOHJDIHHIIOlJI.....""""'-
/  " /. ,-; HblX HJIH 4JHpHOBbIX Macc.
/  Haxo,lVICb Ha CHe)l(}lbIX CKJIO-
/ uax, cne.nyer nOMHHTb, Iff() namo-
60M CKJIOHe KpyrH3HOH 60nee 15°
PHC. 41. Ksrsnynbrs. B03M<?)KeHCXOnanHH, n())l{aJIyH,
178

]a HCKJIlO'leHHeM CKJIOHOB, nOICpldThIX TBepAhIM CPHpHOM. HR B I<DeM
c.ny'lae He nepeceKaiiTe JUlBHHoonacHlde CICJIOHld, a,nBHraHreCL no
J1HHHH na,neHWI BO,nbI,ltO CK3JILHbIX nOJICOB HJIH 6ldcrpo nepeceKaH-
re I<DpoTKHe)"lacTKH CHera Me CKaJILHId OCI'pOBaMH orO,ltlIO-
ro K ,ltpyroMY.
CKanbHble Y&.fBCTKH
IlpH HeB03MO)f(HOCTH o60MTH CKaJIbHLle Y'laCTKH, npeO,ltOneBWI
HX, cne,ltyer n0J1L30BaTLCJI cne,ltyIOIIJ.HMH npaJJHnaMH:
1. Ilepe.n Ha'laJIOM rrpoxmlC,neHHJI Mapl1Ipyra «npOH,nHTe» era
mroaMH, HaMerUB nyrL clloero ,ltBJI)f(eHWI.
2. TO'lm onopLI cJIe,ltyer npe,ltBapUTeJILHO onpo60BaTL JIerlCHM
Ha)f(HMOM UJIU Y,ltapOM pYKH. Henpo'lHYIO onopy TaK*e MO)f(HO
HCrrOJIL30BaTL, Harpy)f(WI ee BepTHKaJILHO.
3. OrropLI cnej\)'er HCrrOJIb30BaTL MHoroKpaTHO P)'K3MH H HOraMH.
4. He06xo.lUlMo nOCTOHHHO HMerh TpH TO'IKU OnOphi.
5. HY)f(HO H,ltTH, HCnOJIL3yg B OCHOBHOM CUJlY Hor.
6. CJIe,ltyeT 'Iaw,e HCnOJIh30BaTh pa:moo6proHoe nOJIO)f(eHHe PYK
H HOf" ynopbI, 3aXBaTbl, pacnopbl. .
7. H Y»CH0 HCrrOJlb30BaTb TpeaHe TeJ1a H I<DHe'lHOCTeM 0 CKaJIY.
8. nroHTb CJ1e,ltyeT nJIaBHO, 6e3 pbIBKOB, 'IT061d He 06pYl1IHTL
CKaJIbI H COXpaHHTb paBHOBeCHe.
9. CTpeMHTech rrO,lJ,.ltep)f(HBaTb BepTHKaJILHOe n0J10)f(eHHe Ha
HeKpYTbIX CKaJIax H rpe6ID1x.
10, OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCg,WUI nepe,ltbIl1I1CH U ,lta..'lbUeMIllero OCMOT-
pa cJIe,ltYeT B HaH60JIee rrpocTbIx H y,lt06HIdX MecTax,
IloMuMo KpyrH3HbI CKaJI "PH HX npe.ltBapUTeJIbHOH ou.eHKe He-
MaJIYIO penb urpaeT xapaKTep MarepHaJIa ropHOM nopo.lU>I, H3 KOTO-
pOM CJIO)f(eHa CKaJIa. Tal<, CKaJIld H3 BYJlKaHH'IeCKUX ropHIdX rro-
pO,lt - rpaHHToB, TycpOB, rropcpHpHTOB, KpHCTaJIJIU'IeCKHX CJlaH-
u.eB H T, ,It. - CJIO)f(eHbl KpyrrHIdMH 6JIOICa.MH C He6oJlLl1IHM KOJIH-
'IeCTBOM TpemHH. TIoBepxHOCTh HX ma,nKWI, 'lame nOKpblTa JIH-
WaHHHKaMH.
IloBepXHOCTb MOHOnHTHLIX OCa,nO'lHbIX. nopo,lt - H3BeCTIDIKoB,
,ltOJIOMHTOB, neC'IaHHKOB -6oJlee l1IepOXOB H nY'll1Ie ,ltepJKHT.
MeJIKOpUTMU'IHOe rrepeMe)f(eHHe TOHICHX cnoeB MepreIDI H ap-
179

rHJIJIHTa, JIOMalOI.l.{HXCR B PYKaX, CHJIbHO paJpyruae1'cR no HepaB-
HOMepHO BbIBeTpHBaeMbIM CJIORM, H JIaJaHHe no HeMY KpaHHe He-
)KeJIaTeJIbHO - He ,lI,ep>KHT 1'OqKH OrrOpbl. TaKl1e CKJIOHbI CJIC,lI,YeT
06XO,ll,HTb, a npl1 crrYCKe rro HI1M - 6bITb rrpe,ll,eJIbHO BHHMaTeJIbHbI-
MI1. MeCTa, r,ll,e qaCTO npOI1CXO,lJ,jlT 06BaJIbI TaKHX nopo,ll" Bbl,ll,emI-
IOTCR B peJIbe<pe CKaJIbHOrO CKJIOHa CBCTJIbIMI1 nR1'HaMl1,
Ha HeCJIO)KHbIX, no BarueMY MHeHHIO, CKaJIbHbIX (paBHO KaK 11
JIe,ll,OBbIX, CHe>KHbIX) MaprupYTax, eCJII1 CqHTaeTe, '11'0 HaKOrrJIeH-
HbIH B npe,ll,bl,ll,YI.l.{eH pa60Te onbIT n03BOJIReT BaM rrpOHTI1 HX 6e3a-
BapHHHO 003 CTpaxOBKH, He 3a6blBaHTe 0 He06xo,ll,HMOCTI1 Ka>K,ll,oe
,lI,BH>KeHHe.,lI,eJIaTb qe1'KO, <pHKCHpOBaHHO, npO,ll,YMaB ero 3apaHee.
Be,ll,b B CJIyqae cpblBa BaM HHKTO He CMO>KCl' nOMO%. KaK rOBOpHJI
rro:n: «O,ll,Ha 113 nepBbIX Mep npe,ll,OCTOpmKHOCTI1 - COH3MepRH >Ke-
JIaHbe H B03MO>KHOCTH» (c. MUXaJIKOB),
CaMoe maBHoe Ha 3THX Maprup)'TIIX - qeTKO ce6e npe,ll,CTa8JUl.1'b
TY qep'ry, 3a KOTOpoi131'H JIenrne Maprupyrbl rrepeCTaIOT 6bITb TaKO-
BbIMH ,lI,JIR Bac U rrpH rrpeO,ll,OJIeHHH lfX nORBJIReTCR B03MO>KHOC1'b
cpblBa, C 31'oro MCCTa BaM CJIe,ll,yeT HJ1H oTcTyrrlfTb HaJM, Ii}]H opra-
HH30BaTb rrpH liaJIH'iHH BepeBKH CaMOcrpaxOBKY.
PaJ6epeM caMbIH npOCTOH CJIyqaH caMOCTpaXOBKH Ha yqaCTKe,
paBHOM nOJIOBHHe ,lI,JII1HbI BarueH BepeBKH If TaM, rL(e CpblB He CB5I-
3aH C TpaBMHpOBaHHeM, HarrpHMep Ha HaKJIOHHblX rrp<;mDKeHHbIX
nJIHTax, CHe)KHOM CKJIOHe, BbI ,lI,OJI>KHbl 3aKperrHTb O,ll,HH KOHeQ Be-
peBKH Ha rpy,ll,H, 3aBeCTH 6YXTY BepeBKH 3a ,lI,epeBO, OCHOBaUlfe
KycTa, BblcTyn, y6e,ll,HTbCR Bee CB060,ll,HOM npOTaCKHBaHHH, rtpH-
CTerHYTbCSI K BepeBKe 3aXBa1'bIBaIOI.l.{HM Y3JIOM Ha BbIXO,ll,e C TOqKH
06BO,ll,a H no Mepe ,lI,BH)KeHHR rrepeL(BHraTb 3aXBaTbIBalOl.L\HH Y3eJI
no BepeBKe, BbI,lI,aBJIHBaJI ee 113 plOK3aKa HJIH pa3MaTbIBaR HaKpy-
qeHHYIO '1epC3 I1Jleqo.
nOCJIe rrpeO,ll,OJIeHHR 06bIqHO He60JIblllOrO CJIO>KHOrO yqaCTKa
BepeBKY He06xo,ll,UMO BbITaI.l.{I1Tb, rrepe,ll,eprHBaJI Qepe3 TOqKY cTpa-
XOBKH.
ECJIH Bbl OCTaJIHCb O,ll,HH U uMeercR cneu.HaJIbHOe CHapIDKeHl1e -
MOJI01'OK, Kapa6HHbI, KPlOqbR, 3aKJIa,ll,KH H T, ,lI,., TO M>KeTe npH
He06xo,ll,UMOCTH npeO,ll,OJIeTb C Ha,ll,e>KHoi1 CaMOCTpaXOBKOH 60JIee
CJIO>KHbIH YQaCTOK.
HI1)KHUH KOHeQ BepeBKH HY:>KHO Ha,lI,e:>KHO 3aKperrHTb Ha rrno-
180

l.l.(a)J.Ke, TaM )ICe MO)ICHO OCTaBHTb p1OK3aK, eCJIH OH UI)lCeJIbIH. TIOA-
HHMaHTeCb rro MapwpyTY, rrepeABHrWl BAOJIb BepeBKH CHCTeMY
rrpHCTe)ICKH K HeH - 3axBaTbIBalOI.l.(HH Y3eJI, 3IDKHMHoe rrpHcrro-
C06JIeHHe, 3a6HBWI no rryTH KpIO%JI HJIH YKperrJUlJl3aKJIaAKH, CBO-
60AHbIH KOHel( BepeBKH MO)ICHO npocTO CBeCHTb BHH3 HJIH CMOTaTb
aKKypaTHo B 6yxTY Ha HCXOAHOH nJIOl.l.(aAKe.
TIoCJIe rrpOXO»<AeHIDI MapwpyTa 3aKperrHTe BepXHHH KOHel( Be-
peBKH, cnYCKaHTeCb rro HeH HJIH rro BcnOMOraTeJIbHOH, Bbl6HBaHTe
KplO':lbJl Ha rrOA'beMe HJIH crrYCKe, KaK YA06HO, TIOAHJlBWlfCb BO
BTOpOH pa3 Ha 3a)ICHMe, B.bITanU1Te plOK3aK,
TIO,lJ,HHMaTbCJI, KaK BHAHTe, rrpHXOAHTCJI ABa»<Abl, K TOMY )ICe
pa60TaeTe BbI 6e3 rronepeMeHHoro OTAblxa, KaK 6bIJIO 6bl B CJIY':Iae
rrOA'beMa C HarrapHHKOM, rr03TOMY TeMrr ABH)lCeHHJI AOJI)lCeH 6bITb
Bbl6paH Me,U,JIeHHee 06bl':lHOro.
HaH60JIee orraCHblMH B KaMHerraAHOM OTHoweHHH JlBJIJlIOTCJI
KappbI If MYJIbAbl Ha CKJIOHaX rop, )lCeJI06a, JIO)IC6HHbI H KYJIyapbI,
HaHMeHee orraCHbI Ha CKJIOHax H xpe6Tax rpe6HeBbIe JIHHlfH. KaM-
Hlf MorYT Ha'iaTb rra,!\aTb caMorrpOH3BOJIbHO, OITWlB nOCJIe HO':lHOro
3aMep3aHIDI, lfX MOryr C6POCHTb )lCHBOTHble, rrTHl(bI, JlWepHQb1.
Ha BbICOTax C OTpHl(aTeJIbHOH HO':lHOH TeMrrepaTypOH tlaHMeHb-
weH orraCHOCTH BbI rrOABepraeTeCb B paHHHe YTpeHHHe ':IaCbl, HaH-
60JIbWeH - rrpH OITaHBaHHH 3aMep3weH BOAbl B Tpel.l.(HHaX Me)IC-
AY KaMHJlMH, T. e. rr03L(HO YTPOM If BetJepOM. TIepBWI Mepa rrpeL(O-
CTOpO)ICHOCTH - H36eraTb L(BH)((eHHJI H oc06eHHO CTOJlHKH B Mec-
Tax rrOBblweHHOH KaMHeorraCHOCTH, a TaIOKe 6blTb npeL(eJIbHO BHH-
MareJIbHbIMH,
CKOpOCTb CB060AHO rraAalOl.l.(erO KaMHJI Mo*eT AOCTHraTb
200 M/C. YBHAeB ABH)lCYI.l.(HHCJI BHH3 no CKJIOHY KaMeHb, crrpJl%-
TeCb 3a BblcTYn CKaJIbI, KpynHYlO rJIbl6y HJIH, eCJIH HeT TaKOH B03-
MO)((HOCTH, npOCJIeAHTe 3a rrO.(1eTOM KaMHJI H rrOCJIe OITaJIKHBa-
HHJI ero OT CKJIOHa B rrOCJIe,lJ,HHH pa3 OTKJIOl:lHTeCb HJIH oTCTYrrHTe.
OpraHl13a411f1 CnYCKa
TIpH He06xoAHMOCTH crrYCTHTbCJI C 06pbIBa, BOAona,na, CKaJIbl
CJIeAYeT OpraHH30BaTb TOtJKY 3aKpeIIJIeHHJI HMelOl.l.(eHCJI Y Bac Be-
peBKH. 3ro MO)ICeT 6bITb AOCTaTOtJHO KperrKOe B KOMJIe AepeBO, rpyrr-
181

rra .KYCTapHHKOB, 06BS13aHHaJl
CqerBepeHHLlM peowuypOM, BbI-
CTyn CKaJIbi.
B CI<aJILH}'IO TpeIIJ.HHy, paCUlH-
pJllOJI BHYIPb, MOJKHO nOJIO-
)«HTb nO.l\XO,WIlIJ.HH KaMeHb, 3a
KOTOpbIH npHBJl3aTb neTJIIO H3
Bqemepo CJI<DKeHHoro peflIIlHYPa.
B 31)' nerl1lO, 3a AepeBO Hl1H
3a BbIcTyn, onYCTHTe nOl1OBH-
HY BepeBKH. ECl1H rny6HHa CKa-
PHC. 42. OpraHH3aHR cnycKa. l1bI OT 6pOBKH AO OCHOBaHHJI
npeBbIwaeT nOl1OBHHY Al1HHbI
BepeBKH, npHBJI)«HTe K HeH BcrroMOraTel1bHYIO BepeBKY (perrw-
HYP) TaK, tJT06bI 6pOMWTOKOBbIH Y3el1 HaXOAHl1CSI HH)«e TOqKH
neperH6a (pHC. 42).
CnycK oCYlIJ.eCTBl1JlHTe, npOAeB BepeBK)' 'Iepe3 6eApo H nl1e-
qO - cnoc060M ,ZJ:IOJlb4tepa (pHC. 43). llocl1e OKOHqaHHJI cnYCKa
BepeBKY He06xoAHMO nepeAepHYTb. Ha HeKpyn.IX CJIOHax Cl1eAyer
cnycKaTbcJI rHMHaCTH'IeCKHM crroc060M H1IH Ha.ABOHHOH BepeB-
Ke, BbIJ1.aBaJI O,ll,HH KOHeu. C TpeHHeM qepe3 AepeBO, BbIC1)'II (PHC. 44).
PHC. 43. Cnoc06 illOnhrpepa.
182
PHC. 44. CnycK
nfMHaCTH'leCKHH.

nepenpsss Llepea rOpHble peKH
DOJIhWWI CKOpOCTh Te'leHIDI - 5-6 MiceK, XOJIOMWI Boa,
CKOJIh3KHe, 'IacTO BIDKYHeClI no AllY KaMHH - Bce 3TO C03ae:r
3Ha'lUTeJIhHhle TpYAlIOCTH npH nepexoe 'Iepe3 ropHhle peKH.
HaHMeHhWHH ypoBeHh BO B peKax, nHTalOII.UfXClI OT JIeHH-
KOB H CHe*HHKOB,- pallO yrpoM, HaH60JIhWHH - BO sropOH no-
JIOBHHe IDI. CJIeOBaTeJIhHO, rrJIaHHpoBaTh rrepenpasy Hy*HO Ha
pallHHeH¥"e'laChI. v
HaH60JIee rrpoCTWI nepenpasa - HM BOOH, no Haxo.WIII.ijfMClI
HeaJIeKO pyr OT Pyra KaMHlIM HJIH 6peBHY.  YCTOH'IHBOCTH
Ha WaTalOeMClI 6peBHe HCnOJIh3ym weCT, ynHpWOIlUfHClI BbIwe
rro Te'leHHIO, HJIH 01TB*KY H3 BoiiHoH (nOTOM nepeepH}'Th) Be-
peBKH (PHC. 45).
IIeperrpaBa B6po HaH60JIee onacua. OcyeCTBJHlTh ee HMO B
HaH60JIee WHpoKHX MeCTax, oCTaB.IDUl60JIee my60KHe MeCTa BbIWe
no 1'e'leHHlO, 'IT06bI B CJIY'Iae CHoca He nonaCTb Ha my6HHY. IlleCT
CJIeyeT ep)KaTh, BorrpeKH pacnpOCTpaHeHHOMY 3a6JI)')K.lI:eHHlO,
BHH3 rro Te'leHHIO H aHaJIOrH'IHO nyrb BIDKeH CJIe,lfjleT BbI6HpaTb
HaHCKOCOK BHH3 rro Te'leHHlO, 'IT06brHe H3Hypjl'fh ce61I HiJDpaCHoH
60pb60H C BOHbIM rrOTOKOM.
llJeCT HarrpaBmllOT BHH3 no Te'leHHIO H HeMHoro Bnepe H, ynH-
pWiCb Ha Hero, TOJI'IKOM nepeHOClITTe!IO MWlTHHKOM Bnepe. 3aTeM
6bICTpO nepe6paCbIBalOT weCT, He BbIHHMWI ero H3 BObI, Ha CJIe-
,lfjI1OYIO TO'IKy ynopa.
IIpaBHJIa nepenpaBbl B6po,
OrrHCaHHbIe B MHOrO'lHCJIeHHbIX
HaCTaBJIeHHJlX, peKOMeHYIOT
yrrnpaTb weer BBepX rro Te'leHHlO
H BHraThClI HaHCKOCOK npOTHB
Te'leHHJI. rO.lI;JlTCM OHH ,ZJ.mI }":Ie6-
mIX 3awITHH, re, CTapWiCb o6e- .
30rraCHTb ce6JI H yqaCTHHKOB, py-
KOBOAHTeJIb aHHoro MeponpIDI-
THJI BbI6Hpaef npO'IOKH rny6HHOH
He 60JIee 'IeM no KOJIeHO. B Ta-
KOM CJIY'laeHCTBHTeJIbHO HMe- PHC. 45. OTTR)f(KB.
183

eT CMblCJI yrrHpaTbCH Ha meCT
MaCCOH TeJIa If HaXO.D.lfTb orropy
)],mI Hor BBepx rro Te4eHlflO, 4TO-
6bI He ,D,afb Te4eHHIO YBJIe4b HOry.
A BOT B peaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHHX,
KOr,D,a BOL(a rro rrOHC, a ynpym:H
rrOTOK Ha6eraer Ha rme40, }')Ke He
,D,O xpeCTOMaTHHHbIX KapnmOK.
Ew.e OL(lfH BeCbMa orraCHbIH
rrpe,D,paCCY,D,OK KacaeTCH BH,D,lf-
Pl1c. 46. nepenpsBs cnoco6M MOH nOBepXHOCTlf peKl1. npH paB-
"TSpSH». HOM JlaMlfHapHoM ,D,BIDKeHlfH CKO-
pOCTb peKlf MO)KeT 6blTb rOpa3,D,0 60JIbWeH, 4eM B nOKpblTOM rre-
HOlt 6ypHOM MeCTe, lf306lfflYIOw.eM BaJIYHaMlf, raCHWlfMlf CKOpaCTb.
.QOCTaT04HOH peWlfTeJ1bHOCTH If CMeJIOCTH Tpe6yeT CBaHCKlfH
crroc06 nepenpaBb14epe3 ropHbIe peKH, nJIOBel( (H y10Tpe6J1HIO
lfMeHHO :no CJIOBO), rrorpY)K<U!CI, B BO,D,y no rrJIe4H, JIlfl(OM H nOJIY-
coruyrbIMI1 HoraMlf BHH3 rro Te4eHIiIO, OITaJ1KHBaHCb B HanpaBJIe-
HHlf K npOTl1BOnOJIO)KHOMY 6epery OT ,D,Ha If BaJIYHOB, pblBKaMlf
nepenpaBJIHeTCH HalfCKOCb If BHU3 4epe3 6YPHYIO peKY.
113 rpynnoBbIX nOCTpoemlH)],mI nepenpaB HaH60JIee l(eJIecooo-
pa3HbIM, 3cpcpeKTlfBHbIM U Ha y,D,lfBJIeHlfe rrpOCTbIM HBJUIeTCH crro-
c06, Ha3bIBaeMbIH «npaH» (plfC. 46).
BbI6HpaIoT np04Hoe 6peBHo, KOMJ1eM HarrpaBJlHIOT BBepx rro Te-
4eHlfIO. Bce Y4acTHlfKH nepenpaBbl 06xBaTbIBalOT 3TO 6peBHo O,D,-
HOM PYKOM Ii rreperrpaBJIHIOTCH l(e-
rr04KoH, rrplf 3TOM JIlf,D,ep (y KOM-
JIH) 6epeT Ha ce6H OCHOBHYIO 4aCTb
«napycHoCTlf», OCTaJ1bHble ,D,Blfra-
IOTCH B ee Blfxpe.
nplf CJIlfWKOM 60JIbWOM pHcKe
nepenpaBbI B6po,D, CJIe,D,yeT HaMm
HalfMeHbwylO WHPHHY peKlf, lf3ro-
TOBH1b HKOpb lf3 Tpex-4eTbIpeX po-
raTHH If pa3BlfJIOK BeTBeM, CBH3aH-
HbIX cTporrOlo (pHC. 47), If, rrpHBH-
3aB \iMrrpOBlf3HpOBaHHbIH HKOpb K
<, "'- 1" " r "
'- ," ' 
,Q,I , " ,I. ij: ;J'' , I ,
\t]\l\' J?
"' J<:' - J c;';:7'5::-:
:;J!I
184
PI1C. 47. flKOpb

KOHIJ.Y BepeBKlf, rrepe6paCbIBarb
ee Ha L(PyroH 6eper B MeCTO
CKOrrneHHH 6peBeH, CTBOnOB
AepeBbeB, KpyrrHblx KaMHeH L(O
TeX rrop, rrOKa OHa He 3au.errHT-
CH 3a CTBon HJIH ee He 3aKJIH-
HHT Me)(()J,Y KaMH.II.MH. IIpoBe-
pHTh H3,lJ.e)KHOCfb 3aKpeIIJleHIDI
MO)KHO, YCIDllIB HaTH)I(eHHe Be-
peBKH C rrOMOll.{blO pblqara H3
naJIKlf, 3areM H)')KHO 3aKpellilTb
PHC, 48, CHcreMB nepenpBsbl. L(PyroH KOHel( Ha HCXOAHOM 6e-
pery TaK, qT06bl MO)l(HO 6blJIO
C APYroro 6epera, nOTIIHYB BcrroMOraTeJIbHYlo BepeBK)', BblTal.l.\HTb
clfcTeMY H3 ABYX BepeBoK (pHC. 48).
ECJIH BepeBKa HaTHHYTaHe He60JIbillOH Bblcore HaA BOAOH, cne-
.lI;yeT rrpHCTerH}'TbcH K rrepHnaM rreTJIeH BcrrOMOraTeJIbHOH BepeB-
KH, CJIO)l(eHHOH BqeTBepO, H ABHraTbCH B6pOA, nepe6HpaH PYKaMlf
rro HaTHHYToi1 BepeBKe. TpeHHH MOKpblX BepeBOK MO)l(HO He ona-
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MOH C BeTO'leK KOpbl npeOCTepe)ICeT Bac OT 60JIee TeCHoro 3Ha-
KOMCTBa C 3THMH RroaMH. npH rrorraaHHH B opraHH3M ileJIOBeKa
HrOb1 Bb13bIBaIOT oCTpoe BocnarreHHe C nOCJIe,lI.YIOllI.HM H3'bH3BJIe-
HlfeM CJIH3HCTblX 060JIotJeK )lCe.rryL(O'lHO-KHllle'lHoro TpaKTa, C CHJTh-
HbiM )IC)ICeHHeM BO pry, BocrraneHHeM ropJIa, roJIOBoKpy*eHHeM,
cyopOraMH H pBOTOH.
Bcera KpaCHble, L(a)ICe 6JIH)lCe K opaH)lCeBOMY Ll.BeT)', RrobI y
JIaH,.lI;b1IIIa 3aKaBKa3CKoro. 3TO BceM XOpOIllO 3HaKOMoe MHoroJIer-
Hee TpaBRHHCToe paCTeHHe C .If.BYMR npHKopHeBblMH npooJIroBa-
TO-3JIJIHIITH'IeCKHMH JIHCTbHMH. OceHbIO Ha l.\BerO'lHOH cTpeJIKe
rrOHBmIIOTCjJ gpKHe IIIapOBU,lI,Hble RroAbl.
TaMYc 06Hii (MaMOB KopeHb). TOHKHe, 2-3 MM B HaMerpe,
cTe6JIH-JIHaHbI, 3aCblxaIOT oceHbIO. Ha HHX paCnOJIaraIOTCR rpo-
191

,abJi JlpKHX, nOXO)l(UX cPOpMOH H QBeTOM Ha KH3Hn gro,a, HO 003
nnomoH KH3HnOBOH I<OCTOttKH. CHJIbHOe OI'paBJIeHHe Hac1)'naer Of
10-15 JIro,a.
IIaCJJeH CJJa.zucOooropbKHH (BKJI. 91), ceMeHCTBo naeneHOBblX.
TIOJI3yttHH nonYKYCTapHHK,ao 2 M JVIHHOH. IlnO,lUd KpaCHble, YJVIU-
HeHHoH cPOPMbI. Bce pacTeHue, Oco6eHHO JIro,lUd, Jl,aOBHTO. MO)l(er
Bbl3BaTb Cblnb Ha KO)l(e.
C&fOe rnaBHoe cpe,aCTBO nponm OI'paBJIeHHii nepettHeneHHblMU
pacreHWIMH --, He eCTh He3HaKOMbIX JII"O.A, TpaB, rpH60B. Ho eCJIH Bee
*e BbI peunrre yromm, rono,a He3MbIM DaM paCTeHHeM, CbeWbTe
cpa3Y He 60nee 2 r, ttepe3 2,5 qaca CDeWbTe elQe HeMHoro, npHMepHO
0.l1HY tteroepn. Ofroro, CKOJIbI<O XorenOCb 6b1, ttepe3 15 ttacOB eWbTe
CKOObKO yro,auo. He 3a6bIBaHTe npH 3TOM, 'ITO noene npHeMa BHyrpb
6ne,auoH rroraHKH nepBble npH3HaKH OI'paBJIeHHJI HacrynaIOT nHWb
'1epe3 12 ttaCOB.
nepsWl nOMOlQb rrpH OI'paBneHUH Jl,aOBHTblMU paCTeHWlMH co-
CTOHT npe)((,l],e Bcero B npoMbIBaHHH )l(eny.zv<a. H}')KHO BbInHTb npH-
MepHO nuTp TennOH BOO.zu,I H, Ha,u,aBJIHBaJI nam.QeM Ha I<OpeHb Jl3bl-
Ka, BbI3BaTb PB01Y, TIOBTOpUTb npoQe,aypy cne,ayer 2-3 p3.3a. noc-
ne npOMblBaHHJI )l(eny,aKa npHHJITb aKTHBHpOBaHHbIH yronb - He
MeHee 20 Ta6neToK. B noxo,aHbIX ycnoBIDix ero 3aMeHHT xopowo
npOKaJIeHHblH yronb KOCTpa. Qepe3 2-3 '1aca He06xoJJ.HMO npoMblTb
)l(eny,aoK nOBTOpHo. Tenepb KaCaTenbHO 06MOp0)l(eHHJI. QHO B03-
MO)l(HO He TonbKO npH OI'pHQaTenbHblX, HO H npu nonO)l(}lTenbHbIX
nOKa3ateJUlx TeMrrepaTypbl. TaK, TeMnepaTypa +5 °C rrpH ycnoBHu
CHnbHOrO Berpa U nOBblweHHoH BJIIDKHoCrU TaIOKe MO)l(er Bbl3BaTb
06Mopo)l(eHue.
TIpu rrepeoxnIDK,aeHUU OCHOBHble HapyweHHJI rrpOHCXO,lJ)lT B
MHKpOCOCY,aax, CHH)I(eHUe KpoBo06pauxeHUJI 3aTpy,auJler ,aoc1)'n
KHcnopo,aa B TKaHH. Ho npu HU3KUX TeMllepaTypax 3TO He BJIetter
3a C060H opraHHtteCKHx HapyweHuH. Ecnu HattaTb 6b1CTpO corpe-
BaTb nOBepxHocTHble cnOH (HanpHMep, B nmlMeHH KOCTpa), pe3Ko
nOBblWaIOTCJI 06MeHHble npoLl.eCCbl, I<OTOpble BOCCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCJI
6b1CTpee, '1eM KpoBoo6paIlteHHe, a B TKaHJIX, He nonyttHBWUX HOp-
ManbHoro npHTOKa KPOBU, HattUHalOTCJI npOQeCCbI OMeprBeHHJI.
Qr06b1 He ,aorrYCTHTb :ITeI'O, corpeBaIlHe npH 06Mopo)l(eHWIX ,aon-
)l(H0 6bITL MeMeHHblM.
192

Ha 06MOpO)l(eHHbie (rr06eJ1eBllme) ItIaCTKH KO)l(H, rrepeL( TeM
KaK BOHTH B rrOMellleHlfe HJ1H npHCeCTb K KOCTpY, CJ1eAyeT HaJ10-
)l(lfTb TerrJ10lf30J1HPYIOILl.He nOBjf3KH. COrpeBaHHe 6YAeT rrpOHCXO-
L(lfTb Me.D.JleHHO 3a ClfeT BHYTpeHHeH :meprHlf OpraHlf3Ma.
06jf3aTeJ1bHO CJ1eAyeT BbIl1HTb KperrKoro ropjflfero lfM. npH He-
ClfJIbHOM 06MOpo)l(eHHH J1Ylfille paCTeperb KOiK)' IllepCTIIHOH TKaHbIO.
TaKX<e K 06MOpO)l(eHHbIM Y1.:IaCTKaM, KaK H npH O)l(OraX, MO)l(HO
nplfKJ1MbIBaTb nplfMOlfKH lf3 HaCTOjf COcpOpbllf KaJIeHJI.YJ1bl, O'rBapa H
HaCTOjf TpaBbI 3Bep06ojf. n0J1e3HbI TalOKe KOMnpeCCbI C MaCJ10M 3Be-
p06ojf. ,[{JIjf npOcpHJ1aKTHKlf 06MOp0)l(eHlfjf Heo6xOAHMO CMaJblBaTb
KO)l(Y J1Hl(a J1l06bIM )l(lfBOTHbIM )l(HpOM.
OTCYTCTBHe anTelfKH B eCTeCTBeHHbIX YCJ10BHjfX MO)l(eT 6bITb C
ycnexoM BOCnOJ1HeHO 3a ClfeT MHoro06pa3Hjf paCTHTeJ1bHoro Mlfpa.
DOraTbIH CnlfCOK paCTeHHH B03rJIaBJIjfeT TbICjflfeJ1HCTHHK BCeX BH-
L(OB, B TOM lflfCJ1e H C UeJ1bHbIMH J1HCTbjfMlf - TbICjfT..J:eJ1erHHK L(BIDK-
AbIl1lfJ1blfaTbIH. nplflfeM J1lfCTbjf MO)l(HO nplfKJ1aAblBaTb (H.D.Jljf HH-
)l(errepelflfCJ1eHHbIX TpaB) KaK B ueJ10M BlfL(e, TaK H paJWITble B nMb-
uax, a TaK)I(e B BHAe OTBapa, COKa, nopOIllKax H T, A.
B03MO)l(HO OCTaHOBHTb KpOBOTelfeHlfe, npOAe3lfHcpHl(HpOBaTb
paHY C nOMOWblO J1lfCTbeB TaKHX paCTeHlfH: 3Bepo6oSl npOAbpSlB-
J1eHHOrO, naCTYUIbeii CYMKU, KpanUBI>I, BOASlHoro nepLl.a, ny-
3b1p1.JaTOU BIUUJUf, AIfKOH pH6UHbI-nll*MbI, 1.JUCTOTeJIa, lIJ.a-
BeJIH KOHCKoro, 1J.IfKOpIfH, L(YUIULl.bI, CMOJleBKU, por03a, CH-
HlOXU, XBOlIJ.a, 1.Ja6peLl.a, 30JIOTOTbICH1.JIIUKa, MaTb-U-MaQCXH,
nOL(0pO*HHKa,
1-13 ApeBeCHblXJ1 KYCTapHlfKOBblX nopo,l\ HeMMO TaKlfX BlfAOB
paCTeHlfM, J1HCTbjf KOTOpblX b6J1aAaJOT HyJKHbIMH CBOHCTBaMlf. 3TO:
CKYMnHH, J1J1J1 JKCJITOApeBKa, CYMax, HBa, TOnOJlb, Bce BHAbl
L(y6a, pSl6uHa, OJIbXa, opeWHHK-JIelIJ.UHa, KpYUIUlia H *OCTep,
HceHb, KJIell, KaJIUHa, rpeLl.KHH opex, H6J10HH, 6YK, 6ap6apuc.
MO)I(HO TalOKe npHMeHHTb crropbl 3peJ10rO rpu6a-AO*AeBUKa J1
nopXOBKII, I1x lfepHO-KOpHlfHeBYIO nblJIb crie.nyer rrOCbmaTb Ha paHY,
a 6apXaTJ1CTy10 BHyrpeHHIOIO rrOBepXHOCTb rpH60B HaJIO*HTb Ha Hee,
I1MrrpoBH3HpoBaHHblH 6J1HT MO)l(HO CAeJ1aTb lf3 6epeCTbl, PaJ-
MjfB ee npeABapHTeJ1bHO B rraJIbl(aX, H3 KOpbI HBbI, OJIbXU, Kapa-
ra1.Ja, KPYUIUllbI, JlUnbI, KaJIUHbI. He)l(HblH WITKHH CJiOH KOpbl,
B3jfTOH C M0J10AbIX BeToK, 06JIaAaer K TOMY JKe 6aKTepHUIfAHblMU,
7. CnpaBO""HK Tyj)"CTa
193

KpOBOOCTaHaBJUmatOll.{I1MU 11 paH03a)l(I1BJUltOll.{I1Mlf cBoikTBaMlf.
B CU611plf If Ha .L(aJ1bHeM BOCTOKe L(nH 3TI1X QeneH MO)l(HO lfC-
nOnb30BaTb nlfCTbH HrOL(HbIX paCTeHlfH - 'lepHHKH, rOJly6uKH,
KOCTSlHIIKIf, OPYCIUIKH, KnIOKBbI, a TaK)I(e JII1CTbH IICTOL(a CH-
6lipCKoro, PO)J,JfOJlI.I p030BOii (BKn. 92), MapbHHoro KOp"H -
mfOlla YKJlOIISllow.crocH, nCB3CH caclmopoBHtJ.HOii (BKn. 93), aK-
TUHIfL(IUI, KlmpCH Y3KOJlHCTOrO, nO)l(C'lIlOH TpaBbI (BKn. 94),
apaJIlIU Mallb'l*YPCKOH (BKn. 95), opcxa I\laHb'liKypcKoro, 6ap-
xan al\lypCKOro. XOpOlllO L(eHcTByeT I\IOX cclJarllYM.
Ha KpaHHcM CeBepe roL(lfTCH IlmpOKO pacnpoCTpaHeHHblH HC-
JlaHL(CKIiH MOX (BKJI. 96). PaCTepTblH L(O COCT05lHHH naCTbl 30J]0-
TOM KOpCllb OTnlf4HO ne4HT paHbi.
B Cpe.ll.HeH A3IUt rrpaKTU4eCKIt no BceM BblCOTHbiM nOHcaM npo-
InpaCTaIOT npe.ll.CTaBHTeJIlt pOL(a 3aHQery6, HJIlf naroxllnyc
(BKn. 97). 3TO 3acyxoycTOH4uBbie pacTeHlfH lf3 ceMeHCTBa ry60l(-
BeTllblX C KOnIOllltMH npl'IlBe1'HItKaMH y OCHOBaHlfH nonYMYTOBOK.
HacToH 1t3 5 r TpaBbl Ha 0,5 n KlInHTKa (45 MltHYT B cTBope )l(apa
KOCTpa, He L(OBOL(5!'L(O KHneHltH) npHMeHHIOT KaK HapY)l(lI0 B BHL(e
npHM04eK, TaK It BHYTpeHHe (npHrOTOBneHHYIO L(03Y npllHHMaIOT
:m TpIt pa3a) nplt nnoxol1 CBCpTblBaCI\IOCTH KpOBH U L(PYrIlX KpOBO-
Te4eHWIX: BHYTPCHHlfX, reMOppml.ll.aJ1bHbIX, MaT04HbIX.
113 L(pymx KpOBOOCnlHaBnItBaIOIlUIX paCTeHltl1 CpCL(HeH A3111t
OTJ\leTltl\l 3c1JCtJ.PY (KY3MI1'IeBY TpaBY), J]OX CCpC6p11CThlii, MHoro-
4UCnellHbJe BH.lI.bl aCTparaJIOB H JlYt<a.
Ho nYCTb 31'01' L(JIItHHbll1 cnHCOK paCTeH1I11 He npl1BOL(liT Bac K
04eHb onaCIIOMY 3a6nY)l(L(eHltlO: «B npHpO.ll.e Bce ne4e6HO, JllO-
6ble nliCTbH 1\10)l(HO npHnO)l(HTb K palle». TaK He.u.aneKO Ii L(O 6eL(bi.
HCKOTOpble pacreHHH 06rra,ll,aIOl; Hao60par, cocY.ll.OpaCllllfpHIOll.{lfM
CBOHCTBOM, T. e. npH rrpHl\1eHeHl1lf ycunHT KpOB0T04HBOCTb. TO BceM
3HaKOMbie ocnblH H )l(CnTbIH L(OIlIlHK JlCKapCTBCllllblii, aJITcii
nCt<apCTBCHllblii, Bce BlfL(bl CiKCBHKH, Kynclla, rapMaJla, nyc-
TblPHHK, tJ.YL(HHK, XMCJlb; Ha .L(anbHeM BOCTOKe - iKCHblliCllb,
3J]CYTCPOKOKK (BKn. 98) H JIliMOlIlIUK KHTaHCKHH (BKn. 99).
.L(pyme paCTeHH5! ewe 60nee onaCHbl, H60 rronpOCTY H.lI;OBHTbl H
OTKpbITblH KOHTaKr C HHMlf MO)l(eT He TonbKO YBen114lf1'b KpOBOTe-
4eHHe Ii He 3a)l(l1BliTb paHbl, HO If TOKClf4eCKH BnHHTb Ha .lI.pyrHe
opraHbl, Bbl3blBaTb KO)l(Hbie 3a60neBaHlfH.
194

KpOMe Y)Ke yrrowlHyrblX 06)KHralOll.\HX paCTeHUH (HCeULl.a, JlH-
mID, lfJUI cpCAllea3HaTcKoro loralla) CJIe)l.yeT bnacaTbC5I BOJl'lCH-
ro)lIIHKa, y KOTOpOro O'leHb ClfnbHO naxHYll.\He l(Berbl n05lBJUlIOTC5I)l.O
pacnYCKaHIMI JIlfCTbeB, BopOllbero rJIa3a, Bcex BlfL(OB MOJlO'laH,
I\IOp03HHKa H TaKHX nplfJITHblX Ha BH,lI, fJIa,LI.KlfX JIHl.'TbeB nO)lCllejKflH-
Ka, JlallAblma, oe3BpeMellHHKa, oc06eHHo CKononHH Bcex BH)l.OB,
KonblTellH, MHOro TaKHX paCTeHlfH. B ceMeHCTBe JIlOTHKOBbIX, JIH-
neHHbIX, rraCJIeHOBbIX, rranOpOTHHKOB.
JIerKHM CJIa6HTenbHbiM Cpe)l.CTBOM npH 3anopax MO)KeT CJIY-
)KI1Tb OTBap H3 KOpbl KpymJ1l1b1 (BKJI. 100) -- ynoTpe6JIeHHe ero
npe)l.nO'lTI1TenbHee npH XpOHH'IeCKlfX 3anopax. Cnoc06 nplfMeHe-
HI151: I cTOnoBYIO nO)KKY KOpbl BCKHn5lTHTb B nOJIKpY)KKe (06'beM
KPY)Klf 3)1.eCb If B L(aJIbHeHllleM - 0,5 JI) BOL(bl, HaCT05lTb 2 'I, npo-
le)l.HTb 11 BblfllfTb KaK pa:30BYlo )I.()3Y.
L{n51 YMeHbllleHlf51 BpeMeHlf HaCTaHBafIIDI. 51f'O)l.bl nYLJllle npe)l.Ba-
pl1TenbHo pacTepe1'b. TaK)Ke K CJIa6HTeJIbHbiM CpeL(CTBaM OTHOC5IT-
C5I cTe6Jl1i 11 flJlOL(bl naKOHoca al\lepJ1KaIlCKOro, JlJ1CTbH O'lItTKa,
cel\lena nO)lOpOiKIIHKa, nJlO)lbl cnHBbl.
OTBap B nOJleBbIX ycnoBlliIX cne)l.yer roTOBI1Tb CJIeL(YIOll.\lfM 06pa-
301\1: Ha 10 lJaCTel1 BOL(bI 6epeM 'IaCTb TpaBbl (KopHeH, nnOL(OB:H 1: L(.),
31'0 COoTBeTCTByer 1 CTOJIOBOH JIO)KKe Ha CTaKaH BOL(bl. 3aCbll1aeM
JIeKapCTBeHliOe pacTeHlfe B cocYL( C BO)l.OH, L(OBOL(HM L(O KlfneHlf51 If
KHn5lTl1M 15 MliH. Ha Me)J..l1eHHOl\1 OrHe - Ha ym5lx B6nH3H KOCTpa.
LJ:aeM HaCT05lTbC5I, 3aKpblB KpbIlllKOH. (JIlfCT, nnOCKlfl1 KaMeHb, Kopa),
L(O OXJIIDK,l],eHWI. Il pH OTcyrCTBliH BpeMeHH lfJIH noc)'.l\bl paCTeHHe MO)K-
HO HCnOJIb30BaTb B CbIpOM BH,lI,e.
Ilpli Ol.'TpblX pecnHpaTopHbIX 3a60JIeBaHHIDC, Kampe BepXHI1X )l.bl-
xaTenbHblX nyreM CJleL(yeT nOJIOCKaTb ropno OTxapKliBaIOll.\lfM OTBa-
pOI\1 113 KOpHel1 anTCH, BeTOLJeK '1a6pCIla, JIHCTbeB nO)lOpOiKHItKa.
5-6 CBe)KlIX JIIiCTbeB 3aJIlfBaIOT CTaKaHOM (rrOJlKpY)KKH) KHIT5!TKa, Ha-
l.'TaHBaIOT Ii npHHHMaI<IT BHyrpb B Ka'leCTBe npoTlfBOBOCrraJIl1TeJJbHoro
11 oTxapKlfBalOll.\erO CpeL(CTBa. B 3THX )Ke l(eJUlX lfCrrOJlb3YIOT OTBap
TpaBbl $HaJlKH naxY'Icii (BKJI. 101), TpaBbi If KOpH5I CHHIOXH
i-O.TIYOOH (BI<Jl. 102). BOL(HbIM HaCToH f'OTOBlfTC5I CneL(YIOll(lfM 06pa-
30M: 20 r TpaBbl '3aJIHTb 0,5 n Kpyroro KIiIDITKa, AnSI nonYLJeHH5I OTBapa
5 r KOpHeBl1wa rrpOKHn5lTHTb B TaKOM )Ke KOJIlf'leeTlJe BOL(b1 20-30 MIlli.
B 3aKpbI1OH rrocY)l.e. IIpHroL(eH J].JUI 0,ll,HOpa30BOro npHeMa.
195

MaTb-H-Ma'ieXa MO)l(eT HCn0J1b30BaTbC5I. npaKTHtJeCKH Kpymo-
rO,AH'iHO: l(BeTbl - B 51.HBape-MapTe, J1lfCTb51. - C arrpeJ151. no ,Ae-
Ka6pb. MO)l(HO TaK)I(e HCrr0J1b30BaTb TpaBY ,AYlllHl(bl (2 'iaHHble
J10)l(KH Ha nOJ1KpY)I(Klf KHn5l.TKa), penelllKa (,ABe C rr0J10BHHOH CTO-
J10Bble J10)l(Klf Ha rrOJ1KPY)I(KH), lllaJ1(pe51. H pOMalllK arrTe'iHOH (rro
CT0J10BOH J10)l(Ke Ha rrOJ1KpY)I(KH Klfn5I.TKa) - HaCTalfBaIOTC5I. 15-20
MHH. II0J10BHHY HaCT051. HY)I(HO BbIITlfTb, a OCTaBllleHC5I. 'iaCTblO rro-
J10CKaTb ropJ1o.
KpoMe ::noro MO)l(HO rrpHMeH5I.Tb oTBap TpaBbI 'iepe,AbI If 3Bepo-
6051.: O,AHY CTOJ10BYIO J10)l(KY B 1I2.KPY)I(KH BO,AbI HarpeBaTb Ha yr-
J151.X y KOCTpa, He ,AOBO)J)l ,AO KlfrreHH5I., B Te'ieHHe 15 MHHYT, BHYTPb
rrplfIDITb 1/3 ,A03bl.
IIpH OTpaBJ1eHHH He06xo,AlfMO C03,AaTb B )l(eJ1YL(O'iHO-KHllle'i-
HOM TpaKTe YCJ10BH5I. 06B0J1aKHBaHlf51. CJ1H3b10 51.,AOBlfTbIX np0,AYK-
TOB HJ1I1 BeI.Il;eCTB 11 TaKHM 06pa30M npe,AOTBpaTHTb HX BCaCbJBa-
HHe B opraHH3M.
JIY'illlHM 06B0J1aKHBaIOI.Il;HM Cpe,ACTBOM 51.BJ151.IOTC5I. Bce BHL(b1
51.TpbllllHlfKa, KOTOpbIH rrpOl13pacTaeT BO Bcex BbICOTHbIX nOHcax
KaBKa3a, HeBblcoKa51. KHCTb 51.pKlfX u.BeTOB He06bl'iHOH <pOpMbI
(ceMeHcTBo 0pXI1,AeH) Ha xpynKoH BepTlfKaJ1bHOH HO)l(Ke XOpOlllO
3aMeTHa. DOJ1bllllfHCTBO Blf,AOB 3aHeceHO B KpacHYlo KHHry. B KOp-
HeBblX lllHlllKax (06bl'iHO l1X ,ABe - OBaJ1bHble, C OTI5I.HYTbIM KOH-
U.OM, HJ1H L(J1aHeBH,AHOpaCCe'ieHHble; pO,A rraJIb'iaTOKOpeHHlfK) co-
,Aep)l(HTC5I. 50% CJ1H3H. OTBapeHHbIe B Te'ieHHe 3 MHH. HJ1lf C'be-
,AeHHble B CblpOM BH,Ae B KOJ1H'ieCTBe 100-150 r, OHH 3Ha'ilfTeJ1bHO
YCKOp5l.1OT H36aBJ1eHHe 01' nOCJ1e,ACTBHH oTpaBJ1eHH5I..
3a60J1eBaHIDI pOTOBOH rr0J10CTlf, 3y6HYIO 60J1b cJ1e.nyer CHHMaTb
rr0J10CKaHHeM oTBappM J1HCTbeB Bcex BH,AOB WaJlcIJeH (BKJI. 103),
.iJHcTbeB nY3b1p'laToH BItWHH (BKJI. 104), O'ieHb MHorHX pacTe-
HHH H3 CeMeHCTBa ry60Ll.BerHblx: MHTbl, .lI.YWHLl.bl, '1a6peLl.a, Me-
J1HCCbl. IIplf 3y6HOH 60J1H TaK)I(e rrOKa3aHO CMa3b1BaHHe ,AeCeH
MJIe'iHblM COKOM nJIO,AOB HH3mpa,
CH5I.Tb 3y6HYlO 60J1b MO)l(HO, rrO)l(eBaB KopeHb MblJ1bHHHKH
(81m. 105), CH5I.Tb roJ10BHYIO 60J1b - BbIITHB oTBap KOpIDI xpeHa,
HaCT051. TpaBbi rYJ151.BHHKa HJIH naCT)'lllbeH CYMKH.
IIpH rrpoCT)',AHbIX 3a60J1eBaHH5I.X B Ka'ieCTBe nororoHHoro cpe,A-
CTBa CJIe,AyeT rrplfHHMaTb BHYTPb oTBap U.BeTOB J1HnbI, rrJIO,AOB 6y-
196

3HHbl '1epHOH, anTe"IHOH pOMaWKH, JIHCTbeB I:l nJIO..lI;OB 3eMJIH-
IIHKH, e*eBHlm, MaJIHHbI.
XOPOWHM rrpOTHBOO)KOrOBbIM Cpe..lI;CTBOM HBJIHe'rCH Ma3b H3
pa3..lI;aBJIeHHb1X JIHCTbeB OlllfTKa HJIH ..lI;Pyrux npe..lI;CTaBHTeJIeH ce-
MeHCTBa TOJICTHKOBbIX: O'lHTKa KaBKa3CKoro, MOJlO.ll.HJla MaJlO-
pOCTHoro H KaBK83CKoro,
XOPOWHM rrpOTHBOO)KOrOBbIM cpe..lI;CTBOM B ..lI;OMaWHHX yCJIO-
BHHX HBJUleTCH CMeCb MYKH H3 BblcyweHHoro KOpIDI JIOIryxa H XJ10n-
KOBOro MaCJIa. OHa)Ke JIelllfT If 06MOpO)KeHHH,
K YWH6JIeHHOMY MeCTY CJIe..lI;yeT npHJIO)KHTb rrYllKH H3 BbIBa-
peHHbIX JIlfCTbeB H cTe6neH rB03.l1.HI\;H (Bl<JI. 106) H TaMYC8 -
8.l1.aMOrO KOpHH (BKJ1, 107),
CHHTb 60neBbie oll.{YllleHHH OT YWlf6a, a TaK)Ke JIl06bIe 60JIH B
cycTuBax rrOMO)KeT nHxTOBoe MaCJIO, OHO nOJIYllaeTcH rrpH rrepe-
rOHKe f1lfXTOBOH XBOH. B KaKoH-TO Mepe 3aMeHHTb f1HXTOBOe Macno
MO)KeT CMona, Bbl..lI;enHIOwaHCH Ha CTBOJIaX rrHXTbI no..lI; B3..lI;YTHK-
MH - )KeJIBaKaMH,
nOTepTocTH Ha Horax CJle..lI;yeT npoMblBaTb Ha HOllb oTBapoM
nO.ll.OpO)KIIHKa, 6arYJIbHltKa (BKJI, 108), TbICHlleJIHCTH!lKa.
npH YCTaJIOCTli Hor Cne..lI;yeT npHMeHHTb TaKOH)Ke OTBap H3 cy-
weHHIJ,b1, peneWK8, OJIbXH.
3aKpenJUlIOWHM CpeL(CTBOM npH paCCTpOHCTBe )KeJIY,lJ.Ka MO)KeT
CJIY)KlfTb OTBap lf3 pa3L(po6JIeHHblX KOCTOlleK KH3HJla, KOpbl.ll.y6a
MJIH HBbl, npOKMIDIlIeHHblX He MeHee ll1aca lOr MeJIKO Hape3aHHoH
MOJIO..lI;OH KOpbI Klf3lfna oTBapuTb B 0,5 JI BO..lI;bl, HaCTOHTb ..lI;0 OXJ1IDK-
..lI;eHJ1j[, npMHMMaTb BHYTpb KaK pa30BYlO ..lI;03Y. TpaBY 3Bepo60H npo-
J{blpHBJIeHHOrO (M TOJIbKO 3TOT BM..lI;), TblCHlleJIHCTHHK8 H anTeli.
HOH POM8WKH ,ll,JUI3THX )Ke l(eJIeH KMrrHTHTb 5-7 MHH, 3peJIble rrno-
..lI;bI MYWl\IYJlbl repl\lalicKoit (HOK6pb) H Hro..lI;bI lIepHHKM yrroTpe6-
nHIOTCH 6e3 06pa60TKH, )J;nH 3THX )Ke lJ,eneH MO)KHO rrpHrOTOBHTb
HacToH nO.ll.0po*HHKa (5-6 JIHCTbeB Ha CTaKaH KMIDITKa - pa30BWI
..lI;03a), ellle JIYlIwe oTBapHTb 10 r ero ceMKH, OlleHb 3<p<peKTHBeH
KaK 3aKpenJIHIOll.{ee Cpe..lI;CTBO oTBap rrnO..lI;OB IlI.8BeJIH KOHCKoro.
XOpOlllHM 3aKperrJUlIOWHM CBOHCTBOM 06JIa..lI;aer HaCTOH JIHCTb-
eB U cTe6JIeH JIanllaTKH XOJIO.ll.HOit (KaJIaraHa), pac1}'llI.eH B aJIb-
rrHHCKOM rrOHce H OTJIH'ialOll.{eHCH OT npOH3paCTaIOll.{HX HHiKe pacre-
HHH MeHblllHMH pa3MepaMH cTe6JIK (..lI;0 20 CM), TpOHliaTbIMH, a He
197

IUlTHpaJL(eJIbHbIMH JIHCTMIMH H MeJ1KHMH )KeJ1TbIMlf l(BeTKaMH. TaK-
)Ke ,lI,eHCTBeHHOe CpeL(CTBO - BO,ll,HbIH HaCTOH OJIbXOBbiX llllfllleK.
COK CBe)KlfX nHCTbeB nacryIllbeH CY!\IKU HY)KHO npHHlfMaTb
npu rrOHocax no 50 Karrenb. BrrpolfeM, caMblM ClfnbHblM nponmo-
nOHOCHblM Cpe,ll,CTBOM 51Bn5l10TC5I 3HalfHTeJIbHbie cplf3HlfecKHe Ha-
rpY3Klf, KOTOpblX B ycnOBlf5lX BbIHY)((,lI,eHHoro BbIXOL(a 6bIBaeT npe-
,lI,OcrarolfHO.
)];n51 6blcTpeHillero 3a)KlfBneHH5I paH MorYT lfcnonb30BaTbC5I
nHCTMI nO)J.opo*lIIfKa, JIYKa, 'lIfCTOTCJla 60JlbIllOrO, IIHilmpa,
nacJlena 'lepHOrO, Blf,ll,OB L(y6a, nanOpOTlIHKa I\1HOrOIlO&KII --
CnaL(Koro KOH5I, KneBepa, llI.aBenSl, 6Y3JUlbI BOHIO'IeH, TpaBbl
TblCSI'lemfCTHUKa, MHTbI, JlH)J.BeHla.
J1HCTb51 Cal\1IllUTa (BKn. 109) BelfH03eJIeHOrO KpenKoro KYC-
TapHlfKa C MenKI1MH nlfCTb5lMH, paCTYlllero B,lI,Onb IO)KHbIX CKno-
HOB, IorO-3anaL(Hee 6acceHHa peKH ilce3yaille H B 6acceHHe peKH
illlleX11 Ha ceBepe, 11 oc06eHHO MOX, CBlfCalOllll1H C aeTBei1, np11-
KnaL(blBaIOT K CBe)KlfM paHaM. ilplflfeM MOX HaKna,D,'blBaeTC5I Ha
paHY 6e3 npeL(BaplfTenbHoro npOMbIBaHH5I ero, TaK KaK B eCTe-
CTBeHHOM COCT05lHl1lf OH 06na,ll,aeT 51pKOBblpa)KeHHbIMl1 aI-ITl1Cen-
TlflfeCKHI\111 cBoifcTBaMH. B CH6lfpH Ha paHY MO)KHO nOnO)KHTb
L(e3lfHcpHlJ,HPYIOllllfi16enbIH !\lOX cafHYl\1. J1lfCT L(lfKOrO (paBHO
KaK H KynbTypHoro) BlfHOrpaL(a, onYllleHHbIH B Klfn5lTOK Ha He-
CKonbKO ceKYH,lI, 11 rrpHnO)KeHHbII1 K rH05lWHMCjI paHaM, q)YPYH-
KynaM, BbIT5IrlfBaeT_ 3KCCY,lI,aT If rrpeKpawaeT BocnanHTenbHblH
rrpOl(eCC,
ilpn Yllllf6ax none3Hbi TaIOKe nplfMOlfKH lf3 OTBapeHHblX nlfCTb-
eB KyrreHbl, nplfnapKlf lf3 llllfllleK XMeJlH.
ilpH Kalllne, BocnaneHlflf cnlf3lfCTOH 060JIOlfK11 ,lI,bJXaTenbHbIX
opraHOB C OT,lI,eneHlfeM cn113lf XOpOIllO MO)KeT nOMOlfb OTBap KOp-
HeH anTe5l. OTBap roTOBlfTCjI 113 50 r lf3MenblfeHHbiX KopHeH paCTe-
H1151 Ha CTaKaH K11IU1TKa, nocne OTCTalfBaHml11 OXJIa)KL(eH1151 rrp11Hlf-
MaeTCjI rro 1 lfaHHOH nO)KKe 3 pa3a B ,lI,eHb. )];n51 pa30Boro np11eMa
rrpuro,ll,eH OTBap 113 2-3 r CblpOro KOPHjI,
KaK oTxapK11BalOwee Cpe,ll,CTBO MO)KHO npHMeH5ITb oTBap KOp-
HeBUlll L(eBSlCUJla BbiCOKoro (L(O 2 M). 3TO paCTeHl1e BepxHero
rrojlca C KpynHblMlf Kop3HHKaM11 )KenTbIX l(BeTOB, rrOXO)K11X Ha
YMeHbllleHHbIH rrO,ll,COnHelfH11K. YnoTpe6n5lTb ero CJle,ll,YeT B 60nb-
198

IlllfX KOnH'-:lCCTBaX - no CTonOBOH nO)I(KC oTBapa 5-6 pa3 B ,lI,CHb,
T. e. no 10-12 r Ha 0L(HOpa30BbIH rrpHcM.
XOpOIllHM OTXapKlfBaIOll\HM CpC,lI,CTBOM RBnReTCR TpaBa .lJ.ywu-
Ll.bI, 3aBapCHHa5! KaK 4aH.
)J:Ba,ll,l(aTHMlfHYTHbIM HaCTOCM TpaBbJ WaJleH (Ha KPY>KKY KH-
nRTKa 20 r) CncL(ycT nonOCKaTb POTOBYIO nonOCTb If ropno npH
BocnanCHlfH ,lI,CCCH, KaTapanbHblx BocrranCHIDIX cnH3HCTbIX 060Jlo-
4CK, aHrlfHax.
CTOMaTI1T - HapblBbl Ha BHyrpCHHHX 4aCTRX ry6 - nO.lI.lJ.aCTCR
JlC4CHlfi0 nplfKJIaL(blBaHlfeM TOHKO H3MeJ1b4CHHOH TpaBbi TblCH'le-
JlUCTHliKa.
TblcH4cnlfcTHlfK -- npc>K,lI,c BCCro npcKpacHoc KpoBoocTaHaB-
nlfBaIOWCC CpCL(CTBO, np1I4eM TblCH4cnlfCTHHK BCCX BMOB: KaK 06bJK-
HOBCHHbIH, MHoroKpaTHOpaccc4cHHblH, TaK H C l(CnblMlf nHCTbHMI1 -
L(BmK,lI,bInl1nb4aTbIH. Era nI1CTbR, paCTcprblC,lI,O rr08!3J1CHIDI3cncHoro
COKa 11 npl1nO>KCHHbiC K paI-:lC, OCTaHaBnlfBmOT KpOBOTC4CHI1C, ,lI,C-
3HHQJl1L(HPYIOT paHY. TaK >KC MO>KHO nplfMcHRTb XBOIll. nonCBOH.
)J.nSl npCKpaWCHHR HOCOBblX KpOBOTC4CHlfH CnCL(YCT nplfroTO-
BHTh nopOIllOK 113 KOpbl HBbl (HaTepCTb Me>K,lI,)' nnOCKHMlf KaMHRMH
11 BTRHYTb HOCOM).
flpH nClICHHH HapblBOB CJle,ll,YCT nplfMeHRTb nHCTbR laTb-H-
Ma'.cxu, npl1KmlL(blBaR HX BcpXHeH, mRHl(CBOH CTOpOHOH. 3Ta >KC
CTOpOH<1 CBe)KeCOpBamlblX nlfCTbeB nplfKJIa,n,bJBaCTCR K BI1CKaM npH
ronOBHOH60nH.
I1HTepecHa B ne4c6HOM OTHOllleHlflf JlUaHaBHlIOrpaL(. flno,ll,bJ
BlllIorpa,ll,a IllHpOKO npHMCHSlIOTCR npH 06WCM ynaL(Ke Cl1n, Mano-
KpoiU1I1, BocnaneHlflf )KCnytl.04HO-KHIllC4HOro Tpmcra, 6pOHXlfTax,
nJICBpl1Tax. OTBap Blfl-:lOrpa,n,a C He60nblllOH L(06aBKoH nYKOBora COKa
ynOTpe6JUICTCR I1pl1 KaIllJIC If xpHrrOTC. HHTcpcceH COCTaa BHHOrpa,n,-
HOro COKa, KOTOpblH HCCKOJIbKO CXOL(CH C )KCHCKlfM MonOKOM. OH
ynY4LlIaCT perYillIl(lfIO KpOB006paIJ..(CHIDI, npHBO,ll,lfT B HOPMY KPOBR-
Hoe .rr.aBJICHHC. JII1CTbR 06na,n,a10T aHTlfCCrrTH4CCKHMH If paH03a)KI1B-
JUIIOIU:lfMI1 CBOHCTBaMlf.
JII1CTbSllf nnOL(bl MaJIl1Hbl 3a C4eT KpOBOOCTaHaBJIlfBaIOWCro,
BSI)KYUlero, nOToroHHoro 11 M04erOHHoro L(CHCTBlfR I1Cflonb3YIOT
(8 BI1.lI;C 4aR) KaK HccrrCU:I1<p114CCKOC rrpOTHBORL(lfC npH YKYCax 3MCH
11 S1)J,OBI1TbIX HaCCKOMbIX.
199

TIpH 3a60neBaH1111 ma3 nOne3HbI npOMblBaHI1J1 113 OTBapa KOpHJI
aupa (BKJI. 110), BeTBeH If nHCTbeB pOAoAeHApoHa, nl1CTbeB 11 ny-
KOBl1l1. 'Iepel\tIIIU,
OT 6eCCOHHlfl(bI nOMoryT 1136aBlfTbCJI HaCTOH cnopblwa, Kun-
peR U MRTbl. TonbKO rrOCne.llHIOIO cneAyeT rrpHMeHJlTb B YMepeH-
HbIX ,/J,03ax, ee ynoTpe6neHlfe B 60JibIll11X ,/J,03ax rp0311T ewe 60nb-
IlleH 6eCCOHHHlleH,
TIpH COnHe'lHOM y,/J,ape MO)f(HO nOnO)f(I1Tb Ha ronOBY paCTcpTble
cTe6n11 H nl1CTbJl rB03L(UKU, MOKpClI.a.
He06xo,/J,I1Mble J].J1JI ne'leHIDI paCTeHlfJl ,/J,JUI KmK,/J,oro HOBOro paH-
OHa He 06J13aTenbHO ,/J,on)f(Hbl 6b1Tb If,/J,eHTI1'1HhIMH, KaK pa3 Hao60-
pOl': 60nbIlllfHCTBO 06llieyn01pe6HMbiX neKapCTBeHHblX paCTeHlfH
Tl1rrH'IHbl J].JUI MHOrlfX 3Ha'lI1TenbHO y.lI;aJleHHblX ,/J,pyr OT ,/J,pyra rop-
HbIX MeCTHOCTeH,
TaK, B ropax !O)KHOH CH6HpH Mbl BCTpe'laeM HaIlllfX HelaBHlfX
(no KaBKa3Y) 3HaKOMbI - TpaBY BOASlIIoro nepHa, nacrywbcH
CYMKU, nH*Mbl, mlCTbH KpanllBbl, nOAopO*HUKa, TbICR'IeJIU-
CTtlUKa, nanOpOTtlHKa-OpJIHKa, KOpy KaJIHtlbl, KOpy I(POBO-
XJIeOKU H CUHIOXH, KOTopbIe 06na,/J,alOT KPOB(50CTaHaBnI1BaIOWI1:'
MI1 CBOHCTBaMH.
TI03TOMY Mbl B ,/J,aJlbHeHIlleM 6Y,/J,eM oCTaliaBJIlfBaTbCJI Ha neKap-
CTBeHHblX paCTeHHJlX, xapaKrepHblX TonbKO ,/J,JUI paCCMaTpHBaeMblX
perHOHOB, HnH rro KpaHHeH Mepe, He ynoMJlHYTblX nplf onHcaHli11
KaBKa3CK11X 60raTCTB. B HaHaHckoH HapO,/J,HOH Me,/J,Hl(I1He JIYYIllI1M
KpOBOOCTaH.aBnlfBaIOlliHM 11 paH03a)KHBnJlIOUHM cpe,/J,CTBOM C'II1-
TaeTCH ny6 RceHR Matlb'l*ypCKoro - 6YPYHKYJl3. CHlfMaIOT KY-
CO'leK KOpbl 11 CO'lHOH BHyrpeHHeH CTOpOHOH npHKJIaJJ,blBalOT K paHe,
CCaJJ,I1Hbl H MOKHYIl.{He paHbl nOCblITalOT MonOTblMH cnenblMH (TeM-
HO-KOpH'IHeBOrO lJ,BeTa) crropOHOCHblMlf n06eraMH nanopOTHU-
Ka - cTpayconepa.
v.h paCTeHHH, KOTopble MorYT nOMO'ib npH paCCTpOHCTBe )Ke-
JIY,/J,Ka, TUnH'IHO a3HaTCKHM JlBJIHeTCH oaAaH TOJICTOJIUCTHbIH
(BKn. Ill) H3 ceMeHcTBa KaMHenOMKOBbIX. Ero KpyrrHble, )KlfnHC-
Thle, TOJICTble JIUCTbH 3HMYIOT no,/J, CHerOM U COXpaHJlIOTCJI ,/J,O cne-
JJ,yIOIl.{erO rO,/J,a. PaCTeT 6aJJ,aH TOJICTOnHCTHblH Ha KaMeHHCTblX OCbJ-
rrHX, CKanax, Ha BblCOTe 01' 400 AO 2500 M Ha,/J, ypoBHeM MOpH,
TIpuMeIDIIOTCH TalOlCe ero nHCTbH H KopHeBHllia B Hapo,/J,HoH Me-
200

L(111HHe KaK BDKywee Cpe,lJ.CTBO npH rroHocax, B TOM 'iHCJIe ItI KpO-
BaBbIX, BOCrrMeHItISIX >KeJIY,lJ.Ka ItI KItIWeLfHlfKa, ,[(JISI rrOHItI>KeHIDI KpO-
BSiHoro.lI;aBJIeHItISI rrpltlHItIMalOT OTBap KOpHeBltIwa B rrporropll.ltIltI 1: 10
no CTOJIOBOH JIO>KKe 3 pa3a B ,lJ.CHb, nepe3HMOBaBWltle nO'iepHeB-
Wlfe nlfCTbSl KOe-r,lJ.e B CItI61t1pltllfCnOJIb3YIOTCSI KaK 3aMCHItITeJIb 'iWl,
KC1'aTItI, 'iaH 31'01' nbiOT rrpltl3060BOH 60JIe3HItI,
TOJlOKHHHKa XOTIlItI BCTpe'iaeTCSI B aJIbnltlHCKOH 30He KaBKa3a
i1 B eBponeHCKOH 'iaCTItI 6blBwero CCCP, HO no nJIOll.\a,lJ.H pacnpo-
CTpaHeHItISI 31'0 Tltlrrltl'iHO CItI6lfpCKOe paC1'eHlfe.  yrrOTpe6JIeHHSI
npltlrO,lJ.Hbi Bce ero 'iaCTItI, TaK M9JIO,lJ.ble JIItICTbSl OKa3bIBalOT TOHH-
31t1pYIOll.\ee H O'IlfII.laIOll.\ee ,lJ.eHCTBHC Ha KpOBb, l(BeTYll.\He BeTBH
yno1'pe6JISIlOTCSI KaK Cep,lJ.e'iHOe Cpe,lJ.CTBO, l(BeTbi - 01' BocnMe-
HHjI ma3, BrrOJIHe pa3BItITbie nHCTbSl --- KaK MO'ieroHHoe, npOTHBO-
BOCnaJIItITeJIbHOe, rrpOTItIBOCblITbeBOe, KpOBOOCTaHaBJIHBaIOll.\ee H
npOTlfBopeBMaTHLfeCKoe Cpe,lJ.CTBO, nJIO,lJ.bI - rrpOTHB rrOHOCOB.
JIHC1'bSl. TOJIOKHSlHJ<H yrrOTpe6JU1lOTCSI npe,lJ.BaplfTeJIbHO H3MeJIb-
'ieHHblMlf B KOJ]J1'ieCTBe O,lJ.HOH CTonOBOH JIO>KKH Ha 0,5 JI BO)J.bI. Hx
HaCTalfBalOT HOh, nOTOM BapSiT 5 MI1H, 31'0 CYTOLfHaSi ,lJ.03a, YOOT-
pe6JIeHlfe B 60JIbWItIX KOJIH'ieCTBax liJIltI 60JIee )J)IHTeJIbHOe KHOSl'ie-
Hlfe He>KeJIaTeJIbHO li3-3a BbiCOKoro cO,lJ.ep>KaHliSi TaHHHt>BblX Be-
ueCTB, ,lJ.eHcTBYIOll.\HX pa3,lJ.pa>KaI0ll.\e Ha CJIH3HCTYlO 060JIO'iKY
>KeJIy.n.O'iHO-KHWe'iHoro TpaKTa,
BCTpe'iaeTCSI 31'0 paCTeHl1e 06bl'IHO B XBOHHblX JIecax C MOXO-
BhIM H JIHWaHHHKOBbiM nOKpOBOM,
nYLfOK 3aBapeHHOH TpaBbi npOCTpeJIa nOHHKalOll(erO HJIItI COH-
l'paBbl (MHoroJIeTHItIKa), KOTopble HMelOT 6JIe,lJ.H0-JIHJIOBbIe I.lBeTbI,
nOSlBJISIlOIl(HeCSI O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHO ItIJIItI paHbwe JIlfCTbeB, C ycneXOM"
MO>KeT 3aMeHHTb rOp'iH'iHHK npH JIeLfeHlfH OPOCTY,lJ.HbiX 3a60JIeBa-
HHH, 51KYTbl KJIa,lJ.YT TpaBY B CMeTaHY, HaCTaHBalOT 3 ,lJ.HSI, rrOCJIe
Lfero CMa3bJBalOT TeJIO 3THM HaCToeM.
TaKoro >Ke 3Q>Q>eKI'a MO>KHO AOCTU'ib HHraJUlI.lHeH - B)J.b.lXaHH-
eM AblMa OT 3aBMeHHoro XBoeH eJIH HJIH rrHXTbI KOCTpa.
llepexoAR K cpeACTBaM, CTlfMYJIHPYIOll.\HM HepBHYIO CHCTeMY,
npe>KAe Bcero CJIeAyeT CKa3aTb 0 JIe03ee C8cl)JloPOBHAHOH, pac-
TeHI1H HaCTOJIbKO CH6HPCKOM, liTO ,lJ.a>Ke Ha3bIBalOT ero MeCTHble
>KHTeJIItI CH6HpCKHM >KeHbWeHeM HJIH MOpaJIbHM KopHeM, Ee yrrOT-
pe6nSllOT KaK TOHH3HpYIOll.\ee cpe)J.CTBO npH yrra,u,Ke CHJI.
201

B cpapMaKonee nplfMeIDIeTC» cmfpTOBOH 3KCTpaKT HJII1 cnl1pTo-
BOH HaCTOH KopHeH no 20-30 KaneJIb 3 pa3a B )].eHb.
PaCTeHHe npl1Ha,tJ.JIe)l(lfT K ceMeHCTBY CJIO)l(HOlJ,BeTHblX. BbicoKl1e
CTe6JII1 (L(O 150 CM) BCTpe'iaIOTC» rro BblCOKOTpaBHblM HyraM KY3Hel(-
KOro AIIaTay, Ha AIITae, B HpKyrCKOH 06rraCTI1lf EYP»Tlflf.
BeCeHHI1H 6epe30BblH COK 113)].aBHa cnY)I(lfT 06ll1.eYKpenn»IO-
ll(I1M, CTI1MynlfpYIOWlfM CpeL(CTBOM. YnoTpe6n»eTC» OH TaK)I(e
npOTlfB 06pa30BaHH» KaMHeH B nO'iKaX H MO'ieBOM nY3blpe, 3a-
60JIeBaHI1»X CYCTaBOB, 3K3eMax. COK npl1HHMIOT rro I CTaKaHY
HeCKonbKO pa3 B )].eHb.
Ha CTBonax B3pocnbiX 6epe3 Ha6mo)].alOTC» TBepL(bIe HapOCTbl C
'iepHOH nOBepXHOCTbIO. 3TO 6cpe30BblH rpu6 - 'lara. OTBap 'iam
lf3L(aBHa npm.leH»nc» B Ka'ieCTBe HapO)].Horo Cpe.lI;CTBa onYXOJJe-
BblX 3a60HCBaHU»X BHyrpeHHHx opraHOB If )l(enYL(O'iHO-Klfllle'iHbIX
3a60neBaHI1»X.
KaK )l(apOnOI-III)I(alOlll.ee 11 )l(a)l()].oYTon»IOlll.ee CpeL(CTBO npll 3a-
60nCBaHIISlX, COnpOBO)l(L(aIOllllfXCSI nlfXOpaL(0'iHbJ\\1 COCTOSlHlleM,
MO)l(IIO nopeKOMellL(OBaTb COK CBe)l(lIX Slro)]. KmOKBbl.
rOpCI( 1I0'lC'lyiiHblii (BKn. 112) WHpOKO BCTpelJaeTCSI 110 6e-
pcraM peK, Ha BJl(\)I(HbIX MeCTax no BCeil ClI6upl1. Ero MO)l(II0 cny-
TaTb C waBencBoi1 rpeLlHxoH, L(ei1cTBlie KOTOpOi1 amUlOrlllJHO ropuy
nOlJe'iYHHoMY, OplfJ\1emllOT em B OCHOBHOM nplf rCl\lOppOe, OTKYJJ.U
Ii BTOpOC HU3BallIie - re1\10ppOIiHaSi TpaBa. B ycnoBlUlx aBTOHOM-
HOro BbIXOL(a ropel( 1\10)l(HO lfcnonb30BaTb KaK 3aMeHlITenb rop-
'iH'iHIIKa: cBeiKYIO nepcTepTYlo TpaBY npUKnaL(blBalOT K 3aTbinKY
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207

B TeqeHl;Ie AIUI rrjm paJJIHtJHbIX KO)((HbIX CbIIT5IX, BOA5IHKe, nepeMe-
)((aIOlI.{eHC5I JIOMOTe TeJIa. Ha O}J.HOpaJOBbIU rrpHeM Heo6xoAHMO lOr
BerOK.
Hapbl BO,llSlHorO oTBapa MOJIOAblX no6eroB If nOqeK eJIlf - rrpe-
KpaCHa51 lfHraJI5Il(IDI, o6JIerqaIOlI.{WI,lJ.bIXaHlfe. ,[(mI 3IDKHBJIeHIDI paH
H 5I3B rrpHMeHstloT npHCbIITKH H3 nopolliKa CYXOH CMOJIbIKaHlfcpOJIH
co CTBOJIOB AepeBbeB, CMO!lY MO)((HO rrOJIO)((HTb Ha ymlf KocTpa H
BAblxaTb AblM rrpH 6poHxHTe.

CnHCOK HCnOnb30BaHHOM nHTepaTypbl
ABepl1H lO. 6., HOClfMOBlf'l A. A. OTlfQbI ropHoM 'laCTlf CeBe-
pO-3ana.AHoro KaBKa3a: «TpYL(bl KaBKa3cKoro 3anOBe,ll.HI1Ka». BbIn,
I.-. M., 1938. .
ArpOKJ1I1MaTl1'leCKl1e pecYPCbI KpaCHO.lI;apcKoro KpaR. - JI.,
1975.
AKorroB H. ), KpoBoOCTaHaBJII1BaIOll.(lfe paCTeHI1R. - TawKeHT,
1981.
AJ1eKCeeB lO. E. 11 L(p. TpaBRHI1CTble paCTeHlfR CCCP. B 2-x T.
T. 111 2. - M., 1971.
AJITaMbIWeB A. A. OplfpOL(Hble l(eJ1e6Hble CpeL(CTBa. -- $PYH-
3e, 1985.
AJITaMbIWeB A. A. KOp'ly6eKOB 6. K. qTO MbJ 3HaeM 0 MYMlfe. -
<1JPYH3e, 1979.
AHcpllMOB H. B. OT'leTbl TyanclfHcKoM apxeoJ10rlf'leCKOM 3KC-
nC,lJ,I1QmI 1956-1960 rr. APXI1Bbi TyanclfHcKoro lfCTOpI1KO-KpaeBeL(-
'leCKoro MY3eR.
ApKHH 51. H ,lJ,p. Onpe,lJ,eJ1lfTeJ1b 3eMHOBO,lJ,HbIX 11 npet:MblKalo-
lllfXCR cpaYHbl CCCP. - M., 1977. .
6epr J1. C. PbI6bl npecHblx BO,ll. CCCP 11 corrpeL(eJ1bHbIX CTpaH.
q. 1-3. --- M. JI., 1948-1949.
J)opo;:uma H. A. )]:epeBbR If KYCTapHlfKI1 CCCP. - M., 1966.
BOllOBH'l B. r, qeJ10BeK B 3KCTpeMaJ1bHbIX YCJ10BI1RJ( nplfpO,ll.-
HOM CpeL(bl. - M., 1983.
raMMepMaH A. $. If ,lI.p. J1eKapcTBeHHble paCTeHIDI, - M., 1976.
rB03,l1.el(KI1M H. A, <1Jlf3lf'leCKaR reorpacpl1R KaBKa3a. ---M.
1954.
rOpJ1eHKO M. B. 11 ,lI.p. rpl16b1 cccp, - M., 1980.
rpOccreHM A. A. PaCTlfTeJ1bHble 60raTcTBa KaBKa3a. MocKoBc-
Koe o6wecTBo I1crrblTaTeJleM npl1pO,!l.bI - M., 1952.
rlfH r. c., 60pl1COB B. 11" KaHoHHlfKOB A. M. 11 ,lI.p. 3Hai1 CBOH
KpaH, CJ10Bapb reorpacpl1'lecKlfX Ha3BaHI1M. - KpaCHO,ll.ap, 1974,
)]:eprrrOJ1bll. B. <1>, Ml1p BO,ll.bI. - JI., 1979.
ECJ111 TbI OKa3aJ1CR O,ll.HH. nepeBOL( C cppaHl(Y3cKoro. «BeTep
CTpaHCTBI1M» N!! 16. - M., 1 981,
209

EJIHCCCB H. n" KOpOBHH B. H., JI030BOHC. n. H )J.p. npHpo)J.a
KpacHo)J.apcKoro KpaH. -- KpacHo)J.ap, 1979.
E<PPCMOB 10. K. npHpOL(a Modi cTpaHbl. - M., 1982.
303YJIHH f. M" XOJIO)J.bKO A. c., AJITYXOB M. ,[.\. H L(p. PaCTlf-
TeJIbHbIC PCCypCbl. nlfll(CBblC, KOpMOBbIC, JICKapCTBCHHblC If )J.PY-
ruc nOJIC3HblC paCTCHlfH. - POCTOB, 1984.
)l{lf3Hb pacTcHHH. rIOL( PC)J.. B. E. COKOJIOBa. T. I-IV. - M.,
1981.
Hop)J.aHoB,[.\. If )J.p. <t>lf3lfoTcpanHSI. J1C'iCHlfC JICKapCTBcHHblMlf
TpaBaMH. - CoqmH, 1970.
HB'iCHKO C.H., PYL(CHKO B. <1>. JIccHbIe rrJIOL(OBbIe pacTeHlfSi. -
M., 1976.
Kal\1CHCKlfH B. B. TcxHliKa OXOTlUl%Cro npOMblCJIa. - M.,
1953.
KOCCHKO H. C. Onpe)J.CJIlfTCJIb BblCllIl1X pacTcHHH CeBepo-3a-
naL(Horo KaBKa3a Ii flpeL(KaBKa3bH. - M., 1979.
KOBaJICHKO E. 11. U )J.p. C'bC,lI,06HbIC II SI)J.OBHTbIC rpu6bl Ky6a-
Hlf. - KpacHo;:ap, 1978.
KOlI.l:ceB A. K. ,[.\HKopacTYU..lliC C'beL(06Hble paCTCHlfSi B HamCM
nUTaHliH. - M., 1980.
KpacHaSi KHura CCCP. -- M., 1978.
KpontP <1>. CnaCaTCJIbHblC pa60Tbi B ropax. --- M., 1975.
KYL(pSlBLl.eBa-MoJIoL('iHKoBa II. fl. fpli6HaSl6blJIb.- M., 1956.
JIHTBIIHcKaH C. A. II L(p. PCL(KHe Ii IIC'iC3aIOllll1e paCTCHHSI Ky-
6aHlf, - KpaCHOL(ap, 1983.
J1ol\olll3e f M. BynKaHlBl\I CCBcpo-3ana)J.Horo KaBKa:m If cro
CB$l3b C TeK10HlfKOH. --- M., 1969.
JI030BOH C. fl. I1aroHa.KcKoc Haropbc. --. KpaCHOL(ap, 1984.
MancHKoB A. A. flpo6ncMbl6c30nacHoCTlf B mpax. -- M, 1981.
MapTbIHoB C. M. flpo<pHJIaKTHKa OTpaBJICHI1S1 rplf6aMH. -- M.,
1975.
MlfxaHJIoB H. 11. fOpbl IO)f(HOH CH6lfpH. fCOrpa<pHH, -- M.,
1961.
MopKoBHH B. H. ,[.\OJIbMeHbI 3ana,lI,HOrO KaBKa:3a. --- M., 1978.
MypaBbeBa,[.\. A. <1>apl\1aKOrH03HSI. - M., 1981.
Hcc6blT n. If )J.p. O)J.lfH Ha OL(I1H C npHpo)J.oH. -- M., 1965.
06YXOB A. H. JIcKapcTBcHHblC pacTcHHH. CbIpbC 11 npcnapa-
210

I'bI. -- KpacHo,/\ap, 1962.
OpJIOB 6. H., reJIlfalllBHJIlf,L{. 6, 300I'OKClfHOJIOrlfj(. j{,/\oBHTble
)((lfBOTHble H lfX j(,/\bl. - M., 1975.
HOBaK <1>. A. I1JIJIlocTpHpoBaHHM 3Hl(HKJIOrre,/\IDI paCTeHHH. ---
rIpara, 1982,
HOCaJIb M. A., HOCaJIb H. M. JIeKapcI'BeHHble pacI'eHlfSilf CIIO-
C06bllfX rrpHMeHeHI1j( B Hapo,/\e. --- KHeB, 1959.
OCTpOBCKHH A. B. If ,/\p. I1H)((eHepHo-reoJIorlf'.fecKaj( C'beMKa
MaclllI'a6a 1 :25000 qepHoMopcKoro 1I06epe)((bj( 01' AHarrbl L(O A,l\-
JIepa. <1>OH,/\bl JIa3apeBcKoH rTrI, 1965,
OCTpOBCKHH A. B. CTpaTlfrpaqJlfSl, HeOTeKTOHlfKa H reOJIorH'.fec-
KaSi HCI'Oplfj( IIJIeHCTOl(eHa qepHoMopcKoro 1I06epe)((bj( CeBepo-
3alIa)!.Horo KaBKa3a Me)((,/\y r. AHalIa If yw:eJIbj(Mlf peKH Waxe. AB-
Tupeq)epaT. EcceHTYKlf, 1968.
nacpcperoJ1blJ. K. H. reoJ10rHlJeCKHH OlJepK KaBKa3a. - EpeBaH,
1959.
POHY .D.., XaJIo C. rIepBaSiIIOMOll(b TYPI1CTaM-B ropax If aJ1hl1lf-
HHCI'aM. nepeBOL( C aHrnHicKoro. ---- M., 1981.
POUJ.lfH A. H. CaM ce6e CI1HOl1TlfK. --- Kl1eB, 1983.
Caynm B. 11. Onpc,/\emneJ1b JIeCHblX pacI'eHHli. -M., 1978.
C<HppOHOB H. H. reOMOp(pOJIOrHj( CeBepHoro KaBKa3a, -- Po-
CTOB, 1969.
Ca<jJpuHoB H. H. 0 nOBepxHocTlf BhlpaBHllBaHlfj( CeBepHoro
KaBKa3a. TpYL(bl no reOJIOITllllf n0J1e3HbJM HCKOl1aeMblM CCBepHo-
ro KaBKa3a, 1959.
CMHpHOB H. H. JIeKapCTBeHHbie H TeXHHlJeCKl1e paCTeHlfj( CH-
611pH. OMCK, 1959.
CnpaBOlJHlIK nYTeweCI'BeHHHKa 11 KpaeBeJJ.a. B 2-x I'. T. I-II.
CacI'. C. B. 06pY'leB. - M., 1949.
TepeHTbeB n. B., qepHoB C. A. OnpcJ\emnCJIh npecMblKalO-
ll(HXCSI H 3eMHOBOL(HbIX. -- M., 1949.
TYWHHCKHH r. K. JIeL(Hl1KH, CHe)((HHKI1, JIaBHHhl. - M., 1963.
<1JJIl1Hr B. E. MJIeKOnHTaloWlfe CCCP. -- M., 1970.
<1JOpM030B A. H. CnYI'HlfK CJIe,/\OlIblTa. -- M., 1974.
XaHJJ;aB l{. H L(p. JIeKapcI'BeHHble paCTeHI1S1 B MOHrOJIhCKOH
Me..a.I1IJ.HHe. --- YJIaH-naTOp, 1985.
YceHKo H. B. JJ:aphl YCCYPHHCKOH I'aHrH. -- Xa6apoBcK, 1979.
211

Ky6ep r. ArIbnHHlf3M cero.l\H5I. nepeBO.l\ C HeMel.{KOrO. --- M.,
1980.
lllTlOpMep 10. A. OrracHocTH B TypH3Me MHHMble H .l\eHCTBH-
TeJIbHble. - M" 1972.
IOxHH 11. B, npeO.l\OJIeHHe ropHbIX rrperr5ITcTBHit -- M., 1960.
qepenHHH B. JI. nHll(eBble paCTeHIDI CH6HpH. -- HOOOCH6HPCK,
1987-.
.5IKyweB r. T. naBO.l\OK Ha peKe naYK 0 r. Tyarrce B aBrycTe
1960 r. - Tyance, 1960.

COAep>KaHMe
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