Автор: Альтюссер Л.  

Теги: марксизм   политология   левые идеологии  

ISBN: 5-901574-59-1

Год: 2006

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Albanische Grammatik

Текст 
                    mde. »in« m*nnlflf»rtl9« Abitufung da« oa»eilachaftlichan Steilung«
biaharioan ueeenscnen tat die uoecnichto von Kiaaaanuampfwn >i
Snda. eine mannigfaltig« Abstufung dor goeeilechaftlichen Steil
er bis hörigen G««eilecheft let die Geschichte von KisaeertkAmp
★ Jlyu AjibTtoccep
3A MAPKCA
«dustriollen Mfttoiotandoe traten die induttro •« M liondr« do
maeiban Maas«. worin Industrie, Honda ScMffeht Enenbahners
J«d« dia»«» Entwicklung« fen	eo 	• ' . ' -
• A..o«i«tlon in da' Ko a	h«n
kbeoiwtea Monarchie. Ma upterun^ag« dor gronan Monarch«”
aaiieha poUtlaoha Morrechofi 0-a modern» Suatsgewelt «St nu ta>n Austchui» dar dia gem»mtchattiich»n Gaichaha dar ganzs« Bourgeo<tkiass» varwai
tionira Roll» aaapiaft. D«e Bourgeoisie, wo j« lut Herrschaft ga«ommtn, hat alla taudaian patn»rc*vai«schon Verhältnisse zersto«t. Sie hat do Duntscho
Vorgesetzten knüpften u ”bem»horsig zerrissen und ke<n enoeres Band zwischen Mansch und Mensch ub*iggolessen als das nackte Interesse e»s c » gofü
»an BchwArnwroi. de« «-nerIah»” öeoaiete^nfl der sP'SssDvrgerlxhen Wehmut .n dem o>sk»iton Wasser egoistischer Berechnung ertrankt S>e hat d« per
41a da« sahlloaan verbrieften und waMorwo«be-'-en Freiheiten die eme gewissenlose Handetstreiheil gesetzt Sie hat mit einem Wort, an die Steile dor mH
I die offene. unvorscMmte. direk*« dörr» Ausbeutung gesetzt Oe Bourgeois« hat alte bisher ehrwürdigen und fflil frommer Scheu betrachteten T«’.gkolta
ton. den Pfaff»' den Peelen, den Mann da« Wissenschaft in ihre bezahlten Lohnarbeiter verwandelt Die Bourgeois« hat dem Femrlenvorheltms seines»rt
aa GoidverMItfUe iurOc«geführt Dio Bourgeois« hat enthüllt wo d.e brutale Kratiausso'ung o>e d e Raa«t>on sc sehr am M>tte«Her bewundert in de' ri
hat bewiese«», wee d« Atlgk« t dor Mensch« zustande brngo” nenn S a nat ganz ander» Wunderwerk» vui-bracnt als »g/DMcne Pyramid»- ro«a»>scn»
sder» Züge auageföht als Vblk«rwersderungen und KtauZZug» Do Bourgeois!» nicht »ustieren ohne do Produ*tions nstrument» also do p'odu<
iltniaaa fortwährend zu revclutü leren. Unvo'änderte Beibehaltung der »itenProduktionsweise war dagegen do ersta Eaistenzbed ngung »liet »'uheren md
ktion. die unu »rbr e' *rs« Ira-Üttarun; aller ges»iisch»rri<hen Zustande die ewge Unsicherheit und Bewegung zeichnet die 8curgecnsepoche ,&r eile
iremGefeiga. a «hrr.Ordigo- Voretell.-gen ,”<> Arier »uu”g«n werden »ufg»'<'»t »i« ne-geo ideten veralt«' »he se »er«nocn«rr>« nr-en Alles Srandd
1 die Manschen sind endlich gezwungen ihr» Lebensstellung ihre gegen»»-t>ge” Beziehungen mit nüchternen Augen anzusahen Das Bedürfnis nach »ine«r
rgooiaie Obe« dl« gone« Erdkugel. Obers muea eie ach »mnisten überall «nb»u»n überall Verbindungen horstelien D« Bourgeoisie hat du'Ch ihr» E«p-o
Linde« ko» poiet.se” ges afte Sie hat sum groeaen bedauern de< Reettionere den nationalen Boden der Industrie unt», den Fussen wvgg«zog« O e u
m noch tAgllch vemleniet. So worden vordringt durch nou» Indust'on deren f nführwng ein« Lebensfrage ’u« alle ziv>l>s»»rt»'' Nationen w.»d au<ch u
n enti» .onaton Zinsen arvg'hörige Koh Stoffe vor arbeit en und deon Fabrikate nicht nur Im Lane» »erbst sondern in alten Weitte le” «ettwa^cht we
dig » Bedürf' aa« trete neue, weiche die Pro.ruhte dar entfernte, ter Linde« und Klimata au Ihrer Befr-edigu'-g »manchen An do Steile de« »Hen ioka
i u • ein oAa« Vo'»«hr «in» aileeitigo Abhang.gk« ’ der Natiowe . einender. Und w« >n der met»ri»i>en, so euch m der gent gen Produtt-on 0
n- gut. J io nationale II -oitigkett und Sosehr Ank theit wird mehr . d mehr unnsög ” und ausdon vie«r> nationalen und lokalen Uteratw»' bildet»
erbveeoiung aUe« Produi’ioneinatrumonte. durch die unendlich e« e chten« Kommunikation«' » O »uit dl« t a'barnchiie/ Nat one i d « Ziu-iisa’l
mit d« eie alle c”'«siechen Mauern in den Grund echieaat mit der so dr hartnbcklgcton Fremde-h«ea der Barbaren z> • apituOficn zwingt So
en »sscuelg on wenn -.io nich' zugrunde gehen woion. so zwing' s e d>e »ogensnnt« Ziv iiMtien bei eich aoibs emzutur'ien. d h Bourgeois zuwe'de
» “ Id« Die Bourgoolele hat nee Land do» tiorrechaft dor Stadt .nterwo/ten $ie''«te'-«n»M Staate ge offen, s.e hat do Zah aoe »taotiscnen Bevd««'.
d s ei en badeu'« den Teil de» BovOlkorj dem Idlotiemus doe Landlebens e» v ssen Wie aio das Land von de« Stadl, hat sie do ba»bar stn»n und na*b
Son Bo goolai«.Oike«n. den Orient vem Okzident abhang.g gemacht Di« 8eu»g«ciio hebt mehr und mehr do Zersplitterung de Produ»1 m srn tt«l. des
meriort. dl« '»oduktionamittel kontra jiert und das Eigentum - wen-gen H»no«n «onzentr<«t Do notwendig» Folge h.e«»on war di« potit »ehe Zentratiti
ebenen Interessen, Goeotcon. Regiere ge” undZo -«n wu'den «u»emm«r>gedr»ngt m »m» Nation « -«Regelung »m Gesetz e-n »'io- t e» K assenmUre
• »hr j« KLaaoonh* i<r «’t - oaaonhaft-r» und > «saiere Produkt>o-ns«iatte gescnaft»r als a'i» vergangnen G»-»t»tion»nzusammtr n-erfo ’ n„ der
md Ackerbau. Oamp'v  ",>hrt Elaenbn"' «'- eorü i. ”«’Meg-e:.Urbarmachung ganzer W«ttt»ile Schiffbarmachung tet FiOaee ganze aus dc- Bode
rt-'nta.Jaaa a ha Pr uktionakrAf'« m Schosse drr goaoll. haft .chen Ar bet scr-ummerten Wir haben «i»o gesehn ü e Produ«t.ons und V«'kehr«m
k dorfoud» «n Goeeilechaftaraougt Aule nerge-Uaeen Btufode' Entw -«rung diese« Produktion» und Vor kehr» mitte1 entsprach«« do Verhaft tue w<
le fo> :olo Orgonieation der Agrikultur Manu’aktsar. mlteMom Wort :o teuoaien Eigentumsverhältnisse den schon entwickelten  odu»t v»'Bft»n ni
.»rwandotte >ich In ebenao riefe Feeeo So • ;»'to gooprongt werde to wurden gesp • gl An .r te Ste'ie trat c « ’-eie Kc,n»u-eist mit do' .hr en
L m • e«r Akonomiochon und poiitieeben schatt d« Bourgeoiekieaec. Unte msetn Augen g«rt »me »r.ni.cho Bewegung • CM« >Ör j» hen Prrx
iteverhirtnia .« dl* n odome bürgerliche G«s«Nocneft. die oo gewaltige Produk	. e kenrsm. ttel n.e'vo'gezaube't hat. gleicht dem No>«nm«
en vormag. die er keraufbea hwo». Bort Daaon en lat die Goeehichte dor Indua « «n : des Handel» nur d*e Gesmioht» der E ’ :>br . , do m do
1 e Lobeneoo: ngunge do« Bourgeoisie und Ihre« Herr »chatt alnd Ea genügt, die »n  sen zu nennen, we ihe I rro per jleche W edorit«
lla  oft In Frage »teile In den Nandelakrieon wird ein groaeor Toll nicht nur der erzeugte- Produkte »ond«»-> do* bet« t» ,oach«"ene-' Rrodv- vi
eha' Uche Epidemie oue, weiche eilen früheren Epochen ala ein Wldoreinn arachlorvon wA'« do Epidemie de< h«'O'cdu> tlo DF«G»s«i »chaft fir i
»«• »e'ie’zt; eine Mungerenot. ein allgemeiner Vomlchtungakriog ach einen ihr eile Loben.- Ittel ebgeschn tten au ”eOen die dust'« aer Mandel
«uriol Lobonamittol, au.iel Induatrie. auviol Mandel beolut. Die ProdwhtivkrAfte. die Ihr aur V»'*.g g i «hn. diene nicht me” zu' Brfbrdo
Ind au gewaltig fü zleea VerKAItniaae geworden, aio worden von Ihnen gehemmt; und sobald so dies Me-mnle ÜL« wlnde . bring«” so do ga
Ealetena doe börgorii-» Eigen tu ma Die bürgerlichen V erh AI tnlaao alnd au eng geworden, um de- . n Ihnen er»eugt«n Reichtum au fass«r
durch dieorzwumjoeo . omlchtung einer Maaae von ProduktivhrAften; andorooito durch die Eroteru'-g «oue MAme u-d d « gründliche « « usb«.
o u d ge-. artigere Kria«r vorbereitet und die Mittel, den Kriaen v awbeuoen. vermin dort. Dio Waffe' -somit a« Bo. ;ooiel« den Feudaliaua i
4eie .eiba Aber die Bourgeoiaia hat nicht nur die Waffen got, miedet, die Ihr do« Tod bringen, aio hat au - die Ma” er .”ieugt. t o diese Wi
. In demooiben Masse, w n eich die Bourgeclaie. d.h. daa Kapital, entwickelt. In demoelbon Masao O”tw>c<eit s-cn daa P ü Ota> et. die k «eoe
It finden, und dies« euch auaüben kinrwi, und di« nur eo lang« Arbeit finden, eie ihre Arbeit doe Kapiv vermehrt. Dose A’beite' die eich atücl
endoieartikol. und dft g oichmAeelg -iHo« WechaelfAilon :«r Konkurreni, allen Schwenkungen d*t Merktet ausgeoetzt Ole Arbe-t d«' poletari
«tg der Arbeit H e« »olbatAn i g*« Chara* *' und damit aiion Reit für den Arbeiter verloren. Er wird e blosse» Zub«”'u' de' Maoc' ne. . n dem
iandgrlff vorit gt wird. Dio kost«', die d«> A>t« ter verursacht LeechrAnhon eich daher faat nur auf die L «b«”s~ ••« do »• z- eor «m U 'erhalt u-
iro aleo. auch der Arbeit, »t <b«< gmeh Ihren Produktionekoa e' in demaolbe Maaae In dem die A'belt wachet, n-m-mt daher de Lohn ob. Noch
’ Arbeit iun«h’«a, In domaeiben Messe nlmr t auch die Maae« der Arb* 'zu sei eo du'ch Verwahrung de' A'betsslund»” sei aa durch Vorme- rw»
gton Lauf der Maach uaw. O « mederr e z atrie h»ido kl» ne We'«stuoedoop»!' »'cha:is<r>«' Meistere n oo g'oss» Faty « des ^dus” mlenKaplti
vangedAng weder. »oMa* -eh er gen sit' Bio werde als gernem» iridust'oscldater unt«- die Aufsicht e  er .cmtard.gen H-etercr’« von Unte'.fflkloroi
leolaklaaae. loe rou ;' 4ait»«'«i. a « al'.d tA/ r- und stundRch geknoohtat . । dor Masch.n« dem Au'ieb«r und vo« a.lem ,cn den « rze r en febriai
>«. gehAaager, e'bi'tend«' « effe-er sieden twe-b ai ihten Zwec* prokiamert Je w-o^ger do Henök’beit Geschickten«».! ur.d «r iftAussorung O'hei
oto meh' wird do Aroeit der M» o« du-m do dor .'.»iDer venfrangt GescNochti <no Aitersunterschiodoheb«- ke-ne gese s' -'«*• । ”o Geltung mehi
e. die |ona- h An«- „ d Qoachl« ht voro - »oone Konen m»cn«n les do Ausbeutung Oe» A-bo ’e'S Ouchten Fab'-kante- so weit bee digt. dato er eoi
Teile dm Bourgeoiaia Über Ihn her. dor Hauib«aMeor. dm «rAmo der Pfandle 'e ui v Dieblsbor gt” m Mittelstand» Ookle.nenIndus* leiten, kn
KLaaaen feilen in» Pioiet« et 'nab. ta , dadurch dass Ihr kleines Kapital für den Betoeb der grossen l'dur ienicht auwe-cht u”d de1 Konkurrenz m.t d«
eachichlichkeit «on neuen P- duktionawenen ontwe'tet wird. Bo ekiutort »ich des Pioleteoet aus »Hen Klassen der Bevölkerung Da» P>oleta' at mee» t
di» Bourgeois u-beginnt mit »einer E> 'tont. I"  faasgeat« t -.m kamofen do einzetron Arbe-te« d* J>« Aito-te« ».ne« Fabrik da-m ’•» Arbeiter o • es
la. do« aio d >eklousbeutot. So richte' ihr« Angutt« nicht gegen die bürg*1 hon - :duk.ticn»v»rhali' s.e so nr"«n ».« gegen do P’oduktic.'nristruai
iaroo, eie aerachlagon di« Maoen, en. e « '.tecken die Feb' -e- ” Brand so suchen et« untergegangene Stellung des m tteiaiter he Arbeiters wiede
dea gerne Land ao »e«uie und durch die • kurr«- eaorspiitlerte Masse Mass«--haft»» Zu»amm»nnalt»nde' Arbeit»’ ist nicht do Folge •' «o« eigene' V»r».r
gernon poiitiechen Zwecke Oai ,en.*e P' »*ria- 1 Baw-, ,ng setz»' --.ss •. d es • stwe-e-    ” «am Auf dose« Stufe beimpfen :e Prokuio« ei
Grundeigentümer, t« nicbtinduatrioil«” B' j ]«eia. do Kleinbu’ue« Dogenzeges ' hf :”» Bewegung is* »o le-> Hängender Buu'geu.slo konaenti
ooisio Abe« mit de« Entwicklung der Induatrie vorm«h*t uch nicht nut da» Proletariat, es wird in grosseren Massen zuaamn-engodrAasg* se<no Kratt wAcf
nerhalb doe Proleta Iota gleiehm loh Imme --ehr eua. «dem d e Maschinerie m«h> und m»h« do ’Jnt»rscr-.Cd» der Arpeii .erw seht u- d den Lohn fei
recheondo Konkurrent d«r Bo geoia tw .ich und t » da> , * -gehende' Hjndeijknje» '«ehe Jenl । 'r Arb't»r mm«r ichw*nk«rid«r.
saruna dar Maarhinaai« mei ns itu« i.ara I .bart	si.tr.ei -.i.l. r^uu muisei '«ehr «tot •• en do K.1 >s.o onzwi* en Jem« .-In«n Arbeite« und do
bilden; sotret«” zusammen zur Behoupiuasg <Kree A brltaiohna. Sie a
r eue. V on Zeil zu Zeit s ego' do Arbr-tor, »bei nur vorübergehend.
I. So wud befördert durch die wachsenden Kc m unikatiowamrttoi. d
»• er Moss der Ve«b>r tung. um do voien lohefkampt« von überall gie
I Vrie Igu g zu dor die Bürger dec Mittel» ’era mit ihren Vtxinalwi
MtOcerzu' » lesoe. und domit cur poHtiscn««» Partei, wird jeden Aug
«awingt die Anerkennung oinaoiner Intoroaaon der Arbeiter in Go
l” iechoft überhaupt fdrdernmanrUgfach den Entwichlungegang <
pcoialo »olbat. deren Interoeeon mit dem Fortschritt dor Indvatrh
_________________________________________________________ _______roieteriet au appellieren, »eine Müfe in Anspruch au nehmen und a
W»rt oho dem Proletariat Ware »iganan Bbdungoeie-nor.te, d ” v.effen gegen ahh eeibet. au. Es werden ferner, wie wir sahen, durch den Fortac
eo ine Proioteriot hinabp«worf»«s oder wenig, e«-. in ih'«” Lobonebodingungen bedroht. Auch »io führen dem Proletariat »ine Maaae Biidur
dor Entscheidung nAhort. nimmt do« AufMsungeprosoea innerhelb dor herrschenden Kieaao. innerhalb do« penaan alten Gosoltachafi. »Inen
herrschenden Klasse sich von Ihr loasagt und eich do« revolutionären Klasse anachlteaa«, dar Kieaee. weiche die Zukunft in Ihren MAndec
eroino ao eahf latrt ein TaJl dar Bouraaoiaia >um Proletariat uKar und namantUeh ala Teil dar ~--------------------M.alrha >um thanratiar'ha
HOBAfl HAYKA nOJlMTMKM

Programme
WaaaHwe ocymecTBJieHo b paMKax
nporpaMMbi “nyujKMH" npi/i no/mep>KKe
MuHHcrepcTBa MHOcrpaHHbix ßesi (ppaHLiuM
0 nOCOJlbCTBa (PpaHLlMM B Pocchm.
Ouvrage realise dans le cadre du
Programme d’aide ä la publication
Pouchkine avec le soutien du Ministere
des Affaires Etrangeres franqais et de
rAmbassade de France en Russie.

Louis Althusser
POUR MARX
Avant-propos de Etienne Balibar
La Decouverte Paris 2005

Jlyn AjibTtoccep
3A MAPKCA
FIpeflMcnoBue 3Tbena Ea/iw6apa
ripaKCMC
MocKBa 2006

316.3
BBK 66.4
A58
AjiBTioccep Jlyn
A58 3a MapKca / Ilep. c (jjpainj. A. B. ^eneacKHHa. — M.:
üpaKCHC, 2006. — 392 c. — (Cepaa «Hosaa Hayna noaa-
THKH»).
ISBN 5-901574-59-1
KHHra Jlyn AnbTioccepa «3a Mapxca» — BaxcHeniiiHH Tenor aana^HO-
ro MapncH3Ma nocjie Bropon mhpoboh bohhm, BbmepHcaBiunn c MOMenra
CBoen nepBoii nyÖJiHKaijnH narHa^ijaTb nepena/jaHHH. Oh npoH3Beji peso-
jiioijhio b npoHTeHHH KJiaccMHecKHx paöor Mapnca, aanojKHB ochobli ho-
BOTO HOHHMaHHH cJjHJlOCOCjHIH, nOJIHTHKH, HCTOpHH. KHHra COftepHCHT pa3-
paöorny 6a3OBbix hohhthh, cocraBHBninx (JjyimaMeHT ran naabiBaeMoro
«CTpyKTypajiHCTCKoro» hjih «ne^HaneiCTHHecKoro» MapncH3Ma.
yj(K 316.3
BBK 66.4
ISBN 5-901574-59-1
© ybrairie Frangois Maspero, 1965
© Editions La D&ouverte, 1996, 2005
© IlepeBOA c 4>p. A. B. /JenejKKHHa, 2006
© A. KyjiarHH, o(j)opMJieHHe oöjioäkh, 2006
© HsflarejibCKaa rpynna «ÜpaKCHC», 2006

C0/JEP5KAHHE
9mbeH Eajiuöap. BciynHTejibHoe cjiobo
k H3^aHHio 1996 rofla	7
IIpejjncjiOBHe: Cero^na	31
I	33
II	48
«<I>Hjioco4)CKne Mann^ecTbi» 0efiep6axa	63
«O mojiojjom MapKce»
(Bonpocbi meopuu)	75
I	nojiHTHHecKaa npoßjieMa	77
II	TeopeTHnecKaa npoßjieMa	82
III	HcTopmecKaa npoßjieMa	104
IIpoTHBopeHHe h CBepxjjeTepMHHaijHH
(3aMemKu k uccjiedoeanujo)	127
üpHJioaceHHe	170
«ühkkojio», BepTOJiaijijH h BpexT
(3aMemKU o MamepuasiucmunecKOM meampe)	187
«3KOHOMHHeCKO-4)MJIOCO(t)CKHe pyKOIIHCH 1844 r.»
Kapjia MapKca
(IIojiumuHecKCLH 3kohomuji u (pujioco(puji)	219
O MaTepnajiHCTHHecKofi /jnajieKTHKe
(K eonpocy o Hepaeencmee ucmoKoe)	231
1	IIpaKTinecKoe pemeHne
h TeopeTunecKaa npoß/ieMa. JJjih nero Teopna? 235
2	TeopeTunecKaa peBOJiioijHH b äghctehh	248
3	üpoijecc TeopeTmecKOH npaKTHKn	261

4	«y®e aaHHan» cjiojKHaa crpyKTypupoBaHHaii
UejIOCTHOCTb	276
5	CTpyKiypa c flOMHHaHTOÖ: npoTHBopenne
h CBepx^eTepMHHapnH	286
MapKCH3M H iyMaHH3M	311
I	313
II	315
III	321
IV	327
V	334
^onojiHHTejiBHbie saMenaHaa o «peanbHOM iyMaHH3Me» 343
K HHTaTenio	353
BnorpacJjHHecKaH saMeTKa	363
HimeKc	377

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
BCTYIIHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO
K H3JJAHHK) 1996 TOßA
«3a MapKca» — stot 3arojiOBOK-npn3biB, iiohth jiosynr ce-
ro/jHH no-npeacneMy hjih chobb 3BynHT c toh ace chjioh, KaK h
TpnßijaTb jieT Hasaß. TeM ne Menee ctbjih jjpyrHMn KaK npuHn-
hbi, TaK n KOHTeKcr. Tenepb KHHra AjibTioccepa oßpanjaeTCH k
HOBbiM HHTaTejiHM, h Te H3 npejKHHx, KOTopbie ßy/jyr ee nepe-
HHTblBaTb, CaMH H3MeHHJIHCb CTOJIb Hte TJiyÖOKO, KaK H HX CHO-
COÖ BOCnpHHTHH T6KCTa.
B 1965 rofly, Kor.ua noHBHJiocb nepßoe usaaHne, mbi hmcjih
.nejio c MaHH(J)ecTOM, BbicTynaionjuM 3a HTenne MapKca, koto-
poe cjießOBajio onpenejieHHOMy Mero/jy h oßjianajio CBoeii jioth-
KOH H CBoeii 3THK0H, HO OßHOBpeMOHHO H C MaHH(J)eCTOM, BblCTy-
naioiijHM 3a MapKCH3M: 3a noßjiHHHbiH MapKCH3M (KaK Teopnio
n KaK 4jhjioco4)hio, HeoiyjejiHMbie ot onpejjejieHHoro flBHMce-
hhh, ot onpeflejieHHOH «napTHH» h otkpbito o6 stom 3aaßjiH-
lonjue). CeroßHH, ecjiH otejiohbch ot B3rjiH^0B necKOJibKHx ho-
CTajibraKOB, KOTopbie öynyT nbrraTbca BOCKpecHTb c ero noMO-
njbio npoinjioe hjih Boccos^aTb ero b ßooöpa^ceHHH, mbi HMeeM
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3OBaHHio h npeoßpa3OBaHHK) MapKca 3a npedeaoMU MapKCU3-
Ma, nocjie Kontra MapKcu3Ma, CTaBinero HeoöpaTHMoii peajib-
HOCTbio. Ho ne c ÖJiaroHaMepeHHbiM npespenneM k TOMy, neM
6bDi MapKCH3M ßojiee ctojicthh ero cynjecTBOBaHHH, h ne b ao-
öpoaeTejibHOM HeBeacecTBe OTHOCHTejibHO cjiohchocth ero cbh-
3eii c Hainen mbicjibio h Hainen ncropnen. Tanoe HCKjnoneHHe,
KaK Bcer.ua, npnBe.neT tojibko k noBTopennio hjijik)3hh h oinn-
6ok, KOTopbie MoryT öbitb OKpamenbi b pa3JinHHbie hojihth-
necKne ijBera. Ho b ynopnon nonbiTKe noHBeprayrb anajinsy,
7

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
onnpaacb npn stom khk na TeKCTbi, thk h hh KOHTeKCTbi, rjiy-
6oko npoTHBopeHHBoe OTHOineHHe Meac/jy chmhm MapKCOM h
MapKCH3M0M.
B 3toh KHure 6bma npe/jnpHHHTa o^na H3 Hanßojiee opurn-
najibHbix, nanßojiee KpacnopeHHBbix h Hanöojiee apryMeHTH-
poßaHHbix nonbiTOK 3aBepinaiomerocH XX Beica jjaTb MapKCH3-
My njiOTb h TeopeTHnecKHH oöjihk. PasyMeeTCH, ßyzjyHH ocho-
BaHHofi na ucmojiKoeaHuu Mapnca, ona /jeMOHCTpHpoßajia KaK
onpe/jejieHHoe noHHMaHHe, TaK h onpe/jejieHHoe nenoHHMaHHe
ero TpynoB h «TpynoB» ero nocjießOBaTejieii. Ho KpoMe Toro, b
3toh KHHre — TaKOBO, no KpaÖHeH Mepe, Moe yße^eHHe, h ce-
roflHH oho CHJibnee, hom Kor^a-Jinßo — bhobb noHBHjiocb hohto
poflCTBeHHoe caMOMy cnocoöy Mbiuuienux, Mapnca, ero «reope-
THHecKOÄ npaKTHKe», corjiacHO BbipaaceHHio, npe/piOHceHHOMy
AjibTioccepoM; stot ajieMeHT ne cbootjich hh k KaKOMy «MapK-
CH3My» h no-CBoeMy hosbojihji bbihejihtb ero rpaHHijbi. Oh no-
3BOJIHJI BbIHBJIHTb HX C T6M ÖOJIbHieH CHJIOH, HTO OH fleJIBJ! 3TO
H3Hyrpn, BO3Bpan^aacb k yTBep^eHHHM h anopHHM, HMeion^HM
/Via 3Toro cnocoßa MbimjieHHH KOHCTHTyTHBHoe 3HaneHHe.
Hmchho noaTOMy cnop o «BOOÖpaHcaeMbix» h «peajibHbix»
MapKCH3Max, KOTopbifi pa3ropejiCH cpasy Ece nocjie nyßjiHKa-
ijhh «3a MapKca» b 1965 rofly (nepes necKOJibKO ne/jejib nocjie
KOTopoii nocjieflOBajia nyßjiHKaijHH KOJiJieKTHBHoro Tpyna «Hh-
TaTb «Kannraji»»1) h b kotopom (ecjin orpaHHHHTbCH cjjpaHijys-
ckhm KyjibiypnbiM npocTpancTBOM) npHHHMajiH ynacrae TaKHe
BH/jHbie MapKCHCTbi, KaK Anpn JlecJjeBp, h TaKHe BH/jHbie npo-
THBHHKH MapKCH3Ma, KaK PeHMOH ApOH, CeTOflHH yHCe He HMeeT
npeHCHeii 3HanHM0CTH. Bee MapKCH3Mbi ctojih BooßpaHtaeMbi-
MH. Ho CpeßH HHX eCTb HeKOTOpbie, ßOBOJIbHO OTJIHHHbie JipyT
ot zipyra h, no npaB/je TOBopa, «hobojibho MajiOHHCJieHHbie hjih
npejjCTaBjieHHbie MajibiM hhcjiom tckctob, KOTopbie Bee eme
CnOCOÖHbl ßblTb HMnyjIbCOM MbICJIH H JjeHCTBHH, t. e. CnOCOÖHbl 1
1 Oh 6bm BHOBt H3jtaH b 1996 r. b cepHH «Quadrige» (Presses universitai-
res de France).
8

BCTynHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K MB^AHHK) 1996 TO/JA
nponßBO^HTb peajibHbie B^x^eKTbi. H yöeamen, hto «MapKCH3M»
3toü KHHrn, «3a MapKca», othochtch k hx HHCJiy.
H HM6HH0 nOBTOMy, — XOTH CM6IIIH0 H, ÖblTb M0HC6T, H6-
ckpomho noMenjaTb npe^HCJiOBne nepe^; npe/jHCJiOBHeM, na-
IIHCaHHblM CaMHM BBTOpOM, H TGM CBMblM CTaHOBHTbCH TGM,
kto cjioßecHbiMH xHTpociuieTeHHHMH npeßpanjaeT «CerOßHH»
bo «Bnepa», a to h b «Korjja-To», h najiaraeT cboio omoptbjih-
iomyio, HCTopH3Hpyiomyio HHTepnperaijHio na jkhboo h Haxo-
ßfliijeecfl b bohhom j^bhhcchhh hhcbmo, — h Bee ace corjiacHJi-
ch «npe^CTaBHTb» HHTarejiHM 1996 ro^a hoboo H3^aHHe khhth
AjibTioccepa2.
Ho npe^K^e hcm cooßnjHTb HeKOTopbie Heoßxo^HMbie hctoph-
necKne h 6norpa(J)HHecKHe3 aaHHbie, h 6bi xoreji npeaynpe/iHTb
06 HCKymeHHH «aHTHKBapHoro» htohhh, KOTopoe yMHOHcaeT
□KpaHbi, ceTKH HHTepnpeTaijnH, CToamne Me^K^y bthm nncb-
mom h ero HHTarejiHMH.
HecoMHeHHO, cjie^yeT 3HaTb, hto tokctm, coßpaHHbie b «3a
MapKca», 6bDiH onyßjiHKOBaHbi h oö'bejjHHeHbi b oahoh KHHre
Me^cfly 1961 h 1965 rr. 3to 3HanHT, hto ohh noHBHjmcb b ne-
pHOß, OTMeneHHblH TaKHMH COÖblTHHMH BCCMHpHOH H 4>paHIjy3-
CKOH HCTOpHH, KaK XX CbeSfl KoMMyHHCTHHeCKOH napTHH Co-
BeTCKoro Coio3a, 03HaMeH0BaHHbin «ßOKJiajjOM Xpynjeßa» o
npecrynjieHHHx CrajiHHa (1956), öynaneniTCKoe BoccTaHHe h
cyaijKaa HHTepBenijHH (1956), noßejja KyßHHCKoii peBOJiioijHH
(1959), nocjiejjHHe rojjbi bohhbi b Ajincnpe h BO3BpanjeHne re-
nepajia ae Fojijih ko BJiacTH nocjie ajiJKHpcKoro nyrna (1958—
1962), co3,n;aHHe OBCE (1960) h noHBjieHHe BepjiHHCKoii cre-
Hbl (1961), C O^HOH CTOpOHbl. C JjpyrOH CTOpOHbI, OH OTMeneH
TaKHMH COÖblTHHMH, KaK aMepHKaHCKBH HHTepBeHIJHH BO BbeT-
2 Ha jjejie HBJiaiomeecH btopbim, nocKOJibKy «3a Mapnca» ywe nepenajia-
Banacb b 1986 rojjy b cepaa «Ochobm» aa/jaTejibCTBa La Decouverte, npojjoji-
HcaBiuero jjejio aaaaTejibCTBa Francois Maspero.
3 B Koaije HacTOHmero as/janaa aaTaTejib aaa/ieT «BaorpacjjaHecKyio 3a-
MeTKy», b KOTopoa a aaio KpaTKaa o^epK Hcaaaa a TBopnecrBa Jlya AjibTioc-
cepa.
9

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
HaMe (1965), KHTancKaa KyjibTypnaa peBOJiioijHH (KOTopaa na-
HHHaeTca b 1966 r.), coölithh Maa 1968 r. bo <I>paHijHH h ßpy-
thx CTpanax (MeKCHKe, FepMaHHH, CoeßHHeHHBix IIIraTax,
ÜTajiHH, Llojibine...), «npaaccKaa Becna» h BTopaceHHe b Hexoc-
jioßaKHio (1968), noßnncaHne coijnajiHCTaMH h KOMMynncTa-
mh «OßnjeH nporpaMMbi coioaa Jießbix chji» (1972) h poacßenne
«eBpoKOMMyHH3Ma» b ceMH/jecHTbix roßax, CBepaceHHe h yßnii-
ctbo Ajiben^e (1973) h «peBOJHOijna TBO3ßHK» b IIopTyrajiHH
(1974)...
JJjih Toro HToßbi noHHTb Mecro Te3HCOB «3a Mapnca» He tojib-
KO B HCTOpHH MapKCH3Ma, HO H B HCTOpHH (JjHJIOCOC^HH XX CTO-
jieTHfl, rjje ohh ocTaBHJin äocthtohho 3aMeTHbiii cjie/j, nojie3no
h neoßxoflHMO 3HaTb, hto 3Ta KHHra öbuia HanHcana cpasy ace
nocjie nopa3HTejibHoro 1960 roßa. Foßa, CTaBinero CBHßeTejieM
nyßjiHKaijHH tbkhx khht, KaK «3hbkh» Mepjio-IIoHTH (b ko-
TopoÄ coßepacaTca ero paßoTbi «Ot Mocca k JleBH-CTpoccy» h
«3aMeTKH o MaKHaßeJiJiH»), «KpHTHKa ßHajieKTHHecKoro pa3y-
Ma» JKaH-EIojiH Caprpa (na KOTopyio b 1962 roßy JleBH-CTpocc
OTBeTHT nyßjiHKaijHeH CBoero «IlepBoßbiTHoro MbiniJieHHH»),
ßojibinoe 3nHCTeMOJiorHHecKoe Hccjie/jOBaHHe HCnjia-FacTOHa
FpaHHcepa «<X>opMajibHaa mbicjib h HayKH o nejioßeKe» h «Iloa-
thkb MenTbi» TacTona Bamjiapa, CBH/jeTejieM KOHrpecca b Bo-
Hesajie, nocBanjeHHoro 6ecco3HaTejibHOMy, kotopmh 6bDi op-
raHH3OBaH Anpn 9h h b ijeHTpe KOToporo ctohji JKbk JIaKaH,
HaKoneij, CBH/jeTejieM nyßjiHKaijHH 4)paHny3CKoro nepeßo-
jja «HcTopHH h KJiaccoBoro co3HaHHH» JlyKana (npoTHB acejia-
hhh aBTopa). «KpHTHKa noBce^HeBHOH 3KH3HH» AnpH JlecJjeBpa
(1958 h 1961), «Hctophh ßesyMHH» Mnniejia <I>yKO (onyßjiHKo-
BaHHaa b 1961 r.), «BßeaeHHe k «HcTOKy reoMeTpHH» Fyccep-
jih» JKaKa 'HeppHßa h jicki^hh XaH/jerrepa o Hnijine hohbjihiot-
ch oflHOBpeMeHHO c nanajioM paßoTbi AnbTioccepa naß neio.
B to BpeMH kbk npojjojiacaeTCH cnopa^HnecKaa, CBH3aHHaa c
BO3MO5KHOCTHMH «BO3fleHCTBHH» Ha CHTyaiJHK) paÖOTa Haß 3TOH
KHHTOH, BbIXOßHT TBKHCe «Mh(|) H MblHIJieHHe TpeKOB» JKaH-
Ilbepa Bepnana (1965), «Hmjine h 4)hjioco4>hh» /lejiesa (1963),
10

BCTynUTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K H3ßAHHK) 1996 TOßA
«CTpyKTypnbie H3MeneHHH ccjiepbi oßnjecTBeHHOCTH» Xaßep-
Maca (1962) h «O peßOJiioijHH» XaHHbi ApeHßT (1963), «JKecT
h penb» Jlepya-FypeHa h nepBbin tom «Mh^ojiothk» JleBH-
CTpocca (1964), «IIpeßnojiOHceHHH h onpoßepaceHHH» Ilonne-
pa, «0hjioco4)hh anreßpbi» BnjibeMHHa (1962) h «HccjießOBa-
hhh o HbioTOHe» Kofipe (1965).
HaKoneij, nyßjiHKaijHH stoh khhth nenocpeßCTBeHHO npeß-
inecTByeT noHBJienHio «OßHOMepnoro nejioseKa» MapKyae,
«TpaKTaTa o My3biKajibHbix oßbeicrax» ütepa IIIe4)(t)jiepa,
«CMepra» flHKejieBHHa, «Kphthkh h hcthhbi» BapTa, «IIpo-
ßjieM oßnjeii jihhtbhcthkh» BeHBeHHCTa, «Cjiob h Benjeii» C>y-
ko, «CTaTeü» JlaKana, «FIohhthh h hchshh» KaHrnäeMa4, h
t. r. Bee ohh bbihijih b 1966-m, eqe OßHOM nopa3HTejibHOM
roßy...
B ijejiOM nojie3HO 3naTb, hto paßoTa Haß stoh khhtoh h ee
nyÖJIHKaiJHH HpO^eCCHOHaJIbHblM (jjHJIOCOCjjOM, HaXOßHBIHHM-
CH B CaMOM IjeHTpe 4>paHIjy3CKOH yHHBepCHTeTCKOH CHCTeMbl H
HBJIHBHIHMCH «pHßOBBIM» aKTHBHCTOM KoMMyHHCTHHeCKOH Hap-
thh, npnxoßHTCH na nepHOß, b kotopom noHBJiHiOTCH nepßbie
3naKH pacnaßa nocjieBoeHHoii CHTyaijHH, Korßa ßera, poßHB-
urnecH npn OKKynaijHH, ßocTHraiOT coßepnieHHOJieTHH, Korßa
xojioßHaa BOHHa npeBpanjaeTCH b «MHpnoe cocynjecTBOBaHHe»
(hjih HaxoßHT b H6M CBoe npoßOJDKeHHe), Korßa CTaBniHÜ ney-
ßepjKHMblM — HO nOCTOHHHO COnpOBOHCßaiOIßHHCH HCeCTOKHMH
CTOJIKHOBeHHHMH — npOIjeCC ßeKOJIOHH3aiJHH, nO-BHßHMOMy,
opHeHTHpyeTca Ha oßmyio aHTHHMnepHajiHCTHHecicyio ßopbßy
h coi^najiH3M, Korßa BKOHOMHHecKHH pocT h KyjibTypHbie Myra-
Uhh rocyßapcTB KanHTajiHCTHHecKoro «ijeHTpa» BbijiHBaiOTCH b
npHHHMaiomyio Bee ßojibinne Macnrraöbi ßopbßy 3a paenpeße-
jieHHe ßoraTCTB h bjibcth, Korßa na 3anaße Eßponbi (ßce eqe)
naijHOHajibHoe h (ßojiee hjih Menee) coijnajibnoe rocyßapcTBO
TOTOBHTCH OCyiljeCTBHTb nOBOpOT K TJI0ßaJIH3aiJHH, b to BpeMH
4 KOTOpblH 6bUI BKJIIOHCH B «HcCJie^OBaHHH IIO HCTOpHH H	HH-
yK» b 1968 r.
11

9TBEH BAJIHBAP
KHK Ha BOCTOKe OTKpblTBIH HJIH JiaTCHTHblH KpH3HC HOCJieCTa-
jihhckhx «peajibHbix» coijHajiHCTHHecKHx rocyaapcTB, KaK Ka-
JKeTCH, OTKpblBaeT BO3MOHCHOCTB «peBOJIIOIJHH B peBOJIIOIJHH»
(PencH Jteßpe), chocoöhoh npuHHMaTb pasjiHHHbie cfropMbi.
IIOJie3HO 3HaTb, HTO 3Ta KHHra HOHBJIHeTCH B TOT MOMeHT,
KOr/ja (J)HJIOCO(t)CKaH JJHCKyCCHH H3MeHH6T OÖ^eKTbl H CTHJIH,
nepecTaronjHe noxojjHTb Ha cthjib h oßbeKTbi nocjießoeHHO-
ro nepHO.ua. He tojibko noTOMy, hto yTBepjKjjaiOTCH «(Jjhjioco-
(|)HH n0fl03peHHH», BeJIHKHMH HaCTaBHHKHMH KOTOpblX HBJIHIOT-
ch Hnijine h — b onpe/jejieHHOH Mepe — 4>peH,zi;, hjih «crpyKTy-
paJIH3MbI», KOTOpbie CTpeMHTCH HßKOHeiJ-TO BH6CTH HayHHOCTb
B ßHCIJHnJIHHbl, OÖ’beKTOM KOTOpblX HBJIHIOTCH OÖlIjeCTBeHHbie
npaKTHKH h 3HaK0Bbie npoijeccbi. He tojibko noTOMy, hto, KaK
CKaaceT 0yKO, c ero reHHajibHOH choco6hoctbio ^aßaTb chht63h-
pyiomne (JjOpMyJIHpOBKH, BOnpOCbl O «3HBHHH H BJIBCTH» bcko-
pe HaßOJiro octbeht 3a coöoii Bonpocbi o MopajiH h hchxojiothh
(BKjnonaH ciojja h (J)eHOMeHOJiorHHecKyio hchxojiothio). Ho tbk-
ace h, ßbiTb MoaceT, b oeoßeHHOCTH noTOMy, hto b TeneHHe Bcero
□Toro nepHO.ua, BCTpenancb c HCTopneii h aHTponojiomeH, ncn-
xoanajiH3OM h hojihthkoh, (Jjhjioco^hh ßojiee hht6hchbho, hcm
npeaqje, CTajiKHsaeTCH co ceouM eneiuHUM, co cqoum 6ecco3Ha-
mejibHbiM, c He-(pujioco(pueü. Cero^HH mbi bhjjhm, hto TeM ca-
MBIM OHa CTpeMHJiaCb OTHIOßb He OÖpaTHTb eeÖH B HHHTO, HO
naiiTH cpe^CTBa, flejiaiomHe bosmohchbimh ee caMOKpHTHKy h
peKOHCTHTynpoßaHHe. H b otom, no Ty cropony Bcex yßeame-
hhh h napTHHHbix npHHajpieHCHOCTeH, HecoMHenHO, 3aKJnona-
jiacb o/jHa H3 npHHHH ee HHTeHCHBHoro cnopa c MapKCOM.
PasyMeeTCH, Bee oto nojie3HO h neoöxo^HMO, ho, noBTopio
eine pa3, «3a MapKca» — oto ne doKyMemn. 3to khuzü, no
JJByM BeCKHM npHHHHaM, O KOTOpblX H 6bl X0T6JI KpaTKO HanoM-
HHTb.
Bo-nepßbix, «3a MapKca» 6biJia Hanucana, b chjibhom cmbic-
jie 3toto cjiOBa. Ona oeraeTCH o^hhm H3 Hanßojiee hpkhx npo-
HBjieHHH 4)Hjioco(})CKoro cthjih AjibTioccepa. CeroflHH, öjiarojja-
12

BCTynHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K M3.HAHHI0 1996 fOßA
pn nyßjiHKaijHH MHoroHHCJieHHbix apxHBHbix MaTepnajiOB, oß-
hh H3 KOToptix npoH3BO,nHT BnenaTJieHHe npeacjjeBpeMeHHbix,
apyrne — cjihihkom 3ano3/iajibix, mbi 3HaeM, hto hohckh 3toto
cthjih npoflOJiacajiHCb flOBOJibHO jjojito, b MeHTaHHHx h npoßax
nepa nojjpocTKa, BocmrraHHoro na KJiaccuKax, npeßbisaionjero
B JiyXOBHblX HCKaHHHX H HCajJHOTO KO nOJieMHKH, 3aTeM — b co-
HHHeHHHx Mojiojjoro Macrepa aKa^eMnnecKoro TeKcra; nosanee,
3a HCKJIIOHeHHeM HeCKOJIbKHX npoßjieCKOB, OH 6bIJI nOTepHH B
TeopeTinecKH-aKTHBHCTCKHx nonbiTKax conepHnnecTBa c ch-
CTeMaTinecKHMH hsjiohcohhhmh «jjHajieKTHnecKoro h HCTopnne-
ckoto MaTepHajiH3Ma» na hx co6ctbchhoh TeppHTopHH, h b aß-
To6Horpa4)HHecKoii anojiOTHH-oÖBHHHTejibHOH penH-HcnoBeßH,
HanHcaHHoä jjjih KaKoro-TO (Jjhkthbhoto TpnöyHajia (h 6epy na
ceßn nojinyio OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CKasannoe). Ho b «3a MapK-
ca» — KaK, BnponeM, yace h b nyzjecHOM «MoHTecKbe: hojihth-
Ka h hctophh»5, a TaKHce b «KHHre» «MaKHaßejiJiH h mbi» (no-
CKOJIbKy 3TO fleÖCTBHTeJIbHO KHHra. Mbl ßblJIH y^HBJieHbl h Tpo-
nyrbi, Koiyja oÖHapyacHjiH otot tokct b ero hhcbmchhom CTOJie,
r^e oh xpaHHjiCH tbk, KaK ßyijTO 6biji nanHcan tojibko jjjih He-
ro caMoro h jjjih nojmepacaHHH necra «TeopHH»)6, — otot cthjib
npoHBJineTCH c HaHÖojibineii chjioh h Bbipa3HTejibHOCTbio, koto-
pbie nopaacajiH ero nepßbix HHTaTejien.
3to cthjib, TOBopHiijHM o CTporocTH h HayKe H ÖJiaTOflapH
CBoeii pHTOpHHeCKOH H nOHHTHHHOH 3K0H0MHH npHOßpeTaiO-
mHH Cpe/JCTBa, KOTOpblX OHH TpeßyiOT, HO B TO HCe BpeMH HBJIH-
tohxhhch Hpe3BbnaHH0 crpacTHbiM: cthjib, bcm ncHBan crpacTb
KOToporo, nHTaionjaHCH H3 ne no/maiomHxcH pacniHtjjpoBKe hc-
tohhhkob, nepeuuia b CBoeo6pa3Hbiii jinpH3M aöcrpaKijHH (no-
äo6ho TOMy KaK AjibTioccep b CBoe BpeMH tobophji o KpeMOHH-
HH He KaK 06 «aÖCTpaKTHOM XyflOHCHHKe», HO KaK O «Xy/JOHCHH-
Ke aöcTpaKTHoro»)7. Cthjib, b kotopom 3aHBJineT o ce6e «cnjia
5	PUF, 1959 (nepen3ßaHa b 1992 b cepim «Quadrige»).
6	Louis Althusser, Ecrits philosophiques et politiques, tome II, textes
reunies et presentes par Francois Matheron, Stock/IMEC, Paris, p. 42—168.
7	Ecrits..., II, op. cit., p. 173 sq.
13

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
cjießCTBHH» («AMbeHCKaa jieKijna»), kotopbih mhothm o6a3an
üacKajiio h Pycco, Ilern h Caprpy (jja-aa), Mapncy h Hnijine,
HO KOTOpblH HBJIHeTCH aÖCOJIIOTHO HHßHBHflyaJIbHblM, TBK CKa-
3aTb, JIHHHO-nyÖJIHHHblM. H KOTOpblH BHOBb JJOKaSblBaeT, HTO
ne ßbiBaeT (JjhjiococJihh — KaKoä 6bi ona hh 6biJia, apryweHTa-
THBHOH HJIH pe^JJieKCHBHOH, acjiopHCTHHecKOH hjih jjoKasaTejib-
HOH, — 6e3 H3o6peTeHHH HHCbMa HOCpe/JCTBOM nOHHTHH, «3a»
KOTopoe ona BbicrynaeT, h äjih: nero.
Bo-BTopbix, «3a Mapnca» He BbmBHraeT HHKaKoro coßcTBen-
Horo yneHHH, — nanpoTHB, 3Ta KHHra crpeMHTca «cjiyacHTb»
yace jjaHHOMy yneHHio, yneHHio MapKca. Ho oto ynenne oßjia-
jjaeT CTpaHHOH ocoßeHHOCTbio: oho He cyu^ecmeyem, no Kpaii-
Heü Mepe b (jjopMe cHCTeMaTHHecKoro H3JioaceHHa (nocKOJibKy
TeopHH «ÄHajieKTHHecKOTo MaTepnajiH3Ma», pa3yMeerca, npeß-
craBJiHiOT coßoii Bcero jihihb KapHKarypy na Hero). üosTOMy,
pa3bflCHHeT AjibTioccep, omKpbieaa ero b «TeopeTHnecKHx» h
«npaKTHnecKHx Tpynax MapKCH3Ma» 3a (jiopMOH HaßpocKOB h
npHMeneHHH, «bbibojjob 6e3 nocbmoK» hjih otbctob na Bonpo-
cbi, KOTopbie ne 6bDiH c4>opMyjiHpoBaHbi KaK TaKOBbie, cjie-
jjyeT b to ace BpeMa npouseecmu ero b ho,hjihhhom CMbiejie
cjioßa.
3to 3HaHHT, hto cjiejjyeT na3BaTb, apTHKyjinpoBaTb nonaraH
H BbICKa3aTb Te3HCbI (b ßeilCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, KOHeHHO ace, aBJia-
lonjHeca THnoresaMH), H3 KOTopbix oho coctoht. Umchho 3to
h aejiaji AjibTioccep b «3a MapKca», nopoaqjaa npn 3tom no-
pa3HTejibHyio KOHCTeJiJiaijHio nonaTHHHbix HHCTpyMeHTOB h
TeM caMbiM H/ja Ha phck (3a 3to ero He pa3 noßBeprajiH h, ne-
coMHeHHO, enje ßy^yT no^BepraTb kphthko) sacraBHTb MapK-
ca roBopHTb ßojibine, neM oh aeiiCTBHTejibHO CKasaji, hjih jjaace
TOBOpHTb HeHTO COBCeM HHOe. Ho B TO ace BpeMa OTKpblBaa BO3-
MOJKHOCTb 3KCnopTHpOBaHHa HOHaTHH H BonpocoB, ßepyiijHx
nanajio b mbicjih MapKca, bo sce nojie anncTeMOJiOTHH, hojihth-
KH H MeTa$H3HKH.
B	CBoeM npeßHCJiOBHH («Cero/jHa», II, c. 49) AjibTioccep
CBa3biBaeT ranoTesbi, Ha KOTopbie onnpaerca ero npoHTenne
14

BCTVnHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K H3JJAHHK) 1996 TO^A
MapKca, c jjByMH rjiaBHbiMH TeopeTHnecKHMH hohhthmmh: c no-
HHTH6M «npoßjieMaTHKH» (KOTOpOe, KaK OH rOBOpHT, 6büI0 3a-
hmctbobslho y ero yMepinero b 1963 rojjy apyra JKana Map-
rana, KOTopoMy nocBHiijeHa 3Ta KHura), h c noHHraeM «ann-
CTeMOJiornHecKoro paspbiBa» (KOTopoe, KaK oh tobopht, 6bmo
sanMCTBOBaHO y ero ynHTejia TacTona Banuiapa). Bhjiotb jjo
ceroßHHinHero «hhh oth ßBa hohhthh — BMecre c npoÖJieMaMH
HHTepnpeTarjHH, KOTopbie ohh CTaBHT, — npe^CTaBjiHiOT coßoü
CBoero po/ja onoanaBaTejibHbiH 3HaK «ajibTioccepnaHCTBa» hjih,
CKopee, Toro cjiejja, KOTopbifi oho octhbhjio b anHCTeMOJiorHHe-
ckom jjHCKypee. Ho xoth ohh h hbjihiotch cynjecTBeHHbiMH ßjia
saMbicjia «3a MapKca», ohh, pasyMeerca, ne HcnepnbiBaiOT ero
TeopeTmecKoe co/jepacaHHe. OcoanaBaa Bee onacnocTH ynpo-
IIjeHHH, CBH3aHHbie C TaKHM H3JIOECeHHeM, B KOTOpOM cjie^yer
He oßcy^aTb, ho jihihb yKa3bißaTb na to, hto HBjiaeTCH MaTe-
pnajiOM jjjih AHCKyecHH, h npe/uiaraio BbmejiHTb Tpn KOHcreji-
JIHIJHH B3aHM0CBH3aHHbIX HOHHTHH H BOnpOCOB.
OßHa H3 HHX OpraHH3OB£LHa BOKpyr «anHCTeMOJIOTHHeCKOTO
paspbiBa». K Heö othochtch hohhthh meopemuuecKoü npaK-
muKU, HayHHoemu h npoßsiewamuKU (KOTopan, bosmohcho, He
npaMO CBH3ana c Problemstellung XaH^errepa h KOTopyio 6bi-
jio 6bi HHTepecHO cpaBHHTb c «npoßjieMaTH3aijHeH» flejiesa h
0yKO), HOMblCJieHHOH KHK CHCTCMaTHHeCKOe e/JHHCTBO, HO He
CaMHX H/jeH HJIH HOHHTHH, a HX MaTepnaJIbHOH 603M0^CH0CmU.
3to MOMeHT, KOTopbifi Bbi3Baji Hanöojiee oacHBjieHHbie jjhc-
KyccHH, b nojiHoÄ Mepe pacKpbiBaiomHe a$4)eKTbi, CBasaHHbie
c Hjjeen nayKH, ho raiOKe h cKpbiBaionjHecH b nen TpyflHOCTH.
OrpaHHHycb Bcero jjßyMH HaßjiKmeHHHMH. B to BpeMH KaK Ajib-
Tioccep, flaace KOT/ja oh nojjBepraeT ceöa caMOKpHTHKe, npHHH-
Maionjeii pa3JiHHHbie (JiopMbi (b ocoßeHHOCTH b cbhsh c Bonpo-
com o tom, cjie/iyeT jih paccMarpHBaTb «ßHajieKTHHecKHH Mare-
pnajiH3M» hjih «reopnio TeopeTHnecKHx npaKTHK» b KanecTBe
HayHHoro hjih (jDHjioco^cKoro ßHCKypca), OTKa3biBaeTCH OTÖpo-
CHTb H/jeio, hto TeopHH MapKca (KaK OHa npeacTaBjiena b «Ka-
HHTajie») coflepjKHT c ce6e a^po HaynnocTH stricto sensu, koh-
15

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
ijenijHH btoh HaynnocTH eqe He HBjiaeTCH (jiHKCHpoßaHHOH8.
ToHHee roßopa, ona pa3BHBaercfl no xo/jy jjejia: ot H^en «bo3-
BpaTa k peajibHOMy» (no Ty CTopony ot HjjeojiomHecKHx hjijiio-
3hh) k ßojiee enHH03HCTCK0H n/jee «TeopeTHnecKoro npucBoe-
HHA», KOTOpoe B TO ACe BpeMfl ßOJIACHO 6bITb «HayKOH 06 HßeOJIO-
THH», KOTOpOH OHO npOTHBOCTOHT, H O ee COÖCTBeHHOH BJiaCTH
KaK HJIJIIO3HH.
PicXOflA H3 3T0T0, MOJKHO (h, HeCOMHeHHO, ßOJDKHO) CHpOCHTb
ceßa, jjeÄCTBHTejibHO jih «3a MapKca» h cjieayiomHe 3a btoh
khhtoh acce «HMnopTHpyioT» b MapKCHCTCKyio ^HCKyccHio yace
cynjecTByiomyio Mo^ejib HaynnocTH (hto mojkct Bbi3BaTb o6bh-
nenne b no3HTHBH3Me), hjih, CKopee (bo bcakom cjiynae, o^ho-
BpeMeHHO), CTpeMHTCH OÖHOBHTb HOHATHe «HayKH», HCXOflfl H3
toh CBoe6pa3Hoii (b o^ho h to xce BpeMfl kohcJjjihkthoh h crpo-
toh) npaKTHKH no3HaHHfl, KOTopyio npeßCTaBjiaeT coöoh hcto-
pHnecKHH MaTepnajiH3M (h, HecoMHeHHO, TaKHce ncnxoaHajins).
Tor.ua yace ne «nayaa» no3BOJiHJia 6bi naM hohatb, hto raKoe
paspbiB, ho, CKopee, caMa oneBHßHOCTb paspbiBa, coBepineHHO-
ro MapKCOM (kbk kphthkh nenoepe^CTBeHHOCTH h 3MnnpH3Ma
bo Bcex ero cjiopMax, kbk ceHcyajiHCTHHecKHx, t. e. iomobckhx,
tbk h cneKyjiflTHBHbix, t. e. rerejibflHCKHx) noßyzjHJia 6bi nac
BHOBb 3a^aTb Bonpoc o tom, neM ßOJiHCHa ßbiTb nayKa. Hhmmh
cjioßaMH, ona noöyzjHJia 6bi nac nocraBHTb no« Bonpoc o^xJieK-
Tbl 3HaHHfl H HCTHHbI, KOTOpbie OHa BbI3bIBaeT, HO OTHIO^b He
oßflsarejibHO Bbipaacaer b hohhthh.
Bropafl KOHCTejuifliüHfl, paspaßoraHHaa b stoh Knnre, opra-
HH30Bana BOKpyr hohatha cmpyKmypbi. PasyMeerca, oho to-
ace OTCbmaeT k Hjjee CHCTeMaTHHecKoro e^HHCTBa hjih «TOTajib-
hocth», KOTopaa, OßnaKO, flana tojibko b cbohx a^x^eKTax, co-
BepineHHO HMMaHeHTHO hjih KaK «OTcyrcTByiomafl», b ctpotom
8 Mojkho aajjaTb ce6e Bonpoc, 6bma jih ona Booönje Koraa-HHÖyflb tbkoboh:
h OTCbuiaio HHTaTejiH k MoeMy HCCJießOBaHHio «06i»eKT AjibTioccepa», b: Politi-
que et philosophie dans 1’oeuvre de Louis Althusser, sous la direction de Syl-
vain Lazarus, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1993.
16

BCTYIIHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K H34AHMK) 1996 TOßA
CMbicjie cjiOBa «neoT^ejiHMaa» ot hhx «npHHHHa» (AjibTioccep
no3£Hee cpaBHHT ee c npncyrcTBneM cyßcraHijHH Chhhosbi b
cbohx MO^ycax). BaacHbiM b ^aHHOÜ cbh3h — nocKOJibKy penb
H/jeT o MapKce h o THne hphhhhhocth, KOTopbifi oh h MapK-
chctbi nocjie nero (b ocoßeHHOCTH JIchhh b cbohx anajiHTHHe-
CKHX HCCJießOBaHHHX KOITblOHKTypbl, «KOHKpeTHblX CHTyaiJHH»)
CTpeMHJIHCb OTKpblTb B HCTOpHH — HBJIHeTCH TO, HTO MHOJKe-
CTBeHHOCTb, C KOTOpOH Mbl HMOOM flOJIO, OCTb MHOHCeCTBOH-
hoctb npaKmuK. CTpyKTypnpoBaTb ancaMÖJib npaKTHK 3hbhht
C^eJiaTb HOCTHTKHMblM TOT CHOCOÖ, KOTOpbIM OHH BO3^eÄCTBy-
iot .apyr na Apyra. AjibTioccep tobopht hbm, hto ohh jjejiaiOT
3to HCKJiiOHHTejibHO b Mo/jyce cymHOCTHOÄ h Hepe^yi^HpyeMOH
ceepxdemepMUHai/uu, 3a npe/jejiaMH kotopoh HHKaKaa «pe/iyK-
LJHfl CJIO3KHOCTH» HHKOTfla HO HO3BOJIHT OÖHapyECHTb npOCTOTy
jiHHeapHoro /ieTepMHHH3Ma. Hanporaß, hcm c ßojibineH chjioh
yTBepHCßaeTCH «jjeTepMHHaijHH b kohohhom choto» co cropo-
Hbl O^HOH H3 HHX (KOTOpyiO MapKC OTOJKJjeCTBJIHeT CO CHOCO-
6om npoHSBO/jCTBa h 3KcnjiyaTaijHH Tpyna), tom c öojibineH ch-
jioh npoHBJiaeTCH HeoßxojjHMOCTb reTeporeHHofi «jjOMHHaHTbi»
h, KaK cjießCTBHe, yMHoaceHHe npenaTCTBHH peajinsaijHH «hh-
CTOH» 3K0H0MHH6CK0H TeHßeHIJHH — T6X CBMblX npenflTCTBHH,
KOTopbie B HHOM CMbICJie COCTaBJIHIOT BOCb MaTepHBJI KJiaCCOBOH
6opb6bi, 3Toro e^HHCTBeHHoro noßjiHHHoro «ßBHOKynjero npHH-
IJHna HCTOpHH».
OcraBJiHH b CTopoHe Bee cxojiacTHnecKHe jjeßaTbi BOKpyr bo-
npoca o «CTpyKTypajiH3Me», otmothm, hto TaKaa kohixohixhh
crpyKTypbi neraTHBHO onpe^ejiaeT ceßa c homohjbio «hbohhoto
OTpHIXaHHH KaK «HHJIHBH^yaJIHCTHHeCKHX», TBK H «OpraHHIJHCT-
CKHX» HJIH «XOJIHCTCKHX» MeTOJJOJIOTHH, KOTOpbie BOflyT ßpyT C
jjpyroM cnop b anHCTCMOJiorHH ryMaHHTapnbix nayK. üoaTOMy
ona, no KpaHHefi Mepe (jjopMajibno, totobb jjaTb 4>HJioco4)CKoe
Bbipa^ceHHe toh Teopnn coijnajibHoro KaK KOMÖHHaipiH H3Ha-
HaJIbHO TpaHCHHflHBHflyaJIbHblX «OTHOineHHH», KOTOpyiO nOCTO-
hhho paspaßaTbiBaji MapKC, nocjie toto KaK b «Tesncax o
epßaxe» oh npH3naji ee HeoßxoßHMocrb KaK OTBeTa Ha KJiaccn-
17

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
necKHe (JjopMbi n^eajiH3Ma h MaTepnajiH3Ma9. Ee AonojineHHeM
HBJineTCH Hpe3BbmaiiH0 HHTepecHbiü HaöpocoK kphthkh bh-
TponojionnecKoö KaTeropnn «coanaHHH» b TepMHHax crpyKTy-
pbi OHpK/jeHHfl hjih j^HccoixHai^HH (jjopM cyö'beKTHBHoro BpeMe-
hh, KOTopbiH npeßCTaeT nepeji hbmh b 3cce ««ühkkojio», Bep-
tojioijijh h BpexT (3aMeTKH o MaTepnajiHCTHHecKOM TeaTpe)»,
HBJUHOIIjeMCH nOßJIHHHblM reOMeTpHHeCKHM H TeopeTHHeCKHM
ijeHTpoM Bcen khhph (KOTopoe, o/jnaKO, (jjHrypnpyeT 3,necb KaK
HeKoe «noxHiijeHHoe hhcbmo», — b tom CMbicjie, hto hhkto ne
HHTaeT ero KaK TaKOBoe, 6bitb mojkct, no toh npHHHHe, hto
penb b neM H/jer 06 acreTHKe h o rearpe).
Ho 3^ecb CHOBa pacKpbißaeTca o/ina TpynHOCTb, BHyrpeH-
ne npHcynjaa TOMy cnocoöy, kotopbim AjibTioccep Hcnojib3y-
eT Hßeio «crpyKTypbi» jjjih Toro, htoöbi noMbicjiHTb b kohch-
hom cnere ne ctojibko hctophio hjih hctophhhoctb, ckojibko
HeoßxoduMocmb cjiyHaÜHocmu e ucmopuu. He tojibko b cbh-
3h c 3BOJiioijHeH TeopHH MapKca, ho eooöiqe. Bbijio 6bi nerpya-
ho noKasaTb, hto ara rpy^HOCTb HHKor^a ne Hcnesana H3 Te-
opeTHnecKHx npHMeneHHH, ocTaBaBinHxca Han6ojiee BepnbiMH
ajibTioccepnaHCKOH cxeMe. C ojjhoh cropoHbi, H/jea CBepxjjeTep-
MHHai^HH npHMeHHJiaCb ÄJIH nOHHMaHHH COÖbimUH (Toro, HTO
AjibTioccep Ha3bIBaeT «KOHblOHKTypOH», JieHHHCKHM «TeKynjHM
MOMeHTOM», oßpanjaacb k npHBHJiernpoBaHHbiM npHMepaM pe-
BOJIIOUHOHHblX H KOHTppeBOJIIOIJHOHHblX CHTyaiJHH), BMCCTe C
napajjoKcajibHOH KOMÖHHaijHeH Henpe/jBHqeHHOCTH h Heoßpa-
THMOCTH, KOTOpaa C HHM CBH3aHa. C ßpyrOH CTOpOHbI, ona npn-
MeHHjiacb jvih TpaHCHCTopHHecKoro cpaBHeHHH cnocoßoB npo-
H3BO^CTBa, T. e. JIJIH nOHHMaHHH HCTOpHHeCKOH meHÖeHifuu
pa3BHTHH KJiaCCOBOH 6opb6bi H CBMHX OÖlIjeCTBeHHblX (J)opMa-
i^hh, H/jeio kotopoh cjie/jOBajio OTBoeBaTb y HfleojiorHii npo-
rpecca, BKOHOMHCTCKOrO 3BOJIIOIJHOHH3Ma H 3CXaT0JI0rHH «KOH-
9 Hm6hho 06 3tom roBopuT AjibTioccep, Korßa b «HuTaTb «KanHTaji»» onpe-
aejiaeT «crpyKrypHyio npuHHHHOCTb» nocpeacTBOM ßBoiiHoro npoTHBonocraB-
jieHHH «MexaHHHecKon» h «BbipaoKaionjeH iiphhhhhocth»; AjibTioccep roBopuT
to »ee caMoe: penb hact 06 oähoh h toh »ce npoÖJieMe.
18

BCTynKTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K M3,HAHHK) 1996 rOßA
ija HCTopnn». Hhbimh cjiobhmh, ona npuMenajiacb «hjih iiohh-
MBHHH KOMMyHHCTHHCCKHX peBOJIIOIJHH, C OflHOÄ CTOpOHBI, H
npoijeccoB nepexo^a k coixnajiH3My — c «npyrofi... Ho, crporo
roBopa, 3to OTHioflb ne ojjho h to ace. Kor/ja mbi nnraeM h ne-
peHHTbiBaeM jjBa 6ojibhihx acce o «IIpoTHBopeHHH h CBepx^e-
TepMHHaixnH» h «O MaTepnajiHcnnecKoii anajieKTHKe», koto-
pbie npeßCTaiOT ziepe/j hbmh kbk eaimoe ijejioe, mm mohccm, KaK
Mne KaaceTca, 3aMeraTb, hto nepsoe H3BJieKaeT noHHTHe CBepx-
^eTepMHHaiinn H3 n/jen coöbithh, b to BpeMH KaK BTopoe pa3-
BHBaeT ero, hcxo/jh H3 TeHjjeHijHH h nepHOjjHsaijHH. Peine-
HHe, paayMeeTCH, He saKJiiOHaeTCH b tom, htoöbi c/jejiaTb bbi-
6op b nojib3y ojjhoh tohkh 3peHHH 3a cneT apyroü. CKopee oho
3aKJiiOHaeTCH b tom, HToßbi paccMarpHBaTb «3a MapKca» h ero
H/jeio CTpyKTypbi KaK Hpe3BbiHaiiHO cacaTyio h njiOTHyio, ho ot-
hio/jb ne oKOHnaTejibHyio paapaßoncy Bonpoca 06 hctophhho-
CTH, B KOTOpOM COßepHCHTCH HanpHJKeHHe MeHCßy 3THMH JJByMH
TOHKaMH 3peHHH H JjaHCe HX B3aHM0CBH3b.
HaKoneij, mbi erajiKHBaeMCH b btoh KHHre c KOHCTejniHijHeH,
opraHH3OBaHHOH BOKpyr hohhthh h npoßjieMbi udeonozuu. B03-
MOHCHO, HTO HOCJie TpH/IIjaTH JI6T flHCKyCCHH HO 3TOMy BOnpO-
cy, KOTopbie Tonte oßpaayiOT coßoii onpeaejieHHbiH ijhkji, khk
epeflH Tex, KTO (KaK HO nOJIHTHHeCKHM, TaK H no 4)HJIOCo4)CKHM
npHHHHaM) He acejiaer OTKa3biBaTbcn tobophtb 06 «H/jeojiOTHH
H HfleOJIOTHHX», TaK H Cpe/JH Tex, KTO BHßHT B 3T0M TJiaBHOe
npenHTCTBHe Ha nyrH repMeneBTHKH hjih reneajiorHH hctoph-
HecKoro AHCKypca, mbi mohccm HaKOHeij cKaaaTb 06 «anbTiocce-
pnaHCKOH» KOHijenijHH HßeojiOTHH HecKOJibKo npocTbix Bemeii.
Hpenc/je Bcero, to, hto ona npeßCTaBJiHeT coßoii caMbiii ijemp
ero 4)ujioco(})ckozo npe^npHHTHH h ero OTHOineHHH k (jnuioco-
(puu KaK jjHCKypcy h KaK jjHCijHnjiHHe. JJejio b tom, hto ona no-
3BOJiHeT (hjih, kbk npe/jnojiaraeTCH, aojDKHa ho3bojihtb) (Jihjio-
co(|)hh yBH/jeTb oßpaTHyio CTopony sepKajia ee «caM0C03HaHHH»,
HBJIHeTCH JIH OHO XOpOIHHM HJIH JjypHBIM, H 3aHHTb HO3HIJHIO HO
OTHOineHHIO K CBOHM COßCTBeHHbIM MaTepnaJIBHBIM yCJIOBHHM
BO3MO3KHOCTH, b nojie mozo, Hmo He R6JlSieinCH eK) COMOÜ, T. e.
19

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
oßnjecTBeHHbix npaKTHK. Ho npn otom ne otmohhh caMy ceßa h
He pejjyrjHpya ceßa k «OTpaaceHHio». TeM caMbiM ona npe/jcraß-
jiaeT coßoii coeßHHHioiijee 3Beno aKTHBHoii (JjHjiHaijHH, KOTopoe
CBH3biBeT Teopnio AjibTioccepa c ero (JjhjiococJjckhmh MOßejia-
mh: Chhho3oh, onpejjejieHHMM noHHMaHHeM «PpeHjia. C Teope-
thkbmh OTHioßb He bbtohomhh, caMOflocTaTOHHOCTH, ho rere-
Pohomhh hx coßcTBeHHoro (Jjhjioco^ckoto jjHCKypca. C Teope-
THKHMH «TOHHKH», T. e. H03HIJHH MbICJIH B KOH(|)JIHKTHOM HOJie,
KOTopoe ona no^BepraeT aHanH3y, h tcm caMbiM ee peajibHoä,
ho orpaHHHeHHoii moiijh.
KpoMe Toro, mm mojkom CKaaaTb, hto AjibTioccep HHKor^a
ne KOJießajica b «onpe/jejieHHH» H/jeojiOTHH kbk thkoboh: 3to
onpe/jejieHne 6mjio KOHCTHTyHposaHHbiM c caMoro Hanajia (hjih
noHTH c caMoro Hanajia: cm. ßHCKyccHio o ryMaHH3Me), h mbi
HaHfleM ee b tom ace cbmom BH/je b paöorax, hohbhbhihxch no-
cjie 1968 ro/ia («HjjeojiOTHH h HjjeojiorHnecKHe annapaTM rocy-
jjapcTBa»). HfleojiorHH — He Bewusstsein HCTopunecKoro Sein,
«4>opMa oßnjecTBeHHoro coanaHHH», OTpaacaiomaB (xoth h b ne-
peBepnyroM BHjje) «MaTepnajibHbie ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH» h
BbipaacaiomaH ceßa b «uncicypcax, «ßojiee hjih Menee yzjajieHHbix
ot peajibHoro» (t. e. aßcrpaKTHbix, HjjeajibHbix). Cobcom naoöo-
poT, ona — (jxipMa C03hhhhh h 6ecco3HaTejibHoro (ysnaBaHHH h
Hey3HaBaHHfl), b kotopoh uudueudbi 6 eooöpa^ceHuu nepewu-
eajom ceoe omHouieuue k cbohm ycjiOBHHM cynjecTBOBaHHH. Ho
KpaHHefi Mepe, bto (JjyHjjaMeHTajibHMH ypoßeHb, ocnoBonojia-
raionjHH cjioh bchkoh HßeojiorHHecKOH KOHCTpyKijHH, b ocoöeH-
HOCTH TOH 4>yHKIJHH, KOTOpyiO HCTOpHHeCKHe HßeOJIOrHH BM-
nojiHHiOT b nocjießOBaTejibHbix (fropMaijHflx KjiaccoBoii 6opb6bi
(kbe «(JjeoßajibHbie», «6yp)Kya3Hbie» h jjaace «npojieTapcKHe»
H^eojiorHH).
Orcio^a Henocpe^CTBeHHO BMTeKaeT to paapyniHTejibnoe
CJießCTBHe, HTO He MOHteT ÖblTb HHKaKOrO «KOHIja HßeOJIOrHH»
HJIH KOHIja HCTOpHH (ß TOH Mepe, B KOTOpOH OH HBJIfleTCH jjpy-
THM Ha3BaHHeM KOHIja HJjeOJIOrHH), He MOHCeT ßblTb HHKaKO-
rO BO3BpanjeHHH k npoapanHOCTH oßnjecTBeHHbix OTHOineHHH.
20

BCTyilHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K HBflAHMK) 1996 TO/JA
Ho ecjiH bto thk, to hhm cjieflyeT npH3HaTb, hto AjibTioccep He
TOJibKO c nocTOHHCTBOM jjeücTBOBaji «npoTHB CBoero Jiarepa»
(toto, hto, KaK oh roBopnji, HBjiaeTCH oflHoii H3 cynjecTBeHHbix
(jiyHKijHH 4)hjioco4)hh, b CHJiy nero 4)hjioco4)hh Bcer^a hjdk-
jjaeTCH b onpe/jejieHHOM jiarepe), ho h Bna/i b KpHnanjee 4>op-
ManbHoe npoTHBopeHHe. /JeiicTBHTejibHO, oh He nepecraBaji 3a-
HBJiHTb, — h «3a MapKca» b neKOTopoM cmmcjio 6bDia Hannca-
na HMeHHO c 3toh ijejibio — hto 3to onpe/jejieHHe h^bojiothh
HBJIH6TCH e/JHHCTBeHHO BO3MO3KHBIM MapKCHCTCKHM Onpe/je-
jieHHeM, b jiioöom cjiynae e^HHCTBennbiM, KOTopoe cobmccth-
MO C MapKCOBbIM HOHHMaHHCM «OÖnjeCTBeHHOTO OTHOHieHHH» H
no3BOJiaeT 3aBepniHTb ero Teopnio. Ho, HecoMHenno, cjie^yeT
npH3HaTb (h onaTb-TaKH 6epy Ha ce6n OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CKa-
3aHHoe), ne tojibko to, hto bto ne thk, hto oto onpe/jejieHHe
HBJiaeTCH moHHOü npomueonojiowHocmbio Tex onpejjejieHHH,
KOTopbie caM Mapxc (ne roßopn ynce 06 3nrejibce) 6bm b cocto-
HHHH C(|)OpMyjIHpOBaTb (ß OCOÖeHHOCTH B «HeMeiJKOH HfleOJIO-
thh»), ho h to, hto ero nocjie^OBaTejibHoe npHMeneHHe Ha jje-
Jie flOJDKHO 6bDIO npHBeCTH K «JjeKOHCTpyKIJHH» MapKCHCTCKOH
TeopHH h ee npHTH3aHHH Ha nojiHOTy. H nosTOMy neM c 6ojib-
ineä HacTOHHHBOCTbio AjibTioccep yrBepac/jaji (h oh, necoMHen-
ho, HMeji onenb BecKne npHHHHbi jjejiaTb bto), hto TaKoe onpe-
jjejieHHe hejihotch «MaTepnajiHCTHHecKHM», tom ßojiee ynajinji-
ch ot nero ropH3OHT 4>hjioco4)hh, KOTopan 6e3 naTHnceK Morjia
6bi ßbiTb Ha3Bana o^HOBpeMeHHO h «MaTepnajiHCTHHecKOH», h
«MapKCHCTCKOH».
3flecb, HecoMHenno, cjie/iyeT cKasaTb necKOJibKO cjiob o ca-
MOKpumuKax AjibTioccepa. Ho h Ha^eiocb, hto HHTaTejib no-
3bojiht MHe öbiTb KpaTKHM h npocTO yKa3BTb Ha Hanßojiee xa-
paKTepHbie TeKCTbi.
CerOßHH Mbl HMeeM /jejio C HeCKOJIbKHMH «CaMOKpHTHKaMH»,
nycrb «nance neKOTopbie H3 hhx h ne hocht stoto hmchh. JJaace
eCJIH He npHHHMBTb BO BHHMHHHe BCe npOHee, MOHCHO 3aMeTHTb,
HTO OHH CBHJjeTeJIbCTByiOT O JJByCMblCJieHHOH CKJIOHHOCTH BO3-
21

3TBEH BAJIMBAP
BpameHHH k ce6e, ajih Toro htoöbi onpaB/jaTb ce6n, HcnpaBHTb
ceÖH, pa3Jio»CMTb ceßfl Ha sjieMeHTbi (hjih jjaHce paapyniHTb ce-
6h), öbiTb MoaceT, jvih Toro htoöbi noHHTb ce6n, hto, paayMeeT-
ch, He HBJIHeTCH hcm-to xapaKTepHbiM TOJibKO flJiH AjibTioccepa
Cnance cpejjn (Jjhjioco^job). TeM ne Menee b ero cjiynae ona hb-
ho npHHHJia neoöbiHHbie MacniTaöbi, KaK b cnjiy BHyTpeHHero
crpoeHHH ero mbicjih, TaK h H3-3a toto ßaBJieHHH, KOTopoe OKa-
3biBajio Ha Hero ero OKpyaceHHe, octbbhb tom caMbiM necTHpa-
eMbiii OTnenaTOK na ero hch3hh h na CBoeo6pa3HH ero OTHonie-
hhh k TeopHH. IIpoÖJieMa 3aKJnonaeTCH b tom, hto 3th HcnpaB-
JieHHH nOBTOpHIOTCH H, HOBTOpHHCb, H3M6HHI0T CBOK) (|)OpMy.
B naineM pacnopnHceHHH Haxo^HTCH h MHoroHHCJieHHbie «nyre-
BOßHTejiH», npejjjioaceHHbie cbmhm AjibTioccepoM, KOTopbie ot-
Hio,flb ne yKa3bißaiOT o/jhh h Te nee nyrn, BKJHOHan h nyrn HTe-
hhh khhth «3a MapKca».
H coßceM He npe^jiaraio, hto6bi mbi hojihoctbio OTBjieKJiHCb
ot 3thx KOMMeHTapneB, KOTopbie chmh no ce6e hbjihiotch npe3-
BbinaHHO HHTepecHbiMH h ßance OTKpbiBaiOT coBepmeHHO HOBbie
nepcneKTHBbi; ho h npefljiaraio ne npoeKmupoeamb hx chctc-
MaTHHeCKHM o6pa3OM Ha ÖyKBaJIbHblä CMbICJI TeKCTa, HOäOÖHO
TOMy KaK Bbime h npefljiaraji HHTaTb «3a MapKca» b KOHTeKCTe
CBoero BpeMeHH h CBoero OKpyaceHHH, ho He npeßpanjaTb tcm
caMbiM 3Ty KHHry b MaTepnan apxHBa.
riOflTOTaBJIHBaH 3TO H0B06 HSflaHHe, H3^aTeJIb10 Bbipa3HJI co-
BepnieHHO oöocnoBaHHoe McejiaHHe bkjhohhtb b Hero npe/jn-
cjiOBne «K HHTaTejno», HanncaHHoe AjibTioccepoM b 1967 rojiy
ßjiH nepeBojja «3a MapKca» na necKOJibKO HHOCTpaHHbix H3bi-
kob; oneBH^HO, hto paa'bHCHeHHH h oijchkh, npe^JiOHceHHbie b
H6M, COXpaHHIOT CBOK) 3HßHHM0CTb H ßJIH 4)paHIjy3CKHX HHTa-
Tejien.
10 B coTpy/jHHHecTBe c Institut Memoires de l’edition contemporaine
(IMEC), 25, rue de Lille, 75007, Paris, b kotopom 6bdi ocnoBan «<Poha Ajib-
Tioccepa», OTKpbiTbiH fljiH cryjjeHTOB h HCCJieaoBaTejiefi n xpaHHiijHH pyKonn-
ch AjibTioccepa, nacrb ero apxHBOB h Marepnajibi, npuHajvieHcamHe hckoto-
pbiM H3 ero coTpy#HHKOB h KoppecnoH^eHTOB.
22

BCTyiTHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K H3AAHHK) 1996 rOJJA
Ho3HIJHH, KOTOpbie OTpEüKeHbI B 3T0M npe^HCJIOBHH (ca-
MOKpHTHKa «TeopeTHIJH3Ma», ßHCTaHIJHH no OTHOUieHHIO K
«crpyKTypajin3My», aKijenT na pasjiHHHH Meaqjy HayKOÄ h (j)H-
jiococjmeii, aKijenT Ha BHyrpeHHeM OTHOineHHH (Jjhjioco^Jhh k
nOJIHTHKe, B OCOÖeHHOCTH K HOJIHTHKe peBOJIIOIJHOHHOH), — T6
nee caMbie, KOTopbie b paspaßoTaHHofi c TeopeTHnecKOH tohkh
3peHHH (})OpMe M03KH0 HaÄTH B TOKCTaX «JleHHH H (jjHJIOCOfJlHH»
(1968) h «3jieMeHTbi cbmokphthkh» (1974), a b (jiopMe, HMeio-
njeü ßojiee hojihthh6CKhh xapaicrep, — b neKOTopbix TeKCTax
CÖOpHHKa «Ho3HIJHH» (1976) (ß OCOÖeHHOCTH B HHTepBbK) «0H-
jiococJjhh KaK opyacne peBOJiioijHH» h b npe/jncjiOBHH «MapK-
chsm h KJiaccoBaa 6opb6a», HanncaHHOM ^jih KHnrn Map™ Ap-
neKep)*. 3ra caMOKpuTHKa oTpaacaeT Moiijnoe jjaßjieHHe, koto-
poe o/jHOBpeMeHHo c jjByx ctopoh 0Ka3biBajiH na AjibTioccepa
ero nojiHTHnecKHe copaTHHKH (opTO/jOKcajibHbie KOMMynncTbi
0Kn H MaOHCTbl H3 CoiO3a KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOH MapKCHCTCKO-
JieHHHCKOH MOJIOßeHOi), ÖblBHIHe HenpHMHpHMbIMH BparaMH,
ho b paBHofi Mepe acejiaßniHe nanoMHHTb eMy, hto ne cjie/jyeT
«3a6biBaTb KJiaccoßyio 6opb6y» pa^n Kpacor TeopHH. Ha öojiee
rjiyßoKOM ypoBHe ona OTpaxcaeT nonbiTKy AjibTioccepa eeecmu
C HOMOIIJbK) CBOHX COÖCTBeHHblX TeopeTHnecKHx cpe^CTB oßi»-
HCHenne coßbiTHH Maa 1968 ro/ja, KaK h ßpyrnx coßbiTHH Toro
BpeMeHH, b nojie hokoh pacinnpeHHOö MapKCHCTCKoä TeopHH,
b kotopoh ycjiOBHH 3KcnjiyaTaiiHH h 6opb6a npojieTapnaTa hb-
JIHIOTCH «ßeTepMHHHpyiOmHMH B K0H6HH0M CHCTe». HaKOHeiJ, B
eqe ßojiee mnpoKOM KOHTeKCTe ona OTpaacaeT TpyzjHOCTH, cbh-
aaHHbie c TpeöoßaHHeM nocjieaoBaTejibHO mmcjihtb Teopnio KaK
«npaKTHKy» (CKOJIb 6bl HCH3HeHHO BaHCHbIM oho hh HBJIHJIOCb).
B 3tom CMbiejie h He ne OTKpbiBaio 3^ecb HHKaKOH peTpocneK-
THBHOH HCTHHbi; T6M He MCHee H flyMaiO, HTO BCe 3TH OÖCTOH-
TejibCTBa cjieayeT npHHHMaTb Bcepbe3.
YKaaceM na ßBe apyrne «caMOKpnTHKH», nanHcaHHbie b pa3-
* ÜMeercH b BH^y paöoTa: Harnecker M. Principios elementales del mate-
rialismo historico. Mexico-Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 1970. — HpuM. nep.
23

3TBEH BAJIMBAP
jiHHHbie nepnoßbi h c pa3JiHHHbiMH ijcjihmh h KOHijeHTpHpyio-
iijnecH Ha hhbix acneKTax. O^na hx hhx — Ta, Koropan hohb-
jihctch b «AMbencKoii jieKijnH» (1975, ona Bonuia b cöophhk
«IIo3hijhh», 1976, Editions Sociales) h KOTopyio mohcho oßna-
pyacHTb bo MHoacecTBe onenb ajuiiO3HBHbix hjih oneHb iljiot-
Hbix TeKCTOB, HanncaHHbix /jo hjih nocjie KaracTpocJibi 1980 ro-
jja (npHMepoM Moiyr cjiyncHTb ajiJiiO3HH, c kotopmmh mbi Bcrpe-
naeMca b «Bece/jax» c «tepnaHjjoH Haßappo, onyöJiHKOBaHHbix
b 1984 r., — ajiJii03HH, yKa3biBaiomHe na HeoöxoßHMOCTb co3-
jjaHHH «ajieaTopnoro MaTepnajiH3Ma», Haxo/vmjero hctohhhk
BßoxHOBeHHH cKopee b mbicjih 3nHKypa, neM b paöorax coßpe-
MeHHblX ÄHaJieKTHHeCKHX MblCJIHTeJieÄ). Xoth CaMO CJIOBO no-
hbjihjiocb no KpaHHeii Mepe ojjhh pa3 b ero 6ojiee paHHHx pa-
6oTax, b TeKCTe «JIckijhh», kotopbih oh 3aHHTbiBaeT nepe/j
ynenbiM cobctom b 1975 ro^y, AjibTioccep, roßopa o npoTHBO-
peHHH h ero «HepaßeHCTBe», sara^OHHO 3aaBjiaeT, hto ceepx-
demepMUHaifUJi (surdetermination) HHKor/ja ne BCTpenaeTCH
6e3 CTOJib ace cynjecTBeHHon HedocmamoHHoü demepMUHaq,uu
(sousdetermination): ohh He npocTO mchhiotch MecTaMH, ho,
CKopee, KOHCTHTyHpyiOT oflHy h Ty ace crpyKTypy, «nencTByiOT b
npe/jejiax ootoh h toh xce KaysajibHoii jjeTepMHHaijHH11. Cjie-
flyer jih noHHMaTb 3to KaK caMOKpHTHKy, npe/jCTaioii^K) b 3a-
ByajinpoBaHHOH (JiopMe KOMMeHTapna h jjonojiHeHHH? H ckjio-
HHIOCb K 3TOÄ MbICJIH, H 3Ta CaMOKpHTHKa KgüKeTCfl MHe T6M
ßojiee HHTepecHOH, hto ona b öojibineH, neM ^pyrae, Mepe hbjih-
erca KOHCTpyKTHBHOÄ. Ho OHeBH/jHO TaiOKe h to, hto yKasaHHe,
KOTopoe ona aaeT, — nocjie toto, KaK Mbi «b TepMHHax crpyK-
Typbi» oßbHCHMJin HeoöxoduMoemb cjiyHaÜHOcmu, HeoßxoßHMO
Bbipa3HTb eqe h cjiyuaÜHoe dmoü c/iyuauHOcmu, «He/jocTaTon-
HO ßeTepMHHHpOBaHHOe» MHOateCTBO BO3MO2KHOCTeH HJIH TeH-
jjeHijHH, cocymecTByiomHx b npe^ejiax o^hoto h toto ace coßbi-
THH, — HBJIHeTCH CKOpee (JlHJIOCOCjDCKOH nporpaMMOH, HeM T63H-
com hjih flaace ranoTesoH.
11	Positions, op. cit., p. 146—147.
24

BCTynHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K MB^AHHK) 1996 TO/JA
ÜOCJieAHHH CaMOKpHTHKa — Ta, KOTOpyK) M03KH0 OÖHapyJKHTb
b aBTOÖHorpacjjiriecKOM Tencre AjibTioccepa «Byzjynjee jjjiht-
ch jjojiro», nanncaHHOM b 1985 r. h onyöJiHKOBaHHOM cpaay ace
nocjie ero CMepTH b 1992 rofly12: ona bhobb aaTparaBaer «3a
MapKca», xoth Ha btot pa3 penb hjjct ne o TeopeTHHecKOM co-
ßepacaHHH btoh khhth, ho cKopee o caMoü Mo^ajibHOCTH Teope-
THnecKoro (hjih «hhcto» TeopeTHHecKoro) bobachctbhh na ch-
TyaijHio. Tenepb, o/jnaKO, ijejibio HBjineTCH He ctojibko BbiHBjie-
HHe b neM HenpoH3BOJibHoro «otkjioh6hhh» («TeopeTHijH3Ma»),
KaK b npe/iHCJiOBHH 1967 ro/ja, ckojibko npeßpanjeHHe ero b xu-
mpocmb, HHcrpyMeHT oöflyMaHHoro h tbhhoto njiana aecraÖH-
JIH3BIJHH ßOTMaTHSMa, npOTHB KOTOpOTO C MaKHaBeJIJIHHeCKHM
KOBapcTBOM Hcnojib3yeTca ero coßcTBeHHaa jiosyniKa: «Kmch-
ho noaTOMy b IlapTHH oö'beKTHBHO ßbuia Heeo3MOdfCHa hukcl-
kor uhor (popMa nojiumunecKozo eosdeücmeuR, KpoMe nucmo
meopemunecKoü, npuneM tbkoh, KOTopan onnpajiacb 6bi Ha cy-
njecTByiomyio hjih npH3HaHHyio Teopnio, ajih toto htoöbi oßpa-
thtb ee npoTHB toto cnocoöa, kbkhm ee Hcnojib3OBajia IlapTHH.
H nocKOJibKy npH3HaHHaa Teopnn He HMejia HHHero oßnjero c
MapKCOM, ho onnpajiacb Ha Hpe3BbnaHH0 onacnbie TJiynocTH
.HHajieKTHHecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma coBeTCKoro, t. e. crajiHHCKoro
OÖpa3Ija, 6bDI0 HeOÖXO^HMO (H BTO 6bDI e/JHHCTBeHHO BO3MOHC-
Hbiii nyTb) BO3BpaTHTbCH k MapKcy, k btoh b nojiHTHnecKOM ot-
HOIIieHHH HeCOMHeHHO npHHHTOH, nOCKOJIbKy CQRiqeHHOÜ MblC-
jih, h noKa3aTb, hto ßHajieKTHHecKHH MaTepnajiH3M ctbjihh-
ckoto oßpasija, co bccmh ero TeopeTHnecKHMH, 4)hjioco4)ckhmh,
H/jeOJIOTHHeCKHMH H HOJIHTHHeCKHMH CJießCTBHHMH 6bUI COBep-
meHHO aßcypßHbiM. Hmohho bto h nonbiTajicn c/jejiaTb b mo-
hx onyßjiHKOBaHHbix b La Pensee craTbax, KOTopbie 3areM 6bi-
jih coßpaHbi b «3a Mapnca», a TaKHce, b coTpyuHHnecTBe c moh-
mh cryneHTaMH H3 Bbicinefi HopMajibHoii ihkojibi, — b «HnraTb
„KanHTaji“», KOTopbie, nacKOJibKO h iiomhio, noHBHJiHCb b okth-
6pe 1965 r. Ilocjie btoto h He npeKpanjaji cjie^OBaTb toh nee jih-
12	H ijHTHpyio no HOBOMy H3/jaHHio 1994 rojja, Livre de Poche.
25

3TBEH BAJIHBAP
hhh 6opb6bi, BHanajie TeopeTinecKOH, a 3aTeM npnMO hojihth-
necKOH BHyrpn IlapTHH...»13.
3ßecb h Mory tojibko npoijHTHpoBaTb cKasannoe AjibTiocce-
poM h OToejiaTb HHTaTejia k ero TCKCTy. Ho KpOMe TOTO, H MOry
CKaaaTb, hto ne Bepio 3T0My «oßTbHCHeHHio», no Kpafineii Mepe
b 3Toii KOHcnnpaTHBHoii (JjopMe. Mne KaaceTCH, hto oho öbijio
c4)a6pHKOBaHO post factum, hcxo/jh H3 naMepeHHH h aymeBHO-
ro coctohhhh 1985 ro.ua. Oho He cooTBeTCTByer coxpaHHBinHM-
CH y MCHH BOCnOMHHaHHHM O CnjieTeHHH Tex TeopeTHHeCKHX
naMepeHHH h nojiHTHnecKHx Hajjeaqj, KOTopbie mbi — h «ynn-
Tejib», h «yneHHKH», npn Bcex pa3JiHHHHx Meaqjy hbmh — na-
3biBajiH cbohmh b CHTyaijHH 1960-x roßOB. PaayMeeTCH, h npn-
3naio, hto naMHTb MoaceT mchh oÖMaHbiBaTb. Xyace Toro, bo3-
MOHCHO, HTO H BCe BpeMH 3a6jiy)KßaJICH OTHOCHTeJIBHO CBOHX
Mbicjieö h npocTO «MaHHnyjinpoBaji» coßoii. Ho npeacae neM
H03B0JIHTB HHTaTeJIK) COCTaBHTb CBOe COÖCTBeHHOe MHeHHe, H
xony npHBecTH flpyroe cooßpaaceHHe. PaöoTan najj 3thm npe-
ßncjioBHeM, h bhobb nepenHTaji «3a MapKca». Ha keükjjom ma-
ry y mchh co3^aBajiocb BnenaTjieHHe, hto h hmcio jjejio c paßo-
TOH HHTeJIJieKTa — KBKHMH 6bl HH ÖbUIH erO rpaHHIJBI h CKOJIb
6bl HH 6bDI OH «CBepXJjeTepMHHHpOBaH» CBOHMH COÖCTBeHHBIMH
ycjiOBHHMH, npe^ejiaMH, KOTopbie craBHji eMy ero «oö^eKT» h
ero «ijejiH». Mne Kaaajiocb, hto 3Ta paöora 6bDia h onpeaejieH-
HbiM onbimoM, npHoßperaeMbiM ßjiarojnapH TeKCTaM h ßjiaro-
jjapH ceße caMoii, KaK h bchkhh noflJiHHHbiH ohbit, ne yBepen-
hbim b CBoeM pesyjibTaTe, ohbitom, Hbe coöcTBeHHoe Hanpnace-
Hue OTpaacaeTCH b KanecTBe Bbipaacaiomero ero nncbMa. H ne
Bepio, HTO TaKOH OHBIT 6bDI 6bl B03M0HCH6H, 6CJIH 6bl BCe aejio
3aKJIK)HaJI0Cb TOJIBKO B TOM, HTOßbl 3aMaHHTb KaKOH-TO HOJIHTH-
necKHH annapaT b JiOByniKy cjiob h hmoh, — KaKoä 6bi npecTHOK
ohh hh HMejiH, — b KOTopbie caM oh ne BepHJi. H mbi 3to npe-
KpaCHO 3HBJIH. Ma CaMH B HHX «BepHJIH».
Khutb AjibTioccepa oeraeTCH c naMH. Ecjih BHanane ona
13	L’avenir dure longtemps, op. cit., p. 221.
26

BCTynHTEJIbHOE CJIOBO K H3^AHHK) 1996 TO/JA
CTpeMHjiacb ßbiTb pemaiomHM Boa/jencrBneM na CHTyaijHio, ne-
pe^CHBaBinyiocH KaK HCKJHOHHTejiBHBiii momcht, KaK nenaßeJK-
naa BCTpena Bbi3OBa, ßpoineHHoro HcropneH, h TpeöosaHHH Te-
opnn, to cerojjHH, TpmjijaTb jieT cnycTH, Kor/ja Bee ee onopHbie
tohkh hsmchhjih cboh CMbicji, ona ^eMOHcrpHpyeT Henpexoan-
njee 3HaneHHe npoßjieM HHTepnpeTaijHH MapKca. Ona ctbbht
nepe/j (JrajiococJiHeH h KaK (j)Hjioco(i)CKaH KHura 4>yH^aMeHTajib-
Hbie Bonpocbi, Bonpocbi o nayHHOCTH, 06 hctophhhocth, o co-
ijnajibHbix (JjyHKijnHx BOoßpaacaeMoro, cjiomchoctb KOTopbix —
nocjie toto KaK OTOineji b npoinjioe caMonajjeHHHBiH momoht
hx nepBoä 4>opMyjiHpoBKH — mbi tojibko HanHHaeM noHHMaTB.
Ona — ne ece tfesioe mbicjih AjiBTioccepa. Ona — ßaace He hckoc
i^ejioe, nocKOJiBKy, C03/jaB ee, h co3ßas c BejiHHanniHM HCKyc-
ctbom, aBTop caM flojiacen 6bdi ocoshbtb ee HenojiHOTy, cojjep-
jKanjHeca b Heä anopHH, 6bitb MoaceT, ee xpynKOCTB, ho TaioKe
h HcxojjHiijee ot nee TpeßoBaHHe nocTOHHHoro nepeocMBicjie-
hhh. To, hto nopaacaeT nac h cero/jHH, hto bbisbibbct Hain hh-
Tepec, — 3TO TOT (jjaKT, HTO 3T0My B3JieTy MBICJIH 6bDI0 yrOTOBa-
ho TaKoe öyjjynjee.



fl noc&Hiyajo amu cmpauui^bi noMfvnu
Haiuezo dpyza JKaKa MapmuHa, Komo-
puü 6 rrmatcejibix ucnbimaHunx, e odu-
Houecmee omKpbui nymb, eedyiquü k
MapKcy, — u cmcui moum npoeodnu-
KOM.
JI. A.



EHtfOJSO
anaoEOMfadu



I
H 6epy na ce6a CMeaocTb npe/pioacHTb bhhmhhhio ny6jiHKH
cßopHHK HecKOJibKHx craTeii, KOTopbie b Tenenne nocjie^HHx
neTbipex jieT nyöJiHKOBajiHCb b paajiinHbix acypnajiax. HeKOTO-
pbie H3 hhx CTajiH TpyflHOflocrynHbi — h sto nepsaa npinHHa
nOHBJieHHH 3TOH KHHTH, npHHHHa, HOCailjaa aÖCOJIIOTHO IipaK-
TimecKHH xapaKTep. TeM ne Menee, ecjiH coßpaHHbie 3^;ecb pa-
6otm npn Bceä hx HesaBepmeHHOCTH h 3KcnepHMeHTajibHOCTH
Bee ace He jiHinenbi KaKoro-TO 3HaaeHHa, to, oß'be^HHHB hx b
ojjhoh KHHre, mm c^ejiaeM sto 3HaneHHe ßojiee hcheim: h b stom
3aKJiK)HaeTCH BTopaa npHHHHa. H npejjjiaraio hx b toh (J)opMe,
KOTopaa cocraBjifleT chmo hx cynjecTBo: khk ^OKyMeHTbi onpe-
aejieHHOH ucmopuu.
IIohth Bee 3th TeKCTbi poflHJiHCb 6aaro,u;apa onpe/jejieHHO-
My creaeHHio oöcToaTeabCTB (conjoncture): ojjhh noaBHJiHCb H3
pa3MbinuieHHH o tom hjih hhom npoH3Be/jeHHH, «apyrne — H3 ot-
Bera na KpnTHKy hjih BO3paaceHHa, TpeTbH — H3 anajinsa cneK-
TaKJIH H T. ß. Bo Bcex CBOHX ^eTBJIHX, BHJIOTb flO OHeBHflHblX HO-
poö KOJießaHHH, KOTopbie h OTHioßb ne CTpeMHjica 3aTyineBbi-
BaTb, ohh cjiobho poßHMbie nflTHa Hecyr Ha ce6e npH3HaKH, no
KOTopbiM MoacHO onpejjejiHTb ^aTy hx HanHcaHHH. H ycrpannji
HecKOJibKO naccaacefi, coaepjKanjHx nojieMHKy cjihiiikom jihhho-
ro TOJiKa; BoccTaHOBHJi cjiobb, naccaacH hjih npHMenaHHH, ko-
Topbie panee 6bm BbiHyoK^eH hs^htb hjih «hjih toto, htoöbi no-
nja^HTb onpe^ejieHHbie npeapaccyzjKH, hjih ace ajih toto, htoöbi
CBecTH moh pa3MbinuieHHH flo oß’beMa, oßbnmoro ^jih nyßjiHKa-
ijhh TaKoro po^a; naKOHeij, a yroHHHji neKOTopbie ccbijikh.
XOTa KaOKflblH H3 OTHX TeKCTOB B03HHK B CneiJH^JHHeCKOH CH-
TyaixHH, Bee ohh cyrb npojjyKTbi ojjhoh h toh ace anoxH, ojjhoh
H TOH ace HCTOpHH. KaECßblH H3 HHX HO-CBOCMy CBHßeTeJIbCTBy-
er o eßHHCTBeHHOM b cbocm po^e onbrre, BbinaBineM na jjojiio
Bcex 4>hjioco4)ob Moero noKOJieHHa, nbiTaßninxca mbicjihtb,
33

ITPEJJHCJIOBHE
onnpaacb Ha MapKca: sto jjOKyMeHTBi ucanedoeaHUH (pujiococp-
CKOÜ MbICJIH MapKca, 6e3 KOTOpOH HCBO3MOJKHO HaÄTH BbIXOJJ
H3 TeopeTHHecKoro TynnKa, b kotopbih saßejia nac hctophh.
Hctophh: yace b anoxy Hapo^Horo (JjpoHTa h bohhbi b Hc-
nannn ona BToprjiacb b nainy iohoctb, a bo BpeMfl Bohhbi c
öojibhioh ßyKBbi ee öecnonjaßHbiii mcto/j BOcnnTaHHfl (jjaKTaMH
ocraBHJi nocjie ceßfl neH3rjia,HHMbiH OTnenaTOK. Ee oinejiOMjifl-
ioiijhh y^ap 3acTan nac Bpacnjiox b cbmom nanajie HCH3HeHHO-
ro nyrH n 3acTaBHJi Hac, cryzjeHTOB 6ypacya3Horo hjih mcjiko-
6ypflcya3Horo npoHCxonc^eHHA, npH3HaTb cynjecTBOBaHHe KJiac-
cob, 6opb6bi Meflc^y hhmh h ee cthbok. Mbi c/jejiajin bbibojjbi H3
(jiaKTOB, KOTopbie ona BbmynHjia nac npH3HaTb, h BCTynnjin b
nojiHTHHecKyio opraHH3aijHio paöonero KJiacca, b KoMMyHHCTH-
necKyio napTHio.
Tojibko hto saKOHHHjiacb Bonna. Mbi cpasy flte 6buih BOBJie-
neHbi b ßojibniHe nojiHTinecKHe h HjjeojiorHHecKHe cpaaceHHfl,
KOTopbie Bejia Tor^a IlapTHfl, h Tenepb mbi .hojdkhbi 6bdih ßefi-
CTBOBaTb B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHM BblÖOpOM H OTBCHaTB 3a 6T0
nocjieacTBHA.
B Hainen nojiHTHHecKoö naMHTH oto BpeMfl coxpaHHJiocb KaK
BpeMfl HiHpoKOMacniTaÖHbix 3a6acTOBOK h mbccobbix MaHncJje-
CTaiJHH, BpeMfl CTOKrOJIbMCKOrO B033BaHHfl H ^BHfleeHHfl 3a
mhp — KaK BpeMfl, Koma yjieTyHHjmcb 6e3MepHbie Ha/jeHCßbi,
nopojKßeHHbie ConpoTHBjieHHeM, h nanajiacb jjojirafl h once-
CToneHHafl 6opb6a, b kotopoh ßecHHCJieHHbie nejiOBenecKHe py-
kh npejjOTBpaTHJiH KaTacrpo^y, 3acTaBHB ee Tenb OTcrynHTb
b npe^ejibi xojioahoh bohhbi. B Hainen 4>hjioco(|)ckoh naMHTH
3TO BpeMfl coxpaHHJiocb KaK BpeMfl BoopynceHHbix HHTeJIJieKTy-
ajiOB, noßciofly npecjie^yiomHx saßjiywjeHHfl, BpeMfl (Jjhjioco-
4)OB, JIHUieHHBIX COÖCTBeHHBIX npOH3Be^eHHH H nOJIHTH3Hpy-
ioiijhx Bee npoHSBeaeHHfl 6e3 HCKJHoneHHfl, paspyßaiomnx Bee
y3JIBI OflHHM-e^HHCTBeHHblM KJIHHKOM, npHMeHflKJIIJHX K HCKyC-
CTBy, jiHTepaType, 4)hjioco4)hh h HayKaM 6ecnonjaßHyio hcth-
Hy aejieHHfl Ha KJiaccbi, — BpeMfl, neü KapHKaTypHbiii o6pa3 j\o
chx nop coxpaHHJiCfl b o^hoh (jjpase, stom rop/jOM snaMenn, pe-
34

CErOßHH
jonjeM b nycTOTe: «npojieTapcxan nayxa npoTHB nayxn öypacy-
a3Hoä».
JJjih Toro hto6bi aanjnTHTb MapxcH3M, BBH3aBinnÄCH b onac-
Hbie aßaHTiopbi «ßnojiornn» Jlbicenxo, ot hpocthbix arax 6yp-
ncya3HH, BOOKßn bhobb npnßerjiH k homoiixh 3toh CTapofi JieBa-
Hecxofi (|)opMyjibi, b CBoe BpeMH ßbiBineii jiosynroM Bor/jaHOBa
h IIpojieTKyjibTa. Eßßa ycneB nojiyHHTb H3BecTHOCTb, ona cpa-
3y nee npnoßpejia HeorpanineHHoe bjihhhhc. Ee renepajibHan
JIHHHH OCTaBJIHJia TCM, KOTO Mbl CHHTBJIH 4)HJIOCo4)aMH, TOJIb-
xo oßHH BapnaHT Bbißopa: ohh ^ojimchbi öbijih BbiÖHpaTb Meac/iy
KOMMeHTapneM h 6e3MOJiBHeM, npocBeTJieHHoii hjih BbiHync/jeH-
hoh yöeaqieHHOCTbK) h CMynjeHHbiM MOJiHanneM. üapajjOKCOM
Ha^O CHHTaTb TOT (|)aKT, HTO flJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl BHCCTH B 3T0 He-
pasyMHe TOJinxy pasyMa, noHa^oÖHJiocb BMemaTejibCTBO caMO-
ro CTajiHHa, hbh HeyMOJiHMan h pacnpocTpaHHBinaacH hoaoö-
ho 3apa3e CHCTeMa npaßjieHHH h MbimjieHHH xax pa3 h Bbi3Ba-
jia 3th npncTynbi öpe/ja. B HecxojibKHx npocTbix crpaHHijax, na
KOTopbix oh ocyncflaji npe3MepHoe pBenne Tex, kto acejiaji chh-
TaTb H3biK eqe o^hoh Ha^CTpoiiKOH, mbi Menc^y CTpox pa3JiH-
hhjih cKpbrroe nocjiaHHe: KpHTepnä KjiaccoBoii npHHa^jiencHO-
cth HMeeT cboh rpaHHijbi; Mbi hohhjih, hto c nayKOH, Hbe hmh
ctohjio Ha Tpyzjax caMoro Mapxca, nac sacraBjiHJiH oßpanjaTb-
ch xax c nepBoii nonaBineiiCH HßeojiorHeii. Cjie^OBajio c/jejiaTb
mar na3a^ h, npeo/jojieBaH pa36po^ h maTaHHH, onepeTbcn na
to neMHoroe, hto coxpaHHjiocb ot nponuioro.
fl nnniy sth crpoKH ot CBoero hmchh h xax KOMMynncT, xo-
Topbifi mijeT b nponiJiOM jiHinb to, hto choco6ho npoHCHHTb Ha-
rne nacTOHiijee h Harne öyaynjee.
fl nanoMHHaio 06 stom annso/ie He pa^H ynoBOJibCTBHH h He
H3 nyBCTBa ropenH, ho flJiH Toro, HToßbi Hcnojib3OBaTb ero b xa-
necTBe noBO.ua äjih KOMMeHTapna, HMeiomero ßojiee oönjee 3Ha-
neHHe. B tot BpeMH mbi HaxoßHJiHCb b Bospacre, xor,aa ecre-
CTBeHHbl 3HTy3Ha3M H flOBepHe; B TO BpeMH npOTHBHHK 6bIJI
neyMOJiHM h b cbohx araxax npnßeraji x H3bixy ocxopßjieHHH.
H TeM ne Menee btot 3hh30a Ha aojiroe BpeMH npHBeji nac b
35

IIPEJJHCJIOBHE
3aMeinaTejibCTB0, h neKOTopbie H3 Hainnx pyKOBO^HTejieä ne
tojibko ne nbiTajiHCb y/jepacaTb Hac ot cKaTbiBaHHH b Teopera-
necKHH jieBbiii pa^HKajiH3M, ho naoöopoT, jjaace nojjTajiKHBajiH
Hac k HeMy, — b to BpeMH KaK apyrne He npHJiarajin hh Majieä-
uiero ycHJiHH äjih toto, htoöbi yMepHTb hx hbiji, pacKpbiTb naM
rjiasa hjih npejjynpeßHTb nac. Tax mbi nposejiH caMoe ncnoe
BpeMH Hainen hchshh b 6opb6e, BbiHyHCßeHHbie b to ace BpeMH
3anjHiijaTb Haine npaßo h nain /jojit no3HaHHH h ßaace npocTO-
ro H3yneHHH, neoßxo^HMoro jjjih toto, htoöbi nopoac^aTb HOBoe.
Ho ßaace h Ha bto y Hac He ocraBajiocb BpeMenn. HaM ocTasa-
JIHCb HeH3BeCTHbIMH H Bor^aHOB, H IIpOJieTKyJIbT, H HCTOpHHe-
CKan 6opb6a JleHnna npoTHB nojiHTHHecKoö h TeopeTHnecKoii
«6ojie3HH jieBH3Hbi»; mm He oßjia^ajiH aocKOHajibHbiM shhhhcm
TeKCTOB spejioro Mapnca h c npesMepnoH nocneniHOCTbio ysna-
BajiH b H^eojiorHHecKOM njiaMeHH tokctob Mapnca mojio/joto
cboio coßcTBeHHyio ropanyio crpacTb. Ho hto CKasaTb o Hainnx
CTapniHx TOBapniijax? O Tex, na kom jieacajia OTBeTCTBennocTb
yxasaTb HaM nyrb, — KaK cjiynHJiocb, hto h ohh hchjih tom ace
OTcyrcTBHeM 3HaHHH? Bch 3Ta jjojiraa Tpa^HijHH, BbipaßoTaH-
HaH B CTOJIbKHX ÖHTBBX H HCHblTaHHHX, CHOCOÖHaH npH3BaTb B
CBH^eTeJIH CTOJIbKO 3HaHHTeJIbHbIX TeKCTOB, — KaK CJiyHHJIOCb,
HTO OHa CTaJia «HJIH HHX MepTBOH ÖyKBOH?
TaK Mbl npHIHJIH K nOHHMaHHK) TOTO, HTO HOß nOKpOBHTeJIb-
ctbom rocno/jCTByiomero /jorMaTH3Ma Hajj nepBOH Tpa^HijHeH
Oßepacajia noßeay apyraa, HeraTHBHaa, Ha stot pa3 4>paHuy3-
CKan Tpa^HijHH, hjih, CKopee, to, hto mm no anajiorHH c «neMeij-
KOH HHIIjeTOH», O KOTOpOH TOBOpHJI TeHHe, MOTJIH 6bl HB3BaTb
Hainen «(J)paHijy3CKOH HnnjeToii», t. e. HMeionjee rjiyßoKne n
npoHHbie kophh OTcyrcTBHe jjeHCTBHTejibHOH meopemuHecKOÜ
KyjibTypbi b HCTOpHH cj)paHi]y3CKoro paßonero abhhc6hhh. H ec-
jih 4)paHuy3CKOH napTHH Bee »ce yzjajiocb koc-hto caejiaTb, ec-
jih eil yuanocb npn^aTb oßmeii Teopnn «ajByx HayK <J)opMy pa^n-
KanbHoro MaHHcjjecTa, ecjiH efi yzjajiocb TeM caMbiM na «nejie jjo-
KasaTb CBoe HeocnopnMoe nojiHTimecKoe MyacecTBO, to Bee ace
HecoMHenno to, hto ee TeopeTHnecKHe pe3epBbi, ocraBJieHHbie
36

CEfOßHH
efi b nacjieacTBO bcbm nponuibiM (jjpannyacKoro paöonero jjbh-
hcchhh, öbljih BecbMa cKy^HbiMH. B caMOM flejie, kto HaniH Teo-
peraKH? Koro, 3a HCKniOHeHHeM yronncTOB Cen-CnMOHa h 4>y-
pbe, KOTopbix ctojib nacTO ynoMHHaeT MapKC, 3a HCKJiiOHeHHeM
IIpyzjoHa, KOTopbiii ne 6bui mbpkchctom, h JKopeca, kotopbih
6bdi hm jihihb b Majioü creneHH, mojkom mbi Ha3BaTb? B TepMa-
hhh öbdih MapKC h Bnrejibc, 6bdi paHHHH KayrcKHÜ; b Ilojib-
nie — Posa JIiOKceMßypr; b Pocchh — JIchhh h ILiexanoB; b
HrajiHH 6bui Jlaöpnojia, KOTopbiii (b to BpeMH, Kor/ja mbi hmo-
jih nainero Copejin!) kbk paBHbin c paBHbiM bcji nepenncKy c
3nrejibC0M, a nosanee — PpaMiiiH. Kto HaniH TeopeTHKH? Fea?
JIa4)apr?
^jih toto htoöbi OT/jaTb ce6e omeT b Hamen öeßHOCTH, Bcry-
naiomeii b ctojib pa3HTejibHbiH KOHTpacT c ßoraTCTBOM ßpyrnx
napoßOB, noHaßoÖHjicfl 6bi HeMajibiö HCTopHnecKHH aHanH3. He
npereHflya Ha ero npoBe/jeHHe, sacjmKCHpyeM jihhib hcckojibko
onopnbix ToneK. TeopemunecKaR TpaßHijHH (ncTopHnecKan Te-
opHH, 4)HJIOCO(i)CKaH TeopHH) B paÖOHeM flBHHCeHHH XIX H Hana-
jia XX CTOJieTHH ne mojkct oöohthcb 6e3 Tpyija HHTejuieKryajib-
hbix paßoTHHKOB. Hmohho HHTejiJieKTyajibi (MapKC h Bnrejibc)
sajioMCHjiH ochobbi HCTopHHecKoro h jjHajieKTHHecKOTo MaTepHa-
jiH3Ma, hmchho HHTejiJieKTyajibi (KayrcKHH, EbiexanoB, Jlaßpn-
ojia, Po3a JIioKceMßypr, JIchhh, FpaMnin) paßorajiH Haß pa3-
BHTHeM HX TeopHH. ÜHaH CHTyaiJHH 6bUia HeBO3MOJKHa HH BHa-
Hane, hh b ßojiee nosßHee BpeMH, hhhh cmyaijHH HeBO3MO»CHa
ceroßHH h He ßyneT bo3momchoh b ßynymeM; motjio h3M6hhtbch
H ÖyßeT H3M6HHTBCH TOJIBKO npOHCXOMCßCHHe KJIBCCa HHTeJIJieK-
TyajibHbix paßoTHHKOB, ho ne ero xapaKTep1. Hphhhhbi TaKoro
1 PaayMeeTCH, TepMHH «HHTejuieKryaji» oöoaHanaet BecbMa cneijH(j)HHe-
CKHH H BO MHOrHX OTHOUieHHHX COBepiIieHHO HOBblH THII BOHHCTByiOIIierO HH-
TejiJieKryana. 3to no/viMHHbie yneHbie, BOopyaceHHbie HHcrpyMeHTaMH caMOH
ayreHTHHHOH nayHHOH h TeopeTinecKOH KyjibTypbi, anaKOMbie c no/jaBjiHio-
njeii peajibHOCTbio h c MexaHH3MaMH Bcex $opM rocnoacTByiomeH HßeojioniH,
nocroHHHO npoTHBoaeiiCTByiomHe ee bjihhhhio h cnocoönbie b CBoen Teope-
THHecKofi npaKTHKe — nanepexop bccm «otjmijHajibHbiM ncrnnaM» — irpnMe-
37

nPEJJHCJIOBME
nojiOHcemiH jjeji hocht npnHixnnnajibHbin xapaKTep, h JIghhh,
onnpaacb na KayrcKoro, paabHCHHJi hx jjjih nac: c ojjhoh cto-
poHbi, «cnoHTaHHaa» H/jeojiorHH paßonero ßBHHceHHH, ßyzjyHH
npeßOCTaBjieHa ceße caMoii, ßbma cnocoßna nopo^HTb tojibko
yronHHecKHH coijHajiH3M, Tpejj-K)HHOHH3M, anapxH3M h anap-
XO-CHHßHKaJIH3M; C JipyrOH CTOpOHbI, MapKCHCTCKHH COIJHa-
jih3m, KOTopbiii npe/jnojiaran npoBe/jeHHe rnraHTCKOH Teope-
THHecKoä paßoTbi, HMeBinen ijejibio oßocnoBaHHe h paBBHTHe
ne HMeBinHx npeije/jeHTOB nayKH h 4)hjioco(J)hh, Mor ßbiTb co3-
JjaH TOJIbKO JHOflbMH, oßjia^aBHIHMH BCeoß'beMJHOIIjeH HCTOpH-
necKOH, HayHHoii h 4>hjioco(J)ckoh KyjibTypoH, t. e. HHTejiJieKTy-
aJIbHOH 3JIHTOH. ECJIH TaKHÖ HHTeJIJieKTyaJIbl nOHBHJIHCb B Tep-
MaHHH, ÜOJIbine, PoCCHH H HtBJIHH H CTBJIH OCHOBHTeJIHMH H
MacrepaMH mbpkchctckoh Teopnn, to otot (Jjbkt oßbHCHaeTCH
OTHIOflb He H30JIHp0BaHHbIMH CJiyHaHHOCTHMH: OH CBH3BH C TCM,
HTO COIJHaJIbHbie, nOJIHTHHeCKHe, peJIHTHO3Hbie, HfleOJIOTHHe-
CKHe h MopajibHbie oßcTOHTejibCTBa, rocnojjCTBOBaBniHe b bthx
CTpanax, c^ejiajiH h6bo3mohchoh «neaTejibHOCTb othx HHTejuieK-
TyanoB. rocnoßCTByiomHe KJiaccbi (onnpaBinHeca na ijepKOBb
4)eo,najibi h 6ypacya3HH, HbH KJiaccoBbie HHTepecbi KOMnpoMe-
THpoßajiH h b to »ee BpeMH oßbe/jHHHJiH hx) Haiije Bcero MOT-
JIH npe/JJIOJKHTb HM TOJIbKO HOJJHHHeHHbie H CMeXOTBOpHbie 3a-
HHTHH. B 3THX CTpaHBX HHTeJIJieKTyaJIbl MOTJIH HCKaTb CBOÖOfly
h ßyzjynjee TOJIbKO Ha CTopone paßonero, ejjHHCTBeHHoro no/j-
jihhho peBOJiioijHOHHoro KJiacca. Ho bo <I>paHijHH caMa ßypacya-
3hh ßbuia peBOJiioijHOHHOH; eil b peBOJiioijHH, KOTopyio ona ocy-
njecTBHjia, c caMoro Hanajia yzjanocb npHBJienb HHTejiJieKTya-
JIOB Ha CBOK) CTOpOHy, a nOCJie B3HTHH H KOHCOJIH/jaiJHH BJiaCTH
eii no ßojibineii hbcth yzjajiocb yzjepacaTb hx na CBoeii CTopo-
ne. 0paHijy3CKOH ßypncya3HH ynajiocb 3aBepniHTb cboio, acnyio
h OTKpbnyio peBOJiioijHio, ycTpaHHTb (JjeoaajibHbiH KJiacc c no-
HHTb miOAOTBOpHbie MCTO/JM, OTKpblTbie MapKCOM, HO SEHipeiliaeMbie H OTBep-
raeMbie bcomh rocnojjcrByKJiijHMH npe/jpaccyjjKaMH. IIpejinpHHTHe TaKoro po-
jja, ecjiH öpaTb ero bo Bcefi ero CTporocTH, hcmmcjihmo 6e3 HenoKOJieÖHMoro h
HCHoro AOBepna k paöoneMy KJiaccy h 6e3 npHMoro ynacTHH b ero 6opb6e.
38

CErOJJHH
jihthhgckoh cijeHbi (1789, 1830, 1848 rr.), cKpennTb no/j cbo-
hm npaBjieHHeM h b cbmoh peBOJiioijHH e/jHHCTBO hbijhh, cjio-
mhtb conpoTHBJienHe ijepKBH, a 3aTeM bhobb npuHHTb ee no/j
cboio onexy, ho b peinaiomHH momcht otohth ot Hee h b koh-
Ije KOHIJOB npHHHTb B KaHOCTBe npHKpblTHH JIO3yHrH CBOßojJbl
h paßencTBa. Eh y^ajiocb Hcnojib3OBaTb h cboh CHJibHbie no-
3hijhh, h Bee npnoßpeTeHHbie panee THTyjibi, HToßbi npe/vio-
HCHTb HHTejiJieKTyajiaM aocTaTOHHO innpoKoe npocTpancTBO
AChctbhh h .nocTaTOHHO npHBjieKaTejibHbie BHjjbi na ßynymee,
Bnojine ßocToimbie (JjyHKijHH, npocTpancTBO CBoßojjbi h caMO-
jjOBOJibHbie HJUHO3HH, no3BOJiHBnme yzjepacaTb hx b paMKax 3a-
kohhocth h yTBep^HTb Haß hhmh KOHTpojib ßypacya3HOH H^eo-
JIOrHH. 3a HeCKOJIbKHMH HCKJHOHeHHHMH, KOTOpbie ßbUIH HM6H-
HO HCKJHOHeHHHMH, (J)paHIjy3CKHe HHTeJIJieKTyaJIbl CMHpHJIHCb
CO CBOHM HOJIOHCeHHeM H He HCHblTblBaJIH nOTpeÖHOCTH HCKaTb
cnaceHHH Ha CTopone paßonero KJiacca; h jjaace KOiyja ohh k ne-
My npHcoe/jHHHJiHCb, ohh ne MorjiH pa/jHKajibHO nopßaTb c ßyp-
acya3HOH H/jeOJIOrHeH, no.3 BJIHHHH6M KOTOpOH OHH C^OpMHpO-
BajiHCb h KOTopan npo/jojiHcajia cynjecTBOBaTb b hx H,neajiH3-
Me, hx pe<J)opMH3Me (JKopec) h hx no3HTHBH3Me. He cjiynaHHO
h to, hto 4)paHuy3CKaH napTHH ßOJHKHa ßbuia npeanpHHHMaTb
MyacecTBeHHbie h TepnejiHBbie nonbiTKH cbccth ,30 MHHHMyMa
h ycTpaHHTb pecJmeKc He/joBepHH paßoHHx k HHTejiJieKTyajiaM,
KOTopbiH no-CBoeMy OTpaacaji b ceße onbiT ^ojiroii hctophh ne-
npepbiBHO bo3o6hobjihbhihxch pasonapoBaHHH. TaK caMH 4>op-
Mbi rocnoflCTBa 6ypacya3HH ßonroe BpeMH jinniajiH (^pannys-
CKoe paßonee /jBHHceHHe no^epHCKH co ctopohm HHTejuieKTy-
aJIOB, KOTopbie HeoßxOßHMbl flJIH (JjOpMHpOBaHHH HOflJIHHHOH
meopemuuecKoü Tpa^HijHH.
Ha3OBeM enje o/jny npHHHHy, HMeioirjyio Hai^HOHajibHbiH xa-
paKTep. 3tb npHHHHa CBH3ana c npHCKopßnoH HCTopneii (|)paH-
ijy3CKOH 4>hjioco4)hh Ha npoTHMceHHH 130 JieT, npoinejjinHx co
BpeMeHH peBOjnoi^HH 1789 ro/ja, c ee cnnpHTyanncTHHecKOH
TpajjHijHeH — ot Men jje Bnpana jjo Ky3ena h Beprcona, — ho-
CHBHieH He TOJIbKO KOHCepBaTHBHblH, HO H peaKI^HOHHblH XH-
39

nPEßHCJIOBHE
paKTep, c ee npespeHHeM k hctophh h k napo^y, c ee rjiyöo-
KOH H TeCHOH CBH3bK) C peJIHTHeH, C ee HeHaBHCTblO K O. KOHTy,
e/jHHCTBeHHOMy 3acjiyHCHBaionjeMy BHHMaHHH yMy, KOTopbiü
ona nopoAHjia, c ee coBepineHHo nesepoHTHbiMH HeoöpaaoßaH-
nocTbio h HeBeacecTBOM. H xoth 3a nocjie/jHHe TpnßijaTb jieT
CHTyaiJHH pa^HKaJIbHO H3MeHHJiaCb, flOJITHH B6K O(|)HIJHaJIbHO-
ro 4>HJioco4)CKoro OTynjieHHH Toace BHec HeMajibiH BKJia# b ynn-
HTOHCeHHe TeopHH B CaMOM paÖOHeM JJBHTKeHHH.
0paHny3CKaa napTHH po/jHJiacb b ycnoBHHx btoh TeopeTHHe-
ckoh nycTOTbi, ona Bbipocjia necMOTpa na Hee, sanojiHHH no Me-
pe chji npoßejibi h onnpaacb na Hamy e/jHHCTBeHHyio nojpiHH-
nyio HaijHOHajibHyK) TpajjHijHK), k kotopoh MapKC HcnbiTbiBan
caMoe rjiyßoKoe yBaHcenne: Tpa^Hijnio nojiHTHnecKyio. H no ceii
flenb napTHH neceT na ce6e nenaTb btoh hojihthhockoh Tpa^H-
ijhh, h nooTOMy efi h no ceii jjenb ocTaeTca ne3HaK0M0H pojib
TeopHH, nycTb flaace bto HesnaKOMCTBO KacaeTCH ne ctojibko Te-
opHH nOJIHTHHeCKOH H BKOHOMHHeCKOH, CKOJIbKO TeopHH (pU-
jiococpcKoü. Ecjih eü y/janocb npHBjienb Ha cboio CTopony H3-
BecTHbix HHTejuieKTyajiOB, to bto 6bijih npenc^e Bcero BejiHKne
nncaTejin, poManncTbi, noaTbi h xyjjoacHHKH, BejiHKne ynenbie-
ecTecTBoncnbiTaTejiH, BbmaronjHecfl hctophkh h ncnxoTiorn, —
npnneM npHMbiKa/iH ohh k napTHH b nepßyio onepe^b no no-
JIHTHHeCKHM COOÖpa^CeHHHM; H Hpe3BbmaHH0 peßKO epeßH HHX
MOJKHO 6bIJIO BCTpeTHTb T6X, KTO OÖJiaßaJI JJOCTaTOHHblM (frusio-
CO(})CKUM o6pa3OBaHHeM, HTOÖbl HOHHTb, HTO MapKCH3M flOJDK6H
ßbiTb ne TOJibKO nojiHTHHecKHM yneHHCM, «MeroflOM» anajiH3a
H ÄeHCTBHH, HTO OH, ÖynyHH HayKOH, ßOJDKeH ÖblTb H oßjiacmbio
(pyndoMeHmajibHozo meopemuHecKOZO uccnedoeaHun, neoöxo-
ßHMOrO flJIH pa3BHTHH He TOJIbKO o6meCTBO3HaHHH H pa3JIHH-
Hbix «ryMaHHTapnbix neyK», ho h nayK o npHpo/je h (Jjhjioco-
4>hh. 0panny3CKOH napTHH ne npnxoflHjiocb BbißnpaTb ycjio-
bhh, b KOTopbix ona poßHJiacb h Bbipocjia: ona 6buia Jininena
npnoßpeTeHHH h noanepjKKH meopemuHecKOÜ HaijnonajibHOH
Tpa^HijHH, h noaTOMy ona 6buia Jininena h TeopernnecKOH na-
40

CErOßHfl
UHOHajibHOH ihkojibi, cnocoÖHOH nopo^HTb MacrepoB h HacraB-
HHKOB.
TaKOBa 6bma peanbHOCTb; hsm Hyacno 6buio HayHHTBCH b
neii paaönpaTbCH, npnneM HayHHTbcn b hojihom ojjHHOHecrBe.
B OßHHOHeCTBe, nOCKOJIbKy B OÖJiaCTH MapKCHCTCKOH (Jjhjioco-
cJjhh y Hac He 6bmo nojpiHHHbix h 3HanHTejibHbix HacTaBHH-
kob h MacTepoB CBoero jjejia, cnocoÖHbix HanpaBJiHTb nac b na-
IHHX HCKaHHHX. ÜOJIHTIjep, KOTOpblä MOr 6bl CTBTb OJJHHM H3
hhx, ecjiH 6bi ne npHHec to BejiHKoe 4)HJioco(j)CKoe npoH3Be,ne-
HHe, KOTopoe oh totobhji, b HcepTBy penieHHio nacroHTejibHbix
□KOHOMHnecKHx npoßjieM, ocraBHJi HaM b HacjieacTBO jiHinb re-
HHanbHbie 3a6jiy3K,neHHH CBoeii «Kphthkh ochobbhhh hchxojio-
thh». Ero yace ne 6bmo b hchbbix: oh nornß b 6opb6e c HaijH-
CTaMH. y nac ne 6bmo HacTaBHHKOB. 51 ne roßopio 3,n;ecb hh o
JHOßHX ßOÖpOH BOJIH, HH O TCX HCMaJIOHHCJieHHblX yMax, O Hpe3-
BbmaHHO o6pa3OBaHHbix, SHaronjHx h naHHTaHHbix jnojjHx, ko-
Topbie CBH3ajiH cboio HCH3Hb c napraeH. 51 TOBOpiO O HaCTaBHH-
xax h Macrepax MapKCHCTCKOH (Jjhjioco^hh, pojjhbihhxch H3
Hainen hctophh, ßocTynHbix h öjihskhx hbm. 3to nocjießHee
ycjiOBHe — OTHioflb ne KaKaa-TO BTopocreneHHaa aeTajib. Jle-
jio b tom, hto BMecre c btoh TeopeTHHecKoä nycTOTOH Mbi yHa-
cjießOBajiH ot nainero HaijHonajibHoro npoinjioro HyaoBHiijHbiH
4>HJIOCO4)CKHH H KyJIbTypHMH npOBHHI^HaJIH3M, 3aCTaBJIHK)IIJHH
Hac HTHOpnpOBaTb HHOCTpaHHbie H3bIKH H CHHTBTb COBepmeH-
HO HHHTOJKHbIM BCe, HTO M03KH0 HOMblCJIHTb H CO3^aTb 3B npe-
aejiaMH jihhhh oahoto ropHoro MaccHBa, TeneHHH ojjhoh pe-
kh hjih npocTpancTBa oahoto Mopa. Passe cjiynaen tot (JjaKT,
hto H3yneHHe h KOMMeHTHpoBaHHe paßoT Mapxca ctojib aoji-
roe BpeMH ocTaßajiocb y Hac jjejiOM HecKOJibKHx MyacecTBeHHbix
h ynopnbix repMaHHCTOB? Hto e^HHCTBeHHoe hmh, KOTopoe mbi
MoaceM npe/piOHCHTb BHHMaHHio iiyßjiHKH 3a npejjejiaMH naninx
rpaHHIJ — 3T0 HMH OflHOFO-ejJHHCTBeHHOTO OJJHHOKOTO TepOH,
KOTOpblH, OCTaBHHCb HeH3BeCTHbIM BO 4>paHI^y3CKHX yHHBep-
CHTerax, b TeneHHe jjojithx jict npoflOJiacan jjeTajibHoe H3yne-
41

nPEßHCJIOBHE
nne jieBoro MjiajjorerejibHHCKoro ßBHHteHHH h paöoT mojiojjoto
Mapnca: hmh OriocTa Kopnio?
3th pa3MbiniJieHHH motjih nponcHHTb naniy ße^Hoerb, ho
ohh He MorjiH ee ycrpaHHTb. IlepBbiM tojihkom Mbi 6buih o6h-
3aHbi caMOMy CrajiHHy, KOTopbiH nee caMyio rjiaBHyio otbot-
CTBeHHOCTb 3a nocTHrniee nac HecnacTbe. Btopbim tojihkom mbi
öbijih oßflsaHbi ero CMepTH — ero CMepra h XX Cbe3fly. Ho tcm
BpeMeneM cawa hchshb jjejiajia jjjih Hac CBoe aejio.
Hh nojiHTHnecKyio opraHH3aijHio, hh noßjiHHHyio reopeTH-
necKyio KyjibTypy hcbosmohcho C03,naTb ojjhhm mbxom hjih npo-
CTblM ßeKpeTOM. CKOJIbKO MOJIOßblX 4>HJIOCo4)OB, CO3peBIHHX BO
BpeMH BOHHbI HJIH HOCJie Hee, HCTOHJHJIH CeÖH, pemaH nOHCHpa-
lOIIJHe CTOJIbKO BpeMeHH H CHJI HOJIHTHHeCKHe 3aßaHH, He Hafi-
jjh BpeMeHH no^BeprHyTb hx naynHOMy anajiH3y! XapaKTepnon
nepTOH HanieÄ coijnajibHOH hctophh hbjih6tch h to, hto HHTeji-
jieKTyajibi MejiKoßypncyasHoro npoHCxoHC^eHHH, BCTynHBinne b
TO BpeMH B napTHIO, CHHTaJIH HeOÖXOflHMblM IJ6H0H HHCTOH aK-
THBHOCTH H JjaHCe HOJIHTHHeCKOTO aKTHBH3Ma HOTaCHTb TOT BO-
oöpaacaeMbiii ßojir, KOTopbiH, KaK ohh CHHTajm, jicmcht na hhx
noTOMy, hto ohh He podu/iucb npojiemapuRMu. Caprp mohcot
cjiyacHTb naM necrabiM CBH/jeTejieM 3toto KpenjeHHH hctoph-
efi: mbi Tonce bmhijih H3 toh nee cpe^bi; h cjieflyeT ennraTb ne-
coMHeHHbiM npnoßpeTeHHeM to 4>aKT, hto naniH ßojiee mojio-
flbie TOBapHIIJH, HO-BHßHMOMy, HyBCTByiOT ceßn CBOÖOAHblMH OT
ßpeMeHH 3toto /Jojira, kotopmh ohh, ßbiTb mohcct, Bee nee erpe-
MHTCH OnJiaTHTb, HO yHCe nO-HHOMy. Ecjih rOBOpHTb O (pUJlOCO-
$uu, to Haine noKOJieHHe npHHecjio ceßn b ncepTBy hjih 6bijio
npHHeceno b acepTBy nojiHTHnecKOH h H/jeojiOTHHecKOH 6opb6e,
h HMeio b BH^y: 6biJio npHHeceno b acepTBy b cbohx HHTejiJieK-
TyajibHbix h HayHHbix jjeHCTBHHx. HeKOTopbiM yneHbiM, a no-
pofi ßEÜKe HCTOpHKaM H HCCKOJIbKHM pe^KHM jiHTepaTopaM yzja-
JlOCb H3ÖeHCaTb 3TOTO. Ho flJIH 4)HJIOCO4)OB He OCTaBaJIOCb HH-
KaKoro hhoto Bbixo^a. Ecjih (JjhjiococJ) roBopHJi hjih nncaji o
4)hjioco4>hh kbk HJien napTHH, oh 6bm oßpenen na cocTaBJienne
KOMMeHTapneB h npe,HHa3HaHeHHbix /jjih BHyrpeHHero nojib-
42

CEfOßHH
30BaHHH ße^Hbix co^epncaHneM BapnauHH Ha tcmbi 3naMeHH-
tbix LJiiTaT. Cpe/jn Hainnx pobcchhkob mbi ne hmcjih nyßjiH-
KH. üpOTHBHHKH ynpeKaJIH Hac B TOM, HTO Mbl OÖO BOOM CyflHM C
y3KOIIOJIHTHHeCKOH TOHKH 3peHHH; HanÖOJiee SßpaBOMblCJIHIIJHe
H3 HHCJia HaniHx KOJiJier tobophjih naM, hto npeac/je hom bh-
hochtb cyac/jeHHe o Tex hjih hhbix aBTopax, cnepßa HyacHO hx
H3yHHTb, hto npejKjie neM npoBO3rjianiaTb h npHMeHHTB HaniH
npHHijHHbi, hbm cjie/jyeT abtb hm 06’beKTHBHoe oßocnoBaHHe.
/{jih toto HToßbi 3aBoeßaTb BHHMaHHe jiynineH hbcth cbohx co-
ßece/JHHKOB, HeKOTOpbie MapKCHCTCKHe 4)HJIOCo4)bI ÖbDIH Bbl-
HyacßeHbi 3aHHMaTbCH nepeoaeßaHHeM, npeBpanjaa Mapnca to
b ryccepjifl, to b TereJia, to b mojiojjoto, OTHnecKoro h ryMaHH-
CTHnecKoro MapKca, — tgm caMbiM pncnyH b o^hh npeKpacHbiii
jjeHb npHHHTb Macicy 3a jihijo. H coßceM ne npeyßejiHHHBaio, h
KOHCTaTHpyio 4>aKTbi. CerojjHH mbi onjynjaeM hx nocjiejjCTBHH.
B nojiHTHnecKOM h <jjHJioeo4)CKOM CMbicjie mm 6bdih yßencae-
Hbi, hto BciynnjiH Ha eflHHCTBeHHyio b MHpe TBepjjyio noHBy,
ho ne 3Haa npn otom, KaK /jaTb 4)HJioco(i)CKoe oßocHOBanne ee
cymecTBOBaHHH h ee TBep/jocTH, mbi na aejie Booßnje He hmc-
JIH HHKBKOH H OHB bl HOfl HOTHMH: Mbl He HM6JIH HHHeTO, KpOMe
yöejKjjeHHH. fl ne roßopio 06 H3JiyneHHH MapKCH3Ma, KOTopoe, k
CHaCTBK), enOCOÖHbl nOpOJKJjaTB He TOJIBKO (J)HJIOCo4)CKHe 3B63-
ßbi, ho h HHbie ccjjepbi; h roßopio o napa^oKcajibno HeycToiiHH-
BOM cymecTBOBaHHH CaMOH MapKCHCTCKOH 4>HJIOCO(i)HH KaK Ta-
KOBOH. H Mbl, ayMaBUIHe, HTO ßepJKHM B pyKBX H npHHI^HHBI
BCHKOH BO3MOHCHOH	H npHHI^HHbl H6BO3MOJKHOCTH
BCHKOH 4>HJIOCo4)CKOH HfleOJIOrHH, He MOTJIH npeflCTaBHTb OÖI»-
eKTHBHoe h nyöJiHHHoe ßOKaßaTejibCTBO anoflHKTHHHOCTH Ha-
iiihx yöejK^eHHH.
Ilocjie toto KaK mbi Ha onbiTe yße^njiHCb b TeopeTHHecKoii ny-
croTe florMaTHHecKoro jjHCKypea, b naineM pacnopajKeHHH ocra-
JIOCB JIHHIb OßHO-ejJHHCTBeHHOe epeßCTBO, nO3BOJIHBinee npH-
HHTb Ty neBO3MO?KHOCTb, B KOTOPOH Mbl 6bDIH BblHyHC^eHBI ^eH-
CTBHTeJIBHO MbICJIHTb Hainy 4)HJIOCO$HIO: epeflCTBO, COCTOHIIjee
B TOM, HTOÖBI MbICJIHTb CßMy (t)HJIOCO(|)HIO B KßHeCTBe He6O3MODfC~
43

nPE^HCJIOBME
hoü. Mbi yace 6bDiH 3HaK0Mbi c TeM bcjihkhm h yroHneHHbiM hc-
KyineHHeM «Komja (jjnjiococjjHH», k KOTopoMy nac bjickjih 3ara-
flOHHO npoapaHHbie TeKCTbi Mojio/joro Mapnca (1840—1845 rr.)
h TeKCTbi nepejiOMHoro nepno/ja (1845 r.). CaMbie bohhctby-
lonjHe h caMbie nje/jpbie b «KOHije 4>hjioco4)hh» nocpe/jCTBOM
ee «ocyrqecTBJieHHH» aaßajiH (Jjhjioco^ihh ee CMepTb h cjiaßiuiH
ee b ^eäcTBHH, b ee nojiHTmecKOM ocynjecTBJieHHH h ee npo-
jieTapcKOM 3aBepmeHHH, HeocropojKHO ncnojibsya b cbohx ije-
jihx tot 3HaMeHHTbin Te3Hc o C*eHep6axe, b kotopom TeopeTH-
necKH ßBycMbicjieHHbin H3biK npoTHBonocTaBjiaeT H3MeneHHe
Mnpa ero HCTOJiKOBaHHio. OTCio^a «o TeopeTHHecKoro nparMa-
TH3Ma ocraßajiCH — ecezda ocmaemcR — Bcero ojjhh mar. JJpy-
rae, oßjiajjaBniHe ßojiee naynnbiM cKJia^OM yMa, npoBO3rjia-
inajiH «CMepTb 4>hjioco(J)hh», npHÖeraa k homoiijh HeKoropbix
HO3HTHBHCTCKHX (j)OpMyjIHpOBOK «HeMeiJKOH HfleOJIOTHH», B KO-
Topbix ocynjecTBJieHHe (t. e. CMepTb) (J)hjioco4)hh craHOBHTca
sa^anen yace He peBOJiioijHOHHoro npojierapHaTa h peBOJiioijH-
ohhoto aeiiCTBHH, ho hhctoh h npocTOÄ Haynn: pa3Be ne npn-
3bIBaeT Hac MapKC nOKOHHUTb c 4>HJIOCo4>CTBOBaHHeM, t. e. c
paspaöoTKofi H^eojiorHnecKHx MenTaHHH, fljia toto HToßbi nepe-
HTH K H3y4eHHI0 CaMOH peaJIbHOCTH? B nOJIHTHHeCKOM OTHOine-
hhh nepsaa HHTepnpeTaijHH 6bma xapaKTepna jvih ßojibniHH-
CTBa HaniHX BOHHCTByiOmHX 4>HJIOCO4)OB, KOTopbie, nOJIHOCTbK)
OTßaBaacb hojihthko, /jejiajm (Jjhjioco^mk) pejiHTHeii CBoero
aeiicTBHH; BTopaa 6bma npuHHTa tcmh kphthkbmh, KOTopbie
Ha^eajiHCb, hto nojiHbiii cojjepacaHHeM HayHHbiü jjHCKypc 3an-
MeT MecTO nycTbrx npoKJiaMaijHH jjorMaTHHecKOH cJjhjioco^hh.
Ho KaK oflHH, TaK h apyrae, saKJHOHaa Mnp c hojihthkoh hjih
oßecneHHBaa ceße nojiHTnnecKyio öesonacnocrb, onjianHBajiH
hx necnoKOHHOH (Jjhjioco(|)ckoh coßecTbio: hh nparMaTHHecKH-
peJIHTHO3HaH, HH HO3HTHBHCTCKaH CMepTb 4)HJIOCO(j)HH He eCTb
ee no/piHHHO (pu/ioco^cKOH CMepTb.
Mbi crpeMHJiHCb aaTb (JjhjiocoiJjhh ßocTOHHyio ee caMoä
CMepTb: CMepTb (JmjiococJjcKyio. 3jjecb mm onnpajincb Ha apy-
rae TeKCTbi Mapnca h na Tperbe nponreHHe nepßbix. Mbi hcxo-
44

CErO/JHH
flHJIH H3 TOrO, HTO K0H6IJ	MO3K6T 6bITb TOJIbKO KpU-
muKOÜ (noflOÖHO TOMy, KaK «Kanirraji» 6bm kphthkoh hojihth-
necKOH skohomhh): hto cjie/jyeT oßpaTHTbcn k cbmhm BemaM,
noKOHHHTb c 4)hjioco4)ckoh H/jeojiOTHeH h B3HTbca 3a nsyneHne
peajibHOCTH, — ho, BbiCTynaa npoTHB h^cojiothh, mbi (h KaK
pa3 3tot xofl MbicjiH, KaK HaM Kasajiocb, oßecnenHBaji HaM 3a-
IIJHTy OT nO3HTHBH3Ma) B TO HC6 BpeMH CHHTailH, HTO OHa nofl-
BepraeT hoctohhhoh onacnocrH «no3HaHHe hoshthehbix (JjaK-
tob», öepeT b ocany HayKH, CTHpaer nepTbi peajibHOCTH. TaKHM
oöpasoM, Mbi ßOBepnjiH (JjhjiococJjhh 3a^any hoctohhhoh kphth-
HecKoii peayKijHH onacHOCTefi, hcxoahiijhx ot H^eojiorinecKOH
HJIJIIO3HH, H flJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl JJOBepHTb eÄ 3Ty 33^aHy, Mbl Cße-
JiaJIH 4)H7IOCO4)HIO HHCTbIM H npOCTbIM C03HaHHeM HayKH, KO-
Topoe CBeaeHO k ßyKBe h k Tejiy HayKH, ho b to ace BpeMH, b
KanecTBe ee ößHTejibHoro co3hbhhh, coshbhhh BHeninero, 06-
panjeno k BTOMy HeraTHBHOMy BHenmeMy h crpeMHTCH cbccth
ero na Her. PasyMeercn, c 4)HJioco4)HeH ßbijio tiokohhcho, no-
CKOJibKy h Bee ee Teno, h ee oß’beKT coBnajjajm c tcjiom h 061»-
eKTOM HayKH; h tcm ne Menee ona npoßOJDKana cynjecTBOBaTb
KaK ee ucneaaiou^ee KpHTHnecKoe co3HaHHe h jihhib b TeneHHe
Toro BpeMeHH, Koropoe Heoßxo/jHMO jijih Toro, HToßbi cnpoeijH-
poßaTb no3HTHBHyio cynjHOCTb HayKH na rpo3Hiuyio onacnocTH-
MH HßeOJIOrHK), HTOÖbl pa3pyiHHTb HßeOJIOrHHeCKHe 4)aHTa3HH
arpeccopa, nocne nero ona Morjia BepnyrbCH k ce6e caMOÄ, pa3-
flejiHB cynbßy ce6e noaoÖHbix. 3ra KpHTHnecKan CMepTb (Jjhjio-
co(J)hh, TOHCßecTBeHHan ee ucuesaioufeMy 4)HJioco4)CKOMy cynje-
CTBOBaHHio, naKOHeij-TO «nana HaM npaßo h pa^ocrb hoajihhho
4)hjioco(J)ckoh CMep™, 3aBepineHHOH b HeoßHO3HaHHOM aicre
KpumuKu. Tenepb y (J)hjioco4>hh ne ocTaßanocb nnoro npea-
Ha3HaneHHH, KpoMe saßepmeHHH CBoefi kphthhcckoh CMepra b
npu3Ha,Huu peajibHOCTH h BO3BpanjeHHH k Heil, k peajibHOCTH
ucmopuu, MaTepn nejioßeKa, k peajibHOCTH ero achctbhh h ero
MblCJieä. 0HJIOCO(i)CTBOBaTb 3HBHHJIO ßJIH HBC BHOBb HaHHHaTb
KpHTHHeCKyiO OflHCCeiO MapKCa, npOXOßHTb CKBO3b CJIOii HJIJIIO-
3HH, CKpblBaiOIUHH OT HBC peaJIbHOCTb, H npHKaCBTbCH K e^HH-
45

HPE/JHCJIOBHE
CTBeHHOH IDIOßOpO^HOH 36MJI6, K 36MJie HCTOpHH, HTOÖbl HHKO-
neij-TO HaÄTH 3^ecb iiokoh peanbHOCTH h nayKH, craßniHH bo3-
MOHCHblM ÖJiarOJjapH HOCTOHHHOH ÖßHTeJIbHOCTH KpumUKU. ,5JIH
btoh HHTepnpeTaijHH BO3HHKaeT eqe o^hh, hctophko-iJjhjio-
co4)ckhä Bonpoc: KaK crajia bo3mojkhoh hctophh pa3BeHHHbix
4>aHTa3MOB, hctophh nepeceneHHOH oßjiacTH TbMbi? CymecTBy-
eT TOJIbKO OflHa HCTOPHH ----- HCTOpHH peaJIbHOCTH, H XOTH IIO-
poii H3 nee cjiobho b apeMOTe BcraiOT 6eccBH3Hbie o6pa3bi, 3th
chw, yKopeneHHbie b c^hhctbohhoh rjiyöoKOH KOHTHHyajib-
hocth, HHKorßa ne CMoryr o6pa3OBaTb KOHTHHeHTa hctophh.
B «HeMeijKoü H/jeojiorHH» MapKC CKa3an naw: «y 4)hjiococ})hh
HeT HCTOPHH». HhTBH T6KCT «O MOJIOflOM MapKCe», MOHCHO 33-
ZiaTb ce6e Bonpoc, He ocraeTCH jih oh othbcth ruieHHHKOM btoh
MHcJjHHecKOiä Haaeacßbi na noHBjieHHe 4)hjiococ|)hh, KOTopaa jjo-
CTHraeT CBoero (jjHjiocoifrcKoro KOHija b nenpepbiBHOH CMepTH
KpHTHHeCKOrO CO3H3HHH.
*
EcJIH H OCTaHOBHJICH Ha 3THX IIOHCKaX H BblßopaX, TO HOTOMy,
hto Kaac^biH H3 hhx no-CBoeMy neceT na ce6e ornenaTOK Ha-
inen HCTOpHH. Ho KpOMe TOTO — H HOTOMy, HTO K0H6IJ 3H0XH
CTaJIHHCKOTO flOTMaTH3Ma OTHIOßb He OÖpaTHJI HX B HHHTO, no-
ßOÖHO npOCTbIM OTpaOKeHHHM OßHOH OCOÖOH CHTyaiJHH; OHH do
cux nop ocmaiomcH, houiumu npoß/teMOMu. Te kto npnnHCbi-
BaeT CTajiHHy ne tojibko ero npecrynjieHHH h He/jocraTKH, ho
h Bee HaniH 3a6jiyHCAenHH, HaniH ohihökh h Haine saMemaTejib-
ctbo, npuueM eeade u eciody, pncicyiOT craTb HcepTBoii acecTOKO-
ro pasonapoBaHHH, yße/jHBniHCb b tom, hto Koneij anoxH 4>h-
jiococjjCKoro ,norMaTH3Ma cobcom He BepHyji hbm MapKCHCTCKyio
4)hjioco(|)hio bo Bceü ee nepBos/jaHHOH hhctoto. Be/jb ocboöo-
ßHTb, nycTb flaace ot jjOTMaTHSMa, mojkho jihihb to, hto yace cy-
lyecmeyem. Koneij anoxH «norMarasMa nopo/jHJi h peajibHyio
CBOßOfly HCCJieflOBaHHH, H r0pHH6HH0CTb TeX, KTO CneiHHT OÖ'bH-
bhtb (JjhjiococJjhio H/jeojiorHHecKHM KOMMeHTapHeM CBoero HyB-
46

CEfO^HH
CTBa ocBoßoHC^eHHfl h CBoero BKyca cboöo^bi. TopanKa nacTH-
raeT c toh ace HenaMeHHOCTbio, c KaKOÄ na^aiOT khmhh. To, hto
Koneij bhoxh ^orMara3Ma jjeHCTBHTejiBHO ziaji HaM — sto npa-
BO COCTSLBHTb TOHHBIH nepeHCHB TOTO, H6M Mbl Ha CBMOM JjeJie
pacnojiaraeM, naßbiBaTb cbohmh HMenaMH h Harne ßoraTCTBO, h
Hamy Hyac/jy, mbicjihtb h nyÖJiHHHO oöcyacaaTb HaniH npoßjie-
Mbi h npoBOßHTb noflJiHHHbie, CTporne HCCJießOBaHHH. Ee KOHeij
HO3BOJIHJI oTnacTH npeo/iejieTb nam TeopeTHnecKHÖ hpobhhijh-
ajiH3M, npH3HaTb h yanaTb Tex, kto cynjecTBOBaji h cymecTByer
bo BHe, 3a naniHMH rpannijaMH, h, yBHßeB sto BHemnee, Bnep-
Bbie yBH/jeTb H3BHe h Hac cbmhx, noanaTb to mccto, KOTopoe
mbi 3aHHMaeM b 3hbhhh h HeanaHHH MapKCH3Ma h tcm cbmbim
BnepBbie noanaTb nac cbmhx. Konen; anoxn ^orMara3Ma nocra-
BHJI HaC JIHIJOM K JIHIjy C peaJIbHOCTbK), 3aCTaBHB HOHHTb, HTO
MapKCHCTCKyK) (JlHJIOCO^HIO, OCHOBaHHe KOTOPOH 6bIJIO CO3fla-
ho MapKCOM b caMOM aKTe oßocHOBaHHH ero TeopHH hctophh,
no ßojibineH nacTH eiije npejjCTOHT KOHCTHTynpoBaTb, hockojib-
Ky, KaK roßopHji JleHHH, aajioaceHbi öbijih tojibko Kpaeyrojib-
Hbie KaMHH; hto TeopeTHnecKHe TpyijHOCTH, c kotopbimh mbi
ßopOJIHCb BO TbMe ßOTMaTHSMa, OTHIOßb He ÖbUIH HCKyCCTBCH-
hbimh, ho nanje Bcero 6bdih CBH3aHbi c HepaapaöoTaHHOCTbio
MapKCHCTCKOH (jjHJIOCO^HH, ÖOJiee Toro, HTO B Tex 3aCTBIBIHHX
H KapHKBTypHblX $OpMaX, KOTopbie Mbl CaMH npHHHMaJIH HJIH
COXpaHHJIH (b TOM HHCJie H TeopeTHHCCKH HyUOBHIIJHblH TC3HC
o cymecTBOBaHHH ji,Byx HayK) peajibHO npncyrcTBOBajia, b cjie-
noÄ h rpoTecKHOH 4>opMe, HeKaa HepaapeineHHaa npoÖJieMa,
CBH/jeTeJIBCTBOM KOTOpOH HBJIHIOTCH He/jaBHO OIiyßjIHKOBaHHbie
Tpy^bi TeopeTHnecKoro jieBanecTBa (mojio^oh JlyKan h Kopm);
HaKoneij, hto nam acpeÖHH h nama aa^ana aamnonaeTCH cerofl-
Hfl B TOM, HTOÖBI npOCTO HOCTaBHTb 3TH npoßjieMBI H B3MTBCH
3a hx peineHHe b hchom CBere jjhh; h tojibko c/jejiaB oto, mbi
CMoaceM oöecnenHTb cymecTBOBaHHe h TeopeTHnecKyio ycToii-
HHBOCTB MapKCHCTCKOH (jDHJIOCO^HH.

II
IIo3BOJibTe Mne yxaaaTb Ha to nanpaBJieHHe, KOTopoe naMene-
HO B COÖpaHHblX B 3T0H KHHT6 3aM6TKaX.
TeKCT «O MOJioßOM MapKce», Bee enie ocraßaBniHHca njieH-
HHKOM MH(J)a npH3paHHOH KpHTineCKOH 4)HJIOCO4)HH, BCe ace
coflepacan b ce6e tot cynjecrBeHHbiH eonpoc, kotopbih BbinaB-
inne Ha Haniy aojho HcnbrraHHa, nanin nopaacenna h aaace Hä-
me öeccHjine c neyMOJiHMOCTbio 3acraBHjiH nac nocraBHTb: Ka-
Koea cumyaifüJi, cjiowueuiaHcn e MapKCucmcKOÜ (piuiococpuu ?
HMeem jiu oho, npaeo Ha cyiqecmeoeaHue e Kauecmee meopuu?
H ecjiu ona cymecmeyem no npaey, mo KaK onpedejiumb ee cne-
ifucpuKy? 3tot cynjecTBeHHbiH Bonpoc npaKrunecKH oKasaaca
nocraBJieHHbiM b 4)opMe Bonpoca, na nepBbiü Bsrjiajj KasaBine-
roca HCTopunecKHM, ho Ha aejie nocHBinero reoperHHecKHH xa-
paKTep: b (JjopMe Bonpoca o npoHTeHHH h HHTepnperaijHH paH-
hhx pa6oT Mapnca. Cobcgm ne cjiynaHHO, hto oKasaaocb neoßxo-
/jhmbim noflBeprHyrb cepbe3HOMy KpHTunecKOMy Hccjie/jOBaHHio
3TH 3HaMeHHTbie TeKCTbi, CJIOBB KOTOpblX 6bDIH na BC6X 3HaMe-
nax h bo Bcex ycrax, 3th TeKCTbi, HOCHBinne hbho (JjhjiococJ)-
ckhh xapaKTep, b kotopbix mbi noaTOMy ßojiee hjih Menee choh-
TBHHO Ha^eHJIHCb HBHTH CBMy (JjHJIOCO^HIO MapKCa. nocraBHTb
Bonpoc O MapKCHCTCKOH $HJIOCO4)HH H ee CneiJHC^HKe B CBH3H
c paHHHMH paöoraMH Mapnca no neoöxojiHMOCTH snannjio no-
craBHTb Bonpoc 06 OTHomeHHHx Mapnca c tomh 4>hjioco4)ckh-
MH CHCTeMBMH, KOTOpbie OH BCTpeHaJI Ha CBOeM nyTH H KOTopbie
oh ycBaHBan, c 4>hjioco4)ckhmh HßeHMH TerejiH h 0efiep6axa, a
3HBHHT, nocraBHTb Bonpoc h o ee otjihhhh ot hhx.
Hmchho H3yneHHe paHHHx paßor MapKca sacraBHjio Mena
yrjiyÖHTbca b HTeHHe «teiiepßaxa h npHBeao k mbicjih onyßjin-
KOBarb Hanßojiee snaHHTejibHbie TeopeniHecKHe TeKCTbi, na-
nncaHHbie hm b nepHOß 1839—1845 rr. (cp. moh pastacHenna
b reKcre ««PnjiococjjcKHe Mannc^ecTbi 0efiep6axa»). Ta ace ca-
48

CErO^HH
Maa npuHHHa ecTecTßenHbiM oßpaaoM noöynHjia Mena naaaTb
jjeTajibHoe, yHHTbiBaiomee Bee nonaTHHHbie HioaHCbi H3yne-
Hue npupoßbi OTHOineHHH Meac,ay 4)Haoco(J)HeH Terejia h 4>h-
jiococJjueH Mapaca. Bonpoc o cnei^uc^uuecKOM ottuiuhuu MapK-
chctckoh 4)hjioco(J)hh npHHHJi, tbkhm oßpaaoM, cjiopMy Bonpoca
o tom, cynjecTByeT jih b HHTejiJieKTyanbHOM pbbbhthh MapK-
ca dnucmeMOJiozuHecKuü paspbie, 3HaMeHyiomHH coßoü noaß-
JieHne HOBOH KOHIjeniJHH 4)HJIOCO(j)HH — H CBH3aHHOTO C HHM
Bonpoca o tohhom Mecme 3toto paspbiBa. Hmohho b nojie 3toto
Bonpoca H3yaeHne paHHHx paßoT MapKca npnoßpejio Teopera-
aecKoe (cynjecTByeT jih paapbiB?) h HCTopnaecKoe (mocto pa3-
pbiBa) 3naHeHHe.
PasyMeeTCH, toto htoöbi jjaTb nojioacHTejibHbin otbot
na Bonpoc o cyiijecTBOBaHHH paspbiBa h onpe/jejiHTb ero Me-
cto, ry 4>pa3y MapKca, b kotopoh oh no/jTBepayjaeT cyiijecTBO-
BaHHe 3Toro paspbiBa («CBe^eHHe ctotob c Hainen npeacHeii
4)hjioco4>ckoh coßecTbio») h pacnojiaraeT ero na ypoBHe «He-
M6IJK0H H/jeOJIOTHH» (1845 r.), MOJKHO 6bDI0 npHHHTb TOJIbKO
b KanecTBe npocToro 3aaBjieHHH, KOTopoe cjiejjOBajio no/jBep-
THyrb npoBepne h nojjTBepßHTb hjih onpoBeprayrb. /Jjih toto
HTOÖbl npOBepHTb OÖOCHOBaHHOCTb 3T0T0 yTBepECJjeHHÄ, CJie-
aoBajio naiiTH Teopnio h mctoa, — t. e. npHMeHHTb k caMOMy
MapKcy Te MapKCUcmcKue meopemunecKue noHwnuji, c noMO-
mbio KOTopbix BO3MOHCHO noMbicjiHTb peajibHocTb TeopeTHHe-
CKHX (ßopMaiXHH KaK TaKOBblX (4)HJIOCO$CKaJI H^eOJIOTHH, Hay-
Ka). Be3 TeopHH hctophh TeopeTHnecKHx cjjopMaijHH 6bmo 6bi
H6BO3MOHCHO yXBBTHTb CHeiJHCjjHHeCKOe OTJIHHH6, pa3TpaHHHH-
Baionjee flße pa3Hbie TeopeTHnecKne (JjopMaijHH, h coothccth
ero c hhmh. C 3toh ijejibio h 3aHMCTBOBaji y JKana Maprana
noHHTHe npoßjieMamuKu, no3BOJiHiomee oßosnaaHTb cneijH(j)H-
necKoe e/jHHCTBO toh hjih hhoh TeopeTHHecKOÜ (JjopMaijHH, a
cjiejjOBaTejibHO, h mccto, c kotopbim cooTneceno sto cneijn^H-
necKoe OTJiHnne; y PacTona Banuiapa a nameji noHarae «ann-
CTeMOJiorHHecKoro paapbiBa», no3Bo;iaioinee noMbicjiHTb MyTa-
i^hio TeopeTHnecKOH npoßjieMaTHKH, coBna^aion^io no BpeMe-
49

nPEßHCJIOBHE
HH C OÖOCHOBaHHeM TOH HJIH HHOH HayHHOH /JHdJHHJIHHbL H
ecjiH oKaaajiocb Heoöxo/jHMbiM CKOHcrpynpoBaTb h saHMCTBO-
BaTb 3TH flBa nOHHTHH, TO 3TO OTHKJflb HO 3HaHHJIO, HTO OHH 6bl-
JIH npOH3BOJIbHbIMH HJIH HyECflblMH MbICJIH MapKCa; HanpOTHB,
MOJKHO HOKa3aTb, HTO OHH npHCyTCTByiOT H «eiiCTByiOT B Ha-
yHHOH MbicjiH MapKca, /jaace ecjiH hx npncyrcTBHe nanje Bce-
ro ocTaeTca b npaKTHnecKOM coctohhhh2. 3th ^Ba hohhthh jja-
JIH MHe TOT HeOÖXOflHMblH TeopeTHHeCKHH MHHHMyM, KOTOpblH
no3BOJiHJi npoBec™ CTporHH anajiH3 npoijecca TeopeTHnecKoro
npeo6pa3OBaHHH mmcjih mojiotjoto MapKca h c/jejiaTb HecKOJib-
KO TOHHblX BblBOßOB.
Il03B0JIbTe MHe B Hpe3BbIHaHHO OÖoßlljeHHOH 4>OpMe pe3K>MH-
poßaTb neKOTopbie pesyjibTaTbi npoaojiacaBinHxcH aojirne ro/jbi
HCCJießOBaHHH, KOTopbie JIHUIb OTHaCTH SaCBHJjeTeJIbCTBOBaHbl
b nyßjiHKyeMbix TeKCTax.
1)	OTneTJiHBbiH «anucmeMOJiozuHecKuü paspbie» b Tpynax
MapKca fleiiCTBHTejibHO nponcxo^HT b tom nyHKTe, Ha koto-
pbiä yKasbiBaeT oh caM, b paöoTe, ocTaBaBineiiCH neonyßjiH-
KOBaHHOH npn ero ech3hh h npeßCTaBJiHBineH coßoii KpHTHKy
ero npeoKHero (JinjiococjiCKoro (HjjeojiorHnecKoro) cosnaHHH: b
«HeMeipcoü udeojiozuu». «Te3HCbi o <I>eHep6axe», bto coßpa-
HHe necKOJibKHx 4>pa3, OTMenaiOT coßoii Kpafinioio BHeniHioio
rpaHHijy stoto paspbiBa, tot nyHKT, b kotopom b npeacHeM co-
3HaHHH h b npeacHeM H3biKe, t. e. b (jjopMyjinpoBKax h noHHmu-
hx, no HeoßxoduMoemu ocmaeaeuiuxcH HeycmoÜHuebiMU u dey-
CMbic/ieHHbiMu, yace npoÖHBaeT ce6e «nopoiy HOBoe TeopeTHne-
CKoe C03HaHHe.
2 B cbh3h c tcm&mh npo6jieMamuKu h anHcreMOJiorinecKoro paapusa (pa3-
pbiBa, KOTopbiü oTMenaer coöoii MyraijHK) ßOHayHHoii npoÖJieMaTHKH b npo-
ÖJieMaTHKy HaynnyK)) mojkho cocnaTbca na Hpe3BbmaHH0 rjiyöoKwe no CBoeMy
TeopernHecKOMy co/jep^Kanmo crpaHHijbi npe/jncjiOBHH Bnrejibca ko BTopoMy
TOMy «KannTana». B paöoTe «HirraTb „Kanirraji“» h coönpaiocb jjaTb KpaTKHH
KOMMOHTapnn 3Toro TeKcra.
50

CEFOßHH
2)	3tot «anHCTeMOJionnecKHÖ paaptiB» KacaeTCH b ojjho h
to ace BpeMH deyx otjihhhbix jjpyr ot jjpyra TeopeTHnecKHx duc-
t^urmuH. 3aKJia^biBan ochobbi Teopnn hctophh (HCTopHnecKO-
ro MaTepnajiH3Ma), MapKC b to nee BpeMH nopbißaeT co cbohm
npeOKHHM 4)HJIOCo4)CKHM HfleOJIOTHHeCKHM C03HaHH6M H OÖOCHO-
BbiBaeT HOByio (JjhjiococJihio (^HajieKTHHecKHH MaTepnajiH3M).
51 HaMepenno Hcnojib3yio 3Ty Bome^inyio b ynoTpeßjienne Tep-
MHHOJioruK) (ncTopinecKHH MaTepnajiH3M, flnajieKTinecKHH Ma-
TepnaJIH3M), HTOÖbl o6o3HaHHTb 3TO deOÜHOC OÖOCHOBaHHe, npo-
HcxoAHmee b e^HHOM paspbiße. KpoMe toto, h yKa3bißaio na ßße
BancHbie npoÖJieMbi, CBH3aHHbie c btoh HCKJiiOHHTejibHOH CHTya-
ijHeii. Ecjih HOBan (Jjhjioco^hh po^HJiacb b npoijecce oßocHOßa-
HHH HayHHOÖ ßHCIJHIIJIHHbl, H 6CJIH 3Ta flHCLJHIIJIHHa HBJIHCTCH
TeopHeä HCTOpHH, TO BTO OÖCTOHTeJIbCTBO eCTeCTBeHHbIM o6pa-
3OM no/jHHMaeT (JjyH/jaMeHTajibHyio TeopeTHnecKyio npoßjieMy:
b CHJiy KaKoä npHHijHiiHajibHOH HeoöxoßHMOCTH oßocHOBanne
HayHHOH TeopHH HCTOpHH flOJIMCHO 6bDI0 ipSO facto nOBJieHb 3a
coßoii TeopeTunecKyK) peßOJiioijHio b 4>hjioco4)hh? To nee caMoe
oßCTOHTeJIbCTBO HM6JI0 H OßHO ZipaKTHTieCKOe CJieflCTBHe, KOTO-
poe HeJIb3H OCTaBHTb 6e3 BHHMaHHH: HOBaH 4>HJIOCo4)HH 6bUia
CTOJib TecHO CBHsana h nepenjieTena c hoboö nayKon, hto ona
no/jBeprajiacb HCKymeHHio CMeuieHun c Heu. «HeMeijKaa H/je-
ojiothh» ocBHiijaeT bto CMeineHHe, nocKOJibKy ona jjejiaeT (Jdh-
JIOCOljjHIO BCerO JIHUIb HeyCTOÄHHBOH TCHblO, KOTopyio OTÖpacbi-
BaeT Hayna, h jjaace nycTofi BceoßnjHOCTbio no3HTHBH3Ma. 3to
npaKTHHecnoe cjie^CTBHe — o,hhh H3 KJHOHen k noHHMaHHio
e^HHCTBeHHOH B CB06M pOfle HCTOpHH MapKCHCTCKOH (})HJIOCO-
4>hh ot ee hctokob h ao naninx ahch.
flaiiee h Bepnycb k paccMOTpennio bthx flßyx npoßjieM.
3)	ÜTan, «snHCTeMOJiorHHecKHH paspbiB» pasjjejiHeT mbicjib
Mapnca na jjBa ßojibinHx cynjecTBeHHbix nepnoaa: «Haeojiorn-
necKHH» nepHOß, npo^ojiMcaßniHHCH ao paspbißa 1845 r., h «na-
yHHbiä» nepHoa, cjie/iyiomHH 3a hhm. 3tot BTopon nepHOß Tan-
nce MoaceT ßbiTb pasaejieH na /jßa MOMeHTa, momcht TeopeTHne-
51

nPEßHCJIOBME
CKOrO C03peBaHHH H M0M6HT TeopeTHHeCKOH 3peJIOCTH Mapnca.
fljia Toro htoöbi oßjierHHTb npeßCToamyio hbm 4)Hjioco4)CKyio h
HCTopHHecicyio paöoTy, h 6bi xotcji npe/uioMuiTb npeßBapHTejib-
Hyio TepMHHOJiornio, b kotopoh OTpaacena ara nepno/iHsaijHH.
A)	51 npe/piaraio o6o3HanaTb paßoTbi nepsoro nepnoßa, t. e.
Bee TeKCTbi MapKca ot ero aoKTopcKoü jjHCcepTaijHH h /jo «Py-
Konncen 1844 r.» n «Cbhtoto ceMeiicTBa» BKJiiOHHTejibHO yace
Bome^niHM b ynoTpeÖJieHne BbipaaceHHeM: PaHHue paßombi
MapKca.
B)	51 npe^jiaraio o6o3HanaTb TeKCTbi nepejiOMHoro nepno-
jja 1845 r., t. e. «Tesucbi o <X>eäep6axe» h «HeMeijKyio H/jeo/io-
ruio», b KOTopbix BnepBbie npoHBjiaeTCH HOBaa npoßjieMaTHKa
MapKca, ho naqe Bcero b hbctiihho neraraBHOH h Hpe3BbinaH-
ho nojieMHHecKofi 4>opMe, hobbim BbipaoKenneM: Paöombi nepe-
jiomhozo nepuoda.
B)	51 npe/uiaraio o6o3HanaTb paßoTbi nepno/ja 1845—1857 rr.
hobbim BbipaHcenneM: Paöombi nepuoda cospeeanusi. Ecjih mbi
fleHCTBHTeJIBHO M0JK6M JjaTHpOBaTb pa3pbIB, OTßeJIHIOmHH H/je-
ojiormecKoe (jjo 1845 r.) ot Haynnoro (nocjie 1845 r.) 1845-m
ro/jOM, CBH3biBaa ero c dthmh hmcioii^hmh peinaionjee 3HaneHne
pa6oTaMH («Te3HCbi o C*eiiep6axe», «HeMeijKaa HßeojioniH»),
to mbi flOJiHCHbi npH3HaTb, hto 3Ta MyranHH ne Morjia cpaay ace,
e 3aeepuieHHOÜ u nosumuenoü (popMe npon3BecTn HOByio Te-
opeTunecKyio npoßjieMaTHKy, KOTopoii ona nojioacujia nanajio,
npuneM KaK b HCTopHHecKOÄ, TaK h b (JihjiococJjckoh TeopHH.
«HeMeijKaa HjjeojiorHH» — bto no Sojibineii hbcth HeraTHBHbiH
H KpHTHHeCKHH KOMMeHTapHH K pa3JIHHHBIM (JlOpMaM H/jeOJIO-
THnecKOH npoßjieMaTHKH, OTBeprayroH MapKCOM. Hyncno 6bi-
jio npojjejiaTb HeMajibiä Tpya ho3hthbhoh pecJwieKCHH h paspa-
6otkh, TpeßoBancH flOJiTHH nepnofl, b TeneHHe KOToporo MapKC
npOH3B6JI, O(|)OpMHJI H 3a4>HKCHpOBaJI nOHHTHHHyiO TepMHHO-
jiothio h CHCTeMaTHKy, a^eKBaTHbie ero peBOJiioijHOHHOMy Te-
opeTHnecKOMy npoeKTy. JIhihb nocreneHHO HOBaa npoßjieMara-
Ka npHHHMajia cboio OKOHHaTejibHyio (fropMy. Hmohho nosTOMy
h npejviaraio o6o3HanaTb paßoTbi, HanncaHHbie nocjie 1845 r.
52

CEfOAHH
h AO nepBbix pe^aKixnä «Kanirrajia» (ok. 1855—1857 rr.), t. e.
«MaHH(|)ecT», «Hnmery 4>hjioco4)hh», «3apa6oTHyio nnaTy, ije-
ny h npHÖbDib» h t. ß. KaK Paßombi nepuoda meopemuuecKOZO
co3peeaHUH MapKca.
D HaKOHeij, h npe/piaraio o6o3HanaTb Bee Tpyijbi, coa/jaH-
Hbie nocjie 1857 r., BbipaaceHHeM Paöombi nepuoda spejiocmu.
Htbk, mbi nojiynaeM cjie^yion^io KJiaccHcjjHKaijHio:
1840—1844: Pannne paßoTbi
1845: PaöoTbi nepejiOMHoro nepno/ja
1845—1857: PaßoTbi nepHo.ua coapeßaHHH
1857—1883: PaöoTbi nepno/ja apejiocrn
4) üepucm paHHHx paßoT MapKca (1840—1845), t. e. ero H^e-
ojiornnecKHx paßoT mohcgt öbitb no/jpaa.uejieH na abb arana:
A)	PaijHOHajmcTHHecKH-jiHÖepajibHbrii aran CTarefi b «PeÜH-
ckoh raaere» (jjo 1842 r.) h
B)	paiJHOHaJIHCTHHeCKH-KOMMyHHTapHCTCKHH 3TaiI 1842—
1845 rr.
KaK h yace BKpanje noKaaaji b TeKcre «MapKCH3M h ryMa-
hh3m», paßoTbi, OTHOcaiijHecH k nepBOMy BTaiiy, npe/jnojiara-
iot npoÖJieMBTHKy KaHTnaHCKO-4)HXTeaHCKoro tojikb. Hanpo-
thb, TeKCTbi, npHHaßjieHcanjHe ko BTopoMy arany, ocnoßaHbi Ha
aHTponojiornnecKOH npoßneMaraKe 0enep6axa. PerejieBCKaa
npoßjieMaTHKa cJiyjKHT hctohhhkom b^oxhobchhh jjjih o^ho-
ro coßepineHHO yHUKajibHozo TeKCTa, b kotopom npoH3BO,HHT-
ch nocjieaoBaTejibHan nonbiTKa ocynjecTBHTb «nepeBopanH-
BaHHe» rerejieBCKoro imeajmaMa h npeBpanjeniie ero b nceß-
,HO-MaTepHajiH3M <X>eiiep6axa, npmeM b coBepnieHHO cmpozoM
CMbicjie cnoBa: bto «PyKonncH 1844 r.». Orciofla BbrreKaeT to
napajjoKcaiibHoe cjie^CTBHe, hto, CTporo roßopa, ecjiH ne npn-
HHMaTb bo BHHMaHne Bee eiije yneHUHecKHe onbiTbi ero jjuccep-
tbi^hh, jiHinb b 3tom npaKTiraecKH nocjiedueM TeKcre ero ime-
ojionnecKH-(j)HJioco4)CKoro nepno.ua MapKC 6bui rerejibHHijeM;
aa HCKjnoneHHeM btoto TeKcra MapKC HUKOzda He 6bui zeze-
jibHHifeM: Bnanajie oh 6bui KaHTHaHijeM-4)HXTeaHijeM, a 3aTeM
53

ÜPE/JHCJIOBHE
craji 4>eÄep6axHaHijeM. Tbkhm oöpaaoM, nojiyHHBuinn b naniH
/jhh innpoKoe pacnpocrpaHeHne Te3HC o rerejibHHCTBe mojiojjo-
ro Mapnca — ne ßojiee neM mh(|). TeM ne Menee cosjjaeTCH Bne-
naTjieHHe, hto Ha nopore paaptiBa c ero «npeacHeii (Jjhjioco^j-
ckoh coßecTbio» MapKC, b e/jHHCTBeHHbiH pa3 3a Bee BpeMH cbo-
efi mojiojjocth oßpaTHBniHCb k Perejno, npoH3Beji rnraHTCKoe
TeopeTunecKoe «OTpearnpoBaHne», öbiBinee Heoßxo/jHMbiM .hjih
jiHKBH/jaijHH ero npencnero «ßpejjHiijero» co3HaHHH. Bidiotb /jo
3toto MOMeHTa oh hoctohhho /jHCTaHijHpoBajiCH ot Ferejin, H
ecjiH mm 3axoTejiH 6bi noMbicjiHTb to /jBHHteHHe, KOTopoe 3a-
CTaBHjio ero nepeÖTH ot cbohx zezejibHHCKux yHueepcumem-
ckux onbimoe k KaHTHaHCKO-cJjHXTeaHCKOH, a 3areM — k (freii-
epßaxHancKOH npoßjieMaTHKe, to cjie/joßajio 6bi cKaaaTb, hto
MapKC othio/jb ne npHÖJiHHcajiCH k Feze/uo, ho naoßopoT, ne ne-
pecTaßaji om Hezo yda/uunbCH. Bjiaro/japn <I>HXTe h KaHTy oh
/joctht oKOHnaHHH XVIII ctojiothh, a ßjiaro/japH <J>eiiep6axy
OH B perpeCCHBHOM /JBH7K6HHH npHÖJIH3HJICH K caMOMy cpe/jo-
tohhio TeopeTHHecKoro nponijloro stoto BeKa — ecjiH Bepno to,
hto 0eÄep6axa mbi momccm paccMarpuBaTb b KanecrBe H/jeaiib-
hoto 4)Hjioco4)a XVIII BeKa, b KanecTBe CHHTesa cencyajiHCTH-
HecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma h STHHecKH-HCTopHnecKoro H/jea/iH3Ma,
KaK peanbHoe e/jHHCTBo /jH/jpo h Pycco. H HanpaniHBaeTCH Bo-
npoc, He OÖCTOHJIO JIH JjeJIO TaKHM OÖpa3OM, HTO B 3T0M BHe3an-
hom h TOTaiibHOM nocjie/jHeM BO3BpanjeHHH k Terejno, nponc-
xo/jHnjeM b «PyKonncHX 1844 r.», b btom rennajibHOM CHHTe3e
rerejiH h 0eüep6axa, MapKC cjiobho b hokom B3pbiBoonacnoM
onbrre cboji Boe/jHHO, bbihbhb b to nee BpeMH hx cyrb, Tena jjßyx
KpaÜHHx cocTaBjiHionjHx TeopeTHHecKoro hojih, KOTopoe oh jjo
Tex nop oßpaöaTbiBaji, h ne b btom jih onbire, OTMeneHHOM npe3-
BbnaÖHOH CTpOTOCTblO H 0C03HaHH0CTbK>, B CaMOH pa/JHKaJIb-
hoh H3 Bcex KOT/ja-jiHÖo npe/jnpHHHMaBniHxcH nonbiTOK «nepe-
BopaHHBaHHH» TerejiH, ne b stom jih TeKCTe, KOTopbiH maK u
ocmajicn HeonyßjiuKoeaHHbiM, MapKC npaKTHnecKH nepeoKHji h
3aBepniHji cBoe coßcTBeHHoe npeodpasoBanne. Ecjih mbi xothm
npnoßpecTH xoTb KaKoe-TO noHHMaHHe jiothkh btoh neoßbiKHO-
54

CEfO^HH
BeHHOH MyraijHH, to HCKaTb ero cjie/iyeT hmchho b Hpe3BbiHaii-
hom TeopeTinecKOM HanpHHteHHH «PyKonncen 1844 r.», iiomhh
npH 3T0M O TOM, HTO T6KCT HOHTH CBMOH nOCJie/JHeH HOHH Iiapa-
JJOKCaJIbHblM OÖpa3OM HBJIHCTCH TeKCTOM, B TeopeTHHeCKOM OT-
HomeHUH Hanßojiee yaajieHHbiM ot rpflßynjero jjhh.
5) Paöombi nepejiOMHO2O nepuoda ctbbht nenpocTbie npo-
ßjieMbi HHTepnpeTaixHH, oßycjiOBjieHHbie hx mcctom b npoijec-
ce TeopeTHnecKoro (ßopMHpoBaHHH mbicjih MapKca. TIo^oßHO
KpaTKofi BcnbiniKe mojihhh, «Teancbi o 0efiep6axe» ßpocaiOT
apKHH CBeT na Bcex Tex 4)hjioco4)ob, KOTopbix ohh aaTparHBa-
iot, ho keokjjbih 3HaeT, hto mojihhh CKopee OCJienjIHeT, HeM OCBe-
njaeT, h hto b npocTpaHCTBe hohh Tpynnee Bcero onpe/jejiHTb
MecTO paapbiBaiomero ero B3pbiBa CBera. Kor^a-HHßy^b naM
npn/jeTCH cjjejiaTb nojinocTbio apHMoii aara^OHHOCTb bthx mhh-
mo npoapaHHbix oßHHHamaTH Te3HCOB. Hto ace KacaeTCH «He-
MeuKoii H/jeojiOTHH», to ona pacKpbiBaeT nepejj hbmh mbicjib,
nopbißaiomyio co cbohm npomjibiM, BOBjieicaiomyio b neyMOJiH-
Myio Hrpy kphthhcckoto h36h6hhh Bee cboh npeacHHe Teope-
THnecKHe npejjnocbDiKH: b nepßyio onepe^b Terejin h 0eüep-
6axa, Bee (JiopMbi (JjhjiococJjhh C03HannH h aHTponojiornnecKOH
4)hjioco4>hh. TeM ne Menee 3Ta HOBan mbicjib, ctojib TBepjjaa
H TOHHan B OCyJKfleHHH HJjeOJIOTHHeCKHX 3a6jiyHCßeHHH, JIHUIB c
ßojibniHM TpyzjoM HaxoßHT CBoe coöcTBeHHoe onpeaejieHHe, ko-
Topoe Tonte ne jiHineno ABycMbicjieHHOcreH. C TeopeTHnecKHM
npomjibiM H6JIB3H HOpBaTB pa3OM: flJIH TOTO HTOÖbl HOpBaTb CO
cjiOBaMH h noHHTHHMH, HyjKHbi no MeHbinefi Mepe flpyrae cjio-
Ba H nOHHTHH, H HepeßKO HM6HH0 HpeHCHHM CJIOBBM npHXOJJHT-
ch BbinojiHHTb aa^any npoTOKOJinpoBaHHH paapbiBa b to BpeMH,
Kor/ja npoflOJiacaeTCH hohck hobbix cjiob. IIosTOMy b «HeMeij-
koh H^eojiorHH» mbi crajiKHBaeMCH co 3pejiHiijeM pacnpo^ancH
OTßaHHblX B 3anor nOHHTHH, KOTopbie 3aHHMaiOT Mecro nOHH-
thh hobbix, Bee enje He oc^opmhbhihxch... h nocKOJibKy Bnojine
ecrecTBeHHO cyzjHTb 06 bthx npeacHHx hohhthhx no hx oßjiHKy,
noHHMaTb hx öyKeasibHO, to jierKo no/maTbCH aaßjiyncfleHHio h
55

nPEflHCJIOBHE
npUHHTb HJIH H03HTHBHCTCK0e (KOHeiJ BCHKOH (j)HJI0C04)HH) HJIH
ace HHflHBHflyajiHCTHnecKH-ryMaHHCTHHecKoe noHHMaHHe MapK-
CH3Ma (cy6T>eKTbi hctophh cyrb «KOHKpeTHbie, peajibHbie jho-
,h;h»). Ctojib nee ßBycMbicjieHHyio h BBO/jamyio b saßjiyjK/ieHHe
pojib HrpaeT b otom tokcto h pasdejienue mpyda, KOTopoe 33hh-
MaeT b hom Taxoe ace ijeHTpajibHoe mccto, KaKoe b phhhhx pa-
ßoTax OTBeaeno hohhthh) OTHyjKjjeHHH, h KOTopoe onpe^ejiaeT
COÖOH BCK) TeopHH) UÖeOJlOZUU H BCK) TeopHH) HayKH. IIo 3THM
npHHHHaM, CBH3aHHbiM c HenocpejjCTBeHHOH 6jiH3OCTbK) pa3-
pbiBa, «HeMeijKaa H/jeojiorHH», TaK ace KaK h apyrne TeKCTbi,
TpeßyeT npoBe/jeHHH neMajion kphthhockoh paöoTbi, KOTopaa
no3BOJiHjia 6bi pa3JiHHHTb Meacfly BcnoMoraTejibHOH TeopeTine-
ckoh 4>yHKijHeH onpe/jejieHHbix hohhthh h chmhmh othmh no-
HHTHHMH. B JjaJIbHeHHieM H BepHyCb K BTOMy MOMeHTy.
6) JtaTHpoßaHHe paspbiBa 1845-m to/jom HMeeT BaoKHbie Te-
opeTHHecKHe nocjieacTBHH, KacaionjHecH He TOJibKO OTHonie-
hhh MapKca k C>eHep6axy, ho h OTHomeHHH Mapnca k Terejno.
MapKC pa3BHBaeT CHCTeMaTnnecKyio KpHTHKy Terejia ne tojih-
ko nocjie 1845 r., ho yace naHHHaa co BTopon cjjasbi nepnoßa ero
MOJIOßOCTH, KaK 3TO CTaHOBHTCH OHeBHJJHblM HpH paCCMOTpe-
hhh ero kphthkh rerejieBCKOH (Jjhjioco^ihh npaßa («PyKonn-
ch 1843 r.»), «BBeaeHHH» k KpHTHKe rerejieBCKOH 4)hjiococ])hh
npasa (1843 r.), «PyKOHHceii 1844 r.» h «Cbhtoto ceMeiiCTBa».
Meacjjy TeM 3Ta KpHTHKa TerejiH no c&oum meopemunecKUM
npuHi^unaM ecmb hc htylo uhoc, KaK npo/jojDKeHHe, pa3BHTHe h
KOMMeHTapHH k 3aMeHaTejibHOH KpHTHKe TerejiH, KOTopyio ne-
oflHOKparao 4>opMyjinpoBaji 0eÄep6ax. 3to KpHTHKa rerejieB-
CKOH 4)hjioco4)hh KaK cneKyjiM^uu, KaK ctöcmpaKipiu, KpHTH-
Ka, npoBOflHMaa bo hmh hphhijhhob aHTponojionmecKOH npo-
ßjieMaTHKH OTHyjKßeHHH: KpHTHKa, KOTopaa npH3bißaeT ot
aßcTpaKTHO-cneKyjiHTHBHoro nepeÖTH k KOHKpeTHO-MaTepna-
jiHcrimecKOMy, t. e. kphthkh, ocTaiomaaca b njieHy y toh chmoh
HfleaJIHCTHHeCKOH npoßjieMaTHKH, OT KOTOPOH OHH CTpeMHTCH
OCBOÖOßHTbCH, KpHTHKa, KOTOpaH HOSTOMy HO npaBy npHHa^Jie-
56

CErOßHH
hcht k toh TeopeTHHecKoii npo6jieMaTHKe, c KOTopoä MapKC no-
paeT b 1845 rofly.
Tenepb cthhoehtch xiohhthbim, hto jjjih HCCJie^OBaHHH h
onpe/jejieHHH mbpkchctckoh c})hjioco4)hh beecho ne CMeniHBaTb
MapKCHCTCKyio KpHTHKy PerejiH c 4)eäep6axHaHCKOH kphthkoä
Ferejia, jjance ecjiH caw Mapnc Be.neT ee ot CBoero hmchh. Bejjb
B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT TOTO, ßy/JCM JIH Mbl CHHTBTb HOflJIHHHO MapK-
CHCTCKOH Ty KpHTHKy Terejia (na nejie HBJinioiijyiocH ijcjihkom
h nojiHOCTbio 4)eHep6axHaHCKoii), KOTopyio MapKC paßBHBaeT
b TeKCTax 1843 roaa, noHHMaHHe npHpoflbi MapKCHCTCKOH 4>h-
jiococJjhh, k KOTopoMy mm npn^eM, öyueT BecbMa pa3JiHHHbiM.
Mne npeHCTaBjiaeTca, hto stot momcht HMeeT pemaioiijee 3na-
HCHHe ÄJIH HblHeiHHHX HHTepnpeTaijHH MapKCHCTCKOH (Jjhjioco-
4>hh, — h roßopio o cepT>e3Hbix, CHcreMaTHnecKHx HHTepnpeTa-
IJHHX, OCHOBaHHblX Ha peaJIbHblX 4)HJIOCo4>CKHX, anHCTeMOJIOTH-
HeCKHX H HCTOpHHeCKHX 3HBHHHX, a TaKHCe Ha CTpOTHX MeTOHaX
htohhh, a ne o npocrbix mhchhhx, kotopmmh, BnponeM, Toace
mojkho nanojiHHTb ijejibie khhth. TaK, nanpHMep, Te Hccjieno-
BaHHH, KOTopbie npoBOflHT b ÜTajiHH flejuia Bojibne h Kojictth,
HCCJieflOBaHHH, KaacymnecH Mne oneHb BEüKHbiMH, nocKOJibKy
b HacTOHiijee BpeMH tojibko ohh co3HaTejibHO cthbht b ijeHTp
CBoeii HHTepnpeTaijHH HenpHMHpHMoe TeopeTHnecKoe pa3JiH-
HHe, OTflejiHiomee Mapnca ot Ferejin, h onpeaejieHHe coßcrBeH-
HOH CneiJHCjjHKH MapKCHCTCKOH (JjHJIOCOCjjHH, — 3TH HCCJieflOBa-
hhh Tonte npe/jnojiaraiOT cyiijecTBOBaHHe paspbiBa b pbbbhthh
mbicjih ot Ferejin k Mapncy h ot <J>enep6axa k Mapncy, ho na-
THpyiOT 3tot paspbiB 1843 ronoM, pacnojiaraa ero Ha ypoBHe
«BBeneHHH» k npHTHKe rerejieBCKOÄ 4>hjioco4)hh npaßa! 3to
npocToe nepeMenjeHHe jjaTbi pa3pbisa ryjiKHM sxom OT^aercn
b H3BJieKaeMbix H3 Hero TeopeTHnecKHx BbiBonax, KacaiomHx-
CH He TOJIBKO nOHHMHHHH MapKCHCTCKOH (jjHJIOCOC^HH, HO H npo-
htchhh h HHTepnpeTaijHH «Kannrajia» (mbi nonanceM bto b Ha-
inen cjienyioiijeH paöore).
57

nPEJJHCJIOBHE
*
H iio3bojihji ceße npe/pioacHTb bhhmhhhio HHTarejiH bth 3aMeT-
KH flJIH Toro, HTOÖbl npOHCHHTb CMbICJI CTpaHHIJ, IIOCBflmeHHblX
<I>enep6axy h MOJio/jOMy MapKcy, h c/jenaTb OTHeTJiHBbiM ejjHH-
ctbo npoÖJieMbi, onpeaejiaiomeH coöoh bth craTbH, nocKOJibKy
h b acce o npoTHBopeHHH, h b paöore o ßHajieKTHKe penb To»ce
mjeT 06 onpejjejieHHH HepejjyijHpyeMOH cneijH^jHKH MapKCHCT-
ckoh TeopHH.
Hto 3to onpejjejieHHe h6bo3mohcho npHMO npoHumamb b
TeKCTax caMoro MapKca, hto jjjih toto, htoöbi HjjenTHcjjHijHpo-
BaTb MecTOHaxoacßeHHe hohhthh Mapnca b nepHO/j ero spejio-
cth, HeoßxoßHMO npojjenaTb HeManyio npe^BapHTejibHyio npn-
THnecKyio paöoTy; hto mjeHTHcjjHKaijHH sthx hohhthh — to ace
caMoe, hto h H^eHTH(|)HKau;HH hx Mecra; hto bch ara npHTHHe-
ckbh paßora, HBJiHioiijaHCH aßcojnoTHbiM npejjBapHTejibHbiM
ycjiOBHeM bchkoh HHTepnperaijHH, caMa no ceße npe/jnojiaraeT
HCnOJIb3OBaHHe MHHHMyMB MapKCHCTCKHX TeOpeTHHeCKHX nO-
HHTHH, nacaioiixHxcH npnpo/jbi TeopeTHHecKHx (])opMaijnn h hx
hctophh; hto npejjBapHTejibHbiM ycjiOBHeM npoHTeHHH Mapnca
HBJineTCH, ranHM o6pa3OM, MapKCHCTCKaH TeopHH jjHtjnJjepeH-
IJHaJIbHOH npHpOflbl TeopeTHHecKHx 4>OpMan;HH H HX HCTOPHH,
T. e. TeopHH OHHCTeMOJIOrHHeCKOH HCTOPHH, KOTOpaH eCTb caMa
MapncHCTcnan 4>hjioco4)hh; hto ara onepaijHH oöpaayer coöoä
HeH36encHbiH npyr, b kotopom npHMeneHHe MapncncTcnoH 4>h-
jioco(J)hh n Mapncy ona3bißaeTCH aßconioTHbiM npe/jBapHTejib-
HblM ycjiOBHeM H0HHM8HHH MapKCa H B TO HC6 BpeMH yCJI0BH6M
caMoro KOHCTHTynpOBaHHH H paBBHTHH MapKCHCTCKOH (|)HJIOCO-
4>hh, — Bee bto coßepineHHO hcho. Ho npyr 3toh onepaijHH, no-
ji;o6ho BCHKOMy Kpyry Tanoro pojja, ecrb jihiub jjHaneKTHHecnHH
npyr Bonpoca o npHpo^e oß’benTa, nocraBjieHHoro nepe/j cbmhm
3THM OÖ'beKTOM HCXOflH H3 TeOpeTHHeCKOH npoßjieMaTHKH, KOTO-
paH, nojjBepran cboh oßbeKT HcnbiTannio, TeM chmbim rro/jBep-
raeT caMy ceßn HcnbiTannio cbohm oß’beKTOM. Hto cbm MapK-
CH3M MOHCeT H JJOJDKeH ÖblTb OÖ'beKTOM BHHCTeMOJIOrHHeCKOrO
58

CEfO^HH
Bonpoca, hto stot anHcreMOJiornHecKHii Bonpoc mojkct ßbiTb
nocraßjieH jihihb Ha ochobo (en fonction) mbpkchctckoh Teo-
peTHHeCKOÖ npoÖJieMaTHKH — BCe 3T0 HBJIHeTCH HeoßxOJJHMOC-
tbio ßJiH TeopHH, onpe/jejiHionjeH ceßn ßHajieKTHnecKH, npnneM
ne tojibko b KanecTBe HayKH hctophh (HcropHnecKHH MaTepna-
jih3m), ho b to nee BpeMH h b KanecTBe (Jjhjioco^ihh, chocoöhoh
oÖ'bhchhtb npnpoay TeopeTHnecKHx (JpopMaijHH h hx hctophio,
a 3HaHHT, cnocoÖHOü oö'bHCHumb ceÖR h cjjejiaTb ceßn cbohm
oß^eKTOM. MapKCH3M — e^HHCTBeHHan (|)hjioco4)hh, KOTopaa
no^BepraeT ceßn 3T0My TeopeTHnecKOMy HcnbiTaHHio.
Htbk, bch 3Ta KpHTHnecKaa paßoTa HeoßxoflHMa ne tojibko
jjjih toto, HToßbi npoHHTaTb Mapnca no-HHOMy, ne no/maBancb
HCKymeHHio Henocpe/jCTBeHHoro htchhh, ocTaionjerocH njien-
HHKOM HJIH MHHMBIX OHeBHflHOCTOH HßeOJIOTHHeCKHX HOHHTHH
ero mojiojjocth, hjih ace jiomchbix h, ßbiTb MoaceT, jjaoKe ßojiee
onacHbix OHeBH^HOCTeä hohhthh, KaoKynjHxcH ctojib 3HaK0Mbi-
mh h H3BecTHBix HaM no paßoraM nepHojja paspbiBa. 3th paßo-
Ta, HeoßxojjHMan jjjih Toro, HToßbi npoHHTaTb MapKca, b to ace
BpeMH B CTporOM CMBICJie CJIOBa HBJIHeTCH paßOTOH TeopeTHHe-
CKOrO pa3BHTHH CHMOH MapKCHCTCKOH (JjHJIOCO^HH. TeopHH, HO-
3BOJIHK>maH HCHO yBHJjeTB CyTb MBICJIH MapKCa, OT/jeJIHTB Hay-
Ky OT H/jeOJIOrHH, nOMbICJIHTb HX OTJIHHHe B HX HCTOpHHeCKOM
OTHOineHHH, JJHCKOHTHHyaJIBHOCTB 3HHCTeMOJIOrHHeCKOrO pa3-
pblBa B KOHTHHyaJIBHOCTH HCTOpHHeCKOrO npOIjeCCa, TeopHH,
HO3BOJIHK)maH OTßeJIHTb CJIOBO OT HOHHTHH, OnpejjeJIHTB, ßeH-
CTBHTeJIBHO JIH 3a CJIOBOM CKpblBaeTCH HOHHTHC, BBIHBHTB Cy-
ujecTBOBaHne hohhthh Ha ochobc (JiyHKixHH cjiOBa b TeopeTH-
necKOM jjHCKypce, onpejjejiHTB npnpoßy hohhthh na ochobc ero
(JjyHKijHH b npoßjieMaTHKe, a 3HanHT, Ha ochobc Mecra, 3aHHMa-
eMoro hm b CHCTeMe «TeopHH», ara TeopHH, HEjiHionjaHCH ejjHH-
CTB6HHOH, KOTOpaH HO3BOJIHeT OCyiljeCTBHTb npOHTCHHe TCK-
ctob MapKca, npoHTenne ojjHOBpeMeHHO h anHCTeMOJionne-
CKoe, h HCTopinecKoe, — 3Ta TeopHH na jjejie ecTb ne hto nnoe,
kbk caMa MapKCHCTCKan cJ)hjiococ|)hh.
59

nPEßHCJIOBKE
Mbi OTnpaBHjincb Ha ee hohckh. Ee poHC^enne HannnaeTCH
c nepsoro ajieMeHTapnoro TpeöoBaHHa: npocroro onpeaejieHHH
ycjiOBHÄ ee noncKa.
Mapm 1965 z.

nPHMEHAHHH
1.	OB HCnOJIB3yEMOÄ TEPMHHOJIOFHH
B COÖpaHHblX B flaHHOH KHHre CTHTbHX HHTaTCJIb HeCOMHeHHO 3aMeTHT HeKO-
TOpyK) HeOÄHOpOÄHOCTb HCIIOJIb3yeMOH TepMHHOJiorHH.
Tax, b craTbe «O MarepHajiHCTHnecKOH jjHajieKTHKe» TepMHH «Teopua»
(c öojibmoH öyKBbi) HcnojibßyeTca jjjih o6o3HaneHHH mhpkchctckoh «({jhjioco-
$hh» (ßHajieKTHHecKoro MaTepHanH3Ma), b to BpeMH kbk TepMHH (ptuioco^uH
npHMenaeTCH ajih o6o3HaneHHH HjjeojiOTHHecKHx (JjhjiococJjhh. Hmchho b btom
CMbicne, t. e. juifl oöosHaneHHH habojiothhcckoh 4)opMauHH, TepMHH (pu/ioco-
(pusi ynoTpeÖJiaeTCH yace b craTbe «IIpoTHBopeHHe h CBepxjjeTepMHHaijHH».
3ra TepMHHOJiorHH, oTjiHHaiomaa (HjieojiorHHecKyio) $hjioco$hio ot Teo-
pmi (hjih MapKCHCTCKOH (Jihjioco^hh, KOHCTHTynposaHHOH ÖJiaroaapH paapbi-
By C $HJIOCO$CKOH HfleOJIOTHeH) MOJKer ÖblTb OÖOCHOBana MHOTOHHCJieHHblMH
naccaxcaMH H3 paöor Mapnca h Snrejibca. B «HeMeijKOH H^eojiorHH» Mapxc
HOCTOHHHO TOBOpHT O $HJIOCO4)HH KaK O HHCTOH H IipOCTOH HJjeOJIOrHH. B nep-
bom npeAHCJiOBHH k «AHTH-/IiopHHry» Dnrejibc nnrner:
«Ecjih TeopeTHKH hbjihiotch nojiysnaHKaMH b oÖJiacrH ecrecrBO3Ha-
hhh, to coßpeMeHHbie ecrecTBOHcnbiraTejiH $aKTHHecKH b thkoh ace Me-
pe hbjihiotch nojiy3HaHKaMH b oÖJiacTH meopuu, e o&iacmu mozo, umo
do cux nop Hü3bieajiocb (pmioco(pueü»^.
3tot naccajK jjoKasbiBaer, hto Snrejibc omymaji norpeÖHOCTb b TepMHHO-
jiornnecKOM pa3JiHHeHHH orpa3HTb pa3JiHHHe Meamy H^eojiorHHecKHMH (jxip-
MHMH (jlHJIOCOCjjHH H COBepiIieHHO HOBbIM 4)HJIOCO$CKHM IipOeKTOM MapKca.
Oh npe/piOHCHJ! sac^HKCHpoBarb aro pa3JinneHHe, o6o3hhhhb MapKcncrcKyio
$hjioco4)hio TepMHHOM meopuu.
Ho ojjho jjejio — caMa hobbh TepMHHOJiorHH, nycrb ^ance ona h hbjihct-
ch coBepmeHHO oöocHOBaHHOH, h jjpyroe jjejio — ee peajibnoe Hcnojib3OBaHHe
h peajibnoe pacnpocrpaneHHe. npeßcraBjiHercH ^obojibho rpy^HbiM, npeojjo-
jießaa conpoTHBJieHHe AaBHO Bome^mero b npHBbiHKy cjiOBoynorpeÖJieHHH,
yrsepAHTb TepMHH Teopun nix. o6o3HaneHHH Haynnon 4)hjioco(})hh, ochobbi
kotopoh sajioHCHji MapKC. KpoMe toto, öojibinaH öyKBa, OTJinnaiomaH ero ot
Apynix cjiynaeB ynorpeÖJieHHH cjiobb meopmtf craHOBHTCH HesaMernoH b ycr-
hoh penn... IIoaTOMy nocjie 3aBepmeHHH reKcra «O MarepnajiHCTHHecKOH ah-
* MapKC K. h Snzejibc 0. Coh., H3ß. 2, t. 20, c. 366. B ^ajibHennieM Bee ijh-
TaTbi H3 npoH3BejieHHH K. MapKca h 0. 3nrejibca hphbo/jhtch no 3T0My H3,na-
hhio. —IIpuM. nep.
61

nPE^HCJIOBHE
aneKTHKe» MHe noicaaajiocb neoöxoAHMbiM bhobl BepnyrbCH k npunaTOH b Ha-
rn« jjhh TepMHHOJioniH h ynorpeÖJiHTb cjiobo (punoco(puH aajKe Tor^a, Kor^a
penb imer o caMOM MapKce; tbkhm oöpaaoM, h bhobb cthji Hcnojib3OBaTb Tep-
MHH MapKCUCmCKCLR (pmiOCOCpUR.
2.	o nyßjiHKyEMbix ctatlhx
Tckct «<I>HJioco(j)CKHe MaHHfjjecTbi <Z>enep6axa» 6bui onyöJiHKOBan b Mcyp-
Hajie La Nouvelle Critique (jjeKaöpb 1960 r.).
CTaTbH «O MOJioflOM MapKce (Bonpocbi Teopnn)» 6bui onyÖJinKOBan b acyp-
Hane La Pensee (MapT—anpejib 1961 r.).
CTaTba «üpoTHBopeHHe h CBepx^erepMHHaiiHH» öbuia onyÖJiHKOBana b
Hcypnajie La Pensee (jjeKaöpb 1962 r.). TIpmioHceHHe k neii npeHvie ne nyöjin-
KOBHJIOCb.
CTaTba «3aMerK« o MaTepnajiHcruHecKOM TeaTpe» 6buia onyÖJinKOBana b
Hcypnajie Esprit UeKaöpb 1962 r.).
0njioco4>CKaH peqeH3HH na H3Aanne «PyKonncen 1844 r.» 6buia onyÖJiHKO-
Bana b Htypnajie La Pensee ($eBpajib 1963 r.).
OraTbH «O MaTepnajincTHHecKon .ziHajieKTHKe» 6buia onyöjmKOBana b »cyp-
Hane La Pensäe (aßrycr 1963 r.)
CraTbH «MapKCH3M h ryMaHH3M» öbDia onyöJiHKOBana b Cahiers de l’ISEA
(niOHb 1964 r.)
«JJonojiHHTejibHbie 3aMe«aHHH o «peanbHOM» ryMannsMe» öbijih onyöJinKO-
BaHbi b Hcypnane La Nouvelle Critique (Mapr 1965 r.)
Abtop Bbipancaer cboio npHsnaTejibnocTb H3jjaTejiHM bthx ncypnajiOB, koto-
pbie jno6e3HO corjiacnjiHCb npejjocraBHTb eMy npaso coöparb /janHbie TeKCTbi
b nacroHiuen KHure.
JI. A.

I
<<<PHJIOCO<PCKHE MAHH0ECTM»
0EHEPBAXA



JKypnaji «La Nouvelle Critique» oßpaTHJica ko MHe c npocbßoü
npe^CTaBHTb nyßjiHKe tokctbi 0eiiep6axa, KOTopbie hcckojibko
MecaijeB TOMy Haaa/i öbljih onyßjiHKOBaHbi b cepmi Epimetee
(E U. E). 3 c ynoBOJibCTBueM hchojihio 3Ty npocbßy, KpaTKO ot-
B6THB Ha HeCKOJIbKO BOnpOCOB.
rioa aarojiOBKOM «4>HJioco4)CKHe MaHH(|)ecTbi» h coßpaji Han-
ßojiee 3HaHHTejibHbie tckctbi h craTBH, onyßjiHKOBaHHbie C>en-
epßaxoM b nepnofl Menqjy 1839 h 1845 ro/jaMu: «K KpHTHKe
4jhjioco4)hh TerejiH» (1839), Bfie/jenne k «Cymnocra xphcth-
aHCTBa» (1841), «IIpeßBapHTejibHbie Tesucbi k pe(J)opMe cJjhjio-
cocJjhh» (1842), «OcHOBHbie nojioaceHHH (JjujiococJmn ßynymero»
(1843), üpe/jHCJiOBHe ko BTopoMy ns/jaHHio «CyiijHOCTH xpn-
CTHaHCTBa» (1843) h craTbio, npe/jCTaBjiHiomyio coßoii otbot na
nojieMiriecKHe Bbina^bi UlTHpnepa (1845). To, hto öbijio CO3-
aano 4>eiiep6axoM Meacay 1839 h 1845 rr., ne orpaHHHHBaeTCH
3thmh TeKCTaMH; TOM ne MOHee ohh OTpaHcaiOT Hanßojiee cyme-
CTBenHbie nepTbi ero mbicjih b 3th HCTopunecKHe ro^bi.
IIoueMy 6buio ebiöpano maKoe Haaeanue: «<PiLnoco<pCKue Ma-
Hucpecmbi» ?
3to BbipaaceHHe He npHHa^jie^KHT caMOMy <J>eiiep6axy. H no-
meji na stot phck no /jByM npHHHHaM: o^na H3 hhx hocht cyß'b-
eKTHBHbiii, jjpyraH — oß'beKTHBHbiii xapaKTep.
üpoHTHTe TeKCTbi o pe<|)opMe 4)hjioco(|)hh h npejjHCJiOBHe k
«OcHOBHbIM nOJIOHCeHHHM». Bbl yBHßHTe, HTO 3TO HOßJIHHHbie
B033B3HHH, CTpaCTHbie npOBO3TJiaineHHH TOTO TeopeTHHecKo-
ro OTKpOBeHHH, KOTOpOMy CyECßeHO OCBOÖO^HTb HeJIOBeKa OT
ero ijeneii. <X>eiiep6ax oßpamaerca k nejiOBenecTBy. Oh cpbiBa-
eT noKpoßbi co BceMHpHoä hctophh, pa3pymaeT mh^bi h jiohcb,
OTKpbiBaeT nejiOBeicy ero ucmuny h BO3Bpamaer ee eMy. Bpe-
65

<<0HJIOCO<PCKHE MAHH0ECTBI» 0EHEPBAXA
mh npnmjio. HejiOBenecTBO totobo nopoßHTb peBOJiioijHio, ko-
Topan iio3bojiht eMy oßjianaTb cbohm ßbrrneM. JIiohhm nyHCHO
JIHHIB OCO3HaTb 3TO, H TOr^a OHH B H^HCTBHTeJIbHOCTH CTBHyT
TOM, HTO OHH CyTb HO HCTHHe: CBOÖOflHbie, paBHbie H CBH3aHHbie
ßpaTCKHMH ysaMH cynjecTBa.
TaKOÄ ßHCKypc hjih ero aBTopa mot 6bitb tojibko MaHH-
(JjeCTOM.
Ho MaHH(|)ecTOM oh 6biji h .hjih ero HHTaTejieii. B ocoßeHHO-
CTH HJIH MOJIOHWX paHHKaJIBHO HaCTpoeHHblX HHTeJIJieKTyaJIOB,
KOTopbie b 40-x roHax XIX ctojicthh bcjih cnopbi, naxonacb b
njieHy npoTHBopenHH «HeMeijKOH HHiijeTbi» h HeorerejibHH-
ckoh (J)hjioco4)hh. HoneMy 40-e tohm? HoroMy hto ohh 6buih
npoeepKoü, btoh (J)hjioco4)hh. B 1840 r. MjiaHorerejibHHijbi, ko-
Topbie BepnjiH, hto y hctophh ecrb ijejib — ijapcTBO paayMa
h CBoßoHbi, — oncHHajiH ot npeTeHfleHTa na npecroji ocymecr-
BjieHHH cbohx Hanencn: ycTpaneHHH npyccKoro (JjeonajibHoro h
aBTOKpaTHHecKoro nopnnKa, otmchbi ijenaypbi, paayMHOÄ opra-
HH3BIJHH IjepKBH, KOpOHe TOBOpH, yCTaHOBJieHHH pe?KHMa nOJIH-
THHecKoä, HHTejiJieKTyajibHoii h pejinrHO3HOH cboöohm. TeM ne
Menee, KaK tojibko 3tot npeTenneHT, KOToporo Ha3biBajiH «jih-
ßepajiOM», yrBepflHJiCH na Tpone, oh craji ^phhphxom Bhjib-
rejibMOM IV h BepHyjiCH k necnoTH3My. HoHTBepjKneHHaH, koh-
cojiHHHpoBaHHan TupaHHH nojioncHjia kohcij TeopHH, KOTopan
oßocHOBbiBajia h pe3iOMHpoBajia Bee hx Hane^HM. HycTb b
npHHijHne hctophh 6buia pasyMOM h cbo6ohoh; b neHCTBHTejib-
hocth ona 6biJia He neM hhbim, KaK HepaayMneM h paßcTBOM.
Cjienoßajio npHHHTB ypoK, npenonaHHbiH 4>aKTaMH, t. e. caMO
3to npoTHBopenne. Ho kok ezo noMbicjiumb? Hmchho Torna
noHBHJiacb «CynjHOCTb xpHCTHancTBa» (1841), a 3aTeM h 6po-
iniopbi o «PecjjopMe cJjhjioco^jhh». 3th tckctbi, KOTopbie, paay-
MeeTCH, ne ocboöohhjih nejiOBenecTBa, bbibojih MJianorerejibHH-
ijeß H3 hx TepeTHHecKoro TynHKa. Ha npaMaTHHecKHÜ Bonpoc
o nejioßeKe h ero hctophh, kotopbih ohh nepen coßoii craBH-
jih, 0eüep6ax naßaji tohhbih h aneKBaTHbiH otbct, npHneM b
66

<<<DHJIOCO<DCKHE MAHH<DECTbI» «DEHEPBAXA
tot caMbiii momoht, Kor/ja ohh HaxoflHJiHCb b BejiHHaHineii pac-
TepaHHOCTH! 3x0 3T0T0 oßjierneHHH, 3toto 3HTy3Ha3Ma Bee enje
aaMeTHO b oähom tokcto 3nrejibca, nanHcaHHOM copoK jiot cny-
cth. 0hjioco4>hh 0eiiep6axa 6bma hmohho toh «hoboh 4>hjio-
co4)Heii», KOTopaa pa3,nejiajiacb c TerejieM h co Beeil cneKyjiH-
THBHOH 4>HJI0C0(J)HeH, KOTOpaH BHOBb HOCTaBHJia Hö HOZU TOT
MHp, KOTOpblH 4)HJI0C0<t)HH 3aCTaBJIHJia XOßHTb Ha Z0J106C, KOTO-
paH pa3oßjiaHHjia Bee (jjopMbi OTHyHc^eHHH h Bee hjijiioshh, ho
B TO HCe BpeMH pasyMHO OÖ^RCHUJia HX, H03B0JIHB nOMbICJIHTb H
noABeprnyTb KpHTHKe HepaayMue hctophh bo hmh caMoro pa3-
yMa, KOTopaa, naKOHeij, npHBena b cooTBeTCTBHe H/jeio h 4>aKT,
3aCTaBHB nOHHTb KaK HeOÖXOßHMOCTb npOTHBOpeHHH, rocnoa-
CTByiomero b MHpe, TaK h Heoßxo/jHMOCTb ero ocBoßoaqjeHHH.
Bot noneMy neorerejibHHijbi, KaK npH3Haßaji crapeiomHH 3h-
renbc, «Bee cpasy ctbjih (JjeHepßaxHanijaMH». Bot noneMy ohh
BocnpHHHJiH ero khhth KaK MaHHcfrecTbi, yKasbiBaionjHe nyTH b
öyzjynjee.
/JoßaBjuo, hto penb nuia o MaHH(J)ecTax (friuiococfrcKux. IIo-
CKOJibKy coßepmeHHO oneBH^HO, hto Bee oto Bee enje orpaHHHH-
Bajiocb 4>Hjioco4)HeH. Ho nopon h 4>HJioco4>CKHe coöbithh 6bi-
BaiOT COÖblTHHMH HCTOpHHeCKHMH.
UeM UHmepecHbiamu meKcmbi?
3th TeKCTbi HHTepecHbi npeac^e Bcero c ucmopuHecKOÜ toh-
kh 3peHHH. Ecjih h Bbiöpaji 3th npoH3Bej^eHHH, HanncaHHbie b
40-e roßbi, to ne tojibko noTOMy, hto ohh hbjihiotch Hanßojiee
H3B6CTHBIMH H HHHÖOJiee HCHBbIMH (npHHCM TKHBbI OHH H CeTOfl-
HH, KOT/ja HeKOTOpbie 3K3HCTeHIJHaJIHCTbI H TeOJIOTH HBITaiOTCH
BHOBb HaHTH B HHX HCTOKH HeKOCTO COBpeMCHHOTO BflOXHOBe-
hhh), ho TaKHce h npeacae Bcero noTOMy, hto ohh npHHajjJieacaT
onpeaejieHHOMy HCTopHnecKOMy MOMeumy h cbirpajiH onpe/je-
jieHHyio HcropHHecKyio pojib (b cpe/je ^obojibho orpaHHHeHHOH,
ho ßoraTOH öyzjymHMH coöbithhmh). 4>eHep6ax — ceudemenb
u deücmeyiou^ee Jiui/o KpH3Hca TeopeTHHecKoro pocra MJiajjore-
67

0HJIOCO0CKHE MAHH0ECTBI» «DEMEPBAXA
rejibHHCKoro ßBHJKeHHa. Cjie/iyeT hmthtb 0eiiep6axa äjih Toro,
htoöbi noHHTb TeKCTbi MJia^orerejibaHijeB, nanncaHHbie Meacay
1841 h 1845 roaaMH. TaK, mohcho 3aMeTHTb, jjo kbkoh creneHH
ccjjopMnpoBaHbi Mbicjibio C>eHep6axa TeKCTbi mojio^oto MapK-
ca. He TOJibKO TepMHHOJiorna MapKca b 1842—1844 ro/jax hb-
jiaeTCH (^enepßaxHancKon (oTnyac^eHHe, poßOBoii neaoßeK, ije-
jiocTHbiii nejioßeK, «npeBpamemie» cyöbeKTa b npe^HKar h t.
jj.), ho, hto, HecoMHeHHO, öoaee BajKHO, 4>enep6axHaHCKHM hb-
jiaeTca h 4>oh (f)iLfioco(})CKOÜ npoßjieMamuKu. TaKHe CTaTbH,
KaK «K eßpeiicKOMy Bonpocy» hjih «K KpHTHKe rereaeBCKOH
$hjioco4)hh npaßa», CTaHOBarca hohhthbimh tojibko b koh-
TeKCTe 4)eiiep6axHaHCKOH npo6jieMaTHKH. PasyMeerca, tcmbi
pa3MbinuieHHH Mapnca bbixo^ht 3a npe/jejibi toto, hto neno-
cpe/jCTBeHHO 3aHHMaeT 0eäep6axa, ho TeopeTHnecKne cxeMbi
h TeopeTHHecnaa npoßjieMaTHKa ocraiOTca meMu we caMbiMu.
JIhihb b 1845 rofly Mapnc no-HacroameMy «cseji cnerbi» (bto
ero coöcTBeHHoe BbipaaceHHe) c otoh npoßjieMaTHKon. «HeMeij-
naa Hßeojiorna» — nepBbiä tckct, OTMenaiomHH coöoii C03Ha-
TeJIbHBIH H OKOHHaTeabHBIH paapblB c (|)HJIOCo4)HeH H BJIHHHH-
eM C>eHep6axa.
Tbkhm oßpa3OM, cpaBHHTejiBHoe H3yneHHe tckctob «Peiiep-
6axa h npoH3Be/i;eHHH Mojio^oro Mapnca aejiaeT bo3mohchbim
ucmopuuecKoe npoumeHue tckctob MapKca, a TaiOKe 6ojiee
Bepnoe noHHMaHHe ero bbojiioijhh.
Uweem jiu dmo ucmopunecKoe noHUManue KaKoe-mo meope-
muHecKoe 3HaueHue?
HecoMHeHHO. HponHTaB 0eHep6axoBbi TeKCTbi 1839—1843
roflOB, HeBO3MoacHO 3aßayac^aTbca OTHOCHTejibHO npoHCxoaqje-
HHa öojibmeH nacra nonaTHH, KOTopbie Tpa^HijHOHHO onpaB^bi-
bbjih «BTHnecKHe» HHTepnpeTaijHH MapKca. TaKHe 3HaMeHH-
Tbie (JjopMyjibi, KaK «oÖMHpmeHHe 4)hjioco(J)hh», «nepeßopaHH-
BaHHe cyßijeKTa h arpHÖyTa», «KopneM ßjia nejiOBeKa aßjiaeTca
caM nejioßeK», «nojiHTHnecKoe rocynapcTBO ecTb po/joßaa jkhshb
68

<<<DHJIOCO0CKHE MAHH<DECTbI» «DEHEPBAXA
nejiOBeKa», «BonpjiomeHHe 4jhjioco4jhh b «ujeHCTBHTejibHOCTb»,
«rojioßa nejiOBenecKOH 3MaHCHnaijHH — 4)hjioco4)hh, ee cepjj-
ije — npojieTapnaT», h t. jj. h t. n. cyrb (JjopMyjibi, KOTopbie 6bi-
jih hjih HenocpeacTBeHHo aaHMCTBOBaHbi y <I>eHep6axa, hjih ace
onoepe/jCTBOBaHHO BßoxHOBjieHbi ero Mbicjibio. Bee 4>opMyjibi
H/jeanHCTHHecKoro «ryMaHH3Ma» MapKca cyrb c|)opMyjibi (jjefi-
epßaxHaHCKHe. H HecoMHenno, hto Mapnc Bcero Jinnib ijhth-
pyer, paßBHBaeT hjih noBTopaeT 0enep6axa, kotopbih, KaK 3to
BH/jno H3 «MaHH(|)ecTOB», Bcer/ja HMeer b BH/jy nojiHTHKy, xoth
oh HHKor^a o Heä h He roßopHT. JJjih nero Bee orpaHHHHBaer-
CH KpHTHKOH peJIHTHH, TeOJIOrHH H TOTO MHpCKOrO OÖJIHHbH Te-
ojiornn, KOTopbiM HBjiaeTCH cneKyjiHTHBHaa 4)hjioco4)hh. Ha-
npOTHB, MOJIOßOH MapKC O/jepHCHM nOJIHTHKOH H TCM, HO OTHO-
ineHHio k neMy nojiHTHKa — Bcero Jinnib «Heöeca»: KOHKpeTHOÖ
HCH3HBIO OTHy?K/jeHHbIX JHOßeH. H T6M He MCHee B TBKHX pa6o-
Tax, KaK «K eßpeiiCKOMy Bonpocy», «K KpnTHKe rerejieBCKoii
4)hjioco4)hh npaßa», a naiije Bcero /jance b «Cbhtom ceMeäcrBe»
oh — Bcero Jinnib 4)eHep6axnaHeij aBanrapaa, kotopbih uc-
nojib3yem dmunecKyio npoßjieMamuKy dsm noHUMauun uwioee-
uecKoü ucmopuu. JJpyrnMH cjiobbmh, momcho öbdio 6bi cKasaTb,
hto b oth roflbi MapKC Bcero jinnib npHMenaeT Teopnio OTHyac-
aeHHH, t. e. C>eHep6axoBOH «nejiOBenecKOH npnpoßbi» k hojih-
THKe h KOHKpeTHOÖ jjeHTejibHOCTH jno^eü, a no3^Hee (rjiaBHbiM
o6pa3OM) b «3kohomhko-4)hjioco4)ckhx pyKonncax 1844 r.» —
H K HOJIHTHHeCKOH 3KOHOMHH. BaJKHO TOHHO OnpejjeJIHTb HC-
tok 3thx (JräepöaxnaHCKHx hohhthh — ne ^jih Toro, hto6bi Bee
Bonpocbi paspeniHTb npocTofi aTpnöyijneH (bto npHHajpiejKHT
0eiip6axy, a bot oto — MapKcy), ho jjjih Toro, htoöbi ne npnnn-
cbißaTb MapKcy usoöpemeHun hohhthh h npoßjieMaTHKH, koto-
pbie oh Bcero jihihb 3auMcmeoeaji. Ho aance ßojiee BaacHbiM hb-
JIHeTCH npH3HaHHe Toro, HTO 3TH 3aHMCTBOBaHHbie HOHHTHH 6bl-
JIH 3aHMCTB0BaHbI H6 HO OTJjeJIbHOCTH H H3OJIHpOBaHHO, HO 6Ce
QMecme, KaK eduHoe q,esioe, n hto othm ijejibiM KaK pa3 h hbjih-
ercH npoÖJieMaTHKa «tefiepöaxa. UMeHHHO b 3tom 3aKJiiOHaeTCH
nanßojiee cynjecTBeHHbin momcht. nocKOJibKy sanMCTBOBanne
69

<<0HJIOCO<PCKHE MAHHOECTbl» 0EHEPBAXA
KaKOrO-TO H3OJIHpOBaHHOrO HOHHTHH MOHCeT HMCTb Bcero JIHHIb
cjiyHaiiHoe h BTopocrenenHoe 3HaneHHe. 3anMCTBOBaHHe H3O-
jinpoBaHHoro (ot CBoero KOHTeKCTa) hohhthh ne 0ÖH3biBaeT 3a-
HMCTByiomero no OTHOineHHio k TOMy KOHTeKcry, H3 KOToporo
oho H3BjieneHO. (TaKOBbi Te hohhthh, KOTopbie aBTop «KanHTa-
jia» 3aHMCTByeT y Cmhtb, PnKapao h Ferejin). Ho 3aHMCTBOBa-
HHe COBOKynHOCTH HOHHTHH, CBH3aHHbIX ßpyr C JjpyrOM CHCTe-
MaTHnecHM o6pa3OM, 3aHMCTBOBaHHe nofljiHHHofi npoÖJieMamu-
ku He MoaceT ßbiTb cjiynaHHbiM, oho o6.H3bieaem CBoero aBTopa.
H CHHTaio, hto cpaBHeHHe «MaHH^ecTOB» c paßoTaMH Mojio^oro
MapKca c HecoMHeHHoii oneBH^HOCTbio noKa3bißaeT, hto MapKC
Ha npoTHMceHHH 2—3 jieT ßyKBanbHO yceoiLfi, c/jejiaji CBoeii ca-
My npoßjieMaTHKy 0eiiepßaxa, hto oh rjiyßoKO udeHinucpui^upo-
6OJI CeßfL C Heio H HTO flJIH TOTO, HToßbi nOHHTb CMbICJI ÖOJIbineH
nacTH T63HCOB 3T0T0 nepnofla, npnneM aaace Tex, KOTopbie otho-
chtch k npe/jMeTaM ßonee ho3ähhx pa3MbinuieHHH Mapnca (na-
npHMep, nojiHTHKa, oßnjecTBeHHaa hchshb, npojieTapHaT, peßo-
JIIOIJHH H T. £.), H KOTopbie HO 3TOH npHHHHe MOiyT HOKa3aTbCH
BnojiHe MapKCHCTCKHMH, cjie/jyeT ho/johth k caMOMy cpedomo-
huk) dinoü udenmucpuKaifuu, HToßbi nocTHHb Bee ee TeopeTHne-
CKHe CJiejlCTBHH H HMHJIHKai^HH.
3to TpeßoBaHHe KaaceTCH MHe HMeionjHM nepBocTeneHHyio
BaacHOCTb, nocKOJibKy ecjin Bepno to, hto Mapnc ycBOHJi ijenyio
npoßjieMaTHKy, to ero paspbiB c 0enepßaxoM, sto 3HaMeHHToe
«ceedeHue cuemoe c Haiueü npewueü 4)ujioco4)ckoü coeecmbio»
npejjnojiaraeT npnHHTHe hoqoü npoÖJieMamuKU, KOTopaa, pa3-
yMeeTCH, mobcct BKjnonaTb b ceßn onpe/jejieHHoe hhcjio hohh-
thö npoßjieMaTHKH npencHeii, ho b tbkom ijejiOM, KOTopoe npn-
jjaeT hm pa^HKajibHO HOBoe snaneHHe. JJjih Toro HToßbi npo-
HJIJUOCTpHpOBaTb 3TO CJießCTBHe, H ßbl X0T6JI BOCHOJIb3OBaTbCH
OflHHM oßpa3OM H3 rpenecKOH hctophh, Ha KOTopbiii ccbDiaeTCH
caM Mapnc. Hocjie thhckhx nopaaceHHH b bohhc c nepcaMH 4>e-
MHCTOKJI COBeTyeT a(|)HHHHaM OTKasaTbCH OT 36MJIH H OCHOBBTb
ßyaynjee ropojja na dpyzoü cmuxuu: Mope. TeopeTHnecKan pe-
BOJHODJHH MapKca COCTOHT HM6HH0 B TOM, HTO OH OCHOBaJI Ha
70

<<0HJIOCO<PCKHE MAHH0ECTBI» 0EHEPBAXA
HOBOH CTHXHH CBOK) TeopeTHHeCKyK) MBICJIB, OCBOÖOMC^eHHyiO
ot cthxhh CTapofi: ot cthxhh rerejieBCKoii h cßeiiepßaxHaHCKOH
4)hjioco4>hh.
Mexcfly tom 3Ty HOByio npoßjieMaTHKy mbi mohcom hocthhb
ßßyMH cnocoßaMn:
npejKße Bcero, mbi mohcom oßnapyacHTB ee b comhx TeKCTax
apejioro Mapnca: b «HeMeijKon HjjeojiorHH», «HmijeTe (Jjhjio-
cocJjhh», «KannTajie» h t. OjjnaKO bth tckctbi He jjaiOT ch-
creMaTHHecKoro H3Jio3KeHHH TeopeTHnecKOH ho3hi;hh MapKca,
cpaBHHMoro c H3Jio)KeHHeM 4>hjioco4)hh Terejia, KOTopoe moec-
HO HaÄTH B «0eHOMeHOJIOTHH», B «3Hi;HKJIOneflHH» HJIH B ÖOJIB-
1110H «JIorHKe», hjih ace c H3JioMceHHeM 4)hjioco(|)hh <I>eHep6a-
xa, co/jepHcanjHMCH b «Ochobhbix nojioaceHHax (Jjhjioco^hh 6y-
aynjero». 3th tokctbi MapKca hbjihiotch hjih nojieMHnecKHMH
(«HeMeijKaa H/jeojiorHH», «HnnjeTa cjmjiococjiHH»), hjih no3H-
thbhbimh («KanHTaji»). PasyMeerca, TeopeTHnecKaa ho3hijhh
Mapnca, KOTopyio, HcnojiB3ya b oßnjeM-TO jjobojibho ßBycMBic-
jieHHoe cjiobo, mohcho 6bdio 6bi na3BaTB ero «cjjHjiococjjHeH»,
npncyrcTByeT 3/jecB h OKa3BiBaeT cßoe Bos/jeHCTBHe, ho ona
CKpBITa B 3T0M BO3JjeHCTBHH H CMeiHHBaeTCH CO CB06H KpHTHHe-
CKOH HJIH BBpHCTHHeCKOH aKTHBHOCTBK); JIHIHB 0H6HB pe/JKO OHa
CHCTeMaTHHecKH h pa3BepnyT0 pa3BHCHHeTCH KaK TaKOBaa. 3to
oöcTOHTejiBCTBO, pasyMeeTCH, othiojjb He ynponjaer sa^any hh-
TepnpeTaropa.
Hmchho 3/jecB 3HaHHe npoßjieMaTHKH 0eiiep6axa h ocho-
bohhh pa3pBiBa MapKca c 0efiep6axoM npnxo^HT hbm Ha no-
moiijb. JJejio b tom, hto ßjiaroßapH C>eHep6axy mbi npnoßpeTa-
eM HenpHMoä jjocTyn k hoboh npoßjieMaTHKe MapKca. Mbi 3na-
eM, c kclkoü npoßjieMamuKOÜ MapKC nopecui, h pacKpBiBaeM
TeopeTHHeCKHe ropH3OHTBI, KOTOpBie «BBIHBJiaeT» 3TOT paspBIB.
Ecjih Bepno to, hto nejioßeK b toh nee Mepe pacKpBißaeTca b
CBOHX pa3pBIBBX, KaK H B CBOHX CBH3HX, TO MBI M0HC6M CKB3BTB,
hto cmojib mpeöoeamejibHbiü Mbicjiumejib, KaK MapKC, e ceo-
eM paspbiee c <I>eüep6axoM Mc&cem pacKpbimbcsi u cdejiambcn
60/iee noHnmHbiM 6 moü we Mepe, kük u e ceoux öojiee noad-
71

<DHJIOCO<DCKHE MAHH0ECTBI» OEHEPBAXA
hux 3OH6JieHiuix. H nocKOJibKy paapbiB c 0efiep6axoM pacnojia-
raeTca b peinaiomefi tohkc npoijecca KOHCTHTynpoBaHHa okoh-
HaTejibHoü TeopeTinecKOH ho3hijhh Mapnca, 3HaHne <J>eiiep-
6axa npejjCTaBJiHeT coöoh HesaMeHHMoe h cKpbißaiomee b ce6e
MHoroHncjieHHbie TeopeTHHecKne HMnjiHKaijHH cpe/jCTBo floCTy-
na k (jjHjiococjjcKOH Ü03HIJHH MapKca.
KpoMe Toro, a Mor 6bi CKasaTb, hto oh mohcot hosbojihtb hbm
jiynine hohhtb h npHpo/iy OTHOineHHH MapKca c TerejieM. Ecjih
MapKC nopßaji c <I>eHep6axoM, to Ty KpHTHKy Ferejia, KOTopyio
mojkho oÖHapyacHTb b öojibniHHCTBe TpyzjOB Mojio/joro MapK-
ca, no KpaHHefi Mepe OTHOCHTejibHO toto, hto KacaeTca ee npe-
dejibHbix 4>hjioco4)ckhx npe^nocbDioK, cjiejjyeT CHHTaTb kphth-
KOH HeflOCTaTOHHOH H flaJKe JIO7KHOH B TOH Mepe, B KBKOH OHa
npoBOßHjiacb c (faeüepöaxuaHCKOÜ ttiohku 3penusi, t. e. hmch-
HO C TOH TOHKH 3peHHH, KOTOpyiO MapKC BHOCJießCTBHH OTBepr.
MeJK/iy TeM cynjecrByeT nocToaHHaa h npocTOflymnaa Ten/jen-
ijna (KOTopaa nopoii o6i>acHaeTca cooßpaaceHHaMH yzjoßcTBa)
CHHTaTb, hto aaace ecjiH nos^nee MapKC h h3M6hhji cboio toh-
Ky 3peHHa, to kphthkb Terejia, KOTopyio mohcho HaÄTH b ero
paHHHx paöoTax, b jhoöom cjiynae ocraeTca onpaB^aHHofi h hto
na nee mohcho «onnpaTbca». Ho jiyMaTb TaK 3hbhht He npHHH-
MaTb BO BHHMaHHe TOT (JjyHßaMeHTaJIbHblH 4>aKT, HTO MapKC
.HHCTaHijHpoBajica ot 0enep6axa hmohho Tor/ja, Kor/ja ocosHaa,
hto 0eäep6axoBa kphthkb Terejia 6biJia kphthkoh, «ocTaßaß-
ineiica b npe^ejiax caMoii rereaeBCKOH 4)hjioco(})hh», hto <J>eii-
epßax Bee enje ocrasajica «4)hjioco4>om», kotopbih xoth h «ne-
peBepHyji» rerejieBCKoe nocTpoenne, ho npn otom coxpaHHJi ero
CTpyKTypy h ero npe/jejibHbie ocHOBaHHa, t. e. TeopeTHnecKHe
npe^nocbDiKH. B rjiasax MapKca <E>eHep6ax ocrajica na nonße
rerejibaHCTBa, oh 6bdi ee njieHHHKOM aaace ror^a, Kor^a no/i-
Bepraji ee KpHTHKe, oh Bcero jihihb oßpanjaji npoTHB Terejia ero
ace coöcTBeHHbie npHHipinbi. Oh He CMennji «cthxhh». Ho no/j-
jmHHaa MapKCHCTCKaa KpHTHKa Terejia npe^nojiaraeT hmchho
TaKyio CMeny, t. e. OTKa3 ot toh 4>hjioco4)ckoh npoßjieMaTHKH,
ßyHTyionjHM njieHHHKOM KOTopoä ocTasajica 0efiep6ax.
72

<<<DHJIOCO0CKHE MAHH<DECTEI» «DEHEPBAXA
/tjih Toro HToßbi b HecKOJibKHx cjiOBBx, OTHio^b He 6e3pa3-
JIHHHblX B KOHTeKCTe HflyilJHX CerOßHH enopOB, pe3K)MHpOBaTb
to, neM c TeopeTHHecKoii tohkh spennn HHTepecHO sto npHBH-
jierapoBaHHoe cTOJiKHOBenne MapKca c Mbicjibio <J>eüep6axa,
CKEOKy, HTO Bonpoc, BCTaiOnjHH B CBH3H C 3THM /JBOHHbIM pa3pbl-
bom — BHanajie c TerejieM, a 3aTeM c 0eäep6axoM, — sto Bo-
npoc o CMbicjie caMoro TepMHHa «cJjhjiococJjhh». KaKofi, b cpaß-
HCHHH C KJiaCCHHeCKHMH MOfleJIHMH (jjHJIOCOfjjHH, MOHCGT ÖblTb
«4)hjioco(|)hh» MapKCHCTCKaa? /JpyrHMH cjioßaMH, KaKoä mohcgt
ßbiTb TeopeTHnecKaa ho3hijhh, nopBaBinan c Tpa^HijHOHHOH
4)hjioco(J)ckoh npoßjieMaTHKoä, nocjie/jHHM TeoperaKOM koto-
poh 6bm Terejib n ot kotopoh OTHaaHHO, ho ßesycneniHO nbi-
TajiCH ocBoßojjHTbca 0efiep6ax? HeMajiaa nacTb OTBeTa Ha stot
Bonpoc MoaceT ßbiTb neraTHBHbiM o6pa3OM H3BJieneHa H3 caMoä
mbicjih 0eHep6axa, ototo nocjie^nero CBH^eTejiH «(JjhjiococJ)-
ckoh coßecTH» Mojioßoro MapKca, ototo nocjie^Hero 3epKajia, b
Kotopom cosepijaji ceßn MapKC, npeaqje neM oh ot6pochji stot
32LHMCTBOBaHHbIH OÖpa3, HTOÖbl HaHTH CBOe HaCTOHIIjee JIHIJO.
OKTTlHÖpb 1960 2.



II
«O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE»
(Bonpocbi meopuu)
HeMeiqcaa KpHTHKa, biuiotb /jo cbo-
hx nocjieAHHx noiyr, He noKH/jajia no-
HBbi $iuioco4)hh. Bee npoÖJieMbi btoh
kphthkh, — BecbMa /jajieKOH, npaßjja,
OT TOTO, HTOÖbl HCCJie/JOBaTb cboh 06-
uje4)Hjioco(|)CKHe npe^nocbuiKH,— bh-
Pocjih Bee »ee Ha noHBe onpe^ejieHHon
4>hjioco4>ckoh CHcreMM, a hmchho —
CHcreMbi TerejiH. He TOJibKO b ee otbc-
Tax, ho yxce h b caMbix ee Bonpocax 3a-
KJIIOHaJiaCb MHCTH^HKaiJHH.
K. MapKC, 0. 9mejibc. HeMeijKaa H^e-
ojiothh



Ozjocmy KopHio, nocenmueuieMy ceoio
MU3Hb MOJtodOMy uejioeeKy no UMCHU
MapKC
Ha^anne Recherches Internationales npe/piaraeT hhm ojjhh-
HEUJIjaTb HCCJiejlOBaHHH 3apy6e)KHbIX MapKCHCTOB, XIOCBHIIjeH-
Hbix «MOJioflOMy MapKcy». O^na, noaBHBinaacH yace necKOJib-
ko jieT TOMy naaaß (1954), CTaTba Tojibbtth, naTb craTeii H3
CoBeTCKoro Coiosa (Tpn H3 KOTopbix npHHa^jiejKaT nepy mojio-
ßbix, 27—28-jicthhx HCCJieÄOBaTeaeü), neTbipe craTbH H3 T^P
h o^Ha H3 Ilojibinn. PaHbine mohcho öbdio CHHTaTb, hto hctoji-
KOBaHHe TpynoB mojioaoto Mapnca — npHBHaerna h KpecT 3a-
na^Hbix MapKCHCTOB. 3tot Tpya; h «Bße^eHHe» k HeMy noaa-
3biBaioT, hto OTHbine ohh ne o/jHHOKH nepe^ 3toh sa^aneii, ee
onacHOCTHMH h ee narpa^aMH1.
H 6bi xoTeji Hcnojib3BaTb noBoji;, npe^ocTaBJiHeMbiH HTenneM
3T0T0 HHTepeCHOTO, HO HepOBHOTO2 cßopHHKa, HToßbi paCCMO-
TpeTb neKOTopbie npoßjieMbi, ycrpaHHTb neKOTopbie neßopasy-
mchhh h npezuiOHCHTb neKOTopbie paa'bHcneHHH.
Pa^H yaoöcTBa hsjiotkchhh h paccMOTpio Bonpoc o paHHHx
paßoTax Mapnca c Tpex (JjyHflaMeHTajibHbix tohck spenna: no-
JIHTHHeCKOH (1), TCOpeTHHeCKOH (2) H HCTOpHHeCKOH (3).
I.	nOJIHTHHECKAH ÜPOBJIEMA
Cnop o paHHHx paßoTax MapKca ecTb npeac^e Bcero cnop no-
jiumuHecKuü. Hyacno jih nanoMHHaTb, hto paßoTbi mojio^oto
1	BecbMa npHMenaTejibHUM hejihctch HHTepec, npoaBJiaeMbiH MOJiojjbi-
MH C0B6TCKHMH MCCJie/JOBaTeJIHMH K paÖOTBM MOJIOflOH) MapKCa. Oh HBJIHeT-
CH BgDKHblM 3HBK0M, CBHßeTeJIbCTByiOmHM O HblHeiHHHX TeHßeHIJMHX KyJIbiyp-
Horo pa3BHTHH b CCCP. (Cp. «Bße/ieHHe», c. 4, npnM. 7).
2	BbyjejinercH b hcm aaMenaTejibHbiH tgkct Xennnepa «O HeKOTopbix jiohc-
Hbix KOHTjenijHHx pa3BHTHH mmcjih ot TerejiH k MapKcy» (c. 175—190).
77

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
MapKca, HCTOPHH KOTOpblX ÖbDia B oßlljeM H IjeJIOM flOCTHTOH-
ho yaaHHO onncana h npouHTepnpeTupoBaHa yxce MepunroM,
6bDiH 3KcryMnpoBaHbi coijHaji-AeMOKpaTaMH h HcnojibßOBaHbi
kbk apryMeHT nporaB TeopeTHHecKHx hoshiihh MapKCH3Ma-Jie-
HHHH3Ma? BejiHKHMH npe/jinecTBeHHHKaMH 3toh onepaijHH 6bl-
jih JlaH/jcxyr h Mafiep (1931). Hpe^HCJiOBHe k hx H3/jaHHio
mojkho npoHHTaTb b nepeBOße MojiHTopa, HsjjaTejibCTBO Costes
(Oeuvres Philosophiques de Marx, t. IV pp. XIII—LI). B neM
Bee CKaaaHO npe/jejibHO hcho. «KanHTan» — 3to amunecKOJi Te-
opHH, HeHBHaH 4)HJIOCO(t)HH KOTOpOH 3aHBJIH6T O Ceße B nOJIHblH
rojloc b paHHHx paßoTax MapKca3. 3TOMy reancy, cmbicji koto-
poro h nepe/jaio jihihb b o6iijhx neprax, 6bDia yroTOBana nopa-
3HTejibHaa cynbßa. He tojibko bo C>paHijHH h b ÜTajiHH, o neM
HaM yace jjaBHO 6buio hsbcctho, ho h b TepMaHHH h b Hojibine,
KaK noKasbiBaiOT oth 3apy6eHCHbie CTaTBH. 0Hjioco(|)bi, H^eojio-
th, BepyionjHe — Bee oö’beßHHHjiHCb b rnraHTCKOM npe/jnpHH-
3	Cm. «Oeuvres Philosophiques de Marx», nepeBO# MojiHTopa, h3ä. Costes,
t. IV Bse/jenne Jlatmcxyra h Manepa: «Ohcbh^ho, hto b ocnose toh tch/jch-
ijhh, KOTopaa onpe/jejiHJia coöoh anajins, npoBe^eHHbiH b «KanHTajie»... jie-
xcar HeKOTopbie CKpbirbie ranoTeabi, h tojibko ohh cnocoÖHbi jjaTb BHyrpen-
Hee oöocHOBaHHe Beeil HanpaBJieHHocrn (JjyHAaMeHTajibHoro rpy^a MapKca...
HMeHHO 3th rHnoTe3bi npe/jcraBJifliOT coöoh 4)opMajibHyio TeMy paöorbi MapK-
ca äo 1847 r. J^jih Mapnca «Kannrana» ohh — OTHio/jb ne ouihökh mojiojjocth,
ot KOTopbix oh ocBOÖojKAajica no Mepe toto, KaK ero 3naHHe aocTHrano 3pe-
JIOCTH, H KOTopbie B onepaijHH ero JIHHHOrO OHHIUeHHfl AOJIHCHBI ÖbUIH HCH63-
nyrb KaK 6ecnojie3HbiH imiaK. B paöorax 1840—1847 to^ob Mapxc OTKpbiBaer
Ajih ceöa uejibiH ropH3OHT HcropHHecKHx ycjiOBHH h BbiHBJifler Bceoöuiyio ne-
jioBenecKyio ocnoBy, 6e3 kotopoh jiioöoe ofrbHCHeHHe 3kohomhhcckhx ycjiOBHH
ocrasajiocb 6bi npocrbiM TpyßOM yMHoro 3KOhomhcth. Tot, kto ne nocrnr sto
BHyrpeHHee TeneHHe, b kotopom nponcxo^HT paöora mbicjih b paHHHx pa6o-
Tax, He Moxcer noHHTb Mapxca, /jtüKe ecjiH H3yHHT Bee ero Tpy/ibi... npHHUHHbi
ero 3KOHOMHHecKoro anajiH3a np«MO BbiTexaiOT H3 «iiojuihhhoh aeHCTBHTejib-
hocth nejiOBeKa»...» (c. XV—XVII). «Ecjih nojjBeprHyrb nepßyio $pa3y «Ma-
HH(j)eCTa KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOH napTHH» HesnaHHTeJIbHOMy H3M6H6HHIO, OHH
Morjia 6bi HMerb cjiejjyiomHH bhji: bch npe/jmecTByiomaH hctophh ecTb hcto-
phh caMOOTHyjKjjeHHH nejiOBeKa...» (XLII) h t. ß. B craTbe üaxcHTHOBa «PyKO-
nncH 1844 r.» mojkho hhhth yzjanHoe KpaTKoe onncaHHe ochobhbix aBTopoB
BToro peBH3HOHHCTCKoro tchchhh, Ha3biBaeMoro «Mojiohoh MapKC».
78

«O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
thh, ijejibio KOToporo 6bDiH kphthkh h oöpaiqeHue: /ja BepneT-
ca MapKC k hctokbm Mapnca, /ja npH3HaeT oh HaKoneij, hto
3pejibiü MapKC — ne kto hhoh, khk nepeo^eTbin mojio^oh. Ho
ecjiH oh ßyner ynopcTBOBaTb h HacTanBaTb na cbocm BO3pacTe,
to nycTb oh npH3HaeT cboh rpexH apejiocra, nycTb oh CKaaceT,
hto npHHec (jjHJiococfrnio b acepTBy [hojihthhcckoh] okohomhh,
□THKy — b acepTBy Hayne, a nejiOBeKa — b acepTBy hctophh. Ho
corjiacHTca jih oh hjih OTKaaceTca, Bee paBHO ero HCTHHa, Bee,
hto ocTaneTca nocjie nero, hto motkct homohb b hchshh h Mbini-
jieHHH naM, HCHBynjHM Tenepb jhojjhm, co^epHCHTCH b 3thx ne-
mhothx PaHHux paöomax.
HTaK, 3TH MHJIbie KpHTHKH OCTaBJIHIOT HBM TOJIBKO OflHH Ba-
pnaHT Bbißopa: npH3HaTb, hto «Kannraji» (h «3pejibiii MapK-
CH3M» b ijejiOM) ecTb ujiu ßbipavceHue, ujiu npedamejibcmeo
(frujiococpuu mojioöozo MapKca. H b tom h b apyroM cjiynae ne-
oöxo^hmo nojiHOCTbio H3MeHHTb ycTOHBiiiyiocH HHTepnpeTa-
ijhk) h BepnyrbCH k MOJioßOMy MapKcy, ycraMH KOToporo tobo-
Pht caMa HcTHHa.
TaKOBa nouea cnopa: mojio^oh MapKC. Hojijihhhoh cmaeKoü
cnopa HBjiaeTCH MapKCH3M. HaKOHeij, repMHHbi cnopa: mohcho
jih cKasarb, hto Mojioßofi MapKC yace 6bui MapKCOM.
Ecjih cnop nanaT npn tbkhx ycjiOBHax, to KaoKeTca, hto co-
rjiacHO HßeajibHOMy nopa^Ky TaKTHnecKofi KOMÖnnaTopH-
kh MapKCHCTbi MoryT BbißnpaTb MeECßy flByMH BapnaHTaMH ot-
Bera4.
Ecjih ohh xotht cnacTH MapKca ot onacHOcreii ero mojiojjo-
CTH, KOTopbie HCnOJIb3yiOT npoTHB HHX HX npOTHBHHKH, OHH
Moiyr ujiu npu3Hamb, umo MOJiodoü MapKC hc HejiRemcR
MapKCOM, ujiu we ymeepwdamb, wno MOJiodoü MapKC —y^fce
4 PasyMeeTCH, ohh moitih 6bi — h oth napajiOKcajibHaa nonbiTKa ßeHCTBH-
TejibHO HMejia Mecro, npuneM bo ^pbhuhh, — chokohho npHHHTb (ne Be^aa o
TOM) T63HCbI CBOHX IipOTHBHHKOB H 3BH0B0 IipO/jyMaTb Tpy/Jbl MapKCa, HCXO/JH
H3 ero paHHHx paöoT. Ho hctophh Bcer/ja b KOHixe kohijob paspyniaer noaoö-
Hbie He#opa3yMeHHH.
79

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE»
MapKC. 3th Te3HCbi mchkho HioaHcnpoBaTB ßo ßecKonenHocTH;
ohh jjaHce noßyM^aiOT k thkoh HioaHCupoBKe.
PaayMeeTca, TaKoe nepenHCJieHHe B03M0JKH0CTefi MoaceT no-
Ka3aTbca CMexoTBopnbiM. Ecjih mbi HMeeM /jejio c HCTopHHe-
CKHM CHOpOM, TO OH HCKJIIOHaeT BCHKyiO TaKTHKy h paspema-
eTCH TOJIBKO Bep/JHKTOM, BblHOCCHHblM HayHHbIM H3yHeHH6M
4)aKTOB h CBHjjeTejibCTB. TeM He Menee nponuibiH onbiT, KaK h
HTenne «naHHoro c6opHHKa, AOKa3biBaiOT, hto b tom cjiynae, kot-
Zja HeoßxojjHMO OTpa3HTb no/iumuHecKyio amaKy, nopoö 6bißa-
eT HeBepno OTBJieKaTbca ot ßojiee hjih Menee hchbix TaKTHne-
CKHX COOÖpaJKeHHÄ HJIH 3aiIJHTHbIX peaKIJHH. Hh5 TOBOPHT 06
□tom onenb hcho: othio^b ne MapKCHCTbi nanajiH cnop o pan-
hhx paßoTax MapKca. H nocKOJibKy MOJiojjbie MapKCHCTbi, ne-
COMHeHHO, He OIjeHHJIH no ßOCTOHHCTBy KJiaCCHHeCKHe paÖOTBI
Mepnnra, a TaioKe cojjepMcaTejibHbie h cKpynyjie3Hbie Hccjie^o-
BaHHH OriocTa KopHio, ohh öbijih 3acTHrHyTbi Bpacnjiox h ne
6bdih nojjroTOBjieHbi k cpancennio, KOToporo ne npe/jBH/jejiH.
Ohh OTBeTHJiH, KaK cmotjih. Othbcth 3Ta Heno/jroTOBJieHHOCTb
Bee eine saMeTHa b npe/jjiaraeMOH sanjHTe, b ee pe^JieKTopnoM
xapaKTepe, ee ßecnopa^oHHOCTH h neyBepeHHOCTH. Ho TaioKe
h b onaccHunx ee aBTopoB. H6o 3Ta aTaKa 3acrajia MapKCHCTOB
Bpacnjiox na hx coöcTBeHHon TeppHTopnn, ona Kacajiacb MapK-
ca. H tbk KaK penb nuia ne npocTO o kbkom-to hohhthh, ho o
npoßjieMe, npHMO 3aTparHBaBineH hctophio MapKca h caMoro
MapKca, ohh nyBCTBOBajin, hto na hhx jiojkht ocoßan otbct-
CTBeHHOCTb. H TeM caMbiM nona^ajiH b JiOByniKy emopoü pe-
aKifuu, yKpenjiHBineH nepßyio sanjHTiiyio peaKijnio: crpaxa ne
CnpaBHTBCH C 3T0H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTBIO, CTpaxa nOTepHTb H03H-
IJHH, ßOJir 3anjHTBI KOTOpblX 6bDI BO3JIOHCeH Ha HHX CaMOH HCTO-
pneH. CKaaceM npHMO: ecjiH 3Ta peaKijHM ne ßyneT npoBepena
Mbicjibio, noflBeprnyTa KpHTHKe h nocTaBJiena no/j kohtpojib,
ona MOHceT BbmyzjHTb MapKCHCTCKyio (J)hjioco4)hio /jbtb «Ka-
5 B. Hh, «3KOHOMHHecKoe ccmepacaHHe hohhthh OTHyjK^eHHH» (Recherches,
c. 158)
80

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
macmpoc^UHecKuü» n rjioßanbHbiii ozneezn, KOTopbiii, CTpeMHCb
HamiyHinuM oßpasoM paspeniHTb npoßjieMy, Ha jjejie ee ycmpa-
Hsiem.
Tax, fljia Toro hto6bi npHBecTH b aaMeinaTejibCTBo Tex, kto
npoTHBonocraßjiHeT MapKcy ero coöcTBeHHyio mojioaoctb, ne-
KOTopbie peniHTejibHO BbmBHraiOT npomueonojiowHbtü me-
ine: ohh npHMHpaiOT MapKca c ero coßcrBeHHOH mojio/joctbio;
ohh HHTaiOT ne «KanHTan», hcxojjh H3 «K eßpeficKOMy Bonpo-
cy», ho «K eßpeiiCKOMy Bonpocy», hcxo/jh H3 «Kannrajia»; ohh
He npoeijHpyioT tchb mojio^oto MapKca na MapKca spejioro, ho
Tenb spejioro MapKca Ha MapKca mojiojjoto; h npn btom,
TOTO HTOÖbl OnpaB^aTb 3TOT OTBeT, OHH CO3flaiOT HeKyiO nceB-
AOTeopnio hctophh (Jjhjioco^hh b futur anterieur, He 3awe-
naa, hto ona aßaaerca npocTO-nanpocTO rerejibaHCKOH6. Cbh-
6 Cp. nia4>4), «rioÄJiHHHbiH oöjihk Mojiojioro Mapnca» (Recherches, c. 193).
Cp. TaioKe cjiejjyiomHH otpbibok h3 «Bbcächhä» (c. 7—8): «IIonbiTKa cepbea-
Horo hohhmbhhh TpyAOB Mapxca kbk uejioro, a Taioxe caMoro MapxcH3Ma KaK
MbICJIH H KaK ACHCTBHH H6BO3MOHCHB, CCJIH Mbl HCXOßHM H3 TOTO, KBK CBM MapKC
noHHMaji cboh nepsbie TeKCTbi bo BpeMH paöoTbi na# hhmh. BepnbiM hbjih6tch
TOJIbKO OÖpaTHblH MeTOfl, KOTOpblH flJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl üOCTHHb 3HBH6HHe H IjeH-
Hocrb 3thx npe/jBapHTejibHbix cryneHen h htoöbi npoHHKHyrb b Ty TBopne-
CKyiO JiaÖopaTOpHK) MapKCHCTCKOH MbICJIH, KOTOpOH HBJIHIOTCH KpeniXHaXCKHe
TerpaflM h PyKonncn 1844 roaa, hcxoaht H3 toto MapKCM3Ma, KOTopbiii 3aBe-
njaji naM Mapxc, h kotopbih — 3to cjie/jyeT cxaaaTb co BceÄ hchoctbio — b Te-
neHHe ijejioro BeKa aaKaJiHJica b orne HcropunecKOH npaKTHKH. B iipothbhom
cjiynae hhhto ne Moxcer rapaHTHposaTb toto, hto Mapxca ne cranyr oijeHH-
BaTb c noMonjbio KpHTepneB, saHMCTBOBaHHbix H3 rerejibHHCTBa hjih ^axce to-
MH3Ma. Kcmopusi (pimocotpuu nuiuemcn 6 futur anterieur. He coejiauiambCH
c arnuM 3HaHum e kohchhom cueme ompui^amb ucmopuio u nodoGito Fezejiio
u3MbiULMmb ee ocHoeamejm». H naMepenno Bbiflejimi abc nocjie^HHe <j)pa-
3bl. Ho HHTBTeJIb, HeCOMHeHHO, H CBM OÖpaTHJI 6bl HB HHX BHHMaHHe, IlOpa-
HteHHblH TeM, HTO MapKCH3My IipHIIHCblBaeTCH TereJIbHHCKaH KOHIjermHH HCTO-
PHH $hjioco4)hh, h hto b to xce BpeMH — Bepx aaMeniBTejibCTBa! — ero oöbhb-
jihiot rerejibHHixeM, ecjiH oh ee OTBepraer... flos^nee Mbi yBH^HM, hto tbkbh
KOHiienijHH HMeer h apynie mothbbi. Ho b jiioöom cjiynae btot tckct hcho no-
KB3biBaer to jjBHXceHHe, hb KOTopoe h yKa3biBaji: nocKOJibKy Mapxc kbk ijejioe
OKB3bIBaeTCH B OnaCHOCTH, HCXO/JHIIjeH OT ero MOJIOAOCTH, TO ee BOCCTBHBBJIH-
bbiot kbk MOMernn i^ejiozo, h c btoh ijejibio (jjaöpnKyioT nexyio (JjhjiococJdhio
hctophh 4)hjioco4)hh, HBjiHioiijyiocH npocTO-HanpocTO... rerejibHHCKOH. Xen-
81

«O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE»
njeHHbiH cTpax napyniHTb HenpuKOCHoeeHHoemb Mapnca no-
poacaaer pe^Nienc peniHTejibHoii sanjHTbi ecezo Mapnca: HaM
oß'bHBJIHIOT, HTO MapnC — 3TO IjeJIOCTHOCTb, HTO «MOJlOÖOCmb
MapKca npuHadsiewum MapKCU3My»7, — nan 6y#TO mm pncny-
eM noTepHTb ecezo Mapnca, ecjiH noßoÖHO eMy caMOMy OT/jaeM
ero MOJiOfloCTb hctophh; nan ßyijTO Mbi pncnyeM noreparb ece-
zo Mapnca, no^Bepraa ero mojio/joctb paannaabHOH npHTHne
hctophh, hc moü ucmopuu, e Komopoü oh coöupojicn vcumb,
ho moü ucmopuu, e Komopoü oh mcuji, He hctophh Henocpeß-
CTBeHHOH, HO HCTOpHH IipOflyMaHHOH, TOH, npHHIJHIIbl HayHHO-
ro noHHMaHHa noTopofi (a ne «HCTHHy» b rerejieBcnoM CMbicjie
cjiOBa) oh flau naM, jjocTHTHyB spejioc™.
/Jaace b oßjiacTH ranrnnn He ßbiBaer yuaaHOH nojiHTHnn 6e3
y^aHHofi TeopHH.
II.	TEOPETHHECKAH ÜPOBJIEMA
H 3^ecb mbi noAxojjHM no BTopoä npoßjieMe, BCTaionjen b cbb-
3H c H3yneHHeM paHHHx paßor Mapnca: npoßjieMe meopemu-
uecKOÜ. H 6bi xoreji npHBjienb n neii BHHMaHHe, nocnojibny b
ßojibniHHCTBe paöoT, nocBanjeHHbix otoh TeMe, ona, ho-bh/jh-
MOMy, He TOJibno He pa3pemeHa, ho h ne Bcer^a npaBHJibno no-
CTaBjiena.
JJeÄCTBHTejibHo, cjiHinnoM nacTO npanrnnyioT Tanon thh
HmeHUH TencTOB mojiojjoto Mapnca, noTopbiii HanoMHHaeT cno-
pee CBoßoflnyio accorjnaijHio H^eü hjih npocToe cpaBHenne Tep-
imep b CBoefi craTbe «O pa3BHTHH mbicjih ot Ferejia k Mapncy» (Recherches,
c. 180) xjiajiHOKpoBHo paccraBJiaeT Bee tohkh naji i: «Hejibaa paccMarpHBaTb
HCTOpHK) 3ajIOM Hanepeß H C BbICOTbl MapKCHCTCKOrO 3HaHHH HCCJieAOBaTb npo-
mjioe, pa3bicKHBaa b hom H^eanbHbie aapojjbiniH. Hyncno npocjie?KHBaTb 3bo-
JHOIJHK) $HJIOCO(])CKOH MBICJIH, HCXOßH H3 peBJIbHOH 3BOJIIOIIHH OÖlIjeCTBa». Ta-
koh »ee öbuia h no3HijHH caMoro MapKca, noapoÖHO H3JioxceHHaa, nanpHMep b
«HeMeijKOH HßeojiorHH».
7	«BßefleHHe», c. 7. <X>opMyjiHpoBKH He ocTaBJiaiOT MecTa ajih jjBycMbicjien-
HocreH.
82

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
mhhob, neM HCTopinecKyio KpuTHKy8. HecoMHeHHO, cjieflyeT
npH3HaTb, hto TaKoe HTeHHe mojkct /jarb onpe^ejieHHBie reo-
peTmecKHe peayjibTaTbi, ho ohh hbjihiotch Bcero jihihb nped-
eapumejibHOÜ cmyneHbio no/viHHHoro noHHMaHHH tokctob.
TaK, nanpHMep, momcho HHTarb ßnccepTaijHio MapKca, cpaBHH-
Baa ee TepMHHBi c mbicjibio Terejia9; mohcho HHTarb «K kphth-
Ke rerejieBCKOH (JdhjiococJjhh npaßa» (1843), cpaBHHBaa ee ocho-
BaHHH hjih c 4)HJioco4)HeH 0efiep6axa, hjih co apejiofi mbicjibio
MapKca10; moecho hhtbtb «PyKonncn 1844 r.»*, conocTaBjiaa hx
npHHijHnbi c npHHi^nnaMH «Kannrajia»11. Cbmo aro cpaBHenne
MoaceT 6bitb noBepxHOCTHBiM hjih rjiyßoKHM. Oho Moacer no-
poacjiaTb He/jopaayMeHHH12, KOTopbie othio/jb He hbjihiotch npo-
8	Cm. Xennnep (op. cit., c. 178): «Bonpoc aaKjnonaercH He b tom, nanoii
MapKCHCTCKHH TC3HC HTCHHC TeX HJIH HHblX naCCaJKCH MOMCeT BbI3BaTb B na-
MflTH MapKCHCTCKoro HccjieAOBaTejiH, ho b tom, KaKoe COIJHaJIbHOe COJiepJKa-
HHe ohh HMeioT jjjih caMoro Terejia». To, hto Xennnep tobopht o Terejie, no-
jieMH3Hpya npoTHB KyHHHCKoro, noTopbin paabicKHBaer y Ferejia «MapncHcr-
cnne» TeMbi, 6e3 kclkux 6bi mo hu 6buio ozpaHuneHuü npuMeHUMO u k caMOMy
MapKcy, Kor/ja nbrraiOTCH npoHHTaTb ero pannne paöoTbi, hcxojjh H3 3pejibix.
9	TojibHTTH, «Ot Terejifl k MapncH3My» (Recherches, c. 38—40).
10	H. JIanHH, «KpHTHKa 4)hjioco4)hh Ferejia» (Recherches, c. 52—71).
* Penb Hjjer 06 «3KOHOMHHecKO-(})HJioco4)CKHx pynonncnx» 1844 r. —
IIpuM. ped.
11	B. Hh, «OKOHOMHnecKoe coAepxcanne hohhthh OTHyaqjeHHH rpyna b paH-
hhx paöoTax Mapnca» (Recherches, c. 157—174).
12	HanpHMep, jjße iiHTaTbi, KOTopbie Tojibatth hphbojiht ajih toto, htoöm
AOKaaaTb, hto Mapnc npeonojieji C>eHep6axa, npejjcraBJiHioT coöoii... Bocnpo-
H3Be^eHHe cbmhx tckctob 0enep6axa! Xennnep, ot BHHMaHHH KOToporo ne
ycKOJib3aer hhhcto, saMerim h 3to: «JjBe iiHTaTbi H3 «PyKonnceii» (1844 ro-
na), KOTopbie TojibHTTH Hcnojib3yeT jvih toto, htoöbi noKaaaTb, hto Mapnc
OCBOÖOßHJICH OT BJIHHHHH <J>eHep6axa, no CyTH aejia npOCTO BOCnpOH3BOJJHT
njien 4>enep6axa, najioncennbie b «IIpeABapHTejibHbix Teancax» h «Ochobhbix
nojionceHHHx 4)hjioco4)hh öynymero» (op. cit., c. 184, npnM. 11). Tohho Tan jne
motkho öbuio 6bi nocraBHTb no# coMHenne HonaaaTejibHyio uenHoerb iihtbt,
npHBOHHMblX üaJKHTHOBblM, C. 88 H 109 CTO CTaTbH («PyKOHHCH 1844 r.»). Mo-
paJIb, KOTOpyK) MOJKHO H3BJieHb H3 3THX HCflOpaayMeHHH: nOJie3HO npaKTHKO-
BaTb no/ipoÖHoe HTenne naynaeMbix aBTopoB. Tanoe htchhc cobccm ne hbjih-
ercH H3JiHniHHM, KOTfla mm HMeeM Hejio c 0enep6axoM. Mapnc h 3nrejibc ro-
83

«O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE
ctbimh onmÖKaMH. MoaceT oho h OTKpbiBaTb HHTepecHbie nep-
cneKTHBbi13. Ho TaKoe cpaBHenne — He Bcer^a 3HaHne.
JJeiiCTBHTejibHO, ecjin mbi orpaHHHHBaeMCH tojibko cnoHTan-
hoh hjih AaHce npoflyMaHHoii accoijnaijHeH TeopeTHHecKHx ajie-
mghtob, mbi pncKyeM ocTaTbca njieHHHKaMH onpe^ejieHHOH ne-
HBHOH KOHIjeniJHn, Hpe3BbnaHH0 CXOßHOH C npHHHTOH B HaniH
jjhh b yHHsepcHTeTax KOHijenijHeH cpaBHeHHH, npoTHBonocTaB-
jieHHii h conocraBjieHHH, Koropaa HaxoßHT cßoe npe^ejibHoe
BbipanceHHe b TeopHH ucitiohhukog, — hjih, hto to ace caMoe, b
TeopHH npeßBOCXHiijeHHH. HnTaTejib, 3HaKOMbiä c TerejieM, hh-
Taa /jHceepTaijHio (1841) hjih jjaace «PyKonncn 1844 r.», «hoh-
MeT hx no-rerejieBCKH». HnraTejib, 3HaK0Mbifi c MapKCOM, hh-
Taa «K KpHTHKe rereJieBCKOH (JjhjiococJihh npaßa», «noäMeT ee
nO-MapKCHCTCKH»14.
Meac^y TeM, bosmoecho, ne öbijio OTMeneno, hto Teopna hc-
TOHHHKOB HJIH TeopHH npe^BOCXHIl^eHHH B CBOeÜ HBHBHOH He-
noepe/jCTBeHHOCTH ocHOBbiBaeTca Ha mpex meopemuuecKux
npednocbuiKax, KOTopbie Bcer.ua hchbho npHcyrcTByiOT h /jen-
CTByiOT b neii. Ilepean, npednocbuiKa xejmemcH aHOJiumuHe-
ckoü: ona npejjnojiaraeT, hto BcaKyio TeopeTHHecKyio cncreMy,
BCHKyio KOHCTHTynpoBannyio mbicjib mo^cho pedyi/upoeamb k
ee 9JieMeHmoM\ bto ycjiOBHe hosbojihct mbicjihtb tot hjih hhoh
□JieMeHT CHCTeMBi uaojiupoeaHHO h conocTaBJiHTb ero c dpy-
2um, nofloÖHbiM BJieMeHTOM, npHHaßjieacaiijHM dpyzoü cucme-
jvte15. Bmopan npednocbuiKa RejmemcH mejieojiozuuecKOÜ: ona
ycTanaBJiHBaeT HeKHH TafiHbiH TpHÖynaji hctophh, kotopbih
ebiHocum npuzoeop npe/jCTaBjuieMbiM eMy H/jeHM, ßojiee to-
ro, H03B0JIH6T pa3JIO3KHTB (flpyTHe) CHCTCMbl Ha HX 3JI6MeHTBI H
BOpHT O H6M CTOJIb HdCTO H CTOJIB yÖeflHTeJIBHO, HTO HOM HHHHHHeT KaSHTBCH,
ÖyflTO Mbl C HHM 3HaK0MbL
13	HanpHMep, Hh npejjjiaraer yöejjHTejibHoe cpaBHeHHe MejKfly TeopHefi ot-
HyHtaeHHH «PyKonHceii 1844 r.» h TeopHeö ctohmocth «KanHTana».
14	Cm. npHM. 5.
15	¥ Xennnepa mohcho HaÄTH BejiHKOJienHyio KpHTHKy 3Toro 4>opMajiH3Ma,
HanpaBJieHHyio nporaB KyHHHCKoro (op. cit., c. 177—178).
84

«O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
yTBepacaaeT bth saeMeHTM KaK aaeMenTM, jjjih Toro hto6m co-
pa3MepHTb hx co CBoeö HopMofi KaK c ux ucmuHoü16. HaKonen;,
bth aße npeanocbDiKH hokohtch na mpembeü, KOTopaa paccMa-
TpHBaeT HCTOpHK) HflOH KaK CBOK) COßCTBCHHyiO CTHXHK) H npejj-
nojiaraeT, hto b nen ne npoHexoanT nnnero, hto He OTCbmajio
6bl K CaMOH HCTOPHH H/jeH, HTO MHp HfleOJIOTHH HBJIH6TCH flJIH
ce6a ceouM coöcmeeHHbiM npuHifunoM nocmuzwuMOcmu.
H CHHTaiO, HTO CJieflyeT ßOHTH ßO CaMblX OCHOBBHHH 3TOTO
MeToaa, HTo6bi noHHTb BO3MO7KHOCTB h cmmcji ero Hanßojiee no-
pa3HTejibHOH nepTbi: ero 9K/ieKmu3Ma. Koraa mm npoHHKaeM
3a noßepxHOCTb stoto 3KJieKTH3Ma, mm Bceraa, no KpaiiHeH Me-
pe ecjiH mm He HMeeM aejia c (JjopMaMH, aßcojiiOTHO jiHineHHM-
mh bchkoh MbicjiH, oßnapyacHBaeM 3Ty meopemuuecKyio mejieo-
jiozuk) h 3Ty coMonocmuafcuMocmb udeo/iozuu KaK TaKOBOÄ.
HHTaa HeKOTOpbie CTBTbH CÖOpHHKa, H6BO3MO3KHO H3ÖaBHTbCH
OT MbICJIH, HTO OHH BCe 611^6 HaXOaHTCH HO BJIHHHH6M HMHJIH-
IJHTHOH JIOrHKH 3TOH KOHIjeniJHH, COXpaHMIOIIjeHCH aSJKe B HX
nonbiTKax ot Hee ocßoöoanTbca. JJeiiCTBHTejibHO, Bee nponcxo-
aHT TaKHM o6pa3OM, kbk ßyaTO hctophh TeopeTHHecKoro pa3-
bhthh MOJioaoro Mapnca TpeöyeT peayijnpoBaTb ero Mbicjib k
ee «dJieMenmaM», oömhho oö'beaHHaeMMM b aß© rpynnbi: 3Jie-
MeHTbi MaTepnajiHCTHHecKHe h ajieMeHTbi HaeajiHCTHHecKne; h
KaK öyaTO cpaBHenHe othx ajieMeHTOB, conocraBjieHHe hx ko-
jiHnecTBa aoJi^HO BbinecTH penieHHe o cmmcjic paccMarpHBae-
moto TeKCTa. Hmohho tbkhm o6pa3OM b craTbax H3 «Pchhckoh
raaeTbl» 3a BHeinneH cßopMoii mmcjih, eu^e ocmaniqeücx, rere-
abancKOH, MoacHO BbiaBHTb npHcyrcTBHe tbkhx Mamepucuiu-
cmuuecKux sjieMeHinoe, KaK nojiHTHnecKaa npnpoaa ijeH3ypbi,
oönjecTBeHHaa (KJiaccoBaa) npnpoaa sbkohob o Kpaace jieca h
t. a *, b «PyKonncn 1843 r.»* 3a (JiopMOH HSJioacenna h (jjopMy-
16 B TeopHH HCTOHHHKOB M6pOH P&3BHTHH HBJIfleTCH HCTOK. B TeopUH npefl-
BocxmijeHHH cmmcji momchtob ero xo.na onpeaejiHerca kohijom.
* Pent Hfler o pyKonncii Mapnca, HanncaHHOH b KpenijHaxe jictom 1843 r.
h nocBHiijeHHOH anajiH3y rerejieBCKofi 4>hjioco4)hh npasa, KOTopoä npn ny-
ÖJiHKaijHH b nepBOM TOMe CoHHHeHHH Mapnca h 3nrejibca (1927) UncrHTyTOM
85

O M0JI040M MAPKCE»
jinpoBKaMM, edoxHoejieHHbiMu 0eiiep6axoM hjih ece eiqe re-
rejibHHCKHMH, — npHcyrcTBHe thkhx MamepuasiucmuHecKux
ojieMeHmoe, KaK peaiibHOCTb oßnjecTBeHHbix KJiaccoB, nacTHan
coßcTBeHHOCTb h ee OTHOineHHe k rocynapcTBy, h ßaace caMa
MaTepnajiHCTHHecKaa jjHajieKTHKa h t. a. Meac/jy TeM hoho, hto
TaKoe paajioHteHHe na dJicMCHmbi, OTßejieHHbie ot BHyTpeHHe-
ro KOHTeKCTa BbipaacaeMOH mbicjih h MbicjiHMbie H3OJinpoBaH-
ho, KaK caMocmoRmejibHbie 3HauuMbie eyu^Hoemu, bosmohcho
jiHinb npn ycjiOBHH opueHinupoeaHHozo, t. e. mejieojio2UHecKO-
20 npOHmeHUR 3THX T6KCT0B. OflHH H3 HaHÖOJiee CO3HaTeJIbHbIX
aBTopoß cßopHHKa, H. JIanHH, otkpmto npnsnaeT 3to: «Tüko-
20 poda onucaHue... u 6 cclmom de/ie eecbMa ok/ickttiuhho, no-
CKOJibKy oho He omeeHaem Ha eonpoc o moM, kokum oöpasoM
omu pasjiuHHbie ajieMCHmbi oßbeduHiuiucb 0 Mupoeosspenuu
Mapnca»17. Oh bhojihc noHHMaeT, hto TaKoe pasjioHcenne TeK-
CTa Ha to, hto ywe omnocumcR k Mamepuajiu3My, h to, hto
ece eiqe omnocumcH k udeajiu3M,y, ne coxpanneT ero eduHcmea,
H HTO nOBOflOM flJIH 3T0F0 pa3JIOHCeHHH HBJIHeTCH HMeHHO HT6-
HHe paHHHx TeKCTOB, Hcxo/jHiijee H3 nepcneKTHBbi tckctob 3pe-
jibix. TaKHM o6pa3OM, hmchho TpHÖynaji 3aßepineHHoro MapK-
CH3Ma, TpnßyHaji LJejin npoBO3rjiamaeT h hphbojjht b hchoji-
HeHHe 3tot npnroßop, TpeßyionjHH pasßejieHHH Tejia paHHero
TeKCTa Ha ojicMeHrnbi, h tom caMbiM paspymaeT ero cahhctbo.
«Ecjiu ucxodumb U3 mo2o noHUManun ceoeü (})ujioco(})ckoü no-
3ui^uu, Komopoü Mapnc npudepmuea/icn 0 mo epeMH, mo «Py-
Konucb 1843 2.» npedcmaem neped hclmu kok aßcojuomHO no-
cjiedoeamejibHbiü u 3aeepiueHHbiü mpyd», — b to BpeMH KaK
«C mOHKU 3peHUR pO30UinO2O MapKCU3MO «PyKOTlUCb 1843 2.»
He cosdaem enenamjiCHUR op2aHunecKU 3aeepuieHHOÜ i^enocm-
Hocmu, e Komopoü cmpo2o d0KO3ana MemodojiO2UHecKaR i^ch-
Hocmb KaMdo2O d/ieMCHma. OneeudHOR He3pejiocmb eedem k
MapKca — 3nrejibca npn LJK BKII(6) 6luio /jaHO HaaaaHne «K xpHTHKe rere-
jieBCKon 4)hjioco$hh npasa». — IIpuM. ped.
17	JIanHH, «KpHTHKa (J)hjioco4)hh Terejia» (Recherches, c. 68).
86

<0 MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
moMy, Hmo HeKomopbie npoö/ieMbi paccMampueaiomcn c upe3-
MepHbiM öHUManueM, 6 mo epeMH KaK dpyzue, UMeioique (fryn-
daMeHmajibHoe 3HaueHue, ecezo Jiuiub HOMeueHbi...»18 He jjy-
Maio, HTO MOJKHO C ÖOJIbHieH OTKpOBeHHOCTbK) npH3HaTb, HTO
HMeHHO paccMompeHue U3 nepcneKmuebi ifejiu npoßoijHpyeT
pasjiOHcenne na BJieMeHTbi h KOHCTHTynpoBamie caMHx ajieMeH-
tob. ^oßaBJiio, BnponeM, hto nacTO mohcho HaÖJno^aTb CBoero
po/ja «desiezupoeaHue moHKU omcuema», KOiyja ot saBepinen-
hoto MapKCH3Ma ona nepe^aeTca aBTopy-nocpe^HHKy, nanpn-
Mep <Peüep6axy. HocKOJibKy C>enep6axa CHHTaiOT «MaTepnajm-
ctom» (xoth Ha cbmom jjejie 3tot «MaTepnajiH3M» ocHOBbisaeT-
ch rjiaBHbiM o6pa3OM Ha MamepuasiucmuHecKux deKJiapayuax
0eüep6axa, KOTopbie npHHHMaiOT 3a HHCTyio MoneTy), oh cjiy-
tkht emopoü moHKOü omcuema h b cboio onepe^b no3BOJiaeT
pa3BepnyTb CBoero po/ja BcnoMoraTejibHoe nponsBOßCTBO ajie-
MeHTOB, OÖ'bHBJiaeMblX «MaTepHaJIHCTHHeCKHMH» B CHJiy HX
npncyTCTBHH b paHHHx paßoTax Mapnca hjih hx coöcTBeHHOÜ
«HCTHHHOCTH». UmCHHO HOSTOMy OÖ'bHBJIHIOT «MaTepHaJIHCTH-
necKHMH» nepeßopaHHBaHHe cyß^eKTa h aTpnßyra, 4)eiiep6a-
XHaHCKyK) KpHTHKy CneKyjIHTHBHOH 4>HJIOCO4)HH, KpHTHKy pe-
jihthh, HejiOBenecKyio cynjHoerb, oß'beKTHBnpoBaHHyio b cbohx
npoflyKTax, h t. jj. 3to BcnoMoraTejibHoe npoH3BOACTBO 3Jie-
MeHTOB, HcxoßHiijee H3 0eiiep6axa, BKyne c hpohsbo/jctbom
SJieMeHTOB, HCXOflHIIJHM H3 3peJI0T0 MapKCa, MOECeT HOCJiyaCHTb
npHHHHOH CTpaHHbix noBTopeHHH h quiproquo, HanpHMep, kot-
jja BCTaeT Bonpoc o tom, hto mojegt OT/jejiHTb MaTepnajiHCTH-
necKHe sjieMeHTbi, onnpaiomHecfl na bbtophtgt 0eiiep6axa, ot
MaTepHaJIHCTHHeCKHX SJieMeHTOB, onnpaiomHxcH na aBTopn-
TeT caMoro MapKca19. B npe/jejibHOM cjiynae, nocKOJibKy c no-
Monjbio btoh npoijeßypbi Mbi Bcerjja mojkcm oßnapyHCHTb Marne-
puajiucmuuecKue ojieMeHinbi bo Bcex paHHHx TeKCTax MapK-
18	JIanHH, T3M Hce, c. 69.
19	Cp., HanpHMep, BaKpa/iae, «<X>opMHpoßaHHe (jjHJiocotjjCKHx Hjjen K. MapK-
ca» (Recherches, c. 29—32).
87

«O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
ca, HaHHHaa c Toro nncbMa k orijy, b kotopom oh OTKa3biBaeTCH
OTfleJIHTb HfleiO OT peajibHOCTH, CTaHOBHTCH flOBOJIbHO TpyjJHO
peniHTb, Kozda nee Mapnca mohcho paccMarpHBarb b nanecTBe
MaTepnaiiHCTa, hjih, cnopee, Kor.ua oh MarepnajiHCTOM eiije He
6bm! HanpHMep, äjih flna «PyKonucu 1844 z.» xoth h co^ep-
HtaT «i^ejibiü pnd aßcmpaKmHbix dsieMeumoe», ho yace 3HaMe-
HyiOT coöoii «pomdeHue HayuHozo coifuajiu3Ma»2Q. JJjih Ila-
MCHTHOBa 3th «PyKonncn» «npedcmaanjuom coöoü peiuatoiyuü
nyHKm nepeeopoma, ocyiyecmesieHHOzo MapKCOM e oöiye-
cmeeHHbix HayKax. B hux ycmauoesieHbi meopemunecKue nped-
nocbuiKU MapKCU3Ma»21. /Jjih Jlannna «e omsiunue om cmameü
U3 «PeÜHCKOÜ zasembi», 6 Komopbix cnoHmaHHO noAejimom-
cfi, Jiuiub HeKomopbie ajieMeHmbi Mamepuajiu3Ma, «PyKonucb
1843 z.» ceudemejibcmeyem o C03HamwibH0M nepexode MapK-
ca na no3uifuu Mamepuajiu3Ma», nocKOJibKy «e ceoeü KpumuKe
PezejiR MapKC ucxodum U3 MamepuajiucmuHecKux nosuu^uü»
(npaBßa, btot «co3HamejibHbiü nepexod» b toh nee craTbe onn-
cbiBaercH Kan «HCRCHbiü» h «6ecco3HamcfibHbiü»)22. Hto ace na-
caercn Illac^a, to oh npHMO 3aHBjineT: «Mbi 3hocm (ÖJiazoda-
psi öojiee no3dHUM ceudemejibcmeaM dnzejibca), umo MapKC
cmaji MamepuajiucmoM e 1841 zody»23.
H OTHKVJb He CTpeMJIIOCb H3BJieHb H3 3THX npOTHBOpeHHH
(b KOTOpblX npH JKeJiaHHH MOHCHO BHfleTb npH3HaK «He3aBep-
ineHHoro» HCCJieflOBaHHH») cjihuikom JierKHH apryMeHT b cboio
nojibsy. TeM He Menee, BnojiHe mojkho nocraBHTb Bonpoc, ne
CBH3ana jih sra HeyßepeHHoerb b onpeaejieHHH MOMenra nepe-
xoda Mapnca k MarepnajiH3My h t. ß. co cnoHTaHHbiM h hchb-
HbiM Hcnojib3OBaHHeM aHajiHTHKO-rejieojiorHHecKOH reopHH.
Tpy^HO ne saMeTHTb, hto sra reopHH npeacraBJiHeTCH renepb
jiHineHHOÄ BCHKoro 3HanHMoro KpurepHH, no3BOJiHK)ujero bbi-
necTH cyjK/jeHHe o mbicjih, KOTopyio ona pasjioacnjia na sjieMen-
20	Hh, TaM ace, c. 169 h 160.
21	na^CHTHOB, TaM »ee, c. 117.
22	JIannH, TaM ace, c. 58, 67, 69.
23	Ula^x}), TaM ’Ke, c- 202.
88

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
tm, t. e. jjencTBHTejibHoe ejjHHCTBO kotopoh ona paspyinmia.
H hto ona jiHiueHa ero hmchho noTOMy, hto ero ncnojib3OBaHHe
3anpenjaeT caMO pasjiojKeime: n b cbmom jjejie, ecjin imeajin-
CTHHecKnii ajieMeHT hbjih6tch imeajiHCTHHecKHM, a MaTepnajin-
CTHHeCKHÖ OJieMeHT — MaTepnaJIHCTHHeCKHM, TO HTO MCe MOMCeT
BbinecTH peineHne o CMbicjie, Komopbiü ohu KOHcmumyupyiom,
KOT.ua oß'be.uiiHflioTCfl b deücmeumejibHOM u mcugom eduHcmee
meKcmal 3to pasjiOHcemie Befl;eT k TOMy napajjoKcajibHOMy pe-
3yjibTary, hto caM Bonpoc o zjioöajibHOM CMbic/ie mewma, Ha-
npHMep, «K eBpeücKOMy Bonpocy» hjih «PyKonncH 1843 r.», uc-
ueaaem, oh ripocmo He ecmaem, nocKOJibKy mbi jihiiihjih ceöa
cpe/iCTBa ero nocraHOBKH. MeHQjy tcm oto Hanßojiee BaacHbiH
Bonpoc, h hh peajibHaa jkhshb, hh HCHBaa KpHTHKa He Moryr
ero ocraBHTb b cropone! TaK, ecjiH 6bi KaKoii-TO HHTaTejib b Ha-
hih jjhh peniHji üphhhtb Bcepbes h (JjhjiococJdhio «EßpeiiCKoro
Bonpoca» hjih «PyKonHceii 1844 r.», CTan 6bi ee HcnoBe^OBaTb
(a TaKoe cjiynaeTCH. Mbi Bee nponijin nepe3 oto. H ckojibko Tex,
kto, npoHßH nepes 3to, TaK h He crajiH MapKcncraMHl), to hto
»ee mbi motjih 6bi 0Ka3aTb o ero mbicjih, paccMaTpHBaeMOH KaK
to, hto ona ecTb, t. e. KaK HeKoe ijejioe? CjieflyeT jih CHHTaTb
ee H/jeajiHCTHHecKoii hjih MaTepnajiHCTHnecKOH? MapKCHCT-
CKOÄ HJIH HeMapKCHCTCKOH?24 HjIH xce MBI ßOJIJKHbl CHHTaTb, HTO
cmbicji ero mbicjih ocraeTCH HeonpeaejieHHbiM, hto oh nocraB-
jien b saBHCHMOCTb ot 3Tana, KOToporo oh enje ne ^octht? Ho
24 H aa^aio 3tot Bonpoc b cbh3h c TperbHM jihijom. Ho Kaxcßbm 3Haer, hto
oh BcraeT h nepea cbmhmh MapKcncraMH, KOTopbie ncnojibsyiOT paHnne pa6o-
Tbi Mapnca. Ecjih ohh nojibayiOTca hmh 6e3 oroßopoK, ecjin ohh npHHHMaiOT
TeKCTbi «EßpeHCKoro Bonpoca» hjih «PyKonHceii» 1843 hjih 1844 rr. KaK MapK-
CHCTCKHe TeKCTbi, CCJIH OHH HepnaiOT B HHX BflOXHOBCHHe H H3BJI6KaiOT H3 HHX
cjie/jcTBHH, KacaioiijHecH TeopHH h HjjeojiornHecKOH ^eaTejibHOCTH, to ohu Ha
deae omeenaiom Ha amom eonpoc, nocKOJibKy to, hto ohh aejiaiOT, OTBenaer 3a
hhx: hto mojioäoh MapKC mojkct CHHTaTbca MapKCOM, KOToporo mbi 3HaeM, hto
Mojioßofi Mapxc 6bui MapKcncroM. Ohh b nojiHbrii tojioc jjaiOT tot otbct, koto-
pbiii Bnojirojioca jjaer (hmchho Tor^a, Kor.ua ona H3Öeraer OTBera) KpHTHKa, o
kotopoh h roßopio. H b tom h b jjpyroM cjiynae jjeiiCTByiOT h ctoht nojj Bonpo-
COM OAHH H Te xce npHHIXHHbl.
89

«O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE»
hto 3to 3a 3Tan, o kotopom Mbi HHHero He 3HaeM? Meac/jy tcm
hmchho TaK nacTO h oöpanjaiOTCH c TeKCTaMH mojiojjoto MapK-
ca, KaK ecjm 6bi ohh npHHaßjieHcajiH k KaKoä-To ocoöoh oöjia-
CTH, B KOTOPOH «OCHO6HOÜ QOnpOC» HC HM66T 3HHHHM0CTH, npH-
H6M HO TOH npHHHHe, HTO OHH doJWCHbl npHBCCTH K MapKCH3-
My. KaK ecjiH 6bi hx cmbicji bhjiotb /jo caMoro KOHija ocTaßajica
HeonpeaejieHHbiM, KaK ecjin 6bi ^jih toto, htoöbi hx sjieMeH-
Tbl HaKOHeiJ-TO 6bDIH BHHTaHM HCKUM LfCJlblM, HeOÖXOßHMO JJO-
CTHHb 4)HHaJIbHOrO CHHT63a, KaK 6CJIH 6bl £0 ßOCTHHteHHH 3T0T0
CHHTesa eonpoc o i^e/iOM HHKor^a ne BCTaBan, no toh npocToä
npHHHHe, hto 6bma pa3pyinena BCflKaa TOTanbHOCTb, npeßine-
CTByiomaH 4)HHajibHOMy CHHTesy? H 3,necb mm ho^xo^hm k Bep-
niHHe napaßOKca, r,ne pacKpbiBaeTca ckpmtmh cmbicji stoto
anajiHTHKO-TejieojiorHHecKoro Mero^a: otot mcto/j, ne nepecTa-
BaionjHH cydumb, HecnocoöeH ebinecmu aßcojuomHO hukcikozo
cymdeHun o momajibHocmu, ottuiuhhoü om ezo coßcmeeHHOü.
Mojkho jih öojiee HejjBycMMCJieHHO npH3HaTb, hto oh jihihb no-
ctohhho cydum o ceße cclmom, ysHaem u npusHoem ceön, comozo
6 (popMe oß'beKmoe, Komopbie oh nodeepzaem pecpfieKcuu, hto
oh HHKor^a He noKH^aeT cbohx npe^ejiOB, hto pa3BHTHe, ko-
TOpoe OH CTpeMHTCH HOMMCJIHTb, OH MMCJIHT JIHHIb KHK pa36U-
mue ceÖR comozo e ceße comom? H ecjin kto-to CKaaceT MHe, hto
hmchho noaTOMy oinom Memod, npe/jejiMiyio jiorHKy KOToporo
h onncbiBaio, HBJiaeTCH duojicKmuHecKiiM, to h OTBeny: da, du-
ojieKmuHecKUM; ho zezejie&CKUM\
H b caMOM flejie, Kor^a nyjKHO hommcjihtb hmohho cmanoe-
jieHue mbicjih, pe/jyijHpoBaHHOH k cbohm ajieMeHTaM, Kor.ua
BCTaeT HaHBHMH, ho HecTHbiä Bonpoc JIanHHa: «kokum oßpa-
30M omu pa3JlUHHbie OJlCMCHinbl oßteduHUJIUCb 6 MUpO6O33pe-
huu MapKca?», Kor.ua HyacHO hohhtb OTHOineHHe sjieMeHTOB,
KOHeHHMH 3Tan pa3BHTHH KOTOpblX H3B6CT6H, TOTfla Mbl 3BMe-
naeM, KaK b noßepxHOCTHbix hjih öojiee rjiyöoKHx (J)opMax no-
hbjihiotch apryMeHTM rerejieBCKOH jjHajieKTHKH. Bot npHMep
noßepxHOCTHOH 4>opMbi: ccbuiKa na npoTHBopenne Me^K^y 4>op-
moh h co/jepacaHHeM, TOHHee TOBopa, Meac/iy coaepacaHHeM h ero
90

«O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE»
noHHmuÜHbiM GbipaatceHueM. «MaTepnajiHCTHnecKoe co/jep-
HcaHne» BCTynaeT b koh(|)jihkt c «HjjeajiHCTHHecKOH cfropMoii»,
h n^eajiHCTinecKaH c|)opMa b TeH/jemjHH cbo/jhtch k npocToii
mepMUHOJiozuu (b kohchhom cneTe ona coßepineHHO Hcne3HeT:
ona 6y.neT Bcero jihuib cjiogom). MapKC yatce MaTepnajiHCT, ho
oh Qce eiye nojibsyeTCH 4>eHep6axHaHCKHMH hohhthhmh, oh 3a-
UMcmeyem y <J>eÄep6axa ero mepMUHOJiozuio, b to BpeMH KaK
na nejie oh yace ne hejihotch, na h HHKor.ua He hbjihjich hhctbim
4)eiiep6axHaHijeM; b nepnon Menc^y HanHcanneM «PyKonnceii
1844 r.» h cbohmh apejibiMH paöoTaMH MapKC Hamen cboio
OKOHHaTejibHyio TepMHHOJiornio25: npocToii Bonpoc o H3biKe.
Bee CTanoBJieHHe saKjnoneno b cjioßax. fl 3Haio, hto bto ynpo-
meHne, ho h Hjjy na Hero, htoöbi cjjejiaTb 6onee OTneTjiHBbiM
CKpbiTbiä cmbicji btoh npoijeaypbi. BnponeM, nopon ona hbjih-
eTCH HaMHoro 6ojiee cjiohchoh, HanpHMep, b TeopHH «Jlannna, ko-
Topbiä npoTHBonocraBJiHeT ynce He cfropMy (TepMHHOJiOTHio) co-
HepacaHHio, ho co3Hanue — meHdeHipiu. «Jlannn ne peayijHpyeT
pa3JiHHne Mbicjiefi MapKca k npocTOMy pasjinnmo TepMHHOJio-
rHH. Oh npH3HaeT, hto H3biK UMeem CMbicsi: btot cmbicji ecTb
cmbicji (caMo)co3naHHH MapKca b tot hjih hhoh onpenejieHHbiH
MOMeHT ero pa3BHTHH. TaK, b «PyKonncn 1843 r.» («K KpHTHKe
rerejieBCKOH (JjhjiococJdhh npaßa») caMoco3HaHHe Mapnca 6buio
(JjeäepöaxHaHCKHM. MapKC roBopHji Ha H3biKe 0eüep6axa, no-
TOMy hto oh CHumaji ceön 4)eHep6axnaHijeM. Ho bto C03HaHHe-
H3biK Haxo/jHjiocb b oö'beKTHBHOM npoTHBopeHHH c ero «Mame-
puojiucmuHecKoü meHdeHtpteü». Hmchho bto npoTHBopenne
npeßCTaBJiHJio coöoh ^BHMcymHH npHHi^nn ero pa3BHTHH. Heco-
MHeHHO, BTa KOHIjeniJHH MOHCeT nOKasaTbCH MapKCHCTCKOH (ßO-
CTaTOHHO BCnOMHHTb O «3ana3flbIBaHHH C03HaHHH»), HO BTO Bce-
ro jiHinb KaoKHMOCTb, nocKOJibKy ^ance ecjiH mohcho onpe/jejiHTb
C03HaHue (rjioöajibHbiH cmbicji TeKCTa, ero H3biK-CMbicji), to He-
25 Hh, thm »ee, c. 173. «B «Hcmcijkoh HßeojiorHH»... juiajieKTHHecKHH Ma-
TepHajiH3M Hameji adeKeamnyio mepMUHO/iozuio». B to ace BpeMH Hh b cbocm
COÖCTBeHHOM TCKCTe H0Ka3bIBaeT, HTO JjeJIO HfleT COBCeM He O TepMHHOJiorHH.
91

«O MOJIO/JOM MAPKCE
noHHTHo, khk KOHKpeTHO onpe^ejiHTb «mendeHifUK)». Hjih, cko-
pee, to, KaK OHa onpe^ejineTCH, CTanoBHTCH Hance cjihhikom
noHHTHbiM, kbk TOJibKO Mbi saMenaeM, hto .hjih Jlannna pa3-
jiHneHHe MejKfly MaTepnanncTHHecKOH TennenijHeH h (caMo) co-
3HaHHeM e moHHoemu coenadaem c «pa3JiuHueM Meztcdy meM,
kclkum oö'beKinueHoe codepwaHue «PyKonucu 1843 z.» 6ydem
npedcmaejutmbCH c mouKu spenun paseumozo MapKcu3Ma, u
meM, kük com MapKC noHUMO/i amo codepmauue e mom nepu-
od»26. Ecjih noHHMaTb ory cjipaay b CTporoM CMbicjie, to H3 nee
cjieflyeT, hto «mendem^un» ecrb ne hto nnoe, KaK perpocneK-
THBHaa aöcrpaKijHH pe3yjibmama, KOTopbifi h cjienyeT oß’bnc-
HHTb, t. e. rerejieBCKoe e-ceße, noMbicjiennoe hcxohh H3 ero ije-
jih KaK ero coöcTBennoro hctokb. Torna npoTHBopenne Mencny
cosnanneM h TennenijHeH cbohhtch k npoTHBopennio Mencny b-
ce6e h ßjiH-ceÖH. BnponeM, JIanHH 6e3 oöhhhkob saHBjineT, hto
□Ta TeHßenijHH hbjihptch «HeaBHoii» h «6ecco3HaTejibHOH». Ta-
kum o6pa3OM, aöcmpaKyusi comoü npoßsieMbi ebidaemcn 3a ee
coöcmeeHHoe peiuenue. Pa3yMeeTCH, h He OTpnijaio, hto b TeK-
cre Jlannna coflepacaTca yKasaHHa, KOTopbie Beflyr nac k dpy-
zoü KOHn;enixHH (Tyr mchh, noHcajiyfi, oöbhhht b tom, hto h h
CKaTbiBaiocb b Teopnio ajieMeHTOß! Ho jjjih toto hto6bi hx no-
MbicjiHTb, nyacHO 6buio 6bi OTKa3aTbca ot caMoro hohhthh «tch-
^eHi^HH»), h TeM He Menee cjieayeT npH3naTb, hto ero CHcreMa-
THKa HBJIHeTCH rerejibHHCKOH.
HTaK, H6BO3MO7KHO 3BHHMaTbCH MapKCHCTCKHM H3yH6HH-
eM paHHHx paßoT Mapnca (h Bcex npoßjieM, KOTopbie bctbiot
B CBH3H C HHMH), He HOpBBB CO CHOHTaHHblMH HJIH pe(|)JieKCHB-
HO npOHCHeHHbIMH HCKyineHHHMH aHaJIHTHKO-TeJieOJIOTHHeCKO-
ro MeTOßa, b kotopom Bcer.ua ßojiee hjih Menee hbho npncyr-
CTByiOT zezesieecKue npuHijunbi. Rnn ototo cjie^yeT nopßaTb c
npejjnocbijiKaMH ototo MeTO.ua h npnMennTb k naineMy oö'beK-
Ty MapKCHCTCKne npnmjHnbi TeopHH H,neojiorHHecKOH obojiio-
IXHH.
26 «JIanHH, tom »ee, c. 69.
92

«O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
3th npuHijHiibi pa^HKaubHO OTJinnaiOTCH ot npHHijHnoB, bbi-
cKaaaHHbix panee. Ohh npe/jnojiaraiOT:
1.	Hto KaamaH udeojiozun paccMarpHBaeTca KaK peanbHoe
ijejioe, oß'be.zjHHeHHoe b kohchhom cnere CBoeii co6ctbohhoh
npoÖJieMamuKoü, TaKoe, hto hobobmohcho H3BJienb H3 nero hh
o/jHoro ajieMOHTa, ne hsmohhh CMbicjia btoto ijejioro.
2.	Hto cmbicji 3toto ijejioro, e^HHHHHoii njjeojiornn (b aaH-
hom cjiynae HHjjHBHjjyajiBHOH mbicjih) saBHCHT ne ot ero OTHO-
ineHHH k otjihhhoh ot nero ucmune, ho ot ero OTHOineHHH k
cynjecTByionieMy udeojiozuuecKOMy nojuo, a TaiOKe k cotpuuib-
HbiM npoßjieMOM n k coi^uafibHOÜ cmpyKmype, KOTopbie cjiy-
xar ero ochoboh h OTpaacaiOTCH b hcm; hto cmbicji pbbbhthh
e/JHHHHHOH HßeOJIOTHH 3BBHCHT He OT OTHOineHHH 3T0T0 pa3BH-
thh k ero HCTOKy hjih k ero 3aBepineHHio, paccMarpHBaeMbix
KaK ezo ucrnuHa, ho ot toto OTHOineHHH, KOTopoe cynjecTByeT b
3T0M pa3BHTHH MeHCfly MyraiJHHMH 3TOH eßHHHHHOH H^eOJIOTHH
h MyTaijHHMH HfleojlorHHecKoro nojin h coijHajibHbix npoßjieM H
OTHOineHHH, KOTopbie cjiyjKar ero ochoboh.
3.	Hto nosroMy ßBHJKynjHH npHHijnn pa3BHTHH c^hhhhhoh
H/jeojiOTHH HaxoßHTca ne b npejjejiax chmoh stoh HjjeojiOTHH,
ho BHe ee, no my cmopony ejjHHHHHOH h^bojiothh: b ee aBTope
KaK KOHKpeTHOM HH^HBH^e H B ^eHCTBHTeJIBHOH HCTOpHH, KO-
Topaa OTpaacaerca b stom pa3BHTHH corjiacHO cjiohchbim otho-
meHHHM, CBH3BIBaiOII^HM HH^HBH^a C HCTOpHCH.
Cjie^yeT aoßaBHTb, hto sth npHHijnnbi, b npoTHBonojioac-
hoctb npHHijHnaM, paccMOTpeHHBiM panee, hbjihkjtch ne ude-
ojiozunecKUMU npuHifunoMU e cmpozoM CMbicne csioea, ho
npuHi^unaMU HayuHbiMu: hhbimh cjioßaMH, ohh — He ucmu-
Ha npoijecca, nofljieacamero H3yneHHio (kotopoh hbjihiot-
ch Bee npHHixHnbi hctophh b futur anterieur). Ohh — ne uc-
muHa nezo-mo uhozo (verite de), ohh — ucmuna dsui... (veri-
te pour), ohh ucmuHHbi, KaK ycjiOBHe jicththmhoh nocraHOBKH
npoßjieMbi, a cjie/jOBaTejiBHO, nocpe^CTBOM btoh npoßjieMbi, h
KaK ycjiOBHe nponsBOßCTBa hcthhhoto pemeHHH. üoaTOMy ohh
aeHCTBHTejibHO npe/jnojiaraiOT «saßepineHHbiH, 3pejibiii MapK-
93

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE»
CH3M», ho ne khk ucmuuy cßoero coßcTBeHHoro rene3Hca, a KaK
meopuio, no36ojuuoiq,yio noHsunb KaK cboh coßcTBeHHbiö rene-
3hc, TaK h jiioöoh hhoh HCTopHHecKHH npoijecc. BnponeM, TOJIb-
KO npn 3T0M yCJIOBHH MapKCH3M MO3K6T o6T>HCHHTb HeHTTlO UHO€,
HCM OH COMl He TOJIbKO CBOH COÖCTBeHHblH reH63HC KHK OTJIHH-
HbiÄ ot nero caMoro, ho h Bee HHbie npeoöpasoBaHHH, npoH3Be-
fleHHbie B HCTOPHH, 6KJIJOHOR H Te, B KOTOpbie BHHCaHbl npaK-
THnecKHe nocjießCTBHH BMeniaTejibCTBa MapKCH3Ma b hctophio.
Ecjih oh — He ucmuHa nezo-mo uhozo b rerejieBCKOM hjih cjjefi-
epßaxoBCKOM CMbicjie cjiobb, ho AHCijnnjiHHa naynnoro nccjie-
flOBaHHH, to ajih MapKCH3Ma ero co6cTBeHHbiii rene3HC «nen-
CTBHTejibHO He npe^CTaBJiaeT coöoii öojibineii npoßjieMbi, neM
CTaHOBjieHHe hctophh, Ha kotopoh ero BMemaTejibCTBO ocra-
bhjio cboh OTnenaTOK: noHHMaHHe Toro, hto öbijio hcxojjhbim
nyHKTOM .hjih MapKca, KaK h Toro, jjjih nero hcxo^hbim nyHKTOM
6bm MapKC, paoHbiM oßpaaoM TpeßyeT npHMeneHH« MapKCHCT-
ckhx npuHifunoe nccjiejjOBaHHH27.
HraK, nepßoe ycjiOBHe, KOTopoe Heoßxo/jHMO BbinojiHHTb
jjjih Toro, htoöbi npaBHJibHO nocraBHTb npoÖJieMy paHHHx pa-
6ot Mapnca, saKjnonaeTCH b npH3naHHH toto, hto h (ptuioco-
(pbl ÖblBaiOT MOJIOßblMH. Bee Mbl Tfle-TO H KOTßa-TO pOHCßaeM-
CH H HaHHHaeM MbICJIHTb H HHCaTb. Myijpeij, KOTOpblH yTBepJK-
flan, hto ne cjie^yeT nyßjiHKOBaTb cboh paHHne paßoTbi, ßojiee
toto, hto ne cjie/iyeT hx jjaace nncaTb (noTOMy hto Bcerjia Hafi-
flyrca acnnpaHTbi, KOTopbie hx onyßjiHKyiOT), pasyMeerca, He
6bDi rerejibHHijeM... nocKOJibKy c otoh, rerejibHHCKOH tohkh
3peHHH paHHne paßoTbi ctojib ace HeH3ße)KHbi h HeBO3MOHCHbi,
KaK H TOT e/JHHCTBeHHblH B CB06M pOJje OÖ^eKT, KOTOpblH ße-
27 PaayMeeTca, paaBHTne MapKOWMa, KaK h jiioöoh nayiHOH ÄHCixHnjiHHbi,
He ocraHOBHJiocb Ha Mapnce, tohho TaK »ce KaK pa3BHTHe (Jjhshkh ne ocraHO-
BHjiocb na TajiHJiee, aanoHCHBineM ee ochobm. IIoßoÖHO jiioöoh HaynnoH ähc-
iinnjiHHe MapKCH3M paaBHBajica, npHneM yace npn jkh3hh MapKca. <X>yH/iaMeH-
TanbHoe OTKpbiTHe Mapnca caejiano BO3MO3KHbiMH HOBbie otkpmthh. Bmjio öbi
BecbMa neÖJiaropaayMHO jjyMaTb, hto Bee yace CKaaano.
94

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
MOHCTpnpoBaji JKappn: «Hepen BojibTepa b jjeTCTBe». Ohh ne-
H36eHCHbi, KaK h BCHKoe Hanajio. Ohh hcbobmo^ehbi, hockojib-
Ky Mbi He ebiöupaeM ceoezo Hancuia. MapKC He ßejiaji HHKaKoro
BBißopa, Kor.ua poacßajiCH jjjih mbicjih h mbicjihji b tom Hßeojio-
rinecKOM MHpe, kotopbih HeMeijKan hctophh CKOHLjeHTpnpoBa-
jia b nporpaMMe npenoßaßaHHH cbohx yHHBepcHTeTOB. Hmch-
HO B OTOM MHpe OH BBipOC, HMCHHO B H6M OH HayHHJICH ßBHTaTB-
CH H HCHTB, C HHM OH «OÖ’BHCHHJICH», OT HerO OH OCBOÖOßHJICH.
/tajiee h eqe BepnycB k HeoöxoduMocmu u cjiyHaÜHOcmu amo-
zo Haua/ia. Ho (fraKT 3aKJnonaeTCH b tom, hto cynjecTByeT hc-
Koe Hauajio n hto jjjih toto, htoöbi C03ßaTB hctophio coßcTBeH-
hbix MBicjieii Mapnca, cjießyer yxsaTHTB hx /jBHHceHHe b tot
CaMBIH M0M6HT, Korßa 3T0T KOHKpeTHBIH HHßHBHß, MOJIOßOH
Mapnc, noHBJineTCH b Mupe Mbicneü CBoero BpeMeHH, jjjih toto
HTOÖBI MBICJIHTB 3ß6CB H BCTynaTB C MBICJIHMH CBOCTO BpeMeHH
B TOT OÖMeH H CHOp, KOTOpBie ÖyßyT COCTaBJIHTB BCK) 6T0 7KH3HB
KaK Hßeojlora. Ha stom ypoBHe oömchob h cnopoB, npeßcraB-
jihioiijhx coöoii caMy Marepnio meKcmoe, b kotopbix hhm ßanbi
ero HCHBBie mbicjih, Bee nponcxoßHT tbkhm o6pa3OM, cjiobho ca-
mh aBTopBi 3thx MBicjieii omcymcmey tom. OrcyrcTByeT h koh-
KpeTHBIH HHßHBHß, BBipaMCaiOIIJHH CeÖH B CBOHX MBICJIHX H CBO-
HX TeKcrax, OTcyTCTByer h ßeHCTBHTejiBHan hctophh, BBipanca-
lonjan ce6n b cyiijecTByionjeM HßeojiorHnecKOM nojie. HoßOÖHO
TOMy KaK aBTop Hcne3aeT 3a cbohmh onyÖJiHKOBaHHBiMH mbic-
JIHMH, HTOÖBI ÖBITB TOJIBKO HX CTpOTOCTBIO, TaK H KOHKpeTHBH
HCTOPHH HCH63aeT 3a CBOHMH H/jeOJIOTHHeCKHMH TeMaMH, HTOÖBI
6bitb tojibko hx CHcreMoii. CjießOBajio 6bi nocTaBHTb Bonpoc h
06 STOM ßBOHHOM OTCyTCTBHH. Ho HOKa BCe npOHCXOßHT B Hrpe
CBH36H Menc/jy CTpOTOCTBIO eßHHHHHOH MBICJIH H CHCT6M0H T6M
HßeojlorHHecKOTO hojih. Hmchho hx oTHonieHHe h ecTB oto Ha-
Hcuio, h oto nanajio ne ßyzjeT hmctb kohijs. Hmohho oto otho-
meHHe cjie/jyeT hombicjihtb: OTHonieHHe (BHyrpeHHero) eßHH-
CTBa eßHHHHHOii MBICJIH (ß KSHCßBIH M0M6HT ee CT8H0BJI6HHH)
k cyiijecTByionjeMy HßeojiOTHnecKOMy nojno (b KancßBiü momcht
ero CTanoBJieHHH). Ho ßjin toto htoöbi hombicjihtb OTHonieHHe
95

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
MeOKfly HHMH, HeOÖXOJJHMO B TO HCe BpeMH IIOMblCJIHTb ero Tep-
MHHBI.
3to MeTOAOJiorinecKoe TpeöoßaHne npenc/je Bcero npe^nojia-
raeT deücmeumejibHoe, a He anjiiO3HBHoe ncxmaHue cyßcraHijHH
h crpyKTypbi ototo (JjyimaMeHTajibHoro H^eojiorHHecnoro no-
jih. Oho npeßnojiaraeT, hto mbi ne orpaHHHHBaeMCH HeÖTpajib-
HbiM npejjcraBJieHHeM 06 n/jeojiornHecKOM MHpe, ho,ho6hbim
cixene, na noTopofi cjiynaHHO BcrpenaiOTCH ctojib ace 3HaMeHH-
Tbie, CKOJib h HecymecTByiomHe nepconaacH. Cynbßa Mapnca
b 1840—1845 rr. peniaercH He b H^eajiBHOM cnope Menc^y Ta-
khmh nepcoHaacaMH, nan Terejib, 0eiiep6ax, IIIrnpHep, Tecc h
t. ß. CyjjBÖa Mapnca peniaercH ne bo B3aHMOfleäcTBHHx Meac-
ay TerejieM, <I>eHep6axoM, nirapHepoM, TeccoM h t. Bocnpn-
hhtbimh TanHMH, nanHMH ohh npe^CTaiOT b rpy/jax, bbixo^hb-
hihx npH hch3hh Mapnca. H yac TeM ßojiee — He b Tex npe3BBi-
naiiHO oßiijnx onncaHHax, noropbie nos^Hee «na^yr Shtcjibc h
JleHHH. Ona peinaeTCH bo BaaHMOAeücTBHHx Me^n/jy nonnper-
HBIMH HfleOJIOTHHeCnHMH nepCOHaHCBMH, nOTOpbIM HfleOJIOTHHe-
cnnH noHTencT npn^aeT onpedejieHHbiü oöjiuk, ne 0ÖH3aTejibH0
coBna^aiomHH c hx öynßajibHOH HcropHnecnofi HßeHTHHHOCTbio
(npnMep: Terejib) h bo mhotom Bbixo/jHmHH 3a npe/jejibi nan to-
ro ancnjiHijHTHoro npe^CTaßjieHHH, noTopoe /jaer Mapnc b Tex
Tencrax, rae ohh ijHTHpyioTCH, ynoMHHaiOTCH h npHTHnyiOTCH
(npHMep: 0eÄep6ax), ran, pa3yMeeTcn, h Tex oöiijhx cyMMap-
Hbix xapanTepHcrnn, noropbie Snrejibc npe/pioacHT copon JieT
CnyCTH. ,HjIH TOTO HTo6bI npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaTB 3TH 3aMenaHHH
nonnpeTHBiMH npHMepaMH, h mot 6bi cna3aTB, hto TerejiB, c no-
topbim mojiojjoh Mapnc cnopHT, HaHHHan co CBoefi «nonropcnoH
flHCCepTaiJHH, — OTHKJßB He ÖHÖJIHOTeHHBIH TereJIB, O nOTO-
poM mbi MonceM npe^aBaTBCH o^HHonnM Me^HTaixHHM b 1960 r.;
3to Feze/ib Heo2ezejibstHCKO2o deumeHua, TerejiB, npn3BaH-
hbih npeflocraBHTB HeMeiinuM HHTejmenTyajiaM coponoBBix ro-
flOB CpeßCTBa, nO3BOJIHBIHHe HM nOMBICJIHTB CBOK) COÖCTBeH-
Hyio HCTopnio h cboh Ha^eHCßBi; 3to TerejiB, ynce npHBe^eHHBifi
96

O MOJIO/JOM MAPKCE»
b npoTHBopenne c cbmhm coöoh, HcnojibayeMbifi npoTHB caMO-
ro ceöa, HanepeKop caMOMy ce6e. ^pyroii npnMep: H/jea (jnmo-
cofyuu, cmaHOQHt^eücn eosieü, noKH/jaiomeH Mnp pe<})JieKCHH,
htoöbi npeoßpaaoBaTb Map hojihthkh, KOTopyio mojkho öbijio
6bi CTHTaTb nepßbiM BOCCTanneM MapKca npoTHB CBoero ynn-
Tejia, HaxojjHTca b hojihom cotjibchh c rocnojjcrByiomeH HHTep-
npeTaijueii neorerejibHHixeB28. H ne OTpnijaio, hto Mapxc yace
b CBoefi jjHccepTaijHH aeMOHCTpupyeT to ocTpoe nyBCTBO no-
HHTHH, Ty HeyMOJIHMyK) CTporOCTb (|)OpMyJIHpOBOK H reHHaJIb-
HOCTb aaMbicjia, KOTopbie Bbi3biBajiH BocxmijeHHe ero «npyaeö.
TeM He Menee ara H/jea npHHaßjieacHT ne eMy. Ctojib ace neöjia-
ropasyMHO 6bijio 6bi cbo^htb h npHcyrcTBue <J>enep6axa b tck-
crax Mapnca, nanHcaHHbix b 1841—1844 rr., tojibko k aKcnjm-
T[RTHbiMynoMUHaHUHM. IIocKOJibKy MHoroHHCJieHHbie naccaacH
npHMO BOcnpoH3BOßHT hjih onepHHBaiOT 0eHepöaxoBhi MBICJIH,
xoth hmh 4>enep6axa h ne ynoMHHaeTCH. Haccanc, H3BJieneH-
hbih Tojibhtth H3 «PyKonnceH 1844 r.», bsht npHMO H3 paöor
<X>eiiep6axa; mohcho öbijio öbi npHBecrn h apyrne naccaacn, 3a-
cjiyra HanncaHHH KOTopbix hcckojibko nocnenino npniiHCbiBa-
eTCH MapKcy. Ho 3aneM MapKcy öbijio ijHTHpoBaTB 0eÄepöa-
xa, ecjiH oh h thk öbui shbkom KaacflOMy, öojibine roro, ecjiH caM
MapKC yceouji ezo Mbiarib n mbicjihji c noMOnjbio ero mbicjich
TaK, kbk ecjiH öbi ohh öbijih ero coöcTBeHHbiMH? TeM ne Menee,
KaK mbi BCKope yBHßHM, cjie^yeT c^ejiaTb enje o^hh mar h ot
HeHBHoro npHcyrcTBHM mbicjich jkhboto aBTopa nepeÄTH k npn-
cyrcTBHio 603M0d*CH0cmu ezo Mbicjieü\ k ero npoö/ieMamuKe,
T. e. K KOHCTHTyTHBHOMy eßHHCTBy ^eHCTBHTeJIBHBIX MBICJICH,
KOTopbie oöpasyiOT ary oÖJiacTb cynjecTByiomero udeojiozuue-
CKOZO nojm, C KOTOpbIM OÖliHCHHeTCH TOT HJIH HHOH aBTOp B CBO-
28 Cm. rciasy o «4)opMHpoBaHnn jießorerejibHHCKoro flBHJKenHH» b paßoTe:
KopHio O. Kapji MapKC n 0pjmpnx Onrejibc. 7Kh3hb h aeaTejibHOCTb, M.: IIo-
JIHTH3ÄBT, 1976, T. I: /JercTBO h lOHOCTb. JleBbie rerejibHHijbi. Kopnio cosep-
uieHHO Bepno noffnepKHBaeT pojib 4>oh HeniKOBCKoro b paapaöoTKe neorere-
jibHHCKOÖ (pujioco^tuu deücmoiui, KOTopaa 6buia npHHHTa bccmh mojio/jbimh
jiHÖepanbHbiMH HHTejuieKTyajiaMn aToro ^bhhcchhh.
97

«O MOJIOflOM MAPKCE
eii coßcTBeHHofi mbicjih. Mbi tothhc ace aaMenaeM, hto ecjiH 6e3
ototo H^eojiorinecKoro nojia hobosmohcho mbicjihtb ejjHHCTBO
eflHHHHHOH MBICJIH, TO C3M0 3TO IIOJIO, flJIH TOTO HToßbi ÖBITB HO-
MBicjieHHBiM, TpeöyeT mbicjib ototo eduHcmea.
B hom nee 3aKJnonaeTCH oto ojjhhctbo? Htoöbi otbothtb na
3tot Bonpoc c noMonjbio npHMepa, BepneMca k 0eÄep6axy, ho
Ha 3TOT pa3 ßJIH TOTO, HTOÖBI HOCTaBHTB npoßjIOMy BHyTpeHHe-
ro e/jHHCTBa mbicjih Mapnca b to BpeMH, Kozda oh ecmynaem
c hum 0 omHouieHue. ripHpo.ua ototo OTHOineHHH, KOTopoe bbi-
3Bajio MHoroHHCJieHHBie cnopbi, hbho npHBOßHT b 3aMemaTejib-
CTBO ÖOJIBIHHHCTBO aBTOpOB HaiHeTO cßopHHKa. 3to 3aTpy^He-
HHe CBH3ano He tojibko c TeM, hto TeKCTbi 0eiiep6axa MaJIO-
H3B6CTHBI (HX MOHCHO npOHHTaTb). Oho CBH33H0 C T6M, HTO He
Bcer^a noHHMaiOT to, hto KOHCTHTynpyeT rjiyÖHHHoe ejjHHCTBO
TOTO HJIH HHOTO TOKCTa, npe^eJIBHyiO CyilJHOCTb H/jeOJIOTHHe-
ckoh mbicjih, t. e. ero npoöneMamuKy. H npe/uiaraio stot Tep-
MHH, KOTOpBIH He HCH0JIB30BaJICH CaMHM MapKCOM, HO KOTOpblH
nocTOHHHO 3ajjaeT toh ero spejibiM h^bojiothhcckhm anajiH3aM
(b OCOÖeHHOCTH B «HeMeiJKOH HßeOJIOTHH»)29, noTOMy HTO OTO
noHHTHe, no3BOJiHiomee HaHJiynniHM o6pa3OM cxbothtb (Jjbktbi,
ne CKaTbiBaacb b rerejibHHCKHe ^BycMbicjieHHOCTH momcuibHO-
cmu. /JeHCTBHTeJIBHO, TOBOpHTB, HTO H/jeOJIOTHH npejjCTaBjineT
co6oh (opraHHnecKyio) TOTajibHOCTb, Bepno tojibko b KanecTBe
onucaHua, a ne b KanecTBe TeopHH, nocKOJibKy oto onncaHHe,
npeßpanjeHHoe b Teopnio, sacraBJiHeT Hac mbicjihtb Bcero jihhib
29 3^ecb h ne Mory npoßecrn HCCJieAOBHHHH hohhthh, npHcyrcrByiomHx
b anajiHTHHecKHx pa3pa6oTKax «HeMeiJKOH HßeojiorHH». Bot oähh npocToii
TeKCT, B KOTOpOM CKH3aH0 BCC. PeHb HJJCT O «HeMeiJKOH KpHTHKC»: «Bee HpO-
ÖJieMbl 3T0H KpHTHKH... BbipOCJIH BC6 HC6 Ha H0HB6 Onpe/jeJieHHOH d)HJIOCO(i)-
ckoh CHCTeMbi, a hmchho — CHcreMbi TerejiH. He TOJibKO b ee OTBeTax, ho yace
h b caMbix ee Bonpocax saKJiiOHajiacb MHCTH^HKaijHH». Bpa/j jih mohcho nan-
th JiyHmee Bbipaxcenne toh mbicjih, hto 4)hjioco4)hio onpe/jejiaeT He otbct, ho
caM 6onpocf nocraBJieHHbiH 3toh (})Hjioco(})HeH, h hto hmchho e comom eonpo-
ce, t. e. e cnocoöe MbiuuieHim ofa>eKma (a He b chmom oö^eKTe) cjie^yeT HCKaTb
KZjeojiorHHecKyio MHCTHtJjHKaijHio (hjih ee npoTHBonojiojKHOCTb — ayreHTHH-
Hoe OTHonieHHe k oö^eKry).
98

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
nycToe eßHHCTBO onncaHHOH ij6jiocthocth, a ne onpedejieHHyio
cmpyKmypy eduHcmea. H HaoöopoT, mbicjihtb eßHHCTBO onpe-
jjjejieHHOÜ HßeoaorinecKOH mbicjih (KOTopaa nenocpeßCTBeHHO
npeßcraeT nepeß hbmh KaK ijejiocTHOcrb, KOTopaa aBHO hjih ne-
aBHO «nepeacHBaeTca» KaK ijejiocTHOCTb hjih KaK HHTenijHa «to-
TajiH3aijHH») c noMonjbio nonaTHa npoßjieMamuKu shbhht ße-
jiaTb BO3MO7KHBIM BbiaBJieHHe cucmeMamuuecKoü munuHecKOÜ
cmpyKmypbi, oöbeßHHaiomeii Bee BJieMeHTbi mbicjih, a shbhht,
OTKpbiBaTb b 3tom eßHHCTBe onpedejieHHoe codepvcaHue, no-
3BOJiaiomee nocTHraTb cmbicji «sjigmchtob» paccMaTpHBaeMoä
HßeojiorHH, — u odnoepeMeHHo coomHocumb omy udeosiozuto c
npoÖJieMOMU, Komopbie saeeiya/io Mbicjiumejiio ujiu nocmaeu-
jio neped hum ucmopunecKoe epeMJt, e KomopoM oh ^cueem3Q.
PaCCMOTpHM 3TO Ha KOHKpeTHOM IipHMepe: HB «PyKOIIHCH
1843 r.» («K KpHTHKe rerejieBCKoii (Jjhjioco^jhh npasa»). Co-
rjiacHO KOMMeHTaTopaM, 3ßecb mbi HaxoßHM ijejibiii paß 4)eiiep-
ßaxnaHCKHx TeM (nepeßopaHHBaHHe cyßbeKTa h aTpHÖyra; KpH-
THKa cneicyjiaTHBHOH 4>hjiococ|)hh; Teopna poßoßoro nejiOBeKa
30 3to cjieflCTBHe HMeeT (JjyimaMeHTajibHoe 3HaneHHe. To, hto aeHCTBHTejib-
ho OTjinnaeT noHATHe npoÖJieMamuKu ot cyö'beKTHBHcrcKHx hohhthh HßeajiH-
CTHHeCKOH HHTepnpeTailHH paßBHTHH HßCOJIOTHH — 3TO TO, HTO OHO BblHBJIHCT
BHyrpH TOH HJIH HHOH MbICJIH 3HympeHHK)10 O&beKTTlU6HyiO CUCmCMy OmCbUlOK
ee coöcmeeHHbix tcm: cncreMy eonpocoe, onpe/iejiHiomnx coöoh omeembi, ko-
Topbie flaer 3Ta mjeojiorHH. IIosTOMy jjjisi Toro, htoöm nonaTb CMbieji otbotob
HßeojiorHH, cjie/jyeT npeame Bcero nocraBHTb nepeß nen eonpoc o ee eonpo-
cax. Ho 3Ta npoÖJieMaTHKa e ceöe comoü ecmb omeem, — ne Ha ee coöctbch-
Hbie Bonpocbi (npoÖJieMbi), ho na oö'beKmueHbie npoösieMbi, nocmaeneHHbie
nepea HAeojiorneH ee epeMeneM. Hmchho b cpasHeHHH npo6jieMt nocraBJieH-
Hbix HfleojioroM (ero npoßjieMaTHKH), c pea/ibHbiMu npoöaeMOMU, nocraBjieH-
HbiMH nepefl HßeojioroM ero BpeMeneM, bosmojkho BbiHBHTb coöctbchho H^e-
ojiorHHecKHH sjieMeHT HßeojioraH, t. e. to, hto xapaKrepnayer imeojiorHK)
kbk TaKOByio, ee ucKOMcaioufee BoaaeHCTBHe. Tbkhm oöpasoM, othjo^b ne eny-
mpeHHsm, afrepa npoöneMamuKU KOHCTHTynpyeT ee cynjHOCTb, ho ee OTHome-
Hne k peanbHbiM npoÖJieMaM; noaTOMy hcbo3mo>kho BbiHBHTb npoÖJieMamuKy
udeojiozuu, ne coohihocsi h He nodHUHjm ee peajibHbiM npoÖJieMaM, Ha koto-
pbie ona b cbocm HCKaxceHHOM BbicKa3biBaHHH jiaer jiojkhbih otbct. Ho 3#ecb h
ne Mory npe^BoexnmaTb pesyjibTa™ TpeTbero nyHKTa Moero hsjiojkchhh (cm.
npHM. 45).
99

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE»
ht. fl.), ho TaKHce h Tanne auajiHTHHecKne nccjie^OBaHHH, koto-
ptie mbi 6bi nanpacHO crajin HCKaTb y <I>enep6axa (cbhsb Meacay
hojihthkoh, rocyaapcTBOM h nacrHOH coßcTBeHHOCTbio; peajib-
HOCTb OÖnjeCTBeHHblX KJiaCCOB H T. £.)• ECJIH Mbl OCTaHaBJIHBa-
eMCH Ha ajieMeumax, to mbi aaxo/jHM b tjoihk anajiHTHKO-Te-
jieojiorHHecKoä kphthkh, o Koropoii mbi roBopnjiH, h ee nceß-
jjopeineHHH: TepMHHOJiorHH h cmbicji, TeimeHijHH h C03HaHne h
t. CjieflyeT caejiarb eqe ojjhh niar h cnpocHTb ceßn, hbjih-
erca jih npHcyrcTBHe anajiHTHHecKHx HCCJießOBaHHH h oöbeK-
moe, o kotopbix <I>eHep6ax HHnero (hjih hohth HHnero) ne ro-
BOpHT, /J0CT3T0HHBIM ßJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl OÖOCHOBaTB 3TO pa3/je-
jienne na 4>eHep6axHaHCKHe h ne-4>eHep6axHaHCKHe (t. e. yace
MapKCHCTCKHe) BJieMeHTbi. Mencfly tcm OTBera mohcho OHCH^arb
OTHIOßb He OT COMUX 3JieMeHmO6. IIoCKOJIBKy OÖ^eKT, O KOTO-
poM roßopHT, ne /jaer npaMoii xapaKrepHCTHKH mbicjih. Pas-
se CTHTajiHCb MapKCHcraMH Bee Te aBTopbi, Koropue roBopn-
jih 06 oßnjecTBeHHbix KJiaccax h ^ance o kjibccoboh 6opb6e ^o
MapKca, npHHeM tojibko no toh npHHHHe, hto ohh paccMarpH-
bbjih oßbeKTBi, na kotopbix b o/jhh npeKpacHbiH #eHb 3a^ep-
ncajiacb mbicjih MapKca? XapaKTepnsyeT h onpe^ejineT pe4>-
jieKCHio othioab ne MarepHH pe^jieKCHH, ho, na 3tom yposne,
ModajibHocmb pe(pJieKcuu31, «neHCTBHTejibHoe OTHOineHHe pe4>-
jieKCHH k ee o6i>eKTaM, t. e. (^yndaMeHmajibHan npoßjieMamu-
KCL) HCXOßH H3 KOTOpOH MBICJIHTCH OÖ^eKTBI 3T0H MBICJIH. H He
yrBepjKßaio, hto MaTepnn pe<|)JieKCHH ne mohcct e onpedejieH-
HblX yCJlOQURX BHA0H3MeHHTb MO/jaJIBHOCTb pe(|)JieKCHH, HO 3T0
flpyran npo6jieMa (mbi k Heil eqe BepneMcn), h b juoöom cjiynae
bto BHflOHSMeneHHe MO^ajiBHOCTH pe<|)jieKCHH, 3Ta pecTpyKTy-
paijHH npoßjieMaTHKH imeojiorHH npoxo/jHT no hhbim nyrHM,
neM npocToe HenocpeßcrBeHHoe OTHOineHHe oö’beKTa k pe(|)jieK-
chh! IIosTOMy ecjiH mbi xothm npaBHJibHO nocraBHTb npoßjieMy
3JieMenmoe b stoh nepcneKTHBe, to npn/jercn npH3Harb, hto
31 Thkob cmbicji «ocHOBHoro Bonpoca», OTJinnaiomero MaTepnajiH3M ot Bcex
(JjopM H^eajiH3Ma.
100

«O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE»
Bee aaBHCHT ot oflHoro Bonpoca, kotopbih npejjniecTByeT hm:
Bonpoca o npupode npoß/ieMamuKU, ucxodn U3 Komopoü ohu
deücmeumesibHo noMbicjieHbi b jjaHHOM TeKcre. B HanieM npn-
Mepe Bonpoc, tbkhm oßpaaoM, npHHHMaeT cjieayiomyK) (jjopMy:
mohcho jih cKaaaTb, hto pe(|)jieKCHH Mapnca b «K kphthkc re-
rejieBCKOH 4)hjioco(J)hh npasa», HanpaBjieHHaa Ha sth HOBbie
o&beKTbi, oßnjecTBeHHbie KJiaccbi, cbh3b Meac/iy rocyflapcTBOM h
nacTHOH coßcTBeHHOcrbio h t. fl., npHBejia k na^eHHio Teopera-
necKHx npe/xnocbuioK 0eiiep6axa h pe^yi^HpoBajia hx npo-
CTbix 4>pa3? Hjih ace oth HOBbie oßbeKTbi mbicjihtch hcxojjh H3
mex we npednocbuiOK? 3tot Bonpoc BOSMOJKen hmohho noTOMy,
hto npoö/ieMamuKa toh hjih hhoh mbicjih ne orpaHHHHBaeTca
oßjiacTbio o6i>eKTOB, KOTopbie paccMarpHBaer ee aBTop, noro-
My hto ona ecTb ne aßcrpaKijHfl mbicjih KaK TOTajibHOCTH, ho
KOHKpeTHaa h onpejiejieHHaa crpyKTypa kbk stoh mbicjih, thk
h ecex eo3MO3fCHbix Mbicjieü omoü Mhicjiu. TaK, aumponojiozuH
0eiiep6axa mojkct CTaTb npoßjieMaTHKOH ne tojibko pcjihthh
(«CynjHOCTB XpHCTHaHCTBa»), HO H nOJIHTHKH («K eßpeiiCKOMy
Bonpocy», «PyKonncB 1843 r.»), h «naace [nojiHTHHecKofi] sko-
homhh («PyKonHCH 1844 r.»), He nepecraBaa, b cbohx oöhjhx
neprax, ocTaBaTbca aHmponojiozunecKoü npoßjieMamuKOÜ, ßa-
Hce KOT^a «ßyKBa» mbicjih 0enep6axa OTBeprayra h npeojjojie-
Ha32. PasyMeeTCH, mojkho otmothtb, hto nepexo/i ot pejiHTHO3-
HOH K nOJIHTHHeCKOH H, HaKOHeiX, K SKOHOMHHeCKOH aHTpOHOJIO-
thh HMeer ßojibinoe nojiHTHnecKoe 3HaneHHe, hto b TepMaHHH
1843 To/ja aHTponojlorHH npe^craßjiHJia coöoh nporpeccHBHyK)
H^eojiOTHHecKyio cjiopMy, h c 3thm h coBepmeHHO corjiaceH. Ho
caMO 3to cyxjjeHHe npejjnojiaraeT, hto mbi Bnojine noHHMaeM
npHpo^y paccMarpHBaeMOH H/jeojiorHH, t. e. hto mbi onpejjejiH-
jih ee deücmeumejibHyjo npoöaeMamuKy.
K BTOMy h 6bi aoöaBHJi, hto ecjiH npeaejibHyio HßeojiorHHe-
CKyio cynjHOCTb H/jeojiorHH KOHCTHTynpyer He ctojibko Heno-
32 Cp. 3aMeHaTejibHbifi naccanc b craTbe Xenimepa: Xennnep, tbm »ce, c.
188. Cp. TaiOKe npnM. 11 na c. 184.
101

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
cpeßCTBeHHoe coßepacaHHe mbicjihmbix oß'beKTOB, ckojibko cno-
co6 nocTanoBKH npoßjieM, to bth npoßjieMaraKa ne ßana ne-
nocpeßCTBeHHO pecjwieKCHH HCTopnKa KaK TaKOBaa, npnaeM
noTOMy, hto oßbiHHO 4)hjioco4) Mbicjium c ee noMoiybK), ho He
Mbicjium ee caiwy, h noTOMy hto «nopaßOK ochobhhhh» 4>h-
jioco^ja He coßnaßaeT c «nopaßKOM ochobhhhh» ero (Jjhjioco-
4>HH. MoTKHO 0TM6THTB, HTO XapaKTepHOH HepTOÄ HßeOJIOTHH (b
CTporOM MapKCHCTCKOM CMBICJie 3TOTO TepMHHa — B TOM CMblC-
jie, b kotopom caM MapKCH3M HßeojiOTHeii He aßjiaeTca) hmch-
ho b 3tom OTHOineHHH asjiaerca tot cJjhkt, hto ee coöcmeeHHOH
npoöaeMamuKa He oco3Haem ceßn caiwy. Korßa MapKC neoß-
HOKpaTHO TOBOpHT HHM, HTO He CJießyeT npHHHMHTB CHMOCO3-
nanne HßeojiorHH 3a ee eynjHOCTb, oh HMeeT b BHßy h to, hto,
ne oco3HaBaa peanbHbie npoßjieMbi, Ha KOTopbie ona OTBena-
eT (hjih H3ÖeraeT OTBera), HßeoaorHa npeacße Bcero h b nep-
Byio onepeßb He ocosnaeT «TeopeTHnecKoe npeßnocbDiKH», t. e.
ßeiicTByiomyio, ho HenpH3HaBaeMyio npoÖJieMaTHKy, KOTopaa
onpeßejiaeT b Heil cmbicji h oöjihk ee npoßsieM, a shhhht, h hx
peineHHÄ. ÜOHTOMy npoßjieMaTHKy oöbihho nejibsa npoHHTaTb
B HßeojiorHH KaK B OTKpblTOH KHHT6, ee HyJKHO H3BJieHb H3 TJiy-
6hh HßeojiorHH, b KOTopbix ona CKpbiBaeTca h ßeiiCTByeT, npn-
neM nanje Bcero nanepeKop caMoii btoh HßeojiorHH, ee yrBepac-
ßennaM h ßeKJiapaijHaM. Ho ecjin mbi ßoinjin ßo otoh tohkh
nyra, to BO3HHKaeT Bonpoc, ne oßasaHbi jih mbi HaKoneij otkb-
3aTbca ot CMenieHHa Mamepua/iucmunecKux deKJiapai^uü He-
KOTopbix «MaTepnajiHCTOB» (4>eäep6axa b nepßyio onepeßb) c
cclmum Mamepuajiu3MOM. Mnoroe tobopht o tom, hto hckoto-
pbie npoßjieMbi cthjih 6bi Torßa acnee, b to BpeMa KaK ßpyrae,
jioacHbie npoßjieMbi npocro hchosjih 6bi. H caM MapKCH3M npn-
oßpeji 6bi ßojiee tohhoc ocosnaHHe cßoefi npo6jieMaTHKH, t. e.
caMoro ce6a, npnaeM b chmhx cbohx hctophhcckhx Tpyßax — a
3TO, KaK 6bl TO HH ÖblJIO, — CTO npaBO H, He nOÖOIOCb 3TOTO CJIO-
bh, ero ßOJir.
102

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
nojjBe/ieM htoth. üohhmhhho H/jeojiorHHecKoro pa3BHTHa
npe/jnojiaraeT, na ypoßne chmoh H/jeojioran, ojjHOBpeMeHHO h
noanaHHe udeojiozuuecKOZO nojut, b kotopom noaBaaeTca h pa3-
BHBaeTCH MbICJIb, H BblHBJieHHO BHyTpeHHeTO eflHHCTBa 3T0H
mwcjih: ee npoßjieMamuKU. CaMO no3HaHHe HfleonorinecKoro
nona npe/jnojiaraeT nosHanne npoßjieMaTHK, KOTopbie 4>opMH-
pyiOTca b neM h BCTynaiOT zipyr c apyroM b npoTHBOfleäcTBHe.
Hmohho cooTHeceHHe coöcTBeHHoä npoßjieMaTHKH paccMaTpn-
BaeMoii HHjjHBHflyajibHOH mbicjih c coöcTBeHHbiMH npoßjieMa-
THKaMH jjpyrax mbicjich, npHHaßJieHcaiijHx k HßeojiorHHecKO-
My nojiio, MOH<eT BbinecTH pemeHHe o tom, b hcm 3aKJiiOHaeTca
cneijH(j)HHecKoe otjihhhc ee aBTopa, t. e. nosteujicji jiu Hoebiü
CMbicji. PasyMeeTca, peajibHaa hctophh npncyrcTByeT bo bccm
3tom cjiojkhom npoijecce. Ho hcbosmohcho Bee CKa3aTb cpasy.
Tenepb mbi bhjjhm, hto otot MeTOß, kotopbih npaMO nopbi-
BaeT c nepBoii npejjnocbuiKOH BKJieKTHnecKOH kphthkh, yace
H36aBjineTCH33 ot HJIJHO3HH emopoü npednocbuiKu: toh, koto-
paa ycTanaBjiHBaeT mojih3jihbbih TpHÖynaji H^eojiorHHecKOH
HCTOPHH, IjeHHOCTH H pe3yJIbTaT KOTOpOH H3B6CTHBI yHCe flO TO-
TO, KaK HaHHHaeTCH HccjiejjOBaHHe. Hctyiuho, H/jeojiorHHecKOH
hctophh ne 3aKJnoneHa hh b ee npnnijHne (ncTOHHHKe), hh b ee
3aBepmeHHH (KOHije). Ona — e comux (paKmax, b otom y3JiOBOM
KOHCTHTynpOBaHHH H/jeOJIOTHHeCKHX CMBICJIOB, T6M H o6l>eKTOB
na cKpbiTOM (jjone ee npoö/ieMamuKu, KOTopaa caMa Haxo^HT-
CH B CTaHOBJieHHH Ha 4>OHe «CBH3HOTO» H «HBHJKyiljerOCH HfleOJIO-
THnecKoro MHpa, no,nHHHeHHoro peajiBHoii hctophh. PasyMeeT-
ca, mbi 3HaeM, hto mojiojjoh MapKC cmaHem MapKCOM, ho mbi
He XOTHM HCHTb ßbICTpee, HeM OH CaM, MBI He XOTHM HCHTb 3a H6-
ro, nopbiBaTb hjih OTKpbiBaTb 3a nero. Mbi He CTaneM jKßaTb
ero b KOHije ßeroBoii jjopojKKH, htoöbi no3,n;paBHTB c oKonna-
HHeM COCTH3aHHH, KOTfla OH flOCTHTHeT I^eJIH. PyCCO TOBOpHJI,
33 nocKOJibKy äjih toto, htoön craTb 3aBepmeHHbiM, otot paapbiB, KaK
h bchkhh npoijecc ocBoöoameHHfl, TpeöyeT, htoöbi mbi npHHHMajia Bcepbea pe-
a/ibHyio ucmopiuo.
103

O MOJIOflOM MAPKCE»
HTO BCe HCKyCCTBO BOCHHTaHHH fleTCH H HO/jpOCTKOB 3aKJIIOHa-
eTCH B TOM, HTOÖbl yMCTb mepSWlb epeMSl. HCKyCCTBO HCTOpH-
HeCKOÄ KpHTHKH TOHCe 3aKJHOHaeTCH B TOM, HTOÖbl CyMCTb IIO-
TepaTb jjocraTOHHo BpeMeHH, b TeneHHe KOToporo MOJiojjbie aß-
Topbi ycneiOT noB3pocjieTb. 3to noTepaHHoe BpeMH — ne hto
HHoe, KaK BpeMH, KOTopoe Mbi #aeM hm äjih hx hch3hh. Haxo/jn
b Heil y3JiOBbie tohkh, cbh3h, MyraijHH, Mbi oßnapyacHBaeM ee
HeOÖXOflHMOCTb. H, ÖblTb MOJKCT, HCT 3fl6Cb ßOJIBHieH paßOCTH,
neM Ta, KOTopyio nocjie CBepaceHHH Bcex Botob Hctokob h LJe-
jieii flocraBjiHeT bosmohchoctb HaßjiioaaTb, KaK b ponc/jaiomeHCH
3KH3HH (J)OpMHpyeTCH HeOÖXOflHMOCTb.
III. HCTOPHHECKAH IIPOBJIEMA
Ho Bee 3to, no-BHjjHMOMy, eqe ne 3aTparHBaeT TpeTbeii npe/j-
nocbDiKH 3KJieKTHHecKoro MeTO/ja, rjiacnmeii, hto BCHKaa H/jeo-
jiorHHecKan hctophh pa3BopanHBaeTCH b npe^ejiax caMofi H^eo-
jiothh. Tenepb mbi nepexojjHM k Hefi.
npHXOßHTCH COHCaneTb, HTO 3a HCKJHOHeHHeM CTaTefi To-
jibHTTH h Jlannna, a TaiOKe saMenaTejibnoro TeKCTa Xennne-
pa35, npejpiaraeMbie HCCJie^OBaHHH 3aTparnBaiOT 3Ty npoßjieMy
tojibko b neKOTopbix naccaMcax.
Meatfly TeM hh o^hh MapKcncr He mohcct b kohchhom cne-
Te H36eacaTb nocraHOBKH toh npoßjieMbi, KOTopyio necKOJibKo
jieT Ha3a,n; Ha3BajiH npoßjieMOH «nyrn Mapnca», t. e. npoßjie-
Mbi OTHOineHHH Meamy coöbimuHMu ero mbicjih h toh peajib-
hoh, e/jHHOH, ho pacnaßaioiijeHca Ha ßBa acneKTa HcropneH,
KOTopaa HBJIHeTCH hx no/uiHHHbiM cyö'beKmoM. HosTOMy neoß-
xojjhmo ycrpaHHTb sto «hbohhoc OTcyrcTBHe h Hanoneij-To 3a-
CTaBHTb nOHBHTBCH HO^JIHHHblX aBTOpOB 3THX MBICJICH, OCTa-
BaBinHxcH aocejie 6e3 cyß'beKTa: KOHKpeTHoro nejiOBena h pe-
aJIBHyiO HCTOpHIO, KOTopbie HX npOH3B6JIH. nocKOJibKy 6e3 3THX
35 Cm. ijHTHpoBaHHbie craTtn.
104

«O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
nOßJIHHHBIX Cy61>eKTOB HeBO3MOJKHO OÖbHCHHTb HH HOHBJieHHe
MBICJIH, HH ee MyTaiJHH.
H ne CTaHy craBHTb npoßjieMy chmoh jihhhocth MapKca, npo-
ßjieMy hctokob h CTpyKTypbi 3Toro HeoßbniaHHoro TeopeTHne-
CKoro meMnepaMeHma, OTMeneHHoro HeyeMHOH kphthhcckoh
CTpaCTbio, HenpeKJiOHHbiM TpeßoBaHHeM peaubHOCTH h hckjiio-
HHTeJIbHblM HyBCTBOM KOHKpeTHOTO. HcCJie^OBaHHe CTpyKTypbi
ncHxojiorHHecKOH jihhhocth MapKca, ee hctokob h ee hctophh,
HecoMHeHHO, npoacHHJio 6bi /via Hac tot cmujib nocmaHoeKU
eonpocoe, (popMupoeaHUJt noHHmuü u uccsiedoeaHusi, KOTOpblH
nopancaeT Hac jjajKe b ero paHHHx paöorax. 3flecb mbi motjih 6bi
oßnapyacHTb ecjin ne pa^HKajibnbiii hctok ero npeanpHHTHH b
tom cMbicjie, b kotopom ero noHHMaeT CapTp («(JjyHjjaMeHTajib-
hbih npoeKT» toto hjih hhoto aBTopa), to, no KpanneH Mepe,
hctokh TpeßoBaHHH oßpaTHTBCH k cbmoh peajibHOCTH, TpeßoBa-
hhh, aaBHiero nepBOHanajibHbiH cmbicji toh jjeHCTBHTejibHOH
HenpepbiBHOCTH paßBHTHH MapKca, Koropyio JIanHH othbcth
nbiTaeTCH noMbicjiHTb, Hcnojib3ya TepMHH «TeHßenijHH». Be3
TaKoro HCCJie^OBaHHH mbi pncicyeM He hohhtb to, hto äghctbh-
TejibHO OT/jejiaeT cyzjbßy MapKca ot cyzjbßbi ßojibinHHCTBa ero
coßpeMeHHHKOB, BbiineflniHx H3 toh ace coijnajibHOH cpe/jbi h
CTaJIKHBaBHIHXCH C TßMH 3K6 HfleOJIOTHHeCKHMH TeMBMH H HCTO-
pHnecKHMH npoßjieMaMH, hto h oh caM: ot cyflbßbi MJiaßore-
rejibHHijeB. MepHHr h Otioct Kopnio ^ajiH naM MaTepnaji äjih
3toh paöoTbi, KOTopaa flojiacna 6bitb 3aßepnieHa jjjih toto, hto-
6bi mbi motjih noHHTB, KaK cbih peÄHCKHx ßypacya cmot craTb
TeopeTHKOM h BOJK/jeM paßoHero jjBHJKeHHH b Eßpone, oß'bejjH-
HeHHOH HCeJieSHOßOpOJKHBIMH MaTHCTpaJIHMH.
Ho TaKoe HCCJie/jOBaHHe npHBejio 6bi Hac He tojibko k ncuxo-
jiozuu MapKca; oho sacraBHjio 6bi Hac oßpaTHTbca k peajibHoii
HCTOPHH H K ee JlOHUMaHUlO COMUM MapKCOM. OCTaHOBJIIOCb
Ha 3tom MOMeHTe, htoöbi o6pHCOBaTb npoßjieMy HanpaßjieHHH
h «ABHTKymero npHHijHna» obojiioijhh MapKca.
IlblTaHCb OTBeTHTB Ha Bonpoc O TOM, KaK CTaJIH BO3MOaCHBI-
mh jjBHHceHHe MapKca k spejiocra h npeo6pa3OBaHHe ero mbic-
105

«O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
JIH, BKJieKTHHeCKaH KpHTHKa HIIjeT H JierKO HaXOflHT OTBGT, KO-
TOpblH ocTaeTCH e npedesiax udeojiozuuecKoü ucmopuu. TaK,
nanpHMep, roßopaT, hto MapKcy y^anocb OTjjejiHTb Memod Te-
rejin ot ero cucmeMbi h hto btot Merofl oh 3areM npHMeHHji k
hctophh. KpoMe Toro, roßopaT, hto oh nocmaeuji Ha hozu re-
rejieBCKyio CHCTeMy (aaaßjieHHe, ne jiHineHHoe ocTpoyMHH, —
Be/jb, KaK H3BecTHO, rerejieBCKaa CHCTeMa ecTb «ccjiepa ccjiep»).
Tobopht, hto MapKC pacnpocmpaHu/i MaTepnajiH3M 0eüep-
6axa Ha oßjiacTb hctophh, kbk ecjin 6bi perHonajibHbiH Mare-
pnajiH3M, HMeion^HH orpaHHneHHyio oÖJiacTb npHMeneHHH, ne
6bm BecbMa nojjospHTejibHbiM MaTepnajiHSMOM; roßopaT, hto
MapKC npuMeHiui Teopnio OTHyjKjjeHHH (rerejieBCKyio hjih (freii-
epöaxoBCKyio) k MHpy oßnjecTBeHHbix OTHOineHHH, kbk ecjin 6bi
bto «npHMeneHHe» He h3M6hhjio ee (JjyH^aMeHTajibHbifi cmbicji.
HaKoneij, tobopht (h b btom yTBepjKjjeHHH co^epacaTcn Bee
ocTajibHbie), hto npeacHHe MaTepnajiHCTbi 6buih «Henocjie^OBa-
TejibHbi», b to BpeMH KaK MaTepHajiH3M MapKca 6bDI HOCJie/JO-
BaTejieH. 3tb Teopnn HenocjiejjOBaTejibHOCTH-nocjießOBaTejib-
HOCTH, KOTOpaH C nopa3HTeJIBHbIM nOCTOHHCTBOM BCnjIblBaeT BO
MHOTHX HCCJießOBBHHHX HßeOJIOrHHeCKOH HCTOpHH MapKCH3MH,
CBMB HBJIH6TCH H6KHM H^eOJIOrHHeCKHM HyZJOM, C^aßpHKOBBH-
hbim 4)HJioco4)aMH anoxH IIpocBemeHHH ^jih yzjoßjieTBopeHHH
coßcTBeHHbix nyacfl. Ot hhx ee yHacjie/jOBaji h, k Hecaacrbio,
cjihihkom yzjanno eio Bocnojib3OBBJicH 0eüep6ax. Eii cjie/jOBa-
jio 6bi nocBHTHTb n;ejibiH tpbktbt, nocKOJibKy b neü saKJnone-
Ha KBHHT3CCeHIJHH HCTOpHHeCKOrO HfleaJIH3Ma: JjeHCTBHTeJIbHO,
KaacflbiH noHHMaeT, hto ecjin H/jen nopoac^aiOTCH h/jchmh, to
BCHKoe HCTopinecKoe (h TeopeTinecKoe) OTKJioneHHe ecTb Bce-
ro Jinnib npocTaa jiornnecKaH oihhökb.
^ajKe ecjin bth (JiopMyjibi h co/jepacaT HeKyio TOJiHKy hcth-
hbi36, TeM He Menee ohh, noHHTbie öyKBajibHO, octbiotch b njie-
36 Hcthhbi nejjarornHecKOH. Hto ace Kacaerc« 3naMeHHToro «nepeaopaHHBa-
hhh» Terejia, to oto tohhoo BbipaoKeHHe cbmoto npoeicra Oefiepöaxa. Umohho
<X>enep6ax bbgji aiy cjmrypy h caejiaji ee CBanjeHHon äjih Hacjie^HUKOB ferejia.
106

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE
ny HJIJHO3HH, 3acTaBJiHiomeH flyMaTb, öyjjTO 3bojhou;hh mojio-
jjoro Mapnca npoHcxoßHjia 3 ccpepe udeü, öy/jTO ee ßBHJKynjeH
chjioh 6bDiH pa3MbiuuieHUR 06 H/jeax, Bbi^BHHyTbix FerejieM,
<X>eiiep6axoM h t. ß. IIo,zmaBaHCb stoh hjijiio3hh, Mbi npH3Ha-
eM, hto HfleH, yHacjie/jOBaHHbie ot Terejia MOJio^biMH neMeij-
khmh HHTejiJieKTyanaMH 1840-x rr., codepwajtu 3 ce6e neKyio
npOTHBOpeHHBinyiO HX COßCTBCHHOH BHflHMOCTH HCTHHy, HCTH-
Hy CKpbiTyio, 3aByajinpoBaHHyio, 3aMacKHpoBaHHyio, HecraH-
«apTHyio, HCTHHy-OTKJiOHeHHe, KOTopyio KpHTHHecKaa Monjb
Mapnca b pesyjibTaTe Heo/jHOKpaTHbix HHTejuieKTyajibHbix
ycHJiHii, npoflOJiacaBinnxcH MHorne rojjbi, b KOHije kohijob bm-
pßajia y hhx h 3acTaBHjia npH3HaTb h npHHHTb. IIo cyrn ae-
jia, Ta nee caMaa jiorHKa npncyrcTByeT h b 3HaMeHHT0H TeMe
«nepeßopaHHBaHHH» rerejieBCKOH (Jjhjioco^hh (hjih anajieK-
THKH), KOTopyio, KaK HaM TOBOPHT, HyJKHO «HOCTaBHTb C TOJIO-
Bbl Ha HOTH», HOCKOJIbKy eCJIH peHb HJjeT TOJIbKO O TOM, HTO-
6bi «nepeBepnyTb», BbiBepnyTb hbjihijo to, hto 6bDio BbiBep-
nyro HaH3HaHKy, to hcho, hto TaKoe fleücTBHe He H3MeHaeT hh
npHpoßbi, hh co^ep»caHHH nepeßopaHHBaeMoro o6i>eKTa! Hejio-
BeK, ctohiijhh Ha rojioße, ocTaeTca TeM ace caMbiM, Korjja cra-
hobhtch na hoth! H TOJibKO Henau TeopeTHnecKaa MeTa^Jopa
MoaceT 3acTaBHTb Hac CHHTaTb, ßy^TO nepe3epHymaH c})hjioco-
4)hh — Heumo cosceM uHoe, neM BbiBepHyraa naH3HaHKy h cto-
H BecbMa npHMenaTejibHbiM HBJiaeTca to, hto Mapxc b «HeMeiJKOH Hjjeojio-
tmh» ynpeKaer <X>enep6axa b tom, hto oh ocmaeancn naeHHUKOM rerejieBCKOH
(jjHJiococjjHH hmohho Torjja, Korßa nbiTajiCH ee «nepesepHyrb». Oh ynpeKaer
ero b tom, hto oh npHHHJi npeflnocbDiKH BonpocoB Terejia h aan apynie otbc-
Tbi, ho Ha me we caMbie eonpocbi. B npoTHBonojioacHOCTb noBceaHeBHoii hch3-
HH, rae HenpHJIHHHbIMH ÖblBaiOT OTBeTbl, B (j)HJIOCO(j)HH HenpU/lllHHbl mOJlbKO
eonpocbi. Ho Kor/ja h3mchhiotch Bonpocbi, Mbi ynce He mojkcm roßopHTb o nepe-
eopauueaHuu b co6ctb6hhom cmbicjic cjiobh. Hccomhchho, Kor/ja mm cpaBHH-
BaeM HOBbiii omHOCumesibHbiü nopsidoK BonpocoB c OTBeraMH Ha crapMH no-
paflOK, mm Bee eiije mohccm roßopHTb o nepeBopanHBaHHH. Ho bto Bcero jinnib
aHanorHH, nocKOJibKy Bonpocbi cmajiu dpyzuMu, h oÖJiacTH HCCJiejjOBaHHH, ko-
Topbie ohh KOHCTHTynpyiOT, HecpaeHUMbi c npejKHHMH; cpaBHUBarb hx, khk h
yxce roßopHJi, mohcho tojihko b nedazozuuecKux ußjiax.
107

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE»
anjaa na rojioße 4)hjioco(|)hh: na nejie ee crpyKTypa, ee npoöjie-
Mbi, cmbicji ee npo6jieM nponojiacaiOT onpejjejiHTbCH moü we
comoü npoöJieMamuKOÜ21. H nanje Bcero KaaceTca, hto hmch-
ho 3Ta jiorHKa neficTByeT b TeKcrax mojiohoto MapKca, hmchho
3Ty jiornicy nbiTaiOTca b hhx naÄTH.
TeM He Menee h nyMaio, hto btot b3fjihh, kbkhmh 6bi hh 6bi-
jih ero ocHOBaHHH, ne OTBenaer peajibHOCTH. PaayMeeTCH, bch-
khh HHTaTejib paöoT Mojio/joro MapKca 6y.neT nopaaceH toh th-
raHTCKOH paöoToü TeopeTimecKOH kphthkh, kotopoh Mapnc
noHBepraer oöcyjKnaeMbie hm mien. JIhihb ohchb pe^Ko mohcho
BCTpeTHTb aBTOpOB, KOTOpbie npOHBJIHIOT CTOJIbKO flOCTOHHCTB
(npoHHijaTejibHOCTb, HenpemiOHHOCTb, crporocrb) npn oöpanje-
HHH C HßeHMH. /JjIH MapKCa OHH HBJIHIOTCH KOHKpeTHbIMH OÖb-
enraMH, KOTopbie oh craBHT non Bonpoc tohho tbk ace, KaK 4>h-
3HK — OÖbeKTBI CBoero OHblTa, HJIH Toro HTOÖbl H3BJI6HB H3 hhx
Henyio HCTHHy, hx coöcrBeHiiyio Hcrany. BsrjiHHHTe Ha to, kbk
oh oöxohhtch c Hneeii ijensypbi b craTbe o npyccKoii ijensype,
hjih c pa3JiHHHeM, na nepBbiii b3tjihh HeqnijecTBeHHbiM, Meacny
TKHBbIM H MepTBbIM JI6C0M B CTHTbe O KpEÜKe JieCB, HJIH C HH6HMH
cboöohbi nenara, nacTHoii coGctbchhocth, OTHyacaeHHa h t. h.
HnraTejib He cnoco6en conpoTHBJiHTbca bthm CBHneTejibCTBaM
CTporOCTH pe(|)JieKCHH H CHJIbl JIOrHKH TeKCTOB MOJIOHOrO MapK-
ca. 3th cBHßeTejibCTBa ecTecrßeHHbiM o6pa3OM sacraßjiHioT ero
noßepHTb, hto jiozuKa ezo usoGpemenusi coenadaem c jiozukoü
ezo pecfyieKcuu, hto Mapnc neäcTBHTejibHO hsbjick H3 nneojio-
rHHecKoro MHpa, KOTopbiH 6bDi MaTepHajiOM ero Tpyzja, HeKyiO
codepmaeiuyiocH, e hcm ucmuuy. H sto yöeaqjeHHe nojiynaeT
HonojiHHTejibHoe nonKpenjieHHe co croponbi yGeacaeHHOCTH ca-
Moro MapKca, 3aMeTH0Ä b ero ycnjinax h bo BcnjiecKax ero bh-
Ty3na3Ma, Kopone TOBopa, co cropoHbi ero cosHaHun.
Htbk, h totob cnejiaTb eine ohhh inar h CKaaaTb, hto cjienyer
He tojibko H36eraTb cnoHTannbix hjijiioshh HaeajiHCTHHecKOH
KOHi;enu;HH HHeOJIOTHHeCKOH HCTOPHH; KpOMe TOTO, He CJienyeT
37 Cm. npHM. 36.
108

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE»
no/maBaTbCH h tomjt BnenaTjieHHio, KOTopoe Bbi3biBaiOT TeKCTbi
Mojiofloro Mapnca, t. e. pasdennmb ujuiiö3uu ezo coöcmeeHHozo
COMOCO3HaHUn. Ho flJIH TOTO HTOÖbl IIOHHTb 3TO yTBepJKßeHHe,
cjieayer nepeÜTH k paccMOTpeHHio peajibHOH hctophh, t. e. no-
craBHTb Bonpoc o caMOM «nyrn Mapnca».
3^ecb h BO3Bpamaiocb k caMOMy Hauajiy. J{a, paayMeerca,
Bee mm poac/jaeMca b onpe/iejieHHbiH aeHb, b onpeaejieHHOM Me-
ere h naHHHaeM mbicjihtb h nncaTb b hokom öclhhom MHpe. JJjih
MBICJIHT6JIH 3TOT MHp B erO HenOCpeflCTBeHHOCTH ecTb MHp MCH-
bbix Mbicjiefi CBoero BpeMeHH, H/jeojiorHHecKHH MHp, b kotopom
OH poaqjaeTCH flJIH MBICJIH. JJjIM MapKCB OTOT MHp 6bLJI MHpOM
HeMeixKoä HjjeojiorHH 1830—1840 to/job, b kotopom rocnojj-
CTByiomHMH öbijih npoßjieMbi HeMeijKoro H£eajiH3Ma, a TaioKe
TO, HTO npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb npOflyKTBMH «pa3JIOJKeHHH CHCTe-
mbi Ferejia». PaayMeeTca, btot mhp 6bdi BecbMa cneiiHcJiHHeH
H KOHKpeTCH, HO 3TB o6lIjaH HCTHHB 6^6 OTHIOßb He ßOCTaTOH-
Ha. IIoCKOJIbKy MHp H6M6IJK0H HßeOJIOrHH — BTO MHp aÖCOJIIOT-
ho ßecnpeijeaeHTHoro rocnoflcrsa H^eojiorHH, mhp, coBepnien-
ho pasjjaBJieHHbiH no/j ee Taacecrbio (b crporoM cmbicjic cjiobb),
t. e. mhp, HaHÖojiee yaaneHHbiH ot jieHCTBHTejibHbix peanbHO-
CTeH HCTOPHH, MHp, KOTOpblH HBJIHJICH HBHÖOJiee MHCTH(J)HIJH-
poBBHHbiM, nanöojiee OTHyjK^eHHbiM cpe/jH Bcex eBponencKHx
HßeojiorHH. Hmghho b stom MHpe MapKC hohbhjich na cbot h
Hanan mbicjihtb. CjiyHaÜHOcmb Hauajia MapKca — kbk pa3
3mom HydoeuufHbiü udeojiozuuecKuü njiacm, b kotopom oh po-
ähjich, btot rnraHTCKHH njiacT, ot daojieHusi KOToporo eMy yija-
JIOCB OCBOÖOflHTBCH. H KaK pB3 HOTOMy, HTO 6My JjeHCTBHTeJIbHO
yaanocb ot Hero ocboöoahtbch, mbi cjihihkom hbcto ckjiohhbi
BepHTb, hto CBoßo^a, KOTopyio oh 3aBoesaji ijeHoii orpoMHbix
ycHJiHÄ h cpaaceHHH, yace Bcer.ua npncyrcTBOBajia b stom MHpe,
TBK HTO BCH npoßjieMB 3BKJHOHaJIBCb eflHHCTB6HH0 B TOM, HTOÖbl
OTpetjjJieKTHpOBaTB, OCO3HBTB ee. Mbl CJIHIHKOM HBCTO CKJIOHHBI
npHHHMHTb 3a HHCTyK) MOHeTy CBMO CO3HBHH6 MOJIOßOrO MapK-
ca, ne saMenaa, hto BHanajie oho HaxoßHjiocb b (JiaHTacTHHe-
ckom paßcTBe y sthx hjijik)3hh. Mbi cjihihkom hbcto ckjiohhbi
109

«O MOJIOflOM MAPKCE
npoeijupoBaTb Ha 3Ty anoxy ßojiee noa/unee co3HaHne Mapnca h
imcaTb 3Ty HCTopnio b futur anterieur, o kotopom mbi roBopn-
jih, b to BpeMH KaK cjieflyeT ne npoeijupoBaTb ojjho caMocoana-
Hne Ha apyroe, ho npHMeHHTb k co^epncaHHio paßcKoro coana-
hhh HayHHbie npHHijHnbi noanaHHH hctophh (a ne co^epxcaHHe
apyroro coanaHHH), nos^nee oßpeTeHHbie coanaHHeM cboöo^-
HblM.
B cbohx ßojiee ho3^hhx rpyijax Mapnc noKaaaji, noneMy otot
THraHTCKHH H^eOJIOTHHeCKHH HJiaCT B03HHK HMCHHO B TepMa-
hhh, a He bo C>paHijHH hjih Ahtjihh; cynjecTBOBajiH ßBe npHHH-
hbi: HCTopHHecKoe OTCTaBanne TepMaHHH (oTcraßaHHe skoho-
MHnecKoe h nojiHTHHecKoe) h cooTBeTCTByionjee 3TOMy OTcra-
BaHHio cocTOHHHe oßiijecTBeHHbix KJiaccoB. TepMaHHH nanajia
XIX CTOJieTHH, noHBHBinaHCH b peayjibTare orpoMHbix npeoß-
pasoßaHHH, KOTopbie npHHecjiH c coöoh C>paHiiy3CKaH peBOJiio-
IJHH H HanOJieOHOBCKHe BOHHbI BO Bcex OÖJiaCTHX HCH3HH, H6-
ceT na ce6e OTnenaTOK CBoeii hctophhcckoh HecnocoßnocTH
ocyu/ecmeumb ceoio 6ypwya3HyK) peeo/iioi^uio u docmuub hcl-
ifuOHOJibHOZO eduHcmea cmpaHbi. 3ra «(JjaTajibHaa Hecnocoß-
hoctb» ßyzjeT onpe^ejiHTb coßoii hctophio TepMaHHH Ha npo-
THHceHHH Bcero XIX crojieTHH, a ee ßojiee OT/jajieHHbie nocjieß-
ctbhh 6ynyr 3aMeTHbi h 3a ero npe^ejiaMH. Pe3yjibTaTOM stoh
CHTyaiJHH, HCTOKH KOTOpOH MOHCHO npOCJieflHTb BHJIOTb JJO 3HO-
XH KpeCTbHHCKOH BOHHbI, 6bIJIO TO, HTO TepMaHHH CTBJia OßHO-
BpeMeHHO oö^eKTOM h HaßjHOßaTejieM peajibHoö hctophh, pa3-
BopaHHBaBineHCH 3a ee rpamujaMH. Hmchho sto neMeijKoe 6ec-
CHJine BbiHyjKßajio HeMei^KHx HHTejuieKTyajiOB «pa3MbiiujiRmb
o moM, umo dpyzue dejicuiu», npineM pa3MbinniHTb 06 stom b
ycjiOBHHx CBoero ßeccnjiHH, t. e. a (fropMax Ha^enc^bi, Hocrajib-
thh h H£eajiH3aii;HH, xapaKTepnbix ^jih ycrpeMJieHHH hx coijh-
ajibHOH cpejjbi, .hjih ycrpeMJieHHH mcjikoh öypacyasHH: (JjynK-
ijHOHepoB, npo(|)eccopoB, nHcaTejieÄ h t. jj., — npineM hcxo-
flH H3 HenOCpeflCTBCHHblX OÖ'beKTOB HX COÖCTBeHHOTO paÖCTBa,
b nepByio onepe^b H3 pe/iuzuu. PesyjibTaTOM ototo aHcaMÖJin
ycjiOBHH h HCTopHnecKHx TpeßoBaHHH KaK pa3 h 6bDio oto nopa-
110

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
3HTejibHO MonjHoe pa3BHrae «HeMei^KOÜ udeajiucmuHecKOÜ
(friuiococfauu», c noMoiybK) Komopoü HeM,ei}Kue uHmejuieKmya-
jibi ocMbicjumu ceoe nosioatceHue, ceou npoÖJieMbi, ceou Hade&c-
dbi u darne ceoio «dexmeabHoemb».
3hhbjihh, hto 4)paHuy3bi chhehbi b hojihthko, aHTJiHHane —
b aKOHOMHKe, a HeMijbi — b meopuu, MapKC roBopmi bto ot-
hio/jb ne pa^H KpacHoro cjiOBija. OßpaTHOÄ CTopoHoü Hedocma-
mouHozo ucmopuuecKOZo paaeumusi TepMaHHH 6buio «upeaMep-
hoc paaeumue» e oöjiacmu udeojiozuu u meopuu, coBepineHHO
necpaBHHMoe c tcm, hto motjih npe/jJioHCHTb b to BpeMH apyrne
eßponeiicKHe hbijhh. Ho caMbiM rjiaBHbiM hejihctch to, hto bto
TeopeTHnecKoe pasBHTne 6bmo udeo/iozuuecKu omuyMcdeHHbiM
pa3BHTH6M, JIHIIieHHblM KOHKpeTHOH CBH3H C OTpaHCaeMBIMH B
neM peajibHbiMH npoßjieMaMH n oö^eKTaMH. ÜMeHHO b btom, c
TOH TOHKH 3peHHH, KOTopaa npeflCTaBJIHeT flJIH Hac HHTepeC, 3a-
KjnonaeTCH jjpaMa TerejiH. Ero (Jjhjioco(J)hh — bto no/uiHHHaH
3Hi|HKJione,nHH XVIII BeKa, cyMMa Bcex npnoßpeTeHHbix k TOMy
BpeMeHH 3H3HHH h caMOH hctophh. Ho Bee oß’beKTbi ero pecjj-
jieKCHH «nepeBapenbi» ero pecjNieKcneii, t. e. toh cneijHcJjHHe-
ckoh (jjopMOH HjjeojiOTHHecKOH pe(J)JieKCHH, b njieny KOTOPOH
HaxoßHJiacb bch HeMeijKan HHTejiJiHreHijHH. Tenepb mbi mo-
HceM noHHTb, e hcm mozjio u dojiwHO 6buio aaKJUouambcn (})yH-
doMeHmajibHoe ycjioeue oceoöomdeHusi mojio/joto HeMeijKoro
HHTejuieKTyajia, KOTopbiii nanan MbicjiHTb b 1830—1840 rr. b
FepMaHHH. 3thm ycjiOBHeM 6bmo HOBoe OTKpbrrne peajibHoä
hctophh, peajibHbix oö’beKTOB, 3a npe^enaMH toto rHraHTCKO-
ro HfleojlorHHecKoro njiacra, KOTopbrii CKpbDi hx nojj coöoh h
He tojibko 3aTeMHHji, ho h HCKa3HJi. OTCio^a BbiTeKaeT napa-
ßOKcajibHoe cjie/jCTBHe: hto6m ocBoßo^HTbCH ot btoh Hßeojio-
thh, MapKcy neoöxoflHMO öbDio oco3HaTb, hto upe3MepHoe udeo-
jiozuuecKoe paaeumue TepMaHHH 6bmo b to ace BpeMH Bbipa-
HceHHeM ee HedocmamoHHozo ucmopuuecKozo paaeumun h hto
nosTOMy cneßOBajio BepnyrbCH nasaa h 3aHHTb hoshijhio no cio
CTopony BToro HfleojlorHHecKoro öercTBa b öyziymee, jvih to-
ro hto6m no/jOHTH k caMHM BenjaM, npHKocnyrbcn k peajibHoä
111

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
HCTOpHH H HaKOHeiJ-TO 0K333TbCH JIHIJOM K JIHIjy C T6MH CyilJHO-
CTHMH, KOTopbie H6HCHBIMH OHepTBHHHMH npOCTynaJIH B TyMaH-
HOCTHX HeMeijKoro CO3HaHHH38. Be3 3T0r0 6O36paiLfeHim HO3ad
hctophh HHTejuieKTyajibHoro ocBOÖOHC/jeHHH Mojiofloro MapKca
6bma 6bi HenoHHTHOÄ; 6e3 3Toro eosepau^eHUR Haaad öbijio öbi
HenoHHTHbiM h OTHOineHHe Mapnca k HeMeqKOH H^eojiorHH,
b ocoöeHHOCTH k Ferejiio; öe3 stoto BO3BpanjeHHH k peajibHOH
hctophh (KOTopoe b onpe,nejieHHOH Mepe Toace hbjihctch bo3-
BpanjeHHeM nasa/O OTHOineHHe mojio^oto Mapnca k paöoneMy
JJBHJKeHHIO OCTaJIOCb Öbi HenOCTHJKHMbIM.
fl HaMepeHHO npHBJienaK) BHHManne k BTOMy «BO3BpanjeHHio
Ha3a^». JJejio b tom, hto ohohb MHorne, Hcnojib3yn (J)opMyjibi
«chhthh», 3aHMCTBOBaHHbie y Ferejin, 0enepöaxa h t. jj., na-
cto npe^JiaraiOT CBoeoöpa3Hyio cjmiypy Henpepbienozo pa3BH-
THH, BO BCHKOM CJiynae pa3BHTHH, HBH HpepblBHOCTH CJießOBaJIO
öbi mbicjihtb (b cooTBeTCTBHH c Mo/jejibio rerejieBCKOH flHajien-
thkh, «Aufhebung») b npe/jejiax o^Horo h toto ace ajieMeHTa
nenpepbiBHOCTH, onopon KOToporo hbjihctch caMa djiumejib-
Hocmb hctophh (Mapnca h ero anoxn); b to BpeMH Kan kphthkb
3Toro HßeojiorHnecKoro BJieMeHTa npe/jnojiaraeT BO3BpanjeHHe
k noßjiHHHbiM oö^eKTaM, (jiornnecKH h hctophh6ckh) npe^nie-
CTByronjHM toh H^eojiorHH, Koropan hx orpancaeT h cnpbiBaeT.
IIo3BOJibTe MHe npoHJiJiiocTpHpoBaTb 3Ty 4>opMyjiy eoaepa-
lyeHUfi, HCt3ad AByMH npHMepaMH. IlepBbiH nacaercH cbmhx aB-
TopoB, cyöcTaHijHio KOTopbix «nepeßapHJi» Terejib, b tom hhc-
Jie 8HFJIHHCKHX 3K0H0MHCT0B H 4>paHI]y3CKHX $HJIOCO4)OB H IIO-
jiHTHnecKHx ßeHTejieH, a Taione hctophh6ckhx coöbithh, cmbicji
38 3to HcejiaHHe pa3BeHTb Bee hjdik>3hh h iiojjohth «k caMHM BemaM», «pa-
3o6jiaHHTt cymecTByiomee» (zur Sache selbst... Dasein zu enthüllen) npoHH-
3bisaeT bck) 4)hjioco4)hio 0enep6axa. Ee TepMHHbi cyrb BMOijHOHajibHoe bbi-
paxceHHe 3Toro »cejiaHHH. Ero apaMa saianoHaeTca b tom, hto oh caejian 4>hjio-
cocJjhio H3 CBoero naMepeHHH h ocrajica njieHHHKOM toh chmoh H^eojiorHH, ot
KOTOpOH OH OTHaHHHO nblTaJICH OCBOÖOflHTbCJI, HOCKOJIbKy MbICJIHJI CB06 OCBO-
ÖOJKßeHHe OT CneKyJIHTHBHOH 4>HJIOCO(j)HH C nOMOIIJblO nOHHTHH H CaMOH npo-
ÖJieMHTHKH 3TOH $HJIOCO(})HH. HjOKHO ÖbDIO «CMCHHTb CTHXHIO».
112

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE
KOTopbix oh npoHHTepnpeTHpoBan, b nepßyio onepe^b 0paH-
uy3CKon peBOJiioijHH. Kor/ja b 1843 r. Mapnc npHHHMaeTCH 3a
HTeHHe aHTJIHHCKHX 3K0H0MHCT0B, KOT/ja OH 3aHHMaeTCH H3y-
neHHeM MaKHaßejuiH, MoHTecKbe, Pycco, fln^po h t. kot-
jja oh H3ynaeT KOHKpeTHyio ncropHio <I>paHijy3CKOH peBOJiio-
ijhh39, to oh jjejiaeT oto He tojibko jjjih toto, htoöbi BepHyTbca
k ucmoHHUKOM, KOTopbie Humcui Terejib, h no^TBepflHTb bbi-
bo/jbi Terejifl hx HCTOHHHKaMH: nanpoTHB, oh jjejiaeT oto ajih
TOTO, HTOÖbl OTnKpbimb peaJIBHOCTb OÖ^eKTOB, KOTOpbIMH OBJia-
aeji Terejib, htoöbi npn^aTb hm cmbicji CBoeii coßcTBeHHOH ime-
ojiothh. B BecbMa 3HaHHTejibHOH CTeneHH BO3BpanjeHHe MapK-
ca k TeopeTHnecKHM (<JjpaHijy3CKHM h aHTJiHÖCKHM) npo/jyK-
TaM XVIII BeKa — oto nojviHHHoe eosepaiqeHue k noaui^uu no
ck) cmopoHy om Fezest#,, k comllm oßteKmaM b hx pea/ibHOCTH.
«CHATHe» Terejia — oto cobcgm He «Aufhebung» b rerejieBCKOM
CMbicjie cjiOBa, t. e. BbipaaceHHe ucmuHbi toto, hto co/jepjKHTCH
bo B3rjiHflax Terejia; oto othio^b He CHHTHe h npeßocxojKjjeHHe
3a6jiy^C^eHHH B «ZJBHJKeHHH K HCTHHe, HanpOTHB, 3TO CHHTHe H
npeBOCxoHCßeHne hjijhoshh b abhhcchhh k peajibHOCTH, TOHHee
roBopa, bto «naace He «chhthc h npeBoexoameHHe» hjijhoshh b
/JBHJK6HHH K peajibHOCTH, HO pa3pyineHHe HJIJHO3HH H BO3Bpa-
njeHHe nasaji, ot paspyineHHoii hjijhoshh k peajibHOCTH; hobto-
My TepMHH «CHHTHe» jiHinaeTCH bchkoto CMbicjia40. MapKC hh-
39 3aMeHaTe;ibHbie crpaHHiibi, onHCbiBaromne oth cjDaKTbl, mohcho hhhth y
Jlannna (c. 60—61). TeM ne Menee, 3th HHTejuieKTyajibHbie «onbiTbi» MapK-
ca ne cnocoÖHbi HanojiHHTb coAepxcaHHeM noHHTne «TeH^eHijHH» (KOTopoe,
HBJIHACb HO OTHOmeHHIO K HHM CJIHHIKOM IHHpOKHM H aäcrpaKTHblM, OTpSDKa-
er aasepmeHHe Bee eqe npoAOJi»caionierocH npoijecca), c noMoiijbio KOToporo
JIanHH nbiraercH hx noMbicjiHTb. H cosepnieHHO corjiacen c XennnepoM (tom
»ee, c. 186—187): «Mapnc hbxoaht pemenne, ne npe^aBaacb MaHHnyjiaiiHHM c
rerejieBCKOH ÄHajieKTHKOH, ho rjiasnbiM oöpasoM na ochobc BecbMa KOHKper-
Hbix HCCJieAOBaHHH B OÖJiaCTH HCTOPHH, COIJHOJIOrnn H nOJIHTHHeCKOH 3KOHO-
mhh... MapKCHCTCKaa AHajieKTHKa rjiaBHbiM o6pa3OM Bbipocjia Ha toh hoboh
noHBe, KOTopyio Mapnc cjjejiaji njioßopoßHOH h OTKpbDi /uni TeopHH... Terejib
h Mapnc ne nepnann H3 oahhx h Tex xce hctohhhkob».
40 JIH TOTO HTOÖbl TepMHH «CHHTHe» B TCTeJICBCKOM 3HaHCHHH OTOTO CJIOBO
113

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE
Kor/ja He 0TK33biB3JiCH ot stoto HMeBinero flJiH nero peinaiomee
3HaneHHe onbiTa HenocpedcmeeHHOzo omKpbimun peajibHOcra
b Tpy/jax Tex, kto nepeacHBaji ee HenocpeßCTBeHHO h mmcjihji
C HaHMeHblHHM HCKaHCeHHCM: aHTJIHHCKHX 3K0H0MHCT0B (OHH
ÖbDIH CHJIbHbI B [nOJIHTHHeCKOÄ] 3K0H0MHH, Beflb B HX CTpaHe
6buia sKOHOMHKa!), a TaioKe cjipaHijyscKHx (JjhjiococJiob h hojih-
THHeCKHX fleHTeJieil (ohh 6bDIH CHJIbHbI B HOJIHTHKe, Bejjb B HX
CTpane öbuia nojiHTHKa!) XVIII ctojicthh. KpoMe toto, oh jje-
MOHCTpnpyeT yzjHBHTejibnyio nyBCTBHTejibHOCTb, 3aMeTHyio, k
npHMepy, b ero KpHTHKe 4)paHny3CKoro yrHjiHTapH3Ma, koto-
pbiÄ b ero rjia3ax He oßjiaaaeT npHBHJierneH HenocpeacTBen-
hoto onbiTa41, nyBCTBHTejibHOCTb k mjeojionriecKOMy «ocrpa-
6bDi ocMbicjieHHbiM, HeßocraTOHHO npocro nocraBHTb Ha ero Mecro noHarae
ompuipaHUJi, Komopoe coxpamiem e ceöe ompui^aeMbiü mepMUH, htoöbi bh-
ABHTb paspbiB b coxpaneHHH, nocKOJibKy 3tot paspbiB b coxpaneHHH npe/jno-
jiaraer nenyio cyiqecmeeHHyio KOHmuHycuibHocmb npoijecca, noropaa nepeßo-
ÄHTca b rerejieBCKOH jjHajienTHne c noMonjbio nepexo/ja ot B-ce6e k jjjia-ceöa,
a 3aTeM — k B-ceöe-H-^jia-ceöa h t. jj. Ho hmchho btb cymecrseHHaa kohth-
HyanbHOCTb npoijecca, codepMaiqezo e 3apodbiuie, b cbocm BHyrpeHHeM CBoe
coöcTBeHHoe öyzjyiijee, ctoht 3jjecb no/j BonpocoM. TereaeBCKoe CHaTHe npejj-
nojiaraeT, hto 6ojiee noa^Haa $opMa npoijecca ecrb «hcthhb» öojiee pannen
(JjopMbi. Ho no3HijHa Mapnca, nan h Bca ero npHTnna hacohothh, npe/jnojia-
raioT, hto no caMOMy ceoeMy CMbic/iy Hayna (noropaa nocrnraeT peanbnocrb)
npeacraBJiaeT coöoh paapbiQ c imeojlorneH h hto ona yrBepaqjaerca Ha dpy-
zoü nouee, hto ona KOHCTHTynpyeT ce6a ucxodn U3 Hoebix eonpocoe, hto ona
craBHT peajibHOCTH dpyzue eonpocbi, neacejiH HfleoaorHa, hjih, hto no cyrn to
ace caMoe, hto ona onpedejmem ceoü oöteKm nnane, hcm njjeojiorna. IIoaTO-
My Hayna hh b noeM cjiynae ne Moacer paccMarpHBaTbca b KanecTBe hcthhm
(b rerejieBCKOM CMbicjie cjiobb) mjeojiorHH. Ecjih mm xothm hbhth MapK-
ca npejjniecTBeHHHKOB, MbicjiHBinnx 06 sthx npoöJieMax cxo^HbiM oöpaaoM,
to cjiejjOBajio 6bi oöpaTHTbca ne k Terejno, ho k Cnnnoae. Meaqjy nepBbiM h
BTOpbiM po/jaMH no3naHHa CnHH03a ycraHOBHJi OTHOinenne, KOTopoe b CBoen
nenocpejjCTBeHHocTH (ecjin OTBJienbca ot TOTajibHocrn b Bore) npe/jnojiara-
jio hmchho peujHKajibHyio ducKOHmuHyajibHOcmb. H xoth BTopoii pojj jjejiaer
bo3mohchoh nocmuMCUMOcmb Tiepeozo, oh Bee ace ne aBJiaeTca ero ucmuHOÜ.
41 Cm. «Teopna, KOTopaa enje y anrjinnaH 6buia npocro KOHcraTHpoBaHH-
eM H3BecTHoro (jjaKTa, craHOBHTca y $paHijy3OB $hjioco4)ckoh chctcmoh».
{MapKC K. u dmejibc <P. HeMeijKaa HAeojionia // Mapnc K. h 9nreabc <I>. Coh.,
t. 3, c. 412)
114

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE
HeHHio», nopoHQjaeMOMy bthm OTcyrcTBneM: 4)paHijy3CKne yrn-
JIHTapHCTbl CO3,HaiOT «4>HJIOCo4)CKyK)» TeOpHK) 3K0H0MHHeCK0r0
OTHOinenHH yTHJiH3ai^HH h 3KCiuiyaTaijHH, deücmeumejibHbiü
MexaHU3M KOToporo onncbiBaiOT anrjiHHCKHe skohomhctbi, 06-
HapyjKHBaiomHe ero flencTBHe b cbmoh anrjiHHCKOH peanbHO-
cth. KaK MHe KaaceTCH, npoßjieMa OTHonieHHH Me^c^y TerejieM
h MapKCOM ßyzieT nepaspeniHMon, ecjin He npHHHMaTb Bce-
pbe3 3TOT CÖ6U2 TOHKH 3peHHH H He npHHHMaTb B paCHOT, HTO
bto BO3BpanjeHne nasajj yrBepßHJio MapKca b toh oßjiacrH, na
toh noHBe, KOTopbie yace He ßbuin oßjiacrbio h hohboh Terejia.
H KaK pa3 HCXOflH H3 3T0H «CMCHbl CTHXHH» CJieflyeT CTaBHTb
Bonpoc o CMbicjie MapKCOBbix 3aHMCTBOBaHHH y Terejia, o pojin
rerejieBCKoro Hacjie/jHH b Tpynax Mapnca, b ocgöchhocth, o po-
JIH JJHaJieKTHKH42.
Btopoö npHMep. Kor/ja Mjia^orerejibHHijbi bojih «uncKyccHH,
Hcnojib3ya hohhthh Terejia, npncnocoßjieHHbie hmh k hx co6-
CTBeHHbiM noTpeÖHOCTHM, ohh Bcer/ja CTaBHJin nepe/j (Jjhjioco-
4)Hefi Terejia Bonpocbi, eo3HUKaeiuue neped humu u3-3a om-
cmaeaHiui ucmopuu coepeMeHHoü um FepMCtHuu, KOTopyio ohh
cpaBHHBajin c C>paHij;neH h ÄHTJinen. IIopaoKeHHe, HaneceHHoe
42 Cm. Xennnep, thm ace, c. 186—187. Enje necKOJibKO cjiob o TepMune «BO3-
BpanjeHHe nasaa». Ohcbhaho, hto oh ne momcot noHHMaTbcn b KanecTBe npa-
MOH npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTH «CHHTHfl». PeHb HACT COBCeM HC O TOM, HTOÖbl HB MC-
cro noHHMaHHH HjieojiorHH, HCxoAHiuero H3 ee tya/zu, nocraBHTb noHHManne,
Hcxo/jflujee H3 ee ucmoKa. C ero noMOiijbio a Bcero jinnib crapajica noKaaaTb,
KaKHM o6pa3OM b npe^ejiax imeojiorHHecKoro coanaHHH mojioaoto Mapnca 3a-
hbhjio o ce6e oöpaaijoBoe KpHTunecKoe TpeöoBaHHe oöpanjeHHH k cbmhm hc-
TOHHHKaM ($paHIjy3CKHM nOJIHTHHeCKHM cJjHJIOCOC^aM, aHrJIHHCKHM 3K0H0MH-
craM, paBOJiioixHOHepaM h t. t. e. k chmhm aBTopaM, o KOTopbix roBopHJi
Ferejib. H tcm ne Menee bto «BO3BpameHMe Ha3«w» y Mapnca ycrpaHHJio cboio
COÖCTBeHHyiO BHßHMOCTb peTpOCneKTHBHOTO H3yneHHH HCTOHHHKa, nOHHTOrO
KBK HCTOK: 3TO npOH3OIHJIO TOT/ja, Koma OH BO3BpaTHJICH K CdMOH HeMeiJKOH
HCTOPHH, ÄJIH TOTO HTOÖbl pa3pyiHHTb HJIJIIO3HIO ee «OTCTaBaHHH», T. e. ÄJIH TO“
ro, HTo6bi noMbicjiHTb ee b ee peanbHOCTH, ne copa3Mepaa ee c naKOH-TO BHeni-
Hen MO/jejibio kbk c ee hopmoh. IIodTOMy TBKoe BO3BpanjeHHe nasa# na /jene
ecrb deücmeumejibHoe nocmuweHue, eoccmaHoejieHue peajibHOCTH, KOTopaa
6buia ynpa^ena H^eojionieH h c^ejiana eio nenocrHacHMOH.
115

O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE»
TepMaHHH HanOJieOHOBCKHMH BOHCKBMH, B ßeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
ne ycTpaHHJio ncTopunecKoro paaptiBa Meacßy neii h Be/jymn-
mh rocyaapcTBaMH 3anaßHoü Eßponbi. HeMeijKHe HHTejuieKTy-
aiibi 1830-x rr. CMOTpejiH Ha <I>paHijHio h Ahtjihio KaK na CTpa-
Hbi CBOöo/jbi h paayMa, b ocoöeHHocTH nocjie Hiojibckoh peßo-
jiioijhh h npHHHTHH Ahtjih6h 3aK0Ha o Bbißopax 1832 r. Tbkhm
OÖpa3OM, OHH OHHTb-TaKH MBICJIHJIH, & He nepeJKHBaJIH to, hto
flpyrne ocynjecTBJiHJiH Ha ßejie. Ho nocKOJibKy mbicjihjih ohh
06 3T0M B CTHXHH 4)HJIOCO(})HH, TO (J)paHI^3CKaH KOHCTHTyiJHH
H aHTJIHHCKHH 3HK0H CTaHOBHJIHCb ßJIH HHX IjapCTBOM Pa3yMa,
h hmchho ot Pa3yMa ohh npeacße Bcero o^KH/jajiH ocynjecTBjie-
hhh jiHÖepanbHOH peBOJiioijHH b PepMaHHH43. Korßa nopaace-
HHe 1840 roßa pacKpbDio hm rjia3a Ha öeccHjine hhctoto (ne-
MeijKoro) PasyMa, ohh ctbjih hckbtb onopy 3a ero npeaejiaMH;
H HMCHHO B 3T0 BpeMH B HX HOCTpOCHHHX HOHBJIHeTCH OßHa H6-
BepoHTHO HaHBHan h ßaace TporaTejibHaa TeMa, cbmo npncyr-
CTBHe KOTOPOH HBJIHeTCH CBHßeTCJIBCTBOM HX OTCTaBHHHH H HX
HJIJHO3HH, npineM CBHßeTejibCTBOM, ocTaioißHMCH b npeßejiax
3thx hjijhoshh: Tenepb ohh ßyMaioT, hto ßynynjee npHHaßjie-
JKHT MHCTHHeCKOMy COIO3y <I>paHIJHH H TepMaHHH, COK)3y 4>paH-
i]y3CKoro nojiHTHnecKoro hhcthhkth h HeMeiJKOH TeopHH44. Ta-
KHM OÖpa3OM, HX yM 3aHHMaiOT peajibHOCTH, BOCnpHHTHe KO-
Topbix yace onocpeßOBaHO hx coßcTBeHHoii HßeojiOTHnecKOH
cxeMoii, hx coöcTBeHHOH npoßjieMaTHKOH, KOTopbie yace HCKa-
HteHbi eio45. H Korßa b 1843 r., pa3onapoBaHHbiH Hey^anefi cbo-
43 3to «jiHÖepajibHbiii» momcht MJiajjorerejibHHCKoro j^bhxcghhh. Cm.: Kop-
HK), T8M «e, rji. IV
44 TeMa, noApoÖHo paapaöoTaHHaa Mjia^orerejibHHijaMH. Cm.: 0eaep6ax,
«IIpeABapHTejibHbie Teancbi k pec^opMe 4)hjioco4)hh», naparpa4)bi 46 n 47.
45 3tb npoÖJieMaTHKa npe^nojiaraeT b CBoen ochobg de^opMai^uK) peajib-
Hbix HCTopinecKHx npoÖJieM h npeBpanjeHue hx b npoÖJieMbi $HJioco4)CKHe.
PeajibHOJi npoÖJieMa öypacyaaHOH peBOJiioiiHH, nojiHTHnecKoro jiHÖepajiH3Ma,
CBOÖoßbi nenaTH, ycrpaneHH« ßeH3ypbi, 6opb6bi npoTHB ijepKBH h t. r. npeoö-
pa30Bana b (punocotpCKyio npoö/ieMy: npoÖJieMy rocnoßCTBa PaayMa, noöefly
Koroporo, necMOTpa Ha bhahmoctb peajibHOCTH, «ojDKHa oöecneHHTb Hctophh.
3to npoTHBopenne Meac/jy PaayMOM, kotopbih ecrb BHyrpeHHHH cymHOCTb h
116

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE
efi nonbiTKH flonecra ro neMeijKoro Hapo/ja ypoKH PaayMa n
Cboöoäli, MapKC naKOHeij-TO pemaer noKHHyrb PepMaHnio n
yeamaem eo ^pam^uio, oh Bee eine OTnpaBjiaeTCH na iiohckh
MH(|)a nofloßno TOMy khk hockojibko JieT TOMy Hasaa na non-
CKH HX COÖCTBeHHOrO MH(j)a 0paHIJHn OTnpaBJIHJIOCb ÖOJIblHHH-
IjeJIb MCTOpHH, H peanbHOCTbK) HblHeiUHeH HCTOpHH H eCTb 4)yHA3MeHTanbHaH
npoÖJieMa MjiaAorerejibaHijeB. PaayMeerca, ama nocmaitoeKa npoöJieMbi (aTa
npoÖJieMaTHKa) onpedejmem coöoü npedsiazaeMbie peuieHusi-. ecjin PaayM ecTb
ijejib hctophh h ee cymnocrb, to «ocraTOHHO 3acmaeumb npu3Hamb ezo bo
BceM, BKJuoHaa h Te (JjenoMeHbi, KOTopbie eMy, no-BH^HMOMy, npoTHBopenaT:
TaKHM oöpaaoM, Bee penienne aaKJHOHeno b KpumuuecKOM ececu/iuu (Jjhjio-
coiJjhh, KOTopaa zjojDKHa ctbtb npaKTHKOH, paapyniHB otkjiohchhä Hctophh
bo hmh HCTHHbi. IIocKOJibKy paaoöaaHHTb npoaBjieHHa HepaayMHa peajibHOH
hctophh 3HaaHT Bcero jiHiiib npn/jaTb HBHbiH o6jihk ee coöcTBeHHOMy paayMy,
KOTopbiH aeHCTBHTejieH aaace b HepasyMHH. TaK, rocyaapcrBO ecrb ^chctbh-
TeJIbHOCTb HCTHHbi, BOHJIOUjeHHe HCTHHbi HCTOpHH. JJoCTaTOHHO OÖpamumb
ero b ary HCTHHy. Hmchho noaTOMy raxaa «npaKTHKa» hojihoctmo CBO/jHTca k
(})Hjioco(j)CKOH KpumuKe h k TeopeTHnecKOH nponaraime: «hocthtohho paaoÖJia-
hhtb HepaayMHe, h oho ycrynHT Mecro paayMy, jjocraTOHHo jjaTb paayMy aB-
Hoe BbipaaceHHe, h oh oaepacHT sepx. Tbkhm oöpaaoM, $hjioco4)hh otbojjht-
ca iieHTpajibHaa pojib, ona ecTb noAJiHHHaa roaoBa h cep^ue Pcbojhoijhh (no-
cae 40-ro ro/ja ona öyner yace tojibko tojiobom, cepjme craneT (JjpaHijyacKHM!).
TaKOBbi peiueHim, Komopbix mpeöyem cnocoö nocmanoeKU (fryndoMeHmajib-
hoü npo&ieMbi. Ho necpaBHeHHO 6oaee acnon Bca cmyaitHa cranoBHTca tot-
ßa, Korßa mbi, cpaBHHBaa 3Ty npoßjieMaTHKy c peajibHbiMH npoöaeMaMH, no-
craBJieHHbiMH HcropneH nepea MJlaßorerejibaHijaMH, oÖHapyacHBaeM, hto oho
xorrm u eo3HUKaem kolk omeem Ha peajibHbie npoöneMbi, ho meM He Menee
hc coomeemcmeyem hu oöhoü U3 hux\ hto HHKaKoro BaaHMO^eHcrBHa Meaqjy
paayMOM h HepaayMHeM He npoHcxo^HT, hto HepaayMHe — cobccm ne KaKoe-
to He-paayMHe h ne KaKaa-TO bh^hmoctb, hto rocyßapcTBO othkvjb ne aBJiaer-
ca JieHCTBHTeJIbHOCTblO CBOÖOßbl H T. ß., T. e. HTO OÖbCKTbl, 0 KOTOpblX 3TB HßCO-
jioraa KaK öy^TO 6bi mbicjiht, aaHHMaacb cbohmh npoäaeMaMH, ne npe/iCTaB-
jieHbi ßaace b hx «Henocpe^cTBeHHOH» peajibHocrn. Kor/ja mm aaBepmaeM bto
cpaBHeHHe, cboio anaHHMOCTb yrpanHBaiOT He tojibko pemeHHa, KOTopbie H^eo-
jionia aaer na cboh coöcrBeHHbie npoÖJieMM (ohh cyrb Bcero jihihb OTpaace-
Hne 3thx npoöaeM b hhx caMHx), ho h caMa npoÖJieMaTHKa, — h TOT/ja crano-
BHTca aBHOH udeojiozuHecKdR defpopMaipui b ee hojihom o6i>eMe: MHCTH^HKa-
ixna h npoÖJieM, h o6t>cktob. Tenepb cranoBHTca nonaTHbiM, hto hmcji b BH^y
Mapxc, Korßa roßopiui o hcoöxoahmocth noKUHymb nouey rerejieBCKOH (puno-
cotpuu, nocKOJibKy «MHCTHijjHKaijHa aamiiOHajiacb He tojibko b ee OTBerax, ho
h b cbmhx Bonpocax».
117

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
CTBO CTyneHTOB KOJIOHHaJIbHblX HJIH 3HBHCHMbIX CTpaH46 47. H TOT-
jja npoHCxo/jHT cjiyimaMeHTajibHoe omKpbimue: OTKpbrrne Toro,
HTO <X>paHIJHfl H AhTJIHH HO COOTBOTCTByiOT CBOOMy MH(j)y, OT-
KpblTHe (|)paHny3CKOH h anrjiHHCKOH peajibHOCTH, jijkh hhctoh
nOJIHTHKH, OTKpblTHe 6opb6bl KJIHCCOB, KanHTaJIH3Ma BO nJIOTH
h KpoBH h opraHH3OBaHHoro npojieTapnaTa. Bjiarojjapa ejjHH-
CTBeHHOMy b CBoeM po/je pas/jejieHHio Tpy/ja Mapnc OTKpbiBaeT
peajibHOCTb 0paHijHH, a Snrejibc — peajibHOCTb Ahtjihh. H b
□tom cjiynae mbi Toace ßOJDKHbi roßopHTb o BO3BpanjeHHH na-
3a/j (a He o «chhthh»), t. e. o BO3BpanjeHHH om Mucpa k pea/ib-
Hocmu, o aeHCTBHTejibHOM onbiTe, kotopbih paspbiBaeT noKpoB
HJIJHO3HH, bo BJiacTH KOTopoä Haxo/jHjiHCb Mapnc h Snrejibc, o
(JiaKTe hx coßcTBeHHoro Hauajia.
Ho 3to BO3BpanjeHHe nasa^, ot h^gojiothh k peajibHOCTH,
nannnajio coBnajjaTb c OTKpbrrneM paduKcuibHO hoqoü pea/ib-
hocttiu, cjiedoe Komopoü MapKC u dmejibc He Hoxodmiu hu e
oöhom U3 meKcmoe «HeMeifKOÜ cpwiococpuu». MapKC omKpbui
BO 0paHIJHH Op2aHU3O&aHHblÜ paÖOHUÜ KJiaCC, B TO BpeMH KaK
3nrejibc OTKpbui b Ahtjihh paaeumoü Kanumcuiu3M u 6opb6y
KJiaccoe, KomopaR pa36uea/iacb no cöoum coöcmeeHHbiM 3clko-
hom, oöxodncb 6e3 (})ujioco(})uu u (pujiocotpoe*1.
Hmchho bto jjBOHHoe OTKpblTHe Cbirpajio pemaiomyio pojib
b HHTejiJieKTyajibHOH 3bojiioijhh Mojioßoro MapKca: OTKpblTHe
peajibHOCTH no cio cropony H/jeojiorHH, o KOTopoii 3Ta H/jeo-
jiothh roßopHJia h KOTopyio ona HCKaacajia, h OTKpbrrne hoboh
peajibHOCTH no Ty CTopoHy coBpeMeHHofi H/jeojiornH, KOTopoii
3Ta HfleojiorHH ne 3najia. MapKC ctbji MapKCOM, hombicjihb 3Ty
flBOHHyio peajibHOCTb c noMonjbio CTporofi Teopnn, cmchhb cth-
46 Cp.: MapKC K. Hhcbmo k Pyre (ceHTHÖpb 1843 r.) // MapKC K. h Onrejibc
0. Coh., t. 1, c. 378—381.
47 Cm. craTbio 3nrejibca «Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie»
(1844 r.); sth craTba, KOTopyio MapKC Bnocjie/jcTBun Hassaji «rennajibHon»,
OKaaana Ha Hero rjiyöonaHinee bjihhhh6. Ee snaneHHe hbcto HeflooueHHBaer-
ca. [B pyccKOM nepeBO/je cm.: dnzenbc <P. HaöpocKH k kphthkc nojiHTunecKon
3K0H0MHH // Mapnc K. h Dnrejibc 0. Coh., t. 1, c. 544—571. — IIpiiM. ped.].
118

«O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE
XHK), — H HOMblCJIHB e/JHHCTBO H peajibHOCTb 3T0H HOBOH CTH-
XHH. PaayMeeTCfl, 3TH OTKpblTHH ÖbUIH HeOT^eJIHMbl OT IjeJIOCT-
hoto jinHHoro onbiTa Mapnca, ot HeMeijaoH hctophh, b aoTopoii
oh npHHHMan HenocpeflCTBeHHoe ynacTHe. TIocKOJibKy e Fep-
mclhuu ece we Koe-umo npoucxodujio. Bbiao 6bi nesepHO ay-
MaTb, hto TaM tojibko npncayniHBajiHCb k OTßajieHHOMy oxy co-
6mthh, npoHCxo/iHBinHx 3a rpannijeH. CaMa mbicjib o tom, hto
Bee npoHcxo/jHT 3a npe^ejiaMH PepMaHHH, h HHnero — b hch
CaMOH, ßbDia HJIJIIO3HeH, nopOMCAeHHOH OTHaHHHeM H HeTep-
neHHeM, nocKOJibKy, KaK hhm chmhm xopomo H3BecTHO, jjaace
hctophh, aoropaa He yzjaerca, 3aMe,a;jiaeT cboh xojj hjih hobto-
paerca, — oto Bee ace HCTopna. Becb TeopeTHnecKHÄ h npaaTH-
necKHH onbiT, o kotopom a roBopnji, 6bDi 3aKJnoneH b aacnepH-
MeHTa/ibHOM nocTeneHHOM otkpbithh caMOH HeMeiJKOH peajib-
HOCTH. Pa3onapoBaHHe 1840 r., KOTopoe oßpaTHJio b hhhto bcio
TeopeTHHecayio CHCTeMy Mjia^orerejibaHCKHx Ha^eac^;, Koiyja
C>PHHpHx BnjibrejibM IV otot nceBflo-«aH6epaji», npeßpaTHJica
b aecnoTa, — nopaaceHHe PeBOJiioijHH nocpe^CTBOM PasyMa, k
kotopoh crpeMHjiacb «PeiiHcaaa Pa3eTa», npecjie^OBaHHa, ao-
TopbiM noßßeprca Mapac, h ero HsraaHHe, npeaaTejibCTBO co
CTopoHbi Tex ajieMeHTOB HeMeiJKOH 6ypacya3HH, KOTopbie BHana-
jie ero no/mepacHBajiH, — Bee sto Ha desie noKasajio Mapacy to,
hto CKpbiBana b ce6e 3Ta BceM H3BecTHaa «neMeijKaa HHiijeTa»,
3TO <<(})HJIHCTepCTBO», OÖJIHHaeMOe MOpaJIbHbIM HeTOflOBaHHCM,
KaK h como emo MopcuibHoe He2odoeaHue\ oho noKasajio eMy
KOHKpeTHyio HCTOpHHecicyio CHTyaijHio, ne HMeBinyio HHnero
oßnjero c HedopaeyMCHueM hjih HedocmamouHbiM noHUManu-
cm, 3acTbiBniHe h HcecTOKHe oTHonieHHa Meac/jy KJiaccaMH, pe(j>
jieacbi 3KcnjiyaTaijHH h CTpaxa, KOTopbie oßjia^ajiH b HeMeiJKOH
6ypacya3HH ropa3flo 6oabinefi chjioh, neM sce flOKasareabCTBa
Pa3yMa. Hmchho Tor/ja Bee oöpyniHjiocb, h Mapac Haaoneij-To
oÖHapyjKHJi peajibHOCTb toh HfleoaorHHecaoH HenpospaHHoern,
aoTopaa aejiajia ero cjienbiM; hmchho Torjja oh 6biji Bbinyac^eH
npeapaTHTb npoei^npoBarb na peajibHOCTb hch3hh 3a pyöeacoM
neMeijaHe mhc^bi h npH3HaTb, hto sth mhc^bi ßeccMbicjieHHbi h
119

O MOJIO^OM MAPKCE
HenpHMeHHMbi He tojibko k sapyßeacbio, ho h k chmoh TepMa-
hhh, KOTopaa jiejieajia b hhx CBoe coßcrBeHHoe paöcTBO, h hto
nyacHO npojjejiaTb npHMO npoTHBonojioacnyio onepaijnio, cnpo-
ei^HpoßaB Ha TepMaHHio cbct onbrra, npHoßpeTeHHoro 3a py6e-
hcom, hto6m yBH,n;eTb ee b hchom CBeTe ähh.
Tenepb, h Ha^eiocb, ßyzjeT hohhtho, hto ecjiH mbi jjeHCTBH-
TeJIBHO XOTHM HOMBICJIHTB 3TOT JipaMaTHHeCKHH T6He3HC MBICJIH
Mapnca, to HeoßxoflHMO mbicjihtb o hcm c noMOiijbio hohhthh
omKpbimuH, a He «chhthh», hto HeoöxoßHMO OTKasaTbcn ot ca-
moto ayxa rerejieBCKOH jiothkh, npncyrcTByiomero b hobhh-
HOM, HO KOBapHOM HOHHTHH CHHTHH (Aufhebung), HBJIHIOmeMCH
He HeM HHBIM, KHK IiyCTBIM Hpe/JBOCXHIIjeHHeM CBoeii IjeJIH B hji-
JIIO3HH H6K0H HMMaHeHTHOCTH HCTHHBI, HTOÖbl HpHHHTb JlOZUKy
deücmeumejibHozo onbima u peasibHozo 6O3hukho6chuh, koto-
pan cnocoÖHa hojiohchtb kohcij hjijiioshhm udeojiozuuecKOÜ um-
MaHewnHocmu; Kopone roßopn, ajih toto htoöbi hphhhtb jioth-
Ky emopdiceHUH peajtbHOÜ ucmopuu 6 caMy udeojiozuio h tom
caMbiM HaKOHeiJ-TO npHßaTb JjeHCTBHTeJIbHBIH CMBICJI, KOTOpbrii
aÖCOJIIOTHO HeOTfleJIHM OT MapKCHCTCKOH TOHKH 3peHHH H flaJKe
TpeßyeTCH eio, siuuHOMy cmwiio onbrra Mapnca, toh HeoÖBiHafi-
hoh HyBCTBHTejibHOCTH k KOHKpeTHOMy, KOTopaa npeßpaiijaeT
Kaacflyio BCTpeny Mapnca c peajibHbiM b OTKpoßeHHe h cooßma-
eT eii Hpe3BBiHaHHyio yße/jHTejibHOCTB48.
48 TOBOpHTb O JIOrHKe BO3HHKHOBCHHH, pa3yMeeTCfl, He 3H3HHT, nOflOÖHO
Beprcony, paapaöaTbiBaTb (pmiocofpuio usoöpemeHusi. Be/jb TaKoe boshhk-
HOBeHHe — bto OTHiOÄb ne npoflBJieHHe khkoh-to nycTOH eyujHOCTH, cboöo-
ßbi hjih Bbiöopa; nanpoTHB, oho ecrb Bcero jihhib 3<j)(i)eKT cbohx coöcTBeHHbix
SMHHpHHeCKHX yCJIOBHH. JJoßaBJIIO, HTO 3Ta JIOFHKa npHMO BblTeKaer H3 nOHH-
MaHHH MapKCOM ucmopuu udeonozuü. nocKOJibKy BbiBOß, cjieayroiiiHH H3 oto-
ro onHcaHHH peajibHofi hctophh otkpmthh Mapxca, no cyrn «zjejia, cmaeum
nod eonpoc caMy udeojiozuuecKyio ucmopuio. Ecjih jjocTaTOHHO hchbim hbjih-
eTCH TO, HTO HMManeHTHCTCKHH TC3HC HßeaJIHCTHHeCKOH KpHTHKH OnpOBep-
THyr, HTO HJjeOJIOTHHeCKaH HCTOPHH He HBJIHeTCH CBOHM COÖCTBeHHbIM npHHIJH-
nOM nOCTHJKHMOCTH, CCJIH Mbl nOHHMaeM, HTO HJjeOJIOTHHeCKaH HCTOPHH MOHCCT
öbiTb nocTHTHyra tojibko nocpeßCTBOM peajibHOH hctophh, KOTopan o6t>hchh-
120

«O MOJIOAOM MAPKCE»
3aecb h He Mory npe/pioacHTb hh xpoHonorHio, hh ßnajienTH-
Ky 3Toro deücmeumejibH020 onbima hctophh, noTopbiü b stom
e^HHCTBeHHOM b CBOCM po/je cynjecrBe, mojiojjom MapKce, CBeji
Boe^HHO ncHxojiornio OflHoro nejiOBena h Hcropnio Mnpa, nopo-
ßHB B HOM OTKpblTHÄ, COXpaHJHOIIJHe flJIH HBC CBOH) 3HaHHM0CTb
h no cefi aeHb. Htoöbi no3HanoMHTbca c hx flerajiHMH, cjie^yeT
HHTaTb Kopnio, nocnojibny hhkto apyrofi, 3a HcnjiioneHHeM Me-
pHHra, KOTopbiü He oßjia^an hh ero apyijHijHeH, hh ero HH(|)op-
MaijHeH, He ßpajica 3a 3Ty HeoßxoflHMyio paßory. ÜMenno noa-
TOMy a c nojiHoii yBepeHHOCTbio Mory cnaaaTb, hto HHTaTb ero
6ynyr eine aojiroe BpeMH, nocnojibny, homhmo peajibHon hcto-
phh mojio/joto Mapnca, Apyroro cpe/jCTBa yanarb ero y Hac Her.
TeM ne Menee h Ha^eiocb, hto MHe yuanocb oßpncoBaTb 3/jecb
n^eio HeoßbiHHoro OTHOineHHH Menc^y paßcnoii Mbicjibio mojio-
ßoro Mapnca h cboöojjhoh mmcjibio Mapnca, nonaaaß (na hto
oßbiHHO He oßpanjaiOT BHHMaHHa), nanHM öbijio to cjiynaÜHoe
(oTHOCHTejibHO ero poonneHna) hohojio, noTopoe 6bmo hcxo-
JJHOH TOHnOH ero pa3BHTHH, H KdKOÜ ZUZaHTTlCKUÜ ruiacm UJl-
J11O3UÜ oh dojwceH 6bui npeodojiemb, npemde ueM oh cmaji
cnocoöeH npocmo soMenamb ezo. Tenepb craHOBHTca hohht-
ho, hto b onpeaejieHHOM CMbicne, eaau Mbi npuHUMaeM eo enu-
MOHUe 31710 HOMOJIO, TOBOpHTb O TOM, HTO «MOJlodoCTTlb MapK-
eT ee (^opMaijmi, jje^opMaijHH h pecrpyKrypaijHH h BTopraeTCH b nee, Tor/ja
cjie/jyer cnpocHTb ceöa, hto ace ocraeTca ot cbmoh HueojioniHecKOH hctophh
KaK hctophh. Otbct OHCBH^eH: HHnero. KaK roßopHT Mapnc: «Tbkhm oöpasoM,
MOpaJIb, peJIHTHH, MeTacf)H3HKa H npOHHe BH^bl HAeOJIOTHH H COOTBeTCTByK)-
IIJHe HM (J)OpMbI CO3HaHHH yrpaHHBaiOT BHflHMOCTb CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH. y HUX
Hem ucmopuu, y hhx Her pa3BHTHa; jhoah, pa3BHBaiomHe CBoe MaTepnajibHoe
npOH3BOÄCTBO H CBOC MBTepHaJIbHOe OÖlIjeHHe, H3MeHHK)T BMeCTe C 3T0H CBOeH
TieHCTBHTejibHOCTbio TaioKe CBoe MbiinjieHHe h npo^yKTbi cßoero MbinuieHHH»
(MapKC K. u dmejibc <P. Coh., t. 3, c. 25). IIoaTOMy, BO3Bpanjaacb k naineMy
Hanany, a Mor 6bi CKaaaTb, hto «hctophh (Jjhjioco^hh» He mohcct nncaTbca b
futur anterieur, npnneM no jjßyM npHHHHaM, KOTopbie na ßejie cocahhhiotch
b oähoh: ne tojibko noTOMy, hto futur anterieur ne ecrb KaTeropna nocrajKe-
HHH HCTOPHH, HO H HOTOMy, HTO HCTOpHH (jjHJIOCOCjjHH, B CTpOTOM CMbICJie CJIO-
Ba, npocmo He cyiyecmeyem.
121

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE
ca npuHadjiemum MapKCU3My», npocro hcbosmohcho, no Kpafi-
neii Mepe ecjin mm ne nonnMaeM no/j sthm tot tc3hc, hto, KaK
H BCHKHH HCTOpHHeCKHH (JjeHOMeH, SBOJIIOIJHa 3TOTO MOJIOflOFO
neMeijKoro öypacya Moacer 6mtb oßMcnena c noMonjbio npHMe-
nenna npHHijnnoB ncropimecKoro MaTepnajin3Ma. Pa3yMeerca,
MOJiojjocTb MapKca eedem k MapKCH3My, no ijenon orpoMnoro
paapbiBa c ee hctokbmh, iienon repoHHecKOH 6opb6bi c hjijikhh-
hmh, KOTopbiMH nnrajia ero hctophh FepMannn, ijenoH ocrpo-
ro BHHMaHHH K peaJIbHOCTHM, KOTOpbie CKpblBaJIH 3TH MJUIIO-
3hh. Ecjih «nyrb MapKca» HMeeT 3HaneHHe npHMepa, to 3thm
oh oßasan ne cbohm HCTOKaM h cbohm ßerajiaM, ho Hecraßae-
moh BOJie k ocBoöojKAennio ot mh$ob, BbiAasaBiunx ceßa 3a hc-
THHy, h onbiry peanbHOH hctophh, KOTopaa paspyniHJia h h3-
raana sth mhc^m.
IIo3BOJibTe MHe 3arpoHyrb eine ojjhh, nocjie/iHHH momcht.
Ecjih sra HHTepnperaijHa no3Boaaer jiynme nonaTb paöoTbi
MOJiofloro MapKca, ecjin ona, npoacnaa TeopeTHnecKHe ajieMen-
Tbi c noMonjbio rjiyÖHHHoro e/jHHCTBa mmcjih (ee npoßjieMaTH-
kh), a CTaHOBjieHne stoh npoßjieMaTHKH — c noMonjbio npn-
oöpereHHH fleficTBHTeJibHoro onbira Mapnca (ero hctophh: ero
otkpmthh), ecjin ona no3BOJiaeT pa3peinHTb npoßjieMbi, 6mb-
inne npejjMeTOM acapKHx cnopoß, h ysnaTb, 6mji jih Mapnc paH-
hhx paßor MapKCOM, KOToporo mm 3HaeM, 6mji jih oh enje <j)eii-
epßaxHanijeM hjih yace Bbimeji 3a npe^ejibi mmcjih 4>enep6axa,
ecjin ona, TaKHM o6pa3OM, Ha ksdkaom srane ero paHHeü obo-
JIIOIXHH HO3BOJiaeT 3a(J)HKCHpOBaTb BHyrpeHHHH H BHeiHHHH
cmbicji Henocpe^CTBeHHbix sjicmchtob ero mmcjih, — to ona Bee
ace ocTaBJiaeT 6e3 OTBera hjih, CKopee, BnepBbie ctbeht dpyzoü
eonpoc: Bonpoc o HeoöxoduMocmu Hanajia sbojiioijhh MapKca,
paccMarpHBaeMOH c tohkh 3peHHH ee saeepiueHim.
b tom, hto HeoßxoflHMOCTb, TpeöoBaBinaa ot MapK-
ca oceoßodumbCH om ceoezo Haucuia, t. e. nepecenb h pa3Be-
aTb 3T0T HpeSBblHaÄHO nJIOTHMH HJjeOJIOFHHeCKHH MHp, KO-
topmh oKpyacaa ero co Bcex cropoH, no-BH^HMOMy, HMejia ne
122

O MOJIOJJOM MAPKCE»
tojibko HeraTHBHoe (ocBoßojKßeHne ot hjijhoshh), ho h HeKoe
(popMupyiou^ee 3HaneHHe, npnneM HecMorpn na cbmh hjijiio-
3hh. PasyMeeTCH, mojkho 3aMeTHTb, hto otkpbithc HCTopnne-
ckoto MaTepHajiH3Ma «BHTajio b BO3jjyxe» h hto nacro Mapnc
npnjiaraji orpoMHbie TeopeTunecKHe ycnjiHH jjjih toto, htoöbi
npHÖJIH3HTbCH K peajibHOCTH H y3HBTB HCTHHBI, KOTOpbie OTHB-
cth yace öbijih npH3Hanbi hjih 3aBoeßaHbi. Tbkhm o6pa3OM, cy-
njecTBOBaji KaK «kopotkhh nyrb» k otkpbithio (nanpnMep tot,
no KOTopoMy noineji 3nrejibc b CBoeii craTbe 1844 rojja49, hjih
nee tot, cjieflbi KOToporo b paßorax JjHijrena Bbi3biBajiH bocxh-
menne MapKca), TaK h «^ojithh nyrb», kotopbih Bbiöpaji caM
MapKC. Hto nee npnoöpeji MapKC 3a BpeMH ototo TeopeTHnecKO-
ro «jjojiroro Mapma», kotopbih c/jejiajio hcoöxojjhmbim ero co6-
CTBeHHoe nanajio? Hto jjajia eMy HeoßxojjHMOCTb, BBiHyjjHBinaH
ero nanaTb cboh nyrb b tohkc, cmojib omdcuieHHOÜ om ezo i^e-
jiu, ctojib .nojiroe BpeMH ocraBaTBCH b cthxhh $hjioco4)ckoh a6-
crpaKijHH h nepecenb ctojib oßinnpHbie npocTpancrBa, nepejj
TeM KaK naHTH peajibHOCTb? PasyMeeTCH, ÖJiarojjapn 3T0My oh
KaK HHKTO JjpyrOH pa3BHJI CBOK) KpHTHHeCKyiO CnOCOÖHOCTB H B
KOHTaKTe c HCTOpHeii npnoßpeji bto HecpaBHennoe «KJiHHHne-
CKoe nyrbe» k kjibccoboh 6opb6e h HjjeojiorHHM; ho KpoMe toto,
oh, b nepßyio onepe^jb ÖJiarojjapn KOHTaKTy c TerejieM, npnoß-
peji nasbiK h cnocoÖHOCTb k paßoTe c aßcmpaKifueü, 6e3 koto-
poh H6BO3MOHCHO KOHCTHTyHpOBaHHe HByHHOH TeopHH, HaBbIK
h cnocoÖHOCTb k meopemuHecKOMy cunmesy h k bbihejichhio
jukuku maKozo npoifecca, aöerpaKTHyio h «HHcryio» «MOjjejib»
KOToporo aajia eMy rerejieBCKaH ^HaneKTHKa. 3#ecb h jihihb hb-
Menaio neKOTopbie momohtbi, enje ne nbiTancb «hbtb otbct hb
3tot Bonpoc; TeM ne Menee ohh, bosmohcho, hosbojihiot onpe-
AeJIHTb, B HeM MOTJia 3aKJHOHBTbCH pojlb HeMeiJKOH HJjeOJIOTHH
h HeMeiJKOH «cneKyjiHTHBHoii 4>hjioco4)hh» b npoijecce 4>opMH-
POBBHHH MBICJIH MapKCB. H CKJI0H6H JjyMBTb, HTO OHB HTpaJIB
othiojjb ne pojib meopemuHecKOZo (fropMupoeaHun, ho CKopee
49 Cm. npHM. 47.
123

O MOJIO/JOM MAPKCE
pojib (fropMupoeaHusi djui meopuu, CBoero po/ja ne^aroraKH, Be-
jjynjen TeopeTHHecKHii paayM nepea TeopeTHnecKne (jiopMaijHH
HßeojiorHH. Mne KaaceTca, hto npe3MepHoe HßeojiOTHaecKoe
pa3BHTne HeMeijKoro ayxa hmojio jjjia mojio/joto Mapnca npo-
ne/jeBTHHecKoe ananeHHe b ßßyx OTHOineHHax, npnaeM b c|)op-
Me, coßepineHHO nyacfloii ero HaMepeHHaM: oho BbiHyflHJio ero
noßBeprHyrb KpHTHKe bcio cboio H/jeojiorHio, /via toto htoöbi
.HOCthhb oßjiacTH no my cmopony ezo Muxpoe, h b to ace BpeMa
npe/jocTaBHJio eMy noßojj ßjia HHTejiJieKTyajibHbix ynpaacneHHH
c aßcTpaKTHbiMH CTpyKTypaMH ero chctom, ocmae/um e cmo-
poHe eonpoc 06 ux uemuHHoemu ujiu jiojfCHOcmu. H ecjin mbi,
paccMaTpHBaa OTKpBiTHe Mapnca b öojiee niHpoKoö nepcneK-
THBe, corjiainaeMca c tcm, hto oh aajioaoui ochobbi hoboh Ha-
yHHOÄ ßHCZJHHJIHHbl H HTO 3TO nOHOJlCHUe H060Z0 nOflOÖHO BCeM
B6JIHKHM HayHHblM OlTlKphimUHM, H3BeCTHBIM HBM H3 HCTOpHH,
to cjiejjyer npH3HaTb, hto hh ojjho BejiHKoe OTKpBiTHe He 6bi-
jio caejiaHO 6e3 toto, hto6bi ne pacKpbDica neKHH hobbih 06b-
eKT hjih HOBaa oßjiacTb HCCJie/jOBaHHa, 6e3 toto, htoöbi ne noa-
BHJica hobbih ropH3OHT CMbicjia, HOBaa 3eMjia, hbh npeacHHe 06-
pa3bi h npeacHne mh^jbi H3TOHaiOTca H3 HayKH, — ho b to ace
BpeMa HeOÖXOflHMOCTBK), npHHeM CBMOH CTpOTOH HeOÖXOflHMOC-
tbio aßjiaeTca h to, hto H3o6peTaTejib 3toto hoboto MHpa jjoji-
acen ynpaacnaTb cboh yM Ha npewHux (fropMox, hto oh jjojiaceH
HX yCBOHTB H yMOTB C HHMH OÖpailjaTbCa, HTO OH, KpHTHKya HX,
jjojiaceH npnoßpecTH BKyc k oöpanjeHHio c aßcrpaKTHbiMH 4>op-
M3MH KaK TaKOBBIMH H HayHHTBCa HCKyCCTBy OÖpanjeHHa C 3TH-
MH (J)OpMaMH, 6e3 3HaKOMCTBa C KOTOpbIMH OH He MOT 6bl CO3-
flaTb Hoebie (popMbi, noaeojuuoique Mbicnumb Hoebiü oö^eKin.
B oönjeM KOHTeKcre nejiOBenecKoro paBBHTHa, KOTopoe jjejiaeT,
TaK CKaaaTb, HacToaTejibHbiM h jjaace HeH3ÖeacHbiM BcaKoe Be-
JIHKOe HCTOpHHeCKOe OTKpBiTHe, HH^HBHfl, KOTOpblH CTaHOBHT-
ca ero aBTopoM, no/jannen cjie/jyiomeMy napa^OKcajibHOMy Tpe-
ßoBaHHio: oh doMtceH Hayuumbcn ucKyccmey zoeopumb o moM,
Hmo oh omKpoem, c noMOu^bio mex ebipameHuü, Komopbie oh
dojwceH saßbimb. Bbitb MoaceT, h sto ycjiOBHe Toace npn/jaeT
124

«O MOJIOßOM MAPKCE»
paßoTaM Mojio^oro Mapnca stot TparinecKHH ottohok chiomh-
HyTHOCTH H BCGBpeMeHHOCTH, 3TO BnenaTJieHHe KpaÄHerO Ha-
npa^KeHHH Meaqjy HanajiOM h saßepmeHHeM, MeHC^y h3bikom h
CMblCJIOM, H3 KOTOPBIX HeB03M0H£H0 CßeJiaTb 4)HJIOCO(t)CKyiO TGO-
puio, ne 3a6biBaa b to ace BpeMH, hto hx cynbßa neo6paTHMa.
ffeKaßpb 1960 z.



III
nPOTHBOPEHHE
H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHSi
(3aMemKU k uccjiedoeaHUK>)
y Terejia «HaneKTHKa ctoht na rojiose.
Ha^o nepeaepHyrb ee, hto6w BCKptrrb
no« MMCTHHecKoii oöojiohkoh paijno-
najibHoe sepno.
K. MapKC. Kanirraji. IIocjiecjioBHe ko
2-My H3AaHHI0.



noceniqaemcsi Mapzapume u Fu
B onyßjiHKOBaHHOH ueKOTopoe BpeMH naaaa craTbe, nocBHiijeH-
hoh MOJio/jOMy MapKcy1, h oöparaji BHHMaHHe Ha ßßycMbicjieH-
hoctb hohhthh «nepeßopaHHBaHHH Terejin». Mne npejjcraBJiH-
jiocl, hto ecjin noHHMaTb 3to BbipaaceHHe b crporoM CMbicjie,
to oho Bnojine nojjxoßHT jijih onHcaHHH mbicjih 0eiiep6axa, ko-
Topbiii jjeiiCTBHTejibHO «bhobb cthbht cneicyjiHTHBHyio 4)HJIOCO-
4>hio na Horn», — ho jihihb juih Toro, htoöbi H3BJienb H3 Hee, b
CHjiy hokoh neyMOJiHMoii jiothkh, He hto nnoe, KaK njjeajiHCTH-
necKyio anmponojiozujo; h hto oho He mohcct npuMeHHTBCH k
MapKcy, no KpaHHeii Mepe, k MapKcy, BbiineßineMy 3a npe^ejibi
CBoeii «aHTponojiornnecKOH» 4>a3bi pa3BHTHH.
Tenepb h 6bi xotcji c^ejiaTb eine o^hh mar h BbijjBHHyTb Te-
3hc, hto b H3BecTHOH cjipase «V Ferejin anajieKTHKa ctoht Ha
rojioße. Ha^o nepesepHyrb ee, htoöbi bckpbitb no/j mhcthho-
ckoh oßojioHKOH paijHOHajibnoe 3epno»1 2 BbipaaceHHe «nepesep-
1 Cm. npeßbmymyio rjiasy.
2 K. MapKC, IIocjiecjiOBHe ko 2-My h3a&hhio «Kanirrajia». H a&io öyKBajib-
HbiH nepeBOA TeKcra nepBonanaAbHoro HeMeijKoro hsa&hhh. IlepeBOA Mojih-
Topa TOJKe onnpaercn Ha btot tckct (Ed. Costes, Le Capital, 1.1, p. XCV), xo-
th h He 6e3 neKOTopbix (ßanraaHH. Hto ace Kacaerca nepeßojja Pya, KoppeKiy-
pbi KOToporo öbuiH npoBepeHbi cbmhm MapKCOM, to oh ocAaÖAHer h ynponjaer
tckct, nepeBOAfl, nanpHMep, «die mystificierende Seite der Hegelschen Dia-
lektik» KaK «MHCTHHecKaa cropona», — a nopon h npocro ypesaer tckct. Upn-
Mep: b opHTHHane mm hmtbcm: «¥ nero (Ferejia) ona (AHaneKTHKa) ctoht Ha
rojioße. HeoöxojjHMO nepeBepnyTb ee, hto6m oÖHapyxcHTb paijnonajibHoe 3ep-
ho b MHCTHHecKOH oöojiohkc», b to BpeMH KaK Pya nepeBOAHT: «y Hero ona xo-
Aht na ronoße; aoctbtohho nocraBHTb ee Ha Horn, htoöm HafiTH ajih Hee bhoa-
ne paayMHbiH oöahk». Hchcsah h 3epno, h oöoaohkb. BnponeM, cneAyer cKa-
3aTb (h 3to cooöpaxceHHe, bosmohcho, He jiHineno H3BecTHoro HHTepeca, xoth
kbk 3Harb?), hto Mapnc npHHHJi Bepcnio Pya KaK Menee «TpyAHbrii», ecnn ne
Menee ABycMbicneHHbiH tckct, hcm ero coöcTBeHHbiH. 3hbhht ah bto, hto oh
TeM caMbiM post factum npHsnan cynjecrBOBaHHe rpyAHOcren, CBH3aHHbix c
HeKoropbiMH BbipaxceHHHMH, HcnoAb3yeMbiMH hm b nepBOHanaJibHOM TeKcre?
129

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX7JETEPMHHALJHH
Hyrb» hocht xapaKTep yKaaaHHH hjih aaace Mera^ophi h hto
oho coa^aeT He Mentine npoßjieM, hom paapemaeT.
KaK, b caMOM jjejie, cjie^yeT ero noHHMaTb b hphmchohhh k
flannoMy KOHKpeTHOMy cjiynaio? Penb 3^ecb H^eT yace He o «ne-
peBopaHHBaHHH» Ferejia, t. e. o nepeBopanHBaHHH cneKyjia-
thbhoh 4)hjioco4)hh KaK TaKOBOH. Bjiaro,zjapH «HeMeiJKOH H/jeo-
jiorHH» mbi 3HaeM, hto 3Ta onepaijHH jiHinena bchkofo CMbicjia.
ToMy, kto CTpeMHTCH Bcero jiHinb nepeBepnyTb cneKyjiHTHB-
nyio 4)hjioco(J)hio (jjjih tofo htoöm H3Bjienb H3 Hee, nanpHMep,
MaTepnajiH3M), npH,zjeTCH Benno nrpaTb pojib Ilpy/jona (Jjhjioco-
4>hh, pojib ee 6ecco3HaTejibHoro njieHHHKa, hojjoöho TOMy KaK
Bot nepeBOA Hanöojiee BaacHbix naccaacen HeMeijKoro Teiccra:
«no cbohm ocHOBaHHHM (der Grundlage nach) moh jjHajieKTHHecKHH Mero/i
He tojibko otjihhch ot rerejieBCKoro, ho aBJiaerca ero npaMOH npoTHBonojioac-
hoctbk). /(jih Ferejia npoijecc MbiuuieHHa, kotopbih oh noa hmchcm hach aa-
ace npeßpaiijaeT b caMocroaTejibHbiH cyö'beKT, ecTb «neMHypr jieHCTBHTejiBHo-
ro, KOTopoe oöpasyeT coöoh Bcero jihihb ero BHemnee npoaßjieHHe. ¥ Mena ace,
naoöopoT, HßeajibHoe ecrb He hto nnoe, KaK nepeneceHHoe h nepeBe^eHHoe b
HejioßenecKyio rojlOBy MarepnajibHoe.
MHCTHtjjHijHpyiomyio CTopony rerejieBCKOH jjHajieKTHKH a no/iBepr kphth-
Ke noHTH TpiijmaTb Jier nasajj, Kor^a ona enje öbiJia b MO^e... üoaTOMy a ot-
KpbiTO npH3Haji ceöa yneHHKOM ototo bcjihkoto MbicjiHTejia h b rjiaBe o TeopHH
ctohmocth nopon aaace KOKeTHHHan c npncyuiHM eMy cnocoöoM BbipaacaTbca.
MHCTH(J)HKaiiHH, KOTopyio ßHajieKTHKa npeTepneßaeT b pyKax Terejia, othioäb
He OTMenaeT toto $aKTa, hto oh BnepBbie bo BceoCybeMJiiomeH h coanaTejib-
hoh 4>opMe H3Jio)KHJi (darstellen) ee Bceoöiune (jjopMbi «BHaceHHa. y Terejia
jjHajieKTHKa ctoht Ha tojiobc. Ha^o nepeBepnyrb ee, htoöm bckpmtb noji mh-
CTHuecKOH oöojiohkoh (mystische Hülle) paunonajibHoe 3epno (Kem).»
«B CBoen MHCTHcjjHijHpoBaHHOH <})opMe jjHajieKTHKa crajia neMeuKOH mo-
äoh, nocKOJibKy Kasajiocb, öyjjTO ona npeoöpaacaer (verklären, transfigurer)
cymecTByiomee. B cbocm paunonajibHOM oöjihkc (Gestalt) ona BM3biBaer pa3-
apaxceHHe h yacac 6ypacya3HH... nocKOJibKy b no3HTHBHoe noHHMaHHe cyme-
CTByiomero (Bestehende) ona BKJHonaeT h noHHMaHHe ero OTpnijaHHa, ero ne-
oöxo^hmoto paapynieHHa, h BcaKyio spejiyio (gewordne) (jiopMy cxsaTbiBaer b
noTOKe jjBHMceHHa, a shbhht — h c ee npexoflamen cropoHbi, ona HHHero ne
npHHHMaer Ha Bepy (sich durch nichts imponieren lässt) h no caMOH CBoeii cy-
th aBJiaeTca kphthhcckoh h pcbojiioiihohhoh».
[IiHTaTbi aaHbi b aBTopcKOM nepeBoae. PyccKHÜ nepeBoa cm.; MapKC K. u
dwejibc 0. Coh., t. 23, c. 21—22. —IIpuM. ped.]
130

ÜPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX/JETEPMHHAIjna
npyjjOH Bcer/ja ocraBajica njieHHHKOM 6ypacya3HOH bkohomhh.
Tenepb pent HjjeT tojibko o duajieKmuKe. Ho Kor/ja MapKC nn-
ineT, hto HyjKHO «nan™ paijHOHajibHoe 3epno b mhcthhockoh
oßojiOHKe cneKyjiHTHBHofi 4)HJIOCO4)HH>>> MbI mojkom noflyMaTb,
hto paijHOHajibHoe 3epno — bto caMa anajieKTHKa, a mhcthhc-
cnaa oßojiOHKa — cnenyjiaTHBHaa 4)hjioco(J)hh... Hmchho bto
tobopht 3nrejibc, KOiyja oh, Hcnoab3ya ocBHiijeHHbie TpaßHijH-
en nOHHTHH, pa3JinnaeT mctoa h CHCTeMy3. Hthk, mbi OTÖpacbi-
BaeM oßojiOHKy, t. e. MHCTnnecKoe oßjianeHHe (cneKyaaTHBHyio
(JjhjiococJjhio), htoöbi coxpaHHTb ijennoe 3epno: jjnajieKTHKy.
Meacay TeM b toh >Ke chmoh c^paae MapKC tobopht, hto Bbijiy-
mHBaHHe 3epna h nepeBopanHBaHHe jjHajieKTHKH — o^ho h to
ace. Ho KaK TaKoe H3BjieneHHe 3epna MoaceT 6bitb nepeßopaHH-
BaHHeM? /(pyrHMH cjioßaMH, hto ace OKa3biBaeTca «nepeBepny-
tbim» ßjiaro/iapa BTOMy H3BjieneHHio paijHOHajibHoro 3epna?
PaccMOTpHM btot Bonpoc no^poßnee. H3BjieneHHaa H3 H^ea-
JIHCTHHeCKOH OÖOJIOHKH /^HaJIOKTHKa CTaHOBHTCH «IipHMOH IipO-
THBOIIOJIOHCHOCTblO TereJIOBCKOH /JHaJieKTHKH». 3naHHT JIH BTO,
hto Tenepb ona HMeeT aejio yace ne c nepeBepHyTbiM h cyßjiH-
MHpoßaHHbiM MHpoM TerejiH, ho npHMeHaeTCH MapKCOM k pe-
ajibHOMy MHpy? Hmohho b btom CMbicjie Hyaoio noHHMaTb
yTBepHC/jeHHe, hto Terejib 6bdi nepßbiM, kto «bo Bceoß'beMJiio-
meii h co3HaTejibHoii (JjopMe hsjiohchji Bceo6iijHe (|)opMbi «una-
jieKTHnecKoro jjBHHceHHH». HoBTOMy cjie^yeT nosaHMCTBOBaTb y
nero «unajieKTHKy, hto6bi npHMeHHTb ee b HccjieflOBaHHH hch3-
hh, a ne H/jen. Tor/ja «nepeBopanHBaHHe» öbijio 6bi nepeßopa-
HHBanHeM nanpaBjieHHH ßnajieKTHHecKoro Hccjie/jOBaHHH. Ho
TaKoe nepeBopanHBaHHe nanpaBjieHHH octhbhjio 6bi caMy ana-
JieKTHKy H6H3MeHH0H.
Me^Cfly TeM b ynoManyTofi craTbe a, bbhb b KanecTBe npHMe-
pa pa3BHTne Mojioaoro Mapnca, yTBepjK/jaji, hto, CTporo tobo-
pa, 3aHMCTBOBanne «nHaneKTHKH b toh 4>opMe, b kotopoh ona
cymecTByeT y Terejia, ne MoaceT ne nopo^HTb onacHbix jjBy-
3 Cm. «JIiOÄBnr 0efiep6ax h Koneii KJiaccHHecKoö hcmci^koh 4)hjioco(J)hh».
131

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHa
CMblCJieHHOCTefi, nocKOJibKy BO3MO3KHOCTB Toro, HTOÖbl flHaJieK-
THKa ßbDia saKjnoHena b cncreMe Pereira KaK 3epno b oöojioh-
Ke, HCKJIIOHaeTCH CaMHM npHHIJHIIOM MapKCHCTCKOH HHTepnpe-
TaijHH jiioöozo HßeojiorHHecKoro (jjeHOMena4.
^eHCTBHTejibHO, H6BO3MO3KHO jjyMaTb, hto rereaeBCKaa Hßeo-
jiorna ne HCKa3Hjia caMy cyiijHOCTb jjnajieKTHKn Pereaa, Tonnee
roßopa (nocKoabKy Taaoe «HCKaacenne» npejjnojiaraeT (Jihkijhio
hhctoh ^HaneKTHKH, cynjecTByioiijeH ao CBoero «HCKaacenna»),
hto npocTaa onepaijna «H3BjieneHHa» kbkhm-to nyziOM Morjia
6bi npeßpaTHTb rereaeBCKyio jjnajieKTHKy b MapKCHCTCKyio.
Hnraa CTpeMHTejibHbie ctpokh «üocjiecjiOBHa», mohcho 3a-
MeTHTb, hto caM MapKC Bnojme oco3HaBaa ary Tpy^Hoerb; na-
rpoMoacaeHHe Meracjjop, b ocoÖ6hhocth e/jHHCTBeHHaa b cbo-
eM pojje Bcrpena «H3BJieneHHa» h «nepeßopaHHBaHHa» necyr b
ceöe öojibine co^epacanna, neM öyKBajibHbiH cmbicji MapKCOBa
Teacra; öojibine Toro, b jjpyrnx naccaacax, nanje Bcero Hcaesaio-
iijhx b nepeBOße Pya, 3to co/jepacaHHe npoaBjiaerca co Bceii ac-
HOCTbK).
/(oCTaTOHHO BHHMaTeJIbHO npOHHTaTb HCMdJKHH TeKCT, HTO-
Öbl oönapyacHTb, hto MHCTHnecKaa oöojionKa — bto othio/jb ne
cneicyjiaTHBHaa (jjHJioco^ma, «MHpoBO33peHHe» hjih «CHcre-
4 O «3epne» cm. y Ferena, peab hagt o bcjihkux jho/jhx: «Hx cjiejjyer na3bi-
BaTb zepojiMu, nocKOJibKy ohh nepnanH cboh nenn h CBoe npHSBanne He npo-
cto H3 cnoKoiiHoro, ynopjmoHeHHoro, ocBHiijeHHoro cynjecTByiomeK) cncreMOio
xoaa Benjen, a H3 HCTOHHHKa, coaepHcanne KOToporo 6bmo CKpbrro h ne nopa3-
BHJIOCb AO HHJIHHHOrO ÖblTHH; H3 BHyTpeHHerO uyxa, KOTOpblH enje HaXOAHTCH
noA seMjieü h crynnrca eo eneuiHuu Mupf kok e CKopjiyny, pasöueax, ee, maK
kok omom dyx nejmemcsi uHbiM ndpoM, a He ndpoM, 3aK/uoHeHHbiM e omoü
oöojiouKe». (Tezesib r. B. <P. JIckuhh no $hjioco4)hh hctophh. CII6.: Hayna,
1993, c. 82) Bagcb mm BcrpenaeMca c HHTepecnbiM BapnaHTOM b AOJiroH hcto-
phh 3epna, oöojiohkh h cepAneBHHbi. Oöojiohkb 3Aecb nrpaer pojib kopkh, co-
AepxcanxeH b ce6e hapo 3epna, odojionna ecrb BHemnee, a hapo — BHyrpeHHee.
Hapo (hobbih npHHijHn) b KOHije kohiiob paapbiBaer crapyio odojionny, koto-
paa eMy yace ne hoaxoaht (ona 6bma oöojiohkoh npeacnero HApa); oho nyjKAa-
eTca b oöojiOHKe, KOTopaa 6buia 6bi ero co6ctb6hhoh: b hobbix nojiHTHHecKHx
h coixHajibHbix (})opMax h t. A- IIo3AHee y Hac eine öyAer hoboa BcnoMHHTb 06
3tom Tencre, norAa hohagt penb o rereaeBCKoii AnajieKTHKe hctophh.
132

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHfl
Ma», t. e. ajieMeHT, KOTopbin cmrraeTCH bhciuhhm no OTnoine-
hmio k MeTO/iy (KaK mojkho ßbDio 6m no^yMaTb, cjieaya ßyKBe
ßojiee no3^HHx KOMMenTapneB 3nrejibca)5; neT, ona othocmt-
5 Cp. «<Peiiep6ax» Snreabca. PaayMeerca, He ctoht noHHMaTb öyKBajibHO
BCe 4)OpMyjIHpOBKH TeKCTa, KOTOpblH, C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, ÖblJI HanncaH TaK,
htoöbi 6biTb «nocryiiHbiM «zjjih innpoKHX Hapo^Hbix Macc h noaroMy — 3nreabc
ne CKpbiBaer aroro — jjocraroHHO cxeMaTHneH, TeKcra, aBTopoM KOToporo, c
Apyroä cropoHbi, öbiji hcjiobck, 3a copoK Jier jjo 3toto nepeacHBHiHH bcjihkoc
HHTejuieKTyajibHoe npHKJiioneHHe, OTKpbrrne HcropHnecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma,
h noBTOMy caM npoine/jniHH nepe3 pajj $opM 4>Hjioco4>CKoro cosnaHHa, hcto-
Phio KOTopbix oh Tenepb nbiraerca b oöiijhx neprax onncaTb. B caMOM jjejie,
b 3tom TeKcre Mbi Haxo^HM npHMenaTejibHyio KpHTHKy hacojiothh Oenepöa-
xa Onrejibc hoho bhaht, hto «h npupo/ia h hcjiobck ocraiOTca y Hero tojibko
cjioßaMH». Cm.: MapKC K., dmejibc <P. Coh., t. 21, c. 299), a TaiOKe yjjaHHyio
H TOHHyiO XapaKTepHCTHKy OTHOHieHHH MeJKfly MBpKCH3M0M H rereJIBHHCTBOM.
TaK, 3nrejibc OTMenaer (h bto, KaK mhc Kaacerca, HMeeT cJjyimaMeHTajibHoe
3HaneHHe) HpesBbmaHHyio CHJiy kphthkh Terejia b a^pec Kanra h npaMO 3a-
aBJiaer, hto «duasieKmunecKuu Memod e ezo zezejieecKoü (popue 6bui Henpu-
zodeH» (c. 301). Eme o/jhh (JjyH^aMeHTajibHbiH tc3hc: pa3BHTHe 4>hjioco$hh
ne aBJiaerca 4>hjioco4)ckhm; hmchho «npaKrunecKHe hcoöxoähmocth» hx pe-
jihtho3hoh h HOJiHTHHecKOH 6opb6bi 3acraBHJiH MJia^orerejibaHijeB BcraTb b
onno3HUHio k «CHcreMe» Terejia (c. 280); hmchho pa3BHTHe nayK h npoMbim-
jieHHOCTH npoH3BO«HT nepeBopoTbi b 4)hjioco4)ckhx Hßeax (c. 285). Otmcthm
TaKHce npH3naHHe 4)aKTa rjiyöoKoro BJinaHHa 0enep6axa na «Cßaroe ceMefi-
ctbo» (c. 281) h t. H tcm ne Menee tot ace chmmh tckct cojjepjKHT <j)opMy-
anpoBKH, KOTopbie npn öyKBajibHOM npoHreHHH shboaht Hac b lynHK. TaK,
TeMa «nepeßopaHHBaHHa» npHOÖperaer 3/jecb ctojib 3naHHTejibHbiH Bec, hto
BjjoxHOBJiaeT 3nrejibca Ha cjießyiomee, Ha^o npusnaTb, coBepmeHHO jiofhh-
Hoe saKJHoneHHe: «B rerejieBCKOH cncreMe aejio jjohijio, HaKOHeij, jjo Toro, hto
ona h no Mero^y h no co/iepacaHHio npeßcraBJiaeT coöoh jihihb HßeajiHcrnHe-
ckh na rojioßy nocraBaeHHbm MarepHajiH3M» (c. 285). Ecjih Hjjea nepeßopa-
HHBaHHa Terejia b MapKCH3Me ÄeHCTBHTejibHo ocnoBarejibHa, to Tor/ja h caM
Terejib, b cboio onepe^b, c caMoro nanajia flOJiaceH öbrrb nepeBepnyTbiM Ma-
TepHanHCTOM: H3 Aßyx orpHiiaHHH nojiynaerca ojjho yrBepaqjeHHe. IIpoHH-
tbb eme necKOJibKo crpaHHij, mbi noHHMaeM (c. 302), hto rerejieBCKyio ana-
jieKTHKy H6BO3MOHCHO Hcnojib3OBaTb b ee rerejieBCKOH $opMe hmchho noTOMy,
HTO OHa CTOHT HB TOJIOBC (OCHOBOH HBJIHeTCH Hflea, a HC peaJIbHOe): «TaKUM
o6pa3OM, ducuieKmuKa noHHmuü comcl cmaHoemiacb Jiuutb co3HamejibHbiM
ompaotceHueM ducuieKmunecKozo deuotceHusi deücmeumejibHOZo Mupa. Bmc-
cme c amuM zezeaeecKOH ducuieKmuKa 6bma nepeeepHyma, a Jiymue ckü-
3amb — 6H06b nocmaejieHa Ha hozu, maK kük npeztcde ohü cmosuia Ha zo-
133

nPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXÄETEPMHHAIJHH
ch k caMoü ^najieKTHKe. MapKC tobopht jjaace o «MuemuepuKa-
ifuu, Komopyio duasieKmuKa npemepneeaem 6 pyKax Peze/m»,
oh ynoMHHaeT ee «Mucmucpui^upyiou^yjo cmopony» h «Mucmu-
(pui^upoeaHHyx) (fropuy» (mystificierte Form) h npoTHBono-
CTaBjineT eil paijHOHajibHbiH oöjihk (rationelle Gestalt) CBoeii
coßcTBeHHOH ^HajieKTHKH. Tpynno HaÖTH öojiee HCHoe Bbipaace-
HHe TOH HfleH, HTO MUCmUHeCKOH OÖOJlOHKa — He HTTIO UHOe,
KaK Mucmucpui/upoeaHHOR (fropua chmoh jjnajieKTHKH, t. e. He
OJieMeHT, KOTOpblH ßJIH JJHaJieKTHKH (KaK «CHCTeMbl») HBJIH6T-
ch OTHOCHTejibHO bhcihhhm, ho BJieMeHT, KOTOpblH QHympeHHe
npucym zezesieecKoü duasieKmuKe. Tbkhm oßpasoM, fljia toto,
hto6m ocBo6ojjHTb ee, 6bmo 6bi He/jocraTOHHO OT/jejiHTb ee ot
nepßoro oßjianeHHH (t. e. CHCTeMbi). Cne/jOBajio ocßoßo/jHTb ee
h ot toh BTopoii oöojiohkh, KOTopaa cpocnacb c ee tojiom, ko-
Topan HBjineTCH (ne noöoiocb btoto BbipaaceHHa) ee co6ctb6h-
hoh Konten, HeoT/jejiHMoii ot nee cbmoh, KOTopaa hejihotch ze-
zejibHHCKOÜ enjiomb do caMbix ocHoeanuü (Grundlage). Ho ec-
jih bto TaK, to cjienyeT cnasaTb, hto penb H^eT othio^b ne o
6e36ojie3neHHOM HSBjieneHHH, hto bto mhhmoc «BbDiynjHBaHHe
paijHonajibHoro 3epna» na jjejie hbjih6tch deMucmu(puKai^ueü,
t. e. onepaijHeii, npeoöpasyiomeH to, hto ona H3BJieKaeT.
HoBTOMy h ayMaio, hto bto MeTacjjopHnecKoe BbipaaceHHe
(«nepeBopanHBaHHe» ^HaneKTHKH) cthbht cobcom He npoßjie-
My npnpoflbi oßiseKTOB, k koTopbiM npHMenaeTCH o^hh h tot ace
Merofl (mhp Hjjen y Verena — peanbHbiH MHp y MapKca), — ho
Jioee». 3th (jjopMyjmpoBKH, paayMeeTCH, ne npereimyiOT hh aöcojuoTHyio toh-
HOCTb, HO HM6HH0 H03T0My OHH CHOCOÖHbl OHepTHTb MOCTO TOH TpyßHOCTH, O
kotopoh niJia penb. Otmothm enie oaho npHMenaTejibnoe yrBepameHHe, Kaca-
romeecfl HeoöxojjHMocTH, BbiHyamaiomeH Jiioöoro (j)HJioco4)a coa/jasaTb cncre-
My (c. 276: Terejib «BbiHyxmeH 6bin crpoHTb cncreMy, a (JjHjiocotjjcKaH cncre-
Ma, no ycraHOBHBHieMycH nopa^Ky, ^ojihchb 6bDia sasepuiHTbCH aöcojnoTHon
hcthhoh toto hjih HHoro po/ja»), H6o6xo^HMOCTb, KopHeM HMeioiijaa «nenpe-
xoanmyio noTpeÖHOCTb nejiOBenecKoro jjyxa b npeojiojieHHH Bcex npoTHBope-
hhh» (c. 278); h eqe ojjho yrBepameHHe, of/bHCHHiomee orpaHimeHHOCTb Ma-
TepnajiH3Ma 0enep6axa xcH3Hbio b ^epeBHe h CBasaHHbiMH c Heio o^HHaHneM
h ye^HHeHHeM (c. 288).
134

EIPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHALJMH
npoßjieMy npupodbi dua/icKmuKU KaK thkoboh, t. e. npoßjie-
My ee cnet^ucpuuecKux cmpyKmyp. He npoßjieMy nepeßopanH-
bhhhh nanpaBjieHHH ^HajieKTHHecKoro HCCJie/jOBaHHH, ho npo-
ßjieMy npeoöpasoeaHUH ducuieKmunecKux cmpyKmyp. Bpa/j jih
ctoht yKaabiBaTb na to, hto b nepBOM cjiynae tot (jjaKT, hto ^h-
ajieKTHKa OKa3BiBaeTca BHeinneH no OTHOineHHio k cbohm bo3-
mojkhbim o6i>eKTaM, nojjHHMaeT eonpoc o npnMeneHHH MeTO^a,
KOTOpblH HBJiaeTCH doducuieKmuHecKUM, h noTOMy, CTporo ro-
Bopa, jiHineH jjjia Mapnca bchkoto CMbicjia. H HanpoTHB, bto-
paa npoßjieMa ctbbht peajibHbiH Bonpoc, h Tpy/jHO npe/jcra-
bhtb ce6e, hto Mapnc h ero yneHHKH b hx Teopnn h b hx npaK-
THKe, b TeopHH hjih b npaKTHKe ne jjajiH KOHKpeTHoro oTBera
Ha 3TOT Bonpoc.
3aßepniaa bto saTanyBineeca paa'bacHeHHe TeKCTa, caeayer
cKaaaTb, hto ecjin MapncncTcnaa jjHajieKTHKa «bhjiotb ao caMO-
ro ocHOBaHHa» aßjiaeTca npoTHBonojioacHOCTbio rerejieBCKOÄ
ßnajieKTHKH, ecjin ona aßjiaeTca paijHOHajibHOH, a He mhcth-
HeCKOH-MHCTHCjjHIJHpOBaHHOH-MHCTH^JHIJHpyiOmeH, TO 3TO pa-
ßHKajibHoe pa3JiHHHe jjojijkho npoaBHTbca b ee cynjnocTH, t. e.
b ee coöcmeeHHbix onpedesieHuax u cmpyKmypax. 3to 3hbhht,
hto (JjyH/jaMeHTajibHbie CTpyKTypbi rerejieBCKoii «unajieKTHKH,
TaKHe, KaK OTpHijanne, OTprajanne OTpHi^anna, tojk^cctbo npo-
THBonojioacHOCTeH, «CHarae», nepexo/j KOJinnecTBa b KanecTBO,
npoTHBopenne h t. jj. hmoiot y MapKca (b toh Mepe, b kbkoh
oh Booßnje hx npHHHMaer, hto nponcxo^HT othio^b ne Bcer/ja!)
HHyio, neM y Terejia crpyKTypy. 3to 3hbhht h to, hto bosmohc-
ho BbiaBHTb, onncaTb, onpejjejiHTb h noMbicjiHTb 3th cmpyK-
mypHbie passiuHun. Ho ecjin bto bo3moecho, to c/jejiaTb bto hc-
oßxoduMö, aaace hchshchho Baacno jjjia MapncH3Ma. Bejjb nejib-
3a ace zi;o öecKoneHHOCTH noBTopaTb bth jihihb npnßjiHSHTejibHO
BepHbie (Jjpasbi — pa3JiHHHe Meac/jy chctomoh h moto/jom Tere-
jia, nepeßopaHHBaHHe 4)hjioco4)hh hjih jjHajieKTHKH, H3Bjiene-
nne «paijHonajibHoro 3epna» h t. no3BOJiaa bthm (jjopMyjiaM
mbicjihtb 3a Hac, h nojiaraTbca Ha MarnnecKyio CHJiy necKOJib-
khx coBepineHHO oßecueneHHbix cjiob, na KOTopbie BO3Jiara-
135

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX^ETEPMHHAIIHM
iot OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a sasepnieHHe Tpyzja Mapnca. JEnanen-
ho b£dkhoh 3Ta aajjana MHe Ka^cercn noTOMy, hto h yßejK/jeH,
hto om ee peiuenusi cezodnn aaeucum como (pusiococpCKoe pa3-
eumue MapKCU3Ma&.
*
Ho nocKOJibKy Kaac^bin caM «nojiacen njiaTHTb no cbohm cne-
TaM, a Ha cboh crpax h phck nonbiTaiocb npe/piojKHTb necKOJib-
ko Mbicjiefi, KacaiomHxcH MapKcucmcKOZo noHsunux, npomueo-
peHUH, b3hb b KanecTBe npHMepa jieHHHCKyio TeMy «nanöojiee
cjiaöoro 3Bena».
3toh MeTa^Jope JIchhh npn/jaeT npeame Bcero npaKTHne-
CKHH CMbICJI. npOHHOCTb IJ6HH Onpe^eJIHCTCH npOHHOCTblO ee
Hanöojiee cjiaßoro 3Bena. HoaTOMy BCHKOMy, kto CTpeMHTca
KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb Ty HJIH HHyiO CHTyaiJHIO, HeOÖXOßHMO CJießHTb
3a TeM, HTOÖbl HH O/JHH CJiaßblH IiyHKT He CJjeJiaJI yH3BHM0H BCIO
CHCTeMy. H HanpoTHB, TOMy, kto nbiTaerca ee pa3pyniHTb, jjo-
craTOHHO fljia ycnexa CBoero npejjnpHHTHH hhhth Bcero OßHy
cjiaßocTb, KOTopaa jjejiaeT HeycTOHHHBoii bcio ee Monjb, npeßoc-
xoßHmyio, na nepsbiH BsrjiHjj, ero chjibi. ,5jih Toro, kto HHTaji
MaKHaßejuiH h Boßana, kotopbim HCKyccTBO sanjHTbi yKpenjie-
6 Bpoiniopa Mao IJae-JJyHa «OTHOCHTejibHO npoTHBopennH», HanncaHHaa
b 1937 r., cojjepjKHT ijejibiH p$m aHanHTimecKHX HcejieaoBaHHH, b KOTopbix
MapKCHCTCKaa KOHixeni^HH npoTHBopennH npHOÖperaer neprbi, coBepuieHHO
HyxcAbie rerejibflHCKOMy noHHMaHHio. Mbi 6bi HHKor^a ne CMorjin HaiiTH y Te-
rejia ocHOBonojiaraionjHe üohhthh 3Toro TeKcra: rjiaßnoe h BTopocrenenHoe
npoTHBopeHHH, npoTHBopeHHH aHTaroHHCTHHecKne n HeaHTaroHHcrinecKHe,
3aKOH nepaBHOMepHOCTH paßBHTHH npoTHBopeHHH. TeM He Menee tckct Mao,
B03HHKIHHH B XO/je 6opb6bl npOTHB ^0rMaTH3Ma B pa/jax KHTaHCKOH KOMnap-
thh, b oöiijeM h ijejiOM ocraeTCH onucamejibHbiM n noaTOMy b neKOTopbix ot-
HomeHHHx aöcmpaKmHbiM. Oh onncaTejieH, nocKOJibKy ero hohhthh boshhk-
JIH H3 KOHKpeTHOrO OHblTH. Oh OTHaCTH aÖCTpaKTCH, HOCKOJIbKy 3TH HOBbie H
mio/jOTBopHbie hohhthh npe/jCTaBJieHbi b neM CKopee b KanecrBe cneijncjjHiiH-
pyionjnx onpe^ejieHHH ÄHaneKTHKH khk TaKOBOH, neM b KanecTBe neoöxo^H-
MblX HMHJIHKaiXHH MapKCHCTCKOrO nOHHMaHHH OÖlIjeCTBa H HCTOPHH.
136

nPOTHBOPEHME H CBEPXßETEPMHHAIJHH
HHH 6bUI0 3H3K0M0 CTOJIB HCe XOpOIIIO, KHK H HCKyCCTBO HX pa3-
pynieHHH, h KOTopbie o bchkoh Knpace cyßHJiH no ee H3bHHaM,
bo BceM stom eme Her HHnero hoboto.
IIpHHHHa, no kotopoh 3Ta TeMa ctojib HHTepecna, 3aKjnona-
eTCH bot b neM. Ecjih TeopHH Hanßojiee cjiaßoro 3Bena cjijokht
OpneHTHpOM ßJIH JieHHHCKOH TeopHH peBOJIIOIJHOHHOH napTHH
(nbe co3naHHe h oprannsaijHOHHaH crpyKTypa /jojdkhbi öbitb
6e3yKOpH3HeHHbIM eßHHCTBOM, nO3BOJIHK)IIJHM npOTHBOCTOHTB
BceM npoHCKaM npoTHBHHKa h oaepacaTb Haß hhm noße^y), —
to b toh ace Mepe ona b^oxhoejihct h ero pa3MbinuieHHH o ca-
moh peBOJiioijHH. IIoneMy peBOJiioijHM crana gosmookhoü b Poc-
chh, noneMy ona oxasajiacb b neü noöedoHOCHou? Ona crajia
BO3MO7KHOH B PoCCHH B CHJiy OÖCTOMTeJIBCTB, CBH3aHHbIX He C
oßHoü tojibko PoccHeii: nocKOJibKy c nanajiOM HMnepnajiHCTH-
necKoii bohhbi nejiOBenecTBO OKasajiocb b oß^eKmueHO peeojno-
IfUOHHOÜ CHTyaiJHH7. PlMnepHaJIH3M H3M6HHJI «MHpHblH» oßjIHK
npeHCHero KariHTajiH3Ma. KoHijeHTpaijHH npoMbinuieHHbix mo-
nonojiHH h noßHHHeHHe npoMbinuieHHbix mohohojihh 4)HHan-
coßbiM yncecTOHHJiH KaK 3KcnjiyaTaijHio TpyßHißHxcn KanHTa-
JIHCTHHeCKHX CTpaH, TaK H KOJIOHHaJIbHyiO 3KCnJiyaTaiJHI0. Koh-
KypemjHH Meacßy mohohojihhmh cßejiana BOHHy Heuaßeo^cHoü.
Ho 3Ta BOHHa, npHHHHHB ÖeCKOHeHHbie CTpaßaHHH OrpOMHbIM
HapOßHbIM MaCCaM (cpeßH KOTOpblX ÖbUIH H Te KOJIOHHaJIbHbie
Hapoßbl, H3 HHCJia KOTOpblX peKpyTHpOBaJIHCb BOHCKa), BOBJieK-
jia napoßHbie hhsbi ne tojibko b KposaByio öohhio, ho h b hcto-
pHK). OnblT H THTOTbl BOHHbI BO BC6X CTpaHaX HOCJiyJKHJIH KHTa-
JIH3aTOpOM Öopbßbl npOTHB KanHTaJIHCTHHeCKOH 3KCnJiyaTaiJHH,
npoßOJiHcaBineHCH Ha npoTHMcennn ijejioro ctojiothh; KaK, Bnpo-
neM, h HexoßHbiM nyHKTOM, nocKOJibKy ohh ßajin eä HeonpoBep-
7 «UMnepnajiHCTCKaH bohhh... 3Ta yncacHaa h npecrynnaa Boniia pasopn-
jia Bee crpaHbi, H3MyHmia Bee napo^bi, nocraBHjia nejiOBenecTBO nepea ahjicm-
moh: noryÖHTb bcio KyjibTypy h norHÖHyrb hjih peBOJHOipiOHHbiM nyreM CBep-
rnyrb nro KanHTajia, CBeprnyrb rocno/jCTBo öypHcyaann, sasoeBaTb coiuiajiH3M
h npomibiH Mnp» {JleHUH B. H. 3a xjieö h 3a mhp // JleHHH B. H. IIoji. co6p.
coh., T. 35, c. 169).
137

ÜPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJIETEPMHHAIjnH
JKHMOe CBHfleTeJIbCTBO H 34>4)eKTHBHbie CpeßCTBa ßeilCTBHH. Ho
3TOT BblBOß, CJjeJiaTb KOTOpblH 6bIJIO BblHyJKßeHO ßOJIbHIHHCTBO
HapoßOB Eßponbi (peBOJiioijHH b PepMaHHH h BenrpHH, mhto-
JKH H IHHpOKOMaCniTaÖHbie 3a6aCTOBKH BO <I>paHijnn H ÜTa-
jihh, CoBeTbi b Typune), npnßeji k noöe/je peBOJiioijHH tojib-
ko b Pocchh, t. e. b «Hanßojiee OTCTajiofi» eBponeficKOH CTpane.
Hom oöbHCHHeTCH bto napajjOKcanbHoe HCKJiiOHeHHe H3 npa-
BHJI? IIpMHHHa 3aKJIIOHaJiaCb B TOM (jjyHJjaMeHTaJIbHOM $aK-
Te, hto b «CHCTeMe HMnepnajiHCTHnecKHx rocynapcTB»8 Pocchh
npe/jCTaBjuuia coßoii Hanöojiee cjiaßoe 3Beno. H xoth mhpobhh
BOÄHa ocjiojKHHJia h c/jejiajia 6ojiee TpynnopaspeniHMOH 3Ty ch-
Tyaijnio, ne ona ee co3,najia. Ynce peBOJiioijHH 1905 ro/ja c/je-
jiana hbhoh Mepy cjiaßocTH ijapcKon Pocchh. 3tb cjiaßocTb hb-
jiHJiacb cjießCTBHeM ojjhoh cneijHcJjHHecKOH nepTbi Pocchh Tex
jieT: HaKonneHHH h oßocTpeHHH Bcex HcropHnecKHx npoTHBope-
hhh, BO3MOHCHbix b to BpeMH b npe/jenax oßHoro rocy^apcTBa.
CpeßH hhx — npoTHBopenHH (jjeojjajibHoro peacHMa SKcnnyaTa-
ijhh, KOTopbrii, onnpancb na nonoBCKoe Ha^yBaTejibCTBO, Ha 3a-
pe XX CTOJieTHH c TeM ßojibineH »cecTOKOCTbio npaBHJi «neoßpa-
3OBaHHbIMH»9 KpeCTbHHCKHMH MBCCHMH, HCM OHCBH^Hee CTBHO-
BHjiacb onacHOCTb — oßcTOHTejibCTBO, aejiaBinee bosmohchbim
yHHKajibHoe cßjiHMceHHe KpecTbHHCKoro BOceraHHH h peBonio-
IJHH paÖOHHX10. IIpOTHBOpenHH KanHTaJIHCTHHeCKOH H HMnepH-
ajiHCTHHecKOÄ OKcnnyaTaijHH, npoHBHBninecH b ctojib hihpokhx
MacniTaßax b öojibhihx ropo/jax h hx npHropo/jax, b ropno/jo-
ßbiBaiomHx h HecjjTeaoßbiBaiomHx paüoHax h t. üpoTHBope-
HHH KOJIOHHaJIbHOH BKCHJiyaTaiJHH H KOJIOHHaJIbHblX BOHH, Ha-
8 JleHUH B. H. Othct L(K Ha VIII Ci>e3fle PKII(6) // JIchhh B. H. Ha6p. co-
HHHeHHa: B 10 t. M.: IIojihthsäht, 1984—1987, t. 8, c. 450. B aajibHeHineM
BCe CCbUIKH HH npOH3Be^6HHH B. H. JleHHHa, 3a HCKJHOH6HH6M ocoöo OrOBO-
peHHbix cjiynaeB, ^biotch no 3TOMy H3«aHHK). — IIpuM. ped.
9 JleHUH B. H. CTpaHHHKH H3 AHeBHHKH // TaM »ee, T. 10, c. 380—384.
10 JleHUH B. M. flercKaa 6o;ie3Hb jieBH3Hbi b KOMMyHH3Me // TaM »ce, t. 9,
c. 212, 274; Oh we. TpeTHÖ HHTepnaijHOHaji h ero mgcto b hctophh // TaM ace,
t. 8, c. 521.
138

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
BH3aHHbix ijejibiM HapojjaM. FuraHTCKoe npoTHBopenne Meaqjy
ypOBHeM pa3BHTHH MeTOßOB KanHTaJIHCTHHeCKOrO npOH3BOÄ-
CTBa (ocoöeHHO noKasaTejibHbiM öbiji ypoBenb KOHijeHTpaijHH
paßoneü chjibi: neTporpa^CKHÖ 3aBOfl IlyTHJiOBa, öbibihhh b to
BpeMH CaMbIM ÖOJIblHHM B MHpe, HaCHHTblBaJI 40 TbIC. paÖOHHX
h cjiyacanjHx) h cpe/jHeBeKOBbiM cocTOHHHeM eejibCKoro xoshh-
CTBa. OßocTpenne KJiaccoBofi 6opb6bi bo Bcefi CTpane, npuneM
He tojibko 6opb6bi Mencfly BKcnjiyaTaTopaMH h BKcnjiyaTHpye-
MblMH, HO H 6opb6bl MeHCfly CaMHMH rOCnOJJCTByiOmHMH KJiaC-
CaMH (xpynHblMH (JieO^aJIbHblMH COÖCTBeHHHKaMH, CBH3aHHBI-
MH C aBTOpHTapHbIM, HOJIHIjeHCKHM H MHJIHTapHCTCKHM IjapH3-
MOM; MeJIKHM ßBOpHHCTBOM, ßeCIipeCTaHHO COCTaBJIHBHIHM Bee
HOBbie h HOBbie 3aroBopbi; KpynnoH h jinßepajibHOH öypacyasH-
eö, KOTopaa Bejia 6opb6y npoTHB ijapa; mojikhmh ßypacya, ko-
jieÖJHonjHMHCH Menc^y kohcJjopmhsmom h «jieBanecTBOM» anap-
xHCTCKoro TOJiKa). B neKOTopbix cjiynaax nrpajiH cboio pojib h
«npyrne «HCKJiiOHHTejibHbie»11 oßcTOHTejibCTBa, neMbicjiHMbie
BHe 3toto «nepenjieTeHHH» BHeniHHx h BHyrpeHHnx nporaBO-
peHHii PoCCHH. ripHMepOM M0HC6T CJiyHCHTb «BbICOKHH ypOBOHb
pa3BHTHH» pOCCHHCKOH peBOJIIOIJHOHHOH BJIHTbl, KOTOpyiO Iipe-
cjie/jOBaHHH ijapcKoro pencHMa BbinynnjiH k 3MHrpai^HH, rjje
ona CMorjia «nojiyHHTb o6pa3OBaHHe» h BoenpHHHTb Bee nacjie-
jjHe nojiHTHnecKoro onbiTa Tpy/jHinHxcH KJiaccoB 3anaßHon Eb-
ponbi (h npejK^e Bcero mbpkchsm), — oßcTOHTejibcrBO, Cbirpaß-
inee OTHio/jb He nocnejiHioio pojib b npoijecce (JiopMHpoBaHHH
ßojibineBHCTCKOH napTHH, Hbe coaHaHue u opzaHuaaifux, 6bi-
jiu Ha HecKOJibKO nopRÖKoe ebiiue, new, co3Hauue u opzanuaa-
t^usi ecex aanaÖHbix «coi^ua/iucmuHecKux» napmuü12*, «rene-
pajibHaa peneTHijna» PeBOJiioijHH 1905 rojja, KOTopaa, KaK bto
nacTO cjiynaeTCH b nepnoßbi THHcejibix kphshcob, öpocHJia ap-
khh CBeT na OTHOineHHH Meacfly KJiaccaMH, KpHCTajuiH3HpoBajia
11 JleHUH B. H. O Hamen peBOJiioiiHH // Tom ace, t. 10, c. 394—395.
12 JIchuh B. H. fleTCKaa 6ojie3Hb jicbhshli b KOMMyHH3Me // Thm ace, t. 9,
c. 214—218.
139

nPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX^ETEPMHHAIIHH
HX H CßeJiaJia BO3MOHCHbIM «OTKpblTHe» HOBOH (|)OpMbI nOJIHTH-
HecKoii opraHH3aijHH Macc, t. e. CoseTOB13; naKoneij (h oto ot-
Hipflb ne naHMenee neoßbiHHoe oßcroflTejibCTBo), HeoHCH/jaHHaa
«nepe^biniKa», KOTopyio ycrajiocrb HMnepHajiHCTHHecKHx rocy-
flapcTB jjana ßojibineBHKaM, iio3bojihb hm «npoÖHTb ce6e jjopo-
ry» b HcTopnio, HenpoH3BOJibHan, ho a^xjjeKTHBHaH no/vmepHC-
Ka 4>paHny3CKOH h anrjiHHCKOH 6ypacya3HH, KOTopaa acejiana
HSÖaBHTbCH OT IjapH, --- BCe 3T0 B peinaiOII^HH MOMeHT BHeCJIO
cboh BKJiajj b noße/jy peBOJiioijHH14. Htbk, Bee, aaace caMbie ne-
3HanHTejibHbie ajieMeHTbi npHBHJiernpoBaHHOH CHTyaijHH Poc-
chh, CTOHBineü na nopore 603moo/choü peBOJiioijHH, CBH3anbi
c HaKonneHueM u oöocmpenueM ucmopuuecKux npomueope-
huü, nenocTHJKHMbix BHe npe/jejiOB Pocchh, KOTopaa, omcma-
6OH ot flpyrnx HMnepHajiHCTHHecKHx crpaH no MeHbiueü Mepe
Ha cmojiemue, e mo we epeMR Haxodunacb cpedu hux e nepebix
pndax.
O6o BceM 3T0M JleHHH TOBOPHT B ÖeCHHCJieHHblX TeKCTaX15,
COflepaCaHHe KOTOpblX CTHJIHH C OCOÖeHHOH HCHOCTbK) pe3K)MH-
poßaji b cbohx ßOKJiajjax, npoHHTaHHbix b anpejie 1924 ro/ja16.
HepaBHOMepHOCTb pbbbhthh KanHTajiH3Ma bo BpeMH HaaaB-
ineHca b 1914 r. bohhbi hmohho noTOMy nocjiyacHjia npinHHOH
13 JleHUH B. H. TpeTHH HHTepnaiiHOHaji h ero Mecro b hctophh // TaM ace,
t. 8, c. 521.
14 JleHUH B. H. CeßbMOH 3KCTpeHHbIH Cbeafl PKII(6). IIOJIHTHHeCKHH 0TH6T
IJK // TaM ace, t. 8, c. 88.
15 Cm., b nacTHOCTH: JleHUH B. H. flercKaa 6o;ie3Hb jicbhshbi b K0MMyHH3-
Me // TaM ace, t. 9, c. 211—218, 248, 271—272; TpeTHH HHTepHauHOHan h
ero Mecro b hctophh // TaM ace, t. 8, c. 521; O Hainen peBOJiioijHH // TaM ace,
t. 10, c. 394—395; ÜHCbMa H3,najieKa (ÜHCbMO I) // TaM ace, t. 7, c. 3—13;
üpomajibHoe ÜHCbMO niBenijapcKHM paöoHHM // JleHHH B. H. IIojih. coöp. coh.,
t. 31, c. 87—94 h t. ä. BaMenaTejibHaa jieHHHCKaa Teopna ycjiOBHH peßojno-
ijhh (JleHUH B. H. flercKaa 6ojie3Hb jicbhshbi b KOMMyHH3Me // JleHHH B. H.
Hsöp. coh., t. 9, c. 211—218) aaeT üojihhh 0630p Bcex cymecrBeHHbix 34><i)eK-
TOB CüeiJHtjjHHeCKOH pOCCHHCKOH CHTyaijHH.
16 CmajiuH H. 06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma // CTanHH M. Bonpocbi jieHHHH3Ma.
M3fl. 11. M.: FocnojiHTH3«aT, 1952. C. 1—80. 3th TeKCTbi no mhothm npHHH-
naM 3acjiyacHBaiOT BHHMaHHH, necMOTpa na hx «neflarornnecKyio» cyxocTb.
140

ÜPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXftETEPMHHAUHH
Pocchhckoh peBOJiioijnn, hto Pocchh b anoxy peBOJiioijHH, ot-
KpbiBinyiocH Tor.ua nepea HejiOBenecrBOM, 6bma Hauöosiee csia-
6biM 36CH0M e q,enu uMnepucuiucmunecKUX 2ocydapcme: hoto-
My hto ona aKKyMyjmpoBajia b ce6e HaHÖojibinee hhcjio hcto-
pHHeCKHX npOTHBOpeHHH, BO3MO7KHBIX B TO BpeMH; IIOTOMy HTO
ona 6bma o/iHOBpeMeHHO h Hauöojiee omcmajioü, h Hauöojiee
paseumoü HaijHeH, — raraHTCKoe npoTHBopenne, Koropoe ee
rocno/jCTByiomHe KJiaccw b cnjiy CBoeii pasoönjeHHOCTH He Mor-
jih hh oöohth, hh paapemHTb. Hnane roßopn, Pocchh, enje He
coßepniHB 6ypHtya3HOH peBOJiioijHH, yace cronjia Ha nopore pe-
bojholjhh nponeTapcKOH; ßyuyHH totoboh nopo^HTb Aße peBO-
jiioijhh cpaay, ona «zjaace ijenoH otcpohkh nepBOH 6bma Hecno-
coÖHa npejjOTBpaTHTb BTopyio. JleHHH 6bm npaß, Kor^a yBHßeji
B 3T0H HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHOH H «6e3BbIXO,HHOH»17 (ßJIH npaBHIIJHX
KJiaccoß) CHTyai^HH oö'beKmueHbie yc/ioeun peBOJiioijHH b Poc-
chh, a C03flaB KOMMyHHCTHnecKyio napTHio, 3Ty ijenb 6e3 e^HHO-
ro cnaöoro 3Bena, cos/iaji TeM caMbiM h ee cyS^eKmueHbie ycsio-
euji, t. e. HHcrpyMeHT peinaronjeH araKH na bto cjiaöoe 3Beno
HMnepnajiHCTHHecKOH ijenH.
Ho passe ne to ace caMoe xotojih cKa3aTb Mapnc h 3nrejibc,
Koraa yTBepacflajiH, hto nporpecc b hctophh Bcerjja ocynjecT-
BJIH6TCH C dypHOÜ CmOpOHbl18? Mbl MOHCeM CHHTaTb, HTO 3T0 Bbl-
paaceHHe oßosnanaeT ry CTopony, KOTopan HaHMenee npHBne-
KaTejibna äjih Tex, kto rocnoßCTByeT naß HCTopneH. Ho aaace
ne coBepnian hbchjihh na# cjiobbmh, mbi Tannce MonceM CHHTaTb,
hto oho oßosnanaeT h cropony, KOTopan npeflCTaBjineTCH hbh-
Menee npHBJieKaTejibHoii äjih Tex, kto... oacHßaeT CBepmeHHH
HcropHHecKHx coöbiTHH c dpyzoü cmopoHbil HpHMepoM MOryT
cjiyacHTb neMeijKHe coijnaji-aeMOKpaTbi KOHija XIX ctojiothh,
CHHTaBmHe, hto b cKopoM BpeMeHH CTaHyr cBH^eTCJiHMH no6e-
Abi couHajiH3Ma, nocKOJibKy oÖJia^aiOT npHBHjierneH npHHa#-
17	JleHUH B. H. O Hamen peBOJiioijHH // JleHHH B. H. Ha6p. coh., t. 10,
c. 394.
18	MapKC K. u dHzesibc 0. Coh., t. 4, c. 143.
141

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHAIJHH
jieMCHOCTM k caMOMy CHJibHOMy KanHTajiHCTnnecKOMy rocyaap-
CTBy, HenpepbiBHO pacinnpHBineMy cboio aKOHOMHnecKyio 6a-
3y — B TO BpeMH KaK OHH CHMH HenpepbiBHO pacniHpHJIH cboio
□JieKTopanbHyio 6aay (öbibhiot h TaKHe coBna^eHHH...). Ohh,
HecoMHeHHO, BepnjiH, hto Hctophh ßBHHceTCH Bnepe/j c dpyzoü,
«xopouieü» cmopoHbi — co ctopohm Hanöojiee MoiijHoro bko-
HOMHHeCKOTO paßBHTHH, HaHÖOJIbHieH BKCnaHCHH, CO CTOpOHbI
npoTHBopenHH, CBe^eHHoro k CBoefi nanöojiee hhctoh cxeMe (a
HMeHHO, k npoTHBopenHio Kannrajia h Tpyzja), saöbiBaa b to
ace BpeMH, hto b jjaHHOM cjiynae Bee bto npoHCxoßHJio b Tep-
mbhhh, BOopynceHHofi moujhbim rocynapcTBeHHbiM annapaTOM
h HMeionjeH 6ypncya3Hio, KOTopaa ^aBHbiM-^aBHO pacnpocTH-
jiacb c Ha^eJK^aMH Ha «cboio» nojiHTHnecKyio peBOJiioijHio, no-
jiynHB B3aMeH — cnanajia ot BncMapKa, a hotom ot Bnjibrejib-
Ma — nojiHTHnecKyio, öiopoKpaTHnecKyio h Boennyio sanjHTy,
a TaKHce rnraHTCKne npH6buiH ot KanHTajiHCTHnecKOH h kojio-
HHajibHOH BKcnjiyaTaijHH; TepMaHHH, b kotopoh cynjecTBOBajia
niOBHHHCTHHecKan h peaKijHOHHaa MejiKan 6ypacya3HH — 3a6bi-
Baa, hto b jjaHHOM cjiynae ara ctojib npocTaa cxeMa npoTHBope-
hhh 6biJia npocTO-nanpocTO aßcmpaKmHoü\ peajibHoe ace npo-
THBopenne cjmsajiocb co bccmh bthmh «oöcTOHTejibCTBaMH» ao
TaKoii CTeneHH, hto pa3JiHHHTb, H^eHTH^HunpoBaTb h npeo6-
pa3OBaTb ero momcho 6bijio jihihb Hepes hux h enympu hux.
IIonbiTaeMCH BbmejiHTb Hanöojiee cynjecTBeHHoe b btom
npaKTHnecKOM onbiTe h b Tex pa3MbiinjieHHHX, k kotopbim oh
noöyjKflaeT JleHHHa. Ho BHanajie cjieflyeT cKaaaTb, hto ne tojib-
KO 3TOT OHBIT nOCJiyJKHJI JJJIH HHX OCHOBOH. JJo 1917 T. 6bIJI
1905 r., ao 1905 r. — orpoMHbie HCTopHnecKne 3a6jiyHQjeHHH
Ahtjihh h TepMaHHH, jjo hhx — KoMMyna, a eqe paHbine —
HeMeijKoe nopaaceHHe 1848—1849 rr. Becb btot hctophh6ckhh
ohbit 6mji npsiMO ujiu KOceeHHO nojjBeprHyT npoeepKe Mbic-
Jibio Onrejibc: «PeBOJiioijHH h KOHTppeBOJiioijHH b TepMaHHH»,
Mapnc: «Kjiaccoßaa 6opb6a bo C>paHijHH», «18-e öpiOMepa Jlyn
Bonanapra», «rpaac/jaHCKaa Bofina bo <I>paHijHH», «KpHTHKa
142

IIPOTHBOPEHHE M CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
Fotckoh nporpaMMbi», Snrejibc: «KpHTHKa 3p<jjypTCKOH npo-
rpaMMbi» h t. jj.) h cooTHeceH c onbiTOM jjpyrnx, npejjinecrByio-
iijhx peBOJiioijHH: c ohbitom 6yp?Kya3Hbix peBOJiioijHH b Ahejihh
H 0paHIJHH.
Ho M03KH0 JIH nO-HHOMy pe3K)MHpOBaTb 3TH npaKTHHeCKHe
HCnblTaHHH H TeopeTHHeCKHH KOMMeHTapHH K HHM, HCJKCJIH
CKaaaB, HTO Becb peBOJIIOIJHOHHblH MapKCHCTCKHH OHBIT JJOKa-
3biBaeT, hto jjajKe ecjiH npoTHBopenne b oöhjcm (ho h oho yace
HMeeT cneijH^HHecKoe onpe/jejieHHe: npoTHBopenne Meaqjy
npOH3BOJJHTeJIbHbIMH CHJiaMH H npOH3BOJJCTBeHHbIMH OTHO-
ineHHHMH, cynjecTBeHHO BonjionjeHHoe b npoTHBopennn MejK-
jjy jjßyMH aHTaroHHCTHnecKHM KJiaccaMH) jjocraTOHHO jjjih to-
ro, HToßbi onpe/jejiHTb CHTyaijHio, b KOTopoii peBOJiioijHH «cto-
ht Ha noßecTKe jjhh», to oho tcm He Menee necnocoÖHO cbmo
no ce6e cnpoßoijHpoBaTb «peBOJiioijHOHHyio CHTyaijHio», a tom
6ojiee — CHTyaijHio peBOJiioijHOHHoro pa3pbiBa h noße/jbi peßo-
JHOIJHH. fljIH TOTO HTOÖbl 3TO npOTHBOpeHHe CTBJIO «aKTHBHBIM»
B CHJIbHOM CMbICJie 3TOTO CJIOBa, HTOÖbl OHO CTBJIO npHHIJHHOM
paspbiBa, Heoöxo/jHMO TaKoe naKonjieHHe «oöcTOHTejibCTB» h
«TeHJjeHIJHH», HTO KaKHMH 6bl HH ÖblJIH HX HCTOKH H HX HanpaB-
jienHOCTb (a MHorne H3 hhx no Heoöxo/jHMOCTH, b cnjiy hx npo-
HCxoHCjieHHfl h hx nanpaBJieHHOCTH napajjOKcajibHbiM o6pa3OM
Hyac/jbi, jjaace «aöcojnoTHO npoTHBonojioacHbi» peBOJiioijHH) ohh,
tcm ne Menee, «cjiueaiomcH» b eduHcmee paspbiea, tcm caMbiM
HO3BOJIHH OÖ'be/JHHHTb OTpOMHOe ÖOJIblHHHCTBO HapO/JHblX MaCC
b aTaKe na peacHM, kotopbih ero npaBHnjne KJiaccbi öeccu/ibHbi
aatqumumb™. H He tojibko ara cnryaijHH b ijejiOM npe/jnojia-
19	B cbh3h co BceM naccaHceM cm.: 1) JleHUH B. H. JJeTCKaa 6ojie3Hb jieBH3-
Hbi b K0MMyHH3Me // JleHHH B. H. Hs6p. coh., t. 9, c. 266—267, 273—276, b
hhcthocth: «JIhiiib Torßa, Kor^a «HU3bi» He xomsim craporo h Korjja «Bepxn»
He Mozym no-cmapoMy, jihhib Tor.ua peBOJiioijHH mohcgt noöeflHTb» (c. 266—
267). 3th (JjopMajibHbie ycjiobhh npoHJUuocrpupoBaHbi Ha c. 273—276.
2) A TaKMce: «Ecjih peBOJHOijHfl noöe/jHJia tbk CKopo... to jihhib noTOMy, hto
b cnjiy Hpe3BbmaHH0 opnrHHajibHOH hctophhcckoh CHTyaiiHH cjiwiucb BMecre,
h 3aMenaTejibH0 «apyacHO» cjihjihcb, coeepiueHHo pa3JiUHHbie nomoKu, coeep-
143

ÜPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHALJHH
raeT «cjiHHHHe» ßßyx (ßyH/iaMeHTajibHbix ycjiOBHÖ b o^hhom h
«yHHKajibHOM HaijHonajibHOM Kpnance», ho h Ka^c/joe H3 sthx
ycjiOBHÄ, (aßcTpaKTHo) B3HToe no OT^ejibHOCTH, Toace npe/jno-
jiaraeT HeKoe «cjihähhc» b «HaKonjieHHH» npoTHBopeHHH. Pas-
se He oeraBajiCH 6bi nnane Heoö'bHCHHMbiM tot 4>aKT, hto na-
poflHbie Maccbi, pa3flejieHHbie Ha KJiaccbi (npojieTapHH, Kpec-
TbHHe, MejiKM 6ypacya3HH), co3HaTejibHO hjih 6ecco3HaTejibno
BKJiiOHHjiHCb b oönjyio aTaKy na cynjecrByiomHH pentHM KaK
eduHoe y,ejioe! H passe He ocTasajica 6bi HHane Heoß'bHCHHMbiM
TOT 4)aKT, HTO rOCnOJJCTByKDnjHe KJiaccbi, KOTOpbIM, HeCMOTpfl
na cynjecTByiomHe cpe/jn hhx pasjiHHHH ((Jjeo/jajibi, Kpynnaa
6ypjKya3HH, npoMbinuieHHHKH, (JjHHaHCHCTbi), ÖJiaroaapH 06-
innpnoMy onsiTy h sepHOMy HHCTHHKTy Bcer^a yzjasajiocb bo3-
oÖHOßjieHHe CBHiijeHHoro coiosa SKcnjiyaTaTopoB npoTHB skc-
njiyaTHpyeMbix, öbuih HH3BejjeHbi ao coctohhhh hojihoto 6ec-
CHJIHH H OKasaJIHCb paSOÖlljeHHbIMH B HaHÖOJiee KpHTHHeCKHH
MOMGHT, JIHHieHHblMH H CpeflCTB pa3peineHHH KpH3HCa, H HO-
BblX nOJIHTHHeCKHX JIHflepOB, H KJiaCCOBOH OHOpbl 3a pyßeJKOM,
6e3opyjKHbiMH b caMoä TBepßbiHe hx coßcTBeHHoro rocyaap-
CTBeHHoro annapaTa, TaK hto Te caMbie HapoßHbie Maccbi, ko-
Topsie ohh CTOJib yMejio aepacajm na noBO^y, 3KcnjiyaTaijHeH,
HaCHJIHeM H MOHieHHHHeCTBOM BblHyJKJjaH HX OKa3bIBaTb yBa-
HCeHHe K COÖCTBeHHOMy BBTOpHTeTy, B MTHOBeHHe OKa nOJJMHJIH
hx nofl ceßa? Kor^a b tbkoh CHTyaijHH b nrpy, npHneM e odny
u my we uzpy BKjnonaeTCH rnraHTCKaH Macca «npoTHBopenHH»,
neKOTopsie H3 KOTopsix pa^HKajibHO reTeporeHHbi h ne hmciot
hh oßnjero hctokb, hh oßiijero HanpaBJieHHH, hh oöiijhx ypoBHH
H MeCTa BO3ßeHCTBHH, HO KOTOpbie, TCM He MCHee, «CJIHBaiOTCH»
apyr c apyroM b e^HHCTBe paspbiBa, CTaHOBHTCH HeB03M0)KHbiM
TOBOpHTb O ejJHHCTBeHHOH H npOCTOH CHJie «oßmero npOTHBO-
penHH». Pa3yMeeTCH, (^yn/iaMeHTajibHoe npoTHBopenne, hbjih-
uieHHo pa3HopoÖHbie KJiaccoBBie HHTepecti, coeepuieHHO npomueonojiowHbie
nojiHTunecKHe h coiinanbHbie crpeMJieHHH». (JIshuh B. H. ÜHCbMa H3aajieKa //
JleHHH B. H. Ha6p. coh., t. 7, c. 8).
144

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHALJHH
lonjeecfl rocnoßCTByiomHM b ßannoe BpeMH (Korßa peBOJiioijHfl
«ctoht Ha nosecTKe ßHH»), ßeöcTByeT KaK bo Bcex othx «npo-
THBopenHHx», TaK h b oßpasyeMOM hmh «cnjiase». Ho, crporo
rOBOpn, H6BO3MO7KHO yTBep^CßaTb, HTO BTH «npOTHBOpeHHH» H
hx «cnjiaB» — Bcero jihhib ero uucrrtbiü cfjeHOMeH. nocKOJibKy
«oßcTOHTejibCTBa» hjih «TeHßeHijHH», b KOTopbix oho ocymecr-
BJineTCH, — hchto ßojibinee, hcm ero npocTofi h hhctbih 4>eHO-
MeH. Ohh 3BBHCHT OT npOH3BOßCTBeHHbIX OTHOineHHH, KOTopbie
XOTH H HBJIHIOTCH OßHHM H3 TepMHHOB npOTHBOpeHHH, HO B TO
nee BpeMH cyTb ycjiOBHH ero cymecTBOBaHHH; ot naßcrpoeK, t. e.
HHcraHijHH, KOTopbie ot hhx npoH3BOßHbi, ho oßjiaßaiOT co6-
CTBeHHblMH CBH3HOCTBIO H ßeÄCTBeHHOCTblO; HaKOHCIJ, OT M63K-
ßyHapOßHOH KOH’blOHKTypbl, KOTOpaH BKJHOHaeTCH B Hrpy KaK
aeTepMHHaHTa, HrpaiomaH cboio cneijH^jHHecKyio pojib20. 3to
3HBHHT, HTO «paßJIHHHH», KOHCTHTyHpyiOIime KHJKßyK) H3 HpH-
cyrcTByiomHX b Hrpe HHCTanijiiH (h npoHBjinioiixne ceön b tom
«HaKOnJieHHH», O KOTOpOM TOBOPHT JleHHH), eCJIH OHH «OÖpa3y-
iot cnjiaB» peajibHoro eßHHCTBa, OTHioßb ne «ucuesaiom» kbk
HHCTblH 4>6HOMeH BO BHyTpeHHeM eßHHCTBO npocmozo npOTH-
BOpeHHH. Eduncmeo, KOTopoe ohh KOHcmumyupyioin b noßoö-
hom «cnjiase» peBOJiioijHOHHoro paspbiBa21, KOHCTHTynpoßano
HX COÖCTBeHHOH CyilJHOCTblO H COÖCTBeHHOH ßeÄCTBeHHOCTbK),
Ha OCHOBe TOTO, HTO OHH CyTb H COTJiaCHO CneiJHCjjHHeCKHM MO-
AaJIbHOCTHM HX ACHCTBHH. HeCOMHOHHO, HTO, KOHCTHTyHpyH 3TO
eßHHCTBO, OHH peKOHCTHTynpyiOT H OCyiljeCTBJIHIOT (JjyHßaMeH-
TajibHoe eßHHCTBO, Bßbixaionjee b hhx hch3hb, ho, ßejian oto,
20 B HHCJie npuHHH noöeßbi coBercKofi peBOJiioiiHH JleHHH ynoMHHaeT aaste
npHpoßHbie öoraTCTBa crpanbi h ee orpoMHyio TeppHTopHio, KOTopaa ne paa
cnacana peBOJiioijMio, Koraa nojiHTHHecKHe h BoeHHbie oöcroHTejibCTBa Bbi-
HyscaajiH ee k «OTCTyiuieHHio».
21 CHTyaijHH «KpH3Hca», Kax He paa yKaabiBaji JIchhh, aeJiaeT hbhbimh
crpyiciypy h aHHaMHKy oömecTBeHHOH cj)opMaijnH, KOTopaa b Heil OKaabiBaer-
ca. üoBTOMy to, hto 6biJio CKaaano o P6bojiioijhohhoh CHTyaijHH, b onpeaejien-
hoh Mepe coxpanaeT cbok) anaaHMoerb h an« oönjecrBeHHOH (jropMaijHH, croa-
meii na nopore peBOJHOijHOHHoro Kpn3nca.
145

IIPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
ohh b to JKe BpeMH jjejiaiOT hbhoh h ero npupody. tot (JjaKT, hto
«npoTHBopenHe» HeoTjjejiHMO ot crpyKTypbi Bcero coijHajibHO-
ro Tena, b kotopom oho ceßn npoHBjineT, HeoT^ejiHMO ot cbohx
^opMajibHbixyaaoeuü cynjecTBOBaHHH h ot Tex caMbix hhcthh-
ijhh, KOTopbiMH oho ynpaBjineT, hto ohh noaTOMy OKa3bi6aiom
eosdeücmeue na caMy cep/jijeBHHy npoTHBopennn, KOTopoe, hb-
JIHHCb ^eTepMHHaHTOH, B TO HCe BpeMH CaMO JjeTepMHHHpOBaHO,
npHHeM «HeTepMHHHpOBaHO pa3JIHHHbIMH ypoeHHMU H pa3JIHH-
HblMH UHCmaHlfUHMU OÖlIjeCTBeHHOH 4)OpMaiJHH, B KOTopyio
oho BßbixaeT HCH3Hb: Mbi motjih 6bi CKaaaTb, hto oho Bcer/ja
npuHi^unua/ibHO ceepxdemepMUHupoeano22.
H OTHioßb He HacTaHBaio na TepMHHe CQepxdemepMUHai^usi
(KOTOpblH ßaHMCTBOBaH H3 HHblX JJHCIJHnjIHH), HO 3a OTCyTCTBH-
eM jiyninero h Hcnojib3yio ero b KanecTBe omMemxu h b to nee
BpeMH b KanecTBe yKaaaHun hü npoÖJieMy, sl TaiOKe noTOMy, hto
oh Bnojine no3BOJiaeT hohhtb, noneMy Ta peajibHOCTb, c koto-
poh mbi HMeeM 3^ecb aejio, hc uweem Huuezo oöiqezo c zeze/iee-
ckum npomueopeHueM.
/JeHCTBHTejibHO, rerejieBCKoe npoTHBopenne HHKor^a ne hb-
jihotch peajibHO ceepxdemepMUHupoeaHHbiM, aance ecjin nacTO
oho h KaaceTCH thkobbim. TaK, nanpHMep, b «C>eHOMeHOJiorHH»,
r;je onHcaH ohmt C03HaHHH h ero /jHajieKTHKa, ßocTnraionjaH
3aBepnieHHH c noHBjieHHeM Aöcojhothoto 3naHHH, nporaBO-
penne oraioflb hc Ka^cemaH npocmbiM; nanpoTHB, oho KaaceT-
CH BeCbMa CJIOHCHblM. CTpOTO TOBOpH, npOCTbIM MOHCeT ßblTb
Ha3Bano tojibko nepßoe npoTHBopenne: npoTHBopenne Menc-
ffy nyBCTBeHHbiM cosnaHHeM h ero 3naHHeM. Ho neM aajibine
mbi npoßBHTaeMCH b flnajieKTHKe ero npoH3BOjjCTBa, TeM ßojiee
ßoraTbiM CTanoBHTCH co3HaHHe h TeM ßojiee cjiohchmm — npo-
THBopenne. H TeM He Menee mohcho noKaaaTb, hto 3rra cjiomc-
hoctb — OTHiOßb ne cjiOHCHOCTb pecuibHoü CQepxdemepMUHa-
22 Cp. mmcjih Mao o paajiHHHH MejKßy npoTHBopemiHMH aHTaroHHCTinecKn-
MH (B3pbIBOOnaCHbIMH, peBOJIIOIXHOHHbIMH) H HeaHTaTOHHCTHHeCKHMH (Mao
Lfae flyH. HaöpaHHbie npoH3BeßeHHH. T. 2. M.: M3ä-bo hhoctp. jiHT-pbi, 1953,
c. 462—63).
146

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXflETEPMHHAIjnH
IfUU, HO CJIO3KHOCTB KyMyjIHTHBHOH UHmepUOpU3O,l}UU, KOTOpaH
jihihb KaaceTCH CBepxaeTepMHHaixHeH. ^eHCTBHTejibHO, b Kaac-
/jbih MOMeHT CBoero CTanoBjieHHH coanaHHe nepejKHBaeT h no-
3naeT b onbiTe cboio coßcTBeHHyio cynjHOCTb (cooTBeTCTByio-
myio aocTHrnyTOMy hm ypoBHio pa3BHTHH) KaK nocpedcmeoM
ecex omaeyKoe npeacHHx cynjHOCTeii, kotopbimh oho öbijio, TaK
h ßjiaro/iapfl cuuiJoaueHOMy npucymcmeuio cooTBeTCTByionjHx
HCTopHnecKHx (jjopM. TeM caMbiM Terejib noKa3bißaeT, hto bch-
Koe co3HaHne oßjia^aeT KaK hckum npouuibiM, CHHTbiM-coxpa-
HeHHbiM (aufgehoben) b ero HacToanjeM, TaK h hckum MupoM
(MHpOM, C03HaHHeM KOTOpOrO OHO MOTJIO 6bl ßblTb, HO KOTOpblH
ocTaeTca KaK 6bi na BHeniHefi rpamiije (en marge) «4>eH0MeH0-
jiofhh», npHcyTCTBya Bcero jihihb BHpTyajibHO h neaBHo), h hto
noaTOMy ero nponwiOMy npHHaßJieacaT h Mupbi ocmaeuiuxcn e
npouuiOM cyiqHOcmeü. TeM ne Menee bth nponuibie (Jmrypbi
C03HBHHH, KaK H BTH H6HBHBie MHpbl (cOOTBeTCTByiOIIJHe 3THM
4>nrypaM) HHKor.ua ne Bos^eHCTByioT na HbiHemnee coanaHHe
KaK deücmeumejibHbie demepMUHanmbi, onuiuHHbie om Hezo
COMO2O-. KaK 3TH (JjHTypbl, T3K H 3TH MHpbl 3aTpaTHBaiOT C03Ha-
HHe Bcero Jinnib b KanecTBe 0T3ByK0B (ßocnoMHHaHHH, (JjaHTO-
MOB ero HCTOpHHHOCTH) TOTO, H6M OHO CTBJIO, T. e. B KBHeCTBe
npedeocxuiqeHuü ujiu ajuitoauü eao comozo. H nocKOJibKy npo-
mjioe — Bcer.ua Bcero jihhib BHyrpeHHHH cynjHOCTb 6yAynjero,
KOTopoe oho b ceße co^epjKHT, to bto npncyrcTBHe nponuioro
ecTb npncyTCTBHe caMoro co3HaHHH b ceße cbmom, a omHiodb He
nodjiuHHOR demepMUHaHma, eueucHJui coauaHuio. Eydynu Kpy-
2om Kpy2oe, coaHaHue uMeem Jiuuib oöuh q,eHinp, h tojibko oh
ero aeTepMHHHpyeT: nooTOMy eMy Heoßxo^HMBi KpyrH, uMeto-
u^ue UHbie, Hevcejiu oho como, q,eHinpbi, m. e. dei^eHmpupoeaH-
Hbie Kpyzu, ßJIH TOTO HTOÖBI OHO B CBMOM CB06M IjeHTpe MOT-
JIO ßblTb 3aTpOHyTO HX B03^eHCTBHeM, KOpOHe TOBOpa, flJIH TOTO
HToßbi ero cynjHOCTb Morjia öbitb CBepx^eTepMHHHpoßaHa hmh.
Ho Ha .nejie bto othio^b ne TaK.
147

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
HCTHHHOCTb 3TOTO OnHCaHHH CTHHOBHTCH Gllje OHCBH^Hee B
«0HJIOCo4>HH HCTOpHH». 3flCCb Mbl TCDKe CTHJIKHBaeMCH C BH-
jjhmoctbio CBepxaeTepMHHaijHH: pa3Be ne KOHCTHTynpoBa-
HO BCHKOe HCTOpineCKOe OÖlIjeCTBO ßeCKOHCHHBIM HHCJIOM KOH-
KpeTHbix «neTepMimaHT: ot nojiHTHnecKHx shkohob, pcjihthh,
HpaBOB, oßbnaeB /jo (jjHHancoBoro, KOMMepnecKoro, BKOHOMHne-
ckoto pejKHMa, chctcmbi o6pa3OBaHHH, HCKyccrsa, (JjhjiococJihh
h t. jj.? Meacay TeM hh o/jHa H3 sthx «ijeTepMHHaHT no cyrn cbo-
eü ne hbjihctch eneumeü /jpynix, npnneM ne tojibko noTO-
My, hto nx coBOKynHOCTb oßpasyer H3HanajibHoe opraHHHecKoe
eßHHCTBO, ho npeacae Bcero noTOMy, hto 3Ta TOTajibHOCTb orpa-
acaeTCH b yHHKajibHOM BnyrpeHHeM npHHijHne, kotopbih hbjih-
eTCH UCmUHOÜ Bcex STHX KOHKpeTHBIX JjeTepMHHaHT. B03bMeM,
k npHMepy, Phm: bch ero mraHTCKan hctophh, ero ycraHOBJie-
HHH, ero KPH3HCM H HaHHHHHHH cyTb ne HTO HHOC, KaK npOHB-
jieHHe bo BpeMeHH h nocjie/jyioiijee paapymeHHe BHyrpeHHero
npnnijHna aßcmpaKmHOÜ lopuduHecKOÜ jiuhhocttiu. 3tot BHy-
TpeHHHH npmnjHn, pasyMeeTCH, co/jepjKHT b ce6e cjioqho om-
seyKU Bee npHHijHnbi ocTaBinnxcH b nponuiOM HcropHnecKHx
(JjOpMaiJHH, HO 3TO OT3ByKH TOTO MCe CHMOTO npHHIJHna, H K3K
pa3 noaTOMy oh Toace HMeeT Bcero jihhib o/jhh ijeHTp, KOTopbiii
HBJIHeTCH IjeHTpOM BC6X npOIHJIBIX MHpOB, COXpaHHBIUHXCH B
ero naMHTH, — KaK pa3 nosTOMy oh npocm. H KaK pa3 b stoh
npocroTe npoHBjineTCH ero coöcTBeHHoe npoTHBopenne: b Ph-
Me 3TO C17lOUl^U3M KOK (})0pM006pCL30eaHUe CO3HaHUH, KaK co-
3HaHne npOTHBOpeHHH, coAepHcamerocH b hohhthh aßcrpaKT-
HOH IOpH/lHHeCKOH JIHHHOCTH, KOTOpoe CmpeMUHlCJl 6bipO3UTTlb
KOHKpeTHbiH mhp cyö'beKTHBHOCTH, ho mepnum b 3tom npe/j-
npHHTHH Heydany. Hmchho bto npoTHBopenne npHBe/jer k Kpy-
nieHHio Phmh h nocjiyacHT nanajiOM ero ßyuymero, t. e. (fruzypbi
cyöirtKmueHOcmu cpeaneBeKOBoro xpncTHaHCTBa. Thkhm 06-
pa3OM, BCH CJIOHCHOCTb PHMa HHKOHM OÖpa3OM He CBepxaeTep-
MHHnpyeT npOTHBOpeHHH npocToro npnnijHna Phmb, kotopbih
OKa3bißaeTCH hmchho BHyrpeHHeii cyiijHOCTbio btoto ßecKOHen-
hoto HCTOpHHecKoro öoraTCTBa.
148

ÜPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
HtBK, flOCTHTOHHO CnpOCHTb CeÖH O TOM, HOHCMy (JjeHOMeHbI
HCTopinecKOH Myrai^HH öbijih noMbicjienbi TerejieM c homo-
njbio 3Toro npocmozo noHsuniiH npoTHBopenHH, htoöbi nocra-
BHTb Hauöojiee cyu^ecmeeHHbtü eonpoc. IIpocTOTa rerejieBCKO-
ro npoTHBopeHHH Ha jjejie bobmohchb jihihb ßjiaro^apa npocTO-
Te QHympeHHezo npuHipma, KOHCTHTynpyronjero cynjHOCTb
jiioöoro HCTopmecKoro nepnoaa. Hmchho noTOMy, hto b npuH-
UHne BO3MO5KHO pe/jyijHpoBaTb TOTa/ibHocTb, öecKoneHHoe pa3-
Hooßpaane toto hjih hhoto HCTopnnecKoro oßnjecTBa (PpeijHH,
Phm, CßHiijeHHaH PHMCKaa HMnepna, Ahtjihh h t. ß.) k npo-
cmoMy 6HympeHHeMy npuHipmy, umchho noamoMy ama npo-
cmoma, no npaey useneueHHan U3 npomueopeuun, Modern
Haümu sdecb ceoe ompcwceuue. Ecjih nonbrraTbca ccjjopMyjiH-
poßaTb 3to nojioaceHHe TOHHee, to mojkho cKaaaTb, hto caMa
3Ta pe/iyKijHfl (n/jeio kotopoh Terejib noaauMCTBOBaji y Moh-
TecKbe), peayKijHH ecex sjicmchtob, cocTaBjiHiomnx KOHKpeT-
Hyio JKH3Hb TOTO HJIH HHOTO HCTOpHHeCKOTO MHpa (3K0H0MHH6-
CKHe, coijnajibHbie, nojiHTmecKHe, lopHflinecKHe HHCTHTyrbi,
HpaBbI, MOpanb, HCKyCCTBO, peJIHTHH, 4)HJIOCO4)HH, h aaace hcto-
pinecKHe coöbimuji: bohhbi, cpaaceHHH, nopaaceHHH h t. jj.), k
oÖHOMy npHHijHiiy BHyrpeHHero ejjHHCTBa, 3Ta pejiyKijHfl bo3-
MOJKHa JIHIHB npn OflHOM aficOWOmHOM yCJlO6UUt BCH KOHKpeT-
Haa JKH3HB TOTO HJIH HHOTO HapOfla ßOJIHCHa paCCMaTpHBaTBCH
b KanecTBe OBHeinHeHHH-OTHyac^eHHH (Entäußerung-Entfrem-
dung) ojjhoto QHympeHHezo dyxoenozo npuHifuna, kotopbih e
kohchhom, cueme ecmb He umo UHoe, kok Hauöojiee aöcmpaKm-
HOH (fiopMa COMOC03HaHUH 31T10Z0 MUpa: eZO peJlUZUO3HOe UJIU
(piuioco(pCKoe co3HaHue, m. e. ezo coöcmeeHHOH udeosiozusi.
3/jecb, KaK h ayMaio, mbi HaKOHeij-TO noHHMaeM, b kbkom cmbic-
jie «MHcnnecKaa oßojionKa» bjihhct Ha «3epno» h H3MeHaeT
ero npHpofly, — nocKOJibKy npocmoma zezejieecKOZO npomueo-
peuuR ecezda ecmb Jiuuib ompa^ceHue npocmombi enympeHHe-
zo npuHipina mozo ujiu uhozo Hapoda, m. e. hc ezo Mamepu-
a/ibHoü deücmeumejibHOcmu, ho ezo Hauöojiee aöcmpaKrriHOÜ
udeojiozuu. H kctbth, hmchho noaTOMy Terejib cnocoßeH npe/j-
149

ÜPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJMfl
CTaBHTb naM bck> BceMHpHyio HCTopnio, HaHHHaa c /tpeBHero
BocTOKa h ao Hanmx «HHeä, b KanecTBe «ÄHajieKTHHecKoii», t. e.
jjbhhchmoh npocTbiM jjeHCTBueM HeKoero npuHijHna npocToro
npoTHBopenHH. Hmchho noaTOMy jpih Hero, no cyra jjejia, hh-
KOiyja ne mohcct ßbiTb hh noflJiHHHoro paspbiBa, aeiiCTBHTejib-
Horo KOHija peajibHOH hctophh, hh, tgm ßojiee, pa^HKajibnoro
nanajia. H kbk pa3 noaroMy ero (JihjiococJjhh hctophh khihht
MyraijHHMH, Kanc/jaa H3 KOTopbix neH3MeHH0 0Ka3biBaeTca «/jh-
ajieKTHnecKOH». OßocHOBaTb 3Ty nopa3HTejibHyio KOHijenijHio
OH MOJKeT JIHHIb HOTOMy, hto hoctohhho yuepacHBaeTCM Ha rpe6-
ne flyxa, c BbicoTbi KOToporo aaace CMepTb ijejioro Hapo/ja ne
HMeeT CTOJib yjK ßojibinoro 3HaneHHH, nocKOJibKy oh yace bohjio-
thji b ce6e onpeaejieHHbiH npHHLjHn neKoero MOMenra H^en, b
3anace y KOTopoö hmciotch h apyrne, h nocKOJibKy, bohjiothb
ero, oh yace c hhm hokohhhji, hto6bi nepe^aTb ero toh IlaMHTH
o ce6e, KOTopoii hejihctch Hctophh, a TeM caMbiM — h dpyzoMy
Hapofly, KOTopbiii (aaace ecjin HCTopHnecKaa CBH3b Meac/jy hh-
mh BecbMa OTßajieHHa), OTpaacan ero b CBoeii cyßcraHijHH, hbh-
aeT b hcm oöeTOBaHHe CBoero coßcTBeHHoro BHyTpeHHero npHH-
ijnna, KOTopbiü cjiobho cjiynaHHO OKancercH jiothhockh cjiejjy-
ioiijhm H3 nepBoro npHHijHna momchtom H/jen, h t. ß. h t. n.
HyacHO pa3 h HaBcerfla hohhtb, hto Bee bth npoH3BOJibHbie xo-
flbi mbicjih (flaace ecjin nopoii ohh nepeMeacaiOTCH hoajihhho re-
HHaJIbHblMH H/XeHMH) OTHK)flb He 0TpaHHH6HbI OflHHM TOJIbKO
«MHpoBO33peHHeM», «CHCTeMOH» TerejiH (TaKoe nojioHceHHe jjeji
6bmo 6bi no/jJiHHHbiM nynoM), ho hto na /jene ohh OTpaacaiOT-
ch b CTpyKType, b cbmhx crpyicrypax ero ^HajieKTHKH, b hbct-
HOCTH, B TOM «npOTHBOpeHHH», 3ajjana KOTOpOTO COCTOHT B TOM,
HTOÖbl MaTHHeCKHM o6pa3OM npHBO^HTb B JJBHHCeHHe KOHKpeT-
Hbie cojjepHcaHHH btoto HCTopHHecKoro MHpa, TeM caMbiM npn-
ÖJiHHcaa hx k ero HßeojiOTHHecKOH IJejiH.
Hmchho noaTOMy MapKCHCTCKoe «nepeßopaHHBaHHe» rere-
jieBCKoii jjHajieKTHKH — HenTO coßepnieHHO HHoe, HeacejiH npo-
CToe h HHCToe H3BjieneHHe. Ecjih mm h b cbmom jjejie hcho bh-
ähm TecHyio h BHyrpeHHioio CBH3b rerejieBCKOH CTpyKTypbi
150

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX.HETEPMHHAIJHH
ßnajieKTHKH c «MHpoBO33peHneM» Terejia, t. e. c ero cneicyjiH-
THBHOH (JjHJIOCO^Heii, TO CTaHOBHTCH HeBO3MO2KHBIM deÜCTYL6U-
me/ibHO OTÖpocHTb 3to «MHpoBO33peHHe», He 6epsi Ha ceöfi, o6sl-
3amejibcmeo nodeepzHymb znyäoKOMy npeo6pa3oeaHUK) comu
cmpyKTnypbi omoü duaaeKmuKU. B npoTHBHOM nee cjiynae —
xothm mm 3Toro hjih Her — Mbi h nepe3 150 JieT nocjie CMep-
th Terejifl, nepes 100 JieT nocjie MapKca ßyijeM no-npencneMy
BJiaHHTb 3a coßoii OÖpblBKH 3HaMeHHTOrO «MHCTHHeCKOrO oßjia-
H6HHH».
Ho BepneMca k JleHHny, a nepe3 Hero — k MapKcy. Ecjih jie-
HHHCKaa npaKTHKa h jieHHHCKan Mbicjib aeiicTBHTejibHO ßOKa-
3aJIH, HTO peBOJIIOIJHOHHaH CHTyaijHH B PoCCHH ßblJia CBH3ana
hmchho c uHmeHcueHoü ceepxdemepMUHupoeaHHoembK) c|jyH-
jjaMeHTajibHoro KJiaccoßoro npOTHBOpeHHH, to, ßbiTb mohcct,
cjie/jyer cnpocHTb ceßn, b hcm 3aKJnonaeTCH ucK/uoHumejib-
Hocmb 3toh «HCKJHOHHTejibHoii cumyayuu», n ne oß^HCHHeTCH
JIH 3TO HCKJIIOHeHHe, KaK H BCHKOC HCKJIIOHeHHe, cbohm npaBH-
jiom, — He HBjiaeTCH jih oho, ße3 Be/jOMa npaBHJia, comum npa-
eujiOM? Pa3Be ne Bcerjja mbi Haxo/jHMCH b HCKJiiOHHTejibHbix
CHTyaijHHx? HcKJHoneHHe neMeijKoro nopaoKenHH 1849 rojja,
HCKJIIOHeHHe napHHccKoro nopanceHHH 1871 ro/ja, HCKJIIOHeHHe
nopajKeHHH HeMeijKoii coijnaji-fleMOKpaTHH b nanane XX BeKa,
3a KOTopbiM nocjiejjoßajio moBHHHCTHHecKoe npe/jarejibCTBO
1914 ro.ua, HCKJnoneHHe ycnexa 1917 ro^a... Bee bto HCKjnone-
hhh, ho U3 kokozo npaeujial He H3 toto jih, KOTopoe 3a^ano
aßcrpaKTHoii, ho yzjoßnoH h yreniHTejibHoii H^eeü hokoh ohh-
njeHHoä, npocToü «jjHajieKTHHecKoii» cxeMbi, KOTopaa b cbmoh
CBoeä npocTOTe cjiobho coxpaHHjia naMHTb (hjih bhobb nanuia
oöjihk) rerejieBCKOH mo/jcjih h Bepy b «choco6hoctb» aßcrpaKT-
Horo npOTHBOpeHHH KaK TaKOBoro (b jjaHHOM cjiynae — «ny/jec-
hoto» npOTHBOpeHHH Meaqjy KannrajiOM h TpyzjoM) k paspe-
ineHHio npoßjieM. PasyMeercn, h ne orpnijaio, hto «npocTora»
btoh OHuiqeHHOü cxeMbi Morjia OTBenaTb onpe/jejieHHbiM eyßb-
eKmUGHblM TpeÖOBaHHHM, CBH3aHHBIM C HeoßxOJJHMOCTBIO MO-
ßHJIH3aiJHH Macc: B KOHIje KOHIJOB, Mbl xopoino 3HaeM, HTO 4>op-
151

DPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHALJHH
mbi yroiiHHecKoro coijHajiH3Ma mcwce cbirpajiH onpejjejieHHyio
HCTopunecKyio pojib, npnneM hmohho noTOMy, hto npHHHMajiH
3a HHcryio Moneiy co3HaHHe Macc h noTOMy hto npHHHMaTb ero
Bcepbes cjieayeT h Tor/ja (h ßaxe b ocoßeHHOCTH Torjja), Kor-
aa Mbi CTaBHM ce6e sa^any bgcth Maccbi k öojiee oT^ajieHHbiM
ijejiHM. Koraa-HHÖyzjb npn/jeTCH npo^ejiaTb Ty ace onepaijnio,
KOTopyio MapKC h 3nrejibc npo^ejiajiH no OTHOineHHio k yro-
nnnecKOMy coijHajiH3My, ho na 3tot pa3 — no OTHomenHio k
TeM Bee eine cxeMaTHHHO-yronHHecKHM (Jjopmbm Maccoßoro co-
3HaHHH, na KOTopbie OKaaaji bjihhhh6 mbpkchsm (h Aaxce no ot-
HOHieHHIO K CO3HaHHK) HeKOTOpblX TCOpeTHKOB 3T0r0 MaCCOBO-
ro CO3HBHHH) b nepBoii nojiOBHHe CBoen hctophh; h tom caMbiM
cjjejiaTb npe/jMeTOM noßJiHHHoro HCTopHnecKoro HCCJie^OBa-
HHH yCJIOBHH CynjeCTBOBaHHH H (J)OpMbI BTOrO CO3HaHHH23. He-
23 B 1890 r. Bnrejibc nnrner b nuctMe k Bjioxy ot 21 ceHTHÖpa 1890 ro^a
(MapKC K. u dme/ibc <P. Coh., t. 37, c. 396): «Mapnc h h othbcth cbmh bhho-
BaTbi b tom, hto MOJio/jeHCb MHor/ja npHßaer öojibine 3HaneHHH aKOHOMnnecKon
cropone, hom bto cjie/jyeT. Hom npuxodusiocb, 6O3pa&caji hüiuum npomuoHu-
kom, nodnepKueamb zjiaeHbiü npuHi^un, Komopbiü ohu omeepzcuiu, u hc ecez-
da HaxodiLfiocb epeMn, Mecmo u 3O3MOMHocmb omdaeamb donztCHoe ocmajib-
HblM MOMCHmaM, yHaCTByK)IIJHM BO B3aHMO^eHCTBHH». O TOM, KaKHM o6pa-
3om Bnrejibc noHHMaer ßeTepMHHaijnio «b kohohhom cnere», cm. UpmioxceHHe
c. 170.
B CBH3H C BOnpOCOM OÖ HCCJießOBaHHHX, KOTopbie npejJCTOHT npOBeCTH, fl
6bi xoTeji npHBecTH mbicjih TpaMinH o MexaHHCTHHecKH-(j)aTajiHCTCKOM HCKy-
III6HHH B HCTOpHH MapKCH3MB XIX CTOJICTHH (TpOMULU A. TlOpeMHbie TOTpa-
äh. B 3h. H. 1. M.: IIojiHTH3jiaT, 1991, c. 37): «Mcxhcho 30Memumb, umo de-
mepMUHucmcKuü, (pamajiucmuHecKuü, MexaHucmuuecKuü 3/ieMCHm npuda-
3OJi (pujioco(puu npaKmuKU HenocpedcmeeHHbiü udeojiozuuecKuü «apoMam»,
C6oeo6pa3Hyjo (popMy pejiuzuu u eosöywdajoiyezo (ho Ha Manep HapKomu-
Koe) cpedcmea: oöhoko mo öbuia ucmopuuecKOR HeoöxoduMOcmb, onpaedaH-
hoh «nodHUHCHHbiM» xapaKmepoM onpedejieHHbix coifuajibHbix cjioee. Kozda
ympaHueaemcH UHuifuamuea e 6opb6e u e pesyribmame caMa 6opb6a eudum-
csl maub kok cepusi nopaziceHuü, MexaHucmuHecKuü demepMUHU3M npeepa-
ufaemcH e MOzyu/ecmeeHHyjo cwiy MopasibHozo conpomuejicHim, cnjioneHun,
ynpHMOÜ u mepnejiueoü HacmoÜHueocmu. «B daHHbiü momchhi r nomep-
nen nopaMCHue, ho cmia eeiyeü, paßomaem Ha mchr e kohchhom umoze u
m. d.». PeajibHOR oojih npeoäpazwaemcR e hckuü aKm eepbi e HCKyro paipt-
152

IIPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHAIJHH
TpyßHO 3aMeTHTb, o^HaKO, hto Bee Haußojiee BaacHbie hojih-
TiriecKHe h HCTopinecKHe tokctbi, HanncaHHbie MapKCOM h
3nrejibC0M b otot nepnoa, jjaiOT HaM MaTepnan juih pa3Mbini-
JieHHH 06 3THX TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX «HCKJIIOHeHHHX». Ü3 HHX Bbl-
TeKaeT Ta (JjyHjjaMeHTajibHaa mjea, hto npomueopeuue Ka-
numcui—Tpyd HUKOzda He öbieaem npocmbiM, httio oho ecez-
da npuoöpemaem cneifucpuHecKyio onpedesieHHOcmb ö/iazodapn
KOHKpemHbiM ucmopunecKUM, (popMOM u oöcmoamenbcmeaM,
e Komopbix oho ebipaofcaemcn u deücmeyem. Bjiaroaapa 4>op-
mbm Haj^CTpoiiKH (rocy^apcTBO, rocyzjapcTBeHHaa HßeojiorHH,
pejiHTHH, opraHH3OBaHHbie nojiHTnnecKHe /jbhtkchhh h t. ä-);
ÖJiaroaapH QHympeHHeü u eneumeü ucmopunecKOÜ cumyaipiu,
onpe/jejiaioineM 3to npoTHBopenHe, c o^hoh ctopohm, b cbhsh c
OHcuibHOcmb ucmopuu, e aMnupunecKyto u npuMumueuyio (popMy cmpacm-
hozo $UHOJiu3Ma, ebicmynaiou^yio kok 3OMeHumejib npedHaaHaneHUH, npo-
eudeHUR u moMy nodoÖHbix yueHuü KOHfpeccuoHOJibHbix pejiuzuü. H 3 amoM
cjiyuae — Ha amoM HeoöxoduMO Hacmausamb — npodojia/caem peajibHO cy-
iyecm303amb cujibHOJi sojiesaji desunejibHocmb... Cjtedyem noduepKHymb,
umo (pamajiu3M — amo He nmo uhoc, KaK Hapsid, 3 Komopbiü cjiafibie ne-
peodesaiom aKmuoHyto u pea/ibHyio 3ojik>. Bom noneMy HeoöxoduMO nocmo-
rhho 3CKpbi3amb nycmomy MexaHucmuuecKozo demepMUHU3Ma, Komopbiü
ecjiu u Mowern Haümu ce6e o&bsiCHeHue KaK Hau3Han (jnuioco(buH Macc (u
eduHcmceHHO 3 amoM cjiynae cnyafcum ux ycu/ieHuto), mo, öydyuu 3O33edeH
uHme/uiuzeHifueü 3 panz npodyMaHHoü u cmpozoü (frujiocotpuu, npespaiqa-
emcA 3 npuHUHy naccusHOcmu, npuuuHy uduomcKoü caMoydo3Jiem3opeHHO-
cmu.» 9ma onno3ut(,UH («uHmejuieKmyajibi — Maccbi») Moatcem noKaaambCR
cmpaHHOü 3 coHUHeHuxx MapKCucmcKOZO meopemuKa. Ho cjieayer noMHHTb,
hto noHHTHe «HHTejiJieKryaji» y TpaMuiH öockohchho öorane, hcm Harne oöbm-
Hoe noHHTHe, hto oho onpeaejiaercH ne tcm, hto caMH HHTejiJieKiyajibi jjyMa-
iot o ce6e, ho hx (öojiee hjih Menee noflHHHeHHOH) pojibio opraHH3aTopoß h
Boxten. Hmchho noaTOMy TpaMHiH Mor nncaTb: «ymsepandeHue, nmo 3ce HJie-
Hbi moü ujiu uhoü napmuu do/iatcHbi paccMampusambcn kok unmejuiuzeH-
mbi, Moa/cem damb nosod öjih luymoK u KapuKamyp; u 3ce atce, ecjiu nopa3-
Mbicjiumb, amo umchho maK u hukok unane. 3decb c/iedyem, no-suduMOMy,
ynumbioamb ypo3Hu, napmun Moatcem uMemb 3 csocm cocmase öojibucuü ujiu
MeHbuiuü npoifeum Jiiodeü sbiciuezo ujiu Huauiezo ypo3HR, ho saatcHO He amo:
eaatcHa pyKoeodsaqafi, u opzauuayioiqaji pojib, mo ecmb eocnumamejui, a 3Ha-
Hum uHmejuiuzcHma» (TpaMiuu A. TiopeMHbie TerpajjH. B 3 h. H. 1. M.: IIo-
jiHTH3flaT, 1991, c. 336).
153

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHALJHH
HaifuoHOJibHbiM npouuibiM (saBepineHHaa hjih «no^aBjieHHaH»
6ypHcya3Haa peBOJiioijHH, (^eo^ajibHan BKcnjiyaTaijHH, KOTopaa
MOHceT ßbiTb ycTpanena ijcjihkom, nacTHHHO hjih He ycTpanena
Booönje, MecTHbie «npaBbi», cneijH(})HHecKHe naijHOHajibHbie
Tpa^HijHH, jja^Ke xapaicrepHbie «cthjih» nojiHTHnecKofi 6opb6bi
h nojiHTHnecKoro noBeaeHHH h t. ä.), a c Apyroii CToponbi, b
cbh3h c cynjecTByiomHM Me^fcdynapodHbiM KOHmeKcmoM (hb-
jihctch jih ^OMHHHpyiomen Ten/jeHijHH k KOHKypenijHH Meac-
fly KanHTaJIHCTHHeCKHMH HaiJHHMH, «HMIiepHaJIHCTHHeCKHH HH-
TepnaijHOHajiH3M» hjih nee copeBHOBaHHe b npe/jejiax HMnepn-
ajiH3Ma h t. h.); neMajioe hhcjio 3thx (JjeHOMeHOB mohcct öbitb
CBH3aHO C «33K0H0M HepaBHOMepHOTO pa3BHTHH» B JI6HHHCK0M
CMbICJie 3TOTO CJIOBa.
Hto nee Bee bto mohcct osnanaTb, ecjin ne to, hto npocToe
Ha nepBbifi b3tjih^ npoTHBopenne na aejie ecezda ceepxdemep-
MUHupoeauo? Hmchho 3ßecb HCKJnoneHHe pacKpbiBaeTca KaK
npaBHJio, npaBHJio npaBHJia, h Tenepb npeacHHe «HCKjnoneHHH»
cjie^yeT mbicjihtb yace hcxo^h H3 hoqozo npaeusia, noHHMan
hx b KanecTBe MeTojjojiorHHecKH npocTbix npHMepoß jjeHCTBHH
npaBHJia. H ajih toto htoöbi nonbrraTbca oxBaraTb bcio cobo-
KynnocTb (JjeHOMeHOB, paccMaTpHBaa ee c tohkh spennn stoto
npaBHJia, h no3BOJiio ceöe BbmBHnyTb Te3HC, hto «CBepx^eTep-
MHnnpoBannoe npoTHBopenne» mohcct öbitb CBepx^eTepMHHH-
poßaHO hjih b CMbicjie ucmopuHecKO2O cdepmueaHUJi h no£-
JIHHHOTO «ÖJIOKHpOBaHHH» npOTHBOpeHHH (npHMep: TepMaHHH
onoxH BnjibrejibMa), hjih nee b CMbicjie peeoaK^uoHHOZO pa3-
pbiea24 (Pocchh b 1917 r.), ho hto b othx ycjiOBHHx oho hukoz-
da He npedemaem e «nucmoM» eude. H xoth cjie/iyeT npH3HaTb,
hto TeM caMbiM caMa «hhctotb» OKasajiacb öbi HCKjnoneHHeM, h
24 Cp. nHCbMO 0. 3nrejibca k K. IIImh^ty ot 27 okthöph 1890 r.: «OöpaTHoe
ßeHCTBue rocyaapcTBeHHoii BJiacrn Ha OKOHOMHnecKoe mojkct öbitb tpohkoto
poßa. Ona mojkot aeHCTBOBaTb npoTHB aKOHOMHHecKoro pa3BHTHH — Tor^a b
HacTOHiijee BpeMH y kedkaoto Kpynnoro Hapojja ona TepnHT Kpax nepea H3BecT-
hbih npoMeacyroK BpeMeHH...» {MapKC K. u dme/ibc <P. Coh., t. 37, c. 417).
3to yuaHHaa xapaKTepHCTHKa flßyx npe/iejibHbix CHTyaijHH.
154

nPOTHBOPEHKE H CBEPXßETEPMHHAIjKM
aaTpyjjHHiocb Ha3BaTb KaKoü-jiHÖo npHMep TaKoro nojioaceHHH
aeji.
Ho ecjin BCHKoe npoTHBopenne npe/jcraeT b HCTopmiecKOH
npaKTHKe h .hjih HCTopuneKoro onbiTa MapKCH3Ma KaK ceepxde-
mepMUHupoeaHHoe npomueopeuue; ecjin hmohho 3Ta csepxße-
TepMUHnpoBaHHOCTb cocTasjiaeT cnei^ucpUHHOcmb MapKCHCT-
ckoto noHHManHH npoTHBopenna b cpaBHennn c nonnManneM
rerejieBCKHM; ecjin «npocTOTa» rerejieBCKOÄ jjHajieKTHKH cbh-
3ana c onpejjejieHHbiM «MnpoBO33penneM», b hhcthocth c no-
HHMaHneM hctophh, KOTopoe b nen OTpaacaeTCH, — Torjja, ko-
hohho, cjie^yeT cnpocnTb ceöa, KaKoeo codepatcauue, kclkogo
ßbimuÜHoe ocHoeaHue ceepxdemepMUHupoeaHHoemu MapKCHCT-
CKOTO npOTHBOpeHHH, H nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc O TOM, KaK MapK-
cncTCKoe noHHManne oöiijecTBa MoaceT ompaatcambCH e amoü
ceepxdemepMUHat^uu. 3tot Bonpoc HMeeT (JjyimaMeHTajibHoe
3HaneHHe, nocKOJibKy oneBHjjHO, hto ecjin mbi ne pacKpoeM ne-
oßxo^HMyio CBH3b, oö'bejjHHHioiijyio cneijH^jHHecKyio crpyKTypy
npoTHBopenna, KaK oho 6buio noMbicjieno MapKCOM, c ero koh-
ijemjneH oöiijecTBa h hctophh, ecjin mbi He oönapyacHM ocho-
BaHHH 3T0H CBepXJjeTepMHHHpOBaHHOCTH B C3MHX HOHHTHHX
MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH HCTOpHH, TO 3Ta KHTeropHH OCTHHeTCH
«BHcerb b BO3flyxe», nocKOJibKy, flaace Syuynn tohhoh h oöocho-
BaHHOH nojiHTHnecKOH npaKTHKOH, ona Bee eiije ocTaeTCH onu-
camejibHOÜ, a 3hbhht, cjiynaHHOH — h tcm cbmbim ee cmbicji,
KaK U CMblCJl 6CHKO2O OnUCaHUH, OKanceTCH neJIHKOM 3aBHCH-
iijhm ot nepBoii nonaBineiiCH (^ujiococ^ckoü TeopHH, npHBjie-
HeHHoii ßjiH ee 06’bHCHeHHH.
H 3,a;ecb mbi bhobb cTajiKHBaeMCH c (Jdbhtomom rerejieBCKoä
MO/jejiH — ho Ha 3tot pa3 yace ne c aßcTpaKTHOÄ Mo^ejibio npo-
THBOpeHHH, a C KOHKpeTHOH MOfleJIBIO KOHI^eni^HH HCTOPHH, KO-
Topaa OTpaacaeTca b neii. JJjih Toro htoöbi na «nejie noKaaaTb,
hto cneuH^HHecKaa CTpyKTypa MapKCHCTCKoro npoTHBopenna
HMeer ocnoBaHHH b MapKCHCTCKOH KOHijenijHH hctophh, cjiejjy-
er yöeßHTBCH b tom, hto caMa 3Ta KOHijenijHH He MoaceT öbitb
nojiyneHa H3 rerejieBCKoii KOHijenijHH nyreM npocToro h hh-
155

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHALJHH
croro «nepeBopaHHBaHHH». TeM ne Menee Ha nepBbiH B3rjia,zj
KaaceTca, öyßTO mbi «neficTBHTejibHO mohccm yrBepacaaTb, hto
Mapnc «nepeBepnyji» rerejieBCKyio KoHijenijHio hctophh. IIo-
npoöyeM b hcckojibkhx cjiosax onncaTb otot xojj mbicjih. Bca
rerejieBCKaa KOHijenijHH hokohtch na jjHajieKTHKe iiphhijhiiob,
BHyrpeHHe npHcynjHx KaaqjOMy oßnjecrBy, t. e. na anajieKTHKe
MOMeHTOB Haen; KaK Heo/jHOKpaTHO yrBepac/jaji MapKC, Terejib
oß’bflCHHeT MaTepnajibHyio hch3hb, KOHKpeTHyio hctophio napo-
JJOB C ITOMOIIJbK) JJHBJieKTHKH CO3HBHHH (HJIH CaM0C03HBHHH TO-
TO hjih hhoto Raposa, ero h^bojiothh). H nanpoTHB, ajih MapK-
ca HMeHHO MaTepnajibHaa hch3hb Jiio^en oö^hchhot hx hcto-
PHK>, B TO BpeMH KBK HX COSHBHHe, HX HßeOJIOTHH OKa3bIBaeTCH
ne neM hhbim, kbk npoHBJieHHeM (phenomene) hx MaTepnajib-
HOH MCH3HH. 3/jeCb, B 3T0H OIIIIO3HIJHH, Mbl KBK ÖyflTO 6bl HM66M
Bee BJieMeHTbi «nepeßopaHHBaHHH». üonpoßyeM npe/jcraBHTb
ee b Hanßojiee pe3KOÄ, hohth KapHKarypHoii (jjopMe. Hto mbi
Haxo^HM y TerejiH? KoHijenijHio oönjecTBa, oß'be/jHHHiomyio b
ce6e flocTHHceHHH hojihthhcckoh Teopnn h nojiHTHnecKoii bko-
HOMHH XVIII BeKa H HCXOflHIIjyiO H3 TOTO, HTO BCHKOe OÖlIjeCTBO
(kohchho, b nepßyio onepe^b coßpeMeHHoe; ho coßpeMeHHOCTb
JIHIHB nO3BOJIHeT paCKpblTBCH TOMy, HTO npeOKfle HaXOßHJIOCb
b 3apoflbimeBOM coctohhhh) KOHCTHTynpoßaHO deyMH oöu^e-
cmeaMu: o6njecTBOM noTpeSnocreH hjih zpamdaHCKUM oöiqe-
cmeoM h nojiHTHnecKHM oönjecTBOM hjih rocyaapcTBOM — BMe-
CTe co BceM TeM, hto hbxojjht b rocyzjapcTBe CBoe BomionjeHHe:
pejiHrneH, 4>Hjioco4)HeH, Kopone roßopa, caMOCO3HaHHeM toh
HJIH HHOH 3H0XH. JJ^pyTHMH CJIOBBMH, CXOMBTHHeCKH KaJKßOe 06-
IIjeCTBO MOHteT ÖblTB nOHHTO KaK COCTOHIIjee H3 MBTepHBJIBHOH
7KH3HH, C OflHOH CTOpOHBI, H JiyXOBHOH HCH3HH — C ßpyTOH. /JjIH
TerejiH MaTepnajibHaH hchshb (rpaac^ancKoe oönjecTBO, t. e.
BKOHOMHKa) — BC6T0 JIHIHB XHTpOCTb Pa3yMB, KOTOpaa XOTH H
oßjiajjaeT Ha nepßbiH Bsrjia/i; onpeaejieHHOH aBTOHOMHefi, ho na
caMOM jjejie hphbojjhtch b ßBHaceHHe nyacßbiM eä sbkohom: 3a-
kohom rocyaapcTBa, t. e. ayxoBHOH jkh3hh. 3^ecb mbi KaK ßyijTO
6bi Toace oßnapyacHBaeM bosmohchoctb «nepeßepHyTb» Ferejia h
156

nPOTWBOPEHME H CBEPX^ETEPMHHAIIHH
npnnHcaTb ce6e aacjiyry noHHMaHHH reneanca MapKCOBofi mbic-
jih. 3ra BO3MOMCHOCTB aaKJHOHaercH hmchho b tom, hto6bi nepe-
eepHymb omnouieHue Mea/cdy zezesieecKUMu mepMUHOMu, m. e,
coxpaHumb comu mepMUHbi — rpaoKßaHCKoe oßnjecTBO h rocy-
aapcTBO, BKOHOMHKa h nojiHTHKO-HjjeojiorHH — npeBpanjaa B TO
Hce BpeMH eynjHOCTB b HBjieHne, a HBjieHne b cymnocTB, hjih, ec-
jih yroßHO, 3acraBjiHH Xhtpoctb PaayMa aeHCTBOBaTB e oöpam-
hom HanpaejieHuu. B to BpeMH KaK juih Terejin nojiHTinecKoe
h H^eojiorHHecKoe cocTaBjineT eynjHOCTB BKOHOMHnecKoro, jjjih
MapKca hmchho BKOHOMinecKoe 6bdio 6bi Tor/ja rjiyöoHaHineii
cynjHOCTBK) nojiHTHKO-H^eojiorHHecKoro. B tbkom cjiynae hojih-
THnecKoe h HßeojiorHHecKoe OKaaajiHCB 6bi Bcero jihihb hhctbim
(JjeHOMeHOM BKOHOMHHeCKOrO, KOTopoe CTaJIO 6bi hx «hcthhoh».
H Toiyja Ha MecTO «hhctoto» npHHijHna coanaHHH (TOHHee, ca-
M0C03HaHHH anoxn), t. e. npocroro BHyrpeHHero npHHijHna, ko-
topbih jjjih Terejin hbjihctch npnnijHnoM iiocthjkhmocth Bcex
xapaKTepncTHK toto hjih hhoto HCTOpHHecKoro Raposa, npn-
iiijiocb 6bi nocTaBHTB dpyzoü, npomueonojioMHbiü eMy npo-
cmoü npuHipm, a hmchho MaTepnajiBiiyio hch3hb, okohomh-
Ky — npOCTOH npHHUHn, CTaHOBHII^HHCH, B CBOK) OHepeßB, eßHH-
CTB6HHBIM npHHI^HHOM yHHBepCaJIBHOH HOCTHMCHMOCTH BCeX
onpe/jejieHHH toto hjih hhoto HCTopmecKoro Hapojja25. Kapn-
KaTypa? Ho pa3Be He tbkhm 0Ka3BiBaeTCH cmbicji 3HaMeHHT0H
(j)pa3bi MapKca o pynnon MejiBHHixe, bo^hhoh MejiBHHue h na-
poBofi ManiHHe, ecjiH noHHMaTB ee öyKBajiBHO? Ha ropnaoHTe
3toto HCKymeHHH noHBjineTCH moHHcm kotiuh eezesieecKoü dua-
jieKmuKu — jihihb aa TeM HCKJHoneHHeM, hto bch npoÖJieMa aa-
KJHonaeTCH TenepB yace ne b nopoHC/ieHHH cjieayiomHx apyr 3a
apyroM momohtob Hjjen, ho b nopoHCßeHHH cjieayiomHx apyr 3a
jjpyroM momohtob 9kohomhkh, KOTopoe, tcm He Menee, jjojkkho
npoHCxo/iHTB ßjiaroflapn Bee TOMy ace npHHijHiiy BHyrpeHHero
25 M paayMeercfl, kok npn jiioöom «nepeBopaHMBannn», mbi 6bi coxpannjiH
caMH TepMHHbi rerejieBCKOH KOHiieniiHH: rpaxcaaHCKoe oömecrBO h rocyjjap-
CTBO.
157

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHAIJHH
npOTHBOpeHHH. 3ra TeH/jeHijHH aaBepniaeTCH paßHKajibHOH pe-
ayKIJHeH ßHaJieKTHKH HCTOPHH K ßHBJieKTHKe nopoHCßeHHH CJie-
jjyiomHx ßpyr 3a ßpyroM cnocoßoe npouaeodcmea, a b npe/jejib-
hom cjiynae — ßaace pa3JiHHHbix npOH3BOßCTBeHHBix mexHUK.
B HCTOPHH MapKCH3Ma 3TH HCKyHieHHH HOJiyHHJIH COÖCTBeHHbie
HMena: okohomu3m u mexHO/iozu3M.
Ho ßOCTHTOHHO JIHIHB npOH3HeCTH 3TH ßBa TepMHHa, HTOÖbl
Bbi3BaTb b naMHTH Bee Te TeopeTHnecKHe h npaKTHnecKHe 6ht-
bm, KOTopbie Mapnc h ero yneHHKH bcjih nporaB othx «otkjio-
HeHHH». H ßSDKe eCJIH HeJIb3H OTpHLjaTb (JjaKTa cymecTBOBaHHH
TeKCTa o napoBOH Maninne, npnoöpeTinero cjihhikom yxc innpo-
Kyio H3BecTH0CTb, to Hejib3H 3a6biBaTb h Toro, hto cynjecTBy-
eT MHoncecTBO ßpyrnx tckctob, HeßBycMbicjieHHO ocyacaaiomnx
bkohomh3m! Tax otöpochm ace naKOHeij 3Ty KapHKarypy — ne
ßJIH Toro, HTOÖbl npOTHBOnOCTaBHTb 3K0H0MH3My HepHblH JIHCT
O(|)HijHajibHbix ocyncfleHHH, ho ßjin Toro, htoöbi paccMOTpeTb re
aymenmuHHbie npuHipmbi, KOTopbie jieacaT b ochobo KaK sthx
ocync^eHHH, TaK h no/viHHHOH mbicjih Mapnca.
Mbi BH^ejiH, hto coxpaneHHe (Jdhkijhh «nepeeopanueaHUH»
h ee mhhmoh CTporocra onasajiocb peniHTejibHO HeBO3Moac-
HblM. ÜOCKOJIbKy B JjeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH y MapKCÜ OTTlHlodb He
coxpaHHTomcH comu mepMUHbi zezejieecKoü, Mode/iu oötqecmea.
Mapnc ctbbht na hx Mecro jjpyrHe TepMHHbi, jihhib OT/janeHHO
HanoMHHaionjHe npejKHHe. Bojiee Toro, oh no/jBepraeT rjiyßoKO-
My npeo6pa3OBaHHio OTHOineHHe, KOTopoe ßo Hero bth TepMH-
Hbi CBH3biBajio. Thkhm oßpasoM, y Mapnca h mepMUHbi, h om-
HOiueHue Meo^dy humu mohhiot cboio npnpoay h cboh cmbicji.
Ilpewde ecezo, comu mepMUHbi yace ne Te, hto npenc^e.
Pa3yMeeTCH, Mapnc npo^ojincaeT tobophtb o «rpanc^aHCKOM
oßnjecTBe» (b HacraocTH, b «HeMeijKoii HßeojiorHH»: TepMHH,
KOTOpblH HesepHO nepeBOßHT KaK «6ypncya3Hoe oßnjecTBO»), ho
3ßecb mbi HMeeM ßejio Bcero jihihb c ajuno3HeH k npomjiOMy,
cjiy?KaineH jihihb ßjin toto, hto6bi otmcthtb Mecmo cbohx ot-
KpblTHH, a OTHIOßb He ßJIH TOTO, HTOÖBI HaÖTH B H6H C00TB6T-
158

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHALJHH
CTByionjee noHJirnue. Cjie/jOBajio 6bi no/jBeprHyTb aeTajibHO-
My HayneHHio npoijecc cjjopMHpoBaHHa stoto iiohhthh. Tor^a
mm 6bi oÖHapyacHJiH, hto 3a aöcrpaKTHbiMH 4>opMaMH hojihth-
necKOH 4)hjioco4>mh h 3a ßojiee KOHKpeTHbiMH 4)opMaMH hojih-
THH6CK0H 3K0H0MHH XVIII BeKa 3/jeCb CKpblBaeTCH OTHIOAb He
nojjJiHHHaa Teopna BKOHOMHnecKOH hctophh h jjaace He noß-
jiHHHaa Teopna skohomhkh, ho HeKoe onncaHHe h oßocHOBaHHe
(|)opM BKOHOMHHecKoro noBe/jenna, KopoHe roBopa, CBoero po-
/ja 4>HJioco4)CKO-3KOHOMHHecKaa (JjeHOMeHOJiorHH. Meac/iy TeM
BecbMa npHMenaTejibHbiM b btoh cbh3h — npnneM KaK y 4>hjio-
COtjjOB (JIOKK, TeJIbBeiJHH H T. ß.), TaK H y 3K0H0MHCT0B (CmHT,
Tiopro h t. jj.) — HBJiaeTCH to, hto bto onncaHHe rpaac^ancKO-
ro oßnjecTBa npoHCxo/jHT thkhm o6pa3OM, KaK ßyzjTO 6bi penb
nnia 06 onHcaHHH (h oöocnoBaHHH) toto, hto Terejib nasbißaeT
«mhpom noTpeßHOCTeii», t. e. mhpom, nenocpe/jCTBeHHO CBasan-
HbiM KaK co CBoeö BHyTpeHHefi cynjHOCTbio c orrtHoiaeHUHMu
Mevcdy UHdueudaMu, onpe^ejiaeMbiMH hx ocoöeHHOH BOJieü,
HX JIHHHbIM HHTepeCOM, KOpOHe TOBOpa, HX «HOTpeÖHOCTHMH».
H nocKOJibKy mbi 3HaeM, hto ochoboh Beeil MapKCOBoii KOHijen-
ijhh nojiHTHHecKoii bkohomhh cjiyacHjia KpHTHKa 3toh npe/jno-
cbDiKH (homo oeconomicus — h ero lopHßHHecKaa h Mopajib-
naa aßcTpaKijna, «nejiOBeK» 4>hjioco4)ob), to Tpy/jHO noßepHTb,
hto oh Mor npHHaTb h Hcnojib3OBaTb nonaTHe, KOTopoe 6bmo
ee HenocpedcmeeHHbtM pesysibmamoM. B /jeHCTBHTejibHOCTH
fljia MapKca BaacHO OTHioßb ne bto (aöcrpaKTHoe) onucanue
4>opM sKOHOMHnecKoro HOBe/jeHHa h He ero mhhmoc oßocHoea-
Hue c noMOiijbio MH4>a homo oeconomicus, ho «anaTOMHa» bto-
ro MHpa h duajieKmuKa Mymai/uü stoh «anaTOMHH». Hmohho
nosTOMy nonaTHe «rpaacßaHCKoe oßujecTBO» (KaK mhp hhjjhbh-
jjyajibHbix c|)opM BKOHOMHHecKoro noBejjeHHa h hx H/jeojiorH-
HecKoro HCTOKa) ncnesaeT y Mapnca. Hmchho nosTOMy caMa a6-
cmpaKmHOH dKOHOMUHecKOJi pecuibHOcmb (KOTopyio Cmht, Ha-
npHMep, oÖHapyjfcueaem b pbiHOHHbix sanonax nanpeayjibmam
npe/jnpHHaTOH hm nonbiTKH oöocHOBaHHa) noHHMaerca Mapn-
com Kan BcJxfreKT ßojiee KOHnperaoH h 6oaee rjiyßoKOH peajib-
159

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX^ETEPMHHAIIHH
hocth: cnocoöa npoHBBOßCTBa onpeaejieHHoii oßmecTBeHHOH
4>opMaijHH. 3^ecb HH^HBH^yajibHbie (J)opMbi snoHOMHnecKoro
noBejjeHHH (cjiyjKHBinne hobo/jom jjjih hohbjichhh btoh hojih-
THK0-3K0H0MHH6CK0H (JieHOMeHOJIOrHH) BIiepBbie C0pa3MepHK)T-
ch c hx ycjioeueM cyu/ecmeoeaHUR. YpoBenb pa3BHTHH npou3-
eodumejibHbix cwi, cocroHHHe npou3eodcmeeHHbix omHOiue-
huü\ TaKOBbi OTHbrne ocHOBonojiaraiomHe hohhthh Mapnca. H
ecjiH «rpaoKßaHCKoe o6njecTBO» ynaaajio eMy Mecro otkpmthh
(ncnaTb HyacHO 3,a;ecb...), to cjie^yeT Bee nee npH3HaTb, hto oho
He jjajio eMy aaace MaTepnajia ero otkpmthh. Ho pa3Be mohcho
hbhth Bee 3to y PerejiH?
Hto ace KacaeTCH rocyjjapcTBa, to ^obojibho jierno noKasaTb,
hto y Mapnca oto noHHTHe HMeeT coßepnieHHO nnoe coaepaca-
HHe, neM y Terejin. Pa3yMeeTCH, ne tojibko noTOMy, hto rocy-
jjapcTBO ynce ne MonceT 6mtb «jjeHCTBHTejibHOCTbio H^en», ho
npenc^e Bcero noTOMy, hto rocynapcTBO CHcreMaTHnecKH mbic-
jihtch hm KaK HHCTpyMeHT npHHyMCfleHHH, cjiyHcaiijHH roenoß-
CTByiomeMy KJiaccy BKcnjiyaTaTopoB. 3^ecb Mapnc 3a «onnca-
HneM» h cyßjiHMaijHeH aTpHÖyroB rocynapcTBa Tonte otkpm-
BaeT Hoeoe noujimue, KOHTypbi KOToporo npncyrcTBOBajiH yace
b coHHHeHHHx aBTopoB XVIII Bena (JIoHre, Pycco H T. fl.), KO-
Topoe npHMenneT ßaace Terejib b CBoeü «C>hjioco4)hh npaßa»
(npeBpanjaa ero b «(JjenoMeH» Xhtpocth PasyMa, TpnyM^OM
KOTOpoil HBJIHeTCH CßMO TOCy^apCTBO: npOTHBOnOJIOHCHOCTb
ße/jHOCTH h ßoraTCTBa), h KOTopoe BecbMa nacTO Hcnojib3OBa-
jih hctophkh 1830-x rr.: 3to noHHmue oöiyecmeeHHOZO kjioc-
ca, nanpHMyio CBH3aHHoro c npou3eodcmeeHHbiMU omHoiue-
huhmu. 3to noHBjieHHe hobofo hohhthh h cooTHeceHHe ero c
(JjyHßaMeHTajibHbiM noHHTHeM sKOHOMHnecKOH crpyKTypbi KaK
pa3 h nocjiyjKHjio cpe/jCTBOM nojinoro npeo6pa3OBaHHH cyu/HO-
emu zoeydapemea, KOTopoe othmhc yace He pacnojiaraeTCH naß
nejiOBenecKHMH rpynnaMH, ho cjiyacHT rocnoacTByiomeMy KJiac-
cy, mhcchh KOToporo 3aKJiiOHaeTCH yace ne b tom, hto6bi ocy-
njecTBHTb ceßn b HCKyccrBe, pejinrnn h (JjhjiococJjhh, ho b tom,
hto6m nocTaBHTb hx na cjiyacßy HHTepecaM rocnoßCTByiome-
160

DPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
ro KJiacca, Tonnee roßopn, htoöbi 3acraBHTb hx KOHCTHTynpo-
BaTb ceöa, hcxo/jh H3 njjeii h TeM, KOTopbie oho npeßpamaeT
b rocnoßCTByiomHe; KOTopoe nooTOMy npeKpanjaer öbitb «hc-
thhoh» rpaoK^aHCKoro oöiijecTBa, ho ne «jih toto, htoöbi ctbtb
«hcthhoh» nero-TO apyroro, nycTb jjaHce okohomhkh, ho «jih to-
ro, htoöbi npeßpaTHTbca b HHCTpyMeHT ^chctbhh h rocnojjCTBa
onpe/jejieHHoro oönjecTBeHHoro KJiacca h t. a.
Meacay TeM h3mchhiotch ne tojibko mepMUHbi; H3MeHHK>TCH
h caMH omHoiueHUH Mewdy humu.
He cjie/jyer jjyMaTb, hto penb hjjct o TexHHnecKOM nepepac-
npe/jejieHHH pojieö, Bbi3BaHH0M noHBjieHneM hobbix TepMH-
HOB. KaK B fleHCTBHTeJIBHOCTH CrpynHHpOBaHBI BTH TepMHHBI?
C OßHOH CTOpOHBI — CTpyKTypa (BKOHOMHHeCKHH Öa3HC: npOH3-
BOßHTeJIBHbie CHJIBI H HpOH3BOflCTBeHHbie OTHOineHHH), C flpy-
rofi CTopoHbi — CBepxcTpyKTypa, HaacrpoHKa (rocy^apcrBO
h Bee lopmjHHecKHe, nojiHTHnecKHe h HfleojiorHnecKHe 4>op-
mbixhh). TeM ne Menee mbi bh^cjih, hto Menqjy bthmh jjByMH
rpynnaMH KaTeropHH mohcho coxpaHHTB zezejieecKoe omHOiue-
Hue (KOTopoe caM Terejib ycTanaBjiHBaeT Meac^y rpaac^aHCKHM
oönjecTBOM h rocyzjapcTBOM): omuoiueHue eyu^Hoemu u sts/ie-
Hwi, cyÖJiHMHpoßaHHoe b hohhthh «hcthhh Hero-To flpyroro».
TaK, y Terejin rocynapcrBO ecTb «hcthhb» rpaacaaHCKoro oönje-
CTBa, KOTopoe ÖJiarojjapn Xhtpocth PaayMa OKa3biBaeTCH Bcero
JIHIHB ero COÖCTBeHHBIM HBJieHHeM, (JjeHOMeHOM, HaXOAHII^HM B
HeM CBoe ocyu^ecmeneHue. Meaqiy tcm äjih MapKca, HH3BeaeH-
hoto äo CTaTyca Toööca hjih JIoKKa, rpaacaaHCKoe oömecTBO to-
ace motjio öbi öbitb Bcero jihhib «hcthhoh» rocyzjapcTBa, koto-
poe öbDio öbi Torfla ero 4)eH0MeH0M, t. e. Bcero jihihb Xhtpoc-
TBK), KOTOpyK) 3K0H0MHH6CKHH Pa3yM CTBBHT HB CJiyOKÖy TOTO
hjih HHoro, a hmchho rocnoßCTByiomero KJiacca. K HecnacTbio
ßJIH 3TOH CJIHIHKOM yHC HHCTOH CX6MBI, B fleHCTBHTeJIBHOCTH BCe
BbirjiHßHT coßceM HHane. Y MapKca neHBHoe TOJK^ecTBO (hb-
jieHHe—cynjHOCTB—hcthhb nero) BKOHOMHnecKoro h hojihth-
necKoro HcneaaeT, ycrynan Mecro Hoeoü KOHifenifuu OTHOine-
HHH Meacfly demepMUHupyiou^uMU UHcmaHifUHMu b cjiohchoh
161

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX/JETEPMHHAIjnfl
CTpyKType-cynepcTpyKType, KOHCTHTynpyionjeH cynjHOCTb jiio-
öoh oömecTBeHHOH (|)opMaijHH. To, hto cneijHcJjHHecKHe otho-
ineHHH MejK/jy crpyicrypoH (öhbhcom) h cynepcrpyicrypoH (naa-
ctpohkoh) 3aejiyHCHBaiOT ^ajibHeHineii paapaöoTKH, hto ohh
flOJIHCHbl CTBTb npe^MOTOM HOBblX HCCJieAOBaHHH, He BbI3bIBaeT
hh MajieHinero comhchhh. Ho tom He Menee Mapnc yKa3biBaer
hbm HanpaBJieHHe hohckb h jjaeT onopHbie hohhthh: c o^hoh
CTOpOHbI, BTO JteTepMHHaiJHH «B K0H6HH0M CHOTe» CO CTOpO-
Hbi (BKOHOMHHecKoro) cnocoöa npoH3BO,flCTBa; c apyroii — ot-
HOCHTejibHan aBTOHOMHH Ha^crpoeK H HX CneiJHC^HHeCKaH AeH-
CTBeHHOCTb. TeM caMbiM OH OHeBHßHblM OÖpa3OM nopblBaeT KaK
c rerejieBCKHM npHHijHnoM oöbHCHeHHH nocpe^CTBOM cbmoco3-
HaHHH (mjeojiorHH), TaK h c rerejieBCKoä tomoh Hejieuue—cyiq-
Hocmb—ucmuHa uezo-mo dpyzozo... Ha /jene Mbi HMeeM s/jecb
flejio c HoebiM omHoiueHueM Menc^y HoebiMu mepMUHCtMu.
HocjiyniaeM, KaK CTapbifi 3nrejibc b 90-x ro/jax XIX BeKa
paccTaBJineT Bee tohkh Hajj i, BbicrynaH npoTHB mojio^bix «bko-
HOMHCTOB», KOTopbie He HOHHJIH, HTO peHb HJJ6T O H060M OTHO-
HieHHH26. HpOH3BOflCTBO H B CBMOM ßejie — JjeTepMHHHpyiOmHH
(J)aKTOp, HO JjeTepMHHHpyiOmHM OHO HBJIHeTCH JIHIHb «B KO-
HennoM cneTe». «Hh Mapnc, hh h HHKor.ua ne yTBepacaajiH ne-
ro-TO öojibinero». Tot, kto craneT «HbiTaTb bto nojioaceHHe»,
ßjiH toto HTOÖbi 3acTaBHTb ero CKasaTb, öyijTO BKOHOMHnecKHÖ
4>aKTop ecrb eßHHCTBeHHan ^eTepMHHaHTa, «npeßpaTHT ero
bo 4>pa3y, nycryio, aöcTpaKTiiyio h 6eccMbicjieHHyio». A bot h
pas'bHCHeHHe: «3K0H0MHHecKaa CHTyaijHH hejihctch öbbhcom,
ho pasjiHHHbie BJieMeHTbi HajjCTpoiiKH — nojiHTHHecKHe 4>op-
Mbi öopböbi KJiaccoB h ee peayjibTaTbi; KOHCTHTyijHH, yrBepac-
fleHHbie KJiaccoM-noöeßHTejieM nocjie BbiHrpaHHoro cpancennn;
lOpH^HHeCKHe (^JOpMbl H ^BHCe OTpanceHHH Bcex BTHX peaJIbHblX
ÖHTB B M03ry ynaCTHHKOB, nojiHTHHecKHe, lOpHßHHeCKHe, 4)H-
JIOCo4)CKHe TeopHH, peJIHTH03Hbie KOHI^eHI^HH H HX pa3BHTH6
26 ÜHCbMo 3nrejibca k Bjioxy ot 21 cenTflöp« 1890 rojja (MapKC K. u 3h-
ze/ibc <P. Coh., t. 37, c. 394).
162

IIPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX^ETEPMHHAIIHH
b /jorMaTHHecKne cncTeMbi — Bee oto TaioKe 0Ka3biBaeT cßoe
BO3^eäcTBne na HCTOpHnecKne 6htbbi h bo mhothx cjiynanx pe-
uiaiomHM oöpaaoM onpe^ejineT hx (jjopMy...» Cjiobo «cfropMa»
cjieflyeT noHHMaTb b npHMOM CMbicjie, crporo ot^ojihh ero ot
«(JjopMajibHoro». üocjiyinaeM eqe pa3, hto tobopht Snrejibc:
«üpyccKoe rocyjjapcTBO c(|)opMHpoBajiH HCTOpHnecKne h b ko-
hohhom cnere aKOHOMHnecKne npHHHHbi; ohh nee npo^ojiacaiOT
OKaabiBaTb BjiHHHHe na ero pa3BHTHe. Ho Bpna jih, ne Bna^an
b ne^aHTCTBO, mohcho yrsepnc^aTb, hto cpe^H MHoroHHCJieHHbix
Tocy^apcTB CeBepnoH TepMaHHH hmchho BpaH^eHÖypry b cnjiy
□KOHOMHHecKOH Heoöxo/jHMOCTH, a He ÖJiaro^apH jjpyrHM oöcto-
HTejibCTBaM (npenc/je Bcero b cnjiy toto, hto, BJiajjea HpyccHefi,
BpaHjjeHßypr 6bui BTHHyr b nojibCKHe jjejia h tcm chmbim bo-
BJieneH b MeMCflynapo^Hbie OTHonieHHH, KOTopbie HrpaiOT peina-
«jiijyio pojib h b npoijecce (JiopMHpoBaHHH bjibcth FaßcßyproB)
6bDio npezjHaaHaneHO cthtb toh bcjihkoh aepacaBOH, b kotopoh
Bonjiomeno aKOHOMHHecKoe, HßbiKOBoe, a nocjie PeijjopMbi TaK-
ace h pejiHTHO3Hoe pa3JiHHHe Meamy CeBepoM h K)tom...»27.
TaKOBbi onopnbie hohhthh: aKOHOMHKa jjeHCTBHTejibHO onpe-
aeJIHeT XOfl HCTOPHH, HO JIHIHb 6 KOHCHHOM CHCme, KHK Bbipa-
HcaercH Snrejibc. Ho otot xoa «npoÖHBaeT ce6e jjopoiy» b MH-
pe MHOTOHHCJieHHblX 4>OpM HaßCTpoeK, MeCTHblX TpaßHIJHH28 H
OÖCTOHTeJIbCTB MeHCJjyHapOJJHOH OÖeraHOBKH. B JiaHHOM HCCJie-
j^oBaHHH h ocTaßjiHio b CTopoHe npeflJiaraeMoe 3nrejibcoM Teo-
peTHnecKoe peineHHe npoßjieMbi OTHonieHHH Meac/iy okohomh-
necKOH jjeTepMHHaijHeH b kohchhom cnere h jjeTepMHHaijHeH
b co6ctb6hhom CMbicjie, onpe/jejiHeMOH Ha^CTpofiKaMH, naijno-
HajibHbiMH TpajjHijHHMH h coßbiTHHMH Ha MeMCflyHapoflHOH ape-
27 3nrejibc ßoöaBJiaeT: «MapKC He nanncaji HHnero, b hcm 6bi bth Teopna ne
nrpajia pojiH. B oeoöeHHoern BejiHKOJienHbiM oöpaaqoM ee npHMeneHHH hbjih-
erca „18 öpiOMepa JlyH BoHanapra“. Tohho tbk ace mhomccctbo yKaaaHHH ecrb
h b „KanHTane“». Oh ynoMHHaeT TaKHce «AHTH-fliopHHr» h «JIioabhf «Peiiep-
6ax h Koneij RjiaccnnecKOH hcmcijkoh (Jjhjioco^jhh» (TaM ace, c. 396).
28 3nrejibc: «Ho h nojiHTHnecKHe h t. n. ycjiOBHH, aaace TpajuiijHH, jKHBy-
iime b rojioßax jnoaeii, HrpaiOT H3BecrHyio pojib...» (TaM »ce, c. 395).
163

nPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJIETEPMHHAIJHH
ne. ,/Jjih mohx ijejien jjocTaToneH tot ero ajieMeHT, kotopmh
mojkho HH3BaTb HaKonsieHueM deücmeumejibHbix demepMUHa-
IfUÜ (CBH3aHHbIX C Ha^CTpOHKaMH H CneiJH(|)HHeCKHMH OÖCTOH-
TejibCTBaMH, KaK HaijHonajibHoro, TaK h HHTepnaijHOHajibHoro
xapaKTepa) eoKpyz okohomuhcckou demepMUHaifuu, demepMu-
Haifuu e KOHeuHOM cueme. Hmchho 3^ecb mojkct craTb 6ojiee
hchmm npe/piOMceHHoe mhoio BbipaaceHHe ceepxdemepMUHu-
poeaHHoe npomueopeuue, nocKOJibKy Tenepb Mbi yace ne HMe-
eM «qejia c npocrbiM h hhctmm (paKmoM cymecTBOBaHHH CBepx-
jjeTepMHHaijHH, ho coothochm ero cymecTBeHHbie nepTbi (^ance
ecjin 3Ta npoixe^ypa ocraercH npocrbiM yKasanneM) c ezo ocho-
eaHueM. 3ra CBepx^erepMHHaijHH CTanoBHTCH HeH36eHCHoä h
mmcjihmoh, KaK TOJibKO Mbi npH3HaeM peajibHoe h no ßojibineH
nacra cneijHtjjHHecKoe h aBTOHOMHoe, a 3hbhht, necBO^HMoe k
npocTOMy (JjeHOMeny cymecTBOBaHHe 4>opM Ha^CTpoiiKH, a tbk-
nce naijHOHanbHOH h MencayHapoflHOH KoirbioHKTypbi. IIoaTOMy
cjieayer c^ejiaTb nocjie^HHÜ mar h cKaaaTb, hto ara csepx^e-
TepMHHaiJHH He CBH3aHa C e/JHHHHHblMH H HeoßblHHblMH HCTO-
pHnecKHMH cmyai^HHMH (npHMep: TepMaHHH), ho HMeeT Bce-
oömee snaneHHe, hto aKOHOMnnecKan jjHajieKTHKa HHKor^a ne
BcrpenaeTCH e uucmoM eude, hto mm HHKorfla ne cranKHBaeMCH
C CHTyaiJHeH, B KOTOPOH 3TH HHCTaHIJHH, T. e. Ha^CTpOHKH, c/je-
jiaß cßoe aejio, noHTHTejibHO OTcrynaiOT Ha aajjHHH njian hjih
ncneaaiOT, Kor/ja npHxoßHT ajih ototo BpeMH, kbk hhctmh (jae-
HOMen Ee BejiHnecrsa 3kohomhkh, hto6m no3BOJiHTb eö Bciy-
HHTb na mapcKHH nyTb ÄHaneKTHKH.
BpeMH «OKOHHaTeJIbHMX HTOTOB» He npHXOJJHT HH B nepBMH,
HH B nOCJieflHHH MOMeHT, HaCM HCTOPHH HHKOTfla H6 npoßblOT
BpeMeHH «kohchhoto cnera».
IIoflsefleM htoth. H/jen «npocroro h hhctoto», a ne CBepx-
.neTepMHHHpoBaHHoro npOTHBOpeHHH — ctojib nee «nycTan, a6-
CTpaKTHBH H ÖeCCMMCJieHHBH (J)pa3a», KaK H «4>pa3bl» no/maB-
LIIHXCH 3K0H0MH3My TeopeTHKOB, 0 KOTOpblX TOBOpHT BnreJIbC.
H flance ecjin ona motjib cjiyacHTb b KanecTBe nejjarorHnecKOH
Mo^ejiH hjih, Tonnee roßopn, b KanecTBe nojieMHHecKoro h ne-
164

nPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
.zjarornnecKoro cpe/jCTBa b onpe/jejieHHbiH HCTopHnecKHÄ mo-
mbht, — to otot (J>aKT eu^e othiojjb ne peniaeT ee cyzjböy.
B KOHije kohijob, ne/jaroririecKHe chctombi Hepe/jKO cmohhiot
jjpyr jjpyra b xojje hctophh. IIphhijio BpeMH hojjhhtb ne/jarorH-
Ky JJO ypOBHH OÖCTOHTeJIbCTB, T. e. HCTOpineCKHX nOTpeÖHOCTeH.
Ho pa3Be ne hcho, hto 3Ta nejjarorHHecKaa nonbiTKa npejjno-
naraeT jjpyryio, hhcto TeopeTHnecKyio nonbiTKy? HocKOJibKy
jjaace ecjin ÖJiaro/japH MapKcy mbi oßjia^aeM oöhjhmh npHHijH-
naMH h KOHKpeTHbiMH npHMepaMH («18-e ßpiOMepa», «FpaoK-
/jaHCKaa Boiina bo 0panijHH» h t. jj.), «zjance ecjin bch hojihth-
necKan npaKTHKa coijnajiHCTHnecKoro h KOMMyHHCTHnecKoro
jjBHHceHHH npejjCTaBjiHeT coöoii HeHcnepnaeMbiH 3anac koh-
KpeTHbix «npoTOKOJioß onbiTa», to Bee nee cjie/jyeT npH3HaTb,
hto meopuio cnei^ufpUHecKOZO cnocoöa deücmeun HadcmpoeK
u dpyzux «oöcmonmejibcme» etqe npedcmoum pazpaßomamb;
a ko 3toh TeopHH hjih BMecTe c Heü (nocKOJibKy hmchho 6jia-
ro/japn KOHCTaTaiJHH HX cnocoßa fleHCTBHH MOHCHO JJOCTHHb HX
cyujHOCTH) — h meopuio coöcmeeHHOÜ cyiqHocmu cneipujmHe-
ckux ojieMeumoe HadcmpoÜKU. Hojjoöho KapTe Ac^phkh ko na-
najia bcjihkhx 3Kcne/jHijHH, 3Ta TeopHH ocraeTCH oÖJiacTbio, H3-
BecTHoii tojibko b caMbix oöiijhx nepTax, ona — cjiobho Kap-
Ta, na KOTopoii mbi MonceM pa3JiHHHTb jihihb öojibiHHe ropHbie
ijenn h BO/jHbie MaccHBbi, ho 3a npe/jejiaMH HecKOJibKHx aocra-
TOHHO TOHHO OTOÖpaHCeHHblX peTHOHOB, HeCHOCOÖHbl 3aMeTHTb
hh ojjhoh jjeTajiH. Kto nocjie MapKca h Bnrejibca npejjnpHHHJi
deücmeumejtbHyio nonbiTKy npojjojDKHTb ee HCCJiejjOBaHHe? 3a
HCKJHoneHHeM TpaMinH, h 6bi ne cmot na3BaTb hh ojjhoto HMe-
hh29. H tom ne Menee tojibko pemeHHe btoh sa^ann mojkct no-
29 IIonblTKH JlyKHHH, OrpHHHHHBaiOmHeCfl HCTOpHefi JIHTepaTypbl H
cckJjhh, OTMeneHbi, KaK Mne KaoKeTca, hckhm CTbmjinBbiM rerejibHHCTBOM: 06-
panjaacb k Terejiio, JlyKan cjiobho nbiraerca nojiyHHTb oiriymeHHe cbohx rpe-
xob — Toro 4>aKTa, hto oh 6bui yneHHKOM Bhmmojih h JtHJibTea. PpaMiiiH —
coBceM Äpyroe aejio. TeKCTbi h npHMenaHHH k ero «TiopeMHbiM TeTpajjHM»
saTparHBaiOT Bee (JjyH^aMeHTajibHbie npoöJieMbi HTanbHHCKOH h eBponencKon
hctophh bo Bcex ee acneKTax: 3kohomhh6CKOm, coijHajibHOM, hojihthhcckom
165

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHALJHH
3BOJIHTB H3M BblCKOBaTb KaKHe-TO COOÖpaOKeHHH 0 MapKCHCT-
CKOM nOHHMaHHH npOTHBOpeHHH, KOTOpbie 6bDIH 6bl ÖOJiee TOH-
HblMH, HOM 3TOT JIHHIb npHÖJIHßHTCJIbHO BepHblH T63HC O erO
ceepxdemepMUHupoeaHHOCTnu, CBH3aHHon npeacae Bcero c cy-
njecTBOBaHHeM h npupoflOH na^crpoeK.
IIo3bojiio ce6e npHBecra eme o^hh, nocjie^HHH npHMep.
MapKCHCTCKaa nojiHTinecKaH npaKTHKa hoctohhho CTajiKHBa-
eTca c ojjhoh peajibHOCTbio, KOTopyio Ha3biBaiOT «nepeacHTKa-
MH». HeT HHKaKOrO C0MH6HHH B TOM, HTO OHH ßeHCTBHTeJIbHO Cy-
njecTByioT, Be^b HHane ohh ne motjih 6bi c thkhm hoctohhctbom
HpOHBJIHTb CBOK) HCH3HeCnOCOÖHOCTb... Y^Ce flO peBOJIIOIJHH «Jle-
HHH Beji c hhmh 6opb6y b pocchhckoh napTHH. HeT nyjKßbi Ha-
noMHHaTb, hto nocjie peBOJiioijHH h bhjiotb ao Haninx ^Heii ohh
He pa3 BbI3bIBaJIH Tpy^HOCTH H CJiyHCHJIH nOBOJJOM flJIH MHOTHX
cxßaTOK h KOMMeHTapneB. Ho hto TaKoe «nepeacHTOK»? Kbkob
ero TeopeTHnecKHH craryc? HMeeT jih oh «ncHxojiorHnecKyio»
npnpofly? Hjih coijnajibiiyio? OöbHCHneTCH jih oh coxpaneHH-
eM onpeaejieHHbix 3K0H0MHHecKHx cmpyKrnyp, KOTopbie peßo-
jiioijhh He CMorjia ycTpaHHTb cbohmh nepBbiMH .neKpeTaMH: na-
npHMep, HanHHHeM mojikoto (b Pocchh — b nepßyio onepeßb
KpeCTbHHCKOTO) npOH3BOflCTBa, KOTopoe CTOJIb HaCTO npHBJieKa-
jio k ce6e BHHMaHHe «JleHHHa? Hjih ace nepeacHTKH no^HHMa-
iot Bonpoc h o dpyzux cmpyKinypax, nojiHTHnecKHx, H^eojio-
THHeCKHX H T. O HpaBBX, npHBbIHKaX, «ZjaJKe O «Tpa^HIJHHX»,
noffoÖHbix «Hai^HOHajibHOH TpaßHijHH» c ee cneiXHC^HHecKHMH
HepTBMH? «HepeJKHTOK»: BOT TepMHH, KOTOpblii HOCTOHHHO HC-
h KyjibTypnoM. B hhx mbi hhxoahm cosepmeHHO opHrHHajitHbie, a nopofi aa-
xce reHHajibHbie H^eH, OTHOCHmneca k npoÖJieMe HajiCTpoeK, CTaBinefi cero^HH
(JjyH^aMeHTajibHOH. PI Bnojine aaKOHOMepno to, hto b hhx, KaK h b jhoöbix tok-
CTaX, AOKyMCHTHpyiOmHX nO/piHHHbie OTKpblTHH, COßepjKaTCfl H HOQbie nOHH-
musi, nanpHMep, noHHTHe zezeMOHuu^ saMenaTejibHbiH npHMep naöpocKa Teo-
peTHHecKoro pemeHHH npoÖJieMbi B3aHMonpoHHKHOBeHHH OKOHOMnnecKoro h
HOJIHTHHeCKOrO. IIpHXOflHTCH JIHHIb COMCaJICTb O TOM, HTO HHKTO (nO KpBHHOH
Mepe, bo <PpaHiiHH) ne npoflojiacnji h ne pa3BHJi TeopeTHnecKHx naHHHaHHH
FpaMHiH.
166

üpothbopehhe n cbepx^etepmhhauha
nojibayeTCH h kotopbih, TeM ne Menee, Bee enje npoßOJiacaeT hc-
KaTb jjjih ceöa — He umr (oho y Hero ynce ecTb!), ho nowimue.
H h yrBepjK^aio, hto «zjjih toto, htoöbi aaTb eMy noHarae, ko-
Toporo oh 3acjiy)KHBaeT (KOTopoe oh BnojiHe saejiyHCHji!), nejib-
3H OrpaHHHHTbCH CMyTHBIMH rereJIBAHCKHMH HJjeHMH «CHHTHH»
H «COXpaHeHHH-OTpHIjaeMOrO-B-CaMOM-OTpHIjaHHH» (t. e. OTpH-
ijaHHA OTpmjaHHA)... IIocKOJibKy ecjin Mbi bhobb Ha MraoBe-
HHe BepHeMca k Terejiio, to yBH^HM, hto nepeacHTOK npomjio-
ro KaK «CHHTbiä» (aufgehoben) cbo^htch jjjih Hero npocTO-na-
npocTO k MOßajibHOCTH eocnoMUHaHUH, KOTopoe, BnponeM, ecTb
He hto HHoe, KaK oöpaTHaa CTopona npedeocxuiqeHUH, t. e. no
cyrn to Ate caMoe. JteficTBHTejibHO, no^oÖHO TOMy KaK Ha 3a-
pe HejiOBenecKOH hctophh, b nepBOM jienere Boctohhoto flyxa,
sanapoßaHHoro rnraHTCKHMH oöpaaaMH Heöa, Mopa h nycrbi-
hh, a 3areM h csoero KaMennoro öecTHapna, yace jjaBajio o ce-
öe 3naTb 6ecco3HaTejibHoe npeflHyBCTBHe öynynjHx CBepineHHH
AöcojnoTHoro JJyxa, — noaoÖHO BTOMy h b Kaac^OM MrnoBeHHH
BpeMeHH nponuioe npo^ojiacaeT jkhtb b cjjopMe BoenoMHHaHHa
o tom, neM oho öbdio, t. e. e^Ba pasjiHHHMoro oßemaHHH ero
HacTOflnjero. H KaK pa3 noaroMy npouuioe HUKOzda He 6biea-
em CMymHbiM ujiu HenpoHutfaeMbiM, oho HUKOzda He MO^cem
cmamb npermmcmeueM. Oho Bcer/ja mojkct öbitb nepeßapeno,
nocKOJibKy oho Bcer/ja yace nepeBapeno 3apanee. Phm mohcct
npaBHTb b MHpe, Ha KOTOpblH najiojKHjia cboh OTnenaTOK Fpe-
ijhh; ho «CHHTaa» TpeijHH npo^ojiacaeT jkhtb b Tex oö’beKTHB-
HBIX BOCnOMHHaHHHX, KOTOpbIMH HBJIHIOTCH ee BOCCO3ßaHHbie
xpaMbi, accHMHJiHpoBaHHaa pejiHma, sbhobo npo^yMaHHaa
4>HJioco(i)HH. He Be^aa o tom, ona yace öbDia Phmom, Kor,a;a, 60-
pacb co CMepTbio, CHjiHjiacb nopo^HTb CBoe pHMCKoe öyzjynjee,
h HHKor.ua ne öbDia PnMy okobbmh, y^epjKHBaBHiHMH Phm b
npe^ejiax Phmb. Hmchho noaroMy nacTOHiijee mobcct nHTaTbCH
TeHHMH CBoero nponiJloro h ßaHce OTÖpacbiBaTb bth tchh b 6y-
jjynjee, — thkobbi öbdih BejiHKne oöpasijbi Phmckoh JJoÖJiecTH,
OTKpbiBiHHe HKoÖHHijaM nyTb k PeBOJiioijHH h Teppopy. Beßb
ero nponuioe HHKorj^a ne öbißaeT hcm-to otjihhhbim ot Hero ca-
167

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
Moro, bto nponuioe Bcer/ja Bbi3biBaeT b ero naMHTH jihihb Bee
tot ace 3aK0H BnyrpeHHero öbithh (loi d’interiorite) — cyjjbßy
BCHKoro HejiOBenecKoro CTanoBjieHHH.
Ho ßOBOJibHO npuMepoB. CKasaHHoro, KaK Mne KaaceTCH, zjo-
CTaTOHHO ßJIH Toro, HTOÖbl CfleJiaTb HOHHTHBIM Ty MbICJIb, HTO
y MepKca «chhthc» — jjajKe ecjin CHHTaTb, hto bto cjiobo Bee
eqe HMeeT KaKon-To cmbicji (b jjeHCTBHTejibHOCTH ace oho jih-
meHO BCHKoro cmpozozo CMbicjia) He HMeeT HHnero oßnjero c
3T0H yHOÖHOH HCTOpHHeCKOÄ ^HaJieKTHKOH; hto nponuioe flJIH
Hero ecrb cobcom He tohb, nycTb ßaace «oß’beKTHBHaa» tchb, ho
yacacaiome no3HTHBHan h aKTHBHaa crpyKTypHpoBaHHan pe-
ajibHOCTb, nofloßnaa toh peajibHOCTH, KOTopoii ^jih oÖHHiijaB-
niero paöonero, o kotopom tobopht Mapnc, hbjihiotch xojioa,
rojlofl h HOHb. Ho pa3Be mohcho Tor/ja hombicjihtb 3th nepeacHT-
kh, ecjin He ßpaTb 3a hcxojjhbih nyHKT hockojibko peajibHOcreii,
KOTopbie ßjiH Mapnca hbjihiotch hmchho peajiBHOCTHMn: naji-
CTpOÄKH, HfleOJIOTHH, «HHIJHOHaJIbHbie TpaßHIJHH», aaoKe Hpa-
BBI H «flyx» TOTO HJIH HHOTO HapO/ja H T. ß. ECJIH H6 ßpaTb 33
HCxojjHbiH nyHKT Ty ceepxdemepMUHaifuio jik>6ozo npomueope-
huh u juoöozo KOHcmumymuQHOZO osieMeHma mozo ujiu uho-
zo oötqecmea, Komopasi cjiy^um npuuuHOÜ mozo, umo: 1) pe-
bojiioijhh 6a3Hca hjih crpyKTypbi othkvjb ne noßBepraeT ipso
facto MTHOBeHHOMy npeoßpasoBaHHio (hto motjio 6bi npoH3on-
th b tom cjiynae, ecjin 6bi sKOHOMHnecKan jjeTepMHHaijHH 6bi-
Jia 6bi eduHcmeeHHOÜ) cymecTByioiijHe na^CTpoiiKH h, b hbct-
hocth, udeojiozuu, nocKOJibKy ohh KaK TaKOBbie oßjia^aiOT %o-
CTaTOHHOH yCTOHHHBOCTBK), HTOÖbl npoÖOJU>fCamb MUmb U 6H€
HenocpedcmeeHHOZo KOHmeKcma ux jku3hu9 h jjaoKe jjjih toto,
hto6m BocnpoH3BO^HTb, «Bbi^ejiHB» H3 ceÖH na onpe^ejieHHoe
BpeMH, HOBbie ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH BMecTO crapbix; 2) hto
caMO HOBoe oßnjecTBO, nopoaqjeHHoe peBOJiioijHeH, cnocoß-
ho — hjih ßjiaroflapH cbmhm (JiopMaM CBoeü hoboh Ha^crpoiiKH,
hjih nee ÖJiarojjapH cneijncjjHHecKHM «oßcTOHTejibCTBaM» (na-
ijHOHajibHoro hjih HHTepnaijHOHajibHoro nopn^Ka) — cmamb
168

ITPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMKHAIJHH
npuuuHOÜ coxpaHeHux, m. e. peaKmueaipiu cmapbix dsieMeH-
moe. Taxan peaKTHBaijHH 6bma 6bi coßepineHHO HeMbicjiHMa b
npe/jejiax anajieKTHKH, JiHineHHofi CBepx^eTepMHHaijHH. Hpn-
Be/jy tojibko o^hh, caMbiä nopasHTejibHbiii npHMep: MHe Ka-
HCeTCH, HTO KOiyja CTaBHT Bonpoc o TOM, KaK CTOJIB nje/jpblH H
rop^biü pyccKHii Hapo/j cmot BbinecTH TaKne orpoMHbie npecTy-
njieHHH, coBepnieHHbie b nepnofl crajiHHCKHx penpeccHÄ; KaK
napTHH ßojibnieBHKOB CMorjia hx crepneTb; ne roßopa yace o
TOM, KaK KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHH BOTKJJB CMOT peiHHTBCH Ha HX CO-
BepnieHHe, — to cjie/jyeT cosepnieHHO OTKaaaTbca ot jiothkh
«chhthh», OTKaaaTbCH jjaace ot ynoTpeßjieHHH ototo cjiobb. Ho c
jjpyroH CTopoHbi, coßepnieHHO hcho, hto 3/jecb eme npe/jCTOHT
npo/jeJiaTb HeMajiyio meopemunecKyio paßoTy. fl HMeio b BH^y
He TOJIBKO HCTOpHHeCKHe HCCJie^OBaHHH, KOTopbie HMeiOT onpe-
ßeJiHiomee 3HaneHHe, ho h to, hto HMeeT onpe/jejiniomee 3Ha-
HeHHe flJIH CBMHX HCTOpHHeCKHX HCCJieflOBaHHH, KOTopbie CTpe-
MHTCH 6bITb MapKCHCTCKHMH: H HM6I0 B BHJ^y CTpOTOCTb; CTpO-
ryio KOHIjeniJHIO MapKCHCTCKHX HOHHTHH, HX HMHJIHKai^HH H HX
pa3BHTHH; HccjießOßaHHe h crporyio KOHijenijHK) toto, hto hb-
jineTCH hx OTjiHHHTejibHOH HepTOÄ, t. e. toto, hto HaBcer^a OT-
JjeJIHeT HX OT HX npH3paKOB.
Cero^HH KaK HHKor/ja npeaqje BancHO hohhtb, hto o^hh H3
nepßbix npH3paKOB Tanoro pojja — oto tchb TerejiH. ,5jih to-
ro HToßbi 3tot npnspaK BepnyjiCH b nonnyio TbMy, Hyacno nped-
cmaeumb e öojiee npKOM ceeme MapKca, tom caMbiM npe^CTa-
bhb e öojiee npKOM, MapKcucmcKOM ceeme u comozo Fezejui.
H ecjm Mbi xothm H3ÖeacaTb «nepeßepTbiBaHHH», hx ßßycMbic-
jieHHOCTeii h HenenocTefi, to jihhib na stom nyrn mbi jjocTHr-
neM CBoeii ijejin.
HfOHb—UlOJlb 1962 z.

nPmiOHCEHHE1
H 6bi xoTeji noapoÖHee ocraHOBHTbCH na o^hom OTpbiBKe H3
IIHCbMa K Bjioxy, KOTOpblH B OCHOBHOM T6KCT6 CTaTbH 6bDI na-
MepeHHO ocTaßjieH b CTopone. flejio b tom, hto otot otpbibok, b
kotopom Snrejibc npe^JiaraeT TeopeTHnecKoe peiuenue npoßjie-
Mbl OCHOBaHHH J^eTepMHHaiXHH «B K0H6HH0M CHCTe», T. e. 3KO-
MinecKOH jjeTepMHHaijHH, HesaeucuM ot Tex MapKcncTCKHx Te-
3hcob, KOTopbie Snrejibc npoTHBonocTaBjiaeT «skohomhctcko-
My» flOTMaTH3My.
Kohohho, mbi HMeeM jjejio c npocTbiM hhcbmom. Ho hockojib-
Ky oho npe/jcrasjiHeT coöoii TeopeTHnecKHÜ jjoKyMeHT, HMeio-
iijhh peuiaiomee 3HaneHHe ßjia onpoBepaceHHa cxeMaTH3Ma h
3K0H0MH3Ma, h nocKOJibKy oho yace cbirpano onpeßejieHHyio
ucmopuuecKyK) pojib h mojkot nrpaTb TaKyio pojib b ßyaymeM,
to öyzjeT Jiynine, ecjin mbi npeicpaTHM aejiaTb bh^, 6yaro ap-
ryMeHTaijHH, Hcxoanmaa H3 H/jen ocHoeaHUH, OTBeaaeT naniHM
KpHTHHeCKHM TpeÖOBaHHHM.
PemeHHe, npe/piaraeMoe 3HrejibC0M, Hcnojib3yeT o^Hy h Ty
ace MO^ejib Ha flßyx pa3JiHHHbix ypoBHax anajiH3a.
A) Ilepebiü ypoeeHb: HoKaaaB, hto Ha^CTpoiiKH ne hbjihiot-
CH HHCTbIMH (JieHOMeHaMH 3K0H0MHKH H OÖJiajjaiOT COÖCTBeHHOH
aeHCTBeHHOCTbio, 3nrejibc nnmeT: «SKOHOMHnecKoe nojioace-
HHe — 3TO 6a3HC, HO Ha XOfl HCTOpHHeCKOH 6opb6bl TaKMCe OKa-
3biBaiOT BjiHHHHe h bo mhothx cjiyHaax onpe^ejiHioT npeHMynje-
CTBeHHO (JjopMy ee pa3JiHHHbie momohtbi Ha^CTpoiiKH». Bonpoc,
BCTaiOmHH B 3T0H CBH3H, TaKOB: KaK B 3THX yCJIOBHflX cjiefly-
eT mbicjihtb eduHcmeo peaubHoro, ho oraocHTejibHoro cnocoßa
1 3to npnjioMceHHe k craTte «IIpoTHBopeHHe h CBepxaeTepMHHaijHH» pa-
Hee ne nyÖJiHKOBajiocb. ühcbmo 3Hrejibca k Bjioxy jiaTupoßaHo 21 ceHTHÖpa
1890 roaa.
170

OPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
ÄeficTBHH (efficace) HajjCTpoeK h BKOHOMHHecKoro npumjiina,
HBJiaiomerocfl jjeTepMHHnpyiomnM «b kohchhom cneTe»? KaK
cjieflyeT mbicjihtb OTHOinenne Meacay bthmh pbsjihhhbimh cno-
coßaMH «aeäcTBHH? Kax oöocHoeamb b btom ejjHHCTBe pojib 4>aK-
Topa, HBJiaiomerocH aeTepMHHnpyiomHM b kohohhom cneTe?
Bot otbot SnrejiBca: «CynjecTByeT B3aHMO,zjeHCTBHe Bcex sthx
MOMeHTOB, B KOTOpOM SKOHOMHHeCKOe JJBHHCCHHe KaK HeOÖXOflH-
Moe b kohohhom cneTe npoKJiajjBißaeT ce6e aopory ckbosb 6ec-
KOHenHoe MHOJKecTBO cjiynaHHOCTeH (to ecTB Benjeii h coöbi-
THH, BHyrpeHHHH CBH3B KOTOpBIX HaCTOJIBKO OT/jaJIOHa HJIH Ha-
ctojibko TpyaHO npe/jCKasyeMa, hto mbi mojkom npeHeöpenB eio,
CHHTaTB, hto ee ne cynjecTByeT)». TaKOBa oö^MCHHioiijaH mo-
jjejiB: «paajiHHHBie momohtbi hbjjctpohkh» B3aHMOjjeHCTByiOT
jjpyr c apyroM h npoH3BOjjHT öecKOHeuHoe MHCwcecmeo BtJxßeK-
tob. 3th 3<]x])eKTBi Moiyr 6bitb ynojjoÖJieHBi öecKOHenHOCTH
cjiyHaÜHOcmeü (hx hhcjio ßecKOHenno, a hx BHyTpeHHHH cbh3b
ctojib OT/jajieHHa h noTOMy ctojib TpyzjHOonpe/jejiHMa, hto ee
M07KH0 U2HOpupoeamb)9 Hepe3 KOTOpBie «SKOHOMHHeCKOe JJBH-
HceHHe» npoÖHBaeT ce6e aopory. 3th a^x^eKTBi cyrB cjiyuaü-
Hocmu, a BKOHOMHnecKoe flBHHcenHe ecTB HeoöxoduMocmb, ux
HeoßxoduMocmb. Cefinac h ne CTany ocTanaBjiHBaTBCH hh na
caMofi Mo^ejiH «cjiynaHHOCTB-HeoßxoflHMOCTB», hh na ee npeß-
nocBDiKax. Hanöojiee HHTepecna b stom TeKCTe Ta pojib, ko-
Topyio 3nrejiBC otbojjht pbsjihhhbim BJieMeHTaM Ha^CTpofiKH.
Co3^aeTCH BnenaTJieHHe, hto kbk tojibko chctcmb 63auModeü-
cmeuü MexcAy hhmh nannnaeT cßyHKijHOHHpoBaTB, hm BBina^a-
eT pojib oöocHoeaHun öecKOHeuHozo MHOzooöpasun dcjufreKmoe
(ßenjeH H COÖBITHH, KBK TOBOpHT ShTCJIBC), Hepe3 CJiyHBHHOCTH
KOTOPBIX SKOHOMHKa npOJIOHCHT CBOH JjepOKBBHBIH IiyTB. JJpyTH-
MH CJIOBßMH, BJieMeHTBI Hß^CTpOHKH XOTH H OÖJIBßBIOT CBOHMH
CnOCOÖaMH ßeHCTBHH, HO 3Ta HX ßeHCTBeHHOCTB CJIOQHO pOCTlbl-
jmemcfi, do 6ecKOHeHHOcmu, TepancB b ßecKOHeHHOcra acJxijeK-
tob, cjiyHaHHOcreii, BHyrpeHHHe cbh3h kotopbix, flasce ecjin bth
npeaejiBHBie 3HaneHHH h jjocthjkhmbi b hchhcjichhh öecKOHen-
ho mbjibix, mohcho TeM ne Menee paCCMHTpHBaTB KaK HenOCTH-
171

IIPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
acHMbie (KaK Hpe3BbnaiiH0 TpyzjHOonpe/jejiHMbie) h noTOMy kok
Hecyiqecmeynique. Tbkhm oßpasoM, o^M^eKTOM ßecKoneHHoii
ßHcnepcnn HBjiaeTCH pacTBopenne b MmcpocKonnnecKOM ne-
cynjecTBOBaHHH toh /jeiiCTBeHHOCTH, KOTopan npHnncbiBaeTCH
Ha^crpoHKaM b hx MaKpocKonuuecKOM cynjecrBOBaHHH. Pa3-
yMeeTCH, oto necynjecTBOBaHHe HMeer onHcreMOJioriiHecKyio
npHpojjy (MHKpocKonHHecKan cbh3b momcct «paccMaTpHBaTb-
ch KaK» necynjecTByiomaH — bto ne 3hbhht, hto ona jjencTBH-
TejibHo ne cynjecTByeT; TeM He Menee ona ne cynjecTByeT jxjih
no3HaHHH). Ho KaK 6bi to hh 6bdio, hmchho b npe/jejiax ototo
MHKpOCKOHHHeCKOTO MH0T006pa3HH ßeCKOHCHHO Manbix MaKpo-
CKonnnecKaH Heoöxo/jHMOCTb «b KOHije kohijob npoÖHBaeT ce6e
jjopory», t. e. cthhoehtch npeoßjia^aioiijHM cjjaKTopoM.
3fl;ecb HeoßxoflHMo cjjejiaTb jjßa 3aMenaHHH.
Ilepeoe saMeuaHue. 3ra cxeMa jjaeT naM othiojjb ne deü-
cmeumejibHoe peuieuue, ho jihhib ero paspaßoTKy h odny U3
ezo Hocmeü. H3 nee mbi y3HaeM, hto cnocoö jjeiiCTBHH B3aH-
MojjeiicTByioiijHx HajjCTpoeK BbipaacaeTCH b ßecKonenHO Ma-
jibix «coßbiTHHx h Benjax», t. e. b cooTBeTCTByioiijHx «cjiynaö-
HOCTHX». Mbl BHflHM, HTO HMCHHO HB ypOBHe 3THX «CJiyHafi-
HOCTefi» JJOJIJKHa OÖHapyHCHTBCH BO3MOHCHOCTB OÖOCHOBaHHH
hckomoto pemeHHH, nocKOJibKy ijejib sthx cjiyHaHHOCTeä 3a-
KJHOHaeTCH B TOM, HTOÖBI BBCCTH B HTpy npOTHBOHOJIOHCHOe no-
HHTHe — (sKOHOMHnecKyio) Heo6xoduMocmb9 jjeTepMHHnpyio-
iijyio b kohchhom cneTe. Ho TaKoe peineHne oeraeTCH hojiobhh-
HBTblM, nocKOJibKy OTHOUieHHe Me)K,Ijy 3THMH CJiyHaÄHOCTHMH
H 3T0H HeOÖXOJJHMOCTbK) He OÖOCHOBaHO H He BKCnJIHIJHpOBa-
ho; nocKOJibKy (h 3^ecb mbi HMeeM jjejio c hojihbim OTpnija-
HHeM 3T0T0 0TH0IH6HHH H CBH3aHHOH C HHM npoßjieMbl) 9h-
rejibc H3o6pancaeT HeoöxojjHMOCTb kbk coßepnieHHO eueniHioio
no OTHoineHHio k sthm cjiynaHHOCTHM (KaK jjBHHcenHe, KOTopoe
b KOHije kohijob npoKJiajjbißaeT ce6e jjopory cpedu ßecKOHen-
hoto HHCJia cjiynaHHOcreH). Ho b tbkom cjiynae hhm oeraeTCH
HeH3BecTHbiM, deücmeumejibHO jiu oma HeoßxoduMocmb ecmb
HeoöxoduMOcmb omux cjiyuaÜHOcmeü, a ec/iu omo deücmeu-
172

nPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHH
mejibHO maK, — noueMy ona ecmb ama HeoßxoduMoemb. 3tot
Bonpoc ocTaeTca 3/iecb 6e3 otbcth.
Bmopoe aaMeuaHue. KanceTcn BecbMa crpaHHbiM, hto 3h-
rejibc b btom TeKCTe onncbiBaeT 4)opMbi Ha^CTpoüKH KaK hc-
TOHHHK ÖeCKOHeHHOCTH MHKpOCKOIIHHeCKHX COÖblTHH, BHyTpeH-
HIOK) CBH3b KOTOpblX H6JIb3H HOCTHHb (a CJie^OBaTeJIbHO, M03KH0
npoHrnopupoBaTb). IIocKOJibKy, c o«hoh cropoHbi, to ace caMoe
mojkho CKa3aTb h o 4>opMax 6a3Hca (ßejjb bhojihc mohcho CKa-
3aTb, HTO fleTaJIH MHKpOCKOHHHeCKHX BKOHOMHHeCKHX COÖblTHH
HenOCTHHCHMbl H HOTOMy MOiyT ÖblTb cßpOHIOHbl CO CHCTOß!) Ho
KpOMe TOTO, BTH (J)OpMbI KaK TaKOBbie CyTb HMCHHO (pOpMbl, a
3HaHHT — He tojibko npuHi^unbi peaJlbHOCmU, HO H npUHl^Unbl
nocmuMUMOcmu ceoux aipcpeKmoe. Ohh bhojiho no3HaßaeMbi,
h kbk pa3 nooTOMy ohh npeflCTaBJiniOT coßoii npospannoe ocho-
BaHHe CBH3aHHbix c hhmh coöbiTHH. IIoHeMy nee Tor/ja Snrejibc
CTOJIB ßbicrpo npOXOßHT MHMO BTHX (|)OpM, MHMO HX CyilJHOCTH
H pOJIH H OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH JIHIHB Ha MHKpOCKOHHHeCKOH nbDIH
HX 3(jj4)eKTOB, KOTopbie HCJIB3H H03HaTb H MOHCHO npOHTHOpH-
poßaTb? Bojiee toto: pa3Be He hejihctch bto CBe/jenne 30 craTy-
ca MejibHaäniHx cjiynaHHOcreH aßcojiiomHoü npomueonojuwc-
Hocmbio pecuibHOÜ h anucmeMOJiozuHecKoü pojih bthx (JjopM?
H pa3Be ne npe/yiaraeT hbm MapKC, na KOToporo ccbDiaeTCH 3h-
rejibc b btom TeKCTe, b «18-m ßpiOMepa» kbk pa3 aHanH3 B3aHM0-
ÄeHCTBHH BTHX «pa3JIHHHbIX (JjBKTOpOB», T. e. BH0JIH6 HOCTH3KH-
MbiH anajiH3 ux a(p(peKrnoe! MapKC, o^hbko, ne cmot 6bi npose-
cth bto «AOKasaTejibCTBO», ecjin 6bi oh ne npoBOßHji crpororo
pa3JiHneHHH Me?Kfly ucmopunecKUMu a(p(peKmoMu bthx 4)bk-
topob h hx MUKpocKonunecKUMu 9(p(peKmaMu. B cbmom flejie:
(JjOpMbl HaACTpOHKH ^eHCTBHTCJIbHO CJIJDKaT HpHHHHOH ßeCKO-
HenHoro HHCJia coöbithh, o^naKO OTHioßb ne Bee bth coökthh
hbjihiotch ucmopunecKUMu (cp. (J)pa3y BojibTepa: y Bcex fleTeä
ecrb OTi^bi, ho oraioAb He y Bcex «otijob» ecTb jjeTH), TaKOBbi-
MH HBJIHIOTCH JIHIHb Te H3 HHX, KOTOpbie ynOMHHyTbie «(J)aKTO-
pbi» ydepa/cueaiom, ebiSupaiom, Kopone roßopn, npouaeodnm
KaK ucmopuuecKue (npHBe^eM jihihb o^hh npHMep: jhoöoh no-
173

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHAIJHH
JIHTHH6CKHH JjeHTeJIb, 33HHMai0mHH nOCT B npaBHT6JIbCTBe,
npHHHMaa bo BHHManne cboio nojiHTHHecicyio jihhhio, a TaioKe
jjocTyiiHbie eMy cpe^CTBa «hohctehh, ebiöupaem cpe/jn Bcex co-
ßbrrnfi Te, KOTopbie oh eoseodum e pam ucmopuuecKux, — Ka-
rne ecjin otot Bbißop 3aKJiiOHaeTCH b peineHHH o no/jaBjieHHH
aeMOHCTpaijHH!). Htbk, na btom nepeoM ypoßne 1) Mbi eme ne
HMeeM no/viHHHoro peineHHH, h 2) «pesyjibTaT» (monnayage)
BO3^6HCTBHH (J)OpM HüdcmpOÜKU (0 KOTOpblX 3/jeCb HflCT peHb)
B ÖeCKOHeHHOCTH MHKpOCKOHHHeCKHX Btjx^eKTOB (nenOCTHHCH-
Mbix cnyHaHHOCTeii) He eooTBeTCTByeT MapKCHCTCKOH KOHijen-
ijhh npupodbi HaßCTpoeK.
B) Bmopoü ypoeeHb. OßparaMCH ko BTopoMy ypoBHio anajiH-
3a 3nrejibca. Mbi 3aMenaeM, hto 3ßecb oh omK03bieaemcR ot
paccMOTpeHHH Ha^CTpoeK h npHMenneT cboio MOßejib k /jpyroMy
oö’beKTy, KOTOpblH na 3tot pa3 eMy coomeemcmeyem: k kom6h-
hbijhh HHßHBHßyajibHbix BOJib. KpoMe TOTO, Mbl 3aMeHaeM, HTO
oh jjaeT OTBeT na ynoMHnyrbiii Bonpoc h noKasbiBaeT hbm ot-
HonieHHe Menc^y cjiynaHHOCTHMH h Heoßxo/jHMOCTbio, t. e. 060-
CHOßbieaem ero: «Hcmopusi dejiaemcn maKUM oöpa3OM, umo
KOHeuHbiü peayjibmam ecezda no/iyHaemcn om cmo/tKHoee-
huü MHoafcecmea omdesibHbix eosib, npuHeM Kao^dan U3 amux
eojib cmaHoeumcsL meM, httio oho, ecmb, onxmb-maKU ÖJiaxoda-
psi Macce ocoöbix 3tcu3HeHHbix oScmomnejibcme. TaKUM o6pa-
3OM, uMeemcH SecKOHeuHoe Ko/iuuecmeo nepeKpeu/ueaioufuxcH
cmi, ßecKOHeuHOJi zpynna napa/uienozpaMMoe cun, u U3 dmo-
30 nepeKpeu/ueaHUH ebixodum odua paeHodeücmeyKttqan —
ucmopuuecKoe coßbimue. 9mom pesysibmam MoofCHO onsunb-
maKU paccMampueamb kok npodyKm odnoü cu/ibi, deücmey-
joiqeü kok i^etioe, 6ecco3HamejibHO u öeseosibHo. Bedb mo, uezo
xouem oduH, ecmpeHaem npomueodeücmeue co cmopoHbi ecx-
kozo dpyzozo, u e kohchhom pe3yjibmame noRQjmemcH hchttio
maKoe, uezo hukttio hc xomesi. Tükum o6pa3OM, ucmopun, kok
ona uuia do cux nop, npomeKaem nodoÖHO npupodnoMy npo-
i^eccy u nodnuHCHa, e cyufHocmu, meM we caMbiM sokohom
174

IIPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX^ETEPMHHAIIHH
deuo/ceHUSi. Ho U3 mozo oßcmojimejibcmea, umo eojiu omdejib-
Hbix juodeü, Kcwcdbiü U3 Komopbix xouem mozo, k neMy ezo
ejienem (puauuecKaji KOHcmumyymi u eneuiHue, e kohchhom
cueme aKOHOMunecKue, oßcmonmejibcinea (ujiu ezo coöcmeeu-
Hbie, jiuHHbie, ujiu oßufecoifuajibHbie), umo amu eojiu docmu-
zaiom He mozo, uezo ohu xomsim, ho cjiueaiomcji e Henmo cped-
Hee, e odny oöiyyio paenodeücmeyioiqyK), — U3 amozo ece a*ce He
cjiedyem aaKJUonamb, umo amu eojiu paeHbi Hyjuo. Haoöopom,
Ka&cdaH eojm yuacmeyem e paenodeücmeyiou^eü u nocmojibKy
eKJUOHCHa e Hee».
fl ßOJDKen H3BHHHTBCH 33 TO, HTO npHBOJI 3Ty OTpOMHyiO IJH-
TaTy, — ona noTpeßoßajiacb mho noTOMy, hto ona «neiiCTBH-
TejibHO co/jepHCHT b ce6e otbot na nocTaBjieHHbiä hbmh Bonpoc.
B caMOM jjejie, 3/jecb HeoßxojjHMOCTb oßocHoeana Ha ypoeue ca-
mux cjiyHaÜHOcmeü, oöocHOBana e comux cjiyHaÜHOcnuix KaK
ux rjioßajibHbiÄ pe3yjibTaT; ona, tbkhm o6pa3OM, ecTb ux hcoö-
XOduMOCmb. H IIOOTOMy 3ÖeCb Mbl UMeeM OTBeT, KOTOpblfi OT-
cyrcTBOBaji b nepBOM anajiH3e. Ho kbkoh i^enofi mbi ero nojiy-
hhjih? LJeHOÜ u3MeHeHiui oßteKma, ijenon Toro, hto mm npuHH-
jih 3a McxoAHbiH nyHKT ne HaßcrpoHKH h hx B3aHMO^encTBHe, a
B K0H6HH0M CHCTe HX MHKpOCKOHHHeCKHe 34>4)eKTbI, — HO MHO-
3/cecmeo uudueudyojibHbix eojib, cmajiKueaiou^uxcji u oö'bedu-
Hjuoiquxcsi dpyz c dpyzoM e omHOiueHUHX cuji. Tbkhm o6pa3OM,
C03flaeTca BnenaTJieHHe, hto MO/jejib, npuMeHHBniäHCH k naa-
CTpoÜKaM h hx cnocoßy ^eficTBHH, na jjejie ßbDia aauMcmeoea-
Ha y Toro oß'beKTa, c kotopmm mbi cefinac HMeeM aejio h ko-
TopbiH HBJIHeTCH ee nodjiuHHbiM oßteKinoM: eaauModeücmeue
UHÖueudyajibHbix eojib. H Tenepb cthhobhtch hohhthbim, no-
neMy 3Ta MO^ejib OKasajiacb nea^eKBaTHofi nepBOMy o6i>eK-
ry, KOTopbiii 6bdi ajih nee HyacßbiM, ho bhojiho cooTBeTCTBOBa-
jia BTopoMy, KOTopbiH deücmeumejibHo 6bui ee coöcmeeHHbiM
oßbCKmoM.
KaK ace npoHcxo^HT sto ßOKasaTejibCTBO? Oho ocHOBbiBaeT-
ch na 4>H3HnecKOH MO^ejiH napajuiejiozpaMMa cuji: bojih yno-
aoßjiHeTCH CHjie; ecjiH ßBe chjibi CTanKHBaiOTCH b npocToii ch-
175

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMKHALJHH
TyaijHH, to b peayjibTaTe noHBjineTCH mpembti cusia, otjihh-
hbh ot nepßbix AByx h tom ne Menee oßmaM hm, Taicaa, hto
Kanaan H3 hhx xoth h ne yanaeT ceßn b hch, ho Bee ace bho-
cht cboh BKJia/i; b ee noHBJienne, hbjihhcb ee coaBTopoM. TeM
caMbiM mm c caMoro Hanajia 3aMenaeM oahh (jjyHßaMeHTajib-
HbiÄ (JjeHOMen: pesyjibmam mpaHct^endupyem cocraBjiHiomHe
ero chjim; 3to jjBOHHoe TpancijeHjiHpoBaHHe — KaK no otho-
HieHHIO K COOTBeTCTByiOmeMy ypOBHIO COCTaBJIflIOmHX CHJI, TaK
H no OTHOineHHK) K pe(|)JieKCHH BTHX CHJI B HHX CaMHX (t. e.
no OTHOineHHio k hx coanaHHio, nocKOJibKy penb H/jer o eojie).
Ü3 3Toro BbiTeKaiOT flßa cjie/jCTBHH: 1) peayjibTaT cymecTByer
Ha coBepmeHHO hhom ypoBHe, hcm Kanaan H3 cocTaBjunoiijHx
chji (ßojiee BbicoKOM, ecjin ohh cKJiajjbißaiOTCH, h ßojiee hh3-
kom, ecjin ohh apyr apyry npoTHBOfleiicTByiOT); 2) peayjibTar
hbjihctch 6ecco3HamejibHbiM no caMofi CBoeii cyra (t. e. oh hb-
JIHCTCH He COOTBeTCTByTOIIJHM CO3HaHHIO KaJK^OH BO JIH, — HB
to ace BpeMH oh ecrb cHJia 6e3 cyß'beKTa, oßbeKTHBHan cnjia, t.
e. oh c caMoro Hanajia ecrb HUHbR cusia). Hmchho noaTOMy b
HTore ona ctbhobhtch thkhm rjioßanbHbiM peayjibraTOM, koto-
pbifi MonceT «e ceoio ouepedb paccMampueambcn KaK npodyKm
cujibi, deücmeyKHqeü KaK i^ejioe, 6ecco3HamejibHoü u csienoü».
CoBepmeHHO hcho, hto mbi oöocnoBajiH h nopoßHJiH ary CHJiy,
npH3BaHHyK) 0 kohchhom cueme Boaoßjia^aTb: t. e. 3kohomhh6-
CKyio aeTepMHHaijHK), KOTopaa yace ne hbjihctch BHeinneH no
OTHOineHHK) k cjiynaHHOCTHM, nepe3 KOTopbie ona npoKJia^bi-
BaeT ceße nyrb, ho ecrb eHympeHHSui cyiynocmb sthx cjiynaH-
HOCTCH.
51 6bi xotcji noKaaaTb: 1) hto Tenepb mm hmccm «ejio c nod-
jiuHHbiM oßveKinoM Modejiu 3nrejibca; 2) hto ßjiaroaapH sto-
My cooTBeTCTBHio 3nrejibc ^encTBHTejibHO /jaer otbct na Bo-
npoc, KOTopbiä oh ceße 3a^aeT, h hto oh jjeHCTBHTejibHO jjaeT
peiuenue npoßjieMbi, KOTopyio oh nepeji coßoii nocraBHji; 3) hto
kbk npoßjieMa, TaK h peineHne cymecTByioT jihihb nocTOJibKy,
nocKOJibKy Mojjejib cooTBeTCTByeT CBoeMy oS'beKmy} 4) hto no-
CKOJibKy 3tot oß’beKT He cymecTByer, ne cymecTByeT hu npo-
176

OPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHALJHH
6/ieMbi, hu petueHusu, 5) hto cjie/iyeT hbhth npHHHHy noaßjie-
HHH BCefi 3T0H TIIjeTHOH KOHCTpyKIJHH.
51 HHMepeHHO ocTaBjiaio b CTopoHe ccbuiKy 3nrejibca na npu-
pody. IIocKOJibKy Mojjejib, KOTopyio oh Hcnojib3yer, caMa hbjih-
erca 4>H3inecKOH (nepBbiä npuMep btoh moacjih mm Haxo/iHM
y To66ca, no3/iHee ona noHBJiaeTCH b ßecKOHenHbix BapnaHTax,
b ocoöeHHO hhctom BH/je ona npncyTCTByer y Tojibßaxa), to co-
BCeM He yUHBHTeJIbHO, hto ot HCTOPHH OH nepeXOßHT k npu-
pode. Mbi HMeeM jjejio ne c aoKasarejibCTBOM, ho c TaBTOJiorn-
eii. (Otmgthm, hto 3/iecb Hcnojib3OBaHa TOJibKO Modesib h hto
o duajieKjnuKe npupodbi penb b 3thx paccyacaeHHax ne HjjeT,
no Toii npocToii npHHHHe, hto ona CBH3aHa c coBepmeHHO ßpy-
THM BOnpOCOM). B SHHCTOMOJIOTHHeCKOM 0TH0HI6HHH TaBTOJIO-
thh nycra h ne OTKpbiBaeT hobbix nyreü; ho TeM He Menee ona
MoaceT ßbiTb noyHumejibHOÜ, Bosmojkhoctb npaMO cocjihtbch
Ha npupody BcejiaeT yBepennocTb, b otom hot hhkbkoto coMHe-
hhh. (y^ce To66c tobopht 06 stom: Korjja penb H/jer o hojihth-
Ke, JHOßH TOTOBbl ÖHTBCH He Ha JKH3HB, a Ha CMepTb, HO eCJIH
OHH TOBOPHT O THHOTeHy3e HJIH O na^eHHH TeJI, BO3MO7KHO nOJI-
Hoe corjiacHe).
51 6bi xoTeji ßjiHHce paccMOTpeTb caMy apryMenraijHio 3h-
rejibca, b KOTopoii Ha nepBbifi bstjihä peanH3OBaHO nojiHoe co-
OTBeTCTBHe Meacay ero Mo^ejibio h ero oß'beKTOM. Hto ace Mbi
oßnapyacHBaeM b neii? Ha HenocpedcmeeHHOM ypoBHe — coot-
BeTCTBHe MO^ejiH h oß'beKra. Ho no Ty h no 3Ty cropoHbi ot bto-
ro ypoBHH mbi oönapyjKHBaeM Bcero Jinnib nocmyjiupoeaHHoe,
HedoKasaHHoe eooTBeTCTBHe, a Ha ero Meere — HeonpedejieH-
Hocmb, t. e. anHCTeMOJiOTHnecKyio nycrory.
IIo omy cmopoHy. OneBHßHOCTb cojjepjKaHHH, öpocaromaa-
ch naM b rjia3a, Korßa mbi npeacraBJuieM ce6e napajuiejiorpaMM
CHJI (HH^HBH^yaJIbHblX BOJIb), HCH63aeT, KBK TOJIbKO Mbl 3aßa-
eM ce6e Bonpoc (kotopmä sa^aer ce6e h caM Bnrejibc!) 06 hcto-
xe (a 3HaHHT, o npHHHHe) onpedesieHuü bthx HH/jHBH/iyajibHbix
BOJib. Tenepb mbi crajiKHBaeMCH c pezpeccoM e 6ecKOHeHHocmb.
177

ITPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPX/JETEPMHHALJHH
«Ka&cdaji U3 hux ecmb mo, umo ohcl ecmb, öjiazodapsi öecKO-
HeuHOMy MHOwecmey ocoßeHHbix ycjioeuü cyufecmeoeaHua».
Kaac/jaa HH^HBH^yajibHaa bojih, npe/jCTaBjiaiomaaca npocroü,
Kor/ja ona paccMaTpHBaeTca b KanecTBe aßcojiioTHoro Hanana,
craHOBHTca npoflyKTOM öecKoneHHoro MHoacecTBa MHKpocKonn-
H6CKHX OÖCTOHTeJIbCTB, CBH3aHHbIX C ee «<|)H3HHeCK0H KOHCTH-
TyiJHeH», «BHeniHHX» OÖCTOHTeJIbCTB, ee «COÖCTBeHHblX JIHHHblX
OÖCTOHTeJIbCTB» HJIH «OÖlIJHX COIJHaJIbHblX oßCTOHTeJIbCTB»,
BHeniHHX «BKOHOMHHeCKHX OÖCTOHTeJIbCTB», HBJIHIOIIJHXCH jje-
TepMHHHpyiOIIJHMH «B K0H6HH0M CHOTe», --- BC6 3TH MOMOHTbl
CBajienbi 3/jecb b ojjHy Kyny, TaK hto pa^OM c onpe/jejieHHaMH
hhoto cjiynaHHbiMH h coBepmeHHO CBoeoßpaßHbiMH (JmiypHpy-
iot h oönjHe onpe/jejieHHH (b nacTHOCTH, h to, o neM a/jecb b
nepßyio onepe^b HjjeT penn: SKOHOMHnecKHe oßcToareabCTBa,
HBJIHIOII^HeCH fleTepMHHHpyiOmHMH B K0H6HH0M CHeTe). 0h6-
bh/i;ho, hto Snrejibc CMeinHBaeT 3,necb ßBa mna o6i>acHeHHa.
Ilepebiü mun ne aBJiaerca MapKCHCTCKHM, ho oh a^anTHpo-
Ban k ero TenepenmeMy oß^eKTy h k ero rnnoresaM: oto 06^-
acneHHe nocpe^CTBOM ßecKOHeHHoro MHoacecTBa oßcToaTejibCTB
hjih cjiyHaHHOCTeii (ero mbi Haxo/iHM y Fo66ca h TejibBeijHa).
Taxoe oßMCHeHHe MoaceT oßjiajjaTb onpeaejieHHOH KpHTHne-
CKoii ijeHHOCTbio (b toh Mepe, b KaKOH oho npH3Bano, cpeßH
npoHero, onpoBepraTb jiioßoe ßoacecTBeHHoe BMeinaTejibCTBO —
TaKOBa 6bDia ero 4>yHKijHa yace b XVIII ctojiothh), ho c tohkh
3peHHa no3HaHHa oho aßjiaeTca nycmbiu. Oho ccbuiaeTca na
ßecKoneHHOCTb, jiHiiieHHyio co^epacaHHa, t. e. na aßcrpaKTHoe
oßoömeHHe, ocTaionjeeca na ypoBHe nporpaMMbi.
Bmopoü mun. Meacay TeM Onrejibc oduoepeMeHHO bbo^ht h
/jpyTOH, MapKeuemcKUÜ mun oö'bRCHeHun, Kor/ja napa/jy c 6ec-
KOHeHHblMH OÖCTOaTeJIbCTBaMH (KOTopbie aBJiaiOTCa MHKpOCKO-
nHHecKHMH no cbmoh CBoeä cyra) oh ynoMHHaeT onpe^eaenna
o^HOBpeMeHHO h oöiyue, h KOHKpemHbie, t. e. coijHajibHbie h
□KOHOMHHecKHe oßcToaTejibCTBa (KOTopbie aBJiaiOTCa jjeTepMH-
HHpyiOIIJHMH B KOHeHHOM CHCTe). Ho 3TOT THH oßMCHeHHa HC
coomeemcmeyem ezo o&beKmy, nocKOJibKy oh npe/jCTaBjiaeT to
178

nPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMHHAIjnfl
caMoe penieHne, KOTopoe cjie/iyeT hhhth h oßocnoBaTb (nopoac-
«neHHe btoh «neTepMHHaixHH b KOHeHHOM cneTe). IIoflBefleM hto-
th: mbi hjih coxpaHHCM tot o6i>eKT h Ty npoßjieMy, KOTopyio cra-
bht nepe/j coöofi Bnrejibc, h Torjja Mbi ocraeMca jihijom k Jinuy
c öecKoneHHOCTbio, c HeonpeaejieHHOCTbio (a 3nanHT, c anncTe-
MOJionnecKoii nycTOToii), hjih nee yuepacuBaeM KaK caM hctok
peinenne, Koropoe BecbMa coaepacaTejibHO, ho b to ace BpeMH
HaxodumcH nod eonpocoM. Ho Torjja y nac yace neT hu oöbeK-
ma, hu npoöJieMbi.
llo my cmopoHy. 3/jecb Mbi erajiKHBaeMCH c toh ace ajibTep-
HaTHBOÄ, nocKOJibKy KaK TOJibKO Mbi npHHHMaeM nepBbiii na-
pajuiejiorpaMM, b nameM pacnopnnceHHH oKaßbißaeTCH Bce-
ro jihihb 4>opMajibHbiH peayjibTaT, kotopbih ne paßen okoh-
naTejibHOMy peayjibTaTy. OKOHnaTejibHbiH peayjibTaT 6biji 6bi
peayjibTaTOM ßecKOHennoro nncjia peayjibTaTOB, t. e. npojjyK-
tom öecKOHeHHOÄ npojiHcjiepaijHH napanjiejiorpaMMOB. 3,necb
mm Tonte hjih ßOBepaeMCH ßecKoneHHOCTH (t. e. HeonpeaejieH-
hocth, t. e. anHCTeMOJiorHHecKOH nycTOTe), hto6m npoH3BecTH
b KanecTBe OKonnaTejibHoro peayjibTaTa mom pesysibmam, ko-
Topbifi mbi xcejiaeM aejiyijHpoBaTb: tot, KOTOpblH coßna^aeT c
BKOHOMHnecKOH jjeTepMHHaijHeH b KonenHOM cneTe h t. jj.; tot-
aa mbi ßOBepneMCH nycTOTe, nToöbi npoH3BecTH nojiHOTy (h ec-
JIH Mbl npHßepHCHBaeMCH, HanpHMep, nHCTOH, (pOpMOJlbHOÜ MO-
ßeJIH K0MH03HIXHH CHJI, TO CJieflyeT OTMeTHTb, HTO OT BHHMaHHH
3nrejibca ne ycKOJib3aeT, hto bth caMbie chjim MoryT npoTHBO-
jjeHCTBOBaTb «npyr apyry hjih aHHyjinpoBaTb apyr apyra... ho
Tor/ja hto b bthx ycjiOBHHx flOKa3biBaeT, hto rjioßajibHbiH pe-
3yjibTaT ne OKaaceTCH ceedeHHbiw, k Hyjiio hjih hto oh aeHCTBH-
TejibHO ßyzjeT thkhm, kbkhm oh, KaK mbi ayMaeM, «ojinceH öbitb,
T. e. BKOHOMHneCKHM, a He nOJIHTHneCKHM HJIH peJIHFHO3HbIM?
Ha tom (jjopMajibHOM ypoBHe, c kotopbim mm HMeeM ßejio, y hoc
He MOOfcem 6bimb hukclkoü yeepeHHoemu e codepwcanuu pe-
syjibmamoe, khkhmh 6bi ohh hh öbijih). Hjih ace mbi HesaMeT-
ho nodcmaejuteM Ha Mecmo kohchhozo pesyjibmama oatcudae-
179

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMMHALJHa
Mbiü pesyjibmam, b peayabrare nero mbi Hapaay c jjpyrHMH mh-
KpOCKOnHHeCKHMH OIipe/jeJieHHHMM BHOBb HaXOßHM TO, HTO Mbl
c caMoro Hanaaa bbojih b nrpy MaKpocKonHnecKHx onpe^eae-
HHH MH^HBH^yaJIbHOM BOJIH, T. e. OKOHOMHKy. H BbIHyHCßeH IIO-
BTOpHTb TO, HTO H TOJIbKO HTO CKa3a7I B CBH3H C ypOBHOM OÖ'bHC-
neHHfl, pacnojiaraiomHMCH no omy cmopony ot HenocpeflCTBen-
hoto ypoBHa: mbi hjih coxpanaeM npoöaeMy, KOTopyio Bnreabc
CTaBHT B CBH3H CO CBOHM OÖ'beKTOM (mHOHCOCTBO HHJJHBHJjyaab-
Hbix BOJib), tom caMbiM na^aa b anHcreMoaorHHecKyio nycTO-
Ty ßecKOHeHHOCTH napajuiejiorpaMMOB h hx pe3yjibTaTOB. Han
ace mbi npocro daeM MapKCHCTCKoe pemeHHe, KOTopoe, o^naKO,
OKa3biBaeTca HeoöocHoeaHHbiM, h ne CToanjHM ycnjinii, aarpa-
neHHbix Ha ero iiohckh.
TaKHM oöpaaoM, npoßaeMa, BCTaiomaa nepeß naMH, mohcct
öbiTb c(|)opMyjiHpoBaHa caejjyiomHM oöpaaoM: noneMy Bee aB-
jiaerca ctojib hchbim h ctojib corjiacoßaHHbiM Ha ypoBHe uhöu-
eudycuibHbix eonb h noneMy Bee CTaHOBHTca hjih nycTbiM, hjih
TaBTOJiorHHHbiM no my u no omy cmopoHbi om omozo ypoenn?
HeM oß'bacnaeTca to, hto ara npoßaeMa, crno/ib ydauHO nocmae-
JieHHOH H CTOJIB TOHHO COOTBeTCTByiOmaa oß'beKmy, OTHOCHTeJIb-
ho KOToporo ona nocraBJieHa, CTanoBHTca HepaapeniHMoii, KaK
tojibko mbi ydcumeMCH ot ee nepBOHanajibHoro oßteKTa? 3tot
Bonpoc ocTaeTca BejiHnaHineH aaraßKOH, noKa ocTaerca neaa-
MeneHHbiM tot 4>aKT, hto hmohho ee nepeoHaHCuibHbiü oßbeKm
OTBeTCTBeneH h aa oueeudHocmb npoßsieMbi, n aa Heeo3Mo^c-
Hocmb ee paspeuteHun.
B cbmom aejie, Bee jjoKaaaTejibCTBO Bnreabca aaBHCHT ot bto-
ro Hpe3BbiH8HHO cneijHfjjHHecKoro oß'beKma, HHflHBH^yajibHbix
BOJib, CBaaaHHbix apyr c apyroM b paMKax 4>H3HHecKOH MO/ie-
jih napanjiejiorpaMMa chji. 3decb aaKJUOHaemcn ezo nodauHHan
Memodo/iozuuecKOH u meopemuHecKan npednocbuiKa. 3,necb
MOßejib jjeHCTBHTejibHO HMeeT cmbicji: mbi moskcm aarb eä onpe-
de/ieHHoe codepwanue h paßomamb c Heil. Ona «onncbiBaeT»
jjBycTopoHHHe h Ha nepßbiH Baraa^ aaeMenTapnbie HeaoBene-
CKne OTHOineHHa conepHHnecTBa, 6opb6bi h corpyuHnnecTBa.
180

HPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHALJI1H
Ha 3tom ypoBHe hhm mühcbt KasaTbcn, hto c noMonjbio peajib-
HblX, flHCKpeTHblX H BHflHMblX e/JHHCTB Mbl CXBBTHJIH ßeCKOHCH-
Hoe MHoroo6pa3He MHKpocKonmecKHx npHHHH. Ha btom ypoß-
He cjiynaHHOCTb eraHOBHTCH nejiOBeKOM, npejjmecTByiomee
JJBlDKeHHe CTaHOBHTCH CO3HaTeJIbHOH BOJieß. Hmbhho 3Ji;eCb BCe
h HannHaeTCH, 3^ecb mohcho HannnaTb «neflyKi^Hio. K necnac-
Tbio, bto ctojib npoHHoe ocHOBanne nnnero He oßocHOBbiBaeT,
3TOT CTOJIB HCHblH IipHHIJHII OTKpblBaeT IiyTb TOJIbKO B T6MH0-
Ty hohh — no Kpaßneß Mepe Tor/ja, Kor/ja oh ocTaeTCH b ceße
caMOM h jihihb noBTopaeT, KaK nenoflBHMCHoe flOKaaaTejibCTBO
Bcero toto, nero ot nero OMCH^aiOT, ceoio coöcmeeHHyio oueeud-
Hocmb. Ho b neM ace saKjnonaeTCH BTa oueeudHocmb! Cjieay-
eT npH3HaTb, hto ama oueeudHoemb — He wio UHoe, KaK oue-
eudHoemb npednocbuiOK K/iaccuHecKoü 6ypwya3H0Ü udeojio-
zuu u 6yp;»cya3Hoü nojiumunecKOÜ 3kohomuu. B caMOM jjejie,
pa3Be ne hcxo^ht Bee npe^CTaBHTejiH btoh KJiaccHnecKoß Hße-
ojiorHH — Toßßc, KOITja OH TOBOpHT O KOMHO3HIJHH KOHaiyca;
JIokk h Pycco, Korjja ohh onncbiBaiOT nopoac^eHne oßnjeii bo-
jih; TejibBeijHH h Tojibßax, Kor^a ohh paccyac^aiOT o npon3BO,a-
CTBe oßnjero HHTepeca; Cmht h PHKap/jo (hx TeKCTbi nepeKJin-
KaiOTCH apyr c ^pyroM), KOiyja penb njjeT o noBe^ennn htomhsh-
pOBaHHblX HHflHBH^OB, — pa3B6 He HCXOflHT BCe OHH H3 MO/jeJIH
CTOJIKHOBeHHH 3THX 3HaM6HHTbIX HH^HBHJiyaJIbHblX BOJIb, KO-
TOpbie HBJIHIOTCH HCXOflHbIM IiyHKTOM OTHIOßb He flJIH peaJIbHO-
cth, ho jjjih neKoero npedcmaejieHim o peajibHOCTH, jvih mu-
(pa, npH3BaHHoro HaBenno oöocHoeamb nyreM ccbuikh Ha npn-
po/jy Bemeß (t. e. na HeKHß Bennbiß (fraKTop) ifenu öypdtcyasuu!
H ecjin MapKC pacnosnaji b btoh bkchjihijhthoh npe/jnocbijiKe
h noflßepr ctojib yßejjHTejibHOH KpHTHKe uucp homo oeconom-
icus, to noneMy ace Bnrejibc c tbkoh naHBHOCTbio ncnojib3yeT
ero b cbohx paccyameHHHx? Ecjih oh ne pas/jeJiHeT ohthmhcth-
necKHe (Jjhkijhh 6ypacya3HOH bkohomhh, ßojiee ßjiH3Kne hj^chm
JIoKKa h Pycco, neM mbicjihm Mapnca, to KaK oh mohcot tobo-
pHTb, HTO pe3yjIBTaT HHflHBH^yaJIbHBIX BOJIb, KaK H pe3yjIbTBT
bthx pe3yjibTaTOB, jjeßcTBHTejibHO HMeiOT oßnjee co/jepacaHHe,
181

ÜPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMHHALJHH
jjeHCTBHTejibHO BonjionjaiOT b ce6e dKOHOMunecKyio demepMU-
HOtyUK), demepMUHaifuio e kohchhom cuerne (mhc npHxo/jHT
Ha yM Pycco, KOTopoMy TaK xotojiocb BepHTb, hto ÖJiaro/japH
yuaHHO npoBeaeHHbiM BbiöopaM H3 hbcthbix bojib, orpaHHHH-
BaroiijHx Apyr jjpyra h oö’bejjHHHioiijHxcH jjpyr c apyroM, bo3-
HHKaeT 3Ta Hyuecnaa MunepBa: oßnjaa bojih!). Hfleojiora XVIII
Bena (3a HCKJiiOHeHHeM Pycco) TpeöoßajiH ot CBoeä npe/jnocbiji-
kh tojibko ojjhoto: ona ßOJDKHa 6bDia npou36ecmu ce6n cany.
Ohh npocTO TpeöoßajiH, htoöbi ona oöocHOBajia me i^eHHOcmu,
KOTopbie 3Ta npejjnocbDiKa yace b ce6e Bonjioiijajia, h nosTOMy
dsm hux maemojiozuR uMesia CMbicji, b kotopom, necoMHeHHO,
OTKasaHO Onrejibcy, erpeMHiijeMycH oönapyHCHTb 3jjecb hohto
npoTHBonojioJKHoe caMOH npe^nocbuiKe.
Hmchho nosTOMy b cboom TeKere Ohtcjibc b KOHije kohijob
CBOJJHT CBOH np6TCH3HH JJO MHHHMyMa. HtO OCTaeTCH OT 3T0H
cxeMbi h ot ototo «jjOKaaaTejibCTBa»? Bcero jihihb o/jna 4>pa-
3a: ecjiH /jana bch CHCTeMa pesyjibTaTOB, kohchhbih pesyjibTaT
jjeiiCTBHTejibHO co,zjep?KHT b ce6e hghto CBH3aHHoe c nepBona-
HaJIbHblMH HHJJHBHJjyaJIbHbIMH BOJIHMH: «KOOfcdOR U3 HUX 6H0-
cum ceoü QK/iad 6 pe3y/ibinarn u noamoMy QK/noueHa 6 hczo».
3to mbicjib, KOTopaa b coeepiueHHO uhom KOHmeKcme cnocoßna
BcejiHTB ysepeHHOCTb b yMbi, coMHeßaionjHecH b tom, hto ohh
HrpaiOT onpe/jejieHHyio pojib b Hctophh, h nocjie CMepTH Bo-
ra noTepHBinne aöcojnoTiiyio yBepennocTb b tom, hto hx hcto-
pHnecKaa jihhhoctb öyzjeT npH3Hana. H 6bi jjaHte CKasa/i, hto
3to jjobojibho 6e3Hafle^CHaa mbicjib, mbicjib, KOTopaa MoaceT no-
pojKjjaTB nyBCTBO 6e3Ha^eacHOCTH, t. e. nHTaTb coßofi na^eac-
jjbl (CoßceM ne cjiynaHHO, hto Caprp, hcxojjh H3 btoto «Bonpo-
ca» Onrejibca 06 «ocHOBaHHH» h renesnce HCTopHnecKOH neoß-
xojjhmocth, «jimneHHOH aBTopa», uccjiedyem mom 3ice caMbiü
oö^eKin h nojib3yeTCH npn stom ctojib ace cJjhjioco^jckhmh apry-
MeHTaMH, HMeionjHMH, o/jHaKO, coeeputeHHO uHbie ucmoKu).
OeraeTCH paccMOTpeTb enje ojjHy (jjpasy — 4>pa3y, b kotopoh
pesyjiBTaT onncan yace He KaK jjojiroBpeMeHHaH skohomhhc-
182

IIPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMWHAIJMfl
cicaa jjeTepMHHaijHH, ho kok... «HCTopinecKoe coöbrrne». Hthk,
MHOSteCTBO HHßHBHflyaJIbHblX BOJib npOHSBOßHT UCmopUHCCKUe
coßbimusil Ho, paccMOTpeB ary cxeMy ßojiee npncTajibHO, Mbi
yßestaaeMCH b tom, hto ona aaeT naM tojibko eo3MO^HOcmb co-
6bimuH ko,k maKoeozo (jhojjh CTajiKHBaiOTCH h B3aHMoacncTBy-
iot apyr c apyroM: Bcer.ua hto-to npoHexoanT, h aaste Koraa He
nponcxoaHT HHnero, h mbi npeöbiBaeM b ostnaaHHH Toao, to
3TO TOSte COÖBITHe), HO OmHtodb HC 6O3MO3fCHOCJnb ucmopuHe-
ckozo coöbithh; ona cobccm He yKaabisaeT Ha ocHOBanne, bbi-
aejiHiomee HcropHnecKoe coßbiTHe KaK TaKOBoe b ßecKOHenHO-
CTH Tex eaHHHHHBIX H HOTOMy aHOHHMHBIX npOHCHieCTBHH, KO-
Topbie cjiynaiOTCH c jiioabMH b TeneHHe hx sch3hh. H noTOMy
cjieayeT (HaKOHeij-To!) u3Menumb nopndoK nocmanoeKU npo-
ßjieMbi, cjieayeT nocraBHTb 3Ty npoÖJieMy no-uHOMy. B chmom
aejie, mbi HHKoraa He CMOSteM oÖ'bhchhtb HCTopunecKoe coöbi-
™e — aaste HcnojiB3ys MaTHnecKyio CHJiy H3BecTHoro 3aK0-
na, 3acTaBjiHiomero kojihhoctbo nepexoanTb b KanecTBO, — ec-
jih öydeM cmpeMumbCH nopodumb (HeonpedejteHHyio) 6O3momc-
Hocmb HeucmopuuecKozo coöbimuR. To, hto aeJiaeT mo ujiu
UHOC COÖBITHe UCmOpUUeCKUM, — 3TO OTHioat He tot (jjaKT, HTO
OHO HBJIHeTCH COÖblTHeM, HO TO, HTO OHO BCTpOOHO B (|)OpMbI, Ca-
MH HBJIHIOIHHeCH HCTOpHHeCKHMH, B (J)OpMbI HCTOpHHeCKOTO KaK
TaKOBoro (4>opMbi 6a3Hca h HaacrpomtH), b (JjopMbi, KOTopbie
ne HMeiOT HHnero oömero c toh aypnon ßecKoneHHOCTbio, bo
BJiacTH KOTopoii 0Ka3biBaeTcs 3nrejibc, Koraa oh yaajiaeTcs ot
CBoefi H3HanajibHOH Moaejin, b (JjopMbi, KOTopbie bhojihc onpe-
aejiHMbi h no3HaßaeMbi (aJia OMnnpHnecKHx, t. e. Het^HJiocotJ)-
ckhx HaynHbix ancijnnjiHH). CoöbiTHe, KOTopoe onpeaejiseTCH
3thmh (JjopMaMH, KOTopoe choco6ho 6bitb onpeaejieHHbiM HMH,
Komopoe stejmemcsi djm amux (popM 6O3MO3fCHbiM codepwaHu-
cm, KOTopoe na hhx BO3aencTByeT, hx 3aTparHBaeT, yKpenjiseT
HX HJIH npOH3BOaHT B HHX nepeBOpOT, KOTOpoe HX npOBOIJHpy-
eT hjih KOTopoe npoßoijHpyioT, OTMenaiOT hjih aaste H3ÖHpaiOT
OHH CaMH, — TBKOBO UCmopUHCCKOC COÖbimue. TaKHM OÖpa3OM,
hmchho (JjopMbi HMeiOT pemaiomee 3HaneHHe, hmchho ohh xpa-
183

nPOTHBOPEHME H CBEPXJJETEPMHHAIJHa
hht b ce6e peineHne toh jkxhchoü npoßjieMbi, KOTopyio ctbbht
nepe/j coöoii 3nrejibc, TOHHee roBopa, ne xpaHHT b ce6e jjaace
stoto peineHHH, nocKOJibKy eduHcmeeHHOÜ npoÖJieMoü öbDia
Ta, KOTopyio Bnrejibc nocTaBHji nepea coöoii, ncxo/ja H3 hhcto
udeo/iozuuecKux npe/jnocbiJioK — nocKOJibKy HHKaKoii npoöjie-
Mbi npocTO He öbdio!
PaayMeeTca, dasi 6ypwya3HOÜ udeojiozuu coxpanajiacb bh^h-
moctb npoÖJieMbi: KaK bhobb oöpecTH mhp hctophh, hcxojjh H3
npuHUfUnoQ (homo oeconomicus h ero nojiHTHnecKHx h bkoho-
MHHecKHx aßaTapoß), KOTopbie öbdih OTHioßb ne npHHijHnaMH
Haynnoro oö'bacneHHa, ho npocTbiMH npoeaijnaMH ee coöcTBen-
Horo oöpaaa MHpa, ee coöcTBeHHbix ycrpeMjieHHii h ee H/jeajib-
Hoii nporpaMMbi (mhp, KOTopbiä moecho öbijio öbi cbocth k ero
cynjHOCTH: co3HaTejibHoii BOJie hhahbh^ob, hx jjeiicTBHaM h hx
nacTHbiM naHHHaHHHM...). Ho pa3Be nocjie toto, KaK 3Ta H/jeo-
JIOTHH, Öe3 KOTOpoii 3TB IipOÖJieMa HHKOTfla Öbi He BCTaJia, ÖbDia
H3THana MapKCOM, He aojDKHa HCHeanyTb h Ta npoöJieMa, koto-
pyio ohb nepea coöoä CTaBHJia, t. e. He jjojDKHa jih Hcaeanyrb
caMa npoßjieMa ko,k maKoean?
Htoöbi aasepniHTb btot saTanyBinHiica KOMMeHTapnii, no-
3bojik) ceöe c^ejiaTb eine jjBa aaMenaHHa: anncTeMOJiOTHHecKoe
H HCTOpHHeCKOe.
Hmch b BHfly MO^ejib Snrejibca, OTMeny, hto bchkbh Haynnaa
ßHcijHnjiHHa Bcer/ja yrBepacjjaeTca na onpe/jejieHHOM ypoßne, a
HMeHHO Ha tom ypoßne, ade ee noHRmuR Mozym noyiyuumb hc-
Koe codepwaHue (öe3 KOToporo ohh öbdih öbi öecco/jepacaTejib-
HBIMH, T. e. He ÖBDIH ÖBI HOHaTHaMH). TaKOB ypOBeHb HCTOpH-
aecKoii TeopHH Mapaca: ypoßenb nonaTHii öaanca (crpyKTypu),
HaßcrpoiiKH (cßepxcTpyKTypbi) h Bcex hx cneijHcJjHHecKHx onpe-
/jejieHHii. Ho KOT/ja ara Haynnaa jjncijHnjiHHa nbrraerca, hcxo-
,n;a H3 uhozo, ueM ee coöcmeeHHbiü, ypoeHSi, ncxo/ja H3 ypoBHa,
He npeßCTaBjiaiomero coöoii oöiieKTa KaKoro-jiHÖo Haynnoro
3HaHHa (b nanieM cjiynae bto ypoßeHb reHe3Hca HH/jHBHßyajib-
hbix BOJib H3 öecKOHeHHoro MHoacecTBa oöcToaTejibCTB, a Taaxce
reHe3Hca kohohhoto peayjibTara H3 ÖecKOHeHHoro MHoacecrBa
184

OPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXJJETEPMKHAIJHH
napajuiejiorpaMMOB), noKaaamb (produire) 6O3MOMCHOcmb ceo-
ezo coöcmeeHHozo oö^eKma u noHnmuü, Komopbie eMy coom-
eemcmeyiom, Torjja ona OKa3biBaeTCH b onucmeMOJiozuuecKoü
nycmome hjih (KaK pa3 oto TOJKjjecTBO h Bbi3biBaeT rojiOBOKpy-
HceHHe) b (jjiLfiococjjcKoü nojiHome. TaKOBa cyijbßa nonbiTKH
oßocHoeaHUJi, KOTopyio npe/jnpHHHMaeT 3nrejibc b cbocm hhcb-
Me k Bjioxy; h coßepineHHO oneBHflHO, hto 3ßecb anncTeMOJio-
rnnecKyio nycTOTy cosepmeHHO hcbo3mo?kho OTjjejiHTB ot 4>h-
jioco(|)CKoro rojiOBOKpynceHHH, nocKOJibKy oto oöho u mo 3tce. B
stom OTpbiBKe, onepnpyH apryMeHTaMH, saHMCTBOBannbiMH (h
3TO HX eßHHCTBeHHblH 3aJIOT, HOCHIIJHH HHCTO MOpaJIBHBIH Xa-
paKTep) H3 ecTecTBeHHOHaynHbix MOflejiefi h bo bccm hm 110,306-
HbiMH, 3nrejibc Bee ace — Bcero jihhib (pujioco#. «DhjiococJjckhm
HBJiaeTCH Hcnojib3OBaHHe ero hcxo/jhoh «MO/jejiH». Ho (Jjhjio-
co(J)ckhm HBJIHeTCH h ero npoeKm oßocHoeanun. H naMepeHHO
ocTanasjiHBaiocb Ha stom, noKOJibKy He TaK jjaBHO mbi CTOJiKHy-
jihcb c eme oßHHM npHMepoM raKoro npoeKTa, npHMepoM Cap-
Tpa, KOTopbiH Toace npejjnpHHHJi nonbiTKy damb (pujioco(pCKoe
oöocHoeaHue (h 3/jecb oh b cpaBHeHHH c SnrejibcoM oßjiajjaeT
HecoMHeHHBiM npeHMymecTBOM, nocKOJibKy oh 3HaeT oto h ot-
KpblTO 06 3T0M TOBOpHT) SHHCTeMOJIOrHHeCKHX HOHHTHH HCTO-
pHnecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma. H «hocthtohho oöpaTHTb BHHMaHHe
na neKOTopbie crpaHHijbi «Kphthkh jjHajieKTHnecKoro pa3yMa»
(nanpHMep, c. 68—69), htoöbi yße^HTbcn b tom, hto «nance ecjiH
Caprp OTBepraeT pemeHHe h apryMeHTbi 3nrejibca, to oh Bee
nee b npHHijHne npHHHMaeT com npoeKm. Menc^y hhmh pasro-
paercH cnop o cpe^CTBax, ho oß'be^HHneT hx o/jHa h Ta nee (fru-
jiococpCKOJi sa^ana. 3aKpbiTb tot nyTb, no KOTopoMy jjBHHceTCH
Caprp, motkho jihhib nocTaBHB nperpa^y na nyrn, kotopbih ot-
KpbDi 3nrejibc.
Cjie/iyeT, o^naKO, nocTaBHTb h Bonpoc o caMOM (Jjhjiococ})-
ckom HCKyineHHH, 3aMeraoM b neKOTopbix TeKCTax Snrejibca.
HoneMy pn^OM c reHHajibHbiMH TeopeTHHecKHMH HHTynijHH-
mh mbi HaxoflHM y 3nrejibca npHMepbi 3Toro jjBHHceHHH bchhtb,
CBOßHiijero na Her MapKCHCTCKyio KpHTHKy bchkoh «(Jihjioco-
185

nPOTHBOPEHHE H CBEPXßETEPMMHALJHH
4)hh»? Otbbt na 3tot Bonpoc MoaceT ßbiTb nojiyneH TOJibKO H3
HCTOPHH OTHOineHHH MGHCfly MapKCHCTCKOH MblCJIbK) H «(|)HJIO-
co(|)HeH», a TaKHce H3 hoboh 4)hjioco4)ckoh (HeHjjeojiorimecKOH)
TeopHH, KOTopaa co/jepacHT b ce6e OTKpblTHe MapKca. 3/jecb a,
pa3yMeeTca, He CMory paccMOTpeTb otot Bonpoc 6ojiee noapoß-
ho. Ho npeac/je Bcero cae^yeT yßejjHTbca b chmom cyu^ecmeoea-
huu 3toh npoßjieMbi, hto6m 3aTeM y nac noaBHjmcb KaK cpe/j-
ctbb, TaK h acejiaHHe npaBHJibno nocmaeumb h peiiiHTb ee.

IV
«nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
(3aMemKU o MamepucuiucmuHecKOM meampe)



3tot tgkct — nontiTKa böschte aojihchoc Heaaypa^HOMy cneK-
TaKJiio, KOTopbifi 6bm cbirpaH rpynnon MHJiaHCKoro Piccolo Te-
atro b Hiojie 1962 r. b Theätre des Nations. IIohth Bee napnoK-
CKHe KpuTHKH no^BeprjiH nbecy BepTOJiaijijH El Nost Milan
ocyHCßeHHK) h c,nejiajin npe^MeroM HacMeineK1, TeM caMbiM jih-
ihhb aacjiyxceHHoro BHHMaHHH nyöJiHKH. Hmghho noaTOMy mbi
jjojitkhbi BO3flaTb en flojiacnoe: KaK BBiöop, c/jejiaHHBiH Crpe-
jiepoM, TaK h ero nocranoBKa othio^b ne npnBejin k noaBjie-
hhk) 3pejinnja aaMinejion «peBHoern; ohh nojjBOßHT Hac k ca-
moh cepaijeBHHe npoÖJieM coBpeMeHHon «upaMarypTHH.
*
Htoöbi oÖJiemHTB noHUManne cjie/iyiomnx crpanHij, no3BOJiio
ceöe KpaTKo «nepecKaaaTB» nBecy BeprojiaijixH1 2.
Ona coctoht H3 Tpex achctbhh. IlepBoe pa3BopaHHBaeTca
b Thbojih Mnjiana 1890-x rr.: occhhhh Benep, öe/jHbin jiyna-
napK fljia napo^a, yronaiomHH b rycroM TyMane. Yace btot iy-
Man BBiBOßHT Ha cijeHy Heicyio jjpyryio HrajiHio, Henoxoayio Ha
tfTajinio naninx mhcJjob. Ctojib xce nenoxoacn na napo# nauinx
mh(|)ob n Bee re jiiofln, KOTopwe b KOHije «HH nporyjiHBaiOTCH
1 «3nHHecKHH MejioApaMa»... «aypnoH Hapo^Hbin TeaTp»... «MH3epa6n-
jih3m, cjiobho sapaaa pacnpocrpaHHioiiiHHCfl H3 IJeHTpajibHOH Eaponbi»...
«cjie3JiMBaa Mejio/jpaMa»... «ceHTHMeHTanbHHHaHbe caMoro OTBpaTHTejibHO-
ro TOJixa»... «H3H0ineHHbm crapbin 6aniMaK»... «Mejio^paMaTHHecKHÜ MH3e-
paÖHJiH3M, peajiH3M b KBa^paTe» ((jjopMyjinpoBKH Parisien-libärä, Combat, Fi-
garo, Liberation, Paris-Presse, Le Monde).
2 MmiaHCKHÄ ApaMaiypr KOHija nponuioro ctojicthh, Ha «rojiio KOToporo bbi-
najia BecbMa noepejjCTBeHHaa Kapbepa — 6e3 comh6hhh noTOMy, hto oh ynop-
ho cjieaoBan npHHijHnaM «Bepn3Ma», h hto cthjib ero nbec 6mji äocthtohho
HeOÖbIHeH JPIH TOTO, HTOßbl BbI3BaTb HeyflOBOJIbCTBHe TOH nyÖJIHKH, KOTopaa
onpe^ejiajia b to BpeMH «TeaTpajibHbrä BKyc»: nyÖJiHKH öypacyaaHon.
189

nMKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
cpe^H öapaKOB, ctojihkob ra^anoK na KapTax, naBHJibOHOB ijnp-
Ka h Bcex ocTajibHbix HpMapoHHbix ÄOCTonpHMenaTejibHOCTen:
ßeapaßoTHbie, MejiKne peMecjieHHHKH, nonpomaiiKH, jjeBHijbi b
noHCKax ßyaynjero, ctbphkh h CTapyxn, na^eiomnecfl ypßaTb
necKOJibKO rponieö, cojiflaTbi naBecejie, bophihkh b 6erax, npe-
cjie/jyeMbie nirmKaMu: Bee 3to hh3iiihc cjioh npojieTapnaTa,
KaK npimeTCH KopoTaionjHe BpeMH b oaamaHHH cyna ajih Hen-
Myiijux (KOToporo xBaTaeT OTHioßb ne jjjih Bcex) h hohh. Oko-
jio TpußijaTH nepcoHaaceä, jjBHHcymHxcH b btom nycTOM npo-
CTpancTBe h Hcaynjux Hen3BecrHO nero; Bee ohh Hc/jyT KaKoro-TO
nanajia (nanana npe^CTaßjieHHH? Her, ohh octbiotch ctohtb y
Bxo.ua), Htflyr, hto b hx hchshh, r^e HHnero ne nponcxo^HT, hto-
to HanneTCH. Ohh Haxo^HTCH b OHCH^aHHH. Ho bot b KOHije /jen-
CTBHH, CJIOBHO KOpOTKBH BCHBIIHKa MOJIHHH, HHMeHaeTCH HCKaH
«hctophh», KOHTyp hckoh cynbßbi. /JesyniKa no hmchh Hhhh
ctoht nepefl npopesbio b hokpbithh ijnpKa h, npeoöpasHBinncb
b ero othhx, cjiobho saBopoHcennaH cmotpht, KaK KJioyH hchoji-
hhct cboh onacHbiii HOMep. HacTynaeT hohb. BpeMH na Mrno-
BeHHe ocraHaBjiHBaeTCH. H bot cpaöaTbisaeT jioßyniKa Toprac-
co, neroflHH, KOTopbiH xoneT OBjia^eTb Hhhoh. Bbisob, ycryn-
Ka, OTCTynjieHHe. noHBjineTCH crapnK, «noacnpaTejib oran»: oto
OTeiJ, KOTOpblH BCe BHfleJI. 3tO 3aBH3Ka, 6bITb MOHCeT, 3aBH3Ka
ApaMbi.
/tpaMbi? Bo btopom jjeHCTBHH ot Hee He ocTaercH h cjieaa.
Ctoht hchbih aenb, h mbi Haxo/jHMCH b rnraHTCKOM 3ajie, r/je
pas^aiOT cyn äjih HeHMymnx. B^ecb mbi Tonce crajiKHBaeMCH c
ijejioii TOJinoii MejiKoro jno.ua, c TeM ace caMbiM napo^OM. Ho
jinija H3MeHHjiHCb. Te nee npo4)eccHH ße/iHHKOB h 6e3pa6oTHbix,
Te ace pa3BajiHHbi nponnioro, Te ace ^paMbi h komc^hh hbcto-
Hiijero: MejiKne peMecjieHHHKH, nnmne, Kynep, CTapbiä rapn-
ßajibflHeu, HceHii^HHBi h t. KpoMe Toro, hcckojibko paßoHHx,
CTpoHiijHx 4>a6pHKy h npoßHBaioiijHx ce6e aopory nepe3 jijom-
neH-npojiemapuam: ohh yace tobopht o npoMbinuieHHOCTH, o
nojiHTHKe h KaK ßyzjTO 6bi aance o ßyuynjeM, ho jihihb Majio-no-
190

riMKKOJIO», BEPTOJIALJIjn H BPEXT
Many h HeyMejio. 3to oßpaTnan CTopona MHJiana, nepe3 jjBaß-
ijaTb jieT nocjie 6htbm 3a Phm h BejiHKOJienHH PucopdanuMeH-
mo: Kopojib h nana — na cbohx npecTOJiax, napofl — b CBoeii
HimjeTe. B cbmom «ijejie, jjenb BToporo jjchctbhh — hcthhh ho-
hh nepßoro: b hch3hh 3Toro napo/ja ne ßojibine hctophh, neM b
ero CHax. Oh npocTO cynjecTByeT: oh ecT (tojibko paßonne no-
KH/jaiOT cijeny, Kor^a 3ByHHT cnpena), ecr h nc^eT. JKhshb, b
KOTOPOH HHnero He npOHCXOßHT. Ho B KOHije JjeHCTBHH, 6e3O
bchkoh bhjjhmoh npHHHHbi, Ha cijeny BbixojjHT Hnna, h npn-
xojjht BpeMH /jpaMbi. Mbi y3HaeM, hto KJioyn nornß. HocTeneH-
HO BCe, MyHCHHHbI H JKeHIIJHHbI, HCHe3aiOT CO CIjeHbl. HoHBJiaeT-
ch Topracco, oh npHHyncjjaeT jjeßyniKy oöhhtb ero, OTjjaTb eMy
re HcajiKne rpoinH, KOTopbie y Hee oerajiHCb. Bcero hockojibko
HcecTOB. HoHBjiHeTCH OTeij. (y ^ajibHero Kpan jjjihhhoto cto-
jia ctoht Hnna. Ona njianeT.) Oh BCiynaeT b ncecTOKyio cxbbt-
Ky c Topracco; b KOHije kohijob oh yzjapoM Hoaca yßHBaer ero
h, oinejiOMJieHHbiH co/jeHHHbiM, oßpaiijaeTCH b ßercTBO. Hoßan
BcnbiniKa mojihhh b KOHije jjojitoh nepnneTHH.
Tperbe jjeiiCTBHe: pannee yrpo b mcchckoh HOHjiencKe. Ch-
jjHiijHe y CTenbi CTapyxn cjiobho bpocjih b nee; ojjhh tobopht,
jjpyrne mojihht. CnjibHan, nbiinyiijaH 3jjopoBbeM KpecTbHHKa
peniHJia BepnyrbCH b cboio jjepeBHio. Hepe/j hbmh npoxojjHT
necKOJibKO HceHiijHH: Bee Te nee He3HaK0Mbie jiHija. Korjja hbhh-
naiOT 3B0HHTB KOJiOKOJia, narpoHecca Be/jeT cbohx no/jonennbix
k cjiyncße. H Ha onycTeBineü cijene pa3BopaHHBaeTCH jjpaMa.
Hnna npoßejia hohb b HOHjieacKe. 3/jecb nponexoAHT ee nocjie/j-
hhh BCTpena c otijom, kotopbih jjyMaeT, hto BCKope OKaaceTCH b
TiopbMe. Oh xohct, htoöbi ohh no Kpannen Mepe 3Hajia, hto oh
coBepinHJi 3to yÖHHCTBO pa^H nee, pajjH ee neern... ho BHe3an-
ho Bee nepeBopaHHBaeTcn: Tenepb Hnna BOceraeT npoTHB ot-
Ija, npOTHB HJIJIIO3HH H JIHCH, KOTOpbIMH OH ee HHTaJI, npOTHB
mhcJjob, H3-3a KOTopbix oh Tenepb noraßaeT. Ho ona caMa Hafi-
jjeT CBoe cnacenne, noTOMy hto ona /jojDKHa ero naiiTH. Ona hh
3a hto ne ocraHeTCH b 3tom MHpe, rjje ijapHT hohb h HHiijeTa,
ona ßy/jeT hchtb b .zjpyroM MHpe, MHpe 3OJiora h HacjiaHQjeHHH.
191

«ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
Topracco öbiji npaß. Ona cnojiHa aanjiaTHT 3a Bee, ona npoßacr
ceöa, ho nepeinarneT aiy rpannny, ona öyjjer hchtb tbm, rße
ijapaT cßoöoßa h HCTHHa. Paa/jaeTCH 3ByK CHpenbi. Cjiomjich-
hbih OTeij oÖHHMaeT ee h noKHßaeT cijeny. Chobb 3BynHT cupe-
na. Hhhb TBepßbiMH maraMH yxoßHT b cbct jjhh.
*
TaKOBbI B HeCKOJIbKHX CJIOBaX TeMbl BTOH nbecbl H HOpHßOK HX
noHBJieHHH. KaK öyßTO 6bi hhhcto ocoöeHHoro. Ho btoto ßocra-
TOHHO ßJIH TOTO, HTOÖBI HOCJiyJKHTB HOHBOH ßJIH H0HBJI6HHH MHO-
thx HeßopaayMeHHH, KaK h jjjih toto, htoöbi pa3BeaTb hx, oöna-
pyacHB 3a hx noBepxHOCTbio nopa3HTejibHyio rjiyÖHHy.
PaayMeeTca, nepßoe H3 bthx HejjopaayMeHHä — ynpeK b «Me-
JIOJjpaMaTHHHOCTH». /toCTHTOHHO «nepeJKHTb» BTOT CneKTaKJIb
hjih 3ajiyMaTbCH Haß ero bkohomhkoh, htoöbi otbccth ero. IIo-
CKOJiBKy ßaace ecjin ona h coßepjKHT MejioapaMaTHnecKHe BJie-
MeHTBi, to apaMa KaK ijejioe — bto KaK pa3 hx KpHTHKa. B ßeii-
CTBHTeJIBHOCTH HMCHHO 0T6IJ nepeHCHBaeT HCTOpHIO CBOefi ßOHe-
pn b MOßyce MejiOßpaMbi, npHneM He tojibko ee npHKjnoneHHe,
ho npeacße Bcero cboio coöcTBeHHyio jkh3hb b ee OTHOineHHax
c 3KH3HBIO ßonepn. Hmchho oh H3oöpeji ßjia hcq (Jjhkijhio He-
Koero BOoöpaacaeMOTO coctohhhh, hmchho oh BocnHTbiBaji ee,
Hcnojib3ya hjijik>3hh cepßenHOCTH; hmchho oh OTHaHHHO nbrra-
eTCH npHßaTb njIOTb H CMBICJI HJIJIIO3HHM, KOTOpbIMH OH HHTaJI
cboio aohb: BHanajie oh crpeMHTca coxpaHHTb ee HHCTOTy, orpa-
ßHB ee ot bchkoto KOHTaKTa c mhpom, cKpbiBaa ero ot nee, a 3a-
TCM, B OTHaHHHH OT TOTO, HTO OHa OCTaeTCH TJiyXOH K CTO peHBM,
oh yÖHBaer toto, ot koto hcxo^ht 3jio: Topracco. Oh, tbkhm
OÖpa3OM, ßCHCTBHTeJIBHO H HHT6HCHBH0 nepeHCHBaeT Te MHCjlbl,
KOTopbie c(jjaöpHKOBaji ßjia toto, htoöbi yöepenb cboio aohb ot
3aKona MHpa cero. IIoaTOMy otcij — bto noßJiHHHaa cjmrypa
MejioßpaMbi, «aaKOH cepßija», BaÖJiyaqjaioiijHHCH OTHOCHTejib-
ho «3aKona MHpa». H KaK pa3 BTy HaMepeHHyio öeccoanaTejib-
hoctb OTBepraeT Hnna. Ona npnoßperaeT peajibHBiii ohbit mh-
192

«nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAL(L(M H BPEXT
pa. BMecre c KJioynoM yMupaiOT ee no/jpocTKOBbie mohtbi. Top-
racco OTKpbiBaeT eä rjiaaa, hbtohhh h mhcJjbi aeTCTBa, h mh^bi
OTija. CaMO ero Hacnjine ocBo6o^c,ziaeT ee ot cjiob h oßaaaHHO-
CTeii. Ona naKoneij-TO bh^ht 6e3 npHKpac otot mccctokhü mhp,
b kotopom Mopanb — npocTaa jiohcb; ona noHHMaeT, hto ee cna-
ceHHe — b ee coöcTBeHHbix pyicax, h hto ona ne CMoaceT no-
KHHyTb BTOT MHp H BOHTH B flpyrOH, 6CJIH He CyMeeT oßpaTHTb
b aeHbra ej^HHCTBeHHoe, neM ona oßjia^aeT: mojio^octb CBoero
rejia. 3aMenaTejibHoe o6i>HCHeHHe, npoHcxo/jaiijee b KOHije Tpe-
Tbero /jeHCTBHH, — hohto ßojibinee, neM oö^HcneHHe Hhhbi c ee
otijom: bto 06'bHCHeHHe MHpa 6e3 hjijiioshh c hhhtojkhbimh hji-
JII03HHMH «cepßlja», BTO OÖbHCHeHHe JjeHCTBHTeJIbHOrO MHpa c
mhpom MejioßpaMaTHHecKHM, apaMaTHHecKoe ocosnaHne, koto-
poe oßpanjaer b hhhto Mejio/jpaMaTHnecHe mhc^bi, t. e. hmchho
to, b neM ynpenajiH BepTOJiaijijH h CTpejiepa. H Te, kto He ot-
KasajiHCb ot BToro ynpeKa, motjih c jictkoctbio oßnapyacHTb b
caMOÜ nbece Ty KpHTHKy, KOTopyio ohh xotojih a/ipecoBaTb eii
H3 3ajia.
Ho ecTb h BTopoe, ßojiee rjiyöoKoe cooöpaaceHHe, KOTopoe
ycrpaHHeT bto He^opasyMeHHe. 51 ynaaaji Ha Hero, Kor^a ro-
BOpHJI O nopflflKe, B KOTOpOM «HOHBJIHIOTCH» TOMbl HbeCbl, H O
crpaHHOM pHTMe ee «BpeMeHH».
/teHCTBHTejibHO, bto nbeca coßepmeHHO CBoeo6pa3Haa, otmc-
HeHHaa BHyrpeHHeH jjHccoijHaijHeH. Bbmo saMeneno, hto Bee
TpH fleHCTBHH HMeiOT OJJHy H Ty CTpyKTypy H nOHTH OflHO H
to ace coaepHcaHHe: cocymecTBOBaHHe nycroro BpeMeHH, jkhshb
b kotopom Tener MejjjieHHO h ^ojiro, h BpeMeHH nojiHoro, Kpar-
Koro cjiobho BcnbiuiKa mojihhh. CocymecTBOBaHHe npocrpan-
CTBa, nacejieHHoro MHoroHHCJieHHbiMH nepconajKaMH, nojwep-
HCHBaiomHMH .npyr c jjpyroM cjiynaHHbie hjih annso^HHecKHe
OTHOineHHH, — h orpaHHneHHoro npocTpancTBa, o6pa3yeMoro
CMepTejibHbiM koh(|)jihktom, npocrpaHCTsa, B KOTOPOM OÖHTa-
iot Bcero Tpn nepconajKa: oreij, äohb h Topracco. Hhbimh cjio-
bbmh, bto nbeca, b KOTopoii (JjHrypnpyeT okojio copoKa nepco-
HaJKeii, ho apaMa kotopoh BOBjieKaeT b ceßa Bcero Tpn jinija.
193

«nUKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
Bojiee Toro, MOK/jy othmh jjbymh BpeMenaMH hjih jjbymh npo-
CTpancTBaMH He cynjecTByeT HHKaKoro hbho BbipaaceHHoro ot-
HonieHHH. IlepcoHaHCH nepßoro BpeMeHH — cjiobho ny^cne jjjih
nepcoHBHcen BpeMeHH-MOJiHHH: ohh bchkhh pas yjjajiniOTCH, jja-
Ban hm MecTO (KpaTKHH yparan jjpaMbi cjiobho CMeTaeT hx co
crjeHbi!), htoöbi 3aTeM, b cjieayiomeM fleäcTBHH, Koiyja Hcnesa-
eT 3TOT HyHCßBIH HX pHTMy M0M6HT, BepHyTBCH, H3M6HHB CBOH
o6jihk. Hmchho ßjiarojjapH yrjiyßjieHHio CKpbiToro CMbicjia stoh
jjHccoijHaijHH mbi MOHceM hphöjihshtbch ko BHyrpeHHeMy H/jpy
nbecbi. IIocKOJibKy spHTejib peajibHO nepeacnBaeT oto yrjiyßjie-
HHe, nepexo/jH Menc^y nepßbiM n tpctbhm jjchctbhhmh ot c/jep-
acaHHoro 3aMeinaTejibCTBa k y/jHBjieHHio, a 3aTeM — k hojiho-
My corjiacHio. H h Bcero jihihb nbrraiocb hombicjihtb oto nepe-
HCHBaeMoe yrjiyßjieHHe, htoöbi hbho Bbipa3HTb btot ckpbitbih
cmbicji, BOSjjeiiCTByioiijHH na 3pHTejiH npoTHB ero bojih. Ho
Hanöojiee BaHCHbiä Bonpoc 3aKJiiOHaeTCH b cjie/jyiomeM: kbkhm
OÖpa3OM CTaHOBHTCH B03M0HCHBIM, HTO 3Ta JJHCCOIJHaiJHH HBJIH-
eTCH ctojib Bbipa3HTejibHOH? H hto ona BbipancaeT? B HOM 3a-
KJHonaeTCH bto OTcyrcTBHe OTHOineHHH, HaMeKaionjee na cynje-
CTBOBaHHe OTHonieHHH CKpbiToro, oßocHOBbiBaiomero h onpaB-
ßbiBaiomero ero? KaK bosmohcho cocymecTBOBaHHe sthx jjßyx
(|)opM TeMnopajibHOCTH, na nepßbiH bstjih/j ctojib Hynqjbix Jipyr
apyry, ho b to nee BpeMH oö'BejjHHeHHBix nepeacHBaeMbiM otho-
menneM?
Otbct 3aKJnonaeTCH b cjie/jyiomeM napa^OKce: hmchho ot-
cyrcTBHe OTHonieHHH KOHCTHTynpyeT nojjJiHHHoe OTHonieHHe.
Hmchho ßjiaroflapH TOMy, hto nbece yuaeTCH H3o6pa3HTb h 3a-
CTaBHTb 3PHTCJIH nepeHCHTb 3TO OTCyTCTBHC OTHonieHHH, OHa
jjocTHraeT CBoero H3HanajibHoro cmbicjib. ToBopn Kopone, h ne
CHHTaio, hto mbi HMeeM jjejio c MejioflpaMOH, pa3BepTbiBaiomeH-
ch na $OHe xpohhkh HapojjHOH hch3hh MujiaHa B 1890 r. Mbl
HMeeM jjejio c MejioapaMaTHnecKHM co3HaHHeM, no/jBepraeMbiM
KpHTHKe CO CTOpOHBI HeKOCTO CyiljeCTBOBaHHH: CymeCTBOBaHHH
MHjiaHCKoro jiiOMneH-npojieTapHaTa b 1890 r. Be3 ototo cynje-
CTBOBaHHH Mbl 6bl He 3H3JIH, O KaKOM MeJIOJjpaMaTHHeCKOM CO-
194

nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAUUM H BPEXT
3HaHHH hjjct penb; 6e3 btoh kphthkh Mejio/jpaMaTHnecKoro co-
3H3HHH Mbl 6bl He CMOPJIH HOHHTb CKpblTyiO JjpaMy cymecTBO-
BaHHH MHJiancKoro jHOMnen-npojieTapHaTa: ero ßeccnjine. Hto
03HanaeT BTa xpoHHKa HnmencKoro cymecTBOBaHHH, coctbb-
jiHiomaH cymecTBeHHoe coaepacaHHe Tpex aeiiCTBHH? IToneMy
BpeMH BTOH XpOHHKH — BTO BepeHHIja COBepHieHHO THHHHHblX,
anoHHMHbix h B3aHM03aMeHHeMbix cymecTB? rioneMy bto Bpe-
MH e/ma HaMeneHHbix Bcrpen, oömchob penjiHKaMH, Hannnaio-
nmxcH cnopoß — bto HMeHHO nycToe BpeMH? IIoneMy no Me-
pe Toro, KaK ot nepßoro jjeöcTBHH mbi nepexo/jHM ko BTopoMy,
a ot Hero — k TpeTbeMy, bto BpeMH cthhoehtch Bee ßojiee 6e3-
mojibhmm h HenojjBHHCHbiM? (B nepBOM «neficTBHH Ha eigene Bee
eme npHcyTCTByer bh/jhmoctb KaKOÄ-TO jkhshh h ^BHHceHHH; bo
btopom Bee ynce chjjht, h neKOTopbie ne npoH3HOCHT hh cjiobb;
b TpeTbeM «neücTBHH noacHJibie HceHnjHHbi, cn/mmne y creHbi,
cjiobho cpacraiOTCH c Heio.) ^jih nero Bee bth BJieMeHTbi nocra-
HOBKH — eCJIH He ßJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl yKasaTb Ha fleHCTBHTeJIbHOe
co/jepacaHHe BToro HHmeHCKoro BpeMenn: BpeMenn, b kotopom
HHHero He nponcxo^HT, BpeMeHH 6e3 Ha^enrnw h 6e3 ßyzjyme-
ro, BpeMenn, b kotopom aaxe nponuioe sacTbuio b noBTopeHHH
(cTapbin rapHßajibflHeij), b kotopom ßyzjynjee e^Ba 3aMeTHO b
neyBepeHHbix h HeyMejibix pa3roBopax o hojihthkc, KOTopbie
Be^yr KaMenmuKH, crpoHiime (jjaßpnKy, BpeMenn, b kotopom
ncecTbi cjiobho noBHcaiOT b BO3^yxe, JiHineHHbie cjiejjCTBHH h
nopoaqjaeMbix hmh BtJxJjeKTOB, b kotopom Bee cbojjhtch k He-
CKOJIbKHM HCeCTaM Ha caMOM £He HCH3HH, «HOBCe^HeBHOH HCH3-
hh», k cnopaM, KOTopbie 3aKaimHBaiOTCH, ejjBa yeneß HanaTb-
CH, KOTopbie CO3HaHHe HX TmeTHOCTH 3aCTaBJIH6T BO3BpaTHTbCH
B HHHTO3, — Kopone TOBOpH, BpeMeHH OCTaHOBJieHHOrO, B KO-
topom eme ne nponcxo^HT Himero, HanoMHHaiomero hctophio,
3 3/iecb craHOBHTCH 3HMeTHbiM Tannoe cooöiijHHHecTBO BToro «MejiKoro jho-
jja», npmiaraiomero sce ycmina «jih Toro, htoöbi paanaTb cnopnjHKOB, hto-
6bi oöohth CTopoHofi cjihiukom HcecTOKoe rope (noßoÖHoe ropio napbi mojio^bix
6e3pa60THb!X), HTOÖBI CBeCTH BCe HenpHHTHOCTH H BOJIH6HHH BTOH HCH3HH k hx
HCTHHe: MOJIHaHHK), HenOflBHXCHOCTH, HeÖblTHK).
195

nnKKOJio», beptojiaijijh h bpext
BpeMeHH nycToro n nepeacHBaeMoro KaK nycToe: BpeMeHH caMO-
ro hx nojioJKeHHH.
B 3toh cbh3h h 6bi He CMor Ha3BaTb HHnero ctojib ace 3aMena-
TejibHoro, kbk MH3aHCijeHa BToporo ^chctbhh, nocKOJibKy ona
jjaeT hbm hmchho HenocpedcmeeHHoe eocnpuRmue amozo epe-
Menu. B nepBOM jjeHCTBHH enje mohcho öbijio «uyMaTb, hto CMyr-
hbih 3a^HHH njian, H3OÖpajKaiomHH Thbojih, Bcero jihihb co-
OTBeTCTBOBaJI 6e33aÖOTHOCTH 6e3pa6oTHbIX HJIH paeceHHHOCTH
Tex, kto npHxo/jHT cio/ja, htoöbi 3aBepniHTb jjeHb nporyjiKoä
cpe/jn HJIJHO3HH h npHKOBbiBaioiijHx k ceöe BHHMaHHe orHen.
Bo BTOpOM ßeHCTBHH J0K6 H6B03M0JKH0 COMHCBaTbCH B TOM, HTO
nycTOÄ h 3aMKHyrbiH Ky6 stoh ctojioboh fljia neHMynjHx ecTb
Harjia^Hoe HsoöpaaceHHe caMoro BpeMeHH sthx jHo^eä. Y ocho-
bhhhh rnraHTCKOH, hohth ao caMoro norojiKa noTeMHeBineii ot
BpeMeHH creHbi, noKpbiToii nojiycTepmHMHCH, ho Bee eqe pa3-
JIHHHMblMH a^MHHHCTpaTHBHblMH npeßHHCaHHHMH, Mbl BHflHM
ßBa orpoMHbix, fljiHHHbix ctojib, pacnojioaceHHbix napajuiejibHO
k paMne, o^hh Ha nepeßHeM njiane, apyroii na sa^neM; 3a hhmh,
noHTH BnjiOTHyio k crene — ropH3OHTajibHan 3Kejie3Haa niTan-
ra, orpaHHHHBaiomaH aocryn k ctojioboh. Y npaßoro Kpan cije-
hbi Haxo/jHTca BbicoKaa, nepneHjjHKyjiHpHaH k jihhhh ctojiob
mnpMa, OT/jejifliomaH 3an ot KyxHH. JJßa pa3^aTOHHbix okoihkb,
ojjhh ajih cyna, apyrofi äjih ajiKorojibHbix nanHTKOB. 3a innp-
moh — Kyxnn, yronaiomaH b KJiyßax napa, kotjibi h HeB03MyrH-
mbih noßap. 3to orpoMHoe, oönajKeHHoe nojie napajiJiejibHbix
CTOJIOB, 3TOT (j)OH ßeCKOHOHHOH CTeHBI OÖpa3yiOT COßOH M6CT0,
OTMeneHHoe coßepineHHO HeBbiHOCHMbiMH crporocTbio h nycTO-
Toii. 3a ctojibmh, 3/iecb h tbm, ch^ht hcckojibko nejiOBeK. Ohh
oöpanjeHbi k hbm jihixom hjih chhhoh. Ohh tobopht, He mchhh
CBoero nojioMceHHH. Ohh cjiobho HcnesaiOT b stom npesMepno
ßojibinoM npocrpancTBe, KOTopoe ohh HHKor/ja ne CMOiyr coöoii
3anojiHHTb. 3,necb ßyzjyr npoHCxojjHTb hx CMexoTBopnbie B3an-
MO^eHCTBHH, ho jjaHce ecjin ohh noKHHyr CBoe Mecro h nonbrra-
IOTCH 3aBH3aTb KOHTBKT C T6M HJIH HHBIM COÖece^HHKOM, KOTO-
pblH noßepx ctojiob h CKaMeii öpocaer HC^ymyio OTBera penjiH-
196

nUKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
Ky, ohh Bee nee HHKor/ja ne h36hbhtch hh ot sthx ctojiob, hh ot
sthx CKaMeä, naBcer/ja OTjjejiHBinHx hx ot hhx cbmhx, iio/jhh-
HHBIHHX HX HeH3M6HH0My H 6e3MOJIBHOMy HOpHJJKy. 9tO npO-
CTpaHCTBO H eCTb CaMO BpeMH HX HCH3HH. OflHH 3JJ6CB, JjpyTOH
tbm. CTpejiep pa3Beji hx no MecraM. Ohh ocranyrcH TaM, r/je
6bDiH. Ohh ejjHT, npeKpanjaiOT ecrb h bhobb npHHHMaiOTCH sa
e/jy. TaK cbmh acecrbi npnoßpeTaiOT cboh hojihbih cmbicji. Bot
nepconaac, KOToporo mbi bhjjhm b Hanajie cijenbi, oh oöpanjen
K HaM JIHIJOM, HO OHO e/JBa 33MeTH0 3a KpaeM TapejiKH, KOTo-
pyio oh jjepjKHT oöeHMH pyxaMH. Ckojibko BpeMeHH eMy Tpeßy-
eTCH JJJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl HanOJIHHTB CBOK) JIOXCKy, HeCKOHHaeMBIM
HcecroM nojjHecTH ee ko pTy, 3aTeM hojjhhtb homhoto hobbi-
ine, htoöbi yöe/jHTbCH, hto HHnero He npojiHTO, h naKoneij ot-
npaBHTb ee b por, kotopbih, npeacjje neM nporjiOTHTb nojiyneH-
Hoe, enje Kaxoe-To BpeMH xoHTpojinpyeT 3Ty nopijnio, H3MepneT
ee oß'beM. Mbi 3aMenaeM, hto jjpyrne, CHjjniijHe k hhm chhhoh
nepconancH coßepinaiOT re ace caMbie acecTbi: bot bbicoxo nojj-
HHTBIH JIOXOTB, 3aCTaBJIHK)IIJHH KOpnyC 3aCTBITb B HOJIOJXeHHH
HepaBHOBeCHH — MBI BHJJHM, KaK OHH e/JHT, C OTCyTCTByiOIIJHM
BHJJOM, nOJJOÖHO BceM JjpyrHM OTCyTCTByiOIIJHM, KOTopbie H B
Miuiane, h bo Bcex 6ojibihhx ropojjax MHpa coßepinaiOT Bee Te
nee CBHiijeHHbie ncecTbi, noTOMy hto b hhx — bch hx hchshb, h
HeT HHnero, HTO nO3BOJIHJIO 6bl HM npOHCHTb HX BpeMH HHane.
(CnemaT tojibko xaMennjHXH, nocKOJibKy phtm hx hchshh h hx
paßoTbi sa/jaeT CHpena.) KoMy enje y/janocb c TaKoä chjioh b ca-
MOH crpyKType npocTpancTBa, b pacnpejjejieHHH Meer h aKTe-
POB, B JJJIHTeJIBHOCTH dJICMCHTapHBIX HCeCTOB Bbipa3HTb TJiyÖHH-
Hoe OTHonieHHe juo/jeii k nepeacHBaeMOMy hmh BpeMeHH?
Ho Hanöojiee cynjecrBeHHbiH momcht saKJHonaeTCH b cjie-
jjyionjeM: TeMnopajibHoii crpyKType «xpohhkh» npoTHBOCTO-
ht jjpyraH TeMnopajibHan crpyKTypa, crpyKTypa «jjpaMbi». Ho-
CKOJibKy BpeMH jjpaMbi (Hnna) — sto BpeMH HanojiHeHHoe: bto
«jjpaMaTHHecKoe» BpeMH cjiobho BcnbiniKaMH mojihhh OTMene-
HO HeCKOJIBKHMH y3JIOBBIMH COÖblTHHMH. 3tO BpeMH, B KOTOpOM
197

nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
OTCyTCTBHe HCTOPHH H6B03M0HCH0. 3tO BpeMH, KOTopoe npHBO-
JJHTCH B JJBHHCeHHe H3HyrpH, H6K0H HeyjjepJKHMOH CHJIOH, H KO-
Topoe caMO hpohsbojjht CBoe coöcTBeHHoe co/jepacaHHe. 3to
BpeMH, HBjiHionjeecH jjHaneKTHHecKHM no npeHMyiijecTBy. Bpe-
MH, KOTopoe OTMenneT khk caMO jjpyroe BpeMH, TaK h CTpyKiy-
pbi ero npocTpancTBeHHoro BbipaaceHHH. Kor/ja juojjh noKH/ja-
iot CTOJiOByio h b Heil ocraiOTCH tojibko Hhhb, OTeij h Toprac-
co, hto-to BHesanno HcneaaeT: coTpane3HHKH cjiobho 3a6npaiOT
c coöoh Bee jjeKopaijHH (reHHajibHaa .zjorajjKa Crpejiepa: peine-
HHe CBeCTH BOe/JHHO JJBa pa3JIHHHBIX JjeHCTBHH, KOTopbie, TaKHM
o6pa3OM, pa3birpbiBaiOTCH Ha 4>0He oöhux u mex we deKopa-
ifuü)9 h jjance caMO npocrpancrBO cren h ctojiob, caMH jiorHKy h
cmbicji bthx Meer; cjiobho KOHtjjjiHKT caM no ce6e cnocoöeH 3a-
MeHHTb 3TO BHJJHMOe H IiyCTOe npOCTpaHCTBO JjpyrHM, H6BHJJH-
MblM H njIOTHBIM, HeoßpaTHMbIM, HMdOIIJHM O/JHO-ejJHHCTBeH-
Hoe H3MepeHHe, KOTopoe ycKopneT jjBHHcenne nbecbi, 3acraBJiHH
ee npeßpaTHTbCH b jjpaMy, öojiee toto, He mohcot ne ycKopHTb
3to jjBHHceHHe, ecjiH Booönje jjojiHCHa hohbhtbch no/jJiHHHaa
jjpaMa. Hmchho 3Ta onno3HijHH npn/jaer nbece BeprojiaijijH
ee rjiyßHHy. C ojjhoh ctopohm, HejjnajieKTHHecKoe BpeMH, b ko-
topom HHHero ne npoHexojjHT, BpeMH, jiHineHHoe BHyTpeHHeii
HeoöxojjHMOCTH, npoßoijHpyioiijeH jjencTBHe, pa3BHTHe; c jjpy-
TOH — JJHaJieKTHHeCKOe BpeMH (BpeMH KOH(})JIHKTa), KOTopoe
ero BHyrpeHHee npoTHBopenne BbiHync^aeT noponc/jaTb ero co6-
CTBeHHoe CTaHOBjieHHe h ero peayjibTaT. üapajjoKC «El Nost
Milan» 3aKjnoHaeTCH b tom, hto jjnajieKTHKa pa3birpbiBaeTCH
3jjecb, TaK CKaaaTb, Ha Kpanx, ee Te3HCbi — oto penjiHKH «b cto-
pony» (a la cantonade), Ha Kpaio cijeHbi h b cbmom KOHije jjeii-
ctbhh: ecjm mbi caMH c TaKHM HeTepnenneM nc/jeM noHBjieHHH
3T0H JjnaJieKTHKH (6e3 KOTOPOH, nO-BHJJHMOMy, He MOHCeT oßoii-
thcb hh ojjho TearpajibHoe npejjCTaßjieHHe), to jjjih nepcona-
ncen ona coBepiueHHO 6e3pa3JiHHHa. Ona HHKorjja ne cneinnr h
hohbjihctch jihhib b caMOM KOHije, CHaHajia b cyMepKax, KOTJja
B BO3Jjyxe BOT-BOT HOHBHTCH 3HaM6HHTbie COBBI, 3BT6M JJBJieKO
3a nojijjenb, Korjja cojiHije ynce HannnaeT cajjHTBCH, h HaKoneij,
198

nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAUUK H BPEXT
BMecre c nepßbiMH jiynaMH yrpeHHeii 3apn. 3ra anajieKTHKa
KajKßbin pa3 noHBJiaeTCH tojibko nocjie toto, KaK Bee noKnny-
jih cijeHy.
KaK noHHTB 3to «3ana3^biBaHHe» jjnajieKTHKH? Beite mojkot,
bto 3ana3,nbiBaHHe noaoÖHO 3ana3«EiBaHHio cosnaHHH y Terejia
h MapKca? Ho KaK anajieKTHKa mohcot 3ana3,flbiBaTb? 3to bo3-
mohcho jiniiib b tom cjiynae, ecjin /uiajieKTHKa — jihiiie hoboc
HMH C03HaHHH.
Ecjih jinajieKTHKa «El Nost Milan» no/joßna penjimce «b cto-
poHy», ecjin ona Bcer/ja pa3HrpbiBaeTCH na Kpaio cijeHEi, to
tojibko noTOMy, hto ona — He hto HHoe, KaK ßnajieKTHKa onpe-
aejieHHoro cosnaHHa: C03HaHHH OTija h ero Mejio/jpaMEi. H KaK
pa3 nosTOMy ee paspyineHHe hejihctch npejjBapHTejiEHbiM
ycjiOBHeM BCHKOH peaJIEHOH flHaJieKTHKH. BcnOMHHM O TOM, KaK
Mapnc b «Cbhtom ceMeäcTBe» anajiHSHpyer nepconancH Sheena
Cio4. npyacHHOH hx «upaMaTHnecKoro noBe/jCHHH HBjiaeTCM hx
4 Tckct Mapnca «Cbhtoc ceMencrBo» (MapKC K. u Swejibc <P. Coh., t. 3,
c. 60—83, 181—222) He coaepjKHT 3KCiuiHijHTHoro onpeaejieHHH Mejio/jpaMM.
Ho oh onncbiBaeT ee rene3Hc, KpacnopeHHBMM CBHAerejieM KOToporo HBJiaer-
ch Cio.
A) B «IlapHHCCKHx TaÄHax» mm cranKHBaeMCH c «npnpoAHMMH» cymecTBa-
MH (KOTOpbie HBJIHIOTCH TBKOBMMH flEDKe HeCMOTpH HB CBOIO HHII|eiy HJIH CBOH
nopoKH), Ha KOTopbie «najiaraioTCH» Mopajib h pejinrnn. J{jih Toro htoöbi otot
Tpy^oeMKHH npoijecc OKaaajica ycneniHbiM, nonajioÖHTCH uhhhsm Py^ojiM^a,
MOpaJIbHMH HiaHTEDK CBHUjeHHHKa, BCH MaiHHHepHH nOJIHIJHH, TK)peM, 3aKJIK)-
neHHH h t. ä. «IIpHpojia» b KOHije kohijob ycryiiHT: npaBHTb eio OTHMHe öyaer
neKoe saeMHoe cosHanne (h öecHHCJieHHbie KaTacrpocJjbi, KOTopbie efi yroroßa-
hbi, npHHecyr eil b kohchhom cneTe sacjiynceHHoe cnaceHHe).
B) Hctok 3Toro «HajionceHHH» BnojiHe OHeBHjjen: ne kto hhoh, KaK Py-
^ojibcJj naBH3biBaeT bthm «neBHHHbiM cynjecTBaM» HyjKjjoe, 3aeMHoe co3HBHHe.
Py^ojiMj) ne npHHajuiejKHT k napo^y, oh ne «HeBHHeH». Ho oh, pasyMeercn,
crpeMHTCH «cnacTH» napoA, 3acraBHTb ero hohhtb, hto y nero ecrb «ynia, hto
cymecTByer Bor h t. ä. — Kopone roßopn, oh TaK hjih HHane nbiraercn jjoHe-
cth ao Hapo/ja noAOÖHe 6ypncya3HOH MopajiH, ajih toto htoöbi oh en noApaacaji
h He napymaji chokohctbhh.
B) JlerKO Aora^aTbCH (Mapnc: «y Cio nepcoHaxcH... npH3BaHM BbipancaTb
KHK CBOH COÖCTBeHHbie MMCJIH, KHK CO3HaTeJIBHBIH ABHHCyillHH npHHIJHn HX
AeHCTBHH, jiHTeparypHbie HaMepennn, KOTopbie noöy/jHJiH aBTopa 3acraBHTb
199

«nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJM H BPEXT
imeHTH(i)nKaijHH c	6ypMcya3Hofi Mopajm; bth Hecnacr-
Hbie h o6e3/jojieHHbie nepeacuBaiOT cboh HeCTacTbH h o6e3ßo-
hx jjencTBOBaTb TeM hjih hhbim oöpaaoM»), hto caM poMan Cio pacKpbiBaer ero
npoeicr, saKJHonaiomHHCH b tom, htoöbi ßaTb «napo/jy» JiHTeparypHbiH mh(J),
KOTOpblH ÖbUI Öbi OAHOBpeMeHHO H npOne/jeBTHKOH TOTO CO3HBHHa, KOTOpbIM
oh ßOJixceH oöJia^aTb, h tcm cosnaHHeM, KOTopbiM oh jjojiaceH oöaaaaTb «gjia
Toro, htoöbi 6brrb HapojjOM (t. e. öbiTb «cnaceHHbiM», t. e. noflHHHeHHbiM, na-
pajiH3OBaHHbiM, o^ypMaHeHHbiM, Kopone roBopa, HpaBCTBeHHbiM h pejinra-
03HBIM). Bpaß JIH BO3MOHCHO C ÖOJIbUieH aCHOCTBK) BbipaßHTb Ty MbICJIb, HTO
HMeHHO öypacyaana naoöpeaa jjjia Hapo/ja HapoßHbiH mh(|) MeaoapaMbi, hto
HMeHHO ona npejyioacHJia hjih HaBH3ajia eMy otot mhc]d (raaerHbie h acypnajib-
Hbie (JiejibeTOHbi, jjemeBbie «poMaHbi») BMecre c HonaeacHbiMH aombmh, c pa3-
«nanen hhiijh jjjia HeHMymHx h t. ä., t. e. bck> ary ^erajibHO npoflyMannyio ch-
creMy npeBeHTHBHOH ÖJiaroTBopHTejibHocTH.
D ÜOBTOMy JJOBOJIbHO 3aÖBBHO HaÖJIIO^aTb, KaK ÖOJIbHIHHCTBO BJIHHTeJIb-
Hbix KpHTHKOB jjejiaiOT bhji, öy/jTo HcnbiTbiBaiOT k Mejio/jpaMe Heno/wejibHoe
OTBpanjeHHe. B hx jiHije öypacyaana cjiobho 3aöbiBaeT, hto sacjiyra H3oöpe-
tchhh MejioapaMbi npuna/vieacHT en caM oh! TeM He Menee bto H3oöpereHHe,
necTHO roBopa, yace ycrapejio: h MH(j)bi, h ÖJiaroTBopHTejibHbie bkijhh «jjjia na-
poaa» ruiaHHpyiOT ceroßHa h no-HHOMy, h c öojibinen H3o6peraTejibHOCTbio.
KpoMe Toro, bto H3o6peTeHHe 6buio H3o6pereHHeM jijir apynix, h ccjih Banin
coöcTBeHHbie öjiarne jjejia, nojiyHHB nojinoe npH3HaHHe, ßocceaaiOT no npa-
Byio pyicy ot Bac caMHx h 6e3 Majieiiniero crecneHHa paaryjiHBaiOT na Baninx
cnenax, to bto jjOBOJibHO crpaHHoe spejimije! Pa3Be mojkho npeacrasHTb ce-
öe Presse du Coeur (btot Hapo/jHbiH «mhiJj» coBpeMeHHoern) npnrjiaineHHOH
Ha jjyxoBHoe coöpanne rocno^cTByiomHx hach? He cjie^yer cMeniHBaTb pa3-
Hbie nopa^KH.
fl) PaayMeerca, ceöe nacro no3BOJiaK)T to, hto 3anpemaiOT apyniM (b npeac-
HHe BpeMena kbk pa3 b btom aaKJUonajiacb OTJiHHHTejibHaa nepra cosnaHHa
h oöpasa JKH3HH «rpaimoB»): CMeHy poaen. BjiaropojjHbiH nepconaac Moacer b
inyrKy BbiöpaTb Kapbepy cjiyra, tcm caMbiM aaHMcrsya y napoßa to, hto oh
caM panee «an hjih ocraBHji eMy. Bee, tbkhm oöpaaoM, saKJHonaerca b no,npa3-
yMesaeMOM, neaBHOM oÖMene, b 3aHMCTB0BaHHH h b ero ycjiOBHax: Kopone ro-
Bopa, b npoHHH Hrpbi, öjiaroßapa Koropon nrpaioiuHH AOKaabiBaer ceöe (ho
bto 3HBHHT, hto y Hero eerb noTpeÖHOCTb b btom flOKaaaTejibCTBe?), hto ero
hhhto ne MoaceT oflypaHHTb, aaace Te cpejjcTBa, KOTopbie oh npHMenaer jjjia
toto, htoöbi offypaHHBaTb Apynix. flpyrHMH cjiobbmh, oh xoth h acejiaer no-
3aHMCTBOBaTb y «Hapojja» bth MHtjjbi, t. e. Ty jjeineBKy, Koropaa ßjia Hero ace
h öbuia ccjiaöpHKOBaHa h paenpe^eaena cooTBercrByroiuHM oöpaaoM, ho jihihb
npH tom ycjiOBHH, ecjin eMy npejjcraBHTca BO3MoacnocTb npncnocoÖHTb hx k
cbohm HyaqjaM h TpaKTOBaTb hx cooTBercrßeHHO cbohm noTpeönocraM. Cpe-
200

nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
jieHHOCTb nocpejjCTBOM apryMeHTOB MopaiibHoro h pejmrH03H0-
ro C03HHHHH, T. e. npHKpblBHHCb 33CMHbIMH JIOXMOTbHMH. IIo/J
HHMH OHH CKpblBHIOT CBOH npOÖJieMbl H CB06 HCTHHHOO HOJIO-
MceHHe. B stom CMbicjie Mejio/jpaMa — oto jjeiicTBHTejibHO ne-
Koe HyTKjjoe co3HaHHe, HajioaceHHoe Ha peanbHoe nojionceHHe
BenjeH. ^naneKTHKa Mejio^paMaTinecKoro co3HaHHH bosmomchb
noaTOMy jihhib b tom cjiynae, ecjin oto C03HaHHe sanMCTBOBa-
HO H3BHe (H3 MHpa aJIHÖH, KOTOpbie flaiOT CyÖJIHMaiJHH H JIOHCb
6ypacya3HOH Mopajin), ho b to ace BpeMH nepencHBaeTCH KaK
ejjHHCTBeHHoe h jjeiicTBHTejibHoe cosHanne neKOToporo oöiije-
CTBeHHOTO nOJIOHCeHHH (HH3IHHX CJIOeB Hapojja), KOTopoe, OJJ-
naKO, HBJineTCH pa/jHKajibHO nyncjjbiM 3T0My co3HaHHio. Cjiejj-
CTBHe: Menqjy Mejio/jpaMaTiriecKHM cosHanneM, c ojjhoh cropo-
Hbi, h cynjecTBOBaHHeM nepcoHanceH Mejio/jpaMbi — c «upyroä,
HeBO3MOHCHO HHKaKoe npomueopeuue b CTporoM CMbicjie cjiOBa.
MejiojjpaMaTHnecKoe cosnaHne ne npoTHBopenHT cbohm ycjio-
bhhm: sto coßepineHHo jjpyroe co3HaHHe, KOTopoe naBHsano
H3BHe onpe/jejieHHbiM ycjiOBHHM, ho jmnieHO jjHajieKTimecKO-
ro OTHonieHHH k hhm. Hmohho noaTOMy MejiojjpaMaTHnecKoe
co3HaHHe MOHceT ßbiTb jjHajieKTimecKHM tojibko b tom cjiynae,
ecjin oho HTHopnpyeT cboh peajibHbie ycjiOBHH h 3aMbiKaeTCH
b CBoeM MH(j)e. OTropojjHBinHCb ot MHpa, oho nopoHcjjaeT BCe
4>aHTaCTHHeCKHe 4)OpMbI OHCeCTOHeHHOrO KOH^NIHKTa, HHKOT-
jja ne HaxojjHiijero yjjoßjieTBopeHHH, jjaBaeMoro KaTacTpoc^OH,
OHO HOCTOHHHO HOpOOKJjaeT BCe HOBbie H HOBbie KOH(|)JIHKTbi:
3TH HiyM H HeHCTOBCTBO OHO npHHHMaeT 3H Cyflbßy, a CBOK) H3-
thkhx TpaKTOBOK MOiyr 6tiTb KaK yaanHbie (Bpioan, ÜHacJ) h t. a.), TaK h
nocpeACTBeHHbie (öpaTba HCaK). Hrpaiomun cjiHBaerca c «napo^OM» H3 KOKer-
CTBa, Hacjiaamaacb mmcjibk), hto oh HcnojiMyeT «HH3KHe» Meroßbi: hmohho
noaTOMy cjieayer HrpaTb (hjih He nrpaTb) b Ty HapojjHocrb, KOTopaa Hasasa-
na Hapofly, b HapojjHoerb napo^Horo «MH^a», b Hapo^HOCTb, nonaxHBaioiiono
MejiojjpaMOH. TeM He Menee 3Ta MejiojjpaMa ne sacjiyacHBaer toto, htoöm noa-
BHTbca Ha ciiene (na hojjjihhhoh «jene, ne ciiene TeaTpa). Eio HacjiaavjaiOTCH
HeöojibiiiHMH nopijHHMH, b Kaöape.
E) M3 CKa3aHHoro cjie/jyer bbiboji: hh aMHesna, hh Hponna, hh OTBpanje-
HHe, hh caMO/iOBOJibCTBO He HMeiOT HHnero oönjero c kphthkoh.
201

ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
HypeHHOcrb — 3a ßnajieKTHKy. 3ßecb ßnajieKTHHecKoe ßBHHce-
Hne — 3to Kpyroßoe ßBHacenne b nycTOTe, nocKOJibKy 3Ta ßHa-
jieKTHKa ecTb ßHajieKTHKa nycTOTbi, nojiHOCTbio OTpeaaHHaa ot
peajibHoro MHpa. H nocKOJibKy sto Hyaqjoe cosnaHHe He npoTH-
BOpeHHT CBOHM yCJIOBHHM, OHO He CHOCOÖHO BbIHTH 3a CBOH npe-
JjeJIbl CBOHMH COÖCTBeHHblMH CHJiaMH, HOCpeßCTBOM CBOefi «ßH-
ajieKTHKH». ^jih SToro eMy HeoöxoßHM paspbiB — h npH3HaHHe
3T0H HHHTOHCHOCTH: OTKpblTHe HCßHaJieKTHHHOCTH 3T0H ßHa-
JieKTHKH.
3tOTO OTKpblTHH Mbl HHKOTßa ne HaiißeM y Cio, HO OHO 3a-
MeTHO b El Nost Milan. IIocjiejjHHfl «jena OTKpbiBaeT npHHH-
ny napa^OKcajibHOCTH nbecbi h ee CTpyKTypbi. Kor.ua Hhhb
npHXOßHT B CTOJIKHOBeHHe CO CBOHM OTIJOM, KOTßa OHa OTCBI-
jiaeT b hohb h ero caMoro, h ero hjijiio3hh, ona noptiBaeT oß-
HOBpeMeHHO h c Mejio/jpaMaTHHecKHM co3HaHHeM CBoero OTija,
h c ero «ßHajieKTHKOH». Ona noKOHHHJia c othmh MH(f>aMH h c
KOH(|)JIHKTaMH, KOTOpbie OHH pa3BH3bIBaiOT. OTeiJ, C03HaHH6,
ÄHajieKTHKa — Bee sto ona BbiöpacbiBaeT 3a 6opT h nepecry-
naeT nopor ßpyroro MHpa, cjiobho ßjia toto, htoöbi noKasaTb,
HTO HMCHHO T3M HTO-TO npOHCXOßHT, THM BCe HaHHHaeTCH, HTO
TaM Bee yace Hanajiocb, ne tojibko HHiijeTa stoto öeßnoro MH-
pa, HO H CMeXOTBOpHbie HJIJII03HH CTO C03HaHHH. 3ra flHaJieKTH-
Ka, KOTOPOH OTBe^eH TOJIBKO Kpafi CIjeHbI, HH^CHHH CJIOH HCTO-
PHH, KOTopyio ona HHKor.ua He cmohcct coöoii sanojiHHTb h Haß
kotopoh ona HHKorßa ne öyneT rocnoßCTBOBaTb, 3Ta ßHaneKTH-
Ka c tohhoctbk) OTOÖpaacaeT KaK öbi OTcyTCTByionjee OTHome-
HHe JI07KH0T0 C03HBHHH K peaJIBHOH CHTyaijHH. 3tB ßHaiieKTH-
Ka, B KOHIje KOHIJOB H3THaHHaH CO CIjeHbI, HBJIHeTCH CaHKIJH-
eii HeoöxoßHMoro paspbiBa, k KoropoMy npHBOßHT peajibHbiii
onbiT, HyHCßbiä coaepacaHHio cosnaHHH. Korßa Hnna nepeciy-
naer nopor, OTßejiHionjHH ee ot csera ßHH, ona enje He 3Haer,
KaKOH öyzjeT ee jkhshb; Bnojine bosmojkho, hto ona ee noTepa-
er. Ho mbi 3HaeM, hto b jiioöom cjiynae ona H/jeT k hcthhho-
My MHpy; btot mhp, kotopbiä HBjiaeTca mhpom ßener, nopoaqja-
202

«nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
eT HHiijeTy h rocnojjCTByeT Ha/j Heü, onpejjejiHH coöoh jjaace ee
«jjpaMaTHHecKoe» coanaHHe. Hnnero jjpyroro He hmcji b BH/jy h
caM Mapnc, Korjja oh oTKaaajica ot jiojkhoh jjHajieKTHKH co3Ha-
hhh (nycTb jjaace HapojjHoro), hto6bi nepeÖTH k onbiTy h H3yne-
hhk> jjpyroro MHpa, MHpa KannTajia.
3/jecb, nojKajiyfi, KOMy-TO saxonerca ocraHOBHTb mchh h bo3-
pa3HTb, hto moh pa3MbiinjieHHH o nbece bbixojjht 3a npejjejibi
toto, hto HaMepeBajica CKaaaTb asrop, — h hto h npnnHCbi-
Baio BepTOJiaijijH to, hto Ha jjejie HBjiaeTCH jjocroHHHeM Crpe-
jiepa. Ha 3to h OTBeny, hto Taxoe BoapaaceHHe jiHineno bchkoto
CMbicjia, nocKOJibKy penb 3/jecb HjjeT HCKJiiOHHTejibHO o CKpbi-
toh CTpyKType nbecbi h hh o neM ßojibine. Kbkhmh 6bi hh 6buih
hbho BbipaxeHHbie HaMepeHHH BepTOJiaijijH, 3HaneHHe HMeeT
jinnib BHyrpeHHee OTHOineHHe 4>yH,uaMeHTajibHbix ajieMeHTOB
CTpyKTypbi nbecbi, KOTopoe pacKpbiBaeTca 3a cocTaBjiaioiijHMH
ee cjioßaMH, nepconaacaMH h jjchctbhhmh. Cnaacy jjaace 6ojib-
me. HesaacHO, ctpcmhjich jih BepTOJiaijijH co3HaTejibno coa/jaTb
3Ty crpyKTypy, hjih ace npoH3Beji ee 6ecco3HaTejibHo; TaK hjih
HHane, ona cocTaBjiaeT cyiijnocrb ero npoHSBejjeHHH, h tojib-
ko ona no3BOJiaeT hohhtb h HHTepnpeTaijHio Crpejiepa, h peaK-
IJHK) nyÖJIHKH.
Hmchho noTOMy, hto Crpejiep ocTpo nponyBCTBOBan hm-
njiHKaijHH 3toh CBoeo6pa3Hoii crpyKTypbi5, hto ero nocraHOB-
Ka H pyKOBOJJCTBO ÖbUIH nOJJHHHCHbl 6H, HM6HH0 HOBTOMy ny-
ßjiHKa ßbDia oinejiOMJiena. 3moijhh nyßjiHKH o6t>hchhiotch He
5 «OcHOBnaa xapaKTepnaH nepTa npoH3Be/jeHna aamnoHaercH HMeHHO bo
BHeaannbix npoaBJieHHHx hcthhbi, KOTopaa enie ne nojiyHHjia oKOHHaTejibno-
ro onpe/jejieHHH... El Nost Milan — oto apaMa Bnojirojioca, apaMa, iioctohh-
ho paccKa3biBaeMaa h npo/jyMbiBaeMaa 3aH0B0, KOTopaa, Bee chobb h chobb
H3Menaacb, nocreneHHO craHOBHTca Bee 6oaee o/jnosHaHHOH, KOTopaa cocto-
ht H3 oahoh cepofi jihhhh, OHepTaHHH ÖHKtjjop/jOBa inHypa. KaK pa3 HOdTOMy
HecKOJibKO Hanöojiee 3HaHHMbix BocKJiHijaHHH HnHbi h ee OTixa Kaacyrca oco-
öeHHO TparnnecKHMH... /Jjia Toro htoöm nojjHepKHyrb 3Ty CKpbiTyio crpyKTypy
nbecbi, 6bino peineno othbcth H3MeHHTb ee KOHcrpyKijHK). Baaroaapa ofrbe-
AHHeHHio BToporo h TpeTbero ^chctbhh aerbipe ßencTBHa, npe/jycMorpeHHbie
Beprojiaimn, öbuiH cseaeHbi k TpeM...» (npesenraixHa cneKramia).
203

nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
tojibko «npucyTCTBueM» na «jene stoh jjerajiBHO H3o6paacen-
HOH HapOßHOÜ aCH3HH — HO TOJIBKO HHUjeTOH 3TOTO HapOJja, KO-
TOpBIH aCHBCT H — XOpOIHO JIH, XyiJO JIH — JJCHB 3B JJH6M ne-
peHOCHT cboio cyzjBÖy, nopoio OTBirpBiBaacB cmcxom, HHor/ja
npoHBjiHH cojiH/japHOCTB, ho naiije Bcero mojihbjihbo h ynop-
ho oflOJießaH Bee, hto BBinaao na ero jjojiio, — h ne nojjoÖHOH
BcnBiniKe mojihhh jjpaMOH, pa3BirpBiBaioiijeHca Meacjjy Hh-
hoh, ee otijom h Topracco, ho npeame Bcero 6ecco3HaTejiBHBiM
BOCnpHHTHeM 3T0H CTpyKTypBI H ee TJiyßHHHOTO CMBICJia. 3ra
crpyKTypa Hnrjje ne craHOBHTca hbhoö, HHrjje ona ne jjejiaeT-
ca npe^MeTOM penn hjih oÖMena penjiHKaMH. B mece ee HHrjje
H6JIB3H BOCnpHHHTB npHMO HOJJOÖHO TOMy KaK BOCnpHHHMaiOT
toto hjih hhoto bhjjhmoto nepconaaca hjih pa3BopanHBaioiije-
eca nepe/j rjiaaaMH jjeiiCTBHe. H tcm ne Menee ona 3/jecß, ona
npHcyrcTByer b hchbhom OTnoinennH Meamy BpeMeneM napo-
jja h BpeMeneM jjpaMBi, b hx bbhhmhom nepaBHOBecnn, b hx ne-
npeKpanjaiomHxcH «oTCBDiKax» jjpyr k jjpyiy h, naKoneij, b hx
hcthhhoh h paaonapoBBißaioiijeH KpHTHKe. IIocTaHOBKa Crpe-
jiepa 3acTaBjiaeT nyßjiHKy bochphhhtb hmchho sto CKpBiroe h
paapBiBaioinee OTHonieHHe, sto KaK ßyzjTO 6bi MajiO3HanHTejiB-
Hoe h tcm ne Menee peniaronjee HanpajKenne; ho aaxce Bocnpn-
hhb sto npncyrcTBHe, nyÖJiHKa oeraeTCH HecnocoÖHOH nepeße-
CTH BOCnpHHHTOe B TepMHHBI HCHOTO H OIHeTJIHBOTO C03HaHHH.
/Ja, b 3toh nnece nyßjiHKa anjio^npoBajia TOMy, hto npesocxo-
juijio h ee noHHMaHHe h, 6bitb Moacer, noHHMaHHe chmoto aß-
Topa, ho hto Crpejiepy, tcm He Menee, ynajiocß /jo nee aonecTH:
CKpBiTBiÄ cmbicji, öojiee rjiyöoKHH, H6M cjiOBa h HcecTBi, ßojiee
rjiyßoKHH, neM Henocpe^CTBeHHO noHHMaeMaa cyzjßßa nepcona-
aceä, nepeacHBaiomHx ory cyijBßy, ho HecnocoÖHBix ee hombic-
jihtb. /Jaxce Hnna, KOTopaa jjjia Hac — paapBiB h nanajio, o6e-
maHHe flpyroro MHpa h apyroro coanaHna, ^aace ona ne 3HaeT,
hto aejiaer. H 3/iecB jjeiiCTBHTejiBHO c hojihbim npaBOM mohcho
CKaaaTB, hto C03HaHne 3ana3ßBiBaeT — nocKOJiBKy, jjaace öyny-
hh eme cjienBiM, sto yace cosnanne, KOTopoe HaKoneij-TO o6pa-
THJIOCB K peaJIBHOMy Mnpy.
204

ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
*
Ecjih btot npo/jyMaHHbiH, «OTpetjjJieKTHpoBaHHBiH» onbiT ocho-
BaTejien, to oh cmohcct homohb hbm acnee hohhtb cmbicji jjpy-
rnx no/joÖHbix eMy ohbitob, sajjasaa Bonpoc 06 hx CMbicjie.
H HMeio b BHjjy npoßjieMbi, BCTaioiijHe b cbh3h c Hanßojiee 3Ha-
HHTejibHbiMH nbecaMH BpexTa, npoßjieMbi, nojiHoe paapeineHHe
KOTOpblX, BO3MO7KHO, He HO3BOJIHJIH /JOCTHTHyrb JjaHCe HOHHTHH
OHyac/jeHHH h annnecKoro TeaTpa. Mne KaaceTca nopa3HTejib-
HBIM TOT 4>aKT, HTO HeHBHHH JJHCCHMMeTpHHeCKH-KpHTHHeCKaH
CTpyKTypa, crpyicrypa MaprHHajibHofi (a la cantonade) jjnajieK-
thkh, KOTopyio mbi oßnapyacHBaeM b nbece BepTOJiaijijH, b ee
ochobhbix nepTax npe/jCTaeT nepe/j hhmh h b thkhx nbecax, KaK
«MaMama Kypaxc» h (b nepsyio onepe/jb) «JKhshb FajiHJiea».
B HHX MBI TOHCe HMeeM JjeJIO C 4>0pMaMH TeMHOpaJIBHOCTH, KO-
TopbiM He y/jaeTCH oÖ'bcjjhhhtbch jjpyr c jjpyroM, KOTopbie jih-
ineHbi OTHOineHHH jjpyr k jjpyry, KOTopbie cocynjecTByiOT, nepe-
CeKaiOTCH, HO, eCJIH MOHCHO THK BBipa3HTBCH, HHKOTJja He BCTpe-
naiOTCH; c nepeacHBaeMbiMH co6bithhmh, KOTopbie cnjieTaiOTCH
B JJHaJieKTHHeCKOM JJBHHC6HHH, JIOKaJIH3OBaHHOM, pa3BopaHHBa-
lonjeMCH b cropone h cjiobho noBHcaioiijeM b BO3/jyxe; C npOH3-
BejjeHHHMH, OTMeneHHbiMH BHyrpeHHeH jjHCCOijHaijHeH, hhbko-
boctbio, jiHineHHOH paapeineHHH.
ÜMeHHO JJHHBMHKa 3T0H CneiJH(j)HHeCKOH H6HBH0H CTpyK-
TypBI, B OCOÖeHHOCTH JIHUieHHOe HBHOTO OTHOineHHH cocyiije-
CTBOBaHHe jjnajieKTHHecKOH h HejjHajieKTHHecKOH TeMnopajib-
HOCTefi, — HMCHHO 3TB JJHHaMHKa oßoCHOBBIBBeT BO3MOHCHOCTB
nOJJJIHHHOH KpHTHKH HJIJIIO3HH C03HBHHH (KOTOpoe BCerjja CHH-
TaeT ceÖH jjnajieKTHHecKHM), hojjjihhhoh kphthkh jiohchoh jjh-
aJieKTHKH (KOH<i)JIHKTa JjpaMBI H T. JJ.) CO CTOpOHBI BBO/JHIIjeH
b 3aMeinaTejibCTB0 peajibHOCTH, KOTopaa hbjihctch ee (Jjohom
h oHCHjjaeT CBoero npH3HaHHH. TaKOBa bohhb b «MaMaine Ky-
paac», CToanjaa jihijom k Jinuy c ee jihhhbimh jjpaMaMH: c ee
cjienoTofi, c jiohchoh HacTOHTejibHOCTbio ee cpeßpojiioÖHH; Ta-
205

ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
KOBa HCTOpHH B «MCh3HH FaJIHJieH», KOTOpaa JJBHHCeTCH ropa3-
jjo MejjJieHHee, neM neTepnejiHBoe coanaHHe hcthhbi, ora hcto-
phh, npHBOjjanjaa b 3aMemaTejibCTBO coanaHHe, KOTopoMy b Te-
Henne KpaTKoro BpeMeHH ero jkhshh ne yzjaeTca nponno b neü
«yTBepßHTBCH». ÜMeHHO 3TO HCHBHOe CTOJIKHOBCHHe CO3Ha-
hhh (nepeacHBaiomero jjHajieKTHHecKH-jjpaMaTHHecKHM o6pa-
3OM cboio coßcTBeHHyio CHTyaijHio h CHHTaiomero, ßyzjTO Becb
MHp HpHBOJJHTCH B JJBHHCeHHe erO COÖCTBeHHbIMH npyjKHHaMH)
H peajibHOCTH, HBJIMIOnjeHCH C TOHKH 3peHHH 3T0H MHHMOH ßH-
ajieKTHKH 6e3pa3JiHHHoii, hhoh, — h na nepBbiö b3tjih,zj Hean-
ajieKTnnecKOH, hmchho oto CTOJiKHOBenne jjejiaer bosmomchoh
HMManeHTHyiO KpHTHKy HJIJIIO3HH CO3HaHHH. HeBgDKHO, CKa3a-
ho jih oto npHMO hjih Her (y BpexTa Tanne npHMbie BbicKa3bi-
Bannn Mbi naxoflHM b 4>opMe anojiorHH h aonroß): b kohchhom
cneTe 3Ty KpHTHKy npoBO/jHT ne cjiOBa, no BHyTpennne otho-
inenHH chji (hjih hx OTcyrcTBne) Mencay sjieMeHTaMH crpyKTy-
pbi nbecbi. Be/jb bchkoh no/jJiHHHaa KpnrnKa hbjihctch hmmh-
nenTHOH, n npeaqje neM ona craHOBHTca ocoanannoH, ona b
nepßyio onepejjb peajibna n MaTepnajibna. KpoMe Toro, mohc-
ho 3a^arb ce6e Bonpoc, ne cjieayeT jih CHHTaTb 3Ty /jnccnMMe-
TpHnnyio, jjeijeHTpHpoBaHHyio KpHTHKy cynjecTBeHHbiM ajie-
MenTOM BCHKoro MaTepnajincTHnecKOTO TeaTpajibHoro npoeKra.
Ecjih 6bi Mbi npo^BHHyjiHCb b anajinae stoto ycjiOBHH necKOJib-
ko ßajibine, to mbi 6bi c jictkoctbio oßnapyacnjin tot (jDynaaMen-
TajibHbiH ßjiH MapKca npnnijHn, hto nnKaKaa (JjopMa n/jeojio-
THHeCKOTO C03HHHHH He COflepHCHT B Ce6e CaMOH CpeßCTB, 6jia-
TOflapn KOTopbiM ona Morjia 6bi bbihth 3a cboh npe/iejibi b cnjiy
CBoeä coßcTBenHOH BHyrpeHneH ^HajieKTHKH, hto, cmpozo zo-
eopn, He cyiqecmeyem duajieKmuKu coshclhuh: ananeKTHKn co-
3H3HHH, BblXOflHIIjeH B CHJiy CBOHX COÖCTBeHHblX npOTHBOpeHHH
k caMoä peajibHOCTH; Kopone roBopa, hto BCHKaa «(JjeHOMeHO-
jiothh» b rerejieBCKOM CMbicjie cjiobb npocro HeBO3MOHcna, no-
CKOJibKy coanaHHe nojiynaeT aocryn k peajibHOMy He ßjiarojja-
pa CBoeMy BnyrpeHHeMy paaBHTHio, a Sjiaroßapa pa^HKajibno-
206

«IIHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAUUH H BPEXT
My OTKpblTHK) mozo, HTTIO RQJlRemCH djlH He20 UHblM, HeweJlU
OHO COMO.
Hmohho b stom, BecbMa tohhom CMbicjie BpexT npoH3Beji ne-
peßopoT b npoßjieMaTHKe KJiaccHHecKoro TeaTpa, Kor^a oh npe-
KpaTHJI TpaKTOBaTb CMBICJI H HMHJIHKaiJHH TOH HJIH HHOH DbC-
cbi, Hcnojib3ya 4>opMy caM0C03HaHHH. H HMeio b BH^y, hto «hjih
TOTO, HToßbi BbI3BaTb y 3pHTOJIH IIOHBJICHHC HOBOTO, HCTHHHO-
ro h aKTHBHoro C03HaHHH, mhp BpexTa no h6o6xo^hmocth aoji-
acen 6bdi HCKJiiOHaTb H3 ceöa BCHKoe CTpeMjieHHe k nojiHOMy ca-
MOOxBaTy h caMOH3o6paHceHHio b (JjopMe caMoco3naHHH. Kjiac-
CHnecKHH TeaTp (3/iecb cjiejjoBajio 6bi c/jejiaTb HCKjnoneHHe jjjih
IIIeKcnnpa h Mojibepa, nocraBHB b to ace BpeMH Bonpoc 06 hx
HCKjnoHHTejibHOM nojioaceHHH) .nan naM jjpaMy, ee ycjiOBHH h ee
«jjHajieKTHKy»; Bee ohh OTpaacajiHCb b 3epKajibHOM (speculai-
re) co3HaHHH ijeHTpajibHoro nepconaaca. TeM caMbiM ajih KJiac-
CHnecKoro TeaTpa Becb ero cmbicji OTpancajicn b ojjhom co3na-
hhh, b ojjhom roBopanjeM, «zjeiiCTByiomeM, pa3MbimjiHiomeM,
CTanoBHiijeMCH nejioBenecKOM cymecTBe; ^jih nac b hcm orpa-
ncajiacb caMa jjpaMa. H kohchho, othio^b He cjiynaHHO, hto oto
(JjopMajibHoe ycjiOBne «KjiaccHnecKOH» acTeraKH (ijeHTpajibHoe
e^HHCTBO «upaMaTHnecKoro co3HaHHH, onpe/jejiHiomee coöoii Bee
jjpyrne 3HaMeHHTbie «e^HHCTBa») Tecno CBH3ano c ero MaTepn-
anbHbiM coflepacaHHeM. 3,necb h 6bi xotoji oöpaTHTb BHHManne
na to, hto MarepHH hjih TeMbi KJiaccHHecKoro TeaTpa (nOJIHTH-
xa, Mopajib, pejiHTHH, necTb, «cjiasa», «crpacTb» h t. a.) cyrb
HMeHHO HJjeOJlOrHHeCKHe TeMbl, HTO OHH HMH OCTaiOTCH, HHKOT-
ßa ne nojjHHMaH Bonpoca, t. e. ne Bbi3biBan kphthkh hx H/jeo-
jiorHHecKOH npnpoßbi (jjaHce «CTpacTb», npoTHBonocTaBJieHHan
«jjojiry» hjih «cjiase», — Bcero jihihb HjjeojiOTHHecKHH npora-
BOBec; ona HHKor.ua He Be/jeT k ^eHCTBHTejibHOMy pa3JioaceHHio
h ycTpaneHHio H/jeojiorHH). Ho neM ace KOHRperao hejihctch
□Ta ne noßBepraeMaa kphthkc H^eojiorHH, ecjin He «3naK0Mbi-
mh», «jierKO y3HasaeMbiMH» h npospannbiMH mh^hmh, b koto-
pbix y3naeT h npH3HaeT (ho ne nosnaeT) ce6a to hjih HHoe co-
207

nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIALJUW H BPEXT
oßnjeCTBO HJIH TOT HJIH HHOH BOK? 3epK3JI0M, B KOTOpOM OHO
CMOTpHT HB CeÖH, ßJIH TOTO HTOÖBI y3HHTB CeÖH, HMCHHO TOM 3ep-
KHJIOM, KOTOpoe eMy HyJKHO pa3ßHTB, HTOÖBI HHKOHeiJ-TO CeÖH
no3HaTb? Hto TaKoe HßeojiorHH toto hjih hhoto oöiijecTBa hjih
TOH HJIH HHOH 3H0XH, OCJIH HO CaM0C03HaHH6 3TOTO OÖlIjeCTBa
hjih btoh snoxH, t. e. HenocpeßCTBeHHaa MaTepnn, KOTopaa hm-
njiHijnpyeT, HiijeT h, paayMeeTCH, cnoHTaHHO HaxoßHT ceön b
oöJiHKe caMocosnaHHH, nepejKHBaiomero TOTajibHOCTb CBoero
MHpa b npospaHHOCTH cbohx coöcTBeHHbix mh(|)ob? H ne öyßy
craBHTb 3/jecb Bonpoca o tom, noneMy sth mhcJjbi (HßeojiorHH
KaK TaKOBaa) 6 oßufeM u yejiow, He öbdih nocTaBJieHbi noß Bo-
npoc b KJiaccHnecKyio anoxy. Mne ßocTaronno CßejiaTb bbiboa,
hto anoxa, jiHineHHan peajibHoii chmokphthkh (He HMeionjan hh
cpeßCTB, hh noTpeönocTH b peajibHoii TeopHH hojihthkh, Mopa-
JIH H peJIHTHH), no HCOÖXOßHMOCTH HMeeT CKJIOHHOCTb H3OÖpa-
McaTb h y3HasaTb ceön b hckphthhcckom TeaTpe, t. e. b TeaTpe,
(HßeojiorHHecKaa) MaTepna KOToporo TpeöoBajia (JjopMajibHbix
ycjiOBHH acTeTHKH caMoco3HaHHH. Mencßy TeM BpexT nopbiBaeT
C 3THMH (JjOpMHJIBHblMH yCJIOBHHMH TOJIBKO HOTOMy, HTO OH yHCe
nopBan c hx MaTepnajibHbiMH ycjiOBHHMH. B nepsyio onepeßb
OH CTpeMHTCH npOH3BeCTH KpHTHKy CnOHTaHHOH HßeojiorHH, B
KOTOPOH HCHByr JIIOßH. HMCHHO nOSTOMy OH no HCOÖXOßHMOCTH
BBIHyJKßeH HCKJIIOHHTB H3 CBOHX HbeC 3TO (JjopMajibHoe ycjio-
BHe HßeOJIOTHHeCKOH 3CT6THKH: CaMOCO3HaHH6 (h 6T0 KJiaCCHHe-
CKne ßepHBaTbi, npaBHJia eßHHCTBa). ¥ nero (h HMeio b BHßy
ero «rjiaBHbie» nbecbi) hh ojjhh nepconaoK ne coaepacHT b ceöe
B pe$JieKCHBHOH cj)OpMe BCIO TOTajibHOCTb ycjiOBHH ßpaMbl. y
nero TOTajibHoe, npoapannoe caMOCO3naHHe, HBJunonjeecH 3ep-
kbjiom Beeil ßpaMbi, — Bcerßa Bcero jihihb (jmiypa HßeojiorHne-
CKOTO C03HaHHH, KOTopoe XOTH H yßepHCHBaeT B CBOeÜ COÖCTBeH-
hoh ßpaMe Becb mhp, ho jihihb c toh otobopkoh, hto btot mhp
— 3TO MHp MOpaJIH, HOJIHTHKH H peJIHTHH, T. e. MHp MH(J)OB H
onnyMa. B btom cmbicjic ero nbecbi ßeijeHTpHpoBaHbi, hockojib-
Ky ohh He Moiyr hmctb ijeHTpa, nocKOJibKy ßaace ncxoßa H3
naHBHoro coanaHHH, nepenojiHeHHoro hjijiio3hhmh, oh OTKa3bi-
208

«ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
BaeTCH jjejiaTb H3 Hero ijemp MHpa, KOTopbiM oho ctpomhtch
6bitb. HMeHHO noaTOMy ijeHTp 3/jecb, ecjin moecho thk Bbipa-
3HTbca, Bceivja b CTopoHe, h b toh Mepe, b KaKoä penb HjjeT o
jjeMHCTH^HKaijHH caMOCO3HaHHH, ijeHTp Bceiyja CMenjen, Bcer-
jja HaxojjHTCH no iy CTopony, b jjBHMceHHH npeBoexoaejjeHHH hji-
jiio3hh h nepexojja k peajibHOCTH. H KaK pa3 no stoh, HMeionjen
cjjyH/jaMeHTajibHoe 3HaneHHe npHHHHe KpHTHnecKoe OTHOine-
nne, t. e. peajibnoe npoH3BojjCTBO ne mojkct öbitb TeMaTnsnpo-
Bano OT/jejibHo: hmchho noaTOMy hh o^hh nepcoHaac KaK TaKO-
BOH He HBJiaeTCH «MOpanbK) HCTOPHH» — 3a HCKJHOHeHHeM Tex
cjiynaeß, KOiyja kto-to bbixojjht k paMne, CHHMaeT MacKy h «H3-
BjieKaeT ypoKH» H3 saBepinenHOH nbecbi (ho Tenepb oh — Bce-
ro JIHIHb OJJHH H3 3pHTeJieÄ, pa3MbiniJIHIOIIJHH O Heil H3BHe, TOH-
Hee roBopa, npojjjießaioiijHH ee jjBHaceHHe: «mbi cjjejiajiH Bee,
hto motjih, Tenepb nacTaji Barn nepe^»).
Tenepb, necoMHeHHO, CTaHOBHTca hohhthbim, noneMy He-
OÖXOJJHMO TOBOpHTb O JJHHaMHKC H6HBH0H CTpyKTypbl HbeCbl.
O crpyKType hjokho roßopHTb nocTOJibKy, nocKOJibKy cojjepaca-
nne nbecbi ne cbojjhtch hh k aKTepaM, hh k hbhbim OTHOine-
HHflM Me?KJjy HHMH, — HO K JJHHaMHHeCKOMy OTHOIHeHHK) MßJK-
ffy OTHyJKJjeHHbIMH B CnOHTaHHOH H/jeOJIOrHH CaM0C03HaHHHMH
(MaMaina Kypaac, CbiHOBba, noßap, CBHiijeHHHK h t. jj.) h peajib-
HblMH yCJIOBHHMH HX CyiljeCTBOBaHHH (ßOHHa, oöiijecTBo). 3to
OTHOineHHe, caMO no ceöe aßcrpaKraoe (aßcrpaKTHoe no otho-
ineHHio k caMOCO3HaHHio — nocKOJibKy 3to aßcrpaKTHoe h ecTb
no/jJiHHHoe KOHKpeTHoe), MoaceT öbiTb HsoßpaaceHO h npejj-
CTaBJieHO b nepcoHaacax, hx acecTax, hx jjencTBHHX h hx «hcto-
phh» tojibko b KanecTBe OTHOineHHH, KOTopoe, «zjaace BOBjieKaa
hx b ceßa, bbixojjht 3a hx npejjejibi, t. e. b KanecTBe OTHOine-
hhh, KOTopoe 3ajjeücTByeT aßcrpaKTHbie crpyKTypnbie ojieMen-
Tbi (nanpHMep, pa3JiHHHbie (J)opMbi TeMnopaubHOCTH b El Nost
Milan, — BHeniHHH hoshijhh jjpaMaTHHecKHx Macc h t. jj.), hx
nepaBHOBecne h tcm caMbiM hx jjHHaMHKy. 3to OTHOineHHe no
HeOÖXOßHMOCTH eCTb OTHOineHHe HeHBHOe — B TOH Mepe, B Ka-
209

«IIHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJLJH H BPEXT
KOH OHO HO MOJKeT ÖBITB HOJIHOCTBK) TeMaTH3Hp0BHH0 HH OflHHM
H3 «nepcoHaaceii», ne paspyniaa TeM caMbiM Becb KpHTmecKHä
npoeKr: hmohho noBTOMy, aance ecjin oho h npncyrcTByeT b jiio-
6om «neHCTBHH, b cyiiiecTBOBannn h acecrax Bcex nepcoHEDKen,
oho Bee ace hbjihctch hx rjiyÖHHHbiM cmbicjiom, TpaHCijeH/jHpy-
IOIIJHM HX CO3HaHHe, — H KHK pa3 HOBTOMy OCTaJOnjHMCfl ßJIH
hhx cbmhx HenpoHHijaeMbiM; otot CMbieji 3aMeTeH jjjih 3pHTe-
jih b toh Mepe, b KaKofi oh ocTaeTCH He3aMeneHHbiM äjiä aKTe-
poß, — h KaK pa3 noaTOMy oh saMeTen jjjih spHTejin b MO/iyce
BOCnpHHTHH, KOTOpoe He JiaHO, HO MOHCeT 6bITb HaH^eHO, OTBOe-
BaHO h, TaK cKasaTb, H3BjieneHO H3 H3HanajibHOH Tenn, KOTopaa
ero OKyrbiBaeT h b to ace BpeMH nopoac^aeT.
BO3MOMCHO, BTH 3aM6HaHHH HO3BOJIHT yTOHHHTb npoÖJieMy,
BCTaiOmyiO B CBH3H C ÖpeXTOBCKOH TeopHCH B^M^eKTa OHyHCße-
hhh. C ero noMonjbio BpexT CTpeMHjica cos^aTb HOBoe, kphth-
necKoe h aKTHBHoe OTHOineHHe Meacfly nyÖJiHKoii h nocTaBjien-
hoh Ha «jene nbecoii. Oh crpeMHjicn nopßaTb c RjiaccimecKHMH
4)opMaMH HfleHTHtjjHKaijHH, KOTopbie jjejiajiH nyßjiHKy shbhch-
moh ot cyzjbßbi «repoeB», KOHijeHTpnpyH Bee ee acjx^eKTHBHbie
CHJibi b TearpajibHOM KaTapcHce. Oh ctpcmhjich nopo^HTb /jhc-
tbhijhk) Meacay 3pHTeneM h cneKTaKJieM, cos^aBan TeM ne Me-
Hee TaKyio CHTyaijnio, b kotopoh 3pHTejib 6bm 6bi necnocoßeH
hh HsßeacaTb ee, hh npocro eio HacjiancaaTbCH. Kopone roßopn,
OH CTpeMHJICH CßejiaTb H3 3PHT6JIH aKTepa, KOTOpblH MOr 6bl 3a-
BepniHTb HesaBepineHHyio nbecy, ho yace b peanbHOH mchshh.
3tot rjiyöoKHH Te3HC BpexTa nacTO, öbitb mojkct, cjihuikom na-
cto HHTepnpeTHpoßajiH, oöpanjaa BHHManne tojibko na toxhh-
necKne BJieMeHTbi OHyjK/jeHHH: H3maHHe H3 aKTepcKoii Hrpbi
bchkoh «B(|)(|)eKTHOCTH», bchkoto jiHpH3Ma h «nacjjoca»; Hrpy,
ynofloÖJineMyio coB/jaHHio «(JipecKH»; ctpotoctb h c/jepncaH-
hoctb nocranoBKH, npH3Bannon cjiobho crepeTb Bee pejibe-
4)bi, npHKOBbiBaiomne k ceöe bstjihä (cp. ijseTa nenajibHOH h
BbiwKeHHOH 3eMjm b «MaMame Kypaac»); «jinineHHBiH rjiyÖH-
hbi» cbct; naHHO-KOMMeHTapHH, npeAHa3HaneHHbie /jjih toto,
htoöbi npHBJienb BHHManne spnTejin ko BHeinneMy KOHTeKCiy,
210

«ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
KOHTeKCTy KOH'BIOHKTypbl (peajibHOCTH) H T. JJ. C JjpyTOH CTOpO-
Hbl, 3T0T TC3HC HOpOJJHJI H HCHXOJIOrHHeCKHe HHTepnpeTaiJHH, B
ijeHTpe KOTOpbix ctoht (JjeHOMeH HjjeHTH<i)HKaijHH h ero KJiaC-
CHHecKHÖ HOCHTejib, repon. JicHe3HOBeHHe (nojioacHTejibHoro
HJIH OTpHIjaTeJIbHOro) repOH, HOCHTCJIH H/jeHTH(|)HKaiJHH, H6K0-
Topbie CTajiH BbUjasaTb 3a caMO ycjiOBne 3(|)(J)eKTa OHynmenna
(neM ßojiee Bbipa3HTejien h saMeren repon, TeM cnjibnee Hjjen-
TH(|)HKaijHfl; ycTpaneHHe repon CBH3biBajin c «MaTepnajiH3M0M»
BpexTa: hctophio jjejiaiOT Maccbi, a He «repon»...). Meacjjy tcm
MOJKHO nOCTaBHTb BOnpOC O TOM, H6 OCTaHaBJIHBaiOTCfl JIH 3TH
HHTepnpeTaiJHH na hohhthhx, KOTopbie xoth h bedkhbi, ho Bee
ace He hbjihiotch onpe/jejiaioiijHMH, h He cjiejjyeT jih bbihth 3a
npe/jejibi TexHimecKHx h ncHxojiOTHnecKHx ycjiOBHÄ, jjjih toto
htoöbi noHHTb, KaK 3to BecbMa CBoeo6pa3Hoe KpHTimecKoe ot-
HomeHHe mohcct 6bitb KOHCTHTynpoBano b C03hhhhh 3pHTejia.
,/JpyrHMH cjioßaMH, jjjih toto htoöbi Meac^y 3pHTejieM h nbecon
BO3HHKJia JJHCTaHIJHH, HeOÖXOJJHMO, HTOÖbl 3Ta JJHCTaHIJHH ÖbDia
onpe/jejieHHbiM o6pa3OM npoH3Be,zjeHa b npe/jejiax caMoii nbe-
cbi, npineM He tojibko b ee (TexHinecKOH) TpaKTOBKe hjih ace
B nCHXOJIOTHHeCKOH MO/jaJIbHOCTH nepCOHEÜKeii (jjeHCTBHTeJIBHO
jih ohh repon hjih neT? Pa3Be HeMaa jjeBOHKa H3 «MaManiH Ky-
paac», KOTopaa, chjjh na Kpbinie, OTnaaHHO 6beT b cboh ajjcKHH
öapaßaH, nbiTaacb npejjynpeAHTb hh o neM He no,ijo3peBaioiijHH
ropo/j o npHÖJiHEceHHH apMHH Bpara, 3Ta jjeBOHKa, hbio 3kh3hb b
KOHije kohijob oöpbißaer Bbicrpeji apKe6y3bi, pa3Be He HBjiaeT-
ch ona «nojioacHTejibHbiM repoeM»? Pa3Be ne nponcxojjHT nycrb
jjaace BpeMeHHoii «HjjeHTH^HKaijHH» c sthm BTopocTeneHHbiM
nepconaaceM?). 3tb jjHCTamjHH h npoH3BojjHTCH, h H3o6paacaeT-
ch b npejjejiax caMoii nbecbi, b jjHHaMHKe ee BHyrpeHHeii crpyK-
Typbl, H OHB HBJIHeTCH OJJHOBpeMCHHO H KpHTHKOH HJIJIIO3HH co-
3HaHHH, H BbIHBJieHHeM 6T0 peaJIBHBIX yCJIOBHH.
Hmchho stot (JiaKT (jjHHaMHKa hchehoh CTpyKTypw npoH3BO-
jjht 3Ty jjHCTanijHio b caMoii nbece) cjie/jyeT hphhhtb 3a hcxo-
jjHyio Torney naniHx pa3MbinuieHHH, ecjin mbi xothm nocraBHTb
npoßjieMy OTHonieHHH 3pHTejiH k cneKTaKJiio. H 3/jecb BpexT
211

nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
Toace nepeBopa^HBaeT ycTanoBHBniHHCH nopaßOK. B KJiaccHne-
ckom TeaTpe Bee motjio kb3Btbch npocrbiM: TeMnopajibHOCTb re-
poa 6bma e^HHCTBeHHoii TeMnopajibHOCTbio, Bee ocraubHoe 6bi-
jio efi noßHHHeno, ero Mepa rocnoßCTBOBajia jjajKe Haß ero npo-
THBHHKBMH, HOTOMy HTO OHH ÖbUIH eZO npOTHBHHKBMH; OHH
Baum b ero BpeMeHH, b ero pHTMe, ohh ot Hero sbbhcojih h 6bi-
jih ero npocTbiM npn/jaTKOM. Hpothbhhk jjeHCTBHTejiBHO öbiji
ezo npoTHBHHKOM: b KOH(J)jiHKTe oh npHHaßJieacaji eMy tohho
tbk )Ke, KaK caM repoii npHHaßjieacaji ceöe, oh öbiji ero ßBoii-
hhkom, ero OTpaaceHneM, ero npoTHBonojioncHOCTbio, ero ho-
hbio, ero HCKynieHHeM, ero coöcrBeHHbiM öeccosHBTejibHbiM,
OÖpaTHBIHHMCH npOTHB H6T0 CBMOTO. ErO CyßbÖOH ßeiiCTBH-
TejibHO öbijio to, KaK ero onpeßejiHJi Terejib: co3Hanne ceöa ca-
Moro KaK co3naHHe Bpara. IIooTOMy h co/jepacaHHe kohcJnihk-
Ta OTOMCßeCTBJIHJIOCb C CaM0C03HaHH6M repOH. H HOTOMy Ka3a-
Jiocb, hto spHTejib «nepeMCHBaeT» nbecy, «HjjeHTH(|)HijHpyHCb» c
repoeM, t. e. c ero coöcrBeHHbiM BpeMeneM, c ero coöcrBeHHbiM
C03HBHH6M, C eßHHCTBeHHbIM BpeMeHeM H eßHHCTBeHHBIM co-
3naHHeM, KOTopbie HaxoßHJiHCb b ero pacnopjDKeHHH. B nbece
BepTOJiaijijH h b rjiaBHbix nbecax Bpexra bto CMenieHHe craHO-
BHTCH HeB03M0HCHbIM B CHJiy CBMOTO HBJIHHHH HX ßHCCOIJHHpO-
BaHHOH CTpyKTypbi. Jlejio ne b tom, hto repoH hch63jih, noTOMy
HTO BpeXT H3THaJI HX H3 CBOHX HbCC, HO B TOM, HTO CaMB HbeCB B
ceöe cbmoh ßejiaer HeBO3MO^CHbiMH jhoöbix repoeB, kbkhmh 6bi
OHH HH ÖbUIH, OHB yHHHTOMCaeT H HX CBMHX, H HX CO3HBHHC, H
jioacHyio ßHaneKTHKy hx co3hbhhh. 3tb peßyKijHH ne HBJineTCH
3(|)(|)eKT0M OßHOTO TOJIbKO ßeÄCTBHH HJIH ßOKaSBTeJIbCTBB, KOTO-
poe motjio 6bi ßbiTb npejjCTaBJieHO onpeßejieHHbiMH napoßHbi-
mh nepcoHaoKBMH (bbphbijhh na TeMy «Hh Bot, hh ijesapb»);
ne HBjiaeTCH ona h pesyjibTaTOM oßHOH tojibko nbecbi, hohhtoh
KaK npHOCTaHOBJieHHBH HCTOPHH: OHB npOHCXOßHT He Ha ypOB-
He ßeraneH hjih nenpepbiBHOCTH, ho na ßojiee rjiyöoKOM ypoßne
CTpyKTypHOH ßHHaMHKH nbecbi.
B btom nyHKTe neoöxoßHMa Hpe3BbiHaiiHaH octopoechoctb:
noKa mbi roBopHjiH tojibko o nbece — ho Tenepb penb Hßer o
212

«nHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
C03HBHHH 3pHTeJIH. B H6CK0JIBKHX CJIOBHX H HOHBITaiOCB HOKH-
3aTb, hto 3/jecb ne BcraeT hoboh npoÖJieMbi, kbk mojkho öbi-
jio 6bi jjyMaTb, hto npoÖJieMa oeraeTCH toh ace caMOÄ. TeM ne
Menee jjjih toto, htoöbi npH3HaTb ee cyiijecrBOBaHHe, cjiejjyeT
npeacße Bcero pa3OÖJiaHHTb jjBe KJiaccHnecKHe mo/jcjih 3pHTejib-
ckoto co3HaHHH, npecjiejjyioiijHe pecjwieKCHio. IlepBaa H3 3thx
poKOBbix Mo/jejieii — oto Ta ace MO/jejib caMocoanaHHH, ho Ha
3TOT pa3 OHa HBJIHeTCH MOJjeJIBIO CaM0C03HaHHH 3PHTCJIH. Pa3y-
MeeTCH, spHTejib ne OTOHCjjecTBJineTCH c «repoeM»: Meacjjy hhmh
coxpaHHiOT jjHcraHijHK). Ho Tor/ja pa3Be ne naxojjHTCH BHe nbe-
Cbl TOT, KTO BbIHOCHT CyJK/jeHHe, nOJJBOJJHT HTOTH H H3BJICKaeT
cjiejjCTBHH? Bot MaMama Kypaac. Ee jjejio nrpaTb. Bame jjejio
cy/jHTb. Ha cijene ocjienjieHHe — b 3ane npoHHijaTejibHOCTb,
jjocTHraioiijaH oco3HaHHOCTH nocjie jjßyx hbcob öeccosnaTejib-
hocth. Ho TaKoe pa3,zjejieHHe pojiefi BejjeT jihihb k TOMy, hto
3an nojiynaeT to, b hcm OTKaaaHO «jene. B jjeHCTBHTejibHOCTH
3pHTeJIb OTHIOJJb He HBJIHeTCH TCM aÖCOJHOTHBIM CHM0C03HaHH-
eM, KOTopoe ne mohcct cojjepacaTb b ceöe nbeca. Hojjoöho to-
My, KaK b nbece ne co/jepacHTCH «OKOHHaTejiBHoro npnroBopa»
o ee coöcTBeHHoä «hctophh», spHTejib ne hbjihctch BepxoBHbiM
cy/jbeH nbecbi. Oh Toace bhjjht h nepeacHBaeT nbecy b MOjjyce
jiohchoto C03HBHHH, HOcraBjieHHoro nofl Bonpoc. Kto ace oh Ta-
koh, ecjin ne coöpaT nepconaaceH, KaK h ohh norpyaceHHbiH b
cnoHTaHHbie mh^jbi h^bojiothh, b ee hjijhoshh h npHBHjiernpo*
BaHHbie (JiopMbi? H ecjin caMa nbeca jjepjKHT ero na jjHCTaH-
ijhh ot nbecbi, to He noTOMy, hto kto-to acejiaeT nonjajjHTb ero
hjih jjance c/jejiaTb ero CyzjbeH, — ho jjjih toto, htoöbi yxsaraTb
h BOBjienb ero b ary MHHMyio jjHCTaHijHio, b ary «OTCTpaneH-
HOCTb», — HTOÖBI C/jeJiaTB H3 HCTO CHMy 3Ty JJHCTaHIJHIO, KOTO-
pan ecrb ne hto nnoe, KaK aKTHBHaa h hchbbh KpHTHKa.
Ho Tenepb, HecoMHeHHO, cjie/jyeT paaoöJianHTb h BTopyio mo-
jjejib 3pHTejiBCKoro coanaHHH, KOTopaa He noKH/jaeT nac jjaace
TOT/ja, Korjja mbi ot nee hbho OTKa3biBaeMcn: mojjcjib HjjeHTH-
(JiHKaijHH. 3jjecb h xony jihihb tohho nocTaBHTb Bonpoc, na ko-
Topbiii h He CMory jjaTb nojjjiHHHoro OTBera: Korjja mbi, jjjih to-
213

ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
ro htoöbi hombicjihtb craTyc 3pnTejibCKoro cosnanna, hchojib-
3yeM noHHTHe H^eHTHcJjHKaijHH (c repoeM), He noßBepraeMCH
JIH Mbl pHCKy COMHHTeJIbHOH BCCHMHJiaiJHH? CTpOTO TOBOpa, HO-
HHTHe H/jeHTH(J)HKaiJHH HBJIHCTCH nCHXOJIOTHHeCKHM, TOHHee
roBopa, ncHxoaHajiHTHHecKHM nonaTHeM. H othiojjb He comhc-
Baiocb b fleHCTBeHHOCTH ncHxojiorHHecKHx npoijeccoB, nponc-
xo/janjHx b co3HaHHH CHjjanjero nepe/j cijenoH spHTejia. TeM He
Menee cjie^yeT npH3HaTb, hto (JjenoMeHbi npoeKijHH, cyßjiHMa-
ijhh h t. jj., KOTopbie MOHCHO HaßjiioflaTb, onHCbiBaTb h onpe-
jjejiaTb b KOHTpojiHpyeMbix ncHxojiOTHnecKHx CHTyaijHax, caMH
no ce6e He cnocoÖHbi oß'bacHHTb ctojib cneijHcjjnHecKoe h cjioac-
Hoe noße/jeHHe, KaK noBe/jenne 3pHTejia, npncyTCTByioiijero
Ha TeaTpajibHOM npe/jcraBjieHHH. 3to noBe/jenne npeac/je Bce-
ro aßjiaeTca noBe/jenneM coijnajibHbiM h KyjibTypno-BCTeTHHe-
ckhm, a 3HaHHT, Taicace h HjjeojiorHHecKHM. HpoacneHHe TOTO,
KaKofi BKJiajj KOHKpeTHbie ncHxojiorHHecKHe npoijeccbi (TaKHe,
kbk HjjeHTH^JHKaijHa, cyßjiHMaijHa, BbrrecneHHe h t. ß., nona-
Tbie b hx CTporoM ncHxojiorHHecKOM CMbicjie) bhocbt b noBejje-
HHe, KOTopoe aßjiaeTca ßojiee cjiojkhbim, neM ohh caMH, — ßesy-
cjiobho, BaacHaa sa/jana. Ho 3Ta nepßaa sajjana ne MoaceT, ecjin
Mbl He XOTHM CKaTHTbCa B nCHXOJIOTH3M, OTMCHHTb BTOpyiO: 3a-
^any onpe/jejieHHa cneijH^HKH caMoro spHTejibCKoro cosnaHHa.
Ecjih bto cosnaHHe He CBOßHTca k HHCTOMy ncnxojiorHHecKOMy
co3HaHHio, ecjin oho ecTb coijHajibHoe, KyjibTypnoe h Hjjeojio-
rnnecKoe cosnaHHe, to mbi ne MoaceM mbicjihtb ero OTHOineHHe
k cneKTaKJiio tojibko b (jjopMe ncHxojiorimecKOH HjjeHTH(|)HKa-
ijhh. fleHCTBHTejibHO, npeac/je neM 3pHTejibCKoe co3HaHHe (hch-
xojiorHnecKn) H/jeHTHcJjHijHpyeTca c repoeM, oho y3HaeT ce6a b
HjjeojiorimecKOM cojjepacaHHH nbecbi h b (JjopMax, cbohctbch-
hbix BTOMy co/jepacaHHio. Hpeac^e neM cneKTaKJib craHOBHTca
hobojjom jjjia HßeHTHtjjHKaijHH (c coßoii b (jjopMe /Jpyroro), oh b
ocHOBe CBoeä ecTb hobojj jjjia KyjibTypHoro h H,zjeojiorHHecKoro
y3HaßaHHa-npH3HaHHa6 (reconnaissance). 3to ysnaßaHHe ceßa
6 He cjie^yer jjyMaTb, hto oto caMoysnaBaHHe He noflHHHaeTCH Tpeöosa-
214

nMKKOJIO», BEPTOJIALJLjn H BPEXT
b npumjune npe/jnojiaraeT nexoe cymnocTHoe e/jHHCTBO (ko-
Topoe aejiaeT bobmomchbimh chmh ncHxojiormecKHe npoijeccbi
n/jeHTMcJjnKaijMM): e/juncTBO, KOTopoe oß'be/jHHHeT 3pnTejien
h aKTepoß, coßpaBinuxcH b ojjhom Meere Ha o/jhh Benep. fla, b
nepßyio OHepejjb Mbi oßbeßUHenbi 3thm HHcruTyroM — cneKTa-
KJieM, ho b ßojiee rjiyöoKOM CMbicjie mbi oß'be/jHHeHbi ojjhhmh h
TeMH HCe MH^HMH, OflHHMH H T6MH 3Ke TCMHMH, KOTOpbie npa-
BHT HBMH He3aM6TH0 ßJIH HHC CHMHX, Mbl oß’be/JHHeHbl OflHOÖ
h toh ace cnoHTaHHO nepe^CHBaeMOH mjeojiorneii. H ^a^ce ec-
jih xjieö, no^oÖHbiH xjieöy El Nost Milan, npeaeße Bcero — nn-
qa ße^Hbix, mbi Bee ace e/jMM o^hh h tot »ce xjieß, ncnbiTbiBa-
eM ojjhh h Te ace npncTynbi rneßa, o^ho h to ace BO3MynjeHne,
no/maeMCH o/jHOMy h TOMy ace 6e3yMHio (no Kpaimeii Mepe, b
naMHTH, rjje nac hoctohhho no/jereperaeT 3Ta aobojibho 6jih3-
HHHM, KOTopbie B KOHCHHOM CHGTe Onpe«eJIHK)T cyflb6y HJjeOJIOTHH. ÄeHCTBH-
TeJIbHO, HCKyCCTBO ecTb OAHOBpeMeHHO H BOJIH K CaMOy3HHBaHHIO, H CaMOy3-
HaBaHHe KaK TaKOBoe. üoaTOMy to cjjhhctbo, KOTopoe a (b oöiijhx nepTax)
npHHHMaio 3/jecb KaK npeanocbDiKy juisl toto, htoöbi cy3HTb rpanniibi nccjie-
AOBanna, — 3th pa3#ejiaeMbie oönjne mh^m, tgmbi, crpeMJieHHH KOTopbie oöe-
cneHHBaiOT bosmokhoctb npeacTaBJieHHH KaK Kyjibiypnoro h imeojioririecKO-
ro (JjeHOMena, — bto cähhctbo b cbohx hctokbx eerb b toh ace Mepe acejiaeMoe
hjih OTBepraeMoe cähhctbo, kbk h cjihhctbo saKpemieHHoe. flpyniMH cjiOBa-
mh, b TeaTpanbHOM h jiajKe b jiioöom acrerHHecKOM MHpe h^bojiothh HHKor^a
ne nepecraer öbiTb mcctom cnopoB h cpaxceHHH, b kotopom rjiyxHM hjih ryji-
KHM 3X0M OTflaiOTCH IIiyM H HOTpHCeHMH nOJIHTHHeCKHX H COUHaJIbHblX ÖHTB
HejiOBenecTBa. PaayMeeTca, Moxcer noKaaaTbca crpaHHbiM, hto, erpeMHCb jjaTb
oöiiHCHeHHe 3pHTejibCKoro noße^eHHH, a BbyjEHraio na nepBbin njian hhcto
ncHxojiorHnecKHe npoijeccbi (Tanne, Kan HjjeHTHcjjHKaijHa), — Be/jb hsbcctho,
hto hx 34)4>eKTbi nopon noflBepraiOTca pa^HKajibHOMy OTpniiaHHio: eerb h Ta-
nne 3pHTejiH, Koropbie He xcejiaiOT HHnero cjibiniaTb jjo Toro, KaK nojjHHMerca
3aHasec, n KOTopbie aaxce noejie nanajia cneKramia OTKaabisaiOTca yanaBaTb
ceöa b npejjjiaraeMOM hm npon3BeßeHHH hjih b ero HHTepnpeTaijHH. Hbhth
cooTBercTByiomHe npnMepbi nerpyaHo: hmh hm jiernoH. Pa3Be HTajibancKaa
öypxcya3Ha ne OTBeprjia BepToaaimn, pa3Be He npeBpaTHjia ona ero b xcajino-
ro HeyjjaHHHKa? H pa3Be 3jjecb, b ITapnace, b niOHe 1962 r. He öbiji oh BKyne
c CrpejiepoM noABeprayr ocyxyjeHHio jjHpeKropaMH cosnaHna «napnaccKOH»
nyÖJiHKH, KOTopbie bbihccjih cboh npnroBop, ne BbicjiymaB ero no-Hacroaiiie-
My — b to BpeMa KaK b KrajiHH ninpoicaa napo^naa ayzjHTopna npnnajia h
npH3Hana ero?
215

«nMKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAIJIJH H BPEXT
Kan bosmohchoctb), onjynjaeM onny h Ty ace nojjaBJieHHOCTb ne-
pe# JIHIJOM BpeMeHH, KOTopoe He npHBOHHT B ABH^CeHHe HHKa-
kbh Hctophh. /Ja, na nopore y nac, KaK h y MaManiH Kypaac,
ctoht Ta ace caMaa bohhb, h b HByx rnarax ot Hac, ecjm He b
Hac cbmhx — Ta ace acyrKan cjienora, tot ace neneji b rjiasax,
tot ace necoK na 3y6ax. Mbi bhhhm Ty ace 3apio h norpyacaeMCH
b Ty ace hohl, h nopoii mbi BnaoTHyio npHÖJinacaeMCH k tcm ace
caMBiM 6e3flHaM: k nanieMy 6ecco3HaTejiBHOMy. Mbi pas/jeaaeM
Oflny h Ty ace, oönjyio BceM HaM ncropHio, — h KaK pa3 c ototo
Bee h HaHHHaeTca. Hmchho noaTOMy mbi caMH c caMoro nanajia
h b caMOH Hainen ocnoBe cyrB 3Ta nneca, — h ne ctojib yac Baac-
ho 3HaHne ee ncxo.ua, bchb ee kohchhbim pesyjiBTaroM MoaceM
6bitb jihihb mbi chmh, t. e. Hain MHp. Hmchho noaTOMy jioacnaa
npoßjieMa HneHTHC^HKaijHH c caMoro nanajia h naace ho toto,
KaK ona 6y.neT nocraBJieHa, yace paspemena peajiBHOCTBio y3Ha-
BaHHa-npH3HaHHa. IIoaTOMy eflHHCTBeHHBiH Bonpoc 3aKJnona-
eTca b tom, KaKofi 6y.neT cyflB6a btoh ckpbitoh hhghthhhocth,
□toto HenocpencTBeHHoro caMoysnaßaHHa: hto c hhm yace cne-
JiaJI aBTOp? HTO C HHM CflCJiaiOT aKTepBI, npHBOflHMBie B HBHace-
nne TjiaBHBiM apxHTeKTopoM, BpexTOM hjih CTpejiepoM? Hto
CTaneTca c othm HHeojiorHHecKHM caMoysHasaHHeM? Hcnepna-
eT jih oho ce6a b nnaneKTHKe caMocosnannH, yrjiy6jiHHCB b cboh
MH(ßBI, BMeCTO TOTO HTOÖBI OT HHX H36aBHTBCH? IIoCTaBHT JIH
oho b ijeHTp nrpBi 3to 6ecKOHeHHoe 3epKajio? Hjih ace cmcctht
ero, otöpocht ero b CTopoHy, noTepaer ero, BepneTCH k neMy
hjih toto, hto6bi H3najieKa hoahhhhtb ero bobh^hctbhio nyac-
flBIX H CTOJIB ynopHBIX CHJI, HTO OHO, CJIOBHO non B03HCHCTBHeM
TOTO 4)H3HHeCKOTO pe30HaHCa, KOTOPBIH 3aCTaBJIHCT JIOnaTBCH
CTeKJIO, B KOHije KOHIJOB BHC3anH0 npeBpaTHTCH B ropKy OCKOJI-
kob na nojiy.
Ecjih mbi bhobb B03BpaTHMCH k stoh nonBiTKe onpenejieHHH,
KOTopoe CTpeMHTCH 6bitb Bcero jihhib 6ojiee ynanno nocTasjieH-
HOH npo6jieMOH, TO MBI yBHHHM, HTO C03HaHHCM 3PHT6JIH HBJIH-
eTCH caMa nBeca, — npnaeM b ciuiy toto, hto y 3phtcjih hct
HpyToro co3HaHHH, KpoMe toto coHepacaHHH, KOTopoe c caMoro
216

«ÜHKKOJIO», BEPTOJIAUUH H BPEXT
Hanajia oö'be/jHHHeT ero c nbecoü, a TaKace CTanosaeHHa btoto
coaepacaHHH b caMoä nbece: HOBoro coaepacaHHa, KOTopoe npo-
H3BOJIHT nbeca, Hcxoflaiijaa H3 Toro caMoy3HaßaHHa, (JmrypoH h
npncyrcrBneM KOToporo ona aBaaerca. BpexT 6bdi npaß: ecjin
eflHHCTBeHHaa ijejib Tearpa — öbitb KOMMeHTapneM, nycrb jja-
Hce «ßnajieKTHHecKHM», btoto Hen3MeHHoro caMoy3HaßaHHa-ca-
M0Hey3HaBaHHH, Tor/ja spirrejiio c caMoro Hanana snaKOMa My-
3biKa: ara My3biKa — ero coöcTBeHHaa. H HanpoTHB, ecjin ijejib
Tearpa — noTpacTH ary HenpnKOCHOBeHHyio cjmiypy, npnBe-
cth b ßBiDKeHne Heno/jBHTKHoe, 3Ty Hen3MeHHyio C(j)epy mhcJjh-
HecKoro MHpa HJiJiioaopHoro coanaHHa, Tor,n;a nbeca — 3to cra-
HOBJieHHe, BTO npOH3BOflCTBO HOBOTO CO3HaHHH 3pHTeJIH, — He-
3aBepnieHHoro, KaK h Bcaaoe coanaHne, ho äbhjkhmoto caMoä
btoh HeaaßepuieHHocTbio, btoh OTBoeßaHHoii /jHcraHijHeH, btoh
HeHcnepnaeMOH paßoToii kphthkh b ^chctehh; Tor^a nbeca —
aeHCTBHTeJIbHO npOH3BOACTBO HOBOTO 3pHT6JIH, 3TOTO aKTepa,
KOTopbifi npHHHMaeTca 3a jjejio, Koraa 3aKaHHHBaeTca cneK-
TaKJIb, KOTOpblH HaHHHaeT CBOe JjeJIO JIHnib «HJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl 3a-
BepniHTb btot cneKTaKJib, ho saBepniHTb ero b ?kh3hh.
51 orjiHflbiBaiocb na3aß, — h BHesanno, c nenpeoflOJiHMOH ch-
jioh nepeflo mhoh BCTaeT zjiaeHbiü Bonpoc: öbitb MoaceT, bth
crpaHHijbi, HeyKjnoHcne h ßjinaopyKne, h ecTb caMa neH3BecT-
naa nbeca, El Nost Milan, yBHjjeHHaa ojjhhm HionbCKHM Be-
nepoM, nbeca, nmynjaa bo MHe cboh HeaaßepnieHHbiH cmbicji,
CTpeMHmaaca Tenepb, Kor.ua HcneajiH Bee aKTepbi h .zjeKopaijHH,
naHTH bo Mne, ^aace b oßxofl Mena caMoro, hohojio CBoero hcmo-
ro jjncKypca?
Aezycm 1962 2.



V
«3KOHOMHHECKO-0HJIOCO0CKHE
PYKOnHCH 1844 r.» KAP JIA MAPKCA
(IIojiumuHecKasi 9kohomum u (pujiocofiusi)



IlyßjinKaijHfl «PyKonHceii 1844 r.» npe^CTasjiHeT coöoh noa-
jiHHHoe coöbimue, k KOTopoMy h 6m xoreji npHBjienb bhhmbhhc
HHTaTejiefi «La Pensee».
ITpeame Bcero, coöbrrne Jiumepamypnoe u KpumuuecKoe.
Panee «PyKonncn» 6mjih ßocTynHM HHTaTejiHM, nojibsyiomHM-
CH 4)paHIjy3CKHM H3BIK0M, TOJIbKO B nepeBOJje, OnyÖJIHKOBaH-
hom b Edition Costes (nepeBOA Mojinropa, tom VI, Oevres Phi-
losophiques). Bee, kto öbijih BbiHyameHbi Hcnojib3OBaTb ero, no
coöcTBeHHOMy onbiry 3HaiOT, hto otot nenojiHbiii tckct, H3 ko-
Toporo öbijin ncKJiiOHeHbi HMeiomne öojibinoe SHanenne nacca-
3KH, TeKCT, KHHiailJHH OniHÖKaMH H HCTOHHOCTHMH, He MOr 6bITb
HHCTpyMeHTOM cepbe3Hoä paöoTbi. Tenepb, öjiaroaapa 3. Bo-
THrejuin, 3acjiyrn KOToporo cjieayeT npn3HaTb, b nameM pac-
nopjDKeHHH naxo^HTCH «ueÄCTBHTejibHO coepeMeHHoe HS^anne
(npineM flaace nanöojiee coBpeMennoe H3 Bcex cymecTByronjux,
nocKOJibKy BoTHrejiJiH onnpanca na HOBenmne CBe^enna, Kaca-
TOIIJHeCH npOHTeHHH H npaBKH TeKCTa, KOTOpbie OH HOJiyHHJI OT
MOCKOBCKoro ÜHCTHTyra MapKca h 3Hre;ibca), b nepeBO^e, 3a-
MenaTejibHOM CBoeii CTporoerbio, BHHMaHHeM k aerajiHM, cboh-
mh KpHTHHeCKHMH KOMMeHTapHHMH H, HTO OHCHb BaflCHO, CBOefi
meopemuHecKOÜ HodewHoembK) (nyacHO hmctb b BH^y, hto xo-
poniHH nepeBO# BO3Moacen tojibko b tom cjiynae, ecjin nepeBOß-
hhk — ßojibiue ueM npocmo nepeeoduuKt ecjin oh jjocKOHajibHO
3HaeT ne tojibko mbicjib CBoero aBTopa, ho h tot noHHTHHHBin h
HCTOpHHeCKHH yHHBepeyM, B KOTOpOM OH BbipOC. B JjaHHOM cjiy-
nae 3to ycjiOBHe hojihoctbio BbinojiHeno).
KpoMe Toro, oto coöbiTHe meopemunecKoe. Mbi HMeeM ^e-
jio c TeKCTOM, KOTopbin b TeneHHe TpH/maTH jier nrpaji nepBO-
CTeneHHyio pojib b nojieMHKe, b araKax na mbicjib MapKca h b
ee 3aiijHTe. BorarejuiH ohchb yzjaHHO paaMicnaeT, kbkhm o6pa-
221

3KOHOMHHECKO-OHJIOCOOCKHE PYKOnUCH 1844 f.»
3OM öbdih pacnpe/jejieHbi pojih b otom öojibhiom cnope. Yen ex
3T0My 3HaM6HHT0My TGKCTy OÖeCneHHJIH COIJHaJI-JjeMOKpaTBI
(npeaqje Bcero, ero nepßbie HsaarejiH, Jlan/jcxyr h Mafiep), a
BCJieß 3a HHMH — ^HJIOCO^W-CIIHpHiyaJIHCrbl, 3K3HCT6HIJHa-
jihctbi, (JieHOMeHOJiorH h t. jj.; TeM ne Menee, KaK h cjie/jOBajio
ojKimaTb, ohh HHTepnpeTHpoBanH ero b ayxe, BecbMa HyacßOM
h nocTHJKeHHio MbicjiH MapKca, h npocroMy noHHMaHHio ee
4>0pMHp0BaHHfl. «3K0H0MHHeCK0-(j)HJI0C04)CKHe pyKOIIHCH» IIO-
CJiyJKHJIH ÜHTareJIbHOH HOHBOH ßJIH 3THHGCKHX, aHTponOJIOTH-
necKHx (KOTopbie no cyrn TOSK^ecTBeHHbi nepBbiM) h jjaHce pe-
jinrHO3Hbix HHTepnpeTai^HH mbicjih MapKca, — h «Kannraji» c
erO JJHCTaHIJHpOBaHHOCTblO H MHHMOH «OÖ'beKTHBHOCTBK)» OKa-
3biBajiCH Bcero jihhib pa3BHraeM hckoh HHTynixHH mojio/joto
MapKca, KOTopaa öyzjTO öbi nanuia CBoe rjiaBHoe 4>HJioco4)CKoe
BbipaaceHHe b otom TeKCTe h b ero hohhthhx: npeacße Bcero, b
hohhthhx omHyo^deHUH, zyuaHusMa, oöu^ecmeeHHOÜ cyiquo-
cmu uejioeeKa h t. ß. Hsbcctho, hto mhpkchctbi OTpearnpoBa-
JIH Ha 3TH HHTepnpeTail,HH C 0n03flaHHeM H HTO HX peaKIJHH He-
cjia na ceöe OTnenaTOK hx onaceHHH h hx nocneniHOCTH: aa-
nje Bcero ohh 3anjHiijajiH MapKca b ijcjiom h npHHHMajin Te3HC
CBOHX npOTHBHHKOB, HBITaHCB JIHHIB BHflOH3MeHHTb 6T0 TaKHM
OÖpa3OM, HTOÖBI HO,HHepKHyTb 3HaH6HHe «KanHTajia», H TeM ca-
mbim nepeoijeHHBaH meopemuHecKuü npecraac TeKCTa 1844 ro-
aa. BoTHrejiJiH b otoh cbhsh npefljiaraeT hbm saMenaTejibHbie
(JjopMyjinpoBKH (c. IX, XXXIX). Ohh sacraBjiHioT nac ocosnaTb
ojjho TpeöosaHHe, oöohth KOTopoe ne MoaceT hh o/jhh cepbes-
HBIH KOMMeHTBTOp: TpeÖOBaHHe Onpe^eJIHTB HOBBIH H CTpOTHH
Merofl HCCJießOBaHHH, neKHH «jjpyroH motoä» (c. X), OTjiHnaio-
IIJHHCH OT npOCTOH HpeflBOCXHIIjaiOmeH HJIH peTpoeneKTHBHOH
accHMHjiai^HH. Tenepb sth «PyKonncn», KOTopbie öbdih apry-
mchtom b cpaacenHH, npe^JioroM jjjih ocyac^eHHH hjih pe/iy-
TOM B 3aiIJHTe, MBI M0HC6M, MBI ÖOJldfCHbl TpaKTOBBTh C HOMO-
njbio Hajje3KHoro MeTO.ua: KaK momchtti (JiopMHpoBaHHH mbicjih
MapKca, KOTOpblH, KaK H BCflKHH MOMeHT HHTeJDieKTyaJIBHOTO
craHOBjieHHH, yKasbiBaer na neKoe öyzjynjee, ho b to ace BpeMH
222

«3K0H0MHHECK0-<PHJI0C0<DCKHE PYKOIIHCH 1844 T.
oxßaTbiBaeT coöoh HeKoe eduHUHHoe h hh k neMy ne CBOßHMoe
Hacmosiiyee. He 6y.neT npeyBejinneHHeM CKasaTb, hto, no^roTO-
bhb 3tot öeaynpeHHbiii nepeßon, BorarejuiH /jaji HaM npHBHJie-
rupoBaHHbiH oö'beKT, kotopbih npencraBJiHeT hjih MapKCHCTOB
HHTepec no HßyM HMeionjHM TeopeTunecKyio npnpony npnHH-
naM: nocKOJibKy oh KacaeTCH 4>opMHpoBaHHH hjih, Jiynine ckb-
3aTb, npeoöpasoeaHUH mbicjih Mapnca, ho TaKHce h noTOMy, hto
oh npeaocraBjiHer MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH hhcojiothh oöpasijo-
bbih noBon HcnbiTaTb cboh mctoh h HOKaaaTb ero jjeiiCTBeH-
HOCTb.
KpoMe Toro, h 6bi xotcji yicaaaTb h Ha to, hto stot nepeBoa
cnaÖHceH aaMenaTejibHbiM HcropHnecKHM h TeopeTHnecKHM
«BseaeHHeM», KOTopoe ne tojibko hohboaht Hac k caMOMy nnpy
Han6ojiee cynjecrBeHHbix npoöJieM, ho h npoacHaeT KaK hx koh-
TeKCT, TaK H HX CBMHX.
B neM ace 3aKjnonaeTca cneyucpuHecKuü xapaKTep «PyKonn-
ceä 1844 r.» no cpaBnennio c npe/jbmymHMH TeKCTaMH MapK-
ca? Kanon paduKCuibHO hobbih ojieMeHT ohh bhocht? Otbct 3a-
KjnonaeTCH b cjieayiomeM (J)aKTe: '«PyKonncn» cyrb nponyKT
ecmpeuu MapKca c nojiumuuecKOÜ dKOHOMueü. Pa3yMeeTca,
b hhx Mapnc ne BnepBbie CTOJiKnyjiCH, kbk oh caM tobopht, c
«HeOÖXOHHMOCTBIO» Bbipa3HTb CBOH B3rJIHflbI HO BOnpOCBM 3KO-
HOMHHecKoro nopHHKa (tbk, b 1842 r. Bonpoc o Kpaace Jieca 3a-
Tponyji bcio cnryaijHK) arpapHoä seMejibHOH coöcTBeHHOCTn;
tbk, craTbH, noHBHBniancH b tom ace 1842 r. n nocBHnjeHHan
Bonpocy o ijensype n CBo6one nenaTH, OTKpbuia eMy peajibHOCTb
«npOMbllHJieHHOCTH» H T. H T. n.), HO BHJIOTb flO 3T0F0 M0M6H-
Ta OH CTaJIKHBaJICH Bcero JIHIHB C HeKOmopblMU BKOHOMHHeCKH-
mh BonpocaMH, npnneM bochphhhtbimh ckbo3b npH3My tiojiu-
muuecKux aeöaTOB: Kopone roBopa, oh cranKHsajica He c cbmoh
nOJIHTHHeCKOH 3K0H0MH6H, HO C OnpefleJieHHBIMH S^^^KTaMH
BKOHOMHHeCKOH HOJIHTHKH HJIH ECe C OnpefleJieHHBIMH 3KOHO-
MHHeCKHMH yCJIOBHHMH COIJHaJIbHblX KOH(|)JIHKTOB («K KpHTH-
Ke rerejieBCKOÄ 4)hjioco4)hh npaßa»). B 1844 r. nepea MapKCOM
npeacraer caMa nojiHTHnecKaa bkohomhh. 3nrejibc otkpbui eMy
223

«3KOHOMHHECKO-0HJIOCO0CKHE PYKOIIHCH 1844 f.»
nyrb b cbogm «rennajibHOM naöpocKe», iiocbhiijbhhom Ahtjihh*.
Ho b toh ace Mepe KaK h 3Hrejibc, k btoh BCTpene ero nojjTaji-
KHBajia h Heoßxo^HMOCTb noHCKa 3a npe^ejiaMH hojihthkh npn-
hhh koh$jihktob, HepaapeniHMbix b co6ctb6hho nojiHTHnecKHx
rpaimijax. Bne cbhsh c stoh, nepeoü ecmpeueü «PyKonncn» mo-
ryr öbitb hohhtbi jihihb c Sojibuihm TpynoM. B napnaccKHH ne-
pnoA, hmcbihhh b btoh cbh3h peinaionjee 3HaneHHe, MapKC no-
rpyacaeTCH b H3yneHHe sKOHOMHCTOB-KJiaccHKOB (Csii, CKapßeK,
Cmht, PuKapjjo), oh flejiaer oömupHbie bbihhckh, cjießbi ko-
TOpblX MOaCHO HaHTH H B CBMOM TCKCTe «PyKOHHCefi» (nepBaH
HaCTB CO/jepJKHT Hpe3BbFiaHHO ßoJIBIHHe IJHTaTbl), — OH CJIOB-
HO HbrraeTCH 3a4)UKCupo6amb HeKuü (pam. Ho b to ace BpeMH
KaK OH (|)HKCHpyeT 3TOT (jiaKT, MapKC KOHCTaTHpyeT, HTO OH, no
KpaimeH Mepe y Tex okohomhctob, kotopbix oh HHTaer, jiurneH
ecHKoü ocHoebi, hto oh bhcht b BO3flyxe, hto eMy ne/iocraer ero
coßcTBeHHoro npuHtfuna. TaKHM o6pa3OM, Bcrpena c hojihth-
necKOH dKOHOMHen ecTb b ojjho h to ace BpeMH h KpumuuecKOR,
peaKUHH Ha nojiHTHnecicyio okohomhio, h TpeßoBaTejiBHBiä no-
hck ee ocHoeaHUH.
HoneMy y MapKca noHBjineTCH yöeacaeHHe, hto nojiHTHne-
CKan 3K0H0MHH jiHineHa ocHOBaHHH? HoTOMy hto oh oÖHapyacH-
Baer npoTHBopenne, KOTopoe ona KOHCTarapyer h (JjHKcnpyeT,
flaace npuHHMaeT h npeoßpaacaeT: npeacjje Bcero, rjiaBHoe npo-
THBopenne, KOTopoe npoTHBonocTaBJineT pacTyn^io naynepu-
30,141110 TpynaiijHxcH h to HeoöbiHaHHoe öozamcmeo, noHBjieHne
KOToporo b coßpeMeHHOM MHpe BocneßaeT nojiHTHnecKan sko-
homhh. Baecb — KpecT, 3flecb — nopaaceHHe stoh ohthmhcth-
HecKoii nayKH, KOTopaa BO3flBHraeT CBoe scanne Ha stom cjia-
6om apryMeHTe, hojjoöho TOMy KaK ßoraTCTBO co6ctb6hhhkob
BO3pacTaeT na cjiböocth h öejjHOCTH paßoHHx. 3/iecb ace — h ee
* ÜMeercH b BH^y craTta 0. 3nrejibca «HaöpocKH k KpuTHKe nojiHTHHe-
CKOH 3K0H0MHH», HailHCaHHaH HM B KOHije 1843 T. — HHBape 1844 r. H OIiyÖJIH-
KOBaHHaa b tom ace rojjy b «HeMeijKO-(})paHijy3CKOM eHcerojjHHKe» (MapKC K. u
dmejibc <P. Coh., t. 1, c. 544—571). —IIpuM. nep.
224

«3KOHOMHHECKO-0HJIOCO0CKHE PYKOIinCH 1844 T.
cKan^aji, KOTopbiÄ MapKC crpeMHTCH chhtb, «naßan okohomhh
tot npHHijnn, kotopmh y Hee OTcyTCTByeT h kotopmh öyneT ee
CBeTOM H BepßHKTOM.
Ho hmchho 3^ecb h pacKpbiBaeTca BTopan CTopona «PyKo-
nHcefi»: (Jjhjioco^hh. IIocKOJibKy BCTpena MapKca c hojihthhc-
ckoh 3K0H0MHefi — 3to h BCTpena (BoTHrejiJiH 3to OHeHb yuan-
ho noKaabiBaeT: c. XXXIX, LIV LXVII h t. ß.) (pu/ioco(})uu c
nojiHTinecKOH 3K0H0Mnen. PaayMeeTca, ne Bee paBHO KaKoii
4)hjioco4)hh: penb h/jct o (JjhjiococJihh, bmctpochhoh MapK-
com 3a BpeMH Bcex ero npaKTHHecKH-TeopeTinecKHx ncnbrra-
hhh (BoTHrejiJiH KpaTKO oßpncoBbiBaeT Hanöojiee cynjecTBeH-
Hbie MOMenTbi: H^eajiHSM nepßbix tckctob, ßojiee 6jih3Khh k
KaHTy h 4>HXTe, hcm k Terejiio; aHTponojiorun C>enep6axa) h
npeo6pa3OBaHHOÜ, HcnpaBJieHHOH, pacinnpeHHoii nocpe/jCTBOM
cbmoh 3toh BCTpeHH. TaK hjih HHane, etye odua (JjhjiococJjhh,
OTMeneHHan rjiyöoKHM bjihhhhcm (jjeHepßaxHancKOH npoßjie-
mbthkh (BoTHrejiJiH, c. XXXIX) h HCKyinaeMan HeyßepeHHbiM
HcejianneM BO3BpameHHH k nponuioMy, ot «teiiepßaxa k Tere-
jik). HMeHHO 3Ta 4>hjioco4)hh pa3peniHT rjiaBHoe npoTHBope-
HHe nojiHTHHecKOH 3kohomhh, noMbicjiHB ero, a nepe3 Hero —
H BCIO nojiHTHnecKyio 3K0H0MHK), BCe ee KaTeropHH, HCXOßH H3
oßHoro KJiiOHeBoro hohhthh: hohhthh omuyo^deHHOZO mpyda.
H 3ßecb mbi no^xoflHM k caMOMy n/ipy npoßjieMbi, saecb mm na-
XOßHMCH B OnaCHOH ÖJIH3OCTH OTO BC6X HßeaJIHCTHHeCKHX HCKy-
meHHH hjih »ce HCKyineHHÄ cjihihkom yac nocneniHO npoBO3rjia-
inaeMoro MaTepnajiHSMa... nocKOJibKy Ha nepebiü eazjuid 3^ecb
mm yace HaxojjHMCH b oßjiacTH shbhhh, h xony CKa3aTb — b ra-
kom KOHijenTyajibHOM jiaHflina^Te, rae mm mohcom pa3JiHHHTb
h Hacrnyio coöcrBeHHocrb, h KanHTaji, h «nenbrn, h pasjjejieHHe
Tpyzja, h OTHyoK^eHHe TpyzjHiijHXCH, h hx 3MancHnaijHK), h ry-
MBHH3M — hx oöeTOBaHHoe ßyzjyiijee. Bee hjih nonmu ece KaTe-
ropHH, KOTopMe mm HafifleM b «KanHTajie» h KOTopbie mm no-
3TOMy MOHceM npHHHTb 3a npeßBOCXHmeHHe «Kannrajia», 3a
npoeKT «KanHTana» hjih aaace 3a ero nepßyio sapncoBKy, yace
TOTOByio b oöiuhx Heprax, ho Bee eme 3CKH3Hyio, jiHinemiyio
225

3KOHOMHHECKO-0HJIOCO0CKHE PYKOnWCH 1844 f.»
hojihotbi fleTaneii, ho othjo^b ne reHHajiBHOCTH aaßepineHHO-
ro Tpyaa. TaK xyaoacHHKaM nopoii yzjaiOTCH pncyHKH, KOTopbie
CßeJiaHbl CJIOBHO OßHHM ßBHHteHHeM, B KOTOpblX BCe — pOHCfle-
Hue HOBoro, h KOTopbie ßance b CBoeii nesaBepineHHOCTH öojiee
BejiHnecTBeHHbi, neM coaepacaiijeecH b hhx npoH3BeßeHHe. He-
hto noßoÖHoe 3toh CBeacecTH h hobh3ho npncyrcTByeT h b ona-
poßaHHH, H3JiynaeMOM «PyKonncHMH», b hx npeoßOJießaiomeH
BCHKoe conpoTHBJieHHe jiozuHHOcmu (BorarejuiH Bepno otmo-
naer «crporocTb hx apryMeHTaijHH», c. XXXIII, LXII, LIV hx
«HeyMOJiHMyio jiorHKy»), b yöeßHTejibHOCTH hx ßHajieKTHKH. Ho
ecTb b hhx h cawo yöeacßeHHe stoh yöeßHTejibHOCTH, CMbicji,
kotopbih 3Ta jiorHKa h 3Ta crporocTb npnßaiOT jierKO ysnaßae-
MblM HOHHTHHM, a 3HBHHT — CMblCJl CBMOH 3T0H JIOTHKH H 3T0H
crporocTH: CMbicji ece eu/e (ftujiocoficKiiü, b jtiom cclmom 3na-
hchhh cjioßa «4>hjioco4)ckhh», KOTopoe no3ßHee ßyzjeT bbi3bi-
BaTb y Mapnca 6e3O3oeopoHHoe ocyotcdenue. IIocKOJibKy bchkbh
crporocTb h bchkbh ßnaneKTHKa ctoht jihihb Toro, nero ctoht
CMblCJl, KOTOpOMy OHH CJiyHCaT H KOTOpblH OHH HJIJIIOCTpHpy-
iot. Kor/ja-HHßynb hbm eqe npiißeTCH oßpaTHTbcn k ßerajiHM
h paawiCHuinb amom meKcm cnoeo 3a cjioqom: 3ajjaTbcn bo-
npocoM o TeopeTHnecKOM craTyce h TeopeTHHecKoü pojih, npn-
jjaHHbix KJHoneBOMy noHHTHio omHyd*cdeHHO2O mpyda\ Hccjiejjo-
bbtb KOHijenTyajibHoe nojie sroro hohhthh; npH3HaTb, hto oho
aeHCTBHTejibHO HrpaoT Ty pojib, KOTopyio MapKC eMy otboaht:
pojib nepBOOCHOBaHHH; ho hto oho chocoöho nrpaTb 3Ty pojib
jihihb noTOMy, hto oho nojiyHaem ee KaK mhcchio h Man^aT ot
ijejiOH KOHixeni^HH HejiOBeKa, KOTopan H3 cynjHOCTH nejioßeKa
H3BJieKaeT hcoöxoahmoctb h coaepacaHHe ctojib shbkombix hbm
3K0H0MHH6CKHX HOHHTHH. KopOHe TOBOpH, 3H TepMHHBMH, CBH-
3aHHbiMH c 6jih3octbio ßyzjyiijero CMbicjia, hbm npn/jeTCH 06-
napyacHTb cmbicji, Bee eqe yuepacHBaiomHH hx b njieny hokoh
4>hjioco4)hh, ocraTKH npecTHHca h BJiacTH KOTopoii npo/jojiHta-
iot jjOBJieTb naß hhmh. H ecjin 6bi h ne onacajiCH 3JioynoTpe-
ßjieHHH CBoßoßOH npeßBocxHiijeHHH pesyjibTaTOB 3Toro ßOKasa-
TejibCTBa, to h 6bi, noMcajiyü, CKasaji, hto ö amoM omnoiucHuu,
226

3KOHOMHHECKO-0HJIOCO0CKHE PYKOHHCH 1844 T.
t. e. OTHOCHTejibHO paduKcuibHozo zocnodcmea (jrajiococjmn
naß TeM coßepacaHHeM, KOTopoe BCKope CTaneT ot nee padu-
KcuibHo HeaaeucuMbiM, MapKC, Hauöojiee dcuieKuü ot MapK-
ca — 3TO HMCHHO 3T0T MapKC, HaHÖOJiee ÖJIH3KHH, MapKC py6e-
aca, MapKC, yace höhte roTOBbifi nepecTymiTb nopor — cjiobho
ßo paapbißa h ßjin toto, hto6bi ero 3aßepniHTb, eMy noHaßoÖH-
jiocb npeßocTaBHTb 4>hjioco4)hh Bee, nocjießHHe bo3mohchocth,
nonaßoÖHJiocb jjaTb efi sto aöcojnoTHoe rocnoßCTBO Haß cbohm
npOTHBHHKOM H HO3BOJIHTB CH 3T0T 6e3MepHbIH TeopeTHHCCKHH
TpnyMcj), oßepHyBinHHCH ee coSctbchheim nopaofceHueM.
BßeßeHHe BoTHrejuiH pacKpbiBaeT nepeß hbmh caMoe Hßpo
3thx npoßjieM. K HHCJiy Hanßojiee npHMenaTejibHbix h OTHOiny
Te CTpaHHijbi, na KOTopbix oh 3aßaeT Bonpoc o TeopeTHnecKOM
craryce OTHyacßennoro Tpyßa, cpaBHHBaer sKOHOMHnecKne no-
HHTHH «PyKOHHCeil» C 3K0H0MHH6CKHMH HOHHTHHMH «KaHHTa-
jia», craBHT (JiyHßaMeHTajibHbiH Bonpoc o TeopeTHnecKOH npn-
poße (ßjia Mapnca 1844 r.) otoh ecmpeueHHOu um hojihthhc-
ckoh 3K0H0MHH. IIpocTaH (jipaaa: «Bypacyaanaa nojiHTHnecKaa
3K0H0MHH npeßCTaeT nepeß MapKCOM KaK ceoezo poda 4>eHOMe-
HOJiorna» (c. XLI) Kaacerca MHe peniajomeii, ctojib ace (jjyHßa-
MeHTajibHbiM npeßCTaBJiaeTCH MHe tot (JiaiCT, hto MapKC npn-
HHMaeT nOJIHTHHeCKyiO 3K0H0MHI0 HMeHHO B TOM BHße, 6 KO’
mopoM ona ce6n npedjiazaem (c. LXVII), He cthbh noß Bonpoc
coßepacaHHe ee hohhthh h hx cncreMaTHicy, kbk oh sto 6yßer
ßejiaTb no3ßHee: hmchho 3Ta «aßcrpaKijHH» 9kohomuu onpaß-
ßbiBaeT ßpyryio «aöcrpaKijHio»: aöcrpaKijHio <biuioco(]mu, ko-
Topan 3aiiMeTCH ee oöocHoeauueM. H yanaßaHHe 4>hjioco4>hh,
KOTopaa npncyrcTByeT b «PyKonncnx», c HeoöxoßHMOCTbio ot-
ßpacbiBaeT nac k HaiueMy ucxodnoMy nyHKmy: ecmpeue c hojih-
THHeCKOH 3K0H0MH6H, 3aCTaBJIHH HBC HOCT8BHTb BOnpOC: K8K0-
Ba rapea/ibHocmb, KOTopyio MapKC bctpcthji b jihijc omoü sko-
homhh? CaMa skohomhh? Hjih, CKopee, HeKaa oKOHOMunecKOJi
udeojiozun, HeoTßejiHMan ot TeopHH bkohomhctob, t. e. b hoji-
HOM COOTBCTCTBHH C yHCC I^HTHpOBaHHBIM BbipaMCeHHCM, HCKaH
«(JjeHOMeHOJiorHH»?
227

9KOHOMHHECKO-0HJIOCO0CKHE PYKOnHCH 1844 T.»
HToßbi aaKOHHHTb, h aoßaBJiio tojibko oßHO saMenaHHe. Ecjih
□Ta HHTepnpeTaijHH MoaceT npHBecTH Koe-Koro b saMeinaTejib-
CTBO, TO npHHHHOH HBJIHCTCH TO ßOBepHe, KOTOpOO OHH npOHB-
jihiot no OTHOineHHK) k CMeineHHio (HsßeacaTb KOToporo, cjie-
ayeT npH3HaTb, äjih Hainnx coßpeMeHHHKOB äobojibho rpy^no,
nocKOJibKy ixejibiH njiacT HCTopHHecKoro nponnioro H3ßaBJiH-
eT HX OT HeOÖXOflHMOCTH pa3JIHHaTb 3TH pOJIH) MeHQjy TeM, HTO
mohcho Ha3BaTb nojiumunecKUMu u meopemunecKUMu no3u-
14URMU MapKca b nepnofl (fropMHpoBaHHH ero mbicjih. Both-
rejuiH onenb hcho pasrjia^eji 3Ty TpynnocTb, KOTopyio oh npn-
mo CTpeMHTca paspeniHTb, Kor/ja nnineT (c. XXXIII), hto tckct
«K KpHTHKe rerejieBCKOH 4>hjioco4)hh npaßa» (1843) «snaMeny-
eT coßoii nepexoa MapKca Ha hoshijhh npojieTapnaTa, t. e. ne-
pexojj k K0MMyHH3My. Qmo He oaHanaem, httio ucmopunecKuü
Mamepuajiu3M y&ce 6bui paspaöomaH». Tbkhm oßpa3OM, cy-
mecTByeT nojiumuHecKoe npoHTenne tckctob mojio/joto MapK-
ca h npoHTenne meopemuHecKoe, HanpHMep, raKofi tckct, KaK
«K espencKOMy Bonpocy», ecTb tckct nojiumuHecKU amao/cu-
poeaHHbiü, BOBJieneHHbiH b ßopbßy 3a K0MMyHH3M. Ho b to ace
BpeMH ero rjiyßoKO «H/jeojiorHHecKHH» tckct: tbkhm oßpa3OM,
3to ne tot tckct, KOTOpblH mohcho meopemuuecKu udeHmU(f)U-
ifupoeamb c öojiee nosdnuMu meKcmaMu, KOTopbie ^a^yr onpe-
jjejieHHe HCTopHHecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma h KOTopbie motjih 6bi
BnjioTb ao caMoro ocnoBaHHH hpohchhtb to peajibHoe KOMMy-
HHCTHnecKoe ßBHHceHHe 1843 r., KOTopoe po/jHJiocb ao hhx, ne-
3BBHCHM0 OT HHX, H B pHflbl KOTOporO TOFfla BCTynHJI MOJIOflOH
MapKC. BnponeM, aaace Hain coßcrBeHHbiii ohbit mohcct nanoM-
HHTB HBM O TOM, HTO MOHCHO ßblTb «KOMMyHHCTOM», H6 ßyjjyHH
«MapKCHCTOM». 3tO pa3JIHHeHH6 TpeßyeTCH flJIH Toro, HTOßbl H3-
ßeacaTb noaumuuecKOZo ucKyiuenun, 3aKjnonaiomerocH b CMe-
ineHHH meopemunecKux hoshijhh Mapnca c ero nojiumunecKU-
MU HO3HIXHHMH H B JieTHTHMaiXHH nepBBIX CCBDIKOH HB nOCJieß-
nne. Ho bto MHoroe npoHCHHionjee pasjiHHenne TyT nee bhobb
OTCbmaeT Hac k c<j)opMyjiHpoBaHHOMy BoTHrejiJiH TpeßoBaHHio:
paspaßoraTb «jjpyroH MeTojj», äJih toto htoöbi o6'bhchhtb 4>op-
228

«3KOHOMHHECKO-0HJIOCO0CKHE PYKOnHCH 1844 T.»
MnpoßaHHe mbicjih Mapnca, a cjie/jOBaTejibHO, h ero momchtbi,
DTanbi, «CHHxpoHHbie cpe3bi» («presents»), Kopone roBopa, ee
npeo6pa3oeaHue\ jjjih Toro htoöbi oÖ’bhchhtb Ty napadoxcajib-
Hyjo duajieKmuKy, nanßojiee HCKJiiOHHTejibHbiM annaoflOM koto-
pOH HBJIHIOTCH, K0H6HH0 ace, CaMH «PyKOHHCH», KOTOpbie MapKC
TaK h ne onyßjiHKOBaji, ho KOTopbie TeM ne Menee noKaabiBa-
iot ee naM b oÖHaaceHHOM BH/je, b mbicjih o/jHOBpeMeHHO Tpn-
yM(J)HpyiomeH h noBepaceHHOH, na nopore CTaHOBJieHHH caMOH
co6oh, nocpe/jCTBOM paduKOJibHO2O9 nocjie/jHero, t. e. nepeozo
npeoßpaaoBaHHH.
fleKaßpb 1962 z.



VI
O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTJ1KE
(K eonpocy o Hepaeencmee ucmoKoe)
Bee MHcrepHH, KOTopbie yeo/jAT Teo-
puio B MHCTHIXH3M, H3X0AHT CBOe paiJH-
OHajibHoe paapemenne b HejiOBenecKOH
npaKTHKe H B nOHHMBHHH 3T0H npBK-
THKH.
K. MapKC. Bocbmoh Te3HC
o <T>eiiep6axe



Ecjih nonbiTaTbcn b necKOJibKHx cjiobox oxapaKTepnaoBaTb Te
KpHTHnecKHe 3aMenaHHH, KOTopbie öbuih HanpaßjieHbi B MOH
aapec, to mohcho cKaaaTb, hto Bee ohh, npH3HaBan, hto moh hc-
cjiejjOBaHHH He jiHinenbi HHTepeca, b to ace BpeMH yKa3biBaiOT
na to, hto ohh hbjihiotch TeopeTHHecKH h nojiHTHHecKH onac-
HblMH.
3th KpHTHnecKHe 3aMenaHHH BbipaacaiOT, nopoü BHj^0H3Me-
hhh (JiopMyjiHpoBKH, ßßa cynjecTBeHHbix onaceHHH:
1. H «cjjejiaji aKijeHT» na ßHCKOHTHHyajibHOCTH, KOTopan ot-
jjejiHeT Mapnca ot Ferejin. PesyjibTaT: hto nee ocraeTCH Torjja
ot «paijHonajibHoro 3epna» rerejieBCKOÄ AHajieKTHKH, ot cbmoh
AHajieKTHKH, a cjie/joBaTejibHO, ot «KanHTana» h ot ochoboho-
jiaraionjero 3aKona Hainen anoxn?1
2. ripezuioHCHB noHHTHe «CBepx^eTepMHHHpoßaHHoro npo-
THBOpeHHH», H 3aM6HHJI «MOHHCTHHCCKyiO» MapKCHCTCKyiO KOH-
ijenijHio hctophh KOHijenijHeH «imiopajiHCTHHecKOH». Pesyjib-
tbt: hto nee ocraeTCH ot HCTopnHecKOH HeoßxojjHMoerH, ot ee
e/jHHCTBa, ot onpejjejiHiomeH pojih okohomhkh — a cjiejjOBa-
TejibHO, h ot ocHOBonojiaraioinero 3aKOHa Hainen anoxn?1 2
1 P. TapoflH: «...BnojiHe hohhtb, hto mbi pncicyeM BbiöpocHTb 3a öopT, kot-
aa He/jooijeHnBaeM rerejieBCKoe HacjiejiHe b mbicjih Mapnca: ne tojibko paH-
HHe paöoTbi Mapnca, paöoTbi Snrejibca h JleHHna, ho h caM «Kainrraji»»
(R. Garaudy, A propos des manuscrits de 44, Cahiers du communisme, p. 118
(mars 1963)).
2 T. Miopu: «...MHe ne KanceTca oöocnoBaHHbiM npn3HaHne Toro, hto oh (JI.
A.) ne 6e3 HSJiHinnero myMa npejuiojKiui HOBoe nonaTHe, ajisl Toro htoöbi bbi-
CKasaTb HCTHHy, H3BecTHyio co BpeMeH Mapnca h 3nrejibca. Bojiee Bepoarao
to, hto eMy noKaaajiocb HeoöxoflHMbiM HacraHBaTb Ha cymecTBOBaHHH nenpe-
oaojiHMoro paspbiBa Meaqjy ^eTepMHHaijHeH co cropoHbi öaanca hjih HH$pa-
crpynTypbi h Ha^crponnH hjih CBepxcrpyKrypbi. Hmchho noaroMy oh OTKa-
3biBaerca MeHHTb MecraMH nojiiocbi npoTHBopeHHH Mexc^y rpaxcAancKHM oö-
njecTBOM h rocyaapcTBOM, o kotopom Hjier penb y Terejia, jjejiaH, noaoÖHO
233

O MATEPMAJIHCTMHECKOft JJHAJIEKTHKE
3th onaceHHH, KaK h moh paßoTbi, 3aTparHßaiOT jjBe npoßjie-
mbi. ITepBaa KacaeTca rerejieBCKOH jtnajieKTHKH: b neM 3aKJiio-
naeTCH «paijHOHajibHOCTb», KOTopyio npnanaeT 3a nefi MapKC?
BTopaa KacaeTca /jHajieKTHKH MapKCHCTCKOH: b neM 3aKJnona-
eTCH Ta cneixHfJjHHHOCTb, KOTopaa crporo OTannaeT ee ot rere-
jieBCKoii jjHajieKTHKH? JJße npoßjieMbi, KOTopbie na jjejie cyrb
o/jHa h Ta ace npoßjieMa, nocKOJibKy penb 3,necb H/jeT jihhib o
«HByx acneKTax ßojiee CTpororo h öojiee acnoro noHHMaHHa mbic-
jih MapKca.
BcKope a oßpanjycb k Bonpocy o «paijHonajibHOCTH» rereaeß-
ckoh flnajieKTHKH. Ho cennac a 6bi xoTea ßanace paccMOTpeTb
BTopoä acneKT npoßaeMbi (kotopbih onpe^eaaeT co6oii nep-
BBlil): CneiJH4)HHHOCTB MapKCHCTCKOH flHaJieKTHKH.
Ho3bojiio ce6e oßpaTHTb BHHMaHHe HHTaTeaa na to, hto a, no
Mepe cbohx chji, nbiTaiocb npn^aBaTb Hcnoab3yeMbiM mhoio no-
HHTHHM cmpozuü CMBICJI; HTO ßJIH TOTO, HTOÖBI nOHHTB 3TH HO-
HHTHH, HeoßxOflHMO HMßTB 3Ty CTpOTOCTB B BHfly H B TOH Mepe,
b KaKoä ona ne aßaaeTca Bcero jihhib BooßpaacaeMOH, caeßo-
BaTb eä. HyacHO jih HanoMHnaTb, hto 6e3 CTporocTH, KOTopyio
TpeßyeT ee oö^eKT, HeBO3Moacna HHKaaaa meopusi, t. e. Teope-
THnecKaa npaKTHKa b CTporoM CMbicjie cjiobb?
MapKcy, rpanqiaHCKoe oöujecTBO ^OMUHnpyioinnM nojiiocoM, a rocyaapcTBO —
HBJI6HH6M, (|)€H0M6H0M 3T0H eyilJHOCTH. MeHCfly T6M 3TO peHICHHe, HCKyCCTBeH-
ho BBeaeHHoe b jjHajieKTHKy hctophh, jjejiaeT jjjih nero HeBO3MOHCHbiM yBHjjerb
to, KaK caM BHyrpeHHHH npHHijHn KanHTanH3Ma b ero cneun^HHecKOM nporn-
BopenHH nopojKßaeT nocpeacTBOM CBoero coöcrBeHHoro paaBHTHH (xuiee bbico-
Kyio cra^HK) HMnepnajiH3Ma, HepaBHOMepHocrb nporpecca h HeoöxoAHMoerb
Hanöojiee cjiaöoro 3Bena...» (La Pensöe, avril 1963, Materialisme et Hypere-
mpirisme, p. 49). P. FapojjH: «Xoth onocpeaoBaHHH Moryr öbitb öecKOHenHo
cjiOTKHbiMH, HejioBenecKaa npaKTHKa e^HHa, h hmchho ee ÄHaneKTHKa npea-
craBjiaeT coöoh ßBHMcymHH npHHiinn hctophh. ÜKpbiBaTb ee 3a (aeHCTBHTejib-
hbim) MHoroo6pa3HeM «CBepxjjerepMHHaijHH» 3hbhht 3aTeMHHTb Hanöojiee cy-
HjecTBeHHoe coaepacaHHe «Kannrajia», kotopbih b nepByio onepe^b HBjiaer*
ch HCCJie/iOBaHHeM 3Toro rnaBHoro npoTHBopenHH, BToro (JjyimaMeHTajibHoro
3aKona pa3BHTHH 6yp»cya3Horo oömecrBa. Ho KaK wa bo3mohcho mbicjihtb
oö'beKTHBHoe cynjecTBOBaHHe ocHOBonojiaraiomero 3aKOHa pa3BHTHH Hainen
anoxH, 3aKona nepexo/ja k coijnajiHSMy?» (p. 119).

1. IIPAKTHHECKOE PEIIIEHHE H TEOPETHHECKAH
nPOBJIEMA. ßJIfl HEFO TEOPHH?
üpoßjieMa, KOTopaa 6bma nocraBJiena b mocm nocaeaneM hc-
cjieflOBaHHH: «Hto npejjCTaBJiaeT coöoii «nepeBopanHBaHHe»
rerejieBCKoii jjHajieKTHKH, KOTopoe coßepniHji Mapnc? KanoBO
cneijH^HnecKoe OTJiHnne MapKCHCTCKOH jjHajieKTHKH ot /jna-
jieKTHKH Terejifl?» — ecTb npoöJieMa TeopeTHnecnaa.
yTBepacjjeHHe, hto sto meopemuHecKOR npoöJieMa, npe/jno-
jiaraeT, hto ee TeopeTHnecnoe paapeineHHe jjoaacHO /jaTb hbm
HOBOe 3HaHHe, OpraHHHeCKH CBa3aHHOe C JjpyrHMH 3HaHHaMH,
coßepHcanjHMHca b mbpkchctckoh TeopHH. yrBepacaeHHe, hto
3to TeopeTHHecnaa npoöJieMa, npejjnojiaraeT, hto penb H^eT ne
o Bcero jihihb BooöpaacaeMoii TpynHOCTH, ho o TpyijHOCTH jjeH-
CTBHTejibHO cynjecTByiomeH, Tanoii, KOTopaa Bbipaacena b (|)op-
Me npoßjieMbi, t. e. b (J)opMe, nojjHHHeHHoii cjieayionjHM hm-
nepaTHBHbiM ycaoBHaM: onpeaeaeHHe noaa (TeopeTHHecKHx)
3HaHHH, b kotopom Mbi ctbbhm (pacnoaaraeM) npoöaeMy; onpe-
ßejieHHe tohhoto Mecma ee nocTanoBKH; onpeaejieHne nona-
thh, Heoöxo/jHMbix /uia toto, HTOÖbi ee nocTaBHTb.
TonbKO nocTaHOBKa, Hccae/jOBaHHe h pa3peineHHe npoöae-
mbi, t. e. TeopeTHnecKaa npaKTHKa, b kotopoh mbi ynacTByeM (b
KOTopyio mbi bxojjhm), MoryT aaTb doKaaamejibcmeo toto, hto
3th ycaoBHa BbinojmeHbi.
Meacfly tom b jjbhhom cjiynae to, hto neoöxoflHMO Bbipa-
3htb b (jjopMe npoöaeMbi h TeopeTHnecKoro peineHHa, yo/ce cy-
ufecmeyem e npaKmuKe MapKCU3Ma. MapKCHCTCKaa npaKTHKa
He TOJIBKO CTOJIKHyjiaCb C 3T0H «TpyflHOCTblO» H nOJJTBepflHJia,
hto ona aeiiCTBHTejibHO öbDia peajibHoii, a ne BOoöpaacaeMofi,
ho h na ßeae, b cbohx coöcTBeHHbix rpaHHijax «CBeaa c Heio
cneTbi» h npeojjojiejia ee. PeineHHe Hamen TeopeTHHecKoü npo-
ÖJieMbi yace aaBHO cynjecTByeT e npaKmuuecKOM cocmosiHuu,
b MapKCHCTCKOH npaKTHKe. ÜOBTOMy nocraHOBKa h paspeine-
235

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
Hue Hainen TeopeTHnecKoö npoßjieMbi saicjiionaiOTCH b Konen-
hom cneTe b TeopeTHnecKOM BbipaaceHHH toto cynjecTByionje-
ro b npaKTimecKOM coctohhhh «peineHHH», KOTopoe MapKCHCT-
CKan npaKTHKa jjajia peaubHoii rpy^HOCTH, BCTpenenHOH eio b
npoijecce ee pa3BHTHH, na cynjecTBOBaHne KOTopoä ona yxaaa-
jia h c KOTopoii ona, ecjin cyjjHTb no ee coßcTBeHHbiM yrBepacae-
hhhm, CBena cneTbi3.
Penb, TaKHM oöpaaoM, HjjeT jihihb o tom, htoöbi npeo/jojieTb
«paapbiB» Mencfly Teopneii h npaKTHKOH. Mbi othiojjb ne cra-
bhm nepe/j mbpkchbmom KaKyio-TO BooöpaxaeMyio hjih cyöb-
eKTHBHyio npoÖJieMy, Mbi ne TpeöyeM ot nero «paspemeHHH»
«npoßjieM» «mnepoMnnpnaMa» hjih Tex Tpy/jHOCTefi, KOTopbie,
no cjiobbm MapKca, tot hjih hhoh (JjhjiococJ) HcnbiTbiBaeT b
CBOHX JlUHHblX OTHOIHeHHHX C H0HHTH6M. HeT. ÜOCTaBJieHHaH
npoÖJieMa4 cynjecTByeT (cynjecTBOBajia) b (fropMe Tpy^nocTH,
Ha KOTopyio yKa3biBana MapKCHCTCKaa npaKTHKa. Ee peinenne
cynjecTByeT b mbpkchctckoh npaKTHKe. Penb, TaKHM oßpasoM,
mjeT Jinnib o tom, htoöbi Bbipa3HTb ero b TeopeTHHecKoä 4>op-
Me. TeM He Menee oto npocToe TeopeTHnecKoe BbipaaceHne pe-
meHHH, cynjecTByioiijero b npaKTHnecKOM coctohhhh, ne npo-
HCXOJJHT aBTOMBTHHeCKH: OHO TpeÖyeT COBepmeHHH peaJIbHOH
TeopeTHnecKoii paöoTbi, KOTopan ne tojibko paspaöaTbiBa-
3 Ceecmu cuembi. Hmchho oto BbipaxceHHe MapKC ynoTpeÖJiner b npe^HCJio-
BHH K paÖOTe «K KpHTHKe nOJIHTHHeCKOH 3K0H0MHH» (1858), KOrflH, MblCJieH-
ho BO3BpanjaHCb k CBoen Bcrpene c BnrejibcoM, KOTopan npoM3ouuia BecHon
1845 r. b Bproccejie, h k pafjOTe Haj5 «HeMeijKon HßeojionieH», oh roßopHT o
CBe^eHMH cneroB (Abrechnung) c «Hamen npexcneH $hjioco4)ckoh coBecrbio».
B nocjiecjiOBHH ko BTopoMy na^aHHio «Kannrana» penb TaKHce hbho H^er 06
3tom CBej^eHHH CHeTOB, KOTopoe npe^nonaraeT npH3HaHne «nojira, a hmchho
npH3naHHe «paiiHOHanbHOH cropoHbi» rerejieBCKon /jnajieKTHKH.
4 PasyMeerca, 3Ta npoÖJieMa nocraBJiena 3/iecb ne b nepBbifi paa! B Hacro-
aiuee BpeMH ona npeacraBJiHer coöon npe^Mer HMeioniHx öojibinoe 3HaneHHe
TpyaoB MapKCHCTCKHx Hccjie/jOBaTejieH b CoßercKOM Coioae h, nacKOJibKO Mne
H3B6CTH0, B PyMbIHHH, BeHrpHH, T^P, a TaiOKC B HT3JIHH, Tfle OHB HOCJiyHCH-
na riOBO/jOM ßjiH noHBJieHHH HcropHHecKHX h TeoperHHecKHx paöoT, npencraB-
jihioiuhx 3HaHHTejibHbm HayHHbiH HHTepec (flejuia Bojibne, Pocch, Kojictth,
Mepxep h t. ß.)
236

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH /JHAJIEKTHKE
eT cneijHcJjHHecKoe noHfimue hjih 3HaHue ototo npaKTHHecno-
ro pemeHHH, ho h jjeHCTBHTejibHO, nocpe/jcrBOM pauHKajibHoii
(jjoxo/jniijeH «zjo caMbix Kopnefi) kphthkh paapymaeT Bee bo3-
Moacnbie H/jeojiorHHecKHe 3a6jiyacaeHHH, hjijhoshh hjih npejj-
nojioacennn. IIoaTOMy npocToe TeopeTHnecnoe «BbipaaceHHe»
npe/jnojiaraeT b ojjho h to ace BpeMH h npouaeodcmeo 3HaHHH,
H KpumUKy HJIJHO3HH.
H ecjin KOMy-TO npn/jeT b rojiosy cnpocHTb: «Ho 3aneM ace
npiuiaraTb Tanne ycnjiHH, ecjin penb njjeT jihihb o tom, hto-
6bl Bbipa3HTb flaBHO «H3BeCTHyiO» «HCTHHy»?»5 — TO Mbl OTBe-
thm, Hcnojibsyn cjiobo b ero CTporoM CMbicjie: cyiijecTBOBanne
3T0H HCTHHbI 6bDI0 HOMeueHO, npu3HaH0, HO ne n03HaH0. Ho-
CKOJibKy (npaKTHHecicoe) npu3HaHue cynjecTBOBaHHH tojibko b
npe/jnojioaceHHHx CMyrnoro MbimjieHHH MoaceT CHHTaTbcn 3Ha-
HueM (t. e. meopemuuecKUM 3JieMCHmoM). Ho npejjnojioacHM,
hto Tenepb nac cnpocHT: «Ho hto hhm /jaeT Tanan nocraHOBKa
npoßjieMbi 3 meopuu, Be/jb peinenne yace jjaBHO cynjecTByeT b
npaKTHnecKOM coctohhhh? 3aneM «zjasaTb BTOMy npaKTHnecKO-
My pemeHHio TeopeTHnecKoe Bbipaacenne, 6e3 KOToporo npaK-
THKa /jo cero/jHHuiHero jjhh Bnojine Morjia oöohthcb? Hto hobo-
ro CMoaceM mbi npnoßpecTH b stom «cneicyjiHTHBHOM» HCCJiejjo-
BBHHH?»
Ha 3tot Bonpoc mbi motjih 6bi otbothtb o^hoh 4>pa3OH, 4>pa-
3OH JlenHna: «Be3 peBOJiioijHOHHOH TeopHH ne MoaceT 6bitb pe-
BOJHOIJHOHHOrO ^BHaceHHH»; oßoßlljaH 3TO BBICKa3BIBaHHe, Mbl
MoaceM cnasaTb: TeopHH HMeeT cyiijecrBennoe 3HaneHHe «zjjih
npaKTHKH, KaK HJIH TOH HpaKTHKH, T60pH6H KOTOpOH OHB HBJIH-
eTCH, T8K H JJJIH Tex npaKTHK, poaCfleHHK) H pOCTy KOTOpblX OHB
MoaceT cnocoöcTBOBaTb. Ho OHeBHjjHOCTb btoh (jjpa3bi Hejjocra-
tohhb: mbi Hyac^aeMCH b ocHOBaHHHx ee hcthhhocth, h hobto-
My mbi jjojiacHbi nocTaBHTb Bonpoc: hto cjie/jyeT noHHMaTb no/j
6 Miopn coBepmeHHO cnpaße/piHBO yKaawBaeT: «Mne He KanceTca oöocho-
BaHHbiM npH3naHHe Toro, hto oh... npejpiojKHJi HOBoe noHHTHe, äjih Toro hto-
6bi BbipaaHTb HCTHHy, H3BecTHyio co BpeMeH Mapxca h Dnrejibca» (op. cit.).
237

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
meopueü, KOTopaa HMeeT cyiijecTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe ßJia npaK-
THKH?
3ry TeMy a nonbiraiocb pa3BHTb annib b npe/jejiax toto, hto
aßjiaeTca coBepineHHO neoßxoßHMbiM ßjia Hainero HccjießOBa-
HHa. fl npeßjiaraio cjiejjyioiijHe onpedejieHun, KOTopbie cjiejjyeT
noHHMaTb b KanecTBe npejjBapHTejibHbix h npHßjiH3HTejibHbix.
floß npaKmuKoü KaK thkoboh mbi ßyzjeM noHHMaTb jiio6oh
npoijecc npeoöpasoeaHusi jjaHHoro onpe/jejieHHoro Marepna-
Jia b onpeßejieHHbiH npodyKm, npeo6pa3OBaHHa, ocynjecrßjia-
eMoro onpe/jejieHHbiM nejiOBenecKHM TpyzjOM, HcnojibsyioiijHM
onpejjejieHHbie cpeßCTBa («npoH3BOßCTBa»). Bo bckkoh nona-
toh tbkhm oßpasoM npaKTHKe onpedejinKHipiM, momchtom (hjih
□JieMeHTOM) npoijecca aßjiaeTca He Marepnaji h He npo/jyKT, ho
caMa npaKTHKa b y3K0M CMbicjie cjiosa: momcht cbmoh paöombi
npeoöpaaoeaHUH, KOTopaa b npe/jejiax cneijHcJjHHecKoii CTpyK-
Typbi 3aaeHCTByeT aioßeii, cpejjcrßa h TexHHnecKHH mctojj yrn-
jiH3aijHH cpe/jCTB. 3to oßiijee onpejjejieHHe npaKTHKH BKjnona-
eT b ce6a bosmojkhoctb oßocoßjieHHa: cynjecTByiOT pa3JiHHHbie
npaKTHKH, KOTopbie peanbHO otjihhhbi .zjpyr ot jjpyra, xora h
npe/jCTaßjiaiOT coßoii opranmiecKHe cocraBHbie hbcth ojjhoh h
toh ace cjiomchoh ijejiocTHOCTH. TaKHM oßpa3OM, «oßiijecTBeHHaa
npaKTHKa», cjioacnoe e/jHHCTBO npaKTHK, cyiijecTByioiijHx b tom
hjih hhom onpejjejieHHOM oßiijecrBe, co/jepacHT b ceße shbhh-
TejibHoe hhcjio OTJiHHHbix .zjpyr ot jjpyra npaKTHK. 3to cjioacnoe
eßHHCTBO «oßnjecTBeHHoii npaKTHKH» CTpyKTypnpoBaHO tbkhm
oßpasoM (ßajiee mbi yBHßHM, kbkhm hmchho), hto npaKTHKa, aB-
jiaioiijaaca onpe/jejiaioiijeH b kohchhom Caere, ecrb npaKTHKa
npeoßpaaosaHHa jjaHHoii npnpoßbi (Marepnajia) b npodyKmbi
noTpeßjieHHa jjeaTejibHOCTbio cyiijecTByioiijHx jnoßeii, KOTopbie
BbinojiHaiOT paßoTy nocpeßCTBOM MemodunecKU ynopndoHeH-
hozo Hcnojib3OBaHHa onpe/jejieHHbix cpedcme npouseodcmea
b paMKax onpeßejieHHbix npoH3BOßCTBenHBix OTHOineHHH. TIo-
mhmo npoH3BOßCTBa oßiijecTBeHHaa npaKTHKa coßepacHT b ceße
h ßpyrne cyiijecTBeHHbie ypoBHH: nojiHTHnecKyio npaKTHKy —
KOTopaa b MapKCHCTCKHx naprnax yace ne aßjiaeTca cnoHTan-
238

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOM /JHAJIEKTMKE
hob, ho opraHH3OBana na ochobo Haynnon Teopnn HCTopirie-
CKoro MaTepHajiH3Ma, h Koropaa npeo6pa3yeT cboh MaTepn-
aa, t. e. oßmecTBeHHbie OTHOineHHa, b onpejjeaeHHMH npo^yKT
(noßbie oßnjecTBeHHbie OTHOinenna); udeojiozuuecKyK) npaKTH-
Ky (H/jeoaorna, 6y^b to peanrHO3Haa, noaHTHHecKaa, Mopaab-
Haa, lopn/jMHecKaa nan xyzjoacecTBeHHaa, TaKace npeo6pa3yeT
cboh oß^eKT: «co3HaHHe» jHOjjeH); HaKoneij, npaKmuKy meope-
muHecKyto. CymecTBOBaHHe H/jeojiorHH KaK npaKTHKH hbcto He
npHHHMaiOT Bcepbe3; Meamy tcm TaKoe npe/jsapHTeabHoe npn-
3HaHHe aßjiaeTca neoöxoßHMbiM ycaoBHeM juia jhoöoh TeopHH
imeojiorHH. Enje peace npHHHMaiOT Bcepbes cymecTBOBaHHe
meopemuHecKOÜ npaKmuKu, Meacay TeM oto npe^BapHTeabHoe
ycaoBHe aßjiaeTca coBepmenHO HeoßxoßHMbiM ßaa noHHMaHHa
toto, neM ßaa MapKCH3Ma aßjiaeTca caMa Teopna h ee OTHOine-
HHe k «oßnjecTBeHHOH npaKTHKe».
Bot BTopoe onpe/jeaeHHe. B ßaHHOH cbhsh mbi ßyzjeM no-
HHMaTb no/j TeopHefi cnet^u^uuecKyK) (popwy npaKmuKu, ko-
Topaa Toace aBaaerca cocTaBHoii nacTbio caoacHoro e^HHCTBa
«oßmecTBeHHOH npaKTHKH» onpe^eaeHHoro HeaoBenecKoro 06-
mecTBa. TeopeTHnecKaa npaKTHKa noanajjaeT no/j oßiijee onpe-
Aeaenne npaKTHKH. Ona paßoTaeT c MaTepnaaoM (c npeßCTaB-
aennaMH, noHaraaMH, (JjaKTaMH), KOTopbin jjaiOT efi apyrne
npaKTHKH, 6ynb to «aMnnpnaecKHe», «TexHHnecKHe» nan «H^e-
oaorHaecKHe». B CBoeii Hanßoaee oßnjeii 4>opMe TeopeTHnecKaa
npaKTHKa BKaionaeT b ce6a ne ToabKO Haynuyio TeopeTHnecKyio
npaKTHity, ho TaKace h flOHaynnyio, t. e. «HfleoaorHHecKyio» Te-
opeTHnecKyio npaKTHKy ((jxjpMbi «3HaHHa», cocTaBaaiomne
npe^blCTOpHK) TOH HaH HHOH HayKH H hx «4)Haoco4)HH»). Te-
opeTHHecKaa npaKTHKa toh nan hhoh HayKH Bcer.ua crporo
OTaHHaerca ot HßeoaorHHecKOH TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH ee
npeßbiCTopnH: oto pasaHHHe npHHHMaeT 4>opMy «KanecTBeH-
HOH» TeOpeTHHeCKOH H HCTOpHHeCKOH ßHCKOHTHHyaabHOCTH,
KOTopyio mbi, Hcnoab3ya TepMHH Bamaapa, MoaceM na3BaTb
«anHCTeMoaoririecKHM paspbiBOM». 3^ecb mbi ne CMoaceM onn-
239

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
caTb ^HajieKTHKy, npoaBJiHiomyiocH npn hohbjichhh TaKoro
«paapbißa», t. e. paßoTy cneijH(j)HHecKoro TeopeTimecKoro npe-
o6pa3OBannH, KOTopaa bbo^ht ero b naac^OM KonnpeTHOM cjiy-
nae h oßocnoBbiBaeT Ty hjih HHyio HayKy, OT/jejiaa ee ot n^e-
ojiothh ee nponuioro h pacnphiBaa oto nponuioe b KanecTBe
HfleojiorimecKoro. Toro hto6bi orpamnnTb nanie HCCJiejjo-
Banne nanöojiee cynjecTBeHHbiM momohtom, npejjCTaBjiaioinHM
ßjifl nero HHTepec, mbi pacnojioacHMca no Ty cropony «paapbi-
Ba», b npe/jejiax KOHCTHTynpoßaHHoii nayKH h ycjiOBHMca npn-
hhtb cjieayiomne o6o3HaneHHa: mbi ßyneM naabiBaTb meopueü
BCHKyio TeopeTimecKyio npaKrany, Hocamyio HayuHbiü xapan-
Tep. Mbi ßyneM naabiBaTb «Teopneü» (b KaBbinKax) onpeaejieH-
nyio meopemunecKyio cucmeMy toh hjih hhoh peajibHoii HayKH
(ee ocHOBonojiaraiomHe hohhthh, b hx ßojiee hjih Menee npo-
THBOpeHHBOM e/JHHCTBe B TOT HJIH HHOH JjaHHBIH MOMeHT), Ha-
npHMep: TeopHH BceMHpHoro npHTaaceHHa, bojihobbh MexaHH-
Ka h t. hjih ace «TeopHH» HCTopnnecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma. B
CBoeii «TeopHH» BCHKaa onpe^ejieHHaa Hayna pecJwieKTHpyeT b
CJIOHCHOM ejJJHHCTBe CBOHX HOHHTHH (KOTOpoe, BnpOHOM, BCOTfla
HBJineTCH ßojiee hjih Menee npoßjieMaTHHHbiM) CTaBinne ycjio-
bhhmh h cpeflCTBaMH pesyjibTaTbi CBoeii coßcTBenHOH Teopera-
necKOH npaKTHKH. Mbi öyzieM Ha3BiBaTb Teopneü (c ßojibinoH
ßyKBbi) oßiijyio Teopnio, t. e. Teopnio npaKTHKH nan TaKOBofi,
KOTopaa paapaöoTana hcxoah H3 TeopHH cynjecTByiomHx Te-
opeTHnecKHx npaKTHK (nayn), KOTopbie npeoöpaayiOT b «3na-
hhh» (nayHHbie hcthhbi) H^eojiorHnecKHH npo/iyKT cynjecTBy-
lOIIJHX «BMHHpHHeCKHX» npaKTHK (KOHKpeTHOH fleHTeJIBHOCTH
jnofleä). 3ra Teopna ecTb MaTepnajiHCTHHecKaa ducuieKmuKa,
KOTopaa e^HHa c ana/ieKTHHecKHM MaTepnajiH3MOM. 3th onpe-
«eJieHHH HeOÖXOflHMBI ßJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl ßaTb TeOpeTHHeCKH 060-
CHOBaHHbiii OTBeT na Bonpoc 0 tom, hto hbm .naeT TeOpeTHHe-
cKoe BbipaaceHHe peinenna, cymecTByioiijero b npaKTHnecnoM
COCTOHHHH.
240

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ^HAJIEKTHKE
Kor^a JleHHH yrBepacjiaeT: «Be3 peBOJiioijHOHHOH TeopHH ne
MO7K6T ÖBITB H peBOJIIOIJHOHHOrO ßBHOKeHHH», OH TOBOpHT O He-
KOH «TeopHH», TeopHH MapKCHCTCKOH HayKH O pa3BHTHH OÖ-
mecTBeHHBix cjjopMaijHH (HCTopHnecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma). 3th
cjioßa HaxoßHTCH b paöoTe «Hto aejiaTB?», b kotopoh JleHHH
paccMaTpHBaeT opraHH3aijHOHHBie MepBi h ijejin pocchhckoh
coijHaji-jjeMOKpaTHHecKOH napTHH b 1902 r. Oh öopeTCH npoTHB
OnnopTyHHCTHHeCKOH HOJIHTHKH, HJieTyiljeHCH B XBOCTe «CTH-
xhhhocth» Macc: oh CTpeMHTCH npeoöpa3OBaTB ee b peBOJiioijH-
OHHyio npaKTHKy, ocHOBannyio Ha «TeopHH», t. e. na (mbpkchct-
CKOii) TeopHH pa3BHTHH paCCMHTpHBaeMOH OÖHjeCTBeHHOH 4>op-
MauHH (poccHÄCKoro oöiijecTBa toto BpeMeHH). Ho BBmBHraa
□tot Te3HC, JleHHH jjejiaeT neHTO öojiBinee: HanoMHHan MapK-
CHCTCKOH nOJIHTHHeCKOH npaKTHKe O HeOÖXOJJHMOCTH OÖOCHO-
BBiBaionjeH ee «TeopHH», oh na jjejie BBmBHraeT Te3HC, npe,n-
craBJiHioii^HH HHTepec jjjih TeopHH, t. e. jjjih TeopHH npaKTHKH
KaK TaKOBofi: jjjih MaTepHajiHCTimecKOH «unajieKTHKH.
Hmchho b 3thx jjßyx cmbicjihx TeopHH HMeeT snaneHHe juih
npaKTHKH. «Teopna» HMeeT npHMoe snaneHHe rjih. CBoeii coö-
CTBeHHOH npaKTHKH. Ho OTHOineHHe HeKOH «TeopHH» K CBOeÜ
npaKTHKe, b toh Mepe, b kotopoh oho ctoht no/j BonpocoM, ec-
jih oho npoflyMano h BBipaaceno, npeacraBJiHeT HHTepec h jjjih
oönjeH TeopHH (jjHajieKTHKH), b kotopoh nojiynaeT TeopeTHHe-
CKoe BBipaaceHne cymHOCTB TeopeTHnecKOH npaKTHKH KaK Ta-
koboh, a nocpe/jCTBOM Hee — h cyiijnocTB npaKTHKH KaK TaKO-
boh, a nocpe^CTBOM Hee — h cyiijnocTB npeoöpa3OBaHHH, «cra-
HOBJieHHH» Bemeii KaK TaKOBBix.
Ecjih TenepB mbi BepneMca k Hainen npoöJieMe, t. e. Teope-
TimecKOMy BBipaaceHHio npaKTHnecKoro peinenHH, to mbi 3aMe-
thm, hto ona KacaeTCH TeopHH, t. e. ^HajieKTHKH. ToHHoe Te-
opeTimecKoe BBipaaceHne ^najieKTHKH npeacTasjiaeT HHTepec
npeacae Bcero jjjih cbmhx npaKTHK, b kotopbix /jeiiCTByeT MapK-
CHCTCKaa AHajieKTHKa, nocKOJiBKy sth npaKTHKH (MapKCHCTCKaa
«TeopHH» H MapKCHCTCKaH nOJIHTHKa) B CBOeM pa3BHTHH Hyac-
flaiOTCH B nOHHTHH CB06H npaKTHKH (ßHaJieKTHKH), HTOÖBI He
241

O MATEPHAJIKCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
OKaaaTbCH 6e3opyjKHbiMH nepea KanecTBeHHO hobbimh 4>opMa-
MH 3T0r0 pa3BHTHH (üOBbie CHTyaiJHH, HOBbie «npOÖJieMbl») —
HJIH )Ke flJIH Toro, HTOÖbl H36eHCaTb OnaCHOCTefi, HCXOßHIIJHX OT
pa3JiHHHbix 4>opM TeopeTHHecKoro h npaKTHnecKoro onnopry-
HH3Ma. IIpeOflOJieHHe 3THX «CIOpnpH3OB» H 0TKJI0H6HHH, KOTo-
pbie B K0H6HH0M CHCTe OÖ'bHCHHIOTCH «HßeOJIOrHHeCKHMH 0IHh6-
kbmh», t. e. TeopeTHnecKOH cjiaßocrbio, Bcer/ja jjaeTCH «qoporoii,
flaace oneHb ßoporoii ijeHoii.
Ho TeopHH HMeeT cynjecTBeHHoe snaneHHe TaKHce h jjjih
npeo6pa3OBaHHH Tex oßjiacTeü, b kotopbix enje He cynjecTBy-
eT nOflJIHHHOH MapKCHCTCKOH TepeTHHCCKOH npaKTHKH. B ÖOJIb-
niHHCTBe 3thx oßjiacTeii enje ne 6bijih «ceedeHbi cuembi» Ta-
KHM oöpasoM, KaK oto npoH3onuio b «KanHTajie». MapKCHcr-
CKyio TeopeTHnecKyio npaKTHKy onncreMOJiorHH, hctophh
HayK, HCTOPHH H/jeOJIOrHH, HCTOPHH (jjHJIOCOC^HH, HCTOpHH HC-
KyccTBa 6 öojibULUHcmee cjiyuaee eiqe npedcmoum KOHcmumy-
upoeamb. PasyMeeTCH, Her HejjocraTKa b MapKcncrax, paßora-
ioiijhx b 3thx oßjiacTHx h npHoßpeTaiomHx b hhx ßojibniOH pe-
ajibHbifi onbir; ho jjejio b tom, hto ohh ne Moryr onepeTbcn na
hto-to noaoÖHoe «KanHTajiy» hjih pcbojiioijhohhoh npaKTH-
Ke MapKCHCTOB, cymecTBOBaBineü na npoTHHceHHH ijejioro Be-
Ka. Hx npaKTHKa no ßojibineH hbcth — jjejio ßynymero, ee enje
npe/jCTOHT pa3paßoTaTb hjih «nance oßocnoBaTb, t. e. nocTaBHTb
na TeopeTinecKH Bepnyio ocnoBy, jijih Toro htoöbi ona cootbct-
CTBOBajia peajibHOMy, a He npeßnojiaraeMOMy hjih Hjjeojiorn-
necKOMy oß'beKTy h 6bDia jjeHCTBHTejibHO TeopeTinecKOH, a ne
TeXHHHeCKOH npaKTHKOH. HMeHHO ßJIH flOCTHHCeHHH 3T0H IjeJIH
ona ny^K/jaeTCH b TeopHH, t. e. b MaTepnajincTHnecKOH «unaneK-
THKe KaK B e^HHCTBeHHOM MeTOfle, KOTOpblH, OÖpHCOBaB (jjop-
MajibHbie ycjiOBHH hx TeopeTHnecKoii npaKTHKH, cnocoöeH ee
npe/jBoexHTHTb. B 3tom cjiynae Hcnojib3OBaHHe TeopHH ne cbo-
jihtch k npuMeneHuio ee (J)opMyji (t. e. 4>opMyji MaTepnajiH3-
Ma, anajieKTHKH) k sapanee aaHHOMy co/jepacaHHio. CaM JleHHH
ynpeKaji 3nrejibca h ILiexaHOBa b tom, hto ohh BneniHHM 06-
pa30M npHMeHHJin «unajieKTHKy k ecTecTBeHHOHaynnbiM npHMe-
242

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ^HAJIEKTHKE
paM6. BneniHee npHMeneHHe Toro hjih hhofo hohhthh othio^b
ne TOHc/jecTBeHHO meopemuHecKoü npaKmuKe. TaKoe npHMene-
HHe HHKaK He H3M6HHeT nOJiyneHHyiO H3BHe HCTHHy, oho jihhib
jjaeT eii apyroe wjvta, ho TaKoe KpenjeHHe HecnocoÖHO npoH3Be-
cth HHKaKoro peajibHoro npeo6pa3OBaHHH hcthh, KOTopbie no-
jiynaioT HOBbie HaHMenoBanHH. TaK, HanpHMep, npHMeneHne
«3aKOHOB» ßHajieKTHKH k TOMy hjih HHOMy pe3yjibTaTy, nojiy-
HeHHOMy B 4>H3HKe, HH MaJICHHIHM o6pa3OM He H3MeHHeT CTpyK-
Typy h pa3BHTHe TeopeTHnecKOH npaKmuKU 4>h3hkh; xyace to-
ro, oho MonceT npeßpaTHTbCH b HßeojiorHHecKoe npenaTCTBHe.
TeM He Menee (h 3tot Te3HC HMeeT ajih MapKCH3Ma cynje-
CTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe) ne^ocTaTOHHO npocTO OTBeprHyTb jjorMa-
TH3M npHMeHeHHH (jjOpM JJHaJieKTHKH H JJOBepHTbCH CnOHTaH-
hocth cynjecTByioinHx TeopeTHHecKHx npaKTHK, nocKOJibKy mbi
3HaeM, HTO HeT HHCTOH TCOpeTHHeCKOH npaKTHKH, COBepineH-
ho oßnaaceHHOH HayKH, KOTopaa b CBoeö hctophh neH3BecT-
ho Hbeii mhjioctbio 6buia 6bi Bcer.ua 3anjHiijeHa ot onacHOCTeii
h npoHCKOB H^eajiH3Ma, t. e. ot HßeojiorHH, KOTopbie 6epyr ee
b oca^y: mbi 3naeM, hto «HHCTaa» HayKa MoaceT cymecTBOBaTb
TOJIBKO npH yCJIOBHH ee HOCTOHHHOrO «OHHIIjeHHH», HTO CBOÖOfl-
naa nayKa MoaceT cynjecrBOBaTb tojibko npn ycjiOBHH ee hocto-
HHHoro ocBo6o?K,neHHH ot OKKynnpyionjeH ee, npecjie/iyiomeH
ee h craBHiijeH en jiOByniKH H^eojiorHH. TaKoe OHnnjeHne, ra-
Koe ocBoßonc^eHHe Moryr 6bitb ^ocTHrHyTbi jihihb ijenoH no-
6 «JIoniKy TerejiH nejibsa npuMeHHmb b abhhom ee BH^e; hcjimh öpamb
KaK aaHHoe. H3 nee Hado ebiöpamb jiornnecKHe (rHOceojiornHecKHe) orreHKH,
ohhcthb ot Ideenmystik; 3to eme öojibinaa paöoTa» (JIchuh B. M. <I>HJioco(j)-
CKne TerpaßH // JleHHH B. H. Ha6p. coh., t. 5, h. 2, c. 210).
«IIpaBHJIbHOCTb 3TOH CTOpOHbI COflepMCaHHH flHaJieKTHKH (peHb HflCT O
«ToaqjecTBe npoTHBonojiojKHOCTeii» — JI. A.) aojiMCHa 6biTb npoßepena hcto-
pHefi nayKH. Ha 3Ty cropony AHaneKTHKH oömhho (nanpHMep, y ILiexaHOBa)
oöpanjaiOT HeaocraTOHHO BHHMaHHa: tojk/xcctbo npoTHBonojiojKHOCTeii öeper-
ca KaK cyMMa npuMepon («nanpHMep, 3epno»; «nanpHMep, nepBoöbiTHbin kom-
MyHH3M». To ace y 3nrejibca. Ho sto «äjih nonyaapnocTH»...), a ne kbk 3clkoh
no3HaHUA (u kbk 3aKOH oö’beKTHBHoro MHpa)» (tbm ace, c. 275) (KypcHB Jlenn-
na — JI. A.).
243

O MATEPKAJIHCTHHECKOH ^HAJIEKTHKE
CTOHHHOÄ ÖOpbßbl IipOTHB HßeaJIH3Ma, ÖOpbßbl, OCHOBHHHH H
IjeJIH KOTOPOH MOHCeT npOHCHHTb TeopHH (ßHaJieKTHHeCKHH Ma-
TepnajiH3M), cnocoßnaH Bee™ aiy 6opb6y KaK hhkhkoh apyroH
cynjecTByiomHH MeTOß. Hto nee Tor.ua cjieayer CKasaTb o ctioh-
maHHoemu Tex HaxoßHiijHxcH na nepe^neM Kpae h TpnyM^H-
pyionjHX ßHcijHiDiHH, KOTopbie nocBHiijaiOT ceßa tohho onpe-
aejieHHbiM nparMaTHnecKHM nnrepecaM; KOTopbie ne hbjihiot-
ch nayKaMH b crporoM CMbicjie cjiobh, ho co3flaiOT BneHaTJienne
HaynnocTH, npuMeHHH «nayHHbie» MeTOjjbi (KOTopbie, kcthth,
onpe^ejieHbi nesaBHCHMO ot cneijHcjiHKH hx npeanojiaraeMO-
ro oßbeKTa); KOTopbie nojiaraiOT, hto ohh, KaK h Bee ncrannbie
HayKH, HMeiOT oßbCKTn, B TO BpeMH KHK B fleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
OHH HMeiOT /jeJIO JIHIHb C H6KOH #aHH0H peaJIbHOCTbK), 3a OÖJia-
ßaHHe kotopoh Be^yr cnop h KOTopyio BbipbiBaiOT «npyr y ßpy-
ra MHOHcecTBO KOHKypnpyiomHx «HayK»: c hokoh oöjiacrbio 4>e-
HOMCHOB, KOTopbie He KOHCTHTynpOBaHbl KHK HayHHbie (JiaKTbl
h noTOMy ne oß'beduHeHbi b ijejiocTHOCTb; ßHCijHnjiHHbi, Hecno-
coÖHbie b hx HacTOHiijeii (jjopMe KOHCTHTynpoBaTb noßJiHHHbie
TeopeTHnecKHe npaKTHKH, nocKOJibKy nanje Bcero ohh oßjia^a-
IOT Bcero JIHHIb ejJHHCTBOM TeXHHHeCKHX npaKTHK (npHMepbi:
ncHxocoijHOJiorHH, neKOTopbie oßnacra coiihojiothh h ncHxo-
jiornn)7. E/jHHCTBeHHOH TeopneH, chocoöhoh ho^hhtb h aance
7 TeopeTHHecKaa npaKTHKa npoH3BO«HT 3HaHHH, KOTopbie 3areM Moryr (Jjh-
rypnpoBaTb b KanecTBe cpedcm3f cjiyjKanjHx ijejiHM toh hjih hhoh TexHHne-
ckoh npaKTHKH. BcHKaa TexHHnecKaa npaKTHKa onpeflejiaeTca cbohmh ijejiH-
mh: onpeaejieHHbiMH acjxJjeKTaMH, KOTopbie cjie/jyeT npoHSBecrn b tom hjih
HHOM OfrbeKTe HJIH B TOH HJIH HHOH CHTyaijHH. CpeflCTBa 3BBHCHT OT IjeJieH.
BcHKaa TexHHnecKaa npaKTHKa b nncjie cbohx cpeacrB Hcnojib3yeT h 3HaHHH,
KOTopbie bxoaht b Hayxy KaK npoiie^yphi: 6ynb to 3naHHH, 3aHMCTB0BaHHbie
H3BHe, H3 cymecTByiomHx HayK, hjih ace 3HaHHH, KOTopbie caMa TexHHnecKaa
npaKTHKa npOH3BOflHT flJIfl TOTO, HTOÖbl flOCTHHb cbohx ijejieH. Ho B JIIOÖOM
cjiynae OTHOineHHe Mexmy tcxhhkoh h 3HanneM HBJiaercH OTHOineHHeM eneiu-
hum, ne OTpe<j)JieKTHpoBaHHbiM, pa/jHKajibHO OTJinnHbiM ot BHyrpeHHero, ot-
pe<|)JieKTHpoBaHHoro OTHOineHHH Mexqjy nayKoii h ee 3HaHHHMH. Hmchho oto
BHeniHee OTHOineHHe oöocnoBbiBaeT tc3hc JleHHHa o hcoöxojihmocth «bhc-
cth» MapKCHCTCKyio TeopHio b cnoHTaHHyio nojiHTHnecKyio npaKTHKy paöone-
ro KJiacca. IIpeÄOCTaBJieHHaH ce6e caMofi, cnoHTaHHaa (TexHHnecKaa) npaKTH-
244

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
npocro nocraBHTb npeziBapHTejibHbiH Bonpoc 06 oöocHOBaHHO-
CTH 3THX ßHCIJHnjIHH, CHOCOÖHOH nOßBepTHyTb KpHTHKe Hßeo-
jiothio bo Bcex ee oöambax, BKjnonaa h oöaHHba TexHHHecKHx
npaKTHK b nayKax, aBjiaerca Teopna TeopenmecKOH npaKTHKH
(b ee otjihhhh ot npaKTHKH H/jeojiorHHecKOH): MarepnajiHCTH-
aecKaa flnaneKTHKa hjih jjHajieKTHHecKHH MarepnajiH3M, koh-
ijenijHH MapKCHCTCKOH jjHajieKTHKH b ee cnei^u^uHHOcmu.
Höo, KaK Bee mbi 3naeM, ecjin penb H/jer o tom, htoöbi 3a-
njHTHTb peajibHO cynjecTByionjyio HayKy ot HßeojiornH, koto-
paa TjepjKHT ee b oca^e; otjihhhtb to, hto «neficTBHTejibHO ot-
HOCHTCfl K HayKe, OT TOTO, HTO OTHOCHTCH K H^eOJIOTHH, He npH-
HHMaa, KaK aro nopoü nponcxoflHT, aeHCTBHTejibHO HayHHbiii
BJieMeHT 3a ajieMeHT H/jeojiorHnecKHH hjih, KaK bto nacro npo-
HCXOJJHT, BJieMeHT H^eOJIOTHHeCKHH 3a BJieMeHT HayHHbIH...; ec-
an penb H/jer TaiOKe o tom (h b nojiHTHnecKOM OTHOinennn bto
Hpe3BbinaHHO BaacHbin momoht), htoöbi no^Beprayrb KpHTHKe
npereH3HH rocnoßCTByiomHx rexnHnecKHx npaKTHK h oöocho-
BaTb noÄJiHHHbie TeopeTHHecKHe npaKTHKH, b kotopbix Hyac^a-
lorca h öy^yT Bee öojibine nyamarbca Hama anoxa, coijnannaM
h K0MMynH3M; ecjin penb Hjjer 06 3thx aa^anax, Kaamaa H3 ko-
Topbix rpeöyer BMeinarejibCTBa MapKCucmcKOÜ jjnaaeKTHKH,
Ka npOH3BO/lHT TOJIBKO Ty «TOOpHIO», B KOTOpOH OHH HyJKJjaeTCH KBK B CpeßCTBC
jjjih Toro, htoöbi npon3BecTH npejinHcaHHyio en ijcjib: 3Ta «TeopHH» Bcer.ua
eerb Bcero jihiiib OTpanceHHe btoh He no/jBeprHyroH KpHTHKe h He nosnaHHOH
ijejiH b cpe/jCTBax ee peajiH3aijHH, t. e. hckhh noöoHHbiü npodyKm OTpanceHHH
ijejiH TexHinecKOH npaKTHKH b ee cpejjCTBax. «TeopHH», KOTopan ne ctbeht
Bonpoc O neJIH, noÖOHHblM TipodyKTTlOM KOTOpOH OHa HBJIHeTCH, OCTaeTCH imeH-
HHijeH 3toh ijejiH h Tex «peajibHOCTeH», KOTopbie yTBepßHJiH ee b KanecTBe ije-
jih. TaKOBbi MHoroHHCJieHHbie OTpacjm ncHxojiorHH, coijHOJiorHH h ßaace bko-
homhkh, nojiHTHKH, HCKyccTBa h t. 3tot momcht HMeeT (jjyHjjaMeHTajibHoe
3HaHeHHe äjih BbiHBJieHHH Hanöojiee rposnofi imeojiorHnecKOH onacnocTH: co3-
aaHHH h rocnojjCTBa mhhmbix TeopHH, KOTopbie He hmciot HHnero oömero c
noßJiHHHOH TeopneH, ho hbjihiotch Bcero jihihb noöouHbiMu npodyKmaMu Tex-
HHnecKOH fleHTejibHOCTH. Bepa b «cnoHTaHHbie» TeopernnecKHe jjocTOHHCTBa
TeXHHKH — HCTOK 3T0H HJjeOJIOTHH, KOTOpaH npe/JCTaBJIHeT COÖOH CyilXHOCTb
TexHOKpaTHnecKOH mbicjih.
245

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
Torßa coBepnieHHO oneBHßHO, hto mbi He mohccm orpaHHHHTbcn
(jjopMyjiHpoBKofi TaKoii TeopHH, t. e. MaTepnajiHCTHHecKOH ßH-
aneKTHKH, KOTopaa 6bDia 6bi HeyßOBjieTBopHTejibHoii, hockojib-
Ky ona 6bma 6bi HemouHoü h ßance — noßoßno rerejieBCKOH Te-
opHH jjHajieKTHKH — BecbMa ßaneKoii ot tohhocth. fl Bnojine
noHHMaio, hto h 3ßecb 3Ta npH6jiH3HTejibHOCTb eine mohcct co-
OTBeTCTBOBaTb onpeßejiennon CTeneHH peajibHOCTH h nosTOMy
MoaceT oßjia/jaTb onpeßejieHHbiM npaKmunecKUM 3HaneHHeM,
Hrpaa pojib yKasaHHH hjih cnpaBKH He tojibko b oßyneHHH, ho
h b 6opb6e («To ace caMoe h y Bnrejibca, — tobopht JleHHH. —
Ho sto ßjin „nonyjiapHOCTH“»). Ho «hjih toto, htoöbi KaKaa-
to npaKTHKa Morjia nojib3OBaTBCH npHÖJiH3HTejibHO BepnbiMH
4)opMyjiHpoBKaMH, HeoöxoßHMO, no KpaHHefi Mepe, htoöbi caMa
3Ta npaKTHKa öbma «BepHoä», htoöbi ona BpeMH ot BpeMeHH
Morjia oöxoßHTbCH 6e3 tohhoto BbipaaceHHH TeopHH h ysnaßaTb
ceßn KaK ijejioe b TeopHH npHÖJiH3HTejibHO BepnoH. Ho Kor-
ßa KaKan-TO npaKTHKa enje na ßejie hc cyiyecmeyem, Korßa ne-
oöxoßHMO ee KOHcmumyupoeamb, npn6jiH3HTejibHOCTb CTano-
BHTCH HaCTOHIIJHM npenHTCTBHeM. HcCJießOBaTeJIH-MapKCHCTbl,
KOTopbie Bejjyr pa3Beßicy b tbkhx HaxoßHiijHxcH Ha nepeßneM
Kpae HayKH oöjibcthx, KaK TeopHH HßeojiorHH (npaßo, Mopajib,
peJIHTHH, HCKyCCTBO, 4)HJIOCO4)HH), TeopHH HCTOPHH HayK H HX
coßcTBeHHoii HßeojioririecKOH npeßbicTopHH, onHCTeMOJiornn
(TeopHH TeopeTHHecKHx npaKTHK MaTeMaTHKH h nayK o npnpo-
ße) h t. ß., b 3thx onacHbix, ho 3axBaTbiBaioiijHx oßjiacTHx; Te,
kto ßepeTCH 3a pemeHne TpyßHbix npoßjieM b oßjiacTH Teope-
THHeCKOH npaKTHKH CaMOTO MapKCH3Ma (b oßjiacTH HCTOPHH),
ne roBopn yace o ßpyrnx peBOJiioijHOHHbix «HccjießOBaTejinx»,
KOTopbie CTaJIKHBaiOTCH C nOJIHTHHeCKHMH TpyßHOCTHMH, npH-
HHMaiOIIJHMH paßHKaJIbHO HOBbie (fcopMbl (AcJjpHKa, JIaTHHCKaH
AMepHKa, nepexoß k K0MMyHH3My h t. ß.) — Bee 3th HCCJießOBa-
Tejin, ecjin b hx pacnopnnceHHH noß HMeneM MaTepnajiHCTine-
ckoh ßHaneKTHKH OKaaceTCH tojibko ßnaneKTHKa rerejieBCKaa,
nycTb ßance ocBoßoncßeHHan ot HßeojiorimecKOH chctcmbi Tere-
jih, nycTb ßaace oß'bHBjieHHaa «nepeBepnyTOH» h «nocTaBJien-
246

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
hoh na hoth» (ecjin 3to nepeBopanHBaHHe aaKjnonaeTCH b npn-
MeneHHH rerejieBCKOH jjHajieKTHKH k peajibHOMy, a He k Huee),
BCe OHH, HecoMHeHHO, He CJIHUIKOM flHJieKO npOJJBHHyrCH B CBO-
eM npe/jnpHHTHH! H noaTOMy Bee ohh, häct jih penb o tom, hto-
6bi HaÜTH pemenne hobbix npoßjieM b oöjiacrn peajibHOH npaK-
THKH, hjih ace o tom, htoöbi oßocHOBaTb peajibHyio npaKTHKy,
Hync^aiOTCH b comoü MaTepnajiHCTHnecKOH «unajieKTHKe.

2.	TEOPETHHECKAH PEBOJIK)E(MH B /JEHCTBHM
Hthk, mbi npuHHMaeM 3a hcxo^hbih nyHKT Te npaKTHKH, b ko-
Topbix caMa MapKCHCTCKaa jjnajieKTHKa HaxojjHTca b ächctbhh:
MapKCHCTCKyio TeopeTHnecKyio npaKTHKy (A) h MapKCHCTCKyio
nojiHTHnecKyio npaKTHKy (B).
A.	MapKCucmcKOR meopemuHecKOJt npaKmuKa
CynjecTByeT npaKTHKa TeopHH. Teopna — 3to cneijHcJ)HHe-
CKaa npaKTHKa, KOTopaa Boa/jeiiCTByeT na cboh ocoöbih oöb-
eKT h HMeeT peayjibTaTOM cboh ocoöbih npodyKrrv. 3HaHue. Pac-
CMOTpeHHbiH caM no ce6e, bchkhh TeopeTHHecKHii Tpy,n npeß-
nojiaraeT cymecTBOBanne jjaHnoro MaTepnajia h «cpe/jCTB
npOH3BO^CTBa» (nOHHTHH «TeopHH» H CHOCOÖa HX HCnOJIb3OBa-
hhh: Mero/ja). MaTepnan, KOTopbiH oöpaöaTbiBaeTca b npoijec-
ce TeopeTHnecKoro Tpyzja, MoaceT öbitb HpesBBinaiiHO «H/jeojio-
rnnecKHM», ecjin mbi HMeeM aejio c poac/jaioiijeücH HayKoä; ho
ecjin mbi HMeeM jjejio c yace KOHCTHTynpoßaHHOH h pa3BHToä
HayKOH, to oh MoaceT öbitb MaTepnanoM, kotopbih yace Teope-
THHeCKH OÖpaÖOTaH, OH MOaceT COCTOHTB H3 nOHHTHH, KOTOpBie
yace no^Beprjincb HaynnoMy ocjjopMJieHHio. Hcnojibsya ohchb
cxeMaTHHHbie BBipaaceHHH, mbi MoaceM cKa3aTb, hto cpe/jCTBa
TeopeTHHecKoro Tpy/ja, KOTopbie hbjihiotcm ero ycjiOBHHMH, t. e.
«TeopHH» h MeTOA, npeßCTaBJiHiOT coöoä «aKTHBHyio CTopoHy»
TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKH, onpe^ejiHiomHÜ momcht Bcero npo-
ijecca. IIo3HaHHe npoijecca 3toh TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKH b
ero BceoöiijHOCTH, t. e. KaK cneijHtjjHijHpoBaHHOH cj)opMbi, KaK
peajibHoro otjihhhh npaKTHKH, KOTopaa caMa HBJiaeTca ocoöoii
4>opMoö npoijecca Bceoölijero npeoöpasoßaHHa, «CTaHOBJieHHa
Benjeii», npejjCTaBjiaeT coöoä nepsyio cryneHB TeopeTHHecKoii
paspaöoTKH TeopHH, t. e. MaTepnajiHCTHHecKoii /jnajieKTHKH.
Ho peajiBHaa TeopeTHnecKaa npaKTHKa (npoH3BOjjanjaa 3Ha-
248

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
hhh) Bnojine mojkct BbinojiHHTb cboh TeopeTHnecKHe aajjanH, He
HcnbiTbiBaa npn stom noTpeßnocTH b coa/jaHHH TeopHH CBoefi
coßcTBeHHOH npaKTHKH, ee npoijecca. TaK ßejio oöctoht c 6ojib-
hihhctbom nayK: xoth ohh h hmciot neKyio «Teopnio» (npefl-
craßjiHion^K) coßofi cyMMy hx hohhthh), ara «TeopHH», TeM ne
Menee, He ecTb TeopHH hx TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH. BpeMH
TeopHH TeopeTmecKOH npaKTHKH, t. e. BpeMH, Kor^a Ta hjih
HHan «TeopHH» HcnbiTbiBaeT noTpeÖHOCTb b TeopHH CBoeii co6-
CTBeHHOH npaKTHKH, — BpeMH TeopHH MeTO.ua B OÖlIjeM CMblC-
jie cjiOBa — Bcer^a npnxo^HT noa^nee (apres coup), jjjih toto,
HTOÖbl nOMOHb B HpeOßOJieHHH npaKTHHeCKHX hjih «TeopeTime-
ckhx» TpyzjHOCTeii h paapeniHTb npoöJieMbi, HepaapeniHMbie b
nrpe npaKTHKH, norpyaceHHofi b cboio aeHTejibHOCTb h hosto-
My ocTaiomeÄCH TeopeTHnecKH cjienoä, hjih nee jjjih toto, hto-
6bi B3HTBCH 3a npeoaojieHHe öojiee rjiyßoKoro KpH3Hca. Ho Ha-
yKa Bnojine enoeoöna ßOJiroe BpeMH BbinojiHHTb cboio paßoTy,
t. e. npoH3BOflHTb 3naHHe, He HcnbiTbiBan noTpeönocTH b co3-
^aHHH TeopHH toto, hto ona flejiaeT, TeopHH ee npaKTHKH, ee
«MeTo^a». BoabMeM npHMep MapKca. Oh Hanncaji aecHTb paßoT
h co3Aaji o/jhh MonyMeHTajibHbiH Tpyn, «KanHTaji», ne Hann-
ens npn 3tom CBoeii «/JnajieKTHKH». Oh roßopnji o tom, hto na-
nnineT ee, ho HHnero ne c^ejiaji. JJjih SToro y Hero He Hanuiocb
BpeMeHH. Ho 3T0 3HBHHT JIHIHb TO, HTO oh npocTO He y^ejinji
paßore Ha# neii äocthtohho BpeMeHH, nocKOJibKy TeopHH ero
coßcTBeHHOH TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH He HMejia Tor/ja cyiqe-
cmeeHHOzo 3HaneHHH ajih pasBHTHH ero TeopHH, t. e. «zjjih hjio-
ßOTBOpHOCTH eTO COÖCTBeHHOH npaKTHKH.
Mencfly TeM 3Ta «^najieKTHKa» Morjia 6bi npeßCTaBjiHTb
ßojibinoii HHTepec ^jih nac, nocKOJibKy ona 6bma 6bi Teopneii
TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH MapKca, t. e. onpe/jejiniomeH Teope-
THnecKOH (JiopMOH peineHHH (cymecTByionjero b npaKTHnecKOM
coctohhhh) HMeHHO toh npoöJieMbi, KOTopan nac 3aHHMaeT: b
neM 3aKJHonaeTCH cneijn^HHecKoe otjihhhc MapKCHCTCKOH du-
cuieKTnuKu! 3to npaKTimecKoe pemeHHe, 3Ta duajieKmuKa cy-
mecTByeT b TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKe MapKca, b Heil ona aeii-
249

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
CTByeT. MeTO/j, kotopbih MapKC b CBoeä TeopeTHHecKoä npan-
THKe, b CBoeM HayHHOM Tpyzje npHMenneT k tom «jjaHHOCTH»,
KOTopyio oh npeoßpaayeT b 3naHHe, h ecTb MapKCucmcKOR dua-
jieKmuKa; h KaK pa3 3Ta ducuieKmuKa co/jepacHT b ce6e, b npan-
THHecKOM coctohhhh, pemeHHe npoßjieMbi OTHonieHHH Meacay
MapKCOM h TerejieM, peajibHOCTb toto 3HaMeHHToro «nepeßo-
paHHBaHHH», C nOMOIIJblO KOToporo B «IIoCJieCJIOBHH» k «Kann-
Tajiy» (2-e na/janne) Mapnc jjaeT naM 3naTb, yKO3bieaem Ha to,
hto oh CBeji cneTbi c rerejieBCKOH ^HajieKTHKofi. Hmchho noa-
TOMy mbi ceroflHH coacajieeM o tom, hto MapKC He Hanncan cbo-
eii «JJnajieKTHKH», b KOTopoii caM oh ne nyac/jancH h kotopoh
oh hhm ne jjaji, 3hbh b to ace BpeMH, hto mbi yace ee HMeeM h
npeKpacHO 3HaeM, T/je ona: b TeopeTHHecKHx Tpyzjax MapKca, b
«KanHTajie» h t. jj. — h b comom jjejie, mbi naxo^HM ee 3/jecb (h
3tot (JjaKT 6e3ycjiobho HMeeT (JjyH^aMeHTajibHoe 3HaneHHe), ho
b npaKTHnecKOM, a He e meopemunecKOM cocmojiHuul8
Bee 3to npeKpacHO 3najiH h Bnrejibc, h JleHHH9. Ohh 3na-
jih, hto MapKCHCTCKan jjHaneKTHKa cynjecTByeT b «KanHTajie»,
HO HaXOßHTCH TBM B npaKTHHCCKOM COCTOHHHH. H HOSTOMy OHH
3HajiH TaKHce h to, hto Mapnc ne flau HaM «ßHajieKTHKH» b me-
opemuHecKOM coctohhhh. üooTOMy ohh He CMeniHBajiH, ohh
ne motjih CMeniHBaTb (ecjin ne npHHHMaTb b pacneT H3JioHce-
HHH, HOCHBUIHX Hpe3BBIHaHHO OÖlIJHH XapaKTep, HJIH HCTOpH-
necKH onpeaejieHHbix CHTyannii, b kotopbix npoHBJiHJiHCb npe3-
BbiHaiiHbie TeopeTHnecKHe oßcroHTejibCTBa) yKasanue Mapnca
Ha to, hto oh ceeji cuembi c TerejieM, h 3Hauue ototo peineHHH,
t. e. Teopnio ototo peineHHH. «YKaaaHHH» Mapnca, KacaBinne-
8 CynjecTByeT jihihb o^ho, BecbMa npHMenaTejibHoe HcmiiOHeHHe, o koto-
poM penb noÄAeT jjanee.
9 Cp.: «Ecjih Marx ne ocraBHji «JIozuku» (c öojibhioh öyKBbi), to oh ocra-
bhji jiozuKy «KanHTana», h bto cjie/jOBajio 6bi cyryöo Hcnojib3OBaTb no aaHHO-
My Bonpocy. B «KanHTajie» npHMenena k o^hoh nayKe jiorHKa, /iHajieKTHKa h
TeopHH no3HaHHH (ne Ha^o 3-x cjiob: bto o^ho h to ace) MaTepnajiH3Ma, bshb-
niero Bee ijennoe y TerejiH h jjBHHyBinero cne ijennoe Bnepe/i» (JleHUH B. H.
<I>Hjioco(j)CKHe TeTpajjH // JleHHH B. H. Hsöp. coh., t. 5, h. 2, c. 263).
250

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
ch «nepeBopaHHBaHHH», motjih HrpaTb pojib ceedenuü, no3BO-
jihbihhx HaÜTH CBoe Mecro h copneHTnpoBaTbCH b oßjiacTH H/je-
ojiornn: ohh jjeiicTBHTejibHO npe/jcraBjiHJiH coßoii yicaaaHHH,
t. e. npaKTiriecKoe npH3HaHHe cymecTBOBaHHH pemeHHH, ho
OTHioßb He crporoe 3Hanue. Hmohho noaTOMy yKasaHHH MapK-
ca jjojdkhbi h MoryT nocjiyacHTb naM noßy/jHTejibHbiM CTHMy-
jiom k TeopeTHHecKoii paßoTe: mbi aojiacHbi b Hanßojiee crporoii
4)opMe Bbipa3HTb TeopeTHnecKoe penieHHe, na cynjecTBOBaHHe
KOToporo OHH yKa3bIBaiOT.
B.	MapKCucmcKOR nojiumuHecKOJi npaKmuKa
Tohho TaK nee jjejio oöctoht h c MapKCHCTCKOH nojiHTHnecKoii
npaKTHKoii KJiaccoBoä ßopbßbi. B MoeM nocjie/jHeM HCCJie^OBa-
hhh h b3hji b KanecTBe npHMepa PeBOJiioijHio 1917 r., ho, KaK
Bee mbi 3naeM h nyBCTByeM, mohcho ßbuio ßbi npHBecrn cot-
hh jjpyrnx, aKTyajibHbix npHMepoB. B 3tom npnMepe mbi bh-
jjhm, KaK jjeiicTByeT h no/jßepraeTCH ncnbrraHHio (hto, Bnpo-
neM, ojjho h to nee) «jjHajieKTHKa», ßepynjan Hanajio y MapKca,
a b Heii — «nepeBopanHBaHHe», OTjmnaioiijee ee ot «unajieKTH-
kh Terejin, ho onnTb-TaKH e npaKmuuecKOM cocmonHuu. 3Ta
jjnajieKTHKa ßepeT nanajio y MapKca, nocKOJibKy npaKTHKa
ßojibmeBHCTCKoii napTHH ocHOBana na /jnaneKTHKe «KanHTa-
jia», na MapKCHCTCKOH «TeopHH». B npaKTHKe KJiaccoßoii ßopb-
ßbi bo BpeMH PeBOJiioijHH 1917 r. h b pa3MbiinjieHHHx JlenHHa
mbi jjeiicTBHTejibHO Haxo/jHM MapKCHCTCKyio jjnajieKTHKy b ee
CneiJHlJjHHHOCTH, HO B npaKTHHCCKOM COCTOHHHH. 3/jeCb Mbl TO-
ace KOHcraTHpyeM, hto h 3Ta nojiHTHnecKan npaKmuKa, koto-
paa HMeeT cboh onpe/jejieHHbiii MaTepnaji, cboh opyjjHH h cboh
MeTOß h, no/joßno bchkoh npaKTHKe, npoH3BO/jHT npeoßpaao-
BaHHH (KOTopbie HBJIHIOTCH He 3HaHURMU, HO peBOJiioijHeii 06-
ufecmeeHHbix omHoiueHuü), hto h 3Ta npaKTHKa Bnojine mohcct
cyiijecTBOBaTb h pa3BHBaTbcn, ne HcnbiTbiBan, no Kpaüneü Me-
pe b TeneHHe KaKoro-TO BpeMeHH, noTpeßHoem b C03,ijaHHH Te-
opHH CBoeii coßcTBeHHoii npaKTHKH, TeopHH CBoero «Mero/ja».
251

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
Ona Mo^ceT cynjecTBOBaTb, coxpaHHTbca h Aance nporpeccnpo-
bhtb 6e3 nee; tohho TaK ace jjejio oöctoht h c jiioöoh apyroii
npaKTHKOH, — BnjioTb ao toto MOMeHTa, Korga ee oöbeKT (mhp
cymecTByionjero oönjecTBa, KOTopoe ona npeoöpaayeT) oKaaceT
eä conpoTHBjieHHe, AoeraTOHHoe ajih toto, htoöbi sacmaeumb
ee npeoAOJieTb otot paapbiB, nocraBHTb noA Bonpoc h hombic-
JIHTB CBOH COÖCTBeHHMH MCTOA, HTOÖBI A^TB aAOKBaTHbie pe-
nieHHH, a TaiOKe cpedcmea, neoöxoAHMbie ajih stoto, h b oco-
ÖeHHOCTH AJIH Toro, HTOÖBI npOH3BeCTH B «TeopHH», KOTOpaH
HBJIHCTCH HX OCHOBOH (TeopHH CymeCTByiOIIjeH OÖlIjeCTBeHHOH
(jDOpMaiJHH) HOßbie 3HCLHUSI, COOTBCTCTByiOIAHe COAepHCaHHIO HO-
boh «craAHH» ee pa3BHTHH. Bot npHMep sthx «hobbix 3HaHHÜ»:
TO, HTO npHHHTO Ha3BIBaTB TeopeTHHeCKHM BKJiaAOM «JieHHHH3-
Ma», cooTBeTCTByiomHM nepnoAy HMnepnajiH3Ma b anoxy HMne-
pnajiHCTHHecKHx bohh; hjih ace to, hto no3AHee CTaHyT oöosna-
naTB hob bim, eiije He cynjecTByiomHM HMeneM: TeopeTHnecKHH
BKJiaA, HeOÖXOAHMblil B HaCTOHIIJHH nepHOA, B KOTOPOM B Öopb-
öe 3a MHpnoe cocymecTBOBaHHe b crpanax, Ha3biBaeMbix «pa3-
BHBaionjHMHCH», napnAy c HX öopböoii 3a naijHOHajiBHyio ne3a-
BHCHMOCTB HOHBJIHIOTCH nepBbie peeOJlJOl^UOHHbie 4>OpMbI.
Koe-KTO MO3K6T yAHBHTBCH, npOHHTaB, HTO npaKTHKa KJiaCCO-
boh öopböbi ne öbDia npoAyMana b TeopeTHHecKOH (JjopMe mc-
moda hjih Teopuu, — boab mbi HMeeM aochtb HMeionjHx peina-
lonjee 3HaneHHe tckctob JleHHHa, caMbiM 3naMenHTBiM H3 ko-
Topbix HBJiaeTCH «Hto abjibtb?». Ho acjio b tom, hto otot tckct,
KOTOpblH mbi MOHceM bshtb b KanecTBe npHMepa, xoth h onpe-
Aejiner TeopeTHnecKne h HCTopinecKHe ochobbi npaKTHKH poc-
CHHCKHX KOMMyHHCTOB H B KOHCHHOM CH6T6 H3JiaraeT nporpaM-
My achctbhh, Bee nee ne npeAcraBJineT coöoh TeopeTHHecKOH
pe<J)JieKCHH nOJIHTHHeCKOH npaKTHKH KaK TaKOBOH. Oh He HB-
jineTCH (nocKOJibKy oh k 3TOMy h He crpeMHTca) TeopHeä CBoero
coöcTBenHoro MeTOAa, t. e. Teopnen KaK TaKOBOH. IIosTOMy sto
ne TeKcr o AnajieKTHKe, xoth MapKCHCTCKan AnajieKTHKa h npo-
HBJIHeTCH B neM B ABHCTBHH.
Htoöbi npaBHJiBHO hohhtb otot momcht, BepneMCH k tok-
252

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JtHAJIEKTHKE
craM JleHHHa o PeBOJiioijHH 1917 r., KOTopbie h öpaji b Kane-
CTBe npuMepa h Ha KOTopbie ccbinancH. Heoöxo^nMO yron-
HHTb CTaiyC 3THX TeKCTOB. 3tO OTHIOßb He TeKCTbi, HaHHCaH-
Hbie HCTOpHKOM, HO TeKCTbi nOJIHTHHeCKOTO BOHCflH, KOTOpblH B
xoße 6opb6bi yjjejuieT HecKOJibKO nacoB pa3MbinuieHHHM o Hefi,
oßpanjaacb k jikwim, 3axBaHeHHbiM eio, h crpeMHCb homohb hm
noHHTb hx coßcTBeHHyio 6opb6y. TaKHM oßpaaoM, sto TeKCTbi,
npe,nHa3HaHeHHbie äjih npHMoro nojiHTHnecKoro Hcnojib3OBa-
HHH, COCTaBJieHHbie HeJIOBeKOM, BOBJieneHHblM B peBOJIIOIXHIO
h pa3MbimjiHiomHM o CBoeM nojiHTHnecKOM onbiTe. Mne OKa-
3ajiH ßojibinyio necrb, ynpeKHyB b tom, hto h coxpaHHJi c})op-
My pa3MbiinjieHHH JleHHHa, hx aeTajiH h jjaoKe ynoTpeßjiaeMbie
B HHX BbipaHCeHHH, npHHHMaH H H3JiaraH HX TaKHMH, KaKOBbi
ohh cyrb, ne crpeMacb tothbc ace «npeB3OHTH» hx b ho^jihh-
HOM HCTOpHHeCKOM aHBJIHSe10 11. /JeHCTBHTeJIbHO, neKOTopbie pa3-
MbimjieHHH JleHHHa npoH3BOßHT nojiHoe BnenaTjieHHe toto,
HTO Ha3bIBaJIH «nJIIOpaJIH3MOM», «rHnep3MHHpH3M0M», «Teopn-
efi 4>aKTopoB» h t. fl., — Kor.ua ohh ccbiJiaiOTCH na mhofohhc-
jieHHbie h Hpe3BbiHaiiHbie oßcroHTejibcrBa, KOTopbie npHBejiH k
noße^e peBOJiioijHH hjih qzjejiajiH ee bosmomchoh11. H hphhhji hx
TaKHMH, KaKOBbi ohh cyrb, He no bhjjhmocth, ho no cyra, He co-
rjiacHO bh^hmocth hx «njiiopajiH3Ma», ho corjiacHO rjiyöoKOMy
10 Cp. Miopn, TaM »ee, c. 47.
11 Cp., b hhcthocth: «Ecjih peBOJHOiina noöe^HJia TaK CKopo... to jihihb no-
TOMy, HTO B CHJiy Hpe3BBIHaHH0 OpHTHHaJIBHOH HCTOpHHeCKOH CHTyaiJHH CJIU-
nucb BMecre, h 3aMenaTejibH0 «apyacHO» cjihjihcb, coeepiueHHO pa&fiuHHbie
nomoKU, coeepiueHHO pa3HopoÖHbie KJiaccoBbie HHTepecbi, coeepiueHHO npo-
mueonojioztcHbie nojiHTHnecKHe h coijHajibHbie crpeMjieHHH». «JleHHH caM noß-
nepKHyji neKOTopbie cjiobb 3Toro TeKCTa. Kajiee oh saHBjiaeT: «TaK u mojib-
ko maK Gbuio dejio. TaK h tojibko TaK Moncer CMOTpeTb hojihthk, He öohiijhhch
npaBAbl, Tpe3B0 B3BeiHHBaK)IIIHH COOTHOHieHHe OÖmeCTBeHHblX CHJI B peBOJIIO-
IIHH, OIjeHHBaiOmHH BCHKHH «mCKyU^UÜ MOMCHin» He TOJIBKO C TOHKH 3peHHH
Beeil ero jiaHHOH ceroflHflnineH opHrnnajiBHocrH, ho h c tohkh 3peHHH öojiee
rjiyöoKHx npyjKHH, öojiee rjiyöoKHx cooTHomeHHH HHTepecoB npojierapnaTa h
6yp»cya3HH KaK b Pocchh, tbk h bo bccm MHpe» (KypcHB moh. — JI. A.) (Jle-
huh B. H. ÜHCbMa H3flajieKa // «JleHHH B. H. Hsöp. coh., t. 7, c. 8).
253

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
TeopeTHnecKOMy 3HaneHHio 3toh «bh^hmocth». Ha caMOM aejie
bth TeKCTbi JleHHHa othio/jb ne npeflCTaBJiaioT coöoii npocTO-
ro onHcaHHH neKofi jjaHHoii CHTyaijHH, OMnnpiriecKoro nepe-
HHCJICHHH pa3JIHHHBIX napa/JOKCaJIbHblX HJIH HeOÖbIHHblX 3Jie-
mchtob: ohh npeßCTaBjiHiOT coöoii ancuius, hmgioiuhh Teope-
THnecKyio 3HanHM0CTb. Ohh KacaiOTca peanbHOCTH, HMeiomeö
ocHOBonojiaraiomee, cynjHOCTHoe 3HaneHHe jjjih nojiHTHnecKoii
npaKTHKH, peanbHOCTH, KOTopyio Mbi äojdkhbi noMbic/iumb jjjih
TOTO, HTOÖbl JJOCTHHb CndJH^HHeCKOH CyilJHOCTH 3TOÜ npaKTH-
KH. 3th TeKCTbi cyrb anajiH3 CTpyKTypbi hojih, oö'beKTa hjih (ec-
jih BOcnojib3OBaTbca BBefleHHoii HaMH TepMHHOJiorneii) cneijH-
(JjmecKoro MaTepnajia hojihthhcckoh npaKTHKH KaK TaKOBOÖ,
anajiH3, onnpaioiijHiicH Ha ojjhh KOHKpeTHbiü npHMep: hojihth-
necKyio npaKTHKy MapKCHCTCKoro bohcjjh b 1917 r.
ripH TaKOM nOHHMaHHH aHaJIH3 JleHHHa npaKTHHeCKH OT-
BenaeT (ero anajiH3 ecrb 3tot otbct b npaKTHnecKOM coctoh-
hhh) na oönjnü TeopeTimecKHii Bonpoc: hto TaKoe nojiHTHne-
CKan npaKTHKa, hto OTjiHnaeT ee ot jjpyrnx npaKTHK? Hjih,
ecjin npe^nonecTb öojiee KJiaccHHecKyio (JjopMyjinpoBKy: hto
TaKoe nojiHTHnecKoe jjeiicTBHe? C noMonjbio JleHHHa, h npo-
thb cneKyjiHTHBHoro Te3Hca (kotopbih mbi naxojjHM y Ferejia,
yHacjießOBaBinero ero ot öojiee crapoii HßeojiorHH, nocKOJibKy
ona b SToii (fropMe HBJiaeTCH rocnoßCTByiomeii yace y Boccios),
KOTopbiii paccMarpHBaeT KOHKpeTHOCTb hojihthhcckoh CHTy-
aijHH KaK «cjiynaiiHOCTb», b KOTopoii «ocynjecTBJiaeTCH neoö-
xo/jHMOCTb», mbi npHOÖperaeM cnocoÖHOCTb jjaTb nepßbiii Teo-
peTHHecKHä otbct na 3tot peajibHbiii Bonpoc. Mbi bhjjhm, hto
OÖ'beKTOM nOJIHTHHeCKOii npaKTHKH JleHHHa OTHIOßb He HBJIH-
eTca hh Bceoöiijaa hctophh, hh jjaHce oöiijan hctophh HMne-
pnajiH3Ma. Hctophh HMnepnajiH3Ma Tonte nrpaer cboio pojib b
ero npaKTHKe, ho ona ne npe/jCTaBjiHeT coöoii ee coöctbchhoto
oö’beKTa. Hctophh HMnepnajiH3Ma KaK TaKOBaa hbjihctch oö^-
cktom JjpyTHX BHJJOB JjeHTeJIbHOCTH: JjeHTeJIbHOCTH TeopeTHKa-
MapKCHCTa, JjeHTCJIbHOCTH HCTOpHKa-MapKCHCTa, HO B 3T0M CJiy-
nae ona hbjihctch oö^cktom TeopeTHHecKHx npaKTHK. B CBoeii
254

O MATEPHAJIMCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
nojiHTinecKOH npaKTHKe JleHHH CTajiKHBaeTCH c HMnepnajiH3-
mom b Mo^ajibHOCTM deücmeumejibHozo cynjecTBOBaHHa: b ne-
KOM KOHKpeTHOM HaCTOHIIjeM. TeopeTHK HCTOpHH HJIH HCTOpHK
CTajiKHBaiOTCH c Heil b apyroH MoaajibnocTH, b MojjajiBHOCTH ne-
ßeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HJIH aÖCTpaKTHOCTH. ÜOBTOMy C06CTB6HHbIH
O&beKT nOJIHTHHeCKOH npaKTHKH ^eÖCTBHTeJIbHO npHHa^Jie^CHT
HCTOPHH, O KOTopoii TOBOpHT H TeopeTHK, H HCTOpHK, HO 3TO
apyroii o6i>eKT. JleHHH npeKpacno 3naeT, hto oh BO3fleHCTBy-
eT na oßnjecTBeHHoe HacToanjee, KOTopoe HBjiHeTca npoßyKTOM
pa3BHTHH HMnepnajiH3Ma, 6e3 KOToporo oh He ctbji 6bi MapKCH-
ctom, ho b 1917 r. oh He BO3,neHCTByeT na HMnepnajiH3M KaK
TaKOBOH: OH BO3fleÜCTByeT Ha KOHKpeTHbie CHTyaiJHH, KOHTjIOH-
KTypbi, cjiOHCHBiHHeea b Pocchh, Ha to, hto oh Ha3biBaeT npn-
MenaTejibHbiM cjiobom «TeKynjHH momcht», t. e. tot momcht,
HacTOHHjaa aeHCTBHTejiBHOCTb KOToporo onpe^ejiaeT ero hojih-
THnecKyio npaKTHKy KaK TaKOByio. B btom MHpe, jihihb cpe3 ko-
Toporo BOJieü-HeBOJieH BbiHynqjeH bhhctb hctophk HMnepna-
jiH3Ma juih Toro, htoöbi yBHfleTb ero TaKHM, kbkhm ero nepeaai-
Baji h noHHMaji JleHHH, — nocKOJibKy oh, kbk cynjecTByioniHH
MHP, 6bDI eAHHCTBeHHBIM KOHKpeTHBIM CyiljeCTByiOmHM MHpOM,
B eßHHCTBeHHOH BO3MO3KHOH KOHKpeTHOCTH, KOHKpeTHOCTH 6T0
aeHCTBHTeJIBHOCTH, B «TOKyiljeM MOMCHTe» ---JleHHH aHaJIH3H-
pyeT to, hto KOHCTHTynpyer xapaKTepHbie nepTbi ero crpyKTy-
pbi: Te cynjecTBeHHbie apTHKyjunjHH, Te 3BeHba, Te CTpareTH-
necKne y3JiOBbie nyHKTbi, ot kotopbix saBHCHT bo3mohchoctb h
HCXOfl BCHKOH peBOJIIOIJHOHHOH npaKTHKH; ßHCnO3HIJHIO H TH-
nHHHbie OTHOineHHH npoTHBopeHHH onpe/jejieHHOH crpaHbi (no-
jiy^eo^ajibHOH h nojiyKOJiOHnajibHOH, ho tom ne Menee HMne-
pHajiHCTHHecKoii) b tot nepnofl, KOT/ja rjiaBHoe npoTHBopenne
CTaHOBHTCH B3pbIBOOnaCHBIM. HesaMeHHMOCTb TeKCTOB JleHHHa
3aKjnonaeTCH b cjie/jyiomeM: b anajiH3e CTpyKiypbi onpe^ejieH-
HOH KOH'btOHKmypbl, CMeil^eHHH H KOH^eHCai|HH ee npOTHBOpe-
hhh, hx napajjoKcajibHoro e^HHCTBa, HBjiHiomerocH caMHM cy-
njecTBOBaHHeM «TeKynjero momohtb», kotopbih 6y.neT npeoöpa-
3OBbiBaTb nojiHTHnecKoe HeiicTBHe cjjeBpajifl h okthöph 1917 r.
255

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOM JJHAJIEKTHKE
H Kor/ja bthm TeKcraM npoTHBonocTaßaaiOT 6e3yKopn3HeH-
hbiä ypoK ßojiee niHpoKOMacuiTaÖHoro HCTopnaecKoro anajiH-
3a12, B KOTOPOM JieHHHCKHH «TeKymHH M0M6HT» CTBHOBHTCa
Bcero jihhib MraoBeHHeM, ncaesaiomHM b npoijecce, kotopbih
Haaajica 3ajjonro jjo nero h kotopbih bbih^gt 3a ero npe/jejiBi b
CBoeM coßcTBeHHOM ßynynjeM, cTaßineM peajiBHOCTBio, — ojjho-
ro H3 Tex HCTOpHHeCKHX aHaJIH3OB, B KOTOpBIX HMHepHaJIH3M
oö'BHCHHeT Bee, hto, BnpoaeM, coBepmeHHO Bepno, ho ßjiaro-
jjapa KOTopBiM öe/jHoro JleHHHa, kotopbih othmhho nBiTaeT-
ca pa3pemHTB cboh npoßaeMBi h /joBecTH ,no KOHija anajiH3 pe-
bojiioijhohhoh npaKTHKH, aacro HacTHraeT, CMeraeT h ynocHT
c coßoii jiaBHHa HCTopnaecKHx ^OKasarejiBCTB, — Tor/ja mbi re-
paeM jjap penn. KaK ecjin 6bi «zjaa JleHHHa HMnepnajiH3M He
3aKJiK)Hajica hmchho b onpe/jejieHHBix jjeiicTBHTenBHBix npo-
THBOpeHHaX, B HX ßeHCTBHTeJIBHOH CTpyKType H OTHOineHH-
ax, KaK ecjin 6bi 3Ta crpyKTypHpoBannaa jjeHCTBHTejiBHOCTB ne
npejjcraBJiajia coßoii ejjHHCTBeHHBiii oßi>eKT ero nojiHTHaecKO-
ro aeiicTBHa! KaK ecjin ßBi mbi motjih ojjhhm cjiobom ManiaecKH
pa3BeaTB b npax peajiBHOCTB nesaMeHHMoii npaKTHKH, npaK-
THKH peBOJIIOIJHOHepOB, HX JKH3HB, HX CTpa^aHHa, HX JKepTBBI,
hx ycHJina, Kopoae roBopa, hx KOHKpeTHyio hch3hb, ncnojiB3ya
jjjia 3Toro jjpyryio npaKTHKy, ocHOBaHHyio na nepsoii, npaK-
THKy HCTopHKa — t. e. nejiOBeKa HayKH, kotopbih no neoßxo-
jjhmocth pa3MBinuiaeT o CBepniHBineiica neoßxojjHMOCTH; kbk
eCJIH ßBI MOJKHO ßBDIO CMeiUHBaTB TeopeTHHeCKyiO npaKTHKy
KJiaccHHecKoro hctophkb, aHajiH3Hpyiomero nponuioe, c npaK-
thkoh peBOJiioijHOHHoro BOJK/ja, kotopbih, naxo/jacB b nacToa-
njeM, pa3MBinniaeT oß btom HacroaiijeM, o Heoßxo/jHMOCTH, ko-
Topyio eme tojibko npejjCTOHT ocymecTBHTB, o cpe/jCTBax, ne-
oßxOJJHMBIX ßJia TOTO, HTOßBI ee npOH3BeCTH, O CTpaTerHHeCKHX
nyHKTax npHMeHenna bthx cpe/jCTB, Kopoae roBopa, o cbocm
COßCTBeHHOM JjeÜCTBHH, HOCKOJIBKy OH 0Ka3BIBaeT B03^eiiCTBHe
na HCTopnio!.. h KaK ero oninßKH, TaK h ero ycnexn othiojjb
12 Cp. Miopn, tom Hte, p. 47—48.
256

O MATEPKAJIHCTHHECKOH JiHAJIEKTHKE
ne cj)HrypHpyiOT b hhcjic Tex, KOTopbie mohcho bctpcthtb b Ha-
nUCaHHblX «HCTOpnflX» HH-OKTHBO, XpaHHIIJHXCH B HaiiHOHaJIb-
hoh BnßjiHOTeKe; b kohkpcthoh JKH3HH ohh Hascema nojiy-
hhjih cboh HMena: 1905 r., 1914 r., 1917 r., FHTjiep, C>paHKO,
CTajiHHrpaß, Khtbh, Ky6a. Cyrb Bonpoca b tom h saKjnonaeT-
CH, HTOÖBI pa3JIHHHTb 3TH npaKTHKH. ÜOCKOJIbKy JleHHH JiyH-
me, neM kto 6bi to hh öbijio, 3Haji, hto npoTHBopenHH, koto-
pbie oh anajiH3HpyeT, BbrreKaiOT H3 toto caMoro HMnepnajiH3-
Ma, KOTopbiä npoH3BO^HT Bee, jia^Ke hx napa^oKCbi. Ho hmchho
nOTOMy, HTO OH 3TO 3HBJI, CTO B HHX HHTepeCOBaJIO HeHTO HHOe,
neM KaKHe-TO oßnjHe HCTOpHnecKne 3HaHna, h hmchho noTOMy,
HTO OH 3HBJI 3TO H3 HCTOHHHKOB OÖOCHOBaHHOH HayKH, OH flCH-
CTBHTeJIbHO MOT npOHBJIHTb HHTepeC K HeMy-TO HHOMy, a HM6H-
ho k TOMy, hto KoncTHTynpoBajio crpyKTypy ero npaKTHnecKO-
ro oßbeKTa: k thhhhhbim xapaKTepncTHKaM npoTHBopenHH, k
hx CMenjeHHHM, k hx KOHßeHcaijHHM h k TOMy «cnjiaßy» peßo-
jnoijHOHHoro paapbiBa, KOTopbiii H3 hhx nojiynajiCH, Kopone ro-
Bopa, k TOMy «TeKyujeMy MOMeHTy», kotopbih ohh KOHCTHTyn-
poßajiH. Hmchho noaTOMy Teopna «Hanöojiee cnaßoro 3Bena»
ijejiHKOM h nojiHOCTbio Toac^ecTBeHHa TeopHH «peinaiomero
3Bena».
Ecjih mbi hohhjih sto, to mbi mojkcm chokohho BepnyTbCH K
JleHHHy. IlycTb H/jeojior norpeßaeT ero no/j jjOKasaTejibCTBa-
mh HCTopHnecKoro aHajiH3a: 3tot MajieHbKHii nejiOBeK Bcer-
aa 3A6CB, Ha pasHHHe Hctophh h Hamen ?kh3hh, 3toto bghho-
ro «TeKymero MOMeHTa». Oh npo^ojiacaeT tobophtb, chokohho
h crpacTHO. Oh npoßOJDKaeT tobophtb o6 otoh npocTOH Be-
nin: o CBoeii peBOJiioiiHOHHOH npaKTHKe, npaKTHKe KJiaccoBOÖ
ßopbßbl, O TOM, HTO B OÖlIiCM H liCJIOM nO3BOJIHCT H3 CpeßOTOHHH
eAHHCTBCHHOH HaCTOHIIieii HCTOPHH OKa3BIBaTB BO3AeÄCTBHe
na Hcropmo, o cneiincjDHKe npoTHBopenna h o flnajieKTHKe, o
TOM CneiiH(|)HHeCKOM OTJIHHHH npOTHBOpeHHH, KOTOpOC HO3BO-
jiaeT othio^b ne ßOKasbiBaTb hjih oö^HCHaTb nocjie toto, KaK
aejio 6bDio c^ejiano, ho b naineM eanncTBeHHOM nacToaiiieM
«jiejiaTb» «HeHsßeacHbie» peBOjnoiinn hjih, no rjiyöoKOMy 3aMe-
257

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
naHHio Mapnca13, jjejiaTb H3 ^najieKTHKH ne Teopnio CBepinen-
Horo «nejia14, ho peBOJiioijHOHHbiH motoa.
floßBe/jeM htoth. nocraBjieHHan npoßjieMa: b neM saKjnona-
eTca «nepeßopaHHBaHHe» rerejieBCKOH anajieKTHKH, coBepinen-
Hoe MapKCOM? kbkobo cneijH^HHecKoe otjihhhc, OTflejunoiijee
MapKCHCTCKyio «unajieKTHKy ot rerejieBCKOH? — ora npoßjieMa
yace paspeinena MapKCHCTCKOH npaKTHKOÄ, ßyijb to TeopeTH-
necKoii npaKTHKoii Mapxca hjih ace nojiHTHHecKoä npaKTHKOÖ
KJiaccoBoii 6opb6bi. TaKHM oßpasoM, ee pemeHHe yace cynje-
CTByeT b Tpyzjax h jjejiax MapKCH3Ma, ho b npaKTHnecKOM co-
ctohhhh. Penb HfleT o tom, nroßbi Bbipa3HTb ero b TeopeTHHe-
cKOH (jjopMe, t. e. nepeÄTH ot Toro, hto b ßojibinHHCTBe «3HaMe-
HHTbix ijHTaT»15 HBjiaeTCH npaKTHHecKHM npH3HaHHeM HeKoero
cymecTBOBaHHH, k ero TeopeTHnecKOMy 3HaHHio.
3to pa3JiHHeHHe jjojdkho homohb hbm HsßeacaTb nocjieflHe-
ro TynHKa. fleficTBHTejibHO, oneHb npocTO h noTOMy 3aMaHHHB0
npHHHMaTb npH3HaHHe cymecTBOBaHHH oßteKTa 3a ero 3HaHue.
HMeHHO oto yzjoßcTBO Morjio 6bi BMecTo apryMeHTa hjih 3KBHBa-
jieHTa TeopeTHHecKoro apryMeHTa nocraBHTb Menn nepe/i nac-
TblO HJIH IjeJIbIM CHHCKOM «3HaM6HHTbIX IjHTaT». Hx IjeHHOCTb
necoMHenna, nocKOJibKy Bee ohh tobopht, hto npoßjieMa cynje-
CTByeT h yace paspeinena! Ohh tobopht, hto MapKC pa3peniHJi
ee, «nepeBepnyB» anajieKTHKy TerejiH. Ho «3HaMeHHTbie ijhth-
Tbi» ne aaiOT naM TeopeTHHecKoro shbhhh 06 stom nepeBopann-
BaHHH. H HCHoe KaK jjeHb ßOKasaTejibCTBO stoto 3aKjnonaeTCH b
TOM, HTO flJIH TOTO HTOÖbl CyMCTb HOMblCJIHTb OTO, nO-BHßHMOMy,
13 üocjiecjiOBHe ko BTopoMy H3ÄaHino «Kanirrajia»: «B CBoefi mhcth^hixh-
poBaHHoii (jjopMe jjHaiieKTHKa CTajia HeMeijKoii mojjoh, tbk kbk Kaaanocb, 6ya-
to ohb npocjiasjiaer cynjecTByiomee nojioHceHHe Benje (das Bestehende)... b
CBoeM paijnoHajibHOM Bime... ohb hh nepe/j hcm ne npemiOHHeTCH h no cbmo-
My cymecTBy CBoeMy kphthhhb h peBOJiioijHOHHa».
14 KoTopoe Moacer öbiTb h CBepniHBuiHMca (jjaicroM npoinjioö pesojiiouHH.
15 Tax h pa^H yaoöcTBa nasbiBaio H3BecTHbie TeKCTbi KJiaccHKOB MapKCH3-
Ma, b KOTopbix naMenena Haina npoftjieMa.
258

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
ctojib oneBHflHoe nepeBopanHBaHHe, neoßxo^HMO npHJioacHTb
oneHb cepbe3Hbie TeopeTHnecKHe ycnjina... Ha jjejie cjihihkom
MHorne «noacHeHHH», KOTopbie hbm npe/piarajin, orpaHHHHBa-
JIHCb TeM, HTO npOCTO nOBTOpHJIH «3HaMeHHTbie IJHTaTbl», na-
pa(|)pa3HpyH hx (a napa(|)pa3 He ecTb oßMcneHHe); CMeinHBa-
jih (noicasaTejibHbie, ho saraßOHHbie) hohhthh «nepeBopann-
BaHHH» h «paijHOHa/ibHoro 3epna» c hojvihhhbimh h ctpothmh
MapKCHCTCKHMH hohhthhmh, KaK ecjin 6bi TeopeTHHecKan HC-
Hocrb o/jhhx Morjia «3apa3HTb» coßoii h nponcHHTb hchchoctb
apyrHx, KaK ecjin ßbi 3HaHHe motjio pojjhtbch H3 npocToü ßjiH-
3OCTH H03HaHH0T0 H HJIOXO HJIH JjaJKe BOBCe He nO3HaHHOTO16,
KaK ecjin ßbi coce^CTBa oahoto hjih ßßyx HaynHbix noHHTHÜ ßbi-
jio jjocTaTOHHO jjjih Toro, HToßbi npeoßpa3HTb npH3HaHHe cynje-
CTBOBaHHH «nepeßopaHHBaHHH» hjih «3epna» b hx 3HaHHe! To-
pa3/io ßojiee «noKasaTejiBHoii hejihctch Ta CHTyaijHH, KOiyja kto-
JIHßo HCHO npHHHMaeT Ha ceßfl OTBCTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CBOii TC3HC,
HanpHMep, cKa3aß, hto (J)pa3a Mapnca o «nepeßopaHHBaHHH»
ecTb nodjiuHHoe 3HaHue, h, b3hb na ceßn pncn, no^BepraeT stot
Te3HC npoBepne TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKoii, — h nccjieayeT ee
pesyjibTaTbi. Tanaa nonbiTKa HHTepecna, nocKOJibKy ona hb-
jihctch peajibHbiM ohbitom h nocKOJibKy ona BbDiHBaeTca b jjo-
Ka3aTejibCTBO ot ßeccMbicjinijbi, nonasbiBaa, hto rjib. toto hto-
ßbi 3acTaBHTb Mapnca npnsnaTb, hto b «nepeßopaHHBaHHH» oh
jjeiicTBHTejibHO .ija/i hhm neKoe 3naHHe, cjie/iyeT noaBeprayrb
rjiyßoKOMy H3MeneHHio bcio ero mbicjib17.
3th HCKyineHHH h btot ohbit no-CBoeMy noflTBepjKjjaiOT, hto
Teopnio pemeHHH cjiejjyeT hcketb othio/jb ne b ynasaHHax na
ero cymecTBOBaHHe. CynjecTBOBaHHe pemeHHH b npaKTHne-
16 «Bo3HHKaer Bonpoc: KaKOMy npeBpanjeHHio noABeprneTCH rocyaapcTBen-
HOCTb B KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOM OÖlIjeCTBe? Ha 3TOT BOIipOC MOHCHO OTBGTHTb TOJIb-
ko HayHHo; h ckojibko 6bi twchh pa3 hh coneTaTb cjiobo «Hapoa» co cjiobom
«rocyaapcTBO», bto hh KanejibKH ne nojjBHHeT ero paapemeHH«». (MapKC K.
KpHTHKa Totckoh nporpaMMbi (1875) // MapKC K. h Bnrejibc 0. Coh.» t. 19,
c. 27.)
17 T. Miopn npe^npHHHJi TaKyio nonbiTKy b La Pensee, N® 108.
259

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
ckom coctohhhh — ojjho flejio. 3naHHe ototo peineHHH — ne-
jio apyroe.
*
51 CKaaaji, hto MapKC ne aaji hhm «JJnajieKTHKH». 3to He cobcgm
BepHO. Oh octhbhji hhm ojjhh MeTOjjojiornHecKHH tckct nepßo-
CTeneHHOH bhjkhocth, kotopbih, k Hecnacrbio, octbjich Heaa-
BepineHHbiM: «BBe/jenne k kphthkc nojiHTHHecKoii bkohomhh»
1859 ro/ja. 3tot tckct He co^epncHT b ceße cjiosa «nepeßopa-
HHBaHHe», HO B HOM rOBOpHTCH O CTO peajibHOCTH: 06 yCJIOBHHX
3HHHHM0CTH HayHHOTO HCHOJIB3OBaHHH HOHHTHH HOJIHTHHeCKOH
3K0H0MHH. ^OCTHTOHHO 3a^yMaTbCH 06 3T0M HCHOJIB3OBaHHH,
HTOÖBI H3BJI6HB H3 HeTO (JjyH^aMeHTaJIBHbie BJieMeHTBI JtHaneK-
THKH, nocKOJibKy 3TO HCHOJIb3OBaHHe eCTb He HTO HHOe, KaK JJh-
ajieKTHKa b npaKTunecKOM coctohhhh.
51 CKaaaji, hto «JleHHH ne octhbhji hhm «^HaneKTHKH», koto-
pan 6bDia 6bi TeopeTHnecKHM BbipaaceHHeM toh anajieKTHKH,
KOTopaa «neiiCTByeT b ero coßcTBeHHOH nojiHTHHecKoö npaKTH-
Ke; öojiee Toro, hto TeopeTHnecKyio paßory no BbipaaceHHio jjh-
ajieKTHKH, KOTopaa jjeöcrByeT b mbpkchctckoh npaKTHKe KJiac-
coboh ßopbßbi, eme npeacTOHT npo^ejiaTb. 3to ne cobccm Bep-
HO. B CBOHX «0HJIOCo4)CKHX TCTpajJHX» «JleHHH OCTaBHJI HaM
HeCKOJIbKO 3aMeT0K, HBJIHIOmHXCH HaßpOCKOM «/{HaJieKTHKH».
BeßH ßopbßy C JJOTMaTHHeCKHM yKJIOHOM B KHTaÜCKOH napTHH B
1937 r., Mao LJae flyn pa3BHji bth 3aMenaHHH b TeKcre «Otho-
CHTeJIBHO npOTHBOpeHHH»18.
51 6bi xoTeji noKaaaTb, kbkhm oßpaaoM b bthx TeKCTax mbi mo-
HceM oßnapyacHTb — b yace paapaßoraHHoii 4>opMe, KOTopyio
flOCTaTOHHO npOCTO pa3BHTb, COOTHOCH C ee OCHOBOH, HO B TO
ace BpeMH HOCTOHHHO npOflyMBIBHH — TeopeTHH6CKHH OTBeT na
nam Bonpoc: b neM 3aKJiiOHaeTCH cneijn^HKa MapKCHCTCKOH /jh-
aJieKTHKH?
18 Cp. La Pensee, Aeicaäpb 1962, c. 7, npHM. 6.

3. nPOIJECC TEOPETHHECKOH IIPAKTHKH
...KoHKperHaH ijejiocTHocrb, b Kane-
CTBe MLICJieHHOH IXeJIOCTHOCTH, MblC-
JieHHOH KOHKpeTHOCTH, JjeHCTBHTeJIbHO
ecTb npojjyKT MbinuieHHH, noHHMaHHH;
oflHaKO 3to hh b KoeM cjiynae ne npo-
jjyKT hohhthh, pa3MbinuiHiomero h ca-
MopasBHBaioiijerocH bhc cosepiiaHHH h
npe/xcraBJieHHH, a nepepaöoTKa coaep-
ijaHMH h npeAcraBJieHHH b hohhthh.
K. MapKC. K KpHTHKe hojihthhcckoh
3kohomhh. B Bekenne (1859)
Mao IJae Jtyn hcxojjht H3 npoTHBopenna b ero «Bceoönjno-
cth», ho Bcepbea aaHHMaeTCH tojibko npoTHBopenneM b npaK-
THKe KJiaccoBOH 6opb6bi, onnpaacb Ha ctojib nee «BceoönjHÄ»
npnnijHn, corjiacHO KoropoMy Bceoöiijee cynjecTByeT tojibko b
OCOÖeHHOM, npHHIJHn, KOTOpblH MaO B CBH3H C npOTHBOpeHHCM
mbicjiht b cjiejjyioiijeH BceoßnjeH (JjopMe: npoTHBopenne Bcer-
jja cneijHcjjnHHO, ero cneijH(j)HHHOCTb BceoöiijHM oöpa3OM npn-
najjjiejKHT k ero cynjnocTH. Mojkho öbijio öbi OTHecracb hpohh-
necKH k 3toh npejjBapHTejiBHOH «paöore» Bceoölijero, Koropaa
KaK öyijTO öbi HyaqjaeTca b hokom jjonojiHeHHH BceoöiijnocTH,
JJJIH TOTO HTOÖBI HOpOJJHTB CneiJH^HHHOCTB, H CHHTaTb 3Ty «pa-
öory» paöoToü rerejieBCKoro HeraTHBHoro. Ho ecjin mbi hohh-
MaeM, hto TaKoe MaTepnajiH3M, to 3Ta «paöora» OKa3biBaeTca
ne paöoToü Bceoölijero, ho paöoToü c hokhm npe/jBapuTejiBHBiM
BCeOÖHJHM, paÖOTOH, IjeJIBK) H pe3yJIBTaTOM KOTOpOH HBJiaeTCH
3anper «4>hjioco4)ckoh» (hjih mjeojiOTHHecKon) aöcrpaKijHH no
OTHomeHHK) k BTOMy BceoöiijeMy h ero npHHyjjHTejiBHoe coot-
neceHHe c ero ycjiOBHeM: ycjiOBHeM naynno cneijHcjiHijHpoBaH-
HOH BCeOÖlIJHOCTH. ECJIH BCCOÖlIjee JJOJnKHO ÖblTB 3T0H CneiJH-
(jlHHHOCTblO, TO Mbl He HM6CM HpaBH CCBDiaTBCH Ha TBKOe BCCOÖ-
iijee, KoTopoe He HBjiaeTca bccoöiijhm btoh cneijH(j)HHHOCTH.
261

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
3tot cymecTBeHHbiii jjjia jjnajieKTHHecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma
MOMeHT MapKC paccMaTpHBaeT bo «Beedenuu», noKa3bißaa na
npHMepe, hto ecjin 6e3 Hcnojib3OBaHHa oöiijhx iiohhthh (na-
npHMep, noHHTHii «npoH3BO^CTBa», «Tpy/ja», «oÖMena» h t. jj.)
coBepmeHHO HeBO3Moacna naynnaa TeopeTHnecKaa npaKTHKa,
to 3Ta nepßaa BceoönjHOCTb He coBna/jaeT c npo^yKTOM nayn-
hoto Tpyna: ona aßaaerca ne ero pesyjibTaTOM, ho ero npe/jBa-
pHTejibHbiM ycjiOBHeM. 3ra nepßaa BceoßnjHOCTb (nasoßeM ee
Bceoöu^Hocmb I) npeflCTaBJiaeT coöoii Marepnaji, KOTopbifi Te-
opeTHnecKaa npaKTHKa nayKH öyzjer npeoöpasoßbiBaTb b cne-
IJHCjlHIJHpOBaHHbie nOHHTHH, T. e. B «npyiyio «KOHKpeTHyiO»
BceoönjHOCTb (naaoBeM ee Bceoöiquocmb III), KOTopaa aßjia-
eTca 3naHHeM. Ho Tor^a hto TaKoe BceoönjHOCTb I, t. e. Teo-
peTHnecKHH MaTepnaji, na kotopom ocynjecTBJiaeTca HayHHbiii
Tpya? B npOTHBOnOJIOHCHOCTb HßeOJIOTHHeCKOH HJIJIIO3HH 3MHH-
pH3Ma h ceHcyajiH3Ma (othio^b He «HaHBHoii», He aBJiaionjeH-
ca npOCTbIM «OTKJIOHeHHeM», HO HeOÖXOflHMOH H OÖOCHOBaH-
Hoii b KanecTBe HjjeojlorHH), cjiejjyeT npnsnaTb, hto HayHHbiii
Tpyn HHKor^a He ocynjecTBJiaeTca Ha hcm-to cymecTByioiijeM,
cynjnocTbio KOToporo aBJiaiOTca hhctbic nenocpe^CTBeHHOCTb
h CHHiyjiapHOCTb («omymeHHii» hjih «hh^hbhaob»). HayKa
Scerra paöoraeT c hcm-to «BceoönjHM», jjaace Tor.ua, Kor.ua oho
HMeeT 4>opMy «4>aKTa». Kor^a KoncrHTynpyeTca KaKaa-To Ha-
yKa, HanpHMep 4)H3HKa bo BpeMena TajiHJiea hjih HayKa, hc-
cjie^yiomaa 3bojiioijhio oönjecTBeHHbix 4)opMaijHii (HCTopnae-
ckhü MaTepnajiH3M) bo BpeMena MapKca, ona Bcer.ua paöora-
eT c cynjecTByiomHMH noHaraaMH, c «Vorstellungen», t. e. co
BceoönjHOCTbio I, HMeionjeii HfleonoTHnecKyio npupo^y h aB-
jiaiomeiica npejjBapHTejibHbiM ycaoBHeM. Ona ne «paöora-
er» c KaKOÄ-TO oö'beKTHBHoii h hhctoh «^annocTbio», c jjaH-
HOCTbio hhctbix h aöcojnoTHbix «(JjaKTOB». HanpoTHB, ee coö-
CTBeHHbiii rpyn saKjnonaeTca b tom, htoöbi pa3pa6omamb ceou
coöcmeeHHbie HayuHbie (fraKmbi c noMonjbio kphthkh udeojio-
zuuecKux «(paKmoe», paapaöoraHHbix npeacneii HjjeojiOTHHe-
CKoii TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKoii. PaspaöoraTb cboh coöctbch-
262

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
Hbie cneixH(J)HHecKHe «4>aKTM» osnanaeT b to ace BpeMH pas-
paßoTaTb cboio coßcTBeHHyio «Teopnio», nocKOJibKy HayHHbiii
4>aKT — a ne TaK HaabiBaeMbiö hhctbih (JjeHOMen — MoaceT
6bITb HJ^eHTH(|)HIXHpOBaH TOJIBKO B HOJie TOH HJIH HHOH TCOpe-
THnecKOH npaKTHKH. Koiyja yace KOHCTHTynpoBaHHan Hayna
paßBHBaeTCH, ona paßoTaeT c MaTepnajiOM (BeeoßiijHOCTbio I),
kotopbih KOHCTHTynpoßaH hjih noepe^CTBOM Bee eme H^eojio-
rmecKHx hohhthh, hjih nocpe/jCTBOM HayHHbix «4>aKTOB», hjih
ace noepe^CTBOM hohhthh, yace paapaöoTaHHbix naynnbiM 06-
pa3OM, ho npHHaßjieHcanjnx npencHeii ctb^hh phbbhthh HayKH
(npeHCHeö Bceo6njHOCTH III). TaKHM oöpaaoM, hmchho npeoß-
paayn 3Ty BceoönjHOCTb I bo BeeoöiijHOCTb III (b 3HaHne), Hay-
na paßoTaeT h npoH3BO,HHT.
Ho Kmo paßoTaeT? Hto cjie^yeT noHHMaTb nojj othm Bbipa-
HceHHeM: nayna paßoTaeT? Bchkoc npeoßpaaoßaHHe (ßCHKaa
npaKTHKa) npe^nojiaraeT, KaK mbi yace BimejiH, npeoöpaaosa-
nne neKoero MaTepnajia b npo/jyKTbi, b kotopom sajjeÄCTBOBa-
Hbi onpeaejieHHbie epe^CTBa npoH3BOjiCTBa. HeM b TeopeTime-
ckoh npaKTHKe HayKH hejihctch momcht, ypoßeHb, HHcramjHH,
cooTBeTCTByionjaH cpe^CTBaM npoH3BO/iCTBa? Ecjih, paccMa-
TpnBan 3th cpeacTBa npon3BO,ncTBa, Mbi Ha BpeMH OTBJieneM-
ch ot jnoßeii, to mbi mojkcm Ha3BaTb 3to BceoöupiocmbK) II, ko-
Topyio KOHCTHTynpyeT cyMMa hohhthh, Hbe ßojiee hjih Menee
npoTHBopenHBoe ejjHHCTBO npe/jCTaBJiHeT coöoii «Teopnio» Ha-
yKH b paccMaTpHBaeMMH (ncTopHnecKHÄ) momcht19, «Teopnio»,
19 3th Bceoöu^Hocmb II, o6o3HaneHHaH noHHTneM «TeopHH», paayMeerca,
3acjipKHBaer ropaajjo öojiee rjiyöoKoro HCCJie/jOBaHHH, npoBecrn KOTopoe a
3Aecb ne CMory. Mbi mohccm npocro caasaTb, hto cähhctbo toto, hto a Ha3bi-
Baio «Teopnen», b nayKe pe^KO cynjecTByeT b petjjjieKCHBHOH cjjopMe ejjHHOH
TeopeTHnecKOH CHcreMbi. Ona, no KpanneH Mepe b 3KcnepHMeHTajibHbix na-
yaax, BKjnonaer b ce6a He tojibko nonaTHa b hx hhcto TeopernnecKOM cynje-
CTBOBaHHH, ho Taicace h Bee nojie TexHHKH, b kotopoh HaxojjHT ce6e npHMe-
neHHe öojibniaa nacTb TeoperHnecKHx nonaTHH. Ta nacrb nonaTHH, KOTopaa
aBJiaerca 3KCiijihixhtho TeopeTHnecKOH, jihhib b onenb pe/jKHx cjiynaax o6r>-
ejjHHeHa b nenpoTHBopeHHBOH cJjopMe. Häme Bcero ona coctoht H3 pemonoB,
KOTopbie oÖJiajjaiOT jioKanbHbiM cahhctbom b perHOHajibHbix reopnax, cocy-
263

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßMAJIEKTWKE
KOTopaa onpeaejineT nojie, b kotopom no HeoßxoflHMOCTH Bcra-
iot Bee «npoßjieMbi» HayKH (t. e. nojie, b kotopom h nocpejj-
ctbom KOToporo b 4>opMe npoßaeMbi ßynyr nocTaBjienbi «Tpya-
HOCTH», C KOTOpbIMH CTaJIKHBaeTCH HayKH, HM6H JJ6JI0 CO CBOHM
«oö^eKTOM», b KOHcjjpoHTaijHH Meac^y ee «4)aKTaMH» h ee «Teo-
pneH», Meacfly ee npeacHHMH «3hhhhhmh» h ee «Teopneii» hjih
Meacay ee «TeopHeii» h ee hobbimh 3HaHHHMn). He bxo^h b pac-
CMOTpeHHe ßHajieKTHKH nayHHoro Tpyna, orpaHHHHMca noKa
3THMH CXeMaTHHHbIMH 3HMeHaHHHMH. Ohh JJOCTHTOHHbl flJIH HO-
hhmhhhh toto, hto TeopeTHHecKaa npaKTHKa npoH3BOßHT Bce-
oöu^Hoemu III nocpe/jCTBOM paßoTbi Bceoöu^HOcmu II co Bceoö-
UfHOCmbJO I.
HtHK, 3TH 3aMenaHHH ßOCTaTOHHbl flJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl HOHHTb
flßa cjieayiomnx BaoKHbix Tesnca:
1. Meac/iy BceoöiijHOCTbio I h BceoönjHOCTbio III HHKOiyja neT
cynjHOCTHoro e/jHHCTBa, Bcer.ua npncyrcTByeT peanbHoe npeoß-
pa3OBanne, ßyzjb to nocpe^CTBOM npeoöpasoßaHHa HjjeojiorHHe-
ckoh BceoßmHOCTH bo BceoßiijHOCTb nayniiyio (MyraijHH, pecj)-
jieKTHpyionjaa ce6a b toh (JiopMe, KOTopyio Banuiap, nanpn-
Mep, Ha3biBaeT «onHcreMOJioririecKHM paapbiBOM»), hjih ace
nocpeflCTBOM npoH3BOflCTBa neKoii hoboä Haynnoii BceoßiijHO-
cth, KOTopaa OTBepraer npeacHioio, b to ace BpeMH «HHKopnopH-
pya» ee, t. e. onpe^enaa ee «OTHOCHTejibHOCTb» h (no^aHHen-
Hbie) rpaHHijbi ee 3HanHM0CTH.
2. PaöoTa, KOTopaa sacrasjiaeT nepeiiTH ot BceoßiijHOCTH I
ko BceoßiijHOCTH III, t. e., ecjin OTBJienbca ot cynjecTBeHHbix
mecTByionjux b paMKax cjioacHoro ijejioro, oöjiajjaiomero ejjHHCTBOM, KoTopoe
He OTpe(j)jieKTHpoBaHO TeopeTunecKH. Hm6hho bto Hpe3BbiHaiiHO cjiohchoc h
npoTHBopeHHBoe eflHHCTBO aeiiCTByeT, bchkhh pa3 corjiacno cneiiH(j)HHecKO-
My MOflycy, b paöoTe TeopeTHHecKoro npoH3BOACTBa KaM^on HayKH. Kmchho
oho, HanpHMep b BKcnepnMeHTajibHbix nayKax, KOHCTHTynpyer «(JjenoMeHbi»
KaK «cjjaKTbi», nojiaraer b $opMe npoöJieMbi cymecTByiomHe TpyjjHOCTH, a 3a-
tcm «paspemaer» bth npoÖJieMbi, npHBO/ja b ^eHcrBHe TeopernKO-TexHHHe-
CKHe AHcno3HTHBbi, npe/jcTaBJifliomHe coöoh peajibnoe tcjio Toro, hto imeajiH-
CTHHecKaa Tpa/jHijHH Ha3biBaeT «rnnoTesaMH», h t. a. h t. n.
264

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
otjihhhh, KOTopbie otjjcjihiot BceoönjHOCTb I ot Bceoöiijno-
cth III, nepeÜTH ot «aßcrpaKTHoro» k «KOHKpeTHOMy», Kacaer-
ch tojibko npoijecca TepermecKon npaKTHKH, t. e. iipohcxojjht
IjeJIHKOM H nOJIHOCTBIO «B H03HaHHH».
Hmchho stot BTopoü Te3HC BBijjBHraeT MapKC, Kor/ja oh 3a-
HBjiaeT, hto «BepHbiä HayHHbiii mcto/j» 3aKjnoHaerca b tom,
HTOÖBI HCXOJJHTb H3 aÖCTpaKTHOTO, JJJIfl TOTO HTOÖBI npOH3Be-
CTH KOHKpeTHOe B MBICJIH20. HjOKHO HOHHTB TOHHBIH CMBICJI 3TO-
ro Te3Hca, htoöbi He cthtb ncepTBoii HjjeojiorHnecKHx hjijho3hh,
C KOTOpbIMH CJIHHIKOM HaCTO CBH3BIBaiOT 3TH CJIOBH, T. e. JJJIH
toto, htoöbi ne jjyMaTb, öy/jTO aöcmpaKinHoe oöosnanaeT caMy
Teopnio (nayicy), b to BpeMH KaK KOHKpemnoe oöo3HanaeT pe-
ajibHoe, «KOHKpeTHBie» peajibHOCTH, 3Hanne o kotopbix npoH3-
bojjht TeopeTHnecKan npaKTHKa; htoöbi ne CMeniHBaTb dea pa3-
fiuHHbix euda KOHKpemHOZo: KOHKpemnoe Mbicsiu, t. e. 3naHHe,
h KOHKpemHoe-pecuibHOcmb, t. e. ero oÖ'bckt. üpoijecc, koto-
pblii npOH3BOJJHT KOHKpeTHOe-3HaHHe, IjeJIHKOM H nOJIHOCTBK)
nponcxo/jHT b TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKe: oh, pasyMeeTCH, Kaca-
eTCH KOHKpeTHOrO-peaJIBHOCTH, HO 3TO KOHKpeTHOe-peaJIBHOCTb
«no-npejKHeMy npojjojnKaeT cynjecTBOBaTb b ero He3aBHCHM0-
CTH, BHe MBICJIH» (MapKC) H HHKOTJja He MOHteT CMeiHHBaTBCH c
jjpyrHM «KOHKpeTHbiM», t. e. co 3HaHHeM o hcm. Tot 4>aKT, hto
20 Cp: «KaaceTCH npaBHJibHbiM HannnaTb c peajibnoro h KOHKperHoro...
Me?Kßy TeM npn ÖJiHHcannieM paccMOTpeHun aro OKaabiBaerca oniHÖOHHbiM...
IIoCJiejJHHH MCTOA (MeTOfl 3K0H0MineCKHX CHCTeM, KOTopbie OT BCeOÖlIJHX nO-
HHTHH nepexo^HT k hohhthhm KOHKpeTHbiM. — JI. A.) ecrb, oneBHjjHO, npa-
BHJIbHblH B HayHHOM OTHOHieHHH. KOHKpeTHOe HOTOMy KOHKpeTHO, HTO OHO
ecrb CHHT63 MHOTHX OnpefleJieHHH, CJieAOBaTeJIbHO, eßHHCTBO MHOTOo6pa3HO-
ro. B MbimjieHHH oho noaTOMy npoHBJineTCH KaK npoixecc CHHTeaa (Zusam-
menfassung), KaK peayjibTaT, a ne KaK ncxoßHbin nymcr...». (B HaynnoM Me-
TOße) «aöcTpaKTHbie onpeßeneHHH Beßyr k BOcnpoH3Be#eHHio KOHKperHoro
nocpeßCTBOM MbinuieHHH..., Meacßy tcm KaK Meroß BoexoHeßeHHH ot aßcrpaKT-
hoto k KOHKpeTHOMy ßjiH MbimjieHHH ecrb jiHiiib cnocoö, npn noMonm koto-
poro MbinuieHHe ycßaHBaer ceöe KOHKpeTHOe, BOcnpoH3BOßHT ero KaK ßyxoB-
HO KOHKpeTHOe» {MapKC K. K KpHTHKe nOJIHTHHeCKOH 3K0H0MHH. BßeßeHHe //
MapKC K. h Onrejibc 4>. Coh., t. 12, c. 726—727).
265

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
paccMaTpußaeMoe KOHKpeTHoe mbicjih (BceoßmHOCTb III) hb-
JIHCTCH 3HaHHCM O CBOeM o61>eKTe (o KOHKpeTHOM-peaJIBHOCTH),
npe/jCTaBJiHeT «TpyjjHOCTB» tojibko äjih n/jeo/iornu, KOTopaa
npeoßpaayeT 3Ty peajibHOCTb b TaK HasbiBaeMyio «npoßjieMy»
(npoßjieMy no3HaHna) h, tbkhm o6pa3OM, mbicjiht b KanecTBe
npoßjieMaTHHHoro to, hto npoH3BO£HTCH caMOH Haynnoii npaK-
thkoh b KanecTBe nenpoßjieMaTHHHoro peineHHH peajibHOÄ
npoßjieMbi: nenpoßjieMaTHHHOCTb OTHonieHHH Me^Kjjy oß^eKTOM
h 3HaHneM o neM. IIoaTOMy BaacHO He CMeniHBaTB peajibHoe
pasjiHHHe Meac,ny aßcrpaKTHbiM (BceoßnjHOCTbio I) h KOHKpeT-
HbiM (BceoönjHOCTbio III), KOTopoe KacaeTca tojibko Teopera-
HecKoä npaKTHKH, c apyrnM, H/jeojiorHHecKHM pasjiHHHeM, ko-
Topoe npoTHBonocTaBjiaeT aßcrpaKijHio (cocTaBjiniomyio cym-
HOCTb MBICJIH, HayKH, TeopHH) KOHKpeTHOMy (cocraBJiHiomeMy
cynjHOCTb peajibHoro).
Hmchho 3Ty oniHÖKy «nejiaeT <I>eHep6ax, a BCJie/j 3a hhm bo
BpeMH CBoero (JjeHepßaxnaHCKoro nepHO.ua ^ejiaeT ee h Mapnc:
ona ne tojibko cjiyacHT nHTaTejibHoii hohboh ^jih nponncnbix
hcthh pacnpocTpaneHHOH cero/jHH H^eojiorHH noTpeßjieHHH,
ho h 3aB0flHT b onacHBie 3aßjiy)KfleHHH h ßesna^eHCHBie Teope-
THHeCKHe TynHKH Tex, KTO CT8H0BHTCH HJieHHHKaMH «OHeBHfl-
HOCTeii» ee nopoio HeMajioä aHepran npoTecra. KpHTHKa, koto-
pan npoTHBonocTaBjiaeT aßcrpaKijHio, öyzjTO 6bi npHHa^Jieaca-
myio TeopHH, nayKe, — KOHKpeTHOMy, BbmaBaeMOMy 3a caMO
peajibHoe, ecTB Bee eme HfleojiorHHecKan KpHTHKa, nocKOJibKy
ona OTpnijaeT peajibHOCTb HaynnoH npaKTHKH, 3HanHM0CTb ee
aßcrpaKijHH h b kohchhom CHeTe peajibHOCTb toto TeopeTHHe-
CKOTO «KOHKpeTHOTO», KOTopoe HBJIHeTCH 3HaHHeM. CTpeMHCb
ÖBITb «KOHKpeTHOH», CTpeMHCb K «KOHKpeTHOMy», 3Ta KOHIjen-
IJHH CTpeMHTCH ßblTb HCTHHHOH KOHI^eniXHCH, OHa, TaKHM oßpa-
30M, CTpeMHTCH ßblTb 3HHHHeM: HO HBHHHaeT OHH C TOTO, HTO
OTpnijaeT peajibHOCTb hmchho toh npaKTHKH, KOTopaa npoH3-
BOflHT 3naHHe! Ona oeraeTCH b npe/jejiax toh h^bojiothh, ko-
Topyio ona, no coöcTBeHHOMy 3aHBJieHHio, «nepeßopaHHBaeT»,
266

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
t. e. He b npe/jejiax aßcTpanijHH KaK thkoboh, ho b npe^ejiax
onpe^ejieHHOH H^eonoTHHecKoii aßcrpaKijHH21.
Hmchho oto Heoßxo/jHMO hohhtb jvih Toro, hto6bi HaKoneij
yBH/jeTb, hto b Heapax npoijecca nosnaHHH «aßcrpaKTHan» Bce-
oßujHOCTb, c kotopoh HaHHHaeTCH npoijecc, h «KOHKpeTHan»
BceoßnjHOCTb, kotopoh oh 3aBepinaeTCH, t. e. BceoßnjHOCTb I h
BceoßnjHOCTb III, no cyTH CBoeü ne hbjihiotch ojjhoh h toh ace
BceoßnjHOCTbio, h hto BCJie/jCTBHe ototo «BH^HMOCTb» rerejieB-
CKOH KOHijenijHH caMonopoHCZjeHHH hohhthh, «flnaneKTHHecKO-
ro» äbhhcchhh, nocpe/jCTBOM KOToporo aßcTpaKTHoe Bceoßnjee
npOH3BOAHT ceßn B KaHCCTBC KOHKpeTHOTO, HOKOHTCH Ha CMC-
meHHH BHßOB «aÖCTpaKIJHH», «BCeoßllJHOCTH», KOTopbie flCH-
CTByioT b TeopeTHHecKoö npaKTHKe. Tbkhm oßpasoM, Korj^a Te-
rejib, no cjioßaM Mapnca22, «noHHMaeT peajibHoe nan pesyjibTaT
ceßn b ceße CHHTesnpyiomero, b ceßn yrjiyßjiHiomerocH h H3 ca-
Moro ceßn pa3BHBaiomerocH MbinnieHHH», oh npoHSBOßHT dea
CMeineHHH:
21 flpHMep: caM 0enep6ax. Hmchho noaTOMy cjie/jyeT c Gojibihoh ocropoac-
HOCTbK) OTHOCHTbCH K 0eHep6aXOBbIM «MBTepHaJIHCTHHeCKHM AeKJiapaiiH-
hm». H yace oöpanjaji BHUManne nyöJiHKH Ha stot Bonpoc b craTbe o mojio-
äom Mapxce, onyöJiHKOBaHHOH b La Pensee (MapT—anpejib 1961 r., c. 8), b
KOTopoii a eme Hcnojib3OBan HCKomopbie udeojiozuuecKue nowunuji, k koto-
pblM OTHOCHTCH 3TB KpHTHKa. IIpUMep'. nOHHTHe «BO3BpaiII6HHH Ha3afl», CJiy-
jKHBinee b KanecTBe OTBera Ha rerejieBCKoe «chathc» h crpeMHBnieeca npo-
HJiJnocrpHpoBaTb nonbiTKy MapKca bbihth 3a npe^ejibi H^eojiorHH, jpia Toro
HTOÖbl OCBOÖOßHTbCH OT MH(j)OB H npHÖJIH3HTbCÄ K OpUZUHCUiy^ HCK£ÜK6HH0My
PerejieM, — sto noHHTHe «B03BpanjeHHH Haaa#», Bbi3bisaH accoixnannH c bo3-
BpameHHeM k «peanbHOMy», k «KOHKpeTHOMy», KOTopoe npeduiecmeyem H^e-
ojiothh, .Haxte b ero nojieMHnecKOM Hcno;ib3OBaHHH c6jiH>Kajiocb c «iioshth-
bhctckhmh» HßeHMH. Eu^e oduH npuMep'. nojieMHHecKoe onpoBepxceHHe caMOH
603M03fCH0CmU HCTOpHH (jjHJIOCOCjjHH. OnpaBßaHHeM 3T0r0 TC3HCa CJiyJKHJia
oana cjjpasa H3 «Hcmcijkoh n/jeojiorHH», b kotopoh AeucTBHTejibHO tobophtch
O TOM, HTO (j)HJI0C04)HH (KaK H peJIHTHH, HCKyCCTBO H T. ft.) He HMCCT HCTOpHH.
3/jecb Mbi TOHce Haxo^HjiHCb Ha rpaHHije c ho3hthbh3mom, b flßyx inarax ot pe-
TjyKijHH (ncKymeHHe kotopoh nocroHHHO npHcyrcrByer b «HeMeiJKOH H^eojio-
rHH») BCHKOH HfleOJIOrHH (a 3HBHHT, H 4)HJIOCO4)HH) K IipOCTOMy (BpeMeHHOMy)
(JjeHOMeny toh hjih hhoh oönjecTBeHHOH (jjopMaijHH.
22 MapKC K. u dnzejibc 0. Coh., t. 12, c. 727.
267

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
1. tlpeoKfle Bcero, oh npHHHMaeT paßoiy no npoH3BO,zjCTBy
nayHHoro 3nanna 3a «npoijecc nopoacjjeHHa caMoro kohkpctho-
ro (peaiibHoro)». Ho Terejib tojibko noTOMy craHOBHTca acepr-
BOH 3TOH «HJIJIIO3HH», HTO OH npOH3BO£HT BTOpOO CMOHieHHe:
2. Oh npHHHMaeT Bceoöiijee nonaTHe, KoTopoe (jjnrypnpyeT b
Hanajie npoijecca no3Hanna (npnMep: nonaTHe caMoii Bceoönj-
HOCTH, nOHHTHe «ÖblTHH» B «JIOTHKe») 33 CynjHOCTb H JJBHJKy-
mHH npHHijnn 3toto npoijecca, 3a «caMopa3BHBaioiijeeca nona-
THe»23; oh npHHHMaeT BceoßiijHOCTb I, KOTopyio TeopeTHnecKaa
npaKTHKa npeoöpasyeT b snanne (BceoßiijHOCTb III), 3a cyiij-
hoctb h «ijBHacyiijHH npHHijHn caMoro npoijecca npeo6pa3OBa-
hhh! Ho/joöho STOMy, Hcnojib3ya cpaBHenne, onpaB/jaHHO 3a-
HMCTBOBaHHOe H3 JjpyTOH npaKTHKH24, MOJKHO ÖbDIO 6bl CKa33Tb,
hto yrojib nocpejjCTBOM CBoero jjnajieKTHHecKoro jjBHacenna
npoH3BO^HT napoßyio Mainnny, (JiaßpHKH h bcio Ty HeoßbiHaii-
Hyio TexHHnecKyio, MexannnecKyK), (J)H3HHecicyio, xHMHnecKyio,
ajieKTpHHecKyio h t. n. annapaTypy, KOTopaa jjejiaeT bo3moec-
hbimh ceroflHa ero jjoöbiny h ßecHHCJieHHbie cnocoöbi hchojib-
30Banna! TaKHM o6pa3OM, Terejib tojibko noTOMy CTanoBHTca
acepTBOH 3T0H «HJIJIIO3HH», HTO OH HaBa3BIBaeT peajibHOCTH Te-
opeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH HfleojiorHHecicyio KoHijenijHio Bceoßnje-
ro, ero cjjyHKijHH h ero CMbicjia. Meac/jy TeM b jjnajieKTHKe npaK-
THKH aöcrpaKTHaa BceoßiijHOCTb nanajia (BceoßiijHOCTb I), t. e.
oöpaßaTbiBaeMaa BceoßiijHOCTb, ne ToacjjecTBeHHa hh toh Bce-
oönjHocrn, KOTopaa npoH3BO,zjHT paßoTy (BceoöiijnocTH II), hh
yac TeM ßojiee cneijH(J)HijHpoBaHHOH BceoöiijHOCTH (BceoßnjHO-
cth III), npo/iyKTy stoto Tpy^a, t. e. 3naHHio («TeopeTHnecKOMy
KOHKpernoMy»). BceoßiijHOCTb II (KOTopaa npoH3BOjjHT pa6o-
Ty) hh b KoeM cjiynae ne aßjiaeTca npocTbiM pa3BHTHeM, nepe-
xoj^om (ckojib yrojjHo cjiojkhbim) ot B-ce6e k zvia-ceöa Bceoßnj-
hocth I (KOTopaa oßpaöaTbiBaeTca); nocKOJibKy BceoßiijHOCTb II
23 TaM ace.
24 3to cpaBHenne Bnojine oöocnoBaHO, nocKOJibKy oöiijhm ajieMeHTOM 3thx
ÄByx otjihhhbix flpyr ot apyra npaKTHK HBJiaercH Bceoönjaa cynjHOCTb npaK-
THKH.
268

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOÄ JJHAJIEKTHKE
ecrb «TeopHH» paccMaTpHBaeMoä HayKH, h b KanecTBe thkoboh
— peayjibTaT ijejioro npoijecca (hctophh HayKH, nanHHaioiijeH-
CH C ee OÖOCHOBaHHH), KOTOpblH HBJIHCTCH npOIjeCCOM peaJIbHblX
npeo6pa3OBaHHÄ b crporoM cmbicjic cjioßa, t. e. npoijeccoM, ko-
Topbifi BbicTynaeT He b 4>opMe npocroro pbbbhthh (corjiacHO re-
reneBCKOH mo/jcjih: paßBHTHe ot B-ce6e k jjjih-ccöh), ho b 4)op-
Me MyraijHH h pecrpyKTypaijHH, Bbi3biBaionjHx peajibHbie Kane-
CTBeHHbie JJHCKOHTHHyaJIbHOCTH. ÜOBTOMy KOTJja BceoönjHOCTb
II oöpaöaTbißaeT BceoönjHOCTb I, ona HHKor/ja He oöpaöaTbiBa-
eT cawy ceön, hh Tor/ja, Koiyja aaKJia^biBaiOTCH ochobbi HayKH,
hh b xo/je ee jjajibHeiiineH hctophh. Hmchho no btoh npnnHHe
BceoönjHOCTb I Bcer/ja noKH/jaeT npoijecc Tpy^a peajibno npe-
oöpaaoBaHHoii. JJaace ecjin y nee coxpanneTCH oöiijaa «4)opMa»
BceoönjHOCTH, to jjjih Hac 3Ta 4>opMa ne HeceT c coöoii hhkhkoh
HH(|)opMaijHH: nocKOJibKy ona CTana coBepmeHHO «npyroii Bce-
oöüjhoctbio — ne HßeojiorHnecKoii BceoöiijHOCTbio, h He Bceoö-
njHOCTbio, npHHajjJieHcanjeii hckoh npoinjioii cra^HH hctophh
nayKH, ho hoboh, KanecTBeHHO cneijH^HijHpoBaHHOH Haynnoii
BceoöiijHOCTbio, npnneM bo Bcex cjiynanx.
3ry peanbHOCTb TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKH, 3Ty KOHKpeTHyio
flnajieKTHKy TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKH, a hmchho KanecrBeH-
Hyio ÄHCKOHTHHyaJIbHOCTb, HOHBJIHIOIIjyiOCH HJIH BO3HHKaiOIIjyiO
MeHC/jy pa3JIHHHbIMH BceOÖlIJHOCTHMH (I, II, III) B KOHTHHyaJIb-
hocth npoijecca npon3Bo;jCTBa 3HaHHii, — Terejib OTpnijaeT
hjih, CKopee, He mmcjiht, h ecjin eMy cjiynaeTca ee hombicjihtb,
to oh npespanjaeT ee b (JjeHOMen, npoHBJienHe jjpyroii peanb-
hocth, cynjecTBeHHoii jjjih nero, ho ijcjihkom h nojinocTbio mie-
ojionmecKOH, a hmchho äbhmcchhh H^en. Hmchho bto jjbhjkc-
nne oh npoeKTHpyeT na peanbHOCTb naynnoro Tpyija, jjjih Toro
HTOÖBI B KOHIje KOHIJOB HOHHTb e/JHHCTBO HpOIjeCCB JJBH^CeHHH
ot aöcrpaKTHoro k KOHKpeTHOMy b KanecTBe caMonopoMtfleHHH
hohhthh, t. e. b KanecTBe npocroro (h npoxo/jHiijero pasjinn-
Hbie 4)opMbi OTnyacjjeHHH) pa3BHTHH H3nanajibHoro B-ceöe b
craHOBJieHHH ero pesyjibTara, KOTopbiH hbjihctch Bcero jihhib
ero coöcTBeHHbiM nanajiOM. TeM chmbim Terejib He 3aMenaeT
269

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
(meconnait) peajibHbie pa3JiHHHH h peajibHbie KanecTBeHHbie
npeoßpaaoBaHHH, cynjecTBeHHbie jjHCKOHTHHyajiBHOCTH, ko-
Topbie KOHCTHTynpyiOT caM npoijecc TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTH-
KH. Oh naBH3biBaeT hm HjjeojiorHHecKyio Mo/jejib, Mo/jejib pa3-
bhthh neKoero npocToro BHyrpeHnero (interiorite). A oto 3Ha-
hht, hto Terejib, no cyra, yrBepnc/jaeT, hto HjjeojiorHHecKan
BceoönjHOCTb, KOTopyio oh hm HaBH3biBaeT, ecTb e/jHHCTBeHHaH
KOHCTHTyTHBHHH CynjHOCTb Tpex THHOB BCeoßllJHOCTH — I, II,
III, — 3ajjeHCTBOBaHHbix b TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKe.
Tojibko Tenepb nannnaeT CTaHOBHTbca hchbim bo Bcex cbo-
HX HMHJIHKaiJHHX rjiyÖHHHBIH CMBICJI MapKCHCTCKOH KpHTHKH
PerejiH. Ochobhoh nopoK Ferejia cbhshh He tojibko co «cne-
KyjIHTHBHOH» HJIJIIO3HeH. 3tB CneKyjIHTHBHaH HJIJHO3HH, pa3O-
ßjianeHHaH yace 0eiiep6axoM, coctoht b OTOJK/jecTBJieHHH mbic-
jih h öbithh, npoijecca MbinuieHHH h npoijecca öbithh, «hombic-
jieHHoro» KOHKpeTHoro h «peaziBHoro» KOHKpeTHoro. B 3tom no
npeHMyiijecTBy h saKjnonaeTca cneicyjiHTHBHBiH rpex: rpex a6-
CTpaKijHH, KOTopaa nepeßopaHHBaeT nopn/joK Benjeii h Bbvjaer
npoijecc caMonopoaqjeHHH (aßcrpaKTnoro) hohhthh 3a npoijecc
caMonopoHt/jeHHH (KOHKpeTHoro) peajibHoro. Mapnc c npesBbi-
HaÜHOH hchoctbk) noKa3biBaeT 3to b «Cbhtom ceMeiiCTBe»25, rjje
mbi bhjjhm, KaK aßcTpaKijHH njio/ja b cneicyjiHTHBHOH rerejieB-
CKOH 4)HJIOCo4)HH nOCpe/JCTBOM CBOerO COÖCTBeHHOrO JJBHHCeHHH
caMOonpe/jejiHioiijero caMonopoHcjjeHHH npoHSBOjjHT rpyiny,
BHHorpajj h cjiHBy... Bosmomcho, <X>eiiep6ax pa3bHCHHJi h no/j-
Bepr 3Ty MO/jejib KpHTHKe aaace c Sojibuihm ycnexoM, Kor/ja b
1839 r. npejjCTaBHJi cboh saMenaTejibHbiH anajiH3 rerejieBCKo-
ro «KOHKpeTHoro Bceoölijero». TaKHM o6pa3OM, KaacercH, ßynTO
HMeeTCH Heyzjannoe Hcnojib3OBaHne aöcrpaKijHH (naeajiHCTH-
necKoe, cneKyjiHTHBHoe), KoTopoe KaK na cboio npoTHBonojioac-
hoctb yKasbiBaer Ha ee yzjaaHoe (MaTepnajiHCTHaecKoe) hc-
25 «CßHToe ceMeäcTBO» 6buio Hanncano b 1844 ro/jy. Ta nee TeMa npucyr-
CTByeT b «HeMeiiKoii jmeojiorun» (1845) h b «Hiimere <j)iuioco(j)HH» (1847).
270

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
II0JIb30BHHHC. Mbl BCe OTJIHHHO HOHHMaeM: BCe OHCHB npOCTO H
HCHo! H TOTOBHMCfl K TOMy, HTOÖBI C nOMOIIJBIO OCBOÖOECßaiOme-
ro «nepeBopaHHBaHHH» bhobb npHBecTH Beqn, t. e. aßcTpax-
ijhio, b nopa/jOK — nocKOJibKy Beßb kohchho ace ne (ßceoönjee)
noHHTne njio^a nocpe^crBOM CBoero caMopa3BHTHa nopoaqjaeT
(KOHKpeTHbie) njioßbi, ho cobcom naoßopoT, (KOHKpeTHbie) njio-
jjbi nopoHC/jaiOT (aßcTpaKTHoe) noHHTne njio/ja. Bee corjiacnbi?
HeT, hh b KoeM cjiynae mbi ne MoaceM c bthm coraacHTbca; mbi
ne MOHceM corjiacHTBCH h hphhhtb HaeojiorHHecKHe saßjiyjK/je-
hhh, KOTopbie nrpaiOT cboio pojib b 3tom «nepeßopaHHBaHHH»
H HO3BOJIHIOT TOBOpHTB O HCM. CTpOTOCTB HMeeTCH B 3T0M ne-
peBOpaHHBaHHH TOJIBKO npH TOM yCJIOBHH, HTO MBI npHHHMaeM
KaK npe^nocbiJiKy o^ho (JjyHjjaMeHTajibHoe H/jeojiorHHecKoe 3a-
ßjiyacaeHHe, to caMoe, KOTopoe jjojnKeH 6biji otöpochtb h MapKC,
Kor^a oh nepecTaji öbitb (JjeHepßaxnaHijeM hjih ccbijiaTbca na
BOKaöyjiap 0eüep6axa, Kor/ja oh co3HaTejibno OTKa3ajica ot bm-
nnpncTCKOH HßeojiorHH, KOTopaa no3BOJiHJia CHHTaTb, ßynTO na-
ynnoe noHHTHe npoH3BO,5HTca tohho TaK ace, KaK oßnjee nona-
rae njio/ja, npoH3BO,nHTca noepeßCTBOM aöcTpaKijHH, onepnpy-
lonjeii c korkpcthbimh njio^aMH. Kor/ja bo «BßefleHHH» MapKC
rOBOpHT, HTO BCHKHH npOIjeCC HayHHOTO nO3HaHHfl HaHHHaeTCH
c aßerpaKTHoro, co BceoßnjHOCTH, a He c KOHKpeTHbix peajibno-
CTeö, oh CBH/jeTejiBCTByeT o tom, hto oh jjeHCTBHTejibHO nopßaji
c HfleojiorHefi h c pasoöJianeHHeM npocTOH cneicyjiHTHBHOH a6-
CTpaKijHH, t. e. c ee npe^nocbiJiKaMH. Kor/ja MapKC 3aaBjiaeT,
hto MaTepnaji HayKH Bcer/ja cynjecTByeT b (JjopMe jjaHHOH Bce-
OÖIIJHOCTH (BceoßllJHOCTH I), OH B 3T0M T63HCe, KOTOpblH npOCT
KaK 4>aKT, npejjjiaraeT naM HOByio MO/jejib, KOTopaa hhhcm ne
CBasana c bmhhphctckoh MOßejiBio nponsBOßCTBa nonaTHa c
noMonjbio yzjanHOH aßcTpaKUHH, toh, KOTopaa hcxo^ht H3 KOH-
KpeTHbix njioaoB h BbiaBJiaeT hx cynjHOCTb, «aöcTparnpyacb ot
hx HH^HBHflyajibHOCTH». BnpoHeM, 3to acHO b tom cjiynae, KOT-
jja mbi HMeeM jjejio c naynnbiM TpyzjOM: oh hcxojjht He H3 «koh-
KpeTHBIX TeM», HO H3 BceoßiijHOCTeH I. Ho BepHO JIH 3TO TOTOa,
Korjja mbi HMeeM ^ejio c caMoä stoh BceoöiyHOcmbio I? Pa3Be
271

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
ne HMeeTCH neKoero npe/jBapHTejibnoro ypoBHH 3HaHHH, npoH3-
BejjeHHoro hmchho c noMonjbio toh ydaHHOÜ, aßcmpaKi^uu, ko-
Topyio rerejieBCKaH cneicyjiHijHH Bcero jihihb Hey^anno Hcnojib-
3OBana? K HecnacTbio, stot Te3HC He hsjihctch opraHHaecKoii
cocthbhoh nacrbio jjHajieKTHnecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma, ho oh hb-
jihctch cocraBHOH nacrbio bmhhphctckoh h cencyajiHcrnHecKOH
H/jeojiornH. 3to tot Te3HC, KOTopbiii OTsepraeT Mapnc, Korjja
oh ocyacßaer 0eiiep6axa 3a to, hto tot nocrnr «nyBCTBeHHoe
b $opMe oß^eKTa», t. e. b (jjopMe cosepijaHHH, jinnieHHoro cbh-
3h c npaKTHKOH. BceoßiijHOCTb I, nanpHMep noHHTHe «njio/ja»,
HBJiaeTCH He npoflyKTOM «aßcrparnpyioiijeH onepaijmi», coßep-
maeMOH hckhm «cyß’beKTOM» (cosHanneM hjih tcm MHtJjHHe-
ckhm cyß^eKTOM, kotopbih Ha3biBaiOT «npaKTHKOH»), — ho pe-
3yjibTaTOM cjioncHoro npoijecca nepepaßoTKH, b kotopom Bcer-
jja ynacTByiOT hcckojibko otjihhhbix jjpyr ot jjpyra KOHKpeTHbix
npaKTHK, HaXOJJHIIJHXCH Ha pa3JIHHHbIX ypOBHHX, npaKTHK 3M-
nnpHHecKHX, rexHHnecKHx h H/jeojiorHHecKHx. (Ecjih Bepnyrb-
ca k HanieMy pyzjHMeHTapHOMy npHMepy, hohhthio njio/ja, to
MOMCHO CKa3BTb, HTO OHO CaMO B CBOHX HCTOKBX HBJIHeTCH npO-
jjyKTOM otjihhhbix jjpyr ot flpyra npaKTHK, npaKTHK nHTaHHH,
cejibCKOxo3HHCTBeHHoro npoHSBOjjCTBa, «zjaHte MarHHecKHx, pe-
JIHFHO3HBIX H H/jeOJIOTHHeCKHX npaKTHK.) H HOKa H03HaHHe ne
nopßajio c HßeojiorneH, bchkbh BceoöiijHOCTb I ocTaeTCH otmc-
neHHOH nenaTbio mjeojiornn, KOTopaa hbjihctch ojjhoh H3 4)yn-
jjaMeHTajibHbix npaKTHK, hmcioiijhx cyiijecTBennoe 3HaneHHe
TJJih cyiijecTBOBaHHH coijnajibHoro ijejioro. Akt aöcmpazupoea-
HUH, KOTOPBIH JJOJDKeH H3BJI6HB H3 KOHKpeTHBIX HHJJHBH/JOB HX
HHCTyio cynjHOCTb, ecTb udeojiozuuecKuü mu#. BceoöiijHOCTb I
no caMoii CBoeii cyiijHOCTH He cooTBeTCTByer cyiijnocTH o6i>eK-
TOB, H3 KOTOpblX aÖCTpaTHpOBaHHe JJOJIHCHO ee H3BJieHb. H KaK
pa3 3to necooTBeTCTBHe pacKpbiBaeT h CHHMaeT TeopeTHaecKaa
npaKTHKa, Kor/ja ona npeoßpa3yeT BceoßiijHOCTb I bo Bceoßiij-
hoctb III. TaKHM oßpasoM, caMa BceoöiijHOCTb I hbjihctch neco-
BMecTHMOÄ c MO/jejibio SMHHpHCTCKOH HfleojiorHH, npe/jnojiara-
eMOÄ «nepeßopaHHBaHHeM».
272

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ^HAJIEKTHKE
rio^Be/jeM htoth: npH3HaTb, hto Haynnaa npaKTHKa hcxo-
JJHT H3 aßCTpaKTHOTO, JJJia TOTO HTOÖBI npOH3BeCTH (KOHKpeT-
Hoe) 3HaHHe, 03HanaeT npH3HaTb TaKace h to, hto BceoönjHocrb
I, MaTepnaji TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH, KanecTBenHO OTjiHHna
ot BceoöiijHOCTH II, KOTopaa npeoöpasyeT ee b «KonKperaoe
mbicjih», t. e. b 3naHHe (BceoönjHocrb III). OrpnijaHHe pa3Jin-
hhh, KoTopoe OTßejiaeT apyr ot Jipyra 3th jjBa BH/ja Bceoönjno-
cth, nenpH3HaHHe (meconnaissance) npHMaTa Bccoöihhocth II
(KOTopaa ocynjecTBJiaeT paöory), to ecTb «TeopHH», naß Bceoö-
hjhoctbio I (KOTopaa nepepaßaTbiBaeTca) — bot b neM 3aKJiio-
naeTca caMa ocHoea zezeaeecKozo udecuiusMa, OTBepraeMoro
MapKCOM; b otom — 3a Bee eine HjjeojiorHHecKoii bh^hmoctbio
«nepeßopaHHBaHHa», npeBpanjaionjero aöcTpaKTHyio cneicyaa-
ijhk) b KOHKpeTnyio peajibHOCTb hjih KOHKpeTHyio nayKy — 3a-
KjnonaeTca pemaiomHH momcht, ot KOToporo 3Bbhcht cyijböa
h rerejieBCKoii anajieKTHKH, h mbpkchctckoh TeopHH. Cyzjböa
MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH: nocKOJibKy Kaacßbiii 3naeT, hto rjiyÖHH-
Hbie ocHOBaHHa paspbiBa — He Te, KOTopbie aBHO BbipaacaiOT-
ca, ho Te, KOTopbie pea/ibHO «neiiCTByioT, Hascer/ja pemaiOT, He
aßjiaeTca jih ocßoöoaqjeHHe, KOToporo ot nero oacn^aiOT, Bce-
ro jihihb oacH^anneM cboöo^bi, t. e. ee MbinuienneM, hjih ace ca-
MOH CBOÖOflOH.
H KaK pa3 noaTOMy CHHTaTb nonaTHe «nepeßopaHHBaHHa»
3HaHueM 3HaHHT npHHHMaTb H/jeojiorHio, KOTopaa aßjiaeTca
ero ochoboh, t. e. npHHHMaTb KoHijenijHio, KOTopaa OTpnija-
er caMy peajibHOCTb TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH. «CseaeHHe cne-
tob», na KoTopoe yKa3bißaeT nonarae «nepeßopaHHBaHHa», ne
Moacer 3aKJiiOHaTbca b tom, htoöbi nepeBepnyTb Teopnio, koto-
paa noHHMaeT caMonopoac^eHHe nonaTHa kbk «nopoacjjeHHe ca-
Moro (peajibHoro) KOHKpeTHoro», npespaiijaa ee b npoTHBono-
jioacnyio Teopnio, KOTopaa noHHMaeT caMonopoac^eHHe peajib-
hoto kbk nopoacaeHHe nonaTHa (hmchho 3Ta onnosHijna, ecjin
öbi ona öbDia oöocHOBaHHoii, jjajia öbi hbm npaso ncnojib3OBaTb
Bbipaacenne «nepeßopaHHBaHHe»): bto CBe^eHHe chotob 3aKJiio-
naeTca b tom, htoöbi OTBeprayrb (h sto onpe/jejiaiomHH mo-
273

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
MeHT) HßeojiOTHHecKyio Teopnio, nyjKßyio peanbHOCTH HayHHoä
npaKTHKH, 3aMeHHB ee KanecrBeHHO otjihhhoh TeopneH, koto-
pan npH3HaeT eynjHOCTb HaynHofi npaKTHKH, OTJiHnaeT ee ot
HßeojiorHH, KOTopyio xotht eii HasasaTb, Bcepbes npnnHMaeT ee
coöcTBeHHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH, MbicjiHT h Bbipaacaer hx, a BMe-
CTe c hhmh — h npaKTHnecKHe ycjiOBHH caworo aroro npH3na-
hhh26 27. Korßa mm ßoxoßHM ßo btoto nyHKTa, Mbi 3aMenaeM, hto
b KonenHOM cnere tobophtb o «nepeßopaHHBaHHH» npocro He-
bo3mohcho. IIocKOJibKy, nepeBepHyB Hßeojioraio, hcjibsh nojiy-
hhtb nayicy. Hayicy mohcho nojiynHTb, jihihb noKHHyB oÖJiacTb,
b kotopoh HßeojiorHH nojiaraeT, hto HMeeT ßejio c peajibHbiM,
t. e. noKHHyB ee HßeojiorHHecKyio npoöneMamuKy (opraHHHe-
CKyio npeßnocbuiKy ee (JjyHßaMeHTajibHbix hohhthh, a BMecre
C 3T0H CHCTeMOH — H ÖOJIBIHHHCTBO BTHX HOHHTHH), ßJIH TOTO
htoöbi «6 dpyzoü cmuxuu»2\ b nojie hoboh, HaynnoH npoÖJieMa-
THKH OÖOCHOBaTb ßeHTeJIBHOCTB HOBOH TeopHH. 3tH TepMHHBI
h Hcnojib3yio co Beeil cepbesnocTbio h b KanecTBe BKcnepHMen-
Ta xony npeßJioacHTb cjießyionjyio npoBepKy: nycTb npHBeßyT
26 3th paßoTa paapbiBa 6buia peayjibTaTOM TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKH oäho-
ro nejiOBeKa: Kapjia Mapnca. 3/jecb h ne Mory BepnyTbCH k TOMy Bonpocy, ko-
topmh 6bui Bcero jihhib HaMeneH b Moeii craTbe o mojioäom MapKce. Cjie^o-
Bajio 6bi noKaaaTb, noneMy TeopeTHnecKaa npaKTHKa MapKca, Koropaa Toace
HBJiaercH paöoTOÜ npeoöpaaoßaHHH, b TeopHH no neoöxo^HMOCTH npHHHJia
npeHMynjecTBeHHyio (JiopMy paapbisa, anHcreMOJiornnecKoro paapbisa.
rio3BOjno ce6e BbicKaaaTb npeanojioaceHHe, hto, hcxo/jh H3 Toro momchtb,
hto OTHOineHHe MapKca k Terejno «BJiHercH ne OTHOineHHeM nepeßopaHHBa-
hhh, ho coBepmeHHO ApyrHM OTHOineHHeM, Mbi MorjiH 6bi jiynnie nonaTb to,
hto jjajKe «JleHHHy Kaaajiocb HOKasaTejibHbiM h napajiOKcajibHbiM (o neM cbh-
AerejibCTByioT HenocpeßCTBeHHbie peaKiiHH yjiHBJieHHH, Hame/jinne OTpaace-
HHe b «<I>HJioco(i)CKHx TeTpaßHX»): hto y TerejiH mojkho o6napyHCHTb xoth h
H3OJiHpoBaHHbie, ho nojie3Hbie anajiHTHHecKHe HCCJie^OBaHHH h .naHce jjOKa-
saTejibCTBa, HocaiiiHe MaTepnajiHCTHHecKHÜ xapaicrep. IIo3bojik) ce6e Bbicxa-
3aTb npe/uiojioaceHHe, hto ccjih OTHOineHHe Meamy MapKCOM h TerejieM ne hb-
jiaeTCH OTHOineHHeM nepeBopanHBaHHH, to «paijHOHajibHocrb» rerejieBCKoii
«HHaneKTHKH craHOBHTca öecKOHenHO noHHTHee.
27 H yace hmcji hoboä npejjjioxcHTb btot «TeopeTHnecKHÖ o6pa3», aaHMCTBO-
BaHHbiü H3 oßHoro naparpacjja, HanncaHHoro mojio^bim MapKCOM (cm. La Nou-
velle Critique, Aenaöpb 1960 r., c. 36).
274

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
npHMep XOTH 6bl OflHOH-eflHHCTBeHHOH nOJJJIHHHOH HayKH, KO-
Topaa KOHCTHTynpoBana ce6a nocpe^crBOM nepeBopaaHBaHHa
npOÖJieMBTHKH TOH HJIH HHOH HJjeOJIOTHH, T. e. Ha 0CH0B6 CaMOH
npoßjieMaTHKH H/jeojiorHH28. fljia btoh npoßepKH a 6bi xotcji
oroßopHTb jihihb oflHO ycjiOBHe: Hcnojib3yeMbie cjiOBa aojdkhbi
nOHHMBTbCa He B MeTa(|)OpHHeCKOM, HO B CTporOM CMbICJie.
28 Taicoro poaa bbhob momcct, KaK MHe Kaacerca, Bbi3BaTb OT3ByKH b hojih-
THaecKOM onbrre MapKCHCTOB. IIocKOJibKy öpocHTb KOMy-jiHÖo Bbi3OB, npe/uio-
HCHB H3M6HHTb 3 KT bl, He H3M6HHH IipHHHH, T. e. OCHOBHyiO Onpe/jeJiaiOmyK)
crpyKTypy, noxoace na KpHTHKy pe<j)opMH3Ma, na bei3ob, KOTopbm kommyhh-
CTbi KaxcAO^HeBHO öpocaiOT pe^opMHcraM Bcero MHpa, BepanjHM, hto bosmohc-
ho nepeBepnyTb cymecTByroniHH nopa^OK Bemen, ocrasaacb na ero coöcrseH-
hoh ocHOBe, nanpHMep, oöpaTHTb oönjecTBeHHoe HepaseHCTBO b oöiijecTBeH-
Hoe paBencTBO, aKciuiyaTaijHio aejiOBeaa neaoBeKOM — b corpyaHinecTBO
Meaqjy jiio/ibMH Ha ochobc cymecTByiomHx oönjecrBeHHbix OTHonieHHH. B 6o-
eBoä necHe paöoHHx roBopHTca, hto «mhp H3MeHHTca ao ocHOBanba»: c Teope-
THHeCKOH TOHKH 3peHHH 3TH CJIOBB 6e3ynpeHHO BepHbl.

4. «y?KE flAHHAH» CJI07KHAH
CTPyKTyPHPOBAHHAH IJEJIOCTHOCTb
IIpocTeHinaH aKOHOMUHecKaa KaTero-
Phh... He MOHceT cymecTBOBaTb mia-
ne, KaK aöcrpaKTHoe, o^nocropoHHee
OTHOineHHe yace aaHHoro KOHKpeTHoro
HCHBoro ijejioro...
K. MapKC. K KpHTHKe nojiHTHnecKoii
3K0H0MHH. Bse/ienne
Ho mm kok ßy^TO 6bi ^obojibho jjajieKO otoihjih ot Bonpoca o
cneijH^HKe bchkoto npoTHBopenHH. Cobcom hot, mbi ne ynajiH-
jihcb ot Hero hh Ha mar. Ho Tenepb mbi 3HaeM, hto ara cne-
IJH(j)HKa — 3T0 He CneiJH4)HKaiJHH KaKOÄ yrOßHO BCeOÖlIJHOCTH,
t. e. b npe/jejibHOM cjiynae BceoßnjHOCTH imeojlorHHecKOH. Ona
HBJIH6TCH CneiJH^HKOH BCeOÖlIJHOCTH III, T. e. 3HHHHH.
B neM ace Tor.ua samiiOHaeTCH 3Ta «cneijHcJmKa» npoTHBope-
HHH?
^naneKTHKa ecTb «H3yneHHe npoTHBopenHH, saKJnoneHHO-
ro b caMoä cynjHOCTH Bemefi», hjih, hto to ace caMoe, «TeopHH
TOHcaecTBa npoTHBonojioHCHOCTeü». Ejiaro^apn eä, KaK tobo-
PHT JleHHH, «M03KH0 yXBaTHTB HflpO flHaiieKTHKH, HO 3T0 Tpeßy-
eT paB'BHCHeHHH H pa3BHTHH». MaO IJHTHpyeT 3TH TeKCTbi H ne-
peXOAHT K «pa3’BHCHeHHHM H pa3BHTHHM», T. e. K COßepHCaHHK)
3Toro «Hßpa», Kopone roBopa, k onpe^eJieHHio cneijH^HKH npo-
THBOpeHHH.
3ßecb mbi BHesanno CTajiKHBaeMCH c TpeMH HpesBbinaHHO
npHMenaTejibHbiMH hohhthhmh. Jtßa pa3JiHHaioiijHx hohhthh:
1. Pa3JiHHHe Meamy zjiaeHbiM npomueopeuucM h npoTHBopenH-
hmh BTopocTeneHHbiMH; 2. Pa3JiHHHe Meac/jy z/iaeHbiM u emo-
pocmeneHHbiM acneKmaMu npoTHBopenHH. HaKoneij, TpeTbe
noHHTHe: 3. HepaeHouepHoe paseumue npoTHBopenHH. 3th no-
hhthh npe/iJiaraiOTCH hhm b Mo^yce «3to TaK». HaM tobopht,
276

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ^HAJIEKTHKE
hto ohh HMeiOT cyiijecTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe «jih mhpkchctckoh jjh-
aneKTHKH, nocKOJibKy b hhx 3aKjnonaeTCH ee cneijHtjjHKa. IIo-
hck rjiyÖHHHoro TeopeTHHecKoro ocHOBaHHH bthx yrBepncße-
hhh — nania sa/jana.
JJocTaTOHHO paccMOTpeTb nepßoe pasjiimeHHe, htoöbi yBH-
jjeTb, hto oho HenoepeflCTBeHHO npe^nojiaraeT cynjecTBOBaHHe
MHOJKecTBa npoTHBopeHHÄ (b nporaBHOM cjiynae Mbl He CMOTJIH
Öbl npOTHBOnOCTHBJIHTb TJiaBHbie npOTHBOpeHHH BTOpOCTeneH-
hbim) b ojjhom h tom ace npoijecce. TaKHM oöpasoM, oho yKa-
3biBaeT na cynjecTBOBaHHe cjiohchoto npoijecca. H b chmom /je-
ne: «B npocroM npoijecce, — tobopht Mao, — cynjecTByeT Bce-
ro o/jHa napa npoTHBonojiOHCHOCTeü; b cjiohchbix npoijeccax hx
öojibine...»; nocKOJibKy «bchkhä cjiohchbih npoijecc 3aKjnona-
eT b ceöe öojiee jjßyx npoTHBopenHH...»; tcm He Menee «b K£ük-
jjom cjiohchom npoijecce pa3BHTHH HBJieHHH cynjecTByeT ijejibiii
pn/j npoTHBopenHH, b HHCJie KOTopbix Bcer/ja HMeeTca raaBHoe
npoTHBopenne...»29 Bwpoe pasjinneHHe (rjiaBHbiH h BTopocre-
neHHbiH acneKTbi npoTHBopenHH) Bcero jihihb OTpaacaeT BHy-
Tpn Kaac/joro npoTHBopenna cjiojkhoctb npoijecca, t. e. cyiije-
CTBOBaHne b neM MnoacecTBa npoTHBopeHHÄ, ojjho H3 KOTopbix
HBJIHeTCH J/OMHHaHTHblM, H KHK pa3 3Ty CJIOHCHOCTB HeOÖXOJJHMO
Tenepb paccMOTpeTb.
Hthk, b caMOM cpejjOTOHHH 3thx ocHOBonojiaraioiijHx pa3-
jiHneHHH mbi oönapyHCHBaeM CJIOMCHOCTB npoijecca. 3ßecb mbi
CHOBa CTaJIKHBaeMCH C OJJHHM H3 CyiljeCTBeHHblX JJJIH MapKCH3-
Ma momohtob: c tcm ace chmbim ijeHTpajibHbiM momchtom, pac-
CMOTpeHHbiM c jjpyroH tohkh 3peHHH. Kor/ja Mao OTÖpacbiBaer
«npocroH npoijecc c ojjhoh napoä npoTHBonojiOHCHOcreii», oh
HCKJiiOHaeT ero, no-BH/jHMOMy, na ocnoBaHHH 4>aKTHHecKHx co-
oöpanceHHH: oh ne othochtch k ero oö^eKry, oöiijecrBy, KOTopoe
coaepacHT b ceöe mhomcoctbo npoTHBopenHH. Ho pa3Be ne HMe-
eT oh b to ace caMoe BpeMH jjejia c caMOH hhctoh bo3mohchoctbio
29 Mao UßeJlyH. HsöpaHHbie npon3Be^eHHH. T. 2. M.: Hsa-bo HHoerp. jiht-
pbi, 1953, c. 441.
277

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
□Toro «npocToro npoijecca c o^hoh napofi npoTHBonojioacHO-
CTefi»? Mbi jjaace motjih 6bi cnpocHTb ceön, ne hbjihctch jih stot
«npocToä npoijecc c o^hoh napoü npoTHBonojiOHCHOCTeü» H3na-
HanbHbiM cynjecTBeHHbiM npoijeccoM, no OTHOineHHK) k kotopo-
My flpyrne, cjioacHbie npoijeccbi hbjihiotch CBero jihihb ycjioac-
HeHHHMH, T. e. pa3BHTBIM (})eHOMeHOM. He CKJIOHHeTCH JIH H Jle-
HHH k OTOMy 3aKJiiOHeHHio, Koiyja oh 3aHBJineT: «Pa3/jBoeHHe
e/jHHoro h no3HaHHe npoTHBopeHHBbix Hacreä ero... ecTb cymb
(o/ina H3 «cynjHOCTeii», o^na H3 ochobhbix, ecjin ne ochobhbh,
ocoßeHHOCTefi hjih nepr) jjnajieKTHKH»30?
ToBopn 06 3tom Ejjhhom, pasflejieHHOM na jjße npoTHBope-
nanjne jjpyr Apyry nac™, ne onncbißaeT jih JleHHH ne tojibko
Heicyio «MO/jejib», ho h caMy «Marpnijy» bchkoto npoTHBope-
hhh, H3HaHajibHyio cyiijnocTB, KOTopaa npoHBJineTCH b juoöom
npOTHBOpeHHH, BnjioTb ro caMbix cjiohchbix ero (jjopM? Ho Tor-
fla cjioacHoe ecrb Bcero jihihb pa3BHTHe h 4)eH0MeH npocroro?
3tot Bonpoc — peinaioiijHH. HocKOJibKy otot «npocToä npo-
ijecc C JJByMH npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTHMH», B KOTOpOM E/JHHOe pa3-
aejineTCH Ha jjBe npoTHBopeHanjne .zjpyr jjpyiy nacra, KaK pa3 h
HBJineTCH Mampui^eü rerejieBCKoro npOTHBOpeHHH.
Sflecb mbi MOHceM h aojiHCHbi noßBepTHyrb naniy HHTepnpe-
Taijnio hoboh npoßepKe.
PasyMeeTCH, Mao Bcero jihihb ynoMHnaeT o «npocroM npo-
ijecce» h ne jjaeT hh ojjhoto npHMepa. Ho bo bcom ero anajiH3e
mbi HMeeM jjejio tojibko co cjiohchbimh npoijeccaMH, b kotopbix
npoHBJineTCH HeKan crpyKTypa c MHoroHHCJieHHBiMH h HepaB-
hbimh jjpyr apyry npoTHBopenHHMH, npuneM He KaK BTopHHHan,
ho KaK H3HanajibHaH crpyKTypa: hh o^hh cjiojkhbih npoijecc b
aeHCTBHTejibHOCTH ne jjaH naM KaK pa3BHTHe npocroro npoijec-
ca, h nooTOMy cjiojKHoe HHKor.ua He ziano KaK (JjeHOMen npocTO-
ro, — nanpoTHB, oho ^ano KaK pe3yjibTaT npoijecca, kotopbih
caM HBJineTCH cjiohchbim. HoaroMy cjioacHbie npoijeccbi Bcer.ua
30 JIchuh B. H. 0Hjioco(j)CKHe TeTpajjH // JleHHH B. H. Ha6p. coh., t. 5, h. 2,
c. 275.
278

O MATEPMAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
cyrb jjaHHbie naM cjiomchocth, nonbiTKa pejjyKijnH KOTopbix k
H3HaHaJIbHbIM npOCTbIM 3JI6M6HTaM H6B03M0?KHa HH (JiaKTHHe-
ckh, hh b npHHijHne. MeoKfly TeM, ecjin mbi BepneMca k MapK-
coßy «BßeaeHHio» 1857 r., to mbi HaiijjeM b hgm to ace Tpeßo-
BaHHe, BbipaaceHHoe c Hpe3BbiHaiiHOH crporocTbio; MapKC, ko-
TOpblH pa3MBIHIJIHeT O HOHHTHHX HOJIHTHHeCKOH 3K0H0MHH,
He TOJIBKO HOKa3bIBaeT, HTO HeBO3MO2KHO BepHyTBCH K M0M6H-
Ty poac/jenna, k HCTOKy npocToro Bceoölijero «npoH3BO,ucTBa»,
nocKOJibKy «ecjiH penb H/jeT o npoH3BO,ijCTBe, to Bcer/ja o npo-
H3BO^CTBe na onpe/jejieHHOH CTynenn oönjecTBeHHoro pa3BH-
THH — O npOH3BOflCTBe OÖlIjeCTBeHHblX HH^HBHflyyMOB»31, t. e.
B HeKOeM CTpyKTypHpOBaHHOM OÖHjeCTBeHHOM IjeJIOM. MapKC
He TOJIBKO HCKJIIOHaeT BO3MO3KHOCTB BBIXO/ja 3B npe/jeJIBI 3T0T0
cjiojkhoto ijejioro (h oto npHHijHnHajibHoe HCKJHoneHHe: 3anpe-
maeT naM bto He OTcyrcTBne 3HaHHa, ho caMa cynjHOCTb npo-
H3BOßCTBa KaK TaKOBoro, ero nonaTHe); MapKC He tojibko noKa-
3biBaeT, hto BCHKaa «npocTaa KaTeropna» npe/jnojiaraeT cyme-
cTBOBaHHe CTpyKTypnpoBaHHoro ijejioro oßnjecTBa32, ho KpoMe
TOTO, H B 3TOM, H6C0MH6HH0, 3aKJHOHaeTCH HBHßOJiee BaMCHBIH
M0M6HT, OH flOKa3BIBaeT, HTO npOCTOTa OTHIOflb He HBJiaeTCH
H3HanajibHOH, ho b onpeaejieHHbix ycjiOBHax ecTb Bcero jihihb
npo/iyKT cjioacHoro npoijecca. Tojibko npn stom ycjiOBHH npo-
CTOTa MoaceT (onaTb-TaKH, b HeKoeM cjioacnoM ijejiOM) cynje-
CTBOBaTB KaK TaKOBM: b cjjopMe cynjecTBOBaHHH TaKoii «npo-
ctoh» KaTeropHH. Bo3bMeM Tpyzj: «Tpyzj KaaceTca coßepnieHHO
npocToii KaTeropneH. IIpejjCTaBJieHHe o hcm b stoh BceoßnjHO-
cth — KaK o Tpyne Booßnje — HBJiaeTCH TaioKe BecbMa jjpeB-
HHM. OßHaKO «TpyiJ», BKOHOMHHeCKH paCCMaTpHBaeMBIH B 3T0H
npocroH 4>opMe, ecTb ctojib ace coßpeMeHHaa KaTeropna, KaK h
OTHOineHHH, KOTopbie nopoac/jaiOT 3Ty npocryio aöcrpaKijHio»33.
31	MapKC K. u dHzesibc <P. Coh., t. 12, c. 710—711.
32	TaM ace, c. 727: «IIpocTeHiiiaa aKOHOMnnecKaa KaTeropHH... ne Moacer cy-
njecTBOBaTb HHane, kbk aöcrpaKTHoe, oÖHoemopoHHee OTHOineHHe y»e jjaHHO-
ro KOHKpeTHoro hchbofo ijejioro».
33	TaM nee, c. 729.
279

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
HoJJOÖHO 3T0My H HHJJHBHJjyaJIBHblH npOH3BOJJHTeJIb HJIH HHJJH-
BHJJ KaK 3JieM6HTapHbIH Cy61>eKT npOH3BO,HCTBa, KOToporo MH-
4>bi XVIII CTOJieTHH noMenjajiH y hctokb 3KOHOMHnecKoro pa3-
BHTHH OÖHjeCTBa, 3TO BKOHOMHHeCKOe «COgitO» B CaMOH CB06H
«BHJJHMOCTH» nOHBJIHCTCH JIHHIB B pa3BHT0M KanHTaJIHCTHHe-
ckom oönjecTBe, t. e. b oöiijecTBe, KOTopoe /jobcjio jjo Hanöojib-
inero paßBHTHH oßnjecTBeHHbiH xapaKTep npoHSBOjjcrBa. Toh-
ho TaK ace h oÖMen, npocToe Bceoßnjee par excellence, «bo Bceü
HHT6HCHBH0CTH HCTOpHHeCKH HOHBJIHeTCH TOJIBKO B HaHÖOJiee
pa3BHTBIX COCTOHHHHX OÖlIjeCTBa. OTa KHTeropHH) OTHIOJJb He
HBjiaeTCH rocnojjCTByiomeH npn Bcex BKOHOMimecKHx OTHOine-
hhhx». TaKHM oßpasoM, npocroTa He hejihctch H3HanajibH0H:
HanpoTHB, hmchho CTpyKTypnpoBaHHoe ijejioe npn/jaer cmbicji
npocTofi KaTeropHH h hmchho oho b pesyjibTare jjojiroro npo-
ijecca H B HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHblX OÖCTOHTeJIbCTBHX CHOCOÖHO npOH3-
BecTH BKOHOMimecKoe cynjecTBOBaHHe onpe/jejieHHbix npocrbix
KaTeropHH.
3/jecb mbi, 6e3ycjiOBHO, HaxojjHMCH b MHpe, coßepineHHO
HyjKjjOM rerejieBCKOMy: «HanpHMep, Terejib npaBHJibno hbhh-
HaeT 4)hjioco4jhio npaßa c BJiajjeHHH KaK npocTefiinero npaßo-
Boro OTHonieHHH cyß'beKTa. Ho HHKaKoro BjiajjeHHH ne cynje-
CTByeT JJO CeMBH HJIH RO OTHOHieHHH TOCnOßCTBa H nOJJHHHeHHH,
KOTopbie cyrb ropas/jo öojiee KOHKpeTHbie OTHonieHHH»34. «Bße-
jjeHne» — sto ojjho jjojiroe /joKasarejibCTBO cjiejjyioiijero Te-
3Hca: npocToe Bcer/ja cynjecTByeT tojibko b cjiohchoh crpyKTy-
pe; Bceoßnjee cynjecTBOBaHHe npocTOÄ KareropHH HHKorjja ne
HBJIHeTCH H3HaHaJIBHBIM, OHO H0HBJIH6TCH TOJIBKO B pe3yJIBTa-
Te jjojiroro HCTopHnecKoro npoijecca, KaK npo/iyKT Hpe3BBmaH-
ho jjH^xjiepeHijHpoBaHHOH oöujecTBeHHoii CTpyKTypbi; no3TOMy
b peajibHOCTH mbi HHKorjja He HMeeM jjejia c hhctbim cyiijecTBO-
BanneM npocTOTbi, 6yzjb to cyiijHOCTH hjih KareropHH, ho jihhib
c cyiijecTBOBaHHeM «KOHKpeTHoro», t. e. cjiojkhbix h crpyKTypn-
poßaHHBix Benjefi h npoijeccoB. Hmchho stot (^yH/jaMeHTajib-
34	TaM ace, c. 728.
280

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
hbih npnmjHn coBepmeHHO necoBMecTHM c rerejieBCKOH Ma-
TpHijeii npOTHBOpeHHH.
H b caMOM flejie, ecjin mbi noHHMaeM rerejieBCKyio Mojjejib ne
B MeTa(|)OpHHeCKOM, HO B CTporOM CMbICJie, TO Mbl KOHCTaTHpy-
eM, hto ona «neficTBHTeJibHO Tpeöyer btoto «npocroro npoijecca c
JJByMH npOTHBOnOJIOHCHOCTHMH», BTOTO npOCTOTO HßHaHaJIbHOTO
ejjHHCTBa, paß/jejiHioiijerocH na jjBe npoTHBonojioHcnocTH, o ko-
topom H/jer penb b ccbuiKe JleHHHa. Hmchho bto H3HanajibHoe
eßHHCTBO KOHCTHTynpyer paaopsaHHoe ejjHHCTBO jjßyx npoTH-
BOnOJIOHCHOCTeH, B KOTOPOM OHO CaMOOTHyHCJjaeTCH H CTaHOBHT-
ch TjpyrHM, ocTaßancb coöoii: bth /jße npoTHBonojioacHOCTH cyrb
to nee caMoe e/jHHCTBO, ho b /jeohctbchhocth, to nee BHyrpeH-
nee, ho bo BHemneM, — h KaK pa3 noBTOMy ohh, Kaaqjoe co cbo-
eii cropoHbi, cyTb npoTHBonojiooKHOCTb h aöcrpaKijHH jjpyr ajih
Apyra, Kaacßoe H3 hhx ecTb Bcero jinnib aöcrpaKijHH jjpyroro, ne
Be/jaioiijaH 06 btom, t. e. B-ceöe, — npeacae hcm ohh BoccraHO-
bht hx H3HanajibHoe e/jHHCTBO, oßoraiijeHHoe CBoeü pasopsaH-
HOCTBIO, CBOHM OTHyHCJJOHHeM, B OTpHIjaHHH BTOH aÖCTpaKIJHH,
KOTopaa OTpnijajia hx npeacHee e/jHHCTBo: Torjja ohh bhobb öy-
jjyr E/jHHbiM h peKOHCTHTynpyiOT HOBoe npocroe «ejjHHCTBO»,
oßoraiijeHHoe npoinjioii paöoToii hx orpnijaHHH, HOBoe npocroe
e/JHHCTBO HeKOH TOTaJIbHOCTH, npOJjyKT OTpHIjaHHH OTpHIjaHHH.
Mbi BHßHM, hto HeyMOJiHMan JiorHKa btoh rerejieBCKOH Mojje-
jih crpoToii CBH3bio oö'be/jHHHer cjiejjyioiijHe hohhthh: npocro-
ra, cynjHOCTb, Toac/jecTBO, ejjHHCTBO, orpnijaHHe, pacKOJi, ot-
HyMCjjeHHe, npoTHBonojioacHOCTH, aöcrpaKijHH, orpnijaHHe or-
pnijaHHH, CHHTHe (Aufhebung), TOTajibHOCTb, npocrora h t. jj.
B btom — bch rerejieBCKaH /jnajieKTHKa, t. e. bch ona 3aBHcnr
ot btoh pajjHKajibHOÄ npe/jnocbDiKH H3HanajibHoro npocroro
ejjHHCTBa, pa3BHBaioiijerocH b npe/jenax caMoro ceön önaro/ja-
pn HeraTHBHOCTH h bchkhh pa3 b npoijecce Bcero CBoero pa3BH-
thh bo Bee ßojiee h ßojiee «KOHKpeTHbix» TOTajibHocrnx Bcero
jinnib BoccTanaBJiHBaioiijero bth npocTbie H3HanajibHbie ejjHH-
CTBO H npOCTOTy.
Pa3yMeeTCH, MapKcncTbi, /jjih toto htoöbi ynpocrHTb cnrya-
281

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
IJHK), H60C03H&HH0 HJIH HaMepeHHO35 MOiyT CCbDiaTbCa Ha 3Ty
MO/jejib hjih Hcnojib3OBaTb ee b KanecTBe chmbojib: tom ne Me-
nee KaK TeopeTHaecKaa, TaK h nojiHTHnecKaa npaKTHKa MapK-
CH3Ma C Heä HeCOBMeCTHMU. MapKCH3M HeCOBMeCHM C 3T0H MO-
jjejibio HMeHHO noTOMy, hto oh necoBMecTHM c TeopeTHHecKOH
npe/jnocbiJiKOH rerejieBCKOH mo/jcjih: npe/jnocbiJiKOH npocToro
H3HanajibHoro ejjHHCTBa. MapKCH3M OTBepraeT 4)Hjioco4)CKoe
(H/jeojiorHHecKoe) npHTasanne nojinoro coßnajjeHHa c hckhm
«pajjHKajibHbiM hctokom», kbkoh 6bi hh öbuia ero cjjopMa (ta-
bula rasa, HyjieBOH nyHKT npoijecca; npHpoßnoe cocToanne; no-
HHTHe nanajia, Koropoe y Ferejia, nanpHMep, ecTb öbirae, neno-
cpe/jCTBeHHO TOJKjjecTBennoe hhhto; npocTora, KOTopaa y Toro
ace Terejia ecTb to, c nero (bhobb) öecKOHenno nannnaeTca Bca-
KHH npoijecc, BOCCTaHaBJIHBaiOIIJHH CBOH HCTOK, H T. JJ.); TOHHO
TaK ace OTBepraeT oh h rerejieBCKoe (jDHJiocotjjCKoe npHTasanne,
jjaioiijee ceöe bto npocroe H3HanajibHoe cjjhhctbo (ßocnpoH3-
BO/jHMoe Ha Kaac/jOM BTane npoijecca), KoTopoe 3areM nocpe/j-
ctbom CBoero caMopa3BHTHa npoH3Be,ueT bcio cjiobchoctb npo-
ijecca, npn btom HHKorjja ne Tepaa ceöa caMoro36, HHKorjja He
Tepaa hh CBoeii npocTOTbi, hh CBoero ejjHHCTBa, — nocKOJib-
Ky MHoacecTBeHHOCTb h cjioacnocTb HHKorjja ne öy/jyr hcm-to
HHbiM, neacejiH ero coöcTBeHHoe «aBjienne», «4>eH0MeH», npn-
3BanHbie c/jejiaTb aBHoä ero coöcTBeHiiyio cynjHOCTb37.
35 HaMepeHHO. HanpHMep, Mapnc xotcji npeno^aTb ypon (pmiocofpcKoü
zjiynocmu cbohx coBpeMeHHHKOB, «KOKerHHHaa» c TepMHHOJiorHeii Terejia b
nepBOM TOMe «KanHTana». 3acjipnnBaeM jih mm cero/jHH, htoöbi btot ypon
öbiji npeno^an h naM?
36 /JajKe ero CMepTb eerb Bcero jihihb öjihboctb ero BocnpeceHHa, hojjoöho
TOMy nan crpacrHaa naTHHija eerb öjihsoctb nacxajibHOH cjiaBbi. 9to chmbo-
jim, Hcnojib3yeMbie cbmhm TerejieM.
37 Htoöbi H3Öe»aTb He/jopasyMeHnn, ynaxceM na to, hto hmchho 3Ta «rere-
jieBCKaa flHaneKTHKa», npuneM b coctohhhh Hpe3BbmaHH0H hhctotbi h neyMO-
jihmocth, npeacraeT b CBoeii aepacaBHOH cjiase b «Pynonncnx 1844 r.» MapK-
ca. JJjih toto htoöbi 3aBepniHTb ßOKaaaTejibCTBO, ^oöaBHM, hto 3Ta rerejieB-
ckbh ßHajieKTHKa b hhx ctpothm oöpa3OM «nepeBepnyra». Hmchho noaTOMy
CTpOTOCTb 3T0T0 CTpOTOTO TCKCTB HC HBJIHCTCH MapKCHCTCKOH.
282

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
UcKJIIOHeHHe 3T0H npe/jnOCbDIKH, K COHCaJieHHK), He CBOflHT-
ca k ee «nepeßopaHHBaHHio». 3ra npe^nocbiJiKa He «nepeßopa-
HHBaeTCfl», ho ycTpaHfleTca, npnneM ycTpanaerca ijcjihkom h
nojiHOCTbio (a He b CMbicjie Aufhebung, KOTopoe «coxpanaeT»
ycTpanaeMoe..c tcm hto6bi ee mocto Morjia 3anaTb coeepuieH-
ho dpyzax, TeopeTHnecKaa npe/jnocbuiKa, He HMeioiijaa HHnero
oßnjero c nepBoii. Bmccto H/jeononinecKoro MH(|)a (Jjhjioco^jhh
HCTOKa h ero opraHHnecKHx hohhthh MapKCH3M yrBepoKflaeT b
KanecTBe npHHijHna npnsnaHHe jjaHHOCTH cjiohchoh CTpyKiy-
pbi bchkoto KOHKpeTHoro «oß^eKTa» CTpyKTypbi, KOTopaa onpe-
jjejiaeT coßoii h pa3BHrae oß'beKTa, h pa3BHTHe TeopeTHnecKOÄ
npaKTHKH, npoH3BO^anjeH 3HaHHe o hcm. Y Hac yace Her hhkb-
koh H3HanajibHoii cynjnocTH, ho ecTb jihhib nenTO Bcer/ja-yace-
jjaHHoe, KaK 6bi /jaaeKo hh saxo/jHJio nosnaHHe, BO3Bpanjaacb
k ero npomjiOMy. Y nac yace Her npocToro ejjHHCTBa, ho ecrb
jihihb cjioacHoe CTpyKTypnpoBaHHoe ejjHHCTBO. H noaTOMy HeT
y nac h npocToro H3HanajibHoro ejjHHCTBa (b kbkoh 6bi (})op-
Me oho hh BbiCTynajio), Tenepb y Hac ecTb ecezda-yofce-daHHoe
HCKoezo cjiomhozo cmpyKinypupoeaHHozo eduHcmea. Scho,
hto ecjin jjejio oöctoht hmchho thk, to c «MaTpHijeii» rerejieB-
CKOH jjHaneKTHKH noKoimeHO, h ee coßcTBeHHbie opraHHnecKne
KaTeropHH, b toh Mepe, b kotopoh ohh oßjia^aiOT cneijmjjn-
KOH H H03HTHBH0H Onpe/jeJICHHOCTblO, He CnOCOÖHbl 3KHTb no-
cjie ee CMepm KaK TeopeTHnecKoro oßpasoBanna, b ocoßeHHO-
cth Te KaTeropHH, KOTopbie «KOHKpeTH3npyiOT» TeMy npocToro
H3HanajibHoro ejjHHCTBa, kbk-to: «pacKOJi» Ejjhhoto, OTnyacjje-
nne, aßcrpaKijna (b rerejieBCKOM CMbicjie ototo cjiOBa), oß’be/jH-
Haionjaa hpothbohojioechocth, orpnijaHHe OTpnijaHHa, Aufhe-
bung h t. jj. B tbkoh CHTyaijHH He npHxojjHTca yzjHBJiaTbca, hto
hh bo «BBe/jeHHH» MapKca (1857), hh b tckctc Mao Ej3e flyna
mbi ne naxo/jHM hh e/jHHOTO cjie/ja 3thx opraHHnecKH rerejibaH-
ckhx KaTeropHH.
PasyMeeTca, b HjjeojiorHnecKOM cpaaceHHH (npHMep: 6opb6a
c ^lopHHroM) hjih b paMKax oßlijero H3JioaceHHa, npe,UHa3Ha-
283

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
neHHoro jjjih HJunocTpaijHH cMbicjia jjaHHbix peayjibTaTOB, bo3-
mojkho ccbuiaTbCH na HeKOTopbie KaTeropHH TaKoro po/ja; nona
mbi ocTaeMca na btom ypoßne HjjeojiorHnecKoä 6opb6bi hjih H3-
JKNKeHHH H HJIJHOCTpaijHH, Mbl MO7K6M HCnOJIB3OBaTb BTH KBTe-
ropHH, nojiynaa npn btom BecbMa peajibHbie pe3yjibTaTbi b Hjje-
ojiomHecKoä npaKTHKe (6opb6e) hjih b oönjeM HSJioaceHHH toh
HJIH HHOH KOHijenijHH. Ho TBKOe «H3JIO2KeHHe» (HJIJHOCTpaijHH
33K0H0B JjHaJieKTHKH C HOMOIIjblO TOTO HJIH HHOTO npHMepa)
ocTaeTca nofl caHKijHeä TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKH, — hockojib-
Ky KaK TaKOBoe oho ne npeflCTaBjiaeT coöoä hoäjihhhoh Teope-
THnecKoä npaKTHKH, npoH3BO/jHiijeH HOBbie 3HaHHH. Ecjih »ce
penb H/jeT o hoäjihhhoh npaKTHKe, peajibno npeoöpasyioiijeH
cboh oö’beKT h npoH3BO/jHiijeH no/jJiHHHbie pesyjibTaTbi (3na-
HHH, peBOJHOIjHIO...), nOßOÖHOH TeOpeTHHOCKOH HJIH HOJIHTHHe-
ckoh npaKTHKe MapKca, JleHHHa h t. jj., wa 3ona TeopeTHne-
ckoh TepnHMOCTH no OTHOineHHK) k 3thm KaTeropHHM Hcnesaer:
HcnesaiOT caMH bth KaTeropHH. Kor.ua penb H/jeT o ho^jihhhoh
npaKTHKe, KOTopaa opraHHHecKH KOHCTHTynpyeTCH h pa3BHBa-
eTCH Ha npoTHHceHHH mhothx JieT, a He o npocTOM npHMenennn,
jiHineHHOM opraHHnecKHx BtjM^eKTOB, npHMenennn, KOTopoe
HHKaK He H3MeHHeT CBOH OÖl>eKT (HanpHMep, B npaKTHKe (j)H-
3hkh) h CBoe peajibHoe pa3BHTHe, Koiyja penb H/jer o npaKTH-
Ke nejiOBeKa, ho^jihhho BOBjieneHHoro b nojjJiHHHyio npaKTHKy,
nejiOBeKa HayKH, npnjiaraioiijero cboh chjibi jvih toto, htoöbi
KOHCTHiynpoBaTb hjih pa3BHTb Ty hjih HHyio HayKy, hjih nojiH-
thkb, crpeMHiijerocH pa3BHTb KJiaccoByio öopböy, — ror^a yace
He BcraeT, jja h ne MoaceT bcthtb Bonpoc o HajiojKennn na oöi>-
eKT npHÖJiH3HTejibHbix KaTeropHä. Tor.ua KaTeropHH, kotopbim
Henero öojibine cKasaTb, MOJmaT, ohh pe^yijHpoBaHbi k neMOTe.
TaK, b peajibno KOHCTHTynpoBaHHbix mbpkchctckhx npaKTH-
Kax rerejibHHCKHe KaTeropHH yace Tjasno 3aM0jmajiH. B hhx ohh
cyTb «HeoÖHapyacHBaeMbie» KaTeropHH. H HecoMHenno, HMeH-
HO nosTOMy HeKOTopbie c öecKOHenHbiMH bböotjihboctbio h no-
HTenneM, KOTopbie oöbihho Bbi3biBaiOT yHHKajibHbie pcjihkbhh
npoineflniHx BpeMen, öepyr, jjjia toto htoöbi BbicraBHTb na Bce-
284

O MATEPMAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTMKE
oßnjee o6o3penne, ecezo dee (ppasbi38, KOTopbie mojkho oßnapy-
HCHTb bo BceM «Kannrane», t. e. Ha 2500 crpaHHij HH-0KTaB0
4>paHuy3CKoro H3,naHHH; h HecoMHenno, hmohho no stoh npH-
HHHe ohh no/jKpenjifliOT bth jjße 4)pa3bi TpeTbeü, no cyrn jjejia
ßaace O/JHHM CJIOBOM, BOCKJIHIjaHHeM JleHHHa, B KOTOPOM TOT,
cjiobho 3araßbiBaa Henpocryio sara^Ky, yBepaer Hac b tom, hto
nocKOJibKy jnoflH ne npoHHTajin Terejia, to Ha npoTHJKeHHH ije-
JIOÄ nOJIOBHHbl CTOJieTHH OHH HHHeTO He nOHHMaJIH b MapKce...
BepneMCH k 3TOMy npocTOMy 4>aKTy: b peanbHO KOHCTHTynpo-
BaHHblX MapKCHCTCKHX npaKTHKBX HCnOJIb3yiOTCH H ^eÄCTByiOT
OTHio^b He rerejibHHCKne KaTeropHH: b hhx npncyrcTByiOT npy-
rne KaTeropHH, KaTeropHH mbpkchctckoh anajieKTHKH, koto-
paa ^eücTByeT b mbpkchctckoh npaKTHKe.
38 Oähh, Hocainan Hpe3BbinaHHO MeracßopHHecKHH xapaxrep, — (Jjpaaa 06
OTpHixaHHH OTpnixaHHH. Bropaa $pa3a, o KOTopoii naM enje npimeTCH tobo-
Phtb, Kacaerca rrepexo/ja KOJinnecrBa b KanecrBO. Dnrejibc ijHTHpyer h kom-
MeHTHpyer bth jjße (j)pa3bi b nepBofi hhcth «AHTH-fliopHHra», tji. 12 h 13.
Eine HecKOJibKO cjiob o6 «oTpmjaHHH oTpuiiaHHH». Cero/jHH oc^HnnajibHO npn-
3HaHHbiM HBJiHercH ynpeK b anpec CTajiHHa, KOTopbrä hckjhohhji ero H3 hhc-
jia «3aKOHOB AHaneKTHKH» h b 6onee oönjeM CMbicjie OTBepHyjica ot Ferejia,
fljia Toro htoöbi yKpenHTb cboh norMaTH3M. B to »ee BpeMH hbcto HaMeKaior
na to, hto HeKoe B03BpanjeHHe k Ferenio Momo 6bi oKaaaTb 03/jopoBJiHiomee
BO3JieHCTBHe. BO3MOHCHO, 3TH 3aHBJI6HHH KOrfla-HHÖyHb CTaHyT npeHMeTOM no-
KaaaTejibCTBa. Ohchabh ero, mhc Kancerca öojiee npocrbiM npH3naTb, hto hc-
KJIIOHeHHe «OTpHIiaHHH OTpHIiaHHH» H3 OÖJiaCTH MapKCHCTCKOH AHaneKTHKH
MOHcer CBHnerejibCTBOBaTb o ho/jjihhhoh TeopeTHHecKOH najibHOBH^HOCTH ero
aBTopa.

5. CTPyKTYPA C JJOMHHAHTOH: IIPOTHBOPEHHE
H CBEPXÄETEPMHHAL(HH
Heo/jimaKOBoe OTHonieHHe phbbhthh
MaTepnanbHoro npoHSBOßCTBa, nanpn*
Mep, k xyaojKecTBeHHOMy... Ho co6-
CTB6HH0 TpyflHblil BOnpOC, KOTOPBIH
HaßjieacHT 3flecb pasoöpaTb, 3aKJiio-
naeTCH b cjiejjyiomeM: kbkhm oöpasoM
npOH3BOACTBeHHbie OTHOineHHH, KaK
npaBOBbie othoiuchmh, BCTynaiOT b ne-
paBHoe pa3BHTHe.
K. MapKC. K KpHTHKe nojiHTinecKOH
3K0H0MHH. Bse^eHHe
HaM oeraeTCH paaoöpaTBCH c Hanöojiee cynjecTBeHHbiM momch-
TOM 3T0H npaKTHKH: 3BK0H0M HepaBHOMepHOTO pa3BHTHH IipO-
THBopeHHH. nocKOJibKy Mao BbicKa3biBaeT cjieayiomHH hhctbih
kbk 3apa tgshc: «B MHpe HeT HHnero, pasBHBaionjerocH c aöco-
JIIOTHOH paBHOMepHOCTblO».
HtOÖBI HOHHTb CMBICJI H OÖJiaCTb npHMeHCHHH 3T0F0 «3BKO-
na», KacaiomerocH He tojibko (kbk nacTO flyMaiOT) HMnepna-
jiH3Ma, ho «Bcero, hto cynjecTByeT b MHpe», Hyncno BepnyrbCH
K TeM CynjecTBeHHbiM flJIH MapKCHCTCKOrO npoTHBopenHH pa3-
JIHHeHHHM, KOTopbie B JHOßOM CJIOHCHOM npoijecce BbmeJIHIOT
rjiaBHoe npoTHBopenne, a b jiioöom npoTHBopenHH — rjiaBHbiü
acneKT. H no^epKHBaio oto «pa3JiHneHHe» tojibko b KanecTBe
yKaaaHHH na cjiohchoctb ijejioro, roBopnnjero o tom, hto jijih to-
ro, nroßbi oflHO npoTHBopenne motjio rocnoßCTBOBaTb naß apy-
THM, Ijejioe flOJIHCHO ÖblTb CJIO7KHBIM. Tenepb HeOÖXOßHMO pac-
cMOTpeTb 3to rocnoflCTBO ne b KanecTBe yKasannn, no cbmo no
ceöe, a 3aTeM pa3Bepnyrb ero HMnjiHKaixnn.
Tot 4>aKT, hto ojjho npoTHBopenne rocno^CTByeT naß apy-
thm, npeflnojiaraeT, hto cjiohchoctb, b kotopoh ono 4)HrypHpy-
eT, HBJIHeTCH CTpyKTypHpOBaHHbIM e/JHHCTBOM H HTO 3Ta CTpyK-
286

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
Typa HMiuinijHpyeT OTHOineHHe rocnoßCTBa h noßHHHeHHH
Meacßy npoTHBopenHHMH. JJeiiCTBHTejibHO, rocnoßCTBO oßHO-
ro npOTHBOpeHHH naß ßpyrHM ßjia MapKCH3Ma He mojkct öbitb
cjjaKTOM cjiynaHHoro pacnpeßejieHHH paajiHHHBix npoTHBope-
hhh b toh cyMMe, KOTopyio ßepyr b KanecTBe oß^eKTa. B btom
cjiotkhom ijejiOM, KOTopoe «coßepncHT b ceße ijejiBiii paß npoTH-
BopenHH», HejiB3H «oßnapy^CHTB» oßno npoTHBopenne, rocnoß-
CTByiomee naß ßpyrHMH, noßOÖHO TOMy KaK Ha Tpnßyne CTa-
ßnona mohcho oßnapyacHTB 3pHTejiH, Ha ijejiyio rojioßy bo3bbi-
inaiomerocH naß octbjibhbimh. PocnoßCTBO ne ecTB npocTOH h
ße3pa3JiHHHBiH (J)aKT, oho ecTB 4)aKT, HMeionjHH cyu^ecmeeHHoe
3HaneHHe ßjia caMoii cjiomchocth. Hmohho noaTOMy cjioskhoctb
HMnjimjHpyeT rocnoßCTBO b KanecTBe cynjecTBeHHoro ßjia Hee:
oho BnHcaHO b ee CTpyKTypy. TaKHM oßpasoM, yTBep^cßaTB, hto
eßHHCTBO He eCTB, He MOHCeT ÖBITB eßHHCTBOM npOCTOH, H3Ha-
HaJIBHOH H BCeoßlljeH CynjHOCTH, OTHIOßB He 3HBHHT, KaK nOJia-
raiOT Te, kto rpe3HT o «M0HH3Me», btom HßeojiorHnecKOM hohh-
THH, HyJKßOM MapKCH3My39, npHHOCHTB eßHHCTBO B HCepTBy Ha
39 Mohu3m. KjnoneBoe noHHTne jihhhoh KOHijenijHH PeKKeaa, BejiHKoro He-
MeiiKoro önojiora, MexaHHCTHHecKoro MaTepnajiHCTa h MyxcecTBeHHoro ynacT-
HHKa aHTnpejiHrHO3HOH h aHTHKJiepHKajibHOH 6opb6bi 1880—1910 rr. PeK-
Kejib 6biji Hpe3BbiqaHHO aKTHBHbiM nyöJiHi^HCTOM, aBTopoM «nonyjiapHbix»,
HeoflHOKpaTHO nepeH3flaBaBmHxca TpyaoB h co3«aTejieM «Jlnra hgmcixkhx mo-
hhctob». TeKKejib CHHTaji pejiHrHK) «ÄyajiHcrinecKOH» h npoTHBonocraBJiHJi
eil «mohh3m». ByayHH «mohhctom», oh nojiaraji, hto cyiijecTByeT ne jjBe cy6-
craHixHH (Bor h mhp, ayx hjih jjyma h MaTepna), ho jihhib oßHa. TeKKejib ßy-
Maji, hto 3Ta EflHHCTBeHHaa CyöcraHijHH oöjia^aer ÄByMa aTpHÖyraMH (noßoö-
ho TOMy KaK h cyöcraHijHH CnHHO3bi oÖJiajjaeT ÄByM« cynjecrBeHHbiMH arpn-
öyraMH): MaTepHefi h dHeprneH. Bee onpe/jejieHHfl, kbk MaTepnajibHbie, tbk
h jjyxoBHbie, oh CHHTaji MO/jycaMH 3toh CyöcTaHijHH, KOTopaa, no ero MHe-
hhio, «BcecHJibHa». ÜJiexaHOB Toxce pa3BHBaji TeMy «mohhsmb», KOTopaa, ne-
coMHeHHO, oöjia/jajia onpe/jejieHHbiM cxojjctbom c tgmh MexaHHCTHHecKHMH
TeimeHijnaMH, H3-3a KOTopbix JleHHH BnocjießCTBHH noßßepr ero ctojib pe3-
Koii KpHTHKe. IIjiexaHOB 6bdi öojiee «nocjieaoBaTejieH», hcm TeKKejib: oh npn-
3Hasaji, hto cospeMeHHbiH HßeajiH3M Toace 6bdi «mohhcthhcckhm» h oö’bac-
naji Bee OÄHOH-eaHHCTBeHHOH cyöcraHiiHeH, JJyxoM. Oh CHHTaji MapKCH3M Ma-
TepnaJIHCTHHeCKHM M0HH3M0M (cp. ÜJiexaHOB, «K pa3BHTHK) MOHHCTHHeCKOTO
B3rjiaßa na Hcropnio»). Bo3moxcho, hmchho ÜJiexaHOB Hecer OTBeTCTBeHHOCTB
287

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJMAJIEKTHKE
a/rrape «njiiopajiH3Ma», — ho 3HanHT yrBepac^arb hchto co-
BepineHHO HHOe: HTO e/JHHCTBO, O KOTOpOM TOBOPHT MapKCH3M,
ecrb eduHcmeo comoü cjiOMHocmu, hto MO/jyc opraHH3aijHH h
apTHKyjiaijHH cjiojkhocth kbk pa3 h KOHCTHTynpyeT ee e/JHH-
ctbo. 3to 3HBHHT yrßepacjjaTb, hto cjuwchoc q,ejioe oßjiadaem
eduHcmeoM apmuKyjiupoeaHHOü cmpyKmypbi c doMUHanmoü.
Umghho 3Ta cneijH(J)HHecKaH crpyKTypa b kohchhom cneTe h
oßocHOBMBaeT Te OTHonieHHH rocno/jCTBa Meac/jy npoTHBopenn-
hmh h hx acneKTaMH, KOTopbie Mao onHCbißaeT b KanecTBe cy-
mecTBeHHbix.
3tot npnnijHn cjiejjyeT sanjHiijaTb co Beeil nenpeicjiOHHOc-
Tbio, htoöbi ne BBeprnyrb MapKCH3M b Te ace caMbie saöjiyac-
jjeHHH, ot KOTopbix oh nac ocboöojjhji, t. e. htoöbi He npeßpa-
THTb ero b TaKoii thh MbinuieHHH, an KOToporo cynjecTByeT
jihhib oflHa-e^HHCTBeHHaa Mo/jejib e/jHHCTBa: e/jHHCTßo cyö-
cranijHH, cyiijnocTH hjih aKTa; htoöbi He BBeprayrb ero b 3a-
ÖJiyacjjeHHH «MexaHHCTHHecKoro» MaTepnajiH3Ma h H,ijeajiH3Ma
C03HBHHH, noxoacne Apyr Ha jjpyra KaK 6jiH3neijbi. Ecjih ace Mbi
c npe3MepHOH nocneniHOCTbio craneM yno/joöJiHTb crpyKTypn-
pOBBHHOe ejJHHCTBO CJIOaCHOTO IjeJIOTO npOCTOMy e/JHHCTBy TO-
TajibHOCTH; ecjin cjioacHoe ijejioe mm öyzjeM CHHTaTb hhctbim
h npocrbiM pa3BHTHeM odHoü-eduHcmeeHHOÜ H3HanajibH0H
3a npHcyrcTBHe TepMnna «mohh3m» b crarbax T. Becca, P. Papo/jH h T. Mio-
pn, kbk h 3a Te $pa3bi, b KOTopbix ofybHBJiHeTCH, hto MapKCH3M no CBoen cyrn
«MOHHCTHneH». HeTOHHOCTb 3Toro HßeojioniHecKoro nonaTHH nocjiyjKHJia npn-
hhhoh Toro, hto Bnrejibc h JleHHH nojiBeprjiH ero öesoroßopoHHOMy ocyame-
HHK). MoH KpHTHKH ynOTpeÖJIHIOT erO nopOH B CHJIbHOM (Miopn), nopofi ?Ke B
öojiee hjih Menee cjiaöoM CMbicjie; ohh npoTHBonocraBJiaiOT ero ne ayannsMy,
KaK 3to aejiajin TeKKejib h IIjiexaHOB, ho «njiiopajiH3My»; mojkho cKaaaTb, hto
b hx TeKcrax btot TepMHH npnoöperaer MerojjojiOTHHecKHH, ho npn btom Bee
»e HfleOJlOrHHeCKHH OTTeHOK. 3tO nOHHTHe B MapKCH3Me JIHineHO n03HTHBH0-
ro TeopeTHHecKoro ynoTpeÖJieHHH, h b TeopeTHHecKOM OTHonieHHH oho aaxce
onacHO. Oho mobcct oÖJiajjaTb tojibko npaKTHnecKOH neraTHBHOH ijeHHOCTbio,
npHBJieKaa BHHManne k «njiiopajiH3My». Ho oho He HMeeT HHKaKoii nosnaBa-
TejibHon neHHocTH. Ecjih ace mbi craneM npnnHCbiBaTb eMy Taicyio ijeHHOCTb
h jjejiaTb hcxoah H3 nee TeopeTHHecKne BMBOßbi (Miopn), to mbi no^BepmeM
mbicjib Mapnca cepbeanoMy HCKaaceHHio.
288

O MATEPHAJIKCTHHECKOH /JHAJIEKTHKE
H npOCTOH CyilJHOCTH HJIH CyÖCTHHIJHH, — TOT/ja Mbl OT MapK-
ca b jiynnieM cjiynae cnycTHMca jjo cryneHH Terejia, a b xyzj-
meM — jjo CTyneHH TeKKejia! Ho «ijejiaa sto, mbi tom caMbiM
npHHeceM b acepTBy hmohho to cneijn^HHecKoe otjihhho, ko-
Topoe npoBO/jHT nepry Meac/jy MapKCOM h TerejieM: to, koto-
poe pa^HKajibHO OT^ejiaeT uapKCucmcKuü mun eduHcmea
ot rerejieBCKoro THna e^HHCTBa, hjih MapKCHCTCKyio TOTanb-
hoctb ot TOTajibHOCTH rerejieBCKOH. Cero/jHH cynjecTByeT 6ojib-
iiioh cnpoc na nonaTHe «TOTajibHOCTH»: ccbijiaacb Ha ojjho h
TO JKe CJIOBO, «TOTajibHOCTb», MHOTHe C Hpe3BbIHaHH0H JI6TK0C-
tbio ot Terejifl nepexo/jHT k MapKcy, a ot Gestalt’a k CapTpy
h t. /j. Cjiobo ocraeTCH TeM ace caMbiM, ho nöHHTHe nperepne-
BaeT nopoÄ caMbie pa^HKajibHbie H3MeneHHH. Ho KaK tojibko
oto nonaTHe nojiynaeT tohhoc onpe/jejieHHe, TepnHMOCTH npn-
xojjht Koneij. H b caMOM jjejie, rerejieBCKaa «TOTajibHOCTb» —
OTHiojjB He njiacTimHoe nonaTHe, khkhm ero ceöe npe/jCTaBjia-
iot, nanpoTHB, 3to noHHTHe, KoTopoe ero TeopeTHnecKaa pojib
tohho onpe/jejiaeT h HH/jHBH,zjyajiH3HpyeT. MapKCHCTCKaa to-
TajibHOCTb, co CBoeii CToponbi, ctojib ?Ke onpe/jejieHHa h CTpo-
ra. OÖIIJHM JJJIH 3THX JJByX «TOTaJIbHOCTeH» HBJIHeTCH TOJIBKO 1.
Cjiobo; 2. HeKaa pacnjibiBnaTaa KOHijenijHH e/jHHCTBa Benjeii;
3. TeopeTmecKHe BparH. TeM ne Menee, ohh no cyrn jinnieHbi
bchkhx CBH3eii. TerejieBCKaH TOTajibHOCTb ecTb OTHync/jeHHoe
pa3BHrae npocToro e/jHHCTBa, npocToro npnnijHna, kotopbih
caM HBjiaeTCH momohtom pa3BHTHH Haen: TaKHM oöpasoM, ona,
CTporo roBopa, ecTb (JjeHOMen, cbmo npoHBJienne SToro npocro-
ro npnnijHna, kotopbih coxpanaeTca bo Bcex cbohx npoaBJieHH-
hx, a 3naHHT, h b caMOM OTHyHc/jeHHH, no/jroTaBjiHBaioiijeM ero
BoccTaHOBJienne. 3/jecb mbi Toace othkvjb ne HMeeM «ijejia c no-
HHTHHMH, JIHIUeHHBIMH H0CJI6JJCTBHH. HoCKOJIBKy OTO ejJHHCTBO
hckoh npocToii cyiijnoc™, npoHBJiaioiijeH ceöa b cbocm OTnyac-
jjeHHH, npoHSBOjjHT cJie/jyioiijHH pesyjibTaT: Bee KOHKpeTHbie
pa3JiHHHH, (jjHrypnpyioiijHe b rerejieBCKOH TOTajibHOCTH, bkjuo-
naa h «c(jjepbi», saMeTHbie b stoh TOTajibHOCTH (rpaacflaHCKoe
oöiijecTBO, rocyljapcTBO, pejiHraa, 4)hjioco4>hh h t. jj.), Bee sth
289

O MATEPMAJIMCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
pasjiMHHH, khk TOJibKO ohh yrBepacaeHbi, tothhc ace no/jBepra-
IOTCH OTpmjaHHIO: HOCKOJIblty OHH — He HTO HHOe, KaK «M0M6H-
tbi» OTHyjKßeHHH BHyrpeHHero npocroro npHHijnna Torajibno-
cth, kotopmh ocymecTBJiaeT ceßa, orpmjaH OTHyjKfleHHbie pa3-
jihhhh, Koropbie oh nojiaraeT; ßojiee roro, Bee bth paajiHHHH
KaK ajieMeHTbi OTHy^eHHH — (JjenoMeHbi — BHyrpeHHero npo-
ctoto npHHijHna paBHbiM oöpaaoM «6e3pa3JiHHHbi», r. e. npaK-
THnecKH paBHbi nepe/j hhm, a snannr, paBHbi h Meacay coßoii, h
KaK pa3 noaTOMy y Terejia hh ojjho onpe^ejieHHoe nporaBope-
nne He HBJiaeTCH jjOMHHHpyiomHM40. 3to 3HaHHT, hto rerejieB-
40 He cjieayeT CMeniHBarb reopnio caMoro Terejia c MapncoBbiMH cyxae-
hhhmh o Terejie. CKOJib 6bi yßHBHTejibHbiM bto hh motjio noKasaTbca tcm, kto
3HaK0M c TerejieM no cpKßeHHHM Mapnca, Terejib b cBoen TeopHH oönjecrBa
OTHIOßb He HBJiaeTCH OÖpaTHOH CTOpOHOH MapKCa. «JJyXOBHblH» npHHIJHn,
KOHCTHTynpyiomHH BHyrpeHHee cahhctbo HcropimecKOH rerejieBCKOH Torajib-
hocth, hh b kocm cjiynae ne MOJKeT ynoÄOÖJiHTbca TOMy, hto y Mapnca (jraiy-
pnpyer b KanecTBe «BKOHOMHnecKOH aerepMHnauHH b KonennoM cnere». Y Te-
rejia Hejib3H oönapyxcHTb oöpaTHoro npHHnnna: jxerepMHHauHH b KonennoM
cnere co cropoHbi PocynapcTBa hjih <Phjioco4)hh. 3to Mapnc tobopht: e deü-
cmeumejibHOcmu rerejieBCKaa KOHnennnn ceodumcR k TOMy, hto habojiothh
npe/jcraer b KanecTBe aBHHcymero momchtb Hctophh, nocKOJibKy oto hacojio-
THnecKaa KOHijennHH. Ho caM Terejib ne tobopht HHnero nojioÖHoro. /(jih He-
ro e oöiqecmee, b cynjecrByiomeH TOTajibHOCTH Her jjerepMHHaQHH b Konen-
hom cnere. rerejieBCKaa TOTajibHOCTb ne oö'be/jHHHercH nocpejjcrBOM KaKOH-TO
(JjyimaMeHTajibHOH HHcraHixHH, cynjecrByiomeH b ee npe^ejiax, ona ne ofrbe-
AHHena h ne jjerepMHHHpoBaHa nocpe/jcTBOM ojjhoh H3 cbohx «c<})ep», 6yab to
nojiHTHnecnoH, $hjioco4)ckoh hjih pejiHTHO3HOH. JJjih Ferejia npHHixHn, o6i>-
e^HHHioinHH h jjerepMHHHpyiomHH oönjecTBeHHyio TOTajibHOCTb, — 3to ot-
HioAb He ra hjih nnaa «c(J)epa» oöinecrsa, ho npHHnnn, ne HMeionjHH hh npn-
BHJiempoBaHHOTo Mecra, hh npHBHjierHpoBaHHoro rejia b oömecrBe, npnneM
no toh npnnHHe, hto oh npncyrcTByeT bo Bcex Mecrax h bo Bcex rejiax. Oh —
bo Bcex onpe/jejieHHHx oömecTBa, anoHOMHnecKHx, nojiHTHnecKHx, TopnjjHne-
CKHX H T. a... BIUIOTb RO CBMblX ßyXOBHblX Onpe^eJieHHH. Bo3bM6M, K npHMe-
py, Phm: ajih Ferejia ormo/jb He ezo udeojiozun oö'beAHHaer h ^erepMHHHpyer
ero, ho «^yxoBHbiH» irpHHijHn (hbjihioiijhhch momchtom pa3BHTHH H^en), npo-
HBJIHIOIUHH CeÖH BO BC6X pHMCKHX OnpejjeJieHHHX, B 3K0H0MHK6, HOJIHTHKe, pe-
JIHTHH, npaBe h t. jj. 3tot npHHijHn ecrb aöcmpaKmHOR JopuduuecKOR jiuh-
Hocmb. 3to «flyxoBHbrii» npHHnnn, jinnib o^hhm H3 mhothx npoaBJieHHH ko-
Toporo HBJineTCH pHMcnoe npaso. B cospeMeHHOM MHpe bto cy&beKmueHocmb,
290

O MATEPHAJIHCTMHECKOH «ZJHAJIEKTHKE
CKoe ijejioe oöJia^aeT «flyxoBHBiM» cjihhctbom, b kotopom Bee
pasjmnHH nojiaraiOTCH jihihb jijih toto, htoöbi noABeprayrBCH
OTpnijaHHIO, a 3HBHHT, HBJIHIOTCH Öe3pa3JIHHHBIMH, B KOTOpOM
ohh HHKorjja ne cynjecTByioT jjjih ceön, b kotopom ohh oöjia-
aaiOT Bcero jihihb bhjjhmoctbio HesaBHCHMoro cymecTBOBaHHH
h b kotopom ohh, Bcer/ja npoHBjiHH Bcero jihihb e^HHCTBO npo-
ctoto BHyTpeHHero npHHijHna, kotopbih b hhx OTnysK^aeTCH,
npaKTinecKH paBHBi Mencfly coöoä kbk OTHyncjjeHHBie (JjeHOMe-
hbi 3toto npHHUHHa. TeM caMBiM bto 3HBHHT, hto rerejieBCKan
totbjibhoctb: 1) ne peanBHO, ho jihihb no bh^hmocth apTHKy-
jinpoBaHa b «c(|)epax»; 2) hto ee c^hhctbom He hsjihctch caMa
ee CJIO3KHOCTB, t. e. crpyKTypa btoh cjiohchocth; 3) hto ona no-
3TOMy jiHinena toh CTpyKTypBi c jjOMHHaHTOH, KOTopaa hbjih-
eTCH aÖCOJIIOTHBIM ycjiOBHeM, HO3BOJIHIOIHHM peaJIBHOH CJIOJK-
hocth öbitb e/jHHCTBOM h peanBHO öbitb oöbeKTOM npaKmuKu,
CTpeMHiijeHCH npeoöpa3OBaTB 3Ty crpyKTypy: npaKTHKH nojiH-
THnecKOH. He cjiynaHHO, hto rerejieBCKaa TeopHH oönjecrBeH-
HOH TOTaJIBHOCTH HHKOrjja He nOCJiyJKHJia OCHOBOH flJIH TIOJIU-
muuecKOÜ dexmejibHOcmu, hto He cymecTBOBajio h ne mohcot
cynjecTBOBaTB rerejieBCKOH hojihthkh.
Ho bto eqe ne Bee. Ecjih bchkoc npoTHBopenne ecTB npora-
Bopenne cjioncnoro CTpyKiypnpoBaHHoro ijejioro c «noMHnan-
toh, to HeBO3MOHCHo hmctb jjejia co cjioMCHBiM ijejiBiM BHe ero
npoTHBopeHHH, Bne hx OTHOineHHH (JjyHflaMeHTajiBHoro Hepa-
KOTopaH HBJiHercfl ctojib nee yHHBepcajibHbiM irpHHijHnoM: eyö'beKTHBHOCTbio
3ßecb HBJineTCH h bkohomhkh, h nojiMTHKa, h pejinrun, h 4)hjioco4)hh, h My3bi-
Ka, h t. ß. FerejieBCKaa TOTajibHOCTb oömecTBa TaKOBa, hto ee npinnpin oäho-
BpeMeHHO h HMMaHeHTeH, h TpaHCueimeHTeH en, ho kbk TaKOBOH oh hhkot-
aa He coBnajiaer c Kaicon-To onpeaejieHHOH peajibnocrbio caMoro oßnjecTBa.
Hmchho noBTOMy o rerejieBCKOH TOTajibHOCTH mohcho cxasaTb, hto ona oöjiajja-
eT eßHHCTBOM «ayxoBHoro» rana, b kotopom Kalbin ojicmcht ecTb pars total-
is, a BHflHMbie c$epbi cyrb Bcero jiniiib OTnyameHHoe h BOccraHOBjieHHoe pa3-
BopaHHBaHHe Toro »ee caMoro BHyrpeHHero npHHipina. 9to 3HaHHT, hto thh
eßHHCTBa rerejieBCKOH TOTajibHOCTH hh b kogm cjiynae nejib3H OTOJKßecTBJiHTb
(nycTb jjance b Kanecrße ero hpothbohojiohchocth) co crpyicrypoH e/jHHCTBa
TOTajibHOCTH MapKCHCTCKOH.
291

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH /JHAJIEKTHKE
BeHCTBa. JJpyrnMH cjiobhmh, Kaac/joe npoTHBopenHe, Kanc/jaa
qrnjecTBeHHaH apTHicyjiHijHH crpyKTypbi h oßnjee oraonieHHe
apTHKyjIHIJHH B CTpyKType C JJOMHHaHTOH KOHCTHTynpyiOT co-
OTBeTCTByiomee hhcjio ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH caMoro cjiohc-
hoto ijejioro. 3tot re3HC oöjia/jaer nepBOCTeneHHOH 3HanHMoc-
tbio. IIocKOJibKy oh 03HanaeT, hto crpyKTypa ijejioro, a 3Ha-
HHT, H «pa3JIHHHe» MeHC/jy CyiljeCTBeHHblMH npOTHBOpeHHHMH
h hx crpyKTypoii c jjOMHHaHToii ecTb caMO cynjecTBOBaHHe ije-
Jioro; hto «pa3JiHHne» npoTHBopenHH (osnanaionjee, hto HMeer-
ch rjiaBHoe npoTHBopenne h t. jj.; h hto Kaac^oe npoTHBopenne
HMeeT rjiaBHbiä acneKT) h ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH cjiohchoto
ijejioro — ojjho h to ace. A hmchho, 3tot to3hc npe/jnojiaraer,
hto «BTopocreneHHbie» npoTHBopenHH ne hbjihiotch hhctbim
4>eH0MeH0M «rjiaBHoro» npoTHBopenHH, hto rjiaBHoe ne ecTb
cynjHOCTb, no othoihchhio k kotopoh BTopocreneHHbie öbdih
6bi (JieHOMeHaMH, raK hto rjiaBHoe npoTHBopenHe npaKTHne-
ckh Morjio 6bi cyiijecTBOBaTb 6e3 BTopocrenennbix hjih ace to-
ro hjih HHoro H3 hx HHCJia, hto oho motjio 6bi cyiijecTBOBaTb do
hjih nocste hux41. HanporaB, oh npejjnojiaraer, hto Bropocre-
neHHbie npoTHBopenHH cyiijecTBeHHbi jjjih caMoro cyiijecrBOBa-
hhh rjiaBHoro npoTHBopenHH, hto ohh peajibHO KOHCTHTynpyioT
ero ycjiOBHe cynjecTBOBaHHH, tohho thk ace khk rjiaBHoe npora-
BopenHe KOHCTHTynpyer hx coßcTBeHHoe ycjiOBHe cyiijecrBOBa-
hhh. PaccMOTpHM npHMep Toro cjioacHoro crpyKTypHpoßaHHO-
ro ijejioro, Koropoe HBjiaeTCH oßiijecTBOM. «IIpoHSBOjjCTBeHHbie
OTHonieHHH» ne hbjihiotch 3,necb hhctbim (jjeHOMenoM npoH3BO-
JJHTeJIbHblX CHJi: OHH HBJIHIOTCH TaKMCe H yCJIOBHHMH HX Cyilje-
CTBOBaHHH; najjcrpoHKa He hejihotch hhctbim (JjenoMeHOM 6a-
3Hca, ona HBJineTCH raicHce h ycjiOBHeM ero cynjecTBOBaHHH. 3to
BbrreKaer H3 caMoro npHHijHna, kotopbih panee 6bui BbicKasaH
41 3tot mh(J) hctokh HJuiiocrpHpyeT «öypjKyaanaH» Teopna oönjecrBeHHoro
AoroBopa, KOTopaa y JIokkü, nanpHMep, aaer onpeaejieHHe BKOHOMHHecKOH ae-
HTeJIbHOCTH B npHpOflHOM COCTOHHHH, HpeflHieCTByiOmeH (HeBfüKHO, 4>aKTHHe-
CKH HJIH B npHHIJHne) CBOHM JOpHßHHeCKHM H HOJIHTHHeCKHM yCJIOBHHM Cyilje-
CTBOBaHHH!
292

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOM UHAJIEKTHKE
MapKCOM: npoH3BO,ijCTBO HHiyje ne cynjecTByeT 6e3 oßnjecTBa,
t. e. 6e3 oßnjecTBeHHbix OTHonieHHÖ; to e/jnHCTBO, 3a npe/jejibi
KOToporo H6BO3MO7KHO BbIHTH, eCTb e/JHHCTBO IjeJIOTO, B KOTO-
poM, ecjin ycjiOBHeM cynjecTBOBaHHa npoH3BO,zjCTBeHHbix otho-
ineHHH jjeiicTBHTejibHO aßaaerca npon3BOjjCTBO, ycjiOBHeM cy-
njecTBOBaHHH caMoro npon3BO,zjCTBa aßaaerca ero (J)opMa: npo-
H3B0jjCTBeHHbie OTHOineHHfl. He cjieayeT saÖJiyac/jaTbca: bto
oßycjiOBJiHBaHne cynjecTBOBaHHa «npoTHBopeaHÖ» apyr jjpy-
tom ne aHHyjinpyeT crpyKTypy c jjOMHHaHTOH, KOTopaa rocnojj-
CTByer najj npoTHBopeanaMH h b hhx chmhx (b flaHHOM cayaae
penb H/jer 06 BKOHOMHaecKoö /jerepMHHaijHH b KoneanoM Cae-
re). 3to oßycjiOBjiHBaHHe h ero aßnaa ijHpigrjiapHOCTb ne Bbi-
jiHBaeTca b paspynienne crpyKTypw rocno/jCTBa, KOHCTHTynry-
lonjeii cjiojKHOCTb ijeaoro h ero e/jHHCTBO. HanpornB, oho, b
npe/jejiax peajibHOCTH ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHa Kaacjjoro npo-
THBopeaHH, HBJiaeTCH npoHBJieHneM toh crpyKTypbi c jjOMHHan-
toh, Koropaa cocraBjiaer e/jHHCTBO ijejioro42. dma pecjuieKCun
ycjtOQUü cyu^ecmeoeaHUR npomueopenuH e ezo coöcmeeHHbix
npedejiax, oma pecpJieKcmi apmuKyjiupoeaHHOü cmpyKmypbi c
doMUHanmoü, Komopast KOHcmumyupyem eduHcmeo cjuxhcho-
zo i^ejiozo e npedejiax Ko^cdozo npomueopeHtui, h ecTb Hanßo-
jiee rjiyßoKaa aepra MapKCHCTCKOH flnajieKTHKH, Koropyio pa-
42 Haiiöojiee yaaHHoe jjOKaaaTejibCTBO neH3MeHH0CTH CTpyKTypw c ßOMHHaH-
toh b mhhmoh ijHpKyjiHpHOCTH oöycjiOBJiHBaHHH MapKC jjaeT HaM bo «BBejje-
hhh», aHajiH3Hpya TOMc^ecrBo npoH3BOACTBa, noTpeöJieHHH h pacnpejjejieHHH
b npoixecce oÖMeHa. Bot naccaac, chocoöhbih Bbi3BaTb y HHTaTejia rerejieBCKoe
rojiOBOKpyaceHHe: «.../via rerejibHHija Her Hinero nponje, KaK OToamecrBHTb
npoH3BOÄCTBO h noTpeÖJieHne» {MapKC K. u dnzesibc 0. Coa., t. 12, c. 720),
ho TaKoe noHHMaHHe öbdio 6bi cosepnieHHo oihh6ohhbim. «PesyjibTaT, k koto-
poMy mbi npHinjiH, saKJHoaaerca ne b tom, hto npoHSBOjjCTBO, pacnpe/jejieHHe,
o6moh h noTpeÖJieHHe H^eHTHHHbi, a b tom, hto Bee ohh oöpaayioT coöoii hbcth
ijejioro, pa3JiHHHH BHyrpn ejjHHCTBa», b kotopom hmchho npoH3BOjjCTBO b ero
cneijH(J)HHecKOM otjihhhh hbjihctch onpejjejiHioiijHM. «OnpejjejieHHoe npoH3-
bojjctbo oöycjioßjiHBaer, thkhm oöpasoM, onpejjejieHHoe noTpeÖJieHHe, pacnpe-
jjejieHHe, oömch h onpede/ieHHbie omHoiueHux, dmux pa3/iuHHbix MOMCHmoe
dpyz k dpyzy. Kohchho, h npoM3Bo^CTBO e ezo odnocmopoHHeü (popMe onpejje-
jiaerca, co CBoen croponbi, jjpyrHMH MOMeHTaMH» (tbm ace, c. 725—726).
293

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ^HAJIEKTHKE
nee h nonbiTajiCH nocTHHb c noMonjbio hohhthh «CBepx^eTep-
MHHaiJHH»43.
^JIH TOTO HTOÖbl nOHHTb BTOT M0M6HT, oßpaTHMCH CHaHBJia
K OJJHOMy flOCTHTOHHO 3HaK0M0My nOHHTHIO. Kor/ja JleHHH ro-
BOpHT, HTO «ayina MapKCH3Ma — 3TO KOHKpeTHblH anaJIH3 KOH-
KperaoH CHTyaijHH»; Korjja Mapnc, 3nrejibc, JleHHH, Ctbjihh h
Mao OÖ'bHBJIHIOT, HTO «BCe 3BBHCHT OT yCJIOBHH»; KOiyja JleHHH
onncbiBaeT «oßcTOHTejibCTBa», xapaKTepHbie «zjjih Pocchh 1917
rojja, Kor/ja MapKC (h bch MapKCHCTCKan TpajjHijHa) na ßecHHC-
jieHHbix npHMepax noKa3biBaeT, hto b 3aBHCHM0CTH ot CHTya-
ijHH rocno/jCTByioiijHM hbjihctch to ojjho, to jjpyroe npoTHBO-
penne h t. jj., — Bee ohh ccbmaiOTCH na noHHTHe, KOTopoe mo-
HceT noKa3aTbCH dMnupuuecKUM-. Ha Te «ycjiOBHH», KOTopbie
cyrb cyiijecTByioiijHe ycjiOBHH, ho b to nee BpeMH cyTb ycjiOBHH
cynjecTBOBaHHH paccMaTpHBaeMoro c^eHOMena. Meaqjy TeM bto
noHHTHe oßjia^aeT jjjih MapKCH3Ma cynjecTBeHHbiM 3HaneHH-
eM HMeHHO HOTOMy, HTO OHO H6 HBJIH6TCH BMHHpHHeCKHM, T. e.
KOHCTaTaijHeH toto, hto cyiijecTByeT... HanpoTHB, bto meope-
muuecKoe noHHTHe, oßocnoBaHHoe b chmoh cyiijHOCTH oß'beicra:
Bcerjja-yHce-jjaHHoro cjiomchoto ijejioro. B jjeiicTBHTejibHOCTH
bth ycjiOBHH cyrb He hto HHoe, KaK caMO cynjecTBOBaHHe ije-
jioro b onpejjejieHHbiii «momoht», b «nacTOHiijHH momcht» no-
jiHTHKa, t. e. cjiojKHoe OTHOineHHe B3aHMHbix ycjiOBHH cynje-
CTBOBaHHH Meac^y apTHKyjiHijHHMH CTpyKTypbi ijejioro. HMeH-
HO nOBTOMy TeopeTHHeCKH BO3MO3KHO H JierHTHMHO TOBOpHTb 06
43 He h ßaji »cH3Hb 3TOMy noHHTHio. KaK fl y»ce yKaatiBaji, h aanMCTBOBaji
ero y flßyx yace eynjecrByiomHX jjhcijhiijihh: jiHHrBHCTHKH h ncHxoanajiHaa.
B HHX OHO OÖJia^aeT OÖ'beKTHBHOH /JHaJieKTHHeCKOH «KOHHOTaiJHeH», KOTO-
paa — b ocoöeHHOCTH b ncnxoaHajin3e — b (JjopMajibHOM OTHomeHHH /jocra-
tohho cxo/jHa c co/jepacaHneM, KOTopoe oho 3#ecb o6o3HanaeT, thk hto bto 3a-
HMCTBOBaHHe HC HBJIHCTCH npOH3BOJIbHbIM. fljlfl TOTO HTOÖbl o6o3HHHHTb H0B06
yroHHeHHe, Bcer/ja HeoöxoflHMO HOBoe cjiobo. Pa3yMeerca, mohcho cos^aTb ne-
OJIOFH3M. Ho MOHCHO H «HMHOpTHpOBHTb» (KHK BbipEÜKaJICH KaHT) flOCTHTOHHO
cxoAHoe noHHTHe, thk hto ero odoMaiuHueanue (Khht) OKa3biBaerca jierKHM.
Taxoe «nopoaneHHe», KpoMe toto, motjio 6bi hosbojihtb naM npn6jiH3HTbCH k
peanbHOCTH ncnxoanajiHsa.
294

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTMKE
«yCJIOBHHX» KHK O TOM, HTO nO3BOJIHCT HOHHTb, HTO PeBOJIIOIJHH,
«croanjaH na noßecTKe .ijhh», paspaacaeTCH h noöeoKjjaeT tojib-
ko 3^ecb, b Pocchh, b KnTae, na Ky6e, b 1917, 1949, 1958 rr., a
ne rße-TO eine h hob jjpyroH «momcht»; hto pcbojiioijhh, onpe-
aejiaeMaa ochobhbim npoTHBopenneM KanHTajiH3Ma, ne o^ep-
acajia noöe/jbi jjo HacTynjienHH HMnepHajiH3Ma, h noöe,zjHjia b
3THX, ÖJiaronpHHTHblX «yCJIOBHHX», KOTopbie ÖblJIH HMCHHO TOH-
kbmh HCTopHnecKoro paspbiBa, bthmh «Hanöojiee cjiböbimh 3Be-
HbHMH»: He B AhTJIHH, 0paHIjnH H PepMaHHH, HO B «OTCTaJIOH»
(JIchhh) Pocchh, b KnTae h na Ky6e (b öbibhihx kojiohhhx,
CTpanax HMnepnajiHCTHHecKOH BKcnjiyaTaijHH). Ecjih TeopeTH-
necKH no3BOJiHTejibHO tobophtb o6 ycjiOBHHx, ne Bna^aa b bm-
HHPH3M HJIH B HppaiJHOHaJIbHOCTb «(JiaKTa» H «CJiyH3HH0CTH»,
TO noTOMy, HTO MapKCH3M HOHHMaeT «yCJIOBHH» B KaHCCTBC (pe-
ajibHoro, KOHKpeTHoro, aKTyajibHoro) cynjecTBOBaHHH npoTHBO-
peHHH, KOHCTHTynpyiomiix ijejioe toto hjih hhoto HCTopnnecKO-
ro npoijecca. Hmchho noaTOMy JIchhh, ccbuiaacb na «ycjiOBHH,
cynjecTByiomHe b Pocchh», He Bna^aji b 3mhhph3m: oh anajiH-
3Hpoßaji caMO cynjecTBOBaHHe cjiohchoto ijejioro npoijecca hm-
nepnajiHSMa b Pocchh b ero «TeicyiijHH momcht».
Ho ecjin ycjiOBHH cyrb He hto nnoe, KaK aKTyajibHoe cyiije-
CTBOBaHHe CJIOJKHOTO IJ6JI0T0, TO OHH CyTb HMCHHO HX npOTHBO-
penHH, KajK^oe H3 kotopbix pe4)jieKTHpyeT b ceöe opraHHHecKoe
OTHonieHHe, b KOTopoe oho BCTynaer c jjpyrHMH b crpyKType c
JJOMHHaHTOH cjiojkhoto ijejioro. /Jejio B TOM, hto KaHCjjoe npoTH-
BopenHe pecjwieKTHpyeT b ceöe (b cbohx cneijHjjjHHecKHx otho-
ineHHHx HepaseHCTBa c jjpyrHMH npoTHBopenHHMH h b OTHOine-
hhh cneijHjjjHHecKoro HepaßeHCTBa Meac/jy jjByMH ero acneKTa-
MH) CTpyKTypy C JJOMHHaHTOH CJIOÄHOTO Ijejioro, B KOTOpOM OHO
cynjecTByeT, a 3hbhht, h aKTyanbHoe cynjecTBOBaHHe ototo ije-
jioro, a 3HaHHT, h cboh aKTyajibHbie «ycjiOBHH», nocKOJibKy oho
c hhmh ejjHHo: noaTOMy, TOBopa o «cyiijecTByioiijHx ycjiOBHax»,
HMeiOT B BHJjy «ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH» ijejioro.
HyjKHO jih Tenepb BO3BpaiijaTbCH k Terejiio, HTOöbi noKa-
3BTb, HTO y HerO «OÖCTOHTCJIbCTBa» HJIH «yCJIOBHH» b kohchhom
295

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JjHAJIEKTHKE
cnere Tonte cyrb Bcero jihhib (JieHOMeHbi, h noaTOMy oßjiajjaiOT
npH3paHHbiM cynjecTBOBaHHeM, nocKOJibKy b toh c|)opMe «cjiy-
HaÜHOCTH», KOTopaa 6bDia Haaßana «cynjecTBOBaHHeM Heo6-
XOJjHMOCTH», OHH HHKOT/ja HO BbipEDKaiOT H6T0-T0 HHOTO, KpO-
Me npoHBjieHHH ^bh^kchhh H/jen; h KaK pa3 noaTOMy «ycjiOBHH»
y Terejia npocTO hot, nocKOJibKy noß npHKpbiTHeM npocTOTbi,
pa3BHBaiomeHCM no cjiohchocth, penb h/jot o hhctom BHyrpeH-
HeM, BHeniHee KOToporo ecTb Bcero jihihb (J)eHOMeH. Hto «ot-
HOineHHe k npnpoae», nanpHMep, npeflCTaBjiaeT coöoh juih
MapKCH3Ma opraHHHecKyio cocTaBHyio hhctb «ycjiOBHH cynje-
CTBOBaHHH»; HTO OHO HBJIHeTCH OJjHHM H3 TepMHHOB, npHHCM
rjiaBHbiM, rjiaBHoro npoTHBopenHH (npoH3BOjjHTejibHBe chjibi
— npOH3BOflCTBeHHBie OTHOHieHHH); HTO KaK OHO caMO, TaK H
h ero ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH pecJjjieKTHpoBaHBi bo «BTopo-
CTeneHHBix» npoTHBopennax ijejioro h b hx othoih6hhhx, hto
ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH noaTOMy hbjihiotch peajiBHbiM aßco-
jiiothbim, Bcerjja-yHce-jjaHHbiM cynjecTBOBaHHH cjiomchoto ijejio-
ro, KOTopoe pecjjjieKTnpyeT hx b CBoeü coßcTBeHHOH crpyiciy-
pe, — Bee sto coßepineHHO nyac/jo Terejno, kotopbih b o/jHO h
to nee BpeMH OTBepraeT h cjioncHoe CTpyKTypnpoBaHHoe ijejioe,
h ero ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH, c caMoro nanajia onnpaacb na
HeKoe HHCToe npocToe BHyrpeHHee. Hmchho noaTOMy, Hanpn-
Mep, OTHonieHHe k npHpo/je, ycjioßne cynjecTBOBaHHH bchkoto
HejiOBenecKOTO oöiijecTBa HrpaeT y TerejiH pojib hckoh cjiynaH-
hoh TjaHHOCTH, «HeopraHHHecKoro» KJiHMara, reorpa4)HH (AMe-
pHKa, 3TOT CHJIJIOTH3M, Heft CpejjHHH TepMHH — IlaHaMCKHH ne-
peineeK — neßejiHK), pojib 3HaMeHHToro «thkobbi 4>aKTBi!» (tbk
rerejiB BBipancaeTCH, toboph o ropHBix MaccHBax), OTHOCHiije-
toch k MarepHajibHOH npHpo^e, KOTopaa flOJiacna 6bitb «chhth»
(aufgehoben) ßyxoM, HBjinionjHMCH ee «hcthhoh»... ,/Ja, Kor/ja
ycjiOBHH cynjecTBOBaHHH 0Ka3BiBai0TCH peayijHpoBaHbi jjo re-
orpacjjHHecKOH npnpo/jBi, ohh jjeiicTBHTejiBHO npe/jcraiOT kbk
caMa cjiynaHHOCTb, KOTopaa ßyijeT BnHTana, no/jBepTHyra ot-
pnijaHHIO H CHHTa Jl^yXOM, HBJIHIOIIjHMCH ee CBOßo/jHOH Heoßxo-
JjHMOCTBIO H yace CyiljeCTByiOUjHM B IIpHpOJje B (fcopMe TOH ace
296

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
cjiynaÄHOCTH (b cnjiy kotopoh MajibiÄ ocrpoß noponc^aeT bcjih-
Koro nejiOBeKa!). JJejio 3,n;ecb b tom, hto ycjiOBHH cymecTBOBa-
HHH, npHpo/jHbie hjih HCTopHHecKHe, ajih Ferejin HHKoraa He
HBJIHIOTCH HGM-TO HHbIM, HCHCeJIH CJiyHaÜHOCmbK), HTO OHH HH-
KaK He jjeTepMHHHpyiOT ayxoBiiyio TOTajibHOCTb oöiijecTBa: ot-
cyrcTBHe ycjiOBHH (b neoMnnpiiHecKOM, HecjiynaHHOM CMbicjie
cjioßa) y Terejin — to nee caMoe, hto h OTcyrcTBHe CTpyKTypbi c
flOMHHaHTOH, OTCyTCTBHe TJiaBHOH J^eTepMHHai^HH H OTCyTCTBHe
TOH pe(j)JieKCHH ycjiOBHH B npOTHBOpeHHH, KOTopyio npeßCTaB-
jineT ero «CBepxjjeTepMHHaijHH».
Ecjih h aejiaio aKijenT Ha btoh «pecjDJieKCHH», KOTopyio n
npejjjioHCHJi Ha3BaTb «ceepxdemepMUHai^ueü», to ßejiaio h bto
HO TOH npHHHHe, HTO Hpe3BBIHaHHO BaJKHO ee BblßeJIHTb, mjeH-
THcjmuHpoBaTb h flaTb eii hmh, fljiH Toro htoöbi jjaTB TeopeTH-
necKoe oßiiHCHeHHe ee peanbHOCTH, npH3HaTb KOTopyio 3aeraB-
jineT nac KaK TeopeTHHecKaa, thk h nojiHTHnecKan npaKTHKa
MapKCH3Ma. üonbrraeMCH BbmejiHTb onepTaHHH btoto hohhthh.
CßepxaeTepMHHaijHH oßosnanaeT b npOTHBOpeHHH cjiejjyiomee
cymecTBeHHoe KanecTBo: pecfrjieKCHio b chmom npoTHBopennn
ero ycjiOBHH cymecTBOBaHHH, t. e. ero nojionceHHH b CTpyKiy-
pe c jjOMHHaHTOH cjiojkhoto ijejioro. 3to «nojiOHcenne» othio^b
ne HBJineTCH o^nosnaHHbiM. Oho — He tojibko «npuHi^unucuib-
Hoe» (du droit) nojionceHHe (to, KOTopoe oho 3aHHMaeT b nepap-
XHH HHCTaHUHH HO OTHOineHHK) K OnpejjeJIHIOmeH HHCTaHIJHH:
□KOHOMHKe oöiijecTBa), He CBOflHTCH oho h k «(fraKmuuecKOMy»
nojionceHHK) (HBJineTCH jih oho Ha paccMaTpHBaeMoä crajjHH
pa3BHTHH TOCnOflCTByiOmHM HJIH nOßHHHeHHBIM); OHO 6CTB 0171-
HOiueHue dmozo (jjaKmunecKozo nojic&ceHusi k amoMy npurn^u-
nuajibHOMy omHoiueHuio, t. e. to caMoe OTHOineHHe, KOTopoe
npespanjaeT bto (jiaKTHHecKoe nojionceHHe b «eapuai^ujo» «uh-
eapuaHjnHOÜ» cmpyKmypbi, cmpyKmypbi c doMUHaHmoü.
Ecjih bto TaK, to cjieflyeT npH3naTb, hto npoTHBopenne npe-
KpamaeT öbitb ojjHO3HaHöbiM (KaTeropHH ynce He hmciot pa3 h
HaBcer.ua 3a4)HKCHpoBaHHbix pojih h CMbicjia), nocKOJibKy oho
b ceöe, b caMoÄ CBoefi cynjHocTH pe^NieKTHpyer CBoe OTHOine-
297

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
Hue k cocTOHnjeii H3 HepaBHbix nacren (inegalitaire) crpyKiy-
pe cjiojKHoro ijejioro. Ho cjießyeT Taicace npnsnaTb, hto npexpa-
njafl 6bITb 0ßH03HBHHbIM, OHO He CTaHOBHTCH «MH0r03HaHHbIM»,
npoflyKTOM nepBoii nonaBinenca OMnnpiriecKOH njnopajibno-
CTH, OHO He OTßaeTCH Ha MHJIOCTb OÖCTOHTeJIbCTB H «CJiyHBHHO-
CTefi», oho He ecTb hx hhctoo OTpaacenne, noßoÖHoe ßyme no-
□Ta, cjiHBaionjencH c npojieTaionjHM Haß tojioboh oßjiaKOM. Co-
BceM nanpoTHB, npeKpanjaa öbitb 0ßH03HaHHbiM, t. e. pa3 h
naBcerßa onpeßeaeHHbiM b cBoeü pojih h CBoeä cynjnocTH, oho
OKa3biBaeTCH onpeßejieHHbiM CTpyKTypnpoBaHHOH cjioacnoc-
Tbio, KOTopaa 3aßaeT eMy ero pojib, oho 0Ka3biBaeTca — ßa npo-
CTHT MHe 3TO atyTKOe CJIOBO! — CTpyKTypHO-CJIOTKHO-HepaBHblM
oöpasoM-onpeßejieHHbiM... IIpH3Haiocb, a 6bi npeßnonea ßojiee
KopoTKoe cjiobo: CBepXßeTepMHHHpOBaHHbIM.
HMeHHO otot BecbMa cneijHcJjHHecKHH thh ßerepMHHaijHH
(3Ta CBepxßeTepMHHaijHa) ßaeT MapKCHCTCKOMy npoTHBopeaHio
ero cneijH(j)HHHOCTb h no3BOJiaeT ßaTb TeopernnecKoe o6i>acHe-
Hne MapKCHCTCKOH npaKmuKe, to TeopeTHHecKOH hjih no-
JIHTHHeCKOH. ToJIbKO OH HO3BOJiaeT nOHaTb KOHKpeTHbie BapH-
aijnn h Myraijnii tbkoh crpyKTypHpoBaHHofi cjiojkhocth, kbk
oßnjecTBeHHaa (fropMaijna (ßo cero ßna ocTaiomeiicaca eßHH-
CTBeHHOÄ, k KOTopoä ßeiiCTBHTejibHO 6buia npHMenena MapK-
CHCTCKaa npaKTHKa), He b KaaecrBe cjiynaHHbix BapnaijHH h
MyraijHH, npoH3BeßeHHbix nocpeßCTBOM BO3ßeäcTBHa BHein-
hhx «ycjiOBHH» na (jjHKcnpoBaHHoe CTpyKTypnpoBaHHoe ijejioe,
na ero KaTeropHH h hx $HKcnpoBaHHbiH nopaßOK (hmchho oto
H ecTb MexaHHIJH3M), — HO B KBHeCTBe MHOHCeCTBa KOHKpeT-
Hbix pecrpyKTypaijHH, BnHcaHHbix b cynjHOCTb, b «Hrpy» Kaac-
ßoä KaTeropHH, b cymHOCTb, b «Hrpy» apTHKyjiaijHH cjiojkhoh
CTpyKTypbi c ßOMHHaHToii, KOTopaa pe4)jieKTHpyeT ce6a b hhx.
HyacHO an Tenepb chobb noBTopaTb, hto, ne npnnaB h ne no-
MblCJIHB 3TOT BeCbMa Cnei^H(|)HHeCKHH THn ßeTepMHHai^HH, ne-
BO3MOaCHO nOMbICJIHTb BO3MOaCHOCTb HOJIHTHHeCKOTO ßeÄCTBHa,
BO3MOaCHOCTb CBMOH TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH, T. e. CBMy cym-
HOCTb oßteKTa (MaTepnana) nojiumuHecKOÜ u meopemuuecKoü
298

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH /JHAJIEKTHKE
npaKTHKH, t. e. CTpyKTypy «TeKynjero MOMeHTa» (nojiHTHnecKO-
ro hjih TeopeTHnecKoro), k KOTopoMy npHMenaiOTCH sth npaK-
THKH; HyJKHO JIH TOBOpHTb O TOM, HTO, HO HOHHB 3Ty CBepXJje-
TepMHHan,Hio, hcbosmohcho jjaTb TeopeTHnecKoe oö^HCHeHHe
cjieflyiomeH npocToii peajibHOCTH: rnraHTCKOH «paöoTbi» Teo-
peTHKa, 6ynb to FajiHjien, Chhhosbi hjih MapKca, h peßojno-
ijnonepa, JleHHHa h Bcex ero coöpaTbeß, KOTopbie nocBHiijaiOT
Bee cboh CTpajjaHHH, ecjin ne cboio jkhshb, pemenHio necKOJib-
khx KaK 6ynro 6bi neßnaHHTejibHbix «npoöJieM»...: paapaßoT-
Ke «oneBHflHOH» TeopHH, coßepineHHio «HeH3ÖeHCHOH» peBOJiio-
ijhh, peajinaaijHH b CBoeii coGctbchhoh jihhhoh «cjiynaHHOCTH»
HCTOpHHeCKOH HeOÖXOßHMOCTH, ÖyZJB TO TeOpeTHHeCKOH HJIH
nojiHTHnecKOH, b KOTopoÄ öyayiijee BCKope CTaneT coßepineHHO
ecrecTBeHHO nepenaiBaTb CBoe «Hacroamee».
/tjIH Toro HTOÖBI yTOHHHTb 3TOT M0M6HT, paCCMOTpHM eilje pa3
npHMepbi, KOTopbie Hcnojib3OBaji Mao L(3e JJyH. Ecjih Bee npo-
THBOpeHHH nOßHHHHIOTCH BCJIHKOMy 3aKOHy nepaBencTBa, eCJIH
ßJIH Toro, HTOÖBI 6bITb MapKCHCTOM H 6bITb B COCTOHHHH OCy-
mecTBJiHTb nojiHTinecKoe ^eHCTBHe (aoßaBJiio: ^jih toto, htoöbi
npoH3Boj^HTb b TeopHH), cjie/jyeT jiioöoh menoH OT^ejiHTb cpe/jn
npoTHBopenHH h hx acneKTOB rjiaBHoe ot BTopocreneHHoro, ec-
jih oto pa3JiHneHHe HMeeT cynjecTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe ^jih MapK-
CHCTCKOH TeopHH H npaKTHKH, — TO, KHK OTMOHaeT MaO, OÖ’bHC-
HaeTCH oto HeoöxojjHMOCTbio cnpaBHTbCH c KOHKpeTHoÄ peajib-
HOCTbK), peaJIBHOCTBK) HCTOPHH, B KOTOpOH HCHByT JHOßH, HTOÖbl
jjaTb oö'bHCHeHHe peajibHOCTH, b kotopoh rocnoßCTByeT moafc-
decmeo npomueonojiomHocmeü, t. e.: 1) nepexojj, b onpejjejieH-
Hbix ycjiOBHHx, oßHOH npoTHBonojiOHCHOCTH na Mecro flpyroH44,
CMena pojieü Meac^y npoTHBopenHHMH h hx acneKTaMH (stot
4>enoMeH noßCTanoBKH mbi na30BeM cMeu/eHueM); 2) «Tonc^e-
CTBO» npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTeil B peaJIbHOM e^HHCTBe (3T0T 4>e-
HOMeH «cnjiasa» mbi HaooseM KOHdeHcai^ueü). JJeHCTBHTejib-
ho, BejiHKHä ypoK, npenoßaBaeMbiH npaKTHKOH, saKjnonaeTCH b
44	Mao IjseJlyH. Yicas. coh., c. 442—443.
299

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
tom, hto ecjin crpyKTypa c jjOMHHaHToii ocraerca nocroaHHoii,
to pojih mohhiotch: ruaBHoe npoTHBopenne cranoBHTca Bropo-
creneHHbiM, BTopocreneHHoe npoTHBopenHe aannMaeT ero Me-
cto, rjiaBHbiii acneKT cranoBHTca BTopocreneHHBiM, a BTopo-
creneHHbiH acneKT craHOBHTca rjiaBHbiM. PaayMeerca, Bcer.ua
ecrb rjiaBHoe npoTHBopenne h npoTHBopenna BTopocrenennbie,
ho ohh CMeHaior cboh pojih b apTHKyjiHpoßaHHOÜ crpyKType c
ßOMHHaHTOH, KOTopaa caMa ocraerca craÖHjibHoii. KaK tobopht
Mao LJae flyn, «coBepnienno HecoMHenno, hto na Kaac^OM H3
pa3JiHHHbix aranoB pa3BHTHa npoijecca cyiijecrsyeT jihihb ojj-
ho rjiaBHoe npoTHBopenne, Koropoe HrpaeT Be/jyiijyio pojib».
Ho bto rjiaBHoe npoTHBopenne, aBJiaioiijeeca npojjyKTOM CMe-
lyeHUfi, CTaHOBHTca «pemaioiijHM», BapbiBoonacHbiM tojibko
ÖJiaro/japa KOHÖencai^uu (ßjiarojjapa «cnjiaßy»). Hmchho oho
npeflcraßjiaeT coöoii to «peinaioiijee 3bcho», Koropoe b hojih-
thhcckoh öopböe, KaK tobopht «JleHHH, (hjih b TeopeTHHecKoii
npaKTHKe) hcoöxojjhmo yxsaraTb h noranyrb k ceöe fljia toto,
htoöbi npHinjia b jjBHacenne Bca ijenb, hjih, ecjin npHBjienb Me-
nee jiHHeiinbiH oöpaa, hmchho oho aannMaer CTpareniHecKoe
yajiOBoe nojioaceHHe, Mecro, b kotopom HeoöxoßHMO nanarb ara-
Ky, htoöbi ocyiijecTBHTb «pacHjieneHHe e/jHHoro»45. 3^ecb Toace
He cjiejjyer no^ziaBaTbca BnenaTjieHHio npoH3BOJibHoii nocjie-
«zjOBarejibHOCTH rocno/jCTByioiijHx momchtob: Kaavjbiü H3 hhx
KOHCTHTynpyer onpe/jejieHHbiii aran cjioacnoro npoijecca (ocho-
By «nepHo/jH3aijHH» hctophh), h KaK pa3 noTOMy, hto mbi HMe-
eM flejio c ^HajieKTHKoä cjioacnoro npoijecca, mbi HMeeM jjejio
C TeMH CBepXJjerepMHHHpOBaHHBIMH H CneiJH^JHHeCKHMH «MO-
MeHTaMH», KOTopbie aßjiaiOTca «aranaMH», «cra^HaMH», «nepn-
ojjaMH», a TaKace c tcmh MyraijnaMH cneijH^HHecKoro rocnojj-
CTBa, KOTopbie xapaKTepnayiOT Kaac/jbiii aran. Ysjiobbic tohkh
paaBHTHa (cneijn^HnecKHe cra^nn) h cneijn^HnecKHe y3JiOBbie
nyHKTbi CTpyKTypbi Kaac^oii crajjHH cyrb caMH cyiijecTBOBaHne
h peajibHOCTb cjioacnoro npoijecca. Hmchho oto cjiyacnr ocho-
45	TaM «e, c. 459.
300

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßKAJIEKTHKE
boh peajibHOCTH, HMeronjeii peniaiomee ananeHHe ßjin hojihth-
necKOH npaKTHKH (h, paayMeeTCH, TaiOKe ßjin npaKTHKH Teope-
thhcckoh): CMeiijeHHH rocnoßcrsa h KOHßencaijHH npoTHBope-
HHH, HCHblH H TJiyÖOKHH npHMep KOTOpblX ßaeT HaM JleHHH B
CBoeM anajiH3e PeBOJiioijHH 1917 r. (nyHKT «cnjiaßa» npoTHBO-
pennä: b ßßyx CMbicjiax stoto TepMHHa, nyHKT, b kotopom koh-
deHcupyemcR («oöpaayeT cnjiaB») mhohccctbo npoTHBopenHÖ,
TaK hto b peayjibTaTe otot nyHKT craHOBHTCH nyHKTOM (kphth-
necKoro) cnjiaßa, nyHKTOM peBOJiioijHOHHOH Mymai^uu, «npeoö-
paaoeaHUM»).
BO3MOHCHO, 3TH yKB3aHHH HO3BOJIHT HOHHTb, HOHCMy B6JIHKHH
3aK0H HepaBeHCTBa ne 3HaeT HCKjnoneHHH46. 9to HepaseHCTBO
ne 3HaeT hckjuohohhh noTOMy, hto oho caMO ne eerb HCKjnone-
nne: t. e. npoH3BOßHbiH 3aK0H, HBJiaiomHHCH npoßyKTOM cne-
i^H^HHecKHx oßcTOHTejibCTB (nanpHMep, HMnepnajiH3Ma) hjih
nOMBJIHIOIIXHHCH B peayJIbTHTe B3aHMH0T0 BJIHHHHH paBBHTHH
OTJiHHHbix ßpyr ot ßpyra oßmecTBeHHbix (JjopMaijHH (nanpH-
Mep, HepaseHCTBO BKOHOMHHecKoro paaBHTHH «pasBHTbix» h
«OTCTSJIblX» CTpaH, KOJIOHH3aTOpOB H KOJIOHH3HpyeMbIX H T. ß.).
HanpoTHB, 3to BJieMeHTapHbiH sskoh, npeßinecTByiomHH sthm
ocoöbim oöcTOHTejibCTBaM h cnocoÖHbiH o6ocHOBaTb bth cneijH-
4>HHecKHe cjiynan hmohho noTOMy, hto oh cbm ne 33bhcht ot hx
cymecTBOBaHHH. Jtejio b tom, hto nepaßeHCTBO KacaeTCH bch-
koh oönjecTBeHHOH (fropMaijHH bo BceM ee cymecTBOBaHHH, hto
oho KacaeTCH TaiOKe h OTHonieHHH stoh oßnjecTBeHHoii (JiopMa-
IJHH C ßpyrHMH oßmeCTBeHHbIMH (jjOpMaiJHHMH, HaXOßHIIJHMHCH
na HHbix ciyneHHx 3Kohomhhcckoh, hojihthhcckoh h Hßeojio-
THHeCKOH 3peJIOCTH, H HTO OHO HO3BOJIHeT HOHHTb BO3MOHCHOCTb
3thx OTHoineHHH. üoBTOMy oTHioßb ne BHeniHee nepaßeHCTBO
oßocHOBbiBaeT cymecTBOBaHHe BnyrpeHHero nepaBencTBa (na-
npHMep, b tom cjiynae, Korßa BCTpenaiOTCH ßpyr c apyroM tbk
Ha3biBaeMbie «ijHBHJiHaaijHH»); HanpoTHB, nepBHHHbiM hbjihot-
ch BHyrpenHee nepaßeHCTBO, h ksk pa3 oho oöocnoBbiBaeT pojib
46	TaM ace, c. 437—438.
301

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
BHenmero HepaBencTBa, onpe/jejiaa coßofi jjaace Te a^x^eKTbi,
KOTopbie 3to BTopoe HepaßencTBO Bbi3biBaeT b npe^ejiax na-
JIHHHBIX OÖnjeCTBeHHblX (JjOpMaiJHH. BcHKaH HHTepnpeTaiJHH,
CBOjjanjaa (JjeHOMenbi BHyrpeHHero nepaBencTBa k Hepaßen-
CTBy BHeinneMy (nanpHMep, ra, KOTopaa «HCKjnoHHrejiBHbie»
oßcTOHrejibCTBa hjih KOirbiOHKTypy, cyiijecTBOBaBinne b Poc-
chh b 1917 r., oöbHCHHjia 6bi tojibko c noMonjbio OTHonieHHH
BHeinnero nepaBencTBa: c noMonjbio MeacjjyHapojjHbix OTHOine-
hhh, HepaBencTBa aKOHOMHnecKoro pa3BHTHH Pocchh h 3ana/ja
h t. jj.), Bna^aer hjih b MexannijH3M, hjih b to, hto nacTO nrpa-
er pojib ajinßn: b Teopnio BßaHMOjjencTBHH Meac/jy BHeinHHM h
BHyTpeHHHM. TaKHM OÖpa3OM, JJJIH Toro HTOÖBI CXBaTHTb cyiij-
hoctb BHeinnero HepaBencTBa, cjie/jyer BepHyTbca ko BHyrpeH-
neMy, nepBOHanajibHOMy HepaBencTBy.
Bca HCTOPHH MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH H npaKTHKH nO/JTBepjK-
JjaeT HCTHHHOCTb 3T0T0 T63HCa. MapKCHCTCKBH TeopHH H npaK-
THKa crajiKHBaiOTCH c nepaBencTBOM ne tojibko KaK c BneniHHM
3(jx|)eKTOM B3aHMO,zjeHCTBHH Meacjjy paBJiHHHBiMH cyiijecTBy-
IOIIJHMH OÖnjeCTBeHHBIMH (})OpMaiJHHMH, — HO BHyTpH KcUK-
äoh oßiijecTBeHHOH (JjopMaijHH. H BHyrpn Kaac^oä oßnjecTBen-
hoh 4)opMaijHH MapKCHCTCKaa TeopHH h MapKcncrcKan npaKTH-
Ka CTaJIKHBaiOTCH C HepaBeHCTBOM He TOJIBKO B 4)OpMe npOCTOH
BHeniHOCTH (eaauMHoe eoadeücmeue 6a3Hca h najjcrpoHKH jjpyr
na jjpyra), — ho b cfropMe, Koropaa hbjih6tch opraHHHecKH, 6Hy-
mpeHHe npncyiijeii KaoKjjon hhctbhijhh oßiijecTBeHHOH Torajib-
hocth, KaacjjOMy npoTHBopennio. Tojibko «okohomh3m» (Mexa-
hhijh3m), a He nojjjiHHHaa MapKcncrcKan TpajjnijHH pa3 h na-
Bcerjja ycraHaBJiHBaer nepapxnio hhctbhijhh, 3a Kanc/jon hx
hhx 3aKpenjineT cboio cynjHOCTb h pojib h onpejjejiaer ojjho-
3HaHHBIH CMBICJI HX OTHOineHHH; HMCHHO OH H^eHTH(|)HIJHpyeT
BHeßpeMeHHbie pojin n ne shbioiijhx nepeMeH aKrepoß, ne no-
HHMaa, hto HeoßxojjHMOCTB npoijecca 3aKJH0Haerca b CMene po-
JieÄ «B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT oßCTOHTeJIBCTB». HmCHHO 3K0H0MH3M C
caMoro nanajia h nascer/ja OTOJKjjecTBJiaer npoTHBopeHne-HB-
jiaioiijeecH-onpejjejiHioiijHM-B-KOHeHHOM-CHeTe c po/ibio rocnojj-
302

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTMKE
CTByiomero npOTHBOpeHHH, hmchho oh nascer/ja yno/joÖJiHeT
ojjhh «acneKT» (npoH3BO/jHTejibHbie chjibi, okohomhky, npaK-
THKy...) rjiaBHOH posiu, a jjpyroH «acneKT» (npoH3BO/jCTBeHHbie
OTHOineHHH, nojiHTHKy, HßeojiorHio, Teopnio...)pojiu BTopocre-
neHHOH — B TO BpeMH KaK BKOHOMHHeCKaH aeTepMHHaiJHH, jje-
TepMHHai^HH b kohchhom cnere b peajibHoii hctophh ocynjecr-
BjineTCH KaK pa3 b nepMyraijHHx nepBoä pojih Meaqjy skohomh-
koh, nojiHTHKOH, TeopneH h t. jj. Bnrejibc npeKpacHO hohhji h
nojpiepKHyji oto b xo/je CBoefi 6opb6bi npoTHB onnopTynncTOB
II HHTepnaijHOHajia, KOTopbie ot a^x^eKTHBHOCTH ojjhoh tojib-
KO 3K0H0MHKH OECH/jaJIH npHXO/ja COIJHaJIH3Ma. BCH HOJIHTHHe-
CKan paöoTa JleHHHa CBH/jeTejibcrsyeT o rjiyÖHHe btoto npHH-
ijnna: jjeTepMHnaijHH bkohomhkoh, jjeTepMHHaijHH b kohchhom
cnere b 3Bbhchmocth ot cra/jnii npoijecca ocymecTBjiaeTCH He
cjiynaHHO, ne coraacHO BneniHHM hjih cjiynaHHbiM npHnnnaM,
ho cynjHOCTHO, corjiacHO npHHHHaM BHyrpeHHHM h Heoßxo/jH-
MbiM, nocpe/jCTBOM nepMyraijHH, CMeiijeHHH h KOHjjencaijHH.
TaKHM o6pa3OM, HepaßencTBO BHyrpeHHe npncynje oönje-
CTBeHHoii (JjopMaijHH, nocKOJibKy crpyKTypnpoBaHHe c jjomh-
naHTOH cjiohchoto ijejioro, 3Ta cmpyKmypHan, uHeapuanma,
como, Hejmemcsb ycjioeueM KOHKpemHbix eapuaifuü npomueo-
peuuü, KOTopbie ee KOHCTHiynpyiOT, a shbhht, h hx CMeiije-
HHH, KOHJjeHCaiJHH H MyTBIJHH H T. JJ. - H OÖpaTHO, HOCKOJIb-
Ky 3ma eapuai^un ecmb cyiyecmeoeanue dinoü UHeapuarnnbi.
IIosTOMy HepasHoe pa3BHTHe (t. e. Te ace caMbie 4>eH0Me-
Hbi CMeiijeHHH h KOHjjencaijHH, KOTopbie motkho Haöjno/jaTb
b npoijecce pbbbhthh cjiojkhoto ijejioro) He hejihotch BHein-
hhm jjjih npOTHBOpeHHH, ho KOHCTHTynpyeT ero Hanöojiee TJiy-
ßoicyio cyiijnocTB. ÜOBTOMy HepaseHCTBO, Koropoe cyiijecTBy-
er b «pa3BHTHH» npOTHBOpeHHH, t. e. b cbmom npoijecce, cyiije-
CTByeT b cyiijHOCTH caMoro npOTHBOpeHHH. Ecjih 6bi noHHTHe
HepaeeHcmea He BbisbiBano accoijnaijHH co BneniHHM cpaBHe-
hhcm, hochiijhm KOJiHHecTBeHHbifi xapaKTep, h 6bi cKasaji, hto
MapKCHCTCKOe npOTHBOpeHHe «JjeTepMHHHpOBaHO HepaBHbIM
o6pa3OM», npn ycjiOBHH, hto 3a sthm nepaBencTBOM 6bma 6bi
303

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
y3HHBaeMa 0Ö03HanaeMaH hm BnyrpeHHHH cynjHOCTb: ceepxde-
mepMUHaifim.
HaM ocTajiocb paccMOTpeTb nocjießHHH nyHKT: pojib npora-
BopenHH KaK deuwyiqeü cujibi b pbsbhthh npoijecca. IIoHHMa-
nne npoTHBopenna He HMejio 6bi CMbicjia, ecjin 6bi oho ne no-
3bojihjio noHHTb 3Ty jjBHHcynjyio CHjiy.
To, hto öbijio CKa3ano o Terejie, no3BOJineT hohhtb, b kbkom
CMbicjie rerejieBCKaa jjnajieKTHKa hejihctch jjBHacyiijeH, h b Ka-
kom CMbicjie nonaTHe HBjiaeTCH «caMopa3BHTneM». Koiyja «<J>e-
HOMeHOJiorHH» b o/jHOM naccance, npeKpacHOM, KaK hohb, boc-
neßaeT «paöory neraTHBHoro» b Beiijax h jjejiax, npncyrcTBHe
JJyxa b caMofi CMepra, Bceoöiijee öecnoKoiiCTBO HeraTHBHOCTH,
pacHJieHHioiijee Tejio Bbithh jjjih toto, htoöbi nopo/jHTb cjiaBHoe
Tejio 3toto ßecKoneHHoro, Hhhto, CTasmero Bbithcm, t. e. JJy-
xa, — bchkhh (Jjhjioco^) TpeneiijeT b jjyine CBoefi, cjiobho nepe/j
hhm pacKpbDiHCb TaiiHbi MHCTepHÄ. TeM He Menee neraTHB-
Hocrb MoaceT co/jepacaTb b ceöe jjBHncyiijHH npHHijHn jjnajieK-
THKH, OTpHIjaHHe OTpHIjaHHH, TOJIbKO B KßHeCTBe CTpOTOH pe(|)-
jieKCHH rerejieBCKHx TeopeTHnecKHx npe/jnocbmoK: npocTOTbi h
HCTOKa. /JnaneKTHKa ecTb HeraTHBHOCTb b KanecTBe aöcrpaK-
IJHH OTpHIjaHHH OTpHIjaHHH, KOTOpOC C3M0 CCTb aÖCTpaKIJHH
(jjeHOMena BoccTaHOBjiennH OTHync/jeHHH H3HanajibHoro ejjHH-
CTBa. Hmchho noaTOMy b jiioöom rerejieBCKOM Hanajie yace /jeii-
CTByeT LJejib, t. e. Koneij; hmchho noaTOMy hctok Bcerjja tojib-
ko pacTeT b ceöe caMOM h hpohsbojjht b ceöe, b cbocm OTnyncjje-
hhh, cboh coöcTBeHHbm KOHeij. TerejieBCKoe noHHTHe, «to, hto
coxpaHHeT ceÖH caMoro b cbocm jjpyroM» — bto jjeHCTBHTejibno
cymecTBOBaHHe HeraTHBHOCTH. TaKHM oöpasoM, npoTHBopenne
HBjineTCH y Terejin jjbhhqhijhm b KanecTBe HeraTHBHOCTH, t. e. b
KanecTBe hhctoh pei^JieKCHH «ömthh-b ceöe-B-CBoeM-jjpyroM»,
a 3HaHHT, b KanecTBe hhctoh pe^JieKCHH caMoro npnnijHna ot-
nyjKjjeHHH: npocTOTbi Hjjen.
¥ Mapnca jjejio TaK oöctohtb ne momcct. Ecjih mbi Bcer/ja
HMeeM jjejio tojibko c npoijeccaMH cjiohchoh CTpyKrypbi c jjo-
MHHaHTOH, TOr/ja HOHHTHe HeraTHBHOCTH (kbk H Te HOHHTHH,
304

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ^HAJIEKTHKE
KOTopbie oho pe^jieKTnpyeT: OTpHijanne OTpnijaHHH, OTHyac-
/jenne h t. ß.) ne mohcot cjiyacHTb ochoboh naynnoro noHHMa-
HHH HX pa3BHTHH. ÜO^OÖKO TOMy KaK THH HeOÖXOJJHMOCTH pa3-
BHTHH He MO3K6T ÖblTB CBe/jeH K H^eOJIOrHHeCKOH HeOÖXOflHMO-
cth pecJwieKCHH ijejm b ee nanajie, no/joßno 3T0My h jjBHHcynjHH
npnnijHn paßBHTHH ne mohcct 6bitb CBe^en k pa3BHTHio Hjjen b
ee coßcTBeHHOM OTHync^eHHH. TaKHM oßpasoM, HezamueHocmb
h omHywdeHue cyrb HßeojiorHHecKHe hohhthh, KOTopbie äjih
MapKCH3Ma Moryr oßosnanaTb tojibko hx coßcTBeHHoe udeojio-
zuuecKoe co/jepacaHHe. Ecjih rerejieBCKHH thh Heoöxo/jHMOCTH,
TaK nee KaK h rerejieBCKaa cynjHOCTb pa3BHTHH, OTBepraiOTCH,
TO 3TO OTHIOJJb He 3HBHHT, HTO Mbl OKa3bIBaeMCH B TeopeTHHe-
ckoh nycTOTe cyß^eKTHEHOCTH, «njiiopajiH3Ma» hjih cjiynaHHO-
CTH. COBCeM HaoßopOT, TOJIBKO npH ycjiOBHH OCBOÖOHCfleHHH OT
rerejieBCKHx npe/jnocbiJioK mbi mohccm 6bitb yßepenbi b tom,
HTO .HeHCTBHTeJIbHO H3ßeMCaJIH 3T0H IiyCTOTbl. /JeHCTBHTeJIBHO,
hmchho noTOMy, hto npoijecc hbjihctch cjiohchbim h oßjia/jaeT
CTpyKTypoä C JJOMHHaHTOH, BO3MOHCHO JJCHCTBHTeJIBHO OÖ’bHC-
hhtb KaK ero CTanoBJieHHe, TaK h Bee THnnnHbie acneKTbi sto-
ro craHOBJieHHH.
TIpHBe/jy jihihb ojjhh npHMep. KaK mohcho coxpaHHTb reope-
THHecicyio 3HanHM0CTb cjie/jyioiijero (JjyHjjaMeHTajibHoro MapK-
CHCTCKoro Te3Hca: «K/iaccoean 6opb6a ecmb deuMcyiqaa ciuia
ucmopuu», t. e. yrBepac/jaTb, hto hmohho c noMonjbio hojihth-
necKOH 6opb6bi bosmohcho «pa3Ji03^umb Ha cocmaejuuoique cy-
iqecmeyioiyee eduHcmeo», — ecjin mbi tohho 3HaeM, hto othkvjb
ne nojiHTHKa, ho 3K0H0MHKa hejihotch onpe^ejiHioiijeH b ko-
nenHOM cnere? KaK, ne npHHHMan b pacner peajibHOCTb cjiohc-
Horo npoijecca, oßjiaaaioiijero crpyKTypon c jjOMHnaHTOH, mbi
MorjiH 6bi TeopeTinecKH oß'BHCHHTb peajibHoe paajiHHHe Meac-
TSy 3K0H0MHH6CK0H H H0JIHTHH6CK0H ßopbÖOH, pa3JIHHH6, KOTO-
poe npoBO/jHT neTKyio rpaHHijy Menc/jy MapKCH3M0M h bccmh
cnoHTaHHBiMH hjih opraHH3OBaHHbiMH (jjopMaMH onnopTyHH3-
Ma? KaK MOHCHO ßbüio 6bl OÖ’bHCHHTb HeOÖXO/JHMOCTB npOXOHC-
jjeHHH nepes hotko onpe^ejieHHbiH h cneijH(|)HHecKHH ypoBeHb
305

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
nojiumuuecKOÜ öopböbi, ecjin 6bi ona, jjaace öyayHH onpeße-
jieHHOÄ h jjaace b KanecTBe onpejjejieHHoii, He öbDia 6bi othjoab
ne npocTbiM (jjenoMeHOM, ho peajibHoä KOHjjencaijHeH, crpare-
rHHecKHM yajiOBbiM nyHKTOM, b kotopom pecjmeKmupyem ceön
cjiowhoc u^ejioe (3Kohomhkb, nojiHTHKa h HßeojiorHH)? KaK, na-
KOHeiJ, MOHCHO ÖbDIO 6bl oßbHCHHTb TOT (J)aKT, HTO CBMB H60Ö-
xoßHMOCTb Hctophh peinaioiijHM oßpasoM npoxoßHT nepea no-
jiumuHecKyio npaKmuKy, ecjin 6bi crpyKTypa npOTHBOpeHHH ne
Cßejiajia bosmohchoh ary npaKTHKy b ee KOHKperHOH peajibno-
cth? KaK mohcho 6bDio 6bi oöbHCHHTb tot 4>aKT, hto caMa me-
optui, MapKca, KOTopaa c^ejiajia ary HeoöxoßHMoerb hocthhch-
moh ßJiH Hac, öbDia npouaeedena, ecjin öbi crpyKTypa npoTHBO-
penHH ne Cßejiana bo3mohchoh KOHKpemyio peajibHOCTb aToro
npoH3BeßeHHH?
Tbkhm oöpaaoM, cKaaarb, hto nporaBopenHe hbjih6tch jjbh-
OKyilJHM, B MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH 3HBHHT CKB3BTb, HTO OHO
npeßnojiaraer peajibHyio 6opb6y, pea/ibHbie cmojiKHoeeuusi,
poAnojiowceHHbie e moHHO onpedesieHHbix Mecmax cmpyKmypbi
CJUXMCHOZO t^CJlO2O\ 3TO 3HBHHT CKBBaTb, HTO MCCTO CTOJIKHOBe-
HHH MOHCeT BapbHpOBBTb B 3BBHCHMOCTH OT BKTyBJIbHOrO OTHO-
meHHH npOTHBOpeHHH b CTpyKType c ßOMHHaHTofi; aro 3HanHT
CKaaarb, hto KOHdeHcat^un öopböbi b oahom CTpaTernnecKOM
Meere HeorjjejiHMa ot CMeiyeHWi ßOMHHaHTbi Meacßy npoTHBO-
peHHHMH; HTO 3TH OprBHHHeCKHe (JjCHOMeHbl CMCU{eHUH U KOH-
deHcaifuu cyrb cbmo cymecTBOBaHHe «TOHCßecrBa nporaBono-
jiOMCHOcreii», hto ohh npoH3BOßnr ßaace rjioöajibno apHMyio
4>opMy Mymaifuu hjih KanecrBeHHoro ckbhkb, kotopmh cbhk-
ijHOHHpyer peBOJiioijHOHHbiH MOMenr npeoöpaaoBBHHH ijejioro.
HcXOßH H3 3T0r0 CTaHOBHTCH BO3MOHCHbIM 0ÖbHCH6HHe pa3JIH-
neHHH, HMeionjero (JjyHßBMeHrajibHoe 3HaneHHe ßjin nojiHTHne-
ckoh npaKTHKH, pa3JiHneHHH Meacßy otjihhhmmh ßpyr ot ßpyra
MOMeHTaMH npoijecca: «aHma2OHU3MOM», «omcymcmeueM clh-
mazoHU3Ma» u «eapbieoM». KaK roBopnji JleHHH, nporaBope-
HHe HaXOßHTCH B ßeHCTBHH BCerßB, B JIIOÖOH MOMeHT BpeMeHH.
üoaTOMy 3th Tpn momohtb cyrb Bcero Jinnib rpn (JjopMbi ero
306

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
cymecTBOBaHHH. IlepBbiH h xoTen 6bi oxapaKTepnaoBaTb KaK
tot MOMeHT, b kotopom CBepx^eTepMHHaijHfl npoTHBopenHH cy-
mecTByeT e doMUHupyjoufeü (popwe cMeiyeHUJt (b «mctohhmh-
necKOH» 4>opMe toto, hto oöo3HanaeTCH hsbccthbim Bbipaace-
HH6M «KOJIHHeCTBeHHbie H3MeHeHHH» B HCTOPHH H B TeopHH);
BTopofi — KaK MOMeHT, b kotopom CBepxaeTepMHHaijHH cyme-
CTByeT b ßOMHHHpyiomeH 4>opMe KOHjjencaijHH (ocrpbie KJiac-
coßbie kohc^jihktbi b tom cjiynae, Kor^a penb H^eT 06 oönjecTBe,
TeopeTHnecKHH kphshc — Tor/ja, Korjja mm HMeeM jjejio c Hay-
KOH H T. £.); HaKOHeiJ, HOCJie^HHH, peBOJIIOIXHOHHblH B3pbIB (b
oömecTBe, b TeopHH h t. a.) — KaK momcht rjioöajibHOH Hecra-
öhjibhoh KOHßeHcaijHH, npoßoijHpyiomeH pacHjieneHHe h co-
HjieneHHe ijejioro, t. e. rjioöajibHyio pecrpyKTypaijnio ijejioro
na KanecTBeHHO hoboh ocnoBe. TaKHM oöpasoM, hhcto «KyMy-
jiHTHBHaa» 4>opMa — b toh Mepe, b kbkoh 3Ta «KyMyjiHijHH» mo-
HCeT ÖBITB HHCTO KOJIHHeCTBeHHOH (CJIOMCeHHe JIHIHB 6 UCKJ11OHU-
meJlbHblX CJiyHOJlX HBJIHeTCH JJHaJieKTHHeCKHM) — npOHBJIHeT-
CH B KaneCTBe nOflHHHeHHOH (JjOpMbl, HHCTblH npHMep KOTOpOH
MapKC jjaji HaM jihihb o^hh pas: otot npHMep, OTHioßb He MeTa-
(j)OpHHeCKHH, HO «HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHblH» (HCKJH0H6HHe, OÖOCHOBaH-
HOe B CBOHX COÖCTBeHHblX yCJIOBHHX), COflepHCHTCH B e/JHHCTBeH-
hom TeKCTe «KanHTajia», kotopbih ctoji npejjMeTOM 3HaMeHHT0-
ro KOMMeHTapHH 3nrejibca b «AnTH-^iopHHre» (kh. I, tji. 12).
*
JJjIH TOTO HTOÖBI 3aBepiHHTb 3TO H3JI0HC6HH6 H HOflBeCTH HTOTH
anajiH3a, HecoMHenno BecbMa necoBepmeHHoro h /umaKTHne-
ckoto, HO3BOJHO ceöe nanoMHHTB, hto mbi npocTO nonbiTajincb
aaTb TeopeTHnecKoe BbipaaceHne cneijHcjjHHecKoro otjihhhh
MapKCHCTCKOH flHBJieKTHKH, ßeHCTByiOmeH B TeopeTHHecKOH
h nojiHTHHecKoii npaKTHKe MapKCH3Ma; hto oho öbijio chmhm
oöbeKTOM toh npoöJieMbi, KOTopyio mbi nocTaBHjin: npoöJieMbi
npnpoßbi «nepeßopaHHBaHHH» rerejieBCKOH ^najieKTHKH, co-
BepineHHoro MapKCOM. Ecjih otot anajins ne cjihihkom jjajie-
307

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH JJHAJIEKTHKE
KO OTXOJJHT OT OJieMeHTapHblX TpeßOBHHHH TeopeTHHeCKOTO HC-
cjießOBaHHfl, c^opMyjiHpoBaHHbix BHanajie, Tor/ja npe/piara-
eMoe b hom TeopeTimecKoe pemeHne jjojdkho npe^ocTasHTb b
Haine pacnopajKeHHe onpe/jejieHHbie meopemuuecKoe ymouHe-
HUR, T. e. 3HaHHH.
Ecjih oto jjeiiCTBHTejibHO tbk, to mbi npnoßpejm onpeaejieH-
HbiÄ TeopeTHHecKHH peayjibTaT, kotopmh h 6m xotcji cxeMara-
necKH Bbipa3HTb b cjie^yiomeH cfropMe:
CneifU(pUHecKUM omnuHueM MapKcucmcKOZO npomueope-
hur RejiRemcR ezo «HepaeeHcmeo» ujiu «ceepxdemepMUHa-
i{,ur», KomopoR pecfijicKmupyem 0 ceöe ceoe ycjioeue cyiyecmeo-
eaHUR, a umchho: cneijucpunecKyio cmpyKmypy HepaeeHcmea
(c doMUHaHmoü) ecezda ywe daHHOzo cjio^chozo ijenozo, ko-
mopoe RejiRemcR ee cyujecmeoeaHueM. üoHRmoe maKUM oöpa-
3OM, npomueopeHue RejiRemcR deumyiquM npuHtpmoM öcrko-
zo paaeumuR. CMeiyeHue u KOHdeHcaipiR, oöocHoeaHHbie e ezo
ceepxdemepMUHaipiu, nocpedcmeoM ceoezo zocnodcmea oöbRC-
HRiom (frasbi (HeaHmazoHucmuHecKyK), aHmazoHucrnunecKyio
u (jxisy espbiea), Komopbie KOHcmumyupyioin cyu^ecmeoeauue
cjiodtcHOZO npoijecca, m. e. «cmaHoejieHUR eeujeü».
Ecjih anajieKTHKa, KaK tobopht JleHHH, fleiiCTBHTejibHO ecTb
yneHHe o npoTHBopenHH, coaepacanjeMCH b caMoä cynjHOCTH Be-
meÄ, HBJIHIOmeMCH npHHIZHHOM KaK HX pa3BHTHfl, TaK h ezo om-
cymcmeuR, hx noHBJieHHH, hx Myraijnii h hx HcnesHOBeHHa,
Torjja mbi BMecTe c othm onpe/jejieHHeM cneijHcjjHKH mbpkchct-
CKOTO npoTHBopenHH JJOJIHCHbl 6bDIH HpHOÖpeCTH HOHHMaHHe
caMOH MapKCucmcKOÜ ducuieKmuKU41.
47	IlycTb Te, Koro OTranKHBaeT 3to aöcrpaKTHoe onpe^ejieHHe, npHMyr bo
BHHMaHne, hto oho ne Bbipa»aeT HHnero hhofo, KpoMe cymnocrn ßnajieKTH-
KH, ZienCTByiOmeH B KOHKpeTHOH MapKCHCTCKOH MbICJIH H B KOHKpeTHOM MapK-
chctckom ÄeiicTBHH. IlycTb Te, Koro yijHBHT 3to HeoöbiHHoe onpeaejieHHe, npH-
MyT BO BHHMaHHe, HTO OHO KBCaeTCH HOHHMaHHH HMCHHO TOrO «CTaHOBJieHHH»,
«pOJKßeHHfl H CMepTH» HBJI6HHH, C KOTOpbIM ßOJiraH TpaßHIJHH CBH3bIBa7ia CJIO-
BO «ßHaneKTHKa». Ilycrb Te, Koro sto onpejiejieHHe (KOTopoe ne coxpanaer b
KanecTBe cymecTBeHHoro hh ojjHoro rerejieBCKoro hohathh, hh neraTHBHOCTH,
308

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOM JJKAJIEKTHKE
ÜOßOÖHO BCHKOMy TeopeTHHeCKOMy BbICKa3bIBaHHI0, 3TO
onpejjejieHHe oÖJia^aeT cynjecTBOBamieM tojibko ÖJiaroaapH
KOHKpeTHbIM COßepJKaHHHM, KOTOpbie OHO HOBBOJIHOT HOMBIC-
JIHTb.
IIOßOÖHO BCHKOMy TOOpeTHHeCKOMy BbICKaBblBaHHIO, 3TO
onpeaejieHne äojimcho hosbojihtb hombicjihtb npeacae Bcero bth
KOHKpeTHbie COflepHCaHHH.
Oho tojibko b tom cjiynae mojkot npeTemjOBaTb na to, htoöbi
öbitb TeopHeii b oönjeM CMbicjie aroro TepMHHa, ecjin oho no-
3B0JIH6T HOMBICJIHTB COBOKynHOCTb KOHKpeTHBIX COflepJKaHHH,
KaK Tex, H3 KOTOPBIX OHO HCXOflHT, TaK H TeX, H3 KOTOpblX OHO
He HCXOßHT.
Mbi Bbipa3HJiH oto onpe/jejieHHe jjHajieKTHKH b cbh3h c jjßy-
MH KOHKpeTHBIMH CO/jepHCaHHHMH: B CBH3H C TeopeTHHecKOH H
nOJIHTHHeCKOH npaKTHKOH MapKCH3Ma.
,/JjIH TOTO HTOÖBI OÖOCHOBaTB 6T0 OÖHjyiO 3HaHHM0CTB, HTO-
ÖBI HOKaoaTb, HTO 3HaHHM0CTB 3T0T0 Onpe/jeJieHHH JJHaJieKTHKH
He orpaHHHHBaeTCH npe/jejiaMH toh oöJiacTH, b cbh3h c koto-
poä oho öbijio BbipajKeno h noaTOMy MoaceT npeTeHjjOBaTb Ha
neKyio TeopeTHnecKH orpaHHHeHHyio oönjesHaHHMOCTb, — jjjih
3Toro naM npHinjiocb öbi noflBeprHyrb ero ncnbrraHHio Apyrn-
HH OTpHIjaHHH, HH paCKOJia, HH OTpHIjaHHH OTpHIjaHHH, HH OTHyHyjeHHH, HH
«chhthh») npHBe/jeT b 3aMemaTejibCTBO, npHMyr bo BHHMaHHe, hto noTepn ne-
ajjeKBaTHoro hohhthh — Bcer/ja npnoöpeTeHHe, ecjin hohhtho, KoTopoe npn-
oöperaiOT bshmoh eraporo, öojiee a^eKBaTHO peajiBHOH npaKTHKe. ITycrb Te,
kto HaxojjHTCH bo BjiacTH npocTOTbi rerejieBCKOH «MaTpHijbi», npHMyr bo BHH-
MaHHe, hto b «onpe/jejieHHbix oöcTOHTejibCTBax» (KOTopbie, no npaBjje tobo-
PH, HBJIHIOTCH HCKJHOHHTCJIbHblMH) MaTepHHJIbHaH JJHaJieKTHKH JjeHCTBHTCJIb-
ho Monter b HpeßBbinaHHO orpaHHHeHHOH oÖJiacTH npHHHMaTb «rerejieBCKyio»
(j)OpMy, HO HMeHHO HOTOMy, HTO TaKBH CHTyaiJHH HBJIHeTCH HCKJIIOHeHHeM, CJie-
jjyeT paccMaTpHBaTb b KanecTBe BceoöiijeH ne caMy 3Ty (JjopMy, t. e. hckjiio-
neHHe, ho ee ycjiOBHH. Mbicjihtb oth ycjiOBHH 3hbhht mbicjihtb bosmohchoctb
HX COÖCTBeHHBIX «HCKJH0H6HHH». TaKHM OÖpa3OM, MapKCHCTCKaH flHaJICKTH-
Ka HO3BOJIH6T HOMBICJIHTB TO, HTO ÖBIJIO «KpeCTOM» JJHaJieKTHKH rerejieBCKOH:
nanpHMep, omcymcmeue paseumusi, crarnaijHK) «oönjecrB, jiHnieHHbix hcto-
phh», Hjjer jih penb 06 oönjecrBax nepßoöbiTHbix hjih ace o khkhx-to jjpyrHx;
HanpHMep, 4)eH0MeH peajiBHbix «nepexcHTKOB» h t. jj.
309

O MATEPHAJIHCTHHECKOH ßHAJIEKTHKE
mh KOHKpeTHbiMH coßepncaHHHMH, dpyzuMU npaKmuKOMu: Ha-
npHMep, HcnbiTaHHio TeopeTHHecKoii npaKTHKoii HayK o npnpo-
ße, HcnbiTaHHio tcmh TeopeTHnecKHMH npaKTHKaMH HayK (ann-
ctcmojiothh, hctophh HayK, hctophh HßeojiorHH, cjmjiococjmH h
t. ß.), KOTopbie Bee eme octhiotch ßocTaTonno npoÖJieMaTHHHbi-
MH ßJIH Toro, HTOÖBI C ßOCTOBepHOCTbK) OnpeßeJIHTb HX OÖJiaCTb
ßeäcTBHH h, ecjin BOßHHKaeT nyacßa, HcnpaBHTb ee cfropMyjiH-
poBKy, Kopone roßopn, ßjin Toro htoöbi yöeßHTbcn b tom, hto b
paccMarpHBaeMOM «ocoöchhom» mbi ßeiiCTBHTejibHO cxbbthjih
to Bceoönjee, KOTopoe h npeßpanjaeT ero b 3to «ocoöeHHoe».
3tO OÖCTOHTeJIBCTBO MOTJIO Öbi HJIH ßOJDKHO ÖbDIO Öbi CTBTb
nOBOßOM ßJIH HOBBIX HCCJießOBaHHH.
Anpe/ib—Mau 1963 2.

VII
MAPKCH3M H r¥MAHH3M
Moh Merofl anajinaa, hcxo^hbim nyH-
KTOM KOToporo HBJIHeTCH He HCJIOBCK, a
AaHHblH OÖmeCTBeHHO-aKOHOMHHeCKHH
nepHOfl...
K. MapKC, ßaMenaHHa Ha KHHry
A. Baraepa «yneÖHHK nojiHTinecKOH
3K0H0MHH»



I
Coi^RajincTHHecKHH «ryMaHH3M» ctoht Ha noßecTKe ahh.
BcTynHB b nepnofl CBoero pasBHTHH, kotopbih ot coijHajiH3Ma
(KaacßOMy no ero Tpyzjy) ßOJDKen npuBecTH ero k K0MMyHH3My
(KancflOMy no ero noTpeÖHOCTHM), CoBeTCKHH C0103 npoBO3rjia-
inaer jiosyHT «Bee na ÖJiaro nejiOBeKa» h oßpamaerca k hobbim
tcmbm: CBo6o.ua HH/jHBH/ja, yßaaceHHe k 3aK0HH0CTH, aoctohh-
ctbo jihhhocth. B napTnax paöonero KJiacca mhofhc npeB03H0-
CHT ßOCTHJKeHHfl COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKOTO ryMaHH3Ma H npnHHMa*
iotch 3a noHCKH ero TeopeTHHecKHx ochobhhhh, oöpanjaacB c
3toh ijejiBio k «KanHTajiy», a TaiQKe — Bee naiije h nanje — k
paHHHM paöoTaM MapKca.
3to HCTopmecKoe cgöbithc. Mohcho ßaace nocraBHTB Bonpoc,
ne OKajKeTca jih coiinajiHCTHHecKHH ryMaHH3M tcmoh, koto-
paa jjocthtohho yreniHTejiBHa h npnßjieKaTejiBHa, htoöbi c^e-
JiaTB B03M0JKHBIM ßHaJIOT MCJKfly KOMMyHHCTaMH H coijnaji-ae-
MOKparaMH hjih flaace öojiee innpoKoe coTpyuHHnecTBO co Bce-
MH JHOßBMH «flOÖpOH BOJIH», OTBepraiOIIJHMH BOHHy H HHIIjeTy.
Cero/jHH h ona, 3Ta innpoKaa ^opora PyMaHH3Ma, Toace Be^eT k
C0IJHaJIH3My.
JJeÄCTBHTejiBHO, peBOJiioijHOHHaH 6opß6a Bceraa HMejia cbo-
en ijejiBio nojioacHTB kohcij aKcnjiyaraijHH h TeM cbmbim ocbo-
6o^htb nejiOBeKa, ho b CBoefi nepBoä HCTopiriecKOH 4>a3e ona,
KaK h npe^BHfleji MapKC, flojiacna 6BDia hphhhtb c})opMy kjiclc-
C060Ü 6opß6ßl. PeBOJIIOIJHOHHBIH ryMBHH3M MOT TOTfla 6bitb
tojibko «KJiaccoBBiM ryMaHH3M0M», «ryMaHH3M0M iipojieTap-
ckhm». IIojiOHCHTB KOHeij 3KcnjiyaTaijHH nejiOBeKa O3Hanajio no-
JIOJKHTB KOHeij KJICLCC060Ü OKCHJiyaTaiJHH. OcBOÖOßHTB H6JI0Be-
Ka O3Hanajio ocboöo^htb pa6oHHH KJiacc, npimeM nocpe^cTBOM
jjHKTaTypBi npojieTapnaTa. B TeneHne öojiee copoKa JieT, b th-
raHTCKHx cpaacenHHx, npoHCxoAHBiniix b CCCP, «coijnajiHCTH-
necKHH ryMaHH3M», npeac^e neM oh CTaji BBipaacaTB ce6a b no-
313

MAPKCH3M H rYMAHH3M
HHTHHX CBOÖO/Jbl JIHHHOCTH, TOBOpHJI Ha H3bIK6 KJiaCCOBOH JJHK-
TaTypbi1.
OKOHHaHHe nepno/ja jjHKTaTypbi npojieTapnaTa OTicpbiBaeT b
CCCP BTopyio HCTopunecKyio 4>a3y. CoßeTCKHe jiio^h tobopht:
y nac aHTaroHHCTHHecKHe KJiaccbi Hcne3JiH, jjHKTaTypa npojie-
TapnaTa BbinojiHHjia cboio sajjany, rocyzjapcTBO norepajio cboh
KJiaccoBbifi xapaKTep h crajio rocyzjapcTBOM Bcero napo/ja (hjih
Kaaqjoro HH^HEH^a). H b cbmom jjejie, c jho^emh b CCCP Te-
nepb oßpanjaiOTCH 6e3 yneTa KJiaccoBbix paajiHHHH, t. e. KaK c
OT/jeJIbHbIMH JlUHHOCmSLMU. H MOHCHO 3BMeTHTb, KBK 6 udeOJLO-
2uu na CMeny TeMaM KJiaccoßoro ryMaHH3Ma npHxo/jHT tcmbi
coijnajiHCTHHecKoro iyMaHH3Ma jihhhocth.
Bcero /jecHTb jieT na3a# coijHajiHCTHnecKHH ryMaHH3M cynje-
CTBOBan jihihb b o^HOH-e^HHCTBeHHOH (jiopMe: B (JiopMe iyMa-
HH3Ma KJiaccoßoro. CeroflHH oh cynjecTByeT b jjByx (jjopMax: b
4>opMe KJiaccoßoro ryMaHH3Ma — TaM, rjje enje npaBHT jjHKTa-
Typa npojieTapnaTa (KHTafi h t. jj.), h b (JxjpMe (coijnajiHCTHHe-
ckoto) ryMaHH3Ma jihhhocth — tbm, r/je ona yinjia b npoinjioe
(CCCP). JJße 4>opMbi, cooTBeTCTByioiijHe jjßyM neoßxo/jHMbiM
HCTopimecKHM 3TanaM. B ryMaHH3Me «jihhhocth» «KJiaccoBbiii»
ryMaHH3M mojkct coaepijaTb CBoe coßcTBeHHoe peajiH3OBaHHoe
öyzjyiijee.
9th nepeMenbi, nponcxo,ijHiijHe b hctophh, nponcHHiOT hcko-
1 TepMHH «KJIHCCOBblH ryMHHH3M» Mbl nOHHMaeM 3/ieCb B TOM CMbICJie, B KO-
TOpOM «JleHHH TOBOpHJI, HTO OKTflÖpbCKaH COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKaÄ peBOJHOIJHH ne-
pejjajia BJiacrb b pyKH Tpy/jHiijHxcfl, paöonnx h KpecTbHHCKOH öe/jHOTbi, hto
ona oöecnenHJia öjih hux Tanne ycjiOBHH hch3hh, aeHTejibHOCTH h pa3BHTH«,
KOTOpblX OHH He 3HBJIH paHbHie: JieMOKpaTHH ÖJIH TpyZJHIIlHXCH, «HKTaTypa
öm yrneTaTejieH. Mbi He nOHHMaeM TepMHH «KJiaccoBbiii ryMaHH3M» b tom 3a-
HMCTBOBaHHOM H3 paHHHx paöoT Mapnca CMbicjie, corjiacHO KOTopoMy npojie-
TapnaT b cbocm «oTnyMCjjeHHH» npejjCTaBJiaeT caMy HejiOBenecicyio cynjHOCTb,
«ocymecTBjieHHe» kotopoh jjojwKHa oöecnenHTb peBOJHOijHfl: 3Ta «pejiHrnos-
naa» KOHiieniiHfl npojieTapnaTa (nan «Bceoönjero KJiacca», HBJiaiomerocH Bce-
oömHM noTOMy, hto oh — «yrpaTa nejiOBeHHOCTH, BOCcraiomaH npoTHB cbo-
eii coöctbchhoh yrpaTbi») 6bma no^xBanena mojioäbim «JlyKaneM b ero KHHre
«HCTOPHH H KJiaCCOBOe CO3HaHHe».
314

MAPKCH3M H rYMAHH3M
Topbie H3 nepeMen, npoHCxoflHiijHx b yMax. JjHKTaTypa npojie-
TapnaTa, KOTopyio coxjnaji-jjeMOKpaTbi OTBeprajiH bo hmh (öyp-
Hcya3Horo) «ryMaHH3Ma» jihhhocth h KOTopaa 3acTaBJiHJia hx
BCTaTb B JKeCTKyiO OIHIO3HIJHIO K KOMMyHHCTBM, CTBJia B CCCP
4>aKT0M npoinjioro. Bojiee Toro, BbicKa3biBaiOTCH npeanojio-
tkchhh, hto na 3ana#e ona mohcct hphhhtb MHpnbie (})opMbi h
öbitb HenpoßOJDKHTejibHOH. Ha btom (Jjone HanHHaiOT npocry-
naTb KOHTypbi CBoero po/ja BCTpenn Meac^y AßyMH «ryMaHH3Ma-
MH» JIHHHOCTH: ryMaHH3M0M COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKHM H ryMaHH3M0M
jiH6epajibHO-6ypHcya3HbiM hjih xphcthbhckhm. «JlnöepajiHsa-
ijhh» CCCP BHyinaeT 3T0My BTopoMy onpejjejieHHbie Ha^ejKflBi.
Hto ace jjo coijHajiHCTHnecKoro ryMaHH3Ma, to oh mojkot pac-
CMaTpHBaTb ceön He tojibko b KanecTBe kphthkh npoTHBopenHH
6ypacya3Horo ryMaHH3Ma, ho TaiOKe h b KanecTBe 3aBepineHHH
ero «Hanöojiee ÖJiaropojjHbix» ycrpeMjieHHH. B neM nejiOBene-
ctbo KaK öynTO 6bi naxo/jHT ocymecTBJieHHOH cbok) TbicanejieT-
hioio Menry, OTpaoKeHHyio b npoeKTax ryMaHH3M0B nponuioro,
XpHCTHBHCKOM H 6ypHCya3HOM: MeHTbl O TOM, HTOÖBI H B HeJIOBe-
Ke, h b MHpe nejiOBeKa HacTano, HaKoneij, ijapcTBO HejiOBeKa.
H TeM caMbiM kbk ßy/jTO 6bi hchojihhctch npoponecKoe o6e-
iijaHHe MapKca H3 «PyKonHceii 1844 r.»: «KoMMyHH3M... npn-
CBoeHHenejiOBeKOMnejiOBenecKOH cynjHOCTH... K0MMyHH3M KaK
3aBepineHHbiH HaTypajiH3M = ryMaHH3My...»
II
#JIH Toro HTOÖBI yBH/jeTB 3TO COÖblTHe B ÖOJiee IHHpOKOH nep-
cneKTHBe, htoöbi hohhtb ero, htoöbi ysnaTb cmbicji coijna-
jiHCTHHecKoro ryMaHH3Ma, HejjocTaTOHHO hh npocro 3aperH-
CTpnpOBaTb 3TO COÖblTHe, HH 3a$HKCHpOBaTb Te HOHHTHH (ry-
MHHH3M, COIXHaJIH3M), C HOMOII^BK) KOTOpblX CBMO COÖblTHe
nbiTaeTCH ceöa hombicjihtb. Cjie^yer npoßepHTb TeopeTHne-
CKHe OCHOBaHHH HOHHTHH, flJIH TOTO HTOÖBI yÖejJHTBCH B TOM,
HTO OHH fleHCTBHTeJIBHO JjaiOT HBM HCTHHH06 HayHHOe 3HHHHe
OÖ 3T0M COÖBITHH.
315

MAPKCH3M H PYMAHH3M
Meac/jy TeM noHATHÜHaa napa «coijHajiHCTHnecKHH-ryMa-
hh3m» 3aKJiK)HaeT b ce6e oneBHflHoe TeoperHnecKoe HecooTBer-
CTBue: b KOHTeKCTe MapKCHCTCKoro yneHHA noHHTne «coijna-
JIH3M» — fleHCTBHTeJIBHO HayHHOe noHHTHe, B TO BpeMfl KaK no-
HATHe ryMaHH3Ma — noHATne Bcero jihihb HßeojiOTHnecKoe.
üoflCHHM: penn H/jeT ne o tom, htoöbi nocraBHTB no/j coMHe-
HHe peajiBHOCTB, KOTopyio npH3Bano o6o3HanaTB hohathc co-
ijnajincTHHecKoro ryMaHH3Ma, ho o tom, htoöbi onpe/jejiHTB me-
opemuuecKyK) ijohhoctb btoto hohatha. FoBopa o tom, hto no-
HATHe ryMaHH3Ma ABJIfleTCA HfleOJIOTHHeCKHM (a He HayHHBIM),
MBI B OJJHO H TO MCe BpeMfl BBI^BHFaeM flBA yrBepacaeHHa: MBI
roßopHM, hto oho h b caMOM jjejie oöo3HanaeT neicyio coBOKyn-
hoctb cynjecTByiomHx peajiBHOCTeä, ho b otjihhhc ot Haynnoro
HOHATHA He JjaeT HAM Cpe^CTB, HeOÖXOflHMBIX /VIA HX nO3HaHHfl.
Oho ocoöbim (HjjeojiorHnecKHM) oöpaaoM oöo3HanaeT coöoii ne-
hto cymecTByionjee, ho ne pacKpBißaer ero cynjnocTH. CMeniH-
BATB 3TH ^BA HOpflßKa O3HanaJIO ÖBI 3BKpBIBaTB CeÖe nyTB KO
BCAKOMy 3HaHHio, nopoac/jaTB nyranHiiy h nojjBepraTBca pncKy
aaöJiyflCßeHHH.
ßjlfl TOTO HTOÖBI nOHATB 3TO CO BC6H ACHOCTBK), fl HO3BOJHO
ceöe cocjiaTBCA na ohbit MapKca, kotopbih npnineji k co3,ga-
HHK) HayHHOH TeopHH HCTOPHH JIHIHB IjeHOH paj^HKAJIBHOH KpH-
thkh toh 4>hjioco4)hh nejiOBeKa, KOTopaa cjiyHCHjia eMy Teope-
THnecKHM (JjyHßaMeHTOM b tojjbi ero mojioaocth (1840—1845).
TepMHH «TeopeTHHecKHä cjDyimaMeHT» a ynoTpeÖJiaio b crpo-
tom CMbicjie cjioßa. Cjiobo «nejioßeK» ajia mojio/joto MapKca öbi-
jio ne npocro BO3rjiacoM, oÖJiHHaiomHM HHnjery h paöcTBO. 3to
öbui TeopeTHnecKHH npHHijHn ero MHpoBO33peHHA h ero npaK-
THHecKoii ycranoBKH. «CynjHOCTB nejiOBeKa» (KaK öbi ona hh
noHHMajiacB: KaK cßoöoaa h paayM hjih KaK cooömecTBo) b oß-
ho h to ace BpeMa oöocnoBBiBajia h crpoiyio Teopnio hctophh, h
nocjießOBaTejiBHyio nojiHTHnecKyio hoshijhio.
3to CTaHOBHTca OHeBH^HBiM, ecjin paccMOTpeTB ßBa BTana
ryMaHHCTHHecKoro nepHO/ja pa3BHTHa MapKca,
316

MAPKCH3M H fyMAHH3M
I. Ilepebiü aman oTMenen tocho/jctbom paijHonajiHCTHHecKH-
jiHÖepajibHoro iyMaHH3Ma, öjihskoto CKopee k mbicjih Kanra h
0HXTe, neM k 4)hjioco4)hh TerejiH. Be/ja 6opb6y npoTHB ijen-
aypbi, npoTHB 4)eo,naJibHbix sbkohob peÄHCKHx seMejib, npo-
THB npyccKoro /jecnoTH3Ma, Mapxc TeopeTimecKH oöocnoBbiBa-
eT h cboio nojiHTHnecKyio 6opb6y, h onpaB/jbiBaioiijyio ee Teo-
pHio hctophh onpejjejieHHofi (jjHjiocofjjHeii nejioßeKa. Hctophh
MOHCeT ÖBITB HOHHTB JIHIHB HCXOJJH H3 CyilJHOCTH HeJIOBeKB, KO-
Topaa 3aKJH0HaeTCH b Cßoöojje h pasyMe. Ceoöoda: ona — cynj-
hoctb nejioßeKa, no/joÖHO TOMy KaK TaacecTb — cynjHOCTb Te-
jia. HejiOBeK npH3Ban öbitb cboöojjhbim, ona — caMO ero öbi-
THe. JJ^aace ecjin on OTKa3biBaeTca ot nee hjih ee OTpnijaeT, oh
Bcer/ja npeöbisaeT b CBOÖo/je: «Ceoöoda HacmojibKO npucyiqa
uejioeeKy, umo davce ee npomueHUKU ocyu^ecmejiRiom ee, 60-
pncb npomue ee ocyiyecmesieHux... Bo ece epeMCHa cyiyecmeo-
eajiu, maKUM oöpaaoM, ece eudbi ceoßodbi, ho mofibKo e oöhux
cjiynaRX — kok ocoöan npuemiezun, a e dpyzux — kok eceoß-
iqee npaeo»2. 3to pasjiHHenne npoacnaeT bck> hctophio: (freojja-
JIH3M — 3TO CBOÖO/ja, HO B «Hepa3yMH0H» (JjOpMe npHBHJierHH;
coßpeMeHHoe rocyzjapcTBO — Toace CBOöo/ja, ho yace b pasyMHOH
4>opMe Bceoölijero npaßa. PaayM: nejiOBeK CBOöo/jeH tojibko kbk
pa3yMHoe cyiijecTBO. HejiOBenecKaa cßoöo/ja — bto ne npnxoTb
h ne jjeTepMHHH3M HHTepeca, ho, kbk h yrBepac/jajiH Kam h
0HXTe, aBTOHOMHH, HOJJHHHeHHe BHyrpeHHeMy 3BKOHy pB3yMB.
3tot pa3yM, kotopbih «cyu^ecmeoeaji ecezda, mojibKO hc ecezda
e paeyMHOü (fropwe»3 (npHMep — 4)eojjajiH3M), b coßpeMeHHO-
CTH HBKOHeiJ-TO HBHHHBeT CyüjeCTBOBBTB B pa3yMH0H (J)OpMe B
rocyzjapcTBe, rocyzjapcTBe npasa h 3bkohob. <I>hjioco4)hh «pac-
CMampueaem zocydapcmeo kük eejiuKuü opzaHU3M, e KomopoM
dojwcHbi ocyiyecmeumbCH npaeoean, HpaecmeeHHan u nojiu-
2 MapKC K. JJeöaTbi o CBOÖoae nenaTH (Mafi 1842 r.) // Mapxc K. h Snrejibc
0. Coh., t. 1, c. 55.
3 MapKC K. ÜHCbMO k Pyre (ceHTHÖpb 1843 r.) // Mapnc K. h 3nrejibc <I>.
Coh., t. 1, c. 380. 3tb aaMenaTejibHaa ^opMyjiHposKa — kjiioh k (JjhjiococJjhh
Mojiofloro Mapnca.
317

MAPKCH3M H r¥MAHH3M
muHecKaR ceoöoda, npuueM omde/ibHbiü zpavcdaHUH, noeuuy-
HCb saKOHOM zocydapcmea, noeuHyemcn mojibKO ecmecmeeH-
HbiM aaKOHOM ceoezo coöcmeeHHOZo paayMa, HejioeeuecKozo
paayMa»4. Orcio/ja craHOBHTca hchoä aa^ana 4)hjioco4>hh: «ona
mpeöyem, umoöbi zocydapcmeo 6buio zocydapcmeoM, coomeem-
cmeyKnyuM npupode HejioeeKa»\ 3to aaKJiHHaHHe oßpanjeno k
caMOMy rocynapcTBy; oho jjojihcho jihihb npH3HaTb cboio cym-
hoctb, h Tor.ua oho craneT paayMOM h ho^jihhhoh cboöo^oh ne-
jiOBeKa, no/jBepraa ceßa pecjiopMHpoBaHHio. 0hjioco4>cko-ho-
jiHTHnecKaa KpHTHKa (KOTopaa nanoMHHaeT rocyzjapcTBy o ero
oßaaaHHOcrax nepefl; chmhm coöoii) peaiOMHpyer co6oh bck> no-
jiHTHHecicyio fleaTejibHOCTb: CBoßo^Haa nenarb, cbo6oähbih paa-
yM nejiOBenecTBa craHOBHTca caMoä hojihthkoö. 3ra hojihth-
necKaa npaKTHKa — KOTopaa nojiynaeT CBoe KOHijeHTpnpoBaH-
Hoe BbipaaceHHe b nyßjiuHHOü meopemuuecKoü KpumuKe, t. e.
b nyßjiHHHOH KpHTHKe, Hcnojib3yiomeH b KanecTBe CBoero hh-
crpyMeHTa nenaTb, h KOTopaa b Kanecrße CBoero aßcojiiOTHoro
ycjiOBHa Tpeßyer ceoöodbi neuamu^ — h 6bma noaHTimecKOH
npaKTHKoii MapKca bo BpeMa paöoTbi b «PefiHCKOH raseTe».
Pa3BHBaa cboio Teopnio hctophh, Mapac b to ace BpeMa 060-
CHOBbiBaer h onpaßflbiBaeT cboio co6cTBeHHyio npaKinuKy-. ny-
ßjinHHyio acypnajiHCTCKyio KpHTHKy, KOTopyio oh npeacTasjiaeT
ceöe kbk npeHMymecTBeHHyio 4>opMy nojiHTHHecKoro fleiiCTBHa
par excellence. B btoh npocßeiijeHHecKOH 4)hjioco(|)hh Bee no/i-
HHHeHO CTporoMy nopa^Ky.
II. Bmopoü aman (1842—1845) OTMeneH tochoactbom ho-
boh 4)opMbi ryMaHH3Ma: «KOMMyHHTapHoro» ryMaHH3Ma C*eii-
epßaxa. TocyaapcTBO pasyMa ocrajiocb rjiyxHM k roaocy pasy-
Ma: npyccKoe rocyzjapcTBO TaK h ne öbdio pe^opMHpoBano. Ca-
Ma HCTopna Bbmecjia npnroBop mjijik)3mhm ryMaHH3Ma paayMa:
MOJiojjbie neMeijKHe pa^HKajibi oacH/jajiH ot hobofo Kopoaa hc-
4 MapKC K. üepe/jOBHija b 179 «KejibHCKOH raaerti»» (14 hknih 1842 r.) //
Mapnc K. h 3nrejibc 0. Coh., t. 1, c. 112.
5 Thm »ee, c. 110.
318

MAPKCK3M K r¥MAHW3M
nojineHHH jiHÖepajibHbix oöenjaHun, KOTopbie oh jjaBaji, 6y/jy-
hh npeTen^eHTOM na npecTOJi. Ho tpoh öbicrpo npeßpaTHJi jih-
öepajia b jjecnoTa, — h rocynapcTBO, KOTopoe jiojihcho 6bmo
HawoHeij-TO CTaTb pasyMHbiM (nocKOJibKy b ceöe oho öbuio Ta-
KOBbiM Bcer/ja), bhobb ne nopo/umo Himero, KpoMe nepasyMHH.
H3 BToro orpoMHoro pasonapoBaHHH, KOTopoe MOJiojjbie pajjH-
Kajibi nepeacHBajm b KanecTBe noßjiHHHoro HCTopnnecKoro h
TeopeTunecKoro Kpnanca, Mapnc H3BjieK bbibo^: «...no/iumu-
uecKoe zocydapcmeo... codepmum eo ecex ceoux coepeMCHHbix
(popMax mpeöoeaHun pasyMa. H zocydapcmeo He ocmanaejiu-
eaemcH Ha amoM. Oho eciody nodpasyMeeaem pasyM ocyiyecm-
ejieHHbiM. Ho moHHO maK otce oho eciody enadaem e npomueo-
penue Mevcdy ceouM udeojibHbiM HasHaneHueM u cboumu pe-
ajibHbiMU npednocbuiKOMu». Htbr, c/jejiaH pemajonjHH mar:
3JioynoTpeÖJieHHH rocyzjapcTBa hokhmbiotch yace ne KaK cjie/j-
CTBHe HeBHHMaTejibHOCTH rocynapcTBa k CBoeö cynjHOCTH, ho
KaK peajibHoe npoTHBopenne Meacay ero cynjHOCTbio (pasyMOM)
h ero cymecTBOBanneM (nepa3yMHeM). FyMaHH3M 0eäep6axa
KaK pa3 h no3BOJiaeT noMbicjiHTb 3to npoTHBopenne, noKa3bi-
Baa, hto HepasyMHe — bto OTnyac^eHHe pasyMa, a oto omyTK^e-
Hue — caMa hctophh nejiOBeKa, t. e. ero ocynjecTBjieHHe6.
6 3to coBnaaeHHe noHBjieHH« 0enep6axa Ha 4)hjioco(J)ckoh «jene co BpeMe-
neM TeopernHecKoro Kpnanca, b kotopbih hctophh BBeprna mojioabix HeMeix-
KHX paßHKaJIOB, OÖ'bHCHHer TOT 3Hiy3Ha3M, C KOTOpbEM OHH BCTpeTHJIH «Ilpe/l-
BapHTejibHbie tc3hcbi k pe4)opMe 4)hjioco(J)hh», «CynjHoerb xpHCTHancTBa» h
«OcHOBHbie nojioxceHHH $hjioco())hh öyijymero». <J>hjioco(J)hh Oenepöaxa aen-
CTBHTejibHO npeacraBJiHeT coöoh meopemuuecKoe peineHHe TeopeTHnecKoro
KpH3Hca MOJioabix HHTejuieKiyajiOB. Ero iyMaHH3M oTHyxmeHHH h b chmom ae-
Jie npeaocraBHJi b hx pacnopaxceHHe TeopeTHnecKHe hohhthh, ho3bojihbhih6
hm noMbicjiHTb OTHyxmeHHe HejioßenecKOH cymnocrH b KanecTBe HeoöxojjH-
Moro MOMOHTa ee ocynjecTBjieHHH, a HepaayMHe (nppaijHOHajibHyK) aeHCTBH-
TejibHOCTb roeyjjapcTBa) — b KanecTBe HeoöxoßHMoro momchtb ocymecrBJie-
hhh pasyMa (hach rocynapcrBa). Oh, tbkhm oöpaaoM, hosbojihji hm noMbic-
jiumb to, hto b npoTHBHOM cjiynae ohh öbdih öbi BbiHyHyjeHbi nepexcHBaTb KaK
caMy nppauHOHajibHOCTb: Heoöxo#HMyio cbh3l Mexc^y paayMOM h nepaayMH-
eM. PaayMeercH, bto OTHOineHHe ocraeTCH b npeaenax 4>hjioco(J)ckoh aHTpono-
jiothh, KOTopaa ero oöocHOBbiBaer, ho c ojjhoh TeopeTHHecKoii oroBopKofi: no-
319

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
Mapnc Bee enje HcnoBe^yeT (Jhuioco^miio nenoßeKa: «Bbitb
paflHKajibHbiM — 3HaHHT noHHTb Benjb b ee Kopne; ho KopneM
ßjia nejioßeKa aßjiaeTca caM neaoBeK...» (1843 r.). Tenepb, o/j-
naKO, nejiOBeK TOJibKO noTOMy ecTb pasyM h CBoßo/ja, hto npeac-
ae Bcero oh ecTb «Gemeinwesen», KOMMyHHTapnoe, oßnje-
CTBeHHoe cynjecTBo, KoTopoe ocyiijecTBaaeT ceßa TeopeTimecKH
(b Hayne) h npaKTHnecKH (b hojihthko) tojibko b cbohx Bceoß-
iijhx HejiOBenecKHx OTHOinennax, KaK c «npyrHMH jno/jbMH, TaK
h c o6i>eKTaMH (Bnemnaa npnpo.ua, «ryMaHH3HpoBaHHaa» no-
cpe^CTBOM Tpyzja). CynjHOCTb neaoßeKa n 3/jecb Bee enje 060-
CHOBblBaeT HCTOpHIO H nOJIHTHKy.
Hctophh — 3to OTHyjKjjeHHe h npoH3BOÄCTBO pasyMa B He-
paayMHH, noßjiHHHoro neaoBeKa b nejiOBeKe OTnyac/jeHHOM.
B OTHyHC/jeHHbix npo^yKTax CBoero rpy/ja (TOBapbi, rocyzjap-
ctbo, pejinrna) nejiOBeK, caM toto ne Be^aa, ocyiijecTBjiaeT cynj-
hoctb nejioßeKa. 3ra yrpaTa nejioßeKa, KOTopaa npoHSBOßHT h
ero caMoro, h ero hctophk), pasyMeerca, npe^nonaraeT cynje-
CTBOBaHHe sapanee onpe^eaeHHoii cyiijHOCTH. B KOHije hcto-
phh 3T0My nejiOBeKy, CTaBineMy ßecnejiOBeHHOH oß'beKTHBHOC-
tbk), ocTaneTca tojibko bhobb npncBOHTb, b KanecTBe cyß^eKTa,
CBOH) COÖCTBeHHyiO cynjHOCTb, OTHyJK,ZjeHHyiO B COÖCTBeHHOCTH,
peJIHTHH H TOCyijapCTBe, HTOÖBI CTHTB IjeJIOCTHBIM, nOßJIHHHBIM
HeJIOBeKOM.
3ra HOBaa Teopna nejioßeKa oßocHOBbiBaer hobbih thh hojih-
THHecKoro jjeHCTBna: nojiHTHKy npaKmuuecKoü peanponpna-
ijhh. Ilpocroe oßpaiijeHHe k pasyMy rocyzjapcTBa ncnesaeT. IIo-
jiHTHKa — 3to yace ne npocraa TeopeTHnecKaa KpnrnKa, pa3-
yMHoe HacTaBjienne, ocyiijecTBjiaeMoe c noMonjbio cboöojjhoh
npeccbi, ho npaKTHnecKaa peanponpnaijna nejiOBeKOM ero cyiij-
HHTHe HejiOBexa, 6e3 KOToporo HejibßH noMbicjiHTb HCTopunecKoe OTHomenne
MejK/jy HcropHHecKHM pasyMOM h HcropmecKHM HepaayMneM, nojjBepraercH
npeoöpasoBaHHK). HejiOBeK ynce ne onpe^ejiaercH nocpe/jcrBOM paayMa h cbo-
öoflbi: oh b caMoä CBoeÄ cyiijHOCTH craHOBHTca «KOMMynnTapHbiM», ctbhobht-
CH KOHKpeTHOH HHTepCyfrbeKTHBHOCTbK), JHOÖOBbK), ÖpaTCTBOM, «pOßOBMM Cy-
IIjeCTBOM».
320

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
HOCTH. nocKOJibKy TOCy/japCTBO, KaK H peJIHrUH, — 3TO HMCHHO
hcjiobck, ho hcjiobck, ne oÖJiajjaionjHH CBoeii cynjHOCTbio; ne-
jiobck pacKOJiOT na rpaacjjaHHHa (rocynapcTBo) h hbcthoc jih-
ijo, na Aße aöcrpaKijHH. Ha Heöecax rocyzjapcTBa, b «npaßax
rpawiaHHHa» hcjiobck b BooöpaaceHHH nepeacHBaeT Ty nejiOBe-
necKyio oöiijkoctb, kotopoh oh jihihch Ha 3eMjie «npaß nejio-
BeKa». noaTOMy pcbojiioijhh Toace öyijeT yace hc npocTO hojih-
thhcckoh (paayMHaa jiHÖepajibHan pecfropMa rocyzjapcTBa), ho
«HCJIOBCHeCKOH» («KOMMyHHCTHHCCKOH»), OHa BOCCTaHOBHT JJJIH
nejiOBCKa ero npnpofly, OTHync/jennyio b (JjaHTacMaropHnecKHx
(J)opMax /jener, BJiacrn h 6otob. Othbihc 3Ta npaKTHnecKan
peBOJiioijHH öy/jeT oöiijhm jjcjiom 4)hjioco4)hh h npojieTapna-
Ta, HOCKOJIbKy B 4)HJIOCo4)HH hcjiobck yrBepac/jaeTCH TeOpeTH-
HeCKH, B TO BpeMH KHK B JIHIje npOJICTapHaTa OH npaKTHHeCKH
OTpnijaeTCH. npoHHKHOBeHHe (jjHjiococJjHH b npojieTapnaT 6y-
jjeT co3HaTejibHbiM BOccraHneM yTBepoKjjeHHH npoTHB ero coö-
CTBCHHOrO OTpHLjaHHH, BOCCTaHHCM HCJIOBCKa npoTHB öecne-
jioßeHHbix ycjiOBHH ero mch3hh. TaKHM o6pa3OM, npojieTapnaT
nojjBeprHeT OTpnijaHHio CBoe coßcTBeHHoe OTpnrjaHHe h b kom-
MyHH3Me BCTynHT b oßjia/jaHHe cbmhm coöoh. Pcbojiioijhh —
3to caMa npaKmuKa BHyrpeHHeH jiothkh OTHyjK/jeHHH: bto tot
momcht, Korjja KpHTHKa, npenc/je ocTaBaBmancH ßesopyacHoii,
Haxo/jHT CBoe opyncne b jinije npojieTapnaTa. Ona jjaeT npojie-
TapnaTy Teopnio toto, hto oh ecTb; npojieTapnaT nee B3aMen ^ja-
eT eü cboio BoopynceHHyio cnjiy, ejjHHyio n ne/jejiHMyio cnjiy, b
kotopoh KajKjjbiii BCTynaeT b coios jihhib c cbmhm ace coßoii. Ta-
KHM o6pa3OM, peBOJiioijHOHHbiH coios npojieTapnaTa n (Jjhjioco-
(|)hh h 3/jecb CKpenjien nenaTbio cyiijnocTH nejiOBeKa.
III
HannnaH c 1845 r. MapKC pa/jHKajibHO nopwBaeT co bchkoh Te-
opHeii, KOTopaa oöocHOBbiBaeT hctophio n nojiHTHKy cyiijHOC-
Tbio nejiOBeKa. 3tot yHHKajibHbiii paspbiB cojjepacnT b ceöe Tpn
nepaspbiBHO CBH3aHHbix TeopeTHnecKHx acneKTa:
321

MAPKCH3M H PYMAHH3M
1.	OopMMpOBaHHe TeopHH HCTOpHH H HOJIHTHKH, OCHOBHH-
hoh Ha pa^HKajibHO hobbix hohhthhx: oöiijecTBeHHaa c|)op-
MBIjHH, npOHSBOJJHTeJIbHbie CHJIbl, npOH3BOACTBeHHbie OTHO-
ineHHH, Ha^CTpOHKa, HßeOJIOTHH, 3KOHOMHHeCKaH ßerepMH-
HaijHH B K0H6HH0M CHCTe, CneijH^JHHeCKaH aeTepMHHaiJHH
HHbIMH, HeaKOHOMHHeCKHMH ypOBHHMH OÖlIjeCTBeHHOTO IjCJIO-
ro H T. ß.
2.	Pa^HKajibHan KpHTHKa meopemunecKux npHTHsaHHH bch-
koto 4)HJioeo4)CKoro ryMaHH3Ma.
3.	Onpe^ejieHHe ryMaHH3Ma KaK HßeojiorHH.
B 3toh hoboh KOHijenijHH Bee Tonte noßHHHeno CTporoMy no-
paßKy, ho 3to HOBan crporocTb h hobbih nopnßOK: cyiijnocTB ne-
jioßeKa noßßepraeTCH KpHTHKe (2) h onpeßejineTCH b KanecTBe
HßeojiorHH (3), t. e. c noMonjbio KaTeropHH, npHHaßJiencaiijeH
HOBOH TeopHH OÖlIjeCTBa H HCTOPHH (1).
PaspblB CO BCHKOH (JjHJIOCOtJjCKOH aHTpOHOJIOTHeH H CO BCH-
KHM 4)HJIOCO4)CKHM TyMaHH3M0M — OTHIOßb He KaKHH-TO BTOpO-
CTeneHHan ßerajib: oh oßpasyer eßHHoe ijejioe c naynnbiM ot-
KpbiTneM Mapnca.
Oh 3HanHT, hto MapKC oßHHM h TeM nee ßBHHceHHeM OTBepra-
er npoßjieMaTHKy npeßinecTByioiijeH (Jjhjioco^jhh h npHHHMa-
eT HOByio npoßjieMaTHKy. IIpeßniecTByioiijaH HßeajiHCTHHecKaa
(«öypacyasHaH») (JjhjiococJjhh bo Bcex cbohx oßjiacTHx h nacr-
HBIX ßHCIjHHJIHHaX («TeopHH H03HaHHH», KOHijenijHH HCTOpHH,
nojiHTHnecKan okohomhh, Mopajib, acTeraKa h t. ß.) noKOHJiacb
na npoßjieMaTHKe HejioeeuecKoü npupodbi (hjih cyiijnocra ne-
jioßeKa). 3ra npoßjieMaTHKa Ha npoTHHceHHH ijejibix ctojicthh
Kasajiacb coBepmeHHO oneBHßHOH, h HHKOMy ßaace b rojlOBy ne
npnxoßHJio nocTaBHTB ee noß Bonpoc KaK ijejioe, nycTb ßaace
ona h noßBeprajiacb onpeßejieHHbiM BHyTpeHHHM npeoßpaao-
BaHHHM.
3ra npoöJieMaTHKa ne 6buia hh CMyTHOH, hh jiHinennoH crpo-
rocTH: nanpoTHB, ona öbDia KOHCTHTynpoBana KorepeHTHOH ch-
creMOH tohhbix hohhthh, TecHO CBH3aHHbix ßpyr c ßpyroM. B TO
BpeMH, Korßa c neii CTOJiKHyjicH Mapnc, ona npeßnojiarajia ßßa
322

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
B3aHMOßonojiHHTejibHbix nocTyjiaTa, KOTopbie oh onpe/jejiHJi b
inecTOM Te3Hce o 4>enep6axe:
1. CynjecTByeT Bceoöiijan HejiOBenecKan cynjHOCTb;
2. 3ra cynjHOCTb ecTb arpnöyT «OT/jejibHO bshtbix hhjjhbh-
jjob», KOTopbie hbjihiotch ee peajibHbiMH cyß^eKTaMH.
3th jjBa nocTyjiaTa jjohojihhiot jjpyr jjpyra h HepaapbiBno
«ijpyr c jjpyroM CBH3anbi. Meaqjy TeM hx cyiijecTBOBaHHe h hx
e/jHHCTBO npe/jnojiaraeT ijejioe MHpoBO33peHne, KOTopoe hbjih-
eTCH 3MnHpHHecKH-HjjeajiHCTimecKHM. H b caMOM «ijejie, jjjih to-
ro htoöbi cynjHOCTb nejioßeKa Morjia öbitb BceoöiijHM arpnöy-
TOM, HeOÖXOJJHMO, HTOÖBI KOHKpeTYlHbie cyöbeKmbi cyiijecTBOBa-
jih KaK aöcojnoTHbie /jaHHoern: oto npe/jnojiaraeT 3Mnupu3M
cyöbeKma. /Ijih toto htoöbi bth OMnnpimecKHe hh/jhbhjjbi mot-
JIH ÖBITB JIIO/JbMH, HeOÖXO/JHMO, HTOÖBI KaJKJJBIH H3 HHX CO/jep-
ncaji b ceöe bcio nejiOBenecKyio cynjHOCTb, ecjin ne (jjaKTHHecKH,
to no KpaÄHeH Mepe b npHHijHne: bto npejjnojiaraeT udeajiu3M
cyufHOcmu. TaKHM oöpa3OM, 3Mnnpn3M cyö'beKTa npe/jnojiaraeT
H/jeajiH3M cyiijHOCTH, h naoöopoT. 3to OTHOineHHe mohcct oöep-
HyTBCH B CBOIO «HpOTHBOHOJIOHCHOCTB» — 3MHHpH3M HOHHTHH H
HjjeanH3M cyö'beKTa. Ho TaKoe oöpanjenne coxpanneT (|)yivja-
MeHTajibHyio crpyKTypy btoh npoÖJieMaTHKH, KOTopaa ocraeT-
CH HeH3M6HH0H.
B 3T0H THHHHHOH CTpyKType MOHCHO y3HaTB He TOJIBKO npHH-
ijnn ijejioro pn/ja TeopHH oöiijecTBa (ot Toööca .zjo Pycco), no-
JIHTHHeCKOH 3KOHOMHH (OT HeTTH JJO PHKap/J0), MOpaJIH (OT /Je-
KapTa jjo KaHTa), ho h caM npnnijHn H/jeajiHCTHHecKOH h MaTe-
pnaJIHCTHHeCKOH (/JOMapKCOBOH) «TeopHH nO3HaHHH» (ot JIOKKa
jjo KaHTa h .zjajiee, bhjiotb ko ^enepöaxa). Co/jepncaHHe nejio-
BenecKOH cyiijHOCTH hjih BMnnpHHecKHx cyöbeKTOB mohcct Ba-
pHHpOBaTBCH (KaK 3TO MOHCHO BH/jeTB B /JBH5K6HHH MBICJIH OT
JIoKKa k Kamy), — ho npncyTCTByioiijHe 3/jecb TepMHHbi h hx
OTHOineHHe jjpyr k /jpyry BapbnpyioTCH tojibko b npejjejiax ne-
koh HHBapnaHTHOH crpyKTypbi, KOHCTHTynpyionjefi caMy 3Ty
npoÖJieMaTHKy: udeajiu3My cyuptocmu ecezda coomeemcmey-
323

MAPKCH3M H rYMAHH3M
em 9Mnupu3M cyß^eKma (a udea/iu3My cyö'beKma — 3Mnupu3M
cyiyHOcmu).
OTBepraa cynjHOCTb nejiOBeKa b KanecTBe TeopeTnnecKoro
ocHOBaHHH, Mapnc OTBepraeT bcio 3Ty oprannnecKyio chctc-
My nocTyjiaTOB. Oh hstohhct (jiHJiococjjCKHe KaTeropHH cyöbCK-
ma, 3Mnupu3Ma, udeasibHOÜ eyu^Hoemu n t. jj. hso Bcex oßjia-
CTen, b KOToptix ohh ,u;o toh nopbi rocnoßCTBOBajiH. He tojibko
H3 hojihthhcckoh 3KOhomhh (otkb3 ot MH(|)a homo oeconomi-
cus, t. e. HH^HBHfla, oßjia^aiomero onpe/jejieHHbiMH cnocoöno-
CTHMH H HOTpeÖHOCTHMH H HBJIHIOII^erOCH KJiaCCHHCCKHM Cy6b-
eKTOM 3K0H0MHKH); He TOJIBKO H3 HCTOpHH (OTKB3 OT COIJHaJIb-
Horo aT0MH3Ma h ot nojiHTHKO-DTHnecKoro HßeajiH3Ma); ne
TOJIBKO H3 MOpaJIH (OTKB3 OT KaHTOBCKOH MOpaJIbHOH HßeH); HO
TaKHce h H3 caMoii (J)hjioco4)hh, nocKOJibKy MaTepnajiH3M MapK-
ca HCKJHonaeT 3mhhph3m cyß^eKra (KaK h ero oßparnyio CTopo-
ny: TpaHCi^eH.ueHTajibHbiH cyßbeKT) h H^eajiH3M hohhthh (khk
h ero oöpaTHyio cropony: 3mhhph3m hohhthh).
3ra TOTajibnan TeopeTHnecKan pcbojiioijhh tojibko noTOMy no
npaßy mohcct OTBeprayrb npejKHHe hohhthh, hto ona saMenneT
HX HOBBJMH. JteiiCTBHTeJIbHO, MapKC oßoCHOBBIBaCT HOByiO npo-
ÖJieMBTHKy, HOBblH CHCTOMaTHHeCKHH CHOCOÖ HOCTaHOBKH BO-
npOCOB, HOBbie npHHIJHnbl H HOBblH MeTOfl. Oto OTKpblTHe He-
nocpeflCTBeHHO co/jepjKHTCH b TeopHH HCTopHHecKoro Marepna-
jiH3Ma, b KOTopoii MapKC ne tojibko npe^jiaraeT HOByio Teopnio
oßlljeCTBa, HO B TO HCe BpeMH HeHBHO, HO no HeOÖXOßHMOCTH Bbl-
ßBHraeT HOByio «4)HJIOCO(i)HIO», H3 KOTopoii BblTeKaiOT ßeCKO-
HenHbie cjiejjCTBHH. TaK, Korßa b TeopHH hctophh MapKC Ha
Mecro crapoH napbi hhjjhbhji—HejiOBenecKaa cynjHOCTb craBHT
HOBbie HOHHTHH (npOH3BO^HTeJIbHbie CHJIbl, npOH3BO^CTBeH-
Hbie OTHonieHHH h t. £.), oh b to ace BpeMH npefljiaraeT HOByio
KOHijenijHio «4)hjioco4)hh». Oh saMenner npeacHHe nocrynaTbi
(3MHHPH3M—H^ea/IHSM Cyß’beKTa, 3MHHPH3M—H,ZjeaJIH3M cym-
hocth), KOTopbie jieacajiH b ochobc ne tojibko HjjeajiH3Ma, ho
h ßOMapKCHCTCKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma, /jHajieKTHHecKH-HCTopHHe-
ckhm MaTepnajiH3MOM npaKcuca, t. e. TeopHeii otjihhhbix apyr
324

MAPKCM3M H fyMAHH3M
ot apyra cneuH^HnecKHx ypoeneü uejioeeHecKOÜ npaKmuKU
(□KOHOMHHecKoro, nojiHTinecKoro, H^eojiorHHecKoro h Haynno-
ro ypoBHefi), hohhtoh b ee ocoöbix apTHKyjiaijHHx h ocHOBaH-
hoh Ha cneijH^iriecKHx apTHKyjiaijHHx ejjHHCTBa HejiOBenecKO-
ro oöiijecTBa. O,hhhm cjiobom, Ha Mecro «imeojiorHHecKoro» h
Bceoßnjero hohhthh 0eiiep6axoBOH «npaKTHKH» Mapnc craBHT
KOHKpeTHyio KOHijenijHio cneijHC^HHecKHx otjihhhh, uosbojih-
toinyio fljiH KajK/joii ocoöoh npaKTHKH HaÖTH mccto b cncreMe
cneijHtJjHHecKHx otjihhhh oönjecTBeHHoii CTpyKTypbi.
riO3TOMy ßJIH Toro, HTOÖbl nOHHTb pa^HKaJIbHyiO H0BH3-
Hy BKJia^a, cßejiaHHoro MapncoM, cjiejjyeT ocosnaTb He tojib-
ko H0BH3Hy nOHHTHH HCTopinecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma, HO H rjiy-
ßnny TeopeTHHecKoii peBOJiioijHH, KOTopyio ohh npeßnojiaraiOT
h npoBosrjianiaiOT. Tor/ja CTaHOBHTCH bo3mohchbim onpejjejiHTb
CTaTyc ryMaHH3Ma, OTBepraa ero meopemuuecKue npHTH3aHHH
h npH3HaBaa ero npaKTHnecKyio udeojiozuuecKyjo 4>yHKijHio.
TaKHM oßpasoM, b crporo TeopeTinecKOM OTHOineHHH momc-
ho h jjojnKHO otkpmto roBopHTb o meopemuuecKOM anmuzy-
MaHU3Me Mapnca h paccMaTpHBaTb otot meopemuHecKuü an-
muzyMaHU3M b KanecTBe aöcojnoTHoro (neraraBHoro) ycjiOBHH
BO3MO3KHOCTH KaK (no3HTHBHoro) no3HaHHH caMoro HejioBene-
CKoro MHpa, TaK h ero npaKTHnecKoro npeo6pa3OBaHHH. 3uamb
hto-jih6o o nejioßeKe mohcho jinnib b tom cjiynae, eCJIH Mbl 06-
parajiH b npax (Jjhjiococ^ckhh (TeopeTHnecKHÄ) mh(J) nejiOBeKa.
H BCHnan Mbicjib, Koropaa crajia 6bi ccbijiaTbca Ha MapKca ajih
toto, hto6m TaK hjih HHaHe BOccTaHOBHTb TeopeTHHecKyio aH-
Tponojiornio hjih TeopeTHHecKHÖ ryMaHH3M, 6 meopemunecKOM
omHomeHuu 6buia 6bi Bcero jihihb npaxoM. Ho b npaKTimecKOM
OTHOineHHH ona Bnojme Morjia 6bi BO3jjBHrHyTb MonyMeHT He-
KOH flOMapKCHCTCKOÖ HßeojiorHH, KOTopaa JieOKaJia 6bl THHCeJIbIM
rpysoM Ha hctophh h saßo/injia 6bi Hac b onacnbie TynHKH.
TaK KaK KopojuiapneM TeopeTimecKoro aHTHiyMaHH3Ma hbjih-
eTca npH3HaHHe h no3HaHne caMoro ryMaHH3Ma KaK udeojiozuu,
MapKC HHKorjja ne craHOBHjica acepTBoii H^eajiHCTHHecKOH hji-
jik)3hh: oh HHKor.ua ne flyMaji, hto SHanne Toro hjih hhoto oßi»-
325

MAPKCH3M H fyMAHH3M
eKTa Morjio 6m b npe/jejibHOM cjiynae saMennTb caM otot 06b-
eKT hjih c^ejiaTb ero HecynjecTByioiijHM. KapTesnaHijbi, 3HaB-
niHe, hto cojiHije Haxo/jHTCH ot nac na paccTOHHHH jjßyx tbichh
jibe, yzjHBJiHJiHCb TOMy, hto HaM KajKeTca, 6ynTO jjo nero ne
öojibme flßyxcoT inaroB: hto6m npeo/jojieTb otot paspbiB, hm ne
ocrasajiocb HHnero jjpyroro, KaK ccbDiaTbca na Bora. Ho MapKC
HHKorjja ne CHHTan, hto no3HaHne npnpo/jbi /jener (kbk oönje-
CTBeHHoro OTHOineHHfl) motjio 6m paspyniHTb hx bh/jhmoctb,
hx (jjopMy cynjecTBOBaHHa b KanecTBe BenjH, nocKOJibKy 3Ta bh-
/JHMOCTb ÖBIJia CaMHM HX 6bITH6M, CTOJIb JK6 HeOÖXO/JHMbIM, KBK
h cynjecTByioiijHH cnocoö npoH3BO/jCTBa7. MapKC HHKor/ja ne
chhtbji, hto napbi n/jeojioraH mohcho pa3BeaTb c homohjmo ee
H03HBHHH, HOCKOJIbKy nO3HBHHe 3T0H H/jeOJIOTHH, ÖyijyHH HO-
7 Bch TeopHH «OBemecTBJieHHH», craBnian cero/jna mo/jhoh, ocHOBana na
npoeijupoBaHUH TeopHH OTHync/jeHUH, co/jepacanjeHCH b paHHHx paöoTax
MapKca, B HaCTHOCTH B «SKOHOMHneCKO-^HJIOCOlJlCKHX pyKOÜHCHX 1844 r.»,
na Teopnio «4>erHniH3Ma» «KanHTana». B «PyKonncnx 1844 r.» 06’beKTHBaijHH
nejiOBenecKOH cyiijHOCTH yTBepjK/jaercH b KanecTBe hcoöxo/jhmoto npe/jBapn-
TejibHoro ycjiOBHH peanponpnaijHH nejioseKOM nejiOBenecKOH cyiijHOCTH. B Te-
neHHe Bcero npoijecca 06’beKTHBaijHH nejiOBeK cynjecTByeT tojibko b 4>opMe
OÖ'BeKTHBHOCTH, B KOTOpOH OH BCTpenaeTCH CO CBOCH COÖCTBCHHOH CyilJHOCTbK),
CKpblTOH HO/J nOKpOBOM BH/JHMOCTH H6K0H ny3K/JOH, HenejiOBenecKOH CyiijHO-
CTH. 3tH «06’beKTHBaijHH» H6 Ha3BHHa «OBeiljeCTBJieHHeM», HO O HeH TOBOpHT-
ch kbk o öecuenoeeHHOü. BecnejiOBenHOcrb npeacraBJieHa He nocpeacTBOM
npeHMymeCTBCHHOH MOÄeJIH «BeilJH», HO C nOMOIIJblO MO^eJIH jkhbothoto co-
ctohhhh (hjih ßfDKe COCTOHHHH, CTOHnjerO HHHCe OKHBOTHOrO: nejiOBeK, JIHmeH-
hbih jjance chmbix dJieMenTapnbix jkhbothbix oTHomeHHH c npnpoAOH), hjih xce
c noMonjbio MOHejien bccchjihh h aaBoponceHHoern, TpancijeimeHiiHH (Bor, ro-
cyaapcTBo) h /jener, KOTopbie noHHTbi KaK «Benjb». B «KanHTane» e/jHHCTBeH-
Hoe oönjecTBeHHoe OTHOineHHe, KoTopoe npe/jCTaeT b (jjopMe eeu/u (bot oto-
ro KycoHKa Merajuia), — oto deHbzu. Ho noHHMaHHe /jener b KanecTBe eeiqu
(t. e. CMemeHHe ctohmocth /jener c hx noTpeÖHTejibHOH ctohmoctbio) He coot-
BeTCTByer zjeHCTBHTejibHOcrn 3toh «bciijh»: nejiOBeK, naxo/jHiijHHCH b npHMOM
OTHOinennn c /jenbraMH, crajiKHBaerca othio/jb ne c tojibim cyiijecTBOBaHH-
eM npocroH «BeiijH», ho c ejiacmbto (hjih c ee omcymcmeueM) na/j BenjaMH h
jho/jbmh. H/jeojiorHH OBenjecTBJieHHH, noBCio/jy b nejiOBenecKHX OTHomeHHHx
BH/jHiijaH «bciijh», b KaTeropHH «BenjH» (KOTopaa hbjihctch aöcojnoTHO nyxc-
Zjoh MapKcy) CMeniHBaeT Bee oönjecrBeHHbie OTHOinennH, noMbicjieHHbie co-
rjiacHO MO/jejiH H/jeojiorHH /jener KaK BenjH.
326

MAPKCH3M H fyMAHH3M
3H&HHCM ycjiOBHH ee BO3MO3KHOCTH, ee CTpyKTypbi, ee cneijHcJjH-
HecKOÄ jiothkh h ee npaKTHnecKoö: pojin b npe/jejiax jjaHHoro
oönjecTBa, b to ace BpeMH ecTb nosHanne ycjiOBHii ee neoßxo-
jjhmocth. IIoaTOMy TeopeTHnecKHÄ aHTHiyMaHH3M Mapxca OT-
Hioflb He OTMeHneT McropuHecKoro cynjecTBOBaHHH ryMaHH3Ma.
KaK jjo, tbk h nocjie MapKca b peajibHOM MHpe mbi BCTpenaeM
4>hjioco4)hh nejiOBeKa, h cero/jHH jjaace neKOTopbie MapKCHCTbi
HCKyinaeMbi acejiaHHeM paspaöaTbiBaTb tcmbi hoboto Teope-
THnecKoro ryMaHH3Ma. Bojiee toto, TeopeTHnecKHÄ aHTHiyMa-
hh3m Mapnca, coothoch iyMaHH3M c ycjiOBHHMH ero cynjecTBO-
BaHHH, npH3HaeT 3a hhm onpejjejieHHyio Heoßxo/jHMOCTb KaK
udeojiozuu, HeoßxojjHMOCTb ycjiOBHyio. IIpH3HaHHe otoh Heoß-
xojjhmocth ne HBJIHeTCH hhcto cneicyjiHTHBHbiM. Tojibko Ha ero
ochobc MapKCHCTbi Moryr nocrpoHTb nojiHTHKy, KacaionjyiocH
cynjecTByiomHx HjjeojiorimecKHx (jjopM, kbkhmh 6bi ohh hh 6bi-
jih: pejiHTHH, Mopajib, HCKyCCTBO, 4>hjioco(J)hh, npaßo — h caM
ryMaHH3M b nepßyio onepe/jb. (BosMOHcnan) MapKcncTCKaa no-
jiHTHKa, KacaionjancH ryMaHHCTHnecKOH H^eojiorHH, t. e. hojih-
THHecKaa ycraHOBKa no OTHOineHHio k ryMaHH3My — hojihth-
Ka, KOTopaa MoaceT ßbiTb otkbsom, kphthkoh, Hcnojib3OBaHHeM,
nO/mepHCKOH, pa3BHTHeM HJIH lyMaHHCTHHeCKHM OÖHOBJieHH-
eM cynjecTByioiijHx cerojjHH b aTimecKH-nojiHTHHecKOH oßjiacTH
4>OpM HJjeOJIOTHH, — 3Ta HOJIHTHKa BO3MOMCHa B TOM H TOJIbKO B
tom cjiynae, ecjin ona öyzjeT ocnoBana na MapKCHCTCKOH (Jjhjio-
cocjiHH, npejjBapHTejibHbiM ycjiOBHeM kotopoh hejihotch Teope-
THHeCKHH aHmUiyMaHU3M.
IV
Htbk, Bee Tenepb sbbhcht ot noHHMaHHH udeojiozuuecKOÜ npn-
po/jbi ryManH3Ma.
51 ne craBJiio nepejj coöoh sa^ann jjaTb rjiyßoKoe onpejjejie-
nne mjeojiorHH. OcTaBaacb Ha ypoBHe caMbix oöiijhx cxeM, jjo-
CTaTOHHO 3HBTb, HTO H/jeOJIOrHH — 3T0 CHCTCMa (KOTOpaH HMe-
eT coßcTBeHHyio Jiornicy h CTporocTb) npejjCTaBJieHHH (KOTopbie
327

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
Moryr BbicrynaTb b <|)opMe oöpasoB, mik^ob, Hßeä hjih hohh-
thh), oöJiaßaionjaH onpeßejieHHbiM hctophhcckhm öbithcm h
onpeßejieHHoii HCTopHHecKOÜ pojibio b npeßejiax Toro hjih hho-
ro KOHKpeTHoro oöiijecTBa. He BxoßH b paccMOTpenne npoöjie-
Mbi OTHOineHHH HayKH co cbohm (H^eojiorinecKHM) npomjibiM,
cKaaceM, hto HßeojiorHH KaK CHCTeMa npejjCTaßjieHHH OTJiHna-
eTCH ot HayKH tcm, hto ee npaKTHnecKH-coijHajibHaH (JjyHKijHH
rocno/jCTByeT b nefi naß cjjyHKijHeH TeopeTHHecKoii (hjih (|)yHK-
ijHeii no3HaHHa).
KaKOBa ace npnpoßa otoä coijnajibHoii cjjyHKijHH? JJjih toto
htoöbi ee hohhtb, cneßyeT oöpaTHTHTbcn k MapKCHCTCKOH hcto-
pHHecKoii TeopHH. «CyöbeKTbi» hctophh cyrb KOHKpeTHbie ne-
jiOBenecKHe oöiijecTBa. Ohh npeßcraiOT nepeß hhmh KaK to-
TaJIbHOCTH, eßHHCTBO KOTOpblX KOHCTHTyHpOBaHO ÖJiaTOßapH
cneniH^HHecKOMy rany cjiohchocth, BBOßHmeMy b nrpy cyMMy
HHCTaHijHH, KOTopbie mm, cjießyn Onrejibcy, Kpafine cxeMaTHH-
HblM OÖpa3OM M0JK6M CBeCTH K CJießyiOLßHM TpeM: 3K0H0MHK6,
nojiHTHKe h HßeojiorHH. 3to 3hhhht, hto bo bchkom oönjecTBe
(h nopoä b HpesBbiHaÄHO napaßOKcajibHbix 4>opMax) mojkho 06-
napyjKHTb cynjecTBOBaHHe öasoBoii aKOHOMHnecKoö ßeHTejibHO-
cth, nojiHTHHecKoä opraHH3au,HH, a TaKHce «HßeojiorHHecKHx»
4)0pM (peJIHTHH, MOpaJIH, (JjHJIOCO^JHH H T. ß.). TaKUM 06pO30M,
udeojiozuR KaK maKoean npedcmaejuiem coöoü opzaHuuecKyio
cocmaeHyio uacrrib öchkoü coi/uajibHoü momajibHOcmu. IIo-bh-
ßHMOMy, nejiOBenecKHe cooönjecTBa He cnocoÖHbi cynjecTBOBaTb
öe3 3thx cnet^ucpuuecKux (fropMai^uü, othx chctcm npeßcraB-
jieHHÜ (pasjiHHHbix ypoBHeä cjiohchocth), KOTOpbIMH hbjihiot-
ch HßeojiorHH. HejiOBenecKHe oöiijecTBa BbißejiniOT Hßeojiornio
KaK cpeßy, KaK aTMOCt^epy, neoöxoßHMyio ßjin hx ßbixaHHH, ßjin
HX HCTOpHHeCKOH HCH3HH. H TOJIBKO HßeOJIOTHHeCKOe MHpOBO3-
3peHHe öbuio cnocoÖHO ßooöpa3HTb, hto Moryr cynjecTBOBaTb
oöiijecTBa 6es udeosiozuu, TOJibKO HßeojioniHecKoe MHpoBO33pe-
HHe öbDio cnocoÖHO noßepHTb b yTonnnecKyio Hßeio MHpa, b ko-
topom HßeojiorHH KaK TaKOBaa (a He Ta hjih Hnan HCTopHnecKan
(jjopMa HßeojiorHH) öeccjießHO ncnesaeT, a ee mccto saHHMaer
328

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
HayKa. Hmchho 3Ta yTonnn jichcht b ochobc hjjch, hto Mopajib,
KOTopaa HjjeojiorHHHa no caMoii cboch cyra, mojkho ßaMCHHTb
HayKoü hjih nee c/jejiaTb ijcjihkom h hojihoctbio HayHHofi; hto
nayKa mohcct pa3BeHTb pejiHrno3Hbie MHcjjbi h b toh hjih hhoh
4)OpMe 33HHTB HX MCCTO; HTO HCKyCCTBO MO3KCT CJIHTbCH C HO-
3HaHHCM HJIH CTHTb «nOBCCflHCBHOH 3KH3HBIO» H T.
H nocKOJibKy mbi hc coÖHpaeMCH H3ÖeraTb flaace caMbix jkh-
BOTpenemynjHx BonpocoB, ckhjkcm, hto cozjiclcho npuHifunaM
ucmopuuecKOZo Mamepucuiu3Ma dcwce KOMMyHucmunecKoe 06-
iqecmeo coeepiueHHO HeMbicnuMO 6e3 udeosiozuu, b khkoh 6bi
(JjopMe ona hh BbiCTynajia — KaK Mopajib, KaK HCKyCCTBO hjih
)Ke KaK «MHpoBO33peHHe». Mbi, öeaycjiOBHO, mojkcm npeflBH-
ßCTb 3HaHHTCJIbHbie Hpeo6pa3OBaHHH HJjeOJIOrHHCCKHX (|)OpM
h othoihchhh Meac/jy hhmh, nanpHMep hchcshobchhc onpeae-
jieHHbix cymecTByiomHX cerojjHH (J)opM hjih nepenoc hx c|)yHK“
ijhh Ha cocejjHHe (jjopMbi; onnpaacb Ha yace hm&oiijhhch y Hac
OnblT, Mbl TaiOKC MOHCeM npe^BHflCTb nOHBJICHHC H pa3BHTHC
HOBbix H^eojiorHHecKHx 4>opM (nanpHMep, tbkhx h^gojiothh,
KaK «HayHHOe MHpOBO33peHHC» HJIH «KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHH iyMa-
HH3M»); HO TCM HC MCHCC ßJIH MapKCHCTCKOH TCOpHH, B HblHCUI-
HCM ee COCTOHHHH H HOHHTOH BO BCCH ee CTporOCTH, aßcOJIIOTHO
HCMblCJIHMO, HToßbi K0MMyHH3M, KHK HOBblH CnOCOÖ npOH3BOß-
CTBa, oßjia^aiomHH onpeßejieHHbiMH nponsBOßHTejibHbiMH ch-
JiaMH H npOH3BO^CTBeHHb!MH 0TH0IU6HHHMH, MOT OÖOHTHCb 6e3
BCHKOH COIJHaJIbHOH OpraHH3ai^HH H 6e3 COOTBCTCTByiOmHX eü
H^eOJIOrHHeCKHX 4>OpM.
HueOJIOTHH, TaKHM OÖpa3OM, — COBCCM He KaKOe-TO OTKJIOHe-
nne hjih cjiynaHHaH naTOJiornn (excroissance) Hctophh; ona —
CTpyKTypa, HMeionjaH cynjecTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe jjjih HCTopime-
CKOH HCH3HH OÖlIjeCTBa. H TOJIbKO CyiljeCTBOBaHHe H npH3HaHHe
ee Heoßxo/JHMOCTH MOryT nO3BOJIHTb HaM BO3^eHCTBOBaTb Ha
HfleojiorHio h npespaiijaTb ee b opynne pecJwieKCHBHoro BO3fleii-
CTBHH Ha HcTOpHIO.
üpHHHTO TOBOpHTb, HTO HßeOJIOTHH OTHOCHTCH K OÖJiaCTH
«C03H3HHH». He cjieflyeT saßjiyncflaTbCH HacneT ototo onpe^e-
329

MAPKCH3M H fyMAHH3M
JieHHH, KOTOpOe He CBOÖOJJHO OT BJIHHHHH H/jeaJIHCTHHeCKOH
npoßjieMaTHKH, cynjecTBOBaBineH ao MapKca. B jjeücTBHTejib-
hocth HfleojiorHH HMeeT BecbMa mbjio oßnjero c «cosnaHHeM»,
jjaace ecjin npe/jnojiaraTb, hto otot TepMHH Booßiije oßjia^aer
KaKHM-TO e/jHHbiM 3HaneHHeM. Ha jjejie ona rjiyßoKO öeccoana-
TejibHa, npnneM jjaHce Tor/ja, Kor/ja ona npHHHMaeT (KaK, Ha-
npHMep, b flOMapKcoBOH 4)hjioco4)hh) pecjjjieKCHBHbie 4>opMbi.
KOHCHHO, HfleOJIOTHH — 3TO CHCTCMa npe/JCTaBJieHHH; HO 3TH
npeflCTaßjieHHH nanje Bcero ne hmciot HHnero oßiijero c «co-
3HaHHeM»; nanje Bcero oto o6pa3bi, nopoä — hohhthh, ho Ha
OrpOMHOe ÖOJIblHHHCTBO JIIOfleH OHH OKa3bIBaK)T BJIHHHHe kbk
CTpyKTypbi, t. e. MHHyn onocpe/jyioiijee 3bcho hx «cosnaHHH».
Ohh cyrb BOcnpHHHMaeMbie-npnsHaBaeMbie-nepejKHBaeMbie
(pergus-acceptes-subis) oß'beKTbi KyjibTypw, KOTopbie Bos/jen-
CTByiOT na jnofleü (fryHKijHOHajibHO, nocpe/jCTBOM TaKoro npo-
ijecca, KOTOpblH JJJIH HHX CBMHX OCTaeTCH CKpblTbIM. JIlO/JH «ne-
peacHBaiOT» cboio H/jeojiornio, no/joÖHO TOMy KaK KapTesnaneij
«Büßen» hjih ne BHjjeji Jlyny na paccroHHHH jjßyxcoT niaroB —
t. e. omHJodb He KaK HCKyto (popMy coanaHUH, ho kok oß'bKm ux
«Mupa», öojibine Toro, KaK caM hx «Mup». Ho hto ace Tor/ja xo-
tht cKasaTb, Kor/ja yrBepac/jaiOT, hto H/jeojiorHH othochtch k
c4)epe «cosnaHHH» jno/jeii? Hpenc/je Bcero — hto cjieayeT otjih-
naTb H/jeojiornio ot jjpyrnx coijnajibHbix HHcraHijHH; ho KpoMe
Toro, 3THM yKa3bIBaiOT Ha TOT 4)aKT, HTO CBOH JjeHCTBHH, KOTo-
pbie KJiaccHHecKan TpajjmjHH oömhho CBH3biBaeT co cboöo/joh h
«co3HaHHeM», jiiojjh BOcnpHHHMaiOT h nepeHCHBaiOT B H/jeOJIO-
thh, nepes udeojiozuio u ßjiazodapn udeojiozuu; jjpyrHMH cjio-
BaMH, 3thm xotht cKasaTb, hto «HenocpejjCTBeHHO nepejKHBae-
Moe» OTHOineHHe jno/jeii k MHpy, b tom hhcjic h hx OTHOineHHe
k Hctophh (KoTopoe BbipaacaeTca b hojihthhcckom jjchctbhh h
6e3jjeHCTBHH), npoxojjHT nepes Hjjeojiornio, öojiee Toro, hto oho
h ecTb caMa udeonozuR, Hmchho b otom CMbicjie cjieayeT hohh-
MaTb BbicKasbiBaHHe MapKca, hto b HßeojiorHH (kbk oßjiacTH
nojiHTHHecKoii ßopböbi) jiiojjh oco3Haiom CBoe mocto b MHpe h
b hctophh: kbk pa3 b cpe/je ororo H/jeojiorHnecKoro ßeccosna-
330

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
TejibHoro jnoßH hsmchhiot cboh «nepeacHBaeMbie» OTHOineHHH
k MHpy h npHoßpeTaiOT Ty HOByio, cneiiHcJjHHecKyio (jjopMy öec-
co3HaTejibHoro, KOTopyio Ha3BiBaiOT «cosnaHHeM».
Htbk, HßeojiorHH Kacaercn nepeofcueaeMozo OTHOineHHH juo-
ß6H K HX MHpy. 3tO OTHOineHHe, HBH «OC03HO,HHOH» 4>OpMa
npoHBjieHHH HMeeT cbohm Heoßxo/jHMbiM ycjiOBHeM 6ecco3Ha-
mejibHocmb ero öbithh, no-BHßHMOMy, tojibko noTOMy cnocoö-
ho npe^CTaßaTb b KanecTBe npocroro OTHOineHHH, hto na ßejie
oho — OTHOineHHe cjioncnoe, t. e. OTHOineHHe Mencßy OTHOineHH-
HMH, OTHOineHHe BTOpOH CTeneHH. B ßeHCTBHTeJIBHOCTH B HßCO-
JIOTHH JIIOßH BBipaacaiOT OTHIOßB He CBOH OTHOineHHH K yCJIOBH-
hm CBoero coßcTBeHHoro cymecTBOBaHHH, ho jihhib tot cnocoö,
KOTOpBIM OHH nepeHCHBaiOT CBOe OTHOineHHe K 3THM yCJIOBH-
hm; tom caMBiM mbi HMeeM ßejio c ßByMH OTHOineHHHMH — c OT-
HOineHHeM peajiBHBiM h c OTHOineHHeM «nepencHBaeMBiM» hjih
«BooßpaacaeMbiM». HßeojiorHH, thkhm oöpasoM, ecTb BBipance-
nne OTHOineHHH jnoßeö k hx «MHpy», t. e. (csepxßeTepMHHHpo-
BaHHoe) eßHHCTBO peajiBHoro h BooöpaMcaeMoro OTHOineHHH k
peanBHBiM ycjiOBHHM hx cymecTBOBaHHH. B HßeojiorHH peajib-
Hoe OTHOineHHe HensöeHCHO saByajiHpoBano (investi) OTHOine-
HneM BooßpaacaeMbiM, KOTopoe CKopee ebipawaem Heicyio gojiio
(KOHCepBaTHBHyiO, KOH(J)OpMHCTCKyiO, pe4)opMHCTCKyio HJIH pe-
BOJiioijHOHHyio), Haßeacßy hjih HocrajiBTHio, neM onncbißaeT Ka-
Kyio-To peajiBHOCTb.
Hmchho b otoh CBepxßeTepMHHan;HH peajiBHoro Booßpaacae-
mbim h BooßpaHcaeMoro peajiBHBiM HßeojiorHH, b cootb6tctbhh
C COÖCTBeHHBIM npHHI^HHOM, npOHBJIHeT CBOIO aK17lU6H0Cmb,
hmchho b Heii ona, ynpenjiHH hjih h3M6hhh oto BooßpaacaeMoe
OTHOineHHe, tcm caMBiM HSMenneT h caMO <peajiBHoe> otho-
ineHHe jnoßen k ycjiOBHHM hx cymecTBOBaHHH. H3 stoto cjießy-
eT, HTO TaKaH aKTHBHOCTB HHKOTßa He MOHCeT ÖBITB HHCTO UH-
cmpyMeHmcuibHoü: tot, kto ctpcmhtch HcnojiB3OBaTB Hßeojio-
thio KaK opyßHe, KaK npocroe cpeßCTBO ßjin ßocTHncennn Tex
hjih hhbix Tjejieii, tothbc nee OKa3BiBaeTCH y nee b njieny, oh no-
naßaer noß ee bjihhhhc b tot caMbifi momcht, Korßa nbiraeTCH
331

MAPKCH3M H r¥MAHH3M
eio BOcnojib3OBHTbCH n CHHTaeT ceßn ee nojiHonpaBHbiM rocno-
flHHOM.
Bee 3to coßepineHHO ohcbhaho, Kor/ja mbi HMeeM jjejio c
K/iaccoebiM oöiqecmeoM. rocnojjCTByioiijaH b hcm H/jeojiomH —
3to HjjeojiorHH rocnoßCTByioiijero KJiacca. TeM ne Menee otho-
ineHne rocnoßCTByioiijero KJiacca k rocno/jCTByioiijen, t. e. k ero
COÖCTBCHHOH, HflCOJIOTHH He HBJIHeTCH aÖCOJHOTHO BHeniHHM H
npospaHHbiM, oho He onpeaejineTCH tojibko cooöpaaceHHHMH no-
JIC3HOCTH HJIH XHTpOCTH. Kor/ja «BOCXO/JHUJHH KJiacc», t. e. 6yp-
Mcya3HH, BbipaöaTbiBaeT b XVIII Bene ryManncTHHecKyio H/je-
ojiornio paßeHCTBa, CBoßo^bi h paayMa, ona npn/jaeT cbohm
TpeöoßaHHHM (J)opMy yHHBepcajibHOCTH, cjiobho ncejian c hx ho-
MOIIJbK) CCjjOpMHpOBaTb H COÖpaTb noa CBOHMH 3HaMenaMH Tex
caMbix jHoaeii, kotopbix no3flHee ona ocboöo^ht jihhib «jih to-
ro, htoöbi noßBeprHyrb aKcnjiyaraijHH. Hmchho 3^ecb — Kop-
hh pyccoHcrcKoro MH(|)a o npoHCxoHCjjeHHH HepaBencTBa: öora-
Tbie oßpanjaiOTCH k öcjjhbim c «H3onjpeHHeHniHMH penaMH», ko-
Topbie Korjja-jiHÖo cjibiinaji hcjiobck, htoöbi yöejjHTb hx hchtb
b paöcTBe TaK, kbk ecjin 6bi 3to öbijia CBo6o.ua. B ^encTBHTejib-
hocth ace öypacyasHH, npeacße neM ona sacraBHT BepHTb b cboh
mh(|) flpyrnx, ßOJDKHa noBepnTB b Hero caMa, npnneM othio^b
He tojibko c 3toh ijcjibio; Beflb to, hto ona Henocpe^cTBeHHO ne-
peacHBaer b CBoeii H^eojiorHH, — 3to hmchho mo Boo6paacae-
Moe OTHonieHHe k peajibHBiM ycjiOBHHM CBoero cynjecTBOBaHHH,
KOTopoe H03B0JIHCT CH B03JjeHCTB0BaTb KHK HH CeÖH CHMy (C03-
.ijaBaH fljiH ceÖH lopH/jHHecKoe h MopajibHoe cosnaHHe, a TaioKe
lopEUjimecKHe h MopajibHbie ycjiOBHH, Heoöxo^HMbie äjih pea-
jiH3aijHH 3KOHOMHHecKoro jiHÖepajiH3Ma), TaK h na flpyrHx (na
Bcex Tex, koto ona yace 3KcnjiyaTHpyeT h koto ona öyijeT 3KC-
HJiyaTHpoBaTb b öyzjynjeM, — na TaK Ha3biBaeMbix «cboöojjhbix
naeMHbix paöoTHHKOB»); oto fleiiCTBHe hosbojihct 6ypacya3HH
B3HTB Ha ce6n, BbIHeCTH H HCnOJIHHTb CBOIO HCTOpHHeCKyiO POJIB
rocno;jCTByK)iijero KJiacca. TaKHM o6pa3OM, b H/jeojiOTHH ceoßo-
dbi 6ypatya3HH b crporoM cmbicjic cjiOBa nepeo/cueaem (vit) CBoe
OTHonieHHe k ycjiOBHHM CBoero cynjecTBOBaHHH, t. e. ceoe pe-
332

MAPKCH3M H r¥MAHH3M
ajibHoe OTHOineHHe (npaso jiHÖepajibHOH KanHTajiHCTHHecKOH
bkohomhh), KoTopoe, TeM He Menee, npejjcraeT b (popMe, 3aeya-
jiupoeaHHoü omHOiueHueM eooöpa&caeMbiM (sce jho^h cboöojv
Hbl, BKJHOHBH CBOÖOßHBIX HaeMHblX paÖOTHHKOß). Ee HßeOJIOrHH
3aKJHOHaeTCH HM6HH0 B 3TOH U2pe CJIOQ BOKpyr ceoßodbl, KOTO-
pan b toh ace Mepe BbmaeT crpeMjieHHe öypacya3HH k mhcth(|)h-
kbijhh Tex, koto ona BKcnjiyaTHpyer (bthx «cboöojjhbix» hh^h-
bhjjob!), Hcnojibaya npn btom inaHTaac cboöoaoh ajih toto, hto-
6bi ^epacaTb hx b no/rmHeHHH, b kbkoh ona CBHßeTejibCTByeT
o noTpeßnocTH caMoü öypacyaaHH nepemueamb CBoe coöcTBen-
Hoe KJiaccoBoe rocno^CTBO KaK Cßoöojjy cbohx BKcnjiyarapy-
eMbix. üojjoöho TOMy kbk napoa, BKCiuiyaTHpyiomHH apyroH
Hapoa, ne MoaceT öbitb cboöo^hbim, thk ace h KJiacc, hchojib-
syioiijHH H/jeojiorHio b cbohx ijejiax, OKa3biBaeTca y nee b no/j-
HHH6HHH. H KOTßa TOBOPHT O KJiaCCOBOH (JjyHKI^HH HßeOJIOTHH,
cjieayeT homhhtb, hto rocnoflCTByiomaa H/jeojiorHH — jjeHCTBH-
TejibHO HßeojiorHH rocno/jcrByiomero KJiacca, hto ona cjijokht
eMy ne tojibko /xjiä toto, htoöbi rocnoacTBOBaTb naß no/jHHHeH-
hbim KJiaccoM, ho Tarcace h /pul Toro, htoöbi KOHcmumyupoeamb
ceßn 6 Kauecmee zocnodcmeyioiqe2o KJiacca, hosbojihh eMy npn-
3HaTb b KanecTBe peajibnoro h onpaß/jaHHoro CBoe nepeacHBae-
Moe OTHOineHHe k MHpy.
TeM He Menee cjieayeT c/jejiaTb eqe o^hh mar h cnpocHTb ce-
6h, hto npoHCxo^HT c udeojiozueü b oönjecTBe, r^e KJiaccbi hc-
H63JIH. To, HTO yJKe ÖBIJIO CKB3aHO, HO3BOJIH6T JjaTB 0TB6T HB
□tot Bonpoc. Ecjih öbi coijnajibHaH (JjyHKijHH H/jeojiorHH Hcnep-
nbiBajiacb (JjyHKijHeH MHcjja (noaoÖHoro «KpacHBoä jijkh» Iljia-
TOHB HJIH COBpeMeHHBIM T6XHHKBM BJIHHHHH HB OÖlIjeCTBeHHOe
MHeHHe), KOTOpblH TOCnOflCTByiOmHH KJiacc, flJIH TOTO HTOÖBI
BBecTH b saöJiyHC^eHHe 3KcnjiyaTHpyeMbix, ijhhhhho (JjaöpHKy-
eT h MaHHnyjiHpyeT, caM npn btom octbbbhcb bhc ero, — Tor/ja
H/jeojiorHH Hcne3Jia öbi BMecre c kjibccbmh. Ho kbk mbi BH/jejiH,
/lance b KJiaccoBOM oönjecTBe H/jeojiorHH OKa3biBaeT bjihhhhc h
na caM rocnoflCTByiomHH KJiacc, bhoch cboh bkjib# b ero (jjop-
MHpoBBHne, npeoöpaayn ero ycTanoßKH tbkhm oöpaaoM, htoöbi
333

MAPKCH3M H r¥MAHH3M
aßanrapoBaTb ero k peajiBHBiM ycjiOBHHM ero cymecTBOBaHHH
(npuMepoM 3ßecb mojkct cjiyacHTb lopHßHHecKaa CBo6o.ua); ot-
cioßa c oneBHflHOCTbio cjießyer, hto e udeojiozuu (KaK cucmeMe
npedcmaejieHuü, xapaKmepHbix dsm mocc) Hywdaemcsi Jiioöoe
oöiqecmeo, Komopoe (popMupyem u npeoöpasyem ceoux Hjienoe
maKUM oßpasoM, umoöbi ohu mozjiu coomeemcmeoeamb mpe-
öoeaHUHM, duKmyeMbiM ycstoeusiMU ux cyiyecmeoeanusi. Ecjih
hctophh, KaK yrßepjKßaji MapKC, ecTb HenpepbiBHoe npeoöpa-
30BaHHe ycjiOBHH nejiOBenecKoro cymecTBOBaHHH, to ßjin toto,
htoöbi a^aiiTHpoBaTb ceön k 3thm ycjiOBHHM, jnoßH Tonce ßOJDK-
Hbi noflBepraTbCH nenpepbiBHbiM npeo6pa3OBaHHHM; h ecjin 3Ta
«a^airraijHH» ne mojkct öbitb OTßana na bojiio cjiynan, ho ßOJinc-
Ha nOCTOHHHO npHCBaHBaTBCH, KOHTpOJIHpOBaTbCH H HanpaB-
JIHTBCH, TO HMeHHO B HßeOJIOTHH 3T0 TpeöoBaHHe BbipancaeTCH,
3tot paspbiB oijeHHBaeTCH, 3to npoTHBopenne nepejKHBaeTCH, a
ero paspeineHHe «ocynjecTBjineTCH». Hmchho b HßeojiorHH öec-
KJiaccoßoe oönjecTBO nepencHBaer KaK aßeKBaTHOCTb, TaK h ne-
aßeKBaTHOCTb CBoero OTHOineHHH k MHpy, b Heil h nocpeßCTBOM
Hee oho npeo6pasyeT «cosnaHHe» jHOßeii, t. e. hx ycraHOBKH
h hx noßeßeHHe, thkhm oöpasoM, htoöbi ohh öbdih chocoöhbi
BbinojiHHTB BCTaionjHe nepeß hhmh saßann h cooTBeTCTBOBaTb
ycjiOBHHM CBoero cymecTBOBaHHH.
B KJiaccoBOM oömecTBe HßeojiorHH hbjihctch nepeßaTOHHbiM
MexaHH3M0M (relais) h cpeßofi, b kotopoh OTHOineHHe jnoßefi
k ycjiOBHHM hx cymecTBOBaHHH (JjopMHpyeTCH b HHTepecax ro-
cnoßCTByiomero KJiacca. B öecKJiaccoBOM oönjecTBe HßeojiorHH
HBJineTCH nepeßaTOHHbiM MexaHH3M0M, nocpeßCTBOM KOTopo-
TO, H epeßOH, B KOTOPOH OTHOineHHe JIIOßeH K ycjiOBHHM HX
cymecTBOBaHHH (JiopMHpyeTCH h nepeacHBaeTCH b HHTepecax
Bcex.
V
Tenepb mbi mohccm BepnyrbCH k TeMe coimajincTHHecKoro ry-
MaHH3Ma, HTOÖBI OÖ'BHCHHTb TOT TeOpeTHHCCKHÜ pa3pbIB MCJKßy
334

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
HayHHbiM (con;MajiH3M) h H^eojiorHnecKHM (ryMamisM) TepMH-
hhmh, na kotopbih Mbi ynasajiH.
B cbohx OTHomeHHHx c cynjecTByioujHMH (JiopMaMH öypacy-
aanoro hjih xpncTHaHCKoro ryMaHH3Ma jihhhocth coijnajiHCTH-
necKHH ryMaHH3M jihhhocth pacKpbiBaer ceöa b KanecTBe H/je-
OJIOTHH KaK pa3 B TOH UZpe CJIO6, KOTOpaa fleJiaeT B03M07KH0H
□Ty Bcrpeny. 51 «zjajieK ot mbicjih, hto mbi HMeeM jjejio co BCTpe-
neü u;HHH3Ma h HanBHocTH. B tom cjiynae, c kotopbim mbi HMe-
eM ßejio, nrpa cjiob Bcer.ua yKasbiBaer Ha nenyio ucmopuuecKyio
peajibHocmb h b to ace BpeMH na nepencHBaeMyio flBycMbicjien-
hoctb, a Taicace Ha acejianne npeoflOJieTB ee. Kor^a MapKCHCTbi b
CBOHX OTHOineHHHX C OCTaJIBHBIM MHpOM ßCJiaiOT aKI^eHT Ha co-
ijnajiHCTHnecKOM ryMaHH3Me jihhhocth, ohh npocro npoaßjia-
iot cboio qojlio k npeo^ojieHHio ßHCTaHijHH, OTflejiHionjeH hx ot
HX BO3MOHCHBIX COIO3HHKOB, H Hpe^BOCXHIIjaiOT COÖblTHH, OCTHB-
jihh Ha aojiio öynymeii hctophh saöory o HanojineHHH CTapbix
CJIOB HOBBIM COßepacaHHeM.
Meac/iy TeM Baacno hmchho bto co^epacaHHe. IIocKOJiBKy, no-
btophm 3to eme pa3, TeMbi MapKCHCTCKoro ryMaHH3Ma He npea-
Ha3HaneHbi jjJia HcnojiB3OBaHHH dpyzuMu. MapKCHCTbi, koto-
pbie hx paBBHBaiOT, no HeoöxoßHMOCTH aejiaiOT bto b nepByio
onepe^B djm comux ceßn, h jihihb bo BTopyio onepe^b /jjih ßpy-
THX. Mbl 3HaeM, C neM CBH3aHbI 3TH HOBbie HBJieHHH: C HOBbIMH
yCJIOBHHMH, CJIO7KHBHIHMHCH B COBCTCKOM CoiO3e, C OKOHHaHH-
eM nepno.ua «unKTaiyphi npojieTapnaTa, c nepexojjOM k KOMMy-
HH3My.
Hmchho 3/iecb 3aKjnonaeTCH pemaiomHH momcht. H moh Bo-
npoc h öbi nocTaBHji TaKHM oöpasoM: ueMy b Cobctckom Coio-
3e cooTBeTCTByer ctojib innpoKoe pacnpocTpaneHne (coijnajin-
CTHnecKoro) ryMaHH3Ma jihhhocth? B «HeMeiJKOH H^eojiorHH»,
roßopa 06 H,nee nejioßeKa h o ryManH3Me, Mapnc 3aMenaeT, hto
H^ea nejiOBenecKoii npHpo^bi hjih cymnocrn nejiOBena cnpbi-
Baer b ceöe deoÜHoe ifeHHOcmnoe cyvcdeHue, CBa3aHHoe c no-
naTHHHOH napoii HejiOBenecKoe-HenejiOBenecKoe; oh nnrner:
«...„HeHCAoeeuecKoe<( — maKOÜ me npodyKm coepeMeHHbix om-
335

MAPKCH3M H rYMAHH3M
HOiueHuü, KaK u «uenoeeuecKoe»; omo — ux omput^amejibHOH
cmopona». Ilapa HejioßeHecKoe-HeHejiOBenecKoe ecTb cKpbiTbiii
npHHIJHH BCHKOTO iyMaHH3Ma, KOTOpblH, TaKHM oöpasoM, ecTb
jihihb cnocoß, KOTopbiM jHOßH nepenaiBaiOT-nepeHOCHT-paape-
niaiOT 3to npoTHBopenne. BypacyasHbin ryMaHH3M c^ejian ne-
jiOBeKa npHHi^HnoM bchkoh TeopHH. 3ra JiynesapHaa cynjHOCTb
6bma BH^HMbiM Tenn ßecnejiOBenHOCTH. CojjepacaHHe nejioBe-
necKOH cyiijHOCTH, 3toh Ha nepBbm B3rjum aßcojnoTHoii cynjHO-
cth, yKa3biBajio b dtoh saTeneHHOH oßjiacTH Ha CBoe B03Myrn-
TejibHoe npoHCxojK/jeHHe. HejiOBeK pasyMa h cbo6o/jbi oßjiHnaji
aroHCTHHecKoro h paaopsaHHoro nejioßeKa KanHTajiHCTHnecKO-
ro oßnjecTBa. Hmch b BH/jy flBe 4>opMbi napbi HejiOBenecKoe-He-
HejiOBenecKoe, mohcho CKaaaTb, hto 6ypncya3HH XVIII ctojicthh
nepejKHBajia cboh OTHOineHHH k cbohm ycjiOBHHM cymecTBOBa-
HHH b «jinßepajibHO-paijHOHajibHOH» (JjopMe, b to BpeMH KaK pa-
jjHKajibHbie HeMeijKHe HHTejiJieKTyanbi nepenaiBajiH hx b «kom-
MyHHTapnoH» (jjopMe; h KanmbiH pa3 oth OTHOineHHH nepeacH-
BanHCb kbk OTKa3, KaK TpeöoßaHHe h KaK nporpaMMa.
KaK nee oöctoht flejio c ceroßHHinHHM coijnajiHCTimecKHM ry-
MBHH3M0M? Oh TOHC6 — OTKB3 H OÖJIHHeHHe: OTKB3 OT JHOßOH
flHCKpHMHHaiJHH, 6y^b TO paCOBOH, IIOJIHTHHeCKOH, peJIHTHO3-
HOH HJIH HHOH. OtKB3 OT JHOßOH 3K0H0MHHeCK0H BKCHJiyaTaiJHH
H IIOJIHTHHeCKOH 3BBHCHMOCTH. OtKB3 OT BOHHbl. 3tOT 0TK83 —
He tojibko ropfloe npoBoarjiaineHHe noßejjbi, npH3biB h npHMep,
oöpanjeHHbie ko BHenmeMy MHpy, ko bccm TeM juo^hm, KOTopbie
OKHByr npn HMnepnajiH3Me h BbiHync^enbi TepneTb ero OKcnjiy-
araijHio h nopojK^aeMbie hm HHiijeTy, 3aBHCHMOCTb, jjhckphmh-
hbijhio h BoiiHbi: oh TaKMce h .Hance b nepßyio onepe^b oßpamen
k MHpy BHyrpeHHeMy, k caMOMy CoBercKOMy Coioay. B coijna-
JIHCTHHeCKOM FyMaHH3Me JIHHHOCTH CoBeTCKHH CoiO3 (|)HKCHpy-
er jjjih ceßn OKOHnaHHe nepHO.ua ^HKTarypbi npojieTapnaTa, ho
b to nee BpeMH OTBepraeT h ocync^aeT ero «3JioynoTpeßjieHHH»,
Te 3a6jiyac,neHHH h «npecTynjieHHH», KOTopbie 6mjih ^jih Hero
xapaKTepHbi b nepHO/i; «KyjibTa jihhhocth». B cbocm BHyTpen-
neM ynoTpeÖJieHHH coijHajiHCTHHecKHH ryMaHH3M 3aTparHBaeT
336

MAPKCH3M H fyMAHH3M
HCTopinecKyio peanbHOCTb oKOHnaHHH jjHKTaTypbi npojieTapn-
aTa h Tex «3JioynoTpeßjieHHH», KOTopbie ßbuin c neii CBH3aHbi
b CCCP. Oh 3aTparaBaeT «^Bofinyio» peajibHOCTb: ne tojibko
peajibHOCTb, npeo/jojieHHyio fijiaro^apa pasyMHOH HeoöxoduMO-
cmu pa3BHTHH npOHSBOflHTeJIbHBIX CHJI H COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKHX
npoH3BOj{CTBeHHbix OTHOineHHH (jjHKTaTypa npojieTapnaTa), —
ho h Ty peajibHOCTb, e npeodojieHuu Komopoü, HeoöxoduMoemu
He 6buio, 3Ty HOByio cßopMy «HepasyMHOZO cyiqecmeoeaHUSi
pasyMa», 3Ty nacTHijy HCTopHHecKoro «nepa3yMHH» h hctoph-
necKOH «ßecnejiOBeHHOCTH», KOTopbie neceT b ceße nponuioe
CCCP: Teppop, penpeccnn h jiorMaTH3M — to ecTb KaK pa3 Te
nocTynKH h npecTynjieHHa, npeoßOJieHHe KOTopbix eme othiojjb
ne 3aK0imeH0.
Ho KaK pa3 3to acejiaHHe 3acTaBJiaeT nac nepeiiTH ot tohh k
CBeTy, ot ßecnejiOBeHHoro k nejiOBenecKOMy. KoMMyHH3M, k ko-
TOpOMy CTpeMHTCH CoBeTCKHH CoiO3, — 3TO MHp ße3 3K0H0MH-
necKOH OKcnjiyaTaijHH, ße3 Hacnjina, ße3 j^HCKpHMHnai^HH, —
mhp, OTKpbiBaiomHH nepe,n; cobctckhmh juo/ihmh ßecKOHennoe
npocTpaHCTBO nporpecca, HayKH, KyjibTypbi, xjießa h cBoßoßbi,
CBOÖOJJHOrO pa3BHTHH, — MHp, KOTOpblH MO7K6T ßblTb MHpOM ße3
Teneü h apaM. HeM ace Tor.ua oßtHcnaeTCH to, hto aKijenT na-
Mepenno jjejiaeTca na uejioeeKe? HoneMy coseTCKHe jho/jh onjy-
maiOT noTpeßnocTb b udee HesioeeKa, t. e. b TaKoii n^ee cbmhx
ceßa, KOTopaa noMoeaem um txcumb e ceoeü ucmopuu? 3^ecb
TpyßHO H3ÖaBHTbCH OT MBICJIH 0 CymecTBOBaHHH CBH3H MeMCfly
HeoßxOßHMOCTBK) HOflrOTOBHTb H OCyiljeCTBHTb BaHCHyiO HCTOpH-
necKyio Myraijnio (nepexo/i k K0MMyHH3My, OKOHHaHHe ßHKTa-
Typbi npojieTapnaTa, OTMHpaHHe rocynjapcTBeHHoro annapara,
KOTopoe npeanojiaraeT cosnaHHe hobbix nojiHTimecKHx, bkoho-
MHHeCKHX H KyjIbTypHBIX 4)0pM OpraHH3aii;HH, COOTBeTCTByK)-
iijhx 3T0My nepexo^y) — h ucmopunecKUMu ycjioeußMu, b ko-
Topbix aojDKen npoH3oiiTH 3tot nepexofl. OneBH^HO, o^HaKO,
hto omu ycjioeuR roace necyT Ha ceße nenaTb nponuioro CCCP
h ero TpyflHOCTeä — ne tojibko nenaTb TpyßHOCTeii, oßasaHHbix
cbohm noHBjieHneM nepno/iy «Kyjibma ziuHHOcmu», ho u ßojiee
337

MAPKCH3M H rYMAHH3M
OTflajieHHbix TpyflHOCTen, CBH3aHHbix c «nocmpoeHueM coqua-
jiu3Ma e odHOÜ, omdesibHo eawnoü cmpane», ßojiee Toro, b crpa-
He, «OTCTaJIOH» B 3K0H0MHHeCK0M H KyjIbTypHOM OTHOIIieHHHX.
Cpe/jH 3thx «ycjiOBHH» npeac/je Bcero cjie/jyeT otmcthtb «Teo-
peTmecKHe» ycjiOBHH, ynacjie^OBaHHbie ot 3toto nponuioro.
Hmchho 3to HecooTBeTCTBue MeHCßy HCTopinecKHMH 3a^a-
HBMH H yCJIOBHHMH, B KOTOpblX HX npHXOflHTCH peinaTb, MO-
HceT 06'bHCHHTb (JjaKT oßpaiijeHHH k 3toh H/jeojiorHH. H b ca-
mom flejie, TeMbi coijnajiHCTHHecKoro ryMaHH3Ma yica3biBaiOT na
cynjecTBOBaHHe peanbHbix npoßjieM: 3to Hoebie HCTopunecKHe,
□KOHOMHHeCKHe, nOJIHTHHCCKHe H HJjeOJIOTHHeCKHe npoÖJieMbl,
KOTopbie crajiHHCKHH nepno/j ocraBHji b tchh, xoth oh hx h no-
poflHJi b npoijecce nocrpoeHHH coijnajiHSMa: npoßjieMbi 3koho-
mhhcckhx, nojiHTHHecKHx h KyjibTypnbix (J>opM opzaHuaai^uu,
COOTBeTCTByiOIIJHX ypOBHIO pa3BHTHH, /JOCTHTHyTOMy COIJHaJIH-
crnnecKHMH npoH3BO/jHTejibHbiMH chjibmh; npoßjieMbi HOBblX
4>opM uHdueudycuibHozo pa3eumuR b tom hobom HCTopnnecKOM
nepno/je, Korjja rocyjjapcTBO yace ne öepeT na ce6a OTBeTCTBeH-
hocth 3a cyzjböy Kaayjoro, Hcnojibsya npn otom HHCTpyMen-
Tbi npuHyzwdeHusi, ynpaBJieHHH hjih kohtpojih, — Korjja KaoK-
jjbiii nejioßeK oß'beKmueno cmoum neped ebiöopoM, m. e. neped
mpydnoü 3adaueü cbohmh chjibmh craTb TeM, kto oh ecTb. Te-
Mbi coijnajiHCTHHecKoro ryMaHH3Ma (cBOÖojjHoe pa3BHTHe hh-
JJHBHJja, yBBHCeHHe K COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKOH 3aKOHHOCTH, jjoctohh-
CTBO JIHHHOCTH H T. JJ.) — 3TO CHOCOÖ, KOTOpbIM COBeTCKHe JIIOJJH
h apyrne coijnajiHCTbi nepeo/cueatom CBoe OTHonieHHe k 3thm
npoßjieMaM, t. e. k ycjiOBHHM, b kotopbix ohh bctbiot. /Jobojib-
ho npHMenaTejibHbiM KaHceTCH tot 4)aKT, hto b ßojibniHHCTBe
crpan coijnajiHCTHHecKoii jjeMOKpaTHH h b Cobctckom Coiose b
nOJIHOM COOTBeTCTBHH C HeOÖXOJJHMOCTbK) HX pa3BHTHH npOÖJie-
Mbl nOJIHTHKH H MOpaJIH BblXOJJHT Ha nepBblH nJiaH, HTO 3THMH
npoßjieMaMH saHHTbi h sana^Hbie napTHH. Ho He Menee npn-
MenaTejibHO h yjjHBHTejibHO h to, hto nopoä, npnneM Bee naiije
h naiije, dth npoßjieMbi TeopeTHnecKH paccMaTpHBaiOTca c no-
Monjbio HOHHTHH, OTHOCHIIJHXCH K paHHOMy nepHOJjy pa3BHTHM
338

MAPKCH3M H rYMAHH3M
MapKca, HBJIHIOIIJHXCH COCTaBHOÄ HaCTbK) ero (|)HJIOCO(i)HH He-
jiOBeKa: hohhthh OTHyaqjeHHH, pacKOJia, (J)eTHinH3Ma, ijejiocr-
Horo nejioßeKa h t. jj. Menc^y TeM, paccMOTpeHHbie caMH no ce-
öe, bth npoßjieMbi no CBoefi cyrn hbjihiotch npoÖJieMaMH, ko-
Topbie othiojjb ne TpeöyiOT KaKOÖ-TO «4)hjioco4)hh HejiOBeKa»,
ho KacaiOTCH paspaßoTKH hobbix 4>opM opzaHU3ai^uu bkohomh-
H6CK0H, HOJIHTHHeCKOH H KyJIbTypHOH JKH3HH (BKJIIOHaH H HO-
Bbie (fcopMbl HH^HBHflyaJIbHOrO paBBHTHH) COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKHX
CTpan b nepno/j OTMupanun hjih npeojjojieHHH jjHKTaTypbi npo-
jieTapnaTa. IJoneMy nee Tor^a neKOTopbie Hjjeojiora ctbbht 3th
npoöJieMbi, Hcnojib3yn hohhthh KaKOH-TO (friuioco^uu uesioee-
Ka, — BMecTO Toro, htoöbi otkpbito, tohho h erporo craBHTb hx
C nOMOIIJblO OKOHOMHHeCKHX, HOJIHTHHeCKHX, H/jeOJIOTHHeCKHX
H T. JJ. TepMHHOB MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH? IIOHeMy MH0HC6CTB0
MapKCHCTCKHx 4)hjioco(|)ob onjynjaiOT, no-BHßHMOMy, noTpeö-
nocTb npHÖerarb k noMoqH H^eojiorinecKoro jjOMapKCHCTCKO-
ro HOHHTHH OmHy^deHUH JJJIH Toro, HTOÖBI, KaK HM KaaceTCH,
nOMbICJIHTb H «paspeniHTb» 3TH KOHKpeTHbie HCTOpHHeCKHe
npoöJieMbi?
BpHA JIH CTOHJIO 6bl npHBJieKaTb BHHMaHHe K BTOMy HßeOJIO-
rnnecKOMy HCKyineHHio, ecjin 6bi oho no-CBoeMy ne coaepncajio
b ceöe yKasaHHH Ha onpe^ejiOHnyio HeoöxoßHMOCTb, KOTopaa,
TeM ne Menee, ne mohcct saiijHTHTb ceßn ccbdikoh na jjpyrne,
Bnojine oöocHOBaHHbie (J)opMbi neoßxoÄHMOCTH. Kohchho, kom-
MynncTbi HecoMHenno npaßbi, Kor/ja npoTHBonocTasjiniOT sko-
HOMimecKyio, coijHajibHyio, nojiHTimecKyio h KyjibTypnyio pe-
ajibHocmb coijHajiH3Ma «ßecnejiOBeHHOCTH» HMnepnajiH3Ma KaK
ijejioro; HecoMHeHHO h to, hto otot KOHTpacr hbjihctch cocraß-
HOH HaCTblO KOH(|)pOHTaiJHH H ÖOpbßbl COIJHaJIH3Ma h HMnepHa-
jiH3Ma. H tom ne Menee ctojib nee onacnbiM öbijio öbi, ne npoßo-
jjh pa3JiHneHHH h ne jjejian oroBopoK, TaK, cjiobho bto TeopeTH-
necKoe noHHTHe, Hcnojib3OBaTb TaKoe HjjeojiorHnecKoe noHHTHe,
KaK ryMaHH3M, C KOTopbiM, HTO ÖBI Mbl C HHM HH JjeJiaJIH, CBH3H-
hbi accoijnaijHH mjeojlorHHecKoro 6ecco3HaTejibHoro h Koropoe
339

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
c jierKOCTbio CMBiKaeTCH c tcmhmh MejiKOÖypncya3Horo nponc-
XO^eHHH (KaK H3B6CTH0, MCJIKaH ÖypHCya3HH, KOTOpofi JleHHH
npejjCKaabiBaji npeKpacnyio öyaynjHOCTb, eqe othkxhb ne öbDia
noxopoHena HcTopHeii).
H TeM caMbiM Mbi no^xo^HM k öojiee rjiyöoKOH npHHHHe, na-
3BaTb KOTopyio ßOBOJibHO TpyzjHO. 3ra onopa na H^eojiorHio b
onpe/jejieHHbix rpannijax mohcct öbitb noHHTa h KaK apsaij ono-
pbi na Teopnio. 3^ecb mbi bhobb erajiKHBaeMCH c ceroflHaniHH-
mh meopemunecKUMU ycjioeiuiMU, ocTaßjieHHbiMH MapKCH3My
b HaejießCTBO ero nponuibiM — He tojibko jjorMaTHSMOM cra-
jiHHCKoro nepHO.ua, ho h jjaBHHM Hacjie/jHeM HyzjOBHiijHbix on-
nopTyHHCTHHecKHx HHTepnperaijHH anoxH Broporo HHTepna-
IJHOHaJia, C KOTOpbIMH JleHHH ÖopOJICH BCIO CBOIO 3KH3HB, HO KO-
Topbie TOHce eme ne 6bijih noxoponeHbi HCTopnen. 3th ycjiOBHH
ÖBDIH TJDKKHMH OKOBBMH flJIH pa3BHTHH MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH,
öe3 KOToporo ona Hecnocoöna paspaöoraTb hmchho Te hohhthh,
KOTopbix TpeöyiOT HOBbie npoöJieMBi: hohhthh, KOTopbie no3BO-
jihjih öbi eü ceroßHH nocTaBHTb oth npoöJieMbi b naynnbix, a
ne HjjeojiorHHecKHx TepMHHax; KOTopbie ho3bojihjih öbi eii na-
3BaTb BenjH cbohmh hmchbmh, t. e. cooTBeTCTByiomHMH MapK-
CHCTCKHMH HOHHTHHMH, BMCCTO TOTO HTOÖBI 0Ö03HaHaTB HX, KaK
3to narne Bcero cjiynaeTCH, hohhthhmh H^eojiorHnecKHMH (ot-
HyacßeHHe) hjih ace hohhthhmh, Booönje JiHinennbiMH onpe^e-
jieHHoro CTaTyca.
TaK, ^OCTOHH COHCaJieHHH TOT 4>aKT, HTO noHHTHe, KOTOpbIM
KOMMyHHCTBI OÖO3HaHaiOT BaOKHBIH HCTOpHHeCKHH (jjeHOMCH
hctophh CCCP h paöonero abhhc6hhh: noHHTHe «KyjibTa jihh-
hocth», ecjin CHHTaTB ero TeopeTHnecKHM hohhth6m, npocro
H6B03M0HCH0 HHHTH H KJiaCCHtjjHIJHpOBaTb B paMKBX MapKCHCT-
CKOH TeopHH; pasyMeeTCH, c ero noMonjbio mohcho onncaTb h
ocynHTb onpeaejieHHbiH cthjib noBeaeHHH, h noaTOMy oho mo-
HceT oöJia^aTb jjbohhoh npaKTHHecKoii ijeHHOCTbio, ho hhckojib-
KO MHe H3B6CTH0, MapKC HHKOTfla He CHHTHJI, HTO CTHJIB HO-
jiHTHHecKoro noBeaeHHH mohcct öbitb npHMO yno/ioÖJieH hcto-
pHnecKOH Kame2opuu, t. e. hohhthio TeopHH HCTopHHecKoro
340

MAPKCH3M H FYMAHH3M
MaTepnajiH3Ma: nocKOJibKy ecjin oh h oöo3HanaeT nexyio pe-
ajibHOCTb, to oh Bee ace ne hejihctch ee noHHTHeM. Mencay tcm
Bee, hto öbijio CKaaano o «KyjibTe jihhhocth», KacaeTcn oÖJiacrH
HadcmpoÜKU, t. e. rocyaapcTBeHHOH opraHH3aijHH h H/jeojio-
thö; öojiee toto, KacaeTca b oönjeM h ijejiOM mojibKO amoü 06-
Jiacmu, O KOTOPOH Mbl H3 MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH 3HaeM, HTO ona
oßjia^aeT «othochtcjibhoh aBTOHOMHefi» (a 3to oöbHCHHeT, b
TeopHH, HTO COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKHH ÖC13UC B OCHOBHblX HepTBX MOT
ßecnpenflTCTBeHHO pa3BHBaTBCH b TeneHHe Bcero ototo nepno-
/ja aaßjiyameHHH, KacaBinnxcH HadcmpoÜKu). IJoneMy nee cyme-
CTByionjue, H3BecTHbie h npH3naHHbie MapKCHCTCKHe hohhthh
ne öbdih npHBjieneHbi jjjih toto, htoöbi noMbicjiHTb otot cJjeHO-
Men, KOTopbiii na aejie öbiji onncan kbk cthjib nosejieHHH h co-
OTHecen c «ncHxojiorHeH» oßHoro nejiOBeKa, t. e. npocTO onn-
caH, a ne noMbicjien? H ecjin «hchxojiothh» o/jHoro nejiOBeKa
CMorjia CTaTb (J)aKTopoM, HrpaionjHM ucmopuuecKyio pojib, to
noneMy 6bi ne nocTaBHTb b mbpkchctckhx TepMHHax Bonpoc 06
HCTOpHHeCKHX yCJIOBHHX BO3MO3KHOCTH 3TOTO MHHMOTO BOCXOMC-
JjeHHH «HCHXOJIOTHH» JJO CTHTyCB H H3MepeHHH HCTOpnneCKOrO
(JjaKTa? IIpHHijHnbi MapKCH3Ma co/jepncaT b ceöe cpe^CTBa, ne-
oöxoßHMbie jjjih toto, htoöbi nocTaBHTb 3Ty npoÖJieMy B Teope-
THHeCKHX TepMHHax H T6M CaMbiM npOHCHHTb ee H nOflTOTOBHTb
k paapemeHHio.
To, HTO H BblÖpaJI HMeHHO 3TH ßBa npHMepa — noHHTHe OT-
Hyac/jeHHH h noHHTHe «KyjibTa jihhhocth», — öbijio othio^b ne
cjiynaHHbiM. IIocKOJibKy oöi>eKTOM hohhthh coijnajiHCTHHecKO-
ro ryMaHH3Ma (b ocoöeHHOCTH npoÖJieM npaßa h jihhhocth) mo-
3*ce HBJIHIOTCH npoÖJieMBI, OTHOCHIIJHeCH K OÖJiaCTH Ha^CTpoilKH:
rocy^apcTBeHHaH opraHH3aixHH, nojiHTHnecKan jkhshb, Mopajib,
H/jeOJIOTHH H T. Ä. H TpyiJHO OTKa3HTbCH OT MBICJIH, HTO OHO-
pa Ha H/jeojiorHio h 3^ecb — caMbiii kopotkhh nyTb, apsaij He-
y^OBJieTBopHTejibHOH TeopHH. HeynoBJieTBopHTejibHoii, ho He-
HBHO npHCyTCTByiOIIjeH H BO3MOHCHOH. B 3TOM TOTßa H 3aKJIK)Ha-
eTCH pojib 3T0T0 HCKyHieHHH H/jeOJIOTHeH: H3ÖaBHTBCH OT 3TOTO
OTCyTCTBHH, 3TOTO OTCTaBHHHH, 3T0H ßHCTaHIJHH, He npH3Ha-
341

MAPKCH3M H fyMAHH3M
Ban hx otkpbito h npeßpanjaa, KaK roßopna 3nrejibc, cboio no-
TpeÖHOCTb h CBoe neTepneHHe b TeopeTHnecKHH apryMeHT, t. e.
npHHHMaa noTpeÖHoerb b TeopHH 3a caMy Teopnio. 0hjioco4>-
CKHH ryMaHH3M, yrpoacaiOmHH HaM H CCbLJiaiOIIJHHCa B CBOIO 3a-
njHTy Ha ßecnpeijeAeHTHbie ßocTnacenna caMoro coijHajiH3Ma,
h ecTb to flonojineHHe, KoTopoe jjaeT hckotopbim mbpkchct-
ckhm imeojioraM oiqyiqeHue TeopHH, KOTopaa y hhx OTcyrcTBy-
eT: on^meHHe, KoTopoe ne MoaceT saMeHHTb coöoh tot caMbiii
i^eHHbiH jjap, KOTopbiM mbi oßasaHbi MapKcy: BO3MoacHOCTb Ha-
ynnoro no3HaHHH.
H noaTOMy ecjin coijHajiHCTHHecKHH ryMaHH3M ctoht na no-
BeCTKe ßHH, TO BeCKHe OCHOBaHHH, KOTopbie 3Ta HßeOJIOrHfl
MoaceT npHBecTH b cboio nojib3y, hh b KoeM cjiynae ne Moryr
cjiyacHTb 3ajioroM ocHOBäHHHM, jiHineHHbiM BCHKoro Beca; B
npoTHBHOM ace cjiyaae mbi HensöeacHO craneM CMeniHBaTb H/je-
OJIOTHK) C HayHHOH TeopHCH.
0hjioco4>ckhh aHTHryMaHH3M MapKca ^eficTBHTejibHO aaeT
nOHHMaHHe HeOÖXOßHMOCTH CymeCTByKJIIJHX H^eOJIOTHH, BKJHO-
naa h caM ryMaHH3M. Ho b to ace BpeMa oh, KaK KpHTHnecKaa
h peBOJiioijHOHHaa Teopna, jjaeT nOHHMaHHe tbkthkh, KOTo-
pyio mbi MoaceM npHHaTb no OTHomeHHio k hhm, 6ynb to tbk-
THKa nojwepacKH, tbkthkb npeoöpaaoßaHHa hjih tbkthkb 6opb-
6bl. MapKCHCTbl 3HaiOT, HTO HeBO3MOaCHa HH TaKTHKa, KOTopaa
ne onnpaeTca na CTpaTernio, hh CTpaTerna, KOTopaa ne onnpa-
eTca na Teopnio.
OKirmöpb 1963 z.

/JOirOJIHHTEJIbHblE 3AMEHAHHH
O «PEAJIbHOM rYMAHH3ME»



Bcero hcckojibko cjiob o BbipaaceHHH «peajibHbifi ryMannsM»1.
CneijHC^HHecKoe OTjumne 3aKJiionaeTCH b npHJiaraTejibHOM
pecuibHbiü. PeajibHbifi ryMaHH3M ceMaHTHnecKH onpe^ejineT ce-
6h nepe3 onno3HijHio nepeajibHOMy, H^eajibHOMy (mjeajiHCTH-
necKOMy), aöcrpaKTHOMy, cneKyjiHTUBHOMy h t. a. ryMaHH3My.
Hobbih peajibHbifi ryMaHH3M o^HOBpeMeHHO h ccbDiaeTCH na
□tot npHBjieKaeMbifi b KanecTBe ucxoöhozo nyHKra ryMaHH3M,
h OTBepraeT ero H3-3a ero aöerpaKTHOCTH, HepeajibHOc™ h t. ß.
TeM caMbiM npencHHH ryMaHH3M ocyacaaeTCH hobmm KaK a6-
CTpaKTHblH H HJIJIIO3OpHblfi iyMaHH3M. ErO HJIJIIO3OpHOCTb 3a-
KJuonaeTCH b tom, hto oh erpeMHTCH k nepeajibHOMy oö^eKiy,
HMeeT b KanecTBe coaepncaHHH oö^eKT, He hsjihioh^hhch peajib-
HbiM.
PeajibHbifi ryMaHH3M npe/jCTaBjiHeT ceön KaK ryMannsM, ko-
Topbifi b KanecTBe CBoero cojjepHcaHHH HMeeT ne aöcrpaKTHbifi
h cneicyjiHTHBHbifi oö^eKT, ho oö'beKT peajibHbifi.
TeM ne Menee bto onpe/jejieHHe ocTaeTCH HeraTHBHbiM: oho
ßOCTaTOHHO flJIH TOTO, HTOÖbl Bbipa3HTb 0TK33 OT Onpe/jeJieHHO-
ro co/jepHcaHHH, ho oho eme He pacKpbiBaer CBoero hoboto co-
aepacaHHH. CoflepncaHHe, naMeneHHoe peajibHbiM ryMaHH3M0M,
HaXOßHTCH He B HOHHTHHX iyMaHH3Ma H «peaJIbHOTO» KaK TaKO-
BblX, HO BHe 3THX HOHHTHH. IIpHJiaraTeJIbHOe «peajibHbifi» HB-
jineTCH yKaaamejibHbiMi oho yKa3biBaeT na to, hto ecjin kto-
to HcejiaeT nafiTH cojjepacaHHe ototo hoboto ryMaHH3Ma, to ero
cjieflyeT HCKaTb 6 pea/ibHOcmu: b oönjecTBe, rocynapcTBe h t. ß.
TaKHM o6pa3OM, noHHTHe peajibHoro ryMaHH3Ma npHMbiKaeT k
noHHTHio ryMaHH3Ma, cjiyacanjeMy eMy b KanecTBe TeopeTime-
1 IIoHHTHe «peajibHoro ryMaHH3Ma» cjiyacHT ochoboh apryMeHTaijHH b cra-
Tbe X. CeMnpyna, onyÖJiHKOBaHHoii b N» 58 acypnajia Clarte (cm. Nou veile Cri-
tique, X2164, MapT 1965 r.). 3to hohathc öbDio saHMCTBOBano H3 paöoT mojio-
ßoro Mapnca.
345

«HOnOJIHHTEJIbHBIE 3AMEHAHHH O «PEAJIBHOM rYMAHH3ME»
ckoh ccbijikh, ho oho npoTHBonocTaBJiaeT ceöa eMy, OTBepraa
ero aßcTpaKTHMH o6i>eKT — h npHHHMaa KOHKpeTHBifi, peajib-
hbih o6i>eKT. Cjiobo peasibHbiü nrpaeT jjBOHHyio pojib. Oho bbi-
HBJiaeT b npeacneM ryMaHH3Me ero H^eajiH3M h ero aßcrpaKT-
HOCTB (HeraTHBHaH (jjyHKLJHH HOHHTHH peajibHOCTH); H B TO MC6
BpeMH oho oßosnanaeT Ty eneuiHioio peajibHOcmb (BneniHioio
jjjih npeHCHero ryMaHH3Ma), b KOTopoä hobbih ryMaHH3M Hafi-
jjeT CBoe co^epacaHHe (no3HTHBHaa 4>yHKijHH hohhthh peajiB-
hocth). Meaqjy tom 3Ta no3HTHBHaa (JjyHKijHH cjiobh «peajiB-
HBIH» He HBJIHeTCH H03HTHBH0H (jjyHKIJHeH nO3HCLHUSl, OHH HB-
JIHeTCH H03HTHBH0H (JjyHKIJHeH npaKlTlUHeCKOZO yKCttaHUH.
JteäcTBHTejibHO, KaKOBa Ta «peajibHOCTb», KOTopaa /jojdk-
Ha npeoßpasoBaTB npeaoiHH ryMaHH3M b peajiBHBiii ryMaHH3M?
3to oönjecTBO. niecToii Te3HC o 0eiiep6axe yrBepaqjaeT jja-
ace, hto HeaßcTpaKTHBiÄ «uejioeeK» ecTB «coeoKynnocmb oöiqe-
cmeeHHbix omHOiuenuu». Ho ecjin hohhmbtb bto BBipaaceHne
ßyKBajiBHO, KaK a^eKBarnoe onpe/jejieHHe, to oho oKasBiBaerca
coeepiueHHO öeccodepmamejibHbiM. JJoctbtohho jihihb nonBi-
TaTBCH «naTB eMy SyKBajiBHoe pa3BHCHeHHe, hto6bi yßejjHTBCH b
TOM, HTO H3 3T0T0 HHH6T0 He HOJiyHHTCH, 6CJIH TOJIBKO He npHÖe-
raTB k noMonjH napacjjpaa Bpo/je: «ecjin mbi xothm ysnaTB, Ka-
KOBa Ta peajiBHOCTB, KOTopaa xoth h ne cooTBeTCTByer a^eK-
BHTHO nOHHTHK) HeJIOBeKB HJIH TyMaHH3Ma, HO HenpHMO Hrpa-
er Hercyio pojib b othx noHHTHHx, to bto ne neKaa aßcTpaKTHaa
CymHOCTB, HO COBOKyHHOCTB OÖmeCTBeHHBIX OTHOineHHH». 3tot
napa(jjpa3 tothbc ace bbihbjih6t Hecoomeemcmeue Meacay no-
HHTHeM nejioßeKa h ero onpeaejieHHeM: coBOKynnocTBio oßnje-
CTBeHHBIX OTHOineHHH. HeCOMHOHHO, MeHCfly 3THMH flByMH Tep-
mhhbmh (nejiOBeK/coBOKynnocTB oßnjecTBeHHBix OTHOineHHH)
cynjecTByeT neKoe OTHOineHHe, ho oho ne npoHHTBiBaeTca b
onpeaejienHH, omo He omnouieHue onpede/ieHun, He omHOiue-
HUe3HaHUR.
TeM ne Menee bto necooTBeTCTBHe h bto OTHOineHHe oßjia-
flaiOT neKHM cmbicjiom: cmbicjiom npaKmunecKUM. 3to HBHoe
necooTBeTCTBHe o6o3HanaeT neKoe deücmeue, Komopoe Heoö-
346

JJOHOJIHHTEJIbHblE 3AMEHAHHH O «PEAJIbHOM ryMAHH3ME»
xoduMo coeeptuumb, neKoe cMeiyenue, KOTopoe HeoöxoßHMO
npo/jejiaTb. Oho shhhht, hto jjjih toto, htoöbi hhhth h bohth b
conpuKOCHOBeHne c peajibHOCTbio, Ha KOTopyio HaMeKaiOT, ot-
npaßjiHHCb na hohckh He aöcrpaKTHoro, ho peantHoro nejiOBe-
Ka, cjie,nyeT nepeümu k oßu^ecmey h saHHTBCH anajiH3OM cobo-
KynnocTH oßnjecTBeHHbix OTHonieHHH. 51 6li CKa3an, hto b bbi-
pajKeHHH peajibHbiH ryMaHH3M noHHTHe «peajibHbiH» hejihctch
npaKTHHeCKHM noHHTHeM, 3KBHBaneHTOM CUZHOJia, ßOpOHCHOrO
3HaKa, kotopbih «yKa3bißaeT», KaKoe jjBHEceHHe cjieayeT coßep-
niHTb h b KaKOM HanpaßjieHHH, ao KaKoro MecTa cjie/jyeT nepe-
MecmumbCH «zjjih toto, htoöbi OKasaTbca He na neöecax aöcrpaK-
ijhh, ho na peajiBHOH 3eMJie. «PeajibHoe boh tbm!» Mbi cjie^yeM
yKasaHuio h npnxoAHM k oönjecTBy, oönjecTBeHHBiM oTHonie-
HHHM H K HX yCJIOBHHM peaJIBHOH BO3MO3KHOCTH.
Ho HMenno Tor.ua pacKpBißaeTca CKaHßajiBHBiH napa^OKc:
KaK tojibko sto nepeMenjeHHe peajiBHO ocymecTBJiaeTCH, KaK
tojibko mbi npe/jnpHHHMaeM HayHHbiH anajiH3 3Toro peajiBHoro
oÖBeKTa, mbi oönapyHCHBaeM, hto no3HaHHe KOHKpeTHbix (pe-
ajiBHBix) jiio^eH, t. e. nosnaHHe coBOKynnocTH oömecTBeHHBix
OTHonieHHH, BO3MO3KHO JIHHIB npH yCJIOBHH HOJIHOrO OTKasa OT
meopemuHecKux ycjiyz^ npeaocTaBjiaeMBix noHHTHeM nejiose-
Ka (b toh Mepe, b kbkoh oho Booöiije cynjecTBOBajio kbk Teo-
peTHnecKoe noHHTHe ^o 3Toro nepeMenjeHHa). fleHCTBHTejiBHO,
sto noHHTHe npejjCTaBJiHeTCH HaM coßepineHHO öecnojie3HBiM
C HayHHOH TOHKH 3peHHH, H He HOTOMy, HTO OHO HBJIHeTCH HÖ-
CTpaKTHBIM, HO HOTOMy, HTO OHO H6 HBJIHeTCH HayHHBIM. ^JIH
TOTO HTOÖBI HOMBICJIHTB peHJIBHOCTB OÖlIjeCTBa, COBOKyHHOCTH
OÖmeCTBeHHBIX OTHonieHHH, MBI flOJDKHBI OCyiljeCTBHTB pa^H-
KajiBHoe nepeMemeHue, ne tojibko nepeMemenne c ojjHoro Me-
cra na apyroe (ot aöcTpaKTHoro k KOHKpeTHOMy), ho h KOHijen-
TyajiBHoe nepeMenjenne (mbi H3MenneM ocnoBonojiaraioiijHe
hohhthh!). CyMMa hohhthh, c noMonjbio kotopbix MapKC mbic-
JIHT Ty peajibHOCTb, K KOTOPOH OTCbDiaJI peajibHbiH ryMaHH3M,
yace Booöiije ne coaepacHT b ceöe b KanecTBe meopemunecKux
HOHHTHH HOHHTHH HeJIOBeKH HJIH ryMHHH3Ma; BM6CT0 HHX HO-
347

ßOnOJIHHTEJIbHblE 3AMEHAHHH O «PEAJIbHOM ryMAHH3ME»
hbjihiotch coBepmeHHO HOBbie hohhthh, hohhthh cnocoßa npo-
H3BOßCTBa, npOH3BOßHT6JIBHBIX CHJI, HpOH3BOßCTBeHHBIX OTHO-
HieHHH, HHflCTpOHKH, HßeOJIOTHH H T. ß. B 3T0M H 3aKJIIOHaeTCH
napaßOKc: npaKTHnecKoe noHHTHe, KOTopoe yaasajio naM Mecro
nepeMenjeHMH, ncnesjio b chmom nepeMenjeHHH, noHHTHe, ko-
Topoe yKasajio naM mccto HccjießOBaHHH, oTcyTCTByeT b cbmom
HCCJie/JOBaHHH.
3to cjjeHOMen, xapaicrepHbiH ßjin Tex nepexodoe-paapbieoe,
KOTopbie KOHCTHTynpyioT B03HHKH0BeHHe hoboh npoßjieMa-
thkh. B onpeaejieHHbie nepnoßBi hctophh Hßeii mbi 3aMenaeM
noflBjieHHe tbkhx npaKmuuecKux noHStrnuü, cymecTBeHHtiM
cbohctbom KOTopbix hbjihotch eHympeHHsm Heycmounueocmb.
C oflHOÄ cropoHbi, ohh npHHaßjieacaT npeacneMy HßeojiorHHe-
CKOMy yHHBepcyMy, cjiyacanjeMy hm b KanecTBe «TeopeTHne-
CKOH» HCXOßHOH TOHKH (iyMaHH3M); HO C ßpyTOH — OHH OTHO-
chtch k hoboh oßjiacTH, yKasBißaa na nepeMeiqeHue, KOTopoe
HyncHO coBepniHTb jjjih Toro, htoöbi b Hee bohth. Bjiarojja-
pn CBoefi nepBofi cropoHe ohh coxpaHHiOT neKHH «TeopeTHne-
CKHH» CMBICJI (tot, KOTOpBIH OHH HMeiOT B CB06M HCXOßHOM yHH-
BepcyMe); ho c apyroii ctopohbi, ohh hmoiot Bcero jihhib cmbicji
npaKinuHecKOzo cnrnajia, yKa3BiBaiomero HeKoe nanpaBJieHHe
h Hexoe MecTO, ho ne jjaioinero hx ajjeKBaTHoe noHHTHe. Mbi
Bee eine oeraeMCH b oßjiacTH npeacneH HßeojiorHH; mbi npnßjiH-
acaeMca k ee rpaHHije, h ßopojKHBiii 3hbk yKa3BiBaeT hbm Ha to,
hto naxoßHTCH 3a ee npeßejiaMH, yKa3BißaeT HanpaßjieHHe h
MecTO. «üepeceKHTe rpannuy h npoßBHraÜTecB b nanpaBjieHHH
oöiijecTBa, tbm bbi HaiißeTe peajiBHoe». 3hbk Bee eme ocTaeTca
na TeppHTopHH HßeojiorHnecKOH oßjiacTH, ezo meKcm cocmae-
jien Ha ee H3biKe, ßaace ecjin oh co^epacHT «hobbio» cjiobb, caM
OTKa3 ot HßeojiorHH HanHcaH na HßeojiorimecKOM H3BiKe, KaK
3to nopa3HTejiBHBiM oßpasoM ßeMOHCTpnpyeT npHMep <J>enep-
6axa: «KOHKpeTHOe», «peanBHoe» — tbkobbi HMena, KoropBie b
HßeojiorHH hocht caMa ohhoshijhh HßeojiorHH.
Bbi MOJKere ßo ßecKOHennocTH ocraßaTBCH Ha norpaHHH-
348

ßOHOJIHHTEJIbHblE 3AMEHAHHH O «PEAJIbHOM r¥MAHH3ME»
hoh jihhhh, ne nepecTaßan hobtophtb: KOHKpeTHoe! KOHKpeT-
Hoe! peajibnoe! peajibnoe! Hmchho oto h jjejiaeT 0eäep6ax, ko-
Topbifi, BnponeM, Toace roBopHJi 06 oßmecTBe h rocynapcTBe
h ßecnpecTaHHO paccync^aji o peajibHOM nejiOBeice, o nejiOBe-
Ke, HMeionjeM noTpeönocTH, o kohkpcthom nejioßeKe, kotopbih
ecTb He hto HHoe, KaK coBOKynnocTb cbohx paaBHTbix nejioße-
necKHx noTpeÖHOCTeii, o hojihthkc h o npoMbinuieHHOCTH. Bee
OrpaHHHHBaJIOCb CJIOBBMH, KOTopbie B CBMOH CB06H KOHKpeTHO-
CTH jjaBajiH eMy oöpas nejioßeKa, k ocyu^ecmejienuio KOToporo
oh npH3biBa;i (0eiiep6ax Tonce roBopnji, hto peajibHbiÄ nejio-
BeK — 3to oßiijecTBO, .naBaa onpe/jejieHHe, KoTopoe Ha dinom
pa3 6buio adeKeamHo CBoeMy hohhthio, nocKOJibKy oßnjecTBO
HHKOr.ua, HH B OßHOM H3 CBOHX HCTOpHHCCKHX MOMCHTOB, He 6bl-
jio juih nero neM-TO hhbim, KpoMe nporpeccHBHoro npoHBJieHHH
HejioeenecKOÜ cyiyuocmu).
Ho Bbi MoaceTe h nepecenb 3Ty rpaHHny h npoHHKHyrb b 06-
jiacTb peajibHOCTH, htoöbi hphhhtbch 3a ee «cepbe3Hoe H3yne-
Hne», kbk roßopHT MapKC b «HeMeijKOH HßeojiOTHH». H Torjja
cnrnaji Cbirpaji cboio npaKTHnecicyio pojib. Oh oerajiCH b npeac-
Hefi oßjiacTH, b oßjiacTH, noKUHymoü b CHJiy caMoro 4>aKTa ne-
peMetqeHUH. Tenepb bm ocTajincb nae^HHe c BaniHM peajibHbiM
oßbeKTOM, h bbi BbinyoKAenbi co3^asaTb HeoöxoßHMbie h a^eK-
BaTHbie hohhthh, jjjih Toro HToßbi ero hombicjihtb, BbinyMCfle-
Hbl npH3HaTb, HTO npeHCHHe HOHHTHH H B OCOÖeHHOCTH nOHH-
rae peajibHoro nejioßeKa hjih peajibHoro ryMaHH3Ma ne no3BO-
jihiot BaM noMbicjiumb HejioeeuecKyio pea/ibHOcmb, hto ^jih
TOTO, HTOÖBI npHÖJIH3HTbCH K BTOMy HenOCpe^CTBCHHOMy, KOTO-
poe B fleHCTBHTeJIBHOCTH C0BC6M ne HenOCpeflCTBCHHO, neoßxo-
flHMO, KaK h Bcer^a, Kor^a aejio H/ieT o no3HaHHH, coBepniHTb
AOjithh oöxojjhoh MaHeBp. Bbi OTKasajiHCb ot npencHeii OÖJia-
CTH, OT npeHCHHX HOHHTHH. Tenepb Bbi HaXOßHTeCb B HOBOH 06-
jiacTH, snanne o KOTopoii bbm aaiOT HOBbie hohhthh. 3to 3naK
TOTO, HTO fleHCTBHTeJIBHO 6bDI0 H3M6HCH0 M6CT0, npOÖJieMaTH-
Ka h hto naHHHaeTCH HOBoe npHKJiiOHeHHe: npHKJHoneHHe pa3-
BHBaion^eHCH nayKH.
349

JJOnOJIHHTEJIBHBIE 3AMEHAHHH O «PEAJIbHOM ryMAHH3ME»
Ho passe mbi oßpeneHbi noBTopaTb o^hh h tot ace onbiT? Pe-
ajibHbiH ryMHHH3M cerojjna MoaceT 6bitb jiosynroM OTicasa h
nporpaMMbi, t. e. b jiynineM cjiynae npaKmunecKUM CHrnajiOM,
0TKB30M OT aÖCTpaKTHOTO «iyMaHH3Ma», KOTOpblH cynjecTBOBaji
jihihb na cjiOBax, a He b peajibHOCTH oßnjecTBeHHbix ycTanoB-
jieHHH, — h yxaaaHHeM Ha to, hto jieacHT 3a npe^eaoM, na ne-
Kyio peajibHOCTb, KOTopaa Bee enje 3a npe/jejioM, KOTopaa eme
He ocyi^ecmejieHa b «zjeHCTBHTeabHOCTH, ho cynjecTByeT jihihb
khk najjeac/ja, MoaceT 6bitb nporpaMMofi cTpeMaeHHH, KOTopbie
xotbt BonjioTHTb b acH3Hb. H hto rjiyßoKHH OTKa3 h Heno/jzjejib-
Hoe acejiaHHe, hto HeTepnejiHBoe crpeMJieHHe cnpaBHTbca co
Bee enje ne npeo/jojieHHbiMH npenaTCTBHaMH no-CBoeMy bjih-
aiOT Ha co/jepacaHHe ototo nonaTHa peajibHoro-ryMaHH3Ma, —
Bee 3to coßepineHHO acno. HecoMHenno h to, hto b Kaac/jyio
HcropHHecicyio anoxy jiiojjh Ha cbocm onbrre jjojiacHbi ysnaBaTb
HCTHHy, h coßceM ne cjiynaHHO neKOTopbie bhobb H/jyr no TOMy
ace «ny™», kotopbih BbiönpajiH hx npe/jKH h CTapmne ßpaTba.
H ecjin KOMMyHHCTbi npHHHMaiOT Bcepbea peajibHbiH cmbicji
ototo acejianna, Te peajibHOCTH, yKaaanneM na KOTopbie aßjia-
eTca oto npaKTHnecKoe noHarae, to na 3to, ßeaycjiOBHO, HeBO3-
MOaCHO HTO-TO BO3pa3HTb. KaK H Ha TO, HTO KOMMyHHCTbi KaK
6bi jiaBHpyiOT Meac/jy Bee enje HeyBepeHHbiMH, HeoTHeTJiHBbi-
mh h HjjeojiorHHecKHMH (JjopMaMH, b KOTopbix BbipaacaeTca HJIH
oto acejiaHHe, hjih hobbih ohbit, — h hx coöcTBeHHbiMH Teope-
THHeCKHMH nOHaTHBMH, HTO OHH, KOT/ja HeOÖXOJJHMOCTb B 3T0M
aßcojnoTHO jjoKaaana, coa/jaiOT HOBbie TeopeTHnecKHe nonaTHa,
ajjeKBaTHbie pajjHKajibHbiM npeo6pa3OBaHHaM npaKTHKH Haine-
ro BpeMeHH.
Ho mbi ne jjojiacHbi 3a6biBaTb, hto rpannija, OT/jejiaioiijaa
HjjeojiorHio ot HayHHoii TeopHH, 6bDia nepecenena MapKCOM
yace 120 JieT nasajj; hto 3to BejiHKoe npe/jnpHaTHe h 3to Be-
jiHKoe OTKpbiTHe co/jepacaTca b Tpyjjax h BnncaHbi b nonaTHH-
nyio CHcreMy toto 3HaHHa, acJxjjeKTbi KOToporo nocTenenno H3-
M6HHJIH OÖJIHK MHpa H 6T0 HCTOpHIO. Mbl He JJOJiaCHBI, MBI He
MoaceM hh Ha MTHOBenne OTKaaaTbca ot toto, hto jjaeT naM oto
350

flOIIOJIHHTEJIbHblE 3AMEHAHHB O «PEAJIbHOM ryMAHH3ME»
nesaMeHMMoe npnoöpeTeHHe, ot ero TeopeTHHecKHx pecypcoß,
npeBOCXOJJHIIJHX CBOHM ÖOTHTCTBOM h BO3MOHCHOCTHMH aaace TO,
nero ohh iio3bojihjih aocthhb Ha cero/jHHiiiHHH flenb. Mbi He
JJOJIHCHbl 3a6bIBaTb, HTO nOHHMHHHe Toro, HTO npOHCXOßHT ce-
rojjHH b MHpe, KaK h nojiHTHnecKoe h HßeojiorHnecKoe jiaBH-
poßaHHe, HeoßxoflHMoe jjJia pacmnpeHHa h yKpenjieHHa no3H-
ijhh coijHajiH3Ma, BO3MO3KHbi jinnib b tom cjiynae, ecjin mm ca-
mh ocTaeMca na Bbicore Toro, hto jjaji hbm MapKC, h coxpanaeM
b nenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH ary bo mhotom Bee eme neacHyio rpa-
HHuy Meacfly nayKOH h H/jeojiOTHeH. Mbi MoaceM noMOHb nepe-
cenb 3Ty rpaHHijy BceM TeM, kto k neii npHÖJiHacaeTca, ho jinnib
npn tom ycjiOBHH, hto Mbi caMH ee nepecemiH h bhhcbjih b na-
hih nonaTHa OKOHnaTejibHbiH pesyjibTaT OTKpbiBineHca Haine-
My B30py KapTHHbl.
JJjia nac «peajibHoe» — ne meopemuuecKuü Jioaym; peajib-
Hoe — bto peajibHbiH oßteKT, cymecTByionjuH nesaBHCHMO
ot ero no3HaHHa, ho onpeaejiHMbrii tojibko c ero noMonjbio.
B 3tom BTopoM, TeopeTHHecKOM OTHOineHHH peajibHoe e^H-
ho co cpejjCTBaMH ero nosnaHHa, peajibHoe — sto no3HaHHaa
hjih no/pieacaiijaa nosnaHHio crpyKTypa, bto caM oß’beKT MapK-
CHCTCKOH TeopHH, HbH OHepT8HHa ÖblJIH Onpe^eJieHbl BeJIHKH-
MH TeopeTHHeCKHMH OTKpblTHaMH MapKCa H JleHHHa, 3TO TH-
raHTCKoe h acHBoe TeopeTHnecKoe nojie, Haxo^anjeeca b hocto-
aHHOM pa3BHTHH, B KOTOpOM COÖblTHa HeJIOBCHeCKOH HCTOpHH
OTHbine MoryT öbitb nocTaBjienbi no/j kohtpojib nejiOBenecKOH
npaKTHKH, HOCKOJIBKy OHH nO^HHHeHBI HX nOHaTHHHOH BJiaCTH,
HX n03HaHHI0.
Tojibko bto a h xoreji CKasarb, Kor^a noKasbiBaji, hto peajib-
Hblii HJIH COIJHaJIHCTHHeCKHH iyMaHH3M MOaceT ÖBITB OÖ'beKTOM
npH3HaHHa hjih He^opaayMeHHa b 33bhchmocth ot toto crary-
ca, kotopbih eMy npnnHCbiBaiOT b TeopeTHHecKOM OTHOineHHH;
hto oh Moacer cjiyacHTb npaKTHnecKHM, h^bojiothhockhm jio-
3yHroM b toh Mepe, b KaKoii oh a^anTHpoßaH k CBoeii 4)yHK-
ijhh h ne CMeniHBaeTca c coBepmeHHO apyroii (JiyHKijHeH; hto
oh hhkohm oöpasoM ne Moacer npncBaHBaTB ceöe arpHÖyTbi me-
351

/JOnOJIHHTEJIbHblE 3AMEHAHHH O «PEAJIBHOM FYMAHH3ME
opemuuecKozo hohhthh. H xotcji cKasaTb h to, hto 3tot jio-
3ynr Hecnocoßen nponcHHTb caMoro ceßn, ho mohcot jihihb yKa-
3aTb, 6 KCLKOM, GHeiUHCM CMy CClMOMy, Mecrne IjapHT HCHOCTb.
H xoTen CKasaTb, hto HenoMepHoe pacmnpeHne 3toto npaKTH-
necKoro, H/jeoJiorHnecKoro hohhthh mohcot npHBecra k TOMy,
HTO MapKCHCTCKHH TeopHH OKaHCeTCH HHHCe CBOHX COÖCTBeHHblX
CTaHßapTOB; öojibine toto, mojkot npennTCTBOBaTb hojjjihh-
hoh nocTanoBKe, a shbhht, h no/jjiHHHOMy pemeHHio npoÖJieM,
na cymecTBOBaHHe h nacTOHTejibHOCTb kotopbix oho npH3sa-
ho no-CBoeMy yicasbiBaTb. ToBopn nponje, oöpanjeHHe k Mopa-
jih, rjiyöoKO yKopeneHHoe bo bchkoh ryMaHHCTHnecKoii H/jeojio-
thh, MOHceT urpaTB pojib BooöpancaeMoro peineHHH peanbHbix
npoßjieM. KaK tojibko bth npoöJieMbi no3HaHbi, ohh Moryr öbitb
HOCTaBJieHBI B TOHHBIX TepMHHax: 3TO npoöJieMbi OpraHH3aiXHH
4>OpM 3K0H0MHHeCK0H, HOJIHTHHeCKOH H HHßHBH/iyaJIbHOH JKH3-
hh. JJ^jih toto htoöbi npaBHjibHO nocraBHTb h peajibHO paspe-
ihhtb 3th npoöJieMbi, cjieayeT HasßaTb hx cbohmh HMenaMH,
UMeHOMU HayHHblMU. Jl03yHT ryMBHH3Ma He HMeeT TeopeTHHe-
cKOH ijeHHOCTH, oh HMeeT ijeHHOCTB npaKTHnecKoro yKaaaHHH:
ot Hero cjieayeT nepeÄTH k cbmhm kohkpcthbim npoÖJieMaM,
T. e. K HX n03HaHHI0, J^JIH TOTO HTOÖBI npOH3B6CTH TO HCTOpH-
necKoe npeoöpa3OBaHHe, HeoöxoßHMOCTb KOToporo hombicjihji
Mapnc. H mbi ßOJiHCHbi cjie/jHTb 3a tom, htoöbi b 3tom npoijecce
hh ojjho cjiobo, onpaB^aHHoe CBoeü npaKTHnecKofi (JjyHKijHeH,
ne npncBOHjio ceöe 4)yHKijHH meopemuHecKoü, ho htoöbi, hc-
nOJIHHB CBOIO npaKTHHeCKyK) (jjyHKIJHIO, OHO TOTHaC HCe HCH63-
JIO H3 nOJIH TeopHH.
flneapb 1965 2.

K HHTATEJIK)*
H öbi xoTeji KpaTKO npeflcraBHTb nyÖJiHKe nepeßoa Moero tgk-
CTa «3a MapKca», Hcnojib3yn otot noßofl «zjjih hoboto paccMO-
TpeHHH 4>Hjioco4)CKoro co/jepHcaHHH n HjjeojiornHecKoro 3Hane-
HHH 3T0H HeÖOJIBIHOH KHHrn.
Ona öbijia onyÖJiHKOBana bo 0paHijHH b 1965 ro,ay. TeM He
Menee tojibko npe^HCJiOBHe k Heft («CeroßHH») öbijio HanncaHO
b 3tom ro/jy. Bee ocTajibHbie TeKCTbi hohbhjihcb panee, c 1960
no 1964 rr., b 4>opMe CTaTeä, nyÖJiHKOBaBiiiHxcH b nenaTHbix
H3^aHHHx <X>paHijy3CKOH KOMMyHHCTimecKOH napTHH1. Ohh Öbl-
jih oßteAHHeHbi b KHHre, coxpaHHB Ty (JiopMy, KOTopyio hmc-
jih npn HanncaHHH, öe3 KaKnx-jinöo H3MeneHHH hjih ncnpaB-
JieHHH.
/(jIH TOTO HTOÖBI HOHHTb 3TH 3CCe H BBIHeCTH O HHX CyHCJje-
HHe, cjie^yeT shbtb, hto ohh öbijih 3ajiyMaHbi, HanncaHbi h
OnyÖJIHKOBaHBI 4)HJIOCO(i)OM-KOMMyHHCTOM, npHHeM B cosep-
ineHHO onpe/jejieHHOH H/jeojiorHHecKOH h TeopeTHHecKoä oö-
CTanoBKe (conjoncture). 3to shbhht, hto 3th TeKCTbi cjiejjy-
eT npHHHMaTb tbkhmh, KaKOBbi ohh cyrb. Bee ohh — (piuio-
cocfrcKue occe, nepßbie 3Tanbi jjojiroBpeMeHHoro Hccjie/jOBaHHH,
npeABapHTejibHbie pe3yjibTaTbi, HecoMHeHHO, TpeöyioiijHe hc-
npaBjieHHä; sto HccjiejjOBaHHe KacaeTcn cneijn^HHecKoii npn-
pOJJbl npHHIXHHOB HayKH H 4)HJIOCO4)HH, OCHOBa KOTOpblX 6bl-
jia sajioHcena MapKCOM. TeM ne Menee 3th 4)Hjioco4)CKoe acce
He HBJIHIOTCH HHCTBIO HCCJießOBaHHH, HOCHIIJHX CHeKyjIHTHBHBIH
hjih yneHbiH xapaKTep. Ohh 3 mo atce 3peMR hbjihiotch hkijhh-
* 9tot TeKcr, HanHcaHHbiÄ AjibTioccepoM b 1967 rojjy, cjipkhji nocjiecjio-
BneM ^jih MHoroHHCJieHHbix nepeBO/jOB HacroHiijeH khhth na HHOcrpaHHbie
H3bIKH. — IIpUM. nep.
1 3a HCKJnoneHHeM craTbH o Beprojiaimn h BpexTe, noHBHBineHca b kbto-
jinnecKOM Htypnane Esprit.
353

K HHTATEJIK)
mh (interventions), aKTHBHO BO3jjeHCTByioiijHMH na cneijHcjjH-
necKyio CHTyaijnio.
I
KaK bhjjho H3 «IIpeflHCJiOBHH», 3Ta CHTyaijHH — 3to npeac-
jje Bcero (J)paHijy3CKaH TeopeTHnecKan h H/jeojiorHHecKaa CH-
TyaijHH, Tonnee roßopn, — CHTyaijHH, cynjecTByioiijaH b kom-
MyHHCTHHeCKOH napTHH H BO (J)paHIjy3CKOH (j)HJI0C04)HH. Ho
3a npe/jenaMH coSctbohho (J)paHijy3CKOH CHTyaijHH sto TaioKe
TeopeTHHecKaa h H/jeojiorHHecKan CHTyaijHH, cjiOHCHBinancH b
MejK/jyHapo/jHOM paßoneM jjbhhcchhh.
Pa3yMeeTCH, coßpaHHbie 3/jecb acce He KacaiOTCH nosiumuHe-
CKUX SJieMeHTOB 3T0H CHTyaijHH (nOJIHTHKH KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHX
napTHH, pacKOJia b MejKjjyHapojjHOM paßoneM /jbhhcchhh). Ohh
3aTparHBaiOT H/jeojiorHnecKHe h TeopeTHnecKne npoßjieMbi,
npHcyrcTByioiijHe b stoh CHTyaijHH h noponcjjeHHbie eio. HeKO-
Topbie acneKTbi othx npoßjieM hbjihiotch hobbimh; b hhbix ot-
HomeHHHx bth npoßjieMbi CBH3anbi c jjeßaTaMH, KOTopbie yace
jjOBOJibHO jjojiroe BpeMH hbjihiotch nacTbio hctophh paßonero
JJBHHCeHHH.
Ecjih npHHHTb bo BHHManne Te ajieMeHTbi, KOTopbie non-
BHjincb cpaBHHTejibHO Hedaeno, to mohcho CKa3aTb, hto nocjie
CMepTH CTanHHa MeHC/jyHapo/jHoe KOMMynncTHHecKoe jjBHHce-
Hne naxojjHTCH b CHTyaijHH, onpe/jejiaeMOH jjByMH 3naHHTejib-
HblMH COßblTHHMH: KpHTHKOH «KyjIbTa JIHHHOCTH» Ha XX Cb63-
h paapbiBOM Meaqjy KHTaficKOH h Cobctckoh KOMMynncTH-
HeCKHMH napTHHMH.
Ocyac/jeHHe «KyjibTa jihhhocth», ycjiOBHH h (JjopMbi, b ko-
Topbix oho npoH3onuio, nopo/jHjin ryjiKHe OT3ByKH He tojib-
KO B HOJIHTHHeCKOH oßjiaCTH, HO H B oßjiaCTH H/jeOJIOTHHeCKOH.
B zjajibneHineM h ocTaHOBjnocb tojibko na HjjeojiornHecKHx pe-
aKIJHHX HHTeJIJieKTyaJIOB-KOMMyHHCTOB.
KpHTHKa CTajiHHCKoro «jjorMaTH3Ma» b oßiijeM h ijejiOM «ne-
peacHBajiacb» HHTejuieKTyajiaMH-KOMMyHHCTaMH KaK «ocBoßoac-
354

K HHTATEJIK)
aenne». 3to «ocBOÖoncfleHHe» nopoflHjio TjiyöoKyio Hfleojiorn-
necKyio peaKijHio «JiHÖepajibHO-OTHHecKoro» tojikb, KOTopaa
BHOBb CnOHTaHHO BOßpOflHJia CTapbie 4)HJIOCO<i)CKHe TeMbi: «CBO-
6ofla», «nejiOBeK», «HejiOBenecKan jihhhoctb», «OTHyacfleHHe».
3ra HfleojiorHnecKaa TeHflemjuH HCKajia CBoe TeopeTHnecKKoe
onpaBflanne b paHHux paöoTax Mapxca, KOTopbie fleHCTBHTejib-
ho coflepacajin b ceöe Bee apryMenTbi (JjhjiococJjhh nejioßeKa,
ero OTnyHCfleHHH h ero ocßoöoacfleHHH. 3th ycjiOBHH nocjiyacHJiH
npHHHHOÖ napaflOKcajibHoro H3MenenHH CHTyaijHH b MapKCHCT-
ckoh 4>HJioco(j)nH. PaöoTbi MOJlOfloro MapKca, KOTopbie hbhh-
Haa c 30-x roflOB öbijih öoeßbiM kohcm MejiKOÖypacyaßHbix hh-
TejuieKTyajiOB b hx öopböe npoTHB MapKCH3Ma, BHanajie poÖKO,
a 3areM Bee öojiee h öojiee hbho CTajiH Hcnojib3OBaTbCH b ho-
boh «HHTepnpeTaijHH» MapKCH3Ma, KOTopyio ceroflHH otkpbito
paßBHBaiOT MHoroHHCJieHHbie HHTejuieKTyajibi, «ocboöoahbihh-
eca» ot cTajiHHCKoro florMaTH3Ma ÖJiaroflapa XX cbe3fly. TeMa
«MapKcucmcK020 2yMaHU3Ma» h «zyMaHucmuHecKOR» HHTep-
npeTaijHH TpyflOB Mapnca Bee öojiee h öojiee hbho h Heyflepacn-
MO 3aBOeBbIBaJIH nO3HIJHH KaK B MapKCHCTCKOH (jjHJIOCO^JHH no-
cneflHHx jieT, TaK h b pnflax KOMMyHHCTHnecKHx napraii CoBeT-
cKoro Coio3a h sanaflHbix crpan.
Ecjih ora HfleojiOTHHecKan peaKijHH, xapaKTepnan npencfle
Bcero a;jih HHTejuieKiyajiOB-KOMMyHHCTOB, HecMOTpH Ha onpe-
flejieHHoe conpoTHBjieHne CMorjia ctbtb ctojib innpoKO pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHOH, TO npHHHHa 3TOTO 3aKJIK)HaeTCH B TOM, HTO OHa
npHMO hjih onocpeflOBaHHO onnpajiacb Ha onpeflejieHHbie no-
numuHecKue jiosynra, npoBO3rjiaineHHbie KOMMyHHCTimecKH-
mh napTHHMH CCCP h 3anafla. TaK, XXII Cbe3fl KIICC yrBepnc-
flaji, hto BMecTe c Hcne3HOBeHHeM KJiaccoBoii öopböbi flHKTaTy-
pa npojieTapnaTa b CCCP «OTonuia b nponuioe», hto coßeTCKoe
rocyflapcTBo yrpaTHJio cboh KJiaccoBbiH xapaKTep h ctbjio «ro-
cyflapcTBOM Bcero Hapofla»; hto CCCP Hanaji «nocrpoeHHe kom-
MyHH3Ma» nofl «ryMaHHCTHHecKHM» jio3ynroM «Bee ajih ÖJiara
nejioßeKa». 3anaflHbie KOMMyHHCTHnecKHe napran, co CBoen
CTOpOHBI, npOBOflHJIH HOJIHTHHeCKyiO JIHHHK) COIO3a C COIJHanH-
355

K aHTATEJIK)
CTBMH, fleMOKpaTHMH H KHTOJIHKaMH, HCHOJIB3ya CXOJJHbie IIO
CBOeMy 3ByHHHHIO JIO3yHTH, B KOTOpblX BKIjeHTHpOBaJIHCb «Mnp-
hbih nepexo/j k coijHajiH3My», «MapncHCTcnnii» hjih «coijnajin-
CTinecKHH ryMaHH3M», «/jnajior» h t. jj.
«ryMaHHCTHHecKne» HHTepnpeTaiJHH MapncHcrcnoä TeopHH,
KOTopbie nOHBHJIHCb B STHX CneiJH(j)HHeCKHX OÖCTOHTeJIbCTBaX,
b cpaBHeHHH c npe/jinecTByiomHM nepno^OM (1930—1956 rr.)
npejjCTaßjiaiOT coöoh hobbih (jjenoMen. TeM ne Menee b hcto-
phh paöoaero jjBHjnenHa y hhx ecTb MnoroaHCJienHbie hctoph-
aecnne npeduzecmeeHHUKU. Mapnc, 3nrejibc h JleHHH, ne tobo-
pa yace o npoanx, Bejm nocToannyio ßopbßy c H/jeojiorHaecnH-
mh HHTepnpeTai^HHMH H/jeajiHCTHHecKoro, ryMaHHCTHaecnoro
xapaKTepa, KOTopbie npejjcraBjiajiH coöoh onacnocTb /via Mapn-
chctckoh TeopHH. 3jjecb ßocraTOHHO BcnoMHHTb o paspbiBe
Mapnca c ryMaHH3MOM 0eiiep6axa, o ßopbße 3nrejibca npoTHB
JJiopHHra, o jjojitom cpaaceHHH JleHHHa c pocchhcehmh napo/j-
HHnaMH h t. jj. Bee sto npoinjioe, Bee sto nacjie/jHe, ßesycjiOB-
ho, npeacTaBJiaeT coöoh HeorbeMjieMyio aacTb TeopeTHaecnoä
h H/jeojiorHHecnoH CHTyaijHH, b noTopoä naxo^HTca cero/jna
Meacflynapo^Hoe noMMynncTHnecnoe jjBHaceHHe.
Bo3Bpanjaacb n ne^aBHHM acnenTaM stoh CHTyaijHH, jjoßa-
bhm cjie/jyionjee 3aMeaaHHe.
Yace b TencTe «MapncH3M h ryMaHH3M», HanncaHHOM b
1963 r., a jjaji HHTepnpeTaijHio nponexo/janjero b nanin jjhh
HenoMepnoro pacnpocTpaneHHa TeM MapncncTcnoro hjih coijh-
anHCTHHecnoro «ryMaHH3Ma», nonasaß udeojiozuuecKyio npn-
po/jy ototo 4>eHOMeHa. H othio/jb ne ocyac/jaji H/jeojiorHio nan
oßnjecTBeHHyio peajibHOCTb: nan tobopht Mapnc, b H/jeojio-
thh jhojjh «oco3HaK)T» cboio njiaccoByio öopbßy h «/joßo/jaT ee
jjo noHija»; H/jeojiorHa b CBoeä pejiHTHO3HOH, MopajibHOH, lopn-
AHHeenofi, nojiHTHHecnoÄ h npoanx (jjopMax ecTb oßtenTHB-
naa oßnjecTBennaa peajibHOCTb; mjeojioririecnaa öopbßa npe,zj-
craBJiaeT coöoii oprammecnyio cocTaBHyio aacTb ßopbßbi njiac-
coboh. H nojjBepraji npHTnne jihhib TeopeTHaecnne ojj^enTbi
HjjeojiorHH, noTopaa jjjia nayanoro nosnanna Bcer/ja aBJiaeT-
356

K HHTATEJIK)
ch onacHOCTbio hjih npenHTCTBHeM. H h yKaaaji na to, hto pac-
npocrpaHeHHe tom «MapKCHCTCKoro ryMaHH3Ma» h hx bjihhhhc
na MapKCHCTCKyio Teopnio cjie^yeT HHTepnpeTHpoßaTb b Kane-
CTBe BO3MOHCHOTO HCTOpHHeCKOTO CHMIITOMa JJBOHKOH HeCHOCOÖ-
HOCTH H JJBOHKOH OnaCHOCTH. C OßHOH CTOpOHbI, HeCHOCOÖHOCTH
HOMblCJIHTb Cneu;H(i)HKy MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH H COOTBeTCTBy-
lOIIjeH peBH3HOHHCTCKOH OnaCHOCTH CMemeHHH 3TOH TeopHH
C JJOMapKCHCTCKHMH HJjeOJIOTHHeCKHMH HHTepnpeTaiJHHMH. C
«upyroii CTopoHbi, HecnocoÖHOCTH paspeniHTb peajibHbie (h b
ocHOBe CBoefi nojiumuuecKue u dKOHOMunecKue) npoßjieMbi,
nocraßjieHHbie CHTyaxjHeii, cjioHCHBnieiiCH nocjie XX Cbe3,zja, h
OnaCHOCTH, BO3HHKaionjeH Toiyja, Kor.ua bth npoßjieMbi MacKH-
pyiOT, CKpbiBaa hx 3a oßMaHHHBbiMH 4>opMyjiHpoBKaMH «peme-
hhh», OKa3biBaiomerocfl hhcto HjjeojiOTHnecKHM.
II
Hmchho b btoh CHTyaijHH 6bijih HanncaHbi h onyßjiHKOBaHbi
npe^jiaraeMbie BHHMaHHio HHTarejiH tckctbi. ^jih Toro htoöbi
oijeHHTb hx npHpo/jy h <J)yHKijHH, cjiejjyeT coothocth hx c Heio:
Bee ohh cyrb (JjHJiococjjCKHe acce, npejjMeTOM KOTopbix hbjihiot-
ch TeopeTHHecKHe nccjiejjOBanHH, a ijejibio — eosdeücmeue Ha
cynjecTByioiijyio TeopeTHHecKH-HjjeojiorHHecicyio CHTyaijnio h
pearapoBaHHe na HeKOTopbie onacnbie TenjjenijHH.
OcTaßaacb na ypoßne caMbix oöiijhx cxeM, h Mory CKaaaTb,
hto bth TeopeTHHecKHe TeKCTbi coaepacajiH b ceße «zjBoiiHoe
«B03jjeHCTBHe» hjih, ecjin yroßHO, «OKa3biBaiOT B03jjeiicTBHe»
na jjßyx (JjpoHTax, jjjih toto htoöbi npoBecra, KaK 3aMenaTejib-
ho BbipaacajiCH JleHHH, «rpaHHijy» Meac/jy MapKCHCTCKOH Teopn-
efi H HyHCJJBIMH MapKCH3My HJjeOJIOrHHeCKHMH TeHJjeHIJHHMH.
LJejibio nepeozo eosdeücmeun hbjihctch «npoßejjeHHe rpann-
ijbi» Mencjjy MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHeä h tcmh 4>opMaMH (JjhjiococJ)-
CKoro cyß'beKTHBHSMa, c kotopbimh ee CMeniHBajiH h KOTopbie
npejjCTaßjiHiOT jjjih nee onacHOCTb: npencae Bcero, dunupus-
MOM H ero KJiaCCHHeCKHMH HJIH COBpeMeHHBIMH BapnaHTaMH,
357

K HHTATEJIK)
nparMara3M0M, BOJiiOHTapH3MOM, HCTopnijH3MOM h t. .ij. Cynje-
CTBGHHblMH MOMeHTaMH 3TOTO nepBOTO BO3JJ6HCTBHH HBJIHIOTCH
cjieflyiomHe: npn3HaHne 3HaneHHH MapKCHCTCKOH meopuu äjih
peBOJHOI^HOHHOH KJiaCCOBOH ÖOpbßbl, pa3JIHHeHne pa3JIHHHbIX
npaKTHK, BbiHBjienHe cneijHcjmKH «TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH»,
npe/jBapHTejibHoe HccjiejjOBaHHe peBOJiioijHOHHOH cneijH^HKH
MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH (CTpOTOO pa3JIHH6HHe MeHCßy H/jeaJIHCTH-
H6CK0H ßHaJieKTHKOH H flHaJIOKTHKOH MaTepHaJIHCTHHeCKOÜ) H
T. JJ.
3to nepßoe BosjjeficTBHe, no cyiijecTBy, pacnojioaceno na no-
HBe Kon(J)poHTaijHH Meac^y MapKCOM h FerejieM.
Ijejibio emopozo eosdeücmeusi hbjihotch «npoßejjeHHe rpa-
HHIJbl» MeMCfly nO^JIHHHblMH TeopeTHHeCKHMH 0CH0B3HHHMH
MapKCHCTCKOH HayKH HCTOPHH H MapKCHCTCKOH (j)HJIOCO(})HH, C
OJJHOH CTOpOHbI, H JJOMapKCHCTCKHMH HJjeaJIHCTHHeCKHMH HO-
hhthhmh, na KOTopbix ocHOBaHbi cerojjHHinHHe HHTepnpeTa-
ijHH MapKCH3Ma KaK «4>hjioco4)hh nejioßeKa» hjih «ryMaHH3-
Ma» — c «npyroä. CynjecTBeHHbiMH momchtbmh ototo BToporo
BO3/jeHCTBHH HBJIHIOTCH CJie/jyiOIIJHe: BbIHBJieHHe «anHCTeMOJIO-
THHeCKOrO pa3pbIBa» B HCTOPHH pa3BHTHH MapKCOBOH MbICJIH,
ocHOBonojiaraioiijee pasjiHHenne Menc/jy HjjeojiorHHecKoii «npo-
ÖJieMaTHKOH» paHHux paßoT h HayHHoii «npoßjieMaTHKofi» «Ka-
numcuia», npejjBapHTejibHbie HCCJie/joßaHHH cneijH(J)HKH Teo-
peTHHecKoro OTKpblTHH MapKca H T. JJ.
3to BTopoe BO3jjeHCTBHe b ochobhom pacnojiaraeTCH Ha no-
HBe KOHt^poHTaijHH MeHc/jy paHHUMu paöomaMu MapKca h
«KanumcuiOM».
B pe3yjibTare othx jjßyx BO3jjeHCTBHH 3a /jerajiHMH apryMen-
TaijHH, anajiH30M TeKcra h TeopeTinecKHMH jjncKyccHHMH CTa-
HOBHTCH HBHOH OJJHa 3HaHHT6JIbHaH OnHO3HIJHH, KOTOpaH OT/je-
jiner nayKy ot H/jeojiorHH, Tonnee roBopa, Ta, KOTopaa OT/jejiaeT
HOByio, KOHCTHTynpyioiijyK) ceßa nayKy ot /jOHaynnbix TeopeTH-
necKHx H/jeojiorHH, KOTopbie 3aHHMaiOT Ty «noHBy», na koto-
poii ona yrBepjKjjaeTCH. 3tot momcht HMeeT Baaoioe 3HaaeHHe:
to, hto CKpbiBaeTCH 3a onno3HijHeH HayKa/njjeojiorHH, KacaeTCH
358

K HHTATEJIK)
OTHonieHHH «paapbißa» Menc^y HayKOH h TeopeTimecKOH H,u;e-
ojiorneH, b kotopoh jjo oßocHOBaHHH HayKH «6bdi noMbicjieH»
tot o6i>eKT, 3naHHe o kotopom ona aaeT. 3tot «paspbiB» ocraB-
jiaeT 6e3 H3MeHeHHii oß^eKTHBRyK) coijHajibHyio oÖJiacTb, 3aHH-
MaeMyio H^eojiorHHMH (pejiHTHefi, Mopanbio, lopn^HnecKHMH,
nOJIHTHHeCKHMH H/jeOJIOTHHMH H T. JJ.). B OTOH OÖJiaCTH HCTeO-
peTHnecKHx HjjeojiorHH Tonte HMeiOTCH «pa3pbiBbi» hjih «nepe-
JIOMbl», HO OHH HOCHT nOJlUTTlUHeCKUÜ (s^X^eKT HOJIHTHHeCKOH
npaKTHKH, BejiHKHx peBOJiioixHOHHbix coöbithh), a ne «anncTe-
MOJiorHnecKHH» xapaKTep.
3tb onno3HijHH Meaqjy nayKoii h HßeojiorneH, KaK h noHHTHe
«anHCTeMOJiorHHecKoro pa3pbiBa», KOTopoe no3BOJineT noMbic-
JIHTb HCTOpHHeCKHH XapaKTep 3T0H 0mi03HIJHH, OTCbDiaiOT Hac
k Te3Hcy, KOTopbiii hoctohhho npncyTCTBOBaji Ha 3a,5HeM nna-
ne sthx anajiHTHHecKHx HCCJie^OBaHHH, ho Bee ace ne 6bui ot-
KpblTO CCfropMyjIHpOBaH: T63HC, COTJiaCHO KOTOpOMy OTKpblTHe
MapKca no CBoeü npHpo/je h no cbohm a^x^eKTaM hbjihctch Ha-
ynnbiM OTKpbiTHeM, ne HMeionjHM HCTopHHecKHx npeije/ieHTOB.
/JeilCTBHTeJIbHO, B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpa^HIJHeH, Ha KOTO-
pyio HOCTOHHHO CCbDiaiOTCH KJiaCCHKH MapKCH3Ma, Mbl M0HC6M
yrBepHC/jaTb, hto MapKC 3ajioxcHji ochobhhhh hoboh HayKU\ Ha-
yKH HCTOPHH «OÖmeCTBeHHblX cj)OpMaiJHH». HTOÖbl yTOHHHTb
oto yTBepHC/jeHHe, cKaaceM, hto MapKC «OTKpbm» jjjih Haynno-
ro nO3HaHHH HOBblH «KOHTHHeHT», KOHTHHCHT UCmOpUU — HO-
jjoöho TOMy, KaK 0ajiec OTKpbiJi jvih Haynnoro no3HaHHH «koh-
THHeHT» MaTeMaTHKH, a raJIHJiefi — «KOHTHHeHT» (|)H3HHeCKOH
npnpoßbi.
JJoßaBJIK), HTO TOHHO TaK Hte, KaK OÖOCHOBaHHe MaTeMaTH-
KH 4>ajiecoM «nocjiyxcHjio hobojjom» jvih poHC/jeHHH njiaTOHOB-
ckoh (^hjiococJdhh, a oöocHOBaHHe 4>h3hkh TajiHJieeM «nocjiy-
HCHJIO nOBO/lOM» JIH pOHC/jeHHH KapT63HaHCK0H C^HJIOCOCjjHH H
T. TaK H OÖOCHOBaHHe HayKH HCTOPHH MapKCOM «HOCJiyHCH-
jio noBO/iOM» jjjih poxcj^eHHH hoboh, TeopeTHHecKH h npaKTHHe-
CKH peBOJIIOIJHOHHOH 4>HJIOCO(|)HH, MapKCHCTCKOH (|)HJIOCO4)HH
hjih jjHajieKTHHecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma. Tot 4>aKT, hto 3Ta (|)h-
359

K HHTATEJIK)
jioco(|)hh, jiHineHHan npeije/jeHTOB, c tohkh apennH ee Teopera-
necKOH paapaßoTKH OTCTaeT ot mbpkchctckoh HayKH hctophh
(HCTopHHecKoro MaTepnajiH3Ma), oßMCHaeTCM KaK hctophko-
nOJIHTHHeCKHMH, mdK U TeOpeTHHeCKHMH npHHHHaMH: BeJIH-
khm 4)hjioco(J)ckhm peBOJiioijHHM Bcer/ja npe/jmecTByiOT bojih-
Kne HayHHbie peBOJiioijHH, KOTopbie «necyr hx b ceße» h «/jefi-
CTByiOT» B HHX, HO JJJIM TOTO, HTOßbl npH^aTb HM BKCHJIHIJHTHyiO
h a^eKBaTHyio 4)opMy, Heoßxo/jHMO npo/jejiaTb neMajiyio Teo-
peTHnecKyio paßoTy h npoÜTH jjojithh npoijecc TeopeTimecKO-
ro coapeßaHHH. Ecjih b coßpaHHbix 3/necb TeKCTax aKijeHT 6bDi
c/jejiaH hmchho Ha MapKCHCTCKOH 4jhjioco4jhh, to c toh ijejibio,
HToßbi ycTanoBHTb rpaHHijbi ee peanbHOCTH h ee npaßo na cy-
IIjeCTBOBaHHe, HO B TO HCe BpeMH h jjjih TOTO, HTOßbl hcho onpe-
jjejiHTb ee sanas/jbiBaHHe h BnepBbie npn/jaTb efi ßojiee a^eK-
BaTHyio ee npnpo/je 4>opMy meopemuHecKOZo cynjecTBOBaHHH.
III
Pa3yMeeTCH, b bthx TeKCTax 3aMeTHbi cjie/jbi, npirieM nopoio
cjie/jbi jjOBOJibHO HBHbie, ne tojibko neBencecTBa h HeTOHHOCTen,
HO H HaCTHHHOTO HJIH HOJIHOTO yMOJIHaHHH. Oß'bHCHHIOTCH 3TH
yMOJIHaHHH H HX B^^eKTbl OTHIOßb He TOJIbKO HeBO3MOHCHOCTbK)
CKaaaTb Bee cpa3y hjih nee TpeßoBaHHHMH aKTyajibHoä CHTya-
ijHH. B JjeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H ßblJI ne B COCTOHHHH JjaTb yiJOBJieT-
BopHTejibHbie OTBeTbi na onpe/jejieHHbie Bonpocbi, h hckoto-
pbie TpyzjHbie momchtbi ocTaßajiHCb jjjih mchh hchchbimh: pe-
3yjIbTBTOM ÖbDio TO, HTO B MOHX T6KCTBX H He yijeJIHJI «ZJOJDKHOTO
BHHMBHHH HGKOTOpblM npoßjieMBM H HeKOTOpbIM HM6I0IIJHM
BajKHoe 3HaneHHe peajibnocTHM. 3^ecb h ßbi xotcji ynasaTb na
jjbb ocoßenHO 3HanHTejibHbix momohtb, paccMaTpHBan bth 3a-
MenaHHH b KanecTBe «cbmokphthrh».
1. Xoth h nojjnepKHyji hch3hchho Baacnyio neoßxojjHMOCTb
meopuu ÄJIH peBOJIKJIJHOHHOH npaKTHKH H, TaKHM oßpasoM, pa-
3oßjiannji Bee 4>opMbi BMnnpH3Ma, h Bee ace He paccMOTpeji npo-
ßjieMy «ejjHHCTBa TeopHH h npaKTHKH», KOTopaa nrpaeT npes-
360

K HHTATEJIIO
BbmaiiHO ßojibinyio pojib b MapKCHCTCKO-jieHHHCKOÄ TpajjnijHn.
PaayMeeTca, h roßopuji o e/jHHCTBe TeopHH h npaKTHKH b npe-
jjejiax «TeopeTHHecKOH npaKTHKH», no h ne jjaji oTBeTa Ha Bo-
npoc o e/jHHCTBe TeopHH h npaKTHKH b npe/jejiax nojiumuue-
ckoü npaKmuKU. Ytohhhm. H ne noßBepr HCCJie/jOBaHHio Bce-
oßnjyio HCTopHnecKyio (fcopMy cymecTBOBaHHH btoto e^HHCTBa:
«cjiHHHHe» MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH h paöouezo deumeHusi. fl ne
no/jBepr HCCJie/jOBaHHK) KOHKpemHbie (popMbi cyu^ecmeoeaHUH
btoto «cjihhhhh» (opraHH3aijHH KJiaccoBOH 6opb6bi — npocjjco-
K)3bi, napTHH — cpe/jCTBa h mcto/jm Be^enna KJiaccoBOH 6opb-
6bl 3THMH OpraHH3aiJHHMH H T. fl H6 yTOHHHJI (JjyHKIJHIO,
MeCTO H pojib MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH B 3THX KOHKpeTHblX (J)Op-
Max cymecTBOBaHHH: r/je h KaK MapKCHCTCKaa TeopHH OKa3bi-
BaeT BO3^eäcTBHe Ha pa3BHTHe nojiHTHHecKoä npaKTHKH, r/je h
KaK nojiHTHnecKaa npaKTHKa OKa3biBajia BO3fleiiCTBHe Ha pa3-
BHTHe MapKCHCTCKOH TCOpHH.
OnbiT noKa3aji, hto 3aMajiHHBaHHe sthx BonpocoB ne ocra-
JlOCb 6e3 nOCJie/JCTBHH «HJIH HeKOTOpblX («TeopeTHIJHCTCKHX»)
«npoHTeHHH» mohx paßoT.
2. Xoth h HacraHBaji Ha TeopeTHnecKH peBOJiioijHOHHOM xa-
paKTepe otkpbithh Mapnca h yKa3biBaji na to, hto Mapnc 3a-
JIOHCHJI OCHOBbI HOBOH HayKH H HOBOH (JjHJIOCO^JHH, H BC6 HC6 He
yTOHHHJI Hpe3BbinaHHO BaJKHoe pa3JiHHne Meac/jy (JjHJioco^Heii
h HayKofi. H ne noKa3aji to, hto, b otjihhho ot nayK, kohcth-
TynpyeT ceoeoßpasue (ptc/ioco(puu: opraHHnecKyio CBH3b bchkoh
4)hjioco4>hh KaK meopemuHecKOÜ jjHCijHnjiHHbi, npnneM b npe-
/jeJiax cjjopM ee cymecTBOBaHHH h ee meopemunecKux TpeßoBa-
hhh, c nonumuKoü. ne bbihbhji npnpofly stoh cbh3h, KOTopan
b MapKCHCTCKOH (Jjhjiococ^hh ne HMeeT HHnero oßnjero c npaz-
MamuuecKOÜ cbhsbio. Thkhm oöpaaoM, h He jjaji hchoto h3jio-
7K6HHH TOTO, HTO B ^aHHOM KOHTeKCTe OTJIHHaeT MapKCHCTCKyK)
4)hjioco4)hio ot npeßinecTBOBaBinHx en 4)hjioco4)hh.
OnbiT noKaaaji, hto nacTHHHoe 3aMajiHHBaHHe sthx Bonpo-
COB He OCTaJIOCb 6e3 nOCJiejJCTBHH JJJIH HeKOTOpblX («nO3HTH-
BHCTCKHX») npOHTeHHH MOHX paÖOT.
361

K HHTATEJIK)
B mohx ßyaynjux hccjic^obhhhhx h coßnpaiocb oßpaTHTbca k
3THM flByM CTOJIb BHHCHblM BOIipOCaM, KOTOpbie TGCHO CBH3aHbI
flpyr c jjpyroM KaK c TeopeTinecKOH, TaK h c npaKTnnecKOH toh-
KH 3peHHH.
OKinsiöpb 1967 2.
Jlyu Ajibmioccep

BKOrPAMHECKAfl 3AMETKA1
Jlyn AjibTioccep po/jHJica 16 OKTaßpa 1918 ro/ja b BupMaimpe
(Ajdkhp), Kyaa ero OTeij, ßaHKOBCKHÖ cjiyacanjHÜ (nos^nee jjh-
peKTop MapcejibCKoro (JjHjinajia Ajdkhpckoh ßaHKOBCKOÖ kom-
nannn), 6liji nanpaBJieH CBoeö (Jdhpmoh. Cpe/jnee oßpasoBanne
oh nojiynaeT b Mapcejie.
B HKNie 1939 r., 3aK0HHHB .nonojiHHTejibHbiH Kypc jinijea b
Jlnone, r/je ero yHHTejiHMH 6ldih JKan Thttoh, JKaH JIaKpya h
JKosecJ) Ypc, oh ycneniHO npoxo/jHT BCTynHTejibHbiä KOHKypc h
CTaHOBHTca CTyfleHTOM Bbicinefl HopMajibHoä hikojibi (na yjin-
ije yjibM). BcKope nocjie MOÖHJinaaijHH b cenraßpe toto ace ro/ja
oh nona^aeT b njien h npoßo^HT narb Jier b Jiarepe jjjia bochho-
njieHHbix b FepMaHHH.
IIo B03BpameHHH H3 njiena oh c 1945 no 1948 rr. npo/joji-
acaeT CBoe (jinjioco^CKoe oöyneHne b BHIII, nojiynaeT ^nnjioM
o BbicmeM oßpasoBaHHH, npeßCTasHB paßory «noHarae co-
aepacaHHH b (Jjhjioco^jhh Terejia», HanHcannyio no/j pyKOBOß-
ctbom TacTona Banuiapa1 2, h npoxo^HT KOHKypc Ha saMenjemie
AOjdkhocth npeno/jaBaTejiH Bysa (agregation). Tecnaa apyacßa
1 TKejiaronjue nosnaKOMHTbca c ÖHorpatjjHeii AjibTioccepa Moryr oöpaTHTb-
ca k KHure Yann Moulier-Boutang, Louis Althusser, une biographie, tome I,
Grasset, Paris, 1992 (btopoh tom eme ne hohbhjich). CßefleHHÄ, cojjepHcanjH-
eca b HacTOHiijeH 3aMeTKe, OT^acrn noBTopaiOT Te, KOTopbie a jian b «Bnorpa-
(JjHHecKon 3aMeTKe», onyÖJiHKOBaHHOH b KanecTBe npHjioaceHHH k MoeMy cöop-
HHKy Ecrits pour Althusser, La Decouverte, Paris, 1991, h b crarbe Althuss-
er (Louis), in: Bulletin de l’Association amicale de secours des anciens eleves
de l’Ecole normale superieure, annee 1993, 45, rue d’Ulm, 75005, Paris. Cm.
TaioKe 3aMenaTejibHoe CHHTeTnnecKoe HSJioaceHne Gregory Elliott, Althusser.
The Detour of Theory, Verso, London and New York, 1987 (coaepacamee non-
th nojmyio ÖHÖJiHorpatjmio, 3a HCKjnoneHneM neaaBHO onyÖJiHKOBaHHbix ap-
xHBHbix MarepnajiOB).
2 KoTopaa öbuia ne^aBHO onyöaHKOBana b Ecrits philosophiques et politi-
ques, 1.1, op. cit.
363

BHOrPA<DHH£CKAH 3AMETKA
H OÖlIJHOCTb HHTeJIJieKTyaJIbHblX HHTepeCOB CBH3BIB2UOT ero B
3th rojjbi c JKaKOM MapranoM (sanjirra ßHccepTaijHH b 1941 r.,
nepeBOjpmK Terejia h TepMana Fecce, hokohhhji hchshb caMO-
yÖHiiCTBOM b 1963; ero naMHTH nocBHiijeH cöophhk «3a MapK-
ca») h MuinejieM d>yKo (sanjirra HHecepTauHH b 1946 r.). B tom
ace TO/iy ero HasnanaiOT accHcreHTOM b BHIII (nosanee oh cra-
hobhtch npeno,naBaTejieM (JjhjiococJjhh, crapniHM npeno/jaBa-
TejieM h, HaKOHeij, JieKTopoM). 3ry hojihchoctb oh 6y.neT 6ec-
CMeHHO saHHMaTb BnjioTb ho 1980 ro.ua. KpoMe toto, HanHHaa
c 1950 r. oh HBjiaeTCH ceKperapeM cckijhh lyMaHHTapHbix h co-
LjnajibHbix HayK IIlKOJibi.
B tom ace 1948 rojsy oh BCTynaeT bo <I>paHijy3CKyio KOMMynn-
CTHnecKyio napTHio, cthhoehtch hrthehctom h npHHHMaeT ae-
HTejibHoe ynacTHe, b hbcthocth, b hbhhcchhh 3a MHp.
B 1949 rofly AjibTioccep (kotopbih b iohocth 6bdi peßHOCT-
HbiM KaTOJiHKOM h hjichom KaTOJiHHecKHx MOJiofleHCHbix opra-
HH3aijHH, a nocjie bohhbi b TeneHHe HecKOJibKHx jieT nonnep-
MCHBaJI TeCHbie CBH3H C HBHHCeHHeM «CBHIIjeHHHKOB-pa6OHHX»)
nyÖJiHicyeT b «ÜJieneHHOM eBanrejiHH» (tom X HsaaHHH Jeunes-
se de l’Eglise) craTbio 06 HCTopHnecKOH CHTyaijHH xpHCTHan-
CTBa, HanHcaHHyio KaK otbct na Bonpoc: «üpoBO3rjiaineHa jih
ÖJiaraH bcctb ceroHHHinHHM jhohhm?»
B 50-x TO^ax oh ny6jiHKyeT hcckojibko CTaren, raaBHbiM 06-
pa3OM b Revue de l’enseignement philosophique (b nacTHO-
cth, «IThcbmo üojiio Pmcepy 06 oö^ckthehocth hctophh»). B
1959 r. b H3fl;aTejibCTBe PUF b cepHH, KOTopyio peaaKTHpoBaji
}KaH JIaKpya, bbixohht ero nepBaa KHHra «MoHTecKbe: hojih-
THKa H HCTOPHH».
B 1960 r. oh nepeßOHHT hcckojibko tckctob $eüep6axa, hh-
meT k hhm npeHHCJiOBHe h nyÖJiHicyeT b BH^e c6opHHKa «JIioh-
bht <I>eHep6ax. 0Hjioco4>CKHe MaHHcjjecTbi», b cepnn, pe/jaKTH-
poBaBineHCH JKaHOM UnnojiHTOM.
B 1961 r. oh nyÖJiHKyeT b acypnajie La Pensee (nnpeKTopoM
KOToporo 6biji JKopac Kohho, a peaaKijHOHHbiM ceKperapeM —
ero Hpyr Mapcejib Kopnio) craTbio «O mojiohom MapKce — Bo-
364

BHOrPA^HHECKAH 3AMETKA
npocbi Teopnn», nepßbiH MaHH(J)ecT ajibTioccepnaHcnoro npo-
HTeHHH Mapnca (BKjnoHena b cöophhk «3a Mapnca»).
B 1964 r. oh nyßjiHnyeT b La Nouvelle Critique craTbio
«<J>peH,n h Jlanan», nos^nee Bome^niyio b cöophhk «IIoshijhh»
(Editions sociales, 1976)3, KOTopaa noflBeprneT rjiyßonoMy npe-
oöpaaoßaHHio OTHOineHHH Mejnjjy MapncH3M0M h ncnxoanajiH-
3OM, CJIOHCHBIHHeCH BO C*paHIJHH. B TOM HCe TOfly HO HHHIJHa-
THBe AjibTioccepa BHIII npnrjiamaeT Jlanana (HcnjnoneHHoro
H3 üapHHCCKoro oßiijecTBa <X>peH^;a) zjjih npo/jojnneHHH ero ce-
MHHapa (nepßoe aaHHTHe naHHHaeTCH c ynoMHHaHHH CnHH03bi
h oöpanjaeTCH k TeMe «OyH^aMeHTajibHbie hohhthh ncnxoana-
jiH3a»)4.
B 1965 rofly bbixo^ht khhth «3a Mapnca» (cßopHHn TencTOB,
onyÖJinnoBaHHbix c 1961 no 1965 rr.) h «HnraTb „Kannraji“»
(b coaBTopcTBe c JKanoM PancbepoM, IlbepoM Mainpe, 3Tbe-
hom Ba/iHÖapoM h Poace 3Taßjie), ßbiBinne nepßbiMH b cepnn
«TeopHH» H3/iaTejibCTBa Francois Maspero (IlapHHc). 3th pa-
6otm nepeBOßHTCH bo bcom MHpe, no/jBepraiOTCH peanoii npn-
Tnne, ho Taione npHBercTByioTCH nan «BoaoßnoBjieHHe Mapn-
CH3Ma» (AneH Ba^bio). B TeneHne ßBa^ijaTH jieT ohh ona3biBa-
k>t 3HanHTejibHoe BjiHHHHe Ha MapncHCTcnyro ßHcnyccnio. Ohh
jjaiOT hobbih TOJiHon nojieMHne b KoMMyHHCTHHecnoä napTHH,
yace pasropeBineiiCH b cbh3h co craTben 1961 ro/ja, b noTopoii
yTBepac/jaeTCH, hto b rpyzjax Mapnca cynjecTByeT «anncTeMO-
jiornHecnHH paapbiB», h hto HCTopHnecnnn MaTepnajiH3M neco-
BMecTHM c «TeopeTHnecnHM ryMaHH3M0M» (b to BpeMH nan npn-
rnna «nyjibTa jihhhocth CrajiHna» HjjeT hojihbim xojjom). Ot-
3 nepeH3jiaHa b Ecrits sur la psychanalyse. Freud et Lacan, Stock/IMEC,
Paris, 1993, et Le Livre de Poche, Paris, 1996.
4 CeMHHapbi AjibTioccepa b otot nepHO/j hht6hchbhoh HHjuiBHjjyajib-
hoh h KOJuieKTHBHOH TeopeTHHecKOH aKTHBHOCTH öbüiH nocBHiijeHbi cjie/jyio-
iijmm tcmbm: b 1961—1962 rr. — H3yneHHio Pclhhuxpaöom MapKca; b 1962—
1963 rr. — HcmoKOM cmpyKmypafiu3Ma\ b 1963—1964 rr. — TeMe JIclkclh u
ncuxoaHajiu3\ b 1964—1965 rr. — TeMe Uumamb «Kanumcui» (btot ceMHnap
6bUI HCTOKOM OflHOHMeHHOH K0JIJI6KTHBH0H paÖOTbl).
365

BHOfPAOHHECKAH 3AMETKA
3ByKH 3T0H H0JI6MHKH 3aM6THbI Ha CTpaHHIjax HCypHaJIOB La
Pensee h La Nou veile Critique, a TaiOKe MHoroHHCJieHHbix ne-
KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHX H3HUHHH. B TO HCe BpeMH BTH paÖOTbl OT-
hocht k HHCJiy ocHOBonojiaraiomHx tckctob «CTpyKTypajiH3Ma»,
BJiHHHHe KOToporo (b tom HHCJie ÖJiaronapH JleBH-CTpoccy, Jla-
Kany, BapTy h C>yKo) pacnpocTpaHHeTcn na 4)paHuy3CKyio (jm-
jioco(|)hio, BCTpenaHCb, o/jHaKO, c moiuhbim conpoTHBJieHneM.
IIOHHTHH «npoÖJieMaTHKH», «CHMHTOMHOTO HT6HHH», «CTpyK-
Typnoii npuHHHHOCTH», «CBepxjjeTepMHHaijHH», «HjjeojiornHe-
ckoto BOoßpaacaeMoro» h t. h., ncnojibsyeMbie co ccbdikoh Ha
«ajibTioccepHaHCTBO» hjih 6e3 thkoboh, b TeneHHe h^chth JieT
BHOCHT CBOii BKJiaß B (J)OpMHpOBaHHe TOpH3OHTa (jlHJIOCO^JCKO-
ro ßHCKypca. Hmch b BH/jy AjibTioccepa h ero BJiHHHHe, Caprp
CKaaceT, hto cjie/jyeT «BbicrynaTb 3a nowiinue (concept) h npo-
thb cjioea (notion)».
KaK yrBepac/jaeT 3jiH3a6eT PyzjHHecKO («Ctoji6thhh 6ht-
Ba. Hctophh HCHXOaHaJIH3a BO 0paHIJHH», TOM II), HMeHHO B
1965 r. AjibTioccep HannnaeT Kypc ncnxoanajiHTHHecKoro jiene-
hhh y jj-pa Pene /JnaTKHH, KOTopbiii 6y.neT ero ncnxoanajiHTH-
kom npHMepno ho 1987 roaa.
B 1966 r. b OTcyrcTBHe AjibTioccepa accaMÖJien (Jjhjioco^iob-
KOMMyHHCTOB, coöpaBiHHxcH b CepH3H-jie-Pya, 3acjiyniHBaeT
oÖBHHHTejibHyio penb Poace Paponn, o^HUHajibHoro (Jjhjioco-
(fra napTHH, HanpaßjieHHyio npoTHB «TeopeTHHecKoro aHTHry-
MaHH3Ma». Ha sacenaHHH L(eHTpajibHoro KoMHTera b ApacaH-
Tee non npencenaTejibCTBOM Aparona (11—13 Mapra) Tesncbi
PapoHH h AjibTioccepa noHBepraiOTCH (JiopMajibHOMy paccMo-
TpeHHio h cpaBHeHHio. JIiocbeH Cob (kotopbih 6bui yneHHKOM
AjibTioccepa b nanajie ero oöyneHHH b BHIII h HOJiroe Bpe-
MH ocraBajiCH ero HpyroM) craHOBHTCH (JjhjiococJjom, Hanöojiee
ÖJIH3KHM K pyKOBOflCTBy 0KH5. B TOM nee TOfly AjibTioccep nn-
5 B Ecrits..., op. cit., t. II, p. 433—532 noMemen tckct o6i>eMHoro BBeae-
hhh, HanncaHHoro AjibTioccepoM /ui« khhfh «Cnop o ryMaHH3Me», npoeKT ko-
topoh 6bui CO3ÄHH b 1967 r.
366

BHOTPA0HHECKAH 3AMETKA
meT aHOHHMHyio craTbio «O KyjibTypHOÜ pcbojiioijhh» hjih Ca-
hiers marxistes-leninistes, oprana MaoncTCKoro Coioaa KOMMy-
HHCTHHeCKOH MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOH MOJIO/jeJKH (BO3HHKHieTO
b peayjibTare pacKOJia b Coioae CTyneHTOß-KOMMyHHCTOß), mho-
rne pyKOBOßHTejiH KOToporo 6bijih ero yneHHKaMH h ero npy-
3bHMH. 3ra CTaTba saßepinajiacb cjieayiomHM yrßep^eHneM:
«/tejio 3aKJiiOHaeTCH ne b tom, htoöbi 3KcnopTnpoBaTb Kyjib-
Typnyio peBOJiioijHio. Ona npHHajjjie^KHT khtbhckoh peBOJiio-
ijhh. Ho ee TeopeTHHecKne h nojiHTHnecKHe ypoKH npuHa/pie-
Hcar eceM KOMMyHHcraM». TaK OTKpbiBaeTca nepnon, kotopbih
HeKOTopbie öyayT paccMarpHBaTb (h pasoÖJianaTb) KaK nepHoa
Hbohhoh nrpbi. Bnojine BepoaTHO, hto AjibTioccep HHKoraa ne
paceraßajiCH c Ha^e^K/jon bhccth cboh BKJiajj — na TeopeTHne-
ckoh ochobc — b Boccoe^HHeHHe paaoönjeHHbix HjienoB Meac/iy-
HapO/lHOrO KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOrO ßBHHCeHHH.
B tom Hce 1966 roay oh nyÖJiHKyer, b nacTHOCTH, «06 „06-
mecTBeHHOM floroBope“» (PacxoHC/jeHHfl)», MaTepnajibi Kypca
o Pycco, npoHHTaHHoro b BHIII (Cahiers pour l’analyse, Ns 8,
«HeMbicjiHMoe JKan-JKaKa Pycco») h «KpeMOHHHH, xynojKHHK
a6cTpaKTHoro» (Democratie nouvelle, Ns 8, aBrycT 1966 r.).
B 1967 r. AjibTioccep nnrner hjih coßeTCKoro JKypnajia «Bo-
npocbi 4)hjioco4>hh» 6ojibinoe acce «HcropHnecKaa sa^ana
MapKCHCTCKOH (JjHJIOCO^JHH», KOTOpoe 6y.HeT OTBeprHyTO, HO Ha-
nenaTano b nepeBone na BenrepcKHH hsbik b 1968 r. Ha XVIII
Cbesne 0KH Ahph <I>Hc6eH (6ynyiqHH ceKperapb napnjKCKOH
(jjeaepaijHH) saaBJiHeT: «HaM KaoKeTca, hto neKOTopbie TOBapn-
iijh, pa3BHBaiomHe cboio apiyMeHTaijnio b nojib3y TeopeTHne-
CKoro aHTHryMaHH3Ma h Hpyrnx npo6jieM, hojdkhbi 3an;aTb ce-
öe Bonpoc h cKa3aTb, hto ohh ayMaiOT o HeraTHBHbix nojiHTHHe-
CKHX nOCJieHCTBHMX HX nO3HIJHH. HpOTHBHHKH B CB06H 6opb6e
npoTHB HapTHH CCbDiaiOTCH Ha paÖOTbl 3THX TOBapnmeH, HO
ohh xpaHHT MOJinaHHe». B ohhom nncBMe6 k Pe?KH JJe6pe, na-
6 OnyÖJiHKOBaHHOM b Regis Debray, La Critique des armes, Le Seuil, Pa-
ris, 1974.
367

BHOfPAOHHECKAH 3AMETKA
nncaHHOM no noßo^y ero khhth «PeBOjnoixna b peBOJiioijHH»,
AjibTioccep tobopht: «Tbi caM anaeinb, hto nopoii no nojiu-
muuecKUM npuHUHOM CTanoBHTCH HeoöxoduMbiM c/jejiaTb
mar naaa# h aanaTbca Hccjie^OBaHHaMH, ot kotopbix 3aßn-
cht Bee».
B 1967—1968 rr. AjibTioccep (cobmcctho c IlbepoM Mani-
pe, BTbenoM BajinßapoM, C*pancya Peno, MnmejieM Ileino,
MninejieM C*HinaHOM h Ajichom Ba^bio) opraHH3yeT b BHIII
«Kypc 4)njioco4)nn jjJia ynenbix», npepBaHHbin coöbithhmh Maa
1968 r. üepBbie neTbipe jickijhh btoto Kypca b nepepaßoran-
hom BH/je BbixoßHT b 1974 ro/iy nofl HaaBamieM «0hjioco4>hh h
cnoHTannaa (Jjhjioco^hh yneHbix» (naraa jiokuhh, nocBanjen-
Haa Bonpocy 06 hcthhc, ocraeTca HeonyßjmKOBaHHon). KpoMe
toto, b jieKijnn «JleHHH h 4)hjioco4>hh», npoHHTaHHoii 24 4>eB-
pajia 1968 r. bo <I>paHijy3CKOM (Jjhjioco^ckom oönjecTBe (h H3-
jjaHHoii b 1969 r. b cepnn «Teopna»), AjibTioccep jjaeT HOBoe
onpe^ejieHHe (jmaoco^HH KaK «hojihthkh b TeopHH» («<X>naoco-
4)hh npe/jCTaBJiHJia 6bi Tor/ja nojiHTHKy b oßjiacTH TeopHH, toh-
Hee roBopa, b oßjiacTH HayK, — h naoßopoT, 4)Hjioco4)Ha npe/i-
craBJiajia 6bi HaynnocTb b hojihthko, b oßjiacTH, saHHMaeMoii
KJiaccaMH, Be^ymHMH KJiaccoByio ßopbßy»).
B Mae 1968 r. AjibTioccep, bhobb rocnHTajiH3HpoBaHHbiH b
CBa3H c /jenpeccHBHBiM cpbibom, OTcyrcTByeT b JIbthhckom
KBapTajie. Llbrraacb post factum nonaTb h oijeHHTb coßbiTHe,
oh xapaKTepnayeT ero KaK «HßeojiOTHHecKoe Maccoßoe bocctb-
nne». IJepenncKa h nonbiTKH TeopeTHHecKoro ocMbicaeHHa, ko-
Topbie OTHOcaTca k btoh TeMe, cero^na ^ocTynHbi HHTareaio, b
nacTHOCTH CTaTba «IIo noBO/iy cththh Mninejia Beppe o Cry-
jjeHHecKOM Mae», HanenaTaHHaa b La Pensee, <N® 145, h nncbMa,
onyßjiHKOBaHHbie MapHeä-AHTyaHeTTOH MannnoHH b ee KHHre
Lettere dall’interno del PCI a Louis Althusser, C*ejibTpHHejuiH,
1969 (ho Ha^aTbie H3 (jjpaHijyscKoro ns/jaHna). HaKoneij, h b
ocoßeHHOCTH, craTba «H,neojiorHa h H/jeojiOTHHecKHe annapaTbi
rocyflapcTBa» (La Pensee, N® 151, 1970), aBJiaionjaaca hbctbio
HesaßepineHHOH paßoTbi «PocysapcTBO, IIpaBO, HajjCTpoiiKa»,
368

BHOFPA<I>HHECKAH 3AMETKA
HanncaHHofi b 1969 roßy7. B nen mbi mojkcm hhhth, b hhctho-
cth, cjießyiomyio HHTepnpeTaijHio: «HßeojiorHH HHTepnejiJiHpy-
er HHßHBHßOB KaK cy6i>eKTOB. PeayjibTaT:... cyßbeKTbi «(|)yHK-
ijHOHHpyioT», h b orpoMHOM ßojibinHHCTBe cjiynaeB BCe OHH, 3a
HCKJHoneHHeM «ßypnbix cydijeKTOB», «cjjyHKijHOHHpyioT 6e3 ny-
3K0K nOMOIIJH»...». IloCJie BO3OÖHOBJieHHH yHHBepCHTCTCKHX 3a-
hhthh AjibTioccep noßBepraeTCH pe3KHM HanaßKaM co ctopohm
MaoHCTOB H3 «/Jejia napoßa», KOTopbie Ha3biBaiOT ero iiocoöhh-
kom peBH3HOHH3Ma. Co CBoefi CTopoHbi, pyKOBOßCTBO 0KII npo-
ßOJDKaeT CHHTaTb, hto c Hero Hejib3H cnycKaTb rjias (voir en lui
leur maitre ä penser)... TeM He Menee «K)MaHHTe» nyßjiHKyeT
b pyßpHKe «Hßen» Hanßojiee cynjecTBeHHbie BbißepacKH H3 Ha-
nHcaHHoro hm npeßHCJiOBHH k HOBOMy H3ßaHHio nepBoro TOMa
«KanHTajia», BbimeßineMy b H3ßaTejibCTBe «C>jiaMMapHOH».
B 1970 roßy AjibTioccep nnineT npeßHCJiOBHe k KHHre Map-
Tbi ApneKep «BjieMeHTapHbie Hanajia HCTopHHecKoro MaTepn-
ajiH3Ma» (Principios elementales del materialismo historico,
Siglo XXI, Mexico-Buenos Aires), KOTopaa pacxoßHTCH rapa-
HCOM B MHJIJIHOH 3K3eMHJIHpOB («KjiaCCOBBH 6opb6a He HBJineTCH
(npOH3BOßHbIM) 3(|)(|)eKT0M CyiljeCTBOBaHHH KJiaCCOB: KJiaCCOBHH
6opb6a h cynjecTBOBaHHe KJiaccoB — oßHO h to ace»). BMecre c
ßpyrHMH TeKCTaMH, b KOTopbix TaKHce naxoßHT BbipaaceHHe Te-
3HC «KJiaCCOBOH ÖOpbßbl B TeopHH» (b HaCTHOCTH, B HHTepBblO
raßere «YHHTa» «0hjioco4)hh KaK opyacne peBOJiioijHH», 1968),
BTOT TeKCT 6yß6T BKJH0H6H B CÖOpHHK «Il03HIJHH», OIiyßjIHKO-
BaHHbiH b 1976 r. b Editions sociales. Bjihhhho AjibTioccepa b
JIbthhckoh AMepHKe ßocTHraeT CBoero nHKa; HeKOTopbie jibth-
HOBMepHKaHCKHe aKTHBHCTbl H HHTejiJieKTyajibi BHßHT B HeM
nyrb jih ne hoboto MapKca, ho b to nee BpeMH ero Hßen ctbho-
BHTCH MBTepnaJIOM ßJIH OJKeCTOHeHHblX ßHCKyCCHH H MHineHblO
ßJIH pe3KOH KPHTHKH.
7 IIOJIHblH TeKCT 3TOH pyKOHHCH, AOnOJIHeHHMH B&pH&HT&MH CTHTbH 1970
roaa, HeßaBHO 6bui onyÖJiHKOBan ÖJiaro^apa ycujiHHM TKana Buße no,n 3aro-
jiobkom Sur la reproduction, PUF, coli. «Actuel Marx Confrontation», Paris,
1995.
369

BHOfPAOHHECKAH 3AMETKA
B 1973 h 1974 rr. AjibTioccep BbipaacaeT cboio HOByio koh-
IjeniJHIO MapKCHCTCKOH (JjHJIOCOC^HH B ^Byx KOpOTKHX TeKCTax:
«Otbct JJacony JlbioHcy», b kotopom oh, BCTynaa b nojieMHKy
C ßpHTBHCKHM KOMMyHHCTOM, npH/jaeT CBOeÄ KpHTHKe (|)HJIO-
co(|)CKoro ryMaHH3Ma öojiee acecTKyio (JjopMy h xapaKTepnsyeT
«CTajiHHCKoe OTKJiOHenne» KaK asaTap «napti 3K0H0MH3M/ry-
MaHH3M»; h «BjieMeHTbi chmokphthkh» (Hachette Litterature),
lyje oh, roBopa o ceöe h cbohx yneHHKax, b hbcthocth, nnmeT:
«Ecjih mbi ne öluih CTpyKTypajiHCTaMH... to mbi öbijih bhho-
BHBI B apyrOH ctojib ace chjibhoh h KOMnpoMeTHpyioiijeH CTpa-
CTH: Mbl 6bUlU CnUH03UCmaMU».
B 1975 ro^y oh «no coBOKynnocTH H3^aHHBix paöoT» 3aujH-
HjaeT TJOKTOpCKyiO ßHCCepTaiJHIO B ÜHKap^HHCKOM yHHBepCH-
TeTe (cm. «AMBencKaa jickijhh», nepens/iaHHaH b «IIo3hijhhx»:
«H BcnoMHHaio o MaKHaBejuiH, npaBHJio Mero/ja KOToporo, pe/j-
ko BBipaacaBineeca, ho Bceiyja npHMeHHBineecH, saKJnonajiocB b
tom, hto b MbiniJieHHH HyHCHO ßoxojjHTB do npedejia»). B CJiejiy-
lonjeM ro,ny oh BCTynaeT b öpaK c 3jich Phtm3h (hsbccthoh KaK
JleroTbeH b abhhcchhh ConpoTHBjieHHH h b CBoeii npo(jjeccHO-
HaJIBHOH /jeHTeJIBHOCTH), ÖblBHieH CTO CnyTHHIjeH 3KH3HH B Te-
neHHe TpH/jijaTH jieT h paöoTaßineH coijhojiotom b SEDES, r/je
ona HCCJieflOBajia, b hbcthocth, peaKu,HH (jjpanijyscKoro h ac})-
pHKaHCKOTO KpeCTBHHCTBa Ha HOJIHTHKy CeJIBCKOTO pa3BHTHH H
ÖJiaroycTpoHCTBa TeppHTopHÄ.
B 3th roflbi (ro/jbi «Oönjeii nporpaMMBi») AjibTioccep jjobojib-
ho peryjiapHO ynacTByeT b nyÖJiHHHbix HHHi^naTHBax 0KI1, b
hbcthocth, b 1973 r. BMecre c Jlyn AparoHOM h JKbhom Bjuien-
niTeiiHOM bo BpeMH npasanecTB, opraHH3OBaHHbix «JOMaHH-
Te», — B nyÖJIHHHOH ßHCKyCCHH «KOMMyHHCTbi, HHTeJIJieKTy-
aJIbl h KyjibTypa» (oh Bcer/ja no/mep)KHBaji onenb apyacecKHe
OTHonieHHH c PojianoM Jlepya, rjiaBHbiM pe^aKTopoM «IOmb-
HHTe»), a b 1976 r. — b ripasflHHKe khhth, no npnrjiameHHio
JIiocbeHa CaBa. TeM He Menee b cbocm npeßHCJiOBHH k KHnre
/JoMHHHKa JleKypa «JlbiceHKo. IIo^jiHHHaH hctophh „npojie-
370

BHOfPA^HHECKAH 3AMETKA
TapcKOÖ nayicn“» (cepnn «TeopHH»)8 oh, hmoh b BH^y Cobot-
ckhh Cok)3, imineT: «Korjja ouiHÖKy jjojiroe BpeMH 3aMajiHH-
BaiOT, ona npojjojiHcaeT cymecTBOBaTb: bosmohcho, hto ee 3a-
MajiHHBaiOT, öjul mo2o htoöbi ona npoaojDKajia cymecTBOBaTb.
fljIH TOTO HTOÖBI H3BJI6HB H3 3TOTO CyiljeCTBOBaHHH HOJIHTHHe-
CKHe npenMynjecTBa». B ojjhom H3 cbohx kommiohheg «IÖMa-
HHTe» TOBOPHT OÖ «OHeBHJJHBIX npeyBeJIHHCHHHX» H OÖBHHHeT
ero B «nOJIHOM HTHOpHpOBaHHH pa3BHTHH KOJIJieKTHBHOH MBIC-
JIH IlapTHH b ee HHjjHBHjjyajiBHBix Tpyijax». IIos^Hee Hannna-
eTca nojieMHKa, BBi3BaHHan npe^jioaceHneM OTKasaTBCH ot jio-
3ynra «jjHKTaTypBi npojieTapnaTa», KoTopoe öbijio BBicKaaaHO
Ha XXII CBes/je C>KII. B /lOKJia^e, c^ejiannoM b coöpaHHH Co-
K)3a CTyZjeHTOB-KOMMyHHCTOB B 1976 r. (h H3^aHH0M b 1977 r.
no/i 3arojiOBKOM «22-ii CBe3,n»), oh no/jBepraeT KpHTHKe rjiaB-
hbim oöpasoM Ty cfiopMy, b KOTopoii öbijio npHHHTO 3to peine-
HHe h — b cjioßax, KOTopbie 3BynaT KaK axo 4)opMyjinpoBOK «3a
MapKca», nocBHiijeHHBix «4)paHuy3CKOH HHiijeTe», — npespe-
HHe KoMMyHHCTHHeCKOii napTHH K CBOeii COÖCTBeHHOH TeopHH,
o kotopom oho CBH/jeTejiBCTByeT: «Bchkhh MaTepnajiHCT co Bpe-
MeHH TajiHjieH 3HaeT, hto cyzjBÖa Haynnoro hohhthh, KoTopoe
oöbeKTHBHO OTpaacaeT peajiBHyio npoÖJieMy, HMeionjyio mhofo-
HHCJieHHBie CJießCTBHH, He MOHCeT ÖBITB OÖ’BeKTOM HOJIHTHHeCKO-
ro peineHHH».
3th jjeöaTBi nepeceKaiOTCH c ancKyccHHMH öojiee oönjero xa-
paKTepa, KOTopbie BBi3Bajia b Eßpone, b hbcthocth b Htbjihh,
CTpaTerHH «eßpoKOMMyHH3Ma». Ha KOHrpecce b BeneijHH, no-
CBHIIjeHHOM TeMe «BjiaCTB H OnnO3HIJHH B nOCTpeBOJHOUHOH-
hbix oönjecTBax»9 h opraHH3OBaHHOM acypnajiOM II Manifesto
(ojjhoh H3 ocHOBaTejibHHij KOToporo ößuia ero noflpyra Pocca-
Ha PoccaH.ua, ßaBHHH HjieH pyKOBO^CTBa HKII), oh BBicrynaeT c
/jOKJiaßOM, 03arjiaBjieHHBiM «HaKoneij-TO kphshc MapKCH3Ma!»;
8 IIepeH3ÄaHa b 1995 r. b H3aaTejibCTBe PUE
9 MaTepnajibi KOToporo onyÖJiMKOBaHbi b H3flaTejibCTBe Seuil, IlapnjK,
1978.
371

BHOfPAOHHECKAH 3AMETKA
OH npHBeTCTByeT OCBo6o.HHTeJIbHbie BCjxjieKTbl 3TOTO KpH3H-
ca, ho yTBepjKßaeT, hto oh «ne HBjiaeTca 4)eH0MeH0M ne^aB-
nero BpeMenn», hto oh b onpejiejieHHOM CMbicjie conpoBoac.ua-
eT BCIO HCTOpHK) MapKCH3Ma B XX CT0JI6THH. B 1978 T. TElKace B
Htejihh noHBjiaeTCH ero CTaTba, HanncaHHaa ßjia Enciclopedia
Europea10 11, r/je oh, naMeKaa na o/jny (fropMyjinpoBicy CnHH03bi,
tobopht: «MapKCH3M ne H3ÖaBHTCH ot rpare^HH CBoeä hctophh,
KJIHHH HX HJIH OropHMCb HMH... HyaCHO, HTOßbl OH HaHaJI HOHH-
MaTb ceßfl TaKHM, kbkob oh ecTb, — h Tor.ua oh h3M6hhtch», a
Taicace ero tckct, HanHcannbiH ^jih cßopnnKa Discutere lo Sta-
to. Posizioni a confronto su una tesi di Louis Althusser (De Do-
nato, Bapn), b kotopom coöpanbi Marepnajibi ^ncicyccHH, opra-
HH30BaHH0H II Manifesto. AjibTioccep KpHTHicyeT H^eio «npaBH-
meii napTHH» h 3anjHiijaeT H^en peBOJiioijHOHHOH napTHH «BHe
TocyzjapcTBa» h MapKCH3Ma KaK «kohchhoh TeopHH»11.
Cpe^H TeKCTOB 3toto nepHO.ua, Kor.ua oh paßoraeT c nacTbiMH
nepepbißaMH, otmcthm Hapaay c HesaBepmennbiMH pyKonnca-
MH, KOTopbie CTaJIH HJIH BCKOpe CTaHyT flOCTynHbIMH flJIH HH-
TaTejia, jieKijHH b yHHBepcHTere Tpena^bi o «TpanccjiopMaijHH
4)hjioco4)hh» («MapKCHCTCKaa (JjhjiococJjhh cynjecTByer, ho ona
HHKorfla ne co3^;aBajiacb kbk «cjiHjiococjiHH »...»)12 h b KarajiOH-
ckom KOJuieace apxHTeKTypbi («HeKOTopbie Bonpocbi, Kacaiomn-
eca KpH3HCa MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH H MeHCflyHapOflHOTO KOMMy-
HHCTHHeCKOTO ÄBHHCeHHH»: «...3MHHPH3M ecTb nepBblH 4)HJI0-
co4)ckhh Bpar KJiaccoBoii ßopbßbi npojierapHaTa»). KpoMe toto,
yKaaceM Ha TeKCTbi o ncnxoanajiHse, b hbcthocth, «OTKpbrrne
ßOKTopa 0peH.ua», H3HanajibH0 npeßHasHaHaBinHHCH ^jih npo-
HTenHH na (JipaHKO-coBeTCKOM CHMno3HyMe no npoßjieMe 6ecco-
10 Vol. VII, Garzanti, Milan. C>paHi^y3CKnn Tenor mohcho Hanrn b M. Men-
suel, marxisme, mouvement, Ns 43, HHBapt 1991.
11 0paHi^3CKHH Tenor ony6jiHKOBaH b Hcypnajie Dialectiques, Ns 23, Ila-
pujK, 1978.
12 Cm. cöopHHK Sur la philosophie. Entretiens et correspondance avec Fer-
nanda Navarro, suivis de La Transformation de la philosophie, coli. «L’Infi-
ni», Gallimard, Paris, 1994.
372

BHOTPA0HHECKAH 3AMETKA
3HaTe;ibHoro b Töhjihch (1979), ot ynacTHH b kotopom AjibTioc-
cep B KOHije KOHIJOB OTKa3aJICH (3T0T T6KCT, KOTOpblH OH 3BMe-
hhji jjpyrHM, «O MapKce n c^pen/je», nos/jnee 6e3 ero corjiacHH
6bm onyßjiHKOBaH opraHHsaropoM CHMnosnyMa JleonoM Illep-
tokom13). HaKoneij, jjOKJiaa b HaijnonajibHOM 4)OHjje nojiHTHne-
ckhx nayK, «0/jHHOHecTBO MaKHaßejiJiH»14 («Oh 3Haji, hto kot-
Zja ero mbicjib BHeceT cboh bkjibjj b cfropMHpoBaHHe hctophh,
ero yace ne ßyzjer b hchbbix»).
B anpejie 1978 r. AjibTioccep (kotopbih HHKorjja He npeKpa-
njaji CBoero HJiencTBa b IlapTHH h ynacTHH b jjeHTejiBHOCTH cbo-
eii HHeiiKH) no/jnHCbiBaeT BMecre c hhtbio jjpyrHMH HHTejiJieK-
TyanaMH-KOMMyHHCTaMH OTKpblTOe HHCBMO, B KOTOPOM OHH
TpeßyiOT nanaTb «b OKII nojjjiHHHyio nojiHTHnecKyio «zjHCKyc-
chio», CTaBinyio HeoßxojjHMOH nocjie pacKOJia b coiose Jießbix
chji. Oh nyßjiHKyeT b «Jle Moh/j» cepnio craTen «Hto jjojdkho
H3M6HHTBCH B KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOH napTHH» (KOTOpaH HOJJ 3THM
Ha3BaHHeM h c hobbim npe/jHCJiOBHeM öy/jer HanenaTana b H3-
jjaTejibCTBe Frangois Maspero), rjje mohcho HaÄTH TaKHe cjiOBa:
«MapKC roBopHJi: «CosnaHHe Bcer/ja sanas/jbiBaeT». PyKOBO/j-
CTBO IlapTHH HeB03MyTHM0 npHMCHHeT 3TOT npHHIJHH B 6yK-
BajibHOM CMbicjie, He no/jospeBaa o ero kphthhcckom CMbicjie:
oho y&epeHo, umo oco3Haem npoucxodsuyee, nocKOJibKy oho 3a-
nasdbieaem...» OpraHBi nenaTH h opraHH3aijHH IlapTHH c reHe-
pajibHbiM ceKperapeM bo rjiaBe ctbbht ero k nosopHOMy CTOJißy
BMecre co BceMH KpHTHKaMH «cjießa» h «cnpasa».
15 Mapra 1980 r. AjibTioccep noHBJiaeTCH na sace/jaHHH Ila-
Phhcckoh niKOJibi <I>peH,zja, rjje peinaerca Bonpoc o ee caMopoc-
nycKe, h «ot hmchh naijneHTOB» oßpanjaeTca k JIaKaHy (koto-
pbih yMpeT b cjie/jyioiijeM ro,zjy), HasbiBaa ero «BejiHKOJienHbiM
H HtaJIKHM ApjieKHHOM».
13 B cöopHHKe Dialogue franco-sovietique sur la psychanalyse, Privat,
Toulouse, 1984. Cm. TaioKe: Louis Althusser, Ecrits sur la psychanalyse. Freud
et Lacan, textes reunis et presentes par Olivier Copret et Frangois Matheron,
Stock/IMEC, Paris, 1993 (noßoe b Le Livre de Poche, 1996).
14 He/jaBHO onyÖJiHKOBaHHbiH b Futur anterieur, Ms 1, printemps 1990.
373

BHOFPAOHHECKAa 3AMETKA
B Mae 1980 r., nepeneca xnpyprnHecKyio onepaijHio, Ajib-
Tioccep nepeacHBaeT onenb Taacejibiii ^enpeccHBHbiH annao/j.
no KpafineH Mepe Hannnaa c 1948 ro/ja oh CTpa^aji «MaHna-
KajibHO-jjenpeccHBHMM iichxo3Om», nacro 3acTaBJiaBinnM ero
npoxo^HTb aypcbi ncHxnaTpuHecKoro h xHMHOTepaneBTHne-
CKoro jieneHna b ßojibHHijax h KJiHHHKax, b to ace BpeMa npo-
jjojiacaa cboh ncHxoanajiH3. Bee jicto ototo ro.ua oh npoBOßHT
b ojjHOH H3 napHJKCKHx kjihhhk. Ero cocToanne ne yjiyninaeT-
ca, ho b nanaiie OKTaßpa spann npHxo^aT k saKjnoneHHio, hto
MoryT no3BOJiHTb eMy Bepnyrbca k ceöe zjomoh. BMecre co cbo-
eii aceHoii oh yijajiaeTca b cboio KBaprnpy h sannpaerca b neii.
16 Hoaßpa 1980 r. Teno sa^yineHHoii cbohm MyaceM 3jien Ajib-
Tioccep oÖHapyacHBaiOT b hx KBaprape b BHIII. Hocjie cponnoH
rocnHTajiH3ai;HH b ßojibHHije Cch-Ahh h npoBe^eHHa hchxh-
aTpHHeCKOH 3KCnepTH3bI (KOTopaa BbIHOCHT flHaTHO3 «OCTpblH
ZienpeccHBHbiH 3hh3oa») AjibTioccepa corjiacHO craTbe 64 Yto-
jiobhoto KO^eKca npnanaiOT ne noßJieacaiijHM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
h no nocTanoBJieHHio npe(j)eKTypbi hojihijhh HHTepHHpyiOT b
öojibHHije Cch-Ahh, a 3areM b ßojibHHije O-Bhb b Cya3H-ciop-
Cen (paiioHHaa ßojibHHija 13-ro napnaccKoro oKpyra). Mhhh-
CTepcTBO Hapo/jHOTO oßpaaoBaHHa yBOJibHaeT ero c saHHMae-
MOH ßOJDKHOCTH.
Meac/iy 1984 h 1986 rr., noejie npoBeaeHHa hoboh aacnep-
TH3bi h H3^aHHa hoboto nocTanoBjieHHa npecJieKTypbi, koto-
poe npeapanjaeT ero aj^MHHHCTpaTHBHoe HHTepHHpoBaHHe, oh
acHBer b CBoeä napnaccKOH KBapTHpe, nepHO/jHHecKH BO3Bpa-
njaacb b ßojibHHuy ßjia CTai^HOHapHoro jieneHHa, h bo3o6hob-
jiaeT yeflHHeHHyio, ho othhcth HopMajibHyio acH3Hb. B 1988 r.
b MeKCHKe bbixo^ht KHHra Filosofia y marxismo (Siglo XXI
Editores), co^epacanjaa ßece^bi c 4>epnaHAOH Hasappo, koto-
pbie 6buiH 3anncaHbi b otot nepHOß15. KpoMe toto, oh paßoraeT
Ha# ßojibinHM aBTo6Horpa4)HHecKHM TeKCTOM «Byuynjee ajiht-
15 0paHny3CKHH nepeBOß (yKoponeHHbiH, ho aonojiHeHHHH nepenncKOH)
onyö/iHKOBaH b Sur la Philosophie, op. cit.
374

BHOfPA^HHECKAH 3AMETKA
CH JJOJITO», KOTOpblH OH nOKa3BIBaeT HeKOTOpbIM Apy3bMM H aa-
Hce H3,zjaTejiHM, ho b KOHije kohijob sannpaeT b cboom nHCBMen-
hom CTOJie16. Oh nacTO BCTpenaeTCH co cbohm ßpyroM CraHHCJia-
com BpeTOHOM, (J)hjioco4)om h TeojioroM, KaK h oh caM öbibhihm
njicHHHKOM IIlTajiara, h oßcyHC/jaeT c hhm «ajieaTopHbiä MaTe-
pnajiH3M» h «Teojiornio ocBoßonc/jeHHH»17. B 1987 r. nocjie He-
otjiohchoh onepaijHH no noBO/jy oÖTypaijHH nnnjeBO^a hobbih
npHCTyn jjenpeccHH 3acTaBjineT ero BepHyTbCH b Cyasn, OTKy-
jja ero nepeßo/jHT b IIcnxHaTpHHecKHH HHCTHTyr b Jia Bepbep
(/jenapraMeHT Hbcjihh). Ero c})H3HHecKoe h ncnximecKoe cocto-
HHHe HenpepbiBHO yxy/jmaeTCH. JleroM 1990 r. oh saßojieBaer
nneBMOHnen h 22 OKTHÖpa Toro ace rojja yMnpaer ot ocranoB-
kh cep/jija.
Bojibmoe hhcjio tckctob AjibTioccepa, CTaßninx He/jocTynHbi-
mh, b nocjie/jHee BpeMH öbijio bhobb H3,ijaHo; KpoMe toto, 6bdio
3aHBjieno o jjpyTHx nepeH3,uaHHHx h o nyßjiHKaijHH HeH3jjaH-
hbix apxHBHbix MaTepnajiOB. IMEC, xpaHHTejib C*OH,zja AjibTioc-
cepa, b coTpyflHHnecTBe c H3jjaTejiBCTBOM Stock onyßjiHKOBaji
nHTb tomob, co/jepncaiijHx rjiaBHbiM o6pa3OM ocTaBaBinnecH ne-
H3/jaHHbIMH T6KCTBI, CHaÖHCeHHbie npHMenaHHHMH H npe/JHCJIO-
bhhmh, KOTopbie HanHcajiH Hh Myjibe-ByTan, Ojihbbc Kopne h
<I>paHcya Marepon (cm. ccbdikh b HacTOHiijeM TeKCTe).
9mbeH Eajiuöap
16 3tot TeKCT 6bDi H3flan nocjie CMepra AjibTioccepa Hhom Myjibe-By-
Tan h IMEC: L’avenir dure longtemps, suivi de Les Faits, nouvelle edition
augmentee, presentee par Oliver Corpet et Yann Moulier-Boutang, Le Livre
de Poche, 1994.
17 Cm. Stanislas Breton, «Althusser aujourd’hui», in Archives de Philosoph-
ie, tome 56, cahier 3, juillet-septembre 1993, p. 417—430.



HHJJEKC
AöcrpaKTHoe/KOHKpeTHoe 265-273,
279, 346-350
AöcrpaKixHH 56, 92, 101, 123, 159,
227, 261, 266, 267, 270-272, 279-
283, 304, 321, 347
AMepHKa 296
AnapxH3M 38
AHapXO-CHH£HKaJIH3M 38
Ahtjihh 110, 115-6, 118, 143, 149,
223, 295
AnTHiyMaHH3M 325-327, 342
ApTHityjiHiXHH 255, 288, 292, 294,
298, 325
A(j)pHKa 165, 246
Ba3HC, 3KOHOMHHeCKHH 161
BaxpaA3e O. M. 87
BaniJiap E 10, 15, 49, 239, 264
Beprcon, Anpn 39, 120c
BepTOJiauijn K. 189, 203, 205, 212,
215c, 353c
BecKoneHHocTb 171-3, 177-180, 183
Becc T. 288c
Becco3HaTejibHi>iH 88, 92, 139, 144,
167, 176, 204, 212, 216, 339
BacMapK, Otto <J)oh, khhbl 142
Bjiox, Ho3e(j) 152c, 162c, 170,185
Bor/janos A. A. 35-6
BojibineBHKH, napTHH 139-40, 169,
251
Bopböa
— HAeojioniHecKaH 42, 166, 244,
283-4, 356
— KJiaccosaa 34, 100, 118, 123, 137,
139, 162, 251-2, 257-8, 260, 261,
284, 305-6, 313, 355-6, 358, 361
— HaixHOHanbHO-ocBoöoAHTejibHaa
252
— nojiHTHnecKaa 42, 133c, 139, 154,
300, 305-6, 317, 330
— OKOHOMMHecKaa 305
Boccioa }K. B. 254
BoTHrejiJiH 3. 221-228
Bpatmenöypr 163
BpexT, BepTOJibfl 205-212, 216-217,
353c
Byp»cya3Ha 38-9, 119, 130, 139-144,
181, 200c, 253c, 332-33, 336, 340
Bbrrne 66, 268, 270, 282, 304, 326,
328
BeHrpHH 138, 236c
BneniHee h BHyrpeHHee 132c, 134,
149, 153, 176, 244c, 281, 296,
301-3
Bo3BpanjeHHe k peajibHOCTH 45,112-
3, 118
Bonpocbi/oTBeTbi 89c, 98-99c, 107c,
117c
BOCTOK, APCBHHH 150
BpeMH, ÄHajieKTHHecKoe h He^HajieK-
THHecicoe 194, 198, 205
B-ce6e h jyifl-ceÖH 92, 114c, 268-9,
281
Bceraa-yxce-AaHHoe 283, 294, 296
BceoönjHOCTb 261, 267, 269
BceoömHOCTb I 262-72
BceoönjHOCTb II 263-9, 273
BceoöiqHOCTb III 262-9, 272-3, 276
BbipanceHHe 236-241
FajiHJien f. 94c, 262, 299, 359, 371
377

HHJJEKC
TapoflH P. 233-4c, 288c
FflP 77, 236c
Ferejib T. B. <D. 55, 67, 70, 83-4, 96,
107, 109, 111-5, 123, 147, 149-
151, 156-61, 165c, 167-9, 199,
212, 225, 235, 246, 254, 267-70,
280-5, 289-90, 29G-7, 304, 317,
358
— «JleKijHH no (Jjhjioco^hh hcto-
phh» 132
— «Hayna Jiornnn» 71
— «<I>eHOMeHOJiorHÄ jjyxa» 71, 146-7
— «0hjioco(J)hä npaaa» 160
— «DnijHKJioneÄHÄ 4>hjioco4)ckhx
nayn» 71
— OTHOineHHe Mapnca n T. 43, 48-
9, 53-4, 56-7, 71-73, 88,135, 233,
250, 274c
PerejibHHCTBo 53-4, 72, 81, 81-
2c, 92—4, 133c, 136c, 165c, 167,
283-4
PereMOHHH 166c
PeaTK. 37
Petae T. 36
PejibBeijHH K. 159,178, 181
PepMaHHH 37, 78, 101, 110-1, 115-
22, 138-42, 154, 163-4, 295
repofi 132c, 210-214
recc M. 96, 364
PHTJiep A. 257
Po66c T. 161, 177-8, 181, 323
Pojiböax, Ilojib Anpn Tbeppn 177,
181
PocnojiCTBO 39, 109, 116c, 161, 226-
7, 245c, 280, 286-8, 293, 300-1,
308, 317-8, 333
PocyaapcTBO 66, 86, 100-1, 117c,
138, 161, 289, 317-21, 338, 341,
345, 349
— Bcero Hapo^a 314, 355
— KnaccoBoe 314, 355
— OTMHpanne r. 337
— coßercnoe 314, 355
PpaMCflaHcnaa bohhh b HcnaHHH 34
PpaMniH, Ahtohho 37, 152-3, 165,
165-6c
— «TropeMHbie TeTpajjH» 152-3
PpeijHH 149, 167
PyMaHH3M 315-6, 318-9, 322, 325,
327, 332, 335-6, 339, 342, 345-8,
350, 352, 356, 358
— 6ypjnya3HO-xpHCTHaHcnHH 315,
335
— njiaccoßbiH 313-4
— noMMyHHTapHbm 318
— jihhhocth 314-5, 335
— MapncHcrcnHH 355-7
— npojierapcnHH 313
— paijHOHajiHCTHnecnH-jiHÖepajib-
HbiH 315, 317
— peajibHbiH 345-7, 349-50
— peBOJIIOUHOHHblH 313
— coimajiHCTHHecnHH 313-6, 334-6,
338, 341-2, 351, 356
Pyccepjib 3. 43
^BHjneHHe 3a mhp 34
^BHHCeHHe
— paöonee 37-8, 40, 105, 112, 340,
354, 361
— bo <I>paHijHH 36, 39
JJeHCTBeHHOCTb 145, 162, 170, 172,
214, 223
/JenapT P. 323
ßejuia Bojibne, PajibBano 57, 236c
^eMonpaTHH, npojierapcnaa 314c
/(eMonpaTbi 356
ßeHbrn 193, 202, 225, 321, 326
^epeBHH 134c, 191
^eTepMHHaiiHH 146, 161, 179, 233c,
297-8, 322
— «b noneHHOM cneTe» 162-4,170-2,
178, 182, 290c, 303, 322
— anoHOMHnecnaa 164, 168, 170,
176, 179, 182-3, 293, 303
378

HH/JEKC
JterepMHHH3M, 3K0H0MHHeCKMM 152-
3c, 162, 171
^HaneKTHKa 115, 121, 131-2, 134-
5, 136c, 156, 158-9, 164, 168-9,
198-9, 201-3, 205-6, 212, 216,
226, 229, 240-3, 249, 251, 257-
8, 260, 264, 268-9, 276, 284, 300,
308-9
— rerejieBCKaa 90, 107, 112, 114c,
123, 131-5, 146, 150-1, 155-
6, 157, 233, 235, 236c, 258, 273,
274c, 304, 307, 246-7, 250-1, 273,
281, 283, 304, 307
— H^eajiHCTHHecKaa 358
— MapKCHCTCKaa 113c, 132, 135,
234-5, 245-6, 248, 250-2, 258,
285, 293, 307-9
— MaTepna/iHCTHHecKaH 86, 240-5,
247, 358
— npnpoÄbi 177
ÄHanor 313, 356
^HApo, 54, 113
/tnjibTeii, BmibrejibM 165c
fluijreH, Ho3e4) 123
JtorMHTH3M, CTaJIHHCKHH 36, 46-7,
285c, 337, 340, 354-5
floroBop, oönjecTBeHHbiH 292c
Aonnrö Mapiu 123
Äyx 132c, 134c, 150, 167, 287c, 290c,
296, 304
Aiopunr, EßreHHH 283, 356
EßHHCTBa, /jpaMaTHHecKne 207
E/jhhctbo 49, 86, 98
— cjio>KHoe 238-40, 283, 288
— BHyrpeHnee 145, 149, 290c
— npocroe 281-3, 289
EcrecTBeHHoe (npnpoflHoe) coctoh-
Hne 282, 292
TKappn A. 95
}&H3Hb, MarepnajibHaH 156-7
TKopec, HCan 37, 39
3aKon 119c, 148, 156, 168, 233, 284,
317
3aKOH o Bbißopax 1832 r. 116
3aKOHbi pbiHKa 159
3nMMejib r. 165c
3naHHe 84, 236-7, 239, 244-5c, 250-
2, 257-60, 262-6, 273-1, 276, 308,
316, 325, 357
— aöcojnoTHoe 146
— npoH3BOflCTBO 3. 237, 248-9, 266,
272, 283-4
— naynnoe 3., 184, 268-9, 356
3pnrejiH (nyÖJiHKa) 194, 207-17
Hrpa npOTHBOpeHHH 144
HfleajiH3M 39, 53-4, 86, 100c, 106,
109, 225, 243-4, 273, 287-8, 323-
4, 346
MaeHTHtjjHKaijHfl 58, 200, 214, 215c
KaeojiorH 78, 95, 99c, 342
HaeojioTHfl 35, 45, 59, 85, 93, 98-
103, 114-5c, 118, 120, 123-4,
132-3, 149, 156-7, 162, 168, 207-
8, 227, 239-40, 243, 245, 262,
266-7, 271-5, 290c, 303, 314, 322,
326-34, 338, 340, 342, 348, 350-
2, 356, 358
— 6ypjKya3Haa 39, 181, 184
— rocnoacTByiomaH 37c, 153, 332-3
— HCTOPHH h. 120c, 242
— HeMeijKaa 109, 111-2, 123
— nojiHTHHecKaa 341, 359
— cnoHraHHaa 38, 208-9, 213, 215
— reoperHHecKaa h HereoperHHe-
CKaa 359
— 4)Hjioco$CKaa 43-5, 49, 61
— lopH^HHecKaa 359
H/iea 48, 67, 83c, 84-5, 88, 97, 106-
8, 121, 130c, 131, 133c, 134, 153,
156-7,160,164,170, 289-90, 296,
304-5, 319c, 324, 328-9, 335, 337,
348
Kjdho3hh 39, 45, 67, 103, 107-23,
379

HH^EKC
191-3, 196, 202, 205-6, 208, 211,
213, 237, 262, 265, 268, 270, 318,
325
HMnepnanH3M 137-141, 154, 234c,
252-7, 286, 295, 301, 336, 339
Hhahbha 93, 95, 124, 181, 184, 262,
272, 280, 313-4, 323-4, 333
KHcraHUHH 145-6, 161, 164, 263,
290c, 297, 302, 328, 330
Hhcthtyt 149, 215
HHCTHiyr Mapnca h 3nrejibca 221
HHTeJIJieKTyaJIbl 34, 37-40, 42, 97c,
355
— KOMMyHHCTHHeCKne H. 354-5
— HeMeiiKne h. 66, 96, 107, 110-1,
116, 319c, 336
— h Maccbi 153
HHTepec, KJiaccoBbiH 38, 253c
HHTepHaixHonaji, Btopoh 303, 340
HH(jjpacrpyKTypa 233c
HcKjnoneHHe h npaBiuio 138, 151-4,
301, 279, 307, 309c
HcicyccTBO 104, 124, 136-137, 148,
149, 160, 215, 245, 267, 327, 329
«HcTHna nero-TO apyroro» 93-4,103,
157, 161-2, 296
Hctokh, mh(Jj o6 h. 283, 292c
Hctophk 102, 160, 253-6
HCTOPHUH3M 358
Hctophh 33-6, 39-42, 45-7, 56, 59,
66-70, 79-82, 85, 93-6, 103-6,
109-12, 113c, 115, 116-7c, 119-
24, 132-3c, 137, 140-2, 148, 150,
153c, 155-6, 158-9, 162-5, 167,
174, 177, 182, 184, 191, 198, 202,
206, 211, 216, 255-7, 269, 290c,
299, 300, 302-3, 306, 310, 314,
319-21, 324, 329-30, 334-5, 337,
340, 350-1, 356, 358
— BceMHpnaH h. 65, 150, 254
— H^eojiorHHecKaH h. 104, 106, 108,
120-lc
— TeopHH h. 49-51, 155-6, 233, 242,
246, 316-8, 322, 324-5, 328
HrajiHH 37-8, 57, 78, 189, 215c, 236c
KaHT H. 54, 133c, 225, 294c, 317,
323
KanHTaji 225
KanHTanH3M 118, 137, 140, 234c,
295
Kapre3HaHCTBO 326, 330, 359
KaTeropHH 121c, 155, 161, 225, 279-
285, 297-8, 322-326, 340
KaTOJiHi|H3M 356
KayrcKHH K. 37-8
Khthh 257, 295, 314
KHTaHCKan KOMMyHHCTHHecKan nap-
thh 136c, 260, 354
KHTaHCKan peBOJiioijHH 367
Kjiacc 34-8, 86, 100-1, 110, 119, 314
— rocnoacTByiomHH 38-9, 141-4,
160-1
— paöoHHH 34, 38c, 39, 118, 139,
244c, 313, 332-4
— $eoAajibHbiH 38
Kojictth, JlynHO 57, 236c
Kojiohhh 118, 137, 295
KoMÖHHaTopHKa, TaKTHnecKan 79
KoMMyna, napHHCCKaa 142, 151
KoMMyHH3M 228, 246, 313, 329, 337
KoMMyHHCTHHecKan napTHH <X>pan-
iihh 34-6, 39-42, 353-54
KOMMyHHCTbi 35, 228, 252, 313-15,
340, 350, 354-5
KoMMyHHTapH3M 318-320, 320c
KoHKperHan BceoöujHOCTb 262, 267
KoHKpeTHoe MbicjiH/KonKpernoe-pe-
ajibHOCTb 265-273, 267c, 306, 349
Koht, Oriocr 40
Koh$jihkt, KJiaccoBbiH 307
KoirbiOHKiypa 145, 164, 211, 255,
302
KopHio O. 42, 80, 97c, 105, 121
Kopm K. 47
380

HH^EKC
KpecTbHHCTBO 138, 166, 314c
KPh3hc 67, 139, 144, 145c, 249, 307,
319
Kphthkh 45-6, 50, 56-7, 67, 72, 79,
87-9, 100, 103, 108, 112, 114,
117,124,133c, 159,181,185,195,
205-8, 211, 213, 217, 237, 245,
262, 266, 270, 315-6, 318, 320-2,
327, 356
KyÖHHCKaa peBOJiioiiHH 257, 295
Kyaen, Bhktop 39
KyjibT jihhhocth 336-7, 341, 354
KyjibTypa, TeopeTHnecKan 37c, 42
KyHHHCKHH K). 83-4c
JIaöpHOJia A. 37
JlaHßcxyr C. 78, 222
JIanHH H. H. 83, 86-8c, 88, 90-2,
104-5, 113c
JlaTHHCKaa ÄMepHKa 246
JIacjjapr II. 37
JIeBanecTBo (jieBH3Ha) 36, 47,139
JleHHH B. H. 36-7, 47, 96, 140-2,
145, 151, 166c, 244c, 251, 253-60,
274c, 276, 278, 281, 284-5, 287-
8c, 294-5, 299-308, 314c, 340,
351, 356-7
— «0HJioco(})CKHe TeTpaßH» 242-3,
246, 250c
— «Hto aejiaTb?» 237, 241, 252
JlnöepajiHSM 116c, 332
JlHHTBHCTHKa 294c
JlHTepaTypa 44, 165c
JIhhhoctb 182, 313-5, 335-336
JIhhhoctb, aöcTpaKTHaa ropimHHe-
ckbh 148, 290c
JIoayHTH 35, 39, 313, 350-2, 355-6
JIokk 159, 161, 181, 292c, 323
JlyKan JJ. 47, 165c, 314c
— «Hcropna h KJiaccoBoe cosnaHHe»
314c
JlbicenKO T. 35
JIkw 167,183, 208, 299, 330-8, 350,
356
— BejiHKne ji. 132c
JIiOKceMÖypr P. 37
JlroMneH-npojierapHaT 190, 194-5
Manep T. 78, 222
MaKHasejiJiH H. 113,136
Mao E[3e flyH 261, 276, 278, 286,
288, 294, 299
-- «OtHOCHTCJIBHO npOTHBOpeHHH»
136c, 146c, 260, 277, 283, 300
MapKC K. 34-41, 43-51, 58-9, 68-73,
78-9c, 80-2, 84, 91, 94, 96-8, 100,
105-25, 129, 131-2, 134-6, 141,
151-3, 155-165, 168-9, 173, 181,
184-6, 199, 203, 206, 233-7, 249-
51, 258-60, 262, 265-7, 270-4,
279, 282c, 284-5, 289, 290c, 293-
4, 299, 304, 306-7, 313, 318, 320-
6, 330, 334-5, 339-40, 342, 345c,
347, 350-2, 353, 355-6, 358-9,
361
— hctokh MapKCH3Ma h Ferejib 53-7,
250, 274c
— mojio^oh M. 42-4, 46, 48, 50, 54,
58, 68-9, 72-3, 77, 85, 89c, 90,
95-6, 103, 108-9, 112, 115c, 118,
121-2, 124-5, 129, 131, 222, 228,
274c, 316, 355
— paßoTbi nepejiOMHoro nepno^a 50,
52, 55
— paöoTbi nepno^a 3pe;iocTH 36, 53,
71, 79, 87
— paöoTbi nepHO/ja cospesaHHH 51
— pa3BHTHe mmcjih M., 120, 157,
222
— paHHHe paöoTbi 42, 48-9, 52, 77-
8, 87, 92, 94, 122, 313, 326c, 358
— «18-e öpiOMepa Jlyn Bonanapra»
142
— «BsejieHHe k KpHTHKe rerejies-
ckoh $hjioco4)hh npasa» 56-7
381

HHJJEKC
— «FpaHCßaHCKan bohhb bo <X>pan-
IJHH» 142
— «JJeöa™ no noBO/jy 3aK0Ha o Kpa-
ace jieca» 85, 108, 223
— «floKTopcKaa flHccepTai^HH» 52,
83
— «3aMeTKH o HOBeninen npyccKoii
ijeH3ypnoH HncrpyKijHH» 66, 85,
108, 116c, 223, 317
— «3apa6oTHaa imaTa, ijena n npn-
6buib» 53
— «K espeiiCKOMy Bonpocy» 68-9,
81, 89, 101, 228
— «K KpHTHKe rerejieBCKOH (Jihjioco-
4>hh npasa (PyKonncb 1843 r.)»
56, 68-9, 83-4, 91, 99, 101, 223,
228
— «K KpHTHKe rerejieBCKOH (Jjhjioco-
(Jjhh npasa. B Bekenne» 56-7
— «K KpHTHKe nOJIHTHHeCKOH 3K0-
homhh. BßefleHHe» 260, 262, 265,
271, 283, 293c
— «K KpHTHKe nOJIHTHHeCKOH 3KOHO-
mhh. IIpeAHCJiOBHe» 236
— «Kammm» 53, 71, 250, 307, 358
— «KjiaccoBaa 6opb6a bo <I>paHiiHH»
142
— «KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHH MaHHtjjeCT»
53
— «KpHTHKa Totckoh nporpaMMbi»
142-3, 259c
— «HeMeijKaa HjjeojiOTHH» 50, 52,
61, 71, 349
— «HnmeTa 4)hjioco(})hh» 53, 71,
270c
— «CßHToe ceMeiicTBO» 52, 199
— «Te3HCM o «Penepöaxe» 50, 52, 55
— «3K0H0MHHeCK0-4)HJI0C04)CKHe
PyKonncn 1844 r.» 52-6, 69, 78c,
81c, 83c, 84, 88-9, 91, 97, 101,
221-9, 282c, 315, 326c
MapKCH3M 35, 40, 43, 47, 59, 79, 81c,
82, 86-8, 92, 94, 102, 122, 133c,
135-6, 139, 152, 155, 158, 246,
258, 277, 282-3, 287-8, 295-7,
307, 309, 340-1, 355, 357-9
MapKCH3M-JieHHHH3M 78, 361
MapKCHCTbi 38, 41, 43, 79-80, 89,
222, 242, 246, 327, 335, 339
— sanaßHbie m. 77
MapTHH, TKaK 29, 49
MaTeMaTHKa 246, 359
Marepnaji 105, 108, 153, 160, 238-9,
248, 251, 254, 262-2, 271-3
MaTepnajiH3M 86, 88, 91, 100c, 102,
106, 130, 225, 242, 324, 359
— jjHajieKTHHecKHH 51, 240, 245-6,
248, 262, 272
— HcropHHecKHH 51, 59, 122-3, 228,
239-41, 324-5, 329, 340-1360
— MexaHHCTHHeCKHH 287c
— cencyajiHCTHHecKHH 54
MejKjjyHapojjHoe KOMMyHHCTHnecKoe
ÄBHHceHHe 228, 356
Mejucaa öypxcyaaHH 42, 110, 142,
144, 340
MejioapaMa 189c, 192, 194, 199-201
Men ne Bnpan 39
MepHHr 0. 78, 80, 105
MepKep H. 236c
Merofl 34, 38c, 40, 49, 57, 81, 103-4,
106, 133, 134-5, 139, 222-3, 228,
242, 244, 248-52, 258, 324, 361
—	aHajiHTHKO-TejieojionmecKHH 84-
85, 90, 92
—	h coAepMcaHHe 133c
—	h CHcreMa 131
MexaHH3M 37c, 115, 334
MHCTHtjjHKaijHH 98c, 117c, 130c
MhcJ) 48, 54, 65, 117-9, 122-1, 159,
181, 189-93, 200-2, 207-8, 213-6,
267c, 272, 283, 292c, 324-8, 328-
9, 332-3
MjiaßorererejibHHiibi 66, 68, 115,
116-7c, 133c
Moaejib 112, 115c, 123, 151, 155,
382

HHßEKC
158, 170-1, 174-7, 180-5, 213,
269-72, 278-82, 288, 326
Mojihtop HC. 78, 221
Mojibep HC.-B. 207
Mohh3m 287, 288c
MoHonojiHfl 137
MoHTecKbe III. 113
Mopajib, 6ypHcya3Han 199c, 200-1.
Mbicjib 34, 45, 50-1, 55-9, 82-5, 88-
103, 109, 120-3, 129, 150-2, 156-
8, 168, 181-6, 221-9, 259-73,
308c, 323
Miopn HC. 233c, 237c, 253c 256c,
259c, 288c
Ha^crpoHKa 35, 145, 153, 161-8,
170-5, 183-4, 233c, 302, 322, 341,
348
— OTHOCHTeJIbHaH aBTOHOMHH H. 161,
292
Hanöojiee cjiaöoe 3Beno 136-8, 141,
234, 257, 300
Kapo« 40, 117, 133c, 137-9, 143-
4, 149-50, 156-7, 168-9, 189-91,
199-201C, 204-5, 314, 333, 355
HapoßHHKH 356
HapoAHbrö 4>Poht 34
HayKa 35, 38, 40, 44-7, 49-51, 56,
59, 79, 114c, 124, 184, 224, 239-
41, 243, 246, 248, 262-6, 268-9,
271, 273-5, 284, 307, 320, 329,
337, 351, 353, 358-61
— hctophh h. 242, 243c, 269, 310
— h. 06 oömecTBe 88
HayKH 34, 36, 133c, 244-6, 249, 266,
361
— ryMaHHTapnbie 40
— ecrecTBeHHbie 40, 246, 310
Haima 39, 111, 141, 154
HeoöxoftHMOCTb, HCTopHHecKaa 152c,
233, 299, 329, 337
HepaBHOMepnocTb 136, 140, 154,
234, 276, 286
HepaBHOMepnocTb paßBHTHH 140,
154, 303
— 3aKOH h. p. 136c, 286
OÖJiaaaHHe 321
O6mgh 262, 280, 293c
OöpasoBaHHe (neaarorHKa) 40, 139,
148, 106-7c, 124, 164-5
OöpanjeHHe 79, 115c
OömecTBo 136, 148-9, 155-6, 158,
168, 208-9, 238, 241, 252, 277,
279-80, 290-lc, 292-3, 296-7,
307, 309c, 322-9, 345-9
— 6ecKJiaccoßoe 333-4
— rpaamancKoe h rocyzjapcrBO 156-
61, 233-4c, 289
— miaccoBoe 332-4
— KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOe 259c
OfrbeKT 45, 58-9, 90, 94, 98c, 100-
3, 107-8, 110-13, 114c, 117c, 124,
134-5, 174-80, 182, 184-5, 223,
234, 239, 242, 244, 252, 254-8,
264-6, 272, 277, 283-4, 287, 291,
294, 298, 307, 320, 326, 330, 341,
345-7, 349, 351, 359
OBenjecTBJieHHe 326
OpraHH3ai;Hfl, nojiHTmecKan 34, 42,
139, 140, 328, 338, 341, 361
«OcBoöoameHHe» 355
OTKpbrrHH, HayHHbie 94c, 111, 118-
24, 133, 140, 160, 166c, 186, 324,
351, 358-61
OTHonieHHe jno/jeH k MHpy 330-4
OTHonieHHe peajibHoe h Booöpaxcae-
Moe 331-3
OTHOineHHfl
— KJiaccoBbie 119, 139
— 3K0H0MHH6CKHe 115, 143, 145,
160-1, 280
— HejiOBenecKHe 159, 180, 320, 326c
— npasoBbie 286
— rocnoflCTBa h no^HnneHHH 280,
287
383

HHJJEKC
— oönjecTBeHHbie 106, 239, 253c,
275c, 293, 326, 346-7
OTpuijaHHe (neraTHBHOCTb) 17, 215c,
273, 281, 290-1, 296, 304-5 308c,
321
OrpnijaHHe OTpmjaHHH 114c, 133c,
135, 167, 281, 283, 285c, 304-5,
309c
OTcranocTb 110, 115c, 116, 138-41,
295, 301, 338, 341
OTHyMcaeHHe 56, 67-69, 78-83, 106,
108, 109, 111, 149, 209, 222, 225-
227, 269, 281, 283, 289- 291, 304,
305, 309, 314, 319-321, 339, 340,
355
OiyHQjeHHe, 3(j)(|)eKT 205, 210-11
üsokhthob JI. H. 78c, 83c
UapanjiejiorpaMM chji 175, 177, 179-
80, 185
napHÄ 151, 189, 215c, 224
IlapTHÄ, nojiHTHHecKan 41-2, 137,
241, 313, 338, 353-5, 361
üaynepnsaijHH 224
«IlepeBopaHHBaHHe» Terejia 53,
106c, 107, 129-35, 150, 156-8,
235, 247, 251, 258-60, 271-4, 283,
307
IlepejKHTKH 166, 309c
üepexo« KOJiHHecTBa b KanecrBO 135,
183, 285c
llepHOAHsaijHH 52, 300
üerporpaa 139
üerra y. 323
ÜJiaTOH 359
ÜJiexaHOB T. B. 37, 242, 243c,
287-8c
— «K Bonpocy o paaBHTHH mohh-
CTHHecKoro B3rjiHjja Ha Hcropnio»
287c
ÜJiiopajiH3M 253, 288, 305
üoBe^eHHe, HHjjHBH.zjyajibHoe, 3ko-
HOMHnecKoe 159, 181
üojjaBjieHHe 174
ÜO3HTHBH3M 39, 45, 267c
Ü03HaHHe 45, 96, 103, 110, 114, 172,
178, 248, 267-8, 271-2, 278, 283,
316, 322-3, 325-9, 342, 346-9,
351-2, 356, 358-9
üojie, HßeojiorHHecicoe 93, 95
üojihthk 114, 144, 253c, 284
üojiHTHKa 44, 69, 70, 82, 97, 100-1,
111, 114, 118, 177, 190, 195, 207-
8, 223-4, 241, 245c, 290-lc, 303,
305-6, 318, 320-2, 327-8, 338,
349, 354
üojiHTHHecKaa okohomhh 45, 69, 79,
114, 159, 181, 223-5, 227, 260,
279, 322-1
üojiHTijep }K. 41
üojibnia 37-8, 77-8
üoHflTHe 49-59, 98-9, 113c, 120,
129, 148, 166c, 184-5, 205, 233,
237, 263c, 268-83, 287-297, 303-
309, 315-6, 322-25, 338-341,
345-352
— y Mapxca 136, 155, 159-164, 222
— y Oeüepöaxa 68-70, 319c
üorpeÖHOCTH, mhp n. 156, 159
üparMaTH3M 358 TeoperHHecKHH 44
ÜpaKCHC 324
üpaKTHKa(n) 117c, 135, 151, 155,
237, 238-41, 246-7, 256, 261, 272,
286, 358
— H^eojiorHHecKaa 239, 245, 272,
283-4
— MapKCHCTCKHH 235-6, 242, 246,
251-5, 258-60, 284-5, 297-301,
309
— HayHHaa 266, 273-4, 284, 291,
303, 325, 350-1
— oönjecTBeHHaH 238-9
— nojiHTHHecKHH 155, 165-6, 238,
241, 244c, 248, 251-5, 258-€0,
282, 291, 306-8, 318, 361
384

KH^EKC
— peBOJiioijHOHHaH 241-2, 248, 255-
7, 321, 359-60
— TeopenwecKaH 37c, 234-5, 239-
46, 248-50, 254, 258-60, 262-70,
272-4, 283-4, 310, 358, 361
— TexHHHecKan 242, 244-5, 272
— 3KOHOMHHeCKHH 292c, 303
IIpaKTHHecKoe coctohhhc 50, 235-7,
240, 249-51, 260
IIpeBpameHMe cyfrbeKra b npejjHKaT
68, 87, 99
npejjCTaBJieHHe (TeaTp.) 198
IIpeacTaBjieHHe 96, 181, 327-30, 334
IIpHHixHn, BHyrpeHHHH 148-50,156-
8, 162, 206, 224, 234c, 290-1
npnpojja
— 4)H3inecKaM 133c, 177, 238, 296,
320, 326c, 359
— qejioBenecKaa 69, 318, 321-2, 335
IIpoÖJieMaTHKa 49, 50c, 52, 59, 70-1,
98-9, 101-2, 116, 117c, 122, 349
— rerejieBCKaa 53-4
— HfleanHCTHHecKaa 53-4, 322-3,
330
— HAeojiornHecKaa 52, 93, 99c, 100,
102-3, 274-5, 358
— MapKCHcrcKaa 71, 322, 324, 358
— naysHaa 50c, 274, 358
— TeopennecKaa 49, 52, 57-8, 68
— 4)eHep6axnaHCKaa 53, 56, 68, 70-
1, 101
— (jDHJiococjjcKaH 68, 72-3
— dTHHecKaa 69
IIpoflyKT 178, 238-40, 248, 255, 262-
3, 268, 272, 279-81, 298-301, 320
IIpoeKijHH 184
IIpo3paHHOCTb 55, 119, 173, 208, 332
IIpoH3BOACTBO 139, 146, 162, 209,
237, 262, 264, 271, 279-80, 293,
320
— KpecTbHHCKoe n. 166, 272
— npoH3BOAHTejibHbie chjihi 143,
160-1, 292, 296, 303, 322, 324,
329, 337-8, 348
— npOH3BOACTBeHHbie OTHonieHHH
143, 145, 160-1, 238, 292-3, 296,
303, 322, 324, 329, 337, 348
— npOH3BOACTB6HHbie TGXHHKH 158
— cnocoö n. 158, 160, 162, 326, 329,
348
— cpejjCTBa n. 238, 248, 263
npojieTapnaT 44, 70, 118, 190 228,
321
— ÄHKTaTypa n. 313-4, 335-7, 355
npojieTKyjibT 35-6
npoMbinijieHHOCTb 190, 223, 349
npoTHBopenne 59, 66-7, 91, 151,
138-9, 141, 143, 146, 148, 158,
201, 206, 224-5, 257, 261, 277-8,
287, 290-5, 302-3, 306, 315, 319,
334, 336
— rerejieBCKoe 146, 149, 278
— rjiaBHoe h BTopocreneHHoe n.
276-7, 286, 292, 299-300
— TJiaBHbiH h BTopocreneHHbiH
acneicr n. 276-7, 286, 299-300
— flBHMcymaa pojib n. 304, 306, 308
— KOHßeHcaijnH, CMenjeHne h ciuibb
255, 299-301, 303, 306-8
— MapKCHCTCKoe n. 135-6,155, 166,
286, 298, 303, 308
— Meaqjy cjjopMon h cojjepxcaHHeM
90
— npocroe n. 149, 153-4
— CBepx^erepMHHHpoBaHHoe 146,
154-5, 164, 168, 307
npo<jjcoio3 361
npoijecc, npocTOH h cjiohchhih 277-
81, 286, 300-8
npoHTeHHe 48, 57-9, 68, 82, 86, 228,
361
HpyaoH n.-HC 37, 130-1
npyccHH 66, 108, 163, 317-8
ncHxoanajiH3 214, 294c
385

MHAEKC
IIcHxojiorHH 40, 121, 166, 214, 245c,
341
IlyÖJiHKa 189c
PaßencTBO 39, 275c, 332
PasBHTHe, BKOHOMinecKoe 142,
301-2
PasjjejieHHe Tpyaa 56, 118, 225
PaapbiB anHcreMOJiornHecKHH 49-52,
56-9, 122, 239, 264, 274c, 358-9
PaapbiB peBOJiiouHOHHbiH 143, 145,
154, 257
PasyM 35, 66, 116-119, 124, 156-61,
316-20, 332, 336
PaCKOJI B MeJK^yHapO^HOM KOMMyHH-
crmecKOM ßBHMceHHH 354
PeajibHOCTb (peajibHbrii MHp) 37c, 41,
44-9, 86, 100, 105, 108, 113-16,
119, 123, 146, 159, 166, 168, 173,
181, 205-6, 209, 211, 216, 223,
227, 244-5, 250, 254, 256, 265-
6, 268-9, 273-4, 280, 291c, 293,
294c, 299-301, 305-6, 316, 327,
335, 337, 345-50, 356, 360
PeBH3HOHH3M 78
PeBOJIKHJMOHep, peBOJHOIJHOHHbin
115c, 256, 299
PeBOJiioijHH 38-9, 66, 70, 117c, 119,
137, 141-3, 168, 251, 253, 257,
258c, 284, 295, 295, 321
— öypjKyasHaa 38-9, 110, 116, 141,
143, 154
— HayHHaa 360
— npojierapcKaa 138, 141, 145c
— TeopernHecKaa 51, 70, 324-5
— 4)hjioco4)ck£ui 360
PeBOJIIOQHfl
— HiojibCKan 116
— 1789 roaa 39, 110, 113, 167
— 1905 ro/ja 138-9
— 1917 roaa 140-1, 166, 251, 253,
295, 314c
PeayjibTaT 92, 159, 174-6, 179, 182-
84, 278-280
«PeiiHCKaH raaeTa» 85, 88, 119, 318
PejiHraa 40, 44, 69, 101, 110, 121c,
148-9, 153, 156, 160, 167, 199c,
207-8, 246, 267c, 289, 290-lc,
320-1, 327-8, 359
PetjjJieKCHH 52, 90, 97, 100-2, 108,
111, 176, 213, 252, 213, 293, 297,
304-5
PecjiopMaiiHH 163
PHKap^o JJ. 70, 181, 224, 323
Phm, JtpeBHHH 148-9, 167, 290c
Pojib npoTHBopenHH 297-304
Pocch M. 236c
PoccHHCKan coijHaji-ßeMOKpaTHHe-
ckbh paöonaH napTHH 241
Pocchh 37-8,137-141,151,154,166,
253c, 255, 294-5, 302
Pya }K. 129c, 132
PyreA. 118c, 317c
PyMbiHHH 236
Pycco 7K.-3K. 54, 103, 113, 160,
181-2
CaMOKpHTHKa 208, 360
CaMoy3HasaHHe 214-7
CapTp 42, 105, 182, 185, 289
— «KpHTHKa jjHajieKTHHecKoro paay-
Ma» 185
«CsejieHHe chctob» 49, 68-70, 236c,
242, 250, 273
CBepxaerepMHHaijHH 146-8, 155,
164, 168-9, 294, 297-9, 304, 307-
8, 331
CBOÖoaa 38-9, 46-7, 66, 109, 117c,
192, 273, 313-20, 330-337, 355
CBOÖOAa nenaTH 108, 116c, 223, 318,
320
CBHiijeHHan Phmcrbh ÜMnepHH 149
Cefi HC.-B. 224
CeMnpyH X. 345c
CeMbH 280
386

HHJJEKC
CeH-CuMOH K. 37
CuHTea 54, 90, 123, 265
CncreMa 48, 59, 84, 95, 98-9, 106,
119, 124, 131-6, 138, 148, 150,
162, 165, 171, 182, 240, 246, 263c,
274, 327-8, 330, 334, 350
CxapöeK 0. 224
CjiojKHOCTb/npocTOTa 146-9, 277,
282, 286, 291-3
CjiyHaHHOCTb/HeOÖXOÄHMOCTb 95,
171-175, 254, 296-299, 303-305
CmhtA. 34, 159, 181, 224
CoöcTBeHHOCTb, nacrnaH 86, 100-1,
223, 225, 320
CoöbiTne 67, 104, 112, 141, 163,171-
3, 197, 221, 315, 335, 359
— HcropHHecKoe c. 149, 174, 183,
313
CoBercKaa KOMMyHHCTimecKaH nap-
THH 354-5
Coßerbi 138, 140
CosnaHHe 45, 50-1, 54, 91-2, 108-
12, 115c, 133c, 137, 139, 146-9,
152, 176, 194-5, 199-217, 239,
329-34
— KpHTHnecKoe 45-6
— jioacHoe 202, 213
— c. h TeimeHijHH 92, 100
— caMOCO3HaHne 91, 149, 156-7,
207-16
—	CTOHIJH3M C. 148
—	$hjioco4)hh c. 55
CooönjecTBO, oönjHOCTb 316, 321,
328
ConpoTHBJieHHe (jjBHHceHHe) 34
Copenb HC 37
CocymecTBOBaHHe (MHpnoe) 252
CouHaji-aeMOKpaTHH 78, 141, 151,
222, 241, 315
Coi;HajiH3M 141, 234c, 303, 313, 315,
338-9, 342, 351
—	crpoHTejibCTBO (nepexoa k KOMMy-
HH3My) 245, 313, 338
— crpoHTejibCTBO c. b ojjhoh oT^ejib-
HO B3HTOH CTpaHC 338
— MapKCHCTCKHH 38
— MHpHbiH nepexo,q k c. 356
— HayHHbiii 88, 316, 335
— yronnnecKHii 38, 152
ConnajiHCTbi 338, 355-6
Couhojiothh 113, 244, 245c
CneijH(j3HHecKoe npOTHBopenne
MapxcH3Ma 155, 257, 261, 276,
298, 308
CneijHcjjHHecKoe otjihhhc 49, 249,
257-8, 261, 277, 289, 293, 307,
325, 345
CnHHO3a B. 114c, 287c, 299
CnoHTaHHOCTb 38, 84, 92, 108, 208-
9, 215, 243, 244-5c, 355
CCCP 77, 313-5, 335-8, 337, 340,
355
CTaflHH OÖnjeCTBeHHOrO paSBHTHH
252, 263, 297, 300, 303
CrajiHH H. 35, 42, 46, 140, 285, 294,
354
CTajiHHrpaa 257
CTOKTOJIbMCKOe BO33BaHH6 34
Crpejiep 193, 197-8, 203-4,
215c, 216
CTpyKrypa 72, 96, 99, 101, 108, 124,
135, 137, 150, 166, 168, 197-
8, 202-6, 209, 211-2, 243, 254-
7, 275c, 278, 291, 296, 323, 327,
329-30, 351
— AeixeHTpnpoBaHHaH 147
— h cynepcrpyKrypa (naßcrpoHKa)
161-2, 184, 233c
— c AOMHHaHToii 288, 291-300, 304-
6, 308
— cjiohchhh 161-2, 280, 283, 304
— coimajibHan 93, 146, 280, 325
— cneiiHC^inecKaH 135, 155, 205,
238, 288, 300, 308
— 3K0H0MHHeCKaH 160-1,166
CyÖJiHMaiiHH 160, 201, 214
387

HHJJEKC
CyfoeKT 104-5, 176, 272, 280, 323-4
Cy6i>eKTHBH3M 99c, 357
CyfrbeKTHBHOCTb 148, 290-lc, 305c
Cy6i»eKTbi hctophh 56, 320, 328
CymHOCTb 45, 86, 98-9, 101, 116-
17c, 120c, 132, 135, 145-9, 159-
62, 165, 176, 184, 222, 226, 235,
266, 268, 278-83, 287-9, 292, 294,
297-8, 302-5, 308, 320-1, 323-4
— h 4>eHOMeH 282
— h HBjieHHe 157, 161
— nejioßeKa 87, 314c, 316-7, 319c,
321-4, 326c 335-6, 346, 349
Ci»e3Ä KIICC
— XX-h 42, 355, 357
— XXII-h 355
Cio 3. 199, 202
— «riapujKCKne TaÜHbi» 199-200c
TeaTp
— KJiaccHHecKHn 207, 212
— MaTepnajiHCTHHecKHH 206
— annqecKHH 205
«TeicymHH MOMeHT» 253c, 255-7,
295, 299
Tejieojiorna 84, 86, 88, 90, 92
TeHAenixHH 72, 91-2, 100, 105, 113c,
143, 145, 158, 355, 357
TeojiorHH 69
TeoperHKH (MapKCHCTCKHe) 153c,
254
«TeoperHipi3M» 361
Teopna 37, 40, 48-9, 59, 61, 69, 78,
82, 84, 85c, 88, 89c, 91-2, 94, 98-
9, 106, 111, 113c, 116, 118, 124,
135,137,140c, 165, 208, 234, 237,
242, 245c, 246, 252, 257, 265-6,
273-4,276,290,291-2c, 299,302-
3, 307, 321-4, 336, 340-2, 352
— HByx nayK 36,48
— h npaKTHKa 236-9, 241, 248, 251,
360-1
— HßeojiorHH 56, 223, 239, 246, 254,
246
— hctophh 37, 47, 49, 51-2, 81, 184,
316, 318, 322, 324, 328
— MapKCHcrcKaa 38, 58, 223, 235,
244c, 273, 299. 302, 306, 329,
339-41, 351-2, 356-8, 361
— HayKH 56, 241, 350
— Haynnan 123, 342, 350
— nojiHTHHecKaa 40, 156, 162
— peBOjnouHOHHaa 237, 241-2, 342
-- peBOJIIOIXHOHHOH napTHH 137
— CTOHMOCTH 84c, 130c
— 4)Hjioco4)CKaa 37,40, 52,115,155,
162, 186
— BKOHOMHnecKaa 40, 115, 159, 227
— anHcreMOJionnecKOH hctophh 58
— «TeopHH» 240-1, 245c, 248-9,
251-2, 263-4, 269, 273
TeopHH 61, 240-2, 244-6, 248-9,
251-2, 309
TepMHHOJiorHH 52, 61, 68, 91, 100,
254, 282c
TepMHHbI H OTHOineHHH 161-2
Teppop 167
TexHHKa 158, 244-5c, 263c, 333
TexHOJioni3M 158
ToBapnbiH 4>erHHiH3M 326c, 339
Toßapbi, npo^yKTbi noTpeÖJieHHH
238, 320
ToaqjecTBO npoTHBonojiOHCHOcreii
135, 243c, 276, 299, 306
TojibHTTH II. 77, 83c, 97
Tomh3m 81c
ToTajiH3aipiH 99
TOTajibHOCTb 90, 98, 101, 114c, 148,
208, 281, 289-91, 297, 328
TpaßHIJHH
— HaijHOHajibnaH 40, 154, 163, 166,
168, 330
— nojiHTHnecKan 40
— TeopeTHHecKan 36-9
TpaHcijeHzjeHijHH 176, 326c
388

HH^EKC
Tpea-K)HH0HH3M 38
Tpy/j 56, 142, 151, 153, 238, 269,
279, 313, 320
— OTqyHmeHHbm 225-7
— TeoperHHecKHH 37, 248, 262-4,
268-9, 271
TypHH 138
Tiopro, AHH-Po6ep-)KaK 159
YRHBepcajibHOCTb 332
ypoBHH 100, 103, 139, 144-7, 153,
160, 170, 172, 174-81, 184, 238,
263, 272, 284, 305, 322, 325, 328,
338
ycjiOBHH 40-1, 58-60, 84-86, 93-4,
100, 110-1, 144-5, 149, 170, 178,
199-202, 206-8, 211, 223, 235,
239-42, 248, 260-2, 271, 274, 279,
291, 294-5, 298, 303, 305, 307,
309c, 318, 325, 327, 331, 337-8,
340-1, 354-5
— cyö'beKTHBHbie h ofrbeKTHBHbie
141
— cymecTBOBHHHH 145-6, 152, 160,
168, 178, 209, 292-297, 308, 327,
331-336
C>a3bi pa3BHTHH 56,129, 308, 313-4
0HKT 103, 164, 262-4, 286-7, 295
<I>anec 359
<Deiiep6ax JI. 44, 48, 53-8, 65-73,
83c, 86-7, 91, 96-102, 106-7, 112,
122,129,133-4c, 225,266-7,270-
2, 319, 323, 346, 348-9, 356
— «K KpHTHKe 4)hjioco4)hh TerejiH»
65
— «OcHOBHbie nOJIOHCeHHH (JjHJIOCO-
(J)hh öyjjyiijero» 65, 83c
— «IIpeABapHTejibHbie Teancbi k pe-
(JjopMe 4)hjioco(})hh» 83c, 116c,
319c
— «CynjHOCTb xpHcrnaHCTBa» 65-6,
101, 319c
0eMHCTOKJI 70
<I>eHOMeHOJiorHH 12, 71, 146
— 4)njIOCO(jjCKO-3KOHOMHHeCKaH (|).
159-60, 227
<I>eojjajiH3M 38, 66, 138-9, 144, 154,
255, 317
<I>H3HKa 94c, 243, 262, 359
3>hjioco$hh 34, 38, 42-6, 48-56,
59, 61-2, 66-9, 73, 78-9, 89, 98,
107-8, 116, 117c, 118, 135, 148-
9, 153c, 156, 159-60, 167, 185-6,
225-7, 239, 246, 289, 290-lc, 318,
321-2, 324, 327-8, 353
— aHTponojionnecKaa 55,101,319c,
322
— rerejieBCKaa 71, 49, 56-7, 71-2,
107, 111, 270, 317
— /JOHCTBHH 97
— h Hayna 361
— HjjeajiHCTHHecKaa 111
— HfleononmecKaa 46, 61
— hctophh (j). 81, 121c, 267, 267c,
242
— KapTe3naHCKaa 359
— Koneij (CMepTb) (j>. 44-5
— MapncHcrcKaa 41, 43, 47-9, 57-9,
61-2, 73, 80, 327, 355, 358-361
— njiaTOHOBcnaa 359
— peBOjnoijnoHHaa 359
— cnenyjiHTHBHaa 67, 69, 87, 99,
112c, 123, 130-2, 151, 270
— cnnpHTyajiHCTHHecKaa 39
— 4). 0enep6axa 67, 71, 83, 112c,
129, 319c
— 4>paHijy3CKaH 39, 354
<X>HJiococi)bi (anoxn üpocBenjOHHH)
106
0HXTe, PIoraHH Totjihö 54, 225, 317
<PopMa 52, 55,67, 85,90-1,101,110-
1, 114c, 121c, 124, 131, 132-3c,
134,140,147,149,152-3,159-60,
162-4, 168, 170, 173-4, 183, 194,
201, 205-14, 235-6, 239, 242-
389

HH^EKC
6, 248-9, 252-4, 258-60, 261-4,
269-272, 278, 302, 306-7, 317-9,
321, 326, 327-33, 336-9, 350-1,
357, 360-1
0OpMaiXHH
— HßeojiornHecKaH 61, 161, 162
— HayKa hctophh <J>. 58, 359-60
— oönxecTBeHHaa 145c, 146, 148,
241, 252, 262, 267, 298, 301-3,
322, 328
— TeopernnecKaH 49, 58-9
0paHKO <P. 257
<$paHUHH 38, 78, 79c, 110, 115-8,
138, 166c, 295, 353
<X>PHHpnx BnjibrejibM IV 66, 119
0ypbe III. 37
Xennnep H. 77c, 82-4c, 101c, 113c,
115c
XHTpocrb PaayMa 156-7, 160-1
XpncTHaHCTBO 148, 315, 335, 364
XpoHHKa 194-197
L(apH3M 139
L(apb 139-40
IJeH3ypa 66, 85, 108, 116c, 223, 317
L[epKOBb 38-9, 116c
HejiOBeK 45, 65-8, 71, 79, 99, 104,
107, 159, 181, 222, 226, 284, 313,
315-16, 319-25, 326c, 332, 335-
41, 346-9, 355
— (JjhjiococJdhh h. 316-17, 320, 327,
339, 355, 358
HejiOBenecTBO 66, 137, 141, 318
HeniKOBCKHH, AßrycT 4>oh, rpacj) 97c
niatjxj) A. 81,88, 88c
UleKcnnp B. 207
IIImhat K. 154c
IIlTHpHep M. 65, 96
3K3HcreHUHajiH3M 67, 222
3kjickth3m 85-6, 103-6
3kohomh3m 158, 164, 170, 302
SKOHOMHKa 114, 156-61, 170-1, 180,
192, 233, 297, 303
— nojiHTHKa h HßeojiorHH 157,
290-lc, 306, 328
Skohomhctm, anrjiHHCKHe 112-15
SKOHOMHnecKaa HayKa 40, 111, 114-
5, 159, 322-4
— 6ypjKya3Haa 3. h. 45, 131, 181,
223-27, 333
3KciuiyaTaijHH 115, 119, 137-8, 142,
144, 154, 275c, 295, 313, 332,
336-7
SjieMeHTbi 84-8, 90, 92-3, 99-100,
112, 122, 133-4, 140, 149, 156,
164-5, 168, 171, 223, 238, 245
— KZieajiHCTHHecKHe h MaTepnajiH-
CTHnecKHe 85-7, 89
— TeopeTHHecKHe 85, 122, 237
3mhhph3m 236, 253, 295, 323-4, 360
Bnrejibc 0. 37, 50c, 67, 84c, 88, 96,
118,152-3,154c, 162,164-5,170-
85, 224, 236c, 242, 246, 250, 285c,
288c, 294, 303, 328, 342, 356
— «AHTH-fliopHHr» 61, 163, 307
—	«KpHTHKa 3p(j>ypTCKOH nporpaM-
Mbi» 143
—	««JIiOÄBHr <I>eHep6ax h Konen KJiac-
CHHCCKOH HeMeiJKOH <j)HJIOCO(j)HH»
131, 133c, 163c
— «Ha6pOCKH K KpHTHKe nOJIHTH-
HeCKOH 3KOHOMHH» 118c, 123,
223-4c
--- «PeBOJHOIJHJI H KOHTppeBOJIIOHHH
b FepMaHHH» 142
— nncbMO k Bjioxy 152c, 162-3c
SnHcreMOJiorHH 57-59, 172, 177-
80,184-85, 242, 246
ScreTHKa 207-208, 323
3THKa 43, 79, 54, 68, 69, 78, 222,
324, 327, 355
390

MHßEKC
Hapo (3epno) h oöojiOHKa 129-35,
149, 233, 259
Ä3biK 35, 44, 91-2, 125, 348
Hkoöhhuli 167
Hh B. 80, 83-4c, 88, 91c
Aufhebung 112, 113, 120, 281, 283
Cogito 280
Futur anterieur 81, 93, 110, 121c
Gestalt 130, 134, 289
Homo oeconomicus 159, 181, 184,
324
Piccolo Teatro, MmiaH 189
Tabula rasa 282

«Jlyn AjibTioccep
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«3a MapKca» - BaxHemuafl &exa b hctophh MapKC h3mb nocne Bropon mhpoboh bohhw
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renbHOM HeBexecrBe omocHTeAbHO cboxhoctk ero cssiBen c Hainen mnc/imo h Hainen
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AencTBHH. AHCKypcoB h cyinecTBOBaHHH caMOH cnnoH cßoen OnecrmeH n npoBOKarnBHOH
MbKAH... 4T0 caMbie M3OinpeHHbie H npOTHBOpeMHBbie TOAKOBaHHfl HHKOTAa He CMOryT
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