Автор: Дубовис Г.
Теги: страноведение краеведение история история крыма туризм природа крыма
ISBN: 966-572-239-57
Год: 2002
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KpaCHBee, 6!1aro.D.anlee, HenOBTOpHMCH. T O;"lbKO myneLl6Y.D.eTcnopHTh, MY.D.-
pblH >K:C IJCJIOBeK corIlaCHTCH, XOTH H .D.06aBlfT npH 3TOM: «KOHC'IHO, TbI
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KpbIM'faHC BC.D.YT ce6H TO;JbKO TaK H HC HHa'fC: BC.D.b C}j(crO.D.HO B
KpblM npHC3}f(a1OT MHIIIIHOHbl !1IO.aCH co Beero MHpa. Pa3YMceTCH,
KpbIM'faHC COrIIa.rnaIOTCH C TeM, '1TO r.D.C-TO ell.{e eCTb 6I1arOCIlOBCHHbIC
yroIlKH 3CMlIH. OHH He cnpamHBalOT: «nO'feMY }j(e Tbl npHcxaIl K HaM,
a HC MbI K Te6e?» BHC COMHCHHH, KpblM'faHe - MY.D.pble I11O.D.H, OHH
rOBopHT B TaKHX ClIY'faJIX: «KOHC'fHO, Tbl npaB, .D.OpOrOH .D.Pyr, HO H
MOH KpblM npCKpaCCH, n03BOlIb jI Te6e 0 HeM paCCKa}f(Y».
JJ:aBaHTe OTKpOCM KapTY H COpHcHTHpyeMcH Ha MCCTHOCTH. Ca-
MaHIO}f(Haji TO'lKa KpbIMa '(44°23') - MblC Capbl'f, y nocelIKa <I>opoe,
paCnOlIO>K:CHHbIH MC>K.llY CeBaCTonoIlcM H AlIynKoH. CaMaH ceBcpHaH
(46°15') HaXO.D.HTCH Ha nCpcKoncKoM ncpemeHKe, Y CClIa nCpeKon. 3Ha-
41fT, KpblM paCnOIlO>K:eH Ha 45-H mHpon , nOCCpe.D.HHe MC>K.llY CeBCp-
HblM nOIlIOCOM H 3KBaTopOM. B03MO}f(HO, y KorO-TO eCTb ell.{C KaKHC-
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.lIHHC, a He r.D.C-HH6Y.D.b Cll.{C. Ha 45-H mHpOTe, KCTaTH, HaXO.D.HTCH
rcorpa<}>H'fCCKHH LlCHTp <I>paHLlHH, TaKHC CBponeHCKHC ropO.D.a, KaK
7
30IlOTo51 Cepe.r:lI-1Ho 3eMJll-1
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pHKaHCKne ropODa MHlIHCanOJIHC H nOpTIIeH.il. C llJHpOTOH Y IUIX Bce
B nopS!.ilKC, HO ,10IlrOTa. . .
CaMaS! 3anaDHa'S! T04Ka KpblMa (32°29') - MblC npn60HHbIH
(Kapa-MpYH )1 Ha TapxaHKYTcKOM nOIlyocTPOBC, caMaS! BOCTO'JHaS!
(36°39') - MbIC <1>oHapb Ha KCp'JCHCKOM nOIlyoCTpOBC. I1TaK, KpbIM
pacnOJIO}f(eH B03IIe 30° BOCTO'JHOH DOIIrOTbI, TO CCTb noccpeDIIHC Me>K:-
DY MCpH.llHaHOM fpHHBH'Ia H YpanOM, pa3.llCIIHIOll.{HM EBpony H A3HIO.
OTKpoiiTe, nmKMYHCTa. KapTY MHpa, HC nOIleHHTCCb. nO KaKOH D.on-
rOTe ce crH6alOT nonOIlaM. rne ee CcpCDHHa? KOHe'JHO >K:e, no lIHHHH
30° BOCTO'JHOH DOIlrOTbl. npHMCpHO Ha nOH DOIlrOTC HaXODHTCH
CaHKT-neTcp6ypr, MocKBa, XapbKoB, AHKapa, KaHp, 03epo BHKTO-
pHH, BblcmaH TO'fKa A<}>pHKH - BYIIKaH KHIIHMaH.ll>K:apO, CCBCpHblH H
IO)i{HbIH nOIlIOCbl. C DOIlroToH HM nOBC31I0, HO BOT YDa'fHaH mHpOTa
BbInaIla TOIlbKO KpbIMY.
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nYH nO-YKpaHHCKH Ha3bIBaeTCH l.fYMaLlKHH lllIlHX. YKa3YIOll.{aH Ha lOr
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nepeD TeM KaK 3aKpbJTb Kapry, Cll.{C pa3 B3rnHHeM Ha H306pa>K:eH-
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nOXO}f( KpblM Ha paCKHHYTble DIIH 061>JlTHH PYXH H Ha KpeCT, HHcnOClIaH-
HbIH nlO,WIM DIIH nOCTIl)i{eHH}! BeJIHKOrO CDHHCTBa BCpbl, J1I06BH H Ha-
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Bcero nOXO>K: KpblM Ha L{BCTOK, 06pOHCHHbrn C03DaTeIlCM Ha 3CMlIlO.
KOHe'fHO, HI npaB, DoporOH Dpyr, TBOH pODHHa npCKpaCHa, HO
npeKpaceH H MOH KpbIM! n03BOIlb paCCKa3aTb 0 HeM 'fYTb nODp06HeH.
nIlOll.{aDb KpblMCKoro nOIlYOCTpOBa npcBbImacT 26 TbIC. KM2,
MaKCHMaJIbHOe paCCToHHHc C ceBepa Ha lOr - 205 KM, C 3anaDa Ha BO-
CTOK - 325 KM. JJ:a, no MeHbmc WBeHLlapHH, HH.llepIlaH.llOB HIIH ECJIb-
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8
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HHU nOIlYOCTpOBa npcBblmacT 2500 KM, 6cpera MaJIOH3pe3aHHbl, CCIIH
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CKHC 03epa LleHHbl TCM, 'I TO 3anOIlHCHbl panoH, KOHLleHTpHpoBaHHblM
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9
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'fCCTBC nOBapCHHOH - BCC paBHO 'I TO COIlHTb cyn 30IlOTOM. 3KOIlO-
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HaTpHH, KaIlbUHH, MarHHH, 6pOMa. BnpO';fCM, HaMHoro H3BeCTHeH I1e-
'fe6HOC HcnOlIb30BaHHe KpblMCKHX lIHMaHOB, HO 06 3TOM npe cToHT
'OT.l)eIlbHbIH pa3rOBOp.
HCKOr.l)a Ha IO)i(H06epe>K:bc KpblMa B03BO.l)HJIH .l)BOpLlbl MOHap-
XH H HX npH6I1H>K:eHHblc. npaBHTcIIb BpCMCH CIIe.lIYlOmcro HCTOpH4CC-
Koro nepHO.l)a, HC MCHCC BlIaCTHbIH, HO KY.l)a 60Ilee )i(eCTOKHH, HMCHIIO
CIO.l)a npHrIIaCHII Ha pa3.l)CII nOCIICBOCHHoro MHpa <I>paHKIIHHa JJ:CJIaHO
Py3BcIIbTa H YHHCTOHa 1..Jep'fHJIJIH. nO'fCMY BbICOKO'fTHMbIC rOCTH Kpbl-
Ma npC.l)nO'fJJH cro BCCM .l)pyrHM MCCTaM Ha 3eMIIc? JJ:a nOTOMY, 'I TO HK
npHBIIeK YHHKMbHblH KpblMCKHH KJIHMaT, 'fbYa HeocnopHMble .l)OCTO-
HHCTBa BbI3BaHbl HCCKOJIbKHMH npH'fHHaMH.
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a HC }f(MKHC 12 'faCOB B TponHKax, H .D.OCTaTO'fHOC KOIlH'feCTBO 6I1aro-
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nOlIjipHOH CTY H.
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C'fCpHHC, npOXIIa.D.HbIC 'faCbl CMY Ha CMCHY npHXO.l)HT TcnnblH B03-
.D.YX crop.
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06ll.{CH LlHPKYlIHLlHH aTMoc<l>cpbl, npC061Ia.llaHHC 3ana.llHblX BCTpOB H
YCTOH'fHBbIX aHTHUHKJIOHOB C HCHOH nOrO.llOH H, KaK ClIC.D.CTBHC, pe-
KOp.l)HOC KOlIH'fCCTBO COIlHC'fHblX .l)HCH, OTCYTCTBHC H3HYPjllOll.{eH )i(apbJ,
KOTOpylO HCCYT B03.l)ymHble nOTOKH H3 A<}>PHKH, H, eCTeCTBCHHO, MH-
HHManbHoe B03.l)eHCTBHe XOIlO.l)HbIX B03.l)ymHblx Macc C CCBepa, OT KO-
TOpblX .l)OnOIlHHTCIIbHOH nperpa.l)OH ClIY}f(aT rOpbI.
10
301l0To Cepe,[lI-1Ho 3eMlll-1
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Thl BnOIlHC J!OCTaTO[IHO. '1T06hl C03.l)aTb Ha IOIKHoM 6epcry paHcKuH
yro!1oli cy6TponHKOB. He B03BOJ!H OmWBpCMCIIHO Henpco,'{O:UIMOH
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OCTpOBR.
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KpbIMY. KpblMCKHC MCprCJIH CIIY>K:aT CblpbCM .l)JISI nOIlY'fCHHjj LlCMeH-
Ta, H3 MpaMOpOBH.l)lIhIX H3BCCTHHKOB H3rOTOBJUlIOT 06nHLlOBO'fHbIC
nnH rbI, H3 6I10KOB 31laMCHHTOro HHKcpMaHCKoro KaMHH co vpeMCH
XcpCOHeCa.l)O HaWHX .l)HCH CTpOHT npCKpaCHblC 6C.i1bIC 3.l)aHHH, I1Mc-
IOIUHC MarMaTH'feCKOC npOHCXO>K:.llCHHe .l)Ha6a3bI 6I1aro.n.apH BbICO-
Koii npO'fHOCTH. 60raTCTBY LlBCTOBblX OTTCHKOB H XOPOWHM JIOIlH-
pOBO'lJlblM Ka'feCTBaM H.l)YT Ha H3rOTOBIICHHC naMHTHHKOB H 06I1H-
UOBO'fHbIX nnHT. Ha Kapa.l)arC.H B .l)pyrHx MCCTax BCTpe'faIOTCSI
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j],a 'I TO TaM car.WIlBCTbI! .lI.a}f(C rnHHa B KpbIMY H Ta HBj]jjeTCH
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CKUH 6eHTOHHT, Ha3bIBaCMblH B HapO.l)C KHIIOM. M1>IJlbHOH 3CMIIeH
HJlH ropHbIM MblIIOM, 06I1a.llaCT BCCbMa He06b14HbIMH CBOHCTBaMH.
11 PC>K:.l)C OH HcnOIlb30BaIlCH .l)I1H OCBeTIIeHHSI BHH, H3rOTOBIICHHSI
MbI!Ja, CTHpKH H oT6eIlHBaHHSI, Cere.l)HSI npHMeHHCTCSI B BblCOKHX
TCXHOIlorHHX.
nIlOCKHC nnaTO KpblMCKHX rop COe.l)HHHIOT CBOHCTBa paBHHH H
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3aKpbITblC 01' 6cCnOll.{a.llHOrO COIlHLla HHnbl Ka}j(YTcH HcnocBHmeHHoMY
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pHCTblMH H3BcCTHHKaMH, OHH KaK ry6Ka BnHTblBalOT OCa.l)KH, 4T06b1
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IOll.{YIO KpblMCKHC pCKH.
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BCSlKHH ClIY'faH JII06HT nOBOp'faTb. A TaK KaK HaHTH npH'fHHY .llIlH
BOp'faHHH B 3TOM paHcKoM yroIlKe .l)OCTaTO<.JHO TPY.l)HO, TO OHH no
npHBbl'fKe nOCa.l)YIOT Ha He.l)OCTaTOK BO.l)bI. .lI.eHcTBHTCIIbHO, BC.l)b
II
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MbI MHoro nIloxoro ClIblllI3,JIH 0 rII06MbHblX npoeKTax MCIIHopaLlHH,
CKOpCC Bcero, TaK OHO H eCTb. HaBepHOC, nOBopOT ceBcpHblX pCK Ha
lOr rp03HII 3CMIIe JKOlIOrHlJeCl<OH KaTaCTpO<}>OH, HO nOBopOT IO}f(HOH
pel<H Ha lOr. T. c. C03DaHHC CCBcpo-KpblMCKoro KaHMa, pemHlI MHO-
rHe np06I1CMbl nOlIYOCTpOBa.
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'I TO 61IarOTBopHO .D.mI 'fCnOBC'feCKOrO opraHH3Ma, HO ecml Bbl npH-
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12
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paCTCHHH-H )I<lIBOTHblX.
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IIbllllHblC ca,l)b1, 6I1aroyxalOll.{HC mlaHTaLlHH p03 H I1aBaH,l)bl, YHI1-
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CTBO KpbIMCKHX np0Ll.YKTOB CJIaBHTCH .llaJ]CKO 3a npcJJ.CJIaMH aBTO-
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3HaMCHHT .IJ:oHY31IaB. nCpcKoncKHc 03Cpa BblTj/HYTbl LlCno'fKoH B)1.olIb
MopcKoro n06cpe}f(bj/, caMOC KpynHoc o3Cpo 3ToH rpynnbl TY31Ia HMe-
CT aKBaTopHIO 1145 ra. 03cpa 40Hrapo-Apa6aTcKoH rpynnbl pacno-
no}f(CHhI B)1.onh Apa6aTcKoH CTpClIKH. HaKoHcLI nocnC)1.HIOIO, nj/TYIO
rpynny COCTaBnHIOT KpynHblc (OT 2 )1.0 60nec 'fCM 4 ThlC, ra) 03cpa Kcp-
<JCHCKoro nonyocTpoBa, CPC)1.H KoTopblX AKTamcKoc 11 40KpaKcKoc
npl1MblKalOT K A30BCKoMY MOplO. a T06c'fHKCKoC, OnYK H Y3YHIlapc-
KoC - K 4CPHoMY.
CaMoc 60Ilbmoc 03Cpo KpblMa - <;:acblK-CHBamcKoc, pacnolIo-
>K:CHHOC MC)I(,lly CaKaMH 11 EBnaTopHeH. nnoWa.llb o3CpHoH KOTnOBHHbl
paBHa 7530 ra. CaMOC conCHae 03epo - 40KpaK, KOHLlCHTpaLlHH MHHC-
paJIhHblX BCWCCTB B panc 'fyTb MCHbmc 28%. CaMoc rIly6bKoc o3Cpo -
1I.oHY31IaB, rny6HHa cra )1.OCTHraCT 27 MCTpoB. 3To 03Cpo BbITHHYTo B
CCBCpo-BoCTo<JHoM HanpaBncHliH Ha 30 KM, CKMI1CTblC 6cpera cro BCCb-
Ma H3BHlIHCTbI. no<JTH no BCCH aKBaTopHH KoHLlCHTpaLlHH conH B Bo.D.C
npeBblmaCT \0%, Ho B BCPXOBbj/X aHa 3Ha<JHTcnbHO onpCCHj/CTCjI po)1.-
HHKoBoH BO)1.oH, H 3.llCCb o6HapY}f(HBaCTCj/ H306HJ1HC HC o6bl'fHoH JV]H
paBHHHHoro KpblMa BO,aHoH paCTHTCIIbHoCTH. CCBCpo-BoCTo'fHaj/ oK-
paHHa 03epa o61>j1BnCHa rOCY.D.apcTBCHHbIM 3aKa3HHKOM.
KaK HH BcnHKH nCpCCbInH KpblMCKHX lIHMaHOB, HX pa3Mcpbl MCp-
KHYT no cpaBHCHHIO C Apa6aTCKOH CTpCIIKoii, nCC'faHoH nCpeCbInblO,
oT)1.CJlHIOWCH CHBam OT A10BCKoro MopH. npaBJIa, aHa mlmLlHalIbHo
nCpCCbInblO HC C'fHTacTcj/, a HMCHYCTCjI KoCoH, TaK KaK oTJICIICHa Ha
21
30TepflHHbli1 Ml-1p
CCBepc or MaTcpnKa Y3KHM rCIHI'leCKHM npo.'1I1ROM. AJlHHa Apa6aTc-
Kon CTpC.:IKH nO'ITH 115 KM. mHpHHa aT 270 M .D.O 8 KM.
UeJlblH JleHb 110 rpanlJl C03JJ.3TCJJb H8 TO. IH06bl pa3nCJIHTb
TBCP.D.b H BOJlbl. Ho HC 6y.1CM 3a6b18aTb a p3'mHlIC B Macurra6ax BpC-
MCHH n npocTpaHcTBa. HaM TpynHo npCJICTaBIITb. CKO."IbKo 3ToT .D.CHh
.1IJ]IHCH. HO SlCHO, [ITO nOKa oH HC 3aKoH'IHJlCH.
I1HoH HaHBllblH 'fCnoBCK C'fHTaCT. 'I TO pmlJbl Mo}f(Ho YBHJICTb
TonbKO B ianbHHx KpYH3ax. 3a'fCM HY}f(Hbl KaKHC-TO KpYH3bl. KorJJ.a
CCTb KPblM, B KoTopoM nponacTb JTHX caMblX pmlJoB, H HC KaKHX-HH-
6ynb HOBoHCnC'fCHHbIX, a BCCbMa ConH.D.HhIX. 60,"]ce 'fCM nOllTCHlIora
B03pacTa. CaMbli160JIbUJOH PH<fJ Ha nonyoCTpoBe -- noXO}f(aSi Ha TpCX-
rpaHHYIO nUpaMHJW ropa COKOJI. B03BblUlalOIIlaHCSl Ha.D. 3cncHoH 6yx-
Tan B HoBOM CBCTC. nJIOlilallb OCHOBaHHSI pm!)a OKOJIO l-ro KM 2 . Bbl-
COTa 472 MeTpa. PH.lloM C ropoH CoKoJl MC)!(ny HoBblM CBCToM H Cy-
.D.aKoM MHoro non06Hbix 06pa30BaHHH: MhlCbl ATI'f3K H Kan'fHK, ropa
K06a-KaH. Bce oHH 6bIHH c<fJopMHpoBaHbl npHMepHo 150 MJIH JlCT Ha-
3an Ha npH6pc)KHoH OTMcnH npeBHero OKcaHa TCTHC.
KOpaJInOBblii pll<fJ nOCJIY)\(Hn oCHoBoH, Ha KoTopoH C<fJoPMUPO-
Ba,"]CH I1oJ1yoCTPoB Ka3aHTHn, pacnono}f(CHHblH B CCBCpHoii 'faCTH Kep-
'fCHCKoro XoJlMOrophSi. CaM pmtJ «noCTpol1nH» MHKpoCKonH'feCKHC, aT
0,5.D.0 I MM B J_IHaMCTpc, KOJ1oHHalIbHbIC opcKHe )!(HBoTHbiC. Ha3blBa-
CMblC paCTI1TenhHblM HMCHCM «MmaHKH».
KCTaTI1. H3 MwaHKOBblX H3BCCTHSIKoB COCTol1T caMhlH 3HaMCHH-
TblH CTpoHTC.'1bHbIH MaTCpHaJl KpbIMa - HHKcpMaHcKHH KaMeHb, YHH-
KaJIhHo Co'fCTalOll.{HH TaKHC, Ka3aJIoCb 6bl, npoTI1BonOJ1O>KHbIC cBoHCTBa,
KaK MSirKOCTb H npo'fHoCTb, nopl1CToCTb H onHoponHoc.Tb. C HC3ami-
MHTHbIX BpCMCH cro n06blBalOT B npCnropbHx MC)I(,llY I1HKcpMaHoM H
pCKOH EonpaK. OH 6bl1l BeCbMa nonynHpeH B aHTH'fHbIC BpeMcHa, Ho H
ceronHH H3 Hcro crpoSiT npCCTH}f(HbIC 3naHI1H B KpbIMY, KHCBC, MocKBe.
3naHHjI H3 I1HKcpMaHcKoro KaMHH eCTb na>K:C Ha ]J,aJIbHCM BoCToKC.
Mhl 3HaCM; 'ITa OCTpOBa IO}f(HbIX MopCH 6blBalOT HC TonbKO
. Kopam1OBblMH, Ho H BynKaHH'fCCKHMH. HanpHMcp. BocnCTblH forc-
HaM oCTpOB TaHTH. CTOHno JIH eMY 3a6HpaTbCH HeBCCTb Kyna, Kor-
J_la no KpblMa 6b1no no.D.aTb PYKoH. MaKCI1MHnHaH BonomHH BoC-
ncn HH'fYTb HC MCHCC BYlIKaHH'fCCKHH Kapanar. 3TOT rny60Ko Bpe-
3aBmHHCH B MopC MC}f(ny KOKTc6cneM H CY.D.aKoM ropHblH MaCCHB
22
3orepflHHbli:1 Ml-1p
IlpC)J.CTaBnSleT C060H KoMllnCKC 113 .D.BYX noTYXlUl1X BynKaHoB. BbIC-
maSl To'fKa oCHOBHoro MaCCI1Ba X06a-Tcnc )J.OCTl1raCT 440 M, 060-
c06neHHaSl ropa CBJlTaSl - 577 MCTpoB.
HpHMCpHo 150-170 MlIH nCT Ha3a)J. npH H3BCP}f(CHI1SlX X06a-
Tcne BYJlKaHI1'fCCKaSl naBa H3iII1BaIlaCh B MOpC. 3aTcM 113BCp>K:CHHH
npol1cxo)J.l1nl1 Ha cymc, C<l>opMl1pOBaB KoHYC BhICoToH J.\O 800 MeT-
POB_ 3aTcM BynKaHI1'fCCKaSl )J.CjlTCnbHoCTb lIa'fana 3aTyxaTb H Bo-
306110BHnacb H3BCp>K:CHHSlMI1 ropbI CBjlToH. C TCX nop BynKaHH'fCC-
KHC nopo)J.bl HC pa3 noJIBCpralIl1Cb ncpeMeWCHI1HM 11 pa31I0MaM, B
PC3YJIbTaTC 'fcro 06pa30Banl1Cb HCCKoIlbKo XpC6ToB. BblBcTpHBaHHe
C03)J.aBano Tal1HCTBCHHbIC rpoThI,. }f(I1BonHCHbIC 6YXTbl, oTBCCHblC
CKanbl H TCCHHHbI. Enaro.llapH CMY 06pa30BancH npoXO.D. B 6a3anb-
ToBoH rnbl6c H B03HHK.'1I1 ml1poKo 113BCCTHblC {(30:loTbIC BopoTa»
_ YBCH'fallHaSl mnl1JlCM 6a3anbToBaH apKa, OT)J.anCHHaH aT oCHoB-
Horo MaCCI1Ba KapaJIara lIa 85 M B MopC.
Apyrnc Hal160ncc H3BCCTHblC nOTyxmHc BYJlKaHbl KphlMa - pac-
nonO>K:CHHbIH 61IH3 CCBacTolionSl MblC <I>HoJICHT H CKana I1<l>HrcHHH B
oKpCCTHoCTSlX KaCTpononH.
Hc BCC BynKaHbl B KpbIMY, oJIHaKo, «BblmJIH B I1Io}J.H». C npH-
cKop611CM HY}/(Ho Co06WI1Th, 'I TO CCTb Ha nOJlYOCTpoBC H «HCY)J.aBmHCCH
BynKaHbI». fCoJJorH Ha3hlBalOT HX MarMaTH'fCCKHMH )J.l1anHpaMH. Ca-
MhlC H3BCCTHblC B KpblMY )J.HanHpbl - KaCTClIh H AIO)J.ar.
fopa KaCTcnb paCnolIo}f(CHa B HCCKonbKHX KH-'IOMCTpax K IOro-
3ana.llY aT AJJYllITbI. B aHTH'fHbIC HnH BH3aHTHHCKHC BpCMCHa Ha ec
BcpmHHC pacnOIlaranaCb KpcnOCTb, )J.aBmaH ropc Ha3BaHHe «(KaCTCIIb»
B ncpCBo.llC C rpC'fCCKoro - «KpCnOCTb»). PJl,lloM C KaCTCIIblO B)J.onb
TpaCCbl AnYllITa - .HIITa xopomo BH}J.HbI .llHanHpbl nOMeHbllIC: lllap-
xa, Ypara, Ccpayc, 1.JaMHbl-EYPYH.
fopa AIO)J.ar paCnOlIo>K:CHa MC}f(}J.y AJIymToH H .HnTOH. Aanc-
KO Bbl}J.alOll.{HHCjI B MOpC MblC xopomo BH.llCH nO'ITH co BCCX TO'lCK
IO>K:Horo 6cpcra. 1.JYBCTBYSl, 'ITa ropa HC noXO}f(a Ha )J.pyrHc, >K:HTC-
I1H OKpCCTHOCTeii)J.OIlro npHCMaTpHBaJIHCb K tlCH, Ho oTCYTCTBHC rIlY-
60KHX 3HaHHH B 06naCTH rconorHH npHBelIO HX K HC BnonHC 060-
CHOBaHHOMY BbIBo)J.y, 'ITO MaCCHB npC)J.CTaBIIHCT C060H OKaMeHeB-
mcro MC)J.BC)J.H (<<AIO)J.ar» ncpCBO)J.HTCjI C KpblMCKOTaTapCKoro KaK
«MC)J.BCJIb-ropa» ).
23
30TepflHHblj;i Ml-1p
Ha CaMoM .lleJ1C KaCTC.:lh H AIO))ar. KaK, BnpO'lCM, H BCC .D:HanH-
pbl, C03naBa:mCb 6C3 Hcnocpe.aCTBCHHoro Y'IaCTHj! r.mCKonHTaIOUlHX.
JlcT )TaK 160 MJIH Ha3a.a, B CCpCJIliHC IOpcKoro ncpHo;!.a, no.D. ;!.cikTBH-
CM BY:IKaHH'lecKHx npOLlcccoB paCnnaBJ1CHHaH MarMCl nhITa.laCb Bblp-
BaTbCj! HapY>KY. Ho CH HC Y.D.a.']oCb np06HTbCj! CKB03b To.1UlY ocaJ_\O'f-
HblX nopo.a - CnaralOll.{HX IO>K:HoC n06CpC>KbC mHHHCTblX cnaHLlCB,
MarMa nOCTcnCHHO 3aCTbma, H 06pa30BaIlcSl .D:HanHp. HacKoIlbKo 'fY-
.D:oBHmH0I1 Moll.{blO 061Ia.aaIOT CHJIbl 3CMIIH, Mo}f(Ho npC.D:CTaBHTb ce6c,
nopa3MblclIHB HaJ_\ TCM, 'ITa BblCOTa AIO.D:ara .D:oCTHraCT 565 M, a Kac-
TcnH - 439 M Ha.D: ypoBHCM MopH. 3aTcM oca.llo'fHhIC OTlIo}f(CHHH Bo
MHorHX MCCTax 6bL1H pa3MbITbl H MarMaTH'fCCKHC nOpo.D:bl OKa3anHCb
Ha nOBcpXHoCTH, «06Ha>K:HnHcb». KaK rOBopHT rconorH.
BblXo.llbl Ha nOBcpxHoCTh MarMaTH'fCCKHX nopo.a HMCIOT .D:Ba npIDIT-
HhlX.D.JLII 'felIoBCKa CJlCJJ.CTBIDI. Bo-ncpBblX, caMH 3TH noponbl HBJljjIOTCSl LlCH-
HbIM CTpOHTeJIbHblM H OT.D:CnO'IHhIM MaTcpHanOM. a Bo-BTopblX, cpe.zrn 06-
Ha}f(eHHH 'faCTO BCTpC'IaIOTCH }f(HJlhI pe.aKI-lX MHHCpanOB. Ha Kapa.aare H
AJo.D.arc BC}J.yTCH pa3pa60TKH Ty<fJa H ra66po. 1.fTO >KC no MHHCpaJlOB, TO Ha
Kapa.llare HX Hafu:ICHo oKOIlo 30 BH}J.OB, B TOM 'IHCJIC TaKHC Y}f(C ynoMHHaB-
mHCCH noJIYJ_\paraLlCHHbIC KaMHH, KaK araT, renHa-rpon, onan H cepnoIIHK.
B03MO}f(Ho, KoMY-To Mo>K:CT nOKa3aTbCjI, '11'0 BCC BYlIKaHbI B Kpbl-
MY nOTYXllIHC, HJIH, XY}f(C Tara, HcynaBmHCCj!. C no.D:06HbIMH-npenno-
1I0>KCHHHMH cornaCHTbCH HC npC.D.CTaBnHCTCj! B03MO>KHbIM. B KpblMY
CCTb 3aMC'faTCIIbHbIC .D:CHCTBYIOUlHC BylIKaHbI. KoHC'lHo, oHH He C06H-
palOTcj! norpe6aTb rapo.D:a nO)l TonUlcH ncnlIa H ry6HTb TbICjI'lH nlO-
.D.CH B nOTOKax paCKaneHHoH naBbI. 3To BnonHC MHpHbIC, XoTjI H HC
o'lCHb «npHCToHHbIC» BynKaHbI.
CaMblH 60nbmoH BYlIKaH KpblMa ,lI)Kay-Tcnc J pacnoJIo>K:CH Ha lOre
KCp'lCHCKoro xonMorapbj!, B 10 KM OT ceIla JICHHHCKoC. BblCOTa Byn aHa
Ha.ll ypOBHCM MOpH .D:oCTJITaCT 119 M. HO Ha.ll OKp}'JKaIOUlCH MecTHOCThIO
oH nO.llHHMaCTCjI TonbKO Ha 60 MCTpOB. nO.D:06HbIC BynKaHbl reoIlorn Ha-
3hIBalOT «rpSl3cBbIMW>, TaK KaK roplOllHc ra3bl, BpeMH aT BpeMCHH nO.D.HH-
MalOll.{HCCH H3 HCJ_\P 3eM.']H, YBJ.ICKaIOT BMCCTC C C060H pa3}f(H}f(CHHYIO rJJH-
HHCl)'JO Maccy, lIa3blBaCMYlO «cono'fHOH 6peK'fHCH», HJIH «cono'fHoH rpH-
3blO >. nlIOUla.zU, OTJIO}f(CHIiH rpjl3CBOH 6pcK'fHH 3aHHMaCT 150 ra, o61>CM
oTJ10>K:CHHH paBCH npHMcpHO 55 Mnfl M 3 . KoHYC BYlIKaHa B HblHcmHCM
BH}J.C c<l>opMHpoBaH H3BCp}f(CHHCM XVIII BCKa. B 1909 r. rpH3cBoH nOTOK
24
30TepflHHbli:1 Ml-1p
.:IoCmrM notITH 330 M ;lJlHHhI H 30 M llIHpHHbI. 06l>CM cono'lHoH rpKUI
CoCTaBI1JI 128 IHC. ToHH. noCJ1c.lume W3BCp}f(CHHHlIaTHpYIOTCS! 1925, 1927
11 1942 rr.. C TCX nop BynKaH aKTHBHOCTH HC npoHBnJIJI.
B pe3YJlbTaTe H3BCp}f(CHml .D.pyroro rpSl1CBoro BYJ1KaHa B o.D.HoH
H3 6yXT A30BcKoro MopH B03;IC KCp'fH B 1990 r. B03HHK nonYOCTpOB
113 rpH3CBOH 6pCK'fHH .lUIHHOH .D.o 300 M, mHpHHoH 70 M H BhlCoToH 1,5
MCTpa. 06pa30BaHHc nOCTcnCHHO pa3MblBacTcSl MopCM.
Bnpo'lcM. 110BonbHO «nonHBaTb rpH3hlO» npeKpacHblH KpblM,
HHa'iC Mo>K:CT ClIo}f(HTbCH BnC'IaTlICHHC, 'ITa MbI He BHl!HM 3a 11epeBbH-
MH neca, a 3a CTO.D.Ba11LlaTHMCTpOBbIMH conKaMH - KpblMCKHX rap.
HCCoMHCHHo, napa Ha'faTb nonb30BaTbCH 60ncc IIlHpOKHM Ma3KOM,
OXBaTblBaTb 60J1CC mHpOKHC ropH30HTbI.
KpbIMCKHC. HnH TaBpH'fCCKHC. rop!>1 pacnoJ1o}f(CHbl Ha IOrc no-
nYOCTpOBa. OHH npC11CTaBnSlIOT C060H TPH napalInCJlbHblC rpS!11 bI ,
BblTHHYTblC C BOCTOKa Ha 3ana11 no'fTH Ha 150 KM. lliHpHHa rap HC
npcBblmacT 50 KM. fnaBHaH rpH11a, Ha3hlBaCMaH TaK)!(C 1O}f('HoH rpH-
110H, HnH 51HJloH. caMaH BbICOKaH. fOpbl CpCJ.\HCH, HJlH BHYTPCH-
Hcii, rpSl11bI 110CTHraIOT BblCoTbl 750 M, a CeBcpHoH, I1I1H BHcmHcH,-
HC npcBblmalOT 350 MCTpoB.
BblcmaH To'lKa - ropa POMaH-Kom n011HHMaCTCH Ha.ll ypoBHCM
MOpS!, KaK Y}f(e rOBopHlIoCb, Ha 1545 MCTpoB. K CO>K:anCHHIO, aHa HC
BHl!Ha C IO)!(Hora 6cpcra. no CoCC11CTBY C POMaH-KomCM B LlCHTpaJIb-
HoH 'IaCTH fnaBHOH rpH.llhl Hax011SlTCSl OCTanbHblC pCKop11CMeHbl: Ae-
MHp-Kany (1540 M), 3CHTHH-Kom (1534 M), KCManb-3rcpeK (1529 M),
3KIIH3H-EYPYH (1527 M).
fOpbl fIlaBHoH rpAAbI npe11CTaBlIHIOT C060H mHpoKHc IDIoCKHC
MaCCHBbI, KpYTo 06pblBalOUlHccjI Ha IOrc K Y3Koii nonOCKC IO}f(Horo
6cpcra KpblMa. fcoIlorH Ha3blBalOT TaKHC ropbI CToIloBbIMH. Eonb-
maH 'IaCTb mHpoKHx nIlaTO noKpblTa cTcnHoH paCTHTcnbHoCTblO. OHH
Hcnonb30BanHCb npc>K:.D.c KaK I1eTHHC naCT6l1Ula, Ha3bIBaCMbIC B TlOpK-
CKHX H3blKax «j1HJlaMH». Ccro11HH cnOBO «HHJla» HMCCT .llBa 3Ha'fCHHSl.
C MalIcHbKoH 6YKBbl nHmCTCH Ha3BaHHC Ka}f(,llOro oT.D.CIIbHOro nnaTO
fIlaBHoH rpH11bI: j1HJla Kapa6H, AH-nCTpHHcKaH HHna. .HHJloH C 3ar-
I1aBHoH 6YKBbl Ha3blBaCTCjI BCSl flIaBHaH, HIIH IO}f(HaH. rpH11a. Ha MHo-
rHX j1HIIaX aKTHBHO pa3BHBalOTcH KapcToBblC npoLlcccbl,. a KoTopblX
'fYTb HH}f(C MbI noroBopHM 60Ilcc n011p06Ho.
25
3OTepflHHbli:1 Ml-1p
rOpbl BHYTPCHHCH H BHcmHCH rpSVlhl HMCIOT CTpoCHHC, Ha3blBa-
CMOC rconoraMH «KY3CTaMH». 3TOT rCoJIorHllCCKHH TCpMHH npom;xo-
.D.HT OT HcnaHCKoro CJ10Ba «cucsta» - «KoCorop». Ha:maHHC oTpa}f(a-
CT aCliMMCTpH'fHoCTb CKnOHOB, o.D.HH H3 KoTopblX nonorHH H .D.IIHHHbIH,
a .D.pyroH KPYToH H KopoTKHH. nonorHC H .llIIHHHblC CKIIoHbl KpbIMC-
KHX rop o6pall.{CHbI Ha CCBCp, KPYTblC H KopoTKHC - Ha lOr. ACHMMCT-
pH'fHoCTb BbI3BaHa pa31IH'fHoH CToHKOCTblO ropHblX nopo.lJ, K pa3Mbl-
BalOWCMY .lJ,CHCTBHIO Bo.lJ,HbIX H nC.lJ,HHKOBbIX nOTOKOB.
KpblMCKHC ropbl ClIo}f(CHbl rJIHHHCTblMH ClIaHLlaMH, nCC'faHH-
KaMH H cpaBHHTCIIbHO MoJlo.llblMH H3BeCTHjlKaMH IOpCKoH 3nOXH. Ho
CCTb B KpbIMY H 60lICC .lJ,pCBHHC H3BCCTHHKH. npH 3anonHCHHH Bo-
.lJ,oH CHM(pCpOnOlIbCKoro Bo.D.oXpaHHllHwa Ha nOBcpXHoCTH oCTaJI-
CSI Hc60nbmOH oCTpoBoK pa3McpoM 40 x 80 MCTpOB. 3To BCpXHHSl
lJaCTh O'fCHb HHTcpCCHoro rCoIlorH'fCCKoro 06pa30BaHHjI, BncpBhIc
onHcaHHoro Cll.{C B 190 I r. H nonY'fHBmCro Ha3BaHHC «CHM<fJCPo-
noJJbCKajl CKanHCTaji rnhI6a». no.a06HbIC 06pa:30BaHHjI rCoJIorH Ha-
3bIBalOT «6CCKopHCBbIMH CKaIlaMH». CKaJ1HCTaH LIJhl6a Cno}f(CHa H3
ncpMCKHX H3BCCTHHKoB, BCCbMa HcxapaKTcpHblX .lJ,I1Sl KpblMcKoro no-
nyocTpoBa. OTnO}f(CHHC IlcpMcKoro MopH', CYWCCTBOBaBmcro 60nee
200 MnH nCT Ha:Ja.lJ" BKpannCHbI B TO_IJll.{Y TaBpH'fCCKHX CJIaHl{CB BCCb-
Ma Hc60nbmHMH MaCCHBaMH. rConorH C'fHTaIOT 3TH BKpannCHHjI CJIC-
.lJ,aMH 06pymHBaHHjI B npCBHHH OKcaH TCTHC ropHblX MaCCHBOB, cy-
WCCTBOBaBmHX HCKOr.lJ,a.Ha MCCTC KpblMa.
113 ncpMCKHX H3BCCTHjlKOB ClIo}f(Cna TaK>K:C 6CCKopHCBaH C Ma B
.D.onHHC peKH EO.lJ,paK, 'ITa B03I1C cCIIa TpynonlO60BKa. CKMa HMCCT B
nOnepC'IHHKC 25 MCTpOB. CCpblH H3BCCTHjlK CKalIbl 06pa30BancjI B pc-
3YIIbTaTC >K:H3HC.lJ,CHTCIIbHoCTH MHKpOCKonH'fCCKHX opraHH3MoB <popa-
MHHH<pCP Ha rpaHHLlc IOpcKora H TpHacoBoro nCpHo.lJ,oB, T. c. npHMcp-
HO 210 MnH lICT Ha3a.ll.
K CO>K:aJIeHHIO, 06BaJIbl HC 3aKoH'IHJlHCb B 3TO .lJ,oCTaTO'lHO oT.lJ,a-
I1CHHOC aT Hac BpCMH. CnCLlHalIHCTbl CIJHTalOT 06BanOM 06pymHBaHHC
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32
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34
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36
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37
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3TO BpCMH rO.lla TOIlbKO nnaHHpYlOT nOC3.llKY Ha nOlIyoCTpOB.
nonaB Ha HHnbl >K:apKHM I1eTOM, MO}f(HO pa30lJapOBaTbCH. CKpoM-
HblH TpaBHHOH nOKpoB HC MO>K:eT cpaBHHTbcH C nblmHoH pOCKOllIblO npH-
MOpcKHX napKoB, HO ecIlH B.lIOXHYTb nOIlHoH rpY.D.blO npOmiTaHHblH apo-
MaTOM pa3HOTpaBbH B03.llYX, ecIlH paCTCpeTb MC>ICL1y nMbLlaMH I1HCTIiK
nonblHH, npliccCTb Ha KOpTOIJKH Ii BHHMaTCIIbHO paccMoTpcTb «6bIJIHH-
KH», ecIlli BCnOMHIiTh Cll.{C pa3, IJTO 60IlbllIHHCTBO oKpY}f(alOll.{Hx Bac TpaB
MO}f(HO BCTpeTliTb TOIlbKO 3.llCCb, TO, HCCOMHCHHO, Bac nOpa31iT BCIIIilJHC
EO}f(CCTBeHHoro TBOpcHHH, Ha3blBaCMoro npHpO.llOH.
38
POCH1TellbHblH MHp
no lO>K:HoMY CK.i]OHY DJaBHOH rpJl.llbI OT OiMCIDa .llO A'1ymThI pac-
KHHYlIOCb Llapcrno COCHOBbIX lIeCOB. Pa3pc}f(CHHbIC I1CCHbIC MaCCHBbl 3JlCCb
\ICpe.n.yIOTCH C nOIIJIHaMH, 3aHHTbIMH rapHo-nyroBoH paCTHTCJlbHOCTbIO, a
HH}f(HIOIO lJaC!b lO>K:Hora CKIlOHa flIaBHOH rpJl}J.bl Ha BblCOTe OT 50.llo 450 M
Ha}J. ypoBHeM MOpH 3aHHMaCT nOHC npliMopcKora 1llH6I1JlKa. Ha yJKOH, OT
10 .D.O 50 M, npli6pe>K:HoH nCC'faHO-raneIJIDlKOBOH nO.TI(}re lO>K:Hora CKIlOHa
, KpblMCKHX rap paCTYT TOJIbKO TpaBbl, nOnyKYCTapHHKH Ii KYCTapHHKH.
B OKpOCTHOCTJIX H Ha reppmopHjjx ropo.llOB, H nOCClIKOB KpblMa pa-
CTYT COTHH 3K30THlJecKHX .llJUI.llaHHbIX mHpoT BMOB paCTeHHH co BeeX KOH-
THHCHTOB 3CMHora mapa. 06ll{aJl nnOll.{a}J.b KpblMCJ<HX napKoB npeBblliJaeT
2000 ra, H3 HHX 'fYTb 60JIbllIe \000 ra npltXO.llHTCH Ha IO}f(HbIH 6epcr.
KpblMlJaHe, nonaB Ha <}>paHLlY3cKYIO PHBbCPY ImH B AKanYIIbKO,
IIC.llOYMCBaIOT, YBH}J.eB 06e.llHeHHbIH 3arpaHHIJHblH II aH.llllIa<}>T! HeT,
KpblM'faH HC Y.D.IiBHllIb 3aMopcKOH <}>I1opOH, B 60TaHH'feCKHX ca.llax H
napKax KpblMa paCTeT 60nce 30 TbIC. BH}J.OB H <}>OpM pacTeHIIH.
,lJ.Ba.rmaTb TPH KpblMCKHX napKa oxpaHHIOTCJI 3aKOHOM. OHH He
TOIlbKO H306HIIYIOT npei<pacHblMH paCTeHHHMH, Ho HB.TIHIOT C060H llIe-
.lleBpbl naH.llmaQ>THoro IiCKYCCTBa 7 .
Ocranocb paCCKa3aTh 0 ell.{C o.llHOM paCTHTCJlbHOM C006ll.{CCTBe, C
KOTOpblM MI,l BCTpelJaeMCH B KpbIMY - 0 <}>I10pc OMbmalOll{HX KpblM MO-
PCH, H60 61i0IlOTH'fCCKHC C006ll.{CCTBa cymH Ii MOpH no 60IlbmOMY ClJery HC
MOryT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH OT.llCJlbHO .llpyr OT .llPyra. Bo.llopoCJlli 06HTalOT BO
BeeH TOIIlllC BO.llb1 oM maIOILlHx KpblM MOpeH. ,lJ.oHHbIe BO.llOpOCJIH He 06-
pa3YIOT Ha .llHe cnnOllIHoro KOBpa, OCHOBHaJI nnolI.{3,/JJ> MopcKoro .aHa I1H-
meHa paCTHTeIlhHOCTH. Y'feHble BbIDCIIJIIOT 3.llCCb 60Ilee 270 BH.llOB 3CJlC-
HbIX, KpacHbIX H 6ypbIX BO.llopocneH. HaH60Ilee pacnpocrpaHCHHbIMH B03-
I1e KpblMCKHX 6eperaB BO.D.OpocmlMH JlBIIJlIOTCH IJHCT03Hp3 H rjJH!IJlcxjJopa.
KpoMe BO.llopocneH, Y KpblMCKHX 6eperoB npoH3paCTaeT B MOpcKHX II)'IJH-
Hax 60nbmoe KOIIHIJCCTBO BbIC1IIHX paCTcHHH, cpe.llH KOTOpbIX OC06eHHO
B<DKH)'lO poJIb B >K:H3HH 6IiOLleH03a HrpaeT 1..(BCTK0BOe paCTeHHe 3ocrepa.
PaBHoBcclie B npHpo.D.e nO.ll.llep>K:liBaCTCH 3aKOHaMH, nOCTHraeMbl-
MH lJeIlOBCKOM, HO OTHIO.llb He nocrnrHYTblMH. 0Tpa,llH0, 'I TO HalllH IJCJlO-
BCIJCCKHe 3aKOHbl Bee lJall.{e npH3HaIOTCH nO.D.IJHHCHHbIMH 3TOH caMOH rnaB-
1I0H «KOHCTHTYLIliH». B KpblMY C03.llaHbI 4 HOBb1X 3anOBe,llHHKa H 16 rocy-
napCTBCHHblX 3aKa3HHKOB, KpOMC Toro, OXpaHHIOTCH rocY.llapCTBOM 13
naMJlTHHKOB nplipO.D.b1, \02 3aKa3HHKa, 3anOBC.llHbIX ypolJlill.{a Ii naMHT-
39
30TepS1HHbIH Ml-1p
HHKa npHpO.l1b1 H 23 3anoBC.llHbIX napKa. 0 KpblMCKOM rOCY.llapCTBCHHoM
3anOBC.llHIiKC Mbl paCCKa}f(CM B TpeTbeH 'faCTH KHlirH (<<nnaHCTa I1IO.llCH»),
a CCH'faC nOCBflHM HCCKOIlbKO CTpoK cro MeHee 3HaMeHliTbIM C06paTbHM.
B BOCTOIJHOH 'faCT» JlIITliHCKOrO aM<}>HTeaTpa, B HenocpC.llCTBeHHOH
6nH30CTH OT HHKHTcKoro 60TaHHIJeCKOrO ca}J.a, HaXO.llHTCH rocY.llap-
CTBeHHbIH 3anOBe.llHliK «MbIC MapTbHH». TeppHTopliH ero BCCbMa HeBe-
nHKa: 120 ra BblcrynalOll.{eH 'faCTH ropbl Mora6H H TaKa$! }f(e no nJIOll.{a-
.llH npHlIeralOll.{aH aKBaTOpHH LJepHoro MOpH. 3TO caMblH MMeHbKIiH
3anOBC.llHHK B YKpaHHe. B .llBYXKHlIOMeTpOBOH nOIloce peJIHKTOBOrO ncca
HaC'IHTbIBaeTCH 60nee 500 BMOB BblCllIHX paCTeHHH, 60IlbllIliHCTBO Ii3
KOTOpblX OTHOCHTCH K CpC.lllneMHoMopcKOMY apeany, B TOM IJHCJIC 14
3H.lleMH'fHbIX BMOB. B 3anOBC.llHHKe npOH3paCTalOT TPH 3aHeCCHHblX B
MC)I(,llYHapO.llHYIO KpacHYIO KHHry peJIllKTOBblX BH.lla: MO)/()KCBeJlbHHK
BbICOKHH, 3eMJIJIHH'IHHK MCJIKOflJIO.llHbm H peMHCJICflCCTHHK K03RH. Ca-
MblC CTapble .D.CpeBbH MO>K:>K:eBeIlbHIiKa BblCOKoro .llOCTHralOT BblCOTbl 10
MCTpOB. B KpacHoH KHHre IJHCJIHTCH H MHornc TpaBHHIiCTble paCTeHIiH
3anOBC.llHIiKa, B TOM IJIiCJIe H warjJpaH Cy3H8HCKHii.
.HIITHHCKHH rOCY.llapCTBeHHblH 3anOBC.llHHK TJlHCTCH OT Mblca Ca-
pbllJ Ha 3ana}J.C .D.O rapbl AlO.llar Ha BOCTOKe, npCHMYll.{CCTBeHHO Bblme
moccc CCBaCTononb - .H"lTa. 3anOBe.llHHK npC.llHa3Ha'feH npc)I(,llC Bcero
.llJIH coxpaHCHHH I1CCOB IO}f(HOrO CKIlOHa fIlaBHOH rpH.llbI H YHHKMbHblX
npHpO.D.HblX KOMnJICKCOB nIlaTO. 3anOBC.llHliK CpaBHliTClIbHO HeBCJIHK,
ero nIlOllla.llb paBHa 14 TblC- ra, HO Ha ero TCppHTOpli1i HaC'fHTblBaeTCH
1363 BMa BblcmliX paCTeHHH, 60Ilee nOIlOBHHbl KOTOpblX IiMelOT CpC.llH-
3CMHOMopCKoe npOlicxO)l(,llCHHe, a 115 BH.llOB HBJIHIOTCH 3H.lleMIiIJHbIMH.
B npe.llcIIax 3anOBC.D.HHKa IiMeCTCH MHoro HHTepeCHblX reOIlOrn'feCKHX
06pa30BaHIiH, Ha6I1IO.llaIOTCH OplirHHaJIbHbIC <}>OpMbl pCJIbe<}>a.
focy.aapcracHHblH 3anOBC.llHHK Kapa.llar, KpOMC OXPaHbl reOIlorH-
IJCCKHX naMHTHHKOB npHpO.llbI H 60raTOH <}>aym,I Bocro'IHoro KpbIMa, npe.ll-
Ha3HalJeH }J.1IjJ COXPaHeHHH YHIiKaJIhHbIX <}>HTOLleH030B. TaI<lie BH.llbl, KaK
6oJlfJblIIlHJfl( llOJlfJKOBOH, TlOJIbflaH KOKTe6e.nbCKHii, 3peMYPYC JOHTe, .lleJlb-
rjJHHlfJM llaJIJI8ca, BCTpe'faIOTCH TOlIbKO B Kapa.llarcKoM 3anOBC.llHHKe.
npHcliBallIcKHH 3aKa3H1iK B HH>K:HeropcKoM paHoHe nJIOll.{a.llblO
OKOIlO 1000 ra C03.llaH ,llJIH oxpaHbl eCTCCTBeHHblX 3apocIIeH .llIiKOpaC-
TYll.{eH pOMamKH.
nCpe.ll TCM KaK nepeHTH K OnHCaHli1O OT.lleJJbHbIX BH.llOB paCTeHHH,
n03BOIlbTe BCC-TaKIi nOBTopHTb a36Y'fHYIO HCTHHY: Mbl .D.OIl>K:HbI 6bITb
40
POCH1TellbHblH MHp
HCTcpnHMbl K yrBCp)l(llCHHIO, 'ITO OT O.D.HOrO 6pomCHHoro OKypKa I1J1H
pa3BC.llCHHOrO B.CYXOM I1CCY KOCTpa HC MO}f(CT ClIY'fHTbCH I1ecHoro nO}f(a-
pa, 'ITO OT O.llHOro c06paHHoro 6YKCTa HC MO>K:CT npeKpaTI1TbCH CYll.{C-
CTBOBaHHC LlCJIOrO BHl!a paCTeHHH, IiCTOpliH KOToporo HaC'IHTblBaCT BO
MHoro pa3 60Ilbmc BCKOB, 'fCM BCH IiCTOpHH 'ICIIOBC'fCCTBa. Mbi 06IDa-
Hbl nOHliMaTb CMblCII H HCnOIlHHTh HCMHOrO'lHClICHHblC npC.llnHcaHHH H
3anpeTbl, HC06XO.llliMblC ,llJIH oxpaHbl npHpO.llbI. KpaCOTa cnaCeT MHp
TOIlbKO B TOM cny'iac, ecIlH Mbl CC COXPaHHM.
I1TaK, BOT nHmb HCKOTOpblC npC.l1CTaBHTClIH KpblMCKOH <}>lIOpbl:
ACTpara.n I1(eTHHHCTbIH
ACTparaJIbl- pOJ1 TpaBHHHCTblX paCTCHIiH CCMCHCTBa
6060BblX HaC'IHTbIBaeT 60Ilee 2000 BHl!OB. npOH3pa-
CTalOT B 3acYIllJIHBblX pcrHoHax, MHorHC BHl!bI HBIIH-
IOTCH KOpMOBblMI1 paCTcHHHMH.
Acrpara.n LUeTHHHCTbIH(Astragalus sctosulus gontsch.)
- peJ1KHH 3Hl!CMH'fHbm BHl!. Hc60Ilbmoc KOIIH'IeCTBO
3THX paCTcHHH 06HapY>K:CHO TOIlbKO B Tpcx MCcrax 1O}f(-
Horo 6cpera KpblMa: Ha rope J].CMCP.ll>I<H, CKaJIC CBHl!a-
HHC B03J1C ceIla 3eIlCHOropbC Ii B OKpeCTHOCTJIX Cy.naKa.
npOH3paCTaCT Ha CKMax H ll.{e6CHHCThIX CKJIOHax. Oco-
6blH HHTcpec npe.llCTaBJIjjeT TO, 'I TO C.llI1HCTBCHHbrn 6I1H3-
KHH PO.llCTBCHHHK KpbIMCKOrO BHl!a npoH3paCTaeT TOIlb-
KO B ropHblX paHOHax IOro-3ana}J.Horo I1paHa.
EOpI1(eBHK nYllIHCTbIH
EOpll.{CBHKH - pO.D. KpynHblx TpaBHHHCTblX paCTCHHH
CCMCHCTBa 30HTH'fHbIX HaC'IHTblBaeT OKOIlO 70 BHl!OB,
npoH3paCTalOll.{IiX B YMCPCHHOM nOHCC BOCTO'lHOrO
nOIlymapHH, H O.llHH ceBcpoaMcpHKaHcKHH BHl!. CTc6-
I1H H I1HCTbH MHornx BHl!OB Cbc.D.06HbI. MC.llOHOC.
DOPlllCBHK nymHCTbIH (Hcraclcum pubcsccns Bicb)
paCTeT TonbKO B KPbIMY. BCTpCTHTb cro MO>K:HO JJHmb
B O.D.HOM MCCTC - Ha TCppHTOpliH HIiKHTcKoro 60Ta-
HH'fCCKOrO ca}J.a, Ha KPYTOM CKJIOHC, npHMbIKaIOll.{CM
K llIOCCCHHOH .lloporc. TaK KaK paCTcHHc .llCKOpaTHB-
41
30Tep HHbl MHp
HO, K1'o-To MO}f(CT HC Y.llep>K:aTLCSlI1 copBaTL ero. no-
3TOMY BH}J. HaXo.lIHTCH no.ll yrp030H HC'fC3HOBCHHH.
EOJ/Pf'IllIHHK IloJ/pKOBoii
Cratacgus pojarkovae Kossych - pOD. 60HpblmHHKOB,
OTHOCHTCH K eeMCHCTBY p030LlBCTHbIX H HaCIJHTblBaCT
OKOIlO 200 BH}J.OB. nOJJee 50 H3 HIiX npoH3paCTalOT Ha
eeBepe EBpOJlbl H A3HH. Bee OHH BCCbMa .lIeKOpaTHB-
HbI. B HapO.lIe 3TO paCTcHHe llIHpOKO Ii3BeCTHO KaK
«mc.ll». I-h nIlO.llOB H HaCTOH LlBeTOB 60HpblmHliKa
D.CIIaIOT I1CKapCTBR. nIlO,/lb1 MHornx BH}J.OB Cbe.ll06HbI.
3H.lleMH'fHbIH BH.l! BCTpelJaCTcSl Ha cyxHx XOJIMax B llpe.ll-
ropbJIX Kapa.llara. npe.llCTaBJUleT co60H KycrapHHK, pe}f(C
- D.epeBLle BblCOTOH 3-Q MerpoB. nIlO.llb1 CO.lIep}f(aT 6oIlb-
moe KOIIHIJCCTBO aCKop6IDIOBoH KHCJIOTbI H HeKoTopble
pe.D.KHC BHTaMHHbl. BHCCCH B Kpac"XIO KHliry.
EYK
POD. D.epeBbeB eeMeHCTBa 6YKOBblX (Fagus orientalis
Lipsky). B KpblMY pacryT .llBa BH.l!a 6yxa - BOCTOY-
HbrH H 06bIKHOBeHHbrH. 06a BH.l!a 06I1a}J.aIOT nOHCTHHe
uapcKoH BHemHOCTblO H .llapHT 'feJIOBCKY LlapcKlic MH-
IIOCTH - TpY.llHO nepeoLleHHTb HX BOD.OOXpaHHoe H no'f-
B03all.{HTHOe 3HaIJCHHe. nyx }f(HBeT 250-350 I1eT, Bnep-
Bble 3aLlBeTaeT B 30-I1CTHeM B03pacTe, xonl nopolO
3aTHrHBaeT nepHOD. oTpO'fCCTBa no 60, a TO H 80 I1CT.
I..{BCTeT B anpene, O.llHOBpeMeHHO C pacnycKaHHeM I1HC-
TbCB. OceHhlO Ha .lIepeBbJIX nORBIIHIOTCSl OpeIllKH, CO.lIep-
>K:all.{He 30-40% LleHHoro MaCJIa, MHoro 6eJJKOB, BHTa-
MHHOB. I1MH mITaIOTCH OIlCHH, Ka6aHbl, MblllIH, 6eIlKH,
KOCYIlH, rony6H, ,lUITJJbI, COHKH H .lI8}f(e I1HCbI. 06H1IbHO
1UI0.lIOHOCIIT 6yx TOIlbKO pro B 3-4 rOD.a.
nmalOTCH opemKaMH H I1IO.llH, HO B CblpoM BH.l!e HX CCTb
Hem.3H - cO.lIep>K:alllHHCH B HHX MKMOH.l! <}>anm Bbl-
3bIBaeT CHlIbHYIO rOIlOBH}'IO 60Ilb. 3aTo nO.ll)KapeHHbJe
opelllKH OlJeHb BKYCHbl H a6coIllOTHO 6e3Bp e .llHbl -
42
PoCTI-1TellbHbl MHp
<}>arHH pacna}J.aeTCH nO.ll.lleHCTBlieM TeMneparypbl, HY a
6YXOBoe MaClIO HH B 'fCM He ycrynaCT OIlliBKOBOMY.
J].peBCCHHa Y 6yxa 301I0THCTaJI, paclIHcaHHaJI «opHaMeH-
TOM», nOXO}f(HM Ha KJIHHOnHCb.llpeBHIiX MaHYCKplimOB.
l.{eHHTcH OHa O'feHb BbICOKO, HcnOIlb3YCTCH .lVIH H3ro-
TOBIleHIDI60IJeK, B KOropbIX XpaHHT .llopome COpTa BHH,
.lIJUI napKeTHOH llJIaHKH, Me6eIrn, MyJblKaJIbHbIX HHCT-
PYMeHTOB, H,Ll.CT Ha OT.lleJJKY KalOT poCKOllIHbIX JlXT.
B npollIJlOM 6yx B KpbIMY HeMHJlocep.llHO BbIpy6aJIC5I,
oeo6eHHo HHTCHCHBHO TIO npoHCXO.llH1IO B KOHl.{C XVIII
BeKa. J].peBCCHHa llIJIa .ll.JUl CTpOlITeJJbCTBa <}>I10Ta. B Ha-
CTOjjll{ee BpeM}! .llepeBO HaxO.znrrCH no.D. OXpaHOH, a 6y-
KOBaJI poll.{a Ha llJIaTO AH-nCTpH 06'bHBIleHa 3aJIOBC.ll-
HOH. B HCH Ha nnoll.{a}J.H 615 ra pacryT 15-MCTpoBble
6YXli H rpa6bI C nOnyMCTpoBblM1i B .D.liaMCTpe CTBOIla-
MH. nO.ll06HblH I1aH}J.llIa<}>T He06blIJCH .ll.JUl HHnbI, H HOO-
6WIHOCTb 3Ta nO.lllJepKHBaCTcH COCe.llCTBYIOll.{HM C po-
ll.{CH (mCCOM» li3 KaMHH - npHIJY.llJIHBblMH 3y6L1aMIi
CKaJIbHblX 06pa30BaHHH, car-me BblCOKOC H3 KOTOpblX
IiMCCT BblCOry 19 MCTpOB. Y KpOMKH nnaTO CKMbl Ha-
nOMHHalOT KpbIDbH rHraHTCKOH ffiliLlbl, H no aCCOl{Ha-
LlHH C LlapcM nTIlLl OHli HMeHYJOTCH Op.'ll:IHbIM 3MeTOM.
JIYlJllIC BCcro cBoe06pa3He TIora I1aH.llma<}>Ta Ha6mo-
.llaCTCH co CKaJIbl Ha ceBepHbIX OTporax AH-nCTpH, Ha .
KOTOpYIO MO}f(HO nO.llHHTbCH H3 KOKK03CKOH .llOlIHHbl
no TponHHKC co CTOpOHbl celIa COKOIllmoro.
rpel(KHH opex
fpCLlKHH opex - pO.ll.D.epeBbeB (Juglans regia L.) ce-
MCHCTBa opexOBblx. J].oCTHraeT BblCOTbl 20-30 MeTpOB.
Po.llHHa - ManaH A3IiH. .B KYlIbrype C He3anaMHTHblX
BpCMeH, BbIpall.{IiBacTCH B JO}f(HOH H l.{CHTpaJIbHOH EB-
ponc, nepc.llHeH H Cpe.llHeH A3IUi, KHTae. MHpoBoe
npOli3BO.llCTBO .D.OCTHraCT 60Ilec 800 TbIC. TOHM. Pa3-
I1HlJalOT KpynHOmIO.llHbIC, TOHKOKOpbIC .llCCepTHbIe,
MHH.llaJICBHl!HbIC, KHCTCBble H .llpyrHc copTa.
43
30Tep HHbI Ml-lp
J.J.epCBO 3aBe-31IH B KpblM .llpeBHHC rpCKH HIIH BH3aH-
THHLlbi. nOCTeneHHO paCTCHHe paccemmOCb no BCC-
MY KpbIMY, Ii B npOIllJIOM CTOIleTliH Ha nOIlyoCTpOBC
ell.{C BCTpelJaJIHCb nopa}f(alOll.{He CBOHMIi pa3McpaMH
Bo06pa>K:eHIiC Y'feHbIX H nyTCllIeCTBCHHHKOB ,lIepCBbH,
B03paCT KOTOpblX HCIJHCJ1MCH BCKaMH.
PaCl{BeT xynbTYPbl opexa B KpbJMy npHXO.zurroI Ha XIX
B., Kor.z a O,lIHa TOJIbKO 'EeJn,6CKCKaH .D.omrna ,lIaBaJIa ,lIO
lOOT nno,lIoB. Y BbI, K 1941 r. Ha BCeM nonyOCTpOBC HaC'fH-
TbIBaJIOCb TOJIbKO 40 TbIC. ,lIepeBbCB, HO ceii'fac nnoll{a.D.H
'" noca.aOK nOCTOHHHO YBCJlJi'fHB UOTC . 11 TIO 3aMC'faTClIb-
HO, nOToMY 'fT0, ca>KaH opex cero.lIIDl, Mbl 3a6OTHMcH 0
6y.nyu.niX nOKOIlemooc BC.lIb }f(}fBCT .llepeBO.D.O \000 I1eT.
nnO,lIOHOCHTb HalfHHaeTTOJIbKO no npollIe:cri3HH 10-12JICT,
a HaH60JIblllHe ypo>K:aH ,lIaer B lOO-I80-I1CTHeM B03paCTC
(.ao 300 H 60nee KHlIOI'paMMOB OpeXOB C .llepeBa).
nmucBble ,lIOCTOHHCTBa rpeIU<HX OpeXOB 3aMe'faTClIbHbI,
B HHX ecTb }KHPbl, 6em<H, MHHepaJIbHble COIIH, MHoro BH-
TaMHHOB, 0Hf! OlJeHb nOlIe3Hbl npH pa3HbIX 3a60neBaHH-
JIX. 113 OpeXOB, nOMHMO Henocpe,lICTBeHHoro yno-rpe6-
JICHIDI, .D.06bIBaIOT MaCHO, .D.CJ1aI01' BapeHbC, pa3IIWIHble
KOWllITepcKHe H3.lleJIIDl. B xymrnapHH OH npHMCIDICTCH
B caMblX pa3HbIX 6JIIO,lIax. .lJ.rnt MHOrnx Hapo,lIOB rpeLl-
KHH opex JIBJUICTCjI CHMBOlIOM H306HJIID1 H .D.onro.IIeTHJl.
J.J.peBHf!e rpeKH H pHMIDlHe HCnOJIb30BaJ1H opex B 06p5l-
.nax. npeKpaceH C)'ll.{ecrByK>ll.{HH Y MHornx Hapo,lIOB 06bI-
lJaU C8}f(aTb OpeXOBoe .D.epeBO npH po>lCL1CHHH pe6eHKa,
06bllJaU, CHMBOmrnrpyK>1llHH CKOpoTC'fHOCTb 1JeJ10BC'fCC-
KOH)f<H3HH H KpOTKoe 6eccMepmc 61Iaropo.lIHb IX ,lICmIHH.
/(y6
,D.y6 - po.ll.llCpeBbCB (Qucrcus) ceMCHCTBa 6YKOBblX,
HaClJlITbIBaeT OKono 450 BH.llOB, npoH3paCTaIOll.{HX B
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44
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TOM CTBOIla 5,5 M paCTeT B OKpeCTHOCTJIX <I>opoca. B031Ie
CCJla BblcoKoe B EaX'fHcapaHcKoM paHoHc 06HapY>KcHO
.llepeBO, IiMCIOll.{ee B 06xBaTe 8 MeTpOB. CnHJICHHhIH B
1922 r. B .llOJIHHe peKIi lIb6eK 'fepelll'faTbIH .n.y6 HMCII B
06XBaTe II MCTpoB. Cpe,llH3eMHOMOpcKHH.£lY6 KaMeH-
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C.llHHCTBeHHbm B BocrOIJHOH EBpone 3K3CMII1IHp mrrpo-
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Ii OCbIllJlX. PacreHHe BKJIlOlJeHO B KpacHYIO KHHry.
45
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xynbTHBHpycTCH BO MHOrltX ca}J.ax H napKax IO}f(Horo
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46
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- KaY'fYKOHOCbI. JIHCTbH Ona.ll81Oll.{HC. KpynHblc, C
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UBeTOB npHBbl'fHOH .l]JIH Hac <}>opMbI Y HIDKHpa HCT. B
nHll.{y ynOTpc6JJHCTCH CHKOHYM, HJIH <}>Hra, - B3}J.yTaJI
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KHIlapHC BelfH03eJIeHhlii
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47
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KHnapHC». XBOH 3CJICHaJI, MHrKaH Ha OIuynb. lllHmKH
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3aMCTHJIH 6mtrOTBOpHOC B03.llCHcIlmC KHJ1apHca Ha mo-
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CTBO lilllliICK KHnapHca npHMCHHCTClI nporuB KpOBOTC!>Ie-
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.D.peBCCHHa Y KHnapHca TBep.D.aH, npO'fHajJ, YCTOH'fHBaJI
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nHcaTCIIb J1YKHaH Ha3BaJI KHnapHC HapmIY C nnaTa-
HOM .llCpeBbjJMH, «KOTOpbIM KpaCOTa 3aMCHHCT nIlo.D.».
48
KpOKYC
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CTBa KacaTHKOBbIX, npoH3paCTalOll.{HX B EBponc, nc-
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noccBHoH, Tbl'fHHKH KOToporo HBIIHIOTCH caMOH .D.O-
poroH B MHpe npRHoCTblO H nHll.{CBbIM KpacHTcIIcM.
MHomc BH}J.bl Bblpall.{HBaIOTCH B .llCKOpaTHBHbIX LlC-
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paCTcHHH BblCOTOH OT 8 .llO 30 CM. Bcc .D.HKOpaCTyll.{HC
KpblMCKHC BH}J.bI 3aHCCCHbI B KpacHYIO KHHry,
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CH pacTeHHc Ha nIlaTO fIlaBHOH rpR,l{bl H npHm:ralO-
llIHX K HeMY CKIIOHax. 'fall.{c Ha KaMeHHCTblX MCCTax H
nOIlHHax. OTIIH'faeTCH 6CIIbIMH, I1HJ10BaTbIMH cHapy-
}f(H UBCTKaMH C 60JICC TCMHblMH }f(HJII<aM . l..\BCTCT C
KOHua <}>cBpaIlH .llO CCpC.llHHbl anpcIIH.
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BHHaX .Hiirrbl H Ha I1ecHhlX Ol1)'lllKax B aepXHcM I1ecHOM
nOHCC. ::noT BH}J. H3.L{aI!Ha KyJIbTIlBHpyeTCH, TaK KaK npH-
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TapHHKoB, Ha OTKpbITblX cKlIoHax, B MO}f(}f(CBeIlOBbIX
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paCTcHHc. OTJIHlfaCTCH 1KeJITblMH LlBcTKaMH.
fpyrma HH3llIHX paCTcHHii, pa3BHTHC KOTOpblX OCHOBaHO
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peBbJIX, ropHblX nopo.L{ax. Te.iIO .IIHIlJaihrnKa Ha3b1BaeTCH
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KOBbIC, JIHCTOBaTbIC H KyCTHCTbIC. CyruCCTBYCT MHoro pa3-
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49
30TepflHHbl Ml-1p
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nee 'fCM B 400 pollOB. HaH60Ilec pa3Ho06pa'31il,1 IIlUUaH-
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r,llC OHM COCTaBJIJIlOT OCHOBY nHll.{CBblX LlcncH II nrpalOT
3Ha'IHTeJThHYIO poIIb B nO'IB006pa3oaamrn.
CaMblH pacnpocTpaHcHHblH B KpblMY pO.ll I1HmaHHH-
KOB (Caloplaca Th., Fr) HaC'fHTbIBaCT 48 BH.D.OB, BCTpC-
'falOll.{HXCH npaKTH'fCCKH BO BCCX paCTHTCJJbHblX 30-
Hax. B KpblMY BCTpC'faCTCH H I1HmaHHHK ClCllHIlHJlHR
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HaH KaK «MaHHa He6ccHaH», 'fY.llCCHbIM 06pa30M 06cc-
nC'fHBmaH 6H6I1CHCKHH HCXO.ll CBpCCB H1 EnmTa.
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CTCHHH - nCpe.llHHH A3lli1. MHH.llaJIb 06b1KHOBCHHbIH
(Amigdalus communis) C HC3anaMHTHbIX BpcMCH noBCe-
MeCTHO KYJIbTHBHpYCTCH B CTpaHax C TCTL'1bIM KJIHMa-
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Ma npHMC'faTCIlbHbl MCHce pacnpOCTpaHcHHblC cOpTa
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apOMaTH3aLIHH 6I11OD. H KOH,llHTepcKHX H3.llCJJHH.
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Ji MHH.llaJIb, O.llH'faBmCe nOTOM BO KOTOpOro .llO CHX
nop BCTpC'faCTCH Ha IO}f(HbIX CKJIOHax KpblMCKHX rop.
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TO Bbl CMO}f(eTC YBH}J.CTb BOCXHTHTelIbHOC 3pelIHll.{C -
UBCTCHHC MHH.llaJIH. EeJIblC, p030BaTblc H HHTCHCHBHO-
p030BblC UBCTbI, nOHBJlHIOll.{HCCH Ha rOIlblX D.CpCBbJIX
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.lla 3aMop03KH ry6HT ypO}f(aH, HO cro paHHcc l{BCTCHHC
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50
POCTI-1TeflbHbI Ml-1p
KynbTYpHblC <}>OpMbl MHH,lJ.aJIJl B KpblMY Bblpall.{HBa-
IOTCH 60IlcC 'fCM Ha nOIlYTOpa TblCH'faX rCKTapOB. CO-
TPY.D. HHKH HHKHTCKOrO 60TaHH'fCCKOrO ca.lla BbIBCIIH
npCKpaCHblC copTa 3Toro paCTCHHH - C MHI"KOH CKOp-
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CalOll.{CH B BecCHHCM KpblMY npHpO.llbI.
MO)/OKeBeJIbHHK
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CB H KyCTapHHKOB CCMCHcrna KHnapHCOBbIX, HaC1.JHThIBa-
CT 60 BHl!OB. MO){(){(eBCffbHJIK 06bIKHOBCHJlbtH (Juniperus
corrununis) pacnpoCTPaHCH nOBceMCCTHO B I1ecax ccaep-
HOH H cpe,llHCH nonOCbI. Ero BblcyrnCIDfbIC, WII1<HC, BCJIH-
1.JHHOH C ropollIHHY COnIIO.lUUl, HCnpaBHIlbHO Ha3bIBaeMbIC
«HrO.llaMH», HcnoIIb3yIOTCJJ B Ka'fCCTBC npIDiOCTII, CJIy}f(aT
.D.IIH HaCTaHBaHllil pa3JlH'lHbIX IIHKCpoB H HaCTOCK, H<rn60-
I1ee H.'3BeCTHOH H3 KOTOpblX HBJUIeTCH ,WKHH, nOJIy'lliBIllHH
H3-3a :noro pacreHHH CBOC Ha3BaHHC - aHr.JIHHCKOC gin
npoHCXOJUIT OT <}>JlaMaHl!CKoro genievrc, HMCIOll.{ero .D.Ba
3Ha'fCHHH - ,WKHH H MO}f(}f(CBe.JIbJillK, nocrrC,llHee 'fcpe3
crapcxpnaMaIIDCKOC geniver npoHCXOJUIT OT I1aTHHCKoro
Ha3BaHID1 MO}f(}f(CBCJlbHHKa Juniperus. )WeBHCPYCCl<OC Ha-
3BaHHC pacremUi «MO}f(}f(CBCJlbHHK» COCTOHT H3 .D.BYX KOp-
HCH: «M03rOBaThIH» - XPCnKHH H «eJIb».
B Ka'fCCTBC npHHoCTH MO}f(HO ynoTpc6I1HTb llIHmKH
TOIlbKO MO}f(}f(CBCIlbHHKa 06blJ<HoBcHHoro, HO 'HHKaK
HC .llpyroro. MO}f(>K:CBCnbHHK Ka3aUKHH MOBHT! .D.a}f(c
,llJIH MO)i(}f(CaeIlbHHKa 06b1KHOBCHHoro Bpa'fH HC pCKO-
MCH.llYIOT npeBblmaTb .llHCBHYIO HOpMY B mCCTb «Hro.D.».
B KpblMY BCTpC'faIOTCH 'fCTblpC BH.lla MO}f(}f(CBCIIbHH-
Ka: BbICOKlfH, KpaCHbIH, CTeJIlOIlllfHCRH Ka3aIlKJlH. .D.Ba
nOClIC.llHHX BHl!a npC.D.CTaBIIHIOT C060D CTCIIIOll.{HCCH
. .
5.1
-,
30TepS1HHbI Ml-1p
KYCTapHHKH, :mpOCJlH KOTOpbIX LJaCTO YCTHJIalOT KOBpOM
ropHblC CKJ10HbI. Pa3JIH'faIOTCjJ 3TH BH.llbl KYCTapHHKOB
npe>K:,!le Beero HrIlaMH: Y CTeJIlOll.{erOCH MO}f(}f(eBCIlbHHKa
OHH KOIlIO'fHC, }f(eCTJ<HC, a Y Ka3aLlKOrO - MJlrKHC.
MO}f()f(CBCJlbHJ1K BblCOKHii npe.llCTaBIJHCT C060H crpOH-
HOC, nOXO>Kee Ha KHnapHC .llCpeBO C I1HpaMH.lla!IbHOH HJlH
IDfLlCBH.llHOH KpoHOH. XBOH CH30BaTO-3eJlCHaJI, MHrKaH
Ha Oll{yllb, CXO.llHaJI C XBOCH KHnapHca. :>KJmcr MO}f(}f(C-
BeJIbHHK 300-600 I1CT. Kopa Ha .llCpeBbjJX, .llOCTHrIllHX B03-
paCTa 100-200 I1CT, paCTpeCKH!3aeTCH H OTCJlaIlBaCTCjJ I1CH-
T,lMH. XBOjJ MCHHCTCH nOCTenCHHO, O.llI1H pa3 B 4-5 I1CT.
OI1a}J.aJI Ha 3CMJIIO, OHa 6blcrpO MHHC{xUlH'.JYeTCH H 06-
pa3YCT pbOOIyK> no.llCTHJIKY, 6I1arOTBOpHyIO,Wm nO'fBO-
06pa30BaHH}!. MO}f(}f(CBeJIbHHK - nOKa3aTeJIb jJro.llHbIX
H rpH6HbIX MCCT. MO}f(}f(CBCIlbHHK BblCOKHH O'fCHb CBC-
Tom06HB, 3aCYXOYCTOH'fHB, HC 60HTCJJ MOpo30B. UBeTeT
B anpenc. )l(CIITbIC MY>K:CKHC llBCTKH nOXO>K:H Ha KOIlOC-
KH, 3CJICHbIC >K:eHCKHC - Ha xpymblc nO'fKH. 113 HHX 06-
pa3YJOTCH nOXO>K:HC Ha JITO.zu,lllIHIllKH, B 3pcI10M COCTOH-
IillH 'fcpHbIC, C <}>HOIlCTOBblM OTTCHKOM. I1MCHHO 1llHIllKH,
nOCKOIlbKY MO)l()l(CBCJIbHHK XBOHHoe .llCpeBO, a HC Hro-
.lIb1, KaK HHOr}J.a HcnpaBHJlbHO rOBopm.
npHHTHbIH .D.IIH 'feJIOBeKa Janax MO}f(}f(eBeJlblillKa OTIIH-
'faCTCjJ CHJlbHbIM <}>HTOHl.{H}J.Hb1M H HHCCKTHI.1l1.llHbIM (OT-
nyrnBaIOll.{HM naCCKOMbIX) .llCHCTBHCM, H'3BeCTIlbIM IIIO,llJIM
C my60KoH .llpeBHOCTH. COTpYJUillKH HI1KHTCKOrO 6oTa-
HH'fCCKOrO ca.rta YCTaHOBHJlH, 'I TO I1c-ry'fHC BbJ.lleJICHHH
MO}f(}f(CBeJlblillKa y6HBaIOT .llO 30% CO.llCp}f(aIIUfXCH B B0'3-
.nyxc MHKpOOpra.HH3MOB. MO}f(}f(CBCIlbHHK paCTeT B Kpbl-
MY BO MHOrHX MecT'dX, HO BC3.llC OH nCMHoro'fHCJlCn H no-
JTOMY 3aHeceH B KpacH)'IO KHHr)'. POll{ll MO}f(}f(CBeJlbHHKa
BblCOKoro B paHOHC CeMJl.I.{BOPbjJ H B YPO'fHll.{C KaHaJ<a
B03IIC A.rIynrrb1 06'bJlBJlcHbI JanOBe}J.HbIMH YPO'fHll.{aMH.
OpXl1,l(eJ/
CCMCHCTBO 0PXH}J.HbIX, HJlH b1llInHKOBbIX, HaC'fHTbI-
BaCT no O.llHHM .l1aHHbIM 20 TbIC. BH.llOB, no .llpyrHM -
52
,
Pocn1TeflbHbI Ml-1p
.D.O 35 TbICjJ'f. npompaCTalOT OpXH.D.CH B 060HX nOIlY-
llIapIDIX, HaH60Ilbmee BH}J.OBOC pa3H006pa3HC Ha61I1O-
.llacrcH B TponHKax. K OpXH.D.CHM OTHOCHTCH .D.parOLlCH-
HaJJ npHHOCTb BaHMIlb H MHO}f(CCTBO BbIpall.{HBaCMbIX B
OpaH}f(CpeJIX .D.CKOpamBHbIX BH}J.OB.
B KpblMY HaC'fHTblBaCTCH 39 BH}J.OB opXH.D.CH, 20 m
HHX, B TOM 'lHClIC caMaH pC.D.KaH KOMnepHJl KOMne-
pa, npOH3paCTalOT B 3anOBC.D.HOM ypO'fHll.{C J1acnH Ha
6cpery 6YXTbl EaTHJlHMaH. MCTeopOIlorn onpC.D. CIIH -
I1H, 'I TO 3TO caMOC TcnlIOC MCCTO B KpbJMY - 6I1aro-
.D.apH OC060MY MHKpOI<I1HMaTY «KPbIMCKOH A<}>PHKH»,
KaK B mYTKY Ha3bIBalOT YPO'fHll.{C, 3.llCCb npOH3pac-
TalOT MHorHC 3H.llCMH'fHbIC KpblMCKHC paCTCHHH.
IlanopoTHHK
3Ta rpynna paCTCHHH, BMecre C MXaMH, rOJJOCCMJIHHbI-
MH (XBOHHbIMH) H nOKpbITOCCMJIHHblMH (UBCTKOBblMH)
paCTCHHjlMH, 60TaHHKaMH OTHOCHTCH K BblCllIHM pac-
TCHlliIM. fianopoTHHKH -TPClBHHHCTbIC HlIH.llpeBCCHbIC
paCTCHIDI. OHH 06'be.D.HHCHbI 60JJee 'fCM B 10 TblC. BH}J.OB
H pacnpoCTpaHcHbl no BCeMY 3CMHOMY llIapy. nanopoT-
HHKH O'lCHb nOXO>K:H Ha l{BCTKOBbIC paCTCHH}!, HO Pa3-.
MHO}f(aIOTCH CnOpaMH. UBCTKOB, CaMbIX CHMnam'lHblX
opraHoB Pa3MHO>K:CHH}!, HC HMCIOT HH npH KaKHX 06-
CTOxreJlbCTBaX. n03TOMY C)IHHH'lHblC CJIy'faH 06Hapy-
>K:CHH}! l{BeTI<a nanopoTHHKa B HO'lh Ha J1BaHa Kynany
H)'}f(.llaIOTCSI B HCI<OTOpoH .D.OnOIlHJITeJIbHOH npoBepI<c.
CaMbIM pe.D.KHM BH}J.OM KpblMcKoro nanOpOTHHKa yqc- .
HbIC C'fIiTaIOT KpaeKpY'leHHHK OpJ1JlKOBbIH (Chcilantes
ptcridioides C. Chr). PaCTCHHC HaH.rtCHO B KoIlH'fecTBC
12 3K3CMnIDIpOB Ha rope AIO.D.ar. KpoMc KpblMa, 3TOT
BH}J. BCTpe'faCTCH B J],arecraHc H TypKMCHHH.
IlHOH
PO.D. nHOHOB OTHOCHTCH K ceMcHCTBY I1IOTHKOBblX H
HaC'fHTbIBaCT 60Ilee 35 BH}J.OB TpaBHHHCTbIX paCTcHHH,
53
30TepS1HHbI Ml-1p
pC}f(e KYCTapHHKOB H nOIlYKYCTapHHKOB, npOH3paC-
TalOll.{HX B YMepeHHOM nOHCC EBpa3HH. BbIBC.D.CHO HC-
CKOIlbKO TbICH'f COpTOB .D.eKOpaTHBHbIX nHOHOB, Bcc
.D.HKOpaCTYll.{He I<pl>lMCI<HC BH.aI>I C 1971 r. HaXO.llHTCH
no.ll oxpaHoH.
B KaMeHHCTblX MecTax H Ha I1yroBHHax fIlaBHoii rpH-
.D.bl H B CTenHX KepqeHCI<Oro nOIlyoCTpoBa BCTpe'fa-
eTCH nHOH TOHKOJlHCTHb.di(Paeonia tcnuifolia L.). 3T0
MHOFOIleTHCe paCTcHHe 20-30 CM BblCOTOH. nROH TOH-
I<OllHCTHbIH ,ZJ;aBHO BBe.D.CH B KYlIbTYPY, Tal< Kal< Jlcrl<o
BblpalllHBaCTCH H3 ceMHH. BHemHC CXO.D.HI>I C HHM nHOH
EH6cpIIITCHH8 (P. bicbcrstciniana Rupr.) H nHOH K8M-
HCJIJo6HBblH (P. lithophila Kotov). KpOMC KpblMa,
nHOH TOHKOIlHCTHblH H nHOH EH6epllITeHHa BCTpe'fa-
IOTCH B KpaCHO.llapCKOM Kpac (POCCHH), Cpe.llHCH EB-
pone, Ha KaBKa3C H EaJIKaHCI<OM nOIlYOCTpOBe. nHOH
KaMHCIII06HBblH npOH3paCTaCT TOIlbKO B KpbIMY.
IlojJcHe)/(HHK CKJIajJlfaTblii
PO.D. no.aCHC>K:HHKOB, HJlH raJIaJITYCOB, CCMCHCTBa aMa-
pHJIJlHCOBblX HaC1.JHTbmaCT 18 BHl!OB MHOrOJlCTHHX I1Y-
KOBH'fHblX paCTCHHH, npoH3paCTaIOIllHx B MMoH A3HH,
UCHTpaJIbHOH H IO}f(HOH EBponc, O,lU1H BH.D. Bcrpe'faeT-
CH B J1HBaHc. PaCTcHHH npoH3paCTalOT B TeHHCTblX MCC-
Tax, 'fall.{c B I1HcrnCHHblX I1ecax, H LlBCTYT B .llcKa6pe -
HHBape, .llO nOJIBIICHH}! Ha .llCpeBbJIX JlMC"fbCB.
nO.llCHC}f(HHK CKJIa.ll'faTbIH HBlIHCTCH 3H.D.CMH'fHbIM BH-
.llOM H paCTcT TOIlbKO B KpbIMY. BnpO'fCM, 3HMOH no
paCTcHHc C 6ClIOCHC}f(HblMR UBCTl<aMH npO.llaCTCH .lla-
I1CKO 3a npe.lleIlaMH nOIlyoCTpoBa. PacTeHHc BCTpC'fa-
CTCH.D.OBOIlbHO 'faCTO no BceMY ropHoMY KpbIMY, HO
e}f(CrO.D.HO B orpoMHblX KOIlH'fCCTBaX cpblBacTcH c60p-
ll.{HKaMH }J.1I1I npO.lla}f(H; npH 3TOM 'faCTO cro BblKanbl-
BalOT BMeCTe C I1YKOBHUCH. XOTH paCTcHHc H He HBJlH-
eTCH nOKa pC.D.KHM, OHO HaXO.llHTCH no.ll yrp030H
HC'fC3HOBCHHH H 06'bHBIICHO 3anOBC.D.HbIM.
I 54
CkYMflHJl
COCHa
POCTI-1TenbHbI Ml-1p
Y CKYMTIHIi CCTb TpH O<}>H1..lHaJIbHbIX Ha3BaHHH: CKyMllHfl
06b/KHOIJeHHaJ/, CKYM171fJl KOITJIlpHf/ Ii CyMRX KpaCHIlb-
Hbm. B CTapbIX 60TaHWICCKHX CnpaBO'ilIHKaX Ii B Hapo-
.D.C ee Ha3blBalOT }f(eJITHHHHKOM, KO>K:CBCIDIbIM .llCpeBOM,
KpaCHJIbll.{HKOM, MaTpa'fOM H napHKOBblM .D.CpeBOM. )l(eJ1-
THHHHJ<OM H KpaCHJIbll.{HKOM CKYMnHIO Ha3BaJIH 3a Kpa-
CHIIhHbIC CBOuema KOpbl, a napHK?BblM .llCpeBOM - 3a
nOXO>K:He Ha napHK llbllllHblC l{BCTOHOCHbIC MeTCJlKH.
KYCTapHHKH Ci<yMI1HH OTIIH'faIOTCH rycrOH mapoBH}J.HOH
KpoHOH H CHHCBaTO-3eJ1CHbIMH I1HCTMIMIi. Col.{BCTHC, KaK
Mbl y>Ke roBOpHIlH,- cepe6PIlCTIU[ MCTeJJKa, Ha KOTOpoH
co6paHbl MeJlKHC }f(CHCKI1C Ii CKl1C l{BCTI<H" flnO.ll ayM-
nHll - cyxaH KOCTHHKa. no6ern npH Ha,upe3C BbI.D.emnoT
MIIC'fHbrn COK. Pacrer KyCTapHHK.D.O 100 I1CT, 6bID OKyIlb-
"fYpeH B KpbIMY He n03}J.Hee 1650 ro.na. B no6erax CKyM-
nHH HaxO.D.HTCH O'fCHb MHOro .uy6HIlbHbIX Bell.{eCTB, 6I1a-
ro.llapH 'fCMY ee HIDaBHa H(::noIlb30BaJIH npn .ll)'6I1CHHH KO}f(
H B MC}J.HIDIHC. 113 CKyMllHH .D.06bmaIOT TaHHlIH Ii raJIJIO-
ByIO KHCfIOry, J<OTOpbIC cny>KaT CblpbCM J].,'VI MHOrHX JIc-
Kapc:rneHHbIX npenapaTOB. Kopa CKYMIIJIIi 3aMC}U[CT xny,
a TBCp.llM KpacHBill[ .llpeBCCliHa Hl!CT Ha MeJ1KliC nO.D.eJIKH
H mroTOBJICHHC MY3blKaJIbHbIX HHcrpYMCHTOB.
)J.liKliC 3apoCfIIi Ii noca.D.KH CKYMnliH HMCIOT B KpblMY
cepbC3HOC nOIfB03all.{HTHOC H npOTHB03po3HOHHOC 3Ha-
'fCHHC, nOTOMY ec 'faCTO MO}f(HO YBH.i1CTb Ha CKJIOHaX
OBparOB, B.D.OIlb >K:CIIC3HbIX .D.opor H ropHblX aBTocrpa.ll.
ECTh Y CKYMnHH Cll.{C O.nHO Ha3BaHHC - «paH-.llcpeBO».
OHO CBH3aHO C BCIIliJ<OIlcnHbIM 6arpOBblM LlBCTOM
OCCHHHX I1HCTbCB, npeKpaCHO paCLIBC'fHBalOll.{HX KpbIM-
CKHC npe.n.ropbH H nepenCCJ<H B OKTH6pe.
K PO.ll)' coceH O.llHOHMeHHoro ceMCHCTBa OTHOCHTCH 60-
I1ec 100 BHl!OB Be'fH03eJ1CHbIX XBoiiHbIX .llCpeBbCB, pe>K:e
CTeJ1IOll{HXCH KyCTapHHJ<OB, npompaCTalOll{HX rIIaBHbIM
55
30TepflHHbl Ml-1p
06pa30M B YMCpeHHOM nOHCC CCBepHOrO nonyrnapIDI.
COCHbI JlB:uiIOTCH O,llHOH H3 rIIaBHbIX JJCC006pa3yIOlI.lHX
nop<)}J., H3.llaBHa HcnOJJh3YlOTCH B MC.llI1L[HHC - .D.peBHHC
rnyMCpbl 3anHcaJIH 15 peucnTOB I1CKapCTB H3 COCHOBOH
CMOIlbl Cll{C nHTb ThICjI'f I1CT.Ha:3a.lI.
Ha KpblMCKOM nonyocrpoBC npoH3paCTaCT HCCKOlI1>KO
BH.llOB COCCH. Bee OHH LlBC-ryT B Mac. CCMCHa B llllillIKax
C03pCBalOT 'fCpC3 ro.ll, K OKTH6plO, a paCKpblBalOTCH
TOlI1>I<O paHHCH BecHOH ClIC.llYIOll{CrO rO.D.a. nIlO.llOHO-
cn COCHbl HcperymlpHo, C ncpep1>IBOM B 3-5 I1CT.
no MHCHHIO MHOrHX Y'fCHbIX, COCH8 KpblMCK8R (Pinus
pallasiana D. Don) BbmCIIJICTCjI B OT.llCIlbHbrH 3H}J.CMH'f-
HbIH no.llBH.ll. .D,epeBo OTIIH'faCTCjJ TeMHo-cepoH KOpOH H
60Ilee .lIJIHHHbIMH, 'fCM Y COCHbI 06b1KHOBeHHOH, HroIlKa-
MH. .D,peBccHHa COCHbI KpblMCKOH O'fCHb 60raTa CMOIlOH,
nO:HoMY nO'fTH HC rnHCT H npcKpacHo nO.llXOJlHT .lIJIjI
CTpOHTCJIbCTBa npH'faJJOB, .D.aM6, nopToBbIX coop eHHH,
.D.JIH npoH3BO.llcrna Mc6CJIH, mroTOBJICHlliI KJIaBHarypHoH
.D.Oll{C'fKH H crpYHHbIX MyJblKaJIbHbIX HHcrpYMCHTOB. 3Ta
COCHa 6bma HC3aMCHHMa B CY.D.OCTpOCHHH, H3-3a 'fcro BC-
I1aCb ee MaCCOBaH Bblpy6Ka.
npe)l(,llc CocHyCTaHKeBH'J8, HJlH COCHYCYJJ8KCK}'1O, C'lH-
TanH OT.lle!lbHblM BH.llOM, ceroJlHjJ ee onpe.lleJIHIOT KaK
nO.L1BH.ll COCHbl I1HIl)'WlCKOH(PinUS pityusa Stcv.). .D,cpe-
BO .llOCTHraCT BblCOThI 15 MCTpOB. OTIIH'faCTCH 6ypo-ce-
POH KOpOH, pacKlWICToii KpOHOH H TOHKOH XBOCH .ll.JIH-
HOH 13-17 MM. 3TOT pCLlKHH BH.ll pacrcr Ha CKMHCTbIX
06PbIBaX, KaMCHHCTbIX CKJIOHax B OKpCCTIlOCTJlX MblCOB
AiiH, AH-<DoKa H 61IH3 HOBoro CBCTa Ha llJIOll{a}J.H 460
ra: COCHa CTaHKCBH'fa BCCbMa.D.CKOpanffiHa, IllHpoKO HC-
nOJJh3YCTCH .D.JIH BbIpalllHBaHllil B napKax H 03eJ1CHCHlliI
KpY"fbIX IO}f(HbIX CKJIOHOB npHMOpcKoro nOHca. BHeceHa
B KpacHYIO KHHI)'. KOMllJICKC ypO'fHll{ n06JJH3OCTH Ho-
BOro CBCTa 06'bJIBJICH 3anOBC}J.HbIM.
BnpO'fCM, B KpblMY l<aTcropH'fecKH 3anpCll{CHa BbI-
Py6Ka I1106b1X COCHHI<OB, BC.llb HMCHHO MHOrO'fHClICH-
HOCTblO COCHOBblX HaCa)l(,llCHHH OT'faCTH 06'bHCHHCT-
56
POCTI-1TenbHbli1 Ml-1p
CH LleIle6HOCTb aTMOC<}>epbI KpblMa. J1CTY'fHC Bbl.D.C-
I1eHHH COCHbl nOJIC3Hbl I1.IO.lIjJM, CTpa.D.alOll.{HM Cep.D.e'f-
HO-COCY.lIHCTbIMH 3a60IleBaHHjJ H, OHH ry6HTeJIbHO
.lICHCTBYIOT Ha Ty6epKYIIe3HYIO nMO'fKY.
THC JlFO.llHbIH
K po.uy THCOB O.llHOHMeHHOrO ceMeHCTBa OTHOCHTCH OKo-
110 10 BIUIOB Be'IH03eJlCHbIX XBOIDn,1X .llCpeBbCB H xycrap-
HHKOB, npoH3paCTaJOIIUIX B EBpa3HH 'H CeaepHOH AMe-
pHKC. THCJlTO)lHbnf(Taxus baccata L.) paCTeT B KpblMCKHX
I1ecax, Ha CKanHCTbIX CKJIOHax rop, npeHMYlllecTBeHHO B
nOHce 6YKOBbIX I1CCOB, pe>K:e Ha lUIaTO. 1.Jall.{e BC1]JC'faIOT-
CH e.z:IHHHI.lHbIe .D.CpeBb5I, pe}f(e - He60IlbIllHC POIllH B He-
CKOIlbKO .lICCJlTJ<OB HJIH COTeH CTBOlIOB. ,lJ.CpeBO O'fCHb .lIe-
KopanmHo, .llaBHO HcnOIlb3YeTCH B napKax. THc JlBJUIeTCH
peJIH1<TOBblM l1CpeBOM, .llO}f(HB1llHM .110 HaIllHX .llHCH C .110-
I1C}J.HHKOBOrO nepHO.lla. B03paCT .llByx .lICpcBbCB, O.D.HO H3
KOTOpbIX paCTCT Ha AH-neTpH, a .lIpyroe Ha rope napa-
rnJIbMeH, 60TaHHKH onpc.lIcmnOT BlOOD I1 .
KpaCHOBaTaH .D.pCBeCJIHa THca BbICOKO LlCHHTCH B MC-
6CJIbHOM npOH3BO.D.CTBC, HO, KOHe'fHO }f(C, HH 0 KaKOM
X03HHCTBeHHOM HcnOlIb30BaHHH THca B KpblMY pC'!JI
6blTb He MO}f(eT. fOCY.lIapCTBOM oxpaHHIOTcR THCOBblC
polllH Ha ropc TblpKe, THCOBblH I1eCHOH MaCCHB B .lIOIlH-
He peKH 6YPYIIb'fH C nO}J.1ICCKOM H3 3H.lleMH'fHoro KYC-
TapHHKa BOIl'fHHKa KpblMCKoro, ypO'fHll.{C «EOIlbmOH
KaHbOH», r.D.C HaC'fHTbIBaCTCH.D.O 1500 .lIcpeBbeB. H benb-
6eKcKa51 THCOBaH pOll.{a C 601Ice 'feM 2000 THCOB.
l/JHJIJIorjJopa )[(HllKOBa TaJl
<I>HJIJIO<}>Opbl - pO.lI KpacHblx BO.lIOpOClICH, HaC'fHTbl-
BalOll.{HH B MOPjJX YMcpCHHoro H TeMoro nOHCOB 60-
lIee 15 BH.lIOB. 113 <}>HJII10<}>Opbl .D.06b1Ba1OT HO.D. H arap.
CTpoeHHC BO.lIOpOClIH xapaKTepH3YCTCH ynpyrnM nIla-
CTHH'faTbIM ClIOeBHll.{eM, HMelOll.{HM <}>CCTOH'faTbIe
KpaH H .lIlIHIiY 25-50 CM. 1.Jall.{C Bcero BO.lIOpOClIH
BCTpC'faIOTCH Ha rny6HHax OT 20 .110 60 MeTpoB.
57
3orep51HHbli1 Ml-1p
cJJJIJlJlorjJopa )KJLi7KOBalan(PhylIophora nervosa) - caMaH
pacnpc>cTpaHCHHaJlIJCpHOMOpcKaH BO.D.Opoc1ll>. Ell.{c B Ha-
'Janc XX B. aK3,!1e HK C. A 3epHOB 06HapyAGUI B CCBCpo-
3amuumii 'facm l:IcpHOro MOpH Of}X>MHbIC 3apocml <}>HJI-
I10<l>oPbl nIlOll.{a}J.b1O CBbIllJe II 800 KM 2 . flo nO.D.C'fCTaM
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4 t.pIH TOHH. 3nI nO,IJ,BO.llHble CKonIleHilll no.'1)"lHJIH Ha-
3BalillC «<}>HIIIlcxpopHOro nOJIJI 3ePHOBa». K CO}f(aJICHHIO,
B nocnc}J.HHc ro.llbl Ha6JI1O.D.aeTCH3HalJ}freJlbHOC coKpall.{c-
HHe 6HOIlOrn'fCCKHX 3anaCOB TIoii BO.D.OpocIIH.
(]JHCTalliKa TYlJOJIHCTHaJl
<I>HCTclmKH (Pistacia) - pO.D. MHOroIlCTHHX paCTCHHii,
.D.epeBbCB H KYCTapHHKoB CCMcHCTBa cYMaxoBblx. PO.D.
HaC'fHTbIBaCT 20 BH,llOB, 4 H3 KOTOpblX HaxO}UlTCH B KYIIb-
TYpe. PO.D.HHa paCTCHillI - Cpe.llH3eMHOMOpbC. C"bC.lI06-
HblllJIO.llb1 HCCK6I1bKHX BH,llOB, npc)I(}J.e BCCro pjst.icia vera.
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ll.{HBaerCH B nepc.lIHcii H Cpe.llHeii A3HH, a TaK>K:e B ClllA
pa.Llll nIlO.D.OB (o.llHOCCMJIHHoii KOCDIHKH) co cncLIH<}>H'ICC-
KHM BKYCOM H 3anaxOM. nOMHMO Hcnocpe.aCTBeHHoro
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HeKoTopblX MJICHbIX 61I1O.D..
PO.D. <pHCTaIlleK O'feHb .D.pcBHHii, OH B03HHK Ha 3eMIIC Cll.{C
B TpeTH'lHOM nCpHO.D.c. B KphlMY npoH3paCTaeT <}>HCTam-
Ka TYnolIHCTHajJ, Ha3b1BaCMa51 TaK}f(e TepneHTHHHblM,
CKHTIH.lJ.apHbIM H 113,!1aHHblM .D.CpeBOM. Ec nIlO.llb1 HCCbe-
.D.06HbI. BblCOTa .lIepcBbCB .lIOCTHraCT 8-10 M, CTBOIl pac-
TCHillI MOll.{Hblii, Iqx>Ha CHJIbHO pa3BCTB.IICHHaH. J1HCThH
CJlO}f(HbIC, 06JIa,Wl1OT CHIlbHbIM CMOJIHCThIM 3anaxOM.
<I>HCTaIllKa npeKpacHo npHcnoco61IcHa K npolfJpaCTa-
HHIO Ha IOrc B YCJlOBUjJX KpaHHeH CYXOCTH B03.D.yxa,
BblCOKHX TeMnepaTYP H He.lIOCTaTKa BlIarH B nO'fBe.
Macca KopHeBoH CHCTCMbl 3Toro paCTcHHH l;IaMHoro
601IbllIC H3,!13CMHOH 'fa , 61IarO.llapH 'fCMY <}>HCTaIllKa
yxurpHCTcjJ «BblnHTb» H3 3eMJIH 15-20 T BO.llbl 3a ro.lI.
58
PoCTI-1TeJlbHbli1 Ml-1p
nepBOC OnHCaHHe .lIHKOH <}>HCTamKH B KpblMY 6b1I1o
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CTOnOlIO}f(eHHIO H no BCCM TpeM uapcTBaM npHpO.lIbl».
B HCM aBTOp, B 'faCTHOCTH, yKa3blBaeT, 'I TO <}>HCTallI-
Ka 60raTa «>K:H.l!KOH CMOlIHCTOH MaTepHelO, KOTopaH
npHHTHbIM CBOHM 6aJIbCaMH'fCCKHM 3anaXOM noxo-
.llHT Ha MeKcKoH 6aJII>CaM».
B }f(HBHue <}>HCTaIllKH - }f(H}J.KOH CMOlIC, .lI06bIBaCMOH
H3 Ha.LI.pe30B Ha .llepeBe, CO.llCp}f(JITCH .110 25% 3<}>HpHOro
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HCXO.llHT I1eTOM, B HIOlIe H aBryCTc. 3a ce30H H3 Ka>K;llOro
.D.cpeBa MO}f(HO .lI06blTh OT 40.110 100 r >K:HBHLlbI. <I>mrn-
KHiiubI nOKpblBMH CMOlIOH <}>HCTaIllKH .lIepeBmrnyIO no-
CY.llY. B )J,pcBHCH fperum H crpaHax A3HH H3 Hee H3ro-
TaBIIHBaJ1H apOMaTH'feCKHe KypeHHH H apoMaTHYIO
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TO>K:aCT HCnpHHTHbIH 3alIax BO pry, O'lHll.{aCT 3y6b1 H YK-
pcl1ID1CT .D.CCHbl. Ho OCHOBHoe npHMeHeHHe CMOIlbl - B
I1C'fc6HbIX LlCJ1JlX. OHa H3.llaBHa BXO.llIDla B COCTaB Ma3eH
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ll{HX CTapbIe H3Bbi H paHbI. OKOIlO ThICHIJH I1CT Ha3a}J. elO
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)J,pCBCCHHY <}>HCTallIKH Ha3b1BaIOT PYCCKHM 6aKay-
TOMS. OHa O'feHb TBep.D.aj{, TH}f(eIlajJ, TOIlCT B BO.lIC.
<I>HCTallIKa >K:HBCT .D.O WOO I1CT. B KpbIMY B03J1e pa3Ba-
I1HH CpC.D.HCBeKOBbIX noccnCHHH HMelOTCH 900-.']CTHHe
nOCa.LI.KH 3Toro paCTCHlliI. Ho TIO .apcBHCC paCTCHHC Pa3-
MHO>K:aCTCH O'feHb nIIOXO, TaK KaK nIIO.D.OHOCHT HCpcry-
IIHpHO, C ncpcpblBOM B 2-4 ro.lla, a nopoc.Hb YHH'fTo}f(a-
CTCH CKOTOM. B pe3YIIb TaTe nIIOll.{a.D.b no.lI <}>HCTamKOH
T)'TIOIIHCTHOH B KpbIMY 3aMCTHO COKpaTHJIaCb, H B 1980
r. TIOT BH.l!6bill BHeceH B KpaclfYIO KHHry. <I>HCTallIKa-
59
3OTep HHbli1 Ml-1p
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CKHC HJIH lI<eHCKHC LlBCTbI. OceHblO }f(eHCKlIe .lIepe-
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.D.aMH. nlIO.lI -KOCTJlHKa C O'feHb TBCp.D.Oii CKOpnynOH.
B Ha'faJ1e XX B. .lIHpeKTOp HHKHTCKOrO 60TaHH'feC-
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TamKC TynolIHCTHOH KpynHOnJ10.lIHYIO <}>HCTaI1lKY a3H-
aTCKYI0 9 . Pa60Tbi B 3TOM HanpaBlICHlfH B HHKHTCKOM
60TaHH'feCKOM ca.ay npO.lIOlI>K:aIOTCH. ,lJ.eIlo B TOM, 'I TO
KopHCBaH CHCTeMa KpblMCKOii <}>HCTamKH 06I1a.lIaeT
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KOTOpblC OC06CHHO npO}jBJIHIOTCJI Ha 3pO.lIHpOBaHHbIX
CKlIOHax H B 6e3J1eCHOH BOCTO'fHOH 'faCTH nOlIYOCT-
pOBa. nmTOMY HY}f(Ha He 3aMeHa ee Ha C1>e.ll06HYIO
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MeCTHO Bblpall.{HBaIOTCH KaK KOMHaTHble paCTeHHH,
pC}f(e - B OTKpblTOM rPYHTc.
l.!HKJI8MCH Ky:JHcllOBa (Cyclamen Ruznetrovii Kotov
et Czemova), HlIH .lIpHKBa, HBIIRCTCJI 3H.lICMHQHblM
KpblMCKHM paCTeHHcM. npe.lICTaBlIJleT C060H MHoro-
lICTHce paCTeHHc C MHCHCTbIM, npHnJIlOCHyTblM KlIy6-
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maCT 10-15 CM. PaCTeHHe BHeceHo B KpaCHYIO KHHry.
npornpaCTaCT B eCTeCTBeHHOM COCTOJlHHH TOIIbKO 11 ro-
CY.D.apcrBCHHOM 3aKa3HHI<C K y6aIIa'f. 3aKa3HHK HaxO.llHT-
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KOlIHCTBeHHoro lIcca B paiiOHe CClIa TonOlIeBKa
EenoropcKoro paHOHa. 3TOT lICC npe.lICTaBmlCT C06aH
60
l(HcTo3Hpa
WHflOBHHK
PoCTI-1TeJlbHbli:i Ml-1p
YHlH(MbHblH <}>HTOLlCH03, COBCpllICHHO HCO}f(H.llaHHbIH
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'fCM 06b1'fH0: BCpIIDIHa EYPYHll)'K-KaH B03BblliJacrcSi HCI.ll
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n pe.llCTaBlIHIOT C060H CJIJlbHOBcrBHCTblC, HaIlOMHHa-
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UHCT03Hpa O'feHb KpenKo npHKpcnnHeTcH K rpYHTY
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TYPY, ycrOH'fHByIO .lIa>K:e K caMoMY CHlIbHOMY mTopMY.
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npH.llalOlllHMH pacrcHHIO CXO.lICTBO C MXOM.
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KOpocIIbIX .lIepeBbCB H K)'CTapHHKoB, 'faCTO BCTpC'IaCTCH
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3BaHHe, UDmOBHHI< H TbICJlIIH COpTOB npcKpaCHOH po3bl
61
30Tep5lHHbla::i Ml1p
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Tbl, B OTIIH'fI1C OT CBOC" KYlIb TypHOH cjJOPMbl, .D.I1KHH
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aBrycTe HaqHHalOT KpaCHeTb H C03pCBaTb ero nnO.D.bl,
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C, E, K, PP H MHOro MHKp03I1eMCHToB.
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nOBCCMeCTHO, KpoMe 3anOBC.llHOrO ypO'fHll.{a B OKpe-
CTHOCTJlX ropbl OnYK Ha Kep'fCHCKOM nOlIyoCTpoBe
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.D.5ITCjJ 3apoclIH mHnOBHHKa, 60HpblllIHHKa H .I1PyrHx
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62
3peMYPYCbI, Ha3blaaeMblC TaK>K:e IllHpHllIaMH, OTHOCRT-
CH K CCMCHCTBY lIHIlCHHbIX. PO.l1 HaC'fHTblBaCT cBbnue 50
BH.llOB TpaBHHHCTbIX JIyKOBH'fHbIX paCTeHHu, npoH3pa-
CTaIOll{HX B ropHblx paiioHax EBpa3HH. B KOpIDIX MHO-
fl1X BH.llOB HaxO}J.HTCH .D.CKCTpHH006pa3Hoe Bell.{CCTBO,
H3 KOTOporo no.nY'faIOT KJlCH, H3 lIHCTbCB .I106blBalOT
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KOpan1BHbl. 3PCMYPYC KpblMCKJ/ij (Ercmurus tauricus
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He pc.uKO BCTpC'faCTCH Ha MaTO HJIH KaMCHHCTblX MCC-
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3cnaplleT llaJIJJaca
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ll{HX B EBpa3HH H A4>PHKC. 3cnapLlCT noccBHoH BCCbMa
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3cllapllcT llaJIJIaca (Onobrychis pallasti (Willd.)
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J10BbIX 06Ha}f(eUHHX B npC.llropbHx. 3TO KpynHoc pa-
CHHC BblCOTOH.110 I M, BCCbMa .D.CKOpaTHBHo.
63
3OTep HHbli1 Ml-1p
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pa3roBop no CYll.{CCTBY.
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KpblMCKOM nOIlyoCTpoBe.
64
)f(I-1BOTHbli1 Ml-1p
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6HBblC iKHBOTHbIC. KaK iKHpa<}>bl 11 crpaYCbI. 3aTCM Ha CMCIlY HM BMC-
CTe C I1C.D.HHKaMH npHmlIl1 CCBepHbIe BH.D.bI, K npHMCpy, neCeLlI1 CCBCp-
HblH OlICHb. Ell.{c 10-12 HIC. I1CT Ha3a.ll KpbIMcKaH ctJaYHa CJ'IaraIlaCb
H3 y.llHBHTelIbHoro KOHrIloMepaTa BI1.ll0B cOBcpmeHHo pa3Hblx npo-
CTpaHcTB H BpeMeH.
YBbI, 3a YHHKaIlbHOCTb npHXO.llHTCH nJIaTHTb caMOH BblCOKOH LlC-
HOH. npH B03HHKHOBeHHH Hc6I1arOnpHHTHbIX YCIIOBHH, a O.llHHM H3 ca-
MblX Hc6I1arOnpHRTHblX <}>aKTOpOB 3BOlIIOLlHH }J.1IH MHorHX BH.llOB HBlIjJ-
eMCH MbI C BaMH, YBa}f(aCMbIC 'fHTaTCJlH, }f(HBOTHbIM Ha OTHOCHTCJIbHO
He601IbmOH TCppHTOpHH nonyoCTpoBa HeKY.D.a OTKO'feBaTb, TaK KaK OHH
Ha CBOIO 6e.llY npHcnoc06HJ1HCb K YHHKaJIbHOMY MCcry 06HTaHIDI.
MaJIO KTO KpOMe cneLlHaIlHCTOB BH.llHT npHpO.llY KaK LlCJlOCTHOe
npOH3Be.lleHHC TBopLla, a He OT.D.elIbHblC ee <}>parMeHTbl. MHOrO'fHC-
I1eHHbIC rOCTH KpblMa 11 601IbmHHCTBO KpbIM'faH npC.D.nO'fHTaIOT no-
CTHraTb «MHP }f(HBOTHbIX», a He >K:HBOTHbIH MHp. HCT, MbI HHKoro He
ynpeKaeM B TOM, 'I TO ClIOHa-TO B KpblMY OHH H HC 3aMeTHJ1H. 3T0 6bI1I0
6bl HeCnpaBe.llJ'IHBO. BC.D.b CJlOHOB B KpblMY HeT. A 'I TO KacaCTCH OC-
TaJIbHblX BH.llOB, TO Ha6I1IO.D.aTb HX He TaK npOCTO, 60IlbmHHCTBO «6pa-
TbCB HamHX MCHbmHX» OTHlO.llb HC pByTCH B 06rneCTBO CTapmHX PO.D.-
CTBeHHHKOB H Be.llyT CKpblTHblH 06pa3 >K:H1HH. 4T06bl n03HaTb, HMO
YBH.llCTb, 'fT06bl YBH.lleTb, Ha.D.O n03HaTb.
113 IIIKOlIbHoro Kypca 6HOIlorHH Mbl nOMHHM, .tHO }f(HBOTHble
.lleIlHTCR Ha 6ecn03BOHO'fHbIX H XOP.llOBbIX. nCpBbIC - BeCbMa npH-
MHTHBHbl, nOCIIe.llHHe - COBepmeHHbl, H BCpXOM COBepmeHCTBa HB-
I1HeMClI Mbl, 1I1O.llH. Ha caMOM .lleIle 3TO He COBCCM TaK. npHMHTHB-
HOCTb - nOHHTHC BeCbMa OTHOCHTClIbHOC. 3BOlIIOLlHH 6ccn03BOHO'f-
HblX npC.llKOB He 3aKOH'fHJ1aCb nOClIe nOHBJIeHHH Ha CBCT n03BOHO'fHbIX
nOTOMKOB. MHorHe BH.llbl MHKpoopraHH3MOB nOHBHJlHCb 3Ha'fHTClIb-
HO n03>K:e cpaBHHTelIbHO MOlIO.llOrO BH.lla npHMa TOB, Ha3bIBaeMoro
Homo sapiens.
B Ka'fCCTBe RpKoro npHMcpa npHMHTHBHOCTH HamHX 3BOlIIOLlH-
OHHblX npe.llKOB 'faCTO npHBO.llHT KHme'fHOnOIlOCTHbIX. ,lJ.aBaHTe npo-
. BepHM, TaK lIH 3TO, Ha npHMepe Me.l!y:J - caMblX .D.OCTynHblX HallICMY
B30py npC.llCTaBHTClIcH noro KlIacca.
3 3aK. 21
65
30Tep HHbli:1 Ml-1p
Me.D.}'3bl BC.D.YT .llBC }f(H3HH, H nCpeCCIICHHe .llym .D.JIJI HHX - no-
CTOJlHHaJi npaKTHKa. B O.D.HOH 113 }f(H3HeM OHH npe.llCTaBlIJlIOT C060H
Oce.D.JIYIO <}>OPMY - npl1KpermCHHblX K TBCp.llOMY cy6CTpaTY nOlIHnOB,
6I1H3KHX pO.llCTBeHHHKOB <..1pOHTeIleM KOpaJIIIOBblX OCTpOBOB. KaK Bce
.D.OMOCe.llbl, nOIlHnbl He cnoc06Hbi Ha 6e3YMCTBa CTpaCTH H pa3MHO>K:a-
IOTCJI nO'fKOBaHHCM. nO.llTBep)K}J.aJl H3Be'iHOCTb KOH<}>I1HKTa «OTL\OB H
.lleTeH». OTnO'fKOBaBmHCCJI nOTOMKH nOlIHnOB nOJIBlIJlIOTCjJ Ha CBeT B
BH.D.e xopomo H3BCCTHl>IX HaM CTY.lleHHCTblX 06pa30BaHHH. CneL\HaJIH-
CTbl Ha3bIBalOT 3TH <}>OpMbl «nOlIOBbIMH». B COOTBCTCTBHH C penyraLlH-
eM nOIlOBble <}>OpMbl napm, KaK repoH KapTHH MapJ<a llIaralIa, npaB-
.D.a. HC B He6e, a B MOpcKOM ny'fHHc. CTY.lleHlICTOe TelIO Me.ll}'3 HMeCT
<}>OPMY KOlIOKOIla HlIH 30HTHKa; C}f(HMaR ero, }f(HBOTHOe jJBJIJleT HaM
.llpeBHeHmHH 06pa3eLl peaKTHBHoro .llBHraTCIIJI H nepeMell.{aCTCJI B npo- '
CTpaHCTBe, npaB.lla, HeCKOIlbKO Me.D.JIeHHeH KOCMH'feCKHX Kopa6I1CM. B
COCTOJlHHH nOKOJI Me.D.Y3bl nepeMCll.{alOTCJI no BOIlC BOlIH H Te'feHHii.
no KpalO TCIIa Me.D.}'3bl BoopY}f(eHbllQynaJIbL\aMH co CTpeKaTcIIbHblMH
KIIeTKaMH, BnHBalOll.{HMHCJI B KO}f(Y }f(epTBbl II napaIlH3YIOmHMH CC.
l:ICIIOBCKY napMH'f He rp03HT. HO BCTpe'fa C HCKOTOpblMH OKcaHCKHMH
BH.llaMH Me.ll}'3 MO}f(CT QKOH'fHTbCJI cepbC3HblM O)/(OrOM. CaMble Kpyn-
Hble MC.llY3bl .llOCTHralOT 2.3 M B .D.HaMcTpe.
300ncHxolIorH, H3Y'faBml1e HHTelIlIeKTyalIbHble cnoc06HoCTH
OCbMHHorOB, npHIllJIH K BblBO.D.Y 0 BeCbMa BblCOKOM HX ypoBHe. 3TO
}'TBCp}f(l!eHHC, nOXO}f(c. HaXOLlHTCJI B HCKOTOpOM npoTHBope'fHH C }'T-
Bep}f(.D.eHHeM 0 «npHMHTHBHOCTH» .D.pyroro KlIacca 6ccn03BOHO'fHbIX
- MOJTJTJOCKOB. B OMbIBalOll.{HX KpblM BO.llOeMaX, YBbl, HH KMbMapbl,
HH OCbMHHorw He BO,WITCJI, HO eCTb 06HlIHe HX 3BOIllOLlHOHHblX P0.ll-
CTBCHHHKOB. Ha cyme H B npCCHblX BO.D.OCMaX .D.OBOIlbHO MHOro YlIH-
TOK, CIIH3HCH, .llBYCTBOp'faTbiX paKOBHH, a Cpe.D.H MOIlIlIOCKOB A10BC-
KOro H l:IcpHoro MOpeH 300IlorH BriaClIJlIOT 60Jlce 200 BH.llOB.
no lIaTblHH molluscus 3Ha'fHT «MJlrKOTCIlbIM». ,lJ.OBOlIbHO 'faCTO
CBOIO MjlrKOTeIlOCTb MOJIJIIOCKH npJl'f}'T B npO'fHOM naHLlHpe HIIH B .llBY-
CTBOp'faTOH paKOBHHC. HCCOMHCHHO, 3TO ({XOpomHC», «nOlIC3HbIC»
}f(HBOTHble. npe}f(l!C Bccro TeM, 'I TO npOH3BO.llJlT .llJIJI 1IIO.lleM }f(eM'fYr.
Bce .D.BYCTBOp'faTbIC MOIllIlOCKH Bbl.llCIIJlIOT OC06blH ceKpcT, Bell.{eCTBO,
npeBpall.{alOll.{eCCJl npH 3aCTblBaHHH B ncpIlaMYTp. B nepeBO.lle C HC-
MeLlKoro «ncpIlaMyTp» 03Ha'faCT «MaTb >K:eM'fyra». ECIIH B TeIlO MOIl-
66
'-
)f(HBOTHbIH Ml-1p
.'IIOCKOB-)I(CM'fY}f(HHLI nOna.llaCT 'fY}f(Cp011.HbIH npC11.MCT. TO. 06BOIlaKH-
BaHCb nCpJlaMYTpOM, OH MO)l(CT CTaTb )l(CM'fY}f(IUIOH. K CO)l(a,'ICHHIO.
3T1IM nOXBaIlbHblM 3aHSlTHCM }f(CM'fY}f(HIiLlbI '3aHHMaIOTCSI npcHMymc-
<"'TBCHHO B TpOnH'fCCKHX B011.ax.
MHorHC MOJL'IIOCKH npHKpcnaSiIOTCSI K n011.B011.HblM KaMHSlM npH
nOMomIl npO'fHbIX TOHKHX HliTCH. TaK Ha3bIBaCMoro 6Hccyca. 3TO BC-
mCCTBO npC11.CTaBIISICT C060H 1a<"'TblBmHH CCKpCT OC060H 6HCCYCOBOH
}f(CIIC3bI. 111 6Hccyca MOIlIlIOCKa nHHHb/B 11.pCBHOCTH IBrOTOBIISlIIH BHC-
COH - nOXO}f(YIO Ha mCIIK npO'fHYIO, HCCKOIlbKO }f(eCTKOBaTYIO TKal:lh.
BCCbMa nOXBaIlbHblM C TO'fKlI 3pCHHSI MHorHX I11011.cii CBOHCTBOM
MOJ1I1IOCKOB SlBIISlCTCSI HX C'bCjl06HOCTb. MOIlIlIOCKH I11OJ1.eH HC C11.SlT, HO
HY}f(HO }f(C HM 'fCM-TO nHTaTbCSI. 3TO <"'TpCMJICHHC HHKaK HC noompSlCT-
CSI. ,lJ,I1S1 OXOTbl Ha cmBHCH 'fCIIOBe'fCCTBO npH.llYMaIlO 60Ilbmc I10J;lY-
UlCK, 'fCM 11.J1Sl JIOBIIH TlirpOB. HCC'fa<"'THbIX 11.pCBOTO'lLlCB 0603BaIlH KO-
pa6CIIbHblM 'lCpBCM H, 'fT06bI IIlImHTb HX npOnHT<lHHSI, CTaJlH 11.CnaTb
Kopa6I1H H3 MCTaJIJIa.
PaKo06pa3HblX Ha3BaTb npHMHTHBHblMH Y)I( COBCCM HCB03MO)l(-
HO. LITO }f(e 11.0 HX «nonC3HOCTH», TO no KYJIHHapHblM CBOHCTBaM MHO-
rIlC H3 HHX HHKaK HC YCTynalOT MOJIIIIOCKaM. OC06CHHO CCJ"IH pC'fb I1.1ICT
o .lICCHTHHorliX paKax, K KOTOpbIM OTHOCHTCSI OMapbl. I1aHry<"'Tbl, HamH
npCCHOR011.HblC paKH, Kpa6bl II KpCBCTKH. 3TH «nOIlC3HbIC» }f(HBOTHbIC
mpc11.Ka BHOCHT BCCbMa npHSITHOC pa3Ho06pa3HC B nOBCC11.HCaHblC 6y11.-
IIH I1106HTClICH mlBa.
CTOHT «npHMHTHBHbIM» 6ccn03BOHO'fHbIM }f(HBOTHbIM OKa3aTb-
CH HCC'bC11.06HbIMH. HC npOH3B011.HTb .llTISI Hac mCIIK I-L'IH >K:CM'fYr. H OT-
HomCHHC K HHM pa3HTeIlbHO MCHSleTCSI. LIall.{c Bccro HX cymc<"'TBOBaHHc
HanpO'fb 3aMaIl'fHBaIOT. LITO 60IlbUlHHCTBO 1I1 Hac 3HaCT, HanpHMCp, 0
MHOrOHO}f(KaX, KpOMC 60Ilbmoro KOIlH'fCCTBa Y HHX Bblme03Ha'fCHHb1X
KOHC'fHOCTCH? A BC11.b )THX }f(HBOTHblX HaC'fHTblBaCTCSI Ha 3CMIIC II TbIC.
8H11.0B. «HO}f(CK», TO'fHCC 'fIlCHHKOB, HHKOHM 06pa10M HH'fCrO 06mcro
HC HMClOmHX C npe11.MCTOM, BocnCTbIM n03TaMH H 'fpCBoyr011.HHKaMH,
Y 3THX }f(HBOTHbIX 11.CHCTBHTCIIbHO HCMaJlO: OT II 11.0 177, HO, HecMoTpSl
Ha 06HIIHC «KOHe'fHOCTCH», 3TH }f(HBOTHbIC 3a'laCTYIO BCCbMa Me}J.1IH-
TCJ1bHbI. HaH60JIcc pacnpocTpaHcHHbIMH B KpbIMY MHOrOHO)l(KaMH HB-
JISiIOTCSI KHBCRKH - TCMHO-KOpH'fHCBbIC MC}J.1IHTCJIbHbIC }f(HBOTHbIC. npSl-
'IymHccSI n011. KaMHHMH, B,UIC}f(HHKOM HIIH KOpOH. E):{HHCTBCHHoH HX
3'
67
3mepHHHbli1 MHp
1amHTOH CjJY>KHT YMCHHC cnpHTaTbCSI H .D.OBOJlbHO pC3KHH 3anax. )],OJl-
>KHO JIll JTO BocnpHHIIMaTbCH .D.OL"TaTO'fHbIM OCHOBaHHeM, [IT06bl .D.aMbl
>K:CMaHHO MopmHlIHCb, a MY>KeCTBCHHbIC KaBaIlcpbl SlBJlHIIH pbll1apcKYIO
MOmb CBOHX Ka6I1YKOB?
BnpO'fCM, CTOHT MHOrOHO}f(KC CTaTb 'fYTb MCHCC fic'naIJIHTHOH, H
BOKpyr Hec MrHOBCHHO B01HHKaCT OpCOIl He TOJlbKO «Bp .lIlOrO», HO II
«onaCHOrO» >KHBOTHoro. I1pHMCpOM TO MY CIIY}f(HT BCTpC[lalOmaSiCH B
KpblMY CKOJlOnCH,lIpa, KOTopaH TO}f(C OTHOCHTCSI K K;mccy MHOrOHO>KCK.
3TOT XHmHHK .D.HCM npSl'fCTCSI npHMcpHO B TCX >K:C MccTax. r.D.C H KHBCH-
KH, H aKTHBCH TOJlbKO HO'lblO. CKOIlOIlCH.llpa cHa6}f(CHa MomHblM 'fC-
I1IOCTHblM annapaTOM H SI.D.OBHTa. YKYC KpblMCKOH CK0J10nCH.D.pbl1{0-
BOIlbHO 60IlC3HCH, HO a6conlOTHO HconacCH, a nOClIC1{HHH O<}>HLlHaIlb-
HO 3apcrHCTpu.pOBaHHblH CIIY'laH YKyca CKOIlOnCH1{pbl B KpblMY
1{aTHpYCTCSI npHMcpHO 1376-M r01{OM.
BCCbMa 60IlbHO KycalOTcSI II npC1{CTaBHTCIIlI OTpSl1{a 'fIlCHHCTO-
Homx KIIacca naYKo06pa3HblX - <}>aJlaHrH, HIIH cOIlbnym. OKOIlO 600
BH1{OB )THX 'fJICHHCTOHorHX 06HTalOT B nycTblHSlX HIIH nOIlynycTblHHX.
CaMaSi KpynHaSi <}>aJlaHra. 60Ilcc Toro, caMblH KpynHblH npC1{CTaBH-
TCIIb KIIacca naYKo06pa3Hbix YKpaHHbl - fjJaJlilHra 06blKHOBCHHClR
(Galcodis arancoides) 1{OCTHraCT }J.1IHHbI 5 CM. 0 Sl1{OBHTOCTH <}>aIlaHr
TO}f(C 6bITYCT MHoro JlCrCHJI, HO Ha cc6c 1{OKa3aTb HX HCCOCTOHTCIIb-
HOCTb HaM C BaMH BpSl1{ I1H y,'{aCTCSI, TaK KaK }f(HBOTHOC HaCTOIlbKO pC1{-
KO BCTpe'faCTCSI, 'I TO 33HCCCHO B KpaCHYIO KHHry.
CKopnHOHblOTHOCSITCH K KIIaccy naYKo06pa3HblX. YKYC CKopnH-
OHa O'fCHb 60JIC3HCH (OH BnpblCKHBaCT Jl}J. 'fCpC3 nOIlblC 06paJOBaHHSI
Ha KOHLIC XBocra). BnpO'fCM, BCTpCTHTb CKopmlOHa B KpblMY Y1{aCTCH
Bce pC>KC, H BOBCC HC nOTOMY. 'I TO OH BCCbMa CICIOHCH K caMoy6HHCTBY.
Y1{apSiH cc6S1 caM.oro }f(aIlOM, a nOTOMY 'I TO ,MHorHC H3 Hac BCpHT BCSI-
KHM CKa3KaM H Hc6blIlHLlaM H cncmaT paCTonTaTb onaCHOC >KHBOTHOC.
3a6b1BaSl, '1TO HHKOMY HC 1{aHO npaBO pa3pymaTb rapMOHHIO npHpo-
JIbI. )J.a>KC CCIIH pC'fb H1{CT 0 K:IClllax, 1{CHCTBIHCJ1bHO caMblX HcnpHSlT-
HblX 1{J1S1 Hac, I1101{CH. npC1{CTaBHTCIIciI KIIacca naYKo06pa3HblX.
BnpO'fCM, no MHCHHIO HCKOTOpblX 300JlOrOB, KnCmH K naYKo06-
pa3HblM HC OTHOCSlTCSI. .TaK UJ'1H HHa'lC, a MCHbUJe HX OT JTOrO HC CTa-
HOBHTCSI - 3 TbIC. BH,llOB Bbl.llClISlCTCSI TOIlbKO B YKpaHHc. MHorHC H3
HHX nopnlT CCIIbx03npo;J.YKHHIO, 1{pyrHc I1101{CH HCnOCpC1{CTBCHHO HC
68
)f(HBOTHbli1 MHp
KacaIOTCSI, a TpCTbH HC npH.l1YMaJ1H HH'fCrO I1y'imc, 'fCM nHTaTbCSI Ha-
mCH KpOBblO. Ha .D.aIlbHcM BOCTOKC CCTb BH.l1bl KIICll{CH, ncpCHOCSlll.{HC
B036Y.l1IHClICH :mLlc<}>aIlHTa. B KpblMY TaK }f(C, OC06eHHO BCCHOH. BCTpC-
'faIOTCSI nOLI.06HbIC «arpCCCOpbl», TaK 'I TO nOCJ1C nporynKH no ropHO-
MY I1CCY HIIH BCCCHHCH HHIIC OCMOTpHTC CBOHX 6I1H3KHX H «OCMOTPH-
TCCb» CaMH. KnCll.{H nIloxo ncpCHOCHT }f(apy H HaH60IlCC aKTHBHbl BCC-
HOH H OCCHblO.
3aBcpIDHM nOBCCTBOBaHHC 0 6ccn03BOHO'fHbIX Mbl Ha KJJaCCC Ha-
CCKOMbIX. 3TO HaH60IlCC MHOrO'fHCIICHHbIH KJIaCC )l(HBOTHOro LlapcTBa,
HaC'fHTblBalOmHH no caMblM CKpOMHblM nO.D.C'fCTaM 60ncc 800 TbIC.
BH.l10B. B KpblMY 06HTacT HC MeHCC 12-15 HIC. BI1.ll0B 3THX HaH60Ilcc
npoLlBcTalOIllHx B 6HOIlOnl'fCCKOM CMblClIC }f(HBOTHbIX.
HaccKoMblC BCTpC'faIOTCSI Ha nOIlyoCTpOBC nOBCCMC<..'THO: Ha nyc-
TblHHblX COIlOH'faKaX, CKaIlax, B BO.D.OCMaX H Ha HX 6cpcrax, .l1a}f(C B
CTapbIX KBapTHpax. TCM HC MCHCC B nonc Hamcro 3pCHHSI nOna.l1aCT
rOIlbKO MalIaSi 'faCTb Toro. 'I TO Ha6I1IO.l1aIOT CnCLlHaJIHCTbl-3HTOMOIlO-
rHo )J(YKOB, K npHMCpy, 3HTOMOIlOrH B KpblMY onHcaIlH HC MCHCC 4000
BH.l10B, a .l1aIlCKoMY OT 6HonorHH 'fCIIOBCKY BPH.l1 m1 .l10BC.l1CTCSI pa31IH-
'fHTb 60Ilbmc 100, a #1'0 H 10 BH.l10B. BnpO'fCM, MHorHM Ka}f(CTCSI BnOIlHC
.l10CTaTO'fHbIM 3HaKOMCTBa TOIlbKO C O.l1HHM H3 }f(YKOB. npHcxaBmHM K
HaM norOCTHTb H3 KOlIOpa,llO.
CaMblC 3aMCTHblC HaCCKOMbIC - 6a6o'lKH, TCM HC MCHCC 6C3 cnc-
LlHaIlbHblX 3HaHHH, HaBblKOB H 060pY.l10BaHHSI HamCMY B30py npc.l1-
CTaBIISlCTCSI KpOXOTHaSi 'faCTb H3 60Ilcc 2000 BHl!OB KpblMCKHX 6a60-
'fCK, TaK KaK OCHOBHOC KOIlH'fCCTBO 3TH X HaCCKOMblX HMCCT CKPOMHYIO
MaCKHpylOll.{YIO OKpaCKY HIIH HO'fHYIO aKTHBHOCTb.
EIIaro.l1apSi 60IlbmOH 'fHCIICHHOCTH H pa3Ho06pa3HOMY nHTaHHIO
HaCCKOMbIC HrpalOT 'lpC3BbI'faHHO Ba}f(HYIO pOIlb B npHpO.D.HblX co06-
mCCTBax. TonbKO HX HCYTOMHMOH .D.CHTClIbHOCTblO nOAlICp}f(HBaCTCSI
BCJIHKOIlCnHOC MHoro06pa3HC paCTHTelIbHOCTH B pa3I1H'fHbIX I1aH.D. ma <}>-
Tax, 6C3 3THX MaJlCHbKHX TPY}f(CHHKOB HC 6blII0 6bl MHOHIX OBOll.{HbIX,
<}>PYKTOBbIX H nOIlCBblX KYIIbTYp. Ho .D.a}f(C caMblH HcnpHHTHbIH}J.JISi Hac
OTpH.ll HaCCKOMbIX - .J(BYKPbIJlbIC- BCC 3TH MYXH, KOMapbl, MOCKHTbI.
CIIcnHH H OBOLI.bl HC MorYT C'fHTaTbCH «nIlOXHMH». '
BCCbMa HCnpHHTHO, KOr.l1a 3Y.llHT KOMapHHbIH YKYC. Hc06bIKHO-
BCHHO >K:aJlb OIlCHSI, MY'fHMOrO I1H'fHHKaMH OBO.l1a. HO CTOHT HC'fC3HYTb
69
30Tep HHbli:1 Ml-1p
KaKOMy-uII6Y.Jb BlIJ.{Y HaCCKOMbIX, KaK Ty-r :iKe MO:iKC-r IIC'fC3HYTI, I\aKOH-
I1u60 BU..'l flTHLI HIIIl pbl6, fjHTalOll.{uiicH IIMII fum IIX nH'-IHHKaMII, H Ka-
KOH-HU6YJlb c06pa-r KO;lOpaIICKoro }f(YKa. no.:IY'fIIBmIIH B03MO:iKHOCTl,
6CCIIpCmITCTBCHli0 P,UMHO:iKaTbCSI B OTCYTl..BHC XIIUlHHKOB. OKaiKCTCSI
KY.lIa HcnpHHTHcii HaM II HamCMY X01S1iicTBY, 'fCM ynoMHHYTl,lH BbImc
3Y.D. 01' KOMapHllOro YKyca. l.{C;IOBCK nOCTOSlHHO HapymacT paBHOBCCHC
npHpO,lbl, C03.aaCT npc.anoeblJlKH }J.IISI 'fpC3MepHOI'0 pa3BHTHH OT..1CIIb-
Hl,lX BH.llOB CBOC" lCHTC""IbHOCTr.IO, HanpHMCp pacnamKOH CTCllIl, a 38-
TCM, BMCCTO Toro 'fT06bl nOnl,ITaTbCSi BOCCTaHOBHTl, paBHOBCCHC, Hapy-
maCT ero Cll1C 60Ilbmc. BpHJI I1H 1,,0 CO'fTCT pa3YMHOH nonl,lTKY 3apy-
6HTb TonopOM CCBmcro HaM Ha HOC KOMapa. flIynocTb MaCCOBOI'O
npHMCHCHHH XHMHKaTOB B 6CCnOma.llHOH 60Pl,6c C HaCCKOMl,lMH MCHec
O'fCBH}J.Ha. HO 60Ilee ry6HTcIIl,Ha..D.nH BOCCTallOBnCHHH paBHOBCCHH CBH-
3CH B npHpo.nc HaM SlBHO nOKa HC XBaTaCT 3HaHHH, 60J"Iee TOIIHl,lX Hay'f-
Hl,IX. MOpaJIl,HO-COLlHiiJIl,Hl,IX Mo.nelIeH, KOTOpl,lC 6bl yqHThIBaJIH npC}f(-
.D.e BCCro nepBOHa'faIlbHblH TOJl'IOK pa36aJIaHCHpOBKH, Hamy X03HHCTBCH-
HYIO .D.CHTClIbHOCTb. Ell.{c Jlyqmc 6bI1I0 6bl, CCIlH 6l,l 3TH Mo.neml omH
onHCl,IBaTb B03MOIKHOCTb KOMIICHcaLlHH 3TOH .aCHTcnbHOCTH.
CaMl,lH 60raTl,lH BH.aOBOH COCTaB HaCCKOMblX (3HTOMo<}>aYHa) B
KpblMY Ha6I1IO.D.aCTCSI Ha }OIKHOM n06CpC>K:l,C, oe06CHHO B BO<...O'fHOH
cro qaCTH. 3.aCCb BCTpC'faCTC5l nO'fTH 75% BU.llOB KpblMCKHX HaCCKO-
MblX H 60Ill,mHHcTBO THnHllHO cpe.aH3cMHOMOpCKHX BH.aOB. MHoro
Cp C .llH3CMHOMOpCKHX BH.aOB 06HTacT B ropHl,lx I1Ccax, B npc.aropHoH
lICCOCTcnH H Jia nJ10CKHX BcpmHHax .Hiinbl. Bo Beex JTHX 30Hax pac-
npocTpaHcHo H 60IlbmHHcTBo JH.llCMH'fHbIX BH.llOB. MHorHC BH,,:{bl Ha-
ceKOMl,lX CTcnHoro Kpl,lMa H3-3a pacnamKH coxpaHHnHcb TOIll,KO B
TO'fC'fHbIX MCCTo06HTaHluix e HCTPOHYTl,IMH Y'fa<...KaMH CTcnHOH pac-
THTCJll,HOCTH. 113 173 BH.aOB HaCCKOMbIX, 3aHcceHHblX B KpacHYIO KHH-
ry YKpaIIHl,I, 104 06HTalOT Ha TCppHTOpHH Kpl,lMa.
Pbl6l,l OTHOCHTCSI Y>K:C K 60Ilcc BblCOKOii 3BOIllOLlHOHHOH CTync-
HH, K n03BOHO'fHbIM }f(HBOTHbIM. To CCTb Y HHX, KaK H y Hac C BaMH,
CKCIICT Haxo.aHTCH BHYTPH TeIla, a HC CHapYIKH. Ha pbl6ax 3BOIllOLlHH
BHc.npH.Ha B npaKTHKY KOHCTpYHpoBaHHc CKCIICTa H3 KOCTH, XOTH «xy.a-
mHC» npC.D.CTaBHTcIIH :>Toro KIIacca (aKYlIl,l) H «J"IY'fmHc» (oceTpOBbIC)
nOjJBHJlHCl, Ha 3CMIIC paHl,mc, 'fCM npHpO.nOH 6l,IJIa H306pCTcHa KO<".l"
a nOToMY BbIHY:>I<.UCHbl 06XO.aHTbCH XpHll.{aMH.
70
)f(I1BOTHbli1 Ml1p
B npeCHblX BO.D.OCM3X KpblMa 06HTacT 46 BI1.1IOB pbI6. HO TOIlbKO
14 n HHX J1BJlHIOTCH a60pHrcHaMH, HCKOHHO KpblMCKHMH 06HTaTelIJ1-
MH. OCTaJlbHbIC 32 BH.D.a 6b1I1H TCM HJIH HHbIM 06pa30M aKKIIHMaTH3H-
pOBaHbI. TOIlbKO noCJIc BBO.lla B 3KcnJlyaTaLlHIO CCBcpo-KpblMcKOro
KaHaIla B .D.06bllfe pbI60IlOBOB CTaIlH 06blliHbl Kapacb, Kapn, OKYHb, cy-
.D.aK, TOJlCTOJl06HI<, 6CIIblH aMYP H ll.{YKa. B LJepHoM H A30BCKOM MO-
P))X HaCliHTbIBaeTCH OKOJlO 200 BI1.1IOB pbl6. MHornc.H3 HHX 06HTalOT II
HHX nOCTOHHHO, .llpyrHc noccrnalOT ero «TPaH3HToM», MHrpHpYHlfCpe3
Eoc<l>op. OLI.HH BH}J.bl eOBcpmalOT nO.D.06HbIC MHrpaLlHH C>I<CrO.D.HO, .D.PY-
rHC - pa3 B HCCKOIlbKO I1CT, TpCTbH, TaKHe KaK MC'f-pbI6a, 6bIIlH 3aMC-
liCHbl B CLI.HHHliHbIX clIyliaHx.
OrHIO.D.b HC Bee BH}J.bI pbl6 MoryT COBcpmaTb nOLI.06HbIC nYTcmc-
CTBHjI, TaK KaK OTHOCHTCIIbHO HH3KaH KOHLlCHTpaLlHSI COIlH B t.JepHOM
MOpC ry6HTcIIbHa }J.JIH 60IlbmHHCTBa Cpe.llH3CMHOMOpcKHX BI1.1IOB, npH-
cnoc06nCHHbIX K 60Ilcc COIlCHOH BO.lIe. To }f(C caMOC MO}f(HO CKa3aTb H
o M'HrpaLlHHx pa3J1H'fHbIX BH}J.OB HJ t.JcpHoro MOpH B 60Jlcc npCCHOC
A30BCKOC HIIH B 06paTHoM HanpaBIIcHHH.
Tcncpb HaM C 'fHTaTCIIeM npl1.1ICTCH nOKHHyTh nY'fHHY BO.ll, KaK
JTO C.D.CIIaIlH npHMcpHO 225 MIIH I1CT Ha3a.ll 3CMHOBO.D.HbIC, Ha3blBac-
MblC HHa'fC aM<}>H6H))MH. 3a CTOIlb npO.D.oIl>l<HTCIIbHOC BpCMH, Ka3alIOCb
6bl, MO>K:HO npHcnoc06HTbCH I< >l<H3HH Ha cymc, }fo aM<}>H6H1'1 TaK .llO
KOHLla H HC npeO.D.OJlCIIH HCKOTOpblX npHBbl'fCK CBoero TCMHoro 3BO-
I1IOQHOHHoro npOllIJIoro: OHH pa3MHO>l<alOTCSI TOIlbKO B BO.D.e, liT06bl
BbI1IynHTbcH H3 HKpHHOK H OT6bITb HCKHH nepHOLI. eBOCH }f(H3HH B Ka-
'fCCTBC rOIlOBa<"'THKOB. AM<}>H6HH LI.elIUCH Ha XBOCTaTblX (TPHTOHbl) H
6CCXBOCTblX (>I<a6bl, JlHrYllIKH). Tc H .D.pyrHe npCLI.CTaBIICHbI Ha TCPPH-
TOpHH KpbIMa illCCTblO BH}J.aMH, HaH60JJce pacnpOCTpaHCHHblMH H3
KOTOpblX HBJlHIOTCH JlJIrywKa 03CpHaJl H ){(a6a 3CJlCH8JI, npH'ICM >l<a6a
BCTpC'faCTCSI .D.a>l<C Ha nOJlynYCTbIHHblX Y'faCTKaX, CKpbIBaHCb .D.HeM B
rJIy60KHX Hopax, a HO'fblO H nOClIC LI.O>l<)leH BbIXO.D.SI Ha oxory 3a Hacc-
KOMbIMH. JlJIrYWKa .ppeBCCHaR (I<BaKllIa) H TpHTOH rpe6CHQaThlii pac-
npOCTpaHCHbl B ropHO-I1CCHOH 'faCTH KpblMa, a )/(epJlRHKY KpaCHo6plO-
XYIOH QCCHOQHHLJyo6blKHOBeHHYIOMO>K:HO 06HapY>l<HTb TOIlbKO B paB-
HHHHbIX paHOHax.
MHorHC H3 Hac HeaLI.CKBaTHO OTHOCHTCH K aM<}>H6HHM, H y 3Toro
OTHOIlICHHH CCTb npHliHHbI. Bo-nepBbIX, aM<}>H6HH OT.llanCHHO Hano-
71
3OTep5lHHblC1 MHp
MHHalOT npCCMbIKalOmHXCSI, MHorHC H3 KOTOpblX SI.D.OBHTbI. BO-BTOpbIX.
SI.D.OBHTa KO}f(a MHorHX BH.aOB }f(a6, H CCIIH C'bCCTb )l(a6y CblpOH, MO)l(HO
OTpaBHTbCSI, 'I TO HHOr.D.a CIIY'faCTCSI C MCIIKHMH XHmHHKaMH H c06aKa-
MH. BnOIlHe .D.OnYCTHMO, 'I TO <"'Tpax ncpc.a JI.aOBHTblMH )l(HBOTHbIMH,
KaK H .apyrHc HHCTHHKTbl. HaKanIlHBaCTCSI B naMJlTH nOKOIlCHHH H nc- !
pc.aaCTCJI reHCTH'fCCKH. C .aPyroH <"'TOpOHbl, JTOT CTpax 'fCIIOBCK pa- ,
3YMHbIH .aOIl)i(CH npco.aOIlCBaTb, KaK Mbl B ,UCTCTBC npco.aOIlCBaCM CTpax
TCMHOTbi. KaK 6bl MHJlblC .aaMbl HH YBCPSlIlH CC6S1, 'lT0 I1CrKOC nOBH3rH-
BaHHC HM K flHLlY. HCBC}f(CCTBO BCC-TaKH HHKoro He KpaCHT. MHorHC
pOMaHCKHC Hapo.abl JTOT CTpax npCO.D.OIlCIIH H C npCBCIIHKHM y.aO BOIlb -
CTBHCM C.aJlT I1J1ryma'fbH HO>K:KH. HHKOHM 06pa30M, O.D.HaKO, HC nHTa-
SlCb CblpblMH >K:a6aMH.
llla6I1oHHblC paCCY)l(}J.CHHSI 0 «noIlC3HOCTH» aM<}>H6HH, noc.aalOll.{HX
«nJIOXHX» HaCCKOMbIX, 'fCCTHO rOBOpJl, Ha6HJIH OCKOMHHY CBOCH 6CCCMbIC-
I1CHHO<"'TblO. «XopomHX» HaCCKOMblX aMQm6HH TO>K:C C.aJlT C npCBCIIH-
KHM Y.D.OBOIlb<..'TBHCM. nOTOMY 'I TO OHH HC pa3JlHlfalOT nHll.{Y no.a06HbiM
06pa30M. Bec Mbl EO>K:bH TBapH, H Ka}J()10MY H3 Hac CCTb MCCTO Ha 6CIIOM
CBCTC, CCIIH Mbl HC C'fHTaCM cc6S1 C.D.HH<"'TBCHHO .aOCTOHHblMH Ha :no npa-
BO. B npoTHBHOM CJlY'fac Hac HY)I(HO CpO'fHO ncpeBocnHTblBaTb.
51 npC.D.BH)I(Y Bonpoc: «LITO )l(C, H SI.aOBHTblC 3MCH TO}f(e npCKpac-
Hbl?» KOHC'fHO >K:C, npCKpaCHbl, CCIIH CMOTpCTb Ha HHX Hcnpc.aB3S1TO.
E.D.HH<"'TBCHHbIH SI.aOBHTblH H3 14 BHl!OB KpblMCKHX npccMbIKalOll.{HX-
CSI - CTenHaR ra.ll/OKa BCTpC'faCTCJI B paBHHHHblX H npC.llrOpHblx paH-
OHax nOIlyocTpoBa HaCTOIlbKO pC.aKO. 'I TO OHa BKIIIO'fCHa B KpaCHYIO
KHHry. «.D.OCTOBCpHbIC» YTBCp}f(.D.eHHSI 0 SlLI.OBHTOCTH .apyrHx 06HTa-
IOmHX Ha nOIlYOCTPOBC BH.D.OB Ha caMOM .aCJIC SlBIIJlIOTCJI npc.apaccy.a-
KaMH, YBbl, HaMHoro 60Ilcc )l(HBY'fHMH, IfCM nonaBmHC B 3TOT «'fCp-
HblH cnHC<Y!<» BH.D.bl, npc)l(}J.C Bccro nOJl03 )f(CJlTo6p/OXHii, nOJI03bl QC-
TblpeXnOJlOCHblii H JlCOnap.llOBblii. KpOMC nCpC'fHCIICHHbIX 3MCH, B
KpblMY 06HTalOT .D.Ba BHl!a Y)f(cii H MC.llRHKa. E.aHHCTBeHHbIH BH.D. 'fC-
penax, Qepenaxa 60JlOTHaR, HaCCIIJlCT npcHMymccTBCHHo. ropHblC BO-
.llOCMbl, HO HHor.D.a cnYCKaCTCSI no PYCIIaM pCK .D.OBOIlbHO .aaIlCKO B
CTcnHbIC paHOHbI. 113 mCCTH BH.D.OB RlilepHll .D.OCTaTOIfHO MHOrO'fHC-
I1CHHbI KpbIMCKaR, npblTK8R H CKaJIbH8R.
CIIaBa Eory, KpaCOTa nTHLI BpO.lle 6bl HC CTaBHTCJI no.a COMHC-
HHC .aa)l(c caMbIMH... HHKCM, KOpO'fC rOBOpJl, no.D. COMHCHHC HC CTa-
72
)f(I-IBOTHbli1 Ml-lp
BHTCH. nTHLlbl, HIIH, KaK rOBOpSIT CneLlHaIlHCTbI, «OpHHTO<}>aYHa»
KpblMa, HaC'fHTblBaIOT 60Ilcc 300 BH.D.OB. nO'fTH 65% H3 HHX Ha
nOIlyocTPOBC rHC3.D.SlTCH, 5% (\7 BHl{OB) 3HMYIOT 3.D.CCb, OCTaJIbHbIC
30% SlBIIHIOTCH npoIleTHblMH.
CaMblMH KpynHblMH nTHLlaMH Ha nOIlyocTPOBC SlBIIHIOTCSI )f(Y-
paBJlb ceph/if, )f(ypaBJlb-KpacaBKa, .J(porpa, crpeneT, JlC6e.J(H, rycHH Kpyn-
Hble XHll.{HHKH: 3MeeJV), CTenHoif opeJl, CKon8, OpeJl-K8pJlHK, MOrHJlb-
HHK, 0pJlaH-6eJlOXBOCT, 6epKyT, CTCpBRTHHK, 'lepHb/if rpHrp, 6eJloro-
JlOBb/if CHn, 6a.no6aH. cancaH H rpHJlHH. I1Horl{a B KpbIMY B<""TpC'faIOT
neJlHKaHOB. nO'fTH Bce KpynHbIc nTHLlbl pCl{KH. OCHOBHOC KOIlH'fCCTBO
BH,llOB CBOHM Me<""T006HTaHHeM H36paJlo ropHblc paHoHbl, OC06CHHO
t.1Horo nTHLI Ha nIlaTO fIlaBHOH rpJl}J.bI H Ha rpaHHLlax nlIaTO H I1eca.
BCCbMa 60raTa OpHHTo<}>aYHa B CMcmaHHbIX nOHMCHHblX I1ccax pC'f-
HbIX l{OIlHH. B <""TenHOH 'faCTH KpLlMa l{OBOIlbHO 'faCTO BCTpC'faIOTCH
KYJlHKH, 'fCTblpC BH,lla )/(8BOPOHKOB, nepeneJla H Ta1<HC pCl{KHC BHl{bl,
KaK .J(pOrph/ H OCTalOmHCCH Ha 3HMOBKY B TcnIlblC rOl{bl crpeneTbl.
KpblM paCnOIlO}f(CH Ha nYTSlX Tpa.llHLlHOHHbIX ncpelIeTOB nTHLI. Ba
MC;IKOBOl{bC CHBama H KapKHHHTCKoro 3aIlHBCl B nCpHOl{ MHrpaLlHH H
Ha 3HMOBKax CKalUlIiBalOTCSI orpoMHblC <""TaH OKOIlOBOl{HbIX H BOl{HbIX
BH,llOB. Ha nOJIYOCTpOBC pa3l{OIlbC lLTIH OXOTHHKOB. Ha 6cpcrax lJCpHO-
ro H A30BCKoro MOpCH KOpMHTCSI H rHC3l{SlTCSI HblpKH, nCpC}f(H,llaIOT B
YKPOMHblX MCCTax 3HMY YTKH (KpSlKBbl, CBHH3H, mHJIOXBO<.."ThI, 'fHPKH.
[ICPHCTH), .J(HKHC rycH, BaJIb.J(illnenbl, nepeneJlKH, KyponaTK8 cepaJl H
jJJfKHe rOJly6H. BnpO'fCM, MHorHC npOMbICJlOBblC nTHLlbl npHcnoc06H-
I1HCb 3HMOBaTb B HCnOCpCl{CTBCHHOH 6I1H30CTH OT I11O.D.HbIX ropQ.D.CKHX
nIlSl)l(CH, r.llc 3anpCT Ha oxory l{OnOIlHSlCTCH 06HJIHeM KopMa.
Ha MHorHX TCppHTOpHSIX rHC3.ll0BbH H ncpClICTbI nTHLI oxpaHH-
IOTCSI 3aKOHOM, epel{H HHX HY>K:HO Ha3BaTb HeCKOIlbKO OCTpOBOB CHBa-
ma, 3anOBC.llHOe ypO'fHll.{C «fopa OnYK» H OCTpOBa 3I1bKCH-KaH IU Ha
lOre KCp'fCHCKOro nOIlyOCTpOBa.
B CCBCpHOH 'laCTH KCp'fCHCKOro nOIlYOCTpOBa paCnOIlO)l(CH ro-
CYl{apCTBCHHbIH OpHHTOIlOrH'feCKHH 3aKa3HHK «A<""TaHHHCKHC nnaBHH»
(<<OHCYIlbCKaH nIlaBHH»). BOCTO'fHbIC 6cpcra AKTamCKoro 03Cpa-I1H-
MaHa npeLI.<""TaBnHIOT C060H 3apOCJIH TpOCTHHKa, OHH-TO H Ha3blBalOT-
CSI nIlaBHSlMH. Ha.lle)l(HOC YKpblTHC H 06HIIHe KopMa npHBIIeKalOT CIOl{a
MHOrO'fHCneHHblc CTaH ncpeIlCTHbIX H rHC3l{HmHXCSI B KpbIMY nTHLI.
73
3OTep HHbli:1 Ml1p
Ho CaMblM «rnaBHbIM» OpHHTOIlOrH'lCCKHM 3anOBC.D.HHKOM, IIMC-
IOll.{HM 3ac.'lY>K:CHHOC MC}f(J!YHapO.D.HOC npH3HaHHC, SlBIISIIOTCSI Jlc6H>K:bH
OCTpOBa - <}>HIIHaIl KpblMCKOrO rOCY.D.apCTBCHHOrO 3anOBC.D.HHKa.
lllCCTb OCTpOBOB ypO'fHU1a HaXO.1lHTCH B03I1C CCBCpO-3ana.llHbIX 6epe-
roB paBHHHHoro KpblMa. npflMCpHO Ha 8 KM BblTHHYIlHCb OHH B,a:OIlb
6cpera KapKIIHHTcKoro 3aJIHBa. CaMblH 60JIbmoii OCTpOB HMCeT }J.JIH-
HY OKOIlO 3,5 KM H mHpHHY .D.O 350 MCTpOB. Or 6cpcra oCTpoBa Y.D.aJIe-
Hbl npHMepHo H3 3,5 KM. MCIIKOBO.D.bC, 06HIIHC paCTHTelIbHOii H >K:H-
BOTHOH nHWH B BO.D.C H Ha cymc B COIJCTaHHH C 3anOBe.D.Hb1M pe>KHMOM
npHBJICKalOT Ha J1C6S1>KbH oCTpoBa Maccy BO.llOnnaBaIOIl\HX nTHLI. 3.llCCb
rHC3.D.HTCH 60IlbmaH nonYIIHUHH J1e6e.llR-IilHI1..VH8. n03LI.Hcii OCCHblO Ha
ocrpoBax c06HpalOTcSI Ha 3HMOBKY CCBCpHblC J1e6ePH-KJ1HKYHhl. Ha oc-
TpOBax rHC3.llHTCH pa3I1H'fHble BH.llbl YTOK, KylIHKOB, 6cnblc H CCpblC
LlannH, 'faHKH, 6aKIlaHbl, Bccro 60Ilcc 25 BH.llOB.
)].lIH OXOTbl HY>K:CH a3apT, l1IIH HaY'fHOrO Ha6I1IOLI.CHHSI 3a nTHLla-
MH - CCpbC3HbIC npo<}>cccHoHaIlbHblc HaBbIKH, HO J"l1060H H3 Hac MO-
}f(CT BCTaTb ncpc.D. paCCBCTOM, npoiiTHCb no napKY HJlH nO.D.HSlTbCH B
6I1H>K:aHllIHH I1CC, 'fT06bl ycnblmaTb Ha 30pbKC pa3HorOIlOCblH Xop neB-
'lHX nTHLI, BC.D.b nTH'lhe HaccnCHHC O,a:HHX I1Hlllb I1CCOnapKOB H napKOB
HaCCIlCHHblX nYHKTOB KpblMa HaC'fHTblBaCT 60Ilcc 20 BH}J.OB.
B KpblMY 06HTaeT 601Ice 60 BH.llOB MIICKOnHTaIOll.{HX. CaMblc Kpyn-
HhIC npe.llCTaBHTCIIH KpblMCKOH l}JaYHbl - KOnblTHblC >K:HBOTHbIC, 'fCThI-
pc BH,lla KOTOpbIX npHcnoc06HIIHCb K ropHbIM JJeCaM nOlIyocTpoBa.
KpbIMCKHH OJ1eHb 6J18rOPOPHblH, coxpaHHBllIHHCH Ha 3anOBC.1IHblX Tep-
pmopHHx, H KOCyJIRHBlIHIOTCH MecTHblMH (a60pHreHHbIMH) BH.llaMI:I,,lIBa
OCTaJIbHblX BH,lla napHOKonbITHbIX nOHBHIlHCb 6I1arO.1lapH YCHJIHHM I11O-
.D.CH. JlaHb B 70-x IT. XX B. 3aBC3eHa H3 3anOBC.D.HHKa ACJ<aHHSI-HoBa, HO
6oIlbU1oro .npHpoCTa norOIlOBbH nOKa He Ha6nlO.D.aCTcSI. A BOT Ka6aH
.llHKHii, nOHBHBmHHCH B cepe.D.HHC 50-x IT., B HaCTOHwce BpeMH pacce-
I1HI1CH no BeeH I1CCHOH 30HC, H Ha 'Hcro pa3pellICH I1HLlCH3HOHHbIH OT-
CTpeIl. nOnbITKH aKKIlHMaTH3aLlHH B KpblMY 3y6pa H ropHoro 6apaHa-
My<tmOHa OKOH'fHIlHCb HCY.lla'lCH: 3y6p, npH'fHIDIIOll.{HH Bpe.ll HcnpHcno-
C06I1eHHOH K pocry cro norOIlOBbH paCTHTClIbHOCTH, 6bill B 1980 r. nHmCH
KpblMCKOii <<rrponHC!<H», a MY<}>I10H .D.OBOIlbHO nnoxo pa3MHO}f(aeTCSI.
113 XHll.{HbIX 3BepCH nOlIYOCTpOBa .D.OCTaTO'lHO MHOrO'lHCnCHHbI-
MH SlBJIjjIOTCH J1HCHl.(a H J1aCKa. J1acKa - caMblH MaJICHbKHH XHIl\HHK
74
)f(I-1BOTHblH Ml-1p
KpblMa, ;IHOma BMCCTC C JJCCHblM JKHTCnCM O.lpC}'KO.U -- CaMblC Kpyn-
. IIblC. 06b1'fH<tSl ;mCHua 'faille BCTpClfaCTC$I B CTenHblX Y'IaCTKaX, KpblM-
CKHiI nO:1BII..'l 60jlce xapaKTcpCH .i)JlSl ropHO-:ICCHOH 'laCTH nO:lYOCTPO-
Ba. B npCJtrOpbSlX KpblMa OOHTaCT KYHlfWI, B]:{OIIb CCBcpo-KphlMCKO-
I'o KaHa.1a paCCCJ1HJIaCb CHOTOBlf/1H.IJl co6aK.I. XlUllHHKH IIHTalOTCH
:u160 'lHCTO JKHBOTHOH. mnUCH, KaK XOpCK H I1aCKa, JlH60 HMCIOT CMC-
waHHbl1f paLlHOH. KaK 3TO Ha6I1IO.aaeTCSI Y KYHHLlbl. I1HCIU. bl, 6apCYKa,
CHOTOB HOH c06aKH. HCKor.aa B KpblMY 6b1J10 .D.OBOnbHO 1Horo BOIl-
KOB, HO nOClIC.D.HHC 3BCpH HC'lC3I1H CmC B Ha'laJIC XX BCKa.
)l(H3Hb 6C3 BOIlKOB .D.1IH 3aHLlCB, HCCOMHCHHO, npc.aCTaBIISlCTCSI
npCCHOBaTOH, HO 38Jll(-PYCBK HcnlIOXO cc6S1 IlYBCTBYCT B KpblMY H MO-
;.KCT 6bITb 06HapY}f(CH nOBCCMC.CTHO, KpOMC pa3BC 'I TO LlCHTpaIlbHblX
rOpO.D.CKHX KBapTaIlOB. CymecTBcHHOro YBCIIH'fCHHH aKJ<1IHMaTH3Hpo-
BaHHoro B CTcnHhlX paHOHax KponHKa nOKa HC Ha6I1IO.aaCTCH, HO BOT
6CJ1K8, nOCeJJHBmaHCH B 1940 r. Ha TCppUTOpllH KpblMCKOro npHpOLI.-
Horo 3anOBCLlHHKa, pacccIIHIIacb no BCCMY nOIlyocTPOBY, BKJIIO'faSi
napKH H 3CJ1CHbIC 30Hbl ropo.D.oB. .
B YCpHOM H A30BCKOM MOpJlX BCTpe'faIOTCH 'fCTblpC npc.aCTaBH-
TCIIH MOpCKHX MIICKonHTalOmHX: TlOJ1CHb-MOH8X H TPH BH}J.a LleJ1b(jJl/-
HOB. B CCTCCTBCHHOH 06CTaHOBKe .aCIIbQ>HHOB y.aaCTCH BCTpCTHTb HC-
'faCTO. HO B HaCTOHmcc BpCMH nerKO n03HaKOMHTbCH C HHMH B .D.CIIb<}>H-
HapmlX CCBaCTOnOIlH, .HlITbl, EBnaTopHH H Kapa.aara, r.ac 06bl'fHO
CO.D.Cp>K:HTCjJ a<}>amma. )],CJlb<}>HHbl C Y.D.OBOIlbCTBHCM npblralOT lfepC3
o6pY'fII, HrpalOT C MSI'fOM, BbInOIlHHIOT pa3Ho06pa3HblC KOMaH bI .apCC-
CHpOBmHKOB - CIIOBOM, ..'lCMOHCTPHPYK>T ncpc.D. ny6I1HKOH CBOH HC-
LI.1O}f(HHHbIC cnoc06HOCTH, H nonOMY nOCCll.{CHHC .llClIb<}>HHapHSI BCC-
rLI.a 01.JCHb 3pCIIHIllHO H n03HaBaTCIIbHO.
Tcncpb 0 HCKOTOpblX npC.D.CTaBHTCIIHX KpblMCKOH <}>aYHbI.
JJeCJJTHHOFHe paKH
HCCOMHCHHO, caMblH KpynHbIH H3 BCTpe'falOll.{HXCH B
KpblMY .aCCHTHHomx paKOB - OMap eoponeiiCKlfii
(Homarus gammarus). 3TOT MOpcKOH paK HMceT pa3-
MCpbl TCjJa .D.O 65 CM, BCC.aO II Kr II >l<HBCT .D.O 50 JICT.
4amc BCCro B YCpHOM MOpC OH BCTpC'faCTCSI Ha KaMC-
HHCTbIX rpYHTax B03JIC Eocq>opa, HO KpblMCKHC pbl6a-
75
3OTepHHHbI Ml-1p
KH YBCpJlIOT, IJTO HCOLI.HOKpaTHO I10BMH cro Y 6cpc-
rOB nOIlYOCTpOBa H C HCrOLI.OBaHHCM 0TBcpralOT npc.D.-
nOIlO>K:CHHC, 'iTO pC'fb H.llCT 0 C6e}f(aBUlCM H3 peCTopa-'
Ha 3K3CMnIlJlpc. BnpO'feM, YTBCp}f(LI.CHHC, If TO OMap
HHOr.D.a MHrpHpYCT K 6cperaM KaBKa3a H KpblMa,
BCTpe'laCTCH H B 60Ilee .D.O<"'TOBepHbIX HCTO'lHHKax.
BCCbMa 3K30TH'fCCKHC paKH, 06HTalOmHC B03JlC KpblM-
CKHX 6epcrOB. Ha3bIBalOTCJI paKaMH-OTWeJlhHHK8MH.
3TO ceMCHCTBO HaC'fHTbIBaeT OKOIlO 450 BH.llOB, HeKO-
TOpblC npe.llCTaBlITeIlH .llOCTHralOT .ll1IHHbl 17 CM. CBO-
HM Ha3BaHHeM )/(HBOTHbIC 06S13aHbl TOMY, 'I TO npJl'fYT
HC3all.{HmCHHOC naHLlHpCM 6plOIllKO HJlH npSl'fYTcSI LlC-
I1HKOM B nY<"'Thlc paKoBHHbI 6plOXOHomx MOIlJlIOCKOB,
lfaIllC Bccro YIIHTOK. )],Ba 'fCpHOMOpCKHX BH}J.a, .J(HoreH
H KJlH6clHapHii, OTJlH'faIOTCJI BCCbMa Hc601IbmHMH pa3-
McpaMH. Hx 'iaCTO MO>l<HO BCTpeTH'I'b Ha nCC'faHbIX MC-
CTax, rLI.c OHH BMCCTC C .llOMHKOM LI.CIIOBHTO CHYIOT no
MCIIKOBOLI.blO B nOHCKax nHlucBblX OCTaTKOB.
Pe<JHhle paKH }'3KOnaJIblii H WHpOKOIlaJlblii B KpblMY
TaKHC >l<C, 'I TO H B .D.pyrHx MCCTax HamCH pO.llHHbl,
n03TOMY Mbl HC 6YLI.CM 0 HHX paCCKa3blBaTb, 'fTo6bl
HC JlHmaTb TCMbl I1106HTelICH nHBa.
Y 6cperOB KpblMa B A30BCKOM H lJCpHOM MOpJlX 06H-
TalOT KpeBCTKH. CaMas KpynHaSI H3 HHX, naJIeMOH, .llOC-
THraCT lLTIHHbl 8 eM. JIOBJIT KpeBeTOK 'fall.{C ocero Ha
MeIIKOBOLI.be, cpe.lm BOLI.OpocIlCH H 3apoCJJCH 3OCTCpbI.
Kpa6bI
76
B lJepHOM MOpe HaC'fHThlBaerCJI 18 BH}J.OB xpa60B, npe.ll-
CTaBHTeIleH po.na Eriphia. EoIlbmHHCTBo H3 HHX HC OT-
mI'faeTCSI BH)'lIIHTCJIbHl>IMH pa3MCpaMH, II yaepeHIDl O'fC-
BH.lU.\CB, 'lT0 OHH I10BH1lH HIlH BH}J.eIIH B lJepHoM MOpe
nOIlYMCTpOBblX xpa60B, H}'>K:.lIaIOTCJI B CCpbe3HblX yTOIf-
HCHIDlX. CaMbrn xpymn,rn BCTpe'falOll.{HHCSI Y no6epe>K:bSl
KpbIMa BH}J.- KaMeHHbnf Kpa6(E. VClTUcosa), naHLIHpb
KOToporo B )UIaMCTpe .D.OCTI1raCT 9--9,5 CM. naHllHpb OK-
Me,lJY3bI
)f(I-1BOTHbI Ml-1p
pamCH B JII1J10Bbrn l{BCT C >K:CJITO-KOpWmCBbIM y30poM.
Kpa6 06HTaCT Ha my6HHe .llO 30 M, cpc.ID1 KaMHeii, HO
HCpe..'lKO npor)'lIHBacTcjJ no nCC'faHoMY rpYHTY, me ero
H "'OBJIT IIC.llI1CUHrlJlHHHpoBaHHhlc HhIpJlIlbIIlliKH, >Kena-
1Oll{J1C OTBC..'laT.b BCC.bMa BKycHoro Kpa60BOro Wlca. B 01'-
lIH'fHC 01' CBOHX npeCHOBO.llHbIX pO.llCTBCHHHKOB Kpyn-
lIblii Kpa6 pa60TacT KIICmWJMH TaK, 'lTO MO}f(eT
«npoKYCHTh» nancu I10BLla .llO KpOBH. KCTaru. «Kycacr-
C }) H mrpa<}>, HaJIaraeMhIH f OCY.llapcrBeliHOH HHClIeK-
LlHcii no OXpaHC IIpHpO.llbl 3a I10BJIIO Kpa60B.
Ell.{c O..'IHH I1CKyCI1TC.% 6paKoHbCpoB - 'TJklBj[}fOH xpa6,
3Ha'fHTe.iIbHO MCJ'b'le H XY>KC Ha BKyC (no yacpcHHIO 6pa-
KOHbCpoB H HX CO-rpaIIe3IDIKOB). Kpa6 xapaJ<TepcH CBoeH
3eIlCHOB3TOH oKpacKoii, n03BOmIlOll.{cii CMY 6bICIpO CKpbl-
BaTbC B BO.llopocrlJlX' Wi}! Y3I<HX Ill.CJUIX BOllliOpe'30B.
Hc60.lJbmoii no pa3MepaM MpaJ../OpHhlH Kpa63aMe-
'faTClICH BOIlHHCTbIM PHCYHKOM Ha eBoeM 1eIlCHOBa-
TOM llIIOCKOM naHl.{Jlpc H TeM, 'I TO BCTpC'faCTC .B031Ie
caMoro ypC3a BO.llbl. B BCpXOBb X ropHbIX pCK H 06-
pa30BaHHblx I1MI1 npy ax KpblMa BCTpC'laCTCJJ pe.ll-
KHH npecHoBo£lHhlif Kpa6(Potamon tauricum Czcrn).
.LJ,I1HHa TCIIa Kpa6a lWCTllraeT 5 CM, Macca .- 50 rpaM-
MOB, CaMKa OTKJ,aJ{bIBaCT He 601ICC 200 HKpHHOK, H
ncpBYIO He.llClIlO OTpOKH npOBO JlT, .llCp)!(aCb 3a Ma-
MHHY 106KY, H3BIIHHTe, 6pIOUlKO. 06bJ'IHO Kpa6b1 np -
'lYTCJI no.ll KaMHHMH, a no HO'faM H BO BpCMH ..'lO}i(}J.CH
cOBepmalOT nCmCXO.llHblC nporYlIKH 1I0 cymc.
B01I1e KpbIMCKUX 6CperoB 'famc Bccro MO>KHO BC1pCTHTh
rpH BH.lla MC.l{)'3. KOpIlCPOTOTIIHLJaCTc}j HaJIH'fHeM JlpKO
oKpamcHHoro nplKa ll.{ynaJJeLl. CBHcalOUlcro 113-1I0.ll
Kynona. MC Y3a llOCTHraCT B .llHaMCTpC 35 CM. CTpCKa-
rCJIbHLIC KIICTKH KOpHCpoTd >K:ryrc HC XYiKC KpamIBbl,
HO 3TH O>K:om 6CCC;'C..'lHO npOXO.llJIT 'lCpC3 HCCKOIlbKO
MJlH:YT. KpynHcHma 'fepHOMopeKa MC.llY3a pH3OCTO-
77
30Tep HHblv. Ml-1p
M8 .llOCTHrdCT .llHaMeTpa 60 CM, HMeCT XOpollIO Bblpa-
>KCHHbIC HaBblKH aKTHBHOrO nCpCMCll.{CHHJI H «>K:>KCTCJI»,
XOTJI H cIIa6cc KpanHBbl, HO TO}f(C BnOIlHC Oll.{YTHMO.
CaMblH pacnpocrpaHcHHblH 'fCpHOMOpcKHH BH.ll, aype-
JIHR, Ha3bIBaCMaJi TaK>K:C MOpcKHM 6I1IO.llC'fKOM, ropa3-
.no MClIb'fC, pe.llKO .nOCTHrdCT 20 CM B .nHaMCTpe, «nnaBa-
eT» ropa3.ll0 XY>KC, CTpCKaTClIbHblC KlICTKH 3ToH MC.nY3bI'
HC cnoc06Hbl npoHHKH)'Tb B 'fClIOBC'fCCKYIO KO}f(Y H «06-
>KC'fb» .na>K:C MMCHbKoro pe6eHKa.
MOJIJI/OCKH
MWUfH HC 06pa3YIOT }f(CM'fYrd. 3TH 'fCpHbIC .llBycrnop-
'faTblC MOIIJIIOCKH 60Il€C H3BecTIlbl HaM 61IarO.llapJl CBO-
HM rdcrpOHOMH'fCCKHM Ka'fCCTBaM. MilJlHH >K:HBYT 60Ilb-
llIHMH KOIlOHilllMH, rp03JU>JlMH nOKpblBaJi nOBcpXHOCTH
nO.llBO,llHb1X CKaJJ, BOIlH0pe30B HJlH KaMljCH, npHI<penJIjl-
JlCb K HUM HHTJlMH 6Hccyca. HaH60Ilcc MHOro'fHCIICHHhI
MiI.ll.HH Ha rny6HHax OT 5 .llO 20 MCTpoB. B ccBCpo-3ana}J.-
HOH 'faCTH I.JCpHOro MOpJl HX 6HOMiicca onpe.llClIJleTC B
6-7 MIlH TOHH. TOIlbKO B 3TOM paHoHc MH.llHH <}>HJIbTpY-
lOT Ka)!(llbIH .lleHb 601Ice 100 KM 3 BO.llbI, T. C. 100 MlIp.ll
TOHH. OpH 3TOM npollIC.lllllHC 'fCpe3 nHll.{CBapHTCJIbHYIO
CHCTeMY MHl!HH 'faCTHIJ;bI HJla HJlH nCCKa CKlJCHBalOTCH H
OCC.llalOT Ha .nHO, HHa'fC rOBOpJl, KpynHblc nOCCIlCHHJI
MHl!HH HrpalOT Ba}f(HCHrnylO poIlb B TOM, 'lTO MbI Ha3bl-
BaCM caMOO'fHll.{eHHCM MOpJl. MH.llHH Hc06bl'faiiHo nno-
.llOBHThI, Ka)!(llbIH MOJIJIIOCK npoH3BO.D.HT MHIIJIHOHbl JlHU,
H3 KOTOpblX 'BbIXO.wrr nOKpbITbIC pecHH'f](aMH I1H'fHHKH,
nepeHOCHMble TC'fCHHm.1H Ha 60IlbllIue paCCTOJlHHJI.
YCTpHllbICOCTaBlIJlIOT oc060c CCMCHCTBO, HaC'fHTbl-
BalOll.{CC OKOIlO 50 BH.llOB, HO HaH60IlbllICC BII.llOB<'JC
pa3Ho06pa3He Ha6I1IO.llaeTCJI B TpOnH'fCCKHX BO.llax.
CaMblc KpynHblc paKoBHHbl .nOCTHraIOT 45 CM B .nH-
aMcTpc, HO 'fCpHOMOpCKHC YCTPHLlbI HC npcBblmalOT
7 CM, a O.llHOIlCTHHC - 1,5 CM. no KYIIHHapHblM cBoii-
CTBaM YCTPHLlbl 3aHHMalOT HCCOMHCHHOC JIH.nCpCTBO
78
flaYKH
)f(HBOTHbIH Ml-1p
Cpe.llH MOIlIlIOCKOB. ):(0 Cepe.llHHbI XX B. YCTpHl.\bI 06-
pa30BbIBalIH 60IlbmHc CKonlIeHHH Ha 6aHKax - Y.lla-
lIeHHblX OT 6epera MelIKOBO.llHblX Y'faCTKaX MOPH-
H HMelIH B I.JepHoM MOpC npoMblClIOBoe 3Ha'leHHe.
YBbl, HaM nOKa He 'IaCTO y,aaeTCH nOIlaKOMHTbCjJ 'fCp-
nOMopCKHMH YCTpHuaMH. B 3TOM 3aHjJTHH Hac He-
CKOlIbKO .lleCHTKOB lIeT cepbe3HO onepe}f(aeT ,apyroH
pO,D; MOIlIlIOCKOB - panaHbI.
PanaJIbJ, KaK H YJIHTKH, OTHOCHTCH K 6plOXOHOrHM MOIl-
JDOCKaM. B po.ny 31HX MoJIJIIOCKOB HaC'IHTbIBaeTCH3 BH}J.a,
O,D;HH H3 KOTOpblX B 3O-x HJJH 4O-x IT. XX B. 6bill 3aBC3CH
Ha ,llHHll{e Kopa6ml B I.JepHoe MOpe H3 .HnoHcKoro. 31'0
npHBClIO K cepbe3HOMYHapyrneHHIO 3KOIlOJWIecKOro paB-
HOBCCHH. He HMeH.llOCTaTO'fHOrO KOmI'fecTBa eCTecTBCR-
HbIX BparoB, panana CHJlbHO pa3MHO)I(HJIaCb H YJlH'IT0-
)l(HJIa MHOrO'fHCIleHHbIC KOIlOHHH yCTpHU H MH}J.HH B
I.JepHoM MOpe. B nOCIIe,llHHe roJU>1 H3-3a He.llOCTaTKa KOp-
Ma 'fHCIleHHOCTb panaHbl OOKpaTHlIaCb H 3KOIlOJWIecKoe
paBHOBecHe Ha'fHHaCT BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH. YCTpHLIbl B
3Ha IfHTCJlbHOM KOmI'fCCTBe cero}J.JUI BCTpC'faIOTCH B Erop-
I1bll.{KOM 3aJIHBe, me HX 'fHCIlO .llOCTnraCT 5 MIlH, B Kap-
KHHHTCKOM 3aJIHBe H B ceaepo-3ana.LlHOH 'faCTH MOpH. Pa-
naHa HMeCT BnOIlHe C1>e.ll06HYIO «Hory» H BCCbMa
.lleKopaTHBHYIO paKoBHHY.
Ell.{e O.llHHM MHOrO'fHCIIeHHbIM npe.llCTaBHTClIeM 6plO-,
XOHorHX MOpcKHX MOJJIlIOCKOB HBJIHeTCH MClIKaH YIIHT-
Ka C n03TH'IeCKHM Ha3BaHHCM pHCCOJl. 3aBHTKH ec
npo'lHOH }J.IIHHHOH paKoBHHbl nOKpbITbl He601IbmH-
MH pe6PHCTblMH 6yropKaMH. no ,aaHHbIM rlI.llp06HO-
I10rOB, 06ll.{aH Macca 3THX YIIHTOK B O.llHOM TOIlbKO
KapKHHHTCKOM 3MHBe COCTaBJIHeT 60Ilec 50 TOHH.
0Tpjj,ll naYKoB HaC'IHTbIBaeT 60Ilce 20 TbIC. BH.llOB, H3
HHX B YKpaHHc - OKono 300. 3TH XHll.{HHKH HrpalOT
Ba>KHeHmylO po!Ib B caMoperYIIHpoBaHHH 3KOIlOrH'feC-
79
30Tep51HHbli1 Ml1p
KHX CHCTCM, H 3aBel!OMOC npC.lly6C)I(,llCHHC MHOrHX 1110-
.D.CH KO BCCM naYKaM HBHO He060CHOBaHIIO, CaMblH
KpynHblH naYK KpblMa H YKpaHHbl - rapaHTYJllO)/i-
HOPYCCK1IH (Lycosa signoricnsis). J],nHHa TC.la 3TOro
MOXHaTOrO naYKa ,aOCTlIraCT 3,5 CM. )l{HBCT OH B BCp-
THKaJlbHbIX, 60Ilcc nOIlYMCTpa rny6HHoH, Hopax, OT-
KY.D.a Bbl6HpaCTCJI B HO'fHOC BpeMJI)U1J1 OXOTbl 3a Hacc-
KOMbIMH. YKYC TapaHTYIla HC MeHee 601Ie3HeH. 'fCM YKYC
n'fCnbl, HO He y6HBaeM }f(e Mbl n'fClI npH nepBOH B03-
MO>KHOCTH, a KycalOT OHH I1IO.llCH npHMcpHO B MHJllIH-
OH pa3 'fall.{e, 'feM TapaHryIlbI.
K CHJlbHOMY OTpaBJIeHHIO MO}f(CT npHBeCTH YKYC Tonb-
KO naYKOB O.llHOro BlI.lla - KapaKypra (Lathodectus
tredccimguttatus). 0c06CHHO Jl}J.OBHTbl.llaMbl, a'fepHble
B.llOBbl (HMCHHO TaK nepeBO.llHTCJI KapaKypT C TlOpKC-
KOro) BCer,aa noe.llalOT cynpyrOB nocrre CBepmeHHH 6pa'f-
Horo TaHHCTBa. KapaKypT 06HTaCT B 30He IO>KHblX CTC-
neH H nonynyCTbIHb. Pa3Mepbl naYKa He601IbmHe: caMKH
.llO 2 CM, caMua .llO 7 MM. CaMUbI H IOHblC naY'fHXH -
ccporo UBCTa C KpaCHblMH nJiTHaMH Ha 6plOllIKC, no
Mepe HacrynneHHH nOIlOBOH 3penOCTH caMKH CTaHOBJlT-
CJI qepHblMH, npe.D.BOCXHll.{aJi cy,ab6y CBpHX nbU1KHX B03-
.llblXaTelIeH. B 3all.{HTY caMOK MO>KHO CKa3aTb, 'I TO OHH
nOIlHOCTblO OT.llaIOT ce6J1 nO.llpaCTaIOll.{eMY nOKOIleHHIO
H nom6alOT JIocrre nocrre.llHeH KIla}J.KH JlHLI. BCCbMa HH-
TepcCHO ycrpoeHbl opraHbI 'fYBCTB KapaxypTOB, l)'OoPY-
)l(eHHblX .QByM}! napaMH rIIa3, O.llHa H3 KOTOpblX npe.a-
Ha3Ha'feHa .I1.1Ul.D.HCBHOrO, a .llPyraH.I1.1Ul HO'lHOrO 3peHIDl.
Ea60QKH
80
Cpe.aH 3HTOMOlIoroB - lII06HTeJ1eH H npO<}>CCCHOHMb-
HblX HCCIlC.llOBaTeneH, npome.D.mHX, KaK npaBHJlO, CTa-
.llH1O 1I106HTeJ1bCTBa B JJ.CTCTBe, MHomc H36pMH YBJIe-
'fCHHe H poJJ. 3aIUlTHH 61Iaro.llapJl 6a60'fKaM. MHomc
6a60'fKH npeKpaCH!>I, TaK KaK CBOIO Kpacory OHH npe-
BpaTHJlH B cpe.D.CTBQ 3aIIUfll>I, 'I TO Bo06ll.{e-TO HC TaK H
)f(I-1BOTHbli:1 Ml-1p
HaHBHO ;uIJI'TCX, 11..0 npJl'fCTCJI Ha LlBCTaX. E>a60'lcK KTO-
TO Ha3BM >KHBbIMH UBCTaMU. B03MO)KHO. no JTOi1 npu-
'fUHC B KHHre «KPblM: KHura pCKOPJ10B» 60JJbmC Becro
pcKOp,'ICMCHOB-HaCCKOMbIX Bbl.llenCHO CPC.lIIi 6a60'lcK.
CaMOH KpyrnmH eBponeikKoH 6a60'll<oH no pa3Maxy Kpbl-
IIbCB C'fHTaCTC5I 06HTaIOll.{aJI B KpbIMY n8BfIJfHOrJIII3J.<I rpy-
meBaR(Satumia pyri Den. ct Schill), pa3MaX KpblIlbCB KO-
TOPOH .llOCTHraCT 15,5 CM. Qcra.m,HbIC npU30BbiC MCcra
.neIlJlT MC}f(.llY C060H 6pa)/(HHK «MepTB8R rOJIOB8»
(Achcrontia atropos), 6pa;KHHK OJIeaJU(jJOBbljj (Daphnis
nerii L), 6JXVKHHK BbIOHKOBbdi(Af!)rusconvolvuli L). 6pa;K-
IDlKCH]JeHCBbrii(Sphinx ligustri L.), 6pa;KHHK IO)/(HblH Mo-
JIO'laTfHblli(Hylesnicaea Prun.), COBKa «opJ1eHCKaRJIClffiV)
(Catocala fraxini L.), MaxaOH(papilio machaon L).
E>pa}f(HUK «MCpTBaJi rOIlOBa» - HCCOMHeHHblH I1H.llep
no )UIHHe TeIla, KOTOpaJl.llOCTUraeT y Hero 6 CM. CBOHM
Ha3BaHHeM 6a60'll<a 06J13aHa pHcyHKY Ha cnHHC, KOTO-
pblH npH Hc60IlbllIOM Bo06p8}f(eHHH I1erxo npUH5ITb 1a
u306pa}f(eHUe 'fClIOBe'fCCKOrO 'fepena. Ell.{C O.llHOH Heo-
6b1'fHOH oco6eHHOCTblO 3TOH 6a60'fKH MO>KHO Ha3BaTb
YMeHue nHll.{aTb. Epa}f(HHKH O'feHb nOXO>KH Ha KOIlH6-
pu. ToqHee, KOlIH6pH nOXO}f(U Ha 6pa>KHHKoB. OHU KaK
BepTOIlCTHKH 3aBHcaIOT Ha.ll LlBCTaMH U nblOT Hell..ap
npH nOMOIll.H )UIHHHoro x060TKa, nOXO}f(ero Ha KIIIOB,
HIIH KIIIOBa, nOXO>K:ero Ha X060TOK. Epa}f(HHK OlICaH.ll-
pOBbIH, KCTaTH, nOXO}f( Ha HeKoropble BH.llbl KOlIH6pH
cBoeH H3YMPY.llHOH oKpacKoH. KHHra «KPblM: KHHra pe-
KOP.llOB» Ha3bIBaeTero caMOH KpaCHBoH 6a60QKOH Kpbl-
Ma. JlCTalOT 6p8}f(HHKH TO}f(e 6b1CTpO, KaK mUUM, HX
CKOpOCTb npeBblllIaeT 60 KWQac.
Y caMKH KHCTeXBOCT8 COMHHTCJIbHOrO (Teia dubia
Tausch) HeT HH KpbillbCB, HH HOr. .HBJIjjjl co60H"npu-
Mep ,aOBe.lleHHOrO.D.O a6cYP.lla HH<}>aHTHIlH3Ma, OHa KaK
6bl He paCCTaCTC" c .llCTCTBOM H OCTaeTCjJ KYKOlIKOH.
CaMeLl OTblCKHBaeT KOKOH C caMKOH-KYKOIlKOH H pa3-
rpb13aeT ero, CIIOBOM, 6epCT Ha ce6" BCIO HHHUHarnBY.
81
30Tep HHbli1 Ml-1p
KCTaTH, nOHCK KOpMa H nO.llpyr 6a60'fKH Be.llYT npH
nOMOll.{H cBoero He06bI'faHHO OCTpOrO 060HHHH}!. Ca-
MCLI naBJIHHOrJIaJKH MaJIOii (Eudia pavonia L.) cno-
c06eH «YHlOxaTb» HeBeCTY Ha paCCTojJHHH II KM. ECIIH
Y'feCTb pa3HHUY B Macce TeIla, TO .D.1IH qClIOBCI<a no-
D.06tioe paCCTOHHHe npeBblCHIIO 6bl paCCTOHHHe OT
BaHKYRcpa LIO T6HIIHCH. .
MHOr O'fKH JlBlIHIOTCH 3H}J.CMH'fHbIMI1 KpbIMCI<H-
MH BH,llaMIi. Cpe.zm HHX npe}f(}J.e Bcero HY}f(HO YKa3aTb
YHHKaIlbHYIO 6a60'fKY KaTanTpepnrH.L(Y (Catapterix
crimeaea Zag et Sin.), HaH.llCHHYIO Ha Kapa}J.are poc-
CHHCKHMH yqCHbIMH A. K. 3aryIlJleBblM 11 C. 10. CH-
HelIbHHKOBbIM B 1988 ro . OnHcaHHblH HMH BH,ll npe.ll-
CTaBIIHeT c060H HOBblH pOD. H HOBoe cCMeiicTBo,
e.llHHCTBeHHbIM MeCTo06HTaHHeM KOToporo HBlIJleTCH
KpblM. J1Hmb Ha reppHTopHH .HIITHHCKOrO ropHO-I1CC-
HOro 3anOBe.llHHKa BCTpe'faeTCH caTnp 'lCpHOMOpcKHH
(Pseudochazara euxina Kusn).
. EOrOMOllbI
82
3TOT OTpJl}J. HaceKOMblX (Mantheoptera) Y'fHT Hac He
.aOBCpHTb nepBOMY Bne'faTlIeHHIO. EorOMOlIbI O.llHO-
BpeMCHHO nOXO}f(H Ha CTPCK03Y, KY3He'fHKa H BCTO'f-
KY C I1HCTHI<aMH. Kor.lla 60roMoIl HenO.llBH>KHO CII.llHT
Ha HaCTOHll.{eH BeTKe, ero O'leHb TpY.llHO Ha HeM pa3-
lIH'fHTb. npH 3TOM OH 'IaCTO BCCbMa CMHpCHHO noD.-
}f(HMaCT nepeD.HHe I1anKH. Ho CTOHT KaKOMY-HH6Y.llb
HaccKoMoMY OKa3aTbCjJ n06I1H3OCTH, 60roMoIl MrHO-
BCHHO 0 CBOCH CMHpcHHOCTH 3a6blBaCT, nocIIc 'fero
ero MOll.{Hble IfClIlOCTH 6bICTpO npeI<pall.{aIOT MY'feHHH
Tex, KTO'HC YMceT OTIIH'faTb BCTO'fCK OT 60rOMOIlOB 11
MHHMoe CMHpeHHe OT nO.llIIHHHoro. nO'fTH 2000 BH-
.llOB 3Toro OTpJl}J.a pacnpoCTpaHeHbl npeHMYll.{CCTBCH-
HO B TponHKax H cy6TponHKax. CaMblii KPynHblii H3
KpblMCKHX BH.llOB 60roMOJI 06bIKHOBCHHblH (Mantis
rcligiosa L.) .llOCTHraeT JIJlHHbl 7,5 CM.
)J{YKH
)f(I-1BOTHbla:1 Ml-1p
KaK Mbl Y}f(C rOBOpHJIH, 3TO CaMbIH MHoro'fHCnCHHbIH
OTpSl.ll KpblMCKHX HaCCKOMblX. )J(YKH ----C}'lllCCTBa CCpb-
e3Hble, CHJlbHbIC, BbIHOCJlHBbIC. ,lJ,rIH ..'IpeBHHX cmnTHH
)/I,-yK-HaB03HHK6blIl npc.D.MCTOM pe.'1HrH03HOrO nOKIIOHe-
Hlli!, Ha3bIBaJJH OHM ero cKapa6ccM. 3KcnCpHMCHTbi no-
Ka3aJIH, 'I TO )/(YK-HOCOPOr, KOTOPbI»OTHOCHTCH K CKapa-
6eHM-HaB03HMKaM, -eaMOC CHJlbHoe cyIllCCfBO Ha 3eMJIe,
CCJ1H H3MepjjTb CHJIY cnOCOOHOCTblO ncpc.D.BHraTb Macey,
MHorOKpaTHO npeBblmalOlUyIO BCC reJJa HcnbIrycMoro.
JlpJlMOKpbIllble
B TIOM oTpSl.lle (Orthoptera) Mbl BCTpC'faeM HaCeKOMblX C
.l1JUlliHbIMH H KOpoTKHMH yeaMH. K nCpBbIM OTHOCHTCSI
K}'3HC<iHKHH CBep<[J(H, KO BTOpblM - capaH<iOBue. OKa-
3blBaCTCH, 3JIOBell.{aH eapaH'fa BCTpC'faeTCj) nOBceM O,
H cnCLlHa.Jllicry 6blIl0 6bl O<feHb TpY.lUfO OTlIH'fHTb ee OT
xy3He'fHKOB, com 6bl Mbl He BOOpY>KHIIH ero 3HaHHeM,
.aa npocrJIT Hac 3HTOMOJIOm, HO eapaH'fa- JTO xy3HC-
'fHK C KOpoTKHMH yeaMH. O.llHaKO HCKOTOpblC BH.llbl ea-
paH'fH, a BCero HX 601Iee 10 ThIC. BH.llOB, HHoma B.llPyr
Ha'fHHaIOT HHTCHCHBHO pa3MHO}f(aTbcH. c06HpalOTcH B
OrpoMHble CTaH H 'C)f(HpaIOT HeBepoJITHoe KOIlH'feCTBO
ceJIbCKOX03M1CTBeHHbIX KYlIbryp. YeaTble po.aCTBCHHH-
KH Ha TaKHe peBOJUOUHoHHble .D.eHCTBHH HC cnoc06Hbl H
MHpHO cKa'fYT no nyraM. KyJHC'fHK, Ha3bIBacMbrii .i!b16-
KOH CTCl7HOH (Saga pedo Pall.), JlBJ1j)CTCSI eaMblM Kpyn-
HbIM, TO'fHee, eaMbIM !L'UIHHOTCJ)bIM KpblMCKHM HaCCKO-
MbIM. CaMKH TIoro BHJJ.a KY3HC'fHKOB .aocrnralOT J].JIHHbl
12 CM. 4TO >Ke.110 caMllOB, TO OHM Y .lIb16KH OTcyrCTBYIOT,
nOKa3bIBaH, 'lT0 I}JcMHHHCTH<feCKOC .D.BH}f(CHMe He BCema
06pc'fCHO Ha npoBM Ii npH .aOlI)f(HOM >K:CJIaHHH BnOlIHe
MO>KCT 6bITb .llOBC.aCHO .ao nOrH'fCCKOrO 3aBepmeHH}J.
4
lfHKa,lJa 06bIKHOBeHHaJl
3TOT BII.ll OTHOCHTCH K nO.llOTpSl.llY LlHKa,.'lOBblX oTpJl}J.a
npHMoKpblIlblX. LI.HKalI naC'fHTblBaCTCH 17 TbIC. BH.'lOB,
83
30Tep HHbli1 Ml-1p
H OHH paCllpOl.lpaHCHbI nOBceMCCTHO, HO 06 JlX cYll.{e-
CTBOBaHHlI 3HalOT TOlIbKO cneLlHaJJHCTbl. MHOC .D.CJIO
LlHKa,1a 06blKHoBeHHaJi (Tibicen plebcja Scdp). 3To ca-
M<UI KPynHaJi LlHKa}J.a B YKpaHHc, .D.JIHHa cc TCJIa npcBbl-
maCT 3,5 CM. OHa 06ll.{CH3BCCTHa, HO OTBIO.D.b HC noto-
MY, 'I TO BceM Y.J.aIlOCb paCCMOTpCTb ec KpynHYIO
KOMllJICKLlJlIO. 113BCCTHOCTblO CBoeH OHa 06J13aHa MO-
rY'fCMY MY3bIKa:lbHoMY .llapy caMLlOB, KOTopble BeCbMa
rpOMomacHO npH3bIBalOT MOIl<fMHBbIX nO.llpyr npH
nOMOll.{H CnCUHaJIbHOrO, cHa6>KCHHOrO pc30HaTopOM.
annapaTa. fOCTH KpblMa, npHC3JKalOlitHC H3 60nce ce-
BCpHblX pemOHOB, BII0I1HC MOryr HacIIa}J.HThCJI neHH-
eM :Horo caMoro rpoMorIlaCHoro HaceKOMoro. HaMHO-
ro 60Ilcc rolIOCHCTOro, 'leM CBCp<fKH - pCKOp,aCMCHbl
no 3BY'IaHHIO cpc,[lll KY3He'fHKOB.
Eapa6YJIbKa
Eapa6YIIbKa - pO.ll pbl6 cCMeHCTBa Kc<}>a,']CBbIX. HaC'fH-
ThIBalOll{HH .llBa BH}J.a. 3Ta He6oIlbm<UI LlCHHaJi npOMblC-
I10BaH pbl6a .D.OCTIlraCT ,ll,..'1HHbl 40 CM. OTIIH'faIOTCjI 6a-
pa6YIlbKH HalIH'IHeM .n.I1HHHbIX «YCOB» Ha HH"'HCM
'lenIOCTH, npH nOMOll.{H KOTOpblX B3MY'fHBaIOT neCOK Ba
MOpcKOM.llHC H Bbl;JaBJIHBaiOT MenKHX }f(HBOTHbIX. 06H-
TalOT B Cpe.llJl3CMHOM H npHlIeralOll.{HX K HCM}' MOpJlX.
B I.JepHoM H A'.JOBCKOM MOpJlX 06HTacr O.llHH BH}J. --
mullus barbatus. B PYCCKHM Jl3blK Ha3BaHHC 3aHMCTBO-
BaHO 'fCpe3 TypCl{KOC (barbunya) OT HTalIbJlHCKOrO
barbone - 601IblllaJi 60po.n.a, npoHcxo.LUIll.{Cro OT lIa-
THHCKoro barbus - 60po.lla. C yca m CBJl3aHO H BTO-
pOC HMJI PbI6bl--- CYJ1TaHKa, H60 TaKHC pOCKomHble YCbl
Monm 6bITb TOJlbKO Y nOBClIHTCJIJI npaBoBcpHblX.
3-ra BKYCHaJi pbl6Ka oc060 LlcmmaCb BO BpcMCHa aHTH'l-
Horo PHMa l13-3a Toro, 'I TO npH arOHHH Ha CC KO>KC nOJlB-
I1J1IOTCJI nHTHa nypnypHoro LlBCTa. ElIaro.llapJl JTOMY OHa
Obma HenpcMCHHbIM aTPH6YTOM H30ll.{pcHHbIX aHTH'fHbIX
nHpmCC"rB, r.ac CC roroBI1JIH npHMO 3a CTonOM.
84
EbllfKH
3elleHYWKH
KaM6a.JIa
)f(I-1BOTHbli:1 Ml-1p
Pbl6a 06H3aHa CBOHM Ha3BaHHeM KpynHOH. KaK Y 6blKa,
rOIlOBC. PO.ll 3THX Hc60IlbmHX pbl6 OTHOCHTCH K OTpH-
.llY OKYHc06pa3HbIX H HaC'fHTblBaCT 601Ice 600 BII.llOB,
06HTalOll.{HX B npH6pe>KHblX BO.llaX TponH'fCCKHX H yMc-
peHHblX llIHpOT. B I.JCpHOM H A30BCKOM MOpHX Bcrpe-
'faCTCH 60Ilee 10 BH.apB. CaMblH KpynHblH npe.a CTaBH -
TClIb - 6bl'lOK-MapToBHK, caMblH MHOrO'fHCIICHHbIH
BH.ll - 6bI'IOK-KpyrJlRK, caMblH pe.aKHH - 6bI'IOK-
pblCb. HY}f(HO npH3HaTb: 'I TO KYlIHHapHblC CBOHCTBa y
JTOH pbl6bl MeHec 3aMe'faTClIbHbl, 'feM oc06eHHOCTH
pa3MHO}f(eHHH. nbl'fOK-KpyrmIK ncpe.D. HCpCCTOM Tll.{a-
TCIIbHO O'fHll.{aCT HH>KHIOIO nOBcpXHOCTb KaMHH OT HJla
H OCTaTKOB paCTCHHH, a 3aTCM npHKJICHBaCT HKPHHKH,
KOTopble caMeLl MY}f(CCTBeHHO 3all.{HluaeT OT 1I106bIX
nOCHraTCIIbCTB B TC'fCHHe 12 .llHCH. Bcc 6bl'fKH MC'fyT
HKPy Ha Hc601IbmoH rIly6HHc, H TOlIbKO 6narO.D.apH
npO'fHOH 060IlO'fKC OHa Bbl}J.ep}f(HBaCT Y.llapbl npH60H.
npOHCXO)l(,llCHHe Ha3BaHHH 3clIeHymcK, HnH ry6aHoB,
HC HY)l(,llaCTCH B KOMMCHTapHHX. npe.llCTaBHTCIIH 3TO-
ro p O .lli1 oTpH.lla OKYHe06pa3HbIX HaC'fllTblBalOT 8 BH-
.llOB. Jl106HMblC MeCTa 06HTaHHH - CKalIbl C 3apocIIH-
MH BO.llOpOCIIeH, HepeCTHTcH I1eTOM, BblMeTaH ..'1.0 50
TbIC. HKpHHOK. B nepHO.ll HcpeCTa 3eJICHymKH CTpOHT
MC}f(.D.Y KaMHHMH rHe3.lla. nHTalOTcH MOlIIIIOCKaMH,
'fepBHMH, paKo06pa3HblMH. 3TH pbl6KH C nCCTpOH OK-
paCKOH XOpOllIO H3BeCTHbl nO.D.BO.llHbIM nnOBLlaM, nlO-'
6HTClIHM nO.llBO.llHOH OXOTbl H pbI6alIKH. npOMbICIIO-
Boro 3Ha'feHHH 3Ta pbl6a He HMeeT.
KaM6aJIbl- He po.a H ,aa>Ke HC CCMCHCTBO, a UClIbIH OT-
pM KOCTHCTbIX pbl6, HaCQJITbIBalOlllHH OKOIlO 500 BH-
.llOB, 06'be.llHHCHHbIX B 2 ceMeHcTBa (Bothidae H
85
30Tep HHbli1 Ml-1p
Plcuroncctidac). B PYCCKHlI S!3b1K Ha1B<lHHC .JaHMl."TBOBa-
HO H3 <}>HHCKOro (kampala). C.'IC HMCeT TO iKC 3na'ICIUlC.
Bcc Bl'l..'Ibl KaM6a;1 OTilH'faIOTCH npmLjJ}()cHYTbIM TCIIOM.
OnYCTHBmHCb Ha rpYHT. KaM6a:m 6blcrpo '3apbIBaeT-
CH B nCCOK. H TOr.1a pa3rml;lCTb ce BCCbMa TpYl!HO. TCM
60Ilcc 'I TO KaM6a;lbl MOryT lIcrKO Mcnifb OKpaCKY nOl!
LlBCT rpYHTa. CaMblC KpynHblc 3K'3eMnIlS!pbl KaM6Mbl
.aOCTHraIOT JV]HHbl 4,7 M H Beca 330 Kr.
K<1.J7KilH. caMaS! KpynHaH 'fepHOMopcKaH KaM6Ma, HC
.llOCTHr'dCT JV]HHbI 60Ilbme 70 CM H Beca 60Ilbmc 12-16
Kr. T eMHaH cnHHa KaJIKaHa (6bmmIDi lICBbli160K) nOKpbl-
Ta MHOr01.JHCJICHHbIMH KOCTHblMH 6yropKaMH. )l(CCTKOi1
KO}f(C pbl6a 06H3aHa CBOUM Ha3BanHeM: TypeUKoc cnOBO
«KaJIKaH» 03Ha'faCT ll.{HT C .llOnOIlHlITCJlhHoi1 3aIllHTOH,
YM60HOM. KanKaH 06maeT Ha nCC'faHOM H paKyme'lliOM
rpYHTax MOpcKOro l!Ha. 3HMOH H I1eTOM .llCp>K:HTCH Ha my-
6HHe, BeCnOH H OCCHblO coBcpllIaCT He6o.%mHe MHrpa-
LlHH H nepexO,llHT Ha MCIIKOBO.llbC. HepeCTHTcH C anpenH
no HIOJIb. nHTaCTCH .aOHHOH pbl60H H Kpa6aMH.
TCJ10 KaM6aIlbi nlOCCbl nOKpblTO 'femycH. fIla3a, B
OTIIH'fHC OT KaJIKaHa, CMCCTHIIHCb Ha npaBYIO CTOpO-
HY. ,[{I1HHa r110CCbl - He 60Ilee 30 CM.
3Be3,lJOlfeTbI
3Be3.a0'fCTaMH Ha3bIBaCTCH LlClIOC ceMcHcTBO pbl6 OT-
pH.lla OKYHc06pa3Hblx, HaC'IHTblBalOll.{ee OKOlIO 15
BH.D.OB, 06HTalOll.{HX B TcnIlblX H YMCPCHHblX BO.llaX
ATIIaHTH'fCCKOrO, I1H.llHHcKoro H THxoro OKeaHOB.
B 1..JepHoM MOpC 06HTaCT O.llHH BM. CBOHM Ha3BaHH-
eM pbl6bl 06H3aHhi oc06eHHOCTjJM nOBe.lleHHH: OHH
'faCTO 3apbIBalOTCH B neCOK, OCTaBHB Ha nOBcpXHOC-
TH TOIlbKO nlIOCKYIO rOlIOBY C 6JIH3KO nOCa}f(CHHbIMH,
KaK 6bl rIlH.D.Hll.{HMH BBepx rlIa3aMH. )J.OCTHraCT .D.1IH-
Hbl 15 CM. HeCMOTpH Ha BblCOKHC KYlIHHapHble CBOH-
CTBa, npOMblClIOBoro 3Ha'feHHH HC HMeCT. Ha >Ka6cp-
HblX KpblmKax HMelOTCH OCTpble mHnbl C H.D.OBHTbIMH
86
)I(l1BOTHblM Ml1p
>K:ClIC3aM!'I, CnOC06HblMH BbI3BaTb .D.OCTaTO'fHO CHIIb-
HblC 60IlCBblC Oll{Yll{CHHJI, n03TOMY Ha pbl6aIlKC C HCM
CIIC.D.YCT BCCTH CC6H J<:paHHc OCTOpO}f(HO.
KaTpaH
KaTpaH (Acanthi as acanthias) - Hc60IlbmaJi aKYIIa.
Ha3blBaeTcjI TaK>K:C MOpcKoH co6aKoH. Ee 'faCTO Ha-
3bIBalOT 'fepHoMopcKOH aKYIIoH, HO 3TO HCBepHo, TaK
KaK KaTpaH 06HTaeT B BO.D.ax A TIIaHTH'fCCKOrO OKea-
Ha H MHorHX cro MOpeH. PbI6a .D.OCTHraCT 2 M .D.IIHHbl
H Bcca .D.O 15 Kr. B OTIIH'fHC OT MHorHX CBOHX P0.D.-
CTBeHHHKOB HHKaKoii onaCHOCTH HC npc.llCTaBIIHeT.
AKYIIbl OTHOCHTCH K .llpCBHeHmHM pbJ6aM, HC HMelO-
ll{HM KOCTHoro CKClICTa. KaK H MHornc .llPyrHc aKY-
I1bl, KaTpaH - XHll{HHK. 06HTacT B npH6pe>K:HOH 30He
MOpjl, Y .D.Ha. nHTaCTCjI MeIlKoH pbI60H, MOIlIlIOCJ<:a-
MH H paKo06pa3HblMH. KCTaTH, KaTpaH - 06'beKT
npoMbIclIa H nOna.D.aeTCJI pbI6aJ<:aM Bce pC>K:C, TaK 'I TO
onaCHOCTb, KaK 06b1'fHO, HCXO.llHT HC OT >KHBOTHbIX,
a OT lfeIlOBCKa. KaK H .D.pyrne aKYIIbI, KaTpaH - >K:H-
BopO}J.jjll{aSl pbI6a. CaMJ<:a pO>K:,QaeT no 10-12 .lleTeHbI-
meH }J.IIHHOH OKono 30 CM, HO B3pOClIblMH OHH CTaHO-
BUCJI TOIlbKO Ifcpe3 13-17 neT.
JIOCOCb H rjJOpeJIb
B qCPHOM Mope BCTpC'faeTCH HecKOIlbKO BH}J.OB I10-
COCCH, HO H3 HepeCT B KpbIMCKHe peKH 3aXO.llHT TOIlb-
KO KYM)f(8 (Salrno trutta L.). 3TOT BH.D. 1I0COCCH 06H-
TaCT B npH6pe}f(HblX BO.llax MopcH A TII3HTH'leCKor-o
OKeaH3, a HepeCTHTcSl TOIlbKO B peKax 6acceHHa 3THX
MopcH. H33BaHHe KYM>K:a 3aHMCTBOBaHO IfCpC3 Ka-
peJIbCKOe kurnzi H3 caaMCKoro kuudza, HMCIOll{CrO TO
>K:C 3Ha'fCHHC. KYM>K:a HMCCT He TOIlbKO npOXO.llHbIC,
HO H npeCHOBO.D.Hble <}>OpMbI, KOTOpbIC Ha3bIBalOTCJI
cjJOpeJ1hfO. PYCCKoe Ha3BaHHe 'fepe3 HCMeUKoe Forcllc
3aHMCTBOBaHO 113 BCpXHe.D.peBHeHeMeUKOro forhana,
87
30Tep HHbl Ml1p
HMCIOll.{ero TO )!(e 3Ha'fCHHe. npOXO..'J,HbiC <}>OpMbI KYM-
)!(H ;I,OCTHraIOT .l!I1HHbI 1 M, Beca - 13 Kr, npeclloBo..'J,-
HbiC <}>OpMbI, HIIH <}>OpC!lb, xapaKTcpH3YIOTOI 3Ha'fH-
TeIlbHO MCHbmHMH pa3MCpaMH.
<1>a3HIIb I1cKaH..'J,ep O.D.Ha)I(}J.b1 3a..'J,aIl pHTOpH'feCKHH
Bonpoc 0 TOM, mc npOXO.D.HT rpaHHLla Me)I(}J.Y 60Ilb-
mOH <}>opeIlblO H MaJICHbKHM I10COceM. I1CClIe.D.OBaTe-
JIH no-pa3HOMY OTBe'falOT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, XOT , KaK
H3BeCTHO, OTBe'faTb Ha pHTOpH'feCKHC BonpOCbl HC
CJle.D.YCT. <1>OpeIlb OTIIH'faCTCH OT npOXO..'J,HOH <}>OpMbi
MCHbmHMH pa3McpaMH, OKpaCKOH, <}>OpMOH nueH H
HX paCnOIlO)!(eHHCM. KpOMC Toro, OHa BeCb >K:H3HeH-
HblH LlHKJI npOBO.D.HT B npCCHOH BO..'J,C. nOJTOMY O.D.HH
HXTHOIlorH C'fHTaIOT <}>opeIlb I1Hmb BapHaLlHeH KYM-
}f(H, .D.PyrHe Bbl.D.CIIHIOT ce B OT.D.eIlbHbIH BH.D. HIIH ..'J,a>KC
B HCCKOIlbKO BH.D.OB.
,l],CJIO B TOM, 'I TO <}>OpelIb, B CBOIO O'fCpc..'J,b, nO.D.pa3.D.e-
I1HCTCH Ha 03CPHYIO H PY'fbCBYIO. PY'fbCBaH <}>opeIlb
06HTaCT B 6blCTpblX pCKax H Py'fb X. OHa 'fpe3BbI'IaH-
HO Tpc60BaTClIbHa K 'fHCTOTC BO..'J,bl H HaCblll.{eHHOCTH
ee KHCJlOpO..'J,OM. BHemHC OTIIH'faCTCH HMH'fHeM 'fep-
HbIX H KpaCHblX nHTeH Ha cnHHe, 06BCJJ:eHHblX CBCTIIblM
060..'J,KOM, a TaK}f(e OTHOCHTClIbHO Hc60IlbmHMH pa3-
MepaMH - Bec 06bl'fHO He npcBbImacT 300-400 rpaM-
MOB. n03TOMY HCKOTopble HCCJIe.llOBaTeIlH Bbl}J.ClIHIOT
ee B OT.D.CIIbHbIH BH.ll - Salvclinus fontinalis. 3Ta <}>o-
pelIb Ha3bIBaCTCH TaK>Ke necrpoii rjJOpCJ7hlO, a KpoMe
Toro, HMceT MHO}f(eCTBO MeCTHbiX Ha3BaHHH.
03epHaR rjJOpeJ7b MeHee Tpe60BaTeIlbHa K 'fHCTOTe
BO.D.bI H HaCblll.{eHHOCTH ee KHCIIOpO.D.OM. OHa qaCTO
pa3BO.D.HTCH B cneLlHaIlH3HpOBaHHbiX nHTOMHHKax.
OTJIH'faCTC HaIlH'fHeM 'fCpHbIX nHTeH B <}>opMe 6YK-
Bbl X H mHpOKOH pa.llY>K:HOH nOIlOCbl B.D.OIlb 60KOBOH
I1HHHH. 03epHa <}>OpClIb xapaKTepH3yeTc npOMe>K:Y-
TO'fHbIMH pa3McpaMH Me)I(}J.Y npOXO.D.HbIMH <}>opMaMH
H pYlfbeBoii rjJOpeJ1hlO. n 03TOMY 60IlbmHHCTBO HCCJIe-
88
HyrjJapb
MeQ-pb/6a
)I(I-1BOTHbli1 Ml-1p
.D.OBaTCJIeH C'fHTaIOT ee BapHaUHeH BH.D.a Saimo trutta
L, .D.pyrHc Bbl.D.elIHIOT B OT.D.eIlbHbIH BHn - Saimo
gairdneri. 3Ta <}>opeIlb Ha3blBaCTCH TaK>K:e paJJY)/(HOH.
JIy<}>apb (Pomatomus saltatrix) - npoMblcIIoBa MOp-
CKaH XHll.{HaH pbl6a O.D.HOHMeHHoro ccMcHCTBa oTpMa
OKYHc06pa3Hblx. PyccKoe Ha3BaHHe 3aHMCTBOBaHO H3
HOBorpe'feCKOrO, HMeCT TO }f(e 3Ha'feHHe H npOHCXO-
.D.HT OT TypeLlKoro lufer - TYHeu. B 1.J:CpHOM MOpC I1Y-
<}>apb paCTCT, nHTaCTe H HepCCTHTCH B 'ero eeBcpO-3a-
na.llHOH 'faCTH. Hepecr - C HIOHH no eeHTH6pb. )l(HBCT
8-9 I1eT, .llOCTHraH Bcca 15 Kr H }J.IIHHbl 115 eM. TClIO
pbl6bl C 60KOB npO.D.O;lrOBaToe, pOT 60IlbmOH, 'felIIOC-
TH KpynHl>Ie, C OCTpbIMH 3y6aMH. Be.D.eT CTaJ.{HbIH 06-
pa3 >KH3HH. nHTaCTCH HCKlIlO'fHTCIIbHO PbI60H, npc-
HMYll.{eCTBCHHo CKYM6pHeH. OTIIH'faeTCH BblCOKHMH
KYIlHHapHbIMH cBOHCTBaMH. CJIY>K:HT 06'beKTOM npo-
MblCIIa H cnopTHBHoro pbI60IloBCTBa. )loB pbl6bl Be-
.D.eTCH B IO>KHbIX BO.D.ax ATIIaHTH'feCKOrO H I1H.D.HHCKO-
ro OKeaHOB, B 4CpHOM H A30BCKOM MOpHX.
3Ta KpynHaH npoMblclIoBa MopcKaH pbl6a - e.D.HH-
CTBeHHblH BHJl H pO.ll O.D.HOHMeHHoro ceMcHCTBa OT-
pH.lla oKYHe06pa3Hbix. ,l],oCTHraeT 4 M }J.IIHHbl H Bcca
500 Kr, HO nOHMaHHbie OC06H BeCOM 100-120 Kr C'fH-
TalOTCH .D.OCTaTO'fHO KpynHblMH. 06HTaeT rIlaBHblM
06pa30M B TpOnH'fCCKHX BO.D.aX, HO e.D.HHH'fHbie oco-
6H BO BpeMH MHrpaLlHH BCTpe'faIOTCH B A30BCKOM,
EapeHLleBoM, 4epHoM, .HnoHcKoM MOpHX. 06'beKT
npOMbICJla H cnopTHBHOH pbI6aIlKH. I1MeCT BblCOKHe
KYIlHHapHbie Ka'feCTBa. Ha3BaHHc xapaKTepH3yCT Me'f
- .llIlHHHbIH HapoCT Ha BepxHeH 'feIlIOCTH, YIIy'fmalO-
ll.{HH rHJlpO.D.HHaMH'feCKHe cBoHCTBa pbl6bI H n03BO-
I1HIOll.{HH pa3BHBaTb CKOpOCTb .D.O 90 KM/'fac.
89
3OTep HHbI Ml-1p
MnpoH-ycaq
PO.D. yea'feH (Barbus) HaC'fHThIBaCT HecKOIlbKO BH.D.OB
npCCHOBO.D.HbIX H npoXO.D.HbIX pbl6 ceMeHCTBa Kapno-
BblX, OTIIH'fHTCJIbHbIM CBo icTBOM KOTOpblX HBJIjjIOTCH
'feTblpe «yea» Ha HH>K:HCH 'fClIIOCTH. 06HTalOT B peKax
H 03epax A<}>pHKH H IO}f(HOH 'faCTIt EBpa3HH, HeKOTO-
pble BH.D.bl - npoxo,nHbIC. HaH60Ilee pacnpOCTpaHCH-
HblH Y Hac BH.D. B. barbus .D.OCTHraeT 1LI1HHbl 80 CM H
Beea 10 Kr. B KpblMY 06HTacT BH.D. Barbus tauricus,
.D.OCTHraIOIUHH 1LI1HHbl 70 CM. OTIIH'faCTC xopomHMH
KYIIHHapHblMH cBoiiCTBaMH, HO HKpa pbl6bl H.llOBHTa.
MopCKne BDlbI
MOpcKHC I1rIlbl - 06ll.{ee Ha3BaHHC ceMcHCTBa, BKIIIO-
'falOll.{ero B Cc6H 150 BH.D.OB. npOMblclIoBoro :ma'fC-
HHH HC HMeIOT, TaK KaK, .D.OCrnraH 60 CM 1LI1HHbl. BC-
CHT Bcero HeCKOIlbKO rpaMMoB 6I1aro.D.ap 0'1 CHI,
y3KOMY, HrIlo06pa3HOMY CTpOCHHIO TeIla. TClIO MOp-
CKOH HrIlbl, TOIlll.{HHOH C KapaH.D.am, HMeeT 3ClICHOBa-
To-6ypylO OKpaCKY. Pbl6a O'fCHb xopomo MaCKHpy-
CTCH B BO.D.HbIX 3apOCIIHX.. B A30BCKOM 1<1 qepHoM
MOPjJX BCTpc'faIOTCH .D.Ba BH.D.a MOpcKHX HrIl, Ha3blBa-
CMblX «MOpCKHMH KOHbKaMH». I1x .D.IIHHa HC npeBbl-
maCT 20 CM, H OHH 0'1 CHI, nOXO>KH Ha maXMaTHblC <}>11-
rypKH. npH onaCHOCTH KOHbKH norpY}f(alOTCjJ B
3apOCJIH BHH3 rOIloBoii, OXBaTblBalOT XBOCTOM pac-
TeHHe H CTaHOBHTC COBcpmeHHO HcnO.D.BH>K:HbIMH.
MOpCKOii OKYHb
MOpcKOH OKYHb - 06ll.{ce Ha3BaHHe 90 BH.D.OB npo-
MblCJIOBblX pbl6 ceMcHCTBa cepaHH.D.OBblX oTpH.lla CKOp-
neHo06pa3HblX, B nepBYIO o'fepe.D.b pO.D.a Ccntropristes.
.D.OCTHralOT .D.IIHHbl .D.O O,nHOro MCTpa, HO 60IlbmHH-
CTBO BH.D.OB He npeBblmacT 20 CM. OcHOBHblM npOMblC-
I10BbIM BH.D.OM jJBlIHCTCH Ccntropristes striata, I10B KO-
Toporo Be.D.eTCH B ceBcpHblX 'faCTjlX THxoro H
90
)KI-1BOT"Hbli1 Ml-1p
Ar:IaHTH'leCKOrO OKCaIlOB. Jl:uma CaMOK JToii phl6bl
8-15. caMLlOB 12-20 CM. Bcc ;10 1001'paMMoB.
BeCHOH H ..'1CTOM 60.:Ib1UHC KOCHKH MOpcKOrO OKYHH
3aXOltHT B 1.J:cpHoe MOpC LlCpC3 I;oc<}>op H lIanpaBIIH-
IOTCH B npH6pc>K:HblC BO.llbl .D..::IH IICpCCTa. CaMKlI MC-
'fyT lto 10 000 HKpHHOK. nHT<ICTCH pbl6a 300nnaHK-
TOHOM. XapaKTCpH3YCTCH XOpOUlHMH KYIlHlJapHblMli
Ka'feCTBaMH. HapH.D.Y co CTaBpH.lloii - OCHOBH£1H .llO-
6bl'f£1 PbI6oIlOBOB-I1106HTcneH.
MopCKlfe C06aIJKlf
31'0 LlCIloe CCMCHCTBO MOpcKHX pbl6 oTpJl}J.a 0K}'He06-
pa3HblX. XapaKTepH3YIOTCH He60IlbmllMH pa3Mep£1MH,
OT 10.D.0 50 CM }J.JIHHbI. 06HT£1lOT B npH6pe}f(HblX BO.llax.
Bo BpeMJI OTIIHBOB cnoc06Hbl ncpeltBHraTbcH CKa'fK£1-
MH no cymc C nOMOll.{blO nnaBHHKOB. 1.J:epHoMopcKHC
BH,llb1 HC npcBblm£1lOT 30 CM }J.JIHHbI. 1.J:aCTo 06HTalOT H
nHTalOTCH B03.:Ie caMoro 6epera, COBepmCHHO HC 60HT-
CH 'fClIOBeKa. KYIlHHapHblC CBOHCTB£1 BecbMa HeBbICO-
KH, npOMblCJlOBOrO 3H£1'feHHH He HMeIOT, Ll£1(,'1'O .D.ocan<-
.llalOT npon<opIlHBOCTbIO PbI60IlOB£1M-I1I06HTClIHM.
MOpCKoii epm
PO.D. Scorpaena O.D.HOHMCHHoro ceMeHCTB£1 BKIIIO'faeT
B CC6H HeCKO.'IbKO BH.D.OB pbl6, 06HT£1lOIIlHX B TponH-
LlCCKHX H cy6pOnH'feCKHX MOpHX. Pbl6£1 06bl L IH0 HC
npCBblm£1eT }J.JIHHbl 30 CM. B 1.J:epHoM Mope npC.D. CT£1B -
lICH npe)J(1lC Bccro BH.D.OM Scorpaen£1 porcus. 4£1CTO
TaHTCJI Cpe.D.H KaMHeH HJJH npHL.JeTCH B necoK, JICrKO
MCHHeT OKpaCKY OT J<OpH'fHCBO-6YPOH .D.O Kp£1CHoii H
.D.a>K:C }f(ClITOii. BpCMH OT BpeMCHH MopCKHe epmH MC-
HHIOT KO>KY, JIJlH 3Toro OHH TPYTCH 0 KaMHH. Pbl6a
OTIIH'faCTCH BblCOKHMH KYIlHHapHblMH CBOHCTBaMH,
HO npOMbICJ10BOrO 3Ha'feHHH HC HMeCT. H£13BaHHC x£1-
paKTcpH3yeT HMH'fHe KOlIlO'fHX nIlaBHHKOB Ha cnH-
. HC, cHa6>K:eHHb1X Jl}J.OBHTbIMH }f(ClIC3£1MH.
91
3OTep HHbli1 Ml-1p
MOpcKOH neTYX
MOpcKOii nCTyX - O.D.HH H3 MHOrO'fHCJleHHblX npoMblC-
I10BbIX BHl!OB 10 PO.llOB CCMeHCTBa TpHrIIOBblX oTpH.lla
OKYHc06pa3HblX. ,l],ocrnralOT ,WlHHb1 50 CM. 06HTalOT B
TpOnH'fecKHX H YMCpeHHblX BO.llax, B 1.J:epHoM MOpe 06-
HapY>K:eH TOJIbKO O.D.HH BHl!. CBOHM PYCCKHM Ha3BaIDIeM
06J13aH pKOH OKpaCKe nnaBHHKOB. HaY'fHOC Ha3BaHHe
(TpHrIIbl) XapaKTCpH3YCT HaJIwrne TpeX OCTpblX I1y<Icii Ha
Ka)!(1l0M H3 rpy.lIHblX nnaBIDIKOB. npH nOMOIllH KOTOpblX
3Td 6oJJbmcroIloBa pbi6a.llOCTaCT H3 necKa MCJIKYIO}f(HB-
HOCTb, KOTOpoH, BHpO'feM, 3TOT XlIll.UillK C OrpoMHOii na-
CTblO HHKaK He orpaHH'fHBaCTCJI. HOpOBJI npH CIY'fae
CXBaTHTh H .D.OBOIlbHO KpynHYIO pbl6y.
MOpCKOH CKOpnHOH
MOpCKOH CKopnHOH - Hc60IlbmaJi pbl6Ka, 'faCTO
3apbIBalOll.{aJlCJI B nCCOK, BbICTaBIIJIJI HapY)J(Y KOIlIO-
'I He nY'fH cnHHHoro nIlaBHHKa, cHa6}f(CHHoro. KaK H
mHnbI Ha }f(a6epHblx KpblmKax, JI.D.OM. YKOIl MOpCKO-
ro CKopnHOHa BbI3bIBaCT CHlIbHYIO 601Ib. Ha PbI6M-
KC CIIeJJ.YCT npOJIBlIJlTb H3BeCTHYIO OCTOpO}f(HOCTb. 3Ta
pbl6a Ha3b1BaeTC TaK}f(C MOpCKHM .D.paKOHOM.
OceTpOBble
OCCTpOBble pbl6bl - CCMeHCTBO .D.peBHeiimcro OTp -
.lla XpJlll.{eBaTbIX pbl6. OHH >K:HIIH TOr.D.a, KOr.D.a 3BO-
I1IOLlHJI Cll.{e He C03.D.aJIa OCHOBY CKelIeTa 60Ilee BblCO-
KoopraHH30BaHHbiX >KHBOTHbIX - KOCTb. OceTpOBblC
B nO.D.aBII IOll.{eM 60IlbmHHCTBe JlBlIJlIOTCJI npOXO.D.Hbl-
MH, T. e. 60JIbmyIO 'faCTI, }f(H3HH npOBO,W1T B Mope,
HO HepeCTUC B peKax. B MOpe Be.D.YT .D.OHHbIH 06pa3
}f(H3HH, nHTaJiCb B OCHOBHOM MOIlIlIOCKaMH. )KHBYT
.D.O 40 I1eT, .D.OCTHraJi BecbMa 3Ha'fHTeIlbHbIX pa3MepoB.
MJlco OCCTpOBblX pbl6 no npaBY C'fHTaeTCJI caMbIM
.D.ClIHKaTCCHbIM H3 BCCX, HO ell.{C 60Ilee BblCOKYIO no-
92
)l(I-1BOTHbli1 M P
TpC6HTCIIbCKYIO LleHHOCTb npe.D.CTaBlIJiCT HKpa OCCT-
POBbIX, TaK Ha3blBaCMaji. «LlCpHaJi HKpa». OCCTpOBblC
--- HC npOCTO npOMblCIIOBblC pbl6bl. HO BO)!(1lC, CHHaJi
Me'fTa I11060ro pbl6aKa.
EeJIyroii Ha3bIBalOTCJI .D.Ba BH.D.a oceTpoBoM pbl6b1
pO.D. a Huso, 06HTalOmHX B BO.D.aX 1.J:cpHoro. A30BC-
Koro, KacnHHcKoro H A.llpHaTH'fCCKoro MOPell. Pc-
KOp.D. HbIC oc0611 .D.OCTHraIOT .D.I1HHbl 9 M H Bcca 2-x
TOHH. 06bl'fHO >K:e Bec BblIlaBIIHBaCMblX 3K3eMnIlJlpOB
HaXO.D.I1TCJI MC)!(1lY 50 H 200 Kr. XOTJI }f(Hpa B 6cnyrc
Bccro 7-9°;'" B KYlIHHapHoM OTHomCHHH OHa yCTyna-
CT pa3BC 'I TO OCCTpy. I1Kpa JTOH pbl6bl - caMblH
KpynHblH H caMblH LlCHHblH BH,.'J. 'fCpHOH HKpbI. Ha-
3BaHHCM 06J13aHa 6CIIOMY LlBCTY KO}f(H.
OCCTp - 06'be.D.HHCHHOe Ha3BaHHC 16 BH.D.OB npoxo.D.-
HbIX' H npeCHOBO.D.HbIX pbl6 pO.D.a Acipenser. B 1.J:cp-
HOM H A30BCKOM MOpJlX 06HTaeT oceTp PYCCKHH
(Acipcnser guldenstacdti Br.). I1Homa BbI1IaBlIHBaIOT
OceTpOB BCCOM B HeCKOJIbKO nY.D.OB, HO no 60IlbmaJi
pe,.'J.KoCTb, 06bl'fHblH }f(C BCC oceTpa B A30BO-iJCpHO-
MOpCKOM 6acceHHe 15-20 Kr. Pbl6a HMceT HcnpcB30H-
.llCHHbIC KYlIHHapHbic cBoHCTBa, HKpa occTpa YCTyna-
CT. no Ka'fCCTBY TOIlbKO 6eJ Y>KbeH.
CeBpJOra (Acipcnscr stellatus Pall.) 06HTaCT B BO-
.D.ax 6aCCCHHa 4epHoro H A30BCKoro MOpCH. ,l],oc-
THraCT .J.JIHHbl 2,2 M, Beca - 68 KL HO 06bl'fHblH BCC
BblIlaBIIHBaCMblX JK3cMn.'IJipOB 5-\0 Kr. OnIlI'IaCT-
CH 3aocTpcHHOH rOJIOBOH H CY}f(CHHbIM TC.'IOM. 1.J:HC-
I1CHHOCTb nOCTOJlHHO COKpall.{aeTCJI. Pbl6a CO.D.Cp}f(HT
B TKaHHX OT 8 .D.O 15'10 }f(Hpa. B KYIIHHapHoM OTHO-
mCHHH, KaK H ,'J.Pyrl1c oceTpoBblC Pbl6bl, HC HMCCT
ce6c paBHblx. OTHocHTcnbHo MCIIKaJl IICpHaJi HKpa
)TOH pbl6bl LlCHHTCJI HH}f(C 6ClIY>KbCH H oceTpOBOH.
113 nIlaBaTCIIbHoro nY3blpJl .D.eIlaCTCJI caMblH ,.'J.OpO-
rOH COpT pbl6bcro KnCJI. PYCCKoe Ha3BaHHC 3aHM-
CTBOBaHO H3 TlOpKCKoro «sivri» - OCTpbIH.
93
3OTep HHbli:1 Ml-1p
mJfn (Acipcnscr nudiventris Lov.) 06HTaCT B BO.D.aX
I.fcpHoro MOpH. PeKOp.D.HbIC JK3CMnIlHpbl .D.OCTHraIOT
Jl,'1HHbl 3 M H Beca 200 Kr, HO 06bl'fHO pa3Mepbl BbU1aB-
I1HBaCMOH pbl6bl He npeBblmalOT 20-30 Kr. I.fHCIICHHOCTb
nOCTOHHHO COKpall.{aCTcH. B KYlIHHapHoM OTHOJlleHHH
HCCKOIlbKO ycrynaeT .D.pyrnM OCCTpOBbIM. Ha3BaHHe xa-
paKTepH3YCT 3aoCTpeHHYlO <}>OPMY TeJIa pbl6bI.
IleJIaMH.lla
npOMblCJlOBaH MOPCKaH pbl6a (Pelamis scarda) oruOCHT-
CH K CCMCHcrny CK}'M6pHCBblX. neJlaMH.D.a }f(HBCT 60Ilee
10 nCT, .D.ocrnraCT MeTpOBOH .lUIHHbl H HBIIHCTCH CTal!HblM
XHIIlHHKOM. Pa3 B HCCKOIlbKO JICT KOCHKH nCIlaMH.D.bl 3<1-
XO.lUlT B I.fepHoe MOpe Ilepe'J Eoc4>op. B OTJlH'fHC OT CXYM-
6pHII ne.rraMH.D.a HC TOIlbKO KOpMHTCH lICTOM B I.fepHoM
MOpe, HO MO}f(CT H HepeCTHTbCH 3.llCCb. TeM HC MCHce occ-
HblO nCIlaMH.D.b1 acer.D.a yxo.lUlT Ha lOr 'fcpe3 Eac<l>op. Pbl6a
66I1anaCT BblCOKHMH XYJIlmapHbIMH cBoiiCTBaMH.
CapraH
06'be.D.I1HeHHOC Ha3BaHHe 25 BH.D.OB 9 pO.D.OB O.D.HO-
HMCHHoro cCMeHcTBa, OTpH.D.a capraHo06pa3Hblx.
06HTalOT B npH6pe>K:HblX YMepeHHblx H TenIlblX BO-
.D.ax A TIIaHTH'feCKOrO H THxoro OKcaHOB. B I.fcp-
HOM MOpC 06HTacT O.D.HH BH.D.. 3Ta pbl6a B pa3Hblc
rO.D.bI no-pa3HoMY MHrpHpyeT - B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
«po..'J,a 3aH THii»: HCpCCTOM, Hary.'10M, 3HMOBKOH.
nOHBlIHeTcH B I.fepHoM Mope BeCHO", HcpeCTHTCH C
MaH .D.O KOHLla aBrYCTa. B HOH6pc OTXO..'J,HT K lOry H
3HMyeT B MpaMopHOM Mope. )f{HBCT 6-7 I1eT. .D.oc-
. Tl1raCT .D.I1HHbl 65-75 CM. OTlIl1'faeTCH CTpCIIOBH.D.-
HblM CTpOCHHCM TCIIa H Y.D.I1HHeHHbIMH 'fCJIIOCTHMH,
npH'fCM HH}f(HHH 'fClIIOCTb Y Hero HeMHoro .llIlHHHee
BepXHCH. 06c 'fCIIIOCTI1 yca}f(eHbl MCIIKHMH ?CTPbl-
MH 3y6aMH. I.femYH MClIKaH. cnHHKa 3eIlCHaji. CTa.ll-
HaH XHll.{HaH pbl6a, nHTaCTCH B OCHOBHOM xaMcoi1.
94
CeJIb,£(b
)I(I-1BOTHbli1 Ml-1p
06'beKT MCCTHOrO npOMblCJla. Ha3BaHHC capraH Mbl
BCTpe'faeM erne y aHTH'fHbIX rpC'feCKHX aBTopOB.
CClIbl!H - 06ll{ee Ha3BaHHe MHorolfHclIeHHblX BU.D.OB
H po.llOB O.llHOHMCHHoro eeMCHCTBa pbl6, a TaK}f(e mH-
pOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHoro npO.D.YKTa nHTaHHH. nOClIe-
.D.HCe 06CTOHTCIIbCTBO BHCClIO eepbC3HYIO nYTaHHl{)' B
HamH npe.D.CTaBIlCHIDI 0 TOM, 'feM MI,l 3aKYCbIBaeM.
CII0 B TOM, 'lT0 ToprOBble Ha3BaHID1 He COBeeM COBna-
.D.alOT C Ha3BaHHHMH, npHlUITbIMH HXTHOIlOraMH, a 'faCTO
H COBeeM HC COBn8,llaIOT. BbIJICIDICTCJI, 'lT0 KaK JaXYCKa
canaKa H cap,lUlHa CCTb, a pbl6 TaKHX BOBee HCT: «cana-
KOH» Ha3blBaCTCjI MOIlOJtb m06bIX BU.D.OB ceJ1b,lUl H3 Ce-
BepHOii A TIIaHIlfKH, a «cap.rornoH» - Td >K:e MOIlOJtb, HO
H3 Cpe,lUl3CMHOro MOpjl HJIH KhKHOH ATIIaHTHKH.
HXTHolIorn TO>K:e xopomH: OKa3blBaeTCH, 'fepHoMopc-
KaJI CClIbJtb BO,lUlTCJI B 1.J:epHoM H KacnHiicKoM MOpHX, a
KacnHHcKaH CClIb}J.b BO.D.HTCH TaM }f(e, HO BOBee He HBIIH-
CTCH 'fepHOMopcKOH. Bo06ll{C }f(C OHH He MOryT HHKaK
Me)!(1ly C060H .D.OrOBOpHTbCH HH no O.llHOMY Bonpocy H
Bbl.llBHralOT 60Ilbme cnoc060B CHCTCMaTHKH CCJ1b.D.CBblX
pbl6, LlCM 3TIIX caMblX CCJ1b.D.CH nOMcmaCTCH B 60'1 KY.
BHeCJlH CBOIO I1enTY B nYTaHHI.1Y H pbl6aKH, y KOTO-
pbIX O.llHa H Ta >Ke eeJ1b.D.b HMceT pa3Hble Ha3BaHHH HC
TOIlbKO OT B03paCTa, HO H MeCTa I10Ba.
Ho XY}f(C Beero .D.CII0 06cTOHT TOr,ll.a, KOr.D.a O.D.HO H TO
}f(e Ha3BaHHe O,ll.HOBpeMCHHO ynOTpC6mICTCH H B HaYKC
H BHe ce. AH'fOYCbl, no MHeHHIO O,lUlHX CnCl.{HMHCTOB,-
pbl6a oco60ro nOCOlIa, no MHCHHIO .D.pyrHX - JTO LlC-
I10C ceMeHCTBo MClIKOH eeJ1b.D.CBOH Pb16bI, no MHeHHIO
TpeTbHX - 3TO xaMca, HMcHyeMaH TaK}f(C «KaMcoii».
lllnpoTbI- 3TO KOHcepBbI H3 MClIKOH ceJ1b.D.CBOH PbI6bl,
H BOBee He 06H3aTCIlbHO H3 mnpOT, KOTOpbIC BMCCTe C
TIOIIbKOH JlBIlHIOTCH KHJJbKaMH. EcIIH BbI OKOH'faTelIb-
HO 3anyTMHcb, TO He COMHeBaHTCCb. Cnel.{HaIlHCTbl 3a-
95
30Tep5lHHbli1 Ml-1p
nYTaIlHCb ell.{C 60.'lblllc. B :nOH CBJ1311 nonp06yeM 3any-
TbIBaTbCJI IIC BO BCCX CeJIbJICBblX cpa3Y. a no LIaCTJlM.
CC:Ib;1b - 06mec Ha3BaHHC MHOrOLIHCJICHHblX MOpcKJ1X
11 npOXO.D.HblX BHl!OB npOMblClOBOH pbl6l>I O.D.HOHMCHHO-
ro CCMCHCTBa (Oupeidac). rJIaBHOe npoMblCJIOBOC 3Ha-
'fCHHC HMCeT Oupea harengus, I10B KOTOpoH BC.D.CTCSI B
ATlIaHTI1'fCCJ<OM H THXOM OKeaHax. Pbl6a 06I1a}J.aCT Bbl-
COJ<HMI1' xymrnapHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH, HO MMonpurO.llHa
.1lIDI xpaHeHIDl B CBC>KeM BH,llC, nOJTOMY I1cnonb3YCTCjJ B
OCHOBHOM COIlCHOH MIlI1 KOn'feHOH. npaCJlaBJlHCKHH KO-
pcHb JTOro CIIOBa, B03MO>KHO. 3aI1MCTBOBaH H3 .D.pcBHe-
CKaHl!HHaBCKoro «sild», HMCIOll.{Cro TO}f(e 3Ha'feHHC. Ce-
BcpoaTJIaHTH'fecKaSI MOIlO}J.b CCIIb}J.H Ha3blBaCTCH canaKOH
(OT <}>I1HCKOro «S3lakka» -- «TO}f(C»), MOIlO.llb cpe}J.H3CM-
HOMOpcKOH H IO>K:HOaTlIaHTI1'fCCKOH cem.}J.Ii - caP.D.HHOH.
JIaTHHCKOC Ha3BaH}IC sardina npoHCXO.wrr OT CIIOBa Sarda
- TaK Ha3bIBaCTC}f OCTpOB Cap.D.HHHH, B meJlb<}>e KOTO-
poro BC.D.CTCH HHTCHCHBHbIH I10B'PbIDbI.
AH'foycaMH Ha3bIBaeTCJI, Bo-ncpBbIX, 3arOTOBlICHHaJi
npH nOMOWH oco60ro npJlHOrO nocoIla MClIKaJl pbl6a
pa3HbiX BHl!OB CCMeHCTBa CClIb.llCBbIX, npe}f(}J.e Beero
pbl6a po.D.a Engraulis, K KOTOPOMY OTHOCHTCJI H 'fCpHO-
MOpCKaJl «KaMCID>. BO-BTOpbIX, TaK Ha3bIBalOTCjI HC-
CKOIlbKO PO.D.OB MCIlKOH CClIb.D.CBOH PbI6bI, BbJ}J.CIlJlCMbIX,
no MHeHHIO HeKOTopbIX Y'fCHblX, B OT.D.elIbHOC eeMCH-
CTBO (Engraulidae). B PYCCKI1H Jl3blK 3TO cnOBO nonMO,
COBepIlII1B }J.1IHTClIbHOC nyremecrBHc no cBponeiicKHM
Jl3bIKaM, a HMeHHO l.Jepe3 rOJUIaHl!CKoe ansjovis HIlII HC-
MCLlKOC Anschowis H3 <}>paHltY3CKoro anchois, 3aHMCTBO-
BaHHOro 'fepe3 HCnaHCKOe anchova OT 6acKcKoro anchu,
HMCIOll.{ero TO}f(e (KaJ<OC?) 3Ha'feHHe.
XaMca, MIlH «I<aMca», - MCIlKaSI npOMblCJIOBaSI pbI6a
pO.lla Engraulis eeMeHCTBa CeIlb.lleBbiX. B qCPHOM H
A30BCKOM MOPjlX BbJ}J.eIIHIOT .aBa nO.D.BHl!a, O.llHH H3 KO-
TOpblX nOCTO}fHHO 06HTaCT B qCPHOM MOpe, a BTOpoii
cOBepmaCT oeeHHHe MHrpaUHH H3 A30BCKoro MOpJl B
96
)KI-1BOTHbli1 Ml-1p
60lICC TCnnoC LlCpHoC 'fCpC1 KCp'fCHCKHH nponHB. )l(H-
BeT 3-4 ra.lla, ,nOCTHraeT ,a.,"1HHbl 15 CM, BCca,no 15 rpaM-
MOB. OTJ"1H'faCTCH Hccopa3McpHO 601IbmHM pToM. 11c-
TOM o6HTaeT B BCpXHHX CJIoHX MOp1l, He my6}f(c 25 M,
3HMoH YXOllHT Ha rny611HY. HCpCCTHTCjJ I1CTOM. PbI6a
06pa3yeT IUJoTHbIC KOCHKH 11 HMceT Ba}f(HoC npoMblc-
:JOBOC 1Ha'fCHI1C. HaH60Ilhmcc co,ncpil<aHHe B TKamlX
}f(Hpa H J1Y'fUJHC KYlIHHapHblc CBOHCTBa Y PhI6bl, BbL"10B-
JICHHOH oceHblO. PYCCKoC Ha3BaHHC 33HMCTBOBaHO 113
TYpCLlKora hamsi. hapsi, HMCIOll.{Cra TO ){(C 1HaIfCHHC.
KHJ7bKiI -- 06ll.{cc Ha3BaHHC J1BYX po,noB MC."1Koii
pbI6b1 ceMcHCTBa CCnb.f(CJlbIX (TIO:1CK H llInpQTOJl). Hc-
60JIbIlJaJl npOMblClIOBaH pbI6a .lloCTlIraCT .rV1HHbI 17
CM. Bcca JW 20 rpaMMoB. OCHOBHOC npoMblCJIOBOe
3HalfeHHC HMceT BHJ]. Clupca sprattus. :"1oB KOToporo
BCJ].CTOI B ceBcpo-BOCTOIfHOH ATlIaHTI1Kc. nOM HMO
ynoTpc6JlCHHH B CBCiI<CM 11 CBCiI<CMopmKCHOM BHlIC.
I1Cn0J1b3YCTCH KOn'fCHoH, KoHCCpBl1poBaHHoil B Mac-
lIC, raK>K:C 113 HCC J].CJIaIOTCJI llInpoTbl. B PYCCKI1i1 H3hIK
CJlOBO 3aHMCTBOBaHO 'fCpC3 3CTOHCKoC kilu, kilusilk,
npOHCXOJ].Hll.{CC OT CJJODa kilu - KHlIb, xapaKTcplnYH
3aMCTHO Bblpa>K:CHHblH Ha 6plOmKc pbl6bl «KHlIb».
TJOJJbK8 - po,n MClIKIIX pbl6 CCMcHCTBa celIb,nCBbIX,
oTHOCHll.{HHCH K KHlIbKaM. OTlIH'faCTCH 60lICC nJIoC-
I<HM CTpoCHHCM TClIa. B LlCPHoM, A30BCKoM, KacnHH-
CKoM MopHX Bb1)1ClIHIOT 'fCTblpC BH}J.a, 06HTalOll.{HX B
onpeCHCHHblX MOpcKHX Bo,nax B031IC YCTbCB pCK. Ha-
3BaHHC npOHcxo,nHT aT ncpCHHalfCHHoro «KlfIlbKa».
WnpOTbI- po,n MCIII<HX pbl6 ceMcHCTBa CelIb.f(CBbIX,
oTHoCHll.{HHCH K I<HlIbKaM. OTIIH'faIOTCH OT TlOlICK
6pYCI<OBaTbIM CTpoCHHCM TClIa. npC,nnO'fHTaIOT npo-
XIIa.f(HbIC ColICHblC Bo,nbI, HCpCCTHTCH 3HMOH. 110B or-
paHH'fCH, TaK KaK nnOTHblX KoC1IKOB pbl6a HC 06pa-
3YCT. PYCCKOC Ha3BaHHC IfCpC3 HCMCLlKoe Sprott
3aHMCTBOBaHO H3 aRrlIHHCKoro sprat - KHIIbKa, aH-
rlIHHCKOC ClIOBo npoHCXo.f(HT aT CTapoaHrnHHCI<Oro
4 3aK. 21
97
3OTep5iHHbI.:1 Ml-1p
sprate - OTpOCToK. O,nHoHMCHHbIC KOHCCpBbl rOTO-
BHT H3 1I1060H MeIlKOH Kon'feHoH pbl6bl ceMeHCTBa
CeJIb,neBbIX, H npHcy-rCTBHC llInpOTOB-pbl6 B mnpOTax-
KOHccpBax BOBce He o6H3aTCIIbHO.
CKaT
CKYM6pHJI
98
3Ta pbl6a, KaK H aKYlIa, oTHOCHTCH K cCMeHCTBY XpHll.{e-
BblX. OTlIH'faeTCH xapaKTCpHblM llIIoCKHM CTpoeHHcM
TCIJa, ynoll06I1Jl1OIllHM CKaTa B03.lI)'mHOMY 3MCIO. EOKa
pbl6bl no,n06Hbl KpbillbHM, n03BoJI}lIOIUHM HM «napHTb»
Ha.a caMblM .D.HoM H 6blCTpo 3apbIBaTbCH B necoK. nHTa-
IOTCH CKaTbl B OCHOBHOM ,nOHHbIMH MoIIJIlOCKaMH. B no-
,nOTpJl}J.C HaCIfHTblBaCTCH 16 CCMCHCTB H 60lIec 300 BH-
.D.oB, H3 KOTopblX B 4epHOM MOpe 06HTaIOT .n.aa: MO{XKaJ/
JIHCH1(8 H MO{XKOii KOT. MopcKOH KOT Ha3blBaCTCH TaK-
}f(e XBoCToKOlIoM. 3Ta pbl6a .D.oCTHraeT MHHbl 2,5 MCT-
pa H )8ll.{Hll.{aCTCH npH nOMOll.{H 3aOCTpeHHoro mHna Ha
KOHLle XBOCTa. lllHl1 Jl}J.oBI1T H BbI3blBaCT ClfJIbHble 60-
I1CBble Oll.{yll.{eHH}!, TaK 'ITO CTpelIHTb H3 no.D.Bo,mmro
PY)f(bH B Kpymmra XBOCTOKOlIa HC cne.lI)'CT.
3T0 06ll.{cc Ha3BaHHe MHorOIfHClIeHHblX BH}J.OB Mopc-
KHX npoMblcIIOBblX pbl6 O,nHoHMCHHoro ceMCHCTBa
(Scombridae) OTpJl}J.a oKYHe06pa3Hblx. HMelOT none-
pelfHblc TeMHblC nOIlOCbl Ha cnHHe H 60Kax H ccpc6-
pHCTYIO oKpacKY 6plOmKa. CTpoeHHe TCIIa OTlIHQa-
CTCH 06TcKaeMoH cl>OPMOH, Y3KHM XBOCTOBblM CTe6I1eM
H Moll.{HbIM XBOCTOBblM nIlaBHHKOM. )J.oCTHracT ,nlIH-
Hbl 60 CM, >K:HBeT 60Ilec 10 I1CT. CTa}J.HbIH XHll.{HHK.
A maHTH'feCKaH CKYM6pHH (Scomber scombras) 3axo-
,nHT B 4cpHoe MOpe pa3 B HCCKOlIbKO I1CT, KopMHTCH B
Te'feHHe I1eTa H ,n8}f(e HCpeCTHTC1I, HO HKpa ee TOHeT B
Hc,nOCTaTO'lHO COIl HOH BO.D.C H norH6acr. TPa}J.HLlH-
oHHoC Ha3BaHHC «CKYM6pHH» npOHcxo,nHT OT rpelfcc-
Koro «CKoM6poc», HMelOll.{erO TO >K:e 3Ha'leHHe. noc-
CTaBpHPa
TYHel(
4'
)KI-1BOTHbll1 Ml-1p
lIC,nHCC BpCMH BCC 'fall.{C BCTpC'IaCTCH CI1HoHHM «MaK-
pClIb». KoTopblH IfCpC3 roIllIaH.llCKOC .makrcel H CTa-
po<}>paHLlY3CKoC maqucrcl 6CpCT HalfalIO aT CpC,nHC-
BCKoBoJlaTHHCKoro macarcllus, HMCIOll.{Cro TO iKC
3HaIfCHHC.
3ToT pO.D. (Trachinotus) CoCToHT H3 10 BH,nOB Mopc-
KHX pbl6 OTpH.na oKYHc06pa3Hh1X. CaMbIC Kp¥nHblC "
oC06H HC npCBblmalOT .ll!IHHbl 50 CM H Bcca 400 rpaM-
MOB. OCHoBHblM npOMblCIIoBblM BH.lloM HBlIHCTCH T.
caralinus, 06HTalOll.{HH B Tpoml'fCCKHX H YMCpeHHbIX
Bo,nax ATJlaHTHKH. Pbl6a o6pa3YCT 60lIbllIHC KoCHKH'
H pacnpOCTpaHCHa no Bccif npH6pc}f(HOH 30HC 1.Jcp-
HOro MOpH. Oc061I I1MCIOT ll:IHHY aT 10 .no 20 CM, BCC
aT 15,n0 75 rpaMMoB. )l(HBCT aT o,nHora ra,na,no TpCX
lICT. HcpcCTHTCH C MaH no aBrycT, BblMCTblBaH ,no 50
TbIC. HKpHHoK. XI1ll.{HI1K, mlTaCTCH 3oonlIaHKTOHOM
H MClIKOH pbl6cmKoH. HCKoTopblC HXTHolIOrH npc.n-
lIaralOT pa3,nclIcHHC 60Ilcc KpynHoH H 60lICC MClIKoH
CTaBpH}J.bl Ha ,nBa caMoCToHTCIIbHblX BH}J.a. 3Ta rHno-
TC3a no.D.TBCp}f(}J.aeTCH HC'fC3HoBCHHCM B nOClIc,nHCC
BpCMH KpynHoH <}>opMbl qaBpH.llbl H3 YIlOBoB. Pyc-
CKoC Ha3BaHHC pbl6bl 3aHMCTBOBaHO H3 rpclfccKoro.
KopHCM KOToporo HBlIHCTCH «CTaBpoc» - KpCCT.
06'bC.nHHCHHOC Ha3BaHHC 7 BH.llOB 5 po,noB KpynHoH
MOpcKoH npoMblclIOBOH pbl6bl CCMCHCTBa CKYM6pHC-
BbIX, npC}f(,nc Bccro npc,ncTaBHTCJlCH po,na Thunnus.
3Ta npOMblCIlOBaH pbl6a .D.OCTHraCT }J.JIHHbl 3 M H Bcca
600 Kr. 110B BC,nCTCH Bo MHorHX TCnJlblX 'BO.D.aX MI1-
pOBoro OKcaHa. Pa3 B HCCKolIbKo I1CT TYHLlbl 3axo.nHT
Ha lICTO IfCpC3 Eoccpop H3 CpC.nH3cMHora MopH B 1.Jcp-
HOC. a oCCHblO YXO.nHT o6paTHO. OTlIH'faIOTCH npc-
KpaCHblMH KYlIHHapH!'IMH CBOHCTBaMH.
99
3OTepS1HHbI Ml-1p
FOJIOJIanbIH reKKOH
3Ta HUlCpHLla oTHoCHTCH K CCMeHCTBY rCKKOHOB, I1ml
LlcnKOIlanblX, HaC'InTblBalOll.{HX 60Ilcc 4SO BI1.!loB. Bcc
oHI1 >KilByT TolIbKO B Tponm<ax H cy6TponHKax. E.f(HH-
CTBCHHblH 06HTaIOlUHH B KpblMY BI1.f( HBJ1HeTCH TH-
nl1'1HblM npC.D.CTaBI1TClICM CpC.f(H3eMHoMopCKoH <}>ay-
HbI. 3Ta KpOXOTHaH Hll.{Cpl1L1a pe.f(Ko npeBblmaCT
.f(IIHHY 5 CM. fCKKoH 61Iaro.D.apH oca6oMY YCTpoiiCTBY
lIanOK npCKpaCHO nCpCMell.{aeTCH HC TonbKO no rlIa.f(-
KoH BCpTI1KaJlbHoH nOBepXHOCTH, Ho npCKpaCHO 6c-
raCT H no nOTOlIKY. EClIH BaM noC'faCTJIHBHTCH Ha-
6I1IO.f(aTb, KaK xpa6po H 1I0BI<0 oXoTHTCH KpoXoTHblii .
reKKoH'1I11< 3a HaceKOMbIMH, Bbl cpa3Y >K:C npoHI1KHH-
TeCb K HeMY HCKpCHHCH CI1MnaTl1eH. Ma11o'II1CJ1CHHbIC
KolIoHHI1 3Toro BH.lla 06HapYiKHBalOTCH B.f(011b Y3KoH
nOlIOCbl IO}f(H06cpC}f(bH aT CCBaCTonOIlH J.{O A'lyrn-
TbI. I.J:HCJ1eHHoCTb nonY1I1ILlHI1 CTolIb MaIla, [ITO rel<-
KoH BI<J1lOlfeH B Me}f(DYHapo.llHYIO KpaCHYIO KHHrY.
[JOJI03
Po.f( nOlI030B Colubcr HaC'IHTblBaCT 30 BH.lloB 11 oTHo-
CHTCH K ceMcHCTBY Y}f(CH. Bce KpblMCl<l1C nOlI03bl -
BbIXO}J.l{bl H3 Cpe.f(H3eMHoMopbH. )J(cJTT06p1OXHii IlOJT03
(c. Jugularis L.) -caMaH XPynHaJI 3MCH Ha KpblMCKOM
nonyOCTpOBC. 3ToT BH.ll oTIIH'IaeTCH TCMHo-cepblM QBe-
TOM cnHHbl H CBeTlIo->K:eJITbIM 6p1OXoM. .l1.oCTHracT 2 M
.f(IIHHbI. flOJT03 JTeOIlapJ10Bblii (Elaphe situla L.) - ca-
MblH pe.D.KHH B YxpaHHe. OH 06HTaer TOlIbKO Ha yJKoH
nOIlocc cymH MCiK.1IY CeBaCTonoIleM H CY.D.al<oM Ha no-
pocmHX KYCTapHl1l<oM CKJIOHax I()}f(HoH rp}J}J.bl Ha Bbl-
COTe He MeHCC 300 MeTpoB. OxpacKa 3MCH BapbHpyeT aT
cepOH DO nalICBOH. OTlIHIfHTCIIbHoH oC06CHHoCTblO,
DaBmeH nOlI03Y Ha3BaHI1C, ClIY}f(aT KpaCHo-KopI1IfHCBble
nHTHa, ol<aHToBaHHblc 'IepHoH nOlIOCKoii. ')],nI1Ha no-
I103a npH61IH}f(8CTCH K o.f(HoMY MeTpY.
100
)l(I-1BOTHbI Ml-1p
Ey.nYIfH a6COlIIOTHo HC}J}J.oBHTblM, o61Ia)laCT 3aMC'fa-
TClIbHoH Xpa6pOCTblO - npH HCo}f(H.llaHHoH BcrpCIfC C
'fClIoBCKOM HJJH .npyrl1M KpynHblM XHll.{HHKoM CBOpa-
IfHBaCTCH B KolIbLlo H C rp03HblM mHnCHHCM .lleJlaCT yr-
p0}f(alOll.{HC 6pOCKH. noIl03 Mo}f(eT HaHeCTH lIoBolIbHo
601IC3HCHHbIH YKYC, Ho nOC.llHHoK nO'fTH BCCr.l{a 3aKaH-
Ifl1BaCTCH Tparl1'fCCKH HMCHHO .D.IIH nOIl03a.
)f(eJITonY3HK
)l(CJITOny3HK, HJJH myxapb (Ophisaurus apodus Pall.),-
6e3HoraH Hll.{CpHUa CBoco6pa3HOro CCMCHCTBa BCpeTC-
HHl(, HaC'IHTbIBaIOll.{CrO 60 BH.lloB. )l(enTOnyJHK - C}J.HH-
CTBCHHaH 6c;moraH Hll.{CpHLla YKpaHHbI. )],nHHa 3TOH
Hll.{CpHLlbl npeBblllIaCT I M, H }f(enTonyJHK 113-3a OTcyT-
CTBHH Hor lfaCTO I1HmaCTCH >K:H3HH, B»ymaH crpax CBO-
HM CXo){CTBoM co 3MCHMH. CXo.D.CTBO 3TO orpaHH'IHBa-
CTCH, MC}f(}J.Y npOIfHM, TOlIbKO OTCYTCTBHCM HOr. Y
}f(CJITOny3HKa TaKaJI }f(C, KaK Y oCTaIlbHhIX Hll.{CpHU, Kpyn-
Ha1l rOlIOBa, CKJIa.aKH Ha 60Kax TelIa H xopomo 3aMCT-
HbIC BCKH, oTCyrcTBYlOlllHC Y BCeX 3MCH. OTlIHlfacr 3ToT
BH.ll BCCbMa cBoc06pa3HaJI OKpaCKa: CBCPXY H CHH3Y Hll.{C-
pHua OKpamCHa B CBCTlIo-nCCO'lHbIH LlBeT, Ha KOTopoM
Y MolIo.nblX >K:HBOTHblX xopomo 3aMCTeH TCMHhIH yJop.
06HTaCT, KpOMC KpblMa, TolIbKo B Cpc.n113CMHoMOpbC.
B A3HH H Ha KaBKa3C. BH.ll3aHCCCH B KpaCHYIO KHHry.
Me,£(JIHKa
MC.lljJHKa (CoranclIa austriaca) oTHoCHTCH K CCMCH-
CTBY Y}f(CH. 3Ta Hc601IbmaH 3MCH HC npcBblmaCT 60
CM .D.lIHHbI. 06HTacT B EBponc H 3ana}J.HoH A3HH.
BonpcKH MHorOIfHClICHHblM YBCPCHHHM «3HaTOKOB»,
MC.l{HHKa HCH.D.oBHTa.
EeJIOrOJIOBbIH CHn
Po.n CHnOB CCMCHCTBa HCTpC6HHblX HaCIfHTbIBaCT IfC-
TbIpC BH.lla. B KpblMY 0611TacT o.D.HH 3H.llCMH'fHblH BH.ll
101
30TepS1HHbI.:i Ml-1p
- 6CJlOra:IOBbIH cnn. 3To KpynHa nTHLla C JV1HHOii
TClIa )10 120 CM H TpexMcTpoBblM pa3MaxoM KpbL'JbCB.
Cnn o'ICHb nOXO}f( Ha rpn<}>a, OT!II1'fa Cb HCCKo!1bKO
601IblUCH BCJUI'IHHoH H LlBCTOM oncpeHHH. KaK H rpH<}>.
cnn BoOppKCH Moll.{HbIM KIIIOBoM H KOITHCTblMH lIa-
naMH. cnoc06cH 6C3 BC Koro yCHJIlUI ..'{o.:Jro napHTb Ha
60JIbmoH Bblcore, 06HapY}f(HBaH.f(06bl'fY Ha 60IlbmoM
paccToHHHH 6I1aro.n.ap npcKpacHoMY 3pCHHIO H xopo-
mo pa3BHToMY o6oHHHHIO. KaK n rpH<p, CHn HBJIHCTC1I
caHHTapoM lIcca, nOC}J.aR na}J.a.nb. 06HTalOT nTHUbl Ha
fIlaBHoH rpJl}J.c. oC06CHHo BClIHKa 'fHCJ1CHHoCTb CHna
Ha TCppHTOpHH KpblMcKoro 3anoBC.f(HHKa. fHC3.f(HTCH
nTHLla Ha MaJIo.f(oCTynHbIx CKaJJax. PaHHcH BeeHoH, B
MapTc, CaMKa OTKJIa.llblBaCT O.f(Ho HLlo.
JIe6e,£(h
CCMeHCTBO I1c6e.f(cii HaCIfHTblBaCT mCCTb BH.llOB, .f(Ba
H3 KoTOpblX 06HTalOT B KpbIMY. 3Ta KpynHaH KpacH-
BaH nTHLla B npomlIoM HBIIJl.naCb o61>CK raM npOMblC-
lIa, B HaCTOHmcc BpCMH HaXO.f(HTCH no..'l. oxpaHoii. )],nH-
Ha TCJ1a nTHLlbI .D.OCTHraCT 1,5 M, BCC I3 Kr. T oIlbKo
o.llHH BI1.ll- JJe6cJ1b-IIlHIlYH (Cygnus alar Gm.) mC3-
.f(HTCH Ha no.:1Y0CTpoBC. J1CTOM nTHua I1HHHCT H CoBCp-
mCHHO 6eenoMomHa. OTnH'fHTCJIbHOH OC06CHHOCTblO
mHnYHa HBlIHCTCH H30rHYTaH mCH H pKo-KpacHbIH
KlIlO8. JJc6eJ1b-KJIHKYH(Cygnus cygnus L.) xapaKTCpH-
3YCTC 60ncc npHMoH mCCH H >K:ClITbIM KlIIOBoM. 3TOT
BHl! mC3.llHTCH Ha CCBcpe, a B KpblMY TOlIbKO 3HMYCT.
COBa
KpblMCKHC BHl!bl OTHoCHTCH K CCMCHCTBY HaCTOHll.{HX
COB. OTJIlf'fHTCJlbHbIM npH3HaKoM nTIILI :noro CCMCH-
CTBa HBlIHCTCH {(!IHLlCBoH .D.HCK» BOKpyr nla3. .l1.HCK,
oc060c CTpoCHHC o'fCHb 6o!IbllIHX KpyrlIblx rlIa3, M r-
KoC oncpcmIC. npc paCHblH C!1YX BJ1 loTCH npHCIlO-
C06H relIbHblMH MCXaHH'JMaMH II rHUbl K HOIIHoMY 06-
102
)l(I1BOTHbli1 Ml-1p
pa3Y >K:H3HH, 6CCllIYMHOMY nOIlCTY H YMCHHIO pa3rIIJI-
.D.CTb JI06bl'fY B TCMHoTC. OCHoBHYIO nmuy COB COCTaB-
lIJlIOT MblmH, nOlICBKH, I<pynHblc HaCCKOMbIC. .l1.HCM
CoBbl .D.oBolIbHO 6CCnOMOll.{Hbl H Be.nYT CKpbITblH 06-
pa3 }f(H3HH, .l1.HIOIOT H rHC3.D.JlTCJI CoBbl B .D.ynnax.
HaH60JJcc MHoralfHcIIcHHblH B KpblMY BH}J.- HCJ/ChITb
cepa.Jl, .nOBOIlbHo KpynHaJi nTHua .D.IIHHOH.no 45-50 CM.
PC}f(C BCTpe'laCTCJI ywaCTa.Jl r:OBa, B 1l01IHHC pCI<H AJIb-
Mbl o6HTaCT ManCHbl<aJl COB8 CIlJIJOWK8 (Otus scops L.),
.D.IIHHa TClIa KOTOpOH HC npcBbImacT 19 CM. CaMall
KpYIIHaJi COBa - rjJHJlHH(Bubo bubo L.).
XOXJIaThIH 6aKJIaH
3Ta nTHLla HMCCT IfCpHOC oncpeHHc, .D.IIHHHbIH }f(ClITbIH
1<J1IOB H Hc601IbmoH XoXoIlOK, onpc.nclIHBmHH ec Ha-
3BaHHC. KpblM - C.nHHCTBCHHOC MecTo B YKpaHHc, r.nc
npol1Cxo.nHT MaCCOBOC rHC3.D.OBaHHC XoXJlaTblX 6aKIIa-
HOB.. B Mapre nTHLlbl oTKJla}J.bIBaIOT 2-.-3 JlHLla H HaCH-
>K:HBaIOT HX nOO'fCpC.llHo. 4T06bl y6Cpe'fb nTCHLlOB OT
}f(apKoro BCCCHHcro COIlHLla, I1THLlbl lfaCTO OXJla)!(,Z!a-
lOT mC3.D.a MOKpblMH BOJIOpoCIIJlMH, a TaK}f(C CTOJIT Ha}J.
HHMH, pacnnaCTaB KpbillbJl. EaKJIaHbl nHTalOTCJI H Kop-
MJlT CBOHX mCHUOB MClIl<OH Pb160H, paKo06pa3HblMH,
B noraHC 3a .D.06bl'lCH HblpJlIOT nO.D.'fac Ha rIIy6HHY 8-
10 MCTpOB. .l1.06b1'fY XBaTalOT OCTpblMH KpaJlMH KJlIO-
Ba, a BblHbIPHYB Ha nOBcpXHOCTb, no.n6pacblBalOT ec
BBCpX, I<al< }f(OHrIlCpbl, H rIlOTaIOT. I.J:aCTo BC.D.YT KOlI-
I1CKTHBHYIO 061IaBHYIO OXOTy Ha pbl6y, OKpY>KaJI Ko-
ClIK H nO}J.f'oWlJl ero K 6epery.
FpntjJ CfepHhIH
PO.D. HaCToJlll{HX rpH<}>OB CCMeHCTBa JlCTpe6HHbIX HaCIfH-
ThIBaCT ] 4 BW!OB. fPH4> qCPHbIH (Acgypius monachus L)
- 3H}J.CMH'lHbIH KpblMCKHH BH}J.. m KpYIDIaJI ITI1Il\a C
pa3MaXOM KpbmbCB .D.O 2,5 M oTJIHlfaCTCJI pe.llKHM onepe-
IDfCM Ha rOIIOBe H mee, 'ITO npH.llaCT cii HecKoJIbKO «He-
103
30Tep5lHHbli1 Ml-1p
npHrilll.ll HblH » Bl1.ll. KaK Bce npe.D.CTaBHTCIII1 cCMci1CTBa,
nrnLla 06na.aaeT MOllIHblM KJIIOBoM H KorTHCTblMI1 !Ia-
naMH, CnoC06HblMH pa:30.n:paTb TOlICTyIO llIKYPY 3BCpH.
fpl1<p lfacaM» napm Ha 60JIbmoii BblooTC, BblCMaTpHBaH
.n:06MlfYHaorpOMHOHTcppmopHI1.npnpo.n: aBOO PY}f(H-
lIa nTHl.{y o'fCHb CHJJbHblM 3pcHI1CM H Heo6MKHOBeHHblM
06aIDIHHCM. nHTaCTCH rpH<}> na}J.aJIblO, BbInOlIIDIH BaiK-
HYIO 3KoIlorn'lCCKYIO 3a}J.alfY. 06HTalOT nTHUbl Ha f.'laB-
HoH rpH.lle KpblMCKHX rap, 0c06eHHO MHora rpH<}>oB Ha
reppHTOpHH KpblMCKora rocy.n:apCTBCHHoro 3anoBC.D.HH-
Ka. fpH<pbl rHe3}J.JlTCH Ha BblooKHX.n:epeBbJIX, lfall.{C Ha 00-
CHaX. CaMKa pa3 B 1-2 ro.l{a paHHcH BCCHoH. B MapTe,
OTKJIa,llbIBaeT no o.D.HOMY HHl.{y BCCOM .n:o 270 rpaMMoB.
EapCYK KpbIMCKHH
EapcYK oTHoCHTCH K CCMCHCTBY KYHbHX, HaC'II1TbIBa-
lOll.{eMY 70 Bl1.lloB. OKOlIo 30 po.n:oB 3Tora CCMcHCTBa
BKJIlOlfalOT B CC6H I1aCKY, HopKY, KYHHLlY, ropHoCTaH,
oo6oIlH, KOlIOHKa, BbI}J.PY. Ha ncpBbIH B3rnH.ll, Tpy.n:Ho
ooOTHCCTH 6aPCYKa C oCTaJIbHblMH npe.D.CTaBHTeJIHMH
TIoro cCMCHCTBa, KOTopblC B HameM npe.D.CTaBlICHHH
xapaKTepH3YIOTCH BeCbMa npoTHBopelfHBblMH CBoM-
CTBaMH. C o.D.HoH CTOpoHbl, 3TO «llIIoXHe» MaJIeHbKHC,
npo}f(opIlHBble XHll.{HHKH, nOTOMY 'I TO 6e3>K:aIIoCTHO
noc.n:alOT HallIY nOTCHLlHMbHYIO .D.06blqy: 6ClIoK, nTHLI
H pbl6y. 3T0 cnerKa KOMnCHCHpYCTCH TeM, 'ITa KYHbH
HCTpe6I1HIOT rpbI3YHoB. BnpOlfeM, caMblM HeoCnOpl1-
MbIM .D.OCToHHCTBoM KYHbHX HB!IHeTCH LleHHblH MCX, no-
3BolIHIOll.{HH paCCMaTpHBaTb HX He TolIbKo B KalfCCTBe
.n:06blqH, Ho H B KalfCCTBe .D.06bIIfH LleHHOH.
C nOM TolfKH 3peHHH 6apcYK COBceM He noXO}f( Ha
c06paTbCB. OH, 6e3YClIOBHO, «xopomHH», nOTOMY
If TO KymacT TOlIbKo <<I1I1oXHX» rpbI3YHOB H Hace-
KoMbIX, a Mbl KymaeM era MHCo H lIelfHMCH era LlC-
I1e6Hb1M >K:HpoM. .lI.Ba .D.PyrHx CBOHCTBa: HC o'feHb-
TO ueHHaH mKypa H 'flIeHOBpe.n:I1TCIIbCTBo HopHblX
104
peJIbrjJHH
)l(I-1BOTHbli1 Ml-1p
oXoTHH'fbHX c06aK, no 60lIbmOMY C'fCTY, .f(a}f(e
HelIh3H Ha3BaTb «HClloCTaTKaMH».
He noxo)l( 6apcYK Ha .upynlx KYHbl1X H pa3MepaMH,
cro .D.JIHHa .f(oCTHraeT 90 CM, K KoTOpbIM o6H3aTClIb-
Ho HY}f(Ho .f(06aBHTb 24 CM XBOCTa. CBoc06pa3HbIH
xapaKTep 6apcYKa COlfeTaeT B ce6e MHpHbIH HpaB H
Y.D.HBHTeIlbHYIO xpa6pocTb.
3ooIlorH Bbl.f(ClIHIOT KpblMcKora 6apcYKa .B oT.f(eJIb-
HblH no.D.BI1.f(. 06HTacT 6apcYK no BCCH lICCHoH 30He
ropHoH lfaCTI1 KpblMa, >K:HBeT B rny60KHx, .f(o 5 M
.f(IIHHbl, Hapax, BblpblTblX B MHrKOM rpYHTe, mCJIHX,
TpCll.{HHaX HlIH paccelIHHax CKaJI. Hopbl HMelOT no
HeCKOIlbKY BblXo.f(oB H .D.oBolIbHo CIIo}f(HoC CTpoeHHe,
H3-3a KOToporo Ha3blBalOTCH «ropO.f(KaMH». OHH Bce-
f.D.a cO.D.Cp}f(aTCH B nopa3HTeIlbHOH 'fHCToTe H 'faCTO
HcnOIlb3YIOTCH HCCKOlIbKHMH nOKOlICHIIHMH.
EaPCYK xopomo nepeHOCHT HeBOIIIO, 'feMY B 3Halfl1-
TeIlbHOH CTeneHH cnoc06CTBYIOT cnOKOHHbIii, Y}f(HB-
IfHBblH xapaKTCp H BCeJl}J.HOCTb, O.D.HaKo .f(ep>K:aT cro B
oCHoBHOM B 3oonapKax.
JJ.OCTOBepHO H3BeCTHO, 'ITa B 4cpHoe Mope 3aXO.D.HJJ
.D.CBHTHMeTpoBbIH KHT nOlIocamK MaJJblH (Balacnoptera
acutoras-trata Lacepedc). A B 1880 r. KHT Bbl6poCHJJCH
Ha 6eper B paHoHe Ea'I)'MH, H cra lfeJIIOCTH XpaHHTCH B
MeCTHOM MY3Ce, Ho, npeHe6peraJI 3THM <}>aKToM, Mo>K:-
Ho cKa3aTb, 'ITa B 4epHOM H A30BCKoM MOpJIX BCTpe'fa-
IOTCH IfCThIpe BH}J.a MopcKHX MIIeKonHTalOII...11X - TJO-
neHh-MOH8XH TpH BH}J.a .D.eJII4>HHOB: a:JOBK8, 6eno60<JK8
H atjJanHHa. CaMbIH XPynHblH H3 .f(eJIb<}>HHoB - a<}>MH-
Ha (Tursiops truncatus Montagu) .f(oCTHr eT B .f(IIHHY 3
M, MaccbI400 Kr, a30BKa, HJIH MopcKa CBHHbH (Phocaena
phocaena L.), MeIlb'fe .D.pyrHX BH}J.oB, ee .f(IIHHa He npe-
BbllIIaCT ].5 MeTpa. A<}>anHHa H a30BKa npe.f(nolfHTalOT
npH6pe}f(HbIe Bo.f(bl, 6CI1060'fKa - oTKpblToe MOpe.
105
3QTep HHbli1 Ml-1p
06ll.{CH3BCCTHbl BblCOKHC HHTC.IlJICKTyaJIbHblC cnOC06Ho-
CTH .llelIb<}>HHoB. KPYffilbrn M03r 3THX >KHBoTHbIX no 06-
ll.{CMY 'fHCJIy KJICTOK 1<0pbI, 'fHCJIy 60po3.ll H H3BHJIHH HC
»MCCT ce6c paBHbIX; HCK1IIO'fifI'eIlbHO OCTpbrn CJIyX, xo-
pomcc 3peHHC H ru.apOlIol<auHOHHbIH annapaT n03BoJIJl-
lOT JIM 06Hap}?KHBaTb .ll06bl'l}' Ha paccroHHHH.110 3 KM.
.[{ClIb<}>HHbl 6C3 TpY.lIa B TCIfCHHC }J.JIHTClIbHoro BpeMe-
HH cOnpOBO>K:.lIaIOT MOpCKHC cY.lIa H npH >K:CIIaHHH
06roHHIOT HX, ,TaK Kal< lIerl<O .lIoCTHralOT Cl<opOCTH
60-70 KW'fac. OHH ncpe.lIBHralOTClI B BO.lle 6bICTpCC
601IbmHHCTBa pbI6 H HBJI'IIOT C060H 06pa3cLI 3aMe'fa-
TCIIbHOH npHcnoc061IeHHoCTH I< CpC.llC 06HTaHHjJ.
.[{blmaT .D.ClIb<}>UHbI, l<aK H Bce MJICKonHTalOlllHC, aT-
Moc<}>epHbIM B03.llYXOM, nCpHO.llHlfeCI<H nO.lIHHMajJCb
Ha nOBepxHoCTb. CBCPXY Ha rOlIOBe Y HHK pacnOlIO-
}f(CHO OTBCpCTHC C KJIanaHOM (.llbIXaIIO), O.D.HOBPCMCH-
HO HBIIHIOll.{eCCH opraHOM 3BYKOBOH CHrHalIH3aLlHH.
A30BKa 3aXO.lIHT B qCPHOC MOpe TOlIbl<o Ha 3HMY, oc-
TalIbHYIO lJaCTb rO.lla npOBO.llHT B A30BCKOM Mope. B
OTlIHIfHC OT .D.PyrHx .D.CJ1bqmHoB Y a30BI<H IfcmOCTH HC
CY}f(eHbl B aK Ha3bIBaCMOC «pblJIO». qHClICHHOCTb no-
nYlIHUHH HC3HaIfHTeJIbHa, oCHoBHOH 1<0pM COCTaBlIH-
lOT .D.OHHbIC BWlbI pbl6.
HaH60Ilce MHorOIfHClICHHa nonYlIRUHR 6CII0601fKH.
3TOT BH.ll .lICIIb<}>HHOB nHTaCTCH B OCHOBHOM MeIll<oH
CClIb.lICBOH PbI60H, npeClIe.lIYR I<pynHble KOClIKH. A<}>a- 1
I1HHa, B OTIIHIfHC OT 6elI0601JKH, BKlIIOlfaeT B paLlHOH
H .llOHHble BH.llbI pbI6bl. 3TH .lIelIb<}>HHbI cnoc06HbI no-
rpY>K:aTbCH Ha my6HHY 200-300 M H 3a,llcp>K:HBaTb JIbl-
xaHHe Ha I S MHHYT. 1
CaMKH BbIKapMIlHBalOT JICTeHbImCH MolIOKOM 01<0110
to.D.a. .[{eIlb<}>H1IHTa pO}f(}J.aIOTCH KpynHblMH, }J.JIHHa HX
.D.OCTHraCT nOlIOBHHbI JJ.I1HHbI MaTepHHCI<OrO TCIIa. I
nCpBbIH B3.lIOX .lICTCHblm .D.elIaCT Ha nOBcpXHOCTH,
KY.D.a cro 3a60TIIHBO nO.D.TMI<HBaCT MaTb.
j
106
)f(I1BOTHb,i1 Ml1p
Ka6aH
Ka6all (SUS scrofa L.) -- npOMblCJJOBOC napHOKOnblT-
HOC }f(HBOTHOe O.llHOIiMeIlHOrO ceMeHCTBa (suidae) no-
.llOTp .lla iKBa[fHbIX. PYCCKOC Ha3BaHHe iKHBOTHoro 3a-
HMCTBOBaHO H3 TlOpKCKHX S!3bIKOB.
Ka6aHhI npCKpaCHO CKpell.{HBaIOTCH C .llOMamHHMU CBU-
HbHMH. n03TOMY MHorHe 300JJOrn CllHTalOT HX BapHa-
LlHHMH O.llHOrO B a. BHcmHC OT .l{OMaWHCH CBHHbH
OT.1HllaIOTCH 60Ilec pa3BHTblM «pbillOM», 60JICC }f(eCT-
KOH, TeMHOH ll.{CTHHOH. Y .llHKHX nopOCHT B OTJ1HllHC
OT .D.OMaWHHX OKpaCKa 3all.{HTHaH, C TCMHO-6YPbIMH
npO.llO lbHbIMH nOJJOCaMH Ha cnHHe. HCKOr.lla Ka6aH
6bIIl pacnpocrpaHcH B KpbIMY, O.l{HHM H3 CBH.lleTClIbCTB
3Toro CJJY}f(HT CLlCHa OXOTbI Ha Ka6aHa, H306pa}f(CH-
HaH Ha CTCHC CKlIenOB B HcanoJJc CKH<l>cKOM. Ho 3a-
TCM 3TO >K:HBOTHOe 6bIIlO nOJJHOCTblO IfCTpe6JleHO.
BHOBb 6bm 3aBC3eH Ha nonyoCTpoB Ka6aH B cepeJUfHc
50-x rr., 3a nOJIBeKa paccclIwlcH no BceH JJeCHOH 30HC.
H Ha Hero pa3pemeH J1HLleH3HOHHbIH OTCTpelI.
nHTalOTCJJ Ka6aHbl Ca1.fOH pa3Ho06pa3HOH nHll.{e",
oceHblO OCHOBY HX paLlHOHa COCTaBJJ IOT 6YKOBbIC
OpCIllKH If }f(CJIY.llH. Bo06me >K:C Ka6aHbl BCeH.lIHbI, HC-
pe.l{KO nOe.llalOT rpbI3YHOB, HaceKOMbIX, n cHLlOB.
I1Hor.aa -Ka6aH irblTacTC B3alfMO.lleHCTBOBaTb C 'fC-
1I0BCKOM no npHHI.IHny «Tbl - MHe, JJ - Tc6e» H npc-
TeH}J.ycT Ha .llOJJIO CCJJbCKOX03JJHCTBeHHoH np0.llYKl.(IlH,
HO 3TH nOnbITKH CTporo npcceKalOTCH.
JIHCHl!a 06hIKHOBeHHaJI
J1HeHLla (Vulpcs vulpcs) mlfpOKO pacnpOCTpaHCHa B
YKpaHHe. HO MHorlle HCCJJC.llOBaTeJIH C'fHTaIOT, 'I TO B
KpbIMY HapH.llY co CTenHblMnO.llB OM (V. v. stcpcnsis
Brauner) 06HTaCT 3H.lleMIfIlHblH nO.llBHJI ropHo-KpbIM-
cKoii JlHCHIlbl (V.v. krimea montana Brauncr). )J.jJH-
lIa TCJIa KpbIMCKOH JJHCHLlbl .llOCTHraCT ] 10 CM, XBOC-
Ta -- 44 CM. Macca TeJJa .llOCTHraeT 5 Kr. fIOBC.llCHHC
107
3OTepSlHHbI Ml-1p
m1CHLI xopomo H3BeCTHO no MHOrO'lHCJ,leHHbiM CKa3-
KaM H OXOTHWlbHM paCCKa3aM.
JIerYlJa,n MbIllIb
J1ery'fHC MblmH BMCCTC co CBOHMH 6JII1}f(aHmm,fH pO.ll-
CTBeHHHKaMH, KO}f(aHaMH, 06'bCaHHCHbl B OTpJl.ll PY-
KOKpbI1IbIX, HaC'fHTblBalOll.{HH 60Ilcc 850 BH}J.OB. Bcc
PYKOKpblJIblC cnoc06Hbi K nOIlcTY. MC}f(ay CHTIbHO Y.ll-
I1HHCHHbIMH nMbl{aMH ncpeJlHHX KOHC'lHOCTCH, 3a.ll-
HHMH I1ana1.fH H 60KOBOH nOBcpxHOCTblO TCIIa y HHX
06pa30BalIacb KO>K:HCTaJi CKJla}J.Ka, KOTOpaJi npH pac-
TJlrHBaHHH .D.eHCTByeT TaK >K:C, KaK KpbIIlO mHLlbI.
MIIcKomrralOlllHe B lIHLlC CBocro ncpeJlOBoro OTpMa py-
KOKpbUThIX OCBOHTIH HC6eCHbIc npocropbl HaMHoro n03-
>KC nTHLI, n03ToMY rOCnO.llCTBa B He6e nOKa HC 3aXBaTII-
I1H H aKTHBHbI TOIlbKO B TeMHOC BpeMH cyTOK.
EOIlbmHHCTBo BH.D.OB PYKOKpbI1IbIX 06HTaeT B TponH-
Kax H cy6TponHKax, B KpbIMY HaC'fHTblBaIOT 16 BH-
aOB, no 'fHCJlY BH}J.OB :no caMbIH MHOrO'fHClICHHbIH
OTPM MIICKOnHTalOll.{HX nOIlyoCTpoBa. HCKOTOpbIC
Bl1}J.bl PYKOKPbIIlblX nHTalOTCJI pacTHTelIbHoH nHll.{CH,
eCTb KpOBOCOCYll.{HC BH.D.bl, HO Bce KpbIMCKHC BH.llbl
nHTalOTCJI HCKJlIO'lHTCJlbHO HaCCKOMbIMH, lICnOIlL3YJI
JJJIJI OOHCKa nHll.{H YJ1b Tpa3BYKoBYlO 3XOlIOKaLlHIO.
MHOrHe 1I1O.llH HcnblTblBalOT npe.lly6C)l(}J.CHHC npoTHn
3Tl1X He60J1bIllHX }f(HBOTHbIX. B OCHOBC ero JIC}f(HT pauH-
OHaJIbHOC 3CpHO: 06IUalOll.{HC B TpOllHKax KPOBOCOCY-
ll.{HC BH,llb1 'faCTO JIRJUIIOTCJI ncpcHOC'fHKaMH 6emcHCTBa.
Bnpo'feM, OCHOBa nI06oro npe}J.y6e>K.llcHml - 1lC',maHHC,
HeBC}f(CCTBO. PyKOKpbIIlblC nO.ll)J.cp}f(HBaIOT paBHOBCCHC
cpe.'UI :>KHBbIX opraHH3MoB C HO'fHOH aKTHBHOCTblO, pc-
ryJIHPYJI 'fHCIICHHOCTb MHOrHX BI1}J.OB HaCCKOMbIX.
C MbImaMH Y I1CTY'lHX MblmcH HeT HH'lCrO 06ll.{cro.
EnH>K:aHmHC 3BonlOLlHOHHblC pO.D.CTBCHHHKH PYKOK-
pbIIlblX HaCCKOMOSl.llHblC - .llpeBHeHmHH OTpM MIIC-
KOnHTalOll.{HX. HaH60ncc pacnpocTpaHcHHblMH
108
>KJ.1BOTHbli1 MJ.1p
KpblMCKI1MH BIIJJ,aMH PYKOKpbL'JbIX }!BIIHIOTCH JJ,Ba BlUla
IlOLl.KOBOHOCOB. 60JlbUIofi 11 MaJlblH, 3TH >KHBOTHble
OTJlI1'mIOTCH xapaKTcpHblMH nO.llKOB006pa:mblMH Bbl-
pOCTa1.fH Ha HOCY. Cml<IKY H .llHCBKY iKHBOTHblC npo-
BOLl.HT B nell.{epax. J1cTalOT nOJJ,KOBOHOCbl HeBa}f(HO.
CaMaH KpynHaH I1CTY ' IaH Mblmb nOJ1YOCTpOBa - FH-
F<1HTCKaJl ne'lepHHIl</ (Nyctalus lasioptcryus Schredcr),
JJ,OCTHralOll.{aH 10,4 CM JJ,JJHHbl H 76 r Bcca. CaMaH Ma-
JJCHbKa,)I JJeTY'faH MbJlJJb - HeToflblpb-KUpJlHK
(Pipistrellus pipistrcllus Schredcr) HMCCT .ll.HHHY OKO-
I10 3--4 CM H 3-9 r Beca,
MyrjJJIOH eBpOlleHCKHH
MY<}>I10Hbl OTHOe5ITCH K po.ay 6apaHoB (Ovis) CCMeH-
CTB<I nOIloporHX (Bovidac), Ha<;'fHTbIBalOll.{eMY, no
MHCHHIO OJJ,HHX HCCIlC.llOBaTClIcH, JJ,Ba BlUla, no MHeHHIO
.llpymx - 'fCTblpC. ,l],HKHC 6apaHbl npHcnoc06JIeHbi K
>KH3HH B ropax. OT Ll.pyrHx napHOKOnblTHblX OTlIH'fa-
IOTCH YCTPOHCTBOM pOroB, .llaBmHM Ha3BaHHe CCMCH-
CTBY. Y eBponeHcKoro MY$I10Ha para cIIcn<a pacxo-
.lVITCH B CTOpOHbl, OHH cnHpMbHO 3aKpY'fCHbl BBepx H
Ha3a}J.. PeKOp.llHble OC06H .llOCTHralOT Beca 200 Kr.
6apaHbl 6bI1IH H3.llaBHa O.llOMamHCHbl, a HX .llHKHe co-
6paTbH aI<THBHO OTCTpCIIIfBaJIHCb. CKOIlbKO 6h1 BH-
.llOB .llJ1H .llHKHX 6apaHoB HH Bbl.llCnHlIOCb, norOlIOBbC
OT 3Toro He YBClIH'lHBaeTCH. EpHHCTBeHHaJi coxpaHHB-
maJiCH eCTeCTBeHHblM 06pa30M nonYII5Il.(IfH eBponCH-
CKoro My4>J1oHa HMeeTCH TOIlbKO Ha OCTpOBax Kop-
cHKa H Cap.llHHHR B Cpe}J.H3eMHOM Mope.
MY<}>I10H eBponCHCKHH (Ovis musimon Pall.), CKOIlb 3TO
HH napa}J.oKcaJIbHO, I1Y'fllIe pa3MHO>K:aCTCH B HCBOIlC, 'fCM
Ha CB060.llc. MY<}>I10HOB .llOBOIlbHO MHOro B 300napKax,
B 3anoBc.D.HHKe ACKaHlliI-HoBa OHH Be.ayr nOIlYBoIlbHoe
CYll.{CCTBOBaHHc H 3aHHMalOTCH npllilTHblM H nOIlC3HblM
.llCnOM: HcnoIlb3YlOTCH B pa60Te CClIeKLlHoHcpOB no Bbl-
pall.{HBaHHIO HOBblX nOpO.ll.llOMallIHHx OBCLI.
109
3OTep!!HHbli1 Ml-1p
KpblMCKOC CTMO - C.llHHCTBeHHaH CB060.llHO>K:HBYll.{aH
nOnYII5ILlH5I B BOCTO'fHOH EBpOne. OHa 06pa30BaJIaCb
cnY'faHHblM 06pa30M H3 norOIlOBb5l, CO.llCp>KaBmCrO-
CH B 1.JY'feJlbCKOM 3BCpHHUC, npHHa.llJIe}f(aBmCM uapc-
KOH CCMbe. )KHBoTHble ManO'fHCJJeHHbl H HaXO.i1HTC5I
no.D. nOCTOHHHOH oxpaHOH.
OlleHb 6llarOpO,l(HbIH
OIlCHb 6I1aropollHblH (Ccrvus elaphus) - O.D.HH H3 40 BH-
.llOB O,lIHOIlMeHHoro ceMCHCTBa (Cervidac) mp1l.i1a napHO-
KOnblTHblX. HeKor.aa 6bUJIllHpoKO pampocrpaHcH no aceH
EBPa3HH. Ll.OCrHf"dC'f .D.JIHHb1 TeJ1a 204 CM H Bcca 260 Kr.
OIleHb - rpauH03HoC }f(HBOTHOC, <}>OpMbl cro TCJla
cOBcpmeHHbL fOIlOBY caMua BCH'faIOT 60Ilbml1e pa3-
BeTBIICHHblC pora, cJ1Y>K:all.{l1e >K:eJlaHHbIM Tpo4>ceM )L,]H
OXOTHHKOB. Pora - opY>K:He rypHHpHblX 60CB, YCTpa-
HBaeMblX HaH60JlCc CHJIbHblMH H CMClIblMH poroHoc-
uaMH B 6pa'fHblH ncpHO.ll. B 3TO BpeM5I ropHble I1cca
brIlamalOTC5I MOll.{HbIM, npcpbIBHCTblM, cTpacTHblM
peBOM, 113-3a 'fcro H caM nepHO)l >K:113HH OJlCHH C KOHua
aBrYCTa no KOHeu OKTH6pH Ha3bIBalOT «peBOM».
Y'feHble pa3.D.enHIOT BH.D. 6I1aropo.llHblx OlICHCH Ha pJl}J.
nO.D.BH.D.OB: H3106peH, MapanOB H .lIp. MHornc 300Ilorn
BbutCJI5IIOT B OT.llCJIbHblH no.lXBH.D. H 06HTalOll.{CrO B Kpbl-
MY 61IaropoDHoro OlICIDI. B .D.aneKOM npollIJlOM OIlCHb
6bUJ pacnpocrpaHCH Ha nonyOCTpOBe BeCbMa mHpoKO
- 06 3TOM CBH.D.CTCnbCTBYIOT HaXO.D.KH HCKonaeMblX
OCTaHKOB B HeanolIc CKH4>cKOM, Ha KCplfCHCKOM H Tap-
XaHKYTCKOM nonyOCTpoBax. Ho B nepBoH lfeTBeprn XX
B. nO.llBH.D. OKa3aJlC" Ha rpaHH YHH'ITO>K:CHIDI. B 1923 r.
B C)lHHCTBeHH'OM CTa}J.C Y no.aHO>K:WI1.JaThlp.llara HaC'fH-
ThIBMOCb Bcero 66 rOIlOB. K Ha'fMY BClIHKOH OTC'fe-
CTBCHHOH BOHHhllfHcnCHHOCTh OIleHeH Ha nOIlY0CTpOBe
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MY MO}f(HO 6bIIlO 6bI pemHTb np06I1eMY HX nponHTa-
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a cnYCTH HCCKOJJbKO .llHCH H3'fHHaeTCH pOCT HOBbIX.
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THCTOH KO>KHUCH, ryCTo npoHH3aHHoH KpOBCHOCHbl-
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B KOHue Ma" - HaIJaIlC HIOHS!, I<or)la I1aHKH npHHO-
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TCM pora Y Hero KpaCHBee, TH>K:ClICC, BCTBHCTeC. 06l>IIf-
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111
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116
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CKaIlHCToro». TaBpbl OTlfaCTH paCTBOpJlIOTCJI B 31IIIHHH3HpOBaHHOM
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OcHoBa B3aHMOOTIIOmCHHH 3Jl.IJHH0B H CI<H<l>oB, .D:a H caMa npH'fHHa
B03HHKHOBCHlliI nOllliCOB B CcaepHOM npH'lepHOMopbC 3aKIlIO'faJIaCb B JKC-
nopre H3 CeaepHoM EBpa3HH B CPC.lUI3eMHOMOpbC pa60B, 3CpHa H pbI6bI l6 .
HecoMHeHHo. MHoroBCKOBOC COCC.aCTBO Cpe.D.H3eMHOMOpb}! H
CTenH B KpblMY HC HOCHJJO HCKlIlO'fHTeJTbHO Ml1pOJII06HBOro xapaKTC-
pa H He HC'fCpnbIBaJIOCb B3aHMOBblro.aHOH TOprOBJICH - He.aapOM >K:C
nOlIHCbl CTpOH-'1HCb KaK KpenOCTI1. Bo BC}!KOM CJJY'fae, 3aKaH'fHBaJIOCb
OHO BCCr.D.a BOCIUlblM npOTHBOCTOSlHHeM.
B VI-IV BB. .ao H. J. B CTenSiX OT To60.'1a.a0 BOIlrH <}>opMHpyeTcSI
COlO3 HpaHOSl3bI'fHbIX capMaTcKHx KO'feBbIX nJICMeH. B Hero BXO.D.HT aJ1a-
Hbl, pOKCOIlaHbl, caBpOMaTbI, H3blrH H .D.pyrHc Hapo.abI. B III B. .a0.H. J.
OHH MOll.{HOH BOJIHOM HaKaTblBalOTCSI Ha CCBCpHOC npH'fepHOMOpbe,
'faCTI1'fHO norIlornaSl, 'facTH'fHO BbITeCH}!SI CKH<}>OB. CKH<}>bl 060CHOBbl-
BalOTCjJ B CTen}!X KpbIMa, .D.CJlaJl CBOCM CTOIlHLlCH HcanolIb CKH<}>CKHH
(ocTaTKH ero - B OKpCCTHOCTSIX co.apeMeHHoro CHM<l>eponOlI}!). Hc-
anOJIb nepcBo.aHTC}J C rpC'feCKOrO KaK HOBbIH fopo.a, HOBropo.D.. CKH4>-
CKOC cro Ha3BaHHC HaYKe nOKa HeH3BeCTHO.
Bo II B. ..'l0 H. J. fPCUHH OKOH<faTCJIbHO YTpa'fHBaCT .TJH.D.CpCTBO
B CpC.aH3CMHOMOpbC. YCTynaSi ero PH MY . nOJIHCbl TCpSiIOT nO.D..1l.cp>K:-
KY. 'faCTI, 3aXBa fblBalOT CKI1<}>bI, 'faCTb rH6HCT, 'laCTb ncpcxo:UIT no.ll
npOTCKTopaT 1l0HTa.
118
V1CTOpl-1S1 KpblMo
3m 3JIJ1HHHCTH'fCCKOe rocY,1:\apcrao 06pa30BaJ10Cb B Ha'lanC IV B.
,1:\0 H. 3. (302 HIlH 301 IT..ao H. 3.) .aOBOIlbHO .lIaJJCKO OT KpblMa: Ha npOTH-
BOnOJlO>K:HOM, IO}f(HOM 6epery qcpHoro MOp , B ManOH A3HH. HaHBblC.
llIcro paCUBeTa nOHT ,1:\OCTHraCT npH MHTpJi.llaTC VI EBnaTOpe (132-{j3
rr. .ao H. 3.). Ha py6c}f(c II-I BB. .D.O H. 3. Heno.aaJJeKY OT COBpeMCHHOH
EBnaTopHH npoHCXO.lIHT Cpa>K:CHHe 06'bC.aHHCHHOro lliITH.llCCHTHTbICH'lHO-
ro BOHCKa MaHOB H CKH<}>OB C npH6blBllIeH Ha nOMOll.{b Oca)I(}J.CHHOMY
XCpcoHecy OTHOCHTCJJbHO HCMHOrO'fHCIlCHHOH nOHTHHCKOH apMHeH, 1<0-
TOpOH PYKOBO.aHJI HCKYCHbIH nOIlKOBO.aCU J].Ha<}>aHT. no6e.lla .aOCTacrcH
nOHry, H OH OKOH'faTeJIbHO nOD.'fHIDlcr ee6e Bee n06CpC>K:bC I..{CPHOro MOpH.
06ccnOKoeHHblH nOC raTeJIbCTBOM nOHTa Ha maBeHCTBO B Cpe.llH-
3CMHOMopbe, PHM BC.aCT C HHM TPH npo.aOIl>K:HTeJIbHbIC BOHHbl (89-84, 83-
81, 74-64 IT. .ao H. 3.). MHTpJi.llaT VI EBnaTOp nnaHHpyCT noxo.ll Ha PHM
[lepe3 .lJ.yHaH H AJIbnbl, HO nOCJJe O'fcpe.llHoro nOpa>K:eHWI, nony'lCHHOrO
OT pHMmH, B 63 r. .ao H. ), B nOHTC B03HHKaeT MjJTe>K:. MHTpH.llaT 1<0H'fa-
eT }f(H3Hb caMoy6HHCTBOM, H I< BJ]aCTH npHxO.lIHT npc.lIBo.aHTeIIb M Te>K:-
HHKOB UapCBH'f <1>apHaK. BOCHHOC npoTHB060pCTBO MC)l(}J.Y PHMOM H
nOHTOM npo.aoIl>K:acrcH. PHMCKHMH JJCrHOHaMH KOMaH.llYcr IOIIHH Ue-
3apb, .aOJJO>K:HBmHH ceHary HTor KaMnaHHH npOTHB BOHCK <1>apHaKa KPbl-
I1aTOH <}>pa30H: «Veni, vidi, vicD> - «npHmeJl, yBH,UelI, no6e.aHlI».
BHyqKa MHTpH,UaTa J].HHaMH}! nOCIle CMCpTH CBocro My>K:a AccaH.ll-
pa B 17 r. .ao H. 3. CTaHOBHTCH npaBHTCJ1bHHUCH EocllOpa. 3a BCID ,1:\onrylO
HCTOpHIO KpblMa 3TO C.lIHHCTBeHHbIH H3BCCTHblH HaM CJIy'faH, Kor.n.a >K:eH-
IDHHa 6bI1Ia npOB03rnamCHa nOIlHonpaBHOH npaBHTeIlbHHuCH. 3aTeM
,lJ,HHaMH}! BbIXO.lIHT 3aMy>K: 3a nOHTHHCKOro uapH nOIleMOHa H BMCCTC C
nOHTOM EocnopcKoe uapCTBO BKJIIO'facrcH B COCTaB PHMCKOH HMnepHH.
O.D.HOBpCMCHHO rpeqCCKHC nOIlHCbl Ha 3ana.llHOM n06cpe}f(bC, KpO-
Me XepcOHcca, nepexo.aHT K CKH<}>aM, TaK KaK HC HMCIOT .lI.JlH PHMa CTpa-
TCrH'lCCKOrO 3HaqCHH . BIB. H. 3. npH uapc MHTpH,UaTC VIII (?-68)
EocnopcKoc uapCTBO B COlO3e C capMaTaMH H cKH<}>aMH BblCTynacr npo-
THB PHMa. n06e.aa BHOBh OCTaCTCjJ 3a pHMJlHHaMH, MHTpH.aaTa VIII
Ka3HjjT. B TaBpHKe nOHBIIHIOTCjj HTMHHcKHe I1ernOHbI. Ha n06Cpe>K:bC
B03BO,WITCjj HOBbIe pHMCKHe KpcnOCTH, YKpennjjlOll.{HC XCpcOHCC, npe>K:-
.ae Bccro XapaKC Ha Mblce AH- To.D.Op, OCHOBaHHblH npH HMnepaTOpc
BecnaCHaHe. 113 XapaKca B XCpCOHCC B.D.OIll> IO>K:HOro n06CpC>K:bSl PHM-
JJHHC npOKIIa.llblBalOT CTpaTerH'fCCKYIO .aopory - BHa MHJIHTapHC.
119
V1CTO I-1S1 KpblMo
PHMCKHC KO,'IOmm CYIl!CCTBOB3JII1 B KpblMY .ao III BeKa. KCTaTl1,
J1aTHHCKOC ClIOBO «KOnOHI1H» (colonia) npoucxo.aI1T OT L'IarOlIa «colm>
- «06pa6aTbIBalO. Bblp3Il!HBalO, npO>K:H alQ, HacemllO» H 01Ha'faeT
«3CMCjJbHYIO c06CTBeHHocTb, .aCJISIHKY. nOCeneHI1C Ha \fY>K:HX 3eM.:UIx» ,
Mbl 3HaeM, 'I TO PI1M cOKpyml1J10 «BeIlI1KOC ncpeCCnCHI1C Hapo-
.aOB». Ba>K:HCHmHM cro O'farOM, KOTlIOM, B KqTOpOM BCKl1naJ1a MOll.{b
3THHqCCKHX KaTaCTpo<)>, 6bIn OT'faCTH 11 Kpbl CKI1H nOJlYOCTpOB. B III
B. Ha nOJJyoCTpOB B.aOlIb .llYHaji 11 .llHcnpa XlIblHYlIl1 rOTbI. 3TH BbIXOL\-
Llbl 113 CKaH,l1HHaBUH no .aOpOH; Ha lOr. comaCHO .apeBHCH JJeTOnI1CI1,
Ka3HHJII1 70 cnaBHHCKI1X BO)f(.aCH. fOTbl BcrynalOT B COlO3 co CTcnHblMH
Hapo.aaMI1 11 BMeCTC C 060cHOBaBml1MCH B npna30BCKI1X CTcnHX cap-
MaTCKHM nneMeHCM alIaHOB nOKOpjllOT KPblM,
IlPI1MCPHO B no >K:C BpeMH B BCnl1KOH CTenl1, KaK BcnblmKa HO-
BOH 3BC3.abl. npOI1Cxo.aI1T O'fepe.aHoH 3THI1'feCJ<I1H B3pb1B. B IV B. 3a-
_ na.llHaH BeTBb CTcnHblX ueHTpaJ1bHOa3HaTCKI1X Hapo.aoB, Ha3bIBaBml1X
CC6H «XYHHY». YCTpeMlIHcTcH Ha OnCpaTI1BHblH npoCTop, CMeTaH Ha CBO-
CM nYTI1 BCC nperpal!bI. fYHHbl HC!lOnrO 3a.ll.ep}f(I1BaIOTCH Ha nOKopeH-
HOM nOIlyoCTpoBe. H OCHOBHaji I1X 'faCTb QCPC3 AYHaH npoHOCHTCjI ony-
CTomHTeIlbHblM yparaHoM K PI1MY.
CBC,lICHHH 06 HCTOpl1'feCKHX npoLlcccax Hcnocpe.acTBeHHo B ca-
MOM KpblMY BCCbMa <}>parMeHTapHbI. K IV B. Ha KpblMCKOM nOIlY-
oCTpoBe B Maccc 3acelIHBmHX nOJJyocTPOB rOTOB H aIlaHOB pacTBo-
pHIOTCH pa3p03HcHHble H CMcmaHHblC MC>K:.ay C060H 3I1eMCHTbl npe-
>K:HerO HaceneHHH nOTOMKH JnIlHHOB, TaBpoB H CKH<}>OB.
npHWCIIbUbl, B CBOIO OQepc.llb, .aOBOIlbHO 6blCTpO YTpaQHBalOT CBOIO
KYIlbTypHYIO cncuH<}>HKY H CTaHOBHTCH, no CYTH, HOBblM HapO,lIOM,
KOTOpblH 6y.aYll.{HC I1ccnc.aOBaTCIIH Ha30BYT rOTo-aIlaHaMH. YCKO-
pCHHIO 3Toro npouecca cnoc06cTBoBaIlo rYHHcKoC HamCCTBHe,
«cnpeccoBaBmce» B rlIy6HHHblX ropHblx paHoHax yuelIeBmce OT
CTpCII H ca6clIb KO'feBHHKOB HaCCIIeHHC. KynbTYPHble H jJ3blKOBbie
rpaHH OT,lIelIbHblX 3THH\fCCKHX rpynn cTHpalOTcH 6blCTPblM pacnpo-
cTpaHeHHeM Ha nonyocTpoBe xpHcTHaHcTBa, 'I TO no.aTBCp)f(.aaIOT
MHOrOQHCIIeHHblC apXCOnOrH'feCKHe H HCTOpH'feCJ<HC .aaHHble.
Ha 3TOM ncpBblH aKT npe.lIJIaraeMOH 'fHTaTeJlIO HCTOpl1'fCCKOH ,lIpa-
Mbl MO>K:HO CQHTaTb 33KOHQeHHbIM. B03MO>K:HO, KorO-TO no 3aHBneHHC
o6ecKypa>K:I1T, AeHCTBI1TClIbHO. Ham paCCJ<a3 nOXO}f( CKopee Ha I1116pCT-
120
\I1CTOpl-1 KpblMO
TO B TeaTpanbHOH nporpaMMC, a He Ha caM cnCKTaICJb. Ho BC.llb MHpO-
BaSI HCTOpHH. .aa>K:C TonbKO npHMCHHTeIlbHaSi K KpbIMY, Bce paBHO OCTa-
CTCSI MHpOBOH HCTOpl1eH. GHTaTCIISI, OCTaBllIcrocSi Hcy.aOB.nCTBopeHHbIM
nOJIHOTOH H3JIO)\(eHHSI, OTCbIJIaeM K 06mHpHOH nHTepaType no "JTOMY
Bonpocy, a Mbl TeM BpeMCHeM ncpefuIeM 1<0 BTOPOMY .llCHCTBHIO.
OCHOBHOH neHTMoTHB HCTOpHH - noo...cpc.aH e CTpe lIcmle He-
nOMepHo pa3pocmHxcH MC>K:nlIeMCHHbIX HnH rocy.aapCTBeHHblx o6pa-
30BaHHH K MHPOBOMY rocno.llCTBY. Bo BCC BpcMeHa xaHbl, HMnepaTo-
pbl, <}>lOpepbl HlIH BO)\(}J.H npHXO,lISiT K BbIBO.ay, <fTO B OTlIH'fHe OT CBOHX
npe.llllICcTBCHHHKOB OHH-TO HaKOHCLI HMCIOT BCC npc nOCblIlKH .llJISI,lIO-
CTH>K:eHHH )TOU «6narOpO,lIHOH LlClIH».
Bo BCC BpCMCHa nOHBlIHIOTCH H306peTaTCIIH Be<fHOrO BHraTcml,
He 3HalOlUHe HnH HrHopHpYlOlUHe Ha'fana TCpMO,lIHHaMHKH. AHalIOrH<f-
HblH 3TOMY Ha'fMY 3aKOH HCTOpHH MO)\(HO Bblpa3HTb TaK: focno.ab pa3-
pymHJI BaBHIIOHCKYIO 6amHIO He BO Bpe,1:\ 'lCnOBCKY, a BO 6naro - H60
qH, no onpe.aeIlcHHIO, .aeHCTBYCT TOlIbKO nO,1:\06HbIM 06pa30M. GelIo-
Be'feCTBO He MO>K:eT 6bITb cmmo06pa3HbiM B CHlIY Bblcmcro 3aMb1CJIa,
H60 }f(HBOH CHCTeMC .D.1I}! BbI>K:HBaHHSI Hc06xo.aHMO He ynpOll.{aTbCSI, a
OCTaBaTbCSI CIIO}f(HOH, npOTHBOpe'fHBOH, pa3BI-IBalOlUeHCH CHCTeMOU.
CKOIlb HH 6bIJIH 6bl rpaH}J.H03HbJ BOCHHble n06C.llbl, OHH Bccr.aa
OKOH'faTC}! nOpa>K:eHHCM H3-3a MC}f(.lloyc06Hb1X BOHH HlIH 061>e.D.HHC-
HH}! nOBep>K:CHHbIX conepHHKOB. GalUe o.aHOBpeMCHHO. TO'fHCe, nO'fTH
O,lIHOBpCMCHHO npOHcXO}J.HT H TO H .aPyroc. ECJ]H 61,1 B HCTOpH'lCCKOM
npoueccc Y<faCTBOBano TOIlbKO .llBe CHlIbI, TO O.llHa H3 HHX B KOHUC KOH-
LlOB CMorIla 6bl O.llep)f(aTb n06e.ay, HO Ha HCTOpH<fCCKOH CQCHe Bccr.aa
npHcYTCTBYCT HCCKOlIbKO Y'faCTHHKOB, H KaK TOIlbKO o.aHa H3 CHII Ha-
'fHHaCT ,lIOMHHHpoBaTb, .aPyrne, 061>e.aHHHBmHcb, O.acp)f(HBaIOT Ha.ll HeH
n06 c .D.Y. npPIJeM 3Ta n06e,lIa He MO}f(CT 6blTb OKOH<faTelIbHOH, H60 no-
6C}f(.llCHHbIH cpa3Y >K:C 061>C.aHHjlCTCH C 6bIBllIHMH BparaMH, Bcer.aa ro-
TOBblMH COBMeCTHO BbIcrynHTb npOTHB B'fCpamHCro COI03HHKa.
,[{eHCTBHC BToporo aXTa npOHCXO.llHT C IV no XV B. H. 3. MCCT-
Hoe HaceIleHHC KpbIMa npe.llCTaBlICHO rOTo-aJJaHaMH, <}>CO,lIopHHLlaMH
H KpblMCKHMH TaTapaMH. Cpe,lIH3CMHOMOpbC CHa'faIla npC,lICTaBnHIOT
BH3aHTHHUbJ, reHyJ3Ubl, BeHCUHaHUbl, TypKH-Cenb,lI>K:YICH. 3ana.aHaH H
CeB'cpHaji EBpona npC.llCTaBJ]CHa BHKHHraMH H CIlaBHHaMH, BCJ]HKaSi
Crenb - xa3apaMH, ne'lCHcraMH, nOIlOBuaMH H MOHrOlIaMH.
l2l
II1cropl-1S1 KpblMo
B paHHeM cpe.llHCBCKOBbCI7 Ha'fHHaCTCH, a 3aTeM nOCTOHHIfO YCHIlH-
BaCTCH npHCyTCTBHe Ha IO:>KHOM 6cpery KpblMa BH3aHTHHLleB, HaClIC}J.HH-
KOB aHTH'IHbIX rpeKOB H PHMJI}lH. l\CMCHTHPYIOll.{eH CHIIOH BH3aHTHH CTaJIO
npaBOCIIaBHC, OCHOBOH BClIH'fWI H 60raTCTBa - KOHTpOnb Ha}J. rnaBHbl-
MH ToproBbIMH nYTSlMH MHpa. Ha npOTH>K:eHHH HCCKonbKHX BeKOB 1O}f(-
Hbrn H l\eHTPaJIbHbIH KpblM 6bIJIH COCTaBHOH 'faCTblO BH3aHTHH. Pa3.aH-
paCMaH BC'fHbIMH MC)I(,lloyc66HI.\aMH HMncpH}! HCO,lIHOKpaTHO TepHna HC-
nocpe.aCTBeHHbIH KOHTpOIIb Ha}J. TaBpHKOH, HO CBH3b ueHTpa H nepH<l>ePHH
HHKor,lIa HC HC'fepnbIBaCTCH O.aHHM lIHmb nOJIHTH'fCCKHM e.llHHCTBOM, 60-
ncc TOro, Ha}J.3THHqecKHe 06pa30BaHHH HHKOr,lIa B TO'IHOcrn HC COBna}J.a-
lOT C rpaHHuaMH rocy.aapCTB. J];YXOBHaHlIeJIOCTHOCTb Bccr.aa 6blBaCT mHpe
HIlH Y>K:e rocY,lIapCTBCHHblX rpaHHLI, npH'fCM pa3HHua MO}f(CT MCHHTb no-
I10>K:HTeJIbHOe 3Ha'feHHC Ha 0TPHLlaTeJlbHOC H Ha060pOT, nyIlbCHpYH, KaK
3Be3.lla, nOKa HC HCCjJKHCT OTnyIllCHHbrn eH CpOK.
CIIc.ayeT nOMHHTb, 'I TO KpblM .D.1IH BH3aHTHH Bcer.aa 6bI1I «MCC-
TaMH HC CTOIlb OT.aalICHHbIMH», MeCTaMH ceBepHOH CCbIJIKH. CO,lIep>K:a-
HHe rapHH30HOB Ha OT.aMCHHbIX TCppHTOpHHX 06XO.aHTCR .aoporo, a
KpOMC Toro, no.a06HbIe rapHH30Hbl BCCr,lIa - nOTcHUHaIlbHblc «MH-
TC>K:HHKH», BOCHHaH oHopa «HC3aKOHHbIX» npeTeH.aeHToB Ha BnaCTb.
HaH60Ilec HHTeHCHBHaH KOIloHH3aLIHH KpbIMa BH3aHTHCH HMCIIa
MeCTO B VI B. npH IOcmHHaHe I. CTPaTCrH}! BH3aHTHH :JToro ncpHO.lla
3aKJIIO'faCTCSI B C03.llaHHH OrpOMHbIX no npOTH>K:CHHOCTH KpenoCTHblx
CTCHI H YKpenncHHbIx paHoHOB. O.llHOBpCMCHHO Be.aCTCjJ npHBIIC'fCHHC
Ha CBOIO CTOpOIf)' 06HTalOll{HX Ha norpaIDfllHbIX 3CMJI}lX Hapo.aoB, KOTO-
pl>IX B MCTpOnoIlHH Ha3bmalOT <l>e.aepaTaMH. OcHOBOH TaKoro colO3a cny-
>K:aT BH3aHTHHCKOC 30IlOTO H yTBep)l(,lleHHe npaBOCIIaBH}!. KaK8jJ H3 OCHOB
npo'fHee, Mbl 3HaeM H3 MHOrnx npHMcpOB, B TOM 'fHCne H3 co6cTBeHHoro.
CHa'faJIa BH3aHTHHUbI BOCCTaHaBIIHBalOT XCpcOHec, KOTOpblH Ha-
3bIBalOT Tcnepl> XCpcoHOM. 3aTCM HMnepaTOp IOcrnHHaH I CTpoHT «Ha
KpalO npe.llCIIoB» KpenOCTH fOp3)'BHTbl H AJIYCTOH I9 . B pe3YIlbTaTC co-
3.llaCTCH MOll.{H8jJ <l>aPTH<}>HKaLlHoHHaSi CHCTCMa, KOTOp8jJ COXpaHHJlaCb
.llOHblHC B BH.lle «nell.{CpHbIX ropo.aOB». nO.apo6Hcj.f 0 HHX MI,l paCCKa-
)f(CM HH>K:C, a CCH'faC TOIIbKO YKa}f(CM, qTO CBOHM Ha3BaHHCM OHH.06H3a-
HbI TOMY, 'I TO nOTOMKH pa306paIlH HX no KaMemKY, OCTaBHB TOIIbKO TO,
'lT0 HelIb3H C C060H YHCcrn: nO,lIBaJIbl, rpOTbl, yrny61IcHHH no,lI <}>YH.lla-
MeHTbI, .aCIIalOll.{He PYHHbl nOXO:>KHMH Ha nOCCIlcmlH Tporno.aHToB.
122
\I1CTOpl1 KPb IMo .M?3'
HaM npc.acraBJlHCTOI YLlHBIlTenbHOH B03MO}f(HOCTb paCTalUllTb no
KaMeWKaM CTeHbl H 3aMKH, HO iaK 6bllIO! A 31m 'lIlT, CTOlIT 3a.aYMaTbCSI
HaLl rCM. KaKI1X TpY!lOB CTOlL'10 HX B03BeCTH! )],.rISi Mllpa HY"'Hbl CTeHbl,
,.'1JlH B03BC!leIlHH CTCH HY>K:Hbl pa6b1. .aJIH npll06pCTeHlIH pa60B HY"'Hbl
BOHHbl... 4T06bl B KaKoH-To MCpC OCTaHOBHTb 3TOT nOpO'fHblH Kpyr,
B1I3aHTlIHUbi .aCMOHCTPHPYIOT BbiCOKOC HH}f(eHCpHOc lICKYCCTBO, MaKCI1-
M8.J'1bHO I1CnOJIb3YSI OC06CHHOCTlI MeCTHOCTH. OTTOp>K:CHLlbl BTOpOH, H;'111
BHYTPCHHCH. rpH.llbI KpblMCKHX rop lUlcalIbHo nO)JJm.aSlT jlJIH nOH llcnH.
BH3aHTIlHCKHC l{HTa}J.CJII1 SlBJlSlIOT C060H BepmHHY BOCHHOH MbICJlH.
OHM oxpaHHIOT Bce Ba>K:HCHmHe CTpaTCrn'fCCKl1e npoXO.llbI 113 CTCnHOH 'Iac-
TH nOJ'1Y0CTpOBa K IO»<HOMY 6epery: Ka.JlaMHTa oxpalUlCT .aOJIHHY 4CpHOH
pe'lKH; J];opOC, 4epKcc-KepMCH 11 3CKI1-KepMeH - BXO.llb1 MCjI(LJ,Y 4epHOH
pe'fKOH H 6CJlb6eKOM; Ka'IH-KanbOH H Tcne-KepMCH - !lOJIHHY Ka'fl1; 4y-
<}>yT-Kanc - npoxo.llbi Mejl(LJ,Y!lOnHHOH Ka'fI1I1.aOJIlrnOH 4ypYK-Cy; 6aK-
na - npOXOJlbl Me)l(}J.)' AJIbMHHCKOH 11 60.apaKCKOH JIOlIHHaMH.
31"0 rHraHTCKOe crpOHTCIIbCTBO CTaHOBHTCH nOCne.llHCH aKLlHeH no.
Ll06HOro MaclllTa6a, OCYIlleCTBJ1eHHo!l BI-rJaHTIlCH Ha JIanbHHX rpaHHlIax2().
nocne IOcrI1HHaHa 1 no.a06HblH pa3Max OKa3bmacrcH He no CHlIaM HCTO-
meHHOMY BOHHaMH rOCYLlapCTBY, nOCTOHHHO BCJIYll.{CMY Cpa}f(eHHH KaK
MI1HHMYM Ha !lEa <}>pOHTa. 4cpc3 HCKOTopoe BpeW! nHKBH.llHpYCTCH npHH-
LlHn <}>e.llCpaTCTBa, npcKpamalOTCSI BblJll'1aTbI Ha CO!lepiKaHl1e COI03HHKOB.
ApxeOnOrH'feCKI1C paCKOnKI1 nOKa3bIBa1OT, 'ITO JKOHOMHKa-cpe.a-
HCBCKOBblX ropO.aOB KpblMa B 3TOT nepHO.a TeCHO CBH3aHa C BlnaHTl1eH.
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126
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127
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cro 6blJIa caMa I1MnCpaTpl1ua, 11 KaK HH BClIHKa BbImCnOI1MCHOBaHHaH
CYMMa, . nOTpa 'feHbl .llCHbrH 6blJIH 60Ilcc 'feM TOIlKOBO, 1160 BC.llCHI1C
60JIbmOH BOHHbl CTOHT HaMHoro .llOpO}f(C. CnYCTH 15 lICT <}>paHuY3c-
KUH nOCIIaHHHK rpa<}> CcrlOp Ha3BalI 3TOT .n:l1nlIOMaTH'fCCKI1H XO.ll yc-
nCllIHblM, TaK KaK OH BHYllIHJJ CTpax HC.ll06po}f(ClIaTenHM POCCHI1.
B03MO}f(HO, HCKOTOpblC CClICHHH 11 6blJII1 C.llCJlaHbI 113 KapTOHa,
110 KOr.lla BO BpCMH 06c.n:a aBrYCTCHmHX oc06 B TOIlbKO 'I TO nOCTpOCH-
HOM I1HKcpMaHcKoM .n:BOpLlC HCO}f(H.llaHHO 6blJII1 pa3.n:BHHYTbl mTopbl,
ncpc.n: cOTpanC3HI1KaMI1 OTKpblJlCH BH.ll Ha cCBaCTonolIbcKYIO raBaHb.
CTO ll.{I1C Ha pe c 3 lIHHCHHblX Kopa61IH, 12 <ppcraToB 11 25 60JICC MCII-
KI1X Kopa61IcH 61IC<}>OM Ha3BaTb 6bIJIO Y)/( HI1KaK HCB03MO)/(HO.
I1MlIcpaTpHlla 6blJIa .n:OBOIlbHa. EblJIl1 OTMC'fCHbl HOBblMI1 Harpa,aa-.
MI1 me<}> KOpnyca KaBaJJcprap.n:oB, BejIl1KI1C rCTMaHbI Ka3aLlKIIX, EKaTcpl1-
133
vtO[)pl-151 KpblMo
HOCnaBCKHX 11 t.JCpHOMOPCKJIX BOHCK, flIaBHOKOMaJ-W)'lOmI1H EKaTepHHOC-
jlaBCKOH apMI1CH 11 peryIlJlpHOH lICrKOH KOHHIfi.ICH, KOMaH.llYIOIllHH t.JCpHO-
MOpcKHM <}>lIOTOM, TaBpH'fCCKI1H, EKaTCpHHOCJlaBCKHH, XapbKoBcKHH rc-
HCpan-ry6epHaTOpbl. KCTaTH, Hy)/(HO .r.I06aBHTb, 'lT0 BeC :>TH .n:OlI}f(HOCTII
COBMell.{aJI O.D.HH '1eIlOBCK - fpHropHH AJICKcaH.llpoBH'I nOTeMKHH.
K KOHLlY XVIII B. PYCCKHH <}>lIOT no.n: KOMaH.llOBaHHeM a.n:Ml1paJla I
<1>. <1>. YmaKoBa YTBep}f(.D.aCT CIIaBY AH.llpeeBCKoro <}>I1ara Ha npocTo-
pax CpC.lll13eMHOro MOpH.
I>yxapecrcKI1H Ml1p, 3aBepmHBml1H PYCCKO-TYpeUKYIO BOHH)' 1806-
1812 IT., I<poMe npHCOe.llHHCHHH 6eccapa6HH, O<}>HlU1aJIbHO nO,l{TBcP>K:.l!a- '.
CT npaBo POCCHI1 nOKpOBHTeIlbCTBOBaTb xpHCTHaHCKHM nO.a.D.aHHbIMTyp-
l{H11, C03.llaaaH peMbHyIO nO'fBY .D.1IH peMH3aLll111 H,lXCH naHCIIaB'lHH3Ma.
nocne n06C.llbl POCCI1I1 Ha.a HanOJIeOHOM ceBcpHblH KOlIOCC Ka-
}f(CTCH Hen06e.D.I1MbIM. ClIC.llYlOma" PYCCKO-TYpeuKaH BOHHa 1828-1829
rr. Be.llCTCH KOaJIHLlHCH cBpOneHCKI1X .n:ep}f(aB 11 POCCHH Y}f(e 3a pa3.r.ICII
TYPLlI1H. PYCCKI1C BOHcKa B3"lIH Kapc, 3P3PYM, pa3rpOMHJJH TypKOB B
EonrapHH, no.n:OIllIlH K KOHCTaHTHHonolIlO, HO no A.llpHaHonOlIbCK -
MY MHpHOMY .n:oroBoPY 1829 r. K POCCI1H ncpcmIlo TOlIbKO YCTbe ;::J:y
Ha,,: KaK Mbl Y)/(C rOBOpHJIH,. nOOC>K;LtCHHbIC Bcer.aa MorYT 06"be.aHHHTbCH
npOTI1B n06e.lll1TCJljJ C cro 6b1BmI1MH COI03HI1KaMI1.
«B MOCM paCnOpH}f(eHI1H MHJIJIHOH mTbIKOB,- YTBep)l(,llaJI HMnc-
paTOp HHKOlIaH 1,- nonpomy, 6y.r.ICT .n:Ba MI1JIJIHOHa, nOTpc6ylO, 6Y.llCT
TpI1». KpblMCKaH BOHHa 1854-1856 rr. YMCPHCT aM611L1HI1 POCCI1I1. CpaB-
HI1TeIlbHO HCMHOrO'IHCIICHHbIC 36 BOHCKa aHrJ)I1'faH, <}>paHLlY30B 11 TypOK
HarOIlOBY pa36HJ111 pOCCI1HCKHC 'faCTH. fcpol1'feCKI1 060pOHHIOml1HCH Cc-
BaCTonOIlb 6bIJI c.n:aH, PYCCKI1C Kopa61IH 3aTOnJICHbI. no YCIIOBHHM YHI1-
3HTCIlbHOrO MHpHoro cornamCHHH POCCHH 3anpell.{MOCb I1MCTb Ha 1.Jcp-
HOM Mope 4>I10T, BbIXO.n: B CpCltl13CMHOC MOpC }J.JIH HCC 3aKpbIBaJICH.
npH'fI1Hbl nOpa}f(CHHH POCCI1HCKOH I1Mnepl111 xpCCTOMaTHHHbI: KpC-
nOCTHoenpaBo,TeXHl1qCCKaHOTCTaJIOCTb,PYTI1Ha.;::J:CHCTBHTcnbHo,ncp-
BYIO >K:eIlC3HYIO .r.IOpory Ha lOre POCCI1H nOCTpoHJIH aHrIIl1'faHC 11 <}>paH-
LlY3bI. 3Ta He60IlbUla" }f(ClIC3HO.n:op0}f(HaH BCTKa 06CCne'fI1BMa co06-
ll.{CHI1C C OCa>K:.n:eHHbIM CCBaCTonOIlCM, nOKa PYCCKI1C pC3CpBbl
6C3Ha}J.C>K:HO YBH3aJIH B 6C3.ll0pO>KbC. HCCOMHCHHO, HapC3HOC opY}f(I1C :><1>-
<}>CKTI1BHeH rIla.llKOCTBOIlbHoro, a napOXO.r.Ibl - MaHCBpeHHCH napYCHH-
KOB. EeccnopHo, 6IOpoi<paTI1'fCCKI1H nOpH}J.oK nOpO)l(,llaeT HCMMCIII1MOC
134
I-1CTOpl-1 KpblMo
no cpaBHCHHIO co CB060.llHOH ToprOBlIeH Ka3HOKpa}J.CTBO. Ho BCC 3TH 11
MHornc .llpyrl1e npl1'fI1Hbl TOIlbKO Ka>K:yTCH Cyll.{CCTBCHHblMH, CyTb 3aK-
1I1O'faeTCH B HHOM: HI1KOr.lla HH O.llHa reo'nOIlHrn'lCCKaH cHJla He MO}f(CT
ocepbC3 npCTeH.llOBaTb Ha MHpOBoe rocno.nCTBO. TaK Y}f( YCTpoeH Ham
MHp, OH .nOJ!}f(eH 6bITb pa3HOnnCMeHHblM, pa3HOYKJIa.llHbIM H 6ecKOHeq-
HO npOTHBopeqHBblM, H60 npornBope'fHJI - HCTHHHbIH .zumraTeJIb pa3-
BHTHH. 3To 06"beKTIfBHblii 3aKOH npHpo.nhl, npojiBlIj}lOllUIHCJI qepe3 pa3-
HbIe CIIe.nCTBIDI, TaK qaCTO npHHHMaeMble HaMH 3a npH'fHHbl.
B 70-e rr. XIX B. npOTHBoCToHHHe MycYIIbMaHcKoro Mupa, 3a-
na.llHoii: EBpom.1 H POCCHH nepeMCCTHJlOCb H3 KpblMa Ii KaBKa3a Ha
EaJIKaHbI. DocIIc nOpa}f(CHHH <I>paHllHH B BoiiHe C npycCl1eH B 1871 r.
BoccraH8BIII1BaCTCH PYCCKHH BOCHHblii $noT Ha tJCpHOM Mope, B 1877-
1878 rr. pyccKHe BOHCKa no.n KOMaH.llOBaHHeM reHCpaJIa M.)l CK06e-
lICBa ycrpeMJIJlIOTcjJ qepe3 J]:YHaH.
no CaH-CTe<}>aHcKoMY MHPY, 3aKJIIO'feHHOMy 3 MapTa 1878 r. B
MCCTeQKe nOMe CTaM6YIla J7 , EOIlrapIDI, EOCHHji H repllerOBHHa nony-
'fHJII1 aBTOHOMHIO, Cep6HJI, tJcpHoropHH H PyMbIHHH- He3aBHCHMOCTb.
O.llHaKO no HHHllHaTHBe BCIIHK06pHTaHHH H ABCTpO-BeHrpHH, BblC-
TynaBlliHx npoTHB YCHJlCHIDI POCCHH )fa EaJIXaHaX, C03bIBaeTCji Eep-
JIHHCKHH KOHrpecc. fcpMaHHH, <I>paHl.{HH, IhanHH H TYPllHJI Bblcryna-
lOT Ha KOHrpecce npOTHB POCCHH e.nHHbIM $poHTOM, OHa OKa3blBaeTCJI
B nOIIlITHQecKOH H301IjJLlI1I1, no.nnHCI.lBaeTCH EepIlHHCKHH TpaKTaT, no
KOTOPOMY IO>K:HaJl EOIlrapHH (PYMeJIHJl) OCTaeTCH no.n BlIaCTbIO Typ-
llHH, a EOCHHH H fepLlerOBHHa ncpeXO,WIT B COCTaB ABCTpO-BeHrpHH.
POCCIDI BHOBI. OCTaHaBlII1BaeTCH, 'fYTb-QyTb He .nOH.llJl .no }f(eIlaH-
HblX I>oc<l>opa H J]:ap.llaHeJIJI, 3ana}J.HaJl EBpona He nO.D.nYCKaCT ee K HHM.
B EOIlrapHI1 K BJ1acm npHXOlll1T ,WmaCTHH fa6c6yprOB, 11 B Ha'fMe
XX B.)iOIlO.D.oe rocy.napcTBo npH no.zwep}f(Ke fepMaHHH H ABCYpHH 06'bHB-
lliICT BOHHY .nPyrnM 6MKaHCKHM crpaHaM, COlO3HHKOM KOTOpblX Bblcry-
naCT POCCIDI. MHp KarnTCH K rpaH.llH03Hoii: Boillic, CTOJIb HCJKCJ1aTeJIbHOH
l!1IH npOCBCll.{eHHOro BCKa. Ha Py6C}f(C XIX-XX BB. 3aKJIIO'faIOTCH Tpl1
PYCCKo-aBCYpHHCKHX COrnamCHI1H, npe.ayCMaTpHBalOmHX B3aHMHbIH HCH-
TpMHTCT 11 coxpaHCHHe Cyll.{eCTBYlOmcro nOIlO}f(CHIDl Ha EanKaHax.
Ho MI,l HeCKOIlbKO OTBlICKJlI1Cb OT KpbIMCKOH TeMbI. nocIIe nopa-
}f(CHI1H B BOHHe 1853-1856 rr. B POCCHI1 HR'faJIHCb PC<}>OPMbI: cY.llC6Hasr,
nOlII1L1eHCKaH, BOeHHaJl. OTMCHHCTCH KpenoCTHoc npaBO. 113 neTcp6yp-
135
It1crOpl-1S1 KpblMo
ra 11 MOCKBbl B KpblM H Ha KaBKa3 npOKlIallblBalOTCH >KCJlC3HbIC .D.OpO-
rH, a Ha I1X ncpcKpeCTKC Ha'fI1HaCT CTpCMHTClIbHO pa3BI1BaTbCH Xapb-
KOB. C031IaCTCR npOMblm11eHHblH rl1raHT - ,l],oH6acc. l1cB06cpc){(HaH
YKpaHHa npCBpall.{aCTCH B MHPOBYIO }f(I1THI1UY, TpCTbl1M no HaCCJ1CHI1IO
ropolIOM POCCHikKOH I1MnepHI1 CTaHOBI1TCH CTOlIHLla HOBOpOCCHH -
O.D.ccca. B CCBaCTonOIle BHOBb CTOHT Ha pCHlIC MOll.{HblH BoeHHblH <}>I10T.
AKTHBHajJ K0110HI13aUHH KpblMCKoro n011yocrpOBa Ha'fMaCb ell.{e
B KOHLle XVIII BeKa. B KpblMY cpa3Y nocIIc ero npHcoelIHHeHH}! K Poc-
CI1I1 Ha'fMOCb CTpoHTeIlbCTBO ropOllOB 11 KpcnOCTeH. B 1804 r. B CYlla-
Ke, a B 1828-M B Marapa'fe nO.ll.HIIToH OTKpblJIl1Cb cnCLlHMbHble Ka3CH-
HblC YQe6Hble 3aBC.llCHI151, B 1812 r.. 6bIJI OCHOBaH HI1KI1TCKI1H 60TaHH-
'lCCKI1H caLt. Ha IO}f(HOM 6cpcry B03BOLtHTCH .D.BOpLlbJ HaMCCTHI1KOB 11
MarHaTOB: EOp03Ltl1Ha - B napTcHHTe. BOpoHLloBa - B AIIynKe H
MaccaH.llpe, KHH3CH fOIlI1UbIHblX - B KOpCI13C 11 facnpc, MOPllBI1HOBa
- B .HlITe, nOTCMKI1Ha - B <Dopocc, nOTOLlKoro - B 11I1BaLtI1I1, Pl1me-
I1be - B fYP3y<}>e. Pa36I1BaIOTcH BCIIHKOlIenHblC CaLtbl H napKl1, B 1824 r.
Ha'fMOCb CTpOI1TCJJbCTBO .D.OpOrH 'fCpe3 ncpcBM, cBH3blBalOll.{CH 1O}f(-
HblH 6cpcr 11 CI1M<lJcponolIb. 3a llBa roLta OHa 6blJIa .llOBCLtCHa 110 Anym-
Tbl, B 30-x rr. - .llO .HJJTbl, a B 1843 r. -.llO Eaii.llapcKoH .llOlII1HbI.
B 1860 r. MHHI1CTCpcTBO LtBopa KynHJIO y HaCIIellHI1L1 rpa<}>a no-
TOLlKOro 6011bmoe HMCHHC JlI1Ba}J.I1IO. B pc3YlIbTaTC B03JlC .H11Tbl nOjJBI1-
I1aCb nOCTOHHHaH lICTHHH PC3H}J.CHUU5I LlapcKoH CCMbH. ECTCCTBCHHO,
BCIICll 3a .D.BOpOM B KpblM YCTpCM;JHIOTC5I 3HaTb 11 KanHTM, Ha IO>KHo-
6CpC}f(bC nOHBjJHIOTCH BClIl1KOlICnHble .D.BOpLlOBo-napKoBbIC aHCaM61I11:
OpcaH.lla, ,l],IOJlb6cp. XapaKc, AH-To.llop, 4al1p. 3aKlIaLtbIBaCTC5I OCHOBa
6YLtYll.{ero MC)I(,llYHapO.llHOrO KypopTa, 0 KOTOpoM BbI}J.alOll.{I1HCH KJIH-
HI1UI1CT C. n. EOTKI1H (1832-1889) roBOpHJI: «.. .co BpcMCHCM KpblM CTa-
HeT 3Ha'lHTeIlbHO Bblmc mBcHuapcKoro KypopTa MOHTpC»_
YBbl, noLtTBCp}J.HTbCH nporn03aM EOTKHHa BCKOpe nOMCmaJI BbICT-
peIl B CapacBc, KOTOpblH nOCJlj')KHJI Ha'faJIOM ncpBoH Ml1poBOH BOHHbI.
J.-horoM 3TOH BOHHbl LtJUI KpbIMa HBHJlOCb YCTaHOBJlCHHe B CCBaCTonoIlc
16.llcKa6p51 1917 r. COBeTCKOH BIIaCTH. 3aTOnneHI1C 1J:epHoMopcKOH 3CKa}J.-
pbl H OKK)'II<llU'Ul nonyOCTpoBa repMaHCKl1M11 BOHCKaMH B anpenc 1918 rO.D.a.
3aTeM. nomc peBOIllOLlHH B fCpMaHI1H, O.D.HO 3a llPYrHM CMelUllOTCH
npaBHTeJIbCTBa B KpbIMY: a}J.MHHHCTpaLIHH BOHCK AHTaHTbI, ,lJ,HPCKTOPH}!,
TaBpH'fCCKHH UI1K, COBeTCKa51 COLIHaJIHCTH'fCCKajJ pecny6JJHKa TaapH.lla,
Ka6HHCT reHcpana M. A CyIlbKCBH'fa, .llCMOKpaTH'fCCKOC npaBHTeIlbCTBO
136
II1CTopl-151 KpblMo
xepoB H KOHCTHTyLII10HHbIX .n:CMOKpaTOB nO.ll npc.aeellaTeJIbCTBOM COIlO-
MOHa KpblMa, KpbIMCKaJl COBCTCKaJl COLlI1MHCTWlCCKa}J pecny6IIHKa, a}J.-
MHHHCTpal.lHH reHCpMa J]:CHHKHHa 11, HaKOHCLI, .n:o HOji6pSl 1920 r. npaBH-
TClIbCTBO reHcpMa BpaHreJIJl. B KpbIM co Beex KOHUOB POCCHH CTCKaIOTCJI,
cnacaJICb OT 6C.llCTBHH rpa)I(}J.aHCKOH BOHHbI, apl1CToKpanul, 6yp>KYa3H}J 11
HHTeJIJIHreHLIHH, o<}>HLlCpCTBO, pa3po3HcHHbIC 'faCTH 6eJIbIX BOHCK.
n03.n:HCH OCCHblO 1920 r. no nOJic B I1C.llJlHOH BO.lle nOIlY-
3aMep3mero MCJIKOBO.n:bJl CI1Bama nOIlyocrpoB mTypMoBaIla Hapo.n:-
HO-OCB060.D.I1TCJIbHaSi apMHSI HeCTopa MaxHo. KpacHblH nOIlKOBo.n:CLI
MHxaHII <I>pYH3C BBClI Ha I1HHHI1 npopblBa pC3CpBbi KpacHoH ApMHI1,
O.D.HOBpCMCHHO OKpY}f(aJi KOIlbLlOM 6poHenOC3.ll0B fYIIJlii-noIlc, BC.n:b
CCJ111 npOTI1BHHK He c.uaCTCjJ - cro YHH'lTO}f(aIOT!
HeMHorl1e .n:O}f(I1BmI1C .n:o Hamcro BpCMCHI1 O'feBH}J.UbI paCCKa3bI-
BaIOT, 'I TO oceHl, 1920 r. He npc.n:BCll.{aIla 06bIBaTeIlJlM B KpblMY HI1KaKI1X
TpCBOr. fYlIJlIIH no.ll PYKY C HapJl.llHblMI1 .D.aMaMI1 no.n:TJlHYTble O<}>I1UCpbI.
B .n:CpCBJlHHblX 6Y.llO'fKaX .HIITbI3a nJlTa'fOK npO.llaBMH OKpomxy - B
JIOTKax co JIb.llOM lIe}f(aJIU Hape3aHHble npO.llYKTbI, 3aKa3'fHK YKa3blBalI,
'lcro 11 CKOIlbKO CMY nOlIO}f(I1Tb, a 3aTCM BCC 3TO 3aJII1BMOCb lIe,WIHblM
nCHJlml1MCJI KBaCOM... npaB.D.a, rCHcpM CJIall.{CB BcmaCT H paCCTpCJII1-
BaCT B JTO BpeMJI HanpaBO H HaIlCBO, HO «Ha BOHHe, KaK Ha BOHHe».
C 11 no 14 HOSl6pJl 1920 r. H3 HCCKOIlbKI1X KpblMCKHX nopToB Ha
126 cy.n:ax <}>I10Ta aHrIIO-<}>paHuY3CKI1X COlO3HI1KOB 6bl1l0 JBaKYHpoB.aHo
145 693 'felIOBCK: 15 ThIC. Ka3aKoB, 12 TbIC. o<}>I1UCPOB, .n:o 5 TbIC. COIl-
naT, OKOlIO 30 TbIC. o<}>I1L1CpOB H 'fI1HOBHI1KOB ThIJIOBbIX 'faCTCH, 10 TbIC.
IOHKCpOB H nO'fTI1 60 TbIC. rpa}f(}J.aHCKHX lIHU. BOHCKO H 'faCTI, 3Ml1rpa-
LlI1I1 3aTCM 6blJIH npHHJlTbI IOrocIIaBHcH. KpblM COMKHYJI Ha EMKaHax
O'fCpC.llHOe .llCHCTBHC TpcTbero aKTa HamCH HCTOpH'fCCKOH .n:paMbI.
4aCTb TCX, KTO Ha Kopa6JIJlx He nOMeCTHIICJI, no npHKa3Y BCHrepcKoro
I1HTCpHaLlHOHaJIHCTa ECIIa KYHa 11 TOBapHll.{a 3CMIIJI'fKH paCCTpcIlI1Ba-
lOT COTHJlMH H3 nYIICMeTOB: «Ha BOHHe, KaK Ha BOHHe».
CJJC.uyJOIllHM 3XOM capacBCKoro Bblcrpena OT03BaJIOCb B HCTOpHl1 Kpbl-
Ma BTOp}f(CHHe Ha nonyOCTpOB 'fCpe3 21 ro.n: BOHCK BepMaxTa. fepomM COIl-
.D.aT BHOBb 6bIJI 6ecamCH npcmm TYJlOH 6IOpoKpaTH'fCCKOH MalllHHbl cOO-
CTBCHHoro rOCY.D.apCTBa. HCCMOTpJl Ha TO 'lT0 repoWlCCKaJI 06opoHa Ceaac-
TOnOIlJl npOTHB MHOrD'KpaTHO npeBocxO,WIll.{HX CHJI <}>amI1CTOB ,W1HJ1aCb
6ecnpHMepHO .llONO, LleJIblX 250.llHeH, B LleJIOM 06opoHa KpblMa - Tparn-
'fCCKa}J crpamru:a BoeHHoH I1CTOpHl1 CCCP. naparnoywlllHii BOIllO KOMaH-
137
vtCTOpl-1 KpblMo
)1HpOB Jrn1IHbIH npe.llCTaBHTe.JIb CTaIlHHa, 6bmll1Hii ero ceKpeiaPb MeXlIHC
nOKa3blBaJI qy.lI.eca JlliIlHOH xpa6pocrn H 6ecnpHMepHOH BOCHHOH-HCrpaMOT-
HOC11i, BepIlIHHoihOTOpoM 6bUIa BblCTaBJICHHaJI Ha nepe.aOBYIO TIDI<CJIaJI ap-
THIIIIepm. Ha KpbIMCKOM Tea:rpe BOeHHhlX .D.eiiCI'BHH rHTIlepoBCKHe BOHCKa,
nOIfrn He HMeBlllHC npeHMylllecTBa B >KHBOM CHIle H TeXHHKe, cyMeJIH Ha Ha-
IIpaBJIeHIDIX rnaBHoro y.napa C03.llaTh 'lCThIplla,lU-{aTHKpaTHbrH nepeBeC.
OcytuecTBJIjjji 6eclJeJIOBC'lnylO nomrrnKy fHTIIepa, 4>amHCTbI ynH'l-
TO>kHJIH BO BpeMH OI<Kynamm KpbIMa comH ThICRIJ I11O.lI.eM. BcrpCTHB
6ecnpHMepHoe no CTOMKOCTII conponnmeHHe, OKKynaHTbl npHMeHJlJIH
caMbIe }f(ecTOKHe penpeCCHH, _ ra30Boe oPY}f(He, MaCCOBble Ka3HH, HO He
CIlOMHJIH MY>kCCTBa H repoH3Ma BOHHOB, napTH3aH H nO.D.nOIlbll.{HKOB.
nocne H3rHaHHH <!1amHCTCI<HX OKKynaHTOB H3 KpblMa npoH30m-
no n030pHoe C06b1THe HameR HCTOpHH - HaCHIlbCTBeHHaR .lI.CnOpTa-
IUfH HaceIUIBmHx ero HapO.lI.OB. C 17 MaH no 2 HIOHJl 1944 r. H3 KpblMa
6billO .D.CnOpTHpOBaHO 191 TbIC. Kp IMCI<HX Tamp, 15 TbIC. KpbIMCKHX
rpeleOB, 12 ThIC. KpbIMCKHX 60Ilrap, nO'lTH 10 TbIC. apMJlH H KapaHMoB.
CBLIme 50 ThIC. HeMl1eB 6bI1IH .lI.enopTHpOBaHbI e1l1e B aBrycre 1941 ro.lI.a.
Mbl C1l1e He pa3 BepHeMCH K TeMe HCTOpHH, paCCKa3blBaH 0 HOBbIX
H .lI.peBHHX ropO.lI.ax nonyocTPQBa, nOTOMY 'lTO C06b1THR HCTOpHH B
KpLlMY 01l1yrHMbl TaI< }f(e HBCTBeHHO, KaI< poI<OT npH60R Ha rane'lHbIX
l1JIJI>kax, I<aI< MHIlocep.lI.HOe .D.bIXaHHC 6pH3R, BeIlH'lHe rop.
Be.lI.b I<paCOTY KpblMa C03.lI.aBana He TOIlLI<O npHpO.D.a. TpH ThI-
CJI'lH I1CT eM nOMoralOT Ha-rpy>keHHbIe PYleH H MY.lI.pbIe rOIlOBbI TCX, I<oro
HHKOr.lI.a He 3ane'laTIIeBalOT crpaHHl1bI I1CTOnHceM,- 6e3bIMRHHbIX na-
CTyXOB H 3eMJIenaml1eB, YMeIlbIX KY3He110B H MOIl'lanHBbIX MCJ1LHHKOB,
I1YI<aBblX KymtOB H 6ecma6amHblx pbl6aKOB...
KaI< 61,1 HH 6bI1I npeKpaceH KpblM, 6o.lll>mHHCTBo ero rOCTCM e.llCT
He TOIlbKO I1I060BaTbCH >K:HBOnHCHbIMH BWIaMH H xynaTLCH B I1aCKOBOM
MOpe. Bee I11OJ{H xonrr >K:lITh B KOM<IJopre, BI<YCHO H 3a }'MCpeHHYIO nnaTY
ecTb, e3}J.HTb no poBHbIM .lI.oporaM H nlITh 6I1aroyxaHHoe KpbIMCKoe BHHO.
Hc Bce 3I1060.llHCBHbIe np061IcMbl nOJIyocTpoBa pemeHbl, H cna-
Ba 60ry, Be.lI.b >K:H3Hb - HepaBHoBecHaH cHcTeMa, }f(H3Hb - Be'lHOe
.D.BH>keHHC, pa3BHTHe.
138
no oHTI-14HblM 1-1 cpe,!:\HeBeKOBblM ropO,!:\I-1 oM
no AHTU1fHblM U
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OCT8TKH 6amCH no CTCHa.M,
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06ffOMKH, K8MHH, nblffb H npax...
A. K. TonctoH
He Bce HHTepecYIOIl1HCCH HCTopHeH KpblMa
MorlIH n06blBaTb B «nell.{epHblx ropo.lI.ax». HO Bce n06blBaBmHe B HHX
He MOryT OCTaBaTbCH paBHO.llymHblMH I< HCTOpHH KpblMa.
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ero npel<paCHblMH 06HTaTeJIbHHLlaMH. KOHC'fHO, caMbIe paCCY.llHTClIbHblC
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Tbl TaHHCTBeHHOH crpaHbl, C03.lI.aHHOH nO.ll3CMHblMH >K:HTCIIJIMH.
YBbl, OKa3bIBaerCH, 'I TO HH'ferO CBepX'beCTeCTBCHHoro B nCll.{epax
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HOCTb I<penOCTHblC CTeHbl, 3aMI<H H xpaMbl, ?OlIbmHe .lI.OMa H lIa'fyrH,
MOCTbl U TcppaCbl, capaH H 4>OPTbl, TlOpbMbl H rOCTHHHLlbl, Xap'fCBHH H
lIaBKH, OCTaBHB TOlIbl<O «neIl\CpbI».
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fie3 BCHKHX BOIlmc6Hm<:OB pa3pymaIlH 3.lI.aHHH 'felIOBe'fCCKHC H npH--
PO.lI.HbIC CTHXHH. a 3aTCM pa3Ba.uHHbl no l<aMemKY, no 6peBHblml<Y pa-
139
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ma,llSlX, a TO H Ha PyqHblX TCIIe>K:Kax.
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pyqHbIX TeJ1C>K:Kax nePeBC3TH KBapTaJIbl H LlClIblC ropa.D.a? HCT HH'fCrO npa-
ll.{C - BellI, KTO-TO }f(C Ha OCIIHKax, MYIIax H I1oma.aHX, a 'fall.{e Ha HOCHIlKax
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3T0 3aHHTI1C HC H3 caMI,IX rrpmrrHblx H HC 113 caMbIX llCllIeBbIX. KcrdTH, Ka-
MCHb.l1JUl CTpOlITe.llbCTBa .apeBHHX CooPY>K:emrn, KaK nOKa3blBaIOT paCKon-
KH, TO>K:C 3a'lacryIO 6panCH H3 pa3BaJIHH, Cll.{e 60Ilee llpeBHHX.
LfCIIOBe'feCKHH MypaBcHHHK nO.ll06paIl Bce, qTO MO}f(HO nOllO-
6paTJ>. XHll.{CHHH COLlHMHCTH'fCCKOH H Kan1lTMHCTH'feCKOH c06CTBeH-
HOCTH B03HHKIIH He Ha nYCTOM MCCTC, a Ha llpcBHCHmCM CCTCCTBCHHOM
>K:CIIaHHH 'leIlOBCKa pa3yMHoro npH nOMOll.{H'YMCTBeHHoro TpYlla
YMCHbmHTb 3aTpaTbl TpYlla <}>H3H'leCKoro. 11Hmb O.llHO 6bI1I0 'lCIIOBCKY
HC nOlI CHIIY - npH6paTb K PYlmM nYCTOTbl - nCll.{Cpbl.
113BCCTHo, 'ITO PYKonHCH HC ropJIT. 11106b1C C06bITHH OCTaBIIHIOT
YIIHKH, n03BOIlHIOll.{He HCCIlellOBaTCIIHM BOCC0311aBaTb 1l0nO,LV1HHHbIC
(no HX MHCHHIO) C06bITHH npolllIloro. 11 no MCpC nOCTH>K:CHHSI :nOH
HCTHHbl pa30'lapOBaHHC yCTynaeT MCCTO 6JJarorOBCHHIO, BC.llb Ka}f(,LlaH
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Be'fHOCTH, Ha3I,lBaeMoro HCTopHeH.
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«nCll.{CpHI,IX ropallOB» nepe.l1 HaMH npc.l1CTaJOT He nO}J."JCMHbIC ropo.lIa rHO-
MOB, a 3aMKH 11 xpenOC11fbIC CTCHbI co CTOm.QHMH Ha HHX BOHHaMH, XPaMbl, B
KOTOpbIX H.llYT CIl)'>K:6I,I, H nocrOJlJIbIC llBOpbl C KymIaMH H311aneKHX crpaH. . .
PO}f(,LlCHHe, pa3BHTHC, paCLlBCT H rn6em. 3THX nOCCJlCHHH CBH3aHbl
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HblMH LlHTa}J.CJ1HMH, cpe.IJ.HCBeKOBbIC ropo.IJ.a HC pa3 ncpCXO.l1HI1H H3 PYK B
PYKH, pa3PymMHcb H BOCCTaHaBIIHBMHCI,. 3a BpcMH Cyll.{CCTBOBaHHH
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HHKIIH .IJ.OBOlIbHO n03.11HO, KOr.l1a OHH .I1aBHO Y}f(C 6billH nOKHHYTbl }f(HTC-
JIHMH H OKpCCTHOC HaCCIIeHHC YTpaTlI.!lO 0 HHX peMbHYIO HCTOpH'leCKYIO
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140
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6aKJJOH, ropO.llOM CTapblH KpblM, ropO.llHll.{CM TcnceHb B KOKTc6elIC
HJIH Bo06ll.{c BbIHOCHT 3a npe.llClIbl nOIlY0CTpOBa.
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JIC «}J.1IIfHHbIC CTeHbI» H q,oprn<}>HKaLlHOHHyIO CHCTeMY, KOTOpyIO MI,l Ha-
3blBaCM Tcnepb «nCll.{cpHbIMH ropOLlaMH». BOKpyr «nCll.{CpHbIX rop01WB»
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MH rpeKaMH: HY>K:HO IJCTKO nOHHMaTb poIlb CpeLlHeBCKOBblX ropO.lIHll.{ B
>K:H3HH HCIJc3HYBmcro HbIHe 3THOca. nOCTOHHHO o6HTaTb Ha 3aIJaCTYIO
.iIHmCHHblX paCTHTCIIbHOCTH YKpcnIlcHHblX I1I1aTO MorIlH HCMHorHC -
OCHOBHoe HaceIleHHC 06HTMO B 6I1arOlI.aTHbIX LlOIlHHax. B LlHTalI.ClIHX
nOCTOHHHO HaXOLlHJlIfCb OTHOCHTelIbHO HeMHOrOIJHCJICHHble rapHlf30Hbl,
HO B cIIY'fac BOCHHOH onaCHOCTH 3a KpenoCTHblMH CTeHaMH YKPbIBMHCb
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3anaCbI npOlI.OBOIlbCTBHH, CroHJlJJCH CKOT. J],nH 3Toro npH npOCKTHpoBa-
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,ilaMH» MI,l npelI.CTaBHM TOIlbKO 3apHCOBKH 0 fCH)'J3CKOH KpenoCTH H HC-
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141
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Ha IlJIaTO CKMbHOH rpmIbI MC}f(}J.Y .lI.BYMJI HaBHCalOll.{HMH ropHblMH rpc6-
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.lI.peBHCH KaMCHQlIOMHH. CTCHbl 3all.{Hll.{fu"IH HaH60lIec YJl3BHMbIH no-
I10rHii CKIIOH. Ha npoTHBOnOIlO>K:HOH CTOpOHC Mblca, B .D.Ba.llLlaTHMCT-
pOBOM 06pblBC, BH.llHbl CIICLlbI MHOrO'fHCIICHHbIX Ka3CMaTOB, H3 KOTO-
pblX BCJlH cTpeIIl.6y I1Y'fHHKH H npall.{HHKH.
npJlMO no.lI. CTCHaMH B CKaJIC BblCCIfCH nO.lI.3CMHbIH TOHHeJlb, npe.D.-
Ha3HaIfCHHC KOToporo HC COBCCM nomrmo. Ha CCBCPO-BOCTO'fHOii qaCTH
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KOMIlJICKC >K:HJIbIX nOMCll.{CHHH, 'lT0 n03BOIDICT C'fHTaTb xpaM .lI.OMamHeM:
UCpKOBblO, CBKTCpHCH. ,lJ,nJl 3Toro ncpHO.lI.a I\PblMCKOH HCTOpHH CBKTCpHH
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Kopa61ICH H pbl6. Y OCHOBaHHJI Mblca BbIPy6I1CHbl nOIlYKpymblc TeCHbIC
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HHmH}J.JIjj CBCTlUIbHHKOB H I1aMnaLl. B O.lI.HOH H3 KCIIHii apXOOIlorH 06Ha-
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142
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ncpeKpelI{HBaIOll{HCCJl nMbMCTTbI. JI03a - H3JI106neHHbIH MOTHB Blf3aH-
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6bIJIH HaitneHhI MaJICH.bKaJI nOJICHaJI npjj}f(Ka H 6paCJICT BH3aHTHiiCKOH pa6a-
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143
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pOTa Kpenocm 3anHpMHCb H nO.D.HHMalICJI no,al>eMHbIH MOCT 'lepC3 pOB.
.D.BYXJTa}f(HaJi ,lJ.03opHaJi 6amHSI Ha caMOH BcpmHHe B nIlaHC 06-
pa3YCT HCnpaBHJlbHblH 'leTblpexyrolIbHHK. OT 6amHH OCTMOCb TOIl 1,-
KO Tpl1 CTCHbI - IfCTBepTaJi o6pymHIIacb B Mope. CoxpaHHlIHCb CIIC,abl
KaMHHa, HHml1, KaMeHHaJi lICCTHHua. Ell.{C B KOHUC XIX B. Ha O.D.HOH H3
CTeH 'fCTI<O BblpHcoBbIBMacb <}>pecKa, H306pa>kaBmaJi I<aTOIlHQeCKYIO
Ma}J.OHHY, ccp,aLle KOTOpOH npoH3eHo ceMblO Me'faMH. CYL\SI no BceMY,
no 6bIIla ,aOMamHJIJI KaneJIJIa, nOCBJlll.{CHHaJi CBJlTOH .D.eBc MapHH.
PAAOM C ,lJ.03opHOH paCnOIlO}f(CHa YrIlOBaJi 6amHJI. Ha,llnHCb Ha
MHTe, BMypoBaHHoH B CTCHY, n03BOIlJleT TO'fHO .D.aTHpOBaTb nOCTpOH-
KY 1386-M rO.D.OM. B CTeHbl 6amHI1 B.D.CIIaHbl ell.{e 27 nJlHT C KpeCTaMH
pa3I1HQHOH <}>.OpMbI. 00 06eHM cTopoHaM ee Bblpy61IeHbl B CKane .llBa
6acceHHa, KOTopble HanOnHJllIHCb BO.D.OH H3 Hc60IlbmoH pC'lKH.
KOHCYIIbCKHH 3aMOK - )TO LlClIblH KOMnJICKC cOOPY}f(CHHH, caMblH
HHTepecHblH H3 coxpaHHBllIHXCJI B KpenOCTI1. fIlaBHaJl6amHJI, Ha3blBac-
MaJi L\OH}f(OHOM, 3aHHMaCT Bce nOnepC'lHOe npOCTpaHCTBo BCpXHCH 'lac-
TI1 KpenoCTH H COC.D.HHeHa TOIlCTbiMH CTCHaMH co BTOpOH 6amHf;H B ce-
aepO-BOCTO'fHOM ymy 3aMKa. Ha ncpBoM 3T3.}f(e )TO" 6aUJHH IIMCCTCJI
HHma C OKpyrIlblM BCpXOM. Hc60IIl,mylO nJIHTy Ha.ll HCH HCKor.D.a YKpa-
Ulano 6apelIbe<}>Hoc H306pa>keHHe feoprnJl 006CL\OHOCLla, oTKy,aa H H}J.CT
Ha3BaHHC 6amHH - feoprHcBcKaSl.
Y KOHcyIla 6bIIl, BepOJITHO, cBoH .D.OM 6I1II3 3aMKa, HO B BOCHHOC
BpeMJI OH >K:HII TonbKO B .D.OH}f(OHe, B 601IbUlOH KOMHaTC C KaMHHOM,
paCnOIlO>K:CHHOH Ha nepBoM na>K:e.
O'leHb HHTCpccHbI COXpaHHBIllHCCJl Ha.DJ1HCH Ha BOpoTax H 6a1IIHHX
HH)l(lfeH xpenocrnoH CI'eHbI. Ha.u BOpoTaMH Ha KaMCHHOH nmrre BblCClfC-
HO: «\389 ro,aa, ,D.eBjjTOrO .D.H}I HIOJIJI, BO BpeMj) ynpaBIIeHIDI OTJIH'fHOro H
MOI)'UlCCTBCHHoro MY>Ka rOCnO.D.HHa Eamcra .D.H 30aJIH, npe>k.l1e (?) ARDo-
110, .llOCTOnO'lTeHHOrO KOHcYlIa COlWafuI. EoI)' 6I1aro,aapeHHe»3 . Ha nIIH-
Te, B.D.CJlaHHOH B ceBepHYJO HY, Ha'lCpTaHo: «B nepBbill .lleHb aBryCTa, BO
BpeMj) ynpaBJIeHIDI OTJIH'fHOrO H MOI)'UlCCTBCHHoro rOCnOL\HHa .HKO-
6a Topcerrno, .llocronOQTCHHOrO KOHcylIa H KOMCRDaHTa COlWamI». ,lJ.aTa
Hcpa360p'lHBa, HO ell{C B KOHLIC XIX B. MO)l(lfO 6bIJ10 pa306paTb «1382»
HJllI «1385». nO.D. 60HHHUaMli 6allIHH EepHa6o.D.H <I>paHKH JIH naraHo Ha-
144
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Xo.llHJlaCb IlJIHTa C Ha.anHCblO: «1414 rO.D.a, B 'feTBCpTblii .D.CHb IUOIIJI, noCT-
poiiKa HacrOJlllJ.CH KpcnoCTH BCH OKOH'fCHa...» KpyrIlIDI 6amlUl OTJlH'faCT-
CH OT OCTaIlbHbIX cBoeii nOJ"IJ'KPymoii <pOPMOH, Cyll.{CCTBYCT rnnOTC3a, 'lTO
OHa 6bL'la nocrpoeHa Cll.{C Bl13aHTIliiLlaMH. nOLI 6amHCH 06H<lpYjf(CHa 60-
!Ice JIpeBIDUI KJIa}J.Ka. npH paCKonKax 1928 r. B caMOM HH}f(HCM ClIOC 3CM..'IH
OKaJaJ}HCb OCTaTKH rnHIDlHoH I10ll.{eHOH nocYjlbl H .apyrnc npeJIMeTbl TaBp-
CKOro npOHCXO)l(,llCHIDI. nJIHTa Ha 6amHc 11YKHHHJIC I1HCKO 11asaHH rna-
CHT: «1409 rOJIa, B nCpBbl" JICHb aaryCTa.. .». 3ana.IIHYIO CTCHY 6aulliH Kop-
pa}J.o tIHKMo paHbmc yxparnana IL'lHTa J9 C H306pa}f(CHHCM rep6a fcJIyH H
OpIlOB no 60KaM. Ha nJIHTe ro.a B03BCLlCHlliI6allIHH - 1404.
nOpa}f(aCT cBocii cY}J.b6oii JIpeBHHH xpaM Ha TeppHTOpHI1 Kpcnoc-
TH. no npeDJ10IlO}f(eHHIO. A. 11. nepTbc-LI.cIIarap.D.a H .D.pyrnx Y'fCHbIX, CHa-
'fMa 3.llecb 6b1J1a MC'ICTb, nOCTpOcHHaH TYPKaMH-ceJIb.ll KaMH B 20-e rO}J.b1
XIII BCKa. 3aTcM OH1;l, nO-BH}J.HMOMY, 6billa nepecrpocHa B npaBocnaB-
HblH xpaM, a nocnc 3Toro reH)'33L1aMH - B xpaM KaTOlIH'feCKI1H. nocne
B3HTIDI CY.D.aKa TYPKaMH OHa CHOBa npeBpanillaCb B MCIJCTb. A nocJlc npH-
COC.llHHeHHH KpblMa K POCCHH 3JIecb nOClICJIOBaTCIIbHO 6b1I1H npaBocnaB-
HaJJ BOCHHaJJ LlCpKOBb, HCMCUKaH KHpxa, apMHHO-KaTOIlH'fecKHii xpaM.
Bo BpeMj) urrypMa KpCnoCTH 1)'pKfiMH B XpaMC nbrraJIHCb cnaCTHCb
KOHCYII XPHCTO<}>OPO }J.H Hcrpo H OKanO ThICj(Ill( 3aI.IUfI1iHKOB KpCnOCTH,
HO TYPKH nO.D.O JIH 3JIaHHe, H ace HaxO}J.HBmHecH B»yTpH I11O}J.H norn6JIH.
Ka.noc-J/HMeH (qepHoMOpCKOe)
B OKpCCTHOCTJlX EBnaTopHH paCnOIlO}f(eHO MHoro PYHH .aPCB-
HHX ropO.D.OB, HO caMblM H3Y'IeHHbIM, HCCOMHeHHO, HBIIHCTCH .D.peBHe-
rpC'feCKHH nOIlHC KaIloc-JIHMCH B OKpCCTHOCTHX nocem(a ropo.aCKO-
ro THna tIepHOMopcKoe.
KMoc-lIHMCH - «raBaHb XCpcOHHTOB B CKH<}>CKOH 3eMJIC» - yno-
MHHaCTCH MHOrl1MH aHTHqHblMH aBTopaMU, a TaK>ke B «npHCJlre rpa}f(-
.D.aH XepcoHeca TaBpHIJecKoro». LI.olIrDe BpeMHIllIIH cnopbI 0 cro Mec-
TOHaxO)l(,lleHHH, nOKa pacKonKH 1929 r. Ha AK-Me'fCTCKOM ropo.aHll.{e
HC nOCTaBHlIH BCC TO'lKH Ha}J. I.
BncpBblc 3JI1IHHbl nOHBlillHCb 3.aCCb B caMOM Ha'faIle IV B. .ao H. 3.,
06I11060BaB MCCTHOCTb B03I1C YLl06Hoii 6YXTbI, OT KOTOpOH eerO.llHH OC-
TMCH MeJJKOBOLlHblH I1HMaH. nOIlHC npHHa.D.IIe}f(M CHa'fMa O.llHOMY H3
60Ilee JIPCBHI1X noeeneHHH 3ana}J.Horo KpblMa, BCpOjiTHee Beero KCpKH-
HHTH.llC 411 , a 3aTeM nepemCJI no.ll BIIaCTb XCpcOHeca.
145
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nocrencHHo Ha MecTe Hc60IlbllIOrO noccIIKa 6bID B03BCLICH roPOJl,
COxpamrnllIHH npe>K:Hee Ha3BaHHC. OH npol.{BCTan nO'fTii nOIl1!CKa, JlO 70-x
IT. III B. JlO H. 3., K0t:.na Ha nonyocrpoB BTOprIIHCb capMaTcKHC nnCMCHa.
EOmnnrnCTBO noceJ1CHHH cropeJJO B nO>K:apax, HO KanOC-JhfMCH BbICTOAA,
XOTH, KaK nOI<a3bIBaIOT paCKOnKH, MHOrnC cro >IClITeJIH norn6I1H. fOPOJlOK
onyCTeJI H B03POJlH1ICH TOmKO 'fepe3 HCCKOIlbKO .llecHTKOB I1CT. 61IarO.llapJl
Ba>K:HoMY crpaTCrn'fecKOMY 3HaQeHHlO H YJl06HOH 6yxre OH npocyIllCCTIlO-
BalI nolfl'H JlO KOHLIa 3rrmrnHCTH'IecKoro nepHO.D.a B HCTOP"" KpblMa.
B KOHLIc II B. LlO H. 3. Kanoc-lIHMcH BORJIeKaCTCH B npoTIlBOCTOIDIHC
nOHTHHCKOMY uapCTBY H CKH<}>aM 11 HeO.D.HoKpa11l0 ncpexo.lUIT H3 PYK B
PYKlI. PM-OM C nOIIHCOM npoH301llJJa pemaIOll{aJI 6HTBa noHTHiicKoro nOIl-
KOBOJll{a .D.Ha$urra, npH6bmmcro Ha BblpY'fKY ()C(l)ICaCHHOMY XCPCOHecy,
H I'vrrH.l!eorrnTbICWIHOro 06U.llHHCHHOro BOHCKa CKH4>OB H anaHOR
n06c.aa nOHTa HC nplIHCCIIa BOCKpemeHHH KaIloc-lIHMCHY, no-
CeIlCHI1H Ha 3ana}J.HOM n06CpC>K:bC KpblMa MC.alICHHO pa3pymalIHcb,
HX pa3BMHHbl 3aHOCHIIO necK OM. 3HaMCHHTaJl raBaHb, .D.aBaBmaH npH-
6e}f(Hll.{e ToprOBblM CY.llaM H BOCHHblM Kopa6I1HM, OT.llCIIHJlaCb OT MOpH
nCC'IaHOH nCpeCbInblO H npCBpaTHlIaCb B MCIIKOBO.aHbIH I1HMaH. 11 Y>K:C
HH'ITO HC HanOMHHaJIO 0 TOM, .liTO 3JlCCb 6bI1I l{BCTYll.{HH ropOLl, HO-
CHBWHH ropLlOC Ha3BaHHC npeKpaCHaH faBaHb.
Ha MCCTC aHTH'IHOrO ropOLla OCTanOCb nOXO}f(CC Ha pa3BaJIHHbl
nHpaMH.l]bl MOmHOC KaMCHHOC COOpY}f(CHHe. B XVIII B., nocJlc npHco-
CJlHHCHHH KpblMa K POCCHH, 3.llecb CYll.{CCTBOBaJI Hc60IlbmoH pe.aYT, a
BnOClICJlCTBHH, .ao 30-x rr. XX B., - :3}J.aHHC norpaHH(lHOrO KOPJlOHa.
Ha3Ha'lCHHC TaHHCTBcHHOH «nHpaMH.l]bJ» JlOlIrOe BpCMH OCTaBa-
I10Cb 3ara.llKOH, no nOBOJlY ee npOHCXO)I(}J.CHHH Cyll.{cCTBoBaIlo HecKOlIb-
KO rHnOTC3, B TOM 'lHCIIe caMblX HCBCpOH11IblX, nOKa Kap-rHH)' .HC npo-
HCHHIIH pacKomm 1929 ro.aa.
Ha MeCTC «nHpaMH}J.bI» B KMoc-JIHMcHe crOJlJla mCCTHa}J.l{aTH-
MeTpOBaH 6awHH. 3T0 6bIDO caMOC BbICOKoe CTpoeHHe B KpcnoCTH, CIly-
)J(HBmCe MaJIKOM,- HOlfbJO Ha ee BCpXHCH IDIOll.{a}J.KC 3a)J(HranCJI orOHb.
B nOJlBMax 6amHH XpaHHJlHCb 3anaCbI nHll.{H Ha CIlY'faH OCa}J.bI. Ha
BCpXHHX 3Ta}f(aX pa3Mcll.{MCH I<OMaH..1IHblii n}'HKT H 6bI1IH ycraHoBIIc-
HM I<aMHeMeTHble 0pYJlHH, KOHTpOIlHPYIOll.{HC bxo.D. B 6YXTY.
Koma Kpenocrn HaqanH yrpo>K:aTb CKI1<}>bl, 6aunuo 06HCCIIH ell.{e
O.D.HHM nOJ/COM H3 KaMHjI, KOTOpblH npH}J.an CH $oPMY lIHpaMH}J.bI, coxpa-
146
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HHBmCHCH .lI.0 Hamcro BpeMCHH. nOHC cny)l(HJI 3all.{HTOH OT YLlapOB Tapa-
HOM, CJ1e.lI.bl KOropbIX.lI.O CHX nop BH.D.Hbl Ha CTeHax. BnocnC.lI.CTBHH CKI1<}>bl
npeBpanUIH 6arnHIO B 6aCTHOH, 3alll.l1ll.{alOlllHH nO}J.XO.lI.bl K roPOLlY C CyrnH.
ApXCOIlorH 06HapY>K:HJlH OCTaTKH KpenOCTHblX CTeH, HCCKOIlbKO
6ameH, 3all.{Hll.{aBmHX BopOTa, yrnoBoc YKpcnIlCHHC 11 >K:l1lIbiC .D.OMa.
O.llHO H3 CTpoeHHH npCBOCXO.lI.HO coxpaHHlIOCb, ero MO>K:HO OCMOTpCT.b,
npC.lI.CTaBHB ce6e 6bIT .lI.MCKOH aHTlIQHOH 3nOXH.
B paMOHe OrpOMHOro xOJIMa - CKHQx:Koro 30IlbHHKa - paCKOl1KH
OTKpbIJ1H Cll.{e 0.llHY YUeJICBruyIO 6amHIO C nonynO.lI.Ba1IbHbIM nOMCll.{eHHCM
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Ka.'10c-J1HMCHa, OT KOToporo YUeJICII KpynHblH LlopmKHbIH KaMCHb - na
cro nOBepXHOCTH KOIlecaMH nOB030K Bbl6HThl KOIlCH. npH pacKonKax no-
ro Y'faCTKa apxooIlorn HallIJIH MHOro pa3H006pa3HbIX npe.D.MCTOB, xpaHHB-
IllHXC.sI KaK B 6anrne, Tal( H B COCC.lI.HHX .D.OMax. 3TOT PaMOH ropoLla ClIJIbHee
Beero nocrpa.l{aJJ BO BpeMJI Hana.ueHIDI capMaTOB- npH paCKonKax lJaCTO
HaxO,WIT HaKOHC'fHHKH, Bnl1BmHCCH B CTCHbl H3 Hoo60}f(}f(CIDmrO KHpIDIlJa.
aT OCTaTKOB MaHKa K nOpOCllIl1M KOlIlOlJKaMH XOIlMaM H}J.CT y3-
KaH TponHHKa. B .D.peBHOCTH 3.D.CCb npOXO.lI.HJla rIlaBHaJl rOpO.lI.CKaH YIIH-
ua, .lI.OCTHraBmaH B mHpHHY mecrH MeTpOB. aHa CBJ13bIBMa rIlaBHblC
BopOTa C raBaHblO, 6b1lIa BbiMOll.{CHa TpaM60BaHHOH KpomKOH, HC YC-
TynalOll.{CH no KpcnOCTH ac<}>anbTY. no LlCHTPY Llopom lUClI }f(CII06 BO-
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YBH}J.CTb B caMOM LleHTpC rOpO.llHll.{a. J1YlJme Bcero coxpaHHIIHCb CKI1<}>C-
KHC nOCTpOHKH, OTIIH'falOll.{HCCH Hc6pC}f(HOH KIla}J.KOH. CKI1<}>bl - CTcn-
Hoii HapO.lI. - TaK H He .lI.OCTHrJJH B CTpOHTelIbCTBC MaCTCpCTBa 3JIJIIfHOB.
B HCCKOIlbKHX COTHJlX MCTpOB OT ropO.lI.Hll.{a B03BblmalOTCjJ He60Ilb-
mlie XOIlMHKH. nO.lI. HaCbInHMH CKpblBalOTCJI CKIlcnbl H3 TecaHoro KaMHH H
CblpLlOBoro KHpnH'fa H npoCTblC MOIl1JIbl, ncpeKpblThle IlJIHTaMH. Apxeo-
1I0raM nOC'faCTIII1BHJlOCb miliTH MHoro rIIHIDIHblX cocy LlOB, opY}f(He, npe.a-
MCThI ryanCTa H npoCTcHbKHC YKparncHHH.
K PYHHaM npCKpacHoH faBaHH MO}f(HO nonaCTb H3 UCHTpa
nIT 4CpHOMOpcKOC no ac<}>alIbToBoH Lloporc, Be.lI.Yll.{CH K MOplO, 3areM
n,o nlIH}f(Y HY>K:HO HLITH B CTOPOHY KCMnHHra. TaM, r.D.C 3aKaH'fHBaCTCH
npH6pe>K:HaH nCClJaHaH nOIloca H B03BblmaCTCH He6oJJblliOH CKaJIHCTblH
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147
II1cTOpl<1S1 KpblMo
He60JIbmOH MaHK. )Ke.:IalOll.{HM HC TOIlbKO nOCCTHTb PYHHbl ,lJ:peBHHX
rOpO.D.OB, HO H OCMOTpeTb YHHKMbHblC HaXO,lJ:KH COBCTYCM 06paTHTb-
CH B HCTopHKo-apxeOIlOrH'fCCKHH 3anOBC,lJ:HI1K «KMoc-J1I1MeH», pac-
nOIlO}f(CHHbIH B 3.D.aHHH MY3b1KanbHOH mKOlIbl nIT 1.JepHOMopcKoe.
Ka lfH-KaJIhOH
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nyIlJlpHa BepcH}! HCTOIlKOBafjHH cro KaK «KpeCTOBbIH Kopa6I1b» - C H3BC-
CTHOH ,lJ:OIlCH Bo06pa}f(CHHH Ha CKMe MO}f(HO YBMCTb nO,lJ:06HC rpaM1103-
HOro HepYKOTBopHoro KpeCTa,06pa30BaHHoro CKaJIbHblMH TpellumaMH.
KaK 11 ,lJ:PyrHc BH3aHTI1Hci<He YKpenneHHH, LlHTa,r.tCIIb B03HHKIIa B
VI BeKe. nIlOll.{a.lIb KpenoCTI1 npHMepHo 1,5 ra. B MCCTax C nOIlorHM
nO,lJ:'bCMOM npocMaTpHBalOTcH OCTaTKH 060poHHTelIbHoH CTeHbl 113 TC-
caHblX 6I10KOB 11 BOpoT, 3all.{Hll.{eHHbIX npHMoyroIlbHoH 6amHeH. npH
paCKonKax B KIIa.lIKe CTeHbl Haii.lleHbl 06I10MOK BepTHKMbHOro Ha.lIrpO-
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Ka VII B., 'I TO n03BOIlHCT npe,lJ:nOIlO}f(HTb, 'I TO KpcnOCTb ncpeCTpaHBa-
I1aCb xa3apaMH, a 3aTeM BHOBb OCBaHBMaCb BH3aHTHHuaMI1.
CKMbHblC Bblpy6KH ropO,lJ:Hll.{a paCnOlIO}f(eHbl B nHTH eCTeCTBCH-
HblX rpoTax H BOKpyr HHX, 3,lJ:CCb pa3MCll.{CHO OKOIlO 150 nOMell.{CHHH
pa3JIH'fHOrO Ha3Ha'feHHH, Coe,lJ:HHeHHbIX Me)I(}J.Y C060H TcppacaMI1 H I1C-
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xpaHHlIHCb. no .D.aHHbIM Y'fCHbIX, HaH60Ilec aKTHBHOC CTpOHTClIbCTBO
xpaMOB, }f(HIIbIX ,lJ:OMOB, Tcppac H nOMCll.{CHHH X03HHCTBCHHoro Ha3Ha-
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B nOIlY MHorHX nOMCll.{eHHH OCTMHCb CJ1e.D.bl.D.aBHlICH BHHorpa.lIa,
qTO n03BOIlHeT npCJJ:IlOIIaraTb HMHqHe LleIloro BHHO,lJ:ClIb'fCCKOrO KOM-
nneKca. B HeCKOIlbKHX rpOTax npOCMaTpHBalOTCH OCTaTKH LlcpKBeH.
Ha CTeHax HCKOTOpblX xopomo coxpaHHlIHCb CJ1C,lJ:bl Ha.lInHCCH Ha rpe-
'fCCKOM H3blKe H H306pa}f(CHHH KpeCTOB, CKaMbH }J.1IH CBHll.{eHHOCJ1Y}f(H-
TenCH (CHHTpOH), CJ1e,lJ:bl MorHII H YCbInaJIbHHU.
Ha O,lJ:HOM H3 pyxHYBmHx 06I10MK'OB CKMbl Bblpy6I1eHa 60IlbmaH
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148
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1I0H K)'HCJIH. Ha.lI HCTO'fHHKOM BlI.llHbl HHll{H, B KOTOpblX 6b1JIH YCTaHOBne-
HblltKOHbI H BbICe'lCHH1>IH KpeCT. HCMHoro HH}f(C, no.D. HCTO'fHHKOM, H3 pac-
re1IHHbl pacrer orpoMHaJI JJ:pcBHIDI '1epeIl1IDl, Ha BeTBJIX KOTOpoH naJIOMHHKH
.D.O CHX nop OCTaBJIjJJOT I10CKyTKH CBOHX OJJ:C)I(}J., BCpJl, KaK H B .llpcBHeHrnHe
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175
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176
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HOlIHTHOM TCIIC CKMbI. B BepXHeM nOlIYKpY)I(HH CKMbHOH anCH.llb1 Tpe-
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ro H306pa>K:CHHH B HCKOTOpoii CTcnCHH npOHCHHCT rpe'fCCKaH Ha.llnHCb
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aHcaM6jJb MOHaCTblpCKOH CKMbl.
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nOH KpacHoapMcHLlcB 3 'fHClICHbl B COCTaB CClIbx03apTclIH - <}>aKT KY-
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lI0K H OKOH'faTCIIbHo 6bl1l 3aKpbIT B 1926 ro.D.Y. O.D.HaKO OT nOlIHoro
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nyc, C03.llaHHblH B nO.llpa}f(aHHC apXHTCKTYPC EaX'iHCapaHcKoro lIBOp-
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a B III B. .D.peBHIOIO KpenOCTb nOJIHOCTbIO pa3pymHlIH roThI. B 3noxy paH-
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COnJlCMCHHHKOB, a Tal<>KC B OT'fCTaX nOCJIOB H nyTemCCfBCHHHI<OB.
nO.D. EBnaTopHCH paCnOIlaraJIHCb COJIjjHbIC npOMbICJIbI, Ha KOTOpblX
npe)K}J.c .ll06.bIBanaCb 3HalfHTeJIbHaH 'faCTb KpblMCKOH COIlH. CIO..'ta npHe3-
>KMH Ha BOIlax IJ)'MaKH, HHOr.D.a ya03H C C060H, KpOMC COIlH, H 'lYMY.
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KaK 3.llCCb HaXO.llHlICH Olllm H3 Ba>K:HeHmHX LleHTpoB MHpaBOH TOprOBJIH.
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7 3u. NIl 21
193
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Ma EBnaTopHH. B 1858 r. B EBnaTopHH B 'fCCTb nom6mHx nOli cc CTC-
HaMH BOHHOB 6bID YCTaHOBJJCH naMJlTHHK.
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.I1CHHR. H Oncpal.{HJI 3aKOHIJHIIaCb nOpa>KCHHcM.
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nymKHHa, Ha CI.{CHC KOToporo BblCTynaIIH M, f. CaBHHa, K. C. CTa-
HHcIIaBcKHH, E. D. BaXTaHroB, JI. B. C06HHOB, A. B. HC}f(}J.aHoBa, H.
A. 06yxoBa. 3.D.CCb BCTpe'falIHCb C ny6I1HKOH MaKCHMHJlHaH BOIlomHH,
BIIa}J.HMHP MaJIKOBCKHH H AncKceH TOIlCTOH.
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I1CHHOCTb, B OKpecTHOCTJlX ropo.D.a 1106b1Ba1OT Ba>KHeHllIHH CTpOHTCIIb
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naTopHH 3aKIlIO'faCTCJI B B03Bpall.{CHHH 3.D.OpOBbJl I1IO.llJlM, npe}f(}J.c BCC-
ro .llCTJlM. EBnaTopHJI - BCCMHpHO H3BCCTHaJi .D.CTCKaJl 3l1paBHHl.{a.
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npeKpacHble neC'faHblC nJIjJ>KH, TepMalIbHblc HCTO'fHHKH, LlCIIHTCIIbHblH
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BaHHbIC C 6H6I1CHCKHX BpeMCH aHanorn H3 McpTBoro MOpJl. KCTaTH, I1CTO B
EBnaTopHH HaMHorO.M1IPle, 'fCM B l-13paHlIc, a 3HalJHT, OT.lU>1X H I1C'fCHHC
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ro lIemCBJle, TO CJIC}J.YCT nOpa3MbICJIHTb 0 TOM, 'lTO B mHpaKOH peKIlaMe
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194
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MCCTHblX }f(HTeJlCH. B 1886 r. cBnaTopHHcKHC Bpa'fH C. 11. XOJ!)l(am H C. n.
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ny'faCT H3BCcrnOCTb nylJllIcro B KpblMY MeCTa n..Trn ,"IC'fCHlliI.
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IIbIH BbIBOlJ. BIIanHMHp MaHKoBcKHH.
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H nIl1l}f( 3allHMalOT ncpBoc MCCTO HC TOlIbKO B POCCHH, HO H BO BCCH EB-
ponc». TcnIlblc nCCO'lHbIC BaHHbl LlCIIC6Hbi npH MHorHX 3a60IlcBaHHHx,
a rnaBHOC - HB.:"IHIOTCH npcKpacHblM npo<}>HJlaKTH'fCCKHM CpCllCTBOM,
n03BOIlHIOll{HM 3THX caMbIX MHOro'fHCIlCHHbIX 3a6olIcBaHHH H36c>K:aTb.
ncpC}J. ncpBoH MHpOBOH BOHHOH B ropo.l1c <}>YHKUHoHHpoBaIlI1 TPH
caHaTopHH (<<npHMOpCKHH», «TaIlaca» H «fCIIHOC»), MOHHaKcKaH rp1l-
3c.'IC'fe6HHLla, HCCKOIlbKO I1C'iC6HHU. B HaCT01lll{CC BpCMH 31J.OpOBbC
I11O.D.HM B03Bpall{a1OT 20 llCTCKHX caHaTopHcB, 7 cncliHMH3HpoBaHHbIx
caHaTopHeB .D.lIH B3POCIIb}X, 10 naHCHOHaTOB H .llOMOB OT)J.blxa.
no cBCpKalOll{CH rIla}J.H KaIlaMHTcKoro 3alIHBa CKOIlb3HT HXTbl,
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ropalOT, BnHTblBaH mOKOIla.D.HbIMH OT 3arapa cnHHaMH I1aCKOBOC COIl-
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MOpe MOHCTKY. BH}J.HO, Y}f(C nopa YC3}f(aTb. npHMCTa TaKaH - HY}f(HO
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3aHHoH Ha}J.C}f(}J.OH B CCP.D.I.{c! EBnaTopHH nOCTapaeTCH HC nO.llBCCTH. Bcc
6YllCT xopomo, BCC 6Y.llCT KaK Ha}J.O.
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HOM paCTBOpc. CTpOHTClIbCTBO .llaTHpycTCJI 470--460 rr. .llOH. 3.
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B KHcB, llcPHHroB, nOIlTaBY, .llPYrHC ropo.D.a YKpaHHbl H POCCHH.
B <}>cBpalIc 1855 r. 3.D.CCb COCpC.llOTO'fHBaIlHCb BOHCKa rCHcpana
e. A. XpYIIcBa ncpc.ll TparH'lCCKH 3aKOH'fHBmHMCn JIIIJI HHX mrypMoM
EBnaTopHH. ApTHIIIICPHHCKHM 06CTpCIIOM CaKH 6blIlH pa3pymcHbl, a
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Y'fHHCHHOH TypKaMH B KOHCTaHTHHonoIlc.
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.D.CCJlTKH HaHMcHoBaHHH XHMH'fCCKOH npO.llyKUHH.
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Boro MOpJl. CpaBHcHHc C HHMI1 MorYT BbI.D.Cp}f(aTb TOIlbKO MOHHaKCKHC
rpJl3H B EBnaTopHH.
196
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cro IJYMaKa BOJIbl 1aCTpHIIIi B rpH3H JIHMaHfl, H3-3a 'fcro 6c)tH ra,
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TaIlCH B HIIC 60IlbHblMIt HoraMH. BCPHYBIIIHCb lIOMOH, 4YMaK 06Hapy-
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.D.OMO, HO B 1827-1828 rr. B CaKax 6blJIa OCHOBaHa ncpBaH B POCCHH
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KO B cnCUHMbHbIX KOIIJICKax. B ropo.D.C OHH nony'falOT HC TOIlbKO KBMH-
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3a60TOH. Y.lI06HbIC nOll'bC3}J.b1 JUIj! KOJ]j!COK npe}J.yCMOTpeHbl Ha pbIHKC, B
Ka<}>c, 6apax, napHKMaxcpcKHX, anTeKax, npaBOCJ1aBHOM xpaMC.
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BOCbMH.llCCHTPI BH.llOB .D.CpCBbCB H KycTapHHKOB". )J,Ba YCTaHOBIICHHblX
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CKa3an CnaCHTCIIb B EBaHreIlHH. B CaKaX I11O.D.H 3aHHTbl nOMOll.{blO
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KpblM - 3TO He TOIIbKO MOpe, COJIHltC, 3eJ1CHb npHMopcJ<HX napKOB, I<paCO-
'fa Ha6epe>K:HbIX, HIDKHp, BHHOrpa.a, «DenblH M)'CKaT KpaCHoro l<aMHJl» H
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6cpery pCKH. HOBblH ropo.D. pa3poccH Ha npaBoH CTOpOHC .D.OIlHHbl C
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208
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rO.D.a». B <}>oH.llax MY3C1I xpaHHTClI 601Ice 80 TbIC. 3I<CnOHaTOB. 3TO OLlHH
113 KpynHciimHX H HaH601ICC nOCell.{aeMblX MYJCCB B YKpaHHC.
naHOpaMa 8CJ nOCB1Ill.{CHa O.lIHOMY H3 HaH601ICC 3Ha'fHTeJIbHblX JnH-
30.D.OB 060POHW ropona - O1pa>K:eHHIO 6 HIOHH 1855 r. mTYpMa YKpenne-
HHH TpeTbcro 6aCTHoHa MaJIaXOBa KypraHa. C03.D.aHa OHa nOLI PYKOBOLl-
CTBOM pYCCKoro >K:HBOnHCLla <I>paHua Py60. nlIOll.{a,ab }f(JfBOnHcHoro no-
1I0THa 1610 M 2 (\4 x 15 M), npcLlMeTHoro nnaHa - 900 M 2 . Bo BpeMll
BeIlHKoii OTe'IeCTBCHHOH BOHHbl MopHKaM YLlaJIOCb BbIBC3TH Ha 60JIl,myIO
3CMJlIO H cnaCTH J1Hmb 86 <}>parncHToB >K:HBOnHCHoro nOlIOTHa. naHOpa-
Ma 6bma BOCCTaHOBIICHa I< l00-lIeTHIO ncpBoH 060POHbi CeBaCTOnOJI}l.
UHlIHH.lIpH'fecKoe 3.llaHHC nanopaMbl 81 H3 6eJ1oro HHKCpMaHCI<OrO H3Bec-
rnHKa C KYnoJI006pa3HOH I<pblmCH 6bI1I0 nocrpocHo B HaIJaJIC XX BCI<a.
3L1ecb >K:C, Ha I1cTopHIJecKoM 6YJIbBape, HaXOJ{HTCH MeMOpHaJIb-
HbIH KOMllJICI<C Ha MCCTC 3HaMCHHToro 'fCTBepToro 6aCTHoHa, B TOM
IJHClIe MOHYMCHT B 'ICCTb 3all.{HrnHKOB 6aCTHOHa, naMHTHHI< reHCpaJIY
3. 11. TOTlIC6eHY, 06CIIHCI< Ha MeCTC .H30HoBcKoro peLlYTa, Ha KOTO-
pOM cpa>K:aJIC1I nopY'fHI< JICB TOlICTOH. 060pOHHTCIIbHa1l JIHHHH CCBa-
CTOnOlI1I BO BpeM1I KpblMCKOH BOHHbl COCTOjjJIa H3 CCMH 6aCTI10HOB H
.llBa.lluaTH 6aTapeH. nCpBblH, BTOpOH, TpCTHH H KOPHHJIOBCKHH, Ha3bl-
BaCMbIH IJall.{c MaJIaXOBblM KypraHoM, HaXOLlHJIHCb Ha Kopa6elIbHOH
CTOpOHC; nHTblH - Ha B03BblmeHHOCTH, COCCLlHCH C I1CTOpHIJeCKHM
6YlIbBapOM; mCCTOH - B paHOHe YlIHUbl 6-H 6aCTHoHHoH; ceLlbMOH -
Ha 6epcry pHLlOM C XpYCTaJIbHblM MbICOM.
)J.HopaMa «lllTYPM CanyH-ropbl 7 Mall 1944 roJ{a» HaxOJ{HTCH Ha
mCCTOM KHJiOMCTpC .HJITHHCKOro mocce. BcpmHHa Can)'H-ropbl jJB!TJlJIaCb
apeHoH O>K:eCTOIJeHHbIX 060POHHTeJlbHbIX H HacrynaTCIIbHblX 60eB. Ha
xY.D.O}f(eCTBeHHOM nOJIorne, BbInOnHCHHOM MOCI<OBCKHMH XYJ{O>K:HHKaMH
cry.D.HH HM. M. 6. fpeKoBa, H306pa}f(eHbl peaJIbHblC 1I1O.D.H - repoH mTYP-
Ma, BocnpOH3Be.llCHbl LlOCTOBCpHblC C06bITH}!, KOTOpblC npOH30lllJlH 7 Mall
BO BpeMH npopbma 060poHHTeJlbHOrO py6c}f(a BOHcKaMH 51-H H npHMOp-
CKOH apMHH. B npeJ1MCTHbrH nnaH BMOHTHpOBaHbl nO.D.IIHHHbIC pclIHI<BHH,
Haii}J.eHHble Ha MCCTax 60CB, a TaI<}f(C 0py}f(He, aMYHHLlH}!, CHap1l>KCHHC
HCMeUKo-<}>amHCTcKHx BOHCK. .D.nHHa nOlIorna 25 M, BblCOTa - 5,5 MCTpa.
XY.lIO>K:CCTBCHHblH MY3CH HM. M. n. KpomHuKoro HaXOLlHTCH Ha
npocncKTc HaxHMoBa, 9. OH C03L1aH B 1965 r. Ha OCHOBC KapTHHHoH
209
nnoHeTO mOJJ,el1
ralIepeH. B 3KCn03HUHH H <}>OH.llaX MY3eH CO.D.Cp}f(HTCH CBbIme nHTH Thl-
C1I'f npOH3BC.D.CHHH >K:HBOnHCH, rpa<}>HKH, CKYIIbnTypbl, npHlma.D.HOrO
HCKycCTBa. MY3CH no npaay C'fHTaeTCH O.D.HHM H3 JIY'ImHX B YKpaHHC.
.BoCHHO-MOpcKOH My:3CH YCpHOMOpcKOro <}>I10Ta 82 paCnOlIO}f(CH Ha
YlIHue JIeHHHa, II. MY3CH no HHHUHaTHBC Y'faCTHHKoB ncpBoH 060POHbI
CeBaCfonolIjJ OTKpblT 14 CCHTB6pH 1869 ro.D.a. Cpe.D.H ero 3KcnOHaTOB ecn.
lIHlfHblC BCll.{H a}J.MHpa.,'10B n. c. HaXHMOBa, B. A. KOpHHJlOBa, B. 11. He-
TOMHHa, xHpyprnIJecKHc HHcrPYMCHTbI n. 11. nHpOrOBa, 60CB.ble 3HaMe-
ita, 'fPOIt>eHHbIC pe1IHI<BHH. O.D.HH H3 OT.D.eJI0B MY3CH HaXOltHTCH B nOMCll.{e-
HHH 6.bmmCH UCpKBH CB. MHxaHJIa, B KOTOpoH OTnCBaJIH npOCJJaBIIeHHblX
nOlIKOBO.lU.lCB. 3Kcn03HLlHH My3CH 3aHHMaCT ceMb 3aIl0B H paccKa3hIBaeT
06 HCfOpHH <}>I10Ta co .D.H1I cra OCHOBaHIDI .D.O HamHX .D.HCH.
I1CTOpH'iCCKHH ueHTp CeB3CTonomI - llIIOIUa.llb MHpMa Ha-
XHIlfOBa, B LlCHTpC KOTOpOH YCTaHOBIICH naM"THHK lIerCH.llapHoMY a.D.-
MHpany8J. HanpoTHB naMHTHHKa HaXO..ll.HTCH MeMopHMbHaH CTcHa 84 B
IJCCTh rCpOHIJCCKOH 060POHbI 1941-1942 r.O.D.OB. Ha rpaHHTHblx .D.OC-
Kax - HaHMeHOBaHHH 'faCTCH H Kopa61IcH, a TaK>K:C cnHCOK fCpOCB
COBeTcKoro COI03a, 3all.{Hll.{aBmHX CeBaCTonolIb.
ncpcnCKTHBY nnoll.{a.D.H A.aMHpana HaXHMOBa 3aMbIKaCT 6eJ1aR KO-
1I0HHa.D.a fpa<l>cKoH npHcTaHH 85 , KOTopaR 4>oPMHpyeT MOpcKOH <}>aca}J.
ropo.l{a H HBJIJleTCR OllHHM H3 ero CHMBOlIOB. CTpOHTeJI.bCTBo.npHcraHH H3
mKa Ha CTaIIbHblX CBaHX co cnycKalOll.{CHCH K MOplO mHpoKoH rpaHHTIiOH
JICCfHHUCH 6bIJJ0 3aKOHIJeHO B 1846 ro}J.y. .lJ.0 TIoro Ha 3TOM MCCTC 6bIJJ
npH'fan, B03BC.llCHHbIH B KOHl.{e XVIII B. KOMaH.lIYIOIllHM 3CKa}J.pOH Yep-
HOMOpcKOro <}>I10Ta rpa<}>oM M. 11. BOHHOBH'feM. B 'fecn. rpa<}>a, BcpHee,
B IlCCTh ero THTYlIa, H Ha3BaHa npHCTaH.b. JII060I1bITHO, IJTO ee }J.Ba)lUlhl
nbITa.JIHCb ncpeHMcHOBaTb, HO <l>noTCKaJI Tpa.LlHIUUl YCTojjJIa.
npHMOpCKHH 6YlIbBap - 1I106HMoe MCCTO OT.D.bIXa CCBaCTonOIlb-
LlCB - npHMhlKaCT K nnOll.{a.D.H Alumpana HaxHMoBa. B 10 M OT Ha6c-
PC)ICHOH HaXO.D.HTCH Cll.{C O.D.HH H3BCCTHblH CHMBOlI CCBaCTOnOml. 3.D.ecb
np"Mo H3 BO.D.bl nO.D.HHMaCTCjJ YCTaHoBlIcHHblH Ha HCKycCTBeHHo co-
OpYJlCCHHOM OCTpOBKC naMHTHHK 3aTonneHHblM l<opa61lJlM 86 , npcrpa-
.D.HBmHM B 1854 r. nyn. BpaJICCCKoMY <}>lIOTY. Y nO.D.nOpHOH CTCHbl, Ha-
npoTHB naMRTHHKa, YCTaHOBIICH.bl.D.Ba "KOpH C 3aTonneHHblX CY.D.OB.
CIIeBa OT naMfiHHKa 3aTOIUlCHHbIM Kopa6J1JlM Haxo.rorrc" aKBapH-
YM I1HCTIrIyTa 6HolIornH IO>K:HbIX MOpeH HAH YKpaHHbl, O}J.Horo H3 CTa-
210
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peHmllX 6HOnOrn'fecKHX YlfPC>K:.il.eHHH MHpa. HCCJICllYIOll.{I1X IKH3H1> MOpH.
UCHTpaJIbHbiH 6acccfuI HMCCT llHaMCTP 9,2 M, my6HHY 1,5 MCTPa. CTCHH1>IC
aKBapHYMbI HMCIOT 06DCM OKOlIO 7 M 3 KaIK:lU>IH, a Bcero HX HaC'fHTbIBaCTCjJ
12. B HHX }f(HBYT pa3Ho06pa3H1>le npcllCTaBlITenH MOpcKOH <}>aYHbI THxoro,
AmaHTINCCKOrO H I1H,llHHcKoro OKeaHOB, 4epHOro, Cpe.II.H3CMHOrO H Kpac-
HOro MOpej,jS7. npe.D.lllCCTBCHHHKOM HHcnrIyTa 6bma CCBacronolIbCKaJI 6HO-
1I0rn'fCCKaJI CfaHLlIDI, OpraHH30BaHHaH B 1871 r. no npe.IL'10}f(eHHIO BCJIH-
KlIX Y'IeHbIX 6apoHa H. H. MHKJIYxo-MaKIlaJI H A O. KOBMeBCKoro.
011HH H3 ncpBblx CCBaCTonOlIbCKHX 6YlIbBapoB, MaTpoccKHH, B03-
BLlmaCTCH HanpoTHB npHMOpCKOrO 6YlIbBapa. B 1834 r. Ha HeM YCTa-
HOBIICH nCpBb!H B CCBaCTOnOJIe naMHTHHK, YBeKOBC'fHBalOlUHH nOll-
BHr KanHTaH-lIeHTeHaHTa A H. Ka3apcKoro S8 , KOMaH.LIHpa 6pHra «Mep-
KYPHH», 6ccCTpamHo Cpa}f(aBmerocH C LlBYMH TypCllKHMH lIHHCHHblMH
Kopa6J1jJMH B Mac 1829 rolla.
C MmpoccKoro 6YIIbBapa no caMOH .l1JlHHHOH B CeBaCTonolIc CH-
HoncKoH lICCTHHlle MO}f(HO nOLlHHTbCH Ha rlIaBHbIH XOlIM ropoLla. Ero BeH-
'!aCT BblCTpOCHHbIH B BH3aHTHHcKOM CTHlIe BlIa.llHMHpcKHH C060p89 co
umeMOBH.llHbIM KynOlIOM H 301I0'feHb1M KpeCTOM. B HH)!{HCM 3Ta}f(C xpaMa
HaXOL\l1TCH YCbmanbHHua 8l!MHpanOB M. n. Jla3apeBa, B. A KOpHHJIO-
Ba, n. c. HaxHMoBa. B. 11. I1CToMHHa. C060p - HaH601Icc 3aMeTHoe
3.aaHHe CCBaCTonoml, ero BbICOTa paBHa 32,55 MCTPa. OH HBIIHeTCH TO-
1I0rpa<}>H'IecKHM llCHTpOM ropO.D.a. B c060pc npoBo.riHTCR 60rOCJ1Y>K:CHHll,
no 6YlIHHM }J.IDIM C 9.00 110 15.00 cro MO>K:HO noceTHTb C 3KCXYPCHCH.
3HaMeHHTbIH ManaxoB KypraH - KIlIO'IeBaR n03HUH1I 060POHbi B
ro.D.bl KpbIMCKOH BOHHbl - B03BblmaCTCH Ha Kopa6eJ1bHOH CTOPOHC9().
Ha BepllIHHe KYpraHa COXpaHHJIaCb KaMeHHa1l 6amHH 91 . K ec CTCHaM npH-
KpcnneHbI MpaMopHblC LlOCKH C nepe'IHClICHHCM Bcex BOHHCKHX n O llpa3-
llCJ1eHHH, 060poHHBmHx 6aCTHoH. HCnO.D.alIcxy yCTaHoBIIcH naMHTHHK
BHllc-a}J.MHpany B. A. KOPHHIIOBY H MeMopHanbHaR nnHTa Ha MCCTC CMCp-
TClIbHoro paHeHHH 28 HIOHjJ 1855 r. a}J.MHpana n. c. HaxHMoBa.
OT ManaxoBa KypraHa MO}f(HO npoHTH Ha COCCLlHHl1, TpeTHH 6a-
CTHOH, pacnolIaraBllIHHcH no .D.pyrylO CTOPOHY .lI:oKoBoro oBpara. AH-
rJIHHCKHC BOHcKa, mrypMoBaBmHc 6acTHoH, TaK H HC CMorlIH cro B3RTb.
3.D.ecb HaXO.D.HTCH naMRTHHK fHaTY lllcB'feHKo. B OLIHOM H3 HO'IHbIX
60CB OH 3aClIOHHJI c060i1 KOMaHLlHpa lIcHTcHaHTa 6HpHlIcBa H cnac eMY
>K:H3Hb. naMlITHHK cOOPY}f(CH B 1874 ro.lIY.
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O.D.HOMY OHa .D.a.'Ia 6CCCMcpnle, Y .D.pyroro 3a6palIa lIY'fmHC ro.D.bl )l(H3-
HH. I1CTOpHK .D.OlI>K:eH 6blTb 6ccnpHcTpacTcH, .D.OlI}f(CH H36eraTI) oue-
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Ea.naKJJaBa
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HaXO.D.HTCH B 12 KM OT Hero. Bocne-rblH fOMCpOM ropO.llOK paCKHHYlICH
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B VII-VI BB. .D.O H. 3. 3.D.CCb HaXO.D.HlIHCb TaBpCKHC nOCClICHHH,
n03.D.HeC - rpe'feCI<HC. 31I1IHHbl Ha3blBaJIH CC CIOM601I0H JIHMne -
faBaHh npC.D.3HaMCHOBaHHH. CY.D.b6a EaJIaKlIaBbl BCCr.D.a nepenne-ra-
lIaCb C cY.D.b60H XepCOHcca, XepCOHa, CCBaCTonOlIH. B cepe.D.HHC XIV
B. nOCTpOCHHYIO BH3aHTHHLlaMH KpcnOCTb KanaMHry OTBOeBaJIH y <}>C-
O.D.OpHHl.lCB rCHY33L1bI H Ha3BanH QCM6aJIo. B 1475 r. KpcnoCTb 3aXBa-
THJlH TYpKH, .D.aBmHC CH Ha3BaHHC EaJIblI< -lOBe - PbI6be f HC3.D.0, TpaHC-
<}>OpMHpOBaHHoe HapO.D.HOH 3THMOlIorHeH B EaJIaKJIaBY.
COBpCMCHHaH EaJ1aKlIaBa paCKHHYlIaCb B .D.OlIHHC, a Ha 6epery
«CHHero 3aJIHBa» npHMOCTHJICH CTapblH ropO.D.. Ha YlIHl.lC Py61.10Ba B
EalIaKJIaBe .D.eHCTBYCT He601IbmoH xpaM. 31-0 caMajJ .D.peBHjJH .D.CHCTBY-
IOwaH l.lCpKOBb B KpbIMY, nQCTpocHa OHa He n03.D.HCe 1357 ro.D.a.
B rO.lll>I KpblMCKOH BOHHbl B EanaKJIaBCI<OH 6YXTe 6a3HpOBMCH aHr-
IIHHCKHH <}>I10T. B HO'fb Ha 24 HOH6pH 1854 r. BO BpeMH He6bmanoro mTOp-
Ma Y 6eperoB EanaKJIaBbl norn6IIH MHornc mrrJIHiiCKHe CY.D.a, HC ycneBumc
YKPblThCH B 6YXTe. Cpe.D.H HMX 6b1lI H 3HaMeHHTblH <}>peraT «qcpHbrn npIDllD>,
BC3IIJHH .D.eHbrlI }J.IIjJ ynnaThI >KMOBaHhH COlO3HblM BOHcKaM.
B ro.D.bI BelIHKoH OTC'feCTBCHHoH BOHHbI Y pa3BMHH CTapoH Kpe-
nOCTH 3aKaH'fHBanCjJ IO>K:HbIH <}>lIaHr COBCTcKo-repMaHcKoro <}>poHTa.
EalIaKlIaBY HC 3PH Ha3blBaJIH «MalIbiM CCBacTOnOlIeM» - 3aWHTHHKH
cc .D.Cp}f(alIHCb .D.O nOClIe.D.HHX .D.HeH CeBacTonolIbcKoH 060POHbI.
B Ha'faJIC BCKa 3.D.eCb }f(HJ1 H nHCM oceHHHMH BC'fCpaMI1 BC.JIHI<HH
PYCCKHH nHCaTeJIb A. 11. KynpHH. OH YBCKOBC'fHJI naMj/Th 0 6eccrpam-
HbiX H 6ccma6amHbIX 6MaKIlaBCKHx pbl6aKax B BC.JIHKOlIenHoH nOBeCTH
«JIHCTpHroHbl». nHcaTclIb 6bL'I YBepeH', 'I TO 6anaKIlaBCKHC rpeKH >KHByT
212 .
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3.D.eCb C HC3anaMH'!HbIX BpeMCU, 'lT0 ItMCHHO 3.n:CCb HaXO.n:HlIaCb BOCnCTaH
fOMCpOM JlaMoca - npHCT<lHHWe lIHCTpHrOHOB, BCJlHKaHOB-lIlO.n:OC.n:OB.
C I<OTOpblMH CTOlIKHYlICH O.D.HCCCH BO BpeM>1 CBOItX CTpaHCTBOBaHHii
(/Jopoc
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na,aa, Ha'lliHaCTCH KypopTHaH nOlIoca I()}f(HOro 6cpera KpbIMa. <Dopoc OT-
J}MeH OT .HnTb1 45-10 KM TpaCCbI. B -rpex KHJIOMCTpax K 3ana,ay OT Hero, Ha
Mblce Capbl'f 93 , YCTaHOBJIeH HanOMHHaIOlllHH maXMaTH)'lO 1Ia}J.b1O MaJIK. 31'0
caMa lO}f(HaJI TO'fKa KpblMa, YKpaHHhI, BeeH eBponeHCKOH 'facrn CHf -
44°23' CCBCpHOH IllHpoThI. OT Mblca Capbl'f 1I0 Mhlca KepeMne B TYPUHH
142 MHJIH - TIO caMOC yJKOC MeCTO 4cpHoro MOpH. 3a MblCOM Ha'fItHaCTCH
6YXTd JlacnH, 06D BlIcHHaH C 1980 r. 3anOBel!HbIM ypo'fHll.{eM.
<Dopoc B03HHI< Ha MCCTC rCHy33CKOH KpcnocTH <DOPI1H. B Ha'ianC
20-x rr. XIX B. 3ana.n:HaH [-!aCT I, HblHcmucro <Dopoca - HMeHHC Teccc-
lIH 6bl1l0 nO}f(alIOBaHO rcpolO OTC'feCTBCHHoH BOHHbl 1812 r. rCHcpalIY
H. H. PaeBcKoMy-cTapmcMY, 3anO>KHBmeMY <DOpOCCKHH napK, HBlIH-
IOll.{HHCH Tencpb naMHTHHKOM Ca.llOBO-napKOBOH apXHTeKTypbl.
3aTCM BlIa.llelIbLlCM TeccelIH CTan 113BeCTHblH 'laenpOMblmlIeHHl1K
H MCLleuaT A. KY3HeUOB. no 3aKa3Y HOBOro BlIa.llClIbUa 6blJ1 n03Be.n:CH
OC06HHK B CTHlIC PYCCKom KIIaCCHUH3Ma. 113BecTHblH XY.D.O}f(HHK-nCH-
3a>KHCT 10.10. KncBep pacnHcalI B.n:OMe 15 HaCTCHHblX naHHO. B nap-
Ke 6blJI C03.D.aH Ha3BaHHblH «paHcKHM yrolIKoM» KaCKa.ll 113 meCTH KpO-
XOTHblX 03ep H MHHHaTlOpHblX BO.D.Ona.D.OB.
OCCHblO 1932 r. COBeTCKOC npaBHTcIIbCTBO npc.D.OCTaBHlIo HMe-
HHe TeCCeJIH MaKcHMY fOpbI<OMY. 3.D.eCb nHcaTelIb B TC'fCHHC Tpex lIeT
C03.n:aBan pOMaH «)I{H3Hb KnHMa CaMrHHa».
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HOH CKane BblCOTOH 400 M Ha.ll ypoBHeM MOpH B03BblmaCTCH UCpKOBb Boc-
KpeceHH}! XpHCToBa. XpaM 6blJl OTKpblT B 1892 r., npoCKTHpOBaJI ero aKa-
.n:CMHK H. M. 4arHH, <}>HHaHCl1poBaJI CTpOHTCJIbCTBO BCe TOT >K:e A. KyJHC-
LlOB, .n:eMoHCTpHpyH BepHOnO.D.llaHHH'lCCKHe 'fYBcrna no CJIY'falO 'fY.D.CCHOrO
cnaceHH}! HMnepaTopa AncKcaH}J.pa III H cro CCMbH npH TCppopHcrn'iCC-
KOM aKTC no.n: nopKaMH B XapbKOBCKOH ry6CPHHH 17 OKT 6pH 1888 ro.n:a.
C060p BblCTpOCH B BH3aHTHHcKOM CTHlIC OC060H TexHHKolI KlIa.D.-
KH mHpOKoro nlIOCKoro KHpnH'fa-nlIHH<}>bl H CHCTCMOH BHYTPCHHHX
213
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.D.epeBHHHbIX xpaMOB, 61IarO.D.apH IJeMY <}>opOCCKaH uepKOBb HanOMH-
HaCT MOCKOBCKHe LlCpKBH KOHua XVIII BeKa.
Me>K:.il.Y TeccelIH H MblCOM Capbl'f HaXO.D.HTCH ypOIJHll.{e KOMne-
pHH, r.D.e B 1988 r. 6blJIa nocTpoeHa 3HaMeHHTaH .D.aIJa npe3H.lleHTa
CCCP M. C. fop6aIJeBa «3apH».
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JI. A. nCpoBcKoro. L!:e.D.ymKa H3BeCTHoH TCppOpHCTKH H3 «HapO.D.HOH
BOIlH» B 30-x rr. XIX B. B03BelI y nO.[{HO>KHll KacrponolIbcKoH ropbl Ha
6epery MOpH .D.BopeLl, HanOMHHalOll.{HH cpcJJ.HeBeKOBblH naJIaul.lO C 'fe-
TblpbMjJ ymoBbIMH 6amHjJMH. O.D.HOBpeMCHHO C .D.BOPl.lOM 6b1lI pa36HT
66mHpHblH napK nnOll.{a.llblO 601Iee 25 ra.
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caHaTopHH «McJ]ac». Ha ero TeppHTopHH He.D.aJIeKO OT MOpH HaXO.D.HT-
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BblH TOHHenb aBTOTpaCCI>I. Ha BbIXO.D.e H3 TOHHCIIH cnpaBa OT .D.OpOrH
oTBecHoH cTeHoH nO.D.HHMaIOTCH TPH OrpOMHblX YTeca. Cpe.D.HHH H3 HHX
Ha3blBaCTCH Mm8TKi!, 'I TO B nepeBO.D.e C H3MeHCHHoro rpe'feCKOrO 3Ha-
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214
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PblMHHKCKOH, BHY'fKe BelIHKoro nC!I1KOBO.D.Lla A. B. CYBopoBa, 11 Ha-
3Bimo no ee HMeHH - BapHHo. n03>Ke pH.llOM C MmaTKoH, B ypO'fHll.{e
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Kal(HBellH H flOHH30BKa
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nOlIO>K:eH nocelIOK KaLlHBcIIH 94 , BceMHpHo H3BeCTHbIH CBOHM pa.D. HOTe -
J1CCKOnOM, napa60nH'lccKaH aHTeHHa KOToporo HMeeT .D.HaMeTp 22 MeT-
pa. PT -22, KaK Ha3blBaeTCH TeIleCKon, nOCTOHHHO Ha61I1O.D.aeT 3a COlIH-
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pa3nH'lHble Me))\}J.YHapO.D.Hb1e nporpaMMbI, B KOTOpblX y'faCTIIYIOT TaK-
}f(C HCCKOlIbKO KpynHblx 3apy6e}f(HbIX 06ccpBaTopHH.
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Me HaXO.D.HTCH mTopMOBOH 6acceHH MopCKoro rH.D.pO<}>H3H'IeCKoro
HHCTHTYTa AH YKpaHHbl, r.D.e npOBO.D.HTCH Ha61I1O.D.eHHH 3a MOpCKHMH
TeqeHR1IMH H mTopMaMH. OCHOBaTelIeM ero 6bIJI aKa.lleMHK B. B. llly-
lIeHKHH, C03.D.aBmHH HOBYIO HaYKY - <f>H3HKY MOpH.
B Ha'faJJe XX B. B KaUlIBCIIH >K:HJI 3aMe'faTeJIbHbrn XY.D.O}f(HHK A. 11.
KYHH.D.)KH, HanHeaBmHH 3,aecb cepHIO MOpcKHX 3TIO.D.OB H KapmHY «HO'lb
B KPbIMy». nOCJle CMepm }f(RBOnHCLla ,nOM, B KOTOpoM OH >K:HJI;'6bI1I ne-
pe.D. aH no 3aBell.{aHHIO 06ll.{eCTBY MOlIO.llb1X XY.D.O}f(HHKOB. KwIOMeTpOBa1l
nOlIoca nJIH}f(a HOCHT HM}! xy,nO>K:HHKa, lII06HBmero nHeaTh Ha CKMbHOM
06pa30BaHHH Y3YH, CJlY}f(HBmeM eMY cBoe06pa3HOH MaCTcpcKOH.
B Kal{HBCJIH H ero OKpCCTHOCTHX paCnOlIO}f(eHbI HCCKOIIbKO 3.llP aB HHlI.,
.D.oMa TBop'fecrna Y'IeHbIX H caHaTopHH. Y 3ana.zIHoro nOl!Ho}f(HJl ropbl KOl1IKa
paCKHHyJIaCb npeKpaCHaJI JlHMeHCKaJI .D.OIIHHa, OKaH'IHBaIOIUMC1I 3aIIHBOM,
Ha3BaHHblM f ony6bIM 61IarO.D.apH Heo6bI'laHHO HaCbIllleHHoMy 3..1l<:Cb ItBeTY
215
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MOpcKOH BO.D.bI. «fony6h1M 3aJlHBOM» Ha3bmaCTCH H He6o;]bmOH, HO BCCbMa
KOM<l>opTa6eJ1bHbrn carunopllil:, pacnolIO>K:eHHbIH B .D.OlIHHC.
Ha}J. .D.OlIHHOH B03BbIlllaIOTOI TPH BcpmHHbl: nHJUIKH, BCp6lIlO.D. H
XbIp. B MeCTe HX CO'fJIeHeHH}! 6bma 06HapY>KCHa ol!Ha H3 HCMHOrHX B Kpbl-
MY CTOHHOI< .D.peBHero 'fCIIOBeKa 3noXH HeOlIHTa. PaCKonKH apXCOlIorOB
n03BOlIHIIH HaHm MHoro CKpe6KOB, HQ>K:eH, HaKOHC'fHHKOB crpen, C.lleJIaH-
HbIX H3 nonynpo3pa'fHOrO KpCMHH 6eIIoro H cepo-<}>HOlICTOBOro l{BCTa.
fopa nHJUlKH - noryXlllHH BYIIKaH cpel!HClOpcKOro nepHO.D.a. OHa
3aHHMaCT nJIOll.{a.zu, B 4 J<M2 H ycrynaCT B KpbIM}' JIHIllb Kapa}J.ary, 3Ha'lH-
TeJlbHO npeBOCXO}J.Jl nOCJIC.llHHH no BbIcoTe, .D.ocrnralOll.{eH 1055 M Ha,u YPOB-
HCM MOp1l. BepmHHa ropbl CJIO)I(CHa MOll.{Hb1MH nJIaCTaMH BYlIKaHH'fCCKOrb
ry4>a. OHa COC.llHHHCTCH C AH-nCTpHHCKOH minOH. OT.D.eJIbHbIC 06Ha>KeHHH
BYIIKaHH'fCCKHX nopo.D. nHJljj](OB, .D.OCTHralOlllHe TO.1Ill{HHb1 B 350 M, HarJIjj}J.-
HO .D.CMOHCTpHPYIOT reOlIOrH'fCCKYIO HCTOpHIO ropHOro KpbIMa. B 3TOM
ropHOM MaCCHBC BblBCTpHBaHHc 06pa30BaJIO npH'fY}J.JIHBbIC 06pa30BaHH}!.
nOCClIOK ropo.D.CKOrO THna nOHH30BKa paCnOlIO>KCH B .D.BYX KH-
1I0MeTpax OT KaLlHBcIIH, Ha CKlIOHax He601Ibmoro ropHoro aM<}>HTeaT-
pa, cnYCKalOll.{crocH K MOplO. B Ha'falIC XIX B. 3.D.CCb 6b1lIa .D.aqa rCHC-
paJJa <1>. -.n:. PeBcIIHoTH, KOMaH.D.OBaBmero B KphlMY OT.D.elIbHbIM rpe-
'fCCKHM 6aTaJ1bOHOM, a CCH'faC Ha CKJlOHaX aM<}>HTeaTpa pa3MeCTHlIHcb
KOM<}>opTa6eJ1bHble Kopnyca O.D.HOHMeHHoro .D.OMa OT.D.blxa. .n:Ba CTa-
pblX KanHTalIbHblX Kopnyca H nHTb HOBblX 'feTblpCX3Ta}f(HblX KOTTe.D.-
>K:eH BMCCTe C npeKpaCHblMH KopTaMH, nlIH}f(aMH, cnopTHBHblMH nlIO-
ll.{a.llKaMH, YTonalOll.{HMH B 3elICHH, COCTaBlIjJlOT 'fY.D.eCHYIO 3.D.paBHHUY.
3ana,uHee nOHH30BKH nocrpoeHbl Kopnyca ell.{e HCCKOlIbKHX caHa-
TOpHblX KOMnJIeI<COB. BbIlllC nOCCJ1Ka pacnolIaraCTCHIOHollICCKHH cnopTHB-
HblH lIarepb «CMcHa» Ha 320 MCCT. CeBepHcc lIarcpH «CMeHa» Ha CKJlOHC
FOp paCKHHYlIOCb ceIlO On01I3HeBoe, ''fbe Ha3BaHHC CBH3aHO C rpaH.lIH03-
HbIM ceIleM 1786 ro.D.a. Ha.ll ceIlOM BbiCHTCH Ol!Ha H3 rop flIaBHoH rpJl}J.b1
- EHIOK-l1cap, HMelOll.{aH BblCOry 734 M Ha,u ypoBHCM MOpjJ. fopa CJIO-
>KCHa CBCTlIO-cepbIM MpaMOpOBH.llHbIM H3BCCTHHKOM. Ha BcpmHHc ropbl
pacnolIarMocb TaBpcKoe y6e}f(Hll.{e, a n03}f(C BH3aHTHHCKall xpenOCTb.
COXpaHHJIHCb BocnOMHHaHHH 06 3THX Mec:rax A.llaMa MHUKCBH-
'fa, 11. M. MypaBbeBa-AnoCTolIa, A. C. nymKHHa, A. C. fPH60c.D.OBa.
B 1906 r. 6e>K:aJJ H3 Ono1I3HeBoro nOClIe HCY.D.a'fHOrO nOKymcHHH Ha
jJlITHHCKoro rpa.D.OHaqalIbHHKa .n:YM6a.D.3C H3BCCTHblH TCppOpHCT-pC-
BOlIIOUH0HCP n. JI. BOHKOB.
216
nJ1oHeTo J1IOAei1
CHMeH3
CHMCH3 HaXO.D.HTCH Me)J(J:(Y .HlITOH H <1>OPOCOM. OKpeCTHOCTH -
CaMOe TenJIOe MeCTO B KpbIMY. TaK KaK noceIlOK co Beex CTOpOH, KpOMC
MOpH, OKpY}f(CH rOpaMH. Ha eeBcpe B03BblmaeTCH BepmHHa AT-EallI 95 ,
Ha 3ana.D.e - ropa KomI<a, PC6PHCTblH rpC6CHI, I<OTOpOH nOXO}f( Ha Bblr-
HYTYIO ncpe.D. npbl>K:I<OM KOma'fblO CHHHY. Y caMoro MOpH BbICHTCH yre-
CM JIc6C.D.HHOe KpbI1IO, naHea H .LJ:HBa. Y KpOMKH npH60H naxOIDITCH
OCTaTKH CKam,I MOHax, pa3pymeHHoH 3CMJlCTpHcCHHeM 1927 rO.D.a. Boc-
TOIJHee .LJ:HBbl B MOpe BbICTynaCT MbIC AH-naH.lla, a Me)J(J:(Y MblCOM H
.LJ:HBOH THHCTCH O.D.HH H3 lIY'fmHX nJIH}f(CH Ha BCCM IO}f(HOM 6epery.
B MapTe 1885 r. JICB HHKolIaeBHIJ ,TOlICTOH B {IHCbMe >KeHe onH-
CbIBaJI CBoe npe6bIBaHHe B CHMeH3C: «51 nOMeCTHJICjJ B rOCTHHHUC npc-
KpaCHO. HOqb lIYHHajJ; KHnapHCM 'fepHbIMH CT01I6aMH Ha nOlIYrope.
<1>oHTaHbl >Kyp'faT Be3.D.e, H BHH3Y CHHee MOpe H «6e3 YMOlIKY». 1Il0cce
B KaMHHX, OlIHBKH, BHHOrpa.llHHKH, .D.epeBbH MHH.llaJIbHble H Mope CH-
Hee. 3.D.eCb xopomo TCM, IJTO, I<pOMC TcnlIOTbl H KpaCOTbl, 60raTO, HCT
HHll.{HX, 3apa60TOK 60m,moH. BOT r.D.c HJIH Bo06ll.{c Ha lOre Ha.D.O HaIJH-
HaTb }f(HTb TeM, KOTOpblC 3aXOTHT }f(HTb xopomo».
npe.lUlOCXHIlla1l MHCHlie BeJlHKOrO nHCaTCJIJl, .D.peBHlIC TaBpbl B03Be-
lIH B OKpeCTHOCTJIX CHMema CBOH YKpCnJICHIDI. Ha rope KomKa coxpaHll-
lIHCb OCTaTKH SbICOI<OH KpCnOCTHOH CTeHbI. n061IH30CTH OT YKpenneHHH
apxcolIorn 06HapY>KHJlH TaBpcKHc )I(}1JIHll{a ncwepHoro THI1a H nOJIY3CM-
I1HHKH C HeBblCOKHMH I<aMCHHbIMH CTcHaMH, a TalOKe 601IbmoH HCKponoIIb
- 601ICC 70 KaMeHHbIX HIllHKOB, BbIDO>KeHHbIX H3 nJIOCKHX nJIm, B KOTO-
pbIX .D.pcBHHC >K:HTeJIH KpbIMa XOPOIDUIH YCOmIIHX B CH,lUI'feM nOlIO>KeHHH.
Cpe.aH HaXO.D.OK apxeolIoroB - Tonopbl, MC,llHbIC HaKOHe'fHllKH, Pb1601I0B-
Hble npHHa,z:mC>KHOCTH, KOCTH .D.OMamHHX H .D.HKHX >K:HBOTIibIX.
K lOry OT ropO.D.HWa 3CMJlH ncpcMcmaHa C nCnJIOM. BepoHTHo, TaB-
pbl pa3}f(HraJIH 3.lleCb CHrHaJIbHbIe KOCTpbI, qTO lIcmo B OCHOBY rpe'fcc-
Koro Ha3BaHHH MeCTHOCTH: Be.llb «CHMeOC» no-rpe'feCKH 3Ha'fHT «3HaK».
Y nO.D.HO}f(HH.CI<aJIbl naHea HaXOJVITCjJ PYHHbI YKpenlIcHHoro Ha-
nO.D.06He KpenoCTH .D.pCBHero BH3aHTHHcKoro MOHacTblpH. B XV B. 3.D.CCb
6bI1Ia reHp3CI<aH <}>aKTopHH.
nocnc npHCOC}J.HHeHIDI KpbIMa K POCCIDI 3HalfifTeJlbHaH nITOll.{a,D.b 3CM-
lIH B CHMeH3C npHHa,lUlc}f(aJIa BJIa.lleJlbl.{y nOHH30BKH KOMaIUUIPY EanaK-
JIaBCKoro 6aTaJIbOHa <1>. .LJ:. PCBe.JlliOTH, KOTOpbIH I1pO.D.aJI CBOH BJIa,lleHIDI B
217
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1828 r. npoMbllllJIeHHHK)' 11. A. MaJIbUCBY. HaCJIC.llHHKH nOCJlc.llHero n03.llHCC
npHCOC,lIHHHJIH HMeHHjJ naroLIKoro H HapbllllKHHa. 60IlbrnylO '1aCTb }TO-
.will MaJIbLlCBbIX 3aIDIMaJIH BHHOrpa.lllilll<H, CNI.b1 H OJIHBKOBblC polllH. B 1828
r. 6b1lI nOCTpOCH BHHHbrn nO..'lBaJI, coxpammmrnkji .D.O HallIHX .llHCH.
B 1900 r. 6paThjJ MaJIbLlCBbl npHmaCHJIH apXHTCKTOpa.H. n. CeMCl!0-
Ba, OTOpbIH COCTaBHJI nIIaH 6Y.llYIllcro KYPOpTIloro nOCCIIKa, nOJ1y.mBllIcro
HIi3BaHHe HOBbrn CHMeH3. 3eMJIJI 6bma pa36Krtl' Ha Y'faCTKH H npo.D.aBaJIaCb
npH ycnOBHH, 'lT0 6y.ll)'I.lIHii X03jiHH 06myeTCS! riocrpoH'n. BH1I1IY, HC noxo
JK}'IO Ha.upyrnc. 6oIlbIIIJIHCTBO ::mIX HH.lIHBH.llYaJIbHbIX npoet<TOB .D.eJ1aJIa rpyn-
t:la MOlIO.D.b1X TaJIa,HTlIHBbIX apXHTCKTopoB no.D. PYKOBO.D.CTBOM H. n. Kpac-
HOBa. Ka>K:.il.OH .aa'fC-naHCHOHY npHCBaHBaJIOCb poMaHlif'lCCKOC Ha3BaHHC:
KaMeS!, HIOKTa, 31IbBHpa, .D:em4HH, KceHHjJ, CeJ1JlM, MHpo-Mapc H T.}J..
B .CHMeH3c n06b1BaJJH MHorHe 3HaMCHHTblC J11O.D.H: A. C. nym-
KHH, 11. M. MypaBbcB-AnoCTolI, M. M. KOUI06HHCKHH, B. B. MaH-
KOBCKHH, C. B. PaxMaHHHoB, H. HOBHKOB-npH60H, C. H. CcpreeB-
UeHcKHH, OCTan BHmHH, B. A. JlyroBCKOH.
JlH6cpaJJbHblH rocy.aapCTBCHHblH .aCHTClIb rpa<}> .D:MHTPHH AJICK-
CeCBH'1 MHlIlOTHH npOClIaBHJICH KaK O.aHH H3 OCB060.D.HTCIICH 60Ilra.
pHH_ B .uapCTBOBaHHC AJIcKCaH.llpa II <}>eJIb.D. apmalI 6bllI O.aHHM H3
maBHbIX .pe<}>opMaTopoB apMHH, 3a 'lT0 H nonaJJ B jieMHJIOCTb K AJ1CK-
CaH.llPY III, nOCRe 'fcro 30 lICT npO}f(HII B. CHMeH3e. ncpe.a KOH'fHHOH
OH 3a,BCll.{aJI CBoe CHMCH3CKOC HMeHHC KpacHoMY KpeCTY }J.IIH YCTPOH-
C'rBa rocnHTaJJH, B KOTOpOM n.eIJHJJHCb 61,1 O<}>HUCPbl H HH}f(HHC 'fHHbI.
BCCHOH 1921 r. 3TOT rocnHTalIb H .apyme HMCHHji 6bIJ1H npc06-
pa30BaHbl B ncpBblc CHMCH3CKHe caHaTopHH: HM. 6apaHoBa, HM. Jlc-
HHHa, HM. CeMamKo, «npHMOpbC». «.D:clIb<}>HH», «KpacHblH MaHK»,
< CCmJM». .aCTCKHH npoTHBoTy6epKYlIC3HbIH caHaTopHH «nHOHCp».
Ha rope KomKa paCnOlIO)I(CHa 06cepBaTOpHji AH YKpaHHbI. Om
6bma OCHOBaHa H. C. MaJJbLlcBblM B 1900 r., a n03.llHee ncpe.aaHa HM B
.nap nYJIKOBCKOH o6cepBaTopHH. C 20-x rO.D.OB no.D. PYKOBO.D.CTBOM aKa-
.aCMHI<a f. A. lIlaHHa 3.llCCb 6bI1IH c.aClIaHbI MHorne BbI.llalOll.{HeCH OT-
KpbITHH. 06cepBaTopHjJ 3aHHMalIaCb onpc.aclIeHHcM lIy'fCBblX CI<OpOC-
TeH 3BC3.a H HCClIc.aOBaHHCM B HHX H30TOnOB ymepo.aa. 3.aCCb pacnOlIO-
}f(CHa napa601IH'ICCKaH aHTCHHa. C nOMOll.{blO KOTOpOH B OKTH6pc 1959 r.
6bI1I0 npHHHTo H306pa}f(CHHe 06paTHoH CTOpOHbl JlYHbI. MHoro lIeT
CHMCH3CKHe aCTpoHoMbl 3aHHMMHCb TaK>Ke HCClIe.D.OBaHHeM HOBblX Ma-
218
nnOHeTO mOAe
I1bIX nnaHCT-aCTepOH.llOB, ,naBaH HM CBH3aHHbIC C KpblMOM HMCHa: «CH-
MCH3», «.HIITa», «facnpa», «KpbIMCH» H ,npyrHC. C 1974 r. CHMcH3cKaH
06cepBaTopHH npe06pa30BaHa B 3KcnepHMcHTMbHYlO I1a3cpHYIO CTaB-
LlHIO Ha6I1IO,neHH 3a HCKyCCTBCHHbIMH cnYTHHKaMH 3CMIIH.
AHynKa
Hc60IlbllIOii KypOPTHbIH ropo,noK AJIynKa 96 paCnOIlO>l<CH B 17 KM
OT .HIITbI Y no,nHO>l<HH AH-nCTpH, Ifyn BOCTOIfHOC CHMeH3a.
JICTO B AnynKC >K:apKOC, HO 6I1aro,napH MOplO >l<apa ncpeHOCJITCH I1er-
KO - 6pH3 nOlfTH nOCTOJlHHO OXJIIDk,aaer 6eper. Cpe.lUOOl TeMnepa-rypa
B03}J.yXa B. HIOIIC - aaryc:re + 24,5°C, B <l>eBpanc + 3,4°C. K ynaJIbHbIH CC30H
HalfHHaCTCH B nepBoH .D.CKa}J.C HIOID! H npo,noIl>l<aCTCH ,no KOHLIa OKTJl6pH.
n06I1H30C1'H OT AnYIIl<H Ha AH-nerpHHCKOH HHne, B ypolfHI.UC Ea-
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Ta. B nepBoM TblCjJlfCJIenrn ,no H. 3. 3.llCCb >l<HJIH TaBpbl - HX KpenOCTb-
y6e>K:m.uc paCnOlIaraJIaCb B.l1BYX I<HJIOMerpax OT ropo.lla Ha KpecrOBOH r:ope.
nHCbMCHHOC ynoMHHaHHc 06 AJIynKc MbI HaxO,LUIM B ,naTHpycMoM
960 rO.lIOM nOCIlaHHH xa3apcKoro npaBHTeIDl MHHHCTPy HcnaHCKoro ,W!O-
pa, r,nc ncpe'fHCIlHIOTCH nO.D.IfHHHBmHeCH KaraHaTY ropo,na KpblMcKoro
n06cpe>l<bH, B TOM 'fHCIlC AIIy6HKa. B XIII B. AJIynKa BXO,LUIT B COCTaB
xpHCTHaHCKoro KHH>K:CCTBa <fJeo,nopo. B XIV B. AJIynKoH 3aBIIa}J.eJIH rc-
HY33L1bl, H Ha HX MOpcKHX KapTax OHa 3Ha'fHJIaCb KaK JIlOrIHKO.
B 1475 r. reH)'33CKHc KOIlOHHH H KpenOCTH naJIH no,n Y.D.apaMH lJ'POK. B
cymancKHX ,n0KYMeHTax AnynKa 3Ha'IHIIaCb KaK 3axonyCTHaJI ,nepeB)'llIKa,
TaKOBOii OHa OCTaBaJIaCb H nOCllc npH eIDIH KpblMa K Poa::l1H, nOKa B
20-x IT. XIX B. ee HcnpH06pen reHepan-ry6epHaTOp HOBOp<x:CHHCKoro KpaJI
rpa<}> MHXaHII BOPOHLIOB, pellIHBIIIHii nocrpoHTb 3}J.CCb }J.BOpeLl.
C npOKIla}J.KOH >l<CIIC3HOH ,noporH, CBH3aBmCH LleHTpaJIbHblC paH-
OHbl POCCHH C CHM<}>eponOIlCM H CCBaCTonOIlCM, npHTOK I11O,nCH B KpblM
pC3KO YBCJIHIfHJICH. B AJIynKc nOHBIIHIOTCH 'faCTHbIC .D.a'fH, rOCTHHHLla,
nOlfTOBO-TelIcrpa<}>HOC OT,nClICHHC, I1aBKH, neKapHH. C 1896 no 1900 r.
6bI1I0 BbI.llaHO 161 pa3pellIcHHc Ha nOCTpoHKY OC06HHKOB, maBl'!blM
06pa30M B LlCHTpMbHOH lfaCTH ropo,nKa. B HalfMC XX B. CTpOHTCJIb-
CTBO ncpcHocHTCH B 3ana.llHYlO 'faCTI, AJIynKH, r,ne KHH3bH Tpy6cLlKHC
pacnpo,naBaIlH CBOC HMCHHe, pa36HB cro Ha CTO OT,nCJIbHbix YlfaCTKOB.
B ropo,nKC 6bI1IH COOPY>K:CHbI KaHaJIH3aLlHOHHaH CCTb, Bo,nonpOBO,n, a
B 1914 r. Ha'faJIa pa60TaTb He60IlbllIaH 3I1eKTpOCTaHLlHH.
219
nnoHeTo nlOAei1
B 1902 r. npo<jJcccopoM A. A. E06poBbIM :mCCb 6bill nocrpoeH ncp-
BblH caHaTopHH }J.JIH ACTCH, 60IlbHbIX KocrnbIM ry6CPKYJlC30M. B 19\0 r.
Ha'fa;rn <}>YHKLlHoHHpoBaTh JIBC 60IlblllHC roCTHHlliU>I- «POCCHH» H «<1>paH-
Lllli!». 'faCTHbrn caHaTopHblH naHCHOH, 3aTeM caHaTopHH .D.YXOBHOro BC,nOM-
CTBa H ncpMcKoro 3CMCTBa. AnynKa 6billa ,nopornM KYPOpTOM - crapblc
nyTCBO.D.HTCJIH ynoMHHalOT 0 ee «HCHMOaepHOH ,nOporoBH3HC».
Ccro,nHH AlIynKa -mHpoKo H3BCCTHblH KIIHMaTH'feCKHH KypOpT.
3.D.CCb pa60TalOT CTapCHmaH .D.CTCKaH 3.D.paBHHua HM. A. A. E06poBa,
caHaTopHH «fOpHOC COIlHLle», «Pa,nyra», HM. <1>. 3. )].3ep>K:HHCKOro,
«COIlHC'fHbIH», «3,nopoBbe», «A.'IynKa», «KPbIM», MHHHCTepcTBa 060-
pOHbI, «WaxTCp», «npC.D.rOpHbIH».
B 1938 r. AnynKa nOIlY'fHlIa CTaryc ropo.D.a H CTMa BTOpblM no 3Ha-
'IHMOCTH (nocJlc .HIITbl) ropO,nOM-KypOpTOM Ha IO>K:HOM 6cpery KpblMa.
O.D.HO H3 crapefumlX npe.anpHHTHH ropo.na - BHH3aBO,n «AJI)'IIKa»
- 6billO OCHOBaHO B 50-c IT. XIX CTOIlCTllil. B 1982 r. npH BHH3aBO,nC OT-
KpbillCH .D.CMOHcrpaLIHOHHbrn 3M Ha 240 110ceTHTeJICH. Cpel!H npe.llIIarac-
MbIX }J.JUI ..'{crycraLIHH BHH - npocnaB.jlCHHbrn {(MycKaT 6eJIbIH KpacHoro
KaMHH», y,nOCJoeHHbIH Ha Me)lQYHapO}J.Hb1X KOHKypcaX}lBYX Ky6KOB «fpaH- I
npID>, «nHHO-fpH». OTMC'feHHblH 3'OIlOThIMH H cepe6P}lHbIMH MC..'{aJI}lMH. J
1977 r. BA.:.ynKc 6bill coopY>K:eH HOBbIH)].OM KYIlbTypbl-60Ilb- 1
llIOC CBCTIIOC 3,naHHC C 3y6'faTblM 3aBcpmCHHCM CTCH H 'feKaHKOH. YK- 'j
pamalOll.{cif maBH lH BXO,n. Era 3pHTClIbHblH 3M Ha 600 MeCT HMCCT
Bpall.{alOll.{YlOcH CLICHY.
Ha IO>KHOH OKOHe'fHOCTH AJIynKHHcKoro napKa paCnOIlO>K:CH
naBHJlbOH «YaHHbIH ,nOMHK», B KOTOpOM nepHo,nH'fCCKH yCTpaHBalOT-
CH BblCTaBKH pa60T KpblMCKHX Xy,nO>K:HHKOB.
B pa3Hoe BpeMH B AnynKc 6blBaIlH A. C. nymKHH, A. c. [pH-
60C,nOB, B. A. )l(YKOBCKHit, H. f. fapHH-MHxaHIIoBcKHH, B. .H
EpIOCOB, K. M. CTaHIOKOBH'f, JIecH YKpaHHKa, B. O. KnIO'feBCKHH,
B. f. KOpOIlCHKO, 11. 11. WHmKHH, B. M. CYPHKOB, K. <1>. EoraCBC-
KHH, H. C. CaMoKHm, B. M. HOBHKOB.
B AnynKC ycraHOBJICH 6pOH30BblH 610CT ee ypo>K:eHl.{a, I1eT'fHKa JJ.Ba>K:-
.lIbI fCpoH COBeTCKOro COlO3a AMCT-XaHa CYIITaHa, KOTOpbrn.l1H'lHO c6HJ1
30 caMOIlCTOB npoTHBHHKa H 19 caMOIlCTOB B rpynnoBblX B03.llY1llHbIX 60HX.
Hc60.lJbmoit ropo,n npoTHHYIlCH B,nOIlb n06epe>K:bH Ha 4,5 KM. Y3-
KHC H3BHJlHCTble YIlOtlKH BblOTCH B..'I.OIlb H3pe3aHHoro 6cpera HJlH Kapa6-
220
nnOHeTO mOAel:1
KalOTCH B rOpbl, HanOMHHaH !1eCTHHLlbl, .D.OMa Ha HHX paCnOIlO>KeHbl
6YKBMbHO .D.pyr Ha}J. ,'{pyrOM. )l(HJIHllIa CTpOHJIHCb B}J.OIlb rOpHblX TpOn,
n03TOMY A'lynKa COXpaHHJla MHOrHe 'fCpTbl rOpHOrO CClICHHH. Ho, He-
CMOTpH Ha 3anYTaHHylO Ha nCpBblH B3rIIH,n nnaHHpOBKY, B AJIynKc HC
0'1 CHI, CIl0>K:HO OpHCHTHpoBaTbCH, TaK KaK nO'fTH BCC OCHOBHble ropo,nc-
KHC Y'fpe}f(}J.CHHH. rOCTHHHLlbl, Mara3HHbl H npC.D.npHHTHH 06ll.{CCTBeHHO-
ro nHTaHHH COCpC,nOTO'fCHbl B LlCHTpe. Ha nHTH YIlHLlaX, OTXO}J.}Ill.{HX OT
rIIaBHOH nnOll.{a.lIH. OCHOBHbIC >K:HJIbIC paHOHbl paCnOnO>K:HJIHCb Ha}J. LlCH-
TpaJIbHOH 'faCTblO ropo,na ,llBYMJI MHKpOpaHOHaMH: PyCCKOH ClI060.D.KOH
H nOCCIIKOM WCB'fCHKOBO B 3ana.llHOH 'faCT» AlIynKH.
flIaBHaH ,nOCTonpHMC'faTCIIbHOCTb AlIynKH - BOpOHLlOBCKHH
,nBOpCLI H npHIIeralOllIHH K HCMy napK. Bo ,nBOPLlC-My3CC C>K:Cro,nHO
6blBaCT ,no 700 TbIC. 3KcxypcaHTOB, B napKC - OKOIlO 2 MnH.
llpOCKT .D.BOPQa c,nCIIaH aHrIIHHCKHM apxHTcKTOpOM 3,nyap.D. OM
6I10pOM, O,nHHM H3 C03.llaTClICH 6YKHHreMcKoro ,llBopLla B JIO«.llOHC, CTpo-
HTelICM 3aMKa BaJIbTepa CKoTTa B WOTIIa«.llHH. ,[(BOpeLl CnpOCKTHpO-
BaH B CTHJlC n03.llHCH aHmHHcKoH rOTHKH, OpraHH'fCCKH COC,nHHCHHOH C
coaepmcHHo 'fY}f(}J.OH CH, Ka3MOCb 61,1, BOCTO'fHOH apX»TeKTYpoH.
3ana,nHblH napa.lIHblH <}>aca}J. BocnpHHHMacTcH KaK cBponcHcKHH
Cpe,nHCBCKOBbIH JaMOK C BblCOKHMH 6allIHHMH, Y3KHMH 60HHHLlaMH, rpy-
6blMH KpenocTHbIMH CTCHaMH. CCBCpHblH <}>aca}J. C aepTHKaJIbHblMH Bbl-
cTynaMH, 60IlbmHMH oKHaMH-3rKcpaMH - 06pa3cLI aHmHHCKOH TIO-
,10pOBCKOH apxHTcKTypbI XVI B., B KOTOpOM rapMOHH'IHO COIfCTalOTCH
3I1CMCHTbl rOTHKH H apXHTCKTYpbl 3nOXH B03P0}f(}J.CHHH. IO>K:HbIH <}>a-
Ca}J., 06pall.{eHHblH K MOplO, BbInOIlHCH B MaBpHTaHCKOM CTHIIC.
f ny60KaJI 6elIaH HHllIa Ha IO>KHOM <}>aCa}J.c C .lIBOiiHOH Y30p'faTOH no,n-
KOB006pa3HOH apKOH nOKpblTa lIellliblM opHaMCHTOM. no ee ,nCKOpaTHB-
HOMY <}>pH3Y H3BaHHa llIeCTHKpaTHaH apa6cKaH Ha}J.llHCb: «11 HeT n06e,nHTc-
IIJl, KpOMC Arlilaxa»97. OT Hee cnYCKaerCjI BHH3 MOHYMcHTaJIbHaH lIecTHHUa
c mCCTblO JIbBaMH - cnjjll{HMH, npo6Y}f(}J.aIOIllHMHCH H 60.D.pcTBYIOll.{IIMH.
jlbBbl BbInOIlHCHbl B MaCTcpcKoH HTMbHHCKpro cXYIlbnTopa 60HHaHH.
60,npC"rByIOll.{HC JJbBbl TO'fJ1O nOBTOpHIOT H3BCCTH)'1O CXYIlbrrrypy AHTOHHO
KaHOBbl Ha rp06HHLlC nanbl pHMCKOro KnHMCHTa XII B PHMc.
CTpOHlIOCb 3,naHHC B TC'fCHHC 23 lICT - C 1828 no 185] r. no,n
PYKOBO,nCTBOM Cll.{C o,nHoro aHnmHcKoro apxHTcKTopa - BHIIbHMa
fYHTa. MaTcpHMoM .llIlH CTpOHTcIIbCTBa nOClIY>K:HJI MCCTHblH ,nHa6a3,
KpacHBblH H npO'fHblH 3elIcHoBaTo-ccpblH KaMCHb.
221
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ncpe.D. .D.BOpLlOM pacnO.'lO}f(CHbl .uBa napTepa C MpaMOpHblMH <}>OH-
TaHaMH B LlCHTpe Ka}f(l!oro. B 3CJICHOH ncproIlc y npaBoro Kpbma - «<1>OH-
TaH CIIC3», HanOMHHalOll.{HH 3HaMCHHTblH 6aX'fHcapaHcKHH <}>OHTaH.
HapJUIHoMY BHCIllHCMY .lICKOpy .D.BOpLla HC ycrynacr HHTCpbCp: roTH-
'fecKHC KaMHHbI ID nOlIHpOBaHHOrO l!Ha6roa, nOTOIIKH, naHCIIH H .D.BCpH H3
MOpeHOrO .ay6a. B 3HMHCM ca.ny H Ha TCppacaX IO>KHOr() <}>aca.aa C06paHbI
MHOrO'fHCJICHHbIC CK)'IIbrrrypbI. lkero HX BO .D.BOpLlC no'fTH nOIITOpbl COTHH.
CTCHbl .lIBOpLla YKpamalOT KapTHHbl B. n. 60pOBIiKOBCKoro, 11.
K. AHBa30BCKoro H <1>. C. POKOTOBa, MHoro nOIlOTCH rOJIJIaH.llCKOH, )JIa-
MaH.llCKOH, <}>paHLlY3CKOH H HTaIlbHHCKOH >K:HBOnHCI1 XVI-XVIII CTO!IC-
THH. BOpOHLlOBCKOC XY.D.O}f(CCTBCHHOC c06paHHc 3Ha'fHTClIbHO .D.OnOIlHC-
HO no.uapeHHblMH KOIIJfeKLlHHMH, B 'faCTHOCTH c06paHHeM npo<}>cccopa
B. B. fOIly6cBa. B ro.D.bl BCJlHKOH OTe'fCCTBCHHOii BOHHbl H3 BOpOHLlOB-
CKOro .D.BopLla 'faCTI, KO.lliICKLlI1H nponana, HO caM .D.BopeLl He nOCTpa.lIaJI
-- OH 6bm nOlIapeH <}>lOpCpOM <}>CJlb.llMapmaIlY MaHllITCHHY.
3HaMCHHTblH napK 3aKIla.lIbIBanCH O.lIHOBpCMCHHO co CTpOHTCIIb-
CTBOM .D.BopLla no npOCKTY BbI}J.alOll.{CrOCH HCMCLlKoro Ca.lIOBO.lIa-apXH-
TCKTOpa KapIla Kc6axa. Ha 3apOCllICM KOIlIO'fHM KYCTapHHKOM, 3aBa-
I1CHHOM l<aMCHHbIMH rIIbl6aMH CKIIOHC nnOll.{a.ublO 40 ra C03.D.aHO MOHY-
MCHTanbHOC npOH3BC.lICHHe I1aH.llma<}>THoro HCKyCCTBa, c06paHo CBblme
200 BH.llOB.lICpeBbCB H KYCTapHHKoB H3 pa1J1H'fHbIX CTpaH MHpa. TpY.lI HO
npe.llCTaBHTh ce6c, 'I TO IDlO.lIOpo.lIHaH n01.JBa.D.JIH noca.LI.KH paCTCHHH 6bma
.npHBC3eHa H Pa3MCll.{CHa Ha KaMCHHCTbIX CKIlOHax BPY'fHYIO.
napK COCTOHT ID .D.BYX 'faCTCH: BCpXHCro H HH}f(HCro napKOB, pa3}J.C-
I1CHHbIX HC TOJIbKO MHCXOpcKHM llIocce, HO H apXHTCKTYPHbIM 3aMbICJIOM.
HIDtaurli napK npHMbIKaCT K 1O}f(H0MY <}>aca.ny .D.B0pLla. npH npocKTH-
poBamrn napKa pernanOCb HCCKOIlbKO 3a,lJ.a'f, Bb1l10 OJJJIY ID KOropblX
npe.ayCMaTpHBaJIOCb OCTaBHTh OTl<pbITbIM BH,lI. Ha MOpe, coe}J.HllHB paCTHTeJIb-
HbIC aHcaM6IIH C apXJITCKTYPHbIMH: JreC11llill.aMH, TCppacaMH, <}>oHTaHaMH,
CKYJIbmypHbIMH rpynnaMH. }].rnI TIoro 6bm HcnOIlb3OBaH TaK Ha3bmaCMbIH
IfTaJIMIHCIGIH BapHaHT pery.lUlpHOro napKa. B HIDKHeH 'facrn napK .lIOJI}f(eH
6bm BKJIIO'fHTb B ce6H ecrecrneHHbIC 31ICMCHTbl ropHbro CKJIOHa.
J].JIH OKaHMJICHHH Tcppac H <}>OHTaHOB B napKC HcnOIlb30BaHbl npe>K:-
.lIC BCcro .D.CKOpaTHBHbIC KYCTapHHKH H BblOll.{lIeCH paCTCHHH: 6YCCCHrMb-
LlHH, rIIHLlHHHH, HH,lI.HHCKaH CHpeHb, OlIcaH,ll.p, p03MapHH, THC, aYKy6a
(.D.CKOpaTHBHOC paCTCHHC C 30IlOTHCTbIMH nHTHaMH Ha I1HCTbHX).
222
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COCTaBIIHIOT e,nHHOC LlelIOC C TeppacaMH H lICCTHHLlaMH, .D.CKOPHPYIOTCjJ
OT,nelIbHbIMH 3K3CMnJIHpaMH .llepeBbeB: pe.D.KOH <}>OPMbl MarnOIlHH C 61Ie,n-
HO-<}>HOIlCTOBbIMH UBCTaMH, CCKBOHH nHpaMH,llMbHOH, KHnapHCOB.
B HH>K:HCM napKC HaXO.D.HTCH ({MaIlbIH xaOC» - HarpOMO}f(}J.CHHC
MarMaTH'feCJ<HX rIlbl6. «Xaoc» B CO'fCTaHHH C COCHOBOH pall.{CH C03,na-
CT Ba>K:HbIH 3<l>4!CKT nJIaBHOrO H opraHHIfHoro Coe,nHHCHHH napKa C OK-
PY}f(alOll.{HM neH3a>K:CM.
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cnpOeKTHpOBaH TaKHM 06pa30M, IfT06bl nonHOCTblO nOXOJIHTb Ha ec-
TCCTBCHHblii neii3a>K:, HO... 3TO «HO» H npCBpall.{aCT C03.D.aHHC
lIaH.llllIa<}>THoro napKa B THTaHHIfCCKHH TpYJI. JIaH.llllIa<}>T Ha Hc60Ilb-
llIOH TCppHTOpHH ,nOJDl(CH 6bITb HaCblll.{CH «'fY.D.CCaMH» npHpo,nbl: 03C-
paMH, rpOTaMH, nOIlHHRMH, 'fall.{aMH,- npH'fCM 3TH 3I1CMCHTbI, a TaK-
>K:C 3K30TH'fCCKHC 3aMopCKHC paCTCHIDI .ztOIl>K:HbI BbIrIlJl,llCTb COBCpllICH-
HO HaTypanbHo, C03.llaBaTb nonHYIO HIIIII03HIO CCTCCTBCHHoro
npOHCXO)l(,llCHHH. OIfCBH,llHO, 3TO H CCTb caMoe ClIO>K:Hoe.
B BepXHCM napKC ,!OIlHHbl CMCHHIOTCH }f(HBOnHCHbIMH pOlliaMH
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tlCpCJIYIOTCH C MaJIbIMH, CBCTIIblC C TCMHbIMH. MHOrO'fHCIICHHbIC PPY-
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I10B 3CMJIHHH'fHHKa MelIKOnno,nHoro, HIlH KOpaJJlIOBoro JIepeBa, Kpac-
HOBaTbIC CTBOIlbl KOToporo H CBCTJJaH I1HCTBa HanOMHHalOT 6YKCT B
TCMHOH Ba3e H3 OKpY>KalOll.{HX .D.CpCBbCB. Ha OCTaJJbHOM npOCTpaHCTBC
nOIlHHbI C03.llaHa npCKpaCHaJI KOMn03HLlHH H3 HTaJJbHHCKOH COCHbl, I1H-
BaHCKoro Kc,npa, COCHbl MOHTCCYMbl, KHnapHca nHpaMH,llMbHOrO H
MeCTHOH KpblMCKOH COCHbI, OCTaBIIeHHoii apXHTCKTOpOM B HcnpHKOC-
HOBCHHOCTH npH pa36HBKe napKa.
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'fall.{C napKa C03.llaCTCH HenpaBHJlbHOH <}>OpMOH BOJIoeMOB, H Be.D.YIUHC
'fCpe3 ryCTyIO caMmHTOBYIO P0ll.{y TCHHCTbIC TponHHKH HCBOIlbHO Ha-
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223
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.D.OIl}f(Hbl 6b1Tb CBH3aHbi C KaKHMH-HH6y,nb BCIlHKaHaMH, LlHKIIonaMH. a
HC C 6CCnOMOll.{HbIMH MMeHbKHMH mo,nbMH.
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QaT» 3.llpaBHHLI, a Cll.{e BbIlllC, B ropax, paCnOIlO>K:CH COCHOBblH I1CC.
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'lT0 ita LlerrbIX 0,5°C Bblmc, 'leM B npecnOBYTOH .HJJTe.
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B ceHTH6pe npH61IH>KaeTCH K H.lleanbHOMY +21 DC, B OKTH6pe H Mac OHa
paBHa + 16°C.
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06'bJiCIDICTC.II 61IH3KHM coce.llCTBOM HHnbl, O.D.HaKO OCBe>K:alOll.{HC 6pH3bl JJ.e-
I1alOT KIlHMaT BeCX TpeX noc:eJlKOB HC npocTo npIDlTHbIM, HO H LlCJJe6m.IM,
OepBoe ynOMHHaIDIe 0 KOpeH3C OTHOCHTCJI K KOffi.{y VIII B., MHCXOp H
facnpa, KaK nOIlaralOT, B03HHKJ1H B cpe.llHHc BCKa, HO IJyI'b n03)J(C KopeIDa.
B TYPCLlKHX ,nOKYMCHTax XV B. KOpeH3 Ha3blBaCTCH KlOpH30M.
Ko BpeMCHH npHCOe.D.HHeHHH KpblMa K POCCHH nOCCIIOK 6bI1I CTOIlb Man,
'lTO HC BOllICJJ B cnHCKH HaceJJCHHblX nyHKToB, H TOIlbKO K Ha'faJIY XIX
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HHH KpbIMa}) 1873 r. CKa3aHO, 'I TO 3TO O>K:HBIICHHaji .D.CpCBCHbKa, HMC-
lOlI.{aH HCCKOlIbKO lIaBO'feK H TpaKTHp, r,nc nYTcmeCTBCHHHK 6e3 BCH-
KHX npocb6 H 3aTpY.D.HCHHH MO>KCT oT06c,naTb XIIc60M, 'faeM H KyCKOM
>K:apeHoro MHca. B nYTCBo,nHTClIC «KPbIM» 1914 r. rOBopHTCH, 'I TO 3,nCCb
HaXO.D..\lTCH nO'fTOBOC OT.D.ClICHHC, TelIcrpa<}>, TCIIC<}>OHHaH CTaHLlHH, an-
TCKa, 6YlIO'fHaH. Ko<}>eHHH, BHHHblC I1aBKH, 601IbHHLla C aM6YlIaToplI-
cii, HapO.D.HaH 'fHTMbHH, r.D.e yCTpaHBalOTcJI cnCKTaKIlH II KOHLlCpTbI.
B «CnHcKax HacerrCHHblX MCCT POCCIIHCKOH HMnCpHH» 1865 r. ,nc-
pCBHH facnpa HMCJIa 37 ,nBOpOB, 201 >K:HTCIIJI H MC'leTb; .D.CpCBHH Kope-
224
nnOHeTO mO.Qea:1
H3 - 25 ,l),BOpOB. 131 >K:HTCnH Ii Me'fCTb; MHcxopcKajl nO'fTOBaH CTaH-
LlHH - 2 ,l),BOpa II 15 n<HTCIICH.
nCpBoe ynoMHHaHHc 0 XYpopTC B PYCCKOH nCqaTH npHHa.rIJle)l(HT aKa-
.1eMHKy n. c. naJU1acy, nyremecrBoBaBllIcMY no KpbJMY B 1793-1794 IT., a
ncpBoH KpynHOH Yca}J.b6oH, B03HHKIllCH cpe.llH KOpeH3CKHX Cl<aJI, 6bIDO oc-
HOCHHOC B 20-x IT. XIX B. HMC KIDJrnHJI A. C. fOJlH1U>IHOH. HCCKOIlbKO
n03}f(C B MHCXOpe B03BOLlHTCH YcMb6a J1 A. HapbIlllKHHa «CO<}>HCBKa»,
IDBeCTHaJI TaK}f(e KaK «Mana» AnynKa», a B facnpe - «PoMaHTIl'fcC!<aJI
AJICKcaHJ:{PIDI» KIDJ3H A H. fo.Illil1bIHa,.apyra AncKcaH.lXPa I, 06ep-npoxy-
popa CHHO.lla, a 3aTCM H MHHHCTpa Hapo.llHOrO IIpOCBell.{eHIDJ.
Oco6IDlK f OJIHUbllla co crpeIlb'faTbIMH OKHaMH HLlBywi BOCbMHrpan-
HbIMH 6aIllH.lJ H no 60KaM coxpaIDUlcjJ LlO Haurnx JIHCH 99 . 3aMOK 6bID B03-
BC.llCH nonpocKTy <1>. 3I1bCoHa, nocrpoHKoHnoMa pyxoBO.D.HII B. fyJIT, crpo_
HBl.I.lHH BopoHLlOBCKHH LlBOpeQ B Anynxc. B 1901-1902 IT. JJ.BOpeLl npHHa,a:-
lIC}f(aJI rpa<}>HHc C. OaHHHoH, Y KOTOpOH rOCTHII, nC'fHJlCH H OTLlbIXaJI JICB
TOIlCTOH. ClO.lla K HCMY npHC3>K:MH A. n. qCXOB, AM. fOpbKHH, <1>.11.
llIammHH, B. f. KOpoIlCHKO, A 11. KynpHH, C. .H. EnnaTbeBCKHH, C. f.
CKHTaJICQ, r. f. MHCOC.llOB, A E. fOIlb}J.CHBCH3Cp. .
B 1904 r. HMCHHC fOIlHLlblHblX ncpemIlo BO BIIaLlCHHC poLlCTBCH-
HHKY aBrycTcHllIeH <}>aMHIIHH KHH310 <1>ClIHKCY IOcynoBY, KOTOpblH
nOCTpoHII 3.D.CCb 60Ilbll.{OH LlBOpeLl B CTHJlC MO.D.epH no npocKTY HlITHH-
CKoro apXHTCKTOpa 3llIJIHMaHa. 3.D.aHHC HMceT <}>OPMY nO..1KOBbl, Bbl-
nYKIIoH 'faCTblO 06palllCHHOH B CTOPOHY MOpH. B 1945 r. B KopeH3c-
KOM .D.BOPLIC pacnoIlarMacb COBCTCI<all LlCIIcraLlHH, Y'faCTBOBaBmajl B
.HIITHHCKOH KOH<}>CpCHLlHH maB npaBHTClIbCTB TpCX BelIHKIiX LlCp>KaB.
EJIH30CTb ua(XKOH pe3HllCHLlHH B JIHl3a.lUIH npHBO}J.HT K TOMy, 'lT0 B
MHCXOp, Kopcm H facnpy YCTpCMIUlIOTCjI nplI.lIBOpHaJI 3HaTh, Bblcnrne uap-
CKHC 1ffiH0BHHKH, nOMell{HKH. MCCTHOCTb IIpCBpall.{aCTCH B apHCmKpaTH'fCC-
KHH KypOpT. K cra 3acrpoiiKc nplfRIJCKalOTCjI BlfJIHble apXJITeKTOpbl H HH>K:C-
HCpb!. COOPY)I(a1OTCH rC>C11fiIMUh1 H 'facrnblC naHCHOHbI, pet.JopaHbI, HrOp-
HbICLloMa H xynaIThHH. Ha no6epeJKbcno npocKTy aKa.lICMHKa A. f. A.aaMcoHa,
aBTopa naMRTHHKa 3aTonncIIHLIM Kopa6.1L11M B CCBaCTOnOIlC, YCJaHaBJllffia-
IOTCll IIpCKpaCHble CK}'JIbmypHbIC rpynm,l - 6pomoBM «PycanKa» H <}>oH-
TaH Ha Ha6epc>K:HOU «,lJ,cBYlllKa Ap3bl H pa360furnK A'lH-6a6a».
CCro.D.Hll B MIiCXOPC, facnpc H KopeH3e TCCHHTC1l MOTHO Llpyr K
;lPYry MHOrO'fHClICHHbIC caHaTopHH, naHCIiOHaTbl H LlOMa OT.D.blxa. 3nccb
8 3aK. 21
225
nnoHeTo mo):\ei1
HaXO.D.HTCH CaHaTOpHii «YKpaUHa», 0 'KOTOpOM OT.D.bIXaBllIHH B HCM aH-
rIlHHCKHl1 nHCaTe.::Ib .D:}f(CHMC o.'I1lPH.lOK B pOMaHC «nnCHHHK 'fY}f(OH CTpa-
HbI» CKa3M: (<!;CIlOCHC>K:HbIH aHTH'IHbIH XpaM Ha <}>OHC CHHCrO MOpH H
AH-neTpH, OKPY>KCHHbIH pOMaHTH'fCCKOH P0ll.{ci1 TCMHblX KHnapHCOB».
B 1955 r. B caHaTopHH I1C'fHJICSI.D:>KaBaXapJlaJI Hcpy. WHpOKO H3BCCTCH
.llOM OT.D.bIXa «,D,lOjJb6cp»lIx1, paCnOIlO}f(CHHbIH B O.D.HOHMCHHOM .D.BOpLlC,
nOCTpocHHOM B MaBpHTaHcKoM CTlme no npocKT)' H. n. KpacHoBa. fo-
CTSlMH TIoro CaHaTOpHSI 6bU1H Xo lIlH MHH H Ha3blM XHK'MCT. CaHaTo-
PHH ({COCHOBaH poll.{a» pl1JMCCTHJlCSI B Bc.riHKolIcnHOM nap , 0 KOTO-
pOM nOCTCH B pOMaHCC: «B napKC YaHp pacnYCKalOTCSI P03bI...».
MHCXOpCKHH napK, 3anO>K:CHHbIH B KOHl.lC XVIII B., 06'bHBJICH
naMSlTHHKOM ca,nOBo-napKOBoro HCKYCCTBa. 3.nCCb Ha nIlOlua.nH 21,3
ra COCpC.D.OTO'fCHO 60Ilce 100 nopo.n JK30TH'fCCKHX .nCpCBbCB H KYCTap-
HHKOB. B napKoBoH 30He HaXO.D.HTCH caMblH KpynHbIu Ha n06epC>K:bC
naHCHOHaT «MHCXOP» .ll.TlH OT.D.bIXa PO.D.IITCJICH C .uCTbMH, .D:OM TBOp'le-
CTBa COlO3a TcaTpa.,lbHblX .uCJlTenCH, .ua<ia «MHCXOP». caHaTopHH «KOM-
MYHapbI». .D.CHCTBYCT LlBCTOMY3blKMbHblH <}>oHTaH.
Ha.lI BHHOrpa,llHbIMH nIIaHTal{HHMH H 3anOBe.lllll>IM I1CCOM MC)!{}J.Y Ko-
pcH30M H AnynKOH npoTHHY.'1aCb (;.;1MaSl 60.ThmaSl B EBponc KaHarn.aSlllO-
pora MHCXOP -- Ai1-nCTpH -- CBblllIe 3,5 KM. .D:opora no.ubIMaCTCH Ha Bbl-
cory 1200 M, H C BblCOTbl Ait-neTpH, B OTKpblBalOlI.tCHCSI oTTy.aa ffilHopaMc,
CpcLlH BCJlHKOIlCnHH oKpecrnOCTcH cpa3Y MO>K:HO YBI1}J.CTb TpH Call4bIX 'fHC-
I'bIX 6pHIlJlHaHTa B KOpoHC lO>KHOOCPCJKbH: MHCXOp. fampy H KOpcH3.
AH-To4 0 p
Mblc Ai1- TO/lop COCTOHT H3 TPCX CKClJJHCTblX oTporoB, 06pa3YIO- j
mHX nO'fTH HC..'lOCTynHblH C MOpH MaCCHB. nHmb Hc60IlbmaH 6YXTOLIK3. C I
npcKpacHblM mISI>KCM npe.ucTaBJIHCT C.D.HHCTBCHHYIO y.n06HYIO npHCTaHb.
n03TOMY. HaBcpHoc. I1CBblH,'CCJIH CMOTpcTb C 6cpcra. oTpor Mblca Ha- :
3bIBaCTCH J1HMCH-EYPYH, 'I TO B ncpCBO}J.C C rpe'fCCKoro 03Ha'faCT «MbIC
faBalfu». 3.uecb BblCHTCH MaHK, CBCT KOToporo BI1}J.CH Ha 27 MHJlb. PH-
.uOM C MaHKOM CTOHT TblCHIfCJICTHCC .lICpCBO <}>HCTalllKH TynOJ1lICTHoit.
B noceJ1KC AH- T o,aop COXpaHHJIHCb OCTaTKH .llpeBHCro TClBpcKoro
YKpcmleHHSI C KpcnoCTHoH CTCHOH, B OCHOBaHHC KOTOpOi1 6bU1H nOJIO-
)l(CHbl 6I10KH BCCOM .D.O TbICH'fH ny.noB Ka}f(.Ill>IH.
npH pHMCKOM HMncpaTopc BccnacHaHc B 70-x rr. I B. Ha MCCTC
TaBpcKoro noceneHHH 6blIl0 B03BCllCHO YKpCnIICHHC XapaKc. B KOHLIC
226
nTloHeTO TlIOA i1
I B. 3.D.CCb HaXOJIHJlCH rapHH30H PaBCHHCKOH :JCKa.D.pbl, a BO II B. pa3MC-
Il.{anHCb COnJIaTLI I1TaIlHHcKoro JICnWHa. nOClICJ1JIHH pHMCKHH rap-
HH30H 4>opTa Ha py6e)!(c II-III BB. COCntB:HIIIH BOHHbl K-IaBllHCBa nc-
rHOHa. 060 BCCM 3TOM CBH.D.CTCIIbCTBYIOT llallnHCH Ha coxpaHHBUIHXC}I
-,J,O HallIHX JIHCH KHpnH'faX H 'fCpCnHLlc YKpcnIlcHIiH.
B XOJIC pacKonoK XapaKca 6bIIlH 06HapY}f(CHbI YKpallIcHHblH MO-
3aHKoH LlcMeHTHpoBaHHblH BOJlOCM - HHM<}>cii, BOJIonpOBOJl H3 rIlH-
HHHblX Tpy6, CBHTHIIHIl.{a C aIlTapHMH H MpaMopHblMH 1L1HTaMH: B 1961
r. BO BpCMH 3CMIIHHblX pa60T Ha TCppHTOpHH caHaTopliH «.[{Henp» cIIy-
'faHHO 6bma Haii}J.cHa LlCIIaH MpaMOpHaji nIlHTa Ha'faJIa III B. C H306pa-
}f(CHHCM <}>paKHHcKoro rcpojJ-Bca}J.HHKa, OXOTHll.{CrOCH Ha JIHKoro Ka-
6aHa. Ha naMHTHIfKe OT'fCTnHBO BH):{Ha naTHHCKaH Ha}J.nHCb C HMCHa-
MH JIBYX pHMCKHX I1CrHOHCpoB - KnaBJIHH Pyca II ABpCIIHH MaKcHMa.
nIlHTa 3KcnoHHpyeTcH B .HIITHHCKOM KpaCBeJI'fCCKOM MY3ee,
XapaKc 6bIII BOCHHblM nOCCIleHHCM, HO apxCOIlOrH'fCCKHC HaXO.D.-
KH CBH.LIeTeIlbCTBYIOT, IJTO >K:HTeIlH ero 3aHHMMHCb H MHpHblMH npo-
MblCnaMH: KY3HC'fHbIM, I1HTCHHbIM, IOBenHpHbIM, rOHlJapHblM, pbl6a-
'fMH, naCIlH CKOT H naXMH 3CMIIIO.
B paHHcM Cpe.llHCBeKOBbC Ha AH-To.D.ope CTOHII MOHaCTblpb CBH-
Toro <I>c.llopa THpoHa 1U1 , KOTOPOMY MbIC 06H3aH CBOHM Ha3BaHHCM: rpc-
'fCCKOC TOJIop paBH03Ha'fHO HallIcMy <I>C.D.OPY.
Aii- T O.D.Op KaK reorpa<}>HlJeCKHH OpHCHTHp 3Ha'lHTCH Ha caMOH CTa-
POH H3 H3BeCTHblX HaYKC HTa.lThHHCKHX PYKonHcHbIX KapT - nOpTonaHc
rCH)'33l{a BHCKO TH 1318 rOJIa. 3aTeM OH BOCnpOH3BOJIHTCH Ha 60IlbmHH-
erBC KapT XV-XVI BeKOB. B 1835 r. no npHKa3Y KOMaHJlYIOll.{CrO 4CpHO-
MOpcKHM (j)JIOTOM BHLlC-a,LtMHpMa M. n. lIa3apeBa 3.lleCb B03BOJIHTCH
MaJIK, KOTOpbIH ncpecrpaHBaercH B 70-x rr. XIX BeKa. YlJaCTHHK Kpyroc-
BCTHOH aHTapKTH'fCCKOH 3Kcne}J.Hl{HH IOpHii TlOpIDf CII}')f(HII HalfaJIbIDf-
KOM MaHKa. OH C03}J.aJI Ha HeM YHHKMbHbIH MY3Cii Ma}llfHOH CIIy}f(6b1.
Cpa3Y >K:C ]a cpe.D.HHM, TaK Ha3bmaeMblM «MoHaCTbIpcKHM» OTpO-
roM Mblca pacnOIlO)KCHbI CaHaTOpHH «,D,Hcnp» H npeKpaCHbIH XapaKCKHH
napK nnOll.{a.L!blO 17,5 ra, pa36HThIH BO BTOpoH nOIlOBHHC XIX CTonerHH.
JrOT naMJlTHHK ca.noBo-napKoBoro HCKYCCTBa oxpaHHcTcH rOCYJIapCTBoM.
3.D.CCb BbICa>K:CHbl.200 BH}J.OB ca}J.OBblX <}>OpM JICpeBbCB H KYCTapHHKoB, B
TOM 'fHCIlC THCJ1rO.lZHbIH, 6yxcycneC1pOflHCTHbIii, KHnapHCflyJHTaHCKHH,
aneKC8lWpnHCKHH flHCT, tjJHJ1JIHpeJI, OCMa.JJTyC, 3HMOIJBeT.
8'
227
nnoHeTo ntOAei:1
Ha npaBOM YCTync MblCa (<<CKMa ABpOpbI») B03BbllllaCTCJI HanO-
MHHalOll!Ce CpeJlHCBCKOBblH pbIQapCKHH 3aMOK «JIacTO'fKHHO rHC3.D.0».
3TO 3anC'faTIICHHOC Ha TbIOI'faX nOIlOTCH H <}>OTOrpa<}>IIH 3.D.aHHC CTalIO
cBoc06pa3HblM CHMBOIlOM KpblMa. «JIaCTO'fKHHO rHC3JlO» nOCTpOCHO
B 1912 r. no npocKTY HH>KCHCpa A. B. WcpBYJla. MHHHaTlOpHblH 3a-
MOK nepeHcc 3CMIICTpJlCCHHC 1927 r. H nO'fTH HC nOCTpa.lIM. HO.D.O 1968
r. H3-3a BOCCTaHOBHTCJlbHblX pa60T «JTaCTO'lKHHO rHC3.D.0» OCTaBalIOCb
HC.D.OcTynHbIM .lUUI noccTHTCIICH.
PJl}J.OM C <dlacTo'IKHHb M rHC3.D.OM» paCnOIlO>K:CHbl npCKpaCHblC
caHaTopHH «napyc», 'fCH npOCKT Y.D.OCTOCH cepc6pnHoH MCJlanH Ha Bce-
MHpHOH BbJCTaBKC B 6plocceIlc, H «)I(cM'fY}f(HHa», rJle B pa3Hoc BpeMJI
OT.D.bIXalIH BH}J.HbIC BOCHa'faIlbHHKH.
OpeaH,£fa
3Ta KypopTHaJi MCCTHOCTb paCnOJIO>K:CHa MC)l(}J.Y JTHBa.D.HCH H
MhlCOM AH-ToJlop. CBoc06pa3HblH, I1Y'IllIHH Ha BCCM IO}f(HOM 6cpcry
MHKpoKIIHMaT H Ha3BaHHC «OpeaH.lla» KYpOPry JlapOBMH CKanbl, BeJlb
B nCpCBOJlC C rpe'fCCKOrO OpCaHJla 3Ha'lHT «CKanHCTan».
B031IC MOpJl BblCHTCJI Ma'fTOBaJl'CKMa, pacKOlIOTaJi Ha .D.BC Ka-
MCHHblC rIlbl6bl. MC}f(l!y HHMH HaXO.D.HTCJI CCTCCTBCHHblH rpOT, B KOTO- '
pOM Haii.lleJlbl CIICJlbl CTOJlHKH JlpeBHCro '1ClIOBeKa. JJeBce Ma'lToBoij
B03BblmaeTCJI OTBCCHaJi KpCCTOBaJi CKaIla, Ha KOTOpOH COXpaHHJlHCb
OCTaTKH JlpeBHcro rOpOJlHll.{a. BblCOKO Ha.ll3THMH CKanaMH B03HCClIHCb
B Hc6cca CKlIOHbl ropbl AH-HHKOJla, CKaIla 6CI10rOlIOBaJi H YTCC Xa'f-
Jla-KaJlCbl C pa3BaIlHHaMH CpeJlJlCBCKOBoro 3aMKa Ha BcpmHHC.
KaK H JIHBaJlHJI, OpeaH}J.a 6bma «nO}f(anOBaHa» EKaTcpHHOH II
apXHnClIa>K:HblM rpCKaM, CIIY>K:HBmHM B 6anaKlIaBCKOM 6aTMbOHC.
BCKOpC 3TH 3CMlIH nCpCllIJIH K HX KOMaHlIHpy - reHepany <1>. J1.. PCBC-
I1HOTH, a B 1825 r. OpcaH}J.Y BblKynHIIa LlapCKaJl <}>aMHJlHJI. B 1843-1852'
rr. J],JIJI BCIlHKOKHJI}f(CCKo'H CCMbH no npocKTY A. 11. lIlTaKcHllIHcH.llcpa '
6bm BblCTpOCH .D.BOpCLI H 3aIlO>K:CH napK, a Ha B03BblllIalOll.{HXCJI Ha.ll
OpeaH}J.OH CKanax no pacnOpJl>K:CHHIO reHepan-ry6cpHaTopa M. C. Bo-
pOHLloBa, npH3HaHHoro aBTopHTcTa no C03.D.aHHIO pOMaHTH'fCCKOH 06-
CTaHOBKH, 6blIIa cOopY>K:CHa CMOTpOBaJi 6eCCJlKa.
Oc06ylO Bblpa3HTCJIbHOCTb H cBoc06pa3HC OpeaH}J.c npH.llaCT 00-
'fCTaHHC CypOBblX CKan H nblmHoH 3CJICHH napKa. 3aHHMalOll.{HH 42 ra
228
nJloHeTO JlIOAe
napK ({HH}f(HjIjI OpeaH.lla» j1BlIjlCTCjJ naMjlTHHKOM Ca.llOBO-napKOBoro
HCKYCCTBa. no cro aJlIlCjlM rYlIJlJIH B. A. :>KYKOBCKHH, n. A. BH3CMCKHH,
K. H. EaTlOmKOB, H. A. HCKpaCOB, 11. H. TOIlCTOH, A. M. fOPbKHH,
11. K. AHBa30BCKHH. n06bIBaBmHH B BeIlHKOKHjJ}f(eCKOM HMCHHH aMC-
pHKaHCKHH nHcaTCIIb MapK TBCH nHmCT, IJTO OH YBH.D.eIl B OpCaH.D.C
3HaMCHHToro 3all{HTHHKa CCBaCTOnOIljl rCHCpaJla 3. 11. TOTIIc6cHa H
MOHapXOB, KOTOpblC «.lI0 Y.D.HBlICHHH noxo)l(}l Ha npoCTbIx CMCpTHbIX».
B 1882 r. .D.BOpeLl CropeIl. CnYCTjI TPH rO.D.a nocne nO}f(apa H3 KaM-
HjI .D.BOpLla B03BeIlH Hc60IlbmyIO LlepKOBb. OHa 6bI1Ia YKpamcHa 60ra-
TOH M03aHKoH pa60TbI BCHCLlHaHcKoro MaCTcpa AHTOHHO CaJlbBHaTH
H ynoMHHaeTCjI A. n. I.JcxOBblM B paccKa3c'«,lJ,aMa C C06aIJKoH».
B 1948 r. Ha MCCTC pa3BaIlHH CTaporo .D.BOpLla no npOCKTY
apXHTCKTOpa M. .H. fHH36ypra COOpY}f(CH caHaTopHH «HH}f(HjIjI Ope-
aH,/J.a». B HCM B pa3HOC BpeMjI OT.D.bIXaJlH 11. B. KYPlJaTOB, C. n. Kopo-
I1CB, 11. M. 11COHOB, C. .H. MapmaK, K. M. CHMOHOB, nOIlb P06COH,
XCPIlY<)> EH.llCTPyn, MHKHC TeO.D.OpaKHC.
Tpona, H.llYll{aji K OpeaH.llC OT 11HBa.D.HHcKoro .D.BOpLla, Ha3blBa-
CTCjI «LlapcKOH». OHa 6bI1Ia npOIlO}f(CHa ,/J.;'1j1 BCpXOBbIX nporyIloK MC}f(-
.D.Y.llBYMjI pe3H.llCHLlHHMH, npHHa.D.JIC}f(aBmHMH aBrYCTCHmCH <}>aMHJlHH.
fOBOPHT, IJTO no 3TOH Tpone Xa}f(HBaJI rpa<}> 11. H. TOIlCTOH. Tpona
BC.D.CT MHMO 6eIlOH pOTOH.llbI Ha.ll caHaTopHCM «HH}f(Hjlll OpcaH.lla»,
KpCCTOBOH ropOH, BHHOrpa.llHHKOM, ncpeCCKaCT HH}f(HIOIO .D.opory H
B03lIC oTpora AH-HHKOIla COe.D.HHlleTCH C TponOH Kyp'faTOBa I02 , npo-
I10}f(eHHOH MeJK.LIY OpeaH.llOBCKHM napKOM H BcpmHHOH AH-HHKOIla.
Pll.ll0M C «HH}f(HeH OpeaH.llOH» B03BC.D.CH KaCKa.II. 3,/J.paBHHLI: «30-
I10TOH llIIjI>K:», «fOpHbIH», HM. naJIbMHpO TOIlbHTTH, «,lJ,PY}f(6a». 3TOT
nOCTpoeHHbIH B 1985 r. naHCHOHaT nOXO>K: Ha rHraHTCKHe COTbl, nOKO-
j1ll{HCCll Ha TpeX onopHbIX 6amHllX Y caMOH KpOMKH npH6oH.
30IlOTOH nrunK OpeaH.llbI, nponHYBmHHCll Ha 400 C I1HmHHM MeT-
pOB,- I1106HMoe MCCTO OT.llblXa JlJITHHLlCB. 3TOT llIIjI>K: no npaBY CIJH-
TaCTCjI I1YlJmHM Ha KpbIMCKOM no6epe>Kbc.
JIHB8J!HH
11HBa.D.HjI paCnOIlO}f(CHa B Tpex KHlIOMeTpax K 3ana.D.Y OT .HIITbI.
3TOMY He601IbmoMY nOCCIIKY .HIITR 06H3aHa CBOHM HblHcmHHM no-
I10}f(CHHeM CTOIlHLlbllO}f(HOrO 6cpera, H60 B 11HBa.llHH pacnOIlaraJlaCb
I1CTHjJjI pe3H.llCHUHjI LlapcKoH ceMbH.
229
nnoHeTo JlIOAei1
B KOHl.{C X B. 3.aecb HaxOJ{HJ1CjI BH3aHTHHCKHH MOHaCTblpb CB. OaH-
Ha. nOCJIe npHCOC}J.HHCHHjI KpbIMa K POCCHH OKpeCTIlbIC 3CMJIH 6bIJJH no-
}f(MOBaHbl O}J.H0MY H3 npe)'IBO.D.Hre1IeH apXHlleJJa>K:HbIX rpeKOB JIaM6pocy
KaLlOlIHCY, KOTOpbIH HapeK HX JIHBa,lUiCH B lfeCTh CBOCH .nMeXOH polIHHbI
- ropo.na JIHBa.LnlH B npoBHHUHH DeoTIDi. B 1834 r. 3TH 3CMIlH xynHJI rpa<}>
nOTOlUOfii, BblCTpOHBmHH .llBopeu H pa36HBmHif napK 1IJJ0ll.{a}J.b1O 40 ra.
B 1860 r. JIHBa}J.H1O npH06pe.n0 y.D.eJJbHoe Be.nOMCTBO, H no.D. Pyxo-
BO.D.cTBOM npHlUlOpHOl'O apXJITeKTOpa I1nnomrra MoI-DffeTI'H 6bI1I peKOH-
crPYHPOBaH .llBopeU OOTOI.U<HX, Bn<X;JIe.llcrBHH nepeHMeHOeaHHbIH B CTa-
pbrn .llBOpeu.. KpoMe TOFO, 6bIJJH n Hbl MaJthlff .llBopeU, 6acccHHbI,
opaIDKepeH, MHorolfHCIleHHble CJIy)l(6bI. B 1910-191 I IT. Ha Mecre CTapo-
ro .llBOpua no npeeXl}' aKa}J.eMHKa H. n. KpacHoBa 6bID nocrpoeH HOBbIH
60JIbmOH JlHBa,lI.IrlfCKHH .llBopeU B CTHJIC 3noXH B03p0}f(JJ.eHIDI.
113blcKaHHaji XY.QO}f(eCTBCHHaji pe3L6a no MpaMopy, TOHlfamna"
lIcnKa yxpaCHJIH .D.BOpeLl CHapY}f(H. OpHrHHaJIbHaJl BHYTPeHHJljI OT.D.eJJ-
Ka OTlIH'laCT xa}f(JJ.bIH 3aJI, xa}f(JJ.YIO H3 58 KOMHaT. BeCTH6101Ib YCTpoeH
no 06pa3uy pHMCKOH apXHTCKTypbl nepBblx BCKOB H. 3. npHCMHaJi -
YMCHbmeHHaJi KOnHJI 3Ma «CoBCTa 500» )J,BopLla .D.O}f(CH B BCHCLlHH.
. 6HJIbjlp.D.HaJi C pC3HblMH KamTaHoBbIMH naHCIIHMH BbInOlIHCHa B aHr-
I1HHCKOM crHJIe, Ka6HHeT - B CTHIIC «}f(aK06».
npHBIIeKaTcIIbHbl CBOCH H3J1ll.{HOii apxHTcKTYPOH BHYTpcHHHe
.D.BOpHKH - apa6cKHH H HTaJlbJlHCKHH, Bbl}J.ep}f(aHHbIH B CTHlIC <}>1I0-
peHTHHcKHX .llBOPUOBbIX nOCTpoeK XV-XVI BeKOB.
He60IlbmaH HapY}f(HaJi raJIcpeji OC.D.HHjlCT HTaJIbJlHCKHH LU!OpHK
C .D.OMamHeH LlepKoBblO BH3aHTHHcKoro CTHJIjI, aJITapb KOTOpoH YKpa-
IIICH KpacolfHoH M03aHKoH. Cero.D.HJl B UepKBH OTnpaBJJjllOT cJlY}f(6y.
HanpoTHB LlCpKBH paCnOIlO}f(CHbI 6alllH}!-3BOHHHua H MpaMOpHaH
KOIlOHHa C nHCbMCHaMH BJl3blO Ha apa6CKoM H T)'pe1U<OM Jl3bIKax - TpO-
<}>eH PYCCKOH apMHH, 3aBoeBaHHbIH B BOHHe C TypLlHeH 1877-1878 ro.D.OB. '
JIHBa}J.HHCKHH napK, pa36HTbIH B lIaH}J.ma THOM CTHJIC, HaCIfH-
TblBaCT OKOIlO 400 BH}J.OB .D.epeBbCB H KYCTapHHKoB. MI,l He 6Y.D.eM no.D.-
P06HO paCCKa3bIBaTb 06 3TOM xpacHBcHmeM MeCTe KpblMa, H60 lIY'f-
mc O.D.HH pa3 YBH}J.CTb, 'fCM CTO pa3 yCIIblmaTb. {h06bI nonaCTb B JIH-
Ba.D.HIO, HY}f(HO nOTpaTHTb Bccro 15 MHHYT Ha nOe3.D.KY aBT06ycOM HJIH
KaTCpoM, .D.a H nemKOM H3 .HIITbI clO.lla .n06HpaTbcjI MCHbmc Ifaca. E}f(c-
rO.D.HO JIHBa.llHIO nOCCll.{aIOT COTHH TbICjI'f TypHCTOB. I1x npHBIIeKalOT
230
nl1OHeTO 111OAe
HC TOnbKO HCCOMHCHHbIC .lIOCTOHHCTBa .D.BOpLlOBO-napKOBOrO aHCaM6-
JIH. HO H cro HCTOpH'fCCKajl 3HaIJHMOCTb.
B <}>cBpalIc 1945 r. B 11 HBa.lIHH COCTOllJlaCb KOH<}>CpeHUHH maB TpCX
COlO3HbIX .lICp}f(aB aHTHrHTJlepoBcKoH KoaIlHUHH: CCCP, CiliA H BCIIH-
K06pHTaHHH. 3I1b1C H3bIKH yrBCp}f(.llaIOT, IJTO rCHHalIbHblH THpaH CTa-
JUIH BbI6pM }J.JIH KOH<}>CpeHLlHH C.aMOC KpacHBoc MCCTO CTpaHbI, IJT06bl
OTBIIe'fb IICplJHJlnH H PY3BCIIbHi OT CKY'fHOH pa60Tbl no ncpe.D.cJIY MHpa.
5IJITa
HCKopOHOBaHHajJ CTOlIHLla IO}f(Horo 6epcra KpbIMa, LlapCTBcH-
H<UI JIlITa paCnOIlO}f(HnaCb MC>K:.l1Y Cm.I<}>cponmlcM H CCBaCTOnOJJCM B
ropHOM aM<}>HTCaTpe, npHKpbIBalOLUcM cc C Tpcx CTOpOH. Ha CCBCpO-BO-
CTOKe BbICHTCll HHKHTcKajl j1IDIa C MblCOM MapTbHH, Ha 3ana,ac - xpc-
6CT Mora6H, cnycxalOll.{HHCH ycrynaMH K MblCY AH-To.D.op, Ha ceBCpe-
5lIlTHHCKClj) j1Hna. Orpor xpe6Ta 110rpa<}> pa3.D.CIIHCT .Hm)' Ha .D.BC .D.OIlH-
Hbl. no KOTOpblM ropHblC pCKH YlJaH-Cy H .[{CpcKOH 1IIJ c6cralOT K MOplO.
fopo.D. HBIIjlCTCjJ a.D.MHHHCTpaTHBHbIM LlCHTpOM LlCIIoro KypOPT-
Horo'paHOHa, HOCHll.{CrO Ha3BaHHC «EOIlbmaji .HIITa», npOTHHYBllIcro-
CjI 601ICC IJCM Ha 70 KM OT <I>opoca Ha 3ana.llC .llO ropbI AIO.D.ar Ha BOCTO-
KC. B COCTaB EOIlbmoH .HIITbI BXO,/J.j1T AJIynKa, fyp3Y<}>, 11HBa.llHH, fac-
npa. KOpCH3, MHCXOp, CHMCH3, <I>opoc, MaCCaH.D.pa, HHKHTa, fOIly60H
3alIHB, OnOJI3HCBOe H HCKOTOpblC .llpyrHc CCIICHHH.
B .HnTC Bbma,aaeT .D.OBOIlbHO MHoro ocal1KOB, HO BbI6HpalOT OCa,aKH
}J.JUI :noro n03.D.HIOIO OCCHb H 3HMy. Cpe.llHCro.D.OBaH TeMnepal)'pa KOlIOO-
I1CTCjI Ha OTMCTKC + noc, B caMOM >K:apKOM MecjlLlC, HIOIIC, + 24°C, B ca-
MOM XOIlO.D.HOM, <l>eBpaJIc,+4°C. CHcr BblI1a,/J.aCT pe.D.K0, a eclIH Bbma,aaCT,
TO I1C}f(HT CCMb - ,/J.ecHTb .D.HciI. 11CTOM ropo,/J. OCBC)f(aIOT BeTpbl: .llHCM -
6pH3bl, HOlJblO - TenIIbIC BCTpbl crop, OCTbIBalO1JU{X 6blcrpee MOpH.
CaMa .Hilla - cpaBHHTCIIbHO Hc60IlbIDOH ropo,/J., C HaCCIICHHCM
OKOlIO 90 TbIC. lJenOBCX, HO OT.abIxaIOT B He" 601ICC ,/J.BYX MHJlIIHOHOB
'fCIIOBCK C}f(CrO.D.HO. B EOIlbmOH .HIITe 170 3.llpaBHHU, III H3 KOTOpbIX
pa60TalOT KPYrIIbIH ro,/J..
n06paTHMaMH .HIITbl j1BIIHIOTCll MaprcHT (BeIlHK06pHTaHHH),
HHLlua (<I>paHLlIDI), nOLlLlYOIlH (I1TaJIHH), PHcKa (IOrocIlaBHH), CaH-
Ta-Eap6apa (ClIlA). IICpC3 .HIll)' npoxo,/J.HT CCMb TYPHCTCKHX MapllI-
PYTOB rocY.llapCTBcHHoro H MC}f(.llYHap0.D.Horo 3Ha'fCHHll, no KOTOpblM
roPO.D. noccll.{alOT OKOIlO \00 TbIC. rpa>K:.l1aH .llaJIbHCrO 3apy6c>K:bjl.
231
nnoHeTo IlIO.(\es:1
B oKpeCTHOCTJIX 5lnTh1 >K:HIIH .D.peBHHC TaBPbl. Ecrb CBe.llCHH}! 0 nOCCJlC-
HHH Ha JTOM MCCTe 31IJIHHOB B IV B. .D.O H. 3., HO OTCyrcTBHC xopomo 3all1H-
IUCHHOH rdBaHH HCKJDO'laJIO 3.n;CCb B03HHKHOBeHHe KpynHblX nOJlliCOB.
nCpBOC nHCbMCHHOC ynoMHHaHHe 0 .HlITC (no.D. HMCHCM .[{}f(amI-
Ta) OTHOCHTCjI K XII B., OHO 6bl1I0 C.D.ClIaHO apa6CKHM rcorpa<}>OM AJIb-
I1.D.PHCH. Ha3BaHHc ropO.D.a, BepOjiTHO, npOHCXO.D.HT OT rpC'fCCKOrO ClIO-
Ba «JllIOC» - «6cper». Y BO.llOna.lla YlJaH-Cy ell.{e H Tcnepb coxpaHH-
lIHCb pa3BaIlHHbl Cpe.D.HCBCKOBOH KpenOCTH XII-XV BCKOB. B
CTapHHHblX rCHYJ3CKHX HCTO'fHHKaX noceIleHHC Ha MeCTe HblHcmHCH.
.HIITbl HMCHOBMOCb KaYIlHTOH, TCMHTOH, 3TanHTOH.
B KOHLIC XV B. KpenoCTb 3aHJlIIH TYPKH, HO nOClIC CHIIbHoro 3CM-
lIeTpjlCCHHJI lllO.D.H OCTaBHIIH JllITHHCKYIO .D.OIlHHY, H TOIlbKO 70 lIeT cny-
CTjI 3.D.CCb nOjlBHlIHCb HOBblC noccllcHLlbl - KpblMCKHC rpcKH H apMjlHc.
B 1783 r., KO BpCMCHH npHCOe.D.HHCHHjI KpblMa K POCCHH, .HIITa
npe.D.CTaBIIjlIIa C060H KpOXOTHOC pbl6aLlKoc noceIlCHHC H3 13 .D.OMHKOB
H BOCHHoro pe.D.YTa, COOPY}f(CHHOrO A. B. CYBOPOBblM B 1771 r.
B 1833 r. 6bmo HalJaTO CTpOHTClIbCTBO .HIITHHcKoro nopTa, HO,
H3-3a Toro 'I TO mTopMaMH pa36HBaIlHCb npH'faJlbl, CTpOHTClIbCTBO cro
BCIIOCb nO'fTH 70 lICT.
nCpBblM KaMCHHbIM :wanHCM 5lnTh1 6bUJa KOIlOKOIlbIDI LlepKBH 110an-
Ha 3I1aToYCTa Ha nOJIHKypOBCKOM XOIIMC. nOCJlC ee OCBjlIUCHIDI B CCHTjl6pe
1837 r. nOCJlC.llOBaJIO BblCO'faHlllee YKa3aHHC HMnepaTopa 0 npe.aOCTaBIlCHHH
.Hme roPO.D.CKOro CTaryca, CnyCTJI nOJJro.aa, 23 MapTa 1838 r., 6blJl H3.llaH
CCHaTCKHH YKa3: «... Y'fPCl!HTb B TaspH'fccKOH ry6epHIDI HOBblH YC3.ll. .. no.D.
Ha3BaHHCM 5lIITHHCKoro, nepeHMCHOBaB Mecre'fKO.HnTh1 ropo.D.OM».
B 1843 r., KOr.D.a 6b1lI COCTa I1eH nJIaH ropo.D.a, Ha KOTOpOM, KpO-
MC Ha6cpcjf<HoH, OTMC'fCHa EIIH3aBcTHHcKajJ YlIHLla C 30-10 .llOMHKaMI1,
B HeM npO>K:HBaJlH 224 }f(HTeIlJl.
Pa,/{HKaJIbHO cy.lJ.b6a 5I.Jrrw H3MCHHJIaCb nOCJle ncpeHeceHIDI ClO.lla B 60- '
e IT. XIX B. I1eTI1CH LlapcKOH pe3H,llCHl.{HH. .Hma nOIfll1 cpa3Y CTaHOBHTCjI
caMblM <}>emcHe6em.HbIM xypOpTOM POCCHH. B LleHTpe ropo.D.a pacryT, KaK'
rpH6bl, npeKpacHhIC rOCTl1HHl{bI H 'faCTHble nanCHOHbI, MO.DJ-{bIC Mara3HHbI,
pecrOpaHbl H Ka<}>e. nOJIy'fHTb propemeHHc Ha BpeMCHHOC HJIH nOCTomrnoe
npo>KHBaHHC B .Hmc Mor .aaJICKO HC KmK.ZU>rn. HaD. 61OpoxpaTH'fCCKHMH npo-
BOIlO'fKaMH no 3TOMY nOBO.ay nOTCrnaJICjI H3BeC111brn IOMOpHCT HalJana XX
B., BOCnHTaTC1Jb .D.CTeH LlapcKOH CCMbH ApKa.z:rnH ABepIJCHKO.
232
nl1OHeTO 111OAes:1
B 1875 r. Ha Ha6cpe}f(HOH BblpOClIO 3.D.aHHC <}>cmcHc6cIIbHOH ro-
CTHHHLlbl «POCCHjI», HbIHC Ha3blBaCMOH «TaBpH.D.a». B HCH OCTaHaBIIH-
BanOCb CTOIlbKO 3HaMcHHToCTCH, '1TO OHa ClIY}f(HT ccrO,/J.HjI 60Ilbmc MY- .
3CCM, 'fCM rOCTHHHLlCH.
nepBbIM ropO.D.CKHM Bpa'iOM .HJITbI 6bUJ YKpaHHCKHH n03T CrenaH
Py.murCKHH, aBTOp necuH «noBill, BiTpC, Ha BKpallty...». no cro HHHl.tHa-
THBe 6bUJ COOPY>KCH .llCHCTBYlOllUill H nOHbIHC ropO.D.CKOH pbIHOK. ::nOT 38-
Me'laTeJIbHbIH 'fClIOBeK 6e3B03MC3.llHO YCTynHII ropo.ny 'faCTb CBOcro Y'facr-
Ka no.ll CKBa>K:HHy, 6ecnnaTHo lIe'fHJI 6e}J.HJlKOB, co6Hpan <t>oIlbKJIOp, Y'fa-
CTBOBaJI B apxeoIlofWIecKHX pacKonKax, .lleJJan 38pHCOBKH naMJITHHKOB.
Ell.{c O.D.HH Bpa'f H lIHTcpaTop, }f(HBmHH B .HIITe, npHHcc ropo.D.Y
CJ1aBY, MOjf(eT 6blTb, HC TaKYIO mYMHYIO, KaK CIIaBa LlapcKoro KypopTa,
1:1 0 clIaBY BC'fHYIO, ,/J.06pylO, rYMaHHYIO. Ha OKpaHHC ropo.lla, HOCHB-
meH Ha3BaHHC AYTKa, B 1899 r. nOCTpOHII .D.OM H npoBeIl nOClIC,/J.HHC
ro.D.bl }f(H3HH BMCCTC C MaTcpblO H ceCTpoH A. n. I.JCXOB. 3.D.eCb HanHca-
HbI HM .llCBjlTb paccKa3o.B: «CJ1Y'IaH H3 npaKTHKH», «.[\ymC'fKa», «Ho-
BaJi .D.a'fa», «no .D.ClIaM clIY}f(6bl», «.[\aMa C C06a'fKoH», «Ha CBjlTKax»,
«B OBparc», «APXHCpeH», «HCBCCTa» H ,/J.BC nbCCbJ - «TPH CCCTpbI» H
«BHmHcBbIH ca.D.». B rOCTJlX Y A. n. I.JcxoBa 6bIBMH 11. 11. JIcBHTaH,
11. A. EYHHH, K C. CTaHHclIaBcKHH, B. 11. HCMHpoBHIf-.[\aH'fCHKO, ap-
THCTbl MOCKoBcKoro XY,/J.O>K:CCTBCHHoro TcaTpa.
B KOHLIC 1899 r. AHTOH naBIIoBHIf 3aHMCjI opraHH3aLlHeH B .HIITe
ncpBOH 06Il!C.D.OCTynHoH 3.lIpaBHHLlbl,/J.lIji TY6CPKYIlC3HblX 60IlbHbIX, Ha-
nHcaB npOHHKHOBeHHoe B033BaHHC 0 nOjf(CpTBOBaHHH B nOIlb3Y HCHMY-
Il!HX. Ha c06paHHblC no nO,/J.nHCKe .D.CHbrH H Ha njlTb TbJCjI'f l'y6I1eH,
KOTopble BHec caM nHcaTeJJl>, Ha OKpaHHC AYTKH 6bUJa KynncHa ,/J.a'fa,
B KOTOpOH OTKpbI1ICjI naHCHOH «.HY3J1ap» Ha 20, a 3aTCM Ha 50 MCCT.
Ccro,/J.HjI no 601IbmoH npOTHBOTY6cpKYIIe3HblH caHaTopHH, r.D.e O.D.-
HOBpCMCHHO I1C'faTCjI 60Ilee 300 60IlbHbIX.
EeccMblcIIeHHo nepe'lHCIIjlTb 3HaMCHHTblX rOCTCH .HIITbl, TCM 60-
I1ce 'ITO OHa pa.D.a Ka>K:}J.OMY roCTIO. KaK 06Il!C.D.OCTynHbIH KypOPT .HIITa
Ha'fMa pa3BHBaTbCjI Cpa3Y }f(C nOClIC rpa}f()l.aHCKOH BOHHbl, KOr.lla Ha-
'falIH ncpe060PY.llOBaTb no.D. 3,/J.paB Hl.\bl 6blBmHC .D.BOPl.lbl H BHlIIIbI.
nCpBoe cneLlHaJlH3HpOBaHHOC 3.D.aHHC}J.IIJI caHaTOpHjI «.[\OIlOCCbI» 6b1lIO
B03BC.llCHO B 1928 r. ncpc,/J. BOHHOH B .HIITC H OKpeCTHOCTjlX HaC'fHTbl-
BaJlOCb 42 caHaTOpHjI H .llOMa OT.D.blxa.
233
nnoHeTO nloJ;\es:1
BOHHa HaHCCJla .Hme jf(eCTOKHH ypOH. <1>paHKJlHH ,lJ,CJ1aHO Py3BClIbT
BO BpeMjI .HnTHHcKOH KOH<tJepeHLIHH 6bIJJ «nOpa>K:CH 6CCCMblClICHHblMH H
6CCnOll{a}J.HbIMH pa3pyrnCHHjlMH, npoH3BC.D.e"HHbIMH HCMuaMH B KpbIM)"».
nOc.ric BOHHbIIllJIO CTpCMHre"ThHOC npcBpam.CHHe .H.rrn,1 B K)'pOpT MH-
poBOro PJIacca. HOBaH MaI11CTpaJ1b npoIlcrna OT CHM<PePonOJI}l.D.O CCBaCTO-
nOID!, H 6bIJJ0 OTKpbITO TpOJIIICH6YCHoe coo6mcHHC CHM<l>cP OnOIlb - 51.J1TIl.
MOpcKOH nopT cran npmrnMaTh naa;a>K:HpCKHC naifHepbl, a rpY30Bb1C cy.na
npH'IaJDmalOT TenCpb y MaccaH,lI.poBCKOH 6aJIKH. B.D.OIlb no6ej)C)KMI EOIlb-
mOH .H.rrn,1 nOJIBHJIHCb y,ll06Hblc I1e'fe6Hblc nIIJl>I<H. BceMHpHO H3BCCTHbI roc-
TIIHHUbI <6ImID> H «OpeaH.D.ID>, KOTOpbIM cocraBJIJllOT KOHKYreHQHIO 1:Ie60./U>-
IllHC. HO OTJDl'falOIllHCCjJ CBponCHCI<HM KOM<}>opTOM HOBblC OTCJIH..
,lJ,Ba .D.CCHTKa npOMblmIlCHHbIX npC.D.npHHTHH .HIIThI pa60TalOT B
OCHOBHOM Ha HY)!(,llbJ KypopTa H HC HapymalOT cro 3KOnOrHlO. .HlITHHC-
KM KHHOCTY.D.HjI - O.D.Ha H3 ncpBbIX B POCCHH. 3.D.CCb aKTepOM H pe}f(HC-
CCpoM B. P. fap.D.HHblM 6bIJJH C03.D.aHbl ncpBblC mC.D.CBpbl KHHO: «AHHa
KapeHHHa». «,lJ,BOpjlHCKOC rHC3.D.O» (1914 r.), «BoHHa H MHp» (1915 r.).
,lJ..rnI 601Iee nO.D.po6Horo 3HaKOMCTBa C HCTOpHCH 5ImbI JIY'illlc acero
noceTIITb ec MHoro'fHCJleHHbIe MYJCH, nIJC}l(llc acero I1CTopH'fccKHH, KOTO-
pbrn HaxO.llHTCjI Ha XOJIMe J1.apcaH. nonaCTb l)'.D.a JIY'IIlle acero no KaHaT-
HOH .D.oporc, CTaHl.{H}! KOTOpoit HaxO.J{HTCSI Ha Ha6epe>K:HoH y rocnunutbl
«TaBPH.llID>. MY3CH OCHOBaH B KOHl.{C XIX CTOIlCTHH no HHHQHaTHBe B. H.
,lJ,MHTpHeBa, 'lbH KOJIJICKl.{HH BMCCTe C co6paHHbIM A. JI. DepTbC-,lJ,eJIarap-
.D.OM MaTcpHMoM CTaJIH OCHOBOH nepBblX 3KCll03HUHH. f Op.D.OCTbIO yHH-
KaIlbHOH KOJIJICKUHH MyJCH C'lHTaeTCH 6ocnOpcKHH «CTaTOp» - MOHeTa ua-
pHUbI )J.HHaMHH, 3K3CMIIID1p Ha HCCKOIlbKO I1CT CTapme xpaH}!ll{erOCH B 3p-
MlflIDl(e H C'lHTaBmerOCSI CIUC He,llaBHO e}J.HHCTBCHHbIM B MHpe.
CaMblH 3HaMeHHTbrn HlITHHCKHH MY3CH - .D.OM A. n. I.JexoBa no
YIIHI.{e KHpoBa, 112. 3.D.CCb ace OCTaJIOCb TaK, KaK 6bI1I0 npH )f(H3HH Be-,
I1HKOrO nHcaTeIljl, H 3THM MI,l 06H3aHbl cro CCCTpe, MapHH naBIIOBHe
I.JexoBOH. OHa C03,l1aJIa M}'3CH H.lIO 1957 r., .D.O caMOH cBoeH KOH'fHHbl Ha
94-M ro.llY >l<H3HH, OCTaBaJIaCb XpaHHTeJIbHHUCH BeIlHKoro HaClIe.D.HH.
no CBH.llCTClIbCTBY A. 11. KynpHHa, IJCXOBCKM .D.alJa 6bIJJa caMbIM
OpHrHHaJIbHblM 3.l1aHHCM B .HIITe. «BCjI 6eIlajl, I1CrKaH, KpacHBo HCCHM-
MCTpH'fHall, nOCTpOCHHaji BHe KaKoro-HH6Y.llb Onpe.D.CIIeHHOro apxH-
TCKl)'pHoro CTHJIjI, C BblmKoH B BH.llC 6amHH, C HCO}f(H.llaHHbIMH BbIC-
l)'naMH, co CTCKJljlHHOH BepaH.llOH BHH3Y H C OTKpblTOH TcppacoH BBCp-
234
nIlOHeTO IlIOAe
xy, C pa36poCaHHblMH TO mHpOKHMH, TO Y3KHMH OKHaMH, OHa nOXO.D.H-
I1a 61,1 Ha 3.llaHHjI B CTHJlC MO.llCpH, eCIIH 61,1 B ee nJIaHC He 'fYBCTBOBa-
lIaCb 'fMl-TO BHHMaTeIlbHaJi H OpHrHHaJIbHaJi MbICIIb, 'leH-TO cBoc06-
pa3HbIH BKYC. ,lJ,a'la cro lIa B ymy ca.lla, OKpY}f(CHHaSi LlBCTHHKOM».
no BocnOMHHaHHjlM A. 11. KynpHHa, K CBoeMY Ca}J.Y AHTOH naB-
I10BH'f OTHOCHlICll C peBHOCTHOH I1I060BblO. B 60-x rr. pjj}J.OM C YCa}J.b-
60H B03BeIlH HOBOC 3.D.aHHe, B KOTOpOM pa3MeCTHJlHCb I1IuepaTypHall
3Kcn03HUHll, «pOH.l1bl, 6H6nHOTeKa.
CBoe06pa3HJtIM naMKnrnKOM A. n. I.JexOBY, JI. H. TOlICTOMY, A.
M. fOP&KOMY CTaJI .nOM no YIlHue KHpoBa, 32. 31'0 - 6blBIIIaJl .naqa
3HaKOMOH A. n. I.JcxoBa K. M. HIIOBaHCKOH, noCTpoeHHaJi I.' CTHJle
aHmHHcKoH rOTHKH. nepe.D. TeM KaK nOCClIHTbCJI B CBoeM ayrKHHcKoM
.D.OMe, A. n. I.JexoB }f(HlI 3.nCCb C OKTJI6ps 1898 no anpem.J899 ro.lla. JI,
H. TOlIcrOH npHe3>KaJI CIO.lla K CBOCH .llO'fCpH MapHH JIbBoBHe 060-
I1eHCKOH, 6bIBaJI TYT H MaKCHM fOpbKHH.
B .llBYX KHIIoMCTpax OT ,lJ,oMa-MY3CJI A. n. qexoBa, Ha 06BO.nHOH
.D.opore, nocpe.nH onymKH 3anOBe.D.HOrO I1eca pa3MeCTHlICll MY3eH Ha-
pO.D.HOrO .D.eKOpaTHBHoro HCKYCCTBa. TYT BCTpe'faIOT rOCTcH «TpH}J.-
LlaTb BHTJI3eH npcKpacHblx» H3 n03MbI A. C. nymKHHft «PyclIaH H JIIO.ll-
MHJla», I1aH.l1ma<}>THo-cKYIIbnTYpHbIH KOMnJIeKC «CIIaBllHCKOC noceIle-
HHe». cKYIlbnTYpHaji KOMn03HLlHjI «,lJ,BcHa.llLlaTb MCCjlLlCB» no MOTHBaM
CKa3KH CaMYHIIa MapmaKa, nepcoHa}f(H H3 .llpyrHX BOIlme6HbIx H Ha-
PO.D.HbIX CKa30K, 6bIIlHH, MYIlbT<}>HlIbMOB. B03MO)I(HO, 3.nCCb HCT aMe-
pHKaHCKoro pa3MaXa, 'Ho, npaBo, JllITHHCKHH ,lJ,HCHdirIcH.l1 O'feHb .n06-
pbIH H MHJlbIH. ,lJ,cTeH HeIlb?j1 06MaHYTb,.a HM 3.lleCb O'fCHb HpaBHTCjI.
Pjj}J.OM C naMjlTHHKOM JIece YKpaHHKc B KpaCO'lHOM .D.Byx3Ta}f(-
HOM .D.OMC C .D.eKOpaTHBHoH pe3b60H no .D.epeBY paCnOIlO}f(eH MY3CH no-
:neCCbl, }f(HBmCH 3.nCCb C 1872 no 1913 ro.ll.
JICTHJrii KOffi.{CpTHbIH 3aJI «106HJ1cfun.rn» Ha 2800 MCCF 6bm BBe.llCH B
3KcnIlyaTaUHIO B 1983 ro.ny. 1Ilecn. aJIIOMHHHCBbIX 6I10KOB 3a 2-3 MHI-IYTI>I
npeBpall.{aIOT OTKpbl1)'lO IUl0ll.{a.m<y B 3aKpbIToe nOMCll.{CHHe - aHaJIoroB
TaKOMy apXHTeKTYPHoMy perneHHIO HCT Hur.D.e B MHpC. 3.D.CCb npoBO.lVITCJI
pa3JIH1.JHbIC <J>ecnmaJIH TeaTpa H KHHO, B ncpByIO O'lCpe.llb BCeMHpHO H3BeC-
THbrn <l>ecnmaJIb «KpbIMCKHC 30pID>, KOHKJ'PCbI, KOHLIejJThI 3Be3.ll.
HanpoTHB KOHLIepTHoro 3aJIa pacnoIlO>K:eH TeaTp HM. A. n. I.JcxoBa,
OTKpbIBmHikJl B 1896 ro.ny. 3.llCCb .naBanH KOHl.lepTbl CepreH PaxMaHHHoB,
235
nl1oHeTO 111OAei1
<I>e.uOP lIlammHH, BblcrynM MOCKOBCKHii X Y.llO}f(ecTBCHHbIH TeaTp. B 1900
r. 3.uaHHC reaTpa cropc.rro, H 'fcpe3 8 lICT 6billO nocrpoeHo HOBoe .llByx:na>K:-
HOC, coxpammmee CBOH nCpBOHa'faJIbHblC 'fepTbJ .llO HallIero BpeMeHH.
,[(peBHcihnajJ H KpaCHBCHmaji Y1IHLIa .HJITbI- Ha6epe>K:HaJI. 3TO LleH-
TpaJIbHaJi YIlHLIa roPO.D.a, KaK KHCBCKHii Kpell.{aTHK HJIH HeBCKHH npocnCKT
B nCTep6yprc. B 1837 r. nOTI B. A. )l(}'KOBCKHH 3aCTaJI TaM e.llHHCTBCHHoe
cOOPYjf(CHHC - TdMO}f(HlO. ,lJ,0 1886 r. Ha6epe>KHaJI 6billa 06bI'fHOH 6epe-
roBOH nOIlocoH. 3aTeM, no npoeKTY A. JI. 6epThe-.D.eJJarap.ua H H. M. lIlcB-
LlOBa OHa 6billa npmIo.D.HHl'a, }'KpenneHa KaMCHHbIMH 6J10KaMH H 06HcceHa
MCTaJIJIHIJCCKHMH nepHJIaMH, C03.llaBaBmHMH HIlJII03HlO 60pTa Kopa6J1Jl.
t1T06bI3all.UITHTb OCHOBaHHe Ha6cpe>K:HOH OT 1llT0pMOB, B 1961 r. OHa 6billa
C.lleJJaH3.llByxcryneH'laToH. Or MOpJl Ha6cpe>K:HYIO OITOpa>K:HBaCT HC TOJIbKO
KaMCHb, HO If }f(HBaJI H3ropo}J.b H3 TaMapHKca, HC 60IDl.lcrocJl COIlCHOH BO.llbI.
O.D.HHM H3 KpacHBcHmlfx 3.llaHIiH .HIITbI JlBJ1llCTCll apMjlHCKaJl LlCp-
KOBb, nocTpOeHHaJi B 1909-1917 rr. no 06pa3L1Y LlCpKBH CD. PHcnHMc
618 r., B03BC.lIeHHOH B 3IJMH3.ll3HHC, pe3H.llCHLlHH KaTOlIHKoca Bcex ap-
MjlH. BHYTPCHHIOIO pocnHCb LlCpKBH BbInOIlHHJI 3HaMCHHTbIH apMJlHC-
KHH XY.D.O)I(HHK Bap.D.rec CypeHbjlHLI.
KpacHB H OpHrHHaJIeH ell.{e O.D.HH JlIITHHCKHH c060p, OCBJlll.{CH-
HblH B 1902 r. B naMjlTb 06 AJIeKCaH.llpe n. 3.llaHHe CTpOHIIOCb no npo-
cKTY aKa.llCMHKa H. n. KpacHoBa H JIbBa lllanoBaJIoBa. C060p Bbl-
nOIlHeH B .D.peBHCpYCCKOM CTHJIC C maTpoBblMH KpbI1IbuaMH MOCKOBC-
KO-JlpOCJ1aBCKOH WKOIlbI XVII BeKa. BHYTPH co60pa npc06I1a.llaeT'
BH3aHTHHCKHH CTHIIb, co cnnomHoH pocnHcb ereH. Ha IOrO-BOCTO'f- f
HOH HapY)l(HoH CTOpOHC xpaMa, B rpaHHTHoH paMc-KHoTC 3aBOpa}f(H-
BaCT B3rJIJln M03aHIIHblH 06pa3 CBJlTOro KHJl3J1 AneKcaH..D.Pa HCBcKoro,
C.lleJJaHHbIH 3H3MCHHTblM BeHeUHaHCKHM MacrepoM AHTOHHO CMbBH-
aTH, YKpacHBmHM CBOHMH M03aHKaMH c060PbJ CB. MapKa B BeHCLlHH,
CB. naBIIa B JTOH.llOHe H 3.llaHHC aHrIIHHCKOro naplIaMeHT8.
nCWeXO.lUlble nporylIKH B OKpeCTHOCTJlX RnTbl OCT3BlIJlIOT HC3a- i
6bIBaeMblC Bne'faTIICHHJI. HallHHaH C C. n. EOTKHHa, BpallH paCCMaT- )
pHBalOT HX KaK npeKpacnylO TepanHIO, nOTOMY liTO O.uHO .llelIO 60pOTbCJI
C He.D.OCTaTKOM .D.BH}f(eHHjI (rnnOAHHaMHeH) nYTeM MOHOTOHHblX ynpa>K:-
HeHHH H COBCCM .D.pyroe - ryIlJlTb no TCHHCTbJM TponKaM K BO.D.Ona-
.D.aM H I11060BaTbCJI HcnOBTopHMblMH BH.llaMH.
MHorHC MapmpYTbJ 6billH pa3pa60TaHbl C. n. EOTKHHbIM. Pa3-
I1H'fHbIC nyrcBO.D.HTeIlH npe.1JJlaralOT HCCKOIlbKO MapmpYTOB, Ha3bIBaJi
236
nJloHeTO JlIO.Qei1
HX «60TKHHCKHMH» TpOnaMH. Ha CaMOM .lICIIC YHHBCpCaJIbHOrO, II}J.C-
aIlbHOrO MapmpYTa HC MO>KCT CYWCCTBOBaTb no TOH npOCTOH npHIJH-
HC, 'ITO .z:\lIji Ka)J(l10ro naLlHCHT8 Bpa'fH .ll03HpYIOT HarpY3KH. EOTKHHC-
KajJ >K:C Tpona H8 caMOM .D.ClIC - BeCbMa }f(HBOnHCHajJ rOpHaJi .llOpO}f(Ka
Ha IO}f(HOM CKlIOHC fJJaBHOH rpjl.D.bl B OKpCCTHOCTJlX .HIITbI.
EOTKHHCKaJl Tpona OTBCTBIIjlCTCjI OT EaX'fHcap8HcKoro mocce Ha
5-M KM, B03I1C peCTopaHa. OHa npolIOjf(CHa B CCHH I1cca H npoXO.z:\HT MHMO
BO.D.Ona.lla Y'faH-Cy K CKMC CTaBpH-KaJl, paCnOIlO}f(CHHOH Ha BblCOTC
762 M Ha}J. ypOBHCM MOp . B03I1C 3TOro BO.D.Ona.D.a OT IICC OTBeTBIIJleTCjI
TapaK-TamcKaJl Tpona, neTlIjllOll.{aji MHMO CKaIl TapaK-Tam K .HmHHc-
KOH JlHnc. B03I1C CTaBpH-KaJI OT EOTKHHCKOH Tponbl OTBeTBIIjJeTCjI CIl1C
O.z:\Ha Tpona, lIlTaHrecBcKaJl, Ha3BaHHaH B IJCCTb BbJ.L{alOll.{CrOCjI BpalJa.
BechMa nonYlIJipeH MapmpYT K CKaJIC CT8BpH-KajJ H EOTKHHC-
KO}! Tpone 01' KCMnHHra B031Ie nOJJJlHbl CKa30K npOTjI}f(eHHOCTblO 7
KM. npHMCpHO Ha ecpe.D.HHC nYTH HaXO.D.HTCJI BO.D.Ona.ll .HY3I1ap. MHO-
mc xpa6pcLlbl, 6C3YMCTBY KOTOpbIX MI,l BClIC.D. 3a MaKCHMOM fOphKHM
nOCM neCHIO, 'faCTO OXJla}f(.llaIOT CBOH roIlOBbl H TClIa lIC.lljlHOH BO.llOH B
KaMeHHOH BaHHC CCTCCTBCHHoro npOHCXO)J(l1CHHjI.
MaCCaH,L(pa
BOCTO'IHbJH npHrOpO.D. .HIITbl - CClICHHC MaccaH.llpa paCKHHY-
I10Cb Y nO.z:\HO}f(HJI 3ClICHblX CKJlOHOB HHKHTCKOH jJiiJIbJ. Ha3BaHHC no-
CCIIKa H3BCCTHO BCCMY MHpy no O.llHOHMCHHbIM BHHaM, 0 KOTOpbJX MbJ
nOBC.llCM OT.llClIbHblH paCCKa3. Ho MaccaH.llpa CIIaBHa lie TOIlbKO B Ka-
'ICCTBe BCCMHpHoro UCHTpa BblCOKoro HCKYCCTBa BHHO.D.elIHJI - mBCH-
, uapeKHH YlJeHhIH H nYTemeCTBCHHHK .[{106ya .D.C MOHncpe nHcaIl, '11'0
BO BeCM KpblMY HCT .D.Pyroro ropHoro nCH3a}f(a, KOTOpblH no KpaeOTC
CBoeH Mor 6bl cpaBHHTbCJI C MaCCaH.llpOBCKHMH BlI}J.aMH.
MaCCaH.llpoBcKHH napK 06'bjlBIICH naMjlTHHKOM Ca.llOBO-napKO-
BOro HCKYCCTBa. OH 3aJIO}f(CH B ncpBOH nOIlOBHHe XIX B. H JaHHMaeT
nO'fTH 42 ra. 3.D.CCb HaC'fHTbIBaCTCjI 601Iec 250 BII}J.OB .D.CpCBbCBH Kye-
TapHHKoB, Cpe.ltH KOTOpblX HapJl}J.Y C KpacHBeHmHMH np C .llCTaBHTClIll-
MH KpblMCKOH 4>JIOpbl paCTYT 3K30TH'ICCKHC 3aMopcKHC paCTeHHJI.
MaccaH.lIpa npHMelJaTeJIbHa CBOHM .QB0PLlOM - 6bIBmcH pc:m.lICH-
l(lICH Llapjl AncKcal{l{pa III. nOCTpOHKY .D.BOpLla n061IH3ocrn 01' UCpKBH
BO HWI YCCKHOBeHHH maBbl HoaHHa npe.z:\TC'fH IIJ4 HalJaJI B 1881 r. KHjl3b
237
nl1oHeTo 111OAei:1
C. M. BOPOHLIOB - HaCIIC.llHHK rCHcpM-ry6cpHaTOpa HOBOpOCCHH. OH
Bbl6pan }J...'1j1 CTpOHTC!lhCTBa MeCTHOCTb, H306HJIYIOll.{YIO jf(HBOnHCHbIMH
CK<UIaMH, rpOTaMH H IfCTO'IHHKaMH. ):{BOpeLl B CTHIIC BpCMCH nlO.D.OBHKa
XIII npoCKTHpoBM <}>paHUY3CKHH apXHTCKTOp Eyrnap. B ] 882 r. B CBjJ3JJ
C KOH'fHHOH KH 3H BopoHLloBa CTpOHTeJIbCTBO MaccaH.llpOBCKOro .D.BOp-
ua Ha}J.OlIro OCTaHOBHJIOCh H }f(H3Hb 3.!1.CCb 3aMcpIIa.D.0 1889 r., KOr.lla Mac-
cal{lij)Y npH06peno Y.D.ClIbHoe BC.D.OMCTBO. C 1892 no 1900 r. no npocKTy
nPo<Pea:opa M. E. MccMaxcpa cOopY)J(cHHe .llBOPLloBOro aHcaM6ID1 npo-
.D.OIljf(HJIOCb C BHeceHHeM MHorHX H3McHeHHH, npe)f\.lJ.c Beero B .l{eKOp <}>a-
ca.n.a. CTpOHTCJIbCTBOM PYKOBO.llH1I apxHTcKTop O. 3. BcreHcp.
Tpcx3Ta>K:Hoe 3.D.aHHe C MHO}f(CCTBOM .D.CKOpaTHBHbIX .D.CTaJlCH BCH-
'faCT nHpaMH.llaJIbHaJI KpbIma. CrpeIlOBH}J.HOC 3aBCpmCHHe «KpenOCTHblX»
6aweH, BblCOKHC KaMHHHbIC Tpy6bI npH.llalOT CTpoeHHIO YCTpeMJIeHHOCTb
BBbICh, H n03TOMY .D.BopeLl Ka}f(CTCJI lICrKHM, H3HIUH1>IM, CKa30IJHbIM.
):{BOpeU npC.llHa3Ha'faJICJI.!I..JIH OT.D.hIXa, n03ToMY B HeM HCT anap-
TaMeHTOB .!I..JIjI npHCMOB, napa.llHbIX 3aJIOB. )l(HJIbIC KOMHaTbl MHHH-
aTlOpHble, C HH3KHMH nOTOlIKaMH H YIOTHbIMH KaMHHaMH H3 KpbIMCKO-
ro MpaMopoBH.llHOr.O H3BeCTHHKa.
napK nnoIUa.llh1O 6 ra H KOMn03HUHH .llBOPUa C03.D.aIOT YHHKaJI1>-
HblH .D.BOpLlOBO-napKoBbIH aHcaM6I1b. ):{olIroc BpeMJI .ZI.Bopelt HcnOIlb30-
BaJICg KaK rocy.napcrneHHaJi .D.a'fa, a B 1990 r. 6hI1I nepe.Zl.aH MY3CHHOMY
06'bC.D.HHCHHIO ( OPUhI H napKH IO>KHoro 6epera KpblMa» .D.JIjjBoccra-
HOBIlCHHH B HeM HHTephepa-3Kcn03HLlHH BpeMeH AJIeKCaH.llpa III.
HnKnTa
noeeIlOK HHKHTa paCnOIlO}f(CH Me}f(.ZJ.)' .HmoH H fYP3Y<}>OM. HH-
KHTCKajl j1HIIa - O.D.HO H3 lIeCHHIJCCTB .HlITHHcKoro rOpHO-I1CCHOrO 3a-
nOBe.llHHKa. Ha'CKlIOHaX JIfuIbl 6CPYT CBoe HaIJaJIO MHorHC ropHble pCIJ-
KH. HaCblll.{eHHbIH apoMaTaMH COCHOBoro I1eca B03.D.YX HfuIhl, cnYCKa-
HCb Ha n06epC>Khe, .D.ClIaeT KlIHMaT Llenc6HbJM. ripe.Zl.CTaBbTC }f(e cc6e
cro apOMaT Ha caMOH j1iilIe!
B 1984 r. B HHKHTC C03.Z1.aH HCCIIC.D.OBaTCJIbCKHH KOMnJICKC no npo-
6I1CMaM oxpaHbl rCOIlOrH'feCKOH Cpe.D.bl KphlMa. 3.D.eCb OCYll.{CCTBIIjlCTCH
CHCTeMHhlH aHaJIH3 3anaCOB H .D.HHaMHKH nO.ll3CMHbIX BO.D. nOlIyocrpoBa,
Be.D.eTCjI CIIC}f(eHHe 3a onOIl3HjJMH, C03.D.aIOTCJI MaTCMaTHIJCCKHC MO.llCJIH
OnOII3HCBbIX paHoHoB, pcmaCTcjJ MHoro .D.pyrnx 3a.lla'f no oxpaHe OKPY-
238
nIlOHeTO IlIo,Uei:1
lKalOll{CH CpC.llbI. n06JJH30CTH OT 3.llaHHH npHpO.llOOXpaHHoro KOMnJICK-
ca paCnOIlO>K:CH naMjlTHHK npHpO....bl - HHKI1TcKaH paCCej}HHa,- Ha-
rml.llHO HJlJIlOCTpHPYIOll{I1H OrpOMHYIO MOll{b 3CMHblX CHlI.
Ho 60Ilcc BCCrO nOCCIlOK npoclIaBJJCH CBOHM 3HaMCHHTbIM EOTaHH-
lICCKHM ca.llOM. B 1812 r. B EBponc npoH3olllJIo .llBa Ba}f(HbIX C06blTHjI.
I1M1lcpaTop HanOJJOOH pemHlI 3aBOCBbIBaTh 11H}J.H1O 'fCpc3 POCCHIO, a Ero
I1MIlcpaTopcKoe BeIlH'fCCTBO AncKcaH.llP I no XO.lIaTaHCTBY rCHcpan-ry6ep-
HaTopa HOBOpoccHiicKoro KpaJI repQora PHrneJIbc nO.lumcaJI B CaHKT-nC-
Tep6yprc YKa3 06 }"fpe>I\.QCHHH «TaBpH'lccKoro Ka3CHHoro ca.llID>. BbffiOJl-
HHjJ BblCOllaHrnee nOBeJICHHC, XpHCTIlaH XpHCTIlaHOBH'f CreBcH ( 1781 1857)
COCTaBIDI «nIlaH 3KOHOMO-60TaHH'fCCKoro ca.D.a Ha IO}f(HOM 6epery Tas-
PH.lU>1 nO.ll.llCpeBHCIO HHKHTOIO», KOTOpblH .llOJl}f(CH 6bm pcmHTb TpH .D.OC-
TOHHblC KpblMa 3al!a'fl1: co6paTb Bee paCTCHHH MHpa, cnOC06HbIC 3.u.CCb pa-
CTH, aKKJ1HMaW3HpoBaTh HX H pacnpocrpmillTb, CCJlli 3TO B03MO}f(HO, Ha
nOlIYOCTpOBC H 3a ero npc.lleIlaMH, a TaK>K:C pa36JITb ca.zu,1 H BHHOrpaJ.{HHKH.
nOllTH .llBa BCKa npomIlo C TCX nop. BCCb IO}f(HbIH 6cpcr KpblMa
CTaIl }f(HBblM naMHTHI1KOM HCCJlC.lloBaHHHM, Y.lla'faM H 03apCHH}lM, a
maBHOC - .D.OIlroMY, KponOTIIHBoMY TPY.llY MHOrl1X nOKOIlcHHH 60Ta-
HHKOB. PIIarO.llapj! Y'ICHhIM HHKI1TCKOrO 60TaHH'lccKoro C l.aa coeellH
113 3aKaBKa:Jbjl nOIlyqmIH B03MOIKHOCTb BblpamHBaTb CBOH jJHMOHbl,
anCJ1bCI1HbI H MaH.llapHHI,I. I1MCHHO B HHI(HTCKOM ca.u.y KpblMCKHe 60-
TaHHKI1 B 1860 r. aKK.'1HManl:mpoBaIlI1 H OnpC.D.ClIHIIH YHI1K3I1bHYIO xo-
JIO.u.OCTOHKOCTb .llHKoro nlfMOHil TpexnHCTHO[V, K KOTOPOMY npHBHBa-
lOT 'fCpCHKI1 pa3I1HlIHblX COpTOB BbImCHa1BaHHblX LlHTPYCOBbIX.
4TO TaM lU1'rpYCOBbIC. EC:IH 6bI KOMy-HH6Y....b B3.l1YMaJJOCb y6paTh C
lOiKH06cpcIKbH Bee pacrcHHJI, Ca}f(CHHbI KOTOpbIX 6WIH Bblpameml B HI1-
KHTC, BH.llOBOH C(X.laB KpblMCKOH <PJ10pbl YMcmmHlIC}I 6bl HanOIlOBHHY.
113 CKa3aHHoro HI1 B KOCM CJ1Yllac HC CJlC.u.yCT .llCIIaTb BbIBO.ll, 'I TO
I1CT Ha.ll06HOCrH nOCCll{aTb HHKI1TCKHH 60TaHH'ICCKHH ca.u. I1a TOM OC-
I10BaHHH, liTO pa<"lCHHH, c06paHHblC 3.llCCb, MO)!(HO YBHIIeTb B .HJlTC,
MHCXOPC 111111 AJIynKC. E.llHHCTBCHHaji npH'fHHa, no KOTOpOH Bbl MO-
IKCTC YKJIOHHTbC}I OT 3HaKOMCTBa C HHKHTCKHM Ca.llOM,- )TO 3I10Ha-
MCpCHHOC >K:CIIaHHC JJl1mHTb cc6jJ HC3a6bIBaCM X BnC'faTIICHHH.
HCB03MO>K:HO onHcaTb B HCCKOIlbKHX CTpOKax COKpOBHll{a. 3TOro
)}CHBOro MY3C}I npl1pO.llbl! O.llHHX TOIlLKO H3j1ll{HblX I1HaH.C jipKHMH QBC-
TaMH, Ha3bIBaeMbIX KnCMaTHCall-UJ, 3.llCCb 200 <}>OpM, O.llHI1X TOJJbKO po3,
239
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CjI'f COpTOB. B KOIlIICKLlHI1 ca.iJa npC.iJCTaBIICHbl copTa H3 pa3HbiX CTpaH,
HO Mbl C roP.llOCTblO y6C}f(}J.aCMcjJ, 'lT0 HH B 'fCM HC YCTynalOT 11M C03.llaH-
HblC MeCTHblMI1 CCJICKLlHOHcpaMH copTa: .lI.CBI1'fHH PYMjjHCLI, KopaIlJ1o-
Bajl KpacaBHLla. .HJITHHCKHH CYBCHHP, KnHMCHTI1Ha... nOClIe.llHHH no-
I1Y'fHJI nO'fCTHbIH .D.HnIlOM Ha MC}f(}J.YHapO.D.HOH BbICTaBKC p03 B PI1MC.
Ha Hc60IlbmOM MapmpYTC 3KCKYPCHH BbI CMO>K:CTC YBH,llCTb pac-
TCHHH CO BCCX yrOJIKOB CBCTa H C03.llaHHblC TaJIaHTIII1BblMH apXHTCKTO-
paMI1 I1aH.llma<}>TbI.
nOpa)l(aCT Bo06pa>K:CHHC 60raTaji KOJIJICKltH}! XBOHHbIX paCTCHI1H.
B «KHHrC peKOP.llOB fHHHceca» HCH3MCHHO npl1CyTCTBYCT ceKBOID1, Ma-
MOHTOBoe .llCpeBO. B HHKHTCKOM caLly Bbl MO}f(CTe YBH}J.CTb HCCKOIlbKO
BH,llOB 3THX rHraHTCKHX paCTeHHiL TpH,llltaTHMeTpOBbIC ceKBoiiJwe po-
HbI - Cll.{C MlIa.ziCHUbI, HM HCT H 150 I1CT, HO ,lUIaMcTp HX CTBOIlOB paBeH
170 CM, a BbICOTa npeBblmaCT 35 MCTpOB. Ha po.rornc B KaJIH<}>OpHHI1 3TO
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245
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YCTaHOB11eHO. 3aTeM apXHcIIHCKon 6eJkan If3 3aTOQCHIDI B BH3aHIHIO. r.ne H
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cauaTopmr «KPLIM». He.llaBHO Ha reppmopHH MOHaC'Tblpg 6bm YCTaHOB
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CTBO qaCOBHH. CIO.D.a HC npeKpall.{aeTCR .l(BH>K:eHHC nanOMHHKOB.
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BaIOT» B CHM<}>eponOIlC no TpOJUJCH6ycaM, aBT06ycaM H aBToM06HJ1JlM H
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.llHy KOToporo 6C>K:HT pelfKa, Ha}J. MaHranaMH nO.llHHMaeTCjJ .lU>IMOK, HO
246
nnOHeTO mo,Ue.:1
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I'pa...1a MC>K:.IlY HHMI1II MOpcM. 11 Kor.D.a OHO CBCpKHCT Ha rOpl130HTC CHHCH
[lcmYCH, KorLla OJKII.aaHHC B03Harpa)i(}J.aCTCH Oll.{ymcHHcM npH6I1H}f(CHI1j1
}.{OIlrO)f{,llaHHOH UeIlH,- TencpI>" MO}f(HO HC CnCml1Tb. OpHO TOIlbKO enOBO
B03HHKaCT B :nOT MOMCHT, KaK JL10nOK OTKpblBaCMoro maMnaHCKoro;
OBO, .llOCToiiHoc MOpjJ; ClIOBO 6J1aro.D.apHoro BOCXHmCHHH - AnYIllTa.
rOpO.ll, nOXO>K:HH Ha B3JICTaIOll.{yro I1e6CJUiH)'1O cralO.
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KHnpa, MaIlbTbl, HHLlLlbl, KaHil. KaHapCKl1x OCTpOBOB H CaparOCbI...
Bee CpC.D.H3CMHOMOpbC Ha'fI1HaCTCH B AnymTc.
fLlC 60Ilbmc Becro paCTcT eaMblX I1Y'fmHX rpH60B? npaBHJlbHO,
lIa KpalO I1cca. TOIlbKO HCOnblTHblC e0611paTclII1 CJlOMjI rOIloBY HCCyrCjI
B 6CCnIlO.llHYlO qall.{y - MY.llPblC rpH6HHKH HC cncmaT nOKHLlaTb rpH6-
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TPY.lljlTCH H OT,D.bIXalOT, npe6I.lBalOT B crpaCTJIX H pa3.llYMbjlX, 6I1a}f(CHHO
I1CHjlTCjI Ha IIJIg}f(e I11O}J.H, 3a KOTOpbIMH C OIlHMnl1HCKHM enoKoHCTBHCM
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r}J.a B BamCM paCnOpjj}f(CHHH - BCLlI. AJIYllITI1HCKYIO .D.OIlHHY OI<pY>K:aIOT
caMblC npeKpacHblc ropbl B KPbIMY, a 3Ha'fHT, Ha BeCM 6ClIOM CBCTe!
247
nnoHeTO mO.Qei:1
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ropbl KaCTClIb, BblCOTa KOTOpOH Ha.ll ypOBHCM MOpJl paBHa 441 MCTPY.
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3a.llHCM nJlaHC BH.llHbl CKaJIl1CTblC OTporH OTLla rop - Ea6yraHa l08 , Ha
jJHIIC KOToporo pacnOIlaralOTC}! rIIaBHLlC BcpmHHbI KpblMa. Ha BOCTO-
KC OT AnymTbI B03BblmaCTCjI OBCJlHHbIH I1CrCH}J.aMI1 1.JaTblp.llar.
3a BOCTO'lHblM MbICOM 1.JaTLlp,nara Ha'fHHaCTCjI AHrapCKHH nc-
pCBaJI (752 M), no KOTOPOMY npOXO.D.HT TPacca 113 CHM<}>cponOIljl. I1MCH-
HO 'fCpC3 AHrapcKHH H Ke6HT-Eora3CKI1H ncpcBaIlbi npoHHKacT B
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creHmHH ropHblH B03LlYX. I1x C.llI1HCHHC B A.IIymTc H n03BOIlHJIO C. n.
EOTKI1HY C.D.ClIaTb CBoe TO'fHOC conOCTaBlICHI1C. 3aMblKaCT ropHbIH aM-
<}>I1TCaTP KpacaBHua ACMCPLl}f(11 (1240 M).
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Mac, 11 OCTaCTC}! TaKHM .D.O OKTjl6pjl. B I1eTHHC MCCjJLlbl CpC.D.HJI}! TCMncpa-
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HO BLlpa}f(CHHbIC 6pI13bl,- :no 03Ha'faCT, 'I TO .D.a>KC B caMLlH }f(apKHH
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LlHTeIll1, Ka6cpHC, MaJIb6cK. B ca.llax paCTyr ncpcHKI1 H rpyml1, Ha nnaH-
TaLlI1}!X 6I1aroyxalOT I1aBaHila 11 3HaMCHHTa}! KpaCHa}! KpblMCKajl p03a. ,
J1IOLlI1 0611TaJIH B 6I1arOLlarnOH AJIyrnTHHCKOH .D.OIlI1HC 3a}J.OJJro LlO
HamCH 3PbI. PaCKOnKI1 B OKpeCTHOCTIIX AnymTbI 11 Ha 1.JaTblp.llare 06Ha-
pY}f(HBaIOT norpe6MbHbIC «KaMCHHLIC Jlll.{HKH», y6e}f(HlUa H CBjlTHIlHll.{a
TaBpoS. BpeMCHCM OCHOBaHI1}! ropO.lla Bce }f(C CJICLlYCT C'fHTaTb VI B. H. 3.,
TO CCTb CTpOmCJlbCTBO BH3aHTHHLlaMH Kpenocrn AnYCTOH 109 , CTaBmCH
248
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THHCKOH .llOIlHHe BH3alfrnHLlhl B03BO}J.JlT ell.{e- 0.llH0 YKperuICHHC - <I>YHy llII .
B CTapHHHOH 'faCTH AJIymTbI, Ha KpenOCTHOH ropKC, coxpaHH-
I1aCb 'faCTb KpcnOCTHOH 6amHH AJIYCTOHa. L{HTa.llCIIb B03BblmaIlaCb
Ha.ll OKpeCTHOCTSlMH - KaK H Bce BH3aHTHHCKHC KpcnOCTH, B HCH MaK-
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BHHCKHX .D.OKYMeHTax py6e>K:a I H II TbICH'leIleTHH. B 3afla.zmoeBponeHc-
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Lusca (JIYCTa, JlycKa). Bo BpCMj) BoeHHOro npOTHBOCTOHHHH reH)'33l.{CB H
KHH>K:eCTBa <I>eo.llopo KpenoCTb ncpexo.llHT H3 PYK B PYKH. 3aXBaTHBmHC
nOIlyoCTpoB rypKH BKlIlO'falOT Anym1)' B COCTaB Ka}J.blJIblKa, TO eCTb OHa
HaxO.llHTCH B Hcnocpe.llCTBeHHOM nO.llqHHCHHH EIIHCTarelIbHOH nopre.
Bo BpCMH PYCCKo-rypeLlKoH BOHHbI B 1774 r. B AJIymTHHcKoH
.llOIlHHC OTBa}f(HO cpa}f(aJlCH 29-I1eTHHH nO.llnOIlKOBHHK MHxaHJI I1JIJIa-
pHOHOBH'f KYTY30B, Harpa}f(}J.CHHbIH 3a xpa6pocTb, npoHBIIcHHYIO B
6HTBC, fcoprHcBcKHM KpCCTOM.
nOClIC npHCOe}J.HHCHHH KpblMa K POCCHH B 1783 r. AnymTa CTaHO-
BHTCH LlCHTpOM BOIlOCTH. B HCH 48 }J.BOpOB, HaCCJ1CHHC COCTaBIIHeT 218
'fCIIOBCK. C 1832 no 1902 r. AJIymTa HaXO,lJ.I1TCH B COCTaBC .HIITHHCKOro
YC3.lla, 3&.TeM nOIlY'faCT CTaTYC ropOM H ropO.llCKOC caMoynpaBncHHc.
nCpBYIO .llOpory H3 CHM<}>cponolliI .llO A'lymTbI no paCnOpH>K:CHHIO
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I1CKyCCTBa, npOMbllIIJIeHHHKH, KynQbI. fopo.ll BblpOC, noxopomclI, HO HaH-
60Ilbmcro paCl.{BCTa KypoprnaJl 30Ha .llOCTlITaCT BCC-TaKH B 7 80-c rr.
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'lCCKHX I1arepeH. HaC'fCT mcCTH MHJIJIHap.llOB - CKa3aTb npo61ICMaTH'f-
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249
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cro 'feCTb Ha3BaHa YlIHLla B QCHTPC AJIymTbI. 3.llecb eCTb YlIHLlbl CHe>K:-
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nepaTopa PaceHH HHKOlIM II C HCBeeTOH - npHHQeccoii fecceH-.LI:apM-
urra.llCKoH. nocIlc 3aBTpaKa I1x BblCO'feCTBa OroblIIH B JlHBa}J.HIO.
L{eHTp .llCTCKOrO H IOHomecKoro TBOp'feeTBa pacnolIaraCTcH B Kpa-
CHBOM CTapHHHoM oc06HHKe, nOCTpOCHHOM O.llHHM H3 CIIaBHbIX MCLle-
HaTOB XIX B. H..LI:. CTaXCeBbIM. Era MaTepblO 6blIIa cecrpa 11. 11. lIlHm-
KHHa. BClIHKHH PYCCKHii Xy.D.O}f(HHK npHC3>KaJl CIO.D.a lIeTOM 1879 r. Ha
250
nnOHeTO nlOAe.:1
3TIO.D.bI, OCTaBHB naMHTb 06 3TOM B KapTHHax «Y MOHaCTblpH K03bMbl
H .LI:aMHaHa» H «KpbIMCKHH BH}J.». CTaxceB nOCTpOHlI H nO.llapHlI ropo-
.llY npcKpacHoe .llBYX3Ta}f(HOe 3.llaHHe mKOlIbI H l.{CpKOBb.
CaMblH <<I<)'pOpTHbIH» paHoH ropo.lI.a - Pa60'fHH yroIloK, npe>lCaC
Ha3bmaBm»HCJI OPO<}>eccoPCKHM, TaK KaK 3.llCCb HaxO}J.HIIHCb .lI.a'fH Bbma-
IOIIUtXCH Y'feHbIX. 3.llecb )f(HJIH HecKOIlbKO npe.llCTaBIITe.neH CCMbH l>eKeTo-
BbDC OCHOBOnOnO>K:HHK <}>H3HqCCKOH XHMHH aKa}J.eMHK HHKolIaH HHKO-
lIaeBHq, ero CblH, aKa}J.e.MHK apXHTeKTYPbI AneKceii HHJ(OlIaeBHqlll, H3Be-
CTHbIH'60TaHm< AH.zxpeH'HHKOlIa:eBH'f, .lle.D. Be1IHKoro nl>3Ta AneKcaH,l1pa
1>1I0Ka. no coce.llCTBY pa3Mell.{aJIaCb naqa BbJJf<UOWerOC$l HCKYCCTBOBe.lla
H apxeOlIora aKa}J.eMHKa H. n. KOIUlaKOBa: B npo<J>eccopcKOM yrOJIKe
>K:HJIa H. n. CYCJIOBa - nepBM B POCCHH >K:eHIIUlHa-Bpaq. .llOKTOp Me,llH-
l{HHbI. Clo.lI.a He pa3 l1pHC3}f((lJI H Bemfl<HH $H3HOlIor 11. M. CeqeHOB.
B 1906 r. B 3TIfX MCCTax nOCCJIHJlCH nHcaTCJIb C. H. CcpreeB-l..{eHC-
KHH, KOTOpbiM nOCTpOIUI 3,QeCb .llOM II2 , npo>K:HJI B HeM. 50 lIeT H 3aBCll.{aJI
noxopoHHTh ce6H BO .lI.Bope yca.LU>6bL PJ!.lI.OM pacnOlIO>K:CH .llOM 3aMeqaTCJIb-
Horo illIcaTeJ1Jl 11B<lHa CepreeBH'fa lIlMClIeBa (]873-1950), npoH3Be.lleHIDI
KOToporo HalIIJlH CBOero qHTaTeilll IIHIllb B nOCJ1e,llHCC .D.ecHfHJIeTHC.
B HecKOlIbKHX KIUIOMeTpax OT ropbl KaCTeJTh HaxO,lUffCH 06'bmmeH-
HbIii naMJlTHHKOM rOCY.llapcTBCHHoro 3HaqCHHJI YTec-KapacaHOBCKHH
napK - O.lI.HH H3 caMblX CTapbIX Ha IO}f(HOM 6epery KpblMa. B HaqaJIe
XIX B. 3.lleCf> pacnolIaranocb HMeHHe KY'fYK-lIaM6aT, npHHa}J.1IC}f(aBmee
TaBpH'fecKOMY ry6epHaToJ')y A. M. 1>0P03.llHHY, pO.lI.CTBeHHHKY repoH Boii-
Hbl ]8]2 r. rCHcpMa H. H. PaeBcKoro. «npHMH MeIDl B OTpa,llHbl CCHH,
O'fapoBaTe.J1bHbIH lIaM6aT»,- nHcan PYCCKHH nyremecrneIDfHK A. H. My-
paBheB. B KY'f}"K-lIaM6aTe n06bmaJIH A. C. fPH60C.llOB, AaaM Mmu<e-
BH'f, ceMeHCTBo PaeBCKHX. npe.n.nOIlaraIOT, 1fI'0, 6y.lI.Y'fH B fyp3y<}>e, Ky-
'fYK-lIaM6aT noceTHJI H A. C. nyrnKHH - He CJIY'faHHO }f(e J1. K. AHBa-
30BCKHH HailllCaJI KapTHHY «nymKHH C CCMeHCTBOM PaeBCKHX Ha 6epery y
Kyqyx-lIaM6aTa». B nepBOH nOlIOBHHe XIX B. 3.llecb}f(1UI H 6bl1l noxopo-
HCH BH.lI.HbIH HCCIlC.llOBaTCIIb KpbIMa aKa}J.eMHK n. J1. KcnncH. B 1889 r. B
"MeHAH }J.Ba MecHLla )f(HJI illIcaTCIIb B. f. KOpOlICHKO, a HCnO.D.aJlCKY OT
KY'fYK-lIaM6aTa, B nocenKe COnHCqHoroPCK, B KOHl.{e XIX B. pa60TaJI
BbmalOll.{HHCH yxpaHHcKHH nHcaTcIIb M. M. Kow06HHCKHH, anyllITHHC-
KHe.BneqaTlICHIDI KOToporo lIerlIH B OCHOBY HOBeJlJlbI «Ha KaMHC».
KYlIbrypHaH CBH3b BpeMeH HC 060pBaJIacb. B .KYPOPTHOM 3aJle,
«Kyp3aJIe», AJIymTbI BblCTynaJlH 3HaMCHHTbIe nHcaTeIlH, apTHcTbl, nCB-
251
nnoHera mO,Qea:1
Llbl. KYPOPTHbIH CC30H B AnymTc e>K:cro.llHO OTKpblBaeTCH MC>K:.aYHa-
pO.llHblM I}>CCTHBaJICM «J1acKoBbIH 6eper».
3aBCpllIaH Ham He6oIlbmoH O'fepK, Mbl He MO}f(CM 3aMOlI'faTh npaB-
.D.bl, KaK 6bI ropbKa OHa HH 6bUla. OT.D.b1X B AnyrnTe »MeCT O.D.HH cyIllCCTBCH-
Hblii He.D.OCTaTOK: HeB03MO}f(lfOCTb nOCTomrno HaXO.llHTbCH B .ll}1lleBHOM
nOKOC. Ka>K:.aoro )I(}fI'eJUI HJIH rOCTH A.rryurrbl OXBanmaeT BpeMj) OT BpeMC-
HH 0CTp0e 'fyaCTBO >KMOCTH K np0e3)1(alOlllHM MHMO rapoJJ.a 1"YpHCTaM.
KpbIMCKHH npHpO,l!HbIH 38nOBe,l!HHK
B AJIymTe, Ha YllHLle napTH3aHCKO.H, 42, paCnOlIO>K:CHO a}J.MHHHCT-
paTHBHoc 3JJ.aHHe KPblMcKora npHpo.D.BOrO 3anOBC.D.HHKa. B HeM OTKpbIT
npeKpaCHblH MY3ei\, a PH.llOM - MHHHaTlOpHblH .D.CH.llpo300napK, rJJ.e B
BOlIbCpax HaXO,WITCH OCHOBHblC BH}J.b1 3BepeH H nTHLI, BCTpC'faIOIUHXCH B
3anOBC.llHHKe Ha BOIlC, H npOH3paCTaCT OK01l0 370 BH}J.OB paCTeHHH.
KpblMCKHH racynapcTBcHHblH 3anOBC.llHHK - caMblH KpynHblH
Ha nOIlyoCTpOBC. Ero nIlOll.{a.llb paBHbl 42 962 ra BMeCTe C <}>HJIHaJIOM
«JIe6H}f(bH oCTpoBa». 3anOBc.D.HHK paCnOlIO}f(CH Cpe.llH caMblX BblCOKHX
rap KpblMa. Ha era reppHTopHH HaXO}J.JlTCH BcpmHHbI qaTblp.llar (J 527
M), KCMalIb-3rcpeK (1529 M), .LI:eMHp-Kany (1542 M) H caMaH BblCOKaH
ropa KpbIMa POMaH-Kom (1545 M). CaMhlii BbICOI<HH B KpblMY (1448
M) nepeBan - HHKHTCKHH - TO>K:e -npOXO.llHT 'fCpe3 3anOBe.D.HHK.
C n06epe}f(bH POMaH-KollI He BH}J.eH, HO )J.J1H BCCX }f(eIlalOll.{HX cy-
ll.{CCTByeT npeKpaCHaH B03MO}f(HOCTb paCCMOTpeTb rlIaBHble BepmHHbl
KpblMa (H, KOHeqHO }f(e, He TOIlbKO HX), noceTHB caMblH 601IbWOH 3a-
nOBC.D.HHK nOlIyoCTpOBa.
B 3alIOBe}J.HHI<e Hacq}fJ'J,maercH 300 BOJnibIX HCTOIfHHKOB, caMbIH 3Ha-
MCHHThIH H3 KOTOpblX - CaBnyx-Cy. BbrreKaJOUlaJI C 60JIblIDlX my6HH BO.na
B reqCHHe ocero ro.na HMeeTnOCTOmmyIO reMI1CpaTypy 6-7°C. B HeH CO.llCp-
}f(}ffCH MHora MHI<p03I1CMeHTOB, oco6eHHO cepe6pa, 6IIaroJJ.aP'l qeMY OHa B '
OTKpblTOM BH}J.e COXPaIDleT CBOH CBOHCTBa B TeIJeHHC MHOm:x Mecm.{eB.
B031Ie HCTOqHHKa CaBIIYX-Cy HCueIlRIlH 601IbHbiX 3HaMeHHTbie
BpaqeBaTeJlH - 6paTbH K03bMa H .LI:aMHaH. OpH 3TOM OHH BeJlH «KO-
ll.{YHCTBeHHble» pe'fH, npH3blBaH 1IIO.lleii 1I106HTb .D.pyr .D.pyra, Ha}J.eHTb-
CH H BCpHTb, «MHTe>K:HO» nponOBe.D.OBanH .D.06po H- 6eCKopb1CTHe, 3a
1fI'0 H 6bIJIH, KaK BO.aHTCH, 3J10.D.CHCKH y6HTbi. B 1856 r. B03JIC HCTOqHH-
Ka 6bllI OCHOBaH MY>K:CKOH MOHacTblpb, Ha MCCTe KoToporo B HaCTOH-
252
nnOHeTO nlO.QeH
lUce BpeMS! B03BC,'J:CHa 'laCOBHJI. B 1870 r. pJl.llOM C MOHacTblpcM 6bIIl
06YCTPOCH LlapcKHH OXOTHH'fIIH .D.OMHK. OT KOToporo coxpaHHIlHcb
Hc60IlbmoH 6acccHH H orpoMH3S! npcKpaCHaJi CIIb. B 1913 r. n06I1H30-
CTH 6bIIl OCHOBaH I1MncpaTopcKHH OXOTHH'fHH 3aKa3HHK.
Ha TCppHTOpHH 3anOBc.nHIIKa 6blJIIf C.llCJIaHblQCHHeHmHc apxeo-
nOrH'ICCKHC HaXO.llKH, 3.llCCb HMceTCS! 60Ilcc 80 HCTOpH'fecKHX H KYIIb-
TypHblX naMJlTHHKOB.
MY>KCCTBO H .ll06poTa, Tpyn;onI06Hc H 3HaHHH mo.nCH coxpaHHJIH .lIJIH
HaC 3aI10Be,llHHK. 3.D.CCb npoH3pacraCT no'fTH 1200 BH.llOB paCTCIrnH, H3 KOTo-
pblX 58 JlBJ1JlIOTCJI JH.lleMH'fHbIMH, a 70 - pc,llKHMH; 3.llCCb BCTpCl.laCTCS! 601Iee
200 JJH.llOB n03BOHO'lHb!X )!OffiOTHblX, 93 H3 HHX 38HCCCHO B KpacH)'IO KHHI)'.
Ha cpaBHHTCJIbHO He60IlbmoH nJlOll.{a.llH 3anOBc.nHHKa pacnolIo-
)KCHbI HeCKOlIbKO npHpO.llHO-KlIHMaTH'fCCKHX 30H. EOIlcc nonOBHHbl
lICCHblX yrO.llHH (53%) 3aHHMaCT .lly60BbJH lICC, 23% - 6YKOBblH H 13%
- COCHOBbIH. OpcKpacHbl 3anOBC.D.HbIC nlIaTO JlHnbl, C IO)I(OOH OKOHCI.I-
HOCTH KOTOpblX OTKpbIBaCTCS! BOCXHTHTCJIbH.bIH BH.ll Ha n06cp8}f(bC.
HCB.llanCKC OT rnyMHOH rapHoH pe'fKH Am,MhI HaxO}J.JlTCSI «l>openCBWC
npY}J.bI, MHOro .npyrnx npHpo}J.HbIX 60raTCTB npe.l}{'"TaCT nepe.z:\ rOCTJlMH 38-
nOBe;uDlKa, HO LlapCTBYCT 3.llCCb no npaay 61Iarapo.llHbIH KpbIt.-ICKHH OlIcm.
B HaIJane XX B. B KpbIMY 3TOT BH.ll OKa3anCJI Ha rpaHH }'HH'fTO>K:CHHH.
OC06CHHO MHoro OlICHCH Ha CKIlOHax rapbl lJCPHOH, CHHa6-.l{ara,
EOlIbmoH H ManoH lJY'fCnH. B 3TOM YPO'fHll.{C B 19\3 r. 6bI1I opraHH30-
BaH Era I1MncpaTopcKoro BCJIHl.leCTBa lJY'feIlbCKHH 3BCpHHeQ. B MHO-
rOIJHClICHHblX BOIlbCpax 3Toro YHHKaJlbHoro, BnHcaHHoro B CCTeCTBCH-
HblM I1an.nma<}>T 3001I0rH'fCCKOro napKa cO.llCp}f(amICb HC TOlIbKO OlICHH,
HO H MY<!JIIOHbI, TYpbI, 3y6pbl. B rO}J.bl rpa)f(,llaHCKOH BOHHbI 3BCpHHCl.I
norH6, HO MY<}>I10Hbl Bbl>K:HlIH, C Tex nop 06HTaJi B 3anOBC.D.HHKC.
B OKpCCTHOCTJlX AJIymTbl eCTb Cll.{C HCCKOIlbKO 3anOBC.llHHKOB.
n061IH30CTH OT celIa fCHCpaJlbCKOC, B 061>JlBJICHHOM C 1974 r. rocy.n.ap-
CTBCHHbIM 3aKa3HHKOM >K:HBOnHCHOM yll.{ClIbC Xanxan, nocpCJnl BCKOBO-
ro lIcca, HaxO.llHTCSI caMbIH MOll.{HbIH B KpblMY BO.llOna.ll- nJlTHa.llLlarn-
MCTpOBbIH .l{}f(yp-.l{}f(YP. A B BOCTOIJHbIX OKpeCTHOCTJlX AJIymThI pacno-
1I0>K:CHbl CTaBmHC 3anOBC.D.HbIMH MbIC, ypO'fHll.{C H .D.OlIHHa COTepa, r.D.C
nOpa}f(alOT Bo06pa>KCHHC C03.llaHHbIC BbIBCTpHBaHHCM H BO.D.HOH 3p03H-
CH 06pa30BaHHJI H3 KaMHJI, Y.llHBHTClIbHO nOXO>KHC Ha rpH6bI. B XIX B.
B 3TOM TaHHCTBCHHOM MCCTe 06HapY}f(CHbl KOCTH MaMOHTa.
253
nnoHero nlOAei1
HOBbIH CBer
B CCMH KHIIOMCTpaX OT rCHYJ3CKOii KpCnO<...'T11 HaXO,lU1TC5I OJIlfO 113
caMblX >KHBOllHCHblX MCCT KpblMa -- nOCCJlOK HOBbIH CBCT. HC}J.apoM npejK-
.D.C )TO Mc<"'TO Ha3bIB<L1.OCb napa..'l.H3, 'ITO nO-$paHLI)'3CKH 3Ha'fHT «PaH»,
fopa K06a-KaH Ha 3ana.D.C. ropa COKO,'} Ha BOCTOKC H XPC6CT
K ym- KaH Ha ceBcpc Ha..'lC)f(HO 3aruHll.{alOT nOCC}IOK H pCJIHKTOBYIO poruy
COCHbl cY.llaKcKoii. BblCTynalOll.{I1C B MOpC CKaIlHCTbIC MblCbI 06pa3YIOT
I1Y'fmHC B KpblMY 6YXTbI.
o caMOM 60IlbmoM KOpaJIJIOBOM pH<}>e KpbIMa, ropc COKOJl, Mbl
Y>KC paccKa3bIBMH B ncpBoH 'laCTH, ceH'faC .llOOOBHM TOIlbKO, 'I TO CBOHM
Ha3BaHHcM ropa 06H3aHa CXO.D.CTBOM C OrpOMHOH nTHl.{CH. C 601ICC 6I1H3-
Koro paCCTORHHH ropa CXO>K:a C MHO>K:CCTBOM Tpy6 4>aHTaCTH'fCCKOro
opraHa.. KpOMe Toro, 3Ta ropa-pH<}> nOXO}f(a Ha xaMelICOHa, TaK KaK MC-
HHCT l{BCT npH pa3HOM OCBCruCHHH: npH jJpKOM COlIHl.{e OHa Ka}f(CTCH 6c-
1I0H, a nOClIC .llO)l(J!Jl npH06peTaeT pa3I1H'fHble orreHKH <}>HoIleToBoro.
B HOBOM CBCTC KlIHMaT MHrKHH H pOBHbIH, CHer BbIna}J.aCT pC.D.KO,
a BCCHa Ha'lHHaCTCH Y.llHBHTelIbHo paHo. MelIKHH neCOK HOBOCBCTCKOH
6YXTbI, npa3pa l lHaH renJJaH BO.D.a, nOCTenCHHO nOHH>K:alOll.{cecH .llHO no-
3BOlIjJIOT 6e3YClIOBHO npHcY.D.HTb llJIH>K:aM HOBoro CBCTa naJIbMY ncp-
BeHCTBa cpe.D.H KpbIMCKHX C06paTbCB. OHH npoCTO BHe KOHKypeHl.{HH.
B OKpeCTHOCTHX noceIlKa paCnOlIO}f(CH O.D.HOHMeHHbIH rocY.D.ap-
CTBeHHbIH lIaH.llma<}>THbIH 3aKa3HHK llJIOll.{a.llblO 470 ra. PaCTHTeJIbHOCTb
3anOBe,nHoro ypO'fHll.{a npe.llCTaBIIeHa .D.ByxcoTlIeTHHMH .llCpCBbHMH
MO}f()f(eBeJIbHHKa BbiCOKoro, COCHOH KpbIMCKOH H cY.llaKCKoH. nOclIe-
.llHeH Ha OTHOCHTCJILHO He601IbllIoii llJIOll.{a}J.H HaC'lHTLIBaeTCH 5 ThIC.
3K3CMllJISlpOB. Cpe.llH pa3H006pa3HOH <}>aYHbI 3aKa3HHKa TOlILKO PC.D.-
XHX BH.llOB HaC'lHTbIBaeTCH 601Iee 50-TH.
nOXo>K:ee Ha cpe.D.HeBeKOBbrH 3aMOK, YBeH'faHHOe 'lCTbIpbMH6am-
HHMH CBe'moe 3.llaHHe B LlCHTpe noceIlKa KHH3b 11. C. rOlIHl.{bIH riOCTpO-
HlI .llJUI cIIY>K:all.{11X OCHOBaHHoro B 1878 r. 3aBO.lla maMnaHCKHX BHH.
KHH3b C CCMbCH >K:HIl B CKpOMHOM .D.OMC HCnO.llaIlcKY. OT.llelIbHOC 3.1}a-
HHC 6billO nocTpocHO KHSl3eM }J.1IH ceMeiiHoro c06paHHSI xY.llO>K:eCTBeH-
HOro l}>aHHca, I}>ap<}>opa H CTCKIIa H3 pa3HblX cTpaH MHpa. CCH'faC 3.D.CCb
HaXO.D.HTCSI MY3CH HCTOpHH 3aBO.D.a maMnaHCKHX BHH.
B nOCCJIKe Bce xpaHHT .ll06pyIO naMHTb 0 KHH3C: 3.D.aHHH H 3aBO.ll,
BbIpy6I1eHHble B CKanax I1CCTHHl.{bI H KpCCIIO Ha BepmHHe KapaYIIbHoH
254
nllOHeTO llIo,Qei1
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ro nCll{CpHOrO MOHaCTblpH...
J1aH.llIlla4>TbI HOBoro CBCTa 3aIlC'faT CHbl BO MHorHX H3BCCTHbIX
<}>HJlbMax: {(\.)'CJIOBCK-aM4>H6HjJ». «OCTpOB COKpOBHll{», «AHHa KapCHlI-
Ha», «TYMaHHOCTb AIf,[{POMC.D.bI». nOCMOTpCB )TH <}>HJ1bMbl, Bbl CMO>K:C-
Te Jn6aBHTb CCOH OT onaCHoeTCH, nO.llCTCpCralOIUHX Bac npH nOCCIUCHHH
HOBoro CBCTa, rIlaBHajJ H3 KOTOpblX 3aKIIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'I TO 3TO MCCTO
HaBCCr.D.a noce;UlCTCH B BamCM CCPJ1l\C H BCIO OCTaBmYIOCH }f(H3Hb 6pbI3-
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KpaCHblX B MHpC pa3HoLlBCTHblX 6YXT.
CY/JaK
K CY.llaKY BC.llCT .lI.oIlHHa P03. C 3ana}J.a ropO.llOK 3aIllHIUCH I1CCHC-
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.lIara. HCy.nHB"TCllbHO, 'lT0 B CY.lIaKC lIY'IllIHH B KpblMY M"KpoKIlHMaT,
HaH60Ilcc npH6I1H>K:alOll{HikjJ K Cpe.llH3CMHOMOpcKOMY. B CY.llaKC HaH-
MCHbmcc KOlIH'ICCTBO nacMypHblX .llHCH, BCCro 84 3a ro.ll, COIlHLlC CllilCT
2550 'IaCOB B ro.n.y, na 300 60nbllIc, IICM B .HIITC. Ho I1CTHjJjJ >Kapa 3.nCCb
ncpeHOCHTCSI O'lCHb I1CrKO 6I1aro.lIapSi CYTO'lHbIM .D.BH)/(CHHHM B03.D.yxa:
ncpe.n nO IYJUlCM lIcrKHH MOpcKOH 6pH3 npHHocHT npOXJIa.n.y oCTbIBmcro
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19°C, B HIOJIC -- aBrycrc +22-25°C, a B OKTH6pc +17,5°C. KynaJlblIbIH
ce10H caMblH npO.D.OJ1>KHTCJIbHbIH B Kpb Y. OH COCTaBJIjlCT 138 .lIHCH. Ha
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ruIH}f(H caMblMH JIy'lmHMH B KpbIMY, a MO>K:CT 6bITb, If BO BCCM MHpc.
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paCTIITCJIbHbIX CO06ll{CCTB. B CY.llaKC H cro OKpCCrnOCTjIX npoH3paCTacr 160
Bl1,lJ.OB .apeBCCHbIX H KYCTapHHKOBbIX .D.CKOpaTHBHbIX nopo.n, B TOM IlJfCJlC 20
Bl1,lJ.OB XBOHHbIX. LWeBHcirnIHMH KYlIbT)'pHbIMH paCTCHllilMH CY.D.aKCKOH .D.O-
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255
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COlO30M 3I1J1HHH3HpoBaHHblx CpC.D.HCa31IaTCKHX rOpO.llOB, CBH3aHH.bIX C
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256
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HHX mrrepaTYpHbIX naMHTHHKaJC «ClIOBC 0 nOIIKY I1ropeBOM», «3a}J.0Iill.\H-
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60nbHHlla, anTCKa, 6H61IHOTCKa-'fHTalIbHH, mKOlIa.
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9 3aK 21
257
nnoHeTo mOAei1
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.llCMHK n. c. 1IaJU1ae. B CY!1<lKC Y HCro 6WI.llOM C BHHorpa.ruIHKoM. KO ropb1H
coxpaliliHCJI nOHblHc" 5 . B 1804-1809 rr. BCJIHKHH Y'fCHb1H B03r::IaBJIJlCT co-
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BOro .llHpeKTopa HHKHTCKOro 6OTaHH'fCCKoro ca..aa. Ha'IHHlliI C 1807 r. H.D.O
KOHLI<'l CBOm !IHCH OH nO'ITII C}f(cro,ilHO 6bIB<L'1 Ii nO.l1.0IlI)' pa60ran B Cy.aaKc.
B CY.D.aKC 'faCTO roeTHII BaelliIHH BaCHIIbCBH'f KammCT, n03T H
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naMJlTHHKOB cTapHHbl. nOCTaBHB ncpc.11 npaBHTcIIbCTBOM Bonpoc 0 HC-
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K. Eo.llc, 3aBC.l1.0BaBmCro Y'fHJIHmCM BHHO.llCIIH}I.
K KOHLlY XIX B. CY.D.aK L'TaHOBHTCJI HapJll1Y C COCC.llHHM KOKTc6c-
JICM rJIaBHblM KypOPTOM TBop'lecKoH HHTeJIJlHrCHLlHH. B pa311blc rO.llbl
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30BCKHH, A. H. ECHya, K. <D. EoracBcKHH, M. A. BOIlomHH, J1. <D. J1aro-
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EYlIraKoB, BHKCHTIlH BCpecaCB, AJIcKCaH.llp fPHH, CcprcH fOpO.llCI1 K H H ,
KOHCTaHTHH naYCTOBCKHH, AJIcKceH TOlICTOH, KOHCTaHTHH TPCHCB,
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B CY.D.aKC H cro OKpCCTHOCTJlX HaXO.l1.HTCJI 601ICC 100 naMJlTHH-
KOB HCTOpHH H KYlIbTypbl, MHorHC H3 HHX HMCIOT MHpOBOC 3Ha'fCHHC.
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.D.CIIC. naMJlTb 0 rcpoJlx H C06blTIlJlX BClIHKOH OTe'fCCTBCHHOH BOHHbl
COXpaHHJIaCb B Ha3BaHHJlX YIlHLI CY.llaKa: TaHKHCToB, 14 AnpClIJl II6 , LI.c-
CaHTHHKOB, CblcocBa 117.
258
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J'10 17,4 TbIC. 'fClIOBCK, OT.llbIXaIOT C}f(CrO.llHO OKOIlO 80 TbIC. 'fCnOBCK. C
1979 r. CY.llaK HBIIHCTCH paHoHHblM ueHTpOM. fopo.ll YKpaCHIIH HOBbIe
YIIHLlbl, MHOr03Ta}f(HbIC .llOMa, COBpCMCHHble rOCTHHHLlbl, 6I1aroyCTpo-
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CCBepo-KpblMCKoro KaHMa II nYCKa BO.llOBO.lla OT <I>CO.llOCHHCKoro BO-
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OKpeCTHblX nnaHTaLlHHX p03. I1aBaH.llbl, .llPyrnx 3<}>HpOHOCOB OCHall.{CH-
HblH HOBblM 060pY.llOBaHHeM CY.llaKCKHH 3<}>HpOMaCJlH'fH IH 3aBO.ll Bbl-
nYCKaCT naP<1>IOMcpHYIO npO.llYKLlHIO, 3Ha'fHTCJIbHaH 'faCTb KOTOpOH H}J.CT
Ha JKCnopT.
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BblC pOll.{H, nnaHTaLlHH p03 II 60raToe <}>HTOHLlH.llaMH pa3HOTpaBbC, HO-
.llIICTble BbIllCJICHIIH npH60H H TCpMMbHblC BO.llbl ropbl nCp'ICM 6I1aro-
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YClIyraM TYpHCTOB - pa3BHTaH HH<}>pacrpYKTypa qaCTHblX rOCTHHHLI,
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npHCTpaCTHO, cy6'beKTHBHO, H HHKaK HHa'fC 6blTh HC MO}f(CT, H60 OT
cy6'beKTHBHOrO qYBCTBa, OT 1I106BH K CY.llaKY HC OTpe'fbCH. A.D.IIH CKcn-
THKOB npHBC.lleM MHCHHe CTopoHHero Ha6I1IO.llaTClIH, aBTopa «KPbIMC-
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OT I1aCKOBOro MOpH, OT 6apxaTHCToro neCKa H 3ClICHH BHHOrpa.llHblX
nOIlCH, OT npOCTopa mHpH H .D:MH - ClIaraCTCH TO HaCTpoeHHe npHHT-
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259
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nOCCJIOK HaXO}J.HTCjJ OT <I>CO.!l.OCHH Ha paCl-'TOJlHHH npHMcpHO 10 KM,
CCIIH MepHTL paCCTOJlHHC no npJlMOM, OH npHT;Uf.;"ICJI Ha 6cpcry uapCTBCH-
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HeHaCTHM BHClllHcro MHpa. YHHKfu"IbHOC CO'leTaHHe 6I1H3JIe}f(all.{CM CTcnH,
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rCOIlornH noro YUHKaIlbHoro BYJIKaHH'fCCKOrO MaCCliBa Mbl RKpaTLlC
paCCKa3alIH B ncpBOH 'IaCTH, CCH'IaC )l(C .ll06aBHM TOlIbKO, 'I TO C 1979 r.
Kapa}J.-ar 06'bJlBIICH 3anOBC.llHHKOM. B -YHHKa.']bHOM C006ILlCCTBC I1CC-
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KOIlecHH H 3apocJlcii Kapa.llara HaC'IHTbIBaCTCjJ 60Ilcc 1000 BH.llOB pac-
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nTHLI, 15 -- pcnTHnHH, MHO}f(eCTBO pCllKliX HaCCKOMbIX.
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Ka naxo.IDITOi 1HaMeHHT8jJ Kapa..aarcK8jJ 6l1OCTaHUIDI. OHa C03.llaHa B 1907
r., CCH'laC 3.llecb pa3MClI.(aCTCR <}>wrnan I1HcfHT}Td 6Ho.nonm IO}f(HbIX MOpeH
Hal(HOHanbHOH aKa.aCMHH HaYK YKpaHHbI H pa6oTaIOT}J.Ba .llCIIb<}>JfHapIN.
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KOKTe6ClIC n06bIB,UIH JIY'fllIHe npc.D:CTaBMTClIH POCCHH. 3HaTh CIlC.lIOBMa
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6epT <I>aJIbK, MapHHa H AHaCTacHH LlBCTaCBbl, MHorne .llpyrne.
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C8TCIICH, H B poMaHc M. A. EYIlraKoBa «MaCTcp H MaprapHTa» nyTcBKa
B nlIaHcpcKoc npHBO.llHTCH Hap y C .llpyrHMH 6I1araMH, KOTOpblC nony-
lfaJIH C'faCTlIHBblC 06I1a}J.aTcIIH MaCCOIlHTOBCKoro Y.lIOCTOBepeHIDI. EYJJ-
raKOB HMClI B BH.lly.D,OM TBOp'feCTBa nHcaTenCH «KOKTc6clIb».
nOClIe CMepTH nona Tpa.llHLlHH .llOMa Ha np0T11}f(CHHH MHorHX
lICT 6epC}f(HO nOMCp}f(HBMHCb ero B.llOBOH M. C. BOIlomHHOH. B 1975
r. 6bI1I o<}>HLlHalIbHo OTKpbIT lIHTcpaTypHo-McMopHMbHblH MY3eH M.
A. BOIlomHHa. O.llHHM H3 cro C03.llaTCJICH H ncpBblM .llHpcKTOpOM CTaJI
H3BCCTHbIH HCKYCCTBOBC.ll B. n. Kyn'fCHKo. CCrO.lIHH LI.oM-MY3CH M. A.
BOlIomHHa - O.D:HH H3 KpynHcHmHx H HaH60Ilec nOCCll.{aCMbIX I1HTCpa-
TypHO-McMopHaIlbHbIx MY3ceB YKpaMHbI.
KpOMC LI.oMa TBOp'fCCTBa nHcaTclIcH, B CCrO.llHjJmHeM KOKTC6cJIC
paCnOIlO}f(CHbl Typ6a3a «npHMOpbC», naHCHOHaT «foIly60ii 3anHB»,
6a3bl OT.ll.bIXa, .llCTCKHC 03.aOpOBHTCJIbHble I1arepH.
I1_Bce-TaKH CJlaBY KOJITc6cIIH CO:malIH HC TOIlbKO n03Tbl H xy-
.llO}f(HHKH CCpc6pHHoro BeKa, BMCCTC C HHMU CC TBOpHIIH pOMaHTHKH
BCKa }f(ClIC3HOro - I1CT'fHKH.
npH IO}f(HOM H CCBCpHOM BCTpc Ha.D: Xpe6TOM Y3YH-CbIPT 06pa3Y-
IOTCH OC06blC BOCXO.!lHI.I{HC nOTOKH B03.lIyxa, n03BOlIHIOlliHC nnaHcpaM
napHTh B He6e 'faCaMH. 3Ta OCo6eHHOCTb 6bma OTKpbITa B Ha'fMC XX
B. lIeT'fHKOM K. ApLleYlIoBblM - BHYKOM BCJ1HKOrO XY.llO}f(HHKa 11. K.
AHBa30BCKoro. no HHHLlHaTHBC K. AplteYIlOBa B 1923 r. 3.llCCb COCTOJlJl-
CH ncpBblH.clIeT nnaHcpHCTOB CCCP, KOTOpbJH .lI0 1935 r. npOBO.llHJICH
Cll.{e O.llHHHa.llLlaTb pa3, 6bma OTKpbITa BblcmaH I1CTHO-nnaHepHaHmKO-
I1a llH . B KOKTe6clIC I1CTMH 6Y.lIYll.{HC Kopmj:>eH aBHaCTpOeHHJI O. K. AH-
TOHOB, C. B. l1I1blOmHH, C. n. KOpOIlCB, A H. TynoIlcB, A C. .HKOBIICB.
(/JeO/(OCHJl
<I>eO.lIOCHH paCnOIlO>K:CHa Ha roro-BOCToKe KPbIM8, Ha 6cpery 0.lI-
HOHMCHHOH 6YXTbl B MCCTC COC.llHHeHHH npc.llrOpHH H CTenH. K 3ana.llY
261
nn HeTO nlOAei1
OT rOpO.lIa npC061IanaCT ropHblii pCJlbC<}>. Ha CCBCp H CCBCPO-BOCTOK npo-
CTHpaCTCH XOJIMI1CTaH paBHHHa. CTapblH ropO.lI aM<}>HTCaTpOM "lC}l(HT Ha
CCBCpHblX CKIIOHaX H OTpOraX XpC6Ta Tcnc-06a I19 , 06pblBalOILlHXCH K
MOplO CKaJII1CTblM MblCOM l1I1bH. 3ana.lIH<U1 'faGfb rOpO.lla <1>CO.J:OCHH npH-
MblKaCT K ropc nama-TCnC '20 . CCBcpHbie paHOHbl C COBpCMCHHblM }f(H-
I1blM MaCCHBOM HaXO.D:HTCH Ha paBHI1HC. B.!I.OIlb 6cpera <I>CO.D.OCHHCKOro
3aIlHBa Ha MHoro KHIIOMCTpOB nlHYTOI npCKpaCHblC nCC'faHbIC nIlH}f(H,
IO>KHee Mblca I1HbH 6cpcrOBaH I1HHHH H3pc3aHa MHoro'fI1Cj]eHHbIMH 6yx-
TaMH, caMblC 60IlbmHC H3 KOTOpblX -- .il.BY5IKOpHaH H KOKTc6cj]bCKaH.
K!lHMaT <1>CO.lIOCHH, TcnIlblH H .lIOCTaTO'fHO CYXOH, Y.lIalJHO CO'fC-
TaCT B cc6c B.;mHHHC MOpH, paBHHHbl 11 npC.lIrOpHH. BblCOKaH jlCTflHH
TCMncpaTypa ncpcHocHTCjJ cpaBHHTcIIbHO I1CrKO 6I1arO.lIapH OCBC>K:alO-
IlleMY .lICHCTBHIO 6pH30B. 3HMa KOpOTKa5l. Ma310CHC}f(HaH. CC30H MOpc-
KHX KynaHHH npo.D:o.'I}f(aeTCH C MaH no OKTH6pb. no CpC.lIHCro,tJ:OBoMY
KO.'IH'fCCTBY 'faCOB COIlHC'fHOrO CH5IHH5I (2272 'faca) <1>CO.lIOCHH npcBoc-
XO.lIHT MHorHC .lIPyrHc IO}f(Hble KypOpTbI.
B03.lIYX <1>CO.J:OCHH HanOIlIlCH npHHblM apoMaToM CTcnH H npc.ll-
ropHH, conOHOBaTblM HO.lIHCTblM MOpCKHM 6pH30M Hoo. .lIblXaHHcM HC-
TOpHH. B 06I1HKC .D:peBHCro ropo.lla cnj]CTeHbl B C.D:HHOC LleIloc pa3Hbic
KyIIbTypbl H cY.lIb6bl MHomx HapO.lIOB. Cpc.lIHeBCKOBble nOCTpoHKH pac-
nOIlO}f(eHbl Ha YIlHLlax npoBHHLlHaIlbHoro npHMopcKoro ropo.lla py6c-
}f(a XIX-XX BB. H Cpe.lIH cOBpcMeHHblx MHKpopaHOHOB, C03.lIaBaH Bne-
'faTIIeHHe HC HeIlenoH 3KI1CKTHKH, rpy60ro CMemeHHH apxHTeKTypHblX
CTHlIeH, a }f(HBOnHCHoro HcnoBTopHMoro KOIlopHTa.
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Kpyr B 2500 I1CT, Kpyr 6I1eCTHll.{erO pacLlBcTa H my60Koro yna.lIKa, Kpyr
ClIaBbl H 3a6BeHH5I. Kpyr 3aMKHYIlCH Ha TO'fKe B31IeTa, H HOBblH pac-
LlBCT ell.{e TOIlbKO >K.llCT ropo.lI, .lIaHHblH mO.D:jjM DoroM I2I .
OKpyra cOBpeMeHHoH <1>eO.lIOCHH 6bI1Ia 3aCCIleHa 'feIlOBCKOM y}f(C
B KaMeHHOM BCKC. CTOHHKH 3nox Me301IHTa H HeOlIHTa OTKpbITbl apxe-
OIloraMH B6I1H3H nOCCIlKa npHMOpcKHH. ApxeOlIOrH'feCKHe HaXO.lIKH
60Ilee n03.lIHerO BpeMeHH, 3nOXH 6pOH3bl H paHHero }f(eIle3HOro BeKa
CBH.lICTClIbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'I TO 3.lIeCb }f(HJIH KHMMepHHLlbl H TaBpbI.
y n.06HOC reorpa<}>H'feCKOe nOlIO}f(eHHe, nJJO.lIOpO.lIHC OKpeGfHblX
3cMelIb, npeKpacHaH raBaHb He MomH HC 06paTHTb Ha CC6H BHHMaHHC
.lIpeBHHX 3I1J1HHOB, H B VI-V BB..lIO H. 3. ncpCCCIlCHLlaMH H3 MalIoa3HH-
262
nnOHeTO IlIo.Qei1
CKOrO nOnHCa MHIICTa 3.D:CCb 6blIl OCHOBaH nOIlHC <I>CO.lIOCHH, KOTOpblH
BCKOpC CTa!1 Ba}f(HbIM LleHTpOM xne6HOH ToprOlmH.
B pc3YIIbTaTC 60pb6bl ]a <1>eO.lIOCHIO MC>K.llY EocnopoM it XCpcOHC-
COM OHa BOlllJIa B cocraB EocnopcKoro uapcrBa H CTMa cro KpynHcHmcH
raBaHbIO, BMcll.{aBmCH. no CJlOBaM HCTopHKa CTpa60Ha,.lIO 100 Kopa6I1CH.
BIB. .lIO H. 3. nOCJle rn6CJlH MHTpH.llaTa VI EBnaTopa <I>CO.lIOCHH B
COCTaBe nOlrmHCKOrO uapCTBa nOna.lIaeT no.lI BJlaCTb PHM? npe.lIaHHC
maCHT, 'I TO BIB. H. 3. 3.lICCb npe6blBM anOCTO.'I AH,upeH nCpB03BaHHblii
B III B. KpcnOCTb nona}J.aCT no.D: KOHTpOIlb rOTO-MaHCKHX nnCMCH.
OT :HOro BpCMCHH )10 Hac .lIOlUJIO MaHCKOC Ha3BaHHC <I>eOJlOCHH ,- Ap-
na6.D:a -- «ropo.a CCMH 60roB». B IV B. UHTa.D:CIIb pa3pymaIOT ryHHbJ.
Bo BTOpOH nO.:JoBHHC XIII B. 110 .lIOroBOpy C 30IlOTOOpJlbIHCKHM
KIIH3CM OpaH- THMYPOM CBOIO ToprOBYIO <}>aKTopHIO 3.D.eCb OCHOBaIIII
I CHY33I1bl, 'Ha3BaB l'OpO.D: no-cBoeMY - Ka )<1. B 1299 r. B Ka!jJc y6HBa-
lOT BHYKa xaHa OP_1M HoraH H nOCIIC.llIIHH BO rIlaBC 60Ilbmoro Boi1cKa
o6pymHBacTCH Ha KpblM, pa30pHH ropO..'la TaK, 'I TO Hocnc :)"[oro Hamc-
CTBHH MIIOn-IC H3 HHX y}f(C H1IKOrl1a HC BOCCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCjJ. Ho Ka )a
HC To.I1bKO BOCKpccaCT H'3 ncnIla, a 6blCTpO CTaHOBHTCH LlCHTpOM npH-
'ICpHOMOpCKHX BIla.lICHIIH rCHYH. 1.JCpC3 Ka<}>y npOXO,[lHIIH BaiKHblC TOp-
rOBblC nYTH, 1-10 r:1aBHOH CTaTbcii .lIOXO,1a CTaHOBHTCH pa60ToprOBnH.
B pa3HOH3blKOM ropo.ae B03BO.lIHTCH KaTOIlH'fCCKHC, apMHHo-rpHropH- .
aHCKHC. npaBOCIIaBHblC LlepKBH, MC'fCTH. CI1HarOrH H KellaCCbJ.
B 1475 r. Ha CMCHY reHY33L1aM npHmlIH rypKH-ocMaHbJ. B ryPCLIKYIO
:moxy ropo.ll no.a Ha3BaHHCM Ke<l><l>e OcraCTCH Cpe.lIOTO'fHeM MC)!(,llYHapo, -
HOH ToproBlIH B CCBCpHOM npH'fCpHOMOpbe. Ba}f(HbIM nO-'IHTII'fCCKHM, 3Ko-
HOMH'fCCKHM H KYIlbTYPHbIM uempoM. Ke4><Pc 'faCTO HMeHYIOT «MMbIM
CTaM6YIloM», «KpbIMCKHM CTaM6YIloM», {(nOJIOBHHOH CTaM6YIla». KaK
BCC Me>K}J.yHapoJIHbIC nOpThI, OHa ocraeTCH MHoroHaLIHOHaIlbHbIM ropo.D:OM,
3.lICCb HaxO.D.HTCHUCHTp npaBOCIIaBHOH fOTCKO-Kc<j)ai1CKOH cnapxnH.
B 1771 r. BO BpeMH O'fCpC.lIHOH PYCCKO-ryPCLlKOH BOHHbl ropo.lI
3aHHMalOT pyccKHe BoikKa. B 3TO BpeMH 3.lIeCb pacnOlIaraCTCH pe3H-
.D:CHLlHH nOClIC.D:HerO KpblMCKoro xaHa llJarHH-fHpeR. noCIlC BKIIlOiJc-
HHH KpblMa B COCTaB POCCHHCKOH HMnepHH ropO.lIY no BenH'faHmCMY
nOBCIIeHHIO B03Bpall.{aeTCH ero .lIpCBHeC HMH <I>CO.lIOCHH, a B 1787 r. HM-
nepaTpHl.(a Y.lIOCTaHBaeT ero CBOHM nOCCll.{eHHeM.
B f-IOBOH rnCTCMC JKOHOMH'fecKHX CBH3CH <I>CO.lIOCHH He HaXO)J;IHCH
MCCTa, H OHa nocrencHHo npmo.D.HT B yna}J.oi<. B Ha'fMe XIX B. B <I>eo.D:o-
263
nIloHeTo IlIOAe
CHHCKOM nopTy OpraHlUYIOT KapaHTHH, n TOpI'OBblC OnepaWIH B0306HOB-
JUlIOTC5I, HO rO,llb1 3KOHOMH'fecKoro nO.lI'bCMa 'fepe.n:yIOTCH C nepHOMMH 3a-
CTOH. no.rL'IHHHOC 3KOHOMH'fecKOC B03pOJl\LlCHHC <I>CO.lIOCHH Ha'-fHHaCTCH
lIHmb B KOHLIC XIX B., nOCJlC npOlCIaJ{KH }f(CIIe3HOH .lIoporn. O.iJ.HOH H3 rnaB-
HbIX craTeH 3KcnopTa, KaK H B 3.JlJIHHCKHC BpeMcHa, CTaHOBHTCH 3CpHO.
Bo BpCMH BClIHKOH OTC'feCTBeHHoH BOHHbl I1HHHH <}>poHTa 'fCTbl-
pe>KJJ:bl npoIlcraIla no YIIHLlaM ropO.lIa. nO'fCTHOe HaHMCHOBaHHC «<I>c-
O.lIOCHHCKHC» nOIlY'IHIIH .lleBHTb 'faCTCH H COe.llHHeHHH KpacHoH Ap-
MHH, oCB060>KJJ:aBmHX ropO.ll BecHoH 1944 r. B 1982 r. <I>CO.lIOCHH 6bIJIa
Harpa>KJJ:CHa Op.D:eHOM OTe'feCTBCHHOH BOHHbf I CTenCHH.
nocncBOCHHaJI <1>cO.lIOCIIH pa3BHBMacb B nepByIO O'fcpe,llb KaK '-faCTI>
BOCHHo-npoMbDllJ]eHHOrO KOMIU1CKca: MHornc ec npe.llllPIIHTHH H Hay<IHo-
HCCJle.llOBaTeJlbCKHC opraHlnaWIH cneLlHMH3HpoBMHCb Ha nOJlBOLIHOM
CY.lIOCTpOCHHH, aBHaKOCMH'fecKoH TCXHHKe, OmH'fecKoM npoH3BO.lICTBC.
HaceIleHHe ropo.lIa npcBblllIacT 86 TbIC. 'fCIIOBCK. B 'fCpTC EO.iIb-
llIOH <I>CO.lIOCHH BMCCTC C rOpO.lIOM HaXO.D:HTC5I nocenKH rOpO.lICKOI'O THna
npHMOpCKHH, 0PLI}f(OHHKH}J.3e, KOKTc6eIlb. Il{c6cToBKa, KYPOPTHOC
H .D:eCHTb cen, r.lIC npO>KHBaIOT 60Ilee 1\0 TbIC. >KHTencH. B ropoiI.c B03-
BC.lIeHbI COBpCMCHHblC MHKpopaHoHbl. 6I1aroycTpocHa Ha6cpC}f(HaH,
HaCbmaHbI HOBbIC n.rrH}f(H, pa36HTbl napKH H CKBepbI.
HenO.lIaIlcKY OT <I>CO.lIOCHH, Y nO.lIHO}f(HH XOIlMil nama-Tcne, B
1904 r. Ha rny6HHc OKOIlO 70 M 6bIJI OTKpbIT HCTO'lHHK MHHcpaIlbHoH
BO.lIbl, BCCbMa 6I1H3KOH K «EcCeHTYKH NQ 20».
<I>eO.D:OCHH H3.D:aBHa CJlaBHJIaCb LlClIC6HbIM KIIHMaTOM, rpH3H 03Cp
A.l!}f(HI'OlIb H 1.JoKpaK He ycrynalOT caKCKHM H eBnaTopHHCKHM, nOClIe
OTKpbITIIH I1e'fe6HbIX MHHepMbHblX BO.ll OHa npo'lHO yrnep.llHJIa 3a C060H
CJ1aBY I1e'-fC6HOrO KYpopTa. Cero,llHJl B roPO.llC paCnOIlO}f(CHbl TpH Kpyn-
HblX caHaToplIH: «Bocxo.ll», «BoIlHa»122 H caHaTopHH MHHHCTCpCTBa 060-
poHbl, naHCHOHaTbl, .llOMa OT,llblXa. B 6bffillICH yCa}J.b6e C. M. EpoHeBCKO-
ro, me B aBrycre 1820 r. BMeCTe C ceMbCH reHepana H. H. PacBcKoro roc
THJI AnCKcaH.llP CepreeBH'f nymKHH, pa3MelQaeTCH BoeHHbIH caHaTopHH.
<I>CO.llOCHH- }f(HBOH naMHHHK CBOCH 60Ilee '1CM 2500-I1CTHeH HC-
TOpHH. MeCTOnOIlO}f(CHHe .D:peBHCro ropoLIa B paHoHe KapaHTHHHoH
ropKH Onpe.llelIHJI B KOHLIC XIX CTOIlCTHH BH}J.HbIH HH}f(CHCP H apxeo-
I10r A. 11. EepTbe-LI.enarap.D:. B XO.D:e 3CMnHHbIX pa60T Ha CKIlOHax XOIl-
Ma 6bIJIH 06HapY}f(CHbl CJle.lIbl noccnCHHH, a B aKBaTopHH raBaHH HaH-
.lICHbl OCTaTKH MOIla. CCrO.D:HH 3.lICCb MO}f(HO YBH}J.CTb PYHHbl BOpOT BH-
264
nnOHeTO nlOAe
3aHTHHCKOH LlHTa.lICIIH, BbI1Ia:mylO KaIlHTKY B KpCnOCTHOH CTCHC, .lIBC
KpCnOCTHble 6amHH 60Ilce n03ilHHX, reHy:nCKHX pCMCH,
B LlCHTpaIlbHOH 'faCTH COBpCMCHHoro l-op0.lIa B Hc60IlbmOM CKBC-
pHKC CTOHT BeJlH'fCCTBCHHaH 6amHH CB. KOHcTaHTHHa,. cBoc06pa3Hblii
CHMBOIl <DCO.lIOCHH. PH.lIOM - OCTaTKH fCHY33CKOH KpenoCTH. KpoMc
Toro, PYHHbI rCHY33CKHX <}>OpTH<}>HKaLlHoHHbIX cOOPY}f(CHHH npC.lICTa-
lOT nepc.ll HamHM B30pOM Ha YIIHLlax P03bl JllOKceM6ypr, HOBOKapaH-
THHHOH, Pa60QCH, Kopa6CJIbHoit
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ro KapaHTHHa. 3.lICCb coxpaHHIIHcb <}>parMcHTbl CTeH c apOQHblMH npo-
eMaMH, HH}f(HHe HPYCbl 6allIcH, OCTaTKH TypCLlKoro YKpenIleHHH, mH-
pOKHH pOB C KaMeHHOH 06KIIa.lIKOH. Ha MOpCKOM 6epery nO.lIHHMaCT-
CH 'fCTblpeXCTCHHaH .lJ.oKoBaH 6amHH.
B O.llHOM H3 xpaMOB «KapaHTHHa», H3BeCTHOM BmITeparype nOlI HMC-
HCM CB. CTe<}>aHa, MO>K:HO YBH.llCTb OCTaTKH Cpe.llHeBCKOBblX <}>peCOK. Ha
YIlHLlC JleHHHa HaXO.llHTCH Me'fCTb My<}>TH-,l])KaMH, B03BC.lIeHHaH B nepBOH
nOIlOBHHC XVII B. B Tpa.D.HWIHX OCMaHCKOrO 30.ll'lecTBa. HCnO.lIMcKY OT
My<}>TH-.lJ.>KaMH B paHoHc 6bIBmeH KapaHMcKoH clI060.z:u,1 OCTMHCb .lIO
namero BpeMeHH .lIpeBHJIH MOCTOBaJI, CTeHbI )i(illJblX .lIOMOB, pa3BaJJHHbl TY-
pel{KHX 6aHb, MOCTOB. Ha <<KapaHTHHe» H Ha nepeceQCHHH YIII-ILI MOpcKOH
H Aiffia3oBCKOro paCnOlIO}f(CHbl cpe.llHeBCKOBble apMIDlCKHC <l>oHTaHbI.
3}J.aHH}!, nocrpocHHblc Ha py6e>Ke XIX-XX BB., HC Hap)'lllHlIH apXH-
TCKTYpHoro CBoc06pa3H}! ropo.lIa, HanoMHHlli3mero, no CJIOBaM coBpeMeH-
HHKOB, cpe.D.H3CMHOMopcKHe ropo.lla HTaJIHH HJIH IOra <I>paHIUlli. npoIlo-
}f(CHHaJI no caM0MY 6cpery MOpH >KCJIC3HaJI .lIopora KaK 6bl nO.ll'lepKHBaJIa
JI.YfY 3aIlHBa. B.lIoJTh I1HHHH }f(CJIC3HOH .lIoporn B HaqaJIe XX CTOlIClWI Bbl-
pocrrH B CCBCpHOH 'faCTH ropo.D.a BCJIHKOIleIIHble BH11JThI <}>eO.lIOCHfu.teB CTaM-
6oIIH, nanaxpHCTo, 6paTheB KpblM H .lIpyrnx. BMecre C .llOMOM H. K. AHBa-
30BCKOro H .D.a'feH KHHroH3}J.aTeIDI A. C. CyaopHHa OHM apopMHpoBaJJH HC-
nOBTOpHMblH MOpcKOH <}>aca.lI <DeO.lIOCHH. Ha YIlHLlax, npHJICraBllIHx K
PaHOHY MopcKoro nOpTa, nOXBHJIHCb KpaCHBble 3}J.aHHH 6aHKoB. B ropo.lIe
6bIJJH nocrpoeHbI HOBbIe rOCTHHHl\bI, 3}J.aHHC MY}f(CKOH rHMHaJHH. B Ha'fa-
I1e XX B. OKOJIIIaTCJIbHO CJlO)i(illJCH a}J.MHHHCTpaTHBHbrii UCHT]J ropo.D. a .
06I1HK CTapoH <I>eO.lIOCHH HCB03MO>K:H0 npe.llCTaBHTh 6C3 <l>oHTaHOB
CTaPOro Cy6amcKoro BO.lIOnpoBOila. OHH COXpaHHJIHCb Ha YIlHLle P03bl
JlIOKCCM6ypr, Ha ncpecc'feHHH YIlHLI COBCTCKOH H CBep.D.JlOBa, npocnCKTa
265
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JlcHHHa H ymU.{b1 f OpbKOrO. nOCJ1C.llHHH H3 ncpc'fHCneHHblX 6bUl maBHblM.
OH .lIaBM ropo.D.Y 600'TbIC. II BO}J.b1 B cyTKH H3 HCTO'fHHKa, npHHa.ll1IC}f(all.{C-
ro CCMbe AHBa30BCKHX. <DomaH 6blJI OTKpbIT B 1888 r., OH CTIJOHIlCH Ha
cpc.aCTBa H no npoeKry 11. K AHBa30BcKoro. no BbICO'faHrnCMY nOBCIIC-
HHIO HMncpaTopa AncKcaH.llpa III CMY 6blJIO npHCBOCHO HWI XY.lIO)I(HHKa.
Hc TOIlbKO <}>oHTaHbI. BCH HOBaJI m.:TopHH <I>eO.lIOCHH TeeHO CBJ13aHa C
HMCHeM xY.lIO>K:HHKa, C03.lIaBmero <1>CO.lIOCI1H CfIaBY KYIlbTYPHOH CTOIlHl.{b1
KpblMa. Ypo}f(CHCU <1>eo.aOCI1H, I1BaH KOHCT'dHlliHOBH'f Aiffia30BCKHH B '3C
IDITC CJ1aBbl nOKHHYII CT0.Ill1UY H Haocer.na nOCe;IHIICji Ha po.D.HHc. C TCX nop
pe.D.KOC Ha'fHHaHHe B <I>cO.lIOCHH 06XO..'UUIOCb 6e3 ero Y'faCTH.Sl. B 1880 r. XY-
.aO>K:HHK OTKpbmaCT nepBYIO B POcellI nepHcpcpHilliyIo KapTIlHH)'lO rdIlCpclO,
KOTOPYlO 3aBCll.{aCT pollHOMY roPO.1{y. Ccro.llHH B HCM, KpOMC none rCIi AHBa-
30BCKOro. Hpc.D:CI'aBJ1CHbl pa60TbI K <1>. EoracBCKoro, M. A. BOIlommIa. M.
ILJlaTpH. 3. .H. Mar.accH<\Ha 11 ,'{pyrnx MaCTCpoB. 3Ta KOjJJlCKl.{IUlnpH3HaHa
Jl)"ImlIM co6paHHeM MapI1HHCTH'fCCKOH }f(HBOrIHCH B EBpone.
<1>colloCIHI 6CpC:iKHO xpallHT CBOIO HCTOpHIO H KYIII'TYPllblC Tpa-
.aHUHH. KpaCBC.D.'fCCKHH MY3CH, paCnOIlO}f(CHHbIH n06I1H30CTlI OT Kap-
THHHOH ra:IcpCI1, no npaBY C'fHTaCTCjJ CTapcHmHM B YKpaHllc: OH 6b1I1
OTKpblT 25 Ma51 1811 r. no Hlfl1L1HaTHBe <}>eO.D:OCHHCKoro rpa 'lOHa'faIlb-
HHKa, HCTopHKa, rIHCaTCnH C. M. EpOHcBcKoro. YHI1KaIlbHhIc JKCnO-
HaTbl MY3C5I 3HaKOMHT C npHpO.D:OH, HCTOpHCH H Ky.'1bTYPOH HapO.!l.OB,
)/(HBllIHX Ha IOrO-BOCTOKC KpblMa. 3.aCCb MO}f(HO YBH.lICTb aHTH'li-IbIC 1
CKYIIbnTypbI, apXHTCKTypHblC .lICTMH, .D.pCBHHC IlIlHTbl C Ha.llrIHC5IMH.
B 1970 r. 6blJI OTKpblT JlHTepaTYPHO-MeMopHMbHbIH MY3CH A.
C. fpHHa. OH pa3Mell.{CH HCnO.lIMCKY OT KpaCBe.lI'feCKOrO MY3ejJ H Kap-
THHHOH raIlepeH B 3.lIaHHH, r.lIC nHCaTeJ1b-pOMaHTHK >KHII H pa60TM C
1924 nQ 1929 ro.D:. XY.llO}f(eCTBeHHoe o<}>opMIIeHHe MY3CR C.lICIIaHO H3BC-
CTHblM MOCKOBCKIIM XY.llO}f(HHKOM H apxHTeKTopoM C. r. EpO.lICKHM.
3aMC'faTCIIbHbl .lIpyrnc ropo.D.a H noceJJKH EOIlbmoH <DCO.lIOCHH. 0 I
KOKTe6enc MbI y}f(C paCCKa3bIBMH, HO HeIlb3H He ynoMHHYTb H 0 HaXO.lljir
lI1HXCji B 10 KM OT Hero noceJJKax Il.{c6CToBKa H Kypoprnoe, pacnoIlo-
}f(eHHblX B }f(HBOnHCHOH 0Ty3CKOH .lIOIlHHe. ll.{e6 oBKa, KOTopaH npc)/(-
.lIe HMeHOBMaCb OTY3aMH, ynoMHHaCTCH B Cpe.lIHCBCKOBblX nHCbMeHHbIX
HCTO'fHHKax. CeH'faC B HeH HaXO.lIHTCH LleHTpaJIbHaH Yca}J.b6a COBX03a-
3aBO.lIa «KOKTe6clIb», 3HaMCHHToro CROHMH BHHaMH H KOHbHKaMH. B
HH)l(HHX 0Ty3ax, KaK Ha3bIBMOCb npe>K.lle COBpeMeHHOC KYPOPTHOC,}f(HJI
3HaMCHHTblH c06HpaTeilb I1creH.ll KpblMCKHX TaTap reHCpaJI H. A. MapKC.
266
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BOCTOIIHOH OKOHC'fHOCTH KpblMa. nIlOllla.lIb nOIlYOCTpOBa paBHa npH-
MCpHO 3000 KM 2 . OH paCnOIlO}f(Cil MC>KLIY LIBYMSI MOpSlMH. MC)I(,llY CTC-
nblO H ropaMH H OTJ1H I IaCTCR MHKpoKIIHMaToM, YHHKaIlbHblM .lIa)j(c iIJISI
KpblMa. TOJ1bKO Ha KCp'feHCKOM nOJIYOCTpOBe HMCIOTCJI rpJl3CBblC BYII-
KaHbl. HC<}>TJlHbIC H LleIle6Hbic CCpOBO.lIOpO.lIHble HCTO'fHHKH, 3aIle}f(H PY.lI.
3LICCb Y'fCHbIC Ha6I1IO.lIaIOT cBoc06pa3Hbie 6HoLleH03bI.
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na'fCKOrO ropHoro xpe6Ta 123 . HOCJlll.{crO n03TH'feCKOC Ha3BaHHe ropbl
MHTpHiiaT. C BOCTOKa ropo.lI OMblBaCT 3ana.lIHaJi 'faCTb KCp'fCHCKOH
6YXTbl O.lIHOHMeHHoro npoIlHBa.
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.lIO 15 KM. nOcJle HCKycCTBeHHoro ymy6I1CHHJI cY.lIOXO.lIHOrO <}>apBaTc-
pa cro rIly6HHa CTMa .lIOCTHraTb 15 MCTpOB. 4epe3 Hcro npOXO.lIjJT or-
pOMHblC KOCJlKH Pbl6bl, B TOM 'fHCaC 3HaMCHHTOH KCp'fCHCKOH CCJlb.lIH.
3TOT npOIlHB COC.lIHIDICT A30BCKoe H 1.JepHoc MOpJl, O.lIHOBpCMCHHO
pa3.lICIIRJI KpblM H TaMaHb. 3JIJIHHbi Ha3bIBMH cro EocnopoM KHMMe-
pHHCKHM. B MHOroBCKOBOM npOTHBOCTOJlHHH BeIlHKOH CTcnH H Cpe.!UI-
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3iJ:CCb npOXO}J.HJJO Ba>KHeHmeC nepcKpeCTbC MC)I(}J.y CCBCpHOH EBpa3HCH,
CPC.lIHCH A3HCH, KHTaCM H CPC.llH3CMHOMOpbCM, n03TOMY Kcp'fb BKlIlO-
'fCHa B MC)l(}J.yHapo.lIHYIO nporpaMMY IOHECKO «llJelIKoBblH nYTh».
fopo.lI pa36pocaH B.lIOnb n06epc>K:bJl nO'fTH Ha 60 KM, H, BCpOJITHO,
TOIlbKO 3.lI0poBbiM 3HTY3Ha3MOM Kep'faH MO>KHO 06'bJlCHHTh pa3Mell.{CHHe
maBHoro ropO.lICKOrO llJIJl}f(a Ha O.aHOH H3 .lIMbHHX OKpaHH ropo.lIa.
26 BCKOB HCTOpHH .lIalOT Kep'fH npaBO Ha 3BaHHe BC'fHOrO fopo.D.a-
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BOJIbHO nOIfreHHbIH B03paCT, KOr.D.a AneKcaH.llPHH Cll.{e He 6billO Ha CReTe.
CaMble .lIpeBHHC nOCCIleHHSI B OKpeCTHOCTJlX COBpcMCHHOH Kep-
'fH 06HapY}f(eHbI B paHOHC nOCCIIKa MaJlK, B03paCT nocclIeHHH onpe.lIe-
I1J1CTCJI XVII-XV BB. .lIO H. 3.
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)j(e VI B. .lIO H. 3. fepO.lIOT, CTpa60H H .lIPyme aHTH'fHble aBTopbl no-
CTORHHO CB.II3bIBaIlH BOCTO'fHYIO 'faCTb Kep'feHCKOro nOIlYOCTpOBa H
KCp'feHCKHH npOIlHB C KHMMepHHLlaMH, Ha3blBaJi ero KHMMcpHeH.
267
nnoHeTo mOAe
B paHOHC npoIlHBa B03HHKaCT HCCKOnbKO nOIlHCOB. Ha KpblMCKOM
6epery CTpOHTCH naHTHKanCH, MHPMCKHH, TllplITaKa, HHMcpeH, noJXt>-
MHH, AnO.illlOHHH, AKpa, KHTCH; Ha TaMaHCKOM - <DaHaropHH, fepMO-
Hacca, Kenbl. naTpeH. nCpBOHa'lMbHO nOJIIICbl 6blIlH aBTOHOMHbIMH
ropon.aMH-mCY.D:apcrnaMH, Ka)!(,LlbIH H3 KOTOpblX 'fCKaHHJI CBOIO MOHeTy.
nOCTeneHHO B03pacraeT pOlIb naHTHKanCjI, B03Ben.eHHoro Ha
CKIIOHax ropbl MHTpH,llaT. OH CHa'fMa nO.lI'fHJlHCT 61IH3JJC}f(all.{He no-
J1HCbl, a B 480 r. CTaHOBHTCH CToIlHLleH EocnopCKoro LlapcTBa, BKIIIO-
'f-aH TaK}f(C f oprHnnHIO. <DCO.lIOCHIO, <DaHaropHIO H MHorHe .D.PyrHc
ropon.a Ha BOcrOKC nOIlyocrpoBa. Eocnop npeBpall.{acrcH B KpynHcH-
mce rocyn.apcTBo CeBcpHoro npHIJepHOMopbH. ll.apCTBoM C 480 no_ 438
r..lIO H. 3. npaBHT n.HHaCTHH ApxeaHaKTH,llOB, KOTOPYIO CMeHHeT n.HHa-
CTHH CnapTOKH,llOB, npaBHBllIaH B 438-\07 rr..ao H. 3.
EocnopcKoe LlapcTBO H XcpCOHec Be.lIYT nOCTOHHHYIO 60pb6y 3a
pa3.D:eIl cl)Jep BIlHHHHH, HeO.lIHOKpaTHo npH 3TQM 06'bC.lIHHHHCb npOTHB
06rnero Bpara.
Co CTcnHblMH HapO.lIaMH Eocnop aKTHBHO TOpryCT, BMecre C TCM
nCpHO.lIbl «MHpHoro COCYll.{CCTBoBaHHH» nOCTOHHHO CMeHHIOTCH BOCH-
HbIM npOTHBoCTOHHHCM. OCHOBOH B3aHMooTHomcHHH JlIIIHHOB H CKH-
<}>OB. .lIa H caM CMblClI B03HHKHOBCHHH nOIlHCOB B CCBCpHOM npH'fCp-
HOMOpbC 3aKIIIO'fMCH B JKCnOpTC 3cpHa H COIlCHOH pbl6bI. 06 3TOM
CBH.llCTCIIbcTBycr pC'fb Ll,cMoc<}>cHa I24 , B KOTOpOH rOBopHTCH, 'I TO .lIO
nOIlOBHHbl xJle6a, HY}f(HOrO A<}>HHaM, nOCTaBlISllIOCb H3 Eocnopa.
BTOPYIO no 3Ha 'feHHIO CTaTblO ToproBIIH Eocnopa, no CBH.lICTCIIb-
CTBY CTpa60Ha, 3aHHMa:Ja COIlCHaH pbI6a.
Bo II B..lIO H. J. KOHTpOIlb Ha.lI CCBepHblM npH'fCpHOMOpbCM nepc-
XO.lIHT K nOHTHHCKOMY 31IJlHHHCTH'feCKoMY uapcTBY. B 107 r..lIO H. 3.
nOClIe.lIHHH npe.lICTaBHTCIIb .lIHHaCTHH CnapTOKH.lIOB 60cnopcKHH Llapb
ncpHca.lI YCTynaCT BIIaCTb Ha.lI EocnopOM npaBHTCJlIO nOHTa MHTpH-
n.aTY VI EBnaToPY. 3TO pCllICHHeBbI3bIBaeT HapO.D:HOC B03MYll.{CHHe,
KOHIJalOll.{CCCH y6HHCTBOM nCpHCa.lIa H npoB03rIlamcHHcM LlapcM Eoc-
nopa cKH<}>a CaBMaKa. Bbl.llalOll.{HHCH nOHTHHcKHH nOIlKOBO.lICLI Ll,Ha-
<}>aHT, n06C.lIHB CaBMaKa, npHCOC.lIHHHeT EocnopcKoc LlapcTBo K nOH-
TY. nocIle nOpa}f(eHHH nOHTa B BOHHax C pHMJlHHaMH KOHTpOIlb Ha.lI
crenHoH 'faCTblO nOIlyoCTpoBa ncpexon.HT K cKH<}>aM. KOTOpblX CMeHH-
lOT B III B. roTbl H capMaTbI, a B IV B. ropo.lI pa3pYllIaeTcH ryHHaMH.
268
nnOHeTO 1lIoAei1
B VI B. CpC.lIH3CMHOMOpcKHC nOCCJICmlH B03po)/(}J.alOTcSl BH3aHTHH-
L{aMH. no pcmcHHIO BH3aHTHHCKOrO HMncpaTopa JOCTHHHaHa CIO}J.a 6bm
HanpaBIIcH rapmnoH H Ha'lanOCb CTpOHTCIlbL'TBO KpcnoCTH. nOIly<IHBmeH
Ha3BaHHC Docnop. fOpO.lICTaHOBHTcH LlCHTpOM cnapxHH, H Ky.'lbTypa MC-
cmoro HacenCHHH pa3BHBacTcH no.lI BIIHHHHCM rpe'fCCKOrO npaBoCJJaBHH.
B VIII B. KpblM nona.aaCT B c<}>cpy BIIHHHHH Xa3apcKoro KaraHa-
Ta. Docnop nOIlY'faCT TlOpKCKOC Ha3BaHHC Kapma, HJ1H I.J:apma, 'ITO B
nCpCBO.lIC C TlOpKCKoro 03Ha'faCT «pbIHOK».
B KOHLIC I TblCH'fClICTlIH ropo.lI no.a lla3BaHHCM KOp'lb, KOp'fCB,
BXO.D.HT B COCTaB TMYTapaKaHcKoro KHSliKCCTBa - 'faCTH KHCBCKOH PyCH.
nOCJlC HameCTBHH BOHCK 30IlOTOH OP.lJ.bl B XIII B. Kcp'fb, Tenepb YiKC
I.J:CpKHO, CTaHOBHfCH £jJaKTOpHCH rcHy::nLlcB, a B XV B. HX CMCIDIIOT TYpKH.
B 1703 r. no npOCKTY <}>paHLlyJCKHx HHiKCIlCpoB KpCflOCTh pcCTaBpHPycTCH
H O.llHOBpcMCHHO B03BO}J.HTCH HOBaS! KpcnOCTb EHH-Kancl 5, 3aMbIKalOll.{IDI
npoxo.lI 'IC)X"3 npoJIHB. OHa 6bma 60JlCC Bblro.llHO p cnolIoiKeHa D..'151 npo-
THBOCTOHHlliI PYCCKHM Boi'lcKaM, 'fCM CTapaS!, HaXO,WIll.{aJlCH B my6HHc Kcp-
'JCHCKOH 6YXTbi. B paHoHc Elm-Kanc 6bI;10 H TMYTapaKaHcKoc roPO}J.lIll.{C:
B 1872 r. 3,aCCb npH pacKonKax 6bma Hall.llCHa CBHHUOBaH nC'faTb PaTH-
6opa, HaMeCTHHKa BCJIIIKOro KIDI3H KJlcBCKoro BccBoIlo.aa B T IYTapaKa-
IlH, a npH pacKonKax 1912 r. o6HapYiKcHa ne'faTb <1>co<}>amm MY3aJlOH,
BH3aHTHHCKOH naTpHLlHa."KH, }f(CHbl KH}l'3Sl OIlCrd CBJlTOCJlaBH'Ia.
f opo.a II KpcnoCTb HCO.D.HOKpanlO 3aXBaTblBaIlH pyCCKHC BOHcKa
BO BpCMH MHOro'fHClICHHbIX BOHH C TYPLlHCH, a C 1773 r. KCp'lb ncpc-
XO.lIHT K POCCHH. B 1790 r. B KCp'fCHCKOM npOJlHBC npOHCXO}J.l1T 60H, B
KOTOpOM PYCCKHH <}>I10T no.a KOMaH.aOBaHHCM a}J.MHpalIa <1>. <1>. Yma-
KOBa O.lICpiKHBaeT Ha.lI TypKaMH 6I1HCTaTcIIbHYJO n06c.ay.
norepJIB noene npHcoe.lUfHeHlliI KpblMa K POCCHH CBOC Boclilio-crpa-
Tern'fCCKOC 3Ha'lCIDIC, Kcp% nepe>K:HBacr yna}J.OK. B Ha'iMC XIX B. 3.lICCb
>K:HBYT ocero 250 }f(HTCJ1CH, HO OTKpbITHC B 80-e IT. orpoMHoro }f(C!1C30pY.lUfG-
ro MCCTOpo)lCllCHlliI, CTpOHTCJIbCTBO >K:ene3HOH .lIoporn H ymy6JICHHC B 1908
r. Kep'fCHCKoro nponHBa npeBpall.{aIOT roPO.lI B xpynHbIH mmycrpH<UIbHbIH
UCHTp. B 1939 r: B Kcp'fH HpO>K:HBalOT Y>KC 601Ice 100 TbIC. )I(lffC.,lCH.
B rO.lIbl BCJIHKOH OTC'fCCTBCHHOH BOHHbl I1HHHH <}>poHTa 'fCTbl-
pc)/(}J.bl npOXO.lIHIIa 'ICpC3 KCp'fb. nCpBblH pa3 ropo.lI 6blJI oCB060)/(}J.CH
OT <}>amHCTcKHx oKKynaHToB 30 OKTH6pH 1941 r. B XO.lIC KCp'fCHCKO-
<1>CO.lIOCHHCKOH, caMOH KpynHoH B XO.lIC BOCHHblX .lICHCfBHH B KpblMY
269
nJloHeTo JlIOAei:1
.lIecaHTHoH Onepal.lHH. nOCJle oTcTynncHH}! qaCTb COBCTCKHX BOHHOB
BMCCTC C napTH3aHaMH YXO.aHT B A.lI}f(HMymKaHcKHe KaMeHOlIOMHII,
OTKY.lIa Bc.aeT Cpa>K:CHHC C MaH.lIO KOHLla OKTH6pH 1942 r., npCO.lIOIlCBaH
XOIlO.u., rOlIO.lI, HcxBaTKY 60cnpHnacoB H ra30BblC aTaKH.
PaHHHM YTpOM II anpeJl}! 1944 r. KCp'fb 6bIJIa OKOHqaTCilbHO oc-
B060)I(}J.eHa. 3a MY)f{eCTBO H oTBary, np01!BilcHHbIC B 60HX 3a ropo.lI, \37
BOHHOB 6bIJIH y.aoCToeHbl BblCOKoro 3BaHH}! fCpOH COBeTcKoro COI03a,
12 TbIC. Harpa)I(}J.cHbl 0p.lICHaMH H MC.lIMHMH, 21-HoH 'faCTH H COC.lIHHC-
HHIO KpacHoH ApMHH 6bIJIO npHcBocHO nO'fCTHOC HaHMCHOBaHHC Kcp-
qCHCKHX. B 1973 r. KCpqb 6bIJIa Y.lIOCTOCHa 3BaHHH «fopo.a-repoH».
CCrO.lIHH B KCp'fH npO)f{HBaIOT 189,5 TbIC. )f{HTCIICH. f OpO.lI
}!BII}!CTC}! npOMblmIlCHHblM LlCHTpOM KpblMa. flIaBHblc cro npe}J.-
npHHTHH: nocTpocHHblH ell.{C B 30-c rr. KaMblm-6YPYHCKHH }f(CIIC30-
PY.lIHblH KOM6HHaT, MCTaIlIlypnf'fCCKIiH 3aBO.lI HM. 'BoHKoBa H cy,ao-
CTpOHTClIbHblH 3aBO.lI «3alIHB», cnoc06HbIH npOH3BO.lIHTb caMblC 60Ilb-
llIHC He<}>TcHalIHBHbIC cY.lIa, COOTBCTCTBYIOll.{HC BCCM HopMaM
Me}f(}J.YHapO.lIHOH KOHBCHLlHH no npe.lIOTBpall.{CHHIO 3arp}!3HCHH}! MOpH.
KCp'fCHCKHC )f{eIlC30pY.lIHbIC MCCTOpO)I(}J.CHHH 6bIJIH OTKpblTbl B
Ha'IalIe 80-x rr. XVIII B. PYCCKHM nYTCll.{CCTBCHHHKOM BacHIIHeM 3yc-
BblM: B 1846 r. 6bIJIa nOCTpoeHa nCpBa}! .aOMCHHaji nC'fb. HOBblH MC-
TaJIIIyprH'ICCKHii 3aBO.a PYCCKO-<}>paHl.lY3cKoro aKl.lHOHCpHoro 6pHHC
KOro 06ll.{CCTBa 6bIJI nOCTpOCH Ha py6c>K:c XIX-XX BCKOB. 3.aCCb pa-
60TaIlo .ao .aBYx TbICHq KBaJIH<}>Hl.lHpOBaHHblx pa60qHx. CCrO.D.HH Ha
KOM6HHaTc HaJIa>K:CHO .aOMCHHOC npOH3BO.D.CTBO, I1HTbC, npoKaT, cTpc-
I10'fHbIC nepeBO.D.bI. 3.aCCb H3rOTaBilHBalOT llIHpOKO H3BCCTHYIO Ha OTC-
qCCTBCHHOM pblHKC 3MalIHpOBaHHYlO nocy.a y l26 H l.lBCTHYJO .aCKOlIb.
B KCpqH HaXO.lIHTCH caMblH MOll.{Hblii B KpbIMY MOpCKOH nopT-
LlCIIblH KOMnnCKC ToprOBblX, rpY30BblX H pbl60IlOBCl.lKHX npHqaJIOB.
CHMBOIl KCpqH - ropa MHTpH.llaT. Ha BcpmHHy J27 BC.D.CT I1CCT-
HHLla, HaCqHThIBalOll.{ajJ 60Ilcc 'fCTblpeXCOT cTyncHcH. J1cCTHHl.la noCT-
pOCHa B ]833-]840 rr. no npOCKTY HTaJJbjlHCKOro 3o.aQCrO Hr6H.
B.aOIlb HCC paCnOlIO}f(CHbl aHTHqHblC rpH<}>OHbI, H306pa>K:CHHC KOTOpblX
Mbl BCTpeqaCM Ha rep6ax KepqH H KpblMa.
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Ka, 'flIeHa:KOppecnoH.acHTa napH>K:CKOH aKa.lICMHH 11. A. CTcMnKoBc-
270
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BoHHY rrpH 60M6apJ:urpoBKe ropo.aa aHrlllflfcKI1MH Kopa6:HlMH. KCTa-
TH. 3aTCM .1l06I1CCrHblc CblHbl Anb6HoHa YBC3J1H /IOMOH MHOJKCCTBO uell-
HeHmHx JKcnOHaTOB. Ewc O.lIHO pa30pcHHC KCp'iCIICKI1H HCTopHKo-ap-
xeo;10rH'lccKHH MY3CH ncpc)Kl-I:I B rO/lbl OTCIICCTBCHHOH BoiiHbl. B noc-
JICBOCHHble rO.lILI MY3CH 6bIn BOCCTaHOBIIeH, nonOlIHHIICH HOBblMIi
JKcnoHaTaMH, KOlL']CKLlH}I KOTOpblX .lIaBHO ncpcBamma 3a 100 TbICR'f.
P}l.1l0M C LlCpKOBblO 110aHHa npC.lITC'fH Ha YIIHLlC Eoc<}>opcKoii pa3-
MCCTHJICH MOpCIWH HHCTHTYT (IOrHI1PO), B MYJCC KOTOporo npe.a-
naBIICHa 60raTCHma}l KOIllICKLlHH <}>aYHbl A30Bo-I.J:cpHoMopcKoro 6ac-
cdiHa, I1H,aHHcKoro OKcalla. A TnaHTHKH H Cy6apKTHKH.
no BCCMY ropo.lIY BC.aYTCH apxcOJIOnl'iCCKHC paCKOI1KH, HarIlH.lI-
HO npC.J.CTaBJIHIOll.{HC HaM HCTOpHIO ropO/la, KpblMa, EBponbl H A3HH.
06 apXCOjIOrH1feCKHX naMHTHHKax KCp'lH KpaTKo paccKa3aHo'B npc-
.lIbl.::IYll.{CH 'iaCTH KHHrH.
JJ.a, KCTaTH, B O.llHIII13 OCCHHHX .aHCH 1891 r. B KCp'fb ncmKOM npH-
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pma. H3BCmIOH 60IlC3HH )l(CJIyLlKa H BCHa.lll(arnncpcrnoH KHlllKH, XpoHH'fCC-
KHX 3a60,1CBaHHH nC'ICHH H }f(CJI'fHblX nYTCH. «Hap3<1.H KpbIMCKHH» - rHl!PO-
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ro'fHbIMH H HCHPOCOCY.lIHCTblMH 33601ICBaHHjlMH. O..'1HaKO .lIO CHX nop B
KypOPTHOM OTHomCHHH rOpHO-I1CCHCTaH 30Ha OCBOCHa cIIa60. 3L1CCb pac-
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285
KpblM I-1C emUOll..lI-1H
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B TCnnOe BpcMJ/ ro.£(a:
XpOHHIICCKHH H pCLlHLlHBHpYIOll.{HH 6pOHXHT. XpOHHIfCCKaJl nHeB-
MOHHJI B <}>a3C CTOHKOH 11 HCCTOHKOH PCMHCCHH;
6pOHX03KTaTHlfCCKaH 60nC3Hb B <}>a3C pCMHCCHH npH OrpaHH'fCH-
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aJIbHOH TcpanHH HlHlIH xHpyprHlfccKoro BMcmaTCIIbCTBa Ha lIcrKHX.
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Llcpc6pOBaCKYIlJlpHaJi HC.lIOCTaTO'fHOCTb C npCXOLlJlll.{HMH OlfarOBbl-
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npcxo.D.Jlll.{aJi HmCMHJI M03ra I1CrKOH HlIH CpC.lIHCH TJI}f(CCTH 6C3 no-
BTOpHblX Kpi130B, 6C3 OKKJlI03HH MarHCTpalIbHblX COCY.D.OB IfCpe3 3-
4 MCCJlLla nocnc npHCTyna;
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286
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TpHCCHHCM CnHHHOrO M03ra 6C3 OrpaHH'fCHHH caMo06cJJY>K:HBaHHH,
nCpC)J.BH)I(CHHH H 6C3 napymcHHH <}>YHKUHH Ta30BbiX opraHOB;
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paCCTpOHCTBaMH JICrKOH H CPC.lIHCH TH}f(CL'TH, C 3aLlCpJKKOH nCHXH-
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OT.D.RJlCI'lHbIC nOC,1CLlCTBHH TpaBM, COTpHCCHHH. KOHTY3HH rOIlOBHO-
ro M03ra;
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3a6oJJCBaHHJl ncpHrjJcpHlJCCKOii HCpBHOii CJ!GiCMbl
ciJnaTopHR. CaKIf:
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nOpaJKCHHC KopcmKOB, cnIlCTCHHH, HepBHblX CTBOJIOB HC paHCC .aBYX
MCCHLICB nOCIlC OCTporo ncpHOLla;
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pCBMaTHIfCCKHH H pCBMaTOH.llHbIH apTpHT B HcaKTHBHOH <}>a3C, TpaB-
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287
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288
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289
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npHMHTHBHOH 6C3rpaMOTHOCTH.
03.naHHaH B 1964 r. B KpblMY KOHTpOlIbHo-cnacaTelIbHaSi CJIY}f(-
6a (KCC) 80% CJIY'iaCB BbIpY'iaCT TCX, KTO IdC 3HaeT 3I1CMCHTapHblx
npIlBHJI nOBC.D.eHHJJ B ropax H' .na>Ke.He HMeeT npe.D.craBJJeHHH 0 cywe-:
CTBOBaHHH nO.lI06HblX npaBHlI.
. B KpbIMY nOBCCMeCTHO BCTpC'iaIOTCH. 06Pb1BbI. 06ll.{ajf HX npo-
TjI}f(CHHOCTb npH BblCOTC OT 5 .lIO 500 M TOIlbKO B KpblMCKHX ropax, He
C'iHTaH 6eperoBoH 30Hbl, COCTaBIIjlCT 2850 KM. npH6I1H>K:eHHC K Kparo
06pbIBa HJIH .lIBH>K:eHHe B.lIOIlb Hcro BCer.lIa .D.OIl>K:HO 6bITb OnpaB.D.aHO
He06xo.D.HMOCTblO H cOnpOBO}f(.lIaTbCjI cTpaxoBKoH. Ell.{c lJall.{e, 'iCM
npe.D.nOlIaralOT HOBHIfKH, B03HHKaCT BHC3anHaH nOTcpH YCTOH'fHBOC-
TH. Ho onaCHCH TO, If TO I1106bIC, .D.a}f(e caMble npOIfHblC ropHblC nopo-
.lIbl nOCTcnCHHO pa3pymalOTCjI. npOHH3aHHblC TpeWHHaMH pa3HOH
npHp0.D.bl, OHH TCpHIOT MOHOIlHTHOCTb H MOryT 06pymHTbcjI npH ca-
MOH MHHHMaJlbHOH .D.OnOIlHHTCJIbHOH HarpY3Ke.
nepCMCll.{CHHe 061I0MKOB ropHblX nopo.D. no CKIIOHY no.D. .D.CHCTBH-
CM CHIIbl TH>K:CCTH Ha3blBaeTCH KaMHena.D.OM. OHH MOryT BbI3bIBaTbCH
KaK CCTCCTBCHHblMH npHIfHHaMH, TaK H Hcpa3YMHblMH .lIC CTBHjlMH
1IIO.lICH. OCHOBHaH onaCHOCTb KaMHCna.lIOB 3aKJIIO'iaCTCjI B HX HCO>K:H-
.D.aHHOCTH. na.lIalOLUHC KaMHH 06bl'lHO 061Ia.lIalOT 60JIbmOH CKOpOC-
306
n KOM B He6 '
TblO, KpOMe Taro, npaKTHIJCCKH HeB03MO>K:HO onpe.D.CIIHTb TpaCKTopHIO
HX na.lICHHH H3-38 Toro, IJTO OHa nOCTOHHHO MCHHCTCH npH conpHKOC-
HOBCHHH KaMHH C HCpOBHOCTHMH 06pblBa. Oc06CHHO onaCHbl KaMHC-
na.lIbl B KaHbOHax H Yll.{CIIbHX.
I.JT06bl rapaHTHpOBaTb 6c30naCHOCTb nOXO.lIOB H nporYIIOK B
ropbl, HC06xO.D.HMO 3HaTb npaBHIIa H npHCMbl npeO.D.OlIeHHH KaMHcna.n.-
HblX CKJIOHOB:
- KaMHCna.lIHblC YlJaCTI(H I1Y'fmc 060HTH no rpe6HHM HJIH BOllO-
pa3.llCIIaM;
- npC}f(}J.e IJCM nO.lIHHTbCH Ha CKJIOH, y6C.aHTOCb, IJTO Bblmc Bac
no CKJIOHY HC nepe.lIBHraCTCH .D.pyraH rpynna;
_ npHmC.D. mHC B .D.BH}f(CHHC KaMHH CHaIJaIla CKOlIb3HT no no-
BCpXHOCTH CKIIOHa .lIOBOlIbHO MC.D.IICHHO, H B MOMCHT HalJMbHOrO .D.BH-
}f(CHHH copBaBmHMCjI KaMCHb ewc MO}f(HO OCTaHOBHTb, n03ToMY HH-
TcpBaIl MC}f(.lIY nO.lIHHMalOll.{HMHCH no CKlIOHY I1IO.lIbMH .D.OlI}f(CH 6bITb
MHHHMalIbHbIM.
nOTCpH MOHOIlHTHOCTH B ropHblx nopo.aax ClIY>K:HT npHIJHHOH
06PymHBaHHjI KapHH30B H K03blpbKOB Ha 06pblBax, CBO.D.OB H CTCH
rpOTOB, CKalIbHblX HaBCCOB. 3TO TO>K:C lJawc npOHCXO.D.HT nocIIc I1HB-
HCBbIX .D.O}f(}J.CM, TaK KaK .D.O}f(}J.CBble BO.lIbl paCTBopHIOT H3BCCTHjlKH H
pacmHpHIOT TpeWHHbI.
Bo MHornx MeCTax KpblMa B pe3YIlbTaTC 06BaJlOB 06pa30BaJlHCb
KaMCHHblC xaOCbl - CKonnCHHH rIlbl6. ,[{a}f(C O'fCHb KpynHblc rIIbl6bI
lJaCTO HaXO.D.HTCSI B HeYCTOHIJHBOM nOIlO}f(CHHH, n03TOMY XO.D.HTb no
rlIbl60BblM CKOnIlCHHjlM onaCHO. CnacaTCIIHM He pa3 npHXO.D.HlIOCb
OKa3blBaTb nOMOIllb TypHCTaM, KOTOpbIC, ncpenpblrHBaji C O.D.HOM rIIbl-
6b1 Ha .D.pyrylO, npOBaJlHBaJlHCb B ll.{eJIH MC}f(.lIY KaMHHMH H nOlIYlJaJlH
CCpbC3HblC TpaBMbI.
HCH36C>K:HYIO onaCHOCTb ropHbIX paHOHOB COCTaBIIHIOT I1aBHHbI.
.l]jIH ropHoro KpblMa lIaBHHbl HCTHnHIJHbl, HO B MHOrOCHC}f(HblC 3HMbl
HHOr.D.a CIIytIalOTC1I Ha fIlaBHOH rpjj}J.c.
B KpblMY YIJTCHO 68 KpynHblx CCIICH. OnacHocTb CCIICBblX no-
TOKOB 3aKlIIOIJaCTCH B HX BHC3anHOCTH H 60IlbmoH CKOpOCTH, .D.OC-
THralOll.{CH 18 KM/lJac. HaH60Ilcc CCIICOnaCHbJMH paHoHaMH SlBIIH-
IOTCjI 6acccHHbl pCK YCKYT, ApnaT, I.Ja6aH-KYIIc, lllClICH, BOPOH,
AM-Cepc3, KYTIIaK Ha BOCTOKC KpblMa. 3.lICCb OHH nOBTopHIOTCH
307
nY T eBOAI-1Telll-1
pa3 B 3-5 I1CT. Ha IO)I{HOM 6cpcry BblCOKa BCpOSITHOCTb CCIICH B
6acccHHC pCRH Y'IaH-Cy. CCIIH BCpOHTHCC "PH HHTCHCHBHblX I1HB-
HjlX. B no >Ke BpCMH ;D.OCTaTO'fHO onaCHbl naBOJ'tKH, KOr.D.a ypo-
BCHb BOJ'lbl B pCKax Ka'Ia. I:>CIIb6cK, AIIbMa, 4cpHaH nO.D.HHMaCTCjI
Ha 2-3, a HHOrJla Ha 4-6 MCTpOB.
OcHOBHblC cnY'IaH, C KOTOpblMH CTaJlKHBalOTCH cnaCaTCJIH, Bnpo-
'ICM, OTHlO.lIb HC CBH3aHbl co CTHXHHHblMH 6C.lICTBHHMH. YalUc Bccro aBa-
pHHHo-cnaCaTCJlbHbIC pa60TbI CBH3aHbl C TypHCTCKHMII rpynnaMH, KO-
TOpblC C6HJIHCb C nYTH. KaK 3TO HH cTpaHHo, 'Iall.{C acero TypHCTbl TCPH-
lOT OpHCHTHpoBKY B HaH60IlCC OCBOCHHblX H nOCClUaCMbIX MCCTaX: Ha
4aTblpltare. AH- nCTpH, ,[{CMCP.D.)I{H. Kapa6H H B EOIlbmOM KaHbOHC.
Eutc O.lIlla npH'IHHa HCC'faCTHbIX CIIY'faCB 1aKIIIO'faCTCH B 6ccnc'I-
HOCTH TYPHCTOB npH nO.lI60pc O.lIC)I{.lIbl H lIH'IHOrO CHapSl}f(CHHH. C H3-
MCHCHHCM nOrO.lIbl .D.a}f(C caMblH I1CrKHH MapmpYT MO}f(CT CTaTb TH}f(C-
I1blM H onaCHblM. TYPHCT 06H3aH npc.aBH.llCTb CHTyaLlHIO H HMCTb 3a-
naCHOH BapHaHT .anH I1106oro pa3BHTHH C06bITHH, TCM 601ICC 'ITO
npHpO.D.a H norO.lIa HHKOr.lIa HC cKynHTcH Ha ClOpnpH3bI.
B nell.\epox KpblMo
B nE1U,EPAX
KPblMA
KpblM - KJIaCCHIJCCKaH KapcTOBajJ 06I1aCTb,
HCY.D.HBHTCIIbHO, 'I TO HMCHHO 3.D.CCb nonyIJHJI CaMOC mHpoKOC pacnpocr-
paHCHHC 3aHHMaTClIbHbIH H pOMaHTJ(IJCCKHH BH}J. cnopTa - nCll.{CpHbIH
TypH3M. B 1958 r. npH MHCTIITYTC MHHcpaIlbHbIX PCCYPCOB B CHM<}>CPO-
HOIlC 6bma C03.D.aHa ncpBaH B CTpaHc CCKIJ.HH cnencorypH3Ma. B 1962 r. Ha
AH-neTpH COCTOJlIlCH ncpBbIH BCCCOlO3HbIH ClICT cnClICOIlorOB, B KOTOpOM
npHWlJIH YIJaCTHC 110 npe.llCTaBHTCJICH H3 14 ropO.lIOB CTpaHbl.
M3BeCTHblH HCCJlC.D.OBaTCJlb nOl!1CMHbIX npocrpaHCTB B. H. .LJ.y6mlH-
CKHH CIJHTaCT, IJTO TCpMIIH «cnCIICOlIOrHjI» (OT rpeIJCCKOrO «cnCJIeOH»-
«ncmcpa») 6bI.i1 npc..'UIO>K:CH B 1890 r. 4>paHLlY3CKHM apxcolIoroM 3MIL'lCM
PHBbCpoM. npo<l>cccop B. H. ,[{y6mlHcKHH yrny6HJI onpC.D.ClICHHC cnCJlCO-
JIOrHH ClIC.lIYIOll.{HM 06pa30M: «O.D.Ha H3 HaYK 0 3CMJlC, H3Y ' -IaIOll.{aH npoHc-
XO>K.llCHHC, pa3BHTHC, reOIlOrHIJCCKHC, rH.llpOIlOrHIJCCKHC If MHKpOKJIHMa-
THIJCCKHC OC06 HHOCTH ncmcp, HX <}>aYHY, TCXHHlJecKHC npHCMbl npOHHK-
HOBCHHH nO.lI3eMJIIO H pa60Tbl B nO}J.3eMHbIX YCIIOBHSlX».
CaMblc pacI]poCTpaHcHHblC H O}J.HOBpeMCHHO caMblC rpaWlI103Hb1C
nCll.{Cpbl- KapcrOBbIC, 06pa30BaBmHccH B pe3YIIbTaTc paCTBOpCHHjI npH-
PO.lIHblMH BO.D.aMH ropHblX nopo.D.. KapcroBblc nCll.{Cpb( npHHHTO .lICIIHTb
Ha TpH rpynJIbI: cnOpTHBHbIC, 06mC.D.OCTynHbIC H 060pY.D.OBaHHblc.
CnopTHBHbie nemepbl H306HJ1YIOT CCTCCTBCHHblMH npCnjlTCTBH-
HMH H TpCtJYIOT }J.1IH HCCIIC.D.OBaHHH HC TOIlbKO CnCI.lHaJlbHorO CHapH}f(C-
HHH, HO H rny60KHx 3HaHHH, OC06blX HaBblKOB H YMCHHH.
06meAOCTynHbie nemepbl npe.D.CTa lIHIOT c060ii Hcrny60KHc KO-
1I0.lIl.lbl HJIH HaKIIoHHo-ropH30HTaJlbHbIC nCll.{Cpbl, }J.1IH nOCCll.{CHHH KO-
TOpblX He HY}f(Ha }J.1IHTelIbHaH cnopTHBHaji no,nrOTOBKa H cnCLlHaIlbHOC
CHapjl>K:CHHC.
060pYAOB8HHbie nemepbl CnCI.lHaIlbHO npHcnoc06I1CHbI K Mac-
COBblM 3KCKypCHHM, 3all.{Hll.{aH I1IO.lICH OT KOBapCTBa ncll.{cp H oxpaHSIH
ncmcpbl OT IJenOBCIJCCKOrO BapBapCTBa.
EOIlbmHHCTBO KpblMCKHX nCIlICp HMCCT Ba}f(HCHllICC 3Ha IJCHHC }J.1IH
pacmHpCHHH 3HaHHH IJCJIOBCIJCCTBa B 06I1aCTH rCOlIorHH, apXCOlIorHH
H naJlCOHTOIlorHH. no 3TOH npH'fHHC 3HaIJHTCIIbHaH HX 'faCTb 06'bHB-
309
nyreBoAIo1Tenlo1
I1CHa naMHTHHKaMH npHpO.llL1 H OXpaHjlCTCjI 3aKOHOM. MHornc H3 HHX
coxpaHHIIH HaTe'fHbIC 06pa30BaHHH, HHTCpCCHbIC rCOJlOrH'fCCKHC OT-
1I0}f(CHHH. BO MHorHX nCll.{epax HaM.lIeHbI OCTaHKH .lIpCBHHX >KHBOTHbIX.
Pa306paTbCH B MCCTOHaXO}f(}J.CHHH nO':lTH 900 KpbIMCKHX ncwcp Hcnpo-
CTO. 1h06bl 061ICr':lHTb HaM 3Ty 3a,na':lY, BbI}J.CJIHIOT 'fCTblpC cnCJICOJIO-
nl':lCCKHX paMOHa: .HIITHHCKOC H UCHTpaJlbHOC KapCTOBOC nnaTO, nJIa-
TO 1.JaTbIp.D.ara, )],OIlropYKOBCKaH j1Hna, Kapa6H-j1HlIa.
Ha RJlTHHCKOM ,j1HnC H UCHTpaJIbHOM KapCTOBOM nnaTO HaC'lHThI-
BaeTC5I HecKOIlbKO COT KapcTOBbIX nOIlOCTcii, TOl1bKO Ha AH-neTpHnCICOH
HHnC HaC'fHTbIBaCTCH 285 newcp, maxT H KOJlO}J.l{CB. HaH601Iee H3Y'feHbI H
mrrcpecHbi B :nOM cneneOlIOrH'fCCKOM paHOHe CJIe.llYIOll.{HC nOIlOCTH:
. nCLQepa BHCjJ':IlUt (40 1115 M)IS2 - ,nByx:miJI<HM nOIlOCTb C 06HlIH-
eM HaTCKOB, pa30pBaHHbIX TCKTOHH'fecKHMH nOltBIDkKaMH H3BeCTHJlJCOB;
. newepa MC.D.OBaH (205/60 M), xapaKTCpH3YIOLQaJlCH YHHKaJIb-
HblMH OTIIO}f(eHHHMH;
. nCll.{Cpa KacKa,nHaji (4101195 M) C raJlcpeHMH, Be.lIYWHMH B .D.peB-
HIOIO KapcroBYIO CHCTCMY C 60IlbmHMH 3aJJaMH;
. nCll.{Cpa feo<}>H3H'fCCKaH (140/60 M) - .D.pCBHHJI nOIlOCTh C HC-
CKOIlbKHMH BHYTpeHHHMH KOIlO.D.llaMH H HaTCKaMH;
. lIlaXTa KpHCTaJlbHaji (110/143 M) C }f(HBOnHCHbIM HaTelfHblM y6-
paHCTBoM H orpoMHblM rIlbl60BblM HaBaJlOM;
. nCll.{Cpa-HCTOlfHHK MHcxopcKaSi (100/40 M);
. CTaBpHKaHCKajl ncwcpa (\00/10 M) C 06HIIHCM HaTe'fHbIX
06pa30BaHHH;
. BccbMa caM06bITHbl nCll.{Cpbl EacMaH-5, EacMaH-7, EacMaH-3;
. nCll.{Cpa-HCTO'fHHK )l(cM'fY}f(HaH;
. Hc60JIbllIajl newepa 110rpa<}> (Amrna rIIaBHoro 3aJIa - 18 M, IIlH-
pHHa - 10M) H306HIIyCT CTaJIaKTHTaMH, CTaJlarMHTaMH H BaHHolfKaMH,
B KOTOpblX B CBOC BpeMJI 6billH HaH,nCHbI nCll.{epHblC >K:CMIJ}'>K:HHbI. B 3TOH
KapCTOBOM nOlIOCTH B VIII-IX BB. paCnOIlaraJIaCb nCll.{CpHaHllcpKOBb;
. ncwcpa-rpoT )],aHHlIblfa, B KOTOpOM HaXO.D.HTCH mcpo my6H-
HOM OKOIlO 2 MCTpOB.
Ha 1.JaTbIp.D.arC 06HapY)/(CHO 135 n0.lI3eMHb1X nOJIocreH. Cpe.aH
HaH60Ilcc H3BCCTHbIX cnOpTHBHblX nCLQcp 1.JaTblp.D.ara HCIIb3j1 HC ynoMH-
HYTb caMYIO my60KYIO nOlIOCTb - maxTY KomHHa my6HHoH 247 MCT-
pOB. B 1978- I 979 IT. CHM$cponolIbcKHC cncIIcoIlorn HaUIJIH CH$OHHOC
310
B neL4epax KpblMo
C006ll.{CHHe MC}f(J!Y H3BCCTHblMH paHec nCll.{CpaMH, OTKpblB reM caMblM
CDHH)'IO nCll.{CpHYIO CHCTCMY BHIIOBa - A3HMYTHaH - 0611aJIbHa». B
maXTe 06BMbHaSi (\10/59 M) 06HapY}f(CHbl OCTaTKH <}>aYHbl I1C.D.HHKOBO-
ro ncpHO.lJ.a. Oc060c MCCTO cpC.D.H cnopTHBHblX nClUCp 3aHHMaeT AHHC-
KaSi (560/20 M), HO npoHHKHYTh B ee 06BOJJ.HCHH,bIC rancpcH Y.D.aCTcjJ TOIlb-
KO cnCIICOIlOraM-aI<BMaHrHCTaM. B nemcpc 3MHHC-E aHp ISJ (210/43 M) H
maXTC fyrep.D.)!(HH (60/20 M) HMCIOTCjJ HaTC'lHbIC 06pa30BaHH}!, ecb Haii-
.D.eHbl MHOrO'lHCJleHHbIC OCTaTKH .lJ.peBHCH <l>aYHbl.
EClIH cnopTHBHblC ncmcpbl OCTa-IOTa! YJJ.ejJOM nODrOTOBIICHHbIX
cnopTCMeHOB, TO 06bl'fHbIC TYpHCTbI C YDOBOlIbCTBHCM nOCCllIalOT 06-
ll.{C.D.OCTynHbIc nOIlOCTH, caMblMH 3HaMCHHTblMH li3 KOTOpbIX JlBII»IOT-
CH CYYK-K06a (<<XolIoDHaH») H EHH6allI-K06a (<<TbICH'fCrOIloBaSl»),
paCnOIlO}f(CHHbIC Ha CCBcpo-3anaDc HH>K:HCrO nnaTO 1..JaTbIp.D.ara. Ha-
3BaHHC CYYK-K06a, nO-BH.llHMOMY, CBH3aHO C paCnOlIO}f(CHHblMH B .D.Mb-
HCH 'IaCTH nCllIcpbl HHKor.D.a HC ncpCCbIXalOll.{HMH a>K:ypHblMH BaHHO'f-
KaMH C npOXJIa.lIHOH BODOH. 3TH Hc601IbllIHe ymy61IcHHH Ha npOTH}f(e-
HHH BCKOB HcnOlIb30BaJlHCb KaK HCTO'fHHK 'lHCTCHllICH nHTbCBOH BOJJ.bI,
pC.D.KOH Ha 6C3BO.D.HOM nlIaTO. B nCllIcpc EHH6am-K06a 1;4 6blII0 06Ha-
PY}f(CHO orpOMHOC CKonneHHC 'fCJlOBCqeCKHX I<OCTcit
Ha 1l0IlrOPYKOBCKOH H"ne HaXODHTCH caMaR }J.1IHHWHI KapCTO-
BaH ncmcpa EBponbl - WCCTH3Ta}f(Hasi KH3HlI-K06a 1S5. LI.JIllHa ncmc-
pbl npcBblmacT 16 KM, 3TO caMasi .D.IIHHHaH ncmcpa B EBpOIlC.
. K nCll.{cpe BC}J.eT ywelIbc, C03JJ.aHHOC Hc601Ibmoii rOpHO" pelfKOH
KH3HIIK06HHKOii. HaCbIIltCHHbIC H3BCCTblO BO.D.bI pC'fKH OTlIarMH CC B
BH.llC H3BCCTHHKOBblX TY<}>OB> H nOCTcnCHHO C<}>OpMHpOBalIaCb nnoma}J.Ka
06'bCMOM B 400 TbIC. M J , ncperopa>K:HBalOll.{aH ymeJIbC, CJlOBHO WIOTH-
H.a. YcrpCMlIHHCb BHH3, pe'IKa 06pa3ye-r BO.D.Ona.D.-KaCKaD BblCOTOH 60-
I1CC 50 MCTpOB. BCPXHHH 'faCTb CKlIOHOB ymclIbH ClIO}f(CHa 'KpacHoBa-
TblMH H3BCCTHHKaMH, DaBllIHMH Ha3BaHHC yll.{eJIblO, pClfKC H ncmcpe.
nCpBblC CBC.D.CHHH 0 KlI3HlI-K06c nOHBHIIHCb B nC'faTH B 1843
rODY. LI.olIroc BpCMH C'fHTMH, 'I TO .D.IIHHa XODOB nCllIcpbl COCTaBIIHeT
OKOIlO 2 KM. O.D.HaKO nOClIC TOro KaK B 1957 r. Y.D.aJlOCb OTKpbITb HO-
BbI" XOD (<<roplIo lllaMaHcKoro»), .D.OnOlIHHTeJIbHO 6bIIIH 06clIc.noBa-
HbI H onHcaHbl CllIC 601Ice 10 KM nO.D.3CMHbIX nOlIocTcii - rpaH.D.H03-
HbIX 3alIOB H 06mHpHblX raJlcpcii, yKpallIcHHbIx KMbLlHTOBbIMH Ha-
TelfHbIMH 06pa30BaHHHMH. OTDCJlbHbIC CTanaKTHTbl .D.OCTHraIOT 3.D.eCb
3.11
nyreBOAI-1Te 1-1
5-8 M .aIUlHbI. OC060H KpacoToil a}f(ypHoro HaTC'fHOrO y6paHCTBa OT-
I1H'faIOTC» TaK Ha3blBaCMble l1l/.zmHcKHH H KHTaHcKHH 3aIlbI. BClIH'ie-
CTBCH AKa.acMII'fCCKHH 3ail nlIOll.{a.ablO OKOIlO 300 M H BblCOTOH ..'l0 8
MCTpoB. PacnoIlO)KcHHblC B rny6IIHc ncmcpbl 3aIlbl .D.OCTHraIOT 30-40
M BblCOTbl H THHyTC» Ha .D.eC»TKH MCTpOB B.lIonb OCHOBHoro HanpaBlIe-
HHjJ fMepeH KH3HJJ-Ko6bi.
06BO.D.HeHHble nOlIOCTH THHyTCH Ha COTHH MCTpOB; llJIOlIIa.D.b HC-
KOTOpblX 03Cp ..D.OCTHraCT 500 M npH rny6IDlc 3 M H 60ncc. Bccro B
CHCTCMC KH3HJJ-K06blllICCTh 3Ta)l(CH. B BCPXHHX 3Ta}f(aX cyXO, TaM BO.D.a
nO'fTH npeKpanma CBOIO pa60TY. HH}f(HHe }f(C 06BO.D.HCHHbIC 3Ta)l(H
nClIIcpbl nCpe)l(HBalOT 3noxy aKTHBHOrO KapcToBoro pa3BHTHH. LI.JlH
npOXO)I()ICHHjJ HH)I(HHX 3Ta>KCH nClIIcpbl HY>K:Hbl rH.llpOKOCTlOMbl - HC-
06XO.D.HMOC CHapH}f(CHHC MO)l(CT 610lTb npC.D.OCTaBJICHO npo<}>ccCHOHaJIb-
HblMH CneJICOlIOraMH, 06CIIY>K:HBalOll.{HMH ncmcpy.
KH3HII-K06a H3BCCTHa H Kal< naMjJTHHI< apxcolIorml: 3.lIeCb HaH-
.D.CHbl KOCTH nClIIcpHblX Me.D.BC.D.CH H MaTcpHaIlbHblc CIlC.D.bl .D.peBHCH
KYlIbTypbl ncpBo6b1THOrO 'iClIOBCKa, nOIlY'fHBmCH Ha3BaHHC
«KH3HlIK06HHCKOH».
PH.lIOM C KH3HlI-K06oH paCnOlIO}f(eHbl nClIIcpbi EHH-CaJla II H
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H BCTpe'faIOTc» KpacHBblc HaTC'fHbIC 06pa30BaHHjJ. 113 .D.pynlx BCCbMa
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no OLlCHKaM HC3aBHCHMbIX 3KcncpToB, BXO.aHT B nHTcpi<y KpacHBcH-
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Mory OCTaBHTb npC.lIMCT. Ha 1<0TOpOM TBOC BeIlHKOC HMH. Hc Mory CHCC-
TH, 'fT06bl BCHKHH HCrO.D.HH TonTalI cro B nblJIlI. Hc Mor H TaK nOCTynHTb
npeHe6permH HMCHCM Toro, KTO MeHH BblTami1Jl caMoro H3 IlblIlH.
- Ka3HO.lIap.- 3al<pH'fM XaH,- .D.aH CMY ClUe CTOIlbI<O}f(C 30nOTa.
- KaK?! 3a 'ITO?! - 3anpoTcCToBMa 6blno XaHma AK-bHl<e.
- .D.OBOIlbHO! - CKa3aIl rp03Ho XaH H BCIIeIl n03BaTb Bcex rna-
maTaCB H TCIIIIaJlOB ropo.lIa.
Kor.lIa rlIamaTaH c06paIlHCb, OH BCIIcn 06'bHBHTb no BceMY xaH-
CTBY CBOH npHKa3:
«ECRH 'feIlOBCK C.D.cnaeT omH6Ky - 6blIl0 CI<a3aHO B I1pHI<a3C -
H nO>K:CIIaCT CC HcnpaBHTh no COBeTY }f(CHbl. TO C.D.eIlaCT Cll.{e .lIBC».
-
326
<DOHToH Cne3 .
4'OHTAH CAD
CBHpen H rp03eH 6blIl xaH KpbIM-fHpCH.
HHKoro OH HC ll.{a}J.HJI H HHI<OrO He }f(aJICII. CHlIbHblH 6bL'l xaH, HO cHJla
ero ycrynMa >K:eCTOKOCTH. K TPOHY npHmeIl KpOBO}J(a.lIHbIH KpbIM-fH-
PCH 'lepC3 ropbI TpynOB. OH npHI<a3aJI Bblpe3aTb BCCX MaJIb'fHI<OB CBOC-
ro PO.lIa, .lIa}f(C caMbIX MalICHbKHX, KTO 6bill pOCTOM He BbJmC KOJICCHOH
'feI<H, 'fT06bl HHKTO He nOMbllllJlJlJ] 0 BJIaCTH, nOl<a OH, xaH, }f(HB.
Kor.lIa Ha6crH COBCpmaJI KpbIM-fHpeii, 3CMJIJI ropcJIa, nencII OCTa-
BMCH. HHKal<He >K:M06bl II ClIe3bl He TporMH ero CCp.l1.Lle, OH ynHBMcH
KpOBblO CBom }J(epTB. TpCneTaJIH 1I1O.lIH, crpax 6e}f(M Bnepe.D.H HMCHH cro.
- Hy H nyCTb 6e}f(HT,-- roBOpHJI xaH,- :no xopomo, ecJIH 60HTCH...
BIIaCTb H cnaBa 3aMeHHIIH eMY BCC - H I11060Bb, H JIac y. l1.lIa}f(c
JJ.eHbrH He nlO6HJI OH TaK, Kal< cnaBY H BIIaCTb.
Kal<OH HH eCTb <IeJ'lOBel<, a 6e3 cCp.lILla He 6blBaeT. nYCTb OHO Ka-
MCHHOC, nYCTb }f(CJIe3HOC. nOCTY'fHmb B l<aMeHb - KaMeHb 0T30BCTCH.
nOCTY'fHmb B }J(cnC30 - }J(eJIe30 np03BCHHT. A B HapO.D.C rOBopHIIH -
y KpblM-fHpeH HeT cCp.lILla. BMecTo cep.lILla Y Hcro - 1<0MOl< mcpcTH.
nOCTY'fHmb B KOMOI< mcpCTH - Kal<OH OTBCT QonY'fHlUb? Pa3Be YCJIbl-
mHT TaKoe ccp.D.Lle? OHO MOlI'fHT, He OT3blBaCTCH.
Ho npHXO.lIHT 3aKaT 'feIlOBeKa, nOCTapcII HeKOr.lIa MOlIO.lIoii xan.
OCJIa6eIlo CCP.lILlC xaHa, H BomlIa B Hero I11060Bb. H nopOCllIec mcp-
CTblO cep.lIue CTaIlO COBceM 'felIOBC'feCKHM. fOIlbIM. npOCTblM.
O.llHa>K:.lIbl B rapeM I< CTapOMY xaHY npHBC3I1H HeBOIlbHHLlY, Ma-
I1eHbKYIO XY.lIeHbKYIO .lIeBO'fI<Y. )J.CIIHpe ce 3BaJIH. npHBe3 CC rJIaBHblH
CBHYX, nOKa3aJI KpbIM-fHpCIO, .lIa}f(e 3a'fMOl<aIl OT BOCXHll.{CHHH, pac-
XBaJIHBaji HCBOlIbHHUY.
)J.CIIHpe He corpClIa lIaCKOH H 1I1060BblO CTaporo xaHa, a BCC paB-
HO nOlII06HlI ee KpbIM-fHpeH. H BnepBbIC 3a .lIOIlrylO }J(H3Hb CBOIO OH
nO'fYBCTBOBaJI, 'I TO Ccp.lIue 601IeTb MO}J(CT, crpa.lIaTb MO}J(eT, pa}J.OBaTbCH
MO}J(eT, 'I TO CCP.lIUC - }f(HBoe.
He.lIOlIrO npO}f(HlIa )J.elIHpe. 3allaXIla B HCBOlIC, KaK He HbIH UBC-
TOI<, I1HmeHHbIH cOIlHLla.
Ha 3aKaTC .lIHCH CBOHX 1I106HTb MY}J(IlHHC O'feHb TPY.lIHO. OT :noIi
I1106BH CCp.lILlY Bcer.lIa 60IlbHO. A 1<0r.lIa I1106HMaH YXO.D.HT H3 >KH3HH,
327
vb nereH,Qbl B nereHAY
CCp.D.LlC lL'la'fCT KpOBbIO. nOHHII xaH, KaK TPY,,1HO 6blBacT 'IC.10BC'leCKO-
MY Cep.lIIl.Y. TpynHo CTano BCIIHKOMY xaHY. KaK npOCTOMY [leIlOBCKY.
BbnBa 'l Kpb1M-r11pCH MaCTcpa HpaHLla OMepa H CK nan CMY:
-- C.llCnaH TaK. 'fT06bl KaMCHb 'fCpC'3 BCKa npOHCC Moe ropc, 'I TO-
6bl KaMeHb 3annaKa.iI. KaK nIla'fCT MY>KCKOC ccpnLle.
CnpOCHII cro MaCTep:
- Xopoma 6bl.iIa }1.eBymKa?
-- MMO 'I TO 3Hacmb Tbl 06 3TOH >KCHll.{IIHe.- OTBCTHII xaH. -
OHa 6bUIa MOIlO.D.a, OHa 6blIla npCKpaCHa KaK COJlHLlC, H3Hll.{Ha KaK naHb,
KpOTKR K8K rOJly6b. n06pa KaK MaTb. He}f(Ha KRK YTPO, I1aCKOBa KaK .D.IITH.
)].oIlro cIIyma 'l OMCp H nYMan: KaK II3 KaMHH C.D.eIlaTb cIIe3y 'Ie-
I10BC'feCKYIO?
-113 KaMIDI'ITO Bbl.DaBHmb? - CKa3an OH XaIi)'. - MOIl'lHT KRMeHb.
Ho CCJlH TBoe CCplD1.C 3annaKaJIO, 3anna'fCT II KaMCHb. EClIH CCTb .[()'ma B
Te6c. .lIO.iI>K:Ha 6bITb .i!yrna H B KaMHC. Tbl XO'ICllIb CIIC3Y CBOIO Ha KaMeHb
nepeHccm? Xopomo, H C.D.CIIalO. KaMCHb 3anna'fCT. OH paCCKa}f(eT H 0 MOCM
rope. 0 rope MaCTepa OMepa. JIIO.D.H y:maIOT, KaKHMH 6bIBalOT MY>K:CKHC
CIIC3bI. 51 CKa>KY Tc6c npaB.[()'. Tbl OTHJlJI Y MCIDI BCC. 'lCM nyrna 6bUIa >KHBa.
3cMJIIO PO.D.HYJO. ceMblO, HWI, 'fCCTb. Mom G]C3 HHKTO HC BH}J.CJl. 5I1'L'laKan
KpoBblO cep.lJ.I1.a. Tcnepb 3TH CIlC3bl YBH}J.JlT. KaMCHHble CIlC3bl YBH.lI.5IT. 3T0
6y.D.YT 'l<ry1me CIlC3bl MY>KCKHC. 0 TBOCH mOOBH H MOCH }f(H3HH.
Ha MpaMopHOH nIlHTC BblpC3M OMCp I1enCCTOK Il.BCTKa, OnHH,
.D.Pyroii... A B CcpC.D.HHe LlBCTKa BblCCK rna3 'feIlOBC'leCKHii, H3 Hcro nO:1-
}f(Ha 6bIlIa ynaCTb Ha rpY.D.b KaMWI TH>KCIIaH MY}f(CKaH CIIC3a, 'fT06b1 }f(e'fb
ce nCHI> H HO'fL, He nepCCTaBaH, rOJIbl, BeKa. t:JT06bl CIIC3a Ha6eraIla B
'fCIIOBC'fCCKOM rlIa3Y 11 MeJ]JlCHHO-MCJ]JICHHO KaTHJlaCb, KaK no ll.{eKaM
H rpynH, H3 'fame'fKH B 'fame'fKY.
11 Cll.{C BblpC3aJI OMCp YIlHTKY - CHMBOIl COMHCHHH. 3HaJI OH, 'I TO
COMHeHHC mO>K:CT .D.ymy xaHa: 38'feM HY}f(Ha 6bUIa CMY BCH ero >KH3Hb -
Bccenbe H rpYCTb, I1I060Bb H HeHaBHCTb, ace 'fCJlOBC'lCCKHC 'fYBCTBa?
CTOHT no CHX nop <}>OHTaH B 6aX'fHCapaiicKOM .D.BOpue H nIla'feT,
nna'feT neHb H HO'fb...
TaK npOHCC OMCp 'fepe3 BCKa I11060Bb H ropc: }f(H3Hb H CMCpTh
IOHOH )J.CIIHpe, CBOH CTpa.lIaHHH H CIlC3bI...
-..v.:= _.._
-
328
B pOlO
B PAlO
Kor.lIa ny'fmHH H3 BblBO.D.l<a I<paCOTbl H npcJIe-
CTH Xa}J.)l(H CCJlHM fHpcH XaH -.lIa 6y.D.CT 6I1arOCJIOBeHHO era HMJI.lIO .D.HH
CTpamHoro CY.lIa - BO BTOpaH pa3 CCJI Ha xaHCKHH 1<0Bep B EaX'fHCapae, B
TOT caMhrn .lIeHb Y'lHTCJlb EeK-TcMHp 3<P<l>eH.aH, CTOHKHH, l<aK )I(CJlC30, H)-
BeCTHblH BCCMY KpblMY CBOHMH npOnOBe.Ll.5lMH H pc'faMH H 3HaBmHM BCCb
MHp, CI<OH'f<UlCH Ha PYl<ax CBom Y'lCIiliI<OB, HacblmcliliblM .llHHMH,
Eel<- TCMHp 3<}><}>eH.aH npe.lICTaJI ncpc.lI HCHblMH O'faMH npopo a:
npopOI< B3JlI1 BCCbl 'feIlOBC'fCCKHX cY.lIc6, Ha npaBYIO 'famy BCCOB OH nOIlo-
>K:HJ1 BCC .lI06pble .D.CIIa Y'fHTeJIH, Ha I1eBYIO - Bce rpcxH, 'fallIH 0l<a3MHCb
paBHbl no BCCY. npOpOK 3a.lIYMMcH: paH ECI<-TCMHp 3<l><l>CH.aH HC 3aCJIY-
}f(HJ1 H B a.lI HC 3a 'I TO, a 'fHCTHJlHll.{a HCT; HJIH paM HIm a.lI? Kal< 6blTb?
npopOI< OCTaBHJI )I(.D.aTb Y'fHTeJIH H OTnpaBHIICH Annaxy 3a Yl<a-
3aHHHMH.
- A KeM OH 6blJ1 Ha 3eMIIc? - cnpocHJI AJ:lIlax.
- Y'fHTeIleM H npOnOBC.lIHHI<OM.
- 3Ha'fHT, H3bll< ero 06poc cnOBaMH. nyCT,,! cro B paH, HO C TeM,
'fT06bl OH Be'fHO MOIl 'faIl. Ecrm nporoBopHTCH TPH pa3a, oTnpaBHmb
cro B a.lI.
ECI<- TeMHPY 3<}><}>eH.l1H 6blIl0 06'bHBIIeHO :no pcmeHHe, H OH BO.lI-
BOpCH 6bIIl B palO.
Y'fHTelIb 6blIl nOpa}f(eH KaK oClIcnHTenbHoH Hpl<OCTblO KpacoK,
TaK H nOIlHblM 6e3.lIeJIbCM, JICHblO H HeroH, pa31IHTblMH B palO. 3HaMe-
HHTble CYlITaHbl, l<alIH<}>bl, MYlIlIbl Ha melIl<OBblX 1<0BpaX B03I1C}f(aIlH,
06HHMaH paHCI<HX KpacaBHLI, KYPHlIH apoMaTHblH KMbHH, nHlIH .lIY-
mHCTblH I<o<}>e, lIeHHBO }f(CBaJIH mcp6eT H BCHI<He cnaCTH, f.lIe-TO .D.aJIe-
KO HrpaJIa 3ypHa... AHrcIIbl THXO H TOp}f(eCTBeHHo neIlH rHMHbl TBOp-
uy BceIleHHoM. Me.lIJ,eHHo TeKIIa, CBepl<aH oClIenHTeIlbHoH 6elIH3HoH,
pCKa MOIlOl<a; TH}f(CIIO l<aTHIIaCb, 6JIeCTH 30IlOTOM, pel<a Me.lIY.
Ha 6epcry MJIe'fHOH peKH paCnOlIO}f(HJICH EeK-TeMHp 3<}><}>eH.llH.
npomeJ1 LlCIIblH Bel< yTOMHTeJIbHOrO C03cpLlaHHH, H I< I<OHUY BCl<a
CBoero npc6blBaHHH OH HapymHJ1 MOJI'faHHC, H BOT no l<al<oMY cnYllalO.
B pa3YI<pamCHHOH 30JIOTOM ap6c paHCKHC KpacaBHLlbl nepCC3-
>K:aJIH MOIlO'fHYIO pCI<Y I< MeCTY, r.lIe CH.lIeIl Y'fHTCIIb. KOIleCHHLla 3aCT-
329
vb nereHAbi B nereHAY
pJllIa, B03HHl.{a XJlonaJJ 6H'fOM, paHcKHe KpaCaBHl{b1 BH3)1(aIlH, Bcp6-
I11O.D.bl peBcIIH, HO BbiBeCTH ap6bI HC MorlIH.
Tor.D.a B03HHLla comcII C K03CII, npHBcII ell.{e napy TaKHX}f(C BeJIHKO-
I1enHblX 6CI1blX Bep6I1IO.lIOB H BnpJlr HX C npoTHBOnOIlO>K:HOH CTOpOHbI.
B03HHLla CTalI BHOBb XJIOnaTb 6H'fOM B 06c CTOpOHbI, paikKHe
KpaCaBHl.{bl CHOBa 3aBH3)1(aIlH, Bcp6I1IO.lIbl CHOBa 3apeBeIlH, HO KOIlec-
.
HHLla TOIlbKO paCKa'fHBaIlaCb H OCTaBalIaCb Ha TOM }f(e MeCTC.
Bce npaBe.lIHHKH paBHO.D.ymHo H I1eHHBO CMOTpelIH Ha npoHcxo-
.lIJlll.{ce, OHH KYPHlIH apoMaTHbIH KaJJbJlH, nHJIH .lIymHCTbIH KO<}>C, 06HH-
MalIH paHcKHx KpacaBHLI, }f(eBaJJH MaCTHKY C rB03.lIHKOH, wep6eT H pa3-
Hble CIIa}J.OCTH. AHrCIlbl THXO H TOp>K:eCTBeHHO nCIIH xBalIc6HbiC rHMHbl
AlIIIaxy, .lIalOll.{eMY }f(H3Hb H cMepTb, CHJIY H cIIa60CTb, CBCT H TbMY.
ECK-TCMHp He BbI}J.ep}f(aJJ:
- J],ypaK, BnpJlrH BCIO 'fCTBepKY cncpC.lIH!
- Pa3! - 3aKpH'faIlH aHrC.iIbI.
ECK- TeMHp 3<}><}>eH.D.H nocnemHJI COMKHYTb YCTa, HO CIIOBO BbInC-
TCIIO, H OHO 6bIJlO CMY 3a'fTeHO.
npomIlo ell.{C CTO I1eT.
K KOHLI)' JTOro BCKa Ha caM!>1X ma3ax Y'fHTCJIJI EeK-TeMHpa npo-
monuIO ell.{C OJU{O C06b1THe, 3aCTaBHBmec ero BO BTOpaH pa3 HapymHTb
nelfaTh MOJI'faHWl, Ha HCro HaJJO)l(CHHYIO. II BOT no KaKOMY cnylfalO.
YMCp npOCTOM TaTapHH H3 OTY3, Y KOToporo rpeXOB HC OKa3a-
1I0Cb; ccpaR, 6eCl.{BCTHaJl, HH'fTO}f(HaJi >KH3Hb 6C.lIHOrO 'fClIOBeKa 6bl1la
CKpameHa TO'fHbiM BbmOIlHeHHeM BCCX Tpe60BaHHH J1cnaMa 'H naJlOM-
HH'feCTBOM B Kaa6y.
- J1.lIH B paH, CbIH MOH! - CKa3alI npopoJ<.
- .D.03BOIIb CKa3aTh cnoBo, BeIlHKHH npOpOK! .D.a 6y.lICT .lIO CKOH'fa-
HID! BeKOB C 6naroroBeHHcM npoH3HOCHMO mTb paJ C}f(e.lIHeBHO HMJI TBoe
Ha 3eMIIe. MeIDl BCIO >K:H3Hb nOMCp>KHBaJIH MOJI KOpOBa H Bepa B Te6J1.
Te6J1 TenCpb JI Y.lIOCTOHIlCJI YBlWfb, a ecnH HC 6y.lICT MoeH 'KOp08bl, 'lT0
MHe paH! Oua MeIDl nOHJIa, KOpMHIla, O.D.eBaJJa, OHa .QaJJa cpe.QCTBa COBep-
mHTb CBJlToe nyreweCTBHe. n03BOJIb MHC B3Krb ee c C060H B paH!
- B03bMH! - CKa3aIl npOpOK.
J1 BOT B palO nOJlBHJlCJI CTapblH TaTapHH C KOpOBoii Ha nOBO.lIY.
HCYBcpeHHO CTynaJJa KopOBa no CTCKlIJlHHOMy He6y, cnOTblKaJIaCb,
na.QaJIa, C TPY.QOM CTapHK nO.lIblMaJl ec, HO maBHaJi 6e.lIa 6bIna B TOM,
330
B pOlO
'I TO B palO HCT KopMa .D.J1H )KHBOTHblX. CTapHK Y)Ke 06pall.{aIlCH H K
Ka.'1H<}>aM H I< MYIIIIaM C npocb60H Yl<a3aTb, me 6b1 OH Mor .lIOCTaTh
CCHa .lI:IH CBOCH TOll.{eH 1<0pMHIIHLlbI, HO B OTBCT eMY JlCHHBO nO)KHManH
nnC'faMH H HH'ferO He OTBC'falIH.
nO.lIXO.lIH K Y'fHTClIlO, OH YBH.D.aJ1 B palO Hc60m,mylO XH}J(HHY,
nOl<pblTYIO 3CMIIeH, Ha 1<0TOpOH np06HBalIaCb 3CIICHaH TpaBKa.
CTapHK 06pa.D.OBaJ1CH H nornalI CBOIO KOPOBY I< XH}f(HHC. OH C
TPY.D.OM B306pMCH Ha I<pblmy H CTan Tall.{HTb CBOIO KOPOBY 3a pora, HO
l<a>K:.lIblH pa3 CHJIbl eMY H3MCHHlIH; OH na.lIaJJ, 1<0pOBa Mbl'faIla, CTapHI<
pa36HBalICR .lIO KpOBH.
Bce npaBC.lIHHKH: 3HaMeHHThle CYlITaHbl, KaIlH<}>bl, MYJIJ1bI paBHO-
.lIymHo CMOTpCIIH Ha 6eCCHIIbHble nOnbITKH CTapHl<a, 06HHMaJJH paiic-
KHX I<paCaBHl.1, nHIIH .lIymHCTbIH KO<}>C, KYPHIIH apOMaTHblii l<alIbHH,
}f(eBaJJH MaCTHI<Y C BOCKOM, mcp6CT H BCHKHe CIIa.lIOCTH.
AHreIlbl THXO H TOp>K:CCTBeHHO nCIIH XBaIlc6HblC rHMHbI AnIlaxy.
Eel<- TeMHp 3<}><}>ClUlH HC Bbl}J.ep aJJ:
- nocIIymaH, CTapHK, HapBH TpaBbl H 6pOCb 1<0pOBe.
- JI.Ba! - 3aKpH'falIH aHreIlbI.
EblCTpO C>K:aJJ YIfHTenb ECK-TeMHp 3$<}>eH.llH ry6bl, HO 6bIIlO no-
3.lIHO; CJ"IOBO BbI1ICTCIIO, H OHO 6bI1I0'3aIfTeHO.
np0lllJ10 Cll.{C CTO lIeT; Cll.{e eTO lIe'f ECK- TeMHp 3<p<peHJ{H TOMHJlCH
MOJIIf<l.HHBO B I1eHH, Here H 6bUI CBH.llCTC]]CM He YMHblX, a 3JIbJX Bell.{eii B
palO H nOWIII, 'I TO rnynOCTb H 3JI06a )KHByT BMCCTC C 6C3.lIenbeM, .lIOBOlIb-
crBOM H HeroH, H I< I<OHUY TpCTbero BeKa OH npepBaJJ B TpernH, nocnt>-
.D.HHH pa3 06CT MOIl'faHHH H I1HmHJICH paH. J1 BOT no Kal<OMY cnYlfalO.
AIIIIax, 06XO.D.H rpCmHHI<OB B a.lIy, 06paTHII BHHMaHHe Ha IOHO-
my, KOTOpbIH CTOHaJJ B I<OTIIC C KHnHll.{eH CMOIlOH Y}f(C HeCI<OlIbl<O CTO-
I1CTHH.
JOHoma nonaJ1 B a.lI nOClIe l<a3HH 3a nOIlHTH'fCCI<OC npeCTynne-
HHe, 3a TO, 'I TO OCMCIIHIICH B COBeTe qHHrHcxaHa, B I<YPYIITae, CKa3aTb,
'I TO BIIaCTb qHHrHcxaHa HC OT AnJ1axa, a OT .lIbHBOIla, OT lIlaHTaHa.
- OTnYCTH cro B paH,- CI<a3aJI AJIlIax,- Tencpb :HO Y}f(C HC
npCCTYll]]eHHC.
nOCJIC CTOIlb npO.lIOlI>K:HTelIbHoii BapKH, CCTeCTBCHHO, 'I TO IOHO-
ma, nonaB B paM, 6pOCHIICH K Hc6ecHblM peKaM, 'fT06bl HanHT.bCH. Ka-
KOBO 6bIIlO cro pa30'fapOBaHHe - :no 6blIIH Me.lI H MOJlOKO.
331
1113 fl.ereHAbl B flereHAY
- BO}J.bI, BO.D.bl! - 3aCTOHM IOHoma, 06pall.{<Ull:;b K nponOBC.LU KaM.
EMY HIlH Ka'fMH rOIlOBaMH HIlH I'OBOpHIIH:
- He 3HalO, 6HIIbMeM,
Hc OTBCTHII CMY, CKpCIIH eep Llc H nOMHH CBoe OrpaHHlJeHHC, H
6CK-TcMHp 3<}><}>CH H.
Ho BOT IOHoma BH HT. K CBoeH pa OCTH, KOIlO.lICLI Ha Hc6e, OH
Hanp}lraCT nOCJle HHC CHIIbl, 'fT06bl 06C}f(aTb, H BOT OH Y}f(C rOTOB
6poCHTbCH B KOIlo eu...
Bce BH.D.HT, BCC nOHHMaJOT, IJTO IOHoma pa306bCTcH 06 OCTpblC
KaMHH CTCHOK KOIlo ua, H Bee npaBe HlIKH paBHO.D.ymHo H I1CHHBO
CMOTp}lT Ha npOHCXO }lll.{CC, nblOT mUlHCTblH Ko<}>e, KypHT apOMaTHblH
KaIlbHH, 06HHMalOT paHCKHX KpacaBHLI, }f(YIOT mep6CT, MaCTHKY C MH-
TOH H PyrHe CIIa.D.OCTH AHreIlbl TaK }f(C THXO H TOp}f(eCTBeHHO no lOT
XBalIc6Hble rHMHbl TOMY, KTO C03.D.aJI paH H a}J..
EeK-TeMHp 3<}><}>CH H HC Bbl.aeP}f(aJI:
- B03bMH Be.D.PO! Pa306bCUlbC}I!
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11 C HCTcpneHHcM O}f( a.:"IH, KaKoH nocnc yeT OTBCT. MCCHLI cnYCTH <}>PCH-
KCKHH nOIlKoBo cLI npH6bm B Y PYMCKOC KHH}f(CCTBO C npeAJIO}f(eHHCM, 'I TO
ccnH OHO }f(eJIaCT HaBCer.D.a C.D.CnaTbCH HM PyroM, TO nYCTb OT aCT CMY B
3Mor .D.PY}f(6bl H COlO3a Te 301I0TblC KOIlbI6CJlb H HaKOBanbHIO, KOTOpblC
COCT3BlIHIOT CB}lll.{CHHYIO 3M61ICMY KHH}f(eCTBa.
YPYMCKHH BHTH3b, BbIClIYllIaB 3TO Cp3KOC Tpc60BaHHC, B 3analIb-
'fHBOCTH CXBaTHIICH 33 PYKOHTKY ca61IH H CKa3an:
- KaKoe CBHTOTaTCTBO! HCY}f(CIIH Te6c HCH3BeCTHO, 'I TO B 3TOH
KOIlbI6cIIH BCKOpMlICHbl 6bI1IH rpY,WlMH U3PHLI Bce LlapCTBYIOll.{He Y Hac
BO Bce BpeMeHa KHH3bH, a ncpc.D. HaKOBaIlbHCIO KlIjjJlHCb B HCTHHe H
BepHOCTH Mbl H BCC 6bIBmHC O Hac nO.ll.llaHHble!
- 51 H Tpe6yIO HX TOIlbKO nOTOMY, 'fTO'OTlIH'IHO 3HalO, KaK Bbl
BblCOKO ueHHTC 3TH Ba npe.D.MeTa. EcnH -Bbl ncpe a.lIHTC HX B }f(CpTBY
pa)lJ1 .D.PY}f(6bI, Tor a Mbl y6C.lIHMCH, 'I TO BbI .D.Cp}f(HTC ce BblUle Bccro
paroueHHoro .IUIH Bac. MbI }f(a)f(}J.CM MHpa H rOTOBbl .D.aTb BaM B 3alIor
BCC, 'feM 06I1a.D.aeM.
YPYMCKHH BH3HPb B03BpaTHJ1CH K nOBClIHTCIIIO CBOCMY H ncpc-
.D.M eMY Tpe60BaHHH H npC.IUIO}f(eHHH Bpa)f(}J.e6HOrO nOlIKoBo Lla.
- 3TO He ypHO,- OTBe'falI KHH3b,- HO KaK 6bI <}>pCHKH HC 06-
MaHYJlH Hac; KaK 6bI C CIIaTb TaK, '1T06bl OHH BbIHY)f(}J.CHbl 6blIlH xpa-
IfHTb CBoe 06}13aTCIIbCTBO?
- TaK Bbl pemacTeCb OT aTb HM BallIY H HapO HYIO CBHTbIHIO?
- cnpOCHJ1 nOpa}f(CHHbIH MHHHCTp.
339
v'13 nereHAbl B nereHAY
- A KaK MHC Hlla'fC nocTynHTb, 'fT06bl npcKpaTHTb nOCTO HHOC
npo.'lHTHC KpOBH?
- nO-MOCMY. nO.D.06HbIX YC1:ynoK HC cIIe ycT CJIaTb BparaM, a
HNIO nOTpe60BaTb OT HHX 'fCrO-HH6Y b TaKoro, Ha 'I TO OHH, B CBOIO
O'fCpc b, HC cornaCHTCH. Tor.l(a Tpc60BaHHH HX H3MeHHTC H MHpllblH
oroBop nOCIIC YCT C MCHee 4YBCTBHTCIIbHblMH nOTepHMH.
- Yero >KC nOTpc60Ban TaKoro?
- LJ,a XOTb. HanpHMep, OKYMeHTbl Ha npaBo BIIa.lICHHH HX 3CM-
I1HMH.. Ha o nOIlaraTb, 'I TO Ha JTO OHH HC corlIaCHTCH.
- I1 H, Tpc6YH.
BH3HPb BblUleIl K <}>peHKCKOMY nOlIKOBO LlY H 06'bHBHII BO]]IO CBO-
cro rocy ap}l. 1l0CIIC HHH, B CBOIO O'fCpC b, OTnpaBHlIC}I Ha COBCUla-
HHC K cBoeMy nOBC;JHTCIIIO - H BCKOpC npHHCC OTBeT, '1TO Tpc60BaHHC
rpeKOB HH B KoeM cnY'fac HC MO}KeT 6bITb BbInOlIHeHO.
- Ho Tbl MHC 06Cll.{M CIIOBOM 'fCCTHOro BOHHa OCTaBHTb BCC,
'I TO HH nOTpc6ylO.- CKa3aIl rpC'fCCKHM npC CTaBHTeIlb.
-- 51 HC BnpaBe 6bIIl HcnOlIHHTb 06ell.{aHH ; HO Tbl BlIaCTCH OTO-
6paTb CIUIOIO Tpc6YCMblH OKYMCHT TO'fHO TaK, KaK H MOM rocno HH
- KOIlbl6CJlb II lIaKOBa;JblllO.
HCCKOlIbKO HeH CIlYCTH OT <}>pCHKcKoro I\HH3H HBIU1CJI HOBblM
nOCIIaHHHK.
- B03bMHTC OT Hac BCC 'I TO yro Ho, KpOMe OKYMCHTa Ha 3CM-
illO,- rOBOpHJl OH,- Mbl }f(a}f(.D.CM PY>K6bI, HHa'fe BCC O C HHoro
OnOIl'fHMCH npOTHB Bac H pa30M npCKpaTHM Ham TOpr. Mbl CIIIIOIO
oT6epCM y Bac BaUlH CB}lTbIHH, CCJIH Bbl He OT.D.a}J.HTe HX 06pOBonbHO.
- Tbl yrpO>KaCiub HaM,- OTBC'fMH rpeKH,- B TaKOM cIIY'fae
npHBO H yrpo3y TBOIO B HcnOlIHeHHC. Mbl He 60HMCH HHKoro, a CKO-
pee Bcero .D.O e.D.HHOrO YMpeM, 'feM OT a.lIHM Ha nopyraHHe CBHll.{eHHbIC
}J.1IH Hamero lIapo a npe MCTbI.
- LI.pyroro OTBCTa H lie nOIlY'fY? - cnpOCHJ1 <}>peHK.
- HCT, HeT! - 3apeBCIIa TOlIna.
BHOBb Ha1IaJIHCb OT'faHHHbIC 6HTBbl Me)l(,lly BYMH xaIlCTBaMH. Bce
paIlUCb, KaK I1bBbl. H rH61IH MaccaMH. BCKope B pj/.lIax rpeKOF OKa3aJ1-
CH orpOMHblM HC O'fCT lIY'fmHX BOHHOB H npC BO HTCIIeM; KHH>KCCTBY
yrpO}f(aIla cepbc3HaH onaCHOCTb. $peHKH npO OIl}f(alIH Tpc60BaTb 30-
1I0TYlO K0J"1blOCIIb H HaKOBaIlbHIO, 06ell.{aB npCKpaTHTb BoiiHY.
Tor a rpC'fCCKHii KHH3b c06palI nO.lUl.aHHblX CBOHX H cnpOCIlH,
corlIaCHTC ml OHH y OBIICTBOpHTb Tpc60BaHHH BparOB?
340
30TlOTO KOTlbl6eTlb 1-1 HOKOBOTlbH
- -BCT, HCT,- 6bIJIO OTBCTOM,- Mbl :HOrO HC OnYCTHM H I1Y'f-
UlC BCe norH6HCM.
- LI.CTH MOH.- CKa3aJI TpOHYTbIH KHH3b,- H H TOr.D.a HC OT M 6bl
HM KOIlbI6cIIH, B KOTOpOH BCKOpMJICHbl6bIJIH H H MOH npaOTllbI. Ewe Bblme
H LlCHIO HaKOBaJIbHIO, npc.D. KOTOpOH Bbl npOH3HCCJllI MHe KIIJlTBY BCpHOC-
TH. EcIlH Bbl YMpeTe, KIIJlHYCb BaM, H 3aMoplO CC6H rOlIO OM co BCCM cc-
MCHCTBOM Ha 3THX CBHll.{CHHbIX npe.D.MCTaX H CKpOIO HX C 3aKIlJlTHeM, 'I TO-
6bl HHKOMY BO BCKH BeKOB HC npHIllJIOCb npHKocHYTbCH K HHM.
CKa3aB :no, KHH3b C pbl.lIaHHHMH npOCTHJlCH C BOHHaMH H. 3a6-
paB Hapo Hble .D.parOLlCHHoCTH H cCMeHCTBo CBOC, npH6bIJI K nell.{cpe
KanIly-KaH.
- 51 HC 6y.D.Y npHHHMaTb nHll.{H.- CKa3alI OH Y aJIHIOll.{HMCH CJlY-
raM, - .lIO Toro BpCMCHH, nOKa Bbl He npHHeceTC MHC H3BCCTHH 0 n06c-
C Ha.D. BparaMH; CCIIH }f(C H YMPY paHbUle, a Bbl O OIlceTC. TO nYCTb
CMCpTb MOIO CO'fTYT 3a }f(epTBY, npHHCCCHHYIO 06pOBOIlbHO 3a cnacc-
liHC caMblX parOLleHHblX npe.D.MCTOB Moero BcpHoro Hapo a.
Kor.D.a Bce pa30mIlHCb, rpe'feCJ<HH KH}l3b OTHCC KOIlbl6cIIh H Ha-
KOBalIbHIO B caMYIO OT aIleHHYIO rIly6HHY nellIcpbl, onYCTHJlCH Ha KO-
I1CHH H, nO HHB PYKH K Hc6y, npOH3HCC 3aKIIHTHC:
- BceBemIUHC .zxyXH! npH3bIBalO Bac B 31)' Mpa IJH)'IO my6IIHY 6bITb
CBH.llCTCIIHMH MOCH npe nOCIIC HCH BOIlH. BaM H3BeCTHO, 'I TO }I H BCC
OblBUlHC O MCHH KHH3bH BCKOpMJICHbl 6bIJIH rpY blO MarepeH CBOHX B
paroLlellHoH KOIlbI6clIH. BCIIe CTBHe 'fero OHa c elIalIaCb HamclO CBH-
TbIHCIO. Bbl TaK}f(e 3HaCTC, 'I TO nepc 3TOIO HaKOBaJIbHCIO H, npC MCCT-
BlIKH MOH H BCCb Hapo npOH3HCCIlH KIIHTBY BCpHOCTH, HCTHHbl H PY}f(-
Obi H HHKor a HHKTO H3 Hac HC H3MCHHlI eli. CIlc OBaTC!IbHo. H )TO 0pY-
>KHC .IUIH Hac TaK }f(C CB}lll.{CHHO, KaK H nepBOC. Mc)l(}J.y TeM alI'fHblC H
HCHaBHCTHble COce H Haum <}>pCHKH 3MYMalIH lIHmHTb Hac )THX paro-
LlCHHOCTeli H nO HJlJIH BCCb Hapo Moli npOTHB ce6H. 3TOT Hapo no-
rH6HCT pa.lIH cnaceHHH CBHll.{eHHbIX .IUIH Hcro npe MCTOB. norH6HY H H C,
CCMCHCTBOM, oxpaHHH HamH 06ll{HC CB}lTbIHH. Bbl, .D.06pb1C .D.YXH, 6y CTC
BH.llCTh MOH npC CMepTHbIC MYKH H CIIblllIaTb BonIlH HCBHHHblX CTCH
MOHX. YMOIlHIO Bac pa}J.H nO}f(CpTBOBaBUlHX c06010 c06paTHH MOHX OT-
HblHC npHHHTb no.D. coxpaHCHHe CBOC )TH 6eCLlCHHble BeIUH, 3a npHHa}J.-
I1C}f(HOCTb KOTOpblX YMHpaCT LlCIIblH Hapo C rocy apeM!
«AMHHb!» - nOCIIblmalIOCb B OT aIleHHbIX rpOTax,
- 3aKIIHHalO KpOBblO HalllCIO,- npO OlI}f(alI Llapb,- H Toro, KTO
pcmHTcH B3rlI}lHYTb Ha )TH COKpOBHwa c YMblClIOM nOXHll.{eHHH, nYCTb
341
1113 nereH.Qbl B nereH.QY
OH nHmHTCSI paCCYlIKa 11. nOll06HO 6cmCHOMY BOJIKY, pbIIUeT no mpaM
.ao Tex nop. nOKa nonl6HeT TaKHM }f(e JKaIlKHM 06pa'30M. KaK H SI. noc-
I1ClIHHH oxpaHHTCIIb HapOllHblX CBHTOCTCH!
«AMHHb!» -'- nOBTopHIIl1l1YXI1.
- Ho CCJIH MHlIOCTHBbrH Eor COBCpml1T 'fYlICCHOC cnaCCHHc MO-
cro KHSI>K:CCTBa 11 SI OCTaHYCb B }f(I1BbIX, TO nYCTb TpH}J.LlaTb TpCTI1H nep-
BCHeu Mocro nOKOJIeHHSI BocnOlIb3YCTCSI npaBOM cB0601lHoro np1106-
peTCHHSI 3THX npClIMCTOB. K TO MY BpCMCHH, 6C3 COMHCHHSI, HaUJI1 Bpa-
rl1 6YlIYT 113rHaHbl H3 6I1arOCnOBCHHOH 3CMIII1 KpblMa. 3aKnmIalO HX
nom6HYTb OT I13MCHblllpyr lIPyra H OT PYKI1 6C3>K:anOCTHbIX naIla'feH!
«AMHHb!» - npOH3HCCIIH TaHHCTBCHHblC rOIloca.
B 3TOT MOMCHT npclI H3HypCHHblM KHSl3CM nOKa3aJICSI CTapCLI B
6CIIOH OllC}f(lIC 11 CKa3aIl CMY:
- Hc OT'faI1BaHCSI, BJIallbIKa rpCKOB, TBOH nO.llllaHHbIC CKOpO BO-
CTOp}f(eCTBYIOT Hall TBOHMH BparaMH, 11 Tbl 6Y.D.Cmb 1I0Ilm CIUC Llap-
CTBOBaTb. Ho nC'faJICH 6YlICT KOHCLI LlapcTBOBaHHSI TBOCH 1I0'fCpl1. TbI
C'faCTIIHB, 'I TO HC 1I0}f(HBCmb .lIO 3Toro Y>KaCHoro .lIHSI; C'faCTIII1B 11 TCM
CIUC, 'I TO ma3a TBOH HC YBH.lJ)IT PY'fbH KpOBH OT BCc06ll.{CH rl16CIII1 3a-
ll.{I1THHKOB TBocro KHSI}f(CCTBa.
- KTO >KC npHHcccT TaKYIO m6cnb?
- TcncpcmHHc >K:C Bparl1 BamH.
- HCY}f(cnl1 fOCnO.lIb .aOnYCTHT HX 1I0 3Toro?
- K TOMY BpeMCHH nOKOIlCHI1C Bamc 3aCIIY>K:I1T rHCB 11 Kapy Hc6a.
- A 'I TO CTaHCT C <}>pCHKar-.1I1 nocIIc HX TOp}f(eCTBa?
- TBOC 3aKJIHTI1C I1CnOIlHI1TCH B TO'fHOCTH. OHI1 BCC nOrl16HYT
OT PYK 'fY>K:CCTpaHHoro HapO.lIa, H TOIlbKO HCMHOrl1M YlIaCTCSI HIII1 6c-
>K:aTb, I1I1H npl1HHTb pCIIl1rl11O n06ClII1TCIISI; MC)l(}J.Y TCM OCTaTOK rpCKOB
pa3MHOJKHTCSI CHOBa H 1I0}f(HBCT .lIO C'faCTIII1BOrO BpCMCHH.
- EIIarOllaplO C03.lIaTCIISI Mocro 11 3a 3TY MHIIOCTb,- 11 KHSl3b
npOTSlHYII PYKY, 'fT06bl nOLlcnOBaTb O.lIe)I(}J.Y CBSIToro 'fCIIOBeKa. HO cro
Y}f(C HC CTaIlO.
HCCKOIlbKO .lIHCH cnYCTH K KHH310 npl1CKaKaJIl1 rOHLlbl H .lICHCTBI1-
TC.lbHO C006ll.{HJ1H oTpallHylO HOBOCTb 0 nOpa}f(CHHI1 <}>PCHKOB.
C TOH nopbl 30IlOTaSi KOIlbl6cIIb H HaKOBaIlbHSI CTOSIT B rpOTC
Kan"lY-KaSi 11 61111TCnbHO oxpaHSIIOTCSI lIyxaMI1 B O}f(H}J.aHHI1 TpH.lILlaTb
TpCTbcm HaCIIc.aHHKa YPYMCKoro KHSl3S1.
--
342
MeABeAb-rapo
ME.A,BE.A,b-rOPA
3TO CIIY'fHIIOCb B TC BpCMeHa, KOr.D.a B rop-
HOM KpblMY I11O.D.H Cll.{C HC )J(HIIH. B I1ecax rOCnO.D.CTBOBaIlH KpynHblc
XHll{Hble 3BCpH - MC.D.BC:UI1, 6apcbI.
Ha 6epery MOpJl nOCCJ1HJ10Cb CTa}J.O 60IlbmHX MC.D.Be.D.CH. YnpaB-
mlIl I1MH CTapblH H rp03HblH MC.D.BC.D.b. XI1ll{HI1KI1 'faCTO COBepmaIlI1
Ha6crH Ha paBHI1HY, r.D.e )J(HJ1H I1IO.lII1.
O.D.Ha)J(.lIbI B03BpaTHIII1Cb Me.D.Be.lIH 113 Ha6cra 11 06HapY>KHlIl1 Ha
6epcry 06I10MKH Kopa6I1J1. CpC.lI11 06I10MKOB I1C)J(aJI CBCpTOK. CTapblH
BO>K:aK pa3BcpHYlI cro 11 YBH.lleIl MaJICHbKYIO .D.CBO'fKY. TOIlbKO OHa OC-
TMaCb B }f(HBbIX nOCJ1C rH6cIII1 Kopa6ml.
MaJICHbKajj .lICBO[IKa .CTaIla >K:I1Tb CpC.lIH MC.lIBC.lIeH. lIlIlI1 rO.D.bi,
OHa pocIIa H npCBpaTHIIaCb B KpaCI1BYIO .lICBYllIKY. CTapblH BO)J(aK H
BCC MC.D.BC.D.11 O'feHb I1106HlIH CC. )J.CBymKa rpOMKO nCIIa nCCHH, pC3BJlCb
CpC.D.H JII1KOH npHpO.D.bl, a MC.D.BC.D.11 rOTOBbl 6blIll1 C YTpa .D.O HO'f11 CJIY-
maTI, ce 'fY.D.CCHbIH rOIloc.
O.D.Ha>K:}lb1 XHll{HI1KH OTnpaBHJ1HCb B Ha6cr Ha pa.BHHHY. B I1X OT-
CYTCTBHC HC.D.aneKO OT MC.D.BC}f(bCrO I10rOBa npH6HJ10 K 6cpery 'fCIIH C
MOIlO.D.blM KpacHBblM IOHomcH. Ell.{e nO.lIpOCTKOM OH 6biIJ ymaH B pa6-
CTBO BOHHaMH O.D.HOrO 113 pa360HHH'fbHX nJJCMCH, 06HTaBml1X Ha .D.PY-
rOM 6cpery MOpJl. Tenepb IOHoma pcmHJ1Cjj Ha 6crCTBO, Ha.D.CjjCb BCp-
HYTbCjj Ha pO.D.HHY. EYPJl .D.OIlro HOCHJ1a cro 'fenH no BOIlHaM, nOKa HC
Bbl6poCHlIa Ha KpblMCKI1H 6cper.
06eCCHJleHHbIH rOIlO.lIOM H }f(a}f(}J.OH, IOHoma I1e}f(aJI 6e3 .D.BH>K:C-
HHJI Ha .D.He 'fCJ1Ha. )J.CBymKa nepeHCCIIa IOHomy B YKPOMHOC MeCTO,
HanOHJ1a H HaKOpMHJla, a 'fCIIH cnpJITaJIa B KYCTax no.D. npH6pc}f(HOH
CKaIlOH, 'IT06bI Me.lIBe.llH HH 0 'IeM HC JIOra}J.aIlHCb.
MHoro pa3 npHHOCHJIa .lICByrnKa IOHOWC CJIY H nHThe. OH paCCKa-
3blBaJI CH, KaK >K:HBYT I1IO.lIH B ero pO.llHblX KpaJIX. C HHTepeCOM cIIymaJIa
.D.CBYll.{Ka, rJUI}J.JI B JlCHblC CHHHe rIla3a IOHomH. OHa nena J].JlJl HCro CBOH
I1106HMbIC nCCHH. TaK BOlllIla nbI1IKag I11060Bb B cep.D.Lla 060HX.
O.D.Ha}f(}J.bIIOHOma CKa3aJI .D.CBymKe:
- B MOCM 'fCJ1HC XBaTHT MCCTa J].JlJl .D.BOHX. XO'fCmb 110nJJbITb CO
MHOH Ha MOIO pO.D.HHY?
343
1113 nereH.Qbl B nereH.QY
11 JIeBymKa OTBcnma:
- XO'IY. 51 roToBa III1I,ITL C T06010 KYJIa yroJUIO.
IOHollJa YJKe OKpen, K HCMY BCPHYIlI1Cb CI1.lbl. OH CMaCTcpHn Ma'j-
ry, CJICIIM napyc if3 3BCpl1HblX mKYp. BJlI06JlCHHblC JK!{aJm TencpI, no-
nYTHoro BeTpa. 'jT06bI nOKHHYTb MeJIBeJKHH 6epcr.
nO.D.yn nonYTHhlH BeTCp, IOHoma if JICBymKa CTOIlKHYIlH 'jCIIH B
BOJIY, CCIIH B HCro, BOT Y>Ke MC>K:.D.Y 'jCIIHOM H 6cpcroBblMI1 CKaIlar-.1I1
I1cma ml1pOKaJl rIly60KaJl mallb.
TYT 3a.l{p0}f(aIla 3CMmi nOli TJlJKCJIblMH I1anar-.1I1. 3aKOIlC6aJIcjI B03-
.D.Yx OT rp03Horo pCBa. flO BCPHYIII1Cb Ha 6cper H3 }laJICKOrO noxo.lIa
MClIBC.D.H H 06HapYJKli.iIl1, 'jTO .D.CBymKa HC'fC3I1a,
BO}f(aK nocMOTpCII Ha MOpC 11 nOHjIII BCC. 51poCTHo B3pCBCII CTa-
pblH MC.D.BC,ah. BHC cc6jI OT rHCBa CTaJIO 3aMCTalIOCb no 6cpcry, orIla-
maJi OKpCCTHOCTH rpOMOBblM pCBOM. BO>KaK onYCTHlI orpoMHYIO naCTb
B MOpC 11 C CI1I10H CTaJI BTJlr.I1BaTb BOllY. Ero npl1Mcpy nOCJIClIOBaJIl1
OCTaIlbHbIC. 4CpC3 HCKOTOpOC BpCMjI MOpC CTaJIO 3aMCTHO MCJICTb.
T e'jCHHC YBIICKMO 'jCJIH 06paTHo K 6cpcry. )J.ca.ymKa BH.llCIIa. 'jTO
cc B03I1106I1CHHOMY HC 1136c}f(aTb CTpamHoii. Y'faCTI1. paCTcp3alOT cro
MClIBClIH.
11 OHa 3anCJIa. KaK TOIlbKO .D.OHCCCJI JIO 3BCpeH cc roIlOC, OHI1 nO.llHH1IH
rOIlOBbl OT BO}lh1 11 3aCJIyllJaJIHCb. JIHmb CTapblH BOJKaK npO.lIOIl}f(M CBOC
.D.e.rI0. Ell.{c my6>K:c norpY3HlI OH nepeJIHHc I1anhl H MOpJlY B XOIlO.llHbIC BOlI-
Hbl. EyplIHlIO MOpe Y cro nacm, BJIHBaJlCb B Hce mHpoKI11\1H nOTOKaMI1.
3aKlIHHaJIa B nCCHC .D.CBymKa BCC CHIll,I 3CMHblC 11 Hc6cCHblC CTaTb
Ha 3all.{I1Ty CC ncpBOH 'jHCTOH JII06BI1. YMOIlJlIla OHa CTaporo MC.D.BC.lIJi
nOll{a}J.I1Tb IOHomy. H TaK ropjI'ja 6blJla MOIlb6a .D.CBymKI1, 'jTO CTpam-
HblH 3Bepb nCpeCTaJI TJlHYTb B ce6jI BOJIY. Ho HC 3aXOTCII OH YXO.lII1Tb,
npO.lIOIl>K:aIl I1C>KaTb Ha 6cpcry, BCMaTpl1BaJiCb B .D.aIlb, r.D.C I1C'jC3aIl 'jCIIH
C cyll.{CCTBOM, K KOTOPOMY OH TaK npHBjI3aJlCjI.
11 I1CJKHT CTapblH Me.D.BC.D.b Ha 6cpcry y}f(C TbICjI'jH I1CT. OKaMCHCIIO
cro MorY'jce TCJIO. MOll.{HbIC 60Ka npCBpaTHlII1Cb B OTBCCHblC nponaCTH,
BhlCOKaJl Cnl1Ha CTaJIa BCpml1HOH ropbl, JIOCTl1TalOll{CH 06I1aKOB, rOlIOBa
C.D.eJIaJIaCb OCTpOH CKaJIOH, rYCTajImcpcTb 06paTHlIaCb B lIpeMY'jHH I1CC.
CTapblH BO>K:aK-MClIBClIb CTaJI MClIBC.D.b-ropOH.
344
COKpOBI-1LLlO Ai:1-ToAopcKoro MblCO
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MblCA
B .D.aBHO MI1HYBUlHC BCKa CCMb IOHbIX 60ra-
Tblpcii - pO.lIHbIX 6panCB BJII06HIII1Cb B OllHY LlapCBHY 11 Ka)I(}J.bIii C.D.C-
}JaIl cii 11 OTUY ce npClIflO>KCHUC C TCM, '1TO Koro 61,1 H3 HUX OHa HI1
BbI6pana B MY>K:MI, OCTaIlbHbIC OCTaHYTCjj Ha BCIO >K113Hb BCpHblMI1 11
nocIIymHblMH cii 6paTbHMI1...
«Bbl BCC TaK xopoml1 c060ii,- OTBC'Ian HcqoraTblii OTCLI,- '1TO
JIO'fb MOH 3aTpY.llHjjCTCSI C BbI60pOM. OCTaCTCjj ClIHHCTBCHHOC cpellCTBo
- npC.D.nO'fCCTb Toro 113 Bac, KOTOPOMY YlIaCTCH HanOIlHI1Tb MOI1 no-
rpc6a 30IlOTOM, ccpe6pOM 11 .D.parOLlCHHbIMH KaMHjjMI1. npellCTaBflHIO
HaM ro.lI Ha BbInOnHCHI1C :noro YCIIOBl1jj».
EpaTbjj 113'bjjBI1I111 corIlaCHC .D.CiiCTBOBaTb 3aQ HO, '1T06bl Kpa-
caBHLla }lOCTaIlaCb O.lIHOMY H3 HI1X no }f(PC6HIO. C nOH uelIblO OHH
SlBl1lIl1Cb K nO}J.omBC Aii-nCTpH, KOTopaH H306111I0BaIla TOr}la }lOpO-
rl1MH MeTaIlIlaMl111 KaMCHbjjMI1 H, nOCTpOI1B Ha Aii-To.D.ope MHO}f(C-
CTBO norpe60B, npl1HjjIlHCb HanOIlHjjTb I1X COKpOBI1ll\aMH. OCTaBa-
I10Cb Cll\C HCCKOIlbKO HC.D.CIIb TpY.D.a .D.I1jf .lIOCTH}f(CHHjj UeIlI1, KaK B.D.Pyr
6paTbH nOIlY'II1I111 H3BCCTHC, 'I TO HX HCBCCTY OTCLI, BOnpCKI1 .lIOrOBO-
PY, 06pY'fI1I1 C KaKI1M-TO npl1HLleM 11 HaMcpCH Bbl}laTb 3aMY}f( paHb-
mc OnpC.D.CIICHHOro cpOKa. H3BCCTI1C 3TO B03MYTHlIO 60raTblpcii .D.O
TaKOH CTcnCHH, '1TO, 3aKpblB BXO.D.bI B norpc6a CBOI1 11 Ha6pocaB Ha
HI1X rpY.D.bI 6HToro KaMHjj, OHH BOO!)Y}f(HIII1Cb H HanpaBHIII1Cb K HC-
BCCTC C TCM, 'fT06bl pa3rpOMHTb LlapcTBo cc OTLla H B3jjTb cc KaK
BoeHHYIO }l06bl'fY. Y3HaB 06 3TOM, XI1Tpajj LlapCBHa BblmIla K HHM
HaBCTpe'fY H, nocIIe H3'bjjBlICHHH BOCToprOB, YBCIIa HX B CBOH '1CpTO-
n!. 3aTeM cii HCTpY.D.HO 6blIl0 YBCPHTb HX, '1TO BCC CIIblmaHHOC HMI1
HcCnpaBC}lflI1BO 11 '1TO OHa nO-npC}f(HCMY MOIlHT Eora, 'fT06bl TpYlI bI
HX YBCH'faJlI1Cb ycnexoM H npC.lIOCTaBI1I111 cii C'faCTbC C.D.CIIaTbCjj }f(C-
HOIO O.D.HOrO 113 BlIX. npOCTO.D.ymHblc 6paTbjj nOBcpHnH eii 11 6C3YM-
HO YBIICKIIHCb BI1XpCM BCjjKOrO pO.lIa npa311HCCTB, KOTOpbIC YCTpaH-
Ba.IT OTCLI B HX '1CCTb B TC'fCHHC He}lCnl1. KaK 6bI >KCflaSi Bblpa3l1Tb,
345
1113 JlereHAbI B JlereHAY
'I TO npl106peTCHHblC HMI1 COKpOBI111!a BnOIlHC 3aCTaBIIjjlOT cro C'fI1-
TaTb I1X CBOHMH I11O.D.bMI1. npl1 'HOM JKa.D.HbIH Llapb C .D.O'fCpblO ca-
MblM nO.lIp06HblM 06pa30M nopaccnpOCI1I111 0 TOH MCCTHOCTH, r.D.C
6paTbjj CKpblIIH COKpOBI1ll.{a, KaKI1MI1 nYTHMI1 Y.D.06HCC npocxaTb K
HeH H no KaKHM 3HaKaM OTblCKaTb BXOllbl B nO.lI3CMCIIbjj.
Tpl1 .D.Hjj cnYCTjj pa3HCCCH CIIYX, 'I TO CCMb 60raTblpCH HaHlIeHbl
6blIIH MCpTBbIMH .l{aIleKO 3a rOpO.D.OM. KTO YMCPTBHII UX - OCTa-
I10Cb TaHHOIO; HO BCKOpC nocIIc CBa.D.b6bl LlapCBHbl CTaIlO 113BCCTHO,
'I TO HCC'faCTHbIC 6paTbH 6blIIH OTpaBIICHbl }f(CCTOKI1M LlapCM C nOMO-
ll{blO .D.O'fCpH H 'I TO ncp JI 110CIIC.D.HI1M B3.D.OXOM OHI1 ClIHHorIlaCHO
npOH3HCCIIH 3aKIIHTHe Ha.lI COKpOBHll.{aMI1 CBOHMI1 JIJIjj Toro, 'fT06bl
OHI1 OCT;\BaIlHCb B paCnOpH}f(CHI1I1 3I1b1X lIYXOB.D.O Toro BpeMCHH, nOKa
HaHlICTCjj 'fCIIOBCK, KOTOpblH OTOMCTI1T 3a CMCpTb HX. TCM >KC, KOTO-
pblM, npHmIlocb 61,1, .lIa}f(C cIIY'faHHO, B3rIljjHyTb Ha 3T11 60raTcTBa,
CY}f(lICHO 6blII0 I1HmI1TbCH paccYJIKa HaBCcr.lIa. Y3HalI JII1 0 TaKOM
npOKIIRTl111 uapb C JIO'fCpblO I1I1H HCT - HeI13BCCTHO, HO HCCKOIlbKO
MCCjjLlCB cnycu Ha AH- To.D.opc BI1.lICJIH 6cryll.{YIO MOIlOJIYIO }f(CHll.{H-
HY, KOTopaH C OT'faHHHbIMH Kpl1KaMI1 copBaIlacb co CKa.ilbl B MOpC.
nOIlaralOT CTapHKI1 HamH, 'I TO no 6blIIa Ta CaMajj LlapCBHa-OTpa-
BI1TCIIbHI1L1a, KOTOpOH nOHa.D.06HIIOCb B npH.D.aHOC 60raTCTBO, .ao-
6bITOC, 06MaHYTblMI1 6paTbHMH.
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"Yi\i. -'tV" :fl.. '". ............ ....;.;. ," .' '1 .J ",. .". \ ,}..
> .J"o ,." ",: , ,- ,', " ,:-".f- ' J \ ',1";' .,;.,
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.. ... ... \ . , ( . '1} "'''.. ('. ...... - '. ''\' If..
:..'.«;. 'W:-- "<>iI:. ''t.'.;, ...,-I. 1) }"'; ' ,', "1 ...,:".
" .., ) . :W .,.. .... .,,:N, ".'.:.. "o/-'i' f , ..';:!, :Jj; . .... " ",! ,:.
'" ;;,...,.... '10 '" .. ...;,. -).) .a. ' ""I\ -'" ". f " -tfIK. - , q
', ..' :" ," . '" " "'f..:!'-:i::'" ". '" . .!<. ''' " ,' ' . ,S.,.
, .t! <, .>,-' "'. ". .,-,U '-\,:' ......,.<...... ' .....' ..,. " ' ' "'"
;, .t--""""J ... .......' :\ ..;. ..,'''" \''' ,..". . r .'
')."''' 1.. .:.;(,i'r. ') ... . It. "I- " .... .-1 ...11 ...\ '-' .{ -i ... -
' " i:!'.tJ,t;,'ii'\ " ,'! , ' ':.., . > ,/' J ''''i.' .. .v."", ...,.' 1"' ' .' ..
) . V l' \. .. ...,\ . .. ' VI'_S' \ ......
. ".' .. .ft £ . .;. >"J ("' .....= f '. . \J. .... ' .l-" ..
\'Xa ,. !,.. .,,<' ''i'' ;,mr , . "'. ",..'.# 4,ij'" .j,
;n 37U,1fE :K>gU, . . ,<:. tj
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n03TU1.fECKUU
KAAEUAOCKOn
M A. BOJlOIlIJ1H
)J.OM n03T A
,ABCpb oTncpTa. ncpcCTynH nopor.
MOH 1I0M paCKpblT HaBCTpC'fY BCCX 1I0por.
B npoxlIallHblx KCJlbJlX, 6CJICHHblX H3BCCTKOH,
B311blXaCT BCTp, >KI1BCT rIlyxoH paCK aT
BOIlHbl, B3MbIBalOIUCH Ha 6cpcr ILTIOCKHH,
nOIlblHHblH ,ayx H iKCCTKHH TpCCK UHKa..'l.
A 3a OKHOM pacnIlaBIICHHOC Mope
fOpHT nap[WH B mnopCBOM npoCTOpc.
OKpCCTHblC XOJIMbJ Bb130pCHhl
KOIlIO'II1M COjIHLlCM. Ccpc6po nOIlb1H1I
Ha ml1<}>cpHblX OKa:nmax nYCTblH1I
TOp'fHT BJ1XpOM KOCMaTOH CC.lll1Hbl.
3eMJIJI MOrl1n. MOJIHTB 11 MClIHTaUI1M --
OHa y .D.OMa BblpaCTHlIa MHC
CKynoH nOCCB aiiJlaHTOB 11 aKaLlHH
B orpalle TaMapI1CKOB. B rny611Hc
3a HX I1HCTBOH, pa301lpaHHoii BCTpaMH,
CKMHCTblX rop 3y6'faTblH OKOCM
3aMKHYIl 3aIll1B AnKCCBblM CTI1XOM,
ACI1MMCTpH'fHO-CTpOrI1MI1 CTpo<}>aMI1.
3.lIeCb CTblK xpe6TOB KaBKa3a H EMKaH,
H n06CpC>K:MIM JTHX CKY.lIHbIX CTpaH
BCIII1KI1H na<}>oc I1HpI1KI1 3aBCll.{aH
C nepBOHa'fMbHblX lIHCH, KOr.D.a BYIlKaH
MCTaJI orOHb H3 HC.L1P rIly6HHHblX TpCIUHH
H .D.bIMHbIH <}>aKcn B Hc6c nOTpjJcM.
BOH TaM - 3a npo<}>WICM npH6pc}f(HtlX CKaJI,
3anC'faTIICBmHM HCKOC nO.D.06bC
(MOH n06, MOH HOC, Oll.{C'fbC 11 nOllIl06bC),-
KaK PYXHYBUIIIH rOTI1'fCCKI1H c06op,
TOp'fall.{HH HcnoKopHblMH 3y6L1aMH.
KaK CKa10'fHblii 6a3MbToBblH KOCTCp,
lIlHpoKo B311YBlUI1H KaMCHHOC nIlaMjJ.
349
n03TI14eCKI111 KOnel1AOCKOn
113 CI130H MrIlbl. Ha.lI MOpeM BlIaJICKC
BCTaCT CTCHa... Ho CKa3 0 KapallarC
Hc BbIUBCTHTb HI1 KI1CTblO Ha 6YMarC.
Hc BblCIIOBI1Tb Ha CKY.D.HOM Jl3b1Ke.
51 MHOrO Bl1l1CII. ,AHBaM Ml1p03.D.aHbJl
KapTI1HaMI1 .Ii cnOBOM OTlIaJI lIaHb...
Ho rpyllb Y1Ka lIIIjj 3TOro .lIblXaHbJl,
,AJljj 3TI1X CIIOB TCCHa MOjj ropTaHb.
3aKIIenaHbl KIIOKOIIYll.{HC naCTH.
B OCTblBmHX HClIpax MpaK H THmHHa.
Ho cna3MaMli H CYlIoporOH CTpaCTH
3.D.CCb BCjj 3CMIIJI OT BCKa CBC.lICHa.
11 Ta }f(C CTpaCTb. 11 TOT }f(e Mpa'fHblH rCHHH
B 60Pb6c nIlCMCH H CMCHe nOKOIlCHUH.
,AOCCIIC rpC1J1T 6cpcra MOH:
CMOIlCHble aXCHCKI1C JIallbl1,
11 MCpTBblX KJII1 t lCT rOIloc OllHCCCJI,
11 KI1MMCpHHCKaJl myxajj MrIla
Ha BCCX nYTjjX U 1I0Ilax 3Mcrna,
npOBMaMI1 6CCnaMjjTCTBa 'fCpHCjj,
HaHocbl pCK Ba ca)J(CHb rIly6HHbI
HaCblll.{eHbl KaMHJlMH, 'fCpCnKaMI1,
MOrHJ1bHHKaMU, nCnJlOM, KOCTJlKaMI1.
B O.D.HO PYCIIO 1I0)I(}J.jjMH CMCTeHbl
11 rpy6b1c 06>K:l1rH HCOIlHTa,
H cKopnyna MI1I1CTCKHX TOHKHX Ba3,
H n03BOHKH KaKI1X-TO npHmJlblX pac,
qCH 06I1HK CTCpT, a I1Mjj n03a6bIT0.
CapMaTCKHH MC'f H CKH<}>CKajj CTpcna,
OIlbBHHCKI1H rep6, cnC3HHIla H3 CTCKIIa,
TarnpCKI1H mCT 3eIleHOBaTo-6ycblH
COCClICTBYCT C BCHCLlHaHCKOH 6YCOH.
A B KJla.lIKe CTCH KOplloHHoro nOCTa
CpC.lIH 6YIlbDKHI1KOB OUCnCHeJIH
Y30pHaJi TypcUKaJl nJlHTa
H yroIl BH3aHTHHcKOH KanHTeJIH.
KaxHx nOCnC.D.OB B :nOH nO'lBC HeT
)J,JIjj apxcoIlora H HYMI13MaTa -
OT pHMCKHX 6I1J1x H 3JIJ1HHCKI1X MOHCT
)].0 nyroBHLlbl PYCCKOro COIl.llaTa!..
3.D.CCb, B 3THX CKIIa.D.KaX MOpJl 11 3eMIIH,
J11O.D.CKI1X KYIlbTYP HC npocblxMa nJlCCCHb-
npOCTOp CTOnCTI1H 6bill }J.1Ijj }f(H3HI1 TCCCH,
350
n03H14eCKI-1i1 Konei1AocKon
nOKaMCCT MI,l - POCCI1J1 - HC npl1111JII1.
3a nOIlTOpaCTa I1CT -- C EKaTCpl1Hbl -
Mbl BblTOnTaJIl1 MYCYIIbMaHCKI1H paH,
CBeJII1 JJCca, pa3MblKaIlI1 PYHHbl,
PaCXHTlIIII1 11 pa30plIIlH KpaH.
OCl1pOTCIIhlC 311J1IOT CaKJII1,
nO CKaTaM BbIKOp'fCBaHbl CaD.bI.
HapoD. yrnCJI, I1CTO'fHI1KH HCCj!KIII1.
HCT B MOpC pbl6. B <}>OHTaHax HCT BOD.bI.
Ho CKop6HblH I1I1K OLlcnCHenOH MaCK"
1111CT K XOIlMaM fOMepoBoH CTpaHbl,
H naTCTI1'fCCKI1 06Ha}f(CHbi
Ec XPC6Tbl, 11 MycKynbl, H CBS3KH.
Ho TCHI1 TCX, Koro 3D.CCb 3BaJI YIII1CC,
OnsTb BI1HOM 11 KpOBblO Hanl1I1HCb
B HellaBHHC TparH'fCCKHe rellbI.
Yc06HLla, H rOIlOll, 11 BOHHa,
KpCCTJI MC'fOM H nJIaMCHCM Hapollbl,
Becb .lIpCBHHH Y}f(ac nOD.mUIH CO lIHa,
B TC D.HH MOH 1I0M, CIIenOH 11 3anYCTCJIblH,
XpaHHJI npaBa y6c}f(l1ll.{a, KaK xpaM,
H paCTBopj!I1Cj! TOIlbKO 6crneLlaM,
CKpblBaBml1MCj! OT nCTIIH 11 paCCTpcIIa.
H KpaCHblH BO)I(}J.b. 11 6eIlblH O<}>HLlCp -
<DaHaTI1KI1 HCnpl1MHpl1MblX BCp -
HCKaJIH 311eCb, nOli KpOBJIelO 1103Ta,
Y6e}f(Hll.{a, 3all.{HTbll1 COBCTa.
51 }f( .lIeJIaJI BCC, 'fT06 6paTbJlM nOMClllaTb
Cc6J1 ry6HTh, lIpyr D.pyra HCTpc6JIJlTb,
11 caM 'fI1TaJI B OD.HOM CToIl6L1e c .lIpymMI1
B KpoBaBbiX cnHCKax c06CTBeHHoe I1Mj!.
Ho B 3TH lIHH D.OHOCOB H TpCBor
C'faCTIIHBbIH )J(pe6HH D.OM MOH He OCTaBI1I1:
HH BJIaCTb HC OTHJlJIa, HH Bpar He c>K:er,
He npcD.aJI D.pyr, rpa6HTeJIb HC orpa6HII.
YTHXIla 6YPJl. JJ:oropeJI nO>K:ap.
51 npHHJlJI }f(113Hb H )TOT 1I0M, KaK lIap
HC'laJlHHbIH, MHC BBCpCHHblH cYllb601O,
KaK 3HaK, 'I TO JI YCblHOBJICH 3CMIICIO.
BCCH rpYD.blO K MOplO, npjlMO Ha BOCTOK
06pall.{CHa, KaK LlCpKOBb, MaCTepcKaj!,
H CHOBa 'feJIOBC'feCKI1H 110TOK
CKB03b lIBCpb CC TC'fCT, He HCCj!KaJl.
351
n03TI-14eCKI-1 KOJlel1AOCKOn
BOHlIl1, MOH roCTI" CTPjjXHI1 >KI1TCHCKI1H npax
11 nIlCCeHb lIYM Y MOCrO nopora...
Co lIHa BeKOB Tc6H npHBCTHT CTporo
OrpOMHblH I1HK Llapl1L1bl TaHax.
MOH KpOB - y60r. H BpeMCHa - CypOBbI.
Ho nOIlKH KHl1r B03HOCHTClI CTeHOH.
TYT no HO'faM 6eCC.D.YIOT co MHOH
HCTOPHKH, n03Tbl, 60rocnOBbl,
H 311CCb HX rOIlOC, BnaCTHbIH, KaK opraH.
rIlYXYIO pC'fb H caMblH THXHH mcnOT
Hc 3arnyml1T HI1 IO}f(HbIH yparaH,
HI1 rpOXOT BOIIH, HH nOHTa Mpa'fHblH pO nOT.
MOH }f( YCTa lIaBHO COMKHYTbI... nYCTb!
nO'fCTHCH 6bITI, TBCP.D.I1MbIM HaH3YCTI,
H cnHCbIBaTbCH TaHHO 11 YKpa.lIKOH,
npH }f(H3HH 6bITb HC KHHroH, a TCTpa,'1KOH.
11 Tbl, 11 jj - Mbl BCC HMCIIH 'fCCTb
«Ml1p nOCCTI1TI, B MI1HYTbl pOKOBbIC»
H CTaTb rpYCTHCH H 30p'fe, 'fCM MI,l CCTb.
51 - He 113roH, a naCblHOK Poccml
H B 3TH lIHH - HCMOH CC YKOp.
51 caM H36pM nYCTblHHblH ceH 3aTBop
3cMJICIO 1I06pOBOIlbHoro H3rHaHbH,
4T06 B ro.D.bl I1}f(I1. na.llCHHH 11 pa3pyx
B YClIHHCHbC BbInIlaBI1Tb CBOH lIYX
11 BblCTpaLIaTI, BCIII1KOC n03HaHI,C.
nOHMI1 npoCToH ypOK MoeH 3CMnl1:
KaK fPCUI1H 11 fCHYH npOIllJlH,
TaK MHHCT BCC - EBpona H POCCl1jj.
rpa)f(llaHCKHX CMYT rOplO'fall CTI1XHH
Pa3BccTcH... PaCCTaBH'F HOBblH BCK
B }f(HTeHCKI1X 3aBOllHX HHblC Mpe>KH...
BCTllIalOT .lIHH, npoxollHT 'fCIIOBCK,
Ho He60 11 3eMIIH - H3Be'fHO TC >K:C.
n03TOMY }f(HBH TCKYll.{I1M .D.HeM.
6I1arOCIlOBH CBOH cmlHH OKoeM.
6Y.D.b npoCT, KaK BCTp, HCI1CTOll.{I1M, KaK MOpC,
H naMHTblO HaCbIIUCH, KaK 3eMIIH.
]]106H .D.aIleKI1H napyc Kopa6I1H
11 nCCHIO BOIlH, mYMHll.{HX Ha npoCTope.
BCCb TpcncT }f(113HH BCCX BCKOB H pac
)l(I1BCT B Tc6c. Bccr.D.a. Tcncpb. CCH'fac.
352
n03TW eCKI-1i1 KOJlei1AocKon
A. C flYWKJ1H
OTPbIBKI1 113 nYTEWECTBl1.H OHEfl1HA
*
npCKpaCHI,l Bbl, 6pcra TaBpH.lIbl,
Kor.lIa Bac BH.llMmb C Kopa6nH
n pM CBCTC YTPCHHCH KHnpH.llbl,
KaK Bac BncpBOH YBM.lICn H;
Bbl MHC npC.lICTanM B 6nCCKC 6paIlHOM:
. Ha Hc6c CMHCM M np03pa'fHOM
CHHJlM rpy.zn,1 BamMX rop,
)].onHH, .lICpeBbCB, ccn Y30P
Pa30CTnaH 6bIIl ncpe.lIO MHOIO.
A TaM MC>K: XH>K:MHOK TaTap...
KaKOH BO MHC npocHyncH }f(ap!
KaKOH Bonmc6HOlO TOCKOIO
CTCCHJlJIaCb nnaMCHHaH rpY.lIb!
Ho, MY3a! npomnoc 3a6Y.lIb.
*
KaKMC 6 'fYBCTBa HM TaHJIHCb
Tor.lIa BO MIIC - Tcncpb HX HCT:
OHM npOm]]H HJIb H3MCHHJlHCb...
MMp BaM, TpCBorM npomnblX nCT!
B TY nopy MHC Ka3anHCb HY}f(Hbl
nYCTbIHH, BonH KpaH >K:CM'fY>K:Hbl,
11 MOpH mYM, M rpY.lIbl CKan,
11 roPAOH .lICBbl H.llcan,
11 6e3bIMCHHbIC Cfpa}J.aHbH...
)].Pymc .lIHM, .lIpymC.CHbl;
CMMpMnMCb Bbl, MOCH BCCHbl
BblCOKonapHblC MC'fTaHbH,
11 B nO:JTM'fCCKMH 60Kan
BO.lIbl H MHoro nO.lIMCman.
1825-1830 rr.
12 3aK, 21
353
n03TW eCK""'::; KOllei1AocKon
n. A. BB3EMCKHfi
* * *
CJIYXY MHJlbIC Ha3BaHbJl,
3pCHblO MMJIblC MCCTa!
CBCTJIOH llCnblO 06alIHbJl
K BaM npHKOBaHa MC'fTa.
BOT JIHBa}J.HlI, MaccaHJIpa!
6JIar03BY'fHble cIIoBa!
C .lIpeBHHX 6eperoB MeaHJIpa
I1x HaBCJlJla MOIlBa.
facnpa THXaJl! KpaCHBO
PaCllBCTalOll.{HH MMCXOp!
OpcaHJIa, roP.lICJIHBO
nOpa>K:alOll.{aJi B30p!
)l(HBollHcHoro Y30pa
CBCTJIblH, CBC>K:HH I10CKYTOK -
KOpeH3, 3Be3.lI0H 6oc<}>opa
03apeHHblH yroJIOK!
COIlHlte, TCHb, 6JIaroyxaHbe,
fop TaBpH'fCCKHX Kpaca,
B' HCMCpllalOll.{CM CMJlHbC
fOIly6blc He6cca!
MopJl MCCK M THmb, H TpenCT!
11 CpC.lIb TbMbl H THmHHbl
B.lIOIlb npM6pe>K:bJl nJJa'f H JICnCT
HO'fblO nnell.{yll.{eH BO]]Hbl!
n03TH'feCKOH 3nJIa}J.bl
OrroIlocKH H 3aJIOr
MHpa,OT}J.bIXa,ycIIa}J.b1,
npHcTaHb, 'fY>K:}J.aJl TpeBor!
354
n03T..., eCK...,i1 KOllei1.QOCKOn
B. r. 5EHEj]IfKTOB
AJIynKA
B. pOll.{ax HCHamJl}J.HbIX
3.lICCb 'fCpTOr npe!! BaMH.
KaMCHb eTCH rpOMa}J.HbIX
BeCb YBHT DBCTaMH:
no CToJI6aM B36eralOT,
no KapHH3aM BbIOTCH,
MpaMOp 06HHMaIOT,
K n030JIOTC >K:MYTCH;
PaCTHJIaHCb TKaHblO,
CbC.lIMHH BeC KpaCKH,
PaCTO'faIOT 3.lIaHblO
)l(CHCTBcHHble JIaCKH.
JIacKM, naB Ha KaMCHb,
npOna.lIalOT .lIapOM:
113 Hcro }f(ap-nnaMCHb
Bbl6bemb JIHmb Y.lIapOM.
TaK-To H Ha CBCTe
MC}f( JIlO.lIbMH BC.lIeTCH:
npCJIeCTb B nblmHOM DBCTe
tJaCTo K KaMHIO }f(MCTCH;
UBeT, 'I TO BCCX MHJlCC
HC>K:CH K HCTYKaHY;
JIaCTHTcH JIHJlCH
K nHIO HJIH 'fyp6aHY.
TYT XOTb KaMCHH rIla>K:C
Il.{CroJIH npH'fecaH:
TaM - nocMoTpHmb - .lIa>K:c
nCHb TOT HcoTecaH.
12.
355
n03TW eCK"" KOJle AOCKon
A)1AM MIfl.{KEBlflf
AJIYlIlT A H04blO
CBC}f(CCT BCTCpoK, CJIa6eCT >K:ap .lIHeBHOH;
CBCTHJIbHHK .lIHH ynan Ha 4aTblp.lIar BbICOKHH,
Pa36HJ1CH BCCb, pa3I1lWI 6arpHHble nOTOKH
11 raCHCT... nYTHHK BBepx rJIJl}J.HT, CMYll.{CH
.lIymoH
4epHCIOT CKJIOHbl rop, nOJIHbl .lIOJIHHbl MrnoH;
JIcnc'fYT pO.lIHHKH KaK 6bl CKB03b COH
rny60KHH;
BCCTb CCp.lllly nO.ZlaloT LlBCTOB >K:HBbIC COKH
DJIaroyxalOll.{CH MCJIO.lIHCH HeMOH.
nO.Zl CCHblO THmHHbI H MpaKa 3aCbmalO...
B.lIpyr 6Y.lIHT 6JIec MCHH: OT KpaH H.lIO Kpa}l
Bee He60 30JIOTOH npope3an MeTeop.
o HO'fb BOCToIlHaH! TbI C O.ZlanHCKOH CXO}f(a:
TBOHMH I1aCKaMH H yCblnneH, H - 'I TO >K:C?
,[{JIH HOBblX 6Y.lIHT JIaCK TBOH orHCMCTHblH
B30p.
1825-1826 r,
flep. 0. PyMepa
n03TW eCKj.1 KOJle .QOCKOn
J1JIh.J/ TAP JIO
AJ1YWT8 3,/lOpOBec .J/J1Tbl, TaK KaK
BO BpeMH J1CTHeH )f(apbI B03,/lYX
3,/lecb HenpepblBHo 06HOBJ1HeTCH
THrolO <fcpe3 ropHbIe npOXO,/lbl co
CTOpOHbl lfaTblp,/lara.
Cfl.50TKHH
AJI Y lilT A
3.lICCb MOpe COXpaHHeT 6bI1Ib BpeMCH -
Ha n06cpe>K:bC - ropO.lIa Kapl(ac:
KOr.lIa-TO BH3aHTHHCKHH AJIYCTOH
AJIymToH Ha3bIBaCTCH CCH'fac.
A noceIlcHbC - YCTbC KpacoTbl -
IhllpeBIIC CIIaBHO npcncCTblO CBOCH,
f.lIC BblpaCTaIOT HC>K:HbIC UBCTbl,
KaK 3I1HKCHp 3.lI0pOBbH }J.IIH nlO.lICH.
)J.an >K:H3Hb TC6e Cll.{C IOCTHHHaH...
YBbl! - <}>oPTYHa nCrKOH HC 6bI1Ia-
BparH TC6e roTOBHJJH TapaH,
Ho Bpar 6bill CMJlT H rope'fb OTOllIJla.
CCH'IaC Thl .lIHJlMH pa.l10CTHO-JI}''fHCT,
HO'fb HC CKpblBaeT 3CIICHH Hapjj}J., -
3.lICCb B03.lIYX Hc06blKHOBCHHO 'IHCT,
11 BCCb Thl - }J.IIH I1IO.lICH 6CCUCHHblH KJla.l1.
Y>K: CYll.{CCTBYCllIb HC C.lIHHblH BCK-
HC O.lIOIleJIH TJU'OThI Tc6H, -
11 nbHeT K Tc6c .lIymolO 'fCnOBCK, -
B cro I1106BH - CBeTna TBOH cY.lIb6a.
357
n03TI-14ecKHi1 KOJlei1AocKon
A. A. AXMA TOBA
***
BHOBb nO.lIapCH MHC .D.peMOTOH
Ham nOCIIC.lIHMH 3BC3.llHblH paH -
fopo.lI 'fHCTbIX BO.lIOMeTOB,
30nOTOH 6aX'fHCapaH.
TaM, 3a ncCTpolO orpa.uOH,
Y 3a.uYM'fHBOH BO.lIbl,
BCnOMHHaJIH Mbl C OTpa.uOH
UapcKoccnbCKHc Ca.ubl,
11 opna EKaTcpHHbl
B.lIpyr Y3HaJIM - :no TOT!
OH CIICTcn Ha .lIHO .lIOIlHHbl
C nblmHbIX 6pOH30BblX BOpOT.
QT06bl nCCHb npOll.{anbHOH 60nH
):(onbmc B naMJlTM >K:HJIa,
OcCHb cMyrnaJi B nO.lIOIlC
KpaCHblX I1HCTbCB npMHccna
11 nOCbInaJIa CTyncHM,
f.ac npOll.{aJlaCb JI C T060H
11 OTKY.lIa B LlapCTBO TCHH
Tbl ymcn, YTcmHblH MOH.
1916 r.
n03Tw eCK"" Konei1AocKon
A. C flYlllKIfH
<1>OHT AHY EAXlJl1CAPAI1CKOfO L1BOPUA
<1>oHTaH nI06BH. <}>OHTaH }f(HBOii!
n pHHCC H B .lIap Tc6c .lIBC p03bI.
JI106I11O HCMOn'fHblii rOBOp TBoii
11 n03TH'fCCKHC CnC3bI.
TBOH CCpC6p}!HaH nblJIb
MCHH KpOnHT pOCOIO Xna.lIHoH:
Ax, I1CHC}!, nciicH, K!IIO'f oTpa,luiblH'
:>KYp'fH, }f(Yp'fH CBOIO MHC 6b1nb...
<1>oHTaH n106BI1, <}>oHTaH nC'fanbHblii!
11 H TBOH MpaMop Bonpoman:
XBany CTpaHc npollcn H )lanbHOii;
Ho 0 MapHH Tbl Mon''fan...
CBCTHJIO 6nC.lIHOC rapcMa!
Ii 3)lCCb Y>K:Cnb 3a6BcHHo Tbl?
I1nl1 MapH}! 11 3apcMa
O.lIHI1 C'faCTIIHBbIC MC'fTbl?
I1nb TonbKO COH I:\006pa>K:CHb}!
B nYCTbIHHOH Mrnc HapHCOBan
CBOH MI1HyTHblC BH.lICHbH,
L1yrnH HCHCHblH H)lCan?
1824 r.
n03n14ecKHi1 KOJlei1AocKon
H A. 3A50JIOl.{KUU
fYP3Y <1>
B 60nbmOM nonYKpY}f(HH ropHblX nopo.lI,
f.lIe, TCMHblC Hom pa3YB,
B na3ypHYIO 'famy CMJlIOll.{HX BOD.
CnycKaCTCJI COHHblH fyp3Y<}>,
f.lIe CKaJIbl, BcrynaJi B 3CpKaJIbHblH 3aTOH,
CTOJIT nq KonCHO B BO.lIC,
f.lIC MOpe noCT, nO)IllCpCB He60CKnOH,
11 3CPK,UIOM cnY}f(HT 3BCJ.lIC,- '>
JIHmb 3.lICCb JI n03Han npCBOCXO.lICTBO MOpCH
Ha}J. HamelO TCCHOH 3CMneH,
YCIIblmaJI MC.lI.J]MTcnbHbIH XO.lI Kopa6I1eH
11 OT3BYK paBHHHbl MOpcKOH.
ECTb TaHHCTBO OT3BYKOB. MO}f(CT 6bITb, HaC
3aTcM H BonHYCT OHO,
qTO Ka}f(}J.Oe CCP.llUC npC.lI'fYBCTBYCT 'lac,
Kor.lIa OHO KaHCT Ha .lIHO.
0, 'I TO 6bl JI TonbKO HC OT.lIaJI B3aMCH
3a TO, 'fT06bl .aaJIb .lIOHCCIIa
11 CTOH nCpCC<}>OHbI, H nCHbC CHpCH,
'11 3BOH 60CBoro BCCIIa!
1949 L
n03T""4eCK"" KOJle AOCKOn
B. B. MA.J/KOBCKUii
EBnATOPl1.H
4YTb B3t1blXaeT BOnHa,
H, BTOp eM,
BeTepOK
Hall EBnaTopHCM.
BeTCpKH 3TH caMblC
pblCKalOT,
rna.wrr
J1 >KCM
1l\CKY CBnaTopHMCKYIO.
6pOH30BblMH
nn >KCM
B nCCO'lKC pblTbC Mbl
CBnaTopHMuaMH.
CKpHn YKJIIO'lHH,
BcnnCCKH
H KPHKH -
pa3BnCKaIOTC
B llblM 'iCpllbl,
B TI06eTCMKaX pKHX
CBIIaTopHMKH.
KapaHMbl -
11, cpaBH Cb,
CBnaTopb KH.
3aropalOT pb HCM
MOCKBH'iH -
BClOllY p03bI
CBnaTopb HC.
lIa HO>KKaX TOHKHX.
PatlYIOTC
Bce 60nC3HH
CBnaTopeHKH.
Bbl>KMYT
rOp 'iHC
rp 3H
ny.a 3a neTO
COCKpc6eT
eBnaTOpb 'iH.
C nlO6oro TonCToro
eBnaTOpCTBO.
O'lCHb >Kanb MHC
Tex,
HC 6blBanH
KOTOpblC
B EBnA TOPI1I1.
1928 r.
361
n03TW eCKI-1i1 KOJlei1AoCKon
H H YIlIAKOB
KEP1.Jb
Ha ropc BblCOKOH MHTpH.llaTa
06cnHCK M nymKH C TpCX CTOpOH.
B 'lCCTb 60Hua -
MaTpoca H C01I.llaTa -
naMJlTHHK HM MOpeM B03HeCCH.
3aTOHYBmHH napoxo.ll Ha peif}J.c,
3.llaHHH
B 6pbl3rax B3pbIBOB
CTporHH BH.ll,-
ropo.ll,
3HaBmMH MHO>K:CCTBO TparC.llHH,
HaM
o 6.llHTeIlbHOCTH
rOBopHT.
11 ynOpcTBOM .llblmaT YIlHU TpaCCbl,
aHa 6cpery,
HC Ha BO.llC,
CBC>K:CBbIKpamcHHblc 6apKacbl
rOBOpJlT
o MHpC
H Tpy.llC.
1953 r.
n03n1\jeCKI-1 KOlle .QOCKOn
M. A. BOJIOlliHH
15. KOKTEEEJlb
(H3lfHKna «KoKre6enhcKaa BecHa»)
KaK B paKoBHHe MMOH - OKeaHa
BenHKoe .lU,lXaHHC ry.aHT,
KaK nnOTh cc MepuaeT H ropHT
OTIIHBaMH H CCpe6POM TYMaHa,
A BblrH6bI ce 1I0BTOpCHbI
B .aBH}f(eHHH H 3aBHTKe BOIlHbI,-
TaK BCJI .ayma MOJI TBOHX 3MHBax,
0, KHMMepHH TCMHaJi CTpaHa,
aKJlIO'leHa H npe06pa}f(eHa.
C TCX 1I0p, KaK OTpOKOM Y MOIl'lMHBbIX
T Op}f(CCTBCHHo-nYCTbIHHbIX 6cpcroB
O'lHYJJCJI JI - .ayma MOJI pa3'bMaCb,
11 Mblcnb pocna, I1enHJIaCb H BaMaCb
no CKIIa}J.KaM rop, no BblrH6aM XOIlMOB,
OrHb .apeBHHx HC.ap H .aO}f(}J.CBaJi BIIara
tJ.BOHHbIM pC3L10M BaKJlH 06I1HK TBOH -
11 CHX XOJJMOB 0.aHo06pa3Hb1H CTpOH,
11 HanpJl}f(CHHbIH na<}>oc Kapa}J.ara.
Cocpe.aoTO'fCHHOCTb H TCCHOTa
3y6'laTblX CKaJI, a PMOM mHpoTa
CTCnJlblX paBHHH H MpCIOll.{He .aMH
CTHxy - pa36cr, a MblcnH - Mepy.aMH.
M oeH Me'ITOH C TCX nop HanoeHbl
npe.aropHH rCpOH'lCCKHC CHbI
11 KOKTe6cnJl KaMCHHaJi rpHBa;
Ero nOIlblHb XMcnbHa MOCH TOCKOH,
MOH CTHX noeT B BOIlHax cro IIpHIIHBa,
11 Ha CKMe, 3aMKHYBmCH 3bl6b 3MHBa,
Cy.ab6SJH H aeTpaMH H3BaJiH npo<}>HIIb MOH.
1918 r.
363
n03T1-14eCKI-1 KOlle ,QOCKOn
B. r EEHE,llJ1KTOB
OPI1AHtJ.A
npcneCTb H npeJIeCTl,! BrnMHTeCb:
CKOIlbKO ee Ha 3eMJIe!
lllanKY .aOIlOH! nOKJIOHHTeCb
3TOH lfy.aeeHOH CKMe!
3CJ1eHblO 3aTKaH 60raTOH
LITO 3a pOCKomHbIH yree,
CTaB 3.lleeb TBCp.abIHeH 3y6IfaTOH,
nIlelfH rro.a HOO0 3aHec!
. Ho H3BHHHTe: C nOIfTCHbeM
CKOIlbKO He KJIaHHHTeeb BbI -
OH He B03.llaCT BaM CKJlOHeHbeM
fOp.aOH CBoeH rOIlOBbJ -
HCT! - HO ycnY}f(HT BaM BTpOe
nbImHbIM B nO.D.HO}f(be KOBpOM,
TeHblO npOXJI8,llHOH IIpH 3HOC,
BO.aHblX KJIlOlfeH cepe6pOM.
fop.aaJl CTaTb - He 06H}J.a:
nYCTb }f(C, IIpH 6I1aroCTH TBCP.a,
tJ.HBHbIH yree TBOH, TaBpH}J.a,
Ka}f(CTCH CMCPTHOMY TBCP.a!
BcnoMHHM: Cpe,nb 3M 6I1arOBOHHbIX,
B CBeTC Ha}J. nOCKOM nOIlOB,
MMO I1b nyCTbIX, 6eenOKJlOHHblX,
B3.llepHyn.IX KBCPXY ronoB?
Tll.{CTHO 61>1 TCHH H KpOBa
DIIH}f(HHH OT HHX Tyr HCKM;
DIICll.{yr, HO 6neII.(yT CypOBO
BbICH >KHBLIX TIHX CKaJI.
364
n03n14eCKI-1i1 KOllei1,QOCKOn
A. A. llJET
CEBACTOnOJ1bCKOE EP A TCKOE KJ1A):{EI1Il{E
KaKOH ryT .l1blmHT MHp! KaKaJl cnaBbl TpH3Ha
CpC.l1b KHnapHcoB, MHPT H KaMeHHblX rp060B!
PYKOIO Ha60>K:HOH cnO}f(HJIa 3.l1eCb OT'IH3Ha
CBJlll.{eHHbIH'rrpax CBOHX CbIHOB.
OHH H n0.l13CMJICH oTBaroH n HeH .l1blmaT...
EOlOCb, MOH CTOnbJ nOKoH HX B03MYTJIT,
11 MHHTCJI, Bee OHH marH >K:HBOrO cnbImaT,
Ho nHmb MOIlHTBeHHO MOIl'faT.
C'Ia,CTIIHBLtbl! BbIcmelO IIblJIMH Bbl I11060BblO:
TYT, 'ITO HH MaB30neH, HH Ha}J.nHCb,-
Bee 60eLl,
11 PMOM YIIerIlHCb, CBOCH 3MHTbl KpOBblO,
11 .l1e.l1 co BH)'KOM H OTen.
113 KaMeHHblX rp060B HX rOIloc BC'fHO
CnbJmeH,
11M BHYKOB nOY'IaTb HaBCKH CY)f(l{CHO,
I1x cnaBa Tal( 'IHCTa, HX >K:pe6HH Tal(
B03BbIllICH,
LITO HM 3aBH}J.OBaTb rpemHO...
1887 r.
n03TH4eCKI-1i1 Konei1.o.0CKOn
If. JI. CEJIbBHHCKHH
CI1M<I>EPOnOJlb
TaKoH aKKypaTHblH B CTHIIC aMnHp,
t.J.HHOBbH'fHH, CTapYllIe'fHH, apXHBHbIH;
CbC3.D.HTb B MocKBY - Ha3blBaeTCH <<nHP»,
JlI06HT Bblpa}f(CHHe - «.lIHBHO».
XopomHH ropO.lI. no npa3.lIHHKaM nIlOllIKH.
Ha Ka}f(}J.YIO nJJomKY CBOH CTaTbH -
tJ.a }f(aJIb, .D.OnYCTHII OH, 'fY.lIaK, OnJJomHOCTb
11 B HeM cnY'faHHO pO.lIHJlCH - 51!
(A nocne 3Toro cnyuaH
n pOH30lllJla PCBOIlIOQHH...)
CI1MEI13
LUc6HH CKpC}f(eT H ponoT.
DCJ1bIX rpc6HeH pa36cr.
I1rpymcllHolO EBponolO
PacKHHYIICH npocneKT,
f.lIe no.lI Hc6ecHOH 3aMmcH
Ha COTYIO .lIonlO BCpcTbl -
KOpannOBbJC 3aMKH,
CaxapHble .llB0PLlbI.
Ho 3TO TonbKO BH.llHTCH -
3.lIecb Mope H BblCb!
11 KpblMCKHM C<}>HHKCOM BbICTaBIICHa,
BeTpoM nepecBHCTaHa
OrpOMHaJl nJlTHHCTaH
KaMeHHaH pblCb.
n03n14eCKI-1 KOlle ,QOCKOn
10. B. jJPYHHHA
CfAPbIM KPbIM
KYPbl, H6nOHH, 6CnbIe XaThI -
CTapblH KpblM Ha .l1epeBHIO nOXO>K:.
HeY>K:CIIH OH 3BMCH ConxaToM
11 BBeprM HenpHJlTCnH B .l1PO>K:b?
COBpCMCHHHK)' Ka>K:CTCH CTpaHHbIM,
lho KOr.l1a-TO, B 6blIlbIe rO.l1a,
3.l1ecb 6ec'lCTHbIC lUJIH KapaBaHbI,
30IlOTaH ryIIJlIIa OP.l1a.
BocneBaJJH TOT rOpO.l1 n03Tbl,
11 C Ear.l1a}J.OM COnepHH'lM OH.
f.D.C >K:e XpaMLI, llBOpUbI, MHHapeTbl? -
nOrpY3HJ1HCb B HCTOpHH COH...
KYPbl, BHllIHH, CIIaBJlHCKHC I1HLla,
CKpOMHOCTb 6eIlbIX YKpaHHCKHX xaT.
f.l1C }f( Tbl, xaHOB Ha}J.MCHHbJX CTOIlHI.{a -
HenpHCTynHbIH H nblmHbIH ConxaT?
f.l1e "fbI, r.l1C TI>I? - OTBeTa HC cnbIrny.
3a BCKaMH npOXO.l1J1T BeKa.
TaK Ha}J. CTCnLIO H Ha}J. ArapMblmcM
PaBHO.l1yuIHO nJIbIBYT 06I1aKa.
n03H14eCKI-1i:1 Konei:1,QOCKOn
C C HAPOBl.fA TOB
CY.lJ.AK
I1TaK, Bbl nOMHHTe CYl1aK,
f.D.e B03.llYX BHHHOH KpenOCTH,
11 naMJlTb 6pel1HT 0 CYl1ax
Y rCHY33CKOH KpenOCTH.
no HCKonaeMOH Tpone
Mbl I1C3eM B Hc60 caMoe,
LJ:T06 He cnema OToponeTb,
fIla3eB B HeBeCOMOC.
Korl1a 6pocaeT ropbI B COH,
npHnOMHHB CKa3KH l1CTCKHe,
fJIjj,llHM: He PBYT I1H ropH30HT
<I>CnyKH reHY33CKHe.
EOnTaTb HaM HblH'fC HeBTepne>K:
o l18BemHHX 110porax...
Tbl CHOBa ll.{CKH 0611epemb
o rpy6bIH n01160p0110K.
1940 r.
n03Tl-1lJeCKI-1C, KOlleC,,QOCKOn
ll. MAKYX4
TEnE-KEPMEH
nHpaMH.llbl Xeonca II j],}f(OCcpa!
Bbl OmITa B CpaBHCHbC C rOpOH,
f.ac BCHllaCTCH COIlHUC paCKOCOC
C 30IlOTOlO OCeHHCH nopoH.
3aKJly6HTcH Ha}J.' CHHCH BepmHHOIO
Ce.aHHa rony6blx 06I1aKoB.
JlYIl BCllepHHH nell.{epHOH nYIlHHOIO
MHe YKa>K:CT .aopory BeKOB.
nO Tponc, IlTO CMena II CTpeMHTcnbHa,
nO.aHHMYCb Ha}J. 3CMIICH H C060H.
)J.opor MHC :nOT MHp y.uIIBHTcnbHbIH-
KcnbH B KaMHe,
nell.{epHblH c060p.
.lJ.yx MOnHTBbl,
CTCHaHbH HeBOnbHH'fbH,
XaHCKOH CTpa}f(H ropTaHHajf pellb.
CBHCT HaraeK,
)J.blxaHHe nOnHO'fI1.
JlYHHbIH KpCCT.
KpOBOTOllall.{HH MCIl...
"'
Ha BepmHHe I1106BH H paCKaHHbH
(3a HHblX roOOpHTb He 6CPYCb)
"BOCXO.D.Hll.{eMY conHLlY,
KaK 3HaMeHH,
nOKIIOHlOCb.
n03U1yeCKHC, KOlleC,AOCKOn
H. A. EYHHH
YLJAH-CY
CBe}f(ee, Cnall.{e B03L1YX rOpHblH.
HeBHHTHblH mYM H.llCT B necy:
nOCT BeceIlbIH H npoBopHbJii,
CO CKM I1CTJlll.{HH YlfaH-Cy!
fJJjj}J.Hmb - H, TO'fHO 3aCTbIBaB,
Ho B TO >K:e BpeMJI ponOT CBOH,
CBOH I1erKHH 6er He npepbIBaSl,-
np03palfHOH nbI1IblO CHerOBOH
HeceTCJI BHH3 CTPYJI >K:HBaJl,
KaK TOHKHH <}>I1ep, CKB03HT orHeM,
CKOflb3HT co CKM <}>aToH BeHlfaJJbHOH
11 BL1pyr, H nCHoii H L10)f(l{eM
CBepraBcL B lfepHbJH B0L10eM,
EyrnYeT BIIarolO XPYCTaJJbHOH...
A ropbI B CHHeH BblmHHe!
A IO}f(HbIH 60p H COCCH menOT!
nOL1 3TOT mYM H BII8}f(HbIH ponOT
CTOHmb, KaK B CBCTIIOM nonycHe.
1900 r.
n03TI-14eCKI-1Ct KoneCtAocKOn
M H. LlBETAEBA
* * *
Ha.ll <I>C0.l10CHCH yrac
HaBCKH 3TOT .l1CHb BCCeHHHH,
11 BCIO.l1Y Y.lUIHHHCT TCHH
npenCCTHblH npC.l1Be'fCpHHH 'lac.
3axne6bIBaHCb OT TOCKH,
I1.l1Y O.l1Ha, 6C3 BCHKOH MbIcnH,
11 onYCTHJIHCb H nOBHcnH
)J.Be TOHCHbKHX MOH PYKH.
I1.l1Y B.l10Ilb reHYJ3CKHX CTCH,
BCTpe'laH BCTpa nOLlCIIYH,
11 nnaTbH mcnKOBblC CTPYH
KOIle6I1IOTCH BOKpyr KOIleH.
11 CKpOMeH 060.l10K KOIlbua,
11 TporaTeIlbHO MM H >K:MOK
EYKeT H3 HecKOIlbKHX <}>HMOK
nO'lTH y caMoro nHLla.
I1.l1Y B.l10Ilb KpenOCTHblX BMOB.
B TOCKC Be'lCpHCH H BCCCHHCH.
11 Be'fep Y.lUIHHKCT TCHH,
11 6e3Ha}J.C>K:HOCTb Hll.{eT cnOB.
1914 r.
n03U1yeCKI-1C, KoneC,,QOCKOn
C IT ll.(HnA gEB
t.J.Y<I>YT-KAJ1E
T pOnHHKa - 'fepHaJi 3MeJl -
mypmHT B Horax y nOBopOTa.
KTO CKa}f(eT, CKOIlbKO neT CTOJIT
'fY<}>YT-KaIlHHCKHe BopOTa?
C KaKHX BeKOB
TJI>K:CnbIH CKpHII
}f(HBCT B neTIIJlX?
TOIlKHH nonp06YH.
CKynble OT6I1CCKH .3apH
I10}f(aTCJI p>K:aB'fHHOH Ha CK06bI.
KOrIta-TO H B t.J.Y<}>YT-Kanc
mYMcna >K:H3Hb H C 06naKaMH
Ce.llblC 6amHH Ha CKMC
CDJlCTMHCb }J.bIMHbIMH pyxaMH.
TJI>K:eIlbIH TPY.!1 H }f(ap BOHHbI
BH}J.MH 6amHH 60eBbIe,
H HC CXO.!1HnH co CTCHbI
HH .!1HeM, HH HO'lblO '1aCOBbIe.
TYT BCC -
Ha 3HOC, Ha BeTPY.
XpaHJI .!10MamHHC YCTOH,
TyT KapaHMKH noyrpy
C ropbJ cnYCKMHCb 3a B0.!101O.
11 He 3aMeTHTb JI He Mor:
He CTcpno BpeMJI - B'LCnCJI B KaMCHb -
Tex .!1peBHHX O'farOB .!1bIMOK...
CTOIO, 6ece.!1YIO C BeKaMH.
no:nl-1 eCKI-1.:1 Kone.:1,QocKon
JfJlb.J/ TAPJlO
O<I>PI1C KPbIMCKA.H
(fl<JeJIKH)
OHH - KaK nlfCIIKH
He06bllfHO MMbIe, -
51 cep.aueM Oll.{yll.{eHHe Hecy -
OT CTe6cIIbKOB
C UBCTKaMH He6blBMblMH
B .ay60BO-MO>IOKeBCIIOBOM JIecy...
A JIeneCTKH HX C rOJIy6blMH TOIfKaMH
BOH3alOT B rpy.ab cBoeH Kpacbl nOTOK
11 Bee, liTO .aapHT
He>KHOCTblO OTTOlleHHblH
1.J )ITb
>KeJITOBaTO-p030BbIH UBeTOK.
HeceT OH pa}J.OCTb,
MMeHbKHH, HO BJIaCTHbIH.
11 JIIO):{11 OTKpbIBaIOT eMY CBCT -
)l(eJIag nOCTOMLLlY KHHrH KpaCHOH
B JIecHOM C006ll.{ecTBC
npO>K:HTb n060JILllIe JICT.
200 1, OJITII6pb
n03n1...eCK"' KOlle ,QOCKOn
H. EPO,£fCKHfi
311MHI1M BP.JEPOM B .HJ1TE
CyxOC JICBaHTHHCKOC JIHLlO,
ynpHTaHHOC OCnHHKaMH B 6a'fKH,
KOr.lla OH Hll.{CT CHrapCTY B nallKC,
Ha 6C3bIMHHHOM TyCKJIOC KOJIbLlO
BHC3anHO npenOMJI"CT .llBeCTH BaTT,
H MOH XpYCTMHK 6JIeCKa He BbIHOCHT;
H }f(MyplOCb - H TOr.lla OH npOH3HOCHT,
rJIOTaH .llblM npH 3TOM, «BHHOBaT».
.HHBapb B KpbIMY. Ha lIepHOMopcKHH 6per
3HMa npHXO.llHT KaK 6bI .lUIH 3a6aBbl:
He B COCTOHHbe Y.llep}f(aTbCH CHer
Ha JIC3BHHX H OCTpHJlX araBbI.
nYCTyIOT pCCTopaLlHH. ,L(bIMHT
H.XTH03aBpbl rpH3Hble Ha peH.llC,
H npCIIblX JIaBpOB CJIblmeH apOMaT.
«HMHTb BaM 3TOH MCP30CTH?» - «HMeme».
I1TaI< - YJIbI6I<a, cyMepKH, rpa<}>HH.
B,aaJIH 6Y<}>CT'fHK, CTHCKHBaji P}'KH,
.llaCT Kpym, KaK MOJIO.llOH .llCIIb<}>HH
BOKpyr xaMCOH 3anOIlHCHHOH <}>CJIIOKH.
KBa.llpaT OKHa. B ropmKax - }f(CIITO<}>HOIlb.
CHe}f(HHI<H, npOHOCHll.{HCCH MHMO.
OCTaHOBHCb, MrHOBCHbe! Tbl HC CTOJIb
npCKpaCHO, CKOJIb HcnOBTopHMO.
CnpOB04Hbie MOTepa.1011bl
CnPAB01fHbJE
MATEPUAAbJ
PaCCTOSlHHe OT KpynHbIx ropoLIOB LIO CHM<peponOflSl (B KM)
6CJIropo.ll 733
BHHHHLla 944
BOJIrorpa.ll 1120
BOpOHe>K: 1\00
,L(HenponcTpoBcK 446
,L(oHeUK 582
)l(HTOMHP \069
3anOpO>K:be 365
HBaHo-<I>paHKOBCK
('lCpC30.l(CCCY) 1160
KHeB 972
KHpOBOrpa.ll 567
KpacHo.aap
('lCpC3 npOJIHB) 460
K ypCK 874
c.-nCTep6ypr 2070
11yraHcK 655
11bBOB 1297
MocKBa 1396
HHKoJIaeB 383
O.llccca 5\0
POC!OB-Ha-,L(oHY 647
COIfH 714
Y>K:ropo.a 1420
XapbKoB 652
XepcoH 321
lJepKaccbl 702
lJepHHroB
('lCpe30.l(CCCY) 1129
lJepHoBUbl \018
375
W
.....:J
0\
PaCCTOjfHlUI Me)K,[(y rOpO.n;aMM KpbIMa
AJIYllITa n
::J
-0
83 EaXtIHCapaH 0
m
0
L
90 75 EeJIOrOpCK I
IT
CD
138 131 140 ,[(:>KaHKOH i:
0
109 102 III 100 ...
EBnaTopHSI (1)
-0
:s:
246 256 171 236 282 KeptIh 0
2:
155 148 157 56 97 292 KpacHonepeKoncK
90 83 92 105 19 263 110 CaKH
128 45 130 176 93 301 193 74 CeBaCTOnOJIh
45 38 47 93 64 218 110 45 83 CHM epOnOJIh
93 142 57 133 168 153 189 149 214 104 CYL'(aK
176 169 178 156 67 349 117 86 160 131 235 LlepHoMopcKoe
148 158 73 138 184 98 194 165 203 120 55 251 <l>eOL'(OCHSI
41 86 133 179 150 287 196 131 80 86 134 217 189 JlJITa
CnpOB04Hbie MOTepa.10nbl
CnMCOK Te]]e OHHbIX KO.n:OB KpbIMa
HaCe!IeHHbIH nYHKT, Ko.ll BHYTPH _ Ko.ll BHC
paHOH KpblMa _ KpblMa
AlIYlUTa,
nOCeIlKH H ccJla EOIlblUOH AIIYWTbl _
ApMHHCK
6aX ' lHCapaH
EaX HCapaHCKHH P-H
,I].}f(aUKOH,
,I].>K:aHKOHCKHH P-H
EBnaTOpHH
Kep'fb
KHpOBCKOC,
KHpOBCKHH P-H
KpaCHOnCpCKOnCK,
KpaCHOnCpCKOnCKHl1 P-H
KpaCHOrBap,aeHCK,
KpaCHOrBapllCHCKHH P-H
]]CHHHO,
llcHHHcKHH P-H
HH>K:HCrOpCKHH,
HH}f(HCropCKHH p H
IJepBoMaHCKOC,
nepBOMaHCKHH P-H
Pa3110JlbHOC,
Pa3110IlbHCHCKHH P-H
CaKH,
CaKCKHH P-H
CeBaCTOnOJlb,
ropo,aa, noc. H ceIla CeBaCTOnOJlH _
CHM«l>cponOJIb,
CHM«l>cpOnOJlbCKHH P-H
CTapblH KpblM
CY.llaK,
nOCC;JKH H ce;Ja CYlIaKa
$CO,aOCHJl,
nOCeJIKH H cella $CO.llOCHH
4epHOMopcKoe,
4epHOMopcKHH P-H
ll.1CIIKHHO
.HnTa,
nOCe!lKH H cC.'1a 60IlblUOH .H.'1Tbl
260 06560
267 06565
254 06554
264 06564
269 06569
261 06561
255 06555
265 06565
256 06556
257 06557
250 06550
252 06552
253 06553
263 06563
0692 0692
22 0652
255 06555
266 06566
262 06562
258 06558
253 06557
24 0654
377
D1l0roAOPHOCH1
6AAroAAPHOCTU
B C03,£f8HHH KHHFH npHHJlJIH Ylf8CTHe:
BOJIKOBA JOJHI.H BI1KTOPOBHA (CT. HaYIJHblH CO-
TpY.l{HHK MY3CH rCpOH'fCCKOH 060POHbl H OCB060}f(.llCHHH CCBa-
CTOnOnH), {WJIb<I>I1YC I1fOPb fAPbEBI11.J (rOpHOCnaCa-
TCm», fEPUEH AJIEKCAH,L(P fEPMAHOBl1q (KaH.llH.llaT HC-
TOpH'fCCKHX HaYK, 3aB. Ka<}>C.llpOH HCTOpHH .llpCBHCrO MHpa H
CpC.llHHX BCKOB TaBpH'fCCKOrO HaLlHOHaJIbHOrO YHHBCpCHTCTa
HM. B. 11. BCpHa.llCKoro), EBCEEB AH,L(PEM AHATOJIbEBl1q
(CT. HaYIJHblH COTPY.llHHK <I>CO.llOCHHCKOrO KpaCBC.lllJCCKOrO MY-
3CH), 3AMYPYEBA JIJO,L(MI1JIA nABJIOBHA (HaY'fHblH CO-
TpY.llHHK AJIymTHHcKoro MY3CH npHpO.llbl), 3EHKI1H BAJIE-
PI1I1 nABJIOBI1I.J (Ha'faJIbHHK OT.llCJIa C6bITa II MapKCTHHra
AO «MaCCaH.llpa»), KI1CJIbIM AJIEKCAH,L(P EBfEHbEBl1q
(KaH.llH.llaT HCTOpH'fCCKHX HaYK, HaYIJHblH COTpY.llHHK KpbIMC-
Koro <}>HJIHaJIa HHCTHTYTa apXCOJIOrHH HAHY), KOTOB CEP-
fEM <I>E,L(OPOBI1Q (KaH.llH.llaT 6HOnOrH'fCCKHX HaYK, 3aB. Ka-
<}>C.llpOH 60TaHHKH TaBpH'fCCKOrO HaLlHOHaJIbHOrO YHHBCPCHTC-
Ta HM. B. 11. BCpHa.llCKoro), MEJIbHI1KOB AJIEKCAH,L(P
AJIEKCEEBI11.J (3aBC.llYIOll.{HH opraHH3aLlHOHHO-MCTO.l{HIJCCKHM
Ka6HHCTOM .llO'fCpHCrO npC.llnpHHTHH «KJIHHH'fCCKHH caHaTopHH
«npHMOpbC» .l{JIH .llCTCH C P0.llHTCJIHMH» 3AO «YKpnpo<}>3.llpaB-
HHIla»), MEUKEBI11.J CEPfEM HI1KOJIAEBI11.J (HCTOpHK),
HABPOUKI1I1 BJIA,L(I1MI1P BJIA,L(I1MI1POBI1Q (.llOKTOP MC-
.llHIlHHCKHX HaYK, KpaCBC.ll), HE.HQEHKO I1JIbR HCAEBI1Q
('fJICH COlO3a >K:ypHaJIHCTOB CCCP, KpaCBC.ll), OMEJIbQYK
,L(MI1TPI1M BJIA,L(I1MI1POBI11.J (KaH.llH.llaT HCTOpHIJCCKHX
. HaYK, .l{OIlCHT TaBpH'fCCKOrO 3KOJIOrH'ICCKOrO HHCTHTYTa),
O EJIb1.JYK KOHCTAHTI1H ,L(MI1TPI1EBI1Q (BbmYCKHHK
IOpH.llH'fCCKOrO <}>aKYJIbTCTa TaBpH'fCCKOrO HaIlHOHaJIbHOrO YHH-
'I
,
378
51larOAOpHOCTa.1
BCpCHTCTa HM. B. 11. BcpHa.llCKoro), nETPOBCKI1H BAJIE-
PI1H nABJIOBI1LJ (PYKOBO.llHTCIIb 6aX'fHCapaHCKOH apXCOJIO-
rH'fCCKOH JKCnC.llHLlHH), nonOB BAJIEHTI1H HHKOJIAE-
BI1LJ (KaH.llH.llaT 6HOJIOrHlfCCKHX HaYK, .llOLlCHT Ka<}>C.llpbl 300-
JIOrHH TaBpH'fCCKOrO HaLlHOHaIlbHoro YHHBCpCHTCTa HM. B. 11.
BcpHa,aCKoro), npl1HUEBA TAMAPA MHXAHJIOBHA
(>K:YPHaJIHCT), nb.HHKOB AJIEKCAH,L(P <I>E,L(OPOBI1LJ (KaH-
.llH.llaT MC,aHLlHHCKHX HaYK, ,aOLlCWT, Y'fCHbIH CCKpCTapb KpbIMC-
Koro pccny6JIHKaHCKoro HHH <}>H3H'fCCKHX MCTO.llOB JIC'fCHHH
H MC.llHQHHCKOH KIIHMaTOJIOrHH HM. 11. M. CC'fCHOBa), CEME-
HIOK CEPfEH BACI1JIbEBHLJ (CT. HHCTPYKTOP 6aX'fHCapaH-
CKoro KCC), COJI,L(A TLJEHKO CEPfEH CEPfEEBHLJ (.llOK-
TOp MC.llHQHHCKHX HayK, JaCJIY>K:CHHbIH .llCHTCnb HaYKH H TCXHH-
KH YKpaHHbl, aKa.llCMHK AH KpblMa, ,aHpCKTOp KpblMCKoro
pccny6nHKaHCKoro HI1I1 <}>H3H'fCCKHX MCTO.llOB JIC'fCHHH H MC-
,aHLlHHCKOH KJIHMaTOJIOrHH HM. H. M. CC'fCHOBa), COJIOMO-
HEHKO AJIEKCAH,L(P EBfEHhEBI1LJ (YIfHTCJ1b CHM<}>CPO-
nOIlbCKOH Clll N 40, KpaCBC.ll), TonOPKOBA EKA TEPI1HA
AJIEKCEEBHA (COTpY.llHHK <}>HpMbl ({OHHKC-TYP»), Y)I(I1H-
UEB BJIA,L(I1CJIAB 60PHCOBHlJ (COTpY.llHHK KpblMcKoro
<}>HIIHaJIa HHcTHTYTa apXCOJIOrHH HAHY), 111I1POKOB BJIA-
,L(I1MI1P AJIEKCAH,L(POBHLJ (KaH.llH.llaT HCTOpH'fCCKHX HaYK,
.llOLlCHT), IOPOLJKI1H BJIA,L(I1CJIAB IOPbEBI1LJ (COTPy,aHHK
naJIOMHH'fCCKOrO OT.llCJIa CHM<}>cpOnOJIbCKOH H KpblMCKOH cnap-
XHH), .HPOlil AJIEKCAH,L(P MI1XAMJIOBI1LJ (.llOKTOP MC.llH-
LlHHCKHX HaYK, 3aMCCTHTCJIb .llHpCKTOpa no HaY'fHOH pa60Tc
KpblMcKoro pccny6JIHKaHCKoro HHH <}>H3H'fCCKHX MCTO.llOB JIC-
'fCHHH H MC.llHLlHHCKOH KJIHMaTOJIOrHH HM. 11. M. CC'fCHoBa).
ABTOpbI npocKT8 6JI8rO./I8pJlT :JTHX JIJO./ICH 38 COTPY./IHH'lCCTBO.
EC3 HX nOMOlllH C03J18HHC KHHrH 6blJIO 6bI HCB03MO)/(HO HJIH )/(C
HHtjJOpM811HJ1 6blJI8 6bI HCnOJIHoH.
379
np"'Me OH"'SI
npUME1.fAHU1I
I Kapa-MpYH. nepeBO.D.HTCJI C KpbIMCKOTaTapcKOrO KaK «1.JepHbIH MbIO>.
2 Ha IO>KHOM 6cpery no.a OXpaHY B3J1Tbl KOMnnCKCbl BOWe MblCa
<1>HOJICHT (120 ra), Mblca AHJI (150 ra). Mblca CapbJ'I (60 ra), CK<I-
Jlbl )].HBa H ropbl KOWKH (50 ra), Mblca AH- T O.ll.Op (120 ra), ropbl
AlO.II.ar (150 ra), MbJca nnaKa (60 ra), ceJIa Manope'lCHcKoro (60
ra), nIT HOBblH CBeT (120 ra) H Y nO,llHO>KIDI Kapa,Uara (210 ra).
Y 6eperoB 6blBWCro aHTH'IHoro ropo.na XcpcOHeca paCnOl10>KCH
apxeOnOrH'IecKHH aKBaKOMnneKC «XepcoHeccKaJl 6YXTa» (60 ra).
3 nepeBO,llHTCJI KaK «Bpa>KbJl ropa», no .II.pyroH Bepcm:l - «HCTe-
KalOwaH ropa».
4 B pa3Hbix Jl3blKaX y :noro nnaTO eCTb HeCKonbKO Ha3BaHHH:
Kapc-r, Kpac (Karst, Kras).
5 fopH30HTanbHble nonOCTH 06b1'1HO Ha3blBalOT newcpaMH, a Bep-
THKaJlbHbJC HJIH 6nH3KHe K BepTHKanbHbJM nonOCTH - KonO,UQa-
MH (npH my6HHe .11.0 20 M) HJIH waXTaMH (npH my6HHe 60nbwe
20 M). nO.n06Hoe .II.eneHHC HecKonbKo ycnoBHo, nOTOMY '1TO 'Iawe
Bcero ropH30HTanbHbJe nOJIOCTH HMelOT BepTHKanbllble OTBeTB-
nCHHJI, H Ha060poT.
6 Ha3BaHHe neca onpe.neJlJllOT paCTeHIDI ero BepXHero JlPYca.
7 CaMblMH crapblMH H3 napKOB-naMJn1IHKOB JIBJIJIIOTCH C03.naHHbIH B
KOIwe XVIII B. MHCXOpcKHH nnowa,m,1O 23 ra H «CaJ1Il:IpKID) B CHM-
«l>ePonone (42 ra). B nepBOH nOJIOBHHe XIX B. C03.ll.aHbi AnymCHHC-
ram oapK, HaCllKl'blBalOWHH npHMepHo 200 BH,llOB H «l>oPM Ha nnOo
wa.zut 40 ra, fyp3Y4>cKHH (110 «l>oPM, 12 ra), flHBaJ1HHCKHH (400
«l>oPM, 40 ra), Mac:x:awqx>BCKHH (250 «l>oPM, 44 ra), Yrec-Kapaca-
HOBCKHii (220 cJ>opM, 23 ra) H <I>opoccl<Hii (200 «l>oPM, 70 ra). CaMble
MOJIO,llbJe napKH-naMJlTHHKH: C03.ll.aHHblH BO BTOpoH nonOBHHe XIX
B. XapaKcKHH (200 «l>opM, 15 ra) H KHnapHCHblH Ha -reppHTOpHH
(cApreKID), pa36HTb1ii B Ha'lane XX B. (180 «l>oPM, 9 ra).
8 EaKayr - npoH3pacralOwee B TponH'IeCKOH AMcpHKe .II.epeBO c
He06bJKHOBeHHO TBep.II.OH .II.peBeCitHOH.
9 no .II.PyrHM ,UaHHbIM, TIel onepaIUiJl6b11la OCBOeHa el.l.\e B XVIII BeKe.
10 Kopa6enbHblc CKanbl.
II HCTOpHJI BenHKoro wenKoBoro nym YXO,llHT B my60KYlO .II.peB-
HOCTb. El.I.\e pHMCKHe opaTopbl npH3b1BanH corpa>K..naH B 60Pb6e
C POCKOWblO YMeHbWHTb nOTpe6neHHe KHTaHCKOrO wenKa.
380
np"'Me40HI-1
12 rep0.llOT(MC>K.II.Y 490 H 480 rr. - OK. 425 r..II.0 H. 3.) -- JIpeBHC-
rpelJCCKHH HCTOpHK. Upo3BallHblH {(OTLIOM HCTOPHH».
J] CTpa60H (64/63 rr. JIO H. J. - 23/24 rr, H. 3.) -- 3HaMCHHTblH
rpelJCCKHH rcorpal}> H HCTOpHK. aBTOp «fCOrpaI}>HH» B 17 KHHrax
H YTCpJlHHblX (d1CTOpHIJCCKHX JanHCOK».
14 EOcnop B nCpeBO.ll.C C rpelJCCKOrO - «nponHB».
IS KIIMMepHK - B V-III BB. JIO H. J. aHTHIJHblH rOpOJI-KpCnOCTb
60cnOpcKOro rOCYJIapCTBa Ha IO>KHOM 6epery KCplJCHCKOro no-
I1Y°CTpOBa.
16 nO.ll.p06HCH CM. pa3.11.cn, nOCBHWCHHbJH ropO.ll.aM KpbIMa II ma-
BY ({KCPlJb».
J7 npHIDITbIH B HCTOpH'ICCKOH nHtepaTYpe TCpMHH ({CpeJIHCBCKO-
Bbe» clIO>KHJICJI nOJI BnHJlHHCM 3ana.ll.HOCBponcHCKOH Ha¥KH, 060-
3Ha"laIOWCH JTHM TCpMHHOM pa3pblB B KynbTypHoM pa3BHTHH B
nCpHOJI Me>l<.llY na.n.CHHCM PHMa H JnOXOH Bo3pO>l<.llCHHJI. nOJIl>3Y-
JlCb JTHM TCpMHHOM, Ha110 nOMHHTb, IJTO B JIpyrHx '1aCTJlX llJIa-
HeTbl, Y apa60B HJIH BH3aHTHHLlCB, no BpeMB COnpOBO>KJIanOCb
paCI.{BeTOM KynbTypbl.
II 31'0 nOJITBCp>l<.llalOT paCKonKH, npoBO,llHBWHCCJl B 80-x rr. no.ll.
PYKOBOJICTBOM H3BeCTHoro apxconora B. A. CH,llOpeHKO, OTKpblB-
wcro B OKpeCTHOCTJlX MaHryna OCTaTKH MOWHOH 060poHHTenb-
HOH CTeHbl, ncpCrOpa>KHBaBWCn ywenbe, no KOTOPOMY wna JIO-
pora H3 CTcneH K XCPCOlIY. nOJI06HOC CTpOHTenbCTBO B JTO Bpe-
MJI Be.ll.CTCJI HC TonbKO B KpblMY, HO H B CeBcpHOH Al}>pHKC,
IO>KHOH I1TanHH, nOJIYHaBbe H Manon A3HH.
19 flcrKO .II.ora.aaTbCJl, 'lTO pe'lh JIJ1eT 0 HbIHeWHHX fyp3Y«Pe II AnyWTC.
2\) 06 JTOM ncpHoJIc nOJIp06HO paCCKa3blBaeT B CBOCM TpaKTaTe
{(O nOCTpoHKax» npOKonHH KccapHHcKHH, BOCHa'laJIbHHK H
HCTopHorpal}> HMnepaTopa IOCTHHHaHa I.
21 Ha3BaHHC npOHCKOJIHT OT npacnaBJlHCKOrO KOpIDI «nonOB'b» -
«CBeTnO->KenTbJn». AnJl cpaBHCHHJI: «nonOBa».
22 O,llHa H3 JTHMOnOrH'ICCKHX BCpcHH npoHCXO>l<.lleHIDI Ha3BaHHJI
BCJIeT K TIOPKCKOMY cnOBY Jwman - «roJIy60H»; .II.pyraH, 60nee
y6C.D.HTenbHaH BCpcHJI YKa3blBaeT TlOpKCKHH KOpeHb kumman-
{('lenOBCK, Hapo.D.».
23 B .II.peBHCPYCCKHX neTOnHCJlX ropOJI Ha3blBanCJI KOPCYHb.
24 ::nOT BCCMHpHO H3BCCTHblH naMJlTHHK, nOIly>IHBWHH Ha3BaHHe
«TMYTapaKaHCKHH KaMeHb», HaXO,llHTCJI B 3pMHTa}f(C (CaHKT-nC-
Tep6ypr, POCCHJI).
381
npltIMeYOHI-1S1
2; TCMHHK 30nOTOH Op.abl TOXTaMblI1lnOCJIC KYJIHKOBCKOH 6HTBbi
CYMCn BHOBb .n06HTbCSI HOKOpllOCTH MOCKBbl. THMYP H3BCCTCH B
HCTOpHLICCKHX .nOKYMCHTaX TaK>KC HO.n HMCHCM TaMCpJIaHa. 00-
TOMKH THMypa. BblTCCHCllllblC "3 Cpe.nHCH A3HH Op.abIHCKHM xa-
HOM Y36cKOM, YlWIH Ha lOr. C03.naB B I1H1UiH HMnCpl1l0 BCJ1HKHX
MOrOJIOB.
!6 HblHC EaJJHlUJaBH.
27 HbIHC EBIIHTOpHJl.
2g ConraT(ConxaT) - CTapblH KpblM, CTOJIHI.{a xaHCTBa.
1'1 KblpK-Op - Ha3BaUHC KpenOCTH 1..J.ycpyr-Kanc .no XVII BCKa.
J() CTOJIHLla KHSI>KCCTBa B :no BpcMB Llall\c HMCHYeTCSI TaK>KC <1>eo-
.nopo. TonOHHM {(MaHrym> B pa3lIHLlHbIX BapHaUTax ynoTpe6-
J1BCTCSl3I1aLlHTcnbHO pe>KC H CTaHOBHTCSI 06ll\cynoTpc6HTCJlbHblM
TOJIbKO nocnc 1475 r., KOr.ll.a 1"0po.n ncpewcn B PYKH TypOK.
31 TpaIle3YH.11- Manoa3HHCKaJl LlaCTb BH3aHTHH, CYll\CCTBOBaBlllaSi
KaK OT.nCJlbHOC I'Ocy.napCTBO C 1204110 1461 r. nocnc 3aXBaTa KOH-
l.'TaIlTHIlOnonB KpeCTOHOCLlaMH. OCHoBaHo BHYKaMH BH3aHTHH-
CKoro HMncpaTopa AH,llpOHHKa AnCKCCCM H )].aBH,llOM KOMHH-
HaMH npH CO.nCHCTBHH rpYJHHCKOH LlapHLlbl TaMapbl.
32 COBpeMCHHblH IfHKepMaHr
33 COBpeMCIlHaJi Ea.nHlUJHBH.
J.I Ap6Y3, rap6Y3 npOHCXOJUlT LlCpe3 KpblMCKOTaTapcKOC karpuz H
TypeLlKOC carpuz OT ncpcH,llCKoro CJIOBa harbuza, COCTOBlllcro H3
.nBYX KOpHCH: bar - OCCJI, npHCTaBKa, 03HaLlalOwaB YCHlICHHC, H
buza --orypeLl; 6MhJ/- LlCpe3 KpblMcKoTaTapcKoc badia OT ncp-
CH.lI.CKOro badyc -- TO >KC; 6aKnara OT KpbIMcKoTaTapcKoro
baklak, bakia - TO >Ke; 6a.nb1K OT KpblMCKOTaTapcKoro balyk -
pbl6a. Oc06bIH HHTepee npe.nCTaBJIJleT HecoOTBCTCTBHC PYCCKHX
Ha3BaHHH KpblMCKOTaTapcKHM, nOKa3blBalOll\ce, LITO npO.ll.aBCLl
no.npa3YMeBan 60JICC 06ll\CC Ha3BaHHe TOBapa, LlCM nOKynaTCJIb.
J],mI npo.naBLla 6anbiK - pbl6a B006ll\C, ,llJIJI nOKynaTcnB - co-
nCHa$! pbl6a, H310M - BHHOrpa.u B006ll\C B npoTHBOnOnO>KHOCTb
cyweHoMY H T..n.
)) C 1633 no 1783 r., T. c. 3a 150 neT npaBJIeHH$! :nOH .lI.HHaCTHH, Ha
npeCTonc CMCHHlIOCb 53 xaHa.
:16 ,l].ecaHT COlO3HHKOB COCTaBmrn 62 TbIC. QCnOBCJ<.
J7 MCCTeLlKo CHH-CrerjJHHo, HbIHC EWHlIbKCH.
)8 Bee Ha,UJIHCH Ha WlHTax c.nCJIaHbl Ha cpe.nHCBeKOBOH naTbIHH.
3'i Hblue WlHTa XpaHHTC$! B O.nCCCKOM apxCOnOfH'IeCKOM MY3CC.
382
npI-1MeYOHI-1S1
40 ,l].peBIIHH nOnHC Ha MCcrC COBpeMCHHOH EBnaTOpHH.
41 Haoe -- nOMewem1C, r.uc Haxo.aHJIHCb MOJIJlWHCCJI.
42 MHpMCKHH B nepeBO.uc C rpe'lCCKOrO - «MypaBeH». B MHpMe-
KHe MOHeTY 'leKaIlHJIH C H306pa>KCHHCM 3Toro -rpy.uoJII06HBoro
HaCCKOMoro.
4) CllJIaB 30nqTa H cepe6pa.
44 Kb13-KCpMCH B nepeBo.ue C KpblMCKOTaTapcKoro - ({,I].eBH'lbJl
K penOCTb».
45 TClIlKJIH-EYPYH B nepeBo.ue C KpbJMCKOTaTapcKoro - «,I].bJpJl-
BbJH MblC».
46 En.nH-EypynB nepeBO.lIe C KpbJMCKOTaTapcKoro - «MbIC BeTpOB».
47 Kany-.l(cpe B nepeBo.ue C KpblMCKOTaTapcKoro - ({BOPOTHbJH
OBpar». .
48 lfYt/Jyr-lfcapraH-EYPYH B ncpeBo.ue C KpbJMCKOTaTapCKoro -
«MbJC Bbl30Ba Hy.ueeB».
49 TaMaM-.l(cpe B nepeBo.ue C KpbJMCKOTaTapcKoro - «EaHHblH
OBpar».
SO lfaMHbl-5ypynB nepeBO.lIe C KpbJMCKOTaTapcKoro - (<<COCHOBbJH».
51 Ta6aHa-.l(cpe B ncpeBO.lIe C KpblMCKOTaTapcKoro - «OBpar Ko-
>KeBHHKOB» .
52 t1JeMa- a,aMHHHCTpaTHBHo-TeppmOpHaJIbHaJI HlWa BH3aHTHH.
53 Tcnc-KcpMCH B nepeBo.ue C TypellKoro - «fopHaJi KpenOCTb».
54 3HKOJIlIJfOH- ,llBYXCOCTaBHbJH KpeCT ll1IJI xpaHeHHJI B HCM MoweH.
55 KMpK-Op B nepeBO,Ue C KpbIMCKOTaTapcKOrO - (<<COPOK YKperme-
HHH».
56 1437 r. no rpHropHaHcKoMY KaJIeH.l1aplO.
57 MC.llpecc - MycynbMaHcKaJl .uyxoBHaJi WKona.
51 lOcyn-lfoKpaKB nepeBo.ue C KapaHMCKoro - «<1>OHTaH HocHl!>a».
59 3cKH-KcpMCH B ncpeBO.uc C KpblMcKo-TaTapcKoro -,-- ({CTapaJi
K penOCTb».
CnYCKaTbcJI B Kono.uell 6e3 CneLtHaJIbHOrO CHapJl>KeHHJI He cne-
.uYeT - 60nbwaJl 'laCTb cryneHeK cpy6ncHa.
61 0 «npOllBeTWCM KpeCTe» CM. B rnaBe «HHKcpMaHCKaJl 06HTCnb».
62 ApKa.oa - nepeKpblTHe npOCMa B CTCHe nOJJYKpymoH I!>0PMbJ.
63 AClaJp - TYpellKHH BOHH.
64 nepeBo.u Ha,UnHCH M. neTpOCJlHa.
65 KYJIc-5ypyn B nepeBO.uc C KpbJMCKOTaTapcKoro - «6awCHHbJH
MblC».
66 TY3JIa B nepeBo.uc C KpbJMCKOTaTapcKoro - «CTapoe».
383
npl-1Me4aHI-1
67 AK-Me'ierb - B ncpCBo.ne C KpbIMCKOTaTapCKoro - ({l)cnaJi
MCqCTb»,
68 AI,ITOPbl - cKynbIITop A. A. KOBanCBa H apXHTCKTOp B. n. Mc-
JIHK-Dapca.naMOB.
6'1 ABTOp - HTanbJlHCKHH apXHTCKTOp npo«l>eccop WTPCHXCH6cpr.
70 reK8reii MliIleTCKHH(546-480 IT. .nO H. 3.) - .apeBHcrpe'ICCKHH
HCTOpl1K tI rcorpal!>. ,1].0 Hac .aOWJltl OTpblBKH cro «3eMJICOnHCa-
HHJI» H ({reHeaJIOrHH». O.nHH H3 caMbIX paHHlIX Tpy.nOB no CTpaHO-
Be.uCHHIO.
71 «58K'ieCapaHJJ MO)l(HO IlCpeBeCTtI C KpbIMCKOTaTapCKoro KaK
«JIBOpeU B ca,Uax» ruIH (<JIBOpCU cpe.nH ca,UOB».
71 3CKH-,3JOp6c B ncpeBO.nc C KpblMCKOTaTapCKoro - {{CTapaJi
rp0611t1IlM.
7J Dptl MCHrnH-fHpec B 1489 r. 6b1n COBCpWCH ncpBblH Ha6cr Ha
YKpaHHY H CO>K)I(eH KHCB.
74 «Ca6YHJJ B IlCpeBO.ne C TlOpKcKoro - «MbIJIbHbIH».
,7j 3TOT Manoa3HHCKtlH nOnliC HbJHC - ropo.Ll naH.nypaKncJI B
TYPWfH.
76 CesacroflOflb B IlepeBOJIC C rpe'IecKoro - ({CBSlWCHHblH ropo.n»,
({ropo.Ll CnaBbJ».
17 MY3CH OTKpblT C)I(C,UHCBHO, KpOMC nOHC'ueJIbHHKa, C 9.00.n0 16.45;
B Mac - aBrYCTC - JIO 18.00. 6C3 BbJXO.nHbJX.
"78 &:JIiIlHKa - - O,UHH H3 apXlITeKTYpHblX nmOB xpHCTHaHCKoro xpa-
Ma: npJlMoyronbHoc 311aHHC. HeCKOnbKHMtI pJl,llaMH KonOHH pa3-
.nCJICHHOC no MHIlC Ha qaCTtI (HCl!>bl).
7'1 ABTOP -- CKYJIbnTOp BJlqecnaB KnbIKOB, no.napHBlllHH CBoe npo-
H3BC.nCHHC ropo.ny.
80 naHopaMa OTKpbITa Mil nOCenITeJICH C 9.30.n0 16.30 C>KC.uHCB-
HO, KpOMC IIOHel1enbHHKa. a B ]leTHCe BpCMJI - 6C3 BblXO.nHblX.
81 ABTOp npOCKTa - BOeHHbJH tlH)I(CIICP O. 11. 3H6cpr npH yqac-
THH apXHTCKTOpa B. A. <1>eJIb.nMaHa. BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHble pa60-
TbJ npOBOJIHJIHCb TBOpqecKHM KOJ1JICKTHBOM xy.nO>KHHKOB IIO.n
PYKOBO.nCTBOM aKa.nCMHKOB >KHBOIllICH B. H. jfKOBJICBa H
n. n. COKonOBa-CKaJIJI.
82 B nCTHCC BpCMJI MY3CH OTKpbJT .no 18.00, 6C3 BbIXO.nHbIX. MY3CH
TaK)I(C opraHH3YeT 3KCKYPCHH Ha BOCHHbJC Kopa6JIH.
8J naMSlTHHK YCTaHOBJICH 5 HOSl6pJl 1959 r. ABTOpbJ - cKYJIbnTOp
H. B. T OMCKH" H apxHTcKTOp A. B. Ape«l>bCB.
84 AIrrOpbl - cKynbnTOp B. B. RKOBJIeB, apXHTeKTOp 11. E. <1>Ha]]KO.
384
npI-1Me.4aHI-1
85 A TOp npOCJ<Ta npHCTaHH - aHrmdicKHH apXHTCKTOp .lJ,>KOH
YHnToH. MpaMopHblC JIbBbl H aHTWlHblC CTaTYH BbmonHCHbi HTa-
nbJlHCJ<HM MaCTcpOM <1>cpHaHLIO ncnnHlfHO.
U ABTOpbJ - :}CTOHCKHH cKynbnTop A. r. Az!aMcoH If apXJnCXTOp
B. A. <1>C.'lbLIMaH.
87 Tc, J<TO XOqCT np0.ll.On>KHTb CBOC 3HaKOMCTBO ,C 06HTaT .JI H
Mopeii H OKcaHOB, MOryr noceTHTb OI(CaHapHY cnYCTR:BWw.Cl,
OT ABopua LIeTCTBa K Ha6cpC>KHOii. 3LICCb CCTb LIpeccHpoBaHHbIc
MOpcKHC J<OTHKH, rpeHJIaH.1lCKldt TlOnCHb, CHByqH H LIenbI!>Hli-al!>a-
mma. B 300napKc MO>KHO YBH.1lCTb 6aiiKanbcKHx TlOncHcH, MOp-
>KeH, IO>KHOaMcpHJ<aHcKHx MOpcKHX nbBOB. C npH"lana OKcaHa-
pHYMa opraHH3YlOTCJI MOpCKHC nporynKH Ha KaTepe lUlH IIXTC.
IS ABTop npoC1na - aKa,UCMHK apXHTCKTypbl A. n. 6pIOMOB.
8'1 ABTOp npOCKTa - apXHTCKTOp A. A. ABLICCB.
IOU 3Kcn03HUWl pa60TaCT C 9.30 LIO 16.30 C>KCLIHCBHO, KpOMC nOHC-
,UeJ1bHHKa.
91 nOCTpOCffa no npoeKTY BoeHHOro Hff>KCHCpa CTapqCHJ<O B cepe-
JlHHC XIX BCKa.
92 nCpeBOLI B. A. )KYKOBCKOro.
93 CaphlQ B nCpCBO.llC C KpblMCKOTaTapcKoro - ({3naTOTKaHblH».
94 Ha3BaHHC noccnJ<a 03HaqaeT {(ManCHbKaJl J<pcnOCTb» H npoHC-
XO.lU1T 01' naTHHCKoro castclI- {(3aMOK», ({xpenOCTb».
95 AT-DamB ncpeBOLIC CKpblMCKOTaTapcKoro- «IIOWa.IUlliaJ! fonOBa».
% AJIynKa B ncpeBOLIC C rpCqeCKOrO - «IIHCHua».
97 no MHCHHIO HCKYCCTBOBC,UOB II. H. TI1Mol!>eeBa 11 A. n. l\apH-
Ha, OHa J<OI1HPYCT Ha,Unl1Cb Ha KpenOCTH AnbraM6pe. C.lIc.'laHHYIO
npaBHTcnCM fpeHa,UbJ xanH«l>oM MyxaMMcLIOM I, KOTOpblH B 1248
r. 6b1Jl BblHY)I(,llCH YlfaCTBoBaTb, comaCHO 1l0roBOpy, BO B3J1THH
apaOCKOH CCBHJlbH. B fpeHa,UC OH 6blJ1 BCTpeliCH C TPHYMI!>OM,
HO xanl1l!> BOCKJJI1KHyn ncpcn HaponOM: «HeT n06c.OJfTcJlJI, KpO-
Me AJL!1axa!», a n03.l1.HCC, nOCTpOHB AnbraM6py, OH nOBeJ1eJJ Bbl-
Ce'ib JTY Ha.nnHCb COTHH pa3. -
98 MHCXOP fMHCCO.rop, MhlCXOp. MIOCXOp) B nepeBonc C KPblM-
cKOTaTapcKoro - «cpcnHHHoe ccno»: KopeH:J (KypeH:J, Kype-
HC. XopeH:J, XypeH:J, XYPH:Jbl. KIOpH3) - ({3aCCnCHHOC MCC-
TO», ({CcnHlllC»; Ha3BamiC _ racnpa (racnapa) npOHcxo.aI1T 01'
rpCqCCKOrO acnpo - ({6CnblH». Ero cnCLIYCT paCCMaTpUBaTb
KaJ< 3nHTCT npH nponYWCHHOM TOnOHI1MI1 1 1CCKOM 06'bCKTC --
ccnc. YKpcnnCHI1H, KpcnOCTH.
Nil 21
385
np1-1Me40HH
'1'1 HblllC CaHaTOpHH ({51cHa1l non1ln<I».
IOU jJ/OJlh6Cp B nepCBO.3.e C KpbIMCKOT<ITapCKOrO - {{npeKpaCHbIH».
1111 TllpOIl B nCpCBOllC C rpC'JeCKOrO - {(PCKpyr». ({HOBOOpaIlCU»
102 BbillalOWI1ik1l !jJH1HK 6b1:) 113BCCTHbiM CTOpOHHI1KOM 11 llpOna-
l'aH;1l1CTOM neWeXOLUIOl'O Typl13Ma.
luJ Y'lall-Cy B nepeBO.uC C KpblMCKOTaTapCKOrO - ({BO.llOlla,ana1l»,
jJepeKoij ---- ({6bILlpa1l».
104 nOCTpOCHa B 1832 r. no npocKTY <1>. 3JlbCoHa.
IO O.llI1H 113 nCpBbJX HCTOpl1KOB KpblMa naBcn CYMapOKOB C'JH-
Tan, 'JTO :no Ha3BaHHC npOHCXO;1I11' OT rpC'ICCKoro KpHcaqJHlla
- {{i1pCKpaCHaSl». no .upyroii BCpCHH -- OT naTI1HCKOrO Ypcyc
-- ({Me.uBCllb».
106 CYYK-Cy B nepCBo.ue C KpbIMCKOTa1'apCKOl'O - «Xono.unaSl
Bo.aa».
107 AIlYllITI1HCKa1l allMHHHCTpaTHBHa1l 30Ha, Ha3b1BaCMa1l 6onbllloii
AlIyulToii. npoT1IHy.'laCb no 1l06cpC)f(blO 60nee 'JCM Ha 60 KM OT
nfT flapTcllHT Ha lana,ue .uo cena flpJIBCTIlOe Ha BOCTOKC_ Ha
CCBCpc OHa orpaHH'JHBaeTC1I AlirapcKHM ncpCBaJlOM.
109 Ea6yraH B ncpCBO.uC C TlOpKCKoro -- {(OrCU rop».
IIJ'/ 3Ha[ICHHC rpe'JeCKoro cnOBa ({aJIYCTOH» cnopHO. o,aHa 113 rl1no-
TC3 -- {(YCfbC ropHblX CKnOHOB».
IIV KpcnOCTb Haxo.uHJIaCb y CKaJI JJ.CMep.u)f(1f B .uBYX Kl1JlOMeTpaX
OT HblHcwncro ccna llY'IHLlOC_ l/JYlla B nCpCBO.llC C rpC'JCCKoro
- ({JJ.blMHa1l»,
III Ceii'lac B coxpaHHBllICMC1I l.uanHH 31'0" .ua'JH paCIIonaraCTC1I
My:JCii A, H. ECKeToBa. '
112 Ccii'Jac B HeM HaXO.llHTC1I MY3cii nl1Ca1'en1l,
II) Capparis spinosa H3 CCMC"CTBa KancpcoBbJx.
110 TaK Ha3bIB JIOCb rocy.uapCTBo CCJIb.3.>KYKOB C ueHTpoM B Mano"
A3I1H.
m JJ.OM nannaca HaXO.3.HTCSI Heno.uancKY OT BHn3aBo.ua-COBX03a
({Cy.u aK ».
116 B nOT .uCHb B 1944 r. Cy,UaK 6b1n OCBOOO)KlleH OT !jJawHCTcKHX
3aXBaT'JHKOB.
117 Y,1Hua OblJIa Ha3Bana B IICCTb norH6ll1ero IOnoro napTH3aHa.
IIti nOCCJIOK, CTaBWH" >KHBblM BonnowcnHeM MC'ITbi 'JenOBCKa 0
nOKopcnHH nc6a, 6bln nepeHMcnOBan B nJlaHepcKOC. a xpe6eT
Y3yn-CblpT B 1924 r. B 'JeCTb nom6wero 3.uCCb neT'JHKa 6b1n Ha-
3Ban I-opoii KJICMenTbeBa.
386
npI-1MeI.jOHH
119 MaKCHM<LlbHaSi BblCOTa 289 M lIaJl YPOBIICM MOpSl.
120 flallla- Tcnc B ncpeBO.uc C KpblMCKOTaTapCKOI'O - {(l1blCaSl
fopa».
121 l!>CO.lIOCJ/J/ B ncpCBOlle C rpCqeCKOrO -- {{E)oroM .uallllaSl»,
122 «Bo/IHa» - JlCTCKHH caHaTopHH.
123 MaKCHManbHaSl BblCOTa 190 M HaJl ypOBtlCM MOpSl.
124 J1CMOCrjJCH (384--322 rr. JlO H. J.) - allJHHCKHH opaTOp, BOiK.ub
.ucMoKpaToB, OTpaBI1BllIl1HCSI nOGIC YCTaHOBnCHHSI BnaCTH Ha.u
fpelll1CH MaKe.uOHQaMH_
12S EHH-Ka/Ic B ncpeBO.uc C TypeQKOrO - ({HOBaSl KpenOCTb».
1 6 CaMoe KpynHoc B YKpal1He npOH3Bo.uCTBO.
127 BblCOTa -. 108 M HaJl ypoBHeM MOpSl.
J2H Cyp6-X7'/B ncpeBo.ue C KpblMcKOTaTapcKOro - ({CBSITOH Kpecn>.
129 3cKJ/-KpblMB nepeBo,Uec KPblMCKOTaTaPCKoro -{(CrapbIH KPblM».
130 liJ/IOK-KapacYB ncpeBo,Uc C KpblMcKoTaTapcKoro - ({E)onbwoH
KapaCb».
131 AK-K.7J/ B nepCBo.ue C KpblMCKOTaTapCKoro - «E)enaSi CKana».
IJ2 Kapacy6a3ap B ncpeBo.ue C KpblMcKoTaTapcKoro - «PbIHOK Ha
4epHOH peKC».
IH Talll-xaHa B nepCBO.uc C KpblMCKOTaTapCKoro - {(KaMClItlblH
.lJ,Bopeu» .
IJoi npaCJIaBSlHCKOC CJIOBO (<vino» npoHcXO.l1lIT OT naTI1HCKOrO (<vinuffi».
m OCHpHC-- B .upcBHecmncTcKoH MHI!>OJIOmH 60r YMl1palOlI.IcH II
BocKpeCalOlI.ICH npHpo.ubi.
136 rCKaTcii MlllICTCKHlf(546-480 IT..uO H.3.) - .upeBHerpCqeCKHH
I1CTOpHK H I!>WlOcol!>.
137 J1CBKa.nHOH- MI1«t>onorl1qeCKI1H nCpCOHa>K, CblH npOMeTeSl. ne-
reH,llapHblH npapO,UI1TeJIb 3JIJII1HOB.
I3H .llnSl nepeB03KI1 H XpaHeHI1S1 BI1Ha II 3epHa Ha aHTl1qtlblX cy.uax
I1CnOJIb30BanHCb 150-nHTpOBble Ka.uYCbl II 75-nl1TpOBble aMl!>o-
Pbl. 3T11 COCy.ubl HMenH YWKH JlJISI no.uHSlTI1S1 II JlJII1HHOe Y3Koe
OTBCpcTI1C, KOTopoe JaKynopl1BaJlOCb Ilp06KOH 113 CMeCI1 aJle6a-
CTpa C 113BeCTblO.
139 focy.uapcTBCHHOC yqpe>KJlCHHe. Bc.uaBwee y.ueJIbHbJMI1, T. e. npH-
Ha.une>Kall.lI1MH QapcKOH ceMbe, KpeCTbSlHaMH, 3eMJISlMH H HMY-
lI.IeCTBOM.
140 HbIHe - ceno E)oraTOBKa.
141 CBOI1M Ha3BaHI1eM 3TO BI1HO 06S13aHO OCTPOBY Ma,UeHpe, ce-
ro.utlSl npHHaJlJIeiKall.lCMY nopTyraJlI1H.
387
npI-1Me<jOHH
, CBOHM lIalBalUlCM BHHO 06 naHO rOp0;IY XCpecy nC Jla <1>pOlITC-
pa B AII.aa.:IY1HH (HCnaHHJI), rnC cro HIICpBblC CTanH H3rOTOBJUlTb
I ) Ha3BallHC laHMCTBOBaHO In HCMCUKoro JllblKa, rtlC OHO 03Ha-
[JaCT ({BHHO H3 HOPTO», ropona B TlopTyraJIHH, paClIonOiKCIIHO-
ro B YCTbC PCKH .L\YJpO,
, B PYCCKHH Jl3blK CJIOBO {(MycKa'f» npHWJlO H3 naTHHCKoro.
Muscus - MYCKYC.
..; KynaJK--- CMCCb BHHOMaTcpHanOB H npyrHx npO.ll.YKTOB. COCTaB-
nCHHaJi nJIJl nOCTHiKCHI1J1 HYiKHblX KaqCCTB 6ynywcro BHHa.
1-16 BCnl1qHHY JTOH CYMMLI MOiKHO npcllcraBHTb KaK 10 10nOTblX
lICCJlTOK, paBllbiX npHMcpHO 1000 1I0JVlapaM CWA.
147 HpH 311BOnC B .!IOMC KHJl3J1 rOJlHUbIHa, CTaBWCM MY3CCM. OTKpbIT
canOH ncryCTaUHH.
.. CCrOnHJI B crapblX BHIIHblX nOnBaJlaX {{Apxallcpeccc» .aCHCTBY-
eT ncrYCTaUHOHHblH 3aJl.
,49 3KCKYPCHJI B BHHllblC 1I01lBaJlbi opl'amnYCTCJI no CIICUHam,II0H
.aorOBopCHHOCTH.
'5" HHCTHTYT paCnOJIOiKClIlIO anpecy: 51nTa, YJlHUa KHpoBa. 25.
.." OHH lIa3bIBalOTCJI 6HoIjJJIaBaJIOl1.LlaMH-npOlmam11lHllaMH
,, B qHCJIHTCJlC YKaJaHa .ilJIHHa ncwcpbl. B 311aMCllaTeJIC my6HHa.
'H 3MJlHC-liaJlpB ncpcBo.aC C KpbIMCKOT<lTapcKoro -- ({XOJlonllaJl».
1>-1 liHH6alll-Ko6a B ncpeBO,llC C KpblMcKoTaTapcKoro -- ({TblCJlqc-
rOnOBaJi newcpa».
155 KH3HJI-Ko6a B ncpcBont;: C KpbJMCKOTaTapcKoro -- ({KpaCHaJi
ncwcpa».
'5. WaXTa lIa3Balla B IICCTb H. A. rB03nCUKoro -- KPyrlllcHwcro
rcorpal}Ja-KapcrOBcna.
151 WaXTa lIa3Balla B qCCTb A. A. Kpy6cpa - ncpBoro HCCJlenOBa-
TCJIJI Kapcra KpbJMCKHX rap.
m WaXTa lIa3Balla B [ICCTb Hop6cpa KaCTepe - H3BCCTlloro I}JpaH-
uY3CKoro Kapcronora.
159 frOT 3aJl, Ha3BallllbJH B qCCTb BbIllalOWCrOCJI HCCJIe110BaTCnJl nc-
Wcp B. H. J].y6JIJlHCKOrO, 6blJl OTKpblT noCJIC uenC;HanpaBnCIIHblX
MHOrOJlCTIIHX nOHCKOB B 1995 r.
'w 0'1' rpCqCCKOrO {(fICaMMOC» - {mCCOK».
388
Anq,OBI-1THbll1 YK030Tenb
AJ\c/Ju8umHb1U
yku3UmeJ\b
A
arap 57
araT 24
A,aanapbl 28-33
A,aaMcoH A. f. 225
A.z:vKu-Cy 11
A,a}f(HMymKaHCKHc KaMeHOJIOMHH 270
A,aHJIb-Caxu6-fHpeH-XaH 201
A30BcKoe Mope 19-33, 20
AH-nCTpHHcKaH HHJIa 25
AHBa30BcKHH 11. K. 266
AK-Mellen 188
aKBapHYM 210
anaHbl 120
AJIy6HKa 219
AJIynKa 219, 221
AnyuJTa 246, 247
AMCT-XaH CymaH 220
AMOCOB H. M. 273
AHrap-EYPYH 318
AHrapcKHH nepcBM 248
AH,lI.PycoBcKoe ncpeMHpHe 132
aHTHIIHble nOIlHCbl 117
anOCTOJJ AH.llpCH nepB03BaHHblH 171, 263
Apa6aTcKaH CTpeJIKa 21
Ap.lla6.lla 263
ApMjlHCK" 185
apMjlHCKajl LlepKoBb r. .HnTa 236
ApMjlHCKHH Ea3ap 185
ApMHHCKHH MOHaCTblpb fpHropHH npOCBCTHTCJIjI 176
apoMaTcpanHH 280
«APTeK» 244, 245
«Apxa}J.epecce» 3C I
ApXeaHaKTH.llbl 268
389
All<pOBHTHbIH YK030Tem,
apXHCIIHCKOn HOaHH fOTCKHH 246
apxHcnHcKon XCpcOHCKI1H 11 TaBpH'fCCKHH HHHOKCHTHH 171
apxHMaH.apHT ABrycnm 180
ApLlCYIIOB K. 261
AYTKa 233
AUIliK A. E. 151
a3ponopT «CHM<}>cpono:lb') 192
a3porepanHH 279
AlO.llar 243, 246
AHHCKOC BO.llOXpaHH.'1Hll.{C 20
fi
Eaii.lla pCKHC BopoTa 2 I3
6aKaYT 59
. EaKJIa 123, 142
EaJIaK.'IaBa 203, 212
EaIlKaHcKHH KpH3HC 131
EaIlKaHbl 135
EanblK-IOBc 212
6aflbHcoTcpanHH 279
6apcYK KpblMCKHH \04
EaxpH 3axHp CCH<}>-a.a-.llHH aC-CaJIHXI1 ECH6apc 272
EaX'fHCapaH 163, 198
EaX'fHCapaHcKHH MY3CH 202
6allIHH CB. KOHCTaHTHHa 265
6CMnHKH 127
ECKCTOB A. H. 191
ECIIa KYH \37
6cJIOro.I]OBbIH CHn 101
ECJ'10ropcK 273
6cIIyra 93
ECJIb6cK 20
ECIIb6cKcKaH .llOJJHHa 44
ECIIb6cKCKHC BopoTa 31
ECIIb6cKCKHH KaHLOH 3]
ECpIlHHCKHH KOHrpccc 135
ECpIlHHCKHH TpaKTaT \35
EcpTbc-,[(enarap.ll A. JI. 234, 264
6CCCTbI}J.HHLla 46
6HCCYC 67, 78
6HccycoBaH >K:CIIC3a 67
390
AncpOBI-1THbli1 YK030Tenb
Ella paM6cpr J1. J I. 188
KlOp 3.llyap.ll 221
Eo6pOB A. A. 220
bOIJI,aH XMCIIbHHLlKHH 273
Eo.apaK 22, 26
«EoIlbllIaJl .HIITa» 231
EOIlbllIOH KaHbOH 317
bOpHCOB J1. A. 172
bocnop 268
Eocnop KHMMCpHHCKHH 125, 267
EocnopcKoc LlapCTBo 205
Eoc<}>op 19, 71, 75, 91, 94, 99
EOTKHH C. n. \36. 236
60TKHHcKaJl Tpolla 237
EPOHCBCKHH M. 167
EY3JlYK-Ko6a 312
6YKoBa poll.{a 43
6YKOBblH JICC 37
EyxapcCTcKHH MHp 134
B
BaplIaH 124
BapHHo 215
BcrcHcp 0.3. 238
BCJIHKHH llICJIKOBblH nYTh 116, 186
BCHeLlHaHLlbl 127
BcpllIHHa AT-Earn 217
BcpmHHa ,[(cMHp-Kany 252
BcpllIHHa KCMMb-3rcpcK 252
BcpllIHHa 1..JaTblp.llar 252
BccnacHaH 119, 205
BHa MHJlHTapHC 119, 205
BH3aHTHJI 122, 123, 140, 155
BHKHHrH 125
BHH3aBO.ll «AJIynKa» 220
BHHO 296
BHCCOH 67
BIIa.llJlMHpcKHH c060p III
BHCllIHJIJI rpH.lla 204
BHYTPCHHJIJI rpH.lla 204
BO.llOna}J. 30, 31
391
AJl<pOBHTHblH YK030TeJlb
BO.llona.llBcpXHHH 30
Bo.aona.ll .D.>K:yp-,Ll>K:YP 30, 253
Bo.aona.ll HH}f(HH" 30
BO.llOna.ll Y'faH-Cy 232, 237
BO.llOna}J. .HY3I1ap 237
Bo.aona.llbl 20
BOCHHO-MOpCKOH MyJCi1 LfCpHOMOpcKOro <}>_'10Ta 2\0
BOHKOB n. JI. 216
BOIlOlIJHH M. A. 260
BOpOHLlOB M. C. 249,
BOpOHLlOBCKHH .llBOpCLI 221
Bpa'fCBaTCJIH K03bMa H ,[(aMHaH 252
r
re3JICB 127, 186, 193
ra66po 24
fa6JIHU K. 11. 257
faBpacbI 129
ranaHTYC 54
raIlJIOBaJi KHCJIOTa 55
rano<}>HTbl 36
faMaM-.Q.epe 154
facnpa 224
rCJlHOTCpanHjI 278
rCJIHOTpOn 24
fCMHJlHaH B. A. 195
rCHcpan PaCBCKHH H. H. 2\3
rCHcpM-ry6cpHaTop BOpOHUOB M. C.
fCHH'feCKHH npoIlHB 22
fCHp3CKaJl KpenoCTh 143, 258
rCHY33UbI 127, 129
fcpaKnejl nOHTHHCKa51 204
Fcp6 ABT01l0MlIOH Pccny6nHl(H KpbIM 14
fCPO.llOT 117
repuor ApMaH PHlIJCJIbC 243
fOIlHUI>IH JI. C. 297
rOJIOJJam,lIf renOH 100
fOIly6oH 3aJIHB 216
ropa ArapMbllIJ 271 .
ropa AH-HHKona 228
ropa AK-KaJl 274
228
'I: . I . . ;
(t ,- ,.; \ !! .
. 1_ . r. ii-. , {
, .1 "'" , . I
, .
'C t'
392
ropa AJIHrOp 245
ropa 6a6yraH 248
ropa 6cmHr-J],ar 166
ropa 6HIOK-l1cap 216
ropa KaCTcIIb 248
ropa Ko6a-KaJl 254
ropa KomKa 217
ropa JIJlrymKa 32
ropa MCH.llaH-J],ar 166
ropa MHTpHllaT 150, 267, 270
ropa naparHJIbMeH 28
ropa nama-Tcne 262
ropa nHJIJlKH 216
ropa POMaH-Kom 252
ropa CBJlTaJi 23
ropa COKOIl 254
ropa CTOIlOBaJi 167
ropa Y para 248
fOpHblH KpblM 285
fOpbKHH A. M. 213, 271
roToanaHLI 120
roTbl 120
rpa<}> ,Z:te CerlOp 20 I
rpa<}> MHJlIOTHH J],.A. 218
rpa<}> MHHHX 132
rpa<}> MHxaHJI BOpOHl.lOB 219
rpa<}> Cenop 133
fpa<l>cKaJl npHCTaHb 210
fpH6oe,lJOB A. C. 189, 258
fpHH A. C. 273
rpH<}> tiepHbl" 103
fy60HHH n. 11. 244
fYHHLI 120
fyJY.3Y<}> 238; 242
fYJY.3Y«PcKIDI ,Z:tOIlHHa 243
ryp3Y Hii napK 244
aHHJICBCKHH H. .H. 215
,Z:tC PH6ac 20 I
.lleIlb<}>HHbl 105
An OBI-1THbli:1 YK030TeJlb
. ':..1
':/ -....0.
1 'J! t," J...
,.
A
393
An OBI-1THbli:1 YK030Tenb
)J.CMCP.ll}f(H 27, 248
({J],cMHp-Kany» 201
J],CMHP- Kany 25
J],CMOC<}>CH 151
.llCnOpTaLlHH 138
J],>K:aJIHTa 232
J],>K:aHKOH 186
J],>K:aHI>IKC-XaHbIM 162
J],>K:ay-Tcnc 24
.ll}f(HH 51
J],}f(YP- J],}f(YP 30
.z:tHa6a3 221
.llHanHpbl 23
J],Ha<}>auT 119, 146, 193, 205, 268
J],Hr6H 270
J],HHaMHH 119
.llHOpaMa {(WTYPM CanYH-ropbl 7 MaH 1944 ro.z:ta» 209
J],MHTpHCB B. H. 234
;lJ,06poBOIlb'fCCKaH apMHH 207
J],03opHaH 6amHH 144
J],oKoBaH 6amHH 265
J],OIlroPYKOB B. M. 132, 191
J],oIIJma npHBH.llCHHH 32
.llOIlHHa COTcpa 253
J],oM-MY3eH A. n, 4exoBa 234
J],oHY3I1aB 21
J],onymHHcKaH E. M. 152
«J],opa» 207
J],opoc 123, 140, 154
J],y6I1HHCKHH B. H. 309
.z:ty60BLlc I1cca 37
E
EBnaTopHR 192, 194
EKaTepHHa II 133
«cKaTcpHHHHcKaH MHnH» 203
EIIIIH-£YPYH 153
JK
}f(CnTonY3HI< 10 I
}f(HBHua 59
394
An<pOBI-1THblii YK030TeJlb
3
3aKa3HlIK 21. 30, 38, 39, 40, 60, 62, 73
1anOBC.llHHK 39, 40, 74, 82, 102, 104, 109
1anOpO>K:CKOC Ka3a'fCCTBO 131
3ciiulH-Kom 25
3HH.ll>K:HPIlH-MC.llpece 200
30IlOTbiC BopoTa 23
30CTcpa 39
u
116H-CJlHa 59
.I1BaH III 129
«I1KOHOnO'fHTaTCIIH» 123
HMeHHC KY'fYK-JIaM6aT 251
HMCHHC TccceIlH 2\3
I1HKcpMaH 203
I1HKcpMaHcKaH KHHOBHH 180
I1HKcpMaHcKaJl o6HTcnb 179
HHKcpMaHcKHH KaMeHb 22
110aHH fOTCKHH 124, 154
110ca<}>aToBa .llOIlHHa 166
110cH<}> II 133
HCIIaM 127, 131
I1CTopHKo-apxcoJ1orH'fecKHH MY3CH 208
I1CTopH'fcCKHH MY3CH r. .HIITa 234
HCTO'fHHK fa3bl-MaHcyP 164
HCTO'fHHK CaBIIYx-Cy 252
HCTO'fHHK lOcyn-40KpaK 166
«I1Y.llcHcKaJl KpCnOCTb» 163
K
Ka6aH 107
Ka.llblIlLIK 130
Ka3aHTHn 22
KanaMHTa 123, 129, 140, 179
KanaMHTcKHH 3anHB 193, 195
Kanoc-JIHMcH 145, 146, 147
KaHaTHajJ .llopora MHCXOP - AH-nCTpH 226
KanapHC 256
KanHHCT B. B. 258
395
An OBI-1THbli1 YK03 Tenb
Kany-,lJ.cpe \54
Kapa6H 25, 27, 38
KapaBaH-capaH Tam-xaHa 274
Kapa.llar 1\, 260
Kapa.aarcKaH 6HoCTaHLlHH 260
KapaHMcKHc KcuaCCLI \65
KapaHMbl \30, 155, 163
KapaJIC3CKHC C<}>HHKCbl 32
Kapacy6a3ap 273
KapKHHHTCKHH 3aJIHB 20, 73, 74, 79
KapIl JIHHHcH 47
KapIlo JIOMCJIJIHHO 129
KapCT 25, 28, 29
KapcroBblc nCll.{cpbl 30
Kapma 269
Kapbl 29
KapblM 272
KacTeIlL 23
KaYIIHTa 232
Ka<}>a \27, 263
KaLlHBeIlH 215
Ka'fH-KMbOH 123, 148, 172
Kc6HT-Eora3CKHH ncpcBaIl 248
Kc,Z:tyx-AxMcT-nama I3\, \77
KCIIcp H. 215
KCMaJIb-3rcpcK 25
KCpKHHHTH.lla 145, \93, 195
Kep'fCHCKHH npoIlHB 9, 267
Kep'fb 149, 267
Ke<}><l>e 263
KHBCHK 67
KH3HII-Kooa 3\1
KHJILKa 97
KHMMepHHLlbI 117
KHMMCPHH 267
KHn'faKH 125
KnCBCp 10.10. 213
KnHMaTOTCpanH}! 278
KHH}f(CCTBO <I>co,Z:t0po \28, 155, 17\, 177, 219
KHH>K:Ha MapHH 130
KHH3L AJIeKCaH.llp 130
396
AncPOBI-1THbli:1 YK030Tenb
KHH3b A'lCKCcif 129
KHH3b BJIa.aHMHp \25, \71, 205
KHH3b BOpOHUOB C. M. 237
KHH3b fOIlHLlblH JI. C. 254
KHH3b JIHTOBCKHH BHTOBT \63
KHH3b Y I1y-6CH 130
KHH3b <I>CIIHKC IOcynoB 225
KOKTc6eIlb 260
KOHCTaHTHHonollb \27
KOHCY.T]bCKHif 3aMOK 144
KOpCH3 224
KOPOBHH K. A. 243
KOPCYHb 205
Kop'lb 269
KOCTHHKa 55, 60
KpaMcKoH 11. H. 166
KpacHoB H. n. 19\, 2\8
KpacHoKaMcHKa 302
KpacHoncpeKoncK 184
KpCnOCTb A30B 132
KpCnOCTb AIIYCTOH 248
KpcnOCTb fOP3YBHTbI 122, 243
KpcnoCTb .lJ,opoc 124
KpCIIOCTb EHH-KMC 269
KpcnOCTb I1HKcpMaH \79
KpcnOCTb KMaMHTa \80, 2\2
KpcnOCTb Kbl3-KYIIc \70
KpcnoCTb nCpeKon 132
KpcnOCTb TcnccHb 260
KpcnOCTb <I>OpHH 213
KpcnOCTb <I>YJIJII>I 153
KpblMcKaH BOHHa 1854-1856 rr. \34
KpblMCKHC rapbl 26
KpblMCKHC rpCKH \28, \30, 175, 205
KpblMCKHC TaTapbl \28
KpblMCKHH npHpO.llHblH 3anOBC.llHHK 252
KpblMCKHH IOpT 127, 272
KpblMCKOC BHHO.llCIIHC 296
KY3HCLIOB A 2\3
KYHH.ll}f(H A. J1. 2\5
KYMaHbI 125
397
AJl aB""THbli1 YK030TeJlb
KynpHH A. 11. 2\2
KypraH KYIlb-06a \5\
KypraHbl 103-06a \52
KypopTHoe 266
KYTY30B M. 11. 249
«KYTY30BCKHH <}>oHTaH» 249
KY3CT 26
KbI3-KepMCH \52
KblpK-Op 162, \74
KlOpH3 224
KIO'fYK-KaHHap.ll>K:HHCKHH MHp \33
A
JIaenH 213
JIaCTO'fKHHO rHC3.ll0 228
I1C6C.llb 102
«JIC6H}f(bH oCTpoBa» 252
JIC6H}f(bH OCTpoBa 74
JICB )J.HaKoH \25
I1CcoctenHoH noSlc 37
I1ery'faH Mblmb 108
JI}f(C.llMJlTpHH \32
JIHBa.llHHCKHH .z:tBOpeLl 230
JIHBanHH 136, 229
JIHMCH-EYPYH 226
JIHMeHcKaj/ .llOnHHa 215
I1HCHLla 107
JIHTepaTypHo-MCMOpHaJIbHbIH MY3eH A. C. fpHHa 266
JIlOnHKo 2\9
M
MaB30IlcH EeH-IO.z:tc-C:YIITaH 200
MaB30IleH 3CKH-JJ.lOp6c \99
«Marapa'f» 301
Ma}J.cpa 298
MMaxoB KypraH 209, 21\
MaJIbLlCB 11. A. 2\8
MaHryn \29, \53, 154, \56, 158
MaHryncKoe nIIaTO \53
MapHynoIlb 175
MapHSI MHHmcK 132
398
An OBI-1THbli:1 YK030Tenb
MapKC H. A. 266
MaccaH.llpa 237
MaCCaH.llpOBCKHC BHHa 30 \
MaCCaH.llpOBCKHH .llBOpCLI 238
MaCCaH.llpOBCKHH napK 237
MC.llHHKa \ 0 I
Mt;3apIlblK 20 I
MCIIac 2\4
MCIIaccKHH napK 214
MeIlcK-t.{cCMCHCKHH KypraH 151
MCHrIIH-fHpCH I 200
MCH.D.CIICCB .lll1. 9
MccMaxcp M. E. 238
MCXIlHC \38
MC'f-pbI6a 89
MC'ICTb ECH6apca 272
MC'fCTb ,lJ.>K:YMa - ,lbKaMH 196
MC'fCTb Kc6HP- .It>K:aMH \92
Me'fCTb MY<}>TH-,lJ.>K:aMH 265
MC'fCTb TaXTaJIbl-,lJ.}f(aMH 200
MC'feTb Y36cKa 272
MHPOH-YCH'I 90
MHCXOP 224, 225
MHCXOpcKHH napK 226
MHTpH.llaT VI EBnaTop 119, 193, 205, 268
MHTpH.llaT VIII 1\9
MHTponoIlHT Ara<}>aHrcII \75
MOHHaKCKIiH I1HMaH 193, 194
MOJUlaBCKOC KHH>K:CCTBO \27
MOHaCTblpb CR. AnOCTOIlOB nCTpa H naBna 246
MOHacTblpb CB. 110aHHa 230
MOHaCTblpb CB. <1>c.llopa 177
MOHaCTblpL CBHTOro <1>c.llopa THpoHa 227
MOHaCTblpb 1.{llJIbTCp-K06a 159
MOHroIlbl 126
MopcKHe neTYXH 92
MopcKHe C06a'lKH 91
MOpcKoH epm 9\
MOpcKOH cKopnHoH 92
MY3CH HapO.llHOrO ,z:teKopaTHBHoro HCKYC€TBa 235
MYCKaT 299
399
Af1<pOBI1THbli1 YK030TeJlb
«MYCKaT 6enblH» 303
MY<}>I10H 109
MyxanaTKa 215
MmaHKH 22
MmaTKa 214
MblC AH-naH,lla 217
MLIC AH-To.D.op \77, 226
MblC AHH 2\3
MblC AJI'faK 22
MLIC Kan'fHK 22
MblC MapTbHH 243
MbIC McraHoM 256
MblC n pH60HHblH 8
MblC CapbI'f 7, 2\3
MLIC TellIKIIH-EypYH 157
MblC <I>HoIleHT 23
MblC <I>oHapb 8
MbIce CYYK-Cy 244
.
1
H
HaTC'fHbIe o6pa30BaHHH 29
Heanonb CKH<l>cKHH \18, \88
HC03H.llCMbl 35
HeCTop MaxHo \37
HHI<HTa 238
HHKHTcKaH paCCCIIHHa 27
HHKHTcKaH HHIIa 231, 238
HHKHTcKHH 6oTaHH'fecKHH Ca}J. 136, 239
HHKHTcKHH nepeBan 252
HHKoIlaH I \34, 189
HHKoH 125
HHM<}>eH 150
«HOBLIH CBCT» 300
HOBblH CBeT 254
HOBbIH CHMeH3 218
o
o6ccpBaTopHH AH YKpaHHbl 218
03CpO A.l!>K:HrOIlL 264
03epo CacblK-CHBamcKoc 193
03CpO TY3I1a \84
03epo 40KpaK 264
400
All OB"'THbli1 YK030Tellb
OKcaH TCTHC 26
OIleHb 110
onan 24
Op11<i \26
OpcaH.lla 228
«OpIlHHOC rHe3.ll0» 244
OCCTp 93
OCCTpOBblC 92
OTCLI l1aKoB 179
OTeLl CHIlyaH 176
n
naneOIlOnl 129
naIlCOHTOIlOrHJI 65
nanIlac n. c. 189, 225, 258, 297-
naMJlTHHK 3aTOnJleHHLIM Kopa6mIM 210
naHopaMa «060poHa CCBaCTOnOIlJl 1854-1855 ronOB» 208
naHTHKaneH 150, 268
napK «HH}f(HJlJI OpeaH.lla» 229
napK «CanrHpKa» 191
napnalJCHH ropHblH Xpe6CT 267
napTeHHT 245, 246
neIlaMH,lla 94
«nepeKon» \85
nepcKoncKHH nepellIeeK 9
ncpeYIIoK PeMccncHHbIH \50
nepHca}J. 268
nepIlaMyTp 66
nepMCKOc Mope 26
nepoBcKHH n. A. 214
nCll.{cpa 3McHHaJi 3\3
ncmcpa MpaMopHaJi 315
nClUcpa 'loXYPlJa 188
nClUepa 3MHHe-oaHp-Xocap 315
«nCll.{cpHbIe ropona» 122, 14\
nClUcpbl 309
nHporoB H. M. \90
nJIaBHH 73
nJIOll.{a.llb A.llMHpana HaXI1MOBa 210
noncMoH \19
nOIlHC MHpMeKHH 150
401
All OB""THbli:1 YK030Tellb
nOIlliC cDeO.llOCHH 263
nOIlOBUbl 124
.00110'3 100
«nOMOJ"JorHlfCCKaH KOJI:ICKWiH» 242
nOHH30BKa 2\6
nOHT 1\8
nOHTH.lla 35
nOpTBCHH 299
«nOTaHHbIC BopoTa» \64
nOTCMKHH r. A. \88, 257
nOTeMKHH-TaBpHlfccKHH f. A. 133
«nOTCMKHHCKHC .LICpeBHH» 133
npCKpaCHaJI faBaHb 146, 147
npOKonHH KccapHHcKHH 14\
ncaMMOTcpanHH 281
nyra'l n. n. 195
nymKHH A. c. 189, 243
p
Pa60'IHH yroJlOK 25\
pana 280
PCBCIIHOTH <1>..n. 216, 2\7
PCBCIIHOTH <1> ..n. 228
pCKa AIIbMa 253
pCKa AY3YH-Y3CHb 3\
peKa 6CIIb6cK 204
pCKa 6HIOK-Kapacy 27\, 273
pCKa .neMCp.ll}f(H 248
pCKa Ka'Ja 204
pCKa CanrHp 191
pCK8 YIIY-Y3cHb 248
pCKa YlfaH-Cy 20, 30
pCKa 4cpHaH 204
pCKa .HY3I1ap 30
peIlHKTbI 36
PcnHHKOB H. 11. \74
PC'fb nOcnoIlHTaH 13\
pHMCKHCKOIlOHHH 120
pHCCOH 79
POMaH-KollI 10
Py.D.aHcKHH CTcnaH 233
PYCCKo-TypeLlKaH BOHHa 134
402
Anq,OBI-1THbli1 YK030TeIlb
c
CaBMaK 268
CaKH \96
CaKcKHH nHMaH \97
Cana'fHK 173
Canmp 188
CaH-CTc<}>aHcKHH MHp \35
CanYH-ropa 204
capraH 94
CaxH6-rHpeH 133
CB. KJIHMCHT 171
CB. CTc<}>aH HOBblH \71
CBJlTO-KJIHMcHTOBCKHH MOHacTblpb \80
CBJlTo-YcncHcKHH MOHaCTblpb [74
CBJlTo-YcncHcKHH MY>K:CKOH MOHaCTblpb 173, \76
CCBacTononb 203, 206
CCBacTonOnbCKaJl 6yxTa 204
«cenb.ll>K:YKcKaJl LlCnb» 200
CCMCHOB.H. n. 2\8
Ccpayc 23
CCp.llOnHK 24
CHBam 20, 73
CH.llarHOC 256
CHKOHYM 47
CHMCH3 2\7
CHM<}>epononb 187
CHM<}>cponOIlbCKaJl CKaJJHCTaJi rJIbl6a 26
CHM<}>cpononbcKoe BO.llOXpaHHJJHll.{C 20, 26
CHpHCK 118
CHCTCMa con cpa 298
CKMa ABpOpbl 228
CKMa AK-KaJl 273
CKMa DcnorOIlOBaJi 228
CKana J],>K:CHCBe3 244
CKMa I1<}>HreHH" 23
cKaIlaKpeCToBaJi 228
CKMa Ma'fTOBa" 228
CKMa MOHaCTblpcKa" 180
CKMa MOHax 217
CKMa CTaBpH-KaJl 237
CKaT 98
CKH<}>CKHH 30nbHHK 147
CKH<}>bl 1\8, 147
403
Anq,OBI-1THblii YK030Tenb
CKnCn )),CMCTpbl 152
CI<o6clleB M. Lt. 135
CKYM6plUi 98
CKYMnHH 155
CnOCBHll.{C 49
c060p CBHTOro KHH3H A'ICKCaH.llpa HCBCKOro 236
COBa 102
COr.LIHaHa 256
COKonoB A n. 195
COMaHji 257
ConxaT 126, 271
COfJO'fHaH 6pCK ' IH5I 24
COCHOBblH llCC 38
CnapToKlUbI 268
CTaBpH.lla 99
CTanamaTbl 29
CTapblH KpblM 271
CTaxccB H. Jl 250
CTCBCH X. X. 239, 258, 297
CTcnaH Py aHcKHH 233
CTcnHoc npHMopbC 283
Crpa60H 117
CrpYKoB)),. M. 180
Cy6amcKHH BO.llOlIpOBO.ll 265
CYBOPOB A B. \91
CYBOPOB AB. 232
CYr.LICH 256
CY.llaK 255
CymaH-KpbIM-rHpcii A Ii. 188
CYMapoKoB n. Ii. 163, 197
Cyp6- Xa 'l 272
Cyp0}f( 257
CYCJIOBa H. n. 251
CYYK-K06a 3\1
CIOHpeHb 159
CIOM60noH JlHMnc 212
T
Ta6aHa-)),cpc 154
TaBpH'ICCKHC ropbl 25
nmpbl \\7, 2\7, 219, 232
404
AncPOBI-1THbI YK030Tenb
TanaCCOTcpanHH 279
«TaMaTapxa» \25
TapaK-TallIcKaH Tpona 237
TapanaHbl ] 28, 296
TeMHTa 232
Tcnc-KcpMCH \23, 159
TcmKnH-EYPYH ] 53
THpHTaKH 150
TMYTapaKaHcKoe KHH>K:eCTBO ]25
TonCTo A. K. 2]4
TonCToH n. H. ] 90
TonCToH n.H. 217
T opHlfeIlnH r. 250
T OXTaMblm-XaH \62
Tpanc3YH.ll 129
TY.llYHbl ]24
TYHCLI 99
TypKH-OCMaHbl 130, 155, 263
TYpKH-CeIlb.ll>K:YKH 126
TlOnbKa 97
TlOpKCKHC nnCMCHa 124
y
YmOBaH 6amHH \44
Ypara 23
ypOIfHll.{C A6Hnb-6ax 2\5
ypO'fHll.{C EMHH-KollI 2\9
ypO'fHll.{C KOMncpHH 2\4
YcncHCKaJI CKMa ]73, ]74
YcncHcKHH MOHaCTblpb 200
Y cncHcKHH xpaM 175
YTcc .D.HBa 2\7
YTCC nC6C.llHHOC KpblIlO 2\7
YTcc naHca 217
YTec Xa'fJIa-KaHCbl 228
YTcc-KapacaHoBcKHH napK 251
YlfaH-Cy 20
YmaKoB <1>. <1>. 134
Yll.{CnhC Eenb6eKa 3\7
yll.{eIlbC KalfH 317
Yll.{eIlbe MapbHM-.D.Cpe 173
405
AJl(pOBI-1THbli1 YK030TeIlb
Yll.{Cl1bC Xanxa.1 253
4'.
<}>anm 42
<DapHaK 119
<}>C.D.CpaTbI 122
<}>CO.llOpHTbl 130
<DCO.D.OCm1 261
<DHIIHnnHKa 124
<}>Hnno<}>opa 39, 57
<DHpKOBH'l A. C. 165
<}>HTOueHo3 40, 61
<}>OHTaH ({Ho%» 244
<}>opaMHHH<}>epbl 26
<Dopoe 7
<DOpOCCKHH napK 213
<DpaHu Py60 209
<DpYH3C M. B. 187
x
Xa}J.>K:H-rHpeH 130, 163
Xa3apcKHH KaraHaT 124
xa3apbl 154
xaMca 96
xaH Y36cK 127
XaH-capaH 200
XapaKc 119, 226
XapaKcKHH napK 227
xepcc 299
XepcoH \22, 124, 128, 205, 206
XCpcOHCC 119, 122, 125, \46, \72, 179. 204, 205, 206
X06a-Tcnc 23
XO.ll>K:am C. H. \95.
XOIlM Toxa-)J.axblp 244
Xop-Xop \78
XOXJIaTblH 6aKIlaH \03
xpaM EOropO.D.HLlbl \57
xpaM HoaHHa npe.D.TC'lH 152
XpaM CB. CTc<}>aHa 265
xpaM CB.<DC.llOpa CTpaTHlIaTa 250
xpaM CY.llHnHll.{C 169
406
Anq,OBI-1T1lbli1 YK030Tenb
xpaM Tpex BCa.llHHKOB 169
XPC6CT AH-lOpl1 2\4
xpe6eT Horpa<}> 23\
XPC6CT Kym-KaJl 254
XPC6CT Mora6H 231
XPC6CT Tcnc-06a 262
xpc6er Y3YH-CbIPT 260, 3\9
XpHCTO<}>OpO,UH Hcrpo 145
XpHCTO<}>OpOB E. H. 30\
XpyncB C. A. \96
XY.llO}f(CCTBCHHbIH MY3CH HM. M. KpomHuKoro 209
«XYHHY» 120
II,
{(LlapCKaJl Tpona» 229
UapcKHH KypraH \51
LlCpKOBb BocKpeceHHJI XpHcToBa 2\3
LlCpKOBb HoaHHa 3naToYCTa 232
UCpKOBb CB. HHKonaJi MHpnHKHHcKoro \80
LlCpKOBb CB. napacKcBbl 274
uepKoBb CB. Co<}>ml 149
LlCpKOBb CBJlTOH TpoHubl 180
LlCpKOBb YcnCHHJI EoroMaTcpH \69
UeucHcBcKHH C. n. 195
"
qarHH H. M. 214
qaMHy-EYPYH 154
qaMHbI-I>YPYH 248
qaTblp.llar 248
qcpKcc-KcPMCH \23
qCPKHO 269
qCPHOC MOpe 19, 20, 79, 9\, 98, 105
qCPHOMOpcKOC \45
qCPHOpe'lCHCKHH KaHbOH 3\
qCXOB A. n, 233, 244
qHIIbTcp-K06a 178
qHHrHCXaH 126
qOKpaK 21
qYMauKHH llInJlX. 196
qY<}>YT-KaJIc 123, 162, \63, \65, \66, 174
4Q7
AIl<pOBI-1THbli1 YK030TeIlb
4Y<}>YT-4capraH- EYPYH 154
4YlfcnbcKHH 3BCpHHCLI 253
w
lllaHH r.A. 218
lllaIlHnHH <D. 11. 244
maMnaHCKOC 299
Wapxa 23
mH6njJK 37, 39, 61
llIHnOBHHK 6\
WTaHreeBCKaH Tpona 237
lllyneHKHH 2\5
ll.\e6eToBKa 266
3
'3BIIHe 4enc6H \41
3BnHH 4enc6H 153
3KJlH3H-6YPYH 25
3JUIHHbl \45
3nbCoH <D. 191
3HToMocl>a}'Ha 70
3CKH-KcpMCH 123, 167, 168, \70
3CKH-KpbIM 272
3TMHTa 232
JO
IO:>KHaH rpJl.na 204
IO:>KH06cpe>K:J,e 282
IOIIHH l{eJapL 119
'IOc-mHH H I 122, 205
.)
"
iRMa 12
8ma 231
JIIITHHCKa" KHHOCl)'.llHH 234
.HIITHHCKaJI Hfuu1 231
.HmHHcKHH ropHo-necHoro 3anOBC.l1HHK
.HCCKHH MHp 133
408
238
" ' . ::!
_ ... t:,. _' ,
t. :Ir>:..::.,
":C :.,
COAep)f(OHl-1e
Cogep*UHUC!
30flOTAJI CEPE,l{I1HA 3EMfll1 ................................7
3A TEPJIHHbIH MHP ................................................. 19
PACTI1TEJ]hHhIH MHP ..............................................,,:..... 34
ACTparM ll.{CTHHHCTbIH ..................... ...... ..................... .........41
DoplUeBHK nYllIHCTblH .............. .............................. .... ........ ....41
EOHpblWHHK nOHpKOBOii ......... .................................. ........ ....42
EYK ......................................................................................'. 42
fpeLlKHH opex .................... ...................................... ..............43
L\y6 .......................................;.................... ............................ 44
3CMJlJlHHlfHHK McIIKonno,UHblii....... ............................ ............ 45
I1H}f(Hp ....................................................... ............................ 46
KHnapHc BC'iH03eIlCHb1H .............. ............................ .............. 47
KpOKYC .... .... ..,........ ......................... ......... .............................. 49
J]HmaHHHKH ................................... ......,......... .... ...,........ ........ 49
MHlmaJlb 06blKHOBCHHblH ....... .... ....... ..... ............. ........ ...."... 50
M O>K:}f(CBCnbHHK ............................... ........ ...... ............. ...... ..... 51
0PXH,UCJI ............................................ ........ ............................ 52
nanopoTHHK ................ ...................... ............ ........................ 53
nHOH .................................. ............... ...... ................... ........:.. 53
nO,UCHC>K:HHK CKna.lIlJaTblH ................. ...,.... ................... ...... .:. 54
CKYMnHSI .... ........ ............................ ...... ...... ................... ......... 55
CocHa ...... .......................... ....... ....... .... ...... .................... ........ 55
THC JlrO.D.Hblii ... ...... ............ ................ ........ ................... ......... 57
<t>HJIIIo<}>opa }f(HJIKOBaTaJi ....... ............... ...... .... ........... ........... 57
q>HctallI1<a TynOIlHctHaSl..... .......... .:.. ........ .......... .... ..............58
l{HKJlaMCH Ky3HcLlOBa ......... .......... ...... .............. ...... ... ...... ...... 60
LlHCTo3Hpa. ........... ....... ... ..... ...... ............ ...... ......... ........ ...,..... 6]
: .::::::::::::::::::::::: '::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ;
3CnapLleT naJIJlaca ..,.. .... """ ........ ..... ...... ...... ......... ...... .:..... ..'63
:>KI1BOTHhIH MHP....... .... ...... ......... .............. ..__....._..........
J].ecRTHHorHc paKH............ ............ ...... ...... :.... ....................:.. 75
Kpa6bl ..... .......... .............. .... .... ........ ........ .............. ......:... ..:..: 76
Me,UY3bl ..... .................. ........ ................ .... .................. ........::.. 77
MOJIIIIOCKH ........ ...................... .......... .............. ......... ............. 78
naYKH .................................. .................................................. 79
409
COAep)\(OHl-1e
Ea6o'fKH .................................... ............................................ 80
EoroMonbl ... ........ .................... .................. ...... .......... ...... ...... 82
:>KYKH ..... .......... .................... ................ .............'......,... .......... 83
npHMOKpbL1blC .......... ................................ ...... ...................... 83
l..{HKa.D.a 06b1KHOBCHHaSi ........ .............................. ..................83
Eapa6YIIbKa ..... '" ......, ................ ........ ........................ ........ .... 84
EbI'lKH ...... ............ .... ........ ...... ................ .... ............ ...... .......... 85
3cncHyrnKH .-........................................................................... 85
KaM6aIla .. ............ ............ ...... ........................ ... .....................85
3BC3.ll0'lCTbl ..........,... ..........................:.................... ................ 86
KaTpaH ..............................:................................................... 87
1I0cocb H <Popcnb ................... .................. .............................. 87
lIy<}>a pb ........,..,..,..,................................................................ 89
MC'f-pbI6a .............................................................................. 89
MHpoH-yca'l ..........................................................,............... 90
MOpCKHC Hrnbl ..................................................................... 90
MOpCKOil OKyHb.... ............ ...................... ...... ............ ............ 90
MOpCKHC c06alfKIf .......... ...... ...................... ........ ........ ....._....9\
MOpCKOH cpm ................. ,.... ...... ........ ........ .................... ........ 9\
MOpCKOH nCTYx ...................... .............................. .......... ...... 92
MOpcKOH CKOpflHOH .............. ................ ... .............. ..............92
OCCTpOBblC ........... ............ ...................... ...... ......,'.. ...... .......... 92
nenaMlI.lla .....................,........................................................ 94
CapraH .............................'............................................ ........ 94
CCIIb.D.b ................................................................................... 95
CKaT ...................................................................................... 98
CKYM6pHH ................ ...... .................... ........ ........ .... ............ ....98
CTaBpH.D.a ............. ....... .................................................... ....... 99
TyHCU.............. ............................. ._... ............................. ........ 99
fonOnanbJH rCKKOH ............................................................. 100
nOn03 ......... ... ............ .................... .., ................................... 100
:>KcnTonY3HK .... ..................................... ............................... \ 0 1
MC,lUlHKa ........ ...................................................................... 10\
ECIIorolloBblH cHn............................................................... 101
lIe6c.ub ....................................................................,..,......... \ 02
COBa .... ............ .................................... _............................... 102
XOXJIaTblH 6aKIIaH.. ............................................ ................ 103
fpH<}> 'lCpHbIH ................... .............. ............ ........................ 103
EapcYK KpblMCKHH .......... .....................................:.............. 104
)),cnb<}>HH .... ........................................................... :............. 105
410
COAep)f(OHl-1e
Ka6aH .... .............. ................ ............ ................ .......... .......... 107
JIHcHLla OOblKHOBClIllaJi .................... ......... ............. ............ 107
JlcTY'laJi Mblmb................................................................... 108
MycjmoH cBponcikKHH........ .................. ............. ................. \09
OncHb onaropO.llHblH .......................................................... 110
I1CTOPI15I KPbIMA .................................................115
no AHTJ14HbIM J1 CPE,[(HEBEKOBbIM
rOPO,[(I1WAM ....................................................................... 139
EaKJIa ...............................;................................................... \42
f Hy33CKajj KpcnOCTb .............. .............. .......... .... ........ ........ 143
Kanoc-JIHMcH ('-ICpHOMOpCKOC) _........................................ 145
Ka'fH- KanboH .................................... .................................. \48
KCp'lb .................................................................................. \49
Kbn- KCpMCH .. ...........................................,.......................... 152
MaHryn ............................................................................... 153
CIOHpCHb ... ............ ........ ...... .... ...... .......... ........... ... .... .......... 159
Tcnc-KcpMeH ... ........ ........, ..... .......... .............. ........... ........... 159
'-IY<}>YT- Kane ....... ................................................. _.......,....... \62
3CKH- KcpMeH ....................................................................... 167
no CB.HTbIM MECfAM .................................................... 17\
YcncHCKaJl CKana - KpblMCKHH A<}>OH ............................... \73
ApMjjHCKHH MOHaCTblpb npOCBeTHTCnjj fpHrOpHjj ............. 176
MOHaCTblpb CB, <Dc.lIopa ..................................................... \77
I1HKcpMaHcKaJl 06HTCIIb ...................................................... \79
I1JIAHET A JIIO,L(EH ..... ..._....... ....... .......... ... ....... ....... 183
KpacHoncpcKoncK H ApMJlHCK ............................................ 184
,[(}f(aHKOii ............................................... .............. ................ 186
CHM<PeponoIlb ............. ............ ...................... ...... ....... ........ \87
EBnaTopHJI .....................................................................:..... \92
CaKH ...................... .............................................................. 196
EaX'lHCapaH ......................................................................... 198
CCBaCTononb ,.............................................................. ........ 203
EanaKJlaBa ........................................................................... 212
<Dopoc .......... ........................................................................ 2\3
MCJIac H MrnaTKa ................................................................ 214
KaUHBcIIH H nOHH30BKa ...................................................... 215
CHMCH3 ................... ..............................,.......... ......... ........... 2\7
AnynKa ................................................................................ 219
MHCXOp, racnpa, KOpCH3 .................................................... 224
411
CO.Qep)\(OHl1e
AiI- To.llop .....................................................,...................... 226
OpcaHJIa .............................................................................. 228
JIHBa.llHH .............................................................................. 229
.HnTa ............ ......................:................................................. 231
MaCCaH.llpa ..... ....... .............................................................. 237
HHKHTa ................................................................................ 238
rYP3Y<}>.,. ,............... .............................................................. 242
ApTCK ....................................................................... ........... 244
napTcHHT ,.................................................................... ....... 245
AIIymTa ............................................................................... 246
KpblMCKHH npHpO.llHblH 3anOBC.llHHK ................................... 252
HOBblH CBCT .................................................................... .... 254
CY.llaK ..... ..... ........ ... ....................................................... ...... 255
KOKTc6cnb .., ......,....................................................... .......... 260
<DeO.llOCH1I "_' .....:.................................................................. 26\
KCpIJb .................................................... ................ .............. 267
CTapblH KpblM ............................... .................... .................. 27\
6clloropcK .:...................................................:..................... 273
KPbIM HCl(EJUIIOIl{HH ............._...........................277
reIlHoTcpanHjJ ..... .................................................... ............ 278
A3poTcpanH1I .......,............................................................... 279
TaJlaCCOTepanHH .................................................................. 279
n::: :;f : .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::':::::::::::::::::
ncaMMoTcpanHH .................... .............................................. 28\
KYPOPTHbIE MECTHOCTH ............................................282
IO>K:H06epe>K:bc ........................ .... .._....................... ......._.. .... 282
CTenHoc npHMopbC .......... .._............................... ........ ... .., .._. 283
r OpHblH KpbIM .................... .............................. ...... ............ 285
JIElIEHI1E nPO<DI1JIbHbIX 3A60JIEBAHHM ...............286
HccneLlH<}>HlJecKHc 3a60ncBaHHH opraHoB JIblXaHHH .........._.286 '
Ty6cPKYIIC3 I1CrKHX ........................... ................................... 286
Uepc6poBacKYIDIpHble 3a6oIlcBaHHH .........................._........ 286
3a6oncBaHHH uCHTpanbHoH HCpBHOH CHCTCMbI......._............. 287 .
3a6oIlcBaHH1I ncpH<PePH'.JCCKOH HcpBHon CHCTCMbI .............. 287
3a6olJCBaHHH onOpHO-JIBHraTeIlbHoro anmfi:laTa ...._........... 287
CCP.lIC'fHO-COCY.lIHCTbIC 3a60IleBaHHH ................................... 287
rHH KOIlOrH'fCCKHe 3a6oIlcBaHHH ......................................... 288
3a6oIleBaHHH opraHoB nHllleBapeHHH .................................. 288
412
CO,llep)f(OHl-1e
YpOnOrH'leCKHC 3a6oIlCBaHHH ...................................... ........ 288
I>onc3HH KO}f(H .... ....... ........... ............. .... ................... ........ ..'288
3a6oIlcBamui opraHoB nOnOCTlI pTa .................................... 288
EOJIC3HH rna'3 ................................................. .......... ............ 288
CAHA TOPJ1J1 KPbIMA ...................................................... 289
.HnTa ................ ................................................. ................... 289
AnynKa ...............................................:.................,.............. 289
ryp3Y<}> ................................................................................. 289
M aCCaH.llpa .......................................................................... 289
JIHBa.llHH .............................................................................. 290
r acnpa ............................................................. .................... 290
KopcH3 ................................................................................. 290
CHMCH3 .................................. ................ .............. ............ .... 290
<1>opoc ............................................................,..................... 290
AnYIIITa ............................................................................... 29\
CaKH ... -.... ,....................,...................................................... 29\
EBnaTopHH ................... ...................... ........... ....................... 291
<1>CO.llOCHH ............................................................................ 292
CY,ll.aK .................................................................................. 292
nYTEBO).:{I1TEJU1 ............. ...... .............. ......... ........... 295
KPbIMCKI1E BI1HA ...........................................................296
nElilKOM B HEEO ............................................................. 306
B IlEll!EPAX KPbIMA ....................................................... 309
HA CKAJIAX ..... ............................ .......... ................. ........... 3\7
HOBbIE BPEMEHA .................. .......................................... 319
113 J1ErEH).:{bI B J1ErEH):{Y ..................................... 323
)J.CMCP.ll}f(HHCKaH CTaTyH......................................................... 323
AK- EHKC ....................... .................................... ...................... 325
<1>oHTaH cnC3 ...................... ........ ............................................ 327
B palO........ ................ ............................................................. 329
KaK B03HHKna .HnTa....... .............. .......................................... 333
KH3HJI - llIaHTaHoBa HrO.lla ....................................................334
KaK K HaM npHmna xpHCTHaHCKaH Bcpa ................................ 336
30noTaH KOnbl6cJIb H HaKOBaJlhHH ......................................... 339
MC.llBC.llb-rOpa "-'........................................................ ."............. 343
COKpOBHll.{a AH-To.llopCKOro Mblca .......................................345
n03TI1QECKI1J1 KAJ1EM).:{OCKOn ....................... 349
M. A. BOJIOllll1H .............................................................349
413
CO,llep)f(OHl-1e
A. C. nYlllKI1H ...............................................................,353
n. A. B.H3EMCKI1I1 ..........................................................354
B. r. EEHE,lJ.HKTOB ......................................................... 355
NlAM MI1UKEBI1'-I ........................................................ 356
I1JIb.H TAP JIO ........ ..... ................ .......... ........ ............. ....... 357
A. A. AXMATOBA ............................................................358
A. C. nYlllKI1H ........................................................:.......359
H. A. 3AEOJIOUKI1M ....................................................... 360
B. B. MA.HKOBCKI1I1....................................................... 36\
H. H. YlllAKOB ................................................................. 362
M. A. BOJIOlllJ1H .............................................................363
B. r. £EHE,lJ.I1KTOB .........................................................364
A. A. <1>ET ...........................................:...............................365
11. JI. CEJlbBI1HCKI1M ..................................................... 366
10. B. ,lJ.PYHI1HA ............................................................... 367
C. C. HAPOB4A TOB .....................................................h.. 368
n. MAKYXA ... ..... .................. ...... .......... ........ ..... ............... 369
H. A. EYHI1H ..................................................................... 370
M. H. UBETAEBA .............................................................371
C. n. Il{l1nA 4EB ..............................................................372
I1JIb.H TAP JIO ................................................ ..... ............... 373
11. EPO,lJ.CKI1M ................. ............. .................................... 374
CnPAB04HbIE MATEPI1AJIbI ........................................ 375
PaCCToSlHHc OT KpynHblx ropO.aOB.aO CHM<}>cpOnOJIJI (B KM) 375
PaCCTOJlHHJI MC>K:.LIY rOpO.llaMH KpblMa ................................ 376
CnHcoK TeIIc$OHHbIX KO.llOB KpbIMa.................................... 377
EJIArO,lJ.APHocrH ... ........ ................. ................................ 378
nPH ME4AHI1R ................ ...... ............................................ 380
AJI<1>ABI1THbIl1 YKA3ATEJIb ......................................... 389
CO,lJ.EP)KAHI1 E ..................... .............................................. 409
414
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BH3HTHOH KapTOllKOH KpblMa.
npHrnamaCM K B3aIIMOBblrO}J.HOMY COTPY.llHH'ICCTBY:
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no KpbIMY;
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TypH3MY, MbnHHH3MY, npO<}>CCCHOHaJIbHbIX cnenCOJIOrOB;
· KOJIJICKUHOHCpOB KpblMCKOH TCMaTHKH (OTKpbITKH. MapKJI,
3Ha'fKH, CnH'fe'IHhle H BHHHblC 3THKCTKH II np.);
· cnOHcopOB H pCKJlaMOmnCJlCH;
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