benOPY,CCK .rocy .q.apCTBeHHbIH HH'CTTYT
H>KeHepHbIX 3bIICIKaHH
V1. A. 6ycen
nporH03U-
POBAHUE
CTPOUTEflbHblX
CBOJl!CTB
rpYHTOB
MJ.1HCK
«HAYKA 111 TEXHII1KAn
1989

y P.K 624.131
B y c e JI 11. A. npOfH03HpOBaHHe
rpYHTOB. - MH.: HaYKa H TeXHHKB,
5-343-00099-1.
B KHHre .lI.aHa CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaHHaH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKaH xapaKTepH-
CTHKa OCHOBHblX reHeTHtJeCKHX THIIOB JIe.lI.HHKOBOH cpopMaIJ.HH aHTponoreHa DeJIO-
PYCCHH H OCYlI.leCTBJIeHO HX. THIIOJIOrHtJeCKoe paHoHHpoBaHHe. PaCCMOTpeHbI 33-
KOHOMepHOCTH IIpOCTp3HCTBeHHOH: H3MeHtJHBOCTH COCT3B3 Ii CBOHCTB rpYHTOB B
06JIaCTH B3aHMO.n.eHCTBHH reOJIOrHtJeCKOH Cpe.lI.bl C cOOpY>KeHHHMH. OCBelI\eHbI
COBpeMeHHble MeTO.lI.bI npOrH03HpOB3HHH MeXaHHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB JJ He-
CYlI.leH CIIoc06HOCTH CB3H. npHBe.lI.eHbl peKOMeH.lI.aIJ.HH II') OIJ.eHKe np01JHOCTHbIX
H .lI.e<jJopMaIJ.HOHHhIX xapaKTepHCTHK neCtJaHO-rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB CKOpOCTllblMH
MeTOJI.aMH. 113JIo>KeHbl IIpHHIJ.Hnbl KOMIIJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTO.lI.OB H3ytJeHHH COCTa-
Ba H CBOHCTB rPYHTOB IIPH HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHtJeCKHX H3b1CKaHHHX. PaCCMOTpe-
Hbl MeTo.n.OJIOrHtJeCKHe OCHOBbI HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKoro H3Y1JeHHH H oueHKH
JIeJI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH ,lJ.JIH M3CCOBoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa.
P3CCtJHTaHa Ha HH>KeHepOB-reOJIOrOB. npOf'KTHpOBlI.lHKOB H CTpOllTeJIeH; MO-
>KeT ObITb nOJIe3H3 CTY.lI.eHT3M B"y30B.
MJI. 59. Ta6J1. 75. BH6JIHOrp.: 177 H33B.
CTpOHTeJlbHblX CBOHCTB
1989. - 246 c. - ISBN
P e .lI. 3KT Op
.lI.-p reOJl.-MHHep. H3YK H. c. KOM3pOB
P ell. e H 3 e H T b1:
JI.-p reOJl.-MHHep. H3YK C. H. lJepHblIlleB,
KaH.lI.. reOJI.-MHHep. H3YK M. 11. rOpaJlbqYK
I)
3303000000-121
M 316 (03)-89
98-89
ISBN 5-343-00099-1
@ 113.n.3TeJIbcTBo
«HaYKa H TeXHPlKa», 1989

BBE.D.EHII1E
B OCHOBHblX H3np3BJIeHHHX pa3BHTHH H3pOJJ.HOrO X03HHCTB3
CCCP Ha 1986-1990 rOJJ.bl H Ha nepHo,Q JJ.O 2000 rO,Q3 B 06JI3CTH
K3nHT8JIbHOrO cTpOHTeJIbCTB3 nOCT3BJIeHbI 33,Q3qH cymecTBeHHoro
cOKpameHHH CpOKOB B03Be,QeHHH 06'beKTOB, 06ecne l leHHH BbICOKO-
ro TeXHHlJeCKOrO H 3KOHOMHlieCKoro ypOBHH npoeKToB, CHH>KeHHH
CTOHMOCTH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa 3JJ.3HHH H coopY>KeHHH. O,lI.RH 1I3 3<pcpeK-
THBHblX nYTeii JJ.OCTff}l{eHHH 3KOHOMMqHOCTM npoeKTHbIx peme-
HII" - nOBbIlIleHHe TOqHOCTH H HaJJ.e>KHOCTH oueHKH MeX3HHQeC-
KHXCBOHCTB rpYHToB. ,L:{ocToBepHbIe }I.3HHbIe 06 3THX CBOHCTB3X H
HX H3MeHQHBOCTH B npeJJ.eJI3X cTpOHTeJIhHOH nJIOm3JJ.KH n03BOJIH-
lOT npHHHTh TeXHHqeCKHe pelIleHHH, HaH60JIee 3KOHOMHqHble C TOq-
KH 3peHHH CTOMMOCTH H TPYJJ.03aTpaT npH BbInOJIHeHHli pa60T Hy-
JIeBOrO UHKJIa.
Onpe,QeJIeHHe MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB npHMbIMH MeTO-
JJ.aMH conpR>KeHO C cymecTBeHHhIMH 3aTpaTaMH Cpe)1.CTB H Bpe-
MeHH. I103TOMY 60JIbmOe 3HaqeHHe npH06peT3eT YCT3HOBJIeHHe
nOKa3aTeJIeH 3THX CBOHCTB no KOCBeHHbIM npH3HaKaM, qTO n03BO-
JIHeT CHH3HTh CTOHMOCTb H 3IIaqHTeJIbHO COKpaTHTb CpOKH BblnOJI-
HeHMS! HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX H3bICKaHHH.
BhICOKHe TeMnbI CTpOHTeJIbCTBa BJIeKYT 3a C060H He06xoJJ.H-
MOCTb YCKopeHHH npouecca HH>KeHepHO reOJIOrHqeCKOrO H3yqe-
HHH 3acTpaHB3eMbIx TeppHTopHH. O,QHHM H3 nYTeH TaKoro YCKO-
peHHH HBJIHeTCH YCTaHOBJIeHHe H npaKTHqeCKOe HCnOJIh30B3HHe
33KOHOB B33HMOCBH3H HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX CBOHCTB nopo,Q
H3 OCHOBe H3YQeHHH HX npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHQHBOCTH.
B. A. I1pHKJIOHCKHH OTHOCHJI :3aJJ.3 1 IY nOHCKa KOppeJIHUHOHHblX
CBH3eH CBOHCTB K QHCJIY Ba>KHeHIIIHX np06JIeM rpYHTOBeJJ.eHHH.
I1ccJIeJJ.oB3HHe B33HMOCBH3eH H nporH03 npOqHOCTHbIX H ,lJ.e-
<P 0 PM3UHOHHhIX CBOHCTB pa3JIHQHbIX reHeTHQeCKHX THnOB rpYHTOB
no KOCBeHHblM npH3HaKaM - cepbe3H3H npOOJICMa, CJIO>KHOCTh KQ.-
TOpOH 06nHCHS!eTCH K3K orpOMHblM p33Ho06pa3HeM rpYHTOB B
npHpOJJ.e, TaK H OTCYTCTBHeM eJJ.HHOH MeTOJJ.HKH B npOH3BO,QCTBe
HcnbITaHHH rpYHTOB H B 06pa60TKe MaTepHaJIOB. Ee pemeHHe CBH-
3al-l0 C Ha P0JJ.HOX03HHCTBeHHOH ueJIblO HH>KeHepHO-reOollOrHqeCKHX
H3bICK3HHH, KOTopaH 3aKJIIOqo.eTCH B 3KOHOMHH 3aTp3T H3 HYJIe-
BOH UHKJI npH 06eCneQeHHH He06xoJJ.HMoro ypOBHH HaJJ.e:>KHOCTH.
YCTaHOBJIeHHP TOQHhIX H HaJJ.e>KHbIX HOpM3THBHhlX H paCqeT-
2

HWX XapaKTepHCTHK MeXaHHLIeCKHX cBoHcTB nopo HMeeT 60nb-
iliOe 3HaLIeHHe ,QJUI HH>KeHepHOH reOnOrHH. B COBpeMeHHOH npaK-
THKe JIH 3TOrO npHMeH5IIOTCH pa3J1HLIHbIe nOJIeBbIe H Jla60paTOp-
HbIe MeTO,llbI.
DOJleBbIe MeTObI (OnbITHbIe HarpY3KH Ha IIITaMnbI, CBHrH
ueJIHKOB, ,lJ.HHaMHLIeCKHe H CTaTHIleCKHe HCnbITaHHH CBaH), BO-
BJIeKalOlI..{He B HCnbITaHHe 60JIblIlHe MaCCHBbI rpYHTa, HaHJIYLIIIIHM
06pa30M MOeJIl"pYIOT peanbHbIe YCoilOBHH pa60TbI rpYHTa nO,ll
<PYHaMeHTaMH cOOPY>KeHHH II Han60JIee TOLIHbI. OHaKO OHH TPY-
OeMKH, Tpe6YIOT 3HaLHTeJIbHbIX 3aTpaT BpeMeHH H Cpe,QCTB.
B CB5I3H C 3THM KOJIHLIeCTBO TaKHX HCnbITaHHH 06bFIHO HeBeJIHKO,
OHH He BCer,lla 3<p<peKTHBHbI, oc06eHHO B Tex CJIyqaHX, Kora nJIO-
ll{a,QKa npoeKTHpyeMoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa HMeeT CJIO:>KHOe H H3MeH-
qHBOe CTpoeHHe.
K JIa60paTopHbIM MeToaM OTHOCHTCH KOMnpeCCHOHHbIe HC-
nbITaHHH, HcnbITaHHH Ha cpe3 H p., OTHOCHTenbHaH npOCTOTa KO-
TOpbIX n03BOJI5IeT BbInOJIH5ITb HX B 60JIbiliHX 06'beMaX H eTa.rlbHee
OTpa>KaTb OCHOBaHHe npoeKTHpyeMoro coopY>KeHHH. B TO >Ke Bpe-
MH TOLIHOCTh OTeJIbHbIX pe3ynhTaToB 3aMeTHO CHH)KaTCH. no-
3TOMY B npaKTHKe H3hICKaHHH Hepe)lKD npH6eraIOT K KOMnJIeKCH-
pOBaHHIO nOJIeBbIX H JIa60paTopHbIX MeTOOB, LITO II03BOJIHeT no-
nyqHTh ,QOCTaTOLIHO npe,QCTaBHTeJIbHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI (B CMbICJIe
onpo60BaHHH) H OHOBpeMeHHO YCTaHOBHTh K03<p<PHUHeHThI ne-
peXOJI.a OT MeHee Hae>KHhIX na60paTopHhlX Ol1.eHOK K 60JIee Ha-
e>KHhIM nOJIeBbIM.
nO,Q06HbIH no,QXO,ll ,QOCTaTOIIHO 3<p<peKTHBeH, HO TO>Ke Tpe6y-
eT BhlnOJIHeHHH 3HaQHTeJIbHOrO 06'beMa TpyoeMKHX HCCJIeOBa-
HHH. Oc06eHHO 60JIhlIlHe CnO>KHOCTH B03HHKalOT Ha paHHHX 3Ta-
nax npoeKTHo-H3bICKaTJIbCKHX pa60T - npH COCTaB.HeHHH cxeM,
060CHOBaHHH npoeKTOB paHOHHhIX nJIaHHpOBOK, pa3pa60TKe reH-
nnaHOB npOMY3JIOB HJIH HaCeJIeHHbIX nYHKTOB, Kor a B KopOTKHe
CpOKH He06xoHMO ,QaTb oueHKY HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHLIeCI(HX YCJIO-
BHH CTpOHTeJIhCTBa Ha 061I1HpHbIX TeppHTopHHX.
,L:{nH pelIleHHH 3THX np06JIeM B COBeTcKoM COlO3e H 3a Py6e-
>KOM Y>Ke He OHH ro Be,QYTCH nOHCKH TaKHX MeTOAOB, KOTopbIe
n03BOJIHJIH 6w YCTaHOBHTb nOKa3aTeJIH MexaHHLIeCKHX CBOHCTB
nopo npH MHHHMaJIbHbIX 3aTpaTax rpya H BpeMeHH. OHH H3
B03MO>KHbIX H nepcneKTHBHhIX nYTeH perneHHH 3Toro Bonpoca 3a-
KJIIOLIaeTCH B HCn0J1b30BaHHH JIH OueHKI1 ,Qe<p0pMaUHoHHbIX H
npOLIHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB nopo pa3JIHLIHOH KOCBeHHOH HH<popMaUHH.
B OCHOBe TaKoro nOXO,LI.a JIe>KHT OCHOBOnOJIaralOlI..{HH npHHUHn
COBpeMeHHoro rpYHTOBeeHHH, cor JIaCHO KOTOpOMy MexaHHIleCKHe
CBOHCTBa nopo - C>KHMaeMOCTb, npOIIHOCTb H ,QpyrHe - onpe-
,QenHIOTCH HX TeKCTYPOH, CTPYKTYPOH, BeIlI.eCTBeHHbIM COCTaBOM H
<p H3HLI eCKHM COCTOHHHeM. OTCIOa BbITeKaeT He M€Hee Ba>KHOe
cneCTBHe: Me>Ky 3THMH CBOHCTBaMH nopo,Q (TOLIHee, HX KOJIH-
qeCTBeHHbIMH nOKa3aTeJIHMH) OJI>KHbI YCTaHaBJIHBaThCH CBH3H,
KOTopbIe MO>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTh JIH nporH03a, T. e. AnH npeCKa-
4

3aHHH 3HaIIeHHH nOKa3aTeJIeM O,lI.HHX CBOHCTB no ,lI.pyrHM, 0 KOTO-
pbIX HMeeTCH Hy:tKHaH HH<popMaIJ.HH [67J.
. O,lI.HOH H3 Mep 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH MeTO)1.HKH HH:tKeHepHO-reOJIOrH-
qeCKHX H3bICKaHHH MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb CTeneHb CHIUKeHHH HX CTOH-
MOCTH H npOAOJI:tKHTeJIbHOCTH. npH 3TOM He06xoJJ.HMO YIIHTbIBaTb,
lITO OCHOBHaH CTOHMOCTb H npO,lI.OJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb HH:tKeHepHO-reo-
JIOrHIIeCKHX HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH npHXO,lI.HTCH Ha TY HX IIaCTb, KOTopaH
CBH3aHa C H3YIIeHHeM CBOHCTB ropHbIX IlOpO,lI.. TaK, no JJ.aHHbIM
B. n. OrOHOIIeHKO r 107] , H3YIIeHHe cBoHcTB ropHblx nopoJJ. COCTaB-
JIHeT 44 % Bcero cpoKa H3bIcKaHHH, npHIIeM Ha nOJIeBOe HCC.;le,lI.O-
BaHHe 3aTpalJHBaeTCSI 54 % 3TOH npoJJ.O.iDKHTeJIbHOcTH. npHBeJJ.eH-
HbIe ,lI.aHHble xapaKTepH3YlOT H3blCKaHlIH .lI.JIH 060CHOBaHHH npo-
MbIllIJIeHHOrO H rpB>KJJ.aHcKoro cTpOHTeJIbCTBa B cpaBHHTeJIbHO
6JIarOnpHSlTHbIX HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX YCJIOBHHX (cMeTHaSl
CTOHMOCTb H3bICKaHHH 1-5 TbIC. py6.). B HHbIX CHTyalI.HHX OTHO-
CHTeJIbHaSl npoJJ.OJI}I{HTeJIbHOCTb II CTOHMOCTb nOJIeBbIX HCCJIe,LLO-
BaHHH 3HaIIHTeJIbHO BbIllIe.
CYI..IJ.eCTByeT ABa OCHOBHbIX HanpaBJIeHHH nOBbIllleHHH 3cpcpeK-
THBHOCTH HH:tKeHepHO-reOJIOrHIIeCKHX H3bICKaHHit
1. MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MOLKHaH 3aMeHa CTBHJI.apTHbIX HcnbITaHHH
(lllTaMnoonbITbI, ,lI.HHaMHlJeCKHe H CTaTHlJeCKHe HcnbITaHHH CBaM,
C,lI.BHrH lI.eJIHKOB H JJ.p.) 3Kcnpecc-MeTOJJ.aMH [107].
2. I1cnOJIb30BaHHe KocBeHHoH HH<popMaIJ.HH ,lI.JIH KOJIHlJeCTBeH-
HOM OlI.eHKH npolIHoCTH H ,lI.ecpopMHpyeMocTH ropHbIx HOpOA [149].
,LLJIH 3Toro JI.OJILKHbI 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI ,lI.OCTaTOlIHO Ha,LLe}l{HbIe
3aBHCHMOCTH npOlJHOCTHbIX H ,lI.e<popMaIJ.HOHHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK,
B TOM IIHCJIe HeCYI..IJ.eH cnoco6HOCTH cBaM, OT <pH3HIIeCKHX CBOHCTB
rpYHTOB H napaMeTpOB 30HJJ.HpOBaHHH. OJI.HHM H3 naH60.nee pac-
npOCTpaHeHHbIx cnoc060B MHoro<paKTopHbIX nporH030B HBJIHeTCH
KOppeJIHlI.HOHHO-perpeCCHOHHbIH aHaJIH3, n03BOJISlIOllI.HH nOCTpOHTb
a,lI.eKBaTHbIe perpeCCHOHHbIe MO,lI.eJIH, npHrOJJ.Hble JI.J1Sl nporH03H-
pOBaHHH.
CHCTeMaTHIIeCKHe HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHSI B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH 6WJIH
HaIIaTbI B KOHlI.e 40-x rO,lI.OB B HI1110Cn HM. H. M. fepceBaHOBa.
EOJIblllYIO pOJIb B pa3BHTHH HCCJIe,LLyeMoH np06JIeMbI CbIrpaJIH pa-
60TbI 11. C. KOMapOBa, H. B. KOJIOMeHCKoro, r. K. EOH,lI.apHKa,
H. H. MaCJIOBa, 3. B. nHJIbrYHoBoH, 3. vI. TKa1JYKa, C. H. Ero-
pOBa, 11. M. rOpbKOBOH, B. C. 3HaHrHpoBa, H. 51. ,LLeHHcoBa, H. H.
I1BaHoBa, 11. H. I1BaHoBoM, B. g. Ka3apHoBcKoro, C. r. Pano-
nopTa H ,lI.p.
C<pOpMHpOBaBlllHeCH B nOCJIeJJ.HHe rOJJ.bI npeJJ.CTaBJIeHHH 0 He-
06XO,lI.HMOCTH YlJeTa B npOlI.ecce nOHCKa KOppeJIHlI.HOHHbIX 3aBHCH-
MOCTeH eCTeCTBeHHO-HCTOpHlJeCKHX YC.TIOBHH 06pa30BaHHH ropHbIX
nopoJI. npHBeJIH K C03,lI.aHHIO pH,lI.a perHOHaJIbHbIX CHCTeM 0606-
I..IJ.eHHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH (pa60TbI E. <1>. BHHoKYPoBa H B. r. JI060-
,lI.eHKO JI.JIH EeJIOPyccHH, B. E. EpoHllITeMHa H JJ.p. JJ.JIH LloH6acca,
<1>. C. TO<paHIOKa H JI.p. JJ.JIH HOBOCH6HpcKoro npH06bH, 11. 10.
lllHMKyca JI.JIH JIHTBbI, B. E. llIBelI.a ,lI.JIH YpaJIa, A. M. lIlHcceJISI
5

.ZI.oI1H 5IpOCJIaBCKOrO rrOBOJI>Kb5I H JI.p.). Ha OCHOBe pe3YJIbTaTOB pa-
601' 11. A. ArHllIeBa, B. M. BeCeJIOBCKOro, M. 11. fop6YHoBa-rrO-
ca.n.OBa, O. 11. I1rHaToBoH, B B. MHxeeBa, C. 11. CHHeJIbll1.HKOBa
11 JI.p. C03JI.aHbI KOppeJIHUHOHHbIe HopMaTHBHbIe Ta6JIHUbI 0606-
ll1.eHHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH B JI.eHcTBYIOll1.lIX CHHrr.
CpaBHeHHe 06ll1.eCOI03HbIX HOpM C perHOHaJIbHhIMH ):{aHHbI-
Mff nOKa3bIBaeT, 1.JTO xapaKTep cBSl3eH Me}K):{Y CBoHcTBaMH neC1.Ja-
HbIX H r.tIHHHCTbIX nopoJI. BCerJI.a COXpaH5IeT 3Ha1.JHTeJIbHylO HHJI.H-
BHJJ.yaJIbHOCTb [67], KOTopaH onpeJJ.eollSleTC5I HX reHe3HCOM H rrpo-
ueccaMH ):{aJIbHeHllIero npe06pa30BaHluI H npOHBJISleTCSI B nepBYIO
01lepe.u.b B pa3JIH1.JHSlX COCTaBa rJIHHHCTOH cppaKUHH H CTPYKTYPHO-:
TeKcTypHbIX oc06eHHOCT5IX. rr03TOMY rrOHCKH JII06bIX 3aBHCHMOC-
Tefl ):{OJI>KHbI npOH3BOJI.HTbCH TOJIbKO B npeJI.eJI ax OTJI.eJlbHbIX B03-
paCTHbIX H cpaU.H3JIbHO-reHeTH1.JeCKHX THnOB OTJIO>KeHHH.
B HaCTOHl.I.leH pa60Te paccMoTpeHbI pa3JIHlIHbIe acneKTbI npo-
rH03a np01.JHOCTHbIX H ):{ecpopMaUHOHHbIX CBOHCTB, B TOM 1.JHCJIe
HecYlI..{eH cnoc06HoCTH cBaH, OTJIOeHHH JIeJI.HHKOBOro KOMnJIeKCa
EeJIOPyccHH no KOCBeHHbIM npH3HaKaM, K 1.JHC.llY KOTOpblX OTHO-
CHTCH: 1) nOKa33TeJIH cpH3H1.JeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB; 2) napaMeT-
pbI CTaT.H1.JeCKOrO H .lI.HHaMU1.JeCKOrO 30H):{HpOBaHI1S1 rpYHTOB.
OTJIO}l{eHHSI JIeJI.HI1KOBOrO KOMnJIeKCa B npeJI.eJIax DeJIOPYCCHH
COCTaBJIHIOT 88 % Bcero 06'beMa aHTponoreHoBbIx rropo):{ H SlBJISI-
IOTCH B 60JIblllHHCTBe CJIY1.JaeB OCHOBaHHeM npoeKTHpyeMbIx 3):{a-
HliH H cooPY}I{eHHH. 06'beKTOM HCCJIe;J.oBaHHH C.IIY>KH.rIH OTJIO}Ke-
HHH, CBH3aHHbIe C OJIe):{eHeHHeM KaK HenOcpeJI.CTBeHHo (MopeHa,
cpJIIOBHOrJISlUHaJIbHbIe H 03epHO-JIe):{HHKoBbIe), TaK H KOCBeHHO
(JIeCCOBbIe Ii aJIJIIOBHaJIbHbIe 06pa30BaHHSI). HaH60JIee nOJI.p06HO
B HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrH1.JeCKOM OTIiOllIeHHH H3Y1.JeHbI MopeHHbIe rJIH-
HMCTbIe rpYHTbI CO>KCKOrO (MOCKOBCI(Oro) ropH30HTa (E. <1>. BH-
HOKypOB, B. f. J1060JI.eHKo). rrpaKTHtJeCKH He H3Y1.JeHbI MopeHHbIe
OTJIO>KeHIIH rr003epCKoro H JI.HenpOBCKoro ropH30HTOB. I1cCJIeJI.O-
BaHH5I cBoHCTB neCKOB, OXBaTbIBalOlI..{He TeppHTopHlO pecrry6JIHKH
u.eJIHKOM, OTCYTCTBYIOT.
)J..n5I neCKOB, oc06eHHO BOJI.OHaCbgu.eHHbIX, xapaKTepHa HeJI.O-
oueHKa HX HecYl.I.leH cnoc06HOCTH, CBSl3aHHaSl B nepBYIO 01.JepeJI.b
C MaJIblM KOJIH1.JeCTBOM IlITaMnOBbIX onbITOB, H Ha6JIIO.a.eHHH 3a
OCa.ZI.KaMH. OTpHuaTeJIbHYIO pOJIb HrpaeT oueHKa nJIOTHOCTH nec-
KOB no K03cpcpHUHeHTY nopHCTOCTIi H no 30H,lIJipOBaHHIO, CYl.I.leCT-
BYIOlI..{aSl B faCT 25100-82, CH 448-72 H nepellIe.ZI.llIaSl 6e3 H3Me-
HeHM" B CHHrr 1.02.07-87. TaK, HanpHMep, MHorHe neClIaHbIe
rpYHTbI pecny6JIHKH, KOTopbIe no faCT 25100-82 H CH 448-72 OT-
HOCHTCH K PbIXJIbIM, HMelOT CTeneHb nJIOTHOCTH 0,6-0,8, MHor,!.a
.a.a}Ke 60JIb1lIYIO.
I1ccJIe.ZI.oBaHHe CBH3eH Me>KJI.Y nOKa3aTeJIHMH <pH3HKo-MexaHH-
tIecKHX CBOHCTB JIeHT01.JHbIX rJIHH ceBepa EeJIOPyccMH 6bIJIO BbI-
nOJIHeHO JI. K. MOp030BOH H 11. f. JIYKHHCKOH. OJI.HaKo conOCTaB-
JIeHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH no BceMY perHoHY H oueHKa
npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeH1.JHBOCTM CBOHCTB He npOH3BO.ZI.HJIHCb.
6

Bce npOrH03Hble 3HalJeHHH np01JH0CTHblX H ,llecpOpMaUHOHHbIX
XapaKTepHCTHK MOpeHHblX H 03epHO-JIe,llHHKOBbIX rpYHTOB nOJIY-
qeHbl no cpH3HqeCKHM CBOH:CTBaM Ha orpaHHIIeHHOM cpal{THlJeCKOM
MaTepHaJIe. BMeCTe C TeM B EeJIOPYCCHH npH H3YlJeHlIH OTJIO:>Ke-
HHH: JIe,llHHKOBOro KOMnJIeKCa Ha6JIIO,llaeTCH TeH,lI.eHII.HH K YBeJIH-
qeHHIO otYbeMoB CKOpOCTHbIX MeTO,llOB HCCJIe,ll.OBaHHH, B IlaCTHOCTH,
CTaTHlJeCKOrO H ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO 30H,llHpOBaHHH. ,L:{JIH nOBbIllleHHH
HH«}>opMaTHBHOCTH 9THX MeTO,llOB Heo6xo,ll.HMO YCTaHOBJIeHHe 3a-
BHCHMOCTeH CPH3HKO-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB OT napaMeT-
pOB 30H,llHpOBaHHH, YIIHTbIBalOw.HX perHOHaJIbHbIe oc06eHHOCTH
rpYHTOB, 1JTO cyw.eCTBeHHO nOBblCHT KalJeCTBO H 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb
HX npHMeHeHHH npH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX H3bICKaHIUIX.
.lI.o HaCTOHllI.erO BpeMeHH He pa3pa60TaHbI BonpOCbI paUHO-
HaJIbHOrO KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH pa3JIHqHbIX BH,llOB HCCJIe,llOBaHHH
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HHcpopMaTHBHOCTH Ka>K,llOrO H3 MeTOJI.OB H KOH-
KpeTHbIX HH:>KeHHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJIOBHH nJIow.a,lI.KH npoeKTH-
pyeMoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa. OTCYTCTBYIOT KOHKpeTHbIe pa3pa60TKH
no MeTO,llHKe HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX HCCJIeJl,OBaHHH JIe,llHHKO-
BbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH ,lI.JIH MaCCOBoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa.
TOqHOCTb H Ha,lleJKHOCTb nporH03a MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB
MaCCHBOB rpYHTOB, CJIY>Kalll.HX eCTeCTBeHHbIM OCHOBaHHeM ,lI..,'!H
06'beKTOB npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO, rp3JK,llaHCKOro H .n.pyrnx BH,llOB CTpOH-
TeJIbCTBa, 06eCneqHB3eT BblCOKYIO .lI.OCTOBepHOCTb paClJeTOB OCHO-
BaHHH 3,l1.aHHH: H cOOPYJKeHHH, BbInOJIHHeMblX npoeKTHpOBI.l.{HKaMH.
Cyw.eCTBYIOIII.He MeTO,llbI paCqeTa OCHOB3HHH 3.lI.3HHH H coopY>Ke-
HHH no npe,lI.eJIbHblM COCTOHHHHM 633HPYIOTCH, K3K npaBHJIO, Ha
Tpa.lI.HHOHHOM npe,lI.CT3BJIeHHH 0 npeHMyw.eCTBeHHO O,lI.HOCTOpOH-
HeM B03,lI.eHCTBHH coopY>KeHHH H3 HX eCTeCTBeHHbIe OCHOBaHHH,
qTO CBO,llHT 33,llaqy HH>KeHepa-reOJIora K. nOJIyqeHHIO HCXO.ll.HblX
,lI.aHHbIX 0 npHpO,lI.HbIX YCJIOBHHX nJIOlII.3,lI.KH H QJH3HKO-MexaHHIle-
CKHX CBOHCTBax CJIaraIOllI.HX ee rpYHTOB, a npoeKTHpOBllI.HKa-
K paClJeTY oca,lI.KH coopYJKeHHH, onpeeJIeHHIO paCIIeTHblX conpo-
THBJIeHHM rpYHTOB OCHOB3HHH H paCqeTHblX HarpY30K H3 OCHOB3-
HHe H np. T aKOH no,lI.XO,ll. 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT MeTO,ll.HKY HH>KeHepHO-
reOJIOrHQeCKOrO H3yqeHHH H oueHKH rpyHToB ,lI.JIH MaCCOBoro
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa, KOTopaH CBO,llHTCH, KaK npaBHJIO, K nOJIYlJeHIUO
I'IHcpopMaUHH 0 MaCCHBe B OTpbIBe OT ero B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH C 6y,lI.Y-
IIJ.HM coopY>KeHHeM. O,llHaKO B 60JIblllHHCTBe CJIyq3eB B33HMO,lleI1-
CTBHe Me>K,lI.Y coopY>KeHHeM, CPYH,ll3MeHTOM H eCTeCTBeHHbIM OCHO-
BaHHeM HMeeT rOpa3,ll0 60JIee CJIO>KHbIH ,lI.BYCTOPOHHHH xapaKTep
H MO>KeT 6bITb OII.eHeHO TOJIbKO npH yqeTe BceM CHCTeMbI npHMblX
H 06paTHbIX cBH3eH .[64] .
B HacToHw.ee BpeMH B cTpOHTeJIbHOH npaKTHKe Ha3peJIa He06-
XO,ll.HMOCTb npHMeHHTb TaKHe HH>KeHepHbIe pellIeHHH, r,lle BbIJ(.e-
JIeHHe coopY>KeHHH, CPYH,lI.aMeHTa H OCHOB3HHH CTaJIO 6bI B H3BeCT-
HOM Mepe YCJIOBHbIM, T. e. 06'be,lI.HHHTb HX B e,llHHbIH reOJIOrO-Tex-
HHlJeCKAH 06'beKT, npe,ll.CT3BJIHIOllI.HH C060H CJIO>KHYIO reOTeXHO-
reHHYIO CHCTeMY [64] onpe,lleJIeHHOrO CTPYKTypHoro YPOBHH (no
1

r. K. BOHAapHKY, 3JIeMeHTapHYIO npHpOAHO-TeXHHIIeCKYIO cHcTeMY
[7] ). B CB5I3H C I13JIO:>KeHHbIM aKTyaJIbHOH H Ba:>KHOH 3aAaqeH SlB-
JI5IeTCH pa3pa6oTKa TeopeTHIIecKHx H MeTOAHqeCKHX OCHOB' HH-
:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOrO H3YQeHHH H oueHKH TaKHX CHCTeM KaK
ueJIOCTHbIX KOMnJIeKCOB.
OAHa H3 OCHOBHbIX rrp06JIeM OIlTI1MaJIbHOrO HH:>KeHepHO-reo-
JIOrHqeCKOrO H3YQeHHH reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHX 06'beKTOB - KOOQ-
,lJ,HHaUHH JIOKaJIbHbIX rrpoeKTHO-H3bICKaTeJIbHbIX peweHHH JI.JISI AO-
CTH:>KeHHH HaHJIyqWero npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro, CTPYKTypHoro H na-
paMeTpHqeCKOrO nOCTpoeHHH pa3pa6aTbIBaeMOH CHCTeMbI.
B AaHHOH pa60Te aBTOp pewaeT CJIe,lJ,YIOI.UHe 3 a,lJ,a qH.
1. DOJIyqHTb o606I.UeHHYIO HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKYIO xapaK-
TepHCTHKY OCHOBHbIX reHeTHqeCKHX 'fHnOB JIe,lJ,HHKOBbIX OTJIO:>Ke-
HHH, pa3BHTbIX Ha TeppHTopHH BCCP.
2. 113Y1.IHTb 3aKoHoMepHocTH npDcTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHqHBOCTH
oTJIo:>KeHHH JIe,lJ,HHKOBOro KOMnJIeKca.
3. YCTaHoBHTb KOppeJIHUHOHHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH UPOqHOCTHbIX,
AecpopMaUHoHHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK H HecYI.UeH cnoco6HOCTH cBaH
OT pa3JIHqHbIX COqeTaHHH cpH3HIlecKHx cBoHcTB H napaMeTpOB
30H,lJ,HpOBaHHH.
4. Ha OCHOBe HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX oco6eHHOCTeH, 3aKO-
HOMepHOCTeH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHqHBOCTH H B3aHMOCBH3H
nOKa3aTeJIeH CBOHCTB ocymecTBHTb HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOe
paHOHHpOBaHHe H THnH3aUHIO OTJIO:>KeHHH JIeAHHKOBOH cpOpMaUHH
BeJIOpyccHH.
5. C HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHIIeCKHx n03HUHH pa3pa6oTaTb OCHOB-
HhIe MeTO,lJ,HqeCKHe npHHUHnhI KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTO,lJ,OB rrpo-
rH03a npOqHOCTHbIX H ,lJ,ecpopMaUHoHHbIX CBOHCTB JIe.il.HHKOBbIX OT-
JIO)KeHHfI rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K YCJIOBHHM ECCP.
6. I13JIO)KHTb MeTOJI.OJIOrHqeCKHe OCHOBbI OrrTHMaJIbHOrO
HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOrO H3YIIeHHH H oueHKH JIe,lJ,HHKOBbIX OT-
JIO)KeHHH ,lJ,JIH MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCTBa.
B KHHre onpe,lJ,eJIeHa JIOrHqeCKaH nOCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTb rrpHMe-
HeHHH pa3JIHIIHbIX reOJIOrHIIeCKHX H cpopMaJIbHO-MaTeMaTHqeCKHX
MeTO,lJ,OB nporHo3a, KOMnJIeKCHOro H3yqeHHH H oueHKIf CBOHCTB
JIeAHI1KOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH (reoJIOrO-cTPYKTYPHbIH aHaJIH3, H3yqe-
HHe 3aKoHoMepHocTeH npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHqHBOCTH cpH3HKO-
MeXaHHQeCKHX cBoHcTB, nporHo3 nOKa3aTeJIeH CBOHCTB rPYHToB,
HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOe paHoHHpoBaHHe H THnH3alLHSI o6pa30-
BaHHH, KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHe MeTOAOB nporHo3a CBOHCTB, MeTOAHKa
HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOrO H3YQeHHH JIeAHHKOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH
,lJ,JIH MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCTBa).
B OCHOBY pa60TbI nOJIO:>KeHbI pe3y.lILTaTbI HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHHH, npo-
BOAHBWHXCH aBTopoM B TeQeHHe 1971-1986 rr. B npolLecce H3Y-
I.IeHHH HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX YCJIOBHH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa B npe-
AeJIaX TeppHTopHH BeJIOPyccHH, a T3K:>Ke apxHBHbIe MaTepHaJIbI
EeJIrl1113a. CHcTeMaTH3HpoBaHbI H o606meHbI pe3YJIbTaTbI onpe-
JI.eJIeHHH CPH3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHX cBoHcTB OTJIOLKeHHH JIeJI.HHKOBOro
8

KOMnJIeKCa, BbIIIOJIHeHHbIX 60JIee 1.JeM Ha 300 nJIOll{a,QKax, KOTO-
pble pacnOJIO>KeHbI B pa3JIHIIHbIX palioHax pecny6J1HKH. I1cnoJIb-
30BaHO 60JIee 4000 pe3YJIbTaTOB HcnbITaHHH Ha C,QBHr, OKOJIO 800
pe3YJIbTaTOB HcnbITaHHH rpYHToB lllTaMnaMH, a TaK}I{e 60 HcnbI-
TaHHH cBaM CTaTH1.JeCKHMH H ,lI.HHaMH1.JeCKHMH HarpY3KaMH C na-
paJIJIeJIbHbIM onpe,lI.eJIeHHeM <pH3H1.JeCKHX CBOHCTB H 30H,lI.HpOBa-
HHeM rpYHToB. Bce paC1.JeTbI BbInOJIHeHbI Ha 3BM EC-I022. npo-
aH3JIH3HpOB3H H o606ll{eH onbIT HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.JeCKHX
HCCJIe,lI.OB3HHH JIeJJ.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}l{eHHH JJ.JI5I MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIb-
CTB3, KOTopbIe npOBO,lI.51TC5I EeJIrl1H30M C 1965 I'. no 3aK33aM
p33JIH1.JHbIX IIpoeKTHbIx opraHH3aUHH pecny6JIHKH.

r nasa 1
cnop MII1POBAHIIIE IIIH>KEHEPHO-rE0I1QfIll4ECKIftX CBOIl1CTB
OT 110>KEH nEAHII1KOBOIl1 cnoP MAU.II1
AHTPonorEHA 6EI10PYCC
1.1. IItCTOpSI reonor'4eCKoro pa3BTSI
neAHKoBOH cpopMa4  ee BnSlHe Ha cpOpMpoBaHe
 H)f(eHepHO-reonor4ecKx ycnoBH
B . aHTponoreHe Ha TeppHTopHIO EeJlOPyccHH n5lTb pa3 Ha.n.BH-
raJlHCb Jle.n.HHKH MOII.J.HbIX paBHHHHbIX OJIe.n.eHeHHH. Y}I{e B KOHu.e
HeoreHOBoro nepHO,lJ.a 3HallHTeJIbHO nOXOJIo.n.aJIo. B HallaJle aHTpo-
noreHa BCIO EeJlopyccl11O nOllTH .n.o IloJIecb51 nepeKpbIJI 60JIbllIOH
CKaH.lUfHaBCKHH Jle,lJ.HHK. EeJIOPyccKoe (HH>KHe6epe3HHcKoe, Ba-
pH}I{CKoe) OJle,lJ.eHeHHe CMeHHJIOCb BeH.n.CKHM (6eJIOBe}l{CKHM, HaJIH-
60KCKHM) Me}l{JIe.n.HHKoBbeM, KJlHMaT CTaJI YMepeHHbIM H BJla>K-
HbIM, 6JIH3KHM K cOBpeMeHHoMY npH6aJlTHHcKOMY. lioBoe 6epe-
3HHCKoe (BepxHe6epe3HHcKoe, oKcKoe) OJle,lJ.eHeHHe no pa3MepaM
6bIJIO nOllTH TaKHM }Ke, KaK H 6eJlOpyccKoe. IlepBbIe ,lJ.peBHHe Jle,lJ.-
HI1KH OCTaBHJlH CJle,lJ.bI CBoeR .n.e5lTeJIbHOCTH Ha TeppHTopHH Ee.no-
PYCCHH: Ha B03BbIllIeHHOCT5IX ,lJ.OJIe,lJ.HHKOBOro peJIbccpa HaKanJIH-
BaJlHCb MOI..U.HbIe KOHellHbIe Jle.n.HIfKOBbIe 06pa30BaHHH, fIOHH}I{eHH5I
,npeBHef() peJIbe<t>a (oc06eHHo .n.OJlHHbl peK) yrJIy6J1HJlHCb Jle,lJ.HH-
KOM ,lJ.O 100-150 M H 60JIee H 06pa30BbIBaJlH JlO}K6I1HbI JIe,lJ.HHKO-
Boro BblnaXHBaHH5I H pa3MbIBa. B cpe,lJ.HeM nJleHcTou.eHe (350-
300 TbIC. JleT Ha3a,lJ.) Ha TeppHTopHH EeJlOPyccHH 6bIJIO caMoe
npO)J.OJDKHTeJIbHOe - JIHXBHHCKoe (aJleKCaH,lJ.pHHcKoe) Me>KJle.n.-
HHKOBbe: KJlHMaT CTa.lI TenJlbIM H BJIa>KHbIM, )J.OCTHrJlI1 pacu.BeTa
<t>JIopa H cpaYHa, pa3BHoI1HCb 6o.rlblllHe nOJIHOBO)J.HbIe npapeKH.
Ilo3>Ke TeppHTopHIO Ee.n:opyccHH nepeKpbIJI caMbIM 60JlbIlIOH-
)J.HenpOBCKHH: Jle)J.HHK, o6pa30BaB MOI..U.HbIe MopeHbI. IlocJIe ,lJ.Hen-
pOBCKoro OJle.rr.eHeHHH HacTynHJlo pOCJIaBJIbCKOe (IlIKJlOBCKoe)
Me>KJIe)J.HHKOBbe, )J.OCTaTOqHO TenJIOe Ii YMepeHHo cyxoe. MOCKOB-
CKoe (cO}l{CKoe) o.lIe.n.eHeHHe npo,lJ.oJI}I{aJIOCb He.n.OJIro. B HallaJle
n03,lJ.Hero nJleHCTOIl.eHa (OKOJIO 140-90 TbIC. JIeT Ha3a.B.) HacTY-
nHJIO caMoe TenJlOe,- MHKYJIHHCKOe (MypaBHHcKoe) Me>KJIe,lJ.HH-
KOBbe. Ero CMHHJI nOCJIe}l.HHM BaJI,lJ.aMcKH1'I JIe,lJ.HHK, ,lJ.BHraBIllHHcSI
Ha BocToqHo-EBponeHcKYlo paBHHHY H3 cI>eHHoCKaH,lJ.HHaBHH H ,lJ.0-
cTHrlIlHH EeJIOPyccHIi TOJIbKO OKOJIO 25 TbTC. JIeT Ha3a}l.. BaJI,lJ.aH-
CKoe (noo3epcKoe) OJIe,lJ.eHeHHe OXBaTHJIO Bce l3eJIopyccKoe Ilo-
03epbe. Ero CJIe,lJ.b! - OT1IeTJIHBO BbIpa}l{eHHbIe Il.errOqKH KOHeqHbIX
MopeH H MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIe 03epa.
10

Ha reOJIOrlftleCKOe pa3BHTHe BeJIOPYCCHH B nJIeHcTou.eHe H
«pOpMHpOB8HHe ee COBpeMeHHOrO peJIbe<pa CYIIJ.eCTBeHHOe BJIHHHHe
OKa3aJIH MOP<POCTpYKTYPHbIe OCOOeHHOCTH, CJIO}KHBlllHeCH Ha 3TOH
TeppHTOpHH K HatIaJIY tIeTBepTHIHOrO nepHO,Qa. Co CTpOeHHeM no-
BepXHOCTH KOpeHHbIX nopo,Q TeCHO CBH3aHbI He TOJIbKO MHorHe II€jp-
TbI reOMop<pOJIOrHH BeJIOpYCCHH, HO H xapaKTep CTpoeHHH H CO-
CTaBa 1.JeTBepTHIIHbIX oopa30BaHHH, nx MOIIJ.HOCTb, pacnpe.lLeJIeHHe
no TeppHTopHH H T. ,Q. CTPYKTypHO-TeKTOHHtIeCKHe ocooeHHOCTH
KOHTpOJIHpOBaJIH B nepBYIO OIIepe,Qb OO'beM JIe,QHHKOBOH ce,QHMeH-
Tau.HH H COOTBeTCTBeHHO OOIIJ.B:H oporpa<pHIIeCKHH: OOJIHK <pOPMH-
pOBaBllleHCH ,QHeBHOH nOBepXHOCTH [97J.
Oopa30BaHHe JIe,QHHKOBoro nOKpOBa BeJIOPYCCHH npOHCXO,QH-
JIO B YCJIOBHHX CJIO}KHOrO B3aHMO,QeMCTBHH 3H,Q0- H 3K30reHHbIX
<l>aKTopOB, tITO BbI3BaJIO 3iIatIHTeJIbHOe pa3Hoo6pa3He H PHTMH1.J-
HOCTb CJIaralOIIJ.HX ero oca,QKOB. Ba}KHYIO pOJIb np" 3TOM HrpaJ!
peJIbe<p JIe,QHHKOBoro JIO}Ka, npe,QCTaBJIHIOIIJ.HH: COOOH CJIO}KHYIO
nOJIHreHeTHtIeCKYIO H nOJIHXpOHHYIO nOBepXHOCTb. B Me30nJIeHCTO-
l(eHe ,QHenpOBCKHH: JIe,QHHK BKJIHHHJICH no ,QOJIHHe ,lJ.nenpa ,QaJIeKO
Ha lOr. ,lJ.aJIbHeHlllee ero npO,QBH}KeHHe ObIJIO npHOCTaHOBJIeHO
TeKTOHHtIeCKOH CTPYKTypOH YKpaHHCKoro KpHCTaJIJIHtIeCKOrO IIJ.H-
Ta (YKIIJ.) , HcnbITbIBaBllleH B 3TOT nepHO,Q HeOTeKTOHHtIeCKHe no,Q-
HHTHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe KpaH ,QHenpOBCKoro JIe,QHHKa pa3MCCTHnCH
B,QOJIb 3TOH TeKTOHHtIeCKOH CTPYKTYPbI. B nepHO,Q TaHHHH Ha BbI-
pOBHeHHOU nOBepXHOCTH Me}K,QY KOHeLIHbIMH MopeHaMH H KpaeM
oTcTynaBlllero JIe,QHHKa oopa30BaJIHCb OOIllHpHbIC OOJIaCTH aKKY-
MYJIHUHH nepepaOOTaHHoro HM MaTepHaJIa. TIpHnoAHHTbIH: KpaH
YKIII. 3aTpy,nHHJI OTTOK TaJIbIX JIe,QHHKOBbIX BO,Q K lOry, H OHH ne-
penOJIHHJIH petIHbIe ,QOJIHHbI, cnOCOOCTBYH OOKOBOH 3p03HH, B pe-
3YJIbTaTe 1.Jero C<pOpMHpOBaJIHCb lliHpOKHe TeppaCbI, CJIO}KeHHbIe
aJIJIIOBHeM H BO,QHO-JIe,QHHKOBbIMH 06pa30BaHHHMH 3Toro BpeMe-
HH. nO,QHHTHe YKlll. H nOHH}KeHHaH TP aHcnopTHpYIOIIJ.aH cnocoo-
HOCTb nepenOJIHeHHbIX HacocaMH peK, TeKYIIJ.HX K lOry, cnOCOOCT-
BOBaJIH tIaCTHtIHOH pa3rpY3Ke TaJIbIX BO,Q B CTOPOHY npHnHTCKOH
Bna,!(HHbI, f,Qe 3TH BO,QbI H nepeHOCHMbIH HMH 06JIOM01.JHbIH MaTe-
pHaJI C03,QaBaJiH nO,Qnop peK, HanpaBJIHBlllHXCH K ,lJ.Henpy (IlpH-
nHTH, Bepe3HHbI H ,QPyrHx npHTOKOB AHenpa, KOTopbIe HMelOT
YCTOHIHBbIe HanpaBJIeHHH ,QOJIHH H lllHpOKHe neCtIaHbIe TeppaCbI,
CJIO}KeHHbIe aJIJIIOBHeM ,QHenpOBCKoro BpeMeHH). Ilo,Qnpy}KeHHbIe
peKH pa3JIHBaJIHCb, oopa3YH OOIllHPHYlO aKKYMYJIHTHBHYIO paB-
HHHY [8]. Bo BpeMH ,QHenpoBcKoro MaKCHMaJIbHOrO OJIe,QeHeHHH
PYCCKOH paBHHHbI CnJIOlllHbIM JIe,QHHbIM nOKpoBoM obI.JIa nOKpbI-
Ta BCH TeppHTopHH BeJIOPyccHH. ,I:(BHraHcb no TeppHTopHH C pe3-
KO paCqJIeHeHHbIM peJIbe<poM, BCTpetIaH Ha CBoeM nYTH KPYTbIe
YCTynbI H r.nYOOKHe ,QOJIHHbI, ,IT,HenpOBCKHH JIe,QHHK npOH3BO,QHJI
3Ha'-IHTeJIbHOe pa3pylllHTeJIbHOe B03,QeH:CTBHe Ha CBoe JIO}Ke, nepe-
-yrJIy6JIRJI )J.HHllI.a }1,OJ1HH, H3MeH5IJI HX nOnepetIHbIH npocpHJIb H
KOH<pHrypau.HIO.
}1,e5!TeJIbHOCTH MOCKOBCKoro JIe,QIItIKa 065ISaHbI CBOllM npOHC-
11

XO}KL(eHHeM HaHOOJICe OOIllHpHble B03BbIIlleHHOCTH BeJIOPYCCHH,
p aCnOJIO}l{eHHbIe K lOry OT rp aHHl1.bl I10CJIe,QHero OJIe,QeHeHHH, a
TaK}Ke CJlO>KeHHbIe cpe,QHenJIeH:CTOl(eHOBbIMH 00pa30BaHHHMH l1.0-
KOJIH MHorHX BaJI,QaMCKHX B03BbIIlleHHOCTeH. 0 nepHO,Qe pOCTa
,QHenpOBCKoro H MOCKOBCKoro JIe,QHHKOB H3BeCTHO OtIeHb MaJIO.
BTopaH nOJIOBHHa MaKCHMaJIbHOH CTa,QHH OJIe,QeHeHHH COCTOHJIa
H3 pftL(a OCTaHOBOK KpaH HJIH KpaTKOBpeMeHHblX Ha.ll.BHrOB ,Qerpa-
,QHpOBaBIllero JIe,QHHKOBoro nOKpOBa H HHTepBaJIOB OOJIee ObICT-
poro YOblBaHHH ero.
KpaeBaH 30Ha JIe,QHHKOBoro nOKpOBa npH ero oTcTynaHHH no,Q
BJIHHHHeM rJIaBHeH:IllHX HepOBHOCTeH: ,QO,QHenIPOBCKoro peJIbe<pa
HOCHJIa JIOnaCTHbIH xapaKTep, tITO onpe,QeJIHJIO <peCTOHtIaTbIH 00-
JIHK CHCTeMbI ,QHenpOBCKHX H MOCKOBCKHX KpaeBbIX 00pa30BaHHH,
t.zaCTO HMelOHX BH,Q KOHl1.eHTpHlleCKHX JI.yr. ,lJ.enpeccHH ,QO,QHe-
npOBCKOH nOBepXHOCTH 3aHHMaJIH JIOeBCKaH, BepXHenpHnHTCKaH,
HH>KHe6epe3HHCKaH, l1.eHTpaJIbHO-OeJIOpYCCKaH, opeCTCKaH, no,Q-
JIftIllCKaH, BepXHeHCeJIb,QHHCKaH, 3ana,QHO- H BOCT01.JHO-BepXHeHe-
MaHCKHC; BepXHeoepe3HHCKaH, BepXHeooopCKaH, JIH,QCKaH, BHJIeH-
CKaH KpynHbIe JIOnaCTH H pH,Q OOJlee MeJIKHX. /vle}K.lI.Y JIe,QHHKOBbJ-
MH JIOnaCTHMH H S13bIKaMH ct>OpMHpOBaJIHCb Me>KJIOnaCTHbIe
MopeHHbIe MaCCHBbI, K tIHCJIY KOTOpbIX OTHOCHTCH, HanpHMep, HOBO-
rpY,QCKaH B03BbIIlleHHOCTb, paHOHbI rop .il.3ep>KHHCKaH, MaHK, JIbI-
caH, BOCTOtIHaH t.zaCTb BOJIKOBbICCKOH B03BbIllleHHOCTH, Me,QHHHH-
CKHe BbICOTbI H ,Qp. BapaHOBHtICKo-f-IoBorpY,QCKoe Me>K'bH3bItIbe
npHypOtIeHO K ceBepHOH t.zaCTH IloJIeccKOH ce,nJIOBHHbI. CTPYKTY1P-
HO-TeKTOHHtIeCKYIO OOYCJIOBJIeHHOCTb HMelOT TaK}Ke .lI.pyrHe OCO-
oeHHOCTH KpaeBbIX 30H. CJIe,QYIOI.IJ.He O,QH.a 3a ,QpyroH KOHl1.eHTpH-
IleCKHe ,QyrH KpaeBbIX 00pa30BaHHH !OrO-BOCTOtIHOH H ueHTpaJIb-
HOH: IIaCTH BeJIOPYCCHH ct>HKCHPYIOT OCUHJIJIHl1.HH S13bIKa JIb,na,
KOTOpbIH B pa3HbIX cpa3ax Ha3bIBaeTCH JIOeBCKHM, HH>KHeOepe3HH-
CKHM H l1.eHTpaJIbHO-OeJIOpYCCKHM (OOOPYHCKHM) H KOTOpblH
npeL(CTaBJIHJI COOOH YMeHblllHBlllHHCH OCTaTOK orpOMHOM ,QHenpOB-
CKOM JIOnaCTH JIe,QHHKOBoro nOKpOBa. ,l1.JIHTeJIbHaH coxpaHHOCTb
3Toro H3NKa OOoHCHHeTCH npHypOtIeHHOCTblO ero K 3ana,QHOH
1.JaCTH npHnHTCKOH Bna,nHHbI H ll.eHTpaJIbHO-BeJIopYCCKOH ,nO,QHen-
pOBCKOH ,QenpeCCHH.
B n03.lI.HeMOCKOBCKoe BpeMH npOH3011IJIO 3HeprH'IHoe Bpe3aHHe
peK, BbI3BaHHoe He TOJIbKO r JIHll.HOCTaTHtIeCKHM TeKTOHHt.zeCKHM
nO,QHHTHeM TeppHTopHH, HO H nOTenJIeHHeM KJIHMaTa. CMHrt.zeHHe
KJIIIMaTa npHBeJIO K ObICTpOMy OTCTYIIaHHIO KpaH MOCKOBCKoro
JIe,QHHKa.
OcooeHHOCTH ,QOBaJI,QaHCKOH: nOBepXHOCTH, B tIaCTHOCTH tIepe-
,QOBaHHe MOCKOBCKHX B03BbIllleHHOCTeH H HH3HH, cnOCOOCTBOBaJIH
paCllJIeHCHHIO KpaeBOH 30HbI JIe,QHHKOBoro nOKpOBa Ha pH,Q JIO-
naCTeH:, 3aHHMaBlllHX Cypa}KCKYIO, JIytIeCHHCKYIO, 4alllHHKCKYIO,
HapOllaHCKO-BHJIeH:CKYIO, Cpe,QHeHeMaHCKYIO H ,QpyrHe HH3HHbI.
/VlocKoBcKIfe B03BbIllleHHOCTH (MHHcKaH, OlliMftHCKaH, rpO,QHeH-
CKaft H T. ,Q.), nOCJIY>KHBlllHe HenpeO,QOJfHMOH nperpa,QOH .lI.JIH Ha-
12

cTynaBwero JIe,QHHKa B CBH3H C He6oJIbWoi'I (50-100 M) MOlI.J.-
HOCTbIO II MaJIOH aKTHBHOCTbIO ero KpaeBOH 30HbI, HrpaJIH pOJIb
Me}KJIOnaCTHbIX onopHbIX MaCCHBOB. OOYCJIOBJIeHHaH CTpoeHHeM
,QOBaJI,QaHCKOH nOBepXHOCTH JIOnaCTH3H KOH$HrypaUHH JIe,QHHKO-
Boro nOKpOBa npH ,nOCTH}KeHHH HM MaKCHMaJIbHbIX pa3MepOB H
nOCJIe,QYIOlI.J.eH ,Qerpa,QaUHH onpe,QeJIHlIa $eCTOHtIaTbIH PHCYHOK
CHCTeMbI ero KpaeBbIX 00pa30BaHHH, nOJIOCbI KOTOpbIX HMeIOT B
nJIaHe BH,Q KOHUeHTpHtIeCKHX ,Qyr.
CTpoeHHe TOJIIl{ JIe,QHHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH pa3JIHQHOro B03paCTa
O,QHOTHnHO: B OCHOBaHHH pa3pe3a 3aJIeraIOT $JIIOBHOrJIHUHaJIbHbIe
H 03epHO-JIe,QHHKOBbIe OTJIO}KeHHH 3Tana HacTynaHH5I JIe,nHHKa,
Bblwe no pa3pe3Y CJIe,QyeT MopeHa H 3aBepwaIOT pa3pe3 <pJIIOBHO-
rJIHUHaJIbHbIe H 03epHO-JIe,QHHKOBbIe 00pa30BaHHH 3Tana OTCTY-
naHHH JIe,QHHKa. JIe,QHHKOBbIe TOJIIl{H pa3Horo B03paCTa JIHOO He-
nocpe,QCTBe.HHO HaJIeraIOT ,Qpyr Ha ,Qpyra, JIHOO pa3,lI.eJIeHbI Me}K-
JIe,QHHKOBbIMH OTJIO}KeHHHMH - KOMnJIeKCOM 00pa30BaHHM, TH-
nHQHbIX ,QJIH KOHTHHeHTaJIbHOrO oca,QKOHaKOnJIeHHH B YCJIOBHHX
YMepeHHoro rYMH,QHoro KJIHMaTa (aJI.TIIOBHaJIbHbIX, 03epHbIX, 00-
JIOTHbIX H ,Qp.).
B npouecce OJIe,QeHeHHH Ha TeppHTopHH EeJIOpYCCHH He TOJIbKO
C$OpMHpOBaJIHCb cneUH<pHQeCKHe reHeTHtIeCKHe THnbI OTJIO}Ke-
HHM, npHMO HJIH KOCBeHHO CBH3aHHbIe C 00pa30BaHHeM JIe,QHHKOB
(MopeHHbIe, $JIIOBHOr JIHUHaJIbHbIe, 03epHO-JIe,QHHKOBbIe, JIeCCOBbIe
H ,Qp.), HO H CYll{eCTBeHHO H3MeHHJIHCb CBOHCTBa OOJIee ,QpeBHHX
nopo,Q, OKa3aBwHXCH no,Q CTaTHtIeCKHM H ,QHHaMHtJeCKHM B03,neH-
CTBHeM JIe,QHHKOBoro nOKpoBa [24]. KOHTHHeHTaJIbHOe OJIe,QeHe-
HHe ,QOJI}KHO ObIJIO BbI3BaTb eCTecTBeHHYIO MeJIHOpaUHIO nopo,Q,
3HatIHTeJIbHO YBeJIHtIHB HX nJIOTHOCTb H HecYIl{YIO cnocooHoCTb.
Pe3YJIbTaTbI HCCJIe,QOBaHHM He npOTHBOpetIaT B ueJIOM 3THM npe,Q-
CTaBJIeHHHM, HO HaOJIIO,QaIOTCH CJIYtIaH, Kor,Qa no,n TOJIll{eH JIe,Q-
HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH 3aJIeraIOT HeynJIOTHeilHbIe 03epHbIe, 03epHO-
JIe,QHHKOBbIe H 60JIOTHbIe nopO,QbI, qTO nOKa He HaXO,QHT ,QOCTaTOtI-
HO yoeJ1.HTeJIbHOrO OO'bHCHeHHH. JIe,QHHK pa3pymaJI nO,QCTHJIaIOIl{He
nopO,QbI H nepeHOCHJI OOJIOMOtIHbIM MaTepHaJI Ha 3HatIHTeJIbHbIe
paCCTOHHHH 01' MeCTa ero 00pa30BaHHH.
O,QHOM H3 Ba}KHeHWHX 3a,Qaq HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHX HC-
CJIe,QOBaHHH HBJIHeTCH onpe,QeJIeHHe reHe3Hca oca,QOtIHbIX TOJIIl{.
CYlI.J.eCTBYIOT pa3HbIe B3rJIH,QbI Ha 06pa30BaHHe COCTaBHbIX 3JIe-
MeHTOB JIe,QHHKOBOH <popMaUHH. OTHOCHTeJIbHO CXO,QHbI JIHlllb
npe,QCTaBJIeHHH 0 <pOpMHpOBaHHH <pJIIOBHOfJIHUHaJIbHbIX H 03epHO-
JIe,QHHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHM. 3,QeCb pa3JIl!tIHH KacaIOTCH npeHMY-
lI.{eCTBeHHO He cnocooa B03HHKH0BeHHH Toro HJIH HHoro THna
oca,QKa, a MeCTa ero HaKOnJIeHHH [96].
TaK, 00pa30BaHHe $JIIOBHOrJIHUHaJIbHbIX OTJIO>KeHHH CBH3aHO
C ,QeHTeJIbHOCTbIO JIe,QHHKOBbIX BO,Q. C JIe,QHHKOB CTeKaJIO orpOM-
Hoe KOJIHLJeCTBO nOBepXHOCTHbIX H BHYTpHJIe,QHHKOBbIX BO,Q. CJIH:
BaHCb, OHII <pOpMHpOBaJIH y KpaH JIe,QHHKa HerJIYOOKHe (B COBpe-
MeHHbIX JIe,QHHKax ,QO 0,3 M), HO ,QOCTaTOtIHO ObIcTpbIe nol10lI.J.a,QHbIe
13

nOTOKH, KOTOpble 3a CqeT BblHOCHMOrO H3 JIe,lI.HHK3 M3TepH3.n3 11
tI3CTHtIHOrO p33MblB3 nOpO,lI. JIO}K3 06p330BblB3JIH nJIOCKOBOJ1HHC-
Tble nOBepXHOCTH 33H,lI.pOB B <pOpMe 06111HpHbIX KOHYCOB BbIHOCa.
ITo Mepe Y,lI.3JIeHHH OT JIe,lI.HHK3 33H,lI.pOBble nOTOKH JIOK3JIH30Ba-
JIHCb no ,lI.OJIHH3M H 3p03HH npll06peT3JI3 JIHHeHHblH X3paKTep.
03epHO-J1e,lI.HHKOBble OTJIO}KeHHH cpOpMHpOB3JIHCb B npHJ1e,lI.-
HHKOBblX 03ep3X, 33npY:>KeHHbIX KOHetIHbIMH MopeH3MH H rpH,lI.3MH
JIe,lI.HHKOBOro npOHCXO}K,lI.eHHH H HBJIHIOW.HXCH 3KKYMYJIHTOp3MH
TOHK006JIOMOtIHOrO M3TepH3JI3. .JleHTolIHbIe r JIHHbl - HaH60JIee
X3p3KTepHble OC3,lI.KH JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX 03ep. OHH 06p330B3Hbl B pe-
3YJIbT3Te ce30HHOfO nocTynJIeHHH 06JIOMOtIHOrO M3TepH3JI3. 0611-
JIHe TaJIblX BO,lI. H 60JIblllaH CKOpOCTb nOTOKOB B JIeTHee BpeMH
06YCJIOBJIHBaJiH npHHoc 60JIbllIOrO KOJIHtIeCTB3 rpy6oro MaTepHa-
JIa. B 3HMHee BpeMH OC3}K,lI.aJICH TOHI{HH fJIHHHCTblH M3TepHaJi H
B TetIeHHe ro.n.OBoro UI1KJIa 06pa30BblB3JIaCb O)J.Ha «JIeHTa» ocaJJ.-
KOB.
Cepbe3HbIe P3CXO}KJJ.eHH5t cyw.eCTBYIOT BO B3rJIH,lI.3X Ha npo-
HCXO}K,lI.eHHe MopeHHbIX 11 KOHe1.IHO-MOpeHHbIx OTJIO}KeHHH. AHaJIH3
cOBjpeMeHHblx npeJJ.cTaBJIeHHH 0 reHe3Hce H YCJIOBHHX <pOpMHpO-
BaHHH CBOHCTB MopeH HaH60JIee nOJIHO JJ.aH B pa6oT3x 10. A. JIaB-
PYlIIHHa [76], A.B. MaTBeeBa [96, 98], A. A. Kar3Ha H M. A. Co..
JIO,lI.YXHHa [56]. M3 3apy6e>KHOH JIHTep3Typbl HHTepec npe.ll.CTaB-
JIHeT pa60Ta P. <PJIHHTa [160].
.lJ.o nOCJIeJJ.HeH tIeTBepTH XIX B. rocnOJJ.CTBOBaJI3 ,lI.pHcpToBaH
rHnOTe3a 06pa30B3HHH MopeH, pa3BHBaBlIIaHCH 11 IIOJJ..nep:>KHB3B-
llIaHCH KpynHblMH YtIeHbIMH Toro BpeMeHH IT. n. reJIbMepCeHoM,
II. .lJ.3pBHHoM, A. A.. HHocTpaHueBbIM, Y. JIeHeJIeM, 11. B. MYllIKe-
TOBblM H ,lI.p. BnOCJIe,lI.CTBHH MHorHe H3 3THX HCCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIeH IIe-
pelliJiH B pHJJ.bl CTOpOHHHKOB TeopHH nOKpOBHbIX MaTepHKOBblX
OJIe,lI.eHeHHH, C03,lI.aHHOH TPY,lI.aMH O. TOpeJISI, r. rpeBHHrKa,
.lJ.. reHKH, K. <1>. PYJIbe, r. E. IIJ.YPoBcKoro, <I>. B. III M H,lI.T a,
IT. A. KponoTKHHa.
O,lI.HaKO ,lI.O CHX nop nOHBJISIIOTCH ny6JIHKaUHH, KOTopbIe CTa-
BHT no,lI. COMHeHHe JIe,lI.HHKOBbIH reHe3HC MopeH (II. C. MaKeeB,
M. r. nH.lI.OnJIHqKO, r. Y. JIHHJJ.ep6epr, B. r. 1.J:YBapJJ.HHcKHH H
AP.). OCHOBaTeJIbHOH KpHTHKe aHTHrJISIUHaJIHCTOB no.aBeprJIH
K. K. MapKoB [94], E. B. lllaHuep [164J, C. A. 5IKOBJIeB [174].
Cpe,lJ.H reOJIOrOB, npH,lI.ep}KHBaIOIIJ.HXCSI TeopHH JIe)I.HHKOBOro
teHe3Hca MopeH, TaK}Ke HeT e.n.HHCTBa BO B3fJIH,lI.aX H3 cIIoc06 06-
pa30BaHHSI 3THX ropu30HTOB.
OCTaTOqHO nO,lI.p06HO 060cHoB3Ha TOQKa 3peHHH H3 H3Kon-
J1eHHe OCHOBHblX MopeH no,lI. ,lI.BH>KYW.HMCH JIe,lI.HHKOM, MHHYSI BO,lI.-
HYIO CT3,lI.HIO (E. B. llIaHuep, 10. A. .J13BPYllIHH H ,lI.p.).
K. M. JIYKallieB [84], P. <I>JIHHT [160] II )1(. ITyapeJi [177J
CBH3bIB31OT 06pa30BaHHe MopeH C TaHHHeM JIe,lI.HHKa npH ero OT-
cTynaHHH. KaKOrO-JIH60 onpe,lI.eJIeHHOrO MexaHH3Ma ynJIOTHeHHSI
MopeH OHH He BbI.n.eJISIIOT.
HaH60JIee nOJIHblH H KOMIIJIeKCHbIH: IIO.n.XO.rr. K paccMoTpeHHlo
14

oopa30BaHHH MOpeH npe,lJ.npHHHT B paOOTe lI.}K. EOJITOHa [175],
KOTOpblH Ha OCHOBaHHH <PYH,lJ.aMeHTaJJbHbIX HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH cOBpe-
MeHHbIX JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIX nOKpoBoB Ha lllnHuoepreHe H H3YtIeHHH
.,lJ.peBHeJIeJJ.HHKoBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH npHIIIeJI K BbIBOJJ.Y, tITO MOpeHbl
HMeIOT CJIO}KHbIH reHe3HC. CJIO}KHbIH reHe3HC MOpeH H HX B03HHK-
HOBeHHe B HeO,lJ.HHaKOBbIX OOCTaHOBKaX OTMetIalOT H MHorHe JJ.PY-
rHe CneUHaJIHCTbI. CJIeJJ.CTBHeM rOCnO,lJ.CTBa cyryoo MeXaHH1.JeCKOH
TeopHH oopa30BaHHH MopeH, no J{OTOpOH 3TOT reHeTHtIeCKHH: THn
'C1.JHTaeTCH C<tJOpMHpOBaHHbIM B pe3YJIbTaTe ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTH TOJIbKO
MeXaHH1.JeCKHX B 3Ha1.JHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH CJIyqaHHbIX <paKTOpOB,
5IBHJICH llIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIH B3rJIH,lJ. Ha MopeHHbIe OTJIO}Ke-
HH5I KaK Ha rpyoyIO MeXaHH1.JeCKYIO CMeCb, COCTaB H CBOHCTBa KO-
10pOH He nOJI.1.JHHHIOTCH HHKaKHM 3aKoHoMepHOCT5IM [68, Ill].
A. A. KaraH H M. A. COJIO,lJ.YXHH [56] npe,lJ.nOJIaraIOT CJIe,lJ.YIO-
YIO rHllOTe3Y <pOpMHpoBaHHH CBOHCTB MopeHHbIX OTJIO>KeHHH.
I10CJIe BbITaHBaHHH H3 TeJIa JIe,lJ.HHKa MopeHHbIH MaTepMaJI B pe-
3YJIbTaTe caMoynJIOTHeHHH, KOTOpOMy B BblCllIeH CTeneHM cnocoo-
CTBYIOT ero pa3HOpO,lJ.HbIH rpaHYJIOMeTpH1.JeCKHH COCTaB, rrpH
B03paCTaIOeM ,lJ.aBJIeHHH BbIllIeJIe}l{aHX CJIOeB rrpHoopeTaeT Bbl-
'COKYIO n.1JOTHOCTb, MeHHIOYIOCH no r JIy6HHe. CKOpOCTb caMoynJIOT-
HeHHH MopeHHoro MaTepHaJIa 3aBHCHT 01' CKOpOCTH ero BbITaHBa-
HnrI 113 JIbJJ.a, YCJIOBHH OTJIO}KeHH, MOHOCTH MopeHOCO,lJ.ep}l{aeH
TOJII.IJ.H, peJIbe<tJa nopo,lJ. KopeHHoro JIO}Ka H rpaHYJIOMeTpH1.JeCKOrO
COCTaBa. I10JJ.1.JepKHBaeTCH, tITO BbITaHBaHHe MopeHHoro MaTepHa-
JIa He HMeeT HH1.JerO ooero C oca*,lJ.eHHeM TBepJJ.bIX qaCTHu. B
BOJJ.HbIX oacceHHax. 3,lJ.eCb MJJ.YT ,ABa npOIl.ecca: TaM, rJJ.e KOHueHT-
"paUHH OOJIOMKOB BbICOKaH,- nOC'3'eneHHOe BbITaHBaHHe JIbJJ.a H3
MopeHbI, a TaM, rJJ.e OHa HeBeJIHKa,- oopa30BaHHe 01.JeHb }kH,lJ.KOH
MaCCbl. YtIaCTKH, r,lJ.e 3TH npou.eCCbI npOTeKaIOT O,AHOBpeMeHHO,
MorYT CMeHHTb ,lJ.pyr ,lJ.pyra no npOCTHpaHHIO II no BepTMKaJIH.
B OOOHX CJIyqaHX BO,lJ.a cnocoocTByeT HaHOOJIee Y,AOOHOH YKJIa,lJ.Ke
qaCTHU, oopa3YIOIII.HX nJIOTHYIO nopoJJ.Y. I.JacTo ee ,lJ.OJIro nOCJIe
"OTJIO}KeHIUI MopeHa CO,lJ.ep}KHT BKJIIOqeHHe JIb,lJ.a, KOTOpbIH, BbITaH-
BaR, YBJIa}KHHeT nopo,lJ.y H cnocoocTByeT oopa30BaHHIO TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMbIX CJIaObIX MopeH. YCJIOBHH q,OpMHpOBaHHH OTpa}KaIOTCH Ha
"TeKCTYPHbIX ocooeHHOCTHX MOpeHbI. AOJIHUHOHHbIe MopeHbI EeJIo-
PYCCHH HMeIOT npeHMYIII.eCTBeHHO KOMKOBaTYIO TeKCTYPY. B OCHOB-
HOM MopeHe MeCTaMH OTMeqaeTCH CJIaHu.eBaTaH TeKcTypa, n03BO-
JIHIOaR paCIII.enJIHTb cyrJIHHKH Ha ,lJ.OBOJIbHO TOHKHe CJIOM [56].
ITpHBeJJ.eHHaH rHllOTe3a nOMoraeT OOoHCHHTb 3aKOHOMepHOC-
TH, xapaKTepHbIe ,lJ.JIH MopeHHblx OT,nO}KeHHH: YBeJIHqeHHe nJIOT-
HOCTH, npOtIHOCTH H ,lJ.e<tJopMHpyeMocTH C rJIyoHHoH.
B HaCTOHIII.6e BpeMH B JIHTepaType oocY}K,AaeTCR pOJIb JJ.BYX
B03MO}KHbIX <tJaKTopoB npOHCXO}K,AeHHH nOBbIllIeHHOH: nJIOTHOCTH
"MOpeH - ,lJ.HHaMHtIeCKOrO B03,AeHCTBHH JIeJJ.HMKOBoro nOKpoBa H
ocooeHHocTeH rpaHYJIOMeTpHtIeCKOrO COCTaBa [70, 165]. I-I. ¥I.
KpHrep, aHa.nH3HpYH npH1.JHHbI fIJIOTHOCTH OCHOBHbIX MopeH, npH-
llieJI K BbIBO,lJ.y 0 TOM, qTO rJI3BHbIM <tJaKTopOM 51BJI5IeTCH pa3HO-
1.5

pO)I.HOCTb rpaHYJIOMe7pH1.JeCKOrO COCTaBa. KaK Ii HeKOTOpbIe )I.PY-
rHe HCCJIe)I.OB, aTeJIH OH C1.JHTaeT rpaHYJIOMeTpH1.JeCKHH COCTaB
OCHOBHbIX MopeH 6JUi3KHM K COCTaBY TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX OnTHMaJIb-
HbIX CMeceH, KOTopbIe BCer)I.a npH06peTalOT BbICOKYIO nJIOTHOCTb.
B TO JKe BpeMH 06HapY}KeHbI CYl.I..{eCTBeHHbIe pa3JIHtIHH Me>KJI.Y
nJIOTHOCTblO MopeHHbIX OTJIO}KeHIlI1: H TeOpeTH1.JeCKOH nJIOTHOCTblO
OnTHMaJIbHOH CMeCH C aHaJIOrHIIHbIM rpaHYJIOMeTpHIIeCKHM COCTa-
BOM [23].
06pa30BaHHe KOHeIIHbIX MopeH, no Ha6JIIO)I.eHHHM C. A. EB-
TeeBa f 49], B AHTapKTH)I.e CBH3aHO C OTtIJIeHeHHeM MopeHOcOJI.ep-
JKal.I..{ero JIb)I.a H B pe)I.KHX CJIYlIaHx C OCbInaHHeM MopeHHoro MaTe-
pHaJIa Y KpaH JIe)I.HHKa. E. B. lllaHl1.ep [165] paccMaTpHBaeT
KpaeBbIe (KoHe1.JHbIe) MOpeHb{ JI.BYX BH)I.OB - HaCbInHbIe H Hanop-
HbIe, OTMe1.JaH npH 3TOM, lITO HeT 1.JHCTbIX cpOpM.
4>aKTH1.JeCKHe )I.aHHbIe no TeppHTopHH EeJIOPyccHH [97] H
CMe}KHbIX perHoHoB n03BOJIHIOT rOBopHTb 0 3HatIHTeJIbHOH: )I.HCJIO-
l1.HpOBaHHocTH OTJIO}KeHHH KpaeBbIx <pOpM peJIbecpa. )J.OBOJIbHO
tIaCTO nO)I.06HbIe HapymeHhH CBH3bIBalOT C aKTHBHOCTblO KpaH
JIe)I.HHKOBOro nOKpoBa. O)I.HaKO xapaKTep JI.HCJIOl1.HpOBaHHbIx ro-
pH30HTOB H YCJIOBHH HX 3aJIeraHHH B pH)I.e CJIY1.JaeB He n03BOJIHIOT
06nHCHHTb OC06eHHOCTH CTpOeHHH BWTaHBaHHeM rJIM6 nOrpe6eH-
HOrO JIb)J.a. A. B. MaTBeeB [96] CtIHTaeT KpaeBbIe rpHJI.bI EeJIo-
PYCCHH B 60JIbliiOH CTeneHH pe3YJIbTaTOM )I.eHTeJIbHOCTH npeJI.JIe)I.-
HHKOBbIX nOTOKOB. Pa3JIHtIHH cpal1.HaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH OTJIO}KeHHH
OCHOBHbIX H KOHetIHbIX MopeH OTpa}KaIOTCH Ha HX cpH3HKO-Mexa-
HH1.JeCKHX CBOHCTBax.
MHorHe HCCJIe)I.OBaTeJIH nOJI.tIepKHBalOT )I.BYtIJIeHHOe cTpoeHHe
JI.OHHOH MopeHbI: BeJPXHHii CJIOH - a6JIHl1.HOHHaH, HH}KHHH -
OCHOBHaH MopeHa [56, 90, 128, 130, 160]. 110 JI.aHHbIM E. B. Py-
XHHOH, M. M. MaKCHMOBa, A. A. KaraHa, M. A. COJIO)I.YXHHa,
E. A. JIaBPYlllHHa, K. H. JIYKameBa, A. B. MaTBeeBa, C. ,Q. ACTa-
nOBOH, 3. A. JIeBKoBa H )I.p., a6JIHUHOHHaH MopeHa OTJIHtIaeTCH
OT OCHOBHOH rpaHYJIOMeTpHtIeCKHM MHHepaJIOrHlIeCKHM, XHMH1.JeC-
KHM COCTaBOM H CPH3HKO-MexaHHtteCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH. no B. r.
J1060)I.eHKO, cpOpMHpoBaHHe CBOHCTB rpYHTOB BepXHero CJIOH MO-
peHbI CBH3aHO rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M C npOl1.eCCaMH fHnepreHe3a (BbI-
BeTpHBaHHH, MHrpal1.HH H HaKOnJIeHHH ero npOJI.YKTOB) f55, 69,
80, 82] .
PaccMaTpHBaH rHnOTe3bI 0 npOHCXO}KJI.eHHH H YCJIOBHHX cpop-
MHpoBaHHH CBOHCTB MopeHHbIx TOJII.I..{, 3aMeTHM, lITO HH O)I.Ha H3
HHX He n03BOJIHeT B nOJIHoii Mepe 06"bHCHHTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTH
npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHlIHBOCTH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHX
CBOHCTB MopeH KaK no nJIOl.I..{a)I.H, T.a.K H rIO rJIy6HHe. YTOtIHHTb CY-
l.I..{eCTBYIOI.IJ.He npe)I.CTaBJIeHHH O. 'npo_eccax Tpan:cnopTHpOBKH H
CeJI.HMeHTal1.HH MopeHHoro MaTpHaJIa MO}KHO Ha OCHOBe H3YtIe-
HHH 3aKOHOMepHOCTeii npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHtIHBOCTH HX cpH-
3HKO-MeXaHHtIeCKHX CBOHCTB .(nO)I.p06Hee 06 3TOM CM. B rJIaBe 2).
HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIecK.He,.cBoHcTBa ropHbIx nopoJI. OTJIO}Ke-
16

HHH JIe,lI.HHKOBOrO KOMnJIeKC3 cpOpMHpOB3J1HCb B TetIeHHe BCeH
HCTOpHH HX reOJIOrHtIeCKOro p33BHTHH. OC06eHHOCTH Cpe,lI.bI nep-
BHQHOrO OC3,lI.KOH3KOnJIeHHH nOpO,lI., YCJIOBHH HX npe06p330B3HHH
B npOl1.eCCaX ,L(H3reHe33 H3CJIe,lI.YIOTC}I H OTpa}K3IOTCH B COCT3Be,
CBOHCTB3X nOpO,lI. II 33KOHOMepHOCTHX H3MeHeHHH B npOCTp3HCTBe,
X3paKTepHbIX ,lI.JIH K3}K,lI.OrO reHeTHt.IeCKOrO THna JIe,ll,HHKOBbIX OT-
JIO}KeHHit 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHX CBOHCTB
nOpO,lI. npOl1.eCCaMH JIHTOreHe33 n03BOJIHeT HCnOnb30BaTb HX no-
K333TeJIH K3K ,lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe KpHTepHH He TOJIbKO npH pellIe-
HHH pH,lI.a reOJIOrHqeCKHX 33,lI.3q, HO H npH HCCJIe,lI.Oa3HHH B3aHMO-
CBH3H H npOCTp3HCTBeHHOH H3MeHqHBOCTH CPH3HKO-MeXaHHqeCKHX
caOHCTB OT JIO}KeHHH JIe,L(HHKOaOro KOMnJIeKC3 C l1.eJIblO YCT3HOBJ1e-
HHH perHOH3JIbHOH CHCTeMbI HX o606IQeHHbIX nOKa33TeJIeii.
1.2. I1aHAwacpTHo-reOXJ;fMJ;f4eCKaSi 30HanbHOCTb
J;f ee HH>KeHepHO-reonorH4eCKoe 3Ha4eHHe
ilpOl1.eCCbI cpOpMHpoBaHHH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHX YCJIOBHii
TeppHTopHH pecny6JIHKH npoTeK31OT H B H3CTOHIQee BpeMH. BY,lI.yqH
npOHBJIeHHeM p33JIHqHX cpOpM B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH JIHToccpep C
OKPY>K3IOIQeH Cpe,lI.OH, OHH no.aqHHHIOTCH HeKoTopbIM npocTpaHcT-
BeHHbIM 33KoHoMepHocTHM, HaXO,lI.HIQHM OTpa}KeHHe B JIaH,L(llIacpT-
HOH (JIaH,L(llI3cpTHo-reOXHMHtIeCKoii) 30HaJIbHOCTH [63]. T3K, cpe-
,lI.H nOKpoBHbIX OTJIO}KeHHH Ha TeppHTopHH BeJIOPyccHH, no
B. K. JIYK3llIeBY, BbI,L(eJIHIOTCH TPH nHToreOXHMHqeCKHe npOBHH-
l1.HH: ceBepHaH, l1.eHTp3JIbHaH H 1O}H3H, KOTopLIe OTpa}KalOT reo-
JIOrHqeCKOe cTpoeHHe TeppHTopHH, oc06eHHocTH B@BeTpHB3HHH
H cOBpeMeHHbIx reOJIOrHqeCKHX npOl1.eCcoB. CeBepH3H npOBHHl1.HH
COBna,lI.3eT C 30HOH BaJI,lI.3HCKOro OJIe.rr.eHeHHH Ha TeppHTopHH pec-
ny6JIHKH (BeJIOpyccKoe ilo03epbe H npHJIer310IQHe P3HOHbI), OT-
JIHq3eTCH nOBbIllIeHHbIMH KOHl1.eHTpal1.HHMH rJIHH03eM3, OKHCJIOB
}KeJ1e3a H MarHHH; CO.rr.ep}K3HHe KpeMHe3eM3 nOHII}KeHO. UeHT-
p3nbH3H npOBHHl1.HH npHypOqeHa K BeJIOpyccKOH rpH.rr.e H npHJIe-
r310IQHM K Heii B03BbIllIeHHOCTHM. Co.rr.ep}KaHHe 3JIeMeHTOB 6nH3Ko
K Cpe,lI.HeKJI3pKoBOMY cocTaBY nOKpoBHX nopo,lI. pecny6JIHKH B
l..{eJIOM. IO}KHaSI npOBHHl1.HH, 33HHM31OIQaH 06llIHPHYlO I10JIeCcKYIO
HH3MeHHOCTb H OTHOCHIQHeCH K HeH 33H,lI.pOBbIe p3BHHHbI, X3p3K-
TepH3yeTcH npeHMYIQeCTBeHHbIM p33BHTHeM neCq3HbIX 3KKYMYJIH-
I..{HH BO,lI.HOrO reHe3HC3, 60JIOTHbIMH JI3H,lI.llI3cpT3MH H nOHH}KeHHbIM
CO,lI.ep}KaHHeM MHorHX 3JIeMeHTOB npH M3KCHMaJIbHbIX KOHl1.eHTpa-
l1.HHX KpeMHe3eM3. JIHToreOXHMHqeCKHM npOBHHl1.HHM COOTBeTCT-
BYIOT TPH ne,L(OreOXHMHQeCKHe npOBHHl1.HH, KOTopbIe pa3JIHqHbI no
THn3M H BH,lI.aM nOqBeHHOro H B H3BecTHoH Mepe p3CTHTeJIbHOrO
nOKpOB3 [86].
I10 npHpO,L(HbIM YCJIOBHHM BeJIOpyccHH OTHOCHTCH K Tae}KHO-
JIeCHOH JI3H.rr.1lI acpTHoH 30He. B 30He rHnepreHe33 3,lI.eCb 3HeprHQHO
npOHCXO,lI.HT reOXHMHQeCKHe H 6HOXHMHQeCKHe npol1.ecc, QeMY
6JI3rOnpHHTcTBYlOT KJIHM3THQeCKHe YCJIOBHH.
17

B UeJIOM OCOOeHHOCTH rrOllBeHHbIX rrpOu.eCCOB H rHrrepreHHOH
MHrpaIJ.HH XHMHtIeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB B JIaH.lI.Wa<pTHbIX YCJIOBHHX Ee-
JIOPYCCHH MO>KHO OXapaKTepH30BaTb CJIe.ll.YIOII.{HM oopa30M [86].
rH.lI.pOTepMHtIeCKHH pe>KHM rroBepxHocTH oJIarOrrpl1HTcTByeT aK-
THBHOH MHrpau.HH OOJIbWHHCTBa rropoJ(ooopa3YIOII.{HX 3JIeMeHTOB
B 30He rHrrepreHe3a. EoraTaSi JIeCHaH H TpaBHHHCTaH paCTHTeJIb-
HOCTb OOeCrretIHBaeT oopa30BaHHe 3HallHTeJIbHOrO KOJ1HtIeCTBa op-
raHIftIeCKOrO BelI.{eCTBa, KOTopoe HaKarrJIHBaeTCH B BHJ(e TOp<pa,
rYMyca H J(PyrHx opraHHlleCKHX COe.ll.HHeHHH. B xOJ(e pa3pyweHHH
H MHHepaJIH3aIJ.HH opraHHlleCKoro BelI.{eCTBa rrOBepXHOCTHbIe H
rrOtIBeHHbIe BOJ(bI OOOralI.{aIOTCH CO 2 , OpraHHtIeCKHMH KHCJIOTaMH
H MHHepaJIbHbIMH COJIHMH, CTaHOBHTCH KHCJIbIMH H rrpH06peTaIOT
BbICOKYIO XHMHtIeCKYIO aKTHBHOCTb. OOpa3YIOIltaHCH KHCJIOTHaH
Cpe.ll.a crrOcoocTByeT rJIYOOKOMY pa3JIO>KeHHIO MHHepaJIbHOH MaC-
CbI. AJIIOMOCHJIHKaTbI paCrra.ll.aIOTCH Ha KpeMHe3eM, OKHCb aJIIOMH-
HHH H OCOOeHHO >KeJIe3a, KOTOpbIe BbIJ(eJIHIOTCH B CB060.ll.HOM CO-
CTOHHHH B BH.lI.e rH.lI.paTOB H MHrpRpYIOT B TOJIlI.{e rrOIlB H KOpbI
BbIBeTpHBaHHH. I..IJ.eJIOIIHbIe H rneJIOtIH03eMeJIbHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI B
3HatIHTeJIbHOH Mepe BbIHOCHTC51 H3 rrOqBbI H yqaCTBYIOT B cpOpMH-
pOBaHHH XHMHtIeCKOrO COCTaBa rrpHpO,lJ.HbIX BOJ(.
BbIBeTpHBaHHe H rrotIBo06pa30BaHHe COrrpOBO>K,Z:(aIOTCH HOBO-
06pa30BaHHHMH KpeMHe3eMa, rJIHHHCTbIX MHHepaJIOB (rH)J.pOCJIIO-
.lI.bI, KaOJIHHHT, XJIOpHT), KapOOHaTOB (KaJIbIJ.HT, CH,lI.epHT, pe>Ke
POJ(OXP03HT), OKHCJIOB H rH,lI.pOOKHCJIOB >KeJIe3a H MapraHIJ.a (re-
THT, rUJI.pOreTHT, rrHpOJII03HT), a TaK>Ke 06pa30BaHHeM «poc<paTOB
OKHCHoro H 3aKHCHoro >KeJIe3a (BHBHaHHT).
JIaH,lI.Wa<pTHo-reOXHMHtIeCKaH 30HaJIbHOCT& orrpe,lI.eJIHeT He
TOJIbKO JIHTOreOXHMHqeCKHe ocooeHHOCTH COCTaBa JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX
OTJIO}KeHHH, HO H rHrrepreHHbIe rrpeoopa30BaHHH B MopeHax, BOJ(-
HO-JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX H 03epHO-JIe.ll.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHHX, liTO HMeeT
Ba>KHOe 3HalleHHe J(JIH «pOpMHpOBaHHH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1JeCKHX
CBOHCTB ropHbIX rropo,lJ..
B JIHTOreOXHMHtIeCKOM OTHoweHHH JIeJ(HHKOBbIe OTJIO>KeHHH
xapaKTepH3YIOTCH reTeporeHHOCTblO KOMrrOHeHTOB, COCT051II.{HX H3
Tpex OCHOBHbIX KOMrrJIeKCOB [86]: 1) rrpHHeceHHbIx 113 06JIaCTeH
CHoca H3 II.eHTpOB ,lI.BH>KeHH51 JIeJ(HHKOBbIX rrOKpOBOB (YCTOHtIHBbIe
K rHrrepreHHOMY B03J(eHCTBHIO rrOpOJI.bI: rpaHHTbI, aM«pHOOJIbI,
rHeHCbI H MHHepaJIbHbIe rrpO.ll.YKTbI HX pa3PyweHHH); 2) MHHe-
paJIbHbIX KOMrrOHeHTOB MeCTHbIX rrOJ(CTI1JIaIOIUHX aJ(OIlHbIX nopo)J.
PYCCKOH IIJIaT<popMbI (rreCtIaHHKH, rJIHHbI, H3BeCTHHKH, J(OJIO-
MHTbI H rrpOJ(YKTbI HX pa3PyweHHH); 3) HOBo06pa30BaHHH MHHe-
paJIOB, B03HHKaIOII.{HX B pe3YJIbTaTe rrepepacrrpeJ(eJIeHHH Beru.eCT-
Ba KaK B npou.ecce TpaHcrropTHpOBKH H OTJIO}KeHHH, TaK H B rrOCT-
CeJI.HMeHTau.HOHHoe BpeM51. IlocJIe.ll.Hee CBHJI.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM,
1JTO HapHJI.Y C J(HHaMHqeCKHMH rrpoueccaMH 3aXBaTa H rrepeMeme-
HH51 MaTepHaJIa JIeJ(HHKaMH rrpH JI.e<popMHpOBaHHH MopeH Ba>KHYIO
pOJIb HrpaJIH rrpOu.eCCbI reOXHMHqeCKOM: ,lI.Hcp<pepeHII.HaUHH H rrpe06-
pa30BaHJHT Bern:eCTBa. rHnepreHHbIe rrpOlJ.eCCbI crrOCOOCTBOBaJIH
18

p3PYllIeHMIO, nepeOTJIO}KeHHIO H HOBOO6pa30BaHHIO Kap60HaTHO-
ro MaTepHaJIa, OCa}K,QeHHIO rH,npOOKHCJIOB }KeJIe3a, BbIBeTpMBa-
HHIO nOJIeBbIX llInaTOB, CJIIO,Q, <pOC<paTOB, OKHCJIeHHIO nHpHTa H
HJIbMeHHTa, OTHOCHTeJIbHoMy yMeHbllIeHHIO cO,Qep}KaHlUI ,QpyrHx
MHHepaJIOB TH}KeJIbIX <ppaKII.HH [86].
Ka}K,QaH H3 BbI,QeJIHeMbIX 30H OTJIfPlaeTCH OT coce,QHHX He
TOJIbKO no reOXHMHlJeCKHM nOKa3aTeJIHM, HO H no BceMY KOMn-
JIeKCY npHpO,QHbIX YCJIOBHH: KJIMMaTHqeCKOH OOCTaHOBKe, paCTH-
TeJIbHOMY H nOqBeHHOMY nOKpOBY, nOBepXHOCTHbIM H nO,Q3eMHbIM
BO,lI.aM, COCTaBY H CBOHCTBaM JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH H MHorHM
,lI.PyrHM xapaKTepHCTHKaM, onpe,QeJIHIOIll.HM rHnepreHHbIe npe06-
pa30BaHHH B npHnOBepXHOCTHbIX ropH30HTax JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX tOJIw..
TaKHM 06pa30M, JIaH,QllIa<pTHo-reOXHMHqeCKaH 30HaJIbHOCTb OT-
pa}KaeT CMeHY B npOCTpaHCTBe KJIHMaTHqeCKHX, JIaH,QllIacpTlJbIX,
reOXHMHqeCKHX H B 3Ha qHTeJIbHOH CTeneHM HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrll-
qeCKHX YCJIOBHH [63]. reOJIOrHqeCKOe cTpoeHHe TeppHTopHH B
npe,QeJIax OT,QeJIbHNX 30H He OTJIHQaeTCH nOCTOHHCTBOM, qTO He
MO}KeT He CKa3aTbCH Ha JIaH,QIlIacpTHOH 060JIOqKe, KOTopaH TaK}Ke
He HBJIHeTCH O,QHOpO,QHOH, a npe,QCTaBJIHeT C060H CJIO}KHYIO MO-
3aHKY npHpO,QHO-TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIX KOMnJIeKCOB. JIaH,QIlIacpTHO-
reOXHMMqeCKHe oc06eHHocTH OKa3bIBalOT cyw.ecTBeHHoe B03,lI.eH-
CTBHe Ha H3MeHeHHH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrlfqeCKH CBOHCTB ropHbIx
nopo,lI., 3aKJIIOQalOw.HecH B nepeCTpOHKe HX CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTYPHbIX
oc06eHHOCTeH [69] - O,lI.HOrO H3 rJIaBHbIX <paKTopOB, BJIHHIOW.HX
Ha npOqHOCTHbIe H ,lI.e<popMal1.HOHHbh xapaKTepHcTHKH rpYHToB,
a TaK>Ke Ha HX B3aHMOCBH3b C <pH3HqeCKHMH CBOHCTnaMH H napa-
MeTpaMH 30H,QHpoBaHHH, 0 qeM 60JIee nO,lI.p06HO 6Y,QeT CKa3aHO
,naJIee.
1.3. CocTas, CTpoeHlo1e 101 cpIo13....Ko-MexaHIo1...ecK....e
CBoHcTBa OCHOBHblX reHeT....4ecK....x T....nOB
neAH....KOBbIX OTnO>KeH....H
ITo KJIaCcHcpHKal1.HH A. B. MaTBeeBa [96], K OCHOBHbIM reHe-
THqeCKHM THnaM OTJIOLKeHHH JIe,QHHKoBOH <popMal1.HH EeJIOPyccHH
OTHOCHTCH MopeHHbIe, nOTOKOBO-JIe,QHHKOBbIe (<pJIIOBHOr JIHl1.HaJIb-
HbIe) H 03ep HO-JIe,lI.HH KOBble. Ha ,QOJIIO MopeHbI npHXO,lI.HTCH 52 %,
Ha <pJIIOBHOrJIHII.HaJIbHbIe H o3epHo-.-'Ie,QHHKoBble OTJIO}KeHHH -
36 % OT o6w.ero 06'beMa aHTponoreHoBoro nOKpoBa.
J13yqeHHe aHTponoreHoBoH TOJIlI(H nOKa33JIO, qTO 3aqaCTYIO
Cnel1.HcpHKa pa3pe30B onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH He CTOJIbKO HaJIHqHeM H C01.Ie-
TaHHeM onpe.n.eJIeHHbIX reHeTHIIeCKHX THnOB OTJIO>KeHHH, CKOJIbKO
npHCYTCTBHeM CJIOeB pa3Horo JII-!TOJIOrHqeCKOrO COCTaBa [96].
B CJIO}KeHHH 3HTponoreHoBoro qeXJIa rJIaBHOe yqaCTHe npHHHMa-
lOT MopeHHbIe rJIHHHCTbIe rpYHTbI (52%), neCKH (38,5 0 / 0 ), JIeHTOq-
HbIe rJIHHbI (4 %), neC1.IaHO-rpaBHHHbIH MaTepHaJI (4 °/0). Cpe,lI.HHe
nOKa3aTeJIH MHHepaJIOrO-neTpOrpaHqeCKOrO H rpaHYJloMeTpHqe-
CKoro COCTaBa K3K aHTponoreHoBoM TOJIW.H B l1.eJIOM, TaK H I-Ia-
2*
19

3BaHHbIX JIHTOJIOrlPleCKHX pa3HOCTeii nOKa3aHbI Ha pnc. 1.1, 1,2.
HaH60JIee 6JIH3KHH cpeJJ.HHH COCTaB aHTponoreHOBOH TOJII.IJ.H OT-
pa}KaIOT MopeHHbIe ropH30HTbI, KOTopbIe 6bI.iIH MaTepHHCKOH
OCHOBOH JJ.JIH <pOpMHpOBaHHH JJ.pyrHx reHeTHtIeCKHX THnOB [96].
IlIHpoKO pa3BHTbI H oco6eHHO Ba}KHbI B HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH-
tIeCKOM OTHOIIIeHHH OTJIO}KeHHH JJ.HenpOBCKoro, CO}KCKOrO H no-
03epCKoro ropH30HTOB, pa3JJ.eJIeHHbIX Me}KMOpeHHbIMH neCtIaHO-
rJIHHHCTbIMH 06pa30BaHHHMH H3MeHQHBOrO COCTaBa H MOHOCTH.
CxeMa rpaHHU pacnpOCTpaHeHHH 3THX ropH30HTOB H HX reHeTH-
qeCKHX THnOB npHBeJJ.eHa Ha pHC. 1.3. YCJIOBHH 3aJIeraHHH pa3JIHQ-
0/ 0  ,-- - .' .......................
", .... ... o -
, /' rl' ...... ,..-"'-
80 / r
/ /
/
41
r
r
r
40 r
,f 0/
.r ./
__0
cPO
00
o
00
00
o
0°
0°
00 2
o
0 0
0 0
0°
od'
000
0.01
0.05 0.1 0,5
5 IOMM
PHC. 1.1. Y Cpe.lI.HeHHbIi'1 rpaHYJlOMeTpHlIeCKHH COCT3B J1e.lI.HIiKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHIiH:
1 - 03epHO-JIe.lI.HIiKOBaH rJlHHa; 2 - nectJ3Ho-rpaBHHHO-r3JIellHlxH MaTepHaJI;
3 - MopeHa; 4 - JIeCCOBH.lI.HbIe 06pa30BaHHH; 5 - IIeCOK; 6 - cpe.lI.HCe IIO aHTpo-
noreHOBOMY nOKpony (IIO A. B. MaTBeeBY)
%
80
L o
00
o
06J10M KH
KpHCTaJlJlH4eCKHx
nopoJI.
E3, rooI 2r7]Jrti'14 D sr.::::16
1:3 L£2.J  I.!..L.I U
60
o
I
I
I
I ·
I .
I .
I .
I .
KBapu

.0
nOl}eBble
wnaTbl
r J1HHHCTble
MHHepaJ1bl
40
20
PHC. 1.2. Pacnpe)J.eJIeHlie OCHOBHblX MIiHepaJIOrO-nCTporpa4>HtJecKHx KOMnOHeH-
TOB B pa3J1HlIHblX THIIax OTJlO>KeHHH aHTpoIIoreHoBoH TOJIIIJ.H BeJIOPyccIiH: 1-
03epHO-JIe.u.HIiKoBaH rJIHHa; 2 - IIeclIaHo-rpaBHHHO-raJIetJHbIH MaTepH3J1; 3-
MopeHa; 4 - JIeCCOBH.lI.Hble 06pa30BaHHH; 5 - cpe.rr.Hee IIO aHTponoreHoBoMY
tJexJIY; 6 - neCOK (no A. B. MaTBeeBY) .
20

HbIX reHeTHLJeCKHX THrrOB JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIX OTJIO)KeHHH H B3aHMOOTHO-
meHHH Me)K,lJ.Y HHMH rrOKa3aHbI H3 reOJIOnIIleCKOM pa3pe3e
(pHC. 1.4), rrepeceKalOmeM TeppHTopHIO pecrry6JIHKiI B MepH,lJ.HO-
HaJIbHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH.
p'HenpoBcKuU ZOpU30HT. .lI.HenpoBcKHH JIe,lJ.HHK nOKpbIB3JI BCIO
EeJIOpyccHIO II npO,lJ.BHr3JICH no ,lJ.OJIHHe JlHenpa ,lJ.aJIeKO Ha lOr 33
ee npe,lJ.eJIbI [96]. OCTaBJIeHHbIe HM OTJIO}KeHHH npe,lJ.CTaBJIeHbl
c06CTBeHHO JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIMH, BO,lJ.HO-JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIMH H nepHrJIHUHaJIb-
HbIMH ropH30HTaMH. 3aJIeralOT OHH Ha 60JIee .n;peBHHx nopo,lJ.ax
aHTporroreHa, a Ha ceBepe B rJIy60KHx norpe6eHHbIx JIO}K6HHaX-
qaCTO Ha KopeHHbIx nopo,lJ.ax.
B rrpe,lJ.eJIax MopeHHoH paBHHHbI ,lJ.HenpOBcKaH MopeHa 3aJIera-
eT 06bJlJHO H3 MeJIOBbIX nopo,lJ.ax, a B paHoHe OpllIaHcKo-MorH-
JIeBCKOro nJIaTO - Ha nopo,lJ.ax ,lJ.eBOHa Ha rJIy6HHax OT 1-10 ,lJ.0
30-80 M. Ha MopeHHoH B03BbIllIeHHOCTH ,lJ.HerrpOBcKaH MopeH3
JIe}KHT Ha H3BecTHHKoBo-MepreJIHCTOi1 TOJIme BepxHero ,lJ.eBOHa,
MeJIOBbIX H neCqaHbIX rropo,lJ.ax BepXHero MeJIa, MeCTaMH Ha
KBapu.eBO-rJIaYKOHHTOBbIX rreCKax naJIeOreHa. CeBepO-3ana,lJ.Hee
MOJIO,lJ.e4HO B OCHOBaHHH MopeHbI 3a.lIeralOT neC£IaHHKH H cepbIe
rJIHHbI HH)KHerO KeM6pHH [56]. I-Ia 3HaqHTeJIbHOH: qaCTH TeppHTo-
pHH pecrry6JIHKH, r JIaBHbIM 06pa30M Ha lOre H B ueHTpe, ,lJ.HenpOB-
CKaH TOJII.l.{a BbIXO,lJ.HT Ha nOBepxHocTb, a B MeCTax, rrepeKpbITbIX
OOJIee n03,lJ.HHMH 06pa30BaHHHMH, BCKpbIBaeTCH rro 6eperaM peK
H oBparoB. MomHOCTb MopeHbI H3MeHHeTCH B llIHpOKHX npe,lJ.e-
JIax - OT 1 ,lJ.0 50 M, B OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX CJIyqaHX ,lJ.0 100 M H 60JIee.
B nOJIeCCKOH HH3MeHHOCTH BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe ,lJ.JIHTeJIbHOrO pa3MblB3 B
,lJ.HenpoBcKo-no03epcKoe BpeMH Ha 3Ha4HTeJIbHOH qaCTH TeppHTo-
pHH, oc06eHHo B ,lJ.OJIHHe npHrrHTH, ,lJ.HenpOBcKaH MopeHa paMbITa
H cOXpaHHJIaCb B BH,lJ.e OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX pa3p03HeHHbIx rrHTeH B npe,lJ.e-
JIax ,lJ.peBHHX BO,lJ.Opa3,lJ.eJIbHbIX rrJIaTO Ha a6COJIIOTHbIX OTMeTKax
120-130 M. 3,lJ.eCb ee MOmHOCTb 06bFIHO He rrpeBbIwaeT 10-15 M.
COJ/CCKUU 20pU30HT 3aHHMaeT 06llIHPHYlO qaCTb TeppHTopHH
BCCP (99] H 3aJIeraeT qame Bcero Ha OTJIO}KeHHHX llIKJIOBCKOro
Me}KJIe,lJ.HHKOBbH. C06cTBeHHo JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIe (MopeHbr) 06pa30BaHHH
ropH30HTa HepaBHoMepHo pacnpOCTpaf!eHbI Ha TeppuTopHH Be-
JIOPYCCHH. B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH CTerreHM OHM pa3BHT@ B npe,lJ.eJIax
nOJIOUKOH HH3MeHHOCTH Ha fpO,lJ.HeHCKOH H BHTe6cKOH B03BbI-
llIeHHOCTHX, no ,lJ.OJIHHaM peK .lI.Herrpa, J1YQeCbI, I-IeMaHa, Bepe3H-
HbI H CO}Ka [96]. B npHrrHTcKoH HH3MeHHOCTH OHH BCTpeqalOTCH
OT,lJ.eJIbHbIMU rrHTHaMH. MomHocTb MopeHHbIx 06pa30BaHHH OOJIb-
"meH qaCTblO COCTaBJIHeT 10-25 M (B Cpe,lJ.HeM 15 M). Ha HH3MeH-
-HbIX Y4aCTKax OHa He npeBbIllIaeT 10 M, TOr,lJ.a KaK Ha I-IoBorpy,lJ.-
-CKOH H MHHCKOH B03BbIllIeHHOCTHX H B HeKoTopbIX ,lJ.pyrHx MeCTax
HHOr,lJ.a ,lJ.OCTHraeT 60-135 M. CJIaralOmHe CO}KCKHH ropH30HT
BO,lJ.HO-JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIe OCa,lJ.KH npe,lJ.cTaBJIeHbI B OCHOBHOM cpJIIOBHO-
rJIHUHaJIbHbIMH neCKaMH H 03epHO-JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIMH rJIHHaMH H cyr-
.JIHHKaMH, KOTopbIe HaKOrrHJIHCb B CTa,lJ.HIO HacTynaHHH H OTCTY-
llaHHH JIe,lJ.HHKa H HMelOT MOmHOCTb 30-45 (LJame 5-15) M.
21

J alllpz 1 1 IlglllpzS 1 3 I fIllpz" 1 4
Jf.lglI-1II1 7 1 fllst S 1 8 I gUst 1 9 1f. l g ll d- st 1 10
Il,a,hllalkI 13 I f,lgl-ll \ 14 ' glbr 1 15 If,lglnr-b 16
I 1 19 ,.-',- 20 1.,.-.......-.1 21 1 22
glllpzS
fllds
glnr
I s Il.a,hIJImri f
1 11 I gild 1 12
1 '7 I pgl 1 18
1 23
.
PHC. 1.3. CxeMa pacIIpocTpaHeHHH JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH (IIO H. M. fpH-
nHHcKoMY, M. C. KHlIKHHOH, P. 11. JIeBHll.KOH H .lI.p. C cOKpameHHHMH): no03ep-
CKHH ropH30HT: 1- aJlJIIOBHaJlbHbIe OTJIO>KeHHH, neCKH, cynecH, cyrJIHHKH, rJlH-
I! hI, 2 - JIeCCOBhle 06pa30BaHHH IIp06J1eMaTHlIHoro npOHCXO>K.lI.eHHH: cynecH, cy-
rJIHHKH, 3 - 03epHO-JIe.ll.HHKOBble OTJlO>KeHHH BpeMeHH oTcTynaHHH JIe.lI.HHKa,
rJlHHhI, cyrJlHHKH, neCK", 4 - JIIOBHOrJlHIJ.HaJIbHble OTJlO>KeHHH BpeMeHH OTCTY-
naHHH J1e.lI.HHKa, necKH, 5 - MopeHHble OTJIO>KeHHH, cYIIecH, cyrJIHHKH, IIecKH;
6 - MypaBHHCKHH: ropH30HT: 03epHble aJlJIIOBHaJIbHbIe H 60JlOTHble OTJIO>KeHHH,
CYIICCH, cyrJlHHKH, rJIHHbI, IIeCKH, HJIbl, rHTTHH; 7 - HepaCqJIeHeHHblH KOMIIJIeKC
BO.lI.HO-J1e.lI.HHKOBblX, 03epHblX H 60JlOTHbIX OTJIO>KeHHi'I: IIeCKH, CYIIeCH, cyrJIHHKH,
rJll1HbI, TOp, HJlbI; CO>KCKuii ropH30HT: 8 - .TIIOBHOrJlHIJ.HaJIbHble OTJlO>KCHHH
BpeMcHH oTcTYIIaHIul: .:le.lI.HHKH, IIecKH, 9 - MopeHHble OTJIO>KeHHH, cYIIecH, cyr-
JIHHKH, neCKH; 10 - HepaCqJIeHeHHblH KOMnJIeKC BO.lI.HO-JIe.lI.HHKOBblX, aJIJIIOBHaJIb-
HLIX H 03epHO-60JlOTHbIX OTJlO>KeHHi'I: neCKH, rJIHHbI, cyrJlHHKH, cYIIecH; .lI.HeII-
POBCKH" ropH30HT: 11 - 4>J1IOBHOrJlHIJ.HaJlbHbIe OTJlO>KeHHH BpeMeHH OTCTYII3HHH
.'1eJI.IlHKa: IIrCKH, 12 - MopeHHbIe OTJIO>KeHHH: cYIIecH, cyrJIHHKH, IICCKH; 13-
aJIeKCaHJJ.pHikKUfi ropH30HT: 03epHble, aJIJlIOBH3JIbHble H 60JIOTHbIe OTJIO>KeI-lHH:
r..'JHllbI, cyrJIHHKII. cynecH, neCKH, riiTTHH, TOp4>; 14 - HepaCqJIeHeHHbIH KOMnJleKC
BOJI.HO-J1e.lI.HHKOBblX aJlJIIOBHaJlbHbIX, 03epHblx H 60JIOTHblX OTJIO>Ke'-THil: necKHs"
CY"CCH, cyrJlHHKH, rJlHHbl; 15 - 6epe3HHcKHi'1 ropH30HT: MopeHIIblc 'T.rTO>KeHHH,
22

fl003epCKUU cOpU30HT BKJIIOqaeT npHnOBepXHOCTHbIe 06pa30-
BaHIIH, HaKOnHBIllHeC5I BO BpeMSI nOCJIe,lI,Hero OJIe,lI,eHeHHSI. Moll.{-
HOCTb OTnOeHHH n003epCKOrO JIe,lI,HHKOBOrO KOMnJIeKC8 B cpe,lI,-
HeM COCTaBnHeT OKono 25-30 M, B03p8cTaSl B 3p03HOHHbIX nOHH-
JKeHHHX H nonoce KpaeBbIx 06pa30BaHHH ,lI,0 60-70 M H 60JIee.
MOIl{HOCTb MopeHbI 10-30 M. <f>JIIOBHOrJISlII.HaJIbHbIe neCKH H nec-
Q8HO-rpaBHHHO-raJIeqHbIe OTJIOeHHSI HaH60JIee p83BHTbI B Kp8e-
BbIX 30H8X OJIe,lI,eHeHHSI, r,lI,e HX MOIl{HOCTb ,lI,OCTHraeT 10-25 M H
alllpz f.lglld-si
g2 J1d
5
200
100
o
-1 Oft
A
200
I \)()
()
-100
PHC. 1.4. reOJlOrHlIeCKHH pa3pe3 IIO J1HHHH A-B. YCJI. C603H. CM. Ha pHC. 1.3
60nee. C ,l(erpa,l(aUHeii n003epCKorO JIe,lI,HHKa CBH3aHO B03HHKHO-
BeHHe MOIl.{HbIX TOJIll.{ 03epHO-JIe,l(HHKOBbIX JIeHTO£IHbIX rJIHH,
TOHKO- II MeJIK03epHHCTbIX rrecKoB, 3anOJIHHIOIl.{HX 06IllHpHbIe upO-
CTpaHCTBa B npe,l(eJIaX nOJIOUKOH, CYP8>KCKOH H ,l(pyrHx HH3UH.
ceBepHOH qaCTH BCCP.
K lOry OT BeJIopyccKoro n003epbSl ,l(OBOJIbHO qaCTO BCTpeqa-
IOTCR rrepHrJIHII.H8JIbHbIe aHaJIOrH onHcaHHbIX 06p830BaHHH. Cpe,lI,H
HHX npe,lI,e Bcero CJIe,l(yeT OTMeTHTb JIeCCOBbIe (JIeCCOBH,l(HbIe)
OTJIOeHHSI (cynecH H cyrJIHHKH), KOTopbIe rrOKpbIB81OT 3H8q«l-
TenbHbIe yq8CTKH OpIllaHCKOH, MHHCKOH H HOBorpY,l(CKOH B03BbI-
IlleHHOCTeH, M03bIpCKOH:, KonbInbcKOH H OmMHHCKOH rpH,l(, Op-
IllaHCKO-MorHJIeBCKOro nJIaTO. Bo BHeJIe,l(HHKOBOH: 30He B 3TO Bpe-
MH COpMHpOBaJIHCb 06p830B8HHH, CJIaralOll.{He Ha,l(nOHMeHHbIe
TeppaCbI 60JIblllHHCTBa 6eJIOpYCCKHX peK, 8 T8K>Ke MHorHe 03ep-
HbIe If npOqHe 8KKyMYJIHUHH. P83HOB03p8CTHbIe MopeHbI npe,l(-
CTaBJIeHbI BaJIYHHbIMH cynecHMH H cyr JIHHK8MH C rrpOCJIOSlMH nec-
KOB, neCQaHO-rpaBHHHO-r8JIeqHOrO MaTepHaJIa H ,l(pyrHx rropo,l(.
CBoe06pa3HbIe YCJIOBHH 06p830BaHHSI MopeHHbIX OTJIO}KeHHH
06YCJIOBJIHBalOT cpOpMHpOBaHHe HX CneII.HcpUQeCKOrO rp8HYJIOMeT-
pHQeCKOrO COCT8B8 H, KaK CJIe,l(CTBHe, HHeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX
oc06eHHOCTeH. B JIe,l(HHKOBbIX OTJIOeHHSlX B YCJIOBHHX eCTeCTBeH-
Horo 38JIeraHHH HeT pe3KHX CKaQK006p83HbIX nepeXO,l(OB Me,l(Y
cynecHMH H cyr JIHHKaMH, KaK, BnpOQeM, U rreCKaMH pa3JIHQHOH
cyrJII1HKH, cYIIecH, IIeCKH; 16 - HepactJJleHeHHblH KOMIIJIeKC B0.lI.HO-J1eJI.HHKOBbIX
aJImOBIHUIbHblX H 03epHO-60JIOTHbIX OTJlO>KeHHH: IIeCKH, cYIIecH, cyrJIHHKH, rJlH-
HbI; 17 - HapeBcKHH ropH30HT: MopeHHble OTJlO>KeHHH, cyrJIHHKH, cYIIecH, neCKH;
18 - HepactJJIeHeHHbIH KOMn.TIeKC OTJlO>KeHHH IIepHrJIHIJ.HaJIbHOiI 30Hbl: neCKH,
'cYIIecH, cyr.TIHHKH, r.TIHHbl; 19 - .lI.OlleTBepTHlIHbIe OTJIO>KemlfI; rpaHHIJ.bI OJle.lI.eHe-
HHH; 20 - MaKCHMaJIbHOH CTa.lI.HH no03epcKoro OJIe.lI.eHeHHH; 21 - MaKCHMaJIb-
.HOli CT3.lI.HH CO>KCKOrO OJIe.lI.eHeHHH; 22 - reOJIOrHtJeCKHe rpaHHIJ.b1; 23 - 6ypo-
Bble CKBa>KHHbI
23

24

too
:c
o
r<')
==

"'"
o
"'"
o
:z:
y
=
o
Co
c

:c

=
o
too
:c
>a
Co
"'"

]I
too
y
==
:c
==
a:::
"'"
-.. -..
 :s: -.. -.. -.. -.. cD -
I-< 0'> - l.Q  ('t) 0'>
0 - - C'I - -
.;; 08 -- -- -- -- -- --
I-< r::-
0 ff
0 ><:1«: «:I ><:10: Icc: 0:1-: 0:1
:c ="t
=" <'II l.QOLCO l.Q 0 CD 0 ....... - 00 -
:s: r::
I-< t::
0
<'II -
2 >. -.. -.. -..
-.. -.. -.. cD -
:s: C"> - l.Q  ('t) 0'>
:s: Q) - - - C'I - -
r:: I-<:s: -- -- -- -- -- --
QJ <'III-<
I-<
<'II :f0 Ioo I Icc: Io:
C') :s:Q) ><:IM -:I
<'II :c=" - CD
:s: <'II ....... -  ...; o!::o C'I - ('t) -
0 0. - 0 C'I C'I C'I -
t:: l-
I-< -.. -.. -.. -..
-.. - cD -
:C:s: 0'> - LC  ('t) 0'>
Q)I-< - - - C'I - -
:S:o -- -- -- -- -- --
:fo
:S:I-<
-&0 -I....... I °l ool -I ool
.e-:s:  0 ('t) 0  0 ('t) 0  0 ('t) 0
",0.
00 01 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 0 1 0
r::
-.. -.. -.. -..
-.. -.. cD -
:s: 0'> - l.Q  ('t) 0'>
..01-< - - - C'I - -
:cO -- -- -- -- -- -
Q)O
r:::C
Q)::E Ioo I MI- I- -1 0 IO
1-<<'11 cD - ....... - CD - cD - 00 - 00 -
u .. .. .. -
o 0 o 0 000 0 o 0 o 0
-.. -.. -
= - -.. -.. CD -
0'> - '0  ('t) 0'>
>. - - - C'I - -
0. -- - -- -- -- -
<'II. I- cu
I-< 1-<1-< -I I Mlo I I I
:c Q) 0') 0 0') 0 0') - 0'> 0 0') 0 0') 0
r::
>. Q) - 0
0. :s: - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
1-'" 0

..00 - -.. -
1-0- - -.. CD
C.JI- - -.. -
0 0') - l.Q  ('t) 0'>
:c "'cu - - - C'I - -
1-0
0 <'III:{ -- -- -- -- -- --
t:; :Co
t:: ::Eo. -1- I -1 0 I I °l
<'110 - - - 0 - - - 0 - 0 C'I 0
:&r:: C'I 0 C'I 0 C'I 0 C'I 0 C'I 0 C'I 0
"' -.. -.. - - -..
-.. CD -
cu 0') - l.Q  ('t) 0')
:E: . - - - C'I - -
:r:..o -- -- -- -- --
Q)I-< --
10 0
1-<0 «:Icc: ><:1,,: I 0:1 ":1 00 ,,:IM
o:C
Q)::E
I-ocu 0_0 _ 0')-00- ...; ...;
Or:: - -
UJIQ
cu
:c
0
(I')
<'II.  
-0:: -0:: -0:: -0:: 00:: 00::
I:{ ..Qo:: ..Qo:: ..Qo:: ..Qo:: :Co:: :CO::
0
0. CJ:c (,)::r: CJ::r: CJ::r: :S:::r: ==::r:
0 (1) :g* (1)  a::: 
t:: 1::0.. 1::0.. ""'0..
(1) :s: >.(1) ::s:: (1) >'::s::
u U::r: u U::r: u U:c
cU
IQ
0
'"
0
c.",
r:::s: 1%:1 ..Q
0:c Go) 0..
1-0 f-o tJ' :is

:c CJ  Ct)
>. (1) a:... °
t:: 0.. & 

><
]I
:c
:c

Co
o
::IE
11I:I
too
y
=
o
=
y
><
==
:z:
y

::r
==
r<')
==
.go
==


f-o

tf)

:z:
o
c
cu
]I
:c
=
o
:c
y
o

::r
==
a:::
'"

£-

- - -. - (;
- - - - t-- t-.. CJ) CJ)
0 CJ) LC t-.. C'I LC t-.. LC (1)
- - - - ct:) C'I :r
- - - - - =
f-o
0:10: Io: ,,:I I 
I 'I I <'!I'" 0.
t::{
LCOLCO  0  0 LC-LCO LC-LC- 
J:Q

- - -
- - - CD 00 CJ) CJ) (1)
0 CJ) LC t-.. C'I LC t-.. ID (1)
- - - M -  ::r:
- - - - - - - t::{
(1)
I <'!I'" I'" c:loo 0:1" I o:lc: Io: 0.
(.)
t-- t-..  to  to 
_ - _ 0 _ 0 _ 0 t-.."';t-..":  -  0
- -
(1)
- - - c:;:
- -. - - - 0 CJ) CJ) (1)
0 CJ) LC t-- to to t-.. LC f-o
- - t-.. C'I 
- - - - :c
(1)
-I" I -I Iuo 001" I" "I I" :::;1

 0 et:)O  0 ct:) 0 ct:) 0 ct:) 0  0 ct:) 0 ::r:
- -   o 0 o 0 -    Ct)
o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0
J:Q
- -.
- -. - - 0 CJ) CJ) oJ
0 CJ) LC t-.. to to t-.. LC =
- - t-- -.  ::r:
- - - (1)
°l :r
'"1- I Io 001'" I °l °luo 
t-.. - t-.. - to - to 0 00 - to  00 - :z::
 - Ct)
o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0
(1)
0
- 
- - - -. 0 (.)
0 CJ) tr.> t-- CD to (1)
- - - t-- - :r
- - - - =
f-o
-I ool Iuo (1)
-Iuo 001 00 °l :::;1
CJ) 0 CJ) 0 O?c: CJ) 0 CJ) 0 o 0 .g.
- -
- 0 - 0 - c:, - 0 - 0  0 =
0.

- - - C)
- - - - - 0 CJ) CJ)
0 CJ) tr.> t-- CD to t-.. tr.> GJ
- - - t-- - - C'I ::r:
....... - - - - - 
-1 00 I ooluo 0..
uoluo '"1 00 "I I- uol (,)
- 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0  0 o - C'I 0 I
C'I 0  0 C'I 0 C'I 0 C'I 0  0  0 C'I 0
CD
- - c:;:=
- - GJ:s:
- - - - CD C'I CJ) CJ) f-o:c
0 CJ) tr.> t-.. C'I tr.> t-.. 11:) =cu
- - - - ct:) C'I t;
- - - - - - =(1)
"'I Ic: Io: I I,,: I,,: ":1,,: ,,:I :r
J:Q0..
o- CJ) 0 CJ) - S-CJ)- I::
=......-....... cuO
GJ o
t;t;
(.)
t::{=
:s:::r'
..QI
-0:: -0:: o:: -0:: o:: o:: o:: -0:: g
..Qo:: .a 0:: .a 0:: .a 0:: .a 0:: .a 0:: .a 0:: .a 0:: c!;f
(,):c (.):z:: (,):c (,):c (,):c (,)::r: (,):z:: (.):c '8
cu x * GJx eE (1) >< * GJ>< 
1::0.. Co.. 1::0.. Co.. 0:r::
>OGJ >0= >0(1) >':c >oC) >':s: >oC) >.= CI>(,)
UIXI U:c UJ:Q U:c UJ:Q U:c UJ:Q U:c :s:
:c 1Xl
 ..
(1)
:r=
GJ:C
 :I
0.. :s:
0
r-. :c ..Q c..:r::
0  = t; t:S
t; ::r 'C)
E-o = " GJ
C) :r t; :::;1 (1)
IQ (1)  0 0
U Q.,  :III:
25

26
C'I
?ft. :s: -. -. -. ---- -.. ----
1-0 LC 0 "<t' "<t' - Ct)
:r:.- () C'I 00 '" Ct) 0) LC
1-0 0 0 - - - - - -
() g!
0 (,):r:.
= :r:.1-0 ,,:I ,,:1>-: ,,:I I,,: I I
::1' ::1'u
:s: «I LC-LCO LCOO LC-O
.... 
u r::
«I
"= .
r::
>- -. -. -- -. -.. ----
:s: :,c: LC 0  "<t' - Ct)
"= Q) C'I 00 Ct) C'I) 0) LC
Q) I-o:s: - - - - - _.
1-0
«I ",...
(f) ::i 0 I-: >-:I t-:lm It- I- U:/t-
«I :s:Q)
 =::1'
0 «I C'IO t-- .  .  .. u:> .
t:: Co _-_0 _-_0
Lo
.... -. -. -. -.. -.. -..
=:s: LC - "<t'  - 
cul-o
:s:() C'I 00 Ct) 0) 1.C
=:1"0 - - - - - -
:s;1-o
-e.g It- ool Im 001° °It- ool
-800.  0 Ct) 0  0 C'I) - oo;t' 0 Ct) 0
",0 - "' - -
or:: o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0

 -. -. -. -. - -..
«I LC - "<t' "<t' - Ct)
r:;::s; C'I 00 C'I) C'I) 0) LC
... - - - -- - -
..au
=0 Icq ool ool °IM °l -I
:c  -  -  - t-.. - t-.. - t-.. -
Q)
1-0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0
U
«I -. - -.. ---. -. -..
....
';: :c 1.C -  "<t' - C'I
u >-  00 C'I) Ct) 0) 1.C
- 0. - - - - - -
Lo Lo
1-0 mlm Ioo °1- <O\t- Im <o1t-
ca- Q) 00 0 0)0 0) - 0') 0 0') 0 0') 0
r:;:
1-0 Q)
:c :,c: - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
>- u
Co -
Lo 6
..a Co - - -.. -. -.. -..
1-0 0 I.C - "<t' "<t' - 
0 r:: C'I 00 C'I) C'I) 0') to
0
= tl:ca - - - - - -
1-0 I::{
0 00 0 =:1== =:I IOO cqlO <01 00
"=  0,- - 0 - - - 0
t:: «I
r:;:  0  0  0  0 . 0  0

 -.. - - - -. -
:c - LC 0  "<t' - C'I)
=..a C'I 00 C'I':I ct:) 0') 1.0
Q)I-o - - - - -- -
o
1-0 0 ":100 Im It- t-Icq
f.):C Icq Im
Q)
I-oca o - "' "' 0-- - 0-0 -
u _-0')0 _-0)- _-_0

ca
=
0
(I)
ca.
I::{ - -tJ:: .0:1 "'tJ:: -tJ:: -tJ::
0 ,.Q ,.QtI:: ,.QtI:: ,.QtI:: ,.QtI:: ,.QtI::
0. (.):r: (.):r: CJ::r: (.)::r: CJ::r: CJ:c
0 (1)>::  (1)>:: iE (1)>:: g$E
t:: t::Q.. t::o.. t::o..
>'4) >'::s:: >.(1) >'::s:: >'(1) >':
Up:a U::r:; UJ:Q U:r: UJ:Q U:r:
cU

0
'"
0
0.0: :::s::
r:::s: (.)
0:c 0 0..
1-0 0
:,c: ::r: (';J 
= g ::s::
>-  r:;:
t:: 0.. ::s:: 0


po
:c
Q

:
0.
Q
'"'
Q
'"'
Q
:11II:
tj

Q
(.)
IQ
Q
...
:c
>.
0.
'"'
><
:!
...
tj
::I:
:c
::I:

'"'
><
:is
:c
:c

0.
Q

=
...
tj
;::s:
Q
I:Q
c.I
><
::I:
:11II:
c.I

::r
::I:
fI")
::I:
.eo
::I:


...


Cd
:11II:
Q
C

:!
:c
I:Q
Q
:c
(.)
o

::r
==
r:;:
'"

f-4
t:;
U

- -- -- - - - - -
  tr.>  t- o tr.> 
0 0 tr.>  CD - ct:) 

-- -- -- -- -- -- - --
-:1-: Ic: I-: c:lc: -:I uol :£I I=
11':) - 1.C - tr.> - tr.> - r:-..oo
- -- - - - - - -
  LC  t- o LC -
0 0 LC  CD - ct:) 

-- - -- - - -
Iuo I I'" I I'" 01 00 I I
...:<£.....: -=<£.-= 00     00 ..
--!::o   --
- - -- - - - - --
  LC  t- t- eD -
0 0 0')
LC  CD - ct:) 
- - - -- - -
I °l -I Iuo 01'" I °l I
 0  0 <o:t' 0 ct:) 0 <o:t' 0 ct:) 0 <o:t' 0 C'I) 0
o 0 o 0 o 0   o 0 o 0
o 0 o 0 o 0
- -- - - - -- - -
  tr.> <o:t' 0') LC CD 
0 0 0')
- - LC ct:) CD - C'I) 
-- - - - - -
ool uol 01'" I Io 01 00 Ioo ]
CD - CD - r:-.. - 00 - r:-.. - 00 0 00 - 0') -
.. .. .. ..
.. ... .. .. o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0
000 0 o 0
- -- -- -- - -- -- -
  tr.> <o:t' 0') tr.> CO -
0 0 LC  CD 0') C'I) 
- - - - - -
- -
Io -1- -I Ioo Iuo 01'" Io 001 00
00 - 0') - 0') 0 0') 0 0') 0 o 0 0') - 0') 0
 ..
- 0 - 0 - 0 .. .. - 0 - 0
- 0 - 0  0
- -- - - - - -
  LC  0') LC eD
0 0 tr.>  CD 0') C'I) <o:t'
- - -
-- - - - - - -
001 0 I -1 00 -I Iuo I'" I '"I
o - - 0 - 0 - 0  0 - 0  0
.. ... ... ...
 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
-- - - - - - -- -
  1.C   C'I) CD 
0 0 0
- 1.C  CD  ct:) <o:t'
- - - - - - -
I'" I Iuo °l Ic: -:I I- I
o   .. o ..   :::-O C'I':) ..  ..
_-0'>0 _-0')- ---
..
 
-      O 0t;l::
,.QtJ:: ,.Q ,.Q ,.Q ,.Q ,.Q :c :c
CJ:c CJ:c CJ:c CJ:c CJ:c  =:c =:c
(1) X * GJ * GJX r:;: :::eE
t::o.. t::o.. t::o.. ""'0..
»(1) »:= »G) »:= »(1) »:s: »GJ O'
UI%:I U:c UI%:I U:z: UI%:I U:c UI%:I
1%:1 
CJ
(1) .::
r:;: »  
:= 0.. U ::r
 '" :c »
0 0 = r:;:
 f.Q  u
27

28
cc
f-o
:I:
o

:s::
c..
e
l-
e
I-
o
::iC
c.I
c..


o
o
c
=
o
f-o
:I:

C.
I-
 -.. -.. -.. -..
:s: t-- 1f) q. -
I-< t.D 0  
:i ()
00 - C'I - -
I-< 5 51 -- --- --- ---
()
0
:I: :s::S: 0 Ic:: -:1-: Ic::
 ::J't; r--.
 cu tOJ- I.!) - to - to -
e;
() t:
cu
e;
t: >. -.. -.. -.. -
:s: :.: r--. q. -.:t' -
e; Q) to 0  
Q) I-<:s: -  - -
I-< cuI-< --- --- --- ---
cu
(I') ::f()
cu ;1 IO IOO u:lt- I
:.:
0  00 t-- - 00 . CJ) -
t:: 0. _ "1:1'4 _ 0 - -
L. -
I-< -.. -.. - -
:I::s: r--.  <o:t' -
Q)I-< to 0  
:s:() -  - -
::fo --- --- --- ---
:S::I:
o&::E t-I I It- I
-& ('t) 0 ('t) 0 ('t) 0 ('t) 0
me;
£c o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0
-.. -.. - -
:s: r--.   -
.QI-< to 0 G'I 
g -  - -
t::C --- -- --- ---
Q)::E uolo I- t-loo °l
I-<CU
ue; 00 - 00 - 00 - CJ) -
IQ
o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0
cu -.. -.. - -..
(-< t-- ('t)  
:s :I: c..o 0  
>. -  - -
() Q,
- L. -- - - -
L.
!-o 001 00 It- mlo Im
.; Q)
e; CJ)O o 0 CJ) - o 0
I-< Q)
::c  - 0  0 - 0  0
>. ()
0.
L. -- - -.. -..
.Q t--  <o:t' 
I-< CU to 0 C' 
() -  - -
0 I:{
::c - - - -
I-< :.:0
0 ....Q, °It- I Io Ioo
e; CU o
t:: :iSt:  0  0  -  0
 0 o  0  0
D:.Q - -.. - -..
r--. 1f)  
CUI-< to 0  
:C U
:Co -  - -
Q):I: - -' -' ..-
::E u:1 I ==1.0: I
()cu
Q)e;
t;1Q ="':2"': ::: -
LU - -

:I:
0
(I')
.; -0:: .0:: -0:: o::
.Qo:: .a 0:: .a 0:: .a 0::
I:{ U::x: U::x: U::x: (J :I:
0 G)x 5E Q,) 
0. t::c.. t::c..
0 >'Q,) >-::s:: >.(1) >'::s:
t:: UI%:I U::x: UI%:I U:r:

:s:
(-<:c
cu 
:c1Q 
>.0 ::r U
t::'8 '"
0 Q,)
0. J:; (-<
t: 0 ::s:
0 t:: t:Q
><
:is
too
U
::s:
:c
::s:
I;
I-
><
:a
:c
:I:

C.
o
:E
=
P-
U
;:s:
o
=
u
><
::s:
:IIC
U

::r
::s:

=
08-
::s:
I;

f-o



::iC
o
t::

J5
:c
=
o
:c
u
o
('t)

::r
::s:
r:;:
'"

E-t

KpynHOCTH. HanpHMep, B npc)J.eJIaX O)J.HOrO MOHOJ.iHTa BhICOTOH
20 CM, npe)J.Ha3HaqeHHOrO )J.JIH C)J.BHrOBbIX HcnhITaHHH, MO>KHO
BCTpeTHTb cyrJIHHKH H cyneCH. n03TOMY BhI)J.eJIeHHe B MopeHHOH
TOJIIlI.e cyneceH H cyrJIHHKOB - CJIO>KHaH H npaKTHqeCKH Hepa3-
pellIHMaH 3a)J.aqa. ,lI,JIH TaKoro po.na CneII.H<pHqeCKHX rpyHToB
y,Q06HO nOJIb30BaTbCH KJIaCCH<pHKaII.HeH rpyHToB no rpaHYJIOMeT-
pHqeCKOMY cocTaBy, npe,QJIO>KeHHOH H. M. rOpbKOBOH r36], KOTO-
paH .naeT nOJIHYIO H TOqHYIO xapaKTepHcTHKY nopo.ll.. Bce MHoro-
o6pa3He MopeHHhIx rpYHToB no COqeTaHHHM B HHX rpaHYJIOMeTpH-
qeCKHX <ppaKII.HH He MO>KeT 6hITb oxapaKTepH30BaHO KJIaCCHcpH-
KaII.HeH rpYHTOB no qHCJIY nJIaCTllqHOCTH.
npH 06IlI.eH HeO,QHopO)J.HOCTH rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKOrO COCTaBa
MopeHHhIe OTJIO>KeHHH OTJIHqalOTCH )J.OBOJIbHO nOCTOHHHhIM pac-
npe.neJIeHHeM OT,QeJIbHbIX cppaKII.HH. no MHeHHIO K. H. .HYKallieBa
H C. ,lI,. ACTanoBoH [87], rpaHYJIOMeTpH1.IeCKHH COCTaB pa3HoBo3-
pacTHbIx MopeH B O,QHOM paHoHe 60JIee CXO)J.eH, qeM COCTaB O,QHO-
B03pacTHoH MopeHhI B pa3HbIx paHoHax, 3TO rOBopHT 0 TOM, qTO
COCTaB MopeH npaKTHqeCKH He 3aBHCHT OT HX B03paCTa.
MopeHHbIe OTJIO>KeHHH BeJIOpYCCHH HMelOT MaCCHBHbIe, CJIO>K-
HbIe, nOJIOCqaTO-nJIHTqaTbIe H CJIOeBaTbIe, rJIbI6oBO-CKJIa)J.qaTO-
qellIYHqaTbIe TeKcTypbI. npOBe)J.eHHbIe Ha TeppHTopHH BeJIopyc-
CHH HCCJIe.nOBaHHH n03BOJIHJIH YCTaHOBHTb cBoeo6pa3HYlO CJIOHC-
TOCTb MopeHHbIX ropH30HTOB, KOTopaH HBJIHeTCH ,QOCTaTOqHO pac-
npocTpaHeHHoH [96].
B MHHepaJIbHOM COCTaBe rpy6o)J.HcnepcHoH qaCTH npeo6JIa,Qa-
eT KBapII., B nO,QqHHeHHOM KOJIHqeCTBe cO)J.ep>KaTCH nOJIeBbIe IlIna-
Tbl, porOBaH 06MaHKa H pY,QHbIe MHHepaJIbI. CocTaB TOHKO,QHC-
nepcHoH cppaKII.HH cpaBHHTeJIbHO O,QHOpO,QHbIH-rH)J.pOCJIIO,QHCTbIH
C He6oJIbllIOH npHMeCblO TOHKO)J.HcnepCHoro KBapII.a H KaOJIH-
HHTa. 06IlI.HM npH3HaKOM MHHepaJIhHOrO COCTaBa MopeH HBJIHeT-
CH npe06JIa,QaHHe B JIerKOH qaCTH neCqaHO-aJIeBpHTOBbIX <ppaKII.HH
KBapII.a H nOJIeBbIX IlInaTOB C nenOCTOHHHbIM KOJIHqeCTBOM Kap6o-
HaTOB, CJIIO,Q, rJIaYKOHHTa B BH,Qe npHMecH [86]. npOcTpaHcTBeH-
HaH .nH<pcpepeHII.HaII.HH MopeH BbIpa>KaeTCH B nOCTeneHHOM YMeHb-
rJleHHH B IO>KHOM HanpaBJIeHHH cO)J.ep>KaHHH ,QaJIbHenpHHocHoro
MaTepHaJIa BCJIe.nCTBHe 60JIbllIOrO BJIHHHHH MeCTHoro. Ha6JIIO,Qa-
eTCH TeH,QeHII.HH K YBeJIHqeHHIO cO)J.ep>KaHHH KBapII.a, yMeHbllIeHHIO
KOJIHqeCTBa nOJIeBbIX IlInaTOB H Kap6oHaTOB C ceBepa Ha lOr [86].
OCHoBHbIe nOKa3aTeJIH cpH3HqeCKHX CBOHCTB pa3HoBo3pacTHbIX
MopeH npHBe.neHbI B Ta6JI. 1.1-1.3. I1H>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHIecKoe
paCqJIeHeHHe MopeHHHx ropH30HTOB BbInOJIHeHO B COOTBeTCTBHH
C PCH 27-78 [55] (noKa3aTeJIH <pH3HqeCKHX CBOHCTB rrpHBe.neHhI
pa3,QeJIbHO ,QJIH BepxHeH H HH>KHeH 30H MopeHbI). AHaJIH3 Ta6JI.
1.1-1.3 nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO ,QJIH Bcex MopeHHbIx ropH30HTOB xapaK-
TepHa nOBbIllIeHHaH ynJIOTHeHHOCTb; 3TO BnOJIHe corJIacyeTcH C
YCJIOBHHMH HX o6pa30BaHHH H rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKHM COCTaBOM,
6JIH3KHM K OnTHMaJIbHbIM CMeCHM. CYIlI.ecTBeHHoro pa3JIHqHH B
nJIOTHOCTH pa3HoBo3pacTHbIx MopeH He YCTaHOBJIeHO, XOTH HeKO-
29

T a 6 '1 H IJ. a 1.4. Cpe)l.HHe 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJleii C)l.BHra )l.HenpOBcKoH
" noo3epcKoii MopeH "PH HarPYSKe I, 2, 3.10 6 na
nYHKT on- I nopo.n. a , I C,lI.BHraIOllJ,He YCHJtHH T i' I o na I Y,lI.eJJbHOe I K09rPrPHlJ,HeHT
 I I ClJ,enJIeHHe BHYTpeHHero
pouOBaHHH 30Ha T. Tz Ta C. 10-na TpeHHH tgq>
M03b1pb Cynecb o ,81 (46) 1 ,29 (46) 1,78 (46) o 37 o 48
(46)  (46)
0,12 0,17 0,22 0,13 0,10
CBeT JIO- Cynecb, o 97 1 61 2 23 o 33 0,63 16)
ropcK HHlKH.H.H  (16)  (16) 0:18 (16) (j- (16) 0.05 (
0,13 0,19 ,13
PeQHlJ,a Cynecb 0.92 8) 2,14 0,34 0,61
0,24 (8) 0,27 ( 0,23 (8) (8) o:i2 (8)
nOJIOlJ,K CyrJIH- o 83 1,34 1,91 o 28 o 54
HOK, (l1) 0,21 (II) 0, 24 ( 1 I) (ll) 0:05 (11)
BepXHHH 0,16 0,14
Cy neCb, 0,97 I 62 2, 23 ) o 34 o 64
HH}K.H.H.H 0,10 (19)  (19) -(19 (19)  (19)
0,13 0,18 0,33 0,10
BHre6cK Cynecb, 0,91 1,45 2 05 o 32 0,57 (10)"
BepXH.HH "M"(8) 0:12(6)  (10) 0:09 (10)
0,23 0,04
Cyr JIH- 1,00. (58) 1 50 1 93 o 54 o 47
HOK,  (46)  (45) 0: 06 ( 58) (58)
HH}K.HSlH 0,12 0,16 9,22 0,03
T a C JI H IJ. a 1.5. Cpe)l.HHe 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJleii CJJ.BHra CO>KCKOH MopeHLI
npH HarpysKe I, 2, 3.10 6 na
I C.n.BHralOllJ,He YCHJ1HH T i' 1 0" na I K09rPrPHlJ,HeHT I Y.n.eJ1bHOe
nopo.n. a T . , 't. I BHYTpeHHcro ClJ,enJIeHHe
Eo 'ta I TpeHHH tg Q> C, 1 O na
nYHKT on- I
p060BaHHH
MHHCK
CYIIeCb
o 588 0 39
 (644) -2-- (644)
0,099 0,18
0, 89 1 , 52 2, 13 0,617 6 0, 28 6
_ ( 72 ) _ ( 64 ) _ ( 72 ) - ( 9 ) - ( 9 )
0, 16 0, 24 0, 33 0, 138 0,08
: (19) : (19) : (19) :: (19) : (19)
0,92 1 , 43 0 I ,97 0,518 30 0, 39
0, 12 (30) 0, 17 ( 3 ) 0, 19 (30) 0,065 ( )  (30)
CnYIJ.K
CYIIeCb
rpO.llHO
Cynecb
MOfH..1eB
Cynecb
TopaH TeH)J.eHI1.HH K nOBbIIlIeHHIO ynJIOTHeHHOCTH Ha6JIIO)J.aeTCSI C
lOr a Ha ceBep H Ha yqaCTKaX, npHypOqeHHhIX K KOneqHO-MOpeH-
HbIM B03BbIIlIeHHOCTHM. cf>H3HqeCKHe CBOllcTBa BepXHeii 30HbI MO-
peHbI xY>Ke, qeM HH>KHeH.
CTeneHb BJIa}l{HOCTH ,QJIH J(HenpOBCKOH MopeHbI IOrO-BOCTOQHOH
QaCTH BeJIOpYCCHH If B 60JIbIlIHHCTBe nYHKToB onpo60BaHHSI CO}K-
30

CKOH MOpeHbI MeHhIlle 0,8, GTO YKa3bIBaeT Ha B03MO}KHOCTb HX .lI.O-
nOJIHHTeJIbHOrO YBJIa}J{HeHHH H CBH3aHHoro C 3THM YXY,Qll1eHHH
<pH3HKo-MeXaHHlJeCKHX CBOHCTB. Cpe.lI.HI1C 3HaGeHHSI nOKa3aTeol1eH
KOHCOJII1.lI.HpOBaHHoro C)J.BHra, BbInOJIHeHHOro no rOCT 12248-78
npH Y)J.eJIbHbIX HarpY3Kax 1, 2, 3.10 5 TIa, )J.JISI pa3HoBo3pacTHbIx
MopeH npHBe)J.eHbI B Ta6JI. 1.4 H 1.5, H3 KOTOpblX BH,QHO, qTO OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO 60JIee BCOKHe napaMeTpw C)J.BHra HMeeT MopeHa no.
o3epcKoro ropH30HTa.
C u.eJIblO BblSICHeHHH BJIHSIHHSI MeTOJl.a npoBe,QeHHSI HcnwTaHHH
(KOHCOJIHJl.HpOBaHHHH H HeKOHCOJIH)J.HoBaHHH) aBTopoM 6WJIH
o6pa6oT,aHbi pe3YJIbTaTbI HcnwTaHHH, BWnOJIHeHHbIX no )J.BYM Me-
T a 6 JI 11 U. a 1.6. ConOCTaB.IIeHHe napaMeTpoB C,Q.BHra, nOJlY'IeHHblX
paa.llH'IHblMH MeTO,Q.aMH
 I I KOHCOJIH.n.HpOBaHHblA ape3 I HeKOHCOJIH)J.HpOBaHHblA cpes
  nopo.n. a , KOHcHcTeHQ.HH \ I I
 t tg QJ c tg QJ C
r
0,641 87 0,40 7 0,515
0,093 ( ) o:I7 ( 8 ) 0,084 (44 )
o 627 0 44 0 541
(128) (128) (39)
0,124 0,21 0,131
0,648 0,44 0,445
- ( 29 ) - ( 29 ) - ( 20 )
0,109 0,18 0,119
0,595 . 0,44 0,518
_ ( 88 ) _ ( 88 ) _ ( 12 )
0,110 0,18 . 0,140
0,632 0,44 7 0,602
- ( 71 ) - ( 1 ) - ( 27 )
0, 10-1 0, 17 0, 116
o 602 0 43 0 509
 (53) (53)  (19)
Cynecb,
TBepJJ.aH
2
»
3
»
4
»
5
»
6
»
0,76 44 )
0,20 (
o 65
 (39)
0,22
o 77
 (20)
0,20
0,79 (12)
0,22
0,59 27 )
0,16 (
o 67
-!..- (19)
7 » 0,522 0,33 0,575 o 72
0,078 (6) (G8 (6) 0,097 (17) 0:15 (16)
8 Cynecb, 0,585 o 26 0,475 0,32 17)
nJIaCTHqHaH 0, 093 ( 1 0 ) (10) - (17) 0,17 (
0,17 0,118
9 » 0,520 7) 0,26 0,510 0,40 (6)
o . 046 ( (7) 0,083 (6)
0,06
10 Cynecb, 0,490 o 36 0,480 0,55 (27)
TBepJI.aH 0,088 (12) 0:14 (11) - (27)
o , 160 0,22
11 CyrJIHHOK, 0,420 ° 42 0,270 o 92
TBepJI.aH --ss (15) -.!..- (15) - (59) (58)
0,0 0,20 0, 142 0,28
12 CyrJIHHOK, 0,440 3 o 46 0,200 17) 0,73 17)
nOJIYTBepAaH H TY- 0,110 (2 ) 0:16 (19) g,087 { 0,19 (
ronJIaCTHqHaH
31

T a 6 JI H I{ a I. 7. OCHOBHhle nOKa3aTeJlH c!JH3HllecKHx CBOHCTB MopeHHhlX
rpYHTOB, nO)l.BeprllIHXCH HcnblTaHHHM Ha cpe
C'J nJIOTHOCTb rPYHTa, nOJ<a3aTenH nnaCTHlI-
 ECTeCTBeH- r/CM 3 K03cPrP H - HOCTH, %
foe CTeneHb
t) HaH Bna:>K-
C'J I Bna:>KHOCTH llHeHT no-
:r HOCTb, %
:>. BJIa>KH8H CKeneT pHCTOCTH rpaHHl{8 I 'IIICJIO nna-
 nopOAa rPYHTa TeKYlleCTH CTHIlHOCTH
K OflCOAUaUp06at-/'HbIU cpe3
9,4 2,26 2,06 0,83 0,31 16,5 5,9
0,06 (87) 0,06 (87) 0,05 (87) 0,10 (87) 0,03 (87) lT3 (87) 1] (85)
2 9,6 2,25 2,05 0,82 0,31 17,0 6,2
0,8 (128) 0,06 (128) 0,05 (128) 0, II (128) 0,03 (128) 0,9 (128) o , 7 (128)
3 9,6 . 2,29 2,09 0,90 0,29 16,7 6,1
0,4 (29) 0,04 (29) o , 94 (29) 0,08 (29) 0,02 (29) -rr (29) 0,6 (29)
4 9,4 2,21 2,02 0,76 0,33 16,9 6,2
0,8 (88) ° ,05 (88) o , 06 (88, 0,09 (88) 0,03 (87) 0,8 (88) 0,5 (86)
5 9,2 2,24 2,05 0,78 0,31 16,7 6,0
1:0 (71) o ,05 (71) 0,04 (70) 0,10 (70) 0,03 (69) 0,9 (70) 0,6 (71)
6 9,5 (53) 2,25 (52) 2 ,06 (51) o ,82 (52) 0,31 (51) 17,0 (52) 6, 2 (52)
7 9,8 (6) 2,15 (6) 1 ,96 (6) 0,70 (6) 0,39 (6) 17,7(6) 6,7(6)
H eKoflCOAUaUpoeaflflblu cpe3
1 9,5 2,27 2,07 0,84 0,31 16,8 5,9
0,70 (47) 0,04 (47) 004 (47) 0,09 (47) 0 ,03 (47) TO (47) 0,7 (47)
, .
2 9,6 2,23 2,04 0,79 0,32 16,4 5,6
0,8 (39) 0,05 (39) o ,06 (39] 0,08 (39) 0,04 (39) 1:2 (39)  (39)
3 9,7 2,28 2,08 0,87 0,30 16,8 6,0
0,8 (20) 0,05 (20) 0,04 (20) 0,1l (20) 0,03 (20) 0,8 (20) 0,6 (20)
4 9,2 2,21 2,02 0,72 0,33 16,7 2) 6,0
1:2 (12) 0,03 (12) 0,04 (12) 0,10 (12) ° ,02 ( 12) 0,6 (I 0,9 (16)
5 (26 2,21 2,02 0,73 0,33 16,9 6,2
0,4 ) 0,04 (27) 0,04 (27) 0,06 (27) 0,02 (27) 0,6 (27) 0,3 (27)
6 9,1 (19) 2,26 (19) 2,07 (19) 0,81 (19) 0,20(19) 16,8 (19) 6,0(19)
7 9,7 (17) 2,25 (11) 2,04 (17) 0,83 (17) o ,32 ( 17) 16,7(17) 6,9(17)
TO,lI,HKaM Ha 12 onbITHbIX yqaCTKaX, pacnOJIO}KeHHbIX B MHHcKe,
MOrHJIeBe II M03b1pe (Ta6JI. L6). B Ta6JI. 1.7 npIlBe,lI,eHbI OCHOB-
HbIe IIOKa3aTeJIH Q>H3HqeCKIIX CBOHCTB MopeHHbIx rpYHTOB. 113
Ta6JI. 1.6 BH,lI,HO, QTO npIl KOHCOJIHHpOaaHHoM cpe3e cymecTBeHHO
YMeHbllIaeTCfI Y,lI,eJIbHOe CuenJIeHHe rpYHToB npH O,lI,HOBpeMeHHOM
YBeJIHQeHHH K03Q>QJHUIleHTa BHYTpeHHero TpeHIIfI. 31'0 CBfl3aHO
32

C TeM, qTO HapywalOTcH eCTeCTBeHHOe CJIO}KeHHe rpYHTa H npOq-
HOCTb ero CTPYKTYPHbIX CBSI3eH:, KOTopble 6blJIH rJIaBHbIM cpaKTO-
pOM, 06YCJIOBJIHBalOHM 06ee conpOTHBJIeHHe C,QBHry (no
H. H. MaCJIOBY [95], «CTPYKTYPHoe CuenJIeHHe»). npH npe,[(BapH-
TeJIbHOM ynJIOTHeHHH rpYHTa CTPYKTypHbIe CBH3H pa3pymalOTcSI.
no Mepe YBeJIHqeHHH HOpMaJIbHbIX HarpY30K npOHCXO,QHT nepe-
CTpOHKa nepBOHaqaJIbHOH: npHpO,[(HOH: CTPYKTYPH rpYHTa, B npo-
uecce KOTOpOH: 3a CqeT nOBbIweHHH nJIOTHOCTH no,Q ,Qe:UCTBHeM
T.t(Y. na T.IW' na
a 6
3.00 @
I
I
I
I
2 PC1P 3 PCIP4
5
POP 1
2
3 P ,M na
PHC. 1.5. 3aBHCHMOCTb C.lI.BHralOlI.lHX YCHJIHH OT Hoprr.aJIbHOrO .lI.aBJIeHHH npH
KOHCOJIHHpOBaHHoM (1) Ii HeKOHCOJIH.lI.HpOBaHHoM (2) cpe3e (UH«PPbI B KPY>K-
Kax 03HaqalOT HOMepa YlIacTKoB no Ta6JI. 1.6)
,QonOJIHHTeJIbHOrO ,QaBJIeHHH B rpYHTax B03pacTalOT CHJIN BHYT-
peHHero TpeHHH, pOJIb CUenJIeHHH na,[(aeT. A6cI1.HCca TOqKH nepe-
CeqeHHH npSIMblx T= p. tg <p + C OTpa>KaeT, no HameMy MHeHHIO,
BeJIHqHHY CTPYKTYPHOH: npOqHOCTH rpYHTa. nepBbIH: yqaCTOK (,[(0
PCTP) Ha pHC. 1.5 OTpa>KaeT conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa, 06YCJIOBJIeH-
Hoe rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M CTPYKTYPHbIMH CBSI3HMH (ueMeHTaUHH qac-
THU H ,[(p.). BTOpOH yqaCTOK (nOCJIe PCTP) OTpa}KaeT nOCJIe,QOBa-
TeJIbHO YBeJIHqHBalOeecH pa3pymeHHe C1jPYKTYPHbIX H ,[(PyrHx
CBSI3eH: Me>K,[(Y qaCTHuaMH ,[(0 nOJIHOrO c,[(BHra rpYHTa. ECJIH 3a-
nHcaTb cpOPMYJIY
't' = p. tg <p + C + Co,
(IJ)
r,[(e Co - CTPYKTypHoe CuenJIeHHe, TO IIOClle,[(Hee no.nyqaeTCH KaK
pa3HHua Me>K,[(Y CuenJIeHHSIMH, nOJIyqeHHbIMH npH HeKOHCOJIH,[(H-
pOBaHHOM (C H ) H KOHCOJIH,[(HpOBaHHOM (C H ) cpe3ax:
Co = C H -CR.
( 1.2)
B paccMaTpHBaeMbIx rpYHTax CTPYKTypHoe CUenJIeHHe 06YCJIOB-
JIeHO KaK YCJIOBHHMH ,[(HareHe3a, TaK H 3nHreHeTHqeCKHMH npe06-
pa30BaHHSIMH, BbI3BaBlllHMH ueMeHTaUHIO MopeHHbIx rPYHToB
(oKpeMHeHHe, Kap6oHaTH3aUHSI, oca>K.II.eHHe rH,[(pooKHCJIOB >Ke-
JIe3a H ,[(p.).
Cpe,[(Hee 3HaqeHHe MO,[(YJIH 06eH ,[(ecpopMauHH no pe3YJIbTa-
TaM KOMnpeCCHOHHbIX HcnbITaHHH B HHTepBaJIe y,[(eJIbHbIX Harpy-
30K (1-2). 10 5 na KOJIe6JIeTCSI OT 3,7 ,[(0 7,5 Mna Y cyrJIHHKOB
3. 3aK. 844
33

H OT 4,9 ,no 13,9 Mila Y cyneceH; B HHTepBaJIe HarpY3KH (2-3) X
X 10 5 na - OT 4,8 ,no 13,9 Mna y cyr JIHHKOB H OT 6,2 ,no 18,5 Mila
y cyneceH.
,lJ.JIH conOCTaBJIeHHH 3Ha t leHHH Mo,nYJIeH 06meii ,ne<J>opMauHH,
nOJIyt.IeHHbIx B pe3YJIbTaTe KOMnpeccHoHHbIX H IlITaMnOBbIX HcnbI-
TaHHH, BbIn OJI HeHbI napaJIJIeJIbHbIe OIl bITbI ,nJIH MopeHHbIx, <J>JIIO-
BHOrJIHUHaJIbHbIX, 03epHO-JIe,nHHKoBbIX H JIeCCOBH,nHbIX rpYHToB.
3KcnepHMeHTbI nOKa3aJIH, I.JTO HaH60JIee cYIllecTBeHHbIe pa3JIHIIHH
Mn3 Me)K,ny 3HaqeHHHMH Mo,nYJIei1
o,  o o,  o o,  o  , . .necpopMaUHH, onpe,neJIeHHbIMH
np06HbIMH HarpY3KaMH II no
0,2 KOMnpeCCIiOHHbIM HcnbITaHHflM,
0,8
PHC. 1.6. OCpe.lI.HeHHble rpa«pJiKH HcnbI-
TaHHH: MopeHHblx rpYHToB lllTaMTI3MH:
1 - HH>KHHH 30M3, 2 -.:. TIepexo.nHaH
30Ma, 3 - BepXHHH 30Ha
0,4
0,6
S,CM
Ha6JIIO,naIOTC5I ,nJIfI MopeHHbIx H 03epHO-JIe)1.HHKoBbIX rJIHHHCTbIX
rpYHToB. 3HaqeHHfI MO,llYJIeH .necpopMaUHH, onpe,neJIeHHbIX IlITaM':'
nOBbIMH HcnbITaHHflMH, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT K03cpcpHUHeHTa nopHc-
TOCTH MopeH B 1,5-4, a B OT,neJIbHbIX CJIyqaHX .no 10 pa3 npeBbI-
llIalOT KOMnpeccHoHHbIe. 3TO HBJIeHHe CBH3aHO rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M
C MacllITa6HblM 3cpcpeKToM, a TaK}Ke pa3ynJIOTHeHHeM rJIHHHCTblX
rpYHToB nepe,n HcnblTaHHflMH HX B KOMnpeccHoHHbIX npH60pax
1I0CJIe CHflTH5I IIpHpOJI.HOrO ,naBJIeHHfI "PH oT60pe 06pa3UOB HeHa.
PyllIeHHoro CJIO>KeHHfI. OKa3blBalOT BJIHflHHe TaK>Ke YCJIOBHfI H Me-
To,nHKa npoH3Bo,ncTBa OlIblTOB IIPH eCTeCTBeHHOM 3aJIeraHHH rpYH-
TOB H B JIa60paTopHblX npH60pax. KpOMe Toro, npH oT60pe 06-
pa3uoB B H3BecTHoH Mepe HapYlliaeTcH H HX eCTeCTBeHHoe CJIO>Ke-
HHe (CTPYKTYPHo-TeKcTYPHble oc06eHHocTH), QTO npl1Bo,nHT K YBe-
JIHqeHHIO CLKHMaeMOCTH.
no pe3YJIbTaTaM IlITaMIIOBbIX HcnbITaHHH MOJI.YJIb ,necpopua-
UHH MopeHHblx rpYHToB H3MeHHeTCH .lI.JIH BepxHeH 30Hbl OT 2 ,no
T a 611 H 1.l a 1.8. MHHHMaJlbHhle, MaKCHMaJlhHble H cpeJJ.HHe
ocaJJ.KH «)YHJJ.aMeHToB, MM
56-KBapTHpHA OM 06ll\e>KHTHe npOH3BOCTBeHHblA n po H3Bo,n.C7BeHHbJR
Ha 276 Ilell. Kopnyc Nt I Kopnyc N!! 2
MHH. I MaKC. I cpo MHH.IMaKc. ep. MHH. I aKC. I cpo MHH. MaKC. I cpo
I I
13,65\22,15116,9417, 75111.219,OSI 3,25 I S, 65 1 4, 7315,30 1 S,95 1 6,69
34

20 MOa, .LI.JHI HlnKHen - OT 20 ,QO 60 Mna (pHC. 1.6). 11pH HcnbI-
TaHHHX lllTaMnaMH MopeHHbIx rpYHToB BepxHeH 30HbI npe,QeJI npo-
nopUHOHaJIbHOCTH qaCTO He npeBbIlliaeT 0,15-0,2 Mna [55]. Bo
BpeM? HcnbITaHHM rpYHTOB HH}KHeH 30HbI npH K.OHeqHbIX Harpy3-
Kax 0,5-0,6 Mna 3aMeTHoro YBeJIHqeHHH oca,QOK, KaK npaBHJIO,
He Ha6JIIO,QaeTCH.
I1HTepecHbI pe3YJIbTaTbl onblTOB E. <1>. BHHoKYPoBa [27], npo-
BO,QHBllIero Ha6JIIO,QeHHSI 3a oca,QKaMH cooPY)I{eHHM, BblcTpoeHHbIx
Ha MopeHHblx rpYHTax (Ta6JI. 1.8).
HaH60JIee BbICOKHe oca,QKH nOJIyqeHbI ,QJIH )l{I1JIoro ,QOMa,
CPYH,QaMeHTbI KOToporo YKJIa,QblBaJIHCb B He6JIarOnpH5ITHbIM 3HM-
He-BeceHHHM nepHo,Q (cpeBpaJIb-MapT). Ha nepeYBJIa}KHeHHOe H
He,QOCTaTOqHO TruaTeJIbHO nO,QrOTOBJIeHHOe OCHOBaHHe. MOHOJIHT-
Hble CPYH,QaMeHTbl 06rue)l{HTHSI TaK)I{e 3aJIO>KeHbI B He6JIarOnpH-
HTHblH nepHo,Q. O.lI.HaKO BBH.lI.Y xopolliero KOHTaKTa nO,QOIllBbI CPYH-
,QaMeHTa C rpYHToBblM OCHOBaHHeM cpe,QH5I5I BeJUiqHHa Oca.lI.OK
3HaqHTeJIbHO MeHbllIe, qeM .lI.JI5I CPYH.lL3MeHTOB 56-KBapTHpHoro
.lI.OMa. KpoMe Toro, no HallieMY MHeHHIO, cY.lI.H no reoJlorHqeCKoMY
pa3pe3Y CPYH.lI.aMeHTbl 56-KBapTHpHoro J(OMa oIIHpaIOTC5I Heno-
cpe,QcTBeHHo Ha BepxHIOIO 30HY MopeHbI, 06JIa,QaIorueH 60JIee BbI-
COKOH C)I{HMaeMOCTblO no cpaBHeHHIO C OCHOBHOH. MOHOJIHTHble
<PYHJI,aMeHTbI npoH3BO.lI.CTBeHHblx KopnycoB .N'Q 1 H 2, nocTpoeHHbIe
B 6JIarOnpH5ITHbIH nepHO.lI. (anpeJIb-MaH), ,QaJIH MHHHMaJIbHYIO H
.lI.OBOJIbHO paBHoMepHYIO oca.lI.KY.
AHaJIH3 pe3YJIbTaTOB Ha6JIIO.lI.eHHH rr03BOJIHJI CY.lI.HTb 0 .lLecpop-
MaUHH MopeHHblx rpYHToB, HaXO.lI.5Iru!fXC5I E eCTeCTBeHHOM COCT05l-
HHH, 0 BeJIHqHHaX oca.lI.OK CPYH,QaMeHToB, qHCJleHHOM 3HaqeHHH
MO.lI.YJIH 06rueH .lI.ecpopl\faUHH H BJIHHHHH KalIeCTBa pa60T Ha .ne-
cpopMau.uH CPYH,QaMeHToB. OTMeTHM, 'iTO 'iHCJIeHHbIe 3HaqeHHSI
MO,QYJIH 06rueM .ne4>opMauHH, onpe.neJIeHHbIe no pe3yJIbTaTaM Ha-
6JIIO,QeHHH 3a oca.nKaMH cooPY)I{eHHii, cyruecTBeHHo npeBbIllialOT
peKOMeHJI,yeMbIe HopMaTHBHbIMH ,QoKYMeHTaMIf no cpH3HQeCKHM
CBoHcTBaM [55].
npaKTHKa CTpOHTeJIbCTBa no.nTBep)l{.naeT B03MO)l{HOCTH nOBbI-
llIeHHH paCqeTHblX JI,aBJIeHHH Ha MopeHHbIe rJIHHHCTble rpYHTbI,
QTO rr03BOJIHT 3HaQHTeJIbHO CHH3HTb CTOfiMOCTb CTpOHTeJIbCTBa.
OnbITHoe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO }KHJIbIX ,QOMOB Ha MopeHHbIX rpYHTax C
nOBbIllleHHbIMH paCQeTHblMH JI,aBJIeHHHMH nOKa3aJIO, QTO MaKCH-
MaJIbHbIe OCaJI,KH CPYH,QaMeHTOB He npeBbIlllaJIH 30 MM, a MOJI,YJIH
,QecpopMaUHH - He MeHee 61 Mna [137]. rJIaBHbIMH OCJIO}KHHIO-
ruHMH cpaKTopaMH npH cTpOHTeJIbCTBe Ha MopeHHblx rpYHTax HB-'
JIHIOTCH HeO.lI.HOpO,QHOCTb HX COCTaBa, npncYTcTBHe neCqaHbIX JIHH3
H npOCJIOeB, cO,Qep>KaruHx HanopHble BO.lI.bI, a TaK>Ke OTHOCHTeJIbHO
60JIee HH3KHe npOqHOCTHbIe H ,Qe4>opMauHoHHble CBoHcTBa Bepx-
HeM 30Hbl.
cf> JI 10 B H 0 r JI 51 U H a JI b H bI e Ha.lI.MOpeHHbIe H Me}KMOpeHHbIe
OTJIO)l{eHHH TaK>Ke IllHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHbl Ha TeppHTopHH Be-
JIOpYCCHH. CocTaB HX BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3eH (OT rpaBHHHO-raJIeq-
3.
35

T 3 6 JI H n 3 1.9. OCHoBHble nOKa3aTeJlH «!»H3U1lecKHx cBoiicTB
«!»JlIOBHOrJlHl(HaJIbHhlX neCKOB AHenpOBCKoro ropH30HTa
nYHKT
onp060-
BaHHH
B peCT
TIHHCK
CBeT no-
ropCK
PellHIJ.a
)Kn06HH
)KJI06HH
nopo.na
neCOK Cpe,lJ.HeH
KPYIIHOCTH
Cpe,lJ.HeH IIJIOTHOCTH
neCOK Cpe,lJ.HeH
KPYIIHOCTH
nJIOTHbIH
necoK MeJlKHH
nJIOTHblH
neCOK nblJIeBaTblH
nJIOTHblll
neCOK MeJIKHH
IIJIOTHblH
neCOK MeJIKHH
nJIOTHbIH
necOK MeJIKHH
cpeJI.HeH IIJIOTHOCTH
necoK IIbIJIeB3TblH
nJIOTHbIH
neCOK IIblJIeB3TblH
IIJIOTHblH
neCOK MeJlKHH
IIJIOTHbIH
neCOK MeJIKHH
CpeJI.HeH nJIOTHOCTH
neCOK nbIJIeBaTIiH
nJIOTHblH
neCOK IIblJIeB3ThIH
CpeJI.H&H nJIOTHOCTH
M3J10BJIa}KHbIH
necoK nbI.neBaTbIH
CpeJI.UeH nJIOTHOCTH
BJIa>KHbIH
nJIOTHOCTb rPYHTa, rfcM 8
BJIa:H<HaH
nopo.n.a
1,71
0,09 (44)
1,93
0,04 (9)
1,82
0,09 (24)
1,73
o ,06 (13)
1,82
0,04 (7)
1,84
o ,08 (19)
1,66
0,06 (17)
1,92
0,07 (14)
1,87
O,ll (20)
1,80
o , 05 (26)
1,69
0,05 (41)
1,95
0, 08 (27)
1,69
0,07 (17)
1,86
0,09 (19)
I CKeJIeT
rPYHTa
K03rPrPH -
llHeHT no-
pHCTOCTH
ECTeCTBeH-
HaH BJIa>K-
HOCTb, %
1 , 62 0 , 64 4 , 9
0,07 (44) 0,01 (44) - (44)
1,79
0,02 (9)
1,77
o 06 (24)
,
1,62
0,06 (13)
1,75
0,09 (7)
I, 76
0, 06 (22)
1,57
0,04 (17)
1,79
0,10 (14)
1,81
0,08 (20)
1,71
0,04 (26)
1,60 .
0,05 (41)
1,75
0,09 (26)
1,58
0,06 ( 17)
0,48
o 02 (9)
,
0,50
o 06 (24)
,
0,65
o ,04 ( 13)
0,53
0,06 (7)
0,51
0,05 (22)
0,69
0,04 (17)
0,44
0,08 (14)
0,47
0, 06 (20)
0,55
0,04 (26)
0,64
0,04 (41)
0,52
0,07 (27)
0,68
0,07 (17)
6 1
, (9)
4 5
, (24)
6 5
, (13)
6 9
, (7)
4,7
-=- (19)
4 8
, (17)
9 6
, (14)
8 0
, (20)
5,3 (26)
4 8
, (41)
11, 1(27)
6 8
, (17)
1,60 0,65 16,6
0,05 (19) 0,05 (19) -=- (19)
HbIX ,lI.O cyneCtIaHo-cyrJIHHHCTbIX), 80, KaK npaBHJIO, npE:06JIa,lI.aIOT
neCKH, KOTOpbIe H npe,lI.CTaBJISlIOT OC06bIH: HHTepec ,lI.JIH CTpOHTeJIb-
CTBa. neCKH 3aH,lI.pOBbIX nOJIeH:, IIIHpDKO pacnpOClpaHeHHbIe H
JIytIllie Bcero H3YQeHHbIe B HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOM oTHOIlleHHH,
06bQHO Cpe,lI.HeH: KpynHocTH H MeJIKHe, pe>Ke nbIJIeBaTbIe. rpy6o-
36

06JIOMO'-IHbIH MaTepHaJi npHypO'-IeH B OCHOBHOM K KpaeBbIM 06pa-
30BaHH5IM.
Ce,lIJIMeHTaIJ.H5I <pJIIOBHOr JIHIJ.HaJIbHbIX OCa.lI.KOB, OC06CHHO B
paHOHaX pa3BHTHH KpaeBbIX rpH.lI.,- CJIO>KHbIH npOIJ.ecc. HapH.lI.Y
C MOHbIMH H OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOCT05IHHbIMH nOTOKaMH cyecTBo-
BaJIa rYCTaH CeTb MeJIKHX. 6JIY>K.lI.alOHX BO.lI.OTOKOB. Pa3JIHQHaH
CKOpOCTb nOTOKOB, YCJIOBIUI OCa>K.lI.eHHH H nepeHOCa MaTepHaJIa
npe.lI.Onpe.lI.eJIHJIH OTJIO}KeHHe pa3JIHQHbIX no rpaHCOCTaBY H nJIOT-
0.2 a
0,4
0,6
0,8
S.CM
o
0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40
o 0 10 0 20 0 30 .M fla,
l--'< - "
6 ':::::......
1,0 '\ ......,;::.......
\ ...... ...........
\ ".....
\ " "-
\
\
\
\
\
\
2.0
3.0
4,0
S.CI
PHC. 1.7. Ocpe.lI.HeHHble rpa«pHKH HCIIblTaHHH «pJIIOBHOrJIHIJ.MaJlbHbIX IIeCKOB
IllTaMnaMH: a - nJIOTHbIX (1) If cpe.lI.Heii IIJIOTHOCTH (2); 6 - PbIXJlblX
HOCTH neCQaHbIX rpYHToB. P5I.lI. .lI.pyrHx cpaKTopoB cnoc06CTBOBaJI
.lI.aJIbHeHweMY CTPYKTYPHOMY pa3ynpOlJHeHHIO rpYHToB 3a CLIeT
CYCPCP03HH H BbIeJIaqHBaHHH. KpoMe Toro, npOHCXO.lI.HJI .lI.OBOJIb-
HO HHTeHcHBHNH npoIJ.ecc IJ.eMeHTaIJ.HH M ynpOqHeHHH neCKOB.
TIepBHqHaH HeO.lI.HOpo.lI.HOCTb OTJIO>KeHHH cnoco6CTBOBaJIa He0.lI.H-
HaKoBoMY npoTeKaHHIO 3nHreHeTHqeCKHX rrpOIJ.eCCOB Ha pa3HbIx
yqaCTKax.
TaKHM 06pa30M, YCJIOBHH ce.lI.HMeHT3IJ.HH, .lI.HareHe3a H rrOCJIe-
.lI.YIOHX 3rrHreHeTHqeCKHX npe06pa30BaHHH 06YCJIOBHJIH HaJIHqHe
B TOJIe cpJIIOBHOrJIHIJ.HaJIbHbIX neCKOB rpYHToB pa3.i1HtIHOH nJIOT-
HOCTH Ccl10}KeHHH (OT PbIXJIbIX .lI.0 rrJIOTHbIX). OcooeHHocTH cpOpMH-
pOBaHHH H npe06pa30BaHHH neCqaHbIX rpYHToB npe.lI.orrpe.lI.eJIHIOT
3HaqHTeJIbHyIO rrpocTpaHcTBeHHYIO H3MeHtIHBOCTb HX cpH3HKO-Me-
XaHHQeCKHX CBOHCTB (CM. rJIaBY 2).
OCHoBHbIe nOKa3aTeJIH cpH3HIIecKHx CBOHCTB qJJIIOBHOrJIHIJ.H-
aJIbHbIX neCKOB npHBe.lI.eHN B Ta6JI. 1.9-1.11.
neCKH Cpe.lI.HeH nJIOTHOCTH H nJIOTHbIe xapaKTepH3YIOTCH Ma-
JIOH C}KHMaeMOCTblO no.lI. HarPY3KoH. no nOJIeBbIM OI1bITaM npH
,l(aBJIeHHH ,l(0 0,5 MTIa oca,l(Ka IlITaMna He npeBbIlliacT 8 CM. PbIX-
JIhIe neCKH HMelOT OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIbllIYIO C}KHMaeMOCTb. KpoMe
Toro, npH HarpY3Kax 0,15-0,3 MTIa QaCTO OTMeQaeTCH npe.lI.eJI
npOnOpIJ.HOHaJIbHOCTH JIHHeHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH oca,l(Ka IlITaMna OT
HarpY3KH. Oca,l(Ka npH 3TOM pe3Ko B03pacTaeT, HHOr,l(a npoHcxo-
,l(HT pa3pYllIeHHe rpYHToB.
37

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 1.10. OCHoBHhle nOKa3aTeJlH c1JH3HllecKHx cBoiicTB
cIJJlIOBHOrJlJIIHaJlbHhlX neCKOB C01KCKOrO ropH30HTa
nJIOTHOCTb rpy HTa, r I CM!
nYHKT 1 K03rPrP H ll H eHT ECTeCTBeH
onpOOOBa- nopo.n. a BJIamHaH CKeJIeT nopHCTOCTH HaH BJIam-
HHH nopO)1.a rPYHTa HOCTb, %
MHHCK neCOK KPYIIHbIH: 1, 72 1,65 0,60 3,9
0,05 (169) 0,04 (169) 0,04 (169) -= (167).
DeCOK Cpe,lJ.HeH 1,69 1,63 0,63 3 9
KPYIIHOCTH "0,06 (677) 0,04 (678) 0,04 (680) , (678)
DecoK MeJIKHH 1,66 2,58 0,67 4,7
0,06 (304) 0,04 (304) 0,04 (303) -= (301)
necoK nbIJIeBa- 1,65 _ 1,55 0,71 6 3
TbIH 0, 06 (27) o , 05 (27) 0,06 (27) , ( 27)
DeCOK rpaBe- I, 76 1,68 0,58 4,4
JIHCTblH 0, 06 (39) 0, 05 (39) 0, 03 (39) -=- (39)
MOrHJIeB necOK KpynHblH 1, 74 1,67 0,60 5 8
0,12 (10) 0,07 (13) 0,07 (13) , ( 10)
necoK CpeJI.HeH I, 70 1,62 0,64 5,3
KpynHocTH 0, 11 (68) 0,07 (54) 0,07 (54) -= (67)
DecoK MeJIKHH 1,69 1,61 0,64 4,7
0, 10 (62) 0,08 (72) 0, 08 (72) -= (62)
DecoK nblJIeBa- 1,76 1,60 0,66 7 6
TbIll 0,18 (36) 0,11 (57) 0,11 (57) , ( 34 )
BOpHCOB necoK Cpe.R.HeH 1,62 1,56 0,71 4 0
KpynHocTH 0,09 (17) 0,10 (17) 0,10 (17) , ( 17)
necoK MeJIKHH 1,64 1,56 0,70 5,2
0,06 (120) 0,06 (120) 0,06 (120) -= (120)
BOpHCOB necoK nbIJIeBa- 1,76 1,61 0,66 9 9
TbIH 0,15 (14) 0,13 (14) 0,12 (14) , (14)
Bo6pYHCK necoK KpynHbIH 1,82 I, 70 0,56 7,2
0,08 (8) 0,08 (8) 0,07 (8) -=- (8)
necoK Cpe,lJ.HeH 1,81 1,69 0,57 -5 9
KPYIIHOCTH 0,09 (93) 0, 07 (93) 0, 07 (93) , (93)
necoK MeJIKHH I, 81 1,69 0,57 6 5
0,10 (101) 0,08 (l09) 0,08 (109) , (101)
necoK nblJIeBa- 1,90 1,75 0,51 9 6
TbIH 0,15 (20) 0,09 (19) 0,09 (19) , ( 20 )
JI H,l{a necoK CpeJI.HeH I, 72 1,65 0,61 4,2
KpynHocTH 0, 08 (119) 0,08 (119) 0,08 (119) -= (119)
neCOK MeJIKHH 1,68 1,61 . 0,64 4 6
0,10 (15) 0,06 (15) 0,06 (15) , (15)
38

T a 6 JI H U. a 1.11. OCHOBHble nOKa3aTenH cJJH3H'IeCKHX CBOHCTB
cJJJlIOBHOrnJIIJ.HanbHLlx neCKOB n003epCKoro ropH30HTa
nJJOTHOCTb rPYHTa, r / CM!
DYHKT K03«p«pHltHeHT ECTeCTBeH-
onp060Ba- nOpo)I.a BJI a:;KHaSI CKeneT nopHCTOCTJI HaSI BJJ3>K-
HHSI nopO,JI.a rPYHTa HOCTb. %
nOJIOl.\K necoK nbIJIeBa- 1,76 1,53 0,72 17,0 .
TbIH 0,12 (10) 0,04 (10) 0,06 (10) -=- ( 10)
necoK MeJlKHH 1,75 1,64 0,70 15,9
0,09 (9) 0,06 (9) 0,04 (9) -=- (9)
BHTe6cK necoK nhlJIeBa- I, 75 1,57 0,69 11 , 4 ( 48)
ThlH 0,12 (48) 0, 06 ( 48) 0,06 (48)
necoK MeJIKHH 1,70 1,61 0,65 3 5
0, 07 (25) 0, 04 (25) 0, 04 (25) , ( 25 )
Pe3YJIbT3TbI IIIT3MnOBbIX HcnbITaHHM neCKOB P33JIHQHOl1 Kpyn-
HOCTH npHBe,ll.eHbI H3 pHC. 1.7, H3 KOToporo BH,lI.HO, 1JTO OCa,ll.KH
IllTaMnOB npH npe,ll.eJIbHbIX HarpY3K3x y PbIXJIbIX neCKOB B 2 pa3a
6 OJI bIlle, 1JeM Y neCKOB co cpe,ll.HeM nJIOTHOCTbIO, H B 3 pa3a 60JIb-
Ille, 1JeM y nJIOTHbIX. ITo ,lI.aHHbIM IllTaMIlOBbIX HcnbIT, al-nn'1 MO,ll.YJIb
o6lI(eM ,l{e<popMaUHH ,lI.JIH neCI{OB cpe,ll.HclI nJIOTHOCTH H3MeHHeTCH
OT 25 ,lI.O 40 MITa, Y nJIOTHbIX - OT 40 ,lI.O 80, Y PbIXJIbIX - OT 2 ,lI.O
20 MITa. .lI.JIH PbIXJIbIX neCKOB MorYT 6bITb nOJIyqeHbI H 60JIee
BbIcoKHe MO,ll.YJIH ,lI.e<popMaUHH, HO B Y3KHX ,lI.Hana30Hax H3MeHe-
HHH Y,lI.eJIbHbIX HarpY30K ,lI.O 0,15-0,2 MfIa, nOCJIe KOTOpbIX Ha-
cTynaeT <pa3a C,l{BHrOB.
IToKa3aTeJIH conpOTHBJIeHHH C,lI.BHry, nOJIY1JeHHbIe no MeTO,ll.HKe
fOCT 12248-78, CJIe,ll.YIOlI(He: yroJI BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH 25-41°,
Y,lI.eJIbHOe CuenJIeHHe 0,02-0,20. 10 5 ITa, B oT,lI.eJIbHbIX HcnbITaHH-
HX ,lI.O 0,3-0,5. 10 5 ITa, 1JTO HBJIHeTCH CJIe,ll.CTBHeM 3aKJIHHKH 3epeH
H KPynHoro neCKa B lI(eJIH cpe3Horo npH60pa. BbIcOKHe no cpaBHe-
HHIO C peKOMeH,lI.yeMbIMH CHHIT 2.02.01-83 3Ha1JeHHH CuenJIeHHH
06YCJIOBJIeHbI KaK 3auenJIeHHeM, TaK H CTPYKTYPH.blM CuenJIeHHeM
ynp01JHeHHH neC1JaHbIX rpYHToB.
Ha OCHOBe TeOpeTH1JeCKHX H 3KcnepMMeHTaJIbHbIX HCCJIe,ll.OBa-
HHM np01JHOCTHbIX H ,lI.e<popMaUHOHHbIX CBOMCTB neCtIaHbIX rpYH-
TOB BeJIOPYCCHH npOBe,ll.eHO onbITHoe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO 3,l1.aHHM H
coopYLKeHHH C nOBbIIlleHHbIMH no cpaBHeHHIO C CHHIT 2.02.01 -83
paC1JeTHbIMH conpOTHBJIeHHHMH rpYHToB [34, 89, 18], KOTopoe
nO,ll.TB,lI.HJIO BbICOKYIO HecYlI(YIO cnoco6HocTb neCKOB.
.lI.JIHTeJIbHbIe Ha6JIIO,lI.eHHH 3a ,lI.e<p0pMaUHHMH 3,l1.aHHH H coopY-
LKeHHH fOMeJIbCKOrO XHMH1JeCKOrO 3aBO,ll.a, nocTpoeHHblx Ha MeJI-
KHX II nbIJIeBaTbIX <pJIIOBHOrJIHUHaJIbHbIX neCKax, ,lI.OKa3aJIH npe,ll.-
nOJIOLKeHHe 0 cpaBHHTeJIbHO XOpOlllHX np01JHOCTHbIX H ,lI.e<p0pMa-
U,HOHHbIX CBoHcTBax neCKOB [137].
AHaJIH3 HCnOJIb30BaHMH neCqaHbIX H rJIHHMCTbIX (npeHMY-
39

40
':
:s::
:c

SE
o
a;:

o
><
:a
IZI
C

:s::
:c
={

a;:
.
o
:c
c.


o
IZI

(j
':s::
o
IZI
(j
><
:s::
:.::
(j

:r
:s::

:s::
0&
:s::
a;:





:.::
o
c

:is
=
IZI
g
Y
o

-
C'\I
::r
:s::
r:;:

C'\I
E-<

i=:
C,)
o
=
:r
::I::
fo<
C,)
co
1:;:-
t:
t:;
C1J
fo<
co
C'1

(3
t:::
fo<
=::1::
C1Jfo<
::I::u
::f0
::I::fo<
-&u
-&::1::
(l')Q.
00
I::
::I::
.cfo<
g
1::=
C1JSE
fo<co
ul:;:
tQ
1:
u
-
'-
co
fo<
=
;>.
c.
'-
.c
fo<
u
o
=
fo<
o
I:;:
t:::

= .
=.c
Q)f-o
tQu
fo<O
u=
SE
Uco
I:;:
tQ
co
t:r
o
Q.
o
t::
tI:
::I::
=
f-oco
tQ
=0
;>.
t::8.
I::
o
::I::
fo<
U
00
5
::1::::1::
::rfo<
u
co
I:;:
I::
-. -.
C't LQ
- "0::1"
-- --
 I   I c.c:
_ ('I')  LQ
:s:
COfo<
::fU
::I::Q)
:r::r
co;>.
c.
I-oC1J
fo<
-. -.
 LQ
- "0::1"
-- --
 I   I V:
 ('I') LQ t-
-. -.
C't LQ
- "0::1"
-- --
 / 8  , =
0000
--. -.
 LQ
- "0::1"
-- --
 I  c; l 
0000
f-oco
C1Jfo<
1:;:=
Q);>'
Q.
UI-o
-. -.
 co
- 
-- --
 I   1 8
- 0 -0
tI:
coco
=t:r
*0
coQ.
1:;:0
tQl::
--. -.
C't LQ
- 
-- --
 /   I 
- 0 -0
-. --.
 LQ
- "0::1"
-- --
 I LQ v: 1 
 c;  "0::1"

o
:c
:s::
r:;:

»
U
C'\I
:c
:s::
r:;:
t...,

U.

Q)
E-<
:s::

-. 
 
-- --
-: 1 ('1') t-: I 
c;;:tC't
-. 
 C't
-- --
 1 c.c:. c: 1 CD
LQ
-.
00
. ('I')
--
;0 1 8  I 
0000
-.
co
('I')
--
 I  b) I 
0000
-. 
co 
('I') -
-- --
fd 1 8 t; I 
- 0 - 0
--. 
co C't
('I') _
-- --
 I   1 8
C't0 -0
-. 
gs 
-- --
 I   / LQ
 ('I')  

o
:c
:s::
r:;:

»
U
C'\I
:c
:s::
r:;:
t...,

::r
o
r:;:
o
t::
t-: l o
o 
('I')
 I ('I')
o 
"O::I"CD


-
--
C't I CO
coo
00


-
--
"O::I" I CD
0') 0
00
- I CO
LQ 0
-0
('I') I CD
0')0
-0
CO I CD
ex) 
C"':I
C'\I
:c
:s::
r:;:
t...,

::r
o
r:;:
o
c
o
c:Q
o
:c
-.
"0::1"

--
 I ('I')
o ..

-.
"0::1"

--
 I O
lC ..
"0::1"('1')
-.


--
('1') 1 "0::1"
co 0
00
-.


--
C't 1 1O
0') 0
00
-


--
0') 1 ('1')
"0::1" 0
-0
-.


--
"O::I" 1 C't
C':) 0
- 0
-


--
 I "O::I"
o ..
('1')-
C'\I
:c
:s::
r:;:
t...,
E-<
U
Q)
0..
to
-
('I')

--
0:. 1 -
o 
_('I')
-
('I')

--
t-: l t-
0') 

-.
('I')

--
"O::I" I CO
CD 0
00
-
('I')

--
"0::1" 1 0
0') -
00
-.
('I')

--
CD I t-
CD 0
- 0
--.
('I')

--
 l lC
00
 0
--.
('I')

--
0:. 1 


o
:c
:s::
r:;:

»
U

::r
o
r:;:
o
t::
o
c:Q
o
:c
-.
o
C't
-
--
-
"0::1"
('I')
--
c: 1 -:.
LQ 
-.
o

-
--
-.
"0::1"
('I')
--
0:. 1 
lC ..

0-

-
--
-
('I')

--
lC l ('I')
lC -
00
--.
t-
o
--.
"0::1"
('I')
--
-
--
('1') 1 10
co -
00
t::"
o
-.
('I')

--
-
--
t- ' CD
t- 0
-0
-
LQ
o
-
--
-.
ct:)

--
CD I CO
00
o

-
--
--.
('I')

--
 I t-
t- 
-
,.Q
U
Q)
t::
»
U

::r
o
r:;:
o
t::
o
c:Q
o
:c

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 1.13. Cpe,JJ.HHe 3Ha'leHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH C,JJ.BHra
o3epHO-Jle,JJ.HHKoBLIX OTJlO)l(eHHH "PH HarpY3Ke I, 2, 3.10 5 na
C)I.BHralOll\He YCHJIHH '1: i ' 1 0& na
nYHKT K03<jJ<jJHllHeHT Y)I.eJIbHOe
onp060Ba- nopo)I.a BHYTpeHHero cu.enJIeHHe
HHH '1:1 '1: 2 '1:3 TpeHHH tg fP c, 1 O na
[lOJIOIJ.K rJIHHa 0,71 1,04 1,35 0,32 54) 0,39
0, 15 (54) 0,16 (54) 0,22 (54) 0, II ( 0, 21 (54)
Cyr JIH- 0,71 1, 18 1.75 0,47 0,24
HOK 0,08 (17) 0, 14 (17) o , 25 (17) 0,09 (17) 0,11 (17)
BHTe6cK f JIHHa 0,74 0,88 1,29 0,34 0,54
0,09 (20) 0, II (13) 0,10 (19) 0,10 (20) 0,13 (20)
HOBono- f JIHHa 0,27 0,40
JIOIJ.K 0,10 (13) 0,06 (13)
Cyr JIH- 0,42 0,26
HOK 0,09 (86) 0,13 (86)
HOBono- Cynecb 0,58 0,33
JIOIJ.K o , 06 ( 11 ) 0,21 (II)
necoK 0,56 0,09
0,12 (39) 0,23 (39)
IIJ.eC1BeHHO MopeHHbIx) rpYHTOB B KaqeCTBe OCHOBaHHM cBaMHbIX
<PYHJJ;aMeHTOB 3a 1972-1978 rr. BbIlIOJIHeH M. A. CHTHHKOBbIM
[137]. OYTeM cpaBHeHHH HecYIIJ.eM CIIOCOOHOCTH cBaM, lIpHHHTOH
B npoeKTe, C HeCYIIJ.eH ClIOCOOHOCTblO, lIOJIyqeHHOM KOHTpOJIbHbIMH
CTaTHqeCKHMH HcnbITaHHHMH, OH lIOKa3aJI, qTO Cpe.lI.HHM K03<p<pH-
UHeHT HClIOJIb30BaHHH HecYIIJ.eH clIoc06HOCTH cBaM (OTHOlIIeHHe
HecYIIJ.HX cnocooHOCTeM CBaM, lIpHHHTbIX B lIpoeKTe, K cpaKTHqeC-
KHM no KOHTpOJIbHbIM HClIbITaHHHM) lIO lIHTH perHoHaM ECCP
COCTaBJIHeT 0,77, T. e. HeCYIIJ.aH cnocooHoCTb rpYHToB B OCHOBa-
HHHX cBaMHblx <PYHJJ;aMeHTOB HClIOJIb3yeTcH He lIOJIHOCTblO.
o 3 e p H O-JI e)J. H H K 0 B bI e OTJI02KeHHH 3aJIeralOT 06bIqHO Ha
MopeHe H TOJIbKO MeCTaMH lIepeKpbIBalOTCH MaJIOMOII.J.HbIM qeXJIOM
rOJIou.eHOBbIX ocaJJ;KOB. MOIIJ.HOCTb 03epHO-JIeJJ;HHKOBbIX oopa30Ba-
HHM pa3Hooopa3Ha H yBeJIHqHBaeTCH OT nepHcpepHHHOM qaCTH
oacceMHa (OT 0,5 JJ;O 2-3 M) K u.eHTpaJIbHOM, r,l{e JJ;OCTHraeT 15-
20 M. HaHOOJIee IlIHpOKO pa3BHTbI, HMelOT 3Ha l IHTeJIbHYIO MOIIJ.-
HOCTb, a TaK2Ke JIyqIlIe H3yqeHbI B HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOM OT-
HOlIIeHHH o3epHO-JIeJJ;HHKoBbIe OTJI02KeHHfI ceBepHoH qaCTH pec-
lIYOJIHKH (lIo03epcKoro ropH30HTa). CpaBHeHHe lIoKa3aTeJIeM rpa-
HYJIOMeTpHqeCKOrO COCTaBa H CPH3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOMCTB
o3epHO-JIeJJ;HHKoBbIX ocaJJ;KOB H3 pa3JIHqHbIX perHoHoB ECCP lIO-
Ka3aJIO, QTO OHH pa3JIHQalOTCH HecYIIJ.eCTBeHHo. Oco6eHHocTblO
o3epHO-JIeJJ;HHKoBbIX oca)J.KOB HBJIHeTCH lIIHpoKoe pa3BHTHe B HHX
41

JIeHTOT.JHbIX TeKCTYP. no CBoeMY rpaHYJIOMeTpHT.JeCKOMY COCTaBY
3TH OTJI02KeHHH OJIU3KU K MeJIK03eMY MopeH, B pe3YJIbTaTe IIepe-
OTJI02KeHHH KOTOpbIX OHH U oopa30BaJIHCb. rpaHYJIOMeTpHT.JeCKI1H
COCTaB IIOpO,A HeO,AHOpO,AeH, IIpeOOJIa,AaIOT IIbIJIeBa1'ble H CUJIbHO-
IIbIJIeBaTbIe (cO,Aep2KaHHe IIbIJIH 70-90 % ), IITO COBMeCTHO C ux
TeKcTypHblMH ocooeHHocTHMU IIpe,AOIIpe,AeJIHeT CKJIOHHOCTb K IIY-
T.JeHHIO IIPH IIpoMep3aHuu. B MHHepaJibHOM COCTaBe rpyoO,AHC-
IIepcHoH <ppaKUH H ,AOMUHHpyeT KBapu, TOHKO,AUCIIepCHoH - ru,A-
pOCJIIO,AbI. B ceBepHoH U 3aIIa,l(-
0,10 0,20 0,30 p,Mfla HOM lIaCTHX peCIIYOJIHKU, r,Ae JIeJ{.
HUK 3pO,AHpOBaJI H3BeCTHHKOBO-
0, -4 .n.OJIOMHTOBYIO TOJIIIJ.Y BepxHero
D.eBOHa U MepreJIbHO-MeJIOBbIe OT-
° JI02KeHHH MeJIOBO" cHcTeMbI, B
,8
1,2
1,6
S.Cr.4
PHC. 1.8. OCpe.lI.HeHHhle rpa41HKH HCIIbI-
TaHHH IllTaMIIaMH oaepHO-ne.ll.HHKOBblK
OTJlO>KeHHiI: 1 - IIeCKH; 2 - cYIIecH;
3 - cyrJIHHKH; 4 - rJIHHbI
JIeHTOlJHbIX rJIHHaX OTMeIIaeTCH ,AO 20 8 io KapoOH8TOB. B I02KHOM H
BOCTOIIHOM HaIIp8BJIeHUHX KOJIUT.JeCTBO K8pOOH8TOB B JIeHTOIIHbIX
rJIHHaX YMeHblIIaeTcH, K3K H B IIO,ACTHJIalOIIJ.UX UX MopeH8x, CJIY-
:>K8m.HX OCHOBHbIM HCTOIIHHKOM H3KOIIJIeHHH K8pOOH8TOB B JIeH-
TOIIHbIX rJIHH8X. B COCTaBe OTJIO:>KeHHM IIpeOOJI8,l(8IOT rJIUHbI U
cyr JIHHKH, 3H8IIHTeJIbHO pe>Ke BCTpeIIalOTCH CYIIecH U neCKU.
113 T80JI. 1.12 BH,AHO IITO IIOpO.lI.bI HMelOT HH3KYIO IIJIOTHOCTb
H cJIaOO,,1JHTHHUHpOB3HbI. H8 YIIpOT.JHeHHe IIOpO.u. B BepxHeM 30He
3aMeTHoe BJIHSIHHe OKa3bIB81OT IIpoUecCbI BbIBeTpuBaHHH.
B TaOJI. 1.13 IIOK833HO, T.JTO IIPH YCKopeHHOM MCTO.lI.e oIIpe.u.e-
JIeHHH COIIpOTHBJIeHI1H cpe3Y, KaK H B MopeHHbIx rpYHTax, IIpOHC-
XO.lI.HT YBeJIHT.JeHHe CueIIJIeHHH If YMeHblIIeHHe, yrJIa BHYTpeHHero
TpeHHH. OpHpoJ{a 3THX fIBJIeHHM paccMOTpeHa BbillIe.
no ,AaHHbIM KOMIIpeccHoHHbIX HCIIbITaHHH, IIeCKH IIO C:>KHMae-
MOCTH OTHOCSITCH K Cpe,AHe- U CJIaOOCLlHIMaeMbIM. MO.lI.YJIb ux ,Ae-
cpopMaUHH B HHTepBaJIe ,AaBJIeHHH OT 0,5 ,AO 2,0. 1 O na H3MeHH-
eTCH B lIIHpOKHX IIpe,AeJIax OT 9,2 ,AO 26,6 Mna IIPH cpe,AHeM 3Ha-
l.IeHHH 12,2 Mna.
KaK IIOKa3aJIH pe3YJIbTaThI lIITaMIIOBbIX HCIIbITaHHH, B YC.'10-
BH5IX eCTeCTBeHHoro 3aJIeraHHH onH xapaKTepH3YlOTCH BbICOKHMH
.u.e<popMauuoHHbIMH CBoMcTBaMH. TaK, IIO .n.3HHbIM lIIeCTH nOJIeBbIX
HCTIbITaHHM H3 12 BbInOJIHeHHbJX H3 IiJIoru.8,AKe HOBOIIOJIOUKOrO
no «Do.,1JHMHP», IIPH YJI.eJIbHOM ,AaB.JIeHHH (5-6) .10 5 03 He ,AO-
CTHrHYTa He TOJIbKO KpHTHT.JeCK8H HarpY3K8, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.8H
CTa)J.HH pa3pYlueHHH rpYH,!8, no U Hpe,AeJI JIlIHeMHOM rrpoIIopUHO-
42

HaJIbHOCTH Me2K,AY HarpY3KOH H OC8,AKOH IlITaMna. BO,,'IbIlIOti ,lU1a-
na30H H3MeHeHHSI MO,AYJIeH ,AeQ>OpMau.HH neCKOB (OT 16,2 ,AOJ
17 Mila) OOYCJIOBJIeH KaK pa3011H1.IHOH n.1JOTHOCTbIO necKoB, TaK
H HeO,AHHaKOBbIM npoTeKaHHeM BTOPHqHbIX .3nHreHeTHqeCKHX npo-
u.eCCOB, npHBo.u.HHX B O,AHHX CJIyqaHX K pa3ynpOQHeHHIO neCKOB
3a ctleT Bbuu.eJIaQHBaHHH H CYQ>CP03HH, B .u.pyrHx - K nOHBJIeHHIO'
u.eMeHTau.HOHHbIX cBH3eH 3a CQeT KoarYJIHu.HH CB060,AHOH KpeM-
HHeBoH KHCJIOTbI H nOJIyoopHbIX OKHCJIOB. Pa3BHTHIO u.eMeHTalJ..H.-
OHHbIX CBH3eH cnoc06cTByeT H
OCa2K,AeHHe fH.u.POOI{HCJIOB 2Ke-
JIe3a.
Ha HaJIUqHe u.eMeHTau.HOH-
HbIX cBSl3eH B neCqaHbIX rpYHTax
YKa3bIBaeT cyIII.ecTBeHHoe pa3JIH-
llHe B 3HaqeHHSlX MO,AYJIeH .u.e-
Q>OPMaU.HH no pe3YJIbTaTaM KOM-
npeccHoHHbIX H IlITaMnOBbIX HC-
.nwTaHHH (ocpe,AHeHHe KpHBwe
npHBe.u.eH Ha pUC. 1.8) npH no-
PHC. 1.9. rpa41HK IllTaMIIOB HCIIhlTaHHH
eHTotJHO:H rnHHbI npH eHcTBHH IJ.HKJIH-
tJeCKHX HarpY30K
0,050,100,150.20 p.M/Ia
0,4
0.6
1.2
1.6
2,0
2,4
S.CM
npft p=0.2 Mna
s= 6.2 c"
,AaBJIHIOIII.eM CO,Aep2KaHHH B rpYHTe nbIJIeBaTOH H TOHKOneCQaHOH
cppaKu.HH (99,60/0), a TaK2Ke BbICOKHe 3HaQeHHSI y.u.eJIbHOrO cu.en-
JIeHHH neCKOB, ,AOCTHraIOIII.He (0,2-0,34) .10 5 TIa (npH H3MeHe-
HHH C OT 0 ,AO 0,34. 10 5 ila, yr JIa BHYTpeHHero' TpeHHH - OT 29
,nO 41°). .
B CBH3H C 9THM He COBceM yoe,nHTeJIbHO BrJISI,nHT KJIaCCHcpu-
Kau.HH neCKOB no nJIOTHOCTH CJIO}KeHHH fOCT 25100-82, no KOTO-
pOH H3 41 npoobI 23 OTHeceHbI K pbIXJIbIM, 14 - K neCKaM Cpe,AHeH
nJIOTHOCTH H 4 - K nJIOTHbIM. B TO }l{e npeMH, HCnOJIb3YH IIOKa3a:-
TeJIb OTHOCHTeJIbHOH ynJIOTHeHHOCTH [95], TOJIbKO B 5 CJIYQaHX
H3 41 neCKH OTHOCHTCH K pbIXJIbIM, T. e. nOKa3aTeJIb ynJIOTHeHHoc-
TH 60JIee .u.ocToBepeH npH KJIaCcHcpHKaiJ.HH neCqaHbIX rpYHToB no
nJIOTHOCTU HX CJI02KeHHH.
ilo pe3YJIbTaTaM KOMrrpeccHoHHbIX HcnbITaHHH MO.n.Yoilb ,Aecpop-
Mau.HH B HHTepBaJIe y,AeJIbHbIX HarpY30K (1-2) .10 5 TIa H3MeHSI-
eTCH ,AJIH cyneceH OT 10,9 .u.o 25,5 Mila, )I.JIfl cyr JIHHKOB OT 5,3 .u.o
25,1, ,AJIH rJIMH OT 1,5 ,AO 12,2 Mila. Do ,AaHHbIM rnraMIiOBbIX HC.
nbITaHHH, MO,AYJIb .u.eQ>opMaJ.J.HH COCTaBHJI ;I.JIH cyneceH 14,0-
47,5 Mila npH npe,AeJIe npOnopu.HoHaJlbHOCTH (2,0-.3,5).10 5 ila,
,AJIH cyrJIMHKOB 20,0-29 Mila np" npeJ].eJIe nponOpUl10HaJIbHOCTH
(2,0-3,5) .10 5 ila, .llJIH r JIHH 10,0-20,0 Mila IiPH npeiI.e.lle npo-
43

IIopUHOHaJIbHOCTU (1,5-2,0) .10 5 Ila. ,LtJIH rJIHH MO,AYJIb ,Aecpop-
MaIl.HH npH HarpY3Kax OT 2 ,AO 3. 10 5 n a yMeHblIIaeTC5I,AO 1-
5 MIla.
HCIIbITaHH5I Ha KOMnpeccHIO .u.aIOT 3aHHLKeHHbie 3HaqeHHH
MO.u.YJI5I .u.ecpopMaIl.HH IIO cpaBHeHHIO co lIITaMIIaMH; oco6eHHo 3TO
cYIII.ecTBeHHo ,AJIH JIeHTOqHbIX r JIUH. JIeHTOqHbIe r JIHHbI 06JIa,AaIOT
THKCOTpOIIHbIMH CBoHcTBaMH. )].JI5I HX H3YIIeHH5I IIpOH3BO,AHJIHCb
UCIIbITaHHH lliTaMIIOM IiJIOIII.a.u.bIO 5000 CM 2 IIPH ,AeHCTBI1H Ha Hero
Il.HKJIHtleCKHX HarpY30K (pHC. 1.9, IIYHI{THPOM IIOKa3aHbI BeTBH
pa3rpY30K). KaK BH,AHO H3 rpacpHKa 3aBHCHMOCTH Oca,AKH OT ,AaB-
JIeHH5I, B pe3YJIbTaTe MHoroKpaTHoro HarpYLKeHH5I H pa3rpy3KH
lIITaMna B HHTepBaJIe ,AaBJIeHHH OT 0,5 ,AO 1,75.10 5 Ila npOH30111JIO
pa3LKHllieHHe rJIHH H pe3Koe CHHllieHHe I1X }.I.ecpopMaIl.HOHHbIX H
IIPOqHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB, 0 qeM cBH,AeTe.llbcTByeT HapacTaHHe OCa,AKH
lllTaMIia C Kalli.u.bIM IIOCJIe,AYIOIII.HM Il.HKJIOM 3arpYLKeHH5I.
IleCqaHo-cYIIeCqaHbIe pa3HocTH MorYT CJIYLKHTb BnOJIHe Y,AOB-
JIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM OCHOBaHHeM }.I.JI5I 60JIblIIHHCTBa npOMbIlllJIeHHbIX
H rpalli,AaHCKHX 3,A"aHHH H cooPYLKeHHM. cTleHTOIIHbIe r JIHHbI H cY-
rJIHHKH co cTpOHTeJIbHOH TOqKH 3pHH5I IIOpOJ.I.N 6uJIee CJIa6Ne.
Ilpl1 npoeKTHpoBaHHH oCHoBaHHH H B03Be,AeHHH Ha HHX coopYLKe-
HHH C JIeHTOqHbIMH H cToJI6qaTbIMH cpYH,AaMeHTaMH Heo6xo,AHMO
OrpaHHqHBaTb YJ.I.eJIbHbIe HarpY3KH B npe,AeJIax (1,5-2,0).] 0 5 Ila
H oco6oe BHHMaHHe 06paIII.aTb Ha coxpaHeHHe IIpHpO,AHOro CJIO-
)KeHH5I, He ,AOnYCKa5I HCKYCCTBeHHoro YBJIa:>KHeHH5I, IIpOMep3aHHH,
,AHHaMI1lJeCKHX B03,AeHCTBHH H T. ,A. IlpH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe Ha JIeH-
TOIJHbIX r JIUHaX He6oJIblIIOH MOIl.{HOCTH ueJIeC006pa3HO IipllMeH5ITb
CBallHNe cpYH,AaMeHTbI C OIIHpaHHeM CBaH Ha MopeHbI H ,APyrHe
60JIee IIpOqHbIe rpYHTbI.

r nasa 2
3AKOHOMEPHOCTJ.1 npOCTP AHCTBEHHOV1 J.13MEH4J.1BOCTJ.1
JlE.lJ.HJ.1KOBbIX OT JlO>KEHJ.1V1
2.1. AHanH3 TeopeTH4ecKHx H 3KcnepHMeHTa11bHbix AaHHblX
HeCMOTpH Ha 3HaqHTeJIbHOe KOJIHIIeCTBO pa6oT, nOCBHIIJ.eHHbIX
perHOHaJIbHOH HH>KeHepHO- reOJIOrIiIIeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKe JIe)J.-
HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH ([27], [56] H )J.p.), .lI.aHHbIX 00 H3MeHllHBO-
CTH HX CBOHCTB nOKa HeMHoro. KpoMe Toro, HapH,lJ.Y C KoppeKTHbIM
perneHHeM OT)J.eJIbHNX BonpocoB npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHIIHBO-
CTHCBOHCTB ([4], [54], [80], [169] H)J.p.) MO>KHOBCTpeTHTbIIHC-
TO cO)J.ep>KaTeJIbHbIe nonbITKH onHcaHHH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH 3aKO-
HOMepHOCTH.
AHa"TJH3 JIHTepaTypbI nOKa3bIBaeT, IITO HaHJIyqrnHM cpe)J.CTBOM
JIH xapaKTepHCTHKH npOCTpaHCTBCHHOH H3MeHqHBOCTH CBOHCTB
nopo)I. HBJISleTCSI MeTO,lJ. MO)J.eJIHpOBaHHH reOJIOrHlleCKOrO nOJIH. OH
COqeTaeT B ceoe reOJIOfHIIeCKHH H CHCTeMHbIH nO,lJ.XO,lJ.bI K feOJIO-
fHqeCKHM TeJIaM, ,lJ.aeT Haf JISI)J.Hoe npe,lJ.CTaBJIeHHe 00 H3MeHIIHBO-
'CTH, n03BOJIHeT onHcaTb TOJIbKO Te ee KOMnOHeHTbI, KOTopbIe 00-
JIee Bcero HeOOXO)J.HMbI ,lJ.JISI perneHHSI KOHKpeTHbIX 3a)J.aq [54].
Ha nepBbIH B3fJIH)J. YCTaHoBHTb fJIaBHOe HaIipaBJIeHHe H3MeH-
HBOCTH JIe)J.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH He npe,lI.CTaBJIHeT TpY,lJ.a, TaK KaK
HX 00pa30BaHHe CBH3aHO C HaJIHIIHeM JIOKaJIH30BaHHOH OOJIaCTH
nHTaHHH [4]. IT03TOMY MO)KHO npe)J.nOJIO>KHTb, qTO rJIaBHOe Ha-
npaBJIeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH H3MeHIIHBOCTH )J.OJI)KHO COBna)J.aTb C
..lI.BH>KeHHeM JIe,lJ.HHKa, a fJIaBHOe HanpaB"leHHe MHHHMaJIbHOH H3-
MeHIIHBOCTH opHeHTHpoBaHo B,lI.OJIb cppoHTa JIe)J.HHKa. O,lJ.HaKO,
KaK OTMeIIaeT r. K. EOH,lJ.apHK, 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHaH npoBepKa
3TOH rHnOTe3bI CBH3aHa C pH,lJ.OM TPY)J.HocTeH, 3aK.HIOQaIOIIJ.HXCH B
TOM, qTO B npou.ecce nepeMemeHHH JIe,lJ.HHKa Hero 3p03HOHHofI
)J.eHTe.HbHOCTH B03HHKaJIH MeCTHbIe OOJIaCTH nHTaHHH, H 3TO OTpa-
>KaeTCH B COCTaBe H CBOHCTBax nopo)J. JIe)J.HHKOBoro npOHCXO)K,lI.e-
HHH, a TaK>Ke ByaJIHpyeT perHOHaJIbHYIO COCTaBJIHIOmyIO H3MeH-
QHBOCTH. KpoMe Toro, JIOfHIIHO npe)J.IiOJIO>KHTb, IITO CKOpOCTb II
HanpaBJIeHHe )J.BH>KeHHH JIe,lJ.HHKa ObIJIH HerrOCTOHHHbIMH (H3Me-
HeHHH cpH3HKo-reofpacpHqeCKOH oocTaHoBKH, B TOM IIHCJIe TeMne-
paTypbI, peJIbecpa nO)J.CTHJIaIOI..II.HX nopo)J. II HX YCTOHqHBOCTH no
'OTHorneHHIO K JIe,lI.HHKOBOH 3p03HH H ,lI.p.). JIe,lI.HHK npO,lJ.BHraJIC5I
,OqeHb CBoeoopa3HO, C cpOpMHpOBaHHeM BbIBO)J.HbIX JIe)J.HHKOB, f,lI.e
45

,lI.BH}KeHHe J1b,na MOrJIO OTJ1HII8TbCH OT OCHOBHOrO. n03TOMY HeJIb-
3H 0}KH.u.8Tb, lITO rJI8BHbIe HanpaBJIeHHH H3MeHlIHBOCTH l H 2
IiOBCeMeCTHO 0Y,lI.YT HMeTb O,lI.HY OpHeHTHpOBKY [4].
B HeKoTopbIX pa60Tax pa3BHBaeTcH nOJIO>KeHHe 00 O,lI.HOpO,lI.-
HOCTH OCHOBHblX MopeH no COCT8By H CBOHCTB8M, npHBO,lI.HTCH
cooTBeTcTBYIOll.(He 0606meHHbIe nOK338TeJIH H, K8K IipaBHJIO, HH-
lIero He rOBopHTCH 06 8HH30TponHH CBOHCTB MopeH, KOTopaH HMe-
eT pernaIOmee 3Ha1.IeHne ,lI.JIH BbIOOp8 MeTO,lI.H1.IeCKHX aCneI{TOB
HCCJIej.J.OB8HHH MopeH, B TOM lIHCJIe .n.JIH nOJIYlIeHHH 06"beKTHBHbIX
0606meHHbIX nOK838TeJIeH.
Bo BCErl1HrEO npOBe,neHbI Cnell.H8JIbHbIe p800TbI no H3Y-
1.1eHHIO H3MeHlIHBOCTH OT JIO:>KeHHH JIe,lI.HHKOBoro KOMnJIeKC8 B
p3HOHe H8'ropbH (5.lpOCJIaBCK3H 00JI8CTb), n03BOJIHBllille C no-
MOmbIO 8H8JI38 KOppeJIHlI.HOHHOH CPYHKlI.HH YCT8HOBIITb H3MeH-
lIUBOCTb MopeHbI MOCKOBCKoro OJIe,lI.eHeHHH, BbIHBHTb ee pe:>KHMbI,
p8CClIHT8Tb X8paKTepHCTHKH, 8 T8K>Ke nOKa38Tb H3JIHlIHe 8HH30-
TponHH.
r. K. BOH,lI.8pHKOM nOCTpoeHbI K8pTbI TpeH,lI.8 1.IHCJI8 nJI8CTHlI-
Ii ,",CTH H K3pTbI ,lI.HCnepCHH lIHCJI8 nJI8CTHlIHOCTH OCHOBHO" MopeHbI
S8JI,lI.3HCKOro OJIe,lI.eHeHHH B npe.n.eJI8X CeBepo-33n8,lI.8 eBponeH-
CKOH TeppHTopHH GCCP. no MO,lI.eJIHM nOJIeH ,lI.JIH BaJI,lI.8UCKOH
MopeHbI OTlIeTJIHBO YCT8H8BJIHB8IOTCH rJI8BHble Hanp8BJIeHHB H3-
MeHlIHBOCTH, 0 KOTOpbIX MO}KHO 8npHopHO Cy.n.HTb H8 OCHOB8HHH
8H3JIH33 reOJIOrHlIeCKHX )l.8HHbIX.
A. M. lllHCCeJIb [169] HCCJIe,lI.OB8JI 38KoHoMepHocTH npocTp8H-
cTBeHHoH H3MeHlIHBOCTH MOCKOBCKOH MopeHbI 5.lpOCJI8BCKOro 00-
BOJI)KbB. npHMeHeHHe MeTOJI.HKH, npe,lI.JIO)KeHHOH r. K. BOH,lI.8pH-
KOM, H OCHOBHbIX IiOJIO)KeHHH TeopHH CJIY1I8HHbIX CPYHKlI.HM ,lI.8JIO
B03MO)KHOCTb YCT8HOBHTb H8JIHlIHe no npocpHJIIO ,lI.JIHHOH B 20 KM,
opHeHTHpoB8HHOMY no npe,lI.IiOJI8r3eMoMY rJI8BHoMY MaKCHM8JIb-
HOMY H8npaBJIeHHIO H3MeHlIHBOCTH (H8np8BJIeHHIO JI.BH:>KeHHB JIe.n.-
HHK8), 1.IeTKO Bblp8>KeHHOH 38KoHoMepHoH H3MeHlIHBOCTIi 0606-
eHHoro nOK33aTeJIH BemeCTBeHHoro COCTaBa -- npe,lI.eJIa TeKY-
1.IeCTH. ,I:lJIB K03<PcpHlI.HeHT8 nopHcToCTH H C,lI.BHraIOmero YCIfJIHB
3HalIeHHH Cpe.u.HHX OlI.eHOK H3MeHHJIHCb MeHee cyecTBeHHo. 00-
BH,nHMOMY, ,lI.JIH 3THX nOK838TeJIeH He,lI.OCT8TOlIHa ,lI.JIHH8 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHOrO npo«l>HJIB 20 KM. KpoMe Toro, CKa3aJIaCb P83HH-
1I.8 B pe:>KHM3X H3MeHlIHBOCTH CHHreHeTHlIeCKHX H 3nHreHeTH4e-
CKHX CBOHCTB MopeH, KOTopbIe paccM8TpHB8JIHCb COBMeCTHO, 6e3
BbI,lI.eJIeHHB npHnoBepxHocTHbIX ropH30HTOB.
nYTeM 8nnpOKCHMall.HH ou.eHOK cpe,lI.HHX npe,lI.eJIOB TeKyqeCTH
H K034>4>HHeHTa nopHcToCTH yp8BHeHHeM nOBepxHocTH lIeTBep-
TOM CTeneHH H nOCJIe,lI.YIOeH HHTepnpeT8lI.HH pe3YJIbT8TOB nOJIY-
lIeHW K8PTbI TpeH,lI.-nOBepxHocTeM H3MeHeHHH npe.n.eJI8 TeKYlIecTH
H K03<p<PHu.HeHT3 nopHCTOCTH H3 BceH TeppHTopHH perHoHa, n03-
BOJIHBllIHe ocyecTBHTb cxeM8THlIeCKoe paHOHHpOBaHHe MOCKOB-
CKoro ropH30HT8. A. M. lllHcceJIeM YCT8HOBJIeHO, lITO «pacnpe,ae-
J)'eHHe cBoHCTB H8 TeppHTopHH perHoH8 38KoHoMepHo H B38HMO-
46

CBH3aHO C reOMOp<p0JIOrHlIeCKHMH OCOOeHHOCTHMH MOpeHHOrO
peJIbe<pa» [169 J .
E. H. HepycaJIHMCKOH [54] nocTpoeH MaTeMaTHlIeCKHe MO-
,neJIH nOJIeH rpaHYJIOMeTpHlIeCKOrO COCTaBa OCHOBHOH MopeHbI
OCTalliKOBCKoro OJIe.n.eHeHHSI eBponeHcKoH lIaCTH CCCP ,U.JIfl pa3-
rpaHHlIeHHfl 3TOH TeppHTopHH Ha paHoHbI, O,U.HOpo,U.Hble no cocTaBY
MOpeHbI. AHaJIH3 CTPYKTYP nOJleH nOKa3aJl, lITO ee COCTaB no.n.llH-
H5IeTCfl 3aKoHoMepHocTflM, OTpa:>KaIOIIJ.HM npOlI.ecCbI ce,U.HMeHTa-
II.HH, H 3aBHCHT, KaK npaBHJIO, OT COCTaBa nO.lI.CTHJIaIOIl.{HX ee no-
p0,U., 3a ClIeT KOTOpbIX IlIJIO ee <pOpMHpoBaHHe, H TOJIbKO B HeKO-
TOpOH CTeneHH onpe,U.eJlHeTCSI peJlbe<poM MeCTHOCTH, no KOTOpOH
llIeJI JIe.!l.HHK. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THMH 3aKoHoMepHocTflMH TeppH-
TOpHH pa3,U.eJleHa Ha 33 paHoHa, B npe,U.eJIax KOTOpWX 3aJleraeT
MopeH3 npeHMYIl.{ecTBeHHo O;ll.HOrO H3 JIHTOJIOrHlIeCKHX THnOB.
Onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B H3MeHeHHH CBOHCTB MOC-
KOBCKOH MopeHbI no nJIOIl.{a,nH (B paHoHe MHHCKa OKOJlO 160 KM2)
YCTaHOBJIeHbI B. f. JIoOO,lI.eHKO [80].
COTPY,U.HHKaMH Ka<pe,U.pbI HH}KeHepHOH reOJlOrHH MrPH no,U.
PYKOBO,U.CTBOM r. K. EOH,U.apHKa nocTpoeHbI MaKeTbl KapT <pH3HKO-
MeXaHHlIeCKHX CBOHCTB nopo,U., HaXO,U.SlIIJ.HXCfl B c<pepe B3aHMO-
,U.ei'IcTBHfl C Ha3eMHbIMH coopy>KeHH5fMIf, ,U.Jlfl <!>JIIOBHOrJISlII.HaJIb-
HbIX nopo,U. ,U.HenpOBCKO-MOCKOBCKoro ropH30HTa H MopeHbI
HenpoBcKoro OJIe,U.eHeHHSI C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM MeTO,lI.OB M3TeMa-
THlIeCKOrO Mo,U.eJlHpOBaHHH TpeH,U.-nOBepXHOCTH, OCHOBaHHbIX H3
MO,lI.eJIH CJIyqaHHOM <PYHKII.HH [72].
HaHOOJIee nOJIHH H KOMnJIeKCHbIH no.lI.Xo,U. K H3YQeHHIO If
OlI.eHKe npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHlIHBOCTH ne,U.HHKOBbIX oopa30Ba-
HHH H3JIO:>KeH B cOBMecTHoH paooTe r. K. EOH,lI.apHK3, M. H. fo-
paJIb1.IYK H E. H. HepycaJIHMCKOH [9], B KOTOpOH OCBeIIJ.eHbI 3a-
KOHoMepHocTH H3MeHeHHfl B npocTpaHcTBe COCTaBa H CBOHCTB
ne,U.HIIKOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH, CJIaraIOIIJ.HX 3HalIHTeJIbHYIO llaCTb Tep-
pHTOpHH HeqepH03eMHoH 30HbI CCCP.
TaKHM oopa30M, O.lI.HHM H3 cnocoooB H3Y1.IeHIHI npocTpaHcT-
BeHHoH H3MeHlIHBOCTH <!>H3HKo-MeXaHHlIeCKHX CBOHCTB HBJIfleTCSI
MaTeMaTHlIeCKOe Mo,neJIHpCBaHHe nOJIeH HX nOKa3aTeJIeH (reoJIo-
rHqeCKIiX nOJIeH). B CHJIY CJIO}KHOCTH CTPYKTYPb[ nOJIeH reOJIOrH-
l.[eCKHX napaMeTpoB HeB03MO:>KHO HX cTporoe MaTeMaTHqeCKOe
onHcaHHe. 003TOMY npH Bbloope KJIaCCa <PYHKII.HH ,U.JISI nocTpoe-
HHfl Mo,neJ1H Y1.IHTbIBaIOT B03MO:>KHOCTH ee nOJIyqeHHfl C TOlIHO-
CTbIO, ,nOCT3TOlIHOH ,nJIfl pellleHHSI KOHKpeTHoH reOJIOrHqeCKOH 3a-
.nalIH, H nocToTY peaJIH3au.HH MeTO):La 1l0cTpoeHHfl. ,[{JIfl onHcaHHH
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX nOBepxHocTeH npHMeHflJICSI MeTO,U. nOJIHHO-
MHaJIbHOH annpOKCHMaII.HH, n03BOJIHIOIl.{Hfl Ha,U.e:>KHO onpe,lI.eJIHTb
TOJIbKO caMbIe OOIl.{He 3aI{OHOMepHOCTH H3MeH1.JHBOCTH reOJIOrHlIe-
CKoro nOJIfl - ero TpeH,lI. H HH3KOlIaCTOTHYIO nepnO,U.HQeCKYIO
KOMnoHeHTY [135].
HaHOOJIee nepcneKTHBHbIM MeTO):LOM Mo,neJIHpOBaHHH reOJIO-
rHlIeCKHX nOJIe" B HH>KeBepHOH reOJIOnUI B HaCTOflIl.{ee BpeMSI HB-
47

JUleTCH MeTO,lI. MO,lI.eJIbHOi1 aBTOKOppeJI5UI.HOHHOH CPYHKUHH
(MAK<P) [135], pa3pa60TaHHbIH r. U. TYMapKHHbIM II C. O.
CH)I.OpKHHOH, TaK KaK OH n03BOJIHeT Y1JeCTb HeperYJIHpHOCTb ceTH
onpo60BaHHH H He Tpe6yeT HH npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOH 06pa6oTKH pe-
3YJIbTaTOB H3MepeHHH napaMeTpa C u.eJIblO nOCTpoeHHH paBHOMep-
HOH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOH OCHOBbI, HH CrJIa>KHBaHHH 3KcnepHMeH
TaJIbHOrO MaTepHaJIa ,lI.JIH ynpOllJ.eHHH CTPYKTYPW H3Y1JaeMOrO
nOJIH. MeTO)J. n03BOJIHeT nOJIY1JHTb 60JIee ,lI.eTaJIbHOe H306pa)Ke-
HHe CTPYKTypbI, nOCKOJIbKY BbI,lI.eJIHeT BbICOK01JaCTOTHbIe KOMno-
. HeHTbi. C ero nOMOllJ.blO MO)KHO CTpOHTb MO,lI.eJIH CTPYKTypbI IiOJHI
pa3HbIX HPYCOB, B TOM GHCJIe MO,lI.eJIH TpeH,lI.a, HO HaH60JIee u.eJIe-
co06pa3HO HCnOJIb30BaTb ero, KOr,lI.a Tpe6yeTcH )J.eTaJIbHH aHa-
JUI3 IiOJIH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1JeCKOrO nOKa3aTeJIH.
113 npHBe,lI.eHHOrO 0030pa BH,lI.HO, GTO npH nOCTpoeHHH npOCT-
paHCTBeHHX MO)J.eJIell 061JHO HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb TaKHe nOKa3a-
TeJIH, KaK npe,lI.eJIbI H qHCJIO nJIaCTH1JHOCTH, nJIOTHOCTb rpYHTa,
BJIa)KHOCTb, rpaHYJIOMeTpH1JeCKIiH COCTaB II ,lI.p., B KOTOpbIX He
HaXO)J.HT OTpa>KeHHe CTPYKTypHaH np01JHOCTb rpYHTOB. 3TO HC-
KJII01JaJIO B03MO:>KHOCTb conOCTaBJIeHHH no.rreH C np01JHOCTHbIMH H
,lI.ecpopMaUHOHHbIMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH II CHH:>KaJIO npaKTHGe-
CKYIO ueHHocTb TaKHX nocTpoeHHH.
B 3aKJIIOGeHHe oTMeTHM, 1JTO K HacToHllJ.eMY BpeMeHH OTCYT-
cTByeT KoppeKTHoe onHcaHHe 3aKOHOMepHocTeH npocTpaHcTBeH-
HOH H3MeHQHBOCTH nOKa3aTeJIeH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHGeCKHX
CBOHCTB OTJIO)KeHHH JIe)J.HHKoBoro KOMnJIeKCa, oXBaTbIBalOllJ.ee
BCIO TeppHTopHIO EeJIOPyccIiH. B CBH3H C 3THM B HaYGHOM H
npaKTH1JeCKOM OTHOlIIeHHHX Ba}KHO H3Y1JeHlIe npocTpaHcTBeHHOH
H3MeHGHBOCTH CBOHCTB JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OT JIO:>KeHHH KaK B IiJIaHe, TaK
H no r JIy6HHe.
2.2. BepTKanbHaSi H3MeHHBOCTb neAHHKOBblX Tonw,
113 JIe)J.HHKOBbIX OT JIOLKeHIIH HaHOOJIee IiO,lI.p06HO H3Y1JeHa Bep-
THKaJIbHaH H3MeH1JHBOCTb MopeHHbIX rpYHToB [55, 69, 80, 82].
TaK, HanpHMep, B paooTe [69] OTMe1JaeTCH, 1JTO no ,lI.aHHbIM ,lI.H-
HaMHGeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH H BpeMeHHoro conpOTHBJIeHH.H O)J.HO-
OCHOMY C:>KaTHIO (pHC. 2.1) B BepTHKaJIbHbIX pa3pe3ax MopeHHbIx
OTJIO:>KeHHH BbI,lI.eJIHeTCH BepxHHH (B3), rrepexo)J.HaH (03) H
HH:>KHHH (H3) 30HbI (no PCH 27-78 [55] - HH:>KHHH TOJIllJ.a
(HT)). MOllJ.HOCTb BepxHeH 30HbI H3MeHHeTCH OT 0,5-1 ,lI.0 2-
4 M, nepeXO,lI.HOH - OT ° ,lI.0 2-3 M. TIO)J.06HbIe 30HbI B nOIITH
OjJ.HOpO,lI.HbIX no rpaHYJIOMeTpH1JeCKoMY cocTaBY H pH,lI.Y cpH3H1Je-
CKHX CBOHCTB MopeHHbIx pa3pe3ax BbI,lI.eJIHIOTCH H ,lI.PyrHMII BH,lI.a-
MH 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH (cTaTH1JeCKHM H Y,lI.apHO-BHOpau.HoHHbIM). ,QJIH
OTJIO:>KeHHH BepxHeH 30HbI xapaKTepHbI 3HaqeHHH BpeMeHHoro co-
npOTHBJIeHHH o6pa3lI.OB O,lI.HOOCHOMY C:>KaTHIO 0,01 -0, 13 MIla
(Rcm=0,06), ,lI.JIH HH:>KHeH 30Hb! - 0,08-0,2 H 0,5 MOa (Rcm=
.=0,12). TIo HanpaBJIeHIIIO K BepxHeH 30He 3HaqeHlIH MO)I.YJIeH
48

,lI.ecpopM8u.HH (E), onpe,lI.eJIeHHble C nOMOlll.bIO lllT8MnOB, CHH}K8-
IOTCH C 20-40 ,lI.0 6-15 MOa, YMeHb1lI8lOTCH npOlIHOCTHble xa-
p8KTepHcTHKH rpYHToB. B OT,lI.eJIbHbIX CJIY1.IaHX nOK838TeJIH MeX8-
HHlIeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB BepxHeH 30HbI BbIllIe, lIeM HH:>KHeM.
3TO CBH3WB81OT C p83BHTHeM B rpYHT8x BepxHeH 30H OKHCJIOB
}KeJIe38 H aJIIOMHHHH, u.eMeHTHpYIOIIJ.HX 8rper8TbI, H B MeHblllefi
Mepe C OOe3BO}KHBaHHeM rpYHToB [82].
ITo B. f. JI060,lI.eHKO [80], <pOpMHpoB8HHe BepxHeH 30HbI CBH-
C I PJl.Mna .Kap6oHaTbl,% RcJ,pMna e
KB. 0 2 6 10 14 ° 2 6 10 0,1 0,20,30,4 0,30,40,5
I r I I . I f r J , r , ., . I I I I I
10
11 0
W )1 W 01 :." 01 I I 01
. o  L. I ....., p' 10 L p. /0
10 12 14 16 18 20 10 12 14 -0,5 0 0,54 8
1111111"'1 IIIII JTTTTT1
: : : : :1 1  2 1=:  3
PHC. 2.1. rpa<jJHKH H3MeHeHHH OCpeJI.HeHHbIx nOKa3aTeJleH COCTaBa H HH>KeHepHO-
reOJlOrHlIeCKHX CBOilcTB MopeHbI no rJly6HHe: Rcm - IIPOqHOCTb Ha O.u.HOOCHoe
C>KaTHe; e - K03<jJcpHIJ.HeHT nopHcToCTH; W - eCTeCTBeHHaH BJIa>KHOCTb; W L,
Wp - BJIa>KHOCTb Ha npe.u.eJlax TeKYlIecTH H pacKaTblBaHHH; I p - qHCJIO nJla-
CTHlIHOCTH; 1 L - KOHCHCTeHIJ.HH (IIO B. r. JIooo.u.eHKo); 1 - necKH, 2 - MO-
peHa, 3 - JIeHTOqHble rJlHHbl
38HO rJIaBHbIM OOp830M C npOu.ecc8MH rHnepreHe3a, npHBe,lI.lllHMH
He CTOJIbKO K YBeJIHlIeHHIO ,lI.HcnepCHOCTH rpYHTOB, CKOJIbKO K "3-
MeHeHHIO HX CTPYKTypHO-TeKCTypHbIX ocooeHHOCTeH H CHH:>KeHHIO
CTPYKTYPHOH npOlIHOCTH. rpaHHu. 30H YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH nYTeM
ou.eHKH npOCTp8HCTBeHHOH H3MeHlIHBOCTH nOKa3aTeeH cpH3HlIe-
CKHX H MeX8HHlIeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB no pe3YJIbT8T8M nOJIeBbIX
H JIa60p8TOpHbIX HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH. JIY1.IlllHM MeTOJ].OM I1PH BbIJ].eJIe-
HHH 30H HBJIHeTCH 30H,lI.HpOB8HHe, OTp8}K8IOIIJ.ee CTPYKTypHO-TeK-
4. 3al{. 844
49

CTypHble OC06eHHOCTH rpYHTOB, KOTOpble CKpbIBalOT pa3JIHtIHH
<l>H3HtIeCKHX CBOHCTB [55].
LLJISI MopeHHblx rpYHTOB EeJIOPyccHH HaH60JIee xapaKTepHhI
THnbI pa3pe30B H3 }.I.BYX 30H - BepxHeH H HluRHeM. nepeXO,lI.HaH
30Ha JIH60 He BbI,lI.eJIHeTCH B pa3pe3e, JIHOO ee MOI.I.I.HOCTb He3H8-
tIHTeJIbHa H KaK caMOCTOSlTeJIbHblH: HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHH
9JIeMeHT 3Ta 30Ha He HMeeT npaKTliqeCKOrO 3H81JeHUH.
LlByqJIeHHOe cTpoeHHe MopeHM no BepTHKaJIH OTMeqeHO B
pSl,lI.e ,lI.PyrHx paooT [56, 90] . nO,lI.tIepKHBaeTcH, qTO BepxHHH CJIOH
xapaKTepH3yeTcH OOJIblIIeH neCqaHIICTOCTblO HJIH nbIJIeBaTOCTblO
H HHOr}.I.a nOHH>KeHHOH nJIOTHOCTblO. HaOJIIO,lI.aeTCH TaK>Ke YBeJIH-
qeHHe KHH3Y cO,lI.ep>KaHHH KapooHaToB. A. A. KaraH U M. A. Co-
.,TJO,rr.YXIIH [56], YCTaHoBHBlIIHe nOBbIlIIeHHYIO U3MeHqHBOCTb nOK3-
3aTeJIeH COCTaBa H <l>H3uKo-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB no H3npaBJIe-
HIIIO K KpOBJIe, CBH3bIBalOT ,lI.H<l><l>epeHII.HaII.HIO MopeHHoH TOJII.I.I.H C
HaJIHqHeM aOJIHII.UOHHOH H ,lI.OHHOH MopeH.
OpaKTHtIeCKU OTCYTCTBYIOT nyoJIHKaU."U no BepTHK3JIbHOH U3-
MeHqHBOCTU ,lI.PyrHx reHeTHqeCKHX THnOB JIe,lI.HUKOBOH <l>opMaII.HH
EeJIOPyccHH . (<l>JIIOBHOr JIHII.HaJIbHbIX H 03epHO-JIe,lI.HHKoBblX) .
CYll.{eCTBYIOI.I.I.ee B HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH rrpe,lI.CT3BJIeHUe 0
<l>JIIOBHOrJIHu.uaJIbHbIX OTJIO>KeHHHX KaK 0 rpYHTax, OObIqHO HMelO-
I..I..(UX Cpe,lI.Hee H nJIOTHOe CJIO>KeHUe [83], B HalIIHX npHMepax no,lI.-
TBep>K,[J.aeTcH JIHlIIb qaCTHqHO. B rJIaBe 1 ObIJIO nOKa3aHO, qTO
YCJIOBHH Ce,lI.HMeHTau.HH H nocJIe,lI.YIOI..I..(ux ,lI.HareHe3a H 911HreHe38
npe,lI.onpe,lI.eJIHIOT oopa30BaHHe neCqaHMX rpYHToB pa3HoH nJIOT-
HOCTH CJIO>KeHHSI. 00 B. ,a. JIoMTa,lI.3e [83]., ,lI.JIIITeJIbHblH reOJIO-
rrPleCKHH npou.ecc H3MeHeHHH COCTaBa, COCTOHHHSI H CBOHCTB
oca.rr.OqHbIX IlOpO,lI., B TOM qHCJIe neCqaHbIX, npH JIHTU<pHKau.HH pac-
n8.rr.aeTCH Ha ABe CTa,lI.HH. OepBaSl - CTa,lI.UH OCa,lI.Ka, T. e. CBe>Ke-
OT JIO>KHBlIIHXCH neCKOB, npeBpall.{alOll.{HXCH no,lI. BJIHHHlIeM ,lI.Hare-
He3a B nOpO,lI.bI. BTopaH CTa,lI.I1H COCTOHT H3 pH,lI.a nOCJIe.rr.OBaTeJIb-
HbIX 4>a3, 3aKJIlOqalOll.{HXCH B ynpOqHeHHH nopo,lI. BTOPHqHbIMH
npOII.eCCaMH (u.eMeHTau.HH H ,lI.p.). HaMH YCTaHOBJIeHa 3HaqHTeJIb-
HaH BepTHKaJIbHaH H3MeHqHBOCTb <l>JIIOBHOrJIHlI.HaJIbHHX OTJIO-
>KeHHM.
.OAHH H3 TUnHLH-IbIX pa3pe30B neCIIaHOH TOJIllI.H nOKa3-3H H8
pHC. 2.2, H3 KOToporo BH,lI.HO, qTO no rJIyoHHe HaOJIIO,lI.aeTCH pe3-
KaH H3MeHLIHBOCTb npoLIHoCTH rpYHToB, OTpa>KaeMOH Y,lI.eJIbHbIM
conpOTHBJIeHHeM lIO,lI. HaKOHeqHHKOM 30H,lI.a (qs) lIpU CTaTUqeCKOM
30H}.I.HpOBaHHH. J13MeHeHHH lIPOqHOCTH lIO rJIyoHHe nO,lI.TBep>K,lI.a-
IOTCH pe3YJIbTaTaMH lIITaMlIOBbIX HClIbITaHHH. OOBbIlIIeHHaH lIPOq-
HOCTb lIeCqaHbIX rpYHToB OOYCJIOBJIeHa cpOpMHpoBaHHeM B lIeCKax
CTPYKTYPHbIX cBH3eI1 (Cu.enJIeHHe -- yrrpOqHeHue) lIPH 3nHreHe3e
(rHlIepreHe3e), B qaCTHOCTH, C lIpol..(eCCaMH BTOPHqHOH u.eMeHTa-
I..(HH. r JIBHbIH <l>aKTop, onpeJI.eJIHIOllJ,uii <pOpMHpoBaHHe CTPYKTYP-
HbIX cBH3eM B neGKaX, - HX MHHepaJIbHbIH:, XHMHqeCKHH H Mexa-
HHtIeCKHH COCTaB (cOJI.ep>KaHHe aMopcpHoro KpeMHe3eMa, Kap60-
HaTOB HaTpHH, MarHHH, rHnca, Ha,lIHqHe rJIHHHCTOH cppaKII.HH H
50

.ZI.p.). aTO nO,ll.TBep}K,lI.8IOT 60J1b1lIHe 3H81IeHHH ynpyroH lIaCTH ,lI.e-
cpOpMaII.HH neCKOB npH HCnbITaHHHX IIX IlIT8MnaMH. Ha pa3BHTHe
u.eMeHTall.HOHHbIX CBH3eH YK83bIB8eT H pOCT p8.ZI.H08KTHBHOCTH
nopo.ZI. no .ZI.aHHbIM raMMa-KapOTa}K8, CBH38HHbIH C nOBbIllieHneM
r J1HHHCTOCTH nopo.ZI..
B cpOpMHpOBaHHH CPH3HKO-MeX8HHlIeCKHX CBOHCTB nopo,ll.
60J1b1lIYIO pOJ1b Hrp810T Mopcp0J10rHlIeCKHe oco6eHHOCTH 3epeH
neCKOB [112], OTpa}K810111He cpH3HKo-reorpacpHlIeCKHe YC"TIOBHH
0 4 8 12 16 Q3. Mna 0 4 8 12 Q3.1na
I I I I I I I I I I I I
a 6
. . .
.
2 . .
. ..
. .
.. . .
. . ..
:[ 3 .
. .
- . ..
ro 4 . .
:z: . .
..
:s: .
10 5 . . ..
>- . . .
c:::: 6.... ,
\ -
 . .. ,
.. . . --
7 . . \
. "--
. . "-
. . '\.,
8. . . /
. (
. . "
9 .. . 
. 
,
. .. ,
. ..
10 10 ,
IIITIIl I': = =1 2 mIjS
. . ..
PIfC. 2.2. BepTHKallbHaH H3MeHqHBOCTb: a - 4>JII0BHOrJUIIJ.HaJIbHbIX neCKOB; 6-
03epHo-Jle.lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH; 1 - IIeCKH, 2 - JIeHTOqHble rJIHHbI, 3 - MO-
pena
cpe.ZI.bI, B KOTOpOM 06p830B8J1HCb H cYlllecTBOB8JIH necKII, cnoco6
HX TpaHCnopTHpOBKH, OTJ10}KeHHH H nepeOTJ10}KeHHH, MHHep8.,'lb-
HbIM COCT8B H CTeneHb .ZI.HcnepCHocTH.
M. 11. Xa3aHO.B [162], H3Y1I8BllIHH cpJ1IOBHOrJ1HUH8J1bHble nec-
KH, pa3BHTbIe B p8HoHe PH3aHM, YCT8HOBHJ1, lITO 3epHa ueMeHTH-
PYIOTCH rJIHHHCTbIM BelIl.eCTBOM, pe}Ke rH.ZI.pOOKHCJ18MH }KeJ1e3a.
B nOC.,le.ZI.HeM cJ1YlIae ueMeHTaUHH HeCKOJ1bKO npOlIHee. B. 11. OCH-
nOB [108] H8 OCHOBaHHH .ZI.eT8J1bHbIX HCCJ1e.ZI.oB8HHH YCT8HOBHJ1,
1.JTO npOlIHOCTHOe H .ZI.ecpopM8UHoHHoe nOBe,ll.eHHe neCKOB 06YCJ10B-
J1IiBaeTCH 12 cp8KTOp8MH, T. e. .ZI.ecpopMHpyeMocTb npe.ZI.CTaBJIHeT
C060M CPYHKUHIO f (M, W m, Rm, d, - H, n, 0, S, V, (1, C s , C h ), r.ZI.e
M - MHHepaJ1bHbIH COCTaB 3epeH; W m - rH,lI.paTHaH nJIeHKa
aLI.COp6HpoBaHHbIx H8 nOBepXijOCTH 3epeH MOJ1eKYJI BO,ll.hI; Rm -
MHHep8J1bHhIe py6811IKH Ha nOBepxHocTH 3epeH; d - cpe,nHHH
)J.HaMeTp 3epeH; H - O,lJ.HOpO.ZI.HOCTb 3epeH no pa3Mepy; f1, - no-
4*
51

pHCTOCTb; 0 - OpHeHTaUHH 3epeH; S - Cq>epHlJHOCTb (q>OPM3)
3epeH; V - oKpyrnocTb (MHKpOlliepOXOB3TOCTb nOBepXHOCTH)
3epeH; a - BHelliHee H3npH)KeHHe; C s - nepBH1.IHoe CTPYKTypHoe
Cl.(enneHHe; C k - KanHnnHpHoe CTPYKTypHoe cuenneHHe.
OTMe1JeHHbIe oco6eHHOCTH BepTHKanbHOH 30HanbHOCTH neCKOB
HMelOT Ba)KHOe 3H3lJeHHe ,lI.nH np3BHnbHOH Oll.eHKH HX HH>KeHepHO-
reOnOrH1JeCKHX CBOHCTB, cnY)K3T OCHOBOH ,lI.nH onHC3HHH 33KOHO-
MepHOCTeH H3MeHeHHH np01JHOCTHbIX H ,lI.eq>opMall.HOHHbIX CBOHCTB
neClJ3HbIX Macc H COCTaBneHHH H3Y1JHO 060CHOB3HHbIX nporH030B
MeXaHH1JeCKHX CBOHCTB no KOCBeHHbIM npH3H3KaM.
BepTHK3nbHaH 30H3nbHOCTb 03epHO-ne,ll.HHKOBX OTnO)KeHHH
CBH3aH3 rn3BHbIM 06p330M C npoueCC3MH rHnepreHe33, KOTopbIe
BH,lI.OH3MeHHnH BepXHlO1O 1JaCTb TonlIl.H neHTOtIHbIX rnHH. THnH1J-
HbIH p33pe3 KnlOtIeBOrO Y1J3CTKa npe,ll.CT3BneH H3 pHC. 2.2, 6.
Ha x3p3KTep rHnepreHHbIx npoueccoB OKa33nH BnHHHHe naH,lI.-
lli3q>THo-reOXHMH1JeCKHe YCJIOBHH. no,ll. B03,l1.eHCTBHeM 3TMocq>ep-
HbIX Oca,ll.KOB H p33nO)KeHHH pacTHTenbHblx OCT3TKOB rHnepreH-
HbIe npOl.(eccbI BH,lI.OH3MeHHnH BepXHlO1O 1JaCTb TOnI..I.J.H neHT01JHbIX
rnHH [52]. H3nH1JHe B COCTaBe neHT01JHbIX rnHH (oco6eHHo B ce-
BepHoH H 33na,ll.HOH 1JaCTHX pecny6nHKH) Kap6oH3TOB npHBeno K
q>OpMHpOB3HHIO 30HbI BbIlIl.eJI31.JHB3HHH, p33BHTOH H3 rny6HHY
1-2 M. npoll.ecc BbIlIl.en31JHB3HHH npOHCxO,ll.Hn 3a C1JeT pa3nO)Ke-
HHH anlOMOCHnHKaTOB no,ll. B03,l1.eHCTBHeM OpraHH1JeCKHX KHcnOT,
o6pa3YIOlIl.HXCH npH p33nO)KeHHH necHoH nO,ll.CTHnKH (KpeMHHe-
BaH H yronbH3H KHcnOT3 H ,lI.p.). npO,ll.YKTbI p33nO)KeHHH BbIHOCH-
nHCb B HnnlOBH3nbHbIH ropH30HT. HH)Ke no pa3pe3Y 06bI1JHO cne-
,lI.yeT ynp01JHeHHbIH ropH30HT, np01JHOCTb KOToporo CBH33H3 C npo-
l.(eccaMH BTOpH1JHOH ueMeHTaUHH. P33BHTHIO ueMeHT3UHOHHbIX
cBH3eH cnoco6cTBoB3nH OC3)K,lI.eHHe rH,lI.pOOKHCnoB )Kene3a (3a
C1JeT BbIHOC3 >Kene33 H3 BepxHHx 1JaCTeH TonlIl.H rnHH) H Kap6o-
H3TH3311.HH. K3p6oH3TbI H3H6onee nO,ll.BH)KHbI B 30He rHnepreHe3a.
no,ll. ,lI.eHCTBHeM aTMocq>epHx OC3,l1.KOB H nO,ll.3eMHWX BO,ll. OHM
1J3CTH1JHO BbIHOCH.JIHCb H3 nOBepXHOCTb HnH BMbIB3nHCb B 60nee
rny60KHe ropH30HTbI, r,ll.e BbIna,ll.anH B BH,lI.e K3p6oH3THo-rnHHHC-
TbIX CTH)KeHHH [143]. K3p6oHaTHble CTH)KeHHH KOHueHTpHpYIOTCH
06bI1JHO B BepxHeM Kp3CHO-6YPOM ropH30HTe neHTOtIHbIX rnHH ,lI.O
rnyoHHbI 1,5-3,0 M.
TaKHM 06p330M, Ha q>OpMHpoBaHHe HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX
CBOHCTB BepxHero ropH30HTa neHTOqHWX rnHH OK33anH cYI..I.J.ecT-
BeHHoe BnHHHHe xap3KTep H HHTeHCHBHOCTb rnnepreHHbIx npouec-
COB, BbI3B3BlliHX nepeCTpOHKY CTPYKTYPHbIX CBH3eH B rpYHT3X,
KOTopble HBnHIOTCH rnaBHbIM q>3KTOpOM, o6ycnoBnHB31OI..I.J.HM npOtI-
HOCTb H ,lI.eq>opMHpyeMocTb rpYHTOB B 30He rHnepreHe33. 113Me-
HeHHe CTPYKTypHo-TeKCTYPHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH neHTOqHbIX rnHH no
rny6HHe X.OpOlliO OTp3)K3eTCH 30H,lI.HpOB3HHeM (pHC. 2.2, 6).
BepTHKaJlbHaH 30H3JIbHOCTb TonlIl.H, YCT3HaBnHBaeMaH no ,lI.aH-
HIM CTaTHlJeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH, nO,ll.TBep)K,lI.3eTcH nOBbIllieHHeM
(HnH nOHH)KeHHeM) npOqHOCTH H ,lI.eq>opMHpyeMocTH rpYHToB no
52

JIa60paTopHbIM onpe,neJ1eHIHIM nOKa3aTeJ1eH C,nBHra H IlITaMnO-
BbIM HCnbITaHHHM.
o pOJ1H npou.ecca LI.HareHe3a H nOCJ1e,nYIOI..IJ.erO rHnepreHe3a B
Q>OpMUpOBaHHH CTPYKTYPHOH npOtIHOCTH 03epHO-J1e,nHHKOBbIX OT-
JIO}KeHHH 6oJ1ee nO,np06HO 6y,neT CKa3aHO HH}Ke.
2.3. Oco6eHHocTH MeTo.qHKIo1 Mo.qeJ1lo1pOBaHIo1S1
re0J10rlo1yeCKIo1X nOJ1eH r J1Io1HIo1CTbIX MopeHHblX rpYHTOB
UeJ1eBOe Ha3HaqeHHe Mo,neJ1HpOBaHHH re0J10rH1JeCKHX nOJ1eH
MopeHHbIX rpYHToB BCCP 3aKJ1I01JaJ10Cb B HCCJIe,nOBaHHH 3aKOHO-
MepHocTeH HX npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeH1JHBOCTH ,nJ1H nOCJ1e,nyIO-
m.ero HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1JeCKOrO paHoHHpoBaHHH OTJ10}KeHHH
J1e,nHHKOBoro KOMnJ1eKCa BeJ10PyccHH, npoBepKH H YT01JHeHHH HC-
TopHKO-re0J10rH1JeCKHX acneKTOB, CBH3aHHbIX C npOII.eccaMH q>0P-
MllpoBaHHH nopo,n, H3Y1JeHHH CBOHCTB H pa3pa6oTKH perHOHaJ1b-
HblX Ta6JIuu. nOKa3aTeJ1eH MeXaHH1JeCKHX cBoHcTB rpYHToB.
B KaileCTBe OCHOBHoro 06'beKTa MO,1I.eJ1HpOBaHHH H3 reHeTH1Je-
CKI1X Tl1nOB J1e,ll.HHKOBOro KOMnJIeKCa 6bIJ1a BbI6paHa MopeHa.
C Y1JeTOM pa3J1H1JHH B q>H3HKO- MeXaHH1JeCKHX CBoHcTBax Mo,ne-
J1HpOBaHHe BbInOJ1HeHO pa3,neJ1bHO ,nJ1H BepxHeH H HH}KHeH 30H
MopeHbl, B npe,neJ1ax KOTOpbIX pe}KHM H3MeH1JHBOCTH nOKa3aTeJ1H
P.n. HMeeT CTau.HoHapHbIH xapaKTep. B "Ka1JeCTBe OCHOBHoro nOKa-
3aTeJ1H, nCn0J1b3yeMoro npH Mo,neJ1HpOBaHHH, BbI6paHa BeJ1HtIHHa
YCJ10BHOrO ,nHHaMH1JeCKOrO conpOTHBJ1eHHH MopeHHbIx rpYHToB,
KOTopaH 3aBHCHT He TonbKO OT COCTaBa H COCTOHHHH, HO H OT
CTPYKTYPHOH np01JHOCTH rpYHTOB, H TeCHO CKOppeJ1HpOBaHa C HX
np01JHOCTHbIMH H ,neq>opMaII.HOHHbIMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH. BbIHB-
J1eHHe CTPYKTYP nOJ1H 3Toro nOKa3aTeJ1H npe,nCTaBJ1HeT HeCOM-
HeHHbIH HaYLIHbIH H npaKTH1JeCKHH HHTepec.
OOKa3aTeJ1b P.n. KpOMe CTPYKTypHOH np01JHOCTH OTpa}KaeT H
BOLI.HO-q>H3H1JeCKHe CBOHCTBa MopeH. TaK, ,nJ1H H3Y1JeHHbIX MeTO-
,naMH KPI1n (KapT pa3HOCTeH H npoH3Be,neHHH) [134] YCTaHoB-
J1eHa xopolliaH B3aHMOCBH3b P.n. (1) C eCTecTBeHHoH BJ1a}KHOCTblO
(2), nJ10THOCTbIO rpYHToB (3) H K03q>q>HII.HeHTOM nopHcToCTH (4)
(Ta6J1. 2.1). 113 Ta6J1. 2.1 BH,nHO, 'ITO HaH60J1ee cYI..IJ.eCTBeHHoe
BJ1HHHHe Ha conpOTHBJ1eHHe 30H,nHpoBaHHIO H3 BOLI.HO-q>H3H'IeCKHX
xapaKTepHcTHK OKa3bIBaeT eCTeCTBeHHaH BJ1a}KHOCTb.
,UJ1H npoBepKH Cxo,nCTBa Me}K,ny nOKa3aTeJ1HMH CBOHCTB pa3Ho-
B03pacTHblx MopeH npOBeLI.eHO cpaBHeHHe Tpex BbI60p01JHbIX COBO-
KynHocTeH, npe,ncTaBJ1eHHbIX MaTepHaJ1aMH H3Y'IefIHH MopeH Ha
24 nJ10I..IJ.a,nKax ,nJ1H no03epcKoro, Ha 82 nJ10I..IJ.a,nKax ,nJ1H CO}KCKOrO
H Ha 30 nJ10a,nKax ,nJIH ,nHenpoBcKoro ropH30HTOB no BeJ1H'IHHe
,nHcnepcHH H cpe,nHHx [30]. OII.eHKa Cxo,nCTBa BbInOJ1HeHa no
nOKa3aTeJ1IO YCJ10BHOrO ,nHHaMH'IeCKOrO conpOTHBJ1eHHH, KOTOpbIH
HBJIHeTCH KOMnJ1eKCHbIM nOKa3aTeJ1eM BO,nHO-q>H3H'IeCKUX CBOHCTB,
np01JHOCTH CTPYKTYPHbIX cBH3eH, npO'IHOCTHOro H ,neq>opMall.HOH-
Horo nOBe,neHHH MopeHHbIx rpYHToB.
53

T a (5 JI H It a 2.1. 3Ha'leHHJI KoscJtcl»Hl\HeHTOB BSaHMOCBJlSH
Me1KAY PJ1. H cl»HSH'IeCKHMH C80HCTBaMH MopeH
BepXHHH 30Ha HH>KHHH 30Ha
K03rPrP H lJ,HeHThi I MeTO I MeTo KapT K09c1>cI>HlJ,HeHThl l MeTO,D, KapT I MeTo,D, KapT
B3aHMOCBH3H KapT.... npOH3BeeHHA B38HMOCBH3H pa3HOCTeR np()H3Be.n.eHHA
pa3HOCTen
1-2
1-3
1-4
0,787
0,617
p,681
0.957
0,936
0,936
1-2
1-3
1-4
0,733
0,533
0,667
1,000
0,933
0,833
T a 6 J1 H IJ. a 2.2. Pesy.nbTaTbi cpaBHeHHJI SHa'leHHH yc.noBHoro AHHaMHileCKOrO
conpoTHB.neHHJI pasHoBospacTHbix MopeH no Be.nH'IHHe AHcnepcHH. H cpe)l.HHX
fOpH30HT
1JHCJ10
nYHKTOB
onp060Ba-
HHH
Cpe,D,Hee apHrP-
yeTHqeCKOe
SHalleHHe
PA' Mna
KpHTepHA
AHcnepCHH %2 I F
(J' pac.. I Ta6JJ. pac.. I Ta6JJ.
n003epCKHH
CO>KCKHH
,L(HeIIpoB CKHH
24
82
30
11,6
11,5
10,0
7,23
10,26
7,16
I, 62 5,99 2,94 3,07
TIpoBepKa HYReBOH fHnOTe3 «OHOpOHOCTH» HcnepCMH
OCHOBbIBaJ1aCb Ha BbI1.IMCJ1eHHH BbI60pOlIHOH CTaTHCTHKH (KpMTe-
IPHH BapTJIeTTa) :
'1.. 2 = 2.3 [(n -k) IgS2 -  (nl-l) IgSj2]. (2.1)
r)J.e C= 1+ 3(k1) ( ni1 nk ); k-'lHCJlO
cpaBHHBaeMbIX Bbl60pOK; ni - 1J.HCJIO H3MepeHH B KIDK)J.OH BbI60p-
1 nf
Ke; sf -  (Xi} - Xi)2 - HeCMeeHHble Ou.eHKH ,nHcnep-
ni- 1 
k k 
1 1
CHR; 52 = n-k  (ni -1)s; = n-k   (XiJ - Xi)2-:-
1=1 1=1 1=1
B3BemeHHIDI no lIHCJ1aM CTeneHeH CBo6o,nbI cpe,nHHH apH<pMeTHlleCKaH.
HeCMeeHHbIX .3MnHpHlleCKHX ,nHcnepCHH; XiJ - lIaCTHble 3HalleHHH
KIDK)I.OR BbIOOpKH (i = 1, 2, ..., k; j = 1, 2, ..., ni); x i - cpe,nHHe
apHcpMeTHlIeCKHe (i = 1, 2, ..., k).
LLJIH npoBepKH uYReBoH fMnOTe3bI BbIlIHCJ1eHHOe no (2.1) 3H3-
lIeHMe BbI6qpOlIHOH CTaTMCTMKH cpaBHHBaJ10Cb C Ta6J1M1.IHbIM (no
Ta6J1HIJ,aM KBapTMJ1eii x-pacnpeeJ1eHHH) npH YPoBHe 3HalIHMOCTH
c.:=O,05 H 1.JHCJ1e cTeneHeH cBo6o)I.bI 'V=k-l. Pe3YJIbTaTbI cpaB-
HeEHH npHBe}J.eHbI B Ta6J1. 2.2, H3 KOTOpOH BM)I.HO, lITO HeT OCHO-
54

BaHIIH .lI.JIH OTKJ10HeHHH HYJIeBOH fHnOTe3bI II paCCMaTpHBaeMbIe
BbIOOpKH npHHa,ll.J1e}KaT K o,nHoH reHepaJ1bHOH cOBoKynHoCTH.
CpaBHeHHe TpeX BOCp01.JHX cOBoKynHocTeH no 3Ha1.JeHIIID
cpe,nHHX BnonHeHO MeTo,nOM o,nHoaKTopHoro ,nHcnepCHOHHoro
aHaJIH3a [30]. DpoBepKa HYJ1eBOH fMnOTe3bI OCHOBbIBaJlaCb Ha
BbI1.JHcJ/eHMH BbIOOp01.JHOM: CTaTHCTHKH
F=
1
k-l
1
n-k
k _
 (Xi -X)2 ni
i=1
k ni
  (Xij_)2
1=1 j=1
(2.2)
- 1 
r,ne Xi = -  Xu' i = 1, 2, ..., Il- rpynnoBble cpe,lJ.HHe apH<p-
ni j=l
_ 1 k ni k
MeTUtIeCKHe; X = -   xu, r,lJ.e n =  ni - 068H Cpe,lJ.HHSI
n 1=1 i=1 1=1
apHMeTH1.JeCKaH. OCTaJ1bHbIe 0003Ha1.JeHHH Te }Ke, 1.JTO H B 4>op-
MYJIe (2.1).
BbI1.JHCJleHHOe HaOJ1ID,naeMoe 3HaqeHHe KpHTepMH F cpaBHH-
BaJ10Ch C KpHTH1.JeCKHMH 3Ha1.JeHHHMH Fa, "It V2, HaH,neHHbIMH no
TaOJIHuaM KBaHTHJ1eH F-pacnpe,neeHHH npH YPoBHe 3Ha1.JHMOCTH
a=0,05 H 1.JHCJ1e cTeneHeH CBOOO.lI.bI VI =k-l H v2=n-k (TaOJl.
2.2). 113 TaOJ1MnbI BH,lI.HO, 1.JTO HYJ1eBaH rHnOTe3a npHHHMaeTCH H
H3yqeHHe BOOpKH OTHOCHTCH K O,ll.HOH reHepaJ1bHOH cOBoKyn-
HOCTM.
I1cCJ1e,nOBaHHH nOKa3aJ1H, 1.JTO MopeHa HH}KHeH 30HbI npaKTH-
lleCKH He 3aTpOHYTa BTOpH1.JHbIMH rrponeccaMH H none P11. J{J1H
3TOH 30HbI MO}KHO C1.JHTaTb CHHreHeTH1.JeCKHM, T. e. OHO B H3BeCT-
HOH Mepe cOXpaHHJ10 1.JepTbI, C<pOpMHpoBaBIIIHecH B rrpouecce JIe,n-
HMKOBoro ,nHareHe3a. nOJ1e nOKa3aTeJIH P]I. BepxHeH 30HbI 3nHre-
HeTH1.JeCKOe, OTpa}KalOllI.ee B OCHOBHOM npocTpaHcTBeHHoe 'pac-
npe.lI.eJIeHMe nOKa3aTeJ1eH BTOp1.JHX CBOHCTB. no Mepe npeoo-
pa30Ba HUH MopeHbI B npOll.eCce J1HTOreHe3a, nepeXO,lJ.a OT O,nHOH
CTaHH J1HTOreHe3a K ,npyroH npOHcxo,nHJ1H H3MeHeHHH re0J10rH-
1.JeCKOrO nOJ1H, T. e. TpaHccpopMaUHH O,nHIIX nOJ1eH B ,npyrHe.
Mo,neJ1H nOJIeH Pl1. nOCTpoeHbI ,nJ15I BceM TeppHTopUH EeJ1opyc-
CHH B MacIllTaoe 1 : 1 000 000. Mo,neJ1HpOBaHHe BbIIIOJ1HeHO no
M3J10}KeHHoMY B peKoMeH,naII.HHX [135] MeTo,ny MAK<I>, n03BO-
JIHIOllI.eMY Y1.JHTbIBaTb B paCqeTe MO,ll.eJ1eH BHYTpeHHHe CBH3H nOJ1H.
MAK<I> OTHOCHTCH K MeTo,naM HHTepIIOJ1HII.HH rrOJ1eH C HCn0J1b30-
BaHHeM arrnapaTa CJIY1.JaMHbIX CPYHKIUIH. Ha nepBoM 3Tane c4>op-
MYJ1HpOBaHbI KOHKpeTHbIe II.eJ1H MO,ll.eOl"'IHpOBaHHH. ,lI,J1H perneHIUJ
rrOCTaBl1eHHbIX 3a,naq npHMeHHJ10Cb MeJ1KOMaCIllTaoHoe MaTeMa-
THQeCKOe Mo,neJ1HpOBaHHe rrOJ1eH - rroKa3aTeJ1eH CBOHCTB nopo,n
55

(MaClllTa6 I.: 1 000 000) OTJ10>KeHHH JIe.ll.HHKOBOrO KOMI1J1eKC3.
.il.JIH COCT3BJleHHH 3KCnepHMeHT3JIbHOH OCHOBbI rrOJ1H BblnHCbI-
BaJIHCb .lI.3HHbIe 0 nOKa33TeJHIX CPH3HKO-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB
MOpeHHbIX rpYHTOB no pe3YJ1bT3T3M HCCJ1e.ll.OBaHHH Ha OT.lI.eJ1bHbIX
nJ10rn.3.l1.Kax, nOQTH paBHOMepHO pa36pocaHHbIX B npe.ll.eJI3X BceH
MO.ll.eJIHpyeMoH TeppHTopHH EeJ10pYCCHH (w, p, e, I p, P /1.., q3).
CqHTaH nOJIe nOKa3aTeJIeH B npe.ll.eJ13X O.ll.HOH nJIorn.a.ll.KH npe.ll.-
nOJIaraeMOro cTpOHTeJ1bCTBa O.ll.HOpO.ll.HbIM (KB33HO.ll.HOpO.ll.HbIM),
.lI.JIH nOJIVQeHHH oueHKH ero cpe.ll.HerO 3HaqeHHH HCnOJIb30BaJIaCb
MO.ll.eJ1b CJIYQaHHOH BeJ1HqHHW. Cpe.ll.Hee 3HaqeHHe nOK33aTeJ1H
onpe.ll.eJIHJ1H KaK OTHOllleHHe _
- Xi
X = ' (2.3)
r.ll.e Xi - cpe.ll.HeB3BeIIIeHHoe 110 rJ1y6HHe 3H3qeHHe nOK333TeJIH
B i-H Bblpa60TKe; N - qHCJ10 Bblpa60TOK. npH nocTpoeHHH
MO.ll.eJ1eH nOJIeH P!J. 3HaqeHHe MO.ll.eJ1HpyeMoro re0J10rHQeCKOrO na-
paMeTpa B 3KcnepHMeHTaJ1bHOH TOqKe 6bIJ10 I1pe,lI.CTaBJ1eHO OII.eH-
KOH ero cpe.ll.HerO 3HaQeHHH.
nOJ1YQeHHble oueHKH H3HeceHbI H3 TonorpacpHQeCKYIO OCHOBY
MacIIITa63 1: 1 000 000. I13YQeHbI CBoHcTBa MopeHHbIx rpYHToB
BepxHeH 30Hb H3 173, a HH)KHeH - H3 163 11J10I.I.J.a.ll.K3X, npe.ll.-
CTaBJ1HIOlll.HX pa3JIHQHbIe p3HOHbI ECCP. rIa 3KcnepHMeHT3J1b-
HYIO OCHOBY H3HeceH3 YCJ10BH3H ceTK3 KOOP.lI.HHaT. nporH03HbIe
3H3QeHHH P.n.(fnp) paCCqHTbIB3JIHCb B Y3J10BbIX TOqKaX, p3BHO-
MepHO p3Cnpe.ll.eJ1eHHbIX no BceH TeppHTopHH ECCP. Bcero BbI.lI.e-
J1eHO 25 Y3J10B. .il.J1H paCqeTa fnp HCnOJIb30BaJIOCb, K3K np3BHJ10,
4 TOqKH, pe)Ke 3. T3KHM o6pa30M, .lI.J1H BepxHero CJIOH B paCqeT
6bIJ10 BKJ1IOQeHO 83 TOqKH, .lI.J1H HH)KHerO - 87. H3 BTOpOM 3Tane
npOH3BO,lI.HJIOCb onpe,lI.eJ1eHHe AK cI> no CeQeHHHM 110J1eH C H3np3B-
J1eHHeM npocpHJ1H, COBna.ll.alOI.I.J.HM C npe.ll.nOJl3raeMbIM rJ13BHbIM
Hanp3BJIeHHeM H3MeHQHBOCTH (c ceBepO-3an3.l1.a Ha IOro-BocTOK),
B.lI.OJ1b KOToporo H3H6oJ1ee qeTKO I1pOHBJIHIQTCH TeH.lI.eHII.HH H3-
MeHQHBOCTH nOJIH. .il.J1HHa rrpocpHJ1H .lI.J1H BepxHero CJIOH - 472
KM, .lI.J1H HH:>KHerO - 452 KM. AKcI> nocTpoeHa Ha 8 TOQK3X no
I1porp3MMe «CTPYKTYP3». ,
.n.J1H 3H3J1HTH1.JeCKOrO BbIpa:>KeHHH MO.ll.eJ1bHOH AKcI> nOJIH P.n.
6bIJIa nO.ll.06paHa cpYHKUHH BH.lI.a
:n:
r (e) = rat cos - l, (2.4)
2
r.ll.e 1 - paccToHHHe Me:>K.lI.Y TOQKaMH H3MepeHHH napaMeTpa;
a, f3 - BeCOBbIe K03cpcpH;lI.HeHTbI ypaBHeHHH (- I10K33aTeJ1b
Heo)J.HopO.ll.HOCTH nOJ1H). .n.JIH BepxHero H HH>KHerO CJ10H nOJ1yqe-
HbI 3HaQeHHH a=2,11, =0,42, qTO YK33bIBaeT Ha CXO.ll.CTBO aBTO-
KOppeJ1HlI.lIOHHbIX «PYHKII.HH 3THX CJ10eB.
Ha TpeTbeM 3Tane CTpOHJ1HCb HHTepnOJ1HII.HOHHOe nOJ1e H3Y-
qaeMOrO I10Ka3aTeJ1H II MepbI ero paCCe5IHHH. CTaTHCTHQeCKHe
56

xapaKTepHCTHKH, BbI1JHCJ1eHHbIe Ha BTOpOM 3Tane, C nOMOII.J.bIO
ypaBHeHHH perpeCCHH, BeCOBbIe K03Q><pHIJ,HeHTbI KOTOpOrO onpe-
}J.eJ1HIOTCH H3BeCTHOH K 3TOMY MOMeHTY npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH AKcI>,
n03BOJIHIOT nOCTpOHTb HenpepbIBHYIO nOBepXHOCTb. AHaJ1HTH1Je-
CKOe BbIpa)KeHHe rrOCJIe}J.HeH }J.aJ10 B03MO)KHOCTb nOJ1Y1JHTb OlJ,eH-
KY reo.norn1JeCKOrO rrapaMeTpa B Y3J1aX perYJ1HpHOH ceTKH, KOTO-
pHe npHMeHHJ1HCb }J.JIH nOCTpoeHHH KapT nOJ1eH (TpeTHH 3Tan).
B C1.JeTe HCn0J1b30BaJ1HCb T01JKH, OKpY:>KaIOII.J.He Y3eJ1 HHTeprrOJ1H-
lI.HH H HaXO}J.HllI.HeCH B 06J1aCTH KOppeJIHlI.HH, KOTopaH orrpe}J.eJ1H-
eTCH CTaTHCTH1JeCKOH CTPYKTYPOH nOJ1H [135].
.Ha 1JeTBepToM 3Tarre rrpoH3Bo}J.HJ1aCb KOHTpOJ1bHaH OlJ,eHKa
Ka1JeCTBa MO)J.eJ1H H ee re0J10rH1JeCKOH HHTepnOJ1Hl1.HH. Ou;eHKa
KalleCTBa MO)J.eJ1H BbInOJIHeHa C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3Ha1JeHHH OIlIH-
60K HHTepnOJ1HlI.HH Snp, BbI1JHCJ1eHHbIX B nporpaMMe «nOJ1e» H
onpe)J.eJ1HIOllI.HX B03MO}KHOe OTKJ10HeHHe pactJeTHbIx 3H3tJeHHH OT
3KcnepHMeHTaJ1bHbIx. AHaJ1H3HPYH 0llIH6KH H HX p3cnpe)J.eJ1eHHe
no TeppHTopHH, MO)KHO 3aKJ1I01JHTb, tJTO OTKJ10HeHHe 4>aKTHtJe-
CKHX 3HatJeHHH nOK33aTeJ1H P.n. OT paC1JeTHHX HecYII.J.eCTBeHHo H
H3XO)J.HTCH B npe)J.eJ13X TOtJHOCTH H3MepeHHH P A Hero cpe)J.Hero
KB3)J.paTH1JeCKOrO OTKJ10HeHHH.
2.4. r e0110rJ.i4eCKJ.ie nOl1S1 HJ.i>KHej;i 30Hbl MopeHbl
J.i peKOHCTpYK4J.iSl YC110BJ1j;i J.iX cpOpMJ.ipOBaHJ.iSl
KaK nOK33aHO Ha pHC. 2.3, B HanpaBJIeHHH C IOrO-33n3)J.a Ha
ceBepO-BOCTOK H30J1HHHH nOKa3aTeJ1H COBna}J.aIOT C HanpaBJ1e-
HHeM pacnpocTp3HeHHH HaCbInHLIX Kp3eBbIX rpH,lI., CJ10)KeHHbIX
MOllI.HOH TOJ1lll.eH KOHetJHo-MopeHHbIx 06p330BaHHH. B IO)KHOH
1JaCTH (lI.eHTp H IOro-BocTOK) H30J1HHHH P A CJ1e}J.YIOT H3rH6aM )J.O-
J1HH CJ1Y1JH, nTHtJH, Bepe3HHbI, ,L:LHenpa, ,L:LPYTH H CO)Ka. MHHH-
M3J1bHble 3Ha1JeHHH nOK333TeJ1H rrpHyp01JeHbI K LI.OJIHHaM npHnH-
TH, CO>K3 H 1JaCTutJHO 3an3)J.HoH ,I::LBHHbI, M3KCHMaJ1bHbIe - K 06-
J13CTH BeJ10PyccKOH rpH}J.bI.
,L:LOJ1HHbI 3ana}J.HoH ,L:LBHHbI H npHnHTH He OTpa)KeHbI B CTPYK-
Type nOJ1H. ,I::L0J1HH3 npHnHTH HBJ1HJ13Cb Tp3H3HTHOH 3pTe-
pHeH, no KOTOpOH OCYllI.eCTBJIHJ1HCb nepeHOC H TpaHcrropTHpOBK3
MaTepHaJ13, nepep360TaHHoro J1e)J.HHKOM, npO)J.BHralOII.J.HMCH no
}J.OJIHHe ,L:LHenpa. Ee )J.eHTeJ1bHOCTb KaK 06J13CTH TpaH3HTa, qac-
TH1JHOH BpeMeHHOH 3KKYMYJ1HlI.HH H nHT3HHH MaTepH3JIOM npHMbI-
K3IOlll.HX BO}J.opa3}J.eJIbHbIX npOCTp3HCTB 6bIJ1a nO)J.3BJ1eH3 MOIIJ.-
HOH }J.eHTeJIbHOCTbIO ,L:LHenp3. To LKe OTHOCHTCH K }J.OJ1HHe 33n3)J.-
HOH ,L:LBHHbI H )J.pyrHx peK, KOTopbIe TaK)Ke He OKa33JIH BJ1HHHHH
H3 KpynHbIe 3J1eMeHTbI C'IlPYKTYPbI nOJ1H MopeHHbIX rpYHTOB HHJKHeH
30HbI. He OTp33HJIHCb B CTpYKType nOJIH H )J.OJIHHbI 60JIee MeJ1KHX
peK, B03HHKIlIHe nOCJ1e )J.HenpOBCKoro OJ1e}J.eHeHHH.
B HeOnJ1eHCTOl1.eHe 06J1aCTb 3KKYMYJIHl1.HH nepep36oTaHHoro
J1e)J.HHKOM MaTepH3J1a pacnpOCTpaHHJ1aCb H3 ceBepO-BOCTOK 3a
57

npe,lI.eJIbI rpaHHl.{ paCCMaTpHBaeMOH TeppHTOpHH. 3Ta 06JIaCTb
HBnHJIaCb OHOBpeMeHHO H 06naCTbID Booc6opa L(Henpa H
HaH60JIee KpynHbIx ero npHTOKOB. 06II1HpHaH B6JIH3H KpaH BaJI-
aHcKoro JIeHHKa 3aH,lI.pOBaH paBHHHa C yaJIeHHeM. OT HerO
JIOKaJIH30BaJIaCb B OJIHHaX nOCTOHHHOH peqHOH ceTH, 06pa3YH
}J.OJIHHHble 3aHpbl. B 3THX YCJIOBHHX MaTepHaJI, nepepa60TaHHblH
JIe,lJ.HHKOM, BbIHOCHJICH nOJIHOBOHbIMH B nepHO}J. TaHHHH neHMKa
1
loJ?-I 2
5.1
PHC. 2.3. nOJIe YCJIOBHOrO .lI.HHaMHtJeCKoro COIIpOTHBJIeHHH HH}I{Hefl 30Hbl Mope-
RbI. YCJI. 0603H. K pHC. 2.3 - 2.10 H 2.12-2.15:.1- H30JIHHHH YCJIOBHOrO JI.HHa-
MHlIeCKoro COIIpOTHBJIeHHH; 2 - Y3JIOBble TOtJKH, B tJHCJlHTe.!Je - HOMep TOlJI{H, B
3HaMeHaTeJIe - 3HatJeHHe P1J.; 3 - rH.rr.porpa<}mlJeCKaH ceTb
peqHbIMH nOTOKaMH K lOry, qaCTHqHO aKKYMYJIHPYHCb B}J.OJIb o-
JIHH peKe
CTPYKTypa nOJIH CpeHero KBa,lJ.paTHqeCKOrO OTKJIOHeHHH Ha
pHe yqaCTKOB (pHC. 2.4) HanOMHHaeT CTPYKTYPY nOlH nOKa3a-
TeJIH P A . B lI,eHTpaJIbHOH qaCTH MO,lJ.eJIHpyeMoH TeppHTopHH CTPYK-
Typa nOJIH Gp 6e3pa3nHqHa K CTpYKType nonS! caMoro nOKa3a-
TeJIH. 1130JIHHHH (Ip  BbITHHYTbI B HanpaBJIeHHH C ceBepO-3ana}J.a
Ha IOrO-BOCTOK, COBnaaIOll.leM C npenOJIaraeMbIM ,lI.BH)KeHHeM
JIeHHKOB. BOJIb 3Toro npocpHJIH nOJIyqeHbI caMble BbICOKHe 3Ha-
qeHHH H3MeHqHBOCTH YCJIOBHOrO ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOro conpOTHBJIeHHH.
PaCCMOTpHM HeKOTopble BonpOCbI HCTOpHH reOJIOrHqeCKOrO
58

p33BHTHH H peKOHCTpYKl1.HH YCJ10BHH <pOpMHpOB3HHH J1e}J.HHKO-
BbIX OTJ10}KeHHH C YLleTOM aH3J1H3a CTPYKTYPbI nOJ1H FTJ. II ero
cpe}J.Hero KB3}J.paTH1JeCKOrO OTKJ10HeHHH.
B CTpYKType nOJIH FJJ. HH>KHeH 30HbI MopeHbI 33MeTHa CBH3b
Me>K}J.Y CBOHCTB3MH nopo}J., OTp3)KaeMbIMH YCJ10BHbIM }J.HHaMH1Je-
CKHM conpOTHBJ1eHHeM, H KpynHbIMH reOMopcpOJ10rH1JeCKHMH
06J13CTHMH: DeJ10pYCCKHM n003epbeM, DeJ10pYCCKOll rpH}J.OH:, Boc-
T01JHO-DeJ10pYCCKOH: p3BHHHOif, p3BHHH3MH npe}J.nOJ1eCbH H DeJ10-
22
0---
2.031
PHC. 2.4. nOJIe cpe)J.Hero KBa.rr.paTHtJecKoro OTKJIOHeHUH (J P A HH>KHefI 30HbI MO-
peHbI
pYCCKoro nOJ1eCbH. DOJ1ee MeJIKHe reOMopcpOJIOrlf1.leCKHe 3JIeMeH-
TbI He OTpa>KeHbI B CTpYKType nOJ1H P JJ.. MeHbIllee BJ1HHHHe Ha
CTPYKTYPY nOJ1H OKa3aJ1H }J.pyrHe cp3KTOpbI, onpe}J.eJ1HI01.IJ.He 30-
HaJ1bHOCTb nopo}J. J1e.lI.HHKOBoro KOMnJ1eKCa, HanpHMep CMeHa <}>H-
3HKo-reorpa<pH1JeCKHX H J13H}J.Illa(j>THo-reOXHMH1JeCKHX 30H. He
OKa3aJIH B03}J.eHcTBHH H3 CTPYKTYPY nOJ1H FA n0J10>KeHHH rpaHHD.
MOCKOBCKoro H oco6eHHO BaJI}J.aHCKoro J1e.lI.HHKOB. 3TO rOBopHT 0
TOM, 1JTO nOJ1Y1JeHHOe nOJIe P A Hero cpe.lI.Hero KBa.lI.paTH1JeCKOrO
OTKJ10HeHHH OTpa>K3eT perHOH3JIbHO-KOppeJ1HpOBaHHYIO COCTaB-
JIHI01.IJ.YIO H3MeH1JHBOCTH. npH 60J1ee }J.eT3JIbHOM aH3J1H3e nOJIH
PTJ. MO}KHO 3aMeTHTb ero CBH3b C .lI.01JeTBepTH1JHbIM peJIbe<p0M.
OTMeTHM npe}J.BapHTeJ1bHO, 1JTO re0J10rH1JeCKOe p33BHTHe B
59

rrJIeiicTOll.eHe H cpOpMHpOBaHHe COBpeMeHHOrO peJIbecpa pecny6JIH-
KH B 3HatJUTenbHOH Mepe o6ycnOBJIeHO MOPCPOCTPYKTYPHWMH
OC06eHHOCTHMH, KOTOpble .cnO)KHnHCb K HatJany I.IeTBepTHtJHOrO
nepHO.ll.a. OT CTpOeHHH nOBepXHOCTH KOpeHHbIX nOpO.ll. 3aBHC.SIT He
TonbKO reOMopcponOrHtIeCKHe YCJIOBHH BenOPYCCHH, HO H pH.lI. tJepT
B CTpoeHHH H COCTaBe ne,lJ.HHKOBbIX OTnO)KeHHH, HX MOIII.HOCTb t
pacnpe.ll.eneHHe no TeppHTopHH H T. 11..
.OTnHtJHTenbHoe CBOHCTBO nonH P.n. -- OTHOCHTenbHaH OJI.HO-
pOJI.HOCTb lI.eHTpanbHOH tJaCTH IO)KHOH 30HbI rro cpaBHeHHIO C nepH-
cpepHHHbIMH YtJaCTKaMH. MaKCHManbHbIe 3HatJeHHH P A npHYpo-
tJeHbI K HOBorpYJI.CKOH B03BbIllleHHOCTH, HBnHIOIII.eHCH THnHtJHOH
.lI.nH nO.ll.06HOrO THna rn.Sl lI.H 0 MOp CPOCTPYKTYPbI , BXO.ll.HI.IJ.eli B CO-
CTaB HeMaHCKo-MHHCKOH neJI.Opa3JI.enbHOH 30HbI. B OCHOBaHHH
B03BbIllleHHOCTH pacnOJIO)KeHa HaHoonee npHnOJI.HHTaH I.IaCTb Be-
nopYCCKoro KpHCTannHtJeCKoro MaCCHBa - UeHTpanbHo-BenoPYc-
CKHH CBOJI., KOTOpbIH npOCTHpaeTCH C IOrO-BOCTOKa Ha 3ana.ll.-CeBe-
pO-3ana.ll. B CTOPOHY HOBorPY.lI.Ka.
HaKOnJIeHHe ne.ll.HHKOBOro MaTepHana H cpOpMHpOBaHHe CO-
BpeMeHHoro penbecpa npOHCXOJI.HJIH B pe3ynbTaTe CYMMapHoro
B03JI.eHCTBHH ne.ll.HHKOBWX rrOKpOBOB paHHero H cpeJI.Hero nneH-
CTOll.eHa. B nneHCTOlI.eHOBOH TOnI.IJ.e rnaBeHCTBYIOI.IJ.ee MeCTO 3a-
HHMalOT OTnO)KeHHH JI.HenpOBCKoro OJIeJI.eHeHHH. PeJIbecp, CcpOpMH-
pOBaHHbIH B 3TO BpeMH, npe.ll.onpe.ll.eJIHn ,lJ.eHTenbHOCTb nOCJIe.ll.YIO-
mero neJI.HHKa. ,L:LHenpoBCKHH rrorpeoeHHbIH penbecp OTpa3HJI
nonaCTHbll1 xapaKTep KpaH ne.ll.HHKa C HpKO BbIpa)KeHHbIM CpeJI.HH-
HbIM MaCCHBOM, KOTOpbIII .SIBHnC.SI neJI.Opa3.l1.eJIOM H JI.nH HaJI.BHraB-
merOCH MOCKOBCKoro nOKpOBa [53].
AHanH3 rron.Sl ycnoBHoro JI.HHaMHtJeCKoro conpoTHBneHHH HHJK-
HeM 30HbI MopeHbI nOKa3aJI, tJTO ero CTpYKTypa oTpaLKaeT TeKTO-
HHtJeCKoe cTpoeHHe TeppHTopHH. OTtJeTJIHBO BbI.lI.en.SlIOTCH TaKHe
KpyrrHwe TeKTOHHqeCKHe 06pa30BaHHH, KaK UeHTpanbHO-BeJIo-
PYCCKHH M3CCHB, OplllaHCKaH, npHn.SlTCKaH H BpecTCKa.Sl BnaJI.H-
HbI, ceBepo-3anaJI.HbIe CKnOHbI ,L:LHerrpoBcKO- .lI.oHelI.KOH BnaJI.HHbI,
JIaTBHHCKa.Sl, )I(JI06HHCKaH, noneccKaH H JIoeBcKaH Ce.ll.nOBHHbI,
3ana.ll.HaH rrepHKnHHanb BqpoHeLKcKOH aHTeKJIH3bl. B TO LKe Bpe-
MH Ha CTPYKTYPY nOJIH P.n. He OKa3aJIH CYI.IJ.eCTBeHHoro B03JI.eMCT-
BH.SI rrOnO)KeHHH rpaHHlI. Me)KJI.Y .lI.HenpOBCKHM, CO)KCKHM H n003ep.
CKHM OneJI.eHeHHHMH. MO.ll.enb non.Sl PlI. HMeeT HenpepbIBHYIO
CTPYKTYPY, rrO.ll.TBep)KJI.alOI.IJ.YIO BbIBOJI. 0 TOM, tITO Bce TPH Mope-
HbI rrpe.ll.CTaBn.SllOT C060H e.ll.HHOe reOnOrHqeCKOe Teno.
TaKHM 06pa30M, He penbecp onpeJI.enHeT CBOHCTBa rpYHTOB t
KaK YTBepJKJI.aeT A. M. IIlHccenb [169], a CTPYKTypHo-TeKToHHtJe-
CKHe oc06eHHOCTH TeppHTopHH ooycnoBnHBalOT H penbecp, H HH-
:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHe CBoHcTBa rpYHToB.
B ceBepo-BocTOtJHOH tJaCTH pecnYOJIHKH B paHoHe OIllM.SIH B
CTpYKType nonH Pl1. OTpa)KeHa, rrO-BH,D.HMOMY, 3arra.ll.HO-EeJIoPYc-
CKa.Sl rrorpe6eHHaH HH3HHa, KOTopaH npHypOqeHa K IOrO-BOCTOq-
HQMY cKnoHY BaJITHHCKOH CHHeKnH3bI, YXOJI.HI.IJ.eH B npeJI.eJIbI Tep-
60

T 3 6 JI H IJ. a 2.3. CpaBHHTeJlbHaJi xapaKTepHcTHKa nOKa3aTeJleii
(jJH3HKo-MeXaHHlJeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB, OTHOCJIHXCJI K pa3J1HIJHbIM
lJaCTJlM nJlaOpM
YqaCTKH
I n I w I pie I w L I J p I P]J, I qa I c I cp I E
}I CTOHqHBhle qaCTH IIJI3T-
«pOPMhI, BOBJleqeHHble B
nO)J.HHTHJI 1561 10,4 2,26 0,32 17, I 6,2 12,1 11,0 0,65 29 45
TIO)J.BH1KHhle q3CTH IIJI3 T-
<jJOPMbI, HcnbIT3BlllHe
IIOJI.HHTHJI H onYCKaHMH 1586 11,8 2,20 0,37 19,1 6,4 10,3 9,3 0,57 29 39
nO)J.BH>KHbIe q3CTH IIJI3T-
<jJOpMhI , HCIIbIT3BIllue
YCTOHqHBhle onycKaHHH 289 11 ,8 2,17 0,39 19,4 6,718,1 7,0 0,45 28 31
pHTOpHH JIHTBbI HJIH CBH3aHHOH C npHpa3JIOMHOH 30HOH OIllMHH-
CKOH JIO:>K6HHbI JIe,lJ.HHKOBOrO BbInaXHBaHHH H pa3MbIBa, KOTopaH
3anOJIHeHa 3HalIHTeJIbHbIMH TOJIIlLaMH JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIX aKKYMYJIHII.HH
[97]. HaH60JIee 3aMeTHO B JIe,lJ.HHKOBOM JIHTOreHe3e npOHBHJIHCb
BbIcTynbI KpHCTaJIJIHlIeCKOrO <PYH,lJ.aMeHTa, aKTHBH3HpOBaBlllHeCH
30HbI pa3JIOMOB, 3HalIHTeJIbHaH ,lJ.H<p<pepeHII.HaII.HH HOBeHlllHX ,lJ.BH-
:>KeHIIH Ha OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60JIblllHX nJIOIlLa,lJ.HX H CTPYKTypbI C
YCTOHlIHBbIM pe:>KHMOM nO,lJ.HHTHH HJIH onYCKaHHH. TIepelIHCJIeH-
HbIe oc06eHHOCTH 6JIarOnpHHTCTBOBaJIH <pOpMHpOBaHHIO aHOMa-
JIHH npOlIHOCTHbIX H ,lJ.e<popMaII.HOHHbIX CBOHCTB nopo,lJ..
Bonpoc 0 BJIHHHHH TeKTOHHqeCKHX npOlI.eCCOB Ha <pOpMHpO-
BaHHe HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHX CBOHCTB nopo,lJ. paCCMaTpHBaJICH
B pa60Tax B. A. TIpHKJIOHCKOro, B. ,1.1.. JIoMTa,lJ.3e, r. A. rO1]O,lJ.-
KOBCKOH, E. M. CepreeBa, r. C. 30JIOTapeBa, H. B. KOJIOMeHCKO-
ro H ,lJ.p. B03,lJ.eHCTBHe HeOTeKTOHHlIeCKHX ,lJ.BH:>KeHHH Ha COCTaB H
CBOHCTBa qeTBepTHlIHbIX OT JIO:>KeHHH HCCJIe,lJ.OBaJIOCb A. M. Mo-
HlOlllKO H T. B. MaKCHMOBOH, O,lJ.HaKO <paKTOB, nO,lI.TBep:>K,lJ.aIOIlLHX
.9TO BJIHHHHe, nOKa HeMHoro.
AHaJIH3 HeOTeKTOHHlIeCKOH 06CTaHOBKH TeppHTopHH EeJIoPYc-
CHH B HeoreH-aHTponoreHOBoe BpeMH n03BOJIHeT BbI,lJ.eJIHTb B npe-
,lJ.eJIax pecny6JIHKH TPH YlIaCTKa, pa3JIHlIalOIlLHXCH HanpaBJIeHHO-
CThlO H peJKHMOM HOBeHlllHX TeKTOHHlIeCKHX ,lJ.BH:>KeHHH. TIepBhIH
yqaCTOK - YCTOHlIHBhIe lIaCTH nJIaT<popMbI, BOBJIelIeHHbIe B no,lJ.-
HHTHH (eHTpaJIhHO-EeJIoPYCCKHH M3CCHB, JIaTBHHcKaH ce,lJ.JIO-
BHHa, 3ana,lJ.HbIe CKJIOHhI BOpOHe>KCKOH aHTeKJIH3bI). BTOpOH YlIac-
TOK - nO,lJ.BHJKHhIe qaCTH nJIaT<popMhI, HcnbITaBlllHe HHBepCHIO
TeKTOHHlIeCKHX ,lJ.BH:>KeHHH: nO,lJ.HHTHH H onYCKaHHH (OplllaHCKaH
H TIpHnHTcKaH Bna,lJ.HHbI, )l(JI06HHCKaH, TIOJIeCCKaH H JIoeBcKaH
Ce,lJ.JIOBHHbI). TpeTHH yqaCTOK - nO,lJ.BH>KHbIe qaCTH nJIaT<popMbI,
HcnbITaBlllHe YCTOHlIHBhIe onYCKaHHH (EpeCTCKaH H ,lJ.HenpoBCKO-
,Z::loHeI.I.KaH Bna,lJ.HHbI).
Ha .9THX yqaCTKaX BWqHCJIeHW Cpe,lJ.HHe 3HalIeHHH nOK33aTe-
JIeH <pH3HKO-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB (Ta6JI. 2.3).
61

KaK BHJl.HO H3 Ta6JIHII.bI, MOpeHHbIe OTJIO>KeHHH, pa3BHTbIe B
npeJl.eJIaX TeppHTOpHH, HCnbITbIBalOI.I.J.HX OnYCKaHHH, XapaKTepH-
3YIOTCH 60nee HH3KHMH 3HaqeHHHMH nOKa3aTeJIeH H3HKO-MeXa-
HH1.IeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB, qeM MOpeHbI, paCnpOCTpaHeHHble Ha
TeppHTOpHHX, HCnbITbIBalOI.I.J.HX nOJl.HHTHH. I1HBepcHH TeKTOHHqe-
CKHX Jl.BHJKeHUH TaK)I{e npHBO,lI.HT K H3MeHeHHIO HH)I{eHepHO-reO-
JIOrHqeCKHX CBOHCTB MOpeHHbIX OTJIO>KeHHH: YMeHbllleHHIO nJIOT-
HOCTH, COnpOTHBJIeHHH 30H)].HpOBaHHIO, npOqHOCTHbIX H Jl.eOpMa-
I.I.HOHHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK, YBeJIH1.IeHHIO K03HII.HeHTOB nOpHCTO-
CTH H BJIaJKHOCTH.
TIOpOJl.bI JIeJl.HHKOBOrO JIO>Ka OKa3bIBaJIH CYIII.eCTBeHHOe BJIHH-
HHe Ha BeIII.eCTBeHHbIH COCTaB OCHOBHOH MOpeHbI [129], OJl.HOrO
H3 rJIaBHbIX aKTopoB, onpeJl.eJIHIOIII.HX ee HHJKeHepHO-reOJIOrHqe-
CKIIe CBoHcTBa. 3TO BJIHHHHe npOHBJIHeTCH no-pa3HoMY H Haxo-
Jl.HTCH B npHMoH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3K3apaII.HOHHOH ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTU
aKTHBHbIX JIeJl.HHKOB. B CBOIO OqepeJl.b HHTeHCHBHOCTb 3K3apaII.HH
3aBHCHT OT COCTaBa nopo,lI., no KOTOpbIM npOJl.HraJICH JIe,lI.HHK, H
AOJIeAHHKOBoro peJIbea, B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH 06YCJIOBJIeH-
Horo YCTOHqHBOCTblO KopeHHblx nopoJl.. HaHMeHblllee B03J1.eHCTBHe
nopoJl. JIeJl.HHKOBOro JIOJKa Ha Bern.ecTBeHHbIH COCTaB OCHOBHbIX
MopeH OTMeqaeTCH Ha paBHHHHbIX yqaCTKaX, r,lI.e nOJIe PlI, HMeeT
npocTYIO CTPYKTYPY, HaH60JIblllee - Ha B03BbIllleHHbIX yqaCTKaX,
CJIY>KHBlllHX npenHTcTBHeM npO,lI.BH>KeHHIO JIeJl.HHKa, KOTOpbIM co-
oTBeTcTBYIOT 06JIaCTH C BbICOKHMH 3HaqeHHHMH P1J., a TaK>Ke B
nOHH>KeHHHX Jl.OJIeAHHKOBoro peJIbea, rJl.e CKOpOCTb JIeJl.HHKOBbIX
nOTOKOB 6bIJIa MaKCHMaJIbHOH (o6JIaCTH HH3KHX 3HaqeHHH P.n.).
,Z::lJIH YCTaHOBJIeHHH r JIaBHblX HanpaBJIeHHH H3MeHqHBOCTH pac-
CqHTaHbI rpaJl.HeHTbI P.n. no PHJl.Y HanpaBJIeHHH: C ceBepO-3ana,lI.a
Ha IOrO-OCTOK BAOJIb npeJl.nOJIaraeMOro HanpaBJIeHHH CHoca Ma-
TepHaJIa; C ceBepo-BocToKa Ha IOrO-3anaA IIO npeAIIOJIaraeMoMY
POHTY CHoca; BAOJIb ,lI.OJIHH 3anaAHoH JI.BHHbI H TIpHnHTH. Ha-
rrpaBJIeHHe C ceBepO-3anaJl.a Ha IOrO-BOCTOK HBJIHeTCH HaH60JIee
06III.HM, reHepaJIbHbIM, rJIaBHbIM. JI.JIH MOCKOBCKOH MopeHbI OHO
COBnaJl.aeT C HanpaBJIeHIfeM ,lI.BHJKeHHH HeMaHCKoro H MHHCKoro
JIe,lI.HHKoBbIX nOTOKOB H HeMaHCKo-MHHCKOH JIeJl.Opa3,lI.eJIbHOH
30HOH.
rJIaBHWe HanpaBJIeHHH H3MeHqHBOCTH BaJIJl.aHCKOro H Jl.Hen-
pOBCKoro ropH30HTOB COBnaJl.alOT C Jl.OJIHHaMH 3anaJl.HOfi JI.BHHbI,
TIPHIIHTH, CO>Ka H ,Z::lHenpa (pHC. 2.5).
2.5. reonor.......ecK....e nonS1 BepxHei:1 30Hbl MopeHbl,
ycnoa....S1 ....x <J30pM....poaaH....S1 .... npeo6pa30aaH....S1
TIpH paccMoTpeHHH nOJIH PlI, (pHC. 2.6) BepxHefi 30Hbl MopeHbI
3aMeTHa xapaKTepHaH BbITHHYTOCTb 3JIeMeHTOB CTPYKTypbI nOJIH
B IOrO-BOCTOqHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. B cpeJl.Hefi qaCTH nOJIH H30JIHHHH
P1I, B II.eJIOM COrJIaCYIOTCH C Hanp3BJIeHHeM peK Bepe3HHbI H CJIY-
qH. OT JIHqHTeJIbHbIMH oco6eHHocTHMH nOJIH YCJIOBHOrO ,lI.HHaMHqe-
62

CKoro COnpOTHBJIeHIHI 5IBJIHIOTCR OTHOCHTeJIbHaH O)l.HOpO,lI.HOCTb
u.eHTpaJIbHOH lIaCTH nOJIH no cpaBHeHHIO C nepH<j>epHHHbIMH
YlIaCTKaMH, a TaK)I{e )l.OCTaTOlIHO lIeTKO BbIpa:>KeHHa5I CHMMeTpH5I
B nJIOIlLa)l.HOM pacnpe)l.eJIeHHH nOKa3aTeJIH P1J.. B CTpyKType nOJIH
He HalliJIH OTpa:>KeHHH )l.OJIHHbI KpynHbIx peK: )].Henpa, 3ana)l.HOH
,IJ.BHHbI, HeMaHa H I1pHnHTH.
CTPYKTYPbI C MaKCHMaJIbHblMH 3Ha1JeHHHMH P)I. npHyp01JeHbI
K IOrO-3ana)l.HOH (EapaHOBHlICKo-HoBorpY)l.CKOe Me}K'bH3bI t lbe,
PHC. 2.5. CxeMa rJIaBHblX Hanp3"6JIeHHH H3MeHqHBOCTH P]I. HH>KHeH 30HbI MopeHbl
OTHOCHIlLeeCH K ceBepHoH 1JaCTH I10JIeCCKOH Ce)l.JIOBHHbI), ceBepO-
BOCT01JHOH (rOpO)l.OKCKaH B03BbIllIeHHocTb), a TaK:>Ke K u.eHT-
paJIbHOH lIaCTH, npoCTHpalOIlLeHC5I C ceBepO-3ana)l.a Ha IOrO-BOC-
TOK (coBna)l.alOIlLeH C HanpaBJIeHHeM MHHcKoro JIe)l.HHKOBOro
nOTOKa). MopeHbI HeMaHcKoro nOTOKa 06bI1JHO nepeKpbITbI OTJIO-
>KeHHHMH MHHcKoro nOTOKa [29]. 3TO CBH)l.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM,
lITO HeMaHCKHH nOTOK 06pa30BaJICH paHbllIe MHHCKoro, 6bICTpee
)l.OCTHr MaKCHM3JIbHOrO pa3BHTHH H pacnaJIC5I. B ceBepHOH tIaCTH
BeJIOpYCCHH 06pa30BaHHH MOCKOBCKoro JIe)l.HHKOBOro nOKpOBa
nOlITH nOJIHOCTblO nepeKpbITbI BaJI)l.aHCKHMH OTJIO>KeHHHMH.
BbICOKHe 3HalIeHHH P.n. npHyp01JeHbI H K OpllIaHCKOH Bna)l.HHe.
CTPYKTypa nOJIH Cpe)l.HerO KBa)l.paTHlIeCKOrO OTKJIOHeHHH OPA
BepXHeH 30HbI MopeHbI (pHC. 2.7) B nepBoM npH6JIH:>KeHHH Hano-
MHHaeT CTPYKTYPY nOJIH caMoro nOKa3aTeJIH. )].JI5I nOJIH xapaK-
TepHO cor JIaCHe B opHeHTHpOBKe H30JIHHHH Op A C opHeHTHpOBKOH
II30JIHHHH P.n. B u.eHTpaJIbHaH, IOrO-3ana)l.HOH II B H3BeCTHOH Mepe
ceBepO-BOCTOlIHOH lIaCTHX MO)l.eJIHpyeMoH TeppHTopHH. UeHTpaJIb-
HaH H IOrO-BOCTOlIHaH lIaCTH nOJIH Op p. OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIee O)l.HO-
P0)l.HbI. 3HaqeHHH Op p. H3MeHHIOTCH B HHX OT 0,6 )1.0 0,9. CTPYK-
TYPHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH nOJIH Op A HBJIHIOTCH 06JIaCTH MaKCHMY-
63

MOB, paCnOJIO>KeHHbIe B IOrO-3ana)1.HOH H CeBepO-BOCTOLIHOH LIaCTHX
TeppHTOpHH (ap,l[.  1,3), 06JIaCTH MHHHMYMOB B )1.0JIHHe Ee-
pe3HHbI ((jp,l[. = 0,5-0,7) H Ha BO,lJ.opa3,lJ.eJIe HeMaHa H BHJIHH
((Jp.n. = 0,4-0,5). no cpaBHeHHID C perHOHaJIbHbIM <pOHOM nOJIH
CTPYKTypHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI BbIpa>KeHbI cJIa60, LITO n03BOJIHeT rOBO-
pHTb 06 O)1.HOpO)1.HOCTH nOJIH P.n. Ha 60JIbllleH I.IaCTH MO)1.eJIHpye-
Moti TeppHTopHH. Mepa pacceHHHH B03pacTaeT B COOTBeTCTBHH C
pOCTOM caMoro nOKa3aTeJIH.
PHC. 2.6. OOJIe YCJIOBHOrO .rr.HHaMHlIeCKoro conpOTHBJIeHH BepXHeH: 30HbI MopeHbI
,il.JIH )1.eTaJIbHot'I xapaKTepHcTHKH nOJIeH P A H MepbI ero pac-
ceHHHH, a TaK>Ke C lI.eJIblD BbIHBJIeHHH rJIaBHbIX HanpaBJIeHHH H3-
MeHLIHBOCTH npOH3Be,lJ.eHa KOJIHLIeCTBeHHaH OlI.eHKa nOJIeH C no-
MOI..U.blO rpa)1.HeHTOB reOJIOrHLIeCKHX napaMeTpoB H MO,lJ.YJIH H30-
TponHocTH. MaKCHMaJIbHbIe rpa)1.HeHTbI nOJIH P 11. cooTBeTCTBYIOT
HanpaBJIeHHID C ceBepa Ha lOr H C 3ana)1.a Ha BOCTOK. B 3TOM >Ke
HanpaBJIeHHH Ha6JIIO,lJ.aIOTCH MaKCHMaJIbHbIe rpa)1.HeHTbI cpe,lJ.He-
ro KBa,lJ.paTHtJeCKoro OTKJIOHeHHH (Jp JI. H K03<P<PHlI.HeHTbI H3MeH-
LIHBOCTH. MO>KHO npe)1.nOJIO>KHTb, LITO B)1.0JIb 3THX HanpaBJIeHHH
npOHCXO,lJ.HJI CHOC MaTepHaJIa, nepepa60TaHHoro JIe,lJ.HHKOM (61).
Tor)1.a <ppOHT CHoca (2) )1.0JI)KeH paCIIOJIaraTbCH nepneH)1.HKY-
JIHpHO K 3TOMY HanpaBJIeHHID H COOTBeTCTBeHHO )1.0JI>KHbI opHeH-
64

THpOBaTbCH Cet.IeHHH, KOTOpbIM OTBe1JaIOT MaKClIMaJIbHble 3Ha1Je-
HHH rpa,lI.lIeHTOB. rJIaBHbIe HanpaBJIeHHH H3MeH1JHBOCTH P.n. Ha
KapTe nOIl1JH COBna,lI.aIOT C ,lI.OJIHHaMH OpHnHTH, HeMaHa H 3ana,lI.-
HOH ,lJ,BHHbI.
B IOrO-3ana,lI.HOH, IOfO-BOCT01JHOH H CeBepHOH 06JIaCTHX nOJIH
P A 06JIaaIOT 60JIee pe3KOH aHHOTpOnHeH Mep pacceHHHH no
cpaBHeHl110 C ,lI.PYfHMH Y1JaCTKaMH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C MaKCHMaJIb-
HbIMH rpa,lI.HeHTaMH H3MeH1JHBOCTH COCTaBJIeHa cxeMa rJIaBHbIX
PHC. 2.7. nO'1e cpe,U:Hero KBa.u.paTHlIecKoro OTKJIOHeHHH (jp BepxHeH 30Hbl
MopeHbl
HanpaBJIeHHrl H3MeH1JHBOCTH P A (pHC. 2.8). reHepaJIbHoMY Ha-
npaB.neHHIO OTBe1JaIOT CTpeJIKH, 06pameHHbIe K IOrO-BocTOKY H
BOCTOKY, rJIaBHWM HanpaBJIeHHHM H3MeH1JHBOCTH BToporo nopH,lI.-
Ka - CTpeJIKH, OOpaIII.eHHbIe K 3ana,lI.Y H IOrO-3ana,lI.Y.
PacnpeeJIeHHe 3Ha1JeHHH P)I. H Mep er9 paCC€HHHH B npoCT-
paHCTBe no.HH CBH3aHO C naJIeoreorpa<j>H1JeCKHMH YCJIOBHHMH Tep-
pHTOpHH. 3,lI.ecb YMecTHO OTMeTHTb, 1JTO nepBH1JHaH CTpYKTypa
nOJIH B 3Ha1JHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH H3MeHeHa BTOpH1JHbIMH npou.ecca-
MH ,lI.HareHe3a H 3nHreHe3a MopeHHbIx rpYHToB. PacnOJIO>KeHHe H
opneHTHpOBKa OCHOBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB CTPYKTypbI nOJIH PJI, H MepbI
ero paCCeHHHJI YKa3bIBalOT Ha CBH3b CTPYKTYPbI nOJIH P A C nOJIO-
>KeHHeM. JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX nOTOKOB, JIe,lI.Opa3,lI.eJIbHbIX 30H, JIOnaCTeH,
H3bIKOB JIe,lI.HHKa H T. n. ,lI.JIH. Bcex Tpex H3yt.IeHHblx OJIe)I.eHeHHH.
5. 3al{. 844
65

TaK, CeBepO-BOCT01.IHaH l.IaCTb CTPYKTYPbI CBH3aHa C JIOnaCTblO
BaJIaHCKOrO JIeHHKa, HaXOHll{eHCH B npeeJIaX rOpOOKCKOH
B03BbIllleHHOCTH, BOCTOqHaH l.JaCTb - C )].HenpOBCKHM JIeHHKO-
BbIM nOTOKOM H MHHCKO- )].HenpOBCKOH JIeOpa3eJIbHOH 30HOH.
UeHTpaJIbHaH l.IaCTb OTpa}KaeT HanpaBJIeHHe MHHCKOrO nOTOKa H
npHMbIKalOIlI.HX K HeMY C 06eHx CTOpOH JIeOpa3eJIbHbIX 30H.
CTPYKTypa B IOrO-3anaHOi1 l.IaCTH CBH3aHa C HeMaHCKHM IIOTO-

I
!
t
i
,/ 
f---.rt""' !
1
PHC. 2.8. CxeMa rJIaBHbIX HanpaBJIeHHM H3MeH4HBOCTH P A BepxHeH 30HbI MopeHbI
KOM, BepHee, ero I3apaHOBH1.JCKO-HoBorPYCKHM Me}K'bH3bI1.JbeM,
npHyp01.JeHHbIM K ceBepHOH 1.JaCTH OOJIeCCKOH CeJIOBHHbI.
MaKCHMYMbI 3Ha1.JeHHH FA B onHCbIBaeMbIX CTpYKTypax COOT-
BeTcTBYIOT pacnOJIO>KeHHIO MeCTHbIX 06JIaCTeH nHTaHHH B nepHO
OJIeeHeHHH HJIH Y1.JaCTKaM OCTaHOBKH H HHTeHCHBHoro TaHHHH
JIeHHKOB. TaK, HanpHMep, 3a C1.JeT TaHHHH ropOOKCKOH JIOnaCTH
BaJIaHCKOro JIeHHKa npOHCXOHJIO HaKOnJIeHHe MopeHHoro Ma-
TepHaJIa. rJIaBHbIMH TpaH3HTHbIMH apTepHHMH CJIY>KHJIH 3ana,lI.-
HaH )].BHHa H .II.Henp.
KpOMe ropOOKCKOH JIOnaCTH BaJIaHCKoro JIeHHKa MO>KHO
BbIeJIHTb eIlI.e Be MeCTHbIe 06JIaCTH nHTaHHH - B u.eHTpaJIbHOH
1.JaCTH, npocTpaHcTBeHHO cOBnaalOll{eH C HanpaBJIeHHeM MHH-
CKoro JIeHHKOBoro nOToKa, H B IOrO-3anaHOH 1.JaCTH, npHypOqeH-
HOH K I3apaHOBHqCKO-HoBorPYCKOMY Me>K'bH3bI1.JblO. XapaKTepHaH
HMMeTpHH B pacnpeeJIeHHH MopeHHbIx ropH30HTOB pa3-
66

JIH4HOH np04HOCTH OTHOCHTeJIbH0 rHnOTeTH4eCKOA 06naCTH nHTa-
HHH n03BO.Jl5IeT npe,lI.nOJIO>KHTb, 4TO 06pa30BaHHe BepXHerO rOpH-
30HTa MOpeHbI npOHCXO,lI.HJIO BO,lI.HbIM nYTeM n?H TaHHHH JIe,lI.HHKa.
HaH60nee npOIIHbIe MOpeHbI OTJIaranHCb HenOCpe,lI.CTBeHHO B oce-
BOH l.IaCTM nOTOKa, JIOnaCTH HJIH H3bIKa ne,lI.HHKa C YMeHbllleHHeM
npOIIHOCTH B CTOpOH npe,lI.nOJIaraeMOrO CTOKa TaJIWX JIe,lI.HHKO-
BbIX BO,lI., KaK npaBH.TIO, no ,lI.OJIHHaM HaH60JIee KpynHbIx peKe Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, H3HaIIaJIbHOe OpMHpOBaHHe BepXHerO rOpH30HTa
MOpeH C.BH3aHO C ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTbIO JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX BO,lI. npH ,lI.erpa,ll.a-
U.HH ne,lI.HHKOB. B HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHHX nOCJIe,lI.HHX JIeT, npOBe,lI.eHHbIX
Ha TeppHTOpHH EeJIOPYCCHH, BbI,lI.BHraeTCH rHnOTe3a 0 TOM, 1.1 TO
06pa30BaHHe BepXHHX rOpH30HTOB MOpeH CBH3aHO B OCHOBHOM C
npou.eCCaMH rHnepreHe3a [69, 80]. BnOJIHe CnpaBe,lI.JIHBO npe,lI.-
nOJIO}KeHHe 0 BnHHHHH BTOpHIIHbIX npou.eCCOB Ha npHnOBepXHOCT-
HbIe ropH30HTbI MopeH, O,lI.HaKO CYIlLeCTBeHHoe HX OTJIHIIHe OT
HH>KHHX 3aKJIIOIIaeTCH B YCJIOBHHX OpMHpOBaHHH H OCa,lI.KOHa-
KonneHHH. npOU.eCCbI rHnepreHe3a, HeCOMHeHHO, OTpa3HJIHCb Ha
COCTaBe H H3HKO-MeXaHHIIeCKHX CBOHCTBax OTJIO>KeHHH BepXHe-
ro ropH30HTa. npHIIeM HaH60JIee HH3KHe conpOTHBJIeHHH Bepx-
HeM 30HbI npHypOIIeHbI K B03BbIllleHHbIM Y1.IaCTKaM TeppHTopHH.
TaM, r,lI.e MopeHHbIe OTJIO>KeHHH nepeKpbITbI MOIlLHOH TOJIIlLeH
03epHO-ne,lI.HHKOBbIX, JIeCCOBH,lI.HbIX H JIIOBHOrJIHu.Ha,,'IbHbIX OTJIO-
)ReHHM, BepxHHH ropH30HT nO,lI.BeprCH B03,lI.eHcTBIfIO npou.eccoB
BBeTpHBaHHH He3HaIIHTeJIbHO. HaH60JIee HH3KHe 3HaIIeHHH Co-
npOTHBJIeHHH npHypOIIeHbI K )J.OJIHHaM Eepe3HHbI, )J.Henpa H BH-
JIHH (B HH30BbHX). 3,lI.eCb XO,lI. npOIl.eCcOB rHnepreHe3a KOHTPOJIH-
PyeTcH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M rH,lI.pO,lI.HHaMHIIeCKHMH YCJIOBHHMH Tep-
pHTOpHH.
<POpMHpOBaHHe CTPYKTypbI MHHHMYMOB P A B IOro-BOCTOIIHOH
lIaCTH TeppHTopHH CBH3aHO C pa3BHTHeM 3,lI.eCb COJIHHX no)J.Y-
meK H KpHnTO,lI.HanHpOB (TaK Ha3BaeMaH COJIHHaH TeKTOHHKa).
BJIHHHHe COJIHHOH TeKTOHHKH Ha H3HKO-MexaHH4eCKHe CBoHCTBa
XBanblHCKHX rJIHH nOKa3aHO B. H. CHHHKOBbIM [136]. 3TO BJIHH-
HHe BbIpa}KaeTCH npe>K,lI.e Bcero B nOHBJIeHHH Cpe,lI.H ,lI.HenpOBcKHX
JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OT JIO>KeHHll JIerKOpacTBopHMbIX ranOH,lI.HbiX nopo,lI.,
BbIBe)J.eHHbIX Ha nOBepXHOCTb COJIHHblMH ,lI.HanHpaMH. COJIHHOKY-
nObHe CTPYKTYpW OKa3WBalOT 3HaIIHTeJIbHOe B03,lI.eHcTBHe Ha
OpMHpoBaHHe XHMHIIeCKOrO COCTaBa BO,lI. Ha)lCOJIeBOrO KOMnJIeK-
ca. no TeKTOHHIIeCKHM pa3JIOMaM BbiCoKoMHHepaJIH30BaHHbie BO-
,lI.bI H paCCOJIbI MHrpHpYIOT B BepTHKaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH, nOBbI-
lllaH MHHepaJIH3au.HIO BO,lI. 3Toro KOMnJIeKca. BblIlLeJIalJHBaHHe
COJIeHOCHblX OTJIO>KeHHH npHBO,lI.HT K nOBbIllleHHIO MHHepaJIH3a-
Il.HH ,lI.a>Ke Ha He60JIblllHX r JIy6HHax. HaJIH4He B COCTaBe MopeH
JIerKOpacTBopHMWX COe,lI.HHeHHH H 6JIH3KOe OT nOBepXHOCTH 3a-
JIeraHHe YPoBHeA rpYHTOBWX BO,lI. cnoc06CTBOBaJIH HHTeHcHBHoMY
rHnepreHHoMY npe06pa30BaHHIO npHnoBepxHocTHbIX TOJIIlL MO-
peHHbIx OTnO>KeHHH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M 3a CqeT XHMHIIeCKorO
pacTBopeHHH H BbIIlLeJIaIIHBaHHH JIerKOpacTBopHMbIX nopo)l.
5*
67

2.6. ConocTaB11eHJ.1e re011on14eCKJ.1X n011eH
BepxHeH J.1 HJ.1>KHeJ:f 30H MopeHbl
OOJHI rroKa3aTeJIeH P A BepxHeH H HH>KHeH 30B MopeHbl HMeIOT
pa3HYIO CTPYKTYPY. HH>KHHR 30Ha MopeHbI cOXpaHlIJIa B 3Ha l IH-
TeJIbHOH CTelleHH CBon rrepBonatJaJIbHbIe CBOHCTBa, CJIO>KHBlliHeCR
B rrpou.ecce ee 06pa30BaHHR. Ha cpOpMHpOBaHHe COBpeMeHHbIX
HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHIIeCKHX CBOHCTB BepXHCI1 30HbI HaJIO>KHJIH OT-
rre4aTOK 3rrHreHeTutJeCKHe rrpoueccw, xapaKTep rrpOTeKaHHR KO-
TOpbIX KOHTpOJIHpyeTcR JIaHJl.l1JacpTHo-reOXHMHIIeCKHMH H rHJl.pO-
Jl.HHaMHtJeCKHMH YCJIOBHRMH TeppHTopHH.
H3Y4eHHe CTPYKTYpW rrOJIeH P.n. MopeHHWX rpYHTOB BepXHeH
H HH>KHeH 30H rr03BOJIHJIO peKOHCTpYHpOBaTb rraJIeoreorpacpHlIe-
CKYIO 06CTaHOBKY nepHOJl.a HX cpOpMHpOBaHHH H BOCCTaHOBHTb B
06lll.HX tJepTax MexaHH3MbI nepeHoca TOHKOo6JIOM04HOro MaTe-
pHaJIa 3TH X rropoJl. K MeCTY ceJl.HMeHTaUHH. ,il.JIH BbIHBJIeHHH pa3-
JIH4HH B naJIeoreorpacpHtJeCKHX 06CTaHOBKax H YTOtJHeHHH rrpeJl.-
CTaBJIeHHH 0 HHX conoc'taBHM CTPYKTYPbI 3TH X rrOJIeH. 06e MOJl.e-
JIH OXBaTbIBaIOT 06JIaCTb pacnpocTpaHeHHH rropoJl. Ha TeppHTopHH
ECCP Tpex pa3HoBo3pacTHbIx MopeH (rroo3epcKoro, CO>KCKOrO H
Jl.HerrpOBcKoro ropH30HTOB) H oTpaMaIOT npocTpaHcTBeHHYIO H3-
MeHQHBOCTb P)I., HallUHaH OT ceBepHbIx rpaHHu. TeppHTopHH 11 KOH-
lIaR IO>KHbIMH.
>_<>aV ./J 2 3
"'8 r 
-=:::;  ? ," l .,/'
---5 /.1/ ")
o,¥
.:/ 10.:
PHC. 2.9. KapTa pa3HocTeii YCJIOBHOrO .lI.HH3MHtJeCKoro COIIpOTHBJleHHH HH)KHerI
H BepXHeH: 30HbI MopeHbI
68

npH cpaBHeHHH nOJIeH Pl1. BepXHeH H HH:lliHeii 30H 06HaPY>KeHbI
lIepTbI CXOJ].CTBa H pa3JIHlIHH, CBH3aHHbIe C naJIeoreorpa<pH1.IeCKH-
MH YCJIOBHHMU BpeMeHH HaKOnJIeHHH neClIaHO-rJIUHUCTOro ocaJ].-
Ka. npOCTeMllIHM npUMepOM HBJIHeTCH KapTa (nOJIe) H30naXHT
(KapTa pa3HOCTeH ,nBYX nOBepXHOCTeM (pHC. 2.9) ). no HeM MO)KHO
onpeJ].eJIHTb rJIaBHble HanpaBJIeHUH rHnepreHHoro npe06pa30Ba-
HUH MaTepHaJIa B xo.u.e JIeJ].HlIKOBoro JIHTOreHe3a.
CTPYKTypa nOJIH KapTW pa3HOCTeH nOBTopHeT B 06ll{HX lIep-
Tax CTPYKTYPY nOJIH P A HH)KHeM 30HbI MopeHbI, lITO YKa3bIBaeT
Ha 6JIH3KHe YCJIOBUH 06pa30BaHHH J].BYX ropH30HTOB MopeH, H
TOJIbKO HaJIO>KeHHe BTOPHqHWX npoueCCOB U3MeHUJIO nepBOHa-
lIaJIbHYIO CTPYKTYPY nOJIH P!f. BepXHeM 30Hbl. HaH60JIee xapaK-
TepHOH qepTOH CXOJ].CTBa 3THX nOJIeH HBJIHeTCH HpKO BWpa>KeH-
HaH nOJ].1.IHHeHHOCTb HX CTPYKTypbI nOJIO>KeHHIO JIeJ].HHKOB
COOTBeTCTBYIOll{HX nepHO)].OB OJIeJ].eHeHUH H CTPYKTypHO-TeKTOHH-
lIeCKHM 3JIeMeHTaM. BbITHHYTOCTb 60JlbllIHHCTBa CTPYKTYPHbIX 3JIe-
MeHTOB P.n. B IOrO-3anaJ].HOM HanpaBJleHHU COOTBeTcTByeT 06011ac-
THM OCTaHOBKH MOCKOBCKoro H ,lI.HenpOBCKoro JIeJ].HHKOB. Oc06eH-
HOCTH CTPYKTYP nOJIeH n03BOJIHIOT YTBep>KJ].aTb, 1.ITO B BepXHefi H
HH>KHeH 30Hax CYll{eCTBOBaJIa TeCHaH B3aHMOCBH3b npoueCCOB
oca)].KOHaKOnJIeHHH UCXO)].Horo MaTepHaJIa BO BpeMH OJIe)].eHe-
HUH.
113 KapTbI pa3HOCTeH BU)].HO, lITO 3HalIHTeJlbHbIe H3MeHeHHH B
npOlIHOCTH nopo)]. npOH3011IJIU B npe.neJIax ll.eHTpaJIbHO-EeJIoPYc-
CKoro MaCCHBa (OHH COBna)].aIOT C Hau60JIee BbICOKUMU 3Ha1.Ie-
f/UHMU P A B HH>KHeH 30He), MUHUMaJIbHble - B npe)].eJIax EpeCT-
CKOH Bna)].HHbI. Pacnpe.u.eJ1eHUe JIe)].HUKOBbIX CTPYM nOlITI{ nOuTJ-
HOCTbIO onpeJ].eJIHJIOCb HaJIHlIUeM KpynHbIx J].OlIeTBepTII1.IHbIX
Bna)].HH. CJIeJ].OBaTeJIbHO, cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbllIOe pa3JIHlIUe BbI-
COT (He npeBbIllialOll{ee HeCKO.:'IbKUX COTeH MeTpOB), KOTopoe Ha-
6JIIO)].aeTCH Me>K)].Y .u.OlIeTBepTHlIHbIMH BnaJ].UHaMH H B03BbIllIeH-
HOCTHMH; 3aMeTHO BJIHHJIO Ha xapaKTep J].BH>KeHHH JIeJ].HHKa.
.il.PyroH MepoH CXOJ].CTBa HBJIHeTCH TaKCOHOMHlIeCKoe (H.nH
CTaHJ].apTH3HpOBaHHoe n-MepHoe eBKJIHJ].OB0) aCCTOHHHe d,
onpe)].eJIHeMOe no <popMYJIe [45]:
/ n 2
-. /  {i - 2J
d - JI i=1
- n'
(2.5)
T. e. TaKCOHOMHlIeCKoe paCCTOHHHe paBHO KBa)].paTHOMY KOpHIO
H3 cpeJ].Hero apH<pMeTHlIeCKoro KBa)].paTOB paCCTOHHHH Me>KJ].Y
.9KBHBaJIeHTHbIMH K03<lJHu.HeHTaMff )].BYX cpaBHHBaeMbIX no-
BepXHOCTeH.
B HallieM npHMepe li=Xik - 3HalIeHHe k-if nepeMeHHOH B
HH>KHeH 30He H 2i=Xjk - 3Ha1.IeHHe k-H nepeMeHHOH B BepXHeH
30He. I1cxo)].H!e )].aHHbIe )].0 BbIlIHCJIeHHH paCCTOHHHM nO)].BeprHY-
69

TbI CTaH,lI.apTH3aIl.HH. 3TO n03BOJIHJIO yqHTbIB3Tb Ka:>K,lI.YIO
nepeMeHHYIO C O,lI.HHaKOBbIM BeCOM. )JJIH BbIt.IHCJIeHHH TaKCOHOMH-
QeCKOrO paCCTOHHHH HCnOJIb30BaHbI CTaH,lI.apTH3HpOBaHHble 3HaQe-
HHH P.n., BbIt.IHCJIeHHbIe no 25 Y3JIaM ceTKH. nOJIYlIeHO TaKCOHOMH-
lIeCKOe paccToHHHe d = 8,422, t.ITO YKa3bIBaeT Ha OTCYTcTBHe no-
,lI.06HH Me>K,lI.Y cpaBHHBaeMbIMH nOBepxHocTHMH.
ABTOKOppeJlHIl.HOHHaH <PYHKII.HH, HCnOJIb30BaHHaH npH MO,lI.e-
JIHpOBaHHI1, BH.n.a
1t
r (e) = e- al cos 2 l,
(2.6)
BbIlJHCJIeHHaH no rJIaBHOMY HanpaBJIeHHIO H3MeH4HBOCTH C ceBe-
pO-3ana.n.a Ha IOrO-BOCTOK .n.,HH BepXHeH H HlDKHeH 30H MopeHbI,
no npoclJHJIHM npOTH>KeHHOCTblO 472 H 452 KM HMeeT CXO.n.HbIH
BH.n.. K03clJclJHIl.HeHTbI ex H  .n.JIH BepxHero Ii HH>KHerO CJIOeB O,lI.H-
HaKOBbIe: ex = 2,11;  = 0,42, lITO YKa3bIBaeT Ha o.n.HHaKoBYIO
clJOPMY 11 HanpaBJIeHHOCTb rrpOIl.eCcOB oca.n.KOHaKOrrJIeHHH H .n.aJIb-
HeHlliero JIHTOreHe3a ropHbIx rropo,lI.. O.n.HOH H3 Mep cpaBHeHHH
nOJIeH nOKa3aTeJIH Pl1. MO)KeT 6bITb CTeneHb H3MeHQHBOCTH C>KH-
MaeMOCTH MopeHHblx rpYHToB, T. e. OTHOllieHHe MO.n.YJIH ,lI.e<p0p-
MaII.HH HH>KHeH 30HbI K BepxHeH: A=EH/E B , KOTopoe MO>KHO BbI-
pa3HTb Qepe3 A= P.n. H IP A B' TaK KaK Me>K.n.y P A H E .n.JIH MopeH-
HbIX rpYHToB YCTaHOBJIeHa TeCHaH B3aHMOCBH3b (CM. rJIaBY 4).
-16
1.6
\
..:t
0-1-
3.7
_____I. 5
 0-
3.4
'1-
------
9
0"3,9
15
0"3:8
=
Puc. 2.10. nO.lle CTeneHH H3MeHqHBOCTH C>KHMaeMOCTH MopeHHbIx rpYHToB
70

CTeneHb H3MeH4HBOCTH C)KIIMaeMOCTH MOpeHHOH TOJIllI.H KpOMe
u
Y3KOCneUHaJIbHOrO Ha3Ha4eHHH MO)KeT B H3BeCTHOM Mepe aTb
npeCTaBJIeHHe 0 B3aHMOOTHOUleHHHX np04HOCTHbIX M ecpOpMa-
u
U.MOHHbIX CBOHCTB BYX CJIOeB MOpeHbI M HanpaBJIeHMH HX MaKCH-
MaJIbHOrO H3MeHeHHH (pHC. 2.10).
Pe3YJIbTaTbI MCCJIeOBaHMH, H3JIO)KeHHble B npeblYllI.HX pa3-
eJIax, n03BOJIHIOT CeJIaTb HeKoTopble npenOJIO)KeHMH 0 reHe-
u
3Hce pa3HbIx THnOB OTJIO)KeHHH, npHMo HJIH KOCBeHHO CBH3aHHbIX
C OJIeeHeHHeM, H 00 YCJIOBHHX cpOpMHpoBaHHH HX HH)KeHepHO-
u
reOJIOrH1leCKHX CBOHCTB.
BOJIee nopooHO OCTaHOBHMCH Ha coocTBeHHo MopeHHbIx M
JIeCCOBHHbIX nopoax, pa3BHTbIX Ha TeppHTopHH BeJIOpyccHH,
Bonpoc 0 reHe3Hce KOTOpblX o HaCTOHllI.erO BpeMeHH OKOHllaTeJIb-
HO He pemeH.
CxeMa 00pa30BaHHH neHHKOBbIX OTnO)KeHHH npeCTaBJIHeT-
CH cneYIOllI.eH. BHallane nepepaoaTbIBanCH H OT JIaranCH MopeH-
u u
HblH MaTepHan B BHe CJIOeB He3Ha4HTe.rIbHOH MOllI.HOCTH no BH-
)KYllI.HMCH JIb,D.OM. B anbHeHUleM npH cTau.HOHapHOM nOJIO)KeHHH
neHHKa npOHCXOHJIO TaHHHe ero B HaHoonee HaCbIllI.eHHOH Ta-
u
nblMH BoaMH HH)KHeH 4aCTH H BHYTPH neHHKa, re cocpeOTO-
4eHa HaH60JIbLUaH qaCTb 06nOM04Horo MaTepHaJIa, liTO HMeJIO
OOJIbUlOe 3Ha4eHHe JIH HaKOnJIeHHH MopeHHblX OTJIO}KeHHH.
B HH)KHeH 4aCTH Tanble BObl npe06pa3YIOT MopeHHbIH MaTepHan
B OCHOBHOM Ha MeCTe nOCKOJIbKY CKOpOCTb TanblX BO BHYTPH
nba HHaH, 4eM Ha nOBepXHOCTH. Boa cnOCOOCTBOBana onTH-
u
ManbHOH ynaKoBKe COCTaBa BbITaHBaBUlero H3 JIba pa3HOpo,D.-
Horo MopeHHoro MaTepHana H 06pa30BaHHIO nJIOTHbIX MopeH.
BnHHHHe.aBneHHH neHHKa Ha ynJIOTHeHHe MopeHbI nOCTeneHHO
YMeHbIlIanOCb, TaK KaK Ha 3TOM 3Tane OHO nepeaBanOCb Ha MO-
peHHblH MaTepHan Y)I{e 4epe3 cnOH BObl, 06pa30BaBUlHHCH B
HH)KHeH 4aCTH neHHKa npH ero TaHHHH. BHYTPH neHHKa TaJIble
BO,D.bl npoca4HBanHCb no TpellI.HHaM H npH06peTanH 3Ha l lHTenb-
HYIO CKOpOCTb nHUlb B TYHHenHX. no Mepe TaHHHH neHHKa H
u
YMeHbUleHHH ero pa3MepOB CKOpOCTb neHHKOBbIX CTPYH YBenH-
lIHBanaCb.
Ha nOBepXHOCTH nba a)Ke caMble cna6ble CTPYHKH TanOH
BObl BblHOCHnH Menb4aHUlHe oonOMOIIHble 4aCTHUbI, H MopeHHble
OTnO)KeHHH Ha nOBepXHOCTH neHHKa cpaBHHTeJIbHO ObICTpO Te-
pHnH 3Ha4HTenbHYIO GaCTb MenK03eMa, GTO 06ycnOBJIHBanO 000-
rallI.eHHe neCGaHblMH GaCTHlLaMH aonHlLHOHHbIX MopeHHblX OTJIO-
u
}KeHHM, CKannHBaBIlIHXCH Ha nOBepXHOCTH neHHKa, no cpaBHe-
HHIO C OCHOBHOH MopeHOH, 00pa30BaBIlIeHCH B HH)KHeH ero GaCTH.
TInoTHocTb nOBepXHOCTHOH MopeHbI ooycnoBneHa rnaBHblM 06pa-
30M npou.eccaMH ceHMeHTalLHH H 3nHreHe3a. JIeHHK K 3TOMY
BpeMeHH Y)Ke He Mor OKa3blBaTb peUlalOllI.erO BJIHHHHH Ha ynnoT-
HeHHe MopeH, TaK KaK OblJI ManOMOllI.HbIM.
ECTeCTBeHHO, GTO Ha nOBepXHOCTH neHHKa OOnOMOGHbIH Ma-
TepHan B oonbUlOH Mepe nOBepraJICH BblBeTpHBaHHIO H nepepa-
71

OOTKe Ta.rIbIMH JIe.n.HHKOBbIMH BO.n.aMH. n03TOMY nOCJIe CTaHBaHHSI
JIe.n.HHKa OTJIOMeHHaSI MOpeHa paCnaJIaCb Ha .n.Ba rOpH30HTa:
u u u
BepXHHI1, CJIOMeHHbIH MOpeHHbIM MaTepHaJIOM, KOTOpbIH CKanJIH-
. Ba.J1CSI Ha nOBepXHOCTH JIe.n.HHKa (aOJISIll.HOHHaSI MOpeHa), If HHM-
Hliii - rOpH30HT OCHOBHOH MOpeHbI, COCTOSIIII.Hll 1-13 OOJIOM01.JHbIX
1.JaCTHll., nepeMeIII.aBIlIHXCSI BHYTPH (BHYTPHJIe.n.HHKOBaSI H .n.OHHaSI
MOpeHbI). TaKHM OOpa30M, BO.n.a H CHJIa TSIMeCTH SIBJISIiOTCSI rJIaB
HbIMH cpaKTOpaMH, npeOOpa3YIDIII.HMH MOpeHY.
nepHO.n.H1.JHOCTb npOll.eCCOB OCa.n.KOHaKOnJIeHHSI OTpaMaeT pea-
JIH3all.HH CJIY1.JaHHOH <PYHKll.HH nOKa3aTeJIH P A no rJIyoHHe 63
(CM. pHC. 2.1). llocTeneHHbIH nepexo)]. OT HHMHeH 30HbI K Bepx-
Hell CBH3aH C pOCTOM CKOpOCTH TaSIHHSI JIe.n.HKa H YCJIOBHSIMH
HaKOTIJIeHHSI 06JIOM01.JHOrO MaTepHaJIa. nepexo.n. OT O.n.HOH 30HbI K
u .
.n.PyroH BbIpaMaeTCSI YMeHbllIeHHeM BBepx no pa3pe3Y rJIHHHCTO-
CTH, nOBbIllIeHHbIM co.n.epMaHHeM neC1.JaHbIX npOCJIOeB H JIHH3,
YMeHbllIeHHeM nJIOTHOCTH H np01.JHOCTH MopeH. C rJIYOHHOH YBe-
JIH1.JHBaIOTCSI eCTeCTBeHHaSI BJIaMHOCTb, rpaHHll.a TeKY1.JeCTH, CO-
npOTliBJIeHHe O.n.HOOCHOMY CMaTHIO, MO.n.YJIb .n.e<popMall.HH H CO-
.n.epMaHHe rJIHHHCTbIX 1.JaCTHll..
Bo.n.Hoe 00pa30BaHHe HCCJIe.n.OBaHHbIX MopeHHbIX ropH30HTOB,
KOTopbIe SIBJISIIOTCSI OO'beKTOM HHMeHepHO-reOJIOrUlJeCKOrO H3Y1.Je-
HHSI B npe.n.eJIax EeJIOpYCCHH, no.n.TBepM.n.aeT CHMMeTpHSI nOJIeH
P)]. KaK BepXHeH, TaK H HHMHeH 30HbI. Y1.JaCTKH C BbICOKHMH 3Ha-
1.JeHHHMII Pl1. OTBe1.JaIOT MaKCHMaJIbHOH MOIII.HOCTH JIe,l(HHKa H 000-
3Ha1.Ja1OT B H3BeCTHOH Mepe oceBbIe nOJIOMeHHSI MeCTHbIX OOJIac-
u
TeH nHTaHHH, C neHTpaJIbHbIX Y1.JaCTKOB KOTOpbIX H Ha1.JHHaJIOCb
TaSIHHe JIb.n.a. TaSIHHe JIe.n.HHKOB npOHcxo.n.HJIO B pa3JIH1.JHbIX Ha-
npaBJIeHHSIX B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rHnCOMeTpH1.JeCKOrO nOJIOMeHHH
JIe.n.HHKa.
ECJIH HCXO.n.HTb H3 npHHSIToro B COBpeMeHHOH JIHTepaType
npe,lI.nOOlT}OMeHHSI 1.JTO MOIII.HOCTb JIe.n.HHKOBoro nOKpOBa H3MeHSI-
eTCH OT HeCKOJIbKHX COTeH MeTpOB .n.o 1-2 KM, TO reOCTaTH1.JeCKaSI
HarpY3Ka Ha TOJIIII.Y ropHbIX nopo.n. .n.OJIM.Ha ObIJIa .n.OCTHraTb
(100-200) . 10 5 na, 1.JTO cYIII.eCTBeHHo npeBbIlliaeT .n.aBJIeHHSI,
nepe.n.aBaeMbIe Ha eCTeCTBeHHbIe OCHOBaHHSI HHMeHepHbIMH CO-
opyMeHHHMH. OOCKOJIbKY nOlTJOIII.a.n.b 3arpY3KH MOMHO C1.JHTaTb
npaKTH1.JeCKH HeOrpaHH1.JeHHOH, .n.aBJIeHHe .n.OJIMHO ObIJIO pacnpo-
cTpaHSITbcSI Ha 3Ha 1 IHTeJIbHYIO rJIYOHHY, BbI3bIBaSI oOMaTHe nopo)].
TO.HIII.H PbIXJIblX OTJIOMeHHH Ha rJIYOHHY .n.o COTeH MeTpOB. Co-
CTOHHHe nopo.n. B MOMeHT OOMaTHSI -- Mep3JIOe JIH Tanoe --
OOJIbllIOrO 3Ha1.JeHHH He HMeeT, TaK KaK npH ,lI.JIHTeJIbHOM npHJIO-
'-'
MeHHH HarpY3KH Mep3JIbIe nopo.n.bI ynJJOTHSIIOTCSI B TOH Me CTe-
neHH, 1.JTO H TaJIbIe [24]. nOcJIe.n.YIOIII.aSI pa3rpY3Ka H pa3ynJIOT-
HeHne MOrJIH TOJIbKO lIaCTH1.JHO BOCCTaHOBHTb HX nepBOHa1.JaJIbHbIe
cBoiicTB3. TaKHM 06pa30M, OJIe.n.eHeHHe .n.OJIMHO ObIJIO 3Ha1.JHTeJIb-
HO YBe.ilIl l IHTb IIJIOTHOCTb H np01.JHOCTb nopo.n., 1.JTO B OCHOBHOM He
npOTHBOpelIHT HMelOIII.HMCH <paKTaM. O.n.HaKO B TOJIIII.e MopeHHbIX
u u
QTJIOMeHHH HJIH no)]. MopeHOH Hepe.n.KO 3aJIeralOT HeynJIOTHeHHbIe
72

p33HOCTH 03epHbIX, 03epHO-.ne.n.HHKOBbIX II OO.nOTHbIX nopoA...
(A. TaHe:>KHI:I.bI C.nYUKOrO paMoHa, COBX03 «JIoB:>KaHCKHM» BHTeo-
CKOM OOJIaCTH, rr. BUTeocK, MHHcK H .n.p.).
B r.naBe 4 6y.n.eT nOKa3aHO, TO conpoTHB.neHHe 30HJI.HpOBa-
HHIO OTpa>KaeT KpHTHecKoe .n.aB.neHHe Ha rpYHT. B HallieM npH-
Mepe JI..nSI HH:>KHeH 'MopeHbI P JJ. H3MeHSIeTCSI OT 5,1 .n.o 15,5 Mna,
T. e. 3TH rpYHTbl O())KHMa.nHCb nOA 'HarpY3KOH He MeHee', eM (5-
15) .10 5 na. )J..nH BepxHeH 30HbI MopeHbI P A H3MeHHeTCH OT 1,4
)(0 5,7 MOa, T. e. KpHTHQeCKaSI HarpY3Ka COCTaB.nSIeT (1,4-5,7) X
XI0 5 n3, 3Ha t IHT, KO BpeMeHH oopa30BaHHSI BepXHeH 30HbI JIeJI.-
HHK ObIJI MaJIOMOIII.HbIM H He OKa33JI CYIII.eCTBeHHoro BJIHHHHSI Ha
yrrJIOTHeHHe no,nCTHJIalOIII.HX nopo.n..
3TO nO,ll.TBep>K.n.aeTcSI H pe3YJIbTaTaMH HaOJIIO.n.eHHll Ha.n. CTe-
rreHblO ynJIOTHeHHH MopeHHbIx OTJIo:>KeHHH.' TaK, HanpHMep, A. C.
XpaMYllieB (1939) Ha OCHOBaHHH KOMnpeccHoHHbIX HcnbITaHHH
K3MeHHoyrOJIbHbIX H IOpCKHX rJIlIH, norpeoeHHbIx BO BpeMH OJIe-
,neHeHHH noJI. JIeJI.HHKOM H HcnbITaBIlIHX BCJIe.n.CTBHe 3Toro 3Ha1.IH-
TeJIbHOe ynJIOTHeHHe, onpe.n.eJIHJI MOIII.HOCTb JIeJI.HHKa B 150 M.
EJIH3KHe JI.aHHbIe nOJIY1.IHJI A. A. .nyra (1954). )J.JIH TeppHTopHH
3CTOHHH OH onpe.n.eJIHJI BeJIHqMHY' JIe.n.HHKoBOH HarpY3KH B
11 . 10 5 Oa, qTO npHMepHO COOTBeTcTByeT MOllJ,HOCTH JIe.n.HHKa B
110-120 M. EJIH3KHe UH<PPbI .n.JISI nOCJIe.n.Hero JIe.n.HHKa Ha TeppH-
TOpHH repMaHHH Ha3bIBaeT )J.IOKep (1951). BeJIOPyccKHe HCCJIe-
. u
JI.OBaTeJIH. 'OTMeaIOT, qTO MOIII.HOCTb B3JI,lI.aHCKOro JIe.n.HHKa co-
CTaBJISIJIa 50-100.M, qTO B ueJIOM He npOTHBopeHT npHBeJI.eH-
HbIM pe3Y"1bTaTaM.
B JI.aJIbHeHllIeM CKOpOCTb TaSIHHH JIbJI.a YBeJIH1.IHBaJIaCb. BbICT-
poe TaHHHe JIb.n.3 COnpOBO>KJI.aJIOCb oopa30BaHueM MOIII.HbIX nOTO-
KOB TaJIbIX BO.n., KOTopbIe 3aTarrJIHBaJIH npHJIe.n.HHKOBYIO paBHH-
HY H BhIHOCHJIH Ha ee nOBepXHOCTb OOJIbllIOe KOJIH1.IeCTBO necqa-
HOtrpaBHHHoro MaTepH3JIa (3aH.n.pOBbIe nOJISI). nOTOKH paCIlIH-
pSIJUI H yrJIYOJIHJIH .n.peBHHe peqHbIe JI.OJIHHbI. OpH CHH:>KeHIUI pac-
, u
XO,lI.OB H YMeHbllIeHHH :>KHBOH CHJIbI nOTOKOB JI.OJIHHbI nOCTeneHHO
3anOJIHHJIHCb <pJIIOBHOrJIHUHaJIbHbIMH OTJIO>KeHHHMH. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe Ha TPp'HTOpHH EeJIoPyc,CI:I!I C<P0pMHpOBaJICH pH,l( IlIHpOKHX
nOJIOC <pJIIDBi10r JIHUHaJIbHbIX neCKOB, onOHCbIBalOIl1.HX BHellIHHe
.,
rpaHHUbI O.TIe.n.eHeHHH pa3JIH1.IHoro B03paCTa.
HH}Ke ,no TelIeHHIO B ,l(OJIHHaX peK <pJIIOBIIOr JIHIJ.H3JIbHbIe 06-
pa30BaHHSI no.n.Bepr3JIHCb COpTHpOBKe, nOCTeneHHO nepeXo,l(H B
3JIJIIOBHH HOpMaJIbHOrO COCT3B3. B rrOHIDKeHHHX rrepe,l( .u.erpa,l(H-
PYIOilI.HMH JIeJI.HHKaMH B03HHKaJIH orpOMHbJe npHJIeJI.HHKOBbIe 03e-
pa, B KOTOpbIX H3K3rrJIHBaJIHCb MOIllHble TOJIIl1.H JIeHT01JHbIX rJIHH,
cyrJIHHKOB, TOHKO- H MeJIK03epHHcTbIX rreCKOB.
. ' Ha pHC. 2.11 . rrpHBe,l(eHa cxeMa oGpa30BaHHH reHeTHeCKHX
THnOB OTJIO>KeHHH, rrpHMo HJIH KOCBeHHO CBH3aHHbIX C OJIeJI.eHe-
HHeM:
Melli,L!.Y 3TanaMH OCa,l(KOHaKOnJIeHHSI HeT pe3KHx rrep(p,;r.OB.
B pa3pe3ax Ha6JIIO,naeTcH rrocTerreHHbIH rrepexo,n OT o,nHoro 9Ta-
73

u
na K JI.pyrOMY, BbIpa)KalOlllHHCH B YMeHbWeHHH rJIHHHCTOCTH H
npOlIHOCTH nopo.n., nOBblllleHHH COJI.ep)KaHHH neC1laHbIX npOCJIOeB.
3aKJIIOIIHTeJIbHbIM 3TanOM JIeJI.HHKOBOH JI.eHTeJIbHOCTH HBJIHeTCH
06pa30BaHHe JIeCCOBHJI.HbIX OTJIO)KeHHH, CBH3aHHbiX C TaHHHeM
BaJIJI.aHCKOrO JIeJI.HHKa. DOJI.oU1Ba .TIeCCOBbIX nOpOJI. pacnOJIara-
eTCH JIHOO HenOCpeJI.CTBeHHO Ha MopeHe, JIHOO Ha <pJIIOBHOrJIHl.UI-
aJIbHblX, 03epHO-JIe,l(HHKOBbIX II JI.pyrHx reHeTHqeCKHX THnax OTJIO-
:>KeHHH, npHMO HJIH KOCBeHHO CBH3aHHbIX C OJIeJI.eHeHlleM. Y CJIOBHH
06pa30Ha HHe
CJ10 MopeH
nOll llBH>KYUlHMC
J1bllOM
06p330B3HHe MopeHbl
B pe3YJlbTaTe llOHHoro
H BHYTpHJ1enHHKOBoro
T3HH
06P330B3HHe 06pa30B3HHe 06p330naHHe
03epHo-nenHHKOBX MopeH Ha - <pJ1IORHOr J1f1LUlaJ1bHbIX
OTJ10)f(eHHJ1 . nOBepXHOCTH J1bna OT:IO>KeHUH
I
I
06pa30BaHHe 06pc]30H3HHe
J1eCCOBbIX - 3J1J1IOBHaJIbHblX
01' JIO>KeHHH OTJ10>KeHHH
PI1C. 2.11. CxeMa 06pa30BaHHH JIe,1.HHKOBbIX OT JIO>KeHHII
pacnpOCTpaHeHHH II 3aJIeraHHH JIeCC0BbIX oopa30BaHHH Ha pa3-
JIHIIHblX yqaCTKaX TeppHTOpHH BeJIOpYCCHH, CBH3b HX C IIO,D.CTH-
JIalOlll.HMH nOpOJI.aMH, 3aKOHoMepHOe H3MeHeHHe rpaHYJIOMeTpH-
qeCKOrO COCTaBa, BbIpa}KalOlll.eeCH B YMeHbWeHHH CO,lI.ep)KaHIIH
rJIHHHCTbIX qaCTHU BBepX IIO pa3pe3Y_ (oco6eHHO qeTKO Ha BOJI.O-
p a3JI.eJI ax) , CJIO}KHaH TeKcTypa no BceMY rrpo<pHJIIO JIeCCOBbIX
..
TOJIllI., qaCTble npOCJIOH II JIHH3bI nbIJIeBaTbIX MeJIKHX II Cpe,l(HeIl
KpyrrHocTII neCKOB YKa3bIBalOT Ha TO, lITO OCHOBHbIM QJaKTopOM
oopa30BaHHH IICXOJI.HOrO MaTepHaJIa JIeCCOBbIX nopoJI. HBJIHJIaCb
BO,lI.a. Bo Bcex H3YQeHHbIX HaMB: pa3pe3ax HaOJIIO.n.aJIOCb rrOCTe-
. neHHoe 3aMelll.eHHe JIeCCOBblX nopoJI. OTJIO}KeHHHMH JIe,lI.HHKOBoro
74

KOMnJIeKca. KOHTaKT JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OT JIO}KeHHH, nO,ll.CTIUIa IOW.HX
u
TOJIw.y JIeCCOBblX nopo,lI., C nOCJIe,lI.HHMH He4eTKHH, HeBbl,ll.ep}KaH-
u
HbIH:
Ha BO,lI.HOe oopa30BaHHe OCHOBHOH MaCCbl nbIJIeBaTO-rJIHHH-
CToro MaTepHaJIa, H3MeHeHHoro B pe3YJIbTaTe ,lI.HareHeTH4eCKHX
npOQeCCOB H nOqBOOOpa30BaHHH B JIeCCOBH,lI.He MaKponopHCTwe
rpYHTbl, YKa3blBalOT B CBOHX pa60Tax K. 11. JIYKallieB [85],
B. M. MOTY3 [105], A. 11. CrrHpH,lI.OHOB [140], E. n. fiYJIaBHH
[12], B. B. CTeQKo [142], M. n. Ka3aKoB [57]. OTMyqHBaHHe
nbIJIeBaTO-rJIHHHCTbIX qaCTHQ H3 TaJIhIX JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX BO,lI., CTeKaB-
IlIHX no nOBepxHocTH cOBpeMeHHx BO,ll.Opa3,l1.eJIbHX yqaCTKOB
npOHcxO,ll.HJIO B YCJIOBHHX 3aMe,ll.JIeHHH nOTOKOB BO BpeMH BeceH-
HHX pa3JIHBoB.
TaKHM oopa30M, rJIaBHblM $aKTopoM, OOYCJIOBHBIlIHM $OpMH-
.poBaHHe nepBHqHOrO MaTepHaJIa JIeCCOBbIX nopoJI. Ha TeppHTopHH
fieJIOPyccHH, HBHJIaCb ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb BO,ll.HWX nOTOKOB BO BpeMH
TaHHHH BaJI,lI.aHcKOro JIeJI.HHKa. npH 3TOM, pa3YMeeTCH, He HCKJIIO-
lIaeTCH yqaCTHe H ,lI.pyrHx reOJIOrHqeCKHX $aKTopOB, ,lI.eHCTBOBaB-
IlIHX KaK B nepHO,lI. OTJIO}KeHHH JIeCCOBOro Oca,lI.Ka, TaK H rrpH no-
CJIe,ll.YIOw.HX 3nflreHeTHlIeCKHX npeoopa30BaHHHX ero, HO OHH HMe-
lOT rrO,lI.qHHeHHOe 3HaqeHHe.
TaK, HanpHMep, B CBH3H C 3aJIO>KeHHeM H pa3BHTHeM peqHblX
,lI.OJIHH, Bbl3BaHHbiM nOHH}KeHHeM MeCTHblX npHJIe,ll.HHKOBX oa-
3HCOB 3p03HH H nepeCTpOHKOH rH,lI.pOrpa$HqeCKOH ceTH, npOHCXO-
,lI.HJI pa3MblB H OTJIO)KeHHH JIeCCOBblX nopo,ll. Ha npHBO,lI.Opa3,lI.eJIb-
HblX nOHH>KeHHHX, CKJIOHaX peqHblX ,lI.OJIHH, XOJIMOB, OBparOB,
OaJIOK, rpH,lI. H Teppacax, lITO npHBeJIO K HaKOnJIeHHIO aJIJIIOBHaJIb-
HblX H ,lI.eJIIOBHaJIbHO-3JIIOBHaJIbHbIX JIeCCOBblX nopo,ll. [105]. Ha
$OpMHpoBaHHe JIeCCOBbIX npH3HaKOB, B qaCTHOCTH npHoopeTeHHe
u u
rrOpO,lI.OH MaKponopHcToH TeKcTypbl, OKa3bIBaJIH BJIHHHHe TaK}Ke
npOQeCCbI ce30HHoro npoMep3aHHH rpYHToB [103]. npoQecc 3pO-
3HOHHoro paCqJIeHeHHH nOBepXHOCTH, ocooeHHO nOCJIe BWPYOKH
JIeCHbIX MaCCHBOB H pacnalliKH OOIlIHpHOH TeppHTopHH B HCTOPH-
lIeCKYIO 3noxy, crrocooCTBOBaJI 3HaqHTeJIbHOMY HCCYIlIeHHIO Tep-
pHTOpHH, qTO nOBJIeKJIO 3a COOOH pa3BeBaHHe JIeCCOBblX nopo,lI. H
I.IaCTH4Hoe nepeOT JIO}KeHHe HX BeTpOM [105].
2.7. npOcTpaHcTBeHHa 1013MeH.......BOcTb cBoHcTB
...
03epHo-neAH....KOBbIX 101 <l>nIOBlo1ornu.....anbHblx OTJlO>KeHIo1H
JIeHTOqHbJe rJIHHbI - cBoeoopa3HH reHeTH1.IeCKHH THn Oca,lI.-
KOB o3epHO-JIeJI.HHKOBOro KOMnJIeKCa aHTporroreHoBblx OT JIO>Ke-
HHH. COrJIaCHO TeopHH.,lI.e reep,lI., ,lI.OnOJIHeHHOH CyapaMo H AHT-
Bee H OOOOw.eHHOH K. K. MapKoBbiM [52], OHH OTJIaraJIHCb B
npHJIeJI.HHKOBbIX 03epHblx oacceHHax npeHMyw.ecTBeHHo npeCHO-
BO,lI.HOrO xapaKTepa 3a CqeT rJIHHHCTOro, IIbJJIeBaTOro Ii qaCTHqHO
v
neClIaHOrO MaTepHaJIa, KOTOpbIH npHHOCHJICH TaJIbIMlf JIe,lI.HHKO-
BbIMH BO,ll.aMH B IJepHO,ll. CTOSIHHSI H ocooeHHo oTcTynaHHSI JIe,lI.HH-
75

K3. TaKue YCJIOBIHI cnOC06CTBOBaJIH OTJIOJKeHHIO C.HOeB paBHO-
MepHOrO MeXaHH1.JeCKOrO COCTaBa, nOCTeneHHO MeHHBllIHX CBOIO
MOlll.HOCTb. 3aKOHOMepHOCTb H3MeHeHHH. MeXaHH1.JeCKOro coeTaBa
COCTOHJIa B TOM, 1.JTO 60JIee KpynHbIH MaTepHaJI OTJlaraJICH 6JIIDKe
K KpalO JJe,lI.HHKa, a 60JIee MeJIKHH-,lI.aJIbllIe. napaJIJIeJIbHO Me-
HHJIaCb MOlll.HOCTb JIeHT: C Y,lI.aJIeHHeM OT KpaH JIe,l(HHKa OHa no-
CTeneHHO YMeHbllIaJIaCb [52].
)J.HcpcpepeHUHalLHH OT JIOJKeHHll B 03epHO-JIe,l(HHKOBbIX 6acceH-
Hax 06YCJIOBJIeHa reoMopcpOJIOrHeH ,lI.Ha 6acceHHa, nOJIO:>KeHHeM
Toro lIJIn HHoro YLIacTKa no OTHOllIeHHIO K HCT01.JHHKY nHTaHIUJ
(OTKpbITa51 1.JaCTb 6acceHHa, 3aJlHB1.JHKH, OTrOpO:>KeHHbIe OT OTKpbI-
TO?'I 4acTH KocaMH, nOJIyocTpoBKaMH H T. ,l(.). B MeCTax C 60JIb-
u u
llIeH fH,l(pO,l(HHaMH1.JeCKOH aKTHBHOCTblO BO,lI.bI OT JIaraJICH KpynHo-
3epHHcTbIH (neC1.JaHHCTbIH) MaTepHaJI. B OT,lI.eJIbHbIe nepHo)].bl
u
YMeHbllIeHHH rH,l(pO,lI.HHaMH1.JeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH, CBH3aHHoro, Be-
pOHTHO, C HepaBHoMepHocTblO TaHHHH JIe,l(HHKa H HHTeHCHBHO-
CTblO nocTynJIeHHH BO,lI. B 6accellH, cpe,lI.H neC1.JaHHCTOro MaTepHa-
JIa HaKarrJIHBaJIHCb cynecH H cyr JIHHKH. B ueHTpaJIbHOH 1JaCTH
6acceHHa OT.nO:>KeHHH BCer,lI.a 60JIee TOHK03epHHcTbIe, 1.JTO 06'bHC-
HfieTCH CJIe,l(YIOlll.HM. H. M. CTpaxoB (1960) BbI,l(eJIHeT B BO,l(O-
eMax 30HY B3MY1.JHBaHHH H 30HY OCaJK,lI.eHHH TOHK03epHHcTofO
MaTepHaJIa. THroTeHHe rpy6blx neC1.JaHbIX 1JaCTMU K MeJIKOBO,l(HOH
1JaCTH 6acceHHa, a 60JIee MeJIKHX (aJIeBpOJIHTOBbIX, IIeJIHTOBbIX)
K l(eHTpaJIbHOM - c.ne,D.CTBHe Toro, 1.JTO rrepHcpepHlIecKaH nOJIoca
6acceHHoB ueJIHKOM cooTBeTcTByeT 30He B3MY1JHBaHHH. B 3TOH
u
.30He fH,lI.pO,lI.HHaMH1JeCKaH aKTHBHOCTb BO,D. He n03BOJIHeT YCTOH-
1JHBO OCe,lI.aTb TOHKHM 1JaCTHuaM. nOCJIe MHOfOKpaTHbIX OCe,l(aHHM
u
B THXYIO rroro,lI.Y H HOBbIX B3MY1.JHBaHHH IIpH. BOJIHeHHHX TOHKHe
1.JaCTHIl.bI nOCTeneHHO y,lI.aJIHIOTCH H3 npH6peJKHOM 30HbI B 60JIee
r.ny60KHe lJaCTH BO,l(OeMa. rpy603epHHCTble oca,lI.KH npH6pe:>KHOH
nOJIOCW HBJIHIOTCH rrpO,lI.YKTOM ,lI.HcpcpepeHUHaUHH HeOHopO,D.Horo
3epHHCToro MaTepHaJIa 3a C1.JeT B3MY1.JHBaHHH.
3TH oc06eHHOCTH YCJIOBHH Ce,lI.HMeHTaUHH 03epHO-JIe,lI.HHKO-
BbIX OT JIOJKeHHH OKa3aJIH BJIHHHHe Ha cpOpMHpOBaHHe HX HH}I{e-
u u
HepHO-reOJIOrH1.JeCKHX CBOHCTB H 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH npocTpaHCT-
BeHHOH H3MeH1JHBOCTH. TaK, HanpHMep, npH HCCJIe,lI.oBaHHH JIeH-
T01JHbIX fJIHH H cyrJIHHKOB ceBepHOH 1JaCTH TeppHTopllH BCCP
u
YCTaHOBJIeHO YBeJIH1.JeHHe 1.JHCJIa nJiaCTHHoCTHi eCTeCTBeHHOH
BJIa:>KHOCTH, nopHCTOCTH, YMeHbllIeHHe IIJIOTHOCTH rpYHTOB, no-
Ka3aTeJIeH 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH, np01.JHOCTHbIX H ,lI.ecpopMaIl.HOHHbIX
CBOHCTB OT IIepHcpepH1.JeCKHX 1.JaCTeH 6acceHHOB K Il.eHTpaJIbHbIM
(pHC. 2.12). TaKaH 3aKoHoMepHocTb OTBe1.JaeT xapaKTepy IIOBe-
,lI.eHHH H30JIHHHH PJ1. B 06JIaCTH nOo3epbH KaK ,D.JIH HHJKHeH, Ta
II )J,JIH BepxHeH 30H MopeHbI, r,D.e Ha6JIIO,lI.aeTCH YMeHbllIeHHe 3Ha-
1JeHHii P)I. OT IIepHcpepHH K ueHTpy.
YCJIOBHH 06pa30BaHHH cpJIIOBHOfJIHIl.HaJIbHbIX OTJIO}KeHHH (Ma-
TepHHcKoH IIOpO,lJ.OH .l1.JIH HHX CJIYJKHJIH MopeHHbIe rpYHTbI) onpe-
u
.u.eJIHJIH 3aKoHoMepHocTH npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeH1JHBOCTH ax
76

@J
,-"..",
\
.J
r)
,"
J
(
)
,
c
,,-,
,/ "'-"
-'""'," ...
-..../
q
\
I'
C
,
\
'-,
, ,
,""....." I
'-.--.....J
o
"
'-
.....
\
. ,
\
\
I
\
-...",
....
E=
(,)
o
E-o
(,)
:s::
c:::l.
o
t::
C\I
f-o
::t::

I:;
:s::
-e.
-e.
 ..Q
o f-o

:s:
:s:: C\I
= 
:s: (,)
I:;:Q)
o ::r
CI'1 :s::
:s::-e.
I[
-5
c:::l.
.:s:: I::{
:s:: :s::
= 
I
0C\';)
I:;:
f-o tJ::
0:s::
x:I:
:c:
f-o 0
(,)\0
:S::o
::t::c:::l.
:S::t:
o
XQ)

0:1:
:>-
::::t::
CD
Q)tJ::
71:;:
OQ)
[

Os
:s: t:
E-
(,)Q)
o:s::
t =.
:s:
c:::l. C\I .
0:::::
t:CI'1
C\lQ)
E-Q)
=:1:

::fc:::l.
:s:(,)
:1

o

Q)
I:;:
o
t:
c-i
-

cJ
&. .

+?/!/ \\
  .. -
 o-L   5)
::;; oo S oMor.." /
roAHoL ( (/!\\) ;iC H \   
o 0" °'.0 55 5'  0'
570  50 
  ' 0 5,5 45 
14 15'5,£ 16 17 r-" :=18 .0
 $7:   
\pG /  '"
of%- s"" 4 AO 

24
-
PHC. 2.13. nOJIe ycnoBHoro )J.HHaMHtJeCKoro COIIpOTHBJleHHH q>J1IOBHOrJlHIJ.HaJlb-
HblX IIeCKOB
CPH3HKO-MeX8HHqeCKHX CBOHCTB, H}1.eHTHQHbIe MopeHe (pHC. 2.13,
2.14). HecMoTpH Ha HenOCTOHHCTBO rpaHYJ10MeTpH 1 leCKoro COCTa-
Ba cpJ1IOBHOrJ1SUI,HaJ1bHbIX OTJ10:>KeHHH no nJ10ma}1.H pacnpocTpa-
HeHHH, MO:>KHO 3aMeTHTb, QTO B 60J1ee IO:>KHbIX paHoHax EeJ1opyc-
CHH, oc06eHHO B ee IOrO-3ana}1.HoH qaCTH, npOHCXO}1.HT cBoe06pa3-
Hoe BwpaBHHBaHHe COCTaBa 3a CqeT npe06J1a}1.aHHH MeJ1KHX
cppaKUHH. no Mepe y}1.aJ1eHHH OT paHOHOB pa3BHTHH HacnHWX
KpaeBbIX rpH}1. B 3aH}1.pax pe3KO CHH:>KaeTCH cO}1.ep:>KaHHe KpynHo-
06J10MOqHOrO MaTepHaJ1a (YMeHbllIaIOTCH, a 3aTeM HCQe3alOT
neCQaHO-rpaBHHHO-raJ1eQHbIe npOCJ10H H KpynHbIe 06J10MKH, Co-
xpaHSlIOTCH J1HllIb pe}1.KHe 3epHa rpaBHH H MeJ1KOH raJ1bKH), OT-
RO:>KeHHH npH06peTalOT }1.0B0J1bHO BWCOKYIO O}1.HOpO}1.HOCTb H
M eJ1K03ep HHCTOCTb.
HeCMOTpH Ha 3HaQHTeJ1bHYIO E3MeHQHBOCTb MeXaHHQeCKOrO
COCTaBa cpJ1IOBHOrJ1HUHaJ1bHbIX 06pa30BaHHH H3 OT}1.eJ1bHbIX nYHK-
TOB, 38MeTHhIX TeppHTOpHaJ1bHbIX pa3J1HQHH B rpaUYJ10MeTpHH
onHCbIBaeMbIX OTJ10:>KeHHH He Ha6J1IO}1.aCTCH. CJ1e}1.yeT J1Hlllb OT-
MeTHTb TeH}1.eHUHIO K HeKOTopOMY YMeHbllleHHIO KOJ1HIIeCTBa H
KpynHocTH B3JIYHOB c ceBepa Ha lOr. B 3TOM :>Ke HanpaBJ1eHHH
78

I

-BMTE6CK
6

7
1:356 ;;
eMOfMnEB /"
ID  _12 <&& 
 c'.469__ --  1.395 ( ,2.48
  
/<&
-roMEnb
-6PECT
2D
0T.4Qr
21
°1.067
22
0--
1.734
#
 2/,
2.020 
PHC. 2.14. nOJle cpe.lI.HerO KBaJI.paTHlIecKoro OTKJIOHeHHH (jPA q>J1IOBHOrJIHIJ.HaJIb-
HblX IIeCKOB
npOCJIe>KHBaeTC5I He60JIbllIOe YBeJIHqeHHe cO.nep>KaHHSI nbIJIeB21-
.TbIX II r JIHHHCTbIX 4>paKIl.HiL
3aKOHOMepHOCTH H3MeHeHHH MHHepaJIOrHqeCKOrO H XHMHqe-
CKoro COCTaBa OTJIO>KeHHH, KOTOpbIe HrpaIOT 60JIbllIYIO pOJIb B
fHnepreHHbIx npe06pa30BaHHHX, onpe.neJIHIOHX COBpeMeHHe
HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKHe Oc06eHHOCTH neCKOB, nO.lJ.!IHHHIOTCH
olIaH)I.llIa4>THo-reOXHMH1.IeCKOH 30HaJIbHOCTH, xapaKTepHOH )I.JISI
.c06cTBeHHO MOpeHHbIX OTJIO:>KeHHit
2.8. CMMeTpSI neAHKOBbIX OTnO>KeHH
B CBoeM pa3BHTHH JIe)I.HHKOBaH 4>opMaIl.HH, KaK H JII06aH ec-
TeCTBeHHaH CHCTeMa, npOXO)I.HT MOMeHTbI OTHOCHTeJIbHOH YCTOH-
1.JHBOCTH, KOTopbIe xapaKTepH3YIOTCH nOCTOHHCTBOM ee BHYTpeH-
Hefl opraHH3aIl.HH (CTPYKTYPbI) H npOTeKaIOHX B HeH npOIl.ec-
COB. CTPYKTypHaH YCTOHlJHBOCTb TeJI B reOJIOrHqeCKOM npOCTpaH-
CTBe OTpa>KaeTCH B 4>opMax HX CHMMeTpHH-,lI.HcHMMeTpHH [71].
CHMMeTpHH reOJIOrH1.IecKoH Cp, e,lI.bI KOTopaH onpe)I.eJIHeTCH cne-
Il.H4>HlJeCKIIMH CBOHcTBaMH npocTpaHcTBa H BpeMeHH, MO>KeT
paccMaTpHBaTbcH OqeHb lliHpOKO, HO MbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C Il.eJIe-
BM Ha3HaqeHHeM pa60TbI HeCKOJIbKO JIOKaJIH3yeM 3a)I.a q y H
79

paCCMOTpHM JIHIllb ee npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIH aCneKT. CHMMeTpHH-
,lI.HCHMMeTpHH, HBJIHHCb CBOHCTBOM reOJIOrHqeCKOfl Cpe,lI.bI, onpe-
,lI.eJIHeT CTeneHb ynopH,lI.OqeHHOCTH OO'beKTOB reOJIOrHqeCKOrO npo-
CTpaHCTBa. CUMMeTpHH H ,lI.HCHMMeTpHH reOJIOrHqeCKOH Cpe,lI.bI
B3aHMOCBH3aHbI, O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO npOTeKalOT Ha pa3JIHqHbIX CTPYK-
TypHbIX nO,lI.ypOBHHX MaTepHaJIbHbIX lI.eJIOCTHbIX CHCTeM H BCer)J.a
paCCMaTpHBalOTCH JIHIllb OTHOCHTeJIbHO )J.pyr )J.Pyra. AHaJIH3 pa-
OOT no CHMMeTpHH nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO Ka>K)J.bIH npHpO)J.HbIH OO'beKT
oOJIa)J.aeT TOM HJIH HHOH CTeneHblO cHMMeTpHH H )J.HcHMMeTpuH, HO
npOHBJIeHHH HX Ha pa3Hx ypOBHHX npHHlI.HnHaJIbHO pa3JIHQHw.
CHMMeTpHH- )J.HcHMMeTpluI BbIpa>KaeTCH TaK>Ke B CTpYKType JIe,ll.-
HHKOBOH cpOpMalI.HH H ee OCHOBHbIX reHeTHqeCKHX THnoB, B reo-
JIOrHqeCKOM, reOMopcpOJIOrHqeCKOM H TeKTOHHqeCKOM CTpoeHHH
perHoHa. pecnYOJIHKH. HCCJIe)J.OBaHHe reoMeTpHH H npHqHH 3THX
SlBJIeHHH HMeeT Ba:>KHOe HayqHOe H npaKTHqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe.
CBoHcTBa cHMMeTpHH, HaqHHaH C ypOBHH MHHepaJIOB H KOH-
qaH ypoBHeM cHMMeTpHH 3eMJIH, H3yqaJIHCb B paOOTax E. C. <l>e-
)J.0poBa,. A. B. lllyoHHKoBa, f. A. ,L:LMHTpHeBa, M. C. nOTanOBa,
H. B. KpYTH, JI. H. 4eTBepHKOBa, JI. M. nJIOTHHKOBa, H. H.
lllacppaHoBcKoro H )J.p. fJIOOaJIbHbIM acneKT cHMMeTpHH paccMoT-
peH B. H. BepHa)J.cKHM [25], B. JI. JIHqKOBbIM [78] H )J.p:
KaK npaBHJIO, Bce HCCJIe)J.OBaHIHI onHpalOTcH Ha YHHBepCaJIb-
HbIM npHHlI.Hn cHMMeTpHH, CCPOPMYJIHpOBaHHH n. KlOpH [75] :
«... npH HaJIO:>KeHHH HeCKOJIbKHX HBJIeHHH pa3JIHqHOH npHpo)J.bI B
O)J.HOH H TOH :>Ke CHCTeMe )J.HcHMMeTpHH HX CKJIa)J.bIB3IoTCH. 3JIe-
MeHTaMH cHMMeTpHH CHCTeMbI OCTalOTCH TOJIbKO Te, KOTopbIe HB-
JIHIOTCH OOllI.HMH ,lI.JI.H Ka>K,lI.Oro HBJIeHHH, B3HToro OT,lI.JIbHO. Kor-
)J.a HeKoTopbIe 'npH 1 lHHbI npoH3BO,ll.HT HeKoTopbIe ,lI.eHCTBHH, 3JIe-
MeHTbI cHMMeTpHH npH1.IHH )J.OJI>KHbI oOHapY>KHBaTbCH B 3THX
npoH3Be)J.eHHx )J.eMcTBHHX. Kor,ll.a HeKoTope ,lI.eHcTBHH npoHB-
JIHIOT HeKoTopylO ,lI.HCHMMeTpHIO, TO 3Ta ,lI.HCHMMeTpHH )J.OJI>KHa 00-
HapY>KHBaTbCH H B npHqHHaX, HX nOpO>K)J.alOllI.HX».
BonpOCbI npOHBJIeHHH CHMMeTpHH H AHCHMMeTpHH B HH:>KeHep-
HOH reOJIOrHH pa3paOOTaHbI TIOKa qpe3BbIqaMHO MaJIO' (f. K. BOH-
)J.apHK, A. A. Bapra). nOHHTHe cHMMeTpHH BXO)J.HT B HH>KeHep-
HYIO reOJIOrHIO B OCHOBHOM lIepe3 nOHHTHH CTPYKTypbI H cBoHcTB
reOJIOrHqeCKOH cpe)J.bI H cpH3HqeCKHX nOJIeM (TIOJIeH reOJIOrHqe-
CKHX napaMeTpOB), otSYCJIOBJIHBalOlll.HX HX cpOpMHpoBaHHe [6,
7]. HH>KeHepHaH reOJIOrHSI KaK 00pa3HaH cpopMa n03HaHHH H
MO)J.eJIHpOBaHHH reOJIOrHqeCKOH cpe)J.bI OTpa>KaeT B nepBYIO OlIe-
pe)J.b ee .CTPYKTYPHYIO CTOPOHY. CTPYKTYPHOCTb - ,lI.OCTaTOqHO
OOllI.HM 3aKOH, cpopMa cYllI.eCTBOBaHHH H .lI.BH>KeHHH MaTepHH,
3TOMY 3aKOHY nO)J.qHHeHbI TaK>Ke np0)J.YKTbI reOJIOrHqeCKOM cpe-
,lI.bI. XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO, lITO reOJIOrHqeCKHe CHCTeMbI OOJIa)J.aIOT
CJIO)KHoil CTPYKTYPOH, npe)J.cTaBJIHIOT COOOM OpraHHqeCKOe nepe-
TIJIeTeHHe H B3aHMonpoHMKHoBeHHe pa3JIHqHWX nO.lI.CTPYKTYP,
onpe)J.eJIHIOllI.HX reOJIOrHqeCKOe cTpoeHHe H CTPYKTYPY reOCHC-
TeMbl.
83

HCnOJIb30BaHHe MeTO,llOB CTPYKTYPHO-CHCTeMHOrO aHaJIH3a B
HH}I{eHepHOll reOJIOrHH Ha'-IaJIOCb CpaBHHTeJIbHO He,llaBHO 6JIaro-
,llapH pa60TaM r. K. DOH,llapHKa, H. C. KOMapoBa, M. B. Pau.a
H ,llp. 3TH MeTO,llbl HaxO.li.HTcH elll.e B npOIeCCe CTaHOBJIeHHH.
11 XOTH Y}I{e nOJIYlIeHbI HHTepeCHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI H HaKOllJIeHbI
JII060nbiTHbIe Ha6JIIO,lleHHH Ha ypOBHe aHaJIH3a BbIlIJIeHeHHbIX
nO,llCTpYKTYP, MHorHM KOHKpeTHbIM CTPYKTYPHO-CHCTeMHbIM HC-
CJIe,llOBaHHHM He,llOCTaeT CHHTeTHlIeCKOll TOlIKH 3peHHH, lI.eJIOCT-
Horo OXBaTa Bcero e,llHHCTBa nO,llCTpYKTYp. 4TO KacaeTCH KOHK-
peTHO CHMMeTpHH, TO B HH:>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH 3TO nOHHTHe npaK-
THlIeCKH He npHMeHHJIOCb, 3a HCKJIlOlIeHHeM OT,lleJIbHbIX lIaCTHbIX
MOMeHTOB [6, 21]. 06JIaCTb ee npHJIO:>KeHHll OrpaHHlIHBaJIaCb
JIHlIIb nocTaHoBKoll np06JIeM.
nOCKOJIbKY JIe,llHHK09bIll KOMnJIeKC npe,lI.cTaBJIHeT C060ll CJIO)l{-
HYIO reOJIOrHLIecKYIO CHCTeMY, TO ,llJIH onHcaHHH H KJIaCCHQ:>HKa-
lI.HH TaKoii CHCTeMbI, a TaK:>Ke YCTaHOBJIeHHH THnOB ee CTPYKTYP-
HOH H3MeHlIHBOCTH B03MO:>KHO HCnOJIb30BaHHe npHHlI.MnOB H Me-
TO,llOB CHMMeTpHH. npH paCCMOTpeHHH JIe,llHHKOBOH Q:>opMalI.HH
KaK CJIO:>KHOH: CHCTeMbI ,llJIH pemeHHH llIHpOKoro Kpyra 3a,lla'-I,
CBH3aHHbIX, HanpHMep, C YCJIOBHHMH 06pa30BaHHH H nOCJIe,lI.YIO-
IIJ.HX nOCTreH"eTHlIeCKHX H3MeHeHHH OTJIO:>KeHHH, Q:>OpMHpOBaHH5I
HX COBpeMeHHbIX HH:>KeHepHo-"reOJIOrH'-IeCKHX CBOHCTB H ,llp., He-
pe,lI.KO Ba:>KHO HaHTH xapaKTep H np'HqHHbI CnelI.H<pHqeCKHX npe-
b6pa30BaHHH, KOTopble coxpaHHIOT HHBapHaHTHbIM BbI,lleJIeHHbIll
CTpYKTYPHbIll ypOBeHb CHCTeMbi. 'TaKHe npeo6pa30BaHHH 3aBI1CHT
OT KOHKpeTHOH npHpO,lI.bI CTPYKTypHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, CJI a ralOIIJ.HX
CHCTeMY, a TaK:>Ke OT xapaKTep"a HX B3aHMO,llellCTBHH H COCTaBJIH-
lOT npe,llMeT HCCJIe)].OBaHHH cnelI.HaJIbHbIX ,llHClI.HllJIHH (MHHepaJIO-
rHH, neTporpaQ:>HH, reOXHMHH, rpYHTOBe)].eHHH H ,lI.p.).
B TO :>Ke BpMH Y JIe,llHHKOBOll <popMalI.HH, KaK H Y Ka)l{,llOll
eCTeCTBeHHOH CHCTeMbI, CYIIJ.eCTByeT HeKOTopbIH a6CTpaKTHbIH
ypOBeHb ee opraHH3alI.HH, npeJI.CTaBJIHIOlll.HH C060H CHCTeMY OT-
HOlIIeHHH COCTaBJIHIOIIJ.HX ee 3JIeMeHTOB, KOTopbIe 06YCJIOBJIeHhI
HX KOHKpeTHOH: npHpO)].OM H CnelI.HQ:>HKOH"B3aHMO,llellCTBHH. 3TOT
ypOBeHb HBJIHeTCH npe,lI.MeTOM HCCJIe)].OBaHHH a6CTpaKTHOH Teo-
pHH rpynn. CoxpaHeHHe KOHKpeTHoro ypOBHH opraHH3alI.HH CHC-
TeMbI nO,llpa3YMeBaeT, OqeBH.lI.HO, coxpaHeHHe ee a6CTpaKTHoro
ypOBHH. CoxpaHeHHe :>Ke a6CTpaKTHoro ypOBHH ,llOnYCKaeT TaKHe
H3MeHeHHH KOHKpeTHoro, npH KOTOpblX coxpaHHIOTCH CYIIJ.eCTBeH-
HbIe qepTbI CHCTeMbI [172]. I1cnOJIb30BaHHe a6cTpaKTHoro, Teo-
peTHKo-rpynnoBoro nO.lI.xo.lI.a npH HCCJIe)].OBaHHH JIe,llHHKOBbIX OT-
JIO:>KeHHH:, KaK 6Y,lleT nOKa3aHO .lI.aJIee, OKa3bIBaeTCH BeCbMa nJIO-
,lI.OTBOpHbIM.
PaccMaTpHBaH JIe,llHHKOBbIe OTJIO)l{eHHH KaK u.eJIOCTHYIO reo-
JIOrH'-IecKYIO cHcTeMY, COCTOHIIJ.YIO 113 O.lI.HOpO,llHbIX H HeO,lI.HOpo)l.-
HbIX nO.lI.CHCTeM, MbI MO:>KeM BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH npIU-IIJJ1nOM cynep-
n0311lI.HH, t..IT06bI onpe,lI.eJIHTb rpynnbI CHMMeTpliH c..1raIOw.HX
CMCTeMY nO,llCHCTeM (MopeHa, <pJIIOBHOrJIHlI.HaJIbHbIC H 03epHO-
6. 3aK. 8.14
81

J1etI.HHKOBble 06pa30BaHH51). BbllJJ1eHHH nO,ll.CTpYKTypLI, Orrpe,ll.e-
JUIM HX CHMMeTpl110 B H30J1HpOBaHHOM COCTOHHHH. COCTOHHHIO
B3aHMOtI.eHCTBHH 6YtI.eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb COCTaBHaH CHCTeMa, CO-
XpaHHIOI.lI.aH CHMMeTpHIO nepeCelleHHH HJIH 06'betI.HHeHHii COOT-
BeTCTBYIOI.lI.HX nOtI.CI1CTeM (rpynn). OpOBOtI.H peaJIbHblH 3KCnepl1-
MeHT BbI4JIeHeHHH H 06'betI.HHeHHH nOtI.CTpYKTYP, MO}l{HO OueHHTb
TY pOJIb, KOTOpylO HrpaeT B 061lI.eH KOMn03HIl.HH TO HJIH HHOe
06'be,ll.HHeHHe HJIH Ka}l{tI.aH 113 nOtI.CTPYKTYp. OOHHTHe CHMMeTpHH
KaK 3aKOHa CTpOeHHH Il.eJIOCTHblX CHCTeM H MeTOtI.a HCC.Tle,ll.OBaHHH
CTPYKTypHblX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH n03BOJIHeT CYllI.eCTBeHHO paCIlIH-
pHTb 06JIaCTb ee npHJIO}l{eHHH npH H3Y4eHHH 06pa30BaHHH JIe-
HHKOBOrO KOMnJIeKCa.
npH HCCJIetI.OBaHHH OTJIO}l{eHHH JIetI.HHKOBOH cpOpMaIl.HH, 06pa-
3YIOI.lI.HX Il.eJIOCTHYIO CHCTeMY, 06pallI.aeT Ha Ce6H BHHMaHHe
npe}l{,lI.e BCerO CJIO>KHbIH KOMn03HIl.HOHHbIH XapaKTep HX CTPYK-
TYPHOH OpraHH3aIl.HH, XapaKTepH3YIOI.lI.eHCH B3aHMOrrpOHHKHOBe-
HHeM, Onpe,ll.eJIeHHOH KOOp,ll.HHaIl.HeH H Cy60p,ll.HHaIl.HeH rrO,ll.CTpYK-
TYP. KOMn03HIl.HOHHbIH XapaKTep OpraHH3aIl.HH Il.eJIOCTHbIX CHC-
TeM BW,lI.BHraeT MeTOtI.OJIOrH4eCKYIO np06JIeMY H30JIHIl.HH CHCTeM
H 060c06JIeHHH HX CTPYKTypHbIX nO,a.ypOBHeH.
H30MOpcpH3M KOHKpeTHblX H a6CTpaKTHbIX rpynn OTKpbIBaeT
npHHIl.HnHaJIbHYIO B03MO}l{HOCTb nepeHOCa TeOpeTHKo-rpynnoBbIX
COOTHOllIeHHH C O,ll.HOrO rpynnoBorO ypOBHH Ha ,lI.PyroH [172] .
,lJ,JIH HallieH pa60Tbi OC06blH HHTepec npe,ll.CTaBJIHeT nepeHoc co-
oTHollleHHH cHMMeTpHH C ypOBHH reoMeTpH4ecKoH CTPYKTypbI
MaTepHaJIbHWX 06'beKTOB Ha ypOBeHb EX cpH3H4eCKHX CBOHCTB,
HJIH (B 061lI.eM CJIY4ae) C ypOBHH CHMMeTpHH rrpH1.IHH Ha ypOBeHb
CHMMeTpHH CJIe,ll.CTBHH.
OCHOBWBaHCb Ha HepapXHH rrpHpO,ll.HWX ypOBHeH CTpOeHHH
TeJI reOJIOrH4eCKOH 060JIOQKH [71], a TaK}I{e KJIaCcHcpHKaIl.HH
YPoBHeH HeO,ll.HOpOtI.HOCTH [ 117], tI.atI.HM KJIaCcHcpHKaIl.HIO ypOB-
HeH cHMMeTpHH reOJIOrHqeCKHX TeJI, npetI.BapHTeJIbHO YCTaHoBHB
B3aHMOCBH3b HeO,ll.HOpO,ll.HOCTH, H3MeH4HBOCTH H cHMMeTpHH
CBOHCTB rpYHToB. HeO,ll.HOpOtI.HOCTb reOJIOrHQeCKOH CpetI.w KaK
BWpa}l{eHHe ee npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeH4HBOCTH rrpOHBJIHeTCH B
TaKHX Ba}l{HeHIllHX ee CBoHcTBax, KaK aHH30TponHocTb H CHMMeT-
pHH. CHMMeTpHH-tI.HCHMMeTpHH - BbICllIaH cpopMa aHH30TporrHo-
CTH [6].
BbI,lI.eJIHM rrHTb ypoBHeH cHMMeTpHH.
I Y pOBeflb - cHMMeTpHH peaJIbHbIX KpHCTaJIJIOB, COCTaBJIHIO-
I.lI.HX 60JIbllIHHCTBO ropHbIX rropo,ll., KOTopaH 06YCJIOBJIeHa ynopH-
tI.OlIeHHbIM CTpoeHHeM KpHCTaJIJIH1.IeCKOH pellleTKH. 3,l1.eCb ,lI.eHCT-
ByeT npHHIl.Hn <1>. HeHMaHa, COrJIaCHO KOTOPOMY MaTepHaJI B
OTHOllleHHH cpH3H4ecKHx CBOHCTB 06HaPY}I{HBaeT CHMMeTpHIO Toro
}l{e pOtI.a, .lITO Hero KpHCTaJIJIOrpacpH1.IeCKaH cpopMa [117].
J I ypOBeHb - CI1MMeTpHH COCTaBa H CTPYKTypbI ropHoH no-
pOtI.bI. 06YCJIOBJIHBaeTCH yrropH,lI.04eHHbIM pacrrOJIO}l{eHHeM 3epeH
NIlIHepaJIOB HJIH MHKpoarperaToB rrOpO,ll.bI. CHMMeTpHH I I ypOBHH
82

onpeenHeTCH CHMMeTpHeH CBOHCTB 06pa3ua ropHOH nopo.
OHa MO>KeT npOHBnHTbCH npH na60paTopHbIX HcnbITaHHHX pa3-
nH"lIHbIX reHeTH4eCKHX THnOB H BHOB neHHKOBbIX OTnOLKeHHH Ha
conpOTHBneHHe cpe3Y H Ha KOMnpeCCHIO. Oc06eHHO OTlJeT nHBO
3TOT ypOBeHb BbIpa>KaeTCH B 06pa3uax neHT04HbIX 03epHo-ne-
HHKOBblX r JIHH. CHMMeTpHH 3Toro ypOBHH OKa3bIBaeT cym.eCTBeH-
HOe BnHHHHe Ha onpeeneHHe CBOHCTB rpYHTOB npH HcnbITaHHHX
HX Ha cpe3. Onpe,lI.e.neHHaH CHMMeTpHH-HCHMMeTpHH CBOHCTB
06HapY:>KHBaeTCH TaKLKe H Y 06pa3UOB r.nHHHCTbIX MopeHHbIX H
cp.nIOBHor .nSlIl.HanbHbIX neC"lIaHbIX OT .nO:>KeHHH, 5IB.nHIOIll.HXCH MHO-
rOKOMnOHeHTHbIMH 06pa30BaHH5IMH H OTHOCHIll.HXCH K rpynne
CMernaHHbIX nopo,lI.. 3eCb CHMMeTpHH CBH3aHa C ynOp5IO"lIeHHbIM
pacno.nO:>KeHHeM ra.nbKH, rpaBHH, neCqaHbIX, a.neBpHTOBbIX H r.nH-
HHCTbIX "lIaCTHU. Pa3HOpO,lI.HbIe KOMnOHeHTbI pacnpe,lI.e.neHbI B 06-
pa3ue B 6o.nee HnH MeHee paBHoMepHbIx COOTHorneHHHX. B nep-
BYIO o"lIepeb 3TO xapaKTepHo .nH MopeHHbIx oT.nO>KeHHH, 06pa-
3YIOm.HX TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe onTIIMa.,rlbHble CMeCH.
BceM OT.nO:>KeHHHM npHcym.a onpe,lI.e.neHHa5I opHeHTaUHH
CTPYKTYPHbIX 3.neMeHTOB, KOTOpylO MO:>KHO 06HapY:>KHTb Ha MHK-
pocHHMKax. Pe3y.nbTaTbI Hcc.neoBaHHH [69] nOKa3a.nH, 4TO oco-
6eHHO 3aMeTHa opHeHTaUHH MHKPOCTPYKTypHX 3.neMeHTOB B
06pa3uax HH>KHeH 30Hb!. Eo.nee xaOTH4HaH opHeHTaUHH y o6pa3-
UOB BepxHeH 30H. CHMMeTpH5I (aHH30TponHH) npocTpaHcTBeH-
Horo pacnpee.neHH5I KOHTaKTHbIX n.nom.aOK .ne:>KHT B OCHOBe
CHMMeTpHH (aHH30TponHH) CPH3HKO-MexaHH4eCKHX CBOHCTB nec-
KOB [108].
III ypoBeHb -- cHMMeTpH5I cn05I nopo (nepec.naHBaHHe no-
po O,lI.HHaKOBoro COCTaBa HO pa3HoH npo4HocTH HnH n.nOTHO-
CTH) onpe,lI.e.n5IeTC5I MaKpoc.noHCTOCTblO.
STOT ypOBeHb Hart60.nee OT4eT.nHBO npOHB.nHeTcH npH Hccne-
,lI.OBaHHH OT,lI.enbHbIx reHeTH4eCKHX THnOB rpYHTOB, npe,lI.CTaBneH-
HbIX OHHM nHTonorH4eCKHM BHOM. TaK, HanpHMep, onpeeneH-
HOM CHMMeTpHeM- ,lI.HCHMMeTpHeM CBOMCTB xapaKTepH3YlOTCH cnOH
MopeHHbIx rnHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB, cpnlOBHOrnHlI.HanbHbIX neC4aHbIX
H 03epHO-ne,lI.HHKOBbIX neHTO"lIHbIX rnHH. B 3THX cnY4aHx CHMMeT-
pH5I-,lI.HCHMMeTpHH npOHBnHeTCH B pa3nH4HHx cpH3HKO-MexaHH4e-
CKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB B npeenax OT,lI.enbHO BeneHHx reHe-
THqeCKHX (nHTonorH4eCKHX) cnoeB. 3,lI.eCb CHMMeTpHH CB5I3aHa
B nepBYIO 04epe,lI.b C cocTaBoM, CTPYKTypHO-TeKCTypHbIMH OCo-
6eHHOCTHMH cn05I F. ero npOlIHOCTHbIMH H ,lI.ecpopMaJJ.HOHHbIMH
CBOMCTBaMH, 06ycnoBneHHMH KaK nepBH4HOH H3MeH4HBOCTblO
nopObI, TaK H xa paKTepOM H HanpaBneHHOCTblO ,lI.anbHeHIIlHX ee
npeo6pa30BaHHH B XO,lI.e nHToreHe3a, npHBe.n.IIlHX K B03HHKHOBe-
HHIO BTOpHlIHOH H3MeH4HBOCTH HX CBOHCTB. TaK, HanpHMep, cnOM
MopeH (neCKa) npH ycnoBHH 06pa30BaHHH ero B O,lI.HOH H TOH
:>Ke reonorH4eCKOH 06CTaHOBKe JI.OnmeH 06na)I.aTb OT"lIeTnHBO BbI-
pa:>KeHHOH CHMMeTpneH CBOIICTB, B nepBYIO O"lIepe.!I,b opHeHTHpo-
BaRHOM B HanpaBneHHH .lI.BHmeHH5I .ne)I.HHKa. O,lI.HaKO 3KcnepH-
6*
83

MeHTa.i1bH3H npOEepK3 3TOl1 rHnOTe3bl COrrp5DKeH3 C pHJI.OM TPY,lI.-
HOCTefl, 3aKJIIOt.lalOI.I.J.HXCH B JI.HCHMMeTpH3au.HH CJIOH, KOTOpaH
CBH3aHa C HeOJI.HHaKOBWM npOTeKaHHeM rrOCTreHeTH4eCKHX H3Me-
HeHHH B pa3HbIX 4aCTHX CJIOH B npOu.ecce JIe,lI.HHKOBOrO JIHTOre-
He33, a TaK}Ke C pa3JIH l iHOH I136HpaTeJIbHOCTblO II HHTeHCHBHO-
CTblO rHneprCHHbIX npe06pa30BaHHH. BMeCTe C TeM, KaK nOKa3bI-
BaeT npal{THKa H3bICKaHHH, onpe,lI.eJIeHHaH ,lI.HCHMMeTpHH CBOHCTB
npHCYI.I.J.a JIIo6blM CJIOHM, KOTopbIe MbI BbI,lI.JIHeM B JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX
OT JIO}l{eHHHX npH H3yqeHHH H ou.eHKe HX ,lI.JIH MaCCOBoro CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBa.
IV ypoBeftb - cHMMeTpHH MaCCHB3 nopo,lI. (re.oJIOrnqeCKOe
cTpoeHHe M3ccHBa), CBH33HHaH C ynopH,lI.01..IeHHbIM 33Jler3HHeM
nopoJI.. 3TOT ypoBeHb cHMMeTpHH MO:>KHO H36JIIO,lI.3Tb Ha HH:>Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX p33pe3ax, MO,lI.eJIHPyioI..U.HX CBOHCTB3 co-
CT3BHbIX CHCTeM OT JIO:>KeHHH JIe,lI.HHKOBoro KOMnJIeKC3. H3H60JIee
xap3KTepHble THnbI pa3pe30B Jl.JIH JIe,!J.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH BeJIo-
PYCCHH 6Y,lI.YT npHBe,lI.eHbl B rJI3Be 5.
3,lI.eCb cHMMeTpHH-,lI.HCHMMeTpHH CBH3aH3 C B33HMOOTHOIlleHH-
eM, B33HMonpOHHKHOBeHHeM, cy60p,lI.HH3u.HeH nO,lI.CTpYKTYP (p33-
JIHqHblX reHeTH1..IeCKHX THnOB JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH), 06YCJIOB-
JIHB3101Il.HX HX COBpeMeHHbIe cI>H3MKo-MeX3HH1.IeCKHe CBOHCTB3.
3JIeMeHTbI CHMMeTpHH-,lI.HCHMMeTpHM npOHBJIHIOTCH BO B33HMOOT-
HorneHMHX p33JIH1..IHbIX reHeTHQeCKHX H JIHTOJIOrH1..IeCKHX THnOB
OTJIO:>KeHHH H, KaK CJIe,lI.CTBHe, B p33JIH1..IHHX HX CBOHCTB.
H3MH YCT3HOBJIeHO, 1..ITO cI>H3HKO-MeX3HH1..IeCKHe CBOHCTB3 HH:>K-
HHX CJIOeB 33BHCHT OT COCT3B3, COCTOHHMSI H MOI..U.HOCTH BepXHHX
CJIOeB. CYI.I.J.eCTByeT H 06paTHaH CBH3b: CBOHCTB3 BepXHero C.ilOH
06YCJIOBJIMBalOT CBOHCTBa HH:>KHerO H H3060pOT. TaK, HanpHMep,
MOI.I.J.HOCTb 30HbI BbIBeTpHBaHHH H CBOHCTBa rrO,lI.CTHJIalOI..U.HX nopo,lI.
HaXO,lI.HTCH B 3aBMCHMOCTM OT MHHepaOrH1..IeCKOrO H rpaHYJIO-
MeTpH1..IeCKOrO COCTaB3 BepXHero cI>JIIOBHOrJIHu.HaJIbHOrO CJIOH.
JI.JIH pa3pe30B, r.lI.e JIeCCOBH.lI.Hble OTJIO:>KeHHH nO,lI.CTHJI3IOTCH nec-
KaMH, xa paKTepHbl 60JIee BbICOKHe np01..IHOCTHbIe H .lI.ecI>opMau.H-
OHHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH, qTO CBH3aHO C XOpOIllHMH cI>HJIbTPYIOI..U.H-
MH CB0i1CTB3MH nO,lI.CTHJIalOI..U.HX neCKOB, .lI.peHHpYIOI..U.HX rpYHTO-
Bble BO,lI.bl. Pa3pe3aM, r,lI.e MopeHa nepeKpbIT3 MOI..U.HOH TOJIIIJ.eH
03epHO-JIe,lI.HMKOBbIX rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB, CBOHCTBeHHbI He3HaQH-
TeJIbHbIe MOI..U.HOCTH 30H BbIBeTpHBaHHH.
B3>KHbIH cI>3KTOp cI>OpMHpOB3HHSI CBOHCTB BepXHero H HH:>KHe-
ro CJIOH - rH,lI.poreOJIOrH1..IeCKMe YCJIOHH TeppMTopHH (KoJIe6a-
HHH YPOBHei% rpYHTOBblX BO,lI., H3MeHeHHe HX XHMH1.IeCKoro COCTa-
Ba M ,lI.p.). OT HMX 33BHCHT H X3paKTep rrpOTeKaHHH rHrrepreHHblX
rrpOu.eCCOB.
T3KHM oapa30M, Ka}K,lI.bIH H3 paCCMOTpeHHbIX THnOBbIX pa3-
pe30B npe,lI.CTaBJIHeT coaOH COCTaBHYIO CHCTeMY, npHt.leM ,lI.JIH
Ka:>KJI.OrO CJIOSI xap3KTepH3 CBOH CHMMeTpHH-,lI.HCHMMeTpHH
CBOHCTB. .COOTHorneHHH Me:>K,lI.Y ypOBHHMH nO,lI.CTpYKTYP B CTPYK-
. Type M3CCHB3 (THnOBoro p33pe3a) MO>KHO BbIp33HTb, HanpHMep,
epe3 OTHorneHHH HX CBOHCTE, B Q3CTHOCTH I.Iepe3 OTHorneHHH
84

3HalleuufI I1HTerpaJIbHOrO nOKa3aTeJIH 3TI1X CBOHCTB - YCJIOBHOrO
tI,HHaMHlJeCKOrO COnpOTHBJIeHHH pa3JIHlIHpIX C.HOeB.
V ypOBeHb - perHOHaJIbHaH CHMMeTpHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHH3H cI>a-
IJ.HaJIbHbIMH H cI>OpM3LI.HOHHbIMH p33JIHqHHMH. npHMepOM perHO-
H3.J1bHOii CHMMeTpHH MOrYT CJIY:>KHTb nOJIH nOK333Te.neH CBOHCTB
p33HbIX reHeTHqeCKHX THnOB rpYHTOB, p3CCMOTpeHHbIe BbIllle, H3
KOTOpbIX OT1.IeTJIHBO BbItI,eJIHeTCH reOMeTpHQeCK3H CHMMeTpHH-}1.H-
CHMMeTpHH H30JIHHHH nOK333TeJIeH (PTJ.I e) B pa3JIH1.IHbIX Q3CTHX
TeppHTopllIf pecny6JIHKH.
113 npHHLI.Hn3 n. KlOpH BbITeK3eT, QTO tI,HCHMMeTpHH }1.0JI:>KH3
BbIP3>K3TbCH He TOJIbKO B HBJIeHHH, HO H B ero npHQHH3X, B H3-
meM CJlyqae - B cpH3HQeCKHX (reOJIOrHQeCKHX) no.J1HX, 06YCJIOB-
JIHB3lOll.I.HX cI>OpMHpoB3HHe CTPYKTypbI H CBOHCTB reOJIOrHQeCKOH
Cp, etI,bI B KOHe1.IHOM ClIeTe B nOJIe JIHTOreHe33 [4, 6]. ,QHcHMMeT-
pH5I nO.HH JIHTOreHe33 eCTb pe3YJIbT3T CJIO:>KeHHH }1.HcHMMeTpHH
<pH3ULJeCKHX nOJIeH, ero KOMOHeHTOB.
feOMeTpHQeCK3H tI,HCHMMeTpHH nOJIeH nOKa33TeJIeH CBOHCTB
onpetI,e,J1HeT cHMMeTpHIO-tI,HCHMMeTpHIO cI>H3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHX
CBOHCTB .,T}etI,HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH. B eCTeCTBeHHOM 3aJIer3HHH
nopotI, H3 HHX H3KJIa}1.bIBaeTCH cHMMeTpHH nOJISI eCTeCTBeHHbIX
HanpHJKeHHH, npOHBJISlIOrn.aSlcSI Ha JII06bIX ypOBHHX H HMelOrn.3S1
CneLI.HcpHlIecKHe 33KoHoMepHocTH.,QJIH Toro I.IT06bI BbI51CHHTb 33-
KOHOMepHOCTH CHMMeTpHH ropHbIX nopo}1. B M3CCHBe, 06pa3Y10-
rn.eHC5I H3 cHMMeTpHH p33HbIX YPOBHeH, onpetI,eJIHM nOHHTHe HO-
CHTeJISI cIIMMeTpHH. HOCHTeJIeM cHMMeTpHH (no aH3JIOrHH C HO-
CHTeJIeM 3HH30TponHH [117]) 6YtI,eM Ha3bIBaTb COBOKYIIHOCTb
Tex 3JIeMeHTOB, ynop51}1.0QeHHOCTb KOTOpbIX C03}1.aeT cHMMeTpHIO
Toro HJIH HHoro ypOBHH. T3KHM 06p330M, HOCHTeJIeM CHMMeTpHH I
ypOBH51 6YtI,eT KpHCT3JIJIHQeCK351 pelueTK3, II - MHO:>KeCTBO MH-
Hep3JIbHbIX 3epeH (KpHCT3JIJIOB) B. nopotI,e, III - CJIOHCTOCTb
ropHbIx nopo}1., IV - reOJIOrHQeCKOe CTpoeHHe M3CCHBa, V ypOB-
H51 - B33HMOOTHomeHH51 reHeTHQeCKHX THnOB B paMK3X JIeJJ.HH-
KOBOH cI>OPM3LI.HH.
CHMMeTpHH p33HbIX YPoBHeH no 33KOHY, CCPOPMYJIHpOB3HHO-
MY n. KlOpH [75], MorYT HaKJIa,nbIB3TbC51 }1.Pyr H3 }1.Pyr3, 06pa-
3YH OtI,HY CHCTeMY, npH 3TOM }1.HCHMMeTpHH HX CJI3r3IOTCSI. B pe-
3YJIbT3Te OCT3HYTCH JIHmb Te 3JIeMeHTbI cHMMeTpHH, KOTopbIe SlB-
JIHIOTCSI 06rn.HMH }1.JISI Ka:>KtI,OrO OT}1.eJIbHO B3S1Toro. 51BJIeHHSI. B
COOTBeTCTBHH C 33KOHOM n. KlOpH CJIO:>KeHHe cHMMeTpHH pa3HbIx
YPoBHeH (IIJIIOC H3JIO:>KeHHe CHMMeTpHH nOJISI eCTeCTBeHHbIX Ha-
np51R<eHHH) npHBO}1.HT K YMeHbmeHlno KOJIHQeCTB3 3JIeMeHTOB
cHMMeTpHH MaCCHBa. 33KOH KlOpH MOJKeT SlBHTbC51 OCHOBOH }1.JIH
paCQeT3 cYMMapHoH cHMMeTpHH M3CCHBa, 06JIa}1.31Orn.ero CHMMeT-
pHeH tI,BYX H 60JIee ypoBHeiL
BbI}1.eJIHM 3 BI1}1.3 CHMMeTpHH no OTHomeHHIO pa3MepoB HX
HOCHTeJIeH K p33MepaM on pe,!I.eJISlIOIll.eii 06JI3CTH [118] ,.. (B coo-r-
BeTCTBHH C I..J.eJIbIO }1.3HHOH pa60TbI 33 onpe}1.eJIHIOrn.yIO OOJI3CTb
npHMeM M3CCHB rpYHT3 - OCHOB3HHe 3}1.3HHH J:I coopYJKeHHH.)
8

1. Y JlbTpaCHMMeTpHH (CHMMeTpHH BbIClllerO nOpH)1.Ka) C pa3-
MepaMH 3JIeMeHTOB, 3Ha l IHTeJIbHO MeHblllHMH, LJeM pa3Mepbl onpe-
)1.eJIHIOI1..1.eH 06JIaCTH. llpHMepOM HBJIHeTCH CHMMeTpHH KpHCT8JI-
JIIIlIeCKOH pellleTKH. Y JIbTpaCHMMeTpHH He npenHTcTByeT p8C-
CMOTpeHHIO reOJIOrHlJeCKOrO nOJIH M8CCHBa K8K H30TponHOH Cpe)1.bl.
,lJ.pyrHMH CJIOB8MH, B 3TOM CJIY1.J8e reO.norHqeCKOe nOJIe npe)1.-
CT8BJlHeT c06ol1 HeKYIO 3KBHB8JIeHTHYIO MHKpOCKonHlIeCKH O)1.HO-
P0)J.HYIO cpe)1.Y, HMeIOI1..1.YIO npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO Te :>Ke CBOHCTB8, qTO
H pe8JIbHOe nOJIe.
2. MHKpocHMMeTpHH (3cI>cI>eKTHBH8H cHMMeTpHH), p83Mep
3JIeMeHTOB KOTOpOH H8 HeCKOJIbKO nOpH)1.KOB MeHbllle p83MepoB
onpe)1.e.TJHIOI1..1.eH 06JI8CTH. MHKpocHMMeTpHH npOHBJIHeTCH, H8-
npHMep, B p8Cnpe)1.eJIeHHH MHHepaJIbHblX 8rper8ToB B o6pa3ue
ropHoH nop0)J.bl. JI.JIH 3Toro CJIyq8H x8p8KTepHo 60JIbillOe quc.no
3JIeMeHTOB cHMMeTpHH B oupe)J.eJIHIOlll.eH 06JI8CTH, qTO 06YCJIOB-
JIHBaeT OCpe)1.HeHHe CBOHCTB B M8CCHBe no KOHKpeTHWM np06aM
H BHOCHT 3JIeMeHT CJIyq8HHOCTH B OUeHKY H3MeHQHBOCTH nOJIH.
HaJIHlIHe MHKpOCHMMeTpHH Tpe6yeT npHMeHeHHH K H3YQaeMOMY
nOJIIO CTaTHCTHQeCKHX MeTO)1.0B aHaJIH3a.
3. MaKpocHMMeTpHH (cHMMeTpHH HH3111ero nOpH)1.Ka), pa3-
Mep 3JIeMeHTOB KOTOpOH 60JIbille p83MepoB onpe)1.eJIHIOllleH 06-
JIaCTH HJIH npHMepHo paBeH 11M. B KaqeCTBe npHMepa M8KpOCHM-
MeTpHM MO>KHO npHBeCTH CJlOHCTOCTb TOJIIIJ.H JIe)1.HHKOBbIX
OTJIO:>KeHHH H CJIaraIOI.lI.HX HX nopo)1., B TOM lIHCJIe no HH:>KeHepHO-
reOJIOrHQeCKHM npH3HaKaM. CTaTHCTHqeCKaH npHpO)1.a 3TOH CHM-
MeTpHM (aHH30TponHH) QaCTO ByaJIHpyeTcH, OHa BwcTyn8eT KaK
MaKpOCKOnHQeCKaH oco6eHHOCTb CTPYKTYpW 06oeKTa. CBOHCTBa
06oeKTOB, 06JIa)1.aIOIIJ.MX TaKOH CHMMeTpHeH, CHCTeMaTHlIeCKH Me-
HHIOTCH npH nepeXO)1.e OT O)1.HOrO 3JIeMeHTa CHMMeTpHH K )1.pyro-
MY. llpH )1.HCKpeTHOH ceTH onpo60BaHHH, xapaKTepHOH )1.JIH HH>Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHX HCCJIe)1.0BaHHi1, MaKpOCHMMeTpHH llaCTHqHO
YCHJIHBaeT pa36poc pe3YJIbTaTOB HcnbI78HHH H B H3BeCTHOH Mepe
onpe)1.eJIHeT 3aKOHOMepHoe H3MeHeHHe COHCTB nopo)J.w B npo-
CTpaHCTBe.
llpe)1.JIO>KeHHaH KJI8CCH<pHKaIl.HH YPOBHeii CMMMeTpHM MO>KeT
6WTb HCnOJIb30B8Ha npH nOCTpoeHHH KOHCTPYKTHBHWX MO)1.eJIeH
)1.JIH onMcaHHH CTPYKTypbI M8CCHOB ropHbIX nopo)1.. YQaCTOK
(nJIOIIJ.a)1.KY) M3bICKaHHH 6Y)1.eM CQHTaTb 06JIa)1.aIOIll.HM MaKpo-
CTPYKTypOi%, eCJIH OH MHKpOCHMMeTpMqeH no OTHOllIeHHIO K npH-
HHTOMY pa3Mepy onpe)1.eJIHIOI.lI.eH 06JIaCTM. 3JIeMeHTbJ MHKPOCHM-
MeTpHH 06pa3YIOT npH 3TOM CMCTeMY, T. e. MHO:>KetTBo 3JIeMeHTOB,
Ha KOTOpOM 3a)1.aHbl HeKOTopbIe OTHOllleHMH, 8 cOBoKynHocTb HX
06pa3yeT MaKpOCTpYKTYPY paCCMaTpHBaeMoro MaCCHBa.
MHKpO- H YJIbTpaCTpYKTypbI MorYT onHCbIBaTbCH npaKTHqeCKH
TOJIbKO Ha H3bIKe CTaTHCTHQeCKMX MO)1.eJIeH. ,lJ,JIH MaKpOCTpYKTYP,
B KOTOpbIX CHCTeMa CO)1.ep:>KHT He60JIbillOe KOJIHQeCTBO 3JIeMeH-
TOB, B03MO>KHbI pa3JIHQHh!e cnoc06bI OTIHCaHHH, B TOM l.IHCJIe CO-
,llep:maTeJIbHaH HH)1.HBH)1.yaJIH38Il.HH K8>K)1.0rO 3JIeMeHT8, T. e. BbI-
86

.n.e,neHHe reOJIOrH1.IeCKHX TeJI pa3HbIX YPOBHeH, HanpHMep HH>Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrH4eCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB, C nOCJIe,lI.YlOlllHM npHMeHeHHeM
Q:>OpMaJlbHbIX MeTO,lI.OB aHaJIH3a.
PaCCMaTpHBaH OTJIO}KeHHH JIe,lI.HHKOBOH Q:>OpMaIl.HH KaK Il.e-
JIOCTHYIO CHCTeMY, HCCJI€,lI.yeM npHMeHeHHe npHHIl.Hna cynepno3H-
lI.HH ,lI.JIH COCTaBHbIX CHCTeM, COCTOHlllHX H3 C04eTaHHH pa3JIH4HbIX
reHeTH4eCKHX THnOB: MOpeHbI, Q:>JIIOBHOrJIHIl.HaJIbHbIX neCKOB H
03epHO-JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX rJIIIHHCTbIX OTJIO>KeHHH. OTpa>KaH OTHOllle-
" o I  / O-k/
 / /7 /
o-&J 02.. / "  r  _
 6.8 1.0 
15
6--
10
<>-rr
II
0-
6.5
12
0-
6.3
oJ!.
6.7
0...L
6.7
20
°TI
21
0-
6.5

5.1
olL
6.9
Puc. 2.15. nOJle OCpe.lI.HeHHbIX 3HalleHHH YCJIOBHOrO .rr.HHaMH4eCKoro conpoTHB-
JleHHfI OT JIO>KeHHH JIe.lI.HHKOBOro KOMIIJIeKCa (<<pJIIOBHOrJlfIlJ,HaJlbHbIe IIeCKH, Bepx-
HfIH H HH>KHHH 30Hbl MopeHbl)
HHH I.IaCTH H Il.eJIoro, C nOMOlllblO npHHIl.Hna cynepn03HIl.HH MO>KHO
onHcaTb Ha ypOBHe cHMMeTpHH CBH3b COCTOHHHH O,lI.Horo H Toro
>Ke 06'beKTa HJIH pe3YJIbTaT B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH pa3JIH4HbIX 06'beK-
TOB B paMKax e,lI.HHOH CHCTeMbi.
KaK 6bIJIO CKa3aHO BbIllle, ,lI.JIH MaTepHaJIbHbIX reOJIOrHtIeCKHX
CHCTeM CHMMeTpHH reOMeTpH4ecKoro cTpoeHHH O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO
BbIcTynaeT H KaK MHHHMaJIbHaH CHMMeTpHH CBH3aHHbIX C ,lI.aHHOH
CTPYKTYPOH CBOHCTB H oTHollleHHit C Ka>K,lI.OH nO,lI.CTPYKTYPOH
CHCTeMbI MO>KHO conOCTaBHTb CBOIO rpynny aBToMopQ:>H3MOB, npe-
o6pa3YIOlllYIO ,lI.pyr B .n.pyra TOJIbKO 3JIeMeHTbI BbI,lI.eJIeHHbIX no)l.-
CTPYKTYp. Bonpoc 0 CBH3H rpynn cHMMeTpHH nO,lI.CTpYKTYP C rpyn-
nOM cHMMeTpHH CHCTeMbI B Il.eJIOM paccMoTpHM Ha COCTaBHbIX
reOJIOrH4eCKHX CHCTeMax, npHMeHHH npHHIl.Hn cynepn03HIl.HH (Ha-
JIO}KeHHH H CJIO>KeHHH nOJIeH reOJIorH4eCKHX napaMeTpoB).
HaJ10>KHM Ha nOJ1e YCJ10BHOrO ,lI.HHaMH4eCKoro conpOTHBJ1eHHH
87

HIDKHeH 30HbI MOpeHbI nO.JJe P.n. Bep"-HeH 30HbI H nOJIe Pn 4>JIIO-
BHOr JIRIJ,HaJIbHbIX OT JIO}KeHHH H npOH3Be.n.eM HX CJIO}KeHHe. Ilo-
JIY1IHM CYMMapHOe (cpe.n.Hee) nOJIe P.n. JIe.n.HHKOBOH 4>opMaIJ,HH,
KOTopoe xapaKTepH3yeTcR RpKO BbIpa}KeHHOH CTaIJ,HOHapHOH CHM-
MeTpHeH CBOHCTB (pHC. 2.15).
npHHIJ,Hn cynepn03HUHH rpynn CHMMeTpHH CBH3aH C Bonpo-
COM B3aHMo.n.eHCTBHR CTPYKTYPHWX no.n.YPOBHeH B npe.n.eJIax BW-
,neJIeHHOrI CHCTeMbI H C B33HMo.n.eHCTBueM no.n.CHCTeM. MaTepH-
aJIbHbIe CHCTeMbI H HX nO,lJ.CHCTeMbI MorYT 6bITb JIHllIb MbICJIeHHO
H30JIHpOBaHbI .n.pyr OT ,npyra. B ,neHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Ha6JIIO)I.aeTCR
B3aHMOJJ.eHCTBHe, KOTopoe MO>KeT H3MeHHTb CTPYKTYPY, a CJIe)I.O-
BaTeJIbHO, H CHMMeTpHIO no cpaBHeHHIO C TOH, KOTOPYIO CHCTeM
HH ee nO)I.YPOBeHb HMeJIH 6bI B H30JIHpOBaHHOM COCTORHHH.
: ECJIH reOJIOrHqeCKaR CHCTeMa HeO)I.HOpo.n.Ha (COCTOHT H3 He-
3KBHBaJIeHTHbIX nOJJ.CHCTeM), CBH3b cHMMeTpHH C 06Il1.HMH H
qaCTHbIMH CBOMCTBaMH CHCTeM onpe,neJIReTCR OTHOllIeHHeM THna
[ 172]
.
G(CBOHCTB8 no,!{cHcTeMhI)i ::=> GCHcTeMhI = n G(CBoRCTBa nOJJ.CHCTeMhl)i. (2.7)
EJIH reOJIOrHqeCKaR CHCTeMa O.lI.HOpO)I.Ha, npHHIJ,Hn cHMMeTpH3auHH
npuHHMaeT BH.n.
G {CBoiicTB8 nOJJ.CHCTMbI) i , C ':jJ GCHcTeMhI = n G (cBoAcTB8 nOJJ.CHCTeMhI) i U M.
(2.8)
TaK KaK reOJIOrHqeCKHe CHCTeMbl Bcer.n.a O)I.HOpO)I.HbI B O)I.HOM
OTHomeHHH (Ha O)I.HOM ypoBHe CTPYKTYPW) H HeoJJ.HopO)I.HW B
)I.pyroM (HJIH )I.pyrHX), TO (2.7), (2.8) CJIe)I.yeT paccMaTpHBaTb
KaK e)I.HHbIH npHHIJ,Hn cynepn03HIJ,HH rpynn CHMMeTpHH. I1x He-
06XO)I.HMO paccMaTpHBaTb B Hepa3pbIBHOM eJJ.HHCTBe C 3aKOHOM
coxpaHeHHR eTaIJ,IIOHapHOM cHMMeTpHH )I.JIR H30JIHpOBaHHbIx CHC-
TeM, KOTOpbIH HMeeT BH.lI. [172]
G ' 0 ' M '
CHCTeMhI = n (B3.HMOJJ.eAcTBYIOIl\HX nOJJ.CHCTeM) i U ::=>
 n G(HeB3aHMoJJ.eACBYIOIl\HX nOJJ.CHCTeM)i U M = GCHCTeMhI. (2.9)
,llJISI HeO)I.HopO,lJ.HbIX B HCXO)I.HOM COCTORHHH CHCTeM M = 0,
,nJIH O)I.HOpO)I.HbIX - M=#=0 (3a HCXO)I.HOe npHHHMaeM COCTORHHe
YCJIOBHOii H30JIRII.HH qaCTeM CHCTeMbI HJIH HeB3aHMO)I.eMCTBHR no)I.-
cHcTeM) .
CpaBHeHHe 06Il1.ero nOJIR JIe)I.HHKOBOH cpopMaIJ,HH C qaCTHbIMH
nOJIRMH reOJIOrHqeCKHX napaMeTpOB COCTaBJIRIOIlI.HX ee reHeTH1.Ie-
CKHX THnOB npHBo.n.HT Hac K 3aKOHY coxpaHeHHR CTaIJ,HOHapHOH
CHMMeTpHH )I.JIR H30JIHpOBaHHbIX CHCTeM. 3aKOHbI coxpaHeHHH
CHMMeTpHH HrpalOT Ba>KHYIO pOJIb B TepMO)I.HHaMHKe paBHOBec-
HbIX COCTORHHH H B TeopHH 4>a30BbIX nepeXO)I.OB.
3aKOHbI coxpaHenHR TIlna (2.9), ,lI.OnycKalOIlI.He CTPYKTypHble
H3MeHeHHR 1f30JHlpOBaHHblx CHCTeM I!a HX nYTH K TepMo,lI.IH:aH-
88

1.JeCKOMY paBHOBeCHIO, paBHO KaK H 06I1l.He OTHOllIeHHn CBH3H
MeJK,lI.Y qaCTblO H IJ,eJIbIM, cnpaBe,ll.JIHBble H npH ,lI.HHaMHlIecKoM
paBHOBecHH, npOJIHBalOT CBeT Ha MHorHe napa,ll.OKCaJIbHble cHTya-
IJ,HI1, n03BOJIHIOT npOBeCTH ,lI.eTaJIbHbIH aHaJIH3 cpOpMHpOBaHHH
reOJIOrH1.JeCKHX nOJIeH KaK JIe,ll.HHKOBOH CHCTeMbI B IJ,eJIOM, TaK H
ee reHeTlI4eCKI1X nO,ll.CHCTeM.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npOIJ,eCCbI CHMMeTpH3aIJ,HH-,lI.HcHMMeTpH3a-
IJ,HH MrHOBeHHWX COCTOHHHH CHCTeM npOXO,ll.HT H B H30JIHpOBaH-
HbIX CHCTeMax. Ho eCJIH peqb H,lI.eT 0 CTaIJ,HOHapHOH (ycpe,ll.HeH-
Hoff no BpeMeHH) cHMMeTpHH, ee 1I3MeHeHHe Bcer,ll.a pe3YJIbTaT
HapYllIeHluI H30JIHIJ,HH cHcTeMbI, BKJl101.JeHHH B Hee HeKoTopbIX
BHeIlIHH:?C cHMMeTpH3YIOI1l.HX HJIH ,lI.HCHMMeTpH3YIOI1l.HX cpaKTopOB.
B KaqeCTBe TaKHX BHeIllHHX (nepeXO,ll.HI1l.I1X BO BHYTpeHHHe) <paK:"
TOpOB BbIcTynalOT, HanpHMep, pe3KaH CMeHa TepMO,ll.HHaMH1.JeCKHX
YCJIOBHH: B npHnoBepxHocTHbIX ropH30HTax OT JIO>KeHHH, CBH3aH-
HaH C ce30HHbIM npoMep3aHHeM H OTTaHBaHHeM rpYHToB (3JIIOBH-
aJIbHbIM CJIOM), H3MeHeHHe rH,lI.pO,ll.HHaMH1.JeCKHX YCJIOBHM TeppH-
TOpHH II ,lI.p., KOTopbIe 06YCJIOBJIHBalOT nepeCTpOMKY CTPYKTypHO-
TeKcTypHbIX oc06eHHocTeM rpYHToB B npoIJ,ecce rHnepreHe3a. TIpH
onpe,ll.eJIeHHWX YCJIOBHHX 3TH npOIJ,eCCbI MorYT npHBeCTH H K H3-
MeHeHHIO CTaIJ,HOHapHOM CHMMeTpHH KaK CHCTeMbI B IJ,eJIOM, TaK
H OT,lI.eJIbHbIX ee CTPYKTYPHbIX nO,ll.ypOBHeM. B 3TOM CJIY1.Iae rOBO-
pHT 0 cpa30BOM nepeXO,ll.e, OTJIHllaH ero OT CJIyqaeB HHJJ.YIJ,HpOBaH-
Horo H3MeHeHHH CHMMeTpHH CHCTeM no,ll. BJIHHHHeM ,lI.PyrI1X BHellI-
HHX B03,l1.eHCTBHM [172].
Becb npoIJ,ecc cpa30Boro nepexo,ll.a nO,ll.qHHHeTCH 3aKoHY KOM-
neHCaIJ,HH cHMMeTpHH: npH nOHHLKeHHH cHMMeTpHH Ha KaKOM-TO
O,ll.HOM CTPYKTypHOM ypOBHe OHa B03HHKaeT H coxpaHHeTCH Ha
,lI.pyrOM. ,lJ.PyrHMH CJIOBaMH, CTpYKTypa cTapoil cpa3bI npO,ll.OJI>Ka-
eT CYIll.eCTBOBaTb B HOBOM, HO B npe06pa30BaHHOM BH,lI.e. 1-laooo-
pOT, 3.TIeMeHTbI CTPYKTYPbI HOBOM cpa3bI Y>Ke CYIll.eCTBYIOT B CTa-
pOM H npOHBJIHIOTCH JIHllIb npH cpa30BOM nepeXO,ll.e [172].
3aKoH KOMneHcaIJ,HH cHMMeTpHH ,lI.OCTaT01.JHO XOpOlliO 3aMeTeH
npn cynepn03HIJ,HH nOJIeM reOJIOrHqeCKHX napaMeTpoB .ne,ll.HHKO-
BOt'! cpopl\IaIJ,HH. 3TO Tal{ Ha3bIBaeMbIM perHOHaJIbHblt'! 3aKOH KOM-
neHCaIJ,HII CHMMeTpHH. TaK, HanpHMep, Ka>K,lI.Oe H3 HaJIOLKeHHbIX
nOJIeM B OT,lI.eJIbHOCTH B npOIJ,ecce JIHTOreHe3a nO,ll.BepraJIOCb pa3-
JIH1.JHbIM npe06pa30BaHHHM, HHTeHCHBHOCTb, xapaKTep H H30Hpa-
Te.nbHOCTb KOTOpbIX 06YCJIOBJIHBaeTCH IJ,eJIbIM pH,lI.OM cpaKTopOB:
reOJIOrII1-IeCKHM CTpoeHHeM, B3aHMOOTHOIlleHH€M pa3,,'1HlIHbIX reHe-
THqeCKHX THnOB, COCTaBOM H COCTOHHHeM rrepeKpbIBalOIll.HX H no,ll.-
CTHJIalOIll.I1X nopo,ll., rH,lI.pOreOJIOrHqeCKHMH YCJIOBIUIMH TeppI1TO-
pHH n ,lI.p. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT C01.JeTaHHH YKa3aHHbIX cpaKTopOB
,lI.HCHMMeTpH3aIJ,HH nO,ll.CHCTeM npOHCXO,ll.HJIa Ha pa3.nHlIHbIX Y 1 IaCT-
Kax C pa3HOM HHTeHCHBHOCTblO. G,lI.HaKO, KaK BHHO H3 conOCTaB-
JIeHHH nOJIeil, JIe,ll.HHKOBaH q>opMaIJ,H51 B IJ,eJIOM Bcer,ll.a CTpeMH-
JIaCb coxpaHHTb CTaIJ,HOHapHYIO CHMMeTpHIO, BbIpa}KeHHYIO B
HallIeM c.nY1.Jae H30JIHHHHMH nOKa3aTeJIH 30H)1.HpOBaIUIH. npn no-
89

HIDKeHHI1 CHMMeTpl1H Ha O.lI.HOM ypOBHe (YMeHblUeHHe HJUI YBeJIH-
qeHHe 3HaqeHHH Pl1. BepXHeH 30HbI MOpeHbI cpJIIOBHOrJIHll.HaJIbHbIX
neCKOB) OHa B03HHKaeT H coxpaHHeTCH Ha .lI.pyrOM. LlJIH Ka)K.lI.O-
ro yqaCTKa xapaKTepHO YCTOHqHBOe COOTHomeHHe KaK qaCTHWX
3HaqeHHH Pl1. nO.lI.C.HCTeM, TaK H CYMMapHoro (cpe.lI.Hero).
PaCCMOTpHM, HanpHMep, HeCKOJIbKO Y3JIOBbIX TOqeK (CM. pHC.
2.3, 2.6, 2. ]3, 2.15), H3 KOTOpbIX BH.lI.HO, lITO eCJIH YMeHblUaeTCH
3HaqeHIfe PJI. BepXHeH 30HbI, TO COOTBeTCTBeHHO YBeJIHlIHBaeTCH
3Ha1.IeHIfe P.n. cpJIIOBHOr JIHll.HaJIbHbIX neCKOB If Ha060pOT. OTMetleH-
Hble perHOHaJIbHbIe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH coxpaHeHHH CTaUHOHapHOH
CHMMeTpHH MorYT 6bITb nepeHeceHbI H Ha MaCCHBbI rpYHTOB, CJIY-
)Kalll.IfX B KaqeCTBe OCHOBaHUH pa3JIHlIHbIX 3.lI.aHHH H coopY>Ke-
HHM.
3aKOHbI coxpaHeHHH CTall.HOHapHOH cHMMeTpHH (2.9) MO)KHO
pacnpocTpaHHTb, KaK BH.lI.HM, Ha KBa3HH30JII1pOBaHHbIe reOJIOrH-
qeCKHe CI1CTeMbI, npOHBJIHIOllI.He TeH.lI.eHll.IfIO KOMneHcHpoBaTb .lI.H-
cHMMeTpH3all.HIO Ha O.lI.HOM ypoBHe CTPYKTYPbI cHMMeTpH3all.HeH
Ha .n.PyroM. 113BecTHbIH KOHcepBaTH3M Belll.eCTBa no oHollleHHIO
K H3MeHeHHIO COCTOHHHH, onHcbIBaeMbIH npHHll.HnOM no.n.BH)KHOrO
paBHOBeCHH JIe-IllaTeJIbe, 3aCTaBJIHeT reOJIOrHLJecKYID cHcTeMY
OKa3bIBaTb conpOTHBJIeHIfe H BbIHY)K.n.eHHoMY If3MeHeHHIO ee CIfM-
MeTpIfH. OTMeTHM TaK)Ke, lITO nOBe..aeHHe CHMMeTpHH KaK <PYHK-
UHH COCTOHHHH H30JIHpOBaHHOH CHCTeMbI KOppeJIHpyeT C nOBe.n.e-
HHeM ee 3HTponHH [172]. MaKCHMaJIbHaH CTall.HOHapHaH CHM-
MeTpHH .lI.OCTHraeTCH B paBHoBecHolvl COCTOHHHH CHCTeMbI. B CBH-
3H C 3aKOHaMH coxpaHeHHH npOll.eccbI cHMMeTpH3all.HH- .lI.HCHMMeT-
pH3all.HH Hepa3pbIBHo CBH3aHbI H npoTeKalOT o.n.HoBpeMeHHo Ha
pa3JIH1.IHbIX CTPYKTypHbIX ypOBHHX.

r nasa 3
CCJlE,lJ.OBAHIo1E CBSl3EIiI ME>K.D.Y XAP AKTEPIo1CTIo1KAMIo1
MEXAHIo14ECKIo1X CBOIiICTB rOPHblX nopo.D.
101 nOKA3A TEJlSlM Io1X COCT ABA  CDIo131014ECKoro COCTOSlHIo1S1
3.1. OCHoBHble MeTo.qH4eCKHe npHHLJ,Hnbl aHaIlH3a
H HCCIIe.qOBaHSI B3aHMOCBSl3H CBOCTB
OO'beKT nporH03HpoBaHHH - pa3JIHLJHbIe reHeTHLJeCKHe THnbI
JIe)I.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH C HX cpH3HLJeCKHMH, npOLJHOCTHbIMH II
)I.ecpopMal.l.HOHHbIMH CBoHcTBaMH. l1.eJIblO aHaJIH3a OO'beKTOB
nporH03HpoBaHHH 5IBHJIaCb pa3paooTKa MOJ].eJIeH, n03BOJIHIOIlJ.HX
nOJIYLJHTb nporH03HYIO HHcpOpMal.l.HIO 00 HX npOLJHOCTHbIX H )I.e-
Q:>0pMau,noHHblx cBoi'lcTBax no KOCBeHHbIM npH3HaKaM H HCnOJIb-
30BaTb ee B KOHe4HOM C4eTe )I.JIH COCTaBJIeHHH perHOHaJIbHX
TaOJIHl.I. HopMaTHBHblX H pac4eTHbIx xapaKTepHcTHK rpYHToB.
I1cCJIeJ].oBaHHe B3aHMOCBH3H CBOHCTB npoBoJ].HJIOCb B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C 4eTbIpbMH OCHOBHbIMH MeTOJ].H4eCKHMH npHHl.I.HnaMH
aHaJIH3a OO'beKTOB nporH03HpoBaHHH [115].
I. npHHu,Hn cHcTeMHocTH, no KOTOPOMY OO'beKT nporHo3Hpo-
BaHHH paccMaTpHBaJICH KaK CHCTeMa B3aHMOCBH3HbiX xapaKTe-
pHCTHK ero H nporH03Horo cpOHa B COOTBeTCTBHH C l.I.eJIHMH H 3a-
)I.a4aMH HCCJIe)I.OBaHHH.
I-IeooxOJ].HMOCTb npHHHTHH pelleHHH B yCJJOBHHX Heonpe,lI.e-
JIeHHOCTH, CBH3aHHOH C xapaKTepOM nOCTaHOBKH reOJIOrH4eCKHX
3a)I.a4, 11 HX MHorOBapHaHTHocTb npHBeJIH K llHPOKOMY HCnOJIb-
30BaHHIO B HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH CHCTeMHoro nO)I.xo,lI.a H CHCTeM-
Horo aHaJIH3a.
B HaCTOHlll.ee BpeMH B HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH ropHbIe nOpO)I.bI
pacCMaTpHBalOTCH KaK HeO)I.HOpO)I.l1ble MHorOKOMnOHeHTHbIe )I.H-
HaMHLJeCKHe npHpO)I.Hble CHCTeMbI [83, 133, 147], KOTopbIe co-
CTOHT U3 OOJIbllOrO KOJIHLJeCTBa 3JIeMeHTOB H cBH3eH pa3JIHLJHOH
cpH3HLIeCKOH: HJIH HHOH npHpo)I.bI. Ba>KHaH ocooeHHocTb 3THX
CHCTeM B TOM, LITO OHH oopa3YIOT HeKOTOpylO u,eJIOCTHOCTb, KOTO-
paH npOHBJIHeTCH B 3Mep)I.>KeHTHOCTH, a HY- CBOHCTBa OTJIHLIHbI OT
CBOHCTB C.TJaralOlll.HX KOMnOHeHTOB. npH paCLJJIeHeHHH CHCTeMbI
Ha 3JIeMeHTbI C HX )I.aJIbHeHIllHM pa3,lI.eJIbHbIM H3YLJeHHeM H3 nOJIH
3peHHH HCCJIeJ].OBaTeJIH MorYT BblnaCTb HeKOTopble CBOI1CTBa, oe3
YLJeTa KOTOpbIX Ha)I.e>KHbIH nporH03 nOBe)I.eHHH CHCTeM CTaHO-
BHTCH HeB03MO>KHbIM [64]. Ba>KHeHIlleH xapaKTepHcTHKOH rop-
HbIX nopoJ]. KaK MHorOKOMnOHeHTHblX CHCTeM HBJIHIOTCH B3aHMO-
CBH3I1 HX CBOHCTB, H3YLIeHHe KOTOpbIX )I.JIH CHCTeMHbIX OO'beKTOB
91

B HayqHOM H npaKTllQeCKOM OTHOmeHHH )].aeT rOpa3)].0 60JIee
3Ha L IHMbIH pe3YJIbTaT) 1.JeM npOCTOe OnHCaHHe CBOHCTB 06'beKTa.
3cpcpeKTHBHbIM MeTO)]. H3Y1.JeHIHI CTPYKTYPbI CJIO:>KHbIX npH-
pO.n.HbIX 06"beKTOB H npOIJ,eCCOB, BbIHBJIeHHH CBH3eM Me)KJJ.Y CBOM-
CTBaMlI 06"beKTOB H BJIHHIOIII.HMH Ha HHX cpaKTOpaMH) pemeHHH
3a)].aQ nporH03a C YCTaHOBJIeHeM BepOHTHWX 3Ha1.JeHHM O.n.HHX
xapaKTepHCTHK no .n.pyrHM) 0 KOTOpbIX HMeeTCH HY}KHaH HHcpOp-
MaIJ,H5I)- KOppeJIHll.HOHHbIil aHaJIH3 [65]. I1cCJIe.n.oBaHue KOJIH-
lIecTBeHHoH KOppeJIHll.HH (cooTHomeHHH) Me:>K.n.y OT,lI.e7JbHbIMH
CBOMCTB3MH npH06peTaeT orpoMHYIO 3Ha1.JHMOCTb, nOCKOJIbKY
KOJIH1.JeCTBeHHbIe B3aHMOOTHomeHHH OTpa:>KalOT H n03BOJIHIOT
BCKpbITb npHLIHHbI) nOpO:>K)I.alOIII.He npOHBJIeHI1H Tex HJIH HHbIX
cBofICTB, r JIy6}Ke npoHHKHYTb B HX CYIII.HOCTb, nOHHTb pOJIb Toro
HJIH HHoro cpaKTopa B HX cpOpMHpOBaHHH- [133].
06eKTHBHwM HCT01.JHHKOM B03HHKHOBeHHH KOppeJIHIJ,HOHHNX
CBH3eI1 HB.lIHIOTCH <paKTopbI, COrJIaCOBaHHO )].eMcTBYIOJJJ.He B OJI.-
HOM HanpaBJIeHHH [59]. 06III.HOCTb 3THX cpaKTopoB H po}K.n.aeT
KOppeJIHll.HOHHYIO CBH3b. KOppeJIHIJ,HH npe)].cTaBJIHeT C060H pa3-
HOBHJI.HOCTb YHHBepCaJIbHOM Bce06ll1.eH CBH3H HBJIeHHI1. CBOM-
CTBeHHaH MHorHM npHpo)].HbIM npOIJ,eCcaM MHOrOnJIaHOBOCTb 3a-
BHCHMOCTH HBJIeHHH OT pa3JIH1.JHNX cpKTOpOB Tpe6yeT YCTaHoB-
JIeHHH KOppeJIHlLHOHHbIX cBH3eM) TaK KaK TOJIbKO OHH B COCTOHHHH
)].aTb HaH60JIee rJIy60Koe H npaBHJIbHOe OTpa}KeHHe CJIO>KHOrO
xapaKTepa cooTBeTcTBHH B3aHMO)I.eHcTBYIOll1.HX 3JIeMeHTOB MHO-
rOKoMnoHeHTHoM CHCTeMbI.
B OCHOBe Bcex KOppeJIHIJ,HOHHbIX COOTHomeHHH JIe}KHT a)].)I.H-
THBHOCTb JJ.eHCTBHH pa3JIH1.JHbIX cpaKTopoB [59]. BOJIee CJIO}KHbIe
KOppeJIHIJ,HOHHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH CBH3aHbI C JI.OnYll1.eHHeM a)].JI.H-
THBHOCTH 60JIbmerO 1.JHCJIa cpaKTopoB. CTporoe C06JIIO)I.eHHe
aJI.)].HTHBHOCTH 03Ha1.JaeT nOJIHYIO He3aBHCHMOCTb 'CJIaraeMbIx)
o.n.HaKO 3TO npoTHBopeLIHT JI.aHHbIM onbITOB B Tex CJIyqaHx) Kor.n.a
YJI.aeTCH JI.OCTHraTb onpeJI.eJIeHHOfi CTeneHH T01.JHOCTH H3MepeHHfi.
nOHHTHO, 1.JTO Bce aJI.)I.HTHBHbIe cxeMbI HBJIHIOTC5I npH6JIH}KeHHbI-
MH, H Bonpoc 06 OTHomeHHH KOppeJIHlLHOHHbIX ypaBHeHHH.K
peaJIbHOCTH CBO)].HTCH K Bonpocy 0 CTeneHH HX npH6JIH:>KeHHH K
.n.eHcTBHTeJIbHO CYll1.eCTBYIOIII.HM. KoppeJI5IIJ,HOHHble 3aBUCHMOCTH
BbIpa:>KaIOTCH ypaBHeHH5IMH, annpoKcHMHPYIOll1.HMH JJ.eficTBH-
TeJIbHOe nOJIO:>KeHHe. )I.eJI, a KOppeJIHIJ,HOHHbIH aHaJIH3 n03BOJIHeT
OJI.HOBpeMeHHo oTpa3HTb BJIHHHHe MHorHX cpaKTopoB [59].
2. TIpHHIJ,Hn npHpOJI.HOH CneIJ,HcpH1.JHOCTH, npe)I.nOJIaralOIII.HM
065I3aTeJIbHbIfi Y1.JeT npHpo)].bI 06eKTa nporH03HpoBaHHH, 3aKO-
HOMepHocTeH ero pa3BHTHH, a6COJIIOTHbIX H paC1.JeTHbIX npe)].eJIOB
pa3BHTHH.
Y CTaHOBJIeHbI MHOr01.JHCJIeHHbIe B3aHMOCB5I3H Me:>K)I.Y cBofi-
CTBaMII ropHblx nopo)I. pa3JIH1.JHbIX reOJIOrO-reHeTH1.JeCKHX KOMn-
JIeKCOB) JIHTOJIOrHLIeCKHX THnOB) HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.JeCKHX pe-
rHOHOB) 06JIaCTeH) paHoHoB H Y1.JaCTKOB HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH, TOqHOCTb
.H HaJI.e}KHOCTb OIJ,eHKH cBoficTB KOTOpWX no ypaBHeHHHM) -KaK
92

rrp3BHJIO, CT3THCTH1.JeCKH HeCYllJ.eCTBeHHO YCTyrr310T TOIIHOCTH H
H3)I.e>KHOCTH CT3H)I.3pTHbIX HCrrblTaHHM [148]. BMecTe C TeM
,
O)I.HO npHHIJ,HnH3JIbHO B3}KHOe K3 l IeCTBO n3p3MeTpoB KOppeJIH-
IJ,HOHHbIX B33HMocBH3eM - HX HeycTOMtUIBOCTb [35] - He n03BO-
JIHeT 33MeHHTb CT3H)I.3pTHWe MeTO)I.W HcnWT3HHM pe3YJIbT3T3MH
KOCBeHHbIX MeTO)I.OB Hcc.ne)I.OB3HHii, TeM C3MbIM 3U31.JHTeJIbHO
rrOBbICHTb 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb H K31.JeCTBO HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtleCKHX
H3bICKaHHM H CHH3HTb HX CTOHMOCTb.
33BHCHMOCTH, BbIHBJIeHHble )I.JIH ropHbIX nopo,lI. KOHKpeTHbIX
perHOHOB HCCJIe)I.OBaHHM, He MorYT HCrrOJIb30B3TbCH )I.JIH )I.PyrHx
nopo,lI., 3H3JIOrH1.JHbIX no npOHCXO>K)I.eHHIO If COCT3BY, HO H3XO)I.H-
llJ.HXCH B HHOM eCTeCTBeHHO-reOJIOrH1.JeCKOM 06CT3HOBKe, T. e. X3-
p3KTepH3YIOllJ.HXCH HHblM reHe3HCOM (B llIHpOKOM nOHHM3HHH
TepMHH3, KOTOpbIM Tp3KTyeTcH E. M. CepreeBblM K3K cOBoKyn-
HOCTb npOIJ,eCCOB, OT06p3>K31OllJ.HX «BCIO reOJIOrH1.JeCKYJO >KH3Hb»
nOpO)I.bl) . TI03TOMY B OCHOBe cpOpMHpOB3HHH B33HMOCBH3eM
Me}K)I.Y CBOHCTB3MH rropo)I. JIe>K3T npOIJ,eCCbI liX ce,lI.HMeHT3IJ,HH
Ii JIHTOreHe33, onpe,lI.eJIHIOllI.He COCT3B, CTpoeHHe H COCTOHHHe
ropHbIX nopo,lI. B p33JIli1.JHbIX YCJIOBHHX 06p330B3HIUI, noc,ne)I.YIO-
lIlero H3MeHeHHH H COBpeMeHHoro cyrn.eCTBOB3HHH [151]. T3KHM
06p330M, rrpH HCCJIe,lI.OB3HHH CBH3eM Me}K)I.y cpH3liKO-MeX3HH1.Je-
CKHMH CBOHCTB3MH ropHblx rropo)I. H COCT3BJIeHHH perHOHaJIbHbIX
T36JIHIJ, HOpM3THBHWX H p3C1.JeTHWX rroK333TeJIeM cBoHcTB rpYH-
TOB )I.OJI}KHbl ytIHTblB3TbCH reo.iloro-cTpYKTYPHble npH3H3KH H
oc06eHHocTIf JIHTOreHe33. .
110 A. M. IIlHCCeJIIO [170], OCHOBHble MeTO)I.H1.JeCKHe npHH-
IJ,HnbI rrocTpoeHHH perliOH3JIbHbIX KOppeJIHIJ,HOHHbIX CHCTeM BKJIIO-
lJ310T B ce6H )I.Be rpyrrnbl Tpe60BaHHif: 3H3J1H3, yqeT If HCnOJIb-
30B3HHe )I.3HHbIX 0 reoJIoro-reorp3cpHtIeCKOH: 06CT3HoBKe; no-
cTpoeHHe JIOrHllHOH CHCTeMbl nOCJIe)I.OB3TeJIbHbIX M3TeMaTHtIeCKHX
orrep3IJ,HH, 33Bep1lI3eMblx pellIeHHeM KOppeJJHIJ,HOHHbIX yp3BHe-
HHH H cpOpMlfpoB3HHeM T36JIHIJ,. HCXO,lI.H If3 3Toro, perHOH3JIbHO-
KOppeJIHIJ,HOHH3H CHCTeM3 )I.OJI)KH3, Bo-nepBblx, OTp3>K3Tb CBOH:-
CTB3 OTHOCHTeJIbHO O)I.HOpO,lI.HOrO 06'beKT3, T. e. M3ClliT36Horo
reOJJOrH1.leCKoro TeJI3, O)I.HOpO)I.HOrO B JIHTOreHeTH1.JeCKOM OTHO-
llIeHIfH; BO-BTOPbIX, cpOpMHpOB3TbCH H CPYHKUHOHHPOB3Tb B npe-
,lI.eJI3X TeppHTopHH, HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrlftIeCKHe YCJIOBHH KOTOpOM
perHOH3JIbHO Bbl,lI.ep}K3HbI (TeppHTopHH, O)I.HOpO,lI.HOM B CTPYK-
TypHo-TeKToHHLIecKoM nJI3He, p3cnoJIo>KeHHoH B e,lI.HHOM reorp3-
cpHtIeCKOM 30He); B-TpeTbHx, 633HpOB3TbCH H3 YCT3HOBJIeHHOM
HeCT3IJ,HOH3pHOM 33KOHe rrpocTp3HcTBeHHoH H3MeH1.JHBOCTH
CBO H:CTB [170].
H3JIli1.JHe HeCT3IJ,HOH3pHOM npocTp3HcTBeHHoM H3MeHLIHBOCTH,
no Bblp3}KeHHIO A. M. IIlHCCeJJH, «onpe,lJ.eJIHeT IJ,eJJeC006p33HOCTb
BceM p33p360TKH». rIpH CT3UHOH3pHOM pe>KHMe H3MeH1.JHBOCTH
p3CCM3TpHB3eMYlO 33)I.31.JY MO>KHO pellIHTb nYTeM BbI1.JHCJIeHHH
e,lI.HHbIX )I.JIH KOHKpeTHoro P3i'IOH3 0606llJ.eHHbIX nOKa33TeJIeM.
HeCT3IJ,HOH3pHbIM pe>KHM H3MeH1.IHBOCTH 06YCJIOBJJeH H3np3BJIeH-
93

HbIMH npOll,eCCaMH CeJ].I1MeHTall,HH H JIHTOreHe3a, KOTOpbIe B CBOIO
OtJepeJ].b KOHTpOJIHPYIOTC CTPYKTypHO-TeKTOHH4eCKHMH H naJIeO-
reorpaqHI4ecKI1MH OCOOeHHOCTMH TepJ1HTOpHH. npaKTHKa no-
Ka3blBaeT, tJTO perHOHaJIbHbIe KOppeJIHll,HOHHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH
J].OJILKHbl onpeJ].eJITbCH, KaK npaBHJIO, J].JIH KpynHbIx TaKCOHOMH-
IIeCKHX eJ].HHHll" B npeJ].eJI8X KOTOpbIX B nOJIHOH Mepe MorYT npo-
HBHTbCH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeH4HBOCTH
CBOHCTB, CJIYLKalllHe OCHOBaHHeM J].JI nOHCKOB If YCTaHOBJIeHHH
TaKHX 3aBI1CHMOcTeH.
3. npHHll,l1n onTHMH3all,I1H onHcaHHH OO'beKTa nporH03Hpo-
BaHHH nOMoraeT J].8Tb T8Koe onHcaHHe oooeKTa, KOTopoe ooec-
nellHBaJIO ObI 3aJ].aHHYIO J].OCTOBepHOCTb H TOLIHOCTb nporH03a
npH MI1HHM8JIbHbIX 38TpaTax H8 ero pa3paOOTKY. 3TOT 0000-
ll.I.eHHbIH npHHUHn pa30HT Ha TPH KOHKpeTHbIX tJaCTHbIX rrpHHll,H-
na orrTHMH3all,IUf:
8) npHHll,Hrr OrrTHMaJIbHOCTH CTeneHH OpMaJIH30BaHHOCTH
onHC8HH, TpeOYlOlllHH HCnOJIb30BaHHH cpopMaJIH30BaHHbiX MO-
J].eJIeH B Tex COOTHOIlIeHHHX C HecpopMaJIbHbIMH HHTYHTHBHbIMH
cnocooaMH onHcaHHH, KOTopbIe npH BbIrrOJIHeHI1H TpeOOB8HHH
3aJ].a4H rrporH03a ooecrrellHBaJIH ObI ee pellleHHe C MHHHMaJIbHbI-
MH 3aTpaTaMH. 3TOT npHHll,Hn npeJ].rrOJI8raeT H8pHJ].Y C cpop-
MaJIbHbIMH MeTOJ].8MH HCnOJIb30B8HHe 8rrnapaTa 3BpHCTHtJeCKHX,
HHTYHTHBHbIX, TBopLleCKHX H J].PyrHx HecpopM8JIH3yeMbIx MeTOJ].OB
pel.lleHH rrpOOJIeMbI;
6) rrpHHll,Hrr MHHHMH3all,HH pa3MepHocTH orrHcaHH, T. e. orrH-
caHHe OO'beKTa npH MHHHManbHOM tJHCJIe rrepeMeHHx H rrapa-
MeTpOB, ooecrretJHBalOllI.HX 38)I.aHHYIO TOLIHOCTb II )I.OCTOBepHocTb
rrporH03a; npe)I.nOJIaraeT Oll,eHKY BaLKHOCTH Ka>KJ].oH nepeMeHHoH.
B orrHcaHHH H OTOOp HaHOOJIee HHcpopMaTHBHbIX H3 HHX C TOtJKH
3peHHH 3aJ].a1.JH nporH03HpOBaHH;
B) rrpHHll,Hn OrrTHMaJIbHOrO H3MepeHHH rrOKa3aTeJIei1, Tpe-
OYIOll.I.HH J].JIH H3MepeHHH Ka>KJ].oro nOKa3aTeJIH BbIoopa TaKOH
IIIK8JIbI, KOTopaH npH MHHHM8JIbHbIX 3aTp8Tax ooecnetJHBaJIa ObI
H3BJIe1.JeHHe )I.OCTaT01.JHOH ,lI.JI nporH03a HHcpopMall,HH H3 nepe-
MeHHOH.
B ll,eJIOM npHHll,Hn orrTHMH3all,HH onHcaHHH OO'beKTa rrporHO-
3HpOBaHHH CBOJ].HTC K peaJIH3all,HH JIHOO Bcex Tpex 1.JaCTHX
npHHll,HrrOB, nHOO HeKOTopbIX H3 HHX.
4. npHHll,Hn aHaJIOrHllHOCTH rrpe)I.nOJIaraeT npH aHanH3e
.00'beKTa rrOCTOHHoe corrOCTaBneHHe ero CBOHCTB C H3BeCTHbIMH
B J].aHHoH oonacTH CXOJ].HbIMH OO'beKTaMH H HX MO)I.enHMH C
ll,eJIblO OTbICKaHHH OO'beKTa aHanora H HCnOJIb30BaHH rrpH aHa-
JIH3e H rrporH03HpoBaHHH ero MO)I.enH HJIH OTJ].eJIbHWX ee 3ne-
MeHTOB. 3TOT rrpHHll,HI1 n03BOJIHeT, C OJ].HOH CTOpOHbI, MHHI1MH-
3HpoBaTb 3aTpaTw H8 aHanH3 R nporH03 rrYTeM HCnOJIb30B8HHH
tJaCTH rOTOBbIX rrporH03HbIX MOJ].eJIeH, C )I.PyroH - 00ecrre4HB8eT
BepHcpHKall,HIO rrporH030B rrYTeM conOCTaBJIeHHH C rrporH03aMH
OO'beKTOB aHanorOB.
94

l\t\o)].eJIHpOBaHHe OO'beKTa npOrH03HpOBaHIUI. OCHOBHaH IJ,eJIb
aHaJIH3a OO'beKTa npOrH03HpOBaHH5I - pa3paOOTKa ero nporH03-
HOH Mo)].eJIII. O)].HHM H3 HaHOOJIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX MaTeMaTH-
1.JeCKHX MeTO)].OB nporH03IIpOBaHHH HBJIHeTCH MeTO)]. HaHMeHblliHX
KBa)].paTOB, n03BOJIHIOllI.HH nOCTpOHTb a)].eKBaTHbIe perpeCCHOH-
HbIe Mo)].eJIH. MeTO)].HKa pea.HII30BaHa Ha TeppHTopHH ECCP.
OO'beKTaMH IICCJIe)].OBaHHH ObIJIH H30paHbI reHeTHlJeCKHe THnbI
OTJIO)KeHHH JIeJI.HHKOBoro KOMnJIeKCa, HCnOJIb3VeMbiX B KatJeCTBe
OCHOBaHHH HH>KeHepHbIX coopY)KeHIIH Ha Bcei'i TeppHTopHH. 113-
BeCTHO, 1.JTO TeCHOTa CB5I3eH Me>KJI.Y CBOHCTBaMH rpYHTOB, a 3Ha-
tJHT, II Ka1.JeCTBO nporH03a MeXaHHlJeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK no II-
3H1.JeCKHM 3aBHCHT OT TllI.aTeJIbHOCTH reOJIOrH1.JeCKOro aHaJIH3a
lfCX0JI.HOrO MaTepHaJIa. BbIOOpKlf nOKa3aTeJIeH CBOHCTB rpYHTOB,
npeJI.Ha3Ha l IeHHbIe JI.JIH CTaTHCTH1.JeCKOH oopaOOTKH, )].OJI>KHbI
npeJI.CTaB.nHTb rpYHTbI, OJI.HOpO)].HbIe no OCHOBHbIM lfH}KeHepHO-
reOJIOrnlJeCKHM npH3HaKaM, xapaKTepH3YIOI1l.HM HX npOIICXO>K)].e-
HHe H reOJIOrHlJeCKYIO HCTOpHIO. rIa OCHOBe cHcTeMHo-cTPYKTYP-
Horo nO)J.xo)J.a [122] BAeJIeHa lfepapXH1.JeCKaH nOCJIe)J.OBaTeJIb-
HOCTb npI13HaKOB, KOTopbIe Heooxo)].HMO YlIHTbIBaTb npH BbIoope
OO'beKTOB JI.JIH H3Y1.JeHHH 3aBHcHMocTeH: Belll.eCTBeHHbIH COCTaB
rpYHToB, reHeTHlJeCKHH THn, reOJIOrIItJeCKHH B03pacT, a TaK}Ke
cOBoKynHocTb npII3HaKoB, onpe)].eJI5IlOllI.HX naJIeoreorpaQJHIO H
cOBpeMeHHYIO cpH3HKo-reorpaQJIIlJecKYIO oocTaHoBKY cYI1l.ecTBO-
BaHIIH H3YlJaeMbIX rpYHToB.
1. Ka>K)J.bIH II3 reHeTHlJeCKIIX THnOB - MopeHHbIe, QJJIIOBHO-
r JIHll.IIaJIbHbIe H o3epHO-JIe)].HIIKoBble nop0)J.bI - paccMaTplfBaJICH
KaK CJIO>KHaH Heo)J.Hopo,nHaH MHorOKOMnOHeHTHaH )J.HHaMHlleCKaH
npHpo)].HaH CHCTeMa, COCTOHllI.aH H3 OOJIblliOrO lIHCJIa 3JIeMeHTOB
H cBH3eH (KaK BHYTpeHHHx, TaK H BHelliHHx) pa3JIHQHOH npHpo-
)].bI, OOYCJIOBJIeHHblX CeIJ,HIIKOH HX oopa30BaHHH H )].aJIbHeH-
lliHX npeoopa30BaHHH B npoIJ,ecce )J.HareHe3Hca H rHnepreHe3Hca
ropHbIx nopo)]..
2. YtJHTbIBaH O)].Hooopa3He YCJIOBHH ce)].HMeHTaIJ,HH II OJIH3-
KHe nOKa3aTeJIH II3HtJecKHx CBOHCTB (CM. r JIaBbI 1 II 2), Ka}K-
JI.bIH H3 reHeTH1.JeCKHX THnOB pa3HoBo3pacTHbIx ropII30HTOB ClIH-
TaJICH O)].HOpO,lI.HbIM B JIHTOreHeTHtJeCKOM OTHOllieHHH.
CJIe)J.YIOI1l.HH 3Tan HCCJIe)].oBaHHH 3aKJIIOtJaJICH B cpaBHeHIIH
pa3HoBo3pacTHbIx ropH30HTOB no YCJIOBHOMY ,lI.IIHaMHlIecKoMY
conpOTHBJIeHHIO (CM. rJIaBY 2). YCTaHOBJIeHO HecYI1l.eCTBeHHoe
HX pa3JIHtJHe, lJTO n03BOJIHJIO COBMelll.aTb BbIOOpKH )].JIH ,naJIbHei1"
llIeH oopaOOTKH.
113YtJeHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHLIHBOC-
TH JIe)J.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH nOJI.CKa3aJIO BbIBOJI. 0 CYllI.eCTBOBaHHH
HeCTau.HOHapHbIX pe>KHMOBII3MeHtJHBOCTH, OOYCJIOBJIeHHbIX cne-
IJ,HHKOH JIe,nHHKOBoro JIHTOreHe3a. HaKOnJIeHHe oopa30BaHHH
JIe)J.HHKOBOM )].eopMaIJ,HH H QJOpMHpOBaHHe IIX HH>KeHepHO-reo-
JIOrHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB KOHTpOJIHpyeTC5I CTPYKTypHO-TeKTOHHlJeCKH-
MH ocooeHHOCTHMH TeppHTopHH, OOJIee npOlJHbIe nopO)J.bl npHYpo-
95

tJeHbI K nOJIO>KHTeJIbHbIM CTpYKTypaM, MeHee npOqHbIe - K OTpH.
lLaTeJIbHbIM.
AHaJIH3 pe3YJIbTaTOB KOMnJIeKCHX HCCJIe,nOBaHHH nOKa3an,
tJTO H3YtJeHHe B3aHMOCBH3eH HeOOXOJ].HMO B lLeJIOM ,n.nH BCeH Tep-
pHTOpHH ECCP (perHOHa), TaK KaK TOJIbKO npH TaKOM nOJ].xo,ne
MOrYT B nOJIHOH Mepe npOHBHTbCH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH npOCTpaH-
CTBeHHOH H3MeHqHBOCTH HX CBOHCTB npH O,nHOBpeMeHHOM yqeTe
reHeTHqeCKHX OCOOeHHOCTell (MOpeHHbIX, cpJIIOBHOrJIHu.HaJIbHbIX
H 03epHO-JIeJ].HHKOBbIX) Oe3 pa3,ne.neHHH Ha pa3HOB03paCTHble
rOpH30HTbI.
B xo,ne npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOH OOpaOOTKH lfHcpopMalLHH no Ka>K-
,lI.OMY H3 reHeTHIJeCKHX THnOB pa36HBaJIaCb Ha tJaCTH, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOll1.He onpOOOBaHHIO HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB
Ha OTAeJIbHbIX nJIOll1.a,nKax M3bICKaHHiL I1H}KeHepHoreoJIorHtJe-
CKHe 3JIeMeHTbI BbI,lI.eJIeHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C faCT 20522-75
[38]. OopaooTKe MeTo,naMH KOppeJIHlLHOHHo-perpeccHoHHoro
aHaJIH3a nOJ].BepraJIHCb tJaCTHble 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH cpH3HKO-
MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB M 0006Il1.eHHble B npeJ].eJIax
HH}KeHepHo-reo.norHtJecKHx 3.neMeHTOB.
3a. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM npHHu.HnoM H3yqeHI1e B3aHMO-
CBH3H CBOllCTB npOBo,nHJIOCb C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM HecpopMa.nbHHX
MeTOJ].OB. nOCTpoeHHe T01-IetJHbIX rpacpHKOB H HX aHa.nH3, a TaK-
:>Ke BbIOOp annpOKCIIMHPYIOIlI.HX cpYHKlLHll BbInOJIHHJIHCb C npHB.ne-
tJeHHeM reOJIOrH1-IeCKHX COOOpa>KeHHll. npe,nBapHTeJIbHbIll BbIOOp
BHJ].a QJYHKlLHH H aprYMeHTOB OCYIlI.eCTB.nHJICH npH CO,lI.ep:>KaTeJIb-
HOM aHaJIH3e 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX J].aHHbIX.
36. B3aHMocBH3b CBOHCTB nepBOHaqaJIbHO lf3YIJaJIaCb MeTO-
JI.aMH napHOH: KOppeJIHlLHH C nocJIeJ].YIOll1.HM BbIOOpOM HaHOOJIee
MHQJopMaTHBHbIX nporH03HpYIOll1.HX npH3HaKoB. Bonpoc 00 onTH-
MaJIbHOM 1-I11CJIe nOKa3aTeJIeH, BKJIIOQaeMbIX B ypaBHeHHe perpec-
CHM, HaHOOJIee Ba>KeH npH cTaTHcTHtJecKoH oopaooTKe QJaKTHtJe-
CKoro MaTeplia.na H nocTpoeHHH nporH03HbIX ypaBHeHHll. AHaJIH3
nOKa3aJI, lITO yqaCTHe B nporH03HpYIOrn.eM. ypaBHeHHH J].BYX CPH-
3H1-IeCKHX nOKa3aTeJIell aprYMeHTOB, OJI.HH H3 KOTOpbIX xapaKTe-
pH3yeT nJIOTHOCTb, a BTOpOH - BJIa}KHOCTb rpYHTa, ooecnetJHBaeT
,nOCTaTOtJHYIO TOqHOCTb H HaJ].e}KHOCTb nporH03a, TaK}Ke HCKJIIO-
qaeT ,lI.YOJIHpOBaHHe aprYMeHTOB, T. e. TaKOH Haoop HBJIHeTCH
OnTHMaJIbHbIM. BKJIlOtJeHHe ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHbIX nepeMeHHbIX nOBbI-
lUaeT ,nOCTOBepHOCTb nporH030B Hecyrn.eCTBeHHO.
3B. BbIOOp OnTHMaJIbHOrO BlfJ].a 3aBJiCHMOCTell ocyrn.eCTBJIHJI-
CH C yqeTOM xapaKTepa pacnpe,neJIeHHH H3yqaeMbIX nOKa3aTeJIell
CBOt'ICTB rpYHTOB. YCTaHOBJIeHO, tJTO pacnpe,neJIeHHe nOKa3aTeJIell
OCHOBHbIX cpH3HIJeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB He npOTHBOpeIJHT HOp-
MaJIbHOMY 3aKOHY, a pacnpe,ne.neHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH MO,ll.YJIH JI.e-
cpopMaIl.HH H y,neJIbHOrO cu.en.neHHH XOpOIIIO annpOKCHMHpYIOTCH
KaK HOpMaJIbHbIM, TaK H JIOrapHcpMHIJeCKH HOpMaJIbHbIM 3aKO-
HOM. npOCTet'IIIIHMH 3aBHCHMOCTHMH, KOTopble OTBetJalOT YKa3aH-
HbIM THnaM pacnpeJ].e.l1eHHH, HB.TI5IIOTCH JIHHellHble 3aBHCHMOCTH
96

OT cpH3HqeCKHX XapaKTepHCTHK, npOrH03HpYIOIl1.He JIHOO JIOra-
PHcpM MeXaHH1.IeCKOH XapaKTepHCTHKH, JIHOO ee caMoe [32].
B rrpoIJ,ecce HCCJIe)I.OBaHHH YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO ypaBHeHIHI Ta-
KOrO THna OOeCrreqHBalOT )I.OCTaTOqHYIO TOqHOCTb rrpOrH03a H
OOJIa)I.aIOT CTaTHCTHqeCKOH YCTOHLIHBOCTbIO, T. e. XOpOllIO BbI)I.ep-
>KHBaIOT 3K3aMeH Ha He3aBHCHMOM MaTepHaJIe, qTO COrJIacyeTC5I
C YTBep>K.n.eHHeM, rrpHBe.n.eHHbIM B paooTe [32].
4. nlpHHIJ,Hn aHaJIOrHqHOCTH rrpe.n.rrOJIaraeT rrpH HCCJIe.ll.OBa-
HHH HHopMaTHBHocTH KOCBeHHWX rrpH3HaKoB HapH)I.Y C cpop-
MaJIbHO-.norHqeCKHMH MeTO,lI..aMH yqHTbIBaTb orrbIT H3yqeHHH 3a-
BHcHMocTeH Me>K.n.y CBoMcTBaMH CXO)I.HbIX rpYHToB.
AHaJI1I3 JIHTepaTypbI, rrOCB5IIl1.eHHOH H3yqeHHIO 3aBHcHMocTeH
Me>K.n.y Q:>H3HqeCKHMH H MeXaHHlJeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH MopeHHblx,
cpJIIOBHOrCll5IIJ,HaJIbHbIX H 03epHO-JIe,lI..HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHi1 pa3-
JIHqHbIX perHoHoB CCCP (B TOM qHCJIe EeJIOPYCCHH), rrOKa3bI-
BaeT, 1.JTO MeXaHH1.IeCKHe XapaKTepHCTHKH HaHOOJIee TeCHO CB5I-
3aHbI C rrOKa3aTeJIHMH nJIOTHOCTH (e, ps), BJIa>KHOCTH (Sr, W) H
rrJIaCTHqHOCTH (w L, I L) .
B OOJIbllIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB nOKa3aTeJIH C>KHMaeMOCTH rrporHO-
3HPYIOTC5I TOqHee, l.IeM npOqHOCTHble xapaKTepHCTHKH. LlJIH BO)I.O-
HaCbIIl1.eHHbIX rpYHTOB nOKa3aTeJIH C}I{HMaeMOCTH HaHOOJIee Tec-
HO CB5I3aHbI C xapaKTepHCTHKaMM rrJIOTHOCTH - BJIa>KHOCTH:
3HaqeHHH rrapHbIX K03cpcpHlLHeHTOB KOppeJIHlLHH COCTaBJIHIOT
0,5-0,6. BKJIlOqeHHe )I.OrrOJIHHTeJIbHbIX rrpH3HaKoB (rrpe,lI..eJIOB H
1.JHCJIa nJIaCTHqHOCTH, rrOKa3aTeJI5I KOHCHCTeHIJ,HH) rr03BOJIHeT B
HeKoTopbIX CJIyqaHX nOBblCHTb TecHoTY CBH3H)I.0 0,85-0,90.
nporH03 rrOKa3aTeJIeH np01.IHOCTH OCYIlI.eCTBJI5IJICH no ,lI..BYM
MeTO.ll.HKaM:
1) HenOCpe)I.CTBeHHoe onpe,lI..eJIeHHe 3aBHcHMocTeH Me>K)I.Y
K03cpcpHIJ,HeHTOM BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH H CIJ,errJIeHH5I, C O)I.HOH CTO-
pOHbI, H pa3JIHqHbIMH KOCBeHHbIMH npH3HaKaMH - C )I.pyroH;
2) rrpe)I.BapHTeJIbHOe HCCJIe)I.OBaHHe 3aBHcHMocTeH Me}l{)I.Y
3HaqeHHHMH C.lI.BHralOIl1.HX YCHJIHH H orrpe.ll.eJIeHH5I tg (p H C KaK
napaMeTpoB ypaBHeHH5I 't= p tg cp+ c.
BTOpOH cnocoo HBJIHeTCH oOJIee Ha.ll.e}l{HbIM, HO )I.a>Ke rrpH Ta-
KOM no.n.xo.ll.e TPYJJ.HO nOJIyqHTb .lI.OCTaTOqHO 3cpcpeKTHBIlbIe perpec-
CHOHHbIe ypaBHeHH5I, TaK KaK TeCHOTa CB5I3eH Me>K)I.Y 'ti H KOC-
BeHHbIMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH OCTaeTCH HeBblcoKOH - 0,5-0,7,
)I.JIH MopeH - 0,3-0,4. CTOJIb HH3KaH TeCHOTa CB5I3H H MaJIa5I
3cpcpeKTHBHoCTb rrpHMeHeHHH KoppeJI5IlLHOHHO-perpeccHoHHoro
aHaJIH3a )I.JIH rrporH03HpoBaHHH npOqHOCTHWX xapaKTepHcTHK
3aBHCHT OT rrpHpO)I.bI rrpOqHOCTH rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHToB [67]. KaK
OTMeqalOT B CBOHX paooTax B. A. npHKJIOHCKHM, E. M. CepreeB,
¥I. M. fopbKoBa H .n.pyrHe HCCJIe)I.OBaTeJIH, npOqHOCTb H .n.ecpop-
MHpyeMocTb rJIHHHCTbIX nopo.ll. 3aBHCHT OT OOJIbllIOrO l.IHCJIa cpaK-
TOpOB, Cpe.ll.H KOTOpbIX Ba>KHa5I pOJIb OTBO)I.HTCH CTpYKType, TeK-
cType H B rrepBYIO Oqepe)I.b xDpaKTepy H rrpOqHOCTH CTPYKTYP-
HbIX cBH3eiL
7. 3aK. 844
97

TIporH03 npOIIHOCTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK rJIHHMCTbIX rpYHTOB
npOH3BO)I.HJICSI B JI.BYX BapMaHTaX: M3yqeHHe B3aHMOCBSI3eH Me:>K-
JI.Y HHJI.HBHJI.yaJIbHbIMH 3HaqeHHSIMM nOKa3aTeJIeH M 0606meHHbI-
MH B npe)I.eJI3X npeJI.BapMTeJIbHO BbIJI.eJIeHHbIX MH:>KeHepHO-re0J10-
rHqeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB. 06a B3pMaHTa npHBeJIH K H)I.eH3'Ml.IHbIM HJ1M
6JIM3KMM 3aKOH3M B3aMMOCBSI3M CBOHCTB, HO nOKa3aTeJIli TeCHO-
TbI CBSI3M OKa33J1MCb CYIll.eCTBeHHO p33JIMl.IHbIMM. TIpH HCCJ1eJI.O-
BaHHM KOppeJISIUMOHHbIX CBSI3eH Me>KJI.Y MeXaHMI.JeCKHMH M CPM-
3Ml.IeCKMMM X3paKTepHCTHKaMM J1e)I.HMKOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHMM aBTOpOM
MCn0J1b30BaJIMCb CJ1eJI.YIOIll.He cpH3HqeCKMe XapaKTepMCTMKH: eCTe-
CTBeHHaSI BJIa:>KHOCTb, K03cpcpHUMeHT nOpMCTOCTM, rp3HHua H no-
K33aTeJIb . TeKyqeCTM. B JI.aJIbHeIllleM p360Ta npOM3BOJI.HJI3Cb B
TaKOH nOCJ1eJI.OBaTeJIbHOCTII [32].
1). fIocTpoeHMe OnTMMaJIbHbIX ypaBHeHMH JI.J1SI nporH03a
KOHKpeTHbIx MeXaHMqeCKHX x3paKTepHcTHK, BbI60p OnTMM3JIb-
Horo BM)J.a 33BMcMMocTeM M onpeJI.eJIeHMe JI.OBepMTeJ1bHbIX rpaHMll,
JI.JISI nporH03a paCqeTHbIX nOKa3aTeJIei1.
2). CTaTMCTMqeCKMH 3K3aMeH nocTpoeHHbIx ypaBHeHMH Ha He-
3aBMCMMOM cp3KTMl.IecKOM MaTepM3JIe C ueJIblO npoBepKM K3 l IeCT-
Ba nporH033.
3). COCTaBJ1eHMe Ta6JIMu, HOpM3TMBHbIX M paCqeTHbIX xapaK-
TepMcTMK no nocTpoeHHbIM H anp06MpoBaHHbIM 3aBMCHMOCTSIM.
3.2. OnpeAeneHHe np04HOCTHbiX H AecpopMaLJ.HOHHbIX
xapaKTepHCTHK neAHHKOBblX OTnO>KeHHH ·
no 4>H3H4ecKHM CBOHCTBaM
B3:>KH3SI COCTaBHaSI tIaCTb MeTOJI.MKH MH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOflIl.le-
CKHX HCCJ1eJI.OBaHHH - YCTaHOBJ1eHMe TOqHbIX H HaJI.e)KHbIX HOp-
MaTMBHNX M paCI.JeTHWX xap3KTepHcTHK MeXaHMI.JeCKHX CBOHCTB
ropHbIx nopo)I.. B cOBpeMeHHoH npaKTMKe )I.J1SI 3TMX ll,eJ1eH npHMe..
HSIIOTCSI P33JIMQHHe J1a60p3TopHwe M noneBNe MeTOJI.W K3K np"
pa3)I.eJIbHOM MX HCnOJIb30BaMM, TaK M B KOMnJIeKCe, qTO n03BO-
JISIeT nOJ1Yl.IaTb HaM60JIee JI.OCTOBepHble pe3YJ1bTaTN. OJI.HaKO He-
nOCpeJI.CTBeHHoe onpe)I.eJIeHMe npOI.JHOCTHbIX M JI.ecpopMaUUOHHbIX
xapaKTepMcTMK nopoJI. Tpe6yeT BHnOJIHeHHSI 60JIblliOrO 06DeMa
TpYJI.OeMKMX MCCJ1eJI.OB3HMH. OJI.MH M3 nYTeH pellieHMSI 3Toro BO-
npoca 3aKJ1IOQaeTCSI B MCnOJIb30BaHMM JI.JISI oueHKM npOqHOCTHNX
M JI.ecpopMaUMoHHbIX CBOHCTB nopoJI. npocTeHlliMx cpM3MqeCKMX
nOKa3aTeJ1eH, HO JI.JISI 3Toro B COOTBeTCTBMM C C;HMfI 2.02.01-83
npM cTaTMCTMqeCKOH 06pa60TKe MaCCOBbIX HcnbITaHMH )J.OJI)KHbI
6bITb YCTaHOBJ1eHbI 3aBMCMMOCTM Me:>KJI.Y MeXaHMI.JeCKHMH M CPM-
3HQeCKHMM xapaKTepMcTMKaMM rpYHToB.
B CBSI3M C TeM lITO ropHbIe nOpOJI.bI npe)I.CTaBJ1SIIOT C060H
CJ10}KHble MHorOKOMnOHeHTHbIe cMcTeMbI, npM pellieHIUI 33JI.3Q
nporH033 nOBeJI.eHMSI MeXaHMQeCKHX CBOHCTB nopoJI. MCnOJIb3yeTcSI
cMcTeMHbIl1 noJI.xoJI. [150, 152]. YCTaHOBJIeHO, QTO ropHble nopo-
JI.N B npouecce pa3BMTHSI npOXOJI.SIT pSIJI. YCTOMQMBWX COCTOSIHMM,
98

BHYTPH KOTOpbIX napaMeTpbI KOppeJIHUHOHHbIX B3aMMOCBH3eH
Me}K,lJ.Y nOKa3aTeJIHMM CBOHCTB CTaTMCTM4eCKM CXO)J.HbI, npH4eM
nO,lJ.CHCTeMbI C YCTOH4HBbIM COCTOHHMeM B npe,lJ.eJIaX CMCTeMbI
BbI)J.eJIHIOTCH no cpM3M4eCKMM xapaKTepHCTMKaM. TaKoH no,lJ.XO,lJ.
K 06pa60TKe 3KcnepMMeHTaJ1bHbIX )J.aHHbIX )J.aeT xopOlIlMe pe-
3YJIbTaTW npM MCCJIe)J.OBaHMM CMCTeM, MaJ10 saTpOHYTNX rMnep-
reHHbIMIi npe06pa30BaHMHMH, T. e. Kor)J.a CTpYKTypa reOJIOrMqe-
CKoro nOJIH HaCJIe,lJ.yeT M OTpa>KaeT 4epTbI CTPYKTypbI <l>M3Mqe-
CKHX nOJIeH Cpe,lJ.hI ce,lJ.MMeHTaUHH M JIHTOreHe3a nopo,lJ.bI [8].
n pH 3Ha4HTeJIbHOM M3MeHeHMH COCTOHHMH CMCTeMbI B npouecce
rHnepreHe3a BbIHBMTb M K0J1H4eCTBeHHO oxapaKTepH30BaTb YCTOH-
4HBbIe COCTOHHMH CMCTeMbI (npH Ka:>KYIl{eHCH O)J.HOpO)J.HOCTM no
cpM3H4eCKMM CBOHCTBaM) C 60JIee BbICOKOH CTeneHblO npM6JIM>Ke-
HMH K peaJIbHbIM. YCJIOBMHM MO:>KHO TOJ1bKO Ha OCHOBe Y4eTa HX
CTPYKTypHO-TeKCTypHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH, OTpa>KaeMbIX 30H)J.MpO-
BaHHeM [55].
PaC4JIeHHTb CMCTeMY Ha pH)J. nO,lJ.CMCTeM, a 3a,lJ.aqy H3Y4eHMH
3THX CHCTeM - Ha pH,lJ. nO)J.3a)J.a4 CTaJIO Tpa)J.HUMoHHbIM npM MC-
CJIe)J.OBaHHH ropHbIX nopo)J. KaK CJIO>KHbIX CMCTeM, HO TaKoe pac-
4J1eHeHHe MO:>KeT npMBeCTM K YTpaTe 3Mep,lJ.>KeHTHOCTM, T. e. Ta-
KHX CBOHCTB CMCTeMbI, KOTopbIe He npMCYIl{M COCTaBJIHIOIl{HM ee
3JIeMeHTaM [102]. CBoRcTBeHHYIO BceM ropHbIM nOpO,lJ.aM MHoro-
nJIaHOBOCTb 3aBHCMMOCTM CBOHCTB OT pa3JIM4HWX <l>aKTopoB no-
MoraeT pacKpbITb M3Y t IeHMe KOppeJIHUMOHHbIX cBH3eH, KOTopbIe
,lJ.alOT HaM60J1ee rJIy60Koe H npaBMJIbBOe OTpa>KeHMe CJIO:>KHOrO
xapaKTepa B3aMMO,lJ.eHCTBMH 3JIeMeHTOB MHoroKoMnoHeHTHoH
CMCTeMbI. PerueHMe 06 ynpOIl{eHMM MO,lJ.eJ1M CMCTeMbI ,lJ.OJI>KHO
npMHHMaTbcH nOCJIe JIOrM4eCKoro aHaJIM3a 3aBHcMMocTeH, xa-
paKTepM3YIOIl{MX M3MeHeHMH B COCTOHHHM paccMaTpMBaeMbIx
CHCTeM.
PaccMoTpHM pe3YJIbTaTbI M3Y4eHMH B3aMMOCBH3H nOKa3aTe-
"TIeii MexaHM4eCKMX CBOHCTB .;'Ie)J.HMKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH C nOKa3aTe-
JIHMH cpH3M4ecKMx CBOHCTB. 06'beKTOM MCCJIe)J.oBaHHH CJIY:>KMJIH
MopeHHbIe <l>JIIOBMOrJIHUMaJIbHbIe H 03epHO-JIe,lJ.HMKOBbIe rpYHTbI,
npHyp04eHHbIe K ,lJ.HenpOBcKoMY, CO:>KCKOMY M no03epcKoMY ro-
pH30HTaM. 3TH OTJIO>KeHMH npe,lJ.CTaBJIHIOT C060H CJIO:>KHbIe MHO-
rOKOMnOHeHTHbIe CHcTeMbI, npHnOBepXHOCTHble ropH30HTbI KOTOpbIX
nO,lI.BepraJIMCb B xO)J.e reOJIOrH4eCKoro pa3BMTHH CYIl{eCTBeH-
HhIM )J.lIareHeTM4ecKHM npe06pa30BaHMHM. 113Y4eHHe B3aHMO-
CBH3H MexaHM4eCKMX CBOHCTB OTJIO>KeHHH J1e)J.HHKOBoro KOMII-
JIeKCa C HX cpM3M4eCKMMM xapaKTepMCTHKaMH npOBO,lJ.MJIOCb B
COOTBeTCTBMI1 C MeTO,lJ.H4eCKMMH - npMHUHnaMH, npHBe,lJ.eHHbIMM
B 3.1. B I)pouecce npe)J.BapMTeJIbHOH 06pa60TKH MHcpopMaUMH no
Ka)K)J.oMY M3 reHeTM4eCKMX TMnOB JIe)J.HHKOBbIX OTJIO)KeHHH ee
pa3,lJ.eJIHJIII Ha 1.1aCTH, OTBe4alOIl{Me onp060BaHMIO MH>KeHep..
HO-re0J10rHtleCKMX 3JIeMeHTOB Ha OT,lJ.eJIbHbIX nJ10Il{a)J.Kax H3bICKa-
HMH. I1H:>KeHepHo-reoJIorM4ecKMe 3JIeMeHTbI BbI,lJ.eJIeHbI B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C faCT 20522-75. 06pa60TKe eTO)J.aMH Koppe-
7.
99

Ta6JIHI.I.a 3.1. OeHKa TeCHOT CBH3H MeAY nOKa3aTenHMH npOqHOCTH
H H3HqeCKHX CBOHCTB MopeH
nOKa3aTellbi W e w L IL c cp
W 1 . 0,621 0,777 0,675 0,160 -0,430
e 1 0,563 0,235 -0,153 -0,510
w L 1 0,167 0,492 -0,479
IL I -0,076 -0, 193
HHOHHo-perpeCCMOHHoro aHaM3a nH nporH03a npOqHOCTHWX
xapaKTepMCTHK nOABepranHCb MHMBHyanbHe H 0606eHHe
nOKa3aTeJ1M CPM3HKO-MeXaHMqeCKMX CBOHCTB, a JIH nporH03a
C}I{MMaeMOCTH - HHAHBHAyaJ1bHbIe 3HaqeHMH MOYH ecpopMa-
U.HM, K03cpcpMu.MeHTa ynJ10THeHHH H nOKa3aTeeH cpM3HQeCKMX
CBOHCTB, TaK KaK AH nOKa3aTeJIeH MeXaHMQeCKMX CBOHCTB MC-
nOJIb30BaHMe 0606m.eHHbIX 3HaqeHMH nOqTM He BJIMHeT Ha TOq-
HOCTb H OCTOBepHOCTb nporH03a.
JIMTOJIOrMqeCKM HCCJIeOBaHHbIe MopeHHbIe rpYHTbI npeACTaB-
JIeHbI cynecHMM M cyrJIMHKaMM, cpJ1lOBMOrJIHHaJIbHbIe - neCKaMM
pa3JIMqHOH KpynHocTM M 03epHO-J1eAHMKOBbIe - cyrMHKaMH H
rJIMHaMM.
ITo MOHOJIMTaM B JIa60paTopMM onpe,lJ.eJIeHbI conpOTHBneHHe
cpe3Y 't"i npM HOpMaJIbHbIX aBJIeHHHX 1, 2, 3. 10 5 ITa, y,lJ.eJ1bHOe
cu.enJ1eHMe c, yrOJI BHYTpeHHero TpeHMH cp, BJIa}l{HOCTb w, K03cp-
cpMMeHT nopMcTOCTM e, rpaHMa WL fI nOKa3aTeJIb TeKYlleCTH I L.
MO,lJ.YJIb e<l>opMaHM E ,lJ.nH MopeHHbIX M <l>nlOBHOrnHu.HaJIbHbIX
OTJIO}l{eHHH onpe,lJ.eJIHJICH no llITaMnOBbIM McnbITaHHHM, AJ1H
03epHO-JIeHMKOBbIX - no KOMnpeCCMOHHbIM. ITepeA YCTaHOBKOH
IIlTaMna M3 ,lJ.y,lJ.OK oT6MpaJIHCb MOHOJIMTbI JIH onpeeJIeHMH CPM-
3MQeCKMX xapaKTepMCTMK rpYHTOB. ITpH MCCJIeAOBaHMH CBH3eH
Me}l{y E M W, e, WL, IL MCnOJIb30BaJ1HCb. JIMHeHHble perpeCCMOH-
HbIe MOeJ1M. ITpHMeHeHMe pyrHx BM,lJ.OB 3aBMCMMOCTeH (napa-
60JIa, rMnep60JIa M ,lJ.p.) cyecTBeHHO He YJIYQlllaeT KaQeCTB3
annpOKCMMaHM. PellleHMe 3aaQM nporH03a nOKa3aTeJ1eH npOQ-
HOCTM npOBO,lJ.HJIH nYTeM HenOCpe,lJ.CTBeHHoro onpeeJIeHMH 3aBM-
CMMOCTM Me}l{,lJ.y c, cp M pa3JIHQHbIMH KOCBeHHbIMM npU3HaKaMH.
MepOH TeCHOTW CBH3H M KaqeCTBa annpOKCHMaMM nOJIYQeHHWX
3aBMCMMOCTeH CJIY>KMJIH BbI60pOQHbIH K03cpcpMJ.1,HeHT KOppeJIH-
MM, BeJIMqHHa CTaHapTHOH OIIlM6KH nporH03a M OCTaTOQHOH
.ZI.McnepCHH HopMaTHBHbIX xapaKTepMCTHK. I1ccJIe,lI.oBaHMH MH-
<l>opMaTHBHOCTM KOCBeHHbIX npM3HaKOB ocym.eCTBJIHJ1M KaK cpop.
MaJIbHbIMH MeTO,lI.aMH, TaK M C npHBJIeQeHHeM CO,lI.ep}l{aTeJIbHbIX
co06p'a}l{eHHH, a TaK>Ke C YQeTOM onbITa M3YQeHHH 3aBHCUMOCTeH
Me}l{AY CBOHCTBaMM CXO,lI.HbIX rpYHTOB.
Pe3YJIbTaTbI HCCne,lI.OBaHMH, npMBe,lI.eHHble B rJIaBaX 1 M 2,
YKa3bIBalOT Ha TO, QTO npOCTpaHCTBeHHaH M3MeHqHBOCTb CPH3M-
100

KO-MexaHH1.IeCKHX CBOHCTB JIe,lLHHKOBbIX OTJIO)KeHHH B OlIeHb Ma-
JIOH CTeneHH KOHTpOJIHpyeTcH npHypOqeHHOCTbID HX K pa3JIHq-
HbIM CTaJI.HHM O"TJe,L{eHeHH:H, a TaK:>Ke Ha Qpe3BbIQaHHYlO C.,'JO)K-
HOCTb BbIJI.eJIeHHH B MopeHHbIX ropH30HTax cynece:H H cyr JIHHKOB.
PaCCMOTpHM CTPYKTYPY B3aHMOCBH3eH npOQHOCTHX CBOHCTB
MopeHHbIX rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB C HX cpH3H1.IeCKHMH nOKa3aTeJIHMH
6e3 YQeTa HX npHHa)J.JIe:>KHOCTH K pa3HOB03paCTHbIM ropH30HTaM
H pa3JI.eJIeHHH Ha cynecH " cyrJIHHKH. Pe3YJIbTaT TaKoro aHa-
JIH33 npHBeJI.eHbI B Ta6JI. 3. I.
113 T36JIHll.bI BHJI.HO, liTO Han60.Tlee HHcpOpM3THBHbIMH npH-
3HaKaMH npH nporH03e np01.IHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB MopeHHbIX rpYHTOB
HBJIHIDTCH rpaHHlI.a TeKYIleCTH - 3cpcpeKTHBH2.H xap3KTepHCTHKa
COCTaBa rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB - H K03cpcpHll.HeHT nopHCTOCTH.
BKJIIDlIeHHe )J.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX a prYMeHTOB (eCTeCTBeHHOH B"TJ3:>K-
HOCTH H nOKa3aTeJIH TeKYQeCTH) He YJIY1.IIllaeT KalleCTB3 annpo-
KCHMall.HH (Ta6JI. 3.2).
TIpHMeHeHHe 3THX nOKa3aTeJIeH ,L{JIH nporH033 npollHocTHHX
CBOHCTB MopeHHbIx rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHToB n03BOJIHeT Y1.IecTb KaK
HX nJIOTHOCTb, TaK H COJI.ep:>K3HHe rJIHHHCTOH cppaKll.HH, HBJIHID-
llI.HeCH O,L{HHMH H3 rJIaBHbIX cpaKTopoB (H3pS{,L{y C CTPYKTypHO-
TeKcTypHbIMH oc06eHHocTHMH), 06YCJIOBJIHB3IDllI.HX np01.IHocTHoe
H )J.ecpopMall.HOHHOe nOBe)J.eHHe rpYHToB. YlIacTHe B nporH03Hpy-
IDllI.eM ypaBHeHHH )J.BYX cpH3HlIecKHx nOK33aTeJIeH-aprYMeHToB
(OJI.HH H3 KOTOpbIX xap3KTepH3yeT nJIOTHOCTb, a BTOpOH nJI3CTH1.I-
HOCTb rpYHTa) 06ecnellHBaeT He06xo)J.HMYID TOllHOCTb 11 HCKJIID-
QeHHe )J.y6JIHpBaHHH aprYMeHToB, T. e. 3TOT H360p HBJIHeTCH
OnTHMaJIbHbIM. TaKHM 06pa30M, paccMoTpeHHe MopeHHbIx rpYH-
TOB KaK CJIO:>KHOH MHoroKoMnoHeHTHoH CHCTeMbI 6e3 pa36HeHHH
ee H3 lIaCTH, THnbI, BH,L{bI H pa3HOBHJI.HOCTH n03BOJIHeT npH npor-
H03e MexaHHlIeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB no HX H3HQeCKHM xapaK-
TepHcTHKaM nOJIHee YlIeCTb Cnell.HcpHqeCKHe oc06eHHocTH rpaHY-
JIOMeTpHlIecKoro H MHHepaJIOrHlIeCKoro COCTaBa MopeHHbIx
rpYHTOB, liTO npHBO,L{HT B KOHellHOM HTore K CYllI.eCTBeHHOMY YBe-
JIHlIeHHIO nporH03HbIX 3HaQeHHH npOllHOCTHbIX H )J.ecpopMall.HOH-
HbIX xapaKTepHCTHK 3TH X rpYHTOB.
A. M. lllHCCeJIeM [169] Ha npHMepe MopeH 5Ipoc.naBcKoro
llOBO.ri:>KbH nOKa3aHO, liTO HaHJIyqIllee COlleTaHHe aprYMeHTOB,
T a 6 II H I.I. a 3.2. HSMeHeHHe nOKa3aTeJlR TeCHOTbi CBR3H )l.JlSI MopeHHblx
rpYHToB npH HcnObSOBaHHH pa3HblX coeTaHHH aprYMeHTOB
3aBHCHMOCTb I KO'HeHT II 3aBHCHMOCTb K 034>4>HllHeHT
KOppellHlJ,HH KOppeJIHllHH
C = f (w L ' e) I 0,716 fP = f (e, w L ) 0,561
c = f (w L ' e, w) 0,739 fP =f(e, w L , I L ) 0,555
c=f(w L , e, w, I L ) 0,764 fP=f(e, w L ' I L , w) 0,585
101

T a 6 JI II IJ. a 3.3. OeHKa TeCHOTbi CBR3H Me)K,Q,Y MO,Q,YJleM ,Q,ecjJopMaHH
H cjJH3HQeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH MopeHHblx rPYHToB
TIOKa3aTeJlb E W e w L IL
E -0.171 -0,532 0,222 -0.117
W 1 0,290 0,429 0,665
e 1 0,244 0,039
w L I 0,0942
I L 1
T a 6 JI II U. a 3. 4. OeHKa TeCHOTbi CBJl3H Me)K,Q,Y nOKa3aTeJlJlMH npOQHOCTH
H cjJH3HQeCKHX CBOHCTB o3epHO-Jle,Q,HHKoBbiX rJlHHHCTblX rpYHToB
nOKa3aTeJIbi w e w L IL c Q>
w 0,956 0,690 0,287 -0, 169 -0,418
e 1 0,675 0,270 -0,318 -0,383
w L 1 -0,437 0,119 -0,613
I L I -0,517 0,293
T a 6 JI Ii IJ. a 3.5. CBJl3b Me)K,Q,Y MO,Q,YJleM ,Q,ecJ>opMaHH H
cjJH3HQeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH 03epHO-Jle,Q,HHKOBbiX rJlHHHCTblX rPYHToB
3aBHCHMOCTb I K03HHeHT II 3aBHCHMOCTb I K034><!> H t<HeHT
KOppeJIllHH KOppeJIHllHH
E = f (e) 0,189 E = f (w, e) 0,603
E = f (w) 0,565 E = f (w L ) 0,250
E = f (e, I L) 0,327
E=f(lL) 0,278 E = f (e, w L ) 0,340
06eCneQHBalOllI.ee caMYIO TeCHYIO CBSl3b C MeXaHHqeCKHMH xapaK-
TepHcTHKaMH,- rpaHHlI.a TeKyqeCTH H K03cpcpHlI.HeHT rrOpHCTOCTH.
3TO OTHOCHTCSI H K rrpOrH03Y MO,lJ.YJUI J(ecpopMalI.HH MOpeHHbIX
rJUIHHc.TbIX rpYHTOB (Ta6JI. 3.3).
.lI.JUI rrbIJIeBaTO-rJIHHHCTbIX 03epHO-JIeJ(HHKOBbIX rpYHTOB HaH-
60JIee HHcpopMaTHBHbIMH rrOKa3aTeJISlMH SlBJISIIOTCSI K03cpcpHlI.HeHT
rropHCTOCTH H nOKa3aTeJIb TeKyqeCTH rrpH rrporH03e YJ(eJ1bHOrO
ClI.enJIeHHH H K03cpcpHU.HeHT nopHCTOCTH, rpaHHlI.a TeKytleCTH Ii
rrpHpOJ(HaH BJIa)KHOCTb rrpH rrporH03e yrJIa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH
(Ta6011. 3.4).
.lI.lIH MO,lJ.yJIH ,lJ.ecpopMalI.HH 03epHO-JIe.ll.HHKOBbIX rpYHTOB HaH-
60JIee . HHcpopMaTHBHbIMH rrpH3HaKaMH SlBJISIIOTCSI K03cp<l>HlI.HeHT
rropHCTOCTH H eCTeCTBeHHaSi BJIa)KHOCTb (Ta6JI. 3.5), ,lJ.JIH rrecqa-
HbIX rpYHTOB - rrJIOTHOCTb HX c.nO)KeHHH, OlJ,eHHBaeMaH K03<l>CPH-
lI.HeHTOM rropHCTOCTH. rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKHH COCTaB HeCYIll.eCTBeH-
102

HO BJIHHeT Ha Ka1JeCTBO npOrH03a np01JHOCTHbIX H ,D.e.pOpMaUHOH-
HbIX CBOHCTB.
ITocTpoeHHe pe3YJIbTHPYJOllI.I'IX perpeCCMOHHbIX ypaBHeHMH
npOBO,lI.MJIOCb no cnoc06y H3HMeHblllMX KBa,ll,paTOB C HCnOJIb30-
BaHMeM nporpaMM MHO>KeCTBeHHOH perpeCCHH «VENSB» 
«REGT AB». ITporpaMMbI OCYlII.eCTBJHIJIH nOCTpoeHMe pH,D.a ypaB-
HeHMH BH,lI,a
y = f (X 17 ..., X n ) = a1x 1 + ... + anX n + a o ,
r,D.e y - MeXaHHtIeCKMH nOKa3aTeJIb-cpYHKUMH; (Xl, ..., X n ) - CPH-
3M1JeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIM-aprYMeHTbI ,lI.JIH Ka>K.lI.Oro 83 nporH03Mpye-
MX MeXaHHtIeCKMX rrOKa3aTeJIeH (yrJIa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH,
y,lI.eJIbHOrO CuenJIeHHH H MO,D.YJIH ,D.ecpopMaUHH) npM pa3JIHtIHWX
Ha60pax aprYMeHTOB.
TIoCJIe nOCTpoeHHH ypaBHeHHH H oueHKH OCTaT01JHOH ,lI.HCnep-
CMH HopMaTHBHbIX xapaKTepMCTHK (SH) ,D.JIH Ka>K,D.OrO Ha60pa
aprYMeHTOB BbI1JHCJIHJIMCb CJIe,D.YJOlII.He nporH03Hble 3HatIeHMH:
HopMaTMBHbIe xapaKTepMCTHKM, ,lI,OBepHTeJIbHbIe rp3HHUbI ,D.JIH
npOrI-I03a 85 H 95 0 / 0 paCIIeTHbIX xapaKTepMcTMK.
OT60p OnTHMaJIbHbIX YP3BHeHMH, MCnOJIb3yeMbIx B ,D.3JIbHeH-
IDeM ,D.JIH COCTaBJIeHHH Ta6JIMU, npOH3BO,D.HJICH no TpeM npM3Ha-
KaM: a) ,D.OCTH>KeHMe MaKCMMaJIbHOH TOtIHOCTII M KatIeCTBa npor-
u 2 u 6
H03a, x3paKTepH3yeMbIx ,D.MCnepCMeH SOH, CTaH,D.apTHOH OIIIH -
KOH oueHKM H K03cpcpHUMeHTOM KOppeJIHUMH; 6) HaMJIY1.IlllHe
pe3YJIbTaTbI 3K3aMeHa Ha He3aBMCHMbIX BbI60pKax; B) YHHCPH-
KaUHH BXO,D.OB B T36JI8U C ytIaCTMeM OCHOBHWX nOKa3areJIeH,
xapaKTepH3YJOlII.MX COCTaB H COCTOHHHe rpYHTOB.
3K3aMeH ypaBHeHMH Ha He3aBMCMMOM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOM
MaTepMaJIe CJIY>KMJI 06'beKTMBHbIM ,D.OKa33Te..TJbCTBOM YCTOHIIM-
BOCTH HaH,D.eHHbIX 3aBMCHMOCTeH. B HallleM CJIYIIae npOBepHJIaCb
KaK YCTOH1JHBOCTb perpeCCMOHHbIX ypaBHeHMH, TaK H CnpaBe,lI.JIH-
BOCTb npe,nnOJIO>KeHHH 06 M,neHTHIIHOCTH xapaKTepa 3aBHCHMO-
cTeH ,D.JIH OTJIO>KeHMH ,D.HenpOBcKoH, CO>KCKOH M no03epcKoH MO-
peH C YIIeTOM c,neJIaHHWX paHee BWBO,lI.OB 0 CXO,lI.CTBe nOKa3aTe-
JIeH MX cpH3HIIeCKMX CBOHCTB M nap3MeTpOB 30I-I,lI.HpOBaHMH.
T a 6 JI H n a 3.6. Pe3YJlbTaTbi CTaTHCTHlJeCKOrO 9K3aMeHa
3aBHcHMocTei
rpYHTbl
3aBHCHMOCTb
I 1JHCJIO nonaaHHfi
B OBepHTelIbHble
r paHHQ,hI
MopeHHble r JlHHHCTbIe
c = f (w L , e)
<P = f (e, w L )
c = f (I L' e)
<P = f (w L ' e)
63 H3 75
74 R3 75
11 H3 12
11 113 12
03epHO-JleJI.HHKOBbIe
nbIJIeBaTO- r JIHHHCTbIe
103

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 3.7. YpaBHeHHH perpeccHH JJ.JlH nporHo3a npOqHOCTHhiX
H JJ.eopMaHoHHhlX xapaKTepHcTHK JleJJ.HHKOBhlX OTJlOeHHH
no HX H3HqeCKHM CBOHCTBaM
I:Q C'I:I Q)
'0 >< 0 
0f-4
== Q) 
o.Q) :at:; u C'I:I r::;
Q):a :t!::Q) Q)  Q)
=Q) :s:f-4 ::r \0 0.
:s:
Q)r::; =C'I:I f-4 :s: 0.
*(1) Q)C'1 '" a 0
=>0: t:;C!3 0.. 0 
Q)
OTJIO.>KeHHH YpaBHeHHe perpeCCHH :S::s: !:to I:{ c:: 
C!3
0:S:: Q)r:: I:QQ) C!3 
I:QU 0. 0 :s::= =
f-4Q) r::1-0 Q) f-4C!3 
<.;::r 00 0.C'1
Q):S: 0:S:: Q)= C!30 .e.
:;rl-o =0 !:t=
:s:o r::;U I:{r::; =1-0 -&
r::;r::;  Q):s:: roo (I):;::
00 0..f-4 f-40.. O:s:
 ::r uo ur:: ::f
MopeHHbIe
03epHO-J1€.Q-
HHKOBble
<PJlIOBUOr J1H-
IJ.HaJIbHble
c=0,039w L -1 ,897e+0,386
<p=43,009-23,640e-0 ,323w L
E = 70 ,625-125e+0 ,250w L
Ig c=-0,0124-0,2961e-O,6489/ L
qJ=32,5672-0,1812e-0,3851w L
E= 10,694-0,221w-O,427e
a=0,291e+O,007w-0,193
qJ=47 ,394-23 ,960e
E= 104,074-117, 78ge
192 2996 0 ,150 0, 106 0 , 72
192 2996 3,740 3,1100,56
176 10,600 8,9220,54
22 218 0,232 0,0450,90
22 218 5,982 1,8670,83
52 1,750 1,4380,60
52 0,100 0,0800,63
98 4, 180 3 , 856 0 , 40
76 15,990 11 ,060 0,73
I1ccJIe)J.oB8 HIUI BbInOJIHHJUiCb B )J.B8 3Tan8. H8 nepBbM 3Tane
ObIJIH H3yqeHbI 33BHCHMOCTH Me}l{)J.Y MeXaHHqeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH,
C O,lLHOH CTOpOHbI, H <pH3HQeCKHMH CBOHCTB3MH, C )J.pyroH, P83-
)J.eJIbHO )J.JIH MopeH n003epCKoro, CO}l{CKOrO, )J.HenpOBCKoro ropH-
30HTOB. Xap3KTep 3THX 3aBHCHMOCTeH OK838JICH O)J.HHaKOBbIM.
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIH MaTepH3JI C YQeTOM ero ocooeHHOCTeH ObIJI
pa30HT Ha )J.Be Q8CTH: ,lI.3HHbIe no n003epCKOH H nOJIOBHHa )J.8H-
HbIX no CO}l{CKOH MopeHe COCT8BHJIH «OOYQ81OIII.YIO» BbIOOPKY,
BTOp8H nOJIOBHHa )J.8HHWX no CO}l{CKOH MopeHe H ,lI.aHHWe no
)J.HenpOBCKOH MopeHe - «3K38MeH3UHOHHYIO» BbIOOPKY. BHaq3JIe
yp3BHeHHH CTpOHJIHCb no ooYQ31OIII.eH Q3CTH, 33TeM 3K33MeHOBa-
JIHCb H8 3K38MeH3UHOHHOH Q3CTH. Pe3YJIbT8TbI (TaOJI. 3.6) YK8-
3bIB81OT H8 YCTOHQHBOCTb nOJIYQeHHbIX 38BHCHMOCTeH H ,lI.onOJI-
HHIOT cYIII.eCTBYIOIII.He npe,lI.CT8BJIeHHH 0 CXO,lI.CTBe p83HOB03p8CT-
HbIX MopeH, IIlHpOKO oocY}l{,lI.aeMbIe B JIHTep8Type [74]. TIocJIe
3K38MeH8 yp8BHeHHH )J.JIH rrporH038 C H  nepeCQHTWBaJIHCb no
OO'be,lI.HHeHHbIM BbIoopKaM C ueJIblO nOBbIIIleHHH TOQHOCTH npo-
rH03a.
,IJ,JIH 03epHO-JIe)J.HHKoBbIX OTJIO}l{eHHH npoH3Bo)J.HJIOCb P83-
oHeHHe 3KcnepHMeHT8JIbHOrO M8TepH8JIa H8 )J.B8 cerMeHT8, nep-
BbIH H3 KOTOpbIX COCT8BHJI «ooYQ81OIII.YIO» BbIOOPKY, 8 BTOPOH-
«3K3 8 MeH8UHOHHYIO».
Pe3YJIbT8TbI 3K38MeHa (Tao..l. 3.6) B ueJIOM n03BOJIHIOT c)J.e-
104

Ta6JIHna 3.8. HopMaTHBHye H paCeTHYe 3HaeHHR YAebHoro
Cl(enJleHHR c, 106 na, H yrJla BHYTpeHHero TpeHHR <"p, rpaA,
MOpeHHYX rJlHHHCTYX rpYHToB
rpa. I I e
t.reKyqeCTH XapaKTepHcTH-
w % Ka rPYHToB 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45
L' 0
C n ; <"pn 0,47; 30 0,38; 29 0,28; 28 ° , 19; 27
17 cll;<"Pll 0,36; 27 0, 27; 26 0,17; 25 0,08; 23
cI ; <"PI o , 30; 25 0,20; 24 0, 11; 22 0,03; 21
Cn; <"Pn 0,55; 30 0,45; 29 0,36; 27 0,26; 26
19 c ll ; <"PU 0,44; 26 0,34; 25 0,25; 24 0,15; 23
c I ; <"PI 0,37; 24 0,28; 23 0,19; 22 0,09; 21
Cn; <"Pn 0,63; 29 0,53; 28 0,44; 27 o , 34; 26
21 c ll ; <"PII 0,52; 26 0,42; 24 o , 33; 23 0,23; 22
c I ; <"PI 0,45; 24 ° , 36; 22 0, 26; 21 0, 17; 20
C n ; <"Pn 0,70; 28 0,61; 27 0,51; 26 o , 42; 25
23 cII;<"PII 0,59; 25 0,50; 24 0,40; 23 0,31;21
c I ; <"PI 0,53; 23 0,43; 22 0,34; 21 0,24; 19
C n ; <"Pn 0,78; 28 0,69; 27 0,59; 25 0,50; 24
25 c II ; <"P II 0,67; 24 0,58; 23 0,48; 22 0,39; 21
c I ; <"PI 0,61; 22 0,51; 21 0,42; 20 0,32; 19
C n; <"Pn o , 76; 26 0,67; 25 0,57; 24
27 cII;<"PII 0,65; 22 0,56; 21 0,46; 20
C I ; <"PI 0,59; 20 0,49; 19 o , 40; ] 8
T a 6 JI H U. a 3.9. HopMaTHBHye 3HaqeHHR MOAYJlR AecjJopMal\HH
E, Mn a, MOpeHHYX rJlHHHCTYX rpYHToB
fpaHIIlt8 TeKY-/ e
'JeCTH w L ' % 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50
17 37 31 25 18 12
19 38 32 25 19 13
21 38 32 26 20 13
23 39 33 26 20 14
25 39 33 27 21 14
27 40 34 "27 21 15
105

JIaTb BbIBO,lJ. 0 npMMeHI1MOCTH paCCMaTpMBaeMbIX ypaBHeHMH ,lJ...THI
npOrH03a npOt.IHOCTHLIX XapaKTepMCTHK MOpeHHbIX M 03epHO-JIe,lJ.-
HHKOBbIX 06pa30BaHHH.
YpaBHeHMH, oTo6paHHble ,lJ.JIH COCTaBJIeHMH Ta6JIHl.(, npHBe,lJ.e-
HbI B Ta6JI. 3.7.
Pe3Y.,'IbTaTOM npOBe,lJ.eHHbIX HCCJ1e,lJ.OBaHMH: HBJIHIOTCH perMo-
HaJIbHWe Ta6JIHl.( HopMaTHBHwx H paCqeTHWX xapaKTepMcTHK
MopeHHbIX rJIMHMCTbIX M o3epHO-JIe,lJ.HHKOBbIX IIbIJIeBaTO-rJIHIUI-
CTbIX rpYHToB EeJIOpyccMH (Ta6JI. 3.8-3.11).
JIorHqeCKHH aHaJIH3 nOJIyqeHHbIX 3aBHcHMocTeH, xapaKTepH-
3YIOUJ.HX H3MeHeHHH 8 COCTOHHHH paCCMaTpMBaeMOH CMCTeMbI,
npHBO)J.HT K npe,lJ.nOJIO}l{eHHIO 0 B03MO>KHOCTH npHMeHeHHH «0606-
llleHHoih> MeTO)J.HKH HaXO>K,lJ.eHHH cBH3eH MeM)J.Y OT,lJ.eJIbHbIMH
rpynnaMH BeJIHqHH M COe,lJ.HHeHHH nepeMeHHbIX 8 <<o606m:eHHbIe>>
BeJIHql1HbI CTporo onpe,lJ.eJIeHHOrO BH,lJ.a, KOTOpbIH: corJIacyeTcH
c npHpOAOH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro IIpOl.(ecCa [102].
CBoeo6pa3He MeTO)J.a o606111eHHoro HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH npouec-
COB, npe)J.JIO:>KeHHOrO 3. B. EJiMCeeBblM B 1971 r., COCTOHT B TOM,
qTO nYTeM ynpollleHMH 8 ca MHX <PYHKII,HOHHPYIOUJ,HX CHCTeMax
B HHX YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH YMeHblIleHHoe KOJIHqeCTBO He3aBHCHMbIX
nepeMeHHbIX, T. e. CBOHCTBa caMon CJIO>KHOH CHCTeMbl (6e3 no-
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 3.10. HopMaTHBHLle H paCIJeTHWe 3Ha'leHHJI YAeJlbHOrO
cemleHHR c, 105 na, o3epHO-JleAHHKOBhlX nWJleBaTO-rJlHHHCTblX rPYHTOI\
nOKa3ateJlb I XapaKTePIICTH-1 e
TeKyqeCTH lL Ka rPYHToB 0.40 1 0 . 50 10,60 1 0 ,70 1 0 ,80 1 0 ,90 I 1,00
C n 1,07 1,00 0,94 0,88 0,82 0,76 0,71
-0,25 cll 0,96 0,90 0,8. 0,79 0,73 0,69 0,64
c l 0,91 0,85 0,79 0,74 0,69 0,64 0,60
C n 0,74 0,69 0,65 0,60 0,56 0,53 8,49
0,00 c ll 0,66 0,62 0,58 0,54 0,51 0,47 0,44
c 1 0,62 0,58 0,54 0,54 0,47 0,44 0,41
C n 0,51 0,48 0,44 0,42 0,39 0,36 0,34
0,25 cll 0,46 0,43 0,40 0,37 0,35 0,33 0,30
c 1 0,43 0,40 0,37 0,35 0,33 0,31 0,28
C n 0,35 0,33 0,31 0,29 0,21 0,25 0,23
0,50 cll 0,31 0,29 0,27 0,26 0,24 0,22 0,21
c l 0,29 0,28 0,26 0,24 0,22 0,21 0,20
C n 0,24 0,23 0,21 0,20
0,75 cII 0,22 0,20 0,19 0,18
c 1 0,20 0,19 0,18 0,17
lQ6

TepM ee uenOCTHOCTH npH pa3eneHMM Ha nOCMCTeMH) n03BO-
JIHIOT paCCMaTpHBaTb ee KaK 60JIee npOCTYIO. TaKOH 0606rueH-
HOM BeJIMtIMHOM, KaK nOKa3bIBalOT HalliM MCCneOBaHHH, MOrYT
CnY>KMTb napaMTpbl 30HHpOBaHI:UI, KOTOpble SlBJHllOTCSI CoI10}K-
HOM YHKUHeH MHOrHX H3HqeCKHX M MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB
rpYHTOB, TaKHX, KaK npHpOHaSi Bna:>KHOCTb, nnOTHOCTb, CTeneHb
BOoHacblllleHHSI, CTPYKTypHaSi npOtIHOCTb H ,lI,p. OpHMeHeHlIe
T a 6 JI n IJ. a 3. 11. HopMaTHBHble H paclfeTHbie 3HalfeHHH yrJla
BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH , rpaA, o3epHO-JleAHHKOBbiX
nblJleBa TO- rJlH HHCTblX rpYHToB
[paHHua TeKy-lxapaKTePH-1 K09<J.>cPHllHeHT nopHCTOCTH e
lleCTH W L . % CTHKa 0,40 0,60 0,80 I ,00
I rPYHToB
qJn 21 21 21
30 CVIl 19 19 19
«PI 18 18 18
«Pn 17 17 17 17
40 «PIl 15 15 15 15
«PI 14 14 14 14
«Pn 13 13 13 13
50 «PII II II 11 11
«PI 10 10 10 10
«Pn 9 9 9
60 CVIl 7 7 7
«PI 6 6 6
30H,D.MpOBaHHSI n03BOJIHeT C onpe,D.eneHHOH CTeneHblO .D.OCTO-
BepHOCTH KOMnneKCHO Y1.IecTb Bce nepeQHCJIeHHble aKTophI (CM.
rJIaBY 4).
3.3. nporHo3 np04HOCTHbiX JIt Ae4>opMau,JltOHHbIX xapaKTepJltCTJltK
MopeHHblX rpYHTOB npJlt Jlt3MeHeHJItJlt JltX Bna>KHOCTJIt
TIpoMbIllIJIeHHOe H rpa:>KaHCKOe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO BbI3bIBaeT
cYlllecTBeHHble H3MeHeHHH reonOrH1.IeCKOH Cpe,D.bI, B TOM QHCJIe
COCTOHHHSI H M3HKO- MeXaHMtIeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB. B npouec-
ce 3aCTpOHKH TeppMTOpHH HapYIlIaeTCSI eCTeCTBeHHbIH BJIa:>KHOCT-
HbIM pe:>KHM MOpeHHblX rJIHHMCTbIX rpYHTOB, nOnaalOlllMX B ce-
PY TeXHOreHHOrO B03eHCTBMH. H3-MeHeHHe BO,D.HOrO pe>KHMa
npOSlBJIHeTCH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B YBna>KHeHMM MaCCHBOB rop-
HbIX nopo, npMBOHllleM K YXY,D.ll1eHHIO CPH3MKO-MeXaHH1.JeCKHX
CBOHCTB rpYHTQB.
107

T a 6 JI II l.J, a 3.12. 3asHcHMoCTH MexaHHlleCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK H nporHo3HoH
BJUUKHOCTH MopeHHblX rPYHToB OT npHpo)J.HOii B.na1KHOCTH
npHpO,lt,HaH 1<:094> - CTaH-
t.!HCJIO onpe.n.e- BJIa)KHOCTb, Cpe,lJ.Hee ,lJ.apT-
JIeHHR (8 CK06- 8 npe.n.eJI8X rPHIlH - KB 8 .n.P8TH- BaH
K8X-CTeneHb KOTOpoR nOJIY- p88HeHHH perpeCCHH eHT qeCKOe OIDH6Ka
BJI8)KHOCTH 5r) lJeHbI YP8BHe- Koppe- OTKlIOHeHHe nporHO-
HHH perpeCCHH JIHIlHH S8
80 (0,4-1,0) 8,0+15.1 IgE = 2.190-0.080 W 0,51 0.260 0,228
300 (0,4-1,0) 7,1+14,7 19 c = 0,096-0,064 W 0,49 0,220 0,191
300 (0,4-1 , 0) 7,1+15,7 Ig q> = 1,584-0,012w 0,37 0,050 0,048
24 (0,4-0,5) 7,2+10,8 Wit = 1, 719w-0, 970 0,78 I, 810 I, 165
37 (0,6-0.7) 8,2+ 13 , I Wn = 1.043w+2,373 0,72 1,710 1 ,203
64 (0,8-0,9) 8,4+16,9 WD = 0,965w+2,017 0,88 2,090 1,013
B I1HLKeHepHOH reOJIOrHH CJIOXUI.nOCb YCToi'p-IHBoe npe.rr-CT3B-
JIeHHe 0 TOM, "lITO MopeHHbIe rpYHTbI, K3K np3BHJIO, BO.rr-OH3CbI
II1.eHHbI H H3CTOJIbKO yrrJIOTHeHbI, "lITO HX MeX3HH"lIeCKHe CBOHCTB3
He 33BHCHT OT H3MeHeHHH BJI3}KHOCTH. HH}I{e 6y.rr-eT rrOK333HO,
"lITO .rr-JIH onpe.rr-eJIeHHWX p33HOBH.rr-HOCTeH MopeH T3KHe npe.rr-no-
JIO}KeHHH no.rr-TBep}K.rr-3IOTCH JIHIlIb "lI3CTH"lIHO [ 14] .
06'beKTOM H3IlIHX HCCJIe.rr-oB3HHH CJIY}KHJIH MopeHHbIe cynecH
H cyrJIHHKH OTJIO}KeHHH KOHe"lIHbIX MopeH COJIHrOpCK3, Eo6pYH-
CK3, 3 T3KJlte npHnOBepXHOCTHbIe ropH30HTbI .rr-HenpOBCKOH MO-
peHbI B rOMeJIe. X3p3KTepHbIMH CBOHCTB3MH- 3THX rpYHTOB HBJIH-
IOTCH HH3K3H CTeneHb BJI3}KHOCTH H rrOBbIIlIeHH3H nopHCTOCTb.
T3K, 113 540 H3Y"lIeHHbIX npo6 B 270 CTerreHb BJI3}1{HOCTH Sr co-
CT3BJIHJI3 0,4-0,7. B p360Te [127] YK333HO, "lITO npH npoeKTH-
pOB3HHH OCHOB3HHH, CJIO}l{eHHbIX He rrOJIHOCTblO BO.rr-OH3CbIlI1.eH-
HbIMH (Sr<0,8) rJIHHHCTbIMH rpYHT3MH, CJIe.rr-yeT Y"lIHTbIB3Tb
B03MO}KHOCTb CHH}KeHHH HX npO"lIHOCTHbIX H .rr-ecpOpM3IJ.HOHHbIX
X3paKTepHCTHK BCJIe.rr-CTBHe rrOBbIIlIeHHH BJIa}KHOCTH rpYHTOB B
rrpouecce CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H 3KCnJIY3TaIJ.HH.
ITporH03 H3MeHeHHH <pH3HKO-MeX3HH"lIeCKHX CBOHCTB MopeH-
HbIX r JIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB B CBH3H C nOBbIIlIeHHeM HX BJIa}KHOCTIl
BblnOJIHHJICH B .rr-Ba 3T3n3. BHa"lIaJIe rrpOBo.rr-HJICH TaK Ha3bIBae-
MbIH onepaTHBHbIH nporH03, paCC"lIHTaHHbIH Ha rrepcrreKTHBY, Ha
npOTH}KeHHH KOTOpOH: He 0}KH.rr-3eTCH CYII1.eCTBeHHbIX H K3"lIeCTBeH-
HbIX H3MeHeHHH 061>eKTa HCCJIeOB3HHH [115]. O.rr-HHM H3 HaH-
60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIx cnoco6oB nOJIY"lIeHHH T3KHX rrporHo-
30B HBJIHeTCH KOppeJIHIJ.HOHHO-perpeccHoHHbIH 3HaJIH3, rr03BOJIH-
IOIIJ.HH rrocTpoHTb 3.rr-eKBaTHble perpeccHoHHbIe Mo.rr-eJIH .rr-JIH
nporH03HpoBaHHH C nOMOlI1.blO MeTo.rr-a H3HMeHbIlIHX KBa.rr-paToB.
ITpH KOppeJIHIJ.HOHHOM aHaJIH3e HCCJIe.rr-OBaJIHCb 3aBHcHMoc-ni
MO.rr-YJIH .rr-ecpopM3IJ.HH (E, MITa), y.rr-eJIbHOrO CIJ.errJIeHHH (c,
10 5 ITa) H yrJI3 BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH (cp, rpa.rr-) OT rrpHpo.rr-HOH
108

BJIa:/KHOCTH (W, 0/0). B pe3YJIbTaTe CTaTHCTHlleCKOrO aHaJIH3a
tPH3HKO-MeXaHH1.IeCKHX XapaKTepHCTHK MOpeHHbIX rpYHTOB 6bIJIO
YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO paCnpe.lI.eJIeHHe nOKa3aTeJI5I W He rrpOTHBope-
'-IHT HOpMaJIbHOMY 3aKOHY, B TO BpeM5I KaK pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHe rro-
Ka3aTeJIeH C, cp H E XOpOlliO annpOKcHMHpyeTC5I JIOrapHcpMH'-IeCKH
HOpMaJIbHbIM 3aKOHOM. ITpocTeHIlIHMH 3aBHCHMOCT5IMH, KOTopbIe
OTB.e1.IaIOT 3THM THnaM pacrrpe.lI.eJIeHHH, 5IBJI5IIOTC5I JIHHeHHbIe 3a-
BHCHMOCTH, nporH03HpYIOIIJ.He JIOrapHcpM MeXaHHlJeCKOH xapaK-
TepHCTHKH no <pH3H1.IeCKOH.
ITOJIyqeHHbIe ypaBHeHH5I perpeCCHH npHBe.lI.eHbI B Ta6JI. 3.12.
KpHTHqeCKHe 3HaqeHH5I rrapHbIx K03cpcpHIJ.HeHTOB KOppeJI5IIJ.HH
npH ypoBHe 3HaqHMOCTH a= 5 % H l.IHCJIe onpe.lI.eJIeHHH 80 H 300
COCTaBJI5IIOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,22 H 0,11 [65]; HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHbIe
3aBHCHMOCTH .lI.OCTOBepHbIe. ITpH 3TOM T01.IHOCTb KOCBeHHOH OIJ.eH-
KH nporH03HpyeMbIx nOKa3aTeJIeH .lI.OCTaTOqHO BbICOKa. OTMeTHM,
qTO B pa60Tax [67, 168] .lI.JI5I MopeHHbIx rpYHToB C Sr>0,8 (BO-
.n.oHaCbIIIJ.eHHbIx) rrOJIY1.IeHbI cYIIJ.eCTBeHHo 60JIee HH3KHe K03cp-
<pHIJ.HeHTbI KOppeJI5IIJ.HH .lI.JIH 3aBHcHMocTeH MeXaHHqeCKHX xapaK-
TepncTHK OT BJIa:/KHOCTH.
Ha BTOpOM 3Tane HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHH BWnOJIH5IJIC5I KpaTKOCpOq-
HbIH nporH03, HarrpaBJIeHHbIH Ha YTOqHeHHe onepaTHBHoro npo-
rH03a, nOJIY1.IeHHOro paC1.IeTHbIM MeTO.lI.OM, H OIJ.eHKY KOJIHqeCTBeH-
HWX w3MeHeHHH 06neKTa HCCJIe.lI.OBaHH5I Ha nepcrreKTHBY [115].
TaKoH rrporH03 OCHOBbIBaJIC5I Ha 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHOM MO.lI.eJIH-
pOBaHHH B03.lI.eHCTBHH BO.lI.bI Ha rpYHT B YCJIOBH5IX, MaKCHMaJIbHO
npH6JIIUKeHHbIx K O:/KH.lI.aeMbIM npH 3KCnJIyaTaUHH coopY:/KeHHH.
DbIJIO BbIrrOJIHeHO napaJIJIeJIbHO no 65 C.lI.BHrOB H no 4 KOMnpec-
CHOHHbIX HcnbITaHH5I npH eCTecTBeHHoH BJIa>KHOCTH H B YCJIOBH5IX
nOJIHOrO BO.lI.OHaCbIIIJ.eHHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C faCT 12248-78
[39] H faCT 23908-79 [40]. C.lI.BHrH npOH3BO.lI.HJIHCb no MeT0.lI.Y
KOHCOJIH.lI.HpOBaHHoro cpe3a rrpH HOpMaJIbHbIX .lI.aBJIeHH5IX 1, 2,
3. 10 5 ITa, C)KHMaeMOCTb onpe.lI.eJI5IJIaCb B HHTepBaJIe Y.lI.eJIbHbIX
T a 6 JlIf I.I. a 3.13. ConOCTaB.neHHe npOqHOCTHbiX xapaKTepHCTHK MopeHHblX
rpYHTOB, nOJlyqeHHblX .na6opaTOpHblM MeTO)J.OM H BblI{Hc.neHHblX
no ypaBHeHHHM perpeccHH
CTeneHb
BJI8>KHOCTH
CoOTHomeHHe
npHpOAHOA H
nporH03HoA
BJIa>KHOCTH
YeJIbHOe CllenJIeHHe YrOJI BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH
no JIa60 P 8TOP- 1 no ypaBHeHHIO I no JI860 p aTop- 1 no yp8BHeHHIO
HhIM AaHHhIM perpeCCHH HhIM AaHHblM perpeCCHH
0,4-0,5 8,80 0,21 0,34 28 30
14,25 (G3 o:I5 28 26
'0,6-0,7 9,91 0,26 0,29 31 29
12,72  o:w 29 27
1>,8-0,9 10 ,94 . 0,25 0,25 31 28
12,57 0,20 0,20 31 27
109

HarpY30K 1-2, 2-3, 3-4.10 5 TIa. TIpH HcnbITaHH5IX B YCJIOBH5IX
nOJ1Horo Bo.u.OHaCbIllI.eHH5I onpe.u.eJI5IJIaCb npHpo.u.Ha51 BJIa)KHOCTb
rpYHToB H BJIa)KHOCTb nx nOCJIe HaCbIllI.eHH5I (npOrH03Ha5l), lITO
n03BOJIHJIO COpMHpOBaTb TPH BH60pOlJHHe cOBoKyrrHocTH npH
HKCHpOBaHHbIX 3Hat.IeHH5IX CTeneHH BJIa>KHOCTH (0,4-0,5; 0,6-
0,7; 0,8-0,9), B npe.u.eJIax KOTOpbIX napaMeTpbI KOppeJI5IIJ.HOH-
HbIX 3aBJICHMOCTeH CTaTHCTHlJeCKH YCTOHlJHBbIe. YpaBHeHluI CB5I-
3H Me)K.u.y nporHo3HoH (WIT) H eCTecTBeHHoH BJIa}KHOCTblO (w)
npHBe.u.eHbI B Ta6JI. 3.12. KaK BH.u.HO H3 Ta6JIHIJ.bI, ypaBHeHHH
perpeccHH .u.aIOT .u.OCTaTOlJHO Ha.u.e>KHOe KalIeCTBO npofH03a H3-
MeHeHH5I BJIa}KHOCTH B npoIJ.ecce cTpOHTeJIbCTBa H 3KCnJIyaTaIJ.HH
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3HalJaJIbHOfO 3HaqeHHH npHpoHOH BJIa)K-
HOCTH.
B Ta6JI. 3.13 npHBeAeHbI 3HaqeHHH C H cp, nOJIyqeHHble no pe-
3YJIbTaTaM CABHrOBbIX HcrrbITaHHH npH eCTeCTBeHHOH BJIaJKHOCTH
(qHCJIHTeJIb) H B YCJIOBHHX nOJIHOrO Bo.u.OHaCHlIJ.eHH5I (3HaMeHa-
TeJIb), a TaK}Ke 3HaqeHHH C H cp, BbIt.IHCJIeHHbIe no ypaBHeHHHM
perpeCCHH, rrpHBeAeHHbIM B Ta6JI. 3.12, npH cpeAHHx 3HaQeHH5IX
eCTecTBeHHoH BJIa)KHOCTH (qHCJIHTeJIb) H nporH03HoH (3HaMeHa-
TeJIb) .
113 Ta6JIHlI.bI BHAHO, 1.ITO HaH60JIee 3HaqHTeJIbHOe YMeHbllle-
HHe rrpOqHOCTHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK MopeHHbIX rpYHTOB npO-HCXO-
AHT B .u.Hana30Hax H3MeHeHHH CTeneHH BJIa>KHOCTH 0,4-"-0,5 H
0,6-0,7, npHtIeM 60JIbllIe pearHpyeT Ha H3MeHeHHe BJIa)I{}!OCTIl
y.u.eJIbHOe ClI.errJIeHHe. TIpH nOJIHOM Bo.u.OHaCbI1lI.eHHH (Sr= 1) npH
HcnbITaHHHX no.u. BOAOH cYlll.eCTBeHHoro YMeHbllIeHH5I npO"lIHoCT-
HbIX H eOpMaIJ.HOHHbIX apaKTepHCTHK He YCTaHOBJIeHO. Ot.Ie-
BHAHO TaK)Ke, lITO ypaBHeHHH perpeCCHH, npHBe.u.eHHbIe B Ta6JI.
3.12, .u.aIOT, KaK npaBHJIO, xopornee KaqeCTBO rrpofHo3a npOqHO-
CTHLIX xapaKTepHcTHK, oc06eHHO YAeJIbH020 CIJ.enJIeHHH.
TIo pe3YJIbTaTaM KOMnpeccHoHHbIX HcnbITaHHH If ypaBHeHH5I
perpeccHH E no W MO)KHO peKoMeHAoBaTb JIH rrpaKTlJeCI\Oro
HCnOJIb30BaHHH opHeHTHpoBolIHbIe 3HaqeHHH K03<t>HlI.HeHTa CHH-
)KeHHH MO.u.YJIH .u.e<t>opMalI.HH K;, npeCTaBJIHlOllI.erO C060H OTHO-
llIeHHe E npH npHpo.u.HOH BJIa>KHOCTH K E rrpH nporH03HO]1 (npH
IlCnbITaHH5IX B YCJIOBHHX rrOJIHOrO Bo.u.oHaCbIIIJ.eHH5I):
npM Sr = 0,4 - 0,5 1(; = 1,7 -- 2,7,
npH Sr = 0,6 - 0,7 K; = 1,4 - 1,6;
I1PH Sr = 0,8 - 0,9 K; = 1,2 -1,3.
K; YBeJIHqHBaeTCH npH nOBbIllIeHRH BJIa)KHOCTH H Y,lJ.eJIbHhI X Harpy
30K Ha rpYHT.
TIOJIYLJeHHbIe pe3YJIbT3TbI .u.alOT E03MO)KHOCTb BbInOJIH51Tb Ha
paHHHX CTaAH5IX HCCJIeAOBaHHH (HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCK351 pe-
110

KorHOCHpOBKa H CneMKa) KpaTKOCp04HWe npOrH03W H3MeHeHHH
BJIa}KHOCTH rpYHTOB H B CBOIG OqepeJ(b .lI.aBaTb npOrH03HbIe 3Ha-
I.IeHIUI C, cp H E C yqeTOM H3MeHeHHH BJIa}KHOCTH B npOu.ecce
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H 3KCnJIyaTau.HH, qTO HMeeT Ba}KHOe npaKTH4e-
CKOe 3Ha1.IeHHe )l.JIH HHJKeHepHbIX H3bICKaUHH B CTpOHTeJIb-
CTBe.
ITpH HHeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOH: pa3Be.lI.Ke .lI.OJI>KHO npOH3BO-
.lI.HTbCH YTOqHeHHe paCqeTHbIX npOrH030B MexaHHQeCKHX CBOH:CTB
rpYHTOB CTaH)l.apTHbIMH MeTOJ(aMH. ,lI.JIH .lI.OJIrOCPOqHbIX npOrHO-
30B HY}KHa OneHKa He TOJIbKO KOJIHqeCTBeHHbIX, HO H rrpeHMyme-
CTBeHHO Ka1.IeCTBeHHbIX H3MeHeHHH: 06beKTa HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHH, 0)1..
HaKO 3TOT Bonpoc Tpe6yeT oc060ro paCCMOTpeHHH.

r nasa 4
nporH03 np04HOCTHbiX 1;1 IJ,ECDOPMAU.OHHbIX
XAPAKTEPC"I:"K JlEIJ,HKOBbIX OTJlO>KEHJ..1111
J..1 HECYEIII cnOC06HOCTJ..1 CBAY1
no IJ,AHHblM 30HIJ,J..1POBAHJ..1
4.1. ConocTaBneHlo-ie pe3ynbTaToB CTaTH...eCKoro
H AHHaMH...eCKoro 30HAHpOBaHHSI rpYHToB
npH I1H)KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IecKHX HCCJIe)J.OBaHH5IX )J.JI5I H3Ylle-
HH5I cpH3HKO- MexaHHlleCKHX CBOMCTB rpYHToB llIHpOKO IICnOJIb3Y-
IOTC5I KOCBeHHbIe MeTO)J.bI, KaK JIa60paTopHbIe, TaK H nOJIeBbIe.
Cpe)J.H KOCBeHHbIX nOJIeBbIX MeTO)J.OB HCIIbITaHHM rpYHToB B YCJIO-
BH5IX HX eCTeCTBeHHoro 3aJIeraHH5I HaH60JIee rrepcrreKTHBHMH
5IBJI5IIOTC5I CTaTHlleCKoe H )J.HHaMHlleCKoe 30H)J.HpoBaHHe. EJIaro-
)J.ap51 cBoeM rrpocToTe, He60JIbllIHM 3aTpaTaM BpeMeHH Ha npoH3-
BO)J.CTBO pa60T H HeBbIcoKOM HX CTOHMOCTH 30H)J.HpOBo1.IHbIe HcnbI-
TaHH5I MorYT BbIrrOJIH5ITbC5I B 60JIblllOM 06'beMe C pacnpe)J.eJIeHHeM
T01.IeK Ha6JIIO)J.eHHH: rro BceM cTpOHTeJIbHOM rrJIOllI.a)J.Ke, 1.ITO oco-
6eHHo Ba}KHO, Kor)J.a rrOCJIe)J.H5I5I HMeeT CJIO)KHOe H H3MeHIIHBoe
cTpoeHHe.
C rr03Hu.HM MexaHHKH rpYHToB JIyqllIe pa3pa6oTaHa TeOpH5I
MeTO)J.a CTaTI11.IeCKoro 30H)J.HpoBaHH5I, TaK KaK rrorpYJKeHHe 30H-
)J.a B)J.aBJIHBaHHeM B HaHMeHbllIeH CTerreHH HapyrnaeT npHpo)J.Hoe
CJIO)KeHHe rpYHTa H TaKoH rrpou.ecc MOJKeT 6bITb orrHcaH MaTeMa-
THlleCKH [158].
C TOIIKH 3peHH5I TeXHHKH rrpoBe)J.eHH5I HcrrTaHHM )J.HHaMI111e-
CKoe 30H)J.HpoBaHHe I1MeeT HeCOMHeHHoe. rrpeHMYllI.eCTBO nepe)J.
CTaTHlleCKHM, TaK KaK 3a6HBKY HaKOHeqHHKa oCYllI.eCTBHTb Ha-
MHoro rrpollI.e, qeM ero B)J.aBJIHBaHHe. K qHCJIY rrpeHMYllI.eCTB )J.H-
HaMHlleCKoro 30H)J.HpoBaHH5I OTHOCHTC5I H 60JIee llIHpOKHH )J.Ha-
na30H IIpHMeHeHH5I B pa3JIHqHbIX rpYHToBbIX YCJIOBH5IX, B llaCT-
HOCTH, B03MO)KHOCTb HCrrOJIb30BaHHH ero )J.JI5I HCCJIe)J.OBaHH5I
IIJIOTHbIX rreCKOB H rrpollHbIX r JIHHHCTbIX rpYHToB, r)J.e CTaTHlle-
CKoe 30H)J.HpoBaHHe He3cpcpeKTHBHo. O)J.HaKo IIPH 3a6HBKe 30H)J.a
B rpYHT rrpoHcxo)J.5IT CJIO}l{HbIe rrpou.eccbI, KOTopbIe B HaCT05ll.l.{ee
BpeM5I MaJIO H3YlleHbI H rro3ToMY )J.JI5I pacllIHcppoBKH pe3YJIbTa-
TOB )J.I1HaMHqeCKOrO 30H)J.HpoBaHH5I HeT TeOpeTHqeCKHX pemeHHH,
nO)J.o6HbIX cTaTHllecKoMY [158].
nOBbIrneHHe )J.ocToBepHocTH xapaKTepHcTHK, IIOJIyqaeMbIX
pa3JIH1.IHbIMH MeTO)J.aMH 30H)J.HpoBaHH5I, MO)KeT 6bITb )J.ocTHrHYTo
KaK nYTeM YCTaHOBJIeHH5I KOppeJI5Iu.HoHHX 3aBHcHMocTeH Me)K-
)J.Y IIapaMeTpaMH 30H)l.HpOBaHH5I, TaK H H3yqeHHeM HX B3aMMO-
]]2

CBH3H C H3MKO-MeXaHHqeCKHMH Xap&KTepHCTHKaMH rpYHTOB 3a
CqeT HaKOneHHH H CTaTHCTHqeCKOH 06pa60TKH pe3YbTaTOB na-
pannenbHX HCnUTaHHH rpYHTOB pa3HMH BH,lI.aMH 30H,lI.HpOBa-
HHH H 3TanOHHbIMH MeTO,lI.aMH. npe,lI.CTaBnHIOT 60nbIlIOH HHTepeC
nOnbITKH YCTaHOBHTb CBH3b Me)K,lI.Y nOKa3aTeHMH CTaTH1.IeCKOrO
(Y,lI.ebHOe COnpOTHBneHHe nOA HaKOHeqHHKOM 30H,lI.a qa) H ,lI.H-
HaMHqeCKOrO (ycnoBHoe ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOe COnpOTHBneHHe Pl1.) 30H-
AHpOBaHHH. BbIHBneHHe KOppeHII.HOHHbIX 3aBHCIIMOCTeH Me:/K,lI.Y
napaMeTpaMH qa H Pl1. n03BOnHnO 6bI B pH,lI.e cyqaeB 3aMeHHTb
TpY,lI.OeMKOe CTaTH1.IeCKOe 30H,lI.HpOBaHHe MeHee CO)KHbIM H 60-
JIee rrpOH3BO,lI.HTenbHbIM ,lI.HHaMHqeCKHM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHeM.
3a nOCe,lI.HHe rO,lI.bI npOBe,lI.eHbI HCCne,lI.OBaHHH no conOCTaB-
JIeHHIO pe3ynbTaToB CTaTHqeCKOrO H ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOBa-
HHH [48, 116, 126, 158]. TaK, HanpHMep, B. <1>. Pa30peHoBbIM
nOKa3aHO, l.ITO npH cpaBHHTenbHo He60bIlIoH r ny6HHe norpY)Ke-
HHH HaKOHeqHHKa (,lI.0 10 M) Me,lI.Y Cpe,lI.HHMH 3HaqeHHHMH
Y,lI.enbHOro conpoTHBneHHH neHeTpaIJ.HH H nOKa3aTenHMH AHHa-
MHqeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH cyru.ecTByeT HHeHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb
[116]. AHanOrHqHaH CBH3b YCTaHoBneHa A. 51. Py6HHIlITeHHoM
Me)K,lI.Y YCOBHbIM ,lI.HHaMH1.IeCKHM conpoTHBeHHeM H Y,lI.enbHbIM
conpoTHBneHHeM rpYHTa no,lI. HaKOHeqHHKOM 30H,lI.a [126].
KaK nOKa3bIBaeT onbIT pa60TbI H3bICKaTebCKHX opraHH3aII.HH,
B TOM qHCe Eerl1yI3a, ,lI.H aIOBHanbHbIX, <pIOBHOrHII.Hab-
HbIX neCqaHbIX H MopeHHbIX rHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB Me)K,lI.Y rrapaMeT-
paMH CTaTHqeCKOrO H AHHaMHqeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH B onpe,lI.e-
JIeHHbIX HH}KeHepHO-reoorH1.IeCKHX ycnoBHHX MorYT 6bITb YCTa-
HOBeH ,lI.OCTaTOqHO Ha,lI.e)KHe KOppenHIJ.HOHHWe 3aBHCHMOCTH
(Ta6n. 4.1). 3TO 06cToHTenbcTBo OTpa}KeHO, no HallieMY MHe-
BHIO, B CH 448-72 rrpH OII.eHKe nOTHOCTH CO)KeHHH neCqaHbIX
rpYHToB 30H,lI.HpOBaHHeM, r,lI.e nepeXO,lI.HWH K03cpcpHII.HeHT OT q3
K PlJ,J 3aBHCHIIJ,HH OT rpaHcocTaBa H nnOTHOCTH IlPYHTOB, COCTaB-
nHeT B Cpe,lI.HeM 0,71-0,87, H B PCH 27-78 [55] npH OII.eHKe
npOqHOCTH rnHHHCTbIX MopeHHbIX rpYHToB no BenH1.IHHe conpo-
THBeHHH rrorpY)KeHHIO KOHyca (qa - npH CTaTHqeCKOM H P A -
,lI.HHaMH1.IeCKoM), rAe qa= 0,85 PlJ,'
BMeCTe.-c TeM B pH,lI.e cnyqaeB OTMe1.IaIOTCH paCXO)K,lI.eHHH B
OII.eHKe n.oTHOCTH CnO}KeHHH rreCqaHbIX H np01.IHOCTH r nHHHCTbIX
rpYHTOB no ,naHHbIM CTaTHqeCKOrO H AHHaMHqeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOBa-
HUH, I.ITO npe,lI.onpeAeHeT HeoGxo,nHMOCTb ,lI.HcpcpepeHII.HpOBaH-
T a 6 JI II IJ. a 4.1. CBH3b MeJK)J.Y qg H Pl1.
feHeTHqeCKHR THn YpaBHeHHe perpeCCHH n (J s r
<I>JIIOBHOr JISIIJ.HaJI bHbIe
neCKIf qa = O, 959P l1. + 1,863 143 4,180 3,003 0,70
MopeHHble cynecH qa = 0, 945P l1. - 0,808 160 3,010 l, 855 0,79
If cyr JIHHK(i
8. 3aK. 844 113

Horo nOAxoAa K MeTOAHKe npOBeAeHHfl HCCJI e)I.OB a HlIlI II HHTep-
npeTau.HH HX pe3YJIbTaTOB B Ka>KAOM KOHKpeTHOM CJIYlJae.
npHlJHHbI paCXO>KAeHHH B ou.eHKe nJIOTHOCTH CJIO}KeHIHI nec-
KOB nOApo6HO paCCMOTpeHbI 11. B. .lI.YAJIepOM [48]. HaMH npo-
Be,lI.eHbI HCCJIeAOBaHHH no conOCTaBJIeHHIO pe3YJIbTaTOB 30HAHpO-
DaHHfl B CBH3HbIX MopeHHbIx rpYHTax. 113YlJeHHe <pH3HKo-Mexa-
HHlJeCKHX CBOHCTB MopeHHblx rpYHToB KOMnJIeKCOM nOJIeBbIX
2
4
12
14
6
8
10
12
o
I
o
P C'P .10 5 na
0,050,1 0,2
6
8
I
RcJt\,M na
0,1 0,2
I I I I I
E,Mna
20 40
I I I

T 1.0.105 rIa
0,80,31,0
I I I I I
W.%
10121416
I 1 I 1 I
COAep>K3HHe
r JtHHHCTblX
w v% e 4acTHu,%
1 6 18 2 00 ,3 0,4 0, 51 0 15 2 0
, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
14
PIiC. 4.1. 113MeHeHHe IIO rJIy6HHe Y.lI.eJIbHOro COIIpoTHB'J1eHHH rpYHTa IIO.lI. H3KO-
HetJHHKOM 30H.na q3, ycnOBHoro .l.(HHaMHtJeCKoro conpOTHBJIeHHH P J(, npe.lI.eJIa
np?tJHocTH RC)f(, MO.nYJIH .ne<jJopM3ltHH E. COIIpOTHBJIeHHSI c)J.BHry 1:'10, CTPYKTYP-
HOH npotJHocTH P CTP , npHp0.lI.HOif BJla>KHOCTH W, rp3HHlJ,bI TeKytJecTH WL, K03cp-
)ln.{HeHTa IIOpHCTOCTH e H cO.lI.ep>KaHHH fJlHHHCTblX IJaCTHlt: 1- rpa<jJHK CTaTJ.{-
lICCKOrO, 2 - .lI.HHaMHIJeCKOrO 30HJI.HpOB3HHH. OCT. YCJI. 0003H. CM Ha pUC. 2.1
114

MeTO,lI.OB nOKa3aJIO, '-ITO  OIJ.eHKe npOlJHOCTH BO,lI.OHaCbIIIJ.eHHbIX
fJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB CTaTHlJeCKHM II )J.HHaMHl.leCKHM 30H,lI.HpOB3-
HHeM HMelOTCH CYIIJ.eCTBeHHble paCXO:>K,lI.eHH5I. Y,lI.eJIbHOe conpo-
THBJIeHHe no,lI. HaKOHelJHHKOM 30H,lI.a (q3) B 1,5-10 pa3 HIDKe,
qeM YCJIOBHOe ,lI.HHaMHlJeCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa (P]J,). B co-
OTBeTCTBHH C BepTHKaJIbHOM 30HaJIbHOCTblO MopeH [55] 3Ha4e-
HHe a B ypaBHeHHH P]J,=aq3 COCTaBJI5IeT: B BepxHeM 30He (B3) -
1,5-2, nepeXO,lI.HOE (IT3) - 2-3 H B HH)KHeH (H3) - 4-10.
HaH60JIbIIlee p33JIHlJHe Ha6JIIO,lI.aeTCH B H3, He 3aTpOHYTOH npo-
IJ.eccaMH rHnepreHe3a.
.II.JIH BbIHCHeHHH npHlJHH paCXO)K,lI.eHH5I H3 THnOBbIX (K.JIIOl.le-
BbIX) YlJaCTKaX, CJIO>KeHHbIX MqpeHoI1 n003epCKoro (BHTe6cK)
H CO:>KCKOrO (CJIYIJ.K) ropH30HTOB, H3Yl.leHbI <PH3HKO-MeXaHlP-Ie-
CKHe CBOHCTBa rpYHTOB nOJIeBbIMH H .na60paTopHbIMH MeTO)J,aMH
(CTaTHlJeCKOe H ,lI.HH3MHl.leCKoe 30H,lI.HpOBaHHe, IIlTaMnbI, .I1a60-
paTopHbIe onpe,lI.eJIeHH5I rpaHCOCTaBa, <pH3H'-IeCKHX CBOHCTB, co-
npOTlIBJIeHH5I cpe3Y, CTPYKTYPHOH npOl.IHOCTH H npe,lI.eJIa npOlJ-
HOCTH rpYHTOB npH O,lI.HOOCHOM C)KaTHH). ,IJ,HHaMHl.leCKOe 30H,lI.H-
pOBaHI1e BbInOJIHeHO no fOCT 19912-81 [41]. CTaTHlJeCKOe 30H-
,lI.HpOBaHHe npOBO,lI.HJIOCb no ,lI.BYM MeTO,lI.HKaM: no fOCT 20069-81
[42] H co cTa6HJIH3au.HeH (<<OT,lI.bIXOM») B TelJeHHe 15 MHH C
HHTepBaJIOM 2 M (2, 4, 6 M). B aHaJIOrHl.IHbIX HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIo-
rHl.leCKHX YCJIOBHHX BblnOJIHeHbI HcnbITaHH5I cBaM B COOTBeTCTBHH
C fOCT 5686-78 [131].
THnHl.IHbIH pa3pe3 KJIIOlJeBOrO YlJaCTKa npe,lI.CTaBJIeH Ha pHC.
4.1. 3,lI.ecb }l{e nOI{a3aHO H3MeHeHHe C rJIy6HHoM conpOTHBJIeHHH
CTaTHqeCKoMY H ,lI.HHaMHlJeCKoMY 30H,lI.HpOBaHHIO, a TaK)Ke <pH-
3HKO-MeXaHHlJeCKHX CBOMCTB MopeHHbIx rpYHToB. <I>aKTHlJeCKOe
conpOTHBJIeHHe MopeHHbIx rpYHToB- B ,lI.aHHbIX YCJIOBHHX oTpa-
}l{aeT ,lI.HHaMHlJeCKOe 30H,lI.HpOBaHHe. IToBbIIIleHHe ,lI.HHaMHqeCKO-
ro conpOTHBJIeHHH C rJIy6HHoM nO,lI.TBep)K,lI.aeTC5I YBeJIHl.leHHeM no
HanpaBJIeHHIO OT B3 K H3 MO,lI.YJIH ,lI.ecpopMaIJ.HH OT 10 ,lI.0
34 MITa H BpeMeHHoro conpOTHBJIeHHH 06pa3IJ.OB O,lI.HOOCHOMY
C)KaTHIO (0,41-0,68) .10 5 TIa B B3 H (2,09-2,16) .10 5 TIa B
H3. ,IJ,HHaMHlJeCKHe H CTaTHlJeCKHe HcnbITaHHH CBaM, norpY)KeH-
HbIX B CB5I3Hble MopeHHble rpYHTbI C P]J,>8 MITa, nOKa3aJIH Xo-
POIIlYIO HecymylO cnoc06HoCTb 3THX rpYHToB (4)=460-520 KH).
I1pH CTaTHl.leCKOM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH co cTa6HJIH3aIJ.HeH Ha6JIIO,lI.a-
eTCH YBeJIHl.leHHe q3 -c 3 ,lI.0 6 MTIa Ha r JIy6HHe 2 M, C 5 ,lI.0 11 MITa
Ha rJIy6HHe 4 M H )J.O 2-4 MITa Ha rJIy6HHe 6 M. I-la6JIIO,lI.aeMble
HeCOOTBeTCTBHH B 3HalJeHHHX nOKa3aTeJIeH 30H,lI.HpOB3HH5I CBH-
3aHLI rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M C pa3JIHlJHeM <pH3HlJeCKHX npOIJ.eCcOB,
npoHcXO,lI.HIIJ.HX npH B,lI.aBJIHBaHHH 30H,lI.a B rpYHT H npH ero 3a-
6UBKe [17].
ITpHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe, I.ITO ,lI.JISI HHTepnpeTaIJ.HH pe3YJIbTa-
TOB CTaTHlJeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOB8HHH B. H. <PeppoHcKHM [158] 060c-
HOBaHO npHMeHeHHe MeTOAOB TeopHH ynpyrocTH (norPY:>KeHHe
nOJIyc<pepH'-IecKoro 30H,lI.a B 6eCKOHe1.IHO ynpyrylO cpe,lI.Y), pac-
8*
115

CMOTpHM H3MeHeHHe q3 H Pl1. C r.lIy6HHOH C n03HII.HH YCTOHIIH-
BOCTH cpOpM paBHOBeCH5I ynpyrHx CHCTeM [l09]. B JI.aHHOM CJIY-
llae COCT05lHHe ynpyroH CHCTeMbI MO)KHO OnpeJI.eJIHTb JI.BYM5I
napaMeTpaMH - XapaKTepHbIM nepeMeIII.eHHeM 30HJI.a (V) H napa-
MeTpOM HarpY3KH (P). Pa3H006pa3He CBOHCTB MeXaHHqeCKHx
CHCTeM H KpHBWX P--V 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT npHMeHeHHe pa3JIHqHWX
MeTO}1,OB OnpeJI.eJIeHH5I KpHTHlIeCKHX COCT05lHHH, KOr}1,a npH MOHO-
TOHHOM B03paCTaHHH napaMeTp HarpY3KH JI.OCTHraeT KpHTHlle-
KO.'Hi4ecrso UliI\.lOU
3arpY)KeHJHJ

1
:J:
>.
Cl..
L-
2
dh
--0
dn
PHC. 4.2. CxeMa ecpopMaIJ.HH rpYH-
Ta IIPH IJ.HKJIHtJeCKOM IIpHJIO>KeHHH
HarpY3KH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT yeJIb-
Horo .rr.aBJIeHHH IIO.lI. IllTaMIIOM: 1,
2 -- cTa6HJIH3au.HH .lI.ecpopMaIJ.HH
rpYHTa (1 -- Pi <P npe 11., 2 --P 2 <
<P npe 11.); 3, 4 -- He3aTyxalOIIJ.He HJIH
.lI.JIHTeJIbHO He3aTyxalOlI.lHe .lI.ecpopMa-
U.HH rpywra (3 - P 3 =P npC 11., 4 -
P 4 >P npe 11.); 5 -- IIporpeccHpYIOIIJ.He
.lI.ecpopMaIJ.HH rpYHTa (PS>P HP )
0::

:::!
ro

Cl..
o
-e-
:u
q
CKoro 3HaqeHH5I (P HP ), npOHCXO}1,HT nOTepH YCTOHIIHBOCTH CHC-
TeMbI (CTporo rOBopH, «nOTepH paBHOBeCH5I») H nepexo}1, B HO-
Boe COCT05lHHe'" paBHoBecHH [l09]. ,L(JIH 3TOH II.eJIH CJIY)KaT
CTaTH"lJeCKHH H }1,HHaMHQeCKHH MeTOJI.bI.
TIpH CTaTHQeCKOM 30HJI.HpoBaHHH npOHCXO}1,HT nOTepH YCTofi-
QHBOCTH BCJIeJI.CTBHe HC1.Ie3HOBeHHH YCTOHIIHBbIX cpOpM paBHOBe-
.CHH. 3TO OC06bIH BH.rr. nOTepH YCTOHIIHBOCTH, KOr}1,a npH HeKOTO-
pOH HarpY3Ke ynpyraH CHCTeMa Bo06III.e nepecTaeT 06JIa.rr.aTb
YCTOHIIHBbIMH cpopMaMH paBHoBeCHH H npH P>P Kp nepeXO}1,HT
OT nOKOH K }1,BH>KeHHIO. TIpH cTaTHllecKoH nOCTaHOBKe 3aJI.a1.IH
KpHTHllecKoe 3HaQeHHe CHJIbI
P RP = :rr,2EI/412,
(a)
rJI.e E -- MOJI.YJIb JI.ecpopMaII.HH, I -- MOMeHT HHepII.HH nJIOIII.a)J.H,
I -- MOIII.HOCTb ynpyro-ynJIOTHeHHoro 5I,lI.pa noJI. HaKOHellHHKOM
30HJI.a. LLJIH }1,HHaMHlleCKoro HCCJIeJI.OBaHH5I YCTOHIIHBOCTH paBHo-
BeCHoro COCTOHHH5I MexaHHllecKoH CHCTeMbI H3YQalOT ee )J.BH>Ke-
HHe, Ha1.HHalOIII.eeCH nOCJIe HeKOToporo Ha1.IaJIbHOrO B03MYIII.eHH5I;
no cBoficTBaM .3TOrO B03MYIII.eHHOrO }1,BH)KeHHH MO>KHO CY)J.HTb
06 YCTofiQHBOCTH HJIH HeycTOfiQHBOCTH paBHOBeCH5I. ECJIH B03-
MYIII.eHHOe }1,BHmeHHe npOHCXO}1,HT B BH)J.e KOJIe6aHHfi C B03pac-
116

TalOruHMH aMrrJIHTYAaMH (AO Pl\p), TO paBHOBeCHe CHCTeMbI He-
YCTOHlJHBO. KpHTH1.IeCKaH CHJIa OnpeAeJISIeTCSI BbIpa:>KeHHeM
EI
P KP = 20,05 -. (6)
[2
OHa rrpU6JIU3HTeJIbHO B BoceMb pa3 60JIbIIIe CHJIbI, orrpeAeJIHe-
MOM BbIpa)KeHHeM (a).
C YlJeTOM H3JIO)KeHHbIX rrOJIO>KHHH YCTOHlJHBOCTH yrrpyrux
CHCTeM pacCMoTpHM H3BecTHYIO cxeMY AecpopMaIl.HH O,nHOpOAHO-
ro CBSI3Horo rpYHTa npH I1.UKJIH1.IecKoM 3arpYlKeHHH (pHC. 4.2)
[116] .
IlpoIJ.ecc rrorpY)KeHHH 30HAa B CBH3HbIH rpYHT rrOA AeHcTBHeM
CTaTUqeCKOH HarpY3KH HJIH rrOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHO B03pacTalOIUero
KOJIH1.IeCTBa YAapoB MOJIOTa aHaJIOrUlJeH XOpOlliO H3YIIeHHbIM
oc06eHHOCTHM AeOpMaIl.HH CBSI3Horo rpYHTa rrpH HKJIHlJeCKOM
npHJIO}KeHHH HarpY3KH K IIITaMny OrpaHHlJeHHOH rrJIOIIJ.aAH. ITpH
.n.eHcTBuH HarpY30K PI H P 2 , MeHbIIIHX rrpe,neJIbHOH BeJIHlJHHbI
Pur>e11.' CHCTeMa 6YAeT HaXOAHTbCH B COCTOHHHH YCTOHlJHBOrO paB-
HOBeCHH, rrpH KOTOpOM rrOCJIeAYIOIUee B03paCTaHue IIHCJIa I1.HKJIOB
HarpY3KH He YBeJIHlJHBaeT AeOpMaIJ.HH rpYHTa, T. e. rrpHpaIUe-
Hue AecpopMaIl.HH CTpeMHTCH K HYJIIO (KpHBbIe 1 H 2). ECJIH )Ke
IJ.UKJIHlJeCKaH HarpY3Ka AOCTHraeT rrpe,neJIbHOH BeJIHIIHHbI, 'f0
BCJIeACTBUe pa3BHTHH CABHrOB B rpYHTe B03HHKaeT HeCTa6HJIH-
3HpoBaHHoe COCTOHHlIe CHCTeMbI H C Ka}KAbIM rrOCJIeAYIOIIJ.HM
IJ.HKJIOM HarpY3KH cYMMapHaH AeOpMaIl.HH rpYHTa B03pacTaeT,
a npHparueHHe AeOpMaIl.HH OT OAHoro IJ.HKJIa CTaHOBHTCH rro-
CTOHHHOH BeJIHlJHHOH (KpHBaH 3). IlpH rrOCJIeAYIOIUeM YBeJIHlJe-
HUH HarpY3KH BbIlue rrpeAeJIbHOH npOHCXOAHT AaJIbHeHIIIHH pOCT
rrpuparueHHH AeOpMaIJ.HH, npHlJeM BeJIHlJHHa rrpHpaw.eHHH Ae-
OpMaIJ.HH OT OAHoro IJ.HKJIa B IIIHpOKOM AHarra30He IJ.HKJIOB 3a-
rpY)KeHHH OCTaeTCH rrOCTOHHHOH (KpHBaSl 4). HaKOHeIl., rrpH AO-
CTH>KeHIIH KpUTHqeCKOH BeJIHlJHHbI HarpysKH rpYHT nOJIHOCTblO
paspYlliaeTcH (BbIrrHpaHHe) H yrrpyraH CHCTeMa rrepexoAHT B
COCTOSIHHe HeycToHtJHBoro paBHoBecHH. B 3THX YCJIOBHSIX rrpH-
paw.eHHe AecpopMaIl.HH rpYHTa OT Ka)KAOro rrOCJIeAYIOw.ero I1.HK-
JIa HerrpepbIBHo BospacTaeT (KpHBaH 5).
YqHTbIBaH paSJIHlJHbIe KpHTHlIecKHe 3HaqeHHH CHJI (cpOPMY-
JIbI (a) H (6», rrpH KOTOpbIX npoHcxoAHT rroTepH YCTOHqHBOCTH
CHCTeMbI, MO>KHO SaKJIlOlJHTb, lITO rrpH CTaTHqeCKOM norpy:m:eHHH
Fl\p 6YAeT AOCTHrHYTO paHbIIIe, lIeM rrpH ,nHHaMHqeCKOM B03Aeii-
CTBHH, II ynpyraH CHCTeMa rrepexo,nHT B HOBoe paBHOBeCHoe CO-
CTOHHHe C HH3KHMH H rrpaKTH1.IeCKH HeH3MeHeHHbIMH rro rJIy6HHe
3HalJeHHHMH YAeJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHUH (KpHBbIe 4 H 5). ITpH
UHaMHqeCKOM 30HAHpoBaHHH B ,naHHbIX YCJIOBHSIX 3HaqeHHe
P Hp He AOCTHrHYTO H CHCTeMa HaXOAHTCH B YCTOHqHBOM COCTOSI-
HHH (KpHBbIe 1, 2 H 3).
EbICTPOMY AOCTH)KeHHIO KpUTHqeCKOH CHJIbI rrpn CTaTH1.JeCKOM
30HAHpoBaHHu crroc06cTByeT rrOSIBJIeHUe BOKpyr 30H,lla H36bIT01!-
117

Horo ,lI.aBJIeHJUI B nOpOBOH BO,lI.e, BbI3bIBalOIll.erO cpHJIbTpalI.HIO K3K
B rOpH30HT3JIbHOM, TaK H B BepTHKaJIbHOM HanpaB,,"'1eHHH [5,
146], H, K3K CJIe,lI.CTBHe .9TOrO, B03HHKHOBeHHe HeCTa6HJIH3HpO-
BaHHoro COCT05IHHH H. YMeHbllIeHHe KaCaTeJIbHbIX Hanp5I)KeHHH,
06YCJIOBJIHBalOIll.HX CHH}KeHHe BeJIHqHHbI Y,lI.eJIbHOro conpOTHBJIe.
HHH rpYHTa no,lI. HaKOHeqHHKOM (q3) H Ha yqaCTKe 60ROBOH no.
BepxHocTH 30H,lI.a (f3). YMeHbllIeHHIO q3 H f3 cnoc06cTByeT no-
BbImeHHe C rJIy6HHoH BJIa}KHOCTH rpYHTa (OT' 11,1 ,jJ,0 17,3 %),
rpaHHli.bl TeKyqeCTH (OT 16,5 ,lI.0 30 0/0) fI cO,lI.ep}KaHHH r JIHHHCTOH
cppaKlI.HH (OT 5 ,lI.0 21,9 0/0). B TO }Ke BpeM5I conpOTHBJIeHIIe rpYH"
Ta C,lI.BHry H CTPYKTypHa5I npOqHOCTb no rJIy6HHe H3MeHHIDTC5I,
He3aKOHOMepHO OCTaBaHCb npaKTHQeCKII nOCT05IHHbIMH (CM.
pHC. 4.1). npH ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHII 3a BpeM5I Me)KJI.Y
Y,lI.apaMH MOJIOTa rH,lI.pOCTaTHqeCKOe ,lI.aBJIeHHe pacceIlBaeTcH H
Ha conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa 3aMeTHoro BJIHHHHH He OKa3BaeT.
I1cCJIe,lI.OBaHH5I nOKa3aJIH, lITO nOHBJIeHHe HeCTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHO-
ro COCTOHHH5I 3a CqeT 06pa30B3HH5I H36TOqHOrO ,lI.aEeHHH B
nopOBOH BO,lI.e MO}KHO HCKJIlOqHTb npH cTyneHqaTOM npHJIO)KeHHH
HarpY3KH, T. e. BbInOJIH5I5I CTaTHqeCKOe 30H,lI.HpOBaHHe CO cTa6H-
JIH3alI.HeH.
npO,lI.OJI}KHTeJIbHOCTb CTaOHJIH3alI.HH 3aBHCHT OT B.1J8)KHOCTH
rpYHTOB H r JIYOHHbI 30H,lI.HpOBaHH5I. C nOBbIllIeHHeM CTeneHH
BJIa)KHOCTH 6Y,lI.eT YBeJIHqHBaTbCH nopOBoe ,lI.aBJIeHHe BOA, a C
rJIYOHHOH Hap5I,lI.Y C B03paCT3HHeM rH,lI.pOCTaTHqeCKOrO AaBJIeHH5I
B H3BeCTHOH Mepe YMeHbllIaeTC5I 3HaqeHHe KpHTHqeCKOH
CHJIbI (CM. CPOPMYJIbI (a) H (0». KOHKpeTHbIe CpOKH «OT,lI.bIxa»
,lI.JI5I rpYHTOB C onpe,lI.eJIeHHOH BJIa)KHOCTblO H npH pa3JIHtIHbIX
rJIYOHHax 30H,lI.HpOB3HHH npe,lI.CTOHT YTOqHHTb B ,lI.aJIbHeHilleM no
Mepe HaKOllJIeHH5I .9KCnepHMeHTaJIbHOrO cpaKTHqeCKOrO MaTe-
pHaJIa.
4.2. Onpe.qeneHHe nnOTHOCTH CJ10)f{eHHS1 neCLlaHblX rpYHToB
PaCCMOTpJIM HeKoTopbIe acneKTbI npHMeHeHJI5I CTaTHtleCRoro
H ,lI.JIHaMHqeCKOrO 30H,lI.JIpOBaHJI5I ,lI.JI5I onpe,lI.eJIeHH5I nOTHOCTH
CJIO)KeHHH cpJIIOBHOrJI5IlI.HaJIbHbIX H aJIJIIOBHaJIbHbIX neCqaHbIX
rpYHToB. .
nJIOTHOCTb CJIO}KeHH5I neCKOB B 3aBJICHMOCTH OT HX rpaHYJIO-
MeTpJIQeCKOrO COCTaBa OlI.eHHBaeTC5I B COOTBeTCTBJIlI C rOCT.
25100-82 [43] H CH 448-72 [157] no K03cpcpHlI.HeHTY nopHCTOCTJI,
0,60
0,40
4 8 12 16 20 24 PA.Mna
PIlC. 4.3. 3aBIlcIlMoCTb K03<jJ<jJHuHeH-
Ta nopHcToCTIl IIeCKOB OT YAebHoro
COIIpoTHBneHHR rpYHTa IIO ROHYCOM
30H.lI.a: 1- no [157] H r43]; 2-
no peKOMeH.lI.yeMOH: «popMYJ1e. TOQKa-
MH 0603HatJeHbI rpaHHIJHbJe 3HaIJe-
HIUI e H q3 no [157] J1 143]
118

onpe,lI.eJIeHIIOMY B JIa60paTopHbIX yCJIOBUHX no 06pa3lI.aM HeHa-
pyweHHoro CJIO>KeHHH, UJIH no 3HaqeHHHM qs H P1I.. ECJIH no lIPH-
HHTbIM [43, 157] rpaHHqHbIM 3HaqeHHHM e, qs H P 1I. npoBecTH
npHMble ,lI.JIH OlI.eHKH e lIO q3 H P1I.' TO .JIJIHHH lIepeceKaIOTC5I, T. e.
B3aHMOCBH3b e H q3, PJI. ,lI.a>Ke B lIeCK&X Cpe,lI.HeH lIJIOTHOCTH ,lI.OJI}I{-
Ha OlIl1CblBaTbCH He.lIHHeHHOH cpYHKlI.HeH.
no lIpHBe,lI.eHHbIM [43, 157] rpaHHqHbIM 3HaqeHHHM BeJIH-
1.JHH e, q3 H P1I. lIo,lI.6upaeM 06Ill.He 3aBHCHMOCTH e=f(qs) Ii e=
e
PRC. 4.4. 3aBHcHMoCTb K03cpcpHIJ.HeH-
Ta nopHcToCTH neCKOB OT YCJIOBHOrO
.lI.HHaMlfIlecKOro conpOTHBJIeHHH. Y CJI.
0603H. CM. Ha pHC. 4.3
0,40
4 8 12 16 20 24 qJ.Mna
=f(PJI.) ,lI.JI5I lIeCKOB 6e3 yqeTa JIX COCTaBa. OHH HMelOT 8H,lI.
y=a 19 x+b, r,lI.e B KaqeCTBe 3aBHCHMOH nepeMeHHOH y npHH5ITa
e, He3aBHCliMOH x-qs Ii P 1I.:
e = 0,918 - 0,3141g qa'
e = 0,892 - O,3111g Pp,o
(4.1)
(4.2)
3MITlipHqeCKlie K03cpcplilI.lieHTbI KOppeJI5IlI.HH rl =0,96 H '2=
=0,98, Cpe,lI.HHe KBa,lI.paTliqeCKHe OTKJIOHeHHH 0'1 =0,026 Ii 0'2=
=0,015, qTO YKa3bIBaeT H3 TeCHYIO CB5I3b 3TH X napaMeTpOB.
rpaHHqHble 3HaqeHli5I e, qs Ii P1I. [43, 157] npaKTHqeCKIi BO Bcex
CJIyqaHX COOTBeTCTBYIOT lIOJIyqeHHblM ITO (4.1) Ii (4.2) (pHC.
4.3 Ii 4.4). BIi,lI. neCKOB no rpaHYJIOMeTpliqeCKoMY cocTaBY He3Ha-
1.JJITeJIbHO BJIli5IeT Ha BeJIliqHHY K03cpcplilI.HeHTa nopHcToCTIi, ITO-
JIyqeHHYIO no (4.1) H (4.2).
.lI.JI5I YCTaHOBJIeHli5I KOppeJI5IlI.HOHHOH CB5I3H MeJK,lI.Y conpo-
THBJIeHHeM 30H,lI.lipOBaHHID Ii nJIOTHOCTbID CJIO>KeHli5I neCKOB B
YCJIOBHHX HX eCTeCTBeHHoro 3aJIeraHH5I o606Ill.eHbI ,lI.aHHbIe JIa6o-
paTopHblx oITpe,lI.eJIeHHH K03cpcpHlI.HeHTa nopHCTOCTIi H BbIITOJIHeH-
T a 6 JI H I.I. a 4.2. CBSl3b MeJK,ny Koa4J4JUI.\HeHTOM nopHcToCTH aJlJlIOBHaJlltHYX
H 4JJlIOBHOrnSlI.\HaJJbHYX neCKOB H napaMeTpaMH 30H,nHpoBaHHSI
"
Cpe1I,Hee CTaH)I.apTHaH
t.{Hcno Oll- KBa)I.paTHqe- K 09rPc2>HI{HeHT
1fpaBHeHHe perpeCCHH pe)I.eJIeHHtI: CKoe OWH6K8 KOppeJIHI{HH
OTKlIOHeHHe nporH03a
e = 0,800-0,221 Ig PJI.
e = 0,765-0,185 Ig qa
195
171
0,07
0,07
0,052
0,046
0,71
0,74
119

HbIX napaJIJIeJIbHO CTaTJItleCKOrO H ,lI.JIHaMHqeCKOrO 30H,aJIpOBa-
HJI5I [92]. 3aBJICHMOCTJI e OT qa Ii P A npHBe,lI.eHbI B Ta6JI. 4.2.
C ueJIbID onpe,aeJIeHJIH BJIHHHHH BH,lI.a neCKOB Ha' KaqeCTBO
nporHo3a no ypaBHeHJIHM perpeccHH, npJIBe,lI.eHHbIM B Ta6JI. 4.2,
BWnOJIHeHO cpaBHeHJIe cpe,lI.HJIX TeOpeTHqeCKHX 3HaqeHHH K09-
HUJIeHTOB nopHcToCTH H 9KcnepHMeHTaJIbHWX pa3,lI.eJIbHO no
HOMeHKJIaTypHbIM BJI,aaM neCKOB (T86JI. 4.3).
113 Ta6JI. 4.3 BH,aHO, 1.JTO rpaHYJIOMeTpJItIeCKHH COCTaB neCKOB
HecYIll.ecTBeHHo BJIJIHeT Ha TOqHOCTb JI ,lI.OCTOBepHocTb npofHo-
3HpOBaHJI5I K09HUJIeHTa nopHCTOCTJI no pe3YJIbTaTaM 30H,lI.HpO-
BaHHH, JI ero MO>KHO He yqliTbIBaTb.
B T86JI. 4.4 npHBe,ll.eHbI rpaHHqHble 3H8qeHHH e, qa n P1I.' npJI-
HHTble no fOCT 25100-82, CH 448-72, KOTopble BbI1.JHCJIeHbI no
ypaBHeHH5IM, npHBe,ll.eHHbIM B Ta6JI. 4.2, JI peKOMeH,lI.YIDTcH ,a,,1JH
np8KTHqeCKOrO HCnOJIb30BaHH5I C yqeTOM norpelllHocTH JI3Mepe-
HHH qa H P A , paBHoH 0,5 Mna.
KaK BH,aHO JI3 Ta6JIHUbI, KJIaCcHQJHKaUH5I neCtIaHblX rpYHToB
no nJIOTHOCTH CJIO>KeHHH B 3aBHCIIMOCTJI OT pe3YJIbTaTOB 30H,lI.Ii-
pOBaHHH, npliBe,ll.eHH85I B fOCT 25100-82, He YHHBepCaJIbHa
,lI.JIH JII06bIX JIH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJIOBJIH H ,lI.OJI>KHa yqH-
TbIBaTb perJIOHaJIbHble oco6eHHOCTJI rpYHTOB. Ha npe,ll.CTaBJIeH-
HNX ,lI.aHHWX OCHOB8HW KJI8CCHHKaUHJI neCtIaHWX rpYHTOB no
nJIOTHOCTH CJIO>KeHHH, npHHHTbIe B pecny6JIHK8HCKHX CTpOHTeJIb-
HbIX HopMax PCH 2385 [141] II PCH 62-87 [47].
T a 6 JI H n a 4.3. OTHomeHHSI Cpe.D.HHX TeOpeTHQeCKHX 3HaQeHHH
K09tj)tj)HI.\HeHTa nopHCTOCTH K SKcnepHMeHTaJlbHhlM
qHCJIO onpe)I.eJIeHHIt I OTHoweHHe
neCKH no e=f (qa) I no e=f (P) I no e=f (qa) no e=f (P)
nblJIeBaTble 5 19 0,998 0,996
MeJIKHe 17 55 1,021 0,985
CpeAHeH KPYIIHOCTH 119 96 0,995 0,998
KpynHbIe 30 25 1 , 007 I , 033
T a 6 JI Ii IJ. a 4.4. 3HaQeHHSI conpOTHBJleHHH 30H)J.HpoBaHHSI )J.JlSI rpaHHI.JHhlX
3HaQeHHH nJlOTHOCTH CJlo*eHHSI neCKOB no K09tj)tj)HI.\HeHTY nopHcToCTH
J(09rPrPHlJ,He HT
nopHCTOCTH e
Y)I.eJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe rPYHT8
no)I. KOHYCOM 30H)I.8 qa' Mna
CH f8_72 I no :B:e- I npHHHTO
T86JI. 4.2
YCJ10BHOe )I.HH8MuqecKoe conpOTHB-
JIeHHe rPYHTa norPY:H\eHHJO 30H)I.a
Pl1.' Mn8
CH ;8_72 I no ::He- I npHH5JTO
Ta6n. 4.2
0,80 2,0-3,0 0,7 1,2 2,0 1,0 1,5
0,75 4,0 1,2 1,7 3,0 1,7 2,2
0,70 5,0 2,3 2,8 3,5 2,8 3,3
0,60 7,0-12,0 7,8 8,3 8,5-11,0 8,0 8,5
0,55 15,0 14,5 15,0 12,5 13,5 14,0
120

T a 6 JI if 1.( a 4.5. 3HaQeHHSI Koalj>lj>HQHeHTa nopHcToCTH neCKOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT YAenbHoro conpOTHBneHHSI rPYHToB nOA HaKOHeqHHKOM 30HAa
qa' MITa 1 2 3 5 10 15 20 30 40 50
e 0,82 0,73 0,69 0,64 0,58 0,53 0,51 0,49 0,47 0,45
T a 6 JI II IJ. a 4.6. KJlaCcHIj>HKaQHSI neCQaHblX rPYHToB no nnOTHOCTH
CJIO)l{eHHSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT qat Mna
I nJIOTHOCTb CJIO)KeHHH neCKOB
neCKH
nJIOTHbIe cpe)I.HeA nJIOTHOCTH pbIXJIbIe
KpynHbIe II CpeJI.HeH I
KpyqHOCTH 60JIee 15,0 OT 15,0 AO 2,8 MeHee 2,8
MeJlKMe 60JIee 8,3 OT 8,3 AO l, 7 MeHee 1,7
nbIJIeBa Thle oOJIee 8,3 OT 8, 3 AO 1, 2 MeHee 1,2
B COOTBeTCTBHH C PCH 23-85 K03cpQJHlI,HeHT nopHCTOCTH e
rreCqaHbIX rpYHTOB (ne3aBHcHMo OT rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKOrO co-
cTaBa), cooTBeTcTBYIOrn.HH Y,lI.eJIbHoMY conpOTHBJIeHHIO rpYHTa
no,lI. KOHYCOM 30H,lla q3, ,lI.OrrycKaeTCH onpe,lI.eJIHTb no Ta6JI. 4.5.
ITo Y,lI.eJIbHoMY conpOTHBJIeHHIO rpYHTa no,lI. KOHYCOM 30H,lla
q3 neCqaHbIe rpYHTbI no nJIOTHOCTH CJIO}KeHHH nO,llpa3,lI.eJIHIOTCH
Ha nJIOTHbIe, Cpe,lI.HeH nJIOTHOCTH H PbIXJIbIe (Ta6JI. 4.6).
B pecny6JIHKaHCKHx cTpOHTeJIbHbIX HopMax Ha ,llHHaMHqeCKOe
30H,lI.HpOBaHHe rpYHToB PCH 62-87 [47] K03QJQJHlI,HeHT rropH-
CTOCTH e neCqaHbIX rpYHToB He3aBJICJIMO OT rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKO-
ro COCTaBa (KpoMe nbIJIeBaTbIX BO,lI.OHacbIrn.eHHbIx), COOTBeT-
CTBYIOrn.UH YCJIOBllOMY ,lI.HHaMHqeCKoMY COnpOTJIBJIeHHIO rpYHTa
PTJ., ,lI.OnycKaeTcH npHHHMaTb no Ta6JI. 4.7.
B COOTBeTCTBHJI C PCH 62-87 B 3aBJICHMOCTJI OT YCJIOBHOrO
,lI.JIHaMJIqeCKOrO corrpOTHBJIeHHH PTJ. rreClIaHbIe rpYHTbI no nJIOT-
HOCTH CJIO}KeHJIH nO,llpa3,lI.eJIHIOTCH Ha nJIOTHbIe, CpeJl.HeH nJIOT-
HOCTJI H PbIXJIbIe (Ta6JI. 4.8).
AHaJIJI3 KpJIBOH 2 Ha pJIc. 4.3 H 4.4 rrOKa3bIBaeT, liTO 3aBHCH-
MOCTH e OT q3 H PTJ. B pa3JIHqHbIX ,llHana30Hax H3MeHeHJIH e, qa H
PfI, HMelOT pa3HbIe yrJIOBbIe
K03cpcpHlI,HeHTbI, rrpHqeM Ma- k
KCHMaJIbHbIe HX 3HaqeHHH
rrpHypOqeHbI K 06JIaCTJI 0,6
HH3KHX conpOTHBJIeHHH.
0,2
0,4
PHC. 4.5. 3aBHcHMoCTb rrepexoJI.-
Horo K03cp«pHIJ.HeHTa OT conponm-
J1eHHH 30HJI.HpOBaHHIO
4
8
12
16 q.J. Mna
121

T a () JI n IJ. a 4.7. 3HaIJeHHH K03cj)rfJUlI,HeHTa nopHcToCTH neCKOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT ycoBHoro AHHaMHqeCKOrO conpOTHBeHHH
PJ1.' Mna I 2 3 5 10 15 17,5
e 0,87 0,76 0,71 0.66 0,58 0,54 0,53
1
T a 6 JI Ii l.I. a 4.8. KJlaCCH4mKau,HH neC1.JaHblX rpYHToB no nJJOTHOCTH
CJJOJKeHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT PJ1.' Mna
nJIOTHOCTb C..10)KeHIIH neCKOB
neCKH I
nJIOTHbIe cpeHelt nJIOTHOCTH pbJXJIble
KpynHbIe H cpe,nHeii 60JIee 14,0
KpynHocTH OT 14,0 ,no 3,3 MeHee 3,3
MeJIKUe 60JIee 8,5 OT 8,5 ,no 2,2 MeHee 2,2
nhIJleBaTble HeBo,nOHa-
ChIllI.eHHbIe 60JIee 8,5 OT 8,5 JI.O 1,5 MeHee 1,5
3anHllIeM ypaBHeHHe ,lI.JHI onpe,lI.eJIeHHSI e no qa, npHBe,lI.eH-
Hoe B Ta6JI. 4.2 B OOIII.eM BJI,lI.e: e=kqa, r,lI.e k - nepeXO,lI.HbIH
K03cpQJJIII.JIeHT. 113 pHC. 4.5 BH,lI.HO, 1..ITO 3Ha1..IeHHSI k B ,lI.Hana30He
HH3KHX conpOTHBJIeHHH 30H,lI.HpOBaHJIID cYIII.eCTBeHHo 3aBJICSIT OT
BeJIHtIJIHbI qa. <POpMbI KpHBbIX Ha pHC. 4.3 (2) H 4.5, a TaK)Ke
xapaKTep nx JI3MeHeHHSI C YBeJIH1..IeHHeM qa oTo6pa)KalOT B H3-
BecTHoH Mepe B3aJIMOOTHOllIeHJISI Me}K,lI.y nJIOTHOCTblO CJIO}KeHHSI
neCKOB H HX rrpOqHOCTbID, OOYCJIOBJIeHHofr CTPYKTypHO-TeKCTYPHbI-
MH oco6eHHOCTSIMH rpYHTOB, OTpa}KeHHbIMH 30H,lI.HpOBaHHeM. AHa-
JIOrHqHa cpopMa KpHBOH k=f(P11.) H ,lI.JISI 3aBHCHMOCTJI e=f(Pn).
,lJ.o 3Ha1..IeHI'rH qa= 4 MOa, cooTBeTcTBYIDIII.HX 3KCTpeMaJIb-
HbIM 3Ha1..IeHHHM KpHBH3HbI KpHBbIX, np01..IHOCTb neCKOB 06YCJIOB-
JIJIBaeTCSI B OCHOBHOM nJIOTHOCTbID HX CJIO}KeHHSI. 3TO PbIXJIbIe
neCKH co CJIa6bIMH CTPYKTypHbIMH CBSI3SIMJI, JIerKO pa3pymaID-
III.HMJICSI npH CTaTJIqeCKJIX H ,lI.HHaMHqeCKHX HarpY3Kax. DpH
qa>4 MI1a Ha B3aUMOCBSI3b e H qa Ha1..IHHaeT B03,lI.eiicTBOBaTb
II.eMeHTaUHSI Me}K,lI.Y qaCTHII.aMH H ,lI.PyrHe cpaKTopbI, KOTopble
06YCJIOBJIHBalOT npOqHOCTHOe H ,lI.ecpopMaII.HOHHOe nOBe,lI.eHHe nec-
KOB [108]. BJIHHHHe 3TH X cpaKTopOB B03paCTaeT ,lI.0 3HaqeHHH
qa= 10-12 Mna. B ,lI.aJIbHeiillIeM np01..IHOCTb neCKOB 3aBHCHT
r.,1aBHbIM o6pa30M OT xapaKTepa H rrpOqHOCTH CTPYKTypHbIX CBH-
3eii H He3Ha1..IHTeJIbHO OT e. CaMo }Ke 3HaqeHHe e rrpH H3MeHeHHH
qa OT 12 ,lI.O 30 MOa MeHHeTCH B rrpe,lI.eJIax cpe,nHeKBa,lI.paTJIqe-
CKoro OTKJIOHeHHH H cTaH,napTHoii OllIH6KH rrporHo3a.
4.3. OnpeAeneHHe nOKa3aTenSi KOHCHCTec.tI.r.HH
r nHHHCTblX rpYHTOB
Pe3YJIbTaTbI CTaTHqeCKOrO 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH B cOBpeMeHHoH
.npaKTHKe HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1..IeCKHX HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHM IlIHpOKO
rrpHMeHHIDTcSI ,lI.JISI OII.eHKH QJJI3HKO-MeXaHHlIeCKHX CBOl1CTB rpYH-
122

TOB, B TOM qHCJIe HX KOHCHCTeHIJ.HH. 10. f. TpO<pHMeHKOBbIM
[153] no pe3YJIbTaTaM 207 3KcnepHMeHToB B aJIJIIOBHaJIbHbIX,
QJJIIOBHOrJIHIJ.liaJIbHbIX H MopeHHbIx cyrJIHHKaX Ii rJIHHaX npH
30HJ(HpoBaHHH YCTaHoBKaMH C-979 C 30HJ(OM THna I no fOCT
20069-81 YCTaOBJIeHa KOppeJIHIJ.HOHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb nOKa3aTe.
JIH KOHCHCTeHIJ.HH (IL) OT YJ(eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTa nOJ(
KOHYCOM 30H,ga (q3):
IL=0,65-0,13q3. (4.3)
3aBHcHMoCTb (4.3) qaCTO HCnOJIb3yeTcH H3bICKaTeJIbCKHMH
opraHH3aIJ.HHMH. BMecTe C TeM, KaK nOKa3bIBalOT pe3YJIbTaTbI
I L
.
0,40 · 1
. +2
0,20
o
- 0,20
.
PHC. 4.6. 3aBHcHMoCTb IIOKa3aTeJIH KOHCHCTeHlJ.HH OT Y.lI.eJIbHOrO COIIpOTI1BJIeHUH
rPYHTa IIQJI. KOHYCOM 30H.lI.a: 1 - 3HaqeHHH I L IIO Ka>KJI.OMY HHTepBaJIY q3 H f 3;
2 -- 3HalleHHH I L, ocpe.rr.HeHHble IIO HHTepBaJ1aM q3
CTaTHCTHtIeCKot'I 06pa60TKH 282 .9KCnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX J(aHHbIX
JIeHTMCyI3a [150], OpMbI H xapaKTep 3aBHCHMOCTH J(JIH onpe-
J(eJIeHHH IL no BeHqHHe q3 MorYT cyruecTBeHHo pa3JIHqaTbCH
(B pa3HbIx reOJIOrO-reHeTHqeCKHX THnax rPYHToB). CJIeJ(yeT OT-
MeTIfTb, 1.ITO BeJIH4HHbI q3 J(JIH 30HJ(OB THn3 I H C-832 HMelOT
cYIlI.eCTBeHHoe OTJIH1.IHe [58, 154], oc06eHHo B rJIHHHCTbIX rpYH-
Tax, H 3aBHCHMOCTb (4.3) He M01KeT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa np"
30HJ(HpOBaHHH 30HJ(aMH THn3 II H III 6e3 npeJ(BapHTeJIbHOH
anp06au.HH H YTOqHeHHH.
B Ee.TIryII13e H I1CHA fOCCTpOH ECCP YCTaHOBJIeHa 3aBH-
CHMOCTb nOK33aTeJIH KOHCHCTeHu.HH (TeKyqeCTH) OT napaMeTpOB
CTaTRqeCKOrO 30HJ(HpOBaHHH q3 H y.neJIbHoro TpeHHH Ha yqaCTKe
60KOBOH nOBepXHOCTH 30HAa f3 [91] .nJIH 30H,lI.OB THna II HIlI
B COOTBeTCTBHH C fOCT 20069-81 [42]. .II.JIH 3Toro HCnOJIb30Ba-
fIbI .naHHbIe JIa60paTopHbIX onpe,lI.eJIeHHH KOHCHCTeHll.HH H CTaTH.
qeCKOrO 30H.nHpoBaHHH B rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTax JIeJ(HHKOBbIX OTJIO-
)KeHHit. 3HaqeHHH qa<0,3 Mna H f3<0,02 Mna BCJle.nCTBHe
He.nocTaT01.IHOH TOqHOCTH onpe.neJIeHHH HCKJIIDqeH H3 paCqeToB.
123

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.9. Ocpe,lJ,HeHHble 3HalfeHHH nOKa3aTeJleH
qa, I L no HHTepBaJiaM qs H fa
3HaqeHIHI nOKa38TeJIeit npH Mna I fa
llHCJJO -
q'i)' nOKa- onpe)I.e- qa' 1
Mna 3aTeJJH 0.02-1 0.04-1 0.07- 1°.10-1°1- JIeHHIt Mna
0,04 0,07 0,10 0,15 :>, D
<1,0 qs 0,63 0,75 0,63
fa 0,028 0,058 0,074
I L 0,449 0,242 0,313
n 15 11 3
1,0- qa 1,24 1,29 1,23
1,5 fs 0,031 0,053 0,081
I L 0,281 0, 197 0,293
n 20 25 11
],5- qs 1,85 1,83 1,81
2,0 fs 0,029 0,057 0,087
I L 0,214 0,130 0,098
n 12 16 14
2,0- qa 2,69 2,40 2,46
3,0 fa 0,030 0,059 0,084
I L 0, 123 0,125 0,033
n 6 13 16
3,0- qa 3,72 4,15 3,98
5,0 fa 0,032 0,057 0,088
I L 0, 173 0,038 0,069
n 10 11 9
5,0- qa 6,63 6,28 6,76
10,0 fs 0,038 0,054 0,090
I L 0,000 0,150 0,015
n 4 5 4
> 10,0 qa 14,18 - 13,75
fa 0,034 - 0,099
I L -0,173 - -0,010
n 3 - 1
0,90
0,117
0,105
2
1,29 1,29
0,132 0,182
0,268 -0,116
5 5
1 , 78 1, 70
0,126 0,156
0,014 0,00
7 2
2,68 2,45
0,125 0,202
0,106 0,038
12 4
4,02 4,00
0,123 0,240
-0,049 -0,116
9 17
7,08 7,25
0,127 0,267
-0,014 -0,121
9 28.
18,54 17,43
0,129 0,351
-0,293 -0,213
4 9
L
31 0,69 0,340
66 1,27 0,220
51 1,82 0,138
51 2,53 0,082
 56 i3,98 0,037
50 6,98_" -0,054
17 16,90-0,224
BbI6opOqH3H cOBoKynHocTb H3 322 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX ,lI.aH-
HbIX 6bIJIa pa36HTa Ha HHTepBaJIbI no BeJIHqHHaM qa « 1 ,0;
1,0-1,5; 1,5-2,0; 2,0-3,0; 3,0-5,0; 5,0-10,0 H> 10 Mna) H
fa «0,04; 0,04-0,07; 0,07-0,10; 0,10-0,15 H >0,15 Mna)
If nOACqHTaHbI HX Cpe,lI.HHe 3HaqeHHH ,lI.JIH BbI,lI.eJIeHHbIX HHTepBa-
JIOB (Ta6JI. 4.9).
Ha pHC. 4.6 HaHeceHbl 3HaqeHHH I L no Ka>KAoMY HHTepBaJIY
.qa H fs H OCpe,lI.HeHHbIe no HHTepBa.naM qa (CM. Ta6.n. 4.9).
BbI60p KOHKpeTHoro BH,lI.a 3aBHCHMOCTH .I L OT qa oCYIll.eCTB-
124

nHnCH Ha OCHOBe npeBapHTenbHoro aHanM3a TOqeqHWX Koppe-
nHIJ.HOHHbIX rpacpHKOB C nocneYIOI..U.eH annpOKCHMaIJ.HeH KpHBbI-
MH pa3Horo poa H cpaBHeHHeM Kat.IeCTBa nporH03a. ITo pe3YJIb-
TaTaM, npHBeeHHbIM B TaOJI. 4.9, nonyqeHO ypaBHeHHe perpec-
CHH
I L = -0,3841gqs + 0,257.
(4.4)
3aBHCHMOCTb (4.4) nonyqeHa B HHTepBane H3MeHeHHH qs OT
0,30 o 28,9 MITa H HMeeT CJIeYIOI.l{He CTaTHCTHqeCKHe napa-
MeTpbI: 3MnHpHlIeCKHH K03QJQJHIJ.HeHT KOppenHIJ.HH r= 0,94, cpe,lI.-
Hee KBapaTHqeCKOe OTKnOHeHHe a=0,094, BbIOOpOqHOe Koppe-
JIHIJ.HOHHOe OTHOllIeHHe '1=0,84. IlonyqeHHbIe 3HaqeHHH CTaTH-
CTHqeCKHX nOKa3aTeneH cBH,lI.eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 TeCHOH CBH3H Me)Ky
I L H qs. CpaBHeHHe 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTenH TeKyqeCTH I L, pacct.IH-
TaHHWX B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT yenbHoro conpOTHBneHHH rpYHTa
IIO,lI. KOHYCOM 30H,lI.a qs no cpopMy"ryaM (4.3) H (4.4), npHBe,lI.eHo
B TaOJI. 4.1 O. Eonee HH3KHe 3HaqeHHH I L, nonyqeHHbIe npH qa <
<5 Mila no (4.4) no cpaBHeHHIO C (4.3) ,lI.nH 30Ha C KOHYCHbIM
HaKOHeqHHKOM H KO}KYXOM (I THn), MorYT ObITb OO'bHCHeHbI
TpeHHeM no OOKOBOH nOBepxHocTH KO}Kyxa, KOTopoe YBenHqUBa-
eTCH C B03paCTaHHeM nnaCTHlIHOCTH r nHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB.
YpaBHeHHe perpeCCHH (4.4) aeT HaHOOJIee Hae}KHbIe pe-
3YJIbTaTbI B Hana30HC H3MeHeHHH q3 OT 1 o 10 Mila, t.ITO COOT-
BeTcTByeT rJIHHHCTbIM rpYHTaM nonYTBepoH H TBepoH KOHCH-
CTeHIJ.HH. IlpH q3< 1 MIla HH3KaH T"ollHOCTb onpe,aeneHHH I L, a
npH qa> 10 MIla 3aMeTHO BnHHHHe CTPYKTYPHbIX CBH3eH.
AHanOrHqHbIH BH 3aBHCHMOCTH HMeeT MeCTO H ,lI.nH onpee-
JIeHHH f3, HO C cYI.l{ecTBeHHo oonee HH3KHMH 3HaqeHHHMH nOKa-
3aTeneH TeCHOTbI CBH3H, qTO YKa3bIBaeT Ha CBH3b Me}K,lI.Y BenH-
lIHHaMH fa H q3' B HHTepBane 3HaqeHHH C qa 10 MIla 3aBHCH-
MOCTb f3 OT qa HOCHT nHHeHHbIH xapaKTep H no pe3ynbTaTaM
305 onpe,lI.eneHHH npHHHMaeT cne,lI.YIOI..UHH BH:
fa = 0,02163 qs + 0,0363. (4.5)
ITo (4.5) nonYlleHbI CTaTHCTHlIeCKHe napaMeTpbI: r = 0,79 H
0'=0,058. ITpH 3HalleHHHX q3> 10 MIla 3aBHCHMOCTb f3 OT q3 He-
nHHeHHaH, TaK KaK corrpoTHBneHHe rpYHTa norpY}KeHHIO 30H,lI.a
B oonacTH BWCOKHX conpOTHBJIeHHH onpe,ll.enHeTcH B oonbllIeH
CTeneHH xapaKTepoM H npOllHOCTblO CTPYKTypHWX cBH3eH II He-
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.10. 3Ha'leHHH nOKa3aTeJlH TeKYlfecTH I L
I Q3' Mna
0,3 10,511,0 I 2,0 , 3,0 I 4,0 I 5,0 1 10 . 0 1 1 5,0 1 20 ,0
IL
no cpopMYJIe 0.2610.14 0,03 -0,01 -0, 13 -0,20 -0,24
(4.4) 0,46 0,37 0,07
no q,opMYJIe. 0,58 0,39 0,26 0,13 0,00 -0,65
(4.3) 0,61 0,52 - -
125

3Ha L IHTeJIbHO 3aBHCHT OT I L. .lI.aJIbHeHrnee nOBbIlIIeHHe TOtJ:HOCTIf
onpeeeHHH nOKa3aTeJIfl KOHCHCTeHuHH rJIHHHCTWX rpYHTOB no
)J.aHHbIM CTaTHtIeCKoro 30HJI.lfpOBaHHH ,lI.OCTHraeTCH nYTeM COBMe-
CTHoro yqeTa conpOTHBJIeHHH q3 II f3' npHBeJI.eHHbIX B Ta6JI. 4.9.
nOJIYIIeHHbIe B pe3YJIbTaTe CTaTHCTJJ1IeCKOro aHaJIH3a npJI HC-
nOJIb30BaHHH MeTOJI.a nOcneJI.OBaTenbHWX npH6nH*eHHH COOTHO-
rneHIUI JI.aHbI B Ta6JI. 4.11.
ilpH onpeJI.eneHHH rrOKa3aTenH TeKyqeCTH I L no Ta6n. 4.11
B 3aBHCJIMOCTJI OT conpoTHBneHHH q3 II  CpeJI.Hee KBaJI.paTHqe-
CKoe OTK.HOHeHHe COCTaBJIHeT 0,056, T. e. IIOtJ:TH B 1,7 pa3a MeHb-
rne, tIeM npH rrpHMeHeHIIJI 3aBHCJIMOCTH (4.4), a KOppeJIHUJIOHHOe
OTHorneHHe B03pacTaeT JI.O 0,94.
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.11. 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJlH TeKyqeCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT q3 H '3
Q3' . 1
Mna .
0,02
0,04
IL "PH fa. Mna
0,06 0,08
0,10
0,12
0,5 0,50 0,39 0,33 0,29 0,26 0,23
1 0,38 0,29 0,24 0,21 0,18 0,15
2 0,26 0,19 0,15 0,12 0,10 0,08
3 0,19 0,13 0,10 0,07 0,05 0,03
5 0, II 0,06 0,03 0,01 0,00 -0,02
8 0,02 -0,01 -0,04 -0,05 -0,06 -0,07
10 -0,01 -0,05 -0,06 -0,08 -0,09 -0,10
12 .-0,04 -0,07 -0,09 -0, 10 -0, 11 -0,12
15 -0,08 -0, II -0,12 -0, 13 -0, 14 I -0,14
20 -0,13 -0,15 -0,16 -0,16 -0,17 -0,17
Qat
Mna
0,15
0,20
IL "PH f 3 , Mna
I 0,30
0,40
0,50
0,5 0,20 0,16 - - -
1 0,13 0,09 - - -
2 0,06 0,03 -0,01 - -
3 0,02 -0,01 -0,05 -0,07 -
5 -0,03 -0,05 -0,08 -0,10 -0, 12
8 -0,08 -0,10 -0,12 -0, 14 -0, 15
10 -0, II -0,12 -0,14 -0,15 -0, 16
12 -0, 13 -0, 14 -0,15 -0,17 -0, 17
15 -0,15 -0, 16 -0,17 -0,18 -0,19
20 -0,18 -0,18 -0,19 -0,20 -0,21
T a 6 JI H l.I. a 4.12. 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJIH TeKY'hcTH
I L B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Pl1.
PlI.' Mna 1 2 3 I 5 8,3 10 15 17,5
I L 0,54 0,32 0,221 0,11 0,00 -0,04 -0, 12 -0,15
126

T a 6 JI II II a 4.] 3. KJlaCCH4JHKal.{HH MopeHHLlx rpYHToB no npO'lHOCTH
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT P A
rpYHThI
P lI.' .\i.na
11
rpYHTbI
Pl1.' Mna
OqeHb npollHble
npOtJHble
60JIee 8,3
2,8-8,3
' II CpeJ\Heii npoHocTH I
Ca6b1e I
1,2-2,8
MeHee 1,2
T a 6 JI Ii II a 4.14. KJlaCcHIjJHKau,HH nLlJleBaTO-rJlHHHCTLIX rpYHToB
no npO'lHOCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT q3
rpYHTbI
Qa' MTIa
II rpYHTbI I
II CpeJI.HeH 1JpOtJHOCTH I
CJIa6b1e
Qa' Mna
OtJeHb npOQHble
n pOtJHbIe
60Jlee ] 0
4,6-10
1,0-4,6
MeHee 1,0
LlnH MopeHHwx cyneceH II cyrnHHKoB rrYTeM conOCTaBJIeHHH
250 napannenbHbIX .9KCnepHMeHToB no OCpe,lI.HeHHbIM 3Ha t leHHHM
ycnoBHoro ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO corrpoTHBneHHH P H rrOKa3aTenH Te-
KyqeCTH I L rronyqeHa KoppenHUHoHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb [47]
IL = - 0,45 p + 0,40. (4.6)
B HHTepBane H3MeHeHHH I L OT 0,32 ,lI.O -0,16 ypaBHeHHe perpec-
"eHH xapaKTepH3yeTcH cne,lI.YIOlll.HMH CTaTHCTHqeCKHMH napaMeT-
paMH: r=0,90; 0'=0,06. B COOTBeTCTBHH C PCH 62-87 rrOKa3a-
Tenb TeKY1JeCTH MopeHHbIx rnHHHCTbIX rpYHToB I L (He3aBHcHMo
OT HX cocTaBa) MO>KHO orrpe,lI.eJIHTb no Ta6n. 4.12.
C Y1JeTOM rrpHBe,lI.eHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH r JIHHHCTble rpYHTbI no
3Ha1JeHHHM ycnoBHoro ,lI.HHaMHtIeCKoro corrpoTHBneHHH P A rro,lI.-
pa3,lI.eJIHIOTCH B COOTBeTCTBHH C Ta6n. 4.13 [47].
C Y1JeTOM 3aBHCHMOCTH I L = f( qa) nbIneBaTO-rJIHHHCTbIe rpYH-
TbI no 3Ha1JeHHIO y,lI.enbHOro corrpoTHBneHHH rpYHTa rro,lI. KOHYCOM
30H,lI.a qa nO,lI.pa3,lI.eJIHIOTCH cor.;laCHO Ta6n. 4.14 [141].
4.4. Onpe.qeneHHe np04HOCTHbiX xapaKTepHCTHK rpYHTOB
B cOBpeMeHHoH rrpaKTHKe HH>KeHepHO-reOnOrH1JeCKHX 1f3bICKa-
HHH IlIHpOKO Hcnonb3yIOTcH rroneBbIe MeTO,lI.bI HCCne,lI.OBaHHH QJH-
3HKO-MeXaHH1JeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB B ycnoBHHx eCTeCTBeHHoro
3aneraHHH CTaTH1JeCKHM H ,lI.HHaMHtIeCKHM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHeM. DpH-
MeHeHHe .9THX MeTO,lI.OB n03BonHeT npOH3BO,lI.HTb rrpH6nH}KeHHYIO
KOJIH1JeCTBeHHYIO oueHKY QJH3HKo-MeXaHH1JeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHK
rpyHToB [41, 157, 158]. BMecTe C TeM OTCYTCTBYIOT 060CHOBaH-
Hwe peKoMeH,lI.aUHH no HCrrOJIb30BaHHIO pe3YJIbTaTOB 30H,lI.HpoBa-
HHH ,lI.nH orrpe,lI.eneHHH np01JHOCTHWX xapaKTepHcTHK rnHHHCTNX
rpYHToB. HeT KoppeKTHbIx aHanHTHtIeCKHX pemeHHH, YCTaHaB-
JIHBalOlll.HX HerrOCpe,lI.CTBeHHYIO QJYHKUHoHanbHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb
napaMeTpoB 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH OT xapaKTepHcTHK C,lI.BHra. Bonpoc
06 HHTeprrpeTaUHH pe3ynbTaToB 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO
127

npOI-IHOCTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK npaKTHI-IeCKH OCTaeTCH OTKpbITbIM.
HeAOCTaTOqHO pa3pa6oTaHW TeOpeTHqeCKHe OCHOBW MeTOAOB
30HAHpOBaHHH, BcneACTBHe qerO OHH B 3HaqHTenbHOH CTeneHH
6a3HPYIOTCH Ha YCTaHOBJIeHHH KOppeJIHII.HOHHbIX 3aBHCHMOCTeH
Me)KAY JIa60paTOpHbIMH AaHHbIMH II nOKa3aTe.,TIHMH 30HAHpOBa-
HHH, nO.,TIyqaeMbIMH nOJIeBbIMH MeTOAaMH.
CYll.J.eCTBYIOT HeMHOrOqHC.,TIeHHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH, YCTaHaB.,TIH-
BaIOll.J.He B3aHMOCBH3b napaMeTpOB CABHra C nOKa3aTeJIHMH 30H-
AHpoBaHHH [5, 10, 153, 158]. OAHaKo KOppeJIHII.HOHHbIe 3aBHCH-
MOCTH AJIH OAHHX H Tex )Ke nOKa3aTeneH cYll.J.eCTBeHHo pa3nH-
qaIOTCH A.,TIH pa3HbIx no COCTaBY H cTpoeHHIO nopoA. 3TO CHH-
)KaeT AocToBepHocTb HHTepnpeTaII.HH AaHHbIX 30HAHpoBaHHH H
Tpe6yeT onpeAeJIeHHH npOqHOCTHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK npHMbIMH
cTaHAapTHbIMH MeTOAaMH (.,TIa60paTopHbIMH H nO.,TIeBbIMH).
ABTOpOM HCCJIeAOBaHa 3aBHCHMOCTb npOqHOCTHbIX xapaKTe-
pHCTHK OTJIO:>KeHHH .,TIeAHHKOBoro KOMnJIeKCa - YAeJIbHOrO CII.en-
.,TIeHHH C H yr.,TIa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH cp OT napaMeTpoB 30HAHpO-
BaHHH: YAeJIbHOrO conpoTHBneHHH nOA HaKOHeqHHKOM 30HAa
Q3, YAeJIbHOrO TpeHHH Ha yqaCTKe 60KOBOH nOBepxHocTH 30HAa
h H YCJIOBHOrO AHHaMHqeCKOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHToB P A
[16]. I1pH nporHo3e nOKa3aTeJIeH npOqHOCTH npHMeHH.,TIOCb ABa
nOAXOAa: 1) HenocpeAcTBeHHoe onpeAeJIeHHe 3aBHcHMocTeH Me:>K-
AY yr.,TIOM BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH H CII.enJIeHHH, C OAHOH CTOpOHbI,
H napaMeTpaMH 30HAHpoBaHHH - C APyroH; 2) npeABapHTe.,TIb-
Hoe Hcc.,TIeAOBaHHe 3aBHCHMOCTeH Me)I{AY napaMeTpaMH 30HAH-
pOBaHHH H 3HaqeHHHMH CABHraIOll.J.HX YCHJIHH T.
Ba:>KHbIM MeTOAHqeCKHM BonpOCOM HBJIH.,TIaCb YBH3Ka pe:>KH-
MOB HcnbITaHHH. 113BecTHo, qTO napaMeTpbI npOI-IHOCTH neCqaHO-
rJIHHHCTWX rpYHTOB 3aBHCHT OT MeTOAa onpeAeneHHH. B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C rOCT 12248-78 [39] AJIH .,TIa60paTopHoro onpeAe.,TIe-
HHH conpOTHBneHHH cABHry HCnOJIb30BanHCb npH60pw co CTY-
neHqaTbIM npHJIO:>KeHHeM HarpY3KH (rrI1-30). OnpeAeJIeHHe
conpOTHBJIeHHH cpe3Y. npOH3BOAHnOCb no MeTOAY KOHconHAHpo-
BaHHoro H HeKOHCO.,TIHAHpOBaHHoro cpe3a. 113 MeTOAOB, 06YC.,TIOB-
.,TIeHHbIX rOCToM, HaH6o.,TIee COOTBeTcTByeT pa60Te rpYHTa npH
norpY:>KeHHH B Hero 30HAa 6bICTpbIH HeKOHCOJIHAHpOBaHHIH cpe3
co cTyneHqaTbIM npHJIOLKeHHeM HarpY3KH. I1pH KOHCO.,TIHAHpO-
BaHHOM MeAJIeHHOM CABHre, KOTOpbIH HB.,TIHeTCH OCHOBHbIM MeTO-
AOM HcnbITaHHH rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB OT.,TIO:>KeHHH JIeAHHKOBoro
KOMnJIeKCa, CYll.J.eCTBeHHO H3MeHHeTCH eCTeCTBeHHoe CJIO:>KeHHe
H npOqHOCTb 06pa3II.OB. I103TOMY nOJIyqeHHbIe Ta"KHM MeTOAOM
nOKa3aTe.,TIH T, C H cp He MorYT xnpaKTepH30BaTb npOqHOCTb r.,TIH-
HHCTbIX rpYHTOB B eCTeCTBeHHOM 3aJIeraHHH, TorAa KaK MeTOAbI
30HAHpOBaHHH xapaKTepH3YIOT HMeHHO 3TO COCTOHHHe.
CTaTHqeCKOe 30HAHpOBaHHe rpYHTOB npOBOAHJIOCb no rOCT
25260-82 neHeTpaII.HOHHO-KapOTa:>KHbIMH CTaHII.HHMH THna CI1K
H CI1K - T, AHHaMHqeCKOe 30HAHpoBaHHe BblnO.,TIHH.,TIOCb no rOCT
19912-81 YCTaHoBKoH cpeAHero THna YEI1-15.
128

ail
o
£-0
=
;>a
Co
'-
::


:.::
::
£-0
<J
::
Co
4)
£-0
:.::

Q.,

><
::

:J5
::c::
£-0 =

::Co
:rQ.,
0::
Co
C::c
;>a 0

;E::
4)
:E

:: CIJ
 £-0

ail 
<J 
:.::
:J50
£-0 C
o
::c::
<J
CIJ
£-0

:.:
::c
CIJ
=-
o
lC
-


::r
:s:
c::;
'"


9. 3aK. 844
co
t::
....
o
co
.t::
o...t::t:;.
CO
......t::
:;.

co
t::
-:;.
co
.t::
:;.
0::

:c
Q)
::E
Q)
0.
Q)
t::
>:s:_
= (')
o ......
t:; c; a
U Q) (')

0.1=i
go..
:a:
=:
:=
CO
a (-0
:a:a
I:{t:
Ou
g.=
t::co
:Ii!
Q)
><
U
-.::t' C'I
It-IIIIU:
o 0
lC C'I
t-C't:I
00
t- to
I I I U:
00
t-tO
I I I I I t-: 
00
OOLQ
to C'I
00
C'I
I I I t-: I
o
C'I C'I to 00 LQ -.::t'
t-:t-:I
000000

t:: t:::: t:::: t:::: 
J::( .c 00 00 t:::: I::i
aO OOOaQ 
o c.._ _ - 0 c..
-""' -""
.. ... .....   ... ..
e-e-
----
C'I C't
0') 0')
--
0;-:;;--
0-
C'I C'I
--

--
I :s:
t;::a
::c
=
:a:
=0
::s::c..
c::;::S::
""J::(
::s::
::s::t;:
o
::s::tJ
::.::=
=0
::s::::'::
t;:
""
>.
tJ£-o
=
Q)g
:a::s::
c..
00
::,::J:..
::s::
::Co
J::(""
Q)O
t;:::.::
.tJ(\')
O::s:: Q)
=c..
q::( tJ
(\')
o
O
""0
o £-0
::'::::c
tJo
(\')
o::s::
c.. c..
1::0
Q)""
=
J::(o
:s:
::.::::.::(\')
::CtJQ)
::s:::s: c..
t;:tJ
""J::(
>. t;: ::s::
tJ:a
:s:=
:s:::s::=
tJ 
Q)00
1::J:..c..
>.o::s::
tJ::'::1::i
tJ::s::
Q)1Ct;:
:a00
::c::':: tJ
=tJ=
Q)OO
c..::S::'::
o
::€
M I M
-.::t' t-
00
to 1 0
M to
00
0') 1 0
- 00
00
I I I I I
I I I I r
\ I \ I II  I I I I
-.::t' 1 C't
to CD
00
tO l tO
t- 00
00
--
to --
- t-
- -.::t'
--
- LQ
00 -.::t'
o
""
o
::.::
tJ
::s::

J::(
c::;
ro
r:Q
tO l Lr.'I
LQ LQ
00
M \ 
t- 00
00

t::::
aQ
o
-
"""

--
to -
- t-
- Ct:)
--
- LQ
00 M
::
::.::
=
::s::
t;:
""
>.
tJ
::s::
::s::
tJ
Q)
I::
>.
tJ
£-0
Q)::C
:ag
:r:::s::
=c:..
Q)O
c..""
o
::€
 I  I I I I I
00
C'I 1 M - 0 -.::t' t- to
to 00 -:.
o 0 00000

t::::
00
o
-
c.I

to LQ
t- M

t::

t::t::::t::
I={ t:: aO aO aO
O   :;
J:.._
aO
o
-


& """c.I
ut'"'
-
to -
- M
- -.::t'
--
:s:
::.::
tJ
Q)
r::
::s::
::.::
=
::s::
t;:
J:-.
>.
tJ
Q)
:a
=
..Q
t;:

::
::r
0::
t;:
""
o
::s::

S2
t;:
eo
:s:
:s:
tJ
Q)
I::
>.
tJ
Q)
:a
r:Q
o
(.)
tJ
Q)

(\')
Q)
c..
tJ
::s::
:a
=
::c

IC
o
c..
::s::

t;:
o
tJ
=
o
::.::
Q)
=
I
Q)
t;:
Q)
E-

=
Q)
::s

=
(\')

(\')
Q)
c..
tJ
::s::
:a
=
'=


o
c..
::s::

r::
o
tJ
=
o

I
cu
r::
Q)
Eo<
:s:
r::
tJ
:s:
::r'

Q)
:s:
=

::r'
Q)
::s
::s::
c..
t::::
129

K03cpqnuUieHTbI KOppeJIHlI.HH MeLK)].Y nOKa33TeJIHMH npO'-I-
HOCTH rpYHTOB H 30H)].HpOBaHHH npHBe)].eHbI B Ta6JI. 4.15, H3 KO-
TOpOH BH)].HO, '-ITO 60JIee TeCHbIe CBH3H C nOKa3aTeJIHMH 30H)].HpO-
BaHHH HMeIDT conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHToB cpe3Y H y)].eJIbHOe clI.en-
JIeHHe. ,il,JIH yrJIa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH CBH3b CJIa6aH. 3TO no)].-
TBepLK,ZJ.aeT MHeHHe MHorHX HCCJIe)].oBaTeJIeH (H. A. UbITOBHq,
H. H. MacJIoB, C. A. P033 H )].p.), KOTopbIe C'-IHTaIDT OIIIH60'l-
HbIM CTpeMJIeHHe npH,ZJ.aB3Tb K03cpcpHlI.HeHTY BHYTpeHHero Tpe-
HHH tg q; H ClI.enJIeHHID C onpe-
IleJIeHHbIH <pH3HQeCKHH CMbICJI.
Henocpe)].cTBeHHbIH cpH3H'leC-
KHH CMbICJI HMeeT TOJIbKO nOJI-
H3H BeJIH'lHH3 conpOTHBJIeHHH
C)].BHry, 3 He BXO)].HmHe B
yp3BHeHHe conpOTHBJIeHHH
C)].BHry n3p3MeTpbJ. TpeHHe H
cu.enJIeHHe, MeLK)].y KOTOpblMH
YCT3HOBJIeH3 KOppeJIHlI.HO-
H3H CBH3b C K03<PcpHlI.HeHTOM
KOppeJIHlI.HH 0,52-0,74, )].OJILK-
HbI p3CCM3TpH3TbCH JIHlllb
K3K M3TeM3THQeCKHe n3paMeT-
pbI 33BHCHMOCTH conpOTHB-
JIeHHH rpYHT3 C)].BHry OT HOp-
Q3.M na
12
10
",- -"
" . .\
(. . I
\...;
---
8
,,-.-....
/ . . ",
I. . e \
I . .. I
\ .. . I
\. e I
". /
, ".
.......--/
e
PHC. 4.7. 3aBHcHMoCTb Y.lI.eJIbHOrO
conpoTHBneHHH IIOJI. KOHYCOM 30H.lI.a
.OT K03«p«PHlI.HeHTa IIOpHCTOCTH 03ep-
Ho-.ne.lI.HHKOBbIX OT .n0>KeHHl1: IIOJJe
KOppemlIJ.HH (TOllKH), OCHOBHbIe paB-
HOBeCHbIe COCTOHHHH (3J1JIHncbI)
6
". --;- ....
.,," "
" . ,
/. \
I .... 1
\.. . ... . .,
\. . . /
....... e.....
,..-":::...- --
( . ... ...-
. ..0 "
\ .... "
,. .: .. ...:.. .. 
". ......... . \
" ..... .. . ,.
,....... . . . . . . . I
-----."
M3JIbHOrO )].3BJIeHHH (YP3BHeHHe KYJIOH3). B H3IIIHX npHMep3X
o6mee COnpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTOB C)].BHry 33BHCHT rJI3BHbIM 06p330M
OT ClI.enJIeHHH, BHOCHmerO 60JIee cymecTBeHHbIH BKJI3)]. B npO'lHOCTb
rpYHT3 no cp3BHeHHID C yrJIOM BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH. fJIaBHbIMH
<p3KTOp3MH, 06YCJIOBJIHB3IDmHMH npO'lHOCTb rpYHTOB H B33HMO-
4
2
0,4
T a 6 JI H n a 4.16. Ol.\eHKa npOqHOCTH CTPYKTypHhlX CBJl3eii B o3epHo-
neHHKOBhlX cyrnHHKax H rnHHax
0,6
0,8
1,0
HH3KaH
CpeHHH
130
n p01JHOCTb
CTPYKTYPHbIX
CBH3eR
I nOKa3aTeJIb npOqHOCTH l1
CTPYKTYPHbIX CBH3eR
II
I
Dc4
4 < Dc  8
n POqHOCTb
CTPYKTYPHbIX
CBH3eR
I nOKa3aTeJIb npOqHOCTH
CTPYKTYPHbIX cBH3elt
BblCOKaH
OlleHb BblCOKaH
8 < nc  13
Dc > 13

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.17. CBR3b Me>K)J.Y nOKa3aTeJlRMH npOI{HOCTH rpYHTOB
H napaMeTpaMH 30H)J.HpoBaHHR
reHeTHqeClmfi t:; YpaSHeHHe Q) () Q) (t) ::r
Q)Q)::r:: ::r::tJ:
Tun oQ) CBH3H ::r:::ro I:::(o -e-t:;
5 I:::(::r::t:; ::r:: E -e-Q)
Q) ::r::o ",0.
::r::c. o.f-o ao. 00.
:J"B U 0.0 Uoc= 
MOpeHHble rJlHHH- 261 c = 0,034 q3 + 0,190 0,21 0,121 0,84
CTbIe rpYHThI 176 c = 0,043 P + 0,137 0,19 0, 154 0,57
304 1'1 = 0,027 q3 + 0,793 0,23 0, 170 0,66
294 't2 = 0,033 q3 - 1,302 0,28 0,210 0,66
264 'r3 = 0,031 q3 + 1,836 0,29 0,230 0,60
261 tg cp = 0,002 q3 + 0,522 0,082 0,063 0,64
176 tg cp = 0,002 P)J. + 0,523 0,066 0,059 0,46
<1> J1IOBHOr J1HIJ.HaJIb- 47 cp = 0,643 q3 + 24,685 4,51 3,626 0,61
HhIe IIeCKH 47 cp = 0,515 P + 28,428 4,17 3,892 0,38
03epHO-JIeJI.HHKOBhIe 92 c = 0,091 q3 + 0,290 0,23 0,181 0,62
nhIJIeB3TO- rJIH- 52 c = 0,039 P + 0,192 0,17 0,112 0,75 I
HHCTble rpYHTbl
52 cp = 20,867 - 0,477 P)J. 5,17 4,942 0,32
83 'tl = 0,078 q3 + 0,542 0,20 0, 128 0,76
82 T2 = 0,084 q3 + 0,815 0,23 0, 173 0,68
80 T3 = 0,056 q3 + 1,076 0,22 0,199 0,45
92 tg cp = 0,267 - 0,011 q3 0,097 0,076 0,63
JIeccoBble IIbIJIeBa - 88 c = 0,133 + 0,043 q3 0,14 0,11 0,60
TO- r J1HHH CTble 107 Tl = 0,020 q3 + 0,798 0,11 0,10 0,34
rpYHTbl
106 T2 = 0,021 q3 + 1,318 0,15 0,14 0,27
100 T3 = 0,014 q3 + 1,884 0,17 0,16 0,16
88 tg cp = 0,547 - 0,003 q3 3.37 3,234 0,30
>es::
::r::
::r::
Q)


IIJQ)Q)
o::r::
::r::
tJ:

::r::
 
f-o
::r::
::r::::r::
::f
CB5I3b M€LK,lI,Y HCCJI€,lI,Y€MbIMH nOKa3aT€JIHMH, HBJI5IIOTCH HX CTPYK-
TypHO-TeKCTypHbIe OC06€HHOCTH. 3TO BH,lI,HO H3 conOCTaBJI€HHH
T€CHOTbI CB5I3H M€LK,lI,Y conpOTHBJI€HH€M C,lI,BHry H nOKa3aT€JI5IMH
30H,lI,HpOBaHH5I npH pa3JIlf1:lHbIX M€TO,lI,ax onpe,lI,eJI€HHH conpOTHB-
JIeHH5I CP€3Y. IlpH KOHCOJIH,lI,HpOBaHHOM cpe3e, B npoll.€CC€ KOTO-
poro HapywaeTcH €CT€CTB€HHO€ CJIOLKeHHe H CTPYKTYPHaH npOll-
HOCTb rpYHToB, P€3KO YMeHbWa€TCH T€CHOTa CB5I3H M€LK,lI,Y C,lI,BH-
raIOlu,HMH YCHJIH5IMH H nOKa3aT€JI5IMH 30H,lI,HpoBaHHH.
o CTPYKTYPHbIX CBH351X B rpYHTax CBH,lI,€T€JIbCTBY€T pHC. 4.7.
POCT q3 npH YM€HbWeHHH e Ha6JIIO,lI,aeTC5I JIHIIIb,lI,O 3Hall€HHH
q3=3 MIla. IlpH q3>3 Mna HaJIH1JH€ CTPYKTypHbIX CBH3€H npH-
9*
131

Ta6J1HIJ.a 4.18. HopMaTHBHe xapaKTepHcTHKH npOqHOCTHX CBOHCTB
neAHHKOBMX H neCCOBX nMJleBaTO-rnHHHCTX rpYHTOB
(PCH 23-85, PCH 62-87)
I 03epHO-JIeI\HHKOBble I JIeccoBbfe nblJIeRaTO-
MopeHHble rJIHHHCTbIe rpYHTbl nWJIeRaTO-rnHHHCTwe
Q3' . rPYHTbI rnHHHCTbIe rpYHTbl
P A , C, 10:; na (fJ, rpa Ie, 10:; na I (fJ, rpa Ie, 10:; na I (f', rpa.zr.
Mna
no Q3 no PlJ. I no Q3 I no P lJ. I no Q3 I no Q3 I no Q3 , no Q3
1 0,22 0,18 27 27 0,38 14 0,18 28
2 0,26 0,22 28 28 0,47 14 0,22 28
3 0,29 0,27 28 28 0,56 13 0,26 28
4 0,33 0,31 28 28 0,65 13 0,30 28
5 0,36 0,35 28 28 0,74 12 0,35 28
6 0,39 0,39 28 28 0,84 II 0,39 28
7 0,43 0,44 28 28 0,93 II 0,43 28
8 0,46 0,48 28 28 1,02 10 0,48 28
9 0,50 0,52 28 28 1, II 10 0,52 27
10 0,53 0,57 29 29 1,20 9 0,56 27
15 0,70 0,78 29 29
BOAHT K TOMY, LITO YBeHLleHHe COnpOTHBeHHH 30HAHpOBaHMID
C YMeHbllleHHeM nopHCTOCTH He nOALlHH5IeTC5I CTporOH 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTH, TaK KaK xapaKTep pa3PyrneHHH HeOAHopOAHblX no npo'-I-
HOCTH CBH3eH HeOAHHaKOB AH pa3HX HHTepBaJIOB CTaTHqeCKHX
HarpY30K. C reOJIOrHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHH5I COCTOHHHe rpYHTOB,
rAe C pOCTOM q3 YMeHbrnaeTCH e, CBOHCTBeHHO BepXHeH LlaCTH
pa3pe3a, nOABeprHYTOH BbIBeTpHBaHHIO.
I13BecTHO, LITO rHHHCTbIH rpYHT npe,lJ.CTaBHeT C060H CJIOLK-
HYIO MHorOKOMnOHeHTHYIO CHCTeMY, KOTopaSI B npouecce pa3BH-
THH npOllla pHA paBHOBeCHblX COCTOHHHH [102, 152]. AHaH3
nOH KoppeHUHH conpoTHBeHHH 30HAHpoBaHHIO H K03HUH-
eHTa nopHcToCTH n03BOHeT BAeHTb B paccMaTpHBaeMoH CHC-
TeMe LleTbIpe nOACHCTeMbl, KaLKAaH H3 KOTopax HaXOAHTCSI B paB-
HOBeCHOM COCT05lHHH, CTaTHLleCKH OAHOpoAHOM no nOKa3aTe51M
q3 H e. rpaHHUbI 3THX nOACHCTeM onpe,lJ.eJIHM no nOKa3aTe1O
npOLJ:HOCTH CTPYKTYPHblX cBH3eH nc = q3/ e. BblAeJIeHHbIe COCTOSI-
HHSI rpYHToB 51B51IOTCSI B H3BecTHoH Mepe oTpaLKeHHeM 3TanOB
cpOpMHpOBaHH5I CTPYKTypbI B npouecce HToreHe3a rHHHCTbIX
OTOLKeHHH H cooTBeTcTBYIOT THnaM CTPYKTYPHbIX cBSI3eH, npHBe-
AeHHbIX B Ta6JI. 4.16.
CoracHo Ta6. 4.15 nOAo6paHbI ypaBHeHH5I perpeccHH AH
nporHo3a npOLJ:HOCTHbIX xapaKTepHcTMK rpYHToB oToLKeHHH eA-
HMKOBoro KOMneKca, npHBeAeHHbIe B Ta6. 4.17.
KaK nOKa3aJIH paCLJ:eTbI, HaH6oee 3eKTHBHbIMH cnoco6a-
MM nporHo3a 5IBHIOTCH: 1) onpeAeeHHe K03cpHUHeHTa BHYT-
peHHero TpeHH5I KaK napaMeTpa ypaBHeHHH 't= p tg cp+ c npM
npeASapHTeJIbHOM nporH03e c H cp no ypaBHeHH5IM perpeccHH,
npHBe,lJ.eHHbIM B Ta6. 4.17; 2) onpeAeeHMe 3HaLleHHH CABHralO-
llI.MX YCMHH 't, nocTpoeHHe ypaBHeHHH perpeccMH BHAa 'ti = f (p)
132

1 onpeAeneHHe C H  KaK napaMeTpOB 3TOrO ypaBHeHHH (Ta6n.
t 1 7) .
ConOCTaBJJeHHe CABHralOllI.HX YCHnHH C napaMeTpaMH 30HAH-
pOBaHHH npH pa3nHqHbIX pe>KHMaX HcnbITaHH5I (CM. Ta6JJ. 4.15)
fIOKa3ano, QTO cTaHAapTHYIO OlllH6KY nporHo3a npOqHOCTHbIX
x:apaKTepHcTHK MO>KHO cYllI.eCTBeHHo CHH3HTb, MaKCHMaJIbHO
IlpH6nH:>KaSI CKOpOCTH 30HAHpoBaHHSI H CABHra, T. e. 30HAHpoBa-
BHe Heo6xoAHMO npoH3BoAHTb co cTa6HJJH3aUHeH, nocKonbKY
OCHOBHbIM MeTOAOM onpeAeJJeHHH napaMeTpoB npOqHOCTH AJJ5I
OT nO:>KeHHll neAHHKOBoro KOMnneKca 5IBn5IeTC5I KOHconHAHpo-
BaHHbIH cpe3.
B 3aKnlOqeHHe OTMeTHM, qTO C nOMOllI.blO CTaTHqeCKOrO 30H-
.ZI.HpoBaHHH MO:>KHO nporHo3HpoBaTb H3MeHeHHe npOqHOCTHbIX
xapaKTepHcTHK neCCOBbIX nbIJJeBaTO-rnHHHCTbIX rpYHToB npH no-
BbIllleHHH HX Bna>KHOCTH B npouecce cTpoHTenbcTBa H 3Kcnnya-
TaUHH. C 3TOH uenblO YCTaHoBneHa B3aHMOCBSI3b q3 C C H , no-
nyqeHHbIMH npH HcnbITaHHSIX paccMaTpHBaeMbIx rpYHToB B YCJJO-
BHSIX nOJJHOrO BOAOHaCbIllI.eHHH. TIonyqeHbI cneAYIOllI.He cpopMynbI:
tg  = 0,572 - 0,012 q3' (4.7)
C = 0,190 + 0,019 q3. (4.8)
COBMecTHoe pellleHHe ypaBHeHHH (4.7), (4.8) H npHBeAeHHbIx
B Ta6n. 4.17 npH npHpoAHOH BJJa:>KHOCTH n03BonHeT AaBaTb
nporHo3Hwe xapaKTepHcTHKH npOqHOCTH neCCOBWX rpYHToB C
yqeTOM HX AononHHTenbHoro YBJJa:>KHeHHH.
BbIqHCneHHbIe no ypaBHeHHHM perpeccHH HopMaTHBHbIe xa-
paKTepHcTHKH npOqHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB r nHHHCTbIX rpYHToB npHBe-
AeHbI B Ta6n. 4.18.
HopMaTHBHbIe 3HaqeHHH YAenbHoro cuenneHHH C, MTIa, 11
yrJJa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH cp neCqaHbIX rpYHToB (He3aBHcHMo OT
npoHCXO:>KAeHHH H B03pacTa) no BenHqHHe YAenbHoro conpoTHB-
JIeHHH rpYHTa nOA KOHYCOM 30HAa q3 B COOTBeTCTBHH C PCH
23-85 onpeAe.JIHIOTCH no Ta6JI. 4.19.
T a 611 H I.I. a 4.19. HopMaTHBHble 3HaqeHHJI y.n.eJIbHOrO cu.enJleHHJI H
yrJIa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHJI neCKOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT q3
neCqaHhIe XapaKTe- \ Q3' Mn.
rpy HTbI pHCTHKa 50,0 \ 27,51 15 ,0 1 8,3 I
rPYHToB 4,7 2,8 1.7
KpynHhIe c. Mna 0,002 0,002 0,001 0,001
<p, rpaJI. 43 42 40 39 38 35
CpeJI.HeH c, Mna 0,003 0,003 0,002 0,002 0,001
KpynHocTH cp, rpaJI. 40 39 38 37 35 32
MeJIKHe c, Mna 0,006 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002 0,001
cp, rpaJI. 38 37 36 34 32 30 28
nblJIeBaTble c, Mna 0,0081 0,007 0,006 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002
cp, rpa,l( 36 35 34 32 30 28 26
133

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.20. HopMaTHBHble 3HaqeHHJI y.o.eJlbHoro cu.enJleHHJI H
yrJla BHYTpeHHero TpeHHJI neCKOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT p
neCqaHbIe
rPYHTbI
I xapaKTe- 1
pHCTHKa
rpYHTOB
17,5 ,
15
PlJ,' Mna
10 I 5
3
2
KpYIIHble H rpaBe- C, MOa 0,0012 0, 0011 0,0007 - - -
JIHCTbIe £p, rpaJI. 41 40 39 38
CpeJI.HeH KpynHocTH C, MOa 0,0022. 0,0021 0,0017 0, 0011 - -
£p, rpaJI. 39 38 37 35 - -
MeJIKHe C, MOa 0,0045 0,0041 0,0035 0,0021 0,0018 -
£p, rpa 37 36 34 32 30 28
ObIJIeBaTble HeBOJI.O- c. MOa 0,0065 0,0061 0.0055 0,0041 0,0030 0,0020
HaCbIlI.leHHble <p, rpa,l( 35 34 33 30 28 26
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BeJIHqHHbI YCJIOBHOrO ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO CO-
npOTHBJIeHHH 3HaqeHHH C H  neCqaHWX rpYHTOB onpeAeJIHIDTCH
no Ta6JI. 4.20 (PCH 62-87).
4.5. Onpe.qeneHJo1e Mo.qynJ1 o6ej;i .qeCIJopMau.Jo1Jo1 rpYHToB
lI.JIH Ha.n.eLKHoH Oll.eHKH neCqaHO-rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHToB KaK
oCHoBaHHH HHLKeHepHbIx coopYLKeHHH 60JIbllIOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT
H3yqeHHe .n.eopMall.HOHHNX CBOHCTB 3THX rpYHToB B YCJIOBHHX
eCTeCTBeHHoro 3aJIeraHHH. B cOBpeMeHHoH npaKTHKe HCnOJIb3Y-
IOTCH TPH OCHOBHbIX MeTo.n.a: onbITHbIe HarpY3KH _ Ha IlITaMnbI,
CTaTHqeCKOe H ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOe 30H.n.HpoBaHHe. B onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIX
YCJIOBHHX 30H.n.HpoBaHHe MOLKeT 3aMeHHTb IIITaMnOBbIe HcnbITa-
HHH, HO .n.JIH 3Toro .n.OJILKHbI 6bITb npe.n.BapHTeJIbHO YCTaHOBJIeHbI
,lI.OCTaTOlJHO Ha.n.eLKHbIe 3aBHCHJv'IOCTH MeLK,lI.Y MO,lI.YJIeM 06II.J.eH
,lI.eOpMalI.HH E, Y,lI.eJIbHbIM conpOTHBJIeHHeM rpYHTa no,lI. HaKO-
HeqHHKOM 30H,lI.a q3 H YC,,1JOBHbIM ,lI.HHaMHqeCKHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM
PJ1..
MHorHe HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIH YKa3bIBaIOT Ha KOppeJIHlI.HOHHYIO 3a-
BHCHMOCTb MeLK.n.y conpOTHBJIeHHeM rpYHTa norpYLKeHHIO KOHyca
30H,lI.a H MO.n.y JIeM .necpopMall.HH rpYHTa (Ta6JI. 4.21, 4.22).
B nOCJIe.n.HHe rO,lI.bI npoBo,lI.HJIHCb HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH no YCTaHoB-
JIeHHIO 3MnHpH1.IecKHx 3aBHcHMocTefi MO.n.YJIfI ,lI.eOpMall.HH OT
conpOTHBJIeHHfI 30H.n.HpoBaHHlo, HO, KaK BH.n.HO H3 Ta6JI. 4.21 H
4.22, 3TH 3aBHCHMOCTH 3aMeTHO OTJIHqaIOTCfI .n.Pyr OT APyra
.n.aLKe .LI;JIH rpyHToB, OTHOCHMbIX no KJIaCCHHKaII.HH fOCT 25100-82
[43] K O.n.HOMY THny (necKH, cynecH, cyrJIHHKH, rJIHHbI). 3TO
06DHcHfIeTcfI B nepBYIO oqepe.n.b pa3JIHqHHMH B MHHepaJIbHOM
COCTaBe H CTPYKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIX CBoHcTBax rpYHToB, OTJIHqa-
IOllI.HXCfI no reHe3Hcy H COpMHpoBaBIIIHxcH B pa3HbIx aII.HaJIb-
HbIX 06cTaHoBKax. B H3BecTHoH Mepe CKa8bIBaIOTCH TaKLKe pa3-
JIHqHH B MeTO.LI;HKe HcnbITaHHH, KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX oc06eHHOCTHX
npHMeHfIIOII.J.lIXCH 30H.n.HPOBOQHbIX YCTaHoBoK H .n.p. KpoMe Toro,
134

conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa nOrpY)KeHHIO 30HAa SIBJISIeTCSI He napa-
MeTpOM, npHCYllI.HM AaHHOMY THny rpYHTa, a CJIO)KHOH cpYHKlI.HeH
MHorHX H3MeHHIOIll.HXCH B IlIHpOKHX npeAeJIax nOKa3aTeJIeH ero
cpH3HqeCKHX H MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB, TaKHX, KaK nJIOTHOCTb
CJIO)KeHHH, CTeneHb BO}.J.OHaCbIllI.eHHH, rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKHH CO-
CTaB H OKaTaHHOCTb 3epeH, MHHepaJIbHbIH COCTaB, HaJIHlIHe H
xapaKTep CBH3eH Me)KAY qaCTHlI.aMH HAp. [158]. n03TOMY no-
JIyqeHHe HaAe)KHbIX 3aBHCHMOCTeH Me)KAY conpOTHBJIeHHeM 30H-
)J,HpOBaHHIO OAHHM HJIH HeCKOJIbKHMH H3 nepeqHCJIeHHbIX nOKa-
3aTeJIeH MO)KHO O)KH}.J.aTb TOJIbKO npH YCJIOBHH, qTO Bce OCTaJIb-
HbIe AOCTaTOqHO cTporo cpHKcHpOBaHbI. A 3TO B03MO)KHO TOJIbKO
B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH }.J.JIH nOCTpoeHHH perpeCCHOHHbIX 3aBHCHMO-
CTeH HCnOJIb3YIOTCH )J,aHHble, OTHOcHIll.HeCH K onpeAeJIeHHbIM re-
HeTHqeCKHM THnaM H JIHTOJIOrHqeCKHM BHAaM rpYHToB, KOTope
HaxOAHTcH B onpe}.J.eJIeHHOM cpH3HQeCKOM COCTOHHHH.
ABTOpOM HCCJIeAoBaJIHCb 3aBHCHMOCTH MOAYJIH OOllI.eH Aecpop-
Mall.HH OT napaMeTpOB CTaTHqeCKOrO H AHHaMHqeCKOro 30HAHpO-
BaHHH AJISI JIeCCOBbIX, aJIJIIOBHaJIbHbIX, cpJIIOBHOrJIHlI.HaJIbHbIX H
MopeHHbIx OTJIO)KeHHH BCCP [15, 18]. nOJIyqeHHble ypaBHeHHH
CBH3H npHBeAeHbI B TaOJI. 4.23. BbIOOp BH,Zi,a 3aBHCHMOCTH oCY-
Ill.eCTBJIHeTCSI nYTeM npeABapHTeJIbHOrO aHaJIH3a TOqelIHblX KOp-
peJISIlI.HOHHbIX rpacpHKoB H HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3MnHpHqeCKHX KPH-
T 36 JI H II. a 4.21. YpaBHeHHJI CBJl3H Me1K)J.y BeJIH1JHHaMH E H q3
ABTop
YpaBHeHHe CBH3H
fPYHTbI
10. r. Tp<><pHMeHKoB
»
A. B3H .EaM6eK
M. EIOHcMaH
CH 448-72
A. AJlHKOHHC H )J.p.
BCErl1HfEO
(T. A. fpH3HOB H )J.p.)
10. f. Tp<><pHMeHKoB
»
A. BaH EaM6eK
C. B. XOJIOIIOB
B. C. HHKOJIaeB
A. AJIHKOHHC H JI.p.
CH 448-72
B. f. J1060JI.eHKo
»
BCEfl1HfEO
(T. A. fpSl3HOB H ,np.)
B. H. <I>eppoHcKHH
E = 2,5 qs
E = 3,4 q3 + 130
E = 1, 1 qs
E = 1, 5 qs
E = 3 qs
E = 6 q3
E = 3 q3
E = 5 q3 + 100
E = 7,80 q3 + 20
E=2,4qs
E = (7 - 13) qs
E = 5,9 qs
E = (3 - 8) qs
E = 7 qs
E = 3,5 qs
E = 6,5 qs
E = 3,6qs
E=5,5qa
E = 7 qa
3n (I +fl)(3-4J.t) . qs
E=
16 (1 - fl)
rJI.e fl - K03<Pq,HIJ.HeHT
nyaccoHa
neCKH
neCKH aJIJIIOBHaJIbHbJe
neCKH
»
»
neCKH 3JIJIIOBHaJIbHble
neCKH
Cyr JIHHKH MopeHHbIe
CyrJIHHKH H rJIHHbI
CyrJIHHKH
Cyr JIHHKH MopeHHhIe
»
»
CyrJIHHKH H rJlHHhI
CynecH MopeHHble
CyrJIHHKH MopeHHble
CynecH
CyrJ)HHKH
f JIHHbl
I Pa3Hble rpYHTbJ
135

T a 6 JI H I.I. a 4.22. YpaRHeHHR CRR3H Me1KJJ.Y MOJJ.YJleM JJ.etIJopMaI(HH H
napaMerpaMH JJ.HHaMHQeCKOrO 30HJJ.HpoRaHHR
ABTOp
YpaBHeHHe CBH3H
rpYHTbI
11. B. J],YJJ.JIep
MH 448-72
C. A. IIIaIllKoB
JI. H. Bop06KoB
PCH 27-78
B. A. .lI.ypaHTe
E = (55 - 5a) N
(N-lIHCJIO y.n.apOB Ha 10 CM
norpy>KeHHH 30 HJI. a , a-
YJI.eJIbHOe JI.aBJIeHHe IIO.n.
UlTaMIIOM)
E = 6 P]J,
E=na
(n - 6e3pa3MepHblH K03q,-
«pHIJ.HeHT, a - y.n.eJIbHOe JI.H-
HaMHtJeCKoe conpOTHBJIeHHe)
E = (350- 500) 19 N
E=3,5P]J,+5
E = 22,79 N - 137,05
AJIJIIOBHaJIbHble neCKH
CyrJIHHKH H rJIHHbI
DecKH
(n-oT 3-4 .n.JIH IIeCKOB nhl-
JIeBaTblX JI.O 14 - 16 - JI.JIH
rpaBeJiH CTbIX)
AJIJIIOBHaJIbHble IIeCKH (30H-
.n.npoBaHHe rpYHToHOCOM)
CynecH H cyrJIHHKH
necKH
Ta6JIHIJ.a 4.23. CBR3b Me1KJJ.Y MOJJ.YJIeM JJ.etIJopMaI(HH H napaMeTpaMH
30HJJ.HpoRaHHR rpYHToB
t.lHCJIO C pe.n.Hee CTaH- K03rPrP H -
YpaBHeHHe onpeJl,e- KBa.n.pa- .n.apTHaH u,HeHT
rpYHThI perpeCCHH JIeHHR THqeCKOe 01lIH6Ka Koppe-
OTKJIO- nporH03a llHlJ,HH
HeHHe
AJIJIIOBHaJIb HhIe E = 2,69 q3 + 7,45 83 8,04 5,669 0,88
IIeCKH E = 3,71 P]J, + 3,86 60 4,95 4,785 0,91
<I>JIIOBHOr JI HlI.HaJlb- E = 2,52 q3 + 11, 21 103 15,21 9, 179 0,80
Hble IIeCKH E = 2,99 P]J, + 9,96 187 14,47 8,000 0,83
MopeHHbIe cYIIecH E = 3, 10 q3 + 7,69 66 9,98 5,860 0,81
H cyrJIHHKH E = 3, 13 P]J, + 6,84 183 9,75 5,642 0,82
JIeccoBble cynecH E = 2,14 P]J, + 8,67 29 6,71 5,791 0,53
H cyrJIHHKH
BbIX pa3Horo BH}l.a C nocJIe}l.YIOllI.eH oJJ.eHKoH Ha}l.e:>KHOCTH npor-
H03a. MepOH TeCHOTbl CBH3H YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX 3aBHcHMocTeH
CJIY:>KHJIH BeJIHqHHa cTaHapTHOu OlliH6KH oJJ.eHKH H 3HaqeHHH
K03cpcpHJJ.HeHToB KOppeJIHJJ.HH.
.lI.JIH nporHo3a MOYJIH ecpopMaJJ.HH HaH60JIee Y}l.06Hbl JIH-
HeuHble 3aBHcHMOCTH, npHBe}l.eHHble B Ta6JI. 4.23. npHMeHeHHe
pyrHx perpeccHoHHblX MOeJIeU (napa60JIa, JIOrapHcpMHqeCKaH
H p.) KaqeCTBO annpoKcHMaJJ.HH CYllI.eCTBeHHO He YJIyqrnaeT.
113 Ta6JIHI.J.bl CJIe}l.yeT, qTO HaH60JIee TeCHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH Me:>K-
Y HCCJIe}l.yeMbIMH napaMeTpaMH YCTaHOBJIeHbI }l.JIH aJIJIIOBHaJIb-
HblX neCKOB, KOTopble xapaKTepH3YIOTCH COpTHpOBaHHOCTbIO, o}l.-
HOpOHOCTblO H xopOllieH OKaTaHHOCTbIO 3epeH. ,il.JIH cpJIIOBHOrJIH-
JJ.HaJIbHbIX neCKOB OJJ.eHKa TeCHOTbI CBH3H 60JIee HH3KaH, qTO, Be-
pOHTHO, 3aBHCHT OT TaKHX cpaKTopOB, KaK HeOHOpO}l.HOCTb, no-
136

JIHMHHepaJIlbHOCTib, yrJIOBaTOCTb 3epeH H npHCYTCTBHe rJIHHHCTOH
COCTaBJIHIOrn.eiL
KpoMe TOrO, H3Hat.IaJIbHaH HeO,lI,HOpO,lI,HOCTb OCa,lI,KOB tJaCTO YCH-
JIeHa pa3JIHQHbIMH BTOPHQHbIMH npOueCCaMH. KaK nOKa3blBalOT
HCCJIe,lI,OBaHHH [113], HapH,lI,Y C BblBeTpHBaHHeM H CTPYKTypHblM
pa3ynpOqHeHHeM rpYHToB 3a ctJeT Bblrn.eJIaqHBaHHH H CY<P4>o3HH
Hepe}J.Ko npoHcxo}J.HT npouecc ueMeHTaUHH rpYHToB, Bbl3BaHHblH
Kap6oHaTH3aUHeH, oKpeMHeHHeM HJIH ocaLK,lI,eHHeM rH,lI,pOOKHCJIOB
k
12
4
8
o
4
8
12
16 Q3.M na
PHC. 4.8. 3aBHcHMoCTb IIepexo.rr.Horo K03«p4>HlJ,HeHTa OT Y.lI.eJIbHOro COnpOTl-IBJle-
HHH noJI. KOHYCOM 30HJI.a: 1- «pJIIOBHOrJlSlIJ.H3JIbHbIe neCKH; 2- MopeHHbIe cy-
IIeCH H cyrJIHHKH; 3 - aJlJIIOBHaJIbHbIe neCKH
LKeJIe3a, t.ITO npHBO,lI,HT K nOBblllleHHIO HX npolIHoCTH. n03TOMY Ha-
JIHqHe B pa3pe3e JIe}J.HHKOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH rpYHToB, pa3JIHtJalOIII.Hx-
CH no nJIOTHOCTH H npOQHOCTH, CBH3aHO He TOJIbKO C YCJIOBHHMH
H npoueccaMH oca}J.KOHaKOnJIeHHH, HO H C ,lI,HareHeTHtJeCKHMH H
9IIHreHeTHt.leCKHMH npeo6pa30BaHHHMH. Bce 3TO MO}KeT CYllI.eCT-
BeHHO CKa3bIBallbCH Ha pe3YJIbTaTaX 30H}J.HpOBaHHH H IlITaMnOBbIX
HcnbITaHHH.
JIHHeHHbIe ypaBHeHHH, npHBe}J.eHHbIe B Ta6JI. 4.23, MO}KHO npe,lI.-
cTaBHb B BH,lI,e E=kq31 r}J.e k - nepexo}J.HblH K09Q:>Q:>HUHeHT. Ha
pHC. 4.8 BH}J.HO, qTO B 06JIaCTH MaJIblX conpOTHBJIeHHH q3 3HaqeHHH
k 6bICTpO YMeHlblllaIOTCH, a 3aTeM H3MeHHIOTCH Hecyrn.eCTBeHHO.
B ,lI,Hana30He HH3KHX 3HaQeHHH k HaXO}J.HTCH B npe,lI,eJIax OT 5 }J.O
15. EJIH3KHe pe3YJIlbTaTbI npHBo,lI,HT B CBoen CTaTbe B. r. JIo6o-
(eHKO [81], YKa3bIBalOIII.HH, qTO ,lI,JIH MopeHHbIx rpYHToB HeBbIcoKoH
npOqHOCTH (q3<2 MITa) k HaXO,lI,HTCH B npe,lI,eJIax 8-14 (B
Cpe,lI,HeM 12). 3TO;}Ke OTHOCHTCH H K 3aBHCHMOCTH BH,lI,a E=f(PlJ,).
flpH conpOTHBJIeHHH 30H}J.HpoBaHHIO q3> 9 Mila 3HaqeHHH k
.." r JIHHHCTbIX MOpeHHbIX rpYHToB 60JIbllle, qeM Y neCKOB aJIJIIOBH-
aJIbHOrO H Q:>JIIOBHOrJIHUHaJIbHOrO npOHCXO:>K,lI,eHHH. POCT nepexo,lI,-
:loro K09<p<pHuHeHTa no Mepe YBeJIHqeHHH rJIHHHCTOCTH 06'bHCHH-
TCH TeM, QTO Ha D3aHMOCBH3b E C q3 H PJJ, B 06JIaCTH BbICOKHX
onpOTHBJIeHHH HaKJIa}J.bIBaeTCH BJIHHHHe TpeHHH rpYHTa Ha 60KO-
30H nOBepXHOCTH 30H,lI,a H lllTaHr, KOTopoe B03paCTaeT C YBeJIH-
137

qeHHeM r JIy6HHbI 30HJI.HpOBaHHH, a TaKLKe npOqHOCTH H r JIHHHCTO-
CTH rpYHTOB. ITo YJI.eJIbHOMY conpOTHBJIeHHIO 30H)J.HpOBaHHIO KpOMe
MO,nYJI5I JI.eQJopMall.HH npH 3HaqeHHHX q3 5 Mila MOLKHO onpe)1.e-
oI'1HTb KpHTHqeCKOe )J.aBJIeHHe Ha rpYHT PH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.ee npe-
)1.eJ1Y npOnOpll.HOHaJIlbHOCTH rpacpHKa 3aBHCHMOCTH oca)J.KH llITaM-
na OT HarpY3KH [166].
3aBHcHMoCTb PH=f( q3) npHBe)1.eHa Ha pHC. 4.9. YpaBHeHHe
perpeccHH P H ==0,08q3+0,05 npH K03Q>Q>HII.HeHTe KOppe.iUIII.HH
P k. M na
°
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0 q3,Mna
PIIC. 4.9. 3aBHcHMoCTb KpuTHtlecKoro .rr.aBJIeHlUI Ha rpYHT OT YJI.enbHOro conpo-
THBJIeHI1H no,lJ. KOHYCOM 30H.lI.a
r=0,90 [14]. TaK, npH q3=5 Mila (rpaHHqHOe 3HaqeHHe )J.JIH'
pbIXJ10rO CJIOLKeHH5I neCKOB KpynHbIx H cpe)J.HeH KpynHocTH) no-
J1YQHM P np =0,45 Mila, T. e. Ha 3TH rpYHTbI MOLKHO nepe)J.aBaTib
HarpY3KY OT coopYLKeHHH )1.0 0,45 Mila, qTO He YBH3bIBaeTCH C
KJ1aCCHcpHKall.Heii I1JIOTHOCTH CJIOLKeHH5I l1eCqaHbIX rpYHTOB 110 )J.aH-
HbIM CTaTHqeCKOrO 30H)1.HpOBaHH5I, npHBe)1.eHHOH B CH 448-72,"'
no KOTOpofi rpYHTbI C q3<5 MITa CJIeJI.yeT OTHOCHTb K PbIXJ1bIM.
TIOJIY1.IeHHble pe3YJIbTaTbI 110JI.TBepLK)J.aIOT II.eJIeC006pa3HocTb H3.
MeHeHH5I rpaHHI neCKOB no I1JIOTHOCTH CJIOLKeHH5I, peKoMeH)J.yeMbIe
B 4.2.
no ypaBHeHluo perpeccHH Pl{=f(q3J BbIQHCJIeHbI 3HaqeHHH
T a 6 .'1 H IJ. a 4.24. PaCIJeTHble conpOTHBJleHHJI
rnHHHCTblX rPYHToB
Q3' Mna
R o , Mna
1
0,13
2
0,21
3
0,29
4
0,37
5
0,45
6
0,53
138

T a 6 JI Ii I.I. a 4.25. HopMaTHBHhle 3HaqeHHJI MO.u.YJlJI .u.etIJoPMau.HH rPYHToB
E, Mna, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT qa, Mna
rpYHThI I.
Qa' Mna
2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 12 I 14 I 16 , 18 1 20
neCKH - 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
CynecH 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 - - - -
CyrJIHHKH 6 12 24 36 48 60 - - - - -
f JIHH bl 7 14 28 42 56 70 - - - - -
I
T a 6 JI H I.I. a 4.26. HopMaTHBHhle 3HaqeHHJI MO.u.YJlJI .u.etIJ0PMau.HH rPYHToB
E, Mna, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT PlJ,
fPYHTbI P lJ,' Mna
"I .2 3 I 5 10 15 17,6
AJIJIIOBHaJIbHble IIeCKH 11 15 22 40 59 68
<I>JIIOBHOr JIHIJ.HaJIbHbIe
neCKH 16 19 25 40 55 62
MopeHHble rJIHHHCThIe 10 13 16 22 38 54 62
paCqeTHX conpOTHBneHHA rnHHHCTX rpYHTOB, npHBeeHHe B
PCH 23-85 (Ta6n. 4.24).
113 Ta6n. 4.2, 4.17, 4.23 BHHO, qTO HaH60nee TeCHbIe 3aBHCH-
MOCTH nonyqeHbI ,lI,JIH MO,lI,YJIH ,lI,ecpopMall.HH, TaK KaK npoll.ecc
norpYlKeHHH 30H,lI,a B rpYHT B H3BeCTHoA Mepe MOeJIHpyeT pa-
60TY IllTaMna. TOqHOCTb H Ha,lI,eLKHOCTb 3aBHCHMOCTeA E = f (qaJ
PA), paBHO KaK H e=f( Q3' PA), nOTBepLK,lI,aeT pHC. 4.10, Ha KOTO-
pOM nOKa3aHO conOCTaBJIeHHe 3HaqeHHA P A H qa npH <pHKCHpO-
p 1l.Mna
PHC. 4.10. ConOCTaBJIeHHe co-
IIpOTHBJIeHHH 30H.rr.HpoBaHlilO
qa H P A : 1 - no 3aBHCHMO-
CTHM e=f(qa, PA); 2 - no
E = f( qa, P A ) .lI.JISI 4>JIIOBHO-
rJIHIJ.HanbHbIX IIeCKOB; 3-
no E=f(q3, P]I.) AJIH aJIJIIOBH-
aJIbHblX IIeCKOB; 4 - IIO q>=
= f( qa, P]I.) .rr.JlH IIecKon"
10
10
20
Q3. Mna
20
139

BaHHblX e, cp H E. 3aBHCHMOCTH <p=f( q3 H FlI,) ,lI.JIH neCKOB HY)K,lI.a-
IOTCH B YTOt.IHeHHH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM MaTepHaJIOB nOJIeBbIX onpe-
,lI.eJIeHHH C,lI.BHrOBbIX XapaKTepHCTHK rpYHTOB, TaK KaK npH CYllI.eCT-
BYIOlll.eH MeTO,lI.HKe JIa60paTopHbIX onpe,lI.eJIeHHM conpOTHBJIeHHH
cpe3Y CYllI.eCTBeHHO HapyrnalOTcH CTPYKTypHO-TeKCTypHbIe OCO-
6eHHOCTH neCKOB - O,lI.HOro H3 r JIaBHbIX cpaKTopOB, 06YCJIOBJIHBa-
IOllI.HX 06ll1.ee conpOTHBJIeHHe C,lI.BHry.
lI.JIH paCIleTa COOTHorneHHH
MeLK,lI.Y q3 H P11. B neCIlaHbIX rpYH-
TaX HCnOJIb3yeM ypaBHeHHH pe-
rpeCCHH ,lI.JIH e= f (q3, P11.) H nOJIY-
LfHM CJIe,lI.YIOllI.YIO 3aBHCHMOCTb:
15
.
f

.r
1;)

p II. Mna
10
5
o
5
10 Q3.Mna
qa = 0,65 pk. 19 .
(4.9)
PHC. 4.11. 3aBHcHMoCTb YCJlOBHOrO .rr.H-
HaMHtJeCKoro COIIpOTHBJIeHHH OT y.rr.eJIb-
Horo COIIpOTHBJleHHH IIO.rr. HaKOHetJHHKOM
30HJI.a MopeHHbIx rJIHHHCTblX rpYHToB:
1 - IIO I L; 2. 3 - no E
lI..JIff onpe,lI.eJIeHHH COOTHorneHHH Me>KJJ.Y q s If P 11. B r JIHHHCTbIX
rpYHTax npHMeHffeM 3aBHCHMOCTH I L = f (qs) H I L = f (P11.):
qs = 0,42 pi' 17.
(4.10)
lI.JIH BbI1JHCJIeHHH COOTHOllleHHH MeLK,lI.Y q3 H P11. B MopeHHbIX
rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTax HCnOJIlh30BaHbI TaKLKe 3aBHCHMOCTH ,lI.JUI onpe-
,lI.eJIeHHH E, npHBe,lI.eHHbIe B Ta6JI. 4.23. KaK BH,lI.HO H3 pHC. 4.11,
B 060HX CJIYIlaHx nOJIYIleHbI 6JIH3KHe pe3YJIbTaTbI.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C PCH 23-85 3Ha1JeHHH MO,lI.YJIH ,lI.eOpMaII.HH
neCIlaHblX H rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB B 3aBHCHMOCl'H OT y.n.eJIbHOrO co-
npOTHBJIeHHH rpYHToB no,lI. KOHYCOM 30H,lI.a B1JHCJIH'IOTCH no
Ta6JI. 4.25.
lI.JIH onpe,lI.eJIeHHH MO,lI.YJIH .n.eopMaII.IHI MopeHHbIx cyneceH H
cyr JIHHKOB HCnOJIb3yeTcH 3aBHCHMOCTb E = 3,1 Oq3-1-7,69 B HHTep-
BaJIe q30T 1 ,lI.0 15 MI1a.
HopMaTHBHue 3HaIleHHH MO,lI.YJIH ,lI.eOpMaII.HH neC1JaHX
rpYHTOB H MopeHHbIx r JIHHHCTbIX rpYHToB B COOTBeTCTBHH C PCH
62-87 onpe,lI.eJIHIOTCH no Ta6JI. 4.26.
4.6. Ou.eHKa HecYLLJ.eJ;i cnoc06HOCTJ.1 3a6J.1BHbIX cBaJ;i
B COOTBeTCTBHH C ,lI.eHcTBYIOllI.HMH HopMaTHBHbIMH ,lI.OKYMeH-
TaMil HecyllI.YIO cnoc06HOCTb cBaM onpe,lI.eJIHIOT no Ta6JIHll.aM
140

CHI1f1 11-17-77* [144] HJIH no pe3YJIbTaTaM nOJIeBbIX HcnbITaHH:H.
ITo Ta6JIHIJ.aM CHHTI HecYI.l.laH cnoC06HOCTIb CBaH YCTaHaBJIHBa-
eTCH ,lI.JIH neCKOB no rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKOMY COCTaBY H nJIOTHOCTH,
.LI.JIH r JIHHMCTbIX rpYHTOB - no KOHCHCTeHIJ.HH. ITpOqHe xapaKTepH-
CTHKH HX COCTaBa, CTPYKTYPbI HJIH H3HqeCKOrO COCTOHHHH BO BHH-
MaHHe He npHHHMaIOTCH, liTO, eCTeCTBeHHO, He MO.>KeT He CKa3aTb-
CH Ha TOqHOCTH H Ha,lI.e.>KHOCTH nporH03a. ITpH nOJIeBbIX HcnbITa-
HHHX Hecyru.aH cnOC06HOC'Db cBaM YCTaHaBJIMBaeTCH no ,lI.aHHbIM
CTaTH4eCKoro 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH HJIH no pe3YJIbTaTaM HcnMTaHHH
eBaH cT'aTHLIecKHMH H ,lI.HHaMHqeCKHMH HarpY3KaMH.
HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHblM MeTO,lI.OM nOJIyqeHHH He06xo-
,lI.HMOH HHcpopMall.HH ,lI.JIH npoeKTHpoBaHHH cBaHHbIx CPYH,lI.aMeHTOB
npH H3MCKaHHHX ,lI.JIH MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCTBa HBJIHeTCH CTaTH-
qeCKOe 30H,lI.HpoBaHHe. 3TOT MeTO,lI. 06JIa,lI.aeT pH,lI.OM npeHMY-
ru.ecTB no cpaBHeHHIO Co CTaTHqeCKHMH HcnbITaHHHMH CBaM, HO B
TO LKe BpeMH YCTynaeT HM B TOqHOCTH onpe,lI.eJIeHHH qaCTHbIX 3Ha-
LleHHM npe,lI.eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH CBaH (DCC).
ABTOpOM cHcTeMaTH3HpoBaHbi H 0606I.l.leHbl pe3YJIbTaTbI ,lI.HHa-
MHqeCKMX H CTaTHqeCKHX HcnbITaHHH cBaM Ha cTpOHTeJIbHbIX nJIO-
Ill. a,lI.Kax, paCnOJIOLKeHHblx B pa3JIHqHbIX paHOHax BCCP, H npoH3-
Be)1.eHo cpaBHeHHe 3THX )1.aHHbIx MeLK,lI.Y C060H H C pe3YJIbTaTaMH
onpe,lI.eJIeHHH Hecyru.eM cnoc06HoCTH B COOTBeTCTBHH C n. 5.5
CHHIT 11-17-77 [144] H no CTaTUqeCKoMY 30H,lI.HpOBaHHIO [13].
BbIJIO HCnOJIlb30BaHO 39 3KcnepHMeHTOB CTaTH1.]eCKHX H 25 )1.HHa-
MHqeCKHX HcnbITaHHM cBaM. HenOcpe,lI.cTBeHHO Y Ka:>K,lI.OM CBaH
BbInOJIHeHO CTaTHqeCKOe 30H,lI.HpOBaHHe neHeTpaIJ.HOHHO-KapOTaLK-
HOM CTaHu.HeM CITR. McnbITaHHH cBaM H 30H,lI.HpOBaHHe rrpOBO)1.H-
JIHCb B pa3JIHqHbIX rpYHToBbIX YCJIOBHHX - KaK npH MHOrOCJIOM-
HbIX oCHoBaHHHx, KOr,lI.a npope3aeMbIe cJIa6b1e rpYHTbI nO,lI.CTHJIa-
JIMCb neC1.IaHbIMM H rJIHHHCTbIMH rpYHTaMH, TaK H npH O)1.HOCJIOH-
HbIX (neCqaHble HJIH rJIHHHCTbIe rPYHTbI).
,lJ,HHaMHqeCKHMH H CTaTHqeCKHMH HarpY3KaMH McnbITbIBaJIHCb
npH3MaTHqeCKHe CBaM CeqeHHeM 30X30 CM, norpY.>KeHHbIe Ha
rJIy6HHY OT 3,9 )1.0 9,5 M. ITpH ,lI.HHaMHqeCKHX HcnbITaHHHX 3a pac-
qeTHbIH OTKa3 npMHHMaJICH HaH60JIblllHH Cpe,lI.HHM OTKa3 npH )1.0-
6HBKe nOCJIe «OT,lI.blxa» cBaM B COOTBeTCTBHH C fOCT 5686-78
[131]. ITocJIe HcnbITaHHM cBaM ,lI.HHafHqeCKHMM HarpY3KaMM npo-
BO,lI.HJIMCb CTaTHqeCKHe HcnbITaHHH HX no fOCT 5686-78.
3a qaCTHbIe 3HaqeHHH ncc, COrJIaCHO CHHIT 11-17-77, npHHH-
MaJIaCb HarpY3Ka npH oca)1.Ke 1,6 CM, qTO COCTaBJIHeT 0,2 npe,lI.eJIb-
HOM a6COJIIOTHOH oca,lI.KH oCHoBaHuH npoeKTHpyeMbIx 3,lI.aHHH
(8 CM). C nOJIyqeHHbIMM 3HaqeHHHMM Hecyru.€M cnoc06HOCTH no
CTaTHqeCKHM HcnbITaHHHM CBaM CPa, KOTopbIe npHHHTbI 3a CTonpo-
u.eHTHYIO ,lI.OCTOBepHOCTb, cpaBHHBaJIHOb CP, onpe)1.eJIeHHbIe CTaTH-
* B 1I0BOM CHHTI 2.02.03-85 H3MeHeHbl 0003HatJeHHH BeJIHlIHH, HO CMblCJI H
CTpYKTypa «POPMYJI .rr.JIH OIIpJI.e.'1eHHH necymeH CIIOCOOHOCTH no TaomftJHblM .rr. aH -
HhIM II pe3Y.T(bTaTa IIOJIeBblX HCIIbITaHm1: OCTaJIHCb IIpe>KHHMH.
141

T.J:eCKHM 30H)I.HpOBaHHeM c]>3, )I.HHaMH1JeCKHMH MCnbITaHHHMM CBaM
C/J]1. M .paCqeTaMH no Ta6JI. 1.2 CHHn 11-17-77 C/J cHlln . ,I:I.JIH KOJIH-
1JeCTBeHHoM ou.eHKH rrOJIY1JeHHbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB npMHHTbI OTHOllle-
HMH C/J]1./C/J 3 (1), C/JcHlln/C/J3 (2) H C/J 3 /C/J 3 (3).
Pe3YJIlbTaTbI conOCTaBJIeHMM nOKa3aHbI Ha pMC. 4.12 M 4.13 H B
Ta6JI. 4.27, oTKY)I.a CJIe)I.yeT, LITO Bce cnoco6bI B 3aBHCMMOCTM OT
BH)I.a MJIM HaMHoro 3aHH}I{aIOT, MJIM 3Ha1JMTeJIbHO 3aBbIlllalOT <p aK -
THT.J:eCKYIO HecyllI.YIO cnoco6HOCTb, onpe)I.eJIeHHYIO no CTaTHT.J:eCKMM
llJ!I,KH . llJ :j,KH
.
800
+
a
.
6
800
.
+
400
400
+
-3
+4
400
800 (JJ .Il.KH
400
800
llJcHHn,KH
PHC. 4.12. ConOCTaBJleHHe tJaCTHblX 3HatJemdi IIpe.lI.eJIbHbIX COIIpOTHBJleHHH CBaH:
IIO pe3YJlbTaTaM HCIIblTaHHH CTaTHtJeCKOH HarpY3KOH: H a - IIO .lI.HH3MHIJeCKHM
HCIIbITaHHHM; 6 - IIO TaOJl. 1 H 2 CHHTI 11-17-77: 1 - J1HHHH OTKJIOHeHHH
::1::30 %; 2 - J1HHHH aOCOJIIOTHOH CXO.rr.HMOCTH; 3 - IIeCtJaHble, 4 - rJIHHHCTbIe
rpYHTbl
HcnbITaHHHM (CPa). TIOJIY1JeHHbIe )I.aHHbIe 3aMeTHO OTJIHLIalOTCH OT
npHBe)I.eHHbIX B pa60Te [154], 1JTO CBSl3aHO rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M C
perHOHaJIbHbIMH CBOMCTBaMH rpYHTOB, KOTopbIe Heo6xo)I.HMO Y1JH-
TbIBaTb npH nporH03e HeCYlll.eM cnoco6HOCTH cBaM. CKa3bIBalOTcH
TaK}I{e pa3JIH1JHH B MeTO)I.HKe HcnbITaHHM, KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX OCO-
6eHHocTHX 30H)I.HpOBOT.J:HX H cBae6oMHx YCTaHoBoK H )I.p.
KaK BM)I.HO H3 pHC. 4.12, )I.HHaMH1JeCKMM MeTO)I. paCT.J:eTa )I.aeT
He TOJIbKO 3aHH}I{eHHYIO, HO H 3aBbIIlleHHYIO BeJIH1JHHY HeCYllI.eM
cnoco6HOCTH cBaM no cpaBHeHMIO CO CTaTH1JeCKHMH HcnbITaHHHMH.
TIoCJIe,lI.Hee rrpOMcxo)I.MT B Tex CJIY1JaHX, KOr)I.a CBaM npope3alOT
TOJIllI.Y OTHOCMTeJIlbHO CJIa6bIX rpYHTOB M BXO)I.HT OCTpHeM B nJIOT-
HbIM rreCOK, 3a6MBKa cBaM B KOTOpbIM cOnpOBO}l{)I.aeTCH )I.OnOJIHM-
TeJIbHbIM ero ynJIOTHeHMeM. no Mepe 3a6HBKH cBaM B TIJIOTHbIM
rreCOK OTKa3bI pe3Ko YMeHbIllaIOTcH, 1JTO npMBO)I.HT K YBeJIH1JeHMIO
'IaCTHblX 3Ha1JeHMM ncc npH onpe)I.eJIeHMM MX no )I.MHaMH1JeCKMM
HcnbITaHHSlM.
CTaTHCTH'IeCKaH o6pa6oTKa ,lI.aHHbIX McnbITaHMM nOKa3bIBaeT,
'ITO B Cpe)I.HeM no 25 HcnbITaHMHM MMeeTCSI xopolliaH CXO,lI.MMOCTh
C/Jp, H c]>3, O,lI.HaKO BblCOKoe cpe,ll.HeKBa)I.paTH'IeCKOe OTKJIOHeHMe M
K03CP<PMu.MeHT BapMau.MM YKa3bIBalOT Ha 60JIblllOM pa36poc 3Haqe-
HMM OTHOllleHHH (1).
3HaqeHHH CPCHII n B 60JIbllIMHCTBe CJIY1JaeB BbI lIIe , 1JeM CPal oco-
]42

6eHHO Y rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB (CM. pHC. 4.12, Ta6JI. 4.27). YBeJIH-
qeHHe 3HaqeHHH ncc npH paCqeTe no Ta6JIHuaM CHHTI 11-17-71
no cpaBHeHHIO co CTaTHt.I-eCKHMH HcnbITaHHHMH 06YCJIOBJIeHO TeM,
qTO paCqeTHbIe conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHToB no}J. HH)KHHMH KOHIJ.aMH
H Ha 60KOBOM nOBepxHocTH cBaM 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO OT IIJIOTHOCTH
HX CJIO)KeHHH H KOHCHCTeHIJ.HH, HO H OT xapaKTepa H npOqHOCTH
CTPYKTypHbIX CBH3eH, onpe}J.eJIHIOI.I.J.HX conpOTHB.neHHe 30H)1.HpOBa-
HHIO II H3MeHeHHH CTPYKTypHO-TeKCTypHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH rpYHTa
Q (j
W;j.KH
800
.
. 600
lD J.K H 1200
800
400
400 lDpeK,KH
PHC. 4.13. ConOCTaBJIeHHe HecYlI.leH cnoc06HoCTH CBaH (CP). YCTaHOBJIeHHOH no
CTaTRllecKHM HCITblTaHHHM, C HecymeH cnoc06HOCTblO, OIIpe.rr.eJIeHHOH: a) no CTa-
THtJeCKOMY 30H)J.HpOBaHHIO CP3 (CHHn 11-17-77) H 6) IIO cTaTulIecKoMY 30H,nHpO-
BaHRIO C HCIIOJlb30BaHHeM nepeXO.lI.Horo K034>4>HIJ.HeHTa k3 (CPpeH). Y CJI. 0003H.
CM. Ha pHC. 4.12
nOCJIe 3a6HBKH cBaM. KpoMe Toro, caMH 3HaqeHHH paC1JeTHbIX CO-
IIpoTHBneHHM Tpe6YIOT YT01JHeHHH npHMeHHTeJIbHO K perHOHaJIb-
HblM oco6eHHocTHM rpYHToB.
Pe3YJI 1 bTaTbI CTaTH1JeCKHX HcnbITaHHM cBaM. B 1,3 pa3a MeHbllle,
1JeM nOJIyqeHHbIe no CHHn 11-17-77, r.n.e OHH npHBo}J.HT K 3aBbI-
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.27. CTaTHcTHlfecKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH oTHoweHHH
I, 2, 3 H 4
rpYHThI I DTHOmeHHel '1HCJ!O IcpeAHee aPH<I>_lcpeAHee HBaA-1 K03<1><I>H!\Hexr
onpe)I.eneHHA MeTHqeCKOe paTHqeCKOe BapHallHH
OTn:noneHHe
neclIaHble H 1 25 0,984 0,343 0,39
rJIHHH- 2 38 1 ,302 0,445 0,34
CTble 3 39 0,824 0,512 0,2
4 39 0,964 o , 183 0,19
nee qaHbIe 1 15 0,875 0,362 0,41
2 16 1 ,044 0, 179 0,17
3 17 1,214 0,440 0,36
4 17 0,963 0,131 0,14
r JIHHHCTbIe I 10 0,897 0,330 0,37
2 22 1 , 490 0,487 0,33
3 22 0,523 0,329 0,63
4 22 0,964 0,218 0,23
143

llIeHHbIM 3HalJeHHHM Hecyrn.eH CnOC06HOCTH CBaH, norpy,LKeHHbIX B
nJlOTHbIe BO)l.OHaCbIrn.eHHbIe neCKH H r JlHHHCTbIe rpYHTbI TBep)l.OH
KOHCHCTeHII.HH.
3HalJeHHH CPa r JlHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB B OCHOBHOM 3aHHLKeHbI, a B
neCKax, KaK npaBHJlO, 3aBbIllIeHbI. O)l.Ha H3 npH'!HH nOHBJleHHH
rrorpelliHOCTeH npH paC1Iere ncc, no )l.aHHbIM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH, 3a-
KJIlOlJaeTCH B TOM, lJTO peKOMeH)l.yeMbIe CHHn 11-17-77 K03cpcpH-
II.HeHT nepexo)l.a OT Y)l.eJlbHOro conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTa no)l. Ha-
a
0,16
4
12
2p Q3,M na
PHC. 4.14. 3aBHcHMoCTb
nepexo.rr.Horo K03cpcpm.1. H eH-
Ta OT y.rr.eJIbHOrO COlI po-
THBJIeHHH 30H.lI.HpOBaHHID
.lI.JIH ypaBHeHHH k 3 =O,068.
.Q3+0,179 (k3=a.Q3)
0,08
KOHelJHHKOM H Ha YLIaCTKe 60KOBOH nOBepXHOCTH 30H)l.a K conpo-
THBJIeHHIO no)l. HHLKHHM KOHII.OM H Ha 60KOBOH nOBepXHOCTH CBaH
He MorYT 6bITb npHrO)l.HbIMH ,lI.JIH JIlO6bIX HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1Ie-
CKHX YCJIOBHH H )l.OJI)KHbI YTOlJHHTbCH Ha OCHOBaHHH MeCTHoro
onbITa. KpoMe Toro, )l.BH.>Kyrn.HHCH B rpYHTe 30H)I. He nOJlHOCTblO
MO)l.eJIHpyeT pa60TY CBaH, TaK KaK xapaKTep HapYllleHHH eCTeCT-
BeHHoro CJIO}l{eHHH rpYHTa np'H 3a)l.aBJIHBaHHH 30H,lI.a H 3aOHBKe
CBaH pa3JIH1IeH.
I1cCJIe)l.OBaHHHMH YCTaHOBJIeHO, 1ITO B r JIHHHCTbIX rpYHTax
nJIaCTHlJHOH KOHCHCTeHI.J.HH H neCKax cpe)l.HeM nJlOTHOCTH 3HalJeHHH
a 3aHH)KeHbI, a B nJIOTHbIX neCK ax H CBH3HbIX IlPYHTax TBep)l.OM
KOHCHCTeHII.HH 3aBbIllleHbI. HaH60JIee cyecTBeHHbIe paCXO}l{)l.eHHH
B OII.eHKe Hecyrn.eH cnoc06HOCTH CBaH CTaTHqeCKHM 30H)l.HpOBa-
HHeM H CTaH,lI.a pTHbIM MeTO,lI.OM Ha6JIIO)l.a1OTCH B BO)l.OHaCbIeHHbIX
rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTax, xapaKTep )l.ecpopMaII.HR KOTOpbIX npH CTaTH-
1IeCKOM H )l.HHaMHlJeCKOM B03)1.eMCTBHH Ha HHX pa3JIHlJeH. Heco-
OTBeTCTBHH B 3HalJeHHHX Hecyrn.eH CIIoc06HOCTH CBH3aHbI r JIaBHbIM
06pa30M C cpH3HlJeCKHMH npOI.J.eCCaMH, IIpOHCXO)J.HHMH npH
B)l.aBJIHBaHHH 30H)l.a B rpYHT H IIPH 3a6HBKe CBaH [17].
B CBH3H C paCxOLK)l.eHHHMH B OI.J.eHKe Hecyrn.eH cnoc06HoCTH
CBaH pa3JIHlJHbIMH cnoc06aMH B03HHKaeT He06xo)J.HMOCTb B onpe-
)l.eJIeHHH perHOHaJIbHOrO K03cpcpHII.HeHTa )l.JlH nepeXO)l.a OT pe3YJIb-
TaTOB CTaTHlJeCKOrO 30H)l.HpOBaHHH K HecymeH cnoc06HOCTH cBaM.
0603Ha'!HM OTHOllleHHe CPa/CP3 1Iepe3 ka. YCTaHOBJIeHO, 1ITO
3Ha1IeHHe ka 3aBHCHT OT 3Ha1IeHHM Y)l.eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH
rpYHTa KOHYCY 30H)l.a (Q3). 3Ta 3aBHCHMOCTIb annpoKcHMHpyeTcH
JIHHeHHbIM ypaBHeHHeM perpeccHH BH)l.3 .
k3 = 0,068 Q3 -t- 0,179
(4.11 )
!44

npH BbI60p01.IHOM K03cpcpHUHeHTe KOppeJIHUHH r=0,89, 1.ITO YKa3bI-
BaeT Ha TeCHYIO CBH3b napaMeTpOB ka H q3. ,lJ,JIH nOJIYlleHHH 3Ha-
qeHHH HecymeH CnOC06HOCTH cBaM no CTaTHlleCKHM HcnbITaHHHM
3Ha1.JeHHe CP3 He06xo.ll.HMO pa3.l1.eJIHllb Ha k3 npH cpHKCHpOBaHHOM
3Ha1.JeHHH q3.
113 pHC. 4.14 BH.lI.HO, 1.JTO .lI.OCTOBepHYIO oII.eHKY Hecym.eH cno-
C06HOCTH cBaM no k3 MOLKHO nOJIY1.JHTb np q38 MDa, T. e. npH
a  const. KaK nOKa3bIBaeT onbIT H3bIcKaHHH H cTpOHTeJIbCTBa,
TaKHe rpYHTbI MorYT CJIYLKHTb Ha.ll.eLKHbI! HecYlllHM CJIOeM .lI.JIH
cBaH. rIpH 3Ha1.IeHHHX q3<8 Mna HCnOJIb30BaTb rpYHTbI B Ka1.JeCT-
Be Hecym.ero CJIOH HeueJIecoo6pa3HO, 3a HCKJII01.JeHHeM paCCMOT-
peHHbIX BO.ll.OHaCbIm.eHHbIX MopeHHbIX r JIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB, HCTHH-
Hoe corrpOTHBJIeHHe KOTOpX npH CTaTH1.JeCKOM 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH
3aHHLKeHO, a npH 3Ha1.JeHHHX q3 .lI.O 4-6 MIla Hecym.aH cnoco6-
HOCTb CBaH K norpY}KeHHIO B 3TH rpYHTbI COCTaBJIHeT 200-400 KH
H 6oJIee. B TaKHX CJIY1.JaHX 3Ha1.JeHHH k3 CJIe.ll.yeT YBeJIH1.JHBaTh
B 1,5-2 pa3a (pHC. 4.14). e Y1.JeTOM H3JIOLKeHHOH MeTO.ll.HKH onpe-
)].eJIeHbI 3Ha1.JeHHH Hecym.eu crroc06HoCTH CBaH npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH
k3 (CPpel<) H BbI1.JHCJIeHbI OTHOllIeHHH C/Jpel</C/J a (4).
KaK BH.lI.HO H3 pHC. 4.13 H Ta6JI. 4.27, npHMeHeHHe peKOMeH.lI.Y-
eMoro MeTO.ll.a onpe.ll.eJIeHHH Hecym.eu cnoc06HoCTH cBaH no pe-
3YJITaTaM CTaTH1.JeCKOrO 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH C Y1.JeTOM perHOHaJIbHOrO
K03cpcpHII.HeHTa k3 n03BOJIHeT cyru.ecTBeHHo nOBbICHTb T01.JHOCTb
H Ha.ll.e}KHOCTb nporH03a rICe.
,lJ,JIH OII.eHKH Hecym.eH cnoco6HOCTH CBaH MOLKHO HCnOJIb30BaTb
K03cpcpHUHeHTbI rropHcTOCTH, BbI1.JHCJIeHHbIe no ypaBHeHHHM Ta6JI.
4.2. B eHHIl 11-17-77 [144] Ta6JIHII.bI paC1.JeTHbIX conpOTHBJIeHHH
no.ll. HH}KHHM KOHII.OM R H Ha 60KOBOH nOBepxHocTH cBaH F co-
CTaBJIeHH .lI.JIH neCKOB cpe.ll.HeH nJIOTHOCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX
BH.lI.a no rpaHYJIOMeTpH1.JeCKoMY cocTaBY H rJIy6HHbI norpYLKeHHH
cBaH. ,lJ,JIH nJIOTHbIX neCKOB 3Ha1.IeHHH paC1.JeTHbIX conpOTHBJIeHHH
rpYHTa no.ll. HH>KHHM KOHII.OM CBaH CJIe.ll.yeT YBeJIH1.JHBaTtb Ha 60-
100 0/0, a conpOTHBJIeHHH Ha 60KOBOH nOBepXHOCTH CBaH - Ha
30 0/ 0 , npH 3TOM MaKCHMaJIbHOe nOBbIllIeHHe R H F CJIe.ll.yeT npHMe-
HHTb npH onpe.ll.eJIeHHH nJIOTHOCTH CJIO>KeHHH CTaTH1.JeCKHM 30H.lI.H-
pOBaHHeM. eJIe.ll.OBaTeJIHO, 01.JeBH.lI.HOH HBJIHeTCH 3aBHCHMOCTb R
If F OT nJIOTHOCTH CJIOLKeHHH neCKOB, OII.eHHBaeMoH K03cpcpHUHeH-
TOM nopHCTOCTH e.
BJIHHHHe rJIy6HHbI norpY.>KeHHH CBaH h OT 3 .lI.O 15 M no Ta6-
JIHII.aM [144] He3Ha1.JHTeJIbHO H, nO-BH.lI.HMOMY, OTpa.>KaeT o6ru.He
3aKoHoMepHocTH nOBbIllIeHHH e C rJIy6HHoH.
,lJ,JIH onpe.ll.eJIeHHH paC1.JeTHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTa no.ll.
HH>KHHM KOHII.OM cBaH npHMeM R=f3qq3 H HCnOJIb3yeM BbIpaLKeHHe
.lI.JIH onpe.ll.eJIeHHH K03cpHII.HeHTa nepexo.ll.a f3q OT q3 K R no pa60Te
[93], KOTopoe HMeeT BH)].
q= 1,27-0,731gq'i' (4.12)
DocJIe rrpeo6pa30BaHHu C Y1.JeTOM ypaBHeHHH )].JIH onpe.ll.eJIeHHH e.
10. 3aI<. 844
145

(Ta6JI. 4.2 H q>opMYJIa (4.12» nOJIyqaeM BbIpa}KeHHe ,AJIH onpe-
.u.eJIeHHH R. 3Hat.IeHHH R H Q3' P]1. npH K03q>cpHII.HeHTe nopHcToCTH e
B HHTepBaJle OT 0,80 ,AO 0,50 npHBe,AeHbI B Ta6JI. 4.28 H Ha
pHC. 4.15.
L{JIH onpe,AeJIeHHH paCqeTHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTa no 60-
KOBOH nOBepxHocTH cBaH F=f3ff3 YCTaHaBJIHBaeM 3aBHCHMOCTb e
e
0,40
2,0
I
4,0
I I
I I
I . I .
6.0 R,Mna
F,Mna.IQ-2
PHC. 4.15. 3aBHcHMoCTb
paclIeTHblx COIIpoTHBneHHH
no.rr. HH>KHHM KOHIJ.OM (1)
H Ha 60KOBOH nOBepxHo-
CTH CBaH (2) OT K03cp<jJH-
HeHTa IIOpHCTOCTH IIeCKOB
OT Y.lI.eJlbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTa Ha Yt.IaCTKe 60KOBOH nOBepX-
HOCTH 30H,Aa H nOJIyqaeM
e = 0,65 - 0,081g (100 fs). (4.13)
BbIpa>KeHHe (4.13) nOJIyqeHO npH r=0,594, 0=0,07, s=0,054.
I1cnoJI ' b3yeM 3aBHCHMOCTb ,AJIH onpe,AeJIeHHH K03q>qHII.J.HeHTa nepe-
XO,Aa OT f3 K F no pa60Te [93], KOTopaH HMeeT BH,l(
f = 0,90 - 0,461g (100 fs). (4.14)
nOC.TJe npe06pa30BaHHH C yqeTOM (4.13) H (4.14) lIOJIyqaeM BbI-:
pa>KeHHe ,AJlH onpe,AE'JIeHHH F. LLJIH II1pHBe,l(eHHH K O,AHOMY BH,Ay
Bcex 3aBHCHMOCTeH B (4.13) H (4.14) BBe,AeH K03q>q>HII.HeHT pa3-
MepHOCTH 100.
3Hat.IeHHH P, P]J, H q3 lIPH K03cpq>HII.HeHTe lIOpHCTOCTH e B HH-
TepBaJIe OT 0,80 ,AO 0,50 npHBe,AeHbI B Ta6JI. 4.28 (pHC. 4.15).
OTMeTHM, qTO 3HaqeHHH R H F OXBaTbIB"aIOT ,l(OCTaTOqHO lIIHpO-
KHH ,AHana30H H3MeHeHHH nJIOTHOCTH CJIO>KeHHH lIecKoB no K03q>-
HII.HeHTY nopHCTOCTH H pe3YJIbTaTaM 30H,AHpOBaHHH "H MorYT
T a 6 JI H U. a 4.28. PaclfeTHLIe conpOTHBJIeHHJI rpYHToB nOA HH1KHHM
OHqOM H Ha 60KOBOB nOB epxHocTH cBaB
eonpoTHBlleHHe l K03rP<PHlJ,HeHT nopHCTOCTH e
rpYHTa, 30HAa I I I I I I I
HcaaH 0,80 0,75 0,70 0,65 0,60 0,55 0,525 0,50
qs 1,2 1,7 2,8 4,7 I 8,3 15,0 19,8 27,5
PJ1. 1,5 3,3 5,3 8,5 14,0 18,1 23,2
R 1,46 1,87 2,64 3,66 4,96 6,13 6,34 6,34
,.10- 2 - 0,1 0,2 1,0 4,3 18.3 33,0 33,0
Pl{ 1,5 2,2 3,3 5,3 8,5 14,0 18,1 23,2
F.I0- 2 - I 0,14 0,24 0,90 2,60 5,76 6,52 6,52
146

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.29. CTaTHCTH'IeCKHe napaMeTpbl conOCTaBJIeHHJI pe3YJIbTaTOB
paC'IeTa C AaHHblMH HcnblTaHHB cBaH_cTaTHecKoB HarpY3KoB
CTaTHCTHqeCKHe napaMeTpbI
3HaqeHHSI napaMeTpOB
no TaOJ1. I H 2 I no peKoMeH-
CHHn 11-17 -77 .l\yeMoMY
MeTO)I.Y
OTHOIlleHHe 4>/4>a no 19 onpe,ll.e.n:eHHHM
Cpe,ll.Hee KBaJI.paTHtJecKoe OTKJlOHeHHe
K03cpcpHIJ.HeHT Ba pHaIJ.HH
3HatJeHHH 4>, 3aBblIlIeHHblX 60JIee fleM Ha 30 %, %
Cpe):{Hee 3aBb1IlIeHHe, %
3HatJeHHH 4>, 3aHH>KeHHbIX OOJIee lIeM Ha 30 %, %
Cpe,ll.Hee 3aHH>KeHHe, %
0,861
0,451
0,524
21,1
51,6
63,2
37,4
0,912
0,235
0,258
10,5
18,2
21, I
21,2
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.30. PaC'IeTHble conpOTHBJIeHHJI rPYHToB no,D. HH1KHHM KOHI.\OM
H Ha 60KOBOH nOBepxHocTH cBaB
ConpOTHB-
lleHHe
rPYHTa,
SOH.Aa H
CBaH, Mna
IL
1 .0 I 0.9 r 0.81 o. 7\ 0.61 o. 51 o. 41 0.3\ 0.21 o. 1 I 0 1- 0 . 1 1- 0 . 125
qs - - 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,7 0,9 1,3 1,9 3,1 5,2 9,0 10,4
R - - 0,61 0,65 0,7 0,79 0,94 1,21 1,56 2,08 2,67 3,11 3,15
Is.I0- 2 0,5 0,7 1,0 1,3 1,8 2,6 3,6 4,9 6,9 9,4 - - -
F .10- 2 1 0 ,79 1,01 1,31 1,56 1,92 2,39 2,84 3,26 3,63 3,78 3,78 3,78 3,78
6MTb peKoMeHoBaHM RH onpeAeReHHH HecyeH cnoco6HoCTH
3a6HBHbIX cBaH B neCKax pa3RH1.JHOH KpynHocTH, KpoMe rpaBeRH-
CTbIX.
Ha pHC. 4.16 nOKa3aHO conOCTaBJIeHHe 1.JaCTHbIX 3HaqeHHH He-
cyeH cnoco6HoCTH cBaH, onpeeReHHoH no Ta6R. 1 H 2 CHHI1
11-17-77 II no 3Ha1.JeHHHM R H F (Ta6JI. 4.28), C HecyeH cnoco6-
a [JJ3,M H 6
.
0,8
.
0,8
0,4
0,4
0,8 llJpeK,MH
lVT,MH 1.2
PHC. 4.16. COIIOCTaBJIeHl1e tJaCTHblX 3HatJeHHH IIpeJI.eJIbHblX conpOTHBJIeHHH cBaM
no pe3YJIbTaT3M HCIIbITaHHH CTaTHl.JeCKOH HarpY3KOH H paCqeTa: a - IIO Ta6JI. 1
If 2 CHHn 11-17-77, 6 - IIO peKGMeH.rr.yel\IOMY MeTOJI.Y; 1- JIHHHH aOCOJIIOTHOH
CXO)J.HMOCTlf. 2 - JIHlnHI OTKJlOHeHHM H3 30 %
10*
J47

HOC'f1blO cBaM no 19 CTaTH4eCKHM HcnbITaHHSIM npH Oca.lI.Ke 16 MM
(£=0,2), KOTopbIe npHHSI&'bI 3a 3TaJIOHHbIe. napaJIJIeJIbHO BbI-
nOJIHeHO CTaTRqeCKOe 30H.lI.HpOBaHHe 30H.lI.aMH II THna no faCT
20069-81. CTaTHcTH4ecKHe napaMeTpbI pe3YJIbTaTOB paCqeTa
npHBe.lI.eHbI B Ta6JI. 4.29. npHMeHeHHe K03cpcpHIJ.HeHTa nopHcToCTH
.lI.JISI oueHKH conpOTHBJIeHHSI rpYHTa no.lI. HHLKHHM KOHUOM R H Ha
60KOBOM nOBepxHocTH CBaH F n03BOJISIeT CYlLf.eCTBeHHO nOBWCMTb
TOqHOCTb onpe.lI.eJIeHHSI HecYlLf.eM cnoco6HoCTH cBaM B neCqaHWX
rpYHTax.
AHaJIOrH4HbIM 06pa30M nOJIyqeHbI 3aBMCHMOCTH R H F OT nOKa-
3aTeJISI TeKyqeCTH rJIHHMCTbIX rpYHToB I L. 3HaqeHHSI R H F B 3a-
BMCMMOCTH OT I L npHBe.lI.eHbI B TaGJI. 4.30 [125].
KpoMe np04HOCTHWX M .lI.ecpopMaUHoHHwX xapaKTepHcTMK
rpYHToB no .lI.MHaMHqeCKOMY 30H.lI.HpOBaHHIO MOLKHO onpe.lI.eJISITh
HecylLf.YIO cnoco6HOCTb cBaM [18]. OCHOBOnOJIaralOlll.eM npe.lI.IIO-
CbIJIKOM K TaKOMY YTBep:>K.lI.eHMIO CJIYLKMT TO, qTO npouecc 3a6HB-
KH 30H.lI.a B rpYHT MO.lI.eJIHpyeT B M3BeCTHOM Mepe npouecc 3a6MB-
KR cBaM.
no CHHn 11-17-77 qaCTHOe 3HaqeHHe npe.lI.-eJIbHOrO conpo-
THBJIeHMH 3a6HBHbIX cBaM C:Pnp no .lI.aHHbIM MX norpYLKeHMSI npM
.lI.HHaMHqeCKMX RcnbITaHRSIX onpe.lI.eJISIeTCSI no cpopM YJIe
c:p = nFM [ 1 ;/1 + 43 p Qrr + e}q _ 1 ] ( 4.15 )
lIP 2 V nFetp Qrr + q - ,
r.lI.e n - K03cpcpHUMeHT, 3aBMCSIlLf.HM OT MaTepMaJIa cBaM, KH/M2
(.lI.JISI LKeJIe306eTOHHOM CBaH C HarOJIOBHHKOM n= 1500 KH/M 2 );
F - nJIOlLf.a.lI.b nOnepeqHOrO CeqeHHSI CBaR, M 2 (AJISI KBa.lI.paTHbIX
CBaM 30X30 CM F=0,09 M 2 ); M - K03cpcpHUHeHT, npMHMMaeMbIM
.lI.JISI 3a6HBKM CBaM MOJIOTaMH Y.lI.apHOrO .lI.eMCTBHSI paBHbIM 1; 3 p -
paCqeTHaSI 3HeprMSI Y.lI.apa MOJIOTa, KH/M (.lI.JISI .lI.H3eJIlbHOrO MO-
JIOTa npH KOHTpOJIbHOM .lI.06RBKe 3 p =Q (H-h), r.lI.e H - BbICOTa
nO.lI.'beMa Y.lI.apHOH qaCTM, M; h - BbICOTa nepBoro OTCKOKa Y.lI.ap-
HOM qaCTH MOJIOTa OT B03.lI.YlIIHOll nO)I.YllIKR, M); e<}>-cpaKTMIJeCKMll
OCTaTOIJHbIH OTKa3, paBHbIll BeJIMqMHe norpYLKeHMSI CBaH OT Y.lI.apa
MOJIOTa, M; Qrr - nOJIHbIM Bec MOJIOTa, KH; B - K03cpcpHUHeHT
BOCCTaHOBJIeHMSI Y.lI.apa, npMHRMaeMbIM npM 3a6MBKe LKeJIe306e-
TOHHbIX cBall MOJIOTaMM Y.lI.apHOrO .lI.eHCTBHH C npMMeHeHReM Ha-
rOJIOBHMKa C .lI.epeBSIHHbIM BKJIa.lI.bIllieM (B 2 =0,2); q - Bec CBaR,
HarOJIOBHMKa.H nOA6a6Ka, KH.
YCJIOBHOe .lI.HHaMMqeCKOe conpOTMBJIeHHe rpYHTa PlI. npM Y.lI.ap-
HOM 30H.lI.MpOBaHMM B COOTBeTCTBRR C fOCT 19912-81 [41] BbI-
qRCJISIeTCSI no cpopMYJIe
P lI. = AK <I> n/h,
(4.16)
r.lI.e A - Y.lI.eJIbHaSI 3HeprHSI 30H.lI.MpOBaHMSI, 10 5 Oa, 3aBMCSIlLf.aH
. OT THna npRMeHSIeMOM YCTaHOBKH (.lI.JISI YCTaHOBKH cpe.lI.Hero TMna
A = 112. 10 5 na); K - K03cpcpMIJ.MeHT yqeTa nOTepb 3HeprMR npM
148

Y.lI.ape MOJIOTa 0 HaKOBaJIbHIO H Ha ynpyrHe .lI.ecpOpMaUHH lllTaHr,
onpe.lI.eJIHeMbIH no Ta6JI. 3 fOCT 19912-81 [41] B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT THna YCTaHoBKH Ii rJIy6HHbI 30H.lI.HpOBaHliH; cP - K03cpcpHUlleHT
.lI.JIH YlleTa nOTep.b 3HeprllH Ha TpeHHe IIITaHr (npH llX nOBopoTe)
o rpYHT, npHHHMaeMbIH npH KpYTHI.IJ.eM MOMeHTe MeHee 5 KH. CM
paBHbIM 1; npll KpYTHI.IJ.eM MOMeHTe OT 5 .lI.O 15 KIf.cM onpe.u.eJIH-
eTCH onbITHbIM nYTeM HJIH no npHJIO}KeHHIO 3 fOCT 19912-81
[41]; n - KOJIlllJeCTBO Y.lI.a pOB MOJIOTa B 3aJIOre; h- r JIy6HHa no-
rpY}I{eHHH 30H.lI.a Ha 3aJIOr, CM.
PaCCMOTpllM BbIpa}KeHHe .lI.JIH onpe.lI.eJIeHllH napaMeTpOB, BXO-
.lI.HI.IJ.HX B CPOPMY JIY (4.16). 3HalJeHHe K03cpcplllJ. H eHTa K BbIlJHCJIH-
eTCH no cpopMYJIe
K= MM+ e2M 3 ,
MM + M3
r.lI.e MM - Macca MOJIOTa, Kr; M3 - CYMMapHaH Macca 30H.lI.a, oro-
JIOBKa 11 OnHpalOI.IJ.eHCH Ha Hero paMbI, Kr; e - K03q>cpllUlleHT .lI.JIH
YlJeTa ynpyrocTll xapaKTepa Y.lI.apa MOJIOTa H 30H.lI.a, rrpHHHTbIH
paBHbIM 0,56.
Y.lI.eJIbHaH 3HeprllH 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH BlJllCJIHeTCH no q>opMYJIe
( 4.17)
A = MM H
F '
( 4. 18)
r.lI.e MM- Macca MOJIOTa, Kr; H - BbICOTa na.lI.eHHH MOJIOTa, CM;
F - nJIOI.IJ.a.lI.b nOrrepelJHOrO CelJeHHH KOHyca, CM 2 .
3anlllIleM q>OPMYJIY (4.16) C YlJeTOM BbIlpa}KeHHH (4.17) H
(4.18):
P _ MMH
-
F
MM + e2Ms  CPo
MM + Ms h
(4.19)
TIpHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe, lJTO h/n = ecl>' rrOJIYlJHM (rrpll cP = 1)
p = MM 11 MM + e2Ma (4.20)
Feci> MM + Ms
<1>opMYJIa (4.20) aHaJIOrHlJHa rroJJ.KopeHHoMY BbIpIDKeHHIO <Pop.
MYJIbI (4.15) 3 p Qn + t:,2q . TorJJ.a BbIpa}l{eHlle JJ.JIH orrpeJJ.e.ne-
Feci> Qn + q
HHH lJaCTHOro 3HalJeHHH npeJJ.eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH CBall CPup
MO}KHO 3anllcaTb B BHJJ.e
cJ>np = n: [V 1 + : aPn - 1 ].
r.lI.e a - K03cpcpllUHeHT nO.lI.06HH, YllllTblBaIOI.IJ.RH pa3JIHlJllH B na-
paMeTpax npllMeHHeMoro o6oPY.lI.OBaHHH; p - YCJ10BHOe .lI.HHa-
MHlJeCKOe conpOTHBJ1eHlle, KH/M 2 .
(4.21 )
149

B Ta6JI. 4.31 npHBeJJ.eHbI 3Hat.IeHHH a, BbpIHCJIeHHbIe npH YCJIO-
BHH npHMeHeHHH 30HJJ.HpOB01.JHOH YCTaHOBKH cpeJJ.Hero THna H
JJ.HHaMH1.JeCKOM HcnbITaHHH cBaH npH JJ.o6HBKe nOCJIe OTJJ.bIxa JJ.H-
3eJIlb-MOJIOTOM THna C-222, YJJ.eJIbHaH 3HeprHH KOToporo He3Hat.IH-
TeJIbHO OTJIH1.JaeTCH OT YJJ.eJIbHOH 9HeprHH 30HJJ.HpoBaHHH. acca
,lI.H3eJIb-MOJIOTa C-222 paBHa 2,2 T, YJ(apHoH 1.JaCTH - 1,2 T, CBaH,
HarOJIOBHHKa H cTaUHoHapHoH 1.JaCTH MO.TIOTa - 2,0 T, BbICOTa
T a 6 JI If IJ. a 4.31. 3Ha'leHHR K09HI.\HeHTa nOA06HR AJiR
paCileTa HecYl..I.\eii cnoc06HOCTH cRaM: no )J.aHHblM )J.HHaMHileCKOrO
30H)J.HpOBaHHR
MHTepB8JI rny6HH C yqeTOM K09rPrPHlJ,HeHTa 
npH K09rPrPHHeHTe ):t.JISi rpYHToB
30HAHpoBaHHSI (norpy- 4>=1
}KeHHSI cBaR), M
neCqaHbIX rJIHHHCTblX
0,5-1,5 1 ,367 1 ,367 1 ,367
1,5-4,0 1,513 1,645 1,823
4,0-8,0 I ,766 2, 102 2,354
8,0-12,0 2,018 2,655 3,012
12,0-16,0 2,290 3,368 3,882
16,0-20,0 2,392 4 , 154 4,985
c6paCbIBaHHH - 1,55 M, BeJIH1.JHHa nepBoro OTKoca YJJ.apHoM IIa-
CTH OT B03,l{YlllHOH nO)1.YlllKH - 0,5 M.
3Ha1.JeHHH a JJ.aHbI 6e3 Y1.JeTa TpeHHH lllTaHr 0 rpYHT H C Y1.Je-
TOM K03<pCPHII.HeHTa cP KaK )1.JIH neC1.JaHbIX, TaK H )1.JIH r JIHHHCTbIX
rpYHTOB. YlJHTbIBaH, lJTO np" BbIlJHCJIeHHH CPrrp B CPOPMYJIY (4.15)
nOJJ.CTaBJIHIDTCH 3Ha1.JeHHH e$ npH )1.HHaMH1.JeCKHX HcnWTaHHHX
CBaH )1.06HBKOH nOCJIe «OT)1.bIxa», J(JIH onpe)1.eJIeHHH CPrrp no cpop-
MYJIe (4.21) peKoMeHJ(yeTcH nOJIib30BaTbCH 3HalJeHHHMH a, Yt.IH-
TbIBalOllI.HMH nOTepH 9HeprHH Ha TpeHHe lllTaHr 0 rpYHT.
OTMeTHM, 1.JTO BbIlJHCJIeHHbIe no cpopMYJIe (4.21) 3Ha1.JeHHH CPnp
XOpOlllO cor JIacYIOTcH C )1.aHHbIMH AHHaMH1.JeCKHX H CTaTHlJeCKHX
HcnbITaHHH HaTypHbIX CBaH. TaK, HanpHMep, Ha 06'beKTe H3bICKa-
HHH B CJIYII.Ke CBaH 6bIJIH 3a6HTbI B MopeHHbIe rpYHTbI C P]J.=8-
12 Mna Ha rJIy6HHY 5-7 M. HecYllI.aH cnoco6HoCTb cBaH no )1.H-
HaMHtJeCKHM HcnbITaHHHM COCTaBHJIa 400-460 KH, no CTaTHt.Ie-
CKHM - 460-520 KH. 4acTHbIe 3HaqeHHH npeJJ.eJIlbHOrO conpo-
THBJIeHHH CBaH, BbIt.IHCJIeHHble no cpopMYJIe (4.21) npH P]J.= 8-
12 Mna, COCTaBJIHIOT 450-520 KH, 1.JTO He npOTHBOpelJHT pe3YJIlb-
TaTaM HcnbITaHHM CBaH nOJIeBbIMH MeTO)1.aMH.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C PCH 23-85 HecyllI.YIO cnoco6HoCTb CP, MH,
3a6HBHoH BHcHtJeH CBaH (c MeHbllleH CTOpOHOH nOnepe1.JHOrO ce-
qeHHSI HJIH )1.HaMeTpoM d OT 0,15 JJ.O 0,40 M H rJIy6HHoH norpYJKe-
HHH h, 60JIbllleH HJIH paBHoH 10d), pa60TalOllI.eH Ha oceBYlo C}KH-
MalOlIYIO HarpY3KY, no pe3YJIbTaT3M CTaTHI.JeCKOrO 30HJJ.HpoBaHHH
rpYHTa onpeJ(eJIHIOT no cpopMYJIe
150

n
In  cjJ3'
.. l
i=1
cjJ=
( 4.22)
nk r
rJ(e m - K03cpcpH[(HeHT YCJIOBHH pa60TbI, npHHMMaeMbIH paBHbIM
1,0; CPa - qaCTHOe 3Ha1JeHHe npeJ(eJIbHOro conpOTMBJIeHHH CBaM B
T01JKe 30H.lI.HpOBaHMH; n - qHCJIO T01JeK 30HJ(MpOBaHHH; k r - KO-
3CPCPM[(HeHT 6e30naCHOCTH no rpYHTY, YCTaHaBJIMBaeMbIH npM 3Ha-
1JeHMH .lI.OBepHTeJIbHOH BepOHTHOCTH a=O,95 B COOTBeTCTBMM C
Toe60BaHHHMH fOCT 20522-75.
. 4acTHoe 3Ha1JeHMe npeJ(eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH CBaM B T01JKe
30H.lI.HpOBaHHH CPa, MH, onlPeJ(eJIHeTC5I no cpopMYJIe
cjJa = Ra S + F a hu ,
( 4.23)
r.ll.e R3 - COnpOTMBJIeHMe rpYHTa nO.ll. HM}KHMM .KOHII.OM 3a6HBHOH
CBaM, MITa; S - nJIOIII.a.ll.1b nOnepe1JHOrO Ce1.JeHHH 3a6HBHOH CBaM,
M 2 ; Fa - conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa ua 60KOBOH nOBepxHocTH CBaM,
Mna; h - rJIy6HHa norpY}KeHHH CBaM OT nOBepXHOCTH rpYHTa
OKOJIO CBaH, M; u - nepHMeTp nOnepe1.JHOrO CeqeHHH CTBOJIa CBaH,
M.
ConpOTHBJIeHMe rpYHTa no.ll. HH}KHHM KOHUOM CBaH Ra no .lI.aH-
HbIM CTaTM1.JeCKOrO 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH rpYHTa B paCCMaTpMBaeMOH
T01.JKe onpe.ll.eJIHeTCH no cpopMYJIe
Ra _ - qiqsili ,
1 (4.24)
r,lJ.e qi- K03cpcpHII.HeHT, npHHMMaeMbIH no Ta6JI. 4.32; qSi- cpe,lJ.-
Hee 3Ha1JeHHe YJ(eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTa nOJ( KOHYCOM
30H,lJ.a i-ro CJIOH rpYHTa, Mna, nOJIY1JeHHOe M3 onbITa Ha Y1JaCTKe
I; Ii - TOJIIII.HHa i-ro CJIOH rpYHTa, M, Ha YllaCTKe I; I - pa3Mep
Y1JaCTKa, pacnOJIO}KeHHOrO B npe,lJ.eJIax O,lJ.Horo d BbIllie H 4d HH}Ke
OTMeTKH OCTpHH npoeKTMPyeMoH CBaH (r,lJ.e d - ,lJ.HaMeTp Kpyr-
JIoro, CTopOHa KBaJ(paTHoro HJIH 60JIbllIaH CTopOHa npHMoyrOJIb-
Horo Ce1JeHHH CBaH, M).
ConpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHTa Ha 60KOBOH nOBepXHOCTH CBaH F
MTIa, no ,lJ.aHHbIM 30HJ(MpOBaHHH rpYHTa B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH T01J-
Ke onpe,lJ.eJIHeTCH no cpopMYJIe
I,fi 3ihi
Fa= h ' (4.25)
r,lJ.e  fi - K03cpcpHII.HeHT, npHHHMaeMbIH no Ta6JI. 4.33; fs i - cpe,n-
Hee 3Ha1.JeHHe YJ(eJIbHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH i-ro CJIOSI rpYHTa Ha 60-
KOEOi1 nOBepxHocTH 30H,lJ.a, Mna, nOJIY1.JeHHOe Ji3 onbITa no "rJIY-
6HHe h: hi - TOJIIII.MHa i-ro CJIOH rpYHTa, M, no rJIy6MHe h.
ITpHBeJ(eHHbIe B Ta6JI. 4.32 H 4.33 K03cpcpMu.MeHTbI t] H f rro-
151

Ta6JIHIJ.a 4.32. 3Ha-teHHJI KoacjJcjJHIJ,HeHTOB q
fpYHTbI Q3i' Mfla
2 3 5 8 10 I 12 I 15 I 20
neCKH 1,27 1,05 0,92 0,761 0,61 0,54 0,48 0,41 0,32
nbIJIeB3TO - 0,52 I 0,38
r JIHHHCTbIe 1,01 0,80 0,68 0,31 0,26 - -
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.33. 3Ha-tcHHJI KoacjJcjJHIJ,HeHTOB f
fPYHTbI
lai' Mna
0, 0 I I 0, 02 I O. 03 I 0,05 I 0, 08 , 0, 10 I 0, 12 I 0, 15 \ 0, 20
I I
0,90 0,76 o,68 1 0,57 0,48 0,44 0,40 0,36 0,29
l, 31 1 ,03 0, 86 0 , 66 0 , 47 ° , 38
TIecKH
nblJIeBaTO-
r JIHHHCTble
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.34. 3aBHcHMoCTb q H f OT q3 H f 3
rpYHTbI
3aBHCHMOCTb
K09rPrP H lJ,HeHT
KOppeJIHlJ,HH
neClIaHble H I1bl-
JIeBaTO-rJIH-
HHCTbIe
q = 1,272 - 0, 7341g q3
f = 0,897 - 0,4611g f 3
q = 1,014 - 0,700 19 q3
f = 1,306- 0,9281gf 3
q = 0,974 - 0,5351g q3
0,89
0,61
0,46
0,73
0,65
neCqaHble
nblJIeBaTO- r JIIf-
HHCThle
Y1JeH Ha OCHOBaHHH CTaTHCTH1JeCKOH 06pa6oTKH MeTOAOM no-
ceAOB3TeJIIbHhIX npH6JIH>KeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB 60 HCTIbITaHHH Ha-
TYPHbIX cBaM H BblnOJIHeHHOro n3p3JIeJIbHO CTaTHQeCKOrO 30H-
AHpOB3HHH [93]. I1cnoJIb30B3HHe 3THX K03cp<pHlI.HHTOB B CHHn
2.02.03-85 n03BOJIHJIO B H3BecTHoM Mepe YJIY1JlllHTb CT3THCTHt.le-
CKHe nOK33aTeJIH OTHOllIeHHH (3), npHBeJ(eHHble BbIllle.
CBo,lI.Ka nOJIyqeHHbIX 3aBHcHMocTeH q H f OT q3 H f3 npHBeJ(e-
H3 B T36JI. 4.34.
eTO,lI.HKa onpeAeJIeHHH HecyeH cnoco6HoCTH CBaM no ,lI.3H-
HhIM ,lI.HHaMH1JeCKOrO 30HJ(HpoBaHHH, peKoMeHJI.yeMaH B PCH 62-
R7. pa3pa6oT3Ha r. C. POAKeBHQeM (HCHA rOCCTpOH BCCP)
nplI YLJ3CTHH EeJIrl1113a Ha OCHOBe HCnOJIb30BaHHH COOTHOllleHHH
152

Me>K)].Y qa H PlI, (4.9) H (4.10), a TaK>Ke 3aBHCHMOCTH )].JHI onpe-
)].eJIeHHfI <pH3HqeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHK e H I L no qa H PlI,' MeTo)].
npe.lI.cTaBJIHeT C060M qaCTHbIM CJIY4aM onpe.lI.eJIeHHH HecYllI.eM cno-
C06HOCTII CBaM no cpH3HQeCKHM xapaKTepHCTHKaM rpYHTOB. CJIe-
.lI.yeT oTMeTHTb, QTO pe3YJI!bTaTbI B 060HX CJIY4aflx nOJIY4alOTCfI
HAeHTH4HbIMH, a HcxoAHbIM HBJIHeTCH MeTO.lI. onpe.lI.eJIeHHH Hecy-
llI.eM crroc06HOCTH cBaM no pe3YJIbTaTaM CTaTH4eCKoro 30H.lI.PO-
BaHHfI.
PaC4eTHble conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTOB n pH Be.lI.eH bI B Ta6JI. 4.35.
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 4.35. PaetJeTHble eonpOTHBJleHHJI noJI. HH)KHHM
KOHQOM H Ha 60KOBOH nOBepXHoeTH eBa"
Ra o Mna F 3' Mna
p lI,' J1.JIH neCqaHhlX )I.JIH JIe)I.HHKO- AJIH neCqaHblX AJ1H JIe)I.HHKO-
Mna eCTeCTBeHHoro BbIX (MopeH- eCTeCTBeHHoro BbIX (MopeH-
CJIOJKeHHH HblX) nbIJIeBaTO- CJIO>KeHHH HbIX) nblJIeBaTO-
rPYHTOB rJ1HHHCTblX rPYHTOB r JIHHHCTblX
rPYHTOB rPYHTOB
1 0,91 0,54 0,58 2,82
2 1,70 0,98 I, II 3,41
3 2,39 1,35 1,60 3,68
5 3,53 1,95 2,46 3,78
8 4,80 2,57 3,54 3,78
10 5,41 2,85 4,13 3,78
12 6,05 3,03 4,64 3,78
15 6,24 3,14 5,27 3,78
17,5 6,33 3,15 5,63 3,78
3Ha4eHHfI R3 H F3 no Ta6JI. 4.35 )].onYCKaeTCfI onpe.lI.eJIflTb .lI.JIH 0)].-
HOpO)].HbIX CJIOeB C H3MeHeHHeM PlI, He 60JIee 4eM Ha 20 0 / 0 .
H3JIO>KeHHble B rJIaBe 4 pe3YJIbTaTbI HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHM no npor-
H03Y <pH3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHK rpYHToB H HecYllI.eM
cn.oco6HOCTH cBaM CTaTHQeCKHM H .lI.HHaMH4ecKHM 30H.lI.HpOBaHH-
eM, BblnOJIHeHHbIX B BeJIrHI13e H HCHA rOCCTpOH BCCP, nOA-
TBepAHJIH pecny6JIHKaHCKHe CTpOHTeJIlbHbIe HOpMbI, B KOTOpbIX
CYllI.eCTBeHHO nOBbIllieHa HHcpopMaTHBHocTb H pacllIHpeHa 06JIaCTb
npHMeHeHHH 3THX CKOpOCTHbIX MeTO.lI.OB H3YQeHHH HH}KeHepHO-reo-
JIOrH4eCKHX CBOMCTB rpYHTOB. B COOTBeTCTBHH C PCH 23-85 H
PCH 62-87 HopMaTHBHbIe 3Ha4eHHH xapaKTepHcTHK rpYHToB He-
nocpe.lI.CTBeHHo no pe3YJIbTaTaM CTaTHQeCKOrO 30H)].HpoBaHHH .lI.0-
nycKaeTcH npHHHMaTb .lI.JIH 3.lI.aHHM H coopY}KeHHM .lI.O 9 3Ta}KeM C
HarpY3KaMH OT HecYllI.HX CTeH Ha CPYH.lI.aMeBT )].0 500 KH/M BKJIIO-
4HTeJIbHO H HarpY3KaMH Ha KOJIOHHY Ka pKaca )].0 3000 KH BKJIIO-
4HTeJIlbHO, OTHOCHllI.HXC5I K I, II HIlI KJIaccy OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.
lllHpoKoe BHe.lI.peHHe YKa3aHHx HOpM B npaKTHKY H3cKai
HHM n03BOJIHT 3Ha4HTeJIbHO nOBbICHTb 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTb H KaQeCTO
H3bICKaTeJIbCKHX pa60T, cOKpaTHl'b CpOKH HX BbInOJIHeHH5I H CHH-
3HTb CTOHMOCTb.
153

4.7. BnHHHe pa3MepoB WTaMnOB
Ha 3HaLleHe MOAyn Aeq>opMa4Ht-i rpYHToB
B HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOH npaKTHKe J(JIH onpe,lJ.eJIeHHH ,lJ.e-
cpOpMall.HOHHbIX CBOHCTB rpYHToB B nOJIeBbIX YCJIOBHHX B OCHOB;
HOM npHMeHHIOTCH IlITaMnbI nJIOllI.aJ].blO 600, 2500 11 5000 CM 2 . I1c-
nOJIlb30BaHHe IlITaMnOB nJIOllI.aAblO 2500 11 oco6eHHO 5000 CM 2 KaK
OCHOBHbIX MeTOJ].OB, peKoMeHAyeMbIx fOCT 20576-85, COnpH,)KeHO
C 60JIbllIHMH 3aTpaTaMH cpeACTB H BpeMeHH, qTO 3HaQHTeJIbHO
OCJIO}KHHeT HX npHMeHeHHe. B CBH311 C 3THM B03HHKaeT He06xo-
,lJ.HMOCllb onpeAeJIeHHH nepexoAHbIX K03cpcpHll.HeHTOB, YCTaHaBJII1-"
BalOllI.HX COOTHOllIeHHe Me}KAY 3HaQeHHHMH MOAYJIeH ,lJ.ecpopMall.HH,
nOJIyqeHHbIX C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM IlITaMnOB pa3HoH nJIOlll.aAH.
TpYAoeMKocTb IlITaMnOBbIX onbITOB MO}K€T 6bITb 3Hat..IHTeJIb-.
HO CHH}KeHa 3a Ct..IeT npHMeHeHHH IlITaMnOB MaJIOH nJIOlll.a,lI.H
(600 CM 2 ), AJIH I.Iero ,lI.OJI:>KHbI 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI AOCTaTOqHO
Ha,lI.e}KHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH Me:>KAY 3HaqeHHHMH MOJ].YJIeH AecpopMa-
lI.HH, nOJIyqeHHbIMH C HCnOJIlb30BaHHeM IlITaMnOB nJIOlll.a,lI.blO 600,
2500 H 5000 CM 2 (E600, E 25VO 11 E 5oo0 ), LlJIH pellIeHHH TaKOH 3aAa-
qH 6bIJIH HCnOJIb30BaHbI pe3YJIlbTaTbI I1cnbITaHHH neCqaHbIX 11 rJIH-
HHCTbIX rpYHToB JIeJ].HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH IlITaMnaMH pa3JIHqHOH
nJIOlll.aAH.
ilpH o6pa60TKe npOBeAeHo 716 3KcnepHMeHToB, B TOM t..IHCJIe
IlITaMnOM nJIOlll.aAblO 600 CM 2 : neCKH - 85 3KcnepHMeHToB, rJIH-
HHCTbIe rpYHTbI - 55 3KcnepHMeHToB; nJIOlll.a,lI.blO 2500 CM 2 -
· 1
+2
03
£600 £ 2500 Ewu
£5000 £5000
60 E 2500
/
40
20 /+
/+'
+
+
20 40 60 £6()() 20 40 60 £2500 20 40 E()Ol)
PHC. 4.17. COIIOCTaBJIeHHe ocpe.n.HeHHbIx 3HalleHHM Mo.rr.YJIeH .n.e<jJopMalJ,HH, nOJIY-
tJeHHblX IllTaMIIaMH IIJIOlI.la.rr.blO 5000 CM 2 (£5000), 2500 CM2 (£250C.) H 600 CM 2
(£600): 1 - IIectJaHble rpYHTbI, 2 - rJlHHHCTbIe rpYHThI, 3 - KOHTpOJIbHbIe HCIIbI-
TaHHH
154

T a 6 JI H U a 4.36. CBH3b MeJKJJ.Y 3HatJeHHHMH MOJJ.YJleH JJ.ecIJopMau. HH ,
onpeJJ.eJleHHblMH WTaMnaMH pa3J1HtJHoH nJl0w.aJJ.H
CII' b 1:1:= (-<....
=:z: Q)Q) cae<) :I::s::
rI):I:CII CIIo:s:: =::t Q)=
Q)t:: :z:= (-<0 =::f
YpanHeHHe :Z:()Q) C1S ::ftJ:
Q)  Q)Q):I: CII:z: i
=Q) =:ro I::{'C:)
I::{ =  I:i:s:a:; = -&0.
Q)=:S: Q)(-<:z: "'0-
0.Q)= CII(-< oE:s: 00
U:r::f U 0.0 0:Z: :.::
n eCKU
£5000 = 1,16'£600 + 3,350
£5000 = 1,048. £2500 - 0,945
£2500 = 1,079'£600 + 4,778
1 31 , 35 1 17 , 50 1 5, 196 1 0,961
31, 35 17,50 2,296 0,993
30,82, 16,58 5,905 0,944
r /lUHUCmble 2pYHmbl
£5000 = 1,511'£600 - 3,590
£5000 = 1,555. £2500 - 4,825
£2500 = 0,935.£600 + 1,619
1 30, 46 1 20 , 98 1 3 ,. 429 1 0,989
30,46 20,98 6,062 0,965
22, 69 13 , 0 1 2 , 332 0, 987
COOTBeTCTBeHHO 225 H 162 3KcnepHMeHTa; nJIOlll.a,lI.blO 5000 CM 2 _____
COOTBeTCTBeHHO 116 II 73 3KcnepHMeHTa. YqHTbIBaSI, qTO MO,lI.YJIb
.n.e4>opMaUHH rpYHToB (E, MIIa) TeCHO CKOppeJIHpOBaH C YCJIOB-
HbIM ,lI.HHaMHqeCKHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM (P]I.J MIIa), cpaBHHBaJIHCb
3HaqeHHH E, nOJIyqeHHbIe npH 4>HKclipoBaHHbIx 3Ha£IeHHHX
P]I.J onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIX B npeJ].eJIax C}KHMaeMOH TOJIllI.H nOJ( llITaM-
nOM.
LlHana30H 3HaqeHHH P]J. 6bIJI pa36HT Ha HHTepBaJIbI 0,5-1,0;
1-2; 2-4; 4-6; 6-8; 8-10; 10-15 H 15-20. LlJISI KaJK,lI.Oro
HHTepBaJIa nO,lI.CqHTaHbI qpeJ(HHe 3HaIJeHHSI E, KOTopble 6bIJIH no-
JIYIJeHbI npH HcnbITaHHHX IlITaMnOM nJIOlll.a,lI.blO 600, 2500 H
5000 CM 2 .
K03cp4>HUHeHTbI H3MeHIJHBOCTH 3HaqeHHH MO,lI.YJISI J].e4>opMaIJ.HH
B npe,lI.eJIax BbI,lI.eJI€HHbIX HHTepBaJIOB, KaK npaBHJIO, He npeBbI-
llIaJIH 0,30 0/ 0 , IJTO YKa3bIBaeT Ha CTaTHCTHqeCKYIO O,lI.HOpO,lI.HOCTh
HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHbIX BbI60pO£IHbIX cOBoKynHocTeH. 3aTeM npoH3Bo.lI.H-
JIOCIb conOCTaBJIeHHe OCpe,lI.HeHHbIx 3HaqeHHH (pHC. 4.17), KOTO...
poe n03BOJIHJIO nOJIYIJHTb ypaBHeHHH perpeccHH J].JISI onpe,lI.eJIe-
HHSI MO,lI.YJIH J].e4>opMaUHH E 500Ql no pe3YJIbTaTaM IlITaMnOBbIX HC-
nbITaHHH TI.JlOIlI.aJ].blO 2500 CM 2 , 600 CM 2 (Ta6JI. 4.36).
113 rpacpHKOB Ha pHC. 4.17 H Ta6JI. 4.36 BH,lI.HO, qTO ,lI.JISI necqa-
[-{bIX H rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHToB HCnOJIb30BaHHe IlITaMnOB nJIOllI.a,lI.blO
300 CM 2 ,lI.aeT 3aHH}KeHHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI no cpaBHeHHIO co lllTaM-
laMH 2500 H 5000 CM 2 . ECJIH cpaBHHBaTb Me}K,lI.Y C060H pe3YJI-
faTbI IlITaMTIOBbIX HcnbITaHHH nJIOIlI.a,lI.blO 2500 H 5000 CM 2
J,JIH neCKOB' H 2500 H 600 CM 2 ,lI.JISI r JIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB, TO 3J(eCb
>IlI.YTHMOH pa3HHUbI B 3HaqeHHSIX MO,lI.YJISI ,lI.e4>opMaUHH HeT. YCTa-
IOBJIeHHbIe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH HapYllialOTCSI J].JIH CJIa6bIX BO.u.O Ha -
155

CbIr.u.eHHbIX r JIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB C COnpOTHBJIeHHeM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHIO
,lI.O 4 MOa, r,lI.e Ha pe3YJIbTaTbI HcnbITaHHH HaKJIa,lI.bIBaeTCH BJIHH-
HHe nopoBoro ,lI.aBJ1eHliH BO,lI.bI. .n.JIH npoBepKH nOJIYlIeHHbIx 3aBH-
cliMocTeH 6bIJIH npoBeJ].eHbI napaJIJ1eJIbHbIe KOHTpOJIbHbIe HcnbI-
TaHHH rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHToB lllTaMnaMH nJIor.u.a,lI.blO 600 11 5000 CM 2
(CM. pliC. 4.17). CXOJ].HMOCTb pe3YJIbTaTOB nOJIyt.JliJIaCb BnOJIHe
Y,lI.OBJIeTBOpI1TeJIHoA.
l1cJIe,lI.oBaHHH nOKa3aJIH, liTO npH H3YlleHHH J].ecpopMaUHOH-
HbIX CBOHCTB JIeJ].HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH MO}KHO npHMeHHTb lllTaM-
TIbI nJIOllI.a,lI.blO 600 CM 2 B3aMeH 2500 CM 2 Ii 5000 CM 2 , liTO n03BO-
RHT CYlQeCTBeHHO CHH3HTb CTOHMOCTb pa60T H COKpaTHTb CpOKH
HX BblnOJIHeHHH.

rnasa 5
OCHOBbl KOMnnEKCHoro METO.D.A nporH03A
np04HOCTHbiX 1001 .D.EO:>OP MAL\1oo10HHbIX CBOIIICTB
JlE.D.HIoo1KOBbIX OT JlO>KEHJ..1III
5.1. J;1H>KeHepHO-reOnOrJ.1...ecKoe paHOHJ.1pOBaHJ.1e
J.1 TJ.1nJ.13au.....SI lle.qHJ.1KOBbIX OTll0>KeHJ.1H
Pe3YRbTaTW HCCRe)l.OBaHHM ycnoBHM OpMHpoBaHHH CBOMCTB
JIe)l.HHKOBbIX OTnO}KeHHM, 3aKoHoMepHocTeH HX npocTpaHcTBeHHoM
H3MeHqHBOCTH H B3aHMOCBH3H H3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOMCTB
rpYHToB, H3nO}KeHHbIe B rRaBax 1-4, n03BORHRH pa3pa6oTaTtb
06'beKTHBHbIe KpHTepHH paMoHHpoBaHHH OTnO}KeHHM no CTPYK-
TypHo-TeKTOHHqeCKoMY npHHUHny H RHTOJIOrHqeCKHM THnaM pa3-
pe30B, KOTopbIe B CBOIO Oqepe)l.b HBRHIOTCH O)l.HHM H3 OCHOBHbIX
cpaKTopoB, yqHTbIBaeMblx npH HH}KeHepHO-reOROrHqeCKOH THnH-
3aUHH TeppHTopHH.
B cOBpeMeHHoH npaKTHKe perHOHaJIIbHbIX HH}KeHepHO-reoRo-
rHqeCKHX HCCJIe)l.OBaHHM paMoHHpoBaHHe HBnHeTCH 3aKnlOqHTeRb-
HbIM 3TanOM aHaJIH3a H o606IlI.eHHH HH}KeHepHO-reOnOrHqeCKOH
HHcpopMaUHH, B pe3YRbTaTe KOToporo B reOnOrHqeCKOM npocTpaH-
CTBe oCYIlI.eCTBJIHeTCH o6oco6ReHHe -reppHTopHaRbHblx e)l.HHHU,
O)l.HOpO)l.HbIX no KOMnJIeKcy npHpO)l.HbIX aKTopoB H Onpe)l.eRHIO-
HX ycnoBHH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa (xapaKTep penbecpa, reOROrHqeCKOe
cTpoeHHe, rH)l.pOreOnOrHqeCKHe YCROBHH, COCTaB, COCTOHHHe H
CBoHcTBa rpYHToB, cRY}KaIlI.hX OCHOBaHHHMH coopY}KeHHH, cOBpe-
MeHHbIe reOnOrH1.JeCKHe npoueccbI H )l.p.).
E. M. CepreeB, rOBopH 0 pa3BHTHH HH}KeHepHOM reonorHH B
CCCP, 06paIlI.aR oco6oe BHHMaHHe Ha HH}KeHepHO-reonorHt.IecKYIO
THnH3aUHIO YCROBHM KaK Cpe)l.CTBO nOBbIllleHHH 3KOHOMHqeCKOH
3eKTHBHoCTH HH}KeHepHO-reoRorHt.IecKHx H3bIcKaHHM: «I1H}Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrH1.JeCKaH THnH3aII.HH )l.aeT B03MO}KHOCTb pa3pa60TaT1b
perHOHaJIbHbIe HHTY, cTpoHTenlbHble HOpMbI H npaBHJIa H THno-
Boe npoeKTHpoBaHHe cooPY}KeHHM npHMeHHTeRbHo K pa3Horo po-
)l.a npHpO)l.HbIM ycnoBHHM. 3TO B CBOIO Oqepe)l.b 6Y)l.eT cnoco6cT-
BOBaTb COKpalll.eHHIO 06'beMOB H CpOKOB H3bICKaTeJIbCKHX pa6oT,
npoeKTHpoBaHHH H cTpoHTenbcTBa» [132].
B HaCTOHIlI.ee BpeMH npHHHTbI TPH BH)l.a paMoHHpoBaHHH: pe-
rHOHaRlbHoe, KOr)l.a Ka}K)l.aH TeppHTOpHaJIbHaH e)l.HHHua nORyqa-
eT HH)l.HBH)l.yan'bHYIO xapaKTepHcTHKY H He nOBTopHeTCH B npo-
CTpaHCTBe; THnoRorHtiecKoe, npH KOTOpOM BbI)l.eReHHbIe e)l.HHHUbI
THnH3HpYIOTCn B COOTBeTCTBHH C npe)l.sapHTenbHO pa3pa6oTaH-
157

HOH CHCTeMOH Ha60pOB npH3HaKOB; CMeWaHHOe, KorAa TOT HJIH
HHOH BH HCnOJIb3yeTcH Ha pa3HWX cTyneHHx TaKCOHOMHqeCKOH
JIeCTHHLl.bI. HHAHBH.lI.yaJIbHbIe TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIe eAHHHI..lbI HOCHT
c06CTBeHHbIe HMeHa; B HaHMeHOBaHHH e.lI.HHHIl. no THnOJIOrHqe-
CKOMY npHHI.J.Hny HaXO.lI.HT OTpa>KeHHe KJIaCCHcpHKaI..lHOHHbIe npH3-
HaKH, nOJIO}KeHHbIe B OCHOBY HX BbI.lI.eJIeHHH [22].
B npQI.J.ecce THnH3aI..lHH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJIOBHH
npoBoAHTCH onpe.lI.eJIeHHaH HX cxeMaTH3aI..lHH [154]. ITpH 3TOM
YlJHTbIBalOTCH HaH60JIee 06U{He H cYlll.eCTBeHHble npH3HaKH. TH-
rrOJIOrHlJeCKOe HH)J{eHepHO-reOJIOrHlJeCKOe paHoHHpoBaHHe HMeeT
Ba)J{Hoe npaKTHqeCKOe 3HalJeHHe. I1cnoJIb30BaHHe KapT (cxeM)
THnOJIOrHlJeCKOrO paHoHHpoBaHHH, KaK OTMeqaJI 11. C. KOMapoB
[66], n03BOJIHeT, Bo-nepBbIx, 3KCTpanOJIHpOBallb AaHHbIe, nOJIY-
lJeHHWe npH H3YlJeHHH OAHOH TeppHTOpHaJIbHoH.eAHHHI..lW, Ha
ApyrHe TeppHTOpHaJI'bHbIe eJ(HHHI..lbI J(aHHoro THna, BbIJ(eJIeHHble
Ha KapTe; BO-BTOpbIX, 0606llI.a1lb Ha 3TOH OCHOBe pe3YJIbTaTbI HH-
}KeH.epHo-reOJIOrHlJeCKHX H3bICKaHHH, onbIT npoeKTHpOBaHHH H
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa coopY}KeHHH; B-TpeTbHX, pa3pa6aTbIBaTb peKOMeH-
J(aI..lHH no pa3JIHqHbIM acneKTaM H3bICKaHHH H CTpOHTeJIbCTBa.
BonpOCbI paHOHHpOBaHHH H THnH3aII.HH HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH-
lJeCKHX YCJIOBHH HaWJIH OTpa}KeHHe B pa60Tax r. K. BOHAapHKa
[3, 9, 11], B. T. TpocpHMoBa [155, 156], r. A. CYJIaKWHHOH [145],
r. A. rOJIO.lI.KOBCKOH [33] II .lI.p. AHaJIH3 JIHTepaTYPHbIX AaHHbIX
nOKa3bIBaeT, lJTO peweHHe 3aAaqH paHoHHpoBaHHH - AeJIO )1.0-
CTaTOlJHO CJIO}KHoe. 3TO o6nHcHHeTcH TeM, lJTO HH}KeHepHO-reo-
JIOrHlJeCKHe YCJIOBHH npe.lI.CTaBJIHIOT C060H MHorocpaKTopHYIO,
H3MeHHIOllI.YIOCH BO BpeMeHH H npocTpaHcTBe cHcTeMY, cOBpe-
MeHHoe COCTOHHHe KOTOpOR onpeAeJIHeTCH, C OAHOR CTOpOHW,
CTPYKTypHo-reOJIOrHqeCKHMH, a C .n.pyroH - JIaHJ].wacpTHO-KJIHMa-
TH1.ecKHMH oc06eHHocTHMH TeppHTopHH [155].
e>K.n.y TeM, KaK CBu.n.eTeJIbCTByeT aHaJIH3 TeOpeTHqeCKHX H
npaKTHqeCKHX pa3pa60ToK, cxeMW paHoHHpoBaHHH He.n.OCTaTOqHO
yqHTWBalOT 3aKoHoMepHocTH npocTpaHcTBeHHoH. H3MeHqHBOCTH
HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlJeCKHX YCJIOBHH. 3TO OTHOCHTCH B H3BeCTHOH
Mepe H K cyw.ecTBYIOw.HM cxeMaM paHoHHpoBaHHH TeppHTopHH
BeJIOpyccHH, npHBeAeHHbIM B pa60Tax [61, 62, 139]. HenOJIHbIH
yqeT 3aKoHoMepHocTeii npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHqHBOCTH HH>Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJIOBHH B cxeMax paHoHHpoBaHHH, COCTaB-
JIeHHbIX Ha OCHOBe npe.lI.JIO}KeHHH 11. B. ITonoBa, CTaHOBHTCH oco-
6eHHo 3aMeTeH, KaK OTMelJaeT H. C. KOMapoB, npH nepeXO.lI.e OT
perHOHaJIbHOrO paHOHHpoBaHHH K THnOJIOrHlJeCKOMY.
B OCHOBY paHoHHpoBaHHH OTJIO)J{eHHH JIeAHHKOBoro KOMnJIeK-
ca B npe.n.eJIax TeppHTopHH BeJIOpyccHH nOJIO}KeHbI 3aKOHOMepHO-
CTH npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHlJHBOCTH COCTaBa, COCTOHHHH H
CBOHCTB rpYHTOB - Ba}KHeRllIHX napaMeTpoB HH}KeHepHO-reOJIO-
rHqeCKHX YCJIOBHH TeppHTopHH. 3aKoHoMepHocTH npocTpaHcTBeH-
HOR H3MeH'-IHBOCTH JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH (r JIaBa 2), Hepa3-
pbIBHO CBH3aHHble C YCJIOBHHMH cpOpMHpoBaHHH HX CBOHCTB (rJIa-
158

Ba 1), nOCJIY}KHJIH HaYlJHOH OCHOBOH:, H8 6a3e KOTOpOH: pa3pa6o-
TaHa cxeMa HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlJeCKOrO paiioHHpoBaHHH JIeAHH-
KOBbIX o6pa30BaHHH: BeJIOpyccHH [19]. CBH31b CTPYKTYP reOJIOrH-
lJeCKHX nOJIeH C npoueccaMH OpMHpoBaHHH COCTaBa H CBOHCTB
rpYHToB HBHJIaCb HCXOAHOH n03HUHeH pa3pa6oTKH KpHTepHeB.
KOHTpOJIHPYIOIllHX np8BHJIbHOC'J)b OTHeceHHH reOJIOrHtIeCKHX TeJI K
cooTBeTcTBYIOIllHM TaKCOHOMHlJeCKHM eAHHHuaM npHHHTOH: KJIaC-
cHHKanHH. Oco6eHHocTH npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHlJHBOCTH on-
"""f
I, .,,... --..., '}
""J  .1"......,
l,j 6 -{ '\
} I $
'" .....",..... I {
-_. _ - ' I -BMTE6CK
-- \ I
rJ ,I (
[ II 
I I ,
< I \
-.ltJ /1 III ,
r"-l....s A (MCH .MorJ1EB '"'7l
1. -rpOJl.HO \ / "h
\ . - \ ,/ r
\ ,---- ",- .....
\, ',_ ",,,,,......., ....._-"''''j-T'_,,;.
l __ I \ 
J... ..... - --«;::. - - - B U '\"\
1 '...... ",'" -- ",
..........., ......-(
./ t"'" __-- \ '"
r, \ '1
./ I I " --
J , --_ _-- I " rOMEJ1b-.
.... a - - I .J IV :I.
t" I I _ _ '" II ,..
6PECT' ,-....- -'" I I r-
J- '" \ III
f ,..........,""-4......"'V """'-.h / ,I
l J "" r- ,i
z/ "-il.f\ .....'" I r :,\
"\.1 \/\"""\!,J
PHC. 5.1. CxeMa TeKTOHHtJeCKoro paiioHHpoBaHHH TeppHTopHH BeJIOPyccHH: A-
IJ.eHTpaJIbHO-BeJIoPyccKHH MaCCHB, B - BOpOHe>KCKaH aHTeKJIH3a; 1- BpecT-
CKaH BIIa.lI.HHa, II - npHnHTcKaH, In - OpIllaHcKaH, IV - ,UHenpoBcKo-,UoHeIJ.-
KaH BIIa.rr.HHa; a - nOJleCCKaH Ce.lI.JIOBHHa, 6 - JIaTBHHcKaH, B - )K.JI06HHCKaH,
r - JIoeBcKaH Ce.lI.JIOBHHa
pe)J.eJIHJIHCb no nOKa3aTeJIIO YCJIOBHOrO AHHaMHtIeCKOrO conpo-
THBJIeHHH rpYHToB, npeHMYIlleCTBa KOToporo KaK KOMnJIeKCHOH
HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlJeCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKH 6bIJIH OTMetIeHbl pa-
Hee.
Pe3YJIlbTaTbl HCCJIe)1.0BaHHH CTPYKTYPbI nOJIH P]J. n03BOJIHJIH
pa3pa6oTaTb npHHIl.HnH8JIbHO HOBYIO cxeMY HH}KeHepHO-reOJIO-
rHtIeCKOrO paHOHHpOBaHHH JIeJ].HHKoBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH BeJIOPYCCHH,
3HalJHTeJIbHO AOnOJIHHIOIllYIO H YTOlJHHIOIllYIO cxeMbI, npeAJIO)KeH-
HbIe paHee M. A. COJIOAYXHHbIM H r. A. KOJInalllHHKoBbIM [61,
159

62, 139]. nOJIe Prr. nOCJIYLKHJIO OCHOBOH: )I.JIH BbI)l.eJIeHHSI KBa3H-
O)l.HOP0)l.HbIX HHmeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX 06JIaCTeH. AHaJIH3 no-
Ka3aJI, 1JTO HX nOJIO}{{eHHe H rpaHHlI,bI COBna)l.alOT C OCHOBHbIMH
TeKTOHHqeCKHMH CTpYKTypaMH H3yqaBWerOcSI perHoHa (pHC. 5.1).
B npe)l.eJIax BeJIOpyccHH BbI)l.eJIeHO 10 HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrHqe-
CKHX 06JIaCTei1, npHypOqeHHbIX K CTPYKTYP!lbIM u 3JIeMeHTaM nep-
Boro H BToporo nopSl)l.Ka. BHYTPH 06JIaCTeH paHoHHpOBaHHe BW-
nOJIHeHO no THnaM HH}{{eHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX pa3pe30B. B Ka}{{-
PRC. 5.2. KapTa HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOfHtJecKoro paHoHHpoBaHHH OV]O}KeHHH J1e.n.HH-
KOBoro KOMmleKca BCCP
)l.OM 06JIaCTH no xapaKTepHoMY THny pa3pe3a BbI)l.eJIeHO OT )l.BYX
)1.0 qeTbIpex paH:OHOB (pHC. 5.2, Ta6JI. 5.1). Bce MHoro06pa3He
pa3pe30B, xapaKTepHwx )l.JIH JIe)l.HHKOBbIX OTJIOLKeHHM, MOLKeT
6bITb npHBe)l.eHO K O)l.HOMY H3 THnOB, nOKa3aHHbIX B Ta6JI. 5.1, B
npe)l.eJIax HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX 06JIaCTei1. npH 3TOM eCTb
pa3pe3bI C HeTIOJIHbIM Ha60poM reHeTHqeCKHX BH)l.OB I1PYHTOB. TaK,
HanpHMep, 03epHO-JIe)l.HHKOBbIe HJIH JIeCCOBbIe 06pa30BaHHH MO-
rYT 3aJIeraTib He TOJIbKO Ha <pJIIOBHOrJIHlI,HaJIbHbIX OTJIOLKeHHHX,
HO. H HenOCpe)l.CTBeHHO Ha MopeHe.
JISI MopeHHbIX rpYHTOB HapSl)l.Y C H3MeHQHBOCT1blO CBOHCTB
160

no nJIOllI.aJI.H yqHTbIBaJIaCb H HX BepTHKaJIbHaH 30HaJIbHOCTb, CBH-
3aHHaH KaK C YCJlOBHHMH 06pa30BaHHH, TaK H C npou.eccaMH rH-
nepreHe3a npHnOBepXHOCTHbIX ropH30HTOB [55]. fIo Ka1K,lJ.OMY
BWJI.eJIeHHOMY paHOHY ,lJ.JIH Bcex JlHTOJlOrHqeCKHX THnOB rpYHToB
npHBeJI.eHbI HopMaTHBHbIe 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH <pH3HqeCKHX
CBOHCTB H napaMeTpoB 30H)I.HpoBaHHH, nOJIyqeHHbIe Ha OCHOBe
0606ll1..eHHH 60JIblliOro cpaKTHqeCKOrO MaTepHaJIa H3bICKaHHH, BbI-
nOJIHeHHX B npe)I.eJlax TeppHTopHH BeJIOpYCCHH Ha 300 06ceK-
Tax npOMbIlliJIeHHOrO H rpa1K)I.aHCKoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa. B CBH3H C
HeO)I.HHaKOBOH H3yqeHHOCTblO TeppHTopHH pecny6JIHKH )I.HHaMH-
qeCKHM H CTaTHqeCKHM 3OH)I.HpOBaHHeM )I.JIH nOKa3aTeJlH CTaTH-
qeCKOrO 30H)I.HpOBaHHH HopMaTHBHbIe 3HaqeHHH no 60JIlblliHHCTBY
JIHTOJIOrHqeCKHX "BH)I.OB rpYHToB (60 H3 85) nOJIyqeHbI no ypaB-
HeHHHM perpeCCHH, npHBe)I.eaHbIM B r JIaBe 4. 3aBHcHMoCTH Mexa-
HHqeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB OT <pH3HqeCKHX napaMeTpoB H napa-
MeTpoB 30H)I.HpOBaHHH (rJIaBbI 3, 4) n03BOJIHJIH )I.OnOJIHHTb HH-
1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqecKYIO xapaKTepHcTHKY paHoHoB HopMaTHBHbI-
MH 3HaqeHHHMH npOqHOCTHbIX H )I.ecpopMal.I,HOHHbIX xapaKTepH-
CTHK rpYHToB, npH BbIqHCJIeHHH KOTOpbIX 3a OCHOBY npHHHTbI
pe3YJIbTaTbI )I.HHaMHqeCKOrO 30HJI.HpoBaHHH. JIorHqeCKaH cxeMa
THnOJIOrHqeCKOrO HH1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOrO paHoHHpoBaHHH J1.JIH
MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCTBa npHBe)I.eHa Ha pHC. 5.3.
I1H1KeHepHo-reoJIorHqecKoe paHoHHpoBaHHe JIe)I.HHKOBbIX OTJIO-
1KeHHH BbInOJIHeHO B MaclliTa6e 1 : 1000000, COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.eM
npHHHToMY B rJIaBe 2 MaclliTa6y MO)I.eJIeH nOJIeH YCJIOBHOrO ,lJ.H-
HaMHqeCKOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHToB, C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM reOJIO-
rHqeCKOH OCHOBbI Toro 1Ke MaClliTa6a. Pa3pa60TaHHaH cxeMa
paHoHHpoBaHHH M01KeT npHMeHHTbcH npH COCTaBJIeHHH KapT HH-
1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOrO paHoHHpoBaHHH H 60JIee KpynHoro Mac-
lliTa6a, B 1JaCTHOCTH 1: 500000, r)I.e M01KHO )I.eTaJIbHO nOKa3aTb
pacnpocTpaHeHHe OCHOBHWX reOJIOrO-reHeTHqeCKHX KOMnJIeKCOB
nopo)I., COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.HX HII1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHM paH:OHaM.
YqeT 3aKoHoMepHOCTeH: npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHqHBOCTH HH-
1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX CBOH:CTB JIe)I.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}{{eHHH:, 06yc-
JIOBJIeHHbIX CTPYKTypHo-TeKTOHHqeCKHMH oc06eHHocTHMH TeppH-
TOpHH, KOHTpOJIHPYIOllI.HMH peJIbe<p H CBoHcTBa rpYHTOB, n03BO-
JIHJI nOJIyqHTlb npH HH1KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1JeCKOM paHoHHpoBaHHH
)I.OCTaTOqHO 06ceKTHBHYff) cxeMaTH3alI,HIO HH1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQe-
CKHX YCJIOBHH BeJIOpyccHH. O)I.HOBpeMeHHbIH YQeT 3THX <paKTopOB
n03BOJIHJI npaBHJIfbHO nO)I.oHTH K H3yqeHHIO B3aHMocBH3eH CPH3H-
KO-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOH:CTB rpYHToB, pa3pa60TKe perHOHaJIbHbIX
HOpM, a TaK1Ke nepeHTH K HH)I{eHepHO-reOJlOrH1.IeCKOH: THnH3al.I,HH
JI€)I.HHKOBbIX OTJlO1KeHHH, HCnOJIb30BaHHoH B )I.aJIbHeHllieM )I.JIH
pa3pa60TKH OCHOBHX npHHlI,HnOB KOMnJleKCHpOBaHHH MeTO)I.OB
rrporH03a npOqHOCTHbIX H )I.ecpopMal.I,HOHHbIX CBOH:CTB rpYHTOB H
Ol.I,eHKH HecYllI.eH cnoc06HOCTH CBaH:.
Ha OCHOBe HH}{{eHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOrO paH:OHHpOBaHHH OTJIO-
.>KeHHH C yqeTOM rH,lJ.poreOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJlOBHH TeppHTopHH, onbI-
11. 3aK. 844
161

D:
::s::
=

I:iII
o
e.
::s::
:c
o
,=

c.
o
'-
o

CJ
cu
::r
::s::
'-
o
t;
o
cu
"'"
.
o
:c
e.
cu
:c
cu
:E
:c
::s::
cu
to-
e.

::c:
::c:
D:
==
:c
cu
::r
cd
::c

o
\0
o
G)
:I
=
I:iII
o
I;
CJ
;>a
D:
:S:'
:c:S:
m
C';IX O
:CCI.I
(I'):!:o
CI.I 
:J5QJO
:ct::x
CI.I=
tQ
CU(l')QJ
==CU
O,::C
00
:r:t:
><
=
::.:
o
Q)
t:"
=D:
(1')=
=:c
-S-cu
I:D
0:0
QJo.
"'==
QJ"i
f-<:c
ClIO
(I')
::.:
00
t::0,
D:t-o
=QJ
:c::E
QJCII
o.
CUCII
:ct::
(1')=
CI.I
2...
:Co
o:
:S:o
t-ol:D
CUo
:s
0.
o
:r:
11:)
C'i:I
::1
:=
a::
'0
CU

0:
,=
0:11:
s.
-g;
*50.
2
""
D:
,ra
0::':.0
s.t
E
'g

""
162
CU
t-o
:c
>.
0.
""
"i
:s:
t:Q
cu
t::
=0.
f-o(l')
ra
0.

&

'"


Cl,

.....


0.

:Co :1:0
Q) ct) CI) Cf)
0.. 0..
0'= 0'=
::e 
::s:x ::s:
U 0.. (J::s:
Cl)Q) :c
t:Q >.
UCI) UCI)
-.:is :is -. :is
C'i:I = = \0 =
(.0
 0
"'d4 
00

C'> 
 ("I')
(.0

o
o
(.0 0
o 0
"<:t'

o "'d4
 (.0
00

 00
- (.0
-
(.0
(.0
"<:t'
(.0
o
o


t-.
o
"'d4
o
"'d4 t--
 CD
o 0
(.0
-
"<:t'
C"  t-.


("I')

-
(.0 
o (.0
6

$E
CI)

::s:
CI)
u::a
CI):c
r::=
::a-.CI)
=t:Q0..
CI)
::a
=CI)

o..u:iS
0::S:t-o
:c=
::s:>.
. r:;: 0..
-J-oJ-o
.
.c,t:Q
u::s:
.C'i:I >.u
. 0.. 0.. U
t-oOC'i:l
:C
Q)Q)
:::r  ,=
.:=
. 0 
-:cu
("I')
("I')


o
o
(.0
00
(.0

(.0
o
L
1'-
11:)
\I)::e
g:iSQ)
 = o..,:s:
....o....QOCl)
'"O"'=
::s::s:
::s:=-gCl)
\J::r::t:Q
CI)>.
r::8u
-.:s:-..c
cu t:Q \0 :c
("I') (.0
"'d4
00 C'>
 
"<:t' t--
 (.0
o 0
11:) 0
11:)
C'> 
 -
...t< 00
(.0 (.0
("I') C'I
C'> 00
 11:)
"<:t' ("I')
o 0
t-- 
- 
 
o C'I
 -
- -
,....
6(1)
=

::s:
:s:=
(J
CI)
r::Q;.I
>.::a
:iSu=:zi
= =:c
'iQ
CI)
'::a
0=
:=,QQ.)
t:Q::a
sacu:c:iS
C:::S:cut-o
e =- ::r :c
\J::U>'
.  CI) 0..
a::
t--
"'d4
C'I
C'>
C'I
o
-
-
C'>
t-.
"'d4
L

(.0
o
o

o
C'I
u ::e
CI) Q)
 g-=:s:
:s: ::e
CI):s:x
:s:-uo..
.cQ)Q)
:Ct::t:Q
>.t=:{»
uuS:!
-.O-.,Q
cu U \0 :c
o 0
 11:)
00 C'>
 
 ("I')
 t--
o 0

("I') 
-
 t--
"'d4 
-
t-- "<:t'
(.0 to
o 00
co (.0
-
t-- "'d4
 ("I')
o 0
C'> 

 

o
-
::e
Q)
0..,=
o Q)
=
u:s:
:c
:is >. :is
:cuQ)::r::
o-.::ao
Cf)t:Q:cCf)
CI)
::a,CI)
o::a
tt::a
Q)t:Q:s:f-o
r::::;CI)=::r::
a:::=>.
. ::a a:: 0...
("I')r::r...r...

 0')


-
('t)

'O:t' 

L
-
'O:t'
'O:t'
to 00
('t)
0')


0')

0> 
('t)
00

0>

c.o 00
- 
00

0')

('t) 
 ('t)
00

a
('t)
a
 
LQ a
a a
('t)

a

to
a
to ('t)
LQ a
a a
LQ

a
('t)
to
a
t- 
 a
a a
to
LQ
a
00

a


a
('t) ('t)
('t) L
to
a
('t)
to
a
('t)
LQ
00
('t)
-
-

to
00 
('t) 
to

a

00
('t)
-
-
0')
a

-
-
to

10
('t)
LQ
t-
C'1
-

t-
t-
a
00
'O:t'
t-
LQ
'O:t'
('t)
0>
t-
to
LQ

('t)
('t)
0')
0>
L
to
t-
t-
C\I
00
a
C'I
t-
to
00 
LQ to
a a
('t)
o
 
to to
a a
LO
('t)
o
('t)
o
t-

o
00
to to
o 0
00
('t)
o
0')
('t)
o
t- 0')
o t-


co



('t)

'O:t' 0
o t-



t-


00 'O:t'
0> t-
c-.t
c-.t
t-
('t)
o
-

o
('t)
0>
LQ
o

LQ
c-.t
o
o
o
0')
-
<="1
('t)
 6
 :a ,=
 -e-t::::E
::c  ><
= =:r,:s::o..
1:i:Q)::rQ)
'-c::iSuC=:cl:Q
»E-<Q)>.
uC5uQ)
_&_=_::is
  \0 I:Q I:Q ::c
:b
Q)
g.'
::E::c
=
u:s::
Q)::C
C
:aQ):a
8_::iSS
(I')'-c::CCf)
, Q) "= ',::s::
::a '::a0Q) oQ)
C 2::c::E::c ::E::c
= r:::.o:s::>< :s::
 -e-g. =
::c ::CI:Q::C::C
=Q)=::r:S:: =
::ac=:I:i:Q) Q)
""E-<u'-c::a ''''::is
>.  0) "" >'::c :a >'::c :a
uCQCou::c::cU::c::c
"'2'g;Qgt:'8.g
u Q)"=::i::
Q) S!::ai Q)
r::: 1:i:::C >< 0..,=
:s:: -e-.o=o.. 00)
 Q)::E::c
::CQ) =::CI:Q =*
:s::-=::r= u=
1:i:::C:: u O::Q) Q)::C
'-c J::{ s=; ::a C
>':s:: Q) "" ::c :is >. :is
ul:QC O ::c::cUQ)::c
-0_=_Q)0_20
 u \0 I:Q I:Q 0.. Cf) '-c ::c (I')
Q)
6oQ)
E.8t
Q) ... ", u ....
Cf):s::m:s::E-o
Ot::
.Q):t!a:;:'p"
t::CLoL.
Q)
oo
::COf-oE-<
o..CJ:a
:s::I:Q=f-o
O:I:::C::C
.::a
I:i:CLo'-c
0)
::a
£:CI.Q)
oo:a
uE-<E-<
uu::a
Q)I:Q::S:E-<
Q):r:::c
5=>.
. .0 1:; Co
c-.tC'-co:..,
11*

::c
':S::
:I:J::{
t';I
::Ic
0..1:Q
00::


_ u
163

....
0:
:s:.
:x::s:
Q):t:
:l'cor;tj
CO>:1--
:t:Q)0
(I'):E'S
_ :a:r;tj
::I .QQ)O
:t: ;1:;>:
 =Q):s:
 ...ti:.:
00; C\!(I')O
(:) :EC\!Q)
It:) o.:II::r
(:) 00
Q. ::c I::
t::


ts
t:
>:
:s:
:II:
v
Q)
:1'0:
:s:
:S::I:
-e- CO
r;tj
0:=0
Q)o.
1:;=
Q)I:::{
I--:t:
coO
(1')0)
COr;tj
:':0
00.
1::...
0:Q)
:s::E
:t: CO
Q)o.
:l'CO
C\!I::
;;=
Q)r;tj
:£I'"
:t: 0
r;tj0:=
:s:0
...IC
CU V
:E
0.
o
::c
(II
I--
:t:
>.
0.
J.o
I:::{
=
t:Q
C\!
(I')
t::Q)
=0.
f-t(l')
C\!

.e:
0=
:t::':
O=
Q)Q)O
:t:ere:
Q):S:CU
*Bp.
a
Q)
J.o
.0:
ocu
:t::':,O
c.o...
Q)Q)o
:t::I'cu
E,3
:t:°o
:s:a
Q)
J.o
164

&

"=
0-
I::{
Q.,
Po
.....
...;j

Q.

I-
("I')
"'d4
00
C'I
0>
C'I
v::>

o
("I')
CD
o
00
o
o
C'I
("I')
"<:t'
C'I
I-

I-
C'I
o
C'I
("I')
00
I-

o
10

o
C"I
C"I
C"I
C"I
C"I
C"I
I-
C"I

-
-
O:t:S: O:l:S:
 
=x =
::.::0... ::.::=
S1 S1= =
t:;:Q) Q) ::c
::Q !::'::s Q)::C
()::c:iSU'::c::Qc8.
_ a- a_a
«I 0... M \0 0... M t:Q 
5E
Cl.o
==
Q)
:is
::Ccu
::C:iS
t:a
O=E--
:::f:==
=>.
("I')e-
00
C"I
10
C"I
C"I


o
o
o
o
00

o
"<:t'
0>
v::>
v::>
10
CD
o
CD
CD
o
t-
o
I-
00
("I')
0>
v::>
CU I I
:is o:s: ::c
Q ::c   :S:
= Ocu
-&«IQ) ==::c
:s:=:s:t:Q :s:$E
::.::::fQ) t.):S:
t.)I-o::a ::c
Q)  >'::c :is >. :is
coC,)::c=t.)Q)::c
_:S:_Q) o_:iS 0
«I t:Q \0 0... M t:Q = M
CD
00

00
C'I
0>
C"I
I-
C"I
o
l-
v::>
o
o
C'I
CD
00
9

o
o
"<:t'
I-
I-
CD
10

C"I
00
-
"<:t'
o
10
("I')
o
I-
C'I
C'I
C"I




-
-
o :a
.E--
:S:,Q::r=
t:Qt.)>,
sa«lcuo...
t:;::s:cJ-.
eQ)Q)
.:a:a
"<:t'J-.==
10
0>

C"I

00
C'I
("I')
("I')
0>
C"I

C"I
o
00
v::>
o
C'1
o
o
CD
0>
00
v::>
C'1
("I')
o
I-
CD
C'1
C'1
C'1
"<:t'
0>
-
"<:t'
"<:t'
o
o
"<:t'
o
CD
o
"<:t'
I-
C'1
I-

C"I
C'1

v::>
"'d4
C'1
-
6,:s: ==
Q) Q) 
:s:  g.ffi 
::.:: === ==,,,
t:Q:s:$E ""'
Q) :s: ;
!;..:is c= t.)=
C,)8.
C;-6' 
Q)
:is
= cu
=:is
8.t:iS
0:S:E--
:::f:==
:S:>.
. I:i: 0.
-J-.J-.
f..
o:::S:
c
:S:c
t:Q
tI::
-«I
_::.::
_t.)

0')

CD
0')
('t)
1.D

1.D
t-
('t)
00 CD

r--.
00
C"':)

C'I:)
00
C'I
0')

('t)
00

00
C\I
 -
C'.I C"':)
00

0')

o
o
o
t-

o
00
1.D
o

o
o


o
1.D
1.D
o
 ('t)
eI) 0
o 0
00

o
CD
lQ
o
1.D
00
r--.
o
0')
CD
"'d4
CD
CD
o
-
CD
"<:t'
eI)

1.D
00
C'I
CD
('t)
"'d4
o
r--.
It)
CD

t-
O')
"'d4
It)
('t)
('t)
00
0')
00
CD
It)
CD
o
CD
0')
It)

CD
I'-
t-
CD


0')
00
-
('t)
o

0')
00
"<:t'
('t)

('t)
o

r--.
r--.

CD
o
eI)
"<:t'
o
o
"'d4
o
CD
o

"<:t'
o
t-
el)
o
0') CD
CD CD
o 0

"<:t'
o
It)
C"':)
o
CD
I'-
CD
I'-
"<:t'
I'-
It)



o 00
00 CD
It)





CD
t-
00
"<:t'
-
-
I'-
It)
00

00
-
-
 I'-
"1 It)
-
00

0')
o
,.  =i: ==
;.QQ,) Q,)
I:; ::c o..D:S; o...,:s;
-& 
«I II< '
=;5g. 5:s;
:::C:o::Q,)1:I:I :x:
 
t::cJQ,)::acJQ,)::a
_g_:as_::aa
«I1:I:I"'::CCf)CC::CCf)
==
Q)
o..,:s;
OQ)
::=:x:
Q):s;X
:s;:acJo..
:::C::X:Q)Q,)
U..ocl:l:l
Q) »
t:::u
_=_..0
«I a:I '" :x:

I:;
t:::
«I
==
Q)
c..,=
OQ)
::=::c
=
u:s;
::c
:a» ::a
:x:UQ,)::r:
o_::ao
Cf)1:I:I::r:Cf)
6 I 6:t:S: ==
   ::=  ,=
 1:;..o:s;1I< OQ)
 -&I:;:::c: 0.. ::=::r:
«I ::r: Q,). 
= :s::=:s;1:I:I :S::;i'Ii
Q):::c:t:::Q) u:s::
!;.::aI:;:a_:Z:_
Ut:::Su::r:;.QQ)..o
_:s:_:s;_a_::aa
«I CQ '" a:I a:I 0.. Cf) '-- ::c Cf)
o
Q,) u Q,)
':is Q) :a
0::c t: a:I' Q)
=..oQ,) 'Q) 0 0 :a
1:1:I1:; ::a uE-- t:a
«I::a:a 1:;::CQ)::a u«I
I:; :s; g; E-- . t:::..o:a Q)I:I:I :S:E--
eo ::f tJ" ::c <I:;::r:» t:: ::r:::r:
O::cJ>a «1«10.. .::a :s:>a
. I:; Q,) 0.. M;::r 1:;0..
C'Ic "<:t'c 
165


tJ::

(!):I:aI
:rcufo<
CUU
:I:(!)=es:
(I'J::Eo
C) =es: aI
:!(!)U
:I:
I:IQJ:e
:S:fo<::(
fo<CUU
(l'Ja,;
::Ecu:r
0.::(
00
:r:t::

c::s
t:

:t:

00;
c
4't)
c
t:I.
t:::
;.<
:e
::(
U
a,;
:r
:s:tJ::
(I'J:s:
:s::e
-8-CQ
aI
=es: 0
a,;c.
r:;::s:
a,; I:(
fo<:e
cUo
(I'J(I'J
cu
::(aI
00
t::o.
fo<
tJ::G./
:s:::E
:ecU
G./c.
D"CU
cUC
:e
(I'J:s:
aJaI
:afoo
:e U
. aI =es:
:cO
fo<aI
cU U
::E
c.
°
:r:
tJ::
"CU
e.a
(oo
aJD"U
:e:e cU
aJJ.o
;Eo'"
:I:O
:s:
L.
166
cU
fo<
:e
>.
c.
L.
"i
:c
t:Q
cU
t:
:s:c.
t-rr:
cU
0.
c:
':s:
0::.:
:I:U
c.G./:I:
a,;tI'O
:e:cc:
L.CU
;E0c.
:I:
:s::
L.

&
IQ
c>::
1::1-
J:i
CI..

....
o..J


0.

o



00

00



o
0')
"<:t'
o


o
t-.

"<:t'

00

00
00
to-
"'d4
o

"<:t'
00
"'d4
"<:t'
o
00

o

-
to-


0')

-
"'d4
-
-
o;:s: 6.:s:
  eE
:s:X :s: <J)
:::c:c.. :s:::s: 
5 ;=c =:<J)
<J) 1:i:<J) :::c::zI
t..:a :zI"':I
:r::Bu=C,&.lt::<J)
=c =c =c:r: c..
g6'g
<J)
:a
::r:4)
:r:::a
Q)f-o
Q.,u:a
0:S:f-o
:€ ::r: ::r:
:s:>.
. J:: c..
-  

:I:

u
Q,)t::

0::
>
_u
o

It)

C't



o
o
1.D
It)
to-
"'d4
to-
to
00
1.D
"<:t'
to
o
0')
It)
o
t-.
,....
00

00
00

o
o
0')

o
It)

It)
ct:)

to
"'d4
0')
-
,....
CW':)
o
C't
C't


-
A == :::
.::r:; (1) Q,)
I:i: c..:s:: c..::s:
t:; 0<J) 04)
 ::r: =c
:s:<J)5 =:eE
:::c: :is ..., <J) u =:
u=Ci:: =c
<J) ..a >. _ >.
t::uQ,)C.)<J)
-=_:ao_:zIo
"'=eCl')=eCl')
I<J)
S2:a
:r:"""
I:i:..a
<t:;::r:
.  
t..
It)

00

00

ct:)
0')
C")
o
-
o
o
It)
1.D
00
"<:t'
0')
1.D
0')
1.0
00
to

1.0
CW':)
o
00
It)
o
"<:t'

C't
C")
.......
0')
-
-
<J) 1 ,
1 :is  .
S2 :a c..;:s:: =c
1:i:t:;0Q,) =eE
.e. :::c:=
gaa :
uSt:: t..:a
<J).....""'- "':1>'_"""
t::5 ( 4),&.Iu",,.I;I
_=_:zI5_a
c<:I"'=CI')c..('I)
<J)
1:25
O=c
=..a4)
:a:a
I:i:=f-<
eo ::1 ::r :z:
o::u>.
1:i:<J)Q.,
C") t., t:: t..
C'I
"<:t'

00

00

C")

o
-
1.0
o
"<:t'
ct:)

.......
--
1.0
"'d4
to
00
o
t-.
.......
to-

0')
-
to
o
C'I
to

o
.......

o
C'I

C'I
C")
C'I
C'I
o
C'I
o
C")

to
-.::t' to
 
C'>
-
LO
-.::t'

to

t--
t--

co

00
 

co

00


("I')
co

C'>

t---
C'I
o

LO 0
o 0
o
o
"'d"

o
LO

o

o
o
00

o
LO
LO
o

("I') -.::t'
t--- -.::t'
("I')
CD
-.::t'
'O:t'
C'I

CO

c.o 1D
00 1D
-.::t'
1D


LO


CD
C'>
I'--
1D

CD
t---
LO
o
I'--
li.)
t---
co

CO
C'>
I'--

t---
-


t--
"'d"
o
-.::t'
o

CD
o
to

o

"'d"
o
C'>

o
t--- -
 c.o
o 0
o
c.o
o
o


1D
 t--

-.;:t<
t---
c.o
o

o

t--
CD
o

o
C't

00

C'>

00
c.o
"'d"
o
o
C'>
LO
o
LO
o
-
-
-
-
-
=
(t)
Oo)::s:
OQ)
::c
:s:X
uc..
Q)Q)
Ca::I
>.
UQ)
_:is
::c
.
 
@ 
:s:::C Q)
U ::S::Q
Q)::S:: :::C:::c
_::c @
;.QUQ)::aCc..
::c .....::c 0
G'
Q d: :C
t:: 8.)::s: ::S:
  
::s:5g. 5
:::c: ::c Q,) a::I C Q)::C
U.gC
  Q):a Q,):a
__:aa_:Q8
c<:Ia::I\O;I:Ma::I::CM
I:M d:
!2::cQ) Q)
"== J:I g-)::s:: Q.):s:
.e. 
:s::s::s: :s:$E
:::c:::fUQ) U:s:
UC;:a::I ::c
Q)"==>. ->. ...
CaUQ);.QUQ,)1LI
_:s:_:a 5-::a a
c<:I a::I\O = M a::I ::c M
Q,)
::a
::CQ,)
::c::a
t;::a
0:S:f-o
:€:c=
:s:>.
. I:;: c..
- 1:-0 
. .
,U::C
:S:Q)>.
a::ICc..
!2 L.
"==Q)
t:::aQ,)
<:c::a
.g::c
. I:;: c<:I ::a
-::I'f-o
Q)
6::a
:s::gQ)
:a::a
"==:S:::Cf-o
.0. ::f c<:I ::c
V'c;:>.
.  Q,) c..
C'tL..Cf-o
,=
OJ:::C:c<:I
:ct::::::c:
o::cc<:l:S:
c..c<:ICt)c..
o -Q)
t:Qc<:Ic-:Q
MO::"==
> .:::C::S:c<:IctI
U"==::c=
I c<:I .
a::I ::c 0
&=-:s:
CQ)Ct)U
8;6Q)
 m
. 6 tI::  -
> -:::C:ctluc<:I:a
u:::C:_c::C
167

-


c::s

D:
:s:
:r:'
Q):r: 
g;ltj
(-o
:r:Q)U -
(t) >::I:
(!) °
:is >::I: Ie
:r:Q)U 6-
Itj I:;
=:s: -
f;.a:(
(t)
Q, I
0:(
::r:g



:s:
:( -
U
Q)
 t:[
:s:t;:: Q.,
(t):S:
:s::r:
-&CI! -
Ie
>::1:0
Q)Q, 
I:;:S:
Q)!::i ....
(-o:r:
o
(t)(t) -
CI!
::(Ie
00 o."J
1:0- 
...
O:;Q)
= -
:r:
Q)O-
CIJ
t:: 
:r:
. (t) =
Q)= -
:£1(-0
:r:u
===
:s:0 0.
(-0=
u
 -
0-
°
:c 

(-0
:r:
;>,
0-
1-0
s:
iQ

(t)
t::Q)
:s:o-
f-t(t)

0-
c:
':s:
0:(
:r:u
O-Q):r:

Q)I-oc;s
OQ,
:r: I:;
2
1-0
0:;
'CIJ
g..a
O-QJ(-o
(!)u
:r::s: CIJ
Q)I-ol:;
*0'0
:r:1:;0
g
""
o 


c.D
"'d"
Q')
-

"'d" et:)
LQ
Q') 00
et:) et:)


:z:

"'t
(:)

(:)

t:
C"') 00
- 
00

Q')

00

Q') 
 et:)
00

Q') et:)
 et:)
LQ et:)
"'d" 0
o 0
C"')
et:)
o
I-
c.D
o
o
C"')
o
- 
c.D 0
o 0


o
00 et:)
LQ 0
o 0
.
00 LQ
LQ

Q')
o
C'1
et:)
c.D 
Q') c.D
c.D
Q') 
00 00
c.D c.D
"'d" LQ
LQ
C"')
'O:t'



o 
I-
L'j

et:) LQ
o Q')
c.D
00
I-
o
c.D
I-

c.D
00
c.D
o
t---
00
LQ

"'d"
Q')
00
c.D
o
Q')
l-
t---
o

Q')
-
C't
 00
t- c.D
o 0
I-
et:)
o
et:)
o
Q')
et:)
o
- Q')
et:) c.D
o 0
c.D
"'d"
o
 "'d"
"'d" LQ
o 0
LQ
o Q')



C't
t---
C't
C't
00
Q') c.D
 c.D

-
-
- t---
- 00

C't

et:)
00
C'-I

-

o
00
Q')
o
et:)
et:)
o 
"1 00
-
<1) , :I:
,::aQ) c1)
:::: g:z: ::c: c.
<1) a:;:.Q::s: O
c:;: -e-C:;::S::<1) ::S:z:
c<:I:z:t:Q 
:a ::s:a::s: 5
::C:Q):S::g;:'=:<1) <1)
:a,=::a t:
'-< ::c: c '-< U ::r: ::a  Q) :is
_g_g_ S_:a S
c<:I E-< \0 t:Q t:Q Q. (I')  ::c (I')
-
-
6°:::: 6
::S::c: <1) ::s
x Q.o::S: eE
::s:c. <1) Q)
 ::s
::s: 5::s::s:
C:;:<1) Q)::c ::'::<1)
::a t: U::Q
u::c::a<1).Q::C:
_ 5_::a S_m
c<:I c.. (I') \0 ::c. (I') t:Q Q.
,
::c
<1)
c.o:S:
0<1)
::S::c:
:s:X
uQ.
Q)Q)
ct:Q
>.
U<1)
_:ZI
c<:I::C
::::
<1)
Q.o::S:
OQ)
::S::c
:s:eE =<1)
u::s: ::is
::c: ::c:
::is>' :a
::c: U <1)::c: Q.
g\Omg
?E
<1)
::s
6  , Q)
::ct:Q0:a
Q.OE-<E-o:a
E-o
05:S::C
.a1::a
C:;:t:,-<r...
<1)
::is
::C<1)
::C::a
t
o=
:::f:::c:::c:
::s:>.
c:;:c.
C't
<1)
:a
::CQ)
::C:a
Q)E-<
Q.u::is
0:S:E-<
::c:::c
=>.
. c:;: Q.
-r...r...
168
,
o::s: 6
:s:
t:QJ::{
t-oQ)
c<:IC.)
I::;:
0::«1
-c<:I::C:
>
6
,=:e
o::
c<:I«I
....;
-::ct:Q
>

-.::t'
C't
"'d"
r--.
("I')
0>
-
("I')
-
o
-.::t'
C'I
'O:t'
It)
("I')
('t)
('t)
00

00

o
('t)
00

0>

00

00

o
o
('t)

o
It)
It)
o
('t)
o
o

C'I
o
0>
It)
o
"'d"
o
o
-.::t'

o

1.D
o
It)
t-.
t-.
CD
('t)
('t)
C'I
00
('t)

0>
1.D
('t)
o
0>
r--.
-.::t'


It)
0>
"'d"
o

to
o
CD
'O:t'
"'d"

10
It)
t-.
It)
t-.
It)
('t)
to
It)
00
"'d"
t-.
to
0>
-
o
00
t-.
00
-.::t'
-
C't
-.::t'

C'I

C't
to
o
-
"'d"
o
to
('t)
o
"'d"
1.D
o
0>
("I')
o
t-.
('t)
o

-.::t'
o
t-.
It)
o
"'d"
-.::t'
o
00
r--.
to
-
to
-

-

C't
o

C't
-.::t<
00
CD
-
-
00




to

to
("I')
('t)

-
-
CD
00
('t)
o
0>
to
It)
0>
("I')
(1).
A:iS::t:
;:I:;::t:(1)
 ..c g.,::s:
.e.
:s::S:5
:::c:::I"(1)OJ
()tl::t::1:Q
Q)e::>.
t::8()!!a
_ :s: _ ..c
 I:Q\O ::t:
==
(1)
g.,
::t:
:s:
c.J::s:
:g::t:
..c  (1) :is
::c ...::t:
o-..co
Cf)1:Q::t:Cf)
Sa ==
t::: 2t,::s::
'e:: 0(1)
 ::t:
(1)::s:
::s::iS()-
:::C:::t:(1)(1)
..ct::1:Q
t::   (1)
_:s:_:iS
 I:Q \0 ::c

(1)
g.,
::t:
::s:::E
c.J:s:
::t:
:iS :is
::t:c.JQ)::t:
o_:iSo
Cf)1:Q::t:[1'}
Sa 6' o,::s:
 );::t: );(1)
e:: >< ::t:
 :s:c.. :s:
:::C:(1) :::C:::s:
:s:EaI:Q ::t:
:::C:::t:e::Q) t:::(1)
c.J ..c :iS 5:. ::a
:g'e::c.J::t::iSc.J::t::iS
 ::t:::t: :C::t:
G'2tg'iQg
.(1)
0:iS
:S:::t:
1:Q..c(1)
!2 'e:: :is
:c
e::l"::t:
tl::c.J>'
.  (1) c..
t::
=u=
1:Q(1)>.
!2t::c..
'e::Q)t-.
!:;::tjQ)
<::t::Q
..c::t:
!:;::iS
=r'E--
Sa(1)Q)
t::::iS:iS
:g=
B
. ::s: (1) c..
1:Qt::
U 6
(1)t:::
I:{
o (1)
t:::c.J
tI:: 
.  ::c
:S:
_c.JJ[I
169

170
0::
.or; .!.
eQ
\Q t
::: M::e:a:
£: :a:g
 5!ClJ O
:r 
 foofoo:;::
(") U
00; ""'ClJCIJ
C p.:I'
ft) 00
 :r:: t:
t::
>(
....
o
CJ
:1'0::
::;:
::;:X
-&CIJ
I:Q
:a: °
ClJo.
1:;=
ClJI:(
fooX
",0
MM
CII
....I:Q
00
t:Q.
foo
O::CIJ
:S:;:!;
XCII
ClJo.
:rCII
t:
M:S:

XO
I:Q>:::
:s:o
foo
O
:;:
0.
°
::r::
ClJ
I::(
Q..
t:I.
....
CII
(-0
X

0.
'"'
I:(
::;:
"'
tIS
(I)
t:CIJ
:s:o.
f-CI)
«J
a.
:a:
'::;:
0....
;1:;-
o.;I:;
OJ:I'O
;I:;:S::a:
ClJJ,...CII
:E0o.
xC:;
:s:
'"'
0:
'CII
O.o
::COfoo

E
o
:s:g
J,...
"<:t'

6-
o
M
u

o
o
[1)
1::1-
o
00
CD

....;j

<:\)
M

o
"<:t'
t-
0.

"<::f4
00
$
g Q)
t::  g..:s:
-&::E
C';! x
:s::S:::S::c..
:::c::::fUQ)
UtJ::
Q)»
t::t;UQ)
-.:s:-.::a
C';! "no OI:

00

M
M
o
"<::f4
C"")
tr.)

"<::f4
CD
CD
o

o
"<:t'
o
00

o
C"")
-

Q)
c..
o.::s:
Q)
5
Q):S::
=::a
u::r::
o-..Qo
(I'):r:Cf)
Q)
b::a
:s::::r::
:a
gC';!::r::::a
:S::C';!E-<
eG
cie-
M


00

-
ct)
CD

o
C'
o
o

CD
00
C"")
CD
to--
o

o
tr.)
CD


00
M
o
00
tr.)
o
o


"<::f4
00
o
M
o

g


C';!
==
Q)
g..
::E::r::
Q):s:><
::s:::auc..
:::C:=Q)Q)
.Qt::
t::C Q)
C';! _
-.:S:.-OQ
C';! \O =
tr.)
-
"<::f4

00





o
tr.)
CD
o
CD
tr.)
o
-
tr.)

o

-
o
CD
00
tr.)



00
0'>
00

o
00
M
o
"<:t'
-




"<:t'
-
"<:t'

-

Q)
g..
::E::r::
:s::
u:s::
::r::
::a C Q) ::a
5-.::a5
Cf)  ::r:: Cf)
'Q)Q)
g::a::a
=::r::::a
a:;:.QC';SE-<
<G
.::S:Q)c..
t::1-0
tJ::
C';!
C';S
g;
o
r=;
><

Bbl60p CHCTeMbI TaKCOHOMH1IeCKHX e,nHHHlJ,
H aJIrOpHTMOB HX BM.neeHHH
BM60p 3Ha1lHMhIX npH3HaKOB, IIOJIO}KeHHMX
B OCHOBY paHOHHpOBaHHH
BMJ(eJIeHHe 06JIaCTeH IIO IIpOllHOCTH rPYHTOB, OTpa>KaeMOii
30HJ(HpOBaHHeM, C Y1leTOM 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH
H3MeH1IHBOCTH HX CBOHCTB
)---------..-----1
1 BM60p 06'beKTa MOJ(eJIHpOBaHHH r
J________.____--I
L-----.---.---.-.----
. I
I OJ(eHpOBaHHe nOJIeH reOJIOrHlIeCKHX napaMeTpOB J
----_._._._-_._..___I
1---------------------
I I AHaJlH. nOJleA YCJlOBHOrO i\HHaMH'IeCKOrO conpoTHBJIHHII I
rpYHTOB H BbI.neeHHe KBa3HOJ(HOpOJ(HhIX 06JIaCTeH I
I -
-----------______1
BMJ(eJIeHHe paHOHOB no THIIaM HH>KeHepHo-reOJ1'orH1IeCKHX pa3pe30B
C Y1leTOM BepTHKabHOH 30HaJIbHOCTH H CHMMeTpHH CBOHCTB
eJ(HHKOBMX OTO}KeHHH
COCTaBJIeHHe KapTM THIIoorHlIeCKoro HH)f{eHepHO-reOROrHQeCKOrO
paHOHHpOBaHHH
OIIpeJ(eeHHe HopMaTHBHbIX 3HalleHHH IIOKa33TeeH CPIi3HKO-MexaHHtJeCKHX
CBOHCTB neC1IaHhIX H IIbleBaTO-rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB J(JIH BblJ(eJIeHHMX
paHOHOB
PHC. 5.3. CxeMa Tl1nOJIOrHIIeCKoro HH>KeHepHO-reOOrl1qeCKOrO paHoHHpoBaHHH
JJe.l1.HI-IKOBbIX OTlmKeHJIii
171

T 36 J1 H U. a 5.2. THnH3a....HJI Jle,n,HHKOBhlX OTJlO1KeHHH
THnOBaSi
cxeMa
rpYHTbI
THn
<PYHA8MeHTa
KOMnJIeKC MeTOAOB AJIH
nporH03a npOqOCTHbiX
H e<popMaqHoHx
CBoRcTB H Hecyeft
cnOCOOHOCTH CB8
1'... 01 .....1
.... I......
.... ......
_ (g) '..
.... 2 ..
... ..
. ..- .-,
: . . .. _. . : : e. :
.... ....
:=:: :{V-:.:: 
172
1- 03epHO-JIeAHHKOBbIe CBaHHbIH
nblJIeBa TO- r JIHHHCTbIe
2 - MopeHHble rJIHHH-
CTbIe
I-JfecCoBble IlblJleBaTO- CB3HHblH
r JIHHHCTble
2 - MopeHHble rJlHHH-
CTble
CTaTHqeCKOe 30HAHpO-
BaHHe
!LHHaMHqCCKOC 30HAH-
pOBaHHe
J1360p3TopHble MeTOAbI
CTaTHlIeCKoe 30HAHpO-
BaHHe
!LHHaMHtJecKoe 30HAH-
pOBaHHc
J1360paTopHbIe MeTOAbI
l-JIeccoBble llblJIeBaTO- CBaHHbIH CT3THtJccKoe 30HAHpO-
r JIHHHCTble BaHHe
2 - JIIOBHOr JIHlJ,HaJIb- J1a6opaTopHbIe MeTO,AbI
Hble neCtJaHbIe
I - JIIOBHOrJlHlJ,H3JIb-
HbIe necqaUble Cpe,AHeH
nJlOTHOCTH M3JIOBJIa>K,-
HbIC
2 - JlIOBHOr JIHlJ,H3JIb-
HbIe IIeCtJ3Hb'le IIJIOTHble
MaJIOBJl3>KHble
1 - JIIOBHorJIHII.HaJIb-
HbIe neC1I3HbIC Cpe,AHeH
IIJlOTHOCTH BOJI.OH3CbI-
lIJ.eHHbIe
2 - nlOBHor JIHlJ,HaJIb-
HbIe neCqaHbIe nJIOTHble
BOJI. OH3CbIIIJ.C HHble
I - MopeHHblC r JIHHH -
CTbIe BepxHcH 30HbI
BJI3>KHbIe
2 - MopeHHbIe r J1HHH-
CTblC HH)KHeH 30HbI
BJI3>KHbIe
I - MopeHHbIe r JIHHH-
CTbIe BepxHeH 30HbI
BO,AOH3CbIlIl.eHHble
2 - MopeHHbIe r JIHHH-
CTbIe HH>KHeH 30HbI
BOJI.OHaCbIlIJ.eHHbIC
Ha eCTe- .l!.HHaMHqeCKOe 30HAH-
CTBeHHOM pOBaHHe
OCHOBa- J1a6opaTopHbIe MeTO.lI.bI
HHH
CBaHHbIH CTaTHlIecKoe 30HAHpO-
BaHHe
neHeTp3lJ,HOHHbIH K3pO-
T3>K
H3 eCTC-
CTBeHHOM
()CH(lB3-
HHH
!LHHaMHQeCKOe 30H.lI.H-
pOB3HHe
CTaTqeCKOe 30HAHpO-
BaBHe
J1a6opaTopHblc Me TO,AbI
Ha eCTe- .l!.HH3MHlIeCKCle 30H.lI.H-
CTBeHHOM pOBaHHe
OCHOBa- J1a6op3TopHbIe MeTO,Abl
HHH

n POiJoA:JICeHUe ma6A. 5.2
THnOBaH
cxeMa
rpYHTbI
THn
cl>YHAa -
MeHTa
KOMnneKC MeTOAoB AJISI
nporH038 npOqHOCTHhiX
H Aecl>opMaqHOHHhlx
cBoAcTB H HecYll\eA
cnoc06HoCTH cBaA
1 - JIIOBHOr JIHUH3JIb-
Hhle IIeCtJ3HbIe
2 - MopeHHbIe r JIHHH-
CThlC
Ha eCTC- CTCtTHtJecKoe 30HJI.HpO-
CTBeHHOM BaHHe
OCHOBa- LI.HHaMHtJecKoe 30H)(HpO-
HHH BaHHe
JIa60paTopHbIe MeTO,AhI
1 - aJIJIIOBHaJIbHbIe CBaHHbIH
nectJaHble BOOhaCbI-
lI.leHHble
2 - «pJIIOBHOr JIHlJ,HaJIb-
Hble IIeC1IaHble BO,AOHa-
CbllI.leHHble
CTaTH1IeCKOe 30HHpO-
B3HHe
LI.HHaMHlIecKoe 30HJI.HpO-
BaHHe
neHeTpaIJ.HoHHblH Kapo-
Ta}K
Ta H3CKaHHH, rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH H CTpOHTenbCTBa B rrpeenax
H3yqeHHOrO perHOHa Bce COCTaBneHHe pa3pe3 06DeHHeH B
}l.eBHTb THrrOBbIX cxeM (Ta6n. 5.2). )J.nH Ka}KOH H3 HHX rrpeno-
JKeH orrpeeneHHbIH Ha60p MeTOOB rrporHo3a rrpOqHOCTHbIX H e-
cpOjpMau.HoHHbIX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB (rrpHMeHHTenbHo K orrpeeneH-
HbIM 3TarraM H3bICKaTenbCKHX pa6oT). rrpHBeeHHaH B Ta6n. 5.2
THrrH3au.HH neHHKOBbIX OTJ10}KeHHH rr03BonHeT HayqHO 060CHO-
BaHHO rrooHTH K BbI60py THrrOB CPYHaMeHToB H orrpeeneHHIO
KOMrrneKca MeTOOB HCCJIeOBaHHH CBOHCTB rpYHToB, C yqeTOM
npe.LI.lIIecTBYlOuJ.ero orrbITa HH)KeHepHblx H3blcKaHHH, rrpoeKTHpo-
BaHHH H cTpOHTeJIlbCTBa.
BrronHeHHoe THrrOnOrHqeCKOe HH}KeHepHO-reOnOrHqeCKOe paii-
oHHpoBaHHe neHHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH MO}KeT cnY}KH'I1b OCHOBO
nH
- rrepcrreKTHBHoro rrnaHHpoBaHHH pa3MellJ.eHHH KpyrrHblx Tep-
pHTopHanbHo-rrpoMbIlllneHHblx KOMrrneKCOB, pa3nHqHbIX BHOB
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H PyroTo X03HHCTBeHHoro Hcrronb30BaHH TeppH-
TOp HH;
- pa3pa6oTKH KOMrrJIeKCHOH cxeMbI oxpaHbI OKPY}KalOrn eH
cpebl, paHOHHbIX rrnaHHpOBOK H reHrrJIaHOB ropOOB;
- COCTaBJIeHHH rrporpaMM Ha HH}KeHepHO-reOnOrHqeCKHe
H3bICKaHHSI;
- rrpOBeeHHH 60nee eTanbHbIX HH}KeHepHO-reOJIJrHqeCKHX
HccneOBaHHH rrpH 060CHOBaHHH rrpoeKTOB pa3nHqHHX coopY}Ke-
HHii;
- COCTaBneHHH TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHQeCKHX 060CHOBaHHH, Kora
3TO B03MO}KHO 6e3 60nee eTanbHbIX HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX
H3bICKaHHH.
I1PH rrnaHHpOBaHHH pa3MellJ.eHHH pa3nHQHbIX BHOB CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBa Ba}KHOe 3HaQeHHe HMeeT npeBapHTenbHaH ou.eHKa
173

C-}KHMaeMOCTH rpYHTOB H HeCYI..U.eH CnOC06HOCTH cBait ,LlJIH 3THX
ue.;'IeM MorYT CJIY}KH'TIb KapTbI HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOrO paHO-
HHpoBaHHH, Ha KOTOpbIX BbI,lI.eJIHIOTCH paHOHbI HJIH yqaCTKH C 60-
JIee HJIH MeHee O,lI.HHaKOBbIMH qaCTHbIMH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqe-
CKHMH oc06eHHocTHMH. C01.JeTaHHe reOJIOrHqeCKHX nOJIeH YCJIOB-
Horo ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH MopeHHwx rpYHToB (rJIaBa
2) C ypaBHeHHHMH perpeccHH ,lI.JI5I nporH03a MO,lI.YJI5I )J.ecpopMaIJ.HH
H HecyeM cnoc06HoCTH CBaM (rJIaBa 4) n03BOJIHJIO nocTpoHTb
3

17
3
I
i
PHC. 5.4. nOJIe C>KHMaeMOCTH MO-
peHHhIX rpYHTOB BepxHeH 30HbI.
PaiiOHbl co 3HalleHHeM MO.lI.YJIH
.ne«popMaUHH, Mna: 1- 5-10;
2 - 10-15; 3 - 15-20; 4-
20-25
PHC. 5.5. nOJIe C}K.HMaeMOCTH MO-
peHHblX rPYHToB HH}K.HeH 30HbI H
HecYlI.leH cnoc06HOCTH cBaM. P aHo-
HhI co 3HatJeHHeM MO.rr.YJIH .lI.eop-
MaUHH (HeCYIlJ,ei'I CIIOCOOHOCTIf
£Bail) , Mna (KH): 1- 20-25
(30-40) ; 2 - 25-35 (40-50) ;
3 - 35-45 (50-60); 4 - 45-
55 (60-70)
KapTbI C}KHMaeMOCTH MopeHbI H HecyeM cnoc06HoCTH norpy*eH-
HbIX B Hee CBaH. ,AJI5I BepxHeM 30HbI MOpeHbI nocTpoeHo nOJIe
clKHMaeMocTH, Ha KOTOpOM BbI,lI.eJIeHbI paiiOHbI C pa3JIHqHbIM 3Ha-
1J:eHl:leM MO,lI.YJI5I ,lI.e.popMalLHH rpYHToB (pHC. 5.4), )J.JIH HH}KHeM
30HbI - COBMelIl.eHHOe nOJIe C}KHMaeMOCTH MopeHHbIx rpYHToB H
HecYIll.eH cnoc06HoCTH KBa)J.paTHoH 3a6HBHoH CBaH CeqeHHeM 30X
X30 CM H ,lJ.JIHHOH 8 M, norpY}KeHHOH B MopeHHbIe rpYHTbI HH1)K-
HeM 30HbI (pHC. 5.5).
5.2. Ou.eHKa 3cj)cj)eKTHBHoCTH' MeTo.o.OB nporH03HpOBaHHSI
np04HOCTHbiX H .o.ecpopMa4HoHHbiX CBOHCTB
1.ITOObI OlLeHHTb B03MOJKHbIe npeHMYllI.eCTBa KaKOrO-JIH60 Me-
TO,lI.a nporH03HpOBaHH5I, BXO)J.51lIl.erO B KOMnJIeKC, He06xo,lJ.HMO
BbI5IBHTb ero 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTb. no,lJ. 3q>cpeKTHBHoCTblO 6Y,lJ.eM no-
HHMaTb ol.{eHKY ,lI.OCTOBepHocTH nporH03a, 51BJIHIOlIl.YIOC5I OCHOBa-
HHeM ,lI.JIH npHH5ITH5I OnTHMaJIbHOrO perneHH5I. Bonpoc Ol.{eHKH
3.pcpeKTHBHoCTH MeTO,lJ.OB nporH03HpOBaHH5I BeObMa aKTyaJIeH,
O)J.HaKO He nOJIyqHJI eI.IJ.e CBoero OKOHqaTeJIbHOrO perneHH5I.
174

MO}KHO npOBO}J.HTb CpaBHeHIUI pa3JIHqHbIX MeTO}J.OB npOrH03H-
pOBaHHH no OlI.eHKe cMew.eHHH K03cpcpHlI.HeHTOB rrporH03HbIX .MO-
}J.eJIeH, TOQHOCTH nporH030B HJIH rpaHHuaM }J.OBepHTeJIbHOrO H-H-
TepBaJla H no OTKJIOHeHHIO cpaKTHQeCKHX 3HaQeHHH OT rrporH03-
HbIX. O}J.HaKO Ka)K}J.aH H3 3THX oueHOK xapaKTepH3yeT OT}J.eJIbHbIe
npeHMyw.eCTBa MeTO}J.a. He06xo}J.HMO HMeTb ew.e H KOMrrJIeKCHYIO
xapaKTepHCTHKY KaqeCTBa MeTO}J.a rrporH03HpOBaHHH KaK oueHKY
3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH. 0 TOlIHOCTH H HaJJ.e}KHOCTII MeTO}J.a rrporH03H-
pOBaHHH MO}KHO CY}J.HTb no TO MY, HaCKOJIbKO PC3YJIlbTaTbI, no.JlY-
lIeHHbIe C -ero nOMOI.UbIO, COOTBeTCTBYIOT peaJIbHbIM 3HalleHHHM.
Herrocpe}J.CTBeHHO anrrapaT nporH03HpOBaHHH He }J.aeT B03-
MOLKHOCTH cpopMaJIbHO oueHHTb TOllHOCTb Ii Ha}J.e}I{HOCl'.b nOJIYlIae-
MbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB, TeM 60JIee liTO 3TO B 3HalIHTeJIbHOI1 CTerreHH
3aBHCHT OT HCXO}J.HOH HHcpOpMaUHH. I1cnoJIb3yeMaH Ha rrpaKTHKe
npoueJJ.ypa peTpocneKTHBHoro aHaJIH3a HaH60JIee Y}J.allHa H B
pH}J.e CJIYQaeB rr03BOJIHeT 0JJ.H03HalIHO OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc 0 TOlI-
HOCTH H Ha}J.e}KHOCTH nporH03a. Ho 3TO B03MO}KHO JIHllib TorJJ.a,
Kor}J.a BCJle}J.CTBHe HeTOllHOCTH rrporH03a He npOHCXO}J.HT cyw.eCT-
BeHHOH nOTepH HHcpOpMaUHH.
O,aHH H3 nO}J.XO}J.OB cpopMaJIbHOrO cpaBHeHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB
rrporH03a, rrOJIYlIaeMbIX C nOMow.bIO P a3JIHlIHbIX MeTO}J.OB, npe}J.JIO-
}KeH B pa60Te [115].
9cpcpeKTHBHoCTb rrporH03a BbIlIHCJIHM H3 ypaBHeHHH
eff =
2,501
2
(}'np
.. / 2 (}'2
V ()' np + --;;:- ,
(5.1 )
r]J.e (}'2 - ]J.HcnepCHH CPYHKI.{HH, (}'p - ]J.HcrrepCHH rrporH03a (OCTaTOQ-
HaR ,D;HCrrepCHH), n - 'IHCJIO orrpe]J.eJIeHHH CPYHKIl.HH rrpH rrOCTpoeHHH
ypaBHeHHH perpeCCEH.
[JOJIyqeHHOe BbIpa}KeHHe rr03BOJIHeT lIHCJIeHHO orrpe}J.eJIHTb,
KaKOH H3 KOHKYPHPYIOW.HX MeTO]J.OB rrporH03a }J.aeT JIyqIlIHe pe-
3YJIbTaTbI.
4HCJIeHHbIe 3HaqeHHH 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH nporH03a rrpOqHOCT-
HbIX I{ }J.ecpopMal.lHOHHbIX CBOHCTB OT JIOLKeHHH JIeJJ.HHKOBoro
KOMnJIeKCa C HCrrOJIb30BaHHeM pa3JIHlIHbIX MeTO}J.OB, HaH}J.eHHbIe
rro Ta6JI. 5.3, rrpHBe}J.eHbI B Ta6JI. 5.4. 113 Hee CJIe}J.yeT, lITO HaH-
60JIee 3cpcpeKTHBHbIMH MeTO}J.aMH rrporH03a rrpolIHocTHbIX xapaK-
TepHCTHK o3epHO-JIe}J.HHKoBbIX H MopeHHbIX rpYHToB HBJIHIOTCH
JIa60paTopHbIe. ITpH rrporH03e MOJJ.YJIH }J.ecpopMalI.HH YJJ.06Hee
Bcero npHMeHHTb CTaTHqeCKOe H }J.HHaMHqeCKOe 30H,lI.npOBaHHe.
,LLaHHbIe Ta6JI. 5.4 MorYT 6bITb nOJIe3HbI rrpH Ha3HaqeHHH 06'b-
eMOB pa60T no Ka>K}J.oMY MeTo}J.Y npH KOMnJIeKCHOM HX HCrrOJIb-
30BaHHU. B Ta6JI. 5.5 rrpHBe}J.eHbI opHeHTHpOBO'-IHble 3HaqeHHH
KOJIHqeCTBa HcrrTaHHH }J.JIH nporH03a MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB B
COlIeTaHHH C rrpou.eHTHbIM COOTHOIlIeHeM 3HaqeHHH 3cpcpeTHB-
HOCTH no Ka>K}J.OMY H3 Tpex MeTO}J.OB H OnTHMaJIbHbIM lIHCJIOM
175

><
::is
::e
foe
u
o
::e
::r
o
c..
c:
C'd

o
::e
""
o
Co
c:
1:1I::=
==
1!!!{C'd
I!!!{
>(0
::is foe
==
==
=
==
3
:E :c
o ::r
:..:=
CI)
Co
C'd
:i Co
=,=
u=
u::e
Q,jQ,j
e-
Q,jO
Co
(00
D= 0
=>(
::iS
::em
mo
C'd:":
Co=
::e
3
Cot;
tm
:E(oo
C'dD
Coo
C'd m
C:u
Q,j><
=3
:..: :c
u ::e
Q,jo
::r=
::r
UC'd
=:E
(00 Co
C'do
(oooG
u
Q,jl!!!{
=
aI
o
:c
u
o
C\')
1.C

::r
:s::

\0
C'\!
(-0
176
:s:
:s:
::!
cU
::s
Q,
o
.f3o
CI)
I:(
..a
r::::
>.
I:(
o

tI:
:s:
:z:
CI)
Q,
I-<
o
L.
CI)
:z:
:z:
CI)
Q,
I-<
»
:z:
Itj
r::::
o
L.

CI)
:s:
:z:
CI)
r::::
r::
CI)
::!
u
CI)
o
:z:
..a
r::::
CI)
I:(

-=
:s:

UQ,
Cl)1-<
C"CI)
:s:
I-<cU

r::
I-<
U
:is
I-<
:z:
»
Q,

(I')
u
00
o ..q<
CD CD C\')
CD"';
0'> C\')
(I')

C'I C'I
CD C\')
C\') 0 co
co a
-11) -
0'> C\')
I 
1(1')
u

CD 0
CD C\') CD
t-.
- C'I 0'>
- t-.
-
-
_ 0 C\')
CD 0'> 0'>

C'I -
(I')

o C'I
CD..q< -
t-...q<u:
--
--

co 
C'I CO t-.
0'> 0'> CD
-M
-
1(1')
u
- CD
-..q< ..q<
CD..q< -
 c:: c::
00
(I')

- t---
CD CD C\')
t-. C\') 
- c:: c:
00

1.C C'I
g:}=
 c:: c:
00

t> 0.
r::
t>
-

v.I
Q)
:is
:I::
:I::
Q)
c..
o
::E:
..q< ..q<
..q< 1.C
C\') C\') 
o
-- <o::.t'
C\') CO

- 0
CO 0
t-. C\') 0
CO
- 0'> ..q<
o CD

o ..q<
CO C'I
CD CD C\')
t-.  
1.C 
1.C C'I
C'I -
o CO
..q< ..q<
t--- C\') -
..q<
o C\')
C'I -
0'> CO
r.o ..q<
t-. C\') -
..q< a
t-. 1.C
- -
C'l0'>
t--- CD
CO..q< CO
0'> a 
t-. ..q<
- -
I I I
I I I
I I I
-
....
'"
C'I
t>
o 
e'lr::
o
-

v.I

::r
Q)
:a
O:I::
=,Q
I:;:
QC'\!
'=:
e
I I I
CD 0
t-. -
0'> a a
..q< C\')
 C\')
CD t-.
C'l0 0
1.C a a
C\') 
1.C ..q<
C'I -
C'I 0 t-.
0'> a
- CO
C\') -
0'> C\')
 
C'I t--- ..q<
1.C
CD ..q<
 C'I
- CD
CO CO CO
_ t-. ..q<
  a
1.C C\')
C\')
CO CO
C'I 
C'I 1.C C\')
0'>0 0
00
0'> 1.C
CO 
C'I -
1.C0 0
00
- 0
co..q< C',J
-88
 a a
00
--.
....
 0'"

 0 0.
C'lr::


v.I
Q)
:a

o
:J::
:s::
':I::
o
:I:: Q)

(I')
o
,
:s::

:I::
o
(I')
Q)
o
::,,::
tJ
Q)

=
E-<
C'\!
(00
tJ
I
(Y')
u
Q)
:s::
:I::
C'\!

o
0.,
:s::

:I::
o
(I')
Q)
o
:J::
tJ
Q)
::r
=
::a
C'\!
:I::
:s:

I
(Y')
h.t
:a

E-<
Q)
)1
Q)
:a
:I::
0.,
o
E-<
C'\!
0.,
o
\0
C'd

I
J:;
Q)
Q)

C'\!
J:::t
:s::
,.Q
u
Q)

(Y')
(J)
=
:I::
C'\!
::r
Q)
::ii
:s::
0.,Q)
r::;;
C'\!

o
c..

T a 6 JI H IJ. a 5.4. 3Ha'leHHJI scIJclJeKTHBHoCTH nporHo3a npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH
pa3HhlX MeTO)J.OB
YAeJIbHOe ClJ,enJIeHHe, YrOJI BHYTpeHHero MOAY.TJb )I.e<popMau.HH,
fPYHTbI I o na TpeHHH, rpaA Mna
JI I A3 I C3 JI I A3 C3 JI I A3 I C3
MopeHHbIe 23,8 16,3 20,8 0,81 0,74 0,70 0,28 0,45 0,44
Cl>JIIOBHOr J1H- - - - 0,65 0,65 0,70 0,23 0,32 0,28
IJ.HaJIbHbIe
03epHO-JIe,n- 59,29 22,9 13,9 1,37 9,51 0,58 - 0,47 -
HHKOBble
T a 6 JI H IJ. 3 5.5. KOJlH'IeCTBO HcnhlTaHHH )J.JlJI nporH03a
MeXaHH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB
qHCJIO HcnblTaHHR
rpYHTbI AJIH nporH038 npOQHO- )I.JIH nporH038
CTHblX xapaKTepHCTHK MOAYllH AerPopMallHH
JI A3 C3 JI A3 C3
MopeHHble 7 6 7 5 8 7
<1>J1IOBHOr JlHIJ.HaJIbHble 6 7 7 5 8 7
03epHO-JIeJI.HHKOBble 12 4 4 16 4
HcnbITaHHH: ,lI.JIH nOKa3aTeJIeH C,lI.BHfa H MO,lI.YJIH ,lI.e<t>opMalLHH,
B3HTbIX H3 pa60T [4, 65] (20 onpe,lI.eJIeHHH) .
nOJIyqeHHaH no <t>opMYJIe (5.1) 3QJQJeKTHBHoCTb npofH03a B
H3BecTHoH Mepe MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb nOKa3aTeJIeM, onpe,lI.eJIHIOIII.HM
HH.popMalLHoHHYIO 3QJQJeKTHBHoCTb pa3JIHqHbIX MeTO,lI.OB [106].
npH Ol.leHKe 3KOHOMHqeCKOH 3cp.peKTHBHoCTH npHMeHeHHH KOMn-
JIeKCa MeTO,lI.OB B03HHKalOT ,lI.Be 3a,lI.aqH:
I) CHH3HTb 3aTpaTbI ,lI.JIH nOJIyqeHHH 3a,lI.aHHOH: TOqHOCTH
npofH03a;
2) nOJIyqHtb TaKoe pemeHHe HH}KeHepHOH 3a,lI.aqH, KOTopoe
npH QJHKcHpoBaHHwx 3aTpaTax 06eCneQHJIO 6w Tpe6yeMYIO TOq-
HOCTb H Ha,lI.e}KHOCTb.
PemeHHe nepBoi1 3a,lI.aqH CBO,lI.HTCH K BbI60PY HaH60JIee ,lI.e-
llIeBbIX MeTO,lI.OB npofH03a H rr03BOJIHeT CHH3HTb CTOHMOCTb
H3WCKaTeJIbCKHX pa60T. PellIeHHe BTOpOH: npHBO,lI.HT K YBeJIHqe-
HHIO HHQJOPMalLHOHHOH 3QJQJeKTHBHoCTH HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH:.
3KOHOMHQecKYlO 3QJQJeKTHBHoCTb KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTO,lI.OB
HY}KHO paccMaTpHBaTb B Hepa3pbIBHOH: CBH3H C 3KOHOMHQeCKOH
3QJ.peKTHBHoCTblO HH>KeHepHbIx H3bICKaHHH: [106]. C pOCTOM HH-
.popMauHoHHoH 3.pQJeKTHBHoCTH npofH03a nOTeHII.HaJIbHO B03-
pacTaeT H 3KOHOMHQeCKaH, KOTopaH onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH KaK pa3HocTb
Me}K,lI.Y CTOHMOCTblO HYoileBoro lLHKJIa cTpOHTeJIbCTBa 6e3 YQeTa
MaTepHaJIOB H3bIcKaHHH H CTOHMOCTblO cTpOHTeJIbCTBa, 3anpo-
12. 3al<. 844
177

eKTHpOBaHHoro no .lI.aHHbIM H3bICKaHl1fi. IIocJIe.u.Hee, KaK H3BeCT-
HO, 3aBHCI1T OT Kat.IeCTBa 1f3bICKaHHfi, B 1JaCTHOCTH, OT T01JHOCTM
H Ha.u.e>KHOCTli' nporH03a cpn3HKo-eXaHHqeCKHX CBoficTB rpYHTOB.
5.3. CHHTe3 MeTOAOB nporH03a np04HOCTHbiX
H .qecpopMaHoHHbIX CBOHCTB
.rr.JlH nporH03HpoBaHHH npOqHOCTHbIX H .u.ecpopMau.HOHHbIX
cBoi1cTB JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHH: MorYT npHBJIeKaTbCH pa3JIM1J-
HbIe MeTO.lI.bI. TaK, I1CnOJIb30BaHHe JIa60paTopHbIX MeTo.u.OB .lI.aeT
B03MO>KHOCTb ou.eHHTb .lI.HHaMHKY onpe.lI.eJIeHHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeM
06DeKTa Ha nepcneKTHBY KaK npH YCJIOBHH HeH3MeHHOCTH .lI.efi-
CTBHH Ha 06DeKT BHelllHHH YCJIOBHfi, TaK H npH KOJIHt.leCTBeHHbIX
H3MeHeHHHX 06DeKTa HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHH. ITpHMeHeHl1e MeTo.u.OB CTa-
TUqeCKOrO H .lI.HHaMHt.leCKoro 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH n03BOJIHeT nOJIyqHTb
ou.eHKH MeXaHHQeCKHX CBOH:CTB rpYHToB B YCJIOBHHX HX eCTeCT-
BeHHoro 3aJIeraHHH H yqeCTb CTPYKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIe oc06eHHoc-
TH rpYHToB, OTpa}KalOIIJ.HX pa3JIH1JHH cpH3HQeCKHX cBoficTB. MO:>KeT
B03HI1KHYTb CHTyaU.IH1, KOf.lI.a nporH03bI, onHCbIBaeMbIe pa3HbIMH
MeTO.lI.aMI1, O.lI.HHaKOBO BepOHTHbI. KaK B nepBoM, TaK H BO BTOpOM
cyqae B03MO>KHO orrpe.lI.eJIeHHOe 06De.lI.HHeHHe nporHo3HbIx pe-
3YJlbTaTOB - TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH: CMHTe3 nporH03HbIX ou.eHOK B
u.eJlHX nocTpoeHHH KOM6HHHponaHHoro rrporH03a [115].
PaccMoTpHM HenOCpe.lI.CTBeHHO npou.e.u.YPY CHHTe3a nporH03HbIX
ou.eHOK. no pe3YJIbTaTaM rrporH03HpOBaHHH, nOJIyqeHHbIM c rro-
MOUJ.blO pa3JIH1JHbIX MeTo.u.OB, onpe.lI.eJleHbI 3HaQeHHH nporH03a AI'
A2' . ...' An C 01lIH6KaMH, xapaKTepH3YIOUJ.HMHCH OCTaT01JHbIMH .u.M-
CnepCHHMH ai, O', ..., O', npHBe.u.eHHbIMH B Ta6JI. 5.3. He06xo,nHMO
*
nocTpoHTb HeKoTopylO cpe,nHeB3BellleHHYIO OU.eHKY A C TaKHMH
BecaMM J.ti(i= 1, ..., n), 1JT06bI aHa 6bIJIa HaH60JIee 3qxpeKTHBHofi.
.rr.a.u.HM CHHTe3HpOBaHHYIO OU.eHKY nporH03a A., KOTopaH
6bIJIa 6bI JIHReHHOH KOM6HHau.Hefi qaCTHbIX nporH030B, T. e.
.)fo N
A =  JtiAi' (5.2)
i=1
f.lI.e Ai - 3Ha1JeHHH 1JaCTHbIX i-x nporH030B, fli - Bec i-fo npor-
H03a. Beca fli BbI6HpalOTcH no KpHTepHIO MHHHMYMa OlllH60K
(.lI.HCnepcHH) npOfH03a A *. Beca, onpe.u.eJIHIOIll.He BeJIHqHHY ou.eH-
KH CHHTe3a npOfH03HbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB, HaXO.lI.HM no cpopMYJIe
1
J.ti = N .
O'. 
z  ...
i=l O'AJ
*
HaH.u.eM BbIpa)KeHHe A Ii .l1.HcnepCHM 0';:
A
178

* _ 1 
A- N  2 .
! -i- j=1 0'.4j
j=1 (JAj
,aJIH CJIY1JaH TpeX npOrH03HbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB, T. e. .u.JIH CJIY1JaH
N = 3, MO:>KHO 3anHcaTb:
fli - K03<p<p H U HeH TbI BeJIH1JHHbI Ol.leHKH CHHTe3a nporH03HbIX
pe3YJIbTaToB:
(5.3)
1£2 =
2 2
(JA 2 (JA a
22 1 22 + 22'
(JA 2 (JA a T (JA 1 (JA a (JA t (JA 2
2 2
(J.4 t (JA 3
22 22 22'
(JA t O'Aa + (JA 2 (JA, + (JA 1 O'A 2
2 2
t At qA 2
J.t3 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 '
O'At (JA 2 + (JA 1 (JA 3 + (JA 2 (JA s
(5.4)
fll =
(5.5)
(5.6)
*
A - Cpe.u.HIOIO BeJIH1JHHY CHHTe3a npOfH03HbIX pe3Y JIbTaTOB:
, A = 2 1 2 2 (J3Al + (JIA2 + (J2A3; (5.7)
(JA t + (JA 2 + (JA a
2
(J* - ,nHCnepCHIO BeJIH1JHHbI CIUITe3a rrpOrH03HbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB:
A
222
2 (J AI (J.4 2 (J A3 ( 5 .8)
a A = 2 2 2 .
(JA 1 + (JA 2 + (JA s
B HameM CJIY1Jae ,nJIH npOrH03a np01JHOCTHbIX H .u.e<p0pMaUHOH-
HbIX CBOHCTB JIe.u.HHKOBbIX OT JIO:>KeHHH HCnOJIb3YlOTCH TPH MeTO-
.u.a: JIa60paTOpHble onpe.u.eJIeHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH <pH3H1JeCKHX
CBOHCTB rpYHTOB, CTaTH1JeCKOe H .u.HHaMH1JeCKOe 30H,nHpOBaHHe.
K03cpcpHlI.HeHTbI (BeCa) BeJIH1JHHbI OueHKH CHHTe3a' npOrH03-
HbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB npH onpe.u.eJ1eHHH MeXaHH1JeCKHX CBOHCTB
rpYHTOB pa3JIH1JHbIMH MeTO.u.aMH .u.JISI OT)1.eJIbHbIX reHeTH1JeCKHX
THnOB JIe.u.HHKOBbIX nopo.u. npHBe.u.eHbI B Ta6JI. 5.6.
C Y1JeTOM .u.aHHbIX Ta6JI. 5.6 MO}KHO B H3BeCTHOH Mepe .u.o-
nOJIHHTb JIOrH1JeCKHe npou.e,lJ.ypbI KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTo.u.OB
3JIeMeHTaMH cpopMaJIH3au.HH. Onpe.u.eJISlH nporH03HbIe 3Ha1JeHHH
xapaKTepHcTHK no Ka}K.u.OMY H3 MeTO)1.0B, BKJII01JeHHOMY B KOMn-
JIeKC, H BKJIa.u. Ka:>K.u.o.ro H3 MeTo.u.OB B OKOH1JaTeJ1bHbIH nporH03,
MOLKHO nocTpoHTb KOM6HHHpoBaHHbIH nporH03 np01JHOCTHbIX H .u.e-
<p0pMaUHoHHbIX CBOHCTB JIe.u.HHKOBblX OTJIO:>KeHHH no KOCBeHHbIM
npH3HaKaM, KOTOpbIH 5IBJIHeTCH OnTHMaJIbHbIM (HaH60JIee HH-
<popMaTHBHbIM no cpaBHeHHIO C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM o.u.Horo KOCBeH-
Horo MeTo.u. a ).
I13JIO}KeUHbIe co06pa}KeHH5I n03BOJ]HIOT c.u.eJIaTb npoue.u.ypy
KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHluI 60JIee KoppeKTHoH, nocTpoeHHoH I-Ia Y1JeTe
12*
179

T a 6 JI Ii U. a 5.6. Beca, onpeJl,eJlHlOlI.\He Ol.\eHKY CHHTe3a
nporHo3Hx pe3YJlbTaTOB
YeJIbHOe CllenJIeHHe
YrOJI BHYTpeHHero
TpeHlIH
MOYJ1b erPopMallHH
fpYHTbl
JI I A3 r C3
JI , A3 I  JI I A3 I C3
MopeHHbIe 0,45 0,21 0,34 0,39 0,32 0,29 0,11 0,43 0,40
<I>JIIOBHOrJIH- - - - 0,32 0,32 0,36 0,23 0,44 0,33
lJ,HaJi bHbIe
03epHO-JIe,lt- 0,82 0,13 0,05 0.75 0,11 0,14 - - -
HliKOBble
60JIblIlerO KOJ1HQeCTBa <paKTOpOB, TaKHx, KaK reOJIOrO-CTpYKTYP-
Hble oco6eHHOCTH, THn pa3pe3a, THn <PYHAaMeHTa, oueHKa 3<p<peK-
THBHOCTH Ka)KAOrO H3 MeTOOB Hero BKJIaAa B 06Il{HH nporH03,
onbITa npoeKTHpOBaHHH H H3bICKaHHH.
5.4. OCHoBHble HaY4Hbie npHH4Hnbi KOMnneKcpOBaHHSI
MeTo.qOB
Pa3pa6oTKa MeTOOJIOrHQeCKHX rrpHHUHrroB KOMnJIeKCHpOBa-
HHH MeTOOB HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX HCCJleOBaHHH, paCCQH-
TaHHbIX Ha rrOJIyqeHHe BceH HH<p0pMaUHH, Heo6xoHMOH AJIH rrpo-
eKTHpoBaHHH HH}KeHepHblx coopY}KeHHH rrpH MHHHMaJlbHbIX 3a-
TpaTax cpecTB H BpeMeHH,- OHa H3 HaH60JIee aKTyaJIbHbIX
3aaq HH)KeHepHOH reOJlOrHH B cOBpeMeHHbIH rrepHo. MeToHKa
OJI}KHa pa3pa6aTbIBaTbcH Ha OCHOBe HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOrO
paHoHHpoBaHHH H THrrH3aUHH OTJlO)KeHHH.
ITepBocTeneHHoe 3HaqeHHe rrpHo6peTaeT C03aHHe KOMrrJleK-
COB MeTOOB, KOTopble 06eCrreqHJIH 6bI rrOJIyqeHHe 06'beKTHBHOH,
CTaHapTHOH H MaKCHMaJlbHO rrOJlHOH HH<popMaUHH, rrpHrOHOH
JIH MHOTopa30Boro HCrrOJIb30BaHHH H OCTaOQHOH JIH rrporHO-
3HpOBaHHH H npoeKTHpOBaHHH 06'beKTOB, pacnOJlO>KeHHbIX B pa3-
HbIX reOJIoro-reorpa<pHqeCKHX YCJIOBHHX.
PelIleHHe 3aaq, CBH3aHHbIX C KOMIIJIeKCHbIM rrpHMeHeHHeM
nOJleBbIX H Jla60paTopHbIX MeTOOB, a TaK}Ke crroco6oB HCCJIe-
oBaHHH HH}KeHepHO- reOJlOrHqeCKHX CBOHCTB rropo, HBJIHeTCH
Y3JIOBbIM MOMeHTOM rrp" BbI60pe paUHOHaJIbHOH cxeMbI JIH rro-
cTpoeHHH MOeJlH HCCJIeyeMblx 06'beKToB. ITpH 3TOM rropa3Y-
MeBaeTcH, qTO BpeMH, Heo6xoHMoe JlH rrOJIyqeHHH orrpeeJIeH-
HbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB, 3aTpaqeHHbIe cpeCTBa, a TaK>Ke 06'beM
HH<popMaUHH OJl>KHbI 6bITb YBH3aHbI Me>Ky C060H TaKHM o6pa-
30M, l.IT06bI OHH rrpeCTaBJIHJlH OnTHMaJIbHbIH BapHaHT.
B HaCTOHIl{ee BpeMH rrpH H3bICKaHHHX JIH HCCJIeOBaHHH
rpYHTOB B MaCCHBe rrpHMeHHeTCH pH MeTOOB H TeXHHqeCKHX
cpeCTB, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha pa3JIHQHbIX rrpHHUHrrax. OHaKO Ka>K-
bIH H3 MeTOOB rr03BOJIHeT aTb, KaK rrpaBHJIO, OHY HJlH ABe
xapaKTepHCTHKH rpYHTa, QTO, 6e3YCJlOBHO, cnoco6cTByeT ero H3Y-
180

qeHHIO, HO He pernaeT 3a,ll.aqy nOJIY1.J:eHHH nOJIHOH HH<popMaUHH 0
Q:>H3HKO-MeXaHH1.J:eCKHX CBOUCTBax nOpO,ll.bI. BbIXO,ll. H3 ,lI.aHHOrO
nOO}KeHHH 3aKJIIOQaeTCH B paUHOHaJIbHOM KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH
pa3JIHqHbIX MeTO,ll.OB, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpbIX npOH3BO,ll.HTCH BbI-
60p TeXHHqeCKHX Cpe,ll.CTB ,lI.JIH peaJIH3aUHH nOCTaBJIeHHbIX 3a,ll.aq.
YH,lI.aMeHTOM HaY1.J:HOrO nO,ll.XO,ll.a K KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHIO
HBJIHIOTCH npHHUHnbI, npe,lJ.JlO)KeHHbIe 11. C. KOMapoBbIM [66]:
1) onpe,ll.eJIeHHe HH<p0pMaUHoHHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeH H npe,ll.eJIOB
npHMeHHMocTH OT,lI.eJIbHbIX 1JaCTHbIX MeTO.lI.OB HH<p0pMaUlul;
2) oueHKa TOqHOCTH H ,lI.OCTOBepHocTH nOJIyqaeMOH HH<p0pMaUHH;
3) YCTaHOBJIeHHe 3KOHOMHqeCKHX nOKa3aTeJIeU, xapaKTepH3YIO-
Ill.HX 3<p<peKTHBHoCTb npHMeHeHHH OT,lI.eJlbHbIX MeTO.lI.OB; 4) BbI-
pa60TKa paUHOHaJlbHbIX <pOpM C01.J:eTaHHH OT,lI.eJIbHbIX MeTo,nOB.
,[laJlbHeUrnee pa3BHTHe BonpocbI KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH nOJIyqHJI'H B
pa60Tax [1, 44, 123, 173]. T. A. rpH3HOB [44] YKa3bIBaeT, qTO
C03,l1.aHHe CHCTeM KOMnJleKCOB H TeM 60JIee TeXHHqeCKHX Cpe.ll.CTB
npaKTHqeCKH HeB03MO}KHO 6e3 060CHOBaHHH CBH3H B pH.lI.Y reOJIO-
ro-reorpa<pHqeCKHe YCJlOBHH - HOpMHpOBaHHbIe nOKa3aTeJIH-
MeTO,ll.bI nOJIyqeHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH - KOMnJIeKCbI MeTO,ll.OB - Tex-
HHqeCKHe Cpe.ll.CTBa.
TeXHHqeCKHe Cpe,ll.CTBa .lI.JlH peaJIH3aUHH KOMnJleKCOB MeTO.ll.OB
HBJIHIOTCH 3aKJlIOqHTeJIbHbIM 3BeHOM nOJIyqeHHH HH<popMaUHH.
OHH .lI.OJI>KHbI 06eCneqHBaTb pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb KOMnJleKCa B
pa3JIHqHbIX reOJIOrHlfeCKHX YCJIOBHfIX H CTaH.lI.apTHOCTb oueHKH
nOKa3aTeJIH.
O.ll.HH H3 Ba}KHbIX BonpOCOB nOBbIrneHHH 3<p<peKTHBHOCTII Ka}K-
..noro MeTO,ll.a - onpe,ll.eJleHHe ero MeCTa B 06II.J.eM KOMnJIeKCe
H3bIcKaHHH. MecTO MeTO,ll.a (HJII1 KOMnJIeKCa MeTO,ll.OB), a TaK}Ke
Oqepe,ll.HOCTb ero npHMeHeHHH B 06II.J.eM KOMnJIeKCe H3bICKaHHu
3aBHCHT OT MHorHX <paKTOpOB H B nepBYIO Oqepe.ll.b OT HH<popMa-
'THBHOCTH, 3KcnpeccHocTH, TpY,ll.03aTpaT Ha e.ll.HHHUY H3MepeHHH
H T. ,lI..
Kor,ll.a rOBopHT 06 3<p<peKTHBHoCTH B reOJlOfHqeCKOM CMbICJle,
qaII.J.e nO,lJ.pa3YMeBa1OT 06'beM HH<popMaUHH, He06xo,ll.HMbIU H .lI.O-
CTaT01.JHbIU .lI.JlH npoeKTHpoBaHHfI. I1MeHHo 3TO KaqeCTBO n03BO-
JIHeT BbI6paTb H 060cHoBaTb OnTHMaJIbHbIH BapHaHT perneHHH
Toro HJIH HHoro HH}KeHepHOro coopY)KeHHH HJIH MeponpHfITHH,
nOCTpOHTb nporH03 HX nOBe,ll.eHHfI H TeM caMbIM Y.lI.erneBHTb
.cTpOHTeJIbCTBO H 3KcnJlyaTaUHIO. 3KOHOMHqeCKaH 3<p<peKTHBHoCTb
npHMeHeHHH KOMnJleKCa ,lI.JIfI oueHKH nOKa3aTeJIeU CBOCTB no-
pO,ll. 3aKJIlOqaeTCH, Bo-nepBbIx, B OTHOCHTeJlbHO HH3KHX 3aTpaTax
BpeMeHH H Cp, e.ll.CTB BO-BTOPbIX, B TOM, 1JTO ero npHMeHeHHe no-
3BOJIfIeT 3Ha 1 IHTeJIbHO COKpaTHTb 06'beM 6ypeHHfI, YMeHbrnHTb
KOJIH1.J:eCTBO np06, oT06paHHbIX H3 CKBa}KHH, H COOTBeTCTBeHHO
Jla60paTopHbIX aHaJIH30B nopo,ll..
CJIe,ll.yeT nO.ll.1.IepKHYTb, qTO HCnOJIb30BaHHe HeCKOJIbKHX
nOJIeBbIX MeTO,ll.OB eII.J.e He onpe,ll.eJIHeT 3KOHOMHIIeCKYlO 3<pcpeK-
THBHOCTb KOMnJIeKca. I-Ie06xo,ll.HMO onTHMaJlbHoe COqeTaHHe HC-
181

CKOJlbKHX IIOJleBbIX MeTOOB, OCTaTOqHOe JlH pemeHHH onpee-
JleHHOH: CTpOHTeJlbHOH: 3aaqH B KOHKpeTHbIX HHJKeHepHO-reOJlO-
rHqeCKHX YCJlOBHHX I1PH 3aTpaTe MHHHMYMa cpeCTB H BpeMeHH.
no 11. B. ,lJ.YJlepy [48], KOMIIJleKCHpOBaHHe IIOJIeBbIX MeTO)J.OB -
9TO YCTaHOBJleHHe H peaJlH3aHH B IIpaKTHKe H3bICKaHHH: OIITH-
MaJIbHOrO KOMIIJleKCa IIOJIeBbIX MeTOOB H paUHOHaJIbHOH Tex-
HOJIOrHqeCKOH cxeMbI ero IIpHMeHeHHH, IIpeYCMaTpHBalOIII.eH
OIIpe,neJleHHOe COOTHomeHHe OO'beMOB paOOT ,nJIH OTeJIbHbIX Me-
TOOB, OqepeHOCTb HX HCIIOJlb30BaHHH, IIOpHOK oopaOOTKH,
B3aHMOKoppeKTHpOBKH H HHTepIIpeTaHIi IIOJIyqaeMbIX pe3YJlb-
TaTOB.
no MHeHHIO T. A. fpH3HOBa [44], JlH 94>4>eKTHBHoro IIPH-
MeHeHHH IIOJleBbIX MeTO)].OB Heooxo,nHMO ,lI,J1H KaJK,noro MeToa
YCTaHoBHTb qeTKHe rpaHHUbI HCIIOJlb30BaHHH, oIIpe)].eJlHTb OIITH-
MaJlbHOe COOTHomeHHe OO'beMOB paooT, BbIIIOJlHeHHbIX 3THMH
MeTo,naMH, H YCTaHoBHTb ueJleCOOopa3HYIO OqepeHOcTb HX IIPH-
MeHeHHH.
no B. M. PeopHKY H p. [123], COCTaBHbIe 3J1eMeHTbI IIOHH-
THH .KoMIIJleKCHpOBaHHH MeTO,ll,OB CJleYIOIII.Iie: a) Haoop MeTo,nOB,
HeooxoHMbIX ,nJlH KaqeCTBeHHoro OIIpoooBaHHH rpYHToB; 0) IIO-
CJleOBaTeJlbHOCTb HX IIpHMeHeHHH,; B) opHeHTHpOBOqHbIe 00'b-
eMbI IIO KaJKOMY MeTO)].Y, BKJllOqeHHOMY B KOMIIJIeKce.
TaKHM oopa30M, B COOTBeTCTBHH C IIpIiHUHIIOM OIITHMaJIbHOC-
TH MbI OJlJKHbI BbIopaTb OIIpeeJleHHbIe MeTObI IIOJIyqeHIiH Tpe-
oyeMoH HHcpopMaII.HH. BapbHPYH Te HJIH HHbIe MeTObI HCCJIe,no-
BaHHH CBOUCTB rpYHTOB, HeOOXOHMO HaUTH TaKoe pemeHHe
HHJKeHepHOH: 3a,naqH, KOTopoe OOJla,naeT aa,ll,aHHOU T01JHOCTblO Ii
HaeJKHOCTblO IIPH <pHKCHpOBaHHbIX 3aTpaTax, IiJIH, HaooopOT,
MHHHMH3HpOBaTb 3aTpaTbI JIH IIoJlyqeHHH 4>HKcHpOBaHHOH: TOq-
HOCTH [118]. B TaKOU nOCTaHOBKe H pemaJlcSI HaMH BOIIpOC 0
BbIoope H KOMIIJleKCHpOBaHHH MeTOOB nporH03a IIPOqHOCTHbIX Ii
e<p0pMaUHoHHbIX CBOH:CTB JleHHKOBbIX OT JIOJKeHHu.
B HaCTOHIII.ee BpeMH KOMIIJleKCHpOBaHHe MeTOOB OCHOBbIBa-
eTCH, KaK IIpaBHJIO, Ha reOJlOrHqeCKOM IIoxoe [44, 48, 173],
npH KOTOpOM OIlTHMaJIbHbIH KOMIIJIeKC MeTOOB IIPH IIpoBe,neHHH
H3bIcKaHHu OIIpeeJlHeTCH HCXOH H3 reOJlOrHqeCKHX YCJlOBHU C
yqeTOM TpeooBaHHH HHJKeHepHO-reOJlOrHqeCKOH HH4>opMaHH,
3aBHCHli{HX OT xapaKTepa 06'beKTa H3bIcKaHHH H CTa,nHH IIpoeK-
THpoBaHHH. TaKoH IIOXO K KOMIIJleKCnpOBaHHIO HeH30eJKHO
BeeT K HeooxoHMOCTH HHJKeHepHO-TeOJlOrHqeCKOrO pauoHHpoBa-
HHH H THIIH3aUHH HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJlOBHH:. Ha IIpaK-
THKe npHxoHTCH HHora CqHTaTbCH H C ,lI,PyrHM IIO,ll,XOOM K
KOMIIJleKCHpOBaHHIO MeTOOB HCXOH H3 npeJI.IIOJlaraeMOro (nJla-
HHPyeMoro) OO'beMa OYPOBbIX paooT [123], T. e. onpe,lI.eJleHHeM
06'beMOB Tex HJIH HHbIX MeTO,lI.OB ou.eHKH CBOHCTB rpYHToB no
OTHomeHHIO K OO'beMY oypeHHH HCXOH H3 onbITa paooTbI TOH
B.nl HHOH H3bICKaTeJIbCKOH opraHH3aUHH.
fIpeJI.IIpHHHMaBmHecH paHee IIOIIbITKH oOJlee lIJlH MeHee Y,lI.OB-
182

JIeTBOpHTeJIbHOrO HH:>KeHepHO- reOJIOrHqeCKOrO paHOHHpOBaHHH
TeppHTOpHM JIH H3CKaHHH Bo06ll{e H KOMITJIeKCHpOBaHHH Me-
TOAOB H3MCKaHHM B qaCTHOCTH He Bcera ITpHBOAHJIH K JKeJIae-
MbIM pe3YJIbTaTaM.
CYlll.eCTBeHHbIM HeOCTaTKOM BToporo ITOXOAa HBJIHeTCH TO,
qTO OH 6a3HpyeTcH He Ha HayqHO 060CHOBaHHOM COqeTaHHH KOMIT-
JIeKCa MeTOAOB, ITpHMeHHBllIHxCH TOM HJIH HHOM H3bICKaTeJIbCKOH
opraHH3aUHeH, a Ha CTHXHHHOM (CJIyqaMHOM) HX KOMITJIeKCHpO-
BaHIUI B COOTBeTCTBHH C c006pa)KeHHHMH (qaCTO qHCTO HHTYHTHB-
HbIMH) H3bICKaTeJIeH H TeXHHqeCKHMH B03MO:>KHOCTHMH opraHH-
3aUHH. -
KaK BHAHO H3 H3JIO)KeHHOrO, KOMITJIeKCHpOBaHHe MeTOAoB HC-
CJIeAOBaHHH CBOHCTB rpYHToB ITpeCTaBJIeT 3HaqHTeJIbHbIe TpYA-
HOCTH; TaK KaK Tpe6yeT OHOBpeMeHHoro yqeTa 60JIbllIOrO qHCJIa
<paKTOpOB, nOqHHHIOlll.HXCH pa3JIHqHbIM 3aKoHoMepHocTHM. OT-
MeqeHHbIe HeAocTaTKH 06'bHCHHIOTCH HecoBepmeHcTBoM cOBpe-
MeHHoH MeToHKH. HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOrO KOMITJIeKCHpOBa-
HHH H He MorYT 6bITb YCTpaHeHbI ITpOCTbIM COBMeIU.eHHeM He-
CKOJIbKHX MeTOAOB, TaK KaK 3TO HeH36e:>KHO ITpHBOAHT K OqeHb
CJIO>KHOH cxeMe KOMITJIeKCHpOBaHH, MaJIO ITpHrOHOH AJIH ITOJIY-
qeHHH Tpe6yeMoH HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOH HH<popMaUHH.
C<p0PMYJIHpyeM HaH60JIee 06lll.He ITpHHUHITbI KOMITJIeKCHpOBa-
HHH MeTOOB rrporH03a ITPOqHOCTHbIX H Ae<popMaUHOHHbIX CBOHCTB
JIeAHHKOBbIX OT JIO:>KeHHM JIH rrpOMbImJIeHHOrO H rpa:>KaHCKOro
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha HH>KeHepHO-TeOJIOrHqeCKOM paH-
OHHpOBaHHH H THITH3aUHH 06pa30BaHHH, 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH Ka:>KAO-
ro H3 MeTOOB Hero BKJIaAe B 06lll.HH ITpOrH03, HMelOll{eMC
OITbITe H3bICKaHHH:
a) aHaJIH3 cBeAeHHH 06 HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IecKHx oc06eH-
HOCTHX yqaCTKa, BbI60p THna pa3pe3a, ITOCTpOeHHe cOAep:>KaTeJIb-
HOH KOHueITTyaJIbHOM MOeJIH;
6) onpeeJIeHHe npeAITOJIaraeMOro THITa <pYHAaMeHTa ITO co-
r JIaCOBaHHIO C ITpOeKTHoM opraHH3auHeM;
B) BbI60p KOMITJIeKCa MeTOAOB HCCJIeOBaHHH JISI rrOJIye-
HHH He06xoHMOM HH<popMauHH 06 HHJKeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX
CBoHcTBax rpYHToB B 3aBHCHMOCTij OT CTaA"H H3bIcKaHHH H THITa
<pYHAaMeHToB C yqeTOM HX HH<popMaTHBHocTH H 06JIaCTH ITPH-
Me.HeHIiH;
r) onpeeJIeHHe 06'beMa pa60T ITO Ka)KAoMY MeToy, BKJIIO-
qeHHOMY B KOMnJIeKC C yqeTOM ero 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH;
A) BbIITOJIHeHHe pa60T BbI6paHHbIM KOMIIJIeKCOM MeToOB B
rrOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTH, OIIpeeJIeHHOM TeXHOJIOrHQeCKOH cxeMOH
HX IIpOBeeHHSI;
e) CHHTe3 pe3YJIbTaTOB;
>K) KOHTpOJIb H YTOqHeHfIe pe3YJIbTaTOB ITpHMbIMH MeToaMH.
KaK ITOKa3bIBaeT npaKTHKa, 3KOHOMHqeCKHH 3<p<peKT OT
H3bICKaHHH npH 06eCITeGeHHH ITpOeKTHpOBaHHH KaqeCTBeHHbIMiI
MaTepHaJIaMH B 60JIbllIHHCTBe c.nY1.IaeB B AecRTKH, a If HO f}J. a H B
183

COTHH pa3 BbIllIe, 1JeM CTOHMOCTb BCeX KOCBeHHbIX II npHMbIX Me-
TOOB npOrH03a BMeCTe B3HTbIX. TaKHM 06pa30M, OueHKa 3KOHO-
MH1.IeCKOH 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTOOB - C.ilO}K-
HaH 3aa1Ja, npH pellIeHHH KOTOpOH He06xoHMO Y1JeCTb pH ctJaK-
TOpOB, 1JaCTb H3 KOTOpbIX BbIXOHT 3a npeeJIbI KOMneTeHUHH
HH:>KeHepa-reOJIOra H OJ1)KHa paCCMaTpHBaTbCH COBMeCTHO C npo-
eKTHpOBIl{HKaMH H CTpOHTeJIHMH.
5.5. I1on14ecKJlfe npaBJlfna JIf npou.e.qYPHble cxeMbl
KOMnneKCJlfpOBaHJIf MeTo.qOB npOrH03J1fpOBaHJIf
MOH<pHKaUHH cYIl{eCTBYIOlll.HX MeTOOB onpeeJIeHHH npot.I-
HOCTHbIX H e«popMaUHoHHbIX CBOHCTB rpYHToB II peKoHcTpYK-
UHH TeXHH1JeCKHX cpecTB - He caMaH 3ctJctJeKTHBHaH Mepa npH.
pemeHHH Bce 60JIee YCJIO}KHHIOlll.HXCH 3a,lI.aq nporH03HpOBaHHH.
TOJIbKO 60JIee fH6KO KOHCTpYHpyeMaH KOMnJIeKCHaH CHCTeMa
nporH03HpOBaHHH C He60JIbllIHM KOJIH1JeCTBOM :>KeCTKHX CBH3eH
H opraHH3aUHeM CBoeM CTPYKTYP H npOue,lI.ypHOH cxeMOH pea-
JIH3aUHH n03BOJIHeT Y1JHTbIBaTb cneUHctJHKY ueJIH H 06'beKTa
nporH03HpOBaHHH, 06'beM H xapaKTep HMelOIl{eUCH HHctJOPMaUH-
OHHOU 6a3bI H TeXHH1JeCKHX Cpe,lI.CTB.
AHaJIH3 CYIl{eCTBYIOIl{HX cnoc060B KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH BbI-
HBHJI, HeCMOTpH Ha MHoro06pa3He nOXO,lI.OB H npHeMOB nporHO-
3HpOBaHHH, ,lJ.OBOJIbHO OrpaHH1JeHHOe KOJIH1JeCTBO CTaH,lI.apTHbIX
npOue,lI.YP, B TOU HJ1H HHOH nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHOCTH BXO,lJ.HllI.HX B
KOMnJIeKC. He 01JeHb pa3Ho06pa3HbI H cxeMbI HX C01JeTaHlIH, Ha-
npaBJIeHHe Ha pemeHHe 1JaCTHX 3a,lI.a1J OTeJIbHX 3Tano.B
npOrHo.3HpOBaHHH, npH1JeM Ha1JaJIbHbIe H KOHeqHbIe npOue,lI.ypbI
3THX C01JeTaHHH, KaK npaBHJIO, H,lJ.eHTH1.IHbI. C01JeTaHHH nOCJIe,lI.O-
BaTeJIbHO BbInOJIHHeMbIX npo.rHOCTHqeCKHX npoue,lI.YP, HMelOllI.He
O,lI.HHaKOBoe ueJIeBOe Ha3Ha1JeHHe H 06eCne1JHBalOIl{He «PYHKUHO-
HHpoBaHHe cH.HrYJIHpHbIX MeTOOB rrporH03HpoBaHHH no. npHHJJ.H-
ny ,lI.H3'bIOHKJJ.HH, MO}KHO Ha3BaTb MO,lI.YJIeM [115]. MOYJIb HBJIH-
eTCH OCHOBHbIM CTpOHTeJIbHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM KOMnJIeKCHbIX CHCTeM
nporH03HpOBaHHH.
Ha pHC. 5.6 npe,lI.CTaBJIeHbI cxeMbI rrpHMeHHeMocTH .cHHrYJIHp-
HbIX nporHOCTH1JeCKHX MeTO,lI.OB Ha OCHOBHbIX 3Tanax npOrHo.3H-
pOBaHHH H npoJJ.e,lJ.ypHbIe cxeMbI KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH MOYJIeU, a
TaK)Ke llIeCTb CTaH,lI.apTHbIx MO,lI.YJIeH, B npe,lJ.eJIax KOTOpbIX MO}K-
HO CKOMnJIeKCHpOBaTb pa3JIH1JHbIe MeTO,lI.bI HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHU CBOUCTB
rpYHToB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTa,lI.HH H3bICKaHHU H np e,lI.rrOJI a rae-
Moro THna cpYH,lI.aMeHToB. BHYTPH Ka}KOrO MO,lI.YJIH rrpOue,lI.ypbI
06'be,lI.HHeHbI JIH60 no npHHUHny KOH'bIOHKUHH (JIOrH1JeCKOe
YMHO}KeHHe), JIH60 no npHHUHny ,lI.H3'bIOHKUHH (JIOrH1JeCKOe CJIO-
}KeHHe). TaK, MO,lI.YJIH B TepMHHax aJIre6pbI CHMBOJIH1JeCKOH JIO-
fIlKH (6YJIeBOU aJIfeOpbI) 3anHmYTCH CJIeYIOlll.HM 06pa30M:
M I -+ [BTP /\ BT<IJ /\ J1/\ TIJ].X].
184

3H8qeHHH CHMBOJIOB 3eCb H B IIOCJIe,lI.YIOI.I.LHX JIOrHqeCKHX
<P O PMYJI8X KOMIIJleKCHpOB8HHH MO,lI.YJIe:fi CJle,lI.YIOIII.He: V - COe)J.H.
HHTeJlbHOe «HJlH» - COObITHe COBepIIlHTCH, eCJlH 0Y,lI.eT BbInOJlHe.
Ha XOTH ObI O,lI.H8 H3 IIpeIIOCbIJlOK; 1\ - COe,lI.HHHTeJIbHOe «H»-
COObITHe COBepIIlHTC5I, eCJlH 0Y,lI.YT BbIIIOJlHeHbI BCe IIpe,lI.IIOCbIJIKH;
M II -+ [BTP A BT<IJ A BKM A (JI V L{3) A OP A CIT A TI.aX 1\ HC],
MIll -+ [BTP A BT<IJ A BKM A (JI V C3 V L{3) A ITK A OP A cn A
A TIp A IT.n.X],
M 1V -+ [BTP A BT<IJ A BKM A (JI V ITK V LI.3) A C3 A OP A
A cn A ITllX A 3 A HC],
BII1,D,bl PA60T
 HJkeHepHO- ,eOJi 3nl'letKaR
peKOrHOiJ.IllpOBKa
HJkeHep+iO-reOnOn1'1eCKaA CbeMKa
HJkeHepHO-reOnOrM'IeCKaA pa3BeAKa
TlI1n [JJYHJJ.AMEHT A
HT::. cBai1Hbli1
MOllynb I MOilynb II
Ha ecrecTBeHHOM
OCHOBaHMM
MOllYllb III
cBai1Hbli1
tBaMHblM
PHC. 5.6. CxeMbl KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH MO.lI.YJIeif IIporH03a IIpOllHOCTHblX H .lI.e«pop-
MalJ,HOHHbIX CBoikTB J1e.lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH:: BTP - BblOOp THna pa3pe3a,
BT<1> - BbI60p THIIa «PYHAaMeHTa, BKM - BbIOOp KOMIIJIeKCa MeTOJI.OB, J1-
JIaOOpaTopHble MeTO.lI.bI, ,U3 - .lI.HHaMHtJeCKoe 30H.lI.HpOBaHHe, C3 - CTaTHtJeCKoe
30H.lI.HpOBaHHe, nl( - IIeHeTpalJ,HOHHblH: KapOTa>K, OP - OIIpe,lI.eJIeHHe OO'beMa
pa60T, cn - CHHTe3 IIporH030B, np - IIpeccHoMeTpHH, III -llIT8MIIOBbIe HCIIb!-
TaHHH, Cp - IIOJIeBble HCIIbITaHHH Ha cpe3, 3 - HCIIblTaHHH 3T8JIOHHbIX CHaH,
I1C - HcnbITaHHH HaTypHbIX CBaH, n,Ux - IIpOtJHocTHble H .rr.eqJOpMalJ,HOHHbIe
xapaKTepHcTHKH, HC - HecYlI.laH cIIoc06HOCTb CBarI
185

My -+ [Brp 1\ BT<1> 1\ BKM 1\ (JI v C3 v 113) 1\ nK 1\ OP 1\ cn 1\
1\ (Ill v Cp v Op) 1\ n.ax],
M Y1 -+ [BTP A B T<1> 1\ BKM 1\ (Jl V OK v.ll3) 1\ C3 1\
1\ OP 1\ crr 1\ np 1\ n.ax 1\ (HC V 3) A HC].
)].JIH ,lI,OCTH)KeHHH ueJIH MO.ll.YJIeu (B .lI.aHHOM CJIYtIae nporH03
npOqHOCTHX H .lI.eOpMaUHOHHWX xapaKTepHCTHK H oueHKa He-
cyrueu crroc06HOCTH cBau) ,lI,OCTaTOtIHO BWrrOJIHHTb neHTpaJIbHWe
rrpOue.ll.ypbI C rroMOIII.blO O.ll.HOrO H3 KOCBeHHbIX (.lI.JIH MO,lI,YJIeU V,
VI H rrpHMbIx) MeTO.lI.OB - JIa60paTopHbIe, .lI.HHaMHqeCKOe 30H.lI.H-
pOBaHHe, CTaTHtIeCKOe 30H.lI.HpOBaHHe H rreHeTpaUHoHHbIH Kapo-
Ta}K, HO npaBHJIO .lI.H3'bIOHKUHH (cOe,lI,HHHTeJIbHOe «HJIH») 03HaQa-
eT, qTO .lI.JIH ,lI,y6JIHpOBaHHH rrpofHo3HOU IIHclJoPMaUHH MorYT 6bITb
npHMeHeHH H Bce rrapaJIJIeJIbHO COe.ll.HHeHHWe MeTO,lI,W.
O.ll.HOBpeMeHHo .lI.JIH ,lI,OCTH)KeHHH ueJIH MO.lI.YJIeU MorYT 6WTb
BbIrrOJIHeHbI Bce rrpOu.e.ll.ypbI HaqHHaH C BTP H KOHqaH n.llX H
HC (rrpaBHJIO KOH'bIOHKUHH). B 3TOM cJIyqae MO.ll.YJIH HMelOT rrOJI-
HYIO CTPYKTYPY.
CMbICJIOBaH HHTepnpeTaI.I.HH MO.ll.YJIeu 3aKJIIOQaeTCH B cJ1e.ll.Y-
lOIl{eM. .llJIH KOMrrJIeKcHpYlOrueu CHCTeMhI .lI.OCTaTOqHot'1 HB.:15IeTCH
CTpYKTypa, COCTOHIl{aH H3 meCTH MO.ll.YJIeU - rrpe.lI.CTaBHTeJleu
pa3JIHlJHbIX 3TanOB H3bIcKaHHH; B MO,lI,YJIe MO}KeT 6bITb nCrrOJIb-
30BaH O.ll.HH HJIH HeCKOJIbKO peKOMeH,lI,yeMNx MeTO.lI.OB HCCJIe.ll.O-
BaHHH CBOHCTB rpYHToB C 06eCrretIHBalOIl{HMH ero rrpoue.ll.ypaMH.
HaH60JIee panHOHaJIbHa CTpYKTypa, B KOTOpOH Ha Bcex 3Tanax
nporH03HpoBaHHH 06'beKTa MO)KeT o.ll.HOBpeMeHHo HcnOb30BaTb-
CH HeCKOJIbKO MeTO,lI,OB rrpH KOMrrJIeKCHOM HX COtIeTaHHH, Ka)K,lI,bIH
H3 KOTOpWX HanpaBJIeH Ha pemeHHe orrpe.ll.eJIeHHOU 3a.ll.aQH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT HHopMaTHBHocTH H 06JIaCTH rrpHMeHeHHH Me-
TO.lI.a. BbI60p MeTO.lI.OB, o6eCrrelJHBalOIl{HX 3eKTHBHoe BbIrrOJI-
HeHHe rrpOu.e,lI,ypbI rrporH03a, oCYIl{eCTBJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH
MaKCHMaJIbHOH HX a.ll.anTaUHH K ueJIH H 06'beKTY rrporH03a, 06'b-
eMY pacrrOJIaraeMoii HHOpMaI.I.HH. f1pH 3TOM HcnOJlb3YlOTCH
npe.ll.nOJIO}l{eHHH 0 'rrpHMeHHeMOCTH HHTYHTHBHbIX H OpMaJIH30-
BaHHWX MeTO.ll.OB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YKa3aHHNx rrapaMeTpoB H
,lI,pyrHe JIOrHqeCKHe 3aKJIlOlJeHHH, rrOJIyqeHHbIe Ha OCHOBaHHH
orrNTa H3NcKaHHu H rrpaKTHKH KOMrrJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTO.ll.OB.
B KaqeCTBe KpHTepHH OrrTHMaJIbHOCTH rrpe.ll.JIaraeTCH HCnOJIb-
30BaTb KpHTepHH 9KOHOMHtIeCKOH 3cpctJeKTHBHOCTH:
tk m
Con = r  C 1 . (t) ni (t) dt,
,  l
to ;=1
(5.9)
r,lI,e Con - KpHTepHU CTOHMOCTH OnepaI.I.HH rrpOrH03a; C Ii (t) -
paCXO,lI,bI Ha e,lI,HHHUY Cpe.lI.CTBa BH.lI.a i, YQaCTBYlOntero B onepa-
186

lI.IUf nporH03a B e.ll.HHHUY BpeMeHH t; ni (t) - KOJlHqeCTBO cpe,lI.CTB
BH.lI.a i, He06xo,lI.HMbIX B e,lI.HHHUY BpeMeHH ,lI.JlH BbInOJlHeHHH one-.
pall.HH nporH03a; i - HH,il.eKC THna MeTO.ll.a, yqaCTBYlOllI.erO B
nporH03e; m - KOJlH4eCTBO MeTO.ll.OB npOfH03a; to H tk - BpeMH
Ha4aJIa H KOHua Onepall.HH nporH03a.
KaK nOKa3WBaeT npaKTHKa H3WCKaHHH, HaH60Jlee ,lI.OCTOBep-
HOe paC1.JJIeHeHHe MaCCHBOB ropHbIX nopo,lI. Ha HH>KeHepHO-reOJIO-
rH4eCKHe 3JIeMeHTbI H nOCJIe.ll.YIOIu.ee KoppeKTHoe H3yqeHHe HX
CPH3HKO-MexaHHlleCKHX CBOHCTB MO>KeT 6bITb ,lI.OCTHrHYTO, eCJlH
O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO HCnOJIb3yeTcH KOMIIJleKCHOe COqeTaHHe HeCKOJlbKHX
MeTO.ll.OB HCCJle.ll.OBaHHH. Oc06eHHO 31'0 Ba>KHO npH H3yQeHHH
Jle,lI.HHKOBbIX OT JIO}KeHHH, xa paKTepH3YIOIII.HXCH 3HaqHTeJIbHOH
H3MeH4HBOCTblO iix CBOHCTB (CM. rJIaBY 2). JIa60paTopHble MeTO-
,lI.bI npH nporH03e npOqHOCTHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK HaH60JIee 3<pcpeK-
THBHbI, HO OHH ,lI.HCKpeTHbI, B TO BpeMH KaK 30H.lI.HpOBaHHe n03BO-
JlHeT nOJIyqHTb HenpepbIBHYIO xapaKTepHCTHKY CBOHCTB no BceMY
pa3pe3Y.
5.6. C03.qaHHe TeXHHL4eCKX cpe.qcTB .qnSl peanH3a4H
KOMnneKca MeTOAOB
3aKJIIOqHTeJIbHbIM 3TarrOM nOJlyqeHHH He06xo,lI.HMOH HHcpOp-
MaUHH 0 npOqHOCTHbIX H .lI.ecpopMaUHoHHbIX CBoHcTBax Jle,lI.HHKO-
BWX OTJlO>KeHHH HBJlHeTCH C03.l1.aHHe TeXHHQeCKHX Cpe,lI.CTB .lI.JlH
peaJIH3aUUH- KOMnJIeKCOB MeTO,lI.OB. HapH,lI.Y C Tpa.ll.HUHOHHbIMH H
CTaH,lI.apTHbIMH MeTO,lI.aMH nporH03a, rrpHBe,lI.eHHbIMH Ha pHC. 5.6,
B fieJIfl1113e no,lI. PYKOBO,lI.CTBOM aBTopa pa3pa6oTaHo «ABToMa-
TH3HpoBaHHoe YCTPOHCTBO K 6YPOBOH YCTaHOBKe YrB-50 .lI.JlH
.lI.HHa MlIlIeCKoro 30H,lI.HpOBa-
HHH rpYHToB». C ero rro-
MOII.J.blO CYllI.eCTBeHHO paclIlH-
pHIOTCH TeXHHqeCKHe B03MO>K-
HOCTH 6ypOBWX yCTaHoBoK H
OHH MorYT KOMnJleKCHO HC-
nOJlb30BaTbCH .lI.JlH 6ypeHHH Ii
30H.lI.UpOBaHHH, qTO n03BOJIHeT
nOJIY4HTb .lI.aHHbIe .lI.JlH rrpo-
rH03a npOqHOCTHbIX _ H .lI.ecpop-
PRC. 5.7. ACToMaTH3RpoBaHHoe YCT-
pOHCTBO K 6YPOBOH YCTaHoBKe
Vr5-50 M .l(JIfi .n.UHaMI1l1eCKOro 30H.
lJ.RpOBaHHH rpYHToB: 1 - IllTaHra;
2 - IIeHeTpalJ,UOHHbIli MOJIOT; 3-
onopHaH KapeTKa; 4 - HanpaBJlHIO-
K{ee YCTP0l1cTBO
5-5

3
2
187

MaUHOHHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK rpYHTOB O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO .lI.BYMH MeTO-
AaMH (JIa60paTOpHNe H 30H.lI.HpOBaHHe). YCTpOHCTBO MOHTHPY-
eTCH Ha 633e cepHHHoro CTaHKa THna YrB-50M H COCTOHT H3
060PY.lI.OBaHHH YCTaHOBKH .lI.nH .lI.HH3MHqeCKOro 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH
YBn-15: neHeTpaUHOHHoro MonOTa; lliTaHr .lI.JIHHOH 1,5 M; onop-
HOH KapeTKH, rrepe.ll.BHralOIII.eHCH no HanpaBJIHIOIUHM BpaIUaTen5.1
YrB-50M.
30H.lI.HpOBaHHe oCYIII.eCTBJIHeTCH B COOTBeTCTBHH C faCT
19912-81 CB060.ll.HO na.ll.alOIUHM MonOTOM C nOMOIUblO Y.lI.a pHoro
MexaHH3Ma YrB-50M (pHC. 5.7).
C yqeTOM XO.ll.a Y.lI.apHOrO MexaHH3Ma BNCOTa na.ll.eHHH Mono-
Ta npH aBTOMaTH3auHH npouecca 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH COCTaBJIHeT
55 CM. )J.JIH coxpaHeHHH Y.lI.eJibHOH 3HeprHH 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH YCTa-
HOBOK Cpe.ll.HerO THna Macca MonOTa YBenHqeHa H3 27,5 Kr.
3anHcb ycnoBHoro .lI.HHaMHqeCKOrO conpOTHBJIeHHH no rJIy6HHe
npOH3BO.ll.HTCH Ha .lI.HarpaMMHoM JIeHTe perHcTpaTopoM .lI.HHaMH-
qeCKOrO 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH KOHCTPYKUHH BeJIrH113a. npe06pa30Ba-
HHe y,napoB MOJIOTa B 3JIeKTpHqeCKHH HMnynbc rrpOH3BO,lI.HT CqeT-
qHK Y.lI.apOB MO.J10Ta, KHHeMaTHqeCKH cBH3aHHbIH rrOcpe.ll.CTBOM
MarHHTa H .lI.BYX repKoHoB C KpHBolliHnHo-lliaTYHHbIM MexaHH3-
MOM. )].JIH 06ecne1.IeHHH BepTHKaJIbHOCTH norpY:>KeHHH 30H,lI,a B
rpYHT npH .lI.HHaMHqeCKOM 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH H3rOTOBJIeHO HanpaB-
JIHIOIUee YCTPOHCTBO.
aT nHqHTeJlbHbIMH oc06eHHOCTHMH aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHoro YCT-
pOHCTBa HBJIHIOTCH npOCTOTa KOHCTPYKUHH, 6bICTpOTa MOHTa:>Ka,
aBTOMaTHqeCKaH pa60Ta Y.lI.apHOrO YCTpOllcTBa H HKcaUHH pe-
3YJlbTaTOB 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH, qTO nOBbIIIlaeT KaqeCTBO HCCJIe.ll.OBa-
HHM, rrpOH3BO.ll.HTeJlbHOCTb TPY.lI.a H ynyqIIIaeT KYJIbTYPY npoH3-
BO.ll.CTBa. HaH60Jlee 3cIJeKTHBHO npHMeHeHHe YCTpOHCTBa Ha
06'beKTaX C He60JlbIIlHM 06'beMOM HH:>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHqeCKHX pa-
60T H npH BbInOJIHeHHH HH)KeHepHO-reOJlOrHqeCKHX C'beMOK pa3-
HbIX MacIIlTa6oB. lllHpoKoe BHe.ll.peHHe YCTpOllcTBa B npOH3BO.ll.CT-
BO n03BOJlHT cYIUecTBeHHo nOBHCHTb KaqeCTBO H CHH3HTb CTOH-
MOCTb HHJKeHepHO-reOJlOrHqeCKHX H3bIcKaHHH.
no npe.ll.BapHTeJIbHOMY paCqeTY, rO.ll.OBaH 3KOHOMHqeCKaH
3cpeKTHBHOCTb OT BHe.ll.peHHH aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHoro YCTpOHCTBa
COCTaBJIHeT 15 TbIC. Py6neH Ha O.ll.HY YCTaHoBKY.

rnasa 6
METo.£].onorH4EcKIIIE OCHOBbl HH>KEHEPHO-rEonorH4ECKoro
H3Y4EHIII H OL.J.EHKH IlEJJ.HHKOBbIX OTIlO>KEHIIIVI
.QIl MACCOBoro CTPOHTEIlbCTBA
6.1. OCHoBHble nOnO>KeHJ.1S1 CHCTeMHoro no.qxo.o.a
B npe,lI.bI,lJ.YIlI,HX rJIaBaX upaccMoTpeHbI pa3J1HQHbIe MeTO,lI.bI
rrporHo33 MexaHH1.IeCKHX CBOHCTB MaCCHBOB ropHblx nopo,lI., c.ny-
}KaIlI,HX B KaQeCTBe oCHoBaHHH 3,lI.aHHH H coopYLKeHHH. O,lI.HaKO,
KaK nOKa3MBaeT rrp3KTHKa H3CK3HHH H npoeKTHpoBaHH ,lI.JI
M3CCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCTBa, pau.HoH3.TIbHa MeTO,lI.HK3 HH)KeHepHO-
reOJIOrHQeCKOrO H3YQeHIl H Ol.l.eHKH M3CCHBOB rpYHToB ,lI.O..71}KH3
633HpoBaTbc Ha CHCTeMHOM nO,lI.XO,lI.e K H3YQeHHIO BceM reOJIoro-
TexHoreHHoM KOHCTPYKU.HH, CocTollI.eii H3 OCHOBaHH <PYH,lI.3MeH-
Ta H coopY}KeHH K3K e,lI.HHOH CJlOLKHO opraHH30BaHHoH CHCTeMbI.
Ha30BeM TaKHe KOHCTPYKl.I.HH reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHMH 06'beKTaMH
(fTO) (pHC. 6.1).
feoJloro-TeXHHqeCKHH 06'beKT COCTOHT H3 Tpex nOCJle,lI.OBa-
TeJlbHO COe,lI.HHeMbIX H B 3TOH LKe rrOCJle,lJ.OBaTeJIbHOCTH B03BO,lI.H-
MbIX 3JIeMeHTOB (rrO,lI.CHCTeM): OCHOB3HH (M3ccHBa rPYHTa),
<PYH,lI.aMeHT3 H Ha,lI.3eMHOH qaCTH 3,lI.aHH HJIH coopY}KeHH. npH
cOBMecTHoM pa60Te 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB ,lI.OJl}KHO o6ecrre1.IHBaTbc
BMnOJIHeHHe cHcTeMoM ee rJI3BHOrO Ha3HaqeHH, KOTopoe onpe-
,lI.eJleTC TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHMH HJlH 6bITOBbIMli YCJlOBHMH, npe,lI.Y-
cMoTpeHHbIMH B HopMax H3 rrpoeKTHpoBaHHe. 3JIeMeHTbI CHCTeMbI
,lJ.OJlLKHbI 6bITb Ha,lI.eLKHbIMH, rrOCKOJlbKY OTKa3 JlI06oro 3.ileMeHTa
npHBO,lJ.HT K oTKa3Y BceH CHCTeMbI.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C CHHn 2.02.0 1-83 paCqeTHa cxeMa CHCTe-
MbI coopY)KeHHe-OcHoBaHHe HJIH <PYH,lI.aMeHT-ocHoBaHHe ,lI.OJl}K-
Ha BbI6HpaTbc C yqeTOM HaH60Jlee CYlll.eCTBeHHbIX <paKToPOB,
orrpe,lI.eJIIOlll.HX Harrp}KeHHOe COCTOHHe H ,lJ.e<popMau.HIO OCHO-
BaHH H KOHCTPYKl.I.HH coopYLKeHH (cTaTHqeCKOH cxeMbI coopY-
)KeHH, oco6eHHocTeH ero B03Be,lJ.eHH, xapaKTepa rpYHToBbIX Ha-
rrJIaCTOBaHHH, CBOHCTB rpYHToB OCHOBaHH, B03MO}KHOCTH HX
H3MeHeHH B rrpou.ecce cTpOHTeJlbCTBa H 3KCrrJIyaTal.l.HH coopY}Ke-
HHH H T. ,lJ..) .
nOJlO}KeHHe «PYH,lI.aMeHTa KaK npoMe}l{YTOqHOrO 3J1eMeHT3
cHcTeMbI, o6eCrreqHBalOIll.erO cOBMecTHYIO pa60TY OCHOBaHH H
Ha,lI.3eMHO:H qaCTH coopY}KeHHH, HaH60Jlee CJlO}KHO. OTK33 <PYH-
,lJ.aMeHTa BCer,lJ.a llpHBO,lI.HT K OTKa3Y Ha,lI.3eMHbIX KOHCTPYKU. HH ,
189

HO 06blllHO He BJIelleT 3a C060H O,lI.HOBpeMeHHoro OTKa3a OCHOBa-
HIH1. TeM He MeHee npH Ol1.eHKe Ha,lI.e.>KHOCTH <PYH,lI.aMeHTa KaK
KOHCTPYKI1.HH, B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBYlOrn.eH C rpYHTOM, CJIe,lI.yeT pac-
CMaTpHBaTb CHCTeMY OCHOBaHHe-cpYH,lI.aMeHT, TaK KaK Ha,lI.e.>K-
HOCTb cpYH,lI.aMeHTa onpe,lI.eJI5IeTCH nOKa3aTeJIHMH 060HX 3THX
3JIeMeHTOB. .
Pa3pa60TKa OnTHMaJIbHblX npoeKTOB Tpe6yeT l1.eJIeHanpaBJIeH-
Horo HH>KeHepHO-TeOJIOrHlIeCKoro H3YlIeHHH H Ol1.eHKH OCHOBaHHH
feoJloro- =JleMeHTbl
TexH4ecKi,i (flO.1CIlCTeMbl)
06beK'1 (Cl:TeM£J)
COOPY}KeHe
II I
I <I>y HJl3 M eHT
I I
I
. . . . . . . .
. .
. . . e e . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
.
. . . e, . OCHOIHiHHe
. e .. . . . .
/ /0/,,/,,/ /  (MaCCHB ropHblX
/ / / '7"/ 
/0/ /,,/ /0/ 0 / flOP°.a)
/ 0/  / / /" / ;
/ 0/ / / 0/ / q..
Pac. 6.1. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa reOJIOrO-TeXHHtJeCKoro OO'beKTa
npoeKTHpyeMbIx 3,lI.aHHH HJIH coopY.>KeHHH Ha Bcex 3Tanax npo-
eKTHO-H3bICKaTeJIbCKHX pa60T. MeTO,lI.HKa TaKoro H3YlleHHH
,lI.OJDKHa OCHOBbIBaTbCH Ha YlIeTe H KOMnJIeKCHOM COqeTaHHH ,lI.BYX
rpynn cpaKTopOB: reOJIOrHlIeCKHX H npoeKTHbIx (TeXHHlIeCKHX),
onpe,lI.eJIHlOI.I.lHX cO,lI.ep.>KaHHe, HanpaBJIeHHe H pal1.HOHaJIbHYro
TeXHOJIOrHlO HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHx HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH.
MHOrOl1.eJIeBOH <pOpMOH 0606rn.eHHH H npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHH MaTe-
pHaJIOB - HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKoro H3Y'=IeHHH MaCCHBOB ropHbIx
nopo,lI. ,lI.JIH H3bIcKaHHH H npoeKTHpOBaHHH CJIY}I{HT THnOJIOrHqeC-
Koe HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrl1l1eCKOe paHoHHpoBaHHe TeppHTopHH, BbI-
nOJIHeHHOe B BH,lI.e KapTbI paHOHHpOBaHHH C cooTBeTcTBYlOrn.HMH
npHJIO>KeHHHMH (rJIasa 5). OHO n03BOJ1HeT, Bo-nepBbIx, 06'beK-
190

THBHO Ol1.eHHTb cyw.eCTBYlOw.He HH.>KeHepHO-reOJIOrlllleCKHe YC.1l0-
BHH II ,lI.aTb npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHbI:H Ka1.IeCTBeHHbIH H KOJIHlIecTBeHHbIH
npOrH03 CBOHCTB OCHOBaHHH 3,lI.aHHH H cOOPY.>KeHHH, a BO-BTOpbIX;
OTKpbIBaeT IlIHpOKHe B03MO.>KHOCTH ,lI.JIH HCnOJIb30BaHIiH MeTO,lI.a
HH.>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHX aHaJIOrHH, BKJI1011 aH o606w.eHHe H
nepeHeceHHe onbITa H3bICKaHHH, npoeKTHpOBaHHH, CTpOHTelbCTBa
H 3KCnJIyaTal1.HH cOOPY>KeHHH B pa3JIHlIHbIX HH.>KeHepHo-reOJ1orH-
1.IeCKHX YCJIOBHHX [163].
O,lI.HHM H3 cnoco6oB HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlleCKoro o.6ocHoBaHHH
npoeKTHpoBaHHH Ha paHHHx CTa,lI.HHX MO.>KeT 6bITb KapTHpoBaHHe
TeppHTopHH no paClleTHbiM nOKa3aTeJIHM CBOHCTB rpYHToB [171].
DO,lI.o6HbIe KapTbI MorYT 6bITb nocTpoeHbI, HanpHMep, H8 OCHOBe
nOJIeH YCJIOBHOrO ,lI.HHaMHlIeCKoro conpOTHBJIeHHH, TeCHO CKoppe-
JIHpOBaHHoro C MO,lI.YJIeM ,lI.eOpMal1.HH H npOllHOCTHbIMH xapaK-
TepHCTHKaMH rpYHTOB. TaKHe KapTbI HY.>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb rJIaB-
HbIM oGpa30M ,lI.JIH BbI60pa pal1.HOHa.;JlbHbIX THnOB YH,lI.aMeHTOB,
OTHOCHTeJIbHaH CTOHMOCTb paGoT no B03Be,lI.eHHlO KOTOpbIX B
CTpOHTeJIbHOM npOH3BO,lI.CTBe ,lI.OBOJIbHO BbICOKa. Do ,lI.aHHbIM npo-
eKTHbIX opraHH3al1.HH pecny6JIHKH, CTOHMOCTb pa60T HYJIeBOrO
UHKJIa COCT8BJIHeT ,lI.O 20 0 / 0 , OT o6mero 06'beMa cTpOHTeJIbHO-MOH-
. Ta>KHbIX pa6oT.
B nepBYlO 01lepe,lJ,b CJIe,lI.yeT BbIHCHHTb B03MO.>KHOCTb CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBa Ha eCTeCTBeHHOM OCHOBaHHH HCXO,lI.H H3 Ha3HalleHHH H
KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX oco6eHHocTeH npoeKTHpyeMbIx cooPY>KeHHH, HX
KanUTaJIbHOCTH, THna H rJIy6HHbI 3aJIO}KeHHH (jJYH,lI.aMeHTOB, xa-
paKTepa H Be.ilHlIHHbI nepe,lI.aBaeMbIx HarpY30K, pe.>KHMa 3KCnJIya-
TaUHH H T. n. I1HTerpaJIbHbIMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH eCTeCTBeHHoro
OCHOBaHHH HBJIHIOTCH paclIeTHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe rpYHToB OCHOBa-
HHH H paClIeTHaH MaKCHMaJIbHaH (cpe,lI.HHH) OCa,lI.Ka, KOTopbIe
MorYT CJIY>KHTb O,lI.HHM H3 KpHTepHeB npHpO,lI.HbIX YCJIOBHH CTpOH-
TeJIbCTBa. CneUHaJIbHOe KapTHpoBaHHe no paC1JeTHbIM nOKa3aTe-
JIHM Y>Ke ,lI.aBHO npHMeHHIOT B MHpOBOH npaKTHKe npoeKTHo-
H3bICKaTeJIbCKHX pa60T [176].
KapTbI paclIeTHbIx nOKa3aTeJIeH MorYT 6bITb nocTpoeHbI ,lI.JIH
pa3JIHlIHbIX KOHCTPYKl1.HH H THnOB (jJYH,lI.aMeHToB. CneUHaJIbHOe
KapTHpoBaHHe no paClIeTHbIM nOKa3aTeJIHM MO.>KHO BbInOJIHHTb B
KalleCTBe ,lI.OnOJIHeHHH K npHHHToH B npoeKTHo-H3bICKaTeJIbCKHX
opraHH3aUHHx opMe npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHX
,lI.aHHbIX B BH,lI.e Ta6JIHU HopMaTHBHbIX H paCtIeTHbIX 3HalleHHH
xapaKTepHcTHK (jJH3HKo-MexaHHllecKHx CBOHCTB rpYHToB. TaKoe
KapTHpoBaHHe npe,lI.nOJIaraeT 60JIee TeCHoe B3aHMo,lI.eHCTBHe
H3bICKaTeJIeH H npoeKTHpOBllI.HKOB H 6Y,lI.eT cnoco6cTBoBaTb BHe,lI.-
peHHlO nporpeccHBHbIX MeTO,lI.OB MHoroBapHaHTHoro npoeKTHpo-
BaHHH, a TaK>Ke paUHOHaJIbHoMY HCnOJIb30BalUIIO HecymeH
cnoco6HoCTH OCHOBaHHH. DpHBe,lI.eHHaH MeTO,lI.HKa HH.>KeHepHO-
reOJIOrHlIeCKoro 06ocHoBaHHH npoeKTHpoBaHHH n03BOJIHT TOqHee
COCTaBJIHTb TeXHHlIeCKHe 3a,lI.aHHH Ha HH.>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHe
H3bICKaHHH, onpe,lI.eJIHTb pal1.HOHaJIbHbIH KOMnJIeKC MeTO,lI.OB H3Y-
191

4eHHH H OueHKH CBOMCTB rpYHTOB H crrOCOOCTBOBaTb ycrrernHoM
peaH3aUHH rrpHHHrrOB OrrTHMH3aUHH HHeHepHX H3cKaHHH
[171].
Ce.LLOBaTebHo, rrpH rrpHHHTHH HH}KeHepHOro perneHHH ,lI.OLK-
HbI YMeJIO HcrrOb30BaTbCH KaK rrpHMbIe, TaK H oopaTHbIe CBH3H
MeLK,lI.Y BceMH KOMrrOHeHTaMH cBoeoopa3HoH npHpO,lI.HO-TeXHoreH-
HOM KOHCTPYKUHH - 3,lI.aHHeM, <PYH,lI.aMeHTOM H OCHOBaHHeM, 4TO
TpeoyeT H3Y4eHHH ee KaK e,lI.HHoM CJIO}KHO opraHH30BaHHoM CM-
CTeMbI.
reooro-TexHH1.IecKHe oO'beKTbI npe,lI.CTaBHIOT COOOM npo-
cTpaHcTBeHHo-BpeMeHHbIe KOMrr03HUHH B3aHMO,lI.eHcTBYlOI..U.HX eCTe-
CTBeHHbIX H HCKyccTBeHHbIx BeI..U.eCTBeHHbIX KO'MnoHeHToB, BKJIIO-
4alOI..U.HX OCHOBaHHe (MaccHB ropHbIx nopo,lI.), (jJYH,lI.aMeHT M
coopY)I{eHHe. reooro-TexHH4ecKHe OO'beKTbi HBJIHIOTCH yrrpaB-
JIHeMbIMH (KHoepHeTH4ecKHMH). OHH <PYHKUHOHHPYIOT rro,lI. BH-
HHHeM ynpaBHI01ll.HX B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH pa3JIH4HOrO xapaKTepa,
a TaKLKe eCTeCTBeHHbIX (B03MYI..U.alOI..U.Hx) B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH. na-
paMeTpbI reoorO-TeXHH4eCKHX OO'beKTOB He nOCTOHHHbI, a 3aKO-
HOMepHO MeHHlOTCH BO BpeMeHH, T. e. OTHOCHTCH K Kaccy ,lI.HHa-
MH4eCKHX CHCTeM [64]. 3aAa4H HCCe,lI.OBaHHH TaKHX CHCTeM
3aK.nI04aIOTCH He TObKO B HX onHcaHHH B TOM HH HHOM acrreK-
Te, HO H B COCTaBeHHH ,lI.OCTaTOqHO Ha,lI.elKHoro nporH03a HX
nOBe,lI.eHHH BO BpeMeHH, a npH perneHHH MHorHX rrpaKTH4eCKHX
3a,lI.a1.I - H B pa3paOOT.Ke Cpe,lI.CTB H MeTO,lI.OB perYJIHpOBaHHH
3Toro rrOBe,lI.eHHH, T. e. B ynpaBeHHH CHCTeMaMM.
B OOI..U.eM CY4ae reoorO-TeXHH4eCKHe O'beKTbi BK104alOT
,lI.Be rrO,lI.CHCTeMbI: TeXHoreHHYlO - 3,lI.aHHe HM coopYlKeHHe H
reoorH4eCKYlO - MaCCHB ropHbIX nopo,lI., KOTopble COCTOHT H3
OObrnoro 4Hca 3eMeHTOB. H CBH3eH pa3H4HOH (jJH3H4eCKOH
HH HHOM npHpO,lI.bI. Ba}KHeMrnaH e ocooeHHOCTb 3THX CHCTeM
3aKJIIOQaeTCH B 3Mep,lI.lKeHTHOCTH - OHH oopa3YlOT HeKOTOpylO
ueJIOCTHOCTb, CBOHCTBa KOTOpOH: OT H4HbI OT CBOHCTB CaralOI..U.HX
HX KOMnOHeHTOB. npH H3YlleHHH reOOrO-TeXHH4eCKHX OO'beKTOB
,lI.H MaCCOBOrO CTpOHTebCTBa orpaHH4HBaJOTCH npHMeHeHHeM
aHaHTHlleCKHX MeTO,lI.OB, KOTopbIe CTaJIH Tpa,lI.HUHOHHbIMH B
npaKTHKe H3bICKaHHH H npoeKTHpOBaHHH H paCC4HTaHbI Ha pac-
4eHeHHe CHCTeMbI Ha 3eMeHTbI C ,lI.aJIbHeHrnHM pa3,lI.ebHbIM
H3Y4eHHeM.
OO'be,lI.HHHeMbIe B reOOrO-TeXHH4eCKOM OO'beKTe nO,lI.CHCTeMbI
HMelOT pa3H4HYlO npHpO,lI.Y H H3Y4aTb ee Ce,lI.yeT Ha OCHOBe
KoorrepaUMH H3bICKaTeJleH, npoeKTHpOBI..U.HKOB H CTpOHTeeH C CO-
OTBeTCTBYlOI..U.HM pa3,lI.eeHHeM <PYHKUHH, HO perneHHH no BceM
rrpHHUHnHaJIbHbIM BorrpocaM ,lI.OHbI npHHHMaTbCH COBMeCTHO,
TaK KaK TObKO TaKliM crrOCOOOM MOLKHO ooecrrellHTb onTHMab-
HbIH Y4eT Bcex CYIIJ.eCTBeHHbIX (jJaKTopOB, orrpe,lI.eHIOI..U.HX rTO.
I1HLKeHepHaH reOJ10rHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C ee CneUHaJIH3aUHeH
,lI.OlKHa 3aHHMaTbCH H3Y4eHHeM reoorH4eCKOH nO,lI.CHCTeMbI-
MaCCHBa ropHbIX rropo,lI., HO ,lI.H Toro, llTOObI 3TH HCCe,lI.OBaHHH
192

BeJIHCb lI.eJleHanpaBJleHHO H 3<P<PeKTHBHO, OHH ,lI.0J1>KHbI 6bITb rrO,lI.-
llHHeHbI Ha BCeX 3TanaX pa60T 3a,lI.allaM rrpOeKTHpOBaHHH, CTpOH-:
TeJlbCTBa H 3KCrrJlyaTal.(HH cOOPY.>KeHHH:. BHe,lI.peHHe. CHCTeMHOrO
rrO,lI.XO,lI.a ,lI.JlH orrHcaHHH MaCCHBOB ropHbIX rropo,lI. BCTpeLJaeT orrpe-
,lI.eJleHHble TPY,lI.HOCTH, B llaCTHOCTH, np" npe,lI.CTaBJleHHH 3THX
06'beKTOB KaK 3J1eMeHTOB CHCTeM C qeTKO 01lepqeHHWMH rpaHH-
lI.aMH, CTPYKTYPOH, BHellIHHMH CBH3HMH H rrp. PaCCMOTpHM rrp06-
JIeMbI, CBH3aHHble C BbI,lI.eJleHHeM MaCCHBOB ropHbIX nopo,lI. KaK
nO,lI.CHCTeM H rrOCTpoeHHeM HX CTPYKTypHLIX MO,lI.eJleH:.
Borrpoc 0 B,lI.eJleHHH H OrpaHHlleHHH MaCCHBOB nopo,lI. H3Y-
llaJlCH B HHLKeHepHo-reOJlOrHqeCKOH: JlHTepaType pa3J1HllHbIMH
aBTopaMH. no MHeHHIO JI. .lI.. DeJlOrO [64), «MaCCHB ropHbIX no-
pO,lI. ,lI.OJILKeH 6bITb reOJlOrHQeCKHM, xapaKTepH3YIOI..U.HM Ba.>KHeH-
llIHe 1.IepTbI reOCTpYKTypHoro 06J1HKa TOrO HJlH HHoro YllaCTKa
3eMHOH: KOpbI, HeOCJlO.>KHeHHOro HHKaKHMH rr060LJHbIMH Ha,lI.CTpOH:-
KaMH». B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM OH rrpe,lI.JlaraeT BbI,lI.eJlHTb B Ka-
lleCTBe MaCCHBOB nopo,lI. reOJlOrHlleCKHe CTPYKTypbI HH3111HX paH-
rOB. 3TH TOJI I..U.H , rrO-BH,lI.HMOMY, MOLKHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK Mac-
CHBb[ ropHbIX nopo,lI. perHOHaJlbHOrO THrra, BbI,lI.eJlHeMbIe rrpH
HH.>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHlleCKOM paH:OHHpOBaHHH, HO HX He CJle,lI.yeT
CMelllHBaTb C JlOKaJlbHbIMH MaCCHBaMH, KOTopble B3aHMO,lI.eHCT-
BYIOT C OT,lI.eJlbHbIMH 3,lI.aHHHMH H coopY.>KeHHHMH (rpynrraMH
COOPYLKeHHH) H 06pa3YIOT reOJlOrO-TeXHHlleCKHe 06'beKTbI. CO-
rJIaCHO ,lI.PyroH TOllKe 3peHHH, KOTopaH BbICKa3aHa M. B. Pall.eM,
11. C. KOMapoBbIM [64] H ,lI.pyrHMH Crrell.HaJlHCTaMH, rpaHHlI.bI
MaCCHBa ropHblx rropo,lI. ,lI.OJl}l{HbI OTBellaTb Tpe60BaHHHM npaK-
THKH H 6bITb YBH3aHbI C pa3MepaMH cooPY>KeHrtH:, HX pa3MeI..U.e-
HHeM B I1J1aHe, a TaKLKe napaMeTpaMH c<pepbI B33HMO,lI.eHCTBHH
3,lI.aHHH: H cooPYLKeHHH C rpYHTaMH. MaccHB ropHblx nopo,lI. ,lI.OJl-
>ReH BKJllOllaTb 30HY B3aHMO,lI.eH:CTBHH II 6bJTb C HeH: cOH3MepH-
MbIM, HO He 06H3aTeJlbHO rrOJlHOCTbJO COBna,lI.aTb C ee rpaHHlI.aMH
[64J.
npH npoeKTHpOBaHHH 3,lI.aHHH H cOOPY.>KeHHii MaCCOBoro
CTpOHreJlbCTBa rpaHHlI.bI 30HbI B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHR YCTaHaBJlHBaIOT-
CH, KaK rrpaBHJlO, HCXO,lI.H H3 MOIUHOCTH C.>KHMaeMOH: TOJlI..U.H. B TO
}Ke BpeMH TaKOH: no,lI.Xo,rr, MO>KeT CllII'l'aTbCR rrpaBOMepHbIM TOJlbKO
npH CTpOHTeJlbCTBe 3,lI.aHHH: HJlH cOOPY.>KeHHM B H30JlHlI.HH OT
BCHKOH: ,lI.PyroM 3aCTpOMKH, T. e. ,lI.JlH 06'beKTOB HOBoro CTpOHTeJlb-
CTBa. B Tex CJlYllaHX, KOr,lI.a OHH B03BO,lI.HTCH B rrpe,lI.eJIax 3aCTpOH-
KH II 06pa3YIOT 3J1eMeHT 60JIblllOH: TeXHOreHHOH: CHCTeMbI - ropo
,lI.a, MHKpopaMOHa, rrpOMKOMrrJleKCa, HX B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHe CYMMH-
PyeTcH C B03,lI.eHCTBlIeM aHaJlOrHllHbIX HM HJlH ,lI.pyrHx 3J1eMeHTOB.
KpOMe Toro, B rrpelI.eJlax TaKOro KOMnJleKCa MorYT npOHBJlHTbCH
HeKOTopbIe ,lI.OrrOJlHHTeJlbHble B3, aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH CBH3aHHble, Ha-
npHMep, C YTellKaMH BO,lI.bI H3 pa3JIH1.IHbIX BO,lI.OHeCYI..U.HX KOMMY-
HHKall.HH: (BO,lI.OrrpOBO,lI., KaHaJllf3all.HH, TenJlOTpacca), OT60pOM
60JIblllHX 06'beMOB nO,lI.3eMHX BO,lI. ,lI.JIH BOAOCHa6>KeHHH II AP.
Bce 3TO npHBO,lI.HT, KaK rrpaBHJIO, K CYU1.eCTBeHHOMY H3MeHeHHIO
13. 3al<. 844
193

HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH'-IeCKOH OOCTaHOBKH B rrpe,L(e.,1JaX 3aCTpOeHHbIX
TeppHTOpHM. .
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YKa3aHHX aKTOpOB XapaKTep p33BHBa-
IOrn.HXCH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHIIeCKHX rrpOll.eCCOB, 3 T3K>Ke CTpOe-
HHe 30HbI B33HMO,L(e:HCTBHH B rrpe,L(eJIaX KpyrrHbIx rOpO,L(OB Ii HH-
.>KeHepHbIX KOMrrJIeKCOD OK33bIBafOTCH, K3K rrpaBHJIO, rOp33,L(O
oOJIee CJIO>KHbIMH, 1JeM Te, KOTopbIe Y1JHTbIBaIOTCH rrpH IIpoeKTH-
pOBaHHH H cTpOHTeJIbCTBe 3,L(aHH:H H coopymeHHM OObI1JHOrO THrra.
Kap,L(HHaJIbHOe perneHHe rrOCTaBJIeHHOM rrpOOJIeMU 3aKJIroQ3eTCH
B rrepecMoTpe rrpHHlI.HrrOB COCTaBJIeHHH npoeKToB TaKHX 3,L(aHHM,
coopY>KeHHM H KpyrrHbIx HH>KeHepHbIx KOMrrJIeKCOB H BbIrrOJIHHe-
MbIX ,lI.JIH HX OoocHoBaHHH H3bIcKaHHH Ha OCHOBe rrO,L(XO,L(a K llC-
CJIe,L(OBaHHIO BceM cOBoKyrrHocTH reOJIOrHqeCKHX H TeXHoreHHX
KOMrrOHeHTOB 'KaK e,L(HHOM, CJIOmHO opraHH30BaHHOH reOJIOrO-Tex-
HoreHHOM CHCTeMbI [64]. .lI.JIH 3Toro ,L(OJI}I{HbI ObITb pa3paooTaHbI
cooTBeTcTBYIOrn.aH TeopHH H MeTO,L(bI H3yqeHHH rrO,L(OOHbIX CHCTeM,
1JTO rrpH cOBpeMeHHoM ypoBHe pa3BHTHH HBJIHeTCH CJIOLKHOH 3a-
,L(a'-IeiI, p-erneHHe KOTOpOH Y.>Ke HaqaTO, O,L(HaKO ee rrpe,L(CTOHT ern.e
peaJIH30BaTb B rrpaKTHqeCKHX rrpHJIO.>KHHHX. 3TOT Borrpoc Tpe-
oyeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO paccMoTpeHHH. .
OpraHH3all.HH reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHX OO'beKTOB BbIpa.>KaeTCH B
HX CTpYKType. B HH.>KeHepHOM reOJIOrHH JIO,L( CTPYKTYPOM rrpHHHTo
rrOHHMaTb cOBoKynHocTb KaqeCTBeHHbIX H KOJIHqeCTBeHHblX xa-
paKTepHcTHK OpMbI, pa3Mepa, npocTpaHcTBeHHoro rrOJIOmeHHH H
C01JeTaHHH CTPYKTypHbIX 3.TIeMeHTOB, a TaKLKe CBH3eM Me)J,L(y
HHMH.
nO,L(CHcTeMbI (3JIeMeHTbI) reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKOrO OO'beKTa D,
HX CBOHCTBa C, CBH3H R MeLK,L(y 3JIeMeHTaMH xapaKTepH3YlOT
CTPYKTYPY reOJIOro:TeXHHqeCKOrO OO'beKTa:
 = < D, C, R > ,
r,L(e < > - 3HaK 3Mep,L(.>KeHTHocTH. npH H3yqeHHH MaCCHBOB
rropo,L( BhI,L(eJIeHHe H pa3rpaHHqeHHe CTPYKTypHUX 3JIeMeHTOB
ocyrn.ecTBJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH HCrrOJIb30BaHHH reHeTHqeCKHX H
JIHTOJIOrHQeCKHX rrpH3HaKoB, a TaK}I{e C yqeTOM HOMeHKJIaTypHoro
THrra, BH,L(a, pa3HOBH,L(HOcTeH H CTPYKTypHo-TeKcTypHUX oco6eH-
HocTeM rpYHToB, oTpamaeMbIx 30H,L(HpOBaHHeM. 3JIeMeHTbI BbI-
,L(eJIHIOTCH B BH,L(e pa3JIH1JHbIX reOJIOrHqeCKHX Te.,'l, KOTopbIe flBJJH-
IOTCH B CBOIO 01Jepe,lI.b 3JIeMeHTaMH CTPYKTypbI MaCCHBOB rpHblx
rropo,L(.
DOJIbrnoe 3Ha1JeHHe ,L(JIH npaKTHKH HMeeT nocTpoeHHe Mo.n.e-
JIeii HepapxH'-IecKoro THrra, 3JIeMeHTaMH KOTOpbIX CJIY.>KaT reOJIO-
rH1JeCKHe TeJIa pa3JIHqHOH CTerreHH CJIO>KHOCTH. TaK, HanpHMep,
npH HCCJIe,L(OBaHHH JIe,L(HHKOBbIX OTJIO.>KeHHH OObIqHO BbI,L(e.,lHJOTCH
reHeTH1JeCKHe THrrbI, JIHTOJIOrHqeCKHe BH,L(bI H pa3HOBH,L(HOCTH, qTO
B OOJIblliHHCTBe CJIyqaeB OTBeqaeT rrpaKTH1JeCKHM TpeooB3HHHM
paC1JJIeHeHHH MaCCHBOB nplI HHmeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX HCCJIe,L(O-
BaHHHX pa3l10rO Ha3Ha 1 IeHHH H MaclliTaoa.
19-1

nOCTpoeHHbIe COrJIaCHO H3JI01KeHHbIM rrpHHlI,HrraM MO,lI.eJHI-:-
nOCYI1I.eCTBY reOJIOrHlIeCKHe HJIH, TOqHee, CTPYKTypHo-reOJIOrH-
lleCKHe, TaK KaK 06bIlIHO yqHTbIBalOTCH YCJIOBHH 3aJIeraHHH reo-
AOrl11leCKHX TeJI. ECJIH rrpH rrOCTpoeHHH MO)J.eJIH rrpHHHMalOTCH BO
BHHMaHHe H3HKO-MeXaHHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa rropo)J. H THpOreOJIO-
rHlIeCKHe YCJIOBHH YllaCTKa H3bICKaHHH, TO MO)J.eJIb rrpH6JIH1KaeT-
CH no cO)J.ep.>KaHHIO K HH1KeHepHO-reOJIOfHqeCKOH.
B ,lI,aJIbHeHllIeM B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe60BaHHHMH paClleTOB
BbIrrOJIHHeTCH cxeMaTH3alI,HH MaCCHBa ropHbIX rropo,lI.. ,LlJIH 3Toro
MaCCHB ropHbIX nopo)J. npe)J.CTaBJIHIOT KaK HeKOTOpylO npOCTpaH-
CTseHHO-CTPYKTypHo-napaMeTpHqeCKYIO CHCTeMY, COCTOHI1I.YIO H3
OT.u.eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, pa3JIHllalOIU.HXCH rro MeXaHHqeCKHM CBOH-
CTBaM, T. e. rrpOHCXO,lI.HT TpaHc<popMaII.HH HH.>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeC-
KOH MOeJIH B CTPYKTypHO-MeXaHHqeCKYIO. CTPYKTYPHO-MexaHH-
'tJeCKaH MO)J.eJIb, B KOTOpOH coxpaHHIOTCH TOJIbKO qHCTO reOMeT-
pHqeCKOe cO)J.ep1KaHHe H xapaKTepHCTHKH MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB
BbI)J.eJIeHHbIX 3JIeMeIiTOB (B BH,lI.e lIHCJIOBbIX BeJIHlIHH HJIH Herrpe-
pbIBHbIX YHKII.HH), HBJIHeTCH Y>Ke BrrOJIHe cpopMaJIbHOH MO)J.eJIblO,
KOTopaH MO>KeT 6bITb onHcaHa MaTeMaTHlleCKH.
B HaCTOHIU.ee BpeM5I B .pH)J.e rrpoeKTHO-H3bICKaTeJIbCKHX opra-
HH3aII.HH HCrrOJIb3yeTcH aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHoe rrOCTpoeHHe TPYK-
TypHO-MeXaHHqeCKHX CTaUHOHapHMX H )J.HHaMHlIeCKHX II.HcppOBHX
MO)J.eJIeii HH1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlleCKHX YCJIOBHH yqaCTKa H3bICKa-
HHll (MaCCHBa ropHbIX rropo)J.) [88J.
HapH)J.Y CO CTPYKTypHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH )J.JIH opraHH3aII.HH
reOJIOrO-TeXHHlIeCKHX 06'beKTOB rrepBOCTerreHHoe 3HaqeHHe HMelOT
CBH3H Me.>K)J.Y 3JIeMeHTaMH CHCTeMbI. Y 3THX CBH3eH BrrOJIHe Ma-
TepHaJIbHa5I cpH3HlleCKaH rrpHpO,lI.a, HO H3YllalOTCH OHH C rrOMOI1I.blO
npHHII.HrrHaJIbHO HHbIX MO)J.eJIeH, KOTopbIe 06bIqHO TPY)J.HO YBH3aTb
C MO)J.eJIHMH reOJIOrIilIeCKoro THrra, paCCMOTpeHHbIMH BbIllie. Ha-
rrpHMep, rrOJIH HarrpH1KeHHH HCCJIe.u.YIOTCH B 60JIblIIHHCTBe CJIYLJa-
eB C HCrrOJIb30BaHHeM MO)J.eJIH O,lI.HOpO)J.Horo H H30TporrHoro rrOJIY-
npOCTpaHCTBa. TaKoe rrOJIO>KeHHe 06'bHCHHeTCH He TOJIbKO CJIa60H
H3YQeHHOCTblO Borrpoca, HO H TeM, llTO qaII.J.e Bcero yrrpOI1I.eHHbIe
MO)J.eJIH OTBellalOT Tpe60BaHH5IM rrpaKTHKH. 113BecTHo, liTO HH
O)J.HH H3 CTpOHTeJIbHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, B TOM llHCJIe 6eTOH, He 06-
JIa)J.aeT TaKoH CTerreHblO cTaTHCTHqeCKOH H3MeHqHBOcTH-CPH3HKO-
MeXaHUqeCIUIX CBOHCTB B rrpocTpaHcTBe H BO BpeMeHH, KaK rpYHT.
n03TOMY )J.aJIbHeHlllee YTollHeHHe paCqeTOB oCHoBaHHH H coopY-
1KeHHH, B3aHMo.u.eHcTBYIOI1I.HX C rpYHToM, )J.OJI>KHO H)J.TH rro rrYTH
nepexo)J.a OT ,lI.eTepMHHHpoBaHHoH rrOCTaHOBKH K paccMoTpeHHlO
rpYHTa B KaqeCTBe CTaTHCTHLJeCKH Heo)J.HopO,lI.HOH cpe)J.bI, Y KOTO-
pOH U3MeHqHBOCTH rro)J.Bep1KeHbI Bce cpH3HQeCKHe, npOqHOCTHble,
.n.ecpopMaUHoHHble H )J.PyrHe rrapaMeTpH. .lI.eHcTBYIOI1I.He HOpMbI
paCqeTa, OCHosaHHbIe Ha TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM rrOJIYBep05lTHOCTHOM
rro)J.xo)J.e, rrpe)J.ycMaTpHBaIOT, KaK rrpaBHJIO, BblrrOJIHeHHe rrpoeK-
T"POBII.J.HKOM ,lI.eTepMHHHCTHqeCKOrO paCqeTa, ,lI.JIH llero OH JI.OJI1KeH
HMeTb BIIOJIHe. orrpe,lI.eJIeHHble ()J.eTepMHHHpoBaHHbIe) .HCXO)J.HbIe
13*
195

na paMeTpbI. B HOBOH pe.n.3Kl1.HH CHH:n 2.0 I .02-83 )1}HI p3clIeToB
OCHOB3HH:H 3.n.3HHH H coopyeHH:H .n.onycK3eTcH Hcnonb30B3HHe
BepoHTHoCTHO-CT3THCTH:qeCKHX MeTo.n.OB. B CBH3H: C 3TH:M C03.n.3-
HHe T3KOH Mo.n.enH rpYHT3 H pa3p360TK3 ee M3TeM3THqeCKOH
TeopHH HBn5lIOTC5I B3HeHllleH: np06neMoH HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH
H MeX3HHKH rpYHToB.
B H.n.e3nbHOM cnyq3e CTPYKTypHo-MeXaHHqeCK3H (BepoHTHo-
CTl!O-CTaTHCTHqeCKaH) Mo.n.enb TPYHT3 .n.on>KH3 B H3BecTHoI1 Mepe
YlIHTbIB3Tb T3KHe pe3nbHbIe CBOHCTB3 npH:po.n.HbIX rpYHToB, K3K
.n.HcKpeTHocTb cTpoeHHH, HenHHeHHocTb .n.ecpOpM3U.HH, Heo.n.HO-
pO,lI.HOCTb H: 3HH:30TponHH. O,lI.HaKO B CBH3H C OTCYTcTBHeM .nOCT3-
TOqHO 060CHOB3HHHX TeOpeTHqeCKHX pelleHHH C03,lI.3HHe T3KOH
MO,lI.enH BbI3bIB3eT cepbe3HbIe 33TpY,L(HeHHH. npH: nocTpoeHHH
CTPYKTYPHbIX MO,lI.eneH nOMHMO p33nHqHbIX reOJIOrHQeCKHX H Me-
X3HHQeCKHX cp3KTOpOB cne,lI.yeT YQHTbIB3Tb T3Ke cTpoeHHe 30HbI
B33HMO,lI.eHcTBH5I, KOTopoe BnH5ICT H3 MHorHe n3p3MeTpbI reono-
rHQeCKOH cpe.n.bI. Bce 3TO CBH).I.eTenbcTByeT 0 CnO)l{HOCTH pac-
CM3TpHB3eMbIx np06neM H He06xo,lI.HMOCTH HX cneu.H3nbHoro KOH-
CTPYKTHBHoro H3YQeHHH.
npH:H5IT3H B H3CTOHllI.ee BpeMH B np3KTHKe npoeKTHpoBaHHH
33MeH3 pe3JIbHOrO HeO,lI.HOpo,lI.Horo M3CCHB3 cpHKTHBHOH O,lI.HO-
pO.n.HOH cpe,lI.oH: npe,lI.CT3BnHeT C060H Q3CTHH cnoc06 pellleHHH
HHmeHepHbIx 3a,lI.3 l I, KOTOpbIH C TOQKH 3peHHH TeopHH HHK3K He
conOCT3Bn5leTCH C Hcnonb30B3HHeM CTPYKTYPHX BepOHTHOCTHO-
CTaTlICTHlIeCKHX Mo.n.eneH. O,lI.H3KO H3-33 TPY,ll.HOCTeH TeOpeTHQe-
CKoro X3paKTep3 60nblIIHHCTBO coopyeHHH: P3CCQHTbIB3eTCH
HCXO,lI.H li3 Hcnonb30B3HH5I MO,lI.enH OCHOB3HH B BH,lI.e OHOpO).I.-
HOH cpe.n.bl. npOCTOTa 3Toro npHeM3, npHro.n.Horo B K3 l IeCTBe
nepBoro npn6.,TJHeHHH, 06eCneQHn3 eMY llHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe
IIPH npoeKTHpOB3HHH.
nOTpe6HOCTH np3KTHKH npHBo,aHT KO Bce oonee lllHPOKOMY
Hcnonb30BaHHIO npn p3CQeT3X OCHOB3HHH 3.n.aHHH H cOOPY>KeHHH:
CTPYKTypHbIX MO,lI.eneH. CYllI.eCTByeT .n.Ba OCHOBHbIX THn3 CTPYK-
TypHX MO,lI.eJIeH no cnoco6y 33.n.3HHH Heo.n.Hopo.n.HOCTH: .n.eTep-
MHHHpOB3HHbIe H CT3THCTHQeCKHe [118]. B ,lI.eTepMHHHpOB3HHbIX
Mo.n.e.JHIX K3m.n.aH cpH3HQeCK3H TOQK3 M3CCHB3 ropHbIX nopo.n. H3-
).I.en5leTC5I BnonHe onpe.n.eneHHbIM 3Ha l IeHHeM Hccne.n.yeMoro CBOH-
CTBa, npHlIeM 3TH 3H3QeHH5I B p33HbIX TOQKaX MorYT ObITb pa3-
nHQHbIMH. B CT3TH:CTHQeCKHX MO,lI.enHX 33,lI.3eTCH JIHlIIb Bep05lT-
HOCTb Toro, lITO B ,lI.3HHOH cpH3HQeCKOH TOQKe M3CCHB oy.n.eT 06-
n3.n.3Tb TeM HnH HHbIM 3H3QeHH:eM CBOHCTB3, T. e. 3a.n.aeTCH 3aKOH
pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHH HCCne).I.yeMoro CBOH:CTBa, IIpHQeM OObIQHO BO Bcex
TOQKaX M3CCHB3 3TOT 3aKOH npe.n.non3r3eTcH 0.n.HH3KOBbIM.
K CO>K3neHHIO, B np3KTHKe npoeKTHpoB3HHH B HaCTOHllI.ee
BpeM5I HCIIonb3YIOTcH TOJIbKO .neTepMHHHpOB3HHbIe MO,lI.enn, npH-
qeM nOQTH HCKJIIOQHTenbHO O,lI.HOpO,lI.Hble H KycOQHO-O,lI.HOpo.n.HbIe.
CT3THCTHQeCKHe MO).I.enH p3CQeT3 OCHOB3HHH H coopY>KeHHH H3-
XO.n.HTC5I B CT3.n.HH p33p360TKH [2, 50] H He nonYlIHJIH nOK3 lllH-
196

pOKoro npaKTHlIeCKOrO npHMeHeHIUI. 3,lI.eCb CJIe,lI.yeT OTMeTHb,
lITO npoQecc npOeKTHpOBaHHR (HJIH npOeKT cooPy*eHHH) npe,lI.-
CTaBJIHeT COQOM no CYTH ,lI.eJla npoeKTHbIe nporH03bI, T. e. nporHO':'
3HpyeTcH nOBe,lI.eHHe reOJIorO-TeXHHlIeCKoro OO'beKTa B npouecce
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H 3KCrrJlyaTau.HH 3,lI.aHHM H coopY)KeHHM. reOJIoro-
TeXHHlJeCKHe OO'beKTbI peaJIH3YIOTCR Ha npaKTHKe, H Ka)K,lI.Oe
BHOBb BbICTpoeHHoe coopY.>KeHHe no CYI..U.eCTBY KPynHoMacIIlTao-
HbIH 3KcrrepHMeHT, r,lI.e lIPH ,lI.OCTaTOlIHO XOpOIIlO opraHH30BaHHoM
CHCTeMe HaOJIIO,lI.eHHM MO.>KHO He TOJlbKO npOBepHTb Ha,lI.e.>KHOCTb
MHorHX nporH030B, C,lI.eJlaHHbIX B npou.ecce H3bICKaHHM, HO H
YCTaHoBHTb xapaKTep, MaCIIlTaObI, a HHor,lI.a H npHlIHHbI HaOJIIO-
,lI.alOIIJ.HxCH paCXO}K.n.eHHH H Ha 3TOH oCHOBe HaMeTHTb nYTH H
MeTO,lI.bI HX YCTpaHeHHH [64]. KpoMe Toro, 3JI.eCb OTKpbIBaeTcH
B03MO.>KHOCTb ,lI.JlH lllHpoKoro BHeJI.peHHH B npaKTHKY H3bIcKaHHM
H npoeKTHpoBaHHR MeTO,lI.OB HH}KeHepHO-reOJlOrHlIeCKHx aHaJlOrHM.
OnTHMaJlbHOe ynpaBJleHHe reOJlOrO-TeXHHlIeCKHMH OO'beKTaMH
,lI.OJl>KHO OCHOBbIBaTbCH Ha nporHo3e HX cpYHKQHOHHpOBaHHH, KO-
TOpbIM ooecrrelIHBaeTcH cooTBeTcTBYIOI..U.eH: JIOrHKo-cpopMaJIbHOH
MO,lI.eJIblO. MO,lI.eJIb JI.OJl}KHa ObITb KOMnJleKCHOH: H YlIHTbIBalOI..U.eH
Bce B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH, KOTopbIe cYI..U.ecTBeHHo BJlHHlOT Ha nOBe,lI.e-
HHe reOJIOrO-TeXHHQeCKOrO OO'beKTa. l\t1o,lI.eJlb COCTaBJlHeTCR JI.JlH
Ka>KJI.OrO KBa3HO,lI.HOpOJI.HOrO 3JIeMeHTa CHCTeMbI. B KalIeCTBe na-
paMeTpoB orrTHMH3aQHH ,lI.OJI*HbI ObITb npHHHTbI KpHTepHH cpYHK-
u.HoHaJlbHOH H 3KOHOMHQeCKOH 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTH.
3a,lI.alIa COCTaBJleHHH rrporHo30B HBJIHeTCH ,lI.JlH HH}KeHepHO-
reOJIOrHQeCKHX H3bIcKaHHH aKTyaJIbHOH II Ba>KHOH, HO O,lI.HOBpe-
MeHHO H HaHooJlee TPY,lI.HOH, rrOCKOJlbKY reOJlOrO-TeXHHlIeCKHe
OO'beKTbI xapaKTepH3YlOTCH O1.IeHb CJlO.>KHOM H «nJloxoM» opraHH-
3aQHeH, TaK KaK B HHX npoTeKalOT o,lI.HOBpeMeHHo rrpou.eccbI
B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH pa3JIHQHOH cpH3HlJeCKOH H JI.PyroH npHpO,lI.bI, KO-
Topble TPY,lI.HO nO,lI.,lI.alOTCH pa3JI.eJIbHoMY H3YQeHHIO [64]. Ha,lI.e>K-
HOCTb COCTaBJlHeMNX nporHo30B 3aBHCHT B 3HaQHTeJlbHoH CTene-
HH OT Toro, HaCKOJIbKO a,lI.eKBaTHO nocTpoeHbI cpopMaJlbHO-JIOrIf-
QeCKHe MOJI.eJlH H3YlIaeMblx OO'beKTOB, BNHBJleHbI, Oll.eHeHbI If
Y1.ITeHbI npH COCTaBJleHHH nporHo30B HaHOOJIee cYI..U.ecTBeHHbIe
cpaKTopbI, HeOoxO,lI.HMble ,lI.JlH peIIleHHH nOCTaBJleHHbIX 3a,lI.a1.I.
B 3TOfi OOJlaCTH OOJIbIIlYlO nOJIb3Y MO>KeT npHHecTH cHcTeMHbIH
noJI.XO,lL, n03BOJlHlOI..U.HH: oOJlee QeTKO rrpe,lI.CTaBHTb ceoe CTPYKTY-
PY HCCJIeJI.yeMoro OO'beKTa H HaHJIYlIIIIHM oopa30M opraHH30BaTb
paooTY HH}KeHepOB-reOJIOrOB H rrpoeKTHpoBIIJ.HKOB.
6.2. TnoBble cxeMbl reOJlOrO-TeXHH4eCKHX o6beKToB
KaK ObIJlO nOKa3aHO BbIIIle, reOJIOrO-TexHHlIecKHH OO'beKT-
3TO MO,lI.eJlb HCCJIe,lI.yeMx MCCHBOB rpYHTOB B HX B3aHMO,lI.eMCT-
BHH C npoeKTHpyerJIbIMH 3JI.aHHHMH H coopy*eHHHMH C YlIeToM
BceM CHCTeMbl npHMbIx H oopaTHbIx cBH3eH. B TO LKe BpeMH npH
BbInOJlHeHHH HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHlleCKHX H3bICKaHHH ).I.JIH Macco-
197

Boro CTpOHTeJIbCTB3 CT3JI Tp3,lI.HUHOHHbIM eCTeCTBeHHbIH nO,lI.XO,lI.,
33KJIlO1I31OLU.HHCH B nOJIYLJeHHH HH<pOpM3UHH 0 M3CCHBaX rpYHTOB
BHe 330HCHMOCTH OT 6Y,lI.yw.ero HX B33HMo.n.eHCTBHH C BbICTpoeH-
HbIMH H3 HHX 3,lI.3HHHMH H coopY>KeHHHMH. T3KoH eCTeCTBeHHbIM
no,lI.XO,lI. HMeeT onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIe npeHMYllI.eCTB3 npH H3Y1.IeHHH 06-
llI.HX HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJIOBHH TeppHTopUH (HHmeHep-
HO-reOJIOrHqeCK3H C'beMK3 pa3HbIx M3ClliT36oB).
DpH H3WCK3HHHX H npoeKTHpoB3HHH 06'beKTOB M3CCOBoro
cTpOHTeJIbCTB3, KOr,lI.3 p360Tbi npOH3BO,lI.HTCH, K3K np3BHJJO, B
O,lI.HY H - B pe,lI.KHX HCKJIlOqeHHHX - B ,lI.Be CT3,lI.HH, He06xo,lI.HMO
H3Y1l3Tb He npOCTO HHJKeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHe YCJIOBHH yqaCTK3
(M3CCHB3), 3 ,lI.JIH onpe,lI.eJIeHHOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTB3, H3npHMep >KH-
JIoro ,lI.OM3, IIpOMbIlliJIeHHOrO Kopnyca, ,lI.bIMOBOH Tpy6bI H T. ,lI..
,l1pyrHMH CJIOB3MH, ,lI.OJI>KHbI H3Y1.I3ThCH HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeC-
KHe YCJIOBHH YQ3CTK3 rrpoeKTHpyeMoro CTpOHTeJIbCTB3 (MaCCHBa
rpYHTOB), KOHKpeTHee - HeKO'roporo reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKOrO 06'b-
eKT3, npe,lI.CTaBJIHIOlll.erO C060H CJIOLKHYlO reOTeXHoreHHYlO CH-
CTeMY (OCHOBaHHe-cpYH,lI.aMeHT-COOPY>KeHHe). COBeprueHHo
OLJeBH,lI.HO, lITO HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrHIIeCKHe YCJIOBHH O,lI.HOrO H Toro
>Ke yqaCTKa He06xo,lI.HMO H3YQaTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, KaKHe
coopY>KeHHH 6Y,lI.YT B03Be,lI.eHbI H3 HeM: IIpOMbIlliJIeHHbIe HJIH rpa)K-
,lI.aHCKHe 3,lI.3HHH, rH,lI.pOTeXHHqeCKHe coopY>KeHHH, 06'beKTbI IIO,!I.-
3eMHoro CTpOHTeJIbCTB3, a T3K>Ke K3KHe THIIbI <PYH.n.3MeHTOB
6Y,lI.YT npHMeHeHbI npH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe. COOTBeTCTBeHHO H IIO)1..XO,lI.
K H3Y l leHHIO 3TilX HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKHX YCJIOBHH 6Y,lI.eT
,lI.M<p4>epeHUHpOBaHHbIM B K3:m,lI.OM KOHKpeTHOM CJIyqae.
BbIpaLKaHCb ,lI.pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, HH yqaCTOK H3bICK3HHH, HH
coopYLKeHHe, KOTopoe 6y.n.eT H3 HeM BbICTpoeHO, C TOllKH 3peHHH
oueHKH HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHX YCJIOBHH H HX H3MeHeHHfi B
npOCTpaHCTBe - BpeMeHH He CYllI.eCTBYIOT C3MOCTOHTeJIbHO, TaK
KaK 3,lI.eCb MbI HMeeM ,lI.eJIO C 3Mep,lI.LKeHTHbIMH CBOHCTB3MH CHCTe-
MbI [121]. ,lI.OJImeH H3YQaTbCH HOBbll1: reOJIOrO-TeXHH1.IecKHH 06'b-
eKT, HO ,lI.JIH 3Toro He06xo,lI.HMO IIOCTpOHTb THnOBbIe cxeMbI caMHX
fTO, T. e. CKoHcTpynpoBaTb HX fTOHHTHHHbIe H MaTeMaTH1JeCKHe
Mo.n.eJIH. TaKoH no,lI.XO,lI. K BOIIPOCY Tpe6yeT npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOrO
paccMoTpeHHH HeKoTopbIX 06llI.HX BonpocoB MeTO,lI.OJIOrUH Mo.n.e-
JIHpOB3HHH reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHX 06'beKTOB ,lI.JIH BbIHBJIeHHH HX
cneUHcpHQeCKHX oc06eHHocTeH B HOBOH cpopMe opraHH33UHH
CHCTeM.
K co:maJIeHHIO, B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH MbI He p3CnOJI3r3eM CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOllI.HM MaTeMaTHqeCKHM 3nna!paTOM, n03BOJIHIOllI.HM
a,lI.eKBaTHO onHcaTb CBOHCTBa 60JIblliHHCTBa reOJIOrO-TeXHH1.IeCKHX
06'beKTOB. npHHl.I.HnHaJIbHYlO B03MO>KHOCTb HX M3TeMaTHqeCKOrO
MO,lI.eJIHpOB3HHH OTKpbIB3eT npHMeHeHHe CHCTeMHoro nO;I.XO,lI.3,
KOTOpbIH n03B0J1HeT rrpe,lI.CTaBHTb JII060e p33H006pa3IIe npnpo,lI.-
HOH H TeXHH1JeCKOH peaJIbHOCTH KaK ynopH,lI.01.IeHHOe e,lI.HHCTBO
( CHCTeMY) .
f1pH HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrHLJeCKHX H3bICK3HHHX B ueJIHX Macco-
198

Boro CTpOHTenbCTBa OO'beKTOM HCCneOBaHHH OOlIHO HBnHeTCH
nnOllI.aKa (YlIaCTOK) >KHJlOrO 3aHHH (rpynnbI >KHnbIX 3aHHH:),
npOMnnorn.aKa H T. n. 113YlleHHe npOBOHTCH B npe.n.enax 00-
naCTH B3aHMoeMCTBHH npoeKTHpyeMbIx coopY1KeHHH C rpYHTaMH,
npeCTaBnHIOllI.eH: COOOH OO'beMHbIe YllaCTKH nHToc<pepbI. CaMO
HccneOBaHHe OJl.>KHO 3aKnlOlIaTbCH B OIJ.eHKe npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH
H3MeHlIHBOCTH CBOHCTB H onpeeneHHH HeOOXOHMOH H ,lJ,OCTa-
TOllHOH HH>KeHepHO-reonorIPIeCKOH HHcpopMaIJ.HH 0 MaCCHBe
rpYHTOB. 4TOObI OCTHlIb rapMOHHH B eHHOM TeXHonorHlIeCKOM
IJ.HKne H3bICKaHHe-npoeKTHpOBaHHe, npOIJ.eCC HH>KeHepHO-reOJIO-
fHlIeCKoro H3YIIeHHH H OIJ.eHKH MaCCHBa Ha Bcex 3Tanax On>KeH
6Tb nOlIHHeH IJ.enHM H'3aallaM npoeKTHpOBaHHH, T. e. OOeeM
H3BeKaeMOH HH<popMaIJ.HH 0 MaCCHBe rpYHTa KaK nOCHCTeM
reonorO-TeXHHlIeCKoro OO'beKTa On.>KeH ObITb TeCHO YBH3aH C
KOHCTPYKTHBHbIMH H 3KcnnyaTaIJ.HOHHO-TeXHHIIeCKHMH ocooeHHO-
CTHMH <pYHaMeHTOB H npoeKTHpyeMbIx coopY>KeHHiL
IlpoIJ.ecc MoenHpOBaHHH reonorO-TeXHHlIeCKoro OO'beKTa
MO>KHO pa3enHTb Ha cneYIOrn.He 3TanbI:
1) onpeeneHHe OO'beKTa MoenHpOBaHHH B reoMeTpn1IecKoM
H npH3HaKoBoM npocTpaHcTBe H BbIOOp HaHoonee cYllI.eCTBeHHbIx
npH3HaKoB-KoMnoHeHToB fTO;
2) BWOOP KOHCTPYKTHBHOH <popManbHo-n.orHIIecKOH MO,lJ,eJIH;
3) BweJleHHe H onHcaHHe THnOBbIX cxeM reonorO-TeXHHlIec-
KHX OO'beKTOB.
PaccMoTpM npHHIJ.HnbI BbI,lJ,eneHHH H onHcaHHH nOCHCTeM
fTO n COOTneTCTBHH C 3TanaMH C03aHUH ero MoeneH.
qTOObI onpe,lJ,enHTb OO'beKT (yqaCToK) HccneOBaHHH B 3eM-
HOM npocTpaHcTBe, cneyeT TOllHO npeCTaBJIHTb CTeneHb ropH-
30HTanbHOH: ncp<pepeHIJ.HaIJ.JUI Y1IaCTKa (OOJl3CTH nHToc<pepbI) Ha
npHpoHbIe TeJIa (MaccHBbI ropHbIX nopo.u.) pa3Horo ypOBHH.
YpOBHH opraHH3aUHH llpHpOAHX OO'beKTOn oopa3YIDT CTporYID
HepapxHlIecKYIO CHCTeMY TaK, LITO Ka>KbIH ypOBeHb HBnHeTCH H
CHCTeMOH:, II BbIClIlHM KJIaCCOM onpeeneHHO.H rpynnbl eCTeCTBeH-
HbIX Ten. I-IaM npeCTaBnHeTCH, LITO npH pa3,lJ,eJIeHHH npHnOBepx-
HOCTHbIX ropH30HTOB neHHKOBbIX OTJIO}l{eHHH nH MOeJ1HpOBa-
HHH reonorO-TeXHHIIeCKHX OO'beKTOB MO>KeT 6bITb HCnO.,lb30BaHa
HepapXHH npHpOHbIX YPOBHeH opraHH3aIJ.HH (Taon. 6. I), OCHO-
BaHHaH Ha npenO>KeHHHX 11. B. KpYTH H r. K. 50HapnKa [6,
7 I] H OTpa.>KalOrn.aH MHoroneTHHH onbIT npOBe,lJ,eHHH H3bICKaHHH:
JIH MaCCOBoro CTpOHTenbCTBa B oonaCTH pacnpOCTpaHeHHH ne,lJ,-
HHKOBOH cpopMaIJ.HH. TonpKo HanHlIHe TaKOH HH<popMaIJ.HH n03BO-
nHT BbIopaTb npH KOHCTPYHpoBaHHH eCTecTBeHHO:H nOCHCTeMbI
rTO npH3HaKH, HaI100nee HH<popMaTI1BHbIe ,lJ,JIH nOCTaBJleHHOH
u.enH.
OTnpaBHbIM MOMeHTOM B nOCTpOeHI1H Moe.,rIH MaCCHBa HBJIH-
eTCH BHOOp KOHellHoro lIHCna cyrn.eCTBeHHbIX npH3HaKOB, Heooxo-
HMbIX H ,lJ,OCTaTOllHbIX nH ero HH>KeHepHO-reonorHlIeCKofI xa-
paKTepHCTHKH C IJ.enblO pa3paOOTKH onTHMabHWX npoeKToB
199

T a t5 JI H IJ. a 6.1. YpOBHH opraHH3al(HH JleAHHKOBbiX OTJlO1KeHHH
YpOBeHb CTpoeHHH eCTeCTBeHHbIX
reOJIOrHQeCKHX Ten
YpOBeHb CTpoeHHH MaCCHBOB rPYHTOB
<l>opMaLUIH
JIeHHKoBaSl
reHeTHlIeCKHH THn
03epHO-JleJI.HHKOBble OT JIO>KeHHSI
<I>JJIOBHOrJlHLJ.HaJlbHble (aJlJlIOBHaJlbHble, JIec-
COBble) OT JlO1KeHHSI
MopeHa
KpYIIH006J10MOqHbIe rpYHTbl
I1eCqaHble rPYHTbI
I1bIJleBaTO- r JlHHHCTbIe rpYHTbl
JIHTOJIOrHlIeCKHH BHJI.
I1H1KeHepHO-reOJlOrHlIeCKHH
3J1eMeHT
6 } PblXJIble
KpYIIHOO JIOMOqHhIe CpeJI.HeH IIJlOTHOCTH
H IIeCqaHbIe rpYHTbl I1J10THbIe
) CJIa6ble
C e HeH n OqHOC H
I1bIJleBa:o-rJlHHHCTbIe I1oHble p T
PYHTI OlleHb IIpOqHble
3JI.aHfIii H cOOPY>KeHHH. KpOMe TOrO, Heo6xoJI.HMO YCTaHOBHTb
JI.eTaJIbHOCTb H3YIleHHH H OII.eHKH MaCCHBa (paCCTOHHHe Me>KtJ,Y
CKBa>KHHaMH H Me>KJI.Y TOIlKaMH 30HJI.HpOBaHHH, HCnbITaHHH npH-
MbIMII MeTOJI.aMH, KOCBeHHbIH npOrH03 H T. JI..). B COOTBeTCTBHH C
nOCTaBJIeHHOH 3l1JI.aIleW OCHOBHOH npeJI.MeT HCCJIetJ,OBaHHH - npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHaH H3MeHIlHBOCTb CYII.J.eCTBeHHbIX npH3HaKOB H Tpe-
6yeMaH TOIlHOCTb HX OnpeJI.eJIeHHH.
Har JIHJI.HbIM H306paLKeHHeM npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHIlHBOC-
TH HBJIHIOTCH MOJI.eJIH nOJIeH reOJIOrHIleCKHX napaMeTpOB B JIaTe-
paJIbHOH IIJIOCKOCTH H peaJIH3aII.HH CJIYIlaHHbIX 4>YHKII.HH (rpa4>H-
KOB 30HJI.HpOBaHHH) no rJIy6HHe. npH BbI60pe CYII.J.eCTBeHHbIX
npH3HaKOB JI.JIH nOCTpoeHHH CTPYKTypHO-MeXaHHqeCKHX MOJI.eJIeH
MaCCHBOB npeHMYII.J.eCTBO JI.OJI>KHO OTJI.aBaTbCH, KaK 6bIJIO nOKa-
3aHO BbIllIe, napaMeTpaM 30HJI.HpOBaHHH, TaK KaK OHH HaH60JIee
HHcpopMaTHBHbI.
MO,il.eJIHpOBaHHe npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHIlHBOCTH MaCCHBa
npetI.nOJIaraeT BBeJI.eHHe npeJI.CTaBJIeHHH 0 ero CTpYKType H pa3-
Mepax CTPYKTYPHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB p.a3HbIX YPOBHeH. npH 3TOM noJI.-
pa3YMeBaeTCH B03MOLKHOCTb HHJI.HBHJI.yaJ1H3aII.HH 3JIeMeHTOB XOT5I
6bI OtI.HOrO H3 CTPYKTYPHbIX YPOBHeH B BHJI.e 06oco6JIeHHbIX reo-
JIOrUIleCKHX TeJI, notJ, KOTOpbIMH, no r. K. BOHJI.apHKY [8], CJIe-
JI.yeT nOHHMaTb 3aHHTYlo reOJIOrHIleCKoH CpeJI.OH CBH3HYIO 06JIaCTb
npOCTpaHCTBa, BHYTPH KOTOpOH OCTaIOTCH HenpepbIBHbIMH Te
reOJIOrHIleCKHe napaMeTpbI, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpbIX BbIJI.eJIeHa rpaHH-
I.J,a 3TOH 06JIaCTH.
11HJI.HBHyaJIH3aII.HH reOJIOrHIleCKoro TeJIa B reOMeTpHIleCKOM
200

H rrpH3HaKOBOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe B HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH rro CJIO-
>KHBllleHCH Tpa,lJ,HII.HH peaJIH3yeTcH B rrOHHTHH «HH)KeHepHO-reo-
J[OrHIleCKHH 3JIeMeHT» (rro f. K. BOH,lJ,apHKY, «MOHorropO,lJ,HOe
reOJIOrHIleCKoe TeJIO MfT -3»). Ha HHTYHTHBHOM ypOBHe HH)Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHlleCKMH 3JIeMeHT orrpe,lJ,eJIHeTCH KaK CaH3HaH 06-
JIaCTb rrpocTpaHcTBa C orrpe,lJ,eJIeHHbIMH CBoHcTBaMH, KOTopbIe
OTJIHIlaIOTCH OT rrpHCYll1.HX COCe,lJ,HHM 06JIaCTHM. cI>opMaJIbHOe >Ke
orrpe.u.eJIeHHe ,lJ,OJI)KHO 6a3HpoBaTbcH Ha rrOHHTHH «reOJIOrUlleCKHH
npH3HaK», B KalleCTBe KOToporo MO)KHO HCrrOJIb30BaTb rrapaMeT-
pbI 30H,lJ,HpOBaHHH. I1H)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHIleCKHH 3JIeMeHT orrpe,lJ,e-
JIHM KaK 06JIaCTb HerrpepbIBHoro pa3BHTHH reOJIOrHIleCKoro rrpH3-
HaKa, a rpaHHII.bI Me)K,lJ,Y I1f3 - KaK rroBepxHocTH, rrpH rrepexo,lJ,e
Ilepe3 KOTopbIe 3HaqeHHH rrpH3HaKoB rrpeTeprreBaloT pa3pbIB.
OpHBe,lJ,eHHOe .orrpe,lJ,eJIeHHe CBH3bIB3eT ,lJ,Ba acrreKTa 11f3:
Ber.u.ecTBeHHbIH (orrpe,lJ,eJIHeMbIH B. rrpH3HaKoBoM rrpocTpaHcTBe)
H reOMeTpHIlecKHH (orrpe,lJ,eJIHeMbIH B reoMeTpHllecKoM npocTpaH-
CTBe). 3Ta BoHCTBeHHoCTb rrOHHTHH 06CY)K,lJ,aJI3Cb B pa60Tax
[6, 28], r,lJ,e reOJIOrHIleCKHe TeJIa paccMaTpHBaloTcH KaK MHO)Ke-
CTBO TOlleK, 3a,lJ,aHHbIX O,lJ,HOBpeMeHHO B rrpH3HaKoBoM H reOMeT-
pHllecKoM rrpOCTpaHCTBax.
XapaKTepHcTHKa rrpocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHllHBOCTH MaCCHBa
rrYTeM ero 3JIeMeHTapH3aII.HH (pa36HeHHH Ha HH,lJ,HBH,lI.ya.JlbHbIe
HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHe 3JIeMeHTbI) orrHpaeTcH Ha rrpe,lI.CTaB-
JIeHHH 0 ,lJ,HCKpeTHocTH reOJIOrHIleCKoH 060JIOIlKH. DpH MO,lI.eJIH-
pOBaHHH HerrpepbIBHoCTH ee CTppeHHH f. K. BOH,lI.apHKOM BBe,lJ,e-
HO rrOHHTHe reOJIOrHqeCKHX rrOJIeH rrOKa3aTeJIeH COCTaBa, COCTOH-
HHH H CBoiicTB ropHbIx rropo,lJ, [8], KOTopoe HCrrOJIb30BaHO HaMH
rrpH MO,lI.eJIHpOBaHHH rrOJIeH reOJIOrHQeCKHX rrapaMeTpoB B r.,TIaBe 2.
06WQHO reOJIOrHIleCKoe rrOJIe 3a,lJ,aeTCH B rrpe,lJ,eJIax reOJIOrH-
IleCKoro TeJIa ,lI.nH xapaKTepHcTHKH ero H3MeHQHBOCTH. B CBH3H
C 3THM cYII.J.eCTBeHHbIM MOMeHTOM HBJIHeTCH OII.eHKa MaCCHBa C
TOllKH 3peHHH rrpHHa,lJ,JIe>KHOCTH ero reo.llorHllecKoMY TeJIY orrpe-
,lJ,eJIeHHOrO CTPYKTypHoro YPOBHH. ECJIH B rrpe,lJ,eJIax MaCCHBa Ha
OCHOBaHHH pe3YJIbTaTOB 30H,lJ,HpOB3HHH BW,lI.eJIHeTCH HeCKonbKO
HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlleCKHx 3JIeMeHTOB, TO rrpe,lJ,BapHTeJIbHO rrpo-
BO,lJ,HT HX rpaHHll.bI, a 3aTeM HCCJIe,lI.YIOT H3MeHllHBOCTb BHYTPH
Ka)K,lI.OrO H3 HHX.
KaK-rrOKa3bIBaeT MHOrOJIeTHHH npaKTHKa H3bICK3HHH, rrpOBe-
,lJ,eHHe rpaHHII. 11f3 Ha OCHOB3HHH HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHHH H3MeHQHBOCTH
CBOHCTB rpYHTOB B rrpe,lJ,eJI3X MaCCUBOB C rrOMOll1.bIO MeTO,lI.OB 30H-
,lI.HpOBaHHH npH H3YlleHHH H OII.eHKe JIe,lJ,HHKOBbIX OT JIO)KeHHH -
e,lJ,HHCTBeHHbIH crroc06, rr03BOJIHIOII.J.HH BbIHBHTb BbICOKYIO CTeneHb
H3MeHllHBOCTH COCTaBa, COCTOHHHH H CBOHCTB rpYHTOB KaK B
rrJI.aHe, TaK H rro rJIy6HHe.
- nap3MeTpbI 30H,lJ,HpOBaHHH, HBJIHHCb KOMrrJIeKCHbIM rrOKa3a-
TeJIeM COCTaBa, COCTOHHHH, xapaKTepa H rrpOIlHOCTH CTPYKTypHLIX
CBH3eH rpYHTOB, rr03BOJIHIOT HaH60JIee Y,lJ,a1.IHO BbI,lJ,eJIHTb HH)Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKHe 3JleMeHTW B TOJIr.u.e JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO)Ke-
201.

T a 6 JI H I..l a 6.2. KJlaCcHcltHKal\HJI neCqaHblX H nblJleBaTO-rJlHHHCTblX rpYHToB
nO)I.rpynna
THn
BH)I.
Pa3HOBHJI.HOCTb
KpynH006JIo- no nnOTHOCTH CJlO- no xapaKTepy H
MO'lHble H >KeHHR (K03(MJHIJ.H- npO'lHOCTH CTPYK-
neC'laHble eHTY nopHcToCTH e) TypHblX CBR3eH
rPYHTbI nJJOTHbIH npOtJHblH
e < 0,55 qa > 15, P]J, > 14
CpeJI.HeH nJJOTHOCTH CpeJI.HeH npOllHOCTH
0, 55  e  0,75 l, 7  q a  15
2,2  P]J,  14
CJIa6h1H
qa < 1,7
P]J, < 2,2
PblXJlbIH
e > 0,75
nblJieB3TO-
rJlHHHCTble
rpYHTbI
no KOHCHCTeHIJ.HH,
xapaKTepH3yeMoH
. nOKa3aTeJleM TeKY-
tJeCTH
TBepJI.bIH J L < 0
O'leHb npollHbIH
q3 > 10, P]J, > 8,3
npOllHbIH
q3 - OT 4,6 JI.O 10
PA-OT 2,8 )to 8,3
TyrOrrJlaCTH'lHbIH CpeJI.HeH npollHocTH
0,25  I L < 0,50 qa- OT 1,0 O 4,6
I P A-OT 1, 2 JI.O 2,8
.. CJIa6bIH
MHrKonJJaCTH'lHblH I ° P 1 2 1
I. IL>0,50 i q3< " 11.< ,
nOJIYTBepblH
O I L < 0,25
no CTeneHH BJIa>KHOCTH
M3JIOBJIa>KHbIe
o < Sr  6,5
BJIa>KHhle
0,5 < Sr < 0,8
HaCblmeHHhle BOJI.OH
0,8 < Sr  1
no creneHH BJla>KHOCTH
Sr TaK >Ke, KaK pa3HO-
BH)tHOCTH neC'IIaHblX
rpYHTOB
no OTHOCHTenbHOH npo-
Ca,AOtJHOCTH (JIH JIec-
COBblX rpYHTOB):
HenpOCa01JHhIe
ESl < 0,01
npocaAOllHble
Esl  0,01
HHit KaK ObIJIO rrOKa3aHO BbIllIe, 3HaqeHIUI 3THX rrapaMeTpOB
3aBHCHT rnaBHbIM 06pa30M OT rrJIOTHOCTH CJIO>KeHHH H rrpOqHOCTH
rpYHToB. fpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKHH COCTaB rrpaKTHqeCKH He BJIHHeT
Ha 3HaqeHHH rrOKa3aTeJIeH 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH. KpoMe Toro, BbI.lI.eJIe-
HHe B JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHHX rpYHToB rro rpaHYJIOMeTpHqeCKO-
MY COCTaBY COrrpH:KeHO co 3HaqHTeJIbHbIMH TPYJI.HOCTHMH, Tal{ KaK
H3BeCTHe YCJIOBHH 06pa30BaHHH OTJIO>KeHHH rrpHBeJIH K CJIO>K-
HbIM pacrrpe.lI.eJIeHHHM Ii B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHHM pa3JIHqHbIX <ppaK-
I.J.HH B npe.lI.eJIax .n.a>Ke He60JIbllIHX no 06'beMY MaCCHBOB rpYHTOB.
CJIY>Kaw.HX B KaqeCTBe OCHOBaHHH 3.lI.aHHH H coopY>KeHHH.
11CXO.lI.H H3 rrpOBe.lI.eHHOrO B rrpe.z:r.bI.lI.YIUHX rJIaBaX aHaJIH3a
<l>H3HKO-MeXaHHQeCKHX CBOHCTB JIe.z:r.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH, 3aKOHO-
MepHOCTeH HX rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeH1.JHBOCTH, CHMMeTpHH
CBOHCTB, a TaK>Ke rrpaKTHKH H3bICKaHHH BeJIfl1113a, rrpH HH>Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHlleCKOM H3yqeHHH H OlleHKe 3THX OTJIO>KeHHH .lI.JIH
MaCCOBoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa HaM npe.lI.CTaBJIHeTCH H3H60nee y.z:r.aq-
HOH KJIaCCH<pHKaI.J.HH rpYHTOB, rrpHBe.z:r.eHHaH B Ta6JI. 6.2, KOTopaH
CYllI.eCTBeHHo .z:r.onOJIHHeT H YTOqHHeT KJIaCcHcpHKaI.J.HIO fOCT
25100-82 H rr03BOJIHeT Ha OCHOBe .lI.aHHX 30H.z:r.HpOBaHHH 60JIee
KoppeKTHo rrpOH3EO.lI.HTb BbI.n.eJIeHHe HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHt.IecKHx
3JIeMeHTOB B JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX 06pa30BaHHHx.
202

MHOrOu.eJIeBOii 4>opMoii Orrpe.lI.eJIeHIUI 06'beKTa MO.lI.eJIHpOBa-
HHH HBJIHeTCH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOe paHOHl1pOBaHHe H TH-
rrH3aIJ.HH JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX OT JIO)KeHHiL .1J.JIH rrpe.lI.BapHTeJIbHOrO orrpe-
.lI.eJIeHHH COCTaBa H 06'beMOB pa60T, THrrOB 4>YH.lI.aMeHTOB, a TaK-
>Ke KOMnJIeKCa MeTO.lI.OB rrOJIyqeHHH HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlleCKOH
HHcpopMaII.HH 0 JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX MaCCHBax rrpH nOCTpoeHHH KOHCT-
PYKTHBHbIX THnOBbIX cxeM reOJIOrO-TeXHH1.IeCKHX 06'beKTOB MO}KHO
HCnOJIb30BaTb THrrbI JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX OT JIO>KeHHH, npHBe.lI.eHHbIe B
r JIaBe 5 (CM. Ta6JI. 5.2).
B KaqeCTBe BTOpOH nO.lI.CHCTeMbI reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKOrO 06'b-
eKTa, TeCHO CBH3aHHOH C OCHOBaHHeM (MaCCI1BoM), BbIcTynaeT
4>YH.lI.aMeHT. OT rrpHHHToro B npoeKTe THna 4>YH.lI.aMeHTa 3aBHCHT
MeTO.lI.HKa HH}KeHepHo--reOJIOrHqeCKOrO H3yqeHH5I MaCCHBOB, a
TaK>Ke KOJIHqeCTBO Heo6xo.lI.HMOM H .lI.OCTaTOqHOH HH4>opMau.HH,
KOTOpa51 HCrrOJIb3yeTcH B paCqeTHbIX cxeMax rrpH npoeKTHpoBaHI:IH
3,naHHH H cooPY>KeHHH. THU CPYH.lI.aMeHTa onpe,neJIHeTCH, KaK
npaBHJIO, HCXOJI,H 113 HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX YCJIOBHH MaCCH-
Ba. HaH60JIee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIe THnbI 4>YH.lI.aMeHTOB, npHMe-
H5IeMbIX rrpH MaCCOBOM CTpOHTeJIbCTBe B paHOHax pacnpOCTpa-
HeHH5I JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHHM, CJIe.lI.YlOmHe: JIeHTOIIHbIM (J1),
cToJI61laTbIH .(CT), rrJIHTa (n), CBaHHbIH (C). PaCqeT OCHOBaHHH
H 4>YH.lI.aMeHTOB rro rrpe.lI.eJIbHbIM COCT05lHHHM, a TaK>Ke onpe.lI.e-
JIeHHe HecymeM cnoco6HOCTH cBaM BbInOJIHHeTCH no CHHn
2.02.01-83, CHHO 2.02.03-85, PCH 23-85, PCH 62-87 C HCnOJIb-
30BaHHeM .lI.eTepMI1HHpOBaHHbIx MO.lI.eJIeH.
3aKJIIOqHTeJIbHOH nO.lI.CHCTeMoH [TO HBJIHIOTCH 3.lI.aHHH H co-
opY>KeHHH, OT THnOB H KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX oco6eHHocTeH KOTOpbIX
3aBHCHT pH.lI. MeTOJJ.HqeCKHX BonpocoB HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKO-
ro H3yqeHHfI H ou.eHKH JIe.lI.HHKOBbIX MaCCHBOB. K lIX qHCJIY OT-
HOCHTCH He06xo.lI.HMaH .lI.eTaJIbHOCTb H rJIy6HHHocTb H3YQeHHH
pa3pe3a, Tpe6yeMafi TOqHOCTb HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOH HH<p0P-
MaIJ.HH H .lI.p. npHMeHHeMbIe B rrpaKTHKe MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCT-
Ba 3.lI.aHHH H cooPY)KeHHH B HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOnl1.lecKHX u.eJI5IX no
aHaJIOrHH C PCH 23-85 H PCH 62-87 MO}KHO pa3.lI.eJIHTb Ha
4 rpyrrnbI (Ta6JI.6.3).
C<pOPMYJIHpyeM HaH60JIee o6mHe npHHIJ.HnbI MO.lI.eJIHpOBaHH5I
rrO.lI.CHCTeM npH pa3pa6oTKe THnOBX cxeM reOJIOrO-TeXHHQeCKHX
06'beKTOB, OCHOBaHHe Ha YCJIOBH5IX npHMeHeHHH MO.lI.eJIH rrOJIfi
K HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHIO reOJIOrHQeCKHX 06'beKTOB [26].
I. 06'beKTOM MO.lI.eJIHpOBaHHH .lI.0JI}KeH 6bITb MaCCHB rpYHTa
BO B3aHMo.lI.eMcTBHH C 4>YH.lI.aMeHTOM H npoeKTHpyeMbIM coopy-
}KeHHeM, KOTOpbIH paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK e.lI.HHbIH reOJIOrO-Tex-
HHqeCKHH 06'beKT onpe.lI.eJIeHHOrO CTPYKTypHoro ypOBHH. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHOrO aHaJIH3a BbI5IBJIHIOTCH npH3HaKH,
H3yqeHHe KOTOpbIX Heo6xo.lI.HMO .lI.JIH peIlIeHHH KOHKpeTHoH 3a-
.lI.aqH, .
2. npH3HaKH, Bbr6paHHbIe .lI.JIH COCTaBJIeHH5I MOJJ.eJIH, tJ,OJI)K-
HbI orrpe.lI.e.ilHTbCH B JII060H TOqKe H3yqaeMOrO 06'beKTa, a TaK>Ke
203

T a 0 JI H IJ. a 6.3. KJlaCcHt!JHKaI.\HH npoeKTHpyeMhlx 3)J.aHHH H coopY1KeHHH
rpynna
XapaKTepHCTHKa
A
3,lJ.aHHH H coopY>KeHHH OOJIee 16 3T3>Keii, 3 TaK>Ke 3,lJ.aHHH H co.
opY>KeHHH C Harpy3KaMH OT HeCYlI.lHX CTeH Ha «PYHJI.3MeHT OOJIee
3000 KH/M H Ha KOJIOHHY KapKaca OOJfee 20000 KH
B
3,lJ.aHHH H coopY>KeHHH OT 9 JI.O 16 3Ta>KeU BKJIlOqHTeJIbHO C Ha-
rpY3KaMH OT HecYlI.lHX CTeH Ha «PYHJI.aMeHT OT 500 ,lJ.0 3000 KH/M
H Ha KOJIOHHY KapKaca OT 3000 JI.O 20000 KH BKJIlOqHTeJIbHO
3,lJ.aHHfI H coopy>KeHHH ,lJ.0 9 3Ta>Keii C Harpy3KaMH OT HecYlI.lHX
CTeH H3 <PYHJI.aMeHT OT 150 KH/M BKJIlOqHTeJIbHO H C Harpy3KaMH
Ha KOJIOHHY KapKaca OT 1000 JI.O 3000 KH BKJIIOQHTeJIbHO
3,lJ.aHHH H coopY>KeHHH C HarpY3KaMH OT Hecyw.Hx CTeH Ha «PYH-
JI.aMeHT He oOJIee 15 KH/M H Harpy3KaMH Ha KOJIOHHy K3pKaC3 He
60JIee 1000 KH
B
f
06JIa,lJ,aTb IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHOH M3MeHqHBOCTblO, n03BOJIHIOll.leH Ha-
rJIH,lJ,HO OTpa3HTb paCIIpe,lJ,eJIeHHe IIpH3HaKa B IIpe,lJ,eJIax MaCCMBa
Ha HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrMqeCKMX pa3pe3ax HJIH KapTax.
3. .1J.JIfi KoppeKTHoH IIOCTaHOBKM H IIOCJIe,lJ,YIOIII.erO perneHHfI
3a,lJ,aqH He06xo,lI,HMO pacnOJIaraTb HH4>opMaI.J.HeH 06 HepapxHH
CTPYKTYPHbIX YPoBHeH IIO,lJ,CMCTeM, BbI,lJ,eJIHeMbIX Ha OCHOBaHHH
BbI6paHoro KOMIIJIeKCa npH3HaKoB, H 0 npHQHHaX, 06YCJ10BMB-
IllHX npocTpaHcTBeHHYIO H3MeHQHBOCTb nOCJIeft.HHX.
npe>K,lJ,e QeM nepeHTM K IIocTpoeHHlo THIIOBbIX cxeM reOJIoro-
TeXHMQeCKHX 06'beKTOB, c4>oPMYJIMpyeM 3a,lJ,aQY. 06'beKT HCCJIe-
,lJ,OBaHHH - IIpHnoBepxHocTHbIH ConOH JIe,lJ,HHKOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH BO
B3aHMO,lJ,eHCTBHM C IIpoeKTHpyeMbIM coopY)KeHHeM. lI.eJIb HCCJIe-
.lI.OBaHHH - C03,lJ,aHHe THIIOBbIX cxeM ,lJ,JIH 060cHoBaHHH OIITMMaJIb-
HbIX COCTaBa H 06'beMOB HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX pa6oT. Hc-
XO,lI,HbIH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIH MaTepHaJI - THnM3aIJ.HH JIe,n,HHKO-
BbIX OTJIO:>KeHHM, THnbI 4>YH,n,aMeHToB, KJIaCcH4>I1Kau.MH 3,n,aHHH H
coopy*eHMH.
,LLJIH Toro QT06bI rrocTpoHTb 34>4>eKTHBHble THIIOBbIe cxeMbI
reOJIOrO-TeXHHQeCKHX 06'beKTOB, Heo6xo,lI,HMO npe)K,lJ,e Bcero HaH-
TH Y,lJ,aQHYIO 4>OPMY COQeTaHHH onMcaHHbIX THnOB MaCCHBOB
rpYHToB, 4>YH,n,aMeHToB If cooPY>KeHHH, OT KOToporo 3aBHCHT
a,lJ,eKBaTHoe oT06pa>KeHMe MO,lJ,eJIH fTO H ee ,n,aJIbHeHrnee lI.eJIe-
HarrpaBJIeHHOe H3YIleHHe. Bo061l.le rOBopH, KOIlCTPYKTHBHbIX MO-
,lI.eJIeH (TMnoBbIx cxeM) MO)KeT 6bITb nocTpoeHo MHoro,' HO BCe
OHM C,lI.OCTaTOQHOH ,lJ,JIH IIpaKTHQeCKHX lI.eJIeH CTeneHbIO npH6JIH-
>KeHHH CBO,n,HTCfI K qIIpe,lI.eJIeHHbIM THIIOBbIM CxeMaM. KpHTepHH
KOHCTpYHpOBaHHH MO,lI.eJIH ,lI.HKTyeTcH KaK I.J.eJIbIO HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHMH,
TaK H B03MO)KHOCTHMM 3KcnepMMeHTaTopa.
PaCIIOJIaraH TMIIM3aI.J.HeH (KJIaCcM4>HKaIJ.HeH) Ka)K,lI.OH H3 nO,lJ,-
CHCTeM [TO, MO>KHO C03,lI.aBaTb pa3JIHtIHble KOM6HHaI.J.HH THnOBbIX
204

cxeM reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHX 06'beKTOB, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOTOpbIX
HaXO)J.51TCfI MeTO)J.OJIOrHqeCKHe OCHOBbI HX HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeC-
KOrO H3yqeHHH H OI.J.eHKH )J.JIH MaCCOBOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa. TaK, Ha-
npHMep, cxeMa 1 - B - C 03HaqaeT, lITO yqaCTOK H3bICKaHHH
OTHOCHTCfI K rrepBOMY THrry pa3pe3a (CM. Ta6JI. 5.2), rrpoeKTHpye-
Moe coopY}KeHHe - K rpyrrrre :6, THrr 4>YH)J.aMeHTa cBaHHbIH. Hc-
XO)I.H H3 3Toro BHaq3JIe orrpe)I.eJIHIOTC5I Heo6xo)I.HMbIH H )I.OCTa-
TOllHbIH Oa'beM H Tpe6yeM3H TOQHOCTb HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKOH
HH4>opMaI.J.H, 3aTeM COCTaB JI 06'beM JlCCJle)I.OB3HHH, H360p Me-
TO)I.OB rrOJIYlleHHH HH4>opMaI.J.HH H HX paI.J.HOHaJIbHOe rrpHMeHeHHe.
6.3. MeToAKa 3YLleHSI  ou.eHf(
reonorO-TeXHLleCKX 06'beKTOB
npoeKTHpOBaHHe OO'beKTOB MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJlbCTBa BbInOJI-
HHeTCH, KaK. rrpaBJlJIO, B O)J.HY CTa)J.IHO, rr03ToMY 3KTyaJIbHOH H
Ba)KHOH 3a)J.alleH HBJIfleTC5I 060cHoBaHJle MeTO)I.HKH o)J.HoCTa)I.HM-
HbIX HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKJlX H3bICK3HHH. reOJlOrO-TeXHH1.Iec-
KHe 06'beKTW rrpe)I.CTaBJIHIOT COOOM MO)J.eJIb B3aHMO)I.eHCTBH5I CH-
CTeMbI «MaCCHB rpYHTa-coopY>KeHHe», a)J.eKBaTHO OTOOpa)KalO-
II.J.eM rrpoI.J.ecc «HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHqeCKHe H3bIcKaHHH-rrpoeKT».
npH 3TOM HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IecKHe HCCJIe)I.OBaHIUI )J.OJI}KHbI
OCHOBbIBaTbCH 1) H3 )I.OcTOBepHocTH OTpa>KeHH5I MaCCHBa rpYHTa
B ero MO)I.eJIH, T. e. cxeMaTH3aI.J.HH HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IecKHx
YCJIOBHM; 2) Ha 06paTHoM CBH3H Me}K)J.Y paCqeTHbIMH cxeM3MH,
rrpHMeH5IeMbIMH rrpH rrpoeKTHpoBaHHH, rrpJlHHTOM cxeMaTH3allHeH
HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX yc.JIOBJIH H KOJIH1.IeCTBOM Tpe6yeMoM
HH4>Op MaIJ .lIH.
YllecTb HX MO)KHO JIHllIb npH H3yqeHHH H OI.J.eHKe reOJIOrO-Tex-
HHqeCKHX OO'beKTOB, T. e. B3aHMHOM paccMoTpeHHH MO)J.eJIeH
oCHoBaHHH (MaccHBoB), rrOJIyqaeMbIX B rrpoI.J.ecce H3bIcKaHHH, JI
paCQeTHOH cxeMbI, rrpHMeHfleMoH rrpJl npoeKTHpoBaHHH OO'beKTOB
MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCTBa.
npHHI.J.HrrHaJIbHaH TeXHOJIOrHqeCKa51 cxeM3 H3YQeHH5I H OlleHKH
reOJIOrO-TeXHHQeCKOrO 06'beKTa rrpHBe)I.eHa Ha pHC. 6.2. Pac-
CMOTpHM cO)J.ep>KaHHe rro Ka}K)I.OH rr03HI.J.HH B rrOpH)I.Ke HX pacrro-
JIO}KeHH5I Ha cxeMe. nepBbIe TPH rr03HllHH ObIJIH nO)J.pooHO pac-
cMoTpeHbI B rrpe)I.bI)I.YII.J.HX r JIaBaX H rrpe)J.cTaBJIHIOT COOOM KOHCT-
PYKTHBHYIO MO)J.eJIb reOJIOrO-TeXHHtleCKoro 06'beKTa.
Onpe)J.eJIeHHe HeOoXO)I.JlMOrO H ,lI.OCTaTOQHOrO 06'beMa HH}Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOM HH4>opMaI.J.HH. KaKYlo HH4>opMallHlo MO>KHO
CllHT3Tb Heo6xo)J.HMOM H )J.ocTaT01.JHoM? Ha cero)J.HHIlIHHH )J.eHb
3TO, rrO>KaJlYM, HaH60JIee CJIO>KHbIH H crropHbIM Bonpoc, TaK KaK
OH 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO OT B03MO}KHOCTeM H3WCK3TeJIbCKHX opra-
HH3aI.J.HM, HO H OT peaJIH3aI.J.HH 3TOM HHopMaUHH CYII.J.eCTBYlOllI.H-
MH paC1.JeTHbIMH cxeMaMH rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH. ECJIH rrOJIY1.IeHHaH
rrpoeKTMpOBII.J.JlKaMH HH4>opMaI.J.HH OT H3bICKaTeJIeM He MO)KeT
ObITb rrOJIHOCTblO peaJIH30B3Ha CYII.J.eCTBYIOlll.HMH MeTO,lI.aMH pac-
205

.
I Q) .
gt=;t
:r:t-oQ)Ot-o
Q) I::{:r:
t=;':S: g{O" C\I 
t- c:Q ° t:: 0 0.. 
oOo..C\lu
:r:Q) r::><::s:
  :s: >< 0..
(,)Q)f-<tJ:::.....
o..g
E-:z::
· I  tJ::: . · ::s:
C)QJC)::s:::s:o..E-
t=;so:r:o.. o (,)
P=lQ):r:Q)Q)-&O
CD 0 o..::r r;:  Q) );J
t-oC\lI::{
t-::s:;-
:r:g><t::s
Q)
::s:
:r:
Q)
t:;:
tr.I
:r:
C\I
E-
C)

x-=
:r:z8
::s::r:C\I:r:
O".t:I::SC\l
::s: t:;: 0.. c:Q
r::Q)oo
Q)  -& :r:
c:Q Co QJ C)
t::I::{O
o
Q)O'-' ::s:
5g ::s:
Q)::s::rC\lg
t:; ::s: ° ::s '"
QJl::{t-oQ)::S
1::{0tCo..
Q) >< C)\O 0
g-", 0 0-&
ot::( 5
:r:::s:
(1) tJ:::
:s:
:r: ::s:
QJ :r:
r::C\I Q)
C?Q)t:: ;E
I::{::S: :>.
Q)E- Co
Co
t:: 0
0 0
C)
(!) C\I
:s: t-o
 :r:
t=;Q)
Q)t:::;:

Co :r:
t:: :>.
o -&
Q)
::s:
:r:
Q) 
t:;:CQ
5
8.(-4
t:: :;:
o
206

IQ (-4
C\l o
(-4",
C)
80..
oo Q)c:Q
::S:o
:r:::s
Q)QJ
t:;
Q)\O
o
g-::s:
o
-=
C)::S:
:r:
Q)
r;:1Q
t:: 0
o::s
_at:;
C)
o..()
0:S:
\OCQ
Zo
Q:lt::(
°
(-4
QJ
::s
:s:
::s:
CQIQ::r
°o
o..t-oo..
to
::s :r:-&
 :>':r:
0')  r::: :s:
r:::ZtJ:::
(-4::S:S:
Q)Q):r:
O"t-o(1)
(,)(,)0"
::s:
C)a
t::

(-4

Q)
{J
'"
0
0
'-'
0

C)
Q)
::r
:s::
:r:
><
Q)
t-o
6
'-'
0
t=;
0
Q)
'-'
::s:

:r:
Q)
::r
°
CQ ::s:
0 !5
::s
(1) 
tC Q)
'" 0"
0 >.
tJ:::(-4 
-::s:o ::s:
- ::f 'g 
o.. ::s
Cf) Q)
:s: ><
::s C)
:s:
(-4 tJ:::
t: 
0 
C)
Q)
::r
:s:
'-'
0
t:;
0
:r:
><
Q)
(-4
tJ:::
C\I
:r:
,.Q
t:;

::s:
t:
:s::
::r
:r:
0-
r:::

cD
U
:s:


lIeTa OCHOBaHHH H 4>YH,lI.aMeHTOB, TO HeKOTOpaH lIaCTb 3TOH HH-
Q>OpMaIJ.HH OKa3bIBaeTCH H3JIHIlIHeH.
KaK nOKa3bIBaeT npaKTHKa, H3bICKaTeJlbCKHMH OpraHH3aII.HfI-.
MH rrepeAalOTCH rrpoeKTHbIM opraHH3aII.HflM MHoro HeHY>KHOH HH-
4>opMaIJ.HH, KOTopafl He peaJIH3yeTcH B rrpoeKTax. BMeCTe C TeM
on HCnOJIb30BaHHfI MaTepHaJIOB H3CKaHHH B rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH
rrOKa3bIBaeT, llTO MO)KHO onpe,lI.eJIHTb OO'beMbl Heo6xo,LUIMOH H
,lI.OCTaTOlIHOH HH4>opMaII.HH ,lI.JlH Ka)K,lI.OH H3 THnOBbIX cxeM reOJIO-
rO-TeXHHqeCKHX 06'beKTOB. TaKaH pa60Ta ,lI.OJI}KHa npOBO,lI.HTbCH
.COBMeCTHO H-3bICKaTeJIHMH H npO€KTHpOBmHKaMH. Ee ocymeCTBJle-
HHe H npaKTHlIeCKoe BHe,lI.peHHe n03BOJlHT cymecTBeHHO nOBbICHTb
.34>4>eKTHBHOCTb H KalleCTBO rrpoeKTHO-H3bICKaTeJIbCKHX paOOT H
BnJIOTHYIO nOAOHTH K perneHHIO rrpOOJIeMbI 0IlTHMH3aII.HH HH}Ke-
HepHo:-reOJIOrHlIeCKHX MCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH.
YCTaHOBJleHHe BeJIHlIHH npe,lI.eJlbHbtx AecpopMaIJ.HH OCHOBaHHH.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C CHHI1 2.02.01-83 paclIeT oCHoBaHHH rro Ae«l>0p-
MaII.HHM npoH3BoAHTCH HCXOAH 113 YCJIOBHH
S  su,
r,lI.e S - COBMeCTHaH Ae4>opMaIJ.HfI OCHOBaHHH H coopY)KeHHH,
onpeAeJIHeMaH paClIeTOM; Su - rrpeAeJIbHOe 3HalleHHe COBMeCTHOH
,lI.ecpopMaIJ.I1H OCHOBaHHH H coopY)KeHHH, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMOe no
rrpHJIO>KeHHIO 4 CHHn 2.02.01-83.
rrpeAeJlbHe 3HalleHHH COBMeCTHOH ,lI.ecpopMaII.HH OCHOBaHHH
11 coopY}KeHHfI YCTaHaBJlHBalOTCH HCXOAH H3 HeOOxO,lI.HMOCTH co-
6JIIOAeHHH TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKHX H apxHTeKTypHbIX TpeooBaHHH K ,lI.e-
<popMaIJ.HHM 3AaHHH H cooPY}KeHHH, a TaK}Ke TpeooBaHHH K rrpoll-
HOCTH, YCTOHlIHBOCTH H TpeII.J.HHOCTOHKOCTH KOHCTPYKII.HH, BKJIIO-
llaH 06rn.yIO YCTOHlIHBOCTb coopY>KeHHH.
KaK rrpaBHJlO, npeAeJIbHe 3Ha l IeHMH ,lI.e4>opMaIJ.HH OCHOBaHHH
AonycKaeTcH npHHHMaTb COrJlaCHO npHJIO.>KeHHIO 4 CHHI1 2.02.01-
83, B KOTOpOM YCTaHOBJleHbI HX rrpeAeJlbHbIe AecpopMaIJ.HH ,LI.JlH
Tpex napaMeTpoB: OTHOCHTeJIbHOH pa3HocTH ocaAOK, KpeHa H
Cpe.lI.HeH (HJlH MaKCHMaJlbHoii) Oca,lI.KH. I1pe,lI.eJIbHbIe 3HaqeHHH
3THX rrapaMeTpoB 3aBHCHT rJIaBHbIM oopa30M OT KOHCTPYKTHBHblX
ocooeHHOCTeH 3A3HHH H cooPY)KeHHH. ECJlH OCHOBaHHe CJIO:>KeHO
ropH30HTaJIbHbIMH (c YKJIOHOM He oOJlee 0,1), BbIAep)KaHHbIMH
rro MOlI..{HOCTH CJI05lMH rpYHToB (T. e. npaKTHQeCKH O)l.HO-
pOAHoe), rrpe,lI.eJIbHble 3HalleHHH MaKCHMaJIbHbIX Oca)l.OK ,lI.onyc-
KaeTCH YBeJIHlIHBaTlb Ha 20 0/0. LlJlH llaCTH coopY.>KeHHH C cpYHAa-
MeHTaMH B BH,lI.e. CfIJlOIlIHbIX rrJIlfT, cr JIa)KHBaIOII.J.HX HeoAHopoA-
HOCTb OCHOBaHHH, npeAeJlbHbIe 3HalleHHH Cpe,lI.HHx ocaAOK MO}KHO
YBeJUllIHBaTb B 1,5 pa3a.
HeoHopoAHOCTb C}KHMaeMOCTH OCHOBaHHH OII.eHHBaeTCH CTe-
rreHblO -H3MeHlIHBoCTH C)KHMa.eMOCTH rpYHTOB OCHOBaHHH aE, KOTO-
paH, cor JIaCHO CHHI1 2.02.01-83, onpe,D.eJlS1eTCH OTHOllIeHHeM HaH-
60JIbllIerO 3HalleHHH npHBe.u.eHHoro no r JIy6HHC MOJJ.YJIH .n.etPopMa-
II.Hij rpYHToB OCHOBaHHH B. npe,lLeJlax rr.JJ3Ha CO()PY)IeHnH \- Han-
207

MeHbllleMY 3HaqeHJUO. .aOnYCTHMaH HeO.ll.HOpO.ll.HOCTlb OCHOBaHHH
XapaKTepH3yeTcH npe.ll.eJIbHbIM 3HaqeHHeM CTerreHH H3MeHqHBOCTH
C)KHMaeMOCTH rpYHTOB, KOTOpaH 3aBHCHT OT cpe.ll.HerO 3Ha l leHHfI
MO.ll.YJIfi .lI.e<}JopMalI.HH rpYHTOB OCHOBaHHH, a TaK)Ke OT KOHCTPYK-
UHH 3.l1.aHHSI MJIH coopY>KeHHH H HX B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBHH C HepaBHO-
MepHO C)KHMaeMbIM OCHOBaHHeM. .aJIH 3.l1.aHHH H cOOPY)KeHHH H
COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.HX HM BapHaHTOB rpYHTOBbIX YCJIOBHH, rrepeqHC-
JIeHHbIX B TaOJI. 6 CHHTI 2.02.01-83, npe.ll.eJIbHbIe 3HaqeHIUI CTe-
rreHH H3MeHlIHBOCTH C}KHMaeMOCTH OCHOBaHHH .D.onycKaIOTcSI paB-
HbIMH uE=2 rrpH E=15 Mila H aE=3 npH £=40 Mila [127].
B paooTe [167] Ha OCHOBaHHH HaOJIIO.D.eHHH 3a OCa.D.KaMH
<}JYH.D.aMeHTOB H .D.e<}JopMalI.HHMH KpyrrHonaHeJIbHbIX .D.OMOB Mac-
COBoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa, HaH60JIee qYBCTBHTeJIbHbIX K rrpOHBJIeHH-
SIM HeO.ll.HHaKOBOH C)KHMaeMOcTH rpYHTOB, peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH pa3-'
.lI.eJIeHHe OCHOBaHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3HaqeHHH UE Ha CJIe.ll.YID-
llI.He: rrpaKTHqeCKH O.ll.HOpO.ll.HbIe (.aE 1,5), HeO.ll.HOpO.ll.HbIe
(1,5<aE2,5) H KpaHHe Heo.D.Hopo.D.Hble (aE>2,5).
OcooeHHo Ba)KHO YCTaHoBHTb opHeHTHpOBOqHOe 3Ha l leHHe aE
nepe.D. HaqaJIOM H3blcKaHHH, nOCKOJIlbKY 3TO rr03BOJIHT npaBHJIbHO
orrpe.D.eJIHTb COCTaB H OO'beMbI paOOT, a TaK)Ke TOqHOCTb HH)Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK, KOTopaH HerrOcpe.ll.CTBeHHO
CBH3aHa C BeJIHlIHHaMH rrpe.ll.eJIbHbIX .lI.ecpopMalI.HH OCHOBaHHSI. .aJIH
3Toro C ycnexoM M01KHO HCrrOJIlb30BaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI THnOJIOrHqe-
CKoro paHOHHpOBaHHH JIe.ll.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH (rJIaBa 5), r.lI.e
.lI.JlH THnOBbIX pa3pe30B MO>KeT 6bITb onpe.lI.eJIeHa CTeneHib H3MeH-
qHBOCTH C>KHMaeMOCTH rro OTHOIlIeHHIO MaKCHMaJlbHOrO If MHHH-
MaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHH MO.ll.YJIeH .lI.eQJopMaUHH, KOTopbIe B 3TOM
CJIyqae BbIlIHCJISIIOTCH C rrpHMepHo O.lI.HHaKOBoH .lI.OCTOBepHOCTbIO
KaK Ha OCHOBe lllTaMrrOBbIX HcnbITaHHH, TaK H no pe3YJIbTaTaM
30H.lI.HpOBaHHH. .aOCTOBepHOCTb rrpHHHTOH B rrporpaMMe Be..1IHqHHbI
UE MO)KeT ObITb YTOqHeHa B rrpO!I.eCce HH)KeHepHO-reOJlOrHqeCKOrO
H3YQeHHH MaCCHBa, qTO rr03BOJlHT BHeCTH H3MeHeHHfI B rrporpaM-
MY paOOT no cpaKTHqeCKHM rpYHTOBbIM YCJIOBHSIM.
YCTaHOBJIeHHe TpeoyeMoH TOqHOCTH orrpe.ll.eJleHHH xapaKTepH-
CTHK .lI.e<}JopMHPyeMoCTH. O.lI.Ha H3 Ba}KHbIX npOOJIeM npH IJH)Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX HCCJIe,nOBaHHHX CBOHCTB MaCCHBOB rpYH-
TOB- rrOJIyqeHHe onepaTHBHOH HHcpOpMalI.HH TpeoyeMoro Kaqe-
CTBa.- TOqHOC'Db rroJlyqaeMOH HH<}JopMaII.HH MO)KeT ObITb oxapaK-
TepH30BaHa ,nonYCTHMOH norpelllHOCTbIO YCTaHOBJIeHHSI Toro MJIH
HHoro BH.lI.a HHcpopMaUHH, HanpHMep .lI.OnYCTHMOH rrorpeWHOCTbIO
orrpe,neJIeHHH MO.ll.YJIH ,lJ,e<}JopMaUHH, npOqHOCTHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK
rpYHTOB H T. )1..
B HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX H3bICKaHHSIX .lI.JISI MaCCOBoro
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa npH orrpe,lI.eJleHHH ,ne<}JopMaUHOHHbIX xapaKTepH-
CTHK rpYHTOB, KaK ObIJlO nOKa3aHO BbIllle, lllHpOKO rrpHMeH5.lJOTCH
nOJIeBble H Jla60paTopHbIe MeTO,lI.bI HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHH - KaK rrpsiMble,
TaK H KOCBeHHbIe. Ka}K.lI.bIH H3 MeTo,nOB HMeeT CBOH rrpeHMYlll.eCT-
Ba H He,nOCTaTKH, y HHX pa3JIHqHbIe TP Y,lI.O eM KOCTb, npO3Bo.u.H-
208

TeJIbHOCTb H TOlJHOCTb. COBepllleHHO OqeBH.lI.HO, lJTO KalJeCTBO
rrpOeKTlIpOBaHIHI 3aBHCHT OT TOqHOCTH H Ha,lI.e.>KHOCTH orrpe.lI.eJIe-
HHH XapaKTepHCTHK C)KHMaeMOCTH MaCCHBa H HX H3MeHlJHBOCTH B
rrpe.lI.eJIaX CTpOHTeJIlbHOH I1JIOllla.lI.KH.
B COBpeMeHHOH rrpaKTHKe H3WCKaHHM H npoeKTHpoBaHHH
CJIO}KHJIOCb YCTOHlJHBOe rrpe.lI.CTaBJIeHHe, lJTO lJeM BbIIlle TOlJHOCTb
H3MepeHHH, TeM JIYlJllle. G,lI.HaKO 9TO He TaK. ,.QJIH .lI.OCTH)KeHHfI BbI-...
COKOM TOqHOCTH H3MepeHHH TpeoyeTcH rrpHMeHeHHe TpY.lI.OeMKHx
Cd>,TbIC.py6.
13
7
11
C
9
5
o
6 0nT
6
3 '----
1,0 3,0 5,0 7,0 E,Mna
PHC. 6.3. 3aBIfcHMcCTb 3aTpaT OT
norpeIllHOCTII H3MepeHHH (-
JIl060H H3 HopMHpyeMblx IIOKa3a-
TeeH IIorpelllHocTH)
PHC. 6.4. 3aBIfcHMoCTb CTOHMOCTif
<jJYH.n.aMeHTa OT BeJIHqIfHbl 1\1o.rr.y-
nH .n.e«popMaIUiIf (no B. A. ObIp-
lIeHKo) : 1 - «TH>KeaH» KOHCT-
PYKIJ.IfH; 2 - «JIerKaH» KOHCT-
PYKIJ.IfH
II .lI.OpOrOCTOHlllHX MeTO.lI.OB, KOTOIpbIMH pacrrOJIaraIOT B OCHOBHOM
TOJIbKO CrreIJ.HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIe H3bICKaTeJIbCKHe opraHH3aIJ.HH. KaK
yoe.lI.HTeJIbHO rrOKa3aHO B paoOTe [161], CTOHMOCTb H3MepeHHH
C n (6) B03paCTaeT C YMeHbllleHHeM norpelllHOCTH (pHC. 6.3, KPH-
Bafl 1). B TO '>Ke BpeMH OqeBH.lI.HO, lJTO rrbTepH H3-3a nOrpelllHO-
CTeM H3MepeHHH C rr () YBeJIHlJHBalOTCfI rrpH pOCTe norpelliHOCTH
(KpHBaH 2). I109TOMY cYMMapHbIe 3aTpaTbI C() =Cn() +Crr()
(KpHBaH 3) B oOllleM CJIYlJae HMeIDT MHHHMYM nlPH HeKoTopoM
3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJIH rrorpelllHOCTH. ITpH Bbloope OrrTHMaJIIbHOM
TOlJHOCTH orrpe.lI.eJIeHHe 3aBHcHMocTeM C n () H C rr (:6) IIpHBO,lI.HT
K HeKoTopbIM TPY.lI.HOCTHM KaK TeOpeTHtIeCKOrO, TaK H npaKTHlJe-
CKoro xapaKTepa. I109TOMY KoppeKTHoe orrpe.lI.eJIeHHe OIITHMaJIb-
HOH TOlJHOCTH B03MO)KHO He Bcer.lI.a, U,lI.HaKO opHeHTIIpOBOlJHbIe
paClJeTbI paUHOHaJIbHWX 3HaqeHHH rrorpeIllHOCTeH He06xo.lI.HMO
rrpOBO,lI.HTb BO Bcex CJIYtIaHX.
TaKHM 06pa30M, CTpeMJIeHHe K ,lI.OCTH}KeHHIO MaKCHMaJIbHOH
TOlJHOCTH onpe.lI.eJIeHHH rrOKa3aTeJIeH, KOTopoe B03MO>KHO JIHIllb
npH 3HalJHTeJIbHOM YBeJIHlJeHHH 06'beMOB H CTOHMOCTH paOOT, He
BCer.lI.a onpaB,lI.aHO C rrpaKTHlJeCKOH TOtIKH 3peHHH. I1pH HH}KeHep-
14. 3aK. 844
209

HO-reOJIOrMqeCKHX H3bICKaHHHX .z:r.JIH MaCCOBoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa B
06J1aCTH pa3BHTHH Jle.z:r.HHKOBbIX OT JIO:>KeHHH B 60JlbllIHHCTBe CJlY-
lJaeB Tpe60BaHHH K TOqHOCTH onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH MO.z:r.YJIH .z:r.ecpopMaIJ.HH
rpYHTOB cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBbICOKH H BnOJlHe .z:r.onYCKaIOT HCnOJIb30-
HaHHe CKOpOCTHbIX KOCBeHHbIX MeT O.z:r.OB , B qaCTHOCTH, CTaTHqeC-
Koro H .z:r.HHaMHqeCKOrO 30H.z:r.HpOBaHHH. Cor JIaCHO Tpe60BaHHHM
CHHIT 2.02.01-83, MaKCHMaJIlbHaH .z:r.onYCTHMaH oca.z:r.Ka OCHOBaHHH
cpYH.z:r.aMeHToB 60JlbllIHHCTBa n!pOMbIllIJIeHHbIX H rpaM.z:r.aHcKlfx 3.z:r.a-
HHH H cooPYMeHHH COCTaBJIHeT 8-10 CM. 00 .z:r.aHHbIM A. A. Ka-
rana, npH TOqHOCTH onpe.z:r.eJleHHH oca.z:r.KH + 0,5 CM OTHOCHTeJIbHaH
01l1H6Ka paBHa 5-6 °/0, a TOqHOC'nb onpe.ll.eJIeHHH MO.z:r.YJIH .z:r.ecpop-
MaUHH npH £=21,7 MOa paBHa + 10,3 MOa.
B pa60Te [124J nOKa3aHO, qTO .z:r.JIH pH.z:r.a 3.z:r.aHHH H coopYMe-
HHH JII06bIe 3HaqeHHH Mo.z:r.YJIeH .z:r.ecpopMaU,IUi, npeBbI III a I0111He
4 Mna, HBJIHJQTCH 6e30nacHbIMH. npH rapaHTHpoBaHHblx 3Ha1.Ie-
HHHX E4 Mna .z:r.eJlaTb KaKHe-JIH60 YTOqHeHHH MO.z:r.YJlH .z:r.ecpop-
MaUHH npH HHMeHepHO-reOJIOrl1lJeCKHX HCCJIe.z:r.OBaHHHX C npHBJIe-
qeHHeM Tlpy.z:r.oeMKHx H .z:r.oporocToHlllHX MeTo.z:r.OB He HMeeT CMbICJIa,
TaK KaK 3TO He npHBe.z:r.eT K H3MeHeHHIO npoeKTHbIX pellIeHHH.
ITpHBe.z:r.eM pe3YJlbTaTbI Mo.z:r.eJlbHOrO npoeKTHpOBaHHH THnOBoro
o.z:r.HOTaMHoro MHOrOnpOJIeTHOrO npOMbIllIJIeHHOrO Kopnyca YHH-
BepCaJIbHOrO Ha3HaqeHHH pa3MepoM 90 X 24 X IS M Ha MOHOJIHTHOM
MeJIe306eToHHoM cpYH.z:r.aMeHTe KOJIOHHOrO THna (O.z:r.HHOlJHbIe cpYH-
.z:r.aMeHTbI noJ1. KOJIOHHbI), BbInOJlHeHHOro M. B. Pau.eM H B. A.
ObIp1.IeHKO [120]. ,I:LJIH Y.lI.06CTBa paCqeTOB Mo.z:r.eJIb OCHOBaHHH
npHHHTa a6cTpaKTHoH, O.z:r.HOCJIOHHOH  MOlllHOCTlblO C,,7JOH 10M,
XOTH B .z:r.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH CPH3HKo-MeXaHHlJeCKHe CBoHcTBa MeHH-
JIHCh B npe.z:r.eJIax, npHcYlllHX HeCKOJIlbKHM THnaM rpYHToB. 3HalJe-
HUH nOKa3aT€JIeH CPH3HKO-MeXaHHlJeCKHX CBOHCTB riPYHTOB 3a.z:r.a-
BaJIHCb no BceMY .z:r.Hana30HY H3MeHeHHH CBOMCTB .z:r.JIH neCKOB, CY-
neceM, cyrJIHHKOB H rJlHH. 01.1 eB H.z:r.H 0, qTO HaH60JIee CHJIbHOe B03-
.z:r.eHcTBHe Ha ra6apHTbI H CTOHMOCTb cpYH.z:r.aMeHTa OEa3bIBalOT
MeXaHHqeCKl1e CBoHcTBa' (MO.z:r.YJIb .z:r.e<l>opMall.HH, y.z:r.eJIbHOe cuen-
JIeHHe H yroJl BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH). '4T06bI onpe.z:r.eJIHTlb BJIHHHHe
Ka}l(.z:r.oro H3 CBOHCTB Ha CTOHMOCTb cpYH.z:r.aMeHTa, .lI.Ba H3 Tpex na-
paMeTpoB (E, c, cp) cpHKcHpOBaJIHCib Ha cpe.z:r.HeM ypoBHe, a Tpe-
THH MeHHJICH no BceMY .z:r.Hana30HY 3HalJeHHH. OocJIe CTaTHCTH1.Ie-
CKOH o6pa60TKH pe3YJIbTaTOB nOJlYlJeHa 3aoHcHMoCTb C OT E,
npHBe.z:r.eHHaH Ha pHC. 6.4.
no 3TOH 3aBHCHMOCTH MO>KHO BbIqHCJIP.Tb HHTepBaJI H3MeHeHHH
aprYMeHTa, HaH60Jlee aKTHBHO BJIHHlOlllHH Ha cpYHKlI.H10. ,I:LJIH MO-
.z:r.YJIH .lI.ecpopMaUHH 3TOT HHTepBaJI Haxo.z:r.HTcH B .z:r.Hana30He OT 2
.z:r.o 5 MOa, T. e. H3MeHeHHe 3HaqeHHH MOJ1.YJlH .z:r.ecpOlpMaUHH Bcero
Ha 5°10 BJIeqeT 3a C060H 98°/0 H3MeHeHHH CTOHMOCTH cpYH.z:r.aMeHTa.
3a npe,lI.eJIaMH 3Toro HHTepBaJIa npH E> 5 MITa H3MeHeHHe MO-
.z:r.YJIH .z:r.ecpopMauHH npaKTHlJeCKH He BJIHHeT Ha CTOHMOCTb cpYH-
,lI.a MeHTa.
Pe3YJlbTaTbI Mo.z:r.eJIbHOrO npoeKTHpOBaHHH, npHBe.z:r.eHHble Ha
210

plfo. 6.4, no.z:r.TBepM.z:r.aIOT npe.z:r.nOJIOMeHHH 0 B3aHMo.z:r.eH:CTBIIH .OC-
HOBaHHH H cpYH.z:r.aMeHTa KaK e.z:r.HHoH CJIOMHO opraHH30BaHHOH: CH-
CTeMbI. 113MeHeHHH, npoHcxo.z:r.HIlI.He B O.z:r.HOH: no.z:r.CHCTeMe, BbI3bIBa-
lOT COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI.YIO peaKUHIO .z:r.PyrOH: nO.z:r.CHCTeMbI. OnTHMaJI-
HOe ynpaBJIeHHe B TaKOH: CHCTeMe B03MOMHO npM HaJIHlIHH
HH<l>opMauHH 0 KaM.z:r.OM H3 COCTaBJIHIOIlI.HX ee 3JIeMeHTOB C YlIeTOM
Bcero MHoro06pa3HH HX KOHCT1PYKTHBHoro, npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro,
CTPYKTYPHoro H na paMeTpHlJ:CCKOrO pellIeHHH:.
KaK BI1.z:r.HO H3 npHBe.ll.eHHbIX npHMepOB, Tpe60BaHHHM CHHn
B UeJIOM pH.z:r.e CJIYlJ:aeB y.z:r.OBJIeTBOpHeT .z:r.aMe HeBbICOKaH TOlJ:HOCTb
onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH MO.z:r.YJIH .z:r.ecpopMaUHH. TaK, npH cpep,HeM 3HalJ:eHHH
MO.z:r.YJIH .z:r.e<l>opMauHH £=30 Mna C norpelliHOCTlblO I1E=
= + 25 Mna (OTHoCHTeJIbHaH norpelliHOCTb EE=I1E/E=0,83)
nOJIYlJ:eHHaH TOlJ:HOCTb y.z:r.OBJIeTBOpHeT 'Ilpe60BaHHHM CHHn
2.02.01-83, TaK KaK £=£ + E=30 + 25>4 Mna [124]. TaKHM
06pa30M, npH paClJeTe oCHOBaHHH:, CJIOMeHHbJX paBHoMepHo CMH-
MaeMbIMH rpYHTaMH, 3HalJ:eHHe cpe.z:r.HeH: oca.z:r.KH, KaK npaBHJIO,
He HCnOJIb3yeTCH. He06xo.z:r.HMO JIHllIb npOBepHTb BbInOJIHeHHe
YCJIOBHH no CHHn 2.02.01-83:
,., p/Li
s=f\
E. -I1E.
i=l l l
DpH BbInOJIHeHHH 3Toro YCJIOBHH norpelliHOCTlb onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH E
MOMeT 6bITb BeJIHKa - BnJIO'nb .z:r.o EE=0,8-0,9, KaK B BbIllIenpH-
Be.z:r.eHHOM npHMepe.
O.z:r.HaKo eCTb CJIyqaH, KOr.ll.a Tpe6yeMaH .z:r.JIH paCqeTOB TOlI-
HOCTb onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH MO.z:r.YJIH .z:r.ecpopMauHH OlIeHb BblCOKa H HHor.z:r.a
.z:r.aMe BbJX0.ll.HT 3a npe.z:r.eJIbI B03MOMHOCTefi CYIlI.eCTBYIOIlI.HX MeTO-
.z:r.OB HCCJIe.z:r.oBaHHH:.
YCTaHOBJIeHO, l.ITO T01IHOCTb onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH MO.z:r.YJIH .z:r.ecpoPMaUHH
3aBHCHT OT KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH: 3.z:r.aHHH: H cooPYMeHlIH:,
a TaKMe OT CTeneHH H3MeH1.JUBOCTH CMHMaeMOCTH OCHOBaHHH.
HaH60JIee TOlJ:HbIe 3HalleHHH E He06xo.z:r.HMbI npH onpe.z:r.e.HeHHH
OTHOCHTeJIbHOH: pa3HocTH oca.z:r.OK cpYH.z:r.aMeHToB coce.z:r.HHX KOJIOHH
3.z:r.aHHH:, oc06eHHO Kor.z:r.a nJIOIlI.a.z:r.Ka H3bICKaHHH: HMeeT C.:10)KHOe
H H3MeHlJ:HBOe cTpoeHHe. AHaJIH3 npHJIOMeHHH 4 CHHn 2.02.01-83
nOKa3bIBaeT, lITO .z:r.OnycTHMaH npe.z:r.eJIbHaH OTHOCHTeJIlbHaH pa3-
HOC'fIb oca.z:r.OK H3MeHHeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHCTPYKUHH 3.z:r.aHHH
H paccToHHHH MeM.z:r.y OCHMH 6.110KOB cpYH.z:r.aMeHToB. 4CM BbIllie
rrpe.z:r.eJIbHaH pa3HocTb oca.z:r.OK, TeM 60JIee BbICOKaH TOllHOCTb Tpe-
6yeTcH npH onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH MO.z:r.YJIH .z:r.ecpQPMaUHH rpYHToB. npHBe-
.z:r.eHHbIe BbIllie paccYM.z:r.eHHH n03BOJIHIOT .z:r.JIH Ka)l{.z:r.OH: THnoBOrI
CXeMbJ reOJIOrO-TeXHH1.JeCKOrO 06'beKTa YCTaHoBHTb Tpe6yeMYIO
T01.JHOCTb onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH xapaKTepHcTHK .z:r.ecpopMHpyeMocTH H no.z:r.o-
6paTb cooTBeTcTBYIOIlI.He MeTO.ll.bI H3YlJ:eHHH H oueHKH.
TpeooBaHHH K TOlJ:HOCTH onpe.z:r.eJIeHHH npOlJ:HOCTHWX xapaTe-
pHCTHK. PaClJeT OCHOBaHHH no .z:r.ecpopMaUHHM npH npoeKTHpoBa-
14*
211

HHH 06neKTOB MaCCOBoro CTpOHTebCTBa peYCMaTpHBaeT orrpe-
eJIeHHe paCqeTHOrO corrpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHTOB OCHOBaHHH Ro.
B CTPYKTYPY cpOPMYJIbI JIH onpeeJIeHHH Ro BXOHT rrOKa3aTeJIH
rrpOqHOCTHbIX CBOHCTB rpYUTOB: yeJIbHOe CII.errJIeHHe C H yroJl
BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH cpo BeJlHqHHa Ro B CBOIO Oqepe,ZI.rb CYIl{eCTBeH-
HO 3aBHCHT OT IllHpHHbI nOOIllBbI cpYH.lI.aMeHTa. B HaCTOHIl{ee
BpeMH CTpOHTeJIbHaH rrpOMbIIllJIeHHOCTb BblrrYCKaeT cpYHaMeHTbI
I(OHKp.eTHhIX THrrQpa3MepOB H B CBH3H C 3THM HCCJle.lI.OBaHHe TOq-
b.,
a b.\1
4,0
3,0
2,0
.]8
1,0 0,02 0,04 e,M na
6
8 16 24 32 f{:
Puc. 6.5. 3aBllcHMoCTb III HPHl-Ibl <PYH.n.aMeHTa b: a - OT y.u.e.1bHoro cu,eIIJIeHHH
e; 6 - OT yrJIa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH cp rpYHToB OCHOBaHIiH
HOCTH OrrpeeJIeHHH rroKa3aTeJIeH rrpOqHOCTHWX xapaKTepHcTHK
rpYHTOB HMeeT CMbICJI JIHlllb B HeKOTopbIX HHTepBaJlaX, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIl{HX CTaHapTHbIM pa3MepaM cpYHaMeHTOB; PyrHMH CJIO-
BaMH, He JII060e H3MeHeHHe paCtIeTHOrO corrpOTHBJIeHHH rrpHBO.lI.HT
K H3MeHeHHIO pa3MepOB cpYHaMeHTa.
PaCCMOTpHM, KaK BJIHHeT TOqHOCTb OIIpeeJIeHHH rrpOqHOCTHbIX
xaiPaKTepHCTHK rpYHTa Ha BbI60p IllHpHHbI cpYHaMeHTa C yqeTOM
HX THrrOBbIX pa3MepOB, Ha npHMepe, rrpHBe.lI.eHHOM B pa60Te [124].
3aBHcHMoCTH IllHpHHbI cpYHaMeHTa OT rrpOqHOCTHbIX xapaKTe-
pHCTHK, H306pa:>KeHHbIe Ha pHC. 6.5, YCTaHOBJleHbI JIH YCJIOBHOrO
$YH.lI.aMeHTa; rrepeaIOIII.ero HarpY3KY Ha rpYHT P= 1200 KH
v= 17 KH/M 3 ; rJIy6HHa 3aJIO:>KeHH5I cpYHaMeHTa h= 1,60 M, npe-
BapHTeJIbHaH IllHpHHa 2,0 M.
I1crrOJIb3YH rpacpHKH, npHBe.lI.eHHbIe Ha !pHC. 6.5, C TOqHOCTlblO,
OCTaTOqHOH .lI.JIH rrpaKTHqeCKHX II.eJIeH, MO:>KHO YCTaHOBHTb, KaKHe
KOJIHqeCTBeHHwe H3MeHeHHH rrOKa3aTeJIeH C H cp rrpHBO.lI.HT K H3-
MeHeHHIO lllHpHHbI cpYHaMeHTa, T. e. B KaKHX HHTepBaJIax H3Me-
HeHHH rrpOqHOCTHX xapaKTepHcTHK He06xoHMO CTpeMHbCH K
OCTH:>KeHHIO BbICOKOH TOqHOCTH HX orrpeeJIeHHH. nO06HbIe
rpacpHKH MorYT 6bITb rrOCTpoeHbI JlH p\a3JIHtIHbIX KOHCTPYKII.HH H
THrrOB 3aHHH H coopY:>KeHHH, BXOHIl{HX B nOCHCTeMY reOJIoro-
TeXHHqeCKOrO 06'beKTa, C yqeTOM rrepeaBaeMbIx Ha OCHOBaHHe
HarpY30K. PacrrOJIaraH TaKHMH .lI.aHHhIMH, HH:>KeHep-reOJIor C H3-
BeCTHOH MepoH IIjpH6JIH:>KeHHH MO:>KeT YCTaHOBHTb Tpe6yeMYIO
TOlJHOCTb orrpe.lI.eJIeHHH C H cp H rro06paTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.He Me-
212

TO.ll.bI HX H3Y1.IeHIUI H OlLeHKH rrpH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKHX H3bI-
CKaHHHX .lI.JIH MaCCOBOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa. .
B03BpaIII.aHOb K pe3YJIbTaTaM HCCJIe)I.OBaHHH 3aBHCHMOCTeH:
rrpOlJ:HOCTHWX XapaKTepHCTHK OT rrapaMeTpOB CTaTHqeCKOro H"
,D.HHaMHqeCKOrO 30H)I.HpOBaHHH (rJIaBa 4), oTMeTHM, liTO B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT COqeTaHHH C H cp CYIlI.eCTByeT pa3JIHlIHaH "TOlIHOCTh
orrpe)I.eJIeHHH 3THX xapaKTepHCTHK. ,L:lJIH rrWJIeBaTO-r JIHHHCTblX
rpYHTOB (MopeHa, JIeCCOBbIe), rrpOllHOCTb KOTOpbIX cpopMHpyeTcH
a.>
:s:
:I:
OJ
r::;
cc
:s:
f-
o :a
0.. 0
t: I-
o :I:
U>,
 e-
:I:
I-
 YrOJ1 BHYTpeHHe ro rpeHHH
u
a: nOKa3aTeJ111 np04HOCTHbiX CBOHCTB
PHC. 6.6. 3aBHcHMoCTb paclIeTHoro COIIpOTHBJIeHHH rpYHToB OT HX npOllHOCT-
HhIX xapaKTepHCTHK
rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M 3a CqeT Cu.errJIeHHH, rrorpelllHocTb orrpe)I.eJIeHHH
cp rrpaKTHqeCKH He 6Y)I.eT CKa3b1B3TbCH Ha BeJIH1.IHHe paCqeTHOrO
corrpOTHBJleHHH rpYHTOB. ,I:LJIH MopeHHbIX H JIeCCOBbIX rrbIJIeBaTO-
rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB (CM. Ta6JI. 4.18) 3HalJ:eHHH yrJloB BHYTpeHHero
TpeHHH Ha 60JIblllOM )I.Harra30He H3MeHeHHH rrapaMeTpoB.30H)I.H-
pOBaHHH H y.u.eJIbHOrO cu.enJleHHH rrpaKTHlIecKH OCTaIDTCH rrOCTO-
HHHbIMH. B neClIaHbIX rpYHTax, npOqHOCTb KOTOpbIX cpopMHpyeTcH
B OCHOBHOM 3a CqeT BHYTpeHHero TpeHH5J. (3a HCKJIIDqeHHeM rreCKOB
C XOpOlllO pa3BHTbIMH CTPYKTypHbIMH CBH3HMH), Hao60poT, T01.l-
HOCTIb onpe)I.eJIeHHH cu.errJIeHHH He HMeeT CYIlI.eCTBeHHoro 3Halle-
HHH.
T a 6 JI H IJ. a 6.4. onycTHMhle norpeWHOCTH C H cp
llIHpHHa
rPYH)I.aMeH-
Ta, M
OTHOCHTeJIbHaH norpeIllHOCTb
:I: eq> npH 3HaQeHHHX c, Mna
OTHOCHTeJIbHaH norpemHOCTb
::I:: Ec npH 3HaQeHHHX c:p,. rpa.!t
o
0,03
0.07
18
30
38
1,2
1,5
1,8
2, I
2,4
2,7
3,0
3,3
3,6
0,056
0,047
0,045
0,044
0,042
0,097
0,104
0, 132
0,158
0,266
0,333
0, 180
0,228
0,258
0,466
0,18
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,20
0,20
0,24
0,31
0,43
0,40
0,53
213

I1pHBe.z:r.eHHble paCCY1K,lI.eHHH XOpOlliO HJIJIIOCTPHPYIOTCH CXeMOH
H3 pa60TbI [124] (pHC. 6.6), oTKy.z:r.a BH.z:r.HO, qTO .z:r.JlH rJIHHHCTbIX
rpYHTOB nOrpelliHOCTh orrpe.z:r.eJleHHH C CHJIlbHO BJIHHeT Ha BeJIH-
lIHHY Ro H COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha pa3MepbI <PYH)I.aMeHTa; B03MO}l{HbIe
01lIH6KH H onpe)I.eJIeHHH cp He HMelOT CYllleCTBeHHoro 3HatIeHHH,
TaK I{aK .z:r.OJIH BKJIa.z:r.a SToro napaMeTpa B 061llee conpOTHBJleHHe
rpYHTa c.z:r.BHry HeBeJlHKa. I1poTHBOnOJIO:>KHaH KapTHHa Ha6JIIO)J.a..
eTCH Y neCKOB.
OpHeHTHpOBOqHble 3HaqeHHH .z:r.onYCTHMbIX nqrpelliHoCTefI onpe-
:1\ OPY 6 0
' t \
t \ 
5 2'
'.........
................----
3 I I. - .
0,02 0,04 0,06 c.Mna
PHC. 6.7. 3aBHcHMoCTb CTOHMO-
CTH <PYH.naMeHTa OT HopMaTHB-
Horo 3ftatJeHHH y.n.eJlbHoro cu.eIIJle-
HHH (no B. A. nbIptJeHKo): 1 -
«TH>KeJlaH» I<OHCTPYKIJ.HH; 2-
«JIerKaH» KOHCTPYKIJ.HH
)I.eJl€HHH npOllHOCTHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT llIHpHHbI
QJYH}1.aMeHTa' H CBOHCTB rpYHTOB, nOJIyqeHHble npH QJHKCHpOBaH-
HbIX 3HaqeHHHX C H cp, npHBe,lI.eHbI B Ta6J1. 6.4 [124].
I1cCJle.z:r.oBaHHHMH B. A. nblplleHKO [114] YCTaHOBJleHO, liTO
,lI.JIH nbIJleBaTO-rJlHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB HaH60JlbllIee BJlHHHHe Ha KOH-
CTiPYKU.HIO H CTOHMOCTb cpYH,lI.aMeHTa OKa3bIBalOT )I.Ba napaMeTpa:
MO.z:r.YJlb ,lI.ecpopMau.HH H y.z:r.eJlbHOe cu.enJleHHe. 3aBHCHMOCTb MeM.z:r.y
CTOHMOCTblO cpYH.z:r.aMeHTa H y.z:r.eJI1bHbIM cu.errJIeHHeM nOKa3aHa Ha
pHC. 6.7.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3J10JKeHHbIM B .z:r.eiicTBYlOllI.HX pecny6J1HKaH-
CKHX HopMarHBHbIx .z:r.OKYMeHTax PCH 23-85 H PCH 62-87 .z:r.JlH
60JllbIllOfI rpynnbI 3,lI.aHHH H coopY}l{eHHH 3HalleHHH npOllHOCTHblX
H ,lI.ecpopMau.HoHHblX xapaKTepHcTHK ,lI.OnycKaeTcH YCTaHaBJlHBaTb
no pe3YJIbTaTaM 30H.z:r.HpoBaHHH, cpaKTHlIeCKaH TOllHOCTb KOTOpbIX
YOBJIeTBOpHeT npe)I.'bHBJUleMbIM Tpe60BaHHHM. HenOcpe,lI.CTBeHHoe
onpe.z:r.eJIeHHe MO,lI.YJlH ,lI.ecpopMau.HH, yrJIa BHYTpeHHero 'llPeHHH H
Y,lI.€J1bHOrO cu.enJleHHH npHMbIMH cTaH.z:r.apTHbIMIi MeTO,lI.aMH He
06H3aTeJIbHO. I1CKJIlOlIeHHe COCTaBJlHIOT TOJIlbKO pblXJIble neCKH Ii
CJIa6bIe rJlHHHCTble rpYHTbI.
Onpe,lI.eJleHHe COCTaBa H 06'beMOB pa60T. np0II:e,lI.ypa onpe,rr.e-
JleHHH COCTaBa H 06'beMOB pa60T, Tpe6yeMbIx .z:r.JlH HH>KeHepHO-
reOJlOrHlIeCKHX HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH Jle,lI.HHKOBblX MaCCHBOB, HBJIHeTCH
Ba}l{HbIM H OTBeTCTBeHHbIM MOMeHTOM BO Bcef! TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKOH
cxeMe H3YlIeHHH H ou.eHKH reOJIOrO-TeXHHlIeCKHX 06'beKTOB. OT ee
npaBHJlbHOrO OCYlll.eCTBJleHHH 3aBHCHT B KOHellHOM CqeTe KaqeCTBO
214

HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKHX H3bICKaHHH, HX CTOHMOCTlb II CpOKH
BbInOJIHeHH5I.
KaK BH.u.HO H3 pHC. 6.2, COCTaB H 060eM pa60T no H3Y1JeHHIq
no.u.CHCTeMbI OCHOBaHHH (MaccHBa) B CHCTeMe fTO .n;JIH Macco-
Boro c11PoHTeJIbCTBa 3aBHCHT OT ceMH paccMoTpeHHblx HaMH no-
3HII.HH. B CBOIO 01Jepe.u.b B npou:ecc onpe.u.eJIeHHH cocTaBa If 060-
eMOB BXO,lI.HT paC1JeTbI napaMeTpoB CHCTeMbI nYHKToB nO"TIY1.IeHH5I
HHcpopMaUHH [7] H BbI60p KOMnJIeKCa MeTo.u.OB HCCJIe,Z:{oBaHuii.
CTOHMOCTb HH}KeHejpHo-reOJIOrH1JeCKOrO H3Y1JeHHH H oueHKH
frO MO}KHO BbIpa3HTb KaK cpYHKIJ.HIO Tpex OCHOBHbIX napaMeTpoB
(nepeMeHHbIx) :
G = f (K, P, S),
r,lI.e K - KaTerOpH5I CJIO}KHOCTH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1JeCKHX YCJIO-
BHH, Bblpa>KeHHaH B KOJIH1JeCTBeHHbIX nOKa3aTeJIHX H onpe.z:r.eJIHIO-
maH KOJIH1JeCTBO T01JeK HCCJIe.u.OBaHHH Ha e.u.HHHuy"nJIOIII.a}1.H, pac-
CT.OHHHH Me>K.u.y CKBa!>KHHaMH, T01.IKaMH 30H.u.HpOBaHHH H T. n.;
P - HarjpY3Ka OT cooPY>KeHHH,' onpe.u.eJI5IIOIII.a51 rJIy6HHY HCCJIe-
.u.OBaHHH; S - nJIOIII.a,Z:{b HCCJIe,Z:{yeMoH nJIOIII.a.u.KH H3bICKaHHiL
113 nepe1JHCJIeHHbIX aprYMeHTOB HaH60JIlblIIYIO Heonpe,Z:{eJIeH-
HOCTb (B CMbICJIe KOJlHqeCTBeHHoro BbIpa>KeHHH) HMeeT KaTerOpH5I
CJlO>KHOCTH YCJIOBHH.
B OTJIH1JHe OT nOCTaHOBKH 3a,Z:{a1.J:H, npHHHTOH B HopMaTHBHO-
MeTo.u.H1JeCKHX ,Z:{OKYMeHTax, npe.u.JIO}KHM CBOIO TpaKTOBKY onpe.u.e-
JleHHH KaTeropHH CJlO}KHOCTH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1JeCKHX YCJ10BHH
Jle.u.H.HKOBbIX MaCCHBOB C yqeTOM cpaKTopOB, OKa3bIBalOIII.HX BJIH-
}lHHe Ha OUeHKY KaTeropHH CJIO>KHOCTH Bcero MaCCHBa.
Ha Halli B3r JI5I.u., npH onpe.u.eJIeHHH KaTeropHH CJIO}I{HOCTH
.u.OJI}J{HbI yqHTbIBaTbCH CJIe.z:r.YIOI.IJ.He cpaKTopbI H COOTBeTCTBYlOllUle
HM 6aJIJIbI. .
1. PeJJbecp:
2. KOJItJecTBO npe)l.BapH-
TeJIbHO BbI)l.eJIeH HbIX no
30H.u.HpoBaHHIO I1H}KeHep-
HO- reOJIOrHtJeCKHX 9JIe-
MeI-ITOB:
3. XapaKTep npocTpaHcTBeH-
BOH I13MeHtJHBOCTII
CBOHCTB rpYHToB no 3OH-
)l.HpOBaH HIO:
pOBHbIH
HepoBHblH
paC1JJIeHeH HbIH
npocTble <3
CpeJI.HeH CJIO:>KHOCTH (3-5)
CJIO}KHble >5
craUHoHapHaH no nJIOllJ.a.u.H
II rJIy6HHe
HecTaUHOHapHaH no rJIy6HHe
II CT8II.HOHapHaH no nJIoa-
AH
- 0,
- I,
- 2.
-0,
-I ,
-2 .
-0,
-1,
HeCTaII.HOHapHa5I no nJIom.a-
AH }I r JIy6HHe -- 2.
215

4. CTeneHb H3MeHqHBOCTH
C1KHMaeMOCTH OCHOBaHHH
no 30H,lJ,HpOBaHHlO:
5. rJIy6HHa 3aJleraHHH rpYH-
TOBbIX BOt}. C yqeTOM npo-
rH03HpyeMoro ypOBHH:
6. ct>H3HKO-reOJIOrHqeCKHe
npou.eccbI H HBJleHHH:
CHJlbHaH a>5,
cpe,lJ,HHH a=3-5,
CJlaOaH a<3,
2,
1,
o.
rpYHTOBbIe BO)J.bl 3aJleralOT
HH1Ke ccpepbI B3aHMo,lJ.eMcTBHH
rpYHToBbIe BO,lJ.bI 3aJIeralOT
B ccpepe B3aHMo,lJ.eHCTBHH, HO
HH1Ke r Jly6HHbi 3aJIO}KeHHH
cpYH.ZI.aMeHTOB
rpYHToBbIe BO.ZI.bI 3aJIeralOT
B npe.ZI.eJlax r .ny6HHbI 33J10-
1KeHHH cpYH,lJ.aMeHToB
-0,
-1,
-2.
OTCYTCTBYIOT
naCCHBHbIe
aKTHBHbIe
-0,
-1,
-2.
MaKCHMaJIlbHaH CYMMa 6aJlJlOB no BceM cpaKTOIpaM COCTaBJlHeT
12. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM npHBe.ZI.eM 06ll1.YlO KJIaCcHcpHKau.HlO
CJlOMHOCTH:
TIPH cYMMe OaJlJlOB OT 0 ,Z:{O 4 - I KaTeropHH CJIOMHOCTH (npo-
CTbIe YCJIOBHH), OT 4 .ZI.O 8 - II KaTeropHH (cpe.ZI.HeU CJIOJKHOCTH),
OT 8 .lI.O 12 - III KaTerOpHH (CJlO1KHbIe YCJlOBHH).
ITOCKOJlbKY Ka}K.ZI.bIu H3 cpaKTopoB HeO,Z:{H03HaQHO BJlHHeT Ha
CJIO>KHOCTb YCJlOBHH, COCTaB, 06'beMbI H MeTO,lJ,HKY pa60T H B KO-
HellHOM CQeTe Ha CTOHMOCTb cpYH,lJ,aMeHTa, HeOOxO.ZI.HMO YQHTbIBaTb
Bec KaM,Z:{oro cpaKTopa, HanpHMep, C nOMOlll.blO HHTerpaJIIbHOrO
IIOKa3aT.eJIH [7]:
n
I = I giRh
i=l
r.u.e R i - oueHKa i-ro cpaKTopa, g i - ero Bec.
OCTaJIbHbIe .ZI.Ba napaMeTpa, OOYCJIOBJIHBalOlllHe CTOHMOCTb
113bICKaHHH, YCTaHaBJlHBalOTCH H3!:>ICKaTeJIHM npoeKTHOH opraHH-
3aUHeH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THnOB cpYH.u.aMeHTOB H KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX
ocooeHHOCTeu 3.ZI.aHHU, a TaK}Ke reOMeTpHqeCKHX Ipa3MepOB HX B
nJIaHe.
PaClleT napaMeTpOB CHCTeMbI nYHKTOB nOJIYQeHHH HHcpopMa-
UHH. O.u.Ha H3 pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX HH1KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKHX 3a-
.u.all 3aKJIIOlIaeTCH B H3YlIeHHH cnoc06a pacnpe,Z:{eJIeHHH TOQeK no-
JlYlleHHH HHcpapMaUHH Ha .ZI.BYMepHOH nOBepXHOCTH (nJIOlll.a,Z:{Ke
H3bICKaHHH:). 3TH TOQKH ,lI.OJIMHhI COOTBeTCTBOBal1b B nepBYIO alle-
pe.lI,b MeCTaM 30H.ZI.HpOBaHHH H 6ypeHHSI. 3a.ZI.aQa MOJKeT COCTOHTb
B oueHKe O,lI.HOpO}1.HOCTH H nJIOTHOCTH paCll1pe.ZI.eJleHHH TOlleK Ha-
6JIIO,lI.eHHH B npe.u.eJIax CTpOHTeJIbHOH nJlOlll.a,Z:{KH HJIH B H3YIleHHH
216

CBH3H TOlJeK .z:r.pyr C J1.pyrOM. CYlll.eCTBYlOllI.He CXeMbl paCI10JIO:>Ke-
HHH TOqeK HCCJIe.z:r.OBaHHH Ha I1JIOwa.z:r.KaX H3bICKaHHH: MO:>KHO pa3-
)I.eJIHTb Ha TPH KaTerOpHI1: paBHOMepHble, CJIyqaH:Hble H rpynl1d-
Bble [45]. KOHetIHO, B oT.z:r.eJIrbHblX CJIytlBHX MorYT BCTpellaTbCH
cxeMbl pacnOJIO:>KeHHH TOlleK, 3aHHMalOllI.He npOMe:>KYTOtIHOe nOJIO-
.>KeHHe Me:>K.z:r.y nepellHCJIeHHbIMI1 KpBHHHMH THrraMH, O.z:r.HBKO Ka:>K-
.z:r.aH TaKaH cxeMa C H3BecTHoH MepoH I1!pH6JIH}I{eHHH MO:>KeT 6bITb
npHBe.neHa K O.z:r.HOMY H3 3THX THI10B.
CxeMY pacnOJIO:>KeHHH TOqeK HB nJIOlll.a.lI.Ke 6y.z:r.eM Ha3blBaTb
paBHoMepHoH, eCJIH IIJIOTHOCllb TOtIeK HB JII060M O.z:r.HOM ytIaCTKe
nJIOlll.a.lI.KH H3blCKaHHH paBHa I1JIOTHOCTH TOlleK Ha JII060M .lI.PyroM
ytIBCTKe nJIOlll.a)I,KH Toro iJKe pa3Mepa. CxeMa Ha3bIBaeTCH pery-
JIHpHOH, eCJIH TOllKH 06pa3YIOT KaKOH-JIH60 BH.z:r. ceTH. 31'0 3HBlIHT,
tITO pBCCTOHHHH Me:>K.z:r.y TOllKaMH, JIe>Kalll.HMH Ha HeKOTopOM HB-
nipaBJIeHHH ceTH, OCTalOTCH nOCTOHHHbIMH .z:r.JIH Bcex nap TOlleK
Ha nJIOll1a.lI.Ke. CJIyqaHHaH cxeMB B03HHKBeT B TOM CJIytIBe, eCJIH
JII06BH nO.lI.06JIaCTb O.lI.HOrO pa3Mepa 06JIa.z:r.BeT O.z:r.HOH H TOH :>Ke
BepOHTHOCTblO 110HBJIeHHH B HeH TOtIKH H nOHBJIeHl1e O.z:r.HHX TOlJeK
He BJIHHeT HB nOHBJIeHHe J1JPyrHx [45].
OpH H3yqeHHH H ou.eHKe JIe.z:r.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH, xapaKTepH-
3YIOllI.HXCH BblCOKOH H3MeHlJHBOCTbIO, HBH60JIee u.eJIeC006pa3Ha
CJIyqaHHaH cxeMa pacnOJIO:>KeHHH TOtIeK, n03BOJIHIOllI.BH cocpe.lI.o-
TOlJHTb OCHOBHble 06'beMbl HCCJIe.z:r.oBaHHH HB yqBCTKaX C HaHMeHee
6JIarOnpHHTHblMH H HaH60JIee xapaKTepHbIMI1 HH>KeHepHO-reOJIo-
rHlIeCKHMH YCJIOBHHMH. ,L{JIH npe.z:r.Bapl1TeJIlbHOrO BblHBJIeHHH TaKHX
YlJaCTKOB He06xo.nHMO HCnOJIb30BaTb .z:r.eUIeBble H )I.OCTaTOllHO 3cp-
cpeKTHBHble reocpH3HlJeCKHe MeTo.z:r.bl, B lIaCTHOCTH, BepTHKaJIIbHOe
3JIeKTpHtJecKoe 30H.lI.HpOBBHHe. ECJIH H3MeHlIHBOCTb CBOHCTB rpYH-
TOB B npe,a,eJIax I1JIOlll.a.nKH H3blCKaHHH HeBbICOKBH, TO MO:>KHO HC-
nOJIb30BaTb perYJIH'PHble H paBHOMepHble cxeMbl, KOTopbIe npe06-
JIa.u.aIOT B npaKTHKe HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlJeCKHX HCCJIe.u.oBBHHH.
npH H3YlJeHHH H ou.eHKe JIe.ll.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH .z:r.JIH Macco-
Boro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa Ba:>KeH Bonpoc 0 He06xo.nHMOM H .lI.OCTBTOlJHOM
KOJIHQeCTBe HcnblTaHHii rpYHTOB, B lIaCTHOCTH CKOpOCTHblMH Me-
To.u.aMH nCCJIe.u.oBaHHH (cTBTHlJeCKHM H .lI.HHaMHlleCKHM 30H.lI.HpO-
BaHHeM), 0 .lI.OnYCTHMbIX paCCTOHHHHX Me:>K.lI.Y TOlJKaMH 30H.nHpO-
BaHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' HeO.lI.Hopo.z:r.HOCTH H rrpocTpaHcTBeHHoH
H3MeHQHBOCTH CBOHCTB rpYHToB.
leTo.nHKa paClJeTa napaMeTpoB perYJIHbIX CHCTeM nYHKTOB
IIOJIyqeHHH HHcpOpMaU.I1H ,l(OCTaTOlJHO nO.ZI.p06HO H3JIO:>KeHa B pB60-
Te r. K. EOH.z:r.apHKa [7]. DpuMeHeHHe 3TOH MeTO.ll.HKH 3cpcpeKTHB-
HO rrpn HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlIeCKOM H3YlJeHHH KpynHblx TeppHTo-
PHH, B npe.neJIBX KOTOpbIX MorYT B nOJIHOH Mepe npoHBHTbCH 3a-
KOHoMepHocTH npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHtIHBOCTH O1'JIO.>KeHHH, T. e.
IIPH npoBe.lI.eHHH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHlJeCKHX C'beMOK pa3JIHlIHbIX
Mac1IITa60B. B TO :>Ke BpeMH npH H3bICKaHHHX )I.JIH MBCCOBoro CTpOH-
TeJItbCTBa, Kor.lI.B H3YtIalOTCH npHpo.nHble YCJIOBHH nJIOlll.a.u.OK 01'-
.lI.eJIbHbIX 3.lI.aHHH H coopY:>KeHHH, KaKHe-JIH60 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H3-
217

MeHeHHH cBoHcTB rpYHTOB B aTepabHOH nOCKOCTH, KaK npa-
BHO, YCTaHOBHT1b He rrpe)l.CTaBHeTCH B03MO:>KHbIM, TaK KaK B 60b-
IIlHHCTBe CYIIaeB OHH rrO)l.aBHIOTCH (ByaJ1HpYIOTCH) OKabHOH
HeOHopOHOCTblO rropo@ B cepe B3aHMoeHCTBHH noeKTHpy-
€M@X cOOPY}I{eHHH C rpYHTaMH. B 3THX cyqaHX npH onpe.lI.eeHHH
KOJIHQeCTBa TOqeK HcnbITaHHij: H paCCTOHHHH Me:>KY HHMH Heo6-
XOHMO yqHTbIBaTb raBHbIM 06pa30M BepTHKabHYIO H3MeHtIH-
BOCTb eHHKOBbIX TOIII., paCCMOTpeHHYIO B raBe 2. B CBH3H C
TeM IITO eHHKOBbIe OTO:>KeHHH, KaK rrpaBHJIO, pa3,lI.eHIOTcH Ha
)l.Ba ropH30HTa, xapaKTepH3YIOllI.HeCH pa3JIHQHbIMH 3Hat.IeHHHMH
nOKa3aTeeH HX H3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHX CBOHCTB H pa3HoH H3MeH-
qHBOCTblO (rrepBH'lHaH H BTOpHqHaH), KOJIHtIeCTBO TOtIeK HcnbITa-
HHH, OqeBH,lI.HO, )l.O:>KHO 6bITb HeOHHaKOBbIM H BepxHero H
HH:>KHerO ropH30HTOB, KaK H paccToHHHH Me:>K.n;y .9THMH TOtIKaMH.
BepxHHH ropH30HT, HMelOIII.HH 6oee BbICOKYIO H3MeHQHBOCTb
CBOHCTB rPYHToB, O:>KeH H 60JIee TllI.aTeJI1bHO H3yqaTbCH.
OTMeTHM, QTO B CYIII.eCTBYIOIII.HX HopMaTHBHblX oKYMeHTax
peKOMeH,lI.yeMbIe COCTaBbI H 06'beMbI pa60T npH HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIo-
rHt.JeCKHX H3@CKaHHHX ,lI.H MaCCOBoro CTpOHTebCTBa He YBH3aHbI
C ,lI.HcpepeHu.Hau.HeH e,lI.HHKOB@X (KaK, BnpOtIeM, H PyrHX)
TOIII. no rJIy6HHe. TIpHBe,lI.eHHbIe B HHX IpeKOMeH.n;aIl.HH, B qaCT-
HOCTH, no KOJIHQeCTBY TOqeK lcnbITaHHH 30HHpOBaHHeM, paCCTO-
HHHHM Me:>K,lI.Y TOqKaMH 30HHpOBaHHH H 6YPOBblMH CKBa}KHHaMH,
pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha BCIO cepy B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHH (MOIll.HOCTb
C:>KHMaeMOH TOllI.H) .
AHaH3 pe3YbTaTOB IIlTaMnOBbIX HcnbITaHHH H ,lI.eOpMaIl.HH
OCHOBaHHH 3,lI.aHHH H coopY:>KeHHH, BbICTpoeHHbIX Ha e,lI.HHKOBbIX
06pa30BaHHHX, rrOKa3bIBaeT, qTO KOHu.eHTpaIl.HH OnOJIHHTejbHbIX
HanIPH:>KeHHII OT coopy.}KeHHH npOHCXOHT B OCHOBHOM B BepXHeH
qaCTH C2KHMaeMOH TOJIIII.H, HenOCpe,lI.CTBeHHO B3aHMoeHCTBYIOllI.eH
C YH)l.aMeHTOM. B 3TOH qaCTH oca,lI.KH OCTHraIOT 70-80 0/ 0 , a B
OT,lI.ebHbIX cYQaHX 90 % OT HX 06llI.eH BeJIH'lHHbI B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT COCTaBa, COCTOHHHH H cBoHcTB rpYHToB, a TaK:>K.e xa paKTepa HX
rrpocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHqHBOCTH. KpoMe Toro, OT YKa3aHHbIX
rrapaMeTpoB 3aBHCHT H ry6HHa pacnpocTpaHeHHH 30HbI npeeb-
Horo paBHOBeCHH, MOllI.HOCTb KOTOpOH, 06ycOBJIeHHaH 3KcTpe-
MabHbIMH 3HaqeHHHMH rrpOqHOCTHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK JIeHHKOBbIX
OTJIO>KeHHH, nHBeeHHbIx BbIUle, COCTaBJIHeT OT 0,5 )1.0 2,0 UlHpH-
HbI CPYHaMeHToB, B3aHMoeHcTBYIOIII.HX C rpYHTaMH.
B CBH3H C TeM qTO HarpY3Ka OT coopY:>KeHHH, nepeaBaeMaH
Ha rpYHTbI, 3aJIeralOIII.He B aKTHBHoH 30He, C rJIy6HHoH CHH>KaeT-
CH, Tpe6yeTcH cOBepUleHHo pa3JIHtIHaH TOtIHOC11b orrpeeeHHH
xapaKTepHcTHK eopMHpyeMocTH, KOTopaH OJI:>KHa YMeHbUlaTb-
CH C ry6HHoH 3aJIeraHHH CJIOeB C:>KHMaeMOH TOJIllI.H. HaH60ee
BbICOKaH TOtIHOCTb HYJKHa rrpH onpeeJIeHHH C:>KHMaeMOCTU Bepx-
HHX coeB. OnpeeJIeHHe MOYH e<t>opMaIl.HH npYHTOB HH,}I{HerO
ropH30HTa B 60JIlbllIHHCTBe CJIYtIaeB MO}KHO npoH3BoHTb KOCBeH-
HbIMH MeToaMH H B rrepBYIO oIIepeb CTaTHqeCKHM H .lI.HHaMH-
218

tJeCKHM 30H,Z:{HpOBaHHeM. CJI.eJIaHHbIe BbIBO,Z:{bI n03BOJIHIOT HaH60-
JIee ,Z:{HcpcpepeHII.HpOBaHHO nO,Z:{OHTH K H3yqeHHID H OII.eHKe JIe,Z:{H-
KOBbIX MaCCHBOB C yqeTOM 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH
H3MeHlIHBOCTH CBOHCTB rpYHTOB, a TaK}Ke COBMeCTHOH pa60TbI OC.;
HOBaHHH H cpYH,Z:{aMeHTa.
npHse,rr.eHHbIe B npe,Z:{bI'z:{YIlI.HX rJIaBaX xapaKTepHCTHKH H3MeH-
tJHBOCTH CBOHCTB JIe,Z:{HHKOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH B 60JIbillOH CTeneHH
3aBHCHT OT reOMeTpHlIeCKOH 6a3bI H Ipa3MepOB reOMeTpHlIeCKOrO
s
1,2
0,8
PHC. 6.8. 3aBliCHMOCTb Bbl.
60pOllHoro cpe.n.Hero KBaA.
paTHQeCKOro OTKJIOHeHHH
OT lIHCJIa OIIpe.n.eJIeHlu1:
IIpH3HaKa
0,4
,
20 40 60 80 100 120 n
nOJIH orrpo60BaHHH [65]. BJIHHHHe reOMeTpHlIeCKOH 6a3bI CKa3bI:
BaeTCH B YMeHbllleHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH H3MeHlIHBOCTH no Mepe pOCTa
pa3Mepa nOJIH onp060BaHHH, a TaK}Ke KOJIHlIeCTBa onpe,Z:{eJIeHHH
(pHC. 6.8). KaK H3BeCTHO, O,Z:{Ha H3 xapaKTepHcTHK H3MeHlIHBO-
CTH - cpe,Z:{Hee KBa,Z:{paTHlIeCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe - onpe,Z:{eJIHeTCH no
cpopMYJIe
s = V  (x  X)2 .
(6.1 )
Ha pHC. 6.8 npHBe,Z:{eHbI rpacpHKH 3aBHCHMOCTH S OT lIHCJIa
onpe,Z:{eJIeHHH n npH pa3JIHlIHbIX cpHKcHpoBaHHbIx 3HalIeHHHX
 (x-x) 2, 3a KOTopble rrpHHHTbI BeJIHlIHHbI, COOTBeTCTBYIOIlI.He
MaKCHMaJI1bHbIM 3HalleHHHM ,Z:{HcnepCHH, nOJIYlleHHbIX no pe3YJIb-
TaTaM MaCCOBbIX HcnbITaHHH npH BblnOJIHeHHH OrrepaII.HH Mo,Z:{eJIH-
pOBaHHH ,Z:{JIH pa3JIHlIHbIX THITOB rpYHTOB. 3aMeTHoe YMeHbllleHHe
S HaOJIIO,Z:{aeTCH ,Z:{O 3HaqeHHH n= 50-60. npH ,Z:{aJIbHeHllleM YBe-
JIHlIeHHH KOJIHqeCTBa onpe,Z:{eJIeHHH lIHCJIO 3JIeMeHTOB HeO,Z:{HOpo,Z:{-
HOCTH B 06'beMe MaCCHBa CTaHOBHTCH CTOJIb 60JIIllHM, qTO YCTa-
HaBJIHSaeTCH HeKOTopoe cpe,Z:{Hee 3HaqeHHe rrOKa3aTeJIH H3MeHlIH-
BOCTH, KOTopoe B ,Z:{aJIbHeHllleM Y}I{e nOlITH He MeHHeTCH (TaK Ha-
3bIBaeMaH YCTOHIIHBaH ,Z:{HcnepCHH CBOHCTB).
PaCCMOTpHM nOJIH cpe,Z:{HeKBa,Z:{paTHlIeCKHX OTKJIOHeHHH TIOKa-
3aTeJIeM CBOHCTB, nIPHBe,Z:{eHHbIe B rJIaBe 2. nOCKOJIbKY 3TH nOJIH
nOCTpoeHbI no pe3YJIbTaTaM MaCCOBoro 30H,Z:{HpOBaHHH, BbInOJIHeH-
Horo Ha HeCKOJIbKHX YlIaCTKaX H3bICKaHHH (n50-60), nOJIY-
lIeHHble H30JIHHHH a MO>KHO B nepBOM npH6JIH}I{eHHH ClIHTa'Ilb H30-
JIHHHHMH YCTOHqHBOH ,Z:{HcnepcHH. Onpe,Z:{eJIHH B JII060H TOllKe
219

TeppHTopHH no KapTaM noneH nOKa3aTeneH CBOHCTB cpeHHe
apH<pMeTHqeCKHe 3HaqeHHH P1I, Hero Cpe)1.Hero KBapaTH1.IeCKoro
OTKnOHeHHH 0 PJJ: MO)KHO HaHTH MHHHManbHoe KOnHqeCTBO TOqeK
30H)1.HpOBaHHH, Heooxo,nHMoe ,nJlH JI.OCTH)KeHHH 3aaHHOH T01.JHO-
CTH BbI1JHCJIeHHH cpe,lJ,Hero:
n=
52
2-
PX-x 2
(6.2)
re S2 - BbIOOpOqHaH HcnepCHH nOKa3aTenH 30HHpOBaHHH, V'X-
nOKa3aTenb TOqHOCTH, X - Cpe,ll.Hee 3HaqeHHe nOKa3aTenH 30H)1.H-
pOBaHHH.
TOqHOC BqHCneHHH cpeHero onpe)1.CnHeTCH nOK33aTeJleM
TOqHOCTH, KOTOpbIH BbIqHCnHeTCH no 4>opMyne
5;- 5
Px = X = xV n
(6.3)
re SX' - CTaHapTHaH OlliHOKa cpeHero apH<pMeTHqeCKoro.
3TOT MeTO oeHKH HeOOXOHMoro qHCJla HcnTaHHH rpYHTa
npenonaraeT, qTO MbI 3apaHee pacnOJlaraeM 3HaqeHHHMH p. I1x
MO}KHO nonyqHTb H3 npeBapHTeJIbHOrO Heoonbllloro no 06'beMY
onpOOOBaHHH (cepHH HcnbITaHHH) HnH no TaonHe, npHBe)1.eHHoi'r
B fOCT 20522-75. Cne,nyeT OTMeTHTb, qTO ,naHHbIe TaonHbI 0600-
I.IJ;eHbI no BceM rpYHTaM oe3 yqeTa HX COCTaBa, cneH<pH1.JeCKnX
ocooeHHocTeH H He co,nep}KaT npHMbIX YKa3aHHH no onpeeJIeHHIO
TOqHOCTH HenocpeCTBeHHO rrapaMeTpOB 30HHpOBaHHH. BbInon-
HeHHbIe aBTopOM HccneOBaHHH nOKa3aJlH, qTO cpe)1.HHe 3HaqeHHH
nOKa3aTenH p napaMeTpOB 30H)1.HpOBaHHH )1.JlH neHHKOBbIX OTno-
)KeHHH COCTaBnHIOT -... 6% (0,06) JlH BepxHero H -... 8% (0,08)
JIH HH)KHero ropH30HTa. KOnH1.IeCTBO HcnbITaHHH HeOOXOJ1MO on-
pe)1.eJIHTb pa,lJ,eJlbHO JlH neCKOB H )1.BYX ropH30HTOB MopeHHx
rpYHToB. .
ITocKOJlbKY HaHOOJIblllaH CTeneHlb H3MeHqHBOCTH C}KHMaeMOCTH
rpYHToB no BepTHKaJIH xapaKTepHa ,nnH MopeHHbIx rpYHToB Bepx-
Hell H HH-)KHeH 30HbI, paCCMOTpHM MeTOHKY onpeeJIeHHH KonH-
qeCTBa TOqeK 30H,nHpOBaHHH )1.nH 3THX ,nBYX ropH30HTOB HCXOH
H3 cpe)J.HHX 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeneH H3MeHQHBOCTH, BbIpa}KeHHbIX
HX BbIOOPOqHbIMH cpeHHMH KBapaTHqeCKHMH OTKnOHeHHHMH
(CM. r naBY 2), H COOTBeT.CTBYIOI.IJ;HX HM 3HaqeHHH P]1.. I1cnonb3YSl
<popMyny (6.2) C yqeTOM TOqHOCTH olI'tPeeJIeHHH PlI.J nonyqHM
nH BepxHero ropH30HTa nl =20, nH HH)KHerO n2= 10, qTO no-
TBep)KaeT npe)1.nOnO}KeHHH 0 pa3nH1.IHOH eTanbHOCTH H3YQeHHH
3THX ropH30HTOB.
ITpH HH)KeHepHO-reOnOrHqeCKOM H3yqeHHH ne)1.HHKOBbIX OTno-
l}KeHHH OOJIblllOH HHTepec npecTaBnHeT oeHKa CTeneHH BepTH-
KanbHoH H3MeHqHBOCTH JleHHKOBbIX TOJII.IJ;, B 3Ha1.IHTenbHOH Mepe
220

orrpe,neJ1SnOllI.aH MeTO,nHKY HH}KeHepHO-re0J10rHqeCKHX HCCJIe,lJ,OBa-
HHH. TaKaH ou.eHKa H3MeHQHBOCTH CBOHCTB' rpYHTOB MO)I<eT 6hITb
BbInOJ1HeHa rro rrOKa3aTeJIlO 30H,lJ,HpOBaHHH, xalpaKTepH3YIOllI.eMY
HX COCTaB, 4>H3HQeCKOe COCTOHHHe, rrpOtIHOCTHbIe H ,necpopMalI.HOH-'
HbIe CBOHCTBa. B KatIeCTBe MepbI BepTHKaJ1lbHoi'I H3MeHtIHBOCTH
HCrrOJlb3yeTcH BeJIH1.IHHa CTaH}1.apTa, HMelOllI.aH pa3J1HQ-HbIe 3Ha-
qeHHH ,lJ,JIH BepXHero Ii HIDKHero ropH30HTOB J1e,nHHKOBbIX OT JIO}Ke-
HUH. TaK, B paccMaTpHBaeMoM HaMH rrpHMepe nOKa3aTCJ1b lf3Meu-
1JHBOCTH MO}KHO Bblpa3HTb qepe3 OTHOllleHHH cTaH,lI.a pTOB F =
=St!S2, r,lI.e SI H S2 - BbI60p01.IHbIe 3HatIeHHH cpe,nHHx KBa,lJ,paTH-
qeCKHX OTKJIOHeHHii COOTBeTcTBeH,HO BepxHero H HH}KHerO rqpH-
30HTOB (B QHCJ1HTeJ1e 3HaqeHHe cTaH,lI.apTa Toro ropH30HTa, AJ1H
KOToporo He06xo,lI.HMO orrpe,lI.eJ1HTb MeTO,lI.HKY H3YtIeHHH (orrp060-
BaHHH) ). JI.J1H Halllero rrpHMepa cpe,lJ,HHe 3HatIeHHH F COCTaB1HIOT
0,5 H 2. KpaHHHe 3HaQeHHH MorYT H3MeHHTbCH OT 0,2 ,no 1,0 ,lI.oITJH
BepxHeH 30Hb! H OT I ,a.o 5 ,nJ1H HH}KHeH.
QTo6bI orrpe,lI.eJ1HTh paccToHHHH Me}K,ny TOtIKaMH 30H,nnpOBa-
HHH ,nJ1H BepXHero H HH}KHerO ropH30HTOB, Heo6xo,lI.HMO I{O.HH1.JeCT-
BO onpe,lI.eJ1eHHH YMHO.>KHTb Ha F. Tor,na rrOJ1Y1.JHM L 1 = 10M
H L 2 =20 M. C Y1.JeTOM ,nHarra30Ha H3MeHeHHH F 3Ha t IeHHe LI
MO)KeT MeHHTbCH OT 4 ,lI.0 18-20 M H L 2 0T 10 ,lI.0 50 M. nOJIY1.IeH-
HbIe paCCTOHHHH Me.>K,ny T01.IKaMH HCCJIe,noBaHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT xapaKTepHcTHK H3MeH1.JHBOCTH J1e,lI.HHKOBbIX OTJ10)KeHHH MorYT
B Jl3BeCTHOH Me;pe CJIY)KH11b B Ka1.IeCTBe «BeKTopa rrepeHoca HH-
CPOPMaUHH» [I 10] , orrpe,lI.eJIHIOIUerO BeJ1HtIHHY H ,lI.OnycTHMbIfi liar
nepeHoca HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKOI1 HHcpopMaI..J.HH. )l.pyrHM ,lI.0-
CTaT01.JHO 3cpcpeKTHBHbIM MeTO,lI.OM onpe,neJ1CHHH BeKTopoB nepe-
Hoca HHcpopMauHH HBJlHeTCH nocTpoeHHe H aHaJIH3 aBToKoppe.HH-
unOHHbIX <PYHKUHH. B JIIOOOM CJIY1.Iae BeKTop rrepeHoca HH<popMa-
UHH ,lI.OJ1}KeH orrpe,lI.eJ1HTbCH rro OCHM cHMMeTpHH MaCCHBa
pa3,lI.eJIbHO ,lI.J1H IperHoHoB H reHeTHQeCKHX THrrOB nopo,lI. B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C HX THrr0J10rHqeCKHM paHoHHpoBaHHeM.
BbI60p KOMI1J1eKCa MeTO,lI.OB - npouecc TBOpQeCKHII, 3aBHCH-
IlIHH OT COtIeTaHHH MHorHX rrpHpo,a.Ho-TeXHH1.JeCKHX cpaKTopoB,
r J1aBHbIMH 1-13 KOTOpbIX HBJ1HIOTCH HH)KeHepHO-re0J10rIItleCI{He
YCJIOBHH rrJIOllI.a,lI.KH H3bICKaHHH, KOHCTPYKTHBHbIC oc06eHHOCTH H
TCXHH1.JeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH rrpoeKTHpyeMbIx COopY}K€HnrJ, 00-
JlaCTb npHMeHeHHH H cpaKTH1.IeCKaH TOtIHOCTb MeTo,nOB II Jlp. He-
CMOTpH Ha 60J1bIllOe pa3Ho06pa3He HH>KeHejpHO-reOJIOrlilleCKHX
YCJ10BHH rrJ10I.IJ;a,lI.OK H THnOB 3,lI.aEHH H coopy.}I{eHHH, Bce OHB C ,no-
CTOBepHOCTblO, AOCTaT01.JHOH ,lI.J1H rrpaKTH1.JeCKHX ueJ1eH, MorYT
6bITb CBe,lI.€HbI K orrpe,lI.eJ1eHHOMY KOJ1HtIeCTBY THnOBbIX tX€M reo-
oI10rO-TeXHHtIeCKHX 06'beKTOB, HCXO,lI.H H3 KOTOpbIX Ii ,lI.OJ1)KHbI BbI-
6npaTbCH Han60J1ee paUHOHaJ1lbHble MeTo,nbI liX H3Y1.ICHHH.
npOue,lI.ypa BbI60pa MeTo,a.OB HCCJ1e,lI.OBaHHii ,lJ,OJI)KHa HatIII-
HaTbCH C CPOPMYJ1HpOBKH npoeKTHbIX (HH}KeHepHbIX) 3a,lI.3 t I, B 33-
BIICHMOCTH OT KOTOpbIX BbI61IpaeTCH MeTO,lI.OL10rHH pellleHHH COOT-
nCTCTBYIOlll.eH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOH 3a,lI.a t IH, T. e. «peUJeHHe
221

C1J
C1J:S:
O:J:
:W::
U a:I
C1J0
:rOo
:s: :s:
r- .::::t
 :z:
 0
UM
 .3: :IE
0. :£5 
r- :c r-
<1.1 :c 0
:c 0 0.
<1.1 :s: 
t::  :w::
A
.::::t
o
t
:E
C1J
::c
:J:
:J:
C1J
II:)
U
o

l:t 0
0C1J0.C1J
:c  0 :s: :s:
0.0.:C.::::t:c
55
>-a:I M
I ,CD
g::c:cut
Bg'6
:S:t::r- C1J :S:II:)
.::::tOC1Ju
c:!-g--e-
:w::
0::
X
:J:

r-
:£5
t::
U
:s:
x
:£5
:c 'x
0. 
>. a:I
r- u

:J:
:rJ
M 0
C1J :.:::
0. X
U <:;
V
::1
C1J 0::
:0 :s:
CD :J:
0 
t:: r-
::; :£5
 t::
U
X
x
:s:
:II!: IICI
U r-
C1J u
:T .x
X 0
M II:)
::I: U
-e-
C1J I >.
x :0 M
X :s: v
C1J 5 0.
t:: (J
C1J 0.
.::::t t:: 0::
C1J 0 ::I:
0. :J:
c: U <1.1
a <:;
I
C1J _
 ::I:
 r-
:c u
:IE 0
u 
.
 C1J
0. :£5
o :c
10 0.
 
0:: '::I:
::I: a:I 0
:J: 0 :J:':::O:
 i- :J: C1J
r-:CO
:£5>.<:;:0
t::o.U
u'-r-
:s: (T\
.'
Q.I
:::!:
o
::I: 0::
U X
 0.
0.
t::
C1J I I Q
::I: E  U::I:
:CoOI-
C1J :J: ;: 0 
 :J: r- :J: :IE
  g,g u
g-g
oa:lu:J:
C1J
.::::tv
C1J x
o.X
t:: V
ot::
:r
o
.::::t ::I:
 I-
U U
o 0
o.:c
t::
.
.0

Cl)
t
<3
0..
E-
(.)
o
'"'
o

o
(.)
(.)
CI:I
::s
c::

t::t
.::::
::::
::I:
Cl)
::E
o

E-
o
><:
::i3

o
::.::
::::
::I:
t::t
Cl)


E-
(.)
=::;:::
o

(.)
><:
:s::
ro
C,)
Cl)E-
:TC,)
::;:::
'"'
o
J:::
o
Cl)
'"'
"
::I:
0..
(1)
::I:
Cl)
::E
::I:
::;:::
tJ::
::;:::
::I:
(1)
:T
..
(I')
:s::

o
t::t
o
E-
Cl)

tJ::
::;:::
:::r
""

::;:::
-&
::;:::
(.)
(.)
CI:I
J:::

CT>
to
tJ
::;:::
c..

H3CK3TenbCKOH 33Aa1.JH CTaBHTCH B 33BHCHMOCTb OT ellieHHH
HH}KeHepHOH 3a.u.a I IH» [119]. B 3TOM 3aKnIOtIaeTCH OJI.HH H3 npHH-
I.J.HrrOB OIITHMH3aI.J.HH HH.>KeHepHbIx H3bIcKaHHH - rr.pHHUHrr oopaT-
HOM CB5I3H.
COAepmaHHe HH:>KeHepHOH 3aAatIH JI.OnLKHO cpOpMHpoBaTbcH C
YtIeTOM nOJIO}KeHHH H3 rr03Hu,HH 1-7 (pMC. 6.2). 3aTeM eOCTaBnH-
eTCH rrporpaMMa HH}KeHepHO-reOnOrHtI€CKMX HCCJIe,nOBaHMM, B3)K-
HOH tIaCTbIO KOTOpOM HBnHeTCH BOOp HaMoonee p3UHOHaJIbHX
MeTo.u.OB H3Y'-IeHMH CBOHCTB M3CCHBOB rpYHTOB, cnY}KalUHX B Ka-
'IeCTBe OCHOBaHMH 3AaHHM H coopYLKeHHH.
B HaCTOHlUee BpeMH B paCIIOjpHLKeHIIH BeAYlUHX H3bICKaTenb-
CKHX opraHM33UHH HaXOJI.MTCH DonlblliOH apCeHaJi M€TOJI.OB pa3-
Be,nKH H MCCJIeJI.OBaHHH CPH3HKO-MeX3HHtIeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB.
AHanH3 MHoroneTHeM rrpaKTHKM M OIIbITa H3YtIeHHH H oueHKM JIeA-
HHKOBbIX OTJIO}KeHMH JI.nH MaCCOBoro CTpOHTenbCTBa nOKa3bIBa-
eT, '-ITO H3HDonee 3cpq>eKTHBHbI MeTo.u.bI, npMBe,neHHbI€ Ha pnc. 6.9.
C ueJIbIO Donee pau.HoHanbHoro Mcnonb30B3HHH . 3TMX MeTO-
.nOB .u.nH Ka:>KAOro H3 HHX .u.OJILKHbI 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI o6nacTh
rrpHMeHeHHH M q>aKTHtIeCKaH TO'-IHOCTb onpe,neneHHH TOM lInM HHOM
HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1.JeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKH. 3H3H Tpe6yeMYIO
TOtIHOCTb H3MepeHHH rrapaMeTpOB reonorO-TeXHHtIeCKOrO 061>eKTa
H cpaKTMtIeCKYIO TOtIHOCT1b MeTo.u.oB HccneAOBaHHM, MO:>KHO Bcer,na
rro,no6pa11b OrrTHMaJIbHbIH KOMrrJIeKC, KOTOpbIH rr03BonHT nOJIYtIMT1b
Heo6xoAHMbIH H .n.ocTaTOtIHbIH 061>eM HHcpopMaUHM 0 rTO.
I1pHBe.u.eHHbIe Ha pHC. 6.9 MeTo.u.bI HCCJI€,nOB3HMM rr03BonHlOT
pelliaTb, KaK rrpaBHno, nlO6bIe H3bICKaTen!bCKMe 3a,na1.JH. MeTOJI.bI
p33.u.enHIOTcH Ha rrpHMbIe II KOCBeHHble. OepBbIe, KaK YLKe OTMe-
tI3JIOCb, x3paKTepH3YIOTCH oonblUoH TpYJI.OeMKocTbIO H BbICOKOM
CTOHMOCT1bIO. Ilo3ToMY ,nJI5I H3Y1.JeHHH H oueHKH reonorO-TeXHM1.Je-
CKHX 061>eKTOB, r,ne Tpe6yeMaH TOtIHOCTb IIonYtIeHHH MH<popMaUHH
He BbIllie cpaKTM1.JeCKOM T01.JHOCTH CKOpOCTHbIX MeTOAOB HccneAO-
BaHHM (CTaTHtIeCKOe H .u.HH3MHtIeCKOe 30HJI.HpOBaHHe), .u.on}KHbI
rrpMMeHHTbCH B rrepBYIO OtIepeAb 3TH M€TO.u.bI B COOTBeTCTBMH
C PCH 23-85 H PCH 62-87. 3TO OTHOCHTCH rJIaBHbIM o6pa30M K
rpyrrrraM 3JI.aHHH Ii cOOlPY}KeHHH B M r (CM. Ta6n. 6.3). ,lJ.JIH rpyrrrr
3.u.aHMH B rrpH orrpe.u.eJIeHHH HopMaTHBHwx H paCtIeTHWX xap3K-
TepHCTMK rpYHToB peKoMeH.u.yeTcH orrTMManHoe C01.JeTaHHe KOC-
BeHHbIX H rrpHMbIx MeTOAOB HccneJI.OBaHMH. 11, HaKOH€U, .u.nH rpyrrrr
3.u.aHHH H coopY:>KeHHH A OCHOBHbIMH MeTo.u.aMH orrpeAe..1JeHHH
X3paKTepHCTMK AonLKHbI 6bITb rrpHMbIe, a KOCBeHHbIe - AorronHH-
IOlUHe. B TO }Ke BpeMH rrOCJIe)I.HMe He3aMeHHMbI rrpH H3Y'-I€HMH H
oueHKe rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHtIHBOCTH CBOHCTB I1PYHTOB B rrpe-
.neJIax CTpOHTeJIbHOH rrnOlU3.u.KM, '-ITO oco6eHHO Ba}KHO JI.JIH JIe.u.-
HHKOBbIX OTJIO:>KeHHH, HMelOlUHX CnO}KHOe H H3M€HIIHBOe CTpoeHHe.
rr,paBHnbHbIH BbI60p MeTo.u.OB HCCJIe,nOBaHMM 6y,neT crroco6-
CTBOBaTb BbIIIonHeHH1O HH}KeHepHO-reonorH'-IeCKMX paDOT C BbICO-
KOH 3<p<peKTHBHOCT1bIO H Ka'-IeCTBOM, B C:>K3TbIe CpOKM, rrpH orrTH-
ManbHOH CMeTHOH CTOHMOCTH.
223

6.4. OCHOBbl onT....M....3a4........ 06'beMOB
....H>KeHepHO-reonor....4eCK....X ....ccneAoBaH....i:i
Cp e .zU1 60JIblllHHCTB8 H3blCK8TeJIeH CJlO1KHJlOC:b YCToHIIHBoe
npe)].cTaBJ1eHHe, tITO e)].HHCTBeHHbIM KpHTepHeM 3cpcpeKTHBHoCTH
HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHIIeCKHx H3bICK8HHM HBJIHeTcH. MHHHMH381.{HH
38TP8T 110 ,nOCTH}KeHHIO H8MeIIeHHoH l.{eJlH. Ho 3TO He COBceM T8K.
Bo-rrepBbIX, HeT 0,nH03H8IIHoro MHeHHH, liTO HBJ1HeTCH l.{eJIlb1O HH-
'}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHX H3bICK8HHH. M. B. P81.{ rrlPe)].JIO:>KHJI p8C-
CM8TpHBa Tb B K8IIeCTBe l.{eJIH orrTHMH3al.{HH (CPYHKU.HH l.{eJlH H3bI-
CKaHHH) MHHHMYM CYMM8PHbIX 38TP8T H8 H3bICKaHHH H CTpO-
RTeJIbCTBO [119]. ITo B. IT. OroHoIIeHKo [107], 3KOHOMHtIeCKHH
3cpcpeKT OT HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHX H3bICK8HHM orrpe)].eJIHeTCH
p83HOCTblO Me}K)].Y CTOHMOCTblO HYJIeBOrO u.HKJ1a CTpOHTeJIlbCTB8
oe3 YIIeT8 M8TepH8J10B H3bICK8HHH H CTOHMOCTblO CTpOHTeJ1bCTB8,
38rrpoeKTHpOB8HHoro no )].8HHhIM H3bICK8HHH. OJI.H8KO rrpHMeHeHHe
3TH X orrpe)].eJIeHHH CPYHKlI.HH u.eJIH )].JIH KOHKpeTHbIX HH:>KeHepHO-
3KOHOMHIIeCKHX paCIIeTOB BbI3bIB8eT cepbe3HbIe 3aTPY)].HeHHH,
T8K K8K OHH HOCHT CJIHllIKOM 06III.HM X81p8KTep. ITorrbITKH rrp8KTH-
tIeCKOrO HCrrOJllb30B8HHH rrpe)].JIO:>KeHHbIX TeOpeTHtIeCKHX pellleHHH
38)].8II 0l1THMH3811.HH rrOK838JIH, 1.ITO KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe pellleHHH
MO}KHO rrOJIyqHTb JIHllIb ,nJIH HeKOTopbIX 1.I8CTHbIX 38)].8q.
BO-BTOpbIX, BO Bcex rrOCTpoeHHHX, K8C81OIII.HXCH 38)].8q onTH-
MH3811.HH, M8CCHB ropHbIX rropo,n p8CCM8TpHB8eTCH K8K HeK8H
060c06JIeHH8H CHCTeM8 B OTpbIBe OT KOHKpeTHoro pellIeHHH rrOCJIe-
. ,nYloIII.eii 3a,n81.IH. T8K8H rrOCT8HOBK8 rrp06JIeMbI He CHHM8eT Bcex
TPy,nHocTei1 onTHMH3811.HH, rrOCKOJ1lbKY B 3TOM CJIY1.I8e H3yqeHHe H
0l.{eHK8 M8CCHB8 rrpOH3BO)].HTCH BHe 38BHCHMOCTH OT l.{eJleM (OHR
MorYT 6bITb K8K npOH3Bo,nCTBeHHbIMH, T8K H H8Y1.IHbIMH), KpOMe
Toro, KOJIH1.IeCTBO M8TejpH8JIbHbIX H HHTeJIJIeKTyaJ1bHbIX 38TP8T He
03H8 q8eT rrpHMoro rrpH6JIH}KeHHH K rrOCT8BJIeHHOM l.{eJ1H.
B nOCJIe)].Hee BpeMH H8MeTHJICH HOBbIM TeOpeTHQeCKHH: rro)].xo,n
K orrpe,neJleHHIO CYMM8PHbIX 38TP8T H8 HH:>KeHepHO-re0J10rH1.IeCKHe
H3blCK8HHH B 38BHCHMOCTH OT H8)].e:>KHOCTH CHCTeMbI CPYH)].8MeHT-
OCHOBaHHe H rrap8MeTpOB reOJlOrHtIeCKOH cpe)].bI [51]. Ho rrOK8 OH
HOCHT x8p8KTep H8YQHOH rHrrOTe3bI, HMeeT pH,n He)].OCT3TKOB, CBH-
38HHbIX C Qpe3MepHoH H He Bcer)].a OOOCHOB8HHOH cpOpM8JIH38-
ll.HeH OT,neJIbHbIX MOMeHTOB, H He MO}KeT ObITb HCrrOJllb30B8H B lllH-
POKO« rrp8KTHQeCKOH )].eHTeJlbHOCTH.
B-peTbHX, HeOOOCHOB8HHoe COKjp8III.eHHe 06'beMOB H CTOHMO-
CTH H3bICKaHHH He Bcer)].8 )].aeT 3KOHOMHIO cpe)].CTB. HH3Koe Ka-
tIeCTBO H3bICK8HHH MO}KeT rrpHBeCTH K )].orrOJlHHTeJIIhHbIM 38TpaT8M
pH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe H 3KCrrJIY8T811.HH 3,n8HHH H cOOPY:>KeHHM, a
TaK>Ke rrpH JlHKBH)].811.HH B03MO}KHbIX rrOCJ1e,nCTBHH, CBH38HHbIX C
8B8pHHMH H T. rr., KOTopbIe 3H8QHTeJlbHO rrpeBbIllI810T 06InIlH:
a6eeM 38TP8T H8 HH}KeHepHbIe H3bICK8HHH.
P8CCMOTpHM HeKOTopbIe H8YtIHO-MeTo,nHQeCKHe BorrpOCbI onTH-
MH38ll.UH HH}KeHepHO-reOJlorn:QeCKOrO H3YQeHHH H Oll.eHKH JIe.nHH-
224

KOBhIX OTJ10)KeHHH .u.J1H MaCCOBOrO CTpOHTeJIhCTBa. npaKTHI<a 1I3bl-
CKaHHH nOKa3bIBaeT, 1JTO ,lI.JIH 3<pcpeKTHBHOCTH npHKJ1a.u.HbIX If 0-
C'I1POeHHH 0IITHMH3au.HOHHhIX CTPYKTYP HeOOXO,lI.HMO, 1JT06bI OHH
KOOp,lI.HHHpOBaJIHCIh C TeOpeTH1JeCKHMH KOHu.enu.HHMH 0 K.JlaCCaX n
THIIOBhlX CXeMaX reOJIOrO-TeXHH1JeCKHX OO'beKTOB. A.u.eKBa THOCTh
BbIOpaHHOH MaTeMaTH1JeCKOH MO.u.eJIH H YClIex pellleHHH onTHMH3a-
U.HOHHOH 3a.u.atIH 0Y,lI.YT 3aBHCeTh rJIaBHhIM OOpa30M OT BblOOpa
KpnTepHeB 0IITHMH3au.HH, BH,lI.a ueJIeBOH CPYHKll.HH, MaClllTaOOB H
OOJI3CTH H3MeHeHHH BCeX IIepeMeHHbIX. OIITHMH3311.HH BCero npo-
u.ecca H3Y1JeHHH H Oll.eHKH reOJIOrO-TeXHH1JeCKOro OO'beKT3 OTHO-
CHTCH 1\ O,lI.HOH H3 CaMhIX CJIO)KHbIX H MaJIOpa3paOOTaHHhIX 33.llatI
B e,lI.HHOM TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKOM ll.HKJIe H3NCK3HHH -- npOeKTHpOBa-
HHe.
PaUHOHaJIhHOrO IIJI3HHpOB8HHH HHeHepHNX H3CK8HHH
MO:>KHO :)J.OCTH1Jh J1Hlllih B TOM CJIYtIae, KOr,na COCT8B, OO'beMbI H
MeTO,lI.Ha HH:>KeHepHO-reOJIOrIP-IeCKHX HCCJIe,nOBaHHH OY.llYT onpe-
,lI.eJIHTbCH HCXO,lI.H H3 COBOKYIIHOCTH reOJIOrli1-IeCKHX H TeXHU1JeCKHX
cpaKTqpOB.
DeJIh OIITHMaJIhHOH KOMII03HUHH reOJIOrO-TeXHH1JeCKOrO OODeK..::
Ta If nOCJIe,lI.YIOIII.erO ero H3YlJeHHH - HalIp3BJIeHHOe cpOpMHpOBa-
HHe 3TOH CHCTeMhI C BbICOKOH CTeneHIbIO opraHH30BaHHOCT1I IIPH
Y'-IeTe HHTerpaTHBHoro 3<!JcpeKTa [77, 159], B03HHKaIOIII.erO B pe-
3y.n:hTaTe B3HMHoro B03.u.eHcTBHH nO,lI.CHCTeM ,lI.Pyr Ha ,lI.Pyra IIPH
CTPYKTypHO-IIapaMeTpH1JeCKOH opraHH38UHH OT.lleJ1hHNX 3JIeMeH-
TOB B e;lI.HHbIH reOJIOrO-TeXHH'-IeCKHH OO'beKT. ConOCTaBJIeHne B03-
MO:>KHhIX BapHaHToB opraHH3all.IHI 3TOH CHCTeMbI OCYIII.eCTBJIHeTCH
no KpHTepHHM Ipa3JIH1JHMOCTH, 3a I\oTopbIe IIpHHHMaIOTcH IIOK33a-
TeJIH 3cpijJeKTHBHoCTH. B OOIII.eM CJIY'-Iae IlO,lI. 3<!JcpeKTHBHoCTbIO no,l(-
pa3YMeBaeTcH Mepa COOTHOllleHHH .pe3YJIlhTaTOB .u.OCTHLKeHHH 110-
CTaBJ1eHHOH u.eJIH C TpeoyeMbIMH 3aTpaTaMH [201. Pe3YJ1bT8THB-
HOCTb HCIIOJIh30B3HHH HH:>KeHepHO-re0J10rHlJeCKOH HHcpOpM8UHH
B IIpOeKTHhlX perneHHHX C TO'-IKH 3peHHH ,lI.OCTH:>KeHHH 110CTaB"TIeH-
HOH UeJ1H 0u.eHHB8eTCH IIOKa3aTeJIHMH CPYHKUHOHaJIhHOH 3cpcpeK-
THBHOCTH, a HeOOXO.lI.HMbIe 3aTp3TbI - IIOK338TeJIHMH 3KOHOMH'-Ie-
CKOH 3<PcpeKTHBHoCTH.
TaKIfM oopa30M, ,lI.JIH OOeClIe1JeHHH OIITHMaJIlbHOrO H3Y'-IeHHH
reOJIOrO-TeXHHtIeCKOrO OO'beKTa .u.OJI:>KHa ObITb YCTaHOBJIeHa B3aH-
MOCBH3h IIpOCTpaHcTBeHHo-cTPYKTypHo-napaMellpHtIeCKOH opraHH-
3aUHH 3THX CHCTeM C IIOKa3aTeJIHMU HX 3KOHOMHtIeCKOH H CPYHK-
u.HOHaJIbHOH 3<!JepeKTHBHoCTH.
B OOIII.eM CJIYtIae .u.JIH .u.OCTaTOtIHO IIOJIHOrO H 3,lI.eKBaTHoro onH-
caHHH xapaKTepHCTHK 3JIeMeHTOB TpeoyeTcH HCnOJIlb30BaHHe )l.BYX
<pOpM HX MaTeMaTHt.IeCKHX MO.lI.eJIeH, a HMeHHO KpHTepH8JIhHOi1 If
CPYHKll.n:oHaJIhHOH [77]. KpHTepH3JIbHaH MaTeM8TH1JeCK8H MO,l(eJ1b
3J1eMeHTa, BKJIIO'-IalOIII.aH KpHTepHH 3<!JcpeKTHBHoCTH, HBJIHeTCH M8-
TeMaTH'-I.eCKHM Bblpa:>KeHHeM u.eJ1H pernaeMoH onTHMH3all.HOHHOfI
33,lI.atIH. IlpH 3TOM BHYTpeHHHH c11PYKTyp3 MO.u.eJIHpyeMoro 3JIe-
MeHTa, KaI< IIp3BHJIO, He OTpa)KaeTCH B .u.aHHOM MO.lleJIH, 1JTO 110-
15. 3aK. 844
225

Q) tJ:
:0 :s:
:I: :I:
:I: Q)
Q) .,.
:::!; a:I
V C'i
a. a.
 c::
c>-
I
Q) ctI 'X
:s: M x
:s: :s: 0 :r
Q) :::!; :s: ctI
3 :: :s: q
0 ctI
Q) i:: x M
a.. 0 ::1
m '5:S:
ctI i: :s::s:
:.:;= 
:s: Q):oJ I-
Q)-e-0 ctI
0 ::1 -e- :s: 
(T\ U

a.
\0
:a
a:I
a.
o
\0
:a
c:c
tJ:
:s: :s:
:s: :I:
 
ctI CD
a. 
U 
-=
:s:
:s:
Q)
:r
:s:
:s:
ctI
a.
o

;.;

oD
I .:s::S:
Q)o;
I-:S:
U :s: .,. :s:
OQ)Q)>-
U e: ::1 -e-
a:I
Q)
a.:s:
o a.
\0 Q)
A .t:
COo..

.
I- I
Q) X
:::!; I- :s:
ctI c:: ::1
a. 0 ctI
ctI a:I M
c:: 0 :s:
:s: a. 
c: 0
:s: f-
f- L...
o
E-
t-.
=
:.::
:I:
C1>
::r
o
==

=
:I:
Q)
:J"

(I')
=
::s
o
u
u
Q)
::r
o
c::l.
t::
tI::
::s:
:z:
(1)
t::
c:Q

c::l.
t::

::s::
::s::
'""
Q).


0..

()

c::l.

E-<

:>.
0..
E-<
U
d
-
cO
U
::s::
p..

3BonHeT paCCMaTpHBaTh ee KaK MaKpOMOenb 3TOrO 3neMeHT3.
YHKHOHanbHaH MaTeM3THqeCKaH MO,lI,enb 3neMeHT3 OTpa*aeT
3aKOHbI, KOTOpbIM rrO,lI,qHHHIOTCH CPYHKlI.HOHanlbHbIe rrpOUeCCbI B
3TOM 3JIeMeHTe.. OCHOBa rrOCTpOeHHH CPYHKUHOHaJIbHOH MaTeMaTH-
qeCKOH MO)I.eJIH 3JIeMeHTa - ero CTPYKTypHaH cxeMa, T. e. MO)I.eJIb-
yqHTblBaeT BHYTpeHHlOlO CTPYKTYPY OToopa*aeMoro - reonoro-
TeXHHqeCKOrO OOceKTa HnH ero rrO)I.CHCTeM (3JIeMeHTOB) H HBJIH-
eTCH ero MHKpOMO)I.eJIblO.
1..}Hcno BapHaHTOB C11PYKTypHOH opraHH3aUHH reOJIOrO-TeXHH"
qeCKHX OO'beKTOB, KOTopbIe MorYT 6bITb CcpOpMHpOBaHbI H3 Bcero
MHorooopa3HH 3J1eMeHTOB B COOTBeTCTBHH C rrpaBHJIaMH KOM6H-
HaTopHKH, paBHO Bb}AeJIeHHOMY HaMH KOJIHqeCTBY fTO. B OOllI.eM
CJIYtIae CHCTeMa yrrpaBJIeHHH TaKHMH KOMrrneKcaMH reonoro--
TeXHHqeCKHX 06'beKTOB COOTBeTcTByeT KH6epHeTHtIeCKHM CHCTeMaM
TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro repMeHepOBCKoro THrra [31, 104], xapaKTepHblM
rrpH3HaKoM KOTOpbIX HBJIH€TCH HanHtIHe Ha Ka*,lI,OM ypoBHe nep3p-
XHH co6cTBeHHbIx UeJIeH rrpH HMeIOllI.eHcH OOllI.eH.
PerneHHe 3a,lI,aq orrTHMH3aUHH HaqHHaeTCH C BbIoopa I\pHTepHH
orrTHMH3alI.HH. I10cne 3Toro COCTaBnHeTCH eneBaH CPYHKll.HH, KO-
TopaH YCTaHaBnHBaeT 3aBHCHMOCTb KpHTepHH orrTHMH3aUHH OT
rrepeM€HHbIX yrrpaBneHHH, BnHHIOllI.HX Ha ero 3HatIeHHe. Orrpe,lI,e-
nHIOTCH OrpaHHqeHHH Ha ueJIeBYIO CPYHKUHIO Ii rrepeMeHHbIe, 3
3aTeM rrpOH3BO,lI,HTCH BWOOP CTpaTerIiH yrrpaBneHHH H OlI.eHKa ee
3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH (iPIiC. 6.10).
I1pou.ecc orrTHMH33UHH HH*eHepHo-r€OJIOrHtIeCKOrO H3yqeHHH
Ii oeHKH fTO Heo6xo,lI,HMO pa3)I.eJIHTIb Ha ,lI,Ba ypOBHH (,lI,Be CO-
CTaBJIHIOIII.He) .
ITepBbIH: ypOBeHb - HHcpopMau.HOHHbIH, orrpe,lI,enHIOllI.HH HC-
rrOJIlb30BaHHe HH*eHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOH HHcpOpMaU.HH B npoeKT-
HbIX perneHHHX. KpHTepHH orrTHMH3aIJ,HH CBH3aHbI C Tpe60BaHHHMH
,perneHHH HH*eHepHOH 3a,lI,alJH. YpOBeHb npeYCMaTpHBaeT, rro
HarneMY MHeHIiIO, peaJIH3aUHIO Cne,lI,YIOllI.HX npOue)I.Yp:
1) pa3paooTKY H C03,lI,aHHe JIOrHKo-cpopMaJIbHbIX MO)I.eJIeH TH-
rrOBblX cxeM reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHX o6ceKToB;
2) orrpe,lI,eJIeHHe ueJIH perneHHH HH*eHepHoH 3a,lI,atIH;
3) orrpeeneHHe OO'beM3 HeOOxO)I.HMOH H )I.OCTaTOlJHOH HHcpopMa-
UHH )I.JIH H3YtIeHHH H oeHKH fTO B cxeMe rrpHHHToH HHJKeHepHOH
eJIH;
4) YCTaHOBJIeHHe TpeoyeMoH TOqHOCTH orrpeJI.eneHHH nOKa3a-
TeneH CBOHCTB rpYHTOB;
5) onTHMH3au.IiIO HHcpopMau.HoHHoro ypOBHH.
BTOpOH YIPOBeHb - MeTO,lI,HqeCKHH, orrpe,lI,eJIHIOllI.HH: TeXHO.710rH-
1.IeCKHH rrpou.ecc HH*eHepHO-reOJIOrI1 L IeCKoro H3yqeHHH reOJIoro-
TeXHHqeCKOrO 06'beKTa. KpHTepHH 3Toro ypOBHH CBH3aHbI C MeTO-
HKOH HccneoBaHHH, COCTaBOM, OO'beMaMH pa6oT, HX CMeTHOH
CTOHMOCTblO H T. ,lI,.
OH BKJIlOtIaeT:
1) 06ocHoBaHHe HarrpaBneHHH HCCJIe)I.OBaHHH;
15-
227

D::
t;
I::{
o
E-


:3:: 0
<1).t:I
::ft;:
O
=s
D::o.
=E-o
:3:: 0
e
»0
CI')
=0
.0
D::O
=
::f::!i

CI')
:s::
::e
=
E-o
t::
o
.:s:  J
:s: 0=
D:: :3:: :I!!::e
=  :a
,.Q :3::  '0:3::
:3:: (i) 0 0:1'
G) t;  ><
  t::
0 = :a(l)i
c.. 
>- c..:3:: :r:
t:: :s: ,.Q c.. t';S
c: t';S I:S: 
:3:: 0 
== (i)t::( 0 ::e=E-o
 =G)  =:3::G)
0 E-o:::S
G) :r: E-o t::
:J< CU o  O
= :s:
 t';SG)
:r: c.. t;
E-o 0
(i) 0  :r: 0
G)O
:;: '0 ::r=
0 c:Q 0
,.Q
:3::
G)

o
c..
»

:a
:3::
:3::
o
=
::f

::e
0.
o
I l
00
E-
E
=
(1)
G)t::
=Q)
:3::
C'\J::e

0><
0::Q
:3::.
=:3::
o
a

b::e
'00.
o
o.-e-
CI'):3::
&=
b::
=
:3::
<1)=
51:1'
.
C'\J
=(1)
=
::ro
=
G)o.
=(1)
==
(i)Q)
t;SE
:3::
<1)=
0.
t::
o
=
1=
=::r
C'\J
><::e
'00.
0 0
G)-&
:3:::3::
=
::e
<1)1=
AO
'0:3::
0:1'
o
<1)E-o
=
:r::E-o
<1)(..)
t;0
Q)t::(
=
I=
O
.
I
 '
Ob::
::e=
Q):3::
»(1)
'" t; =
Q)<1)<1)
o.t:;:
E-o 0. G)
(i)t::E-o
- =O
=:s:t';S
E-o
c:Q00
00t::
=:3::
t';S:1'
E-00
OE-o

-

 -=:s::
&4)0g
==c:Q
::e:3:::3::
c.. G)>>
o ::f-&
e
o
E-
L-.
:s::

::r::
<1)
::f
o
:s::
c::
:s::
:r::
<1)
tJ"
»
CI')
=
o
I-.
o
::s::
(,)
<1)
:r
:s:
I-.
o
t:;:
o
Q)
';-
o
:r::
0.
(1)
:r:
(1)
eE
:r::
:s:
CU
(,)
(,)
G)
::f
o
0.
t:
=
=
::f
t';S
(I)
=
::e
=
E-o
t::
o

:;;
<1)
><
U
(i):s::s::
$Oe
C'\J <1) c.. C'\J
=E-o(l)
00.<1)=
5<1)::e
o E-o c..:SO:
'O=E-o
O c.. t:: t::
 0
I 
o=
c:Q:s:
0G)::t
o.t;
=Q):r::
i[::f»
OQ)-&
e
I 0
I 0. ""
t';S00D::
CI')-&:r:::r::
=::r:::3::c:Q
::e=oo
= = 0.
E-oD::::t»
t::=
o ::f ::e
-
-
to
cJ
:s::
a.
c:Q=
c:Q&=
o.<1)E-o::f
0=<1)t';S
'0 o.::e (I)
:a=
1"1"I = o.::e
-o.=
t::E:
=0
(-

2) Bw60p MeTO){OB HccneAoBaHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THrra
fro, Tpe6yeMbIx 06'beMOB HH<popMaU.HH H T01JHOCTH orrpe.n.eneHHH
nOKa3aTeJIeU;
3) oueHKY orrTHManbHbIX 06'beMOB HCCJIe){OBaHHH pa3JIH1JHbIMH
MeTOJI.3MH (060cHoBaHHe KpHTepHeB H napaMeTpoB orrTHMH3au.HH
H cpO,pMHpoBaHHe l.{eJIeBOH cpYHKIJ.HH).
B KaqeCTBe IIIpHMepa paccMoTpHM CJIeAYIOIl.1YIO orrTHMH3aII.HOH-
BYIO 3a.u.a1JY [37]. rIpH HH>KeHepHO-reOnOrH1JeCKOM H3Y1JeHHH H
Ol.{eHKe reonorO-TeXHH1JeCKOrO OO'beKTa Heo6xo.n.HMO onpe.n.enH
m reOJIOrH1.JeCKHX rrapaMeTpoB C rrOMOmblO n He3aBHCHMbIX MeTO-
,U.OB (cTaTH1JeCKOe H ,U.HHaMH1JeCKOe 30H){HpOBaHHe, lllTaMrrOBbIe
HcrrbITaHHH H T. ,lJ,.), rrpHtIeM Ka>K,l(bIH MeTO,U. ){OrrOnHHeT HHcpopMa-
lLHIO, rronyqeHHYIO .u.PyrHMH MeTo,naMH, HO He ){y6JIHpyeT ee. BBe-
,U.eM CJIeJI.YIOllI.He 0603Ha1JeHHH: ik I - 06'beM HH<popMaIJ.HH j-ro
rrapaMeTpa B eAHHHu.e 06'beMa HH<popMaUHH, rrOJlY1JaeMOH k-M
MeTOJJPM; I j - MHHHMaJIlbHbIH rrOJIHbIH OO'beM HHcpopMaUHH, KOTO-
pbIH Tpe6yeTcH rrOJIY1JHTb 0 j-M rrapaMeTpe; C k - CTOHMOCTb
rrOJIY1JeHHH e}].HHHl.{bI HH<popMal.{H k-M MeTO)I,OM; Xk - HCKOMbIe
06'beMbI HH<popMaI.{HH, rronY1JaeMbIe Ka>K,nbIM MeTO}].OM H orrpe}].e-
JIHIOllI.He B KOHetIHOM CtIeTe OO'beMbl pa60T. Heo6xo,U.HMO opraHH-
30BaTb npOlLecc rrOJIYtIeHHH Heooxo,nHMOH H )I,OCTaT01JHOH HHcpOp-
Mal.{HH 0 MaCCHBe rpYHTa H BblopaTb paUHOHaJIbHbie MeTO){bI HC-
OJIe}].OBaHHH TaKHM 06pa30M, tITOObI H3MepH"b HH>KeHepHO-reOJIO-
rH1JeCKHe rrapaMeTpbl C Tpe6yeMoH TOtIHOCTblO npH MHHHMaJIbHbIX
3a11PaTax M3TepHaJllbHbIX cpe.nCTB.
06W.HH OO'DeM HHOpMaIl.HH 0 j-M napaMeTpe, nOJIyqaeMblH BceMM
n
MeTo.n3MH, OY,lJ,eT paBeH  ikjXh; OH .nOJI>KeH OblTb He MeHbme.
k=l
n
I j , r.ne j - T:"tn. CTOHMOCTb Bcex paOOT paBHa CYMMe  CkXk,
h=1
TOfJl.3 3a;:r.atIa OIITHMH3aIl.HH MaTeMaTH1JeCKH cpopMYJIHpYeTCH TaK:
n n
HaHTH min I ChXlt npH OrpaHHtIeHHHX I ihjXk  lit f}J.e j = m
k=1 k=l
Xh  0, k = 1, n.
TaKHM oopa30M, eCJIH rrpeACTaBHTb npOl.{ecc HH>KeHepHO-reo-
JIOrH1JeCKHX H3bICKaHHH ,U.JIH MaCCOBoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa B BH)I,e He-
KOTOpOH CPYHKII.HOHaJIbHOll CHCTeMbI, TO. MOJKHO BbI}].eJIHTb }].Be
OT}].eJIbHbIe orrTHMH3au,HOHHbIe 3a}].aqH (pHC. 6.11), 6e3. KOTOpbIX
He MO>KeT 6b1Th perneH Borrpoc orrTHMH3aiJ.HH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH-
tIeCKHX HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH reOJIOrO-TeXHH1JeCKOfO 06'beKTa B ue-
JIOM.
1. Heo6xo}].HMO C Y1JeTOM THrroBoH cxeMbI rro nocTpoHTb cpop-
M3JIbHO-JIOrHtIecKYIO MO){eJIlb perneHHH H3bICKaTeJIbCKOH 3a}].a1JH
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Tpe60B3HHH rrpoeKTHpOB3i1HH, T. e. HY}KHO <pop-
229

MaJIH30BaTb BCe Heo6xo,lI.HMble napaMe'IlPbI Ii KpHTepHIi OnTHMH3a-
l.(HH, Onpe,lI.eJIHB onTHMaJIbHble 3aBHCHMOCTH Me}l{,lI.Y MHOrOl.(eJIe-
BbIM Ha3Ha1.IeHHeM HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKHX HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHH H
3a,lI.a LIaMH, KOTOpbIe Tpe6yeTcH pelllHTb B npou.ecce npOeKTHpOBa-
HHH H CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H3YQaeMOrO 06eKTa (KOJIHQeCTBO oTo6pa-
:}I{aeMbIX reOJIOrH1.IeCKHX napaMeTpOB, T01.IHOC'fIb Onpe,lI.eJIeHHH Ka}l{-
,lI.OrO H3 HHX H T. ,lI..).
2. I-Ia OCHoae pellleHHH npe,lI.lllecTBYIOIueH 3a,lI.aQH npoBecTH
onTHMH3au.HJO KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH BH,lI.OB pa60T TaK, 1JTo6bI niPH
MHHHMaJIbHbIX 3aTpaTax nOJIYQHTb He MeHbllle Tpe6yeMoH HHcpOp-
Mal.(HIO 0 MaCCHBe.

3AKnf04EHHE
cI>opMHpoBaHHe HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB Jle,lI.HH-
KOBbIX OT JIO}l{eHHH npOHCXO,lI.HJIO B YCJIOBHHX CJIO}l{HOrO B3aHMO-
.n.eH:CTBHH 3H,lI.OreHHbIX H 3K30reHHbIX npou.eCCOB, onpe,lI.eJIHBlllHX
.cOBpeMeHHoe CTpoeHHe, COCTaB, COCTOHHHe H CBOHCTBa nopo,lI.. B
xO.lI.e -reOJIOrHtJeCKoro pa3BHTHH no.lI. B03.lI.eHCTBHeM npOl..(eCCOB rH-
nejpreHe3a H3MeHHJIHCb no cpaBHeHHIO C nepBHtJHbIMH COCTaB H
CBOHCTBa npHnOBepXHOCTHbIX ropH30HTOB OTJIO}l{eHHH. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe OOOOll1.eHHH H CHCTeMaTH3alI.HH OOJIblllOrO cpaKTHtJeC.Koro Ma-
TepHaJIa nOJIyqeHa KOMnJIeKCHaH HH'}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKaH
xapaKTepHCTHKa OCHOBHbIX reHeTHqeCKHX THnOB JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO-
1KeHHit, aHaJIH3 KOTOpOH nO,lI.TBep}l{,lI.aeT, qTO no BceM npHBe,lI.eH-
HbIM nOKa3aTeJIHM cpH3HKO- MexaHHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB OT JIHtJHH MO-
peH n003epCKoro, CO}l{CKOrO H ,lI.Heri:pOBCKOro ropH30HTOB C HH}I{e-
Hep HO- reOJIOrH1.IeCKHX n03HlI.HH HeCYll1.eCTBeHHbI.
.ITHToreHeTHqeCKHe H 3nHreHeTHqeCKHe ocooeHHOCTH OTJIO}l{e-
HHH JIe.lI.HHKOBOH <POp MalI.HH, CJIY}l{HBlllHe eCTeCTBeHHOH OCHOBOH
'<pOpMHpOBaHHH CBOHCTB ropHbIX nqpo.lI., HBJIHIOTCH HaYtJHOH oa30H
AJIH H3YtJeHHH 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH HX npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHtJH-
BOCTH.
C HCrrOJIb30BaHHeM MeTO.lI.a MO,lI.eJIbHOH aBTOKOppeJIHlI.HOHHOH
'CPYHKlI.IHI HCCJIe,lI.OBaHbI 3aKOHOMepHOCTH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3-
MeHtJl1BOCTH JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}l{eHHH, . n03BOJIHBlllHe KoppeKTHO
nO.lI.OH:TH K H3Y1.IeHHIO B3aHMOCBH3eii CBOHCTB nopo.lI., HX perHO-
HaJDbHOMY HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKOMY paHOHHpOBaHHIO If THnH-
3aQHH.
nOJIYtJeH H pOaHaJIH3HpOBaHW Mo.z:r.eJIH nOJIeH YCJIOBHOrO
AHHaMHtJeCKoro conpOTHBJIeHHH MopeH EeJIOpYCCHH, nOKa3aBlllHe,
I.ITO HX HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKHe CBOH:CTBa nO,lI.tJHHHIOTCH onpe-
.rr.eJIeHHbIM 3aKOHOMepHOCTHM, OTpa}l{aIOll1.HM CTPYKTypHO-TeKTOHH...
qeCKHe ocooeHHOCTH HCCJIe,lI.OBaHHOH TeppHTopHH, KOTopble B CBOIO
otJepe.lI.b KOHTpOJIHpOBaJIH xapaKTep H OObeM JIe,lI.HHKOBOH Ce.lI.H-
MeHTalI.HH. YCJIOBHH oopa30BaHHH JIe,lI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}l{eHHH H HX
nOCJIe.lI.YIOII..J.ero H3MeHeHHH B npOlI.eCce rHneIPreHe3a OTpa}l{aIOTCH
B BepTHKaJIbHOH 30HaJIbHOCTH JI€.z:r.HHKOBHX TOJIlU. C rrOMOI.I.I.blO
aHaJIH3a nOJIeH P A npOBepeHbI H YTOqHeHbI CYI.I.I.eCTBYIOll1.He rHno-
.Te3bI 06 oopa30BaHHH OTJIO}l{eHHH JIe,lI.HHKOBOro KOMnJIeKCa H H3-
MeHeHHH HX CBOH:CTB B npOlI.eCce rHnepreHe3a.
YCTaHOBJIeHHbI€ 3aKoHoMepHocTH npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHtJH-
231

BOCTH CBOHCTB JIeHHKOBhIX OT JIO}l{eHHH CJIY}I{HJIH OCHOBOM npH
pa3pa60TKe MeTOOJIOrH1JeCKHX npHnIl.HnOB H3Y1JeHHH II OIl.eHKH
B3aHMOCBH3H nOKa3aTeJIeH CBOHCTB 3Toro CJIO}l{HOrO reOJIOrll1Je-
CKoro TeJIa C Il.eJIhID OCYlIl.eCTBneHHH KOppeJIHIl.HOHHOro nporH03a
ero cpH3HKO- MeXaHHQeCKHX CBOHCTB, Ba}l{HhIX B npaKTH1.IeCKOM
OTHOllleHHH. Ha oa3e MOeJIeH nOJIeH BhlnOJIHeHO pa3rpaHHIIeHHe
JIeJI.HHKOBbIX OTJIO}l{eHHH BeJIqpYCCHH Ha 06JIaCTH, KBa3HO.lI.HOpO.lI.-
HbIe no CBOHCTBaM, KOTopoe nOJIO.>KeHO B OCHOBY npH pa3paOOTKe
cxeMhI HH}I{eHepHO-reOJIOrH1.IeCKoro paHOHHpOBaHHH. npHHIl.HnhI
3Toro Ipa3rpaHH1.IeHHH MO}l{HO HCnOJIh30BaTh H ,lI.JIH ,lI.PyrHx Tep-
pHTOpHH, r,lI.e pa3BHThI H3Y1.IeHHbIe MopeHhI.
XalpaKTep 3aBHCHMOCTeH Me}l{.lI.Y npOqHOCTHbIMH H ecpopMaIJ.H-
OHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH, C O.lI.HOH CTOpOHhI, H cpH3HqeCKHMH CBOH-
CTBaMH, C JI.PyroH, JIH fJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB ,lI.HenpOBCKoro, CO}l{-
CKoro H n003epCKoro ropH30HTOB npHMepHO O,lI.HHaKOB. C Y1JeTOM
co06p a}l{eHHH 0 CXOCTBe pa3HOB03paCTHbIX MopeH 3TO n03BOJIHeT
peKOMeH.lI.OBaTh JIH nporH03a MtXaHH1.IeCKHX xa paKTepHCTHK eH-
HhIe yp aBHeHHH H TaOJIHIl.hI.
HaH60JIee TeCHYIO CBH3Ib C MexaHH1.IeCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH
HMeIDT: JIH MopeHHbIX I1PYHTOB - K03cpcpHIJ.HeHT nopHCTOCTJi Ii
rpaHHIJ.a TeKY1JeCTH, HBJIHIDlIl.aHCH 3cp$eKTHBHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH
HX COCTaBa; ,lI.JIH 03epHO-JIeHHKOBhIX rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB - K03cp-
cpHIJ.HeHT nopHCTOCTH H nOKa3aTeJI TeKyqeCTH npH npOfH03e
yeJIhHOrO CQerrJIeHMH H K03cpcpHIJ.HeHT nopHCTOCTH H rpaHHIJ.a Te-
KYlJeCTH npH nporH03e yrJIa BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH. YrOJI BHYTpeH-
Hero TpeHHH cp H yeJIhHOe CIl.enJIeHHe C, XOTH H onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH B
OHOM onhITe, HMeIOT pa3HhIe aprYMeHThI. C flPYHTOBe,lI.1JeCKOH
TOqKH 3peHHH 3TO BnOJIHe JI'OrH1.IHO, TaK KaK <p H C no-pa3HOMY pea-
rHpYIOT Ha H3MeHeHHe BJIa}l{HOCTH H PyrHx cpH3HqeCKHX CBOHCTB.
,ilJIH neCKOB MOYJIh ecpopMaIl.HH H yrOJI BHYTpeHHero TpeHHH
HaH60JIee TeCHO CBH3aHhI C K03$cpHI1.HeHTOM nopHCTOCTH.
Ha OCHOBe HCCJIe,lI;OBaHHH napHOH H MHO}l{eCTBeHHOH KOPP€JIH-
IJ.HH MeJKy nOKa3aTeJIHMH cpH3H1.IeCKHX H MeXaHHQeCKHX CBoifcTB
JIe,nHHKOBhIX OTJIO}l{eHHH COCTaBJIeHhI perHOHaJIhHhIe Ta6J1HIlbI HOp-
MaTHBHhIX H paCQeTHbIX 3HaQeHHH nOKa3aTeJIeH CBOHCTB rpyHTOB.
nOJIYQeHHhIe aHHhIe CYlIl.eCTBeHHO OnOJIHHIOT H KOHKpeTH3HpYIOT
CBeeHHH 0 CBOHCTBax JIeHHKOBhIX OT JIO}l{eHHH, HMeIDlIl.HeH B
TaOJIHIl.aX CHHn 2.02.01-83, PCH 27-78, a TaK)Ke 011pa)KalOT pe-
rHOHaJIhHbIe ocooeHHOCTH rpYHToB. ,LLJIH MopeHHhIx rpYHToB co
CTeneHhlO BJIa}l{HOCTH 0,8 YCTaHOBJIeHO CYlIl.eCTBeHHoe YMeHhllleHHe
npOQHOCTHhIX H e$opMaIl.HOHHhIX xapaKTepHcTHK npH .lI.OnOJIHH-
TeJIbHOM YBJIa}l{HeHHH, qTO He06xoHMO yqHThlBaTh npH
npoeKTHpoBaHHH H cTpOHTeJIhCTBe cooPY}I{eHHH Ha TaKHX rpYH-
Tax.
Ha OCHOBe oopa60TKH H aHaJIH3a pe3YJIhTaTOB napaJIJIeJIhHhIX
3KcnepHMeHTOB nOJIyqeHhI 3aBHCHMOCTH JIH nporH03a K09$cpH-
IJ.HeHTa rropHCTOCTH, nOKa3aTeJIH TeKYQeCTH, ITIpOlIHOCTHbIX H ,lI.e-
cppMaIl.HOHHhIX xapaKTepHCTHK no .lI.aHHhIM CTaTH1.IeCKoro H HHa-
232

MHqeCKOrO 30H)1,HpOBaHHH. TeCHOTa CBH3H <pH3HKO-MeXaHHqeCKHX
cBoHcTB rpYHTOB C napaMeTpaMH 30H,lI.HpOBaHHH 3aBHCHT OT reHe-
THqeCKHX H CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCTypHbIX ocooeHHocTeH rpYHTOB, a
TaK}Ke pe>KHMOB HcnbITaHHiL HeKOTopbIe pa3JIHQHH B oueHKe no-
Ka3aTeJIeH MeX3HHQeCKHX cBoHcTB no ypaBHeHHHM perpeCCHH,
nOJIY1.IeHHhIM no cpH3HqeCKHM CBOMCTBaM H 30H,lI.HpOaaHHIO, OOYC-
JIOBJIeHhI lPa3HhIM BJIHHHHeM Ha nOKa3aTeJIH xapaKTepa H npOqHO-
CTH CTPYKTypHbIX CBH3eM npH- JIa60paTopHbIX onpe,lI.eJIeHHHX <pH-
3H1.IeCKHX CBOHCTB H 30H,LI.HpOBaHHH, a TaK>Ke pa3JIHqHHMH ,lI.ecpop-
MHpOBaHHSI rpYHTOB npH CTaTH1.IeCKOM H ,lI.HHaMHqeCKOM B03J1.eii-
CTBHH Ha HHX.
YCTaHOBJIeHbI npHqHHbI paCXO>K,lI.eHHH B ou.eHKe npOqOCTH BO-
.nOHacbIw.eHHbIX MopeHHbIX rJIHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB CTaTHqeCKHM H
,lI.HHaMHQeCKHM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHeM, QTO ,lI.aeT B03MO>KHOCTh Jl.Hcpe-
peHlI,HpOBaHHoro nO,lI.XO,LI.a K BbI,lI.eJIeHHIO HH>KeHe!pHO-reOJIOrH1.Ie-
CKHX 3JIeMeHTOB H BbIOOpy Hecyero ,lI.JIH cBaii CJIOH C yqeTOM
HBJIeHHH, KOTophle MorYT B03HHKaTh npH pa3JIH1.IHhIX BHJl.aX 30H-
,lI.UpOBaHHH.
nOJlyqeHbI HOBbIe rpaHHqHhie 3HaqeHHH napaMeTpOB 30H,lI.HpO-
BaHHH ,LI.JIH oueHKH nJIOTHOCTH CJIO:>KeHHH neCQaHbIX rpYHTOB. ,LLaHbI
pCKOMeH,lI.aUHH no OQeHKe HeCYllieH cnoc06HOCTH cBaM .CTaTHQe-
CKHM H ,lI.HHaMH1.IecKHM 30H,lI.HpOBaHHeM, a TaK>Ke no K03<PCPHU.HeH-
TY nopHCToCTH neCKOB.
I1pHBe.!LeHHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH Jl.JIH nporH03a <pH3HKO-MeXaHHqe-
CKHX CBOHCTB rpYHToB H ou.eHKH HecyeM cnocooHoCTH CBaH no
cTaTH4ecKoMY H ,lI.HHaMHqeCKoMY 30H.lI.HpOBaHHIO nO..1IO:>KeHbI B OC-
HOBY COCTaBJIeHHH pecny6JIHKaHCKHx c11PoHTeJIbHbIX HOpM: «CTa-
TH4eCKoe 30HJl.HpOBaHHe H neHeTpaUHoHHbIH KapoTa rpYHToB B
YCJIOBHHX BCCP» (PCH 23-85), «,LLHHaMHqeCKOe 30HJl.HpOBaHHe
rpYHToB B YCJIOBHHX BCCP» (PCH 62-87), a TaK>Ke HCnOJIh30BaHbI
npH pa3paooTKe «PeKOMeH,lI.aUHH no onpeJl.eJIeHHIO HecyeH cno-
COOHOCTH 3aoHBHbIX cBaH pa3Horo CeqeHHH» H CHHIT 1.02.07-87
« I1H>KeHepHhIe H3bICKaHHH ,lI.JIH c'I1P0HTeJIhCTBa». I1cnoJIh30BaHHe
3TH X 3aBHCHMOCTeH Jl.aJIO B03MO?l{HOCTb cyecTBeHHO no-
BbICHTb HHcpopMaTHBHOCTh Jl.HHaMHqeCKOrO H CTaTHQeCKOrO 30H"-
pOBaHHH, QTO cnocoocTByeT POCTY KaqeCTBa H 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH
H3hICKaHHH, COKpaw.eHHIO qpOKOB IIX BbInOJIHeHHH H CHH)I{eHHIO
CTOHMOCTH.
3aKOHOMepHOCTH npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHQHBOCTH CBOHCTB
neJl.HHKOBhIX OTJIO)l{eHHH, OTpa>KaIOIll.He reOJIOrO-CTpYKTypHbIe
YCJIOBHH cpOpMpOBaHHH 3THX CBOHCTB, n03BOJIHJIH YCTaHOBHTb
OO'beKTHBHhle KpHTepHH ,LI.JIH pa3pa60TKH CXeMbJ HH)I{eHepHO-reo-
JIOrHt.leCKoro paHOHHpOBaHHH II THnH3aUHH JIeJl.HHKOBhIX OTJIO>Ke-
HHH.
COCTaB.neHHaH KapTa THnOJIOrH4eCKoro HH)I{eHepHO-reOJIOrH-
qeCKOrO paAOHHpOBaHHH OTJIO)l{eHHH JIe,LI.HHKOBoro KOMnJIeKCa C
nopooHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH <pH3HKO-MeXaHHQeCKHX CBOHCTB OC-
HOBHbIX THnOB H BH,lI.OB rpYHTOB ,lI.OnOJIHHeT H paCIllHpHeT CYIll.eCT-
233

BY 10 ll1.He CXeMbI HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH4eCKOrO paHOHHpOBaHHH
TeppHTOpHH B€JIOPYCCHH.
113Y4eHHe B3aHMOCBH3H nOKa3aTeJIeH CBOHCTB rpYHTOB H CTPYK-
TypbI rrOJIeH HX reOJIOrH1.IeCKHX rrapaMeTpOB n03BOJIHJIO COCTaBIITb
qaCTHbIe KapTbI CmHMaeMOCTH MOpeHHbIX OTJIO)KeHHH II HecyeH
CrrOC06HOCTH rrOrpY>KeHHbIX B HHX CBaH, KOTopbIe HMelOT Ba>KHOe
3Ha1.IeHHe )1.JIH rrpe)1.BaIPHTeJIbHOH OlI.eHKH C)KHMaeMOCTH rpYHTOB H
HeCYIll.eH crrocooHoCTH cBaH rrpH llJIaHHpOBaHHH pa3MeIll.eHHH pa3-
JIHqHbIX BH,LI:OB cTpOHTeJIbCTBa. Ha OCHOBe HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqe-
coro paHOHHpOBaHHH OTJIO)KeHHH C yqeTOM rH)1.pOreOJIOrH1.JeCKHX
YCJIOBHH TeppHTopHH H orrbITa H3bICKaHHH BbI,lI.eJIeHO ,lI.eBHTb TH-
rrOBbIX cxeM pa3pe30B, )1.JlH Ka>K,lI.OH H3 KOropbIX xapaKTepHbI
orrpe,ll.eJIeHHbIe COqeTaHHH pa3JIH1.IHbIX MeTO)1.0B I1jporH03a MexaHH-
qeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB.
C rrOMOIll.blO arrrrapaTa MaTeMaTH4eCKOH CTaTHCTHKH OlI.eHeHbI
Ka4eCTBO H 3<pcpeKTHBHOC'Db pa3JIH4HbIX MeTO)1.0B rrporH03a rrpoq-
HOCTHbIX H ,lI.ecpopMalI.HOHHbIX CBOHCTB JIe)1.HHKOBbIX OTJIO>KeHHH-
11 rrpOBe)1.eHO HX cpaBHeHHe. Ha 6a3e rrpHMeHeHHH CT3THCTH4eCKHX
rrapaMeTpOB nporH03HbIX ypaBHeHHH pa3pa60TaHbI OCHOBHbIe no-
JlOLKeHHH CHHTe3a (KOMnJIeKCHOe COqeTaHHe) pa3JIH4HbIX MeTO)1.0B
rrporH03a H OlI.eHKH HX BKJIa)1.a B OKOH4aTeJIbHbIH nporH03. TIlPe,ll.-
JIO>KeH crrocoo nOCTpoeHHH KOMOHHHpOBaHHoro rrporH03a. C npH-
BJIe4eHHeM cpopMaJIbHO-JIOrHqeCKOrO rrO,lI.XO,ll.a CCPOPMYJIHpOBaHbI
HaY4Hwe rrpHHUHrrw KOMrrJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTO)1.0B rrporH03a npoq-
HOCTHbIX H )1.ecpopMalI.HOHHbIX CBOHCTB JIe,ll.HHKOBbIX OTJIOLKeHHH,
OCHOBaHHbIe Ha HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrH4eCKOM paHOHHpOBaHHH H TH-
nH3alI.HH TeppHTopHH, Y1.IeTe 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH Ka}l{)J.oro H3 MeTO-
,lI.OB Hero BKJIa,ll.a B OOIll.HH IIjporH03. Orrpe)1.eJIeHa JIOrHqeCKaH
rrOC,JIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHOCTb COqeTaHHH pa3JIHqHbIX reOJIOrHqeCKHX H cpop-
MaJIbHO-MaTeMaTH4eCKHX MeTO,lI.OB rrpH KOMnJIeKCHOM rrporH03Hpo-
BaHHH CrpOHTeJIbHbIX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB.
CcpOPMYJlHpOBaHa TeopeTHKO-MeTO,lI.H4eCKaH KOHlI.errQHH HH-
meHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOrO H3Y4eHHH H OlI.eHKH JIe,ll.HHKOBbIX 9TJIO-
)KeHHH )1.JIH MaCCOBoro CTPOHTe.JIbCTBa, nOCTpoeHH3H H3 P3CCMOT-
peHHH CHCTeMbI OCHOBaHHe-cpYH)J.aMeHT-COOPY>KeHHe K3K e.u.HHOH
reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKOii KOHCTPYKlI.HH. Orrpe)1.eJIeHbI HayqHO-MeTO,ll.II-
4eCKHe rrpHHlI.HrrbI C03,l1.aHHH THrrOBbIX cxeM reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHX
OO'beKTOB H rrpe)J.JIO)KeH3 MeTO,lI.HKa HX HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrH4eCKoro
H3Y4eHHH. Pa3paOOTaH3 rrpHHII.HrrH3JI 1 bH3H TeXHOJIOrHqeCK3H cxeM3
H3YQeHHH H ou.eHKH reOJIOrO-TeXHH1IeCKHX OO'beKTOB, OCHOB3HHaH
H3 KOMnJleKCHOM C04eT3HHH H B33HMO,ll.eHCTBHH npHpO,ll.HbIX H Tex-
HH1.JeCKHX cp3KTOpOB. TIpe,ll.JIO>KeHHbIH no,lI.XO,ll. rr03BOJIHT oOJlee
lI.eJIeHarr.paBJIeHHO rrpOBO)1.H'Db HHLKeHepHO-reOJIOrH4eCKHe H3bICK3-
HHH, COKp3THTb CpOKH HX BbIrrOJIHeHHH H CHH3HTh CTOHMOCTb, 3
TaKLKe rrOBbICHTb Ka4eCTBO H 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb rrpoeKTHbIX pe-
rneHHH.
113JIOLKeHbI OCHOBbI orrTHMH3alI.HH HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrH4eCKHX
HCCJIe,ll.OBaHHH ,lI.JIH M3CCOBoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa.
234

fIporH03 nOKa3aTeJIeM MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB rpYHTOB no KOC-
BeHHbIM npH3HaKaM, HeCMOTpH Ha OOJIbIIlOe KOJIHqeCTBO paOOT,
nOCBHeHHbIX lPeIIleHHIO aTOM 3a.n.aqH npHMeHHTeJIbHO K pa3HbIM
reHeTHqeCKHM THnaM H BH.n.aM OTJIO}l{eHHM B pa3JIHqHbIX perHoHax
cTpaHw, OCTaeTCH O.n.HOH H3 aKTyaJIbHWX npOOJIeM COBpeMeHHOH
HH)KeHepHOM reOJIOrHH. KOHKpeTHaH MeTo.n.HKa nporH03HpoBaHHH,
HecMoTpH Ha 06ll1.HOCTb MeTo.u.OJIOrHqeCKOrO no.n.xo.n.a, HMeeT pe-
rHOHaJIbHbIe ocooeHHocTH, CBH3aHHbIe C YCJIOBHHMH cpOpMHpoBa-
HHH H nOCJIe.n.YIOll1.HMH nOCTreHeTHqeCKHMH H3MeHeHHHMH OTJIOJKe-
HHH B npouecce JIHTOreHe3a, 3aKoHoMepHocTHMH HX npocTpaHcT-
BeHHoH H3MeHqHBOCTH II ,lIJp.
KocBeHHbIe MeTo.n.bI nporH03a nOKa3aTeJIeH MeXaHHqeCKHX
CBOHCTB rpYHToB HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBOH onTHMH3aUHH HH)KeHepHO-
reOJIOrHqeCKHX H3bICKaHHH, T. e. COKpall1.eHHH OO'beMa Tpy.n.oeMKHX
H .n.'oporOCTOHHX HcrrbITaHHH nYTeM 3aMeHbI HX 3Kcrrpecc-MeTo-
.n.aMH npH coxpaHeHHH Heooxo.n.HMoro YPOBHH HHcpopMaTHBHOCTH
.n.aHHbIx.
B HacToHee BpeMH Ha3peJIa Heooxo.n.HMOCTb pa3paOOTKH Me-
TO.n.OB oueHKH H KOHTpOJIH KaqeCTBa HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOH
HHcpqpMaUHH, rrOJIyqaeMOH CKOpOCTHbIMH MeTo.n.aMH-, qTO n03BOJIHT
HayqHO OoocHoBaTb HX MeCTO H pOJIb B ooeM KOMrrJIeKCe HH)Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX H3blcKaHHH, a TaK)Ke cYll1.eCTBeHHo pacIIlH-
pHTb OOJIaCTb npHMeHeHHH.
YcrrexH rrporH03HpoBaHHH rroKa3aTeJIeH MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB
rpYHToB MeTo.n.aMH 30H.n.l1poBaHHH H HX acpcpeKTHBHaH pOJIb rrpH
oueHKe H H3yqeHHH reOJIOrO-TeXHHqeCKHX OO'beKTOB BO MHorOM
orrpe.n.eJIHIOTCH CTerreHblO TOqHOCTH H .n.ocToBepHocTH 3THX MeTO-
,IT,OB npH peIIleHHH KOHKpeTHblx 3a.n.aq.
B HQPMaTHBHOH MeTo.n.H 1 1ecKoH JIHTepaType no HH)KeHepHO-
reOJIOrHqeCKHM HCCJIe.n.oBaHHHM OTCYTCTBYIOT peKoMeH.n.aUHH no
KOHTpOJIIO TOqHOCTH pe3YJIbTaTOB orrpe.u.eJIeHHH CPH3HKO-MexaHH-
qeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHK rpYHToB MeTo.n.aMH 30H.n.HpoBaHHH. Opra-
HH3aUHH TaKoro KOHTpOJIH n03BOJIHT nOJIyqaTb cTa6HJIbHbIe pe-
3YJIbTaTbI orrpe.n.eJIeHHH C rrorpeIIlHOCTHMH, He npeBbIIIlaIOll1.HMH 3a-
.n.aHHbIX rrpe.n.eJIOB, BbIHBJIHTb H aHaJIH3HpOBaTb cpaKTOjpw, OOYC-
JIOBJIHBaIOll1.He OIIlHOKH rrporH03a, pa3paoaTbIBaTb MeTo.n.bI yrrpaB-
JIeHHH TOIIHOCTblCJ onpe.n.eJIeHHH xapaKTepHCTHK rpYHTOB.
TIoBbIIIleHHe KaqeCTBa HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOfHqeCKOH HHcpOpMaUHH
H B HTore 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX HCCJIe.n.OBa-
HHH 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO OT COBepIIleHCTBOBaHHH HayqHbIX OCHOB,
MeTo.n.HKH, TeXHHKH H TeXHOJIOrHH lPaOOT, HO H OT COOTBeTCTBHH
BbIrrOJIHHeMbIX HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH onpe.n.eJIeHHOH npoue.n.ype KOHTpOJIH
H oueHKH KaqeCTBa nporH03a rrpOqHOCTHbIX H .n.ecpopMaUHOHHbIX
xapaKTepHCTHK Ha Bcex aTarrax HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHX H3bI-
CKaHHH. O.u.HaKO aTOT Borrpoc TpeoyeT OT.n.eJIbHOrO paCCMOTpe-
HHH.
B rrepcneKTHBe HCrrOJIb30BaHHe H3JIO)KeHHbIX B KHHre pe3YJIb-
235

TaTOB lI03BOJIHT 3H8qHTeJIbHO YCKqpHTb lIpOllecc lIOJIyqeHHH H 00-
p860TKH HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOr.HqeCKOH HH<pOpM8UHH H BbI,n8qH M8-
Tepli8JIOB H3bICK8HHH lIpoeKTHbIM opr8HH3811HHM. OHH MorYT ObITb
lIOJIO}KeHbI B OCHOBY lIPH p83p800TKe CKOpOCTHOH CHCTeMhI lIpO-
BeJ(eHHH TeXHOJIOrliQeCKOrO npoueCC8 H3bICKaHHH C lIOCJIe,nYIOll{eH
ero 8BTOM8TH38UHeH K8K OTJ(eJIbHbIX 3T8lIOB, T8K H Bcero KOMlI-
JIeKCa HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHQeCKOrO H3YQeHHH H oueHKH reOJIoro-
TeXHHQeCKHX 06DeKTOB H8 OCHOBe lUHpOKoro BHeApeHHH nepco-
H8JIbHblX 3BM.

nHTEP A TYP A
1. ApXaHreJIbCKHii H. B. HeKoTopble BonpocbI KOMnneKcHpoBaHHH HH:H<e-
HepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx MeTO.lI.OB HCCJIe,ltoBaHHii 1/I1H)I(. reOJIOrHH. 1986. N2 6.
C. 94-101.
2. 60JlOTHH B. B. npHMeHeHHe MeTO)J.OB TeopHH BepoHTHocTeii H TeopHH
Ha.lI.e>KHOCTH B pactJeTax cooPY:H<eHHH. M., 1971.
3. 6oH.o,apHK f. K. 0 MeTO.lI.e HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH CHCTeM B HH:H<eHepHOii reo-
JIOrHH II OYTH )J.aJIbHeHWero pa3BHTIISI HH.>KeHepHOH reonorHH. M., 1971.
C. 11-17.
4. 6oH.o,apHK f. K. OCHOBbI TeopHH H3MeHtJHBOCTH HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrH-
qeCKIiX CBOHCTB ropHbIx nopoJI.. M., 1971.
5. 6oH.o,apHK f. K. )J.HHaMHqeCKOe H CTaTHtJeCKoe 30H.lI.HpOBaHHe rPYHToB
B HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH. M., 1964.
6. 6oH.o,apHK f. K. 06maH TeopHH HH:H<eHepHOii (4)H3HqeCKoii) reOJIOrHH.
M., 1981. C. 256.
7. 6oH.o,apHK f. K. MeTo,ltHKa HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHtJecKHx HCCJIe)J.oBaHHit
YtJe6H. JI.JlR BY30B. M., 1986.
- 8. 6oH.o,apHK f. K., fOpaJIbqYK M. H., CHpOTKHH B. f. 3aKoHoMepHocTH
npocTpaHcToeHHoH H3MeHtJHBOCTH JIeCCOBhlX IIOP0,l[. M., 1976.
9. 6oH.o,apHK f. K., fOpaJIbqYK M. H., HepycaJIHMCKaR E. H. npOcTpaH-
CTBeHHaH H3MeHtJHBOCTb JIe,ltHHKOBhIX OTJIO>KeHHH. M., 1985.
10. 6oH.o,apHK f. K., KOMapoB H. C., .eppoHcKHH B. H. nOJIeBhle MeTO-
,l[b1 HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHtJecKHx HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH. l\tl., 1967.
11. 50H.o,apHK f. K., DeH.o,HH B. B. MeTo,AHKa KOJlHqeCTBeHHOH oueHKH
HH)f{eHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX YCJIOBHH H CneIJ.HaJIbHOrO HH:H<eHepHO-reOJlOrHqeC-
Koro paHoHHpoBaHHH /II1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1982. N2 4. C. 82-89.
12. 5YJIaBHH B. n. feHe3Hc II JIHTOJIOrHqeCKHe 4>aUHH JIecca PYCCKOH paB-
HHHbI. M., 1972.
13. ByceJI H. A. K oueHKe HecYIIJ.eii cnoc06HoCTH 3a6HBHblX CBaH 11113B.
BY30B. feOJIOrHH H pa3BeJI.Ka. 1985. N2 11. C. 61-65.
14. 5yceJI H. A. K Bonpocy nporH03a npotJHocTHblX H JI.e4>0pMalJ,HOHHblX
xapaKTepHcTHK MopeHHblx rpYHToB npH H3eHeHHH HX BJIa>KHOCTH /I fHJI.PO-
reonorHH H HH>KeHepHaH reOJIOrHH. MaTeMaTHtJecKHe MeTO,ltbI aHaJIH3a HH<pOP-
MaUHH. HOBollepKaccK, 1984. C. 100-103.
15. 5yceJI H. A. OIIpe)J.eJIeHHe MO,ltYJIH oOIIJ.eH ,lte4>opMaUHH rpYHToB IIO
.lI.aHHbIM CTaTHtJeCKoro 30HJI.HpOBaHHH //113B. BY30B. reOJIOrHH H pa3BeJI.Ka.
1984. N27. C. 101-105.
16. ByceJI H: A. OnpeJI.eJIeHHe IIPOqHOCTHblX xapaKTepHcTHK rJIHHHCTblX
rpYHToB no .lI.aHHbIM 30H)J.HpoBaHHH II CTPOHT-BO H apxHTeKTypa BeJIOPyccHH.
1985. N2 1. C. 34-35.
17. ByceJI H. A. COIIOCTaBJleHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB CTaTHtJeCKoro H ,ltHHaMHt1e-
CKoro 30H.u.HpoBaHHH rpYHToB /I feOJIOrHH H reorpa<pHH. !\-18., 1985. BbIn. 7.
C. 78-86.
18. 6yceJl H. A. I1CIIOJIb30naHHe lJ.HHaMHtJeCKoro 30HJI.HpOBaHHH B H3b1C-
KaHHHX /I OpoeKTHpoBaHHe H HH>K. H3blCKaHHH. 1985. N2 3. C. 31-33.
19. ByceJl H. A. 3aKoHoMepHocTH IIpocTpaHcTBeHHoi1 H3MeHtJHBOCTH JIeJI.-
HHKOBblX OTJIO>KeHHH KaK KpHTepHH HX HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOfHlleCKoro paHoHHpo-
BaHHH B CBH3H C KOMIIJleKCHblM npofH030M npotJnocTHbIX H .rr.e<fJopMalJ,UOHHbIX
CBOHCTB (Ha IIpHMepe BeJlOPyccHH). M., 1985. LIen. E BHHHTH Q 6473-85.
237

20. 5YCJleHKO H. D., KaJlaWHHKOB B. B., K.oBaJleHKO H. H. JIeKIJ.HU no
TeopHH CJIO>KHhIX CHCTeM. M., 1973.
21. Bapra A. A. HeKoTophIe BOIIpOCbl npHMeHeHHH MeTOJI.a cIIMMeTpHlI
K I1H>KeHepHO- reOJIOrHtJecKoMY H3YtJeHHIO TpemHHoBa TOCTH III1H>K. reOJlOrHH.
1980. oN!:! 3. C. 88-97.
22. BaCHJlbeB B. M., XaHMe H. M. feoJIOrO-cTpYKTYPHblH no.n.xoJI. npH
HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHtJecKoM paHoHHpoBaHHH CeBepHoH H l1.eHTpaJlbHOH MOH-
rOJIHH I/I1H>K. reOJlOrHH. 1984. oN!:! 5. C. 57-64.
23. BBeAeHcKaH A. H. I-bYtJeHHe c}JH3H1IeCKHX r,BoiicTB MopeH B naJleoreo-
rpa<jJHtJecKHx lJ,eJIHX: ABTope4>. AHC. ... KaH)J.. reOJI.-MHHep. HaYK. M., 1972. . f
24. BepeHcKHH H. f., KOMapoB H. C. MCTOpHH pa3BHTHH PyccKoii IIJlaT-
<jJOpMbI B IIJlHOIJ.eHe, IIJIeHCTOlJ,eHe H rOJlOlJ,eHe III1H>KeHepHaH reOJIOrHH CCCP.
T. 1. PyccKaH IIJIaT4>opMa / nOJI. pe)J.. 11. C. KOMapOBa. M., 197K C. 60-68.
25. BepHa.o.cKHH B. H. XHMHtJecKoe cTpoeHHe 6Hoccpepbl 3eMJlH H ee
oKpY>KeHHH. M., 1965.
26. BepxoBcKaH JI. A., CopoKHHa E. D. MaTeMaTHtJecKoe MOJI.eT(JIpOBaHHe
reOXHMUtJeCKoro nOJIH B nOHCKOBblX IJ.eJIHX. M., 1981.
27. BHHOKYPOB E. .. CTpOHTeJlbHble CBoHcTBa MopeHHblx rpYHToB. MH.,
1962.
28. BOpOHHH 10. A., EraHoB 3. A. MeToJI.oJIorHtJecKHe BOIIpOCbl npHMeHe-
HHH MaTeMaTHtJeCKHX MeTOJI.OB B reOJIOrHH. HOBOCH6HPCK, 1974.
29. faHraJlac A. H., fYPCKHH 5. It, KapaoaHoB A. K., JleBKoB 3. A. He-
MaHcKHH JIeJI.HHKOBblH IIoToKI/MocKoBcKHH JIe.lI.HHKOBblH nOKpoB BOCTOllHOH
EBpOIIbI. M., 1982. C. 133-137.
30. fepacHMoBHIJ A. H., MaTBeeBa .st. 11. MaTeMaTHtJecKaH CTaTHKa. MH.,
1978.
31. fepMeHep 10. 6. I1rpbl C HeIIpoTHBOIIOJIO)KHblMH HHTepeCaMJi. M.,
1976.
32. fHpKaHoB A. H., CJlem{OB 5. f. PerHOHaJIbHbIe Ta6J1Hl1.b1 HopMaTHB-
HblX H pactJeTHblx IIoKa3aTeJIeH JIeCCOBbIX rpYHToB r. AJlMa-ATa II MaTeMaTH-
tJeCKHe MeTo.ltbl B HHJKeHepHO-reOJIOrHIJeCKHX HCCJIeJI.OBaHHHX. M., 1983.
C. 28-49.
33. fOJlO.o.KoBcKaH f. A., Jleoe.o.eBa H. H. I1H>KeHepHo-reoJIorH1)ecKoe
paHoHHpoBaHHe TeppHTopHH MOCKBhI //I1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1984. oN!:! 3. C. 87-102.
34. fOJlyoeB H. A. I1cCJIeJI.oBaHHe npotJHocTHblX H JI.e<jJopMall.HOHHbIX
CBOHCTB neClIaHblX oCHoBaHHH TeppHTopHH BCCP: ABTope<jJ. JI.HC. ... KaH.lI.. TeXH.
HaYK. MH., 1970.
35. fOPOXOBCKHH B. M., TKalJYK 3. H. MOJI.eJlHpoBaHHe B HH}KenepHOH
reOJIOrHH. HOBotJepKaccK, 1980.
36. fopbKoBa H. M. cJ>H3HKO-xHMHtJecKHe HCCJIe;I.OBaHHH .lI.HcnepCHh1X oca-
JI.OIJHblX IIOpOJI. B cTpOHTeJIbHhIX l1.eJIHX. M., 1975.
37. fpelJHw.eB C. E., KIOHTl{eJlb B. B., CaraH.o.alJHblH 10. A. 0 HeKOTO-
pblX IIepcIIeKTHBHblX HaIIpaBJIeHHHX pa3BHTHH MaTeMaTHtJeCKHX MeTo.n.OB B HH-
>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH H reOKpHOJIOrHH /I MH>K. reOJIOrHH. 1981. N!:! 5. C. 3-14.
38. fOCT 20522-75. rpYHThI. MeToJI. cTaTlIcTHtJecKoH 06pa60TKu pe3YJIb-
TaTOB OIIpeJI.eJIeHHH IIoKaaaTeJIeH. M., 1975.
39. fOCT 1224-78. rpYHThI. MeToJI. JIa60paTopHoro oIIpeJI.eJleHHH conpo-
THBJIeHHH cpe3Y. M., 1979.
40. fOCT 23908-79. rpYHTbI. MeToJI. JIa60paTopHoro onpe.lI.eJIeHliH C}KH-
MaeMOCTH. M., 1980.
41. rOCT 19912-81. rpyHTbI. MeToJI. IIOJIeBOrO HCIIhlTaHHH JI.HHaMH1)eCKHM
30HJI.HpOBaHHeM. M., 1981.
42. fOCT 20069-81. rpYHTbI. MeToJI. nOJIeBOrO HCIIblTaHHH CTaTHeCKHM
30HJI.HpOBaHHeM. M., 1981.
43. rOCT 25100-82. fpYHTbI. KJIaCcH<jJHKal1.HH. M., 1982.
44. fpH3HOB T. A. Ol1.eHKa nOKa3aTeJleH CBOHCTB nopo)J. IIOJIeBblMH MeTO-
.lI.aMH. M., 1984.
45. )J.eBHc )J.>K. CTaTHcTHKa H aHaJIH3 reOJlOrHtJeCKHX JI.aHHbIX. M., 1977.
46. )J.>KOHCOH H., JlHOH .. CTaTHcTHKa H IIJIaHHpOBaHHe 3KcIIepHMeHTa B
TCXHHKe H HaYKe: MeToJI.bl IIJIaHHpOBaHHH 3KcIIepHMeHTa. \., 1981.
238

47. )J.HHaMHlIecKoe 30HJUIpoBaHHe rpyHToB B YCJIOBHHX BCCP (PCH
62-87 fOCCTpOH BCCP). MH., ]98B.
48. )J.y.n.Jlep 11. B. KOMIIJleKCHbIe HCCJIeAOBaHHH rpYHToB IIOJleBblMH MeTO-
)J.aMH. M., 1979. -
49. EBTeeB C. A. - fOJlOnltJecKaH )J.eHTeJIbHOCTb JIeJI.HHKOBOro IIoKpoBa
BOCTOtJHOH AHTapKTHJI.bI. M., 1964.
50. EpMoJiaeB H. H., MHxeeB B. B. HaJIe1KHOCTb oCHoBaHHH coopY>Ke-
HHit JI., 1976. .
51. 3arHpoB III. III. K OIITHMH3au.HH 06'beMOB pa3Be,ltKH H oIIp060BaHHSI
oCHoBaHufl HH>KeHepHblx cooPY>KeHHH II I1H>K. reOJlOrHH. 1981. N!? 2. C. 16-27.
52. 3aiil.\eBa H. B. JIeHTOqHble rJIHHbl BeJIOpyccHH. MH., 1969.
53. 3YCb M. E., fYPCKHH 5. H., JleBKoB 3. A., faHraJlac A. 11. HeMaHcKo-
MHHcKaH JIeJI.Opa3JI.eJIbHaH 30Ha II MocKoBcKHH J1eJI.HHKoBNH nOKpoB BOCTOtJHOH
EBponbl. 1\'1., 1982. C. 137-142.
54. l1epycaJlHMcKaSl E. H. TeopHH H npaKTHKa MOJI.eJIlLpOBaHHH reOJlOrH-
tJeCKUX nOJIeH B HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH: ABTopetp. ,ltHC. ... KaHJI.. reOJI.-MHHep.
HaYK. 1\'1., 1980.
.55. I1HCTPYKI.\HSI IIO YtJeTY oc06eHHocTeH MopeHHblX rpYHToB IIPH IIpoeK-
THpOBaHIIH eCTeCTBeHHhIX OCHOBaHHH Ha TeppIlTopHH BCCP (PCH 27-78). MH.,
1979.
56. KaraH A. A., COJlO.n.YXHH M. A. MopeHHble OTJIO>KeHHH CeBepo-3aIIa-
)J.a CCCP (HH>KeHepHP-reOJlOrHqeCKaH xapaKTepHCTHi<:a). M., 1971.
57. Ka3aKOB M. n. K xapaKTepHcTHKe rJIaBHeHIllHx THIIOB tJeTBepTHtJHblX
OTJIO>KeHHII eBpoIIeHCKOH: tJaCTH CCCP II BIOJI. MOl1n. HOB. cep. 1935. T. 13
(J). C. 394-427.
58. Ka3aHI.\eB B. .., XaMoB A. n., JleBHHa P. 4». H JI.p. Pe3YJIbTaTbI HC-
nblTaHHH 30HJI.HpYlOmHx YCTaHoBoK II npoeKTHpoBaHHe H B03Be)J.eHHe $YH,lta-
MeHTOB TpaHcIIopTHblX 3.lI.aHHH H cooPY>KeHHH H3 CBaH H 060JIotJeK B CJIO}KHblX
rpYHToBblX YCJIOBIIHX. JI., 1974. C. 185-188.
59. KapnYHHH B. A., CyxaHoB B. H., lllaporpa.n.cKHii B. H. 1\'leToJI.oJIo-
rHtleCKHe OCHOBbl eCTeCTBeHHblX H TeXHHtJeCKHX HayK. JI., 1979.
60. KOJloMeHcKHii H. B. 06maH MeTO)J.HKa HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCI(HX HC-
cJleJI.onaHHH. M., 1968.
61. KOJlnaWHHKoB f. A. 0 CHCTeMHOM nOJI.Xo,lte B IIH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJe-
CKHX HccneJI.OBaHHHX II feOJIOrHH H reorpacpHH. MH., 1982. BblII. 4. C. 65-75.
62. KOJlnaWHHKoB f. A., fy.n.aK C. n., MOTY3 B. 1\,., naHaceHKO JI. 11.
Oc06eHHocTH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKoro paHoHHpoBaHHH TeppHTopHH BeJIo-
PYCCHH B CBH3H C palJ,HOHaJIbHblM HCIIOJIb30BaHueM reOJlOrHtJecKoH cpe,ltbl II flIJI.-
poreOJIOrHtJeCKHe H HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHe npOOJIeMhl BeJIOpyccHH. MH.,
1977. C. 142-156.
63. KOMapoB 11. C. COBpeMeHHaH JIaHJJ.Illa(IJTHo-KJIHMaTHqecKaH 30HaJIb-
HOCTb II ee HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKOe 3HatJeHHe III1H>KeHepHaSl reOJlOrHH CCCP.
T. 1. PyccKaH IIJIaT<popMa 1 nOJI. peJI.. H. C. KOMapoBa. M., 1978. C. 68-75.
64. KOMapoB 11. C. CHcTeMHblH IIOJI.XOJI. K HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH 11113B.
BY30B. feOJIOrHH H pa3Be)J.Ka. 1983. N!? 11. C. 154-16].
65. KOMapoB 11. C. HaKOIIJIeHHe H 06pa60TKa IlHcpopMaIJ.HH npH HH>Ke..
HepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx HCCJIeJI.OBaHHHX. M., 1982.
66. KOMapoB H. C. OCHoBHbIe KOMIIJIeKCHbIe MeTO,ltbl HHR{eHepHO-reOJIO-
nlqeCKHX HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH II TIOJleBble MeTO)J.N HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx HCCJIe-
,ltoBaHHH. M., 1967. C. 18-60.
67. KOMapoB 11. C., XaiiMe H. M., 6a6eHblrneB A. n. l\lHoroMepHblH CTa-
THCTHtJeCKHH aHaJlH3 B HH>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH. M., 1976.
68. KOTJlOB .. B. HeKoTophIe BOIIpOCbI tpOpMHpoBaHHH HHMeHepHo-reo-
JIOrHtJeCKHX cBoikTB IIOpOJI. B CBH3H C HyqeHHeM rJIHHHCTblX IIOpO)J. MocKBbl
" nOJI.MOCKOBbH III1H>KeHepHo-reoJIorHIJecKHe CBoHcTBa ropHbIx IIOpOJI. H Me-
TOJI.bl HX H3ytJeHHH. M., 1 62. C. 133-150.
69. Kofj>fj> f. JI., JIo60.lJ,eHKO B. r., KOJlOMeHCKH" E. H. MHKpocTpoeHIfe
H CBOHCTna MopeHHblX rJ1HHHCTX rpyHToR (Ha nOHMepe MOCKOBCKOH MopeHw)
BeJIoPyccHH II HH>K. reOJIOrHH. 1979. N!? 5. C. 48-55.
70. KpHrep H. 11. 0 nPI11JHHe BbICOIWji nJIOTHOCTH .tOio2HHhIX OTJlo){{e-
239

HHH II JIuTOJlOrHH H nOJle3HhIe HCKOIIaeMbIe. 1971. .i\'2 4. C. 124-130.
71. KpYTb H. B. I1ccJIeJI.oBaHHe oCHoBaHHH TCOpeTJltJecKoH reOJIOrHH. M'7
1973.
72. Kym.\oB A. f., POMaHoBa E. H.7 illeKo E. A. CIIOCOObl IIocTpoeHlul
MaKeTOB KapT q>H3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHX CBOHCTB IIOpOJI., pacnpocTpaHeHHblx Ha
TeppHTopHH r. MOCKBbI III1H>KeHepHble H3b1CKaHHH B cTpOHTeJIbCTBe. M., 1979.
BblII. 6. C. 20-22.
73. KypOQKHH C. B., XaAMe H. M. PerHOHaJIbHble 6aHKH JI.aHHblX - OCHOBa
COBepIlIeHCTBOBaHHH HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHtJecKHx H3b1CKaHHH II npoeKTupoBaHHe
H HH>K. H3b1CKaHHH. 1985. N2 3. C. 27-29.
74. KYTaTeJla,ll.3e H. P., Me,ll.Be,ll.eB O. n., Oii3epMall M. T. HCCJle.ll.OBaHHe
3aBHcHMocTeH Me>KJI.Y q>H3HKo-MexaHHtJecKHMH CBoHcTBaMH MopeHHbIx OTJIO>Ke-
HHH r. MOCKBbI H nocTpoeHHe perHOHaJIbHblX Ta6JIHl.( HopMaTHBHbIX H pactJeTHhIx
3HatJeHHH IIoKa3aTeJIeH CBOHCTB rpYHToB II MaTeMaTutJecKHe MeTO,!I.bI B HH}Ke-
HepHO-reOJlOrHtJecKHx H rHJI.pOreOJIOrHtJecKHx HCCJIeJI.OBaHHHX. M., 1980.
C. 21-46.
75. I(IOPH n. 0 cHMMeTpHH 111130p. Tp. M.; JI., 1966. C. 66-94.
76. JlaBPywHH 10. A. CTpoeHHe H q>OpMHpoBaHHe OCHOBHbIX MopeH Ma-
TepHKoB-blX OJIeJI.eHeHHH. M., 1976.
77. Jla3apeB H. A. KOMn03HIJ.HoHHoe npoeKTHpoBaHHe CJIO}KHl:IX arpera-
THBHblX CHCTeM. M., 1986.
78. JlHIJKOB 6. ,JI. 0 QepTaX cHMMeTpHH 3eMJlH, CBH3aHHbIX C ee rpaBJiTa-
I..{HOHHblM IIOJIeM, TeKToHHKOH H rH.lI.poreOJIOrHeH II 3el\IJIH BO BCeJIeHHoH. M.,
1964. C. 156-171.
79. JloOO,ll.eHKO B. f., I(JlHH,lI.IOK B. JI., nHCaptJHK B. M. HeKoTopbIe oco-
oeHHocTH IIpOtJHOCTHblX CBOHCTB MopeHHblx rpYHToB 11113YtJeHHe H HCnOJIb30-
BaHHe rJlHH: MaTep. IX nneHYMa BcecolO3. KOMHCCHH no H3YtJeHHIO !oJ UCnOJIb-
30BaHHIO rJIHH. MH., 1971. C. 68-70.
80. JloOO,ll.eHKO B. f. npOcTpaHcTBeHHaH H3MeHtJUBOCTb CBOHCTB MopeH-
HblX rpYHToB II rHJI.pOreOJIOrHtJecKHe H HH)KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHe np06JIeMbI
BeJIOpyccHH. MH., 1977. C. 157-166.
81. JloOO,ll.eHKO B. f. OIIpeJI.eJIeHHe MO.n.YJIH JI.eq>opMaIJ.HH MOpeHHbJX rpYH-
TOB no conpOTHBJleHHIO cTaTHtJecKoMY 30HJI.HpoBaHHIO /I fHJI.pOreOJIOrutJecKHe H
HH>KeHepH()- reOJIOrHtJeCKHe YCJIOBHH BeJIOpyccHH. \H.. 1978. C. 137 -141.
82. JloOO,ll.eHKO B. f., 1(04)>4>>. f. JI. THnbl TOJlm MopeHHbIx rpYHToB KaK
pe3yJIbTaT H36HpaTeJIbHOrO rHIIepreHe3a II Oc06eHHocTH 4>opMHpoBaHIiH rHJI.pO-
reOJIOrHtJeCKHX H HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHtJecKHx YCJIOBHH Ee'10PycCHH. MH., 1979.
C. 158165.'
. 83. JloMTa,ll.3e B. J1.. I1H>KeHepHaH reOJIOrHH. HH}KeHepHaH neTpOJIOrHH.
JI., 1984.
84. JlYKaweB K. H. feJleTHQeCKHe THnbl H <palUIH aHTpoIIoreHOBbJX OTJIO-
>KeHHH. MH., 1960.
85. JI YKaweB 1(. H. TIpOOJIeMbI JIeCCOB B CBeTe cOBpeMeHHblx IIpe.ncTaBJIe-
HHH. MH., 1961.
86. JlYKaweB K. H., JlYKaweB B. K. reoxHMHH 30HbI rHIIepreHe3a. MR.,
1975.
87. JlYKaweB K. H., ACTanoBa C. J1.. reoxHMHtJecKne oc06eHHocTH MopeH-
Horo J1HTOreHe3a. MH., 1971.
8B. MaBpO,ll.O B. X., IJYHHKOH B. f. OCHoBHble IIPHHI..\HIIbI opraHH3alJ,HH
CHCTeMbI aBToM3TH3HpoBaHHoH 06pa60TKH MaTepHaJIOB JI.JIH <pOpMHpoBaHHH
H4>POBbIX MOJI.eJleH HH>KeHepHO-reOJlOrHtJecKHx YCJIOBHH MecTHocTIIIII1H}f{.
reOJIOrHH. 1983. NQ 2. C. 75-83.
89. MaKapotJKoH M. 4»., CHTHHKOB M. A. HH.nycTpHaJIbHble <PYH.n.aMeHTbl
3JI.aHHH. MH., 1962.
90. MaKcHMoB M. M. HeKoTopble pe3YJIbTaTbl HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrH1ieCKHX
HCCJICJI.OBaHHH OCHOBHOH MopeHhI 11113B: BY30B. reOJlOrHH H pa3Be.lI.Ka. 1966.
NQ 4. C. 98-101.
91. MapoynoJlbCKHH JI. f., 6yceJl H. A., PO,ll.KeBHtJ f. C. OIIpe.neJIeHHe
KOIICilCTeHIJ.HH rJlHHHCTbIX rpYHTOB CTaTHtJeCKHM 30H)J.HpoBaHHeM 1/ MOHTa1l<HI>le
240

H CnelJ,HanbHe CTpOHTeJIbHe paOOTbI. Cepe CnelJ,HaJIbHWe CTpOHTeJIbHe pa-
60T. M., 1985. Bn. 7. C. 16-20.
92. MapnynoJlbCKHii n. f., 6yceJl H. A., PO,ll.KeBHIJ f. C. OIIpeJI.eJIeHHe
4>H3IUw-MexaHHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB neCqaHX rpYHTOB H Hecymci1: cnoc06HOCTH
cBaH 30HJI.HpOBaHHeM II OCHOBaHHH H <PYHJI.aMeHT B CJIOjl{HX HH>KeHepHO-reo-
nOrifttecKHX ycnoBHHx. MH., 1985. C. 8-16.
93. MapHynoJlbcKHii n. f., CecbKoB B. E., PO,ll.KeBHIJ f. C. Onpe.lI.eJIeHHe
HecymeM cnocooHoCTH CBaH no pe3YJlbTaTaM CTaTHtJeClwro 30HJI.HpOBaHIIH rpYH-
TOB C nplIM.eHeHHeM 30HJI.OB C MY<PTOH TpeHHH II OCHoBaHHH, <PYHJI.aMeHTbI H
MeXaHHI<a rpYHToB. 1986. T. I. C. 10-12.
94. MapKoB K. K. AHTHrnHIJ.HaJIH3M 111II3B. AH CCCP. Cepe reorp. 1955.
.N'2 I. C. 74-86.
95. MaCJIOB H. H. OCHOB MexaHHlm rpyHToB II I1H}KCHepHOM reOJIOrHH.
M., 1968.
96. MaTBeeB A. B. JIeJI.HHKOBaH <popMatiHH aHTpOIloreHa BeJIOpYCCIIIf.
MH., 1976.
97. MaTBeeB A. B. OTpa>KeHHe CTPYKTypHO-TeKTOHHttecKHX ocooeHHOCTeH
TeppHTOp!fH B Cneu.H<pIIKe JIeJI.HHKOBOro JIHTO- II Mop<pOreHe3a 1111 KOHrp.
I1HKBA: Te3. JI.OKJI. M., 1982. T. 1. C. 172-173.
98. MaTBeeB A. B., 6YPJlaK A. . OlJ,eHKa COBpCMeHHblX npe.lI.CTaBJleHHH
o reHe3Hce II CBOHCTBax OTnO>KeHHH aHTponoreHOBOH neJI.HHKOBOH <p o pMalJ,11H II
Bonpoc perHOHaJIbHOH reOJIorHH fieJIOpYCCHH. MH., 1976. C. 76-85.
99. MaXHalJ H. A. 0 caMOCTDHTeJIbHOCTH MOCKOBCKoro OJIe,ll.eHeHHH Ha
TeppifTopHiI EeJIOpYCCHH II.lI.oKJI. AH BCCP. 1966. T. 10, N2_ 1. C. 37-41.
100. MeiicTep .lI.. 3prOHOMHtJeCKHe OCHOBbI pa3pa60TKH C'IO>KHX CHCTeM:
nep. C aurn. M., 1979.
101. MecapOBHtJ M., MaKO J1.., TaxaKapa H. TeopHH HepapXHtJeCKliX MHO-
roypOBHeBX CHCTeM. M., 1973.
102. MeTO,ll.OJlOrHH HCCneJI.OBaHHH pa3BHTHH CJJO>KHbIX CHCTeM I nOJI. peJI..
K. 11. KpaTl.{a H 3. H. EJIHCeeBa. JI., 1979.
103. M.HHepBHH A. B., CepreeB E. M. HOBbie JI.aHHe K pellIeHHIO IIpoone-
MhI JIeCca 11113B. AH CCCP. Cepe reOJI. 1964. N29. C. 53-64.
104. MOHceeB H. H. MaTeMaTHtJeclme 3aJI.atlH CHCTeMHoro aHaJIH3a. M.,
1981.
105. MOTY3 B. M. YCJIOBHH 06pa30BaHHH JIeCCOBblX nopoJI. nepHrJIHu.HaJIb-
Hoil 30HbI fI.lleHCTOIJ.eHa (B IIpeJI.eJIax EeJIOpYCCHH) III1H>K. reonorHH. 1980.
.N'2 2. C. 14-26.
106. OrOHOtJeHKO B. n. 3<p4>eKTHBHOCTb HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX H3bIC-
KaHHM B. CTpOHTenbCTBe. KHeB, 1980.
107. OrOHOtJeHKO B. n. OnTHMH3allHH H 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb HH>KeHepHO-reo-
JIOrHlJ:eCKHX H3b1CKaHHH III1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1980. N2 5. C. 14-20.
108. OCHnOB B. H. TIpHpOJI.a npOtJHOCTH neCKOB III1H>K. reOJIOfflH. 1984.
.N'2 3. C. 7-19.
109. naHOBKO Sf. f., fy6aHoBa H. H. YCTOHtJHBOCTb H KOJIeOaHHH YIIPy-
rHX CHCTeM. M., 1979. _
110. nHKYJleBHIJ n. J1.. OIITHMH3aIJ.HH 06'beMOB oypeHHH - OCHOBHOM . pe-
3eps IIOBll.IeHHH KatJeCTBa H 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX 113blC-
KaHHMIII1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1979..N'2 1. C. 47-59.
111. nonOB H. B. I1H>KeHepHaH reOJIOrHH CCCP. M., 1961. q. 1.
112. nOTanOB A. )J.. Mop<poJIorHtJecKoe H3yqeHHe IICCKOB B HH>KeHepHO-
reOnOrHlJ:eCKHX u.eJIHX: ABTOpe<p. JI.HC. ... KaH,ii.. reOJl.-MHHep. HayK. M., 1982.
113. npHKJlOHCKHii B. A. fpYHTOBeJI.eHHe. M., 1955. 1I: I.
114. nblpIJeHKO B. A. BJIHHHHe npHpO.lI.HblX YCJIOBHH Ha KOHCTPYKIJ.HIO If
CTOHMOCTb <pYH.D.aMeHTa 1/ IIIH>KeHepHble H3b1CKaHHH B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe. M., 1975.
C. 9-14.
115. Pa60IJaH KHHra IIO IIporH03HpOBaHHIO i noJI. peJI.. 11. B. BecTy>KeBa-
JIa.lI.bI. M., 1982.
116. Pa30peHOB B. . TIeHeTpaUHoHHble HCIIbITaHHH rpYHTOB. M., 1968.
117. Pall. M. B. HeOJI.HOpO.lI.HOCTb rOiJHblx nopo.lI. H HX 4>H3HQeCKHX CBOHCTB.
M., 1968.
16. 3aK. 844
241

118. Pal..\ M. B. CTPYKTypHbIe MO;I.eJIH B HH>KeHepHOH rCOJIOrHH. M., 1973.
119. Pal..\ M. B. npHHl.I.HIIbl OIITHMH3al.l.HtI HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx H3b1C-
KaHHH III1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1980. N2 3. C. 3-15.
120. Pal..\ M. B., nblplJeHKO B. A. 06 OII'fHMH3al.l.HH OO'beMa HCCJIeJI.oBaHHH
cTpOHTeJIbHblX CBOHCTB rpYHToB 1/ OCHoBaHHH, «PYHJI.aMeHTbl H MexaHHKa rpYH-
TOB. 1980. N2 2. C. 20-23.
121. Pal..\ M. B., CepreHl..\eB T. H. MeToJI.oJIorHtJecKHe BOIIpOCbI H3yqeHuH
(H3MeHtJHBocTH) I1ry /1 npOcTpaHcTBeHHaH H3MeHQHBOCTb HHlKeHepHO-reOJIo-
rHtJeCKHX YCJIOBHH H MeTOJI.bI ee H3YtJeHHH: Te3. .u.OKJI. BcecolO3. HaYtJ.-TexH. ce-
MHHapa. M., 1987. C. 29-34.
122. Pal..\ M. B., CJlenl..\OB 5. r. HOBaH CTPYKTypHaH MOJI.eJIb HeOJI.Hopo.u.-
HOCTH ropHbIx IIOpOJI. IIO HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHqeCKHM CBOHCTBaM 1/ I1H>K. reOJIO-
rHH. 1979. N22. C. 35-47.
123. Pe6pHK 6. M., J1YKOWKOB r. B., 5apawKoB B. A. H .np. 0 npHHlJ,nne
H 33.natJax KOMIIJIel{CHpOBaHHH MeTo.u.OB HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH rpYHToB npH IIH>KeHep-
HO-reOJIOrHtIeCKHX H3blCKaHHHX (B IIopHJI.Ke 06CY>K.u.eIlHH) III1H>KeHepHo-cTpoH-
TeJIbHbIe H3bICKaHHH. M., 1981. N2 1 (60). C. 3-8.
124. PeKOMeH.II.a....HH no KOMIIJIeKCHoMY H3ytJeHHIO Ii OlJ,eHKe CTpOllTeJIbHbIX
CBOHCTB IIectJaHblX rpYHToB. M., 1984.
125. PeKOMeH,lI.aI..\HH IIO onpeJI.eJIeHHIO He cYIlI.eH CIIoc06HOCTlf 3aOHBHbIX
cBaH pa3JIHtJHoro cetJeHHH. M., 1985.
126. Py6HHwTeHH A. 11., TpoweHKoB B. A. ConOCTaBJIeHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB
CTaTHtJeCKoro H JI.HHaMHtJeCKoro 30H.lI.HpOBaHHH rPYHToB! I HH>KeHepHbIe H3bIC-
KaHHH B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe: Pe<!>epaT. c6. M., 1976. BbITI. 6 (47). C. 3-9.
127. PYKOBO,ll.CTBO IIO npoeKTHpoBaHHIO oCHoBaHHH 3JI.aHHH H cooPY>KeHHH.
M., 1978.
128. PyxHHa E. B. JIHTOJIOrHH JIeJI.HHKOBbIX OTJImKeHHH. M., 1973.
129. PyxHHa E. B., rOHTepeB E. A., KaJlMbiKOBa H. A., CYCKOB r. A.
BelIJ.ecTBeHHblH COCTaB MopeH H CBH3b ero C nopoJI.aMH JIeJI.HIfKOBOro JIO>Ka II
11 KOHrp. I1HKBA: Te3. JI.OKJI. M., 1982. T. 2. C. 249-250.
130. PJl6IJeHKOB A. C. Pe3YJIbTaTbI cpaBHHTeJIbHOrO H3YtJeHHH MHHepaJIOrH-
tJeCKoro COCTaBa tJeTBepTHtJHbIX OTJIO>KeHHH 3ana.lI.HOH tJaCTH PYCCKOH paBHHHbI II
MaTep. BcecolO3. COBem. no H3YtJeHHIO tJeTBepTHtJHoro IIepHoJI.a. M., 1961.
C. 121-132.
131. rOCT 5786-78. CBaH. MeTOJI.bI IIOJIeBbIX HCIIbIT3HUii. M., 1978.
132. CepreeB E. M. COBpeMeHHoe COCTOHHHe H nepcneKTHBbI pa3BHTHH lIH-
>KeHepHOH reOJIOrHH. M., 1968.
133. CepreeB . M., fOJlO.ll.KOBCKaJl r. A., 3HaHrHpoB P. C. H JI.p. fPYHTO-
Be.neHHe. M., 1961.
134. CH.II.OpKHHa C. n. Cnocoo KOJIHtJeCTBeHH0H OlJ,eHKH B3aHMOCBH3H no-
JIeH reOJIorHtJeCKHX IIapaMeTpoB II COBpeMeHHbIe MeTOJI.b1 H3YlIeHHH CBOHCTB H
COCTOHHHH ropHblx IIOpOJI.. M., 1979. C. 32-40.
135. CH.II.OpKHHa C. n. MeTo.u.HtJecKHe peKOMeHJI.alJ,HH IIO MOJI.eJlnpOBaHHIO
IIOJleH reOJIOrHtJeCKHX IIapaMeTpoB Ha OCHOBe liX npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH CTaTHCTH-
tJeCKOH CTPYKTypbI. M., 1980.
136. CHHJlKOB B. H. 0 pOJIH COJIHHOH TeKTOHHKH B <jJOpMHpOB3HIIII HH>Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx YCJIOBHH KpynHbIx COJIHHO-KYIIOJIbHblX 6acceHHoB II I1H>K.
reOJIOrHH. 1984. N2 2. C. 61-72.
137. CHTHHKOB M. A. npOtJHOcTHble Ii JI.e<!>0pMal1.HOHHble CBoHcTBa rpYH-
TOB BeJIopyccHH 1/ I1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1980. N2 3. C. 38-42.
138. C060JleBCKHH 10. A., rOJly6eB H. A. 0 IIpOtJHOCTHblX If .u.eq>opMaTHB-
HbIX CBoHcTBax IIeClIIaHblX H nectJaHo-MopeHHblx rpYHToB OCHOBaHHH TeppHTo-
pHH BCCP. MH., 1964.
139. COJlO,ll.YXHH M. A. K BOIIPOCY 00 HH>KeHepHo-reoJlofIitJecKoM paHoHH-
pOBaHIiH TeppHTopHH BeJIoPyccHH II BOIIpOCbl mDKeHepHoH reOJIornn, OCHOBaHHH
H <!>YHJI.aMeHTbI: C6. Tp. MH., 1967. BbIII. 52. C. 47-52.
140. CnHpH.II.OHOB A. H. 0 IIpOHCXO>KJI.eHHH JIeCCOBblX IIopoJI.11 BecTH. MfY.
Cepe reorp. 1960. N2 5. C. 20-27.
141. CTaTHlJeCKOe 30HJI.HpOBaHHe H neHeTpalIHOHHblH KapOTa>K rpYHTOB B
YCJIOBHHX BCCP (PCH 23-85 fOCCTpOH BCCP). MH., 1985.
.242

142. CTeu.Ko B. B. HeKoTopble pe3YJILTaTbI H3yqeHHH JIeCCOBbIX IIOpOJI.
BeJIopyccnII II BOIIpOCbI reoTpa<pHH fieJIOPyccHH. MH., 1980. C. 62-73.
143. CTHHKYJle A. B. JIHTOJIOrO-reoxHMHtJecKaH xapaKTepncTHKa JlHMHOrJlH-
u.HaJlbHbIX rJIHH JIaTBHH II JIHTOJIOfIiH, reOXHMHH Ii IIOJle3Hble HCKoIIaeMbIe Be-
JIOpYCCHH II I1pH6aJITHKH. MH., 1968. C. 261-266. .
144. CTpOHTeJIbHble HOpMbl H npaBHJla. CHHll II-17-77. 4. 2. HOpMbl IIpO-
eKTHpoBaHHH. fJI. 17. CBaHHble <pYHJI.aMeHTbI. ,I'v\., 1978.
145. CYJlaKlUHHa f. A. HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrutJecKaH THnu3au.HSI MeCTHOCTH
KaK OCHOBa perHOHaJlbHOrO nporHo3a H3MeHeHHH reOJIOrHQeCKOH cpeJI.w B CBH-
3H C HH)KeHepHoH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTblO tJeJIOBeKa II HH>K. reOJIOrHH. 1979. N 3.
C.49-54.
146. TeHJlop .lI.. OCHOBbI MexaHHKH rpYHToB. M., 1960.
147. TKatJYK 3. H. CTaTHcTHtJecKHe MeTO;J.bI IIPH peIlleHHH IiH}KeHepHo-reo-
JIOrHlJ:eCKlfx.3aJI.atJ. HOBotJepKaccK, 1975.
148. TKatJYK 9. H. Ou.eHKa H IIYTH IIOBbIIlleHHH KatJeCTBa KOCBeHHOH HH>Ke-
HepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKoH HH<popMau.HH II Ou.eHKa KatJeCTBa rHJI.pOreOJIOrHtJecKoH H
HH}KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKoH HHq>opMau.HH. HOBotJepKaccK, 1980. C. 11-27.
149. TKatJYK 3. H. KOJIHtJecTBeHHblH ytJeT y.OCBeHHOH HHq>opMau.mI KaK
O.u.HH H3 IIYTeH IIOBbIIlleHHH KatJeCTBa Ii 3cp<peKTHBHoCTH HH.iKeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJe-
CKHX HCCJIe.n.oBaHHH II TeopeTHtJecKHe H MeTO.iI.HtJeCKHe IIpo6JIeMbI nOBbIIlleHHH
KatJeCTBa II 3<p«peKTHBHoCTH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx Hcc..le.lI.Os3HHH. TeMa 3.
PocToB/H,U, 1980. C. 31-37.
150. TKatJYK 3. H. COBpeMeHHoe COCTOHHHe MeTOJI.HKH IIOJIeBbIX HH>KeHep-
HO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX IiCCJIeJI.OBaHHH H IIYTH IIOBbIIllE:HHH ee 3«p<peKTHBHoCTH II [HJI.-
poreOJIOrHH H HH>KeHepHaH reOJIOrHH. I10JIeBbIe MeTO.lI.bI HCCJIe;J.oBaHIiH. HOBO-
tJepl{3CCK, 1981. C. 3-24.
151. TKatJYK 3. H. <1>opMHpoBaHHe B3aHMocBH3eH Me>KJI.Y CBoHcTBaMH rJIH-
HHCTbIX IIOpOJI. B npou.ecce J1HTOreHe3a II HH>K. reO.llorHH. 1985. .l'J 1. C. 104-
120.
152. TKatJYK 3. H. HCIIOJIb30BaHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB JIa60paTopHbIX HCCJIeJW-
BaHHH JI.JIH IIporH03a nOBeJI.eHHH MexaHHtJeCKHX CBoiicTB ropHblx IIopoJI.11 fHJI.-
poreOJIOrHH H HH>KeHepHaH reOJIOrHH. J1aoopaTopHbIe MeTOJI.b1 HCCJIeJI.OBaHHH.
HOBotJepKaccK, 1982. C. 62-80.
153. TpocIJHMeHKoB 10. r., Bopo6KOB JI. H. I10JI6BbIe MeTOJI.bl IiCCJleJI.OBa-
HHH cTpOIlTeJIbHbIX CBOHCTB rpYHToB. M., 1981. 213 c.
154. TpocIJHMeHKoB 10. f., MaTHweBHq H. A., JIewaH f. M., XaHHH P. E.
ocToBepHocTb CIIoco6oB OIIpeJI.eJIeHHH pactJeTHoH HarpY3KH Ha 3aoHBHYIO
CBalO II OCHoBaHHSI, «pYHJI.aMeHTbI H MexaHHKa rpYHToB. 1983. N 1. C. 15-17.
155. TpOcIJHMOB B. T. 0 nYTHx YtJeTa 3al{OHOMepHocTeH .npocTpaHcTBeHHoH
H3MeHtJHBOCTH HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX YCJIOBHH IIPH paHoHHpoBaHHH KPYII-
HWX TeppnTopHH I/I1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1979. .Ng 1. C. 38-45.
156. TpOcIJHMOB B. T. I1H>KeHepHo-reoJIorHtJecKaH THnH3au.HH H paHoHHpo-
BaHHe TeppHTopHH 1/11R.>K. reOJIOrHH. 1982. N2 6. C. 47-51.
157. YKa3aHHH no 30HJI.HpOBaHHIO rpYHToB JI.JIH cTpOHTeJIbCTt3a (CH 448-72).
M., 1972.
158. 4»eppoHcKHH B. H., rpH3HOB T. A. I1eHeTpauHoHHblH KapOTa>K. M.,
1979.
159. 4»HJlOCOcIJCKHH CJlOBapb I I10JI. peJI.. 11. T. <1>pOJIOBa. M., 1980. C. 409-
410.
160. 4»J1HHT P. 4». J1eJI.HHKH H naJIeOrpa<pHH IIJIeHCTOu.eHa. M., 1963.
161. 4»PYMKHH B. .lI.., Py6HQeB H. A. TeopHH BepoHTHocTeH H CT3THCTHKa
B MeTpOJlOrHif H H3MepHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKe. M., 1987.
162. Xa3aHoB M. H. 0 npHpo.u.e ynpotJHeHHH IIeCKOB II Tp. I1HHI1HC. M.,
1972. T. 17. C. 6-28.
163. XaHMe H. M., XopeB B. C. BOIIpOCbI HH(jJopMauHoHHoro o6ecIIetJeHHH
HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx H3bIcKaHHH JI.JIH OO'beKTOB MaCCOBoro cTpOHTeJIbCT-
Ba II I1H>K. reOJIOrHH. 1986. N2 5. C. 37-49.
164. IDaHu.ep E. B. COBpeMeHHoe COCTOHHHe ytJeHHH 0 tJeTBepTHtJHoM OJIe-
JI.eHeHHH II Tp. KOMHCCHH IIO H3YtJeHHIO tJeTBepTHtJHoro IIepHOJI.a. 1955. T. 12.
C. 10-20.
16-
243

165. WaHl.tep E. B. OtJepKH YtJeHHH 0 reHeTHtJeCKHX nmax KOHTHHeHT3JIb-
HhlX ocaJI.otJHbIX o6pa30B3HHH II Tp. feoJI. HH-Ta AH CCCP. 1966. Bhln. UH.
166. WBel.t B. 5., JI YWHHKOB B. B., WBel.t H. C. Onpe..u.eJIeHHe CTpOHTeJIb-
HblX CBOHCTB rpYHToB. KHeB, 1981.
167. WBel.t B. 6., TapacoB 5. n., WBel.t H. C. Ha..u.e>KHOCTb oCHoBaHHH H
4>YHJI.3MeHToB. M., 1980.
168. WHMKYC H., AJlHKOHHC A., CH.u.ayra 6. CTpOHTeJIbHble CBoHcTBa rJ1l1-
HHCTblX H IIectJaHbIX rpYHToB JIHTBhI. BHJIbHIOC, 1979.
169. WHCCeJlb A. M. HCCJIe.n.oBaHHe B3::iHMOCBH3H H npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3-
MeHlIHBOCTH (jJH3HKo-MexaHHtJecKHx CBOHCTB MopeH C u.eJIblO YCTaHOBJ1eHHH pe.
rHOHaJIbHOH CHCTeMbI HX oooomeHHbIx IIoKa3aTeJIefI (Ha npHMepe MopeH 51po-
CJIaBCKOro I10BOJI>KbH): ABTope4>. .lI.HC. ... KaH.n.. reOJI.-MHHep. HaYK. M., 1974.
170. WHCCeJl A. M. YtJeT reoJIOrO-cTpYKTypHbIX npH3HaKOB H oco6eHHoc-
TeA JIHTOreHe33 npM pa3pa6oTKe perHOHaJIbHOH CHCTeMbI o606meHHhlX rpYHTo-
BbIX x3paKTepHCTMK II Te3. .n.OKJI. 5-H BceCOI03. IWH4>. «I1pOOJIeMbl HH}KeHepHOH:
reOJIOrHH B CBH3H C IIpOMbIIlIJIeHHbIM, rpa>KJI.aHCKHM cTpOHTeJIbCTBOM H pa3pa-
(jOTKOH IIO IIOJIe3HblM HCKOIIaeMbIM:'. CBep.n.JIOBCK, 1984. T. 1. C. 87-89.
171. WToKa.neHKo f. B. I1H>KeHepHo-reoJIorHQecKoe OOOCHOBaHHe rpaJI.o-
cTpOHTeJIbHblX 06'beKTOB II npoeKTHpoBaHHe H HH>K. H3b1CKaHHH. 1985. N 3.
C. 29-31.
172. Wy6HHKOB A. B., KOnl.tHK B. A. CHMMeTpHH B HaYKe H HCKyccTBe. M.,
1972.
173. IOpKWTOBHIJ 10. A. KOMIIJIeKCHhIe HcnOJIb30BaHMH nOJIeBblX reOTeXHH-
qeCKHX MeTOJI.OB npH H3bICKaHHHX Ha Tpaccax nepe6pocKH ceBepHblx JI cH6HP-
CKHX peK II HH>K. reOJlOrHH. 1984. N26. C. 83-90.
174. lIKoBJleB C. A. OCHOBbI reOJIOrHH qeTBepTHtJHblX OTJIO>KeHHll PYCCKOH
paBHHHbl. M., 1956.
175. Bo1ton G. S. Modern Arctic glaciers as d"epositional models for
former ice sheffi.s IIJ. geol. Soc. London. 1972. Vol. 128. P. 21-27.
176. Fookes P. G. Geotechnical mapping of soils and sedimentary rocks
for engineering purpoces II Geotechnique. 1969. Vol. 19, N"1. P. 10-18.
177. Poirel J. Quelque reflexion an sujet des moraines de fond / / Rev.
geomorpho1. dynamo 1968. Vol. 18, N 1. P. 13-19.

COAEP>KAHHE
B BeJI.eHHe
3
r 11 a Bal. CDOpMHpOBaHMe HH>KeHepHO-reOnOrH"IeCKHX CBoikTB
OTnO>KeHHM neAHMKOBOH ClJopMaLl,HH aHTponoreHa 5enOPYCCHM
1.1. I1cTopHH reOJIOrHtJeCKoro pa3BHTHH JIeJI.HHKOBOH 4>opMal.(HH H ee BJIHH-
HHe Ha «pOpMHpOBaHHe HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJeCKHX YCJIOBHH . . . 10
1.2. JIaH)J.Illa«pTHo-reoxHMHtJecKaH 30HaJIbHOCTb H ee HH>KeHepHO-reOJIo-
rHQeCKOe 3HaQeHHe .. . . . . 17
1.3. CocTaB, cTpoeHHe H cpH3!-1KO-McxaHHtJecKHe CBOHCTBa OCHOBHbIX re-
HeTHtJeCKHX THIIOB J1eAHHKOBblX OTJIO>KeHHH: 19
r naB a 2. 3aKoHoMepHocTM npocTpaHcTBeHHoH H3MeHHBOCTM
neAHHKOBblX OTnO>KeHHH
2.1. AHaJIH3 TeopeTHtJecKHx H 3KcIIepHMeHTaJlbHblX JI.aHHbIX 45
2.2. BepTHK3JIbHaH 113MeHtJHBOCTb JIe.n.HHKOBblX TOJIm 48
2.3. Oco6eHHocTH MeTOJI.HKH MOJI.CJlHpOBaHIfH reOJIOrHtJeCKllX IIOJIeH r.lll-
HHCTblX MopeHHbIx rpYHToB 53
2.4. reOJlOrHtJecKHc nOjUI HH)f{Heii 30HbI MOpCHbI H peKoHcTpYKIJ.HH YCJIO-
BHH HX <jJOpMHpoBaHHH . 57
2.5. reOJIOrHlIeCKHe IIOJIH BepxHeH 30Hbl MopeHbI, YCT(OBHH HX cpOpMH-
pOBaHHH H IIpeoopa30BaHHH 62
2.6. COIIOcT3B.JJeHHe rCOJlOrHlIeCKHX II OJI efl BepxHeH H HIIMHeH 30H MopeHbI 68
2.7. npOcTpaHcTBeHHaH H3MCHlIHBOCTb CBoikTB o3epHo-'!leJI.HHKOBbIX H
«pJIlOBHOrJIHIJ.HaJIbHbIX OTJIO>KeHHl1 75
2.8. CHMMeTpHH JIe.u.HHKOBbIX OTJIOWeHHfI 79
r naB a 3. ccneAoBaHHe CBJl3eH Me>KAY xapaKTepHCTMKaMM
MexaHHeCKHX CBOHCTB ropHblX nopoA H nOKa3aTenJlMH HX COCTaBa H
cpH3HecKoro COCTOJlHHJI
3.1. OCHOBHbJe MeTo.n.HtIeCKHe IIpHHHIIbl aH3J1H3a II HCCJIe.n.OBaHIIH B3aHMO-
CBH3H CBOHCTB 91
3.2. Onpe.rr.eJIeHHe IIpOllHOCTHblX H .n.e«p0pMal.J,HOHHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK JIe.n.-
HHKOBblX OT JIO>KeHHH IIO 4>H3HtJecKHM CBoHcTBaM 98
3.3. nporHo3 IIpOtJHOCTHhIX H .n.eopMaIJ.HOHHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK MopeH-
HblX rpYHToB IIPH H3MeHeHHH HX BJIa>KHOCTH 107
r n B B a 4. nporHo3 npO'fHOCTHbIX M AeCIJopMaLl,HOHHblX xapaKTepHcTHK
neAHHKOBblX OTnO)f(eHHH H Hecyw.eH cnoc06HoCTH cBaM
no A8HHbiM 30HAHpOBBHHSI
,4.1. COIIOCT3BJIeHHe pe3yJIbTaTOB CTaTHlIeCKoro H .n.HHaMHtJeCKoro 30HJI.H-
pOBaHHH rpYHToB . 112
4.2. OnpeJI.eJIeHHe nJIOTHOCTH CJIO>KeHHH nectJaHblX rpYHToB 118
4.3. OIIpe.n.eJIeHHe IIOKa3aTeJIH KOHCHCTeHIJ.HH rJlHHHCTblX rPYHToB 122
4.4. OIIpe.n.eJIeHHe IIpOtJHOCTHblX x3paKTepHcTHK rpYHToB 127
245

4.5. Onpe.u.eJIeHHe MO.u.YJUI OomeH .u.ecpopMall.HH rpYHToB 134
4.6. Op.eHKa HecymeH cnoco6HoCTH 3aouBHblX cBaii 140
4.7. BJIHHHHe pa3MepoB IllTaMIIOB Ha 3HaqeHHe MO.u.YJIH )J.ecpopMall.HH


roB 1M


r naB a S. OCHOBbl KOMnneKCHoro MeTOAa nporH03a npO
HOCTHbIX
H Ae4>opMau.HOHHbIX CBOi:iCTB neAHHKOBblX OTnO>KeHHH


5.1. I1H>KeHepHo-reoJIorHtJecKoe paHoHHpoBaHHe H THIIH3al.{HH JIe.rr.HHKOBbIX
OTJIO>KeHHH . . ... . . ., 157
5.2. Ou.eHKa 3q>cpeKTHBHoCTH MeTo.rr.OB IIporH03HpOBaHHH npotJHocTHblX H
.rr.eq>opMall.HOHHbIX CBOHCTB 174
5.3. CHHTe3 MeTo.rr.OB nporH03a IIpOtJHOCTHblX H .rr.ecpopMal.{HOHHblX CBOHCTB 178
5.4. OCHoBHble HaYtJHbIe npHHlI.HIIbl KOMIIJleKCHpOBaHHH MeTo.rr.OB 180
5.5. JIorHtJecKHe npaBHJIa H npoll.e.rr.ypHbIe cxeMbI KOMnJIeKCHpOBaHHH MeTO-
.rr.OB nporHo3HpoBaHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.6. C03.rr.aHHe TeXHHtJeCKHX Cpe.rr.cTB .rr.JIH peaJIH3all.HH KOMIIJIeKCa MeTo.rr.OB 187


r naB a 6. MeToAonorH
ecKHe OCHOBbl HH>KeHepHO-reonorH
ecKoro
H3y
eHHSI H ou.eHKH neAHHKOBblX OTnO>KeHHH
AnSI MaCCOBoro cTpoHTenbcTBa


6.1. OCHoBHbIe IIOJIO>KeHHH CHCTeMHoro IIo.rr.xo.rr.a
6.2. THIIoBble cxeMhI reOJIOrO-TeXHHtJeCKHX 06'beKTOB . . .
6.3. MeTo.rr.HKa. H3YtJeHHH H ou.eHKH reOJIOrO-TeXHHtJeCKHX 06'beKTOB
6.4. OCHOBbl OIITHMH3au.HH o6oeMoB HH>KeHepHO-reOJIOrHtJecKHx
)J.oBaHHH


189
197
205
HCCJIe-
224
231
237


3aK.rIIOtJeHHe


JIHTepaTypa


HaYtJHoe H3)J.aHHe


6ycen
BaH AHApeeBH



rJPorH03HPOBAHHE CTPOHTEnbHblX

OI7tCTB rpYHTOB


38Be)J.YIOIl{aH pe)J.8KlJ,HeA JI. 10. Bell b 3 8 n K a H
Pe)J.aKTOp M. A. A JI H (5 b e B a
XYJI,O>KHHK A. H. neT p 0 B
XYJI,OJKeCTBeHHbIIt pe)J.8KTOp B. A. )K a x 0 Belt
TeXHHQeCKHIt pe)I.aKTOp JI. A. K 0 P H e e B 8
KoppeKTOp JI. C. E r 0 p e H K 0 B a


MB N!! 3500
CJI,aHO B H860p 21.03.89. nO)J.DlIC8HO B neqaTb 01.08.89.
AT 13415. 4>opMaT 60X90 ' h6. BYM. Tun.
2 I. rapHH-
Typa JIHTep8TypHaH. BbICOKaH neqaTb. YCll. neq. ll.
15,5. YCJI. Kp.-OTT. 15,5. Yq.-H3J1,. JI. 13,65. TlIpa>K
900 3K3. 3aK. N!! 844. UeHa 2 p. 40 K. M3.n.aTeJIbCTBO
«HaYKa H TeXHHKa» AKa.n.eMHII HaYK BCCP u rocy-
.n.apcTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa BCCP no .n.eJIaM H3.n.a-
TeJIbCTB, nOJIHrpa$HH H KHII>KHOA TOprOBJIH. 220072.
MHHcK, JIeHHHcKHfi npocneKT, 68. Tiinorp8rPHH
lIM. ct>P8HllHcKa CKOpHHhl H3.n.aTeJIbCTBa «HaYKa ]I
TeXHHK8». 220072. MHHcK, JIeHIIHcKHR npocneKT, 68.