ANATOMY
AND

DRAWING
BY VICTOR PERARD
Art Instructor Traphagen Art School, New York City.
Lecturer on Anatomy, formerly Art Instructor Cooper Union, New York Citv.
Graduate Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, the National Academy of Design and Art
Students’ League, New York City—Painter and Illustrator.

Published by
GRACE PRAKASHAN
Arts De Trio, 183, J.S. Road, Girgaum, Bombay 400 004
All rights to publish, distribute and sell in India reserved to the Publishers.

COPYRIGHTED 1928
IN

THE U. S. A. AND CANADA

By VICTOR PERARD
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Second Printing, May 1929
Third Printing, March 1930

COPYRIGHTED 1931
IN

THE U. S. A. AND CANADA

By VICTOR PERARD
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

SECOND EDITION

{Revised and Enlarged)
First Printing, March 1931
Second Printing, October 1932
Third Printing, October 1934

COPYRIGHTED 1936
IN
THE U. S. A. AND CANADA

By VICTOR PERARD
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

THIRD EDITION

{Revised and Enlarged)
First Printing, February 1936
Second Printing, October 1937
Third Printing, November 1938
Fourth Printing, February 1940
Fifth Printing, January 1942
Sixth Printing, October 1943
Seventh Printing, November 1944
Eighth Printing, February 1945
* Ninth Printing, February 1946
Printed and

Bound in

the

U.

S.

A.

by

KINGSPORT PRESS, Inc., Kingsport, Tennessee

1928
p. 214

DEDICATED TO
MY WIFE ERNESTINE PERARD

CONTENTS

OVER A THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
PREFACE
I
PROPORTION AND DRAWING
II
THE SKELETON
III
THE HEAD AND NECK
IV
THE TORSO
V
THE ARM
VI
THE HAND
VII THE LEG
VIII THE FOOT
IX
THEECORCHE

vii
1
29
37
63
83
111
143
165
179

Preface
The purpose of this book is to present in a simple and
direct manner the subject of anatomy as it is applied to Art.
As little text as possible has been used, and much dependence
has been placed on pictorial representation because the latter
are a more direct means of impressing the artist with
construction and form. For this reason this work has been
copiously illustrated, often showing various views of the same
structures and action.
To the beginner the study of anatomy is too often dull,
prosaic and difficult and this is due, in large part, to the
fact that many text books on the subject contain insufficient
descriptive drawings. Even though the subject plows through
many pages of text, he often fails to visualize the subject
properly. Therefore it has been endeavored to substitute

viii

Anatomy and Drawing

illustrations for descriptive text whenever practical. The
drawing have been arranged in groups for the purpose of
comparison, and in this way theeye becomes accustomed
tо observe much which otherwisemight escape attention.
To express outward form correctly requires a knowledge
of the internal structure, that is, of the bones which compose
the framework and define its proportions and of the muscles
and tendons which direct its action.

Every figure artist finds sooner or later, as he advances
in his artist career, that his work needs strengthening
through a well grounded knowledge of anatomy. The great
masters of the past realized this and their grasp on the
u
f ndamentals of anatomy is reflected not only on their
ifnished works, but in such of their preliminary sketches
as are still preserved.
The ability to construct figures correctly from the
imagination rather then to depend entirely on models is a
distinct aid to the draftsman and to the sculptor. The student
of anatomy should therefore test his skill by making memory
hawing and by applying his knowledge to compositions of
his own fancy.
When working from living models, the artist will find that
his knowledge of anatomy will enable him to analyze and
n
i terpret the forms before him in a more understanding way

Preface

ix

then he could without such information. It will develop in
him greater powers of observation. An understanding of
anatomy is an instrument in the mechanics of Art: a means
to be employed to assist but never allowed to dominate. The
artist must learn properly to evaluate his anatomical
information and to know the part it is to play in the
development of his art. The studies he makes will then be
done more intelligently and with better draftsmanship as an
inevitable result.

VICTOR PERARD

NOTES ON PROPORTION
Since proportions the comparative relation of one thing
to another, some standard or unit of measure must arbitrarily
be established. In Art, this unit is known as the "head" which
is the distance from the top of the skull to the tip of the
chin. The illustrations is this book are based On the
proportion of seven and a half "heads" to the height of an
erect figure. The use of this standard will obviate much
xi

xii

Anatomy and Drawing

descriptive text. It is well, however to bear in mind that
this standard of proportion is modified by such elements
as race, sex, age and physical differences peculiar to the
individual. For this reason the following notes on proportion
are grouped under the heads: Male, Female, Children and
General Observations.

Proportions of the Male. The greatest width of the male
figures is at the deltoids, a little below the shoulders and
the width here is about two heads.

The width between the hips should equal one and one
half heads, and the width between the nipples one head.
The height of the figure, seven and one-half heads, should
approximate one "head" for the head, two and three-quarter
heads for the neck and trunk, and three and three-quarter
heads for the lower extremities.
From the finger tips to the elbow should measure two
heads.

Proportions of the Female. The bones of the female are
shorter and have less rough surface than those of the male.
The sternum or breast bone is shorter and more curved and
the pelvis is broader and shallower which gives a greater
width to the hips. The sacrum is wider and projects at an
angle backward.
There posterior superior iliac spines and the anterior iliac

Notes on Proportion

Xlll

spines are further apart than those of the male. The distance
from the rib cage to the pelvis is greater due to the shallower
and broader pelvis.
There is less distance from the crest of the iliacs to the
great trochanters of the hips, because the anterior iliac spines
are spread out and lower, and further apart. In the female
figure the Poupart's ligaments and the furrow of the groin
are more horizontal.

The shoulders are narrower and the collar bones
(clavicles) straighter and shorter thus giving a more graceful
and longer neck and more sloping shoulders in comparison
with the square shoulders of the male.
The arms are shorter in proportion to the trunk which is due
to the shorter humerus bone of the female, and because the
humerus bone is shorter, the elbow is higher.

Variations in the length of the female leg are more frequent
than those of the trunk and so it is more difficult to judge the
height of the female figure when seated. But the length of the
torso is proportionately longer than in the other sex. The legs
are shorter and the skull smaller.
The center of the female figures is above the pubic bone
while in the male, the center is about at the pubic bone. The
width of the female hips is about the width of the chest wall
plus that of one arms and is greater than that of the male of the
same height. The fact that the female sacrum is at a greater

xiv

Anatomy and Drawing

angle than that of the male and that there is more fat on the
buttocks gives these a greater diameter.

The female abdomen, is more rounded and the thighs are
thicker from the back to the front than in the other sex.
Proportions of Children. The child of three is about one half
the height of the adult, and at ten, about three-quarters the
height of the adult. As the child grows older the relative sizes
of the head and the trunk change. At twenty-five the figures is
full grown.

At birth the centre of the figure is a little above the navel, at
two years at the navel and at three years the center is level with
the iliac bone.

With advancing age this point gradually lowers depending
to great extent on the length of the legs.
General Observations. The clavicle bone continues to grow
for a considerable period after the other bones of the body
have attained their full development and therefore the
shoulders are said to broaden
Only very tall people have a height of eight heads. Short
people are seven heads or less. The muscles of the adult
account for about one half the weight of the body.

The skeleton always provides the proportions of the figure
with slight allowances for the padding between the joints,
between each vertebra, and under the heel and foot. In old age
the figure shortens due to the hardening and shrinking of the
cartilages between the bones.

1

PART I

PROPORTION
AND

DRAWING

3

Male figure
in heads Z
. and /
half heads?/
Л

Heads
Head

Humeru s

Herds

,Clavicle

Теmale
figure
in heads
and
half'headsI
Heads

Scapula

A

RELATIVE
PROPORTIONS

Some of the me chanicaL

■princLple.s of lhe. human frame.

М/eiqht of
4 head. 12,
\ U /5 lbs.

Weight
Force
fulcrum
Lever

Fulcrum

Fbt-ce

HraJs у

It fitк

Prone.
Pen'/ion

Heads

' Female,
pelvis
у&у

.shallower
\thah
Дта1е{

if/kads

Height ofpelvis
I head.
The sacrum
performs the
function of cl
key stone Jin the
arch of thepelvis.

-J

у/

The heavy—e>
line indicate^
how shocks
are deflected,
i in u/alking,
I running
I andjumping.

Line ofgravity

The feet
placed
together
form an
arck.

The hones of the foot
are so, arrangkd\as to form
a springy arjh'd

The astragali? bone acts
as a keystone to the arch
-— of the foot, _ л ,,

The. skeleton in simplified form to illustrate curves which deflect
shocks and give springiness to the frame.

5

Relative proportionj/bones byheads

Ulna.

Radius

Skull

Ribs

Clavicle
Pelvis

Fe,mtcr

Tibia

Fibula.

Spine.
Rand

Foot

Scapula

Нигмгш

Relative size 5/head
Co rib cac/e.

Method for obtaining
expression °f pose through
Simplified skeleton
Relalt v& size °/head
to pelvic bone

Temur

Tibia.

Relative si-ze

Fibula

Humerus Ulna

of bones

Radius

7

9

Male.

Female

Expressing action by
simplified, skeleton

12

Method of Drawing
From Life or from the Cast
Find the center of the paper by drawing lines from corner to corner.
This is done to help center the study.
2. Measure with the eye or pencil to find the center of the subject and
make a line at that point as related to the center of the paper.
Draw a line at the head and another at the feet.
With free lines search for the rhythm of the pose, to help visualize the
figure and to place it on the paper the size intended.
Draw lightly so that the mental impression of the figure is not oblit­
erated by a heavy drawing, and corrections can be easily made.
3. Decide where the pit of the neck should be placed and draw a perpen­
dicular line from this point (if a front view) to the feet. If a back
view, draw the perpendicular line from the seventh cervical vertebra
to the feet.
Find the line of the shoulders, giving the angle of their positions.
If a standing figure, first draw the leg on which there is most weight,
to obtain the proper balance of the figure.
4. Give the line showing the angle of the position of the pelvis.
Indicate a line through the knee-caps. Draw the torso, indicating its
bulk, marking the width of shoulders, hips, neck and head.
Block with straight lines going beyond the intersections to obtain a
better idea of the direction of line and to avoid a cramped feeling.
5. Sketch within the lines a simplified skeleton, to check up on position
of joints and bulk of chest. (Refer to pages on proportion.)
See that the pit of the neck, the. pubic bone, the navel, the pelvis, the
knee-caps and the inner ankles are in proper relation to each other.
Compare relative sizes of head to bulk of torso, hands to face, feet to
hands, arms to legs, and thickness of the neck to that of the head, leg
and arm.
6. Go over the outline, perfecting it, searching for character and for grace
of line.
7. Indicate the outline of the planes and of the principal shadows.
8. Fill in the planes in large surfaces, and connect the shadows as much
as possible.
9. Without losing their mass, model the planes keeping well in mind the
direction of light.
In drawing the head, decide on the bulk and draw in the planes of the
face (see Part III), then the eyes, the mouth and the nose last.
It is easier to fit a head on a figure, than to fit a figure to a head.
1.

14

In quick .sketching
the points used to define,
proportions should be
1 carefully marked.
Then essential lines
(often continuous)
drawn.
Other lines indicated,
with strict economy.

Speed should be acquired through
judgment, not haste.

15

Line of
gravity

J/hds to quick sketching.
Indicate the angle, of the
shoulders, then the line
of gravity, then
express the pose
with as few Zines
as possible

'For line of
gravity in
back view,
draw a
vertical
line from
hack ofike
। neck.

16

Five minute ketches for
. quick decision of action and.
\ proportions

17

Studies of
economy of hne

18

Blocking

Line from pit
oj neck

Line from
beverjth •
cervical vertebra

Impression

Use of imaginary lines
to o&tain Spaces

Studies for the
value and economy
of line

3

Sketches

21

22

Twenty-five minute sketches

24

Studies gBoy
°f Twelve

SketchesJboy three years edtl

Studies

Уa (jirl f Five

Curye
у/in fan t spina

29

PART II

THE SKELETON

31

Two'vtews °Jthe same
skeleton

The spine from the front

'A lid 5
’Axis

Cervical 7

7 ^Cervical
vertebra.

Ribs

Humerus

BcLck view

Thoracic /Я
Top view

Ulna

ftedius
/Interior •
crest°filiacy
Pelvis

Pubic bone-

Lumbar 5
Lumbar vertebrae

Femur—
First
thoracic

Pitrllh

Facets f«r
tuberosity of-

Vertebral Column
-Fibula.
Tibia

Aatnsgnku
os colds

Superior Articular
J process

Third Lumbar
vertebra

Ten th a
thoracic
Vertebra
Transverse
process

Interior
article Ia r
process

12. Ihoracic.

Side
View

5 Lumbar

Illustrating
inblack the
. -varied thickness
of muscles support '
incj the spine

Studies УtheSpine

Back
view

Spine зИ<л

•Scapula Inner View
Bternun
side. -

'Front
Scapula
^3 ide

Top view

Back

Ciao ide Top l/iecu

First Rib

Frontal
Temporal
Orbit
Malar
Mandible
Cervical Vertebrae
Clavicle
Coracoid
Scapula

Second
Rib

Sternum

Thorax
HuirQrU^

Twelfth Fib
Lumbar Vertebrae,
Crest ofIlium
f Iliac Fossa
Sacrum
•Ulna
Radius
Carpala
’Phalanges
Gr&at Trochanter
Small Trochanter
Pubi s
Ischium
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsa Is
'Metatarsals
Phalanoes

у

Male,

female ^Sketetorl

35

Atlas -

Axis

Claviclo.

First rib

Scapula

Scapula.

Vertebra
prominent
(7*:

„ Top view

Action of clavicle .right armforward
Atlas
AxistCla vide.

The

Spine
7 Cervical "
/2-Thoracic
5 Lumbar
Vertebrae

back view

Sacrum
lelvi'c
bone

Sternum
bone

Top
view

^joer'LOr^cul^Oc&°^ v/eur

'Transverse process

•Spinous,.

Jprocess

Mamillary process

Third lumbar Vertebra.
'Mamillary process
Transver^e process

5 ide
view

Body

Jnfe rior
articular process

(V

bcapida

Three quarter Clavicle facet

r°5
Coccyx*-

Cervical

z vertebrae

Three
quarter
view

37

PART III

THE HEAD

AND

NECK

39

Old aye
Infant

Adult
Coronotcl t
process

jyianchble
lower
Jawbone

Frontal bone

Temporal hone

Nasal hone

TZyjomatic arch

'JVIclS to id bone

Angle °flower law

Articulation.

Top view

jaw

4U

The

Frontalhone
Parietal bone
'Temporal bone
■Mapal hone

SKULL

'Zygomatic hone
Infra orbital foramen

Zygomatic arch
Malar ot cheek bone.

'Mastoid process
RamusgfIowerja w
Angle oj lowerjaw

iPLandtble.

Parietal bone

Superciliary
J arch

Zygomatic bone
Anterior nasal
Spine
•Laminefossa

Al,is( old proces*.
Angleуjaw

Menial
foramen

4
Zygomatic,
honey

§

Superciliary

Nasal bone

E"

Zi/qomatic.
''J*'
arch
A/loxi Ha
Angle °fjaw

Mandible

External
acoustic
meatus

Mastoidprocess
Styloid process

-'Articular

Surface.
r , _
(Occipital. condyle)

J5ackj\ Skull

Under view 7 Shu
Odon toidprocess
Articular
Tuqomatic
J J arch
Surface
Transverse
process, ~

Superior
s Jarticular
surface

fransvefse. pro.
Spine

Posterior tuber cule/Ax^eft

Upper view efAtlas, t
JI
/-Odont otd process....... о/ Second vertebra
/Atlas first vertebra

Articular
A Has

"Axis

'Axis.Second ifertebra

Inner view gfAtlas

Aocis

fptne

Axis
View/гот hehind^fabove

Orbicularis
pa Zpe.brarum
(/n action )

5kin folds over
Frontalis muscle
in action

Skin folds are at а
right angle to the
pull of the muscles
Levator palpebrarum.
.Supertoris
j4 r) terior

Shrinkage of t
the orbicularis
oris in expression of whistling

auric ular

Suptrior

“

Levator Ia bit
superior is
s
7 ylaeque na$c
(in action )

"Posterior ••

5kin folds over pull
J trapezius

Loose skin

biyasMcd

>

& Milo 'hyoid'pullingjaw

fronted is

PyraJ-niclalis j

temporal-

Compressor
Паг1з

■Jd.a.e> seder
Semispi.na.'lis

.LevatorlabtL
Гарел-ton's

Splentu.5

OJoicularis
paipebvarum
V.ij(/oinalicvi5s
•• major
Orbicularis orisBuccinator
BiSorius
Depressor labi^
Inrerioris

Depre з: >

Dtcto 5trie
Myio-hyoccL
Bterno-hyoid
Oino-hyoLcl

13 le rno -mastoid

Digastric,

bfylo-Fyoid.

'Middle, constrictor
Omo-hyoid
Scalenus
rnedtuz
3 cadenus
< anterior
Trapezius

i

43
Temp oval

DucclnatorRlsoflu.3 •-

Paj^o tlcL
gland. "

Dtgaxtrcc

Omo-hyotcT

Lev tail or lab it.

J

Masseter

[Muscle, a of mast tea tioty

Oesophagus
or gudlefc

Depressor anguli oris
(
"
toemoufh. \

Muscles of tfe, face in action.
VIll muscles act by shrinkage.

Frontalis
Temporal'
Orbicularis
palpebrarum
Levator labii
superiors alaegue
nasi
~Z ygorn a tic major.

Risorius
Masseter
Depressor anyuli oris

Inferior constrictor
Thyro-hyoid
Omo-hyoid.
Trapezius

Acromion process
of scapula

Temporal
f^J-lei/ator palj >cb>-,irum superlvris
Ppam IdaLis

. Compressi>r naris
'Levator labii superiorly

- [buccinator
• Orbicularis oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Levator menti
5 temo-mastoid
Scalenus posterior
Eterno-hyoid
-'Levator scapula
Ecalenus medius
Ecalenus'anterior
Omo-hyoid

Clavicle.
The tenderly in g and the Superficial muscles <fthe Face and neck

1ГОП hltt) .

Auricular muscle

b bicularis palpebrarum {
y/umida.lfs
f valor naris *—
ampressor naris

Orbtcula r/'s orb
Leva tor orb icular is oris

Levator nar/s
Occipitalis
Pyramiclal/'s

Levator naris
Levator lahil
Levator orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oris
rna ^iC ™ in°r
Тууornate C major"

Оrbtcularls oris

Rfsorius J
Zygomatic minor
major

"Depressor
naris

Masseter
Doprensor anguli oris'
Dtpretsor labii infer toris
Orbicularis orts
Buccinator

Temporal
muscle

Platysma. • , z
•/ iTiyotdes

Levator l&bit superiorly
Zuqomattc minor
«•
major
Orhtculan's oris

Method f blocking the
planes the face

46

*■ I/1ustnating the. modifications of the planes of the.
face when the head is turned in different positions.

4T

The ovci.L

’5 often used as a basis for giving the депегаУ'оиТИпе
of the head-.

Imaginary Lines will help lo place the features in'"their
proper re.La.ti.on and to give, convexity to the. Ap <-z r/

,

Showing changes in the relative proportions oh Features
and skull at different ages. The nose gradually straightens,
then Lengthens, the ears lengthen, the eyes are placed, higher.

Pectoralis .
major

Deltoid

clavicular
lioament

Scapula
side

Sterno
mastoid

Attachment of muscles on upper
Surface of clave de

Scapula side
Caraco
clavicular
ligament

Suh c/avius
Pectoral major
Deltoid
Attachment °f muscles on under
surface
clavicle.

-erratus
maynus

Scalenus
joosterior

fyrratus*
*падпиз

'Scalenus medtus
Scalenus anterior
/First rib

(tnvide

f?ternum bone *
Sterno-masto id

Scapula
Pectoralis
minor

Second rih

Attachments у muscles (Top^vtevA
fla vide in
pet spechve ।
-Viet тип side7
' levator scapula

Steno -mastoid
r
clavic ular on gin
Trapezius
J

Jmmhmd
•ninor <

Jlomliaid

гмлуог

Bachf
з сарша
Showing attachment
oj muscles

Hyoid
hone.
Pomum
Adami
'Thyroid
cartilage
Cricq J
cartilage

Thyroid
gland
Trochlea

49

DbQOStrLC

Mylohyoid.

Hyoolossu 3

lipoid honk

Stylo-hyoicb
Middle, .
CorrstrLCtor
•Тгареыиз
Ото<huoicL

Pbrwum A cZamt
bterno-ma st оid/

5terno-hyoid

Thyroid уland

Sterno-tLiy raid

Stern о д ,
/f mastoid

Myoid
bone

Scapula
Pide.

Pom u.17^
A clam l
larynx
iron t

Таре? I US

Deltoid

Pectoral
major

Тор v/еи/ у clavicle, showing
attach vne.n t f muscles

Temporal

ComplescuS
^plenius.
Capitis
Levator
scapula
bjSc&le и us
me*Z/u *

Hyoid bone

Masseter
Omo-hd oiA'

Pom urn
Adami
Cricoid
СагИ!в.уе

Лпбвк£ог

Stern o-hy oid*

Larynxл

•>ide v/ev/

‘J’

Stern o-thyroi d

Omo-Hyoid.
Ster noin as to i cl

Scalenus . .
p
anterior/
~ н mediusl
- « posterior

-Thyro-hyoid
-Larynx

Thyroid yland
5ternodhyroid
5 cadenas p osteno
/we diи s
.anterior

Complexes

\,Longu\
\ capitis

Lontjus colli

5ide view

- Scalenus tnedius
Compter us
Scalenus posterior
Spie n 1 из
Thyro-kyoid
” ffieck
Scalenus anterior
Sterno-huoid
t
Omo-hLtct
Longuscapdts

Thyroid gland

Complex и s
Эта 115plon tu s
Comylexus

5pie tit us

Sple n tusfrock
Action j N- 1

№ 1

Action J № £-

Muscles jback/ned

Action °F № 3

Action У№ g

Complex и s
‘ plz-nu-is
D
Splena is-picck

Levator scapula.

L evator saipula
ftthomlsoids

Rhomboid minor

Fthombotcl -major

№3
NQk

Trapesi us

O-mo-luioicl

Sterno mastoid

The Heck
Scalenus
- anterior
- rnedcus
“posterior

Hyoid hone.
PomumAdamie'
1 Thyro-kuotd
^Scapula Cricoid cartilage

Sternothyroid
•
*F° Orno-hyoid.
Second •• Sterno-mastoid

Scapula

5tylo~]yoid
Digastric
Hyoid bone
Ото -hyoid
Sternodiyobd
Thyroid gland
Sterno- thyroid
ClavLcle^
Tirst rib Scalenus anterior
*• mecliua /
*•
posterior

&
•

Platysma*
myocdes
"<3L thin

m

«•
’b

Milo-hyoid /Digastric
Huoqlossus
Stylohyoid
Middle constrictor
Th uro-hyoid
Interior constrictor^
Omohyoid.
Sternohyoid
Sterno- thyroi d

5uperftcidii
muscle /\

5

•SI

4

Traptnus*
Leval1or
Seaput&.
'Scalenus medmi

Bterno-mastoid/
z Omohyoid
t
Sea tenus an terion
l°TCS . 1
Epiglottis

Hyoia bone

>Sterno
\ mastoid

Clavicle

4

Larynx

Third vertebra
Scalenus
posterior

'

bthmui

Thyroid
gland •

Cricoid,
cartilage

St de view

Scalenus
filedius

Male
female '
Larynx front view

5сЛ„и, ' Stem£”„
anterior.
bo”e

Vocal chords
Top
v/evA/

r
f
Purina ordinary
Lplglottis
breathing

Silas
' Axis
5eaten и s
posterior
Scalenus
~ Anterior

Front View

Vocal ligament.
Back

Widely opened

Ь4

уM

Cervical
vertebra

Line, oj gravity

Modi!t cation of chesf form
in breath in cj

Relation of head and
neck to shoulders
in extreme side
movements

Flexion of head
without moving neck

Extent of bonding forward and back

^Digastric
.Splernus
Sty Iо-hyoid
Middle constrictor
Homo-hyoid
^rtQ vator scapula

De.ltoi.cl

Scabsjius anterior
Sterno-rnas to td

Sterno-hyoid
5 tern о-thyroid

Radius
Humerus

Inner condyle
Ulna.

Tendon °J biceps *f lej

Ltу amentumpatella.

56

Two years

Мои ths
Si* years

Eight years

Man

Woman

Man
Man
Woman

*Zygoma.tic arch
Cheek bone

Old man

Ears

Man

Mastoid process

■MariJibUe
fJaw bine)

External acoustic meatus

5uper/o/\recJu$

Levator palpebrarum superior

'Iris
Reef, lateralis
fieс/us inferior
Oblique inferior
External rec tug

Ofl/yme superior
Levatorpalpebrarum superior
Reсшз superior
Cc^r)
■Herve з
Rectus lateralis
"
interior
Oblique inferior
Rectus rfUc/oH.
Can al
Optic nerve

Mose Side
Direction °f hair on an
eyebrow

2ectton of
eye Ball

f Lens
Body
* Cornea I
Rectu.6 tendon

'EYE 5 /PRINCIPLES <£ ACTION)

Jic Nose

5'

Prehistoric
type.

Caucasian
(white, race.)

Mongolian
(yellow race)

Ethiopian
(black race)

American Indian
(red race)

Malayan
(}j 'ow.;i r<9‘ e ’

Thefts* races f/НЛМ

50

Doubt
Surprise

Amusement
Disapproval

Pain
Anger

Strain
Questioning
Reflection

Disdain

Supplication

Reverie

Laughter

Skepticism

Happiness

Singing

Suspense

Laughter

Studies у Expression

PART IV

THE TORSO

65

5 Zero о-1па.ь to id

Trapezius

Scapula

Sterna-mas told

Trapezius
Deltoid
Infraspina.tu.3
Triceps

Peetoralis
Ma.j or ~~
Serratus _
Magnus

Brachialis
Anticus

Ld.tissirnus
Dorsi •-

Latissimus
\ Dorsi

Di ceps

External
Obligee
Rectus

Abdominis
Gluteus

M^dlus
Tensor
fisciae^
Femoris

Gluteus
Maximus

Coracoid Process
A Cromlon
Process
Glenoid Fossa
/Shoulder blade
turned cuy

Serratus
Magnus

Cerra tus
Magnus

Pelvic
loone

Side inclination of body
increased by shifting the pelvis
from horizontal to ohligue
position
Triceps

Group of erector spinae .
muscles stretched,permitting spine
to show
Trapezius
_
In fra-sp inatiis'

Hiо -femoral
ligament
preven ts exces­
sive extension
backward

Deltoid

Seventh 4
cervical
vertebra ]

'Attach^
У
muse
Draper •Deltoid
Teres rnr
Infrd-Sfi

Trirfln<tfOut'eilan^
' frfceP5>\ middle
Deltoid (head
Trapezius

Teres maj
RhomhoidZ
major

Teres major
"Teres min or
* Infra-spinatus

Illustrati
position <>J sr
when arm / raised

Rhomb oi deus major

Latissimus Jorsi

External oblique

(jluteue> maxim и5
Gluteus medius

Latissimus ctorsi
External oblique.
Serratus
magnus

Pectorahs

Triceps middle head
Deltoid
Teres major —
i r •• minor,—
Intra-spina tus
Rhomboideus
Latissimus dorsi

Trap ez.ius
'Rhomboideu^ major %
J minor
leres major
Teres minor
Deltoid

Rectusj
abdominis \

Biceps of
Pectoratlis
Pectus abdo Tianis
Gracilis
Tensor fasciae)
femoris

Trochanter

JHo-tibial band-

-r .

Jnceps

11io-tibial band

Position °Jscapula

major
Serra tи •=
тадп^

Latissimus
с!оУ31
Teres maj or
'In fГ<3.~5р1ПдЛи.З eLtld Teres ITUYlor

Latissimus clorsi

SerraTusy
p 05ficus.

Metfor
(deep
' 1 muscle)
Lali.st units *dorsi.

Erectb r.
spinae
Aponeurosis
^External
Oblique

Ex kernel
oblique
*digitefing
from eightlower ribs

6'
Rhomboideus,
minor
Rhombpideus
major
Supra-spinatus

In fra. - spina tus

Teres minor

Supraspinatus
Trapezius

Levator
Scapula

Ddtoit

Triceps

Teres major
\Rhomhoideur
\minor
f:\ecfor эр пае
(deep muscle)

Jnfraapinahi

Teres fnaj or

Rh ombo ide us
major

Reflected head
of rectus fem oris
Liqaments

Jlhomboideii^

Lower fibres
Trapezius

Serralus
majnus

Pectordlis
minor

и
Supinator tongus.
Ex ten son carpi rtadiaEi s lonqut
Extensorcarpi radiates bzevis.J
Extensor communis dlgttorum
Abductor pollicts longus
Ex tens orpolltcts brevis
Extensorpolltcis longus

5 terno .ma $ to id,
Trapezius
Deltoid
Infra -spina tus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps

Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digiti quint!
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensorpoll/ct,e lorigus
/’ v lens orjpolh cl s bre v/s
Abductorpolltcts longus
An corieus
rusor communis digit,
*nisor carpt radtalis brevis
3 ra ch i a Us antt cu. s
Dt ceps
Gluteus medius
Gluteus m axtmus

External obhgue
Rectus femores
Yasl'its
i rrtern us
•Rahella
Garton us

Tensor
demon s

• Gracilis
5emi-membrano-.
Adductor5
Gastrocnemius
'"^oleu.s
Flexorjong u.s
rr.diPitorunz
tibialis posticus
Tibialis anticus

43 br^
if

7

Levator scapula.

■RhomlooideizS
major Ъ minor

Deltoid

Trapez iuS’
Jn.fra-Spiria.tuS ■
Teres major

Erector
5pina.e

Lcidtssimiis clordi.

Complexus muscle
' 5pienius muscle

5capula
Erector Spinaa

MUSCLES
у the BACK

Infra-sptnatas

Latissimus dorse

Erector sptnae (covered by latissimus dorsi
ч
Trapezius
and trapezius)
Liaamentum nuchae

External oblique

Externa.1
■ oblique
№1

//*3

Rectus abdominis

Entsrnat oblique.

In terpus
d-bclorninis

Transversus abdominis
Under luincj № 1

Underlying Ns

73

Sierno-mastoid

‘Pectoral minor

Pectoral major
(clavicular fibres)’

Planes

Pectoral ma ior
( sternal fi Ьгез)
5erratus maynus

, Ltnea alba
L in eae Ira n s vers a. e

External oblique
Umbilicus

Rectus abdominis

Pouparts ligament

External
inter созСаТ

Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique

Ligaments °f the
stern o-cl&vic v. lay
and scapular joints

$aero-iliac
ligament
Reflected head
of rectus fem oris

Obturator membrane.

A cetabulum

Dio-pectineal
emirtence

r

Rarnus

Body <?/
pubic bone

Ar terior. .5 uperiorзpine

<dio\
Articular process

Articular,
surface.

The sacrum
Front view

Articular
Surla.ce

The sacrum

Back view
CoccyX

Iliac crest

75

Anterior superior
iliac spine

Iliac portion of
os innomrnalum
Pubic portion J
os innominatum

JVccle Hlvif
Front VieW

Acetabulum
hollowjorhedd oflemur
Spine °f puhiS

Ischium

Pubic arch

.

.

Posterior superior Spine

Anterior superior

Hale Pelvis

Hide spine

Sacrum
Coccyx
'Spine of ischium

Back View

Tuberosity °f ischium

.Male

Т'етпсЛ.г

Body °f pubic bone

Male

Female
Showing female bone tilted forward

Difference of height and breadth

Front

*ont from below
Three quarter
Pro nF

Front

Side

back

Pelvic bone in
various positions

5ide view

■//w quarter view within
Three quarter back

Within

Fown
Looking withm.

Under view

Shrtt quarter from below
sSicle

Three quarter
back.

77

Top view ojpelvic bone.

Various views
°J pelvic bore
Acetabulum
holt owfor head of
thigh bone

78

Types <f female
torso

Straight
torso

Tilted pelvis

Iliac furrow
Skin folds m
bent torso

Resting on one
J
ley

Male

Female.
,‘>k<n folds of
groin (male)

5.kin folds d
cgroin (femdie)

//Laie.
female

f olds oj the groin — female.

Meek

Base
neck

Shoulder

Chest

•Breast line

Pelvis

Hips
Waist

Sectional dioyratna J female torso

о

Annular liqamenK

Muscles of thumb

Extensor carpi radialis brews
Extensor carpi ulnaris \
Extensor digCtt guintis
Extensor communis
Anconeus*.
Extensor carpi'radialis.
longue

Supinator long us
e Biceps * "
Вrackialts anticus
Triceps
Deltoid
Teres major.
»
Ш/ПОГInfra-spinoM
Eh от bot deus
Latissismus dorjit
fx tern al oblique

dfluteus me.dtus^
Qrea tey trochantok^
Tensor fasciae femorl^
Cluteus maximus

Iliotibial band
t Biceps *f leg
Seml-teiidinosu-s
Semi-mem bra nos us
Vastus ex tern us.
Plan taris

Gastrocnemius
Perone us tongas

5oleus

Peroneus brevis

О I

Neck

JBaseyeck.

Shoulders

Breast

Waist

Chest

Pelvis

Hips

Sectional diagrams °Jmale torso

83

PART V

THE ARM

85
Head

Head
Lesser tuberosity

• Greeter tuberosity
Lesser

Greater tuberosity

Bicipital groove

In term uscula. гуroo ve
(bi ceps)

Insertion op
deltoid

Deltoid inserti on

Side

Front

Back

The

Humerus hone
riyhtarm
Internal condyle ridge
External
External condyle
Capttellum where head
ofradius articulates
J Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Internal condyle
Tro ch lea for arti culation with ulna

External condyloid ridge
Internal
-'
•
Intermuscular septa, are attached
to these ridges

External condyle
Olecranon fossa
Internal condyle.

Trochlea for
articulation with ulna

'Supra - spmatue

Latissimus dorsi

'Pectoral major
Teres major

Trochlea
Capitdlum

Triceps outer head
Delfо i d

Deltoid
Coraco -brad talis

'inator long us
End view
'Brackiahs anticus
Extensorcarpi radtahs
lonqus
Extensor group and.
pronator teres
Flexor group

Front

Infra -spcnatus
Teres minor

Erachialts anticus
Middle head oftriceps

Extensor group
Anconeus

Showing attach men'tgjmuscles

Back

86
/

Left Arm

Humerus

Humerus
Ra-dius

{finer condyle

Radius

Ulna

Humerus
Ulna

Back

Pront

Ulna

Humerus

Humerus

Inner condyle
Three guarter front

Radius
'Outer condyle

/ц[пд

Radius

Supine position

Humerus

Radius
Back

Ou-ter condyle

Ilina

Humerus

Side vlew

Radius

Radius

Inner condule

Ulna

Ulna
Prone position

Various positions

of arm bones

inner
condyle

Olecranon process

■Hutner

Head °J radius

Backview

Inner condyle

Head
Inner _
condyle.

Olecranon process /ulna
Outer condyle

Radius

Ulna

Humerus

Inner condyle

Bones

Radius

Ulna

°J Arm and Hand

Olecranon
process
Coronoid
- process
fylLlna.

Olecranon

’Head

Meek.

Meek

Radius

Dorsalmargin
Ulna

'Ulna

dun

Radius

Back.
View
Head
,5tuloid
process
Front view

Elead

Outer side

jKadlal
extensor

Inner 3tde

-

Humerus

Whcludgr
pplltasloncp
Extensor .
pdiuis brews

Styloidprocess
. pollicislongus
Extensor communis
Extensor oj index

Humerus
Radius-

Ulna.
Inner condyle

Outer condyle

Olecranon

‘Radius
Ulna

Humerus

Coronoid fossa -df
Cap Helium
Outercondyle

Humerus
bone

Orbicular
ligament»
Head of
radius*
Where
head of
radius
fits

Ulna

wnicr V/W
vintr condyle

Radius
Ulna

8-Carpal

Inner condyle
bones
Trochlea
A ttachment °/br&dualis anttcus
Bicipital tuberosity
where biceps tendon fs
attached
From an Xray

palm view

Ulna

Front
view
Epicondylic
ridge

Coronoid fossa
Olecranon
fossa

•Inner condyle.

Trochlea surface

lid view у humerus

Inner,
condyle

Capt tedium

Olecranon
fossa
Outer .
conclyle
Trochlea

Trochlea
r ,
Outer view °J humerus JiacK humerus

Capitellum

Trochlea.
End view •/
numerus bone

8<
Olecranon

Coronoid
process
Groovefor ra dius

Headjf’'radius

Neck
Bicipital tuberosity
Dorsal margin

bra chialis'.nsertfoA

Tuberosity *f
Biceps insertion

Bicipital hollow
•Anterior
oblique line

-Interosseous^
crest
Posterior .
oblique line.

Interosseous
border-

Head'
Styloid
process
Groovefir extensor,
Extensor ca rpi
carpi ulnaris
ulniris
Stylo
id
process
Extensor digitorum
communis
Extensorpollicis lonyus
’Ra.cliu.3 and Ulna bones
Extensor carpi radtalis brevis
Extensor carpi radtalis lonyus
- Styloid process
Humerus

Ulna.

Ulna

.Ulna

Ulna.

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Relations and foreshortenings

radices and ulna

90
Clavicle

Acromion
process

Coracoid
process

Humerus
Fxterndl
»border

Inferior
'angle.

External
Spine

border
Sternum bone
Glenoid fossa
for head of
humerus
Clavicle

Supra­
spinous-fossa

Coracoid
process
Acromion
process

Inferior
angle

Infra-spinous
fossa

Coracoid
process

Ventral
Surface,

Spina

Ventral
surface}

VteVfo of
Clavicle and Scapula,
l^2»ZbUcT

Deltoid
from the

De/toid
from the
back

Deltoid

from the

front

side

Su.pLnCLt'or'
L/OTWUS

Sиpin a tor
—> iongus
front v/ew

92

-Atlas

Levator Scapula
Trapezius
5ubclavius.
Coracoidprocess
Acromion
process'

Acromion process*

Axis

Inter-clavicular

^ligament

Coraco-acromial
ligament:
Subscapularts
. .
1 ligament^

Articular capsule
Gtо о ve for bic ep.
tendon

Biceps tendons
Teres major
Peetoralis IT) Inor

Hum erиз bone

(Underlying Peet. major,

Slerno-Costal ligament

Serratus mag n us

front
Spa ce for Supra-spinatus

Supraspina tup

Fronlr

In fra-Spi natus
- Coraco i dprocess
'Subscapularip
Peetoralis major
'Teres major
•Latissimus clorsi

Deltoid insertio n

Teres minor

Teresmajor

&>ck

Oricjin — common

Back

tendon jextensor
muscles of
hand

Pectoralis major
cla vicular fibre:
Sternal fi^es

Triceps
tendonCoraco-brachidlis

Supinator longus

Fxtens or carpi ra dealis longus
Anconeus

Rectus
abdominis

Studies of shoulder qirdle,
grouped for comparison

Brachia/is
anticus
Three quarter
back view

BrachiaHs
anticus
Front view

Biceps
Front view

/>7.

re

Triceps
from the
front

Triceps
from the
back.

Bicf'i
pat
tv

Biceps
tt nsc

4

Supcnator longue
Supra-Spina tu s

Spine °f}

Scapula

•Scapula-

Deltoid
Middle head
Outer head

Inner head

Acromion
process
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Teres minor
Insertion deltoid

Biceps

Teresrnajor
Teres minor
'Humerus

Biceps

In s er tion DiсерJ
Radius

ll Ina

Clavicle
Acromion process
Humerus
,

Three heads
У triceps
Biceps

Teres major

Teres
major

Back У aw old man
'lnfra.-spina.tus
Extensor communis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Ex ten soy dig iti qu.in ti
Extensor carpi radialis brew
Muscles thumb

Anconeus

Extensor p
radialtl Ifi*

Supinator Ion

Triceps

Trapezius

Deltoid

Lattssim.uy dortr

Bracliialis anticas

Rectoral major

Humerus

Humerus
Pectoral major

/

Clavicle

Sternum
bone

Deltoid

7

Insertion into
outer lip of
bicipital groove

T e re s m ajor

Deltoid

Triceps
Scapula

Pectoral major
••
minor

Biceps
Flexor
group

Triceps

Serratus magnus

Extensor
group

Latissimus clorsi

Deltoid
Trapezius

biceps

Deltoid
Triceps

Latissimus dorse
Pectoral major
Ole era non pro cess

Ulna

Fibula
Pectoral
major

9
Hyoid bone

Acromion process
Coracoid process
Thyroid..
C gland

Romum,
Adami .
Clavicle

Coraco
Brackialis

Trachea.'

5terno/mastoid
Deltoid'

Biceps
insertion

PectoralIs
major
Brack taiis
anticus<

Radius

Inner condyle

Supinator .
longue

Biceps

Ulna

Triceps
Gluteus
media s
Tensor
fasciae*
fem oris

Rectus fem oris

Rectus femorls

Sartorius

Emaciated figure

Brachta Its
an tieu<s
Bt-ctgos

Triceps
humerus
\ bone.

'
V
f\.c.rofyn>n
process

Cora co brach/alis

Clavicle

Teres m*jor

Deltoid'

Conibо ud
prdtfsb

Latissimus dorsi»

Scapula

Serra tus
mag nus

oternurn
hone.
External
oblique

Pectoralis major

•Infra.-spinat'u s.

DMoid
Triceps long­
head
' outer
s inner

Teres minor

Flat fibrous
partytriceps

Triceps^
outer head
• ii/iner head
Teres major

•middle or
longhead
Sptne у scapula
Teres major

Latissimus
dorst
'5erratus magnus

Lattsstmus dorsi

dreat trochanter
°/Femur
llto- tibtel
band

Biceps у leg (tendon)

99
Showing change of angle ъ/ Scapula,
with movement of arm

7~Cervical
vertebra*

Trapezius

Insertion of deltoid
г \
и biceps

Trapezius .ending
<st the I ask
thoracic vertebra

5ter nornas to id

Atlas

Brach iaiis anticus
Trapezius

Triceps

7~

'Humetur
, Deltoid
Infra p tna tus
-s

Teres minor
•i major

L a tiss im и s dor^i

Scapula

100
F/Ъгоиз partyM/bTd
TFapenu s
Jnlra-spinatuT^

Вdeps
&rac-

•Ex. communis dtytorum
Extensorcarp. rack bf-evi s
Extensor carp. rad. Lory us
Anconeus
Latissimus dorsi.

Tensor fasciae femoris
/Rectus fem oris
'Richers ligament

,Sterno-ma stotcL

Triceps

Biceps
°P‘

Bracht alts
antic и 5
Supinator longus
Ex. carp, ra d. long,
ca yp.rad b>ev.
Anconeus
_
'External
oblique.

Rectus fern oris
Vastus internus
Sartorius
Sem i tenctinosus
Semi memhranosus^

Clixteus medius
Glu, teus
maxImus
dtio-tibial band

Sarlonus

Biceps^ley

Rectus femoris
Vastus externus^
. ** in tern us
Tibialis anticus

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibia

^bLptnator longus
Extensor carpi radtalcs longue

Lxtensor carpi radtalis breves
Extensor communis digitorum
Ex. carpi, ulnaris

l\c total
wjor

Gluteus maximus

Sartorius

•maynut
ItendUs exhrnut

.^Qracilis
Semitendinos us
Semi me mlora nos us
Rlantaris

Ftron^US Iona?

Soliu s

Gashocnamtuo

Ttndo Achillis

Trapezius
r Deltoid

Tlbialti x

i an teens'

1
Diagram

Triceps

Anconeus

5 up inator I ongus
-Anconeus

Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Supinator muscle
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis

Pcirt °/
flexor*
group

Abductorpolltcls longus

Flexor

t ,

Ulnaris

[Extensor
x Carpi ulnaris
Extensor
\ Communis
digitorum
Ex ten s or carpi
radialis brevis
Supinator longus
Extensor carpt
radialis longus

Ex Tensor vol'll cis
c V
и lo№u5
их tensor у Index

Extensorpoll! cis
brevis

Margin fuln'a
I
J bone

Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpt .
radialis brevis.
Extensor pollicis
longus

Dorsal carpal
ligament'
Dorsal
Jnterosseus
muscles

Biceps

Triceps

Extensor о/
Index:

Supinator longus

Extensor carpi
radialis longus

Deep Muscles
Dorsal side °fArm
Triceps
Tnconeus
£от mon tendon
origin

Flexor
profundi?
aigi forum

Extensor
pollicis *lorg из
“ ronator
P
quadratics

Biceps
л insertion
Supinator
muscle

Pronator
teres
'Abductor
pollcis longus
; Ex tensor of
Index
Extensor
pollicis brevis

Mti5 cle Attachments

Flexor,
сагрг *
ulnar isy
Extensor.
dicfitor*um
J duintt'
communis 1
Extensor
carpi ulnard

Dors a I
carpal
Eigament

Extensor
communis
digitorum
Extensor carpi
radialis brtvis

Abductor pollici»
longun
Extensor poll lei
brevis
Extensor
rpollicis
r longus

Fxtppspr

Surface Muscles
Dorsal sideJ Arm

02

Triceps long head
Triceps inner head.
Bracht alls anticus
Deltoid.

Deltoid

Teres major
Flezor carpi utnarls
Supinator longus Biceps

Infra -spinalus
Tere.2> maj or

.Falmansi
Supinator long us
Flexor carve
Pronator feres
radta Its Flexor caryl tadi&lis
Pronator teres Palmares' longus
Supinator
Tlexor carpi ulruu'iii
x J
t longus
Bleeps
j Deltoid

Triceps long.
head.

" л tencLpn
Triceps tnnen
head
.Biceps
Brach calls anttcusOlecranon.
BicipitalFascia

Brachialts^
,

anfecus

j

Jnceps tnnerrieaa
” lory head

Palrna-ris
r
longus
Fl ex or carpi
radiates

Co raCo - brachia Us

Flex, carpi ulnaii^

Ulna

Deltoid.
'Pectoral

Flexor carpulnaris.

Flexor sublimes digitorurn

Extensor carpe
ulnaris

Flexor carpi radiates
Flexor carpi ulnaris
lalmaris longue
Brach!alit ardicus

Bra chialls an tic us
'Erorator teres.
Olecranon*
Triceps outer
head

Вif. dps
Supinator
Ibngui

r brtv/s
Extensorcomm unfo,
diqitorutn
Л It ductorgotlicit long
ExЛп л or podIds brwj
Exten soxpoll11
tongue

Bicipital
Fascia

Deltoid

Triceps tendorb
•Extensor
.
Carpi ulnarto
Triceps inner heal

Biceps
%
BrachFalls anthus

Triceps IonJ head

Cora co- brachialis
Teres major
Latissimus dorsL

Supinator longus t
Extensor carp!
radialis lotijus
Pronator teres
Ex. carpi rad. hrev^
Abductor pollids
long us
Extensor polhcis
„
brev/$"
£*tensor pollids

IonyiXs
AnnularligamentExtensor communis digit.

1
Supinator tongas

Olecrenon

'Flexor carpi radiate

Deltoid
Infra- spinatus.

Inner condyle

longus

Teres minor

JB iccpital fascia

Teres major-

Brachiate
antic us

Triceps middle
head'
Triceps outer
heal
Brach la Its antic us
Biceps
Supinator tongas
Extensor carpi
radi'alts longus
Anconeus
Flexor ca грi radtailsExtensor и Inaris.

Triceps inner head.
Triceps longhead'

Co raco- rtorachtalcs
Deltoid

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

Exte ns or com munis
aigitorum

Deltoid

Extensor radialis brevis'
Abductorpollicis tongas
Extensorpollicis brevis
Extensorpollicis longues
Extensorcarpi гаdiaIts
I ongus

Cora cobrachiate

Biceps

Biceps
Mus cuta,

Fblmajris lonyus
(Flexor carp i ulnarIs

Brach tails
anttcus

”Bra.ch tails
dnttcus

Triceps
inner read
Inter muscular
septum
- Pronator teres*

Inner
condyle

Supinator longtis

Flexor ca rp. ra d.
Palm arts longus_

Flexor carpi ulnaris.

Flexdf? digitorutn
Flexor >

pollicis longus

-5ublirnis

’ Abductorpo Hicis
longue

Front view jfleft arm,

Right arm turned out

Dtcephs

DeltoicL
Fectoral
Шуот*

104

Deltoid

Biceps

Triceps

Bra.chta.lts anticus

Humerus

Metacarpal
Carpal

Radius

Ulna

Abduclor с!л qclZ
quin ft
Flexor carpi ulnans
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Ex tensor dig itt quinti
J Communis
Extensor communis cligttorum
Extensor carpt radtalts longus

Supinator Longus

Outer View °j Right Arm

Deltoid. *
Triceps
Co ra coa-brachial is

Biceps
Ex corn tn unis digI toruni'
Ex.carpirad.long
Ex.poll, brevis
Abductorpoll.
londus

Exten sorpolltcus longus
Supinator longtts'

Flexor carpi radtalts

Bracbialis
an ficus

Balm arts longus
Flexor dtgt tor urn 5 ublintis

Flexor carpi ttlnaris

Inner v/ew

10
Deltoid
.Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Co raco brack ialis
Triceps longhead.
V

Triceps inner, head
fiiceps
Internal m и scalar septum.
Brachiate anticus
•Pronator radii teres
Bicipital fascia
Supinator longus
Extensor Carpi radiate tongas
Plexor carpi radia.Its
.Palmaris tongas
•Extensor carpi. radiate brevis
Extensor carpi radiate longus
Extensor communis digitorum
Ab ductor pollicis longue
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensorpollicis longus
Annular ligament

Federate major
Deltoid

Triceps middle or
, л long head
Iriceps inner head.
Biceps
Brachiate anttcus
Pronator radii teres
•Inner con duU fhumerus
Suvtnator longus —
Flexor carpi radiate
Talmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor suklimis digitorutn

Deltoid
Triceps long head ■

■Triceps outer head
Biceps
Brachiate anticus
Supinator longue

Extensor carpi ra.cte.te
n
longus
Anconeus '
J
Flexor carpi ulnaris
‘Extensor carpi ulnaris

■Extensor communis
•
digCtorum
Extensor carpi radiati's
Extensor diyiti guinti^^
Abdactor polite is Iongus
Extensor pollicis brevis
•Extensorpollicis longus
'Annular ligament

'Deltoid.
Triceps outer head
Triceps middle or long
head
Biceps
Triceps inner head
Sup in ator longue
Extensor carpi radialit
longus ■
Anconeus
Extensor carpi radiatis
•г-,
J
brevis
Extensor communis
r-,
digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Abductorpollicis longus
Extensorpollicis brevis .
Extensorpollicis longus
f Annular ligament"
Extensor digitt guintt*

106
Supinator longus
Extensor carpi radialis longus
^Extensor carpiradialis ore vis
Extensor dig itorapt comm или
Extensorcarp i ulnaris^
^Abductorpolhcis long
JEiconeds
Extensor pollids short
" ExtensorpollTc/s
t°ny

Extensor carpi ulnaris Trapezius
'Flexor carpi ulnarisrl Deltoid
btdchialis antic us ' Triceps

Ex. carpi
radkbrevtSz^
Extensor 'carpi'
radialis longus
Supinator longus л
Extensor corn tn unit
ctigitorum
Deltoid

Biceps

Prona tor teres

Scapula.

/Flex.ulnam
Palmarjs longus
4FLexorcarpiradials?

.Spine of Scapula

Clavicle

Patella

Ulna.
Radius

Humerus

Femur

Greater
trochanter

Tibi*
Fibula

Astragal di

40s calcis

Tibia
Fibula

Deltoid

Infra•spina tut
Teres iminor <
Teres major
Braehlolis
anticus —
Tricep я
Ее ndorr

Teres /
’ minor
Teres •
major

Dicfp>

Supinator
Ionjus
ExtensoF
'fit. com.
Extensor x.
'Carpi Ulnafr*
Muscles of
thumb.
UlnabonS.

Anconeus
Extensor• carpi/
radialis loncjush
Extensor communis dig forum
Flexorpro funAi's
diji co turn

flexor' „
poUici's longus

Flexor cligitoruin
Sublimn я

’Supinator lorupt
Bona tor radii tett
"Flexor carpi rad/alii
’ Paltnaris longus
Flexor carpi ulttans
Flexor dlj/torutn suiJh

Extensor polhcLS longus
'Extensorpollices. brevis
. A 1o duetorpollicis Ionу из

108

Bicipital
groove

Bracht alts
cl n tic US

'Deltoid
Triceps
-Brach tails antic ug

I7*ror, ,
profindis
diyttorum

Flexorpollicis longus
(Thumb)

Orbicular
ligament

Common
tendon for
ex tensormuscles
aPpronator^
teres.

Вra chiab's
anticus

Teres major
'latissimus
n dorsl*
Hectorahs
_ „ major
•Deltoid.
*Brach tahs
antiсиз
Supinator
J ,lQl'l9u9
'Extensor carpi
Геchain longus
’ Cornmon tendon
. For extensors
'Biceps

Pronator
teres

Flexor carpi
radialis
Fhltnuris tong
Flllror Carpi
- Ulnaris

Tendons
FUtor O/'
digilorum
profun dis

Supinator
longus

<<
t‘A’

ЗиртаСог radit btev.
Pronator teres
•Supinator longus
Fxtensor carpi
radialis longus

Flex or,
5иЬИтиз digit.
Abductorpolhds
Longus
Fxten s or pollids
brevis

Aa

Flexor Lilnarts
tlilna
Extensor сагрь radialis
Longus

- Radius
Bracht a Iis antecus
J3tceps
1 Humerus
Deltold

Supinator Ionaид
1

Trapezius

Triceps

Erector spinaeunder
“
Latissimus.
dorsi-

Gluteus
maximums
Biceps
o/tef •

t E*tenfor\
' ulnarls •
Biceps
Eler.ulna\
1 'Extensor '
communis
' digilbrccm •
Brachialis A
antic us
/
'Deltoid
'

'Teres major
Teres minor
'Infra- sp Ina tu$

Gluteus
meclius
Tensor
. fasciae
\ fem.

. 'GradliF
Erector
femoris
Vastus intersus
Etchers Hey

Jartoriu 5
Semi ten din05 us,
[Sem imem br<a~
nosus

Infra
jfpinatus

Trapetiui
* Clavicle
•Deltoid
•• 4 minor
Steeps ♦—
Bra ch la Iis anticus
5up ina tor
longus .
Extensorcarpii
_
radCalls longus
Extensor carpi radialis '
bre vis *

'Muscles j thumb
Extensor carpi и/нлгк
Flexor carpi ulna n't
Extensor commurue digitori-

111

PART VI

THE HAND

113

THE HAND
> Unciform

Trapezoid-

SenTi-Lunar
Ulna.

Radius

№eta carpal
°J thumb

Scaphoid
TrapezitLm

S&m i-L. unar
Tra.pe.'Z.oicL

.

Berm-Lulna-r

Os magnum
Metacarpal bones

Unciform
Cuneiform
/

Phalanges

/

Osma.anum

Scaphoid
Ea.di.us

Unciform
fusiform

'Cuneiform
Ulna.
Fadills

Sea photdL
Os magnum
Trapezoid

Шпа.
SemL Lunar

, Unciform
'Pisiform

Cuneiform.

05 magnum

Semi-Lunar
Scaphoid
Trapezium

Pisiform
и net form
Unciform

Trapezium.

Metac&rpals

5caphо id
Trapezoid
Os magnum
Semi- Lunar

Unci to rm
Cuneiform.

' Pisiform

Phalanges

Dorsal
or

Back. vie w
Scaphoid
He diи л

Semi-Lunar
Ft st form
Trapezotd
Оз magnum
Unciform

'J/apeiiuin

Palm vzew

Humerus

• Htcmerus

Posteriorhumero- ulnar ligament

Posterior humero-

■ulna? ligament
Internal lateral
ligament уelbow

, Internal ligament oj elbow

■Annular ligament i which
the radices moves

Ulna>

External lateral ligament
Radius

Interosseous ligament

Radius.

Ulna

Interosseous
ligament
Posterior Ulna radial ligament

Posterior ulna-radial
Greatpostertor radio-carpal ligament

External lateral ligament

Internal
Collateral
ligament
Mewrist

lament °/carpus
Uen clon °j long-abductor thumb
Dorsal interosseus
,
ligament
fibrous capsules о/
carpal bones

ligament
External lateral
j.
, z ligament
Ligament у carpus
Greatposterior radio
carpal ligament
Dorsal interosseous
ligament

'Trans verse meta carpa I
ligament

Ltqaments °f Forearm

Front

Biceps
tendon
Supinatoi
* radii
brevis

Supinator
, radii
brevis
Front

Radius
ulna
Back. —*
of hand
(Dorsal)

Dorsal
view

i view/

Palm
view

•Radius

Thumb

Outer condyle.
°] humerus

ulna

Anconeus side View

Ex. Digit.
■ Quinti

Ex. Communis
'digitorum

Flexor
carpi
uinaris
Extensor
carpi
uinaris

Outer condyle

Anconeus
back view

Triceps
'Anconeus
Flexor diqitorurn.
profundis
5upinator mu scle

Supinator

radii teres

Flexor
digitотит
profundi?

Pronator
teres •

Pronator
quadratus

Supinator
longus

Brachialls
anti сия.

Flexor carpi
ulnaris
, Abductor
pollicis
longue
•Flexor
Pronator
teres
profundi-s
Extensor pollids
_ L
longus.
» b-xtens orjoollie is
- . ,
brevis
Special extensor
xr
index
~ .
Bac/<
groove
Front
for
Extensor
carpi
Ex. poll, breuis
* ulnaria
Ek. carp.rad. long
Groove for r ~
•>
Ex.carp.rad.
brev.'
ex. com digit

Ek.poll.

Extensor
pollicis brevis

long'.

Radio

Orb^
liqa
Obli^
andtr^a
fy<-

Jt-

tbwjvejor tendons

Extensor
pollicis longus

Ex.caгас.
lo-

Rt.c.
rdc
b_
Ex.pollici? longus
Abductorpolhcis
longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis

Special

Abductor
pollicis
lonqu.5

index

Dorsal 1/ievVs

5p£ku
ym

18

Supinator radii brevis
Supinator .
radii brevts
Extens or carp i
radialis long us
Extexson carpi
<cad t'a. I is brevis

Extensor carpi
uinaris

Extensor carpi radtalis longus
Exten5or carp t radtalis brevis

Extensor carpi uinaris
Exten s or cornm и n is
digitorurn,
. Exte nsordigit: <ju inti
Ftexonpollicis longus
PronatorguaEratus'

Back,

Back.

Front

Brach calls
Supinator
(ulna origin?

Flexorprofit'

dis diditbrum
(for index)'

Ibonrtbr
auedratus

Flexor digit.
Sublimus
(origin)

Flexo? prbfunats atgitarunL

.Pronator
guadratus

sub It mus
.Btceps
.Supinator radii
brevis
Pronator teres
(insertion.)
Flexor dicitorutn.
profundis
Flexorpollicis longus

'(Insertion)
Front
Front

Front-

Origin and insertion
gf muscles

1

Front view
palm side

Flexor
profundis'
digitorum
Lumbricafes

/attached i
I to tendon I
of muscleJ

Inserted,
in capsul es
'ofjoint tyin extensor
tendon on dorsal
of hand

flexor
'profundis
digitorum

Flexor
sub/imis
digitorum

Flexor ca
'rad/dis ion.
'Pa/maris /on.
Flexor u/nai

Tendons of
Flexor
profundis
digitorum

Front view
of humerus
bone

Pronator
teres
Front view'

Flexor po/tids
longus

Pronator
tert <s

Supine
position
J radius
C

arm

Prone
position
°f radius

Palm
view

Dorsal
view
°J hand

120

Acromion process

Clav ide
Cora co 'brachial is
.Pectoral minor

Humerus.

Biceps
tendons

Shoulder
right side

Capsula articularis
of head у humerus

Back view °/left
arm bones

Front view У
left arm bones

Ligaments binding hones
°f the wrist

Trapezoid

Scaphoid

Os /Wagnum
vSemi - Lunar n, ,
Os Magnum
Phalanges
Cuneiform
Trapezoid
Pisiform
/weCacarpais
Radius
Unciform

Trapezium

Metacarpals
Phalanges

Phalaydjes
Abductor
Pollicis Brevis
(Origin)
Upponens
PollictsiOrigii
Abductor Pollicis Longuy
Opponent fbllicis
(insertion)
Flexor Carpi Radiati^
(insertior}
Adductor PoUicis
(origin of

Flexor Carpi Uinaris (insertion)
Abductor Digiti Quintifo rigin)
Flexor Digiti Quinti Breeds (origin}
Opponens Diqiti Quinti (origin)
Palmar Interossei

Oblioue Head)

Radius

Dorsal In teross ei
Addu&tor Pollie is.
(Transverse Head)

ILln*

‘Pldaca

Attachment °fmuscles
Scaphoid

'
Phalanges

jrapcazoid.

Scaphoid
Trapezium

•Seini'Lunar
Unciform
Cuneiform
Radius*

Pisiform

Little ringer Bide -(Quinti)

Ulna

Movements of the
thumb
^palm l/ieui)

Opponent л
Dii • - •
Oppo
nens
Polhcs.
p^l!c
.is

Short muscles / thumb

Abductor
FbUicis '
Brevis

*

Flexor Pollicis
Brevis

AbductorPollicis Brevis

Opponens Pollicis

Flexor Poll I cis Brevis

L Flexor Pollicis (deep pa rd)

Abductor
Pollicis Brevis
Opponens
~ Pollicis
plexor Pollicu
Brevis
^Adductor
Pollicis

Adductor
Pollicis
(Oblique 4
fleo-d)
'Adducto? Pollicis
^Adductor Pollicis
(Oblique HeadJ

Adductor Pollicis
(Tranverse Head\

Abductor Pollicis Breuis

Opponent Pollicis
Flexor Pollicis brevis
Adductor Pollicis
Ad'due Cor Polli cls
(Obliouq Head)
Adductor Pollicis
( Tra ns verse Head)

12c
Opponent
Digiti
Quinti

Opponent
Digiti
Quinti
'Flexor
Digiti
brevis

Орропепл
Digit!
Quint»
Flexor
Digiti
Quinti

Abductbr
Digiti
Quinti

Origin-Palmar
Interests*
Dorsal
Jntero&sei

Palmar
Inteross&i

Lu b rteals

Dorsal
Interosset

Palmar
In teros sei

Abductor,
Fbllicis
Longus
Flexor
Pollicis.
!&evisj

flexor
Pollicis
Longus

Flexor Carpi
Ulna.ris
Flexor
P1
Dig i torи m 6u bli m is 'dQKOF
Flexor Carpi Radialis
oTFlt
•Palmarls Longus
R&diahs
Pisiform Bone
Abductor^
Transverse Carpal Pollicis
LigamenC
Longus,
•Abductor Oigiti Quinti
’Ab duetor Pollicis Brevis

'FlexorDigit! Qulnti Brevis^
Adductor Pollicis
Lubrical
Muscles
Tendons oF
flexor Digitorum Thenar
BubKmis
Eminence
Flexor
flexor
Digi torum
Digitorum
bublimis
ProFundis

Flexor Digitorum
Profun dis

Flexor
Longus
ProFundis
Digitorum
'FlexorCarpi Ulntflt
Flexor Digitorum
Bublimia
Palm ar is Longua
‘Transverse
Carpal Ligament
^Palmaris Breuis'
fiypothenar

Eminence
Palmar
Aponeurosis
Lubrical
Muscles

Digital *5heath

124
Cunei for m
Unci Form
\6emi-Lunar

P/siPorm
Bone:

Abductor Pollicis
Longus

Extensor Carpi
Os Magnum
Ulnaris
Gaaphoid
Trapezcvum.

8 Carpaid)

Extensor Carpi
Radialis Breuts

Trapez.ozd

5 Meta- ,
Carpals

Extensor Carpi
Radia/is longus
(btiginsj

Phalanges

Dorsal Interossei
(Origins У

Dorset?

Vzguj

Dorsal Jnferossei
. Muscles

(back)

Extensor Carpi Radialis longus
Extensor Carpi Wnaris
Extensor Dig'itorum
Com munis

Extensor Carpr Radialis Dret/is
Rbductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Po/Hcis Greuis
Extensor Pollicis Longus

Extensor Digitorurn
Quintl Communis

Extensdr

index*

Dorsal View
Showitqy extensor tendons

LHna Bone

Extensor Digi Corum Commrcnis
Extensor Digitorиm Quinti
Commu-nis

'Abductor
Digiti Quinti

Flexor Communis
Digi torum

Hypothenar Ernlnence
The„ar {miner,ее

Extensor Carpi
FJ^or

Flexor ProFundia
Digitorum

tllnaris

Pads
Ligaments of Finger Joints
3

Pads

Hinge Joint

Ball Joint

Extensor oF Index
Extensor Digitorum Communis
ffirat Jnferosseus Ыепаог0згр1 fadlalir/,,

'Extensor Carpi Had
Lon

Flexor ProFun dis
Dig i torurn

7^
tubrical
Muscle

Flexor Sublirnis
D igitorum.

'Supinator Lui
^flexor Carpi Radial
AbabKltor Fbllicis Long и
ExtensorPollicia LoiJJU
Extensor Pollicis Privi't
Abductor Pollicis dreu'is

Adductor Pollicis

Trd„auerae Head

Adductor PoUicit
Obligue Head.

26
Keystone
of arch

Annular ligament.
Sectional view of
Wrist bones

Radius

ulna.

Back view
of wrist

Flexor tendons
passing under the
Orch °fthe wrist
bones.

Dissection

'ГИе arch formed by the
group <f wrist bones with
the ligament binding
the two hook, likeprocesses. This forms
a. canal through
which the tendons
of the flexor muscles
pass.

The ba ck of the
hand. becomes
тогф convex as
it nears the
wrist

'The lengths of fl and В together, equal the length of C

the- thumb reaches
the secondjoint

When the hand, is resting on a fiat surface, the Wrist:
does not come In contact* with that surface*

'The wrist bones are grouped far into the wrist
forming the arch of the Wrist" •

Womans hand
Relative positions of the bones from the little finger side
when the hand is resting on a flat surface.

28

Studies oj
hands.-

Method. oj
blocking

Showincj the use of imaginary line:
to obtain proportion

130

i.q

B2

Studies of hands with use of imaginary lines
for proportton

1

Extensor digitorum

Comrnunva

Extensor
pollices ion
Ex tens о r potIIc is
brevis

Sesamoid bone?
Flexor pollicis
longusj

Skin folds
letter/4

FMetacarpal
Trapezium <

Radius

Palm view*

5*Metacarpal
Flexor longus digitorumprol'undis
Unciform bone
м fi’siform hone

Texor carpi ulnar is tendon
’Ulna hone
Point 'of radiation.
J offingers

L etter J/L

Child l/yg

Woman

Types jhands

. ,
Child
Old mon

Worrun

1

Studies f Women's Ha.ncLs

13

Womens hands

38

wa to c

tn r//?

Mens кante

Children's hands

Igpes "Jhands

14

Angular
vein--

Jugular
vein *
>mall
aphonous
vein

Temporal
vein

Posterior
”** jugv.la.Tr vein
,
Cephalic vein

Basilic,
vein
Cephalic vein

У

'End dorsal
venous arch

Superficial
veins

Cephalic veins
Basilic
vein

Great saphenpus
vein

Dorsal
venous
arch

Dorsal venous arch

143

145

Front °fpatella
Lipper border

Articular
surface
Right patella

Front <7 femur
Bight leg

Back of right
femur

Left femur

Outer

v/euz

Inner v/evv

■ 46

Head

Femur

Qreattrochanltr

Patella
Heck
Lesser
'trochanter

'Femur

Fibula.

Erd^t. Ji
\v/evy'
(head of Fe\nur)
pit for ligament tires
Head

Tibia.

trochanter

Patella

BaM
. yiw

Neck

'Lesser
Itrochanter

Tibia.

Base of femur

Baeck vuew
(Had°jfemur)

Adductor
tubercle.

Front view

fibuh

Studies fLy hones

Patella surface

Bones °/Leq

48

fheKnee Joint
Femur Lone

Patella.

Patella
ligament
Fibula

'Tibia
fibula

Left Ft de.

Right stele.

Kight leg, front view

Anterior
cruciate,
ligament

Anterior
Cruciate
ligament
Fibula
Collateral.
I igament
Tendon of
biceps fLeg

Front
(ligaments]

Right side.
Knee bent

Front '
Knee bent

7/Pa tella. \
'removed/

knee bent

Anterior
cruciate
ligament

Femur
bone

Fibula
Collateral
ligament

Posterior
Cruciate *
ligament
Back, -view °/joint
Right leg

Showing ligaments

Front view left
leg bent

ф External oblique,
_Cduteus medias
tensor fasciae fem oris Iliac spine

Psoas
Gluteus mecltus
■ lllacus
Pectineas
Gluteus maximus Jt
Adductor longus
dhractlts

Tensor fasciae femorh

у Adductor magnus
Sartorius

Adductor rnagnus-

Pectus tern oris
Vastus externus
1 Ito- tibial band

Ebcceps of ley

Vastusexternusllio-ttbial band
Gracilis — — -

Vastus internus

Rickers ligament

Biceps
Le:~

Patella

Sem i- ten dt no s us
Semi-membran os as .

Popliteal space
Pat

'5artorius

Plan taris
Sartorius

Patella ligament

Head у fibula.

Tibtalis anticus
Gastrocnemius inner head

peroneus longus
Soleus

o'uler foea.d
inner head

long extensor f toes
Soleus
Eextensor °fgreat toe

Peroneus brevis

Ten do f ch tilts
Tbroneus longus
Peroneus brevis <
Short extensor °/toes

Tibialts anticus
Long extensor of foes
‘‘Extensor <fgreat toe
Plroneus Lerttus^
Lone/ extensor <ftoes
Peroneus brevis
Short '•
- *
Peroneus longus
Abductor mini mipedis.

=50
Ligaments
Ten Hon У tibialt s
anticиз (cut)

Ten don °JlibtailspostiuT

plantar
ligament

//

Gastrocnemcua

External oblique
Gluteus
medius

Tensor fa setae fem о rjs

Vastus externus
Ilia -tibial band
Rectus.
Fem oris
l-'pcpi
of leg

Gluteus
maximus

Triceps of leg
fatelH

Patella
ligament

Extensor brevis
ddgitorurn,
A hductor minimi
pedis •

jfieroneus longus
Tibialis anticus
Extensor longus dtgitbrum
Gastrocnemius

Ltgaments
Extensor
brevis
digitorum

Tendon ofperoneus iongus (c“tJ

Anterior superior
Iliac spine.
lliacus
Sartorius
Tensorfasciae fem oris Psoas major
Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medtus

Gluteus maximus

Gracilis

Ilio-tibial band

5artorirus
biceps leg

-Rectus femores -

Vastus internum

Vastus externus
Richer5 ligament

Bemi-tenclinosus
mtmemhranosus—

Biceps °f teg,

5e

Patella
Head °ffibula

iiwu^VMl

Jditella ligament'

Ttloialts anticus

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Extensor longus digltorum

Tibia.

Soleus
Tibialis antic us
Tibialis posticus
Kendo Achillas •

Teroneus' brevis

Peroyeus longus
Tendo Hcbillis
Anterior annular I\qament

Gastrocnemius

Extms or Iongu s digitorum

Extensor brevis cligltorum Extensor 9
J
great foe
Peron e.u£ Pertius

Outer view

The leg

Flexorlongus /^FlexorI
digl Corum ha

Inner view '

152
Gluteus medius
Gluteus max,
Tensorfasciae
fem oris

Gluteus
medium

Rectus femorb
Vastus ext.
Biceps /1eq
Richer's tig.
THo-tibialband

Gas trocnem ius
^Tibialis anticus
■fX. Long.digitoYUin,
—-Feroneus longus
'Soleus
Teroneus
Ter Kus
Peroneus
brevis

Elartori-u.'S

Rectus Fernoris

Side. View

BernT
temdinosus

Clufeus
minimus
Biceps
ре?по7л13

Tensor
1 fasciae
femoris

Upper - lep
from the

Front

fB/'cepg
ligamentFihular
Xbllateral*'
liejament

Anterior
cruciate,
ligament
Tibial
Co Haters
Ндатещ

PdtelU
(thrown)
k down)

Iliac hot
llio-femoral
Ligament

гесИмеил
Adductor
brevis

Adductor
longus
★Adductor
magnus
Gracilis
Femoral
arch
Gracilis
Patella

Greater
tr о chan lei
...
iffemur
Jitacus

Aiko'CShfi
ligatn
/\»bi
ho

Oh turu
membt

Rsoas

ifetnur hot

■Pubic bone

Gluteus
'TTiedius
Clu teus
mii'iin'iu.s
Vastus
externus
l/astiA°>
intern из

'lliacas
Psoas

Attachment of muscles

Vari
S&ct

Gluteus
medius

Rectus
Fem oris
(Cut)
Pectineug

Adductor
lonqub
Adductor
magnum

-Gracilis

Gluteus
media s>
7 । act<
H
Pectin

Tensorfasciae
fem oris
Greater
trochanter^
ofFemur bone.

Adduce
l о УК,
‘Sartdi
Adduct
ma on t
j-'lfacii

Ilio-tibial
band

Teclus femoris

l/a$tu5 Oxternus
'Vastus internal

Rectus Pernoris
Cut

Vastu-s

_

exfe?nu5

Patella,

Vastus
inisrnt
Jalal1л,
liaamc.

-Iliac crest
Iliac hone.
Headffemur

Great trochanter

Lesser trochanter

Gluteus minimus

Piriformis
Obturator internets
and qemelli
Quadratus
femoris
Adductors

Linea aspera

Adductor
tnacjnus

Popliteal
plane
-Condyle,

Fibula
. Tibia

Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae femoris

Ctreal trochanter

Biceps long
headJ
5emt tendinosus

Semimem­
branosus

Gluteus maxtmus
Gracilis
Semitendinosux
Adductor magnus
iemirnembratiosus
Ilio-tihial hand
-Biceps short head
. Biceps longhead

Back of
Leg

5emimembra поз и s
Justus internus
Popliteal space.

Externa. I Obitgue.
Latissimus .
ctors i

Gluteus
medtus
Gluteus ,
‘ minimus

Gluteus
maxim us
Gluteus
minimus

3tcZe

Sartorius
Ten sorfascia e
femoris

/ Ehttre/y covered by \
( gluteus rnedius Л z/
1
Gemellus
interior
Gemellus .
superior
Semimenkranosus
Biceps
Gem t ten dittos us,

, Gluteus
mediu’’Mdudor
ГПд-Сршэ

Rectus femoris
U II

reflected
head
Pecttneus
'Pyramidahs

fiectus abdominis
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductor brevis

IHopfcmorid
Ujaruc til

Front

Sideview
Reflected head of
rectus femorcs

_ Pubo capsuhlltj
y.
Ilio femoral lu/4i
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae femoris

Long posterior
sacro-iliac. ligament

Gluteus maximum

Back view

Back vZev/

Ilio-tibial band

Gluteus ma^trnu9

Gluteus rnwu

Gluteus
medias
Piriformis

Obturator tnternus
and gemelli
Ob titrator externus
Quadratics femoris
Gracilis

Biceps f leg
ЛЬductor magnus

Semimemkranosus
Semltendinosus

The Buttock.

Biceps °J

JhnsoVfntcfi
iSartoriiih J
Acdid fi'pi

1 Ho-tibial
hand

56

Jup in a tor loncpis
iPeltoid

Supina tor. longus
Brachialis anlicu?

leresjmajor

Pectorali?major J
Cora cobrach ialis

Psoas major
lliacuS
Tensor Fasciae femoris
Sartorius
llio-tihial band
Pectineus
•Adductor lone/,
major
'Pectusfem oris
Vastus Lxt.
f&stusint.

Rectus femoris

'Supinator 1о

' Bicipital fascia

ч?*
^Rctcineus

exor uinaris
'ondylef>humerus

JUiiActof
Longus

^ecf0

■АЛ.
brews

Tnceps
i■ ,'
Co race ■brachialis
Teres major
Latissimus dond

"Adduchr
Major

Vastus. Int.
Vastus Ext.

Femur bone
Gastrocnemius

Glute u-sMedius,

itcdla

(ibia

V I Soleus

Jemadar-

Os calcis
Astragalus
Cuneiform?

• Grea. tet head о/
Trpchanttir
.Rectus
Femoris
(cut)

Adductor
muscles
{insertedmiddle back. A
ofFemur bone)
Vastus internus'
inserted •« /‘atelia

Vastus
Externus

1
In fra-spin at** Teres major

Triceps
Deltoid
Pec torail?
major

Biceps

Clavicle
Brachialis anticus
Supinator Longus
Extensor carpt radiati9_ longus
Extensor carpi radialis^ brews
Extensor communis digltorum(
'Extensor carpi ulnaris

Thumb у ■■
. muscles

Deltoid
Patella

(treat
trochanter
ulna

Patella
He.a df fibula

Rectus
femoris

Vastus tnternus

Vastus^
externus,
Iliotibial
band'"

Tibialis anticus_

Sartorius
Gracilis
■A dclu ctor magnus
Adductor
longus
Pectineus

Psoas
fasciae
femoris/

Femur
Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Sartorius,
Rectus
VastusK?er\\usi
Tibialis
anticus^

JExtensor
fob _
Extensor digitorU. tn
Communis *
Abductor pot
longuExtensor^
pot. breu/p

//*<■—

Arsnr
1емуьSoleus**'*
Peroneus

^Ex,com,diouor
Ex.carp.raAhir
Extensor еаг/н n/a /.
Л3ир1пл(ог /о/iyul
Extent ulnatfi
Brachidtu

Triceps
'"Deltoid
'Trapezius

158
Femur bone
Vastus in tern и 9
Sartorius
Adductor
longus
Cractlts
Adductor
magnus
5 emimemhranosus

Rectus fem arils
Vastus externus
ifastus internus

siap3^&M

Bicepstfleg
longhead

5emiten clinosue
Transverse Section
Gluteus tnavlmug
Cluteus me<fiu9

Tensor Fasciae Fem arts
Rectus Femoris

Richer's ligament

Biceps о/leg
Ilio-tibial hsnd

,Peroneus longus
Perone us brevis

Glи teus meelites

Vastus extemus
Rectus Femoris

Patella ligament
Tibialis anticus

Bleeps °f leg
Gastrocneml us

Tenclо A ch tilts

Fkroneujbrev/s

Femur

Fibula
Ttbta

Greater trochanter
'Lesser trochanter
Femur
Fibula.

Tibia

Rectus femoris

fate'lla

Biceps leg
^Tibialis anticus
Peroneus tongas
Fibula
Gas trocnemtus
Goleus

Tibialis,
anticiis

■Sem izn em bra nos us

Castrocnemius
5'ole us

71 Ыа

160
Inner liead

Fibula? collateral
ligament
Femurs

maqnua
(cutj

^gamedts

Gastrocnemius,
Outer head °p
Gastrocnemius
(Cut)
'Cruciate ligaments
FikuLar
collateral
ligament"
Biceps (cut)
/

Jem vm etnbranoxdt'
(cut)

Patella.
'ligament

PopHteus
' PatlHa.
turned down

Left

A ddu ctor
magnue.
Plantaris (cut.l ^лп^5-

gastrocnemius
Jidda clor

Fibula
Thia

Semimembranosus
IBack. fkneejointfright leg
Popliteus

Soleus

Flexor digitorum.
longus

Iatella\

Lfgamttf

•Stint-mem bratiosus

Flexor fgreat toe
Peroneus brevis

Fibular collateral Hqarnent
fknee.
J

Back°fright leg with,
<a tta,chmentrfm^cl& mapped

Gracilis
Semi- tendinosus

Tibia

^pUtous
Patella ligament
Inner side fright tibia
у Biceps
Ob tu rdfor intern us
Obturator
extcrnus

Flexorfgreat

TibiaQuodratlia
femoris

Glutauur.
maxcmus

Iliopsoas

Gracilis
Sartorius

Fibula.
-Hroneus
longus
^Extensor
Longue.
atgiA0ru.ni

/q . . Tcbialis anttcus
&m t-ten dtnosus

Justus
ехсегпиз
Adductor
gnagnus
Adductor
prev.ts

Tiptalis
posucus)

Obturator intem us
Piriformis
V^stuS x
■uiternua.
ILio-josoas'

Gluteus
medias
Vastus%

eoctemus

"b^ckjfleft^
lemur

'Vastus LifternteJius

Frontf left femur

Right
u3

Peroneus
Longus Уbrews

1

Fibula

-TibiaFront view

Tibia, and Fibula
Right leg
Outer view
Inner view

Back view-

Tibialis
anttaus

Extensor longus
digi tor urn.
pedis communis

Peroneus longus

Extensor
halludts

Per on eus bre vis
Perone-us ter bus

Peroneus
brevis

Perone us
brevis

Flexor longus
\diqitortLTYi pedis

Пехот longus
di at tor turn
J pedis

Inserted in'
terminal
phalanx oft
toes

Tibialis
posticus

“Plantnri-Ъ
Overlying
The Bole us
muscle

Muscles
o! the
calf f leg

'Insertion
f Tibialis
posticus
Flexcr
hall-unis Gastrocnemius
longus
(b4
Insertion
base of
phalanx

big toe

Tibialis posticcis

*Sotous
Untfotlytu^
Cdstrocnrmh

165

PART VIII

THE FOOT

167
Tib'/a^

Os calcis

Astragalus
Surfа c efor arttculation
With tibia
Surfacefor articulation
with fibula
Navicular

Cuboid
Cuneiform s

Metatarsus

Sesamoid
Phalanges
Tibia

Top View

Fibula
Astragalus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiform

Sesamoids

168

Licjaments and tendons

Tendon of
tibialis, anticus
'Tendon <f tibialis
po-sticu?

Tendon ofperoneics longus

Diagram °J the arch f the foot
Tendon,
fflexor
hallucis
Ionpus

Diagram of the arches of the feet
(The. arches °J feet act as springs)

Astragalus

Ti bid.

Navicular.

Nliddle Cuneiform

Internal cuneiform

Inlerndl
malleo

Metatarsus

Phalanges

Sesamoid Bones
Оз calc is

Inner vZew

Fibula
Tibia

Astragalus
Navicular
External cuneiform
Middle cuneiform
Internal cunei forhg

Os calc, is

Cuboid Metatarsus
External malleolus

Outer view

Phalanges

70

Tibia
Astragalus
Navi cutar
Cuneiforms

Fibula

Os calcis

Metatarsus

Phalanges

Cuboid

Cuneiform
Navicular
Astragalus

Fibula.

Tibia

Tibia'

Fibula

Astragains
Cuneiforms.

Navicular'
Cuhotd

Os calcis
Os calc is
Fib la

Astragalus
Navicular.

Os calc is
«Г

Fibula

1
Tibia.

Fibula
Outer malleolus

Inner malleolus

Tihla

Fibula
Fibula

Tibia

Tibia

Fibula
Astragalus

Astragalus

Cuboid

Navicular
Cuneiform

Navicular

'Metatarsus
Phalanges

Cuneiforms

Os calces

172
Liqatneyit

Lubricate
НеХОГ _
brevis
pollute
Pedis
Abductor*,
pollicis
r pedis

Flexor longus.
' dialfbrum.
v pedis
Flexor brevis
pedis

Superficial
transverse
ligament

Abduc/or mint- ml pedis
Flexorbrevis.
Blimfnl peate

Flevor brevis
pedis

Plantar
aponeurosis

Plantar
fascia

A. I Augtor
minimiptdte

Plantar
interossei
Adductor hall и cis
( origin °f oblique head)
Flexordigiti quinti (origin)
'Ttbialis posterior (partfinsertion)

Tibialis anterior
(insertion)

Peroneus hrevis (insertion)

Tibialis posterior
(main part °/
insertion)

•Flexor Jialluci)Lrevis

-Plantar calcaneo-cuboict ligament
-Longplantar ligament
Quadratus
plantar origin
•'////

Flexor digitorum brevis

Dorsal interossei
Plantar
(Under view)

IИtier view
Forsat
or #
lop vtew)

Astragalus
Os-calcis

Outer view

1
"Phalanges

Transverse

ligaments

Metatarsal
bones

Navicular

First

CuneiForm

Second
Third

Cuboid Calcare о

Plantar
ligament

Plexor hallиск
longus

Peroneu
lonc/u—

Flexor longusN
digitorum pedis

Oscalcis

Transversalis
pedis

Flexor brevis
'Flexor hrevts
minimi digiti
Abductor min uni
pedis

Adductor..
haftucispedes
Abductor
haftuc ispedis

Flexor brevis
digitorum pedis

Tranevewr
pedis

Flexor hallucis
longus

Adductor
halludspedis

Hroneus
longus
Flexor digitorum
■Tli№lua,

Flexor hallucis
brevis

TltfOf ,
•nihirnu
brtvif

- Abductor y
hallи chpedis

■AbJucter
minimi
pti't

longus
U|»/H

Plantar View °J Foot

174

Studies ffeel

3

gears old
3gears old
Bogs foot

3 gedrs old

Baby's foot
/8 months

Tibia inalleolu$(anf/j
Internal annular' ligament
Tibialis an Ficus
Ex ten sor у greaF Foe
Long extensorFoes

Ilendo Achilla
Tibialis pottic
Long flexor «v
greatns (h^
Flexor long
digiborum f

Abductor hallucis pedis
Flexor hallи cis brevis pedis
Long Flexor ojgreat toe
Inner view

Extensor Longus digltor am

Tenclo19t
Achilhs
External
malleolus

Peroneus longus
5kin
J
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertian
Tibialis an Ficus
ExTensor of great Foe.
Anterior annular ligament
Peroneus tertius
'Ehort extensor of toes

Abductor mitiimi pedisOtiter "view

Fibula
Rsfotfo*
pasiliw
g (лгаг^.
wfor vuh'cdu]
(anfik-borw)

Tl'bH
(’Lt-

&e edit'#

bomn^ b^h^ left (oct

d fa fort

arch

ТШУи лхИсня пк

ХужлИо*
'«for**.
yAer ,

<J*»W /D“?" •'•••* f

Plants g

Tiiwla.
f mlfaotbS

й^егА»г
>•
?oe

Лэ-*
Slw r er;*r«iJar
W Г-c*

179

PART IX

THE ECORCHE

181

182

Thumb

'Radius
Ulna

Supinator

flexor
ulnarts

longus

Biceps
PtHoid-

Triceps
Teres
major

Khlla

'Femur
Tibia
Fibula

Erector spinле
Latissimus dorji
'External oblique.
Rectus femoris
-Vastus externus
' Itio- tibial band

Biceps J leg
Gastrocnem ius
Tibialis anticus
Perone us longus
Perone us brevis
■5ole us

BicepsУlecf

• Peroneus tertius
Peroneus longus

Gracilis
Sartorius
Vastus internus
Semi-tendinosus

Зет i- membranosus
Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
Tibialis posticus
Flexor Ionjus digitorum

183

/\pplicQtion anatomy
Co composition

184
Brachialls anticus
Biceps
Triceps

Flexor carpi radiati s
longus .
. FLex or carpc ulnar is

DeltoidCora co - brochiaTE

Teres major

Pectoralts
Tnaj'or .

Gracilis

Latissimus
clorsv

Sartorius

5 erratus rnagnus

Redas Lem о уis
Vastus extern us
internees
Richers band

Rectus abdominis

Patella.
Tendon rf.Sartorius

External obUjue

Tibia
Tibialis antic us
Gastrocnemius

Tensor fasciae'
femoris
HicLCus psoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus
и
magnus

Vastus
externus

Rectus Lemons

Vastus exterreus
Ilio-tibial band'

Gastrocnemius
Peroneus longus
4>
brevis
Tibialis an tic us

Poupoxts ligoont

Soleus
Peroneus longus
*Long flexor у tecs

Annular ligament

Sartorius
Long extensor °f toes
Long extensor ofgreat toe

In fra-spenaty

Teres minor
Teres major
Deltoid
Infra spinatus
Rh omboideus
Trapezius
Lat-cssi-тиз dorst
External oblique
Gluteus modi us •
Tensor fasciae femoris
Vastus externus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Gluteus maxim us .

/m.
1\’ии,у
\ V •;

Deltoid
Triceps
Fdt rr<
Brachialis
anticus
Steeps
Supinator
'Anconeus* • t°nyu3
Extensor carpi ra^
longus
r S^rP- ^Abrev!:
extensor commune
digitorun
Ex carpp ulnars
flexor •

185

Biceps
Rectus Abdominis.
.Bracht alis anticus.

S upinator longus.

Deltoid
devator scapula
Trapezius
Ото-hyoid

Ex tens or communis di'gitoru.^
Extensor carpiradialis longus.

••
*
*’
brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensorpollicis brevis
Extensorpollicis Longa sRectus fetnoris
l/atus internus *
Fartorius*—
Vastus extern us
Tlio-tibial band*
Tib Calis anticus \
Long extensorjEtf\
Peroneus longus
•Soleus s
Abdu ctor minimi
pedis

Peroneustort/ц d

Biceps ofley
Gastrocnemius

'Tensor fascia^.
femor/a ,
Soleus
Gluteus maxima
Flexors ftoes
Gluteus medfus
External obligue.
Flexor brevis pollicispedis
Extensor brevis digitorurn

Deltoid

л
teres
Pronator__ i

Brae.
anticus

Pectoral
clavLtlofibr.es
Sternurn ftbPe S
5up/.nator Lmg
'Extensor carpt radlbnq.
tp..
" ‘ digitorum
btev.
'Extensor com*
Extensorulnari s

Plexor carpiulnaris
Flего r Communis d/pfa-am

186

•Muscled of thumb
Extensor communis dtqc forum
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Supinator longus

• Deltoid
Teres major ,
- Pectoralis major
— Latissimus dorse
Serratus ma gnus

Trapezius

Trap exlus

External
obligue

Latissimus dorse

Triceps
Supinator
long us

Gluteus medius max Cm us <-

Tensor fascia*
femoris

Semi-tendinosus -

Redus femoris
Vastus extern us

Biceps <y Leg

Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Textensor longus digitorum

Vastus externus
ilio-tibial band
Peronqps longus
brevis

187

Teres major
1
minor
In fra-spin atus

ulna •
Humerus

TricepsJJbro^
Acromion
process

Humerus

Deltold
clavicle

Teres
major

Scapula
Deltoid

Scapula

dpine

Spine

SpineуScapula

Triceps

Trapezius

Scapula
Teres major

Rhomboideus minor
major

Gluteus maximus

Latissimus dorst

Biceps °f teg (tong headj
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

/la nlaris
Soleus

Fibula

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Ten do Ack iHes

188

189
Olecranon ,

ulna „
xadius.

Humerus^

Fca.pu.la:
dartorius
bdductoK
/етлН

Tensor
fasciae т
femora
Gluteus • тахтмь

l/astus externid
ILio-tibial bam
Patella .

Tibialis anticus,
Gastrocnemius
Peroneus

Longus- ,
Long extensorД

Extensor ojyiaF

Studies in
foresliorteniriy
Femur,
bone

fibula.

Tibia.

(krratus
magnu$

Ped^

Patella

Latissimus
dorst л
Coraco*brachialis
Brachialis anticus

Patella

i I
! I

'ielbid•Biceps

Rib cage

Tires Major—Latissimus dorsiD9.1 fo id
Trapezius

BicepsErbtnsor
Communis
digiiarum.

Trieeps
Anconeus

Er tensor

,

carpi, ulnans

190
CteUu9
gluteus
man*/n us
Underlying
ffb+etfinrirfy
edtnfemur
Hepezlus
overlying
Latissimus
dorsi
Erector
Epfnae

Tensorfasciae
femoris
Itio tibial ba nA
Biceps of ley

'Rkonibaidtut
.mAjor^mtnor,

‘Ti-t-es major

Studies in
foreshortening

Qluteu.3. mediu.s

BicepsУle.g

Bicepsуleg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Perone.u.5
longus

Illustrating a /ew

°f№rp5Cl*s°f^

'Plantar
aponeurosis

Erector femoris .
Patella.

Регопеиз brevis

Deltoid

Clavicle
^Biceps
Brachialis anticus

•Femur
Felsic Lone

Triceps^

Anconeus

Supinator
' tony us
Extensor .
communis _
Muscles oj thumb

Inner condyle
oj humerus

■Humerus bone.
Supinator
longus^
Cldvi'cle
Jcapula
Spine. ofdco.^la

Ulna.

191
Nendo AcliMis
FLexor

Flexor
Carpi
Uinaris'

Gasb-ocnemiur
Plantabs
F>opli(l*l зрлео

• Pajmarp
_,
lonfusi
I

"fSklaicef»s»p

Г

firadii- (
anfacus
Tricaps-

Pecforat
тпуог

■зХср»

+-C/u«UJ
ImediuJ

Clutius
mAXimuj

Studies in^
foreah ortenin^.

'Ancon/us"
Extensor uinaris
cxiemorcarpt radiahs
tonaus,
Supinator longus

Deltoid
Acromion
,
process »J scapula*

192
Humerus
bone

.Olecranon protest
у ccina.

'SpinefScapula
Scapula

Clavicle
Ilio-tlbial band

Bicepsofley

Deltoid
ifcapulz.

Pectoral major clavicle Hires

Caras o-brachialis
Latissimus
dorse

Triceps
Tires,

Deltoid

latissimus.
7ife> major- d°rs‘

Erector femoris
Vastus externa. $

Tibialis anticus

• * sternum
Sternum bone

a

193
Trochlea

tCSvfcZez

Bronchial
• tubes

I,
q
V

Liver

Diaphragm.
^Stomach.

'Stomach

Rihs
Liver
Diaphragm Ак'^з

Transverse
colon

Umbilicus
uSdinj
colon. J

Lunas
.Ascending
r colon *
vermiform,
appendage
(Zff'JdtxJ
x
Rectum.-

Colon Г

Right side,
shovjtng relative
position °flung(liver
' *Kidney

Bladder*

Front view
illustrating position.
of digestive tract

Heart

'Diaphragm

Position. \*»
of the heart
in the rib cage.
CEs ophayus

Lung
DiaphragmLiver
Stomach
dunJ

Lung

Spleen

Jtomadi
SpleenPylorus

Liver

Kidney-

-Jlidny

Stomachjrom thefront
CEsophagus
Descendingcolon.

-Г-

LiverJrom j thtjnnt

- Ureter

Ascending
colon. y

r^”^3aje.
Rectum

(Appendix)

Pylorus

ftomashfrom the back

Liver

iBach view:
Illustrating relativepositions
у internal organs

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