Автор: Копосов Н.Е.  

Теги: философия  

ISBN: 5-86793-162-5

Год: 2001

Текст
                    H.E. KonocoB


KAK ,[(YMAIOT HCTOPHKH



 ..:., fit.
, ;:,:.
.
 .
"
'.
'


 ' "..

.
./' 1:'
. . .
,..., "..,
... --,', '
. ::'. ..' ,i.':. ,W.:: '
. ..,r"
'


HOBoe JIHTepaTypHOe 0603peHHe
MocKBa
2001





HOBOE JIHTEPA1YPHOE OE03PEHI1E HaYlJHOe npMJ10)l(eHMe. Bbln. XXXI XyltO)l(HMJ< CepM" H flecKono KonOCOB H. E. K8K lIYM8JOT HCTOpHKH. M.: HOBoe l1MTepaTYPHOe o603peHHe, 2001. - 326 c. B KHHfe COllep>KHTCH aHaJU13 KOH<pJU1KTa H B3aHMOlleHCTBHSI lJHHf- BHCTH':IeCKHX JIeCKpl1nTI1BHblX MexaHH3MOB H BHelJHHfBHCTHlfeCKOfO npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro Boo6pmt<eHI-H1 B MbllUlJeHIUf COBpeMeHHblX HC- TOpI1KOB. npOClJe>KI1BaeTCSl CBSl3b Me.>l<,[(Y cPopMaMH npOCTpaHCTBeH- Horo Boo6pIDKeHHH H 3BOlJIOUHeH: npoeKTa «flJ06aJ1bH0i1 HCTOpI-Ui» B J1CTOpHofpa$HH XiX-XX BB. I1ccJ1eJIyeTcSl $OpMHpoBaHHe H pa3BH- THe nOH.SITIUI «COUHaJ1bHoe) B eBponeHCKOH MbICJ1H XVII-XX BB. H efO BJIHSlHHe Ha CBOHCTBeHHbIe COUMaJIbHblM HaYKaM $HrYPbl MbIC- l1H. KHHfa a.llpeCOBal-ta HaY':IHbIM pa6oTHHKaM, npenOJ1aBaTel1J1M 11 CTYJleHTaM HCTOpH':IeCKI1X, cpHJ10CO$CKHX, nCHXOlJOrH':IeCKHX, COUH- OlJOfH':IeCKHX 11 $HlJOJlOfH'-leCKHx CneUHa.J1bHOCTeH, a TaJOKe BceM HHTepeCYlOlUHMCSI HCTOpl1eH: H BHyrpeHHHMH npOTHBopellHSlMH co- BpeMeHHoH MbIClJH. [SBN 5-86793-162-5 @ H.E. KonocoB, 200 I @ HOBoe JutTepaTypHoe 060JpeHHe,200 I 
naMRmu IOpuR flbBOBUl/a 6eCCMepmH020 npeiJucno6ue /lAH Ha'laJ\a paCCKa2KeM HCTOpHIO. OAHa1K,AbI, 3HaKOMHCb C KO.J\J\erOM-aHTpOnOJ\OrOM, aBTOp aTHX CTpOK CnpOCHJ\ ero, 0 qeM OH CeHqaC nHweT. «0 ce6e, MOM JtoporoM, - 6bIJ\ OT- BeT. - .H BcerAa nHIllY TOJ\bKO 0 ce6e. HHqerO 60J\bwe MeHH He HHTepecy- eT». Ha caMOM JteJ\e OH nHweT 0 PYMbIHCKHX KpeCTbHHax, 0 HapKOMaHax, 0 KYJ\bT}'pe pHTYaJ\a. 4TO m TYT TaKoro? MbI Bce nHweM 0 .llpyrHX. Ho APY- rHM MbI npHnHCbIBaeM co6CTBeHHbie nOCTYnKH H COCTOHHHH AYWH - nYCTb BbIMbIlllJ\eHHble. H pa.3Be 6blBalOT HCKAlOqeHHR H3 npaBHJ\a, corJ\aCHO KOTO- POMY J\HqHOCTb aBTopa BblCTYnaeT o606IJJeHHbiM CMbICJ\OM ero npOH.3BeAe- HHH? BepHO, BnpOqeM, H 06paTHoe: Nos opera sumus. Kor.ll.a HCTOpHK nHllleT 0 TOM, KaK JtyMalOT HCTOpHKH, OH HeH.36emHO onHCblBaeT c06CTBeHH}'IO MbICJ\b. 8Ta KHHra, nOCBRIJJeHHasI <t>paHYY3CKOH CO!!HaJ\bHOH HCTOpHH 1960-x rr., 6bIJ\a 6bl HeB03MomHa, He HMeH aBTOp aHa- AOrHqHOrO HHTe.J\J\eKTYaAbHOrO onbITa: ero pa60Ta «BbiCtUaR 61OpOKpamuR 00 (]JpaHuu XVII BeKa», ony6J\HKoBaHHCUI B 1990 r., OCTaBaAaCb B Kpyre Tex npo6J\eM, KOTopble 3aHHMaAH q>paHQY3CKHX KO.J\J\er JtByMH .lI.eCRTHJ\eTHR- MH paHee. C06cTBeHHblH onblT HeCB06o]J.bl MbICJ\H, H npemJJ.e Bcero - ee IlpOCTpaHCTBeHHblX npHHYmJJ.eHHH, aBTOp «BqHTbIBaeT» Tenepb B HX HCCJ\e- /l.OBaHHB. HYmJJ.aeTcR J\H aTO B onpaBAaHHHx? E.llBa J\H 1 . I BnpO'leM, BOT OJJ.HO H3 B03MomHblX onpaB.n.aHHH: «KaKM( pa3HHUa? Be.n.b eCJ\H rAaB- II.UI yeAb aHTponOAorHH - cnoco6cTBOBaTb A)"IweMY nOHHMaHHIO 06beKTHBHpoBaHHOH MbIC- I\U H ee MexaHH3MOB, TO B KOHe'iHOM HTore HeBCUKHo, npHHHMaeT AH MblCAb IOmHoaMepHKaH- C KHX a60pHreHOB CBOIO q>oPMY noJJ, B03JJ,eHCTBHeM MoeH MblCAH HAH MOJI - noJJ, B03.D.eHCTBH- "M HX. BamHO TO, '1TO qeJ\OBe'ieCKHH .D.yx, 6e3pa3AH'{HbIH K H.l1eHTH'iHOCTH CBOHX CJ\)"IaHHbIX "poMMeHHH, JJ,eMOHCTpHpYeT B HHX CBOIO ace 60Aee BwrmyJO HaM crPYKTYPY» (Levi-Strauss C. lythologiques. Vol. 1. Paris, 1964.  21). napa.D.OKCaAbHO, HO 3a .D.Be CTpaHHJ,!bl JJ,O TOH, 5 
Haw npHHTHblH .lloJ\r - Bblpa3HTb npH3HaTCAbHOCTb KOAJ\eraM H )"-1- pe2K)J.eHHHM, qbH nOJI,.ll.epmKa nO.3BOJ\HJ\a HanHcaTb 3T}' KHHry. Ee yeHTpaAb- Hble rJ\aBbl BOCXOJI,HT K ceMHHapy «npocmpaHcrnBcHHoe Bo06paJICeHUe u co- !&Ua/lbHQR ucmopUR», KOTOpblH aBTOp BeJ\ B BbICllleH IlIKOJ\e COgHaAbHblX HccJ\eAoBaHHH B napHme B 1993-1995 rr. AAMHHHcTpaYHH llJKOJ\bl, ee L!eHTPY HCTOpHqeCKHX HccJ\eJI.OBaHHH H yqacTHHKaM ceMMHapa a.zr.peCOBaHa Hama HCKpeHHRR 6J\arO.llapHocTb. ABTOp npH3HaTeJ\eH AOMY HaYK 0 qeJ\OBe- Ke H MOPHCY 8Mapy 3a HeH.3MeHHYIO nOMepmKY H nOJ\e3HYIO KPHTHKY ero npoeKTOB. EJ\aroJI.apH PelO naAY, KeHTep6epHHCKOMY YHHBepCHTeT}' Hero 6H6AHOTeKe aBTOp nOAyqHJ\ npe.ll.CTaBAeHHe 0 pa60Te cogHOJ\ora, paBHO KaK H B03MomHOCTb, qHTaH nopOH Hayra.zr. (aTO, BepOHTHO, J\yqmHH cnoc06 "ITe- HHH, HO TOJ\bKO B CHCTeMaTH'IeCKH nOJJ.06paHHOH 6H6J\HOTeKe), 06HapymHTb B TpYJI.aX cogHOJ\orOB, nCHXOJ\orOB H J\HHfBHCTOB 11.0 CTpaHHOCTH CO.3B}"'IHble HCTOPHKY Pa3MbIWJ\eHHR. 5J\arOJI.apH fepxap.ll.Y OKCJ\e H COTpY.lI.HHKaM I1H- CTHTyTa HCTOpHH 061!leCTBa MaKca nJ\aHKa B reTTHHreHe aBTOp CMor Ayq- me npeACTaBHTb ce6e KpHTH1.JeCKYIO q>HJ\OCOq>HIO HCTOpHH. OnTHMaJ\bHble YCJ\OBHB pa60Tbl, npe.ll.OCTaBJUleMble EYAaneWTCKHM KOMerHYMOM, n03BO- J\HJ\H B OCHOBHOM .3aBepWHTb pa60T)' HaJJ. TeKCTOM KHHrH. COTPYAHH1.JeCTBO u C EapJI. KOMeJJ)KeM (WTaT HblO-HopK) H .3HaKOMCTBO C npHHgHnaMH J\H- 6epaJ\bHoro 06pa.30BaHHB CTaAH .lI,JUI Hac HCT01.JHHKOM OnTHMH.3Ma, oc06eHHO oamHoro, eCJ\H yqeCTb CKenTHqeCKHe HMnJ\HKaYHH HameH pa60TbI. AaTOp 6J\arOJI.apeH TaKme PyKOBOACTBY q>HJ\OJ\orHqeCKOrO <l>aKYJ\bTeTa neTep6ypr- CKoro YHHBepCHTeTa, C peAKHM )J.OJ\rOTepneHHeM CHOCHBmeMY ero MHOrOqHC- J\eHHble pa3be.3JJ.bI. De.3 MHorOJ\eTHeH JI.pymecKoH nOMepmKH CepreB Eor- .llaHOBa H BaJ\epH.H MOHaXOBa Y Hac He 6bIJ\0 6bI B03MomHOCTH pa60TaTb HaJJ. u u aTOH KHHrOH. CaM npoq>eCCHOHaAbHblH HCTOpHK (nJ\OXOH HJ\H XOPOWHH - He eMY CY.lI.HTb), aBTOp He 6e3 TpY.lI.a npeBpaTHJ\ HCTOpHKOB B npe)J.MeT CBOHX HCCJ\e- .lI.OBaHHH. 8TOMY cnoc06CTBOBaAO KaK HHTe.AJ\eKT)'aJ\bHoe paCKpenOI,YeHHe, nepe2KHToe HaWHM nOKOJ\eHHeM Ha rpaHH 1980-1990-x rr., TaK H JI.o6pome- J\aTeJ\bHaH nOMepmKa KOMer. n pe.llaTb 6YMare pa.3MbllllJ\eHHB 0 MeHTaAb- OTKYAa 3aHMCTBOBaHa STa gHTaTa, J\eBH-CTpoc OXOTHO npHHHMaeT Ha cBoH C1.IeT q»opMY.J\Y nOM( PHKepa - «KaHTHaHCTBO 6e3 TpaHcgeH.lJ.eHTa.J\bHoro cy&beKTa» (Ibid. R 19). Ho na- Pa.llOKCa.J\bHO 31'0 TO.J\bKO Ha nepBblH B3rJU1.lJ.: CJ\HWKOM MHorHe MbIC.J\HTe.J\H noc.J\e.lU{ero CTOAe- TWI, 3CU1BJUUI 0 npHBep2KeHHOCTH K KpHTH1.IecKoH q>H.J\OCGq>HH, HeMe,lJ.AeHHO 3aTeM BOCnpOH3- BOJJ.HJ\H CBOHCTBeHHble rereAbBHCTBY q>Hrypbl MbIC.J\H. n01.leMY - O.lU{a H3 rAaBHblX TeM STOH KHHrH. 6 
HOCTH HCTOpHKOB aBTOp CHaqaAa pelllnACH no npocb6e repxapa JIpHya. MapK cPeppo H Po6ep AeCHMoH, OAo6pHB nepBble onblTbI aBTopa Ha aT}' Te- MY, 3aCTaBHAH ero nOBepHTb B CBOH CHJ\bI - B03MomHO, npe2K)teBpeMeHHO. KHHry, ee OTeJ\bHble rJ\aBbI H npeBapHTeJ\bHble Ha6poCKH K HeM B pa3HbIe rO.llbl qHTaAH cPpaHcya ApTor, AIOK DOATaHcKH, 8pHK DpHaH, fueH Eypo, J\lOceT BaAeHCH, fueH fepH, maH-I1B rpeHbe, fueH 4ep03bep, KpHcTHaH /Kyo, KAaYJJ.Ho YlHrepq>AoM, KAoA KapHY, TaMapa KOHJJ.paTbeBa, bepHap KOHeH, )leHH KpY3e, bepHap J\enTH, bOpHC MapKoB, nbep Hopa, iKaK PaHcbep, MOHHK lJ.e CeH-MapTeH, MOHHK CJ\OJJ..3RH, J\opaH TeBeHo, Cn- MOHa YepyrTH, P02Ke WapTbe, MapH-KapHH llJ06, ra6pHeAb WnHreJ\b, naBeA YBapoB H HaTaAH 8HHK. ABTOp npH3HaTeAeH HM .3a yeHHble COBeTbl H KOHCTPYKTHBHyJO KPHTHKY. nOMOtgb CblO.3aH rHJ\J\ecnH nO.3BOAHJ\a c}'I!!e- CTBeHHO YAyqlllHTb aHrJ\HHcKoe pe310Me KHHrH. YlHeKc HMeH COCTaBJ\eH fueKceeM PbIKOBbIM. EOJ\ee Bcero aBTop 6AaroJJ.apeH )lHHe XanaeBOM, qbJl nOM0l!!b 6bIJ\a conditio sine qua non aTOM KHHrH. KHHra nocBHl!!eHa naMHTH IOpHH AbBOBHqa EeccMepTHoro - HCCJ\e- JJ.OBaTeJUl, B KOTOpOM neJJ.aHTHqHOCTb npoq>eccHOHaAa nOqTH HenpaB.llono- .lI.06HO COqeTaAaCb C HHTeJ\J\eKTyaAbHOH OTKpblTOCTblO, n03BoJ\HBllleM eMY - OJI,HOMY H3 HeMHorHX 8 TOM 6AeCTHl!!eM nOKOAeHHH, K KOTOPOMY OH npHHa.zr.- J\e}KaA - OTO.3BaTbCH Ha HHTeJU\eKT)'aAbHbIe nepeMeHbI 1990-x H OTnpa- BHTbCR BMeCTe C MA(i.zllllHMH KOJ\J\eraMH Ha nOHCK HOBblX nyreH B HCTOpHqe- CKOH HaYKe. VI XOTSI aBTOp He nOJ\HOCTblO pa.3JJ.eJ\JIeT Bepy B CYr.YeCTBOBaHHe TaKHX nyreM, HCCAe.ll.OBaHHH 10. J\. beCCMepTHoro, ero HeH3MeHHO lJ.06pO- meJ\aTeJ\bHaH H lJ.eRTeAbHaH nOMep}KKa C.lI.eJ\aAH BO.3MOmHbIM - cpeJ(H MHorHX .lI.pyrHx - H Hallie HCCAelJ.OBaHHe. 7 
BeeoeHue «HCTOpHH nHweTCB no HCTOqHHKM»1 - aTO, KOHeqHO, ropa3AO 60J\b- me, qeM 6aHaAbHaJI KOHcTaTagWl. STO, KaK CKa.3aA 6bl HHgme, - «3aJJ.Y- meBHoe ceterum censeo»2 npo<peCCHOHaJ\bHbIX HCTOpHKOB, HX q>opMYAa CO- BepweHCTBa, H.lI.eaJ\bHblH 06pa.3 ce6H. HCTOpHH nHweTCB HCTopHKaMH - TaKOB HCXOllHblH nYHKT HHmeCAeAY- IOIl\HX pa3MblWAeHHit HCTOpHK me He eCTb BMeCTHAHIYe a6COAIOTHoro pa- 3YMa, H OH He HaCTOJ\bKO B03BbiweH HCiA qeJ\OBeqeCKHM HeCOBepweHCTBOM, qT06bl CYAHTb 0 npe6blBalOI,geM BO BpeMeHH C TOqKH 3peHHH BeqHOCTH.. OH - TaKoe me «CYI,geCTBO H3 nAOTH H KOCTeH»3, KaK H Te, KTO AeHcTByeT B HCTOpHH. H OH T01Ke norpymeH B nOTOK BpeMeHH. Ero 06pa3 MHpa OCHO- BaH Ha onblTe C06CTBeHHOrO TeJ\a H <popMax nepyenWfH, Ha OC03HaHHH caMO- ro ce6B KaK npoTBmeHHOCTH BO BpeMeHH, KaK mH.3HH, Ha CO..6bITHH B MHpe C APymMH AIOAbMH, Ha CTpYKTYpax H.3bIKa, KOTopble OH npHHHMaeT .3a q>0PMbl 6bITHB. B mH3HeHHOM MHpe YKopeHeHbl 6a.30Bble yaepeHHoCTH ero pa3YMa, Cot H3 KOTOpblX Qepe3 MHomeCTBO onocpeAOBaHHH pa.3BHBaIOTCH CAomHble q>op- Mbl HHTeAJ\eKT}'aAbHOH AeBTeAbHOCTH. nOmlTb, KaK AYMalOT HCTOpHKH, 3Ha- Cot 'JHT H3}"iHTb aT}' CHCTeMY onocpeAooaHHH H YCTaHOBHTb CBB3b MemAY q>op- Cot MaMH H yaepeHHoCTBMH pa.3)'Ma, C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, H KOHKpeTHblMH HCTOpH- Cot qeCKHMH nOCTpoeHHflMH, C ApyrOH. nOA06HO MHPY, HCTOpWl cytyeCTByeT J\HWb B HameM Boo6pameHHH. 8TO He .3HaQHT, qTO HHQerO H3 Toro, 0 qeM paCCKa3blBalOT HCTOpHKH, He npo- HCXOJJ,HJ\O B AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH. 8TO 3HaqHT, qTO npOHCXOJJ,HBWee B AeHcTBH- TeJ\bHOCTH CTaHOBHTCB HCTopHeii J\HWb B TO" Mepe, B KaKOH nonCiAaeT B 06- J\aCTb pa3YMa H npe06pa3yeTcH B He". Pa.3YM onpe.a.eJ\eHHbIM 06pa30M nOJ\a- raeT aMnHpH'IeCKYIO AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTb, npeBpaIYaJI ee B CDoe co6cTBeHHoe npOH3BeAeHHe - B HCTopHIO. 1 Langlois Ch.-V.. Seignobos Ch./ntroduction aux etudes historiques. Paris: Hachette, 1897.  t. 2 HHl!We CD. 0 nOAb3e u speAe ucmopuu 1{./I1I JlCU3HU / / Co'!.: B 2 T. T. 1. M.: MbICAb, 1990. C. 159. } 6AOK M. AnO./lOZUR ucmopuu UltU peMeC.110 UCmOpUKQ. M.: HaYKa, 1973. C. 83. 8 
TeopHIO, COrJ\aCHO KOTOpOH 06'beKTbI HayqHoro n03HaHHH HBJ\HIOTCJI KOHCTpyKTaMH C03HaHHH HCCJ\e.nOBaTeJ\eH, MbI 6Y.lI.eM Ha.3bIBaTb KOHCTPYKTH- BH.3MOM 4 . 8Ta TeOpHH BOCXO.llHT K KaHTy. Ha rpaHH XIX H XX BB. TaKHe pa3HbIe MblCJ\HTeJ\H, KaK AHJ\bTeH, Be6ep, 3HMMeJ\b, AlOpKreHM H Kpoqe HcnOJ\b30BaAH ee A.MI anHCTeMOJ\orHqeCKOrO 060CHOBaHHH HaYK 0 'IeJ\OBeKe. C Tex nop J\1060H MaAO-MaJ\bCKH 06pa30BaHHbIH HCTOpHK .3HaeT, qTO «qHC- TbIX» <))aKTOB He cY1!!eCTByeT H qTO H306pamaTb npOIlIJ\oe TaKHM, «KaKHM OHO 6blJ\0 Ha caMOM .lI.eJ\e», - He 60J\ee qeM HJ\J\IO.3HH «HaHBHoro peaAH.3- Ma»5. «HcTOpH'IeCKHe aKTbI, KaK H <l>aKTbI <l>H3HqeCKHe, MbI BocnpHHHMa- 4 KOHCTPYKTHBHCTCKCUI rnnOTe3a HMeeT HeCKoJ\bKO BapHaHTOB (CM. rJ\. 5). B qaCTHOC- TH, KOHCTpYHpoBaHHe HCTOpHH HCTOpHKOM HHorJJ,a nOHHMaeTCJI KaK KOHTpo.J\HpyeMblH pa.3y- MOM npogecc BbllJ.BHmeHWI H BepHq>HKagHH rnnOTe3 (CM., HanpHMep: Nowell-Smith H. The Constructionist Theory of History / / History and Theory. 1977. Vol. 16. N2 1. R 1-28). Mbl nOHHMaeM KOHCTPYKTHBH3M B npJlMO npoTHBonO.J\omHOM CMblCJ\e - KaK 6eCC03HaTeJ\b- Hoe npoegHpoBaHHe Ha HCTOpHJO CTPYKTYP pa3YMa. TepMHH «KOHCTpyKTHBH3M» npHMeHH- Te.J\bHO K HCTOpHH BBeJl,eH B ynoTpe6J\eHHe llm. MeHAaHJI,OM (Meiland J. W. Scepticism and Historical Knowledge. New York. 1965). 0 KOHCTpyKTHBH3Me B HCTOpHH CM.: Ho- bart M. 1: The Paradox of Historical Constructionism / / History and Theory. 1989. Vol. 28. N2 1.  43-58. 0 nOHJlTHH KOHCTpYHpoBaHWI B q>H.J\OCOq>HH CM.: Ende H. Der Konstruktionsbegriff im Umkreis des Deutschen ldealismus. Meisenheim am Glan: A. Haim. 1973. s «H3roHHM HaHBHblH peaJ\H3M B CTHJ\e PaHKe». - npH3blBaJ\ J\K>CbeH <PeBp (Febvre L. Combats pour fhistoire. Paris: A. Colin, 1965. R 58). Ero npH3blB 6blJ\ MHoro- KpaTHO nOBTopeH Ii - no KpaHHeH Mepe, Ha ypoBHe pHTOpHKH - YCBoeH 60.J\bWHHCTBOM HC- TopHtJecKoH npoq>eCCHH. «CeroJI,HJI TPYJl,HO HaHTH OTKpbITblX CTOpOHHHKOB HaHBHoro peaJ\H3- Ma B npaKTHKe HCTOpHKOB», - nHweT OJl,HH H3 J\H.lJ,epOB .J\HHrBHCTHqeCKOrO nOBopOTa B HC- TopHorpaq>HH X. KeJ\bHep (Kellner H. Introduction: Describing Redescriptions / / A New Philosophy of History / Ed. by E Ankersmit, H. Kellner. London: Reaction Books, 1995. P 10). Co cBoeH CTOpOHbl, npH3HaHHblH KJ\aCCHK cOBpeMeHHoH HCTopHorpaq>HH J\opeHc CTO}'H yrBep2KJl,aeT, qTO HCTOpHKH ero nOKO.J\eHIDI HHKOrJl,a He 6blJ\H «n03HTHBHCTCKHMH TpO- rJ\O.lUfTaMH», KaKHMH HX H306pamaK>T, nOCKOJ\bKY oC03HaBaJ\H HeH36emH}'IO cy6beKTHBHOCTb HCCJ\eJl,OBaTeMl (Stone L. History and Post-Modernism / / Past and Present. 1992. N2 135. P 190). GJJ,HaKo peMlTHBHCTCKHH q>J\ep, CTaBWHH CerOJl,HH 3J\eMeHTapHb1M Tpe60BaHHeM xo- powero TOHa, BnOJ\He ymHBaeTCJI C Tpa.n,H!!HOHHOH 06beKTHBHCTCKOH YCTaHoBKoH, 06J\aropa- mHBCUI, HO no CyrH nOITH He H3MeHIDI ee. n03TOMY He J\HweHa OCHOBaHHH HpOHHqeCKCUI pe- MapKa epapa HyapbeMl no nOBOJl,Y TaKOH KOHCTPYKTHBHCTCKOH pHTOpHKH: «MomHo, KOHeqHO, Ha3blBaTb KOHCTpYHpOBaHHeM npOCTYIO 06pa60TKY HCTOpHqeCKHX .llOKYMeH- TOB» (Noiriel G. Pour une approche subjectiviste du socialJ / Annales: Economies. Societes. Civilisations. 1989. Vol. 44. N2 6. R 1441). OTMeTHM, qTO CBH3blBaTb HJI,eaJ\ «o6beK- fHBHCTCKOH» HCTOpHH C HMeHeM PaHKe He COBceM TOqHO. 06 aTOM nOJJ,p06Hee CM. r.J\. 5, npHM. 16. 9 
eM CKBO.3b npH3MY q>0PM Hawero pa.3YMa» 6 , - nHCaJ\ AIOCbeH <DeBp, Cblr- paBWH" BamHyJO pOJ\b B aKKYJ\bT}'paYHH KOHCTPYKTHBHCTCKOH rHnOTe.3bl B HCTopHorpa<}>HH. HMeHHO C TBOpqeCKHM HcnOAb30BaHHeM 9TOH rHnOTe.3bl nopoH CBH.3bIBaIOT OCYqJeCTBJ\eHHYIO IlIKOJ\OH «AHHaJlOB» anHCTeMOAOrH'Ie- CKYIO peBOAIOUHIO, a 3TO 3Hat.JHT - H HaH60Aee BneqaTJUJIOIyHe j\OCTHmeHHR HCTOpH'IeCKOH HaYKH HCTeKwero cToAeTHR 7 . Ho qTO Mbl 3HaeM 0 <}>opMax pa.3YMa, CKB03b npH3MY KOTOpblX paCCMa- TpHBaeM HCTOpHIO? 40 CTpaHHOCTH MaAO, oco6eHHO eCJ\H yqecTb, qTO npo- rpaMMa KPHTHKM HCTOpHqeCKOrO pa3YMa 6blJ\a BnepBble COPMYJ\HpOBaHa CTO C AHWHHM J\eT Ha3ap'. CpetlM «OCHOBonOAomHHKOB» 6oJ\ee tlPyrMx pa3- MbIlllAHAH 06 aTOM HeOKaHTHaH!,!bl IOro-3ana)l,HoH HeMeYKoH IlIKOAbI. Ho H OHM CKa.3aJ\H 3tleCb YtlHBHTeJ\bHO MaAO KOHKpeTHoro. Hx rAaBHaH MbICJ\b .3a- KJ\lOqaJ\aCb B TOM, qTO B OTJ\HqHe OT reHepaAH3HpYIOI.YHX nOHjfTHH HayK 0 npHpO.lle HCTOpHqeCKHe nOHHTHJI HOCHT HH.llHBH.llyaAH.3HpYIOI.YHH xapaKTep. o .lI.HaKO Bonpoc 0 AOrHqeCKOH CTpYKTYpe HH.lI.HBH.llYaAH.3HPYlOtyHX nOHHTHH OCTaJ\CH .lI.O TaKOH CTeneHH He npopa60TaHHbIM, qTO onnOHeHTbl coxpaHHJ\M nOAHYIO BO.3MOmHOCTb yrBepm.ll.aTb, 6Y.lI.TO TaKHX nOHHTHH BOBce He CYI!!eCT- ByeT. B HTore TeopHIO HH.lI.HBH.lI.YaJ\H3HPYIOIYHX nOHHTHH npeCAe.n.yeT 06BH- HeHHe B TOM, 'ITO OHa OCHOBaHa Ha a6CYP.lI.HOM npOTHBOpeqHH B onpe.lJ.eJ\e- HHH B . n03JJ.Hee HCTOpHKH IlIKOJ\bI «AHHaJlOB» (H npem.zr.e Bcero - AIOCbeH cPeBp) C.lI.eJ\aAH HeMaJ\O npoHMgaTeJ\bHblx Ha6AIO.lI.eHHH 0 TOM, KaK npoHCXO- 6 Febvre L. Combats pour l' histoire. R 58. 7 «B OCHOBe Enoro 06pal!!eHHH HCTOpHH K HartHOMY MeTOJJ,Y (peqb, eCTeCTBeHHO, H.n,eT o C03J1,aHHH llIKOJ\bI «AHHaAOB». - H. K.) J\e2KaJ\a HeH 0 TOM, qTO HCTOpHqeCKOe 3HaHHe npOHcxo.n.HT He H3 npOllIJ\oro, HO H3 caMoro HCCJ\eAOBaTeJUl», - nHCaJ\ A. DK>prbep (Burguiere A. De la comprehension en histoire / / Annales: Economies. Socieles. Civilisations. 1990. Vol. 45. NQ 1. P 124). no CJ\OBaM A. .fl. rypeBHqa, «HaH60J\ee CMeJ\ble H npOJJ.YKTHB- HbIe npopbIBbl K }TJ\y6J\eHHOH HCTOpHIJeCKOH anHCTeMOJ\orHH 6blJ\H COBepllIeHbl Ha 6a3e Heo- KaHTHaHCTBa» (fypeBHIJ A. .fl. HcmOpUtleCKUU CUHme3 U tUKO.lla «AHHa.llOB». M.: YlH.n.PHK, 1993. C. 15). 8 nOJ\"'IepKHBa5l, qTO «nOHHTHH no npHpOJl,e CBoeH Bce06l!!H», HHKOJ\aH fapTMaH }'T- Bep2K.,lJ,aA, IJTO KpHTHqeCKHe q>HJ\OCOq>bl HCTOpHH He CYMeJ\H pa3pa60TaTb «n03HTHBHYK> aHa- J\HTHKY» H nOKa3aTb «CTPYKTYPY npHHgHnOB» HCTOpHqeCKOrO pa3YMa, 6e3 KOTOpbIX, KaK OHH caMH nOJ\araAH, HeB03M02KHO HCTOpH"'IeCKOe n03HaHHe (fapTMaH H. np06J\eMa JJ,YXOBHoro 6bITHH: HCCJ\eJ10BaHHH K 060CHOBaHHK> q>H.I\OC0<l>HH HCTOpHH H HaYK o.n,yxe / / KY.Ilbmypo- /lOlUR. XX BeK: AHmOAolUR. M.: IOpHCTb, 1995. C. 632-634). Co CBoeH CTOpOHbl, M. .n.e CepTo nHCaJ\ B aToH CBH3H: «MbICJ\HMO TOJ\bKO Bce061J.!ee» (Certeau M. de. Lope- ration historique / / Faire de f histoire / Pub. par J. Le Goff, R Nora. Vol. 1. Paris: Galli- mard, 1974. R 32). 10 
.lI.MT KOHCTpYHpOBaHHe 06'beKTOB HCTOpHqeCKOrO HCC.1\e.lJ.OBaHHH, HO TaK H He nepellI.1\H, XOTR TaKHe npH3blBbI pa3.llaBaAHCb, K CHCTeMarnqeCKOMY HCC.1\e.ll.O- BaHHIO «q>YHKgHoHHpoBaHHH MeHTaAbHOCTM yme He B 06IJjeCTBax, HO B caMHX coy,Ha.1\bHbIX HaYKax» 9 . J\HllIb HaqHHIDl C 1970-x rr. no.lI. BJ\HHHHeM J\HHrBHCTHqeCKOrO nOBopOTa B COgHaAbHbIX HayKax nOHBHJ\HCb cney,MaAbHble HCCJ\e.ll.OBaHHH H.3bIKOBbIX Me- XaHH.3MOB, OKa3bIBaIOIYHX BO.3lI,eHcTBHe Ha TO, KaK HCTOpHKH nHllIyr MCTopHIO. )\HHrBHCTMqeCKMH nOBopOT HCX0.ll.HT H3 y6em.n.eHHH, qTO, nOCKOJ\bKY MHp .llaH HaM TOAbKO B H3blKe H 6J\arO.ll.apR H3bIKY, HamH penpe3eHTay,HH, HeCMOTp.H Ha HX KamyryyroC.H nopoH 06'beKTHBHOCTb, He penpe3eHrnpyroT HHqerO, KpOMe nopo.lJ)iBIlIHX HX H3bIKOBbiX MeXaHH.3MOB. HCCJ\e.ll.OBaHHIO nO.ll,BeprJ\HCb BeCb- Ma pa3H006pa3Hble H.3bIKOBble MexaHH3MbI - OT r.1\y6HHHbIX TponOJ\ornqec- KHX CTPyKTYP HCTopMt.JeCKoro .lI.HcKypca.ll.O «peryAATHBHbIX MeTaq,op cpe.llHe- ro ypOBHH» H 60.1\ee HJ\H MeHee nOBepXHOCTHblX crnJ\HCTHqeCKHX aq,q>eKTOB. Ho rJ\aBHOH TeMoii J\HHrBHCTHqeCKOrO nOBopOTa CTaAa YHaCJ\e.a.OBaHHaH OT aHaAHTHqeCKOH q>HJ\OCOq,HH HCTOpHH np06J\eMa MCTOpHqeCKOrO nOBeCTBOBa- HHH. HMeHHO B KaqeCTBe nOBeCTBOBaHH.H HCTOpHH 6blAa Tenepb npOTHBonoc- TaB.1\eHa «3aKOHonOJ\araIOIJjHM» HayKaM. npeeMCTBeHHOCTb C KpHTHqeCKOH q>HJ\ocoq>HeH HCTOpHH HaAMgO - peqb B 060HX CJ\yqaHX H.lleT 0 nOHCKe OCO- 60ro npHH!!Hna HHTeJU\Hm6eJ\bHOCTH MCTOpHH, OTJ\HqalOl.!Jero ee OT eCTeCT- BeHHbIX HaYK. np06.1\eMa I1CTOpMqeCKOrO nOBeCTBOBaHHH npHIlI.1\a Ha CMeHY np06.1\eMe HH.lI.HBH.lI.YaAH3HPYlOIJjHX nOHRTHH. 3aKOHqeHHOe pa3BHTHe TeopHH HCTopHt.JeCKoro nOBeCTBOBaHHH nOJ\Y- qHJ\a B TpY.lI.ax nOM PHKepa. COr.1\aCHO TOqKe .3peHHH PHKepa, HCTOpMqeC- Koe nO.3HaHHe B03MomHO J\HIlIb nOCTOJ\bKY, nOCKOJ\bKY OHO OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha «HappaTHBHOM nOHHMaHHH», T. e. Ha OC060H KorHHTHBHOH cnoc06HOCTH BocnpHHHMaTb cepHIO anH30.ll0B KaK HHTpHry (KaKOBYIO onepagHIO PHKep Ha3blBaeT mise-en-intrigue). aTa cnoc06HOCTb, no PHKepy, n03BOMeT no- 9THqeCKH nepeq,opMYAHpOBaTb - H TeM caMblM npeO.lJ.OJ\eBaTb - anopHJO npepbIBHOCTH-HenpepbIBHOCTH, OCHOBonOJ\aralOI.!!YJO .lJ,MI t.JeJ\OBeqeCKOrO onblTa BpeMeH H 10. 9 Duby G. Le mental et Ie fonctionnement des sciences humaines / / CAre. 1990. NQ 72. R 92. 10 Ricoeur R Temps et nkit. Vol. 1-3. Paris: Seuil, 1983-1985. Idem. La memoire. r his/oire. r oubli. Paris: Seuil, 2000. npHBJ\eKaTeJ\bHocTb npe,lJ.J\OmeHHOro PHKepoM no.n.xo- ,lJ,a COCTOHT npem.n,e Bcero B TOM, tJTO OH YCTaHaBJ\llBaeT CBfl3b Me*.D.Y HCTopHeH KaK JJ,HCKYP- CHBHOH q>OpMOH H npOflBNIK>I!!HMCfl B HeM BHyTpeHHHM onbITOM. YCTaHoBJ\eHHe nOJJ,06HbIX 11 
EAaro.napH .J\HHrBHCTH'IeCKOM}' nOBOpoTy 6blJ\ oCYl!!eCTBJ\eH nepeXO.lJ. OT TeOpeTHqeCKOrO o60cHOBaHHH aKTHBHOH pOAH nO.3HalOl!!ero cy6'beKTa K aMnH- pHqeCKOMY HCC.J\e.nOBaHHIO HCTOpH'IeCKOrO pa.3}'Ma. OJUlaKO KaK KOH!!enWUI C03HaHHH, .J\emal!!aR B OCHOBe J\HHrBHCTH1.feCKOrO nOBopOTa, TaK H nopom.neH- HaJI elO TeopIDI HappaTHBHoro nOHHMaHIDI npe]\CTaBJUlIOTCH HaM BeCbMa OJ1HO- CTOpOHHHMH. A,eJ\0 .name He CTO.J\bKO 8 TOM, qTO HCTOpHH RBJUleTCH He npOCTO nOBeCTBOBaHHeM, HO nOBeCTBOBaHHeM, npeTeH.lI.YJOI!!HM Ha HCTHHHOCTb 11. A,e.J\o npe>K.lle Bcero B TOM, qTO HCTOpHH HBJUleTC}I .llaJ\eKO He TOJ\bKO nOBeCTBOBaHH- eM, TaK qTO HappaTHBHbIe MexaHH3Mbl OTHlOllb He HCqepnblBalOT BceM COBO- KynHocrn MexaHH3MOB C03HaHHH, OKa3bIBalOI,!!HX BJ\HHHHe Ha KOHCTpYHpOBa- HMe HCTOpHH. EOJ\ee Toro, B caMOM npelUIOJ\omeHHH, qTO Y pa3}'Ma HMeeTCH OC06bIH «HCTOpHqeCKHH opraH», oco6aH cnoc06HoCTb nOMbICJ\HTb HCTOpHlO, 06YCJ\oBJ\HBalOI,!!aH HHTeJ\J\eKT)'aJ\bHYIO BO.3MOmHOCTb nocJ\eJ1HeH, 3aKJ\lOqe- HO, KaK HaM KameTCH, H3Hat.JaJ\bHoe He.ll,opa3YMeHMe. Mem.zr.y TeM, HMeHHO TaKoe npe.ll.nOAOmeHHe nO.ll,AemHT cnopaM 06 HCTOpHH B q>HJ\OCOq>HH XX B. fHnOTe.3a «HCTOpMqeCKOrO opraHa» HMeeT .lI.aBHlO1O Tpa.ll.HgHIO. Erye Ha 3ape cOBpeMeHHoH HaYKH cPpeHcHc DaKoH, npO.ll.oJ\maH cTapylO apHCTOTe- J\eBCKYIO TeMY, pa3J\HqaJ\ HCTOpHIO KaK .lI,eJ\o naMRTH, q>HJ\OCOq>HIO KaK .lI.eJ\o pa3YMa H noa3HIO KaK .lleJ\o Bo06pameHHH 12 . BocnpOH3BeJleHHaJI B «3H/&UK- Jlonel.{uu», aTa KJ\accHq>HKagHR nOJ\yqHJ\a caMoe lllHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHe- HHe t3 . B CYIYHOCTH, H TeopMH HH.lI.HBH.lI.YaJ\H3HpYIOIYero MeTO.lla, H TeOpHjI HappaTHBHoro nOHHMaHH.H aneJ\J\HpYIOT K TOM me J\orHqeCKOH MO.ll.eJ\H. B oc- Hoae aTOM MOtl,eJ\H AemHT tl,OnYIJ!eHHe, qTO Y HCTOpHH eCTb CYIJ!HOCTb. 3a.zr.YMaeMcR, OJl,HaKO, qTO 03HaQaeT H K qeMY 06H3blBaeT nO.ll06Hoe .lI.O- nYIYeHHe. nO-BH.lI.HMOMY, npe.ll.noJ\omHTb, qO Y HCTOpHH eCTb CYIYHOCTb, CBJl3eH - OIlHH H3 nYTeH npeo.n,o.\eHHJl «H3HYTpH» OfpaHH1.JeHHOCTH J\HHrBHCTH1.JeCKOfO no- BopOTa. QJJ,HaKo, KaK Mbl YBH.n,HM, PHKep B 3TOM He.n,OCTaTO'lHO nOCJ\e.n,OBaTeJ\eH. 11 no nOBOJJ,y aTX npeTeH3HH MomHO B03pa3HTb, '1TO AemargHH B HX OCHOBe «a<f><f>eKT peaAbHOCTH» eCTb He 6o..\ee '1eM J\HHfBHCTH'IeCKHH a<t><f>eKT. C 3TOfO npellnoJ\omeHIDI, C06CT- BeHHO, H Ha'laACJl J\HHfBHcTH'-IecKHH nOBopoT B HCTOpHOfpa<f>HH (Barthes R. Le discours de rhistoire / / Social Science Information. 1967. Vol. 6. NQ 4. R 65-75). 11 <P. EaKoH nHcaA: « HaH60J\ee npaBHJ\bHbIM pa3.n,eJ\eHHeM '1eJ\OBe'leCKOrO 3HaHIDI JlB- M1eTCH TO, KOTopoe HCXOJJ,HT H3 Tpex cnoc06HOCTeH pa3YMHOH AYWH, cocpe.n,OTO'lHBalOlyeH B ce6e 3HaHHe. VICTOpHJl COOTBeTcTByeT naMHTH, n083HH - Boo6pameHHK>, <f>HJ\OCO<f>HH - paccy.n,KY» (EaKOH <P. Be,,1UKoe BocCmaHOBJleHUe HaYK / / C01.J.: B 2 T. T. 1. M.: MbIC)\b, 1977. C. 148-149). 13 Flint R. Philosophy as Scientia Scientiarum and A History of Classifications of the Sciences. New York: Arno Press, 1975. R 142. 12 
O.3HaqaeT nOC1j'J\HpOBaTb HaJ\HqHe OCHOBonOAaralOl!!eH «HCTopHorpaq>HqeC- KOH onepagHH» (noAo6HOH mise-en-intrigue Y nOJU1 PHKepa), H3 KOTOpOH C J\orHqeCKOH Heo6xo.ll.HMOCTbIO BbITeKalOT Bee OCHOBHbIe YMCTBeHHble one- pagHH, COBepmaeMbIe HCTopHKaMH (eCJ\H, KOHeqHO, HCKJ\lOqHTb npeAnoJ\o- meHHe, qTO HCTOpHKH 6e3 KOHga nOBTOpJlIOT O.llHY H 11' me YMcTBeHHYJO one.. pagHIO). B caMOM .lI.eAe, eCJ\H }'McTBeHHaH pa60Ta HCTopHKa COCTOHT B OCHOBHOM H3 onepagHH, cAyqaHHblx no OTHOIlIeHHIO K 6a.30BOH «HcTopHorpa- <»MqeCKOH onepagHH», TO B qeM TOr.lla .3aKJ\lOqaeTCH 6a30BbIH xapaKTep no- CJ\ell.HeH? rOBOpH 0 CYI!!HOCTH, MbI npHnHCblBaeM HBAeHHIO Onpell.eAeHHOe BHyrpeHHee ellHHCTBO. C TaHeM J\H MbI yrBepm.zr.aTb, qTO HHTeJU\eKTYaJ\bHaH npaKTMKa HCTOpHH 06J\a.n.aeT TaKHM e.ll.HHCTBOM? TaKoe lI.OnYl!!eHHe OTHlOlI.b He CaMOOqeBHJ]..HO. )J,aJ\ee, qTO O.3HaqaeT YCMOTpeTb B OCHOBonOJ\araIOIYeH «HCTopMorpa- <»HqeCKOH onepagHH» npOHBJ\eHHe OC060H cnoc06HOCTH pa.3YMa? 8TO 03Ha- qaeT nOCTYAHpOBaTb B.3aHMHOO.ll.HO.3HaqHOe COOTBeTCTBHe MemJJ.Y aKa.zr.eMH- qeCKHMH .lI.HcgHnJ\HHaMH H cnoco6HOCTHMH pa.3YMa (HAH 06AaCTRMH BHyr- peHHero onbITa). Bell.b eCAH HCTOpHR BO.3M02KHa nOCTOJ\bKY, nOCKOJ\bKY onHpaeTCR Ha oc06yIO cnoc06HOCTb pa3YMa, TO HenOHHTHO, KaK .lI.PyrHe .llHC- gHnJ\HHbI MOryr CYIYeCTBOBaTb, OnMpaHCb Ha qTO-AH60 lI.Pyroe. HHaqe rOBO" pH, Ha.zr.e.J\HH pa3YM HCTOpHqeCKOH cnoc06HOCTblO, Mbl .llOJ\mHbl HaJI,eJ\HTb ero cogHOJ\orHqeCKOii, aHTponOJ\orMqeCKOH, reorpa<»HqeCKOH M lI.pyrHMH nO.ll.06- HbIMH cnoc06HOCTHMH, KOTopble, BepOHTHO, TaKme npOHB.J\HIOTCJI B OCHOBO- nO.J\aralOIYHX onepagHHx COOTBeTCTBYIOIYHX HaYK. CJ\OBOM, CKOJ\bKO aKa.n.e- MHqeCKHX .lI.HcgHnJ\HH - CTOJ\bKO H cnoco6HOCTeH pa3YMa. CJ\e.ll.yeT J\M JJ.YMaTb, qTO Y pa3YMa He 6bl.J\0 aTHX cnoc06HocTeH, nOKa He 6bIJ\0 aKa.lI,eMH- qeCKMX .lI.HcgHnJ\HH? ECJ\H .lI.a, TO BnpaBe AH Mbl Bo061!!e rOBopHTb 06 OCHO- BonOJ\aralOIYMX YMCTBeHHbIX onepagHHx OT.lleJ\bHbIX HaYK? LITO eIYe, KpOMe cnoc06HOCTeH pa3YMa, MorJ\O nOpO.llHTb aTH onepagHH? ECJ\H HeT, TO MbI .llOJ\mHbl .lI.OnYCTHTb, qTO aTH cnoc06HOCTH maUAUCb B pa3YMe H AHlllb no- CTeneHHO pa3BHJ\HCb Jl,0 MaCIlITa60B HaCTOHIYHX HaYK. Ho TOr.lJ.a HCTOpHH Ha- YKH npe.llCTaHeT KaK BHyrpeHHe He06xo.llHMOe pa3BepTBaHHe HeKOTopOM cy6cTaHgHH, KaK MaHH<»eCTagHR J\oroca, a C03HaHHe yqeHoro - KaK KPY- nHga 60meCTBeHHoro pa3YMa. 11, qT06bJ aTOT pa3YM He nOKa.3aJ\CH CTpaHHO Hea.ll,eKBaTHbIM nepe.ll. .J\HgOM xaoca HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO .lI.aHHOrO, 6YlI.eT AyqIlIe c.n.eJ\aTb eIYc O.ll.HO lI.OnYIYeHHe - 0 CTPYKTypHOM COOTBeTCTBHH, 0 npe.ll.Y- 01> CTaHOBJ\eHHOH rapMOHHH MHpa H C03HaHHJI. 13 
llOnYI!!eHHe, qTO Y pa3yMa eCTb «HCTOpHqeCKHH opraH», paBH03HaqHO litO nytye HH 10 , qTO MHp eCTb HepapXHH HlIteaAbHbIX CYqJHOCTeH. ECJ\H Mbl He CKAOHHbl npHHHMaTb aTY OHTOJ\orHIO, Mbl He MomeM n03BOJ\HTb ce6e pac- cym.llaTb 0 6a30BOH HCTopHorpaq>H1.JeCKOM onepaYMH, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, qTO .lI.YMaTb B TepMHHax CYIYHOCTeH - YMCTBeHHblM 06blqaH, Cq>OpMHpOBaBIlIHii u Hamy HHTeJ\J\eKT}'aAbHYIO Tpa.zr.HHIO H, CJ\elltOBaTeAbHO, npe.ll.CTaBMlIOl!!HHCH HaM «eCTeCTBeHHbIM» H «npaBHAbHbIM». MbI.lI.O CHX nop 2KHBeM B MHpe, KO- TOpbIM He TaK ym He nOX02K Ha KOCMOC .lI.peBHHX rpeKOB. O.ll.HaKO OTKpblTO aneJU\HpOBaTb K TaKOMY 06pa3Y MHpa MbI CerO.ll.HH BPH.lJ. J\H pelllHMCH. ApHc- TOTeAeBCKHM KOCMOC no-npemHeMY cnoco6eH nO.ll.CKa3bIBaTb HaM AOrHqeC- KHe HHTYHYHH, HO e.ll.Ba AH cnoco6eH AerHTHMH3HpOBaTb HX. CerO.llH, qT06bl nOKa3aTbCR y6e.llHTeAbHbIM, npHXO.ll.HTCH aneJ\J\HpOBaTb K HHOM OHTOAorHM, He K KOCMOCY, B03HHKIlIeMY H.3 nOCAe.lJ.OBaTeJ\bHoro Pa.3- BepTblBaHHH pa3yMHOH cy6cTaHYHH, HO K xaocy, H3 KOToporo B pe3YAbTaTe He BnOJ\He nOHHTHOrO CaMOpa3BHTMH H CJ\yqaiiHoro B3aHMO.lleHCTBHH pa3HOpO.ll.- HbIX AorHK B03HHKalOT J\OKaJ\bHble, He3aBepIlIeHHble, 1.JaCTHqHO OTKpblTble H npMqy.llJ\HBO nepeceKalOIJ!HeCR 30HbI ynopMOqeHHOCTH, HaXO.lUIIJ!HeCR B CO- CTORHHH CAomHoro .llHHaMHqeCKOrO paBHOBeCHR. BepOHTHO, aTa OHTO.J\orHH HHqyrb He J\yqIlIe npe.ll.bl.ll.yryeii, HO HMeHHO TaKOBa KapTHHa MHpa COBpeMeH- HOH HayKH. He 6YAyqH B COCTOHHMH YHHqT02KHTb B HallieM C03HaHHH 06pa3 apHCTOTeAeBCKoro KOCMoca, OHa 3aTO He TOJ\bKO nO.ll.CKa3bIBaeT HaM AOmqeC- KHe HHT}'HYHH, HO H 06J\MaeT MOHonOJ\HeM Ha HX J\erHTHMH3aYHIO. I1MeHHo Ha 9THX MeTa<l>H.3HqeCKHX .llOnyryeHHHx OCHOBblBaeTCH npeJI,- CTaBAeHHe 0 HaYKe KaK 0 KYJ\bTYPHOH npaKTHKe, KOTopoe npHIlIJ\o Ha cMeHY nOHHMaHHIO ee KaK MaHH<I>ecTagHM a6coJ\IOTHoro pa3YMa 14. «l1cTopH - aTO TO, tJeM 3aHHMalOTCH HCTOpHKM». B aTOH aq>opHCTHq- HOM <l>opMYJ\e A. npOCT TOqHO Bblpa3HA CMbICJ\ npe.llCTaBAeHHH 06 HCTOpHH KaK 0 KYAbT}'pHOH npaKTHKe 15 . Ho eCAH MbI CqHTaeM HCTOpHIO, KaK H AI06yIO 14 Kuhn T The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chi- cago Press, 1970; Foucault M. Les mots et les choses. Paris: Gallimard, 1966; Idem. Larcheologie du savoir. Paris: Gallimard, 1969; Bourdieu R The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions of the Progress of Reason / / Social Science Information. 1975. Vol. 14. N2 6. R 19-47; Idem. Homo Academicus. Paris: Minuit, 1984; Latour B., Wooigar S. Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. London: Sage Publications, 1979. Ij Prost A. Douze ler;ons sur r histoire. Paris: Seuil, 1996. P. 13. DHoHepoM paCCMOT- peHH$I HCTopHorpaq>HH KaK KYJ\bTYPHOH npaKTHKH 6blA M. .n,e CepTo (Certeau M. de. Lope- 14 
.lI.pyrylO .lI.HCYHnJ\HHY, HCTOpHqeCKH CJ\OmHBIlIHMCH KOMnJ\eKCOM npaBHA no- BeJl.eHHH, eCTeCTBeHHO npe.ll.nOJ\omHTb, qTO B qHCJ\O HHTeJU\eKryaJ\bHbIX 3a.l1,aq, KOTopble CTaBRT nepe.a. C060H HCTOpHKH, BOWAH 3a.ll.aqH caMblX pa3- J\H'tJHbIX THnOB, nOpOm.lleHHble pa.3HblMH cogHOKYAbrypHblMH KOHTeKCTaMH, HHTeJU\eKTYaJ\bHbIMH Tpa.zr.HYH.HMH, YCJ\OBHRMH npoq>eCCHOHaAbHOH .lI.eRTeAb- HOCTH H T. JI.., H qTO .lI,J\JI peweHHH aTHX 3a.ll.aq HCCJ\eJl.OBaTeJ\H Mo6HJ\H3YIOT pa.3J\HQHble pecypCbl C03HaHHR. YMCTBeHHaH pa60Ta HCTopHKa npe.ll.CTaeT KaK pa.3Hoo6pa3He HHTeJ\J\eKryaJ\bHbIX npoyellYP, a pe3YJ\bTaT aToH pa60Tbi - HCTOpHH - KaK reTeporeHHblH aHcaM6J\b, BKJ\I01.JaIOI!!HH Hepa.3pblBHO CBH- 3aHHbie MemllY C060H aJ\eMeHTbI pa3Horo npOHCXOm.lleHHH H, B03MomHO, pa.3HOrO anHCTeMOJ\orHqeCKOrO cTaryca. O.ll.HaKO YHHBepcHTeTCKaH MeTaq>opa pa3YMa, B paMKax KOTOpOH e.ll.HH- CTBeHHO H YMecTeH Bonpoc 06 HHTeJ\J\eKTYaJ\bHoH CYIYHOCTH HCTOpHH, OTCbl- AaeT He TOAbKO K 06pa.3Y apHcToTeJ\eBcKoro KOCMoca. llpyraH npe.llnocblJ\Ka aToH MeTaq>opbI COCTOHT B TOM, 1.JTO MHp H.lI.eaJ\bHbIX 06'beKTOB MbI, nO.ll.06HO .lI.peBHHM, npe.lJ.CTaBJ\HeM no 06pa3Y MHpa 3eMHoro, npoeYHpYH Ha Hero CTPYKryPY MaTepHaAbHblX Bel!!eH H CogHaAbHblX q>0pM. npe.llnOJ\afaH, qTO pa3YM YCTpoeH no 06pa3Y YHHBepCHTeTa, Mbl nOBTopHeM XO.ll. MbICJ\H nepBO- 6bITHbiX J\IO.lI.eH, B Bo06pa2KeHHH KOTOpblX BceJ\eHHaH BocnpOH3BO.ll.HJ\a CTPyK- rypbl pO.llOnJ\eMeHHOH opraHH3a!!HH 16 . Ha rpaHH XIX-XX BB. OC03HaHHe cogHaJ\bHoH YKopeHeHHOCTH MHTeJ\J\eKryaJ\bHbIX q>0PM CTaJ\O BamHeHweH npe.llnOcblJ\KOH B03HHKHOBeHHH CogMaJ\bHbIX HaYK. O.ll.HaKO aTO OC03HaHHe HMeJ\O M n060QHbIH 9q>q>eKT - B03MomHOCTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHH nO.ll06HOH J\orHKH Ha CO!!HaJ\bHble HaYKH. C Tex nop eCJ\H H BCTaeT Bonpoc 0 MbIIIIJ\e- u HHH caMHX HCCJ\e.lJ.OBaTeJ\eH, TO paCCMaTpMBaeTCR OHO HCKJ\IOQHTeAbHO KaK HBJ\eHHe KYJ\brypHoro nOpHJl.Ka. TaK nOHHMaJ\H cHryagHIO Bce repMeHeBTHQe- CKH opHeHTHpOBaHHble TeopHH HCTOpHqeCKOrO n03HaHHR. Ha aTOM q>OHe KameTCH BnOAHe eCTeCTBeHHOH YCTOHqHBaH 3aBHCH- MOCTb COBpeMeHHbIX HHTepnpeTaYHH HCTOpHM OT YHMBepCHTeTCKoii MeTaq>o- ration historique), HO el!!e .n,o Hero npHHgHnHaJ\bHO Ba1KHbIe co06pa1KeHIDI Ha 3TOT CqeT 6bl- J\H BbICKa3aHbI M. OYKlllOTOM, paccMaTpHBaBlllHM HCTOpHK> KaK KOHCTPYKT C03HaHH5I HCTO- pHKa, c03,llaBaeMbIU HM B coomeTCTBHH C HCTOpHqeCKH CJ\01KHBlIIHMCfl KOMnJ\eKCOM npaBHJ\: «VI XOTH Mbl M01KeM Ha.n,eHTbcH 06HapY1KHTb cnegHq>HqeCKHe npH.3HaKH npaKTHKH HCTopHKa, MbI He CTaHeM HCKaTb ee He06xo,llHMble H .n,OCTaTOqHbIe YCJ\OBIDI. npaKTHKa TaKOBa, KaKOU OHa CJ\01KHJ\OCb» (Oakeshott M. The Activity of Being an Historian / / Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. London: Methuen, 1967. P 146, 152). 16 Durkheim E., Mauss M. De quelques formes primitives de classification / / I..;Annee Sociologique. Vol. 6. 1901-1902. Paris, 1903.  1-72. 15 
pbI pa.3YMa, OnHpalOIyeHCB Ha npe.lI,CTaBAeHHe 0 CTa-ryCe MblIllAeHHH KaK CO- YHaAbHOrO HBJ\eHHH HAM, B HHOH TepMHHOJ\OrHH, KaK HBAeHHR KYJ\bTYpbl. TeOpHH pa3YMa-KYJ\b-rypbl BOCXO.lI,HT K TOM me HeoKaHTMaHcKoH TPMH- !!HH, OT KOTOpOH q>HJ\OCOq>HH XX B. YHaCAe.llOBaAa npo6J\eMY HHTeJU\eKTY- aAbHOH caMo6blTHOCTH HCTOpHH. HMeHHo HeoKaHTHaHgbl TpaHcq>opMHpoBa- J\H H.lI.elO TpaHC\!eH.lI.eHTaJ\bHoro aro - npe.lI,mecTByJOl!!YIO q>0PMYAY 06'beK- THBHoro pa.3}'Ma - B H.lI.elO KYJ\bT)'pbl, npeJI,J\OmHB Cpe.ll.HHH nYTb Mem.n.y u u u cKoMnpoMeTHpoBaHHoM MeTaq>H3HKoH H Harypa..J\H.3agHeH .lI.yxa H TeM caMbIM YCTpaHHB (KaK OHM CqHTaJ\H) yrp03Y peMlTHBH3Ma, «aHapXMH geHHoCTeH». B anoxy nopom.n.eHHoro «CYMepKaMH 60rOB» KYJ\brypHoro neCCHMH.3Ma HO- Boe 060CHOBaHHe 06'beKTHBHOCTH pa3YMa HMeJ\O HMnJ\HKagHH, .lI,aAeKO BbIXQ- JUll!!He .3a paMKH TeopHH nO.3HaHHH. C T01.JKH 3peHHH HeKOTopblX HCCAe.ll.OBa- TeJ\eH, peqb IllJ\a 06 anHcTeMOAOrH1.JeCKOH J\erHTHMH3agHH npoeKTa J.J.eMO- KpaTHqeCKOrO 061!!eCTBa, OCYl!!eCTBJ\eHHe KOToporo CTaJ\O rJ\aBHbiM .lI.eJ\OM XX B. 17 Ho C MOMeHTa, Kor.lI,a .lI.YXY 6bIAO npHCBoeHO HMR KYAbTYpbI, a KPH- THKa pa3YMa 06epHYJ\acb q>HJ\ocoq>HeH KYAbTYPbI 18 , CTaJ\O eCTeCTBeHHbIM 17 Willey T. E. Back to Kant: The Revival 0/ Kantianism in German Social and Historical Thought, 1860-1914. Detroit: Wayne State U. R, 1978. P. 103. HanpoTHB, K. X. KOHKe nO.lJ,qepKHBaJ\, qTO nOJJ,06HCtlI xapaKTepHCTHKa HaXOJJ,HTCH B PycJ\e MHq>OJ\OfHH, c03JJ,aHHoH HeOKaHTHaHgaMH 0 caMHX ce6e, H 06pal!!aA BHHMaHHe Ha «aHTH.lJ,eMOKpaTHqeCKHe, aHTHcogHaJ\HCTHqeCKHe H rJ\y60Ko MOHapXHqeCKHe» HaCTpoeHIDI (B oc06eHHOCTH 6a.a,eHcKHx) HeOKaHTHaHgeB (Kohnke K. C. Entstehung und Au/stieg des Neukantianismus. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1986. S. 15, 427, 431). TOqKa 3peHHH KOHKe, B CBOIO OqepeJl,b, cJ\e- Jl,yeT MH<pOJ\orHH, c03.n,aHHoH 0 HeOKaHTHaHCTBe ero npOTHBHHKaMH, Ii 3aCTaBMIeT BcnOMHHTb [ AYKaqa, nO.lJ,'IepKHBaBlllero BMan. HeOKaHTHaHgeB B rpexonap,eHHe HeMegKoH MblCAH «OT WeJ\J\HHra .n,o rHTJ\epa» (Lukacs G. Die Zerstorung der Vernunft: Der Weg des Irratio- nalismus von Schelling zu Hitler. Berlin: Aufbau- Verlag, 1955; cpe.n,H repoeB KHHrH AYKa- 'Ia - 4HJ\bTeH, 3HMMeJ\b, PHKKepT, Be6ep). OTMeTHM, qTO TaKHe pacxomp,eHWI B ogeHKax OT'IaCTH CBH3aHbl C Tpa.lJ,HgHeH cnopOB 0 HeOKaHTHaHCTBe, a OT'IaCTH - C reTeporeHHOCTbK> caMoro .lJ,BHmeHIUI. YHAAH B CBoeH xapaKTepHCTHKe HeOKaHTHaHCTBa KaK npOB03BeCTHHKa co- BpeMeHHoro «rocy.n,apCTBa Bce06ij!ero 6J\aro.n.eHCTBIDI» HMeJ\ B BH.lJ,y npemp,e Bcero AeBbIX Map6yprcKHx HeOKaHTHaHgeB, KOHKe - 60J\ee npaBblX 6a.a.eHCKHX, H K TOMY me nocJ\e KPH- 3Hca 1878 f. OpHMeHHTeJ\bHo me K 1870-M rr. KOHKe nO.lJ,qepKHBaeT TeCHYIO CBH3b HeOKaH- THaHCTBa C AH6epaJ\H3MoM (<<HeoKaHTHaHCKaH q>HAOCOHH H J\H6epaJ\bHaR nOAHTH'IeCKa5I MbICJ\b npe,lJ,CTaBJUIJ\H C060H Hepa3pblBHO e.n,HHcTBO») H 3al!!HTOH 6ypmya3Hblx CB060jl, BKJ\IO'IaH cBo60.n,y COBeCTH H CJ\OBa (Kohnke K. C. Entstehung und Au/stieg des Neukan- tianismus. S. 321, 336, 345-346). Peqb, TaKHM o6pa30M, H.lJ,eT npem.n,e Bcero 06 oy.eHKe AH6epaJ\bHoH TpaJ.lHgHH, 6e3 KOTOPO" eJ.lBa J\H MbICAHMa cOBpeMeHHaH .lJ,eMOKpaTIUI, a npH'IH- HbI CTOJ\b pa3J\H'IHbIX ogeHoK J\H6epaAH3Ma JJ,OCTaTOtIHO OtIeBH.lI,Hbl. 18 no CAOBaM 8. KaccHpepa, «KpHTHKa pa3YMa CTaHOBHTCH KpHTHKOH KYJ\brypbl» (Cassirer E. The Philosophy 0/ Symbolic Forms. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale U. R, 1957. 16 
nOCTYAHpOBaTb CYIYeCTBOBaHHe OC060H OpMbl C03HaHHlI, COOTBeTCTBYIO- qJeH Kam.llOMY KYAbT)'pHOMY HBJ\eHHIO. B CYqJHOCTH, nOKa3aTb HaAHqHe on- pe.lleJ\eHHoro RBJ\eHIUI KYAbT)'pbl B aToH CHCTeMe nOHHTHH H 03HaqaAO nOKa- 3aTb HaAHqHe OC060H <POpMbl C03HaHHlI. KOHeqHO, Te3HC 0 cogHaAbHOH npHpo e C03HaHHH 6blJ\ HanpaBJ\eH co- gHaAbHblMH HaYKaMH, H.lleOAOrHeH HOBoro 06qJecTBa, npoTHB peAHrHo3Horo MHpoBo33peHHH cTaporo MHpa. Ho B o6pa3e pa3YMa-KYJ\bT)'pbl Y3HaBaeMbl qepTbl J\oroca. HTaK, Mbl CKJ\OHHbl npe noAaraTb H.30MOp<PHOCTb DbITHH, Pa.3YMa H YHHBepcHTeTa. 8TO - O Ha H.3 OCHOBHbIX qepT TpaAHYHoHHoro 06pa.3a Ha- YKH, BamHeHmHH HCTOqHHK ee AerHTHMHOCTH, ee 6Aaropo cTBa. E.lI.Ba AH He Kam.n.aH aKa.zr.eMHqeCKaH .llHCgHnAHHa CTpeMHTCH npe.lJ.CTaTb AOfHqeCKH no... CJ\e.llOBaTeAbHOM CHCTeMOM .3HaHHH, COBepmeHHOM q>OPMOM, OTBeqalOI!!eM Ka.. HOHY KJ\aCCHqeCKOH 9CTeTHKH. VIMeHHO nOaTOMY Mbl Hl!!eM OCHOBaHH.H HayK B CTpYKTYpax pa3}'Ma, B HOpMaAbHOM cJ\yqae He COMHeBaHCb B OCMbICJ\eHHO.. CTH npe.llnpHRTHH. He06bfT-IHOCTb nOAomeHHH HCTOpHH - He B caMOM <paK'" Te npeTeH.3HH Ha OC06blH anHCTeMOAOrHqeCKHH pemHM, HO B CHAe H HaCTOH" qHBOCTH arnx npeTeH3HH, qTO nO:t)BOJUleT eM 06OCHOBbiBaTb CBOIO H.lleHTHq... HOCTb Ha TaKOM ypOBHe, Ha KOTOpblH pe.D)\O OCMeJ\HBaIOTCH npeTeH.lJ.OBaTb .lJ.PyrHe .llHCYHnJ\HHbl. BepHeMcR K nOAIO PHKepy, AMI KOToporo cBoeo6pa3He HCTOpHH B «KoHgepTe HaYK 0 qeJ\OBeKe» CBR3aHO C TeM, qTO B HeM HaXO.lJ.HT BbIpameHHe qeJ\oBeqeCKHH onblT BpeMeHH. OAHaKo Mbl Ha6epeM He TaK ym MHoro o6J\a- 01> CTeH BHyrpeHHero onblTa, conOCTaBHMblX no 3HaqeHHIO C onblTOM BpeMeHH. Hx cnHCOK, nO-BH.llHMOMY, 6Y.lJ.eT HCqepnaH onblTOM npOCTpaHCTBa, TaK qTO HaM npH.lleTCH BbI6HpaTb: J\H60 .lJ.OnYCTHTb, qTO OCTaAbHbie HaYKH Bce BMeCTe BblpamalOT Ham npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIH onbIT, qTO nOCTaBHT Hac nepe.lJ. 60J\blllH- MH TPY.lI.HOCTHMH npH 06'bHCHeI-lHH pa3J\HqHH Me*JI.Y HaYKaMH, )\H60 CqeCTb onblT npOCTpaHCTBa HHTeJU\eKryaJ\bHOH npeJl,nOCblJ\KOH KaKOM -J\1160 O.llHOM HaYKH, OCTaBHB Bce npoql1e 6e3 .lJ.OCTOMHoro 060CHOBaHHR. BepOHTHee Bcero, Mbl H.36epeM TpeTHH nyrb H OTnpaBHMCH Ha nOHCK HCTOpHqeCKHX npHqHH, C.lI.eAaBIlIMX B03MomHblMH «oco6bIe npaBa» HCTOpHH. HCTOpHR 6bIJ\a e.ll.Ba J\M He CTapeHIlIeii 113 HaYK, KOTopble Mbl CerO.ll.HH npHQHCMeM K COYHaJ\bHbIM, H yme B XIX B., B nepHOtI, CTaHOBJ\eHIUI COBpe- R 80). B. BHH.n.eJ\b6aH.n. xapaKTepH30BaA HeOKaHTHaHCTBO KaK «q>HJ\OCOq>HK> KYJ\bTypbl par excellence» (BHH.n.eJ\b6aHJJ. B. <PHJ\OCOq>H5I KYJ\bTypbI H TpaHcgeH.n.eHTaJ\bHbIH H.lJ,ea.,\H3M / / 1136paHHoe: 4yx U ucmopUll. M.: IOpHCT'b, 1995. C. 14). 17