enheduana

enheduana
the complete poems of the
world’s frst author

sophus helle

new haven & london

Frontispiece: A ni  Enn Exaltation to Inana. Cy
  Pnn M, ig n. 296656 n bj n. B7847.
Pbi i in   My Cy T Mi Fn.
Cyig © 2023 by Y Univiy.
A ig v.
Ti bk y n b , in   in , ining
iin, in ny  (byn  ying i by Sin
107 n 108   U.S. Cyig L n x by vi  
bi ), i in iin   bi.
Y Univiy P bk y b  in qniy 
in, bin,  in . F inin, 
-i .@y. (U.S. ffi)  @y..k
(U.K. ffi).
Dign by Din Kig.
S in S y by Ngn N Ai.
Pin in  Uni S  Ai.
Liby  Cng Cn Nb: 2022937721
s 978-0-300-26417-3 (v : k. )
A g   i bk i vib   Bii Liby.
Ti    qin  as/so z39.48-1992
(Pnn  P).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

content s

Inin vii

poems
T Exin  Inn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
T Hyn  Inn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T T Hyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Fgny Hyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

essays
Enn W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
T Hny M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
T Pi Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Cngy 181
Gy 185
N 189
Bibigy 227
Akngn 245
Inx 247

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introduction

eheduaa s the frst poet whose ame we
kn. T  i n    n — 
 v n y —b y   nny. In 
nn   i, Enn k  i knn
n  i:  i   i  n bin
 x, king    i. An y, i  i 
 in iy n i  xin by   yn,
   gn b Enn. Wn iy iy in bgin i H,  n  ng i ng 
ftn n y ft  . Ty, Enn i knn
ny by   i  i n ni, b  v b.
Enn iv n 2300 BCE, n i n b   g
 g in i  i bn  n : Ji C iv
 in i  us n  Enn. I i ning   i  i nin n vi  viv  ing
 ni, i ny  n   in y, vi n in v ny gnin. Enn v  ig i
in U,  iy n in  n n   ny
 n  Iq. S   g  Sgn  Akk, n
   b b  inni   gn
 kingi. S iv g  i  n nin;     bn in  n     n 
ft bin. Sgn n   i  iy  v
n, n  n i  k     ii
y  nq. Enn inn  ig i in
U, n   g ii in  i,  bby   i
» vii «

troducto

ii v. B  n i   igy n
ng   Sin nb, n Enn i  v
bn b by nn v. T y  n   v i
 in  b-knn , The Exaltation of Inana.
A   ib  Enn  yn. Ty 
n n  b bi ing; y  n k  nign
 nin. Hyn   ng   y,   
n in. Ti g i n  ib   b 
ng i by invking  g n niing i . T y i  g,  i  yn  bing  i
iying ng,    Enn  i  n 
  by  vin i  k g. T yn
  n b i  in   y  nin 
 n v    ing   g: i
vi i ig     n ngy iy n  k
i   by,     i. Enn    
i gn ni    gift: T Exaltation    
     n   n Lg-An
i  in U. T x n   ivn by bin,
in i Enn gg  gin    . S
y    Nnn,  n g,    v 
ig i, b  n vi. Nnn ign  iin, n
i   Enn   n    qn. “My ny- i   ,”  i; “y ing   n  ” (. 72–73). Wi  ing
,  nn y  g   i, n i v 
 in     v. In i, Enn n
in  Nnn g Inn, bgging   invn in
 Mn G .
Inn i  ing  x n ing g  
nin . A knn  I,    n iy 
, x, ng, n in. S  i  bk vy 
n  vy n. T  Enn ,  Exaltation
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n The Hymn to Inana, ing  i  i -iniing g. T i n y k,   Enn  y  Inn in
 Exaltation, “I i ning  ing  y ig” (. 64). Inn i
 ing n ii  b  in : in n x,
 i  v-k gi ining   yng  Di, in
n,  i   i gining k   n ing n     ni. B in  Hymn, Enn
n  y  bing   n    g—
x i. Tg  ng iny  niin, Enn
nvy  iying n nib   Inn:
T y n
 ,  n
n  k 
 y, Inn.
T n n in
n,  n
n in n
 y, Inn.
[............]
T ,  i,
 iv,  iv
 y, Inn.
T n b
in king
n  k 
 ny
 y, Inn.
T v k
n in,  i
 n  
 y, Inn.
T ign n 
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 n, n,
n ff  king
 y, Inn.
(. 119–21, 139–42)

In b  Hymn n  Exaltation, Enn k  
Inn i n  iy ik ny  b     niv. By
igning Inn   qn   g, Enn k 
n n j b igin b b iy  by:
in  g n  , i iin in  nn    niv  gni. In ving
Inn, Enn     i  n by  ib n ving  b by ng, ni, , n
niin—n n  by  bbn n n 
,   vn  g g  b.
T i  g   Enn n   in 
Exaltation, king   invn gin Lg-An. Enn
yn g iningy , in  viv n n
Inn g, ing  g y gn. Enn
n g  n  ign n n bn  
b ibing   i      ng 
Inn— i,  vy    ing. Enn i
 ing Inn     nig n iy
giving bi   x. In i ii n,   niy n bk n i: in  niv qivn   nk
biing i n i,  x n by ing   i  in
bing. In  ig  ,      yn
 in xing n ing Inn:  g 
Enn y n    ig i. Tg
i   -n,       yn
n iv n y  ng i qn n . T
Exaltation i   b y, b  bi 

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n  n  i n  i . N ny i Enn
   knn ,    in  x
n -iv n  i,   i 
ing in iy iy.
T iy  in   b in by i n,  
    knn    “n  ”— 
 iby nnii —  n ing
vin  ny n . Evn y,  
nin  b b “n i,”  i y  ni in n inny  in. B Enn i
vn  in:  n  i bgn i
 n. H yn       vi in  nin
, n y      vn y  y
  n y g: xi, i iin,  
 ying, gn ,  vin  , n  iying   n. In i bk,    in  
nin  Enn    igin Sin, I
k   ji  i vk g.
T Exaltation n  Hymn  b   Inn, n
y bin  bin   g i n n 
Enn n b i, g in  Hymn,  “bigi” in  nny bn . A i x
ib  Enn i  in   knn  The
Temple Hymns: y-     , ii, n
g  nin S,  ib in  i n inny i ngg. By giing   g  ig 
nin Iq,  in ff  i-    ng  in i Enn iv. T    x,
b  n gny,  nin Enn: b 
yn   Mn G, g   n    n
 b  in Enn n vi, in ing   

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 in  x. S n  v  ign 
ix   Enn, Inana and Ebih,  y  Inn i
n  nin  i  n . Wi Inana and Ebih i 
ining  in    y,  gn  ibing i
 Enn  xy i,  I v n in i. T
bing i, in  Inn b gin Ebi  
g  Hymn n  Exaltation.
Bi  v ,  v v    Enn i,  nby  in ik inib i 
n    iing v  i i  Inn.
T iniin n  bk   ik ini Enn 
 g  Sgn n  ig i  Nnn, ving
byn b      ii g. B  
ik nn   i     yn  
ib   by  nin Bbynin ib, n igi v ng g i  ibiiy   yn y
v bn in ft  . In “Enn W,” b, I n  i gn n y   vin  n
gin i. T  y in v bn in  ,
   y  Bbynin   b   
   g. Aing  i vi,  Exaltation n
 Hymn   b  n  bigi n b 
 kin  nin ii in, iing  i n i gg  Enn. I y   iin, 
 y v bi n   y  Enn   gift
 v  Inn, biing  y in  in
. F n,  nn  n y   .
Rg,     nin ib  Enn
      i ignin: in i  i y i
 g  n. T idea  i,  nin 
 i x  b  bk   n n inib inivi  n   iv n nny iin 
bn n  yn  ib  Enn, n 
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i  g    ibin  . I i in
Enn , n iy  Exaltation,  i
 bn. Ty  k  in    gn,
   bk by  n n i v, b i n
, n invi nvi b i innin. B  ii vi   bk  n byn Enn v
  iy  n b—n n —gni iffny. I ik  ink  iy n k  n ng.
A kng    vn  nvnin  y
k  gn, b y gn , nin b,  
ing  i, by ing  nvnin ik  
ni n n ny b in  in n ib
 ng. Ai i n  x    n x, b
 i     i n in i. Enn
   ky    ,  i  n  nn
 iy  i,   bgin i .
B iy b  iv in  n ,  i  b  n bi   i,   n
g  kn  : W     n    
x? W in   i  n  i in? W
    in bn n n n y b n n
n? T b b    Enn i
 gn bk n  v   y y, n i  y
   ny ning nin. N ny   b
i   gn, i     g.
B igi v n  ng ging b  ing
  yn, y v i i nin  i i 
  . Ti i n n y Enn yn
 n b knn. Pigi in gn v bn n
 yi   b y  gg by  iin
 y y n y b her . Ti  . T yn
  nning i ivn, n g   y
 by  ny b Enn, y  ng  k  
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troducto

ining g, n  v  g  n 
ny njy. T,  nn y  i  gn
n i   Enn:  i, ft , iv  n 
inni g. B  x  i n  in  ing i, n  n ying  i   i 
  “y”  in    ,  
b ing  nin v i—  i 
b .
T igi Gin Knn  i   
k  i  qin  Enn i
n  giv    b ing in  ying  i,
gn, n iy ig. A Knn  i, ing
n   in by  iin En Rbn, Enn
   iv. In   i,     i
in Sgn i. In  n,    iy  in 
Bbynin . T i i i  n   n:  
n nin  in  n . W n  Enn
nin  n i   nx i ing  
 ng  nn. T Bbynin n   ign ny BCE,  x, i     inig y yi in   ngg: Sin, in i 
yn  in,  i  in  invning ni. T
Bbynin n g  king  Akkin ngg, 
 , ying Sin  v bn ik  ying
Lin y, n Enn   i x  qn
Sin. Mni,  n   in Enn
bin  Inn ing ik  -ini n:
n nb g    n n   
g in biin i  ingy iniin g in
 g gin iy. Ni   v 
n in Enn n ii, n  Sin ngg
 i iv n ini  n y bn bn. B  i
 y   i. Tx  n by   
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troducto

. Enn   n x  Sin n 
n  gft n   ivy, ng ft 
ii, b i nn b   n. T ing v
b n ing    ng iy, ging n 
y ik ing n  iy .
Enn ny--ny viv   iin ii g,   iin by  n    
n nni vi in  ny   iy iy.
B     Enn y  bg in 
iig,   vk. Wn  b  bviv    y,  n  ign  ii   n
gi  i n  y nky ibing g  
ing  v. T n ini, Enn n 
ik  “i-n g,” in Rbn , b  
 n   vy qii  ftn    i,
nying  xiy   iy. On y  
 xiy i  n  in     iv, Enn        niy   
in i ig. A ig i,    n   igi
n ii niy in U, ining  i n
by   n  nk   . In  n i,
Enn b bigy ing  -b ib: 
Exaltation   n     i  
i n ivi vn    n. T i  
nin  n   v bn b   n  Enn y, n i  ning bn
 g in   iq. An y, in  i i,
Enn i bing iv by nii   
v  . S  nn Enn ,  
nn  i i  in i y , n nin  b, b n . Sin  kn  i b ,
Enn y   b  y     v
g  k n   gy.
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troducto

E in i n y,  nii v  Enn
 n v. In n, y v in  y
n n  nin vn. T   k 
ng  ftn   n  in v nii,
  i  nin  i vn ft  i
niy   y—  niy  Bbynin
  y. In Enn , i i iy ny   n nin   n    
n y ft  . Fing  igi Sn
Pk, I  g   b nning  Enn
i iv n  k   iv in in 
  i: n  in  ii i, n in  nin in   k, n in  n . B  
  i  nning,  ning   n
“Enn” i ftn ift n g. Aing  nx, I
n y ing i     ii i,  
y  ft bin,   n n   ,
n     . Ony i  I xiiy
iingi bn  vi ning  “Enn.”
Ti i y b ning   , b,  I g b, i i  nin    v gn n
y i.
W   ib  Enn v in n i 
y v   i  n  ig. T i n
inniy   k,  nn v i vn y 
ik n xin, n i I v n y b  nvy in
nin. Lin ft in,   i bb i  n ii, ftn  n v n  iv
   n n. T ink bn n ig n  nx
i ftn n. In n in, Inn i    gin in
   g in , in  nx,  -iniing n  n Inn by i i  v  nin
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ik   n i  ni  by  (Hymn, . 9–10).
T j  n ig   nx,  in  n,
 i ning, n   i k ining  
 i  x j  qiky v n. Any n  niv
gin in    b n  in 
 n g  x. W  yn giv ,  
  gn, i n  y n gn b  bi  ibing n.
Ti gy i y  in   nning n
 Inn . Wn ing b nin g n g,
 n i y  ign  in  in, ing 
  n  i in  ygi iin n  i 
i in nin—“ g  ji,” “ g  iiy,” “ n  n,” n  n. T ii   nin  n   b qin ,  qi i
 nvnin   yb n i. B  nin g 
x, ,  g, iffi  g n i
 iffi  . T    g  vy,
n vn  - i ik Enn  n b 
 ning i nin. N n xi i k
n vin n b n Inn,  n by  Hymn i
 niy qii.
W k  x ik  Hymn vn  ning i 
i  n   in. Enn   in in
 i  ni, i   ftn ini n b   y. A I i in “Enn W,” b,
  viv b y  i  by nin n ning  Sin ngg, viing  i ni
b  gny ni, in i y i n 
bking. S n ny   Hymn in ng g in  n ngg, n n ny  i   y  nin
ib kn  b i  b  n , 
x     in n in , i g bk
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 in  y ing    . Ti i 
n nn ing   i   nin N E. T Exaltation i n xin    
Sin n Bbynin   y   . T
 n b ing, b y n  b bi,  y
in  x i  n  yy, ing n  
g   iing in ig n v . F, n
ni  Sin y  nny bing iv,
ing   n by n. B   kng  Sin
ngg n i g,  nning   
ng . T   Sgy i i yng n n:
 b b ky   Sin g nin
 g. T nin givn in i bk  niy y. Wiin  nx ,  igi inin
 Enn y i bby ng, b i i y
nging, n  nin i v  b . Ti
i n xiing . In  i i, Enn i i in 
  bing bn.
On x   Sin   i n  Enn  b i i y n i me, iiny
nn i  ng, n v,    y i Sni
que. (N  Sin   nvniny givn in b,
i Akkin   givn in ii.) I i  i nn   Sin vi, b i x ning in
   b. Sin  inn  me (i i b ing n ) ftn n  inn   g v  n , I v niny n i  “,” ing
  k i iin n vi    . I
i    g ng in “T Hny M,” b, b  ii y  xining  me i  i  g 
 g of ing,  ing   me. Ji   me,
kingi   me,    me, n    vi in i by  Sin—ing, ny, » xviii «

troducto

king, n  n. B  me  in viy n ,
ny n in,  n i, x n b,  n
i xinin. T me   biing bk  iviiin in
b i iiv n i ngiv , n  bk 
n by  g. In ny x, ining  Exaltation,
 me  i  yi bj   g  
in i n.
T in   me  Enn y i n by
      in   in   Exaltation. T
in  v  i Sin i: i  n i in
ni . Lik n -n W  y, iin  knn by i ning , i   
incipit   x. The Exaltation of Inana n The Hymn to Inana 
b n n. In  nin ,  Hymn  knn
 innin ša gura, “Qn  v ”; n  Exaltation  nin
me šara, “Qn    me.” M ftn n n,  ning
   ni   giv   in     
x  , n  Exaltation i n xin. T 
nin me šara    gi  Enn g. Inn i
i n  n g ng ny b     
  nn n. T b  “Qn   
me”      in n . Ciy, i  n
 nivy  vi  Inn. Tg    
 b g in Sin ,   gny ni ini   in  ii   nn: Eni,
An, n E. T Exaltation    ng i by king Inn
 ng g, n i i i iy nnn in
      x.
T    me  j  iffi i n b  n vn  ing Sin ,  n  - n
gny ift   x   . In y nin, I v
kn  nb  ibi  n  Sin iin in
 y  k   ing  n . T
» xix «

troducto

 n n  I n     ny in n
xin—  ki i ngn n i .
I v n y b n    x, b ni i I n
  n x -- nin  ig nvy
 n   in b nn  i gi. I n   ji   yi vb g   n in  Sin
igin, i  i n, y, n b ning.
T k j n x, in  Exaltation  n   
in  ni niin n  i nin  :
biluda galgala niĝzu aba munzu
kur gulgul ude a baešum
W n nn  g i   y in?
Dy   ny n, y giv    .
(. 16–17)

Ti i nin giv n in   gn nin   igin. T  galgala, “g,” in   in
i  by gulgul, “y,” in  n, j   
aba, “,” i  by   a baešum, “y giv .”
T  in   yb zu in  iffn ning,
“y” (in niĝzu, “y in”) n “nn” (in munzu).
Mni,  n in nin n in   y 
Inn in  Mn Ebi, in   kur, “ny,”
n  n “nin.” Finy,  in iy  i
ning  v, i b iy  i y 
i in -v. T qn n  : i----- /
i----- // -- / -----, ving b yi (i--) n n (-- | --). In y nin, I v i
 -  n g g iin: “W n
  g i  b y? I i y  ik n
 ny, y  giv   i ng.”
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A j ng  ning Sin y i  n   in. Cni gin i : i ni 
n  in Sin, b  n i  ny in b 
i n   Engi nin. Lin    n
in in Sin ftn b bky in Engi, iy b  n  n  ng  i   in 
 Sin yb. I n  i i ing  k inniy,  I i  vi   in bk 
 igin, iing  x in   v. A  I
 i    in  in    
x, b I n  y y     yn 
 y    n ig, i i  I xin
i in Sin. Hv, n I n   Temple Hymns, I
   iffn gy. T I n  k  yn
n    biing, n     b  i
 . F i x, i   ing  k  in
bk   nin ib   . F  
n  g byn  nin n x Enn
 n  in  ,  nb  xn nin
  vib.
Si     n Sin n Akkin . T  š i nn ik sh in ship,  
ĝ ik ng in song, g in Sin i n  n   bginning   ,  in ĝipar (    ig i).
Wn niing ni ign (   nibing   ign y v bn nn, i i 
I  bv), bi nb    iingi ign 
v   ning:  ign kur,  x, n “nin,” i kur2  n “iffn.” T nniin 
Sin i iffi  n, b  vin ini
    n  n yb   : ĝi-PAR,
En-NA. B ni n b nib in Lin
 ing iffn nvnin,  n Enn i
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i n Ennn, b   i n 
n. Liki, Inn n  b  Innn, n 
 v ny g  i  b  Innn.
T viin  ny n  niii  niin;
y  n ini iffn g.
I i y   by king Enn  vib in
Engi n by nking  iy in  y  
 nin, I n   i ining g  n
i. Ring Enn      bginning  iy iy i in n  b   ig  
 n  y. W   iy  Wn i
k ik i i bgn n i H n i -ngy 
b i  n  nin Iq,  ng  yn  
g   n ng?

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poems

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the exaltation
of inana

the  s the most celerated of e he n , n   x. I Sin i i nin
me šara, iy “Qn    me”; i i  knn  Inana B.
T  bgin i  yni invin  Inn, ing n
   in n  y i i  
   , ining  nin  inv n  iy
 b gin  . Ab y g  yn,
 n v  n iniy n xin  n 
invking Inn. Enn y    v iy 
ig i  Nnn,  n g, b n  b 
n Lg-An  i , ing Enn 
 iy n ing    Inn  i An, 
  vn. T ni bn Enn n Lg-An
i i    , i  g  jg n  
n  ing in. Enn in  n
big iin—xi b i iv—    
 n bn v. “Si y  y n,”  y. “An vi
vi i n —i i in?” (. 117). I b  
Enn  y i ying  Nnn, b  n vi,
n  i i y  n n  Inn.
A I nn  y—n  ig n  
in i—Enn nn  i ng   invk Inn. Fi   nvin Inn   in  v,
i i iffi ng in i:  g  i ib. Enn   Inn  b ngy i ,
n y y   g   g   y: “Wi
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poems

y  n v y n ?” (. 138). Sn, Enn
 nvin Inn    . A n in  Inin,
    Inn i givn in  yn  n 
   in  Sin ;  Enn 
y  Inn, “Y  bn  b  n- ” (. 114). B
n , Enn ngg in  v inin. S
i  b Nnn  n v  big iin n y   ,   ffivy    n
 Inn,  n n  in      ng
g: “Nnn i ning,    ft i   y. My qn!
Ti   y vn g, i   y  g”
(. 133–34). In  , Nnn in v  v 
  Inn  , n Enn g  g  i
 n.
Enn i ng i  k   g n
 n in gni Inn ig. Wi 
gniin,  vi i b ning. Inn 
 b iy      y ig. Ti i
y   bin n bigi in iing
Enn ig i  yni in xing Inn ig.
T     n i n g. Ony i Inn
i i iy gni i  g b b  jg
Enn  n    ig i. T i, 
yn  nvin  in  Inn -iniing 
i Enn i  xi   xi.
A Enn   ng—ying Inn ,
nvining   k Nnn , n ving  in 
y   in— i : “My ny- i  
, y ing   n  ” (. 72–73). H qn i   n  n i . I Enn
i  v ,  n  gin  n  ngg.
In  n,  Exaltation i   b i, b 
Enn i  in ving Inn, ving  
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T Exin  Inn

 qn, n  ving  n i. A n by  igi Li Pyk,   knn y   i i   
knn y   i bk.
T  in i Enn inviing Inn  jin
 in  nigi i, in i    ng  
g— i,  x  v bn ing. Hving bn 
 i   , Enn    in ing  i gift,  n by  by    i. In 
 ig,      yn   inn ff.
Inn  Enn y,   x ng 
g, n Nnn v   n . Tingy,  n
ig i  in  i n. I i  i Enn, 
n  ing vn in  n vi,    
x n n i v  . Wn  y    
ng n  nx y by  i n,  i n 
“I”  “,”    .

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T Exin  Inn

.
Qn   ,
n  yig!
G n 
in ig ig, v
by vn n ,
y n  An.
Y   g
g, y v 
g n,  
i y ig: y
v i  vn
   g.



.
My qn, y 
 gin  
g g :
y ift   n
g  in y
n, y k 
in n  
 y b. A i
y   biik,
y  in
n  ny,
 i y  
S G, gin
bn b y
. Y  ik
   
g n 
nin, y



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poems

  in
vn n :
Y  Inn.
Rging in 
! I  An 
gv y . Y
  qn i
 in, y giv 
by  y  
An. W n 
 g i 
b y? I i y
 ik n
 ny, y 
giv   i
ng. Eni v
y  ing 
n   , An
  y 
n by  b.



My qn, ing
y b y 
ny b n.
Fing n,
, n n,
niy b
 n b y
in in, n  
 g , y
k   ib.
B  y, 



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T Exin  Inn

  
  
 . B 
y, y g  
g   gi.
B  y, y
yi  y n
i  g.



My qn, y
ng n k
  n.
Y ik ik 
ik   .
Y  ik 
   .
Y  i ik
 S G
. Y 
y  i
in ft in,
b y  y
ng. Wi 
   ,
y ik  b
   ng.



My qn, vn 
Ann   y
ik b ing
g in: y
 n in
y iying g,



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poems

n n n n
 b y
ing y. W
n   g
in y ? T
 y 
i  ning k.
Qn,  n
 y in?
Qn,  n
 y ?



.
Y g nn
b , O g
g  Nnn!
Qn, ning
n ,  n
b y  y ?
T nin 
n y . I
v  i,
i iy g bn,
i iv n i
b— iy
 ink i. A
i i 
b y,  i
 ibn
b y, 
i i n
b y. Wi





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T Exin  Inn

 in  
q  y
n, i b
n   b
y in in.
T iy  i n
y, “Ti ny
i y!”  i
n y, “I bng
 y !”—
 y  
bn givn: i i
bk bn y
. B ing
i ng i 
b   iy.
T n 
n ng k
bi  
 —in 
  nig, 
i n nv
i i. S 
n  i 
in ini .



Y g ik n
, O g
g  Nnn!
Qn, ning
in vn,  n
b y  y ?
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poems

.
Qn  qn,
bn   y
b  i
g , y
n  vn
y n .
Wi n v
qn   n,
 iving bing n
 innb
: I i ing
y   ng.
G g 
i   ,
i i ning  ing
 y ig. G
n, inb
n in, I i
ing  y .
F y, I 
in y y .





I  Enn, I
  ig i.
I i  bk
 ffing, I ng
 yn  jy.
N y bing 
n gift— I
n ng iving?
I n   ig,
b  ig bn



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T Exin  Inn

; I n  
, b i 
 in .
My ny-
i   , y
ing  
n  .
Ti   in,
Nnn, i n
Lg-An:  An
b i, n  An
v  !
T An n, n 
i v i ig
y. H i  
n n ff
i , Lg-An.
S i igy, 
n nin i 
 , ii k
b . Sn by
, Nnn! My 
v y n .





I  Enn. I
i y  y, y
Inn: I i  y
   
ftn y , 
i y  b. I
i y  y, “T
iin i y.” I
» 13 «

poems

nn k Nnn
  y . B
Lg-An  
 y i  An,
ning  T
 Hvn  
G  Hvn. Evn
 g g 
 n . H 
n  
 inni jy n
n ig in
   vi. H
  i
y q, b nvy
n i. O,
y ig ,
 i, in i!





In  n  i, 
 I? My An bnn
i b n, 
by Nnn. Ti iy: 
An  i. Ti iy:
 Eni  i. L i
 n 
i ying in.
B n y ing
i nin,
y qn, n i
y b  
 n .



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T Exin  Inn

A I  i b
 y y ng? M!
My Nnn  n
  , n 
I  y in i
n  i. Nnn
i in in y ,
n   I 
i  k  n?
Lg-An  in
i,  
   .
I  ik  
ing g 
in—y i i
 n. T n
 ign n—i
  y v
  ? H
k  n 
 ig i
 , giving 
 kni n gg
in: “T i
y b,”  i.





.
Qn, bv 
vn! Y y
 i g: y
i  bk  !
Ding v  



» 15 «

poems

 Di, y
 xn 
ni  in.
Evn  Ann b
b y: y 
bn  b  n , b n!
H  y 
  g g;
y  i i
   bn
y. B i y 
y n, n n vi
vi i n
—i i in? I v
n   ining
b, I v n ivg
   Ning.
I  i  ni
ig i  Nnn!





Qn, bv 
vn! My y
 v y n
. Nnn  i
ning,   
i, “I i   y!”
L i b knn! L
 kn  y
  igy  
ki. L  kn
 y   g
  . L 



» 16 «

T Exin  Inn

kn  y 
vy b. L 
kn  y n
 ny. L 
kn  y gin
k  . L
 kn  y
  ik  in.
L  kn 
y g i iying,
n  y ift y
iying g. L
 kn  y
y  n ik.
L  kn 
y  ng
n n. L 
kn  y y
n in.
Nnn i ning,
   ft i  
y. My qn! Ti
  y vn
g, i  
y  g.



Qn, bv 
vn! I i ing
 y y. I v
i   , I
v i y.
T Hy Inn i
y. Wi y 



» 17 «

poems

n v y n
? T in 
, v .
Qn, y! F y,
I v givn bi 
i:  I ng  y
   nig, 
 n  
iy. F y
iv  n
y iv i,
y y g v
g, y 
n n n .



.
T igy n,
 g in 
ging  g,
   .
Inn y 
 bk  .



T ig 
. S  jy
n b i 
in ig,
ik  n 
nig, 
in . Nnn
x , Ning
b , n 
 



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T Exin  Inn

  .
W  i  
y n 
gnin.
Y   
nin, y 
 givn 
by An. My qn
k in :
A i Inn!



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the hymn to inana

more strol tha a other poem from
 nin N E,  Hymn bing    n xi n  Inn. In Sin i i i innin ša gura,
“Qn  v ”; igi    i  Inana C. Ty,  x i  iy  n  Exaltation, gy b
i i  y v. B  Hymn i in ny y  i
 n  Exaltation, iy in i i  Inn. I 
y  nin yni  b     iy
y , b in  Hymn   n niing vin  Inn v n bv ny  g. I     
Hymn n n  k  Sin i,   ink
 Inn      nn. Ti i n y 
y  i n. In  Sin x,  king   g
i Eni, n   iy ng  i An. Evn in 
Exaltation, Inn  i qi:  i i   i iin  An n Eni. N  v i n in  Hymn,
i bny   vn  g ii  bi
 Inn: “Wi Inn, An n  n iin, Eni n
x n ” (. 14).
Aft  inii yn,  x v n  n in ini  v y i i Inn (. 73–115). T
in  y   Inn      i An,
    g  i   i
nvnin gn , n   y Mn Ebi.
W  i v i Inn biiy  n vying
n nying:  n  ng  n  n n

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poems

vi v,   g  bi ni y giv   
n, n vn  n i n by  ig. T
n    Hymn i Inn biiy  n   n
nvnin: n, g, n nin   bj  
nib   nin.
Tn    i   :  ng i  Inn
ib, ining    inib . A 
 in   i n i   “i y, Inn,” ying
ff i  n bining  g g y
n nn. B vny  x iing in 
n  ni, ni i i iy  ng   . T
ff n b      Ub E 
bb “ vig  i,”  iying n   i n g
n v, ving  ny  ny g iin 
   . Tg i i  vny , i giv
  n ii n  Inn inffbiiy:  ng,
-niin, n i    i   
Inn     iin.
Aft i  n in  n yni
g, gin ing n Inn y ng  g
(. 174–218). T bginning  i in i k by  ng
i in  Sin nn , i nn b
y - in nin. Enn n in , i   iv    n in  Exaltation:
“I  Enn” (. 219). B  bigi in 
by  i iing, i  ny- in 
g. T ning g (. 254–74) n n  
Inn, in  n xin   g . T 
n   x,  n  in  i inin   Exaltation:
“My y, y ig i i; y y  n  ”
(. 270). Wi Enn iv  ying  Inn in 
Hymn in n,  in ii   gin  
  in Inn  n    b xing .
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T Hyn  Inn

Qn  v ,
i y, 
ng  Ann.
Oning in 
n, g g
 Nnn, inn
ng  Igigi.
Ly  gy, 
   
vn n ,
iv  igy An.
I i   
 g,  
 i vi,
  Ann 
bn  igy
. Evn An 
n nn 
y;   n g
gin  .
S vn 
  n; nby
n kn  .
S  bg 
igy  
in,  
i  
ff n b i
g . S i
 igy in 
 n  g;
 n 
 nin n

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poems

in  .
A   ,
 g   n
  i .
A  ing y,
 Ann b
ik ny . A
 bing b,
y  i g.
Wi Inn, An
n  n iin,
Eni n x n .
W n ng 
qn  i 
 ig n 
nin? Wn
 k, ii n
 in— 
g—n 
b . Wn
 y k 
k,  v n
ni y  
ik    
n. S i
 n nin
   iby
, ying v,
ning  ,
 in  
g. H jy i 
  ni
n b: v

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T Hyn  Inn

,  
n  n. S
i  bing,
i , 
iin bi
n   i
i   .
H  bing
i:  
in . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Siing n 
in, Inn i
  
 n   .
Lik   
 nin, 
b n  
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Qn, g !
Fi in  ig,
n n n  g
 . . . . . . .
   Igigi.
S i  i  
y,   
 ik,  n
  ny. H
vn ik ik
  . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .

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poems

.  y i  
 n n n .
A igy  . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . n b
v  n.
T qn i n g
 v n n
iv . . . . . .
. . Inn, k 
 g,  
 . In
 n  i
 n, 
. . . . . . . .
   
qn . . . . .
i  . . .
. . . . . . An
y  
. . . . . . . .
 n . . . .
 n  . . .
n  n . .
 qn . . . .
. . . Inn . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . qn . . .
. . . b . . .
. ying ni
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .

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T Hyn  Inn

n ing  ng, 
ng    
i x  . . . .
ing— 
n ink  .
Inn i  i
 ing— 
n ink  :
   i 
n ,  
   i
bn i bi, in
i  . . .
. . . . . . . In
 y ,
 ing  ng
  in b:
inging  ng
in  , 
  n
i b n g
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
  ,
  , n
x  n in
b . . . . . .
  b n
  n i
ffing. On  v,
in in,  big
yig i kn:
 n  iy



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poems

vn in  y
ky. P k 
  in ng,
y k   g:
i ni ib
 in, i 
ig n n
n . H
y i  : kin
 g
 n. N n
n in 
ni k:
 i  
y ? N n
n g  
ni :
 i v!
S i  ging,
ing  
  
n n v
ning bin.
S,  qn,
i   
bk  i,
ving . . . .
. . . . . T
 i  k
i  b,
i  . . . .
. . . . . . . H
v  bi  



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T Hyn  Inn

  . Ony ,
 qn,  
ing. Einn in 
by, nn
in , nbn
  ig n ft!
S b g
nin, ving
  bb . .
. . . . . . . . .
S i  
nin ng,
   ,
. . . . . Inn,
in, bk
n   n:
  n 
i  ik y;
  y n 
. In  n
 i  qn
i  kni: i n
  n. In
    ,
   g in
 ing n, n
vn b 
 ft in  by.
Lik  v ,
 i  n bi
  n. H
. . . .  . . .
nj  . . . .





» 29 «

poems

. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .  n
 vn n .
H  . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . An.
S nn 
by   g
g i  vi,
nby kn y.
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .



Qn,  
 Ann,  
i, givn n,
. . . g . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . Inn . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . yng n
. . . qn 
. . . .  iv
. . . . . . 
. . . . . . 
. . j n
. . . . . . . vi
. . . . . . . . .



» 30 «

T Hyn  Inn

. . . . . ny
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . g
. . . . . . . . .
. . ing g
 q   n
. . . . . . . . .
. . . in  ,
  k 
 i. S  
g bn n i
by, b ,
n n  
pilipili. S n
  n gv i
 ,  i y
 n. On 
. . .  i
ibin. . . .
. . i i . .
. . . . . . S
n   
   i
n v  i
iin. T 
 n   n
i n b g
in i . T n
 n  n,
 n  n 
:  g  
n, n 
n, n giv





» 31 «

poems

  . On
  i,
 i, n
  n,
 i 
ibin, 
k  
n i  .
T yi n
 pilipili 
 n,
 kurĝara n
 saĝ-ursaĝ . .
. . . . . . . . .
ig n ng .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . Ty
x v
i  n ,
nin . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Diy  . . . .
y  . . . .
. . . . kn n
. Lvy y 
vn . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . .
In  vn . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
On y b . .





» 32 «

T Hyn  Inn

. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . n n n iv.
Ony y  y
g. Y n
i knn, vn
n  . . . .
. . . Y iv An
n Eni, nn
in ! S in
in  ny,
y  b. In
y i, y 
gnin. T
g  gin
. . igy n
. . . . . . . . .
T g  
. . .  
 ky . . . . .
. . . . . . . Hi
vy  . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . Wn
 g  
vn n  .
. . . . . . . . .
Inn, y i
i  iying ing.
T  . . . .
. . . . . . T
Ann bn n,
b b y,



» 33 «

poems

 y g
  vn
iing n vn
g in. Evn
An   
y inin; 
 y ,
  gv y i
n ,  
 n ng
iv in : “I
n  y 
igy i 
king n  g
i   g.”
An  g g
i kn  ki 
—vn igy
nin b
b y, 
n  i n
 nin. Ony
Ebi  n b
y, i nin
i n b n
b y. S ik
n  y
 ng,
ik  
y y i.
Ly! An n Eni
y v ,
. . . . . . . . .





» 34 «

T Hyn  Inn

. . . Y! Wn
y  n ,
n  n b x,
n v n
n n v.
T n,  , 
, n  qi
 y, Inn.
T ,  ,
 iv,  i,
n   n
 y, Inn.
T   n 
 ,   
   , 
  i in
 y, Inn.
T inin 
k n i,
 i  
n k i 
 y, Inn.
T y n
 ,  n
n  k 
 y, Inn.
T n n in
n,  n
n in n
 y, Inn.
Di n ,
 gin g, 





» 35 «

poems

v  i 
 y, Inn.
P, bn,
vy, 
 y, Inn.
Gin n i,
 n b
 y, Inn.
T , , n
ini,  n
 n  ig
 y, Inn.
T kn ,
i, gin
g, n  
 y—
 y, Inn.
T ng . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Ciy . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .



» 36 «

T Hyn  Inn

. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
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 y, Inn.
. . . . . . . .
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. y n iy
 y, Inn.
. . . . . . . .
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 y, Inn.
T  . . .
. . qk . . .
. . iv . .
 y, Inn.
T y . . .
g ing, 
v n  
 y, Inn.
T b y n
 b gy, 
. . . . . . . .
 y, Inn.
T ng n 
,  i
n kn n
 y, Inn.
T k  iy





» 37 «

poems

n bi  
  n, 
 i i g,
 ki  i 
 nbn i
 y, Inn.
T ,  i,
 iv,  iv
 y, Inn.
T n b
in king
n  k 
 ny
 y, Inn.
T v k
n in,  i
 n  
 y, Inn.
T ign n 
 n, n,
n ff  king
 y, Inn.
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



» 38 «

T Hyn  Inn

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

» 39 «

poems

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T k  
ji, k 
g,  i
n  giv y
 y, Inn.
T b 
i  king
n g,  by
n  i,
 k n,
 i,  g,
n  v
 y, Inn.
Rjin, ,
, n,
n, n
n vin,
g,  n
inignin, vi,
g, gi, gy,
ig n kn,
bing, ,
ngi, n
n ig ig,
i, iiy
i, iv,
n n
n, gift
n biin,





» 40 «

T Hyn  Inn

. . . . . . . .
b i, i,
in, ni,
,  ing
 b, . . .
. . . . . . . .
niin, 
k  n nx
 . . . . .
. k  
  . . .
  . . .
vi . . . .
iv  in
n i n 
. . . . . . . .
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 y, Inn.
T   
i . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . T
g  xi
n bing 
 . . . . .
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. . . . iv
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 y, Inn.





» 41 «

poems

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. . . . nn.
Wn y 
n, . . . . .
n in . . . .
. . . Wn y
y g,  bin
 n in  
ig; n y
y g,  big
ig n  g,
iy  inig.
Wn y v 
 n  n i
, y 
i, n  
k,  ning
n i y .
Y  i igy,
 n  i?
Y    
vn n .
Inn,  . .
. . . . . . . gift
. . .   
. . . . biin.
Wn y n i
kn, i i g
n  nin,
An nn 
i . . . . . .





» 42 «

T Hyn  Inn

Wn y in i
 in g, 
 g . . . .
Y n  g.
A  g  
n vn: y 
ik  g 
ng . Wn
y i y y,
y  in, y
i  y .
Wn y k 
 y ,
 Ann 
 n y.
Wn y ig
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . i.
Wn y n
i bing i—
 i g n v!
W i y n
n x? . .
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



» 43 «

poems

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. . . . . Y
ng i n, i
i gi . . . .
. . . . N n
n nn 
ng  k
 in y in,
b  y y



» 44 «

T Hyn  Inn

  i ing.
Y ngn
i . . . . . . An
 n g gin
y . In 
g g ging,
i An n Eni,
 i b 
. . . . . . . 
 n. Wi
n vi, An n
Eni . . . . . .
Y i  n
in y n. Wn
y k, An 
n . Y y
“L i b!” n g
An  n 
y: y “L i b”
  b. Y
 in,
in :
n y iv
y  in 
by, An n
Eni  ning.
Wn y k
y iin, i
i inib 
vn n .
I y y: “L i
n b,” n n n
y i. I y y:

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» 45 «

poems

“Dy i n,”
n n n  i b.
Y g i 
n  ig
 y vn,
ik  y  
n n  n.
Y bn ig
vy n  
vn, i bing
bign  
  k. Mn
n n k
in ing  b
y,  iy 
 y  bg.
A   
b y 
y,  n 
y   n. N
n  
y i :
   b
y  y.
Y   in
in vn n ,
ing  ing in
y n: Qn!
Y  igy, n
n n  
 y. Y  
y  i g
An. I  ny g

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» 46 «

T Hyn  Inn

ik y? Y  
v  vn n
. Y  igy,
y n i ,
y n  igy.
I  Enn, 
ig i, I 
 . . . . . . .
Nnn . . . . .
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



» 47 «

poems

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» 48 «

T Hyn  Inn

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Avi . . . .
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

» 49 «

poems

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Gi, vi . . .
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My y, n .
. . . . . . iy
. . in.
I  y! Ti
i y b .
My y in
b kin 
. Wn y
 . . . . .
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. . iy. My i
ng b i
b y! Ti
i y ffing 
y:  i
y g iviniy
  n. I
kn y g
bn  y
n by. Gi
n vi k y
y n,  in
i . B iy,
in, ,
y, n g
  y, 
i  ing 





» 50 «

T Hyn  Inn

iv,  bking
  i,  k
ning in ig.
My y,  
n I i gniy
y jy, I i
i y 
y. Y!
W n 
i y iviniy?
W n iv y
i? My g An,
 y v, bg
 y  y.
My  g g
 y in.
My i n
 i i 
i ib  y
vigny y 
y, “En!” My
   y
gnin y
 y, “Si!” My
y y b y
 y, “R!” In
  
 n i . .
y . . . . . .
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. . Ty i
y y.





» 51 «

poems

Y   qn
 . . . . .
A  vn,
An n Eni v
gn y y
iny: nny
in  by 
 g. Y, 
   , x 
  qn n
i. Qn! Y
 igy, y 
gnin! Inn,
y  igy, y
 gnin! My
y, y ig
i i; y
y  n
 ! T i n
  n iv
y—  
x y ig.
Y Inn,
  i i 
ing y i.

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

» 52 «

the temple hymns

the loest wor attruted to eheduaa
i  in   knn  The Temple Hymns, n ngy
 y- yn     S. A i  Sin , i  knn by i ning , in i  eunir,
“H   Ziqq.” T  in  in b
 gn   ,  g  iv , n 
ii in i y n. T yn in  in  qi
bi, bn vn n ny- in , n ff ngg   i,  i y  b n  yni ing.
T  yn g   in  in Ei,   n g   Sin : i  ff b Ei 
g  b   iy,   g E n  
n n. T ing v yn   i 
 in Ni, i y   n   Sin n. Ni   i  in Sin gy b
i     Eni,  king   g. Aft ning
i  ky in,  qn  yn v  
, i K n U, n igg ng  vgy nn in. Finy, i  Akk,  iy  Sgn n i
i. T  yn g  E,  iy   n y bn
ini. E    b i     
g  ning, Nib;  ni in  n
i i  iing i. In   in, i i nnn 
 in  i by Enn.
T yn  bgin i  i invin   
 y i, ing i by n n ibing i 
in igy i ngg. T yn n n  
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poems

iy  iv in  , yiy king  ift i 
 “Y /y i . . . ” (Sin nun-zu). T yn
n i   in, ing   iy “ bi  
in y y , n  kn i/  n y n.”
T yn  vy ii:  i     —
  ni2, “,” nun, “, y, nb,”  uru16, “ing,
ing”—  i g qny. M, n,
, n vn  in  . Ti niiy 
b ngg n i  v  v  in
g, ning   i b  y g 
i  in  n iin.
T igi Mni Pii,   nkn    n iin   Temple Hymns, g   in
   vv n    n n n 
i ignin    n. T 
 knn   “” (Sin e2)   g in qin,
n  n ingy: H  Hvn (E-n), Sining
H (E-bbb), Migy H (E-), n  n. A ,
 n  nin  ky    b x
n xn, ik  i  bing n in  ng.
F x, Eni  in Ni i  E-k, “H  
Mnin,” n   yn    (yn 2) i  
 nin . B  iin  ftn 
b n qny b n ink   v  iing 
n. T yn  E ,  E-Ab (H   D
S, yn 1), bgin by invking  iqq   , 
E-ni (H   Ziqq). T n E-ni i in i
 ign U6, i kn n i n    n, n  ing in  in   n n . R king
 n n   i   Sin 
i b iin:  yn  i bj  n
 g  n i iin.

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T T Hyn

M   yn invk i  by  n n
n. In  , i i b     iy
n    n i:  x, yn 3 i 
 Nini  E-ki (H   Lv Ln), b i
    E-T (H  T). In 
,  niv n       : yn 5 i
b Nin  E- ( ning  i n i
n), b i bgin by invking  in iin  , 
E-n (H T Hv  P  Hvn). Finy,
 niv n y iy   iffn  
  iy: yn 6 nn  Dngii (Sing Hi)
n  G (H T I H   Hi), i y v
bn  ni   g Sin, b 
in   Ggi ii in Ni. A i,  yn
b  iinin bn  n iy. Eiy in 
   ii,   K  K,  yn 
 invk  iy   , ing i  n big  i
i    iy. Finy,  yn   i
n  n iy—E i   Ni, Eni i 
 Nnni, Nnn i   Aibbb—b I v
n   niv n in y nin.
A iking    Temple Hymns i  ny  
yn nn ii n ii   i i knn.
T igi n ii n  nin Iq  nny ifting:  Temple Hymns v  n  
n, b ii   in in  O Akkin
i  b ivn   ny . T 
ing x i Ib (yn 41), iy g  Akk n n
iy  Sgn i,   in   biy
ft     i. T in g—E, Eni, Nnn,
U, Ninng, Ik, Ng, Nib, Di, n Inn—
in i iin v  ni, g vn j

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poems

ii  bj  ng: Ningi n Nin  
g in n g,   Bb n G. B ny 
g  qiy , vn i y i n i y. G   Ningbg n ii   U 
v  i vn   ib   O Bbynin
i. Ay n,  Temple Hymns y v   
 “ii in”:  in i n  ny iy b in vi  gi    Sin
  k ik in vi ni.

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T T Hyn

1. e-a zu, the temple o f ea   er du
Ei  ni  b     Sin ii. E
  g  i n iviy, n  i in  D
S,  Ab,  yi ngn k  i i
  g  i, niing   n ing
 n.
H   Ziqq. Y   i vn n
.
G   Ei, y   nin  vn n
.
D S. Sin   bi  i .
H   Hy Hi,     n
n ink     n  i .
Ti n, i  , i k n i .
D S. Y      i .
Y g . . .   bn bg  in.
F  ni in in i  g iv
—i g biing, i bi biing—ig i
k .





Y  i bn in , i y  niv.
Y ,  g ,  x   n
ini y  . Ei, iy   g
n i,
 nb ,  y b g
ng i.
Sin   D S. Y , y g !
Y i    y  n  Sn G.
Y i  vn  i   ,  bk  b.
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

poems

Y i  iqq,  in   vn.
Y i  vn  i  g   g .
Y  i    vn n  . . .  n
ng.
. . . . . kn,   . . . . . ning,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Enki
 bi   in y y , H  D
W, n  kn i  n y n.



Tny- in. H  Enki in Ei.

2. e- ur, the temple of e l l   ppu r
Eni   king   g, n  iy  Ni, in i i
in  ,   igi n  nin Iq. H
n in  ing yn, Eni i i   by i
i G Mnin.
H   Mnin. Sin    x.
Fnin  . . . . . . ig-i iqq,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   Eni.
T y ig i S,  y ft Akk. H  Eni!
In y ,  i qi. In y ,    x.



T b bv y  i  k   nin,
 i  y i   inn.
Y  i     . . . y nb .
Y  i i vn n .



Y  i  g  Eni,  g king,
 king    i  vn,  king  x .
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

T T Hyn

Sin  Ni: Eni,  G Mnin,
 bi   in y y , n  kn i 
n y n.
Tin in. H  Eni in Ni.

3. e-  ur, the temple of ll    p pu r
Nini  Eni i. H i  n in T, 
ny   Ni, i  nn  n nin i
  bn bi by gny king v inni. Nini
in in Ni,  Lv Ln (E-ki),    H
 T ft i ny.
T. Y     g nb , y
  n  inging  .
Sng nin,  iying i n 
D S.



Anin iy! Y   n k gn by  
n n .
Ini y n  nin  ny n bnn.
F  N Y iv, y   in n,
n  g qn   Lv Ln n  Eni
q.
Y y, M Nini,  bv i  Eni,
 bi   in y y , H  T,
n  kn   n y n.
Eig in. H  Nini in Ni.

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

poems

4. e-melemhush, t he t em ple
of usa   p pu r
Nk  Eni vn n ini. T Riv O  
igi i     iin  gi 
n b in by n n, y b y 
  y: y  b ng in  ing 
n  innn i y viv.
H  Fi Sn. W in  g, ig
ig.
Migy in,  nb   ign  y in
vn.
Ty  Eni, y  n    nin
. Li b y.
Y ift y  in jy, giving gin  
H   Mnin.
Y  i ik  n. Y  . . . .  
i vn.
In  Riv O,   igy i  ,
y vi
giv n bi   ig n i g n
ik .
Y g , i    i n 
iying i:
King Eni   i i .
Y  i    n Eni,  i y 
 Migy Sin,
 n   H   Mnin:  nb
Nk

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



T T Hyn

 bi   in y y , H  Eni, n 
kn i  n y n.
Tv in. H  Nk in Ni.



5. e-shumesha, the t em ple
of urta   p pu r
Nin,  i g   i b gin n
nn,   n  Eni n Nini.
H T Hv  P  Hvn. Bi n 
igy n.
T      . . . n . . . g.
T ng  b,    y,  i
.
Ting, bing biing: y nin i ving.
Y  n by n nin king. Y vi 
     y .
Hy k     nin. Y i
y  ig ng king.
Hg . Lik nig,    y n xn
  n.
H  . . . P. Eni  in y n i
i n.
Y  i  g . . .  i  ng i
n.
Eni g n,    iv vn n
.

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



poems

. . .  b  F Eni,    g
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vng  F Eni.
T ,  in,   bn   G Mnin,
 y  ik n: L Nin
 bi   in y y , H  . . . P,
n  kn i  n y n.



Fiftn in. H  Nin in Ni.

6. amah, the tem ple o f
shuz aa   ppu r
T Ggi   in   igi ii in Ni
v  n n   Sin, Eni n i.
H T I H   Hi. Riing y  . . .
Cn   n. Hy ,  !
H. Y nin i  igy i  inin.
Y qn i  ing n. S k  n
 ,
H   Sing Hi, n y   ji
in  .
Y y i  i,   bk  ng.
T  g,  iv by Eni i:
Sin, n i  F Eni,
 bi   in y y , H   Sing
Hi, n  kn   n y n.
Nin in. H  Sin in  Ggi.
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



T T Hyn

7. e- esh, the temple o f
hursa a   e sh
Ninng   g  bi n . S 
knn by ny n, ining Nin, M, n Nin, 
  i i  n  “Ly  Bi.”
Ting K. Y   ig  vn n .
Lik  igy vi   , y  .
H  Ninng, y n n  n  .
Gi K: y  i , y  i g.
G in . . .  n, ing g  i.
G nin, bg  by y innin.
Y  i k, nig nn n y.
T Ly  Bi  givn y by.
H  K: y bikk i y biing.
Y  i  n  i i: y  i
y in.





Y y i  y  i in. T g g
qn  vn.
Wn  k, vn k. Wn  n 
,  .
Ninng, Eni i,
 bi   in y y , H  K, n
 kn   n y n.
Tin in. H  Ninng in K.

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

poems

8. e- sh ual, the temple o f a a  u r
I    E-king    ii Enn
v  ig i. Nnn i ftn ink  , b
 n n  ikn   i  n. U y in 
  nin Iq, nx   v xn  n 
 i i  Ab.
U. B ning in  nbk.
H  Ab. C   g  . . . y vn.
Y xn  by    y n.
U. Y   bk  i , ing   n.
Sin,    in vn n .
H  Nnn. Y n i  king, y  i  n,
y  i  ng, n y g y    
.
Y in i  ig  ig ,  i .
H  ig i. Nb in  y .
T n . . .
H  Ab, y iing nig in
v  ny,
y ing yig    n.





H. Y  i  igy n,  n 
nk.
Y nin  n   fty D S,
 vn D W.
Sin. Y  in     g.
Y  i    iv iin,  i 
n  v vn.
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

T T Hyn

T   vn, Nnn,
 bi   in y y , in  U, n 
kn i  n y n.
Svnn in. H  Nnn in U.

9. e-hursa , the temple o f shu l    u r
Ti yn i ini in  i    iin  
in. King Sgi  i   g,  vn
ing i ii, n   in i n  bi in U.
H   Migy N. Pk iing in vn.
Y y b n y g nin  i
ini.
Y  i   nb . Bing, ining ig.
Sin. Bin y i bi vn, b y
n nkin.
Y bin  n g n k  i  ing k.
Migy iv, ing  . . . ging . . .  i
.
Y   . Rig nin, ing
  v in.
A igy   jy,    nb .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ing.
H  jy. Y  ig   .
H. Y , Sgi,   y inin g.
T , gnin . . .  g, ing ,
  i n i i ,   i:
H   Pk! Sgi  vn
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





poems

 bi   in y y , n  kn i
 n y n.
Fiftn in. Aiin. Sgi H   Pk in U.

10. e- uara, the tem ple o f
asarluh  uara
Ai,  g  gi n innin,  Enki n.
Ciy. Lik gin, y g   D S.
Y k y i    -v
.
K, y   nin   y .
Y   n  bk i gift. H n  
n  b.
T Svn Sg v  y  g, 
  k.



Y  i  i ,  i Ai,
  bn  b  nb . H i   
   k ig.
Lik  ik   ,  ik  b n,
ing   n i ni i bi.
Ai, n   D S,
 bi   in y y , H  K, n
 kn i  n y n.



Evn in. H  Ai in K.

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

T T Hyn

11. aura, the te m ple o f
ulaa  a r
Ningbg  Nnn n. Lik i ,  i i i
; i yn gg     ink  in n
iby  gi.
H  A  P Oxn,   i  n
 g.
T igy     nb in.
I n, - i i y n  .
Cb  J,  ,   g n ii.
Y  i  g i b, n n iging in i
ig,
n  n i n, iging in i ni
ig.
Sking in  ng ng, i  g 
in  ky.
T   in  ky:  gn    b
 .
Ningbg, n  Nnn,
 bi   in y y , Kibig, n  kn
i  n y n.





Tn in. H  Ningbg in Kibig.

12. arz da, the temple of a a  aesh
Nnn    in   iy  G, n  
U,  i in   ( yn 8).

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poems

Sin. G   i by   .
S, ining iy  Nnn.
Rig W. Ini y i   , n n 
b  i y n .
Sin. T   ig i n n  
.
Y  i   —ng ff. I n n
 igy .
L n y  , y i y n  i y
  b.
Y  i    vn, ning in jy,
 iy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rig W! Nnn
 bi   in y y , n  kn i 
n y n.





Tn in. H  Nnn in G.

13. e- aar, the temple o f u t u  la rsa
U,  n g,   in , b n E-bbb,
“Sining H,” n in L n n in Si. Kb  
ii in  nigbing iy  Uk;  yn i  iing   n  U   viib  ny i
y.
H    vn, ing ig n Kb,
in   Sining H. Sining b,
ifting y nk  U . . . in vn.
Y biin i i, ik  ing  v.
I i y n .
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

T T Hyn

. . . . . . . . . . . .  b  i i.
Y  i  ing nig,   . . . ig
vi.
H ig   in,  ig   ni  vn.
U,    Sining H,
 bi   in y y , H  L, n
 kn i  n y n.



Nin in. H  U in L.

14. e-da, the temple of  azu  e e r
Nin   g   n n  n  Ekig, 
qn   . I  iin  ff ibin—i
 b, in, ny, n  iqi—  ii  n
n, by ing  in i    n 
    .
Engi. G nn  ffing, nn   n 
Ekig,
 n  S,   n g.
H   V. Y       n.
Y  i     g king. Pi   igy
n, bn  Ekig.
H y  -vi y,    n   .
Nin,     y,
 bi   in y y , H  Engi, n
 kn i  n y n.
Svn in. H  Nin in Engi.
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



poems

15. e- sh ada, the t em ple o f
shz  da  sh a da
Ningii  Nin n, n ik i    i i  n. H   ink i gi
n n.
Anin n. S nin, g i ki.
Cb. P  , ying in  ,
i  ,  y n n n .
Gibn. Y   in,  n,  k  
igy n  n  .
T   y biing i i , jing  ik
 ,
b nig in ini y, n  gift  n
 .
Y  i      i y n, 
in vn.
On  bk  L Ningii  bnn, jy i.
Gibn! Ningii
 bi   in y y , n  kn i 
n y n.





Tn in. H  Ningii in Gibn.

16. e-a a, the temple of a a   u ru
Inn in   in Uk;   in Enn
Hymn,  g  i  i An, g  n yn  n nin . Kb    ii in

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T T Hyn

Uk, i    byn   iy   . T
 “S C” (niĝin ĝara)  n i  vi
 i  Inn.
H   igy   Kb. Y   
g in g,
 gn i  i  i  n ig.
Sin bi   b. Y  bg n 
vn .
H  Hvn,   vn n,   vn
   i ig    nig,
ging n  vn i.
Y y i  y in.
Y qn i Inn,  . . . . . . .
S  g   n n v  n 
i  .
S i  n  giing i,  i  biik  
S C.
T vign  vn n , Inn,
 bi   in y y , H  Hvn, n
 kn   n y n.





Evn in. H  Inn in Uk.

17. e-mush, the te m ple o f
dumuz  adt  r a
Di   g   n Inn v. Aft Inn
i-   inving  n,  nign Di        b bg bk  i.

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poems

H  ging b  n n  b 
.
Hy b  Inn:
i    Ly   Wi.
In  H   C,   bikk i 
 ,  y i  . . .
T  n    n
n   , O H   Un, y
v giv .





Y  i  in ing g  i. T j
  y n,
 b i  n ig. T ,  y
bn  Inn,
Di,    H   C,
 bi   in y y , Bibi, n 
kn i  n y n.
Tn in. H  Di in Bibi.



18. e-al, the tem ple o f
 shuur  a l
Ninb  Inn in n . S  inn in binging Inn bk  i ft  y in  n by ning   n  ying E   .
Akki,  iy  Ninb  i, iy n
“n.”
H  Migy Ey. F y   .
H. Y v i  nin  bnn,

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T T Hyn

n y   i  nin  gvin.
Y ig  i  in vn.
H. Y y i   ng g,
 ig    H  Hvn,  
 y .
Ninb, ig    H  Hvn,
 bi   in y y , H  Akki, n
 kn   n y n.



Eig in. H  Ninb in Akki.

19. e-murum, the tem ple o f
r m  mu ru m
T g Ningii  i i gi n innin,    viving in  i yn .
Ciy. Fn n  D S n, bi  i.
H  y k    vn n .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iying  . . . . y vn n  .
Ningii, qn   ining iying ,
 bi   in y y , H  M,
n  kn   n y n.
Nin in. H  Ningii in M.

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poems

20. e-u, the tem ple o f
rsu  laa sh
Ningi   n  Eni n  i g. H  
ini i Nin (   yn 5); i   
Tn Bi (An) ing  Myi-Ming M (S-) i
b knn  n i     Nin. T “S Ciy”    nigbing iy  Gi,  Ningi
  i: i n iy n “L  Gi.”
T  n   E-ninn   “H  Fifty Sining
An Bi,” by b i nin fty ig  
ny  Ningi vnqi.
H  Fifty. Rig ig  Lg, vng
 S.
Tn Bi ging n  nin,
Myi-Ming M  Ningi . . .   n.
B ng,    n  ,
ining  g Ann i ng   g.
Bikk n  y i  ini  x,
y  ik  bi k.
Y n . . . . . . b gin  .
Y   g   S Ciy.
B i   in  bi b  y An,
y  i  bn  n ky.
A   in y i b i q,
  v y i b i n.
. . . . i n,   n.
King Ningi   jgn,
   n inging ,
  Ann g  ink y igy b.

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





T T Hyn

Y  i  ging in, ing ii n b n.
Y  i n ngy  ning i ng,
n ngy in ing k.
H. A  ,  k  b n,
 king ,  i viy.
Sng n, igy in  b,  i iv.
T n  Eni,   Ningi,
 bi   in y y , H  Fifty, n
 kn i  n y n.





Tny- in. H  Ningi in Lg.

21. e-tarsrs r, the temple o f a a    r su
Bb ( n n  b  B)  Ningi i. In
 i,   g i G,  g  ing
n iin. On  Riv O,  yn 4. T “S Ciy”
(Iik)    ii in Gi.
S Ciy. Sin  y An,  i ng 
n . B i  g n.
Wiin y i  Riv O  bign  ig.
H T S Gin. Hy y, v  
i i.
H T H U . . . .  i  n
vi ing. Hn by .
Y y i  y  y,    n.
Qn, g   niy: in i iy,  x .
T bn  An,  yng M Bb,

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

poems

 bi   in y y , S Ciy, n 
kn   n y n.



Eig in. H  Bb in  S Ciy.

22. e-srara, the tem ple o f
a she  s r a ra
Nn  Enki g;   i i  .
Si    ii in    by  iy 
Lg.
H. S  . . . . . . . .
Bing iy,   i y in ining .
Si, g n nb .
T   y in . . . . . .
Y y i Nn:  igy ,  iv .
S  bn n     ,
 g n     ,
 y i v n .
. . . . Nn, y  . . .
 bi   in y y , H  Si, n
 kn   n y n.
Tn in. T   Nn in Si.

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T T Hyn

23. e-ashaala, th e t em ple
of mar  ua a
Ninki  Nn g n ik   i
i  . Gb— n n “bnk   ”—
  iy in  Lg .
H T Sn  S Mi. Bi n   n.
Gb,  ,  y  ing  bn.
Hy in. Y    ,  y  ing n.
Y y i Ninki,  igy  . . .
Sng . . . . . . . . .  F Eni,
L Eni k  gin . . . .
Bn . . .      . . . .
Lik   . . . ving   .
H  Gb! Hy Ninki
 bi   in y y , n  kn 
 n y n.





Tn in. H  Ninki in Gb.

24. e-rsha, the t em ple
of dumuz -azu  rsha
Li i knn b  g Di-Ab ( n
iy n “ig i   Ab”), n  in 
Di i n. T n   iy i iki nin: 
ign   b  Kinni.

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poems

H  Kini. Wy  i qn.
. . . iing  iqq ik  bi k.
H . . .   nb vi  jy n.
H. Y y i  . S i i  in . . .
S i x in  ng, in  n n, n
  ing i  igy vi.
Dg   ig , n   
 b.
Sin  Kini! Di-Ab
 bi   in y y , n  kn 
 n y n.





Svn in. H  Di-Ab in Kini.

25. e-mah, the temple of sha ra  u m m a
S  Inn n, b i i n  i   (n
nin i   Di), n Inn i n gny y
  y g.
H  Bi B. Bi by An,
ing , ying   ig .
. . . . . . . . . bnn in   i.
In  y . . . y  kn, n yn  jy
 ng.
Migy H,   S. T ig n
  i g in n  y.
Y  i  Migy H. Y  i  y
n nb n.

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

T T Hyn

. . . . . . . . .     n ny.
Hi i ng , i y  xik.
S,  . . .  ing g,  n  
   i ,
 bi   in y y , Migy H, n
 kn i  n y n.



Evn in. H  S in U.

26. e-sherz uru, th e t em ple
of aa  zaala m
Dii ik Inn,   j  in v ii, ftn
v vi  iniin,   n  k 
Inn  Uk (yn 16), Inn  Zb, n Inn  Akk
(yn 40). T    k n iin ii
n iin  i.
H W in Rin. An i g,
g n. Y      Inn,
gn  v i , ig .
Zb, in   iing nin, in
 . . .  n,
 y n.
In  y,  y n gv y  g .



Y qn i Inn. . . .  ing n,
 biik ning  n  . . . . .
Bigy bing, bing n n b n,
n binging by   n  k.
T g g  y Nnn, Inn,



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

poems

 bi   in y y , H  Zb,
n  kn   n y n.
Tv in. H  Inn in Zb.

27. e-ualala, th e t em ple
of shur  a r a ra
Ik    g, n i nny gny
yn   v i b i iv i,  
-ing , n i iiv i,   i-giving
in.
H. Lik  igy in, y   in .
E y y iv  vi   n.
H  Ik. Y n i , y  i jy,
 b n i y n i  n b,  g
in.
S ff. Y  vn b, giving in  gin
n x.
T i  y  j  ik  n.
. . . . . . . . . nin, y  i ig,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vy ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nk,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nig.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Ik,  ving ,
. . . . .  n n  vn nn in,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  n in b,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nning,
. . . i . . . nin, ii, n . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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





T T Hyn

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .     n . . . . . .
. . . n   y, in vn n
,
. . . . . . . . iving bing n  ni ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ik
 bi   in y y , H  Kk,
n  kn i  n y n.





Tny- in. H  Ik in Kk.

28. uow  te m ple
T i  i yn i v  in i ,
iy,  g i invk.
. . . . . . . . . b  An . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . vn n  . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . Enki . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 bi   in y y , . . . . . .
 kn   n y n.
Tn in . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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

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. . n



poems

29. e-mah, the tem ple o f
hursaa a d as h  a da 
T yn i   Ninng,   g,
 in ,  n E-,  in K ( yn
7). S    in Ab i  n Agi, b 
i i knn. Ab y nx   Ing,  j iigin
n iving    E.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An  . . . y y  . . . . . . . .
Migy H,   ! Wy  i qn.
Y n i  in igy . Y  i n
i ig ig.
T Ly  Bi  x y , g i Eni
n Enki.
H  Jy . . . . . . . . i  niy.
F vn , An  givn y igy .
Y  ny n y in:
Ninng  n i n in K.
H  g . T i  iy in big
n y y .
Ab,   i by  n: Agi, g  Ab,
 bi   in y y , H  Ab,
n  kn i  n y n.
Fiftn in. H  Ninng in Ab.

» 82 «







T T Hyn

30. e- almah, the t em ple
of s a  s  
Niniin— n n “Qn  Iin”—   
 G,  g  ing. T “S C” i n 
   i   Inn  ( yn 16) b 
  Niniin .
Iin. Ciy n by An, bi in n y n,
 n  ,   i ny g,
 i   x by An.
S i bv by Eni,
 An n Eni in ini,
  g g in.
S   n inging ,
  Ann g  ink y igy b.
Y y i  ,  y n  in
g,
    S C  i  .
S   g g   y n,
   ig  b   vn i.
T vn i n  .







Y qn,  g    n,
Niniin, g  An,
 bi   in y y , H  Iin, n
 kn   n y n.
Sixn in. H  Niniin in Iin.

» 83 «



poems

31. u satu, the t em ple o f
umushda  aza llu
N  Nnn n n y v bn  g  .
K. Y n i in    vn.
Sn . . . . . . . . n in n.
Y  i  n  n  . . . bn   b.
Migy . . . . iin y, in- ,
  v i i ,
  . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . .
. . . . giving ng  . . . .
T   Pk! T g  N
 bi   in y y , K, n 
kn i  n y n.





Tn in. H  N in K.

32. e-alama, the t em ple o f
lual-marada  m a ra da
T n  i g n “King  M.” H   
  Nin,    yn 5 n 20.
H T I  Ln Ey. Y nin i n.
Sing nin, y n i n  .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ny n.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

» 84 «



T T Hyn

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 bi   in y y , M, n 
kn i  n y n.
Eig in. H  Lg-M in M.



33. e-d malalama, t he t em ple
of shtara  der
D  n  n b   Sin n, n
i g In  g i ning   b
n i. H  ftn y   nk. U  
g   .
D. Y  giv g vi . . . . . . .
On y g, i i  i  n ig ig,
i  i   biik n  g n inin.
Y  i  in   g,
igy  n v n i i.
Sn  U, ki in  g   inin.
In . . . king  vn,
 bi   in y y , H   Ln
G Bn, n  kn i  n y n.
Eig in. H  In in D.

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

poems

34. e-sl, the te m ple o f
azu  esh ua
Nin   v   :   i in Engi
  g   n n  n  Ekig ( yn 14),
n in Ennn   i g, n  Eni n Nini. Ty
y v bn iginy  ii   ink b  i  n (i iy n “L H”).
Hy H,      in  n,
 n n  n . Migy    ,
   Nin,    g .
H, y   y, y i in big.
T  n  in y b,
Nin in n y i.





Y king i  g ,  n  Eni.
Ping ,  in  in n  ny,
 i ik  in gin  ign n,
 n ik  biik gin  b .
H i      ibin, ing i
 n i .
Wn  n, n ik n ,
n  in, b ii  y,
n  n, i    in .
H. Y  i  g in. T ny ng  i
n.
Y king i  ing, iying ,  i  
 .
Lik  . . . . . . in b,  i n i igy .
H i  n    v , n ny  i.
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

T T Hyn

Wn i g   , i jy i n.
Rig , bn   G Mnin n  Nini.
Hy H! Y king,   Nin,
 bi   in y y , Ennn, n 
kn i  n y n.



Tny- in. H  Nin in Ennn.

35. e-du a, the temple of z a a a  s h
Ki  n   n  ii , j  Ni 
 n  igi i: i  i  kingi  n  vn  Ki. I g Zbb   n  
n  bn  Inn in n   ny gi, Inn  Ki
( Inn vi iniin,  yn 26).
H, bi i bnn. Ki, y i y 
ng  nb .
S iy, y g nin nn b nn.
Y n n  g , inn in vn.
Y  i  n,  b v in . . . . . .
On y ig, nin k, n y ft, ni
i.
Y  i igy n gnin,  g  
v  , ing v n iying
.
H   Gny! Y king,   Zbb
 bi   in y y , H  Ki, n
 kn i  n y n.
Eig in. H  Zbb in Ki.
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

poems

36. meslam, the temple of era l  u t ha
Ng   g   , i, n i, n
 iy  K ( knn  G  Kû)  iiny
i i i   . T n  Ng 
 M.
H  bin  n g.
Ox. Nb ng . . . ng  g.
A ing , b ing gi.
K. Y b i , i ink  iv.
Y  i ny g, y n i  . . . ,
ign  y in vn.
Y y  gin, niing  M.



Y  i   g, king   M,
i g   n, king   kning y.
Ng,      M,
 bi   in y y , n  kn i 
n y n.



Tn in. H  Ng in K.

37. e-a lua, the temple of a a   u ru m
Ti yn gin igig  iin bn  Mn
G n  ( yn 8 n 12).
Ting U,  Nnn  i.
H  Ting C, g :
Nnn i y n.

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

T T Hyn

H, y king! Y   vn.
. . . . . . . . nig . . . jy . . .
. . . . . . . . yig . . . y . . .
Y  i    y jy. . . .
   n  nig ky  gi ik i
i, jy  . . . n by .
H ig   n . . . Nnn
 bi   in y y , H  U, n
 kn i  n y n.



Tn in. H  Nnn in U.

38. e- aar, the temple o f u t u  s  ppa r
T n   Sn G j   in Si, in 
n (   in L,  yn 13).
Si. Tn  U k i iy .
H   Hvny L: y   ,  n bn
 Ning.
H  U. Y  i . . .  vying, ing 
vn n .
Wn i  ,   ,
n i  i,   i.
B . . .   b  i.
F U   g.
F i  n b.
F i  n . . . .
H   g —y in i  .

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



poems

A ni i vi  v. In  ing
yig  b ng  i in;
in    nig  n i i  i .
U, king   Sining H,
 bi   in y y , H  Si, n
 kn i  n y n.



Fn in. H  U in Si.

39. e-hursa , the temple o f  h u rsa  a
Ti i  i n n yn  Ninng, i ik 
vi  ( 7 n 29)  n     g  bi.
T n   iy in i i   i nknn: i i
in i  ni ign HI.ZA, b   n kn 
 ign   b .
H   Pk. Lik  , y  bi in i,
. . . . . . . . . y  i bnn.
W    x— y i b, xing .
My  n bing ig  y .
Y   ik  igy iing n—
y yig in n y  nin.
T ,  Ly  Bi, qn  in,
  k iin y k .
S n  n n  nbn king;
n  nbn   y      in
 n.
T ii  vn n , Ninng,

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



T T Hyn

 bi   in y y , H  . . . .
n  kn   n y n.



Tv in. H  Ninng in . . . .

40. e-ulmash, the temple of  a a  a a d
U   ii in Akk     Inn. T
 vi yn  Inn (16 n 26) bing   iin
i niy n ig, b i yn  n  ik
—n, iiiy, n     Akkin king
in i iiy xi.
U. N . . .   n.
Fi in  b b,
n      ny.
Y i in n  b n,
ing   n i ni i bi.
H  Inn,   iv n i i, y
bi  g.



Y y i  bi,  y n   S
C.
S  , jbin n bi,  y  
vn ,
  n  b,
n    b n . . . . . . . . .
T v g  vn, Inn,
 bi   in y y , H  U,
n  kn   n y n.



Tv in. H  Inn in U.
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poems

41. e-a ad, the temple o f laa  a a d
Tg i Inn, Ib   iy g  Akk, n ik 
  i i .
H. Rig ng. B-x   b,
n ig  i gn .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Y  i    . . . . . . . . . . . .
H  vyn in b, ying . . . . . . .
Ib, g  Akk,
 bi   in y y , H  Akk, n
 kn i  n y n.





Eig in. H  Ib in Akk.

42. e-za, the temple o f sa a  eresh
T in n i  bin  iing i. Nib
( n n  b  Nib)   n  ib,
i, i, n n. I i  niing  i yn  iy     yi
iing in  in. T x i y v, b v
in i inin, n b b y nin  y
nk y;   ini by  ii in
  k iing x.
H  S. H  Li Li, king big, y
n  y    n.
. . . . . . . . . . . .   in  in.
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

T T Hyn

E. E n,  nin  i i 
 y.
On  i,  . . . . . . . . . . . .
T g g Nib
 bg  g   vn, ing  y
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rig n  n in.
Sing . . . n ning  ,
ning  b  i i,
giving gin    n.
Rig n, ning , bn   ig
y.
S   vn n in  :
A i Nib.





T v   b  Enn.
My king! Sing  bn bn i  n bn
bn b.
Fn in. H  Nib in E.

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

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fragmentary hymns

two short, frametar hms cota the
n Enn. T  i  in Enn n vi, b
i   v bn in ft  ,  i     in U,  “H W B I C in A” (E-n-nig), i  bi in   i,  i  bby in
in Enn n by n . I  y 
in ig i Enn  k,  n by i ny
in   Exaltation: i  bby inn  b
n n xn  i  ib  Enn.
T  yn i  b v   , n i i
ini in  n (  n   n   b) 
 balbale,  gn  yn    by  g 
ing,   n in -n-n in. I i
iny    E-king, Nnn , g i
  n Nnn i, i i, Ning, n  iy  U.
In, i n b      in   “Y 
 kingi”    ,  iy,   g. Aft 
inii yn, Enn in , ibing  
y   i   ig i, n igiging  i in i:  iying i knn 
šuluh, n  in  b n b   g. I n
i  bin  Ning.
T n yn ib Enn in  i n. I
i   gny, b  b  n  i invk Nnn
n i Enn ibiiy  i ig i. I i
iniging b i i  i v iy x 
nin Enn n: i    Ti Dyny  U,
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poems

n i   ni  n  ni   
yn. Hv,  i i ft  i  i i iffi  y 
b i:  n  Enn binging y   D
S i iy ing. Pin   n  x v
viv, b   n kn      i iing.

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Fgny Hyn

frst h m
H  i i  n v S,
H  Ab,   nn i,
H  Nnn, I i ing  y gn!
Sin  U, I i i  y n,
y      nin y .



T i  vn n  i in U—
i i  y    H W B I C
in A.
Y   kingi i An,
 n  i y gn.
F n i, I i i  y n!



I v   i i,
I v    in U.
Y n i ,   i i,
n y y   n  An.
I  Enn. I v  y x in  vn!



I v   i   ,
. . .     i
. . . ing g  
Nnn . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T ng . . . . . . . . . . .
I i ing y y ng.
T  . . . . . . . . . .
Kng . . . . . . . . . .
T g  . . . . . . . .
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



poems

An n Eni . . . . . . . . . .
Ning . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exing . . . . . . . . . . .
Nnn . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lik   nig . . . .
In  , y ig . . . .
An n Eni . . . . . . . . . .
M Ning,  in  . . .
Hig i  Nnn . . . . . . . .
Enn . . . . . . . . . . .
My king . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hi g  . . . . . . . .
Ti y ng I i ing  n i
Y n . . . . . . . . . . .
I  Enn, I v  y x in  vn!
Y jy . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .  kn y i,
. . . . . . . . . . .  i,
. . . bi  y in  y . . .
. . . .  n g in  b,
 gin gin  y in  y bk.
Y i  n  in  ny,
  n    y gn g,
n   i k  iing.
P  Nnn—  nyn kn  y?
. . . . . . . . . . . . .   i.
T bk  ffing  b bg,
 yn  jy  b ng,
   b k g,    b k ,
 y iying i  b .
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











Fgny Hyn

Ning! I  Enn,
I i k y  y gin!
S  Nnn,   i y,
i  Nnn,   i  y n!



seco d h m
First Column
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .  iin  i
Y . . . Nnn,  y  
 in, y ig:  Eking.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second Column
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . n
  i y,
 i bing,
 ig i n   y ,
Enn,
y  bing y y   D S.
S  i y  Nnn,
y bi . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
Third Column
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
 i . . . . . . . . .
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poems

 i . .  . . . .
S  i y  Nnn,
 i . . .  . . . .
Hvn n ,  i . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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essas

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enheduana’s world

 was aout a ear to m uerst studi n I    n “Enn.” I n b
 in n iny  n ni i, n n
  k  i    n  i   ing,
I  Enn. T  n y g;    
v in. I v in b , I v  b , 
  i  y i, n I bi  Dni nin
  Exaltation. S   y  by king  i
 i i I ik  : I ik  n vk i n bing
  i (I  i “ii -iving”). I y iing
b Enn   i vxi, i i b I 
i    ninn-y- by  nn qi biv
    . I  ink   nning 
Enn  b  by i v n  
 b in in j   b    n kn,
  n n nin nin. B I  b
ying i I i  Enn   n i . Ti bk
i by n n  n  n Enn; n  ny, I
  i n b  bginning   b,  nggn
i  k. T i   b Enn  v y 
nn, n  in n in i k n n 
 gy. In  ni, I n     I biv 
n, i vying g  iny, y b Enn n
  ib  .

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essas

dauhter of sar o
Enn iv g n    bn i in
 iy   nin N E. S i n iy in
i bn— iy      i. F  v
n y b  bi, n Iq  bn  by
n  innn iy-, ining U, Uk, Ni,
Ki, Lg, U, n Si. T ii  g in 
b  ni,  , n xng  g n i,
b   i n ii niy. Ty  iffn y 
gvnn,  ii, , n iin, n i
vn i n y  ning n ing. Tn  Enn , Sgn  Akk. H ni  ii n n
, ing   knn i. H xn i  in 
iin, n n i    nin  In  
   Minn. Sgn n i  k
  bing  nq ii in in, niing i
 n iniin, bing i y g ny 
iffn y nn. B  iin  in:
 nb   n innn ii y n i
n v  Akk, n y v  ny givn n.
A  nknn in in i y , Sgn  Enn ig i  U. B i n  i y  n king ffi: “Sgn” n “S King,” i
“Enn” n  “Hig i (en)  i  nn (hedu)  vn (ana).” T  en  n “” 
“,” n i b ning i viv   ig i iin:  niy       . T
  iniin  g  in nin Iq, iing
 g   n ying   y  nn,
    i i    i  ng
i yn. W kn i b  x    ig i in i i, n i y v bn  y ybi iin.
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Enn W

B  v n  biv  i   n iniiv
ffi, giving  ig i n v   v
ing  n n . A    U g ,
Enn y v  b  in  i ny n 
ii iy i b. An  Sgn g, 
bby      niv   i in i
n gin. Tg  kn i b  i,  
n gg    n xy inni g, n 
y  v bn  ing   n   y.
B  iin   b by ny ng, i 
v kn g vv n nv  nvig.
T v i in  Exaltation  v bn   
i in  i. T  Sgn n—Enn b—
n   n ny  b ki in  nii. T
, Ri,   nin y, n  bby i i,
in  n   i yng b Mni, 
 in n ki ft ftn y in . B Mni
n n , N-Sîn,   iffn kin  king.
N-Sîn xn  i, q v,   
, n vny  i  iving g. Ti 
n nn i in nin Iq. King  y bn
g  v   nnin i  g, b N-Sîn
  ,     kn,  i   i  
g  . Un N-Sîn ,  i n by
Sgn  i ii n  ix. A  n in
 Lv  i ing n  i   ni. H
i b- n n i n— iin ign 
iviniy in Sin n Bbynin . B N-Sîn  
 ny n king: in  iin   G
Rv,     nin iing in  ing y. Aing  n , g i i   n bi n, 
iing in U   by  n n Lg-An,   n
  in  Exaltation. I i  n b , n
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essas

i  Exaltation  in by Enn —b g
i—i    vn    ing  ign 
N-Sîn. A  n y   Enn  ny in  ig i by Sgn (i   iin 
king  k i g ig i), i  n
   v     U    ny-v
n   ny  fty y by  i   G Rv,
n  Exaltation   b       vn
y . B  y i Enn,  n  
ning  iy bin  x i nin  b.
Aft N-Sîn ,  i bgn  nv, n
i n S-ki-i      yny,  yny 
n  ing   i v  ny. Ty,   
i i  iy   O Akkin i, ft  vin
  Akkin ngg   kn   i. T O
Akkin Ei   bi b gnin bbb: i 
  knn , ng vying, n n .
Li ing i i  v bn   iing innvin. Sgn ign xn  Sin ii n
  , binging bk , i, n  bj 
viy nknn n, g b vin nq n
 . Pi   in   in  
i n Agnin,  i i   In Vy, Akkin i  i y in  ign  Ani, n
   i    inn  Egyin y.
T  in i Enn iv  v  g n
v. U    iy, ying n  bnk   Pin G.
(T in  in ift, n i in n i 
150 i,  250 ki, inn.) I k b i xiing n xi ,   i i, ivy, nin,  y,
j, ii, n nin, n  nin   
v n viv in  gi : xi, ,
in, n ign ff.
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Enn W

T O Akkin Ei bi i , n
   y n, n  i  n
by   in in bj  xy. T   i i
i    n in nin N En iy. Tni
bkg in gbing n king  Sgn
n i n  g i  i b bn 
n b  in. O , i g    n
qy iib: i iny n  Sgn iy n i
ii in. Lyy   n i   i
xi gift n igi . I  n ny Enn
   by   in  iin  . N-Sîn
in i n Nbi-U  gvn   iy  Tb
n  i g Tnb n Sni ig
i,   in Ni,  n in Si. H 
in i g Ennn  ig i in U n 
Enn . T ny   i, i v  i
ng—i  n  igy nn n 
y iy— v  nbb, i   xin  ii inbiiy   i.
Evying  nging, ining  ngg 
k. T gin  biing, i Akkin n Sin
bing kn i by i. Akkin i  Sii ngg, ik
Abi  Hb, i Sin i  ingi  n isolate:
i i n  ny  knn ngg. Sin  
vn in  S, ining n U, i Akkin 
 vn in  N,   Sgn n i iy—
ngg  n ft  iy  i y , Akk.
Sgn       Akkin in i iniin,
ing in in  ift   vny in in 
  Sin   niv ngg. Tg  i 
Sin  i  y in Enn i,  n i
 ib  ingii bn   vi  ni, iing   in v  Akkin. I i ing 
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essas

ink  Enn, ik     iy, k Akkin
   ng. I , i  b    iiv   yn  in in  bi n igy n
Sin.
N j kn ngg  nging. S    iing y. Cni, i  bn invn b  n y i, in    inni BCE,  
v bn v by  Sin-king , b ing
N-Sîn ign, i    b n Akkin,
i  gining  k n  gn k. T n ign
k  ik  bj y  b n n  ik b yb. Ty   n niny g nki,   k  i  i. Cni 
 ftn in by ing  y    in  ni b   y. T y  nin iing i  i
  by iing  n bky b  n, b iy
 qi iffn. Cy i  ny vi i n
i  i. I i  n y  n: y n iy ik
i    gn n  i in ny  y ik. An
y i, bv  , b. Bk in n   niky
   n       ni  . B
y b  ing Sgn ign viv  i y. M
   kn b  i  kn b i ib
 n y. T    kng    
y  bj   bg  ig g gi
xvin—ining  in ing ivy.

pr estess of the mo o 
Ang  gv  gi nv  U  
ingy nkb PG 503 (“PG” n  “n
gv”). T by   n bi in i  n bn v,
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Enn W

b xv n  gv g   bn nb
i i. T bj, i  n k in  Pnn M in Pii, in  iv ing, ing n nk
 bn,  j  ,  n  b, n x, n
 i knn   yin . A yin    ,
iy  bj   gny n n  nk
n  n n     iniin,  ik
 ign y. T v  n,  ign  
 yin v  y n:  iv i ft
 niq n  v    iniy. (Anin i    vxing b    n yin ,
ing   nin qivn  iniy ft.) Ding
Enn ii,  in  yin  
n ii ig. T ii i n  b
i  i vi jy, n    i i 
iny k  gg . W k  yin 
n in PG 503 ny i n i ii ign, v,
b i iniin, i ini  b  “Enn,
g  Sgn  Akk: I-i i  i.” In
Engi,  iffni bn bb n i, b
 Sin kinda  y i  b n n n.
T iy n n    O Akkin i
 igy b, n  kinda  v  qn   b   nbiiy, king i  ig-ning in. I-i v  Enn n kinda,  i
  bi i     i iv—n big
i—n   n b n in PG 503  v 
Enn i.
T y  I-i  i   x  
 n  i  kn b Enn. Sin  iv
 ng g, i  inib    kn nying 
—n in,  kn ni   n   bn
n  y in i  i. B   v  gv g 
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essas

 i. Tg ii n  yin ,  
kn   n  vi Enn  
 A, n     ib n Sg n n
 n n in “-ki” (  i   bn ).
F,  x n in I-i gv   y  i n. I
i  kin  x   v bn   in in Enn
i—  ni   in. T xv  U,
Ln Wy,    in Enn i
ig v n    y n nin,
iing   i i. I-i  bi i 
n : Mig Enn i v bn  v 
niqii? On gin,  v   kng b
 , b  giv     i,   y n
nj n gk. Ei y,  x in  
g Enn i n  iiby , vn
n   k bk n    iy. T 
 i ning n.
Wn  iv in U, Enn v in  biing
     I-i x:  ĝipar (Akkin gipāru).
I   in  iy   ni, ing iv
gnin  ig i: Enn  jining  ng
ing  n, g   ing    ign inv.
T ĝipar  in      ig in   
U,    ning iy by  g . T
n  i y in     Nnn, i 
nk by   n in   ii. T y in i I-i  bi y in  n n  
, i  ĝipar  in i n n, nx   in
. T    xnivy bi b  ny
ft Enn , n i in   biing 
  v knn. T  vin   ĝipar  iv
 i i— q bik biing  b 65,000 q 
(6,000 q ),  i g n  U.S. Wi H.
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Enn W

In Enn i, i  v bn , b  bi
i y  bby  . Lik  biing
in nin Iq (n in ny n Mi En ni),
i  gni n  i  n-i . Sning      vi i, ining iving
q   ig i n  b   ff.
T   ,  g kin, n  ining 
 ni . T ĝipar y v  v i,
b in gi xvin in Iq y v ny
 gn n   biing,   n kn  . Ini
 i in   in i   king 
in , n Enn  v  y n
i n Sgn b.
T  vin   ĝipar  ivi by  n i in  v, n  i   in   ig
i,    in   g Ning, Nnn
i. T in  Ning y v bn   biing in
Enn i, b i  i v     ĝipar,
 n i n: Enn  i   Ning y bin. A n by  igi Jn Gnik Wn,  ig i  Nnn “y b n
 Ning n .” Ti i n  y  Enn  n
  iving iy; , in  ni nx  
v iy ni Ning, bing  kin  iving 
   g. I   n   n Ning   b  y nn. T gi Pn Wk   g  Ning in  
b n i  ig i    i knn 
 S Mig, in i  g  i i i n
i, b  x n n vn  xin  i i 
n ng . I   i b  bn
bn  Mn G n i i, i  bby  ybi ffi, n n  yi nin.
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essas

A  ybi i   g y v,  ig i  n   y  b in: i  
nn qin  i . Ty   bin 
 ,   n   i, b  ning vn 
i iv, ibi. In  i   n 
n    g  n n, n  iv  n, n     i, ig i  . Ty
 iv  g n   nn. Ti i n n 
y  ik nn in  Ciin n:  i   n
n   ig i ngging in n x  vi gnny, n x, in Sin ,  n vi  inny
in. T bn  gin in, n , b i i
iffi  v  ybi in  in in
 Sin vi. Cin  x  n 
i n  n gn ft i , n n 
n  y, i   in  bing ffing 
 n b, ning i n -bing in  fti.
Sin  ig i  n in, y in 
 y n i     i ii. Wn  ig
i i,   bi in     ĝipar knn  “
    y   nin i,”  “ y”
bing  i  . I  n i in 
nin N E  by   n     iy
, n   gi i   ĝipar. T i
  kin  xn iy,  niy  i, 
y   bi ini  biing  y  iv.
Cni  n inbi   ,    nining  k    i ning i 
in  n. T g kin   i 
 Ning n inn   iving i  k ffing    bn  b. Enn  v
k ft  -bing     b  n x    ft      in i n. An
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Enn W

y i:  ig i   Enn  i
ving  y  ni .

the d s of e he dua a
Ini  ĝipar, gi nv  ik. On n i 
i i  i ing  n ving  i, n   i
n iniin iniying  n  Enn. T Dik
 Enn,  i i knn, i  yin   in,
n in i n  in ik (ny-v n vn
ni, ivy). Wi  iniin i viy g, i  i  by  ib n  y b, n 
i n b   : “Enn, i  Nnn,
  Nnn, g  Sgn,  king   , bi
n  in    Inn-Z  U n n i A, 
Tb  Hvn.” T   nin v ky i 
inin. Ty    Enn  n   n
bin  Ning n n   “  Nnn,” 
 n   ig i n y in—in 
!—n ny,     n vin  Inn (
i  n in n   ny gi, Inn-Z, bby
ning   g A). I  n n  
n y   i  n g ( Nnn)  v
 n vin  n ( Inn). T b  i i
n iy,  i  y,  iy ng i in  iy
n v. Pi n i  nib  inining  i   g, b i   qin  
ngn    n vin. In Enn ,
  v  g n  ving   Inn,
   n iy   O Akkin Ei— 
Bbynin  ib i i  “ ign  I.”
T - v  Inn  n n in  Exaltation n
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essas

Hymn    ii vn, n  ik   
ii Enn y i  in i vin.
T i    ik    in bn, ing  g ning in n  n . T ik  bkn
n   b viy ; Ln Wy ib i 
“ y-b b i” in i n   xvin
 U. T ft i   ik i y iing, b i i
g  v n  iqq. T  n in n 
i , n  n  i  n ffing n i, bby b   i. Bin i n Enn, ing
 n gn n   , i n k  i i
ing v  . S   i , i  ft 
bn iny  i v n  ig  n,  
   n i  n, in  Sin g  vn   iy  “   n   n” (kiri3
šu ĝal2). Enn i  by , bby , g, n
  i ying  v, b y  iffi  k  n
 gny i. Enn i y  n g
in  iin, n  g   , king  
   in n in  vi .
T i giv   gi  n iviy   v i Enn     king i:  ving
 i. Ri   nn in  Sin
n Bbynin ,  y v  inin  in bn g n n, king   y n
   . T g ffing  , inn, b,
n i  i n i vi n i ii
  g  k     niv inning.
T S Mig bn Nnn n i ig i y
 y n v y kn  i iy iginin, b  ik      n n in ny y
 in i:  nin     g. T
iniin n  bk v   ik  v  » 114 «

Enn W

T Dik  Enn. T ik  viy g in niqiy,
n    i—ining  iqq n  ft i—
 by gi. Cy   Pnn M,
ig n. 150424 n bj n. B16665.

 Enn nin   n   Inn, n
 i n k —“A,  Tb  Hvn”—i  niy  ining b n i  g   b i.
T    gny yn  nin Enn
n  ib  gining  g, ning   
» 115 «

essas

nn k y    n b  Nnn:
“Y i  n  in  ny” (. 49).
T i ffing v  inin  n  niniy. In ,  iin   ig i in i k
 niniy i  . I  n g  Sgn 
bn   king  in i g  ig i, by
invning  iin. B  n by   iin In
Win,  i n q v   ffi  xi
 ni. F  invning ing n, Sgn 
ning n bi nvnin n  iying i 
  iin   ii   nq. Win g
  ik v  nin  n. I i  iiiy in y   iin  ig i, n i ini
 i by n in  y vi q  n. Ei
nin  n ngv i  i n, b
n i ik Enn i b n n ing   Sgn
g. Ti binin  niniy n n v 
ky   Enn ii iin. S  in in
n nin ffi by  n kin  , n    y
  b  k  iin n n n  ng.
T ik  n in  in   ĝipar, b  gi nx gg  i  ft  n in Enn
n i b  ni . Aft     O
Akkin Ei, King U-N n   knn  
Ti Dyny  U (ftn bbvi U III). Un i , 
ĝipar in i Enn  iv   n bi. B
n  Ti Dyny  U  in i n, n 2000 BCE,
 ĝipar  y by i   n  E,  ngning iv   Sin ii ying in  i n n In. T i i   in  U, ing
 i y n  n ning  b   ig
i. S vny y ,  ĝipar  bi n
, n i i in i gi y— n  after
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Enn W

 Ei i—  ik  n. Nx  i y  
  Enn.
Enn   g  King I-Dgn n n ig i  U, n in ny y,    n n
 iiv n Enn, g    n  i, n y. Enn bi  ĝipar  i  bn b  Ei y i, ing   i n
b ing i biing i n  ing  
  n gy. T vin   ĝipar    y
xv by gi ( n  inin 
   Wi H)   n  n Enn. T bik   biing   i  n,
 n     b b v. S 
 in  n U  nq by   iv,
King Gngn  L, Gngn i n v  
b    v     ig i. I 
  Enn ki    ig i 
n   v in:  yin  giv  n 
Enn n, ing   bn  b ivn.
Enn    bjiv in biing  ĝipar n
ing  n    biing. Aft     Ti
Dyny  U,  ii  n Iq  n in  y
 ni, i  king ing  nq   ii
n  i  ig     .
Evyn n  b  nx Sgn   nx U-N.
Enn , I-Dgn, iki g   in
    gny , n   i gy 
 in i g  ig i in U, j  i   n. Enn k   g nnin
i  , iing    U-N  bi n
inking  i Enn. T Dik  Enn n
   Enn  n nx   , n i
i bby b y  i nx      
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essas

Enn q  n   Enn 
n q. T ik  bn bkn in v i, 
ing  Ei i,  ny bj in  ĝipar  bn
k. B  b n i  iniin  i
n b   ft  . Sn  v y b  g ik, i  iniin, n i i nx
 Enn . T gi Rn MH-M
g  Enn y bi  bj bn
 n ĝipar    ybi nin   n .
T y    ik   n  ft Enn     ing in b  bj i. Ty  iniivy  n ig  i  n
bing   n portrait. Lking   ik,  igin
 i    Enn ikn—   
, ,   y   i. W jg  kin  ig by i viiii,  g  i y ii 
 , n     i  nn iffn
bn  n iy, i n n. B ing  
 iin Zinb Bni, ig  vi iffny in
 nin N E. T i  n ig ik  n n 
ik  n  n  n b  bing  n in
xin.
In  Sin n Bbynin ,   g
 xi in v y  n: g i bi, i n,
i in,  i  b , n  ig 
i . (Liki,  g  g  b n
in   in  n n y. T Mn G,  x,
xi   i   ini i vi ,    in y n gn, n   ining b   b
n ing  nig ky.) A  , i i n qi ig 
ink  i ik  ik in   nin n bn. W   n   ig k xy
ik  n i i, b  i gv  n  n
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Enn W

i  bing. T ik  n Enn nin
b  presence, ning in     kin  v in n.
Ti xin y i  b n i ft i  bn
y. F Enn,  ik  n  i v
 n g-  b  viy g igi  
in  vy  n i i i   Enn n.
Enn i  k by nn i bn
 ,   i n     v ft
bin by  Ti Dyny  U. Ab  ny , i
gg  iivy v in v  Bbyn,  viy
in iy bg  gn by King Hbi. Hbi ign k  bginning  n g knn   O
Bbynin i (. 1800–1600 BCE), n, ik  O Akkin i, ft  vin   Akkin ngg  
kn   i. I  ing i i  Enn
n i bgn,      b iy  n i in  O Bbynin . T n   
y b ft b  Enn , n i i nk 
i y  in   k v viv  i y.

ehedua a at s c ho o l
Bbynin  bgn in y by, b  i y kb i  n  kn i. A y b nining 
bi  xi   kin  n  b givn
y in i in  n i     k in
i  ig n. T n, v i ,  v
i  k  bi    b ft niing  xi.
W n ny    y. Sin n  i v 
i ning   i, i in ni i n by ing
  y in  y, i n  v bn inking
b  iin  i v n , n  i
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essas

 ny n  xin by biing i. O  n y
v bn inking b . Aing  Bbynin bi,
 in  n  nn  “  n iv
n y.” P  nn n  ngg by   
fti, n g    b i  b. Ei y, 
b  v   n . B n  
n i   bi k, igi  b  in 
g   n:      y bn, n
i giv      n O Bbynin in
bgn i i.
T O Bbynin   knn  edubba, “
 b  givn .” T n i  b
n  i  , ing n  x  igi  y, n ing   n  i in
g i. T n bgn by ning    y in
b n i  i ign. Ty n xn i i n n  inii  ni, in i vy
ign n y ny ning, ing  b ing n
n  . T n n ng i  ign, n,
n ni ,     nn n iningy
x gi n. Ty  n   i 
  n n,     k  ny
   g n  . (N vyn  qy kn: n
n         bn iing n
  g n   in i .) T n   givn
i xi, ning   n n  
n vn v:   i b   O
Bbynin i    ib  ii i Pyg   v n y b  n
ft  i i n  bn. A iy in n    y  Sin g. T ift 
 bn  in in n Sgn  Akkin  ngg    , i n 2000,    
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Enn W

Sin. T i n n   ngg i,
ny  i   b nyby  ng: n i  
b n. Tg Sin  n   v ng 
gn in, i nin   g  ig.
M ik Lin in E n Snki in Ini, i  g n 
v   i  igi i n i i
  nx  n y—  i iing x
in Sin in   ny BCE.
In  O Bbynin , Sin b n bj
 inn y. Aft ning  bi  ni iing, i, Sin g, n ng i  ni , vn n  v n   n i 
in. Ti i ni   i  Sin y,
i  n  n by  n n  n
in ni  i   in. Ang  
i in i vn g  in  Enn
yn—i  by     iffi x
 n  nn ing i in. Sin
 v bn  ng  Akkin-king n 
 b  i, b  x  n in  xiv
ng   ngg qi    Enn .
B y    ff nn in  ning 
  ngg? On n   Sin nin 
b  in igi i. T b v   O Bbynin edubba i  biing in  iy  Ni, i  
i i  igi n   Bbynin : Ni
in      Eni, king   g. T 
biing  in ny  ik ny    i i,
     480 q  (45 q ), gni n  n y n   i .
W i n   gy in n  b 
gi iv , i  v bn  b niingib  ny  Niin . B  
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essas

b  vy. Wn  n  ni iing
i xi,  b  i n n , k
y, , vn b, y. Di b b  ny
bik, n   xi  bn bi in  ,
, n ni   . (Agi  n 
b g—n iniin, n ,   i 
  in bk.) B   ving   i
biing i i in. I i   275 y (250 ) 
 E-k, “H   Mnin,”  in   Eni. A
 i, i    igi igi iniin in 
ni . T  bby bng   i  
  k    n  i, king n n
in i . Mny  i n  v n ning
 n   in i , n   i n 
ning Sin:    yn n i iin
    g. An  b  n  n
Enn,   ig i  yn  y
   Inn ? Ang  xi b n in
 Niin   iy-ix i   Exaltation n
nin   Hymn,  g ing v  Enn-
ni y n.
T  in   n  O Bbynin n
  ivi vi   bgning . F  n 
n in  iin,    Sin   i.
Ty i n x    ngg in i iy iv, b i
gv  ing qy in:  i,  iiiy i n      iv n 
 iing. T kn Sin   b   n i g
  ib      n  ny y
kn. Tink     y   bi  ik
En g  ning  Lin      Bii ii y. J  iv i ini v bn  
 v Vigi,   Bbynin -b i  
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Enn W

  Exaltation. O , Enn   n 
ny x  in —   Sin y i g
n vi—b y i b kby , ing 
igi Ann Zg  b  Exaltation “  
b .”
On n   iy  Enn  i 
y bi  ngi   Bbynin ib g
  gn g. Ty   O Akkin Ei   i 
g-n-i nq n . Wi  ngi 
 invib iin,   y   O Akkin
i     ny n. T  in
king   i, Sgn n N-Sîn, b in i vi
ing y. Sgn  b   gn 
kingi— y gn n - n,  n   gn      . N-Sîn, ni, 
b   bii n gi king  ign  g
n n   ikn by in, ing  
  i i. T y     nin v
in n y  n n i ,    in i  v
lost nin b in n y. Enn   iki
bj  ii yking. S bng    
   n b ny n——n i  ii iy y  n .
T nging  b i  v bn iy in
ing  1740,  bn i    iv biiy i by Hbi. Un Hbi ,
King S-in,   bn  gn iing ng 
ii     Bbyn, ining U n Ni, b  bin  bn iy . T ing y  
g in   n ii: i ny in,
i inbin ft, n i y ng  in.
T g jiy    x n by gi
 in in    i i y. Sin  x
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essas

  ni   kng  Sin y,  ini
   ng v  ni . Siing  vn
  1740,  igi Ni Bi n, “Ti i 
ii bkgn   Sin iy x  v.
T Ni x ff   gi in   i after
 bin.”
W ig Enn  v n in i i 
i ii? W ing i  Exaltation k in     bing iy? W i nv kn, b  n iny
g. I  b ny n   ib  ini b
 y n  ii  S  ( y g) ni
n ng, n  Temple Hymns in i j n ig
  Sin-king   n , n —
n    , niing ffiiin i y . I i
 ib      Ni in n
, y b n n  i  b knn . T
iy i    y bn   n  igi i n - i, n     v  i n inniy n  y  Sin ngg
n i,  in n    v i iy in. I    , Enn ning   
v bn ii      “ ig”:  i,
i nn     ffi i n n 
iniy n in.
B  kn? Bbynin   inivi ,
n y  v  Enn  i i
n iv n in, j  n  . On
i  vin gging  i in n byn niqini    n  iy qiy    i
n Akkin nin   Hymn. I  n nn 
   O Bbynin i   Akkin nin  Sin x, ftn in n inin , in i

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Enn W

 in  Sin   by  in  Akkin. T
nin   Hymn i gniy v, b b
 kng  Akkin i   iy bi
n  kng  Sin,  i v  y n
 nin  k n   igin. B  ning
   i n y ini, n  Akkin vin i
n  ib. F x, in  i  Inn in  n
 in I n  “T , , n ini,  n 
n  ig  y, Inn” (. 124). T Sin x 
  y n , in  qn igi ĝar igi ĝar-ĝar igi bar,
i n b iy n , “ ,   (?),  k.”
T Akkin nin - i  iin i
  taklimtum takirtum tašertum, “ v,   (?), 
k,” ing     in Akkin n n n x
   Sin. T n  v   i 
 in  n  y n  nvy  i
ning   igin, bby ing    
v bn b    Sin  .
Liki,   I n  “ ng n  ”
(. 137)   iking i in Sin, gum2-gum2 ĝar ĝar-ĝar.
T ning    i b,    y n 
Akkin niin, temkû teknû, “ ng n   .” T
Akkin   k n, b i i n ig g
i, in i y n  Sin n  n: temkû
teknû i  n  iking qn  . In n, y nin k  -  n g by ying neglect i
protect, b  v  n  i n   n 
  igin , i  ink in  in  n 
     n nn.
An ing x    nggn i Enn y i i inn n Akkin iin.
A yn knn  Lob der Ishtar, “Sng  I” ( 

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essas

Ishtar-Louvre, ft  ni n in in  Lv
M),   b iy inn by Enn
Hymn in i i  I, Inn Akkin n. T
 k v  Hymn  bin   g
xi n, iing  niy qii n ing   “i y, I” (i 15–60). T g  
i i i  inin   Hymn,  i ib  I
  g  gn-bving   v in 
i: n ying n n n ing  
(ii 1–20), j ik  pilipili, kurĝara, n saĝ-ursaĝ in  Hymn.
A   xi, “Ti bvi  bn v, i
n  bn n” (ii 1).
N i i  ny x  Enn Hymn inning
 x. A iy in gn  nin ib 
 xi i;  i  ng nin  Sin
, i i Akkin nin. T xi i
       i:  n 
iv i Sin vby by ying  ingy
n qn   n ign. Givn Enn n  in   i, i i n iing  n
      x in  xi i:  
  Hymn n  i iking qny in  xi i
Izi, n  g   xi i Erimhush i y b n
 Hymn i  Inn ib.
Ex ik  v  iy  Enn  in  O Bbynin , ing   n
n   i i  Enn   iy g
y   y n in. An  b  n , 
nin    i   x   
 . B i  nin ib  nvin by  i, y  n igi b i?

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Enn W

was she the aut ho r 
In  Temple Hymns, Enn i nin in  i 
    y- yn, i , “T v  
b  Enn. My king! Sing  bn bn i
 n bn bn b” (. 543–44). T   i  n   ving n n  b  ny
  g iy iy. I i n in n
, i, n nx, n i i bby  ing 
ny  iin   x  . I i b in  Engi  text, i  i igin i 
 textile—iy,  x i ing vn. In  Temple
Hymns, i ig i bin i n ky  
iy in:     bing bn,   x ing
in bing    i.
Fining  i y b, i i i i  b
n i i. Ciy,   ik  kn   i i.
Fiv n y   O Bbynin ni 
i n     Enn ii, iing 
iffi qin I i in  inin: W   in by Enn , viving in    n
 in  ni y   O Bbynin ?
O  y  ft  , in  n, ing 
ii inin b ing i in  y in ?
Pigi v y   ny kin  nn n i qin. I g in  Inin   b  
 ,  in ny  Enn , b
in  in  in, I  y   gn  n
gin  iiiy   i.
T   ni  Enn   
  Ti Dyny  U, bniy    ii
n  O Bbynin i, b ni     b. On i  n gny yn,  n  nin
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essas

Enn b  n  b  in  vi—n i i
 gny  giv   inin nyy. T  i
 ni   Temple Hymns, ing   iin
i xi ing  ny- ny BCE, b n  i 
ib  Enn, in  ni i gny n
 i n in  iing. T i  iy v bn  , ibing n iginy nny
iin  Enn ft    n   b bi. Cnvy,  i ning inny ii b    Enn   n iny in
O Bbynin ni:  v ny  iny ik  iy
x   i inni, n  Sin y viv ny in O Bbynin i. In  , Enn
  niy yi. B  b i   v n
y  king bk   in ni. W n
 gy    givn ni i (by xining  gi nx , iing ,     i), b 
nn y    x in n i  
 y b  v ni i.
An ining  i  Kesh Temple Hymn, i 
 knn ny  O Bbynin  i ni   
ni n    F i, n 2500 BCE—
king i n   -knn  n j in Sin
b in ny ngg. T y ni nin  
 x   O Bbynin n, ing  in jn in g n y,  i  y ib  iy
x   gy nng g  ni ni ing  O Bbynin . T  y v n
 Enn, b n n j  iy n nx.
An   x i in  O Bbynin i 
 “nn   king  U”:  x   b
i    xng bn king n ignii in
 i n y   Ti Dyny  U,   i
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Enn W

 ing. B igi v n    
in  in (   viy ) ng ft  i.
Ty  n  , b  iv igining  
vn ing       i. T   b
  i Enn.
On gn   i  n     n b    O Akkin i: i i niky 
Enn   nyy, b  n  
king n   iin yn n bigi n  y   ff  i n. Aing  i
gn, vn i  yn  b   Enn ii, y  b b ib   ib n  
i . I  n    i i. T yn
in in  n   king  vy iffn; y  y n ftn   ié—  y   -ing,
iy bking yn ib  Enn. I i 
 ib  v ib i in  king  
x, b   n n    Enn in. Wn Enn bi  ĝipar,  i n y
 bik  b vi  g in, y  i
i  i  i :   ig b  
Enn i. An  n by  igi Bigi
Lin, Enn iy in v  in  O Bbynin i  n  b thought   n i
, i i in i ing   n  iv 
 i.
Hv, i  n v  n b. Cn   b   Enn ii  n? Lking ny  i
nn,  n n nni in  Exaltation   Hymn
  k n O Akkin  iib, n nin 
  ngi   invn . T Temple Hymns,
v, n  ki i. A  n   yn
i   iin n i xiiy ib   in  x:
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essas

yn 9 b   bi by Sgi,  king   Ti
Dyny  U, n i i n  bing n “iin” (taḫḫum) 
 in (. 134). Ti  n k gin Enn
i; n  ny, i gg  by Sgi i 
in y xi n   in  ig n  
 king i  n i n n    i.
B  yn in  in  b  
  v bn bi ft Enn . T  n
kng   iin, gging   x  
 vi in  ing ni. An y  
  Temple Hymns  i  ii igy   O
Akkin Ei kby , iy in i in
i   in Akk, giving  iy  ivig iin
in  x. T g Ib ( yn 41)  y i ft     O Akkin Ei, vin 
 in   Temple Hymns    v bgn ing
Enn ii.
Liki,     gny yn   
“H W B I C in A” (E-n-ni-g),  
   v bn bi by U-N in  ny-
ny BCE. B i i yn  in ft Enn
, i   v bn in ft  Exaltation, in i
ngg y i i i , ing  n
 kn   b-knn yn. On g  iin   gny yn  in   n 
 Exaltation, ing   ngg   Nnn 
n Inn. I  i , i  n  Enn iy
n i    ii  k n nib
  gn. Hv, i  n     i
n    by Enn   by n
iing in  n.
T igi gn gin Enn i
i  ngg   . Mny     in 
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Enn W

x  n   vin   Sin ngg 
  ing  O Akkin i. B n , 
 i   -. T O Bbynin ib i n
niy y  x iy  y   n 
:  nin  in y  i inni y,
n  ib    j  x  y  . Ty
vi    k  i  nn, ing
b xin, nging i ing,  ing
 y    b i  in   nn 
n    Sin. T ib n   by
, i  k i    in   x
 b   inigib. Ti x in niin k   iv, b i  k i    n 
  .
Ti bing     gn in: i in Bbyni  n    i i y. Any   bi
 ii   Enn i i inviby b
n nnii j,   y   nin y  
 n n. T nin  i  ny j bn
invn in  O Bbynin i, n i i iffn
nnin   i  y. F x,  
 Temple Hymns v i  in    in  yn n in  iy  Ab Sbik. Lik  Kesh
Temple Hymn,      F i,  
ni b Enn ii. Si in  
Ab Sbik yn n  b n in  Temple Hymns, n
    gn yii iiii bn .
S, i    Temple Hymns bing  n Enn
n  ving bn  ,  n  i k 
ib  in  ? An  n  x i 
Enn  ing n—ing  “ n
bn bn b”—i   y ing xiing v
n iy ?
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essas

An n n b n in    ving. Ty
 ink  igin in  king n v   in
i, b  i n    i   n in 
nin . B  ign ny CE,   
ni g, i   ftn g  ni in
king  xiing , x,  iin n ing i in
 n . T i, i  g   ving 
 in n xi:  i bing  y v
  ng iy, b    ng i ing 
n inivi ign, n in y   nibin.
Liki, Enn  i i  in  ing
n in  n    ng  iin 
yn in n  n   . Wn i n  bn ,     i, king iin i
, j  Sgi i. A ng    nib
   n ft   in,  x  i
b ib  Enn. T  i     n ,    Exaltation. Wn  ib i n
n  x, y  king iin  iy bi 
y ib  Enn. Ty  ing  iib
n, in  n, create  i, by ying i  i
n ing i  i i. I  n ny  x  
bing k:  y  Enn   n
n  ib i  . In  ,  
ig  n  i ik  i i—i y   ing
n, b i  ftn in by  n n n. A,
i, ing, n ib  ii in  king  
 ig, by niing n ning i. T i n
j   i Enn— i  n  i
 .
T n Rnji Hk k  ii in b
n  igi i  i i igiy
—ny,  Kii  L D. Hk  
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Enn W

 iin  ib n ing  i L D in  —i ing  i, i viing
i—  contributory lineage. H ikn    n-
ft: n i i  in  ,   n k
n xn i, n by  ing, y k i vn. T 
n n v  x n gin i n in n.
J  i Enn, L D emerges   x iin
  y ny n  in ing. A Hk  i, L
D “i  y  vin, n n b niy,” n i k
n n  ini     “n b n 
  x, in in  bigi n  
n  ny .” L D i b i  “b
iin  x, g      ib  ,
vigy n ftn iy  in  n.” In 
  Enn, n n  i niby ing 
 in  ig i in U,    n
n   n   gn b . A ,  
   i . E i  , ,   
,   in i niby ing, viving n by
viing  g  Enn.

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the honeyed mouth

what does t mea to read a poem ad what
xy i ging n n  y  xin    n g
   i,  i n iin   in 
in,   n  i y n ? T y
  iy ing— i,   n n n   
 ig b n—i  i ffi. N ing n
 vy    x, n   i  x 
 ng  ing:   nying ,  ing i yiy  by n n, n   igig iffn
   x. B ni i  ing  n n, ik
n n   R . T b ing  ii
gn  bi  i  g i iny: nning in  iffn n   , igiging in bigii, ing  in i igin nx,  ing
  x  n v i. Cy, n, iy
ing  xi in  ky  bn  bjiv
n  bjiv, nv y n   . T i  iin nning n j i ii b    y,
    x in y   inivi b n n,
n b i    i     y .
Liy ing, i   ,  in   iib. T xiy n ngbiiy  i x n 
y i y y  niiv iin, b n  
n  ing,  ing  n    xiy 
   iy in. Evy in in  Exaltation i
   ning n i,    inging i i n
 n in; n     x   in
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T Hny M

in n inby ini b  ,  ff n 
 nn v bn y i by i —v
 . W ii ,  i i v  n n
nin, i ik   n  n   x n 
in  y ving   . Ti i  I    in
i y,  I y  y g b Enn . B
 i  ing, in  i  in   iib—
i iv n  x, igiging   
 xn  . Liy ing  i ; y
v  ny   inin.

oces tertwed
T Exaltation i  ky x   gn  i, n
j b i  ib  Enn, b  b
 i i  by ib iin  x i.
I  iy v bn      knn  by
 n   ning  y b i. S
,  Enn , ny  Temple Hymns  viv:
i  i b  nk in iy iy, b i  b
 ignin, b Enn i nin ny in  n in   n yn. T Exaltation, by n, giv 
 vivi n    k , n   n
n x   in  . In  ing,  Exaltation
k  i i b i—ny,  i i bn
  ig. T  i n n  n i g 
ibb y in  ni b,  n n in  ff  n iniin ik,  i  ng i
 in in in in. Enn b n  by
nving i Inn n by ngging   in  i
in, ining  n     n 
ib  y  .
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essas

Cni   “I”    i in in  x.
In  ning yn  Inn,  -n nn 
ny in    “y y,” ing Enn in 
iin  v biin  Inn. T  i  
 n innn bj i in   “I i ing y   ng” (. 63), b vn   “I” i i n by i in  Inn— invin  Inn. Enn k 
Inn n in  ing gin     in  , ny
ing, “F y, I  in y y ” (. 66): 
i i  i Enn   in , g i in 
vi  Inn. Ony n i  y  nnn  iniy: “I  Enn, I   ig i” (. 67). In 
, Enn i vi i    bn i 
g  invk. T “I-y” in  , n 
“I” i     in. Fi , n  k.
An b   iy in   x ib
 in n ig,  vi vi    
 b bn g in  x b   n n.
Enn i y king i  vi     i
inn . S k  Inn in     g i k  n  b, jiing   gin
Lg-An. H ng i n   y Inn 
n n    i v  i ff by ving Inn iin  .
T Exaltation y b  ng ng, b i i  ng
 by n  n     . A n in,
Enn n  Nnn n in i   An b 
iin (. 75). Sin An   gn   g, i
 i  i iy, n  Enn k Nnn
 in i An n  b. In n,  gg  An
 n giv Inn    y Lg-An, in  in
  ing  n g   nx:  Enn 
Nnn  An  Inn. T i  y  qi —by
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T Hny M

nning i  . T ig bn  g,
 in  iningy iiv , i  ny y
Enn n   inn vn n . Enn
 y  Inn, “Y giv  by  y   An” (. 15),
ning  Inn  y An   v, b 
ing      i y nn n 
: Inn k  b An k i v. In i
nn iny  vi, vn in n   n ik
. L in  , Enn  Inn  “Nnn
 i ning,    ft i   y” (. 134). Enn i
 ging  in  Mn G  i  v 
,   ffivy    n  Inn, ving i
   i. In  , Enn   
Nnn k   n in  in   kin 
—iy,  n inviin  Inn  k!
In , in  Exaltation,   y  qiy  ig, by ing  n ning n    .
Enn   Inn i iy  by  
  g i k bk n  in  v, n n i   n in  in   vy n   ,
“W  i   y n  gnin” (. 151), i
in  i nin  : “H    nugig 
gnin.” T nugig  iginy n  iiv,
b     b   by  ig- n
ffii i   n  i  inngby i    i. I  v  n i
 g,  i in  Exaltation,  Inn i 
“ nugig  An” (. 3, i I n   “y n 
An”). In  Temple Hymns, nugig    g Niniin
n   n i iin   n (. 387 n
389, ivy), ing     y  b. I
ig n  y  Enn ,   in 
ig- n ffii i  . A  ,  n
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essas

  in “H    nugig  gnin” in 
iffn y  n:  ying  Inn ing in v 
 y n Enn  gnin n  ying 
Enn yn   y n Inn  gnin.
W n i bk n  in  in bn  ibiii, i  ik n i iin: n n g n n 
     bj   king. T bigiy
ii    n v  b g in n in i
n n, xing   i    i :
Enn gi Inn, Inn in Enn. Ti
 bin  g n v  g.
Ti ining      y i i
i in  ix   x (. 136–42):
Qn, bv 
vn! I i ing
 y y. I v
i   , I
v i y.
T Hy Inn i
y. Wi y 
n v y n
? T in 
, v .
Qn, y! F y,
I v givn bi 
i:  I ng  y
   nig, 
 n  
iy.

Enn   ing  Exaltation ing
 nigi nn i Inn in     “Hy
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T Hny M

Inn”— n  i i ggiv  vy, niy, n
 . T x  b    ,  Enn ib  bing , v by in b
giving bi   . Inn iniin  nugig, i
 n bv iginy n ii  n, k in 
bkgn  i n,   g i   iin 
 nbn x. An in, Inn n i i  
in   : Enn  n   x n
b in n ini ig i  g.
T nn  gi   in, i   ni n g     , “  nig” (Sin ĝi6 u3-na). Wn ibing  bi iy v by
Inn, Enn   (. 54–57):
Sing
i ng i 
b   iy.
T n 
n ng k
bi  
 —in 
  nig, 
i n nv
i i. S 
n  i 
in ini .

T in bn biy bn x n , king n  niin   : i nvin 
n b n in, n  n ibi. T n
n   v b ng   ,  i
, x, n gnny  i. T iin   
“  nig” i  gi v   n n
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essas

Enn   , king   n i
ig. T bi n i  i  Enn  i, ing by n   king  bi
 ni. Enn  k bi   Inn,
  nv i  g,    Inn 
in ini , n i i     giv bi  
  v bn ing. Ai, ing   Exaltation, i n ing n n  n: i qi nvin.
Enn iin   n i n
n  in “ y, I v givn bi  i,” in Sin
ma-ra-du2. I i   vin   i n  b
n , iy niing  bn n bi i n
 ig i. T x b    bi i,
 in  n  iniy n in, n bn  
by i n i: Enn n n     ing 
ini  n     bby y  b bn. B 
  i n . T Exaltation   v i n
xi in  i   i, n i i in viv
n ixn ni. Hv,  ni n 
i in iffny. S   ign du2, “ giv bi,” b
   ign du3, “ ,”  du11, “ k,”  du8, “
.” S i i i? Di Enn    by
iy biing i, king i, king i,  ing i?
On ,  bigiy i bby innin,    
 ning k n in  nx. Ai i n  
in, iin, ivy, n    in n. W
b y  niing  n  i n by
ing iffn ib  n i iffny?
T   ning,   n  giv bi, iy 
in bn   n  ny  x. Wn
     k,   i n  , ik
  ning  bby   n. W v n  
y by ib in iibing n i ing 
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T Hny M

nbn , b iin  niv   Exaltation i,
 n  n y  iv  x i  nin i,  gala: “W I ng  y    nig,  
n   iy.” I i  i vy n  Enn i n  “I”  “.” Aft  n bgin
   x, Enn i   in  i n.
S      n , ing  n 
i i  , n  i  n  b n .
A i   n    i n   ; i i
ny n  , , , ing,  y  x  i
 n i i. Bing n  i  n
n     n ft  . I qi nvin n bin, n    iiy b   nin niy.
A  ,  vi iin   b   i ing, n i n b iingy iffi   
i king in  x  ny n i. Tk   “My
ny- i   , y ing   n 
” (. 72–73). W k  in? On  n n, y
ib Enn   qn; n  , y   in
qn , n i -ft  n i
yy. S  in  kn by Enn  ,
 i ibing   i ; b y   kn
by Enn  n,   gin  qn n
k bk n i n  ii. An ing   n 
 ,  in  in  bing kn by  n, 
i iing  x n  y ft Enn  i. B in
iy,  in    g  i  ni, i
 in by  i  n  i   
i , n i  in igy iffn y. W y y 
iy     by  ii Enn,
b  i y  ibiiy  i   by n  iing in  n. T -n nn  
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essas

Exaltation       biing nb  ,
    g    x. Ai, in 
Exaltation, i bn  n inining  ny vi.
On  i b niin. I v kn  
“vi”   , i i  qin   
yn    in. In  iki, y  b. T
    in  in  ny, b  i iy b n  n viv in  gi .
Aft ,  Exaltation   i   ng  by 
n, n i i ib  O Bbynin n n
 i  x in  y  n— iy,
 iy,  ni by inn. W v
n - vin  i, b  igi P Dn 
n  v O Bbynin ni iy  ing iniing  y  n  b , n n
j i n i. A   i,  x 
 n  b i  in — ib
ngn n j  n b  ign  . In  Exaltation,  in I n  “ging in  ” n “y giv
 by  y   An” (. 13, 15) b nin  y n
  ny k in ni iing:   ign i in  i in  , ning  qn  iffn n.
Wn  in i i,  ign i ning v  b
v in iin ,   n i n ng n.
Cy, n,  iing   x  . B n 
n  ni iing i y n ving i k by
i ,  b y    ni . S ni  n y,  by n n,  vn   bik. Ti  n    
ni ni—ny   i g vn
n —b in  edubba ,  in    x
 n  g in i:  ni  i   
ggi xi. Wn  n ft , y 
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T Hny M

y   i  n in  i  b b 
y in i in.

power a d chaos
Enn yn    . T   
 i n gin in  x,  niingy, givn
 y  ib   g  n . Evn i
    ft Enn ,  
   v in n  i O Bbynin
in,   ib   bing ii   ig
 Sgn n i yny. An i i n  vn y:   xin   i    k   ing  n y. T kin    in  —
, king, n , g v n, n  g
v —k  yn  n  ngyi. T
ing qin   n  in  x i
vin, ni, n nv nin.
A n in  Inin,  n  in Enn
n   i  me,  n  nin  
Sgi. T  iy n “ b”  “ xi,” b
i i    nn. I i   iy n igi x 
 me  n   vin   g: y   
me in i n n iv i   . In Inana’s
Descent to the Underworld, Inn i ik by  i Ekig
in ving bin  me  n  by   nn
  n. Wi  me, Inn i i   , ving  n gin Ekig k: i i by
iing  me  Inn n i  -iniing .
I  , n,  me    nn n
 xin—“ i i”—n   g n 
 by xing  v  n.
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essas

B  me i n vn iki n n . Wn 
Bbynin  n   in Akkin, y
n i  parṣu, “i.” Ti i n niy  b n   igi i   kin  in  .
In i nx, parṣu y   gny  ing 
 n gin n gin  in n iy: iniin
  kingi, gi, king, ftni, n
x, i   n  me. T me  n j gi n  y xi, ik ygn  gviy, b
ivii    b  y  iviiin 
viv—in  ,  kin  i n  -i v.
Si inivi bj  i  v i n me, in
i   me  bby b g    iny
 i    bj. A  igi G Fb n in  y   me: “A   iviiin
n —b i  iniin    igin, ii 
in v, i niin, in, ffi,  ny
bj  —  by  ‘ivin  [ me],
i  ign n x by  g.”
Inana and Enki    Inn   v  me  
ik g Enki by inking i in   n ing i
me n  b. T me  Inn bn i in,
ng ny , jy n ji, ny n i, bin,
kinn,  n vn in, i,  ib , i, i, ft n k,  kining
n ing  ,  king  ii, i n i,
 g, n, vi iy ffi, x n bjb (“
kiing   ni”), inging n i inn. A 
 me— i, i i   bi   n . N iy   me   in  y:
 yi bj  Inn n  n  b i Enki
,  ik iing . T me v   b
in n in, b ning  b i . T
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T Hny M

i  k   . Ty  b bj n i,
 n i, n n ini.
In Inana and Enki, Inn  n niy g y i
  me  xi. Nby bn   i   
i   iin n i, i  n by 
g. T i  n in i x i bby n  niv nin    me, b ny  g   
Inn   Enki. Ti i  k  i  n in 
Exaltation,  Inn n every me—  i nin me šara,
“qn    me”— ing. I n  ying  vy
  xin, vy  n vin   n ,
bng  Inn, n     g  i in
g   by Inn. In  Inin, I n  Enn  n y  Inn i y; 
k  bing i b g  . S xiiy 
 Inn  bn   “n- ” (. 114), n  
g n n i niv i by ing in 
 v ft by Nnn in. T i  Inn 
in n  n  n  ii : i 
b n   i vi in i Enn i  Inn
 n  in ig ng g, n    k
i n     xing. T niv  n j
i Inn ; i ivy k  k   “qn 
  me.”
N  ignin i  ning in   Hymn, innin ša
gura, “Qn  v .” Agin,   nn 
 in i Sin nx. Ty n  y  n i big-,  n   n i kin n in, b   n   qii  ing  in
n  ink  Inn. F  Sin,    
n n j  in b  inking n ning  .
T    xn iin  n g i
 n i , vny ing in  iin.
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essas

Wn Inn i i  v  v , i n   in i
 g  i n nin niy  n i,
  i ngb n i, n   n n i
 iin king n i  gn  n n bing n
  n i. A  Hymn  i, “S vn 
  n; nby n kn  ” (. 7). B i nibiiy  n k Inn  k  k-in . On
 ny, i i  nin   .
Bin  b n bb   Hymn,  x n
 - n    y i. I k 
nn i b Inn. T  i   n
vying: Inn i n nging    i  ng,
ving gn, ning iy in inig, ing nin, ing  k n ing  ng, ying
n ing  i. T n i  Inn i n n
by nyn: n n n n  v , n n n
nn  i  iin, n n n k  in k
 i ny kin   n  in. An i yy
 n i  n   i kin  —n 
i iniingib  . W n  ink  n n
i  i :      v  b  ny. B  n n b  . T Hymn iy 
kn inig in  n  ,  iv  i 
 ng by  i Fii Ni:  n 
 i n  b      . In i
 x ,  n  . An i i 
kin    Inn i givn in  Hymn.
In  n in   Hymn, bginning i in 254, 
x bgin    yb nam i iking inin.
T yb  ftn i in ny in. In Sin,
nam i   bi b nn, ,  x, lugal n
“king” n nam-lugal n “kingi.” T iin  nam 
 nin   Hymn k  ift in  kin   
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T Hny M

i ib  Inn. N      v  nying n  xin    inivi n n vn.
S n n j king n g b yy n iviniy; 
i n j g,    n  gn iin .
Ti iin  nam   ix in  in “Y,  
  , x    qn n i,” i in  ni
niin  , innin nin-ene nam nammatare namnina tuma (. 267). T ignin   in i  Inn    qn, nin, n in n giv “qni,” nam-nina,
  n,  ing  vy bin  i. In
, Inn   v . T i  inin 
 Hymn i g: in n n  n n  vn
nn Inn, n in  n n vyn n vying  i,    in vy y.
Ring  in ik i,  y b   b Enn   -ini,     n n
nam-nina. B    n in Enn  i ,
n  iny,    i. Inn   n
iy   O Akkin Ei:  x  ig  
 x  ig  Sgn n N-Sîn. In  Exaltation,
Inn  i   g  ging n  
 y  b iy. Any v gin Inn—n iiiy, gin  i—i iy  n, ing
 i n  Lg-An n Inn ny k in
gin i. T Exaltation n  Hymn  n niv 
ini n,  ini  i n  y
in  . In i ii nx, y b 
i ny iin  i n  niing ii
k: ii bjgin.
P   x   ii gi  ngi   i  x    gn   
ii  Enn k:  Temple Hymns. Ti 
 i b , b i k i i g  y i i
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essas

, n i xii nn. On    in
 b i in i  i is  in. B Sgn
nq,  ii  S  innn , y
in b iiy innn. In  Temple Hymns, 
ii  bg g in  ing iin, yiing 
kin  yni iii. A n bv,  in 
n  x, bining xiing yn in  n ngy. In
i ,  yn  ni n   n
  i . T yn  igy ii, ing
  i  n ing n  ivy  
 ky . Ty  bgin i n invin   
n, n n   iy i   nunzu, “Y /
y i . . . ,” n n i   ing  (“ . . .  kn
i/  n y n”). J  Sgn n N-Sîn
g  i nin n  iniin n ning n  ii y  nq,   Temple Hymns
i  i niiy n  viy i yn.
S yn vn   in n  in 
in. Tk  ing : “S   n inging ,   Ann g  ink y igy b.”
T   in  yn  Ningi  in Lg
(yn 20, . 253–54) n in  yn  G  in Iin
(yn 30, . 385–86). B Lg n Iin  iffn ii,
n ik    Sin ii y vi i  
in i q  ii y. T ink   Temple
Hymns bi bn  by ing     ib i  i  x iin i  biing n
ving niy bn  ii. Tg i n ii
i ff,  Temple Hymns n  iny  Sin
ii in n gn niy. I  in y 
i in Enn ii, i  v i  
g: Enn  ing iy  Sgn  n
iiy;   iving i     iv
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T Hny M

i . Ti gn i  in  qn  ,
i bgin i Ei n Ni,  iin n 
Sin , n n igg g S b ing Akk. T ii  ng in n   in, 
i by gi niy, in  ii iy   .
Evn i  Temple Hymns    iin,  
n iginy nny iin    ib
 Enn, i  v i i   ii nnin
  O Bbynin n. T   Sin-king
  Enn i   n in, n  Temple
Hymns gv   iy  g i nin n, nging i in  n in. T x  v
   igin   in   y ging
 iy-   b, ni gin—ing  i nv
y b, vn   ig   O Akkin Ei.
T ib  n       n
i y iv gin i nin   n-ni S. A
n by  igi Nik Vi n , i  
in igi g   O Bbynin i: 
igin  Sin    ing ii niy, 
n   y  iy-. Ti g i  y i
in  Temple Hymns, i n  qn  inivi 
in  iy niy. F  O Bbynin n,  
  x  n b in by    ft bing Akk,  Temple Hymns  n  iy: E,  
Nib,  g  iing. Akk y v n, b 
  iing iv n.

ature, war, e le
Wn Enn ib Inn ,  y n 
 n    n ii. An b Inn
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essas

i ib  ing  kin    nn  n
n ,  ig   kn   n  
ftn ig  iying in. T n   i
i n n i n i   i, ni
ing  iyi ,      ni   b
x by n ingniy. T n i  ii i 
ng, -iniing  in i n   i
n ik. Wi  xin, n  in Enn
 in n   gi:     in, in 
  , , , n, in, , g, n
 ik;    g  in,  n Enn 
ik     Ann g  ik b n b ik
. Tingy, Inn i  b  i ni,  
 ing k, n   v n    bi
in  n:  i   n n   i g. Piy i-iing i  in bn Inn n 
,  gnin b n xin b  i xn 
k  in  nin Iq, iging   ftn n
n (n vn n kig), n i n
  iy in (n vny-v ni) ng, n
ing  v y n.
A   i,    b  iinin bn
 n n  n . T Exaltation n  Hymn
  by ining    n v n  g
    n vn iin i n : i 
 i Inn, i iy g i b in , n
 i v  n. B  Temple Hymns k  iffn
, igiging n j  ivn   n
 b  i gn. T    ib i
 n   n : y i ik nin,
g ik b,   i  ik gn gn. I i
 i  biing, i   n n inn  
nin ii, v bn  bk in  n n.
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T Hny M

T yni viin   x   ii i i ni,
xbn n i, n g nin, ibing  
i    n . T i i biing
   v:    n j n, y g
  gn ik  b bniing i n; y  n j
k n, y in ik  ning n. T in bn 
n-bi  n  ning nvinn i, 
 n, .
Ti iin  n     ibn n in y v  bi in ii . I i ib 
Enn iv g  i  n i ng 
 v g v n  n y. Ggi
v nv vin   i ,  bny, 
“4.2-kiy vn”:  ii vn  nin n  n n y- n y g, ing  O Akkin i. Wv igg i,  vn   g 
v  , n i i i n  i nqn
 y gb, nin Iq  iny ff by i:  i
in in n iv v   n bing nb,
i in n   in n  igin. S gi v g   ng in i       O Akkin Ei. B ni  n  
ggi vn n Enn ii n b  i ny
kin  iin: i y  in   ni bk,
  n kn  Enn  v in 
ibn n,   y  v inn
 x ib  . I       
, i  k i  iky  i bk vi  n
  by  4.2-kiy vn, in i ftff 
 ni.
W  ii Enn iny i in i n    i in  : . I i n ny
 n   n bing in; n  y
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essas

b  ing  v. A i  n ,   iin   i b-g. T n b n b
  n x in , iy n i  
 ing     b gin Inn n  i. B  i n      n,   in i
n y v i  n bi  ,  i   in
ny  nin (n, in, n) n  . In, Enn iin    y in. I i
 i  iny   i  by i n inn i, 
i  i n  y bj: “H  ,
  , n x  n in b” (Hymn, . 46).
Si  n     vn  gn  b,
ny  i vii. In  iy ing n,  Exaltation
ib      y in in   in b
  i n n (. 49–50). In Enn ,
 i ni. I  x b , y   in  
y y b in n  :   
   n n n n.
In nin i, Inn i iny n in n  
gi. In  x,  i n ing n ni yng
n,  in  n y  b  by   g Di. In ,  i  iying g  ,
ing  g gin  ny. I i in i n 
 Enn i :  Inn    i 
xivy  ik Inn. B vn in  ,  g
iy  inbi iy. A n  in nin iin  Inn (n iy   Akkin n, I)
i   ix     , b, n g
i  ig   g, n, n ng. W i
   y, ni    gi . W n i ining ix  i n y in  Hymn,  i i i
 Inn  “in  y ,  ing  ng   in
b: inging  ng in  ,    n
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T Hny M

i b n g” (. 43–45). T ig  
n n    , i i nin  
v bn giy ii. R, y  v  k 
ingi by ving  biy  i  i . In 
  b in n i n,  n  i
 vy n ny, n  ib n    i
  iing  n.
Enn iin   i   vn  n
Iq, i  n    i n ing
,  bn  i  bn bn by i iviin in. T in  nin U n i iin  Ti Ai B,
 knn  C A,  iiy i iginy bi by
S Hin n   by  U.S. in 
in Iq. Bn    by ning g j, 
i i   i in   b  
 n  i n ik  vni  k bk ,
n  ing i  by  Iqi iin 
ivi v bn y,  g   i  bn
n. Ti i  iy gi  in  ng iy
 Enn iy, n i  n ign  ning. W i 
ni y  i   n y g.
Cy    in   i   xi. Enn
i     iy n i  ing y “in i
n  i,” ving g “ n  ign n” (Exaltation, . 101, 106). T in  ing i gin   vn 
n Iqi, ny   v bn    i ny by , in, n vy. T  Dny Miki,
  bn in Bg n n iv in  Uni S,
k  ing  Enn    xi. (S  k
 ing  Enn    i-in n,
n iing  nib i: n n g  n n
 y,  n  n  i.) “Exi,” y Miki, “i  ,” b  xi  v g bn
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essas

 ngg,  ,  n in i:  n .
Miki nn  iy  i  y x in Enn yn i  n in: “A n iign,
I y v  iy  xin.” Tg n n n
y by  x  Inn bing, Miki g 
iign   n .
In n, by ing i n iy nin i,
 n gin  n    b- iy  ik. “A
n  n    ivy  , n n i invi
   in   n  i n ning  i,”
Miki y. “I ik iigin. T  iig  
, n n gy, y bgin  i i i 
xin  y b ii  nii  .” R
n ing  nin   n xi ng iving in
 n, Miki n  in iign  
gg  k n    y in  , ving
  n iin. Wi   n ink  by
ing Enn   i kn  i i ik  iv
in xi, Miki in  Enn    ibiiy  n nnin   ny-y   i,
, n ngg, ving   ng  in
 Enn   in in.

r ef a d e der
In Enn yn, n i n   y
 b ing v, n  ny n n i  
n i. B i gi i     n niy
n   nin  n i y g.
R,  n ink  i   gi n   n 
     g, n  vn  vy ng
  ib in  x. Ti gy ni  nin
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T Hny M

i  i nin,    igi n
  n g  iy   nin N E.
Ri n  n  nning Enn y,
 in   i  i n gin in  Hymn
n  Exaltation.
Biy ,  gi  nin    g ig
i ib i n  n in iy  v
  y . T v i,  i n i
   g  y i i iying  by iy giving v  vin   g ig
  i, king      nny. A
P Dn   i,  n   “ni
    gi, n   n  gning i, b in 
vn   ing.” Wn  g  i
 gni g n, y  x  
i vin. T xin i   in  Exaltation
n Enn y  Inn, “Wn y ing i nin, y qn, n i y b    n ”
(. 97–98). T n i  y n    in
bing n: Inn i iing  iy b 
njy ving  ng gni by n,  n y
 kng i g n,   i   n n n in. Pxiy,  n vi
iy  biin   y  n  gin   
n v  g.
Rn  i n   g 
Exaltation. Enn y   i    Inn:
“I i  y     ftn y ,  i y
 b” (. 82–83)— iiin bing  Inn n n gi inxiing. “F y iv  n y iv
i, y y g v g” (. 142–43)    b 
ib in   gn  i nin. An
in  in  in “Wi     , y
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essas

ik  b    ng” (. 33). T  I n 
“   ” i balaĝ,  i inn   ny  n (i  iginy  ing inn b
 ngi in  g k). B    n  ning in  Exaltation,   in 
n Enn ib     x: “W
I ng  y    nig,   n   iy”
(. 140–41). T  “n” i in Sin gala,  g 
i  in y i   ing  n. Sin  Exaltation i  b  by  gala, n n i   x
n b n   nin, b in n  
i ng   i  i    i i.
T in i iny iining: ft ,  Exaltation
 n  nib i ving Inn by ibing 
  ini n  n in, n Enn
iin   gny  ff in xi n iki b n g  n  n— in i   Inn
. B i  b iii  i   Exaltation i
 i n n ning . T  ix v y,
ing  gi  n in n in n  gi   
in  nx. T x nn b inn n  n   ; i
y k   gn  i n   vn i in
,  vin  Inn.
T nin   gala igig n ky   Enn : gn, n iy  bvin  gn.
T i n   in  i i   Sin ngg  E (iy, “in ng”), i in
iy x i kn ny by g. I i  g
 v bn  i iy ngg i i  
gn, b  in   nin,  gala, 
i   n. Ty b  n n k 
 in iy. S Sin x gg   gala 
 iy big iin, n y  i ink 
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T Hny M

i ivii. T vin i n, n i ng bniy  n ny   nx: ft  O Bbynin
i,  vin   gala nnniv gn nin i, n y   ik ny  y  
i. B in i i,  gala  i nn
i gn-bving bvi, ing  n in  nx
n  gn-big g in .
T vin  ivii  g  ivy bv bi gn n i   n  n  n
n   y   i . T in
 kurĝara,  saĝ-ursaĝ, n  pilipili,    v 
g   i i  i  Inn n 
 i in i y n   nvnin
 gn. Anin x ib in in n  Inn
in i  iin     n n i
 i by n   n  . Ty  bni n, i   iin ign  iniy,
   ving inn,   in n iff, 
iin ign  ininiy. By ixing n jxing 
n yb  gn, y  in n n 
nin n iin in  nvnin  gn
bvi: i   n   b  n 
, vi    n  n  gn i. I i
igy iky   vi g,    kurĝara n 
saĝ-ursaĝ,  bv gn n in iffn y: 
  inivi  gny   b  b
 yiy  in,   v, b b   iiin   , i i iffi  n
 iffn bn . Ei y,  g  
ngg in  y bing    g  b yiy  n yiy . A  Lob der Ishtar  i, “Ti
y  iffn, i k i ng” (. ii 17). Uiy,
 i ivii  n  x Inn y: 
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essas

    ng   g     ng 
x  nyn  ny i, n  i  bi 
 in i n n.
T Hymn b  g, n Enn  iy n  pilipili, ibing  Inn  i iniy by iing  “bn” n i bi. (T  šer7-da
n  n “nin”  “ngin.”) Inn n
b , n , n gv   n  “ i
y   n” (. 80–81). T g ii  y 
gny n  n n  y nnn i in
 niv gn by ying  bkn b  n. Hv,  x ini  n i n gn  
 b i  niin bn gn, ing  
 “ ng pilipili” (. 88). Tg i   i,
 kurĝara,  saĝ-ursaĝ, n  i, y  i 
i n: Inn “k   n i  ,” 
 y “x v i  n ” (. 87, 90). T
x i n iying  y  ib iv i  
giv   Inn  n  . R, i  
n gin  b n   bin  Inn. Sin i
n-bking bi  g  n  g
biiy  n nyn  i, y  i nin  in     ning Inn  n .
Wi  bigi in   Hymn i gy
iing,  i in n  i n iniging . Enn y  Inn, “I kn y g bn 
y n by. Gi n vi k y y n,  in i
” (. 250–51). T    bn n  by n 
nn nin    i y i  iin   pilipili i in  x. T  ii
 kin  ink bn Enn n  pilipili, g
 n   ink in n. I  b ni  k
 qin  : g Enn yn   ny
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T Hny M

 i  nin,   n n  
   pilipili. R,  y b ining    gn iiiy bn  n  i n, 
iy g   y b n. B i i  nniby    ig i, Enn  v vi
  nvnin vi  n. A n bv, 
n qin   ig i   y 
bin  ibi. T i   ng 
n  i i,  y  bn n    
i , bn,  i b     iy y v.
T in    , Inn n Enn,
iny  n n   i  ininiy  
i   i. Nnn i, Ning,  b  
yi niv  Sin n, iy b
   i b . Wn  x  k ft
 , k, n, v, , ng  i xn, n k ft  in. Ty    b
y, b, ing, qi, n iv  k . Ty
 iny n   in in  ffi  n, 
 ii n . Tingy,  Bbynin i Gilgamesh
n  “k  n,” ning x, i  “k 
n,” ning . B Inn    iin by
ing in  i  n ing  k in  by   g— i i  ii . Hv, i
Inn n  g  gn bni, i i iy
b  i  ivin bin  bvin. S bk
      n by bking  k 
viib. T i   gvn iy   n y
 bing ng: yi  bk ik Inn y
y   i  by ing  n x   n 
. Inn  n   n-i  i n n
 x  in v, n  n ing g    .
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essas

T bing i, n in nin Iq  n niy
 i. Ty njy ig n in  n
in nin An  v nvi. In  O Bbynin i  , n  b-ff ii   
n n  y, inii iv ing, ngg in
n, n in   n    n i. F
 ivig ,    b     n
iy:  nadītu n   O Bbynin i 
 b x  i  ngg in  ni invn. Hv, ft  O Bbynin i,
 iin   n  nin Iq i. Tk 
 “Sin iy”  ftn bn vbn by 
i, b  i n nying  in  i n y n inni n gny    n in 
i  ni iy. An  i   n
inni BCE,   ift k    v y 
y nn. Pi      y  viy njy, n  ii     i. F ib  n n in O Bbynin x, b y 
; in   inni, y   b nnxin. In 
O Bbynin i  ivin n  iing   g Nib; in  i    by  g Nbû. In
 O Bbynin i Atra-hasis, niy i  by  g
E n  g B-ii king g; in   i
Enuma Elish, niy i  by   g, E n i n
Mk, ft    n ibn   g Ti. W v y  nn  i “g gn
g” in ni   b, b i nqn 
n. A n , Enn   n g in  O
Bbynin i: n  k  i  ib  
n inivi. In   inni,  n v  i g,  iy x   n i nnyy  ib     g . Gilgamesh,
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T Hny M

 x,   v ny ni by  ng ing
  n , b n  ig ny BCE i
 in   k   ing n, Sîn-qi-nnnni
( y  y n v xi). B iy,   iy
    inni BCE  n, n Enn
 bn niy gn.
Aft  n   O Bbynin i,  n in
g  in , n   n Sin i.
Mny   i   O Bbynin i  ft
  i n i, ining Enn . T
 v y   Hymn   n  n
ny BCE; ft ,  n n nin  Enn  
k. S  v bn y   iy—
i n bn   nii ivy   .

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the priestess returns

t s a odd uesto, who was the frst
?,”  An Bnn i in i inin  
y  i, ning   qin “i i i
in   ig  n ni  auteurist igy.” Liy ii v   n fty y bn ing gin
i “ni” igy, i Bnn xin   vi
 “iy  i inviby b n i inivi, n  iy g   gni.” Agin i vi,
ii v g   n y  n   
“igin”   k i v   in i b 
 n  g nk  bin,  
b   ,  n x iin xiing iin, n y n ng in  i, ib, n  inii   i . In ,   b
in n n n nii   n . T k,
“W    ?”    g gin  ii i by ing  bin vy n n  ing
— vn i  .
T ig b  in  b, b  I x in  vi y, i i n y  . T Exaltation giv   vy
iffn n  i by ying  x  ging  ig n bin,  ib n ing 
g    x in  i iny  vi.
Ti n gin in i bk i  b   Enn
y i   y     ft . T y  
biing in i  iv i   y    ig i;  y   ik  i  n i   y
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T Pi Rn

 Enn,   in U;  y    i 
 y   O Bbynin ib  i, i,
n n . F  ining n ni y,
 iy  Enn n   b i by ing 
i n viv ny iin  nii  in
n n i. Enn  in byn v,
inviing   x  nnin  v ng  n
. In  n y I nin  “” vn
by king n  Enn  b     
 v bn n in  i:  ig i  U,
 gi  nv   viving   
ii i, n  n , i, n  
v ngg i  gy.

the wome o f u r
On Sb 26, 554 BCE,  i i   n k
  n  q  v, Bbyn i. In ni
,  in ny    n  , n
i  iiny n  n vi n, ing  
 igning king. B  king   igning v Bbyn
in 554  n iny : King Nbni   n n
i. H     Bbynin king   i 
   ni iin. Wn Cy  G inv
Bbyn n  Nbni in 539,   in  i
 v ni ing i  viving n  ni
   by i  Pin   Gk,  nik vi   Bbyn i n ii v 
i iin .
Nbni ign  k  n  n , b  king
 n i  b  ning in,    ing n. H
  igi   g  k Sîn ( Akkin
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essas

qivn  Nnn)    nn, ing Mk, 
iy g  Bbyn. Ti i  in igi i i
 in yy,  i Nbni iin  v Bbyn 
k  in in  iy  Ty n  Abin Pnin.
H y     , ving i n B
( “ iing n  ” )   Bbyn in i .
Nbni iv  iffi  n b  
 bj   in  ign by  Pin ,  n  ii  gi y  ; by 
i  Mk,  n  vng Nbni in
 i g; n by  i   Hb Bib,  
 Pin invin k  n  i iviy in Bbyn.
T vi i  Nbni  bing n inn bffn,  i  n i   ki 
b y   ng ni   g  
Mn G  nn   b n. Bin  i
k i   i iy. Nbni  in 
igi  n  v   Mn G ( vin
  y v ini  i ), b  g 
gn i innvin in    n in  i ig
 ni ning.
T i i   in in. I  y in i ign,
ing i n y n  n, n Nbni  n innin  ing i   b n i   b. H ign  vi  i gi x n   n
inin, ning in  gi i Enuma Anu Enlil
n n —i  ig ging— b   
 i. Aing  i n,  i n  “Sîn
i  ig i.” Ti ing  Nbni  i  g  n: ing  i   Mn
G n ing n nin i  n i. T ffi 
Nnn ig i  U  bn vn   n ni ft  “g gn g”   i-n inni
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T Pi Rn

 i    n in igi ni. I i n n  ffi  inin;  vin gg
 i i in   n inni, b   
vin   ig i ving  U    O Bbynin i. I  i ng-gn   Nbni 
  , ining i g  v    
 ĝipar in U, j  Sgn  n i Enn vnn n y i. Nbni gv i g  n
Ennigi-Nnn,      ning  n  
iv:  n iy n “ig i [en],  i
[nigaldi]  Nnn.”
Ty    in in Enn iy in n in  igi , b  ffi  
ig i  v   i n bn n  
-in. A ib in  vi y, Enn
n    i iin  ĝipar n     
 ing  i  xn in b  n .
Ennigi-Nnn bg  ing bk  i, king 
  Enn gy in  b n. B EnnigiNnn nggn i   n . Wn n
gi xv   x in U, y iv  i      i in  bj,
ining    King Sgi,  ni  , n 
Ki  (knn   kudurru). T bj ng in 
  ny-   vn ny BCE b  n
in   , i      gi. A
Li Pyk  i, “Eiy n   i  i
  iffn ggi  n ii ing,
y  ny b g.” S  i y g ?
A  i vi by n   bj,  y   y iniin by King A-Sn,  n  Sgi. A n   i
y xin  i n i y  Ennigi-Nnn :
ing  nvin    in U, i  iv ng
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essas

 bi by  n n Nb--iin,  i i 
“ iy” (ana tāmarti). T nn i ky. I  ii
  y b n iy, n  
in Ennigi-Nnn  ig v v     nin
. O , i  n v bn   in  n n ( n ing, i  n v bn ib  
bi), b i ig j b     iy i gv  
    gv     —n
 b  n.
T i n b   -ik iy  nin bj  v   in     EnnigiNnn i. An in in     ning n;
 n bv,    I-i x gg  vn in
Enn y  y v bn ing i  i ni. B  niqin   b iy
inn ing Nbni ign,   n xn   
bn  “ gi n  n.” In n iniin
 ft bin   Ennigi-Nnn inn  ig i, Nbni ib i  ying
b  iii  viving  ffi: “B  i   ig i  bn gn in nin i,
n   [  ĝipar]  n ng knn, I n
  vy y.” Nbni i  v n  
  i i n  nin n   ft
ny BCE, b   bkg  n  n 
 biing   ĝipar i, i in i iniin i 
 E-Gi.
A  i,  E-Gi—  b,   in
i  i   ig i  y —
   ng n  n in in;  
n i  g iin i. I    n 
 bb  i in, iving   n ving
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T Pi Rn

i nin. Ini i, I n iniin by king  
nin . I  iv nin iing by Enn, ig
i  U, g  K-Mbk n i  Ri-Sîn,
king  U,   n n   E-Gi n 
n  bi gn   nin ig i i
 , nx   E-Gi b. T, I bi  E-Gi
n  i  bn in nin i.

T  n i iy ving: Nbni y 
 bi   kima labirim-ma eššiš, iy “  , n.”
Ti  i   xin  i b g  
n n—nging igi i, b king 
  ng in   . T bi  n 
 i g n  Mn G, Nbni xv 
i bk  i O Bbynin nin, n in ing , 
n xy    n:  iny  n nin
ig i.
Enn  in  g  K-Mbk n 
i  King Ri-Sîn. S     Enn, 
ig i  bi  ĝipar ft  Ei i n
   i nx   Dik  Enn. Enn
nin Enn j  ing  ĝipar, iining v iniin  b  —n  i
 n by Nbni, n   i  v by
n gi. J  Nbni y, Enn 
i     biing, ing n bikk n
 n  “giving    n .” S  n  n   ni  y   ĝipar. A 
 bv,  ig i  iginy bi bn
 biing i. Wn   n   ,  y    nx  i, b  Enn n, i y
 n in ii: “I  n n by  , i
nyy n . . .  ,   n g, n 
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essas

  n ng .” Enn gy k   k: “By
y g i, I n      in  
 g  i  [i], biing  g  in,
g n  gvy   vi ig i, n
 in  I n i  , ing   
n iying i.”
N  n   n i in i bk, Enn  n iiv g, ni  b   i
n ki: in  ning in   iniin,  i 
y in  b   in  “vny nbiiy,” n
 Ning  b  by i  in  b
 ig i. In i iniin, Nbni   Enn
  i  Ri-Sîn, b   n  :     king brother. (I   i    g
 igy b king.) B  n   in  y i
  b i  g   x. N  n
Nbni n Ennigi-Nnn,  inv  n 
in  n   in:  biing iviy i i
b  ving  y    ig i n
 ing  n i    v y  “g  i .”
S k b bk n , n  b n
i  by vy  I v xin in i bk:  
  ni   ing   in n  ng
 i  k  i,  n Enn v  
 xiing   x n   n   ib
    in i n.
In ,  ig i  U  ink in    bn n n. T Dik  Enn   n
i iin  ig i, b i   i i
by ining Enn n. Enn v  ik
n  i   i nin     bi ft i  bn y, i   gin in 
ing gnin by Enn. In n, Enn iniin
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T Pi Rn

 Ennigi-Nnn  invn  ffi   ig i  inni . B i n invnin v iv,   Pin invin nb  i  Mk 
 bk Nbni . L n  ny , in 
y ft ny, g in n Iq   U bing
bnn, ny binging  in  ng n niniy 
n n. T ĝipar  v  i   n  n
y, bi in n n in, b i  n  
 bb n   n i. B  i n,  gi ig   y ni ny  n  
  y   n  U. An ,  Enn ,  n n   xv.

parallel les
Kin Wy i y b b—i  i b  —  iniin  Li Lin,  in vii  Ag Cii Murder in Mesopotamia. Cii n
Wy  in 1928, n Cii  viiing  gi xvin  U,  Wy  ving  n-inn. Ding  vii  U, Cii k   n
i   bn, Mx Mn, i   
v bk  Iq  ny n  xvin. Wy 
 ng iin n Cii,  in  bigy i    i inivi:
Kin Wy,    b n  y g in
in  y  ,  n xiny . P
v bn ivi y bn iiking  i   n
vng , n bing nn by —iby b
 i  n   n  iy  y nv
kn  y  i . . . . T ing  n  k
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essas

b  nv bn. S i y in in inking
ng  y   n b gg i 
y. S  b  n—in    n inn
n, n  n ,   nbivb—b i 
i   y    vy i.

In Murder in Mesopotamia, Li Lin iv   xvin in Iq   i   xiin , Ei, n
g  nv  vk , niy ing
in vyn n , ixing ng v i ng . I i
  Cii bigy   k i i 
Wy:  iy  nn n ini  in n. B
nik  in   ini, Wy  nying
b  iv byn   xvin  U. Wi Lin
ng n  ig , Wy  n inigb
k n ini. I   xvin   
 i nv—ng ny  ing—  
Nnn,  ĝipar   ig i,  Dik  Enn,
 yin   Enn vn, ny ni 
Enn ,  iniin  Enn, n    Ennigi-Nnn. O kng  Enn n 
 i in g  nk  Wy ff.
T i  xving U i ftn givn niy  Wy bn, Ln, i Kin i iiivy 
  i iffi i. B igning Kin   xv i    b ivi. Fi, i ny 
xn   invvn:    iy in  
xvin  ny y n k v  i  in 1931 i
Ln  ing  Uni S    ig. I 
Kin    iin   k  n
 “U   C, Bi  Ab”  nin
in   . In i,   nib  ning  gn   Qn Pbi, n  
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T Pi Rn

xvin  nning ivi, n   inn
in ing ning   xvin. Sn, Kin ny
i Ln b       by     nning  xvin,  Bii M n
 Pnn M. I  g ny   ing n
(Kin   i)  y   ig n by n,
 Ln,   k Kin by i i  U,  ig. Kin g b ini   nin in nn: i   b y  iy.
Ty  i in 1927—  y   Dik 
Enn  n—b Ln n   g 
   g . H  bby   Kin
 vny ng  in, b  i n, n  
  i ny qing iv . T  nv
,  b Kin  ign i i
i,  i  i in 1945. T n b n qin
 Kin Wy   iffi n,   b b
i n ing, ngni n niiv. B i i 
n       vi n   , n
iy  inin    ining n ning,    y    n iin   
n in  -in . Wn in   bj  inib n: ik i  g, y
 b  n nning  g   , b nik n,
y   x  b gi n ning. Kin i
n iv ing   iib b n.
Kin Wy  igy  in ny n 
Enn gy, in  vin   O Akkin i
 nv n Wy , b  i   ng,
 biq, n  inin nnin bn 
 n,    bn i i n. In 1929,
Wy bi  nv, Adventure Calls, i bin n
n  gn-bving xi i  n n 
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essas

i in    v. T nv n n  in Sny
n Cin Gii (nby, i  n n in “y”). Ty
 bn in Bg, g  in Sn, n n  Iq in
 in y, n  ny  n Bii n.
Sny,  by, g nv  x  niy ng 
Ab in. Cin,  gi, v  Iq  k  in
b  in  (in) iy  Kkiy, ving  i
bn by ing   n. In Iq n in igi, Cin n
i   iv xi  i ii  n
 :  i nny in   n nn
, n iy   y nn g. T iv   n, 
Cin, i  v y g  . T Ab bin
n v i n  in  Kkiy, n in  i
n  b  y , Sny n Cin k g
  n  v, ving Bii  in Iq. A  n,
Cin iniy i n , n in  Mulan-ik ning,   n    k i igi   n k
  n in ig.
I i  ng-ning   Wn i  in “ Oin”  Wn  n   iv   ffy
n  in i in y  “ivii” ni. T bing i, Wy iin   xi iiin
 Cin n i y , n i i n b b n
 n xin. Wy nv-ng ny      n ig iv by ing   n k
v   i   v  in  n i. B
i Wy  Iq        Wn
gn n,   n yy   Ab    
i i  . H nv i nqiv in i  
Bii , ing  Ab  ning  n   
ing n. T Ab   ib in iging, i ,   in  b  inigib
y  “ Ab in.” T v  i i in  nv
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T Pi Rn

i n j  iy nin. T y i  in 1920,  y
  G Iqi Rvin, n iing   ny 
i  v ni . I  vny  n by
 Bii iiy , g i i   Bii in
ing   ini   n. Fi I  in
 king  Iq, b n   nning    in bn  Bii inn. Ti “in” i i 
iv  i  vg Iqi, n inn nin 
i, iny bbbing in  g Wy
y in Iq,  1924  1931. Tg  in  
n,  nv   Wy in iin 
: Adventure Calls n b   n n  n n
iin in i Wy in ng  ni  G
Iqi Rvin in  b. M ik Enn in  Exaltation,  in  ni-ii v  n  n.
I kn  i i ni     bn 
n. T bn  n n n in i iing—
b  i  n gn-bviv vn  i,
n   n  n qi n by  vy iffn
n  i i—  nn, n n in
g  n in. Evn i  n   in
 Enn i n vi  nin gn
n,  vin i ini  b. T   ign ny ky iffn:   n bng  niy
iffn , n v iiii nn  nn
b  n i. (A,  yn ib  Enn    g iy ivn n  bi nv   by Wy.) Si, I ik  ink    
in  ink i iv  U, nning  xv n 
xv,  gi n  i.
W n   b in  Wy kn  Enn
. In Ln n   xvin,  ib i
xin  iving  ik n  yin  
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essas

Enn vn. “I  n niing i  k,” 
, b vi iin  qin  Sgn    ii g. T ik  Sgn xin
byn b, n gv  n  i g  n 
bn. A Ln , “N  v En---n-n, n
 i  vy  n;  iv  U n    
,  b  in.” B vn   Wy 
bg Enn n bk  ig, y  n v
knn b  y. F  vin  Kin n
Ln  n, y  b  n  Enn
  g  Sgn n  ig i  Nnn, b
y kn ning b  O Bbynin fti. Wi 
xvin  U i yi v ni  Enn , i  k   igi  i . E
b   b i by n,  i   b y
i,  ni   b  i n n,
 iffn bn    b ni,  x
ngg      b nkn, n  n 
 b n  Enn nning .
Ti  i i nging,  n ni nin 
b n n  kng  Sin nin  g. B
 i     n   ii iin  
Exaltation,  by  igi Wii H n J. J. A.
vn Dijk: i  i iin  k  bginning  Enn i n n i. An  y i Enn,
 in  i biin  nying b .

ehedua a to da
T ng iy  Enn n  yn   in
vin. In  O Akkin Ei, Enn i 
n by iing,  i in  Exaltation. In  O
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T Pi Rn

Bbynin i,    i in  k  
i bin gin Bbyn n  i ii  .
Un Nbni,  viv   ig i ffi 
ivn by igi  n  by    Bbyn.
In  1920,  xvin  U  i  in  ft   G Iqi Rvin. A Enn   
y g iy,   y n  n
by in. I i n i, n,   ii iin  
Exaltation—  bk  k   by Enn vib
in Engi— bi in 1968, j   v  v 
  . Wk ft i i, n i
i , n   , n    i   i gb vin   n. T  
ng   ny n  vi   nx  i
y ng. P   n n  ii,  i,   Vin W,  i iiinin,  ii,
 nii,   iy. In n n ,  ny
bi Exaltation— n   g  ng in by
 nni n— v g  y   n n bn i   viny    i. B
 i n n. In, iy-in n k
 n x, i  bn bi  y b: “T
D   A” by Rn B. I i n  iy
 ini    i nnn  bi  i n  y    i i  bi iin
v n   .
A i ,  n   Exaltation n gy nni. Pigi v ny n qii, b  kn in
 biiy i n ftn ng . In, y v g
n  kiing  ig. I ying   
i  n y g  y nying, i i 
n n  ii n. Pning  ing
 n  in n   i  vy g n 
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essas

n  vy ing. Pigi vin  biiy nby    i bing  v n v gin
 i iiin i ivn. Ti i   n , b
 bg  b  k  igi ng 
k bi nin  i n. Wv  n, Enn  in n by nyn b ii 
 . T  iniin   x ig v  i
  in 1978, n  ngi M Wig
bi n y i “Wn  Vb Ai: Riing
 Si  Ennn,” ing Enn     
gb ing  iy n. Sin n, n Enn
 v ng    y, y v 
ftn n  by iing ng ini  n ii,
 n  Exaltation  in in n ngy  n
  niqiy   n i by Aiki n Wii
Bnn.
An in nx  Enn n in
i   in Iq. In “Tiy in  Ti  W,”   Mn
Axn  Enn iin  -n Iqi n
 2003: “Sing bing  gn   n  
 /  v  iqq  U. / Ennn i i n n
b i.” P  y  vin  Iq ftn
 n ig   nin ,   Bbyn, Gig,
n ( qny) Enn. T nin in n    in, i n nving,   vin 
i ny. I i  i  n  bn i  n
i, n ny  ii   ft  k n. An
x  i   Enn    Iqi  A
-Jbi,   n  “T . . .   Min
i”  in  ff  in:  in,  in,  . Lik Miki, -Jbi  i  Enn
in in   n xi, n Enn  inny
in  in      i king ii
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T Pi Rn

y in Gny. T y  Enn in in    nning    i y 
by  nx in i   , n by ii vn  bing  bk   x i n i in in.
T ini vn n  G W v b ng
 ignin  Enn yn.
M gny,   k in in  in      in   gny  n v  ny
qin nn,  nn x  in  n n 
  ign    ni inin. Any  
  i qiky n in b. T  in nggn i Enn  i  Sgy  
bk bi by  Jngin yny By D Sng
M. M  Enn  fting  ni, n iy g. Aingy, M   
(ining Inana and Ebih, i  v n g gn 
ibing  Enn) in  in niv   
gin  y-ii ibin, in i Enn
     gy n in  ing b
 y i i  Inn. Aiv  y
y b, M ing y v  in
 vin, iing iny  nn i  b n. A I
 i b   i bk, iy  n b
Enn  b n i i n yb. Exiing ibiii bn, b y   i v. I  n  
n ing  Enn,  ng  y kng 
 vin  n i ii n   bigiy. T i n
 y    n y  k n  Enn —in,  v n i b  ngg  iginin
in ing —b  qin  by   n iv
ny i n viin n. F , i i   xin, n in:  b   in. On n I
 Enn  n     iving n 
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essas

 y  g i   y ;  nx, I 
   in  n yi,  g ing  i  qin I k  i.
B I   nn  ny (g   n )
  qin i n y b n g  inking k  igi . T y  Enn
ivy i  y  y g,   ft 
 v ky inig in   n  . Aft
 iin   Exaltation by H n vn Dijk in 1968, 
igi Åk Sjöbg    iin   Temple
Hymns in 1969 n   Hymn to Inana in 1975. T k 
   iiv   i,  y n
ning  x  bi i x. B i nn b
i ng   y  Sin i  i ny
ini ni:  i n y g-n Sin iiny, n n jk ng ii i     ny
Sin g    Sgi. Si,  y i bing , n  kng   ngg g
i  ing y. A   i, n ni 
 x k bing n, ing  in gny iin  ing   vi g  g  kn. A 
, n iin   x  b  i g qny,  igi vii  ni  bi 
 igin x y. In 1997, Ann Zg bi  n
iin   Exaltation, i    i igi
nyi n iy ny n  i by H
n vn Dijk. F k  i  by P Dn, 
in 2006 bi  n vvi   xin ni 
 Exaltation, n by P Aing,  Fn nin
 ny n ing   x. Mni,  
nii iin   Temple Hymns i bing  by
Mni Pii, n  y,  k i nging:  igi x   x i nv b y i, n n i
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T Pi Rn

i k ging  i  nggn i  nin
ni.
A   i, I ngy biv  Enn i i
 n kin  ivy:   ivy,  
   b   iy . Fifty y v
 in  Exaltation   n in Engi, b
Enn i i i ny j bginning. T   n y  n n i iy ii  n
“Enn viv.” T  i    ny ining  g  in in nin i. F nin
n ing  i k  ing v-i in,
n   v    ning   nin  
n n . I i y n  n i n n  k by v  i—ii iy, i iviin,  ni ii, ning i ng,
n ii ift in   —   n  
bk,  , n k  n iv in   .
Wn    n n b   iin,  bgin  ink i n inin b    
n   g . An n i   iy iy, 
     Enn. S  n v     in   n,    iv g  i
 v, b   vy n      
  ngy:  ng   n x, xi n i
ng,  n vin n y i k xn. T
ix  in n bn— - viin
  ng-g  n i i iiiy   n iin—k Enn n i ning b  ing
n  iin.
T n n y Enn i n  vn n
v i   n n   i i ni by
n, ny in: n xnin   nn. T i 
ng  gn vi, iy   n n 
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essas

 byn  W, i     xinin  iy iy—    n iin  . T  
v bg   iin     ng gn
n ggy v ni  k    iy nn
k  g by n i. Enn  n b v y   “”  “nn-Wn” , in  ignin   yn nn  gi:    
 n   nyn  ny i. B i  n  
 g i  n bn in ny by i n, n
i  n  k  ing i, iy bk,  i, n bk v  iniv n iv,  
  n bgin i Enn. F ,    
 i n  in  niv iy y in . Ty
giv   n      -n k ing 
 Gk i  Engi niy n x  
nnin n ii ji. A iy  i 
 i Enn  b  iffn kin  iy—n
   v y  iv. T  i y nging,
n  b    ng n i nin 
 x n ?

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chronolo gy

A   BCE n   ii
nin knn   Mi Cngy.

3600–3100

the uru perod
Uk b    i, ing  
gn   i knn  n  invnin  iing. Ciy- bgin   g
 nin N E.

3100–2900

the emdet asr perod
Ti i  j vn in  ni
i, i b  b n yi.
Wiing i  iny   ni nin
b   y i   n i
in.

2900–2350

the earl dastc perod
Sn Iq ni   nb  innn iy, i  k in  x nk  ni, in, n . T gin i biing, i
inbin king b Sin n Akkin. I i
 i i—  ii  Sk n Ab
Sbik—  v   knn iy x,
ining y    Temple Hymns.

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chroolo
2334—ca. 2200

the old aada empre
A ng n  ii niin in
in Sgn nq    Sin iy-, 
    ii n . Enn i
in  ig i in U. T i  g
ni n ii innvin. Sgn n i , iy N-Sîn, in bii
, b i  i k by nn bin.
Sgn k Akkin  ngg   iniin, ing in in  in  Sin.

2112–2004

the thrd dast of ur (ur )
Aft  i  ii i (n nin ni
k, “W  king? W  n king?”), U-N
n  Ti Dyny  U,  viy ni n
bi . I n king, Sgi,  in 
viv  Sin ngg n i. B n
 i , Sin   b kn  
niv ngg.

2004–1763

the s-larsa perod
In  k   i    Ti Dyny  U, v   b  iin
v  i , Iin n L i ng
. Sin i n   iving   n
ngg: i nin  b i in ,  in
igi i, n  in ig g.

1763–1595

the old aloa perod
T ni   Iin-L i n i Hbi  Bbyn nq, biing i iy ii inn. A v ing  ign  H-

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chroolo
bi , S-in, v  n ii,
ining Ni n U, in iy. M Sin i i knn     i i: i
   i n i  Sin x,
ving bin  v  ni.

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glo ssary

M   g i b v b  Sin n n
Akkin n;  Akkin i givn in n.
Ab. See D S.
An (Anu). T g  vn (  “An” iy n “vn”). H 
 n   g, n vn g   i g
 iy in  ivin by. H   iy g  Uk n
  E-n (“H  Hvn”)  i Inn.
Ann (Annunaki). A g  g in  ni nn n  n   Igigi. In i , ining Enn , 
Ann   ig i  g n  Igigi   -nking
g. L,  Ann b  n g n  Igigi  vny g.
D S  Ab (Apsû). T yi ngn k  i   g  i, niing    n Iq. A 
b  Enki,  Ab  n     inig n i.
edubba. Liy “  b  givn .” T , iy
  O Bbynin i, in i  i n ivi vn
n ni, Sin, i, n i.
Enn. Hig i  U ing  Iin-L i  bi 
ĝipar ft i  bn y in  iiy i. S y v bn nib  bing n ving  Dik  Enn.
Enn. Hig i  U n   Enn,  i  
 in   ĝipar n ft bin n iniin iv
ny ni  by Nbni.
Enki (Ea). G  iviy n i  iv in  D S. Enki 
 nning g, ftn ying   g i i ik. H  
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lossar
i bn i Inn, ing    b in y   Inana’s
Descent to the Underworld.
Eni. King   g. Tg i An n Enki,     iy   nn, b iy iin  Eni ftn y i in 
 ngiv ig,  n iib .
Ennigi-Nnn. T  ig i  U, in by  , Nbni, ing  N-Bbynin i. A n in  
in U gg  Ennigi-Nnn y v i v   
niqii.
gala. Pi   i n  vn ivin ng. In  i
n y n inni, y  i i  ing
 niv iniy.
ĝipar. T biing    ig i, b in U n 
ii. T ĝipar   nin     i   iy in
g,   Ning in U.
Igigi. A g  g. S Ann.
Inn (Ishtar). T n g in Enn  n   in
g   ni nn. A nging n x g, 
 in ny iffn n i niy gi.
kurĝara (kurgarrû). S pilipili.
Lg-An. T b   in  Exaltation  Enn  
n  Inn n An  in Uk. Lg-An y v bn 
ii g    v gin N-Sîn ing  G
Rbin.
me. A Sin n  ng  ning in ivin inn,
xin,  i, igi i, n iny. T me  ftn
y  yi bj   g   in i n. In
y nin  Enn ,   i niny n
 “.”
Nbni. T  king   N-Bbynin i. H i   i
 igi  i  ing  n g Sîn    
 nn, n in i g Ennigi-Nnn  ig i in U.
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lossar
Nnn (Sîn). T n g n iy g  U. Tg    n g in
 nn,   ivy  iy x  ib i    i b i. H  i i ,   
n-ik   i n.
N-Sîn. Gnn  Sgn n   king   O Akkin Ei. H xn  i, ni  iniin   ii,  v, n  i   iving g. H  
b   gi, bii .
Ning (Nikkal). T i  Nnn. A i Nnn, i i knn b Ning .
nugig. Oiginy ning “n”  “ii,”     v
bn i , ing    gny  ig- n
i i  . I i   n i  Inn n 
g.
pilipili. On  v g  gn-bving i  i i Inn. Sii g in  kurĝara n  saĝ-ursaĝ. In
i i n, y g  i iin gn k,   n, ving inn, n ing.
saĝ-ursaĝ (assinnu). S pilipili.
Sgn. F  Enn n n   O Akkin Ei. H 
b   i king,  v n nning    
vy  i niv kingi.
Sgi. T n king in  Ti Dyny  U. Sgi y i 
i n  king, ing  nin in Sin y
n iining yn  b i i n i .
U-N (U-N). T n   Ti Dyny  U. H i
 xniv biing j g i king, ining in U,
  ĝipar  bi n  iv iqq  Nnn  .
iqq (igg). A nn   . I   k 
Sin n Akkin igi i, n  iniin  
yi T  Bb.

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notes

Un i i,  nin  y n.

troduct o
1. On Inn n  Akkin n I,  Pyk, Ishtar; Bni,
Women of Babylon, . 7; Hi, “Innn-I  Px”; n  n vi in Hffn, “Inn/Iš.”
2. Inn iin i Di i i in  Inana-Dumuzi x, 
knn   Love Lyrics; Inn ing  k n ing   
nin in  Exaltation, . 126–27.
3. T  “n  ” i nnii b   n nin
n  :   n ign  inii b n kin
. In n 13 b, I i  i   iby “ni” ing
 nin i, i ig nn Enn i n nn
b i in by n  .
4. In      gny yn, i i iffi    i
i  in Enn n vi   i ib    i-n
. A ky b i in 15, i    “y Enn,”
en-he2-du7-an-na-ĝu10, gging   i   bing invk by 
n. B  n by C Wik,  ffix -ĝu10 i i  in
  -me;  Wik, Kollationen zu den sumerischen literarischen Texten, 47.
Ti n   in n b   “I  Enn,” iniing  
 i  n.
5. Wii H,  i   Exaltation, ib Inana and Ebih 
Enn b in 110–12   Hymn i  y  i 

» 189 «

otes to paes xii–xiii
  g ng;  H n vn Dijk, Exaltation of Inanna, 3. B 
i n in i ny kin  , in  Hymn n v  y
b Inn  ,    y         i
An. H  i  Inana and Ebih i  yi ing   
bin gin  O Akkin king N-Sîn, i  k i
 ik  Exaltation, b  i n g n  iniy  y  
 nin   ii vn. A  i n    nin
ib ink Inana and Ebih  Enn, n givn  b  
 i in gn, I   ibing Inana and Ebih   n  n gn  b  big  . F  ii vi,  Wgnnn,
“Bn Hiy n Fiin,” 42.
6. Eni in  b n Enn i in Civi, “Lii
 inin”; Miki, “Siing  Bbyn,” 183–85; Zg, Rechtsfall
der En-ḫedu-Ana; Wn, “O Akkin Pi,” 76; Lb, “Gi?”; Bni, Women of Babylon, 116; Bk, “En--n N  C”; Gn, “En--n”; Lin, “Liy n Gn,” 97; F, Age
of Agade, 207, n “Ai in Cni Li,” 13–14.
7. Ti i  gn I y   g ng in y  iin, H, “Fi A.” On i in ni   gny,   F, “Ai in Cni Li”; n Miki,
“Siing  Bbyn,” 183–87.
8. T ,  , xin  i n, n  i v
 n  iy qii  Enn . In i, Ann
Zg iin   Exaltation, Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana, nin n xn
iin   yii   x n  ing    
. In  i “Nin--š,” Zg  xin Enn in
 y b Inn, n  y  y    b  gn   ; n Zg  k  k Enn b knn in
 Gn-king ,  i  nin   Exaltation  
ngy Erzählungen aus dem Land Sumer, i by Kn Vk.
An n  inin, ging bk   iin by H n
vn Dijk, Exaltation of Inanna,  n Enn    
ii i in  nx   O Akkin i; i in  g» 190 «

otes to paes xiv–xvi
n  iy bn vn by C Wik in “Pii Oiin
n in Qn” n “Piik i Sig  Li.” Hv,
   in  i n  Enn   in
n  i ii in n vn  bn iii
xnivy;  Civi, “Lii  inin,” 229; C, “Li n
Hiy”; Wn, “O Akkin Pi,” 77.
9. Knn, “Mny Liv  Enn.” Wi Rbn k 
ki   Enn i,  Knn  in
i iy    iv n b i   b innn
niin    iy g, n   iffn bn 
 iv  n vn   ngging i Enn ng n
vi iy. I i n ng  in    Enn  
in  O Bbynin ni  in n ini igining i n
“ ”   O Akkin i,  Rbn ;    y
  ng    n    n, n   g
 Enn  n in  ii i.
10. Min, “Lin  Rin,” 10:45.
11. S Vi, Religion, Literature, and Scholarship, iy g 46; Miki, “Liy, Sing n  Tniin  Kng,” 52–53;
Rin, “S n Sy,” iy g 175; H, “Enn
n  Invnin  Ai,” 6–7. T Exaltation     g 
n Sin x  n  v bb  “D,” i 
in  y b   Gig, yn  vi king, g, n
,  n-  b gi, n  n. I  gny bn
   D   n g in O Bbynin in, b
 ny, P Dn, in “Sin Liy Cg,”   i
i in qin, ing   i n i vin inking  ging
  D    nx. Enn   y g in
, n y  n vn g, b  i nx   D
i n n.
12. T n bk   i I  ying   
n T Cnii in Bin, n i n  Enn iy iy i  by     n. A ky gn  
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otes to paes xvi–xix
g   n ivii i  i v g i n
gin v by bing i iin  i  ving n ftn ing nii.
13. Pk, “Pigy in T Dinin.” Pk g  igy i  i b n i  ng  y  viing i: n
 n  n in i  k   (iii), n
n in i iy  in n inin (iini), n n
nn i i ignin   n n (ni). I y
n i Pk y, b I v  vin b i nyi. H 
ff ini ing  n x   ni ing, ning  i
n  i iy   nbing iin   in Skn in  Snki y    n. Pk i y iiiv  i
in, king  i n “i”  ngg in ii inking
(408). Sy i    i Shakuntala in  inin,  ini iv   n i ininb, n     
Enn n  y.
14. S y nyi   i vi  k   “I”   Exaltation in “Vi Inin” in “T Hny M,” b.
15. Ti i y  nvnin nniin ng ii, in 
 n kn  Sin  y kn. Jg, “Diiv G,” . 3,    niv nin  Sin ngy,
b i vi  n nivy .
16. S Fb-Függ, Mythos “Inanna und Enki”; Fb, “.” In  n
n, S, “Min P  Abin,” 425, n 
“ nib nin    i n y in ig n  g
iib.”
17. Exaltation, in 7–8;   Enki and Inana,  Inn   me
 Enki n   n  b.
18. In y nin,  Exaltation n  Hymn    i 
 , “qn.” Ti i n qi   in Sin: nin n innin n
b n “y, i,” b innin i  ,  iy .
19. A n in “P n C” in “T Hny M,”  i
in  i  Inn i n ni  b   iy according to the
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internal narrative of the poem. T i, in  O Akkin i, ny 
y  v n      iy   , in 
  n g   i,  vi     
 v   nny. On y  i iin   i
Enuma Elish, i ib   iy g  Bbyn, Mk,  x
ng   g, b  i  bby in n  vn
ny BCE,  ft Bbyn  iv ii y n  n Mk iin      nn. W   i
 n   Exaltation ng  Inn  iv by  in
 O Akkin  O Bbynin i, b      ,  I
nn i, i n Enn xing Inn     iin
n  viy . S  n 17  “T Hny M,” b.
20. F  k  nvnin, I  ff  ni niin 
   gy   in ig v n. Hv, i
 b    ni niin  Sin  
g  b. In    Akkin,  n    inn 
 ngg in   iy, b Sin i n i, n i i
   niv ngg  n y g, king i xiniy
iffi  n   ngg  v bn nn. S
n 15 bv.
21. R  n  n  b  igin x n n 
bi nn.g,  y i n  in   Exaltation n 
Hymn in ni, niin, ni niin, n -by-
nin,  by nyi n ny. Ti  i n 
gi  i n kng  Sin   bi nning  
igin x, giving   n  i     . T bi  nin y , inin vi, n ggin   ing. O  bi   y  Sin y
in  Eni Tx C  Sin Li,  .in.x.
.k, i ff i nin   Sin y;  Cni
Digi Liby Iniiiv, i in  v g  ni x
     iki n Ayigi ,  i.x..k/iki/; n
 On Riy Ann Cni C (ORACC) Pj Li, i
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otes to paes xxi–3
bing g ny igi j   n n  
ni x,  ..nn./ji..
22. S Jg, “Diiv G,” 63–67. N   
    ḫ in nibing Sin,  in En-ḫedu-ana. T ḫ
n  n ik  ch in Si loch   x in Mexico. I i ny
 in nibing Akkin, b  igi n   in h 
Sin.
23. Enn n i in i  ni ign en-he2-du7-anna: n  ing i  b n, i i n iin, b ni
iing i n  ig. A ib in “Dg  Sgn” in
 y “Enn W,” b, Enn n n “Hig i  i  nn  vn.” T   vn i an, i i 
 n   g  vn. T gniiv ning, “of vn,” i -a (y
-ak, b  k i i n n  by  v). T ign an-na 
  b  ana:   ign i n igi ign ning 
 “vn,”  n i  ni ign ning    
 b nn— i, i   ning -a. T  gi ni
 iffn bn Inn n Innn.

the e altat o of a a
1. T x   i by H n vn Dijk: Exaltation of Inanna;  vi iin  bi by Zg: Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana; n  yni
iin by Dn, “Viin in Sin Liy Ciin,” 2030–2108.
In y nin I ftn   inin givn in Aing, “Innn B.”
I v ivi  nin in ix in. T niin bn in
i k by iffn invin  Inn. T  n  in  b
 n invk Inn i “Qn!” (nin)  i  . T n in ni  v bk  vn in ,   i bgin i 
 “My qn!” (nin-ĝu10). T i in   ii ,  i
bgin n n i ii invin (“g g  Nnn . . . 
n b y  y ?”). T  in igg bn   
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otes to paes 3–7
g n bigi vign, i  ft in i  by 
iin   invin “Qn, bv  vn!” (nin ki-aĝ2 an-na-ĝu10).
I i   in H, “Enn Invin.”
2. S Zg, Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana.
3. F     inin   Exaltation,   
i in n 8   Inin.
4. Ti i  gi   i  performative sentences. T i x   iv nn i  vi   jg,   n
y ib     nn b n  n i iy i
i   . B iy,  jg  b   nn
 iv nn: i I   i by giy ig n, i
 v n ff v. T   iv   i
n i gniin. I g   ii gi ni  Exaltation: Inn
 v   gni i  i  jg Enn . T i y
  n i  ii i    in “L  kn”
(. 123–33). Enn  Inn       b knn 
 in, b in   b,     i king  g
 . By ing  x,  in   kn  Inn ig, 
biing  g iv iy.
5. Pyk, “Hin Wn  Hiy.”
6. Ti in n b n in v iffn y. P  i xiy i in  bigiy    nam-ena, “en-i.” En n n b
“” n “ig i,”    “ib  en-i” n iy
 Inn i     n (n y nin “  i y ig”) 
  i   i  ig i, i  bi  ng nnin bn Inn n Enn . T nn n  b 
iffny,   iin   n in      in, ing
  nin  , “y v  g n  b  ig i.” Ti      in 107, in i Lg-An k y
Enn aga zi nam-en-na, iy  “ig n  ig i.” A y in  Exaltation, i bigiy i bby ib,  
in bi Inn ig  ,  nnin i Enn, n 
v   ffi  ig i     i.
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otes to paes 7–12
7. T nb 7 i n  b kn iy ; i   gny
  in  ny me. M by,  nb in    
 ing in:  g  bgin in  nx in (. 6–40) n b
ivi in n  vn in,  bginning i   “My qn”
(nin-ĝu10). S H, “Enn Invin.”
8. T yi  ušumgal, ftn n “gn”  “biik,”
  gin n n i  ng  n  vn i.
9. Ti i  yi in, n  b Inn n i i y
vi:  i n ny  i in    i niy i 
 gn. S n nn   “Inn”    gn
ignin  g, ning i  “y  i g,”   ik.
P Aing (“Innn B,” 3)  king  in  n   xin Inn n, i  in niqiy g  n “Qn  Hvn”
([n]in-an-a). Aing  i xnin,  in n b n  “Y 
  in vn n : i Qn--Hvn i y.”
10. T in i n, b i y n n  n n zu, “,” n zu,
“in.”
11. Fing  ggin by Bnjin F, Age of Agade, 332, I k 
   bj  i in, b i y  b  ,  S G,
 vn  in. F  “,”  “Gi n Gn” in  y “T
Hny M,” b.
12. Inn in   nin   in  y  Inana and
Ebih, in i Inn bi  nin Ebi  ing  b n
 . N  n bn  inv nin n  bi iy,
n xn n n inn ny, ivy, b  i  bg 
 by Inn.
13. Ti i  iy iffi in,  ing i   in. I
  inin  by Aing, “Innn B,” 6.
14. T  (-x) i  b  n-xin i , g n
 n i .
15. Liy: “F y, I n y y ĝipar.” On  ĝipar   
  ig i,  “Pi   Mn” in “Enn W.”

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otes to paes 12–15
16. On  n    bg  ig i in  ĝipar,
 “Pi   Mn.”
17. A I nn i g, Enn  k Nnn  iin
An n  b,    y nn Lg-An   ( nin 
b   by Inn). I  n in ni   k  g i
 n   n nnin  in n n b i  ignking g: Enn   nnin i Nnn  i ig i,
n An i n    g in  nn, ngi Eni. F 
nning  i in,  n 4  “T Hny M,” b.
18. T  ib in  in i  E-n, “H  Hvn,”
i  in Uk, iying  Lg-An bin in i iy 
. T E-n   by An n Inn, n vi inin 
ff by  nin    y i   —ining  n
y by Enn in  Hymn, . 106–8. B in  Exaltation,  E-n i
nin in     Lg-An inin   Inn
  .
19. I k i in  n  Lg-An n   Enn
iin   jy, n  gging  vn n, n   by b  q,  nn k i ing  nvy   i ki:
 nvy (ninim) iy  i, i “ n” (te)  i. Hv, 
n v n in i in  ggin  x vin. F, Age of
Agade, 334, n i , “Fing i y in  i   n q,  
  in i !” O in    ninim  n 
  ning “”; in  y  Sin   in, Mg
Jq n  ninim bby n  ing bn ng n
jy;  Jq, Vocabulaire des sentiments, 249–50. Si, i in ib   x  i, i n iy ib, n ii in i in.
20. Lg-An ff   kni n gg y b   n inviin
 Enn  i ii, b i   b  gn in ( b
 n). In ni , n  y i i iniy, n  gn-bving i    in  Hymn
 ftn ib  ying kniv n gg ( . 86–91 n “Gi

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n Gn”). Lg-An ig b bking Enn  ving 
 iiny in iin  ,   ig b ing  
 gn-bving ,   i i i gi n
nin, b  ggin in iv.
21. Inn y v ffi i   g Di ( in 
Sin i   by i yi i, “ ušumgal  vn”) 
n   n y b  g, n  in   knn 
 Love Lyrics i i in. T y  Inana’s Descent to the Underworld    Inn,   b  in  n,  
giv  n n  k  ,    ig n   n
  iving. Fining  Di  n n  in  bn, Inn
b ng n i Di   n n.
22. T x ning  i in i n. A ig i  Nnn,
Enn  i iy by i i Ning, n   inin    v   i knn   S Mig ( “Pi   Mn”). I i ib, g igy nin, 
 “ining b” n  ivg   Ning   i i.
23. T Hy Inn  n  Inn . Inn  ftn y 
 n g  inn, i  n    nin, gi,
n xiy.
24. T b in  k    nin gn, iniing   n  kn v   n. S “Gi n Gn”;
n Zg, Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana, 431–35. B  i i  n i?
Inn     ,  v Di (. 111), n  g S i i
 b  n ( Temple Hymn n. 25); b ni    vn 
i g. Zg g       king (in i  NSîn),  i i ib   bn  Inn, n  i 
 Di, king   “i” in  i n  “ing” 
“ n” (431–35). I  n    inin i    in i
niv nx, in i ni N-Sîn n Di   b inn. T biy n bigiy    ig  b innin, n
i y ny ning  b in y  n. Mig    

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otes to paes 18–22
Enn,   b Inn ybi i ing i ig-ik
nin in  Hy Inn, n   i n b  ng i?
25. Ti in   ning   x, ing   e3-a, i
I n  “n” b i iy n “ging, ing ,”
n gur3, i  n “ in, n i.” T   n
  bginning, ning ff  niv n king  niin 
yig  nig.
26. Ti in  bn n in i y by vi n,
 ib in “Vi Inin” in “T Hny M”: i n  
Inn   Enn b   ig i,  Enn
bin  Inn,  b, ing    n v gni
   i i .

the h m to  a a
1. T x i y in n   n iin,    i in n
Sjöbg n  1975, n ny ni    v bn
iv in;  Sjöbg, “in-nin šà-g4-.” An , b i in niin n b n n  ETCSL bi:  K, “A Hyn
 Inn.”
2. In  Exaltation, Inn nn n Eni n iy An i gg by in 14 (“I  An  gv y ”) n 18–19 (“Eni v y
 ing  n   , An   y  n by  b”).
Diing  Hymn, Jy Bk n   i  Literature of Ancient
Sumer i  “ n   yn i  i   Inn iiy 
  g   iin n ny v i   igi ii
niy v   ” (92). Tg I k i i i iging
n,  gi  i iin i iny .
3. E, Vertigine della lista.
4. Lin 175 g 187, ft i  x bk, y bgin i 
 gi : n     by  iv

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otes to paes 25–47
nn “y”;    b  nn i n yiy  nini vb.
5. T nin ff  i vy niv,   in i iffi 
k n .
6. T x     g  gn-bving inivi 
 i i  i  Inn n  i nin.
Sii g   kurĝara n  saĝ-ursaĝ,   nin in . 88.
S “Gi n Gn” in “T Hny M,” b.
7. A    in  Exaltation ( n 18   x), An n Inn
   in Uk,  E-n,  “H  Hvn.” Tg  Sin ii    i n n, y  y  v
 in n  i  . B An n Inn    in ,
n i  y n  n in  nin , in v 
   xin i. T Hymn nin n  xnin—ny,
 An b  i  Inn ig   ff  i n ,
ing in  i  bi ivin n y   g .
8. T Hymn   n bbvi vin   y  i n
 g ng in   Inana and Ebih, i  n  v
 ib  Enn, g  gn  ing     
n. In  x, Ebi i ib   gnin nin, b i i 
 bin  Inn,      y i. Inn ign An
  i   i n, y  Ebi  i n
nnn    ki  nin. A  n   x, Inn n      i   nin in  Hymn
n  Exaltation:  pilipili,  kurĝara, n  nin i (gala).
9. H bgin  ng in (. 175–99) in i  in n i 
ii , yiy niing   by ,  vb, n  nn
“y”:  x,   in  ka ba-zu, “ y ning  
.” Ti   n y xy   in   in, b 
iin   nn “y” y in  in i kby nin.
10. Ti i n   n   E-n.
11. T  I  n  “ig i” i nunuz-zi,  i 
n 26  “Enn W,” b.
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otes to paes 54–58

the temple h  ms
1. A qny   i       nin,
i   nin i  n bn     ,
yiy  ini n i (ša4 n bar)   n n  (igi n aga).
F in  ,   iin  in 253–54 n 385–86 in
“P n C” in  y “T Hny M,” b.
2. Mni Pii iin   Temple Hymns i ing. N 
 n in  n in  Temple Hymns n in k n 
 Exaltation, i  y vi nining Inn n—
n 9   x, bv.
3. My nin i b n  ni   iv  in
Gg, House Most High:  . 151, n. 1113,   E-T   byn 
 E-ki; . 125, n. 1113, n  E-n     E-; n
. 78, n. 191, n . 86, n. 296,  Sin .
4. T inivi yn inin  b iiy n Bk n
Gn, Gods, Demons, and Symbols; n  nin  “Anin Min G n G,” ://..nn./gg/inx
..
5. Sn Iq  ivi in  gin, S    n Akk   n, g  gin  nv y n n  ftn
   n i. By iing  Ni i bn  , 
yn   iy   iin    . Ty  k 
in in iin  b n, b in  nin , i   
(n  vb “ in,” ning “  ”). I n  in Ni n
 , S  b   ig n Akk   ft.
6. Ti i n n . Mnin  ftn i  v  in
ni i,  i i n in i , b  nin   
i—ing ?—i iking. T in  nin n in   iin i  Ni, “ bn  vn n ,” dur-an-ki, ing
  iy n in  i  n Iq: i   axis mundi 
i g  . Ti i   in  , “y  (ur2) i
vn (an) n  (ki) . . . ”
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otes to paes 59–64
7. F H  T   byn   E-ki,  Gg, House Most
High, 151, n. 1113. T y  Nini g- ny i  in Tummal
Chronicle;  i  Gn, Mesopotamian Chronicles, 156–59.
8. T ning    n, e2-šu-me-ša4, i n. Liy, i
n “ n  ,” b i bby  n n iii xin.
9. T ning    in i n. Liy,   n
“y bikk i y bi-giving” (šeg12-zu tu-tu-zu) n “y  (
xi) i y in” (bar-zu du3-a-zu). Bik  ftn i i
bi b n  iv i ning n  g bik, n
i iin i,  , iy in in  yn   g 
bi. On y  in  in i  i  i iin bk n 
bikk   , ibing i i i    ibi:
   b  i  in.
10. T ning   n “Eking” in Sin, e2-kiš-nu-ĝal2, i
n. T n   b in e2-ĝiš-nu11-gal,  n in Gg,
House Most High, . 114, n. 653: i  giv   ig ning “H  Ab.” B  i niky  b  igin ning 
  n;  i   k ygy   xin  n
  y b in niqiy. On ibiiy i  in e2-kišnu-ĝal2  “H Sning Lig   E (?)”;  K, “T
Hyn.” T  k in 110—n   “y iing
nig in v  ny”—n xiin    n.
F  k  iy, I   iviv n “H  Ab” in 
nin.
11. Ti in i n. A i nin  b ing ik: “Y
xn i n by (n? ?)  giš-bur2  y n.” T  giš-bur2 n
n “n,” b   n yi  n. I n     
in  n nini kin. I  iy gg  i ig
  gin  n  iv bj  nx  ni nn,      ing b  nk   
Ayin . T xn in i yn   b  iving vin  
gin .
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otes to paes 64–72
12. T  I n  “  ig i” i ĝipar,  i
 “Pi   Mn” in  y “Enn W,” b.
13. I i  ning  Sgi n i n in i  ivin iniv,  ni ign   ny   n   g. Ti
gg  i iin  n  n i yn  in,
vn i    bn i  i. On ivin kingi in  nin
N E,  Bi, “Inin”; n Miki, “M King.”
14. T Svn Sg   g  i-ivin g, knn  
abgal,   i  v n iviiin n bg i n
in   n in.
15. T vy-n y in y nin i n   n qy
inn ning in  Sin, i in  ni niin 
: nunzu am gal amsi aniše hula / sumun si mu simušaniše hula (. 151–52;
n  iffii  ni niin,  n 20   Inin,
bv). A i nin  b, “Y  i  g i b, n n  ji in i ng, / n  ing n, jiing in
i biin.” W n   in  n, ing  am, “i b,”
g am-si, “n,”  si mu2, “ing n,” n ny  si-muš3,
“biin.”
16. T  I n  “n”  i in   iy  K,
i,  i   by yn 36,  i i  i  Ng, g  . Ti yn  K   n   n, n
n iiy n n i n, by ning gu2-du8-a, “K,” in gu2
si-a, “g.”
17. T yn i  by  in  bgin i ii : ki ul,
“nin n,” n siki ul, “jy i.” T ift in  ning    ul,
 “nin”  “jy,” bing    gn ift in  yn,  
 n    ning in   nin n bnn  i n.
18. I i n  i g   n   vn “i”
(kurku2) .
19. Ti in i n, n   nin i  niv ggin. (N    “n ,” u18 lu-a, i  n:   I
n  “n” n  n “.”)
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otes to paes 72–86
20. H n in     Temple Hymns, I    “y n”
 n  Sin nugig,  i  “Vi Inin” in “T Hny M,” b.
21. A nin   y  Nin b gin An n b n
in F, Before the Muses, 555–78.
22. T ni  “vn” b   ig in.
23. T x nin  b “n” n “k” i  n  n ni iiy   n Vn, i i Inn  ini.
Vn   n bi n , n i xiiy   n n
  n i     inviib   nk y, in i i b
 by nig. F , Vn n b bv in  iin: n i
i b  n ,   i  y b n n  n
in, n n i ing in  ky ft  n  ,   i 
y ft nn n  n in. In   n i
i knn   “ning ” n  “vning ,” ivy. Inn
iin i Vn y v    g  iv, 
y   xin y Inn  ign inib  (
  “in”    i n  “inin”    g 
x n v). T xnin    niky. I i  bb 
ing n   y n: Inn    bginning vi
  g  x n nin n   ink   iby biny n.
24. Pnn in Sin  n k  gn   n ,
b  n n nnn,  in  n   iy  bn ,
  n kn  i   g   g. T i  her i 
y  g.
25. T in, “   g g   nugig,”  in 2  
Exaltation,  Inn i ib , in  i nin, “ nugig 
An,    igy g.” T n y  i nin in
i yn, in in 390, i  nubar, b i  i vn  b, n i
i iki n  i n  Niniin   ig i b.
26. Ti i        Exaltation. C  
“ in n  ny” in in 432   Temple Hymns  in 9  
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otes to paes 87–93
Exaltation, n  ig   “ in”  “ing”  “nving”
(u18-lu dul) in in 435   Temple Hymns n in 71   Exaltation, in iin   gn iiii    in   biik n  in.
27. T  “ bi i bnn,” e2 nam-he2-a du3-a, i iiy  n    n, H   Gny—   
bnn. B givn   yn  ib  Enn, i i 
n   n    n in  .
28. T  “ g,” diĝir er9-ra, i n in  n  Ng
 n, E.
29. Ti in i in   jxiin    Ng n; iy, i
, “Ng, M.” In y nin, I vi ing i n
  g,  I v n  i ning   n M:
“      M.”
30. T  urun, i I n  “ing”  “ing,” i n 
  qny ing  in  Temple Hymns, b i i   
iy g , in   Urum urun.
31. T ignin  i v—  b b U  
 n  i—i n  , b i y    Sn G vn n  .
32. T in ni    Nib n, n iy , “G
Nnibg, Nib” ( n 29 bv).
33. A b  g  iing, i in   n n  ing 
 n: “Nib”  in i  ign še-naga, n naga n i n
n “.” I i ny n  Nib  b i i  
y,  in inn  iing ni, b  i   i 
child   y—n  iin  i y i “ig”  “,”
du3—gg   Engi n n “n” n “ni”  n  Sin
nn.
34. T ning  i yn iff      in, b
i  y  n  yni  i  n   iy  by
za3-mi2, “b i.” Ti i    in  Exaltation, i n i 
 dInana za3-mi2, i I n  “A i Inn.”

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otes to paes 95–100

frametar h  ms
1. T  yn  i by Jn Wn in “Ennn,” 552–
56;   Wik, Kollationen zu den sumerischen literarischen Texten, 47; n
H, “Sy   Sin Mn-G,” 764–75, n   yn.
2. S  iin  i ing in “T Dik  Enn” in 
y “Enn W,” b.
3. T  in   x i iky, n y ing  i i nin: I k i
 b   ing   iing   gn i  iing
  n, n ig in by U iin in  n   S.
B v n   in, i i    v n   Exaltation,   ning in  b yn jx   u4, “yig,”
n e3-a, i  n “ging” b in  Exaltation i bin i
dalla  n “ining.”
4. On  n   Eking,  n 10   Temple Hymns, bv.
5. Ti in nin   n   Exaltation: in b x,
Enn ib  “ing ig  šuluh,” i  i 
iin. In  Exaltation, in 136, I giv  i nin, “I v
i y,” b in b   iiin i  Enn  n
j   i,   i y.
6. F  ing  i in,  Wik, Kollationen zu den sumerischen
literarischen Texten, 47.
7. T  I  n  “ig i” i nunuz-zi,  i 
n 26  “Enn W,” b.
8. Sin  n iffni giy bn   n
 gn,  i i n i  i i  n  n.
9. T jxiin     masab (bk  ffing) n asila
(yn  jy) i n n   Exaltation, in 68,   
   givn g.
10. Ti v k in nin  i i bk  n  v bginning i en, “ig i.” B Nnn i   by i Akkin n
Sn, i i in en-zu,  i v  bgin i en.

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otes to paes 104–105

ehedua a’s wo rld
1. F inin   O Akkin Pi,  F, Age of Agade;
Sk, “King  Akk”; Miki, “King  Akk”; n
Wn, “O Akkin Pi.”
2. A ky b in biing  g    by  O Akkin ig i i   v n iniiv x   v
i i invvn in  nning   . B n gin, i  iy v givn    i ib  in, n
  n v ft bin  in . A n n -n
y  Sin n Bbynin i in  i  n inni
i ny bing  by Ni Bi.
3. T n  Sgn i, T, i  n n b
b bnging   ;  Fyn, Sargonic and Gutian Periods, 36–37.
B i i ib  Sgn  v iv, n   n kn 
Enn, Ri, n Mni  ibing  -ibing.
4. N   nin ni i   king in v ,
 Mni y v  b Ri. S Sink, “U III Mni,” 278–79.
5. On ivin kingi in  nin N E,  Bi, “Inin”;
n Miki, “M King.”
6. On  Viy S  N-Sîn,  i i ,  iy Win,
“Sx, Ri”; Bän, Siegesstele des Naramsîn; n F, Age of Agade, 200,
ining  n  n 241–42nn44–50.
7. S  iin in H, Stele und Legende, 38–57. A H n,
i x, MAD 1 172,   b  y    iniin by NSîn, b i i y  iy igining   n iniin  
O Bbynin i. I nin  Lg-An   iy v
bn kn  Enn Exaltation, i  iy    i.
H   vin  n gin  ibiiy  i x 
 kn  ii inin b Lg-An, b iy  qin in n.

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otes to paes 106–111
8. Ag Wn, “Ayigi, Anin n Mn,” 555, ff 
ngi nin     vn   Exaltation in
 ii y  N-Sîn ign, ning  Enn  v
bn n vny- y    i n i   y .
9. T ni vn n i    O Akkin i
 i i i in F, Age of Agade, . 4 n 5.
10. S F, Age of Agade, 21–22.
11. T x  n      Sin i    b
ng — iy W, “Biingi, Sib Lning, n
 D  Sin”; Miki, “Liv   Sin Lngg”; n
Rbi, “Šgi n  D  Sin.”
12. S C. Ln Wy, Royal Cemetery, 490–91. S   bj n b vi nin in  Pnn M igi in: g  
-nn.nn-./in/ n   “PG 503” (qin
k in).
13. F n inin  yin ,  Cn, First Impressions. F
 ,  H, “S L n Fn.”
14. Fyn, Sargonic and Gutian Periods, 38. T  n b n in 
Bii M nin in, bii.g/in, by ing    nb 120572.
15. On  b iy   O Akkin i,  F, Age
of Agade, 122 n 194; n   n in PG 503,  238. T nn  PG
503  i in C. Ln Wy, Royal Cemetery, 491.
16. Sg  i  n ivy, bi in Sign, She Who Wrote;
I  g  Siny Bbk  ing   i. T    
bi in Fyn, Sargonic and Gutian Periods, 38–39. T    ib
 n n in “-ki” i  vib in  Bii M nin in,  i    nb 123668.
17. C. Ln Wy, Royal Cemetery, 27.
18. S Wk, “T giparu  U.”
19. A n in Wk, “T giparu  U,” 124,  inin   
gi y gg      ig i,  y,
n    Ning   biing in Enn ii, n
» 208 «

otes to paes 111–113
 y  bg g in n i ni by U-N
nin    .
20. Jn Wn, “Ennn,” 544.
21. Wk, “T giparu  U,” 116–18. T i   “S Mig”
i  nvi i. S Sin iy x,   Iddin-Dagan A,
  i ni   king ybiy i  g
Inn. O i i   n    ii
i, ining  x nin bn  king n  ig i 
Inn. B n xn ib n i iy x    
i v bing , n i i ,  i i n  ink  i
ni n  nin. S C, “S Mig”; Niinn n
U, Sacred Marriages; n Jn, “Ebing Inn.”
22. A n b,  ig i y v i bn, b 
 n n   bn i n xi—ny  i  b v. T
ygi jiin   bn i givn in  Akkin i Atra-hasis:
ing  Bbynin iin,  g i  n  yi
F n b n  b in,  in  Bib, b b y
 b  n, n  k  g k i i ni. Aft
 F,  g -  n  i  ii in, n
 in  nb    vn vin—ining
ffi    ig i,  in   niy
  i. A   x, The Birth Legend of Sargon, ing 
  inni BCE, giv Sgn  M-ik bkgn, iing 
   n   ig i  gv bi  i in , ing i
ift n  iv in  k  . Tnin  b x n b n
in F, Before the Muses, 227–80 n 912–13.
23. T n in qin i   iviny x in i n n in
 iv   i  i givn  ing inin: “T ig
i i  n x    vi gnny” (CT 31 44, bv. . 10–11, 
 n i Isru,  b i by Ni Hß n U K, ing).
24. Wk, “T giparu  U,” 109.
25. On  Dik  Enn,  iy Win, “Wn in Pbi”;
Jn Wn, “Ennn”; n Hnn, “A   Akkin Dyny,”
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otes to paes 113–117
128–29. F  iniin n  ik,  Fyn, Sargonic and Gutian Periods,
35–36.
26. On  iniin  Inn-Z i  iy A,  Lb,
“Pnn  Mi,” 537. T  n   “i” i nunuz-zi,
iby  b  zirru:     in  Hymn,  Enn
in  i   “I  Enn,  nunuz-zi,” n in 
   gny yn. Bginning in  O Akkin i, i i
  v b ynny i en, “ig i,” n Jn Wn, “Ennn,” g  i  iy   ig i
  n bin  Ning.
27. S in 1   Chronicle of Ancient Kings in Gn, Mesopotamian
Chronicles, n. 39, . 268–69.
28. C. Ln Wy, Excavations at Ur, 115.
29. A n in Wgnnn, “Bn Hiy n Fiin,” 40, i i ib   i in   ik iffny: i y  n  
 b     g.
30. Ding n     q   Ey Dyni i, Ci S, in “On Ig, Viibiiy, n Agny,” 346, g    gny g y v bn  gvn  U n i i.
31. F  in   ffing in nin N En igin,
 Bi, “T E Lik  G.”
32. Win, “Wn in Pbi.”
33. S MH-M, “Myy  Ennn Dik.”
34. T iniin  ini    Enn i givn in
Fyn, Old Babylonian Period, 43–44. T  i n iy in  Mi
E Gi   Pnn M, n n b vi in i nin in,
-nn.nn-./in/, by ing  i xvin nb U.6352.
35. S Wk, “T giparu  U,” 104 n 108. I   Enn    g    i ft  : g i
  Engn,   in  i  ffing  vi in
g  Ning , ning    ffivy    
iy .
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otes to paes 117–121
36. S Fyn, Old Babylonian Period, 114–17.
37. S Fyn, Old Babylonian Period, 44–45.
38. S MH-M, “Myy  Ennn Dik,” 71.
39. MH-M, “Myy  Ennn Dik,” 72–74.
40. Bni, Women of Babylon, . 5.
41. S Bni, Graven Image, . 4 n 5;   Rn, Macht des
Namens.
42. S Ginn n Liy, “T Tb.”
43. T  “  n iv n y” i  n in in Bbynin
n   n, n, .g., in Gilgamesh VII 188.
44. T gn-n ngg  i n  ing g i
n  i  n   n n ib  n: n 
ib in  O Bbynin i,  Lin, “Liy n Gn”; n Lin
n Rbn, “Qq x i.”
45. T n    i  i n edubba’a. B
  nb   x  v bn v,   bn in n  O Bbynin in. S iy Rbn, “Tb H”;
Tinny, “On  Ci Sing”; Gg, “In S   é.b.b.”;
Miki, “Liy, Sing n  Tniin  Kng”; n
Dn, “Li n Iniy.”
46. T b i bi  n. 79 in Win, Education in the Earliest
Schools.
47. T b in qin i Pin 322. F n inin  Bbynin i,  Rbn, Mathematics in Ancient Iraq, i i
Pin 322 n 110–15.
48. On    Sin,   n  in n 11, bv.
49. On i biing,  Rbn, “Tb H.” Ti nii n
  n   iginb in. F  bi n gii k   i xvin  Ni,  Ag Wn,
“Sin  Ni.”
50. A i  ĝi,   n kn  O Bbynin iv
  n   i, in ny i gn n v viv.
B      i i gny v  n
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otes to paes 122–123
n y, n     ik  n in Ni  iny ik
ng   n  y. S Lik, Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern
Architecture, 229.
51. S Rbn, “Tb H,” 42. T b g i knn   Ry
G  U.
52. S Rbn, “Tb H,” 53 n 56. On  iii ggi
ignin   Exaltation,  H, “Enn n  Invnin  Ai,” 13–14.
53. S Vi, Religion, Literature, and Scholarship, iy 46; Miki, “Liy, Sing n  Tniin  Kng,” 52–53;
Rin, “S n Sy,” iy 175; H, “Enn n 
Invnin  Ai,” 6–7.
54. In H, “Enn n  Invnin  Ai,” I g 
Enn iin in  O Bbynin     i
 igin  Sin    n  , iy n
 Akkin k  n n i  i n . In iy,  nv    ing  “Sin ”:  iy  i
n  n ii ni, n    iv in  ii 
v  Ukn, Niin,   ik, nv  Sin. T i 
S   bn  niy   in  O Bbynin ,
  Sin iy ig  in  yi n i ig
  biiy, n, n niy— iy Vi, Religion,
Literature, and Scholarship, . 3; Rbi, “Invnin  Sin”; C,
“Sin Li.” I    Enn  b 
in  O Bbynin  iy b y   ny in i
 g. T Temple Hymns g  Sin-king ii in
n ngy, ing  ing x      iin. T Exaltation iy Enn ing  y   Sin ngg  v
—iing Sin qn  ing  Akkin-king
ib  n, i, n y.
55. Zg, Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana, 40: “  B 
Wi.”

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otes to paes 123–127
56. T y  Sgn  bing  gn i  n in  Sumerian King List, . v 32;  iin,  vin by The Birth Legend of Sargon,
i in  Sgn i  bn  gn b I  in
v i i n  i  kingi. T gn nning Sgn
n N-Sîn  g in Jn Wn, Legends;   F, Age
of Agade, . 11,      O Akkin i in Bbynin  y.
57. S F, Age of Agade, 270.
58. S Bi, “Rbin n Pii.”
59. Bi, “Rbin n Pii,” 39. S  Miki, “Liy, Sing n  Tniin  Kng,” 49–50.
60. Ti gn i n in  i in H, “Enn n
 Invnin  Ai.” S  n 54, bv.
61. On Sin-Akkin nin,  Ci, Translation as
Scholarship.
62. Ti in n v b, n  Sin x givn 
i i g   qy bffling ni.
63. R  i  g byn i i  n  b nn
 Sin—b i n g n i qny n ning—
n n  bi nn.g,  y i n --
nin, niin, n iin   igin.
64. T x   i by Gnbg, Lob der Ištar,  n  nnin  Enn Hymn (123); n  iin  bi by Sk
n Wn, “Mn I Lik  Wn.”
65. Sk n Wn, “Mn I Lik  Wn,” 15–20.
66. F Izi,  Ci, “Wiing Sin”;  Erimhush,  Miki, “Li   S,” n By, Composition and Tradition, iy 99–108 n 171–74.
67. I  nnvin by  gn givn in Bk, “En--n N
 C,”   in  ny      y- yn. Evn
gning  Bk i ig n  in  n  b kn   i
  in b    in    yn—b i I v y

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otes to paes 127–130
b,  n in H, “Fi A,” 327–29—i  n k 
  iffn. Sy  ni in  i n i  i 
Enn  i , vn i  i i inn    yn n
n n n i. In  Bbynin i Erra and Ishum,  x,
  Kbi-ii-Mk nnn i i in     i
v Tb, b  i nby     x, n j  i
n in.
68. S H, “W I n A?”
69. S  n  in n 6   Inin, bv.
70. S Rbi, Sumerian Literary Texts, . 4.3. T n   gny yn  ff n iniging n vk i  vin ging
Enn i, b i ning i n   . T x nin
 Enn  bing Nnn y   D S,  Ab, b
i n i bffling in ig    x ib  . Sin 
n gny x  bn    Ti Dyny  U, i ig
 n i iin b Enn  b  i g
ii in     kn   O Bbynin x. Ti 
b kn  vin gin  i   b-knn —in
i    iy iin b   in x in  invning
ni—b i  gny  yn, i i iib   niiv
nin.
71. S Bigg, “Ai Sin Vin,” iy 196.
72. S Hb, “Cnn Ry U”; Miki, Correspondence of the Kings of Ur, . 8.
73. S Lb, “G-i?”
74. Lin, “Liy n Gn,” 97.
75. Ti in  inking g bk   x iin by Åk Sjöbg; 
iy Sjöbg n Bgnn, Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns, 7–8.
In v ,  gn i n y iniin by  king 
i  v bi  in in  in. F x, yn 12 
 Ki, Nnn  in G, nin  ĝipar in . 161. B  n
by Sjöbg (8), King A-Sn   Ti Dyny  U (ni ft
Enn ) i  v bi  Ki ĝipar, xiiy ing
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otes to paes 130–132
 “ nin i n ĝipar  bn bi (n) n en   ()”;
 Fyn, Ur III Period, 264, x n. 16, . 16–18. Ti i  ing gn gin Enn i   yn, b i  b n 
y iniin  by n n x  inin, i: 
king qny v i ivn,  x, by iing  b
   v i  givn k. In i , i i A-Sn 
gin Enn, n   i n inny  ib. A 
i  i biing nin in  Temple Hymns xi ing
 O Akkin i i v  i  ing n iin by
Mni Pii.
76. F  x in   Exaltation,  n 3, 5, n 9   Fgny Hyn, bv.
77. S, .g., Dn, “‘Inn n Ebiḫ,” 670–71. N   x,
  y iniin   i inni,  i in  O
Bbynin i i g vn n nin  i, ing
 igin gy (i i    i  y   Dik 
Enn). Hv, i   iy x  gny n  
nb  viin.
78. S Dn, “Miin n Tniin.”
79. S Bigg, Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh, 45–56; n  in bn   in,  Sjöbg n Bgnn, Collection of the Sumerian
Temple Hymns, 6.
80. A  ni x   xi  bing   ib  in  n x    i i “Egi-kin-i Mni,” in i   Egi-kin-i ib     Bbynin i ni Sagig n Alamdimmû by ving n i
“  n bn bn in  n iin in y  , b  ng ik
”;  W, “Pnn in Wiing,” 251–55. On  ignin  
xi  in  ni nx,  H, “Fi A,” 109–12 n
116–22; n i ignin in  iy iy  i  gny,
 H, “W I n A?”
81. S H, “Bi   A,” 69. I i  n -bi  in
i i   nin      “ny gni” i nnb:
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otes to paes 133–136
iy k   g bin i  , i, bii, n . Mi i i  , n  xin,  bi in Siing, Multiple Authorship. B   I  king i by in. I i n j  ny   k g    givn x,
b  ny   k g    i g:  “I”
  Exaltation g   i  nvin n -in. M
gny, in  nin   ig   givn   i n
 by    , ftn in n ff  , xin,  i
 x ib   . Ti i    y,  bii
nv  n  i niv n    bk y
 ying  ;  Pk, “Iniin: Wiing n Ring.”
82. Hk, “Inin,” xxxiii.
83. Hk, “Inin,” xxxvi.

the ho e ed mouth
1. T nning  iy ing n  i  by 
  -n y;  g inin  i  i  ngy i by An Bnn, Readers and Reading.
2. I  n  nyi givn in i in in H, “Bi  
A.”
3. My nning   niiv   ig in  Exaltation
i b n  iy  Ji B,  in Giving an Account of Oneself g    iy ni by    -iin.
Wn    i i,         ib, by giving
 “I”  x xin in  i   i. B i -in
i  by    n  “giv n n  v,”   iing    by , n  -nin i ingy
b  by  in iii n,   iy  ing  i
 ing. Ti i b n   ny y in i B g 
   n  i in, n   iniviiy i bi by  in,  n   y n. My iin 
» 216 «

otes to paes 136–142
Enn ng   by n n      i
b n Miki Bkin nin  “b-vi i”;  Bkin,
Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, 186.
4. N  i in n  b n iffny. I  F, Age
of Agade, 333, n Bk  ., Literature of Ancient Sumer, 318, in king  in
 n   Nnn b Lg-An. Hv, Zg, “Nin--š,” 62,
n Aing, “Innn B,” 7, k  in  b   Inn, i b
Nnn n Lg-An bing ib  Enn “.”
5. My nning   nugig i b n nvin i Ni
Bi,  i ing  n y  i in  i n y n
inni.
6. T     nu-gig, n  nu-u8-gig, b i i n
 i iffn in ing i ignin.
7. C  nin by F, Age of Agade, 336, “W  n   n n vi,” in i  bj i Inn,
i  by H n vn Dijk, Exaltation of Inanna, 35, “H (Ennn)
king   Hi  x.”
8. S H n vn Dijk, Exaltation of Inanna, 62,  n  “ xin  Innn ii    i  in  Ennn, i
  bing  y ink  in in 146 . i i   i 
 n,  k v in i n, i king  n   .” N
  yy        nugig, i  in  i
n  i-- in   Exaltation.
9. S H, “Bi   A,” 66–67. My nyi  bi n Mi
F nin   “ié g,”  i,    x inviby
nin  nb  iffn vi, i nn b ni by  g   ;  F, “Q- qn ?,” 88. A vn i
Jnn C n   “xiy   nniiv ”: 
i  yi   i by  igy n ngn 
vi kn n v;  C, Theory of the Lyric, 16.
10. Dn, “Tx n Pn.”
11. A ni ign y  n n ning, n i i  nx
in i y    in  y   b . T 
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otes to paes 142–145
in k  vng   : in in 13,  i- ign e
ibig in   izi bar7-bar7-ra, i iy n “ (izi)
   (bar7-bar7-ra)”; in in 15,   ign i a, i  
 inim dug4-dug4, ning “y k (dug4-dug4)  (inim).”
12. S iy x   in iv, i n b in   ibi,     y iby   
in  Ayin i  Ninv. A  ing x  ni
b     byn i ii n   
iv   O Bbynin gala i U-U. A n by Mi Tn,
“Ln, Ri, F,” 280–82, U-U iv  bin n in  bx  n ng vn n, i U-U k  n
 ky vn in i .
13. S Fb-Függ, Der Mythos Inanna und Enki; Fb, “.”
14. Fb, “,” 610: “A Bi vn Ziviiin n K, in 
i  igiö Iniinn, giig  Gü, in 
i Zän, B, Ä   ign Ggnän 
Gä, in ngn vn n vn Gön gnn n vikin
‘göin Käftn.”
15. T x  i by Fb-Függ, Inanna und Enki. An Engi
nin n b n n  Eni Tx C  Sin Li:
://.in.x..k/gi-bin/.gi?x=.1.3.1.
16. In Akkin i   Anzû n Enuma Elish,  Tb  Dini
(i  n  in Sin i)   y   ii  
me: i i n i in bj  ivin bing n  in i n
n   n  . Rning bk, n ig  
 me   igin  kin  ni b.
17. Sin Inn   n iy   O Akkin Ei,  
by givn  n iin in  nn   i. A n
by Ag Wn, “O Akkin Pi,” 38,   v vi
 Exaltation i  Inn  ning  n  gin  
i igy. Hv,   ing    i ny iv, 
i k in n ni i iy xiy n  iffiy  ing
i   O Akkin i. T in bn ii iy n
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otes to paes 147–149
 inn yni  i i  in i  iib  bi. A n by Sk, “King  Akk,” 624, i i n 
Inn  in U ng ing  O Akkin i. B gin, 
qin    ny: I  n ging  Enn 
y i ng igi bi   O Akkin i,  vn 
y   ii ii in i y  in (  nn b
 n y  in). R, I  ging  in   nn
 niv    n i n ,     x  ving
Inn   viy ini iin  ivin y.
18. A i nin  b: “ qn (in-nin9) n i (nin-e-ne),
 ini (nam) y i (nam-ma-tar-re);  yi (nam-nin-a) y
  (tum2-ma).” On  b  ni niin,  n 20 
 Inin, bv.
19. S  y in F, Age of Agade, 17–21.
20. S H, “Enn n  Invnin  Ai,” 9–11; Ag
Wn, “O Akkin Pi,” 38–39.
21. S H, “Enn n  Invnin  Ai,” 5–8. On 
invnin   Sin  in  O Bbynin i, ning   n  ini y  ii in n , gn
 niy,  Vi, Religion, Literature, and Scholarship, 66–79; Rbi,
“Invnin  Sin”; C, “Sin Li”; Bi, “Rbin
n Pii.”
22. N   x n  vi   Sin   i iy  n  iy  Ni,  i    ni  Enn  ;  H, “Enn n  Invnin  Ai.”
O kng  O Bbynin in in gn i viy k 
Ni, i i       n, b  n in Dn,
“Li n Iniy,”  iffn n  b :   i  U,  x,   iffn  n   iii. Ti
Ni-ni bi i    v vin   Temple Hymns.
Hving bgn i Ei, iiny   b   iy in Sin
gy,  x v n  Ni, giving i i   in  in, n  yn  i   in Ni n  ny  iy.
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otes to paes 151–157
23. S Cn  ., “Ci Cng”; n  i  in Wi,
Seven Generations; n in Kğ n M, Sociétés humaines et changement climatique.
24. Ti nin    inig by  iny   i (
nin qivn   iiy-ini x) i  in  
 ni x,  Bbynin i Erra and Ishum,  i  Gg,
“P  E n I,” . 53.
25. Dny Miki k   in  Enn n  n i    i Ishtar Diaries,  j  bg g ,
iin, n i   Mi E   n n n  
  nin i in  n . T  n b 
 gbn.bi./vn/i-ii--i.
26. Dn, How to Do Things with Tears, 6. F  gn  nin,
  Gbby, Pacifying the Hearts.
27. S Zg, Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana, 431–35.
28. Gbby, “Bĝ Inn.”
29. T i k n E i S, Emesal-Studien. My nning  E  Wik, “Lingii Angy.”
30. S,  x,  n   gala in  Sin Pvb
Cin 2, n. 97–106, i     g  ii, in A,
Proverbs of Ancient Sumer, 1:65–67. Eny n. 100 in  in  bn 
 vin   gala  iv  x, b i i   kn
  k  i: “A gala i i i n n i: ‘I  n i 
 i bng   Qn  Hvn, y y.”
31. On  gn iiniy   gala,  Gbby, “Akkin W 
Ti Gn”; C, “Gn, Gn, n Sin Lnin.” On 
iy   gala  gny,  Gbby, Pacifying the Hearts, . 5;
S, Musiker, . 6; n Miki, “Lv  D.”
32. S,  x,  x Iddin-Dagan A n Lob der Ishtar, b 
i ib gn-bving i  giy Inn; ivy,
Rin, “Iin-Dgn S Mig Hyn,” n Sk n Wn, “Mn I Lik  Wn.” I v i nnbiny gn inii
in ni  in H, “Ony in D?” n “Wn n Wving
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Inn”;   Niinn n Svä, “(R)ning  Ig”; n
An, “B Gi.”
33. S  v g  i i ib  ibig  gn   kurĝara n  saĝ-ursaĝ,   knn in Akkin  kurgarrû
n assinnu: , .g., Zny, “Min R”; n P, “assinnu n
kurgarrû.” Zny g   assinnu v ny  in i ,
P  y v ny  inin  ( ign  i   
kurgarrû). I n  gn nnvining,  y y n i  iv
  vin  igy i ing   vin;  H, “Ony
in D?,” 50–51n39. I i n ng  in      assinnu 
kurgarrû i n in y   yi  n    gn,
   in i . T in i  i gning i n
nin  in: y  in i, niy  in
iffn nx, y iniing  i gn nin invv 
g  y bvin.
34. Sk n Wn, “Mn I Lik  Wn,” 20.
35. I v n  n  “bn”  n  Sin
šer7-da, b I biv  i i  bing  in  i n.
T  (i i  n  Akkin šērtu) n n “vi, ngin, i” b  “nin.” Ci n nin y  ik
i n  n Engi k, b v Akkin ,
  arnu, nn b. (Gy D, Through the Language Glass, 2, jk
 “ Bbynin  v bn -  nn Crime and
Punishment, b i ngg  n n     ib
b   n.”) On n ink    ik šērtu  kin   Engi xin “bn  gi”: n n i n ffn, i n b
xin  n in ig n n by. I i i kin  bn
  pilipili—n, , Enn — i  y. P 
xnin i  b n in  gny in in in 74–79: i 
 pilipili i    ngin   Inn n
i bi n ni  in  i vi? O   i  y
  Inn n  ngin,  ib bking  b n
  “i”   g i n ?
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otes to paes 159–160
36. A ii nnin bn Enn n nnbiny gn inii n b n in in 108   Exaltation,  Lg-An n   ĝiri2
n ba-da-ra, n  “kni n gg.” T i n 
ftn bni by  kurĝara n saĝ-ursaĝ    i bvin 
iin gn yb;  H, “Wn n Wving Inn.”
On  ning  Lg-An in,  n 20   Exaltation.
37. F  i  ininiy  in O Bbynin , 
Mk, “‘S I N Fi  Wn.”
38. S Sn Bbynin Gilgamesh, I 185 n 192 (n); n O
Bbynin Gilgamesh, Søyn2 . 18 (n).
39. Bni, Women of Babylon, . 7.
40. S ky i  n in  nin N E in Bni,
Women of Babylon; Hi, Gender and Aging; n Svä, Women and Power. S
  y  in Fink n Dß-Kü, Powerful Women in the Ancient World; Svä n Gi-Vn, Studying Gender; Bin  ., Gender and
Methodology; n Lin n Mi, Role of Women. T in i 
  n in nin An i kn  Sk, “S  Wn.”
F  iy,  Lin, “Liy n Gn”; n Lin n Rbn,
“Qq x i.”
41. T in   nadītu     by Rivk Hi;
 Hi, “nadītu Wn.” Ty v bn  bj  n i
in n;   inin i givn in Jy, “Nī Wn.” A n
n  i ni ignin i givn in D G, “Cherchez
la femme!,” i n  ng-ning nin  y  ing
g in nin .
42. T i y  i i-inni nin i FyKnky, In the Wake of the Goddesses. B  n n  i y  
Bbynin “g gn g” i y n; in  ni,  Bi,
“Mginiin  Pi”; n Snik, “Min n Mgin(i)?,” 784–
86, iy  n  in n 39. F igyny in Sin
—i k gin  nin   “Sin iy”—
Mk, “‘S I N Fi  Wn.”

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otes to paes 160–164
43. On  gn yni  in in Enuma Elish,  H, “Mk Pni”; Snik, “Gn M”; n M, “T, Wibiki n
Äik.”
44. On i in   inni,  Lb, “Cg  Tx
n A”; Miki, “Siing  Bbyn,” 83–87; n H, “Fi A,” . 10–11. On  i in  nin N E,  Svä,
“F Agny n Ai,” b n  Svä i i
 vi kin  x, n iy i iy, i in  
inni BCE    b i  n. Zb Föi, “Bbi,”  ny g  B-bi,     “G Hyn,”
 bby  n b  n i xivy   n in 
Ki i; b in  -inni , B-bi i i
  n.

the pr estess re t u r s
1. Bnn, The Author, 30.
2. Bnn, The Author, 30.
3. I k  i n  (n   “Bbyn i”)  Miki, “D   P,” 138.
4. T iy n Nbni i Bi, Reign of Nabonidus.
5. T in ngiv n  Nbni   “Cy Cyin” n
 “V An  Nbni,” b i in Sig, Die Inschriften
Nabonids, 550–56 n 563–78. In  Hb Bib, Nbni i n i
Nbn II.
6. Nbni   n A-gi, n   v n
xn n   i in   n. Cningy, v,  n n by iing   i-n n    A-gi
 i, ibing Nbni  ny ffing  . A-gi
y v i  x   n   i, i  ib ing  n
in,    ing y v bn  ft  . Ei

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otes to paes 165–166
y,  , i in Wiä n Nvny, Royal Inscriptions, 223–28,
   A-gi   ing vin   Mn G, y
ying  i n iving viin  i b  n . S y
  iv  b 104—n   v bn iv  in  gng Ennigi-Nnn inn  ig i—n   g
   : “My yig  i big, y in xin,
y n n  y, y  -n,  n ink gb
 , y by  g, y    jy. I  y in in
in in iv,     gnin: I in  vy  g”;
Wiä n Nvny, 226–27, . ii 29–34. On A-gi iniin,
 Yn, “M  H Sn.”
7. P   b in iniying n  ffi   ig i
 i   ingy   n  i ng v
i. Tg  ereš-diĝir i   b ini i  en i in  i, y y v bn iin in  Mi Bbynin
i, n   ffi y v   xi:  Miki, “D
  P,” 149n24, in ,  Mi Bbynin ereš-diĝir i
  b  g g, n ing    .
8. Nbni inn  Ennigi-Nnn i ib in  :
 y iniin n  yin, i in Wiä n Nvny, Royal
Inscriptions, 165–69, n  ii ni, i in Gn, Mesopotamian
Chronicles, 312–16. Cnvining ny    n b n in Miki, “D   P”; n Rin, Your Thwarts in Pieces, 1–16. T n
 “g” b  vn ny in Enuma Anu Enlil : “I Sîn [i..,
 n] i i in  n  U ing      nig
[i..,  n], n Sîn i  ig i.” T n  ig, b 
i  y  n— i k  in  ftnn.
9. S C. Ln Wy, Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods, 17;  
Pyk, “Hin Wn  Hiy: Ennigi-Nnn.”
10. Pyk, “Hin Wn  Hiy: Ennigi-Nnn.”
11. T yi n i i in F, Rulers of Babylonia, 246–47; 
Sin iniin i in Fyn, Ur III Period, 256–57.
12. S Pyk, “Hin Wn  Hiy: Ennigi-Nnn.”
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13. Sig, “Nbni,  ‘Aäg   Könign.” F niqini in ni  gny,  Bi, “Min
Aniqini”;    i  Bbynin  iy, 
Bi, “Aniqini n  Cnn   P.”
14. L. i 26–27, Wiä n Nvny, Royal Inscriptions, 167.
15. L. i 39—ii 5, Wiä n Nvny, 167–68. F    Nbn I  Nbni   viing  iin   i
i,  Miki, “D   P,” 139–43, i iby ini
i   kudurru  y n iginy v  nying   i ig i, b i   i Nbni ii g.
16. S Miki, “D   P,” 142;   Bi, Reign of
Nabonidus, 138–41, n Nbni ii   i niqin ning.
17. Enn iniin  i in Fyn, Old Babylonian Period,
224–31 n 299–301.
18. L. 33, Fyn, Old Babylonian Period, 300.
19. L. 36–43, Fyn, Old Babylonian Period, 300.
20. S . 1–4, Fyn, Old Babylonian Period, 300.
21. S Fyn, Old Babylonian Period, 257, x n. 32, . 5, n 226, x
n. 15, g. 9, . 6′.
22. On  i n gy  Kin Wy,  Lby, “Bk
Gn”; Mn, Empires of Antiquities, 211–12; n K, “Avn C.”
23. Cii, Autobiography, 364. F  ii iin,   n
by Cii bn,  gi Mx Mn, in Mn, Memoirs,
36–38.
24. On   in   xvin  U in  in i,
 Mn, Empires of Antiquities, . 5 n 6. On Wy  in ing
ning,  Mn, Memoirs, 37.
25. Ex   vi    in Lby, “Bk Gn,”
ining n  Wy  “ning,” “,” “ing,” “in,” n “ng.”
26. Kin Wy, Adventure Calls.
27. T ny ny vi   nv I  b  n i 
 ni by Ki Rv,  i- n  T Rv. H
» 225 «

otes to paes 174–178
 nii b  nv ii iin   v y
q by  iy “ v ‘kn   i n bn,” b 
n   nin    xi n -ing. S Rv,
“In Mi.”
28. C. Ln Wy, Excavations at Ur, 115.
29. H n vn Dijk, Exaltation of Inanna.
30. B y i ftn ikny   1968, n  Fn vin   x . B  Engi nin   y  ,
in  1967 i   xin gin Aspen. S B, “D 
 A”; Lgi, “1967.”
31. Wig, “Wn  Vb Ai.” F n vvi  Enn
n in,  Knn, “Mny Liv  Enn.”
32. Bnn n Bnn, Book of Women Poets, 1–8.
33. Axn, “Tiy in  Ti  W,” 1593.
34. F  gi in   nin  in n Iqi i,  Mi, Reading Iraq, 27–29.
35. -Jbi, “Ennn”; -Jbi, Laka hādhā.
36. M, Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart, n Princess, Priestess, Poet.
37. Sjöbg n Bgnn, Temple Hymns; Sjöbg, “in-nin šà-g4-.”
38. A bi vvi   Sin ngg i givn in Miki,
“Sin”;   gi  bginn (b y vib nin) 
Fxvg, Introduction to Sumerian Grammar; n Zóyi, Introduction to the
Grammar of Sumerian. T  bii   bi    Sin g i Jg, “Diiv G,” b ny   n
in in b. T ny , b gin b, Sin xin
i Aing, Glossaire sumérien-français;  b n ngi  ni
gi by Sbg, “Münn Si Zkn”; n Tinny,
Jn, n Vi, “Eni Pnnyvni Sin Diiny.”
39. Zg, Rechtsfall der En-ḫedu-Ana; Dn, “Viin in Sin Liy Ciin,” 2030–2108; Aing, “Innn B.” F igi
i  Enn  in Miki, “Li   S”;
K, “A Hyn  Inn (Inn C)”; Wik, Kollationen zu den sumerischen
literarischen Texten, 48; n Wik, “nin--šá-.”
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acknowled gments

m frst ad reatest thas o to m parter,
Ay Lbni. Wi  , I  n v  
g   i j. Gin Knn  n invb   I  y y g  bb  Sin
g, n  y kin Li Pyk gny gi 
  i nx i  Ennigi-Nnn.
Ti bk i  inin   ng nggn i Enn n    bgn n Sin N  in      Sin i i ini
ni. Ni Bi—  n in kinn—
 g  Sin n    vi  y P.D.
iin n  ni igin  iy i. My
 vi  M Rn Tn,  ff ininb   I  y y in iy i n  
  i. Cn g v   v
y i b Enn v  y—in nvin v
nn ff, k inn, n yi ink—
b I  ik  ing  P Dn,  inig 
y iy iining. Ti bk bi n y Dni
nin   Exaltation, i I    inigin
 Sëk Tyni Hibg, y i   ini biing
 Fg U. H iin in ing  y 
Enn n  ng n i i n iniin   . My in n iy,   n n
  nin n n  gn   y ning b
Enn v  y, v givn  b  iv

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acowledmets

n vb ngn: in i, I  ik  nk
Rk Hn-Gji; Axn OSivn Fft; y n, M Py H n Mn Søng; n y i,
Ag Søng H.
Ti i y n bk i Y Univiy P, n i 
n  bn  ig  k i y i Jnni Bnk,
  i bk    biin i
n knn. My yi, Sn Liy,  n
ivn   x;  i n   k   v b. T Pnn M gny   
in ig   Dik  Enn n   ni
  Exaltation. T nny vi i ny  iin n in  ngn y gn. T
j    by  J. n H. K Mi
Fn,  Dni Ini in D, n  En Yng
R Aiin. I   bk i ying  
xn   T Cnii  Fi Univiä Bin; y y    ib by  gn 
 Cbg Fnin.
Tnk y .

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index

“Anin Min G

abgal (Svn Sg), 66, 203n14

n G” (Hffn),

Ab Sbik, 131, 181

201n4

Ab (D S), 57, 59, 64, 66, 73,

Ann g (Annunaki), 150

77, 96, 99, 214n70
Ab,   Ninng in, 82

Anzû, 218n16

A-gi (Nbni ),

An (Tn Bi), 74, 204n21
Ai (g  gi n inn-

223–24n6

in),  , 66

Adventure Calls (K. Wy), 171–73
fti, 112. See also n

Agi (n  Ninng), 82

Akk, 55, 107, 149;   Ib

Aibbb, 55. See also Nnn

in, 92;   Inn in, 79, 91

A, 113, 210n26
Atra-hasis, 160, 209n22

Akkin Ei. See O Akk-

Aing, P, 178, 196n9, 217n4,

in Ei
Akkin ngg, 106, 107–8,

226n38
, 11, 14, 25, 43, 67, 75, 78, 80,

120–21, 124–25, 144, 181–82,

84, 88, 150, 196n14, 203n15

201n5, 212n54, 221n35

i: in nin i,

Akki,   Ninb in,

131–32, 160, 223n44; n

72–73
Alamdimmû (i i), 215n80

, xi, xii–xiii, 131–32, 135, 141,

Axn, Mn, 176

162, 215–16n81;   ,

A ( Tb  Hvn), 113, 115

175;  Enn yn,

A-Sn (king), 165, 214–15n75

vii, xi, xiii, xiv, 126, 127, 129–32,

An (Anu; gn   g),

135, 140, 189–190n5, 191n9,

21, 70–71, 136–37, 142, 189–

214–15n75, 214n70; in Exalta-

90n5, 197n17; in Inana and Ebih,

tion, 135, 138, 140, 142, 162, 175;

200n8; nugig , 137;  ,

-iv, xi, 135, 138, 140;

197n18, 199n2, 200n7

 ving, 127, 132
» 247 «

de
Bb (B), 56;  , 75–76

Cii, Ag, 169–70

Bbk, Siny, 208n16

i ng, 151, 179

Bbyn:  in, 105; n

nn   king  U,
128–29

B, 164;  , 114,
118; in in, xv, 119–26,

C, Jnn, 217n9

142–43, 149, 161, 163, 191n11,

 i, xv, 122–23

212n54;  , 175; n

ni , xix, 160, 163,
190n7, 197n17, 197–98n20

Hbi, 119; n Iq, 176;

Cni Digi Liby Inii-

n Nbni, 163–64

iv, 193–94n21

Bbynin iviy, 164

ni iing, 108, 119–22,

Bibi,   Di in,
71–72

142, 193–94n21, 194n23, 202n13,

Bni, Zinb, 118

205n33, 215n80, 217–18n11

Bkin, Miki, 216–17n3

yin , 109–10, 117

balaĝ (inn), 156

Cy  G, 163

Bnn, Aiki, 176
D, 191n11

Bnn, Wii, 176
B, Rn, 175, 226n30

D G, Kin, 222n41

B-ii (g  bi), 160

Dn, P, 142, 155, 178, 191n11,
219n22

B, 164
Bnn, An, 162, 216n1

D,   In in, 85

Bgnn, Egn S. J., 214–15n75

“Diiv G  Sin” (Jg), 226n38

Birth Legend of Sargon, 209n22,
213n56
Bk, Jy A., 199n2, 201n4,
213–14n67, 217n4

D, Gy, 221n35
Dijk, J. J. A. vn, 174, 178, 217nn7,8
Dik  Enn, xii, 113–19,

Bi, Ni, 124, 207n2, 217n5

162–63, 167, 169, 171, 173–74, 176,

Bii M, 208n14, 208n16

210n29, 210n30, 215n77; ,

B-bi, 223n44

115

bi, 112;  i, 116,

“b-vi i,”

167–68, 208n19
B, Ji, 216–17n3

216–17n3
du (n ning ), 140

» 248 «

de
E-K, 63

Di ( g), 55; n
Inn, ix, 71, 152, 189n2, 198n21,

E-Kini, 77–78

198–99n24;  , 71–72

E-king, 64–65, 95, 97, 202n10,
206n3

Di-Ab,  , 77–78

E-ki, 55, 58, 59, 201n3, 202n7

Dngii, 55

E-K, 66
E (g  i n iviy),
55, 57, 72–73, 160. See also Enki;

E-k, 54, 58–59
“Eni Pnnyvni S-

Ni

in Diiny” (Tinny,

E-b, 88–89

Jn, n Vi), 226n38

E-bg, 77

Eni Tx C  S-

E-Ab, 54, 57–58

in Li, 193–94n21,

E-Akk, 92

218n15

E-Akki, 72–73

E-, 54, 78–79, 82

E-n, 54, 70–71, 197n18, 200n7,

E-, 60–61

200n10

E-n, 55, 201n3

Ey Dyni i, 181

E-M, 73

E-bbb, 54, 68–69, 89–90

E-, 71–72

Ebi (nin), 21, 196n12. S

en (ig i), 165, 195n6,
224n7

 Inana and Ebih

Enn, 117, 163; iin ,

i, 163–65, 224n8

210n35;  , 117, 210n34

E-igk, 85
E-b, 87

Enn, 167–68

bb , 120–21, 142–43,

Engi, 86;   Nin in, 69

211n45; igy , xv, 122–24,

Enn:  g  Sgn,

149, 191n11, 212nn53,54, 219n21

vii, xii, 104–8, 109, 113, 116, 165,

E-g, 83

174, 207n3;  bin 

E-gi, 69

Ning, 111, 210n26;  ig

E-gi, 166

i, vii, viii, x, xii, xiv–xv,

E-gibn, 70

xvi, xvii, 3, 4, 12, 15, 16, 47, 64,

E-ng, 65–66, 90–91

95, 97, 98–100, 104–6, 110–14,

E-igik, 84–85

116–17, 122, 129, 136, 137, 159,

» 249 «

de
Enn (continued)

197n19, 199nn25,26, 200n11,

162–63, 165–69, 174, 194n23,

202nn10,11, 203n12, 203nn15,16,

195n6, 197n17, 198n22, 199n26;

203n19, 204n25, 205nn29,30,

ii nx, vii, xiv–

205n34, 206n5, 206n7, 210n26,

xvi; n i n,

217n7, 219n18, 221n35, 222n36;

174–80;  , 110,

   in, x, xi, xvi,

116, 132–33, 165; biing 

53–54, 127, 140, 141, 149–50,

ĝipar, 110–12, 117, 129; ing

152, 153, 158, 168, 174, 190n8,

 n, 194nn22–23; -

198n24, 201n1, 201n6, 206n3,

 , 107, 113, 133, 162–63;

215n80, 221n35. S  Exalta-

“ iv” , xiv–xvi, 191n9,

tion of Inana; yn: gn-

192n13. See also Dik  En-

y; Hymn to Inana; Temple

n; Enn y

Hymns
E-ninn, 74–75

Enn y, vii, xvi–xxii;

Enki (Ea), 144–45; g , 76;

i , xii–xiv, 126–33,

n , 66. See also E

129, 138–40, 189n4, 191n9, 213–
14n67, 214n70, 214–15n75, 215–

Enki, H , 58

16n81; n   vi,

Enki and Inana, 192n17

135–36; in Bbynin ,

Eni (king   g; G

xv, 119–26, 142–43, 149, 161,

Mnin), 21, 53, 55, 58,

163, 191n11, 212n54;  

199n2; vn , 60; n ,

ii i, 190–91n8; -

61–62; n , 74, 86; 

in , 127, 132–33; ing ,

, 54; i , 59, 62. See also

129–30, 131; gi n gn

Nnni

in, 154–61; igy in, xvi–xvii;

Engn, 210n35;   iy,

ngg , 130–31; n

210n35

iin , 174–80; n, ,

Ennn, 107

n xi in, 149–54; iy

Ennigi-Nnn, 165–66, 168–69,

, 123, 126;  n 

223–24n6, 224n8

in, 143–49; nin , xvi,

Enuma Anu Enlil, 164, 224n8

xviii–xxi, 22, 103, 104, 124–25,

Enuma Elish, 192–93n19, 218n16,
223n43

137, 142, 144, 156, 163, 178–79,
193n21, 194–95n1, 195n6, 196n9,

E,   Nib in, 92–93

» 250 «

de
Ekig (qn   ), 69,

196n7; y , 193–94n21;
x, 7–19; nin() , 103,

143; n , 86

190–91n8, 195n6, 196n9, 196n10,

Ei, 57–58;  , 53, 58, 149,

197n19, 197–98n20, 199n25,

219n22

199n26, 217n4

E, 205n28. See also Ng
Erra and Ishum, 213–14n67, 220n24

xi, 153–54

Egi-kin-i, 215n80

E-gin, 92–93

E-ig, 79–80
4.2 kiy vn, 151

Ennn,   Nin in,

F i, 128, 131

86–87

Fb (Fb-Függ), G,

E-, 55, 61–62, 201n3

144, 218nn14,15

E-iki, 86–87

ini, xiv–xv, 147, 176–77,

E-Si, 76

191n9, 192n13

E-ii, 75–76
E-n-ni-g, 95, 130

F, 209n22

E-T, 55, 58, 59, 201n3, 202n7

Föi, Zb, 223n44

E-gg, 80–81

F, Bnjin, 196n11, 213n56,

E-U, 91

217n4, 217n7

E-ni, 53, 54, 57

F, Mi, 217n9

Exaltation of Inana, viii–xii, xiii,

Fxvg, Dni A., 226n38

xviii, xix, 3–5, 95, 105–6, 113,

Fyn, Dg, 214–15n75

122, 129, 132, 147, 174; -

n , 112

i , 162–63; iin 
 in, 152; ning , 205n34;

Gb, 67

 biin , 175; i-

G, 55

n , 135–36; nin

G, 214–15n75;  
Nnn in, 67–68

in, 155–56; iy ing
, 134–36; n iin ,

Ggi, 62

178; ib n ,

gala (nin i), 141, 156–
57, 200n8, 218n12, 220nn30,31

142;    in, 136–37;

gn i, 156–61, 220nn30,31,

  ig in, 135–36,
216–17n3;  i , 140,

220–21n32, 221n33, 222n36; in

141;  , 194–95n1,

Sin ngg, 206n8
» 251 «

de
ig i: i , 225n15;

Gg, An R., 201n3

in , 112, 140, 159,

ĝi6 u3-na (  nig), x, 139,

209nn22,23; g  king

141, 156
Gilgamesh, 159, 160–61, 176

, 106, 107, 116, 117; iin

ĝipar, 110–12, 116–17, 129, 165,

, 116, 168, 225n15;  -

166–67, 169, 196n15, 208–9n19,

bin  Ning, 111, 113,

214–15n75

210n26; Enn, 117, 163;

Gi, 74;   Bb in, 75–76

Enn, 167–68; Ennn

Gibn,   Ningii

107; Ennigi-Nnn, 166,
169, 223–24n6, 224n8; n

in, 70
Gn, Jn-Jq, 224n8

 , 112–13, 197n16;

Glossaire sumérien-français

 , 207n2; -

(Aing), 226n38

  Enn, 110, 116,

gv g, 109–10

132–33, 165; in , xxi,

G Rv, 105–6

110–11, 112, 116–17, 162–63, 170,

Gn, Anny, 201n4

196n15, 203n12, 208–9n19;

Gnbg, Bigi R. M., 213n64

nibiii/ , 15,

Gb,   Ninki in, 77

104–5, 113, 114–15, 155; viv

G, 88. See also K

  ffi, 164–65, 166, 169,

G (g  ing n

175; S Mig, 111, 114,

iin), 56, 75, 148. See also

209n21; x nin i

Niniin

king, 209n21; Sni, 107;
  Enn, 107,

“G Hyn” (B-bi),

112, 113, 133, 162–63; Sin,

223n44

207n2; b/bi gn ,

Gngn (king), 117

112–13, 116, 167–68, 208–9n19;
iy/i, 109–10

Tnb, 107; 

H, Wii, 174, 178, 189–90n5,

ning, 137–38, 139, 195n6,
200n11, 204n25, 206n7, 210n26,

217nn7,8
Hbi (king), 119, 123, 182–83

217n5, 224n7. See also En-

Hi, Rivk, 222n41

n; i

H, Mi, 207n7

Hy Inn, 138–39, 198n23,

Hb Bib, 164, 209n22, 223n5
» 252 «

198–99n24

de
Hk, Rnji, 132–33

196n9, 217nn7,8; bn , 87;

H   Ziqq, 53, 54, 57

in Hymn, 145–47, 157–59; in-

H  T (E-ki), 55, 58,

iin i Vn, 204n23;
 Ki, 87; y b,

59, 201n3, 202n7
Hin, S, 153

190–91n8;  n iy 

yn, viii;  Ab Sbik,

O Akkin Ei, 218–

131; balbale, 95; gny,

19n17;  , 55, 149, 157–59,

95–100, 127–28, 130, 189n4,

192–93n19, 195n4; n ,

206n3, 214n70

78–79; ing  n, xxii;
  in Akk, 91; 

Hymn to Inana, ix–xii, xvii, xix,
21–22, 70, 114, 122, 129, 145–47;

 in Uk, 70–71;  

y , 161; iin 

in Zb, 79–80; 

Inn in, 152–53; iin

, 197n18, 200n7; i 

  in, 152–53; n Inana

me, 143. S  Exaltation of

and Ebih, 189–90n5; n

Inana; Hymn to Inana

iin , 178; y ,

Inana and Ebih, xii, 177, 189–90n5,
196n12, 200n8

193–94n21; x, 23–52; n-

Inana and Enki, 144–45, 218n15

in , 199–200n4

Inana B. S Exaltation of Inana
Iddin-Dagan A, 209n21, 220n31

Inana C. S Hymn to Inana

Igigi, 23, 25

Inana-Dumuzi x, 189n2

Ib (g  ), 55, 130;

Inana’s Descent to the Underworld,
143, 198n21

 , 92
I-i, 109–10, 166

Inn-Z, 210n26;  , 113

iigin, 154

Introduction to Sumerian Grammar
(Fxvg), 226n38

Inn (Innn, I; g

Introduction to the Grammar of

 Nnn): in/

Sumerian (Zóyi), 226n38

, 72; n Di, ix, 71, 152,

Iq: nin, 104, 105, 151, 160–61,

189n2, 198n21, 198–99n24; in
Enn y, 192–93n19;

181, 201n5; n nin U, 153;

n Enki, 144–45, 218n15; in Ex-

gy in, 173–74; i-

altation, viii–x, xix, 113, 136–40,

 b, 171–73; vin

144–45, 155, 189n2, 195n4,

in, 173, 175;  in, 176
» 253 «

de
Ik ( g), 55, 196n11;

Ki, 104; Inn , 87;  
Zbb in, 87

 , 80–81
I-Dgn (king), 117

Knn, Gin, xiv, 191n9

I. See Inn

K, 55;   Ai in, 66

In (g i i b-

K-Mbk, 167

 n i), 113, 125–26;

Kn, 84

 , 85

kurĝara (i ), 126, 157,

Ishtar Diaries (), 220n25

158, 200n6, 200n8, 221n33

Ishtar-Louvre. S Lob der Ishtar

K, 203n16;   Ng
in, 88

Iin, 182;   G in, 148;

Kû. See K

  Niniin in, 83
Iin-L i, 182
Isru (n i), 209n23

Lg, 104;   Ningi in,

Jg, B, 192n15, 226n38

L D, 132–33

J N i, 181

nin, 141, 155–56, 158–59,

74–75, 148

197–98n20, 198–99n24, 200n6,

Jn, Pii, 226n38

200n8

-Jbi, A, 176

ngg: Akkin, 106, 107–8,
120–21, 124–25, 144, 181–82,

Kbi-ii-Mk (),

212n54, 221n35; E, 156.

213–14n67

See also Sin ngg

Kk,   Ik in, 80–81

L, 117, 182;   U in,

Ki, 67–68, 214–15n75

68–69

Ki  (kudurru), 165
K,   N in, 84

xi i, 126

K, 53, 55;   Nin-

Lin, Bigi, 129
iy -n, x–xi, 5, 53,

ng in, 63, 82

92, 138–40, 149

Kesh Temple Hymn, 128, 131

Lob der Ishtar (“Sng  I”),

Kibig,   Ningbg

125–26, 157, 213n64, 220n31

in, 67
kinda (i), 109

Love Lyrics, 189n2

Kini,   Di-Ab

Lg-An, viii, x, 105–6, 136, 147,

in, 77–78

197nn17,18,19, 197–98n20, 207n7
» 254 «

de
nam (  bin),

Lg-M,  , 84–85.

146–47

See also Nin

nam-nina (qni), 147
Nnn (Sîn, Mn G), viii, xi,

Mn, Mx, 169, 225n23
M. See Ninng

xii, 3–4, 55, 111, 116, 118, 136,

Mni (king, ibing 

137, 163–64, 165, 166–67, 197n17,

Enn), 105, 207nn3,4

206n10, 223–24n6; y 

M,   Lg-M

 D S, 214n70; n ,
67, 84;   in G, 67–

in, 84–85

68, 214–15n75;   in U,

Mk (n  E; iy g

64–65, 95;   in U,

 Bbyn), 160, 164, 169,

88–89. See also Aibbb

192–93n19

Nn: g , 77; 

MH-M, Rn, 118

, 76

me (n ), 143–44, 192n16,
218n14, 218n16

N-Sîn (king), 105–6, 107, 108,

M, By D Sng, 177

123, 147, 148, 181, 198–99n24,

M, 88, 205n29

207n7; ngy , 208n8;
Viy S , 207n6

Miki, Pi, 223n3,

n , 149–51

224nn7,8, 225n15, 226n38
Miki, Dny, 153–54, 220n25

Nbn I, 225n15

Mn G. See Nnn

Nbn II, 223n5

Mn Ebi, 21, 196n12

Ng (g   ,
i, n i; E), 55,

“Münn Si Z-

205n28, 205n29;  , 88

kn” (Sbg), 226n38

Nib. See Nib

Murder in Mesopotamia (Cii),

Ni, Fii, 146

169–70
M,   Ningii in, 73

Nin (g   n/
i g); n , 70; 
, 69, 86–87

Nbi-U, 107
Nbni (king), 163–67, 168, 169,
175, 223n5, 224n8;  ,

Ninv, 218n12
Ning (Nikkal, i  Nnn), 95,

223–24n6

111, 159, 168, 198n22;  ,

Nb--iin, 166

210n35
» 255 «

de
N (g, iby 

Ningii (g  gi n

), 84

innin),  , 73
Ningi, 56, 148;  , 74–75;

Nnni, 55. See also Eni
Nk, 60

i , 75
Ningii,  , 70

O Akkin Ei, 106–7, 113,

Ningbg, 56;  , 67
Ninng (g  bi n

116, 123, 130, 147, 149, 151, 174,

), 55; n , 82;

182, 190n8, 218–19n17; 
y , 123–24

 , 63, 82, 90–91
Niniin (g  ing), 137;

O Akkin i, 106–7; 

 , 83. See also G

, 107

Nini, 55, 58, 202n7; n , 61–62,

O Bbynin i, 182–83,
215n77; iv  in,

86

211–12n50

Nin. See Ninng

On Riy Ann Cni-

Ninki,  , 77
Ninb,  , 72–73

 C (ORACC) Pj

Nin. See Ninng

Li, 193–94n21

Nin (i g), 56,
61–62, 74, 204n21. See also

P, In, 221n33

Lg-M

Pnn M, 208n12, 210n34
iv nn, 195n4

Ni, 53, 54, 55, 58, 104, 121,

Pii, Mni, 54, 178, 201n2,

123, 183, 201nn5,6; xvin

214–15n75

, 211n49; H  Eni in,
59;   Nk in, 60–61;

igy n igi, xii–xiv,

 in, 149, 219n22

xvi, 5, 21, 54, 111, 120, 123, 124,
126, 127, 129, 142, 144, 149,

Nib (g  iing), 55,

174–76, 178, 192n13

160, 205nn32,33;  ,

ngy, 192n15, 193n20, 203n15

92–93

pilipili (i ), 31, 126,

Nvny, Ji, 223–24n6, 224n8

157, 158–59, 200n8 221n35

nubar (i), 204n25

y: nin, 131; Bbynin,

Ni, 55. See also E

xviii; in , 162; in

nugig (ii, y n),
137–39, 204n20, 204n25, 217n5
» 256 «

yn, viii; iy ing

de
, 134–35; yi, 217n9; 

Rbn, En, xiv, xv, 191n9

v. in, 142–43; Sin,

Rv, Ki, 225–26n27

xviii, xxi, 121, 123, 124, 128,

Ry G  U, 51, 212n51

193–94n21; nin , xxi,
S Mig, 111, 198n22,

124–26, 132–33. See also En-

209n21

n y
Pk, Sn, xvi, 192n13

Sg , 208n16

i: gi

Sagig (i i), 215n80
saĝ-ursaĝ (i ), 126,

vin , 173; i , 166,

157, 158, 200n6, 221n33

225n15; en-, 165, 195n6, 224n7;
ereš-diĝir, 224n7; ing

Sbg, W, 226n38

, 165;   n, 108–13;

S-in (king), 123, 183

nadītu, 222n41; nubar, 204n25;

Sgn  Akk (king): bi

nugig, 137–38, 139, 204n25,

gn , 209n22, 213n56; iy

217n5; O Akkin, 191n9,

, 53, 55, 107;  , vii,

207n2; O Bbynin, 160,

105–7, 123, 147, 148;   

166–67, 170, 173, 207n2, 217n5,

Enn, vii, xii, 104–8, 109,

224n7; /nibiii ,

113, 116, 165, 174, 207n3; n ,

113–14, 160; Sin, 207n2,

105; iv , 207n3

217n5;  n ,

Sk, Ing, 218–19n17

137–38, 210n26. See also En-

Sign, J, 208n16

n; ig i

S, Gb J., 192n16
Svn Sg (abgal), 66, 203n14

Pyk, Li, 5, 165
Pbi (qn), 170–71

Skn, 192n13

iin i, 95, 168, 206n3

S (n  Inn), 78–79,

-n y, 134–35,

S-ki-i, 106

198–99n24
216n1

Sgi (king), 65–66, 130, 132, 165,

Ri-Sîn (king), 167, 168
Ri (king, ibing  Enn), 105, 207nn3,4
i ffing, 114–16

182, 202n13
Sni, 107
Sk, 181
Sin (g, i  Eni),
55, 201n3;  , 62

Riv O, 60, 75
» 257 «

de
Sîn, 163–64. See also Nnn

Tb  Dini, 218n6

Sîn-qi-nnnni, 161

Tn, Mi, 218n12

Si, 68, 104;   U in,

T (Sgn i), 207n3
Ty, 164

89–90

Temple Hymns, xi, xxi, 53–56, 124,

Si,   Nin in, 76

127–28, 131, 212n54, 219n22;

Sjöbg, Åk, 178, 199n1, 214–

iin , 129–30; ing

15n75

Exaltation, 204–5n25; ii

i , xxi–xxii
Siing, Jk, 215–16n81

nx, 135; ii  in,

S G, 55, 196n11. See also

147–49; in  n
in, 201n2; n iin ,

Ik
Sn, 206n10. See also Nnn

178; x, 57–100; nin

S, 201n5, 212n54; nin

, 202n8,9, 202n11, 203n12,

  ni , 124, 149,

203n16, 203n19, 204n20,

212nn53,54, 219n21

205n30

Sumerian King List, 213n56

, 54–55;  nin, 54,

Sin ngg, xiv, xviii–xx,

60, 79, 122, 150, 201n1; ing

53–54, 107, 121–25, 131, 174,

, 189–90n5, 197n18, 200n7;

178, 181–82, 212n54, 221n35,

nknn, 81
T Cnii (Bin),

226n38;  , 208n11;

191–92n12

i  (E), 156; gn
in, 206n8; nin ,

xi , 132, 215n80

213n53, 226n38; ngy

Ti (ii ), 160

, 192n15; y, 193–94n21;

Tinny, Sv, 226n38

nn in, 204n24;

T, 59, 202n7. See also H
 T

nibing, 194nn22,23,
203n15; nin , xix–xxii,

Tummal Chronicle, 202n7

192n18

Tnb, 107

Sin i, 191n11

Tb, 107

Sin Pvb Cin,
220n30
S, Ci, 210n30

U, 104
n, 69–72, 86, 88, 112, 120,
143, 198n21, 203n16, 211n43

Svä, Sn, 223n44
» 258 «

de
Wiä, Fk, 223–24n6,

U, 53, 64, 104, 123, 153, 163,

224n8

183; gy in, 108–10,
170–71, 225n24;   iy,

Wig, M, 175

106; i , 165, 168–

Wn, Ag, 208n8,

69;  in, 95, 105, 165;

218–19n17

  Inn-Z , 113;

Wn, Jn, 206n1, 210n26,

  Nnn in, 64–65;

213n56

  Sgi in, 65–66;

Wik, C, 189n4, 190–91n8

Ti Dyny  (U III),

Win, In, 116

116–17, 119, 127, 128–29, 130,

n: in nin Iq, 160; 

182, 214n70, 214–15n75;

gi, 169–71; 

n , 163–69

, 179–80, 223n44; 

U (g   ), 85

, xi, 189n3; n  “g

U-N (U-N; king), 116,

gn g,” 164–65, 222n42;

117, 130, 182, 208–9n19

  , 166; 

Uk, 68, 104, 181, 197n18, 200n7;

ib, 160, 211n44;  U,

  Inn in, 70–71, 79

163–69. See also i

Uk i, 181

Wy, C. Ln, 110, 114,
170–71, 173–74

U, 56;   Nnn in,

Wy, Kin, 169–74,

88–89
U-U, 218n12

225n25

ušumgal, 196n8, 198n21
U (n g), 55, 205n31; 

Zbb (n  ), 

, 68–69, 89–90

, 87
Zb,   Inn in,

Vi, Nik, 149, 226n38

79–80

Vn, 204n23

Zg, Ann, 123, 178, 190–91n8,

Viy S, 207n6

217n4
iqq (igg), 53–54, 57–58,

Wgnnn, K, 210n29

78, 114, 176; n Dik  En-

, 151–53, 220n24

n, 115

Wk, Pn, 111, 208–9n19

Zóyi, Gáb, 226n38

n, 197–98n20, 222n36

Zny, In, 221n33
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