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SHepI'HIO B onpe.n;eJIeHHbIX IJ;eJIHX. STOM Heo6xo.n;HMOCTbIO H
HBJIHeTCH HH<}JopMaIJ;HH.
IIpll qTeHlIlI KHHrll, npOCMOTpe TeJIeBII30pa HJIH co6ece-
.n;OBaHHlI MbI nOCTOHHHO rrpHHHMaeM HH<}JOpMaIJ;HIO H rrpeo6-
pa3yeM ee B HymHbIH HaM BH.n;, T. e. ynpaBJIHeM eIO.
HarrpHMep, KpaCHbIH CBeT CBeTocpopa \. A
HBJIHeTCH HH<}JopMaD;HeH 0 3arrpem;eHIIH rre-
,.., -.
pexo.n;a YJIHIJ;bI, a 3eJIeHbIM CBeT HBJIHeTCH _ '.
IfH<}JopMaIJ;HeH 0 pa3pemeHHlI rrepexo.n;a
yJIIITJ;bI.
IIpH H3yqeHHH mHBOTHbIX KaK eCTe-
CTBeHHOH 6HOJIOI'HqeCKOM CHCTeMbI 60JIb-
,
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moe BHHMaHHe y.n;eJIHeTCH CTeneHII II BH.n;y HX peaKIJ;HlI Ha
BHemHHe CHI'HaJIbI, rrOTOMY qTO HeB03MomHO OIJ;eHHTb ,n;eH-
CTBHH mHBOTHbIX, He 3HaH HX peaKIJ;lIIO Ha npHHHMaeMYIO
IfH<}JOpMaIJ;lIIO .
STO .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHO )l;JIH Bcex ynpaBJIHeMbIX rrpOIJ;eCCOB,
rrpOHCXO.n;Hm;HX B rrpHpo.n;e H 06m;ecTBe. He 3HaH rrpOHCXO)l;H-
m;HX B HHX HH<}JOpMaIJ;HOHHbIX rrpOIJ;eCCOB, MbI He CMomeM npo-
aHaJIH3HpOBaTb nopH.n;OK lIX pa60TbI H, eCTeCTBeHHO, He CMO-
meM rrOJIyqHTb KOHKpeTHbIH pe3YJIbTaT. IIo,n;o6HO TOMY, qTO
9
OCHOBOM npHHHTHH KOHKpeTHOrO peIlIeHHH HBJIHeTCH HHcpOp-
Man;HH, ynpaBJIeHHe TOme npOH3BO HTCH Ha OCHOBe pa3JIHYI-
HbIX CHI'HaJIOB, CBe eHHH.
HanpHMep, JIH nOBbIIIIeHRH ypomaHHOCTH KpeCTbHHe npH
06pa60TKe nOYIBbI H nOJIRBe HCnOJIb3YlOT HaKOnJIeHHYIO CBO-
RM onbITOM HHcpOpMaIJ;HIO H, OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha HeM, onpe,ZJ;eJIH-
lOT MeponpHHTHH IIO npHMeHeHHIO pa3JIR"'IHOH TeXHHKH H Tex-
HOJIOI'RH. M3 STOI'O BH HO, YITO He 3PH KpeCTbHHe 06pam;alOT
50JIbiliOe BHRMaHHe Ha npOI'H03 nOI'O bI, nepe aBaeMbIH no
reJIeBH eHHIO, pa HO H YIepe3 npeccy, T. e. Ha HHcpopMan;HIO.
3Ha"'IHT HHcpopMan;HH, HapaBHe C MaTepHeH H SHepI'HeM,
flBJIHeTCH BamHbIM cpaKTopOM mH3He eHTeJIbHOCTH.
ITpHBe eHHbIe npHMepbI nO TBepm aroT BamHOCTb npo-
n;ecca c60pa, XpaHeHHH R 06pa60TKH RHcpopMan;RH.
ITpH pa60Te C HHcpopMaIJ;HeM, TaKme KaK H C MaTepHeH H
;:mepI'HeM, MomHO ocym;ecTBHTb npOn;eCCbI c60pa, nepe aYIH,
XpaHeHHH H npe06pa30BaHHH ee B pyroH BR .
MHcpopMan;HH OJImHa HMeTb TpH OCHOBHbIX CBoHcTBa:
. nOJlHomy, T. e. HHcpopMan;HH OJImHa B nOJIHOH Mepe
IIpe CTaBJIHTb BceCTopOHHHe CBe eHHH 0 TOM HJIH HHOM npek
MeTe HJIH C06bITHH.
. l,{eHHOcmb, B npOTHBHOM c.r.ry"'Iae ee HCnOJIb30BaHHe He-
n;eJIeC006pa3HO.
. OOC11'JOBepHOCmb, IDIaYIe HeT He06xo HMOCTH B ee RCnOJIb-
30BaHHH.
ITo BH y HHcpOpMaIJ;HH pa3 eJIHeTCH Ha Ba THna: Henpe-
Db16Ha.R H npepbl6Ucma.R.
COCTOHHHe nOI'O bI HJIH BpeMH (YIaCbI, MHHYTbI) - STO
HenpepbIBHaH HH«popMan;HH, TaK KaK 0 HHX MomHO no.r.ry"'IHTb
HHcpopMan;HIO B JII060e BpeMH.
Ho cym;ecTBYIOT TaKHe npOn;eCCbI, 0 KOTOpbIX HeB03Mom-
HO nOJIY"'IRTb HenpepbIBHYIO HHcpopMan;HIO. HanpRMep, no
"'IaCaM, Ha KOTOpbIX OTCYTCTByeT ceKYH HaH CTpeJIKa, HeB03-
MomHO nOJIY"'IHTb HHcpopMan;HIO 0 ceKYH ax. OHH nOKa3bIBa-
EOT TOJIbKO YIaCbI H MRHYTbI.
10
THnbI HHcpOpManHH CXeMaTHYIeCKH MOmHO npe)l;CTaBHTb
CJIe,n;yrom;HM 06pa30M:
-
HeIIpepbIBHa.H HHc:}>OpMaD;IlH
ITpepbIBHCTaH HHc:}>opMaD;IlH
ITpH nOJIHOM H3y'tleHHH JII06oro npo:u;ecca 06'beM C06paH-
HbIX CBe,n;eHHH H CTeneHb HX B3aHMOCBH3H HaCTOJIbKO CJIOm-
HbI, 'tITO o6pa6oTaTb HX 6e3 nOMOm;R TeXHHYIeCKHX Cpe,n;CTB
rrpaKTHYIeCKR HeB03MOmHO.
CXeMaTHYIeCKH MOmHO CJIe,n;YIOm;RM 06pa30M oTo6pa3HTb
rrpo:u;ecc BJIHHHHH 06'beKTOB Ha C03HaHHe YIeJIOBeKa:
BH)J;HT
CJIbImHT
060HHeT
qYBCTByeT I
BKye
OC.H3aeT
OCTOBepHOCTb
nOJIHOTa
U;eHHOCTb
ITpH c60pe HHcpopMa:U;HH YIeJIOBeK HCnOJIb3yeT CBOH opra-
HbI OCH3aHHH, HO ,n;JIH nOJIy'tleHHH RHcpopMa:U;HH C 60JIbmOrO
paCCTOHHHH SToro He,n;OCTaTOYIHO - Heo6xo,n;HMO HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHe cne:U;HaJIbHbIX TeXHHYIeCKHX cpe,n;CTB.
B CBH3H C STHM nOHBJIHeTCH nOTpe6HOCTb B pa3JIHYIHbIX
TeXHHYIeCKRX Cpe)l;CTBaX )l;JIH BbInOJIHeHHH ,n;eHCTBHH Ha,n; HH-
«PoPMa:U;HeH - ee c6opa, o6pa6oTKH H nepe,n;aYIH, H YIeJIOBeK
HaYIRHaeT C03,n;aBaTb pa3JIHYIHbIe YCTpOHCTBa H BHe,n;pHTb HX B
;)KH3Hb.
Ha pHCYHKe nOKa3aH npo:u;ecc c60pa H nepe,n;aYIH CBe,n;eHHH
o noro,n;e:
11
.
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"tIT06bI HCnOJIb30BaTb C06paHHYIO HHcpOpMaD;HIO B Hym-
HOe BpeMH, ee He06xo RMO I' e-TO XPaHHTb. MHlpopMaD;RH
XpaHHTCH B KHHI'ax, I'aaeTax, Ha MarHHTHbIX JIeHTaX, B 3arro-
MHHalOIIJ;HX YCTpOHCTBax KOMnblOTepOB H T. . 3TH cpe CTBa
HBJIHIOTCH nocumelU£MU untjJopMalfuu.
Ha pHCYHKe rrOKa3aHbI HeKOTopbIe HOCHTeJIH HH«pOpMaIJ;HH.
.
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HOCTb npo:u;eCCOB c60pa, 06pa60TKH H nepe aYIH HHcpopMaD;HH.
ITpH STOM OCHOBHoe BHHMaHRe y eJIHeTCH KOMnblOTepaM H
PyrHM TeXHHYIeCKHM cpe CTBaM.
C HX nOMOIIJ;blO CTaHOBHTCH B03MomHbIM He TOJIbKO YCKO-
pHTb npo:u;eCCbI 06MeHa RH«popMaIJ;HeH, HO H 06JIerYIHTb no-
HCK, 06pa60TKY H aJIbHeHmee HCnOJIb30BaHHe, a TaKme CO-
xpaHHTb Bce BbImenepeYIHCJIeHHbIe CBOHCTBa HHcpopMaD;HH.
12
,
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IIpol.{ecc 6blnOJlHeHU.R Heo6xoaUMblX aeUCm6UU (no-
UclCa, XpaHeHU.R, UcnOJlbS06aHU.R) HaO uHljJopJVlal.{UeU
HaSbl6aemc.R unipopMa"luonnou meXnOJl,Ozueu.
B KaYIeCTBe OCHOBHbIX TeXHHYIeCKHX Cpe CTB HHcpOpMan;H-
OHHOH TeXHOJIOI'HM:, KpOMe BbIQ1'1CJIHTeJIbHbIX, HCnOJIb3YlOTC.fI
Cpe CTBa CB.H3H - TeJIe«pOH, TeJIeTaHn, TeJIe«paKC 1'1 pYI'He.
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l ;h :.o: :::: :::::HH1
- 2. B KaKllX BH)J;ax 6bIBaeT IIpe)J;CTaBJIeH8 HHQJopMaD;HSI?
3. KaKlle CBoHcTBa )J;OJImH8 IIMeTb HHc:}>opMaD;IlSl?
" 4. KaKlle THIIbI HHc:}>opMaD;HH BbI 3HaeTe? ITpllBe)l;llTe
IIpHMepbI.
5. '(ITo BbI IIOHHMaeTe IIO)l; C60POM, 06pa60TKoH 1'1 IIepe-
)l;a eH HHc:}>opMaD;HH? ITpHBe)J;HTe IIpllMepbI.
6. KaKHe cpe)l;CTBa xpaHeHHSI IIHc:}>opMaD;HH BbI 3HaeTe?
7. qTO BbI IIOHllMaeTe IIO,n; HHc:}>opMaD;HoHHoH TeXHOJIO-
rHeH? IIpHBe)l;HTe IIpHMepbI ee TeXHH'leCKHX cpe)J;CTB.
8. qTO H3YQaeT HHc:}>opMaTllKa? PaccKamHTe 06 H3YQae-
MbIX elO OCHOBHbIX IIOHSlTHSlX.
9. KaK BbI IIOHHMaeTe BbIpameHHe: «MHc:}>opMaD;HSI -
3TO 3HaHHe, 3HaHHe - CHJIa, a CHJIa - 3TO II06e)l;a>)?
13
Y 'OR 3
POJIL HH OpMaTHRH H BLI'IHCJIHTeJILHOH
TeXHHRH B pa3BHTHH Hamero 06 eCTBa
MHlPOpMa:[J;HH - STO OCHOBHoe cpe CTBO pa3BHTHH o6m;e-
CTBa. ECJIH HHcpopMaIJ;HH HBJIHeTCH 3HaYIHMbIM SKOHOMHYIeC-
KHM nOKa3aTeJIeM B HCTOpHH YIeJIOBeqeCTBa, TO KOMnbIOTepH-
3aIJ;HH - STO OCHOBHaH BHmym;aH CHJIa B CTPYKTYPHOM npe-
06pa30BaHHH SKOHOMHKH.
TepMHH UHfjJOpMamusaqU.R 06l4eCm6a, HCnOJIb30BaHHbIE
BrrepBbIe ,n:. BeHKOM H E. Macy o, B HamH HH 03HaYIaeT CO-
BepIIIeHCTBOBaHHe CBH3H 06m;eCTBa C SJIeKTpOHHKOH, KOMnb-
IOTepaMH C nOMOm;blO HHcpOpMaTHKH. B IIIHpOKOM CMbICJIe,
HHcpOpMaTH3aIJ;HH 06m;eCTBa CYIHTaeTCH OCHOBHbIM 3aKOHOlVJ
pa3BHTHH 06m;eCTBa. 3TO 03HaYIaeT BHe peHHe KOMnbIOTepH-
30BaHHbIX CHCTeM B KaYIeCTBe HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOrO 0PY H.H
Tpy a BO BCe CcpepbI eHTeJIbHOCTH qeJIOBeKa.
nO HHcpopMaTH3aIJ;HeH 06m;eCTBa nOHHMaeTCH COIJ;HaJIbHO-
SKOHOMHYIeCKHH H HayqHO-TeXHHYIeCKHH npOIJ;eCC C03 aHH.H
OITTHMaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHH JIH rrOJIHOrO y OBJIeTBOpeHHH nOTpe6-
HOCTH B HHcpOpMaIJ;HH rocy apcTBeHHOrO yrrpaBJIeHHH, pa3JIHYI-
HbIX MHHHCTepCTB H Be OMCTB, npOH3BO HTeJIeH, OpraHOB yn-
paBJIeHHH Ha MeCTaX, rpam aH CTpaHbI, C nOMOm;blO COBpe-
MeHHbIX HHcpOpMaIJ;HOHHbIX H TeJIeKOMMYHHKaIJ;HOHHbIX TeX-
HOJIOrHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, "HHcpOpMaTH3aIJ;HH 06m;eCTBa" no-
HHMaeTCH B 60JIee IIIHpOKOM CMbICJIe, YIeM "KOMnbIOTepH3a-
IJ;I:IH" .
B I:IH«pOpMaTHKe nOHHTHe "CHCTeMa" B OCHOBHOM HCnOJIb-
3yeTcH no OTHomeHHIO K TeXHHYIeCKHM cpe CTBaM H COBOKyn-
HOCTH rrpOrpaMM.
no cucmeMOU rrOHHMaeTCH cOBoKynHocTb pa3Hoo6pa3-
HbIX SJIeMeHTOB, CBH3aHHO ,ZJ;eHCTBYIOm;HX C onpe)l;eJIeHHOH IJ;e-
JIblO. HanpHMep, "CHCTeMOH" MomHO npe CTaBHTb TeXHHYIeC-
KYIO qaCT:b KOMnblOTepa.
HnipopMalfuonna1L cucmeMa - cOBoKynHocTb B3aI:lMO-
CBH3aHHbIX cnoco60B, cpe CTB H JIIO eH, Heo6xo HMbIX JI.H
nepe aYIH, rrepepa60TKH H xpaHeHHH HH«popMaIJ;HH.
14
MHcpopMaTH3a HH 06:m;eCTBa 3aHHMaeT BamHOe MeCTO cpe-
,n;H 3a,n;aYI y,n;OBJIeTBOpeHHH nOTpe6HOCTeH YIeJIOBeKa B pa3HO-
06pa3HOH HH«pOpMa HH. mHJJ.H B MHpe HHcpOpMa HH, YIeJIO-
BeK 06pa:m;aeTCH K pa3JIHYIHbIM HCTOYIHHKaM C eJIblO aHaJIH-
3a C06bITHH, npOHCIIIeCTBHH, B3aHMOCBH3eH. MHcpOpMa HH
06'be,n;HHHeT TeOpHIO C npaKTHKOH. Be,n;b npaKTHKa 6e3 TeO-
pHH H TeOpHH 6e3 npaKTHKH He CMorYT cy:m;eCTBOBaTb H pa3-
BHBaTbCH.
OCHOBHOH eJIblO HaIIIHX ypOKOB HBJIHeTCH He H,n;eH 3Ha-
eHHH HHcpopMa HOHHbIX TeXHOJIOI'HH, a H,n;e.H cnoc060B H
cpe,n;CTB y,n;OBJIeTBOpeHHH nOTpe6HOCTH 06:m;eCTBa B HHcpOp-
Ma:[I;HH.
Oc060e MeCTO B H3y"tIeHHH HHcpopMaTHKH HMeeT nOHHTHe
UHrjJopMaquoHHa.R cpeoa. OKpymalO:m;aH "tIeJIOBeKa cpe,n;a no
CBoeMY xapaKTepy MomeT 6bITb caMOH pa3Ho06pa3HOH -
eCTeCTBeHHOH,nOJIHTH"tIeCKOH,06:m;eCTBeHHOH,H HOHaJIbHOH,
ceMeHHOH, ,n;YXOBHOH H ,n;p. 3TO pa3HbIe «rrJIOCKOCTH e,n;HHOH
cpe,n;bI, B KOTOpOH MbI mHBeM. B eHTpe STHX (<ITJIOCKOCTeH
HaXO)l;HTCH HH«popMa HOHHaH cpe)l;a, BKJIIO"tIalO:m;aH caMYIO
pa3Ho06pa3HYlO HH«popMa HIO. Cpe,n;CTBa ynpaBJIeHHH HH«pOp-
Ma HOHHOH cpe,n;OH ,n;onOJIHHIOT H pa3BHBaIOT ee H npH STOM
OCTalOTCH B TeCHOH B3aHMOCBH3H C pa3HbIMH CO HaJIbHbIMH
cpaKTOpaMH.
B nOHHMaHHH npHpo,n;bI HHcpopMa HOHHOH Cpe)l;bI 60JIb-
ruDe 3HaYIeHHe HMeeT npe06pa30BaHHe HHcpopMa HH B 3HaHHe.
C rrepBOI'O B3rJIH,n;a OHH KamYTcH o,n;HHaKOBbIMH, HO npH I'JIY-
60KOM H3y"tIeHHH HX OTHOIIIeHHH MomHO YBH,n;eTb KOMMYHHKa-
THBHoe CBOHCTBO «CBH3H Bcex HBJIeHHH H cpe,n;cTB .
MHcpopMa HH - STO «paKTOp CBH3H Mem,n;y JIIO,n;bMH B 06-
ru;eCTBe, «MOCT Mem,n;y 3HaHHHMH. 3HaYIHT, MeXaHH3M npe-
06paaOBaHHH 3HaHHH B HH«popMa HIO «,n;JIH ce6H (H 06paTHo)
HMeeT oc060e 3HaYIeHHe B C03,n;aHHH HHcpOpMan:HOHHOH cpe,n;bI.
B npemHHe BpeMeHa HHcpOpMaIJ;HOHHaH cpe,n;a 6bIJIa OYIeHb
6e,n;HoH H COCTOHJIa H3 KOMnJIeKCa OI'paHHYIeHHOH HHcpopMa-
D;HH, "'ITO TbICH"tIeJIeTHHMH onpe,n;eJIHJlO Kpyr B3aHMOCBH3H Mem-
,n;y JIIO,n;bMH H CHHmaJIO pOJIb "tIeJIOBeKa B HHcpopMa HoHHoH
cpe,n;e 06:m;ecTBa.
15
B HaCTOHru;ee BpeMH KOMnJIeKC HH«pOpMa:O;HH pa3HOrO po a
nOCTOHHHO paCIIIHpHeTCH H pa3BHBaeTCH, ee pOJIb B 06ru;eCTBe
CTpeMHTeJIbHO B03paCTaeT.
B nOCJIe Hee BpeMH B HHcpOpMa:O;HOHHOH cpe e npOH30III-
JIH 60JIbIIIHe H3MeHeHHH, ROTOpbIe npHBeJIH K Heo6xo HMOCTH
6e36YMamHOH TeXHOJIOrHH, YITO, B CBOIO OYIepe b, cnOC06CTBO-
BaJIO IIIHPOKOMY paaBHTHIO 3BM.
,n:JIH nOBbIIIIeHHH pOJIH HHcpOpMa:O;HOHHbIX TeXHOJIOrHH B
6y yru;eM Heo6xo HMO paCIIIRpHTb Kpyr HX 3a aYI. KOMnJIeKC
STHX 3a,n;aYI npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb unipopMamuaalfueii. CMbICJI
ee COCTOHT B nepeCTpOHKe, pa3BHTHH H nOBbIIIIeHHH IIpOH3BO-
HTeJIbHOCTH pa3JIHYIHbIX ccpep eHTeJIbHOCTH Ha OCHOBe CO-
BpeMeHHbIX 3BM H HHcpOpMau;HOHHbIX CHCTeM.
ECJIH KOMnblOTepH3a:O;HH BKJIIOYIaeT B ce6H peIIIeHHe TeX-
HHYIeCKHX np06JIeM, TO HHcpOpMaTH3a:O;HH HBJIHeTCH KOMIIJIeK-
CHOH IIpo6JIeMOH, OHa OXBaTblBaeT BCe npO:o;eCCbI 06ru;eCTBeH-
HOH mH3HH, H KOMnblOTepbI COCTaBJIHIOT JIHIIIb ee TeXHHYIeC-
KyIO OCHOBY.
B CBH3H C IIIHpOKHM npHMeHeHHeM HH«pOpMaTH3a:O;HH B
HaIIIeH pecny6JIHKe OTKpbIBalOTCH B03MOmHOCTH IIOJIy"tIeHHH
rpam.ll;aHaMH Tpe6yeMoii HHcpOpMa:O;HH B Onpe)l;eJIeHHOe Bpe-
MH, B Heo6xo HMOM 06'beMe H HymHoro Ka"tIeCTBa. IIpe npHH-
THH H OpraHH3a:O;HH, paCnOJIOmeHHbIe B 06JIaCTHX, ropo ax H
paiiOHaX HaIIIeH pecny6JIHKH, OCHa:rn;eHbI COBpeMeHHbIMH KOM-
nblOTepaMH H C nOMOru;blO Cne:U;HaJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB (TeJIe«pOH-
HaH CeTb, MO eM H pyrHe) RMelOT B03MOmHOCTb 6bICTpO H
KaYIeCTBeHHO npHHHMaTb H nepe aBaTb JII06ylO HHcpOpMa:O;HIO.
PaCIIIHpeHHe Kpyra HHTepeCOB "tIeJIOBeYIeCTBa B SKOHOMH-
eCKOH, SKOJIOrH"tIeCKOH, nOJIHTH eCKOH H pyrHx 06JIaCTHX
npHBO HT K Ka"tIeCTBeHHOMY 1'1 KOJIHYIeCTBeHHOMY H3MeHeHHIO
HH«pOpMa:O;HH H C03 aHHIO HHcpOpMa:O;HOHHOH Cpe.ll;bI C HOBbIMH
CBOHCTBaMH. 3Ha"tIHT, HH«popMaTH3a:O;HH He HBJIHeTCH BpeMeH-
HbIM MeponpHHTReM, OHa - Heo6xo HMoe cpe CTBO pa3BH-
THH. ITOSTOMY COBpeMeHHoe COCTOHHHe ypOBHH paaBHTHH HH-
cpopMa:O;HOHHOH Cpe)l;bI HeB03MomHO npe)l;CTaBHTb 6e3 HH«pOp-
MaTHKH.
16
MbI BCe 60JIbIlIe y6e aeMCH B HeOu;eHHMOH I10MOm;H BbI-
HCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH B 6bICTpOM H Ka eCTBeHHOM BbInOJI-
HeHHH 3a.n;aYI c6opa, o6pa6oTKH H nepe.n;aYIH HH«pOpMaIJ;HH.
BJIarO.n;apH 06peTenHlO Ha:U;HOHaJIbHOH He3aBHCHMOCTH H
nOBbIIIIeHHIO aBTOpHTeTa Y 36eKHCTaH8 B MHpOBOM coo6m;e-
CTBe, CTaJIO B03MOmHbIM HCnOJIb30BaIm:e HHq,opM8IJ;HH He TOJIb-
KO BHYTPH CTpaHbI, HO H 06MeH liH«popMaWieH C .n;pyrHMH CTpa-
H8MH. 3TO HBJIHeTCH B8mHbIM «paKTOpOM I10BbIIIIeHHH ::mOHO-
MH"tIeCKOI'O H COU;HaJIbHOrO ypOBHH HaIlIeI'O I'ocy.n;apCTBa.
B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH BO BceM MRpe HHTeHCHBHO Be.n;YTCH
HCCJle)l;OB8HHH B 06JIaCTH HH«popMaD;HOHHbIX TeXHOJIOI'HH. 3TO
no,n;HHJIO ccpepy HH«popMaU;HOHHOH CBH3H Ha KaYIeCTBeHHO HO-
BbIH ypOBeHb.
OTMeTHM CJIe.n;YIOm;He BamHbIe I10HHTHH: 3ll-eKmpOnna1L
nO"l£ma, 3ll-eKmpOnnbl,ii iJoKYMenm.
9ll-eKmpOnna1L nO"l£ma CJIymHT npOBo.n;HHKOM .n;JIH nepe-
,n;aYIH nHceM (TeKCTa, PHCYHKOB, cxeM H .n;ame rOJIOCOBOH HH-
cpOpMaD;HR) Mem)l;y KOMITbIOTepaMH, CBH3aHHbIMH ceTblO. TaK-
me OHa .n;aeT B03MomHOCTb B JII060e BpeMH ocym;eCTBJIHTb no-
HCK H HCnOJIb30BaTb HymHYIO HHcpopMaD;HIO.
9ll-eKmponnbl,ii iJoKYMenm - e.n;HHHU;a HH«popMaU;HH, CO-
XpaHeHHOH B SJIeKTpOHHOM BH.n;e H 3aBepeHHOH SJIeKTpOHHOH
WicppOBOH no.n;nHCblO, a TaKme HMelOm;eH .n;pyrHe peKBH3HTbI,
,n;81Om;He B03MomHOCTb onpe.n;eJIHTb ee KaK SJIeKTpOHHbIH .n;o-
KYMeHT.
3JIeKTpOHHbIH .n;OKYMeHT OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha CJIe.n;YIOm;HX
nOHHTHHX:
3ll-eKmpOnnaJl lfuqJp06aJl noiJnucb - no.n;nRCb, o6pa3ye-
MaH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM CneD;HaJIbHOI'O 3aKpbIToro KJIIOYIa SJIeK-
TpOHHOH U;H«PPOBOH no.n;nHCH, H .n;81Om;aJ1 B03MomHOCTb, HC-
nOJIb3YH OTKpbITbIH KJIIOYI SJIeKTpOHHOH D;HcppOBOH I10.n;nHCH,
OIlpe)l;eJIHTb HaJIHYIHe (OTCYTCTBHe) OIlIH6oK B SJIeKTpOHHOM
,n;OKYMeHTe, 8 TaKme B03MomHOCTb H.n;eHTHcpHKaU;HH BJIa.n;eJIb-
:u;a 3aKpbITOI'O KJIIOYIa;
aaKpbl,mbl,ii Kll-JO"I£ 3ll-eKmpOnlUJU lfu4JP060ii noiJnucu -
IIOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTb 3naKOB, o6pa3yeMaH npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH
2 - MHe]:JOpMaTHKa, 8 KJIaCC 17
SJIeKTpOHHOH D;mppoBoH nO,n;nHCH, H3BeCTHa.H TOJIbKO CBOeMY
BJIa,n;eJIbD;Y, npe,n;Ha3HaYIeHHa.H ,n;JIH C03,n;aHHH SJIeKTpOHHOH
D;mppoBoH nO,n;nHCH;
OmKpbI,mbl,U KlUO"l£ lfuqJP060lL 3Jl,eKmpOnnOu noonucu -
nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHOCTb 3HaKOB, COOTBeTCTBYIO:m;aH 3aKpbITOMY
KJIIOYIY, npe,n;Ha3HaYIeHHa.H ,n;JIH npOBepKH nO,n;JIHHHOCTH SJIeK-
TpOHHOH D;HcppOBOH nO,n;nHCH, C B03MOmHOCTblO HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHH JII06bIM rrOJIb30BaTeJIeM;
nOOJl,UnnOCmb 3Jl,eKmpOnnOu lfU(jJP060U noonucu - no-
JIOmHTeJIbHbIH pe3YJIbTaT npOBepKH TOrO, YITO SJIeKTpOHHaH no,n;-
nHCb npHHa.n;JIemHT BJIa.n;eJIbD;Y 3aKpbITOrO KJIIO a, H TOrO, TO
SJIeKTpOHHbIH ,n;OKYMeHT He co,n;epmHT OIIIH60K.
He ceKpeT, TO pa60TY cnYTHHKOB 3eMJIH, ocy:m;eCTBJIHIO-
:m;HX npHeM H nepe,n;aqy TeJIeBH3HOHHbIX H306pameHHH Ha
,n;aJIbHHe paCCTOHHHH HJIH TeJIecpoHHYIO CBH3b co BceMH rocy-
,n;apCTBaMH MHpa, o6ecne HBalOT KOMnblOTepbI H CneD;HaJIb-
Hble nporpaMMbI.
K rrpHMepy, KOMnblOTepbI IIIHpOKO HCrrOJIb3YlOTCH npH
npoeKTHpOBaHHH 3)1;aHHH, coopymeHHH H MHKpopaHoHoB. B
HaCTOH:m;ee BpeMH CTpOHTCH MHoro COBpeMeHHbIX H KpaCH-
BbIX mHJIbIX 3,n;aHHH. BYPHoe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO npHBo,n;HT K co-
Kpa:m;eHHIO cBo6o,n;HbIX 3eMeJIbHbIX nJIo:m;a,n;eH, KOTopbIe yme
CeHYIaC HBJIHIOTCH ,n;ecpHD;HToM H BbICOKO D;eHHTCH. IIosToMY
nepe,n; npoeKTHpOB:m;HKaMH CTOHT 3a.n;aYIa BbI60pa OnTHMaJIb-
Horo BapHaHTa 3acTpoHKH MHKpopaHoHoB C y'tleToM Bcex He-
06XO)l;HMbIX KpHTepHeB, 'tIeM H 3aHHMaeTCH HOBoe HanpaBJIe-
HHe HaYKH - «CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTH3aD;HH I1pOeKTHpOBaHHH .
3Ta HaYKa HCnOJIb3yeTcH He TOJIbKO B apxHTeKType H CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBe, HO H npH pa3pa6oTKe HOBbIX TeXHHYIeCKHX cpe,n;CTB.
B nOBCe)l;HeBHOH mH3HH B03HHKaeT MHomeCTBO 3a,n;aq, CBH-
3aHHbIX C rrOJIy'tleHHeM HHcpopMaD;HH, HarrpHMep, nOHCK Heo6-
xo,n;HMoro CbIpbH B Mara3HHax ropo,n;a; COCTaBJIeHHe cnHCKa
Heo6xo,n;HMbIX TpaHCnOpTHbIX MapIIIpYTOB H cxeM ,n;BHmeHHH;
c60p CBe,n;eHHH 0 noro,n;e; no.r.ry'tleHHe Heo6xo,n;HMOH HHcpopMa-
D;HH H3 6H6JIHOTeKH B HymHoe BpeMH, B HymHoM 06'beMe H B
HymHoM BH,n;e H ,n;p.
18
,n:JIH pemeHHH HHcpOpMa HOHHbIX 3a.n;a'fl C Kam.n;bIM 1'0-
.n;OM 6Y)I;eT Tpe60BaTbCH BCe 60JIbme BbICOKOKBaJllfcpH HpO-
BaHHbIX Cne HaJIHCTOB, TaK KaK 06MeH HH«pOpMaD;HeH, ee c60p,
06pa60TKa, nepe.ll;a'fla H XpaHeHHe CBH3aHbI C pa3pa60TKOH H
HCnOJIb30BaHHeM BCe 60JIee HOBbIX II COBpeMeHHbIX Cpe.n;CTB
CB.H3H.
PemeHHe nO.n;06HbIX 3a.n;aYI Tpe6yeT TaKme orpOMHbIX CPH-
HaHCOBbIX 3aTpaT H 60JIbmOrO 06'beMa Hay"tIHbIX pa60T. Bce
3TH pa60TbI MOacHO 06'be.n;HHHTb B e.n;HHyro KH6epHeTH"tIeCKYIO
cHcTeMy (CJIOBO KH6epHeTHKa - OT rp. kibernetire - HCKYC-
CTBO ynpaBJIeHHH). HarIHO-HCCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbCKHe pa60TbI B STOM
HarrpaBJIeHHH npOBo.n;HTCH Hay"tIHO-rrpOH3Bo.n;CTBeHHbIM 06'be-
.n;HHeHHeM «ItH6epHeTHKa» AKa.n;eMHH HaYK ¥36eKHCTaHa. ¥"tIe-
HbIMH SToro 06'be.ll;HHeHHH, OCHOBaHHoro B 1966 ro.n;y H3BeCT-
HbIM yq:eHbIM, aKa.n;eMHKOM B. Ka6YJIOBbIM, npOBo.n;HTCH HC-
CJIe.n;OBaHHH no pa3pa60TKe H HCnOJIb30BaHHIO KH6epHeTH"tIeC-
KHX CHCTeM B pa3JIH"tIHbIX 06JIaCTHX Hapo.n;Horo X03HHcTBa:
SKOHOMHKe, KOCMoce, 6HOJIOrHH, Me.n;H HHe, CeJIbCKOM X03HH-
CTBe H .n;p.
KpamKaR. 6uozpatjJU1I.eCKaR. cnpa6Ka
BocUJl KaoYJl06 (1921 2. p.) - IIpe)l;Ce)l;aTeJIb AccOD;HaD;HH
IIpeIIO)l;aBaTeJIeH H CIIe:qHaJIHCTOB HHc:}>opMa-
THKH Y36eKHCTaHa «MCTHK60JI», H3BeCTHbIH
MaTeMaTHK, OCHOBaTeJIb mKOJIbI KH6epHeTH-
KH B ¥36eKHCTaHe, )l;OKTOp c:}>H3HKO-MaTeMa-
TH eCKHX HaYK, IIpoc:}>eccop, C 1966 r. -
aKa,D;eMHK ARa,D;eMHH HaYK H 3aCJIymeHHbIH
)l;eHTeJIb HaYKH 1'1 TeXHHKH Y36eKHcTaHa.
B 1949-1950 rr. pa60TaJI Ha CTpOHTeJIb-
CTBe meJIe3HOH )l;OpOrH qap)l;moy-KYHrpa,D;.
B 1950-1952 rr. - aCIIHpaHT MHcTHTYTa
cooPymeHHH AKa,lJ;eMHH HaYK Y 36eKHcTaHa,
B 1952-1957 rr. - 3aBe)l;YIO:m;HH JIa60paTopHeH Bbl HCJIHTeJIb-
HOH TeXHHKH MHcTHTYTa MaTeMaTHKH AKa,D;eMHH HaYK ¥36eKH-
CTaHa, B 1963-1966 rr. - )l;HpeKTOp MHcTHTYTa MexaHHKH Bbl-
CJIHTeJIbHOrO D;eHTpa AKa,D;eMHH HaYK Y 36eKHcTaHa. B 1966-
1977 rr. - )l;HpeKTOp MHcTHTYTa KH6epHeTHKH AKa,D;eMHH HaYK
Y36eKHCTaHa. IIocJIe IIpe06pa30BaHHH 3Toro HHCTHTYTa B 1978 r.
.
"-
.......
19
B Ha HO-IIpOH3BO)l;CTBeHHOe 06'be)l;HHeHHe «KH6epHeTHKa,) AKa-
)l;eMHH HaYK Y36eKHCTaHa CTaJI ero reHepaJIbHbIM )l;HpeKTopOM.
BOCHJI Ka6YJIOB 3am;HTHJI )l;OKTOpCKyIO )l;HCCepTaD;HIO Ha TeMY
«HeKOTopbIe O)l;HOMepHbIe H )l;BYXMepHbIe 3a)l;a H 3JIaCTH HOCTH
H IIJIaCTH HOCTH TeopHH )l;HHaMHKH '). Ha Ha.H )l;eHTeJIbHOCTb CBH-
3aHa C BHe)l;peHHeM BbPIHCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH B HaYKY, TeXHH-
KY H pa3JIH HbJe cc:}>epbI HapO)l;HOrO X03HHCTBa. Ero Ha HbIe pa-
60TbI IIOCBHm;eHbI 3a)l;a aM aJIrOpHTMH3aD;HH MexaHHKH e)l;HHOH
Cpe)l;bI, pa3pa60TKe CHCTeM aBTOMaTH3aD;HH ynpaBJIeHHH, 3KOHO-
MH eCKOH KH6epHeTHKe H )l;p.
HBJIHeTCH JIeHOM HeCKOJIbKHX Mem)l;YHapO)l;HbIX opraHH3a-
D;HH, JIaypeaT rOCY)I;apCTBeHHOH IIpeMHH HMeHH BepYHH. B 1998
rO)l;Y IIO YKa3Y IIpe3H)I;eHTa PecIIy6JIHKH Y36eKHcTaH BOCHJI
Ka6YJIOB Harpam)l;eH Op)l;eHOM «SJI-IOPT xypMaTH').
B 6Y,lI;ym;eM nepe,ll;a"IJa, xpaHeHHe H nepepa60TRa HHqJOP-
Man;HH 6Y,lI;YT ocym;ecTBJIHTbCH He C nOMOm;blO TeJIeqJOHHOH
ceTH HJIH cnYTHHROB, a c nOMOm;blO Ra"IJeCTBeHHO HOBbIX
Cpe,ll;CTB CBH3H.
Ho ,lI;JIH pemeHHH 3THX 3a,n;a"IJ HymHbI BbICORORBaJIHqJHIJ;H-
pOBaHHbIe CneIJ;HaJIHCTbI, ROTOpbIMH CTaHeTe BbI - COBpeMeH-
HaH MOJIO,ll;emb.
Bonpocbl, u aaoanuJl,
-
. 1. "llTO TaKoe HHc:}>opMaTH3aD;HH 06m;ecTBa?
2. IIpHBe)l;HTe IIpHMepbI HHc:}>opMaD;HoHHbIX CHCTeM.
3. KaK BbI rrOHHMaeTe OIIpe.n;eJIeHHe «HHc:}>opMaU;HoHHaH
cpe)l;a,)? IIpHBe)l;HTe rrpHMepbI.
4. PaCCKamHTe 0 pOJIH HHc:}>opMaTH3aD;HH B pa3BHTHH
HameH PecIIy6JIHKH.
5. "llTO BbI 3HaeTe 06 eHOM, OCHOBaBmeM mKOJIY KH-
6epHeTHKH B Y36eKHCTaHe?
6. PaccKamHTe 06 H3BeCTHbIX BaM opraHH3aD;HHX, r)l;e
IIpHMeHHIOTCH KOMIIbIOTepbI.
7. "llTO TaKoe 3JIeKTpOHHaH IIO Ta?
8. "llTO TaKoe 3JIeKTpOHHbIH .n;oKYMeHT?
9. MomHo JIH BbIIlOJIHHTb IIpoeKTHbIe pa60TbI C IIOMO-
:m;blO KOMIIbIOTepoB? IIpHBe)l;HTe IIpHMepbI.
20
rJIABA II
IIPE}J;CT ABJIEHIIE IIH«I»OPMAIJ;1I11
C IIOMOIII;blO 3HAKOB
YpOK 4 CHcTeMLI C'IHCJIeHHH
R3bIK HBJIHeTCH cpe,n;CTBOM 06m;eHHH Mem,n;y JIIO,n;bMH. Y
QHCeJI Tome cym;ecTByeT CBOH H3bIK, H OH HMeeT CBOH ampa-
BHT, KOTOpbIH COCTOHT H3 3HaKOB. C nOMOm;blO 3THX 3HaKOB
0603Ha"IJa1OTCH "lJHCJIa H IJ;H«PPbI. HanpHMep, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe
B IIOBce,n;HeBHOH mH3HH apa6CKHe IJ;H«PPbI 0, 1, 2, ... , 9 HJIH
pHMCKHe IJ;H«PPbI I, II, V, X, L, C, M, H, '" , HBJIHIOTCH
:meMenmaMU an4Ja6uma lfu4Jp. B ,n;peBHHe BpeMeHa pa3-
HbIe HapO,lJ;bI H nJIeMeHa npH 0603Ha"IJeHHH IJ;H«PP nOJIb30Ba-
JIHCb pa3JIH"lJHbIMH 3HaKaMH. HanpHMep, B ,D;peBHeM ErHnTe
)];JIH 0603Ha"IJeHHH IJ;H«pP H "lJHCeJI nOJIb30BaJIHCb cJIe,n;YIOm;H-
MH 3HaKaMH.
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( () ((( ".,.. tf( 't e - fit,
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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-
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
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Ha pHCYHKe nOKa3aHa 3alIHCb HeKOTopbIX "lJHCeJI.
· PI rP ", .
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1 20 400 402 800
21
IIpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 6YRBeHHOrO ampaBH-
Ta npH,lI;epmHBalOTCH Onpe,ll;eJIeHHbIX 3aROHOB
H npaBHJI. B "lJHCJIOBOM aJIqJaBHTe TOme HCnOJIb-
3YlOTCH onpe,ll;eJIeHHbIe npaBHJIa. ,D;JIH pa3JIH"IJ-
HbIX aJIqJaBHTOB OHH pa3JIH"lJHbI, "lJTO CBH3aHO C
HCTopHeH HX B03HHRHOBeHHH. I1CnOJIb3yeMbIH
HaMH B nOBce.n;HeBHOH mH3HH "lJHCJIOBOH aJIqJa-
BHT CO,ll;ep»mT ,lI;eCHTb apa6CRHX HqJp. 3a OC-
HOBY B HeM B3,HTO ,lI;eCHTb naJIb eB.
B c6.RSU C meM, 'lmo apaoc1CUU 'lUcJl060U aJlfjJa6um
cooep:JICum Oec.Rmb qufjJp, OH HaSbl6aemc.R iJeCSl,mu"l/,-
noii cucmeMoii Cll,UCl£enUSl,.
"tlHCJIOBbIe aJIqJaBHTbI, ROTopbIe HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb B ,lI;peB-
HHe BpeMeHa pa3HbIMH HapO,ll;aMH, CO,ll;epmaJIH pa3JIH"lJHOe RO-
JIlNeCTBO 3HaROB: n,HTb (B rOCY,ll;apCTBax ,lI;peBHeH AqJPHRH),
,lI;BeHa,n; aTb (B "lJHCJIOBOM aJIqJaBHTe aHrJIH"lJaH), ,lI;Ba,n; aTb
(y aIJ;TeROB H MaHH, mHBIIIHX B AMepHRe B XVI-XVII BB.; Y
ReJIbTOB, mHBIIIHX BO II B. ,lI;0 HarneH 3PbI B 3arra,n;HoH EBpone;
y qJpaH Y30B), IlleCTb,ll;eCHT (y ,lI;peBHHX BaBHJIOHIJ;eB). OHH Ha-
3bIBaJIHCb, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, nHTH3Ha"IJHOH cHcTeMoH C"lJHCJIe-
HHH, ,lI;BeH TH3Ha"IJHOH cHCTeMO:M C"IlHCJIeHHH, ,ZJ;Ba,n; aTH3Ha"IJ-
HOH cHcTeMoH C"lJHCJIeHHH, IlleCTH,lI;eCHTH3Ha"IJHOH cHcTeMoH
C"lJHCJIeHHH. B HHX HCnOJIb30BaJIHCb pa3JIH"lJHbIe aHaJIOrH: 60
MHHYT B "lJace, 12 MeCH eB B ro,lJy, 12 ,lI;IOHMOB B 1 aHrJIHHC-
ROM qJYTe, 20 cy B 1. qJpaH Y3cROM qJpaHRe H MHoroe ,lI;pyroe.
IIpHMeHHH 3TH CHCTeMbI, "lJeJIOBeR nOJIb30BaJICH pa3JIH"lJHbI-
MH Cpe,ll;CTBaMH. HarrpHMep, ,lI;JIH ,lI;BeHa,n; aTH3Ha"IJHOH CHCTe-
MbI B Ra"IJeCTBe Cpe,ll;CTBa C"lJeTa "lJeJIOBeR HCnOJIb30BaJI qJa-
JIaHrH naJIb eB.
KOJIlNeCTBO HqJp B CHCTeMe C"lJHCJIeHHH Ha3bIBalOTCH OC-
H060U 3TOH CHCTeMbI.
3HaRH, BXO,ll;Hrn;He B "IlHCJIOBOH aJIqJaBHT, Ha3bIBalOTCH ufjJ-
PaMU, a COCTOHrn;He H3 3THX IJ;HqJP ,lI;pyrHe 3HaRH Ha3bIBalOTCH
'lUcJlaMU. HarrpHMep, B ,lI;eCHTH"lJHOH CHCTeMe C"lJHCJIeHHH 5, 6,
8 - 3TO HqJpbI, a 568 - 3TO "lJHCJIO. B ,lI;eCHTH"lJHOH CHCTeMe
C"lJHCJIeHHH 3HaRH pa3,l1;eJIHIOTC,H Ha e,ll;HHH bI, ,lI;eCHTRH, TbICH-
"lJH H ,lI;pyrHe rpynnbI, ROTopbIe cO,ll;epmaT no ,lI;eCHTb 3HaROB.
22
\.
,
.
,ZJ;pyrlle CllCTeMbI C"lJllCJIeHllH TOme pa3,l1;eJIHIOTCH Ha rpynnbI,
co)];epmam;lle ROJIll"IJeCTBO 3HaROB, paBHoe OCHOBe STOH CllC-
TeMbI.
B nOBCe,ll;HeBHOH mll3Hll "lJeJIOBeRa Hall60JIee llIllpORO llC-
nOJIb3YeTCH ,lI;ecHTll"IJHa.H CHCTeMa C"IlHCJIeHHH. B STOH CHCTeMe B
3aBllCllMOCTH OT MecTonOJIOmeHHH IJ;H«PPbI HMelOT pa3JIll"IJHbIe
3Ha"IJeHHH. H anpUMep: a) 9 (,lI;eBHTb) - e,ll;HHHIJ;bI; 90 (,lI;eBHHO-
CTO) - ,lI;ecHTRH; 900 (,lI;eBHTbcoT) - COTHH; 6) 1. (O,ll;HH) -
e,ll;HHliIJ;bl; 90 (,lI;eBHHocTO) - ,lI;eCHTRH; 900 (,lI;eBHTbCoT) - COT-
HH; 1. (TbICH"lJa) - TbICH"lJH.
999
"oo{i\
AeCS'ITK e.qII1H 4b1
1991
\
....
COTH Aecs:lTK
e.qII1H 4b1
IIoSTOMY STa CHCTeMa Ha3bIBaeTCH cucmeMoii, al£a-q,el£ue
'lu4Jp lwmopoii aa6ucum om ux noau'luu (MecmonOl£03ICe-
KUJ£) .
CHCTeMbI C"lJHCJIeHHH pa3,l1;eJIHIOTCH Ha nosuquoHHble, T. e.
3Ha"IJeHlle IJ;H«PP ROTOpbIX 3aBHCHT OT HX n03HIJ;HH, H Ha Heno-
suquoHHble, T. e. 3Ha"IJeHHe IJ;H«PP ROTOpbIX OT HX n03HIJ;HH He
3aBHCllT .
TaRoe npe.n;CTaBJIeHHe "lJHCeJI n03BOJIHeT BbInOJIHHTb Ha)I;
HllMH apH«pMeTH"lJeCRHe onepau;Hll. IIoSTOMY HalliH npe,ll;RH
Y,lI;eJIRJIH 60JIbllIOe BHHMaHHe npH,lI;aHHIO IJ;H«ppaM H "lJHCJIaM
KOHKpeTHOH «pOPMbI.
Halli COOTe"IJeCTBeHHHR aJIb-XOpe3MH 06'be,ll;HHHJI B O,ll;HY
CllCTeMY nOp.H,ZI;OR BbInOJIHeHHH ,lI;eHCTBHH Ha)I; apa6CRHMH (TO"IJ-
Hee, HH,lI;llHCRHMH) IJ;H«ppaMH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX MeCTono-
JIOmeHllH.
XOpe3MH, HenOCpe,ll;CTBeHHO OnHCaB ,lI;eCHTH"lJHYIO n03HIJ;H-
OHHYIO CHCTeMY C"lJHCJIeHHH Ha OCHOBe llH,lI;HHCRHX IJ;H«pP, OT-
MeTllJI BamHOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHHH HYJIH H pa3pH,lI;OB "lJHCeJI.
23
K pamKaR UCmOpUII,eCKaR Cnpa6Ka
Bblf)a10 UUCJl MameJlwmU1<:, aCmpOHOM U
zeozpatjJ MyxaMMao aJlb-XOpe3MU :JICUJl 6 1<:OHl{e
VIII - nep60u nOJl06UHe IX 6e1<:06. Myco aJlb-
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xaMMaf) U6H Myco aJlb-XOpe3Mu) POf)UJlCJl6 783
zof)y B Xope3Me. H 3Ha1laJlbHO CBOU 3HaHUJl OH
nOJlY1lUJl om Y1leHblX, :JICU6UlUX 6 zopof)ax Cpef)-
Heu A3uu. B UCm01lHU1<:aX 1<: UMeHU aJlb-XOpe3-
MU ma1<::JICe 006a6Jl.RJlUCb aJlb-Ma:JICYcu U Kym-
py66YJlu.
HM 6blJlO c03f)aHo 60Jlee 20 HaYIlHblX mpyo06. P,o Hac OOUlJlU
cBef)eHUJl JlUUlb 0 oeCJlmu. 8mo «AJ1:JICa6p Ba aJl-MY1<:OOaJla xuc06u
xa1<:uf)a 1<:UC1<:a1la 1<:um06» (noC6Jl eHa aJlze6pe); «XUHf) xuc06u
xa1<:uf)a 1<:um06» UJlU «KyUlUUl 6a auupuUl xa1<:uf)a 1<:um06» (no-
C6Jl eHa aputjJMemU1<:e); «Kum06 cypam-YJl-ap3» (noC6Jl eHa zeo-
zpatjJuu); «3u:JIC», (<AcmypJl06 6UJlaH UUlJlaUl xa1<:uf)a 1<:umoo», (<Ac-
mypJl06 JlCaUl xa1<:uoa 1<:um06», (<AcmypJl06 epf)aMuf)a a3uMymHu
aHU1<:JlaUl xa1<:uf)a», «Kum06 ap-pyxoMa», «Kum06 am-mapux»
(noC6Jl eHbl acmpoHoMuU). q emblpe U3 3mux npou36ef)eHuu co-
XpaHUJlUCb Ha apa6C1<:OM .R3bl1<:e. Of)HO - 6 cocma6e npou36ef)e--
HUU tPepzaHU, 06a - Ha JlamUHC1<:OM Jl3bl1<:e U OCmaJlbHble mpu
e e He Hauf)eHbl.
BpeMJl c03f)aHUJl pY1<:onUCU, nOC6Jl eHHOU aputjJMemU1<:e, He-
U36ecmHO, HO aJlb-XOpe3MU oeJlaem CCblJl1<:Y Ha Hee 6 pY1<:onUCU,
nOC6Jl eHHOU aJlze6pe. 3Hallum, pY1<:OnUCb no aputjJMemU1<:e 6blJla
HanucaHa nOCJle pY1<:onucu no aJlze6pe. B XII 6e1<:e 6 HcnaHUU
3ma pY1<:OnUCb 6blJla nepe6eoeHa Ha JlamUHC1<:UU Jl3 bl 1<:. IIepenu-
caHHblU 6 XV 6e1<:e 6apuaHm 3mou pY1<:onUCU xpaHUmCJl 6 6u6-
JlUome1<:e KeM6puf):JICC1<:OZO YHUBepcumema. PY1<:OnUCb HallUHaem-
CJl co CJl06 «Diksit Algorizmi» UJlU «AJ1b-Xope3MU C1<:a3aJl». IIoc-
Jle 3mux CJl06 z060pUmCJl 06 yf)06cm6e UCnOJlb306aHU.R f)e6JlmU
UHOUUC1<:UX l{utjJp npu HanucaHUU 1luceJl U 603MO:JICHOCmU 1<:opom-
1<:OZO npef)cma6JleHUJl Jl1060zo IlUCJla. B JlamUHC1<:OM 6apuaHme-
pY1<:onucu OlleHb 1lacmo Mecma UHf)UUC1<:UX l{utjJp OCma6aJlUCb ny-
cmblMU UJlU :JICe nUCaJlUCb uHf)uUC1<:Ue l{UtjJPbl, coom6emcm6YlO-
wpe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. H Hozoa uHf)uUC1<:Ue l{UtjJpbl npocmo 3aMeHJlJlUCb
PUMC1<:UMU, 1<:OmOpbLMU 6 me 6peMeHa UlUp01<:O nOJlb306aJlUCb B
E6pone.
-- . .
..
. . -- F"
f :J:t::; t\
"",, "
.; f r . )..; . ,1\'
, 1:. 1 ":
';\r .
24
B pY1<:onucu aJlb-XOpe3MU Z060pUmC.H maK:Jlce: « ... H npef)Jlo-
3ICUJl «AJlJICa6p 6a aJl-MY1<:06aJla xuc06u xa1<:uf)a 1<:um06», 61<:Jl101la-
lO14YlO 6 ce6.H npOCmble U CJlOJICHble 3af)a1lU apUtjJMemU1<:U, nomo-
MY Ilmo 3mO HYJICHO f)Jl.H JllOf)eu npu pa3f)eJle HaCJlef)cm6a, npu
COCma6JleHUU 3a6e aHUU, npu pa3f)eJle UMY14eCm6a, 6 lOCmUUpU,
6 mOpZ06Jle, COCma6JleHUU f)OZ060P06, a ma1<:JlCe npu 3aMepe 3e-
MeJlb, np06ef)eHuu 1<:aHaJl06, 6 zeOMempuu u f)p.».
Bonpocbl, u aaoanuJl,
.... .: I 1. PaccKamHTe 06 3JIeMeHTax aJIc:}>aBHTa D;Hc:}>p.
2. PaCCKamHTe 06 OCHOBaHHH CHCTeMbI C HCJIeHHH, ee
D;Hc:}>pax H 'IHCJIax.
3. ,IJ;JIH ero B )l;peBHOCTH HCIIOJIb30BaJIaCb )l;BeHa)l;D;aTH-
pH HaH CHCTeMa C HCJIeHHH?
4. B KaKHX cTpaHax 60JIbme HCIIOJIb30BaJIaCb )l;Ba)l;D;aTH-
pH HaH CHCTeMa C HCJIeHHH?
5. KaKa.H CHCTeMa C HCJIeHHH Y)I;06Hee B HCIIOJIb30BaHHH?
6. 3aBHcHT JIH 3Ha eHHe D:Hc:}>PbI OT ee II03HD:HH B HCJIe
B JII060H CHCTeMe C HCJIeHHH?
7. PaccKamHTe 0 MYXaMMa)l;e aJIb-XOpe3MH.
8. ITepe HCJIHTe D;Hc:}>pbI )l;eCHTH HOH CHCTeMbI C HCJIeHHH.
9. Pa3JIOmHTe CJIe)l;yrom;He HCJIa IIO pa3pH)I;aM:
a) 12056725;
6) 34718516;
6) 51000020;
z) 4568086;
f) 2301210763.
YpOK 5
TI03HD;HoHHLle H Hen03HD;HOHHLIe
T Mid q HC JIeHHH
XOTH npaBHJIa, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe B CHCTeMax C"'IHCJIeHHH,
paaJIWIHbI, OHH nOCTpoeHbI Ha OCHOBe o,n;Horo npHHIJ;Hna.
COrJIaCHO 3TOMY npHHIJ;Hny B CHCTeMe C"'IHCJIeHHH C OCHO-
BOM P JII060e HaTypaJIbHOe "'IHCJIO N MomHO npe,n;CTaBHTb CJIe-
)];YIDID;HM BbIpameHHeM:
N = akpk + ak_Ipk-1 + ... + alpl + aQPO,
r)];e ak' a k _ l ,.., a o - COCTaBJIHIOID;He IJ;H«PPbI ,n;aHHoro "'IHCJIa;
k - 3Ha"'IeHHe, MeHbIllee Ha e,n;HHHIJ;Y ROJIH"'IeCTBa IJ;H«PP B "'IHC-
JIe (nOTOMY "'ITO nepBbIH pa3pH,n; Ha"'IHHaeTCH C Hyml).
25
HanpHMep, B TIHCJIe 98327 no ,lI;eCHTHTIHOH CHCTeMe CTIHCJIe-
HHH IJ;mppa 7 onpe,ll;eJIHeT e,ll;HHHIJ;bI, 2 - ,lI;eCHTRH, 3 - COT-
HH, 8 - TbICHTIH, 9 - ,lI;eCHTRH TbICHTI.
COrJIaCHO BbIllIeonHcaHHOMY BbIpameHHIO, a o = 7; a I = 2;
a 2 = 3; a 3 = 8; a 4 = 9, p = 10, k = 4 (T. e. 5 - 1). Tor,ll;a ,lI;aHHOe
TIHCJIO MomHO npe.n;CTaBHTb B BH,lI;e CJIe.llYlOm;ero MHOrOTIJIeHa:
98327 = 9.10 4 + 8.10 3 + 3.10 2 +2.10 1 + 7.10°.
,
.
CucmeMbl C'lUCJleHU.R, nOS60Jl.R1O Ue npeOCma8Jl.Rmb
'lUCJla 6 ma1<:OM 6uoe, HaSbl6alOmc.R n03u uonnb£MU
cucmeMaMU cYl,ucnenUJ£.
CYII(eCTBYIOT TaRme CHCTeMbI CTIHCJIeHHH, B ROTOpbIX TIHC-
JIa npe,ll;CTaBJIHIOTCH no ,lI;PyrHM MeTO,ll;aM H npaBHJIaM. B rpyn-
ny TaRHX CHCTeM BXO,ll;HT CHCTeMa pHMCRHX IJ;H«PP. ,l];aHHaH
CHCTeMa COCTOHT H3 rpynnbI cneIJ;HaJIbHbIX 3HaROB, ROTopbIe
0603HaTIalOT IJ;H«PPbI H TIHCJIa, H JII060e TIHCJIO MomHO npe.n;-
CTaBHTb C nOMOII(blO 3THX 3HaROB. IIpH 3TOM HCnOJIb3yeMbIe
3HaRH He pa3,l1;eJIHIOTCH Ha IJ;H«PPbI H TIHCJIa, H HX 3HaTIeHHe
coxpaHHeTCH He3aBHCHMO OT pacnOJIOmeHHH B nOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIb-
HOCTH 3HaROB, 0603HaTIalOII(HX ,lI;aHHOe TIHCJIO.
HanpHMep, B pHMCROH CHCTeMe CTIHCJIeHHH IJ;H«pPbI H TIHC-
JIa 0603HaTIalOTCH CJIe,ll;YIOII(HMH 3HaRaMH:
IJ;H«ppa 1 3HaROM «I»;
IJ;H«ppa 5 3HaROM «V»;
TIHCJIO 10 3HaROM X»;
TIHCJIO 50 3HaROM «L» ;
TIHCJIO 100 3HaROM C» ;
TIHCJIO 500 3HaROM «D» ;
TIHCJIO 1000 3HaROM «M».
qHCJIa, HaXO,ll;HII(HeCH Mem,ll;y HHMH, onpe,ll;eJIHIOTCH BbI-
TIHTaHHeM H3 60JIbllIerO no 3HaTIeHHIO TIHCJIa RaROrO-JIH60 TIHCJIa
HJIH npH6aBJIeHHeM R MeHbllIeMY no 3HaTIeHHIO TIHCJIY RaROrO-
JIH60 TIHCJIa. HanpHMep:
26
0603- B pHMCKOii
QHcno Ha"le- CHCTeMe CMLIcn
HHe C"lHCneHHH
qeTbIpe 4 IV 5 -1
IllecTb 6 VI 5+1
)J;eBRTb 9 IX 10 -1
qeThIpHa)I;D;aTb 14 XIV 10 + (5 - 1)
)J;eBRTHa)I;D;aTb 19 XIX 10 + (10 - 1)
COpOK IIRTb 45 XXXXV 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 +5
COpOK )l;eBHTb 49 IL 50 -1
CTO meCTb)l;eCRT 168 CLXVIII 100 + 50 + 10 + 5+3
BoceMb
OAHa TbICHqa 1997 MCMXCVII 1000 + (1000 -100) +
AeBRTbCOT + (100 -10) + 5 + 2
AeBRHOCTO ceMb
CucmeMbl c'lUcJleHU.R, 6 1<:OmOpblX SHa'leHUe qurjJp He
sa6ucum om Mecma ux pacnOJlOJICeHU.R 6 'lucJle. HaSbl-
6alOmc.R nen03u uonnb£Mu cucmeMaMU c"l/,ucnenus£.
ECJIH H3 RaKOrO-JIH60 tIHCJIa He06xo,n;HMO BbI"tIeCTb ,n;pyroe
qHCJIO, TO BbI"tIHTaeMOe "tIHCJIO nHllIeTCH CJIeBa, a eCJIH CJIO-
JKHTb - cnpaBa.
lIo npaBHJIaM aTOH CHCTeMbI C B03pacTaHHeM 3Ha"tIeHHH
qHCJIa YBeJIH"tIHBaeTCH ROJIHtIeCTBO 0603Ha"tIalOID;HX ero 3Ha-
ROB, tITO npHBo,n;HT R onpe,n;eJIeHHbIM Hey,n;06cTBaM. lIoaToMY
B ,lI;aHHOH CHCTeMe HCnOJIb3yIOTCH MeTo,n;bI, n03BOJIHIOID;He
YMeHbllIHTb ROJIH"tIeCTBO 3HaKOB. lIpH npe,n;CTaBJIeHHH "tIHCJIa,
pacnOJIOmeHHOro Mem,n;y BbI6paHHbIMH 3HaKaMH, HCnOJIb3Y-
eTCH HaH60JIee 6JIH3RHH no 3Ha"tIeHHIO 3HaK. HanpHMep, "tIHC-
JIO 49 MomHO 6bIJIO 6bI HanHcaTb RaK XXXXIX. Ho ,n;JIH
YMeHbllIeHHH ROJIHtIeCTBa 3HaKOB npHHHMaeTCH 0603Ha"tIeHHe
IL, ROTopoe no 3Ha"tIeHHIO HBJIHeTCH paBHbIM npH MeHbllIeM
ROJIHtIeCTBe 3HaKOB.
27
O"IJeBH,lI;HO, "lJTO BbInOJIHeHHe Ha)!; 3THMH "lJHCJIaMH apHcP-
MeTH"lJeCKMX HJIH aJIre6paH"lJeCRHX ,lI;eHCTBHH O"IJeHb 3aTpY,lI;He-
HO. HeT B03MOmHOCTH HCnOJIb30BaHHH ,lI;JIH 3TOrO RaROrO-JIH60
MeXaHH3Ma HJIH Cpe,ll;CTBa.
PHMCRHe rJ;HcPPbI HeB03MOmHO oT06pa3HTb Ha npHIIIe,ll;llIHX
R HaM H3 ,lI;peBHOCTH C"lJeTax. H3-,3a Toro, "lJTO ,lI;JIH pHMCROH
CHCTeMbI C"lJHCJIeHHH nOHHTHe «n03HrJ;HH He HMeeT CMbICJIa,
HeB03MomHO H HCnOJIb30BaHHe apHcPMeTH"lJeCRHX ,lI;eHCTBHH
npHBbI"lJHbIM HaM 06pa30M. PaCCMOTpHM npe.n;CTaBJIeHHe apa6-
CRHX "lJHCeJI "lJepe3 pHMCRHe rJ;HcPPbI.
II p H M e pl. "tlHCJIO 77 npe,ll;CTaBJIHeTCH pHMCRHMH rJ;HcP-
paMH LXXVII.
II p H Me p 2. "tlHCJIO 1960 MomHO npe,ll;CTaBHTb pHM-
CRHMH rJ;HcPpaMH CJIe)l;YIOm;HM o6pa30M: 1 = I; 5 = V; 10 = X;
50 = L; 100 = C; 500 = D; 1000 = M. Tor,ll;a
1960 = 1000 + 900 + 60 = 1000 + 500 + 400 + 50 + 10.
"tlHCJIO 1960 MomHO npe.n;CTaBHTb CJIe,ll;YIOm;HM 06pa30M:
1000 900 60
............
1000 500 400 50 10
1 1 500 - 100
U' "
M D CD L X
0603Ha"IJHB 3TO COOTBeTCTBHe 3HaRaMH, nOJIY"tIHM CJIe,ll;YIO-
m;HH pe3YJIbTaT: 1960 = MDCDLX.
KOJIH"tIeCTBO 3HaROB B "IlHCJIe MomHO YMeHbllIHTb. ,1];JIH 3Toro
900 HaIIHllIeM He RaR DCD (T. e. 500 + (500 - 100», a RaR
CM (T. e. 1000 -100). Tor,ll;a nOJIY"tIHM:
1960 = MCMLX.
PHMcRHe rJ;HcPPbI H3-3a CJIOmHOCTH HCnOJIb30BaHHH He Ha-
llIJIH llIHpORoro npHMeHeHHH B mH3HH, HO OHH BCTpe"IJaIOTCH
Ha rJ;HcPep6JIaTaX "lJaCOB, npH 0603Ha"IJeHHH rJIaB RHHr, B Ra-
JIeH,lI;apHX H T. n.
Y,lI;06CTBO n03HrJ;HOHHbIX CHCTeM C"lJHCJIeHHH COCTOHT B TOM,
"lJTO C HX nOMOm;blO 60JIbllIHe "lJHCJIa MomHO 0603Ha"IJaTb MeHb-
28
mHM KOJI eCTBOM 3HaKOB. KpOMe TOrO, C 3THMll qHCJIaMH Y,lI;06-
HO npOll3BO,ll;llTb apllqJMeTllqecKlle ,lI;eHCTBllH.
)J;BOllqHa.H, BOCbMepHqHaH H llIeCTHa..n;u;aTHpHqHaH CHCTe-
MbI Cq:nCJIeHH.H - n03HU;HOHHbIe CHCTeMbI CqHCJIeHHH. B ,lI;BO-
WIHOH CHCTeMe CqllCJIeHHH HMeeTCH 2 U;HqJpbI: 0 H 1. B BOCbMe-
pHqnOH CHCTeMe - 8 U;HqJP: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. )J;JIH OTO-
6pameHHH qHCeJI B llIecTHa..n;u;aTHpHqHOH CHCTeMe CqHCJIeHHH
HCnOJIb3YIOT 16 U;HqJP (3HaKoB): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A,
B, C, D, E, F. 3,l1;eCb 3HaKH A, B, C, D, E, F COOTBeTCTBYIOT
qllCJIaM 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ,lI;eC.HTHqHOH CHCTeMbI. MbI
3anllCbIBaeM HX C nOMOID;blO 3HaKOB, qT06bI OTJIHqaTb OT co-
OTBeTCTBYIOID;HX qHceJI. "tlllCJIO 8 BOCbMepllTIHOH CHCTeMbI, q:nc-
JIO 16 llIecTHa..n;u;aTHpHqHOH CHCTeMbI 3aIIHCbIBalOTCH B BH,lI;e
QHCJIa 10.
M3BecTHO, qTO U;HqJpbI B CHCTeMax CqHCJIeHHH ynopH,lI;Oqe-
HbI. C06u1£ymb lI,ucno 03HaqaeT 3aMeHHTb ero CJIe,ll;YIOID;HM
no nOpH,lI;KY (aJIqJaBHTY). HanpHMep, 1 npH C,lI;BHre nepexo-
,D;HT B 2, 2 - B 3 H TaK ,lI;aJIee. C,lI;BHr caM-ou 6onblUou lfu4JPbt
(HanpllMep, 9 B ,lI;eCHTllqHOH CHCTeMe CqHCJIeHH.H) 03HaqaeT ee
3aMeHY Ha O. B ,lI;BOllqHOH CHCTeMe npH C,lI;BHre 0 nepeXO,ll;HT B
1, a 1 nepeXO,ll;HT B O.
.qenbte lI,ucna 6 nosuquoHHOU cucmeMe c1lUCJleHU.R oopa-
3YlOmC.R no cJleOYlO eMY npa6UJlY: 'lUcJlO, cJleOYlO ee sa oaH-
ItbIM, otJpasyemc.R c06UZOM nOcJleOHeU qUljJPbl oaHHOZO 'lUc-
na; eCJlU 6 pesYJlbmame C06uza nOJlY1laemc.R 0, mo C06uzaem-
C.R qwjJpa, cmO.R a.R om Hee cJle6a.
IIOJIb3YHcb 3THM npaBHJIOM, 06pa3yeM nepBbIe 10 qHCeJI:
. B ,lI;BOHqHOH CHCTeMe: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111,
1000, 1001;
. B I1HTepWIHoH CHCTeMe: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14;
. B BOCbMepHqHOH CHCTeMe: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11.
B ,D;aJIbHeHllIeM peqb 6Y,lI;eT H,lI;TH TOJIbKO 0 n03HU;HOHHbIX
HCTeMaX CqHCJIeHHH.
Bonpocbt u aaiJal£USl,
ril 1. qTO TaROe II03HD;MOHHaH CHCTeMa C MCJIeHHH?
2. qTO TaKoe HeII03HD;HOHHaH CHCTeMa C HCJIeHHH?
29
3. KaKHe Y)];06CTBa II03HD;HOHHbIX CHCTeM C HCJIeHHH BbI
3HaeTe?
4. CocTaBbTe Ta6JIHD;Y YMHomeHHH )];JIH pHMCKHX D;mpp.
5. 3aIIHmHTe apa6cKHMH D;Hc:}>paMH HCJIO MCDXXII.
6. 3aIIHIIIHTe pHMCKHMH D;Hc:}>paMH )];eCHTH HbIe HCJIa
19, 28, 131.
7. Ha30BHTe OCHOBHoe IIpaBHJIO II03HD;HOHHOH CHCTeMbI
C HCJIeHHH C IIOMO:m;blO pHMCKHX D;Hc:}>p. ITpHBe)];HTe
IIpHMepbI, COOTBeTCTBYIO:m;He 3TOMY IIpaBHJIY.
8. ITpe)l;CTaBbTe B ceMepH HoH CHCTeMe C HCJIeHHH "'lHC-
JIO MaJIb HKOB H )];eBO eK BaIIIero KJIaCca.
9. KOTOpbIH ceH ac ac (B )];eCHTH HOH cHcTeMe), eCJIH
H3BeCTHO, TO IIpOIIIJIO 211 MHHYT 20-ro aca (B TpO-
H HOH cHcTeMe).
YpOK 6 ApH9MeTH"IIeCKHe ,n;eiicTBHH B
pa3JIH"IIHLlX CHCTeMax C"IIHCJIeHHH
MbI 3HaKOMbI C MeTo aMH BblITOJIHeHHH apmpMeTH'IeCKHX
eHcTBHH Ha)!; 'IHCJIaMH eCHTH'IHOH CHCTeMbI C'IHCJIeHHH, KO-
TOpbIMH nOJIb3yeMcH B nOBce HeBHoH mH3HH. 3TH MeTO bI
npHMeHHMbI )l;JIH Bcex n03H:U;HOHHbIX CHCTeM C'IHCJIeHHH.
B eCHTH'IHOH CHCTeMe C'IHCJIeHHH npH BblITOJIHeHHH CJIO-
meHHH CHa'IaJIa CKJIa)!;bIBaIOTCH pa3pH)I;bI e HHH:U;, 3aTeM -
eCHTKOB, 3aTeM - COTeH H TaR aJIee O caMoro BbICOKoro
pa3pH)I;a. 3TOT npo:u;ecc npaBHJIeH )l;JIH Bcex n03HIJ;HOHHbIX
CHCTeM C'IHCJIeHHH. B aHHOM npo:u;ecce Heo6xo HMO nOMHHTb,
'ITO eCJIH npH CJIOmeHHH pa3pH OB pe3YJIbTaT npeBbICHT OC-
HOBY aHHOH CHCTeMbI C'IHCJIeHHH, TO 60JIbIIIaH OT OCHOBbI
CHCTeMbI C'IHCJIeHHH 'IaCTb OCTaeTCH B TeKYIIJ;eM pa3pH e, a B
CJIe YIOIIJ;HH pa3pH npH6aBJIHeTCH 1.
HanpHMep, B eCHTH"'lHOH CHCTeMe C'IHCJIeHHH:
193275 10
+ 79538 10
1983 10
274796 10
30
HeooxoiJuMO nOMHUmb, 'lmO SHa'leHUeM OCHOBbl iJe-
C.RmU'lHOU CUCmeMbl C'lUCJleHU.R C'lumaemc.R 10. lIo
amou npU'lUHe CJleiJYlO ue nOCJle OCHOBbl cucmeMbl
C'lUCJleHU.R 'lUCJla npuHUMalOmC.R IW1<: 11,12,...
3TO MomHO BH eTb H3 CJIe YIOr.qeH Ta6JIHD;bI:
,.",
.
qHCJIa B )J,eCH- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
TH'IHOH CHCTeMe
qHCJIa B BOCMe- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13
pH'IHOH CHCTeMe
qHCJIa B ,iUiOH'I- 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 010 1011
HOH CHCTeMe
M3BecTHO, "'ITO OWIHa.H CHCTeMa CqHCJIeHHH 06paaoBaHa Y-
MH D;H«ppa m: 0 H 1. OnepaD;HH CJIOmeHHH, BbIqHTaHHH H YMHO-
meHHH B STOH CHCTeMe BbIITOJIHHIOTCH CJIe YIOr.qHM 06pa30M:
CJIO:iKeHHe
BbI'lHT8HHe
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10
0-0=0
1-0=1
10 - 0 = 10
10 - 1 = 1
YMHO:iKeHHe
o . 0=0
o . 1=0
1 . 0=0
1 . 1 = 1
Tenepb paCCMOTpHM HeCKOJIbKO npHMepOB BbIITOJIHeHHH
apH«pMeTHqeCKHX eHCTBHH, nOJIb3YHCb BbIllienpHBe eHHbIMH
Ta6JIHD;aMH.
TIpHMep 1. 10011 + 11001 TIpHMep 2. 110 101.001+1000101,001
PemeHHe. 10011 PemeHHe. 1101101,001
+ 11001 + 1000101,001
101100 10110010,010
OTBeT: 101100. OTBeT: 10110010,01.
TIpHMep 3. 101010 - 10011
PemeHHe. 101010
10011
10111
OTBeT: 10111.
TIpHMep 4. 110011,01 - 10111,101
PemeHHe. 110011,010
10111,101
11011,101
OTBeT: 11011,101.
31
IIpHMep 5. 110011 x 101
PemeHHe. 110011
x 101
110011
+ 110011
11111111
OTBeT: 11111111.
IIpHMep 6. 101,11 x 11,01
PemeHHe. 101,11
x 11,01
10111
+ 10111
10111
10010,1011
OTBeT: 10010,1011.
CJIOmHTe 'IHCJIa 4, 7 H 15 ( ecHTH'IHOH cHcTeMbI) B )l;eCH-
TH'IHOH H BOH'IHOH CHCTeMax.
,ZJ;eCHTH'lJH8H CHCTeMa
4 10 + 7 10 + 15 10
B YMe: 1
4
+ 7
15
26
I I 4+7+5=16=10+6
1 + 0 + 0 + 1 - 2
Bonpocbt u aaiJanuJl,
,ZJ;BOH'lJHaH CHCTeMa
100 2 + 111 2 + 1111 2
11+111
1 00
+ 1 1 1
1 1 11
1 101 0
1 0+1+1=2=2+ 0
1+0+1+1=3=2+1
1+1+1+1=4=2+ 2+ 0
1+ + + + - - +
1+0+0+0=1
1. KaK BblIIOJIHHeTCH OIIepaD;HH CJIOmeHHH B )];BOH HOH
CHCTeMe C HCJIeHHH?
2. KaK BblIIOJIHHeTCH OIIepaD;HH BbI HTaHHH B )];BOH HOH
CHCTeMe C HCJIeHHH?
3. PaccKamHTe Ta6JIHD;Y YMHomeHHH )];BOH HOH CHCTe-
MbI C HCJIeHHH.
4. BbIIIOJIHHTe CJIOmeHHe B )];BOH"'IHOH CHCTeMe C HCJIeHHH.
a) 101+111;
6) 1101+110;
32
B) 1111+1011;
r) 1011+110;
)];) 1010+1111;
e) 11,011+101,01.
5. BbIIIOJIHHTe BbI HTaHHe B )l;BOH HOH CHCTeMe C HCJIeHH.H.
a) 1010 - 110; e) 1101,101 - 1001,01;
6) 1100 - 11; m) 10010,01 - 111,1;
B) 1011 - 101,11; 3) 110001 - 11,01;
r) 11011,11 - 101,01; H) 10000 - 100,11.
)];) 1111 - 10,11;
6. BblIIOJIHHTe YMHomeHHe B )l;BOH HOH CHCTeMe C HCJIeHH.H.
a) 101 x 11; r) 1011 x 11,01; m) 11010,11 x 10,01;
6) 110 x 101; )];) 1111,01 x 101; 3) 111 x11,101;
B) 111 x 11; e) 101,11 x 1,101; H) 100101 x 101,011.
7. KaKHe oIIepaD;HH BblIIOJIHeHbI HeIIpaBHJIbHO:
a) 101 - 11 = 11;
6) 111010 + 10 = 111100;
B) 11100 + 11 = 100111;
r) 11 x 11 = 1001 ;
)];) 1001 - 11 = 100;
e) 11111 x 1010 = 100110110;
m) 110011,001 - 1,011 = 111110,1;
3) 1110,01 + 1,01 = 111110;
T) 11001,1 - 110,11 = 10010,11;
K) 1010 x 1110 = 10101100;
JI) 100,101 - 1,010 = 11,011;
M) 110100 - 1101 = 100 ?
YpOK 7
IIpeo6pa30BaHHe QHCeJI H3 OAHOH
CHCTeMLl CQHCJIeHHJI B Pyryro
)J;JIH npeo6pa30BaHHH 'IHCeJI C pa3JIH'IHbIX CHCTeM C'IHC-
JIeHHH B eCHTH'IHYIO CHCTeMY C'IHCJIeHHH HCnOJIb3yeTcH rpop-
MYJta paSJlO:JICeHU.R no CmeneHJlM OCHOBbl:
N = akqk + ak_1qk-l + a k _ 2q k-2 + ... + aIqI +aorf +
+ a_Iq-l + a_ 2 q-2 + ....
r e a k . a k - 1 , ..., a o - K03«p«pH:U;HeHTbI n;eJIOH 'IaCTH 3a.n;aHHoro
'IHCJIa; q - OCHOBa CHCTeMbI C'IHCJIeHHH; a_I' a_ 2 , ... - po6-
HaH 'IaCTb 'IHCJIa.
IIpHMep 1. IIpeo6pa3YHTe 'IHCJIO 101110 H3 BOH'IHOH
CHCTeMbI C'IHCJIeHHH B )l;eCHTH'IHYIO cHc eMY C'IHCJIeHHH.
3 - MHlpopMaTHKa, 8 KJIaCC
33
PemeBHe. COrJIaCHO BbIIlleYKaaaHHOH <pOpMYJIe
a O = 0, a I = 1, a 2 = 1, a 3 = 1, a 4 = 0, a 5 = 1 H q = 2.
3Ha'IHT 101110 =1-25+0-24+1-23+1-22+1-21+
, 2
+ 0 - 2 0 = 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 46 10 , HJIH 101110 2 = 2 5 +
+ 2 3 + 2 2 + 21 = 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 4610'
, l1.Jl.R npeoopaSOBaHU.R 'luceJl us iJeC.RmUllHOU cucmeMbl
. C'lUcJleHU.R B Jl106ylO iJpyZYlO cucmeMY C'lUcJleHU.R Heoo-
XoiJUMO iJeJlUmb ux Ha OCHOBY cucmeMbl, B 1<:omopyJO
npeoopa3YlOmC.R iJaHHble 'lUCJla, 00 mex nop, n01<:a pe-
3YJlbmam He oyiJem MeHbUle OCH06bl cucmeMbl C'lUC.Tl£HUJl..
IIpHMep 2. IIpeo6pa3YHTe 'IHCJIO 37 H3 eCHTH'IHOH CHC-
TeMbI C'IHCJIeHHH B BOH'IHYIO.
PemeHHe. - :: 1 1:
1 1_9
o I _:I_ I
o 2
OTBeT: 100101. 0
, l1.Jl.R npeoopaSOBaHU.R 'luceJl B BuiJe iJeC.RmU'lHOU opoou
. us iJeC.RmU'lHOU cucmeMbl C'lUCJleHU.R B oPYzyJO cucme-
MY c'lUCJleHU.R HeooxoiJuMO npeoopaSOBamb l{eJlYlO U
iJpOOHYlO 'lacmu no omiJeJlbHOCmU U CJlUmb nOJlY'leH-
Hble pe3YJlbmambl.
IIpHMep 3_ qHCJIO 0,125 H3 eCHTH'IHOH CHCTeMbI C'IHCJIe-
HHH npeo6pa3YHTe B BOH'IHYIO cHcTeMY C'IHCJIeHH.f[.
PemeBHe.
0 125
2
0 250
x 2
0 500
2
x
'Y 1 000
34
BbillOJIHeHHe onep HH npo-
OJImaeTCH o IIOHBJIeHHH B
npaBoH cTopoHe HYJIeH.
OTBeT: 0,125 10 = 0,0012.
Kam,n;ylO D;H«PPY BOCbMepH"tJHOH CHCTeMbI C"tJHCJIeHHH MOm-
HO BbIpa3HTb B ,n;BOH"tJHOH CHCTeMe CJIe,n;YIOIqHM 06pa30M:
0=000, 1 = 001, 2 = 010, 3 = 011, 4 = 100, 5 = 101, 6 =
110, 7 = 111. IIpH TaKOM MeTO)l;e rrpe,n;cTaBJIeHHH D;HqJP HC-
rrOJIb3YIOT mpuaiJbl,. qHCJIa ,n;BOH"tJHOH CHCTeMbI pa3,n;eJIHIOTCH
Ha TpHa,n;bI TaK: eCJIH KOJIH"tJeCTBO D;H«PP B D;eJIOH "tJaCTH "tJHCJIa
He KpaTHo 3, TO CJIeBa ,n;o6aBJl.HIOT HYJIH H pa3,n;eJIHIOT D;HqJpbI
Ha TpHa,ZJ;bI crrpaBa HaJIeBO; eCJIH KOJIH"tJeCTBO D;HqJP B ,n;P06HOH
qaCTH qHCJIa He KpaTHo 3, TO HYJIH ,n;o6aBJIHIOT cnpaBa, a 3a-
TeM pa3,n;eJIHIOT D;H«PPbI Ha TpHa,n;bI CJIeBa HanpaBO. BOCrrOJIb-
3yeMcH MeTo,n;OM TPHa,ZI; rrpH perneHHH CJIe,n;YIOIqHX npHMepOB.
IIpHMep 4. IIepeBe,n;HTe qHCJIO 1001010 H3 ,n;BOHqHOH CHC-
TeMbI CqHCJIeHHH B BOCbMepHqHYIO.
PemeHHe. 001 001 010 = 112.
1 1 2
OTBeT: 1128'
IIpHMep 5. IIepeBe,n;HTe "tJHCJIO 1011,11 H3 ,n;BOHqHOH CH-
CTeMbI CqHCJIeHHH B BOCbMepHqHYIO.
PemeHHe. 001 011 , 110 = 13,6.
136
OTBeT: 13,6 8 ,
IIpHMep 6. IIepeBe,n;HTe qHCJIO 2641,37 H3 BOCbMepHqHOH
CHCTeMbI CqHCJIeHHH B ,n;BOHqHYIO.
PemeHHe. 2641,37 = -L 5-.
010 110 100 001 011 111
OTBeT: 10110100001,011111 2 ,
Kam,n;ylO D;H«PPY rneCTHa,ZI;D;aTHpHqHOH CHCTeMbI C"tIHCJIeHHH
MomHO BbIpa3HTb B ,n;BOHqHOH CHCTeMe CJIe,n;YIOIqHM o6pa30M:
0= 0000, 1 = 0001,2 = 0010, 3 = 0011,4 = 0100, 5 = 0101,
6 = 0110, 7 = 0111,8 = 1000, 9 = 1001, A = 1010, B = 1011,
C = 1100, D = 1101, E = 1110, F = 1111. IIpH TaKOM MeTo,n;e
npe,n;CTaBJIeHHH D;H«PP HCnOJIb3YIOT mempaiJa. qHCJIa ,n;BOH"tJ-
HOH CHCTeMbI pa3,n;eJIHIOTCH Ha TeTpa,n;bI TaK: eCJIH KOJIHqe-
CTBO D;H«PP B u;eJIOH qaCTH qHCJIa He KpaTHo 4, TO CJIeBa ,n;o-
6aBJIHIOT HYJIH H pa3)1;eJIHIOT D;H«PPbI Ha TeTpa,n;bI cnpaBa Ha-
35
JIeBO; eCJIH KOJIH"tIeCTBO n;H<pp B ,l!;P06HOH "tIaCTH "tIHCJIa He KpaTHo
4, TO HYJIH ,l!;06aBJIHIOT cnpaBa, a 3aTeM pa3)1;eJIHIOT n;H<PPbI Ha
TeTpa,ZJ;bI CJIeBa HanpaBO. BOCnOJIb3yeMcH MeTO,l!;OM TeTpa,n; npH
pemeHHH CJIe,l!;YIOI.IJ;HX npHMepOB.
IIpHMep 7. IIepeBe,l!;HTe "tIHCJIO 11101,101 H3 ,l!;BOH"tIHOH
CHCTeMbI C"tIHCJIeHHH B meCTHa,n;n;aTHpH"tIHYIO.
PemeBHe. IIepeBo,l!; n;eJIOH "tIaCTH ,l!;aHHOrO "tIHCJIa BbIITOJI-
HHM KaK B npe,l!;bI,l!;yru;eM rrpHMepe, a ,l!;P06HYIO "tIaCTb pa3,l!;e-
JIHM Ha TeTpa,n;bI CJIeBa HanpaBO: 011101,1010.
3Ha"tlHT, 0001 = 1, 1101 = D, 1010 = A.
OTBeT: 1D,A 16 .
IIpHMep 8. IIepeBe,l!;HTe "tIHCJIO 3FD5 H3 meCTHa,n;n;aTHpH"tI-
HOH CHCTeMbI C"tIHCJIeHHH B ,l!;BOH"tIHYIO.
PemeBHe. B STOM CJIy-qae HCrrOJIb3yeM MeTO,l!;, 06paTHbIH
TOMY, "tITO MbI HCrrOJIb30BaJIH B npe,l!;bI,l!;YI.IJ;eM npHMepe, T. e.
,l!;OCTaTO"tlHO pa3)1;eJIHTb .n;aHHoe "tIJreJIO Ha TeTpa,n;bI.
HTaK, 3 = 0011, F=llll, D=1101, 5=0101.
OTBeT: 11111111010101 2 ,
IIpHMep 9. TIepeBe.n;HTe "tIHCJIO B12,CE H3 meCHa.n;n;aTH-
pH"tIHOH CHCTeMbI C"tIHCJIeHHH B .n;BOH"tIHYIO.
PemeHHe. TIo BbImenpHBe)l;eHHOMY
B = 1011, 1 = 0001, 2 = 0010, C = 1100, E = 1110.
OTBeT: 101100010010,1100111 2 ,
Bonpocbl, U aaOaKUJI,
1. OTJUI aeTCH JIH IIepeBO)l; n;eJIoii aCTH "tIHCJIa H3 )l;eCH-
TH"tIHOH CHCTeMbI C"tIHCJIeHHH B )l;pyrylO CHCTeMY OT
TaKoro IIepeBO)l;a )];P06HOii aCTH HCJIa?
2. .n;o KaKHX IIOp BbIIIOJIHHeTCH IIpoD;ecc IIepeBO)l;a )l;p06-
HOH aCTH HCJIa H3 )];eCHTH HOH CHCTeMbI C"tIHCJIe-
HHH B )l;pyrylO cHcTeMY?
3. KaK BbIIIOJIHHeTCH IIepeBO)]; )l;eCHTH HbIX )l;p06eii H3
)l;eCHT Hoii CHCTeMbI C HCJIeHHH B )l;pyrylO?
4. IIepeBe)l;HTe HCJIa H3 )l;eCHTH HOH CHCTeMbI C HCJIe-
HHH B )l;BOH YIO:
a) 48,36; 6) 383,075; B) 712,543.
36
5. IIepeBe)l;HTe HCJIa H3 )l;eCHTH HOH CHCTeMbI C HCJIe-
HHH B BOCbMepH HYIO:
a) 583,137;
6) 279,163;
B) 5432,1274.
6. IIepeBe)];HTe HCJIa H3 )l;eCHTH HOH CHCTeMbI C HCJle-
HHH B mecTHap;D;aTHpH HYIO:
a) 231;
6) 64,3125;
B) 325,475.
7. BbIIIOJIHHTe IIepeBO)l;:
a) 10111101 2 ? 16
6) 1110000 2 ?8
B) ABCD I6 ?8
r) 6317 8 ? 2
)];) 110,1118 ?16
e) 119A 16 ? 2
YpOK 8
IIpe.n;CTaBJIeHlle uH4>opMaD;uu
C nOMOID;LIO D;U(}>P
B Ram.n;OH HayKe cy ecTByeT CBOH HH«pOpMaIJ;HH, B3aHMO-
CBH3aHHbIH ROMnJIeRC CBe.n;eHHH, MeTO)l;bI H rrpaBHJIa HX o6pa-
60TRH. MeTO)l;bI H rrpaBHJIa BbITeRaIOT H3 n;eJIeH H 3a.n;a .n;aH-
HOH HayKH. 3TH CBe.n;eHHH H HH«popMan;HH 3aBHCHT OT H3yqae-
Moro STOH HaYROH OCHOBHoro 06'beRTa. TaR, B 6HOJIOrHH pac-
cMaTPHBaeMbIM 06'beRTOM HBJIHIOTCH eCTeCTBeHHbIe mHBbIe
CHCTeMbI ( eJIOBeR, mHBoTHbIe, paCTeHHH). lIH«popMaIJ;HH,
paccMaTPHBaeMaH B 6HOJIOrHH, co6HpaeTCH, o6pa6aTbIBaeT-
CH, xpanHTCH H nepe.n;aeTcH C rroMo bIO H rrpH Herrocpe.n;cTBeH-
HOM yqacTHH STHX 06'beRToB.
B HH«popMaTHRe H3yqaeMbIM 06'beRTOM HBJIHeTCH HH«pOP-
Man;HH. IIoSTOMY npH c6ope, c03.n;aHHH, xpaneHHH, o6pa6oTRe
H rrepe.n;a e HH«pOpMan;HH OCHOBHOH 3a.n;a eH HBJIHeTCH HCnOJIb-
30BaHHe BbI HCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHRH.
B HH«popMaTHRe HH«pOpMaIJ;HH no «popMe rrpe.n;cTaBJIeHHH
.n;eJIHTCH Ha .n;Ba THrra - aHaJlOZOBa.R H qurjJpOBa.R (,n;HCRpeT-
HaH).
,
.
AJ£anOZ06aJ£ UJ£t]JOpMa"lUJ£ .R6Jl.Remc.R HenpepblBHOU,
ee MO}fCHO npUH.Rmb B Jl1000e BpeMJl. J(PYZUMU CJlOBa-
MU, aHaJlOZOBa.R uHrjJopMaqU.R - 3mo 3HepZemU1lec-
Kue CUZHaJlbl, 1<:OmOpble HenpepbtBHO BJlU.RlOm Ha OK-
PY}fCalO YlO cpeay (B mOM 1lUCJle U Ha 1leJlOBe1<:a).
37
B npHpO)l;e He BCTpe'IaeTCH ,lI;BYX H,lI;eHTII'IHbIX KOM6HHa-
IJ;HH STHX CHrHaJIOB. MbI He MomeM BCTpeTHTb ,lI;Ba H)I;eHTH'I-
HbIX rOJIOca MJIH )l;Ba O)l;MHaKOBbIX JIHCTa Ha O)];HOM )l;epeBe. Ho
H, Ha060pOT, cy eCTBYIOT cHTyaIJ;HH, KOr)l;a npH o.n;HHaKOBOM
BH.n;e MomHO HMeTb pa3JIH'IHOe CO)l;epmaHHe. HanpHMep, XOTH
o.n;Ha H Ta me HOTa Ha 6YMare HMeeT O)l;HO e.n;HHCTBeHHoe 060-
3Ha'IeHHe, rrpH HCnOJIHeHHH Ha pa3JIM'IHbIX MY3bIKaJIbHbIX HH-
CTpYMeHTax (cKpHnKa HJIH q)JIeHTa) OHa HBHO pa3JIH'IaeTCH.
He06xo.n;HMO oTMeTHTb, 'ITO .n;JIH oopaOom1<:U aHaJlOZOBOU
UHfpopMaquu HY}fCHO BbliJeJlUmb u paCCMompemb ee COcmo.R-
Hue B onpeiJeJleHHblU nepuoiJ.l1.Jl.R amozo HeooxoiJuMO npeoo-
pa30Bamb ee B OPYZOU BuiJ. llpH STOM MbI BOCnOJIb3yeMcH pa3-
JIH'IHbIMH 3HaKaMH. 0603Ha'IHB pa3JIH'IHbIMH IJ;mppaMH pa3-
HbIe IJ;BeTa, a HOTaMH - pa3JIH'IHbIe 3ByJCH, MomHO rrpe06pa-
30BaTb aHaJIOrDBYIO llH<popMaIJ;H1O B IJ;H<PPOBYIO HH<popMaIJ;HlO.
. " I{ UfjJp06a.R UHpOpMaqWl.R6Jl.flemc.R npepbl6ucmou (OUC1<:-
. pemHOU). B amOM ee OCHOBHoe omJlU1lue om allaJlOZOBOU.
B HaCTOH ee BpeMH pa3pa60TaHbI YCTPOHCTBa, KOTOpbIe
MorYT pa60TaTb H C aHaJIOI'OBOH H C IJ;HqJpOBOH HH<popMaIJ;HeH.
K aHaJIOrOBbIM rrpH60paM MomHO OTHeCTH TeJIeBH30p, Te-
JIe<pOH, a K IJ;H<PPOBbIM - rrepCOHaJIbHbIe KOMnblOTepbI. B
HaCTOH ee BpeMH Bce 60JIbIllee npHMeHeHHe HaXO,ll;HT IJ;H<ppO-
BbIe TeJIeBH30pbI H IJ;H<pPOBbIe TeJIeqJOHbI.
MbI npHHHMaeM HH<pOpMaIJ;HIO B BH.n;e pa3JIH'IHbIX CHrHa-
JIOB. Pa3Ho06pa3He CHrHaJIOB OCJIOmHHeT rrpOIJ;eCC 06pa60TKH
HH<pOpMaIJ;HH. llOSTOMY .n;JIH y.n;06CTBa c60pa, xpaHeHHH H 06-
pa60TKH HH<pOpMaIJ;HH ee npe06pa3YIOT B o.n;HHaKoBbIH Bll.n;,
TO eCTb 3aMeHHIOT y.n;06HbIMH .n;JIH 06pa60TKH 3HaKaMH. STOT
npOIJ;eCC Ha3bIBaeTCH KoiJup06aJl,UeM UJI,4JOpMa"lUU.
Cyru;ecTByeT MHomeCTBO cnoc060B KO)l;HpOBaHllH HHqJOP-
MaIJ;HH. HanpHMep, MeTO.n; KO.n;HpOBaHHH Mop3e mIll rrpe.n;cTaB-
JIeHHH 6yJCB C nOMo blO IJ;H<PP.
CeMyaJlb Mopse B 1837 ro,ll;Y H306peJI SJIeKTpOMarHHTHbIH
TeJIerpa<p, a B 1838 rO)l;Y - CHCTeMY KO)l;HpOBaHHH .n;JIH SToro
npH60pa. O)l;HHM H3 ee MeTo.n;oB HBJIHeTCH Ko.n;HpoBaHHe HH-
<pOpMaIJ;HH 'Iepe3 TeJIerpa<pHbIe KO.n;bI. llpH STOM pa3JIH'I-
HbIe 6yJCBbI H IJ;H<ppbI npe)];CTaBJIHIOTCH onpe)l;eJIeHHOH nOCJIe-
,lI;OBaTeJIbHOCTblO TO'IeK H THpe. To eCTb HH<popMaIJ;HH npe.n;-
38
CTaBJIHeTCH C nOMOr.qbIO TpeX 3HaKOB: « JIHHHbIH CHrHaJI»
(C rrOMOIqbIO THpe), «KOPOTKHH CHrHaJI» (c rrOMor.qbIO TOqKH),
«OTCYTCTBHe CHrHaJIa» (c rrOMOIqbIO naY3bI). 3TOT MeTO)l; KO-
HpOBaHHH HCnOJIb3yeTcH H B HaCTOHr.qee BpeMH.
Ko KOJI-BO Ko KOJI-BO
EyRBa Mop3e 3HaROB EYKBa Mop3e 3HaROB
a ..-.. 5 JI . -. . 4
T - 1 H - e 2
0 --- 3 Ie _e_ 3
p e_ e 3 E e 1
C nOMOIqbIO STOro MeTo a CJIOBO «SJIeKTpOH» MomHO npek
CTaBHTb B CJIe YIOIqeM BH.n;e:
XOTH rrpH KO)l;HpOBaHHH 3HaKOB aJI«paBHTa HCrrOJIb3yeTcH
pa3Hoe KOJIHqeCTBO TOqeK H THpe, HaJIHqHe TOJIbKO BYX 3Ha-
KOB (TOqKa H THpe) eJIaeT ero Y 06HbIM JIH rrpHMeHeHHH B
TeXHHqeCKHX cpe CTBax.
IIpli o6r.qeHHII MbI rrOJIb3yeMcH 3BYKaMH, CBH3bIBaH HX C
nOMor.qbIO orrpe eJIeHHbIX rrpaBHJI B rrOHHTHbIe JIH Hac CJIO-
Ba. CHCTeMa STHX npaBHJI H 3ByKOB HBJIHeTCH 1<:Oi}OM.
MH«popMaII;HIO, 3anHCaHHyro nocpe CTBOM HeKOTopbIX 3Ha-
KOB, MomHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK KO HpOBaHHYIO HHqJopMa-
II;HIO. qeJIOBeK, He BJIa.n;eIOIqHH STHM aJI«paBHTOM, He CMomeT
ero BocrrpHHHTb H o6pa6oTaTb. IIoSTOMY npH 06MeHe HHqJOP-
MaII;HeH CTopOHaMH 3apaHee COrJIaCOBblBaIOTCH HeKOTOpbIe
3aKOHbI H npaBHJIa. HanpHMep, YCJIbIlliaB CHrHaJI aBTOMo6H-
JIH, MbI OTXO HM B CTOPOHY, rrepeXO)l;HM rrepeKpeCTOK no CHr-
HaJIaM CBeTo«popa. 3TH CHrHaJIbI MomHO CqHTaTb 3HaKaMH
onpe eJIeHHOrO Ko a. IIOJIb3YHCb HMH, MbI npH epmHBaeMCH
3apaHee orrpe eJIeHHbIX meCTKHX rrpaBHJI.
CaMbIH npOCTOH crroco6 KO HpOBaHHH HH«popMaII;HH -
3HaKOMbIH HaM cnoco6 3aMeHbI 6yKB aJI«paBHTa HX nopH KO-
BbIMH HOMepaMH:
39
A B B r ,IJ; E m 3 II II K JI M H 0 IT
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
P C T Y <I> X U; q III :m; 'b hI h :3 10 H
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
TIpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH ,lI;aHHOI'O MeTO,ll;a BbIpameHHe «Cel'o,ll;-
H.H mapRo 6Y,lI;eT BbII'JIH,lI;eTb CJIe,ll;YIOIIJ;HM o6pa30M:
19 06 04 16 05 15 33 08 01 18 12 16
TIO,ll;06HO STOMy, MomHO 3aMeHHTb "lIHCJIaMH 3HaRH npe-
nHHaHHH H HeRoTopbIe ,lI;pyrHe Cnen;HaJIbHble 3HaKH H HCnOJIb-
30BaTb HX B TeRCTe. B paccMaTpHBaeMYIO 3a.n;a"IIY BBe,ll;eM ,lI;O-
nOJIHHTeJIbHOe yCJIOBHe: 3HaH, "lITO HHcpOpMaD;HIO, rrepe,ll;aBae-
MYIO B SCPHp, MOmeT npHHHMaTb JII060H CJIymaTeJIb H nepeRO-
,lI;HpOBaTb 00, MbI H3MeHHM nOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHOCTb 6YRB. Ho TOT,
ROMY npe,ll;Ha3Ha"IIeHa HHcpOpMa:O;H.SI, ,lI;OJImeH 3HaTb STY nOCJIe-
,lI;OBaTeJIbHOCTb, HHa"IIe OH He CMomeT ee nepeRO,ll;HpOBaTb. Cy-
IIJ;eCTByeT MHomeCTBO cnoco60B nepeCTaHOBRH 6YRB B aJIcpa-
BHTe. PaCCMOTpHM, HarrpHMep, TaRYIO nOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHOCTb:
A B B r ,IJ; E E m 3 M if K JI M H 0 IT
12 03 16 14 04 05 33 25 20 11 15 31 24 19 07 27 17
P C T Y <I> X U; q III :m; 'b hI h :3 IO H
08 22 28 10 18 23 29 02 13 26 06 9 30 01 21 32
TIO,ll;06HaH nepecTaHoBKa Ha3bIBaeTCH MeTo,ll;oM CMemaH-
HOI'O aJIcpaBHTa. B STOM cJIyqae BbIpameHHe « CeI'O,ll;HH map-
RO 6Y,ll;eT BbII'JIH,lI;eTb CJIe,ll;YIOIIJ;HM o6pa30M:
22 05 14 27 04 07 32 25 12 08 31 27
TIepeRO,ll;HpOBaTb STO BbIpameHHe 6e3 nOMoIIJ;H npHBe,ll;eH-
HOH Ta6JIHD;bI O"IIeHb TPY,ll;HO.
40
[Ti1 BOnpOCM u aaiJanuSl,
1. KaKHe MeTO)l;bI KO)l;HpOBaHHH HHc:}>opMaD;HH BbI 3Hae-
, Te?
I " , ' 2. CKOJIbKO 3HaKOB HCIIOJIb3yeTcH B MeTO)l;e KO)l;HpOBa-
HHH Mop3e?
3. KaKHe MeTO)l;bI KO)l;HpOBaHHH CBH3aHbI C aJIc:}>aBHToM?
4. C IIOMO:m;blO MeTO,D:a 3aMeHbI 6YKB aJIc:}>aBHTa HX IIO-
pH,D:KOBbIMH HOMepaMH 3aKO,D:HpYHTe CJIe)l;yIOm;He IIpe)l;-
JIOmeHHH:
a) "lITO IIOCEEIIIb, TO IIO:IKHEIIIb;
6) CMJIA - B E,1];MHCTBE;
B) IJ;EJIb OIIP AB,1];bIBAET CPE,1];CTBA;
r) "lIMTATb HE PA3MbIIIIJIHH - 3PH BPEMH
TP ATMTb;
)1;) "lITEHME - BOT JIY"lIIIIEE Y"lIEHME.
5. 3aKO)l;HpYHTe CJIe)l;YIOm;He IIpe)l;JIOmeHHH, IIOJIb3YHCb
MeTO)l;OM CMemaHHoro aJIc:}>aBHTa
a) HE HY:lKHO M30BPETATb BEJIOCMIIE,1];;
6) Y"lIEHbE - CBET, A HEY"lIEHbE - TbMA;
B) KHMr A ,n;APMT HAM P A,n:OCTb OBID;EHMH;
r) BMBJIMOTEKA XPAHMT TAMHbI HAYKM;
)1;) KHMr A - COKPOBMID;H A 3HAHMM..
.,YpOK 9 KO)J;HpoBaHHe HH opMaU;HH
B )J;BOII'IHO:H CHCTeMe CqHCJIeHHH
KOMnblOTep pa3JIHYIaeT He caMH II;HCPPbI, a TOJIbRO CHI'Ha-
JIbI, onpe,ZJ;eJIHIOID;He 3TH D;HcppbI. ITPH 3TOM D;HcppbI npe,ZJ;CTaB-
JIHIOTCH ,ZJ;BYMH 3HaYIeHHHMH CHI'HaJIOB (HaMaI'HHYIeHHbIe HJIH
HeHaMaI'HHYIeHHbIe; coe,ZJ;HHeHHbIe HJIH Hecoe,ZJ;HHeHHbIe; ,ZJ;a HJIH
HeT H T. ,ZJ;.). ITepBoe COCTOHHHe npHHHTO 0603HaYIaTb II;HcppOH
.0, a BTopoe - II;HcppOH 1. TaRoH cnoco6 RO,ZJ;HpOBaHHH nOJIY-
YIHJI Ha3BaHHe lwiJupo6anue uncjJ0pMalfuu C nOMOU4-blO iJ6YX
anaK06. KOpOTRO OH Ha3bIBaeTCH iJ6oU nbl,M KoiJupo6anu-
41
eM. ITpll 3TOM Ram,ZJ;aH U;1I<ppa 11 3HaR aJI<paBIITa npe)J;CTaBJIH-
IOTCH nOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIbHOCTblO )J;BOllYIHbIX 3HaROB Mem)J;YHapO)J;-
HOH Ta6JIII I 3HaROB ABC II (American Standard Code for
Information futerchange).
TABJIH:QA RO,ZJ;HPOBAHHH ASCII
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 .. 0 @ p , p A P a ij L JL P E
1 @ ... ! 1 A Q a q E C 6 ; .L T c E
2 . t " 2 B R b r B T B 'I T 11" T
3 , !! # 3 C S c s r y r l- II Y S
4 . $ 4 D T d t LI <I> - b «P r
5 . % 5 E U e u E X e F x J
6 . . & 6 F V f v )J( U; )I( IT n:
7 :I: , 7 G W g w 3 q 3 11 'I ""
""
8 t ( 8 H X h x II III If , : III 0
9 ) 9 I Y i y 11 III H I If m .
A -+ * J Z j z K D K II :!k r 1>
B d' ..- + , K [ k { 11 bI JI it 'if . bI .J
C < L \ I I M b M ::!I I . b N2
, I
D - = M ] m } H :3 H .u = I 9 2
E n > N 1\ n - 0 10 0 d r 10 .
F / ? 0 0 ill IT H n 1 Ii. I R
MeTO)J;bI RO)J;lIpOBaHIIH MomHO pa3)J;eJIIITb Ha )J;Ba BII)J;a -
pOBHbIH 11 HepOBHbIH. B p08HOM RO)J;e Ram)J;bIH RO)J;lIpyeMbIH
3HaR 3aMeHHeTCH O)J;IIHaROBbIM ROJIIIYIeCTBOM 3HaFWB, a B He-
p08HOM - pa3JIIIYIHbIM ROJIIIYIeCTBOM.
ITpIIMepoM HepOBHOI'O MeTO)J;a RO)J;lIpOBaHIIH MomeT CJIY-
mllTb MeTO)J; Mop3e, TaR RaR B HeM Ram)J;OH 6YRBe 11 n;1I<ppe
COOTBeTcTByeT pa3Hoe ROJIIIYIeCTBO ,ZJ;JIIIHHbIX 11 ROpOTRIIX CIII'-
HaJIOB. HanpllMep, 6YRBe E COOTBeTcTByeT O)J;Ha TOYIRa, a 6YR-
Be 0 - TPII Tllpe. XOTH 3TIIM MeTO)J;OM 11 MomHO nepe)J;aBaTb
IIH<popMan;lIlO, HO nepeRO)J;lIpOBaHlle ee BbI3bIBaeT onpe)J;eJIeH-
HbIe TPY)J;HOCTII. TI03TOMY B 3JIeRTpOHHbIX BbIYIIICJIIITeJIbHbIX
MaIIIIIHax IICnOJIb3yeTcH MeTO)J; pOBHOI'O KO)J;lIpOBaHIIH.
B ROMnblOTepax Ram)J;OMY 3HaKY conOCTaBJIHeTCH 8 3Ha-
ROB, COCTOHID;IIX 113 IIOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIbHOCTII 0 11 1. Kam)J;bIH 113 8
3HaKOB Ha3bIBaeTCH Dum, a 8 611TOB COCTaBJIHIOT OOUH oaum.
42
JII060H 3HaK MOmHO rrpe,lJ;CTaBHTb ROM6HHaD;HeH H3 8 HY-
JIeM H e,lJ;HHHD;. KOJIH"tIecTBO TaKHX ROM6HHaD;HH COCTaBHT
28 = 256 H C HX nOMoID;blO MomHO 6Y,lJ;eT 3aRO,lJ;HpOBaTb 256
6YRB, U;HCPP, pa3JIH"tIHbIX 3HaKOB.
,l];JIH RO,lJ;HpoBaHHH 3HaRa B ROMnblOTepe OT,lJ;emIeTCH 8
6HTOB, HJIH 1 6aHT. B 1 6aHTe MomHO rrpe,lJ;CTaBHTb B ,lJ;BOH"tI-
HOM BH,lJ;e 256 BH,lJ;OB 3HaFWB.
B Ra"tleCTBe npHMepa npHBe,lJ;eM ,lJ;BOH"tIHbIe RO,lJ;bI HeROTO-
pbIX 3HaROB Ta6JIHD;bI ASC II:
A - 01000001
B - 01000010
C - 01000011
I - 01001001
J - 01001010
K - 01001011
M - 01001101
N - 01001110
0-01001111
KaR BH,lJ;HO H3 Ta6JIHD;bI ASCII, rnecTHa.n;D;aTHpH"tIHbIH RO,lJ;
JIaTHHCRoH 6YRBbI A paBeH 41 (JIaTHHCRaH 6YRBa A HaXO,lJ;HT-
CH Ha nepeCe"tleHHH cToJI6u;a 4 H CTpORH 1). Ha OCHOBaHHH
Ta6JIHU;bI, HCnOJIb3YH MeTO,lJ; TeTpa.n; (4 = 0100; 1 = 0001),
nOJIyrIHM ,lJ;BOH"tIHbIH RO,lJ; JIaTHHCRoH 6YRBbI A. OH paBeH
01000001. B TaROM BH,lJ;e npe,lJ;CTaBJIHeTCH JIaTHHCRaH 6YRBa
A Ha ROMnblOTepe.
CJIOBO «KHH:rA MomHO 3aRO,lJ;HpOBaTb CJIe,lJ;YIOID;HM 06-
pa30M:
10001010 10001101 10001000 10000011 10000000
,l];JIH RO,lJ;HpOBaHHH ROMaH,lJ; HJIH ,lJ;PYI'OI'O pO,lJ;a HHcpopMa-
D;HH Tome HCnOJI:b3yeTcH ,lJ;BOH"tIHbIH RO,lJ;. Ho B ROMnblOTepax
paaHbIX THnOB 3TH RO,lJ;bI MOI'YT 6bITb pa3HbIMH. 3TO 3aBHCHT
OT CBOHCTB TeXHHRH.
TIoCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIbHOCTblO HYJIeH H e,lJ;HHHU; MomHO RO,lJ;HpO-
BaTb H I'pacpH"tIeCRYIO HHcpopMaD;HIO. ,l];JIH 3TOl'0 HCrrOJIb3yeTcH
CJIe,lJ;YIOID;HH MeTO,lJ;.
ECJIH BHHMaTe.rrbHO npHCMOTpeTbCH R l'a3eTHOMY PHCYH-
RY, TO MomHO YBH,lJ;eTb, "tITO OH COCTOHT H3 MHomeCTBa MeJI-
RHX TO"tleR (B nOJIHl'pacpHH OHH Ha3bIBalOTCH «paCTp ). B CBH-
3H C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM paaJIH"tIHbIX nOJIHl'pacpH"tIeCRHX YCTaHO-
BOR nJIOTHOCTb 3THX TO"tleR MomeT 6bITb pa3JIH"tIHOH. 06bI"tIHO
B 1 CaHTHMeTpe HaXO,lJ;HTCH 24 TO"tlRH, TO eCTb PHCYHOR pa3-
2
MepoM 10 x 10 CM CO,lJ;epmHT npHMepHO 60000 TO"tleR. ECJIH
43
OHH COCTOHT H3 6eJI:bIx H "lJepH:bIX TO"IJeR O,lJ;HHalwBoro YPOBHH,
TO HX MOmHO 3aRO,lJ;HpOBaTb O,lJ;HHM 6HTOM, CO,lJ;epm HM D;Hcp-
pbI 0 HJIH 1. ECJIH D;BeToBoH COCTaB TO"IJeR pa3HbIH, TO ,lJ;JIH
O,lJ;HOH TO"IJRH O,lJ;HOrO 6HTa He,lJ;OCTaTO"IJHO. ,l];BYMH 6HTaMH MOm-
HO 3aRO,lJ;HpOBaTb "lJeTbIpe D;BeTa TO"IJRH (00 - 6eJIbIH, 01 -
CBeTJIO-CepbIH, 10 - TeMHO-Cep:bIH, 11 - "lJepHbIH), TpeMH
6HTaMH - 8 D;BeTOB, "lJeTblpbMH 6HTaMH -16 D;BeTOB.
B Ta6JIHD;e nORa3aHO RO,lJ;HpOBaHHe D;BeToBoH naJIHTpbI H3
16 D;BeTOB. Pa3HbIe D;BeTa H HX OTTeHRH nOJIyqalOTcH 3a C"lJeT
HaJIH HH HJIH OTCYTCTBHH Tpex OCHOBHbIX D;BeTOB (RpacHoro,
3eJIeHOrO H cHHero) H HX HpROCTH.
IJ;BeT HpKOCTL KpacHIdH 3CJIeHldH CHHHH
'IIepHLIii 0 0 0 0
CHHHH 0 0 0 1
3eJIeHLlH 0 0 1 0
rOJIy60H 0 0 1 1
KpacHLIii 0 1 0 0
fl)uOJIeTOBIdH 0 1 0 1
KOpJl1DleBLlH 0 1 1 0
BeJILlH 0 1 1 1
CepldH 1 0 0 0
CBeTJIO-CUHUH 1 0 0 1
CBeTJIO-aeJIeHLlH 1 0 1 0
CBeTJIO-ro.ny6oH 1 0 1 1
CBeTJIO-KpaCHLlH 1 1 0 0
CBeTJIO-4JuOJIeTOBIdH 1 1 0 1
meJITLIH 1 1 1 0
HpKO-6eJILlH 1 1 1 1
TO"IJHO TaR me MomHO RO,lJ;HpOBaTb H 3BYRH. HOTbI HBJIH-
IOTCH O,lJ;HHM H3 cnoco60B RO,lJ;HpOBaHHH 3BYRa. 0603Ha"IJHB
Ram,lJ;YIO HOTY onpe,lJ;eJIeHHOH D;mppOH, MomHO npe,lJ;CTaBHTb
3BYRH B 6HTax.
44
n BOnpOCM u aaiJanuR,
/;;;;;Jfl!O 1. "lITO TaKOe KO)l;HpOBaHHe?
2. ,1];JIH ero HymHo KO)l;HpOBaHHe HHc:}>opMaD;HH?
3. KaKHe THIIbI KO)l;HpOBaHHH HHc:}>opMaD;HH BbI 3HaeTe?
4. MomHo JIH 3arrHcaTb aJIc:}>aBHT Mop3e C IIOMOm;blO
D;Hc:}>p? ECJIH )l;a, TO KaKHM 06pa30M?
5. ,1];JIH ero HymHo )l;BOH HOe KO)l;HpOBaHHe?
6. CKOJIbKO 3HaKOB H D;Hc:}>P MomHO 3aKO)l;HpOBaTb C IIO-
MOm;blO 8 6HTOB?
7. MomHo JIH KO)l;HpOBaTb H306pameHHH?
8. CKOJIbKO D;BeTOB MomHO 3aKO)l;HpOBaTb C IIOMOm;blO 2,
3,4 6HTOB? KaKHM 06pa30M?
9. MomHo JIH KO)l;HpOBaTb 3BYKH? ECJIH )l;a, TO KaKHM
06pa30M MOmHO IIpe06pa30BaTb 3BYKH B D;Hc:}>pbI?
10. O)l;HHM H3 MeTo)l;oB KO)l;HpOBaHHH HBJIHeTCH BCTaBKa
IIOCJIe Ka»C)I;OH 6YKBbI HJIH 3HaKa HeKoTopoH 6YKBbI
(Kam)l;bIH pa3 MorYT 6bITb pa3HbIe 6YKBbI). HaIIpH-
Mep, CJIOBO «MH«POPMATlllCA» MomHO rrpe)l;CTaBHTb:
MAHH«p,1];OCPOMMArTMMOK:lKA T:
a) OIIpe)l;eJIHTe CJIOBa, 3aKO)l;HpOBaHHbIe TaKHM me
cIIoc060M: BOEEP AEMrEMKTMEO ITOPPMKPOOP-
,1];BYT;
6) 3aKO)l;HpYHTe CJIOBa «SKOJIOTII.H», «HE3ABMCM-
MOCTb».
11. 0603Ha HB HOTbI )l;eCHTH"lIHbIMH D;Hc:}>paMH, 3aIIHIIIHTe
rrOCJIe)l;OBaTeJIbHOCTb D;Hc:}>P, COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX KaKOH-
JIH60 MeJIO)l;HH.
12. 3aMeHHTe 6YKBbI aJIc:}>aBHTa COOTBeTCTBYIO:m;HMH IIO-
pH)I;KOBbIMH HOMepaMH (A-1, B-2, ..., .H-33) H 3aKO-
)l;HpYHTe BbIpameHHe «KOMITbIOTEP IT.HTOrO I10-
KOJIEHM.H,) .
13. 3aMeHHTe 6YKBbI aJIc:}>aBHTa B IIpOH3BOJIbHOM IIOpH)I;Ke
)l;BYX3Ha HbIMH HCJIaMH H 3aKO)l;HpYHTe BbIpameHHe
«Y3BEKMCTAH - PO,1];MHA MO.H».
14. OIIpe)l;eJIHTe 3aIIHCb, 3aKO)l;HpOBaHHYIO )l;BOHqHbIM KO)l;OM:
a) 0100100101000110;
6)11100001111001111110000111110010.
15. MCIIOJIb3YH 3aKO)l;HpOBaHHbIe )l;BOH HbIM KO)l;OM 3aIIH-
CH, HaH)I;HTe KO)l;bI 3aIIHCH Tpex 3HaKOB B ASCII:
a) 101001001011010101111101;
6)101010001011010101101101;
B) 110100001011010101101101;
r) 101001001010010101111101.
45
YpOlC 10
OOFJ»eM HH opMaU;HH
H COP' TL nepeA.QH
HHcpOpMa.D;HH, RaR 1'1 MHorHe ,D;pyrHe nOHHTHH (HanpHMep,
BpeMH, TeMnepaTypa, npOMemYTOR 1'1 T. ,D;.), HMeeT CBoe H3Me-
peHHe. Ho e,D;HHHu;a ee H3MepeHHH OTJIH"tIaeTCH OT e,D;HHHU; H3-
MepeHHH, ROTOpbIe npHHHTbI B MaTeMaTHRe HJIH cpH3HRe.
,l];JIH H3MepeHHH HHcpOpM HH COCTaBJIHIOIIJ;He ee 6YRBbI,
D;HcpPbI 1'1 ,D;pyrHe 3HaRH 3aMeHHIOTCH RO,D;aMH 1'13 D;HCPP 0 1'1 1.
HarrpHMep, D;Hcppa 3 npe,D;CTaBJIHeTCH RaR 11; D;Hcppa 8
RaR 1000; 6YRBa A RaR 01000001; 6YRBa H RaR 1101110l.
B Ra"tleCTBe HaHMeHbIlIeH e,D;HHHU;bI H3MepeHHH HHcpopMa-
U;HH npHHHT 6HT (6HT - :3TO 3HaR 0 HJIH 1 B D;HcppOBOM npe,D;-
CTaBJIeHHH HHcpopMaU;HH, 03Ha"tlalOIIJ;HH «,D;BOH"tIHa.H u;Hcppa
OT aHrJIHHCRHX CJIOB «binary digit ).
HanpHMep, B 100101101 HMeeTCH 9 6HTOB, nOTOMY "tITO B
HeM HCnOJIb3yeTcH 9 D;HCPP (0 I'll).
CJIe,D;YIOIIJ;eH 3a 6HTOM e,D;HHHD;eH HHcpopMaU;HH HBJIHeTCH
oaum:
1 6aiiT = 8 6HTaM.
HanpHMep, B 11011011 HMeeTCH 1 6aHT HHcpopMaD;HH,
nOToMy"tlTO B HeM yqacTByeT 8 6HTOB (D;HcpP). A B 10110101
00100011 HMeeTCH 2 6aHTa HHcpopMaU;HH.
Ha ROMnblOTepe Ra)K,lJ;bIH CHMBOJI RO,D;HpyeTcH BoceMblO
6HTaMH, T. e. HMeeT 06'beM 1 6aiiT. HanpHMep, 6YRBa «S HMeeT
06'beM 1 6aHT; «GN - 2 6aHTa; «ANV - 3 6aiiTa 1'1 T. ,D;.
BOJIbIlIOH 06'beM HHcpopMaD;HH BbI"tIHCJIHTb B 6aiiTax O"tleHb
HeY,D;o6Ho. TIO:3TOMY BBe,D;eHa e,D;HHHu;a H3MepeHHH HHcpopMa-
D;HH 60JIbIlIe 6aHTa. OHa Ha3blBaeTCH KUJlOOaUm (K6T) 1'1 paB-
2 10 6
HHeTCH aHTaM:
1 K6T = 2 10 6aiiT = 1024 6aiiT.
CJIe,D;YIOm;aH 3a RHJIo6aHTOM e,D;HHHu;a H3MepeHHH - Me-
zaoaum (M6T):
1 M6T = 2 10 K6T = 1024 K6T = 1024 x 1024 6aiiT =
= 1048576 6aiiT = 1048576 x 8 6HT = 8388608 6HT.
46
3Ha"tlHT, HH.<pOpMan;HH 06'beMOM 1 M6T CO,ll;epmHT 1048576
3HaKOB (6YRBbI, U;H<PPbI HJIH CneU;HaJIbHbIe 3HaKH).
CJIe,ll;YIOm;aH 3a Mel'a6aHTOM e,ll;HHHu;a H3MepeHHH - zuza-
oaum (r6T):
10
1 r6T = 2 M6T = 1024 M6T
HJrn
1 r6T = 1024 M6T = 1024x1024 K6T =
1024 x 1024 x 1024 6aiiT = 2 30 6aiiT.
3Ha"tlHT, B HH<pOpMan;HH 06'beMOM 1 r6T yqacTByeT 2 30
3HaKOB.
3a)J;aQa. ECJIH B KHHl'e 250 CTpaHHn;, Ha Kam,ll;OH CTpaHH-
u;e no 30 CTpOK H B Kam,ll;OH CTpOKe no 75 3HaKoB, TO paCC"tIH-
TaHTe 06'beM HH<pOpM HH B ,lI;aHHOH KHHl'e.
PemeHHe. BbI"tIHCJIHM KOJIH"tIeCTBO 3HaKOB Ha O,ll;HOH CTpa-
HHn;e:
75 x 30 = 2250.
Haii,zJ;eM o6m;ee KOJIH"tIeCTBO 3HaKOB B KHHl'e:
2250 x 250 = 562500.
3Ha"tlHT, 06'beM HH<popMan;HH B ,lI;aHHOH KHHl'e paBeH:
562500 x 8 = 4500000 6HT,
HJrn
5625006aHT,
HJrn
562500 : 1024 = 525 K6T,
HJrn
525 : 1024 = 0,5 M6T,
HJrn
0,5 : 1024 = 0,0005 r6T.
3Ha"tlHT, roT - e,ll;HHHn;a H3Mepeium, BbIpamalOm;a.a O"tleHb
60JIbIIIOH 06'beM.
,l];JIH nJIO,ll;OTBOpHOI'O HCnOJIb30BaHHH HH<popMan;HH Hym-
HO HMeTb B03MomHOCTb rrepe,ll;a"tlH ee Ha 60JIbIIIHe paCCTOH-
HHH. BpeMH nepe,ll;a"tlH .ZJ;aHHbIX Ha KOMnblOTepe 3aBHCHT OT
47
HX 06'beMa. KOJIH"tIecTBO ,lI;aHHbIX, nepe,ll;aBaeMbIX aa lWJl,U e-
Cm60 6peMeUU, Ha3bIBaeTCH C1WpOCmblO nepeoa u oauuwx.
3a e,ll;HHHU;Y H3MepeHHH CROpOCTH nepe,ll;a"tlH ,lI;aHHbIX npHHHT
600:
1 60)1; = 1 6aiiT /1 ceKyu,zJ;Y.
IIycTb, HanpHMep, 120 Mel'a6aHT rrepe,ll;alOT 3a 8 MHHYT.
TOI',lI;a CROpOCTb rrepe,ll;a"tlH ,lI;aHHbIX MomHO BbI"tIHCJIHTb CJIe,ll;y-
IOID;HM o6pa30M:
120 M6T/8 MHH = 122880 K6T/8 MHH = 15360 K6T/MHH =
= 15728640 6aiiT/MHH = 262144 6aiiT/c = 262144 60)1;.
B HallIH ,lI;HH .n;JIH H3MepeHHH CROpOCTH nepe,ll;a"tlH ,lI;aHHbIX
nOJIb3yroTCH CJIe,ll;yroID;HMH e.n;HHHII;aMH H3MepeHHH: KHJI06aiiT/
ceKyu,zJ;a, KHJI06HT / ceKyu,zJ;a.
Bonpocw u aaoauuSl,
, 1. KaKHe e)l;HHHD;bI H3MepeHHH 06'beMa HHc:}>OpMaIJ;HH BbI
3HaeTe?
2. Ha30BHTe HaHMeHbmylO e)l;HHHD;Y H3MepeHHH OO'beMa
HHc:}>opMaD;HH?
3. "£ITO BbI IIOHHMaeTe IIO)l; CKOpOCTblO IIepe)l;a H )l;aHHbIx?
4. KaKHe e)l;HHHD;bI H3MepeHHH CKOpOCTH IIepe)l;aqH )l;aH-
HbIX BbI 3HaeTe?
5. PaCC HTaHTe KOJIH eCTBO HHc:}>opMaD;HH B 6aHTax B
BbIpameHHH «BY)I;ym;ee B PYKax MOJIO)l;emH» H IIpe)l;-
CTaBbTe ero B )l;pyrHx e)l;HHHD;aX H3MepeHHH HHc:}>Op-
ManHH.
6. ECJIH HHc:}>opMaD;HH HMeeT 06'beM 14 M6T, pacc HTaH-
Te ee 06'beM B 6HTax, 6aHTax H KHJI06aHTax.
7. ECJIH H3BeCTHO, TO 06'beM HHc:}>OpMaIJ;HH B KHHre 640
K6T, TO CKOJIbKHMH CJIOBaMH «KOMIIbIOTep» ero Mom-
HO 3aMeHHTb?
8. Pacc HTaHTe KOJIH eCTBO 6HTOB H 6aHToB B BameM
HMeHH 1'1 c:}>aMHJIHH.
9. Pacc HTaHTe 06'beM HHc:}>opMaD;HH B a)l;pece BameH
mKOJIbI.
48
10. KaKoH 06'beM HHc:}>opMaD;HH CO)l;epmHTCH B BbIpame-
HHH «POJIb KOMIIblOTepa B YIIpaBJIeHHH 3:KOHOMHKOH
pecIIy6JIHKH BeJIHKa»?
11. BbIpa3HTe 06'beM IIpHBe)l;eHHbIX )l;aHHbIX B 6HTax H
KHJI06aHTax:
a) B 1957 r. IIpH MHcTHTYTe MaTeMaTHKH AKa,D;eMHH
HaYK 6bIJI C03)1;aH BbITIHCJIHTeJIbHbIH D;eHTp;
6) B 1963 r. BbI HCJIHTeJIbHbIH D;eHTp 6bIJI IIepeBe-
)l;eH B MHCTHTYT MexaHHKH;
B) IlloxcaHaM pO)l;HJIaCb 30 MapTa 1995 ro)l;a B Tam-
KeHTe.
12. CKOJIbKO CHMBOJIOB, BbIpameHHbIx B 6aHTax, HMeeTCH
B CJIe)l;YIOm;eH IIOCJIe)l;OBaTeJIbHOCTH:
1101001100011100110100110001110001010111?
13. CKOJIbKO 6aHToB IIaMHTH IIOHa,D;06HTCH )l;JIH KO)l;HpOBa-
HHH H306pameHHH pa3MepOM 1024 x 1280 B 256 D;Be-
Tax?
14. CKOJIbKO 6HT )l;aHHbIX HymHo )l;JIH KO)l;HpOBaHHH Ha-
TypaJIbHbIX HCeJI OT 1 )1;0 16?
15. CKOJIbKO BpeMeHH HymHo )l;JIH IIepe)l;a H 1 r6T HH-
c:}>opMaD;HH co CKOpOCTblO 64 K6T/C?
16. HaH)I;HTe CKOpOCTb IIepe)l;aTIH )l;aHHbIX, eCJIH 1024 M6T
6blJI0 IIepe)l;aHO 3a 512 c.
17. CKOJIbKO BpeMeHH IIoTpe6yeTcH ,D;JIH IIepe)l;a H TeKCTa
KHHrH co CKOpOCTblO 24 K6T/C, eCJIH B KHHre Bcero
750 CTpaHHD;, Ha Kam)l;OH CTpaHHD;e 32 CTpOKH H B
Kam)l;OH CTpOKe 72 3HaKa?
4 - MHcpopMaTHKa, 8 KJIaCC
49
r JIABA 3
JI
IO c
KOMTIblOTEPbI
)T pOK 11
KpaTKaJl HCTOpHH BLI'IHCJIHTeJILHOH
TeXHHKH
llCTOpMH BbI"tIMCJIMTeJIbHOH TeXHMKM BKJIIO"tIaeT B ce6,H 4
nepMo.n;a:
00 JIWXaHU1lecICUX MaWUH;
MeXaHU1lecICUX MaWUH;
3JleICmpOMeXaHU1lecICUX MaWUH;
3JleICmpOHHblX 6bl1lUcJlUmeJlbHblX MaWUH.
nepuoiJ iJo MeXaHU"I£eCKUX Mamun. IIepBbIMM cpe.n;CTBa-
MM, KOTOpbIMM "tIeJIOBeK nOJIb30BaJICH npM C"tIeTe, 6bIJIM ero
naJIbIJ;bI. IIaJIbIJ;bI PYK M Hor, KOTopbIe 6bIJIM eCTeCTBeHHbIMM
cpe.n;CTBaMM C"tIeTa, MCnOJIb30BaJIMCb TOJIbKO npM BbInOJIHeHMM
onepan;MM no.n;C"tIeTa. C MX nOMOID;blO HeB03MomHO 6bIJIO He
TOJIbKO BbInOJIHHTb KaKMe-JIM60 OnepaIJ;MM, HO .n;ame CKJIa,zJ;bI-
BaTb "tIMCJIa, COCTOHID;Me M3 .n;BYX M 60JIee IJ;mpp. II03TOM)T no-
CTeneHHO Ha"tIaJIM nOHBJIHTbCH MCKYCCTBeHHbIe cpe.n;CTBa BbI-
"tIMCJIeHMH. IIepB06bITHbIMM cpe.n;CTBaMM BbI"tIMCJIeHMH eCTe-
CTBeHHO 6bIJIll KaMHM M naJIO"tIKM. II03me nOHBMJIMCb 6MpKa,
a6aR, naJIO"tIKM Henepa.
nepuoiJ MeXanU"I£eCKUX Mamun. C M306peTeHMeM HeMeIJ;-
KMM yqeHbIM BUJI,bZeJlbMOM illuICICapooM (1592-1636) B 1623
rO)l;Y MeXaHM"tIeCKOrO YCTpoHcTBa Ha"tIaJICH nepMO.n; MeXaHM"tIeC-
KMX MaIlIMH. O.n;HaKo OKaaaJIOCb, "tITO MaIlIMHa lliMKKap.n;a He
6bIJIa caMOH nepBOH. B 1967 rO)l;Y B MMPM.n;CKOH HaIJ;MOHaJIb-
HOH 6M6JIMOTeKe 6bIJIa HaH.n;eHa .n;BYXTOMHa.H PYKOnMCb JIeo-
Hap.n;o .n;a BMH"tIM, B KOTOpOH 6bIJI 06HapymeH "tIepTem BbI"tIMC-
JIMTeJIbHOrO YCTpoHcTBa, n03BOJIHBIlIerO BbInOJIHHTb onepa:u;M1O
CJIOmeHMH TpMHMIJ;aTM3Ha"tIHbIX "tIMCeJI. IIocJIe C03.n;aHMH 3TO-
ro YCTpoHcTBa BbI.HCHMJIOCb, "tITO Ha HeM MomHO BbInOJIHHTb
OnepaIJ;MM CJIOmeHMH M BbIYIMTaHMH. TaRMM 06pa30M, Bb:r,n;aro-
50
IqllHC.H xy.n;OmHHK H MaTeMaTHK SnOXH B03pOm.n;eHH.H HTaJIb.HH-
CKHH yqeHbIH JIeoHapoO oa BUH1lU (1452-1519) .HBJI.HeTC.H
H306peTaTeJIeM rtepBoro BbIYIHCJIHTeJIbHOrO YCTpoHcTBa. Me-
XaHHYIeCKaH MaIlIHHa BHJIbreJIbMa lliHKKap.n;a H npoeKT JIeo-
Hap.n;o .n;a BHHYIH He 6blJIH BOnJIOm;eHbI B mH3Hb.
BJles II aclCUJlb, nOJIyqHBIlIHH HM.H «<PPaH:U;Y3CKHH Ap-
XHMe.n; , B 1642 ro.n;y paapa60TaJI MeXaHHYIeCKYIO MaIlIHHY,
KOTopaH HalliJIa IlIHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe H CTaJIa OCHOBOH BbI-
YIHCJIHTeJIbHbIX MaIlIHH.
BJIaro.n;apH STONY H306peTeHHIO 6blJIH nOJIyqeHbI nep-
BHYIHbIe OTBeTbI Ha CJIe.n;YIOm;He BonpOCbI:
· KaR HymHo npe.n;CTaBJI.HTb YIHCJIa B MaIlIHHe?
· KaKHM 06paaOM HymHo BBO.n;HTb B MamHHY HaYIaJIbHbIe
YIHCJIa .n;JI.H HX BbIYIHCJIeHH.H?
· KaK MeXaHHYIeCKH BbIITOJIH.HTb apH<pMeTHYIeCKHe onepa-
:u;mr?
· KaR nepeBo.n;HTb .n;eC.HTHYIHbIe YIHCJIa npH BbInOJIHeHHH
apH<pMeTH"tJ:eCKOH onepa:U;HH?
· KaK npe.n;CTaBJIHTb YIHCJIa, nOJIyqeHHbIe B pe3YJIbTaTe
BbIITOJIHeHH.H Onepa:u;HH?
B 1642-1645 ro.n;ax IIacKaJIb pa3pa60TaJI 60JIee 50 MO-
.n;H<pHKaIJ;HH MeXaHH"tJ:eCKHX BbI"tJ:HCJIHTeJIbHbIX MaIlIHH. CaMaH
cOBepIlIeHHa.H H3 HHX 6blJIa paapa60TaHa B 1645 ro.n;y H nOJIY-
YIHJIa HaaBaHHe «apH<pMeTHYIeCKOH MaIlIHHbI , HJIH «KOJIeCO
IIacKaJI.H .
B 1820 rO)l;Y ill apJlb KOJlMap pa3pa60TaJI nepBbIH KaJIb-
KYJIHTOp - «apH<pMoMeTp . OH npHMeH.HJICH OKOJIO 90 JIeT
(c He3HaYIHTeJIbHbIMH H3MeHeHH.HMH). B MeXaHHYIeCKHX BbI-
YIHCJIHTeJIbHbIX MaIlIHHax COOTBeTCTByrom;He YCTpoHcTBa npH-
BO.n;HJIHCb B .n;BHmeHHe pyqHbIM cnoc060M.
nepuoiJ SlI,eKmpOMeXanU"I£eCKUX Mamun. C03.n;aHHe BbI-
YIHCJIHTeJIbHbIX MaIlIHH, pa60TaBIlIHx C nOMOm;blO SJIeKTpH-
YIeCKOH SHeprHH, CTaJIO HaYIaJIOM nepHO)l;a SJIeKTpOMeXaHHYIeC-
KHX MaIlIHH. IIpoeKT TaROH MaIlIHHbI 6bIJI pa3pa60TaH B 1875
ro.n;y IlIBe.n;CKHM yqeHbIM B. T. OOHepoM, KOTOpbIH mHJI B POC-
CHH. B 1925 rO)l;Y B. Byw pa3pa60TaJI H BonJIOTHJI B mH3Hb
BbI"tJ:HCJIHTeJIbHYIO MarnHHY Ha OCHOBe SJIeKTpHYIeCKOrO peJIe.
51
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1943-1945 ro)];ax B IIeHcMJIbBaHCKOM YHMBepCMTeTe CIlIA
MOY1lJlu II 3ICICepmoM 6bIJIa paapa60TaHa 8JIeKTpOHHaH BbI-
YIMCJIMTeJIbHaH MaIIIMHa «ENIAC , BeCMBIIIaH OKOJIO 70 TOHH,
3aHMMaBIIIaH 150 KBa,n;paTHbIX MeTpoB nJIOm;a,n;M M MMeBIIIaH
18 TbICHYI 8JIeKTpOHHbIX JIaMnOYIeK. C Hee HaYIaJICH nepMO)];
8JIeKTpOHHbIX BbIYIMCJIMTeJIbHbIX MamMH.
B 1947 ro)];y COTPY)];HMKM BeJIbCKOH JIa60paTopMM Y. ill OIC-
JlU, :iK. BapouH M Y. BepmauH paapa60TaJIM nepBbIH TpaH3MC-
TOp. 3a 8TO M306peTeHMe B 1956 ro)];y OHM 6bIJIM Y)I;OCTOeHbI
H06eJIeBCKOH npeMMM. ll306peTeHMe TpaH3llCTOpOB M MHTer-
paJIbHbIX cxeM n03BOJIMJIO 3a KopOTKoe BpeMH C03)];aTb YIeTbI-
pe nOKOJIeHMH 8JIeKTpOHHbIX BbIYIMCJIMTeJIbHbIX MaIIIMH:
52
llOKOJleHHe llpHMep OCHOBHOii EwcTpoe
3BM K 3TOMY (6a30BLlii:) AenCTBHe
IIOKOJleHHIO 3J1eMeHT BIdIIOJlHeHHH
3BM OIIepa HH
llepBOe - B3CM, 3JIeKTpOH- )1;0 10 4 B
1940-1950 rr. "MHHCK-l" HaH JIaMIIa 1 ceKYH)I;Y
BTopoe - B3CM-6, TpaH3HcTop, )J;O 10 5 B
1950-1965 rr. "MHHCK-2" )1;1'10)1; 1 ceKYH)I;Y
TpeTLe - "MHHCK-32" , MHTerpaJIb- )1;02'10 6 B
"Pa3)1;aH" , HaH cxeMa 1 ceKYH)I;Y
1965-1975 rr. IBM-360
-qeTBepTOe - "ITpaBeD;" , BOJIbmHe BOJIee 10 8 B
Haq. c 1975 r. OT ES-I01O )1;0 HHTerpaJIb- 1 ceRYH)I;Y
ES-1060, IBM Hble cxeMbI
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Bonpocbt U aaiJauu1£
" 1. Ha KaKMe rrepMo)l;bI IIO)l;pa3)1;eJIHeTCH pa3BMTMe BbI-
HCJIMTeJIbHOH TexHHKH?
2. ITpMBe)l;MTe rrpHMepbI IIepBbIX BbI MCJIHTeJIbHbIX
Cpe)l;CTB.
3. ITepe MCJIMTe IIepBbIe, caMbIe IIpOCTbIe, MCKyccTBeH-
HbIe BbIqMCJIMTeJIbHbIe Cpe)l;CTBa. qeM OTJIM aeTCH a6aK
OT IIaJIO KM Hellepa?
4. KTO 6bIJI aBTopOM IIpoeKTa rrepBoH MexaHM ecKoH BbI-
MCJIMTeJIbHOH MamMHbI?
5. KaK Ha3bIBaJIaCb 3BM, IIOJIOmMBmaH Ha aJIO IIepMO-
)l;Y 3JIeKTpOHHbIX BbI MCJIMTeJIbHbIX MamMH.
6. PaccKamMTe 0 IIOKOJIeHMHX 3JIeKTpOHHbIX BbI MCJIM-
TeJIbHbIX MamMH.
7. PaccKamMTe 0 CBoHcTBax pa3JIH HbIX IIOKOJIeHMH
9JIeKTpOHHbIX BbI HCJIMTeJIbHbIX MamMH.
53
YpOK 12 KOMnLIOTepLI
IIepBbIH nepCOHaJIbHbIH KOMnblOTep 6bIJI pa3pa60TaH B
1973 ro.n;y BO CPpaHIJ;MM TpYOHZ TpOHZ Tu. IIoHaYIaJIY OH 6bIJI
BocnpMHHT KaK 8JIeKTpOHHaH MrpYIIIKa. B 1977 ro.n;y 8TOT
KOMnblOTep 6bIJI YCOBepIIIeHCTBOBaH, 3a.n;eHcTBoBaH B 60JIb-
IIIOM KOMnJIeKCe nporpaMM H 3anym;eH B MaCCOBoe npOM3BO.n;-
CTBO (ImpMoH «Apple Computen, pyKOBo.n;MTeJIeM KOTOpOH
6bIJI Cmu6 :iKo6c. IIocJIe 8Toro KOMnblOTepbI YBepeHHO BOIII-
JIM B HallIY mM3Hb M CTaJIM COBpeMeHHbIM cpe.n;CTBOM 06pa60T-
KM HH(jJopMaIJ;MM.
II 00 nOH.RmueM 1<:OMnbromep noopasYMe6aemc.R YHU-
, 6epcaJlbHOe a6moMamU1leCICOe ycmpoucm6o, ooecne1lU6a-
.
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JlU1llWZO 6uoa uHljJopMaquu.
B HacTOHm;ee BpeMH Ha cJIym6e Y YIeJIOBeKa HaxO.n;HTCH pa3-
JIHYIHbIe KOMIThIOTepbI. OHH pa3JIMYI8IOTCH no BHeIIIHeMY BM.n;y,
HO eCJIM n06JIMme n03HaKOMMTbCH C COCTaBJIHIOm;MMM HX YCT-
pOHCTBaMM (annapaTHoe 06eCneYIeHMe), TO .n;ame B pa3HOTMnHbIX
MallIMHax MomHO YBM,ZJ;eTb HeKOTopoe CXO)l;CTBO.
AnnapaTHoe 06ecneYIeHHe JII060ro KOMnblOTepa COCTOMT M3
OCHOBHbIX M BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB. OCHOBHbIe YCTPOH-
CTBa 06ecneYIMB8IOT pa60TY KOMnbIOTepa, a BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIe
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CucmeMnb£U 61£0K COCTOMT H3
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TOYIHaH MH(jJOpMa:U;MH, B03HMKarom;aH B npo:u;ecce pa60TbI KOM-
nblOTepa, npOrpaMMbI, He06xo)l;MMbIe )J;JIH 06pa60TKH MH<pOp-
Ma:U;MM. IIpM OTKJIIOYIeHMM KOMnblOTepa OT CeTM MJIM npM ero
nepe3arpY3Ke, MHWOPMa:u;MH, HaXO)J;Hm;aHCH B onepaTMBHOM
3anOMMHalOm;eM YCTpOHCTBe, CTMpaeTCH.
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rHCTpOB.
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pe)J;b, Kam)J;bIH perMCTp COCTOMT M3 TpMrrepOB.
Tpuzzep - 3TO MaJIeHbKMH KOH)J;eHcaTOp, KOTOpbIH rrpM
3ap.H,ZJ;Ke 3JIeKTpMYIeCKMM TOKOM rrpe)J;CTaBJIHeT « 1 , a npM OT-
CYTCTBMM 3JIeKTpMYIeCKOrO TOKa «O . KOJIMYIeCTBO TpMrrepOB
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Ka naMHTM Tome MMeeT CBOH a,n;pec M onpe)J;eJIHeTCH a,n;peCOM
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HOH naMHTM - RAM (Random Access Memory - naMHTb C
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06pam;eHMH HanpHMYIO B HymHyID HYIeHKY.
B O)l;HOH M3 YIaCTeH onepaTMBHOH naMHTM xpaHMTCH MH-
(jJopMa:U;MH, COOTBeTCTBYIOm;aH )J;aHHOMY COCTOHHMIO M306pa-
meHMH Ha 3KpaHe KOMnb-
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55
npe)l;eJIHeTCH CJIe,n;yrom;HM 06pa30M: 640 K6aHT - )l;JIH npo-
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nblOTepa. B HeM B OCHOBHOM XpaHHTCH TeCTHpyrom;He nporpaM-
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opraHH3yeT CBH3b C naMHTbIO H ynpaBJIHeT BceMH YCTPOH-
CTBaMH. OCHOBHOH pa60TOH npOU;eccopa HBJIHeTCH nOBTopHIO-
m;HHCH npOU;ecc: YITeHHe H BbIITOJIHeHHe KOMaH,n;bI H3 nporpaM-
MbI, pacnOJIOmeHHOH B onepaTHBHOH naMHTH,. coxpaHeHHe
pe3YJIbTaTa H onpe)l;eJIeHHe CJIe,n;YIOm;eH KOMaH,n;bI.
IIpozpaMMa - nOcJle006ameJlbHOcmb ICOMaHO U YICasa-
HUU, npeOHaSHa1leHHblX OJl.R 6blnOJlHeHU.R ICOMnblOmepOM.
KpOMe Toro, npo:u;eccop BbIITOJIHHeT <PYHK:U;HH "tITeHHH ,n;aH-
HbIX C HymHoro MeCTa, 3anHCH ,n;aHHbIX H nepe,n;aYIY HX B Hym-
Hoe MeCTO, Koop,n;HHa:U;HIO nOHCKa ,n;pyrHx YCTPOHCTB.
If maIC, np0'leccop - amo ycmpoucm60, ooecnellU6alO-
ee a6mOMamU1lecICOe (Des 6MeWameJlbcm6a 1leJlO-
6eICa) 6blnOJlHeHUe ICoMnblOmepoM onepaquu Ha oc-
H06e oaHHblx U npozpaMM.
B cOBpeMeHHbIx KOMnblOTepax <PYHKU;HH npoU;eccopa BbI-
nOJIHHIOT MHKponpoU;eccopbI, T. e. cBepx60JIbIIIHe HHTerpaJIb-
HbIe cxeMbI, KOTopbIe COCTOHT H3 MHJIJIHOHOB KpOIIIe"tIHbIX
TpaH3HCTOpOB, pacnOJIOmeHHbIx Ha nOJIynpoBo,n;HHKOBOM KpH-
CTaJIJIe (KpeMHHH HJIH repMaHHH) pa3MepoM MeHee 10 MM 2 .
HanpHMep, MHKponpou;eccop Intel
Pentium Pro BKJIIOYIaeT B ce6H 60JIee
5,5 MHJIJIHOHOB TpaH3HCTOpOB.
IIpoH3Bo,n;HTeJIbHocTb npou;eccopa
onpe,n;eJIHeTCH ero 6bIcTpo,n;eHcTBHeM
(TaKTOBaH YIaCToTa) H KOJIH"tIeCTBOM pa3-
PH,n;OB. BbIcTpo,n;eHcTBHe onpe,n;eJIHeTCH
,
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56
KOJIIPleCTBOM Onepa:U;HH, BbIITOJIHHeMbIX B 1 ceKYH.n;y, H 060-
3HaYIaeTCH r:u;. HanpHMep, npo:u;eccop i8086 HMeeT 6bICTpO-
)l;eHCTBHe 10 Mr:u; (10 MHJIJlHOHOB onepa:u;HH B CeKyH.n;y), a npo-
:u;eccop Pentium - 850 Mr:u;. KOJI1PleCTBO pa3p5I.l1;oB npo:u;ecco-
pa onpe.n;eJIHeTC.H KOJIWIeCTBOM 6HTOB, KOTopbIe MOryr pa60TaTb
o.n;HoBpeMeHHo. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH mHpoKo npHMeHHIOTCH 8-,
16-, 32-, 64-, 128-pa3pH,ZJ;HbIe npo:u;eccopbI. )];JIH nOBblIIIeHHH
6bICTpO)l;eHCTBHH npo:u;eccopOB HCnOJIb3ylOTCH Kam - naM.HTb H
pa3HbIe MaTeMaTHYIeCKHe conpo:u;eccopbI.
06MeH HHtPopMa:u;HeH Mem.n;y YCTpoHCTBaMH KOMITblOTepa
ocym;ecTBJlHeTCH C nOMOm;blO CHCTeMHbIX MarHCTpaJIeH - mHH
(aJIeKTpHYIeCKHX npoBo.n;oB). IIpoBo)l;a mHH no.n;coe.n;HH.HIOTC.H K
YCTpoHcTBaM KOMnblOTepa napaJIJleJIbHO. IIpH pa60Te KOMITblO-
Tepa HCnOJIb3YIOTC.H TPH THna mHH: mHHa .n;aHHbIX, IIIHHa a)I;pe-
COB, mHHa ynpaBJIeHH.H. KoJIHYIeCTBO npOBO)l;OB B mHHe onpe.n;e-
JI.HeT pa3pH)J;HOCTb mHHbI. 3anHcb 16/32 B npo:u;eccope i80386
03HaYIaeT, YITO npo:u;eccop HMeeT 16-pa3PHWIyIO IIIHHY .n;aHHbIX,
32-pa3pH.n;HyIO mHHY a.n;pecOB H MomeT 06pa6aTbIBaTb o.n;HOBpe-
MeHHO 16 6HT HH<P<>PMa:U;HH C 06'beMoM a.n;peCOB 232 = 4 r6aHT.
IIpo:u;eccop H OCHOBHaH naM.HTb KOMnblOTepa paaMem;eHbI
B OCHOBHOH (MaTepHHcKoH) nJIaTe CHCTeMHoro 6J10Ka. B HeH
TaKme pacnOJIOmeHbI KOHTpOJIJIepbI, T. e. cne:U;HaJIbHbIe nJIa-
TbI .n;JlH no.n;coe.n;HHeHHH BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB - .n;HC-
KOBo.n;a H npHHTepa. OHH no.n;coe.n;HHHIOTC.H B cne:U;HaJIbHbIX
pa3'beMaX, KOTopbIe HaablBaIOTC.H nopmaMu.
BcnoMozamenbnb£Mu ycmpoucm6aMu .HBJI.HIOTC.H YCTPOH-
CTBa BBo.n;a-BbIBo.n;a .n;aHHbIX. OHH HCnOJIb3YlOTCH .n;JI.H BBo.n;a B
KOMnblOTep pa3Ho06paaHoH HH(jJopMa:U;HH H BblBo.n;a H3 KOM-
nblOTepa He06xo.n;HMOH HH(jJopMa:U;HH. llHor.n;a HX Ha3bIBalOT
MeCTHbIMH YCTpoHcTBaMH.
K OCHOBHbIM YCTPOHCTBaM BBO)l;a-BbIBo.n;a OTHOCHTCH MO-
Humop (.n;HCnJIeH), KJla6uamypa H OUcK0600.
O.n;HHM H3 cnoc060B BBo.n;a HHtPopMa:U;HH B KOMnblOTep HB-
JI.HeTCH BBO)l; HHtPOpMa:u;HH C nOMOm;blO Kna6uamypb£. Hama-
THe KJIaBHIIIH HJIH rpyrrnbI KJIaBHm npHBo.n;HT K BBO.n;y COOT-
BeTCTBYIOm;ero .n;BOHYIHOrO Ko.n;a.
MHKpocxeMa, Ha3bIBaeMa.H mHtPpa-
TOpOM, npeo6pa3yeT nocTynalOm;Hii
C onpe.n;eJIeHHOH KJIaBHmH CHrHaJI B
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HH .n;BOH"tJ:HbIH KO.n;.
....
. if du.t "iH,i u:d }(!r:1iii .. .".,::.
) &!
57
MOHumop 06eCneYlIIBaeT BbICBeYlH-
BaHHe Ha 3KpaHe He06xo,n;HMOH YlaCTH
HH<P<>PMaIJ;HH, B03HHKaIOIIJ;eH B npo:u;ec-
ce pa60TbI KOMnblOTepa. MOHHTOP pa-
60TaeT B TeKCTOBOM HJIH rpa(lmYIecKoM
pemHMe. B TeKCTOBOM pemHMe 3KPaH
pa36HBaeTCH Ha OT,n;eJIbHbIe YlaCTH, r,n;e
Kam,n;aH YIaCTb MOmeT oTo6pamaTb O,n;HH
H3 CHMBOJIOB ASCII Ko,n;a. B rpa<pHYIeCKOM pemHMe 3KpaH co-
CTOHT H3 TOYleK, Ha3bIBaeMbIX nHKCeJIHMH. B 060HX pemHMax
CBe,n;eHHH 0 :U;BeTax 3HaKOB HJIH ITHKCeJIeH, :U;BeTe <poHa, YleTKO-
CTH H ,n;pyrHX napaMeTpax XpaHHTCH B BH,n;eonaMHTH. 06IIJ;ee
KOJIHYIeCTBO nHKCeJIeH B MOHHTope Ha3bIBaeTCH pa3pernalOIIJ;eH
cnoc06HoCTblO MOHHTopa. B HaCTOHIIJ;ee BpeMH pacnpocTpa-
HeHbI MOHHTOpbI CJIe,n;YIOIIJ;Hx THnOB: VGA, SVGA, XGA.
J(UCKo6oiJ - 3TO YCTPOHCTBO, COCTOHIIJ;ee H3 MOTopa ,n;JIH
npoKpyqHBaHHH ,n;HCKOB H MarHHTHoH roJIOBKH ,n;JIH CYlHTbIBa-
HHH H 3aIIHCH HH<p<>PMaIJ;HH.
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BonpOCbl U 3aiJanuR
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. 1. PaccKa»CHTe 06 OCHOBHbIX YCTPOHCTBax KOMIIbIOTepa.
2. B eM COCTOHT 3a.n;a a oIIepaTHBHoH IIaMHTH?
3. M3 ero COCTOHT OIIepaTHBHa.a IIaMHTb?
4. qTO BbI 3HaeTe 0 BH)I;eOIIaMHTH?
5. KaK MomHO OIIpe)l;eJIHTb pa3pH)I;bI KOMIIbIOTepa?
6. B eM COCTOHT 3a.n;a a IIOCTOHHHOH IIaMHTH?
7. KaKoH THII IIaMHTH He 3aBHCHT OT IIHTaHHH (ToKa)?
8. M3 ero COCTOHT c:}>YHKn;HH IIpOn;eccopa?
9. PaccKamHTe 0 CKOpOCTH IIpOn;eccopa.
10. "tlTO 03Ha a1OT 3aIIHCH Ha IIpOn;eccope i80386, 32/32?
11. ECJIH O)l;HO MamHHHoe CJIOBO COCTOHT 113 4 6aHT, CKOJIb-
KO HCeJI MomHO B HeM IIpe.n;cTaBHTb?
12. OIIpe)l;eJIHTe 06'beM a)l;peca, eCJIH IllHHa a)l;peCOB 16.
pa3pH)I;HaH.
13. CKOJIbKH paapH)I;HbIM )l;OJImeH 6bITb KOMIIbIOTep, TO-
6bI Ko.n;HpOBaTb a)l;pec 06'beMOM 4 M6aHTa?
14. CKOJIbKO THIIOB mHH cy:m;ecTByeT?
15. 06'b.HCHHTe Ha3Ha eHHe IIOp1rOB.
58
YpOK 13 TeXHUqeCKUe YCTpoHcTBa KOMnLIOTepa
)J;HCKH ,n;eJIHTCH Ha TPH BH,n;a: zuoICue, :HCecmICue (BHHYIeC-
Tep) H ICoMnaICm-ouclCu (CD ROM - Compact Disk Read Only
Memory). B rH6KHx H meCTKHX ,n;HCKax HH(jJopMa:U;HH 3anH-
CbIBaeTCH Ha ,n;opomKax, pa3,n;eJIeHHbIX Ha ceKTopbI.
)J;HCKH H3rOTaBJIHBalOTCH H3 CMeCH, co,n;ep-
ma:r:u;eH MeTaJIJI. HaMarHHYIeHHbIe YIaCTH 03Ha-
qalOT e,n;HHH:U;bI, a paaMarHHqeHHble YIaCTH -
HYJIH. CeKTopbI H ,n;opomKH HMelOT CBOH nOpH,D;-
KOBbIe HOMepa. 06'beM Kam,n;oro ceKTopa COCTaB- .
JIHeT 0,5 K6aHT.
rH6KHe ,n;HCKH 6bIBalOT ,n;BYX THnOB: ,n;HaMeTpOM 3,5 ,n;IOH-
Ma - 98 MM H 5,25 )l;IOHMa - 133 MM. )J;JIH 3am;HTbI rH6KHe
,n;HCKH HMelOT meCTKHe nJIaCTHKOBbIe Kopnyca. 06'beM ,n;HCKa
3aBHCHT OT nJIOTHOCTH ,n;opomeK H KOJIHYIeCTBa pa60YIHX CTO-
pOH. Cym;ecTBYIOT nJIOTHOCTH o,n;HOKpaTHbIe (SD - Single
Density), )l;BYKpaTHbIe (DD - Double Density), qeTbIpeXKpaT-
HbIe (QD - Quadruply Density) H BbICOKOH CTeneHH (HD -
High Density). ECJIH MomHO HCnOJIb30BaTb TOJIbKO O,n;HY CTO-
POHY ,n;HCKa, TO OH nOMeYIaeTCH 6YKBaMH SD - Single Sided,
a eCJIH ooe CTOpoHbI, TO DS - Double Sided. HarrpHMep, OO'beM
3,5-,n;IOHMOBOH ,n;HCKeTbI DS/HD COCTaBJIHeT 1,44 M6aHT, a
5,25-,n;IOHMOBOH -1,2 M6aHT.
IIo,n; Bun.."ecmepoM nOHHMa-
eTCH YCTPOHCTBO, KOTopoe COCTO-
HT H3 repMeTHYIHOH KOpOOKH, CO-
,n;epma:r:u;eH HeCKOJIbKO ,n;HCKOB,
3aKpenJIeHHbIX Ha O)l;HOH OCH.
BHYTPH KOMnblOTepa MomHO pac-
nOJIOmHTb cpa3Y HeCKOJIbKO BHH-
qeCTepOB. BHHYIeCTepbI HMelOT
06'beM ,n;o HeCKOJIbKHX r6aHT.
EMKOCTb 1<:OMnaKm-iJucKoB B cpe,n;HeM COCTaBJIHeT 700
M6aHT. 3arrHcbIBaro:r:u;He ,n;opomKH HMelOT BH,n; CnHpaJIH. 3a-
nHCb H YITeHHe HH(jJopMa:U;HH npOH3BO)l;HTCH C nOMo:r:u;blO JIa-
3epHbIX JIyqeH. KOMnaKT-,n;HcKH H3rOTaBJIHBalOTCH H3 30JIOTO-
ro HJIH aJIlOMHHHeBoro CnJIaBa H nOKpbITbI nJIaCTHKOM. IIpHH-
\
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59
D;Hn pa60TbI ,n;HCROBO,n;OB ,n;JIH pa60TbI C
ROMnaRT- ,n;HCRaMH OTJIH"tJaeTCH OT 06bI"tJ-
HbIX ,n;HCROBO,n;OB JIHllIb TeM, "tJTO B 06bI"tJ-
HbIX ,n;HCROBO,n;aX OH OCHOBaH Ha Mal'He-
TH3Me, a B ,n;HCROBo,n;ax ,n;JIH ROMnaRT-
,n;HCROB - Ha JIa3epHbIX JIy-qax. IIo,n; B03-
,n;eHCTBHeM JIy-qeH HymHbIe "tJaCTH ROM-
naRT-,n;HCROB Hal'peBalOTCH H CTaHOBHTCH BbInYRJIbIMH. IIpH
pa60Te C ROMnaRT-,n;HCROM JIy-qH MaJIeHbROH MOm;HOCTH y,n;a-
pHIOTCH 06 3TH BbInYRJIOCTH H OTpamaIOTCH. B03Bpam;eHHbIe
npH OTpameHHH CHI'HaJIbI 03Ha"tJa1OT e,n;HHHD;bI, a HeB03Bpa-
m;eHHbIe - HYJIH. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH Be,n;YTCH pa60TbI no
BbInYCRy ROMnaRT-,n;HCROB C eMROCTblO ,n;o 10 r6aHT. XOT.H
XpaHeHHe HHqJopMa:n;HH B ROMnaRT-,n;HcRax y,n;06HO, no CROpO-
CTH 06MeHa OHH yCTynaroT BHH"tJecTepaM. ,Z..J;HaMeTpbI 3THX ,n;HC-
ROB MOI'YT 6bITb 5,25- HJIH 3,5-,n;IOHMOBbIMH.
K HOBbIM THnaM MarHHTHbIX ,n;HCROB MomHO OTHeCTH Mar-
HHToonTH"tJeCRHe ,n;HCRH, C03,n;aHHbIe Ha OCHOBe 06'be,n;HHeHHH
,n;ocTHmeHHH MarHHTHOH H onTWIecRoH TeXHOJIOI'HH. IIpeHMY-
m;eCTBO MarHHToonTH"tJeCRHX ,n;HCROB B TOM, "tJTO OHH HMelOT
60JIbllIYlO eMROCTb H CROpOCTb pa60TbI. I:Ix eMROCTb 60JIbllIe
eMROCTH I'H6RHX ,n;HCROB TaROI'O me ,n;HaMeTpa B 300 pa3, a
CROpOCTb 3anHCH HJIH "tJTeHHH HHqJopMaD;HH - 60JIee "tJeM B
10 pa3.
t:""'
'
B HaCTO.Hm;ee BpeMH ,n;JI.H xpaHe-
HHH HHqJopMa:n;HH O,n;HHM H3 y,n;06HbIX
HOCHTeJIeH .HBJIHeTC.H .. t]Jnezu-na-
Ml£mb" - nOJIynpoBO,n;HHROBbIH npH-
60p C qJYHRD;HeH MHOl'Opa30BoH 3anH-
CH, He Tpe6YIOm;HH 3HepI'HH. OH c,n;e-
JIaH Ha OCHOBe HHTel'paJIbHbIX MHR-
pocxeM H He co,n;epmHT MexaHH"tJeCRH ,n;BHmym;HXCH "tJaCTeH.
EMROCTb xpaHHMOH qJJIelli - naMHTblO HHqJopMa:n;HH ROJIe6JIeT-
CH OT 64Mb ,n;o 2Gb.
llpuKmep - YCTPOHCTBO BbIBo,n;a ,n;aHHbIX Ha 6YMary. Cy-
m;eCTBYIOT TPH THna npHHTepOB: MaTpH"tJHbIe, CTpyHHble H
JIa3epHbIe.
.
r
-..........
60
B MaTpH"tJHbIX npHHTepaX HrJIbI
HaxO)J;HTCH B CneD;HaJIbHOM YCTpOHCTBe
(rOJIOBRe npHHTepa), ROTOpOe nepeMe-
m;aeTCH B)J;OJIb CTpORH 6YMarH, RaCaHCb
ORpameHHOH JIeHTbI, H OCTaBJIHeT Ha
HeH CJIe)J;bI TO"tJeR. COBORynHOCTb 3THX
TO"tJeR Ha 6YMare )J;aeT ROHRpeTHbIH
3HaR. IJ;BeT ne"tJaTaeMOH HHqJOpMaD;HH
Ha 6YMare 3aBHCHT OT D;BeTa YCTaHOB-
JIeHHOH RpaCHm;eH JIeHTbI.
CmpYUKbtU npUKmep o6eCne"tJHBaeT ne"tJaTb Ha 6YMare
nOCpe)J;CTBOM BbInJIeCRa CneD;HaJIbHOH mH)J;ROCTH no.n; )J;aBJIe-
HHeM "tJepe3 TOHRHe TPy6o"tJRH.
JIaaepKbtU npUKmep npH ne"tJaTaHHH HHqJOpMaD;IU'I Ha 6y-
Mary HCnOJIb3yeT B03.n;eHCTBHe 3JIeRTpH"tJeCRoro nOJI.H Ha cne-
D;HaJIbHbIH 6apa6aH, co.n;epmam;HH RpaCHm;HH nopomOR. Ta-
RHe npHHTepbI pa60TalOT 6bICTpO H Ra"tJeCTBeHHO, C BbICOROH
"tJeTROCTblO H306pameHH.H Ha 6YMare.
ECJIH MaTpH"tJHbIH MJIH CTPYHHbIH npHHTep ne"tJaTaeT 3a
MHHYTY O)J;HH JIHCT, TO JIa3epHbIH npHHTep 3a 3TO me BpeMH
ne"tJaTaeT 60JIee .n;ecHTH JIHCTOB. B CTPyfu!bIX H JIaaepHbIX npHH-
Tepax eCTb B03MomHOCTb D;BeTHOH ne"tJaTH.
¥ npaBJIeHHe RypCOpOM H )J;pyrHe .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHbIe qJYHR-
D;HH ynpaBJIeHHH ocym;eCTBJIHIOTCH yc-
TpOHCTBaMH «MbImb&, TpeR6oJI, )J;mOH-
CTHR. IIpH .n;BHmeHHH «M,btULKU& CHr-
HaJIbI, B03HHRalOm;He OT )J;BHmeHHH
mapHRa, pacnOJIOmeHHOro BHYTPH
«MbImRH», nocTynalOT Ha ROMnblOTep,
H Ha 3RpaHe B03HHRaeT COOTBeTCTBYIO-
m;ee .n;BHmeHHe Rypcopa. C nOMOm;blO
RHonOR «MbImRH& MomHO nepe.n;aBaTb ynpaBJIHIOm;He ROMaH-
)J;bI. TpeKOOll, noxom Ha nepeBepHYTYID «MbImRY& H B OCHOB-
HOM HCnOJIb3yeTcH B HOYWyRax.l( 3ICo-ucmUK - Cnen;HaJIbHaH
)J;BHmym;a.HCH PYROHTRa C RHonROH. B OCHOBHOM HCnOJIb3yeT-
CH B Hrpax.
llll,ommep (zpa4.JonocmpOUmell,b) - YCTPOHCTBO BbIBO-
.n;a Ha 6YMary "tJepTemeH. I:I306pamaeMbIe Ha 6YMare "tJepTemH
J
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"tJepTHTCH nepOM H TYlliblO.
...J qepTemH MOrYT BbIBO)J;HTbC.H
Ha 60JIbllIHX JIHCTax paaMepOM
)J;O 300 x 300 CM.
ClCaKep - HCnOJIb3yeTC.H
)J;JIH BBO)J;a B ROMnblOTep HH-
q,opMaD;HH B BH)J;e q,OTOCHHM-
ROB, rpaq,HROB H TeRCTOB. BJIarO)J;apH eMY, PHCYHRH H rpaqm-
RH He 06H3aTeJIbHO BbInOJIHHTb Ha ROMnblOTepe. I:Ix MomHO
3apaHee nO)J;rOTOBHTb )J;pyrHMH CnOC06aMH H BBeCTH B ROMnblO-
Tep. B HaCTOHID;ee BpeM.H HCnOJIb3YIOTC.H HaCTOJIbHbIe H pyq-
HbIe CRaHepbI. HaCTOJIbHbIe pa3)J;eJIHIOTCH Ha nJIaHllIeTHbIe,
PYJIOHHbIe H npoeRD;HOHHbIe. Ka)K)J;bIH THn CRaHepa HCnOJIb-
3yeTcH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BbInOJIHHeMbIX 3a.n;a"tJ.
CmpUMep - YCTPOHCTBO, n03BOJIHIOID;ee XpaHHTb RonHH
He06xo)J;HMOH HHq,opMaD;HH, HaXO,Zl;HID;eHCH B BHH"tJeCTepe.
CTpHMep 06ecne"tJHBaeT 6bICTPYIO 3anHCb HHq,opMaD;HH Ha Mar-
HHTHbIe JIeHTbI. B Ra"tJeCTBe MarHHTHbIX JIeHT HCnOJIb3YIOTC.H
aY)J;HO- HJIH BH)J;eOJIeHTbI.
MooeM - CneD;HaJIbHoe YCTPOHCTBO nepeBO)J;a ROMnblO-
TepHbIX CHrHaJIOB B TeJIeq,OHHbIe H, Ha060pOT, TeJIeq,OHHbIX
CHrHaJIOB B ROMnblOTepHble. 3Ha-
"tJHT, MO)J;eM 06ecne"tJHBaeT CBH3b
ROMnblOTepOB no TeJIeq,OHHbIM
JIHHHHM. MO)J;eM npeo6pa30BbIBa-
eT CHrHaJIbI nOCTOHHHoro TORa
ROMnblOTepa B 3ByRoBbIe CHrHa-
JIbI pa3JIH"tJHOH "tJaCTOTbI H Ha060-
pOT. 8TO 06ecne"tJHBaeT B03Mom-
HOCTb pa60TbI C 60JIbllIHM 06'be-
MOM HHq,OpMa:u;HH, "tJeM Ha O)J;HOM
ROMITbIOTepe.
CaYKOOll,aCmep - YCTPOH-
CTBO, npeo6paaYIOID;ee D;Hq,pOBYIO
aY)J;HOHHq,OpMaIJ;HIO B 3BYROBbIe
CHrHaJIbI. K BbIXO)J;Y cOYH)J;6JIac-
Tepa MomHO nO)J;RJIIO"tJHTb 3ByRO-
BYIO ROJIOHRY.
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62
MYlI,bmuMeiJua - llH<pOpM -
OHHaH TeXHOJIOrnH, COe.n;HHHIOm;aH
TeKCTbI, 3By-KOBbIe HH<pOpMau;mr, ec-
TeCTBeHHbIe H rpaqmYIeCKHe H306-
pameHHH. BnepBbIe npe3eHTaIJ;HH
cOBpeMeHHoH CD ROM TeXHOJIOnUI
.n;JIH MYJIbTHMe.n;Ha COCTOHJIaCb B -.
1987 ro.n;y B CH3TJIe Ha KOH epeH-
D;HH Second Microsoft CD-ROM Conference. 3Ta .n;aTa CYIHTa-
eTCH HaYIaJIOM nOHBJIeHHH nOJIHOnpaBHOH MYJIbTHMe.n;Ha.
...,;..
- ( - . .
-
l h :'0::::: : 3:::::. TL 8a m6KHH HCK B n
pa60TbI C HHM )l;pyrylO HHc:}>OpM HIO?
2. 06'bHCHHTe IIpOD;ecc 3aIIHCH 1'1 TeHHH HHc:}>opMaD;HH
Ha KOMIIaKT-,n;HCKax.
3. 06'bHCHHTe IIpeHMy:m;eCTBa COBpeMeHHbIX KOMIIbIOTe-
pOB H OTJIH HH HX OT IIpemHHX KOMIIbIOTepOB.
4. -qTO HymHo C)I;eJIaTb, T06bI B IIOJIHOH Mepe HCIIOJIb30-
BaTb 3BYKOBbIe B03MomHOCTH KOMIIbIOTepa?
5. KaKHe cpe)l;CTBa He06xo)l;HMbI )l;JIH CBH3H Mem.n;y KOM-
IIblOTepaMH IIPH 06MeHe HHc:}>OpMRu;HeH?
6. -qTO HymHo C)I;eJIaTb, T06bI H36emaTb BepOHTHOCTH
IIOp H HHc:}>opMaD;HH Ha KOMIIbIOTepe?
7. PaccKamHTe 0 c:}>JIem-IIaMHTH.
8. MomHo JIH 3aIIHCbIBaTb Ha KOMIIaKT-)I;HCK B IIpOD;ecce
pa60TbI C HHM .n;pyrylO HHc:}>OpMau;HIO?
9. MomHo JIH 3aIIHCbIBaTb BpYQHYIO HHc:}>opMaD;HIO )l;JIH
BBe)l;eHHH C IIOMO blO cKaHepa?
10. MomHo JIH Ha COBpeMeHHbIX KOMIIblOTepax pa60TaTb
6e3 BCIIOMOraTeJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB YIIpaBJIeHHH?
11. KaKHe MarHHTHbIe )l;HCKH IIpH pa60Te Bpa:m;aIOTCH C
IIOCTOHHHOH yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTblO?
12. CKOJIbKO (KaKoH )l;JIHTeJIbHOcTH) MY3bIKH MomHO 3a-
IIHcaTb Ha KOMIIaKT )l;HCK?
13. B eM COCTOHT Ha3Ha eHHe IIJIOTTepa?
14. PaCCKamHTe 06 OCHOBHbIX c:}>YHKD;HHX CTpHMMepa.
15., ,n:JIH ero CJIymHT MO)l;eM?
16. PaccKamHTe 0 caYH)I;6JIaCTepe?
17. -qTO TaKoe MYJIbTMMe)l;Ha?
63
OTBeTLTe Ha CJIe,lJ;yIOIU;He BOnpOCLI:
1. qTO 03HaYlaeT CJIOBO "HHcpopMaTHKa"?
2. EaKHe BbI 3HaeTe OCHOBHbIe nOHHTHH, H3YYIaeMbIe HH-
cpopMaTHKoH?
3. qTO TaROe HHcpopMa ml H KaKHX BH,lJ;OB OHa 6bIBaeT?
4. EaROBbI OCHOBHbIe CBoHcTBa HHcpopMa HH?
5. qTO BbI nOHHMaeTe no,lJ; HenpepbIBHoH II npepbIBHcTOH
HHcpopMa IIeH?
6. EaKIIe BbI 3HaeTe Cpe,lJ;CTBa nepeHoca HHcpopMa HH?
7. EaKHe BbI 3HaeTe Cpe,lJ;CTBa xpaHeHHH HHcpopMa HH?
8. Ha30BIITe e,lJ;HHH bI II3MepeHHH 06.beMaII CKOpOCTH
nepe,lJ;aYlII HHcpopMa HH?
9. CKOJIbKO KHJIo6aHT 3aHMeT 100 KHHmHbIX CTpaHH ,
eCJIH Ha Kam,lJ;OH CTpaHH e 32 CTpOKH no 64 CIIMBO-
JIa?
10. IIOYleMY CHCTeMbI CYlIICJIeHIIH ,lJ;eJIHT Ha n03H HOHHbIe H
Hen03II IIOHHbIe ?
11. I:I3 YleI'O COCTOHT OCHOBaHHe CHCTeMbI CYlHCJIeHIIH?
12. qTO Bb! nOHHMaeTe no,lJ; C,lJ;BHI'OM HCPPbI?
13. qTO BbI nOHIIMaeTe no,lJ; cHcTeMoH?
14. qTO TaROe 3JIeKTpOHHbIH ,lJ;OKyMeHT?
15. B YleM OTJIWIHe ,lJ;BOHYlHOH CHCTeMbI CYlHCJIeHHH OT BOCb-
MepHYlHoH?
16. IIo KaKIIM npII3HaRaM 3BM ,lJ;eJIHTCH Ha nOKOJIeHHH?
17. qeM OTJIHYlaeTCH CKaHep OT npHHTepa?
BLInOJIHHTe CJIeJJ;ylOIU;He 38)J;aHH.H:
1. HaH,lJ;IITe KOJIHYleCTBO CTpaHH KHIII'H, eCJIII BCH ee IIH-
cpopMa IIH 3aHHMaeT 34560 6IIT, aHa Kam,lJ;OH CTpaHII-
e IIMeeTCH 60 CTpOK no 72 CHMBOJIa.
64
2. HaH.n;HTe ROJIH"tIecTBO 6aHToB B HHcpopMaD;HH, 3aHHMaIO-
m;eH 1024 6HTa.
3. HaH,n;HTe CROpOCTb nepe,n;a"tlH ,n;aHHbIX, eCJIH 1 M6aHT
HHcpopMaD;HH nepe,n;alOT 3a 32 MHHYTbI.
4. CROJIbRO HHcpopMaD;HH MomHO nepe,n;aTb 3a 18 MHHYT
co CROpOCTblO 25 6o,ll;.
5. Bblpa3HTe B ,n;BOH"tIHOH CHCTeMe C"tIHCJIeHHH "tIHCJIO
-78,25, 3anHcaHHoe B ,n;eC.HTH"tIHOH CHCTeMe C"tIHCJIeHH.H.
6. BbInOJIHHTe apHcpMeTH"tIeCRHe ,n;eHcTBHH (+, -, x, :)
B ,n;BOH"tIHOH CHCTeMe C"tIHCJIeHHH Ha,n; "tIHCJIaMH 1000 H
10.
7. CROJIbRH pa3pH,n;HbIM ,n;OJImeH 6bITb ROMnblOTep ,n;JIH
Ro,n;HpOBaHHH a,n;peca 06'beMOM 4000 RHJIo6aHT?
B nOBce,n;HeBHoH mH3HH MbI IIOJIb3yeMcH pa3JIH"tIHbIMH
BbICRa3bIBaHHHMH. BbIcRa3bIBaHHe - 3TO nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOe
npe,n;JIOmeHHe, onpe,n;eJIHIOm;ee CBoHcTBa Bem;H HJIH npOHCllIe-
CTBHH.
BbIcRa3bIBaHHH 6bIBalOT npOCTbIMH H CJIOmHbIMH. 06bI"tI-
HO CJIOmHbIe BbICRa3bIBaHHH COCTaBJIHIOTCH H3 npOCTbIX C no-
MOm;blO coe,n;HHHTeJIbHbIX CJIOB «1:1», «I:IJI1:I», H C nOMOm;blO
npHCTaBRH «HE».
IIpHHHTo 0603Ha"tlaTb BbICRa3bIBaHHH 6YRBaMH JIaTHHCRoro
aJIcpaBHTa. Kam,n;oe BbICRa3bIBaHHe MomeT HMeTb TOJIbRO O,n;HO
JIOrH"tIeCROe 3Ha"tleHHe: «npaB,lI;a» HJIH «JIOmb». .n;JIH npOCTO-
TbI3Ha"tleHHe «npaB,n;a» 0603Ha"tlaeTCH C nOMOm;blO D;HCPPbI 1,
a «JIOmb» - C nOMOm;blO D;HCPPbI O.
BbICRa3bIBaHHe, He CBH3aHHoe HHRaRHMH YCJIOBHHMH H
HMelOm;ee TOJIbRO O,n;HO JIOrH"tIecRoe 3Ha"tleHHe, Ha3bIBaeTCH
npOCmbtM 6btClCa3bt6aKueM. BbInOJIHHH onepaD;HH H8)J; npo-
CTbIMH BbICRa3bIBaHH.HMH MomHO nOJI)T"tIHTb CJIOmHbIe BbICRa-
3bIBaHHH.
5 - MHcpopMaTHKa, 8 KJIaCC
65
A6y Hacp u6,." MyxaMMeo al£b-C/Ja-
pa6u (870-950) coaoaJt HeC1<:OJtb1<:O mpy-
006. nOC6.fl eHHblX pa3JtUIlHblM npOOJteMaM
JtOZU1<:U. Ta1<:, 6 1<:HUZe aJlb-tPapaOu «A1<:Jt
Ma"OHOJtapU Xa1<:Uoa» C1<:a3aHO, Ilmo 3HaHUe
JtOZU1<:U 3aHUMaem OCH06HOe MeCmO 6 OOY-
lleHUU. OH nUUlem: «H C1<:yccm60 JtOZU1<:U
oaem lleJt06e1<:Y C6eOeHU.fl 0 ma1<:UX 3a1<:0-
HaX, noCpeOCm60M 1<:OmOpblX YM pa36U6a-
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Jtumb». AJIb-tPapaOu Y1<:a3bl6aem Ha CXOJICeCmb JtOZU1<:U U ZpaMMa-
mU1<:u: OmHOUleHUe JtOZU1<:U 1<: YMY nOOOOHO OmHOUleHUIO ZpaMMa-
mU1<:U 1<: .R3bl1<:Y. IIoOOOHO mOMY, 1<:a1<: ZpaMMamU1<:a pa36U6aem
pellb y lleJt06e1<:a, JtOZU1<:a pa36U6aem YMeHUe pacCYJlCOamb.
PaCCYJlCOeHU.fl aJtb-tPapaOu 0 3HaHUU, JtOZU1<:e, YMe .R6Jt.fllOmC.R
OCH060U ezo YlleHU.fl 0 lleJt06e1<:e. Pa3YM He ozpaHUIlU6aemC.fl JtO-
ZUIlHocmblO, OH OOJtJICeH COllemambC.fl C onpeoeJteHHblMU npUHl{U-
naMU 1<:YJtbmypbl U 60cnumaHHocmu.
AJtb-tPapaou nucaJt: «YMHble Jt100U - amo ma1<:ue JtI00U, 1<:0-
mopble Mozym ocmpo pacCYJICOamb, C1<:JtOHHble 1<: nOJte3HblM oe-
JtaM, ooapeHHble cnOCOOHOCm.flMU 1<: Om1<:pblmU.flM U U300pemeHU-
.flM, CmOpOH.fl UeC.fl OYPHblX npU6bllle1<:. Cnoc06HblX npUOYMbl6amb
nJtoxue oeJta HeJtb3.fl Haabl6amb YMHblMU JtI00bMU, UX HYJlCHO Ha-
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rrpOCTbIMH BbICRa3bIBaHHHMH.
Onepaq.UJ£ lWZU"l,eCKOZO y Mn03ICenUJ£
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Onepaqu.R, C nOMO blO Komopo-u MOJ/CHO nOJlyttUmb
H060e (CJlOJ/CHoe) paCCYJ/CoeHue co SHatteHUeM «uc-
mUHa & mOJlbKO npu YCJl06UUU, ttmo npocmble pac-
cYJ/CoeHU.R A U B oOHo6peMeHHo UMelOm SHatteHUe
«ucmUHa&, HaSbl6aemC.R onepaq.ueu lI,Ozu-."eCKOZO
y Mn03ICenUJ£.
66
Onepa HH JIOI'H"'IeCROI'O YMHOmeHHH CBH3bIBalOT )J;Ba HJIH
60JIee npOCTbIX BbICRa3bIBaHHH C nOMO blO CBH3bIBaro eI'O
«Ii& H 3anHCbIBaIOTCH: «A H B&, «A /\ B&, «A' B&. JIOI'II"tJec-
Roe YMHomeHlle MomHO npe)J;CTaBIITb B BH)J;e Ta6JIH bI:
A B AAB
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co 3natteHUeJYl «ucmuna& npu naJluttuu snattenu.R «uc-
mUHa& xom.R 6bl OOH020 us paccYJ/CoeHuu Au B Ha-
Sbl6aemC.R onepalfueii lWZU"I£eC1WZO ClW3ICel£uJt.
Onepa HH JIOI'H"tJeCROI'O CJIOmeHHH CBH3bIBalOT )J;Ba HJIH
60JIee npOCTbIX BbICRa3bIBaHHH C nOMO blO CBH3bIBalO eI'O
«IiJII:h H 3anHCbIBaIOTCH: «A IIJIH B&, «A v B&, «A + B&.
JIOI'H"tJecRoe CJIOmeHHe MomHO npe)J;CTaBHTb B BH)J;e Ta6JIHD;bI:
A B AvB
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«ucmUHa&, K020aA «JWJ/Cb&, U paccYJ/CoeHue «JlOJ/Cb&,
K020a A «ucmUHa&, na3bl6aemC.R onepalfueu Jl,OZU-
"l£eCKOZO ompulfal£UJ£.
67
OnepaIJ;H.H JIOrHYIeCROrO OTpHIJ;aHH.H 0603HaYIaeTCH TaR:
«HE A&, « 1 A& , « A &. JIorHYIeCROe OTpHIJ;aHHe MomHO npe.n;-
CTaBHTb B BH.n;e Ta6JIHIJ;bI:
A lA
1 0
0 1
TaRHM o6pa30M, npH nOMoIu;H JIOrHYIeCRHX nepeMeHHbIX,
CooTHollIeHHH, JIOrHYIeCRHX OnepaIJ;HH H CRo6oR MomHO nOJIY-
YIHTb JIOrHYIeCRHe BbIpameHHH.
B JIOrHYIeCRHX BbIpameHHHX JIOrHYIeCRHe OnepaIJ;HH BbI-
nOJIH.H1OTCH B onpe.n;eJIeHHOH nOCJIe)];OBaTeJIbHOCTH: OTpHIJ;aHHe
(1), JIOrHYIecRoe YMlIOmeHHe (/\), JIOrHYIecRoe CJIOmeHHe (v).
IIpH BbI60pe nOCJIe)];OBaTeJIbHOCTH paBHOCTeneHHbIX HJIH
O)];HHaROBbIX onepan;HH, OHH BbInOJIHHIOTC.H nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO,
CJIeBa HanpaBO. IIpH HaJIHYIHH CRo6oR CHaYIaJIa BbInOJIHHIOTC.H
OnepaIJ;HH B cRo6Rax. ECJIH CRo6RH BCTpoeHHbIe, TO nepBbIMH
BbInOJIHHIOTCH OnepaIJ;HH caMOH BHYTpeHHeH CRo6RH.
PaCCMompUM npUMepbl JlOZutteCKUX onepa uu.
38)J;aqa 1. ECJIH paccym.n;eHHe A HMeeT 3HaYIeHHe ucmUHa,
TO RaROe 3HaYIeHHe HMeeT paccym.n;eHHe «A H (HE A)&?
PemeHHe. TaR RaR A HMeeT 3HaYIeHHe ucmUHa, «HE A&
HMeeT 3HaYIeHHe JlO:JICb. H3 YMHomeHHH 3HaYIeHHH ucmUHa H
JlO:JICb nOJIy-qHM 3HaYIeHHe JlO:JICb. 3HaYIHT, pe3YJIbTaT - JlO:JICb.
3a)J;aqa 2. ECJIH paCCY)K,lJ;eHHH A H B HMelOT 3HaYIeHHH
ucmUHa, RaRoe 3HaYIeHHe HMeeT BbIpameHHe A /\ B v A?
PemeHHe. TaR RaR paccym)];eHHH A H B HMelOT 3HaYIeHHe
ucmUHa, BbIpameHHe A /\ B HMeeT 3HaYIeHHe ucmUHa. H3 Ta6-
JIHIJ;bI BH)];HO, YITO npH CJIOmeHHH )];BYX 3HaYIeHHH ucmUHa no-
JIy-qaeTCH ucmUHa. 3HaYIHT pe3YJIbTaT - ucmUHa.
38)J;aqa 3. ECJIH D = 3,2; E = -2,4; A = ucmUHa, B = JlO:JICb,
TO RaROe 3HaYIeHHe HMeeT BbIpameHHe (E > D) /\ A /\ 1 B?
PemeHHe. Pe3YJIbTaTOM OTHOllIeHHH -2,4 > 3,2 HBJIHeT-
CH JlO:JICb. TaR RaR A HMeeT 3HaYIeHHe ucmUHa, BbIpameHHe
(E > D) 1\ A 6y.n;eT HMeTb 3HaYIeHHe JlO:JICb. TaR RaR B -
JlO:JICb, TO 1 B HMeeT 3HaYIeHHe ucmUHa. Tor)];a BbIpameHHe
(E > D) /\ A /\ 1 B 6y)];eT HMeTb 3HaYIeHHe JlO:JICb. 3HaYIHT pe-
3YJIbTaT - JlO:JICb.
68
o Bonpocbt U aaOaHUR.
'O 1. qTO Ha3bIBaeTCH IIpOCTbIM BbICKa3bIBaHHeM H KaKHe
3Ha eHHH OHO MOmeT IIpHHHMaTb?
2. qTo Ha3bIBaeTCH JIOrH eCKHM YMHOmeHHeM?
3. PaccKa»CHTe Ta6JIHD;Y JIOrH eCKoro YMHomeHHH.
4. qTO Ha3bIBaeTCH JIOrH eCKHM CJIOmeHHeM?
5. PaccKamHTe Ta6JIHD;Y JIOrH eCKoro CJIOmeHHH.
6. qTO BbI IIOHHMaeTe IIO)l; JIOrH eCKHM oTpHD;aHHeM?
PaCCKamHTe ero Ta6JIHD;Y
7. MomeTe JIH BbI YKa3aTb Ha CBH3b Mem.n;y apHc:}>MeTH-
eCKHMH OIIepaD;HHMH B )l;BOH HOH CHCTeMe C HCJIe-
HHH H JIOrH eCKHMH oIIepaD;HHMH?
Y n pa:HCueuuR.
1. IIpe)l;CTaBbTe 06:m;HH BH)I; Ta6JIHD; JIOrH eCKHX oIIepaD;HH.
2. MCIIOJIb3YH 3TH Ta6JIHIJ;bI HaH)I;HTe 3Ha eHHH CJIe)l;yro:ru:HX
BbIpameHHH, eCJIH A = «HCTHHa», B = «HCTHHa», D
«HCTHHa» :
a) A /\ B /\ D; 6) A v B v D; B) A v B /\ D.
3. HaH)I;HTe 3Ha eHHH CJIe)l;YIO:m;HX BbIpameHHH, eCJIH
D = 5,3, E = 4,0, A = «HCTHHa», B = «JIOmb»:
a) (D = E) /\ A /\ B; B) A v (D < E) /\ A vB.
6) (D > E) /\ 1 A;
4. BepHo JIH cJIe.n;YIO:m;ee:
a) 1 (A vB) = 1 A /\1 B; B) 1 ( 1 B) = B?
6) 1 (A /\ B) = 1 A v 1 B;
5. YKamHTe IIOpH)I;OK BbIIlOJIHeHHH oIIepaD;HH:
a) A /\ B v ( 1 D); B) (A v B) = 1 (A /\ B);
6) A v B v D /\ E; r) (A v B) v ( 1 B) /\ (1 D).
6. flBJIHIOTCH JIH CJIe)l;YIO:m;He IIpe)l;JIOmeHHH BbICKa3bIBaHHHMH?
a) CKOJIbKO BaM JIeT?
6) Y36eKHCTaH - He3aBHCHMaH PecIIy6JIHKa.
B) Cero)l;HH mapKO.
r) BbIXO)l;H 1'13 KJIaCCa, BbIKJIIO aHTe CBeT.
)1;) 3)1;paBCTBYH, «HaBPY3»! m) TpH MeHbme IIHTH.
e) IIoro)l;a HCHaH. 3) .H )l;OMa.
7. CocTaBbTe CJIOmHbIe BbIpameHHH, HCIIOJIb3YH BbIpameHHH
1'13 YIIpamHeHHH 6.
69
8. HaH)I;lITe IIpaBIIJIbHbIH nOpH)I;OK BbIIIOJIHeHIIH OIIepaD;IIH B
BbIpameHHII A v B A (1 D v E):
a) A v B; 1 A A B A ( 1 D); A v B v ( 1 D v E);
6) D v E; B v ( 1 D A E); A A B v ( 1 D A E);
B) A v B; 1 D v E ; A v B A ( 1 D v E);
r) 1 D; 1 D v E; B A ( 1 D v E); A v B A ( 1 D v E);
)1;) 1 ( 1 D); 1 D A E; A vB; 1 A v B A ( 1 D v E).
9. O)l;IIH TIeJIOBeK CKa3aJI: «.f[ BpYH IIJIII H 6JIOH)I;IIH». -qTO BbI
MomeTe 0 HeM CKa3aTb?
YpOK 16. JIorJf1leCKUe 3JIeMeHTLI
JII06aH JIOrll"tIeCKaH onepa:U;llH Ha KOMnblOTepe BbInOJIHH-
eTC.H C nOMoID;blO OCHOBHbIX JIOr:wreCKllX cpe,n;CTB - aJl.,eMeH-
mOB. 3JIeMeHTbI COCTO.HT ll3 06bI"tIHbIX SJIeKTpll"tIeCKllX cxeM.
IIpll STOM CllrHaJIbI Ha Bxo,n;e SJIeMeHTa Ha3bIBalOTCH apzy-
MeKmaMU, aHa BbIxo,n;e -IjJYKKIfUJUUL apZYMeKmoa. HaJIH-
"tIlle B onpe,n;eJIeHHOH "tIaCTH cxeMbI CllrHaJIa onpe,n;eJIHeT eou-
HUqy. a OTCYTCTBlle - HOJI.,b.
03HaKOMllMCH C caMbIMll npOCTbIMH II IIIllpOKO pacnpOCT-
paHeHHbIMH SJIeMeHTaMll.
CxeMa coomaemcmBUR (aJl.,eMenm «H»). IIycTb nOCTaBJIe-
Ha 3a)1;a"tla C03,n;aHll.H cxeMbI, BbInOJIH.HIOID;eH onepa:U;lllO JIOrll-
"tIeCKOrO YMHomeHH.H. TaKaH cxeMa 6y,n;eT llMeTb)J;Ba Bxo,n;a - A
II B, a TaKme O,n;HH BbIXO,n; A A B.
Bxo,n;HID;lle H BbIxo,n;HID;lle CllrHaJIbI ,n;OJImHbI 6bITb SJIeKT-
pH"tIeCKHMllllMnYJIbCaMll. IIpll STOM HaJIll"tIlllO llMnYJIbCa CO-
OTBeTcTByeT 1, a OTCyrCTBlllO O. IIpe,n;cTaBllM, "tITO c06pana cxeMa,
COCTO.HID;aH ll3 llCTO"tIHllKa, JIaMnO"tIKH H ,n;BYX BKJIIO"tlaTeJIeH.
IIpllMeM BKJIIO"tIeHlle JIaMnO"tIKll 3a 1, a BbIKJIIO"tIeHlle 3a O.
TaKaH cxeMa Ha3bIBaeTC.H cxeMOu coomaemcmaUR.
A
-.
Xl X 2 /
A
AHB
.
B
-.
70
CooupamenbJ£aJt CXeMa (a.neMenm «HJIH» ). K BXO)J;HbIM
Clll'HaJIaM STOH cxeMbI npe)J;'bHBJlHeTCH MeHbIIIe Tpe6oBaHllH.
IIpll HaJIllqllll 1 XOTH 6bI Ha O)J;HOM ll3 BXO)J;OB cxeMbI, Ha
BbIXO)J;e Bcer)J;a nOHBllTCH 1.
A
-.
x
X
A HJIll B
B
-.
v
JIorllqeCKYIO onepa:U;lllO «lIJIlh MomHO npO)J;eMOHCTpll-
pOBaTb Ha SJIeKTpllqeCKOH cxeMe, CocToHID;eH ll3 llCTOqHllKa
nllTaHllH, JIaMnOq}{llll )J;BYX coe)J;:mIeHHbIX napaJIJIeJIbHO BKJIIO-
qaTeJIeH. IIpH BKJIlOqeHllll O)l;HOrO ll3 HllX, HarrpllMep X 2 , JIaM-
nOqKa 3aropllTCH. B OTJIllqlle OT cxeMbI COOTBeTCTBllH, B STOH
cxeMe npll nOHBJIeHllll CllrHaJIa Ha JII060M ll3 BXO)J;OB Clll'HaJI
nepexo)J;llT Ha BbIXO)J;. IIooTOMY cxeMbI, BbInOJIHHIOID;lle onepa-
:U;HIO JIOrWIeCKoro CJIOmeHHH, Ha3bIBaIOTCH cooUpamenbJ£bl,MU.
CxeMa UJ£6eJ£mOpa (a.neMenm «HE»). CxeMY llHBeHTopa
MomHO Ha3BaTb «o6paTHoH :u;enOqKOH . B HeH cyrn;ecTByeT
O)J;llH BXO)J; II O)J;llH BbIXO)J;.
1
l
f.
.T.
JIorH'tJ:eCKOH onepa:U;llll «HE COOTBeTcTByeT SJIeKTpH'tJ:ec-
KaH cxeMa, COCTOHrn;aH ll3 llCTOqHllKa nllTaHllH, JIaMnOqKll II
KHonKll. 8JIeKTpllqeCKllH llMnYJIbC Ha BbIXO)J;e nOHBllTCH npll
OTCYTCTBllll CIIT'HaJIa Ha BXO)J;e. .n;eHcTBHTeJIbHO, npll HamaTllll
KHonKll :u;enb o6pbIBaeTcH H JIaMnOqKa raCHeT. IIpll OTnYCKa-
Hllll KHOlIKll, T. e. npll OTCYTCTBllll ClIT'HaJIa Ha BXO)J;e, JIaMnOq-
Ka 3aropaeTCH. 3HaqllT, COCTOHHlle JIaMnOqKll HaXO)l;llTCH B
npOTllBOnOJIOmHOM OTHOIIIeHHll K KHonKe.
71
npHMep 1. Onpe,n;eJIllTe pe3YJIbTaT pa60TbI cJIe,n;YIOrn;eH
cxeMbI.
II
HJlli
PemeHHe. TaR KaR Ha nepBoH CTa)I;llll CTOllT 3JIeMeHT II, a
Ha ero KOIm;ax CllrHaJIbI 0 II 1, TO Ha BbIxo,n;e 3Toro 3JIeMeHTa
6y,n;eT 1 x 0 = O. STOT CllrHaJI nepeH,n;eT Ha BXO,n; KO BTOPOMY
3JIeMeHTY - IIJIII. Ha cxeMe Bll,n;HO, qTO Ha BTOpOM Bxo,n;e
3JIeMeHTa IlJIII Clll'HaJI 1. B pe3YJIbTaTe, Ha BbIxo,n;e 3JIeMeHTa
IIJIII 6y,n;eT Clll'HaJI 1 + 0 = 1.
OTBeT: 1.
npHMep 2. KaRllMll ,n;OJImHbI 6bITb CllrHaJIbI Ha Bxo,n;ax
3TOH cxeMbI, qTo6bI Ha BbIxo,n;e nOJIyrIllTb O?
H
=HHE
PemeHHe. CxeMa COCTOllT ll3 3-x cTyneHeH. ¥qllTbIBaH,
qTO Ha TpeTbeH cTyneHll HaM HymHo nOJIyrIllTb 0, 6y,neM B03-
Bparn;aTbCH:
1) )l;JIH Toro qTo6bI Ha BbIxo,n;e TpeTbero 3JIeMeHTa (HE)
6bIJI Clll'HaJI 0, HymHo, QTo6bI Ha BXO)l;e 6bIJI CllrHaJI 1;
2) ,n;JIH Toro QTo6bI Ha BbIxo,n;e BToporo 3JIeMeHTa (IIJIII)
6bIJI CllI'HaJI 1, yrIllTbIBaSI 0 Ha O,n;HOM Bxo,n;e, HymHo, QT06bI Ha
BTOpOM Bxo,n;e 6bIJI Clll'HaJI 1.
3) ,n:JIH Toro QTo6bI Ha BbIXO)l;e nepBoro 3JIeMeHTa (II) 6bIJI
Clll'HaJI 1, HymHo, QTo6bI Ha 060llX ero Bxo,n;ax 6bIJI Clll'HaJI 1.
OTBeT: CllrHaJI 1 Ha 060llX Bxo,n;ax.
72
KpamKue ucmOpU'£eCKUe c6eiJenuR
Aoy A.nu uon Cuno (980-1037) -
6bloalO uucSl Y1le1lbIU, nOO1lSlBWUU 1<:yJlbmy-
py 1lap0006 Cpeo1leu A3UU 1la .MUP060U ypo-
6e1lb. Ocoooe 61lUMa1lUe 01l yoeJlSlJl np06ep-
1<:e cOOep:JICUMOZO npeoMema, onpeOeJle1lUlO
yp061lSl 31la1lUu. B mpyoax H01l CU1l0 fjJUJlO-
cofjJc1<:ue 31la1lUSl npeOCma6.JlSllOmCSl 6 noc-
Jle006ameJlb1l0CmU: JlOZU1<:a, fjJu3U1<:a, Mame-
MamU1<:a, MemafjJU3U1<:a. H 3 1lUX JlOZU1<:a npeo- ., ,..i
Cma6JlSlemCSl 1<:a1<: 1laY1l1lbIU MemOO U3Ylle-
1lU.R 6ceZO cy ezo U paccY:JICOe1lU.R 0 1leM. H01l CU1l0 nuwem:
«JI OZU1<:a oaem 1leJl06e1<:Y ma1<:Oe npa6UJlO, Oc1l06bl6a.RCb 1la 1<:OmO-
pOM u30ezalOmcSl OWU01<:U npu 6bl600ax. C nOMO blO JlOZU1<:U 1leJlO-
6e1<: omJlU1laem ucmU1lY om Jl:JICU U U3Yllaem 1leU36ecm1l0e.» M 1l0-
zue mpyobl H61l CU1l0 nOC6Sl e1lbl JlOZU1<:e. 1<:omopou 01l yoeJlSlJl
ocoooe 61lUMa1lUe.
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3JIeMeHTY "M"?
2. MomHo JIH C03)1;aTb cxeMY, COOTBeTCTBYIO:m;ylO 3JIeMeH-
TY "MJIM"? ECJIII )l;a, TO KaK?
3. -qTO BbI IIOHIIMaeTe IIO)l; IIHBeHTopHoH cxeMoH? 06'bHC-
HIITe ee 3JIeKTpOHHYlO cxeMY.
4. 3aMeHHTe B HHmeIIplIBe)l;eHHOH cxeMe 3JIeMeHT MJIM
Ha 3JIeMeHTbI "M" II "HE", He MeHHH pe3YJIbTaTbI ee
pa60TbI:
HJmHHE
r-
5. KaKlIe 3Ha eHIIH )l;OJImHbI 6bITb Ha BXO)l;ax CJIen;ylO-
:m;eH cxeMbI, QT06bI Ha BbIXO)l;aX 6bIJI O?
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73
. -: :"
r JIABA IV
OnEPA HOHHAHCHCTEMA
P'R 1
np 'rp . MMHOe 0" neq' HK . 'MnL' Tepa
Ha npOmJIbIX ypOKax BbI nOJI llJIH CBe,n;eHllH 0 CTpoeHllll
KOMnblOTepHOH TeXHllKllll nporpaMMax. Be3 nporpaMM KOM-
nblOTep - npOCTO rpy,n;a meJIe3a. Be,n;b 6e3 nporpaMM y KOM-
nblOTepa HeT HllKaKllX «3HaHllH . IIoSTOMY nporpaMMbI -
STO JIOrWIeCKoe npo,n;OJImeHlle TeXHH"'leCKOrO YCTpOHCTBa KOM-
nblOTepOB. JII06aH OTpaCJIb npllMeHeHllH KOMnblOTepa Hepa3-
pbIBHO CBH3aHa C COOTBeTCTByroru;llMll npOrpaMMaMll. HCnOJIb-
3Y.n KOMnblOTep B pa3JIll"'lHbIX 06JIaCTHX CBoeH ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTll,
nOJl,b306ameJl,b, T. e. "'leJIOBeK, llCnOJIb3YIOru;llH KOMnblOTep,
CTaBllT nepe,n; HllM CBOll Tpe6oBaHllH. B03MomHOCTb y,n;OBJIeT-
BopeHllH STllX Tpe60BaHllH B HeKOTopOH CTeneHll 3aBllCllT OT
nporpaMMHoro 06eCne"'leHllH.
B llH<popMaTllKe KOMnblOTepHaH TeXHllKa paCCMaTpll-
BaeTCH B ,n;BYX Ka"'leCTBax:
. TeXHWIeCKlle cpe,n;CTBa;
. nporpaMMHbIe cpe,n;CTBa.
TeXHWIeCKlle cpe,n;CTBa - YCTpOHCTBa KOMnblOTepa. IIo-
aHrJIllHCKll OHll Ha3bIBaIOTCH hardware 116YKBaJIbHO nepeBO-
,n;llTCH KaK «TBep,n;aH npo,n;YKU;llH . K HllM OTHOCHTC.n, Hanpll-
Mep, npou;eccop, BllH"'leCTep, MOHllTOp, KJIaBllaTypa, ,n;llCKO-
BO,n;, npllHTep.
IIporpaMMHbIe cpe,n;CTBa - 06'be,n;llHeHlle Bcex nporpaMM,
llCnOJIb3yeMbIx B KOMnblOTepe. IIO-aHrJIllHCKll STa "'laCTb Ha-
3bIBaeTCH software 11 6YKBaJIbHO nepeBo,n;llTCH KaK «MHrKaH
npo,n;YKU;llH . 3TO 03Ha"'laeT COOTBeTCTBYIOru;ee KOMnblOTepy
COBepmeHCTBOBaHlle 11 pa3BllTlle nporpaMMHoro o6eCne"'leHllH.
KpoMe SToro, B llH<popMaTllKe BbI,n;eJIHeTCH eru;e O,n;HO Ha-
npaBJIeHlle - brainware (brain nO-aHrJIHHCKll - unmeJlJleKm,
cosnanue) - aJIrOpllTMll"'leCKoe. 3TO HarrpaBJIeHlle CBH3aHO C
C03,n;aHHeM aJIrOpllTMOB, cnoco6aMllllx COCTaBJIeHllH llllX 113Y-
"'leHlleM.
74
IIpOrpaMMbI, HCnOJIb3yeMbIe B KOMnblOTepaX, MOmHO YC-
JIOBHO pa3,n;eJIHTb Ha TPH THna:
nporpaMHoe
\.. 06eCne"leHt-1e
Ct-1CTeMHOe
npaKTt-1"1eCKOe
Cn >Ke6HOe
· CUCmeMUWe npOZpaMMW - OCHOBHbIe npOrpaMMbI,
BbIITOJIHHIOID;He ynpaBJIeHHe H npOBepKY CHCTeMbI, HarrpHMep:
a) ynpaBJIeHHe pecypcaMH KOMnblOTepa (npou;eccop,
naMHTb, YCTpOHCTBa BBo,n;a-BbIBo,n;a);
6) C03,n;aHHe KonHH HCnOJIb3yeMbIx ,n;aHHbIX;
B) npOBepKa pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH KOMnblOTepa;
r) <popMHpOBaHHe CBe,n;eHHH 0 KOMnblOTepe H T. ,n;.
· llpuKnaiJuwe npozpaMMW - nporpaMMbI, o6ecne m-
BalOID;He nOJIb30BaTeJIH B03MomHOCTblO BbInOJIHHTb onpe-
,n;eJIeHHbIe 3a,ZJ;aqH B onpe,n;eJIeHHOH 06JIaCTH.
· CnY3ICeouwe npozpaMMW - nporpaMMbI, HCnOJIb-
3yeMbIe ,n;JIH no,n;rOTOBKH H 06JIerQeHHH pa60TbI HOBbIX npor-
paMM.
3TO pa3,n;eJIeHHe Ha3BaHO yCJIOBHbIM no TOH npWIHHe, QTO
B pe3YJIbTaTe CHJIbHOrO pa3BHTHH npOrpaMMHOrO o6ecneQe-
HHH MHorHe nporpaMMbI MomHO OTHOCHTb H K TOMY H K ,n;py-
rOMY THny o,n;HOBpeMeHHO. HanpHMep, MHorHe npHKJIa,ZJ;HbIe
nporpaMMbI, no Mepe yrJIy6JIeHHH HX HCnOJIb30BaHHH npH
perneHHH KOHKpeTHbIX 3a,ZJ;aQ, CTaHOBHTCH CJIyme6HbIMH npo-
rpaMMaMH. C ,n;pyroH CTOpOHbI, HeKOTopbIe rrporpaMMbI, npe,n;-
JIaraeMbIe nOJIb30BaTeJIHM (HanpHMep, «SJIeKTpOHHbIH co6e-
ce,n;HHK ), HeB03MomHO OTHeCTH HH K KaKOMY H3 BbImenepe-
QHCJIeHHbIX TIfiIOB.
COBpeMeHHoe nporpaMMHoe 06eCneQeHHe MomHO pa3,n;e-
JIHTb Ha CJIe,n;YIOID;He, CBH3aHHbIe Mem,n;y C060H, rpynnbI:
75
. OnepaII;FIOHHbIe CFICTeMbI FI CFICTeMHbIe 060JIOQKFI (MS
DOS, Windows, Unix, NC, Far, WC, TC);
. CFICTeMbI npOrpaMMFIpOBaHFIH (BASIC, Visual Basic,
Paskal, Delphi, C, C++);
. CJIyme6HbIe npOrpaMMbI (pe,ll;aRTOpbI, CJIOBapFI, MaRpO-
acceM6JIepbI );
· CFICTeMbI ynpaBJIeHFIH 6a3aMFI ,lI;aHHbIX - CYB,IJ; (FoxPro,
Access, Paradox);
· CFICTeMbI MaIIIHHHOH rpa<PFIKFI (Ha HbIe, FIHmeHepHbIe,
e6HbIe, aHFIMaII;FIOHHbIe, TBOpqeCKFIe);
. naReTbI FIHTerpFIpOBaHHbIX nporpaMM (TeKcToBbIe npo-
II;eccopbI, :3JIeKTpOHHbIe Ta6JIFIII;bI);
. npaRTHqeCROe nporpaMMHoe 06eCneQeHFIe (6yxraJITepC-
Koe, FI3)1;aTeJIbCKOe, CFICTeMbI aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO npoeKTFIpOBa-
HHH).
YIacTb CFICTeMHbIX nporpaMM 3aHFIMalOT TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIe
ymUJlUmbl (JIaT. - nOJIe3HbIe). B OCHOBHOM 8TFI nporpaMMbI
npFI3BaHbI YJI llIaTb pa60TY onepaII;FIOHHOH CFICTeMbI FI BbI-
nOJIHHTb ,lI;pyrFIe nO,ll;06HbIe 3a)1;aqFI.
HeKOTopbIe BFI,lI;bI yrnJIFIT:
· nporpaMMbI, 06eCneQFIBalOIII;FIe ynpaanenue FI mecmu-
poaanue YCTPOHCTB ROMnblOTepa;
· npOZpaMMbt-iJpaiiaepbt, 06eCneQHBalOIII;He npaBHJIbHyID
pa60TY 8TFIX YCTPOHCTB;
· npOZpaMMbt-apXUaamopbt, cmFIMalOIII;FIe ,lI;aHHbIe ,lI;JIH
YMeHbllIeHFIH 3aHFIMaeMOro FIMFI ,lI;FICKOBoro npOCTpaHCTBa;
· npOZpaMMbt-anmuaupycbt, 3aIII;FIIII;alOIII;FIe KOMnblOTep
OT BJIFIHHFIH Bpe,ll;HbIX nporpaMM (BFIPYCOB);
· lWMMynulCalfuonnbte npOZpaMMbt, OCYIII;eCTBJIHIOIII;FIe
CBH3b Mem,ll;Y KOMnbIOTepaMFI;
· npOZpaMMbt aanucu na CD FI TaR ,lI;aJIee.
IIoMHFITe, QTO KOMnblOTepHbIH aupyc 8TO Tome nporpaM-
Ma. 3TFI nporpaMMbI 06'be,ll;FIHHIOTCH C ,lI;pyrFIMFI nporpaMMa-
MFI, HO BMeCTO nOJIb3bI npFIHOCHT Bpe,ll; nOJIb30BaTeJIIO: nop-
THT FIJIFI CTFIpalOT ,lI;aHHbIe, 3aMe,ZJ;JIHIOT pa60TY KOMnblOTepa,
3anOJIHHH onepaTFIBHYIO naMHTb MYCOPOM, FI T. ,lI;.
76
L,""b =:O:::OBa nL?
2. "£ITO HymHo )l;JIH pa60TbI KOMIIbIOTepa?
3. M3 KaKIIX OCHOBHbIX qaCTeH COCTOIIT KOMIIbIOTep?
4. Ha KaKlIe TIIIIbI )l;eJIIITCH nporpaMMHoe 06ecIIe eHlIe?
5. PaccKamHTe 0 CIICTeMHbIX IIporpaMMax.
6. PaccKamlITe 0 CJIyme6HbIx IIporpaMMax.
7. PaccKamlITe 0 IIpHKJIa)l;HbIX IIporpaMMax.
8. Ha KaKHe rpYIIIIbI .n;eJIIITCH IIporpaMHoe 06ecIIe eHlIe?
9. "£ITO TaKoe KOMIIblOTepHbIH BIIPYC?
y pOK 18 lIuTep«l>eiic
B npe)l;bIAym;HX naparpacpax BbI n03HaKOMHJIHCb co CTPYK-
TYPOH, a TaKme C BHYTpeHHHMH H BHellIHHMH YCTpoHcTBaMH
KOMnbIOTepOB. OHH Ha3bIBalOTCH annapaTHbIM o6ecne eHHeM
KOMnblOTepa. Ho ,n;JIH pa60TbI KOMnblOTepa, KpOMe annapaT-
Horo o6ecne eHHH, Heo6xo,l(HMo H npOrpaMMHOO o6ecne eHHe.
B3aHMHaH CBH3b (CBH3b, OTHOllIeHHe, BJIHHHHe) STHX cpe,n;CTB,
COCTaBJIHIOrn;HX KOMnblOTepHYID CHCTeMY, Ha3bIBaeTCH unmep-
ipeiicoM H MomeT 6bITb HeCKOJIbKHX THnOB.
,
BsaUMOc6.RSb ycmpoucm6 KOMnblOmepa HaSbl6aemC.R
annapamnbtM unmepipeiicoM, 6saUMoomHoweHue npo-
zpaMM HaSbl6aemC.R npOZpaMMnbtM unmepipeiicoM,
6saUMoomnoweHue npozpaMM C ycmpoucm6aMu naSbl-
6aemc.R annapamno-npOZpaMMnbtM unmepipeiicoM.
-
HHTepcpeHC (B3aHMHaH CBH3b) Tpe6yeT, To6bI YCTpoHcTBa
KOMnblOTepa npH,ZJ;epmHBaJIHCb o6rn;ero npOTOKOJIa, T. e. no,n;-
HHHJIHCb onpe)l;eJIeHHbIM 3aKOHaM H rrpaBHJIaM. B npOTHB-
HOM CJIytIae He MomeT 6bITb B3aHMHOH CBH3H. HanpHMep, ,n;JIH
no,n;KJIIO eHHH SJIeKTpWIeCKOH JIaMnO KH K HCTO HHKY nHTa-
HHH ,n;OJImHbI 6bITb BbInOJIHeHbI CJIe,n;YIOrn;He YCJIOBHH (COOT-
BeTCTBHH):
77
. 8JIeKTpll eCKa.H JIaMnO Ka OJI»tHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
naTpOHY;
. 8JIeKTpll eCKa.H JIaMnO Ka OJI»tHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
HanpHmeHlllO llCTO HllKa nllTaHllH.
B npllBe)l;eHHOM npllMepe npOTOKOJI llHTepcpeHCa COCTOllT
ll3 BYX YCJIOBllH, II o6a npllHa,zJ;JIemaT K arrnapaTHOMY llHTep-
cpeHCY. ECJIH 8Tll YCJIOBllH He 6Y YT BbInOJIHeHbI, no coe llHe-
HllH 8JIeKTpWIeCKOH JIaMnO Kll K llCTO HllKY nllTaHllH He npo-
ll30H eT. O HaKO HeB03MomHO COnOCTaBllTb nO KJIIO eHlle
JIaMnO Kll K llCTO HllKy nllTaHHH C KOMnblOTepHOH CllCTeMOH,
B KOTOpOH OJImHbI 6bITb B3aHMOCBH3aHbI eCHTKll YCTPOHCTB,
pa60TalOID;llX C orpOMHbIM KOJIll eCTBOM nporpaMM.
....
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AnnapaTHbIH llHTepcpeHC KOMnblOTepa o6ecne llBalOT pa3-
pa60T llKll KOMnblOTepHbIX YCTPOHCTB. OHll Ha6JIIO aIOT 3a
COOTBeTCTBFIeM B3aHMOCBH3ll (coe llHeHllH) YCTPOHCTB II pa6o-
TOH C pa3JIll HbIMll HanpHmeHFIHMll. Ho B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHlle
nporpaMM (nporpaMMHbIH llHTepcpeHC) llJIll B3aHMOOTHOIIIe-
HFIe nporpaMM C YCTpOHCTBaMll (arrnapaTHO- nporpaMMHbIH
llHTepcpeHC) HllKeM He KOHTpOJIllpyeTCH. IIporpaMMllCTbI He
3HaIOT, KaKFIe cpe CTBa YCTaHOBJIeHbI B Kam OM KOMnbIOTe-
pe. A pa3pa6oT llKll YCTPOHCTB KOMrrblOTepa He 3HaIOT, C Ka-
KllMll npOrpaMMaMll npe CTOllT pa60TaTb 8TllM YCTpOHCTBaM.
"YCTaHOBKY B3aHMOCBH3ll Mem y annapaTHbIM llHTepcpeHCOM
II nporpaMMHbIM llHTepcpeHCOM npllHllMaeT Ha ce6H onepaq,u-
oJl,JI,al£ cucmeMa.
.n;JIH npoll3BO llTeJIbHOH pa60TbI KOMnblOTepHOH CllCTeMbI,
KpOMe annapaTHoro II nporpaMMHoro o6ecne eHllH, OJImeH
npllCYTCTBOBaTb eJIOBeK. B HHcpopMaTllKe ero npFIHHTO Ha-
3bIBaTb nonb30aameneM. B npou;ecce pa60TbI C KOMnbIOTe-
pOM nOJIb30BaTeJIb B3aHMOCBH3aH II C annapaTHbIM, II C npo-
78
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nblOTepOB c-.:rHTaeTCH CP/M (Control Programm for
Microcomputers), BbInym;eHHaH KOMnaHHeH Digital Research
B 19731'. B Harne BpeMH onepan;HOHHbIX CHCTeM o-.:reHb MHO-
1'0, BOT HeKOTOpbIe H3 HHX: MS DOS, PC DOS, DR DOS,
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BonpOCbl U aaiJal£uJI,
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2. qTO BbI IIOHIIMaeTe IIO)l; olIepaD;HoHHoH cHcTeMoH?
83
3. MomHo JIll pa60TaTb 6e3 orrepa:O:HoHHoH cHcTeMbI?
OTBeT 060cHYHTe.
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HH eCKHM 06ecIIe eHHeM 1'1 oIIepaD;HoHHoH CHCTeMOH.
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6. qTO TaKoe BcrrOMOraTeJIbHbIe IIporpaMMbI? ITpHBe)l;H-
Te cpaBHHTeJIbHbIe rrpHMepbI BbIrrOJIHHeMbIX IIMH
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HbIe CHCTeMbI. PaccMoTpHM COCTaBJIHIOm;ylO HX CHCTeMY npo-
rpaMM Ha npHMepe onepan;HOHHOH CHCTeMbI MS DOS
(Microsoft Disk Operation System - )l;HCKOBaH onepan;HOH-
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1) yrrpaBJIeHHe YCTpOHCTBaMH (npHHTep, KJIaBHaTYPa, )l;HC-
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3) KOMaH)I;bI H YKa3aHHH.
;aOC cocmoum U3:
e nporpaMMbI BBO)l;a )l;aHHbIX B naMHTb H BbIBO)l;a H3 Hee
(Ha3bIBaeTcH BIOS);
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Record);
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(BIO.COM);
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ce BbIITOJIHeHHH onepan;nH (DOS.COM);
enpon;eccopa KOMaH)I; (COMMAND. COM).
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(B clw6Kax npe)l;CTaBJIeHbI Ha3BaHHH npOrpaMM )l;JIH
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npaBJIeHHH OCTaBaJICH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH. IIepe3anHcb Tpe6oBa-
JIa MHoro CHJI H BpeMeHH.
EOMnblOTepbI B KopHe H3MeHHJIH TeXHOJIOrHIO 3anHCH TeK-
CTOB. Pa3pa6oTaHO MHomeCTBO nporpaMM ,n;JIH 3anHCH, xpa-
HeHHH, o6pa6oTKH H ne'1aTH Ha 6YMare, HO Bce OHH pa3,n;eJIH-
IOTCH B OCHOBHOM Ha ,n;Ba THna: meKCm06ble peoalCmopbl H
melCcm06ble npOl-feccopbl. Mx pa3JIH'1He COCTOHT B TOM, KaROH
BH,n; TeKCTa BBO,n;HTCH B KOMnblOTep.
TeKcm06WU peiJaKmop BXO,n;HT B '1HCJIO HaH60JIee '1aCTO
HcnOJIb3yeMbIx nporpaMM. TeKCTOBbIe pe,n;aKTopbI pa3pa6o-
TaHbI ,n;JIH pa3JIH'1HbIX THnOB KOMnbIOTepOB. ,n;ame .D;JIH O,n;H-
HaKOBoro THna KOMnblOTepOB HMelOTCH ,n;eCH KH TeKCTOBbIX
pe,n;aRTOpOB. HanpHMep, ,n;JIH KOMnblOTepOB «IIpaBeu;
«RED , «Volna , «Punktir , ,n;JIH KOMnblOTepOB IBM -
«WD , «Foton , «Lexicon H T. ,n;.
100
TeKCTOBbIe pe)];aKTOpbI BbIITOJIHHIOT:
. BBO)]; MH4>OpM8JJ;MM;
. MCnpaBJIeHMe OIIIM6oK;
. 38MeHY MeCT MJIM CTMpaHMe 3HaKOB, CJIOB, CTpOK, a63a-
u;eB;
. 4>opMaTMpOBaHMe TeKCTa, BbIpaBHMBaHMe JIeBOH HJIH
npaBOH CTOpOHbI, M3MeHeHMe MHTepBaJIa Mem)];y CTpOKaMM;
. XpaHeHMe TeKCTa Ha )];MCKe;
. TlTeHMe TeKCTa C MCKa;
. neTlaTaHHe.
B TeKCTOBbIX pe)];aKTOpaX OCHOBHOe BHMMaHMe y)];eJIHeTCH
CMbICJIY TeKCTa. BM)]; Ha :3KpaHe MJIM Ha 6YMare (o4>opMJIeHMe)
)];JIH HMX He MMeeT oco6oro 3HaTleHMH.
, . C nOMO blO meKCm06bl,X peiJaKmopo6 cOSOalOmc.R
. melCcm06ble tjJaUJlbl. B HUX XpaH.Rmc.R JlUUlb KOObI
SHaK06 oaHHOZO melCcma. IIoamoMY meKcm, cosoaH-
HblU OOHUM melCcm06blM peoaKmopOM, MO:JfCHO Des
OcOOblX ycUJlUU oopaoomamb 6 OPYZOM meKcm060M
peoaKmope.
TeKCm06bl,e npolfeccopbl, MCnOJIb3YlOTCH B Tex CJIYTlaRX,
KOr)];a 60JIbIIIOe 3HaTleHMe MMeeT He TOJIbKO CMbICJI TeKCTa, HO
M ero BHeIIIHMH BM)];. TeKCTOBbIH npou;eccop MMeeT B03Mom-
HOCTb BJIMHHMH Ha BHeIIIHMH BM)]; TeKCTa. HarrpMMep, BKJIIOTle-
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pa, U;BeTa M BM)];a 3HaROB M T. )];.
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Cpe)];CTBOM TeKCTOBoro npou;eccopa, Ha3bIBaeTCH iJoKY Men-
mOM.
.,.
.
If, oKYMeHm, cosoaHHblu meKcm06blM npOl-feccOpOM,
xpaHum 6 ceDe UHtjJopMaqulO He mOJlbKO 0 meKcme.
HO U 0 ezo 6HeUlHeM 6uoe (mun, pasMep, q6em UlpUtjJ-
ma U m. 0.). amo cnequaJlbHble KOObI, lComOpbte He
6UOHbl Ha aKpaHe U Ha OYMaze.
101
B pa3HbIX TeKCTOBbIX npou;eccopax ,n;JIH OcpOpMJIeHMH TeK-
CTa MCnOJIb3YlOTCH pa3JIMTlHbIe KO,n;bI. B TaKMX CJIyT,Ia.HX rOBO-
pMTC.H, TlTO ,n;OKYMeHTbI MMelOT pa3JIHTlHbIe pOpMambt. B CBH3M
C STMM He Bcer,n;a y,n;aeTCH nepeBO,n; popMamup06annozo meK-
cm060Z0 iJoKYMenma C o,n;Horo TeKCTOBoro npou;eccopa Ha
,n;pyrOH.
XOT.H Ha3BaHMe M BHeIIIHMH BM,n; TeKCTOBbIX pe,n;aRTOpOB
pa3JIMTlHbI, npou;ecc pa60TbI Ha HMX npaKTMTleCKM o,n;MHaKOB.
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"ypcop M Menlo.
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He CneU;HaJIbHOe pa60Tlee nOJIe, KOTopoe BbInOJIHHeT pOJIb CTpa-
HMU;bI ,n;JIH 3arrMCM TeKCTa. BBO,n;MMbIH TeKCT oTo6pamaeTcH B
pa60TleM nOJIe.
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TlepTOTlKM M YKa3bIBaeT MeCTO pa6oTlero nOJIH, Ha KOTopoe
nepeHOCMTCH 3HaK, BBO,n;MMbIH C KJIaBMaTypbI.
M enro npe,n;CTaBJIHeT C060H COBoKynHoCTb CneU;MaJIbHbIX
KOMaH,n; MJIM ,n;eHcTBMH. C MX nOMoID;blO BbInOJIHHIOTCH TlTeHMe
TeKCTa C ,n;MCKa, 3anMCb TeKCTa Ha ,n;MCK, neTlaTb TeKCTa M T. ,n;.
BM,n;bI Kypcopa M pa6oTlero nOJIH nOTlTM He BJIMHIOT Ha
pa60TY TeKCTOBoro pe,n;aKTopa, HO OHM MorYT OTJIMTlaTbCH B
pa3JIMTlHbIX TeKCTOBbIX pe,n;aRTopax.
TeKCTOBbIe pe,n;aKTopbI pa3JIMTlalOTCH B OCHOBHOM MeHIO.
EOMaH,n;bI M ,n;eHCTBMH MeHIO onpe,n;eJIHIOT B03MomHOCTM TeK-
CTOBbIX pe,n;aKTopOB. qeM MX 60JIbIIIe, TeM BbIIIIe B03MomHOC-
TM TeKCTOBoro pe,n;aKTopa. COOTBeTCTBYIOID;Me KOMaH,n;bI pa3-
JIHTlHbIX TeKCTOBbIX pe,n;aRTOpOB TaR MaJIO pa3JIMTlaIOTCH, TlTO
nOHHTb MX CMbICJI He npe,n;CTaBJIHeT Tpy,n;a. HarrpMMep, KO-
102
MaH.n;a 3aIlMCM TeIWTa Ha .n;MCK B O.n;HMX TeKCTOBbIX pe.n;aKTO-
pax Ha3bIBaeTCH «3anMCb», a B .n;pyrMx «coxpaHMTb . TO'1HO
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CTOBbIX pe.n;aKTopax Ha3bIBaeTCH «'1TeHMe , «3arpY3Ka MJIM
«OTKpbITb . XOTH 3TM Ha3BaHMH M pa3HbIe, OHM HMeIOT O.n;M-
HaKOBbIH CMbICJI M BbIITOJIHHIOT o.n;MHaKOBbIe 4>YHK:U;MM.
BOJIee CJIOmHbIe TeKCTOBbIe pe.n;aRTOpbI MMeIOT Bce B03-
MomHOCTM npOCTbIX TeKCTOBbIX pe.n;aKTopOB. II03TOMY, OCBO-
MB CJIOmHbIH TeKCTOBbIH pe.n;aKTOp, BbI CMOmeTe pa60TaTb M B
,lI;pyrMx pe.n;aKTopax.
PaCCMOTpMM nYTM M MeTo.n;bI 06pa60TKM TeKCTOBOH MH-
£]:>opMa:U;MM Ha npMMepe o.n;Horo M3 pa3BMTbIX TeKCTOBbIX npo-
:u;eccopOB Microsoft Word (KOpOTKO Word). OH OTJIMTlaeTCH
OT .n;PYI'MX TeKCTOBbIX pe.n;aRTOpOB HaJIMTlMeM MHomeCTBa BbI-
nOJIHHeMbIX .n;eHcTBMH.
Word MMeeT rpa4>WIecKMH MHTep£]:>eHc, n03TOMY MHorMe
KOMaH.n;bI M .n;eHcTBMH BbInOJIHHIOTCH C nOMoID;bIO «MbIIIIKM .
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.n;ORYMeHTaMM. Kam.n;bIH .n;OKYMeHT £]:>opMMpyeTcH B cne:U;MaJIb-
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JIOmeHMe OKOH onpe.n;eJIHIOTCH no meJIaHMIO nOJIb30BaTeJIH.
o
BonpOCbl U aaiJanuR
, 1. PaccKamHTe 0 3a)l;a aX TeKCTOBbIX pe.ll;aKTOpOB.
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TopaMH 1'1 TeKCTOBbIMH IIpon;eccopaMH?
3. KaKHe c:}>aUJIbI C03.n;aeT TeKCTOBbIU pe.n:aKTop?
4. qeM OTJIH aIOTCH c:}>aUJIbI, C03.l1;aHHbIe TeKCTOBbIMH
IIpOn;eccopaMH, OT c:}>aUJIOB, C03.l1;aHHbIX TeKCTOBbIMH
pe)l;aKTopaMH? IIpHBe)l;HTe IIpHMep.
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)l;aKTopOB.
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TOpax?
7. qTO IIOHHMaeTCH IIO.n; MeHIO C cHcTeMou BJIOmeHHbIX
KOMaH.n;?
8. KaKHe 3a)l;a H BbIIIOJIHHeT pa60 ee IIOJIe TeKCTOBbIX
pe)l;aKTopoB?
9. KaKYIO 3a)1;a y BbIIIOJIHHeT KYPCOP B TeKCTOBOM pe-
.n;aKTope?
--
103
YpOK 25 HHTepf}»eilc MS Word
IIporpaMMY MS Word naKeTa Microsoft Office 2000
(2003, XP) MomHO BbInOJIHMTb TpeMH cnoco6aMM:
. C nOMOm;blO HpJIbIKa l1!J Ha naHeJIM 3a,n;a'1;
. C nOMOm;blO HpJIbIKa 11!:1 Ha pa60'1eM CTOJIe Windows;
. C nOMOm;blO CJIe.n;YIOm;eH rrOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHOCTM KOMaR.n;:
tcl nporpaMMbl
.
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3aBepIIIMTb pa60TY C 3TOH rrporpaMMoH MomHO C nOMO-
m;blO KHonKM MJIM KOMaH.n;oH ((Bb£XOO)} M3 MeHIO <Paull,
TaKme MomHO HamaTb Ha KJIaBMaType AU + F4.
IIpM 3arrYCKe Microsoft Word Ha 3KpaHe nOHBJIHeTCH pa-
6o'1ee nOJIe II naHeJIb yrrpaBJIeHMH, KOTopaH COCTOHT M3 CTpO-
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Te C TeKCTOBbIM npou;eCCOpOM.
B CTpOKe 3arOJIOBKa oTo6pamaeTCH IIMH o6pa6aTbIBaeMO-
ro .n;OKYMeHTa.
CTpOKa MeHIO COCTOIlT 1I3 CJIe.n;YIOID;lIx KOMaH,n;:
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MeHTOB. PaCCMOTpllM OCHOBHbIe KOMaH,n;bI Kam)l;OrO MeHIO.
M eUlO MPaUll,) 6btnOl£URem KOMaU(Jbt:
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MenlO «(BCma6Ka) 6wnOl£nl£em KOManiJy:
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MepoB).
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. npOBepKa ,n;OKYMeHTOB;
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MenlO «(Ta6l£uq.a) 6wnOl£nl£em KOManiJw:
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MenlO «(Cnpa6Ka)} 6wnOl£nl£em KOMan(Jw:
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B TeKCTOBOM npou;eccope Word MMeeTCH HeCKOJIbKO naHe-
JIeH MHCTpYMeHTOB, Tlam;e Bcero MCnOJIb3YIOTCH naHeJIM
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m;MX KOMaH,n; MeHIO Word. PMCYHKM Ha STMX KHonKax nOKa-
3bIBaIOT BblITOJIHHeMbIe MMM ,n;eHcTBMH. HanpMMep,
III Ha KHonKe HapMCOBaHa ,D;MCKeTa, TlTO 03HaTlaeT 3aIlMCb
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d Ha KHonKe HapMCOBaH npMHTep. 8Ta KHonKa MCnOJIb-
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n Bonpocw U 3aoaHUR
/ii2itfb 1. YKamHTe CIIoc06bI 3aIIYCKa IIporpaMMbI Word.
2. YKa»CHTe cIIoc06bI BbIxo,n;a H3 IIporpaMMbI Word.
3. M3 ero COCTOHT HHTepc:}>euc IIporpaMMbI Word?
4. M3 KaKHX KOMaH,lJ; COCTOHT MeHIO ««PaHJI ?
5. C IIOMO:m;blO KaKOU KOMaH)I;bI BbIIlOJIHHeTCH KOIIHpO-
BaRHe?
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8. KaK BbI3bIBaeTCH CIIpaBKa rrporpaMMbI Word?
9. KaKHe 3a.n;a H BbIIlOJIHHeT IIaHeJIb HHCTpYMeHTOB TeK-
CTOBoro rrpOD;eccopa Microsoft Word?
107
Y OK 26 OCHoBHLIe na , aMeT 'LI )J;OK lleHTOB
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IIOMOIIJ;blO ((MbIIIIKH , YKa3aTeJIb oTcTyna a63au;a nepeABHra-
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n Bonpocbt u aaiJanuR.
1. IIpHBe)l;HTe IIpHMepbI Oc:}>HD;HaJIbHbIX )l;OKYMeHTOB.
2. PaccKa»CHTe 06 OCHOBHbIX IIapaMeTpax )l;OKYMeHTOB.
3. qTO BbI IIOHHMaeTe IIO)l; H3MeHeHHeM c:}>opMaTa?
4. KaK YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH pa3MepbI cTpaHHD;bI?
5. qTO TaROe HanpaBJIeHHe CTpaHHIJ;bI?
6. qTO TaROe IIOJIe H KaK OHO YCTaHaBJIHBaeTcH?
7. qTO TaROe OTCTYII a63aD;a?
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9. KaR MeHHeTCH HHTepBaJI Mem)l;Y cTpoKaMH?
112
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CMOTpHM npou;ecc C03,l1;aHH5I TeKCTOBbIX ,lI;OKYMeHTOB. ,D;JI5I 3TOrO
C03,l1;aeTC5I HOBaH CTpaHHIJ;a (pa60qee nOJIe). B Microsoft Word
3TO ,lI;eJIaeTC5I CJIe)l;YIOm;HM 06pa30M:
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3YJIbTaTe n05IBJI5IeTC5I HOBaH CTpaHHn;a AJIH Ha60pa TeKCTa.
3TO me MomHO BbillOJIHHTb HamaTHeM KHonKH [Q] ((C03,l1;aTb
B cTaH,lI;apTHoH naHeJIH ynpaBJIeHH5I. B COOTBeTCTBHH C xa-
paKTepOM C03,l1;aBaeMOro ,lI;OKYMeHTa YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTC5I pac-
CMOTpeHHbIe BbIIIIe He06xo,ll;HMbIe napaMeTpbI.
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H3 npe,ll;JIOmeHHH, rrpeAJIomeHH5I - H3 CJIOB, CJIOBa - H3 6YKB.
KpOMe Toro, B TeKCTax HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I Cnen;HaJIbHbIe 3HaKI:I.
Bce 3TI:I 3HaKH cym;eCTByroT Ha KJIaBHaType. 3HaHHe pacnOJIO-
meHH5I KJIaBHIII Ha KJIaBHaType 06JIerqaeT Ha60p TeKCTOB.
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KJIaBHIII.
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qeM nOJIe Ha MeCTO, YKa3aHHoe KypCOPOM, H IIOCJIe 3anHCH
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cym;ecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO KJIaBHIII ,lI;JI5I ynpaBJIeHH5I KypCOpOM.
OCHOBHaH H3 HHX «Enter . IIpH HamaTHH KJIaBHIIIH ((Enter
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CTe 3TO 03HaqaeT KOHeU; O,ll;HOrO a63an;a H HaqaJIO APyroro.
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cop MomHO nepeMeCTHTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO BJIeBO, BnpaBO, BHH3,
BBepx.
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8 - MHcpopMaTHKa, 8 KJIacc
113
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TypbI. HanpHMep, ITpH HamaTHH Ha KJIaBHillY Ha aKpaHe
n05IBJI5IeTC5I OAHH H3 TJeTbIpeX 3HaKOB:
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HbIX 6YKB (3HaK ((V ).
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HbIX 6YKB (3HaK (( V ).
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CTpOTJHbIX 6YKB (3HaK ((M ).
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JIaBHbIX 6YKB (3HaK ((M ).
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pOM, aarJIaBHbIe - BepXHHM perHCTpOM. ITpH BKJIIOTJeHHH KOM-
nblOTepa KJIaBHaTypa Haxo.n;HTC5I B pemHMe HHmHero perHCT-
pa. )J;JI5I 3am:ICH 3HaKOB BepXHero perHCTpa He06xo)l;HMO Ha-
mHMaTb KJIaBHillY «Shift COBMeCTHO C COOTBeTCTByro:rn;en KJIa-
BHilleH. BepXHHH perHCTp pa60TaeT, Kor.n;a HamaTa KJIaBHilla
«Shift . IToCJIe ee OTnYCKa KJIaBHaTypa nepexo.n;HT B pemHM
HHmHero perHCTpa.
lIHor.n;a npHXO,D;HTC5I nHcaTb TJaCTb TeKCTa TOJIbKO 3ar-
JIaBHbIMH 6YKBaMH. B TaKHX CJIYTIaHX 06bITJHO HCnOJIb3yeTcH
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npHTJHHaM KOMnblOTep MomeT BbIKJIIOTJHTbC5I H Tor.n;a Ha .n;HC-
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114
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n BonpocM u aaiJanuR.
1. C qero Ha HHaeTCH C03)1;aHHe TeKCTOBoro )l;OKYMeHTa?
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cope Word )l;JIH C03)1;aHHH TeKCTOBoro )l;OKYMeHTa?
3. C IIOMO:m;blO KaKHX KJIaBHm IIepeMe:m;aeTCH KypCOp?
4. OT qero 3aBHCHT BbIBO)l; Ha 9KpaH O)l;HOrO H3 HeCKOJIb-
KHX 3HaKOB O)l;HOH KJIaBHmH?
115
5. qTO TaROe HHmHHH perHCTp Ii BepxHHH perHcTp?
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3anHCH 3arJIaBHbIX 6YKB aJIc:}>aBHTa?
7. K IIOMOID;H KaKoH RJIaBHmH 06pam;aeMcH IIpH HaIIH-
CaHHH TOJIbKO 3ar JIaBHbIX 6YKB?
8. BBe)l;HTe B KOMIIblOTep Te-KCT rHMHa PecIIy6JIHKIi Y3-
6eKHCTaH Ii coxpaHHTe IIO)l; Ha3BaHHeM «rHMH».
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Horo rep6a PecIIy6JIHKH Y 36eKHCTaH.
10. Ha6epHTe O.lJ;HH a63a:u; H3 9Toro y"tJe6HHKa H coxpaHH-
Te ero IIO)l; IiMeHeM «TeKcT IIO HHc:}>opMaTHKe».
11. CocTaBbTe He60JIbIDOH TeKCT Ha TeMY «MoH ceMbH» H
BBe)l;HTe ero B KOMIIbIOTep.
YpOK 28 Pe,n;aKTH IOBaHHe ,n;OK MeHTOB
ITpH nepBHTJHOM Ha60pe TeKCTa He HCKJIIOTJaeTC5I .n;ony:rn;e-
HHe OIIIH6oK. ,ZJ;ame MalllHHHCTKH C 60JIbIIIHM onbITOM .n;onyc-
KaIOT OIIIH6KH npH Ha60pe TeKCTa Ha nHIIIy:rn;eH MaIIIHHKe. B
npou;ecce 3aITHCH KHHrH HJIH COCTaBJIeHH5I nporpaMMbI TJaCTO
nOHBJI5IeTC5I He06xo.n;HMOCTb H3MeHHTb TeKCT. B TaKHX CJIY-
TJaRX .n;ame B npaBHJIbHO HanHcaHHOM TeKCTe npoH3Bo.n;5ITC5I
H3MeHeHHH.
ITPH 3aITHCH TeKCTa BPYTIHYIO HJIH Ha nHlIIy:rn;eH MaIIIHHKe
BBe.n;eHHe HcnpaBJIeHHH OTJeHb CJIOmHO, a B HeKoTopbIX cJIYTIa-
HX npocTo HeB03MomHO. B KOMnbIOTepe TeKCTOBbIe pe.n;aKTO-
pbI H TeKCTOBbIe npou;eccopbI .n;aIOT B03MOatHOCTb JII06bIX H3-
MeHeHHH B TeKCTe. ITpoBe)l;eHHe H3MeHeHHH B TeKCTOBOM )1;0-
KYMeHTe Ha3bIBaeTC5I peiJalCmup06altUeM melCcma.
ITpH pe)l;aKTHpOBaHHH TeKCTa Hali60JIee TJaCTO BbIITOJIH5Ie-
MbIe )l;eHCTBHH - y.n;aJIeHHe JIHIIIHerO CHMBOJIa HJIH BCTaBKa
HOBoro CHMBOJIa.
JIHIIIHHH CHMBOJI MomHO y.n;aJIHTb HeCKOJIbKHMH cnoc06a-
MH. PaCCMOTpHM 3TOT npou;ecc n03TanHO:
1. Kypcop YCTaHaBJIHBaeM nepe.n; y.n;aJI5IeMbIM CHMBOJIOM.
,ZJ;JIH 3Toro HCnOJIb3yeM KJIaBHIIIH nepe.n;BHmeHH5I Kypcopa.
116
IIOMeCTHTb KYpCOP B HymHoe MeCTO TeKCTa MOmHO TaKme C
nOMOIIJ;bIO «MbIIIIKH . )J;JIH aTOrO HymHo YKa3aTeJIb ((MbIIII-
KH nepe)l;BHHYTb B HymHoe MeCTO TeKCTa H HamaTb Ha JIe-
Byro KHOnKY (( MbIIIIKI:I .
2. IIocJIe YCTaHOBKH Kypcopa B HymHoe MecTO TeKCTa Mom-
HO y)l;aJIHTb O,ll;HH HJIH HeCKOJIbKO CHMBOJIOB. )J;JI5I aToro HC-
nOJIb3yeM KJIaBHIIIH ((Delete HJIH ((Backspece . Mx Ha3Ha"tJe-
Hl:Ie TaKOBO:
a) C nOMOIIJ;bIO KJIaBHIIIH ((Backspece y,ll;aJI5IIOTC5I CHMBO-
JIbI, HaXO,ll;5IIIJ;HeC5I CJIeBa OT Kypcopa. B HeKOTopbIX KJIaBHa-
Typax BMecTO 3aITHCH "Backspece" H306pamaeTC5I CTpeJIKa BJIe-
BO;
6) C :q:OMOIIJ;bIO KJIaBHIIIH ((Delete y)l;aJIHIOTCH CHMBOJIbI,
HaXO,ll;HIIJ;HeCH cnpaBa OT Kypcopa.
BCTaBKY B TeKCT HOBbIX CHMBOJIOB npOH3BO,ll;HM CJIe,ll;yIO-
IIJ;HM 06pa30M:
1. Kypcop YCTaHaBJIHBaeM B HymHoe MeCTO TeKCTa.
2. Ha6HpaeM He06xo)l;HMbIe CHMBOJIbI Ha KJIaBHaType.
B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe TeKCTOBbIX pe)l;aKTOpOB CYIIJ;eCTByeT ,lI;Ba
COCT05IHH5I KoppeKTHpOBKH TeKCTa: 6cma61W H saMeHa. 8TH
COCTOHHH5I MeH5IIOTC5I npH nOMOIIJ;H KJIaBHIIIH "Insert". B co-
CTOHHHH BCTaBKH CHMBOJI BCTaBJIHeTC5I B TeKCT H TeKCT C)I;BH-
raeTC5I BnpaBO. B COCT05IHHH 3aMeHbI HMeIOIIJ;HeC5I CHMBOJIbI
3aMeHHIOTC5I BBO,ll;HMbIMH CHMBOJIaMH. To eCTb CTapbIe CHM-
BOJIbI CTHpaIOTC5I H 3aIIHCbIBaIOTCH HOBbIe.
,-
a'
II OMe1leHHa.R 1laCmb meKcma HaSbl6aemC.R onOKOM.
Oobl1lHO oJlOK usoopa:JICaemc.R 6 UH6epcHOM 6uoe. C
nOMe1leHHblM oJlOKOM MO:JICIW npOUS60oumb paSJlU1l-
Hble oeUCm6U.R (yoaJleHUe, Konup06aHue, fjJopMamu-
p06aHue, USMeHeHue UlpufjJma U op.).
B npo:u;ecce KoppeKTHpOBKH TeKCTa npHXO)l;HTC5I pa60TaTb
C HeKoTopoH "tJaCTbIO TeKCTa. B aTOM CJIy-qae HymHaH "tJaCTb
TeKCTa BbIAeJI5IeTC5I, ,lI;pyrHMH CJIOBaMI:I BbIAeJI5IeTC5I 6JIOK. BJIOK
B TeKCTe MomHO BbI)I;eJIHTb HeCKOJIbKHMH cnoc06aMH.
BbtOeneKUe '£acmu meKcma. CaMbIH npocToH cnoc06 BbI-
,lI;eJIeHHH "tJaCTH TeKCTa - aTO npOXOm,ll;eHHe no HeMY YKa3aTe-
117
JIeM ((MbIIIIKH . YKa3aTeJIb «MbIIIIKH BCTaBJI5IeTCH Ha Haqa-
JIO BbIAeJIHeMOH qaCTH TeKCTa H npH HamaTOM COCT05IHHH JIe-
BOH KHOnKH «MbIIIIKH nO)l;BOAHTCH K KOHIJ;Y BbIAeJI5IeMOH qa-
CTH (6epeTC5I B 6JIOK).
BbIAeJIeHHe 6JIOKa MOmHO npOH3BeCTH H C nOMOm;bIO KJIa-
BHaTypbI. )J;JI5I :3TOrO KYpCOP BCTaBJI5IeTCH Ha HaqaJIO BbI)I;eJIH-
eMOH qaCTH TeKCTa H npH HamaTOM COCT05IHHH KJIaBHIIIH
SHIFT nepeMem;aeTC5I B KOHen; BbI,ZJ;eJIHeMOH qaCTH.
YiJal£enue 6btiJel£ennou 1£acmu meKcma. qacTb TeKCTa,
KOTOpyIO He06xo)l;HMO Y)I;aJIHTb, 6epeTC5I B 6JIOK H HamHMaeT-
CH KJIaBHIIIa "Delete" HJIH KHonKa I j{.1 ((BbIpe3aTb B CTaH-
AapTHoH naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB (BO BTOpOM CJIyqae 6JIOK 3a-
nHCbIBaeTC5I B 6ycpep 06MeHa (BpeMeHHYIO naMHTb».
Konupo6anue 6btiJel£ennou 1£acmu meKcma. KonHPyeMaH
qaCTb TeKCTa 6epeTC5I B 6JIOK H HamHMaeTCH KHonKa «KonH-
pOBaTb B CTaH)I;apTHOH naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB HJIH 3a,n;aeTC5I
KOMaHAa «KonHpoBaTb B MeHIO ((IIpaBKa». TeKcT B 6JIOKe
BCTaBJI5IeTC5I B AOnOJIHHTeJIbHyro naM5ITb (6ycpep). )J;JIH BCTaB-
KH 6JIOKa B HymHoe MeCTO KypCOp YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH B 3TO
MeCTO TeKCTa H 3a,n;aeTC5I KOMaH)I;a ((BCTaBHTb , HaXO)l;5Im;aH-
C5I B MeHIO ((IIpaBKa . 8TH )l;eHCTBH5I MomHO BbIITOJIHHTb Ha-
maTHeM KHonOK «KonHpOBaTb H «BCTaBHTb B CTaH-
AapTHOH naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB.
llepeMeUfenue 6btiJel£ennou 1£acmu meKcma. IIepeMem;a-
eMaH qaCTb TeKCTa 6epeTC5I B 6JIOK H HamHMaeTCH KHonKa
((BbIpe3aTb B CTaH)I;apTHOH naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe BbI)I;eJIeHHaH qaCTb TeKCTa YAaJI5IeTC5I C 3KpaHa H IIOMe-
m;aeTC5I B 6ycpep. Kypcop BCTaBJI5IeTCH B HymHoe MeCTO TeK-
CTa H HamHMaeTC5I KHonKa «BCTaBHTb B CTaH)I;apTHOH naHe-
JIH HHCTpYMeHTOB. IIepeMem;eHHe MomHO npOH3BeCTH H APY-
rHM cnoc060M. YKa3aTeJIb «MbIIIIKH BCTaBJI5IeTC5I B JII060e
MecTO 6JIOKa, npH HamaTOM COCTOHHHH JIeBOH KHonKH ((MbIIII-
KH OH nO)l;BoAHTC5I K MecTY BCTaBJIeHH5I TeKcTa, H KHonKa
oTnycKaeTcH.
CPopMamup06anue 6btiJel£ennou 1£acmu meKcma. )J;JI5I
cpopMaTHpOBaHH5I qaCTb TeKCTa 6epeTC5I B 6JIOK H HamHMa-
118
eTC5I O,ll;Ha ll3 KHOIIOK naHeJIllllHCTpYMeHTOB B MeHIO ((<I>op-
MaT - «no JIeBOMY KpaIO , ((no IJ;eHTpy , ((no npaBOMY
KpaIO , «no IIIllpHHe .
, 06bf!-1HbM
o DJ1aBOMY KpaJO I
H 3Menenue 8uiJa 8btiJe;n,ennou 1£acmu meKcma. .D:JIH ll3-
MeHeHll5I Bll,ll;a 3aIIHCll qaCTb TeKCTa 6epeTCH B 6JIOKll, Hamll-
MaeTCH O,ll;Ha ll3 KHonOK naHeJIllllHCTpYMeHTOB B MeHIO ((<I>op-
MaT - «llonymHpHLIih, «1CypCU6 , (( nOlItIepKHYTb .
H 3Menenue pa3Mepa mpu4Jma 8btiJe;n,ennou 1£acmu
meKcma. .D:JI5I H3MeHeHH5I pa3Mepa IIIpmpTa BbI,lI;eJI5IeM tIaCTb
HymHoro TeKCTa H nepeXO)l;HM B pa3,l1;eJI dIIpHQJT MeHIO
«<I>opMaT . Ha :,mpaHe n05IBJI5IeTC5I OKHO dIIpHQJT». B on-
IJ;HIO (( Pa3Mep BBO,ll;HTCH BeJIHtIHHa HymHoro pa3Mepa IIIPHQJ-
Ta HJIH BbI6HpaeTC5I H3 npe)l;JIOmeHHOro cnHCKa. E:rn;e O,ll;HHM
cnoc060M H3MeHeHH.H' pa3Mepa IIIpHQJTa 5IBJI5IeTC5I HamaTHe
Ha KHonKY «Pa3Mep B naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB MeHIO «<I>op-
MaT» H BbI60p HymHoro pa3Mepa H3 npe,ll;JIOmeHHOro cnHCKa
HJIH BBO)l; C KJIaBHaTypbI.
H 3Menenue 1f8ema mpu4Jma 8btiJe;n,ennou 1£acmu meK-
cma. .D:JI5I H3MeHeHH5I IJ;BeTa IIIpHQJTa BbI)I;eJI5IeTC5I HymHa5I
tIaCTb TeKCTa. HamaTHeM Ha KHonKY d.J;BeT IIIpHQJTa B na-
HeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB BbI6HpaeTCH O,ll;HH H3 npe,ll;JIOmeHHbIX
IJ;BeTOB.
fWl BonpOCM U aaiJanuR
/!fjfjjjjJfo 1. qTO TaKoe pe)l;aKTHpOBaHHe TeKcTa?
2. PaccKamHTe 0 )l;eUCTBHHX, BbIIIOJIHHeMbIX IIPH
pe)l;aRTHpOBaHHH TeKCTa.
3. KaK Y)I;aJIHIOTCH HeHymHbIe CHMBOJIbI H3 TeKcTa?
4. KaR BCTaBJIHIOTCH B TeKCT rrpoIIy:m;eHHbIe CHMBOJIbI?
5. qTO TaKoe 6JIOK?
6. KaK MomHO aCTb TeKCTa B3HTb B 6JIOK?
7. KaRHe OIIepaD;IiH MomHO )l;eJIaTb Ha)l; BbI)I;eJIeHHOU
aCTblO TeKCTa?
119
8. "tlTO TaKoe KOIIHpOBaHlfe BbI)I;eJIeHHOU aCTH TeKCTa H
KaK OHO BbIIIOJIHHeTcH?
9. KaK H3MeHHTb BH)I; HaIIHCaHHH BbI)I;eJIeHHOU qaCTH
TeKcTa?
10. KaK H3MeHHTb pa3Mep mpHc:}>Ta BbI)I;eJIeHHOU qaCTH
TeKcTa?
11. KaK H3MeHHTb D;BeT mpHc:}>Ta BbI)I;eJIeHHOU aCTH
TeKcTa?
12. Ha6epHTe TeKCT IIepBoro a63 a )l;aHHOrO yqe6HHKa,
3aTeM HCIIpaBbTe B03MomHbIe omH6KH.
13. Ha6epHTe TeKCT rHMHa PecIIy6JIHKH Y36eKHcTaH.
IIpHIIeB rHMHa CKOIIHPyuTe.
YnpamHeHHJI Ha pep;aRTHpoBaHHe
YpOR 29
TeRCTa
BLI6epHTe npOH3Be}J;eHHe O}J;HOI'O H3 CJIe}J;yro HX n03TOB,
Ha6epHTe OTpLIBOK, a 3aTeM oTclJopMaTHpyiiTe el'o.
1. fummep HaBoH.
2. A6)1;YJIJIa Ka)I;bIpH.
3. MHp3a Ba6yp.
4. A6)1;YJIJIa OpHnoB.
5. IIHpHMKYJI Ka)I;bIpOB.
6. 8pKHH BaXH)I;OB.
7. XaJIHMa Xy.n;aH6ep.n;HeBa.
Ha6epHTe TeKCT Ha CJIe}J;yro He TeMLI, oTpe}J;aKTHpyiiTe
el'o H nOMeHHiiTe c1JopMaT.
1. «Po.n;HHa MOR - Y36eKHcTaH! .
2. «3)1;paBcTBYH, HaBpY3! .
3. «BecHa npHmJIa .
4. «Bo)l;a - HCTOYIHHK mH3HH».
5. «KHHra - CBeTHJIbHHK 3HaHHH».
6. «illKOJIa - OYIar 3HaHHH».
7. «B 3)1;OpOBOM TeJIe - 3.n;OpOBbIH )l;YX».
120
YpOR 30 Pa60Ta C pHCyHRaMH B .u;ORYMeHTax
IIpH C03)1;aHHH HeKOTopbIX )l;OKYMeHTOB HCnOJIb3YIOTCH
PHCYHKH H Ta6JIHn;bI. 8TO YIaCTO MomHO BH)I;eTb Ha CTpaHHn;ax
ra3eT, mypHaJIOB HJIH KHHr. B BameM yqe6HHKe Tome MHoro
pHCYHKOB H Ta6JIHn;.
Pa3JIHYIHbIe YIepTemH H PHCYHKH )l;eJIaIOT ,u;OKYMeHTbI Ha-
rJIH)I;HbIMH, HHTepeCHbIMH H nOHHTHbIMH. PHCYHKH B )l;OKY-
MeHTax pa3Me aIOTCH pa3HbIMH cnOC06aMH. O,u;HH H3 HHX -
pa3Me eHHe B TeKCTOBbIH ,n;OKYMeHT rOTOBoro pHCYHKa, CO-
xpaHeHHoro B q,JaHJIe. PaCCMOTpHM BbIITOJIHeHHe SToro npo-
n;ecca B TeKCTOBOM npon;eccope Word.
B nporpaMMHoe o6eCneYIeHHe TeKCTOBoro npon;eccopa
Word BKJIIOYIeHbI 60JIee 100 PHCYHKOB, H OHH MOryT 6bITb
HCnOJIb30BaHbI npH oq,JopMJIeHHH pa3JIHYIHbIX )l;OKYMeHTOB.
,IJ;JIH SToro KypCOp YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH Ha MeCTO BCTaBJIHeMOrO
pHCYHKa. 3aTeM OTKpbIBaeTCH nO)l;MeHIO «PHCYHOK H3 MeHIO
«BCTaBKa . OHO COCTOHT H3 CJIe,u;YIO HX KOMMaH,n;:
Ill! lSapT KH._
\i 113 (j:.at1Jla. . .
@- B.sTo(j:.HrYPbl
1 06 eKT WordArt. ..
.o CKaHepa HJlH KaMepbl...
*i HarpaMMa
KOMaH)I;a KapmUJ£KU npe)l;JIaraeT raJIepeIO H3 rOTOBbIX
KapTHHOK (Ha3bIBaeMbIX B nporpaMMe Word «KJIHnbI ).
KOMaH,n;a H 3 fjJaulta npe)l;Ha3HaYIeHa )l;JIH BCTaBKH KapT!!-
HOR, coxpaHeHHbIX Ha )l;HCKe B BH)I;e q,JaiiJIOB.
KOMaH)I;a A6mofjJuzypbt HCnOJIb3yeTcH )l;JIH BCTaBKH npo-
CTbIX reOMeTpHYIeCKHX q,JHryp H T. n.
121
KOMaH)I;a 06-oeKm W ordArt )l;aeT B03MOmHOCTb npHMe-
HHTb K TeKCTY Cnen;HaJIbHOe rpaqm"llecKoe q,JOpMaTHpOBaHHe.
KOMaH,n;a ,l(uazpaMMa ,n;aeT B03MOmHOCTb oTo6pa3HTb
rpaq,JlflIeCKH Ta6JIH"IlHbIe )l;aHHbIe.
,lJ;JIH BCTaBKH B )l;OKYMeHT PHCYHKOB H3 raJIepeH Word Hym-
HO BbI6paTb KOMaH)I;Y «KapTHHKH B IIO)l;MeHIO «PHCYHOK
MeHIO «BCTaBKa . Ha 3KpaHe nOHBHTCH )l;HaJIOrOBOe OKHO
«BCTaBKa PHCYHKOB .
f11 BeTaBHoG KBP.1;HHIC'Ii
I..J-. --.> E::I
- -I
!:If'
I:::tMnOPT ":,.....,08
r.ti)tyu.111b1 e ....HTepHOTe Q01 el'l;a
Hei:h'M I Se_we QI1HO t-tJ'A.1 MelCKo.tIbKO CJ'lOe;. . .
.:::J jl{i)
j' 'I «>.......-. I
KaT'el"dpMH 1 51
I I D
H EbrrOl!!ibl8 nDelI. BD8MII!I.Ha raaa
DDDD
n....."Au................... '*'....-r . ......u_................... .0:,.........,,__.._......
'
-,
...
h
Bud dUaJI020e020 OKHa «BcmaeKa PUCYHKoe»
B 3TOM OK He nOHBJIHeTCH cnHCOK pa3JIH"IlHbIX TeM, Ha
KOTopbIe HMelOTCH pHCYHKH B raJIepee. HanpHMep, «M36paH-
Hoe , «BbITOBbIe , «BpeMeHa rO)l;a , «,lJ;OM H ceMbH , «:iKH-
BOTHbIe , «3)1;aHHH , «3)1;paBOOXpaHeHHe H TaK )l;aJIee.
I 31!YI''' J 'EJi <;>..111>..... I
KIII<I1bI 1 . 7 113 >K.iAI!oTH....
. -" '€1:
\ L.n..!:
BCTClBHTb Kn>1n
_ .-' .fit t ii:iIJI
Ih
Bud pa3de/la «)[(ueomHble»
122
BbI6paB JII06yIO H3 TeM B CnHCKe, MOmHO YBH)J;eTb COOT-
BeTCTByIOm;He PHCYHKH. 8TO O"lleHb 06JIer"llaeT nOHCK Heo6xo-
)l;HMbIX PHCYHKOB. IIocJIe BbI60pa HymHoro pHCYHKa MOmHO
nOMeCTHTb ero B TeKCT, ocym;ecTBHTb rrpe)l;BapHTeJIbHbIH npo-
CMOTp, )l;06aBHTb ero B pa3)1;eJI «M36paHHoe , HaHTH rro)l;o6-
HbIe PHCYHKH.
IIocJIe HamaTHH KHonKH «BCTaBKa pHCYHOK rrOHBHTCH
Ha TeKym;eH CTpaHHD;e )J;OKYMeHTa. M3MeHeHHe q,JopMaTa PH-
CYHKa (JIHHHH rpaHHD; H D;BeT, cnoco6 BCTaBKH, pa3MepbI H
T. )1;.) ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH C rrOMOm;blO OT)I;eJIa «06'beKT» MeHIO
«CPopMaT .
BCTaBJIeHHbIH PHCYHOK MOmBO CKonHpOBaTb, Y)I;aJll:ITb, H3-
MeHHTb ero pa3Mep. ,lJ;JIH :3Toro pHCYHOK BbI)I;eJIHeTCH JIeBO:H
KHonKOH «MbImKH . B pe3YJIbTaTe BOKpyr pHCYHKa rrOHBJIH-
IOTCH KBa)I;paTHKH.
KonHpOBaHHe H Y)I;aJIeHHe pHCYHKa ocym;ecTBJIHeTCH TaK
me, KaK H KonHpOBaHHe H Y)I;aJIeHHe TeKCTa. ,lJ;JIH H3MeHeHHH
pa3Mepa.pHCYHKa MomHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH MeHIO «CPopMaT
JIH60 nOCJIe BbI)I;eJIeHHH pHCYHKa MomHO, HamaB «MbImKOH
Ha KBa)I;paTHKH BOKpyr pHCYHKa, paCTHHYTb ero HJIH cmaTb.
C nOMOm;blO naHeJIH ynpaBJIemm «PHCOBaHHe B nporpBM-
Me MS Word MomHO rpynnHpoBaTb HeCKOJIbKO PHCYHKOB, pa3-
rpynnHpoBbIBaTb HX, H3MeHHTb cnoco6 BCTaBKH, 3aXO)l;HTb B
OT)I;eJI «KapTHHKH , «ABToq,JHrYPbI H «06'beKT WordArt»,
MeHHTb BH)I;, pa3MepbI H D;BeT rpaHHD; pHCYHKOB, )l;06aBJIHTb K
pHCYHKBM TeHb. IIpe)l;JIaraeM BaM caMOCTOHTeJIbHO Hcnpo6o-
BaTb 3TH cnoco6bI.
fijJ Bonpocbt U aaiJal£uJI,
Iifff!!ff!f:b 1. ,n:JIH ero 6bIBaeT HymHo BCTaBHTb PHCYHOK B TeKCTO-
BbIU )l;OKYMeHT?
2. KaK YKa3bIBaeTcH MeCTO, KY)I;a HymHo IIOMeCTHTb
PHCYHOK?
3. KaKHe OIIepaD;HH HymHo BbIIIOJIHHTb ,D;JIH Toro, To6bI
BCTaBHTb PHCYHOK B IIpOrpaMMe Word?
123
4. KaR BbI)I;eJIHeTCH PHCYHOK?
5. KaK KOIIHpyeTcH PHCYHOK?
6. KaK Y)I;aJIHeTCH PHCYHOK?
7. KaR H3MeHHIOTCH pa3MepbI pHcYHKa?
8. CrpYIIIIHPyuTe HeCKOJIbKO KapTHHOK H3 raJIepeH
Word.
9. BCTaBbTe KapTHHKY H3 raJIepeH Word H H3MeHHTe ee
c:}>opMaT.
10. BCTaBbTe COOTBeTCTBYIOID;He KapTHHKH B c:}>auJI IIO.n;
Ha3BaHHeM «TeKcT IIO HHc:}>opMaTHKe».
11. BCTaBbTe COOTBeTCTBYIOID;He KapTHHKH B c:}>aHJI C Ba-
mHM paCCKa30M Ha TeMY «MoH ceMbH».
YpOit 31 Pa60Ta C Ta6JIH:o;aMH B )J;OKYMeHTax
B HeKOTopbIX )l;OKYMeHTax, HapH)I;Y C pHCYHKaMH, BCTaB-
JIHIOTCH H Ta6JIHD;bI. OHH MorYT 6bITb pa3JIHYIHbIMH, HanpH-
Mep, pacnHcaHHe illKOJIbHbIX ypoKOB, CTpaHHD;bI )l;HeBHHKa HJIH
KJIaCCHOro mypHaJIa, Ta6JIHD;bI q,JYT6oJIbHOrO TypHHpa H T. )1;.
BH)I; H CO)l;epmaHHe 3THX Ta6JIHD; pa3HbIe, HO Bce OHH COCTOHT
H3 onpe)l;eJIeHHOrO KOJIHYIeCTBa CTpOK H CTOJI6D;OB.
3HaYIHT, JII06aH Ta6JIHD;a COCTOHT H3 n CTOJI6D;OB H m
CTpOK, H COOTBeTCTBeHHO H3 (n X m) KOJIHYIeCTBa HYIeeK. Oc-
HOBHOH 3JIeMeHT Ta6JIHD;bI - 3TO l£"I£eUKa. ,HYIeHKY, B CBOIO
OYIepe)l;b, MomHO Ha3BaTb MUKpoi)oKYMeHmoM. B Hee MomHO
BnHCbIBaTb TeKCT, q,JopMaTHpoBaTb H ,u;ame BCTaBJIHTb PHCYH-
KH, HO HeJIb3H BCTaBJIHTb HOByro Ta6JIHD;Y. BBe)l;eHHaH B HYIeH-
KY HHq,JopMaD;HH Tome CYIHTaeTCH 3JIeMeHTOM Ta6JIHD;bI. Ha,u;
Ta6J1HD;aMH MomHO BbIlIOJIHHTb CJIe)l;YIOID;He )l;eHCTBHH:
· )l;06aBJIeHHe HOBbIX CTOJI6D;OB;
· )l;06aBJIeHHe HOBbIX CTpOK;
· 06'be)l;HHeHHe HYIeeK;
· pa36HBaHHe HYIeeK;
· COpTHPOBKY 3JIeMeHTOB;
· nO)l;CYIeT CYMMbI.
124
HanpHMep, Heo6xo)J;HMO C03)1;aTb Ta6JIHn;y C YKa3aHHeM
<paMHJIHH, HMeHH, rO)J;a pOm)l;eHHH, MeCTa mHTeJIbCTBa YIJIe-
HOB KpymKa HH<pOpMaTHKH. PaCCMOTpHM KaK 3TO BbIITOJIHH-
eTCH B TeKCTOBOM npon;eccope Word.
CHaYIaJIa onpe)l;emleM KOJIHYIeCTBO CTpOK H cToJI6n;OB Ta6-
JIHn;bI. ECJIH KOJIH"tJeCTBO YIJIeHOB KpymKa 7 YIeJIOBeK, TO Heo6-
XO)J;HMa Ta6JIHn;a H3 4 cToJI6n;OB H 8 CTpOK. 06bI"tJHO B nepBoH
CTpOKe Ta6JIHn;bI 3anHCbIBaeTCH 3arJIaBHe cToJI6n;OB, a B nep-
BOM cToJI6n;e - nopH,ZJ;KOBbIe HOMepa.
: T6BKa Ta6f1H "t
.....
Pa3Mep Ta61l111U>1
I1CIlO CT01l61.\06:
f4
1 8 1 -
:;j
:fI
Y!:1CIlO CTpOK:
A6TOno.1160p Wl1j)11HbI CTOll61.\06
G' nOCTOaHHaR:
r no CO.11ep![I1MOMY
r no Wt-1pl1He QfHa
I A6TO
(!)opMaT:
(HeT)
8.6To opMaT... I
r no :r..MOIl4aHI1IO .11IlR H06blX Ta61l111.\
OK
OTMeHa
IIocJIe Onpe)l;eJIeHHH KOJIlflIeCTBa CTpOK H cTOJI6n;OB, BbI-
6HpaeM KOMaH)J;y «BCTaBKa Ta6JIHn;bI B MeHIO «Ta6JIHn;a . B
nOHBHBmeMCH OKHe YKa3bIBaeM KOJIHYIeCTBO CTpOK H CTOJI6-
n;OB. IIocJIe HamaTHH KHOnKH «OK nOHBJIHeTCH CJIe)l;YIOm;aH
Ta6JIHn;a:
125
KJIeTKH Ta6JIHD;bI 3arrOJIHHIOT .n;aHHbIMH. ,l];JIH 3TOrO YKa-
3aTeJIb «MbIIIIKH nepe.n;BHraeTCH B HymHYIO HYIeHKY, a )l;JIH
nepexo.n;a B )l;pyrHe HYIeHKH HCnOJIb3yeTcH KJIaBHIIIa TAB HJIH
KJIaBHIIIH nepe.n;BHmeHHH Kypcopa:
n/u HMJI rO,D; MeCTO
H «}>aMHJIHH p03\:,IJ;eHHH 3\:HTeJILCTBa
1 II. ACa)I;OB 1986 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 10,KB. 5
2 III. BerMaToB 1987 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 10,KB. 9
3 M. BaJIH:iKOHOB 1988 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 13,KB. 25
4 A. ,ZJ;aBJIaTOB 1989 r(eHTp-2, )l;OM 51,KB. 64
5 H. 3aKHpoB3 1989 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 19, KB. 5 4
6 M. MHpa6H)I;OB 1990 r(eHTp-2, )l;OM 18, KB. 55
7 B. A3aMaToB 1991 r(eHTp-2, )l;OM 18,KB.40
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 06'beMa I1Hq,JopMaD;HH Ta6JIHD;,bI MomHO
MeHHTb IIIHPHHY CTOJI6D;OB. ,l];JIH 3Toro YKa3aTeJIb «MbIIIIKH
nO)l;BO)l;HM K rpaHHD;e Ta6JIHD;bI . B HamaTOM COCTOHHHH JIeBOH
KHonKH «MbIIIIKH YKa3aTeJIb C)I;BHraeTcH B HymHoM HanpaB-
JIeHHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe Ta6JIHD;a 6Y)l;eT HMeTb cJIe)l;YIO HH BH)I;:
n/H HMJI H ro,D; MecTo 3\:HTeJILCTBa
«}>aMHJIHH p03\:,IJ;eHHH
1 M. ACa)I;OB 1986 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 10,
KB. 5
2 III. BerMaToB 1987 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 10,
KB. 9
3 M. BaJIMmOHOB 1988 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 13,
KB. 25
4 A. ,ZJ;aBJIaTOB 1989 r(eHTp-2, OM 51,
KB, 64
5 H. 3aKHpoBa 1989 r(eHTp-l, )l;OM 19,
KB. 54
6 M. MHpa6H)I;OB 1990 r(eHTp-2, )l;OM 18,
KB.55
7 B. AaaMaToB 1991 r(eHTp-2, .n;OM 18,
KB.40
126
O,n;HO H3 OCHOBHbIX )l;eHCTBHH Ha)!; Ta6JIHn;aMH - 3TO COp-
THpOBKa. ,l];onYCTHM, "lITO B paCCMaTpHBaeMOH Ta6JIHn;e He06-
XO,l);HMO OTCOpTHpOBaTb cnHCOK no I'O)];Y pom,n;eHHH no B03pac-
TaHHlO. ,l];JIH 3TOI'0 Bbl)l;eJIHeM 7 H"lIeeK (Ha"IIHHaH co BTOpOH)
3-1'0 cToJI6n;a «ro)l; pom,n;eHHH& (6epeM B 6JIOK). BbI6HpaeM
KOMaH,n;y «COpTHpOBKa& B MeHIO «Ta6JIHn;a&. B nOHBHBIIIeM-
CH OKHe BbI6HpaeM KOMaH)I;Y «110 B03paCTaHHIO&.
COpTHpOBKa
f1J
,
" CO pTMJ)06aTb
I ., '
'j
.=J I.tfI1: 1411cno .:l
(" no 03PaCTaHl1tO
r. no Y!2.bIBaHI1IO
,
3a TeM
I
_ .=J TW:
I r :T
.:l
r. no BQ. paCTaHl1K)
(" no y62!.BaHl1IQ
'3a TeM
" ,
TKn: I reKcT
.:l
r. no BOJDocraHMtO
(" no y6blBaHI11O
, Crn1cOK
(" co CTpoKOH 3a[OJlOBKa
r. 6e CTpO!$.,I1 3aronOBKa
OK OTMeHa I J1a-paMeTPbl...1
IIocJIe HamaTHH KHOnKH «OK& Ta6JIHn;a npHHHMaeT BH,n;:
ro,D; MecTO
D/H HMH H 4>aMHJIHH :/KHTeJIbCTBa
pO:/K)J;eHHH
7 B. A3aMaTOB 1991 IJ;eHTp-2, OM 18, KB 40
6 M. MHpa6H)I;OB 1990 IJ;eHTp 2, )l;OM 18, KB. 55
5 H. 3aKHpoBa 1989 IJ;eHTp-1, )l;OM 19, KB. 54
4 A. ,ZJ;aBJIaTOB 1989 IJ;eHTp-2, )l;OM 51,KB. 64
3 M. BaJIHmOHOB 1988 IJ;eHTp-l, )l;OM 13, KB. 25
2 III. BerMaTOB 1987 IJ;eHTp-1, )l;OM 10,KB. 9
1 M. ACa)I;OB 1986 IJ;eHTp-2, )l;OM 10,KB. 5
127
TOYIHO TaK me MomHO COpTHpOBaTb )J;aHHbIe Ta6JIHD;bI no
BTOPOMY CTOJI6D;Y (q,JaMHJIHH), T. e. COpTHpOBaTb B aJIq,JaBHT-
HOM nopH)J;Ke.
,l];aHHbIe KJIeTOK Ta6JIHD;bI MomHO q,JopMaTHpOBaTb KaK IIO
OT)I;eJIbHOCTH, TaK H BMeCTe (B 6JIOKe). IIpH aTOM nOJIOmeHHe
TeKCTa, pa3MepbI, D;BeT H BH)J; mpHCpTa JIerKO BbI6HpalOTCH C
nOMoID;blO naHeJIH «CPopMaTHpOBaHHe . CPOH KJIeTOK H BH)J;
HX rpaHHD; HaCTpaHBaeTCH C nOMOID;blO KOMaH)I;bI «rpaHHD;bI
H 3aJIHBKa H3 MeHIO «CPopMaT HJIH pa3)1;eJIa «CBOHCTBa Ta6-
JIHD;bI H3 MeHIO «Ta6JIHD;a .
n BonpOCbl u aaiJanuR
1. IIpHBe.n;HTe IIpHMepbI Ta6JIHD;.
2. IIepeYIHcJIHTe 3JIeNieHTbI Ta6JIHD;bI.
3. ,n:JIH YIero 6bIBaeT HymHo )l;06aBJIHTb Ta6JIHD;bI B TeKcT?
4. KaK yKa3bIBaeTCH MeCTO B .n;oKYMeHTe, Ky.n;a HymHo
IIOMeCTHTb Ta6JIHD;Y?
5. KaKHe cIIoco6bI BCTaBKH Ta6JIHD;bI B rrporpaMMe Word
BbI 3HaeTe?
6. KaK MomHO KOIIHpOBaTb )l;aHHbIe H3 Ta6JIHD;bI?
7. KaK y.n;aJIHeTCH Ta6JIHD;a?
8. KaK MomHO MeHHTb CBoucTBa Ta6JIHD;bI?
9. KaKHe )l;aHHbIe MomHO IIOMeCTHTb B KJIeTKH Ta6JIHD;bI?
10. KaKHe )l;aHHbIe HeJIb3H IIOMeCTHTb B KJIeTKH Ta6JIHD;bI?
11. IIepeYIHcJIHTe OCHOBHbIe .n;eucTBHH, BblIIOJIHHeMbIe Ha)l;
Ta6JIHD;aMH.
12. CocTaBbTe Ta6JIHD;y, B KOTOpOU YKa3bIBaIOTCH HMeHa,
c:}>aMHJIHH H B03paCT JIeHOB Barneu ceMbH:
a) OTCOPTHpyuTe .n;aHHbIe Ta6JIHD;bI IIO c:}>aMHJIHH B
aJIc:}>aBHTHOM IIOpH)I;Ke;
6) OTCOPTHpyuTe )l;aHHbIe Ta6JIHD;bI IIO c:}>aMHJIHH B
o6paTHoM aJIc:}>aBHTHoM IIOpH)I;Ke;
B) OTCOPTHpYUTe )l;aHHbIe Ta6JIHD;bI IIO B03paCTY IIO
B03paCTaHHIO;
r) OTCOPTHpYUTe )l;aHHbIe Ta6JIHD;bI IIO B03paCTY IIO
y6bIBaHHIO.
"
128
YpOR 32 cbUrypLI u cxeMLI B )J;ORYMeHTax
B npe)J;bI)I;yru;eM rraparpaq,Je MbI paCCMOTpeJIH BCTaBKY pH-
CYHKOB B )J;OKYMeHT. HCnOJIb3YH B03MOmHOCTH TeKCTOBOrO
npou;eccopa, B )l;OKYMeHT MOmHO BCTaBHTb H HeCJIOmHbIe qep-
TemH. IIpH HamaTHH KHOnKH «PHCOBaHHe B CTaH)J;apTHOH
naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB Ha HHmHeH qaCTH 3KpaHa nOHBJIHeTCH
naHeJIb HHCTpYMeHTOB «PHCOBaHHe .
I y " . I .... '- 0 O Wl AI r:ii1! )!" N A - - ,,-+
(' 'i . I ... "" 151 ... l&l ... .. '" ... _ = ;
tiLJ
OCHOBHbIe KHonKH )J;aHHOH naHeJIH H BbIrrOJIHHeMbIe HMH
3a)1;aqH CJIe)l;YIOru;He:
- pHCOBaHHe JIHHHH
- IIpHMoyrOJILHHR
- pHCOBaHHe 3JIJIHIICa
- BbI60p eTa 3aJIHBKH
t}>nrYPbI
- BbI60p THIIa JIHHHH
I - BbI60p BeTa JIHHHH
-
KpOMe 3Toro MomHO eru;e HaqepTHTb pasHoo6pa3HbIe KPH-
BbIe, JIOMaHbIe, TpeyrOJIbHHKH, IJ;HJIHH)J;pbI H TaK )l;aJIee, H3
nO)J;oT)J;eJIOB «JIHHHH», «OCHOBHbIe q)HrypbI , «BJIOK-CXeMbI ,
«3Be3)1;OqKH H JIeHTbI OT)I;eJIa «ABToq,JHrypbI .
. ....... .
' ,..
"'-",
5C5
JIHHHH
DOD0
D06
0000
EJEVn:;JO
@@@.0\3
(V) {G'. {(.
V 10:.....
\ (J {} 0
( J { }
00<>0
DIUDCJI1
c::;) 0 c:::J D.
o .0 Q t=J I
o EB-- X
D,. \l --(I D
Q8:cnO
.>::) Q <};
.0..(!)..00
Q 1bI M;.
.IT :Qj::
3Be3.ZJ;OQKH H JIeHTbI
9 - MHcpopMaTHKa, 8 KJIaCC
ABTOc:}>HrypLI
BJIOK-CXeMLI
129
C nOMOm;blO OT,n;eJIa «,D;eHcTBHH MOmHO nOBOpaqHBaTb
<imrYPbl, OTpamaTb HX, rpynnHpoBaTb H pa3rpynITHpOBblBaTb,
MeHHTb nOpH,lJ;OK.
PUC06aKUe npSUf,OU ll,UKUU
HamHMaeM KHOnKY «JIHHHH
;'V Ha naHeJIH «PHCOBaHHe . YKa-
3aTeJIb «MblIIIKH npHHHMaeT BH,lJ;
+. BCT8BJIHeM ero Ha Haqa.n:bHYIO
TOqKY qepTHMOH JIHHHH, npH Ha-
maTOH JIeBOH KHonKe «MblIIIKH» ne-
peMem;aeMCH B KOHeqHYIO TOqKY H
OTnYCKaeM.
PUC06aKue npsUWYZOll,bKUKa
HamHMaeM KHonKY ..Q «IIpH-
MOyroJThHHK B naHeJIH HHCTPYMeH-
TOB «PHCOBaHHe . YKa3aTeJIb
« MblIIIKH npHHHMaeT BH,lJ; +.
BCTaBJIHeM ero Ha BepXHHH JIeBblH
yrOJI qepTHMOro npHMoyrOJIbHHKa,
npH HamaTOH JIeBOH KHonKe
«MblIIIKH nepeMem;aeM,lJ;O npaBO-
1'0 HHmHero yrJIa H OTnyCKaeM. PH-
COBaHHe MomHO HaqaTb C JII060ro
yrJIa npHMoyroJIbHHKa.
/
PUC06aKUe3ll,ll,unca
HamHMaeM KHonKY O. «::b-
_ .J
JIHnc» B naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB
«PHCOBaHHe . YKa3aTeJIb «MblIII-
KH npHHHMaeT BH,lJ; +. BbIITOJIHH-
eM Te me ,lJ;eHCTBHH, q'f0 H ,lJ;JIH npH-
MoyrOJIbHHKa: YKa3aTeJIb «MblIII-
KH BCTaBJIHeM Ha BepXHHH JIeBblH
yrOJI Bo06pamaeMoro npHMoyrOJIb
HHKa, npH HamaTOH JIeBOH KHonKe
«MblIIIKH nepeMem;aeM,lJ;O npaBO-
ro HHmHero yrJIa H oTnycKaeM.
130
C)
PUC06anue iJyzu
HamHMaeM KHOnKY
«,1];yra B nO.n;OT.n;eJIe «OCHOB- ) ) (
Hble <iJHrYPbl OT.n;eJIa «ABTO-
<iJHrYPbl B naHeJIH HHCTPY-
MeHTOB «PHCOBaHHe . Bbl-
nOJIHHeM Te me .n;eHCTBHH, qTO
H .n;JIH SJIJIHnca. BMeCTO SJI-
JIHnCa nOHBJIHeTCH .n;yra.
" ,
,D;.rrH H3MeHeHHH IJ;BeTa JIHHHH HamHMaeM KHonKY ;;!--=.i
«IJ;BeT JIHHHH B naHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB «PHCOBaHHe H Bbl-
6HpaeM O.n;HH H3 npe.n;JIOmeHHblX IJ;BeTOB. ,1];JIH H3MeHeHHH THna
--I T
JIHHHH HamHMaeM KHonKY ';;5 « Hn JIHHHH B naHeJIH HH-
CTpYMeHTOB «PHCOBaHHe H Bbl6HpaeM O)l;HH H3 npe.n;JIOmeH-
HblX THnOB JIHHHH (pOBHaH, nyHKTHpHa.H, JIHHHH C HanpaBJIe-
HHHMH H T. .n;.). ,1];JIH 3aKpamHBaHHH H306pameHHH HamHMa-
eM KHonKY !;£ «IJ;BeT 3aJIHBKH H Bbl6HpaeM O.n;HH H3 npe,n;-
JIOmeHHblX IJ;BeTOB. ,1];JIH oT06pameHHH HJIH nOBopOTa H306pa-
meHHH HamHMaeM B naHeJIH HHCTPYMeHTOB «PHCOBaHHe B
OT.n;eJIe «,1];eHcTBHH O.n;HY H3 KHonOK: «OTpa3HTb rOpH30HTaJIb-
HO , «OTpa3HTb BepTHKaJIbHO HJIH «IIoBepHYTb .
I
H300pameHHe
rOpH30HTaJILHOe
OTpameHHe
BepTHKaJILHOe
OTpameHHe
EaK BH.n;HO H3 BblIIIeCKa3aHHOrO, nporpaMMa MS Word
.n;aeT B03MomHOCTb pHCOBaTb CJIOmHble PHCYHKH H3 npOCTblX
<iJHryp. CneKTp npe.n;JIaraeMblX IJ;BeTOB .n;JIH 3aJIHBKH Tome
OqeHb IIIHpOKHH.
131
n BOnpOCb£ u aaiJanust
!iiiiit5:o 1. ITpH IIOMOID;H KaKOU IIaHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB B TeK-
CTOBOM IIpOn;eccope Word MomHO epTHTb epTemH?
2. KaKHe )l;eUCTBHH MomHO BbIIIOJIHHTb IIPH IIOMOID;H
IIaHeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB .PHcoBaHHe ?
3. KaK pHcyeTcH JIHHHH B IIporpaMMe Word?
4. KaK pHcyeTcH IIpHMoyrOJIbHHR B IIporpaMMe Word?
5. KaK pHcyeTcH 3JIJIHIIC B IIporpaMMe Word?
6. KaK pHcyeTcH ,n;yra B IIporpaMMe Word?
7. KaK MeHHeTCH I1;BeT JIHHHH B IIporpaMMe Word?
8. KaK 3aKpamHBaeTCH H306pameHHe B IIporpaMMe
Word?
9. KaK oT06pamalOTcH qepTemH B IIporpaMMe Word?
10. KaK IIOBOpaqHBalOTCH H306pameHHH B IIporpaMMe
Word?
11. MCIIOJIb3YH ,n;eucTBHH pHCOBaHHH JIHHHH H IIpHMO-
yrOJIbHHKa, HapHcyuTe PHCYHOK p060Ta.
12. MCIIOJIb3YH ,n;eucTBHH pHCOBaHHH, HapHcyuTe ,n;OMHK.
13. MCIIOJIb3YH ,n;eucTBHH pHCOBaHHH, HapHcyuTe KOMIIb-
IOTep.
14. M306pameHHH 11-13-u 3ap;aq 3aRpaCbTe pa3HbIMH
n;BeTaMH.
YpOK 33
BCTaBKa HarpaMM H rpatIJHKoB
B OKYMeHTLI
HaJIHqHe B .n;OKYMeHTe PHCYHKOB, Ta6JIHIJ, H qepTemeH,
.n;eJIaeT ero 60JIee KpaCOqHblM H HarJI.H,ZJ;HbIM. HanpHMep, onH-
CaRHe B TeKCTOBOM BH.n;e cBe.n;eHHH 06 ycneBaeMOCTH yq:eHHKOB
H npe.n;CTaBJIeHHe 3THX .n;aHHbIX B Ta6JIHqHOH cpopMe pe3KO
OTJIHqaIOTCH. Ta6JIHqHaH cpopMa npH.n;aeT HarJIH.n;HOCTb H .n;e-
JIaeT CBe.n;eHHH 60JIee nOHHTHbIMH. H306pameHHe 3THX CBe)l;e-
HHH B BH.n;e I'pacpHKa (rHcTOrpaMMbl) - e:rn;e HarJI.H,ZJ;Hee.
ITpHMep. B IIIKOJIe HMeeTCH nHTb BOCbMblX KJIaCCOB -
8 .. a", 8 .. 6", 8 .. B", 8 .. r" H 8 ".n;". CTeneHb ycneBaeMOCTH
Kam.n;oro KJIaCCa COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 75 %, 67 %, 86 %, 92 %
H 98 %. CocTaBbTe Ta6JIHIJ,y C 3THMH .n;aRHbIMH.
132
Pa60Ta C Ta6JIHU;aMH 6bIJIa paCCMOTpeHa BbllIIe. BbIITOJI-
HHB Heo6xo,lJ;HMble ,lJ;eHCTBHH, IIOJIyq:HM Ta6JIHU;Y:
N Knacc CTeIIeHL YCIIeBaeMOCTH, %
1 8 "a" 75
2 8 "6" 67
3 8 "B" 86
4 8 "r" 92
5 8 ")1;" 98
IIoJIyq:eHHaH Ta6JIHu;a HarJIH,lJ;HO nOKa3bIBaeT ycneBaeMocTb
yq:eHHKoB BOCbMbIX KJIaCCOB. Ho cBe.n;eHHH MomHO c.n;eJIaTb em;e
HarJIH.n;Hee. Ha OCHOBe 3THX .n;aHHblX nocTpoHM I'HCTOrpaMMY.
B TeKCTOBOM npou;eccope Word 3TO He COCTaBJIHeT Tpy.n;a.
Bbl6HpaeM KOMaH.n;y «,D;HarpaMMa H3 IIo.n;MeHIO «PHCY-
HOK MeHIO «BCTaBKa . Ha 3KpaHe nOHBHTCH CJIe.n;YIOm;He I'H-
CTOrpaMMa H Ta6JIHu;a .n;aHHbIX:
,D;aHHble B 3TOH Ta6JIHu;e CJIyq:aHHbl, H I'HCTOrpaMMa COOT-
100
80
60 . BOCTO
40 r- III 3aIIa;J;
J o CeBep
20
0
1 EB 21m 3 KB 4 KB
. '11 4'6 """'":"
, I: II L:' .u!1- A i J. .' , >'."
" .
A I B C I 0 E 'A-
I; 1 KB 12 KB 3 KB !4 KB
1 f'lI] , BOCTOK 1n41 21.4 90 204
, '2 3anan 3,01) 38.6 _ ..!.Ii 3.1&
3 f'lI] CeBeD 45,9 469 45 439
A ijv
. _1> , ::
<I ,J ..-
133
BeTCTByeT STHM .n;aHHbIM, qTO .n;aeT B03MOmHOCTb nOHHTb CO-
3.n;aHHe I'HCTOI'paMMbl. Y.n;aJIHM H3 Ta6JIHIJ,bl HeHymHble .n;aH-
Hble H BBe.n;eM .n;aHHble H3 HaIllerO npHMepa.
/{Jl.R yoaJleHU.R HeHY:JICHblX OaHHblX us maOJlUq,bl CHa-
1laJla 6blOeJl.ReM UX, SameM Ha:JICUMaeM KJla6uwy
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,
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rHCTorpaMMe. IIocJIe BBo.n;a B Ta6JIHIJ,y HymHblx .n;aHHbIX, no-
JIyqHM C.TIe.n;YIOm;ee:
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BbIH.n;eM H3 COCTOHHHH nOCTpoeHHH I'HCTOI'paMMbl. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe Ha pa60qeM nOJIe OCTaHeTCH cJIe.n;YIOm;aH rHCTOI'paMMa:
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MomHO H3MeHHTb pa3Mepbl C03.n;aHHOH rHCTOrpaMMbl. ::ho
BblnOJIHHeTCH aHaJIOI'HqHO H3MeHeHHIO pa3Mepa PHCYHROB.
rHCTOI'paMMY TaRme MOmHO ROnHpOBaTb H nepeMeIIl;aTb.
k . . . . . . . . . . ..... .... .t B 1 . 0n p OCb£ u aaiJauuJl,
lJ -qeM )l;HarpaMMa OTJIH aeTCH OT qepTema?
2. 06'bHCHHTe IIOCJIe)l;OBaTeJIbHOCTb ,n;eHcTBHH )l;JIH C03,n;a-
HHH rHCTorpaMMbI.
3. CocTaBbTe rHCTorpaMMY CTeIIeHH BameH YCIIeBaeMOC-
TH IIO IIpe,n;MeTaM.
4. KaR BbIHTH H3 pemHMa IIOCTpoeHHH rHcTorpaMMbI?
5. BBe)l;HTe CJIe,n;YIOm;ylO Ta6JIHD;Y H IIOcTpoHTe rHCTO-
rpaMMY IIpe,n;MeTOB IIO ROJIH eCTBY qaCOB:
M ITpe,n;MeT -qacoB
B He,n;eJIIO
1 MHocTpaHHbIH H3bIK 3
2 8KoHoMHKa 1
3 «PH3HKa 2
4 MaTeMaTHKa 5
5 MHc:}>opMaTHKa 1
YpOR 34 YnpamHeHHH 1J;JIH nOBTopeHHH
OTBeTLTe Ha CJIe,lJ;yrom;He BonpOCLI.
1. B qeM paaJIHqHe Mem)l;Y TeRCTOBblMH pe.n;aRTopaMH H
TeRCTOBblMH npou;eccopaMH?
2. EaRHe TeRCTOBble pe.n;aRTopbl Bbl 3HaeTe?
3. EaRHe TeRCTOBble npou;eccopbl Bbl 3HaeTe?
4. EaRoBbl B03MomHOCTH TeRCTOBblX rrpou;eccopoB?
5. EaR COXpaHHeTCH .n;ORYMeHT nOCJIe ero pe,n;aRTHPOBaHHH?
135
6. "tlTO nOHHMaeTCH no,n; 6JIOKOM?
7. KaK Ha3blBaeTCH "tIaCTb Bbl,n;eJIeHHOrO TeKcTa?
8. KaK y,n;aJIHIOTCH HeHymHbIe CHMBOJIbl H3 TeKCTa?
9. KaK y,n;aJIHTb H3 TeKCTa cpa3Y HeCKOJIbKO CTpOK?
10. KaKoM naHeJIblO yrrpaBJIeHHH nOJIb3YlOTCH ,n;JIH 3aJIHB-
KH BHYTpeHHOCTH npHMoyrOJIbHHKa IJ;BeToM?
11. KaKHe KOMaH,n;bl HymHo BbIITOJIHHTb ,n;JIH Toro, QTo6bl
H3MeHHTb IJ;BeT rpaHHIJ;bl H 3aJIHBKH 3JIJIHnca?
BLlIIOJIHHTe CJIe,lJ;yrom;He yrrpaaareHHH.
1. 06'bHCHHTe Ha npHMepe, KaK rrepeMeCTHTb CJIOBO B TeK-
CTe C O,n;HOH CTpO"tIKH Ha ,n;pyrylO.
2. HapHcYHTe CJIe,n;YIOm;ee:
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go
0
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3. IIoKamHTe Ha rrpHMepax, KaK CKonHpOBaTb qaCTb TeK-
CTa.
4. IIoKamHTe Ha rrpHMepax, KaK ocym;ecTBJIHeTCH <popMa-
THpOBaHHe qaCTH TeKCTa.
5. C nOMOm;blO Word c03,n;aHTe npHMep o60py,n;OBaHHH
CTeHbl B KOMnblOTepHOM KJIaCce.
136
6. HapHcYHTe RapTHHRY C BH,ZJ;OM npHpo.n;bl.
7. COCTaBbTe rHCTOl'paMMY Ha OCHOBaHHH Banm:x qeTBepT-
HblX On;eHOR no CJIe.n;YIOIIJ;HM npe.n;MeTaM.
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llPHJlO.iKEHHE
llPABHJIA TEXHHKH EE30IIACHOCTII
B ROMnblOTepHOM RJIaCCe 3anpeIIl;aeTCH:
. BXO,n;HTb B BepXHeH o,n;em,n;e;
. BRJIlOqaTb HJIH BblRJIlOqaTb ROMIIblOTep H ,n;OnOJIHHTeJIb-
Hble YCTpOHCTBa 6e3 pa3pellIeHHH;
. MeHHTb HpROCTb MOHHTOpa, MeHHTb rpOMROCTb ROJIO-
HOR, npOH3Bo,n;HTb TOMY nO,n;06HYIO HaCTpOHRY 6e3 pa3pellIe-
HUH;
. TpOraTb MOHHTOp PYRaMH, TpOI'aTb HCTOqHHRH TORa;
. IIOJIb30BaTbCH HarpeBaTeJIbHbIMH npH60paMH B03JIe ROM-
nblOTepa;
. HCnOJIb30BaTb rOplOqHe mH,n;ROCTH P.H,ZJ;OM C ROMnbIOTe-
pOM;
. BHOCHTb B ROMHaTY RHCJIOTY, BeIIl;eCTBO CO)l;epmaIIJ;ee
XJIOp, H ,n;PYI'He BeIIl;eCTBa, MorYIII;He HaHeCTH Bpe,n; YCTPOH-
CTBaM ROMnblOTepa;
. RJIaCTb Ha ROMnblOTep BeIIl;H HJIH O)l;em)l;Y;
. TporaTb YCTpOHCTBa MORpblMH PYRaMH;
. 3aCOBblBaTb aBTOPyqRH HJIH RapaH)I;allIH B OTBepCTHH B
ROMnblOTepe;
. C JIHllIHeH CHJIOH HamHMaTb Ha RJIaBHllIH;
. OCTaBJIHTb pa60TaIOIII;yIO TeXHHRY 6e3 npHCMOTpa;
. npOBo,n;HTb peMOHTHble pa60Tbl npH BRJIlOqeHHOM ROM-
nblOTepe.
CAHIiTAPHO-rHrHEHHQECKIIE TPEEOBAHIIR
. ECTeCTBeHHoe H HCRYCCTBeHHoe OCBeIIl;eHHe ROMnblOTep-
HOI'O RJIaCCa ,n;OJImHO OTBeqaTb caHHTapHO-I'HI'HeHHqeCRHM
Tpe6oBaHHHM.
. ECTeCTBeHHblH CBeT ,n;OJImeH na..n;aTb C JIeBOH CTOpOHbl.
ORHa ROMHaTbl ,n;OJImHbl 6blTb C ceBepHOH HJIH BOCTOqHOH CTO-
138
pOHbl. ECTeCTBeHHblH CBeT He )l;OJImeH na)l;aTb co cnHHbl
nOJIb30BaTeJIH HJIH CBeTHTb B JIHD;O. B KOMHaTe IIIlipHHOH 60JIb-
IIIe 6 MeTpOB Ha BblCOTe He 60JIbIIIe 2,2 MeTpa .n;OJImHO 6blTb
MHHHMYM .n;Ba HCTOqHHKa CBeTa, pacnOJIOmeHHblX TaR, qTO-
6bl CBeT na.n;aJI cnpaBa.
. ,n;JIH HCKYCCTBeHHoro OCBem;eHHH KOMnblOTepHoro KJIaC-
ca HYmHO HCnOJIb30BaTb CHCTeMY JIYMHHeCD;eHTHbIX JIaMn, pac-
nOJIOmeHHblX B O.n;HOH ITJIOCKOCTH Ha O)l;HHaROBblX paCCTOHHH-
HX .n;o CTOJIOB. CBeT JIaMnbl HJIH CBeT H3 OKHa He .n;OJImHbl
OTpamaTbCH Ha 3KpaHe.
. B HCTOqHHKaX CBeTa npe.n;JIaraeTCH HCnOJIb30BaHHe JIIO-
MHHeCD;eHTHbIX JIaMn MOm;HOCTblO 40 W, 58 W HJIH 36 W
THIIa LB, LXB.
. IIpe.n;JIaraeTcH HCnOJIb30BaHHe OCBem;eHHH cepHH LP036
B KOMnblOTepHblX KJIaccax.
. IIpe)l;JIaI'aeTcH HCnOJIb30BaHHe CHCTeMbl BeHTHJIHD;HH,
o6eCneqHBaIOm;eH OnTHMaJIbHYIO TeMnepaTYPY H BJIamHOCTb
B KOMnblOTepHOM KJIaCCe npH JII06blX nOI'o.n;HbIX YCJIOBHHX,
TaK KaK KOMnblOTepHaH TeXHHKa cnoco6cTByeT 3aI'pH3HeHHIO
B03.n;yxa aHTpOnOI'eHHblMH Bem;eCTBaMH H .n;HOKCH.n;OM YI' JIe-
po.n;a.
139
JIHTEPATYPA
BOJlmae6 B., MaxKaMo6, M. /I,aJlUe6 A, A3JlapOB T., A6f)YKa-
f)blP06 A. OCHOBbI HHc:}>opMaTHKH 1'1 BblqHCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH. Yqe6-
HHK )l;JISI 8-x KJIaCCOB. - T., «O'qituvchi», 2004.
BOpf)06CKUU r.A, H36031lUK06 B.A, Hcae6 10. B., MOp0306 B. B.
MHc:}>opMaTHKa B IIOHHTHSIX 1'1 TepMHHax. M.: ITpocBem;eHHe, 1991.
CUMOH06UIl C., E6cee6 r., AJleKcee6 A. 06m;aSl HHc:}>opMaTHKa. M.:
ACTiIpecc, 1999.
JIe6uH A. CaMoyqHTeJIb pa60TbI Ha KOMIIbIOTepe. CIT6.: ITHTep,
2001.
JIeoHmbe6 B. HOBeHmaSl 3HD;HKJIOIIe)l;HSI IIepCOHaJIbHOrO KOMIIbIO-
Tepa 2005. - M., «OJIMa-IIpecc o6paaoBaHHe», 2005.
JIeoHmbe6 B. II. ITepCOHaJIbHbIH KOMIIbIOTep. M.: OJIMA-ITPECC,
2004.
140
OrJIABJIEHIIE
IIpe)l;HcJIOBHe .... ....... ....... ..... ..... ........... ..... ..... ......... ........ 3
rJIABA I. IIoHHTHe 06 HH$opMaTHRe
YpOlC 1. BBe)l;eHHe............................................................ 5
YpOlC 2. "(ITo H3 aeT HHc:}>opMaTHKa .................................... 7
YpOlC 3. POJIb HHc:}>opMaTHKH H BbI HCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH
B pa3BHTHH Hamero o6:m;ecTBa ............................. 14
r JIABA II. IIpe)];cTaBJIeHHe HH$opl\la HH C IIOMO:m;LIO
3HaROB
YpOlC 4. CHCTeMbI C HCJIeHHH........................................... 21
YpOlC 5. II03H HoHHbIe H HeII03Hn;HOHHbIe CHCTeMbI
C HCJIeHHH ........................................................ 25
YpOlC 6. ApHc:}>MeTH ecKHe )l;eHCTBHH B pa3JIH bIX
CHCTeMax C HCJIeHHH.. ..... .... ...... .... ..... .... ... ...... ... 30
YpOlC 7. IIpeo6pa30BaHHe HCeJI H3 O)l;HOH CHCTeMbI
C HCJIeHHH B )l;pyrylO . ....... ..... ... ...... .... .... .... ..... ... 33
YpOlC 8. IIpe)l;cTaBJIeHHe HHc:}>opMan;HH C IIOMO IO H$p ..... 37
YpOlC 9. KO)l;HpOBaHHe HHc:}>OPM HH B )l;BOH HOH
CHCTeMe C HCJIeHHH............................................ 41
YpOlC 10. 06'beM HHc:}>OpMaIJ;HH H CKOpOCTb IIepe)l;a H............ 46
r JIABA III. KOMIILlOTepbI
YpOlC 11. KpaTKaH HCTOpHH BbI HCJIHTeJIbHOH TexHHKH........ 50
YpOlC 12. KOMIIbIOTepbI ................................................... 54
YpOlC 13. TexHH ecKHe YCTPOHCTBa KOMIIbIOTepa ................ 59
YpOlC 14. IIoBTopeHHe npoH)I;eHHOrO MaTepHaJIa .................. 64
YpOlC 15. JIorH ecKHe OIIepaIJ;HH...................................... 65
YpOlC 16. JIorH ecKHe 3JIeMeHTbI...................................... 70
141
r JIABA IV. OIIepa HoHHaH CHCTeMa
YpOK 17. ITporpaMMHoe o6eCrreqeHHe KOMrrblOTepa .............. 74
YpOK 18. MHTepc:}>eHc ...................................................... 77
YpOlC 19. IIoHHTHe ..orrep HoHHM cHcTeMa" ......................81
YpolC 20. IIporpaMMbI, COCTaBJIHIOID;He
orrep HOHHbIe CHCTeMbI ....................................84
YpOK 21. Pa60Ta KOMrrblOTepa C BHeUIHeH rraMHTblO ............. 88
YpOK 22. «PaHJIbI II KaTaJIOrH ........................................... 91
YpolC 23. IIporpaMMHbIe 060JIOqKH orrepan;HOHHOH CHCTeMbI .. 96
r JIABA V. TeXHOJIOrHH o6pa6oTRH JJ;0RYMeHToB
YpOK 24. TeKCTOBbIe pe)l;aKTOpbI H TeKCTOBbIe
rrpon;eccopbI ................................................... 100
YpOK 25. MHTepc:}>eHc MS Word ...................................... 104
YpolC 26. OCHOBHbIe rrapaMeTpbI )l;OKYMeHTOB .................... 108
YpOK 27. C03)1;aHHe )l;OKYMeHTOB ..................................... 113
YpOK 28. Pe)l;aKTHpOBaHHe )l;OKYMeHTOB ........................... 116
YpOK 29. YrrpamHeHHH Ha pe)l;aKTHpOBaHHe TeKCTa ........... 120
YpOK 30. Pa60Ta C pHCYHKaMH B )l;OKYMeHTax ................... 121
YpOK 31. Pa60Ta C Ta6JIlln;aMH B )l;OKYMeHTax .................... 124
YpOK 32. «PHrypbI H cxeMbI B )l;OKYMeHTax ........................ 129
YpOK 33. BCTaBKa )l;HarpaMM H rpac:}>HKoB B )l;OKYMeHTbI...... 132
YpOK 34. YrrpamHeHHH )l;JIH rrOBTopeHHH .......................... 135
IIpHJIomeHHe
IIpaBHJIa TeXHHKH 6e30rracHocTH ....................................138
CaHHTapHo-rHrHeHHQeCKHe Tpe60BaHHH ...........................138
JIHTepaTypa ................................................................. 140
142
060
OCHOBbI HH opMaTHKH H BbI'IHCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH:
y<Ie6HHK JIH 8-ro KJIacca./ABTopbI: B. BaJITaeB, A. A6 y-
Ka,n;bIpOB, M. MaxKaMOB, A. A3aMaTOB, H. TallJIaKOB, A. ,lI;amreB,
T. A3JIapOB - T.: MIIT,lI; «O'qituvchi», 2006. - 144 c.
1. BaJITaeB B. H p.
BBK. 81H271
Y'le6uoe uaiJauue
BAXO,ll;bIP ,lI;JKAJIAJIOBWI BAJITAEB,
AB,lI;YRAXXAP AB,lI;YBARMJIbEBMq AB,lI;YRA,ZJ;bIPOB,
MYXTAP PMXCMBAEBMq MAXRAMOB,
AXAT PAXMATOBWI A3AMATOB,
HOPBER MCARYJIOBMq TAllJIAROB,
AXTAM IllAPA<I>YT,lI;MHOBMq ,lI;AJIMEB,
TyprYH P AXMATOBMq A3JIAPOB
OCHOBbI
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BbIqllCJIIITEJIbHOii TEXHIIKII
Y1leOHU1C OJl.R 8 1<:JlaCC06 oo eoopa306ameJlbHblX Ul1<:OJl
H 3f)ameJlbCKO-nOJlUzpafjJU1leCKUU m60p1leCKUU f)OM
«0' qituvchi»
TaUlKeum - 2006
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Pe)l;aKTOpbI o. BYJlbfjJ, r. IIoJle14UKOBa
XY)I;OmeCTBeHHbIM pe aKTOp m. XOOJlcaeB
TeXHlrqeCKHM pe)l;aKTOp T. rpeUlHuKoBa
ROMIIbIOTepHaH BepCTKa r. II OJle14UKOBoU
RoppeKTop B. TapaHeHKo
MB M 8779
IIo nHcaHO B neqaTb C OpHrHHaJIa-MaKeTa 10.07.2006. <I>opMaT 60 x 90 1 / 16 ,
RerJIb 11,5 H/nIII. rapHHTypa IIIKoJIbHaH. IIeqaTb o ceTHaH.
IIeq. JI. 9,0. M3 . JI. 8,0. Tnpam 25 500. 3aKa3 M 91.
M3 aTeJIbCKO-IIOJIHrpa H'lecKHii TBOpqecKnn OM «O'qituvchi» Y36eKcKoro
areHTCTBa no neqaTH H HHcpopMaIJ;HH. TaIIIKeHT, 129, YJI. HaBoH, 30.
I/TaIIIKeHT, MaCCHB IOHyca6a,n;, YJI. Mypa,n;oBa, OM 1. ,lI;OroBOP M 14-63-06.
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