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Ouvrage publil avec le concours du Ministere franfais charge
de La culture - Centre National du Livre
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A64 KJIacCI1QeCKaJI M I1j1 / M. AHro. - M.: Be-
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BBK 63.3( 5HII,ZI;)
ISBN 5-9533-1713-1
Michel Angot. L'Inde Classique.
@ Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2002
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113 .n;I1HaCTI1I1 qOJIOB (XI B.). 1I1060H My.n;peQ - caMbIM
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pa3Be TOJIbKO 06'beKTOM CJIO)l{HbIX nepeBo.n;QeCKI1X
TpaHccpopMaQI1H, npI1Bo.n;HID;I1X I1X B COOTBeTCTBl1e C
peaJIl1HMI1.
qacTo 3TO OTHOCI1TCH 11 K caMbIM BeJII1KI1M 113 .n;eH-
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24 I
I KnaccH eCKaS1 lit HAIltSi
83
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113Be.n;eHl1e, Tpa.n;I1QI10HHO npl1nl1CbIBaeMoe BbHce,
nOBecTByeT 0 C06bITI1HX, pacTHHYBIIII1XCH Ha TbICHqe-
JIeTl1e, 11 TaK 11306u.nyeT cpaKTaMI1, qTO HeB03MO)l{HO
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npOTeKaJIa B nepl1o.n; Me npaBJIeHl1eM paHQI1CKa I
11 HanOJIeOHa III! B I1H.n;1111 TaKoe .n;onylQeHl1e HBJIHeT-
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pa), OCTalOTCH no.n; BonpOCOM. 3TO CBH3aHO C nepeKpe-
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I 25
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HO OTpa)KeHHbIe C06bITI1H qaCTO He3HaQI1TeJIbHbI, a
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3yeT TalOKe (.n;IDKe B 60JIbilieM CTeneHI1!) 11 aKOHOMI1K}'.
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ro Kanl1TaJIl13Ma, pa6CTBO 11 T..n;. - Bce aTO 06JIaCTI1,
3HaHI1H 0 KOTOpbIX Y Hac np116JI11311TeJIbHbI, a I1X peaJIb-
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26 I
KnaccH eCKaSi a.-1 HAa.-1S1
TP AAHqHOHHOE BP AXMAHCKOE
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pI1H», KaK MbI ero IIOHI1MaeM, He c ecTByeT. 3TOT 4>aKT
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qTO CKa3aTb, Bcer.n;a I1MeJII1 HarOTOBe T}' I1JII1 I1H}'1O 6ac-
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JII1TeparypHbIe IIp0I13Be.n;eHI1H, HaIII1CaHHbIe Ha caHCK-
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CTHbI, XOTH 11 IIpI16JII13I1TeJIbHO, paCCMaTpl1BalOTCH He-
I 27
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28 I
I KnaccH eCKaSi IItHAIltSi
{f}
HOB. Bce KOHCepBaTI1BHbIe Cl1JIbI CIIJIOTI1JII1Cb no.n; 3Ha-
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IlII1H CYlQeCTBYlOlQl1H nOpH.n;OK.
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:Q1111, np06JIeMa 3aKJIIOQaeTCH B TOM, QTO He06xo.n;I1MO
CBbIKHYTbCH C .n;BOHCTBeHHbIM XapaKTepOM BOCnpI1H-
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HI1H. HOpMaTI1BHOe BOCnpI1HTl1e: TpaKTaTbI 06'bHCHH-
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HO 6bITb Bce cYlQee 11 QTO .n;OJI)I(HO .n;eJIaTb 11 T..n;. I1H.n;I1H
nOCTOHHHO «npI1HOpaBJIMBaJIaCb» K I1X Tpe60BaHI1HM.
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paTypbI 11 COQI1HI1TeJIbCTBa (BKJIIOQaH TeaTpaJIbHbIe
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ee OCHOBHbIM H3bIKOM, XpaHI1TeJIHMI1 KOToporo no
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I 29
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30 I
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MbI MO)KeM peKoHcTpy"poBaTb nOB03KI1, KOTopbIe 60-
p03 I1JII1 YJII1n;bI MOXeH )KO- apo npl16JII1311TeJIbHO B
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32 I
KnacCH'"IeCKaJl JIt HAIliSi
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I 33
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34 I
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nOCKOJIbKY YJIl1qHaH ceTb OCTaBaJIaCb HeI13MeHHOM.
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113eMHoMopCKOMY Tl1ny, 3aCeJII1BIIIeMY B Te BpeMeHa
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I 35
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42 I
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I 43
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,n;OB AneKcaH,ZJ;pa MaKe,n;OHCKoro rpeqeCKlfe Qapl1 060CHo-
BaJIl1Cb Ha Teppl1TOpl111 A<I>raHI1CTaHa 11 llaKI1CTaHa 11
3aJIO)KHJII1 OCHOBY I1CKYCCTBa faH.AXapbI. fYHHbI, caKlf,
I1paHQbI (e e He MYCYJIbMaHe) H ,n;pyrl1e peryJIHpHO co-
BepIIIaJIl1 Ha6erl1 Ha CeBepH}'lO I1H,l1;HIO, I1Hor,n;a nopo)K-
,n;aH BeJII1Kl1e, HO a<l>eMepHbIe QapCTBa. TaK nOHBHJICH
K}'IIIaHCKlfH Qapb KaHI1IIIKa (I B.?), MO)KeT 6bITb, npI1HHB-
IIII1H 6YMI13M 11 CTaBIIII1H nepBbIM QapeM, BOCnp0l13Bo-
,n;I1BIIII1M 06paa BYMbI Ha CBOHX MOHeTax. HaIIIeCTBI1H
CJIe,n;OBaJIl1 O,n;HO 3a ,n;pyrI1M, 06pa30BbIBaJlI1 HI13BepraH
QapCTBa, HO OHI1 He yu"qTO)KHJIIIH,l1;IUCKYIO QI1BHJII1-
3aQI1IO, a,n;3.)Ke cnoc06CTBOBaJII1 ee}'KpelUleHI1IO 11 06HOB-
JIeHI1IO. BeJII1Kl1e MeCTHbIe npaBI1TeJII1, Hanpl1Mep, 113
,n;I1HaCTI1I1 fynTa, Hl1qeM He OTJII1QaJIl1Cb OT OCTaJIbHbIX.
qaH,ll;parynTa II, np03BaHHbIH BI1KpaMa)J;I1ThH - «ll06e-
,n;I1BIIIee COJIHQe» (QapcTBOBaJI C 375 no 414 r.) BOIUIo-
aJI anoreu pa3BI1TI1H KJIaCCI1QeCKOU I1H,l1;I1UCKOH QI1BI1-
A8 I
I KnaccHlLleCKaJl IIIHAIliSi
f}
JII13aQI1I1. ,lI;pyrl1e 113BeCTHbIe npaBI1TeJII1 (XapiliaBap,lJ;-
XaHa 11 ero Bpar nYJIaKeIIII1H, YMepIIIl1e Me 642 11
647 rr. 11 Ha lOre Qapl1 3 ,lJ;I1HaCTI1I1 qOJIOB (np'l16JII1311-
TeJIbHO X B.) QapcTBOBaJIl1 B pa3,lJ;p06JIeHHOH I1H,lJ;I1I1,
BCer,lJ;a HaxO,lJ;I1BIIIeHCH B COCTOHHI1I1 BOHHbI. nOBTOpHIO-
If(l1eCH BOHHbI He 3aTpOHYJII1, O,lJ;HaKO, I1H,l1;I1HCK}'IO QI1BI1-
JII13aQI1IO: I1CKYCCTBO, 3PY,lJ;I1QI1H, JII1Teparypa, <pHJIOCO-
<pI1H 11 Bce Tpa)J;I1QI10HHbIe 3HaHI1H (Me,lJ;I1QI1Ha, MaTeMa-
TI1Ka, aCTpOJIOrl1H 11 T .,lJ;.) npO,lJ;OJI)KaJII1 aKTI1BHO
pa3BI1BaTbCH BIUIOTb ,lJ;0 IX CTOJIeTI1H.
MYCY AbMAHCKJ1E HAllIECTBJ1
Jt nocreneHHoe JtC'Ie3HOBeHJte HHAJtJtCKOJt
qJtBJiAH3aI:JHH (1000-1565 IT.)
fopaa,lJ;o 60JIbIIIee 3HaQeHl1e,lJ;JlH I1H,lJ;I1HCKOH I1BI1-
JII13aQI111 I1MeJII1 HaWeCTBI1H no,lJ; npe,lJ;BO,lJ;I1TeJIbCTBOM
rype KI1X, a<praHCKI1X, I1paHCKI1X 11 MOHrOJIbCKI1X a-
peH, np"HHBWIX HCJIaM. BBe,lJ;eHl1e I1CJIaMa B IO)KHOH
A31111 BOCXO,lJ;I1T K nepl1o,n;y Ha6erOB apa60B B CI1H,lJ;X
npH6JII1311TeJIbHO B 643 ro,n;y. B VII BeKe HpaH nOQTI1
nOJIHOCTblO HaxO,lJ;HJICH no,lJ; BJIaCTblO I1CJIaMa. Ma3,lJ;el1-
TbI, coxpaHHBWl1e CBOI1 BepOBaHI1H, 3MI1rpl1pOBaJIH B
nOCJIe,n;yIO l1e BeKa B HH,lJ;111O 11 C<P0pMl1pOBaJIl1 TaM co-
06 eCTBO napCOB. Ho 6YMH3M e HaQaJI I1CQe3aTb C
TeppI1TOpI1I1A<praHI1CTaHa. B 3TO BpeMH CTl1palOTCH 06-
paabI BeJII1KI1X CTa-ryH BYMbI 113 BaMl1aHa 1 . MaxMY,lJ; fa3-
HeBI1 MeTO,lJ;I1QHO 3aXBaTbIBaJI 11 OnyCTOWaJI ,lJ;OJII1HbI
HH,lJ;a, a 3aTeM 11 faHra. OH YCKOpHJI 3aKaT 6YMI13Ma B
I1H,lJ;1111 (MOHaCTbIpl1 6bIJII1 pa3rpa6JIeHbI 11 3aKpbITbI),
QTO cnoc06CTBOBaJIO pacna)];}' 11 I1CQe3HOBeHI11O npaBH-
1 EaMHaHCKHe H3BaJlHHB - )J;Be orpOMHbIe CTa'ryH EYMbI, BbI-
CeqeHHbIe B HHwe CKaJIbI, pacnOJIO)KeHHOH B )J;OJIHHe EaMHaH B
QeHTpe AcI>raHHCTaHa, B 230 KM OT Ka6YJIa. - IIjJuMett. nep.
I 49
rHAbl U.HBH.nH3au.HH
I1X I1HaCTI1H 11 B u;eJIOM - yna,u;KY KJIaCCI1t.IeCKOH I1H-
I1HCKOH U;I1BI1JII13aU;l1l1. HBJIHJII1Cb JII1 nOBTOpHIO l1e-
CH nOpIDKeHI1H I1H CCKI1X u;apeH CJIe CTBl1eM cJIa60c-
TI1 MeCTHOH KaBaJI ep 1111 11 pe3YJIbTaTOM I1CnOJIb30BaHMH
CJIOHOB? JIoIIIa,u;eH B I1H 1111 nOt.ITI1 He pa3BO I1JII1, 3a
MCKJIIOt.IeHl1eM 3aCYIIIJII1BbIX paHOHOB CI1H xa. KIDKeT-
CH, TOJIbKO u;apl1 BI1 )I(aHHarapa npl16erJII1 K MCnOJIb30-
BaHl110 KOHHOH KaBaJIepl111 B BoeHHbIX u;eJIHX ( O XVI
CTOJIeTI1H llOpryraJIl1H nOCTaBJIHJIa 11M HeKOTopoe KO-
JII1t.IeCTBO JIOIIIa,u;eH, B KOTOpbIX OHI1 TaK H)')I(,lJ;aJII1Cb).
HenpeKpa alO l1eCH BoeHHbIe nOpIDKeHI1H no opBa-
JII1 YCTOI1 KJIaCCMt.IeCKOH I1H I1HCKOH U;I1BI1JII13aU;I1M, OC-
HOBaHHOH Ha e I1HCTBe u;apH (n06e I1TeJIH!) 11 6paXMa-
HOB. llpl13HaBaH JIerl1TI1MHOCTb u;apH, 6paXMaHbI no.ny-
t.IaJIl1 OT Hero B3aMeH 3a l1T}' 11 nOMO b (B t.IaCTHOCTI1,
3KOHOMI1t.IeCKYIO). I1ct.Ie3HoBeHl1e I1H YCCKI1X u;apeH
OKa3aJIOCb CMepTHbIM npl1rOBOpOM AJlH 6paXMaHCKOH
KYJIbT}'pbI. B TO)l(e BpeMH I1CJIaM npe OCTaBR7I MHOrl1M
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nOJIO)l(eHl1e. 06pa eHMH B 3T}' peJIl1rl11O 6bIJII1 MHoro-
t.II1CJIeHHbIMI1, a I1Hor a 11 npl1HI1MaJIl1 MaCCOBbIH xapaK-
Tep. C XIII BeKa B CeBepHoH I1H 1111 KpynHbIe cpIDKe-
HI1H (Tpl1 611TBbI npl1 llaHl1naTe) npol1cxo I1JII1 TOJIb-
KO Me M}'cYJIbMaHCKI1MI1 npaBI1TeJIHMI1. Ho He H}')KHO
)JJ'MaTb, t.ITO 3TI1 3aBOeBaHI1H CBO R7II1Cb K t.IeM}'-TO BpO-
e peJIMrl103HbIX BOHH Me I1CJIaMOM 11 I1H 113MOM,
XOTH C.nyqaJIOCb TaK - Ha MeCTe I1H CTCKI1X xpaMOB
B03BO I1JII1Cb MYCYJIbMaHCKl1e nOCTpOHKI1. CYJITaHbI
HBJIHJII1Cb npe)l(,lJ;e Bcero BOI1HaMI1, a nOTOM Y)I( eHCTBO-
BaJIl1 KaK M}'CYJIbMaHe.
Ha6erl111 3aXBaT BoeHHOH 06bIt.I11 6bIJII111X OCHOB-
HOH 3a60TOH. 11 eCJII1 I1H 113M 11 6YMI13M BJIat.II1JII1 B
pe3YJIbTaTe )l(aJIKOe cy ecTBOBaHl1e, 3TO 6bIJIO CBH3a-
HO C TeM, t.ITO n06e I1TeJII1 113MeHI1JII1 HanpaBJIeHl1e
BeKTopOB pa3BI1TI1H 06 eCTBa, nOBepHYB ero OT xpa-
MOB 11 CT}'II K 3KOHOMI1Ke.
50
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XpaM 8 MaiJypau
rHAbl U.HBH.nH3au.HH I
nOCJIe TbICHqHOrO ro,n;a "HJo/CCKaH )K113Hb OrpaHl1ql1-
BaJIl1Cb Teppl1TOpl1eH nO.nyOCTpOBa. nOHBKJII1Cb BeJlI1Kl1e
MbICJII1TeJlI1 (PaMa"YtJ;)Ka), rpaH,lI;1103HbIe XpaMbI (B ropo-
,n;ax T ype, M aI1) 11 MO eCTBeHHbIe rocy,n;ap-
CTBa ("LIOJla, B Harap). Ha lOre CaJlHa COCTaBKJI nep-
BbIH nOJlHbIH KOMMeHTapl1H K «Be,n;aM». npO,lVleBaH )K113Hb
«Be,n;» B KOMMeHTapl1.HX, MbICJII1TeJlI1 a;::t;anTl1pOBaJIl1 TaK-
)Ke 11 BeJlI1K}'1O CaHCKpI1TCK}'1O KJlaccl1K}' - «PaMaJI"y».
KaM6aH B 1180 ro nepeBeJI ee (c KOMMeHTapI1HMI1) Ha
TaMKJIbCKI1H H3bIK. npo,n;oJl)KaJIa CBoe ecTBOBaHl1e 11
TaMRJIbCKaH n03311H. Ho ,n;aBJIeHl1e MYcYJIbMaHCKI1X ap-
MI1H YCI1JII1BaJIOCb, a nOHBJIeHl1e eBpOneHIJ;eB C I1X Tex-
HOJIOrI1HMI1, o6pa30BaHI1e I1Mnepl111 MOrOJIOB (1526 r.)
MHoroKpaTHo YBeJIl1ql1JII1 yrpo3Y. B 1565 ro,n;y KOaJIl1-
IJ;I1H cYJITaHOB pa36RJIa nOCJIe,n;Hero I1H ccKoro IJ;apH 11
YH"QTO)KRJIa ero IJ;apCTBo. C I1CQe3HOBeHI1eM I1Mnepl111
Bl1,lJ;)KaJIHarap 6bIJla nOCTaBJIeHa nOCJIe,n;HHH TOQKa B pa3-
BI1TI1I1 KJlaCCI1QeCKOH I1H,n;I1HCKOH IJ;I1BRJII13aIJ;l1l1. B TO
BpeMH I1Mnepl1H MOrOJIOB ,n;oCTl1rJla nl1Ka CBoero MOry-
ecTBa.
HaQI1HaH C X BeKa 11H,lI;I1HCKI1H I1CJIaM cnoco6CTBOBaJI
pO)l(,lJ;eH111O ,n;pyrOH IJ;I1BRJII13aIJ;l1l1, B KOTOpOH npo,n;oJDKa-
JII1 cyru;ecTBoBaTb HeKoTopbIe acneKTbI KJlaCCI1QeCKOH
11H,lI;I1HCKOH IJ;I1BKJII13aIJ;l1l1, TOJIbKO BHeiliHe Ka3aBIIIl1eCH
no,n;QI1HeHHbIMI1I1 ynpaBJIHeMbIMI1 HOBbIM coo6 ecTBoM.
MYCYJIbMaHCKl1e cYJlTaHbI HaHI1MaJIl1 I1H CCKI1X MI1HI1-
CTpOB 11 COJI,ZJ;aT, a B B Harape I1HJo/CCKI1H IJ;apb Ha-
HI1MaJI TOprOBIJ;eB-M}'cyJlbMaH 11 He rH}'lliaJICH 3aKJIIOQaTb
COlO3bI C CYJITaHaMI1. B caMOM IIIl1pOKOM CMbICJle 3Toro
CJIOBa I1H,ZJ;}'113M nOJII1TI1QeCKI1 ,n;OMI1Hl1pOBaJI B 11H,lI;1111 11
3aHI1MaJI 060pOHHbIe n0311IJ;11113a ee npe,n;eJIaMl1. B HOBbIX
YCJIOBI1HX npol1cxo,n;KJIO nepeOCMbICJIeHl1e CTapbIX IJ;eH-
HOCTeH, B pe3YJlbTaTe Qero HeKOTopbIe 113 HI1X no.n:yqaJIl1
,n;aJIbHeHIIIl1e pa3BI1Tl1e, a ,n;pyrl1e npe,n;aBaJIl1Cb 3a6BeHI1IO.
KOHTaKTbI Me)K,[(f I1CJIaMOM 11 I1H,ZJ;}'113MOM He npOXO,lJ;KJII1
6eCCJIe,lJ;HO, XOTH Me)K,[(f HI1MI1 11 He B03HI1KJ10 HaCTOH e-
52 I
I KnacCH'"IeCKaSi HA SI
ro tJ;l1aJIOra, KaK 3TO 6bVIO Me 6YMI13MOM 11 Pa3JIl1q-
HbIMI1 <popMaMI16paxMaHI13Ma. B03HI1KIIII1H Me HI1MI1
HeKOTOpbIH CI1HKpeTI13M OTHOCI1JICH K 60JIee n03tJ;HeMY
BpeMeHI1 11 HOCI1JI Maprl1HaJIbHbIH XapaKTep. CaHCKpl1T
nOCTeneHHO CTaJI MepTBbIM H3bIKOM, paBHO KaK 11 IJ;I1BI1-
JII13aQI1H, KOTOpOH STOT H3bIK 06ecneql1JI CIUIOQeHHOCTb.
B 60JIbilieH CTeneHI1 STO OTHOCI1JIOCb K KOJIOHl1aJIbHOMY
nepl1o,n;y. 113tJ;aHl1e MI1CCI10Hepa MaprapeT C. CTI1BeHCOH
«06pH,AbI ,lJ;BIDK,l);bI pO eHHbIX», BbInyrQeHHOe B CBeT OKo-
JIO 1920 rotJ;a, npotJ;eMoHCTpl1pOBaJIO, B KaKOH CTeneHI1
Tpa,n;I1IJ;I1I1, ecTBOBaBIIIl1e B KaCTe 6paxMaHoB KaTXI1-
HBapa B KOHIJ;e XIX CTOJIeTI1H, 6bVII1 a,n;anTan;l1eH tJ;peBHI1X
npaKTl1K 11 M,lJ;eOJIOrI1H (a 6paxMaHbI no onpetJ;eJIeHI1IO KOH-
cepBaTopbI) B COOTBeTCTBl111 C YCJIOBI1HMI1 HOBoro Ml1pa,
BToprrnerocH B I1X )K113Hb.
OCHOBHbIE C06bITJ1 ,
J13AO)KEHHbIE B XPOHOAOfJ1QECKOM
nOP5IAKE
Bce tJ;aTbI, OTHOCHm:l1eCH K snoxe AHTI1QHOCTI1, yc-
JIOBHbI 11 npI1BotJ;HTCH C pa3HOH CTeneHblO Bapl1aTI1BHO-
CTI1. ,l(o nepl1otJ;a M}'cYJIbMaHCKl1x HaIIIeCTBI1H, HaQaB-
IIII1XCH B X CTOJIeTI1I1, ,lJ;aTbI QaCTO npl16JII1311TeJIbHbI 11
OCTalOTCH cnOpHbIMI1.
. AOJiHAJiHCI<aJI J1HAJiH
2300-1700. I1H,lJ;cKaH n;I1BI1JII13aIJ;I1H. fopotJ;a Xapan-
na 11 MOXeH,lJ;)KO-,l(apo.
1800-1500. I1cQe3HoBeHI1e I1H,lJ;cKOH IJ;I1BI1JII13aIJ;1111
M nepBbIe nOCeJIeHI1H I1HtJ;oapI1HIJ;eB B ,lJ;OJII1He I1HtJ;a.
1700-1400. HapotJ;bI, rOBopHm:l1e Ha I1HtJ;oapI1HCKOM
H3bIKe, BOn;apHIOTcH Ha CpetJ;HeM BOCTOKe.
I 53
- . . . .', j
..... . .I.
I' :i......:. . -\. ....:
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH
1500-1000. COCTaBJIeHl1e BetJ;l1t.IeCKI1X CaMXI1T.
1000-800. Apl1aHl13aIJ;I1H 11 yp6aHl13aIJ;I1H tJ;OJII1HbI
faHra. 3apo)l(,lJ;eHI1e )KeJIe3HO:H MeTaJI.lI}'Prl1l1.
600. 3aBepIIIeHI1e COBOK}'TIHOCTI1 BetJ;l1t.IeCKI1X TeKCTOB.
IIpaTI1IIIaKXbH (<t>OHeTI1Ka) 11 Ka.7InacyrpbI (pl1T}'aJIbI).
. ApeBHHeBpeMeHa
566-486 (cnopHbIe tJ;aTbI). EYMa llIaKbHMYH".
540-468. MaxaBl1pa, OCHOBaTeJIb tJ;)KaHHI13Ma.
519. Kl1p, nOBeJII1TeJIb IIepcl1l1 113 tJ;I1HaCTI1I1 Axe-
MeHI1tJ;OB, 3aXBaTbIBaeT tJ;OJII1H)' I1HtJ;a; ero npeeMHI1K
,l(ap":H o6pa3yeT 3tJ;eCb CaTpanl1lO, TO eCTb npOBI1HIJ;I1IO.
327-325. An:eKcaHtJ;p MaKetJ;oHCKI1:H nbITaeTCH BOC-
CTaHOBI1Tb IIepcl1tJ;cK)'IO I1Mnepl1lO, C TPYtJ;OM no6e)l(,lJ;a-
eT IJ;apH IIopa (IIaypaBa). qaHtJ;parynTa 113 tJ;I1HaCTI1I1
MaypbeB OCHOBbIBaeT I1Mnepl11O MaypbeB.
IV B. «ArnTa.n;XI1» (<<BOCbMI1KHI1)Kl1e») rpaMMaTI1CTa
IIaHI1HI1.
303-297. IIpe6bIBaHI1e Merac<t>eHa, nOCJIaCeJIeBKI1-
tJ;OB, B IIaTaJIl1nyrpe (IIaTHe), CTOJII1IJ;e IJ;apH qaHtJ;pa-
rynTbI.
269-232. ArnoKa, TpeTI1:H BeJII1KI1:H npaBI1TeJIb 113
tJ;I1HaCTI1I1 MaypbeB, nOKpOBI1TeJIb 6YMI13Ma. IIepBbIe
CBI1tJ;eTeJIbCTBa nl1CbMeHHOCTI1 6paXMI1 11 KXapOIIITI1.
200-100. IIpl16JII1311TeJIbHbIe tJ;aTbI COCTaBJIeHI1H
tJ;BYX anone:H (cHat.IaJIa «Maxa6xapaTa», 3aTeM «PaMaH-
Ha») 11 «l1ora-cyrpbI» IIaTaHtJ;)KaJIl1.
. KAacCH"lJeCKHH nepHoA
78-144. Hat.IaJIo apbI CaKa. IIpl1xotJ; K BJIaCTI1 Ka-
HI1IIIKI1. Hat.IaJIo I1HtJ;l1aHI13aIJ;1111 a311aTCKoro IOro-Bo-
CTOKa.
100-200. 3aKOHbI MaHY. HaraptJ;)KYHa - BeJII1KI1:H
6YMI1CTCKM:H <t>IUIOCO<t>.
54
KnacCH'"IeCKaSi HA SI
83
150. IIepBbIe Ha.n;nI1CI1 Ha CaHCKpI1Te.
OKOJIO 200. IIepBbIe rpoTbI M)I(aHTbI.
276-415. qaH,lJ;parynTa II.
405. IIYTeIIIecTBl1e 6Y,lJ;,lJ;I1CTCKOro naJIOMHI1Ka <l>a-
CHHH.
415-454. K}'MaparynTa I; nepBbIe Ha6erl1 IIIBeTaryH-
HOB, ryHHOB 3BTaJII1TOB (6eJIbIX ryHHOB). IIpoI13Be,lJ;e-
HI1H KaJIl1,lJ;aCbI.
454-467. CKaH,lJ;arynTa.
495. BTOpOH nepl1o,lJ; HaIIIeCTBI1H ryHHOB.
520. Ml1xl1paK}'JIa, npaBI1TeJIb ryHHOB B IIeH,lJ;)I(a6e
11 KaIIIMl1pe.
550. IIepBbIe I1H CTCKl1e xpaMbI B AHxoJIe (Kap-
HaTaKa).
VI B. COCTaBJIeHl1e BbHCOH «l1orl1-nXaIIIbH» 11
«HbHH-nxaIIIbH» BaTCbHHHHOH.
606-647. IIpaBJIeHl1e XapIIII1 (Bap,u;xaHa) B KaHaY,lPKe.
OKOJIO 700. OKOHt.IaTeJIbHaH ,lJ;Opa60TKa apXal1t.IHbIX
<pOpM nl1CbMeHHOCTI1 Harapl1.
712. MOXaMMe,lJ; 116H-KacI1M 3aXBaTI1JI"CI1H,lC{.
788-820. Tpa.n;I1IJ;110HHbIe ,lJ;aTbI, CBH3aHHbIe C )1(113-
HblO <pI1JIOco<pa 11 TeOJIOra IIIaHKapbI, COCTaBJIeHl1e
«npaxMa-cyrpa-6xaIIIbH» .
850 1267. ,l(I1HaCTI1H qOJIOB B TaH,lJ;)I(aBype.
986. IIepBbIe Hana.n;eHI1H TYpoK-ra3HeBI1,lJ;OB. OKK}'-
naIJ;I1H IIYPYilianypbI (COBp. IIeiliaBap).
1000. «KaTxaCapI1TCarapa» - «OKeaH CKa3aHI1H»
(6acHI1 M CKa3KI1 COMa.n;eBbI).
. Mycy AhMaHCKHe HarneCTBJiH
3aKaT H HC"lJe3HOBeHHe KAaCCH"lJeCKOH
HHAHHCKOH qHBHAH3aqHH (997 -1565)
997-1030. OnycTOrnl1TeJIbHbIe Ha6erl1 MaxMY,lJ;a fa3-
HeBI1 Ha ceBepo-3ana.n; I1H,lJ;I1I1.
1017-1137. PaMaHY,lJ; )I(a (11)111 III p"- PaMaHY,lJ;)I(a).
I 55
< .
....'
or
'7_- -'.;. -; .
1 - i' .. ," _
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
1023. Hana,u;eHl1e Pa,u;)Ke pbI qOJIbI Ha ceBep I1H-
tJ;1111.
1027-1032. npe6bIBaHI1e Dl1pYHI1 B I1HtJ;MM.
1077. nOCOJIbCTBO K}'Il OB rOcytJ;apcTBa qOJIa B KMTae.
1192. DI1TBa npM Tapal1He, B KOTOpOH otJ;ep)KaJI no-
6e MyxaMMa,u; rxopl1116bIJI y611T apb np"TXBlpa,n;)K.
nepBbIe IIIarl1 ,lJ;eJII1HCKOrO cYJITaHaTa.
296-1315. npaBJIeHl1e AJIa-a,n;-tJ;I1H-XwIbtJ;)Kl1, no npl1-
Ka3Y KOToporo MaJIMK Ka<t>YP, reHepaJI 11 eBH}'X, npMHHB-
IIII1H I1CJIaM, COBepIIII1JI onycToIIIMTeJIbHbIe Ha6erM Ha Bce
IO)KHbIe I1 CCKl1e rocytJ;apcTBa tJ;O Ma,u;ypal1.
XIII-XV BB. qOJIbI YH"t.ITO)KeHbI XOHCaJIaMI1M naH-
tJ;bHM11113 Ma,u;ypal1.
1336. CTaHOBJIeHl1e BeJII1KOH I1Mnepl111 BI1tJ;)KaJlHa-
rap. Dopb6a C DaXMaHI1HCKI1M cYJITaHaToM.
1398. 3axBaT ,lJ;eJII1 TaMepJIaHOM nOCJIe MHOrl1X He-
ytJ;aBIIIl1xcH nonbITOK co CTOpOHbI MOHrOJIOB 3aBJIa,u;eTb
ropotJ;oM.
1509-1529. npaBJIeHl1e Kpl1IIIHbI ,lJ;eBbI PaHH B BI1tJ;-
)KaHHarape; ero QapCTBo nOCeTI1JI 11 onl1CaJI B Ot.IeHb
JIbCTI1BbIX BbIpIDKeHI1HX nopryraJIe naarn.
1526. DI1TBa npM naHl1naTe. OCHOBaHl1e Da6ypoM
MMnepl111 MOrOJIOB.
1565. DI1TBa npM TaJII1KOTe. ,lJ;eKaHCKl1e cYJITaHaTbI
npeBpaTI1JII1 B PYMHbI BI1tJ;)KaHHarap 11 YHI1t.ITO)KI1JII1
nOCJIetJ;Hee BeJII1KOe I1H ccKoe apcTBo.
KJIaCCI1t.IeCKaH I1HtJ;I1HcKaH I1BI1JII13aQI1H TOJIbKO
OTt.IaCTM OTHOCMJIaCb K AHTMt.IHOCTI1. Ee 30JIOTOH BeK
npl1IIIeJICH Ha nepMotJ; C nepBbIx BeKOB HarneH apbI M tJ;O
X CTOJIeTMH.
III
o BIIJECTBO
Y apeHHaJI, XapMa y apMT; 3a-
M eHHa.H, XapMa 3a MTMT.
TaK H}')I(HO JIM HaHOCMTb y apbI
no xapMe, onaCa.HCb, KaK 6bI
y apeHHaJI OHa Hac He paHMJIa.
3a'K01l l Ma1lY, VIII, 15
A,XAPMA.
«COIJJ10-KOCMJ1QECKJ1M nOP5IAOK»
np0I13Be eHl1e, 113BeCTHoe Ha cppaHQ}'3cKoM H3bIKe
no Ha3BaHl1eM «3aKoHbI MaH}'», HBJIHeTC.H TpaKTaToM
o xapMe - Kap I1HaJIbHOM nOH.HTI1M, KOTopoe .nyqIIIe
06'bHCHI1Tb, qeM nepeBeCTI1. CnO)KHOCTb 3aKJIIOQaeTCH
em:e 11 B TOM, qTO Ha npOT.H)KeHMM MHOrMX BeKOB ,n;peB-
HOCTb 3TOrO TepMI1Ha cnoco6CTBOBaJIa ero pa3JII1QHO-
MY TOJIKOBaHl11O 11 nOHI1MaHI1IO. Te, KTO nOnbITaeTC.H ero
nepeBeCTI1, Hanl1myr C 60JIbiliOM IUIM MaJIeHbKOM 6}'K-
BbI - «3aKOH», «peJIl1rI1H», «nOp.H,n;OK», « OJIr». nepe
3TI1M .HBJIeHMeM ,l(peBH.HH I1H I1H (TO eCTb 6paXMaHbI!)
He nepeCTaBaJIa npeKJIOHHTbC.H.
,l(xapMa - 3TO B OCHOBHOM }'HI1BepCaJIbHbIM eCTeCTBeH-
HbIM nOp.H,ZJ;OK, TO eCTb COBOK}'llHOCTb HOpM, npMcym;11X
60)KeCTBeHHbIM, QeJIOBeQeCKI1M 11 p. HBJIeHI1HM, 11 COBo-
K}'llHOCTb HBJIeHI1M, B KOTOpbIX 3TI1 HOpMbI npO.HBJI.HIOT-
C.H. TaKl1M 06Pa30M, ,u;xapMa - 3TO nOp.H,ZJ;OK, CBOMCTBeH-
I 57
' .
f . \
',,-... .
7 - -::.....
\i 1 --l '. _ ..:-:;
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
HbIM HBJIeHI1HM 11 <paKTaM, 11 I1CTOqHI1K 3TOrO nOpH,ZJ;Ka.
,l(aHHoe 06 ee onpetJ;eJIeHl1e He06xotJ;I1MO yrOqHHTb B
3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT TeKCTOB 11 KOHTeKCTOB, B KOTOpbIX rOBo-
pl1TCH 0 tJ;paxMe. Ho cpa3Y)I(e 3aMeTl1M, qTO nOpMOK npl1-
cym; He TOJIbKO qeJIOBeqeCTBY, OH }'HI1BepCaJIeH (qTO He
3Haql1T XOpOIII!) 11 tJ;OJI)I(eH MOtJ;eJIl1pOBaTbCH KaK MO)l(HO
TOqHee no 06pa3Y 11 nOtJ;06111O Ml1pa npl1pOtJ;bI. B qeM co-
IJ;l1aJIbHbIM nOpH,ZJ;OK MO)l(eT 11 tJ;OJDKeH OTJIl1qaTbCH OT rJIO-
6aJIbHOM ,u;xapMbI, KOTOpaJI ero 06'beMJIeT? B03MO)l(HO JII1
B 3TI1X YCJIOBI1.HX tJ;eMCTBOBaTb BOnpeKI1 npl1potJ;e?
QT06bI pa306paTbCH B 3TI1X 11 tJ;Pyrl1x Bonpocax,
B03bMeM B KaqeCTBe npl1Mepa «Maxa6xapary», BeJII1K}'1O
3HIJ;I1KJIOnetJ;111O I1HtJ;I1MCKOM IJ;I1BI1JII13an;l1l1. B HeM Haxo-
tJ;I1JII1 TeMbI Bce BI1tJ;bI I1CKYCCTB: TeaTp, cKYJIbnrypa,
MI1Hl1aTlOpa, M}'3bIKa, a B Hailie BpeMH - M}'JIbTl1nJII1Ka-
IJ;I1H, TeJIeBI1tJ;eHl1e, KI1HO, He TOJIbKO B I1HtJ;I1I1, HO 11 Ha
3ana.n;e. CaMaJI 3HaMeHI1TaJI ee qaCTb, eCJII1 He CaMaJI
rJIaBHaJI, «neCHb DJIarOCJIOBeHHoro» ( «DxaraBa.n;rI1Ta» ).
B HeM KpI1IIIHa, 60)l(eCTBeHHoe BOllJIO eH e, npl1paB-
HeHHoe K «aBaTape», (nOTOMK}') BI1IIIH}', tJ;aeT AptJ;)I(}'-
He, OtJ;HOM}' 113 repoeB, ypOK tJ;xapMbI, TO eCTb 06'bHCHH-
eT ero tJ;OJIr 11 JIl1qHbIe npaBa. KpaCOqHO 11 npOCTO KpI1III-
Ha rOBOpI1T, KaKI1M tJ;OJI)I(eH 6bITb 11 qTO tJ;OJI)I(eH tJ;eJIaTb
BOI1H AptJ;)l(}'Ha. «DxaraBa.n;rI1Ta» 11306R7IYeT <P0pM}'JII1-
pOBKaMI1, cnoc06HbIMI1 nOTpHCTI1 Bo06pIDKeHI1e 11 C03Ha-
Hl1e KaK 11H,lJ;I1MIJ;eB, TaK 11 eBpOneMIJ;eB. BbIpIDKeHl1eM 113
«[I1TbI» (KaK ee 06bIqHO Ha3bIBaIOT) - «CBepKaBIIII1M
Hpqe TbICHql1 COJIHIJ;» - BOCnOJIb30BaJICH BeJII1KI1M aMe-
pl1KaHCKI1M yqeHbIM P. OnneHreMMep, KortJ;a B nepBbIM
pa3 pa30)l(rJII1 HtJ;epHbIM «KOCTep». B IJ;eJIOM Maxa6xa-
paTa rOBOpl1T 0 tJ;OJIre Bcex cyru;eCTB. B HeM nOCTOHHHO
CTaJIKI1BaeIIIbCH co CJIOBaMI1 «TbI tJ;OJI)I(eH» 11 «TbI He tJ;OJI-
)l(eH», «H}')I(HO» 11 «He H}')I(HO», qTO 06bIqHO npl1cyru;e
BceM BeJII1KI1M l1tJ;eOJIOrI1HM, KaK HpaBCTBeHHbIM, TaK 11
peJIl1rl103HbIM. Dor B3bIBaeT K AptJ;)I(YH}': «nOCJIYIIIaM
e e, 0 BOI1H C MoryqeM MaHblO, MOI1 rJIaBHbIe CJIOBa» 11
58 I
I KnacCH'"IeCKaSi HA SI
,n;aJIee np0l13HOCI1T no cyrl1 6116JIeHCKI1e 3anOBe,n;l1, a.n;-
peCOBaHHbIe BceM JIIO,n;HM. Ha 3ana.n;e I1MeHH TaK I1X
npe,n;CTaBJIHIOT 11 BOCnpI1HI1MaIOT.
Ho BHI1MaTeJIbHOe npOt.ITeHl1e nOKa3bIBaeT, t.ITO 3TO
HenpaBKJIbHOe nOHI1MaHl1e TeKCTa. Bce, t.ITO co,n;ep)Kl1T-
CH B 3anOBe,n;HX, npe,n;Ha3Hat.IeHO He ,D:JUI t.IeJIOBet.IeCTBa B
u;eJIOM, aMH OT,n;eJIbHOrO t.IeJIOBeKa, Haxo,n;.suu;erOCH B KOH-
KpeTHbIX YCJIOBI1HX 11 I1MelOIIJ;erO onpe,n;eJIeHHbIH CTa-ryc.
Kpl1IIIHa 06nHCHHeT Ap,n;)K}'He, t.ITO OH, 6y.n;yq11 BOI1-
HOM Ha nOJIe 6I1TBbI, ,n;OJI)KeH ,n;eJIaTb B HaCTOHIIJ;I1H MO-
MeHT. B TeKCTe HCHO yrBep)l(,lJ;aeTCH: «JIyqrne CJIe,n;OBaTb
CBoeMY ,n;OJIry nyCTb ,n;IDKe 11 HeCOBepIIIeHHbIM 06pa30M,
t.IeM COBepIIIeHHO I1CnOJIHHTb ,n;OJIr ,n;pyroro t.IeJIOBeKa.
JIyqIIIe nOrl16IryTb, BbInOJIHHH CBOH c06CTBeHHbIH ,n;OJIr,
nOCKOJIbK}' CJIe,n;OBaTb ,n;OJIry ,n;pyroro t.IeJIOBeKa onaCHO».
(fI1Ta, III, 35).
,ZJ;OMI1Hl1pyeT l1,ZJ;eH, t.ITO He MO)KeT 6bITb }'HI1BepCaJIb-
Horo 6JIara 11 Bce06IIJ;ero ,n;OJIra, HO eCTb TOJIbKO JII1t.IHOe
6JIaro KJII1, t.ITO O,n;HO 11 TO )Ke, 6JIaro, COBepiliaeMoe B
onpe,n;eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBI1HX. Y CJIOBI1H Bapbl1p}'lOTCH B 3a-
BI1CI1MOCTI1 OT JII1t.IHOrO cTaryca, BpeMeHI1, C06bITI1H...
Bce06IIJ;eH tJ;XapMbI He cyw;eCTByeT, eCJII1 TOJIbKO ee He
nOHI1MaTb KaK pe3YJIbTaT CBa.n;xapM, TO eCTb JII1t.IHbIX
,n;xapM. 11 06a CJIOBa I1MelOT o,n;I1HaKoB}'IO BIDKHOCTb. q TO
O,n;I1H He ,n;OJI)KeH ,n;eJIaTb, ,n;OJI)KeH 06H3aTeJIbHO ,n;eJIaTb
,n;pyrOH. HeT}'HI1BepCaJIbHOH u;eHHOCTI1, npl1cyw;eH BceM.
DJIarO - 3TO rapMOHI1t.IHOe CJIO)KeHl1e JII1t.IHbIX ,n;06PbIX
,n;eJI. «DJIara B ce6e» He cyw;ecTByeT, eCTb TOJIbKO «6JIaro
AJlH ce6H». DJIarO AJlH ce6H - 3TO 3JIO MH ,n;pyroro. Bnpo-
t.IeM, TeKCTbI He CTOJIbKO 06nHCHHIOT, t.ITO eCTb 6JIaro,
CKOJIbKO o npe,n;eJIH lOT , t.ITO H}?KHO ,n;eJIaTb. COBepIIIeHl1e
TOrO I1JII1 I1HOrO nocrynKa onpe,n;eJIHeTCH cTarycoM 11
06CTOHTeJIbCTBaMI111 caMO no ce6e He HBJIHeTCH 6JIaroM.
B TeKCTax HeT nOnbITKI1 onpe,n;eJII1Tb 3TO 6JIaro. H}0KHO
XOpOiliO BbInOJIHHTb CBOH ,n;oJIr, a He COBepIIIaTb a6CTpaK-
THbIe .6JIarl1e ,n;eJIa. ECJII1, Hanpl1Mep, «axI1Mca» - OTCyr-
I 59
.: :\
) '
... . -\
"'1 _.:-;. . ,-:0:,
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.H I
CTBl1e HaCI1JII1.H - npe.n;CTaBJIeHO KaK }'HI1BepC3JIbHaH eH-
HOCTb B «Mora-cyrpe» (II, 30), aTO nOToM}' qTO B TeKCTe
}'Ka3aH cnoc06, KaK nOJlO)KI1Tb aToM}' KOHe , TO eCTb KaK
yMTI1113 )K113HH 6e3 nOCJIe.n;yromeM I1HKapHa l1l1. Ho KOr-
.n;a peqb eT 0 npo.n;OJl)KeHI1I1 )K113HI1 H 0 TOM, KaK c.n;e-
JlaTb ee BeqHOM, axl1MCa 3aKJIlOqaeTC.H B OTKaae OT npl1-
MeHeHI1.H 6eCnOJle3HOrO HaCI1J1I1.H. «Y6I1Tb He 3Haql1T
y6l1Tb, eCJlI1 aTO KaCaeTC.H )KepTBOnpI1HOIIIeHI1M», - yr-
Bep)K.ZJ;aeT MaRY (3aKoHbI MaRY, 39). 3TO 03HaqaeT,
qTO 6paxMaH, BOI1H, K}'IIe , OXOTHI1K, 3eMJIe.n;eJleQ B ccpe-
pe I1X c06cTBeHHoM .n;e.HTeJlbHOCTI1 MOryT I1.n;OJl)KHbI npl1-
6eraTb K HaCI1JII1IO, HO TOJlbKO B paMKax npl1cymero 11M
cTaryca 11 HI1KaKOrO .n;pyroro. 3Ta e.H npoxo.n;l1JIa Kpac-
HOM HI1TblO CKB03b BCIO HOpMaTI1BH}'IO JlI1Teparypy, CTaB
Kap.n;I1H3JIbHOM eeM B KJIaCCI1QeCKOM 11 I1MCKOM 11-
BI1JI113a l1l1. TaKI1M 06paaOM, cpOpM}'JlHpOBKH fl1TbI He
I1MelOT HI1QerO oc06eHHoro.
Be.n;113M YCMaTpl1BaeT MI1CTI1QeCKOe COOTBeTCTBl1e
Me)K)ry pl1TOM - KOCMI1QeCKI1M nOp.H.n;KOM, 11 pl1TOM -
nOp.H.n;KOM npOBe.n;eHI1.H pl1ryaJIOB. BTOpOM nOp.H.n;OK
.n;OJl)KeH BOCnp0l13BeCTI1 11 peaJII130BaTb nepBbIM. TaK,
apb ,lVI.H COXpaHeHI1.H BCeJleHCKOro nOp.H.n;Ka onJlaQI1-
BaeT TPY.n; M}'.n;pe OB, npl13BaHHbIX B TOQHOCTH Bocnpo-
H3BeCTI1 pl1ryaJIbI, KOTopbIe Ha3bIBaIOTC.H «.H.n;)KHa», -
)KepTBOnpI1HOIIIeHHe. PI1Ta npOHI1KaeT B «caTblO» -
nO,lVII1HHOCTb, KOTOpaH MaJIO QeM OTJlI1QaeTC.H OT TOQ-
HOCTH BbInOJlHeHI1.H pl1ryaJIOB 11 He I1MeeT HpaBCTBeH-
Horo HaQ3JIa. nO,lVII1HHOCTb - aTO TOQHOCTb, K KOTOpOM
.n;06aBJI.HeTC.H HeQTO Heonpe.n;eJleHHoe. I1MeeTc.H HeKO-
TOpaH Hanp.H)KeHHOCTb Me nO,lVII1HHOCTblO, B OCHO-
Be KOTOpOM 3aJlO)KeH JlI1HrBHCTI1QeCKI1M nOp.H.n;OK
(<<Be.n;bI»), 11 peaJIbHbIM Ml1pOM, BOCnpl1HI1MaeMbIM KaK
oCJla6J1eHI1e aTOM nO,lVII1HHOCTI1. B HH 3Me c}'ll(ecTBY-
eT npoTI1BOpeQl1e Me)K)ry e.n;I1HOM KOCMI1QeCKOM .n;pax-
MOM H MHO)KeCTBOM JlI1QHbIX .n;paxM. IJ;apb MO)KeT npH-
HOCI1Tb )KepTBOnpI1HOIIIeHI1.H, HO npH YCJlOBI1I1, QTO Y
60 I
I KnaccH eCKaSi HA SI
f}
Hero 6y.n;eT xopOIIIee «:QapCKoe» nOBe.n;eHl1e. CaTb.H 11
.n;xapMa CTaHOB.HTC.H Ko.n;eKCOM xopOiliero, npaBI1J1bHO-
ro nOBe.n;eHI1.H, npl1c ero :QaplO, KOTopoe no.n;KpenJl.H-
eTC.H ero HpaBCTBeHHOCTblO. npl1 HenpaBI1J1bHOM nOBe-
.n;eHI1I1, .n;aJKe CTporo BbInOJlH.H.H pl1ryaJIbI, :Qapb P"CKY-
eT HapYIIII1Tb OKpY)KalO I1M Ml1p (KOTOpbIM .HBJI.HeTC.H
C<pePOM ero .n;e.HTeJlbHOCTI1). 3TI1 yrBep)K,lJ;eHI1.H OTHO-
C.HTC.H K KIDK,ZJ;OM}' qeJlOBeKY B paMKax ero cTaryca.
BJlI1.HHl1e aTl1x eM npOCJle)KI1BaeTC.H BO BceM 11HJ];I1M-
CKOM KJIaCCl1qeCKOM :QI1BI1J1113a:Ql1l1. B «Maxa6xapaTe»
Kpl1IIIHa noyqaeT Ap.ZJ;)K}'HY, KaK OH .n;OJl)KeH BbInOJlH.HTb
CBOM .n;oJlr BOI1Ha, TO eCTb onpe.n;eJl.HeT Kpyr 06.H3aHHOC-
TeM B paMKax ero <PYHK:QI1M. Eor 06'b.HCH.HeT eM}', qTO
y611Tb BOI1Ha Ha nOJle 611TBbI He 3Haql1T y6l1Tb, nOTOM}'
qTO B .n;eMCTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1 y611 b HI1KOrO He'B03MO)KHO,
Be.n;b aTMaH, T.e. .n;yma caMa no ce6e 6eccMepTHa. HeBaJK-
HO, eCJlI1 OH 6y.n;eT y611BaTb CBOI1X .n;BOlOpO.n;HbIX 6paTb-
eB, po.n;cTBeHHI1KOB, ceMblO, 11 HeBaJKHO, eCJlI1 npl1 aTOM
OH 6y.n;eT I1cnbITbIBaTb OTBpa eHl1e (O.n;I1H 113 anI1TeTOB,
xapaKTepl13}'1O HX AproKyHy, .n;06pocep.n;eqHOrO BOI1Ha, -
«6116xaTmy», T.e. «TOT, KTO qyBCTBYeT OTBp eHl1e»). OH
06.H3aH BbInOJlH.HTb .n;oJlr BOI1Ha. COcTpa.n;aHl1e H )KMOCTb,
KOTOpbIMI1 nepenOJlHeHa ero .n;yma npl1 MbICJlI1 060 Bcex
.n;ol1}'l.QeHHbIx )KeCTOKOCT.HX, .HBJI.HIOTC.H, no CJlOBaM KpI1III-
HbI, CJla60cTblO. Ap.n;)l(}'Ha BOCKJII1:QaeT: «MbI He I1MeeM
npaBa y611BaTb pO.n;HbIX! KaK MO)KHO 6bITb CQaCTJlI1BbIM,
y6I1B HaIIIHX 6J1113KHX?» (fl11'3., I, 37). Kpl1IIIHa HeYC1'3.HHO
paCCMaTpl1BaeT Pa3.7II1QHbIe cnoc06bI BOCnpl1.HTH.H 60ra,
Ml1p03.n;aHl1.H 11 T ..n;., QT06bI e e pa3 yrBep.n;I1Tb c ecTBY-
1O I1M B Ml1pe nOp.H.n;oK Be eM M .HBJleHI1M: «BbInOJlHI1
CBOM .n;oJlr BOI1Ha!» KCTaTI1, cpIDKeHl1e, 0 KOTOpOM eT
peQb, OCTaJIOCb 6e3 n06e.n;I1TeJleM: Bce BOHHbI, BKJIIOQaH
Tex, KOTOpbIM nOMOraJI KpI1IIIHa, 11 KOTopbIe BepIIII1JIH
6J1aroe .n;eJlO, norI16J1H.I1MeHHo KpHiliHa :QeHoM BoeHHbIX
YJlOBOK, a HHor.n;a 6eCCJIaBHbIX XHTpocTeM (11X Ha3bIBaIOT
Mora) OpraHI130BaJI Bce06 rH6eJlb JlIO.n;eM.
I 61
,.
' . > \
l\ '::;" .'"
- '\ .
1 -:., .. \ '. .....
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
TaKI1M 06pa30M, Kpl1IIIHa npO.HBJI.HeTC.H ,lVI.H BOCCTa-
HOBJleHI1.H ,n;XapMbI, 11 MbI BI1,n;I1M, qTO ,n;XapMa - I1CTOq-
HI1K nOp.H,n;Ka - 11 C eCTBYIOm;I1H nOp.H,n;OK He Bcer,n;a
COBna.n;aIOT. Pa3YMeeTC.H, I1CTOqHI1K nOp.H,n;Ka npl13HaeT-
C.H COBepIIIeHHbIM, HO npl1 ero npO.HBJleHI1I1 B COQl1aJIb-
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KaCT cnoc06CTBOBaJIO no,n;,n;ep)KaHI1IO rl16KOCTI1 CTPYK-
T}'PbI 06 ecTBa. B TeKcTax 06 aTOM rOBOp"TC.H Teope-
TI1QeCKH I1JII1 B 06 l1x <ppa3ax, HO KOHKpeTHaJJ ,n;eMCTBI1-
TeJIbHOCTb 6bIJIa ,n;aJIeKa OT CI1CTeMHOro 113JIO)l(eHI1.H.
I 67
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rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
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cTByeT B .n;BYX I1JII1 TpeX CTHXax B «Pl1rBe.n;e», X, 90), onH-
caHHOH BO MHO)l(eCTBe KOMMeHTapl1eB (cpe.n;11 KOTOpbIX
H 3HaMeHI1TbIe «3aKoHbI MaHY», .n;OBe.n;IIIHe .n;o 3KCTa3a
<1>. HI1:QIIIe), 11 pa3J1l1qHbIMI1 MeCTHbIMI1 peaJIH.HMI1 cy-
eCTBOBaJlO Bcer.n;a. 11 nOCTO.HHHa.H 113MeHqHBOCTb
3TI1X peaJIl1H, no.n;Bep)l(eHHbIX 3BOJlIO:QI1I1, cnoc06cTBO-
BaJIa TOMY, qTO .n;OKTpI1HbI, YBa1KaeMbIe BCIO 11 BCeMI1,
He I1MeJlI1.ZJ;JII1TeJlbHOrO cy ecTBOBaHI1.H. Bce TpaKTaTbI
xapaKTepl13YIOTC.H npOTI1BOpeQI1BOCTblO. ECJlI1 6YMHC-
TbI 11 .n;)I(aHHI1CTbI CTaBI1J111 B QeJlOBeQeCKOH l1epapXHH
KiliaTpl1eB nepe.n; 6paxMaHaMH, TO Be.n;HQeCKl1e TeKCTbI
ypaBHI1BaJIl1 HX n0311:Q1111. B ynaHI1IIIa.n;ax, C CO)l(aJIeHI1-
eM rOBOpl1BIIII1X 0 nepeBepHYTOM Ml1pe, Ha nepBoe
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BaTb 3anYTaHHa.H KapTHHa, B KOTOpOH BC.H cOBoKyn-
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)I(,n;eHa, TO onpOBeprHYTa H nepeCMOTpeHa Ha OCHOBe
He,n;OCTaTOQHO aprYMeHTl1pOBaHHbIX YTBep)l(,n;eHI1H.
B Hailie BpeM.H, Kor,n;a OTMeHa KaCTOBOH CI1CTeMbI .HB-
JI.HeTC.H MeQTOH MHOrl1X HH,n;YCOB, OHa HaTaJIKI1BaeTC.H
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pa3 BbIBepeHHbIX l1.n;eOJlOrl1.HX, Ha npOQHbIX CO:QI1-
aJIbHbIX H 3KOHOMHQeCKI1X COBpeMeHHbIX peaJIl1.HX H Ha
He,n;OBOJlbCTBe npe.n;KOB. ,l(ocTaTOQHO 6erJloro B3rJl.H,n;a,
6pOIIIeHHoro Ha MaTpHMOHHaJIbHbIe 061>.HBJleHI1.H (ny6-
JlHKYeMbIe 11 B Ha:QHOHaJIbHOH ra3eTe ,l(eJlI1), QT06bI }'BH-
,n;eTb, HaCKOJlbKO nOH.HTl1e KaCT YKpenl1J10Cb B C03HaHI111
I1H.n;I1H:QeB.
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nOCTO.HHHO CCbIJI3JIHCb B CBOI1X paCCy)I(.lJ;eHH.HX Ha QeTbI-
pe (11JI11 n.HTb) BapH, a «Pl1rBe.n;a», npl1Bo,n;I1MaH KaK HC-
TOQHI1K HeOCnOpl1MbIX 3HaHHH, O:QeHI1BaJIa I1X B COOT-
BeTCTBl111 C peaJIl1.HMI1 MI1<pa, TO eCTb l1epapXI1QeCKI1 11
cTarycHo, B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT HX nOJlO)l(eHI1.H B nepBOHa-
68 I
I KnaCCH eCKaSi II1HAII1S1
t.IaJIbHbIX pl1ryaJIax )l(epTBOnpHHOIIIeHI1H. B nocJle -
lQl1X TeKcTax, B qaCTHOCTI1, B «3aKoHax MaRY» (I, 88 11
.n;aJIee), npl1 C06J1IO.n;eHI1I1 nepB03.n;aHHbIx l1epapxl1l1 11
cTarycoB, I1X onpe.n;eJlHIOT C npaKTl1qeCKOH 11 <P}'HK:Q110-
HaJIbHOH TOqeK 3peHI1H: 6paxMaHaM rocno.n;b Ha3Haql1J1
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3HaHHHM, cOBepIIIaTb )l(epTBOnpI1HOIIIeHI1H pa.n;H ce6H 11
.n;pyrl1x, npl1HOCHTb nO)l(epTBOBaHI1H 11 nonyqaTb I1X.
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TBOBaTb 11 H3yqaTb. BaHIIIbHM - pa3Bo.n;I1Tb CKOT, .n;aBaTb,
)l(epTBOBaTb, 113yqaTb, BeCTI1 TOprOBJlIO, cC}')KaTb .n;eHb-
raMI1, pa3BHBaTb aKOHOMl1qecK)'IO K)'Jlbrypy. HaKoHe:Q,
rny.n;paM - 06clI}')KI1BaTb TPH npe.n;bI l1x KJIacca. ECTb
TOJlbKO )l(epTBOnpI1HOIIIeHI1H, 3aI..QI1Ta, aKOHOMI1Ka 11
06cny)l(I1BaHI1e - H B aTOM JlerKO Y3HaeTCH COCJlOBHOe
06lQeCTBO, cym;eCTBOBaBIIIee B nepl1o.n; a6COJllOTHOH MO-
HapXI1I1. Ee3YCJlOBHO, KaCTOBOe 06I..QeCTBO - aTO 3aCTbIB-
rnee 06lQeCTBO. BCnOMI1HaeTCH CTapaJI <ppaH:QY3CKaJI
3HaTb, BbI.n;yMaBIIIaJI B XVIII CTOJleTl111 npl13paQHOe no-
HHTl1e «rony60H KpOBH» H B030MHI1BIIIaJI, 6y.n;TO OHa
npOI1Cxo.n;I1T OT nJleMeHI1 <ppaHKOB, B TO BpeMH KaK B
BeHax OCTaJIbHOrO Hapo.n;a TeQeT 06bIQHaJI KpOBb raJIJIOB.
qeJloBeK KaK TaKOBOH B KJIaCCI1QeCKOH 11H.n;1111 He c e-
CTBOBaJI. EpaxMaHbI, KiliaTpl1l1, BaHIIIbl1, rny.n;PbI 11 BHe-
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BeQeCKl1e JlI1QHOCTI1, a KaK pa3J1I1QHbIe BI1.n;bI JlIO.n;eH.
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ropl1.HX, HaQI1HaJI OT 6paxMaHoB, 11 3aKaHQl1BaJI )l(I1BOT-
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:Ql1pOBaJIl1Cb no HI1CXO.n;.HlQeH CTeneHI1 B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT
CTeneHI1 QI1CTOTbI. B aTOM CMbICJle 6paxMaHbI npI16J111-
)l(aJIl1Cb K He6eCHbIM 60raM, a rny.n;PbI 6bIJII1 6JII1)1(e K CO-
6aKaM, QeM K 6paxMaHaM. 11 Ha060pOT, cneK)'JlH:Q1111 ca-
Moro BbICiliero nopH.n;Ka BOCnpl1HI1MaJIH KaCTbI B <p1130-
OJIOrl1qeCKOM 11 cO:Ql1aJlbHOM napaMeTpax, qaCTO
yrBep)K)l;3JI, qTO Ha ypOBHHX 6paxMaHoB 11 aTMaHOB, TO
I 69
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r Abl u. B n 3au. j:;1 I
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1.II1CTOe I1JII1 He1.II1CTOe, - TeJIO 6paxMaHa, KiliaTpl1.H,
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1.IaJIO BOIIJIOm;aeTC.H B pa3HbIx 11H)J;I1B aJIbHOCT.HX. TaK,
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KOTOp}'lO ,A03Y }'HI1BepCaJIbHOCTI1.
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Hl1e KaCaeTC.H KaK caMoro I1H,AI1Blf.AYYMa, TaK 11 BceH Ka-
CTbI B QeJIOM! B OCHOBHOM aTO ,AeHCTBeHHO AJI.H JI1060-
ro 1130JI.HTa. fJIaBHbIMI1 CTaHOB.HTC.H B3aI1MOCB.H311, a He
Te, KTO BcrynalOT B aTI1 CB.H311. KaCTbI 1111H)J;I1BI1 bI
I1MelOT 3Ha1.IeHl1e B I1X B3aI1MO,AeHCTBI1I1. KaCTa, TaKI1M
06pa30M, onpe,AeJI.HeT, KaK O,AI1H 1.IeJIOBeK BCT}'naeT BO
B3aI1MOOTHOIIIeHI1.H C CaMI1M C060H, 11 C ,ApyrI1M, noxo-
:>KI1M Ha Hero, If C TpeTbl1M, KOTOpbIH Ha Hero He no-
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OTHOIIIeHI1.H 11 C Ke!d He H}':>KHO BcrynaTb B KOHTaKT.
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CTHOCTI1, B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aKJII01.IaeMbIX 6paKOB). Apl1aHI1-
3aQI1.H HH,A111f conpOBO)K)J;aJIaCb TalOKe BKJII01.IeHl1eM B
CI1CTeM}' BapH Bce 60JIee IIIl1pOKI1X CJIOeB HaCeJIeHI1.H.
9pY,AI1TbI 11 BOI1HbI IOra HH,A1111 aCCI1MI1JIl1pOBaJIl1Cb C
6paxMaHaMI1 Ii KiliaTpl1.HMI1. A B HaIIII1 ,AHI1 B TaMI1JIaH-
,Ae yrBep)l(,lJ;alOT, 1.ITO eCTb TOJIbKO JII1IIIb 6paxMaHbI 11
my,ApbI - clI}'rl1. BH}'TpI1KaCTOBbIe nepeMeIIJ;eHIf.H cym;e-
CTBOBaJIl1 BCer,Aa 11 I1HOr,Aa npI1BO,AI1JII1 K 3aH.HTI1IO Qap-
CKoro npeCTOJIa. B KJIaccl11.IecK}'IO anoxy B JII1Teparype
He nopl1QaJIl1Cb 6paXMaHbI, KynQbI, 3aHI1MalOIIJ;l1eC.H
npOCBeTI1TeJIbCTBOM, 11 T.,A. nO,A06Ha.H cl1T}'aQI1.H onl1-
CbIBaeTC.H 11 B HOpMaTI1BHbIX TeKcTax. Bo Bce BpeMeHa
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Ha - JII11.IHbIe JII1 ,AOCTOI1HCTBa, nOBe,AeHl1e I1JII1 po)l(,lJ;e-
70 I
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nO,ABepraJIl1Cb KpI1TI1Ke, 11 He TOJlbKO co CTOpOHbI 6y,A-
,AI1CTOB. 11M BMeH.HJlI1 B BI1HY 3KCQeCCbI B JlI060BHbIX OT-
HOIIIeHI1.HX 11 HeyeMHoe CTpeMJIeHl111 K HaJKI1Be. CeBep-
HbIH nOpTaJI xpaMa B CaHql1 (6YMI1CTCKI1H naM.HTHI1K)
npe,ACTaBJI.HeT 6paxMaHoB B c0611paTeJlbHOM 06pa3e qe-
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Jlee BbICOKOM cTaT}'ce, 11 O,AH bI, Ha 3aBI1CTb BceM,
MO)KHO BOIIJIOTI1TbC.H B 06pa3e 6paxMaHa.
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I 71
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QI1aJII1311pyroTCH Ha 3HaHI111 ,L\XapMbI. Hx l1epapXI11.IeCKOe
npeBocxo.n;CTBO 06nHCHHeTcH TeM, 1.ITO OHI1 06nHCHHIOT
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npe.n;CTaBI1TeJleH aKOHOMI11.IeCKOH )K113HI1).
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y 60roB cym;ecTByeT )KeJlaHl1e pa3MHO)KaTbC.H, 11 1.IeJlO-
BeK no cBoeH cyrl1 cym;ecTBo, 06J1a.n;alO:r.Qee :>KeJlaHI1.H-
MI1. (Kamamaya evayam purusah, - rOBOpI1TC.H B aTOM
CMbICJle B llIaTanaTxa-6paxMaHe 7, 27). CTpeMJle-
Hl1e K no.nyqeHI1IO nJlo.n;a (nxaJIa) HBJI.HeTC.H He06xo.n;l1-
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72 I
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UJIaCTI1QeCKOrO I1CK}'CCTBa (l1.n;eOJlOraMI1 KOToporo 6bIJIl1
6paxMaHbI, a TBOPQaMI1 - my.n;pbI) KaMa B onpe.n;eJleHHOM
CTeneHI1 no.n;BepraeTCH OC}')K.AeHI1IO. Qpe3BbIQaMHO no-
Ka3aTeJlbHbIMI1 B aToM CMbICJle HBJI.HIOTCH cepl1.H Jlereu.n;
pa3JII1QHOrO npOI1CXO)l(,l:(eHI1H, npl1nl1CbIBaeMbIX <p11J10-
cO<py-acKery llIaHKape, 11 COQI1HeHl1e AMapYiliaTaKI1.
nOJIaralOT, QTO aTO np0I13Be.n;eHl1e, COCTOHIIJ;ee 113 COT-
HI1 npeKpaCHO Hanl1CaHHbIX MaJIeHbKI1X JlI060BHbIX
noaM, C03.n;aJI npl13HaHHbIM 3HaTOK KaMbI Qapb AMap
KaIIIMl1pCKI1M (VII B.?). no .n;pyrl1M JlereH.n;aM, aTa KOM-
nl1JIHQI1H JII060BHbIX CTI1XOB npl1nl1CbIBaeTCH llIaHKa-
pe, KOTOpOM}' nocJle ero n06e.n;bI B cnope C MaH.n;aHOM
MI1CpOM 6pocl1J1a BbI30B )l(eHa n06e)l(,lJ;eHHoro. QTO )l(e
Mor CKa3aTb 0 CBoeM npOTI1BHI1Ke HI1QerO He nOHI1Ma-
1OIIJ;I1M B JII06BI1 llIaHKapa? OH nonpOCI1J1 OTCPOQK}' 11
6JIaro.n;apH 3aH.HTI1.HM MorOM CYMeJl nOKI1H}'Tb CBoe TeJIO
11 BCeJlI1TbCH B TeJlO nOKOMHoro Qap.H AMapy, QT06bI
I 73
.- . ....,..\
<..\. ,,'
rHAbl u.HBHnH3cu.HH I
)KI1Tb C )KeHaMI1 ero rapeMa! B pe3YJlbTaTe OH COCTaBI1J1
noaMbI, B KOTOpbIX B aK3aJ1bTI1pOBaHHOH <popMe npe-
B03HOCI1J1 cpl1Hrapapacy - JII060BHbIe I1JII1 apOTI11.IeC-
Kl1e qyBcTBa. 3TI1 JlereH.lJ;bI nOKa3bIBaIOT, 1.ITO B KJIaCCI1-
1.IeCKOH 1111)];1111 nypymapTXI1 - Tpl1 CTOpOHbI 1.IeJlOBe1.IeC-
Koro Ha3Ha1.IeHI1.H - 6bIJII1 B onpe.lJ;eJleHHOH CTeneHI1
6J1113KI1 .lJ;pyr .lJ;pyry 11 Hal160Jlee nOJlHO nepe)KI1BaJll1Cb
(11J111 .lJ;OJl)KHbI 6bIJII1 nepe)KI1BaTbCH) npl1 COBMeCTHOM
cy ecTBOBaHI1I1. B aTI1X paMKax nJlaHl1pOBaJlaCb, n01l}'-
1.IaJla BOUJIOIIJ;eHl1e 11 OQeHI1BaJlaCb 1.IeJIOBe1.IeCKa.H .lJ;eH-
TeJIbHOCTb.
Cmpyxmypa 3 + 1
K TpeM nepBbIM nYPYIIIapTxaM, nepe1.II1CJIeHHbIM
l1epapXI11.IeCKI1 B HI1CXO.lJ;.HIIJ;eM nOp.H.lJ;Ke, .lJ;06aBJI.HJIaCb
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m;eCTBOBaHI1.H, 11 0 HeH nOH.lJ;eT pe1.Ib B .lJ;aJlbHeHilieM.
llo.lJ;06HbIH cnoc06 BOCnpl1HI1MaTb Bem;11 11 HBJIeHI1.H
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MeHTax, 113 KOTOpbIX 1.IeTBepTbIH B OTJlI11.Il1e OT nepBbIX
Tpex pacnOJlaraJIC.H B .lJ;pyrOM nJIaHe. CTpYKTYPa 3 + 1
C Bapl1aHTaMI1.HBJlHeTCH 06bI1.IHOH B BOCnpl1HTl111 Ml1pa,
B KOTOpOM e.lJ;I1HOe HaxO.lJ;I1TC.H BO B3al1MOOTHOIIIeHI1HX
C 1.IaCT.HMI1. 3TO xapaKTepHo .lJ;JI.H Bcex Be.lJ;l11.IeCKI1X 11
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HOCTI1I1 Tpl1 BMeCTe B3HTbIe. TalOKe Tpl1 «CTXaHbI» - co-
CTOHHI1H (60.lJ;pCTBOBaHl1e, CHOBI1.lJ;eHl1e 11 COH)
npOTI1BOCTO.HT B CBoeH COBOK}'TIHOCTI1 1.IeTBepTOMY co-
CTO.HHI1IO, COCTO.HHI1IO OHTOJlOrl11.IeCKOH HanOJIHeHHOC-
74 I
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8)
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TOM qacTI16e3 nHToM (Ma bH-ynaHI1IIIMa, VII). 9TO
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HeqHOCTI1. TaK, Ql1cppbI 8 11 16 0603HaqalOT QeJIOCT-
HOCTb; + 1 0603HaqaeT 6eCKOHeqHOCTb, TaK KaK npeBoc-
XO));I1T QeJIOCTHOCTb. ql1CJIO 17 (16 + 1) HBJIHeTCH ql1CJIOM
npa,zpKanaTI1, BepxoBHoro 60ra, 11 CI1MBOJII1311pyeT He-
I1CTOIIJ;I1MOCTb KOHeqHOM QeJIOCTHOCTI1. B O));HOM 113 ca-
MbIX BaJKHbIX ));peBHI1X Me.n;I1QI1HCKI1X TpaKTaTOB «qapa-
Ka-CaMXI1Ta» rOBOpI1TCH, qTO B qeJIOBeqeCKOM TeJIe I1Me-
eTCH 360 KOCTeM. He CJIe.l(yeT ):(}'MaTb, qTO aBTopbI 3Toro
npoI13Be.n;eHI1H));eMCTBl1TeJIbHOCOCqHTaJII1BCeKOCTH.9T0
ql1CJIO 6bIJIO Ha3BaHO 6e3 BCHKoro nO));CqeTa, nOToM)' qTO
OHO BbIpIDKaeT B33HMOCBH3b Me qeJIOBeKOM KaK MI1K-
pOKOCMOM 11 BCeJIeHHOM (B ee BpeMeHHoM cpopMe), accl1-
Ml1JIl1pOBaHHOM C BeJII1KI1M ro.n;OBbIM pI1TMOM, a ro.n; co-
CTOI1T 113 360 .n;HeM. Me TeM I1CCJIe.n;OBaTeJII1 3aHl1Ma-
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T .));.), nbITaHCb nO));OrHaTb I1X KOJIl1qeCTBO no)); }'K33aHHbIM
pe3YJIbTaT. TaKI1M )Ke 06pa30M 6bIJIO npl1HHTO Cql1TaTb,
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HbIX OKOHqaHI1M! HTaK, ql1CJIO BbIpIDKaeT cKopee Kaqe-
CTBeHHoe, qeM KOJIl1qeCTBeHHoe 3HaqeHl1e.
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qeTbIpbMH (Tpl1Bapra 3aMeHeHa KaT}'pBaproM) B CTPYK-
TYPe 3 1, nOCTOHHHO 60JIee I1JII1 MeHee CBH3aHbI C .n;PY-
rl1MI1 no.n;06HbIMI1 CTpYKT}'paMI1: Tpl1 «ryHHbI» - MaTe-
pl1aJIbHbIe COCTaBJIHIOIIJ;l1e, a «nYPYIIIa» - ));yxoBHaH
MOHMa; Tpl1 COCTaBJIHIOIIJ;l1e MI1CTl1qeCKOrO 3BYKa OM
(a, Y 11 M) 11 ero pe30HaHc; Tpl1 CTonbI CTpOcpbI, Ha3bIBa-
eMoM raJITpl1, 11 ee HenpOHBJIeHHaJI CTona. nypymapT-
XI1 COOTHOCI1JII1Cb co CTPYKT}'pOM ailipaMoB. ,l(I1CK}'CCI1I1
B03HI1KaJII1 B OCHOBHOM 0 npl1po));e OpraHI13aQI111 Tpex
nepBbIx 11 aBTOHOMl111 apTXI1 11 KaMbI no OTHOIIIeHl11O K
));XapMe. O));HI1 HaCTal1BaJIl1 Ha Bce06'beMJIIOIIJ;eM 3Haqe-
HI1I1 ));XapMbI 11 Ha I1HTerpl1pOBaHl111 B HeM ));BYX nOCJIe-
I 75
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XpaHeHO. qTO KaCaeTCH JII1TeparypHbIX I1CTOqHI1KOB, TO
OHI1 061>HBJIHJII1 O.n;HY 113 TpeX I1JII1 qeTBeprylO CaMOM
r JIaBHOM rrypyrnapTxoM 11 no.n;ql1HHJII1 eM OCTaJIbHbIX.
3TO CTaHOBI1JIOCb B03MO)KHbIM, nOToM}' qTO Ka.JI\AaJlI13
qeTbIpex npl106peTaJIa oc060e 3HaqeHI1e B 3aBI1CI1MOC-
TI1 OT qeJIOBeqeCKOM .n;eHTeJIbHOCTI1. EpaxMaH no CBoe-
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pl130BaJIaCb He06bIqaMHOM «nJIo.n;OBI1TOCTblO», nOTOM}'
qTO Ka.JI\AbIM aBTOp no CBoeM}' YCMOTpeHl11O npl1CBal1-
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«KaMa» B caMOM Y3KOM 3HaqeHI111 03HaqaeT )l(eJIaHl1e
ceKCYaJIbHOrO y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHI1H, HO OHO )Ke np"06pe-
TaeT 11 60JIee 06 ee 3HaqeHI1e - JII060e )l(eJIaHl1e. B cy-
pOBbIX «3aKoHax MaHY» (II, 2) rOBOpI1TCH: «He no.n;o-
6aeT )KeJIaHI1IO 3axBaTbIBaTb Te6H nOJIHOCTblO, HO He cy-
ecTByeT 11 OTcyrcTBl1e )KeJIaHI1H: Be.n;b caMO 113yqeHI1e
Be.n;, paBHO KaK 11 JII060e .n;eMCTBl1e, npe.n;nl:lCaHHOe Be-
.n;aMI1, HBJIHIOTCH CJIe.n;CTBl1eM )l(eJIaHI1H». B aTI1X CTpO-
Kax qyBcTByeTcH OCY)l(,lJ;eHl1e )KeJIaHI1H 11 B TO )Ke BpeMH
B HI1X eCTb HanOMI1HaHl1e, qTO BCH COBOK}'TIHOCTb Be.n;l1-
qeCKI1X TeKCTOB OCHOBaHa Ha )l(eJIaHI1I1.
QJ1CTOE J1 HEQJ1CTOE
(I1IYCJ1 J1 AIIIYCJ1)
KOHQenQI1H «QI1CTOe 11 HeQI1CToe» cnoc06CTBOBaJIa
YCTaHOBJIeHl11O CI1CTeMbI QeHHOCTeM B KJIaCCI1'IeCKOM
11H,lJ;I1MCKOM 06 eCTBe. B .n;eMCTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1 aTO nOHH-
Tl1e BbIXO,lJ;I1T 3a paMKI1 COQl1aJ.1bHOrO YCTpoMcTBa, HO
76 I
I KnacCH"'IeCKaSi JII HAJllSI
(f)
I1MeHHO B aTOM c<pepe OHO nOlI}'ql1J1o MaKCI1MaJlbHOe
BbIpaJKeHl1e. HaIIII1 nJIOXO no.n;roTOBJleHHbIe qYBcTBa
no.nyqaT 3.n;ecb Hal160JIbllIee nOTpHCeHl1e. He aBHHH I1C-
TOpl1H EBponbI accoQl1l1pyeT nOHHTl1e ql1CTOTbI C pa3-
Jll1qHbIMI1 peJII1rl103HbIMI1 npaKTI1KaMI1. Hgu;yCOM Bo.n;a
MO)KeT npl13HaBaTbcH qI1CTOM, TO eCTb CBHTOM (Hanpl1-
Mep, BO.n;bI faHra 11J111 HapMa;J;bI) 11 6bITb OTpa;J;OM )J;JUI
naJIOMHI1Ka, XOTH MbI 6y.n;eM Cql1TaTb ee rpH3HOM, Henpl1-
ro.n;HOM )J;JIH ynoTpe6J1eHI1H. npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIeHl1e «ql1-
CToe/HeqI1CToe» TOJlbKO OTQaCTI1 COOTBeTcTByeT npo-
TI1BOnOCTaBJIeHl11O «QI1CToe/rpH3Hoe». A Kor.n;a C aTOM
TOQKI1 3peHI1H oQeHI1BaeTCH QeJIOBeK, Hallia .n;eMoKpaTI1-
QeCKaH K}'JIbrypa rOTOBa B36YHTOBaTbCH.
HTaK, aTO nOHHTl1e OXBaTbIBaeT BCIO cOBoK}'nHoCTb
)l(113HI1I1 HBJIeHI1M. OHO KacaeTCH .n;eHTeJlbHOCTI1, 061>eK-
TOB aTOM .n;eHTeJlbHOCTI1, JlIO.n;eM, 60roB 11 T ..n;. Ho He06-
XO.n;I1MO 3aMeTI1Tb, QTO HeKoTopbIe 60rl1 HBJlHIOTCH OT-
HOCI1TeJlbHO HeQI1CTbIMI1. 3TO .n;eMCTBI1TeJIbHO 11 )J;JIH ca-
MOM «Be.n;bI»: B3HTaH B rJl06aJIbHOM MaCIIITa6e, OHa
CQI1TaeTCH QI1CTOM, XOTH B aTOM QI1CTOTe 3aJ10)KeHO He-
QHCToe. TaK, MallY (IV, 123-124) 061>HCHHeT: «He CJIe-
.n;yeT paccKa3bIBaTb "Pl1rBe,llJ''' I1JII1 ".H.n;)KypBe,llJ''', Kor.n;a
" c " ( ) " p "
CJlbIIIII1IIIb aMaBe.n;y... I1rBe.n;a » npe.n;cTaBJlHeT
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" c "
I..QeCTB, aMaBe.n;a - .n;JlH npe.n;KoB, CJle.n;OBaTeJIbHO,
.n;aJKe 3BYK ee ("CaMaBe.n;a") HeQI1CT (aIIIYcl1)>>. B aTOM
yrBep)l(,lJ;eHl111 MbI BI1.n;I1M CTPYKT}'l1pOBaHHOCTb, nepe-
QI1CJIeHl1e l1.n;eT B l1epapXI1QeCKOM nopH.n;Ke no CTene-
HI1 y6bIBaHI1H QI1CTOTbI. MJla,zJ;IlII1M 113 60rOB - HH.n;pa,
npeI1MYI..QeCTBeHHO nOKpOBI1TeJlbCTBYIOI..QI1M )K113HI1,
.n;orrycKaeT HeKOTopbIe OIIII16KI1 11 CQI1TaeTCH 113-3a aTO-
ro HeQI1CTbIM. «Pl1rBe.n;a» aCCOQl1l1pOBaJlaCb C 60raMI1,
He I1MelO I1MI1 TeJleCHOM 060JIOQKI1 (BI1.n;exa), 6eccMep-
THbIMI1 11 He BOCnp0I13Bo.n;H I1MI1CH nOJIOBbIM nyreM;
«R.n;)K}pBe.n;a» aCCOQl1l1pOBaJlaCb C JlIO.n;bMI1, CMepTHbI-
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I 77
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HaIIII1M yconIIII1M npe));KOM.
B COQl1aJ1bHOM c<l>epe BbICOKl1e KaCTbI OTJII11.IaJI OT
HI13KI1X Kpyr I1X 06.H3aHHOCTeH I1I1CnOJIHeHl1e npaKTI1K,
C1.II1TalO:r.QI1XCH 1.II1CTbIMI1. B03bMeM )J;JIH npl1Mepa KJIaC-
CI11.IeCKl1e B3aI1MOOTHOllIeHI1.H Me)KJ.(y 6paxMaHoM 11 Qa-
peM. nepBbIH l1epapXI11.IeCKI1 CTO.HJI BbIllie BToporo. nO-
1.IeMY? nOTOM}r 1.ITO 6paxMaHbI I1MeJII1 nOJIHbIH ));OCT}'ll K
«Be));aM», B TO BpeM.H KaK Qapb B Ka1.IeCTBe KllIaTpl1.H Mor
(11I1MeJI npaBO) TOJIbKO 1.IaCTI11.IHO 03HaKOMI1TbCH C HI1MI1.
KCTaTI1, Qapb C1.II1TaJlC.H He1.II1CTbIM no OTHOIIIeHl11O K
6paxMaHY, nOCKOJIbK}' eJI M.HCO, KOTopoe 6bIJIO 3anpe:r.Qe-
HO 6paxMaHY. npaB));a, aTO Tpe60BaHI1e He pacnpOCTpa-
H.HJIOCb B QeJIOM Ha HaQI10HaJlbH}'lO K)'XHIO, 11 B TeKcTax
He yrBep)l(,lJ;aJlOCb, 1.ITO BereTapl1aHCTBO nOJIe3Hee )J;JI.H
3));0POBbH. He npOnaraH,lJ;l1pOBaJlOCb BereTapl1aHCTBO 11
B «Be));ax», a B CTapl1HHbIX Me));I1QI1HCKI1X TpaKTaTax 06-
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MHCO HeceT B Hee ce6e ne1.IaTb HaCl1JI1UI (XI1MCbI), TaK KaK
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B03JI0)l(eHHbIX Ha Hero <l>y"KQI1H BCer));a conpl1KaCaeTC.H
C XI1MCOH, nOCTO.HHHO I1Me.H OTHOIIIeHl1e K <l>eHOMeHaM
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«));aH));a» - naJIKa. OH 06.H3aH caM03a6BeHHO npe));aBaTb-
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11 MI1pOJII0611BbIH - aTO HeJIenOCTb. EpaxMaH :>Ke, Ha060-
pOT, B CIDI}' OTBe));eHHbIX eM}' 06H3aHHOCTeH 11 cTaryca,
MeHee conpl11.IaCTeH )l(113HI1. Pa3}'MeeTC.H, 11 eMY npl1JIa-
raeTC.H I1MeTb CbIHa (11JI11, 113 npe));OCTOpO)l(HOCTI1, ));BYX).
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78 I
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11 ));OJI:>KeH 6bIJI eCTb M.HCO. EpaxMaH OCTaBaJICH qI1CTbIM,
a Qapb - HeqI1CTbIM, 11 ynoTpe6JIHeMaJlI1MI1 nl1:r.Qa BbIpa-
:>KaJIa 11 no.n;TBep)K)J;aJIa I1X cTaT}'c.
06 aTOM nOBeCTBOBaJIl1 MHOrl1e paCCKa3bI, nOHBI1B-
IIIl1eCH nOCJIe «Be));». CaMbIM y6e.n;I1TeJIbHbIM 113 HI1X 6bIJI
paCCKa3 113 «PaMaJlHbI» (II, 63-64) 06 OXOTe QapH ,l(a-
IIIapaTXI1. npl1c.nymaBIIII1Cb K IIIYMY BO));bI, OH peIIII1JI,
qTO aTO CJIOH npl1IIIeJI Ha BO));OnOH, 11 BbICTpeJII1JI B Hero,
TaK KaK }'MeJI CTpeJIHTb He u;eJI.HCb, no 3BYKY. nocrynl1B
TaK, OH Hapyml1JI O));HO 113 OXOTHl1qbl1X npaBI1JI, 3anpe-
:r.QaBIIIee y611BaTb )KI1BOTHOe, nOKa OHO nbeT. BbICTpeJI
));OCTl1r QeJII1, HO OKa3aJIOCb, qTO 6bIJI y611T MOJIO));OH
6paXMaH-aCKeT, nOqTI1TeJIbHbIH CbIH CJIenbIX p0));I1Te-
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npeBOCXO));CTBO 6paxMaHoB BbIpaJKaJIOCb B TOM, qTO
u;apl1 6bIJII1 06H3aHbI BO BceM CJIe));OBaTb I1X COBeTaM.
I 79
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xa. KaK BCer a B KJIaCCl1qeCKOH I1H I1I1, l1epapXI1.H 06.H-
3aHHOCTeH He COBna)];aeT C l1epapXl1eH B03MO)KHOCTeH.
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nOMep)KaHI1.H ero ql1CTOTbI (qTO 06XO I1TC.H He eIIIe-
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K OM )KI1BOM OpraHl13Me, 06IQeCTBeHHbIe <PYHKQI1I1
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nepeql1CJI.HeT BeHa QaTb HeQI1CTbIX TeJIeCHbIX cy6-
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CTaTb a6COJIIOTHO qHCTbIM HeB03MO)f(HO, nOCKOJIbKY
qHCTOe B ce6e He CYIQeCTByeT. K aTOM)' yrBep)f( eHI1IO
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QI1CTbIe c}'IQecTBa, 6paxMaHbI, MeHee Bcex pyrl1x cno-
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npl1po e. OCTaBIIII1Cb B O I1HOQeCTBe, OHa oCB060)f( a-
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TepMHH BBe)J;eH H. CMeTCOHOM B KHHre «Holism and evolution».
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peaJIbHOH )K113HI1 06IQeCTBO npl1 ep)KI1BaeTt.H 9Toro
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KOpI1TeJIe 1.IeTblpex CTOpOH CBeTa, - 11 B aTOM 3aKJIIO-
qaeTCB ero .n;OJIr: OH )];OJI)I{eH n06e)K)1;aTb. «11 OH nOKO-
pl1T BeCb Ml1p, eCJII1 6y.n;eT XOpOIIII1M nOJII1TI1KOM», - yr-
Bep)K)1;aeT «ApTxaIIIaCTpa» (VI, 1, KOHeQ). MbI BI1)];I1M,
qTO BJIaCTb QapB pacnpOCTpaHBJIaCb He Ha KaKOll-TO on-
pe)];eJIeHHbIll perl10H - OH 6bIJI nOTeHQl1aJIbHbIM I1Mne-
paTopOM. 06B3aHHOCTb Haql1HaTb 11 BeCTI1 BOllII}' BXO-
)];I1JIa B Kpyr QapCKI1X nOJIHOM01.ll1ll 11 OTqaCTI1 BBJIBJIaCb
npl1ql1HO:H nOCTOBHHbIX BoeHHbIX KOH<pJII1KTOB KaK
MOHapXOB 60JIbIIII1X QapCTB, TaK 11 MeJIKI1X QapbKoB. He
npeKpam;aBIIIl1eCB HI1 Ha O.n;I1H .n;eHb CTOJIKHOBeHI1B npl1-
BeJII1 K TOM}', QTO I1H.n;I1B, HaCKOJIbKO HaM 113BeCTHO, HI1-
98 I
I KnaCCH"IeCKaSi HA SI
f}
Kor.n;a He 3HaJIa nepl10.n;OB .n;JII1TeJIbHOrO Ml1pa. Ho B
«PaMaJlHe» (VI, 116,83-90) aTO He nOMeIIIaJIO npe.n;CTa-
BI1Tb :QapCTBO PaMbI KaK l1.n;eaJIbHOe :QapCTBO «paMapa,n;-
)l(bH». PaMa npaBI1JI Ha Teppl1TOpl111 Bcell 3eMJII1 B Te1.Je-
Hl1e .n;eCHTI1 TbICH1.J JIeT. Ho l1.n;eaJIbHOe YCTPOllCTBO ro-
cy.n;apCTBa .n;OCTI1)KI1MO TOJIbKO C nOMO blO Ml1pOBOll
BOllHbI, 11 eM}' He CY)K,lJ;eHa .n;OJIraJI )K113Hb. B .n;ellCTBI1-
TeJIbHOCTI1 Bce 06CTOHJIO no-.n;pyroM}'. I1Mnepl111 pym"-
JII1Cb I1JII1 }'MeHbIIIaJIl1Cb B pa3Mepax nOCJIe CMepTI1 MO-
Hapxa (KaK, Hanpl1Mep, nOCJIe rl16eJII1 :QapH-noaTa Xap-
1lII1) I1JII1 B pe3YJIbTaTe 6bICTporo BbIpO)K.n;eHI1H
.n;I1HaCTI1M (Maypbl111JII1 fynTbI). 11 HanpaCHO MbI 6y.n;eM
I1CKaTb aHaJIOrl1ll C KaneTI1HraMI1 I1JII1 fa6c6ypraMI1,
npaBI1BIIII1MI1 Ha O.n;HI1X 11 Tex )Ke npOCTpaHCTBax B Te-
qeHl1e qyTb JII1 He TbICH1.JeJIeTI1H! KIDKeTCH, 1.JTO :QeJIb
3aBOeBaHI1ll 6bIJIa He B nOrJIO eHI1I1 coce.n;HI1X :QapCTB
11 He B }'H111.JTO)KeHI1I1 :QapH-COnepHI1Ka, a B TOM, 1.JT06bI
3aCTaBI1Tb n06e)K,lJ;eHHOro CKJIOHI1Tb rOJIOBY nepe.n; no-
6e.n;I1TeJIeM, TO eCTb B YCTaHOBJIeHl111 B KaKOM-TO CMbIC-
JIe BaCCaJIbHbIX CBH3ell. nOCTOHHHaH BbInJIaTa .n;aHI1,
nOCTaBKa JIIO.n;CKI1X pecypCOB .n;JIH nOnOJIHeHI1H BOI1H-
CKoro KOHTI1HreHTa, 3aKJII01.JeHl1e 6paKOB, 3aXBaT 3a-
JI"O)KHI1KOB npaKTI1KOBaJIl1Cb nOBceMeCTHO. «ApTxaIIIa-
cTpa» (XII, 1, 10-16) npl1Bo.n;I1T npl1Mep :QapH «.n;xap-
MaBI1.n;)KaMI1Ha», «n06e.n;I1BIIIero .n;xapMI11.JeCKI1» CBoero
npOTI1BHI1Ka 11 no.n;1.JI1HI1BIIIerO ero CBoeM nOJII1TI11.JeC-
KOll BOJIe. ,l(IDKe B KJIacCI11.JecK}'1O anoxy 3aBOeBaHI1H co-
npOBO)K,lJ;aJII1Cb I1CTpe6JIeHI1eM HaCeJIeHI1H, 0 1.JeM CBI1-
.n;eTeJIbCTByeT npMMep :QapH AmoKI1, I1MnepaTopa, He
qY)K.n;oro 6y.n;.n;I1CTCKI1X :QeHHOCTeM (YMep B 226 r. .n;o
H.a.). Ero ny6JII11.JHOe nOKaJlHl1e 11 YCTaHOBJIeHl1e Bnoc-
JIe.n;CTBI1I1 npaBI1TeJIbCTBa, npl1Bep)KeHHOrO CnpaBeAJII1-
BOCTI1I1 6JIaro l1lO, He 3aTMI1JII1 )KeCTOKOCTb ero ap-
MI1I1 B 611TBe npl1 KaJIl1Hre (COBpeMeHHbIe Opl1cca 11
AH.n;pa-npa,n;eIII). B TOll )Ke «ApTxaIIIaCTpe» npI1Bo.n;I1T-
CH npl1Mep 3aXBaTI1BIIIerO 60raTCTBO n06e)l()1;eHHOro
I 99
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)l(eHaMI1, CbIHOBbHMI1 11 )l(113HbIO COnepHI1Ka.
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JlI1Cb Be,n;eHl1e BOHH, qT06bI nOKOpl1Tb BeCb Ml1p, 11 3a-
BOeBaHl1e JlI06BI1 CBOI1X )l(eH.
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JlI1 M}',n;peQoB 11 cpl1JIOCOcpOB Haoo,n;06l1e Kayrl1JIbl1, aB-
Topa «ApTXallIacTpbI», 11 Mall}' (VII, 159-176). HapH
C TpaKTaMI1 06 apTxe 11 ,n;xapMe c ecTByeT np0I13Be,n;e-
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MI1 coce,n;Hero npaBI1TeJlH, TO eCTb Bpara:
- Ml1p: Qapb ero He HapyruaeT, Kor,n;a OH cJla6, a ero
coce,n;-npOTI1BHI1K CI1J1eH.
- BOHHa: Qapb BcrynaeT Ha Oyrb BOHHbI, Kor,n;a OH
CI1JIeH, a coce,n; cJla6 I1JII1 OCJIa6J1eH.
100 I
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He HCHO.
- BHe3anHoe Hana,n;eHl1e: OHO ocy eCTBJlHeTCH,
eCJlI1 BbI)I(I1,n;aTeJlbHaJI nOJlI1TI1Ka cnoc06cTByeT YKpen-
JleHI1IO coce,n;a.
- 06pa eHl1e 3a nOMOInbIO: ero QeJlb - nOI1CK 11 3aK-
JlIOqeHl1e COI030B.
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,n;BOHHOH I1rpbI.
B 3noneHX OnI1CbIBaeTCH, KaK IO,n;XI1IIITxl1pa, ,n;xap-
MI1QeCKI1H Qapb, 11 oc06eHHO 60r KpI1IIIHa, npl16eraIO.T
K a6COJlIOTHO 6e33aKOHHbIM ,n;eHCTBI1HM 11 ,n;eJlaIOT TO, B
QeM HeKor,n;a ynpeKaJll1 ,n;pyrl1x. Bce 3TO 3aBYaJIl1pOBa-
HO XI1TpOCnJleTeHI1HMI1, CJlOBeCHbIMI1 YJlOBKaMI1, I1Me-
IO I1MI1 QeJlbIO onpaB,n;aTb MeTo,n;bI, KOTopbIe B rJla3ax
.n;pyrl1X HBJlHIOTCH HI1 QeM I1HbIM, KaK npe,n;aTeJlbCTBOM
11 BepOJlOMCTBOM. 11 3TO He npOCTO 113611TbIe JlI1Tepa-
TypHbIe 06pa3bI. O,n;I1H 113 repoeB «XapIIIaQapI1TbI»,
( «I1CTOpI1H XapllIl1» RaHa, HaQaJIO VII B.), 3aQl1TbIBaeT
npaBI1TeJlIO AJlI1HHbIH Cnl1COK rocy,n;apeu, naBIIII1X )l(ep-
TBaMI1 npe,n;aTeJlbCTBa. CTpaTerl1H, ,n;IDKe 113J10)l(eHHaJI
B TpaKTaTax, nOCBH eHHbIX ,n;xapMe, I1MeJla o,n;H}'-e,n;I1H-
CTBeHH}'IO QeJlb - JlI06bIMI1 cnoc06aMI1 6e3)1(aJIOCTHO
I1CTpe611Tb peaJIbHOrO 11J111 nOTeHQl1aJIbHOrO npOTI1B-
HI1Ka. TaKI1M 06pa30M, B TO BpeMH KaK aCKeTbI 11 <pI1J1O-
C0<pbI TBep,n;I1J111 06 «axI1Mce» - Henpl1MeHeHl111 HaCI1-
JII1H, QapCKaJlI1H,n;I1H HeycTaHHo npe,n;cTaBJIHJla B BbIro,n;-
HOM CBeTe CBoe npaBo npl16eraTb K peryJll1pyeMoMY
HaCI1JII1IO.
,ZJ:JIH BOI1HOB 11 QapH CpIDKeHl1e HOCI1J10 pl1ryaJIbHbIH
xapaKTep, a cMepTb Ha nOJIe 611TBbI AJlH BOI1Ha (KllIaT-
pl1H, pa)J;)KaHI1H) npl1paBHI1BaJIaCb K CaMOnO)l(epTBOBa-
HI1IO 11 6bIJIa «BopOTaMI1 Ha He60» (<<rI1Ta», II, 32). no
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I 101
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TIl\aTeJIbHO onpe,n;eJIHJlOCb aCTpOJlOraMI1. Me BoeHa-
qaJIbHI1KaMI1, TO eCTb Me II;apHMI1, BepOHTHO, qaCTO
npaKTI1KOBaJIaCb pYKonailiHaJI CXBaTKa. OHa 6bIJla ,n;IDKe
npe,n;nOqTI1TeJlbHee 6I1TBbI, TaK KaK CMepTb o,n;Horo 113
COnepHI1KOB 03HaqaJIa npOl1rpbIIII CpIDKeHI1H 11 B03MO)K-
HOCTb 3axBaTa ero II;apCTBa, QTO 11 HBJlHJlOCb II;eJlbIO no-
e,n;I1HKa. KaYTI1J1bH nOBecTByeT, KaK nepe,n; O,n;HI1M 113
CpIDKeHI1H nbITaJIl1Cb y611Tb (OTpaBI1Tb) BpIDKeCKoro
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HO 3aHI1MaJI TeOpeTI1KOB. DbIJII1 113BeCTHbI pa3J1I1QHbIe
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KOH ,n;l1cn0311II;1111, COOTHOllIeHI1H CI1JI 11 6y eH TaKTI1-
KI1. 3TI1 cnoc06bI Ha3bIBaJlI1Cb «naJIKa», «3MeI1HbIHI13-
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CKa He npl16eraJIl1 K neperpynnl1pOBKe, npl1QeM KIDK,ZJ;Oe
nOCTpOeHl1e I1MeJlO CBOI1 Bapl1aHTbI.
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pOiliO 3Kl1nl1pOBaHHaH, BbIMYlliTpOBaHHaH 11 BbICOKO
OnJlaQI1BaeMaJI, BcrynaJIa B 60H JlI1IIIb B c.nyqae KpaHHeH
He06xo,n;I1MOCTI1. DOJlbllIaJI )Ke QaCTb BOHCK COCTOHJla 113
HaeMHI1KOB, 6bIJla HeperyJIHpHOHI1 He OTJII1QaJIaCb Bep-
HOCTbIO II;apIO. B 611TBe npl1 TaJll1KOTe B 1565 ro,n;y He-
KOTopbIe no,n;pa3,n;eJleHI1H npe,n;aJIl1 II;apH 11 nepellIJIl1 Ha
CTOpOH}' HenpI1HTeJIH. Kor,n;a apMI1H nepeMeIl\aJlaCb 3a
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0<p"II;epoB 11 COJl,n;aT, KYpTI13aHKI1 11 npOCTI1T)'TKI1 co-
npOBO)l()1;aJll1 CBOI1X 3aKOHHbIX RJlI1 c.nyqaHHbIx cynpy-
rOB. K HI1M HY)KHO npl16aBI1Tb peMeCJleHHI1KOB Bcex
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102 I
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apMl111 yrpOM 620 ro,n;a. BoopY)I(eHl1e apMl111 HaM nOqTI1
He 113BeCTHO. JII1Teparypa, B qaCTHOCTI1 3nOnel1 11 ny-
paHbI, nepenOJlHeHa Onl1CaHI1HMI1 CpIDKeHI1H, HO AJlH
YCI1J1eHI1H BbIpa311TeJlbHOCTI1 OHI1 npeno,n;HOCHTCH B
TaKOH rl1nep60Jll1qeCKOH <popMe, qTO Bce 611TBbI CBO-
,n;HTCH K 6ecnopH,n;OQHbIM CBaJIKaM, npepbIBaeMbIM no-
e,n;I1HKaMI1 repoeB 11 COnpOBO)l()1;aeMbIM «,n;O)l()1;eM CTpeJl,
3aTMI1BllII1X COJlHU;e». MO)KHO npe,n;nOJlO)KI1Tb, QTO
CK}'JlbnT}'Pa BepHee OTpIDKaeT ,n;eHCTBI1TeJlbHOCTb, HO 11
3TO He TaK: Me CK}'JlbnT}'PaMI1 B CeJIeHl111 CaHQI1 ( cpa-
)KeHI1H I B.) CKYJlbnrypaMI1 B BI1,n;)KaHHarape (6I1TBbI
XVI B.) CfII(eCTB}'IOT JlI1IIIb CTI1JII1CTI1QeCKl1e, HO He <paK-
TI1QeCKl1e pa3J1I1QI1H, XOTH 06a C06bITI1H pa3,n;eJleHbI
nOQTI1 nHTHa,n;u;aTblO CTOJleTI1HMI1. 3aMeTI1M, QTO B
XVI BeKe CfII(eCTBOBaJlO orHeCTpeJIbHOe 0pY)Kl1e 11 nym-
KI1. KpoMe Toro, CaHQI1 pacnOJIO)KeHO Ha ceBepe, a BI1,n;-
)KaJlHarap - Ha lOre. 9TO y6e,n;I1TeJlbHO ,n;OKa3bIBaeT, QTO
M B CK}'JlbnT}'Pe MbI I1MeeM ,n;eJlo C YCJlOBHOCTblO xy,n;o-
)KeCTBeHHoro oT06pIDKeHI1H.
T eM He MeHee HaM 113BeCTHO, QTO apMI1H I1MeJla BeCb-
Ma pa3Ho06pa3Hoe BoopY)KeHl1e. CpIDKeHI1H Ha KOJleC-
HI1U;ax, 0 KOTOpbIX ynOMI1HaeTCH B «Be,n;ax» 11 «Maxa6-
xapaTe», BepOHTHO, npol1cxo,n;I1J111 TOJIbKO ,n;o HaQaJIa
V BeKa. OCHOBHbIM op}?Kl1eM OCTaBaJICH .nyK, QTO 11 no,n;-
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CTpeJlb6bI 113 JlYKa», KOTopoe 06bIQHO npl1CBal1BaJIl1
TpaKTaTaM no nOJleMOJlOrl1l1. Ap,n;)KYHa, l1,n;eaJIbHbIH
BOI1H 113 «Maxa6xapaTbI», 6bIJI .nyQHI1KOM. I1cnoJlb30-
BaHl1e OTpaBJleHHbIX CTpeJi HBJlHJlOCb 06 enpI1HHTbIM.
HapH,n;y C pa3JII1QHbIMI1 KOnbHMI1, naJIl1u;aMI1, MeQaMI1
cy ecTBoBaJlO 11 orHeCTpeJlbHOe 0pY)Kl1e - «arHI1HCT-
pa», HeQTO Bpo,n;e rpaHaTbI, KOTOp}'lO MeTaJIl1 P}'KOH I1JII1
npl1 nOMO 11 CneU;l1aJIbHbIX YCTPOHCTB. «ApTxaIIIacTpa»
(XIII, 4) npl1Bo,n;I1T COCTaB BOCnJlaMeHHIO eH CMeCI1
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I 103
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rpeqeCKl1e I1CTOpl1KI1 }'Ka3bIBaIOT, qTO B apMI1HX HaCql1-
TbIBaJlOCb lJ.0 lJ.BeHa.ZJ;QaTI1 TbICHQ )KI1BOTHbIX. 3a CJlOHa-
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KOTOpbIX }'KpenJleHI1M.
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HT TOJlbKO CJlerKa 03HaKOMI1TbCH C «MaHaBa.n;xapMamac-
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y6elJ.I1TbCH, QTO np0I13BelJ.eHl1e, 60Jlee 113BeCTHoe nolJ.
HMeHeM «3aKOHOB MaH}'», He HBJlHeTCH Ha caMOM lJ.eJIe
C60pHI1KOM 3aKOHOB. CBOI1M npOI1CXO)K,l];eHl1eM TpaKTaT
06H3aH TBOpQeCTBY 6paxMaHoB, a He QapeM. B HeM yr-
Bep)K,l];aeTCH, QTO CfII(eCTBOBaJll1 TPl1l1CTOQHI1Ka npaBa:
TeKCTbI no lJ.XapMe, npaBOBbIe 06bIQal1 OTlJ.eJlbHbIX pe-
rl10HOB 11 QapCKl1e nOCTaHOBJleHI1H H YKa3bI. TeKCTbI
lJ.XapMbI COCTaBJlHJlI1Cb BO MHO)KeCTBe KOlJ.I<p"KaQIM
(OKOJlO CTa), 11 I1X pelJ.aKQI1H, HaQaBIIII1Cb C AHTI1QHOrO
nepI10lJ.a, npOlJ.OJl)KaeTCH lJ.0 HamI1XlJ.HeM! Hx nOHBJIeHl1e
npl1nl1CbIBaIOT MI<p"QeCKIM M}'lJ.peQaM, KOTopbIe YCJIbI-
IIIaJIl1, a 3aTeM 11 nepelJ.aJIl1 CJlOBa BpaxMbI IDII1 BepxoB-
Horo cfII(ecTBa. B lJ.eMCTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1, BepoHTHo, peaJIb-
HbIe, a 3aTeM 11 aHOHHMHbIe aBTopbI COCTaBJlHJlI1 3TH
lOA I
I KnacCH"IeCKaSi HHAHSI
8)
npaBl1JIa B COOTBeTCTBl111 C TeICyIQeH )l(113HbIO 11 06bIqaH-
MI1 «nOpH,lJ;OqHbIX JlIO,n;eH» KaKOro-JlI160 perl10Ha. .HpKoe
nO,n;TBep)K,l];eHl1e 3TOM}' MbI HaxO,n;I1M B JlI1HrBI1CTHqeCKOH
ccpepe: naTa 11 (Maxa6xallIWI, VI, 3, 109) 06o.Hc-
HHeT, qTO npl1 Bblpa60TKe .H3bIKOBbIX HOpM 3a OCHOBY
npl1HI1MaJll1Cb )l(11JI11 e 11 06pa3 )l(113HI1. 06pa3 )l(113HI1,
I1MeBllIl1H cIDIY 3aKOHa, 6bIJI pacnpocTpaHeH B apl1.HBap-
Te, 11 ,n;06pbIe, 6ecKopbIcTHbIe 6paxMaHbI, )l(I1BllIl1e Ha
3TOH Teppl1TOpl1l1, I1MeBIIIl1e TOJlbKO Mepy pl1ca, 3HaB-
1lII1e O,n;RY 113 Ha}'K, XOT.H 11 He 113yqaBllII1e ee, c.JIy)K11JI11
npl1MepOM npaBl1JIbHOrO I1CnOJlb30BaHI1H .H3bIKa. O,n;Ha
113 3Maq pa60TbI C TeKCTaMI1 (3aKOHo,n;aTeJlbHbIMI1, rpaM-
MaTl1qeCKI1MI1) KaK paa 113aKJ1IOqaJIaCb B I1CnOJlb30BaHI1I1
B HI1X TaKI1X cpOpM H3bIKa, KOTOpbIMI1 BJlMeJla rpynna
}'BaJKaeMbIX JlIO,n;eH, QT06bI c,n;eJlaTb 3TI1 cpOpMbI }'HI1Bep-
CaJIbHbIMI1. Perl10HaJlbHbIe K}'TIOMbI .HBJlIDII1Cb BTOpbIM
I1CTOQHI1KOM npaBa. 3aKoHbI MaRY ( 178) OTMeQaIOT,
QTO 06bIQal1 npe,n;KoB I1MeIOT 60JlbmyIO cIDIY, QeM npa-
Bl1JIa ,n;xapMbI (TeKcTbI no ,n;xapMe). qTO KacaeTCH QapH,
OH npaBI1JI cTpaHoH, 113,n;aBaH «IIIacaHbI» - ,n;eKpeTbI, no-
CTaHOBJleHI1H. C}'lQecTB}'IOT, Hanpl1Mep, «I1MnepaTopc-
Kl1e 3,n;I1KTbI» ,n;I1HaCTI1I1 rynTOB. llIacaHbI ,n;eHcTBOBaJll1
B nepl1o,n; npaBJleHI1H QapeH 11 06J1MaJll1 Jll1l1Ib ,n;eKJIapa-
TI1BHOH CI1JIOH. B ,n;eHCTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1, 3aKoRY, .HBJIHIO e-
M}'CH QaCTbIO Bce06 eH ,n;xapMbI, He Tpe60BaJlOCb npo-
B03rJIaIIIeHl1e. ,n:e.HTeJlbHOCTb Qap.H 3aKJIIOQaJIaCb B TOM,
QT06bI npe,n;CTaBI1Tb n0311TI1BHOe peIIIeHl1e np06JIeM,
BbI3BaHHbIX paaJlI1QHOH I1HTepnpeTaQl1eH TpaKTaTOB, a
TalOKe np06eJlaMI1 B TeKCTax 11J111 K}'TIOMax, CnOpaMI1
Me)K,lQ' JlIO,n;bMI1 11 T .,n;. QapCKI1H 3,n;I1KT ,n;aBaJI B03MO)l(-
HOCTb nOCTaBI1Tb TOQIo/ B cnopax 11 pa3HOrJlaCI1.HX Me)l(-
QaCTHbIMI1 JlI1QaMI1, He .HBJlH.HCb npl1 3TOM npeQe,n;eH-
TOM B 06J1aCTI1 IOp"Cnpy,n;eHQII, TO eCTb 3,n;I1KT He CTa-
HOBI1J1CH 3aKOHOM. TeKCTbI ,n;xapMbI, I1MnepaTOpCKl1e
}'Ka3bI, ,n;eHCTBI1TeJlbHbIe JlI1IIIb B onpe,n;eJleHHOH cl1T}'a-
QI1I1, Ha KOHKpeTHOH Teppl1TOpl111 11 TOJlbKO B OT,n;eJlb-
I 105
':, , ,,,,' :=: .
.' - -' .. . "¥, ;,
, : ': ; }
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
HbIH nepl1o,n; BpeMeHI1, a TalOKe perl10HaJlbHbIe npaBO-
BbIe Tpa.n;I1QI1I1 (ceMeHHbIe, KopnOpaTI1BHbIe 11 T.,n;.) HB-
JIIDII1Cb TpeMH I1CTOqHI1KaMI1 npaBa, 60Jlee I1JII1 MeHee
npOTI1BOpeQI1BbIMI1 B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT paCCMaTpl1Bae-
MbIX c.nyqaeB 11 B pa3HOH CTeneHI1 BH}'llIalO I1MI1 }'BaJKe-
Hl1e. B I1Tore pa3J1I1QHbIe Ko,n;eKCbI 3aKOHOB, ,n;xapMarna-
CTpbI, COCTaBJlHBrnl1eCH Ha npOTH)f(eHI1I1 AJlI1TeJlbHOrO
nepl1o,n;a BpeMeHI1, I1MelOT onpe,n;eJleHHbIe pa3J1I1QI1H, a
I1Hor,n;a 11 npOTI1BOpeQaT ,n;pyr ,n;pyry. KaK 11 JII060e 3Ha-
Hl1e, OHI1 6bIJlI1 OCHOBaHbI Ha OTKpOBeHI1HX, n03TOM}'
,n;aJKe He B03HI1KaJI Bonpoc 0 BbI)J;eJleHI1I1 cpe,n;11 HI1X 60-
Jlee npl10pl1TeTHbIx. B pe3YJlbTaTe OrpOMHaH Macca TpaK-
TaTOB 11 KOMMeHTapl1eB 6bIJIa nepe,n;aHa TOJIKOBaTeJlHM,
KOTopbIe Ha OCHOBe repMeHeBTI1QeCKI1X npaBI1JI, pa3pa-
60TaHHbIX AJlH nOHI1MaHI1H «Be,n;», nbITaJIl1Cb ,n;OCTI1Qb
«3KaBaKbHTa» - e,n;I1HCTBa rOJIOCOB, TO eCTb COrJlaCI1H.
n06bIBaB B PYKID' HeKOTopbIX 1130 peHHbIX TOJIKOBaTe-
JleM, o6 l1e TeKCTbI 113MeHI1JII1 CBOI1 Opl1eHTl1pbI: KOM-
MeHTaTopbI BBeJlI1 B HI1X K)'TIOMbI, }'3aKOHI1JII1 OT,n;eJlbHbIe
perneHI1H, KOTopbIe 11M Ka3aJ111Cb 60Jlee a.n;eKBaTHbIMI1.
OHI1 a.n;anTl1pOBaJll1 o6 l1e npaBl1JIa K QaCTHbIM c.nyqa-
HM, AJlH KOTOpbIX 3TI1 npaBl1JIa He 6bIJII1 3 aHbI. Ta-
KI1M 06Pa30M, C TeQeHl1eM BpeMeHI1 K)'TIOMbI npeo6pa-
30BaJII1 nl1CbMeHHoe npaBo, XOTH npl13TOM ero BbICOKI1H
cTaryc coxpaHIDIcH.
11 Hao6opOT, yrOJIOBHOe npaBo, o6H3aHHoe CBOI1M
npol1CxO)l()1;eHl1eM QaplO, ycneiliHo pa3BI1BaJIOCb. KaK
MbI ycneJlI1 3aMeTI1Tb, Qapb 6bIJI BOnJlO eHl1eM «,n;aH-
,n;bI» - KapbI, HaKa3aHI1H, 11 60JlbmylO QaCTb CBoero Bpe-
MeHI1 y,n;eJlHJI npaBocy,n;l1lO, TO eCTb npl1HI1MaJI peIIIeHI1H
o HaKa3aHI1HX.
«ECJlI1 Qapb He 6y,n;eT HeYCTaHHO KapaTb Tex, KTO 3To-
ro 3aC.1I}')KI1BaeT, Cl1JIbHbIe 3aJKapHT CJla6bIX, KaK PbI6y Ha
BepTeJle. BeCb Ml1p ,n;ep)f(I1TCH Ha HaKa3aHI1HX», - CKa3aJI
Mall}' (VII, 25 11 27). Ee3 HaKa3aHI1H 11 cTpaxa, 11M BH}'llIa-
eMoro, Ml1pOM 6bI npaBI1JI «3aKOH pbI6» (MaTCbHHbHHa)
106 I
I KnacCH"IeCKaSi I-1HAI-1S1
f}
I1JII1, KaK ero eIne Ha3bIBaIOT, «3aKOH )J;iK}'HrJIeH» (ApTxa-
lliacTpa, 1, 13, 5-7). «CTeHH» - KpaJKa - HBJIHeTCH npo-
TOTl1nOM Bcex npaBoHapYIIIeHI1H, 11 )J;aJKe cYInecTByeT
«CTeHHIIIacTpa» - TpaKTaT 0 KpaJKe, 06'bHCHHIOInI1H, KaK
BopOBaTb, He OCTaBJIHH CJIe)J;OB, 11 qTO TaKoe a.,n;eKBaTHoe
HaKa3aHl1e. HeB03MO)f(HO COCTaBI1Tb Cnl1COK Bcex cYIne-
CTBOBaBllil1X HaKa3aHI1H, HO <paKTl1qeCKI1 nOBceMeCTHO
npaKTI1KOBaJlI1Cb: 3aKJIlOqeHI1e B TlOpbM}', TeJIeCHbIe I1C-
TH3aHI1H, CMepTHaJI Ka3Hb, nbITKI1 (nepe)J; I1CnOJIHeHl1eM
HaKa3aHI1H), B03Me3)J;l1e 11 T.)J;. npl1rOBOpbI npl1BO I1JII1Cb
B I1CnOJIHeHl1e «qaH)J;aJlaMI1» - JII1u;aMI1, He BXO)J;HInI1MI1
HI1 B O)J;H}' 113 KaCT 11 OQeHb HeQI1CTbIMI1. EpaxMaHbI 06bIQ-
HO He 6bVII1 nO)J;BJIaCTHbI u;aplO (nOJIaraJIl1, QTO y HID{ eCTb
co6CTBeHHbIH u;apb, HaxO)J;HInI1HCH BHe 3Toro Ml1pa).
HaKa3aHI1H )J;11<p<pepeHU;l1pOBaJlI1Cb B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT
cTaryca nOTepneBllIero, cTaryca npeCT}'I1HI1Ka 11 xapaK-
Tepa npaBoHapymeHI1H.
EOJIbiliOe 3HaQeHI1e npl1)J;aBaJIOCb CBI1)J;eTeJIbCKI1M
nOKa3aHI1HM (<<caKIIII1H» - CBI1)J;eTeJIb), 11 BO MHOrl1X
TpaKTaTax (HanpI1Mep, B «Hapa.,n;a-rpI1XbH-cyrpe») ne-
peQI1CJIHJII1Cb nHTb KaTerOpl1H JII1U;, He I1MeBllIl1X npa-
BO )J;aBaTb nOKa3aHI1H: )J;eTI1 He Mor JII1 CBI1)J;eTeJIbCTBO-
BaTb B CI1JIY I1X He3HaHI1H, )f(eH I1HbI - 113-3a CBoeH
Heo6'beKTI1BHOCTI1, pa3JII1QHOrO pO)J;a <paJIbCI1<p"KaTO-
pbI, pO)J;CTBeHHI1KI1 06BI1HHeMOro, I1cnbITbIBalO l1e K
HeM}' qyBCTBO npI1BH3aHHOCTI1, 11 Bparl1 nO)J;03peBaeMO-
ro, I1MeHHO 113-3a I1X Henpl1H3HeHHoro OTHOIIIeHI1H K
HeM}'. B c.nyqae HeyoepeHHOCTI1 Marl1CTpaT npl16eraJI,
He CQI1TaJI npOQI1X CY)J;e6HbIX npou;e , K «)J;I1BbH» - 60-
)KeCTBeHHbIM )J;OKa3aTeJIbCTBaM, TO eCTb K BceB03MO)K-
HbIM 0P)J;aJII1HM, ynoMI1HaHI1H 0 KOTOpbIX BCTpeQalOTCH
}')Ke B ynaHI111Ia.,n;ax. El1p}'H11 npI1BO)J;I1T HeCKOJIbKO TI1-
nOB 0P)J;aJlI1H. Bonpoc 3aKJIlOQaJICH B TOM, BbI)J;ep)KI1T
JII1 06BI1HHeMbIH I1cnbITaHl1e: npe)J;nOJIaraJIOCb, QTO H)J;
He nO)J;eHcTByeT Ha HeBI1HOBHOro, QTO yronJIeHl1e B KO-
JIo)J;u;e nO)J;TBep)J;I1T BI1HOBHOCTb 11 T .)J;. OCTaJIbHbIe op-
I 107
88 -, ;.. ". ' ".
... .': ... .
. ...- ----
..... " -..- "
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
));aJIl1l1 6bIJII1 MeHee OnaCHbIMI1, XOTH ));OCTaTOqHO pl1C-
KOBaHHbIMI1. TaK, Hanpl1Mep, 06BI1HHeMOrO CHaqaJIa
B3BellII1BaJlI1 Ha Becax, 3aTeM 06pa aJIl1Cb 3a nOMO blO
K 60)f(eCTBaM, Hanl1CaB I1X I1MeHa Ha 6YMare, KOTOpyro
3aKpenJIHJlI1 Ha rOJlOBe 06BI1HHeMOrO. Ero nOBTOpHO
B3BeIIII1BaJll1, Cql1TaJI, qTO ero Bec }'BeJll1qI1TCH, eCJII1 OH
He cOJlraJI. MHorl1e 113 0P));aJII1M B TOM 11J1I1I1HOM CTene-
HI1 HBJlHJlI1Cb HelOpl1));I1QeCKOM npOQe,lQ'pOM, ynoMI1Ha-
eMoM B ));peBHOCTI1 B 6YMI1MCKI1X ));)f(aTaKax, BnOCJle));-
CTBI1I1 Ha3BaHHoM «aKTOM npaB));I1BOCTI1». 3Ta npoQe-
,lQ'pa 3aKJIlOQaJIaCb B TOM, QTO nO));03peBaeMbIM ));aBaJI
nOKa3aHI1H nepe)); CBI1));eTeJlHMI1, nOJlaraJICb Ha MOryIQe-
CTBO I1CTI1HbI. Bepa B npaB));I1BOCTb nOKa3aHI1M 6bIJla
OCHOBaHa Ha Bepe B CIDIy CJIOBa.
ECJlI1 MbI }'BepeHbI B TOM, QTO nOJlI1TI1QeCKaJI opra-
HI13aQI1H I1H));I1MCKOro 06 eCTBa B 60JlbllIOM CTeneHI1
6bIJla I1HCnl1pl1pOBaHa 3TOM l1));eOJlOrl1eH, TO QeHTpaJIl1-
30BaHHoe nOJlI1QeMCKoe rocy));apCTBO, Onl1CaHHOe B
TpaKTaTax, He 6bIJlO <pI1KQl1eM, a peaJIbHaJll1H.ZJ;I1H 6bIJla
));aJIeKO He YMepeHHOM MOHapXl1eH, KOHTpoJll1pyeMoH
accaM6J1eeM, B03rJIaBJlHeMOM HOTa6JIHMI1. XOTH CJIe -
eT OTMeTI1Tb, QTO ));aJKe 60JlbllIOe KOJlI1QeCTBO e));I1HI1Q-
HbIX c.nyqaeB, Onl1CaHHbIX 11J111 ynoMI1HaeMbIX B O));HOM-
e));I1HCTBeHHOM I1CTOQHI1Ke, He));OCTaTOQHO .ZJ;JlH Toro,
QT06bI C));eJlaTb BbIBO));bI KaK B O));HOM, TaK 11 B ));pyroM
HanpaBJleHI1HX.
PaBHo,n;ymHbIe K C06bITI1MHOMY Onl1CaHl11O I1CTOpl1l1,
11H,n;I1HQbI pe));KO COCTaBJUlJI11 XPOHI1KI1, XOTH OHI1I1 cym;e-
CTBOBaJIl1 (HanpI1Mep, «P aTapaHrI1HI1» - «QapcKaJI
peKa» KaJIxaHbI, XII BeK). Hal1H,n;I1HQeB KaTerOpl1QeCKOe
BJII1HHl1e OKa3bIBaJIl1 JlI1TepaT}'PHbIe HOpMbI. ABTOp TaK
Onl1CbIBaeT Cyccany, QapH KamMl1pa B 1112 ro :
«K02i)a (CyccaAa) 830UleJt 'Ita npecmoJt, 80Jt'lte1tUe 'ltap
i)a Cpa3Y :JICe npexpamUAoCb, ma1( 3amuxaem .Mope, 1(02-
i)a 8'btCO'K0 'ltai) 'ltUM 8cmaem coJt'lt'lJ,e. C Me'IlO.M, 06'1ta-
108 I
KnacCH"IeCKaSi 1-1 HAI-1S1
:JICe1t'H/bt.M U3 cmpaxa nepeiJ 803MO:JIC'IUJU U3M£1loU, O'H no-
xoiJuA 'Ha 1&apJl 30epeii c UlUPO'KO paCKp'btmOU nacm'bW,
cmOJt'K'HYoUle20CJl c OXom'HU'KaMu. OiJ'H020 3a apY2UM O'H
PaJ'btCKU8aJt poiJcmOe1l'HU'K08 mex, 'Kmo U3M£1lUlt e20 6pa-
my, U M£moiJu'It'HO ucmpe6.1LJl,Jt ux. O'H m8epiJo npuiJep-
:JICUOaACJl 9moU noJtumu'KU U 'He 'lIJ,aiJuIL iJa:JICe iJemeU.
BiJ080Jt'b 'HaCMOmpeOUlUC'b 'Ha 'HU30CmU O'Kpy:JICaW'lIJ,e20
e20 Mupa, O'H 'He iJonYCKaA 'HU'Ka'K020 npOJlO.M'H'UR .MJl2-
'KomeJtocmu, XOrnJl U YMeJt, 'K02iJa 9m020 mpe600aAu 06-
cmOJlmeJt'bcmoa, 6'btm'b 1leJt08Clt'H'bt.M.
(P(l.A)f(aTapaHrI1HI1, VIII, 481-484).
11 TaK, eCJlI1 B I1H)J;I1HCKOH )J;oK}'MeHTaJlI1CTI1Ke HaxO-
)J;I1M TOJlbKO c.nyqaHHbIe ynoMI1HaHI1H OT)J;eJIbHbIX I1CTO-
p"qeCKIX cpaKTOB, TO eCTb MHOrOQI1CJleHHbIe CBI1)J;e-
TeJlbCTBa rryreIIIecTBeHHI1KOB, rpeQeCKI1X nOCJIOB (Ha-
npl1Mep, MeraccpeHa), 6Y)J;)J;I1CTCKI1X naJIOMHI1KOB 113
KHTaJI (CIOaHb-Q3aH, VII B.), nepCI1)J;CKI1X Ha6J1IO)J;aTe-
JIeH (AJIb6I1PYHI1 11J111 Dl1p}'Hl1, XI B.), a TalOKe MHO)f(e-
CTBa K}'IIQOB, HCKaTeJleH npI1KJIIOQeHI1H, BOI1HOB, eBpo-
neHCKI1X MI1CCI10HepOB (TaKI1X KaK HI1KOJlO KOHTI1,
XV B.) 11 T.)J;. I1x BOCnOMI1HaHI1H 3anOJIHI1JII1 np06eJlbI,
OCTaBJIeHHbIe 11H,n;I1HQaMH, 60Jlee o3a6oQeHHbIMI1 HOp-
MaMI1, QeM cpaKTaMI1. YnOMHH}'TbIH BbIllie HI1KOJlO KOH-
TI1 nOCeTI1JI BI1)J;)KaJlHarap, MO)f(eT 6bITb, caMbIH ryCTO-
HaCeJleHHbIH ropo)J; Toro BpeMeH1111 CTOJlI1Qy nOCJle)J;HeH
He3aBI1CI1MOH I1 CTCKOH I1Mnepl1l1, npeKpaTI1BllIeH
CBoe c ecTBOBaHl1e nocJle 1565 rO)J;a. 9TI1 paccKa3bI B
QeJIOM nO)J;TBep)KJl;aJIl1 Bce, QeM}' yq:I1T «ApTxaIIIacTpa».
Pe)J;KHe pOMaHbI Ha CaHCKpI1Te, Hanpl1Mep, «l1cTopHH
,n;eCHTH npHHQeB» (,l(allIaK}'Mapa Qapl1Ta) ,l(aH)J;HHa, 113-
JIaralOT Te )Ke HCTI1HbI. «ApTxaIIIaCTpa» HCnpaBJIHeT
HCKIDKeHHoe BH)J;eHl1e, CJla aBOe 11 y6oroe, HaBeHHHoe
6pl1TaHCKOH KOJlOHI13aQI1eH XIX BeKa, npe.n;cTaBJIHB-
llIee I1H)J;HIO KaK 03a60QeHH}'1O nOHCKaMH Dora, HO no-
rpH3mylO B npe)J;paccY)J;Kax 11 HI1m;eTe.
I 109
IV
3I(OHOMJ1QECI<AJ[
)I(J13Hh
HallIl1 3HaHI1H B aTOM 06JIaCTI1 He3Haq11TeJIbHbI, IIO-
TOM)' qTO OHa He I1HTepeCOBaJIa 6paxMaHoB, MaJIO 03a-
60QeHHbIX apTXOM 11 06'beKTI1BHbIM OIII1CaHl1eM. no
KpaMHeM Mepe aTO KacaeTCH caMOM KOHCepBaTI1BHOM
C<pePbI - ));epeBHI1, KOTOpaH BbDKI1JIa IIOCJIe I1CQe3HO-
BeHI1H KJIaCCI1QeCKOM I1H));I1MCKOM :QI1BI1JII13a:Ql1l1, HO
IIepe));aJIa HaM 0 HeM cKopee 06 l1e BIIeQaTJIeHI1H, QeM
CBe));eHI1H 0 <paKTI1QeCKOM IIOJIO)f(eHI1I1 ));eJI. C ));pyroM
CTOpOHbI, Bce rOBOpl1T 0 TOM, QTO B He));pax aKOHOMI1-
KI1, OCHOBaHHOM Ha CeJIbCKOM X03HMCTBe 11 peMeCJIeH-
HOM IIp0I13BO));CTBe, CTpeMJIeHl1e K 060ra eHI1IO 11 60-
raTCTBO BbICOKO :QeHI1JII1Cb 11 IIpI1BeTCTBOBaJII1Cb. Y Hac
HeT HI1KaKI1X CBe));eHI1M, QTO )f(eJIaHl1e pa360raTeTb
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KOTOpbIe 3aKOHHbIe llITpa<pbI) OC eCTBJUUlI1Cb B HaT}'-
paJIbHOM BbIpaJKeHI1I1, B qaCTHOCTI1 «B KOpOBax», 6bIB-
IIII1X OCHOBHOH .n;eHe)f(HOH e.n;I1HI1QeH B «Be.n;ax».
CCY)f(eHl1e .n;eHer B .n;OJIr IIO.n; IIpOQeHTbI (KOTOpbIe MbI
6bI IIOCql1TaJIl1 HeIIOMepHO 60JI bllIl1M 11 ) 6bIJIO paCIIpOC-
TpaHeHHbIM HBJIeHl1eM 11 He BbI3bIBaJIO HI1 MaJIeHllIerO
OCY)K,lJ;eHI1H. OCHOBHbIMI1 Kpe.n;I1TopaMI1 HBJIHJII1Cb 3al1-
Mo.n;aBQbI, pOCTOB:r.QI1KI1, llIpeHI1 (QeXOBbIe KopIIopa-
QI1I1), xpaMbI. POCTOB:r.QI1KI1 HaxO.n;I1JII1 <pI1JIOCOtpCKl1e 11
peJII1rl103HbIe 06'bHCHeHI1H CBoeH .n;eHTeJIbHOCTI1, IIOTo-
M}'qTO, KaKCKa3aHOB «llIaTaIIaTXa-6paxMaHe» (1,7,2, 1):
«KaJK.n;oe )f(I1BOe c ecTBo pO)K,lJ;aeTCH 06peMeHeHHoe
.n;OJIrOM IIepe.n; 60raMI1, pl111Il1, MaHaMI1, JIIO.n;bMI1». B OII-
JIaT}' .n;OJIra OTeQ IIopo aeT CbIHa; aCKeT )f(e, qT06bI He
B03Me:r.QaTb ero, y.n;aJIHeTCH OT Ml1pa.
TOPfOBMI
npe.n;MeTbI pOCKOllIl1 COCTaBJIHJII1 rJIaBHYIO qaCTb
TOprOBJII1. lOr 3KCIIOpTI1pOBaJI IIpHHOCTI1, caH.n;aJIOBOe
.n;epeBO, .n;parOQeHHbIe KaMHI1 (B qaCTHOCTI1, py6I1HbI).
CeBep np0113Bo.n;I1JI llIeJIKOBbIe TKaHI1 11 BbIB0311JI M}'C-
K}'C, llIa<ppaH. XBOCTbI HKOB (O.n;I1H 113 aTpl16yroB Qap-
CKOH BJIaCTI1) IIOCTaBJIHJII1 C fl1MaJIaeB. C ceBepa Be3JII1
TalOKe KO)f(Y, llIepCTb 11 T..n;. COJIb H py.n;a (B QaCTHOCTI1,
)KeJIe30 113 COBpeMeHHoro El1xapa) IIOJIb30BaJII1Cb 60JIb-
lliHM CIIpOCOM 11 IIpl1Ha,lVIe)f(aJIl1 K QI1C.1I}' 3KCIIOpTHbIX
TOBapOB. TOBapbI IIepeB0311JII1Cb B OCHOBHOM KapaBa-
HaMI1 11 MOpCKI1MI1 II}'THMI1. nyreIIIeCTBl1e B KapaBaHe
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6aH I1TbI, I1Kl1e JIeCHbIe )f(I1BOTHbIe 11 60JIe3HI1 nO CTe-
peraJIl1 nYTeIIIeCTBeHHI1KOB Ha KaJK OM mary. EaCHI1
( « )f(aTaKI1» ) 11 anonel1 nOJIHbI Onl1CaHI1M Tparl1qeCKI1X
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Ha.n:orl1 :QaplO.
MopCKaH TOprOBJIH Opl1eHTl1pOBaJIaCb Ha BOCTOQHbIe
OCTpoBHbIe rocy apcTBa (HeCKOJIbKO n03)f(e - Ha KHTaM)
11 3ana)J;. C ecTB}'IOT MHOrOQI1CJIeHHbIe CBH)J;eTeJIbCTBa
nJIaBaHI1H He TOJIbKO B OJIb n06epe)f(I1M IIIH I1MCKoro
oKeaHa, HO 11 0 ero nepeCeQeHI1H. IIO TBep)K,lJ;aIOTCH
cpaKTbI YCTaHOBJIeHI1H ToprOBbIX cBH3eM C PI1MCKOM I1M-
nepl1eM. 1II I1MCKl1e nOCOJIbCTBa QaCTO 6bIBaJII1 B PI1Me.
Ha OCTpOBe COKOTpa B 6YXTe MeHCKoro 3aJIl1Ba, Bepo-
HTHO, 060CHOBaJIaCb 11 I1MCKaH KOJIOHI1H. H3bIK nyreme-
CTBOBaJI BMeCTe C K}'ll:QaMI1. HeKOTopbIe CJIOBa 113 caHCK-
pl1Ta, B OCHOBHOM 0603HaQalOlQI1e parO:QeHHbIe KaMHI1
11 npO YKTbI nl1TaHI1H (KaK caxap, np0I13BO HOe OT
caHCKp. sarkara), Ha3BaHI1H TKaHeM (KO'ITOH - XJIOnOK)
6bIJII13al1MCTBOBaHbI rpeQeCKI1M H3bIKOM. 11, Ha060pOT,
B CaHCKpl1T 6bIJII1 npl1BHeCeHbI rpeQeCKl1e TepMI1HbI 113
aCTpOHOMI1I1, reOMeTpl1l111 JII1HrBI1CTI1KI1. OpraH113aTO-
paMI1 Me)f( HapO HbIX nepeB030K 6bIJII1 B OCHOBHOM
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I1H I1M:QeB C Ml1pOBOrO pbIHKa, Ha KOTOpOM OHI1 HBJIH-
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KacaeTCH npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro 11 BpeMeHHoro ,u;eJIeHI1M.
npOCTP AHCTBO
. MKp HanOAHeHHbIK, MKp nycroK
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CTpaHCTBeHHOM BOCnpl1HTl111 nOQTI1 He PYKOBO,u;CTBO-
BaJIaCb npl1HQl1nOM TeppI1TOpl1aJIbHOCTI1. .l(IDKe pac-
nOJIO)KeHl1e QapCTB He onpe,u;eJIHJIOCb B npOCTpaHCTBe.
CYIl\eCTBOBaJIl1 perl10HaJIbHble H3bIKI1, 113BeCTHble HaM
no Ha3BaHI1HM 11 I1Hor,u;a no JII1TeparypHbIM np0l13Be-
,u;eHI1HM, HO liCTOpl1K H3bIKOB )1(. DJIOX y6e,u;I1TeJIbHO
.n;OKa3aJI, HaCKOJIbKO Tpy,u;HO onpe,u;eJII1Tb apeaJI KIDK-
.n;oro 113 HI1X. KnacCI1QeCKI1M CaHCKpl1T He OCTaBI1JI HaM
perl10HaJIbHbIX HapeQI1M (BonpeKI1 TOM)', QTO }'TBep)K-
.n;aeT naHI1Hl111 QTO KOHcTaTl1pyeTcH B «Be,u;ax»). B TeK-
CTax (BKJIIOQaH «Be.n;bI» ) TOnOHI1MbI BCTpeQalOTCH pe,u;-
KO Ii nOQTI1 He CBH3aHbI C QeTKO onpe,u;eJIHeMbIM reo-
rpacpl1QeCKI1M npOCTpaHCTBOM. 8TO 6bIJIO BbI3BaHO
TeM, QTO caMoonpe,u;eJIeHl1e JIIO,u;eM xapaKTepl130Ba-
JIOCb He MeCTOM, KOTopoe OHI1 3aHI1MaJII1 B OKpY)KalO-
I 121
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cym;ecTBOBaJIl1 B I1X BOCnpI1HTI1I1. TaK, KJIaCCl1qeCKaH
I1H,lJ;I1H BI1,lJ;I1T Ml1cp TaM, r,lJ;e MbI Ha6JIIO,lJ;aeM I1CTOpl1lO,
a COQI10JIOrl11O TaM, r,lJ;e MbI BI1,lJ;I1M reorpacpl1lO. HaM
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no OTHOIIIeHl11O ,lJ;pyr K ,lJ;pyry (l1epapXl1qeCKI1), no OT-
HOIIIeHl11O K HanpaBJIeHI1HM npocTpaHcTBa, a I1X B3al1-
MOOTHOIIIeHI1H C MeCTaMI1, 3aHI1MaeMbIMI1 I1MI1 B npo-
CTpaHCTBe, He BXO,lJ;HT B ccpepy HaIIII1X I1HTepeCOB.
MaHY (II, 17-24) ,lJ;aeT KOHKpeTHbIe reorpacpl1QeCKl1e
onpe,lJ;eJIeHI1H, HO TOJIbKO ,lJ;JlH Toro, QT06bI 06'bHCHI1Tb,
QTO QeTbIpe paCCMaTpl1BaeMbIX 11M perl10Ha OTJII1Qa-
IOTCH ,lJ;pyr OT ,lJ;pyra no CTeneHI1 QI1CTOTbI: QeM ,lJ;aJIee
OHI1 Y,lJ;aJIHIOTCH OT nepB03,lJ;aHHOrO OQara, TeM 60JIee
OHI1 HeQI1CTbI. Pa3JII1Ql1e 3TI1X perl10HOB OCHOBaHO He
Ha reorpacpl1QeCKOM nOJIO)l(eHI1I1, He Ha KYJIbrypHOM
I1JII1 nOJII1TI1QeCKOM I1CTOpl1l1, H3bIKe I1JII1 06bIQaJIX 11
T.,lJ;., a Ha npOHBJI.HIOm;eMCH B HI1X BapHe. B KOHeQHOM
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npOCTpaHCTBO, 60rl1, CTI1XI1 «Be,lJ;bI» 11 T.,lJ;.) HBJIHeTCH
OCHOBaHl1eM ,lJ;JlH KJIaCCl1cpI1KaQI1M.
nepBoe npocTpaHcTBeHHoe ,lJ;eJIeHl1e 3aKJIIOQaeTCH
B npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIeHl111 Ml1pa 3anOJIHeHHOro, B KOTO-
pOM JIIO,lJ;11 OpraHI130BaHbI no rpynnaM, MI1Py 6e3pa3JII1Q-
HOM nyCTOTbI. «fpaMa» - KJIaH, ,lJ;epeBHH HBJIHeTCH npo-
CTpaHCTBOM OpraHI13aQI111 JIIO,lJ;eM. 3,lJ;eCb cym;ecTBYIOT
KJIaCCOBbIe Pa3JII1QI1H, ocym;eCTBJIHIOTCH )l(epTBOnpI1HO-
IIIeHI1H 11 npOHBJIHeTCH ,lJ;xapMa. COQl1aJIbHbIe I1HCTl1ry-
TbI I1MelOT KaK 60)l(eCTBeHHoe, TaK 11 QeJIOBeQeCKOe npo-
I1Cxo)K)J;eHl1e. .l(l1cpcpepeHQl1pOBaHHoe npocTpaHcTBo
npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIHeTCH apaHbl1, nO,lJ;06HO TOM}' KaK opra-
HI130BaHHOCTb npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIHeTCH ,lJ;e30praHl13aQI1I1
11 KaK nOJIHOe - nyCTOM}'. ApaHbH - 3TO ,lJ;ecpeKT, npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHbIM np06eJI, nyCTbIHH, r,lJ;e Ha6JIIO,lJ;aeTCH He
CTOJIbKO OTcyrcTBl1e )l(113HI1, CKOJIbKO OTcyrcTBl1e I1H-
122 I
KnaccH eCKaSi HA SI
CTI1T}'TOB, peryJIl1pYI()I.QI1X, onpe,u;eJIHIOI.QI1X 11 OrpaHl1ql1-
BalOl.Ql1X )l(113Hb. fpaMa, TaKI1M 06paaoM, aTO Ml1p, onpe-
.n;eJleHHbIM B CBOI1X OrpaHl1qeHI1HX, B TO BpeMH KaK apa-
Hb.SI - Ml1p HeOnpe,u;eJIeHHOM 6e3rpaHl1qHOCTI1, ,u;pyroM
MMp. CJIe,u;OBaTeJIbHO, OKpY)l(alOl.Qee npOCTpaHCTBO
BKJlIOQaeT B Ce6H 3anOJIHeHHbIe nHTHa, OT,u;eJIHeMbIe npo-
Me)I(}'TOQHbIMI1 11 HeOnpe,u;eJIeHHbIMI1 OTpe3KaMI1. CJIo-
BO «apaHbH» CTaJIO I1CnOJIb30BaTbCH ,lVIH 0603HaQeHI1H
JIeCa, TaK KaK «nycTOe» npOCTpaHCTBO 06bIQHO 6bIJIO
nOKpbITO JIeCOM. .l(OJII1Ha faHra, npe)l()J;e QeM CTaTb B
pe3YJlbTaTe OCBOeHI1H u;eJII1HHbIX 3eMeJIb 06IIII1pHbIMI1
CeJIbCKo.X03HMCTBeHHbIMI1 yro,u;bHMI1, 6bIJIa Kor,u;a-To
Teppl1TOpl1eM, 3apOCilieM JIeCOM C HeCKOJlbKI1MI1 nOJIH-
HaMI1. TaK, Jlec 11 ,u;epeBHH HBJlHJII1Cb e,u;I1HcTBeHHo B03-
MO)l(HOM cpOpMOM coc}'I.QecTBOBaHl1e ,u;BYX npocTpaHcTB,
npe,u;cTaBJIHIOI.QI1X ,u;Ba B03MO)l(HbIX nOJIH QeJIOBeQeCKOM
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I1X Ha3HaQeHl1eM. ECTb MHoro cnoc060B 06'be,u;I1HI1Tb
I1X M ,u;IDKe COBMeCTI1Tb. Be,u;b nycToe 11 nOJIHOe 6bIJII1
3a,l1J'MaHbI KaK B3aI1Mo,u;onOJIHHlOl.Ql1e 11 He06xo,u;I1MbIe
,n;pyr ,u;pyry KaTerOpl1l1. Ha3HaQeHI1eM nOJIHOrO 6bIJIO He
HanOJIHeHl1e nycToro, ,u;IDKe npl1 ero 1136bITOQHOCTI1 11
He06xo,u;MMOCTI1 a BaK}'aU;1111 11 nepeHoca aTOM 1136bITOQ-
HOCTI1. KaJK,u;oe 113 HI1X HBJIHeTCH cneU;l1cpl1QeCKI1M BI1-
,u;OM ,u;eHTeJIbHOCTI1: Kor,u;a QeJIOBeK peaJII130BaJI CBOIO
JIMQH}'IO ,u;xapMY B 3anOJIHeHHOM Ml1pe, OH MO)l(eT y,u;a-
JII1TbCH OT Hero 11 HaMTI1 y6e)l(MI.Qe B nycToTe, B «Tano-
BaHe» - B JIecy aCKe3bI, TaK KaK JIec - aTO ,u;pyrOM Ml1p,
MeCTO a6COJIIOTa: CJIOBO «para», «,u;pyrOM» (I1MeeT TaK-
)Ke 3HaQeHI1e «Bp(l)l()];e6HbIM», TO eCTb «Bpar») 03HaQa-
eT «B03BbIIIIeHHbIM, COBepIIIeHHbIM». I1MeHHo B JIecy
,u;OJI)I(HbI YKPbITbCH B nOI1CKax o,u;I1HOQeCTBa OTIIIeJIbHI1-
KI1, OTpeKIIIl1eCH OT 3anOJIHeHHOro Ml1pa M OTpl1H}'BIIIl1e
,u;xapMY npaBI1JI 06I.QeCTBeHHoM )l(113HI1. llpOTI1BOnOC-
I 123
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rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
TaBJIeHl1e Me .n;B}'MH npOCTpaHCTBaMI1 HI1Kor.n;a He
npeKpam;aJIOCb 11 nO.J:IyqIDIO .n;aJIbHeMIIIee pa3BI1Tl1e.
B «Be.n;ax» Ml1p .n;epeBHI1, B KOTOpOM COBepilialOTCH
)KepTBOnpI1HOIIIeHI1H, Cql1TaeTCH n03I1TI1BHbIM, a Ml1p
JIeCOB - HeraTI1BHbIM. B I1H.n;y113Me np0l130IIIJIa nepe-
OQeHKa QeHHOCTeM OTIIIeJIbHl1qeCTBa 11 MOrl1 Ha .n;l1aMeT-
paJIbHO npOTI1BOnOJIO)KHbIe. B CpaBHI1TeJIbHO He.n;aB-
HIOIO 3noxy C I1Cqe3HOBeHI1eM JIeCOB fl1MaJIal1 CTaJIl1l1r-
paTb pOJIb nycToro npOCTpaHCTBa (11)111 JIeCOB), KOTopoe
nOcem;aJIl1 OTIIIeJIbHI1KI1. I1x 3a,ZJ;aQa 06JIerQaJIaCb n0311-
QI10HI1pOBaHI1eM fl1MaJIaeB, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX Ha ceBe-
pe, CQI1TaBilieMCH CBHm;eHHbIM, nOJIO)KI1TeJIbHbIM.
I1TaK, .n;11<p<pepeHQl1pOBaHHocTb Me npocTpaH-
CTBaMI1 npOCTl1paJIaCb Ha BCIO COBOK}'llHOCTb HBJIeHI1M:
Ha JIIO.n;eM 11 BI1.n;bI I1X .n;eHTeJIbHOCTI1, Ha .n;OMaIIIHI1X 11
JIeCHbIX )KI1BOTHbIX, Ha paCTeHI1H, npo.n;yKTbI nI1TaHI1H,
a TalOKe Ha CBoMcTBa, npl1c l1e KaJK.n;OM}' 113 HI1X. .l{e-
peBHH - 3TO npOCTpaHCTBO BapeHoro (ryilieHoro, )Ka-
peHoro), nOTOM}' QTO 3.n;eCb Haxo.n;I1TCH OQar 11 rOTOBHT
nl1 . 11 Ha060pOT, JIec - 3TO npOCTpaHCTBO CbIporo,
r.n;e orOHb nO)Kl1paeT JIec. 0611TaTeJII1 .n;epeBHI1 .n;OJI)K-
HbI nl1TaTbCH npHrOTOBJIeHHOM Ha orHe nl1ll\eM, a OT-
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CBoe BJIa,ZJ;bIQeCTBO Ha,ZJ; 060l1MI1 npOCTpaHCTBaMI1, 06'be-
.n;I1HeHHbIMI1 B O.n;HO. B QaCTHOCTI1, pl1ryaJI «aIIIBaMe.n;-
xa» - )KepTBOnpI1HOIIIeHl1e JIOIIIa,ZJ;11 - BOnJIOm;aeT 3TO
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HbIM, 06bIQHO npl1HOCI1MbIM B )KepTBY, npl1Coe.n;I1HHJII1
JIeCHbIX )KI1BOTHbIX (c npOMe)K}'TOQHbIX TeppI1TOpI1M),
KOTOpbIX npl1BH3bIBaJII1 Me .n;oMallIHI1MI1. I1x Bcex
npl1HOCI1JII1 B )l(epTBY, HO O.n;HI1X B .n;eMCTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1,
a .n;pyrMX - JIeCHbIX )l(I1BOTHbIX - CI1MBOJII1QeCKI1, T.e.
nOCJIe 06pH.n;a OTnyCKaJIl1 Ha BOJIIO. :Qapb Qepe3 pl1ryaJI
)KepTBOnpI1HOIIIeHI1H, .n;eMCTBI1TeJIbHbIM .n;JIH 060l1x
npOCTpaHCTB, .n;eMOHCTpl1pOBaJI pacnpOCTpaHeHl1e CBO-
eM BJIaCTI1 Ha BeCb oKpY)KalOm;I1M Ml1p. Ho TaK KaK )l(ep-
124 I
KnaccH eCKaSi HA SI
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IIIHI1M.
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6bIJIO CBOMCTBeHHO C03.n;aHHe npl1BI1JIerl1pOBaHHbIX
Teppl1TOpl1M. B qaCTHOCTI1, HI1KaKOe QapCTBO He llJIa-
HHpOBaJIOCb KaK OrpaHI1QeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO, 3aKJIIO-
qeHHOe B nOCTOHHHble rpaHI1QbI 11 nOJIHpl130BaHHoe
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TpOM BJlaCTI1. HI1KaKl1e JII1MeCbI I1JII1 3am;I1THble CTeHbI
He B03BO.n;I1JII1Cb BOKpyr CTOJII1QbI, He 6bIJIO HI1 o.n;Horo
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QeHTpOM BJlaCTI1 11 ynpaBJIeHI1H. XapaKTepHO, QTO B
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,n;a)l(e cYII(eCTBOBaHl1e BCeJleHHOM - 3TO ceKYH,n;bI no
OTHOlIIeHMIO K orpoMHoMY B03pacry 60roB. E.n;I1HI1QeM
113MepeHI1.H .HBJI.HeTC.H ,n;JII1TeJlbHOCTb )l(113HI1 BpaXMbI.
100 JleT BpaxMbI COCTO.HT 113 360 CyrOK, TO eCTb B Qe-
JlOM 113 36 000 CyrOK, QTO co oTBeTcTByeT 3 110 410 B
132 I
I KnaCCH"'IeCKaSi HA SI
(f)
14-M CTeneHI1 'IeJlOBe'IeCKI1X JleT (OKOJlO 300 000 MIDIJII1-
ap,lJ;OB!). H aTO TOJlbKO O,lJ;HO 113 MHOrl1X MrHOBeHI1M )1(113-
HM BepXOBHoro 6ora... Ha.n;o ,lJ;}'MaTb, 'ITO no o6HbIe
no,n;C'IeTbI cnoco6CTBOBaJIM peaJIbHOMY nporpeccy B Ma-
TeMaTMKe! O,lJ;MH «K3JIna», TO eCTb O,lJ;I1H ,lJ;eHb EpaxMbI,
COCTOMT M3 1000 60JlbIIII1X «lOra», TO eCTb «B03paCTOB
MMpa», M3 KOTOpbIX KIDK)I;bIH MMTC.H 4 320 000 'IeJlOBe-
'IeCKI1X JleT. 3Ta «MaxalOra» (60JlbiliaH IOra) - nO,lJ;eJleHa
Ha 'IeTbIpe IOrM, KIDK)I;aH 113 KOTOpbIX CTaHOBI1TC.H Bce
KOpO'Ie M cJla6ee.
OCJla6J1eHI1e ,lJ;xapMbI, Ha'Il1HaH OT CTeneHM ee (OT-
HOCMTeJlbHoro) COBepIIIeHCTBa - «caTb.HlOrM» - npMBO-
,u;MT K «KaJIl1lOre» - MMPy, B KOTOpOM MbI C BaMM CeH'IaC
CYlQeCTByeM! 3TO BpeM.H yna.n;Ka M Hl1lQeTbI, KOTopoe
,u;OJl)l(HO MI1TbC.H 432 000 JleT. TaK KaK C'II1TaeTC.H, 'ITO
KaJIMlOra Ha'IaJIaCb B 3102 ro,lJ;}' ,u;o PO)K,lJ;eCTBa XP"CTO-
Ba (cMepTb KpMlIIHbI), y Hac Bce eII(e Bnepe,lJ;M!
3Ta rpaH,lJ;M03HaH KOHQenQI1.H, COrJlaCHO KOTOpOH
Bce Ha'IaJIa Ii OKOH'IaHI1.H OTHOCMTeJlbHbI, a COBepIIIeH-
CTBO, KaK 11 yna.n;OK, pacnOJlO)l(eHbI nepe,u; HaMM 11 n03a-
)];H Hac. OHa HaIIIJla OTpaJKeHl1e BO Bcex <p1J10Co<p".HX -
OT l1,lJ;eOJlorl1l1 caMOOTpe'IeHI1.H ,lJ;O npeKJIOHeHI1.H nepe,lJ;
MMpOM. Pacna.n; Ml1pa, KOTOpOMY npe,n;lIIeCTBOBaJI Kpl1-
3MC, nOpO)l(,lJ;eHHbIM HeM36e)l(HbIM 11 nOCTO.HHHbIM OC-
Jla6J1eHMeM M3Ha'IaJIbHOrO COBepIIIeHCTBa, BbI3bIBaJl
oco6eHHbIH I1HTepec.
TaKI1M 06pa30M, I1H,lJ;}'H3M BOCnpl1HI1MaJI BpeM.H KaK
QI1KJIl1'IeCKOe 11,lJ;I1HaMI1'IeCKOe, COTp.HCaeMOe nepl1o,u;l1-
QeCKI1 B03HI1KalOII(I1MI1 KpI13I1CaMI1. nocJle <pMHaJIbHO-
ro Kp11311Ca, BbI3BaHHoro npOTI1BOpeQI1.HMI1, nOBJle IIII1-
MM 3a C060H Bceo6II(I1H KOH<pJlI1KT, Ha KaKoe-TO BpeM.H
YCTaHOBI1TC.H «30JlOTOH B K» (<<caTb.HlOra» - apa npaB-
,lJ;bI), HaCJla.n;I1TbC.H KOTOpbIM CMOryr JlI1IIIb yQeJleBIIIl1e B
aTOM KOH<pJlI1KTe. HHTepnpeTl1pyeMbIe B MI<p"'IeCKOH
$opMe, }'Ka3aHHbIe C06bITI1.H, KaK nOJIaralOT, COBn
C npHWeCTBl1eM Ha 3eMJIIO KaJIKI1Ha, nOCJIe,n;Hero aBa-
I 133
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KaTaCTpo<p"QeCKIM nepexo.n; OT O.n;HOM IOrl1 K .n;pyrOM.
. I(aAeHAaPh
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BeHepe 11 CarypHY), qTO 11 I1X eBpOneMCKl1e aHaJIOrl1.
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«I1H » (indu, He nyraTb C XI1H,lJ;}' - hindu) 6bIJIO Ha3Ba-
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)KeHCKI1M HaqaJIOM.
HU He.n;eJIU:
BOCKpeceHbe: 11, MTb.H,paBI1Bapa, «nepBWM
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Cpe.n;a: 6y.n;xa, caYMb.HBapa, «.n;eHb MepK}'PI1.H».
qeTBepr: rypy,6pxaCnaTI1Bapa,
«.n;eHb IOnI1Tepa».
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Cy660Ta: IIIaHI1Bapa, «.n;eHb CarypHa».
TaK KaK He6eCHbIe CBeTI1JIa I1MeJII1 no HeCKOJIbK}' Ha3Ba-
HI1M, .n;HI1 He.n;eJII1 HOCI1JII1 O.n;HO 113 I1X I1MeH, 3a KOTOpbI-
MI1 CJIe.n;OBaJIO CJIOBO «Bapa».
- TI1TXI1: .1I}'HHbIM MeC.HQ, no.n;eJIeHHbIM Ha .n;Ba «KpbI-
JIa», I1MelOII(MX 60JIbIIJOe 3HaQeHI1e npl1 onpe.n;eJIeHI1I1
134 I
I KnaCCH"'IeCKaSi HA SI
CpOKOB )l(epTBOnpMHOIIIeHI1H; KIDK,lJ;Oe «KpbIJlO» COCTO-
.sIJlO 113 15.lI}'HHbIX ));HeH, KOTopbIe 6bIJII1 KOpOqe COJl-
HeQHbIX.
- HaKiliaTpa - ceKTopa aKJIl1nTI1KI1; 28 (I1J1M 27) Ha-
KIIlaTp HOCMJlI1 Ha3BaHI1.H B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT pacnOJIO-
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rpeKaMI1. )
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HaKIIIaTp); Ka)l{));a.H Mora ));JlMTC.H nepl1o)); BpeMeHI1, B
TeqeHl1e KOToporo c)'MMa ));BI1)1(eHI1H .lI}'HbI 11 COJlHQa
paBH.HeTC.H HaKmaTpe.
- KapaHa: paBHa nOJIOBI1He TI1TXI1.
HaJIl1Ql1e 60JIbiliOrO KOJII1QeCTBa KaJIeH));apHOH I1H-
cpopMaQI1116bIJlO BbI3BaHO Tpe60BaHI1.HMI1 aCTpOJlOrl1l1,
KOTOpa.H HaqaJla pa3BI1BaTbC.sI B OCHOBHOM nocJle
IV BeKa. TaK, onpe));eJl.HJlI1Cb OTpe3KI1 BpeMeHI1 HaKIIIaT-
pbI, KOTopbIe CJIe));OBaJIO 6bI «oT6pOCI1Tb», TO eCTb He-
6J1arOnpl1.HTHbIe nepI10));bI, B TeqeHl1e KOTOpbIX CQI1Ta-
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ruoe 3HaqeHI1e MMeJla TaK)I{e «cYMMa ));HeH», TO eCTb
KOJlI1QeCTBO ));HeM, I1CTeKIIII1X C HaqaJIa KaKOH-JlI160 apbI,
qaII(e Bcero C HaqaJIa KaJIl1lOrl1.
[0));, KaK npaBI1J10, ));eJlI1JIC.sI Ha IIIeCTb ce30HOB M ));Be-
Ha,zJ;QaTb MeC.HQeB. B Ha3BaHI1.s1X Be));I1QeCKI1X MeC.sIQeB
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xy» - M.sIrKI1M, «TanaCb.sl» - )l{apKI1H). TaK KaK MeC.sIQ Ta-
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6bIJI .lI}'HHbIM. BnOCJle));CTBI1I1 nO));06HaH pa3611BKa ));0-
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BCT}'llJleHMe COJlHQa B KIDK,lJ;Oe 30));l1aKaJIbHOe C03Be3-
));Me, 11 ));Be «aH.HHbI», 0603HaqaBIIJI1e ));BM)I(eHMe COJlH-
Qa. Haql1HaH OT MOMeHTa COJlHQeCTO.HHM.H (JIeTHerO MJlM
I 135
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TeqeHl1e OCTaBIIII1XC.H 6 MeC.HIJ;eB).
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apa CaKa (ocHoBaHa .B 78 r. H.a.) .HBJI.HIOTC.H HaM60Jlee
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3.n;a1OT np06JIeMbI npM YCTaHOBJleHl111 .n;aT Ha Ha.n;nI1C.HX.
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no.n;eJleHHOrO Ha paBHbIe OTpe3KI1.
VII
PEAJ1fJ1J1
Be)];113M, 6paxMaHl13M, TO eCTb )];peBHI1:U I1lIJ1¥113M 11,
HaKOHeu;, TaHTpl1qeCKM:U M 3M He TOJlbKO CMeHIDII1
)];pyr )];pyra, HO 11 co eCTBOBaJIl1. He06xo)];I1MO TaIOKe
ynOMHuyrb 0 6YMI13Me 11 )J;)K3iiHI13Me (KOTopbIe I1H)J;y11C-
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HOBHbIe peJII1rl103HbIe TeQeHI1H, 0 KOTOpbIX MbI nOBe)];eM
peQb B )];aJIbHellilieM. QT06bI HI1QerO He ynyCTI1Tb, H}OKHO
CKa3aTb 0 HeKOTopbIX apXaI1QHbIX peJll1rl1.HX, Hanpl1Mep,
o peJIl1rl111 a.D;bI1Barne:u, KOTopbIe, I1HTerpl1pOBaBIIII1Cb B
MH)];I1:uc oe 06II(eCTBO, COXpaHI1J10Cb )];0 HaIIII1X )];He:u,
XOT.H 11M npl1IlVIOCb CMl1pl1TbC.H C HeKOTOpbIMI1 nepeMe-
HaMI1. MHO)l(eCTBO MI1HOpl1TapHhIX peJll1rl1:U, eCTBO-
BaBIIII1X Ha 060Ql1He I1H)J;y113Ma, IUII1 a6COJllOTHO bIX
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OCTpOB KaTXl1aBap. BnOCJIe)];CTBI1I1 I1X CTaJIl1 Ha3bIBaTb
napcaMM (nepCbI), KOTopbIe np0)KI1BaIOT CerO)];HH rJIaB-
HbIM 06p330M B EOM6ee.
137 I
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.;: '
rHAbl u.rABHnH3au.H
BEAH3M, PEAHfH5I BEA
. C06paHJ1e TeI{CTOB
nOA Ha3BaHJ1eM «BeAhI»
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HI1M HapO));a, KOTOpbIM Me)K)J;)' 1500 11 1000 rO));aMI1 ));0
HailieM apbI COCTaBI1JI 11 OCHOBaJI «Be));bI», 0 HI1X HaM
TalOKe HMqerO He 113BeCTHO. BCJIe));CTBl1e He60JlblIIOM
BepO.HTHOCTI1 OTKpbITI1M B aTOM 06J1aCT:A MbI Bp.H)); JII1
Y3HaeM, KaKOBbI 6bIJlI1 cpOpMbI I1X K}'JlbTOB. MbI pacno-
JlaraeM TOJIbKO pe));KI1MI1 CBI1));eTeJIbCTBaMI1 MaTepl1aJIb-
HOM K}'JlbT}'pbI Toro BpeMeHI1, HO ));0 Hailiero BpeMeHI1
He ));OlIIJlO HI1 O));HOrO nl1CbMeHHoro ));OKYMeHTa 11 He
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CTHO, KaKOBa 6bIJla I1cnOBe,n;yeMa.H «Be));aMI1» peJll1rl1.H
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pl1BaTb TOJlbKO cpOpMbI K}'JlbTa, 0 KOTOpOM pacnoJlara-
eM ));OCTOBepHbIMI1 CBe));eHI1.HMI1.
Be));I1QeCKa.H peJll1rl1.H CHaQaJIa .HBJI.HJIaCb peJll1rl1eM,
3acpl1KCMpOBaHHOM B Be));MQeCKI1X TeKcTax, M noaTOMY
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npOMCXO)l(,l(eHl111 BceH COBOK}'llHOCTI1 TeKCTOB, KOTopble
COCTaBJI.HJlI1Cb, yrBep)l()];aJIl1Cb 11 nO.1l}"laJIl1 OpraHI13aI(11-
138 I
I KnacCH"feCKaSi HA SI
OHHoe 0<p0pMJIeHMe B p33HbIe SnOXl1I1 P33JIMqHbIMI1 rpyn-
naMI1 6paxMaHOB. I1TaK, npe)K.lJ;e BCerO He06xo));I1MO P33-
JIl1qaTb TeKCTbI, HOC.HI.IJ;Me H33BaHl1.H «Be));bI», 11 I1X I1H));MM-
CKl1e TOJIKOBaHM.H. 3TO HeJIerKO, TaK KaK HeB03MO)l(HO
OnMCaTb ));aHHbIe TeKCTbI, He npl16eraH K 3aI1MCTBOBaHM-
.HM, Onl1CaTeJIbHbIM 11 061>HCHI1TeJIbHbIM xapaKTepl1CTI1-
KaM, nOqepnuyrbIM 113 I1CTOQHI1KOB, nO.HBMBIIIMXC.H no-
3));Hee. IIOJIaraIOT, QTO caMOM ));peBHe:n, BaJKHOM 11 Hal1-
60JIee YBaJKaeMo:n QaCTblO BceM cOBoKYnHocTM «Be));»
.HBJIHeTC.H CaHXI1Ta «PMrBe));a» - «C06paHl1e 3HaHI1M B
CTp0<Pax». Ho B TeKcTax, 0 KOTOpbIX l1,l];eT peqb, HMqTO
He rOBOpl1T 0 TOM, QTO I1MeHHO C1p0<pbI <pOpMl1p}'lOT I1JII1
.HBJI.HIOTC.H Be));aMI1, T.e. 3HaHI1.HMI1. CJIOBO «Be));a» TaM
ynoTpe6JI.HeTC.H Bcero O));I1H pa3 (RS, VIII, 19, 5), 11 He
M.H Toro, qT06bI H33BaTb I1JII1 oxapaKTepl130BaTb COBO-
K}'IIHOCTb TeKCTOB. ECJII1 KOJIJIeKIJ;I1.H rl1MHOB 11 HOCI1T
Ha3BaHI1e «Be));bI», TO TOJIbKO nOTOMY, qTO I1H,lJ;I1.H, no-
CTO.HHHO p33r JIarOJIbCTB}'IOI.IJ;aH no nOBo));}' Be));, caMa ));aJIa
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I 141
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JII060BHbIM rl1MH (AS, VI, 8):
«Ka'K Jtua'Ha co 8cex cmopo'H onym'bt8aem iJepe80, ma'K
U m'bt MeHJt 06'HUMau. EyiJ'b MOeU Jt106UMoU U 'He cmop
'HUC'b Me'HJt!
Ka'K OPeJt, 83Jtemafl, 6'bem 'KP'bUI/bR..MU no 3eMJte, ma'K U Jl
cmyrtyc'b 8 m80e cepiJ1J,e. EyiJ'b MOeU Jt106u.MoU U 'He cm
PO'HUC'b Me'HJt!
145
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npouuxuy 0 mooe cepiJ1J,e. Eyih .MOeU JtW6UMOU U ue
cmopouuc'b Me'HJt!»
,It;eHCTBl1e MHOrl1X rl1MHOB «ATXapBaBe)l;bI» HanpaB-
JIeHO npOTI1B pa3JII1qHbIX 60JIe3HeH, O)l;HaKO He BCer)l;a
QeTKO onpe)l;eJIHeMbIX. TaK, B rl1MHe npOTI1B «anaCI1T»
MbI BI1)1;I1M 3arOBOp OT 30JIOT}'XI1:
« Y xpacuoU 30JLOmyxu Mam'b 1iepuaR, U M'bt amo 3uaeM.
CUJtoU aC1Cema U 602a Jl ee U3oeiJy. .
Jl u30eiJy ee ua1iaJLO U cepeiJuuy
H max iJoUiJy iJo xou1J,a, Jl pa30mw ee, xax pa36uoaem-
CJl cmeKJLo.
3a1U£uuauueM T oacumpa Jl omoeiJy moow peouocm'b
H 2ueo, 0 cynpy2, M'bt me6Jl ycn()1(,OUM.
o 1J,afrb 3axoua, uac'bt'llJ,aw'llJ,uu 3axou, ocoemu uamu
iJuu u 6yih x uaM MUJtocepiJell!
o ,l( JlCamaoeiJac, iJau UaM OCeM, npeK.ltO'HJlW'llJ,UMCJl npeiJ
moOUM coemOM, iJOJL2YW JlCU3U'b!»
B) KIDK)I;aJI CaMXI1Ta conpoBo aeTcH O)l;HI1M I1JII1
HeCKOJIbKI1MI1 6paxMaHaMH. 8TI1 TeKCTbI JII1IIIeHbI no-
33HI111 COCTaBJIeHbI n03)1;Hee (Me IX 11 VI B.)I;O H.3.?).
I1x rpy6bIH H3bIK npl16JII1)1(aeTCH K pa3roBopHoM}' H3bI-
KY, onl1caHHoMY rpaMMaTI1CTOM TIaHI1HI1. EpaxMaHbI
)l;alOT HHTepnpeTaQl110 pl1ryaJIOB )l(epTBOnpI1HOIIIeHHH.
OHI1 06nHCHHIOT, KaKI1M 06pa30M B pl1ryaJIbHbIX )l;eH-
CTBI1HX )l;OJI)I(HbI BOCnp0l13BO)l;I1TbCH nepB03)1;aHHbIe
aKTbI. 8TH aKTbI 3HalOT pHIIII1, HX MOHOnOJII1311pOBaJII1
60rl111 H3yqalOT JIIO)I;I1. AKTbI BOnJIOInalOT CJIOBa I1CTI1-
HbI, KOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCH napa,n;l1rMOH COQl1aJIbHOH, 3KO-
HOMI1QeCKOH (BKJIIOQaJI TOprOBJIlO) )l(113HI1 H T .)1;. Opra-
HI13aQI1H pl1ryaJIOB )l(epTBOnpHHOIIIeHHH 06nHCHHeTCH
B KOCMOJIOrl1QeCKOM MaCIIITa6e. O)l;HOH H3 caMbIX HH-
TepeCHbIX H KpaCOQHbIX 6paxMaH HBJIHeTCH, BepOHTHO,
146 I
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BOK (SB, VI, 2, 2, 15) nO.HCH.HeT, qeM K03eJI npeBocxo-
)l;I1T OCTaJIbHbIX )KepTBeHHbIx )KI1BOTHbIX (nHTb )KepT-
BeHHbIX KonbITHbIX, KOTopbIe Bcer,n;a caMQbI):
«3TO )KI1BOTHOe (K03JIa) npHHOc.SlT B )KepTBY, nOToM)'
qTO OH BHeiliHe nOXO)K Ha Bcex )KI1BOTHbIX. K03eJI 6e3po-
rHH, 60po,n;aTbIH 11 nO)l;06eH qeJIOBeK}', KOTOpbIM TaIOKe
He HMeeT porOB H 60po,n;aT. Ho 6e3pOrl1M K03eJI HMeeT
rpl1BY, H B 3TOM OH HanOMHHaeT JIOIIIMb, nOTOM)' qTO OHa
6e3pOraH 11 C rpHBOM. Y Hero BoceMb KonbIT, 11 B aTOM OH
nOXO)K Ha 6bIKa, nOTOM)' qTO y 6bIKa TO)Ke BoceMb KonbIT.
Y Hero KOnbITa, KaK y 6apaHa, 11 aTHM OH HanOMI1HaeT 6a-
paHa. 11 TaK KaK OH K03eJI, Y Hero H BHeiliHOCTb K03JIa.
TaKI1M 06Pa30M, KOr)l;a npHHOC.HT B )KepTBY K03JIa, TO BMe-
CTe C HI1M )KepTB}'IOT 11 OCTaJlbHbIMI1 )KI1BOTHbIMH».
C) ApaHbHKI1 ( «[ JIeCHbIe] KHHrH») COCTaBJIHIOT Tpe-
TI1H CJIOM KIDK,lJ;OH «Be,n;bI». BMeCTe C ynaHHIIIa,a;aMI1 OHI1
COCTaBJIHIOT HeqTO Bpo,n;e n03,n;Hero npI1JIO)KeHI1H K
6paxMaHaM. KpoMe Bcero npoqero, B HI1X H,n;eT peqb
06 06yqeHI1I1, a<t><t>eKTI1BHOCTb KOToporo B03pacTaeT,
eCJIH OHO npOI1Cxo,n;HT He B co06 eCTBe JIIO)I;eM, a B O)l;H-
HOqeCTBe H B TI1IIII1He, He npI1C HX qeJIOBeqeCKOMY
CYIneCTBOBaHI1IO. ApaHb.H OJIHQeTBopHeT B KaKoH-To
CTeneHI1 nyCTbIHIO nepBbIX Xp"CTHaH.
«Ham ConepnU1C, u1iocmpauey" CMe/Jm1i'btU, 1Comop020M'bt
CIlUmaeM 8pa20.M, 0 602U, 8edb 01i 1Ca1C c2ape8utee n0Jle1l0,
om 1COmop020 1iU1.le20 1le ocmaerncR. Tom, 1CrTW 1ilMt :JICe.Jta-
em 3Aa, o,l( :JICamaoeiJa, U rTWm, 1COMY Jl :JICe./w/1O 3/ta, U rTWm,
1CrTW M1le :JICe.JtaeYn 3/ta, 0 A21iU, CO:JIC2U ux iJo1J'1..l£a, 1Ca1C U
8cex, 1COMY Jl :JICe.Jta1O 3/ta, U 1CrTW M1le :JICe.JtaeYn 3Aa, U rTW20,
1CrTW 1C 1ilMt ucn'btm'bt8aeYn 8pa:JICi>y, U 1.U!JW8eKa, :JICeJta1O-
'UJ,e20 1ilMt 3/ta, rTW20, 1CrTW 1iac np01C./l,u1iaeYn U u'UJ,em, 1Ca1C
mt 1iaC 06Ma1iym'b, compu ux 8ceX 8 nopOUllJK».
(TaHTTl1pl1.H-apaHb.HKa, II, 12-14)
lA8 I
KnaccH eCKaSi HA SI
D) 10 I1JII1 14 Be)J;l1qeCKI1X ynaHHIIIa,zJ; OTJIl1qalOTCH
OT npoql1x TeKCTOB cO)J;ep)KaHl1eM 11 <pOpMO . CaMbIe
,n;peBHHe H caMbIe BIDKHbIe 113 HI1X ( «EpI1Xa,zJ;apaHbHHa-
ynaHI1IIIa,zJ;a» 11 «QxaH)J;OrbH-ynaHI1IIIa,zJ;a») Hanl1CaHbI B
<pOpMe ,n;HaJIOra, KOr)J;a yqHTe b, qa e BCerO 6paXMaH,
HO I1HOr,n;a H KmaTpl1M, OTBeQaeT Ha BOnpOCbI. B HI1X
CJIbImHTCH OT3BYK np06JIeM, pa3JIHQHbIX a6CTpaKTHbIX
paCCY)K,lJ;eHI1M, y)Ke Hame,n;IIII1X CBoe OTpIDKeHl1e B MOre,
6y,n;,n;113Me, aCKeTI1QeCKHX npaKTI1KaX, 11 no,n;BepralO-
lQHX COMHeHHIO BCIO cI1cTeMY pl1ryaJIOB. 3TI1 ynaHI1-
ma,n;bI, XOTH H HMelOT cTaryc Be,n; (xoTeJIOCb 6bI 3HaTb,
KTO HM ero npI1CBOHJI?), B ,n;eMCTBI1TeJIbHOCTH npe)J;-
CTaBJIHIOT r.7l}'60KI1M pa3pbIB C «Be)J;oM» H)J;)KHbI. Pa3-
JIHQHe Me)K,n;y 3TI1MH ,n;BYMH 6JIOKaMI1 HpKO BblpIDKeHo.
BCH cOBoKynHocTb «Be,n;» nO)J;eJIeHa Ha ,n;Be QaCTI1: Kap-
MaKaH,n;a (pa3)J;eJI aKToB) BKJIIOQaeT B ce6H caHXHTbI,
6paxMaHbI 11 apaHbHKH, a ,n;)KHHHaKaH)J;a (pa3,n;eJI 3Ha-
HHM) COCTOHT H3 QeTbIpHa,zJ;QaTH ynaHI1IIIa,n; (XOTH OHH
3aHHMalOT Bcero JII1IIIb 5% OT o6 ero 06neMa). B ,n;aJIb-
HeMIIIeM, Kor,n;a B I1H,n;I1MCKOM peJIl1rl111 pl1ryaJIbI CTa-
JIH OTXO,n;I1Tb Ha BTOpOM nJIaH (3TO np0l130IIIJIO nOCJIe
IV B.), I1X 3HaQeHI1e TOJIbKO B03paCTaJIO H ,n;OCTl1rJIO
TaKoro ypOBHH, npl1 KOTOpOM 3TI1 ynaHMIIIa,zJ;bI, nOJIY-
QHBiliHe Ha3BaHI1e «Be)J;aHTa» (O)J;HOBpeMeHHO TepMI1H
H QeJIb «Be,n;») CTaJII1 BOCnpl1HI1MaTbCH npeI1My e-
CTBeHHO KaK «Be,n;bI». Ho, nOBTopHeM, OHI1 nO)J;Bepra-
lOT COMHeHl11O cO)J;ep)KaHl1e CaHXI1T - TeKCTOB, npe)J;
KOTOpbIMI1 Bce npeKJIOHHJII1Cb. nOHBJIeHl1e ynaHI1IIIa,n;
COBnaJIO C MOMeHTOM, Kor)J;a 3HaHI1H )J;OJI)KHbI 6bIJII1
,n;aTb OTBeTbI Ha B03HI1KalO l1e BonpOCbI. 11 3TI1 OTBe-
TbI, nOJIHbIe npOTI1BOpeQHH, npe)J;CKa3aHI1H, TaI1H-
CTBeHHOCTI1, 11 6bIJII1 }'TBep)K)J;eHl1eM 3KBI1BaJIeHTHOC-
TeH Me pa3JII1QHbIMI1 nJIaHaMI1 JII1QHOCTI1, pl1rya-
JIa 11 KOCMoca. OCHOBHoe }'TBep)K)J;eHl1e, npl1)J;alO ee
CMbICJI BceM OCTaJIbHbIM, 3aKJIIOQaJIOCb B HaJIl1Q1111 I1H-
)J;I1BI1JJ;yaJIbHOH JJ;yW11 - aTMaHa 11 KOCMI1QeCKOH - 6pax-
I 149
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rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH
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«Be,n;», ynaHI1IIIa,n;bI npl106peJII1 XapaKTep JII1Teparyp-
HOrO )l(aHpa. COCTaBJIeHl1eM ynaHI1IIIa,lJ; 3aHI1MaJII1Cb,n;0
He,n;aBHerO BpeMeHI1, noaTOMY I1X TOqHOe KOJII1QeCTBO
HeI13BeCTHO, HO nOJIaralOT, QTO I1X He MeHee ,n;BYXCOT.
HeCMOTpH Ha I1X Ha3BaHI1e 11 CTpeMJIeHl1e aBTopOB
npl1,n;aTb 11M xapaKTep OTKpOBeHI1H, QT06bI TeM caMbIM
no,n;HHTb npeCTl1)1( CBOI1X np0113Be,n;eHI1M 11 npaKTI1K,
ynaHI1IIIa,lJ;bI HBJIHIOTCH 6a30BbIMI1 TeKCTaMIIHJQ'"3Ma
11 He I1MelOT HI1QerO 06I.Qero C Be,n;113MOM (,n;IDKe eCJII1 B
HI1X I1CnOJIb3YlOTCH cpOPMYJIl1pOBKl1l1X CTapIIII1X «po,n;-
CTBeHHI1KOB» ).
B aTOM OTpbIBKe H,n;)I(HaBaJIKbH, npl1rOTaBJII1BaHCb
Bcrynl1Tb Ha nyrb O,n;I1HOKoro aCKeTa, 6eceJQ'eT CO CBO-
eM JII0611MOM )l(eHOM MaMTpeMeM, KOTOpaH nOCBHTI1JIa
CBOIO )l(113Hb He TOJIbKO «TOM}', QeM 06bIQHO 3aHI1MaIOT-
CH )l(eHI.QI1HbI».
« Tor,n;a MaMTpeMH (cKa3aJIa): "B'bt Me'H.Jl 8380A1t08a-
AU, zocnOOU1t, Z08opR, 1.tmo noCJte cM£jJmu 1tem C031ta-
1t'UR". 01t om8emU/t: ''9 Z080pW 1te O.llJl mozo, 1.tm06'bt
me6R paccmpoum'b, R X()1ty, 1.tm06'bt m'bt amo 31taJta. TaM,
zoe ecm'b o80UCmBe1t1tOCm'b, OOU1t 1.tY8cm8yem opyzozo,
OOU1t 8uOum opyzozo, OOU1t CJt'bt'lUum opyzozo, 00u1t OC03-
1taem opyzozo U OOU1t 31taem opyzozo. Ho mom, O.llJl 'KD-
mopozo 8ce 8e1J!,U cmaJtu J(YXOM, 'KOZO U 'Ka'K MO:JICem 01t
1.tY8cm808am'b, 'KOZO U 'Ka'K 01t MO:JICem 8UOem'b, 'KOZO U
'Ka'K CMO:JICem 01t YCJt'bt'lUam'b, 'KOZO U 'Ka'K 01t MO:JICem OC03-
1ta8am'b, 'KOZO U 'Ka'K 01t CMO:JICem Y31tam'b? Ka'K CMO:JICem
01t n031tam'b mozo, nocpeocm80M 'Komopozo 01t Y31taJt 8ce
mo, 1.tmo cy1J!,ecmoyem? Ka'K MO:JIC1tO n031tam'b 31taW1J!,e-
zo? "»
(EpI1Xa,lJ;apaHbHKa-ynaHI1IIIa,lJ;a, II, 4)
3HaQeHl1e, npl1,n;aBaeMoe «Be,n;aM», OCHOBaHO He
CTOJIbKO Ha rJIy611He I1X co,n;ep)l(aHI1H, CKOJIbKO Ha xa-
150 I
KnacCH"IeCKaSi 111 HAII1S1
paKTepe I1X npOI1CXO)l(,lJ;eHI1H 11 HeOnpaB,n;aHHO 3aBbI-
IIIeHHbIX aM611:QI1.HX. «Be,n;bI» npe,n;Ha3HaqaJIl1Cb ,n;JIH
TOrO, qT06bI CTaTb Moryl.QeCTBeHHbIM CJIOBOM, KOTO-
POMY npe,n;onpe,n;eJIeHO 60raToe 6y,n;Yl.Qee 11 KOTOpOe
HaIIIJIO CBOe BbIpIDKeHMe B 3ara,u;OqHbIX cpOpM}'JIl1pOB-
Kax, Ha3bIBaeMbIX 6paXMaHaMI1 I1JII1 MaHTpaMI1, eCJII1
aTI1 cpOpM}'JIl1pOBKI1 KpaCI1BbI 11 P"TMIQHbI. BnpOqeM,
npeTeH31111 Be,n; CBO,n;HTCH K TOMY, qT06bI 6bITb CJIOBOM,
nOHBI1BIIII1MCH paHee H3bIKa, T.e. nepB03,n;aHH IM CJIO-
BOM, KOTOpOe CYl.QeCTBOBaJIO ,n;0 npOHBJIeHI1H BCerO
cYl.QerO 11 ,n;IDKe 60roB. HeCKOJIbKO n03)1(e OQapOBaHl1e
Be,n;I1QeCKI1M CJIOBOM nopo,n;I1JIO 6eCnJIO,n;HbIe paccY)I(-
,n;eHI1H 0 CJIOBe, KOTopoe He eCTb H3bIK. qTO KacaeTCH
Be,n;I1QeCKOrO CJIOBa (<<BaQ» - CJIOBO, HO TalOKe 11 ro-
JIOC), OHO 6bIJIO 3BYQaI.QI1M 11, CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, np0l13-
HOCI1MbIM, 11 «Be,n;bI», TaKI1M 06pa30M, aTO He Hanl1-
caHHbIH TeKCT, KOTOpbIH QI1TaIOT. Kor,n;a 6bIJIa 11306-
peTeHa nl1CbMeHHocTb, Bce Hanl1CaHHOe CTaJIO
BOCnpl1HI1MaTbCH KaK OrpaHI1QeHl1e CJIOBa. ,l(JIH coxpa-
HeHI1H CO.HOPHOH cpOpMbI TeKCTa CcpOpMl1pOBaJIl1Cb
,n;onOJIHI1TeJIbHbIe HaYKI1, BnOCJIe,n;cTBI1I1 Ha3BaHHbIe
«aHra» (QJIeHbI Be,n;), 11 pa3JII1QHbIe TeXHI1KI1. nOCJIe
V BeKa ,n;o HaIIIeH apbI HH,n;I1H MaJIO I1HTepeCOBaJIaCb
CMbICJIOM «Be,n;». OTQaCTI1 aTOT cpaKT 061>HCHHeTCH
CJIO)l(HOCTblO H3bIKa 11 TeM, QTO «Be,n;bI» nepeCTaJII1
6bITb :QeHTpOM peJII1rl103HOH )l(113HI1. B ,n;eHCTBI1TeJIb-
HOCTI1 OTCYTCTBl1e I1HTepeca K I1X CMbICJIY npOHBI1JIOCb
HaMHoro paHbIIIe. CYl.QeCTBOBaJIO JII1IIIb o,n;Ho-e,n;I1H-
CTBeHHoe np0l13Be,n;eHl1e no CeMaHTI1Ke «Be,n;» - aTO
«Hl1pYKTa» HCKI1, KOTOPOMY npOTI1BOCTOHJIO orpOM-
Hoe KOJII1QeCTBO (11 npeKpaCHoro KaQeCTBa) TPy,n;OB no
<pOHeTI1QeCKOH (CI1KIIIa) 11 rpaMMaTI1QeCKOM (BI1HKapa-
Ma) cpopMaM CJIOB.
Be,n;I1QeCKl1e rl1MHbI 11 6paxMaHbI B :QeJIOM OTpIDKa-
lOT onTI1MI1CTI1QeCKI1M B3rJIH,n; Ha )l(113Hb: )l(eJIaHl1e BbI-
)KI1Tb, ,n;06I1TbCH npO:QBeTaHI1H, OCTaBI1Tb nOTOMCTBO,
I 151
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npOAJII1Tb C eCTBOBaHl1e CBOerO po,n;a B aTOM Ml1pe,
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rOB 11 60pOTbCH C 60JIe3HHMI1. ECJII1 Bce TO, 0 qeM rOBO-
pl1JIOCb B rl1MHax, HaxO,n;I1JIO OTKJII1K B ;::r;yme HaCeJIeHI1H,
KOTopoe I1X ,n;eKJIaMl1pOBaJIO I1JII1 C.1I}'llIaJIO, MO)l(HO ce6e
npe,n;CTaBI1Tb, KaKoe aTO 6blJI0 MOJIO Oe 11 ,n;I1HaMl1qHOe
06I.QeCTBO, )l(I1B ee C BepoH B 6y ee 11 HeBOCnpl1-
I1MQI1BOe K MeTa<p"3IqeCKIM COMHeHI1HM. Ho B rl1MHax
He ynoMI1HaeTCH 0 3aKOHax «KapMaHa», «peI1HKapHa-
:Q1111», 0 CTpa,u;aHI1HX, COnyrCTByrol.Ql1X QeJIOBeQeCKOM}'
c eCTBOBaHI1IO, 0 :QeHHOCTHX caMOOTpeQeHI1H 11 HeHa-
CI1JII1I1, TO eCTb 060 Bcex nOHHTI1HX, KOTopbIe no.nyql1-
JII1 aJIbHeHIIIee pa3BI1TI1e B HeKoTopbIX CJIOHX 061.Qe-
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TO)l(alOT BparoB. I1H pa, rJIaBHbIH 113 Be,n;I1QeCKI1X 60-
rOB, JII0611T BOHII}' 11 JII0611T ynl1BaTbCH COM<?H, He6ec-
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nepBbIM 11 M}',n;peHIIII1M 113 60rOB, B3HBIIII1M I1X no CBoe
nOKpOBI1TeJIbCTBO, KTO B Hel1CTOBCTBe CBOI1X BeJII1KI1X
no,n;Bl1rOB npl1Bo,n;11JI B TpeneT Bce Ml1pbI, TOT 60r, JIIO,n;I1,
11 eCTb I1H,n;pa» (RS, II, 12, 1). Bce CTI1XI1 MOI]'I.QecTBeH-
HbI, He60 IIIl1pOKOe, peKI1 CTpeMI1TeJIbHO 11 BeCeJIO He-
cyr CBOI1 MOJIO bIe BO bI, pacKpbIBaeTcH BCeJIeHHaH, nOJI-
HaH onacHocTeH, onbHHHH 11 CKJIOHHH JIIO,n;eH Ha BeJII1Kl1e
,n;eJIa. 8Ta onTI1MI1CTI1QHaH KOHI.(en:QI1H )l(113HI1 HailiJIa
CBoe BbIpa)l(eHl1e B H,n;)I(HaX, pl1TyaJIaX )KepTBO-
npI1HOIIIeHI1H, e,n;I1HcTBeHHoH 113BeCTHOH HaM peJIl1rl1-
03HOH :QepeMOHI1I1, OTHOCI1BIIIeHCH K «Be I1QeCKOH pe-
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I 217
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I 218
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I 219
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220 I
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I 221
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1 238
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1 242
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1 243
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1 245
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1 266
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1 268
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1 269
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Tpy.n;a. Bcer.n;a Heo6xo.n;I1Ma nOMep)l(Ka B BI1.n;e TeKCTa,
KOTOpOMY npH.n;aBaJIOCb 60JIbiliOe 3HaQeHl1e, I1JII1 no-
MOIQb rypy (yqI1TeJIJI), KOTOpbIH 06yqaeT CBoero CI1IIIbJl
(yqeHI1Ka). I1Hor.n;a Tpe60BaJIOCb BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBO 60ra
11 T ..n;. Ho He 6bIJIO HI1 epKBI1, HI1 OpTO.n;OKCI1I1 B HailieM
nOHI1MaHI1I1, c}'II(ecTBOBaJIa TOJIbKO CBJl3b «rypYCI1IIIbJl-
napaHnapa» (<< enb yql1TeJIeH 11 yqeHI1KoB» ), KOTOpaR
OT o.n;Horo rypy K .n;pyroM)' no.n;HI1MaJIaCb Bce BbIIIIe, QTO-
6bI .n;OCTI1Qb I1CTI1HbI, BbIpIDKeHHOH B CJIOBax Be.n;I1QeC-
KOH «Ill pyrl1», 6YMI1CTCKI1M I1JII1,lJ;)I(aHHI1CTCKI1M KaHo-
HaMI1, .n;)I(aHHaMI1, TaHTpaMI1, IIII1Bal1TCKI1Ml1l1JI11 BI1III-
H}'HTCKI1MI1 araMaMI1.
TaK, «Be.n;aHTa», CTaBiliaH nOCJIe IlIaHKapbI (800 r.)
<l>I1JIOCO<l>CKI1M yqeHl1eM, Ha KOTopoe nOCTOJlHHO CCbI-
I 271
Or 1>. _I ...
17 - r '. - J.
'I 1! '.. ..:. "
... ot .,- '-
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.Hi:i
JIaJII1Cb, He npe.n;JIaraeT 113MeHI1Tb Ml1p, peaJIbHOCTb
KOToporo OHa B TOH I1JII1 I1HOH CTeneHI1 OTpl1 aeT.
Ml1p - :3TO I1JII1 «aBI1.n;bH» (He3HaHl1e) I1JII1 «MaHH» ( «I1JI-
JII03I1H»); KaK 6bI TaM HI1 6bIJIO, B JII060M cJIY'1ae He CTO-
I1T 11M 3aHI1MaTbCH. llIaHKapa BOCnpl1HI1MaJI ero KaK
.n;aHHOCTb, cI>}'HKQI10Hl1pOBaHl1e KOTOpOH He no.n;.ne)l(I1T
06cy eHI1IO, nOCKOJIbKY rJIaBHbIM CTaHOBI1JICH yxo.n; 113
:3TOrO Ml1pa. )KeJIaHl1e ero n03HaTb 060paql1BaJIOCb
nyCTOH TpaTOH BpeMeHI1, nOCKOJIbK}' 03HaqaJIO )I(eJIaHl1e
6bITb yqeHbIM B He3HaHI1I1! B nOI1CKax HenpeJIO)l(HOrO
npl1HQl1na - HI1TbH - <I>"JIOCOcl> yrBep)l()];aJI, QTO Ml1p
HaxO.n;I1TCH B CT 1111 CTaHOBJIeHI1H, B nOCTO.HHHOM .n;BI1-
)I(eH1111 (Ha3bIBaJI ero «.n;)I(araT», «KOTOpbIH l1.n;eT»). )Ke-
JIaTb YJIY'1IIII1Tb 113MeHQl1BbIH 1111JIJI1030pHbIH Ml1p - 3Ha-
QI1T, orryrbIBaTb ce6H CBH3HMI1 (6aH.n;xa), OT KOTOpbIX
CJIe.n;yeT 1136aBI1TbCH. PaH (napMI13) npOI1Cxo.n;I1T OT
I1paHcKoro CJIOBa napa;J;eIIIa, «.n;pyroe MeCTO», K QeM)' 11
CTpeMI1JICH llIaHKapa, caMbIH 113BeCTHbIH 113 <I>"JIOCO-
<l>OB-Be.n;aHTI1HOB. OCB060)l()];eHI1e - :3TO pa3pbIB Bcex
C}'ll(eCTByrolQI1X CBH3eH C 3eMHbIM Ml1pOM. Be.n;aHTI1H 11
HOrl1H CTpeM.HTCH Kap.n;I1HaJIbHO nOMeHHTb :3TOT Ml1p Ha
.n;pyrOH, TO eCTb yHTI1113 Hero. npl1MeH.HH pa3HbIe npaK-
TI1KI1I1 MeTo.n;bI aHaJIl13a, OHI1 CTpeMHTCH K O.n;HOH QeJII1.
)];JIH Toro, Koro Be.n;aHTa He.n;BOHCTBeHHOCTI1 Ha3bIBaeT
«M)'M)'KIIIY» (<<CTpeM.HlQl1:M:CH K OCB060)l()];eHI1IO»), :3TO
1136aBJIeHI1e BOCnpl1HI1MaeTCH KaK eCTeCTBeHHoe 11 no-
CTOHHHoe COCTOHHl1e cy6'beKTa, 3aByaJII1pOBaHHoe
CTpeMJIeHl1eM K :3TOM)' OCB060)K,lJ;eHI1IO. no BceM)' BI1.n;-
HO, HaCKOJIbKO l1.n;eH 113MeHeHI1H BHeiliHero 11 BH}'TpeH-
Hero Ml1pOB qy)l()];a :3TOM)' TeQeHI1IO, Kor.n;a OTpeKalOTCH
.n;IDKe OT caMoro )I(eJIaHI1H OCB060)l()];eHI1H, QT06bI ero
.n;OCTI1Qb. q TO KacaeTCH )J;)I(I1BaHM}'KTa (<<)I(I1BYlQI1H OC-
B060)l()];eHHbIM» ), :3TO nOHHTl1e He.n;aBHee, nOHBI1BIIIee-
C.H nOCJIe llIaHKapbI 11 IIIl1pOKO I1CnOJIb3yeMoe B npaK-
TI1Kax TaHTpl13Ma 11 11 H.n;y113Ma. OHO 03HaQaeT Toro, QeH
npoQecc yxo.n;a 113 Ml1pa y)l(e HaQaJIC.H, 11 ero HeB03MO)l(-
272 I
I KnaccH eCKaSi IIIHAIliSi
HO OCTaHOBI1Tb. qeJIOBeK}')ICe c6pocI1JI rryrbI, CBH3bIBa-
1O l1e ero no PYKaM 11 HoraM, HO e e )J;ep)l(I1TCH a HI1X.
HeKOTopwe TaHTpl1qeCKl1e TeqeHI1H (HanpI1Mep,UUaM-
Ba-CI1)JJp{aHTa) yrBep alOT )J;IDKe, qTO B03MO)l(HO CTaTb
llIl1BOM Ha 3eMJIe, n03TOM}' y I1X 3J(enTOB He B03HI1KaeT
HI1 MaJIeMilierO )I(eJIaHI1H 113MeHI1Tb CTOJIb e)J;pbIH Ml1p.
OTcyrcTBl1e CTpeMJIeHI1H K nepeMeHaM MbI BCTpeqaeM
11 B «KapMa-MI1MaHce». ECJII1 B HeM HanpHMyx> 11 He ro-
BOpl1TCH 06 oCB060)l()J;eHI1I1, TO paCCMaTpl1BaeTCH no-
HHTl1e «CBapra» ( «He60, paH 60)l(I1M» ) KaK .nyq:IIIaH qaCTb
TpoMHoro Ml1pa, KOTOpyro I1CnOJIHeHl1e 06PH)J;OB 11 p"-
ryaJIOB )J;aeT B03MO)l(HOCTb n03HaTb nOCJIe CMepTI1 11
KOTOpyro npI1HOCH I1H )I(epTBOnpl1HOIIIeHI1H npe)J;BK}'-
IIIaeT B KaqeCTBe «)J;I1KIIII1Ta» (<<nocBH eHHoro»), Kor-
)J;a cOBepiliaeT TaKl1e pl1ryaJIbI, KaK arHI1KaJlHa 11 T .)J;.
,l(eMcTBYH B COOTBeTCTBl111 C 3aKOHaMI1 3Toro Ml1pa,
MO)l(HO npl106peCTI1 npaBo npe6bIBaTb B «cBapra» TaK
)J;OJIro, KaK n03BOJIHIOT 3eMHbIe 3ac.nyrl1. B )J;eMCTBI1TeJIb-
HOCTI1 OCHOBHOH cI>}'HK l1eM H)J;)I(H HBJIHeTCH nOMep)l(a-
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HbIM aKTOM, II Hl1r)J;e He rOBOpl1TCH 0 TOM, qTO eJIblO
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)KaT COXpaHeHl11O Ml1pa B TOM BI1)J;e, B KaKOM OH c e-
cTByeT, 11 06eCneql1BalOT ero npeeMCTBeHHOCTb. B Be-
)J;l1qeCKI1X TeKcTax qyBCTByeTcH CKopee OnaCeHl1e, qTO
npeKpa eHl1e )I(epTBOnpl1HOmeHIIH nOBJIeqeT 3a co-
608 KOHe Ml1pa.
. OCB06o:>KAeHJte
B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT ecTByro I1X «IIIKOJI MbICJII1»,
oCB060)K)];eHl1e 11 rryrl1 ero )J;OCTI1)1(eHI1H nOHI1MaJIl1Cb 11
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HI1I1 )J;OJIroro BpeMeHI1 CJI}')KIDIO nl1IQeH AJIH HenpeKpa-
alOm;HXCH )J;e6aToB Me)K)];y rJIaBaMl1, npe)J;cTaBJIHlOlQl1-
I 273
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cnoc060B ,n;OCTI1)KeHI1H OCB060)K)J;eHI1H. HY)KHO JII1 npl1-
6eraTb K nOMOm;11 60ra? B qeM 3aKJIIOqaeTCH <PYHK:QI1H
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Hoe MOJIqaHl1e B 60JIbWeH CTeneHI1, qeM CJIOBa, cnoco6-
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OTKa3aTbCH OT Bcero 11 OCTaBI1Tb CBOH ,n;OM, nOJIO)KeHl1e
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ECTb JII1 BepoHTHoCTb npo,n;OJI)KI1Tb CBoe ecTBOBaHl1e
B aTOM Ml1pe, KaK yrBep)K)J;an MaH,ZJ;aHa Ml1wpa, 11 B Ka-
KOM KaqeCTBe? KaK 1136aBI1TbCH OT KapMl1qeCKI1X rpe-
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JII1QeCTBO BonpocoB JIe)Kano B OCHOBe )KapKI1X ,n;e6aToB.
KaKoBbI 6bI HI1 6bIJII1 OTBeTbI, OHI1 He MeHHJII1 06m;eH
KapTI1HbI: :QeJIh KIDK)J;OrO qeJIOBeKa 3aKJIIOqanaCb B ,n;oc-
TI1)KeHI1I1 TaKoro nOJIO)KeHI1H, KOTopoe ,n;aeT eM}' B03-
MO)KHOCTb 1136aBI1TbCH OT ero qeJIOBeQeCKOH C HOCTI1,
nOCKOJIbK}' 1136aBJIeHI1e 03HaqanO oCB060)K)J;eHl1e OT
Ml1pCKOH )K113HI1. I1H,ZJ;I1HCKaH <pIDIOC0<p"H nOCTOHHHO
B03Bpam;anacb K aTOM}' Bonpocy.
,lI;pyrI1M, OQeHb nepCneKTI1BHbIM B CMbICJIe paaBI1TI1H
11 TeCHO CBH3aHHbIM C nOHHTl1eM «MOKwa» (<<oCB060)K-
274 I
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0603HaqaeT ,lJ;e.HHl1e I1JII1 ,lJ;eHCTBl1e, KaK npaBI1JIO, 3a-
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<pIJIOco<p"eH, :QeJIblO KOTOpOH 6bIJIO ,lJ;eTaJIbHOe 113yqe-
HMe YCJIOBI1H ocym;eCTBJIeHI1.H )KepTBOnpI1HOWeHI1H,
Ha3bIBaeMbIX «KapMaH». B aToH nepCneKTI1Be JII060e
,lJ;eHCTBl1e .HBJI.HeTC.H XOPOWI1M caMO no ce6e, OHO - <paK-
TOp nOp.H,lJ;Ka 11 )K113HI1. B npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIeHl1e aTOM}'
yrBep)K)J;eHI1IO ,lJ;pyrl1e B033peHI1.H, o6CY)K)J;aeMbIe B I1H-
,lJ;1111, CTaHOB.HTC.H 6JII13KI1MI1 Hore, a TalOKe 6YMI13M}',
nI1TalOm;eMYC.H 113 Toro )Ke I1CTOqHI1Ka. JII06bIe ,lJ;eH-
CTBI1.H (B TOM QI1CJIe 11 pl1T}'aJIbHbIe) BOCnpI1HI1MaIOTC.H
HeraTI1BHO, nOCKOJIbK}', I1CXO,lJ;.H 113 aHaJII13a «Be,lJ;», OHI1
6JIarOTBOpHbI ,lVI.H )K113HI1. A )K113Hb - HenpepbIBHbIH
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rl1K}' ,lJ;O KpaHHocTeH. nor-TBope:Q (l1wBapa) B HeH pac-
CMaTpI1BaeTC.H KaK COBepWeHHaH C HOCTb, npe6bIBa-
1Om;a.H B a6COJIIOTHOH 6e3,lJ;e.HTeJIbHOCTI1. OTcyrcTBl1e
KOHTaKTOB C Ml1pOM npI1BO,lJ;I1T K TOM}', QTO fOCnO,lJ;b He
MO)KeT 6bITb TBOp:QOM. nY,zJ;y1I11 QI1CTbIM B CBoeM COBep-
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CTBI1I1 OH CTaHOBI1TC.H 6eCCI1JIhHbIM. 9TO nOJIO)KeHl1e CO-
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HOrl1H - aTO TOT, KTO CTaJI 6eCllJIO,lJ;HbIM, B TO BpeM.H
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KaQeCTBOM. KaKoBa )Ke npl1po,lJ;a K}'JIbTa, KOTOpbIH OT-
npaBJI.HIOT no OTHOWeHl11O K cOBepweHHoM}' nory, JII1-
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CI1JIbHbIH nor, He .HBJI.HIOm;I1HC.H C03,lJ;aTeJIeM Qero 6bI TO
HI1 6bIJIO, KOToporo He C06JIa3HI1Tb HI1 pl1T}'aJIaMI1, HI1
MOJII1TBaMI1, KOTOpbIH He MRJIOCep,lJ;eH, He 06IltaeTC.H C
1 275
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eT 11 He MO)KeT HI1QerO YCJIbIlUaTb, nOTOM)' QTO no CBO-
eH npl1po,n;e OH BHe ,n;OCHraeMOCTI1. Ey,n;yqH OBHOH
MOHaAOH, I1lUBapa He 06JIa,n;aeT HI1 )KeJIaHI1HMI1, HI1
BOJIeH, HI1 8MO:QI1HMI1 11 HI1Kor,n;a He OKaJKeT 6JIaro,n;eH-
HI1H, nOCKOJIbK}' OH HI1QerO He ,n;eJIaeT.
. KapMaH - AeUCTBue
nOHHTl1e «KapMaH» (<<,n;eHHl1e», «,n;eHCTBl1e») HaxO-
,n;I1TCH B QeHTpe <pI1JIOC0<pCKI1X paccy eHI1H. «3aKoH
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nOHHTl1e BCTpeqaeTCH B caMbIX ,n;peBHI1X Be,n;l1qeCKI1X
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,n;e» (IV, 4, 5) yrBep aeTcH: «no TOMY, KaK ,n;eHcTByelUb
11 Be,n;elUb ce6H, MO)KHO Cy,n;I1Tb, KaKI1M CTaHelUb», a B
«qxaH,n;orbH-ynaHI1IIIa)J;e» (V, 10, 7) rOBOpI1TCH: «Te y
Koro xopOlUee nOBe,n;eHl1e, B 6y eM MOryr pO,n;I1TbCH
B COOTBeTCTBl111 co CBOI1M nOBe,n;eHl1eM 6paxMaHoM,
KlUaTpl1eM I1JII1 BaHlUl1eH. Te )Ke, KTO 3anHTHaJI ce6H
nJIOXI1M nOBe,n;eHl1eM, pO,n;HTCH c06aKoH, CBI1HbeH I1JII1
qaH,n;a;IOH (qeJIOBeKOM, npI1Ha,n;JIe)Ka I1M K HI13lUeH
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1O I1X CTpOKax:
«II oceeW/b oiJ1tO U nOJIC1teW/b iJpyzoe - 80m 1lezo
1tU1CoziJa 'Jte 61Jt8aem.
Ka'Koe 3ep1tO nocee'Ul1J, ma'Koe pacme1tue U3 'Jtezo
U 81JtpaCmem».
9TO 8KBI1BaJIeHT HalUeH nOCJIOBI1QbI «qTO noceelUb,
TO 11 nO)KHelUb», HO B MacIIITa6ax, npeBocxo,n;H I1X I1H-
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276 I
KnacCH"IeCKa"SI tII HAa.-1S1
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XI1X. Ho He CTOJIbKO B03,n;aHHl1e 3a nOCT}'IIKI1I1MeeTCH B
BI1,n;y, CKOJIbKO I1X «Bl1naKa», T.e. «C03peBaHl1e». B nl1-
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113 3epHa (<<611,n;)I(a»), KOTOpOM}' BpeMH ,n;aJIO B03MO)l(-
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BnepBbIe paCCMOTpeHO llaTaH,n;)I(aJIl1 B «:Hora-cyrpe»,
B HeM OH TalOKe rOBOpl1T 11 0 Bl1naKe. Ho nOJIHOe 060-
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lliaTbCH: nOCT}'IIKI1 C03peBalOT eCTeCTBeHHbIM 06pa30M
11 npl1Bo,n;HT K onpe,n;eJIeHHbIM nOCJIe,n;CTBI1HM. B aTOM
npoQecce He YCMaTpl1BaeTCH HI1 60)l(berO cy,n;a, HI1 qe-
JIOBeqeCKOM MeCTI1, HI1 KaKOM-JII160 MOpaJIl1. lloceHH-
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1 277
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1 279
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I 281
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I 282
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1 283
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MaKaH a, KOMMeHTapl1H K Kapl1Ke 141, CTp. 176-177).
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1 285
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286 I
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1 287
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nl1CbIBaJIOCb HeCKOJIbKI1M JII1QaM, HOCI1Bml1M I1M.H Dxa-
paTa), «fI1TaJIaHKapa» DxapaTbI (nepeBe,n;eHa Ha <»paH-
QY3CKI1H .H3bIK, QTO 06JIerQaeT 3HaKOMCTBO C aTI1M
TpaKTaTOM) 11 «CaHrI1TapaTHaKapa» llIapHl1ra,n;eBbI
(1240 r.) 3 0)K11JI11 OCHOBY M}'3bIKaJIbHOH TeOpl1l1, I1H-
Terpl1pOBaBilieH I1H,ZJ;OeBpOneHCKI1e QepTbI 11 T}'3eMHbIe
aJIeMeHTbI. I1MelOII(aJI HayqH}'lO OCHOBY 11 OQeHb pa<»l1-
Hl1pOBaHHaJI M}'3bIKa BOKaJIa BOCnpl1HI1MaJIaCb KaK O,n;I1H
113 fI}'TeH, BeJ(}'IQI1X K 60)KeCTBY I1JII1 OTKpbIBalOII(I1X ,n;OC-
ryn K oCB060 eHI1IO. KpOMe npl1HQl1na I1MnpOBH3aQHH
11 OQeHb CJIO)KHbIX pl1TMOB c eCTBOBaJIl1 JIa,lI;OpI1TMI1-
QeCKl1e nOCTpOeHI1.H, parl1, OTKpbITbIe B X CTOJIeTI1I1-
I1MeHHO OHI1 Hal160JIee .HpKO xapaKTepl13yroT aT}' M}'3bI-
KY. Hepa3,n;eJII1MO CB.H3aHHbIe C MeTpl1KOH CaHCKpI1Ta,
parl1 cnoc06HbI BbIpa311Tb BCIO TOHKOCTb aMOQI1H, BbI3-
1337 I
li . \:'
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH
BaHHbIX paaHbIMI1 nepl10,ZI;aMl1 ,ZJ;HH, nepe,ZI;aTb O eHIDI,
B03HI1KalO l1e npl1 HaCJI(l)K,ZJ;eHI1I1 neH3IDKeM, a TalOKe
,ZI;pyrl1e pa3Ho06paaHbIe qyBCTa.
HAPOAHbIE
Ji1 PEAJi1fJi103HbIE np A3A,HJi1KJi1
HapO,ZI;HbIe 11 peJII1rn03HbIe npaa,ZJ;HI1KM 3a,zJ;aBaJIli pl1TM
BceM )KI13HI1. llpl1QI1HOH I1X B03HI1KHOBeHHH nOCJI}')KRJII1
OCHOBHbIe C06bITI1H )KI13HI1 Qapeti. llpOBe,ZI;eHl1e peJIl1rn-
03HbIX pl1T}'£lJ10B CTalIO conpOBo aTbCH npaa,ZI;HI1KaMI1,
BO BpeMH KOTOpbIX Qapb 11 HapO,ZI; OTMeQaJIl1 TO RJIl1l1HOe
C06bITl1e: KopOHaQI1IO, CB b6y, pO eHl1e, BoeHH}'IO no-
6e 11 T .,ZI;. Onl1CaHl1e nbIIIIHOCTI1 8TI1X npaa,ZI;HIIKOB CTa-
JIO O,ZI;HI1M 113 JII1TeparypHbIX CIO)KeTOB. EpO,ZI;HQl1e apTI1C-
TbI, cpe,lU1 KOTOpbIX 6blJII1 3aKJII1HaTeJII1 3MeH, rJIOTaTeJII1
Ca6eJIb 11 T .,ZI;., CrpeMRJII1Cb BO BpeMH TaKl1X TOp)KeCTB npo-
,ZI;eMOHCTpl1pOBaTb CBOI1 TaJIaHTbI.
«YTcaBa», T.e. «MaHl1cpeCTaQI1H», 6bIJIa caMbIM pac-
npOCTpaHeHHbIM HBJIeHl1eM Ha npa3,ZI;HI1Kax. 06 8TI1X
HapO,ZI;HbIX ryJIHHI1HX, ,ZI;aTbI npOBe,ZI;eHI1H KOTOpbIX 6blJII1
cpI1KCl1pOBaHbI, ynoMI1HaeTCH BO Bcex JII1TeparypHbIx
I1CTOqHI1Kax. Ho H}')KHO OT,ZI;aBaTb ce6e OTQeT B TOM, QTO
c eCTBOBaJIl1 TalOKe MHOrOQI1CJIeHHbIe perl10HaJIbHbIe
Bapl1aHTbI npOa3,ZI;HI1KOB. HaQI1HaH C AHTI1QHOCTI1,
npa3,ZI;HI1KI1 Ha ceBepe CTpaHbI OT JII1QaJIl1Cb OT npa3,ZI;HI1-
KOB TaMI1JIHa,n;a, HeKOTopbIe 113 HI1X OTMeQaJIl1Cb TOJIb-
KO 3,ZI;eCb (HanpI1Mep, nOHraJI 1 ). He CJIe eT 3a6bIBaTb,
QTO paCCTOHHl1e Me)K KallIMlipoM II cOBpeMeHHbIM
1 nOHraJI - CTapbIH HOBbIH ro));. STOT TpeX)J;HeBHbIH IIpa3));-
HHK OTMeqaeTCH B Cepe));HHe HHBapH H IIOCBHI.QeH cBery H 6y):Q'-
I.QeM}' ypo)l(aIO. Ha BTOpOH ));eHb IIpa3));HOBaHIUI IIO));aeTC.H 6JIIO-
));0 C pHCOM H IIaJIbMOBbIM caxapoM IIO)); Ha3BaHHeM «IIOHraJI». -
IIfruMert. nep.
I 338
I KnacCH"IeCKaSi 111 HAII1S1
IOrOM 11 1111 CpaBHI1MO C paCCTO.HHl1eM Me BplOc-
CeJIeM 11 Ar l1pOM (MapOKKO). llpa3.n;HI1KI1 COBpeMeH-
HOH I1H.D;I1I1, eCJIl111 COXpaHl1JI11 CTapl1HHbIe Ha3BaHI1.H,
B KOpHe OTJIl1qaIOTC.H OT CBOHX .n;peBHHX npe.n;IIIeCTBeH-
HHKOB no xapaKTepy npOBe.n;eHI1.H, MOTI1Bal H.HM 11 3Ha-
QeHI1IO. KaK H B EBpone, npa3.n;HI1KI1 cero.n;H.HmHeM
I1H.n;I1I1, XOT.H I1.HBJI.HIOTC.H «Tp I1QHOHHbIMI1» 11 B npl1H-
QHne peJIHrI103HbIMI1, npe.n;CTaBJI.HIOT C060H CMeCb H3
Hapo.n;HbIX 11 COBpeMeHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
CaMbIM rJIaBHbIM 113 HI1X CQI1TaeTC.H «KYM6xaMeJIa».
B COOTBeTCTBl111 C JIereH.n;aMI1, paCCKa3aHHbIMH B nypa-
Hax, nOCJIe B36I1BaHI1.H «.n;eBaMH» (60raMI1) H «acypaMI1»
(.n;eMOHaMI1) OKeaHa MOJIOKa, KOTopoe npo.n;OJI)KaJIOCb
TbIC.Hqy JIeT, nOJIYQeHHbIH 3JII1KCI1p 6eCCMepTI1.H CTaJI
npl1QI1HOH 6I1TBbI, pa3ropeBmeHC.H Me HI1MI1. 8JIHK-
CHp npl1HeC 6eCCMepTl1e, HO He Ml1p. O.n;HOM}' 113 60roB
y.n;aJIOCb y6e)KaTb 11 YHecTI1 C C060H «KYM6xy» (Qamy),
nOJIH}'IO .n;paroQeHHoM aM6p031111. Ero npeCJIe.n;oBaJIl1 B
TeQeHl1e .n;BeH QaTI1 .n;HeH, HO eM}' y.n;aJIOCb cKpbIBaTb-
C.H B ropo.n;ax: Xapl1.n;Bape, npaHare (AnJIaxa6 e), Y.n;-
)KaHHe H HaCI1Ke. B 03HaMeHOBaHHe 3Toro C06bITI1.H
KaJK,ZJ;bIe Tpl1 ro.n;a naJIOMHI1KI1 c06l1palOTC.H Ha «MeJIbI»,
T.e. C06paHI1.H, MaHH<pecTaQI1I1. KaK 11 npa3.n;HoBaHl1e
MHOrl1X .n;pyrl1x .n;aT, npoBe.n;eHl1e K}'M6xaMeJIbI BbICQI1-
TbIBaeTC.H B 3aBHCI1MOCTI1 OT 6JIarOnpH.HTHbIxj He6JIa-
rOnpl1.HTHbIX .n;HeH 11 B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT nOJIO)KeHI1.H
COJIHQa 11 JIYHbI B 30.n;l1aKaJIbHbIX c03Be3.n;H.Hx. TaKI1M
06pa30M, KYM6xaMeJIa HMeeT MeCTO:
- B XapH.n;Bape, Kor.n;a IOnl1Tep HaxO.n;I1TC.H B Bo.n;o-
JIee 11 COJIHQe - B oBHe;
- B llpaHare (AnJIaxa6 ), Kor.n;a IOnl1Tep - B TeJIb-
Qe, a COJIHQe - B K03epore;
- B HaCI1Ke, Kor.n;a IOnl1Tep - BO JIbBe, a COJIHQe-
B PaKe;
- B Y.n;)KaHHe, Kor.n;a IOnl1Tep - B CKOpnI10He,
a COJIHQe - B Becax.
1 339
' >., '
, . I
...... l . 0'
J -:.... ..... ':-:
'-1 '
rHAbl u.HBHnH3ou.HH I
Cpe.n;11 .n;eBHTI1 npa3.n;HI1KOB, ynOMHH}'TbIX B «DXaBI1-
IIIbOITapa-nypaHe», nepeQI1CJII1M CJIe,u;yroIIJ;l1e:
- nXaJIryHoTcaBa, «BeCeHHI1H npa3.n;HI1K», npOBO-
.n;I1TCH B nOJIHOJIYHl1e nXaJIrYHbI (cpeBpaJIb - MapT).
npa3.n;HI1K npe.n;CTaBJIHeT C060H KapHaBaJI, Ha3bIBae-
MbIH B COBpeMeHHOH I1H.n;1111 «XOJII1». CBOI1M Ha3BaHI1-
eM OH 06H3aH .n;eMOJIy XOJII1Ke, KOToporo .n;eTI1 npeCJIe-
.lI;}'IOT, BOOpY)KI1BIIII1Cb .n;epeBHHHbIMI1 MeQaMI1.
- «Ma,n;aHOTcaBa», I1JII1 «npa3.n;HI1K JII06BI1», I1MelO-
II.J;I1H eII.J;e O.n;HO Ha3BaHI1e - «BacaHTOTcaca», T.e. «npa3-
.n;HI1K BeCHbI», BbIna,n;alOIIJ;I1H Ha 13-H I1JII1 14-H CBeTJIbIH
.n;eHb qaHTpbI. I1.n;YII.J;I1X B TOp)KeCTBeHHOM IIIeCTBl111
JIIO.n;eH nOCbInalOT KpaCHOBaTOH 11)111 )KeJITOBaTOH ny.n;-
pOH, c.n;eJIaHHOH 113 paCTeHI1H, 113BeCTHbIX CBOHCTBaMI1
pa3)Kl1raTb JII06oBH}'IO CTpaCTb (HanpI1Mep, IIIacppaH 11
T ..n;.), 11)111 06pbI3rl1BalOT BO.n;OH, OKpallIeHHOH aToH ny.n;-
pOH. )I{eHII.J;I1HbI cOBepilialOT K}'JIbTOBbIe 06pH.n;bI no.n;
.n;epeBoM ailiOKa, HBJIHIOII.J;I1MCH CI1MBOJIOM KaMbI, T.e.
JII06BI1.
«Jl100U, c 1t02 00 20A08'bt noxp'btm'bte Ula pa1t1tou nyo-
pou, c 8e1t'KaMU U3 6emeJ1Jl U 'lJ,8em08, npeoa1OmCR U2-
paM C 8000U, 1tU 0 'iteM 0PY20M 1te iJyMaJl. K020a 1ta 1tUX
naoa1Om cmpyu XOAOO1tOU 800'bt, oxpame1t1tOU 8 JlCeA-
m'btU 'lJ,8em, 01tU, C'ltacrrutU8'bte, 2080pRm 0PY2 0PY2Y:
"Bom 1teOnucyeMoe U 1te08pamUMoe M02Y11&eCm80, UCXO-
OR11&ee om 602a A1068U "».
(DxaBI111IbOITapa-nypaHa, 132)
- «MaxaHaBaMI1» - aTO npa3.n;HI1K, BbIna,n;alOIIJ;I1H Ha
8-H I1JII1 9-H .n;eHb aIlIBI1HbI, nOCBHII.J;eHHbIH ,lJ;ypre 11 3a-
KJIIOQalOIIJ;I1HCH B npoBe.n;eHI1I1 TOp)KeCTBeHHoH npoQec-
CI1I1, COCTOHIIJ;eH 113 KOJIeCHI1Q.
- «HH.n;paMaXOTcaBa», T.e. «npa3.n;HI1K (3HaMeHI1)
HH.n;pbI», OTMeQaeMbIH B KOHQe nepl1o.n;a .n;O)KJJ;eH 11 CQI1-
TalOII.J;I1HCR QapCKI1M npa3.n;HI1KOM, Kor.n;a B 03HaMeHO-
1 340 J
I KnacCH"IeCKaSi II1HAII1S1
{f}
BaHl1e n06e.n;bI I1H.n;pbI Ha)]; ,l(aHaBaMI1 (.n;eMOHaMI1) Ha
CTBOJIax .n;epeBbeB pa3BeIIII1BalOT <pJIarl1 I1H.n;pbI.
- «,l(l1naJII1KOTCaBa», I1JII1 «npa3.n;HI1K I1JIJIIOMI1Ha-
QI1H», 60JIee 113BeCTHbIH B Haml1 .n;HI1 no.n; I1MeHeM «.n;I1-
BaJIl1», BbIna)];aeT Ha 14-16-H.n;HI1 TeMHOH n.HTHa)];QaTI1.n;-
HeBKI1 - «KapTTI1KI1» (OKT.H6pb - HO.H6pb). OH BKJIlOqa-'
eT cepl1lO JIO)KHbIX pl1T}'aJIOB, a TalOKe I1JIJIIOMI1HaQl11O
B 06II(eCTBeHHbIX MecTax. KpoMe 06bIQHbIX OMOBeHI1M,
OQI1II(eHI1H 11 TaHQeB, B nOCJIe.n;HI1H .n;eHb YCTpal1BalOT
HeQTO Bpo.n;e carypHaJIl1H, Kor.n;a IOHOIIII1 npeCJIe IOT
.n;eBymeK 11 nOCeII(alOT )KeHII(I1H JIerKOrO nOBe.n;eHI1.H.
- «Kpl1mHa)];)KaHMailiTaMI1» nOCB.HII(eH .n;HIO po)l()J;e-
HI1.H KpI1IIIHbI, .n;aTa ero npOBe.n;eHI1.H He <pI1KCl1pOBaHa.
MHorl1e 113 8TI1X npaa.n;HI1KOB npe.n;nOJIaralOT yqacTl1e
Qap.H-no6e.n;I1TeJI.H. HCHO, QTO B pe3YJIbT Te nOpIDKeHI1M
I1H CCKI1X QapeH 11 nOCJIe II(ero I1X npa3.n;HOBaHI1.H
8TI1 npaa.n;HI1KI1 no.nyqalOT HOByro I1HTepnpeTaQI1IO. TaK
np0l130llIJIO C npaa.n;HI1KOM «11 paMaxoTcaBa». Ero JII1-
TeparypHoe Onl1CaHl1e, .n;aHHoe B «BI1IIIIry)C{apMOTTapa-
nypaHe», MO)KHO CpaBHI1Tb C COBpeMeHHbIMI1 Bapl1aHTa-
MI1 ero npOBe.n;eHI1.H B 11H)J;1111 11)111 Hena.n:e.
XII
AMqHMI )I(M3Hh
AllIP AMbI - «nEPHOAbI )KH3HH»
HapM}' C BapHaMI1 CI1CTeMa «ampaMOB», I1JII1 «nepl1-
O,n;OB )K113HI1», .HBJI.HeTC.H e e O,n;HI1M 113 acneKTOB rocap-
MbI. EM (aToM CI1CTeMe), KaK 11 BapHaM, TalOKe CBOMCTBe-
HeH o,n;HoBpeMeHHO peJII1rl103HbIM 11 Ml1pCKOM xapaKTep.
AmpaMbI npe,n;CTaBJI.HIOT C060M pa3JII1qHbIe cpa3bI )K113-
HI1, qepe3 KOTopbIe ,n;OJI)KeH npOMTI1 KaJK,lI;bIM apl1eQ.11 B
aTOM ccpepe Me HOpMaTI1BHbIMI1 OnI1CaHI1.HMI1, KOTO-
pbIe ,n;aIOTC.H B «CMpI1TI1», 11 peaJIbHOCTblO TalOKe e-
CTByroT B3aI1MOnpOHI1KHOBeHI1.H 11 B3aI1Mo,n;eMCTBl1e, HO
,n;o Hac ,n;OIIIJII1, pa3}'MeeTC.H, TOJIbKO HOpMaTI1BHbIe onl1-
CaHI1.H. CHaQaJIa OTMeTI1M, QTO OnI1CaHI1.H nepl10,n;OB
)K113HI1 KaCaIOTC.H npe e Bcero c eCTBOBaHI1.H 6paxMa-
HOB. I1MI1 6bIJII1 COCTaBJIeHbI TpaKTaTbI Ha CaHCKpI1Te,
KOTopbIe I1M)Ke 11 npe,n;Ha3HaQaJII1Cb. TeOeTI1QeCKl1e Bce
QeTbIpe CJIe.n.yro l1x ,n;pyr 3a ,n;pyrOM COCTO.HHI1.H KaCaJIl1Cb
Tpex BbICml1X BapH, 11 113 aToro npoQecca I1CKJIIOQaJIl1Cb
my,n;pbI 11 BHeKaCTOBbIe COCJIOBI1.H.
B COOTBeTCTBl111 C aTOM KOHQenQl1eM, OTCyrCTBYIO-
l.QeM B ,n;peBHeMml1X HaCJIOeHI1.HX «Be,n;», )K113Hb K O-
ro QeJIOBeKa (6paXMaHa, a CJIe,n;oBaTeJIbHO, apl1MQa)
,n;eJIl1JIaCb Ha QeTbIpe nepl1o,n;a, Ha3bIBaeMbIX «aIIIpaMa-
MI1». CJIe.n.yro l1e o,n;Ha 3a ,n;pyroM cpa3bI )K113HI1, BbICT-
poeHHbIe B l1epapXI1QeCKOM nOp.H,n;Ke, npe,n;CTaBJI.HJII1
1 342 I
I KnacCH"IeCKaSi 111 HAII1S1
C060M MeMeHHOe COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHl1e I1H.n;I1BI1 a,
ero «C03peBaHI1.H». Ha 3aKaTe )K113HI1 OH .n;OJI)K H 6bITb
«naKBa», T.e. «nOJIHOCTblO rOTOBbIM 11 C03peBIIII1M»,
CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, OH .n;OJI)KeH npe.n;CTaBJI.HTb C060M «caH-
CKpI1Ta», I1JII1 «a6COJIIOTHO rOTOBoro 11 COBepllIeHHoro»
(8TO CJIOBO .n;aJIO Ha3BaHI1e .H3bIK)' 6paxMaHoB - caHCK-
pl1ry). ECJII1 8Toro He np0I13011IJIO, TO Ha «3aKJIlOqI1TeJIb-
HOM» QepeMOHl111 (nOCJIe CMepTI1. - ll/JU.M1N. nep.) 6pax-
MaHa .n;OBO.n;.HT .n;o OKOHqaTeJIbHOM rOTOBHOCTI1, TO eCTb
C)Kl1ralOT Ha KOCTpe - no.n;BepralOT 113BHe TOM}', qTO npl1
)K113HI1 OH He CMor peaJII130BaTb BIryTpl1 ce6.H. TaKOB
CMbICJI QepeMOHI1I1, KOTOpyro npoBo.n;.HT C TeJIaMI1 ycon-
IlII1X 11 B HaIIII1 .n;HI1.
nOCJIe .n;eTCTBa IOHOilia BcrynaeT B nepBYIO cpa3Y,
Ha3bIBaeMYlO 6paXMaQap"H, Kor.n;a OH «noce aeT
Be.n;bI». 8TO «noce eHl1e», TO eCTb o6yqeHl1e, xapaK-
Tepl13yeTC.H qpe3MepHOH cTporocTblO 11 BbIHY)I(,n;aeT
IOHOmy HaxO.n;I1TbC.H Y CBoero aqapb.H (yqI1TeJI.H) 11 6bITb
«aHTeBaCI1HoM», T.e. «TeM, KTO )KI1BeT BIryTpl1 [.n;OMa
CBoero YQI1TeJI.H] », 11 3ayql1BaTb Hal13ycTb pa3.n;eJI «Be.n;»,
OTHOC.H I1MC.H K ero po.n;y. OH MO)KeT 6bITb TalOKe 11 yqe-
HI1KOM CBoero oTQa. nOCTeneHHO pa3BI1JIaCb QeJIaH OT-
paCJIb l1.n;eOJIOrl1l1, nOCB.H eHHaH OTHOIIIeHI1.HM Me
aQapbeM 11 cry,n;eHToM, npe,n;nI1CbIBalO aH nOKopHoCTb,
YC.ny)KJII1BOCTb 11 QeJIoM}',n;pl1e. nOCKOJIbK}' IOHOllia CTa-
HOBI1TC.H 6paxMaHoM B pe3YJIbTaTe npoBe.n;eHI1.H cneQI1-
cp"QeCKOM QepeMOHI1I1, CKOnl1pOBaHHOM C pl1ryaJIOB
6paKOCOQeTaHI1.H, TO B HeKOTopOM CMbICJIe MOJIO,n;OM
6paxMaH )l(eHI1TC.H Ha «Be,n;ax», KOTOpbIM OH He CMO)KeT
113MeHI1Tb C )l(eH I1HOM 113 llJIOTI1 11 KpOBI1, B QaCTHO-
CTI1, C )KeHOM CBoero yqI1TeJI.H, B TO BpeM.H KaK 3aKJIIO-
QeHl1e 6paKa C ero ,n;OQepblO 03HaQaJIO 6bI cOBepmeHl1e
I1HQecTa. B KOHQe KOHIJ;OB TepMI1H «6paXMaQapI1H»
CTaJI 03HaQaTb He COCTO.Hl.QerO B 6paKe M}')KQI1H)' (XOJIO-
CT.HKa), a CJIOBO «6paxMaQapb.H» npl106peJIo 3HaQeHI1e
«IJ;eJIoM}',n;pl1e» .
1 3.43
....... . . ' I ..
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rHAbl u. B n 3au. I
nOCJIe npOBe,n;eHI1H QepeMOHI1H OKOHqaHI1H Be,n;l1-
qeCKOrO 06yqeHI1H Haql1HaJIaCb BTOpaJI <pa3a, KOTOpaJI
3aKJIIOqaJIaCb B TOM, qTO IOHOilia CTaHOBI1JICH «rpXaCT-
xa», X03HI1HOM ,n;OMa. HOBbIH nepl1o,n; 03HaMeHOBbIBaJI-
CH 3aKJIIOQeHI1eM 6paKa. MOJIO,n;aH QeTa OCHOBbIBaJIa
OQar, TO eCTb B03)Kl1raJIa pl1ryaJIbHbIH OrOHb B ,n;OMe.
MOJIo,n;oH QeJIOBeK HaQI1HaJI )KI1Tb, C06JIIO,n;aJI BCe Heo6-
XO,n;I1MbIe pl1ryaJIbI B COOTBeTCTBl111 C ero HOBbIM cTary-
COM. X03HI1HY ,n;OMa 11 ero cynpyre CJIe,n;OBaJIO COBepIIIaTb
KaK e)Ke,n;HeBHbIe 06pH,n;bI (I1H,n;IiBI1,n;yaJIbHaJI ,n;eKJIaMa-
QI1H «Be,n;» 11, B QaCTHOCTI1, nHTI1 MaXaJI,n;)KH), TaK, eCTe-
CTBeHHO, 11 npa3,n;HI1QHbIe pl1ryaJIbI. Cpe,n;11 HI1X OCHOB-
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Ke: Ie cuilleron - MY)K. PO)); (BbIrH}'TaH cTopoHa JIO)KKI1)
H la cuiller - )KeH. pO,lJ; (JIO)KKa)!
Me)K,lJ;}' cynpyraMI1 He.MOrJIO TI1 peQI1 0 paBeHcTBe.
3TO KaCaeTC.H He TOJIbKO ceMeHHOH )K113HI1, HO 11 JII06o-
ro CTPYI'rypHO OpraHI130BaHHoro e,lJ;I1HCTBa 111111 o6m;e-
CTBa 11, npe e Bcero, KOaJII1QI1116orOB, a 3aTeM, KaK MbI
ycneJII1 3aMeTHTb, 11 QeJIOBeQeCKOrO C006m;eCTBa. PaBeH-
CTBO cTarycoB - 3TO I1CTOQHI1K COnepHI1QeCTBa 11 BbITe-
1 357
J:Q;l .
Ka.au T..Jep'HaJl 8 C80eU ycmpama1011&eU [fiopMe.
CY11&eCm6yem U MUAOCmU8aJl Ka.au, 'HO nep8aJl opMa
nOA'b3yemCJl 60A meU nonY.fl.Rp1iOCm 1O
I KnaccH eCKaSi lit HAIltSi
KalOIQI1X 113 HerO KOH<pJII1KTOB. H.n;eaJI, TaKI1M 06paaOM,
3aKJIIOQaJICH B HepaBeHCTBe, 11 Ka.)K,lI;bIM BbInOJIH.HJI TOJIb-
KO eMY npl1c <PYHKQI1IO. 3TO KaCaJIOCb 11 COQl1aJIb-
HOM, 11 nOJII1Tl1qeCKOM )K113HI1: .n;eMOKpaTI1.H paBeHCTBa
rp03IDIa 6bI MHOrl1MI1 onaCHbIMI1 nOCJIe.n;CTBI1.HMI1. B ce-
MeMHOM )K113HI1, KaK 11 B 06IQeCTBe, l1epapXH.H CTPYKry-
pl1pOBan:aCb B COOTBeTCTBl111 C Kpl1Tepl1.HMI1 qI1CTOTbI.
)KeHIQI1Ha, BOCnp0I13Bo.n;.HIQaH )K113Hb, npe.n;CTaBJI.HJIa
C060M Mo eCTBeHHbIM, HO HI13IIII1M nOJIIOC HeQI1CTo-
TbI. HanOMHI1M, QTO I1mBapa, 60r B «:Hora-cYTpe», 6bIJI
a6COJIIOTHO QI1CT, a CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, 6eCllJIo,n;eH. TaKHe
B033peHIDI oc06eHHo .HpKO npo.HBJUIJII1Cb no OTHOIIIeHHIO
K 6epeMeHHoM )KeHIIJ;I1He, Kor,n;a eM nOJIaran:OCb Haxo-
,n;HTbC.H B 1130JI.HQI1I1113-3a KpaMHeM CTeneHI1 HeQI1CTOTbI,
npl1cYIQeM eM B TOT nepl1o.n;. B «Qapaxa-caMXI1Ta» (Ca-
pl1paCTXaHa, 8) rOBOpI1TC.H, QTO eM CTpOl11l11 oT,n;eJIbHbIM
Man:eHbKI1M ,n;OMI1K, r,n;e OHa )Kl11Ia Ha BceM npOT.H)KeHI1I1
6epeMeHHOCTI1 11 r.n;e npOI1Cxo.n;IDII1 pO.n;bI. IIoJIo)KeHl1e
)KeHIQI1HbI OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOJIO)KeHI1.H M}')KQI1HbI Bcer,n;a
6bIJIO «CTpI1HaM cBa6xaBI1Ka)J;omax», T.e. 60JIee HeQI1C-
TbIM 11 rpeXOBHbIM. PO)K,lJ;eHl1e B 06JII1Ke )KeHIQI1HbI .HB-
JI.H1IOCb OQepe.n;HOM CTa.Al1eM pa3BI1TI1.H HOCTI1, KOTO-
paH npe)K,lJ;e Haxo.n;l11IaCb Ha HI13IIIeM CT}'IIeHl1l1epapXI1I1
BOllJIOIQeHI1M (c06aKa 111111 KOmKa!), 111111 CJI}?K111I0 HaKa-
3aHI1eM 3a rpexl1.
B ceMeMHOM )K113HI1 l1.n;eaJIbHaH cynpyra nOQI1TaJIa
CBoero MY)Ka KaK 60ra, .HBJI.H.HCb «naTI1BpaTOH», TO eCTb
«.n;aBmeM 3apOK CBoeMY MY ». Bce TpaKTaTbI, a TalOKe
JII1TeparypHbIe np0I13Be.n;eHI1.H B nOJIHOM e.n;HHO 1111
He YCTalOT nOBTOp.HTb: «An.H cynpyrl1 (...) ee MY)K .HBJI.H-
eTC.H ee cy.n;b60M (...) KaK Ha 3eMJIe, TaK 11 Ha He6e OH
AJUI CBoeM )KeHbI - I1CTOQHI1K CnaCeHI1.H, 11 TOJIbKO OH
cnoc06eH eM nOMOQb, - 3aHBJI.HeT CI1Ta cBoeMY cynpy-
ry PaMe, KOTOpbIM c06panc.H OTnpaBI1TbC.H B 113rHaHI1e
6e3 Hee» (PaMaHHa, II, 27, 4-7). H.n;eaJIbHbIe )KeHbI CJIe-
,z:r;yIOT 3a CBOI1MI1 MY)I(b.HMI1, KaK B pa.AOCTI1, TaK 11 B rope.
1 359
.. -
,-i- ,;. - _ _ _
... - :.. - ,: :: -
....,. ...... : .
rHAbl u.HBHnH3au.HH I
CI1Ta, HeCMOTp.H Ha COnpOTI1BJIeHl1e PaMbl, COnpOBO)K-
.n;aJIa ero B 113rHaHI1e B .n;JK}'HrJII1, r.n;e I1X Ha KaJK,lI;OM IIIary
no.n;CTeperaJIa onaCHOCTb. B I1H,lJ;}'I1CTCKOM ryMaHI13Me
3TI1 l1.n;eaJIbHble cynpyrl1 BXO.n;JIT B ql1CJIO 06pa3QOB M.H
no.n;pIDKaHI1.H. nO.n;06Hble KOHQenQl111 JIer JII1 B OCHOBY
npOCJIaBJIeHI1.H «caxaraMaHbl» - «conpOBO)K,lJ;eHI1.H [cyn-
pyrOH]», Ha3blBaeMOH TalOKe «6xapTpaH}'MapaHa», T.e.
«CMepTb B pe3YJIbTaTe rl16eJII1 MY)Ka», I1JII1 «caTI1», T.e.
«CB.HTaH». PI1TYaJI,. OTcyrcTBoBaBIIII1H B «Be.n;ax» (XOT.H
HeQTO no.n;06Hoe nblTaJIl1Cb OTblCKaTb B «Pl1rBe.n;e» (X,
18) 11 .n;IDKe B «3aKoHax MaH}'», B np0I13Be.n;eHI1I1, B KO-
TOpOM )KeHCTBeHHOCTb CTO.HJIa .n;aJIeKO He Ha nepBOM
MeCTe, no.nyqIDI o<popMJIeHl1e 11 pa3BI1TI1e no.n; BJII1.HHI1-
eM l1,lI;eOJIorl111 OTpeQeHI1.H. nepBOHaQaJIbHO .n;06POBOJIb-
HblH yxo.n; 113 )K113HI1 )KeHbl BCJIe.n; 3a MY)KeM He KaCaJIC.H
)KeH 6paXMaHOB 11 npaKTI1KOBaJIC.H JIl1illb cynpyraMI1
KiliaTpl1eB, Kor.n;a BO B.n;OBe KaK 6bl npo.n;OJI)KaJIOCb npl1-
HeCeHl1e B )KepTBY ee MY)Ka, nOrl16IIIerO Ha nOJIe 60.H.
fpeKI1 AJIeKcaH.n;pa MaKe.n;oHcKoro 6blJII1 nopIDKeHbI,
BI1,lI;.H )KeHIQI1H Ha nOJIe CpIDKeHI1.H. Tpa.AI1QI1.H )KeHIQI1H-
BOI1TeJIbHI1Q 3aKpenlUIaC.b B 11H.ZJ;1111 TaK, QTO )KeHbl, 3a-
MeHI1Billl1e CBOI1X MY)KeH, nOrl16IIII1X Ha nOJIe 6paHI1, 11
npo.n;OJI)KaBilll1e BoeBaTb BMeCTO HI1X, y)Ke He .HBJI.HJII1Cb
pe.n;KOCTblO. B He.n;aBHIOIO 3noxy 3TO .HBJIeHl1e no.nyql1-
JIO pacnpOCTpaHeHl1e y Pa.A)KrryrOB. H cpe.n;11 repOI1Hb
COBpeMeHHOH HH.n;1111 MO)KHO ynOM.HHYTb, Hap.H.n;y c
CI1TOH 11 .n;pyrI1MI1, paHI1 )J;)IQ{aHCI1, CbIrpaBmylO 60JIb-
mylO pOJIb B BOCCTaHI1Id Cl1naeB B 1857 ro.n;y. O.n;06po-
BOJIbHOM yxo.n;e 113 )K113HI1 B.n;OBbI CHa QaJIa BCKOJIb3b yno-
MI1HaJIOCb B HeKOTopbIX TpaKTaTax (B «3aKOHax BI1III-
HY» 11 B OJJ;HOM 113 TpaKTaTOB no ,ZJ;xapMe, nO.HBI1BilleMC.H
nOCJIe «3aKOHOB MaHY» ), a YCTaHOBKa nepBOH MeMOpl1-
aJIbHOH CTeJIbl OTHOCI1TC.H K 510 rOJJ;Y. )J;ocToBepHoe
Onl1CaHl1e 3Toro <paKTa BnepBble .n;aHO B «Pa.A)KaTapaH-
rl1HI1» (VII, 457-480), XI BeK. POJIb CaTI1 nOCTO.HHHO
nOJJ;BepraJIaCb oCY)l()l;eHI1IO, 11 no 3TOMY nOBo B03HI1-
1 360
I KnaccH eCKaSi IItHAIltSi
{f}
KaJIO 60JIbiliOe KOJIl1qeCTBO ,n;I1CK}'CCI1H, nOCKOJIbK}' ,n;06-
pOBOJIbHbIH YXO,n; )KeH I1HbI 113 )K113HI1 npe,n;CTaBJIHJI co-
60H 0,n;H}' 113 <pOpM caMoy6l1HcTBa, B TO BpeM.H' KaK 06-
I1MI1 npaBI1JIaMI1 npe,n;nI1CbIBaJIOCb, qTO CBOIO )K113Hb
H}')KHO npOHTI1 .n;o KOHQa. Ho n03,n;Hee ,n;06pOBOJIbHaH
cMepTb cynpyrl1 CTaJIa BOCnpI1HI1MaTbC.H KaK Henocpe,n;-
CTBeHHoe 11 He I1MelOmee 3aMeHbI )KepTBOnpI1HOIIIeHl1e.
OCTaJIOCb JII1IIIb Y3HaTb, .HBJI.HeTC.H JII1 pl1'ryaJI CJIe,n;CTBI1-
eM 06eTa «KaMb.H», ,n;aHHoro )KeH I1HOH, 111111 pe3YJIbTa-
TOM c.nyqaHHOCTI1 (<<HaHMI1TTI1Ka»), a, CJIe,n;oBaTeJIbH0 ,
HeI136e)KHOCTblO. 3TOT Bonpoc BCTaJI CnyCT.H MHoro Bpe-
MeHI1 nOCJIe OKOHQaHI1.H KJIaCCI1QeCKOrO nepl1o,n;a I1H-
,n;I1HCKOH QI1BKJII13aQI111 (CTpl1,n;xapMan3.MxaTI1, «P}'KO-
BO,n;CTBO no 06.H3aHHOCT.HM )KeH I1H» Tpl1.HM6aKaH,n;)K-
BaHa, XVIII B.). OTBeTbI He Bnl1CbIBaJIl1Cb B paMKI1
l1,n;eOJIorl1l1 KJIaCCI1QeCKOH I1H,n;I1HCKOM QI1BI1JII13aQI11111
6bIJII1 ,n;aHbI I1H,lJ;}'I13MOM COBpeMeHHOH HH,n;1111 (I1MeeT-
.H B BI1 nepl1o,n;, HaC'ryTII1BIIII1H nOCJIe M}'CYJIbMaHCKI1X
3aBOeBaHI1H). B ,n;eHCTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1, He c ecTByeT HI1
MI<p"QeCKOH napa.Al1rMbI, HI1 TeKCTa, YCTaHOBI1Billero
11 onpaB,n;bIBalO ero aTOT pl1'ryaJI. Hx OTcyrcTBl1e ,n;o-
Ka3bIBaeT, QTO aTa npaKTI1Ka I1MeeT COQl1aJIbHOe, a He
peJII1rl103HOe npOI1CXO)K,lJ;eHl1e.
3TO COQl1aJIbHOe npeC'rynJIeHl1e (nOCKOJIbK)' B.n;OBa
He Bcer,n;a C nOKopHOCTblO npl1HI1MaJIa CMepTb!) oc e-
CTBJI.HJIOCb npl1 60JIbillOM CTeQeHl111 Hapo,n;a, B aTMOC-
<pepe Bce06 ero aH'ry3l1a3Ma 11 HOCI11IO I1CKJIIOQI1TeJIb-
HO Maprl1HaJIbHbIH xapaKTep. HeKOTopbIe HaQI10HaJIl1-
CTI1QeCKl1e Kpyrl1 COBpeMeHHoro I1H 113Ma c.n;eJIaJIl1Cb
.HpbIMI1 CTOpOHHI1KaMI1 nO,l(06HOM npaKTI1KI1, HO He CTO-
I1T npl1.n;aBaTb 11M CJIl1illKOM 60JIbiliOrO 3Ha QeHI1.H. K Hec-
QaCTblO, 6paBa.Aa <PI1JIeaca <PorTa, nepCOHaJKa KHl1rl1
«BOKpyr CBeTa 3a 80 ,n;HeH» )KIOJI.H BepHa, 06ecneQl1JIa
aToM}' pl1'ryaJl}' Henpexo.n;.H 1O CJIaBY. B XIX CTOJIeTl111
I1MeHHO no TaKI1M anl130,n;aM illl1pOKaH rry6JII1Ka 03Ha-
KOMI1JIaCb C HH,n;l1eH.
I 361
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- .
17 . -:;, _._
-- ',4 i . - :
rHAbl u. BHnH3au. I
BepHOCTb 11 JI1060Bb, KOTOpbIe )l(eH I1Ha 6bIJIa 0651-
3aHa coxpaHSlTb no OTHOilleHl11O K cBoeM}' M}')I(}', 0651-
3bIBaJII1 nOCJIe,n;Hero co,n;ep)l(aTb ee MaTepl1aJIbHO 11 y,n;OB-
JIeTBOpSlTb B ceKcYaJIbHOM CMbICJIe. B TeKcTax OTMeqa-
eTCSI, qTO rapMOH1111 B ceMeHHOH )l(1I3HI1 He
c eCTBOBaJIO: MYJf\ql1Ha ,n;OJI)I(eH 6bIJI Y,lJ;OBJIeTBOpSlTb
CBOIO )l(ellY, a Ha Hee TaKaH 06S13aHHOCTb He B03JIara-
JIaCb. «Ee M}')I(, KOTOpbIH )l(eHI1JICSI Ha HeH B COOTBeT-
CTBI1I1 co CBSI eHHbIMI1 06bIqaHMI1, ,n;OJI)I(eH ,lJ;aTb )l(eH-
I1He CqaCTbe, KaK B aTOM Ml1pe, TaK 11 B ,n;pyrOM», -
rOBOpl1JI MaHY. 3Ta l1,n;eOJIOrl1S1 nOJIyqaJIa Hal160JIee
S1pKoe BOnJIO eHl1e, Kor,n;a peqb IIIJIa 0 Qapl1n;e, TeJIO
KOTOpOH ynO,lJ;06JISlJIOCb 3eMJIe 11 QapCTBY: )l(eH I1Ha,
KaK 11 3eMJISI, eCJII1 3a HeH YXIDKI1BaTb, npl1HOCI1T 3aMe-
qaTeJIbHbIe nJIo,n;bI, OHa ,n;OJI)I(Ha 6bITb Y,lJ;OBJIeTBOpeHa
11 I1MeTb MHoro ,n;eTeH. He)l(eHaTbIH Qapb, I1JII1 CTpa,n;a-
1O I1H nOJIOBbIM 6eCCI1JIl1eM, I1JII1 Hecnoc06HbIH I1MeTb
HaCJIe,n;HI1KOB no MY)I(CKOH JII1HI1I1, nO,lJ;BepraeT CBoe
QapCTBO onaCHOCTI1, KaK eCJII1 6bI OH npl1,lJ;ep)l(I1BaJICSI
Ml1pHOH nOJII1TI1KI1 11 He BC'ryTIaJI B BOHHbI!
B «Maxa6xapaTe» 1O,lJ;Xl1illTXl1pa, Qapb, a CJIe,lJ;OBa-
TeJIbHO - KIIIarrpl1H, nOCTOSlHHO C06JIa3HSlBillI1HCSI 6pax-
MaHCKHMI1 HAeSlMI1 OTpeqeHI1S1 OT Ml1pCKOH )l(113HI1, He pa3
CTaBl1JI no,lJ; yrpoay cym;eCTBOBaHl1e CBoero QapCTBa. Pa3Y-
Mee-rcSI, Bce aTO OTHOCI1JIOCb TOJIbKO K 3aKOHHOH cynpyre
11 He KaCaJIOCb )l(eH, npI1Ha,wIe ,n;pyrl1M M}?KqI1HaM,
npOCTI1'ryTOK, KYPTI13aHOK I1JII1 CO)KHTeJIbHIIQ.
B QeJIOM MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, qTO C l1,lJ;eOJIOrl1qeCKOH
TOqKI1 3peHI1S1 pOJIb )l(eH I1HbI BbIr JISI,lJ;eJIa npOTI1BOpe-
qI1BO: OHa 6bIJIa CBSITOH 11 nOQTI1 60r11HeH, HO B TO )l(e
BpeMSI c.ny)KaHKOH, HI13Be,lJ;eHHOM ,lJ;0 CTeneHI1 pa6bIHI1,
11 S1BJISlJIaCb HeQI1CTbIM cy ecTBoM, rrOQTI1 illJIIOXOH.
«3aKoHbI MallY» HaCTal1BaJIl1 Ha nOKOpHOCTI1 )l(eH I1-
HbI, Ha ee rro,n;QI1HeHI1I1 M}')I(}', Ha I1CrrOJIHeHl111 ,n;OMaill-
HI1X 06S13aHHocTeH, XOTSI B «Maxa6xapaTe» rOBOpl1-
JIOCb, QTO «cyrrpyra - 3TO BTOpaH nOJIOBI1Ha M}')I(QI1HbI,
362 I
KnaccH eCKaSi IItHAIltSi
ero .nyqWI1H ,n;pyr, I1CTOqHI1K TpeX )K113HeHHbIX QeJIeH,
OHa nOMoraeT eMY nepeCT}'III1Tb rpaHI1Qbl aToro Ml1pa
11 BOMTI1 B ,n;pyrOH. ,l(aJKe OXBaqeHHblH rHeBoM'MY)Kql1-
Ha He ,n;<;>JI)KeH 6blTb )KeCTOKI1M co CBoeH )KeHOH, eMY
CJIe eT nOMHI1Tb, qTO OHa ,n;aeT eMY HaCJI(l)K,lJ;eHI1.H JI106-
BI1, CqaCTbe 11 ,n;06po,n;eTeJIb, nOCKOJIbKY )KeHIQI1Ha - aTO
BeqHOe nOJIe, B KOTOpOM pO aeTC.H ,l(yx».
nOHI1MaHl1e CJIO)KHOrO nOJIO)KeHI1.H )KeHIQI1Hbl B
Tpa,n;I1QI10HHOM I1H,n;1111 XOpOiliO BblpaJKeHO B «PaMaH-
He» B nOI1CTI1He y,n;I1BI1TeJIbHOM ,n;l1aJIore Me)K,l(}' JIaKw-
MaHOH, 6paTOM PaMbl, 11 CI1TOH He3a,n;OJIrO ,n;o ee noxl1-
lQeHH.H PaBaHOM.
MAfJ1»
Me.n;I1QI1Ha Bcer,n;a IIIJIa pYKa 06 PYKY C Marl1eM, KO-
TOpa.H B ,n;eHCTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1 npOHI1KaJIa BO Bce 06JIac-
TI1 Me,n;I1QI1HCKI1X 3HaHI1H 11 6blJIa ee nOMOIQHI1QeH.
n p0I13Be,n;eHI1.H no Me,n;I1QI1He He OTBepraJIH Marl1lO,
Ha060pOT, B HI1X COBMeIQaJIl1Cb Bce BI1,n;bl npaKTl1qeC-
KI1X YMeHI1M, 11 B aTOM B3aI1Mo,n;eHCTBI1I1 ,n;OCTl1raJIC.H
O)KI1,n;aeMbIH pe3YJIbTaT. XOpOIIII1H Bpaq, npaBI1JIbHO
nOCTaBJIeHHblM ,n;l1arH03, a,n;eKBaTHoe JIeKapCTBO, CO-
3,n;aHl1e OnTI1MaJIbHblX nCI1XOJIOrl1qeCKI1X YCJIOBI1M ,n;JI.H
60JIbHOrO, ,n;06p0)KeJIaTeJIbHOrO OKpY)KeHI1.H, ,n;eKJIaMa-
QI1.H no,n;xo,n;.HIQI1X K c.nyqalO. MaHTp, COBepIIIeHl1e He-
KOTOpblX Marl1qeCKI1X pl1ryaJIOB 11 Me,n;I1TaQI1.H - Bce
aTO, He CQI1Ta.H Bcero npOQero, MOrJIO npl1HeCTI1
nOJIb3Y. KJIaCCI1QeCKa.H HH,n;I1.H 3HaJIa «KaYIIII1Ka-CYT-
Py», KOTOpa.H 6blJIa a,n;peCOBaHa BpaQaM 11 COQeTaJIa
,n;eKJIaMaQI1IO rl1MHOB 113 «ATxapBaBe,n;bl» C pa3JII1QHbl-
MI1 npaKTI1KaMI1, c06paHHblMI1 B aToM CYTpe. B HeM
pacKa3blBaeTC.H 06 I1CQeJIeHl111 «anaQI1T», T.e. «30JIO-
ryWHbIX», npl1 JIeQeHl111 KOTOpblX BpaQ I1CnOJIb30BaJI
rl1MH AS 74 (nepeBe,n;eH Bblilie B rJIaBe «Be,n;113M»).
1 363
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rHAbl u.HBHnH3ou.HH I
«llpu nO.Mou&u JtY1(,a, eoe.aauuozo U3 mpOemUU1(,a, e m,e-
mUBoU U3'IlepUoU mepemu U (mpe.MJl) 1lepU'bt.MU empe-
Aa.MU, Ua1(,OUCltUU1(,U 1(,Omop'btX o6.Momau'bt 'K../t()1t1(,a.MU
(mepemu), eBJlU&e1lUU1(, oe.aaem Bee, 01le.M ZOBopumCR B
.MOAUmBe, Komopyw ua1lUuawm 1lumam'b. IIp0U3uoCR
1lemBepmyw (empo!fty), on 6epem (1lemBepmyw empe.ay)
U empe.t1Jlem. Ou uazpeBaem BOOy, OeBJlU&e1lUYW e nO.MD-
U&'bW B'btmey1(,a3aUUoU .MOAUmB'bt, U nozpy:JICaem B uee
memuoy, a ma1(,:JICe 'K../t()1t1(,U mepemu, U B1lae, 1(,Ozoa 3Be3-
O'bt na1lUuawm 6AeOUem'b, 06p'bt3ZUBaem e UX no.M0U&'bW
60A'bUOZO» .
(KaYIIII1Ka-cyrpa, XXXII, 8-10)
BnOCJIe CTBI1I1 Marl1H npOHI1KJIa BO Bce 06JIaCTI1 qe-
JIOBeqeCKOM eHTeJIbHOCTI1, XOTH eM He nOCBHl1\aJIl1Cb
cneQl1aJIbHbIe TpaKTaTbI. A6xI1qapa - HeraTI1BHaJI Ma-
rl1H - I1Hor a nO BepraJIaCb ocy eHI1IO, Hanpl1Mep B
«3aKoHax MalI}'» (XI, 64). KOMMeHTaTopbI MalI}' nonbI-
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I 381
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eH cTaryc KaHOHa B c<}>epe H3bIK03HaHI1H, 3aJIO)KI1BIIIe-
ro OCHOBbI 6paxMaHcKoH KOH en 1111 Ml1pa.
naTalfA,}KaAJ1 I
3TO I1MH HOCI1JI aBTOp «Maxa6xaIIIbl1», KOMMeHTa-
pHH (KocBeHHoro) K «CYTpaM» llaHHHH. B COOTBeT-
386 I
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T XI1HHI1» 11 «Maxa6xaIIIbH» He Bcer a nOJIb30BaJII1Cb
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rO HH. «DxaIIIbH» naTaH )KaJIl1 HBI1JIaCb 06pa3 OM <}>11-
JIOCO<}>CKoro KOMMeHTapl1H 11 Ha,zJ;OJIrO 3a<}>I1KCl1pOBaJIa
npaBI1JIa COCTaBJIeHI1H np0113Be eHI1H aToro )KaHpa.
HH I1HCKOH Tpa I1 l1eH eMY npl1nl1CbIBaeTcH TaK)Ke
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panaHI1 aTa, KOMMeHTaTop aToro nOCJIe HerO np0l13-
Be eHI1H, YTBep)K aeT, qTO Bce Tpl1 np0113Be eHI1H
6bIJII1 Hanl1CaHbI pa3HbIMI1 aBTOpaMI1, HBJIHBIIII1MI1CH
BOnJIOl.I.(eHI1HMI1 llIeIIII1, 3MeH, Ha KOTOpOM nOKOI1TCH
HapaJIHa, O Ha 113 <}>OpM BI1IIIHY, npe6bIBalO ero B HO-
rl1qeCKOM CHe. «Maxa6xaIIIblO» naTaH )KaJIl1 KOMMeH-
Tl1pOBaJIl1 MHOrl1e aBTOpbI 11, B QaCTHOCTI1, KaHHTa B
np0l13Be eHI1I1 «n pa,zJ;l1na» (XI B.) 11 Hareilia (XVIII B.)
B TpaKTaTe «Y,lUJ;HOTa».
naTalfA}KaAJf II
naTaH )KaJIl1 II - aBTOp «Hora-cyrpbI».
PaMaHYA>Ka - «MAaAmJfH PaMa»
BeJII1KI1H pe<}>opMaTOp BI1IIIH}'I1TCKoro MI1CTI1 113Ma
11 <}>I1JIOCO<}> Be aHTbI (np116JI113HTeJIbHbIe rO bI eH-
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CBOI1M cTarycoM 6paxMaHa. Ero 06IIII1pHbIe 3HaHI1H 11
MCKJIIOQMTeJIbHaH Ha60)KHOCTb n03BOJII1JII1 eM}' B03rJIa-
BI1Tb peJIl1rl103H}'1O 061.I.(11H}' III pl1paHraMa, B KOTOpOH
nOQI1TaJICH BI1IIIH}' 11 ero cynpyra-60rl1HH IIIpl1, oTK}' a
11 np0l130IIIJIO Ha3BaHMe mpl1BaHiliHaBa, aHHoe Bno-
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1 387
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HBJIHJI PaMaHY )Ka. KaK 11 ero npe IIIeCTBeHHI1K IIIaH-
Kapa, OH COCTaBJIHJI KOMMeHTapl111 K Be I1QeCKI1M yna-
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np0l13Be eHI1I1 «llIpI16xaIIIbH», B KOTOpOM OH BbICrynaJI
3al.I.(I1THI1KOM «BI1IIII1IIITa-a..n;BaHTbI», - «orpaHI1QeHHO-
ro MOHI13Ma l ». npl13HaBaH HaJIl1Ql1e e I1Horo "P"HI(I1-
na, JIe)Kal.I.(ero B OCHOBe Bcero cym;ero, OH nO TBep)K,lJ;a-
eT cy ecTBoBaHl1e 60ra 11 I1H I1BI1 aJIbHbIX YIII (OT-
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KapbI, 6Y 113Ma 11 )KaHHI13Ma. no ero Henocpe -
CTBeHHbIM BJII1HHl1eM EI1TTI1 eBa, I(apb 113 I1HaCTMI1
XOHCaJIOB (1132-1142 rr.) 11 "pI1Bep)KeHeI( )KaHHI13-
Ma, npl1HHJI IIIpI1BaHIlIHaBI13M.
PCJA}IGlP3AXGl I
3TO O I1H 113 caMbIX 3HaMeHI1TbIX I(apeH I1HaCTI1I1
qOJIOB (985-1014). Pa..n;)Kapa..n;)Ka npOCJIaBI1JICH, 6JIaro-
apH MOpCKI1M n06e aM He aJIeKO OT KepaJIbI. OH BeJI
aKTI1BHbIe BoeHHbIe eHCTBI1H B u;eHTpe IO)KHOH I1H I1I1,
OH 3axBaTI1JI ceBep QeHJIOHa. OH 6bIJI nepBbIM u;apeM
Ha lOre, COCTaBI1BllIl1M XpOHI1KI1 CBoero npaBJIeHI1H.
B 1001 r. OH npOBeJI nepenl1Cb Ha CBOI1X Teppl1TOpl1HX
11 HBI1JICH B OXHOBI1TeJIeM CTpOI1TeJIbCTBa BeJII1KOrO
xpaMa B TaH )Kype. B nepl1o ero u;apCTOBaHI1H YBI1 e-
JIa CBeT aHTOJIOrl1H TaMI1JIbCKI1X noaM, BOCneBalOl.I.(l1X
llIl1BY 11 nOlI}'QI1BIIIaJI Ha3BaHI1e «T eBapaM».
1 MOHH3M - cpHJlOcocpCKoe yqeHHe, npH3HaIOInee OCHOBOH
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aJlHCTHqeCKHH MOHH3M), JlH60 .n;yx (H.n;eaJlHCTHqeCKHH MO-
HH3M). - n . nep.
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311 C Ha,u;nI1CblO, HaqepTaHHOM Ha CBH eHHOM rope fl1p-
Hape (npI16JII13I1TeJIbHO 150 r.), HBJIHIO eMCH caMbIM
));peBHI1M 113 ));OIIIe));IIII1X ));0 Hac .n;OK}'MeHTOB Ha caHCK-
pl1Te. Ha,u;nl1Cb c.n;eJIaHa B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM rynTcKoM
<}>opMe nI1CbMeHHOCTI1. XapaKTep IIIpl1<}>Ta, Hal160JIee
pacnpOCTpaHeHHoro B HaIIII1 .n;HI1, Ha3bIBaeTCH «Hara-
pl1», T.e. «ropo.n;CKOM». Ha3BaHI1e «.n;eBaHarapl1», I1JII1
«ropo.n;CKOM 11 60)KeCTBeHHO KpaCI1BbIM», no.nyql1JIo pac-
npOCTpaHeHl1e C XVII BeKa. C VIII BeKa nl1CbMeHHOCTb
Harapl1 (B03MO)KHO, no.n; .n;pyrl1M Ha3BaHl1eM) no.nyql1-
JIa 60JIbiliOe pacnpocTpaHeHl1e Ha ceBepe I1H.n;1111 (3a
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pO)K));eHI1H 11 CMepTI1 (788-820 rr.), a TalOKe BCH ero
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11 nponoBe.n;oBaHI1I1. CTpaCTHbIM 11 }'MeJIbIM nOJIeMI1CT,
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1 389
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«cToTpa», eKJIaMl1pyeMbIx HapacneB noaM. BBe eHl1e 11
KOMMeHTapl111 K qeTbIpeM nepBbIM cyrpa 113 «EpaxMa-
cyrpa-ExaIIIbH» CO ep)KaT OCTaTOqHO nOJIHOe 113JIO)Ke-
Hl1e OCHOB ero OKTpI1HbI. Y cnex KOH:Qen:QI1M llIaHKapbI
cnoc06CTBOBaJI TOM}', qTO TPY bI MHOrl1X ero npe IIIe-
CTBeHHI1KOB I1JII1 I1cqe3JI11, I1JII1 OKa3aJII1Cb B TeHI1 ero
CJIaBbI. 3TO He KaCaJIOCb np0113Be eHI1M ray ana.n;bI, no-
CKOJIbK}' CqI1TaJIOCb, qTO OH 6bIJI HaCTaBHI1KOM ero yql1-
TeJIH. Ha OCHOBe TeKCTOB «Be », CBe eHHbIX K ynaHI1IIIa-
aM, llIaHKapa nopbIBaeT Bce CBH311 Me a6COJIIOTOM
11 <peHOMeHaJIbHbIM Ml1pOM, peaJIbHOCTb KOToporo OH B
I1Tore OTpl1:QaJI. npO OJI)K(UI B TOM)Ke e, OH OTpl1:QaJI
TalOKe, qTO OCHOBOM Bcero cym;ecTB}'IO ero HBJIHeTCH
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pe» ). OH 6bIJI TalOKe peJII1rl103HbIM pe<poMaTopOM 11
nbITaJICH 06I1TbCH COrJIaCI1H Me Pa3JIl1qHbIMI1 ceKTa-
MI1 Toro BpeMeHI1 no OCHOBHbIM nOJIO)KeHI1HM I1X yqe-
HI1M. no npl1Mepy 6YMI13Ma 11 )KaMHI13Ma llIaHKapa
nbITaJICH npl1,lJ;aTb OpraH113a:Q110HH}'IO <P0PMY 11 3MY
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390 I
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CTOJI6, B03Be.n;eHHbIM B nepl1o.n; npaBJIeHI1H AmOKI1, }'K-
paIIIeHHbIH BeJII1KOJIenHOM Kanl1TeJIblO 11 CTaBIIII1M CI1M-
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.n;OBaTeJIbHO CTaHOBI1JICH 6eCnpl1CTpaCTHbIM nponaraH-
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I 391
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pl1Ke» ), «TaTTBaBaMIIIapa l1» (<<EeCnpI1CTpaCTHOe
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BeAaBhHca I, «Pa3AeAJ1BIIIHK BeALl»
BepOHTHO, 3TO c0611paTeJIbHOe I1MH M}' pe:Qa, KOTO-
pOM}' I1H I1MCKOM Tpa,u;I1:Ql1eM npl1nl1CbIBaeTCH CTPYK-
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BeAaBhHcaII
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CTaBJIeHl1e nOJIb3}'1O erOCH 3aC.TI}')KeHHbIM )'Ba)KeHl1eM
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OqeHb aJIeK OT Toro, qT06bI 6bITb npaKTI1QeCKI1M noco-
611eM no More B TOM CMbICJIe, B KaKOM ero nOHI1MalOT Ha
3ana,u;e. OHO npe CTaBJIReT C060M np0l13Be eHl1e <}>11.7I0-
CO<}>CKoro xapaKTepa 11 HanpaBJIeHO Ha nOI1CKI1 OCB060)K-
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Me OBHbIMI1 MOHa,u;aMI1, Ha3bIBaeMbIMI1 nypyrna-
MI1, 11 6eCC03HaTeJIbHOM 11 )KI1BOM npl1pO OM, BKJIIOQaIO-
IQeM 11 MbICJIb. B paMKaX 3Toro a6COJIIOTHOrO ,D;yaJIl13Ma
naTaH,lPKaJIl1 11 BbHca 06'bRC, HRIOT I1CnOJIb3YR KOH:Qen-
QI1I1 11 CJIOBapb, KOTopble MbI BCTpeQaeM B caHKXbe 11 B
6YMI13Me, KaK 3TI1 6eCQl1CJIeHHble OBHble MOHa,u;bI,
1 392
I KnaCCH eCKaSi I--1HAI--1S1
oTqy)J(,lJ;eHHbIe, nOCKOJIbK}' He 3HalOT CBoeM npl1pO bI,
MOryT OCTl1qb «KaMBaJIbl1», T.e. «060c06JIeHHOCTI1».
«CI1,lJJJXI1», cBepxcnoc06HOCTI1, Onl1CbIBalOTCR Ka OB-
HbIe 11 TeJIeCHbIe B03MO)KHOCTI1 ( eMaTepl1aJII13aI(I1R,
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HOBR l1eCR onaCHbIMI1 B c.nyqae, eCJII1 Mor, OCTl1rH}'B
I1X, 6y eT I1MI1 nOJIb30BaTbCR. TaHTpl1qeCKaH Mora, no-
.nyqI1BIIIaR pacnpocTpaHeHl1e HeCKOJIbKI1MI1 BeKaMI1 n03-
)Ke,Ha060pOT,np"AaBaJIa60JIbIIIOe3HaqeHl1eCI1 aM.
«Hora-ExaIIIhH» BbRCbI aJIa RCHoe 11 nOHRTHoe 113JIO)Ke-
Hl1e TeOp1111 «KapMaHa», T .e. eMCTBI1R, 11 npl16JII1311JIa
«Hora-cyrpy» K 113HaqaJIbHO 0M}' eM 6YMI13M}'.
CB5IUJEHHbIE rOPoAA J1HAYH3MA
CeMb Tl1pTX - 3TO MeCTa naJIOMHI1QeCTBa B CBR eH-
HbIe ropo a 11 3Ma. nepeQI1CJIReM I1X B aJI<}>aBI1THOM
nOpJl Ke:
1. ABaHTI1Ka (I1JII1 Y )KaMHa, n MaBaTI1) - 3 eCb
llIl1Ba n06e I1JI aIIIypoB. 3TOT I1CTOpl1QeCKI1M ropo
CTaJI 3HaMeHI1TbIM, nOCKOJIbK}' B HeM HaxO I1JII1Cb pe311-
eHI(1111 AmOKI1, fynTOB 11 p.
2. AMO XbR, «HeBI1 I1MaR», (I1JII1 Ay x, ABa x) -
CTOJII1I(a PaMbI 11 ero MI<p"QeCKOM I1HaCTI1I1.
3. ,l(BapaBaTI1 (11JI11 ,l(BepaKa). fopo 6bIJI OCHOBaH
Kpl1lliHOM, r e OH no.nyqI1JI CMepTeJIbIl}'IO paIl}' B nRT-
K}', pa3pYllieH B 1372 ro,u;y.
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faMR - 3TO I1MR O Horo 113 amypoB, KOToporo Bl1lliIl}'
H eJII1JI cnoc06HOCTblO oTnycKaTb rpexl1.
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TaMI1JIaH e; CTaJI 3HaMeHI1TbIM 6JIarO apR CBOI1M IIII1-
Bal1TCKI1M 11 rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M BI1IIIH}'I1TCKI1M xpaMaM.
B HeM TaK)Ke HaxO I1JII1Cb 6YMI1CTCKI1e 11 )KaMHI1CT-
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1 393
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