B.E.chnepoBa
rPA0<t»MTM
XA3APMH
V.Je.Flörova
i GRAFFITI
VON
KH AZARIA
SßMTopuan VPCC
B.E.cDneposa
rPAd>0MTW
XA3APWH
V.Je.Flörova
GRAFFITI
VON
[KHAZÄIRDÄ
MocKBa 1997
SflWTopwan YPCC
Khuzü nodsomoejieHa u ee usdaHue ocymecmejieno npu (puHaiicoeoü noddepzKKe
Poccuückoso 2yMQHumapnozo nayuHozo cpoHda (npoeKm N° 96-01-16048).
OTBeTCTBCHHblH peflHKTOp
C.A. ITJIETHfiBA
PeueH3eHTbi
T.M. MAKAPOBA,
M.fl. nOJIYEOflPHHOBA
B.E. cpnepoßa
rpac^cfjuTK XaaapwH. - M.: SßHTopnan YPCC, 1997. - 176c.: wnn.
MoHorpa<i)H5i nocBaujeHa npo6jieMaM H3o6pa3HTejibHoü ÄesTejibHOCTM HaceaeHiia paHHecpeÄHe-
BeKOBoro rocyjiapcTBCHHoro o6pa3OBaHna rora Boctohhoä Eßponw. CoGpaHbi m npoaHajiM3npoBaHbi
3HaKn n pMcyHKK, cflejiaHHbie Ha KaMHßx m KHpnn«iax H3 KpenocrHbix coopyxcHMii, a TaKxe Ha npejj-
MeTax ßbiTOBoro m KyjibTOBoro Ha3HaycHMß. 3tot Marepnaji paccMaTpHBaeica xaK iieHHbiü hctohhhk
no couHajibHO-3KOHOMHHecKOH, KyjibTypHoü m pejmrHO3HOü XM3HH HaceaeHHB XaaapcKoro KaranaTa,
a TaKxe no ero ToproBbiM h KyjibTypHbiM cbsbhm c oxpyxaiomMM mhpom. Eaaoii HccjieaoBaHnfl no-
cjiyxHJio GoJiee Tpex Tbicjm pa3JiHHHbix HanepTaHHH, cpejm Koxopbix MarwHecKwe chmbojim, 3H3kh
co6ctb6hhoctm, oTÄejibHbie SyKBCHHbie n C'ierHbie o5o3Ha'ieHHH, pncyHKn n nejibie cioxeTHbie kom-
no3nuHH. KHHra pacc’mraHa Ha apxeoaoroB, hctopmkob, ncKyccTBOBeßOB. Marepnajibi bxoäht b Kpyr
HCTO4HHKOB no rpa4)MHecKoii ÄeJiTeiibHOc™ HapojiOB KDro-BocTOHHoii Eßponbi w ßyjjyr HHTepecHM
ÖOJirapCKHM, BeHrepCKHM, pyMbIHCKUM H CKaHÄHHaBCKHM nCCJieAOBaTCJIHM.
ISBN 5-901006-06-2
© B.E. <t>jiepoBa, 1997
© “SÄHToppfaji YPCC”, 1997
V. Je. Flörova (Nachapetän)
Graffiti von Khazaria
Zusammenfassung
Die auf harten Materialien eingekratzte und darum gut bis zu unserer Zeit
erhaltete die Abbildungen (Graffiti) setzen einen kleinen Teil der Darstellungsättigkeit
des frühen Mittelalters zusammen. Keine Fresken, keine Felszeichnungen, keine
Manuskripten sind von der Khazaria-Kultur erhalten geblieben.Die Forschung der
auf den Steine, auf den Ziegel, auf die Keramik- und Knochenerzeugnisse hinterge-
lassene Zeichen und Zeichnungen ist die einzigste Möglichkeit in wichtiger für das
Erkenntnis des vergangenen Lebens Welt der Symbole hineinzusehen. Dank der ar-
chaeologischen Grabungen sind mehr als 3000 verschiedener Graffiti, die nur auf den
25 Denkmälern des khazarischen Don-Gebiets (Sarkel, Majatzkoje-, Tsemlänskoje-
am rechten Don-Ufer und Semikarakoskoje-Gorodisce (befestigte Ansiedlung) sowie
Verkhne-Saltovskij und Dmitrijevskij-Gräöberfelder, einige Niederlassungen des Ober-
en und Mittleren Don), gefunden wurden, bekannt geworden. Das Sammeln des
khazarischen Graffiti ist in solchem Umfang zum ersten Mal zustande gebracht.
Im Gegensatz zu den Felszeichnungen, deren Datierung fraglich sind, haben die
Artefakten mit Graffiti gewöhnlich genaue chronologische, kulturelle und historische
Charakteristiken. Die Interpretationsstreitpunkte betreffen vorerst ihre Funktionen:
die Unterteilung in die Zeichnungen, in symbolische Figure, in Tamga-, Buchstaben-
oder Rechnungszeichen sowie die Bestimmung des Zwecks der Graffitieinträgung: die
Magie, die Ästhetik, die Markierung des Besitzers des Gegenständes, die Zeichen des
Meisters oder die im Verlauf der Zahlung (nicht unbedingt Ziffern und s.w.) gemacht-
en Merkzeichen.
Für die Lösung erwähnten Probleme ist die Position dieses oder jenes Zeichens
oder Bildes im Kontext gegebener Kultur zu bestimmen. Im Zusammenhang damit
wurde die sich gut bewahrte Klassifikationsmethode, die die Gruppen der ver-
schiedenen seiner Bestimmung nach Abbildungen absondem kann, gewählt. Das sind
die Zeichen auf den Baustoffe: Ziegel und Steine. Die Zeichen auf den Steine wur-
den in die bei der Bauarbeiten und in die während des Mauervorkommens gemachten
Graffiti untergeteilt. Sodann wurden die Abbildungen auf einigen Kategorien der
Knochengegenstände betrachtet. In letztem Abschnitt des Buches handelt es sich um
die Zeichen auf dem Keramik der lokalen Herstellung sowie auf die eingefuhrten
Transportamphoren.
Die Serie der Zeichen und der Zeichnungen auf den Steinblöcke von Majatzkaja-
Festung zählt etwa 400 Abbildungen. Sie sind vergleichbar mit den Sammlungen von
Pliski und Preslav des Donau-Bulgariens. Der Grossteil der während der Arbeiten der
Sowjetisch-Bulgarisch-Ungarischen Expedition unter der Führung S.A.Pletn’ova im
Jahre 1975-1982 gesammelte und gut dokumentierte Kollektion gestattete nicht nur
typologische als auch wohlbegründete technologische und planigraphische Analyse der
Funde durchzufuhren. Es wurde 2 Gruppen der Zeichen auf den Steinblöcke der
zerstörten Mauern je nach ihrer Lage (auf der Vorder- oder Innerseite) abgesondert.
Anderseits entsprechen sie der 2 Traditien in der Technik der Zeicheneintragung. Die
4
V. Je. Flörova. Graffiti von Khazaria
1. Gruppe fasst die beim Maueraufbau gemachten Zeichen um. Sie sind gewöhnli-
ch tief (von 5 bis 40 mm) in dem Stein eingeritzt. Man trifft diese Graffiti üblich auf
den Innerseiten der Steinblöcke. Die Zeichen und die Zeichnungen der 2. Gruppe
sind auf den Maueroberflähe (Vorderseite) eingekratzt (Tiefe — 0,5—2 mm). Diese
Graffiti sind nicht gross und gut erkennbar nur bei schiefer Beleuchtung der Mauer-
oberfläche (Tab. I—III).
Typologische Sätze der beim Aufbau oder später gemachten Zeichen (Tab. IV)
haben keinen Unterschied. Graphische Tradition ist auch ununterbrochen. Manche
Veränderungen sind bemerkbar in quantitativem und qualitativem Fabelsatz. Viele Ze-
ichnungen, symbolische Zeichen, die Inschriften und abgesonderte Buchstaben sind
erschienen. Die Abbildungen auf den Mauern haben gewisse Zahl der Besonderheiten,
die für die Ritusgraphik, z.B. für die Petroglyphik charkteristisch sind.
Typologisch einfache, sogenannte “Tamga-formige” Zeichen der Aufbauperiode
sind auf dem Majatskoje-Gorodisce mannigfaltig (Tab. IV). Die Dimension und die
Technik der Eintragung der gleichen von Form selbst Zeichen sind verschieden. Dank
dem Vergleich ihres typologischen Satzes mit dem Fundeareal waren die häufige Tr-
effen der näheren oder gleichen Zeichen auf einem Mauerteil und sogar auf einem
Stein festgestellt. Falls diese Tamga der Hypothese von M.I. Artamonov nach als die
Zeichen der Gruppen der Verwandten benutzt wurden, so zeugte es von der Tein-
ahme an der Mauererrichtung der Kollektive der Verwandten (Tab. V). Bei alledem
hat deutliche Teilung der Mauern zwischen den Kollektiven der Bauarbeiter, von den
diese Mauem von Anfang bis zum Ende errichtet wurden, gefehlt. Obwohl die Graffiti
der Forme nach ähnlich sein können, die Dimension und die Technik der Zeiche-
neintragung sind sehr mannigfaltig.
Ähnliche Zuge sind für die Zeichen auf den Ziegel der Festungen des Unteren
Don-Gebiets festgestellt. Die grösste Serie der markierten Ziegel war während der Sar-
kel-Ausgrabungen gesammelt (Tab. VI). Leider ist ihre Fundetopographie nicht er-
halten geblieben. Die Angaben zur Mikrotopographie gibt es in der Kollektion von
Semikarakorskoje-Gorodisce (Tabl. VII). Hier wie auf Majatskoje-Gorodisce wurde
das Übergewicht der bestimmten Zeichentypen auf einzelnen Grabungsabschnitten
des Denkmals festgestellt. Wegen minderer Typenmannigfaltigkeit der Zeichen hat es
sich deutlicher ausgedrückt. Die Typen der Graffiti auf den Ziegel von Sarkel haben
keine sichtbare Verbindung mit dem Ziegelformate. Die Materialien von dem Semi-
karakorskoje-Gorodisce gestatten diese Verbindung zu verfolgen.
Die Technik der Zeicheneintragung auf dem Ziegel ist verschiedensartig. Eini-
ge Zeichen wurden durch den Finger, aber ihrer Grossteil wurde durch scharfes In-
strument vom Brennen gemacht. Ein Teil der Abbildungen wurde nach dem Bren-
nen gemacht. Das sind haupsächlich die Zeichnungen und symbolischen Figuren. Wie
die Bauzeichen auf den Steine sind alle Merkzeichen auf den Ziegel vor ihrer Benut-
zung für die Mauererrichtung gemacht. Auf die Stirnseite wurden die Zeichen nicht
eingetragen. Die typologische Satze der Bauzeichen sind ähnlich auf Steine und Zie-
gel. Die Tamga-Zeichen bilden ihre Grundlage. Die Übereinstimmung mit alphabetis-
chen Systeme wurde nicht festgestellt. Die auf mittelasiatischen Ziegel der spatan-
tike Zeit verbreitete primitive (in Form der Punkte oder der Linien) Zeichen haben
hier beinahe gefehlt. Der Prozentsatz der markierten Ziegel ist niedriger als für Steine.
Er macht weniger als 1% aus. Weil der wesentliche Teil der Ziegel nicht markiert war,
ist es nötig die Tatsache der Eintragung einiger, oft typologisch ähnlicher Zeichen auf
einen Ziegel zu vermerken.
Zusammenfassung	5
Konkrete Beobachtungen gestatten nicht die Zeichen auf den Baustoffe von der
khazarischen Festungen in eine Reihe mit solchen Quelle wie die Amphorenstempel
oder die Baumerkzeichen für die Montage auf antiker Quadern zu setzen. Traditionelle
Abbildungen (Tab. XXII), die Verheimlichung, die Seltenheit und gleichzeitig die
reguläre Erscheinung bei der Bauarbeiten sowie die Folge der Sonderangaben stütz-
ten die von D. Dimitrov (Bulgarien) entwickelte Hypothese von M.I. Artamonov über
magische Verwendung der Zeichen auf den Baustoffe der khazarischen Festungen
unter. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach wurden die Graffiti, derer Spuren unsere Zeit
erreichtet haben, beim Bauritus benutzt. Die Hauptkomponente dieses Ritus war die
Opferung. Die Zeichen konnten die Rolle des von Kollektiv der Verwandten gebracht-
en eigenartigen Pfandopfers spielen. Falls einige, einander verwandten Familien oder
im Gegenteil die Vertreter verschiedener Stamme am Ritus teilgenommen haben, so
konnten die gleich durch einige ähnlicher oder verschiedenartiger Form nach Zeichen
markierte Steine und Ziegel erscheinen.
Die Gravierungen auf den Knochenerzeugnisse halten besondere Stelle im Be-
reich der khazarischen Graphik besetzt. Die Zeichen auf den Astragale wiederholen
die auf den Baureste und auf der Keramik bekannte Typen, aber ihrer Satz und quan-
titative Charakteristiken sind ganz anders. Hier gibt es beinahe nicht die Tamga-Ze-
ichen (die Zweizacke, die Bogen und andere). Überwiegend sind die Sujets: gerade
und schiefe “Gitter” von verschiedenen Typen, “Treppen”, “Fischgrätenmuster”,
Rechtecke mit den Diagonalen und ineinander gezeichnete Rechtecke (die Figur des
“Babylon”-Types). Der Inhalt der Graffiti auf den Astragale ist mit bekannten Sche-
mas, die die vertikale und horizontale Weltstruktur verkörpern, und mit anderen
sakralen Symbole verbunden (Tab. VIII). Man trifft analoge Zeichen auf den Astragale
von Bulgarien an der Wolga sowie auf den Denkmäler des 1.Bulgarischen Zarenre-
iches (Tab. IX). Die Analyse der Zeichen auf den Astragale lasst uns allen Grund ihre
Benutzung in der Schamane-Praxis (bei Opferung, bei Kamlanije oder bei Wahr-
sagerei) anzunehmen.
Die durch den Symbole lakonisch auf den Astragale vorgelegte Sujets wurden
durch den Gestalten auf hohlen Knochengegenstände reproduziert. Die Gravierun-
gen auf diesen Gegenstände stellen die Tiere, deren Gestalten obere, mittlere und un-
tere Welten markiert haben, dar. Wenn die Tiere stichprobenweise erschienen sind
oder völlig gefehlt haben, so wurden vertikale Struktur des Weltbaumes durch seine
Symbole (ein Baum, eine “Treppe”, ein Stange mit Solarzeichen oben, ein Lotos)
bezeichnet (Tab. X). Die Gravierungen illustrierten nicht nur mythologische Sujets,
sondern auch waren sie einheitliche Bilder der sakralen Welt. Diese Erzeugnisse selbst
sind ähnlich der Dimension nach die Futterale von mittelalterlichen Denkmälern des
Nord-Kaukasus und sie konnten als Reliquarium, das mit Altvaterritus zusammenge-
hängt ist, dienen.
Die Zeichen auf der Keramik der Saltovo-Majatskaja-Kultur legen fast nur die
Stempel vor. In angegebener Arbeit werden sie nicht speziell geforscht. Wenige An-
zahl der linearen Zeichen (antropomorphische Figuren, “Fischgrätenmuster”, Bogen)
waren auf feuchtem Lehm der Keramik des lokalen Nomadenvolkes eingetragen.
Der Grundteil der Graffiti, die in Sarkel-Belaja Ve’za etwa 500 Exemplare zählt,
wurde auf Importkeramik (Amphoren, Kruge und Pithoi (?)) gemacht. Nur klein Teil
dieses Materials gehört zur Zeit der Khazar-Kaganat. Dem typologischen Satz nach
haben die Graffiti auf den Amphoren des 9. -10. Jhs. keine wesentliche Unterschiede
von den Ende des 10. -Anfang des 12. Jhs. und später datierten Analogien von Taman-
Gorodisce (uralte Tmutarakan’) (Tabl. XV-XX). Im grossen ganzen ist dieser Satz
6	V. Je. Flörova. Graffiti von Khazaria
ähnlich der Zeichenzusammensetzung auf mittelalterlichen Dachziegel von Krim. Der
Grundteil bildet die dem griechischen Alphabet entsprechende Buchstabenzeichen.
Weniger Prozentensatz macht weitverbreitende symbolische Figuren aus. Ein gewisser
Einteil fällt auf die auf die Amphorenhenkel eingetragene einfachesten Zeichen in
Kreuz-, Strichlein- oder Häkchen-Form. Analoge Zeichensatze sind auf der von
Byzanz bis nord-westlichen Russland und Bulgarien an der Wolga gefundenen Ein-
fuhrtransportkeramik bekannt. Das waren die bei Lagerung, bei Beförderung und
Verkauf eingetragene Zeichen, die den Namen des Besitzers sowie das Volumen, den
Preis oder die Art des Amphorensinhalts bezeichneten. Die Absonderung der zu lokal-
er Bevölkerung gehörten Graffiti ist de facto unmöglich, darum dieses Material mit
grosser Vorsicht als der Quell zur Forschung der Zeichen- und Schriftsysteme der
Bevölkerung der mittelalterlichen Don-Region heranzuziehen ist.
Die von der Funde aus den Denkmäler der khazarischen Don-Region Ende 8.
-Anfang 9. Jhs. geprägte Entwicklungsstufe der Graphik ist sehr interessant. Das war
die Periode der nicht lange dauernde Blütezeit des von den Nomaden gegründete
Staates. Der Viehzuchtscharakter der Ökonomie begünstigte in der Entwicklung des
verzweigten Systems der Tamga-Zeichen. Das Schriftsystem hat sich weit erstreckt.
Aber gehörte es noch nicht zu den Tamga- oder Stempel-Systeme. Religiöse-magische
Auffasung der Graphik, ihre rituelle Benutzung belegten im Milieu einfacher Bev-
ölkerung der Khazaria, die noch nicht zum Judaismus gekommem hat. Solcher Quell
wie Graffiti hat den Verzicht auf die Heidentraditien nicht eingeprägt. Es ist kein
Zufall, dass man diese Kunstart meist demokratisch nennen kann.
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MCTKH Ha KaMHHX H KHpHKHax JjaiOT ÄOnOJIHHTeJIbHyK) HH(j)OpMaiIMIO 06 OpraHH-
3amiM cTpoHTejibHoro flena. MHoroHncjieHHbie rpa<j)(f)MTii na npnBO3HOH KepaMHKe
cymecTBeHHO pacniHpaioT Hainn 3HaHMa o ToproBbix nyrax, mejiiiiHx aepes Xaaa-
pmo M O CTeneHH pa3BHTOCTH TOprOBJIH H TOBapHO-ÄCHeXCHblX OTHOIIieHHH B 3T0M
perHOHe b VIII—X bb. HacTb chmbojiob, Hcnojib3OBaHHbix npn MapKHpoBKe TapHOH
KepaMHKH, Gyaer He6e3biHTepecHa TaioKe 3nnrpa<i)H'iecKon HayKe, nocKOJibKy 3^ecb
bhcok nponeHT GyKBeHHbix h un^poBbix oGosHaaeHHH1.
HanGojiee cneuH(j)HHecKOH n HH^opMaTHBHOH KaTeropnen rpa^^HTH hbjihiot-
ch H3o6pa3HTe;ibHbie cioxeTbi. SnaaHTejibHaa paöoTa b OTHomeHHH BbmBJieHHH cio-
xerHbix h cTHJiHCTHaecKHx 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH cajrroBCKoro pncyHKa yxce npoaejiana
(HaeTHeBa, 1984). JJaJiBweiniiee H3yaeHHe cioxceTHbix H3o6paxceHHH HeH36excHO
nepeneceT HanpaB/ieHHOCTb HccjienoBaHHa ot HCTOHHHKOBejpiecKoro h HCKyccTBO-
BQUHeCKOrO B KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpHHeCKOe pyCJIO, KBK 3T0 H3B6CTHO HO OHblTy paÖOTbl
c HCKyccTBOM apxeojlorHaecKHx KyjibTyp h äpcbhhx oGmecTB (MnpHMaHOB, 1973;
OopMosoB, 1969): b HacraocTH, GyneT cnocoGcTBOBaTb paspaöoTKe Bonpoca o co-
OTHOineHHH XyaOXCeCTBeHHblX CTHJieÜ C STHOCaMH, BXOflHBIIIHMH B COCTaB Xa3ap-
cKoro KaraHaTa.
npn paöoTe c rpacj^KTH, ocTaßjieHHbiMH HacejieHHeM cajiTOBo-MaauKOH Kyjib-
rypbi, TeppHTopna, c kotopoh coCnpajica MaTepnaji, Gbüia orpaHHaeHa apeanaMH
ee cTenHoro h JiecocTenHoro BapnaHTOB. Tpa^^HTH h npoane H3o6pa3HTejibHbie
cioxceTbi h 3HaKH, npoHCxoflHiiiHe H3 flpyrax panoHOB Boctohhoh Eßponbi: Kpbi-
Ma, CeBepHoro KaBKaaa, ÜOBOJiXbH, TIojiHenpoBba h UoflHecTpoBba, H3BecTHbie no
nyGjiHKaijHHM, npHBJieKaiOTca tojibko b KaaecTBe aHanornn. Hpn oöaope rpatfx^HTH
Ha npe/jMeTax BBO3a H3-3a cjiaGon paapaGoTaHHocTH tcmbi npn noHCKax aHanorHH,
fljia ycjaHOBJieHHa nponcxo^yieHHa h npHHa/piexHOCTH 3hbkob npnuuiocb o6pa-
1 nH$OpMaTHBHbIM HCTOHHMKOM KSK HO TOpFOBblM nyTSM, TaK M HO miCbMeHHblM H C^CTHblM
cucTeMaM oKaaanncb rpac[)4)MTji Ha MOHeTax. HaMH 6w;ia npe^npHHaTa nonbiTKa BbiHJieHHTb nnacT,
ocTaBJieHHbiH HaceaeHHeM Xaaapmi (HaxanersH, <Pomhh, 1994).
BßefleHwe	9
ÖOTaTb pHA MCTOHHWKOB C TeppWTOpHW, HC BXOAHUIHX B 3TM apeaJIbl (TaMaHCKOe
ropoAHiue w Apyme naMHTHWKw Boctohhom Eßponbi).
XpoHOJioni'jecKHe paMKti nccjieaoBaHMH orpaHnneHbi BpeMCHeM cymecTBOBa-
hha cajiTOBO-MaaijKOH KynbTypbi. Ilpn stom ocHOBHaa Macca MaTepnana npwxoAHT-
ca Ha IX—X BB., KOraa BO3BOAKJIKCb H (JjyHKUHOHKpOBaJIH KaMeHHbie M KHpnHH-
Hbie Kpenocra Xaaapnw.
Kojitmecmeo coöpamibix u3o6pax:eHUÜ, Aaniibie o Koiopbix Mcnojib3yioTca b pa-
6otc — okojio mpex mbicrn. M3 hhx Han6ojiee nojiHO AOKyMeHTHpoßaHHOü, npeA-
cTaBHTejibHoä h KyjibTypHO onpeziejieHHOH hbjibctch cepna 3hakob n pncyHKOB Ha
KaMHJix MaaiiKOü KpenocTK W3 pacKonoK CoBeTCKO-Bojirapo-BeHrepcKoü OKcne-
ABUHH 1975, 1977—1982 rr. Mcnojib3OBaHbi MaTepnajibi CeMMKapaKopcxoro n
npaßo6epe>KHoro Ummjihhckofo ropoAwm n yxe Hauieauine oTpaxeHiie b nyßjiK-
Kamwx vl HeKOTopbie eme ne M3AaHHbie MaTepnajibi CapKejia. IIpnBJie^eHbi oTnejib-
Hbie HaxoAKK c nocejieHwn n MorwibHUKOB paüoHa IIoAOHbH — ITpHa3OBba. Ilpn
paöoTe Mcnojib3OBaHbi MaTepnajibi, xpaHHmneca b Toc. SpMHTaxe, Myaeax Xapb-
KOBCKoro m BopoHexccKoro yHMBepcHTeTOB, TaranporcKoro h CnaBHHCKoro Kpae-
BeA^ecKMx MyaeeB.
XJaHHasi paöoTa He ccwepxHT KCTOHHHKOBeAnecKoro anajiH3a KepaMnnecKux
KJieüM c nccjieAOBaHHbix naMRTHKKOB CTenHoro h jiecocTenHoro BapnaHTOB caji-
TOBO-Ma.iHKOW KynbTypbi. Hccomhchho, KJieÜMa mbjuhotch onenb BaxHbiM hctoh-
hhkom npn myneHHH rpaOnKH, ho nocKojibKy aHann3 hx coBOKynHOcra hcbosmo-
XCeH, C HHCTO MeTOAHHeCKOft CTOpOHbI, B OTpblBC OT OÖpaÖOTKW KepaMKHCCKOrO
MaTepwaAa, aBTop noAbayerca TOJibKo BbiBOAaMK HccjieAOBaTejieM, HenocpeACTBenHO
paÖOTaBIHHX C KepaMHKOM CaJITOBO-MaJUJKOM KyAbTypbl.
Abtop ßjiaroAapuT 3a npeAOCTaBaeHHbie ajia AaHHOÜ paßoTbi HeonyöawKOBaH-
Hbie MaTepnajibi n noMoujb b paöoTe C.A. rbieTHeBy, T.E. A4)aHacbeBa, BT. Bo-
poAyAHHa, B.C. 3>jiepoBa, A.B. IHaMpaa.
3a KOHcyabTauHH n cobctw, a Taoce coAencTBMe b paßoTe hba tcmom aBTop
BbipaxcaeT EJiyöoKyio GjiaroAapnocTb JI.A. Beaaeßy, X.X. EnAxcneByJA.H. TepTMaHy],
A.K. «Herrapio, E.II. KaaaKOBy, H.B. OcoKHHy, C.A. ILieTHeBOM, M.JI. IIIßeuoBy
m öojirapcKWM yneHbiM JI. JJoHHeBon-ITeTKOBofi w X(m. OßnapOBy.

rnaea I
MCTOPWOrPAOWHECKUkl OMEPK
IlepBbiH nepno4 b H3yaeHHH canTOBO-MaaijKOH rpa4)WKn, Koma MaTepnaji Ha-
KaruiMBaeTCM, ho He nojiyaaeT eme xpoHOJiornaecKon h KyjibTypHO-HCTopnaecKOH
npMBH3KH, 6bui oneHb KpaTOK. IIoaTOMy sohtct “aarajio^Hbie” TaK ziojiro xapaicre-
pH3OBaBiuwH öocnopcKHe 3HaKK, HHKoraa He npHMeHSJicM k xasapcKHM. Ecjih Gbi
B.H. Ch3ob b 1883-1884 h H.K. BecejiOBCKHH b 1887 r., npoBoaHBiune Heöojib-
nine pacKonKn Ha JIeBo6epexHOM U,kmjuihckom ropojiume, noaxe oToxaecTBJieH-
hom M.H. ÄpTaMOHOBbiM c CapKejioM, jjocthfjih 6bi HMXHero paHHecpeAHeBeKO-
Boro KynbTypHoro cjioh, to stoto nepnojia He Gbuio 6bi cobccm. Ctchm ropoanma,
cjioxeHHbie H3 npoqHoro oGoxxeHHoro KHprmqa hhtchchbho paaOnpajincb Mec-
THbiMH xhtcjihmh. 3tot nponecc ocoöeHHO ycKoptuica nocjie paciconoK B.K. Ch-
3OBa h b nocjienyioiUHe ronojiHbie roAH, Kor.ua KHpnHH uieji Ha npoziaxy. riepBaa
KpynHa« cepna 3HaK0B Ha KHpnnaax Gbuia oÖHapyxcHa h 3a<j)HKCHpoBaHa
H.K. BecejiOBCKHM, nepeGpaßniHM xpaHamneca Ha CKJiaae y cKynmHKa capxejib-
CKwe KwpnwHH1. rioaxce ohh Gyuyr h3A3hm M.H. ÄpTaMOHOBbiM. B sto xe BpeMS
paaGnpaiOTCH cTaHHHHHKaMH KupnHHHbie ctchm CeMMKapaKopcKoii Kpenocra,
pacnojioxeHHOü Ha ZZoHy, npuMepHo Ha 100 km hhxc CapKejia. JIoGbiTbin TaM
khphhh GbiCTpo peajiH3OBbiBajicM, mia Ha cTpoHTejibCTBO neaen h zipyrne Hyxnbi,
TaK HTO H3O6paXCHHH Ha HHX He 6bUIH 3apHCOBaHbI JHOGhTCJUIMH CTapMHbi; coxpa-
Hmiacb HH^opMaixmi XHTejiefi, hto HeKOTopbie Knpnnmi 6bDin c KJiefiMaMH (CeK-
peTeB, 1901). Ta xe cyjibGa nocTHrcia h MHorae KaMeHHbie Kpenocra FIojiOHbfl:
npaBoöepexHoe UwMJiHHCKoe, CajiTOBCKoe, OjibniaHCKoe ropo/iwma. OcraiOTCM
TOJIbKO ynOMWHaHKH O CymeCTBOBaHMH SHaKOB, BimeHHblX XHTeJIHMM, MJIH OTÄCJIb-
Hbie Meqenbie Gjiokh h oGjiomkh Gjiokob, ocTaBinnec« nocue paaGopKti ctch, no-
na^aioTCH npw wccjiejiOBaHHH (BaGeHKo, 1914; ApraMOHOB, 1935: 102; JlanyniKUH,
1958a: 93). B Gojibuieü Mepe noße3Jio MasuKOMy ropoziHiuy, xotm nepBbie xe pac-
kohkm cnpoBOunpoBajiw, KaK k b CapKejie, jioGbmy CTpoMTejibHoro MaTepnajia Me-
CTHbiM HacejieHweM: b abhhom cjiynae — TecaHbix MenoBbix öjiokob. PeayjibTaTbi
pacKonoK onyGjiMKOBaHbi hc Gbum. B 1906 r. A.M. Mhjhothh, npojtonxHBiuHii ap-
xeonorHHecKne KCCJiezioBaHHH MaauKoit Kpenocra, oöparan BHWMaHne Ha “3aMeT-
Hbie HaaepTaHHH Ha KaMHax” m onyGjiKKOBaji aeTbipe pwcyHKa MeaoBbix Gjiokob c
pa3HbiMH naoGpaxeHMHMn (MnjnoraH, 1909), He aas hm, npaB/ia, HHKaKon HHTep-
nperauHH.
OaeHb BaxHbiM coGbiraeM b HayaeHHH paHHecpe/iHeBeKOBon rpa4)nKH CTajio
OTKpbirae b ÜJiHCKe, npn pacKonKax kotopoh, naaaTbix b 1899 r. PyccKKM apxe-
ojioraaecKHM HHcraTyroM b KoHCTaHranonojie, Gbuio oÖHapyxeHO okojio TpexcoT
pHCyHKOB H 3H3KOB Ha K3MHHX H KKpHHHaX. B 1905 T. OHH GbUIH npeKpaCHO H3-
jiaHbi aemcKHM yaeHbiM K. UlKopniuioM (IllKopnHJi, 1905 a, 6), hötko onpeaejiHB-
'ScTaMnaxH xpaHSTca b ApxHBe HKMK b C.-neTep6ypre b (|)OH.ue H.M. BecejioBCKoro: 1887.
18, ä. 511: “Ta.Mrn m moßpaxemw, cHsrrbie b HarypajibHyio BCBM^MHy c Kwpntmefi H3 ropo-
ÄHina 6jim3 Ukmjibhckom cTaHwubi 3eMJiw BoücKa floHCKoro npo<j)eccopoM Bcccjiobckhm b mkdhc
1887 r.”.
12	B.E. <t>nepoBa. Ppacfjc^UTn Xaaapnw
LLIHM MX BpeMJl KaK paHHCC CpejIHeBeKOBbe, HTO GbUlO GOJIblHHM M HeJieTKMM llia-
tom, nocKOJibKy oto Gmjim nepBbie pacKOUKH naMMTHMKa anoxM IlepBoro Bojirap-
CKoro papcTBa: eine He Gbuin Bepno aarapoßaHbi cKajibHbie pncyHKM Bojirapun m
npM naTMpoBKe pMcyHKOB n 3HaKOB Ha cTponTejibHbix MaTepnajiax Hjimckm, rae
MCnOJIb3OBaJlMCb KMpnMHK M K3MHM M3 aHTMHHblX HOCTpOCK (MHOrHe C pMMCKMMM
KJienMaMM n MeTKaMn), jierKO moxcho GbUio oninGnTbca. C otmx nop MaTepnajibi
riJiMCKK, a 3a Heü m npyrnx naMHTHMKOB JJyHancKon BonrapMM hcmsmchho npn-
cyrcTByioT b nyGiiMKannax pyccKnx apxecuioroB, b tom mjim mhom CTeneHM Kacaio-
mnxca pncyHKOB m 3H3kob cajiTOBo-ManiiKOM KyjibTypbi, po/icTBeHHon npaGojirap-
CKOM.
ITepBbiM k hmm oöpaTHjicM H.E. MaKapeHKo, pacxonKn KOToporo Ha Maan-
kom ropoziwme b 1907—1909 r. CHOBa jiajin cepnio rpa$M4ecKMx naoGpaxceHMM. Io-
poanme no anaJiorMM c BemeBbiM komiuickcom CaJiTOBCKoro MorMJibHnKa Gbuio ,aa-
rapoBaHO H.E. MaKapeHKo VIII—IX b. m OTHeceHo k tom xce KyjibType. TaKMM
oßpaaoM, ero nySjinKaiiua peayjibTaTOB pacKonoK (MaKapeHKo, 1911) CTajia nep-
bom paGoron, b Kotopom naynaeMbie 3HaKM m pncyHKM nojiynnjin xpoHOjiorMnec-
Kyio xapaKrepMCTMKy m Gbuin cooTHeceHbi c onpejiejieHHoii apxeojiornMecKOM Kyjib-
Typoli. H.E. MaKapeHKo ne TOJibKO jjaeT nojjpoÖHyio MHijiopMaunio o tcxhhkc
McnojiHeHHs pncyHKOB, mx MecTOHaxoxyteHnn, noMemaeT npopncn n (jjoTorpactmM,
ho n .aejiaeT nonbiTKy narb MHTepnpeTaiinio ncTopnnecKoro xapaicrepa. Ho ero MHe-
HMK), 6jIH3KM HC TOJibKO CTMJIb M CKJXCTbl pncyHKOB MaJHJKOTO M HjIMCKM, HO M Xa-
paKTep, a TaKxce Ha3HaneHne 3HaKOB c otmx naMiiTHMKOB. HocjieuHne Gbuin onpe-
JiejICHbl MM KaK 3H3KH COÖCTBeHHOCTM. CpeflM HHX MOiy? GblTb 3H3KK KaMCHOTCCOB,
3HaKH nocTaHOBKH n Äpyrne. Kojuickumh öbuia, no ero mhchmio, cjimiiikom Mano-
HMCJieHHa, qToöbi jiejiMTb ee Ha KaKMe-TO onpejiejieHHbie rpynnbi (MaKapeHKo, 1911:
33, 34).
CjieuyjoiueM bcxom b nsyneHMM Bonpoca CTajia nyöJiMKanna M.H. ApTaMOHO-
BbiM b 1935 r. 3HaKOB M pncyHKOB Ha KnpnMHax JleBoöepexcHoro Hmmjimhckoto
ropounma b ero KHnre “CpenHeBeKOBbie nocejieHM« Ha Hmxhcm Äony”. B pe-
3yjibTaTe pa3BejjoK m pacKonoK, npOBeaeHHbix mm Ha roponwme, 6mji BbmBJieH
cjiom xaaapcKoro BpeMenn, a caMo roponniue oToxaecTBJieno c CapKejiOM, nocT-
poeHHbiM, no cooömeHMio KoHCTaHTMHa BarpanoponHoro, M3 oöoxoköhhofo
KHpHMHa, CJlOXCeHHOrO Ha M3B6CTKOBOM paCTBOpe (ApTaMOHOB, 1935). 3tot Bbl-
boji 3acTaBMJi BHOBb oöpaTMTbCfl k oÖHapjDKeHHbiM H.H. BecejiOBCKMM HanepTa-
hmmm Ha KMpnnHax, KOTopbie, no MHeHMio M.H. ApTaMOHOBa, npencTaBJunoT
ocoöbiM MHTepec. HyöjiMKyioTCH npopncn co 174 ocTaMnaxcen 3H3KOB m bocbmm
pncyHKOB, ÄaÖTCM aHanns nsoßpaxceHMM, HaMenaeTca nejibin komtuickc BonpocoB,
CBM3aHHbIX He TOJibKO C KOHKpeTHbIM MaTepnaJIOM, HO M C rpa^MKOM Xa3apMM B
uejioM, onpenejunoTCJi HanpaBJieHMH ee najibHeMmero M3yneHMM, KOTopbie CTann
bo mhotom nyTeBOjjHon HMTbio n b aaHHOM MccjienoBaHMM, nocKOJibKy paßoTa
M.H. ApTaMOHOBa jjo cmx nop He yTpaTHJia cBoero Haynnoro SHanenna. jjaeTCH
KJiaccn^MKannji: nonejiMB Bee nanepTaHM« na M3o6pa3MTejibHbie n Hen3o6pa3M-
TejibHbie, M.H. ApTaMOHOB cpenn HeM3o6pa3MTejibHbix Bbiuejinji rpynnbi npaMO-
JIHHeilHblX n KpMBOJIHHeHHblX 3H3KOB, MeXCJiy KOTOpblMM, K3K OH OTMCTMJI, HCT Cy-
mecTBeHHbix pa3JiMHHn. JlajibHeirinaa KJiaccn^MKaijnM, ocHOBaHHaa Ha GoJiee
npoÖHbix Mop(t>ojiorMHecKMx npM3HaKax, nana HenocpencTBeHHO b rpa(J)MiiecKMx
TaGjinnax. B hmx xe Haiiuio OTpaxcenne m pasjinnne b TexHMKe, Ha KOTopyio TaioKe
oGpanjeHo BHMMaHne: Gojibma« nacTb pncyHKOB, KaK oh cnnTaeT, cnejiana narib-
neM no cbipoü rjiHHe, m tojibko HeKOTopbie 3HaKM BbipesaHbi ocTpbiM HHCTpyMeH-
tom nocjie oGxcnra. B u,aJibHeHiiieM, npaßna. BbmcHMJiocb, mito TexHMMecKne
TnaBa I. WcTopnorpacpHHecKWüi onepK	13
npHÖMbi 6mjih 6onee pa3Hooßpa3Hbi: 3aecb Moraa CKasarbca HenoaHaa MHtJjopMa-
THBHOCTb paöoTbi c scTaMnaxaMM. Bbian BbiasaeHbi n Hanöoaee xapaKTepHbie
cnocoöbi o6pa3OBaHW« öojiee cjiojkhbix shbkob m3 npocTbix, Koppeanpyiomneca
c .naHHbiMM MaanKoro ropojjnma. M.H. ApTaMOHOB onpe/ieaaeT otm 3hbkm npe,n-
no.noxHTejibHO KaK TaMm mccthofo HacejieHMa, ocTaBJieHHbie b npouecce tioct-
pOHKH KpenOCTH M, B03M0JKH0, CBa3aHHbie C OTMCTKaMM MaCTepOM napTMM KMp-
nnaeM. Oh BbiflejiaeT KaTeropmo 3HaKOB MacrepoB m zuia MaaijKoro ropozinma.
CxOflCTBO (j)OpM paSJIHHHblX 3HaKOB COHOCTaBJieHO CO CXOßCTBOM TaMr COCTOfllHHX
b pozicTBe ceMeiicTB, a CTenenb nx paaaMHMa nocayxcnaa ocHOBanneM zuia npea-
nojioxceHMH, hto HacejieHMe, cTponBinee Kpenocrb, bbihijio yxce “m3 crajinn po-
ßoßoro öbiTa, hto poa pacnajica Ha ccmbm, oßjiaaaiomne ocoÖbim HMymecTBOM”
(ApTaMOHOB, 1935: 96). TaKMM oßpa3OM, 3HaK0BbiM Marepnaji 6bui oco3HaH KaK
ueHHbiü ncTopMHecKwn mctohhmk jpia nayneHMa BonpocoB noanTnaecKOM m co-
UKaJIbHO-SKOHOMM’JeCKOM MCTOpMM XasapHM. H3O6pa3MTCJIbHbie CK)X<eTbI, a T3KXe
“jiaÖMpKHTbl” (“BaBHJIOHbl”) H HCKOTOpbie OpHaMCHTaJIbHbie MOTMBbl ÖbUIM 0TH6-
cenbi k HecKOJibKO mhom KaTeropMM mctohhhkob, Bxoaamnx b Kpyr neTporamJioB,
pacnpocTpaHÖHHbix c anoxn naaeoanra bo mhoemx KyjibTypax, n KaK m ohm, mmc-
ioihmx MarnaecKoe 3HaneHne, CBaaaHHoe c Mn^oaorneM. M.H. ApTaMOHOB noa-
poßHO OCTaHOBKJICH Ha CXOJJCTBe JXyHaHCKMX M MaMHKO-UMMJUIHCKKX K3o6paxce-
hmü, npoMcxoflaiiieM, no ero npeanoaoxceHMio, M3 poncTBeHHOCTK othmhcckofo
cocTaßa HacejieHHM Xasapnn m ÄyHancKoü BoarapMH. ConocraBaeHne M3oßpaxce-
HMÜ, H3BeCTHbIX, C OßHOM CTOpOHbI, Ha CeBepHOM KaBK33e, C TeppKTOpHH Xa3a-
pnn n üepBoro BojirapcKoro napcTBa m ajrrancKKx neTporjin^oB c Äpyron n bm-
MCHCHMe Bonpoca O TOM, ÖblJIO JIM 3TO CXOACTBO BbI3BaHO KOHBepreHIIUeÄ MJIM
MurpanneH tiopkckhx njieMÖH — sto Bonpoc, na KOTopbin äojdkho aaTb otbct
.najibHejäiiiee HaKonjieHne m MsyaeHKe MaTepnaJia. B stoü xe khhfc M.H. ApTa-
MOHOB nyßjiHKyeT nepBbie HaxoziKH rpaciximTn Ha KepaMMKe M3 paüoHa LImmjihh-
ckmx roponnm. KHnra “CpeßHeBeKOBbie nocejieHM» Ha Hkxchcm 4oHy” no^ße-
jia HTora npejiBapnTejibHoro MsyHeHna CapKeaa m ero OKpym n nocayxnaa KaK
6bi npojioroM k uiHpoKOMacuiTaÖHbiM pacKonKaM, npofloaxcMBiiiKM b nocjießoeH-
Hbie roÄbi nccaeaoBaHMa, HanaTbie aKcnejiKnneM TAHMK b 1934-1936 rr.
PaöoraBinaa noa pyKOBOÄCTBOM M.H. ApTaMOHOBa Boaro-4oHCKaa sKcneflK-
una HHMK 1949—1951 rr. cnacjiajuia HayKM Hbine 3aToruieHHbiM CapKeji. floöbi-
Tbiii 3tom SKcneflKunen MaTepnan 6bDi HacrojibKO o6i>eMeH, hto HecMOTpa Ha bm-
uieamne Tpn TOMa TpyaoB Bojifo-JJohckoh apxeoaorMHecKOM OKcnezmunn (MHA.
-1958. -Ns 62; MHA. -1959. -Ne 75; MHA. -1963. -Ns 109), oh jio ckx nop enje He
onyöanKOBaH hojihoctbio, a MHorne .naHHbie HyxaaioTca b najibHeKinen oöpaöoT-
Ke c BO3BpaineHneM k apxHBaM sKcneaMUKM, ee noaeßbiM onncaM n xpanamMMca
b 4>OHnax OABEC T3 KOJuieKunaM. 3to OTHocMTca h k rpa^HTK Ha KepaMMKe,
KOJuieKuna Kotopom coaepxMT 6ojiee 500 M3o6paxeHnn Ha ^parMCHTax m ucjibix
cocynax.
Hohtm Bee 4)parMeHTbi M3 pacKonoK 1934—1936 m 1949—1951 rr. 6biJin ony-
GiiMKOBaHbi A.M. IIIepöaKOM bo btopom TOMe TpynoB BKcneflHUMM (HJepöaK,
1959). TaöjiMHbi, cocTaBJieHHbie mm c oaeHb tohhbix npopncoBOK E. MaTBeesa m
C.C. CopoKMHa, naioT npe^cTasaeHne tojibko o TMnojiornnecKOM Haßope rpacj)-
(Jimtm. HHtfjopManMa o KepaMMKe, 3a MCKjnoaeHneM Tex cjiyaaeß, Korua ee mox-
HO M3BJieHb M3 pncyHKOB, OTCyTCTByeT. MaTepMaJI nOJIHOCTBK) JIMIIieH He TOJIBKO
naaHnrpa^JMHecKMX, ho m CTpaTnrpa^MaecKMX xapaKTepncTHK, hto hohtm oöec-
CMBicjiMBaeT ero nyÖJiHKaiiHio, nocKOJibKy CapKeji — naMaTHMK MHorocjionHbin
m cymecTBOBaji hohtm Tpn cothm jict. He nanbi m He yHTeHbi b nyßaMKanMM xiaxce
14
B.E. 0nepoBa. rpact^MTM Xasapun
TaKne BaxHbie napaMCTpbi, KaK MecTHbie m npKB03Hbie ranbi KepaMKKK, pacno-
nojKeHHOCTb rpa^^HTM OTHocnTejibHO nojioc poTaiinn (onaTb xe HCKjnonan bm-
AHMbie Ha pHcyHKax), HaHeceHne 3HaKa no cbipon rjiHHe hjim nocue oöxnra,
HajiPiHne nojiWMncecTOB. To, hto paöoTa, bhummo, Bejiacb öojibineM nacTbio no
npopncHM, Haao nojiaraTb, nocjiyxn.no hphtohok Bcex nepeHHCJieHHbix HejjocTaT-
kob, a TaKxe tbkmx aocajiHbix npoMaxoB, KaK noMemenne cpejjn KepaMnnecKUx
(JjparMeHTOB rpa^HTM na KaMeHHOH n/ikiTKe, nepeBepHyrocTb MHorax (JjparMeH-
tob, ocTaBJieHne Ha pncyHKax Hapaay c rpa$(j)KTK cjiynaMHbix jimhmm, cuejiaHHbix
BO BpeMM (J)OpMOBKH.
CraTbfl A.M. IUepöaKa nocßameHa homtm licjihkom BonpocaM jiHHrBncTMHec-
khm, ho o tcx ee nojioxemnix, KOTopbie othochtcm k 3HaKaM, cjienyeT CKaaaTb He-
cKOjibKO cjiob. B OTHoiueHHH KJiaccM^MKaiinn nejiaeTcn nonbiTKa BbmeJiHTb rpyn-
nbi, b ocHOBe noBTopniomHe Te, KOTopbie onpenejiiui M.H. ApTaMOHOB: sto
H3O6pa3HTejIbHbie CKJXeTbl M OpHaMÖHTbl, HajinMCH, 3H3KK HMCbMCHHOCTH M He-
H3oöpa3WTejibHbie 3HaKM. IIocjieHHKe hbjimiotch 3HaKaMH coöctbchhocth jimhhom
(“oGbIHHbie TaMBl”) HJIH POÄOBOH. OCHOBHOM (JjyHKHHeH 3TKX 3H3KOB OH CHMTaeT
mx ynoTpeßjieHKe b KanecTBe 3HaKOB nncbMeHHbix, Torea KaK b KanecTBe TaMr ohh
Mcnojib3OBajincb (fraKyjibTaTKBHO. Hanöojiee opnrnHajibHoft nacTbio paöoTbi öbuia
nonbiTKa onpenejiMTb reHeraHecKne kophm n npuHaanexHocTb pasjiKHHbix 3H3kob.
BbmejieHbi cneAyiomne rpynnbi: 1 — 3HaKH “npn6pexHo-'-iepHOMopcKon” Tpajm-
Hmk, Kyna oTHeceHbi öyKBbi rpenecKoro aji^aBKTa; 2 — “npManenpoBCKO-pyccKMe”
3H3KK, T.e. pa3JiMHHbie TpesyGubi, HanoMMHaioinne 3HaKH PiopHKOBHHen; 3 —
“cTenHbie” (KOHeBHHHecKKe) — HMejomue aHajiornn b TiopKCKofi pyHMKe; 4 —
HeonpeAejiÖHHbie: cio.ua BKinoneHbi paauHHHbie, b ochobhom, cMMBOJiHHecKne 3Ha-
KM.
HanMHaa c ET. CojioBbeBa, BbiCTynaBinero Ha V ApxeojioranecKOM ci>e3Ae .c
nojioxeHMeM, hto no 3HaKaM moxho 6y.neT onpeaejurrb sTHMHecKyio npnHawiex-
HOCTb apxeojiornHecKKX naxonoK, npn ycjiOBMK, hto ynacTca npocjiennTb nyrb nc-
TOpMHCCKOrO pa3BMTKH 3HHK0B, nOHblTKU Ha OCHOBaHHM HaÖOpa TaMTOO6pa3HbIX
M3o6paxeHMM onpeaejuiTb sthoc Kaaajincb mhothm Hcc/ienoBaTejuiM BecbMa nep-
cneKTMBHbiMM K npennpuHMMajiMCb Heo/iHOKpaTHo. Korea c HaKonJieHneM pa3H0-
o6pa3Horo nnKTorpa^JMuecKoro MaTepnajia BbiHBHJiocb mhoto oömnx nepT b 3Ha-
kobbix cncTeMax pa3HO3THKHHbix HapoßOB, to HacTynHJia m oöpaTHan peaKuna:
TaMTM CT3JIM npM3H3BaTb HBJICHMeM CTa/lMaJIbHblM, JIMniÖHHblM KaKOM-JIMÖO OHpe-
He/ieHHOH BTHMHecKon xapaKTepMCTHKH. Yxe K.H. MeinaHMHOB (1933) npeuynpex-
jxaeT 06 onacHOCTM bhbohob o npnHajuiexHocTM 3HaK0B Ha ocHOBaHMM kckjiiohm-
TeJIbHO MX (J)OpM.
IIocbuiKa A. M. IIJepöaKa, hto öojibinan nacre 3HaK0B ToxziecTBenna 3HaxaM
nnebMeHHOCTM, KOTopyio Bcerea Jieree coothccth c TeM kjim mhmm HaponoM, 3ac-
TaBMJia ero H3ÖpaTb nepBbiü nyre, m 3HaKH Ha ocHOBaHMM MCKjnoHMTejibHO CBoen
<J>opMbi npnnncbiBaiOTCfl pa3HbiM KyjibTypaM. IIpn^eM k nenenexcKHM 3HaKaM
6buiM oraeceHbi m 3H3km, HMeioniHe aHaJiornn cpean 6yKB rpeqecKoro ajicfraBWTa.
HanpoTMB, oh CHKTaeT rpenecKHMM öyKBaMM öojibinyio rpynny 3H3kob Ha KnpnM-
nax, onpenejieHHyio M.H. ÄpTaMOHOBbiM KaK TaMrn Mecrabix »MTejieö. M.PL Ap-
TaMOHOB b paöoTe 1935 r. nocHMTan npexaeBpeweHHbiM nejiaTb KaKue-jinGo BbiBOAbi
OTHOCHTeJIbHO CB5I3U MCXHy 3HaK3MM Ha KHpnMHaX K 3HaK3MM HMCbMeHHOCTM
MaHiiKKX HaannceM.
Bonpoc o reneTMHecKOH B3aMMOCB5i3M nncbMeHHbix m HMKTorpa(|)MHecKMX 3Ha-
kob y TiopKCKnx HapoflOB 3aHMMan MccjiejiOBaTejien eine c cepeanHbi npomaoro
BeKa. Pa3BHTaa b paöoTax H.A. ApncTOBa m HT. MannuKoro Teopna TaMroßoro
fjiaBa I. McTopuorpactJUHecKWM onepK	15
nponcxoxaeHMH pyHHHecKOH nncbMeHHOcra OKaaajia o^ieHb cmibHoe bjimähhc Ha
xoä HayneHMa 3H3KOB, hto CKaaajiocb He TOJibKO Ha paöoTe A.M. IUepöaKa, ho h
Ha öojiee no3HHHX HCCJiejioBaHHJix pyccKHX h GojirapcKHX apxeonoroB1, b KOTopbix
TaMroßbie h nHCbMCHHbie 3hbkh HaeHrat^HUHpyiOTca Ha ochobc cxojicTBa hx t^opM,
xot» h c oroßopKaMH na nojiH(i)yHKUHOHajibHOCTb b pane cjiyqaeB (floH^eBa-HeT-
KOBa, 1980: 28-34; XajiHKOB, 1988). B peayjibTaje nocjie/iyiomHX paöoT tiopkojio-
rOB BCC ÖOJiee OHeBHJJHblM CT3H0BHTCH, 4T0 3TO CXOJJCTBO OÖyCJIOBJieHO He OÖIUH-
mh reHeTHHecKHMH kophhmh, a ajianTauneü 3aHMCTBOBaHHoro aji^aBHTa k yxe
cjioxcMBiuencfl cncreMe 3HaKOBbix chmbojiob, k KOTopbiM nHcaBiune HeBOJibHO npn-
önHxajiH cymecTByiomHe o6o3HaHeHH« (^ohcm h .nonoiiHJiiomHe nyxoii aji^aBHT
3HaKH (BacMJibeB, 1983: 73; TaM xe cm. KpaTKHH jihtoösop Bonpoca: 8, 9).
ripoöJieMa HHoro ruiana — 3aHMCTBOBaHHe TaMr M3 Haöopa nncbMeHHbix 3Ha-
kob. TaKoe 3auMCTBOBaHne hsbcctho no oraorpa^HHecKHM aaHHbiM h moxct GbiTb
aKCTpanojiHpoBaHo h Ha apxeojiorHHecKne hctohhhkh.Ho Toraa Ha/io npHHHMaTB
BO BHHMaHHe, HTO OCOÖeHHO OXOTHO 3aHMCTBOB3JIHCb 3H3KH HyXOTO aJKjjaBHTa, H
b aaHHOM cjiynae 6yKBoo6pa3Hbie TaMrn onara He MoryT cjiyxHTb onpeaejiHTejieM
BTHOCa.
KnaccH^HKauHa A.M. IIIepßaKa, xora h cTaBHJia ohchb Baxiiyio uejib nonc-
Ka 3HaKOBbix chctcm, pacnpocTpaHÖHHbix b XaaapcKOM KaranaTe, b npnjioxeHHH
k aaHHOMy MaTepnajiy HocHjia b Go/ibmen Mepe yMO3pKTejibHbiü xapaKTep h ocho-
BaHa 6buia, CKopee, hc Ha jjeTaJibiioü npopaßoTKe Marepnajia, a Ha yxe onpejiejiHB-
IlIHXCfl K TOMy BpeMCHH BblBOZiaX KOJIJieKTHBa COTpyUHHKOB BKCneflKUKH 06 HCTO-
pHHecKnx nepnojiax b xh3hh ropojia, CMene sthocob, xhbiiihx b Capxejie — Bejion
Bcxe. HecMorpa Ha sto, caMbiü cynjecTBeHHbiü iiejjocTaTOK ny&JiHKaijHH — otphb
3nHrpa(J)H4ecKoro Marepnajia ot KOMroieKca apxeojiorHaecKHX npoÖJieM (BemeBe-
XieHHe, ÄaTHpoBKH, CTpararpa^na h ap.). B stom OTHOineHHH öojiee ueHHyio hh-
(^opMauHio moxho noHepnHyTb H3 CTaTbH C.A. ITneTHeBOH “KepaMHKa CapKejia —
Bejioii Bexn” b tom xe cßopHHKe, me yKa3biBaeTCJi xpoHOJiornHecKoe pacnpene-
jieHne KepaMHKH no CTpararpa^KHecKHM cjiobm h b tom HHCjie pacnpeflejieHne
4)parMeHTOB aM(J)op c rpa^^HTH. Ho 3a HCKjnoneHHeM HecKOJibKHX 3HaKOB, cny-
HaifHO nonaBinnx b xpoHOJionmecKyio TaGjinixy KepaMHKH, cocTaßjieHHon
C.A. HjieTHeBOH, Bee npo^ne 3HaKH, onyßjiHKOBaHHbie bo btopom tomc TpynoB
OKcneflHiXHH, He 6buiH cooTHeceHbi c KynbTypHbiM cjioeM. 3ra CTaTbH aaeT TaKxe
öojiee nojiHoe npeacTaBJieHHe o npHHazuiexHOCTH 3HaKOB, HaneceHHbix ao oöxh-
ra Ha KoneBHH’iecKyio KepaMHKy h pe3KO OTjiHnaiomHxcH no nponcxoxjieHHio ot
ochobhoh Maccbi HanepTaHHH Ha aM(j)opax, nocKOjibKy ziaxe sth CTOiib Henoxoxne
no TexHHnecKHM h Mop^ojioTHHecKHM naHHbiM H3o6paxeHHü He GbDiH pa3/iejieHbi
b nyöJiHKauHH A.M. IIJepöaKa.
KpoMe rpa^HTH Ha KepaMHKe b pesyjibTaTe pacKonoK Bojifo-JJohckoh okc-
neAHUHH Gbuia nonojiHena KOJuieKuna MeneHbix KHpnHHen. K hhm oöpamajica He
TOJibKO A.M. IHep6aK. B.JJ. BejieuKHH, onpeaejuui sthoc CTpoHTe/ien Kpenocra,
cpaBHHBaeT 3HaKH Ha KHpnnMax co 3HaKaMH Ha KoneBHHHecKOH KepaMHKe h jiejiaeT
BblBOJI, 4T0 HOCHTeilH 3T0H KepaMHKH H GbUIH JIIOÄH, BO3BOJIHBlIIHe KHpnHHHbie
CTeHbi CapKejia (BejieiiKHH, 1959: 74, 132). Hpn stom He conocTaBJiaeTca bch co-
BOKynHOCTb 3H3KOB, KOTOpblX K TOMy BpeMeHH GbUIO yxe HeMaJIO, a BblBOflbl 06
1 B BoJirapHM CO BpeMCHH OTKpblTHfl nepBblX 3H3KOB npM paÖOTC OKCneÄMUHM B ÜJinCKe 6bl-
TyeT MHCHHC, HTO ÖOJIbUIHHCTBO 3H3KOB HBJIHeTCH ßyKBCHHblMH 0603HaHeHHHMH. IlpCOTOJiaraeTCa, 4T0
TaMroBbie 3HaKM 6hjih Mcnojib3OBaHbi npM 4>opMMpoBaHMH ajitJiaBUTOB (Oexep, 1934; .IJoH'ieB, 1972),
MJiM xe, hto 6yKBbi yxe cymecTByiomeM nucbMeHHocTW ynoTpeßjüuiHCb b KaHecTBe 3HaKOB coGctbch-
hocth hjih 3HaKOB-anoTponeeB («Pexep, 1925; EeineB-nueB, 1973).
16	B.E. (Dnepoßa. TpacfDcpmn Xaaapnn
aTHMHeCKOft OÄHOpOÄHOCTM H3rOTOBKTeneH Kupnnneü H KepaMWKK aeJiaiOTCfl Ha
OCHOBaHWM CXOJKeCTM HeCKOflbKHX 3H3KOB, KOTOpbie npH 60Jiee BHHMaTejIbHOM
npocMOTpe, aaxce hhcto BnayaabHOM 6e3 noacneTOB, oKasbiBaiOTca xapaicrepHbiMH
AJia OAHon KaTeropHW HaxoaoK h hohth nojiHOCTbio OTcyicTByiOT na npyroH.
M.PI. ApTaMOHOB He 6bui corjiaceH c ero BbiBO,aaMH: KpenocTb ctpohjih 3bhbkhh-
Hbi (apeBHHe ßojirapbi), cnnaaeT oh, 3HaKH Ha KHpnnnax naxoiw anaaoran b 3toh
KyjibType, Toraa KaK cxoacTBa co 3HSKaMH Ha KOHeBHnnecKon KepaMHKe He Haöjno-
aaeTca (ApTaMOHOB, 1959: 6).
ITomhmo KHpnwHen h KepaMHKw rpa(j)(i)HTH Gbuin oÖHapyxceHbi Ha HeKoropbix
npeaMerax BemeBoro KOMimeKca roponuma: rpa^nnecKHe H3o6paxceHna Ha paaana-
Hbix KocTMHbix npeziMeTax, Ha acTparajiax (He onyöaHKOBaHbi), Ha npacjiHixax.
Bojibinaa nacTb npeaMeTOB c rpa^^Hra maana b “Tpyaax Boaro-floHCKOH apxe-
ojiortmecKoü SKcneamjHH”.
Cpaay nocjie oKOHHaHH» pa6oT b CapKejie HamwaiOTCfl CHCieMaTHHecKHe ap-
xeojiorHHecKHe pacKOHKH TaMaHCKoro ropoanma, Hanarbie eine b 1930 r. A.A. Mhji-
jiepOM h naßinne, no onpeaeneHHio K.K. JlanyiiiKHHa, MaTepnajibi xaaapCKoro Bpe-
mchh. B 1952—1955 rr. aKcnejumnio BosraaBjmeT B.A. PbißaKOB. Cpe.au Gojibiiioro
KOJiHnecTBa MaccoBoro KepaMHnecKoro MaTepnaaa H3 btkx pacKonoK öbuio 280
(J)parMeHTOB aM$op h apyrax cocyaoß c rpa^KTH. C.A. ITaeTHeBa, onyGjiMKOBaB-
mas KepaMMKy TaMaHCKoro ropoÄHma, HaMepeHHo OTKaaajiacb ot hx oöpaßoTKH,
OTMCTHB, 4T0 3TO TCMa OTflejIbHOrO HCCJICflOBaHH«, OlCHb BHXHOFO £JUI H3yHeHHfl
aMcfrop, hctophh Topona h ero ToproBJiH (IDieTHeBa, 1963). ßaHHbie pacKonoK
TaMaHH (cpeflHeßeKOBOH TMyrapaxaHH), a Taioxe apyrnx ropoaoB h nocejieHHH
TaMaHCKoro n-Ba h KpbiMa hmciot npHHUHHHajibHoe 3HaneHHe juih paapaßoTKH
TeMbi. ConocTaBJieHHe 3HaKOBbix chmbojiob h pncyHKOB cajiTOBCKHX h npnnepHO-
MopcKHX naMHTHHKOB, HMeioiHHXCH Ha KepaMHKe h CTpoHTejibHbix MaTepHajiax
(mctkh Ha nepenHuax) nocTO«HHO HjjeT no Mepe HaKonjieHHH MaTepnajia c toh h
c apyroH CTOpoHbi. Oho noMoraeT BbiacHHTb He tojibko creneHb npoHHKHOBeHH«
xaaapcKoü KyjibTypbi b npHMepnoMopcKyio 3OHy, ho h ycTaHOBHTb cnjiy oßpaTHO-
ro BJIHHHHH BH3aHTHHCKOH HHBHJIH33LIHH Ha CaJITOBO-MaailKyiO KyilbTypy He TOJIbKO
KpbiMa h TaMaHH, ho h rioaoHba. Bojibinon BKJiaa b paapaßoTKy npoßneMbi bhc-
cjih AJI. ^koöcoh, 3.H. Cojiomohhk, A.K. PoMaHnyK, Tajinc, B.E. PynaKOB,
B.A. CnaopeHKo h npyme HccjieaoBaTejiH, 3aHHMaBinHeca cpe/meßeKOBbiMH naMar-
HHK3MH KpbiMa.
HoBbiii HHTepec k paHHecpejiHeBeKOBOH rpa^HKe Boctohhoh Eßponbi Bbi3Bano
OTKpbiTne n nySjiHKaiiHB pyHHnecKHx Haanncen h 3H3kob XyMapHHCKoro roponnma
Ha CeBepHOM KaBKaae (Kyaneiioß, 1963). E.II. AaeKceeBa (1971) onpenejinaa noc-
jieaHne KaK 3H3kh MacTepoB, c neM 6bui He Bno/iHe corjiaceH B.A. KyaneuoB (1971:
135), cHHTaBiiiHH 3to onpeaejieHHe cnopHMM “xot» 6bi noTOMy, hto He sce 6jio-
kh MeneHbi 3HaKaMH”. Haanncn, a cooTBeiCTBeHHo h 3H3kh ropojiHma B.A. Ky3-
HeiiOB othöc k xaaapcKHM, oh xce noc^HTaji hx OÄHOBpeMeHHbiMH nepnony cTpo-
HTenbCTBa yKpenneHHH. PacKonicn Ha ropoanme 6buiH nponoaxceHbi A.B. Taano h
X.X. BmvKHeBbiM b 1974—1980 r. h 3HaHHTe;ibH0 nononHHJiH KoaneKnnio 3HaKOB.
Bbuio oÖHapyxeHo TaioKe HecKonbKo pncyHKOB Ha KaMHMx KpenocTH. riocneaoBajia
npeaBapHTenbHaa (BnaxHeB, Taano, 1979), a 3aaeM n öoaee nojiHa» nySjiHKanna
3HaKOB h pncyHKOB, conpoBOx<aaBiiia5icfl hx CKpynyjiesHbiM anajiH3OM (BnaxcneB,
1983). OnpeaejieHO hx mccto cpean aHajiornHHoro Marepnajia CeBepHoro KaBKa-
3a h mnpe — cpeaHeßeKOBOK Eßponbi, npoßeaeHbi conocTaßneHHa c aTHorpa^n-
necKHM MaTepnaaoM. OöpameHO BHHMaHHe Ha TonorpacJiHHecKHe ocoGchhocth
pacnonoxceHH« 3H3kob, HeoöxoaHMbie ana peineHHH Bonpoca o btophhhocth hc-
nonb3OBaHHH öbokob, nocTaßaeHHOM T.A. MnnaeBOH (1971). 3a(J)HKCHpoBaHHbie
Tnaßa I. HcTopnorpacfDUHecKHii onepK	17
X.X. EiWKueBbiM Ha noßepxHocra Gjiokob 3hbkh n Haanncn no3Bojinjin caeaara
Bbißoa, hto KaMHH BbrrecbiBaaHCb cnennaabHO aaa XyMapwHCKOü Kpenocra n 3HaKH
Ha BHyrpeHHHX rpaHax Gbian BbiceaeHbi b nepnoa aoöbian h oGpaGoTKH KaMHa, a
na noBepxHOCTK creHbi — bo BpeMa ee BO3BeaeHna. Ebuia npeaaoxena nmepec-
naa ranoTeaa HHTepnpeTaunn 3HaK0B: ocHOBHaa aacTb 3HaKOB, BbipeaaHHbix Ha
KaMHHX, HBJIHJiaCb poaOBbIMH H JIHHHblMH TaMraMH MCCTHOTO HaceJICHU«, CTpOHB-
iiiero KpenocTb noa pyKOBoacTBOM onbiTHoro apxHTeicropa, n cayxwia MernaMH aaa
yaera BbinojiHaeMon 3a onpeaeaeHHbm cpoK paGorbi. 3HaKH caeaaHHbie oxpoft na
BOCTOHHOM CT6H6 TOpO/JlHIia IIO CJIOK) IIITyKaTypKM H BO3O6HOBJI«BmHeca nocjie
noöejiKw, BnanMO, KaK h 3HaKM na CTenax cBaraaHma, HaHOcnancb c KyabTOBon
uejibio. HanpwMep, nocae BO3BeaeHHa KpenocTH na crene Gbum HapncoBaHbi raMra
npaßamnx poaoß. ÄaH noapoGHbiü 0630p TnnoaorHaecKoro Ha6opa xyMapKHCKnx
3HaKOB, npnBeamnn aBiopa k Bbißoay o necrpoTe STHnaecKoro cocTaßa Haceaenna
KpenocTH, bo MHoroM 6jiH3Koro HacejieHHio apyrnx paiioHOB CeBepHoro KaBKaaa,
cajiTOBO-MaauKOH KyjibTypbi h ßyHancKOH Soarapnn. B ochobhom, 3HaKK Gbian
ocTaBJieHbi öojirapaMH, xhbihkmh b sto BpeMa b OTaeabHbix pawonax CTenHoro
IIpeAKaBKa3bfl. O&bacHeHne Ganaocra TaMr Ha ctojib yaaaeHHbix Teppnropnax X.X.
SnaxHeß HmeT b tom, hto HaceaeHHe bthx paüoHOB HeKoraa Morao ßxoawTb b
cocjaB eawHoro naeMeHHoro oGbeanneHna, KMeBmero cboh o6mnü naeMeHHOÜ
3H3K, noMHMO TaMr oTaeabHbix poaoB h hx noapasaeaeHHÜ. 3tot Bbisoa noaTßep-
xaaeTca aaHHbiMH oraorpa^HH.
B 60-70-e roabi npoaoaxaioTca HccaeaoBaHHa aoHCKHx Kpenocreu. B
1959—1960 r. C.A. ITaeTHeBa BO3o6HOßaaeT pacKonKH IIpaBoGepexHoro IjHMaaH-
ckoto ropoanma, ho H3-3a toto, hto ero oöopoHHTeabHbie coopyxeHHH paaoöpa-
Hbl ao OCHOBaHHfl, HaXOaKH MeneHblX 3H3K3MH KaMHCK M KHpflHHCH ÖbUIH eaHHH4-
hm (ITaeTHeBa, 1967a: 42). TaKxe oaeHb Maao MaTepnaaa no 3HaKaM aaaH
nocaeayioinHe pacKonKH Kpenocra CoBeTCKO-EoarapcKoii OKcneaunueM (<T>aepoB,
1987, 1988). Eoaee pesyabTaTHBHbiMH b stom naane OKaaaaHCb paöoTbi Ha CeMH-
KapaKopcKOM ropoaHme (OaepoB, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974). 3aecbHaiiaeHO oKoao
CTa KHpnHHeü n (JjparMeHTOB KHpnHHen co 3HaKaMH.
B 1975 r. 6biaa opraHH3OBaHa CoBCTCKO-Boarapo-BeHrepcKaa apxeoaoraaec-
Kaa SKcneanuH« noa pyKOBoacTBOM C.A. TTaeTHeBou, npoaoaxnBinaa pacKonKH
MaauKoro ropoanina. B peayabTare KoaaeKixna 3HaKOB, pHcyHKOB n HaanHcen 3Ha-
HHTeabHO nonoaHHaacb, ocoöchho mhoto hx 6biao HanaeHO b 1977—1982 r., Kor-
aa HccaeaoBanHCb oßopoHHTeabHbie coopyxeHHa. Bee öaoKH H3 3aBaaoB Kpenoc-
rabix ctch npocMarpHBaancb c ueabio oÖHapyxeHHa 3HaKOB nenocpeacTBeHHO Ha
MecTax HaxoaKH, hto no3Boanao noayaHTb aonoaHHTeabHbie aaHHbie no Tonorpa-
0hh pasaHHHbix thhob HaaepTaHHH Ha ropoanme. OTMeaaaocb mccto h Bbicora
pacnoaoxeHHa H3o6paxeHHH Ha coxpaHHBiiieHca aacra ctch, oGpamaaocb BHHMa-
HHe Ha TexHHKy oöpaöoTKH MeaeHbix rpanen h cnocoöbi HaHecenna 3HaKOB, aeaa-
ancb 3aMepbi rayÖHHbi nrrpHxa. JJaa KonnpoBanna 3HaKOB b nepBbin roa pacKonoK
npHMeHaaacb KaabKa, a 3aTeM noanoraaeHOBaa naeHKa, npopncoBKH Ha kotopoh
OTanaaioTca bmcokoh tohhoctbio. 3tot Meroa xopomo 3apeKOMCHaoBaa ce6a b
1970, 1971 r. npn KonnpoBaHHH nacKaabHbix pncyHKOB Ha Enncee (Ulep, 1980: 68).
HanGoaee neHHbie naoGpaxenna 6bian nepeaaHbi Ha xpaHeHne b Toc. SpMnrax.
PesyabTaTbi nepßbix nara aeT pacKonoK aacraaHo nsaaHbi b cGophhkc “MaauKoe
ropoanme” (M., 1984).
B 3tot cGopHKK Bomaa h craTba C.A. ITaeTHeßofi “PncyHKK Ha CTenax Ma-
auKoro ropoaHma”. HecMOTpa Ha ancTO nyGanKannoHHbie nean, KOTOpbie npecae-
ayeT 3Ta paGora, OHa coaepxnT HecKoabKo npnHnnnnaabHO hobwx momchtob,
OTpasnBmnx oGmyio TeHaeHunio k aeTaaH3auKK h c[)opMaan3aunH onncaTeabHoii
18	B.E. 0repoBa. rpa00MTH Xaaapnw
n yrjiyßjieHHK) anaaHTHHecKon nacrn nccaeaoBaHnn, Kacaioinnxca naMHTHHKOB
apeBHero HCKyccTBa. B crarbe aaH noapoGHbiü KaTajior c onncaHHeM MecTonaxox-
jjeHKH pncyHKOB, creneHH nx coxpaHHOcra, a TaKxe coxpaHHOCTH h pa3MepoB
öjiokob h rpanen c pncyHKaMH. Ilpopncn aaHbi tohho n c MacnrraGaMH, oTcyrcTBo-
BaBUiHMn b npexHnx nyGaHKaiwix. JJaa Hanöojiee MHoroHKcaeHHbix oanopoaHbix
rpynn naoGpaxeunn Konen h apyrnx xkbothbix npHMeH*noTca Meroabi ^opMajin-
3aunn onncannn: cocraBaaioTCH cithckh npn3HaKOB, aeaaerca nx Koppejumna, Ha
ocHOBaHnn KOTopon BbiHepHHBaiOTca rpa(|)bi CBaaen. B pesyjibTaie aaerc« nepßaa
KJiaccn^HKauHH cajiTOBCKoro pncyHKa no CTnancTHHecKKM npn3HaKaM: 1 — pea-
jincTKnecKne; 2 — c saeMeHraMH cxeMarnsaiiHH h 3 — npeaeabHO cxeMaraHHbie.
KnaccH^HKauna nosßoanaa BbiaeanTb hcckojibko pncoBanbinHKOB n caeaaTb bbi-
Boa, SHaneHne KOToporo Tpyano nepeoueHHTb: o cbh3H MKKpoTonorpa^nn pncyH-
KOB, BbinOJIHCHHblX OAHOH pyKOÜ. Ajlfl BCCX pncyHKOB GblJIO OTMeieHO OTCyTCTBne
npo(J)eccHOHajiH3Ma ncnojiHewm.
ITomhmo anajinaa KOHKpeTHbix naoGpaxennn craTb« coaepxnT paa naccaxen
no oöiuhm BonpocaM rpa(|)HKH MaauKoro ropoanma, KOTopaa paaaeaena Ha cae-
ayioinne rpynnbi: 1 — 3HaKH MacrepoB, rayGoKo BpeaaHHbie b noßepxHocTb KaM-
hh; 2 — 3HaKH-rpa4>$HTn; 3 — GecnopaaonHbie jihhhk; 4 — pyHHnecKHe Haann-
cn; 5 — pncyHKH. nepBbie neTbipe, no Knaccn^nKaunn 5I.A. Ulepa, oTHeceHbi k
KJiaccy 3HaK0B, a nocaeaHjm rpynna k HanGoaee HHijjopMaTHBHOMy KJiaccy oGpa-
3ob (Illep, 1980). Ho Ta xe Kaaccn^HKaiiHa 51 .A. Ulepa oroBapnBaer cymecTBOBa-
Hne H3o6paxeHnn, 3aHHMaiomHX npoMexyroHHoe noaoxenne Mexay oöpaaaMH n
3HaKaMH, “noiiHOCTbio jinineHHbiMH KaKoro-anGo H3OMop4)K3Ma no othoihchhio k
CBoewy aeHOTary” (Ulep, 1980: 49). B runyio rpynny H3o6pa3HTejibHbix cioxctob,
oGpaaoB, nonajin HeKOTopbie H3o6paxeHna, KOTopbie CKOpee “KOMMyHHKaTKBHbi”,
neM uHH(J)opMaTHBHbi”: opHaMeHTanbHbie MOTHBbi, HeKOTopbie npeaeabHO cxeMa-
THHHbie pncyHKH (?), HanoMnnaioinne xhbothbix, Jiioaen n npeaMeTbi. B CBere no-
CTaßjieHHoro M.H. ApraMOHOBbiM, ho ao cnx nop He pemeHHoro Bonpoca o BO3-
moxhom pasannnn (JjyHKijnn pncyHKOB n 3HaKOB (ApTaMOHOB, 1935), oraeceHne
oTaeabHbix HanepTaHnü k onpeaeaeHHOMy KJiaccy nMeer npnHimnnajibHoe 3Haae-
nne. B to xe BpeMfl, paaaeaenne npn onyöaHKOBaHnn rpa^HHecKoro Marepnaaa
(ncKaioHaa Haanncn) no onpeaeaeHHbiM rpynnaM HeBoabHO oGeanaeT n ncKaxa-
eT npeacTaßaeHne 06 ncTOHHHKe, He ToabKo norowy, hto hh oana H3 neTbipex
rpynn He hmcct c apyrHMn hötkoh rpaHHUbi hh b TexHHKe ncnoaHeHna, hh b to-
norpa4)Kn, hh b Mop^oaornn, ho k norowy, hto yrayGaaer n 6e3 Toro HewanbiH
paapbiB Mexny HaniKM BocnpHameM apeBHen rpa<|)KKn n nepBOHanaabHo saaoxeH-
hoh b Hen HHijjopManHeÄ. B coanaHnn pncoBaBinero creneHb cxeMaTHaaunn o6-beK-
Ta K3o6paxeHHH He oGaaareabHO aaBHceaa ot ypoBHs aGcrpaKiiKn oGpaaa. OanH h
tot xe npeaweT mot Ghtb nepeaaH KaK KOHKpeTHbiü pncyHOK nan noxoaHTb aaa
Hainero raaaa Ha 3HaK b aaBHCHMOCTH ot nenn pncyHKa Han TpaannHH oGmecTBa
(cm., nanp., Bapaaßeanaae, 1957). HoaroMy aioöaa caMaa TinareabHaa KJiaccH(j)H-
KauH« apxeoaorHHecKoro Marepnaaa, OTaeasnomaa pncyHKH (oGpasbi) ot 3HaKOB,
HBaaeTca paGonen KaaccH^KKauKeii aaa KecaeaoBaHHa, a He oTaeaaiomen HKOHor-
pa^HHecKne naoGpaxenna ot nnKTorpa^nnecKHx.
K BbimeH3aoxeHHOK npoGaeMe tccho npHMbiKaeT Bonpoc o bosmoxhom cy-
inecTBOBaHKn H3o6pa3HTeabHbix TaMr y caaTOBiieB. C.A. HaeTHÖBa othocht k tbm-
raM ToabKo cxeMamHHbie H3o6paxeHHH aioaeft n xhbothmx. HeKOTopbie pncyH-
kh, He HMeioinne xapaicrepa TaMm, moeth cayxHTb aaa otmctkh CBoen TeppHTopnn
BOHHaMn, HecmnMH Kapaya y creHbi. rnnoresa ocnoBana Ha HaGaioaeHnn Haa mkk-
poTonorpaiJmen pncyHKOB, caeaaHHbix oaHon pyKOÜ.
rnaea I. HcTopnorpactJunecKnüi onepK	19
CioxeTHbiö m cTHJiMCTMHecKBM aHajiH3 pncyHKOB MasniKon Kpenocra noÄTBep-
jjuji hx 6jiw3octb pncyHKaM XJyHancKOM Bojirapnn. C.A. rijieTHeBa oTMenaeT, hto
□th pncyHKH h pncyHKH MOHrojibCKne n MHHycnHCKHe «bjuhotch 3BeHbHMH e/jn-
hoh xyzioxecTBeHHon ihkojim h “nonanaiOTCs TOjibKO b Tex panoHax CTenn, rae
BCTpenaiOTCH n annrpa^nnecKne naMMTHHKH pyHHHecKoro opxoHO-eHnceHCKoro h
poACTBCHHoro ewy (npon3BOjiHoro ot Hero) nncbMa” (ILieTHeBa, 1984: 91). Iloc-
jie^Hee yTBepxcaeHne HyxaaeTca b TaKoü xe npopaöoTKe KaK n sonpoc o npoH3-
BOJIHOCTH pyHHHeCKHX aJl4>aBHTOB.
Ha 3Ton paöoTe, e/inHCTBeHHon b OTenecTBeHHon HCTopnorpatjinH ucjihkom
nocBHiiieHHOH cajiTOBCKoid rpatjjHKe, moxho 6buio 6bi 3aKOHHHTb 0630p HeßojibiiioK
jiHTepaTypbi, KacaiomencR 3HaK0B n pncyHKOB ropo^nm paHHecpeflHeßeKOBoro Ho-
jjoHbfl. Ho Ha HecKOJibKO oTJinnaiomencfl ot BbiineH3jioxenHbix KJiaccn^HKaiiKH h
HHTepnpeTaunn 3Toro Marepnajia, npe/xnoxenrion 6ojirapcKMM yneHbiM 4m. JJhmht-
poßbiM b ero KHnre “Hpa6ojirapbi CeBepHoro h 3ananHoro HpnHepHOMopbn” (4n-
mhtpob, 1987), xoTejiocb 6bi ocTaHOBHTbca hmchho cennac, no Toro KaK a nepen-
jjy k o63opy 6ojirapcKHX nccjienoBaHHH, Kacaioiunxca MaTepnajioB xoth n 6jih3khm
k HaniKM, ho He aBJunoinnxcfl b aaHHOM cjiynae npejiMeTOM nayneHnn. KHnra 4m.
ßHMHTpoBa He coaepxnT cneiinajibHoro paaaena no KHTepecyiomeK Hac TeMarn-
Ke, ho paaöpocaHHbie no pa3HbiM ee MecTaM SKCKypcbi oöpncoBbißaioT uejiocTHyio
KOHuennnio. npejuioxena cjie^yioina« KJiaccn^HKanHa: a — pncyHKH xueothbix
h jnoaeü; 6 — cHMBOJiHnecKO-MamnecKHe 3HaKH (cßacTHKH, neHTarpaMMbi, Kpe-
cTbi h T.n.); b — pyHHaecKHe tiopkckhc öyKBeHHbie 3HaKn h Hannncn, Kyna, KaK
cjieayer H3 TeKcra, BKjnoHenbi Bee 3HaKn He reoMeTpnHecKnx onepTaHnn: TaK, 3HaKH
Ha Knpnnnax Ha3ßaHbi pyHHHecKHMH öyKBaMH n öyKßeHHbiMK coneTaHHiiMn (4*i-
MHTpoB, 1987: 158, 159). PynaMH oh cnnraeT TaKxe xyMapnHCKne 3HaKn (c. 139).
B cbh3h c paöoTOH A.M. IJHepöaKa yxe roBopnjiocb o TenneHUHH o6T>flBJiaTb nncb-
MeHHbiMH (pyHnaecKKMH) Bee 6yKßoo6pa3Hbie 3HaKn, ho, b OTJinane ot A.M. IHep-
6aKa, 4m.4hmhtpob cnHTaji Bee 3HaKH n pncyHKH npHnajuiexaiiiMMH MecTHOMy
HacejieHHio, araoc KOToporo oh onpeaejiaeT aocTaTOHHo ojjHosHaHHo — npa6o;i-
rapbi (4kmhtpob, 1987: 11, 160). Hm oh ckjioh6h npnnncbiBaTb h rpa^)^™ Ha
aM<j)opHon KepaMHKe CapKejia, hcm oö-bacHaeTca HacKOJibKO TenneHLiHO3Hbin, Ha
moü B3rjuw, no^6op niunocTpauKH b ero KHnre (/Jhmmtpob, 1987: 161. Phc. 25).
Xoth 4m. 4hmhtpob HHKaK He onpoBepraeT npejuioxenHyio M.H. ApTaMOHOBbiM
TpaKTOBKy ocHOBHon Maccbi Hen3o6pa3KTejibHbix 3HaKOB KaK TaMr, b ero KJiaccn-
4)HKauKH He ocTaeTca ruia hkx MecTa, TaK KaK Bee 3HaKn pacna/iaiOTca hjih Ha
caKpajibHbie chmbojih, hjih Ha 6yKBbi. 3ra KJiaccH(J)KKanH5i, KaK n BbicKaaaHHoe hm
noaoxcHiie, hto pynnnecKne 3HaKH Hcnoab3OBanncb c MaranecKHMH ucjihmh (one-
bkuho, no aHajiomn co cKaHnnnaBCKHMH pyHaMH?) cornacyeTca c ero ranoTeaoH,
pa3BHBaioinen mhcjib M.H. ApTaMOHOBa o MaranecKOM HasHaneHnn 3H3kob Tnna
“aa6npnHT” h cioxeTHbix pncyHKOB. OcHOBaHa OHa Ha tom (£aKTe, hto pnoßpaxe-
hhh Ha Knpnnnax He hmcjih 3CTeTKHecKon (JjyHKUHH, TaK KaK He 6buin bmähbi
nocjie BO3Be/ieHH5i ctchbi. 4m. 4hmktpob Äo6aßjnieT, hto BHyrpb ctch öbuih no-
BepHyTbi TaKxe HeKOTopbie 3HaKK Ha XyMapnHCKOM k MaauKOM ropo^Kinax. Oh
nejiaeT BbiBoji, hto Tpannnna HaneceHH« rpa^HTH CBjnana, xoth 6bi oTnacTH, c
pejinrKO3HbiMK npejjCTaBJieHHHMH oähoh onpenejieHHon rpynnbi c ojiHHaKOBOH
pejinrnen — npa6ojirapaMn (4kmhtpob, 1987: 162).
4onojiHjnoT ocHOBHyio Maccy hctohhhkob, nponcxojiflmnx c roponnm, MaTe-
pnajibi cejiKin n MornjibHKKOB, xoth 3necb HaxojiKn npenMeTOB, Ha KOTopbix BCTpe-
naiOTCH KaKne-jiHÖo HanepTaHKH — 6o^binaa penKOCTb. Hame Bcero nonanaiOTCfl
H3.ne.nna H3 kocth c BbirpaBnpoBaHHbiMH pncyHKaMH k 3HaKaMn, pexe — KepaMH-
necKne (t)parMeHTbi, oneHb pe^KO Ha nocejieHHHx n MornjibHHKax Haxonar khphhhh
20	B.E. 4>jiepoBa. PpacjjcfDUTH Xaaapun
c MeiKaMH, nepeHeceHHbie, bmäkmo, c cpiHxpoHHbix ropoAwm. PacKoriKH BepxHe-
CajiTOBCKoro apxeojiornqecKoro KOMiuieKca b Hanajie BeKa n BO3o6HOBJiaBiiiMecM b
50—60-r. k b nocneAHee BpeMH, paöoTbi C.A. rijieTHeBOM Ha ZImmtphcbckom mo-
rmibHWKe, pacKonKH B.K. Mnxeeßa b XapbKOBCKon oGnacTw n nccjiejjOBaHHH
K.H. KpacHjibHUKOBa b JlyraHCKow ziajin hcckojibko hccsitkob HaxoaoK, yKaaaHHe
Ha nyöjiwKauKH KOTopbix 6ynyT jiaHbi b cooTBeTCTByiomnx pasnejiax paöoTbi. Ha-
KanjiHBaeTcn n nonaaaiomKM b Mysen cjiyqaÜHO HanaeHHbiH MaTepnaJi. HanGojiee
nojiHO m KOMnaKTHo onyßjiKKOBaHbi rpa^KTH Ha koctk, K3 pacKonoK Hobojih-
MapeBKM w yKejiToro b cTaTbe K.K. KpacmibHHKOBa (1979), rae Pi3JioxeHbi Taoce
oneHb HHTepecHbie pesyjibTaTbi HsyneHna TexHOJioran HaHecenmi H3o6paxeHHÄ Ha
KOCTH.
CioxceTHbie pncyHKn, HHor.ua npeflCTaBJunoiijMe MHorotJjnrypHbie komhoshumh,
BbirpaBHpoBaHHbie Ha kocthhbix npejiMcrax, crajiw oGbcktom HCKyccTBOBeanecKoro
aHanu3a b KHHre T.A. ^ejjopOBa-flaBbijxoBa “HcKyccTBo kohcbhmkob h 3ojiotoü
OpAbi” (M., 1976). Ha ocHOBaHMM cpaBHeHK« aaKOHOMepHocreü b pa3Birrnn ctk-
JIHCTHKK CIOXCeTHblX K OpHaMCHTaJIbHblX MOTHBOB, CHOBa JJOKa3bIBaeTCH CXOJICTBO
ncKyccTBa Bcero noaca eBpaanncKux crenen, cpejin Koropbix cajiTOBCKnn pncyHOK
Ha kocth oTJiMHaeTca 6onbiiieH cboöoäoh komhoskuhh no oTHonieHHio k $opMe
npe/iMera no cpaBHeHMio c KOMnosunnaMii Ha cejuiax H3 Kyaupis h KoneHCKoro
naa-Taca (jinrbe): npejiMCT KaK 6bi oöepnyr b rpaBupoBKy (C’ejiopoB-JIaBbmoB, 1976:
77). B 3tom npoHBHJiocb npHHUKnnanbHoe otjihhhc HCKyccTBa paHHecpeAHeßeKO-
BblX KOHCBHMKOB OT CKH^O-CHÖHpCKOrO aHHM3JIH3Ma. B TO XC BpeMB, XOTH WCKyC-
ctbo anoxn cpenHeBeKOBba OTpa3HJio cymecTBeHHbie K3MeHeHHH b MnpoBO33peH-
HecKon ccßepe, OTHejibHbie ajieMeHTbi CKH(J)o-cn6HpcKoro 3BepHHoro cthjih
npoßoiDKaioT cymecTBOBaTb b anoxy XasapcKoro Karanara (CJeaopoB-JXaBbmoB,
1976: 74, 199).
ZVia paapaßoTKH tcmw BaxHbiMH jibjihiotc51 peayjibTaTbi nccjieaoBaHKK rpactm-
HecKoro (J)OH,na HajuiHceii cajiTOBO-MaanKOH KyjibTypbi, npoBOÄHBuiHeca
M.H. ÄpTaMOHOBbiM (1954), A.M. IIJepßaKOM, T.O. TypnaHHHOBbiM (1971),
CT. KiifliuTopHbiM (1979) h H.JI. Kbi3JiacoBbiM (1990), a raKxe anaiim HKOHorpa-
c[)H4ecKHx ocoöeHHOCTen nsoOpaxennid xiiBOTHbix n jnoaeti b MerajuionjiacTHKe
Xasapnu, npoBeAeHHbiü H.A. 4>ohmkoboh (1988).
***
C Konna 40-x r. b BojirapHH HannHaiOT öbicrpo HaKanjiHBaTbca h peryjiapHO
H3aaBaTbC5i 3HaKH h pHcyHKW anoxH üepBoro BojirapCKoro uapcTBa. Jlnreparypa
no rpa^HKe ÄyHancKon BojirapwH KaK nyöjiHKanHOHHoro , TaK m HccjieflOBarejib-
CKoro xapaKTepa HacTOjibKo oßbÖMHa, hto aaTb b HacTOnmen maße ee nojiHbin
0630p H6BO3MOXHO, a ynoMMHy TOJibKO paöoTbi >K. AjianxoBa, B. Ahtohobok, M.
Acnapyxoßa, B. BemeBjineBa, Ct. BaKJiHHOBa (CraHneBa), JT. JXoHHeBoil-neTKOBoü,
Ct. MHxaüJiOBa, T. MuxafuioBoii, X[m. OßnapoBa, JI. OmenoBoil, T.ToreBa, nocB«-
tkbuihm 3T0Ü TCMe cnenHajibHbie craTbM hjih paanejibi b MOHorpa4)HBX. OnHa pa-
GoTa no 3HaKaM ITjihckh HanncaHa T.H. MaKapoBon n C.A. ITjieTHeBOÜ (1984). On-
peaejieHHbiM HToroM b MsyneHHH GojirapcKOM rpa4)HKn crann Tpn Bbiinejnnne c
HeGojibiiiHMK nepepbißaMH MOHorpacjjHK no pa3HbiM paajiejiaM tcmbi: KHHra JI. Z(oh-
HeBoid-rieTKOBOM no 3HaKaM (1980), JjM.OBHapoßa “BojirapcKwe cpenHeßeKOBbie pn-
cyHKn-rpa(j)c|)HTn”, nocTpoeHHaa, b ochobhom, Ha apxeojiorpmecKMx Marepwajiax
(OßnapoB, 1982), h KHwra M. Acnapyxoßa (1984) o CKaubHbix pncyHKax Ceßepo-
3anaaH0M BojirapHM.
Tnaßa I. McTopnorpact)i4HecKHi4 onep«	21
JI. JJoHHeBa-IIeTKOBa aaBepiumia Ha coßpeMeHHOM 3Tane c6op h CHCTeMaTH-
3aunio 3HaKOBoro MaTepwajia, BKinonaß w KepaMtmecKHe KJienMa, h rpa^^HTK, Ha-
qaTyio eme Kp. MnaTeBbiM. Bcero coßpano Gojiee 1300 shbkob h hx coHeTaHHÜ.
Bhjio OTMeneHO pa3JiHHHe b (JjopMe 3HaKOB-rpa<l)(j)HTH h pejibe^Hbix 3HaKOB
icneHM Ha cocyaax. BpesaHHbie 3HaKH hc hmcjih cymecTBeHHbix pa3JiHHHH b pe-
nepTyape, 3aBHCflinHx ot rana oßbeKTa HaneceHHa hjih xe TeppnTopHH hx Haxox-
.neHHfl. üoaTOMy KJiaccH<t)HKaun5i zuih hhx 6buia ocHOBana Ha 4)opMe. Bbijih bbi-
aeJieHbi: A — caMaa öojibinaH rpynna ßyKBeHHbix 3HaKOB, BKjnonaioinaM 3HaKH
aHaJlorHHHbie opxoHO-eHHcencKHM pynaM, rjiarojinnecKHM, khphzijihhcckhm h
rpenecKHM ÖyKBaM. TTo cbokm (JzyHKLiHsiM bth 3HaKH modim öbrn», no mhchhio
aBTopa, He TOJibKO GyKBaMH, ho h poaoBbiMU h jihhhhmh 3HaKaMH, a TaKxe hmctb
MarHHecKoe n ap. SHaneHnn; B — reoMeTpnnecKHe 3HaKH npnMeHBJincb name KaK
KJienMa, nacTb H3 hhx — conapHbie 3HaKH, nacTb — Taxirn; B — coneTaHne py-
HHnecKHx h reoMeTpHnecKnx; T — CHMBOJinnecKHe, TaKHe KaK JiyK co CTpejion,
KpeCTbl, 3BÖ3ÄbI, CBaCTHKH, TpHKBCTp, JiaÖKpHHT H JI — aHTpOHO- H 3OOMOp-
0Hbie; E — HeonpeaejieHHbie. ZJji5i Bcex rpynn xapaicrepHO OTcyrcTBne 4ctkhx rpa-
hhu Mexay hhmh. BpeMa cymecTBOBaHHn stoh 3HaKOBOH cncTeMbi orpanuHeHO
snoxon TlepBoro BojirapcKoro napcTBa, T.e. kohuom VII—HanazioM XI b. Ona
ßbuia npHHecena tiopkckhmh h capMaTCKHMH njieMenaMH H3 roxHopyccKHX CTe-
neft, 4bM 3HaKH He ToxjiecTBeHHbi, ho öjikskh no CTpoio npOToßojirapCKHM.
ripKHeceHbi Gbüin OTÄejibHbie 3HaKH, Bepoirmee Bcero öyKBbi, a hx pa3BHTHe h
pacnpocTpaneHHe npoxoaHJio yxe Ha MecraoH ocHOBe, b tom nncjie h b cjiaBHH-
cKon cpeae.
X[m. OßnapoB paccMaTpHBaeT pncyHKH-rpac[)(l)HTK paHHecpeaHeseKOBOH Eoji-
rapHH KaK ueHHbift hctohhhk no H3y4eHKio ee hctophh, OTpasKBniHH peajiHH 06-
mecTBa, KOHKpeTHbie HCTopnnecKHe coGbithh, nepeMeHbi b pejiHTHO3HOM MHpOBO3-
3peHHH nocjie npHHHTHa XpHCTHaHCTBa, CHHKP6TH3M nepBOHa^aJIbHOH H3bineCKOH
pejinrnn c KyjibTOM npejiKOB, BepxoBHoro ÖoxecTBa TeHrpn k niaMaHH3MOM. IIo
CTHJIHCTHMeCKHM OCOÖeHHOCTBM OH BbmeJIfleT peaJIHCTHHCCKHe H CHMBOJIHHCCKHe
pHcyHKH. Cthjib pa3BHBaeTca ot nepBOHa»iajibHoro ynpomeHHoro k peajincTHHec-
KOMy pncyHKy. Eo/irapcKOMy HCKyccTBy Gbuih npncyiiiH ßce c^ynKUHH, cbohctbch-
Hbie STOMy poay aejiTejibHOCTH: KOMMyHHKaTHBHaa, MeMopnajibHan, MarnnecKaa n
ocTeTHnecKaa. PncyHOK TpaaHiiHOHen, cbohm nponcxoxaeHHeM oh oöaaaH npoTo-
öojirapaM, npnHeciiiHM ero H3 IJeHTpajibHOH Ashh h Ch6hph. OTMenena Gjihsoctb
C CaJITOBO-MaJUJKHMH pHCyHKaMH H CHMBOJIHHCCKHMK 3HaK3MH.
KHHra M. Acnapyxoßa npHMenaTejibHa tcm, hto b hch Gojibiuoe BHHMaHne
yaejieHO MeTOflHHecKon nacra nsyneHH« pncyHKOB h cHMBOJinqecKHx 3naKOB sno-
xh cpeßHeBeKOBbH, BbipeaaHHbix Ha CKanax h b nemepax. Abtop npHMennji kom-
njieKCHbiH noÄXOA k MaTepHajiy: Hcnojib3yiOTC5i TpaccojiornH, MHHepajiornn, mo-
ziejiHpoBaHHe, MeTo^bi MaTeMaTHnecKoi! cTaracraKH c Hcnojib3OBaHH6M 3BM.
JJaHbi KapTbi, CHTyanHOHHbie njiaHbi oTfleiibHbix oöbeKTOB, MHKpoTonorpacjpHyi
H3o6paxeHHH. C>opMajiH3ann« onncaTejibHOH nauTH no3BOjiHJia cocTaBHTb TaÖJiH-
Ubi c MaKCHMajibHoil jiorHKOH, npeaejibHo oGjiernaiomeH paßoTy c 352 pncyHKa-
mh b hhx noMemeHHbiMH. Kaxuoe H3o6paxeHne HMeeT Maciirraö, hto pe/nco zum
ßojirapcKHX H3jiaHHH, aTaKxe CHaßxeHO jjonojiHHTejibHbiMH yKaaaHHjiMH pa3Me-
poB, rjiyÖHHbi h THnojiomnecKOH xapaKTepncTKKH pejibe4)a KOHTypa, pacnojioxe-
hhü Ha oßbeKTe h yKaaaHHHMH aHajiornti. Bee Tpn BbimeonHcaHHbie MOHorpa^HH
CHaßxeHbi KaTajioraMH.
22	B.E. <t>nepoßa. rpa(t>4)MTH Xaaapnw
***
Eme hct oGmero CBQna no rpa^KKe Bojdkckok Bojirapnn .noMOHrojibCKoro Bpe-
mchh, ho MaTepnaji no 3HaKaM, KaK rpac^KTn, TaK h KJiefiMaM coGpan m o6o6in-
öh b p^e MCCjiejjoBaHnn (KasaKOB, 1985; KoKopuna, 1989; KonKnna, 1983, 1985,
1989; XajinKOB, 1988). HaKaiuiMBaioTca n nyGjiKKyiOTCM Taoce naMHTHMKM paHHe-
GojirapcKoro pwcyHKa (XajiHKOBa, 1976; Xysnn, 1989).
MeHee nccjiejiOBaHa rpa4)MKa CeBepnoro KaBKasa, no KOTopon cymecTByeT
noKa tojibko pha OT/iejibHbix nyG/iwKaunn shhkob Ha KepaMHKe n KepaMPinecKHx
KJieüM (At^aHacbes, 1980; EnaxneB, 1985; MaMMaeB, 1973), pncyHKOB n 3HaKOB,
Ha jipeBHKx nocTpowKax: KpenocTax, xpaMax, ycbinajibHnijax rana CKJienoB n CKajib-
Hbix MormibHHKOB (ApTaMOHOB, 1946; Bjwkhcb, 1983; KpynHOB, 1963; MapKOBHH,
1983; MnHaeBa, 1971). nocjieflHMe cGjinxcaioTCH c neTporjiM^MKon, b kotopoü
MccjiejjoBaTejiK TaKxe BbwejiaioT paHHecpejiHeBeKOBbin njiacT (MapKOBHH, 1958;
EaÜHopoB, 1983, 1987), xotji npKHnnnbi flampoBKn neTpomn^OB CeBepnoro KaB-
Ka3a noKa cjiaGo paapaGoTaHbi. 3a HCKinoieHneM MaTepnajiOB XyMapHHCKoro ro-
pojtnnia, o KOTopbix yxce roBopMJiocb, no 3TOMy pernoHy hct cßo/ia naMHTHHKOB,
no3BOjunomnx npoBecra cKOJibKO-Hn6yAb oGocHOBaHHoe cpaBHenne c HaniMMn
MaTepnaJiaMH. Oho 3aTpyaneH0 cnopHbiMM BonpocaMM jjampoBOK juia pjijja naMHT-
hukob CeBepnoro KaBKasa, rae Tpajn-mmi aejiaTb 3HaKn n pncyHKK Ha cKajiax m
nocTpoüKax coxpanneTCs HenpepbiBHO BnjioTb so coßpeMeHHocTM.
JJjUI Toro, HTOGbl OnpeflejIHTb BO3MOXCHbie KCTOKH rpa(l)HKM CaJITOBO-MaaUKOÜ
KyjibTypbi, cpezin KOTopbix Gojibuimhctbo nccjieAOBaTejien Ha3biBaeT Jiße CTpyti: Tiop-
KCKyio n capMaTo-ajiaHCKyio, a TaiQKe ee nocjiejiyiomMe cyubGbi npHxojiKTca o6pa-
maTbcsi k MaTepnajiaM npeamecTByiomHX n nocjieayiomnx KyjibTyp. HanGojiee pa3-
paöoTaHHOH HBjmeTca npoGjieMaTWKa capMaTCKHX 3HaKOB, Gojiee hcm aByxcoraeTHJUi
HCTopns M3yHeHwa KOTopbix nojipoGHO n3JioxeHa b KHnre B.C. .ZJpanyKa (1975).
OcHOBHbiMH cBOßKaMH mx CTajia 3Ta KHnra, a Taoce Gojiee paHHSfl, ho hc MeHee
neHHaa n b HCTOHHUKOBeAiecKOM h b TeoperraiecKOM ruiane MOHorpa^na 3.H. Co-
JI0M0HMK (1959).
J3,jhi pemeHMH Bonpoca o KOHTaKTax, bjimhhmmx hjim hojihom cmchc TpaaMiin-
OHHOM 3HaKOBOK CMCTCMbl, HTO 0C06eHH0 aKTyaJIbHO JUUI rpa^^HTM C MHOrOCJIOM-
hbix CapKejia m TaMaHH, hcoOxoammo oGpamenne k npeBHepyccKMM 3HaKaM Ha 6bi-
tobom h CTpoHTejibHOK KepaMHKe, MCCJie/iOBaHHbix b paße pa6oT B.A. PbiGaKOBa,
n.A. Pannonopra, JI.A. Bejiaeßa, h zipyrux apxeojioroB-cjiaBHCTOB. E^MHCTBeHHa^
cBo/nca 3HaKOB c 30Ji0T00pjibiHCKMX naMHTHMKOB caejiaHa M.fl.IIojiyGoapnHOBOM
(1980), oGHapyjKMBiuen mhofo oGmnx nepT b 3H3kobom penepryape HacejieHna 30-
JIOTOOpflblHCKHX K CaJITOBO-MaHHKHX HaMJITHHKOB C OßHOft CTOpOHbI M GoJiee HO-
34Hero STHorpa^KHecKoro MaTepnajia tkjpkckmx TaMr c apyron.
ÜHTepnpeTMpOBaTb 3HaKOBbiM MaTepnaji, aa n M3o6pa3KTejibHbie cioxceTbi He-
BO3MOJKHO He oGpailiaflCb K JiaHHbIM 3THOrpa(t>KHeCKMX KCCJieAOBaHKM. O63OPBI pa-
Got no TaMraM naHbi b BbiineynoMSHyrbix paGoTax B.C. ZtpanyKa k M.fl. ITojiyGo-
JipnHOBOM. Ohm b aocTaTOHHOM Mepe xapaKTepnayioT pa3Hbin hoäxqh k npoGjieMaM
npOHCXOJKHeHMH, npMHajVieXCHOCTM, Ha3HaHeHKH, pa3BHTKH M SaMMCTBOBaHHH 3Ha-
kob. He MeHee ueHHbiMH mbjuhotch ajih Hac HaGjuoAeHHH, Kacaiomneca (fceHOMe-
Ha HapoÄHoro pncyHKa: 3to khmbm B.B. Bap_HaBejiHH3e o cbhhckom pncyHKe (1957)
m JI.P. Kbi3Jiacoßa n H.B. JleoHTbesa (1980) o TpaHMunoHHbix pncyHKax xaKacoB,
nocTaBKBmwe He MeHee KHTepecHbin MaTepnaJi /uia noHMMaHna c<J)ep npHMeneHnn
jipeBHero pncyHKa, hcm nccjiejiOBaHMH aBCTpajiHMCKMX pe/iMKTOB.
TnaBa II
3HAKM HA CTPOHTEJlbHblX MATEPMAJ1AX
KaK cjiejiyeT H3 npeAbmymen rjiaBbi, HanMeHbinne npoTHBopenHM Bbi3biBai0T
xpoHOJiornnecKMe rpaHMLibi cymecTBOBaHwa nsyHaeMOW rpa4)WKK: bto Konen.
Vni"X b., jjJia Bojirapwn hcckojibko ninpe — äo nanaJia XI b. KyjibTypHaa npn-
naanexHOCTb Tpaannnn onpeaejmeTca KaK ApeBHeßojirapcKaa, a ee npoMcxoxae-
HHe KaK ueHTpajibHoaanaTCKoe c capMaTO-ajiaHCKKM BJiHHHueM. CxojjHbi n nepe-
tjKCJiHeMbie ocHOBHbie nepTbi: 3HaKn, HanoMKHaioinKe opxoHo-eHwceKCKJie pyHbi,
CMMBOJIMHeCKMe 3H3KM, epeflM KOTopbix MHOTO COJIHpHblX, M npHMMTKBHbie pweyHKH
c xapaicrepHbiMH cioxeraMPi kohck ii bcbähmkob. OßjiacTb, rae HanHHaiOTCM npo-
TMBOpeHHfl, CBH3aHa C 4)yHKUKOHaJIbHbIM Ha3HaHeHMeM rpa$)C|)MTH, HeaaBMCHMO OT
Toro, hsct jim peqb o npHHajuiexcHocTM naoßpaxeHMS k öyKBaM mjik TaMraM, cmm-
BOJiaM MJIK pncyHKaM MJIK O IjeJIK, C KOTOpoif OHO aeJiaJIOCb. HeOflHO3HaHHbI OIieH-
kk (JjyHKiiMK cioxceTHbix pncyHKOB: MarmiecKaa, acTeraHecKaa kjim yrMJiMTapHaa
(3HaK coöctbchhoctk; HopMa BbipaöoTKn). Eine ypynnee pemaeTCH Bonpoc o Ha-
3Ha*ieHMM ÖyKBO- MJIM TaMrOO6pa3HbIX 3H3KOB M CaKpaJIbHblX CMMBOJIOB, K KOTOpbIM
o6biHHO othocht reoMeTpnnecKMe k cojiapHbie 3iiaKK. 9rHorpa<J)MliecKMH MaTepnaji
ÄaeT HaM npKMepbi He tojibko HeoflHO3HanHocTH TaMr, cpejin kotopbix ecTb ime-
MeHHbie, poßOBbie, ceMeiiHbie, ßOJDKHocTHbie, TaMrn ziyxoB, ho n HaiiHHMH coßep-
meHHO ocoöon KaTeropnH 3HaK0B, MMeBiunx MarnnecKoe SHaneHMe m HUKorB,a b
pojin TaMra He ynoTpeöjiMBuinxcH. Ohm CTaBMjincb jhoäbmm m3 pa3Hbix pojjoB npn
KJIHTBaX M KyjIbTOBblX AeMCTBMUX (CmMHCHKO, 1965: 107). Pa3BMTHe (j)OpM COÖCTBeH-
HOCTM K K3MeHeHMH B pejIMFMO3HbIX HpejICTaBJieHKflX BJICKJIM 3a COÖOM TpaHC^JOp-
MaiiKK) ponoBbix 3HaKOB b ceMeüHbie m jiHHHbie, saÖBeHMe nepBOHanajibHoro
caKpajibHoro cMbic/ia H3o6paxeHHK TOTCMa n acTpajibHbix cmmbojiob (Cmmhchko,
1965: 111).
CjieayeT npM3HaTb, hto ycnemHOMy pemeHKio cnopHbix BonpocoB o ^Yhklim-
onajibHOM Ha3HaneHMn 3hbkob KJiaccMcjjnKaunfl, nocTpoeHHaa KCKnioHMTejibHO Ha
Mop^ojioniHecKHX ocoGeHHOCTax K3o6pax<eHKM cnocoßcTBOBaTb He öyjieT, xoth OHa
m yaoÖHa AJia cpaBHeHMM rpa^JMKH pa3HMX KyjibTyp. Ilpn paOore co 3HaKaMK can-
TOBO-MaaiiKKX naMHTHMKOB 5i ncnojib3yio cxeMy, xoponio anpoönpoBaHHyio npn
M3y4eHMM 3H3KOB CapMaTCKOTO BpeMCHM M HMCIOinyiO p5IA HCTOHHHKOBejUieCKHX
npenMymecTB. Ona öbuia npejuioxceHa eine b 30-x rr. H.A. 3axapoBbiM (3axapoß,
1935) k pa3BMTa b rpyae 3.H. Cojiomohhk (1959). IIpnHUHn ee ocHOBaH Ha Bbi-
aejieHKK öjiokob M3o6pajKeHMM, HaxoflMMbix Ha cxojjhbix no CBoeMy xapaKTepy na-
MHTHHKaX, HOCKOJIbKy CMCTeMaTM3aHM5I no c4>epaM npnMeHCHUH pa3JIMHHbIX K3O6-
pajKeHMK ÄaeT inane Ha BbmBJieHHe hx (JjyHKLiKOHajibHOM 3HannMOCTM. TaKaa
cncTeMaTH3auM5i öbDia c ycnexoM npUMenena ajim BbmejieHK» pa3JiHHHbix KaTero-
pnn 3HaKOB CacaHMACKoro Ptpana (BopncoB, JlyKOHMH, 1963), a Taoce Mcnojib3o-
Banacb b pajje öojiee paHHKx nyßjiKKaiiMH, n noaxce, KaK Hanöojiee pannoHajibHa5i.
Ilpn 3tom cncTeMa 3HaKOB HJiM pHcyHKOB, CB5i3aHHaa c onpejjejieHHOM KaTeropM-
en Haxo^OK, nojiHee BKiHonaeTcn b komiuickc apxeojiomHecKnx npoßjieM. KpoMe
Toro b MeTOAMHecKOM iuiaHe KJiaccn4)MKaLiH5i, narapoBKa n HHTepnpeTannn Tpeßy-
iot pasjiKHHoro nouxona k rpa^xJJMTK Ha pa3Hbix oßbeKTax. OnnHaKOBbie no $op-
24	B.E. «fyiepoiaa. TpacjDcfDUTn Xaaapnn
Me 3H3KM Moryr OKaaarbcn npnHannexainnMH k pa3HbiM KynbTypaM, ecnn paccMar-
pwßaTb mx b coBOKynHOCTH c o^HopoAHbiMK no oGteKry HaneceHMH MaTepuajiaMH.
npeHeöpexceHMe xe k npoMCxoxneiimo m (JiyHKiiHM MeneHbix npenMeroB i-ien36ex-
ho npHBeAÖT k ohihGomhoh MHTepnpeTauMM 3H3kob, Ha hmx HaneceHHbix. Ilpn
cKCTeMaTK3aiiHM Gojibinoe BHMMaHMe HeoGxonnMo ynennrb tcxhmkc ncnonHenna
3H3KOB, OTpa3KBLIien HeKOTopbie paaJIHHKH B UeJIHX, C KOTOpbIMM MX aejiajin. ripw
Knaccn^MKaunn BHyrpn öjiokob M3o6paxceHKM a ciapaiocb npMnepxcnBaTbca yxe
BbipaGoTaHHbix rpannunn onncaHna, hto oGnerinr nocnenyioinnii chhtc3 MarepM-
ajia: BbinenniOTC« pa3pjuu>i pncyHKOB, cnMBOJiMHecKMX m reoMeTpnnecKHX 3HaKOB,
npocTbix JiMHeiiHbix, T.e. Tawroo6pa3Hbix n (nnn) ornejibHMX GyKBeHHbix 3H3kob,
a Taioxe UM(j)p, KparKne Hannncn. BHyrpn paapnnoB M3oGpaxceHH5i nenaTcn Ha rpyn-
nbi. Flpn BbmejieHMH rpynnbi Geperca ^)nrypa, Jiexamaa b ocHOBe HanepraHnn
(Kpyr, nyra, nepra n T.n.). «IJeneHne Ha thhh nponcxonnr no ocoGchhoctjim (£op-
Mbi M3o6paxceHHH — 3to ocHOBHaa ennnniia Knaccn^HKaunn, nocKOJibKy rpynna
moxcct BKjnonaTb (^yHKUMOHajibHO paannnHbie HanepraHnn 11 cjiyxnT ncKmoHHTenb-
ho nnn oGnemeHnn noncKa. He3HaHMTe;ibHbie ornnnna b neranax nsoGpaxennH y
OÄWHaKOBbix (|)Hryp cjiyxaT ocHOBanneM nna Bbinenenna BapnaHTOB. OrnenbHo
aHajin3npyioTca coneraHna H3o6panceHnn n KOMnosnnnn H3 yxe paccMOTpeHHbix
b oGmen KJiaccn^KKaunoHHOü cxeMe nsoGpaxeHnn.
3HaKn n pncyHKH Ha KaMHe
(no MaTepwanaM ManuKoro Topo/jHiija)
MaaiXKoe roponnme aßnaerca noKa enwHCTBCHHon KaMeHHOM KpenocTbio cpen-
HeBeKOBoro IlonoHba, rne HanneHa cepna rpa^^MTK no cßoen npencTaBHTenbHO-
ctm, cpaBHMMaa c KOJUieKiinjiMH rpacjK^HTH LIjimckh n IIpecjiaBa. K HacTonmeMy
BpeMeHH MX KOJIMHeCTBO CBblllie HeTblpeXCOT.
IIOMKMO HaXOÄOK Ha ManiJKOM K3B6CTHO HCCKOJIbKO 3H3KOB, OÖHapyXeHHblX
Ha KaMHJix IIpaBoGepejKHoro Ummjihhckoto ropojinina, a Taioce ynoMHHyTbie
H.K. JlanyiiiKHHbiM 3HaKM m M3o6paxeHMH Ha oGjimiOBOHHbix KaMHHX OubiuaHc-
koto m CajiTOBCKoro ropo^Mm (JlanyiuKMH, 1958 a: 135). Fpa^KTn Ha KaMHax
cMHxpoHHbix naMHTHMKOB M3BecTHbi b KpbiMy (PynaKOB, 1979: 108; BapaHOB, 1990:
55, 57, 61). Eojibman cepna pncyHKOB, HazmnceH n 3H3kob oTKpbiTa Ha CeBepHOM
KaBKase npn pacKonKax XyMapMHCKoro roponnma (BmuKneß, 1983).
3h3kk MainiKoro roponnina oneHb pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi KaK no TnnaM, TaK k no pa3-
MepaM m no rnyGiiHe pejibeiJmocTM HanepTaHMM. TexHMKa HaHeceHM«, cooTBeT-
ctbchho, Toxce pasjiMHHa. IlepBas rpynna: M3o6paxeHMH npouapanbiBajincb Ha
MJirKOM MenoBOM 6/ioKe name octpbim, ho KHorna TynbiM opynneM. Jlnnna nojiy-
najiacb OAKHapHaa, HernyGoKaa, oGbihho 1,5—2 mm, pexce 3 mm TJiyGnHOü. B otom
TexHMKe BbinojiHeHbi Bee pncyHKH n Haanncn Ha creHax roponnma, a TaioKe Gojib-
man nacTb TaMroo6pa3Hbix n reoMeTpnHecKnx $opM 3HaKOB. 3ro rpynna rpac^HTH.
BoJIbLLIHHCTBO Tpa^X^HTH nOHBHJIOCb HOCJie TOfO KaK CTeHbl Gbuin CJIOXteHbl, HO
KaKaa-To nacTb Morjia öbiTb HauapanaHa bo BpeMB nocTponKH n naxce nocjie pa3-
pynjeHHH ctch Kpenocra. BTopaa rpynna: 3HaKH myGoKO nponepneRHbie octpbim
npeuMeTOM. TnyGnHa pe/ibe^a — 4—5 mm. DiyGxe BbipesaTb 3HaK TpynHO, TaK KaK
npn CBoen noaaTJiHBOcra Men xpynoK, Kpan 3HaKa HannnaiOT KpomnTbcn n oh
TepneT hötkoctb. JIhhhm MaccnBHbix 3HaKOB TpeTben rpynnbi oGbiHHO Bbipesanncb
CHanana c oähoh, 3aTeM c npyron cropoHbi, npn otom BbieMKa nonynanacb V-oG-
pa3Hon b cenennn, a b rnyGnHe ee moxcho 3aMCTMTb nße napannenbHbie TOHKne
nnnnn, ocTaßneHHbie ocrpneM. TaKaa TexHMKa no3Bonnna nenaTb Gonee ninpoKne
n rnyGoKne (no 1,5 cm) bhhhh. TaK BbinonHeHbi MHorne 3HaKn MacrepoB Ha cre-
rhaBa II. 3naKw Ha cTpomenbHbix Marepnanax	25
x rinHCKM (MaKapoBa, FLieTHeBa, 1984: 212). HaKOHen, nocjienHne Äße rpynnbi
HaHeceHbi opym-iflMn, npHMeHaBHiHMMca npn oGpaGoTKe Gjiokob: tccjiom m 3y6n-
j!OM. Cjicjim Teana bmahbi npaKTMnecKH na Bcex GjioKax ropojinina. UlMpuHa jie3-
5-7 cm. 3naKH BbiGnBajiMCB mjim hphmbimm yuapaMM, oöpaayn ycrynBi hjih
HalcnoHHBiMM yzxapaMH c jjßyx cropoH. DiyGMHa pejiBei^a KOJieÖJieTca ot 0,5 no
2 0 cm. ÄB3 3Haxa BbiTecaHbi ocoGchho DiyGoKo: onMH Ha 3, npyroM Ha 4 cm. 3h3kh
BbiöwTbie HHCTpyMeHTOM Tnna 3y6njia mmciot HepoBHbie Kpan, no neHTpy yrnyGjie-
hmh 3aM6THbi nacTBie oKpyrjibie bbiGomhbi. HonoGHaa TexHMKa oTMenaeTcn raioxe
jjjir 3HaKOB riJiMCKK (MaKapoBa, rijieTHeBa, 1984: 212).
A. Mmhiothh nwcaii, hto GnoKM MaaijKoro roponMina hmciot tojibko nße rnan-
kmx noßepxHOCTH, ocTajibHbie xe OTecaHBi äobojibho neGpexno (Mkjiiothh, 1909:
154). HaöjnozieHHe Gbuio cnejiano nna Gjiokob “uMTanejin”. Bjiokm KpenocTHOM
cieHBi, HMeiomeü nsa naniiBipa h 3a6yroBKy, TinaTejiBHo oTecBiBanncB k naxe 3ar-
jiaxnßaJiHCB tojibko nnn (Jiacana, c oähom ctopohbi. Bnaronapa 3TOMy oGcTOMTejib-
cTBy, a TaioKe TOMy, hto MarKnü mcji öbictpo BBiBeTpMBancn, ^obojibho jictko ot-
jiWHMTB JimjeByio noßepxHOCTB ot rpy6o o6pa6oTaHHBix topuobbix ctopoh, Gojiee
cbctjibix, nacro co cnenaMM nonrecKM npn nonroHKe k cocenneMy 6jioKy. XapaK-
rep noßepxHOCTH KaMHM, Ha KOTopyio HaHeceH 3HaK, naeT bosmoxhoctb onpene-
jihtb, BBipeaaH oh bo BpeMa nocTpOMKM hjih Ha yxe cnoxeHHon crene. Koppena-
UHfl pejiBe4)HOCTH 3HaKa c xapaKTepoM oGpaGoTKH noßepxHOCTM Gjiokob,
npoBefleHHaa nJia 193 3H3kob roponMina, npeMMyinecTBCHHO nocnenHMX Tpex jict
pacKonoK (TaGji. 1) noKaaajia, hto Ha noßepxHOCTH ctch MaanKoro roponmna 3Ha-
km, BBipeaaHHBie rJiyGxe, hcm na 3 mm npaKrnnecKH He BCTpenaioTca. Tojibko oäkh
3HaK b (JiopMe GyKBBi “hhchjioh”, bhähmo, cnynaMHO nonaji b (Jiac Knannn. Bto-
pon cjiynaü, Korna 3HaK rnyGuHon Gojiee 3 mm nonaji Ha JimjeByio cTopony Gjio-
Ka — 3T0 3HaK “nTMHBH jiana”, HaneceHHBiM Ha Gjiokc, ynaBineM co ctchbi. Ero my-
ÖHHa 5 mm. Eine nßa ctojiihhx panoM TjiyGoKO BBipeaaHHBix 3HaKa Gbijih
oÖHapyxeHBi H.E. MaKapeHKo b caMOM HH3y KJianKH ctchbi. Tonnaa rjiy6nHa nx
Hen3BecTHa, ho, cyna no npnßeneHHOMy H.E. MaKapeHKo pwcyHKy, ona TaKxce He-
BejiHKa (MaKapeHKo, 1911: 20). BbiGmtbic hjih rnyGoKo (rjiyGxe 5 mm) BpeaaHHBie
3H3KH Ha nOBepXHOCTH CTCHBI HM pa3y HC BCTpCHCHBi: OHM XapaKTepHBI MCKJIIOHM-
tcjibho juim nepnona nocTpoMKn KpenocTH. Hpn BO3BejxeHMM ctch Gjiokk c nojxoG-
HBIMM 3H3KaMM CTapaJIHCB yJIOXCMTB MeHCHOM CTOpOHOM BOBHyrpB, HT06BI 3H3K He
Gbiji BMjieH. E.n. ÄJieKceeBa oTMenana anajiorMHHBiM npneM Ha GjioKax XyMapMH-
CKoro roponnina: 3HaKK noMemajincb GojiBmeü nacTBio He Ha BHeuiHen, a Ha BHyr-
peHHeM cTopoHe Gjiokob (AneKceesa, 1971:115). Ho naxce Te 3HaKn cTpoKTejieM Xy-
MapnHCKoro roponnma, KOTopBie npn yKJiaaKe ctchbi nonann Ha ee ^ac, He Gbijim
bmähbi, TaK KaK mx noKpBiBaji cjiom niTyKaTypKM. Ha XyMapMHCKOM ropoAMine, KaK
n Ha MasajKOM 3HaKH Ha yxce yjioxceHHOM crene bbihojihchbi b mhoü TexHMKe: ohm
pncoBajincB oxpoft (BnnxcneB, 1983: 84). Apyraa TpannnMH cymecTBOBajia y crpo-
MTejieM BHyTpeHHero ropona Hjimckm: TjiyGoKO BBipeaaHHBie 3hbkm MacrepoB nac-
to BCTpeaaioTCM Ha hmxchmx Tpex panax Ha noßepxHOCTM ctch. B mx pacnojioxce-
hmm OTMenena 3aKOHOMepHOCTB, cBaaaHHaa c oGBiiaeM mctmtb TaMron Macrepa
ynacTOK bo3bo4Hmom mm ctchbi (MaKapoBa, HjieTHÖBa, 1984). Ho n 3/iecB cyme-
CTByeT KaTeropHa t.h. “ BHyrpenHMx” 3HaKOB, CB»3BiBaeMBix c nponeccoM M3roTOB-
JieHMM M TpaHCnOpTMpOBKH GJIOKOB (Jl,MMMTpOB 51., 1993).
Xoth Ha MaanKOM roponmne 3HaKM MacrepoB b Macce CBoen oTjinnaioTCM ot
Tex, hto HaMjjcHBi Ha naHUBipnx ctchbi, HejiB3M npoBecTM hötkom rpaHM Mexny 3Ha-
KaMM, ocTaBJieHHBiMM bo BpeMH m nocjie crpouTejiBCTBa. CyinecTByioT 3HaKM-rpa(i)-
(Jjmtm, hbho HaneceHHBie no yKJianKM Gjioxa b creny, T.e. rpaHB, Ha kotopom ohm
HapncoBaHBi, He ÖBUia jimucbom, a OTJiMnaeTca HepoBHon, rpyGo oTecaHon, cbct-
26	B.E. <t>nepoBa. FpacfDc^wTn Xa3apnn
jioid noßepxHocTBK), hto xapaKTepno nn» ctopoh Gjiokob, oGpameHHMX BHyrpb
KJiaaKW. HeKOTopbie 3HaKH-rpa<i)(i)nTH conpoBoxcnaioTcn 3HaKaMH, bmGhtmmh Ka-
MeHOTecaMH. JJjih pana 3HaKOB-rpa(})4)HTn hcbosmoxho ycraHOBHTb, Ha KaKOH rpa-
hh GjiOKa ohh Gbuin HaHeceHbi, H3-3a (JjparMeHTapHOCTH nocnenHero, mjim OTcyr-
CTBHH UaHHbIX. B03M0>KH0, flO HOCTpOHKH CTCHM 6bDI HaHCCCH p»n Tpa^^WTH Ha
rpaHH, KOTopbie 3aTeM OKasajincb jinucBMMH (MaKapeHKO, 1911; HneTHeßa, 1984).
KpoMe Toro cymecTByeT HecKOjibKO necnTKOB 3HaKOB, cnenaHHbix, nojib3yncb Tep-
MMHOJiorweK H.E. MaKapeHKO, yrnyGneHHMM mrpnxoM (ßbipesaHHbix Ha rjiyÖMHy
4—5 mm), npoueHT BCTpeuaeMOCTH Koropbix Ha noßepxHOCTH ctchm KpaÜHe HM30K
(4 3HaKa), ho ohh bcö jkc npHcyrcTByioT. ITohth bcc nonoGHbie 3HaKH othccchm
MHOK) K 3HaKaM, OCTaBJICHHMM CTpOHTCJIHMH KpenOCTH, HO H3A0 yHHTMBaTb HCKO-
TOpyiO yCJIOBHOCTb 3T0T0 pa3nejICHHH flJIH 3H3KOB, BbinOJIHCHHblX b nonoÖHOM Tex-
HHKe, ocoöchho juix Tex cjiynaeB, Korna xapaKrep noßepxHOCTH rpaHH He ycraHOB-
jieH hjih He Gmji 3acj)HKCHpoBaH, naxe necMOTpn Ha to, hto nnn nepnona
CTpOHTejIbCTBa HMCHHO T3KHC, DiyGoKO Bpe3aHHbie OflHOiH JIHHHCH 3H3KH nanGo-
jiee xapaKTepHbi.
IIocKOJibKy pacHÖTbi noKa3bißaiOT pa3HHuy b ynoTpeGjieHHH tcxhhhcckhx npn-
eMOB npn (JiHKcnpoBaHHOM hojioxchhh H3o6paxeHHa Ha Gjiokc, h, cuenoBaTejib-
HO, B03M0XH06 pa3JIHHHC (JjyHKHHH H3O6paxeHHH, CÄCJiaHHblX B pa3HOH TCXHHKC,
uajibHeHHiHH aHajiH3 3H3kob rjiyGoKo BpeaaHHbix h 3HaKOB-rpa<J)(|)KTK npoBonnr-
ca omejibHo.
IPAOcDHTH. Okojio 60% rpa^HTH HanncHo Ha KaMHnx, ynaBiiiHx co ctch,
b aacTHOCTH, Ha KaMHMX napanera, BemaBinero creiiy (HneTHeBa, 1984; A^anacbeB,
1984). Ha coxpaHHBmeHcs KnanKe H3o6paaceHHa, no noncueraM njieTHÖBOH, pac-
nojiarajiHCb Ha bmcotkc 0,6—0,8 hjih 1,2—1,6 m, to ecTb Ha Tex yiaciKax, rne Gbijio
yaoGno pHCOBarb cnna hjih ctoh (HneTHeBa, 1984: 57, 59). 3naKH, pncyHKH h
HajjriHCH pacnpenenenbi no panaM KJiaaKH cnenyiomnM oGpasoM: Ha btopom paay —
4 3HaKa, b TpeTbeM — 2, b ueTBepTOM — 18, b iuitom — 30, mecTOM — 25, cenb-
mom — 6. PncyHOK nßyx nomanen Gmji Hannen H.E.MaKapeHKO b bocbmom pimy,
a 3a ronbi paGorbi SKcnenHHHH oGHapyxeno eine oaho rpa(J)c|)HTH b bocbmom h ojjho
b neBHTOM p»ny. Ho ecjiH yaecTb, hto inecTon paa coxpaHHJica tojibko b oTnenb-
Hbix MecTax KnaaKH, a ot cenbMoro h BoebMoro ocTajincb OTaenbHbie KaMHH, to ecTb
ocHOBaHHa npennojiaraTb, hto ocnoBHaa Macca rpacfi^HTH HaHOcnnacb Ha Bbicory
4—9 pnaoß, T.e. ot 0,8 no 1,90 m ot 3cmjih, no bmcotm HecKonbKO nonHHTon pyKH.
HocKonbKy npoueHT BCTpeuaeMOCTH rpa(i)(i)HTH Ha “H3HaHOHHOH” noßepxHOCTH
Gjiokob ropaano Hnxe, hcm Ha jihucboh (cootbctctbchho 23% h 77%), to moxcho
saKnioHHTb, hto ocHOBHaa uacTb ipa^HTH, HaHneHHan b aaßanax ctch, 6buia He-
Korna HaHecena Ha cenbMoft—nesaTbiH pnabi mianKH, a TaKxe Ha 6jiokh napanera
(HjieTHeBa, 1984). KcTam, npn peKOHCTpyKunn napanera hckotopmh Marepnan
moxct naTb pacnonoxeHHe rpa^ujiHTH Ha ero nerannx. B HacTHocra,
H.E. MaKapeHKO oGnapyaain GnoK ocHOBaHHH napanera, rne ecTb H3o6paxceHHe He
tojibko Ha Gokoboh r~o6pa3HOH rpaHH, ho h Ha Bepxnen uacm rpaHH c ycrynoM
(pncyHKH nsyx nomanen h Hannncb).
Ho Tonorpa^KH 3HaKOB, nx pacnojioxeHHio no pasjinuHbiM yuacTKaM ctch
TpynHo noGaBHTb HTO-nnGo hoboc OTHOcnrejibHO toto, hto ynce Gbino otmchcho b
CTaTbe C.A. HnerHeBon (HueTHÖBa, 1984. Phc. 2). Hn ouhh K3 bhobb pacKonan-
Hbix yuacTKOB ctch He npeßbiuiaeT no KOJiHHecTBy rpacfiOn™ panoH BHemHero naH-
Ubipn ioro-3ananHon ctchm ot bopot no ioxhoto yma. Bropoe Kpynnoe CKonjie-
hhc — pailoH kdkhoto yrna co ctopohm BHyrpcHHero naHUbipn. Ha ocrajibHbix
yuacTKax ctch k b saßajiax rpaci)c|)KTn BCTpeuaiOTCM hoctohhho, ho He raK uacTO.
CnenyeT OTMeTHTb yuacTOK BHyrpeHHero naHUMpa iofo-boctohhoh ctchm b pan-
fnaßa II. 3h3kh Ha CTponTenbHbix Maiepnanax	27
oHe npwcTpoiiKK 3, rn.e thiokc otkpmto CKoiuieHne rpa^^nra. B ochobhom, ko-
jlM^ieCTBO HaXOAOK 3aBHCHT OT CTeneHH COXpaHHOCTM H paCKOnaHHOCTW CTCH.
3HaKn-rpa4)4)MTii BCTpenaioTCM name Bcero rpynnaMH, HaHeceHHMMH ojjhhm
HJIH pa3HMMH HHCTpyMeHTaMK. KOMHO3H1JHH H3 pa3JIHHHMX 3H3KOB, HaHfleHHMX
Ha ojjhom Gjiokc, CBejjeHbi b OTnejibHyio TaÖJiHiiy. BapnaGejibHocTb 3HaKOB h hx
KOMnosnuuH oneHb Gojibiuaa, noaTOMy, b ijejiHX oSjicfrchrh conocTaßjieHHJi h aHa-
jiH3a 3HaKH H3 K0MII03HUKM h 6jih3khc hm oflHHOHHbie CBejieHM b rpynnbi, OCHO-
BaHHbie Ha MOptjjOJIOFH'ieCKHX OCOGeHHOCTSX 3THX 3HaKOB.
IleHTa- h reKcarpaMMa. Tpynna coctoht H3 14 3HaKOB, npeflCTaBJiaiomHx co-
6oü Äßa BapnaHTa naTHKOHeHHOH 3Be3Ubi: HaHepneHHyK) HenpepbiBHOH jihhhch
(Taßji. I: 1—12) h cocTaBJieHHyio H3 ÄByx TpeyrojibHHKOB (Taßji. I: 13, 14), h ojxhoh
reKcarpaMMbi (Taßji. I: 15). fleBJiTb 3HaKOB oÖHapyxeHO Ha coxpaHHBinenca KJiaji-
Ke, H3 hhx tph (tbOji. I: 1—3) Ha ojjhom ynacTKe ctchbi, bosmoxcho, cuejiaHM on-
HOH pyKOH. riOHTH BCC HCCJICJJOBaTCJIH CXOflMTCH BO MHCHHH, HTO HOfloGHMC 3Ha-
KH H3BCCTHM CLLie C HCOJIHTa H 6pOH3OBOTO BCKa KaK CHMBOJI COJIHIja H COJIHCHHMX
jiyqen (IbjiaH, 1993: 148; «HapKCBHH, 1960: 56; ZIpanyK, 1975: 99) h, cjiejjoBaTCJib-
ho, no KpanHCH Mepe nepBOHanajibHo, hmcjih MarnnecKHn xapaKTep. Ho b anoxy
pa3BHTHa (JjeojiajibHbix OTHomeHHö: Ha onpcaejieHHOK CTajjHH oh Mor ßbiTb yrpa-
«jch. M. KoMina, otmcthb jjpeBHce caKpajibHoe 3HaHCHHe neHTarpaMMbi, BbicKa3bi-
BaeT npezinojioxeHHe, hto btot 3HaK Mor ynoTpeGjiMTbca b paHHe^eojiajibHyio anoxy
“KaK CHHHHIja H3MepeHH5I, HCO6xORHMa5I npH BblHHCJICHHH H OCjjOpMJICHHH BO3JXBH-
raBniHxcM apxHTeKiypHbix naMMTHHKOB” (KoMina, 1962). Oho ocHOBaHO Ha tom,
hto Ha pnMCKOH kojiohhc, noBTopHO Hcnojib3OBaBineHca b anoxy nepBoro Bojirap-
ckoto uapcTBa, neHTarpaMMbi öbijih BbipesaHbi bmcctc co 3HaKaMH “cjiojkhmh
KpecT” h “MeiibHHLia”, a “MCJibHHiia” (“BaBHJion”) npHMeHJUiacb b JJpeBHen Pycn
npn CTpoHTejibHbix pacneTax. KaK jioKasbiBaji X. Aji3rxob (1980: 41—47) b Kyjib-
Type HepBoro BojirapcKoro uapcTBa 3HaK “BaBHJiOH” »bjuuicm caKpaubHbiM. IleH-
TarpaMMa H3BecTHa TaioKe cpezin roHnapHbix kjichm paHHe^eoflajibHOH snoxn b Ho-
XtoHbe (KpacHJibHHKOB, 1976), Ha ceßepe BanKaHCKoro nojiyocTpoßa n Ha Hmdkhcm
«Hynae (KoMina, 1962: 259).
OKpyÄHOCTb. 3H3KOB, B OCHOBC KOTOpblX JICXHT OKpyJKHOCTb, OÖHapyXCHO
Bcero niecTb, npHHÖM tph — b saßane iofo-boctohhoh ctchm KOMnaKTHOH rpyn-
nOH, HO Bee OHH pa3JIHHHM THHOJIOTHHCCKH. 3hBKH BMpC3aHM Ha TJiajIKOH HO-
BepxHOCTH Gjiokob. 3to OKpyxHOCTb co BnHcaHHMM b Hee KpecTOM h jiByMJi na-
pajUieJIbHMMH JIKHHHMH (TaÖJI. L 17); ABC KOHUCHTpHHCCKHe OKpyXHOCTH CO
BHHCaHHMM B HHX KpeCTOM (TaGjI. L 18 — 3H3K (^paFMCHTapCH) H IUCCTb KOH-
UeHTpHHCCKHX OKpyXHOCTCK C npJIMOH JIHHHCH B IJCHTpe (TaGjI. I: 19). H.E. Ma-
KapeHKO Haineji h onyGjinKOBaji 3HaK b BHae Tpex kohiichtphhcckhx OKpyxcHO-
CTeü, kotopmh 3aBepinacT Haanncb (Ta6ji. I: 20). Oh Gmji b cboö bpcmh
TpaKTOBaH KaKjiaGnpHHT (TypnaHHHOB, 1971: 72), oaHaKO H3bcctho ynoTpeG-
jieHHe TaKoro THna 3HaKa b KanecTBe cojiHpHoro chmbojib. HanpHMep, GypaTbi
cojiHije pncoBajiH b BHjje BocbMH KpyroB. AHajlorHHHbie pncyHKH hsbccthm na
cKajiax HpeaGaHKajiMi n 3a6anKajiba (MnxanjiOB, 1980: 223). Hätmh 3HaK rpyn-
nbi HapncoBan noBOJibHO HeGpexcHO Ha bhcihhcm naHiibipe loro-aanauHon ctc-
Hbl H, BO3MOXCHO, H3O6paXCaCT CCTb. IIIeCTOH 3HBK — BMT«HyTa« OKpyjKHOCTb CO
BHHCaHHMM B HCC npJIMMM npOIIBCTIIIHM KpCCTOM — oGHapyXCCH H.E. MaKapeH-
KO (Ta6n. I: 16).
TpHKBeTp. HaiujeHO Bcero aßa 3HaKa stoto rana, npoijapanaHHbie Ha bhciii-
HeM (jjace iofo-boctorho# ctchm paaoM Ha ojihom Gjiokc. Ojihh H3 hhx Hejiopn-
coBan, a jipyroK HanepTaH yßepeHHOH pyKoü. Tphkbctpm “BpamaioTCJi” b npora-
28	B.E. Onepoßa. rpacfDC^HTn Xaaapun
BononoxHbie ctopohm. üepBOMy 3Haxy ßjinaxa scoBKAHaa (jjurypa, HanAeHHaa
H.E. Maxapenxo panoM c pncynxoM nenoBeaecxoro Jimja (Taöji. I: 22—24).
TpeyrojibHHK. IlepBbiH ran — sto TpeyrojibHMX, nepeHepxHyrbin npaMbiM xpe-
ctom (raGji. I: 25,26). Flsa Taxnx 3Haxa HaifaeHbi Henajiexo npyr ot npyra: oamh b
3aßajie, a npyroü Ha BHeniHeM 0ace ioro-3anaAHOM CTCHbi. Heibipe pa3HoranHbix
3Haxa, b ocHOBe xoTopbix jrexaT TpeyrojibHbie (JiHrypM, nponcxoÄHT Taxxe M3 pac-
xonox H.E. Maxapenxo (Taöji. I: 27—29, 31). Oamh m3 hmx (Ne 31) oh TpaxryeT xax
rojlOBy qejioßexa c pacnymeHHbiMK BOJiocaMH (Maxapenxo, 1911: 11). JIobojibho
HeßpexHoe rpaiJxjjMTH, moßpaxaiomee 3Hax “necoHHbie qacbi”, HainxeHo b paüo-
He bopot (Taßji. I: 30). K nocaeAHewy, cejibMOMy Tuny OTHeceHbi uiecTb 3naxoB —
3TO TpeyrojibHHxn b coneTaHHw c aamhhom jihhhcm, ot xoTopoii otxoamt XOpOT-
xun nepneHanxyjuipHbifi otpoctox, b Tpex cjiynaax Toxe nepeHepxHyrbin. Tun
aejiHTC« Ha Aßa BapnaHTa: 1 — jihhkji npoxoAMT nepea BepmuHy TpeyrojibHHxa
(Taßji. I: 32, 33); 2 — jiwhhji MBJiaeTca npoAoaxeHueM ctopohm TpeyrojibHHxa
(TaÖJi. I: 34—37). 3Haxn HaftaeHbi Ha pa3Hbix ynacTxax.
Pom6. rpynna npeACTaBJiena HeTbipbM« 3HaxaMM. flsa — HiMpoxo pacnpocTpa-
HÖHHbiü cioxct: poMß c npoAoaxeHHbiMM CMexHbiMH CTopoHaMH, c “xboctom”.
Oamh m3 hhx, conpoBOxuaeMbiH napanjiejuiMM, HaHeceH yrjiyßneHHbiM peaijOM, h
He HCXJIKJHeHO, HTO OH OTHOCMTCH K nepKOAy CTpOHTeJIbCTBa. 3HaXM, B OCHOBe
xoTopbix JiexuT poMÖ, nacTO ynoTpeÖJiHJiKCb ctpohtcjuimh b xanecTBe mctox, xoth
ÄHHHoro ™na cpeAM hhx hct. Btopom 3Hax HaHeceH Ha bhciiihmh $ac ioro-3anaA-
hom CTeHbi (Taßji. I: 38, 39). TaM xe HaüneHbi n 3Haxn CAeAyx)iHHx thhob: b bmac
Pomöob c npoflOJixeHHbiMH CTopoHaMM (raßa. I: 40, 41).
npHMoyrojibHHKH. 3HaxM, b ocHOBe rpa^HqecxoK cxeMbi xoTopbix JiexwT npa-
MoyrojibHHX wih XBa^paT, HaüaeHbi Ha bocbmu ßjioxax. HeTbipe — niwpoxo pac-
npocTpaHÖHHbiM Tun 3Haxa b bhac nepexpeiueHHoro XBajjpaTa (Taßji. I: 42—45).
Btopom tmh — npjiMoyrojibHHX c otxoaaihkmh ot ocHOßaHna Tpewn xopotxhmh
amhm«mk (Taßji. I: 47). flßa 3Haxa: xßanpaT co BnncaHHon b Hero nacTOM cctxoh
h HenpaBKjibHOH $opMbi npHMoyrojibHa» (JjMiypa, no BHyrpeHHeMy nojno xoTopon
nponepneHbi 3HT3aroo6pa3Hbie jimhkh, cocTaB/uiiOT eflHHyx) xoMnoamiHio. Ecjih
nepBbin 3Hax HMeeT niHpoxnü xpyr aHajioraw, xax cpean MaTepnajia caMoro ropo-
ÄHma, Tax h flpyrnx naMaranxoB (IIojiyöoHpHHOBa, 1980: 130; FeopraeB, 1978a),
to BTopon 3Hax h b uejioM nocTpoeHHe xoMno3HHHH yHwxajibHbi (Taßii. I: 48, 49).
To xe othocmtch h x IT-o6pa3HbiM (JjnrypaM, HaifaeHHbiM Ha aßyx 6jioxax-3y6uax
napaneTa ioro-3anaAHon ctchm. Ha o^hom hx jxeBMTb — no Tpn c xaxzion ziocTyn-
HOH JUIH pHCOBaHMH CTOpOHbI, Ha ÄpyrOM — TpK. Bee 3H3XH BBHO BbinOJIHCHbl OA-
HOH pyxoü. BO3MOXHO, OHM BOCnpOM3BOJWT ßOMHMIJbl, y3xue C BHeiUHeM n mnpo-
xne c BHyrpeHHeK ctopohm (Taßji. I: 46 a, 6).
CeTKa. IIIecTb 3HaxoB, BXJiioHaa Aßa HawaeHHbie H.E. Maxapenxo, npejicTaB-
jihiot coöom peryjiapHyx) ceTxy c npHMoyrojibHbiMK anetixaMM, orpaHMHeHHyio no
BHeniHeMy xoHTypy (Taßji. I: 49—54). Hx moxho paa^ejiMTb Ha aßa Tnna: c nacTbiMM
(N° 49, 50) m c peaxKMK aueuxaMn (Ne 51-54). JJpyron tmh cbtxm — Heperynap-
Hbie, He orpaHKHeHHbie xomypoM nepexpemnBaioinnec$i jihhmk, H^ymne hoa pa3-
HbiMM yrjiaMM apyr x Apyry (Taßji. I: 55-58).
JleceHKa. TpK 3Haxa (Taßji. I: 59, 61, 62), oamh m3 xotopmx moxho othcctk
x nepnoAy cTpoMTeiibCTBa (N° 62). K otok rpynne npnMbixaeT eine qaho rpa^cfiMTH
(Taßji. I: 60), 3aHMMaiomee npOMexyronHoe nojioxenne Mex/iy rpynnaMM “ceTxa”
m “jieceHxa”.
Hepja. 3hbx nepTa M3ßecTeH b xanecTBe TaMra (HoAyßoapMHOBa, 1980: 183),
oh MoxeT MMeTb 3HaneHMe pynnneexoro 3Haxa, Tax xax npncyrcTßyeT b Hannncax
Maauxoro. MoxeT «BaaTbca jikhmcm, cjiynaÜHO npoßeneHHOM Ha xaMHe, Hanpn-
DiaBa 11. 3naKn Ha cipoHTenbHbix Marepnanax	29
Mep, ÄJifl npoßbi HHCTpyMeHTa, jihhhch pasMenaioiuew hjih orpaHHHWBaiomeM nojie
n3o6paxeHHfl (Taöji. III: 27). Oöbihho nepja conpoBO>KjiaeT npyron 3HaK (Taöji. I:
26, 35, 181, 186, 208, 209; Taöji. III: 14, 19, 24, 25). Ha noBepXHOcra KJiaji,KH KaK
caMOCTOHTejibHbiM 3HaK HepTa hu paay He BCTpeqeHa. «Hßa cjiynaa HaxoaKH rpacj)-
(|)MTW OTHOCHTCH K nepHOJiy nOCTpOHKH: 3T0 KOCaa nepTa JUIKHOK 15 CM H TOpH3OH-
TaJIbHaa JIHHHH JUIHHOH 30 CM, BHflHMO, CJiyJKKBHiaa pa3MCTKOH JUIH KaMCHOTÖCa
HJIH CTpOMTejm.
IlapajiJiejiH. Tun 1 — jjße napajuiejibHbie jihhhh (6 3H3kob). ZJßa 3HaKa, Haü-
.neHHbie Ha coxpaHMBiueHCM KJiazjKe BepTHKajibHbi. BapwaHT 1 — innpoKO paccTaß-
jieHHbie jihhhh: cooTHonieHHe paccTOHHHa Mexqjy jihhhjimh h hx jlhhhoh MeHbme,
qeM ouhh k HeTbipeM (Taöji. I: 63—65); 2 — Öjihsko pacnojioxceHHbie napajuiejiH
(Taöji. I: 66—68). Btopoh thii — Äße nepeHepKHyrbie napajuiejiH, Taicxe nejiHTca Ha
aBa BapnaHTa: 1 — uinpoKO paccTaßjieHHbie napajuiejiH nepeHepKHyrbie b BepxHen
qacTH: 3HaK noxoxHH Ha II-o6pa3HyK) (Jjnrypy (Taöji. I: 69—73; Taöji. III: 19); 2 —
napajuiejiH, miHHa KOTOpbix 6ojiee hcm b qeTbipe pa3a npeBbimaeT ninpHHy 3HaKa,
nepeHepKHyrbie nocepejjHHe (Taöji. I: 74—77). Tpn 3Haxa “nepenepKHyTbie napaji-
jieJin” na coxpaHHBuieftca KJiajiKe TaioKe HaHeceHbi ßepTHKajibHO (ra6ji. I: 69, 74,
76). ropH3OHTajibHbi napajuiejiH, conpoßOJKnaioiune pncyHKH hthh (Taöji. I: 65;
raÖJi. III: 11) h, no ßceii bhahmocth, napajuiejiH, BxonHiijHe b cjioxchmh 3HaK c
HByayöueM, ecjin cyuHTb no pacnojioxennoH hhxcc 3oomop$hoh (JjHrype (tb6ji. I:
144, 208). TpeTHH thh — hcckojibko napajuiejibHbix jihhhh, hhcjio kotopbix kojicö-
jieTca ot Tpex no niecTH (Taßji. I: 78—81, 89, 90). JIhhhh 3HaKOß, Ha coxpaHnBinencn
KJiajiKe, KaK h y nßyx npenuiecrßyiomHX thhob, BepTHKajibHbi hjih HaKJioHHM (Taßji.
I: 78, 80, 81). HeTBepTbin thh — hcckojibko napajuiejieü, orpaHHHeHHbix c ohhoh
ctopohm nonepeHHOH jihhhch (Taöji. I: 82, 83). PacnpocTpaneHbi TaKxe 3HaKH b
bhjjc ny^KOB napajuiejibHbix H3orHyTbix jihhhh, HnymHX b ohhom HanpaBJieHHH
(Taöji. I: 85,86,89—92) hjih cjierKa pacxo/winnxcH (Taöji. I: 84,87,88). Ha coxpaHHB-
LUHXca b KJiajiKe öjioKax ohh BepTHKajibHbi hjih cjierKa HaKJioHHM (Taßji. I: 84—87).
üpSlMOH KpeCT. HpOCTOH npJIMOH KpCCT HaHflCH Ha AByX KaMHHX, o6a pa3a B
conpoBOXAeHHH npymx H3o6pa>KeHHH (Taön. I: 93, 94). To xe othochtch k Kpe-
CTy c ouhhm samyrbiM kohhom (Taöji. I: 95). TaKon thh 3HaKa pacnpocTpaHÖH cpe-
nn mctok CTpoHTCJien Ha roponnme. flBa 3HaKa b bhuc KpecTOB c aamyrbiMH koh-
uaMH (Taöji. I: 96, 97) oÖHapyxHJi H.E. MaKapeHKo.
Kocoh KpecT. BcTpenaeTca name (13 3K3eMiumpoB), hohth Bcerjja b conpoßox-
neHHH npyrnx 3H3kob (Taöji. I: 98—103, 105—107, 109). Homhmo npocToro Kpecia
HMeiOTCH THnbl 3HaKa yCJIOJKHÖHHBIX Ha'iepTaHHH: C ropH3OHTaJIBHBIM OTpOCTKOM
(Taöji. I: 108); c otpoctkom h coeuHHHTejibHOH jihhhch Mexoiy JiynaMH (Taöji. I:
107); c coeuHHHTejibHbiMH jihhhhmh b 4Byx BepTHKajibHbix yrjiax (Taöji. I: 109).
“Yroji” hjih “rajiOHKa”. Ipynna BKjnonaeT 18 3HaKOB HByx thhob: npaMOJiHHCH-
hbih yroji k yroji c ojihoh OTorHyron b BepxHen nacTH cTopoHon (Taöji. I: 109, 114,
117, 120—122) noBepHyrbiH Bnpaso hjih bjicbo. fljw npMMOjiHHenHoro yrjia b cjiy-
Hae ero HaxoxcueHHH Ha KJiajjKe otmchchbi BapnaHTbi, Koma oh oöpameH h Bnpa-
BO, H HaJieBO, H BBepX, H BHH3 BepilIHHOH (TaÖJI. E 110, 111, 113; TaÖJI. III: 25 —
Ha 3y6ue napaneTa, 26). TpeTHH ran: 3HaK H3 nßyx yrjioB, oöpameHHbix BepniHHaMH
B pa3Hbie CTOPOHM, HMeeT TOHHyiO aHaJIOTHK) CpejJH 3HaKOB KaMCHOTeCOB, BblÖH-
tbix TecjioM (Taöji. IV: 40). O6a 3HaKa c ojiHoro ynacTKa ioto-boctohhoh ctchm.
3hbk H3 CÄßoeHHbix npHMbix yrjioB Hannen TaKxce H.E. MaKapeHKo (Taßji. I: 116),
ho b otom BapnaHTe yrjibi oöpameHbi b onny CTopony. KpoMe jjByx nocjienHHX,
cjioxhbix 3HaKOB, Bee ocTajibHbie 3HaKH 3toh rpynnbi HanneHbi b KOMnosHiinax,
HCKOTOpbie H3 KOTOpblX, BO3MOJKHO, MBJUHOTC51 KpaTKKMH HaJinHCMMH (Taßji. I: 118,
119, 122; Taöji. III: 19, 25—27). 3HaKH b Bnne pa3BepHyToro (Ne 118) h ocTporo
30	B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpacpcfiUTn Xaaapuu
yrjia, a TaioKe yrjia c OTorHyroü CTopoHofi (Ne 122) hmciot anaAoran cpenn pyHH-
HeCKHX 3HaKOB M3AUKHX HajjnHCeM (KbI3JiaCOB, 1990).
JXByayßbie bmabi. rpa(jxj)HTM, oGbeAHHeHHbie b 3Ty rpynny, Aßyx thhob: b bhac
OyKBbi “hhchaoh” (TaGa. I: 123, 124) h 3Haica c npAMbiM crepxHe.M h oahkm ot-
xgaaluhm non yrjiOM otpoctkom (Taßji. I: 126—128). Tperan nm: yroji pa3BWiKH —
cöoKy CTepxHH (TaGu. I: 127, 129). 3h3kh “jmcwiOH” h HaxoAAinnncA paaom c hhm
3nr3aroo6pa3Hbiü 3HaK (TaÖJi. I: 124) H3BecTHbi cpenn 3HaKOB nncbMeHHOCTH Ma-
fliXKoro h XyMapnHCKoro ropo,awiu. 3hak “hhchaoh” ecTb TaioKe cpenn 3H3kob py-
HunecKHx HannHceü Ha HOBOHepKaccKOK GamiaxcKe. Bo3moxho, hto sto coneTa-
Hwe— KpaTKaa Haamicb (KbrnacoB, 1990: 27). TojibKo oahh 3HaK (TaGa. I: 125)
npencTaBaneT AßycTopoHHHe nßyayGbie bhabi. 3naK “ßeTKa” (raGn. I: 126, 128), kot-
na moxcho 3T0 onpeaeAHTb, pacnojioxen ropn3OHTajibHO, “hhchaoh” — ßepTHKajib-
ho (Taöji. I: 123).
“ElTHibM nana”. Tpn 3HaKa Tpex pa3AHHHbix sapnaHTOß “nnmbefi Jianbi”
BbipesaHbi Ha noßepxHOCTH kabakm: nepßbiH oGpaujÖH 3y6naMH Bßepx (TaGji. I: 130),
BTopon — HaKiioHHo (TaÖA. I: 131), TpeTKM, oneHb KpynHMM no pa3Mepaw aaa
3HaKOß-rpa4)(i)MTn, — 3y6uaMH bhh3 (taGa. I: 132). Ewy 6ah3kh Aßa 3HaKa H3
pacKonoK H.E. MaKapeHKo, ycAOXHeHHbie AonoAHHTeAbHbiMK ojieweHTaMH (Taöji.l:
133, 134). HaÜAeHO TaioKe Tpn 3HaKa b bkac “hch” — "hthaba Aana” na CTepxue
(taGa. I: 135—137). Bee ohm oGnapyxeHbi Ha 6AOKax, ynaßninx co ctch. Toabko
Ne 136, pacnoAoxeHHbiü na ßepxHen rpaHH 3y6na, oGpameH HaßepinneM cAenca
HaKAOHHO Bßepx. K rpynne npnMbiKaioT eine Aßa 3HaKa b Birne pacxoAAinnxca Tpex
Aynen (raÖA. I: 138, 139). 3hak Ha KaMHe b KnaAKe — ropH3OHTajieH.
Oahoctopohhhh AByayßen. HaÜAeHO nan> pa3HOTwnHbix 3HaKOß, npeACTaßAA-
ioihhx AßyßyGen, ycAOXHCHHbin pa3AHAHbiMH BAeMeHTaMH (TaÖA. I: 140—144). Ule-
ctoh 3HaK — AßysyGen c bbicokoh nepenepKHyroH hoxkoh h cKpyrAÖHHbiM naßep-
mneM (TaGA. I: 149). Ha coxpaHUBiiiencA crene Aßyayöneß He HanaeHO. IIoa 3H3kom
Ne 144 pacnoAoxeHO 3OOMOp4)Hoe waoGpaxcHne (taGa. I: 208), cyah no kotopo-
My AßyßyGen Gbia oGpanjen HaßepinneM Bßepx.
JjBycTopoHHHii ABysyßeu. B oTAnnne ot rpynnbi oahoctopohhkx Aßyayöneß,
xopoino npencTaßAeHHbix epenw 3HaKOß CTponTeAeii, 3HaKM AaHHoii rpynnbi o6na-
pyxenbi 3Kcnenwnnew TOAbKO b KaiecTBe rpa^^HTK (TaGA. I: 145—148). H.E. Ma-
KapeHKo Hannen TAyGoKo peAbe^Hbiü, KaK oh ero oxapaKTepnsoßan “H-o6pa3HbiM”
3HaK, cyAfl no pncyHKy npeACTaßAAioiniiH coGoü AßycTopoHHHii Aßy3y6en c ohchb
KopoTKMM crepxHeM MexAy syGuaMK (MaKapeHKo, 1911: 30. Pnc. 33). EAHHCTßeH-
HbiH Aßy3y6en, HainieHHbiM Ha KnaAKe — BepniKaAeH (tbGa. I: 145), BepraKaneH
k 3HaK Ne 147, pacnoAoxeHHbin panoM c pucyHKOM koha (tb6a. III: 5). Bo3mox-
ho k Apyroe ero pacnonoxenne: Ha CTene XyMapHHCKoro ropoAHina AßycTopoHHim
AByayGen, HaneceHHbiw oxpoü, — ropwsoHTaAeH (BMAAcneB, 1983. Pnc. 50). 3na-
KH Ne 145 w 146 coxpaHHAHCb (JiparMeHTapHo. IIoAHocTbio coxpaHHBintiecji 3Ha-
kh HMeiOT oaho (Ne 148) hah Aßa (Ne 147) aarnyrbix HaBepinnn.
4yra. 3HaKH, ß ochobc KMeioinwe nyry, HanACHbi neTbipex ranoß, npHMeHAB-
innxcA TaKxe b KaaecTBe mctok ctpohtcaamh: npocTan nyra (TaGA. I; 150, 151); nyra
c oTomyTHM kohuom (Ta6A. I: 152), Ayra c abyma oTorHyTbiMn KOHnaMH n nepe-
KnaAKHow b neHTpe (TaGA. I: 153), Ayra co BnncaHHbiM b Hee yrAOM (TaGA. I: 154,
155). Eine oahh TaKon 3HaK pacnoAoxeH Ha rpaHH co 3HaKOM “Ayra c otpoctkom
b neHTpe” (taGa. IV: 121 a, 6). PncyHKH pa3AHHHbix Ayr, HaHAeHHbie Ha KnaAKe
ctchbi, Bee oGpaineHbi b pa3Hbie CTopoHbi (TaÖA. I: 150, 151, 152, 154).
3Hr3ar. Bee Tpn 3Hr3aroo6pa3Hbie h boahhct3a ahhhh BbinoAHeHbi tohkhm
uitphxom, Bee — na coxpaHHBineftcA KnaAKe: Aßa — ropH3OHTaAbHbi, Tpernn (boa-
HHCT3A AHHHA) — BCpTHKaAeH. HoCAeAHHH BXOAHT B yXC yHOMAHyTyiO KOMHO3K-
rnaea II. 3HaKM Ha cTpowTenbHbix Maiepwanax	31
iiMio (üaeTHeßa, 1984. Pnc. 16, 4), rae paaaeaaiOT nee npaMoyroabHbie *nrypbi
(Taöa. I: 48-49, 156-158).
E-o6pa3Hbrii. 3tot 3HaK H3BecreH cpean mctok cTpoKTeaen Kpenocra. Oano n3
jisyx rpacjx^MTH TaKxe othochtcb k nepnoay nocrponKn (Taöa. I: 160). Biopoe
(TaßJi. I* 159) pacnoaoxeno Ha CTeHe, syöijbi ero oöpameHbi HanpaBo.
A-o6pa3Hbie 3HaKH. Hx HeMHoro n Bee — pa3HOTnnHbi (Taöa. I: 161-163). 3naK,
HaitaeHHbiK Ha crene, (Ne 161) oßpaineH yraoM Bßepx. Oh HaxoanTca HeaaaeKo ot
6jni3Koro no pa3Mepy n KOH^nrypaunn 3HaKa “nranba aana” (ra6ji. I: 132). B03-
moxho, 3HaKw aßaaioTca TaMraMH aronefi, cocroamnx b poflCTBe. «D^a apymx, b
otjihhhc ot npeabiaymero, — oaeHb MaaeHbKnx pa3MepoB (Taöa. I: 162, 163) n
HMeioT anaaomn cpean 3H3kob nncbMeHHOCTH mccthofo HacejieHwa.
npOHwe npocTbie annenHbie 3HaKH — pa3HOTnnnbi (Taöa. I: 164—178). Mb hhx
moxho BbwejiHTb eine öoaee-Menee Öan3Kne 3HaKn Twna cKoöa (Ne 172—175).
OCTaJIbHbie — eflHHHHHbl. HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX HM6IOT aHaJIOTHH CpejJH 3H3K0B CTpo-
HTejiefi (No 176a, 177) hjih xe aa^aßma MaauKnx Haanncen (raGji. I: 167-170,
1766).
HHTepecHyio rpynny cjioxHbix 3H3kob coctbejihiot xapaicrepHbie aaa MaaHKoro
ropoanma cjinrypH b $opMe aßyayöua, c 3arHyrbiM hjih npaMbiM erepxHeM, 3aKan-
iHBaiomHMCH pomöom (Taöa. I: 179-186), b mecTH caynaax (N° 180, 182, 183, 184,
185, 1866) nepeKpemeHHoro ayron c 3arHyrbiMH KOHiiaMH. B oahom cjiynae ayra
TaKxe npncyrcTByeT, ho He nepeKpemnBaeTca co 3H3kom (Ne 181). Oana TaKaa Kpe-
cTOBHAHaa <|)Hrypa cnaöxena poM6aMH Ha Tpex KOHuax (N° 184). Mb Tex 3H3kob,
KOTopbie coxpaHHJiHCb Ha CTeHe, tph noBepnyrbi pomöom n HaBepmneM Bßepx
(Ne 180, 183, 184), Tpn — bhh3 (N° 182, 186). IIpaMaa anaaoraa o^HOMy nx ne-
peBepnyTbix 3H3kob HMeeTca cpean eHncencKnx nncannu h, no mhchhio FITeop-
raeBa, aßaaerca cxeMaTHHHbiM pncyHKOM nraubi (leopmeB, 19786). apyrnx Ha-
xoaaTca Ha o-Hhom öjiokc (N° 186). KaK CHHTaeT C.A. ÜaeTHeßa, ohh 6mjih
HapncoBaHbi ao ymianKH KaMHa b creny, a nocne yicnauKH pncyHOK OKaaaaca ne-
peBepnyTbiM (IlaeTHeBa, 1984: 75). Anaaomn 3HaK3M, He nepenepKHyrbiM jiyroH
(N° 179, 181, 186a), hmciotch cpeflH pyHnnecKHX 3H3kob MaaiiKoro ropoAHma n
Ha HOBonepKaccKHX 6aKJiaxKax (ApTaMOHOB, 1954; Kbi3JiacoB, 1990). Ah3jiofhh no-
UOÖHbiM M3o6paxeHH5iM ecTb b CapKejie h b flyHaiicKon Bojirapnn («HoHHeBa-rieT-
KOBa, 1980; Taöji. 7: 13). Ejikskmc H3o6paxeHna hmbiotch m cpe/m Tawr (Enaxu-
eB, 1983. Phc. 51; AKHOKpaobi, 1927; XypaHOB, 1979: 251, 294, 330). cpHrypa b BHae
nepeKpecTim c tojiobkok Ha KOHije Gbüia y CBaHOB chmbojiom öoxecTBa hjih Haae-
aeHHoro BepxoBHOH chjioh cymecTBa (Bapaaßeanaae, 1957: 147, 153). 3HaneHHe
poMÖa KaK auua nejioßeKa öbiTOBaao eine b Hanaae BeKa y TaaxHKOB (TaaxHKH,
1970). IIoxoxHe H3o6paxeHna 6bian H3BecrHbi b capMarcKoe Bpexia (Hopecj), 1985.
Phc. 3). TaKHM o6pa3OM, 3HaKH stoh rpynnbi moxho paccMaapHBaTb h KaK 3H3kh
nncbMeHHOCTH, n KaK aHTponoMopc^Hbie n 3OOMop4)Hbie pncyHKH caKpaabHoro xa-
paKTepa n KaK TaMm. K nepnoay cTponTeabCTsa othocktch oaHH 3HaK-rpa(j)(i>n-
tk (N° 181). Ecte aHaaoma cpean 3HaKOB CTponreaen (ra6a. IV: 12).
San3KH k BbinieonncannoÄ rpynne 3H3kh b Bnae CTepxna, KOTopbin saBepniaer
He pom6, a MaaeHbKaa OKpyxuocTb (ra6a. I: 187, 188, 190). Ona TaKxe aexnT b
ocHOBe pacnpocTpaneHHoro mna 3HaKa — Kpyra c ycaMn (JJoHHeBa-HeTKOBa, 1980;
Ta6a. 7: 18; 22: 18. Pnc. 51: 34: .UpanyK, 1975: Ta6a. 11: 829; 13: 53), Ha MaaijKOM
HanaeHHoro ToabKo oann pa3 (Taöa. I: 190). 3h3kh OTanaaiOTca HeöoabiiiKMK pa3-
MepaMH.
Oßaa. B KoaaeKnnn Tpn 3HaKa b Bnae yaanHÖHHoro OBaaa c OTXoaameii ot
y3Kon ero aacra annnen n c aonoaHHTeabHbiMH aaeMeHTaMH b oaHon H3 Bepinnn
OBaaoB, bo Bcex Tpex cayaaax pa3HbiMH (Taöa. I: 191—193). 3h3kh OTanaaiOTca
32	B.E. «tyiepoBa. rpacfxfrHTH Xaaapnn
HeöojibWMMK pa3MepaMK. Bee HanaeHM Ha öaoKax, ynaßiunx c K>ro-3anaAHOH ctc-
Hbi. 3naK N° 192, pacnoaoxeHHbrä paaom co 3hbkom KaMeHOTeca (TaÖJi. III: 28)
OTHOCHTCa K nepHOAy nOCTpOHKH KpenOCTH, KaK BepoaTHO, H AOBOJIbHO rjiyÖOKO
BpeaaHHbiH 3HaK N° 191.
IleTjiJi (Taßji. I: 194—196). Tpn 3HaKa npouapanaHM oaeHb tohkhmh anHna-
mh. Oahh — Ha (Jjacaae ioro-3ananHoü ctchm, Apyron Ha jikiicbom rpaHH öjioKa H3
3aBana. 3to ägbojibho peaKnii thii 3HaKa. Anaaorna ecTb Ha kojiohc H3 üpecaaBa
CHoHHeBa-IIeTKOBa, 1980: Ta6a. 6: 21). Oh BCTpeaeH n b KaaecTBe KJienMa b Boa-
rapKM (TaM xe: Taöa. 32: 8). 3HaK hsbcctch b capMaTCKoe BpeMa, ho TaKxe peaoK
CUpaayK, 1975: Taöa. 11: 824).
TpexaacTHaa 4>nrypa. BapnaHTbi 3HaKa, cocToainero H3 Tpex nocaeAOBaTeabHO
pacnojioxeHHbix OKpyrabix aacTCH, paaaeaeHHbix nepexßaTaMH, HaiUieHbi Ha Tpex
öaoKax b pa3JiHHHbix Mecrax 3aßajioB, Aßa — Ha jinueBon noßepxHocTK (TaÖJi. I:
197—199). 3HaK N° 197 HaxoAHTca Ha# pncyHKOM Jioma^u (Taöa. III: 7).
JJyrH c jiyaaMH (TaÖJi. I: 200—202). 3naKH b bhac bmxoahiahx Apyr H3-3a Apy-
ra Ayr H3bccthm Ha tiopkckhx naMaraHKax Cnönpn (BacHJibeB, 19836: E-24). Oco-
ÖCHHO K HKM 6JIM3OK 3HAK N° 200. OTJIHHaeT ero HaJIHHHe OTXOZWmKX OT BHeUIHeÜ
cTopoHM Ayrn ayaen, aTO npimaer 3HaKaM HeKOTopoe cxoactbo c pncyHKOM. 3hbk,
HaHjjeHHMH Ha cTeHe, oöpameH ayaaMH BBepx fraßa. I: 202).
MsoöpaxeHHH pacTeHHH, 300- h aHTponoMop^Hbie (fwiypH (TaÖJi. I: 203—212).
PncyHKH UBCTOB, XOTM H 3aHHM3IOT CKpOMHOC HO CpaBHCHKlO C H3o6paXCHHHMH
xhbothmx MecTO, Bee xe npHcyrcTByioT b rpa$HKe caaTOBO-MaauKon KyjibTypbi
(HneTHeBa, 1962; Tajuio, 1968). IfeBecTHbi noaoÖHbie mothbm epean K3o6pa3HTeab-
hmx cioxeTOB h no 3THorpa(t>HaecKHM AaHHMM (BapAaBeanA3e, 1957: 135. Phc. 67:
147. Phc. 179 h ap.), hto haxoaht o6i>acHeHHe b cymecTBOBaHHH KyjibTa hbctob
(CyxapeBa, 1986: 31—46). Ha MaauKOM ropoAHine HaiUeH pncyHOK UBeTKa, Hano-
MHHaiomero BOAAHyio ahjihio (HneTHeBa, 1984. Phc. 16: 5), (TaÖJi. II, 42). JIpyron
pncyHOK, oÖHapyxeHHMH Ha CTeHe, bosmoxho, H3o6paxaeT poctok (Ta6a. I: 203).
flßa cxeMaTHHHbix H3o6paxeHHa xhbothmx (Taöa. I: 208, 210), anaaorna oa-
HOMy H3 KOTOPMX H3B6CTHa Ha CapKCAbCKOM KHpnHHC (TaÖA. VI: 269), HaHACHM Ha
KaMHax 3aßajioB. TpeTbe rpa^nTH: roaoBKa xhbothofo (Taöa. I: 209) HaxoAnaacb
Ha roro-BocTOHHOH cTene HeAaaeKO ot Aßyx Apyrnx pncyHKOB: BcaAHHKa h xhbot-
Horo HeonpeAeaeHHoro BMAa (Ta6a. II: 20, 31).
JHßa aHTponoMop^JHbix H3o6paxeHHa (Ta6a. I: 211, 212) npeACTaßaaioT coöoh
BepxHioio nacTb HeaoBeaecKHX 4>Hryp, KaKOBoü, bosmoxho, aßaaeTca h TpeTbe
H3o6paxeHHe (N° 212), HaHeceHHoe paAOM c niHpoKonaeaeH HenoBeaecKOH
4)Hryp0H, ho nepeBepHyro. loAOBa ee TaKxe HMeeT otpoctok, nepeAaioinHK,HaAO
noaaraTb, H3BecTHyio no paAy pncyHKOB, ocTaßaeHHyio Ha 6phtoh roaoBe npaAt
Bonoc (OßnapoB, 1980: 7; Taöa. XXXII: 1). AHaaornaHaa KOMnosHixna H3 Aßyx
MyxcKHX 4>nryp, oaha H3 kotopmx nepeBepnyTa, oÖHapyxena Ha KaMHe H3
UHTaAeAH XyMapHHCKoro ropoAHina (Bhaxhcb, 1983. Phc. 12).
PHcyHKH. Hocae Bbixoaa cTaTbH C.A.HaeTHeBOH o MaaijKHX pncyHKax hct He-
OÖXOAHMOCTH AßBaTb MX ORHCaHHC H XapaKTepHCTHKy CTMaa H CioxeTOB. Bee M3-
AaHHbie pncyHKH abhm b Ta6anne II, 3a HCKaioaeHHeM Tex, KOTopbie c Moen toh-
kh 3peHna aßaaioTca 3HaKaMH.
3a nocaeAHHe foam paöoTbi 3KcneAHiiHH oÖHapyxeHO eme ceMb pncyHKOB. Tpn
H3 HHX — AOBOAbHO peaAHCTHHHO H3OÖpaxaiOT KOHCH. Bee XHBOTHbie — ÖC3 rpHBbl,
C XBOCTOM B BHAe AKHHH, nOApOÖHO nepeAaHHbIMH MOpAAMH H HOAHCpKHyTblMH
npH3H3KaMH noaa. Ho KaaccH^HKannn C.A. HaeTHeBon ohm OTHOcaTca k nepBOMy
BapnaHTy pncyHKOB (Taöa. II: 3, 8, 9). Oco6eHHO peaancTnaeH pncyHOK N° 3, ero
conpoßoxAaeT naTHKOHeanaa 3Be3Aa Cra6a. III: 5). ZjBa Apyrnx coxpanaioT Tpann-
rnasa II. 3HaKn Ha CTpomenbHbix Marepnanax	33
uHOHHyio cxewy, xapaKTepHyio juih pncyHKOB xkeothbix KaK b cajiTOBO-MaanKon
KyjibType IIojioHbH, TaK n b JJyHancKon Bojirapnn, Korea KOHTyp Tejia WMeeT TI-
06pa3Hyio ocHOBy c HenepeKpeinnßaiomHMnca jihhhjimh, nepexo/umiHMH b koh-
Typbi men n KOHeHHOcTeil. 3ry xe cxeMy hmciot n jiBa cjiejiaHHbix ohhoh pyKoii
pticyHKa Gerymwx xmbothhx (Taßji. II: 22; Taßji. III: 10). Ko BTOpoMy BapnaHTy ot-
hochtch ÄBa, oneHb noxoxnx, ho pa3Hbix no pa3Mepy pncynna xhbothbix, Haxo-
jpniiHxcfl HejjajieKO Jipyr ot apyra Ha ioto-boctohhom BHyrpeHHeM nanubipe CTe-
Hbi (Taöji. II: 20, 23). ITocjicähmh pncyHOK, oneHb cxeMaTHHHbin, othochtch k
TpeTbewy BapnaHTy. 3to BcanHHK Ha Jiomann. Oh nepenan oahojihhckheim koh-
TypOM, 4 TO, BO3MOXHO, oGbflCHJieTCH TCM, HTO pHCOBaJIblUHK HC HMCJI nOHXO/IflIIierO
HHCTpyMeHTa: pncyHOK onejiaH TynbiM, CKopee Bcero kocthhbim pesijoM (Taßji. II:
31).
HaMeneHHbie C.A. IIjieTHeBOH BapnaHTH nsoGpaxennn xoponio BbmejunoTcn
He tojibko Ha Marepnanax MajnjKoro ropojinma. B pesyjibTaTe Koppejmunn no no-
Kasarejno cxoncTBa (KaMeHeuKnn, 1975: 50), npoBeneHHon zuih Bcex nejibix H3o6~
paxennn c MasnjKoro, CapKejia, CajiTOBa n npymx naMHTHHKOB KyjibTypbi, bha-
ho, hto ohm pacna/iaiOTCfl no CTeneHH cxeMaTnsaiinn Ha Aße njieajjbi,
cooTBeTCTByiomne b ochobhbix ueprax BbmejieHHbiM jma ManijKoro nepBOMy n
BTOpoMy BapnaHTaM (HpnjioxeHne 1). ZJjih ManuKnx pncyHKOB xapaKTepeH ninpo-
khh cneicrp cthjihcthhcckux npneMOB: ot peajincTH’jecKnx, nepenaiomnx oGecm-
hmü KOHTyp (Jinryp n KOHKpeTHbie AeTann oGEeicra, no Kpanne cxeMaTHHHbix. Pe-
ajiHCTknecKHe pncyHKH nepßoro BapnaHTa hmciot mhoto oGmnx nepT c rpaBiopaMH
XHBOTHblX Ha CaJITOBCKHX KOCTHHblX H3JieJinflX, BbinOJlHCHHblX MaCTepaMH-pe3HH-
KaMH b jjeKopaTHBHon MaHepe (cm. reasy III). Ho HanGojiee MHoronncjieHHbi pn-
cyHKn BToporo BapnaHTa, HMeiomne cwibHbie cbhsh c Gojibiuhhctbom pncyHKOB Ha
capKejibCKHX Knpnnnax. Ohh jiaioT KpaÜHe JiaKOHnnnyio, ho HÖTKyio BHuoByio xa-
paKTepncTHKy naoGpaxennn, Ges npopaßoTKH aeTanen HapncoBaHHoro cnpHMJieH-
HbiMH jihhhhmh KOHiypHoro pncyHKa. Pas/iejieHHe pncyHKOB Ha oö'beMHbie, pea-
jincTHHecKne, n jinneapHbie, cxeMaTnnecKne, oTMenaeTCH 4m. OßnapoBbiM n juw
rpa$nKn Bojirapnn (OßnapoB, 1982). HanMenee ynoTpeGnMbiMH 6bum pncyHKH
TpeTbero BapnaHTa, ree KOHTyp xheothoto nepejiaH ojinHapHon jinnnen. H3-3a
KpanHen cxeMaTHHHOCTn BO3pacTaeT bosmoxhoctb ohihökh. TaK Hejibss onpejie-
jiöhho cKaaaTb, hto pncyHOK 30 Ha TaGji. II nepejiaeT jiomajjb, a He hejihctch TaM-
roo6pa3HbiM 3HaKOM; bo bcmkom cjiynae, oh BbipesaH ropa3.no reyGxe, neM pncy-
HOK JiyHHHKa Han hhm (IIjieTHeBa, 1984. Pnc. 8: 2). To xe othochtch n k flßyM
ApyrnM 3HaKaM, oraeceHHbiM k OTOMy BapnaHTy (IIjieTHeBa, 1984. Pnc. 6: 4—6).
PncyHKH TpeTbero BapnaHTa nspeziKa BCTpenaioTCfl b Bojirapnn (OßnapoB, 1982:
TaGji. 88: 2; 125: 3), oGnapyxeHbi ohh n Ha ojihom KepaMnnecKOM cocynnne H3
Bojixckoh Bojirapnn (XannKOBa, 1976: 118. Pnc. 65). HoTaKoi! mn naoGpaxennn
He HBjmeTca xapaicrepHbiM hh /um pncyHKOB HepBoro BojirapcKoro uapcTBa, hh juib
cajiTOBO-MaanKon KyjibTypbi.
Komhoshuhh ns 3H3K0B (raGji. I: 1 n 2, 22 n 23, 39, 46, 48 n 49, 60, 90, 106,
109, 117, 118, 124, 128, 134, 144 n 208, 166, 170, 175, 181, 183-186; TaGji. III).
HacTO 3HaKn oGpaayiOT KOMnoanunn H3 jiByx-narn (JiHryp, HaneceHHbix Ha o/iHy
rpaHb GjioKa. He cnnraa Hannncen n hhcto n3o6pa3nrejibHbix cioxeTOB, TaKnx kom-
noannnn Gojiee neBjrrn jjccjitkob. Tperbsi nacTb nx othochtch k nepnojxy crpon-
TejibCTBa, ocTajibHbie coctomt H3 3HaKOB-rpa(j)4)nTn hjih pncyHKOB n 3HaKOB. 3th
KOMnosnnnn Gojiee eMKne, neM ocraBJieHHbie ctpohtcjihmh, BKJiioHaioT Gojibinoe
KOJinnecTBO pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix nsoGpaxennii, He oGpasya ycToÜHHBbix coneTaHnn. B
nonaBJunomeM GojibninncTBe oto pasHomnHbie 3HaKH, pacnoJioxeHHBie phjiom. B
HeKOTopbix cjiynaax otmchcho, hto ohh cnejiaHbi pa3HbiMH pesnaMn hjih Ha pa3-
2 3aK. 1665
34	B.E. cDnepoßa. rpac£c|jnTw Xaaapnn
Hyio rjiyönHy (Taöji. I: 128; Taöji. III: 2, 4, 5, 10, 21, 27). 3h3kh h pncyHKH HaHe-
ceHbi b phä hjih pacnojioxeHbi komhskthoh rpynnon. Tojibko qhhh pa3 3HaK ne-
pepesaji Gojiee paHHHÄ pncyHOK (Taöji. III: 5 — nBy3y6eii nepeKpbiBaeT neHTarpaM-
My). B uejioM, /um 3HaKOB-rpa<i>4)KTH Gojiee xapaicrepHO HaxoxueHHe no HecKOJibKy
pJWOM, LieM juih 3naKOB cTpoMTejieü. Ecjih mia nocjienHnx cooTHomenne ouhhoh-
HblX 3H3KOB K HHCJiy COHCT3HHH 2:1, TO JUIfl I'pa(i)(|)HTH 3TO COOTHOmeHHe OÖpaT-
Hoe: 3HaKOB, bxohhuihx b komhosklihh b Äßa paaa 6ojibine,HeM onHHOHHbix. Yhh-
TbiBaa, hto nacTb rpaiJxjjHTH HaftaeHa Ha oöjioMKax, Haao nojiaraTb, hto ohh eine
4ame öbuih pacnonoxeHbi Ha oähom ßnoKe. ÜTMeny HanepTaHKa, qame apyrnx
BxojmmHe b KOMno3HUHn: xhbotheic, name kohb (tsSji. II: 20 h 31; Taöji. III: 4,
5, 7-11, 14), neHTarpaMMa (Taön. I: 2 n 3; Taöji. III: 1-6); npflMOH h kocoh KpecT
(Taßji. I: 183, 185; Taöji. III: 4, 14—18, 20); c.noxHbie shskh c MajieHbKHM pomöom
hjih oKpyxHocTbio Ha CTepxue (Taöji. I: 179, 188), aTaKxe 3HaK yron (Taöji. I: 109,
115-118, 181, 183, 184, 186; Taöji. III: 9, 25-27).
^JoBOJibHo qacTbi cjiynaw, Koraa paaoM HaneceHbi aßa TOxaecTBeHHbix mjih
ÖJIM3KHX H3OÖpaxeHHM. IIoJIHOCTblO HaCHTHHHbie 3H3KH, CÄCJiaHHbie OaHOH py-
koh, — aße neHTarpaMMbi Ha ohhom Gjiokc (Taöji. I: 1 h2) h aßa II-o6pa3Hbie 3HaKa
rpaO^HTH nepnoaa CTpoHTenbCTßa (Taöa. IV: 138). HoMemeHHbie paaoM 6jiK3Kwe,
ho He TowiecTBeiiHbie 3HaKM: TpwKBeTpbi (Taöji. I: 22, 23 — öoaee TOHKaa jihhmji),
nynKH napajuiejibHbix jihhhh (Ta6n. I: 85 h 86, 90), KpecTbi (Taöji. I: 105), H-oß-
pa3Hbie 3HSKH (T3ÖJI. L 166), 3H3KH B BHae CKOÖbl (T3ÖJI. I: 175), nyrn (T3ÖJI. IV:
121). Ü3 pncyHKOB tbkobbimh hbjuhotch H3o6paxeHHbie paaoM jryKn: oaHH c H3-
TflHyTOH CTpeJIOH, 3 BTOPOH 6e3 TeTHBbI (T3ÖJI. III: 24), 3 T3KXC KOMnO3HL(HJI H3 nßyx
nejioßeqecKHx 4>wryp (t3Öji. I: 212).
H3 qeTbipex Gjiokbx H3HjxeHbi rp30$nTH, conpoßoxaßiomHe 3H3KH ctpohtc-
jien (t36ji. I: 163, 177; tsöji. III: 28; tböji. TV: 41, 138).
IIOMHMO 3THX KOMHO3HLIHH H3H36HO ÜHTb ÖJIOKOB C OHCHb HeüCHblMH H 6eC-
nOpXHOHHblMH no CBOHM 3JieMCHT3M KOMnO3HlXKJIMH, KOTOpbie C.A.IIJieTHeBa OX3-
paKTepH3OB3JI3 K3K “nepTbl H pe3bl”.
ÜTHOCHTejIbHO 3H3H6HHH C0HeT3HHÜ 3H3KOB, 3 T3KXCC 3H3KOB H pHCyHKOB Cy-
mecTßyioT p33JiHHHbie npennojioxeHHH. A.M. IHepÖ3K, HsnpHMep, ckjioh6h 6mji
p3CCM3TpHB3Tb COHCTBHHM 3H3KOB H3 K6p3MHKe H KHpnHH3X C3PKCJI3 K3K KpaTKHC
H3£nKCH, 0603H3H3I0IHHe BJ13JjeJIbUeß npOH3BOÄCTB3 HJIH COÖCTBCHHHKOB TOTOBOH
nponyKUHH (IHepÖ3K, 1959). Ochobhbh hsctb msalikhx shbkob, b tom hhcjib h b
KOMno3HHHax He HMeeT HHHero oGmero c 6yKB3MH ynoTpeöJiaßuieroc» 3necb an-
(JiaBHTB, OTcyrcTßyeT nojiHOCTbio neiibiH pan (hcchtb) xspsKTepHbix nnx Hero H3-
nepT3HHH. Ho ßce xe, b 0TJiHiiHe ot 3H3kob cTpoHTejien, HMeeTca hcckojibko 3H3-
zKob h hx coneTSHHÜ, aH3JiorH4Hbix pyH3M (tsGji. I: 117, 118, 124, 162, 163, 170,
176, 179, 180, 181, 184 — nßa 3H3K3, 186; tsöji. III: 16, 19, 26, 27s). Hsctb shb-
JIOTHH, HeCOMHeHHO, BBI3B3H3 HHCTO BHeillHHM CXOflCTBOM, HBJIHIO1HHMCH CJiejICTBH-
eM hx npHMHTHBHOCTH (nepT3, yroji, KpecT, nyrs). Hojipo6ho octbhobhbuihhc» b
OÄHOfi H3 CBOHX paÖOT Ha 3H3JIH36 T3K0r0 HBJieHHß KaK HSHeceHHe HeCKOJIbKHX 3Ha-
kob panoM, B.C. «HpanyK, HanpOTHB, ckjiohch HHTepnperHpoBaTb coneTaHHH 3Ha-
kob, KaK 3HaKH coGctbchhoctk HecKOJibKHX JiKmeH, nonycKaa oraeceHHe k t3ko-
bbim h pncyHKOB (ZJpaHyK, 1970). Ho noBo/iy bosmoxhbix npHHHH nojiBJieHHji rpynn
3H3KOB MOXHO BbICKa33Tb IiejIblH paH pa3JIHHHBIX npejjnOJIOXeHHÖ, OCHOBaHHbin Ha
naHHbix 3THorpa(J)nH, KOTOpbie npn anajmse apxeojiorHHecKoro MaTepnana ynnpa-
iotch b TpynHopaapeiiiHMbiH Bonpoc o SHaueHHH KOHKpeTHbix 3H3KOB k K3o6paxe-
HHH.
3HAKH CTPOHTEJIEÜ. OflHHM H3 KpHTepneB npH BbinejieHHH H3 Bcero Mac-
CHBa rpa^KHecKHX HaHepTaHnfi 3HaKOB, cnejiaHHbix CTpouTejuiMH kpenocTH, HBjin-
Pnasa II. 3h3km Ha CTpomenbHbix MaTepnanax	35
eTCfl 6oJibiua« yniyöJieHHOCTb ero pejibecJja, npaKTHnecKH rapaHTHpyiomaa to, hto
oh noHBuncfl bo BpeMa nocTpoüKn. Tawrn, HaHeceHHbie ctpohtcjihmh, uojixHbi ne-
pHO/U'iHecKW noBTopflTbCfl, T.e., ecjiH 3HaK aaxe BbiönTbin tccjiom BCTpeneH Ha na-
muthhkc tojibko 04uh pa3, to ero JiHiiib npeunojioxirrejibHO moxho Ha3BaTb TaMroH
cTpotrrejifl. Eojiee Toro, bo BpeMa CTpoHTejibCTßa na KaMHax moejih pncoßaTb chm-
BOJIHHeCKHe 3H3KH, npH3BaHHbie 3aiHHTHTb BO3BO4HMyiO nOCTpOÜKy OT 3JIBIX CHU,
noÄOÖHO TOMy KaK b JJyHancKOH EojirapHn 3HaK IYI, HaneceHHbiH Ha qepenimy,
KHpnuHH h KBaupbi, uojixch 6bui npeuoxpaHHTb ot rpoMa, 6eubi h HecaacTba (Ee-
uieBJineB, 1981: 71). Cpeun 3H3kob MaaiiKoro ropo,ariina nepnoua nocTpOHKH noKa
MOXHO K 3TOH KaTerOpHH OTHCCTH “ßaBHJIOH” (TaÖJI. IV: 1), K3BCCTHbIH no H3X04-
KaM b CapKejie, Ha TaMaHH (PbiöaKOB, 1954. Pnc. 66), Ha CesepHOM KaBKaae
(MapKOBHH, 1958; Kpynnoß, 1963), Ha naMHTHHKax snoxn üepBoro BojirapcKoro
uapcTBa. MaraaecKoe 3HaHeHHe ero HeouHOKpamo oTMeaajiocb (Aptbmohob, 1935:
11; Ajiuuxob, 1980; MapKOBHH, 1958: 149). Bosmoxho, c HaKonjieHMeM MaTepna-
jia k paapauy caKpanbHbix ßynyr OTHeceHbi h neKOTopbie upyrne 3HaKK nepno.ua
HOCTpOHKH. 3HaKH, HBJIMIOIUHeCM TaMTaMK, JJOJIXHbl pacnaUaTbCH Ha ÖJIH3KHe no
THnaM rpynnbi, a oTuejibHbie thhh 3HaKOB BbicTpanBaTbca b OBOjiiounoHHbiH pru
(MaKapoBa, ILieTHeBa, 1984: 213). IIosTOMy HeoöxounMO oSparaTbca k thhojio-
thh 3HaKOB MaauKoro ropounma. Bcero juih nocTpoeHna THnouornn OTOÖpaHO 150
OTUeJIbHblX 3H3KOB HJIH COHCTaHHH 3H3KOB, HbÖ OTHOHICHHe K HCpHOUy CTpOHTCJIb-
CTBa KaxeTca HaM öeccnopHbiM.
3hbkh b BHue reoMeTpMHecKMX <J)Hryp: Kpyr, npHMoyroubHHK, TpeyrojibHnK,
HMeioniHecH cpe.un 3H3KOB Ha KaMHax MauuKoro Topouuma, b Goubiiien nacTH
BbinojiHeHbi b TexHHKe rpa4)4)nTO. UcKJiioHeHMeM hbumctch “ßaBHJIOH” h pow6.
3naKH, oöpaaoBaHHbie na ochobc nocjiejiHero cocTaBHJin .hobojibho ßojibiiiyio
rpynny (Taöji. TV: 2-12). Ohm pa3HOTHnHbi: ran 1 — pom6 (Taöji. IV: 2); thh 2 —
4>Hrypa, npeucTaBJUnomau coöoh hchto cpexiHee Mexuy pomöom h huth-
yrojibHKKOM, c oTXOuumeH ot o^hoto yma jmHneit, bosmoxho, hejirctcm
BapnaHTOM 3HaKa “poMÖ c oähoh npojiojixeHHOK cTopoHon” (Taöji. IV: 3, 4).
HeTbipe 3HaKa — npoH3BOUHbie ot Hero öouee cjioxHbie innbi (TaßjL IV: 6, 9). Pom6
c Ayron, coxpaHKBiiinncfl (^parMeHTapHO (Taöji. IV: 12).
JjBa KBaupaTa m Kpyr c nepTofi — eauHHHHbie 3HaKH h hx OTHonieHMe k KaTe-
ropnn TaMr npoöueMaTHHHo (Ta6u. IV: 11, 13).
3hhk qepra (Taöji. IV: 14—16), KaK yxe ynoMHHajiocb, npHMeHJUica b KanecTBe
TaMrn. IjiyöoKO BpeaaHHbiii 3HaK “nepTbi” Ha ropoAHine BCTpeneH Tpwxnbi KaK ca-
MOCTOHTeubHbin 3HaK. Hame oh HaxoanTCH b coneTaHMK c upyrHMH 3HaKaMK.
napajuiejiH o6pa3yioT tph rana: 6jih3ko paccTaBJieHHbie, uinpoKO paccTaBJieH-
Hbie, nepenepKHyrbie (Taöji. IV: 17—21). AHajiornHHbie ranbi npouapanaHbi Ha
KuauKe ctch; 3uecb ohh pacnojioxenbi BepraKajibHo.
Cjicayiomne innbi 3HaKOB, HaneceHHbie bo BpeMH nocTpoiiKu: mhoxcctbo na-
pajmejibHbix jihhhh, nepenepKHyTbie napajuiejibHbie jihhhh, peuKau ceTKa (TaÖJi. IV:
22—26). Ohh, bhuhmo, cjiyxnjin jum pa3MeTKH öjiokob npn nx nouTecKe. Hanecenbi
OHH «UOBOJIbHO TOHKHMH JIKHHHMH H He OÖpa3yiOT yCTOKHKBblX THHOB Uaxe npH
conocTaBJieHHH c 6jih3khmk H3o6paxeHH»MH Ha jiKueBbix rpaHax öjiokob k na
CTenax. riosTOMy uaHHbie ranbi k paapauy TaMr He OTHeceHbi.
IlepneHjKHKyjiHp. Bee 3H3KH rpynnbi ouHOTnnHbi. Moxho BbiueunTb TOJibKO u.ßa
BapnaHTa stoto rana: nepneHUHKyjmp c jumHHbiM (Taöji. IV: 34—37, 39) h nepneH-
UHKyjiup c KopoTKHM ocHOBaHneM (Taßji. IV: 27—33, 38). 06a sthx BapnaHTa 06-
pasyiOT KOMno3HU.HH co 3HaK0M “nepTa” (Ta6ji. IV: 38, 39). ÜHTepecHO, hto 3Ha-
K0B-rpa4j^HTK 3Toft rpynilbi He oÖHapyxeHO.
2*
36	B.E. cDnepoßa. PpacpcpuTH Xa3apnn
rpynna kocmx KpecTOB pacna^aerca Ha Aße noflrpynnbi: öojibmne n Manne 3Ha-
km, KOTopbie pasjiKHHbi He TOJibKo no pa3MepaM m TexHMKe HaneceHna, ho, bhukmo,
h cbommk ^yHKUWHMH. Bonbinne KpecTbi (Taön. IV: 40—49) nepenepKUBaioiHMe bccb
6jiok hjih Gojibinyio ero nacTb, Bbipeaajincb HernyöoKO (so 0,5 cm), ho Ha HepoB-
hom, K3HaHOHHOü noBepxHOcra. B ÄeBHTH caynaax 3a4)KKcnpoBaHO, hto jikhhh
3HaKa cpesaHbi yaapaMH Tecjia. Pl3 stofo moxho 3amnoHKTb, hto KpecTOM nepenep-
KKBaJIK ÖJIOK ÄO TOTO, KBK 6FO OKOHHaTejIbHO nOÄTÖCblBaJIH, nOflTOHHJI K ÄpyrHM
KaMHHM. rioÄnpaBKB oTMeneHHbie öjiokh, Macrepa «Horaa ocraBjuum Ha hhx cbom
3HaK (raöji. IV: 15, 40, 41). KpecTbi stow nonrpynnbi, 3a KCKJiioHeHHeM ohhoto,
npeßpaiueHHoro b nono6ne opnaMeHTa (TaÖji. TV: 49), moxho othcctm k tom xe
KaTeropHK, hto k 3HaK N° 26. IIonTBepxneHHeM cjiyxnr to, hto Ha pacnepneHHOM
ceTKOM öjioKe AonojiHMTejibHO HaHeceH MaccnBHbin 3HaK.
Majibie Kocbie KpecTbi cnenyiomnx tmhob: KpecT, KpecT c nyroii (raßji. IV: 56),
KpecT, BnncaHHbiM b yroji (Taöa. IV: 55) n KpecT c nßyMa sarHyrbiMK KOHiiaMM
CraöJi. IV: 57).
IIpMMbie KpecTbi. Oämh 3HaK 3tom rpynnbi cjiyxnn, bhummo, Toxe juia pa3MeT-
km, nocKOJibKy nacTMHHO cTecan (Taöji. IV: 58). Tun 1 — npaMoii KpecT (tbSji. IV:
59—61). Tnn 2 — KpecT c npouBeraiomnMK KonnaMH, npencraBneH 3HaKaMn pa3-
jiKHHbix BapnaHTOB (Taßji. IV: 62—65). Tun 3 — np^MOM Kpecr c ojihmm aarnyrbiM
kohuom (raöJi. IV: 66—68). BapnaHTaMH ero aBJiaioTca KpecT c II-o6pa3HbiM 3asep-
uieHneM KOHija m nepeBepHyrbin sepKajibHO 3HaK c nonoJiHMTejibHoii nepeKJianM-
hom y ocHOBaHMH (Taßji. IV: 69, 70). Tun 4 — np^MOM KpecT c orpaHMHeHHbiMn
KOHiiaMM (raöji. IV: 71).
Bojibinyio rpynny cocTaBjiaiOT 3HaKn, b ochobc kotopbix jicxkt yroji (Taöii. TV:
72—107). K Heil Gjimbkm rpynnbi: nßysyÖbie bmhbi hjih “hhcmjioh”, HBycTopoHHne
ABysyßbie bujibi, “nTHHbH Jiana”. Co6ctbchho “yroji” npencraBneH pasjiKHHbiMK no
HanepraHKio BapnaHTaMK (Ns 72—85). VcnoxHeHHbiMM TnnaMM stoto 3HaKa
hbjihiotcm: ynBoeHMbin 3HaK aHajiomHHbiü no $opMe npouapanaHHOMy Ha crene
(raöji. I: 115) m coneraHMe 3HaKOB: yroji m nepTa; yroji, nepTa h HByayöbie BMiibi;
yroji k Äße napbi napajuieueü; yroji ynBoeHHbiu n nepenepKHyTbie napajDiejin
CraöJi. IV: 82-85).
3naK AByayßbie bhjim npencTaß/ieH HByMu pa3JiMHHbiMM TnnaMn: 3HaK b 4>op-
Me öyKBbi “mhcmjioh” m 3HaK “BeTKa” b BHue npHMon Heprbi c otxo/uuhkm ot ee
BepxHen nacTK kocmm otpoctkom. O6a Tnna 3naKa cocTaBJimoT komhosmiikm c oa-
HOM WIM HeCKOJIbKKMM npHMblMH (TaÖJI. IV: 91“93, 96, 98, 99). VcjIOXHeHHblMH
ranaMM 3HaKa jibjuhotcji 3HaKn N° 90, 94 m 97, me k CTBOJiy ero noöaBJieHbi oipo-
CTKK.
CoOTBeTCTBeHHO HByMH aHaJlOrMHHbIMM TMnaMH npeßCTaBJieHbl 3HaKH “ßByCTO-
poHHiie nByayöbie bhjim”. O6a rana 3HaKa JiexaT b ochobc ycjioxHenHbix tmhob c
otpoctkom b cepe^MHe cTBOjia (Ta6n. IV: 101—103). oumh 3naK (ra6;i. IV: 100)
oöpaayeT komhoshmmio c bbiömtoä panoM c hmm nyron.
3naK, b ochobc KOToporo JiexKT “nTHHbJi Jiana”, npencraBjieH TpeMa pa3Hbi-
mh TKnaMM (ra6ji. IV: 104—106). K 3tom xe rpynne c HaraxKoii moxho othccth
ony6jiKKOBaHHbiM H.E.MaKapeHKO cjioxhbim 3HaK N° 107.
Aßyßyöijbi. OnHOCTOpOHHne ziBysyönbi npencraBneHbi jjbvmü ranaMw: npocron
h c ropM3OHTajibHbiM otpoctkom Ha jieBOM “3y6e” (ra6ji. TV: 108—115). K coxa-
jieHnio, Tpn 3HaKa (JiparMeHTapHbi. JjBycTopoHHKH nBy3y6eu tojibko ojjkh (ra6ji. IV:
116).
Ayrn. IIpocTaa nyra. 3 3K3eMruuipa o6pa3yer nepßbiii ran. Oh cocTaBJiaeT kom-
no3MUKio c npaMoii jiMHnen. Tun 2 — nyra c nepeioiajiHHOM; oh TaKxe o6pa3yeT
rnaea II. 3h3kh Ha crponTenbHbix MaTepuianax	37
coueTaHwe c npaMoii ahhhch. Tun 3 — ayra c BnncaHHbiM b nee yrjioM; BapnaHT
3Toro rana — ayra c otpoctkom y Kpaa (Taöji. IV: 117—125).
F-o6pa3Hbie, E-o6pa3Hbie h >K-o6pa3Hbie 3iiaKM. HanueHo no Tpn 3K3eMiuia-
pa 3HaKOB k£dkaoh rpynnbi (raöji. IV: 126-134). IlocAeAHaa rpynna cGAiixaerca c
TiinoM 3HaKa AßycTopoHHHe Aßyayöbie bbah c otpoctkom.
Il-o6pa3Hbie 3HaKH — nocaeAHaa rpynna 3H3kob, npeACTaBAeHHbix cepnaMH
(Taöji. IV: 136—138).
OcrajibHbie Trnibi 3H3kob HacHHTbiBaiOT no OAHOMy-Aßa 3K3eMiuiapa (Taßji. IV:
139-150).
O6paTHMCfl K HCKOTOpblM OCOÖeHHOCTHM o6pa3OBaHKM 6ojiee CAOXHblX 3H3KOB.
CaMbin npocTOü h pacnpocTpaHÖHHbiH cnocoG — AoßaBJienne “oTnaTHbimeii” (Nq
6, 90, 96, 102, 115, 124 h apyme). Pexe BCTpenaerca npHÖM 3epKajibHoro yußoe-
Hiia 3HaKa: N° 40, 100 (HepneuoB, 1982: 103). IlepeBepHyrbiH 3HaK otmchch b
oahom cjiynae (N° 70), ho npn cmmmctphhhocth ochobhofo ancaa 3HaKOB 3tot
npneM npocaeAHTb hohth hcbosmoxho (cm. TaKxe N° 5 h 6). PacnpocTpaneHHbiM
npneMOM He tojibko Ha MaaijKOM, ho h b CapKejie cpeAH 3HaKOB Ha KHpnnnax
Gbuio aoöaBJieHwe k 3HaKy oahoh, Aßyx hjih Tpex napajuiejibHbix aepT (Ns 38, 39,
63, 82, 85, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 120, 123, 128) yrjia hjih Ayrn (N<> 12, 56, 100).
Pa3BHTwe TaMm He Bcerna mno no ahhhh ycAOXHenna, hmca mccto h oöpar-
Hbiii npouecc — "nopqa” poAOBoro 3HaKa, Korea ot hcxoahoto rana oTceKajiacb
KaKaa-TO .aeTajib (HepHeiiOB, 1947), ho Ha HameM MarepnaAe BpaA jih yaacTca ero
npocjieuMTb.
Cnocoöbi o6pa3OBaHna Gojiee cjioxhbix 3H3kob H3 npocTbix, KOTopbie npocjie-
XHBaioTca Ha MaTepwajiax 3HaKOB CTpoHTejieü MaaiiKoro ropoAnma, aHajioniHHbi
OTMeneHHbiM juih 3HaK0B CapKena. “Hanöojiee pe3KOH ocoöeHHOCTbio” capKejib-
CKHX 3H3KOB M.H. ApTaMOHOB Ha3B3JI CHOCOO o6pa3OBaHKH HOBblX 3H3K0B nyreM
cocTaBJieHua b pa3AHHHbie KOMno3HUHH $nryp, BbiCTynaioinnx b Apynix cAyaaax
KaK caMocTOHTejibHbie (ApTaMOHOB, 1935: 93, 94). Hacro BCTpenaeMbie b komho3k-
iinax rann 3HaKOB h Ha MaaijKOM h b CapKejie hohth HAeHTHHHbi. 3to onHa hjih
Aße 4epTbi (b CapKejie — 60, na MaaijKOM — 11 cjiynaeß), Ayra (cooTBeTCTBenno
38 h 2), yroA (24 h 3), “hhchaoh” ( 5 h 6), nepneHAHKyAap (7 h 2) h kocoh KpecT
(2 H 3). EAHHCTBeHHOe OTAH'lHe — ynOTpeÖAHBlIIHHCA B KOMHO3HHHHX H BOOGlIje
pacnpocTpaHÖHHbiH Ha KHpnn^ax CapKeAa T-o6pa3HbiH 3HaK, kotopbih Ha Maau,-
kom He oÖHapyxeH. IIo aTHorpa^HaecKHM ashhbim hsbcctho, hto HHOTAa npHMH-
THBHblH 3HaK, nOCTaBACHHblH HC Ha CaMOH TaMre, a pAAOM C Heil, HrpaA pOAb OT-
naTHbinia. Otmcthm, hto 3HaKH, cocTaBJunoiijHe komhoshhhh, oGbihho BbinoAHeHbi
OAHHM HHCTpyMeHTOM.
IIpoAOJDKaa cpaBHeHHe Maamoix n capKeAbCKHX 3HaKOB, cAeAyeT oTMerHTb, hto
Ha KHpnnnax npncyrcTByiOT cAeAaHHbie no cbipon rAHHe pncyHKH HeAOBenecKHx
4)Hryp, KOHeft, reoMeTpHHecKHe (Jmrypbi, 3Be3AW, cctkh, AeceHKH, KpecTbi b Kpy-
re, BOAHbi. Bee nepenHCAeHHbie H3o6paxeHHA eAHHHHHbi, 3a HCKAioneHHeM pncyH-
KOB KOH6Ü, HO OHH OTAHHaiOTC« OT H3O6paX6HHH XHBOTHblX, H3B6CTHbIX KaK KA6H-
Ma Ha KpbiMCKHx Hepennnax, tcm, hto He hoahhhhiotca KaKOH-AHÖo onpeACAeHHOH
cxeMe, a pa3AHHHbi KaK b oömeM KOHType pncyHKa, TaK h b npopaöoTKe AeraAen.
IIoAOÖHbie HanepTaHHH npncyrcTByioT Ha MaaiiKOM HCKAionnTeAbHO b KaaecTBe
rpa(j)4)HTH.
ConocTaBAeHHe THnoAornHecKoro Haöopa 3HaKOB KaMeHOTecoB MaauKoro ro-
poAHma c rpa4)HHecKHM (Jjohaom oGnapyxeHHbix 3Aecb HaAnnceü noKasaao, hto
TOAbKO yHHBepcaAbHbie, b CHAy CBoeii hphmhthbhocth, 3HaKH Ayra h yroA hmciot
anaAOTHH cpeAH Tpex AecaTKOB 3HaKOB nncbMeHHOCTH MaaiiKHX HaAnncefi (Kbi3-
38	B.E. <t>jiepoBa. rpactxfcmH Xaaapun
jiacoß, 1990). npn 3tom cjiejjyer otmctutb Taxne pasjinnna, KaK Gojibmaji pa3Bep-
HyrocTb öyKBeHHbix 3HaKOB b BMjje nyra n yrjia, TaK, hto coßnaneHwe 3necb caMoe
oGmee. OTcyrcTBwe öyKBeHHbix 3HaKOB HEJiaerca xapaKTepHoü ocoGeHHOCTbio n
MaaiiKoro ropojinina n CapKejia. ByKBeHHbie 3HaKH noaBJiaiOTca b KaaecTBe TaMr
Ha Gojiee no3AHeü cranuK pasBUTM« oßmecTBa (KonKMHa, 1985; Xojioctchko, 1967:
193).
PeKOHCTpyKuwa npuHajuiexcHOCTH TaMni, ziaxe ecjin yuanocb onpenejinTb, hto
3HaK aeHCTBHTejibHO HBJiaeTca TaMron, — Bonpoc KpaäHe cjioxhbim. Hapnny c ce-
MeiiHbiMM TaMraMH motjim M3o6paxaTbcn ponoßbie, ruieMeHHbie m (JjpaTpnajibHbie,
oGinne y mhotmx Jiioneö (Boctpob, 1968; >KnaHKo, 1950; Kyaeeß, 1974). Morjia
cymecTBOBaTb TaMra Gojibuiom ccmbm, oGinaa y hcckojibkmx B3pocjibix MyxnnH,
CTpoKBiHHX KpenocTb (A4)aHacbeB, 1984). Bosmoxho, stmm oßbacHaeTca cymecTBO-
BaHHe OJJHOTMnHblX 3H3KOB, BbHIOJIHeHHblX B pa3JIH4HOM TCXHMKe, MMdOLUMX p33-
Hbie nponopuHH h pa3Mepbi, ho othocjhuhxch no cbocm $opMe k ojjHOMy rnny.
OGinaa cxeMa THnojiornnecKoro HaGopa anajioniHHa tom, KOTOpyio OTMeaaioT
M.H. ApTaMOHOB 4Jia CapKejia n X.X.Bmaämcb juia XyMapMHCKoro ropojinina:
öojibinoe KOJiKaecTBO 6jim3KHX, pa3JiMHaiomnxca b aerajinx 3HaKOB, bocxojuhhmx k
HeCKOJIbKMM KCXOAHbIM THHaM. OHa, K3K CHMTaeT M.H. ApTaMOHOB, yKa3bIBaeT Ha
to, hto pon yxe pacnancn Ha owejibHbie ccmbm, ho cbh3b srax ceMen eine npon-
Ha (ApTaMOHOB, 1935: 96; Bmaxhcb, 1983: 87). MaaijKoe no CTeneHM pasBeTBJien-
hocth TnnojiornHecKMX pajjOB 3aHHMaeT npoMexyroHHoe nojioxenne Mexjjy JiBy-
MH 3TMMM naMJITHMKaMM.
HeoGxojinMO otmctmtb eine ojjho KHrepecHoe MBJieHne, xapaKTepnoe KaK juih
3HaKOB MaaijKoro, TaK m /uia CapKejia n zuia ITjihckm (^OHaeBa-IIeTKOBa, 1985:
100. Pnc. 18, 3, 34, 35, 41, 43, 52, 59), — nocTaBJieHHbie paaoM Ha oähom KaMHe
jiBa ojiuHaKOBbie hjih Gjimskmc no rnny 3HaKa (3HaKM 11, 56; 83, 105, 121, 123, 138),
HHoraa HaHeceHHbie pa3HbiMM peanaMM (3HaKM 121, 123, 138). flßJieHne sto yxe
ynoMMHanocb b cBasn co 3HaKaMM-rpa(|)(^MTM.
OÖblHHO 3HaK CTaBMJICa TOJIbKO Ha OJIHy CTOpOHy ÖJIOKa, HO ecTb KaMHK C JJByMa
n aaxe TpeMa MeaeHbiMK rpanaMM. XapaKTepno, hto Ha pasHbix rpanax Bbipeaa-
jincb 3HaKM 6jin3Kne TKnojiorKHecKM. KaMeHHbin Gjiok co 3HaKaMn KaMeHOTecoB
Ha Tpex cTopoHax noKa HainieH tojibko ojimh. Bee 3HaKn pacnojioxeHbi Ha juimh-
hbix rpanax KaMHa. Ohm pa3HOTnnHbi, ho bocxoäht k OÄHOMy ojieMeHTy — 3HaKy
b BMjie öyKBbi “mhcmjioh” (ra6ji. IV: 88, 94, 100). Y BToporo ÖJiOKa noMeneHbi Äße
CMexHbie zuiMHHbie rpaHM: Ha oahom bbiGmt 3HaK “nepneimnKyjiap”, a Ha Jipyron —
3HaHMTejibH0 rjiyöxe bbiömt 3HaK b bmäc “H”, bosmoxho o6pa3OBaHHbiii ot 3Ha-
Ka “nepneHÄMKyjiap” nyreM .uoöaBJieHMa k neMy ropM3OHTajibHon nepTbi (ra6ji. IV:
148). Ha OTyx KaMHax, Ha pa3Hbie nx rpann HaneceHbi 4yrn. UpnaeM 3HaKM Ha
pa3Hbix CTopoHax 6jih3km, ho He ToxuecTBeHHbi m npencTaBJieHbi TMnaMM ohhom
rpynnbi (TaGji. IV: 41(119) m 121, 123 m 124). H Ha nepBOM m Ha btopom 6jiok6
3HaKM nponapanaHbi Ha oähom rpann m TJiyßoKO BpeaaHbi Ha jipyron. Taxoe xe
pa3JiMHne b TexHMKe HaSjiiojiaeTca npn naneceHMM II-o6pa3Hbix 3hbkob Ha pa3Hbie
rpaHM eine OAHoro öJiOKa (ra6ji. I: 176; TaGji. IV: 138). Eine Ha oahom KaMHe co
3HaKOM KaMeHOTeca “F” nponepneHO bo BpeMa CTponrejibCTBa na .npyroM ero cto-
poHe rpa^MTM “E” (ra6ji. I: 160; TaGji. IV: 129).
DiyGoKO BpesaHHbie 3HaKM oGbihho nanocMJincb Ha juinnnyio CTopony Gjioxa.
Ohchb penKO BcrpenaiOTca 3HaKM BbiÖMTbie na kopotkoH CTOpoHe. HacKOJibKO cTpo-
ro npnnepxHBajiMCb stoto oGbinaa CKaaaTb rpyano, TaK KaK nejiMKOM coxpanwB-
innxca KBanpoB co 3HaxaMM He TaK mhoto m nacTb MMeeT KyönnecKyio (JjopMy. Ho
nonoGnan 3aK0H0MepH0CTb oTMenena He tojibko Ha MaauKOM roponnme, ho m b
Rnaßa II. 3naKn Ha cTpomenbHbix Marepnanax	39
flJiMCKe (JJoHneBa-IIeTKOBa, 1985: 99). 3HaKH-rpac|)(j)HTH, HanaeHHbie Ha GjiOKax,
ynaBiiiKX co ctch, HaoöopoT, aaHKMaioT no Gojibmen hbcth hx KopoTKyio rpaHb.
Ha KopoTKOfi rpann GjioKa BbipeaaH n-o6pa3HMH 3HaK-rpa<j>4>Hra (TaGji. I:
176). ^ocTaTOHHO rjiajiKaji noßepxHOCTb rpann h to, hto Ha Hen hmciotcji eine pn-
cyHKM xhbothmx, BbinojiHeHHbie yxe npyrHM peaijoM, roBopHT o tom, hto OHa
ßbüia jihhcboh. MaccHBHbiH ranojiOTHHecKH Gjihskhh 3HaK BbipeaaH Ha juihhhoh
rpaHH. Bhähmo, npn HaneceHHH na Gjiok 3hbkob Gbuio yxe hsbcctho, KaK KaMeHb
6y.neT yjioxcn b CTeny, hjih xe BbrrecbiBajiH KaMHH zum ojihofo ynacraa h bo3bo-
jihjim Ha höm cTeny jno.un, CBaaaHHbie poactbom h HMeiomHe 6jiH3KHe no Hanep-
TaHHK) TaMTH.
npn HccjienoßaHHH cTpoHTejibHoro Marepnajia boctohhoh KpenocraoH ctchm
FIjihckh T. BajiaöanoBbiM Gbuio otmchcho, hto OTÄejibHbie ee ynacTKH cjioxchm H3
KaMHen pa3JiHHHoro nponcxoxjieHHH, a Gjiokh H3 paajiHHHbix nopon KaMHH noMe-
tjeHbl pa3HOTHHHbIMH 3HaKaMH, TOTfla K3K Ha KaMHHX OflHOFO BH£a 3H3KH CXOXH.
Oh nejiaeT bmboä, hto thhm 3H3kob cBH3aHbi c KapbepaMH, H3 kotopmx Gjiokh
.HOCTaBjuuiHCb Ha.onpenejieHHbie orpeaKH ctchm. B Hanöojiee BaxHbix Mecrax bo-
poT Hcnojib3OBajiHCb kbmhh H3 pa3Hbix KapbepoB (BajiaGanos, 1985: 128). Bo3mox-
ho, Ha MaanKOM HMena mccto aHanoraHHaji opraHH3aiiHM npouecca CTponrejibCTBa,
npn KOTopoä nocjienoBaTejibHbie onepaijHH: BbirecbiBaHHe ßjioKa, ero oKOHHaTejib-
Han oßpaöoTKa n yKJiajuca b cTCHy HaxojjHJiHCb b pyKax Gjihskhx jnonen?
fljia npoßepKH 3Toro npennojioxeHHJi hcoGxoahmo oGparaTbca k Tonorpa^HH
HaXOÄOK 3H3K0B Ha FOpOAHUje. K COXaJieHHK), OHa CMOXeT JJSTb TOJIBKO PW OTJieJIb-
Hbix HaßjnojieHHH, nocKOJibKy Ha cTeHax Kpenocra, KaK OTMenajiocb BBiiue, mctkh
KaMeHOTecoB He cTaBHJincb, caMH ctchm yHHKajibHoro naMHTHHKa He paaßnpajiHCb
h Bee 3HaKH MacTepOB HainieHbi Ha KaMeHHBix öjioKax, ynaBUinx co ctchm. 3to
OÖCTOHTeJIbCTBO JIHUiaeT B03M0XH0CTH HpOCHHTaTB paCCTOMHHe OT OJIHOFO 3H3K3 JIO
npyroro, pacnpenejieHHe no panaM KJiajiKH, cooraomeHHe co 3HaKaMH-rpa$4)Hra
Ha noßepxHOCTH ctch, qacTOTy BCTpenaeMocra mchchmx öjiokob.
Ecjih conocTaBHTb KOJiHHecTBeHHoe pacnpejiejieHHe 6jih3Khx thhob mctok Ha
pacKonaHHOH njiomajiH roponwma, to nojiyqaeTca nocTaTOHHO necrpaa KapTHHa
(TaöJi. 2, Taöji. V). Hh oGhjhh hoachct 3HaK0B, hh jjeTajibHoe pa3MemeHHe nx Ha
miane He hosbojuhot BbmejiHTb ynacTKH, kotopmm cooTBercTByiOT tojibko ojihh thh
hjih xotm 6m oziHa rpynna 3HaKOB. Moxho tobophtb jihiiib o npeoßjiaaaHHH Tex hjih
hhbix rpynn 3HaKOB b onpenejieHHMX Mecrax KpenocTH. Ajiü panoHa 3anajiHoro yrjia
HanGojiee xapaKTepHMMH abjuhotch £By3y6eu h “khchjioh”, äJih panoHa bopot —
Pom6, jui« ioxhofo yrjia — kocoh KpecT h nepneH/iHKyjuip, zuia ioto-boctohhoh
ctchm, xapaKTepHO pa3Hooöpa3He thhob 3HaKOB, ho npeoöJianaioT 3H3kk, oöpaao-
BaHHbie ot npHMoro KpecTa h yrjia. Ha pacKonaHHOM ynacTKe ceßepo-BocTOHHOH
ctchm ßojibine Bcero jiyr h 3HaK0B “nepnewiHKyjiflp”.
npH Gojiee nerajibHOM paccMOTpeHHH TonorpaiJiHH HaxonoK oTMenaeTCH TaKaa
ee OCOÖeHHOCTb KaK nOCTOflHHbie HaXOÄKH OJJHHaKOBMX HJIH THnOJIOTHHeCKH ÖJIH3-
khx 3HaKOB Ha ßjioKax jiexamHx pnaoM hjih Ha 6jih3kom paccTOJiHHH npyr ot jipyra.
TaK b 3anajiHOM yrny Kpenocra panoM c 3cmji«hkoh jiexajin tph KBanpa, MeneHbie
HBy3y6uaMH (N° 113, 114, 115). Hcmhoto noonajib ot hhx — eme oawh c nßyayö-
ueM (Ne 112). B pa3Bajie KaMHen, ynaBUinx c ioto-boctohhoh ctchm nßa jiBysyG-
ua Taoce HaHjjeHbi b ohhom KBanpare (Ns 108, 110). Ha cmcxhmx ynacraax Haxo-
UHJiHCb 3HaKH “F” h “E”: tph b ioxhom yrjiy (Ns 126, 128, 130) h nßa — y
ioto-boctohhoh CTCHM (Ne 127, 129). 3jiecb xe Ha CTeHe Gmji BbipeaaH 3HaK b BHjie
“E”. IIoxoxaH CHTyaiiHH OTMenaeTCH Ha .npyroM ynacrae toh xe ctchm, ho c ee
BHyrpeHHeH ctopohm: b aaßajie HanneHM He/iajieKO jipyr ot npyra TpH 3HaKa “Kpecr
40	B.E. 0nepoBa. rpac^cfiKTu Xaaapun
c sarHyrbiM kohliom” (Ne 66, 67, 71); Ha tom xe ynacTKe Ha ctchc Bbipesan ana-
JIOrWHHblK 3H3K. PjU(OM B paÖOHe BOpOT JiexaJIH BCe Tpw KaMHfl C OÄHOTHnHblMM
)K-o6pa3HbiMK 3HaKaMM. B sananHOM yrjiy Kpenocra phjiom HaiwHbi aßa ohhothh-
Hbix 3HaKa Ne 101 n 102, TaKxe Gojiee Hurfle ne BCTpeneHHbie. Hanöojiee JipKnfi
npHMep — rum» Gjiokob, MeneHbix pa3HOTnnnbiMH 3HaKaMK rpynnbi “nym”, Haft-
neHHbie b ojihom KBanpare npn pacKonKax ceBepo-BOCTOHHOü ctchbi (Taöji. IV:
118—121, 124, 125), a TaKxe pa3HOOÖpa3Hbie 3HaKH, b ochobc KOTopbix JiexHT pomG,
HaHeceHHbie Ha KaMHax ynacTKa 3aBana y bopot npoTnxeHHOCTbio MeHee 20 m
(Ta6ji. IV: 3-13).
B pane OTMeneHHbix cjiynaeB onHOTnnHbie 3H3kh, HanneHHbie paaoM, Bbinoji-
HeHbi b pa3JiHHHOü TexHHKe. ßnaKOB, npHHannexaniHX k ojiHOMy THny n Bbinoji-
HeHHbix “oflHoü pyKoü” oneHb Majio. B KpynHbix cepnax ouHOTnnHbix 3H3kob
“flByayöubi” h “nepneHUHKyjuip” HaGjnonaiorcn pasjinnna b tcxhukc ncnojiHeHna
3HaKOB, b hx nponopijHJix. Ynajiocb otmcthtb tojibko n.Ba cjiynaa, Koma ouhothh-
Hbie 3HaKH, c/iejiaHHbie b ojihoh TexHHke n, bhuhmo, ouhhm nejiOBeKOM HaiVieHbi
Ha 6jiH3JiexaniHx k3mhmx: oto 3HaKH Ne 27—29, BbiÖHTbie TecnoM Ha KaMHMX ce-
BepO-BOCTOHHOK CTCHBI H FJiyÖOKO Bpe33HHbie TpH >K-o6pa3HbIX 3H3K3 Ne 132—134.
TonorpacJiKH 3H3kob no3BOJiaeT cnejiaTb Äßa BbiBona. Bo-nepßbix, pacnojioxe-
Hue THnojionwecKH 6jih3khx, ho He ToxnecTBeHHbix 3HaKOB panoM Ha ohhom k3m-
hc, Ha pa3Hbix rpaHHx ohhoto 6jiok3 n Ha 6jiH3JiexaniHX k3mh»x aasanoB ctch
CBHueTejibCTByeT o tom, hto jiiojxh, CBmaHHbie poäctbom, nacTo paöoTann Ha oä-
hom ynacTKe hjih xe coBepinann nocjienoßaTejibHbie onepaunn b KOHTaKTe «apyr c
jjpyroM. Bo-BTopbix, ynacTKn CTpoHBineiicM KpenocTH He öbuin noneneHbi Mexny
onpeuejieHHbiMH rpynnaMH rcponTejieH.
Otmcthm eme ojiHy ocoöeHHOCTb MaaiiKHX 3H3kob: KpaiiHee pa3Hooöpa3He KaK
pa3MepOB, TaK h rjiyÖHHbi pejibectia mctok KaMeHOTecoB (Taöji. 1). BbicoTa pejibe-
$a 3H3KOB Ha cpejiHeßeKOBOH Hepennue Xepconeca no3BOJiHJia A.JI. ^KoßcoHy
BBiBecTH ero b KanecTBe uaTHpyiomero npH3H3Ka juih otoh KaTeropHH CTpOHTejib-
hoto MaTepnajia (ükoGcoh, 1979: 94). Anajinanpyn mctkh Ha nepennuax BaKJiHH-
ckoto ropoaHma #.JL Tanne oTMenaeT paauHHHyio rjiyÖHHy pejibetjia 3H3kob na
ojiHOBpeMeHHbix Hepenniiax (Tanne, 1968). Mm cbohctbchho TaKxe Gojibmee th-
nojiomnecKoe pa3Hoo6pa3ne — no cpaBHeHHio c XepconecoM sto npoBHHUHa, pe-
Mecjio 3necb MeHee pasBHTO.
Ha MaaijKOM OTMenaeTC« eine Gojiee naTpnapxanbHaji KapTHHa. Pa3HOo6pa3He
3H3KOB, nOJIHOe OTCyTCTBne CTaHAapTHblX THHOB K pa3MepOB He TOJIBKO CaMHX
3H3KOB, HO H K3M6HHBIX ÖJ1OKOB, Ha KOTOpbie OHH HaHCCeHBI, OTCyTCTBHe nOJiejI-
eHHbix Mexuy ctpoktcjihmh ynacTKOB, roBopHT o tom, hto KaMenoTecHoe neno He
BbmejiHJiocb 3Aecb eine b peMecjio. Bhjjhmo, KpenocTb ctpohjik He opraHH3OBaH-
Hbie CTpoKTejibHbie apTejin, BosrjiaBJiaeMbie onbiTHBiMK MacrepaMH, CTaBHBiiiKMK
3HaK KaK OTMenaioiHHH HopMy BbipaGoTKn, a caMn xHTejin, pKCOBaBinne Ha KaM-
HflX CBOH TaMTK. HoUOÖHafl OpTaHH3aUKM Tpyna COXpaHHJiaCb AOBOJIbHO HOJITO TaM,
rne He otJjopMHJiocb OKOHnaTejibHO oöocoÖJieHne peMecjia. Eme b Hanane BeKa y
KHrymen ctpohtcjibctbo 3U3HKK n aaxe TaKnx cjioxhbix coopyxeHnn KaK öaiiiHn,
a TaKxe nocTaBKa k Mercy rcponTejibCTBa KaMHS npoK3BOjiHJincb bccm pouom. npn
3TOM “K3MHH npHHOCHJIHCb H KJiaJIKCb BCCMH pOACTBeHHHKaMH H HpH HOCTpOHKe
OTMenajiHCb KpercaMH, naraaMH h npyrnMn 3HaKaMn” (KpynnoB, 1971: 136).
EecnoHBeHHOCTb nonbiTOK pacniHtjipOBaTb tohhoc 3HaHeHHe Tex hjih hhbix 3Ha-
kob He pa3 OTMenanacb («IJoHHeBa-rieTKOBa, 1980: 20). ConorcaBJieHne npeBHHX
nKKTorpaMM n STHorpacJiHHecKH H3BecTHbix Ha3BaHHÜ aHanornHHbix 3H3kob uaiOT
oGbihho oueHb nercpyio KapraHy. Bot hto OTMenaer B.C. JJpanyK othochtcjibho
rnaBa II. 3h3kw Ha CTpoMTentHbix Marepnanax	41
noncKa 3HaaeHMa capMaTCKoro 3naKa b Bnae cTMaM3OBaHHOM roaoBbi poraToro
XHBOTHoro: TaKaa 0opMa oöo3Haaaaa aopory y kyhob — aMepuKaHCKnx HnaeMueB,
cepaue b KKTancKMX nHKTorpaMMax, noaKOBy y KaaMbiKOB n ßypaTOB, coßy, Gbixa,
jHicy, ubctok — y KaßapawHnes m T.n. (flpanyK, 1975: 56). Flpn B3raaae Ha pncyHKn
CBaHOB, He TO, HTO 3HBKH, TpyaHO ÖBIJIO OnpejlCJIHTb 6e3 KOMMeHTapueB pMCOBaB-
niMX, hto M3o6paxeHo: HanpnMep, KBaapaT o6o3Hanaa aapb aaa MyKM, ayra —
XMBOTHoe, nepTOHKa c ToaxaMH — Kypnny c ubinjiBTaMK. Tpyano ßbüio aaxe npn-
6jin3HTejibHO onpeaeaHTb bhu xheothoto (EapaaBeanaae, 1957).
CjioxHOCTb, a noanac HenpaBOMepHOCTb, aneanaiinn k BTHorpa^HaecKH H3-
BecTHbiM TaMraM anaaorMaHbix 4>opM b aaHHOM acneicre aaKaioaaeTCM TaKxe b tom,
qTO JipeBHHe CBKpaJIbHbie CMMBOJIbl OHCHb XOpOIHO COXpaHBIOTCa B HO3ZIHHX CCMCH-
hbix m jiMHHbix TaMrax (Chmhchko, 1965: 63; XypaHOB, 1979: 158; EfepnenoB, 1982),
noJiHocTbio Tepaa CBoe nepBOHaaaabHoe 3HaaeHne n aacTo npnoöpeTaa Ha3BaHne
noxoxero no 0opMe öbiTOBoro npeaMeTa.
Bojibmyio cjioxcHOCTb npn MHTepnpeTauHM npeacTaßaaiOT poaoBbie 3HaKH,
oöbiHHO Bocxoaamne k M3o6paxeHHio TOTeMa MJiM ayxa-npapoanTeaa. IIo nn.ee
cbocm 3th 3HaKK caKpajibHbi, ho b OT/iejibHbix cay'iaax ynoTpeßaaancb kbk 3HaKn
COÖCTBeHHOCTH, B aaCTHOCTM, npM TaBpCHHH KOHCH, KaK B paHHCM CpeaHCBCKOBbe
(3yeB, 1960: 93—140), TaK h ao HeaaBHero BpeMeHH (XypaHOB, 1979: 157), Toraa
KaK b apyrnx cayaaax npHMenanacb ceMenHaa TaMra. H3BecTHbi cayaan, Koraa po-
aoBOH 3HaK OTaeabHoro poaa BbicTynaa b Ka'iecTße caKpaabHoro cnMBoaa neaon Ha-
poaHOCTK (Chm^chko, 1965: 107).
TaK xe Maao msbcctho, k3khm oöpaaoM nponcxoana BbiGop $opM MHaMBnay-
aan3npoBaHHbix 3HaKOB, He CBM3aHHbix no cBoeü (JjopMe c poaoßbiM. y Pamna-aa-
jUnna ecTb CBwaeTeabCTBO o HaaeaeHnn 3HaK3MK coGctbchhoctk b yK33HOM nopaaxe
(pecjjopMa aerenaapHoro Kyn-xana). “Hto6 aocTonncTBO, nyrb, hmh w npo3BaHne
Kaxaoro b OTaeabHocTM ßbian onpeaeaeHbi n yrßepxaeHbi, n KaxaoMy aan KaKon-
HHÖyab 3HaK h TaMra, htoG tcm 3H3kom n TaMroü HapoanTO oßosHanaaHCb yK33bi,
coKpoBumHnubi, TaöyH n craao, bo K3öexaHne ot kofo 6bi to hm öbiao ccopbi m
conpoTKBaeHMM oaHoro c apyrnM” (ukt. no EepHiinaMy, 1951: 65). ÄHaaorMHHbie
npeaaHMH ecn> m b apyrnx (JjonbKaopHbix TCKorax (XaaiiKo, 1950).
Eine oaMH acneKT, 3aTpyanaiomnH MHTepnpeTannK) M3ynaeMbix 3hbkob — Ha-
annne 3HaKOB npMMMTHBHbix (JiopM, ana KOTopbix HMeiOTca cßnaeTeabCTBa 06 ynoT-
peöaenKM hx KaK caKpaabHbix cnMBoaoB. HanpnMep, Bnoane “TaMroo6pa3Hbie”
3HaKH aByayßen, “nncnaoH” h “ßeTKa” GbiTOBaan y aepKeccKnx naeMÖH b KaaecTBe
CBameHHOM BMÖaeMbi öbiKa (Eapaaseanaae, 1957: 201. Taöa. XXVII, 4, 5). 3HaK
“necoHHbie aacbi” Man KaK ero eme Ha3biBaioT “aßonnaa ceKKpa” öbia CHMBoaoM
HeßecHbix cna (IbaaH, 1993: 150, 151; ^OHaeßa-IIeTKOBa, 1980: 19).
YaHTbiBaa bcio caoxnocTb KaKOM-anßo HHTepnpeTannn bcö xe nonbrraeMca
onpeaeanTb BHyrpeHHee cooTHomenne pasanaHbix 3H3kob MaanKoro ropoanma.
Yxe ycTaHOBaeno, mto cyujecTBOBaao aße Tpaanunn b rpa(j)MKe ropoaniua: ocTaß-
aaTb npn cTpoMTeabCTBe rayöoKo BpeaaHHbie mjim BbiönTbie 3HaKK, npeanoaoxn-
TeabHO, TaMm, a nocae nocTpoiiKM pncoBaTb Ha CTenax H3o6paxenna, caeaaHHbie
aerKHM HaxuMOM pesua. Mexay bthmm TpaanuMaMM hm b OTHOinennH tcxhmkm,
hm b pacnpeaeaeHMM thhob hct xnaTyca. n Ta n apyraa aacTb 3HaKOB ßbiaa ocTaß-
aena, no Bceü BnanMocTH, oaHKMM n tcmm xe aioaBMn, oÖMTaTeaaMH ropoanma,
h Te TpaannnH rpa4)KKM, KOTOpbie öbiTOBaan bo BpeMa crponTeabCTBa, no3xe Gbian
npoaoaxeHbi. B to xe BpeMa, noaßaaioTca neKOTopbie cioxeTbi, KOTOpbie hohth He
ynoTpeöaaancb Man ynoTpeöaaancb oaeHb peaxo bo BpeMa CTponTeabCTBa. B nep-
Byio oaepeab sto othocmtcb k pncyHKaM h 3HaKaM reoMeTpnaecKHX 4?opM, 300- m
aHTponoMop^HbiM H3o6paxeHnaM. üepBbie coßceM He mmciot anaaorMM cpean
42	B.E. 0nepoBa. rpacjjcpmn Xaaapnn
3HaK0B CTpoMTejieH, xoth w3BecTHbi Ha Knpnnnax CapKejia u kpmmckhx cpeuHeße-
kobbix nepennnax. IJejibin pan rpynn 3H3kob reoMeTpnnecKnx 0opM He hmcct
cpenn hhx aHajioran: neHTarpaMMa, pa3JinHHbix thhob OKpyxHOcra co ßnncaHHbi-
mh ajieMeHTaMM, TpeyrojibHKKn Bcex thhob, KßanpaT c zinaroHajiMMn, nacTaa ceT-
Ka, “jieceHKa”, to xce othochtch n k hckotopbim npymM rpynnaM (ennHHHHbie
TMnbi He ynHTbiBaioTCH): pacxojunnneca jiynn, 3Mr3ar, TpexnacTHaa (Jmrypa, ayrn c
jiynaMH.
Tenepb paccMOTpHM cooTHonienne Mexay paspjmaMH rpa^^nra n nx pacno-
jioxeHHeM Ha cropoHax öjiokob n3 3aBajioB n Ha KJiajncax ctch (jaöji. 3). Ha hojiio
3HaKOB, ociaBJieHHbix Ha noBepxHocrn KJiajiKH npnxoflHTCH okojio 54% Bcex rpatj)-
4jhth, BKjnona» 3HaKn, juih kotopbix ycTaHOBjieH xapaicrep noBepxnoc™, a Taoce
3HaKM n pncyHKH Ha jjerajiHX napaneTa. ^Jobojibho mhoto 3HaKOB (38%), juih ko-
Topbix hct ^aHHbix o MecTC nx HaHecemm. OÖbinan pncoBaTb rpa(|D(J)n™ cymecTßo-
Baji n bo BpeMH hoctpohkh: Aßa .necjiTKa 3H3kob (8% ot oömero nncjia) onejiaHo
Ha TopuoBbix cToponax 6jiokob. Bojibine Bcero Ha creHax npocTbix jinHefiHbix, hjih
KaK nx HHoraa Ha3bißaiOT, TaMroo6pa3Hbix 3H3kob — 45% HanepTannn Ha creHax
(TaÖJi. I: 63—178). Cpejin hhx jiobojibho mhoto cxoahbix co 3HaKaMn KaMeHOTecoB.
PncyHKH, BKJnoHaa 300- n aiiTponoMop0iibie (jjnrypbi, a Taicxe HenoHATHbie naM
H3o6paxeHna (Taöji. I: 197—212; Taßji. II), n reoMeTpnHecKne (Jjnrypbi (Taßji. I:
1—62) npejjCTaBJieHbi npnMepHO paßHbiMH KOJinnecTBaMH (21% n 25%) n cocraß-
jihiot BTopyio nojioBHHy naoöpaxeHnn. OcTaBmaaca hojih (9%) nanaeT Ha paajinn-
Hbie cjioxHbie 3HaKH n KpnBOJiHHeHHbie (jjHrypbi, 3aHnMaioinne, K3K yxe roBopn-
jiocb, npoMexyroHHoe nojioxenne Mexcay TpeM« npejjbwyiHHMn paajiejiaMn
H3o6paxeHHn (Taöji. I: 179—196).
EcjIH Mbl CpaBHHM HO pa3pHJiaM 3H3KOB COOTHOHieHHe MCXQiy 3H3K3MH nepH-
ona nocTponKn n HapncoBaHHbiMH Ha creHax, to yßimHM, hto nocjie hoctpohkh
Kpenocra b Haöope H3o6paxeHnü nponcxojinT nocTeneHHaa nepeopneHTaiina
(Taöji. 3). CHJibHO BO3pacTaeT aojia reoMeTpnHecKKX 3H3kob, HMeiomnx aHanornn
cpejin cojmpHbix chmbojiob, npnMeHJiBmnxcH cajiTOBuaMH. Ohh H3BecTHbi b Haßope
aMyneTOB (IT/ieTHeBa, 1967a: 126), a TaKxe b KanecTBe roHnapHbix kjichm, HMeio-
mnx b cajiTOBo-MaauKon KyjibType MarnnecKoe 3HaHenne (KpacwibHHKOB, 1976;
ILieTHÖBa, 1967a; OjiepoB, 1979). 3to TaKne 3HaKH KaK KOHiieHTpnHecKne n npo-
CTbie OKpyJKHOCTH CO BnncaHHbiM B HHX KpeCTOM, neHTarpaMMa, TpKKBeTp, KBaa-
paT C AHaTOHaJIMMH, POMÖ C XBOCTOM. AHaJIOTMH CpeflH KJieÜM HMeiOT JlByCTOpOH-
hhk AByßyöeu n KpecT. MHorne 3HaKW-rpa(|)(£)KTn, HaneceHHbie Ha ctchbi, cxojkk
co 3H3K3MH Ha acTparajiax. 3to pemÖTKa hjih ceTKa H3 6ecnop>moHHbix jihhhk,
“jieceHKa”, KBaapaT c zinaroHajuiMn, pom6 c xboctom. Ilocjie nocTpoiiKn noaBJia-
iotch pncyHKH kohch, ojienen, BcaUHHKOB, cjioxHbie cioxeTHbie KOMnoannnn. To
ecTb tot Kpyr nsoöpaxeHHK, kotopmü npncym He ctojibko 3HaKaM coGctbchhoc-
th, CKOJibKo oßpauoBon rpatjjHKe, CBasaHHon c pejinmo3Hon npaKTHKon, perjiaMeH-
THpyiomen Bbiöop ctoxctob, cthjib nsoöpaxceHnn, TexHHKy ncnojiHeHna.
TexHHKa, BbißpaHHan juih pncoBaHna Ha creHax ropozmnja, cya» no TOMy, hto
OHa He HapyuiaJiacb, He öbuia cjiynanHoft. CpenHeßeKOBbie pncyHKH-rpacixjjHTn
Bojirapnn Ha CKaJiax n CTenax nocTpoeK HMeiOT mhoto oömero b stom njiane c
rpa^HTH Ha CTenax MaauKoro ropoannja: no HaßjiioaeHHHM M.Acnapyxoßa (Ac-
napyxoB, 1984: 105), öojibiunHCTBO nx HaneceHO ocTpbiM HHCTpyMeHTOM, KaK chh-
TaeT nccjieaoBaTejib, 3to tobopht o tom, hto pncoBaßmnn aapanee totobuji hjih
Bbißnpaji HHCTpyMeHT, xotm BCTpenaeTCH n CKpyrJieHHbift pesen. IHnpnHa iirrpnxa
(HeMHoro npeßbimaiOLnan ero myönHy, KOTOpyio Mbi Mepnun) ßojibinnHCTßa H3o6-
paxceHHH KOJießjieTca ot 0,5 no 4 mm. Menee 2% pncyHKOB hmciot niHpnHy niTpnxa
ßojiee 3T0TO ananaaoHa (Acnapyxoß, 1989: 101. OTcyrcTßyioT KpynHbie naoöpaxe-
Tnaea II. ßnaKn Ha CTpoi/rrenbHbix Maiepnanax	43
hmh- To ecTb pncyHOK He öbui paccnnTaH Ha ßocnpMMTne OKpyxaiomHMn. To xe
□TMeuaioT HccjiejjoBaTejiH HapojjHbix pncyHKOB xaKacoß, KOTopbie OTjinnaioTcji
HeßoJibuiMMM pa3MepaMH, npennojiaraioT oaHoro, pexe HByx-Tpex 3pnTejien, nac-
fO pacnojioxeHbi b TpynHOÄOCTynHbix MecTax (Kbi3JiacoB, 1980: 70, 76). Hh pncyH-
km, hm tcm öojiee 3HaKn Ha cTeHax MaauKon KpenocTM He mmcjih acTeTnnecKon
(jjyHKUHK, Bpan JIM OHM MOTJIM CJiyXMTb M KaKMM-JIHÖO yTHJIMTapHbIM MCJIHM, KaK
g3ßecTHbie 3HaKM Ha Bopoiax Bocpbi CTpanyK, 1970), OTMenaiomne hmcjoiumx npaßo
Ha npoxnBaHne b ropo/je, hjih kbk otmctkm MacTepaMH hopm Bbipa6oTKM npn
yjuiaßKe CTCHH, nocKOJibKy nx, flencTBHTejibHo, no/wac c TpynoM moxho h3mtm Ha
ciene, b OTJinnne ot 'ictkmx 3H3kob ctojihubi IlepBoro BojirapcKoro uapcTBa (Ma-
KapoBa, IljieTHeBa, 1984).
rpa<t)4)MTM MaaiiKoro ropo/inma hocmt mhotmc nepTbi, xapaicrepHbie zpi« 06-
pXHOBOH rpa^JHKH, TpaHMIIMM KOTOpOM COXpaHMJIMCb JIO HejiaBHCTO BpeMeHM. 1. Co-
neranne nsoßpaxennn xmbothbix c cojiapHbiMH cnMBOJiaMM m reoMeTpMHecKMMM
4>nrypaMH (Taßji. III: 4, 5, 7, 8). 2. IToAHepKHyrocTb nona K3o6paxeHKÜ xhbot-
Hbix, CBM3aHHaa c KyjibTOM luiojiopojiMH. H.E. MaKapeHKo TaKxe HaiweHo H3o6-
paxeHMe jiByx jioinajien “b cnene HecKpoMHoro xapaicrepa” (MaKapeHKo, 1911).
3. HariMHne onpejiejieHHbix cxeM b M3o6paxeHnax xmbothbix. 4. OÖHJine komho-
3HUMM. 5. Hajinnne M3jno6jieHHbix mcct äjih HaneceHMM 3HaKOB m pncyHKOB.
Kohchho, moxho tojibko ranaTb, 6bui jim jjaHHbin oöbinaM CB»3aH c k3kmm-
jim6o npaaflHHHHbiM oöpanoM m, cjiejioBaTejibHo, c onpenejieHHOM nepnojiMHHOCTbio
BOSOÖHOBJieHHH PMcyHKOB. B 3T0M OTHOIHCHMH OHCHB B3XHO HaÖJIIOÄeHMe
X.X. BMjixneBa o bo3o6hobjichmm 3H3kob, HaneceHHbix oxpofi Ha ctchbi
XyMapnHCKoro ropoanma nocjie noßejiKn (Bmaxhcb, 1983: 84) n bbibohbi
C.A. riaeTHeBOM no MMKpoTonorpa(j)MM pncyHKOB MaaiiKoro (1984). BepoHTHO,
rpa$4)HTH ziejiajin bo BpeMa oöpsmoB, nocßameHHbix TOMy hjih HHOMy öoxecTBy
hjih npejiKaM, nnoraa CTaB« panoM TaMrn ozlhoto hjih hcckojibkmx hcjiobck, KaK
3HaKM ajipecaHTOB (Taßji. III: 1, 4, 6, 12, 21, 22).
Mgtkw Ha KMpnnnax
(CapKen. CeMKKapaKopbi. ripaBo6epe>KHoe ropoßmue)
K HacTonmeMy BpeMeHM HanncaHO mhoto paöoT b oßjiacTM cpeAHeaanaTCKon
M ApCBHepyCCKOM apxeOJIOTMM, B TOM HJIH HHOM CTeneHM KacaiOIIIHXCH MapKMpOB-
KM KMpnMHen, 3Ha4eHMM 3H3KOB B OpraHMSailHM CTpOMTCJIbCTBa H MX MH^OpMaTHB-
hoctm b counajibHOM hjih KyjibTypHOM acneKTax (PannonopT, 1977, 1985; Bejweß,
1973; lyuKOBa, 1964 — cm. JinTepaTypy Bonpoca). Mctkh Ha KMpnnqax paHHecpeji-
HeBeKOBbix xaaapcKMX KpenocTen hohtm He nayneHbi. Ho cymecTBy, M3BecTHbi
3HaKM tojibko Capxejia, Mexuy tcm KaK KnpnnHHoe ctpomtcjibctbo 6buio äoct3toh-
ho ninpOKO pacnpocTpaneno b XasapcKOM KaraHaTe. IIommmo M3BecTHbix no nncb-
MeHHbiM MCTOHHMKaM KHpHM^Hbix nocTpoeK Htmjui m CapKejia, yxe nyreM apxe-
ojiomqecKHX H3bicKaHMM OTKpbiT pan naMHTHMKOB, rue npHMeHHJicH 3tot MaTepnan.
Ha GejioKaMeHHOM npaBoöepexnoM Ummjihhckom ropojjnme (HjieTneBa, 1964a)
cymecTBOBajiH KnpnnHHbie nocTpotiKM. HejiajieKo ot IJmmjuihckhx KpenocTen, y
BnaaeHMM peKH Can b Aoh Haxo/iMTcn cjioxeHHoe m3 Knpnnna CeMHKapaKopcKoe
ropojiMine ((DjiepoB, 1971—1974), 3a neTbipe roua pacKonoK KOToporo oßnapyxe-
ho okojio CTa nejibix m cfjparMeHTMpoBaHHbix KnpnnHeM co 3HaKaMn. B nocneuHne
rojibi ycTaHOBJieHO, hto hcckojibko roponnm Ha ceßepHOH OKpanne KaranaTa mmcjim
ctchbi M3 cbipiioBoro hjih oöoxcKeHHoro KnpnnHa (A4>aHacbeB, 1987: 115—121).
3h3kob 3necb He oönapyxeHO, nocKOJibKy KpynHbix pacKonoK He npoBOUMJiocb, a
44	B.E. <t>nepOBa. rpacfxpHTK Xa3apnn
MeneHbie khphhhh Ha cpenHeßeKOBbix naMHTHHKax TToflOHba cocTaBJiaioT MeHee
1%.
Bee H3o6paxeHKH Ha KHpnnnax cajiTOBO-Maamaix naMHTHHKOB othocmtcb no
npHHHTOH TepMHHOJIOTHH K pa3p«Äy MCTOK, T.e. OTMCTHH, HaHOCHMblX Ha
nocTejiHCTOM CTopone KHpnnna KaK npaßwio najibueM, b otjihhhc ot pejibe^Hbix
3HaKOB Ha TopnoBon CTopoHe nnHH(i)bi h KJieüM Ha nocTejincTow. Ho ecjin
noHBJieHne pejibecjiHbix kjichm Ha npeBHepyccKOH luiWH^e CB«3biBaiOT c
BH33HTHHCKHM BJIHHHHCM, TO MCTKH, pacnpOCTpaHÖHHbie Ha lOXHBIX naMHTHHKax
(Khcb, HepHHroB), bhuhmo, hmcjih reneTHHecKyio cbh3b c TpammmiMM xaaapcKoro
CTpoHTe/ibCTBa (Xojioctchko, 1967).
Hctokh oöbwan mcthtb KHpnnn, KaK h Booöme khphhhhofo CTpoHTejibCTBa b
XaaapwH noKa hc BbiacHeHbi. HecoBnaneHne cnocoßa K/ia^Kw h napawreTpoB
KHpnn4eü, OTMeneHHbie M.H. ÄpTaMOHOBbiM (1962: 301, 302) He hosbojmiot
BO3BOJJHTb ee K BH3aHTHHCKHM 06pa33M. 3aHHMaBIUHHCH cneunajibHo BOnpOCaMH
KpenocTHoro CTpowrejibCTBa CapKejia n.A. PannonopT OTBepr Taoce bosmoxhoc
BJiHMHue cpe/iHeaanaTCKoro aonuecTBa, b kotopom TexHHKa CTpoHTejibCTBa H3
oßoxxeHHoro KMpniwa pacnpocTpaHHJiacb no3xe, hcm b XaaapHH (PannonopT,
1959: 39). K TOMy xe Ha naMHTHHKax CpenHen A3hh snoxn cpenHeBeKOBba He
OTMenaeTC» Hajinnne MeneHbix KHpnnneH, ctojib ninpoKO n3BecTHbix 3jjecb b
no3ÄHeaHTH4Hoe BpeMfl. HeKOTopbie ocoöeHHOcra khphhhhofo CTpotrrejibCTBa
hmciot aHajiorHH na KaBKaae: Kaöajia, Open-Kajia (PannonopT, 1959) m b
Ah3tojihk (A^anacbeß, 1987: 131). Hh Ha ceBepoKaBKaacKHx, hh na 3aKaBKa3CKnx
naM»THHKax He 3a$HKCHpoBaHbi MeneHbie khphhhh. HccjienoBaHHa KHpnHHHbix
naMHTHHKOB HOflOHbH BblHBHJIH ÖOJIblllOe pa3HOO6pa3He TeXHHKH KJiajiKH, BH/JOB
TeXHOJIOTHH H3FOTOBJICHHM KHpHHHa (CbipeiJ, HJIOXO OÖOXXCHHblH, OÖOXOKCHHblH
khphhh npeKpacHoro KanecTBa KaK c oprannnecKHMH, TaK h c necnaHbiMH
AoÖaBKaMH), a TaKxe pa3MepoB KKpnHHen, BapnaijHOHHbiH pa3Max kotopmx
aocTHraeT aaxe Ha ojihom naMHTHHKe 10 cm (A^anacbeB, 1987: 117-119;
PannonopT, 1959: 14, 17). npHMeHHJica He tojibko KBaapaTHbin KHpnnn (HHor.ua
c QTKJioHeHHeM Ha 1—2 cm b CTopone), H3BecTHbiii no pacKOHKaM CapKejia,
HpaBoGepexHoro h CeMHKapaKopcKoro ropoAHin, ho k khphhh npHMoyrojibHoro
(JiopMaTa. KpacHoe ropojiHme cjioxcho tojibko H3 npnMoyrojibHbix KHpnHnen
(A(j)aHacbeß, 1987: 117). B CapKejie aoBOJibHO Gojibma« rpynna KHpnnHen
npaMoyrojibHOH (JiopMbi He «BJiaeTca nojiOBHHHMM (JiopMaTOM ot KBa^paTHbix.
OGinee kojihhcctbo hx HensBecTHO, ho jiaxe epe/jn kojuickuhh MeneHBix KHpnHnen
3a(j)HKCHpoBaHo ßojiee 30 3K3eMnjmpoB npHMoyrojibHoro (JjopMaTa Ha 200 nejibix
(JiopM.
Taoce pa3Hooöpa3Ha h TexHHKa HaneceHHH mctok. Ecjih cpe^HeasHaTCKHe
MeTKH CTaÖHjibHO nponepHHBajiHCb najibiieM, to, KaK noKaaaji npocMOTp
capKejibCKHx KHpnHHen, xpaHMiiinxcn b SpMHTaxe, 3H3kob BbinonHeHHBix
nonoÖHbiM oöpaaoM 3Aecb öbuio tojibko 20%. Ha HpaBoöepexHOM ropojiHme H3
BOCBMH H3B6CTHBIX MHC MCTOK TpH HaHeceHBI naJIOHKOH, XOTM HX npOCTa»
jiyroo6pa3HaH (JiopMa He jjHKTOBajia hmchho TaKyio TexHHKy. Ha CeMHKapaKopcKOM
ropoaHine äojih c^ejiaHHux najibueM 3H3kob eine hhxc: hx 12%, cnHTaa h
THnojiornnecKH HeonpeaejiHMbie 4)parMeHTbi. Bee 3hbkh CeMHKapaKopcKoro h
npaBoöepexHoro ropojiHin naneceHbi no cbipon rjiHHe no oöxnra Ha BepxHen
iuiockocth, HMeiomeH xapaKrepHbie 3aKpaHHbi no nepHMeTpy, oßpaaoBaBiiiHec» npn
nojiHHTHH paMBi zuih cjjopMOBKH. B CapKejie oÖHapyxeno 22 KHpnnna co 3H3K3MH,
cnejiaHHbiMH nocjie oöxnra, epenn hhx — enHHCTBeHHbin 3HaK, HaHeceHHbm Ha
Topen KHpnHna (TaGji.VI: 79). OcHOBHaa nacTb 3HaKOB cjjejiaHa octpbim
HHCTpyMeHTOM, nacTO menoHKOH, ocTaBJunomeH xapaKTepHbie 6opo3n.KH ot npe-
Fnaea II. 3naKH Ha crponrenbHbix Marepnanax	45
gecHbix bojiokoh, npnaeM TaK BbinojiHHJincb He TOJibKo pncyHKH, HO n
ÖOJIblUHHCTBO 3H3KOB.
MHoroHHCJieHHbie HaxoaKH MeaeHbix KMpnHaeii b CapKejie hosbojihjih cocra-
BMTb Goaee — MeHee onpeaeaeHHyio Kaprany penepryapa ynoTpeCjiaßninxca 3Ha-
kob, TaK KaK ranbi HaaepTaHnn CTaan noBTopaTbca, oGpaay« ycTonanBbie rpynnbi
H ancao ejiMHHHHbix thhob, ecjin He yaHTHßaTb pncyHKH k caoxHbie kphbojihhch-
Hbie 3H3KH, OTHOCHTeJIbHO HCBCJIHKO (11 THIIOB). B pe3yjIbTaTe CHJIbHOÜ noßpexc-
jichhocth naMBTHKKa jiaHHbie o Tonorpa^HH mctok (JparMeHTapHbi. PasGop coxpa-
hhbuihxch yqacTKOB KaaaKK noKaaaJi, hto KHpnHan co 3H3KaMK Haxoanancb KaK
KBepxy, TaK h KHK3y 3HaKaMH b caMbix pa3Hbix ynacTKax. KaK canraeT ILA. Pan-
nonopT, 3T0 CBHfleTeJIbCTByeT O TOM, HTO 3H3KK He KrpaJlK HHKaKOK pOJIH B npo-
uecce KJiajiKH. Bosmoxho hx (jiyHKmifl cBasana c opraHHaannen npouecca (Jiopmob-
kh? 3aecb aßa napaMerpa, no kotopmm moxho pasaeanrb KHpnnaH Ha rpynnbi,
<|)opMOBaHHbie MacTepoM, HMeioiiinM cbok 3HaK: cocraB recra h ^opMar Knpnnaa.
n.A. PannonopT OTMeaaa, aro 3H3kh BCTpeaaioTca Ha Knpnnaax caeaaHHbix n3
pa3Jin4Hon rjiHHbi: KpacHoü, opaHxeßo-KpacHOH, necoaHO-KopnaHeBon (1959: 14).
KHpnHan IIpaBoGepexcHoro ropoaHina Taicxe pa3HoixBeTHbi: ecTb poaoBbie, apKO-
opaHxeßbie, xeaTOßaTO-6ypbie, cepo-aepHbie c KpacHOBaron noßepxHOCTbio. KaK
noKaaaji anaana recra oGpaaiioß rpynn KHpnKaen, npoßeaeHHbiH no Moen npocbGe
A.A. BoGpHHCKHM (HA PAH), hbct 3aBHceji tojibko ot pa3HHUbi b TeMneparype
o6xnra, Koropaa Morjia BO3HHKHyrb aaxe npn oaHOßpeMeHHOM oöxnre Knpnnaen
H3 oziKHaKOBoro recra b ojiHon nenn. ConocTaBjieHne (JiopMaTOB KHpnnaen npn-
BCJin n.A. PannonopTa k caeayiomeMy BbiBoay: cymecTBOBajio Aße rpynnbi coopy-
xceHHK. JJjia nepBon, Gojiee paHHeü, npHMenajica KHpnna (JjopMaroM 24x24x5±l
cm, a raicxe noaoBHHHbie n nojiyropHbie KHpnHan ot ototo (fropMara. Boabinoe
ancao MeaeHbix KnpnnaeH xapaKTepHO zuia coopyxeHHK btopoh rpynnbi, r/ie ynoT-
peGjiajica 4)opMaT 27x27x7±2 cm, pexe 30 h 34 cm b CTopone. KaK bhkkm, aer-
koh rpann Mexay aßyMa napaMerpaMH Her: n xuia nepBon n ana BTopoii rpynnbi
coopyxceHHH xapaKTepHO npHMeHenne Knpnnaa co CTopoHon b 25 cm, Hanöoaee
ynoTpeGHMoro b CapKejie, cyna no MeaeHbiM KHpnnaaM, cpean Koropbix oh otmc-
aeH 115 pa3 (HpnaoxceHne 3), npoTHB Bcero 55 pa3 juia BToporo no aacTOTe pa3-
Mepa b 27 cm. Ilpexoie aeM saHarbca conocraBJieHHeM 3HaKOB na KHpnnaax h hx
napaMeipoB HeoGxoanMO 03HaK0MHTbca c THnojiornaecKHM HaGopoM HaaepTaHHid.
OGinee anciio TnnojiorHaecKH onpeaeaeHHbix HaaepTaHHH 270; ocrajibHbie 27
o6pa3uoB, BKJiioaeHHbix b raGanuy (ra6ji. VI: 221—239, 290—297), — chjibho (£par-
MeHTHpoBaHHbie H3o6paxceHna, a TaKxce aMoaKn h orneaaTKK najibneß h crynHH,
He Hocamne xapaKTepa rpa(J)KaecKKx 3HaKOB.
FeoMeTpnaecKHX 3HaKOB k cKMBoanaecKnx cojiapHbix chmbojiob, b ocoGchho-
ctk, cpean hhx oaeHb Majio: Bcero 36, BKJiioaaa (JiparMeHTbi. K3 hhx Gojibinaa
aacTb — 3to “BaBHJiOHbi” pa3JinaHbix BapnaHTOB HaaepTannn (raGa. VI: 11—30),
npHMoyrojibHbie (JiHrypbi (TaGji. VI: 6—9) n JiaGupiwr (raGa. VI: 10). CoJiapHbix chm-
BoaoB, He camaa eaKHCTBeHHoro b KOJiaeKijHH npaworo Epeera (Ta6a. VI: 53), Bcero
naTb: KpecT b Kpyre, cnnpaab, CBacTHKa h aße 3Be3aoo6pa3Hbie (Jmrypbi (raöa. VI:
1—5). IIo oaHOMy npeacraßaeHbi 3HaKn ceTKa h saniTpHxoßaHHbie TpeyroabHHKH
fraGa. VI: 31, 32). Herbipe 3H3Ka rana “aeceHKa” (raGa. VI: 33—36). XapaKTepnoft
aepTOH 3HaKOß SToro paspana aßaaerca to, aro CHMßoanaecKne 4)Krypbi HaHocn-
ancb Ha yxe oGoxxeHHbie Knpnnan noam b aeTbipe paaa aame, aeM npyrne ranbi
H3o6paxeHHH, KaK bh4ho H3 pacnpezieaeHna 3H3kob, caeaaHHbix ao n nocae 06-
XHra no KoaaeKimn b neaoM. KaK cpean cKMBoanaecKHx (Jmryp, TaK h b apyrnx
paapaaax nMeiorca 3HaKH, caeaaHHbie no cyxon ranne nan nocae oGxnra, koto-
46	B.E. 0jiepoBa. rpacfxtMTVi Xaaapnn
pbie He noBTopjnoT 3H3kob, HapwcoBaHHbix npn cfjopMOBKe (Taöji. VI: 2, 9, 10, 31,
79, 220, 246, 257), ho Goabiuaa aacTb ayGanpyeT HaaepTaHHbie no cbipon ranne.
OcHOBy KOJUieKiinn cocTaßaaiOT TaMroo6pa3Hbie 3HaKH npocTbix anHeüHbix
(J)OpM. OcoGeHHOCTbK) 3THX 3H3KOB, HTO OTMeMCHHO eme M.H. ApTaMOHOBbIM,
aßaaeTca uacToe ynoTpeGaeHne pa3HoranHbix 3H3kob no aßa-Tpn Ha oaHOM khp-
nnae BMecTe: 40% KHpnKaen (He canTaa CMJibHO (JjparMeHTHpoBaHHbie) MeaeHbi
HeCKOJIbKHMK 3H3K3MH. IlpHaeM, MHOFJia 3H3K, npHMeHaBHIHHCa H KaK C3MOCTO-
aTeabHaa MeTKa, CTaßnaca paaoM c apyrnM 3HaKOM, ho HMea ropaaao MeHbiune
pa3Mepbi, cayxa KaK 6bi OTnaTHbimeM npn höm (Ta6a. VI: 43, 44, 49, 85, 90, 93,
103, 104, 137, 168, 173, 180-182, 187, 191-194, 199, 202, 205, 209, 220 h ap.).
HacTO Taoce BCTpeaaiOTca coaeTaHiia 3H3kob paBHO3HaaHbix no pa3MepaM. EcTb
3HaKM, o6pa3OBaHHbie nyreM yaßoenna ocHOBHoro 3JieMeHTa (Taöji. VI: 102—106,
167, 168, 183, 184, 220), w o6pa3OBaHHbie nyreM canaHna aßyx 3H3kob b oanH
(Taöji. VI: 48, cp.180, 181, 68, 69, 151, 99-101, 112, 113, 176, 182).
3naK b Bnae aepru Gbia HanGoaee pacnpocTpaHÖH, ho KaK caMOCToaTeabHbiü
3HaK npKcyrcTByeT tojibko na 8 KHpnnaax (aaGa. VI: 37—44), b ocTajibHbix cayaa-
ax oh BbicTynaeT KaK conpoßoxaaioinHH 3HaK, 3a peaKHM HCKaioaeHneM hmcioiiihh
noAHHHeHHyio pojib (cm. npnjioxenne 2). YnoTpeGaaancb 3H3kh napajuiejiH (aaGa.
VI: 43-481, 68, 69, 151-153, 180, 181, 187, 188, 286) h apH napaaaeaw (aaGa. VI:
49, 50, 139).
Tpynna nepneHanKyaapsi BKaioaaea inecTb 3HaKOB (aa6a. VI: 51, 52, 93, 140,
173, 184), rae ocHOßanne h ßepaHKaab He cwjibho pa3Haaca b pa3Mepax, aaaKxe
noarpynny 3HaKOB “npaMaa c otpoctkom”, rae ocHOBanne 6oaee, aeM b apn pa3a
aanHHen OTpocTKa. 3h3k “nepneHanKyaap” HanaeH Ha FIpaBoGepexHOM ropoan-
me, rae oh HaHeceH nanbueM Ha KHpnna, ncnoab3OBaBiiiHHca xnaeaaMH b Kaae-
cTBe rpyanaa (aa6a. VII: 1). IIoKa oto eaHHCTBeHHbin 3HaK, noaTBepxaaiomHK to,
'ITO KKpnHHH “capKCJIbCKOFO THHa”, T.e. KBaUpaTHbie CO CTOpOHOÜ OKOJIO 25 CM H
co caeaaMH H3Becra, 6bian npnBe3eHbi c JieBoro Gepera.
IIpHMOH KpecT — oanH (aaGa. VI: 53) b Kaaecaße caMocaoaaeabHoro 3HaKa h
aßa paaa — KaK oanaTHbiiu (Taöji. VI: 70, 71). Kocmx KpecaoB — inecTb (aa6a. VI:
54-57, 141, 217). Y oaHoro coeanneH ayron ßepxHHH yroji: aaKOH 3H3k BCTpeaeH
Ha MaauKOM (Taöji. I: 109).
MHoroHwcjieHHa cepn« 3H3kob, b ochobc kotophx — (jmrypa, oGpaaoßaHHaa
H3 pacxoÄHinKxca yrjioM jihhhh. Tpynnbi 3H3kob stoh cepnn: yroji (rajiouKa) h
aByayöbie bhjim hmciot b capKejibCKOH koji-Jickuhh aßa ßnaa: c hphmbimh jiyaaMH
(Taöji. VI: 58-87, 101, 136-139, 151), anajiorKHHbie MaaijKHM 3HaKaM, h cneijH-
cjnmecKH capKejibCKKH — co cKpyrjieHHbiMH jiyaaMH (Taöji. VI: 88—107, 220).
He «ßaaeTcs xapaKTepHHM ana capKejibCKOH kojijickuhh 3HaK “nTH»ib« jiana”
(Taöji. VI: 108) hjih to xe Ha CTepxHe b Bnae rpeaecKOH GyKBbi “ncn” (Taöji. VI:
109-114).
JXByayßubi BCTpenaiOTC« name, ho ohh pa3Hooöpa3Hbi: npocTOH aByaySeu (Taöji.
VI: 117, 118, 122, 128, (JjparMeHTapHbi 120, 121, 126), pa3HOTHHHbie Äßyayöubi Ha
“nocTaMeHTe” (Taöji. VI: 119, 123—125), a TaKxe aßycTopoHHHH aßyayöeu aßyx
BapnaHTOB (TaGji. VI: 127, 128). JIioGonbiTHO, hto h3 ABeHaanaTH 3H3kob aßyayG-
iieß Tpn (T.e. HeTBepTaa aacTb) HaneceHbi yxe nocae oGxnra, hto xapaKTepno, KaK
oTMeqajiocb, aaa CHMBoanaecKHx 4>nryp. K paapaay cHMBoanaecKHx <i)Hryp, BO3-
MOXHO, OTHOCHTCa H pHCyHOK, HaHOMHHaiOIHHH CeMHCBCHHHK, C IUIOXO BHaHOH
’3HaK 48 nocmrraH napanjiejiflMH no anajiornn co 180 h 181, ho oh moxct ßbiTb m coneTa-
HMCM MepTbl CO 3H3KOM Twna 164—166, B BHfle npHMOM C OTPOCTKOM B ueHTpe.
Fnaßa II. 3h3Kh Ha CTpoHTenbHbix MaTepuianax	47
BepxHen qacTbio. Oh cnejiaH “KOMÖHHHpoBaHHOH” tcxhhkoh: cTepxeHb m BepxHaa
nyra HaneceHbi octplim HHCTpyMeHTOM, a ABe hhxhhc naJibiieM (Taöji. VI: 129).
CaMoid MHoroHncjieHHofi rpynnon 3HaKOB CapKejia hbjuhotch Ayr«, cocTaß-
jUHomne qeTbipe noArpynnbi: 1 — OKpymaa Ayra pa3Hoü CTeneHH pasBepHyrocTK,
npocTa# (Taöji. VI: 89, 105—107, 130—141, 190, 195, 210) h c AoßaBOHHbiMH ajie-
Mem-aMH, oöpaayiomKMW Aecjrrb pasjiKHHbix thhob (TaÖJi. VI: 143-176); 2 — Ayra
c oahhm kohuom, 3aKpyneHHbiM b cbopMe 3aiwroft (Taöji. VI: 142, 192, 193); 3 —
Ayra yrjiOBaTbix OMepTaHHH, b bhac ckoGm (Taöji. VI: 177-182, 191) h 4 — noxo-
xan Ha Hee (frwrypa, ho öojibiiiHX pa3MepOB h öojiee Bbromyrbix nponopuHH (Taöji.
VI: 52, 183, 184).
IIocjieAHeH xapaKTepHon ajih CapKeua rpynnon 3HaKOB abjiactcm r-oöpasHan
4)wrypa neTbipex thhob (tsGa. VI: 185-194, 197-199, 267), HacHUTbiBaionw 17
3HaKOB. OcTajibHbie npejxcTaBJienbi Ha ueTbipex-AByx KHpnnnax, He ßoiiee (Taöji. VI:
195, 196, 200-221).
KOMIIO3HIIHH 3H3KOB 3TOFO pa3p«Aa BCTpeHaiOTCH Ha 76 KHpnUHaX (IlpHJlOXe-
HHe 2). Hame Bcero b hhx ynoTpeGjiajiHCb 3HaKH “nepTa”, “yroji”, “npocTast Ayra”,
“napajuiejiH” h ‘T-o6pa3Han 3>Hrypa”. YcTOHHHBbi coneTaHHH 3HaKa “yroji” c “na-
pajuiejiaMH”, “ayra” c “yrjiOM”, 3HaKOM “AByayöbie bhah c aarnyrbiMM KOHijaMH”
H c F-o6pa3HbIM 3H3KOM.
OTJIHHHe CJIOÄHMX (TaÖJI. VI: 240—245) H KpHBOJIHHCHHblX 3H3KOB (TaÖJI. VI:
246—264), a TaKxe pncyHKOB Ha KHpnn^ax CapKeua (Taöji. VI: 265—289) ot anano-
THHHblX pa3p«ÄOB H3O6p3XeHHH H3 MafllJKOM 3aKAK)4aeTCA B OTCyTCTBHM KOMHO-
3huhh (cp. TaÖJi. III h TaÖJi. VI: 249—251). B Tex qeTbipex cjiynaax b CapKene, Koma
OHH COCTaBJICHbl, CCTb BCe OCHOBaHHM HOJiaraTb e/IHHCTBO CeMaHTHUeCKOH CBH3M
KOMHOHCHTOB H BOCnpHHHMaTb HX K3K CAHHblH pHCyHOK (Taö/r. VI: 252, 253, 266,
267), HTO HaXOÄHT, BHAHMO, OÖBHCHeHHe B eÄHHOBpeMeHHOCTH CO3AaHH5I CapKCJIb-
ckhx h nocTeneHHOM AonoAHeHHH MaaiiKHx pncyHKOB. PncyHKH, c^ejiaHHbie no cy-
xoMy TecTy BCTpenatOTca He name, hcm TaMroo6pa3Hbie 3HaKH. CioxeTbi n cthjih-
CTHHeCKHe OCOÖeHHOCTH H3OÖpa3HTejIbHbIX CIOXeTOB aHaJIOFHHHbl MaailKHM: 3T0
KOHH, BCaßHHK (?), HCJIOBCHeCKHe (jwrypbl, XHBOTHbie. riOBTOpaiOTCH Aaxce peAKHe
cioxeTbi: naoöpaxeHHe jiyKa (Taöji. VI: 266, 267), canora (?) (Taßji. VI: 268). Ho,
B OTJIHHHe OT M3MUKHX, pHCyHKaM XHBOTHblX Ha KHpnHHaX B MCHbllieK Mepe npH-
cyme Hajinnne nojriepKHyTbix npH3HaKOB nojia, bhammo, ohh He hmcah BbipaxeH-
HOH CBH3H C HAßeH lUIOAOpOAHfl.
KaK xe coothochtch THnbi H3o6paxeHHÜ c (j)öpMaTaMH KHpnHuen? Hh pa3-
Hooöpaane THnojiorHHecKoro Haöopa, hh cwibHaH BapnaöejibHocTb $opM h paawe-
poB KHpnHHen He cnocoöcTByioT BbwejieHHK) KaKHx-Jinöo ycTOHHKBbix rpynn, i o-
Topbie moxho 6buio 6bi CBH3aTb c paöoTOH OTAejibHbix MacTepoB. CaMbiid
npHMHTHBHblH CTaTHCTHHCCKHH nOACHÖT nOKa3bIBaeT, HTO HCCMOTpH Ha 3HaHHTejIb-
Hoe npeoÖAaaaHHe napaMeTpa ctopohm KHpnnna b 25 cm, cymecTBOBajio hcckojibko
CTanaapTOB h otkuohchhc ot oGbmnoro “xaaapcKoro” pa3Mepa 25x25 He MOiyr
ÖblTb CJieACTBHeM TOJIbKO HCÖpeXHOCTH B H3rOTOBJICHHH C^OpMOBOHHblX pßM. JJjI»
MeneHbix KHpnHHen BbwejmioTCfl pa3Mepbi: 1:24—25 cm b ctopohc, 2:24—25 x 19—21
cm, 3: 25x27 cm; 4: 26x26 cm, 5: 27x27-26 cm, 6: 28x28-27 cm, 1: 29-30x29-30
cm, 8: 29—30x26—27 cm, 9: caMaa MajieHbKaa rpynna KnpnHHeid co CTopoHoft 21
cm, ocTaubHbie pa3Mepbi npe/jcTaBJieHbi 1-2 3K3eMnjiapaMH. B cboahoh TaöjiHLje,
KoppejiHpyiomeH pa3Mepbi h thüm yrreHbi h Gojiee jjpoÖHbie coothohichhji (IIpH-
JioxeHHe 3).
Kn« ßcex BbwejieHHbix pa3MepoB KHpnHHen ynoTpeöJiajiHCb 3HaKH THna “ßa-
bhjioh”, chmbojihhcckhx (JjHryp, a Taxxe cjioxHbie KpHBOjiHHeHHbie 3HaKH h pn-
cyHKH. npHHÖM cxeMaTWHHbie KpnBOJiHHeidHbie H3o6paxeHHH npeoßjianaioT Ha KHp-
48	B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpacp4)HTH Xaaapnn
nnnax MeHbiiiero (fropMara, T.e. no onpeßejieHHio H.A. PannonopTa ßojiee paHHHx,
Torna KaK pncyHKH — na Gojiee hosahhx, KpynHbix. Hto xe KacaeTca TaMrooöpas-
HblX 3HaK0B, TO H 3£eCb COOTHOHieHHe ÖJIH3KHX VL OflHOTHnHblX 3HaK0B C $OpMa-
tbmh ne npocjiexKBaeTca, 3a pe^KHM HCKjnoneHHeM (TaGji. VI: 249 h 250, 191 h 195,
33 h 34, 185 h 186, 61 h 64, 208—209, 59 h 72, 84 h 85, 164 h 166), npnneM, KaK
npaBHJio, BTopoe H3o6paxeHHe toto xe rana Ha 04H0pa3MepH0M khphhhc Haxo-
JJHTCH B COHeTaHHH C JtpyTHM 3HBKOM. TaKHe 3H3KH KaK “yrOJi” HJIH “/tyTH” Hß B
KOMno3HiiMHX HaHeceHM Ha pa3Hocj}opMaTHbie khphhhh. HeT h hötkofo pacnpene-
jieHHsi 3HaKOB no cTpoHTejibHMM nepnoßaM. 3HaKH, npncyrcTByioiiiHe Ha KHpnn-
nax $opMaTa 24± 1 cm noBTOpaioTCH Ha KHpnnnax 27±2 cm. HCRjuoneHHe cocTaB-
ji5ieT tojibko 3HaK “ßCTKa” (Taöji. VI: 73—76). HpeoßjiaaaioT Ha KHpnHnax MeHbmero
(JjopMaTa 3HaKH “nepTa”, “napaiuiejiH”, “yroji” h T-oßpasHbiH 3HaK 6e3 jjoöaBOH-
hbix ajieMeHTOB. Tojibko Ha KpynHbix KHpnHnax ecTb nepneHUHKyjiapbi, KaK c juihh-
HBIM, TaK H C KOpOTKHM OCHOBaHHCM. a TaKXe “hHCHJIOH” C npHMBIMH H OTOTHy-
tmmh BeTBHMK, 3a HCKJiioHeHHeM 3HaKOB 'n h KOTopbie ecTb h TaM h TaM. JXyra
pwcoBajincb Ha KHpnHnax Bcex rpynn. He HaSjuo^aeTca TaKxe npeoöJiajjaHne kom-
hoshuhh na KHpnHnax nepsoro hjih BToporo nepno.ua hjih KaKoro-To onpejiejieH-
Horo pa3Mepa.
Pa3HHiia napaMerpoB KHpnHnen, mchchbix ojjHHaKOBbiMH 3HaKaMH, He moxct
nponcTeKaTb H3 toto, hto cjjopMOBOHHaa paMa HMejia hcckojibko HepaBHOMepHbix
Jineen: b otom cjiynae äojixho HaöjnoaaTbca coBnajieHHe xoth 6bi ojihofo napaMeTpa
h 2-3 BapnaHTa .npyroro. Ho TaKoii 3aKOHOMepHOCTH hct. OannaKOBOH 4>opMbi
3HaKH, HaHeceHHBie npn (JiopMOBKe, craBHJiH juoäh, paGoTaBiiine c pa3HBiMH (Jiop-
MOBOHHblMH paMaMH. PeßKOCTb COBnajieHHH 3HaKOB C OnpeaejlÖHHblMH (^OpMaTa-
mh KHpnHHeH oGycjioßjieHa tcm, hto mcthjihcb He Bee khphhhh, a oneHb hcmho-
rne. HponeHT mchchbix KHpnnneH Ha Tpex naMMTHHKax, no MaTepnanaM KOTopbix
6bUiH npoBejieHbi noncHÖTbi, chjibho pa3HHTCM. B CapKejie, no noßcneTaM M.H.Ap-
TaMOHOBa (1935: 94), oahh 3HaK npHxo^wjicH Ha 1500 khphhhch. BepoMTHee Bce-
ro — 3to oniHÖKa, t.k. Bbiine oh nnineT, hto H3 6ojiee, hcm 25 tbichh KHpnnneH,
npocMOTpeHHbix H.H.BecejioBCKHM na CKJiane y CKynnjHKa, mctkh öbuih oÖHapy-
xeHbi Ha 200, T.e. ojjhh 3HaK npHXOÄHJica Ha napraio Gojiee 125 KHpnHHeü. Ha
HpaBoßepexHOM roponKiiie npn pacKonKax 1987—1988 rr. Ha 300 uejibix h 4>par-
MeHTHpOBaHHBIX KHpHHHeit CO SHBKaMH OKa33JIHCb n»Tb: T.e. M6THJICH npHMepHO
Kaxjxbin mecTHZiecHTbiH khphhh. Ha CeMHKapaKopcKOM ropoÄHine oähh 3HaK
npHxoÄKJica npHMepHO Ha Kax^bin 280-biä oöoxxeHHbiH khphhh.
CeMHKapaKopcKoe ropoAHme Ha ceroflHHiliHHH neHb — euHHCTBeHHHÖ naMHT-
hhk KHpnnHHoro CTpOHTejibCTBa paHHecpenHeBeKOBoro HouoHb«, nosBOjunomnn
qaejiaTb HaGjuo^eHH« no Tonorpa^HH mctok. 3to hohth KBajjpaTHoe b njiane ro-
pojiHme c KBaßpaTHOH xe uHTa/iejibio b ceBepo-BocTonHoü nacTH (Taßji. VII: A).
KaK BHHCHHJIOCb B pe3yjIbTaT6 pacKonoK, OCHOBy KJiajIKK oGopOHHTejIbHOH CTCHBI
H UHTaßejIK COCTaBJIHJI CblpHOBBIÜ KHpnHH KBaÄpaTHOii (JjOpMBI, yjIOXeHHblH Ha
TJIHHHHOM paCTBOpe. BHeiUHHM H BHyrpeHHHM naHIIbipHBIM nOKpblTHeM CTCH CJiy-
XHJia KJiajiKa H3 oöoxxeHHbix KHpnHnen TaKon xe 4>opMbi, CKpeiuieHHbix H3Bec-
TKOBblM paCTBOpOM. HaHLIblpK ÖbLJIH B CBOC BpCMJI pa3OÖpaHbI, npHHÖM HaCTOJIb-
ko aKKypaTHO, hto paaÖHTbix KHpnHHen hohth He öbijio. H3 oöoxxeHHbix
KHpnHHCH 6bUI BBUIOXeH B HeKOTOpblX M6CT3X HHXHHH CJIOH KJiajIKH OÖOpOHHTejIb-
hoh ctchbi, a b ee cbiphobom MaccHBe ohh BCTpenaioTCJi KaK no oßHOMy, TaK h no
HecKOJibKy paaoM. noKHpnHHHaa paaöopKa ceBepo-BocTOHHoro yrjia no3BOJiHJia
BbiHBHTb TaKoö BaxHBiH julh onpeflejieHKH xapaKTepa HaxoxacHHH 3HaKOB b KJiaUKe
TeXHOJIOTHHeCKHH npHÖM, K3K yKJiajJKa Bcex CbipiJOB JIHIieBOH nOBepXHOCTBIO BHH3,
hto OTMenajiocb He pa3 juih naMRTHHKOB Cpe/iHen A3hh, me Bee 3HaKH, 3a penKHM
rnaßa II. SnaKW Ha cTponTenbHbix Marepnanax	49
HCKJnoneHKeM, oßpameHbi bhh3. 3aKJiK>HeHne B.JI. Bopohkhoh o tom, hto iioäoö-
noe pacnoJioxceHne 3HaK0B Ha cpeuHeaanaTCKUX naMHTHHKax Bbi3BaHO hckjhohh-
TejibHO TexHHKOÜ kjiuhkh (BopoHMHa, 1953: 7), cjieuyer npH3HaTb BepHbiM h äjm
Hainero Marepnajia: cbipuoBbie khphhhh CeMHKapaKop, KMea BbicTynaiomne 6op-
thkw no KpaaM BepxHeü nocrejiH, Bpesajincb b xchukhü CBHsyiomHii pacTBop, hto
cnocoöcTBOBajio öojiee imoTHOMy 3aKpenjieHHio KHpnnna Ha cboöm Meere. B oneHb
pe^KHX cjiynanx cbipiibi JiexcaiiH jihucboh nocrejibio Bßepx. MeTKa oÖHapyxcena
TOJIBKO Ha OJJHOM CHpIJOBOM KHpHHHe, HO 3TO OÖbHCHfleTCfl He T6M, HTO HX Ha
cbipn® He GTaBHJiH, a ncKJiioHHTejibHo mctojihkoh pacKonoK, npn kotopoü coxpa-
HHBwaHCH cbipuoBaa KJiaUKa He paaÖKpajiacb. Ha pasoöpaHHOM xce ceBepo-BOCTon-
hom yrjiy khphhhh ornejuuiH npyr ot Jipyra h nepeBopannBajin. B peayjibTare btoto
TpyaoeMKoro npouecca h 6bui Hannen bo btopom pnay KJiajjKK MeneHbin cbipeu,
Taoce jiexcamHH 3HaK0M bhh3. Ha ocHOBaHHH btoto ejiHHHHHoro (JjaKTa moxcho
npennOJIOXGHTb, HTO M6TKH ÖbUIH CBOHCTBeHHbI KaK 060XOK6HHbIM, TaK H Cbipuo-
bhm KHpnHHaM. Bee 3HaKH, KpoMe oßHoro, oÖHapyxceHHbie Ha oöoxoKeHHbix Knp-
nnnax, ynoxcennbix b KJiauKy, TaioKe oöpamenbi bhh3. Ho uobojibho nacTO BCTpe-
naJiHCb oßoxoKÖHHbie khphhhh 6e3 3HaKOB, jiexcamne He nepeBepHyro.
Ho cpaBHeHHio co 3HaKaMH Ha KHpnHnax CapKejia mctkh CeMHKapaKopcKO-
ro ropojiHina oTJinnaioTCH mchbuihm THnojiomnecKHM pa3Hooöpa3HeM. K caKpajib-
HbiM cHMBOJiaM Ha CeMHKapaKopax othochtch (JjparMeHTapHO coxpanKBUianca neH-
TarpaMMa H3 panoHa unranejiH (raßji. VII: E, 1). Ttßa THna mctok npeflCTaBJieHbi
KpynHbiMH hjih naHHoü BbißopKH cepmiMn: 3HaK “E” oÖHapyxceH Ha 28 KHpnHnax
h <J)parMeHTax (raöji. VII: S, 3—14); kojiokojiobhuhbih 3HaK, iwe KpoMe Ccmh-
KapaKop He BCTpeneHHbin, — Ha ueBHTH (raßji. VII: E, 17—25). Ecjih ynecTb peu-
Kyio BCTpenaeMocTb 3HaKOB, a TaKXce to, hto naHUbipn öbuih paaoöpaHbi, hto eme
yMeHbinaeT BeponTHOCTb naxoßKH ouHHaKOBbix 3HaKOB Ha 04H0M pacKonaHHOM yna-
CTKe, to e^HHOo6pa3He KaK $opM, TaK h Tonorpa^HH sthx 3HaKOB He moxcct He 06-
paTHTb Ha ceßn BHHManne. OrnHHaeT sth rpynnbi 3HaKOB Taoce OTcyrcTBHe ycjioxc-
HÖHHblX THHOB. MOXCHO TOBOpHTb TOJIbKO O pa3HHIie B TCXHHKe HCHOJIH6HHH HJIH
xce b MaHepe pncyHKa, KOTopbie BMecTe c HeKOTOpbiMH ocoßeHHOCTHMH 3arjiaxcH-
BaHHa noßepxHOCTH KHpnnna cBimeTejibCTByioT o tom, hto 3HaKH ojiHHaKOBbie no
4)OpMe HaHOCHJIHCb He OÄHHM, a HeCKOJIbKHMH JIIOnbMH.
flsyM cepnnM 3HaKa “E”: HapncoBaHHbiM tohkhmh, hötkhmh jihhhhmh (12
KHpnHHen h (JjparMeHTOB) h HepoBHbiMH, hihpokhmh CMaaaHHbiMH jihhhhmh (4
3HaKa), cooTBeTCTByer pa3Hbin enoeoö sarjiaxcHBaHHH noßepxHOCTH (Taßji. VII: E,
1-7 h 12, 13). Ha HecKOJibKHX KHpnHnax 3HaK toh xce (JjopMbi HMeeT MeHbniHH
pa3Mep (Taöji. VII: E, 9, 10), a Ha nerbipex cJiparMeHTax Ta xce MeTKa cnejiaHa najib-
neM (Taöji. VII: E, 14). OopMaT uejibix KHpnHHen: 27x27x6-7 cm. 3tot (JiopMaT
Knpnnna npnMeHajica npn nocrpoKKe naHiibipen iiHTaaejin n KHpnKHHoro snaHHa
BHyrpn Hee. Tonorpa^nii 3HaKOB “E”, HanneHHbix Ha ^parMeHTax, hohth hojiho-
CTbio cooTBeTCTByer pacnojioxceHKio KJianoK H3 KKpnHHeü naHHoro (^opMara.
KHpnnnn c kojiokojiobhuhbim 3H3kom ^opMOBaHbi b paMKax MeHbiiiero pa3Mepa:
23—24 cm b CTopoHe h 4—5 cm tojhukhoh. Taxon 4>opMaT KHpnHna Hcnojib3OBaji-
cn npn cTponTejibCTBe oöopoHHTenbHoÄ creHbi. Bee, 3a HCKJiioHeHHeM onnoro 3Haxa
(Taöji. VII: E, 17), OKaaaBineroca b pasBane naHUbipn ceBepHon creHbi unranejiH,
öbuiH HanueHbi Ha ueHTpajibHOM ynacTKe cesepHon oSopoHUTejibHon creHbi. üpH-
MenarejibHO, hto cfjopMar KHpnnHa, HaHjjeHHoro b UHTauenn, cooTBeTCTByer He
3TOMy ynacTKy, a t^opMary KHpnHHen oßopoHHTejibHon ctchbi.
npn najibHenninx pacKOHKax TaKoe neTKoe pacnpejjejieHHe 3HaKOB äjih oöopo-
HHTeJibHOH creHbi h UHTauejiH, CKOpee Bcero, HapyiiiHTcn. Yxce npn pacKOHKax
ynacTKa boctohhok oöopoHHTejibHon ctchbi 6bui oönapyxceH (^parMeHT KHpnHna co
50	B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpa04jnTn Xaaapnu
3HaKOM “E” (Taöji. VII: B, 8), TaKOH xe 3hbk, HapncoßaHHbin najibueM, nponcxonHT
c ueHTpajibHoro ynacTKa ceßepHOH oöopoHHTejibHon creHbi. OparMeHTHpoBaHHocTb
KHpnnHen He hosbojihct cKaaaTb, ömjio jih sto CBH3aHo, KaK b BbiiueynoMHHyroM
cjiynae c 4>opMaTOM KHpnHHen. KpoMe Toro, Ha Kupnmax npucyrcTByioT 3HaKH h
Apyrwx thhob. PI bcö xe 3aBHCHMOCTb jjßyx caMbix ßojibniHX THnojiornqecKHX rpynn
mctok ot ^opMaTa KnpnHHa h, cootbctctbchho, pacnpocTpaneHHOCTb nx Ha Tex
ynacTKax, me TaKHe khphhhh npHMeHHJiHCb, npocjiexHBaioTca Ha ropozmijue bhoji-
hc onpejiejieHHO.
B oTjiHHHe ot Aßyx npeflbwyiHMx rpynn mctok cjiejiyiomaa, /iByayöiibi, Kpaü-
He pa3Hooöpa3Ha KaK b thhojiothhcckom Haöope, TaK h b otholuchhh (jjopMaTa
KnpnHHen h, cootbctctbchho, Tonorpa^HH HaxoziOK (Taöji. VII: B, 26—31). ZUy-
CTopoHHKe nBysyöijbi HanaeHbi Ha zißyx KHpnHHax: H3 ctchbi UHTaaejiH h 3/iaHHa
BHyrpH Hee. Bee aerupe oahoctopohhhx jjByayöua OTMenajiH khphhhh oßopoHH-
TejibHon ctchbi (Taöji. VII: B, 26—29). 3hbkh pasHoranHbi, ho oö-be/iHHaiomen hx
ocoöeHHOCTbio «BJiaeTca ropH3OHTajibHafl nepTa b ocHOBaHHH cTBO/ia jjByayöua.
OrpoHTejibCTBo KHpnHHHbix KpenocTen FIoAOHba hochjio rocyjiapcTBeHHbiü
xapaKTep, a ctpohtcjibctbo H3 oßoxxeHHoro KHpnnna 6buio npHBHJierHen KaraHa
(3axojjep, 1962: 185), h mm BnpaBe oxHjxaTb HaxojjoK 3HaK0B, CBH3aHHbix c rocy-
jjapcTBeHHOH BJiacTbio. /JocTOBepHO o hhx HHHero He H3BecTH0. Bbuia BbicKaaana
mnoTesa, hto ziBycTopoHHHe jjByayöiibi 6buih 3HaKaMH 4)eojiajioB (IIjieTHeBa, 1967:
127, 128). XleHCTBHTejibHO stot 3HaK h AByayöeii “Ha nocTaMeHTe” pacnpocTpaneHbi
noßceMecTHo. Bosmoxho, b IIo^oHbe ohh 6hjih ojih oh H3 peMHHHcneHHHH mn-
poKo H3BecTHoro HpaHCKoro cHMBOJia ejiHHCTBa rocyaapcTBeHHOH h pejinrHO3HOH
BJiacra (Bophcob, JlyKOHHH, 1969; HyraneHKOBa, 1963; IIojiyßospHHOBa, 1980; TaM
xe JiHTepaTypa Bonpoca). Ho sto oneHb cnopHbiü Bonpoc, KaK h tot, HacKOJibKo
B CO3HaHHH COBpeMCHHHKOB 3HHK — CHMBOJI BJI3CTH 6bUI OÖOCOÖJICH OT ÄpyTHX
caKpajibHbix chmbojiob (PbiöaKOB, 1940). JJßycTopoHHHH flßysyöeu bxouht b hhc-
jio oneHb .upeBHHX chmbojiob, xoth TpaKTOBKa ero Bbi3biBaeT cnopbi (Hobhhkhh,
1983).
HeTBepTa« rpynna 3HaKOB — ayroBHjiHbie c jjßyMJi otpoctkhmm (Taöji. VII: B,
32—35). JJßa KnpnHHa — c hojihoctbio aHajiorHHHbiMH, ho sepKajibHO nepeßepHy-
TbiMK H3o6paxeHHHMH. 3epKajibH0 nepeßepHyTbie oßHOTHnHbie 3HaKH HHor.ua no-
mbjuiiotcm npn (JjpaTpnaJibHOM jiejieHHH, ho Moryr cyinecTBOBaTb h y hjichob ojihoh
ceMbH. OcoöeHHO BepoRTHo ajieKBaTHoe BocnpHarae hx y ckotoboähcckhx Hapo-
jjob, nocKOJibKy xejie3Hbin npoToran TaMrn npn KJienMeHHH hm Bceraa .naeT ne-
peßepHyroe H3o6paxenne (BanHOepr, 1976: 70, 71; XypanoB, 1979. N° 198). Hannen
(JjparMCHT KHpnHHa CO 3HaKOM TaKOH xe (jjOpMbl, HO C JJOÖaBOHHOH HepTOH y oc-
HOBaHHH Äym. Bee Tpn 3HaKa h eine ojihh (JjparMeHT HapncoBaHbi najibueM. He
hckjhohcho, hto k 3T0H xe rpynne othochtch h 3HaK, nponepHeHHbiH ocTpbiM
npeflMeTOM Ha cbipuoBOM KHpnnne (Taßji. VII: B, 44). Ipynna jiyroBHUHbix 3HaKOB
npn jiajibHeftninx pacKonKax .aojixHa CTaTb 6ojiee npezicTaBHTejibHoft, TaK KaK co-
xpaHHJincb 3anncaHHbie b Hanane BeKa CBHjjeTejibCTBa mccthbix XHTejien o tom, hto
npn paaöopKe ctch roponHma na khphhhh äjih nenen hm nonaaajiHCb MeqeHbie
nojiyMecHueM. Cyna no TOMy, mto ohh HaxojjHjiH TaKxe khphhhh c “KaKHMH-To
HeHaineHCKHMH cjioßaMH”, moxho npeunojiaraTb cymecTBOBaHne Ha ropojiHine
cjioxHbix 3HaKOB, nouoÖHbix capKejibCKHM (CeKpeTeB, 1901). 3HaKH b $opMe aym,
OÖbIHHO C JIOnOJIHHTejIbHbIMH SJICMCHTaMH, CCTb Ha KHpHHMaX OÖOHX IJhMJUIHCKMX
roponHiu h Ha KaMHHX MaHUKoro, ho Bee ohh OTjinnaiOTCH b .neTanax ot ceMHKa-
paKOpCKHX.
BuaBjieHHH, caejiaHHbie najibueM, oöbiMHbie juui cpenHea3HaTCKHX KHpnHHeii,
pejiKH b HoÄOHbe. Tojibko Ha jjßyx oKseMiuiapax H3 CapKejia h Ha nojiyropHoro
PnaBa II. 3waKn Ha CTpomenbHbix Marepnanax	51
oa3Mepa Knpnnne c KapHayxoBCKoro nocejieHM« HaneceHbi pobi H3 najibneBbix
ßjaBJieHMH. Eme Ha Aßyx capKejibCKnx Kwpnmjax — jimohkh, cuejiaHHbie ocrpon
najioHK°H; Ha oahom ohh HaneceHbi Ha nepeceqeHMM jihhhh (j)Mrypbi “BaBHJioH”,
a Ha upyroM b jiBa psma nnyr no nepMMeTpy KnpnHHa. Bo Bcex cjiynanx hmkh He
hmciot, h Ha sto yKaßbiBaji eme M.H. ApTaMOHOB, xapaKTepa 3HaKOB. Ha CeMn-
KapaxopcKOM ropoßnine Ha Tpex KKpnnnax, Jiexamnx ojjhh 3a jipyrHM b nonepen-
hom pW KJiajjKM, nepeKpbiBatomen y3KKM cKBO3Hoft boäoctok b ocnoBannn boc-
tohhom oöopoHMTejibHOM ctchm, caejiaHM no ueHTpy ojiKHOHHbie najibueBbie
B/iaBJieHMH. KnpnnHH jiexajm Menenon CToponofi bhh3. KonenHO, HMKa He mot-
Jia HBJIflTbCH JIHHHblM HJIH pOflOBblM 3H3K0M MaCTepa-^OpMOBlHMKa H y H66 GblJIH
KaKue-TO MHbie (fjyHKunn. KnpnnHH pacnojioxenu Hau npOHH3bißaiomHM cTeny Ka-
HaJIbHMKOM BOflOCTOKa, KOTOpbIM, KaK BCHKOe OTBepCTHe, HJOKHaJIOCb B 3aiIIHTe OT
npOHMKHOBeHKH 3JIBIX CHJI. B03M0XH0, Haß 3THMH KHpnnnaMH GblJIH COBepmeHbI
KaKMe-To oGpmibi, oöecneHMBaBmne mm cMJiy oöeperoB.
Eme Aßa nojinocTbio coxpaHHBinnxcn 3HaKa b Bime cxeMaTMHHbix pncyHKOB,
a TaKxe HecKOJibKO ckjibho (JjparMeHTnpoBaHHbix, KOTopbie Hejib3» oraecTH hm k
oähom m3 npeabmymKX rpynn HanepTaHHH, — CBnaeTejibCTBO Toro, hto naöop 3Ha-
kob ropojjMma Gbui ßojiee pa3noo6pa3HbiM (TaöJi. VII: B, 2, 39, 40—43).
Her ocHOBaHMM ne corjiamaTbca c npemioxeHHOM M.H. ÄpTaMOHOBbiM hjih
CapKejia HHTepnpeTauneM 3HaKOB KaK TaMr. Bojibmoe ranojionmecKoe ojiHooßpa-
3«e ceMMKapaKopcKMX 3H3KOB, oneBMAHO, — cjiejiCTBne Gojibinon mohojimthoctm
3Äecb pona hjih GojibineceMenHOM oGihhhm. Hjichm onnoro pojia hjih ero noapaa-
ÄCJieHMH paGoTajiH, cy/m no Tonorpacjmn 3HaKOB, bmcctc m npn Oopmobkc m npn
BO3BeaeHMH ctch, xoth ynacTKH He Gbuin CTporo nonejienbi. Cxoahbic nepTbi b opra-
HM3aiJMH CTpoHTejibCTBa OTMCHCHbl Ha MaflLIKOM ropOÄMiiie.
HensGexHbiM ßonpoc, BO3HMKaiomMM npn paGore co 3HaKaMM, ocTaBJieHHbi-
mm Ha CTpoMTejibHbix MaTepnajiax b hpcbhoctm, — KaKyro (JjyHKUMio ohh necjin: Ma-
nwecKyio, cBH3aHHyio c oöpmiaMn, conyrcTByiomMMM cTponTejibCTBy, hjih cyry6o
yTMJIMTapHyiO, CBH3aHHyiO C HOpMOn BbipaÖOTKM, TeXHMHeCKMMM nOTpeGHOCTMMM
K3rOTOBJieHMM HJIH CHOCOGOM yKJiajIKH B CTCHy. HaCKOJIbKO 3TM (JiyHKllMH GblJIM
ajibTepnaTMBHbi — Toxce He hcho. 3tm Bonpocbi bbixoäjit Ha Gojiee KpynHyio h
cjioxHyio npoGjieMaTMKy o CTajjwM pa3BHTH» oGmecTBeHHoro co3HaHHM b kohkpct-
hom sTHOcouHajibHon cpejje, npn kotopom npoHcxo^MT 6ypHoe pa3BMTMe npaKTH-
lecKOH CTopoHbi rpa^MHecKMX cpe/icTB, HanaBinee nocTeneHHoe BbrrecHeHMe nx
nepBOHanajibHoro cojiepxaHMH.
IloKa HCBO3MOXHO Ha KpaMHe cKyjiHOM MaTepnane KpenocTHoro CTpoHTejibCTBa
rio/IOHbH OKOHHaTeJIbHO peillHTb BOnpOC 0 CMblCJIC OCTaBJICHHH MCTOK, HO HCOÖXO-
ähmo yxe Ha .aaHHOM ypoBHe oGpaTHTb BHMMaHHe Ha HeKoropbie nepTbi MapKnpoB-
km, KOTopbie, KaK HaM KaxeTcn, HecKOJibKO BbiBeayr otot Marepnaji M3 Toro Tpa-
ÄMUHOHHoro pycjia, b kotopom naynaiOTca CTpoMTejibHbie 3HaKH CpeziHen Asmm,
npHHepHOMopb» m .UpeBHeM Pycn.
B OTHOmeHMH THnOJIOCMH MCTOK. IIOHTH H6T 3H3KOB, Bbl6op KOTOpblX MOB GblTb
npOH3BOJIbHbIM, T.e. npHMMTHBHblX OTMCTMII, GyKBCHHblX M UM^jpOBblX CHMBOJIOB.
OneHb MaJio npocTeMmnx HanepTaHMH Ha KnpnHHax b BHue oimopmiHbix m mho-
ropmiHbix nojioc, npaMbix, naorHyrbix hjih nepeKpeiiiMBaiomMxcji jihhmm m tombk —
3HaKOB xapaKTepHbix hjih cpejiHeasMaTCKnx h npMHepHOMopcKHx noanHeaHTHHHbix
KHpnMHeH, a Taicxe HanGojiee pacnpocTpaneHHbix cpean mctok Kneßa n HepHM-
roBa (Bejmeß, 1973: TaGji. 1; TepTMaH, 1979). KaK hm napanoKcajibHo, ho mctkm
HepHnroBa KaK no tcxhmkc McnojiHeHHJi, TaK n no THnojiornnecKOMy Haöopy Gjim-
xe xope3MHMCKMM, HeM capKejibCKnM (Xojioctchko, 1967: 194. Pnc. 5, npHMen. 2),
me c HaTHXKon moxho HacHHTaTb tojibko 10% 3HaKOB TaKoro poua, He roBopH yxe
52	B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpacjxjjmu Xaaapnw
o CeMKKapaKopax, rae hx Bcero 3%. Hejibaa BbiaejiHTb Gojiee — MeHee KpynHbie
rpynnbi 3HaKOB, cooTBeTCTByiomHX pacnpocTpaHÖHHon b ITonoHbe pyHHnecKoft
nncbMeHHOCTK hjih 3HaKn THna “pyöexcen”, KOTOpbie moxho öbijio 6bi CBB3aTb c
CHCTCMOH C'IHCJieHMH. OcHOBHOe KOJIHHCCTBO 3H3KOB MOXHO KHTepnpeTKpOBaTb KaK
TaMra h KaK caKpanbHbie chmbojibi Gojiee mHpoKoro cneicrpa. To ecTb Bbißop 3HaKa
6bui b öojibmen CTeneHH oßycjioBJieH TpaanijHen npHMCHeHim caMHX HanepTaHHH,
HCM HeOÖXOÄHMOCTbK) MapKHpOBKH.
TexHHKa HaHeceHHfl 3HaKOB Ha KHpnnnax He najibneM, a b Gojibiuhhctbc cjiy-
qaeB cnennaJibHo b3htmm KHCTpyMeHTOM, 3acTaBjmeT nojioapeBaTb, hto mctkh He
6bUIH npOCTO nO-UpyHHblM CpeflCTBOM HJIH Onpe^eJICHHÜ HOPM BbipaÖOTKH.
He paunoHajibHO zum noacneroB hopm BbipaöoTKH OTMeneHHoe Ha MaaijKOM,
b CapKejie h b CeMHKapaKOpax oaHOBpeMeHHoe ynorpeöaeHHe oaHoranHbix 3Ha-
KOB pa3HbIMH MaCTepaMH, H TpyUHO O&bHCHHMO C 3T0H TOHKH 3peHHfl HaHeceHHe
Ha OJ[HH ÖJIOK HJIH KHpnHH HCCKOJlbKHX CaMOCTOflTCJIbHO ynOTpeÖJIHBlIIHXCH 3Ha-
kob. nojiHoe HecxoÄCTBO ocHOBHbix THHOB 3HaK0B CapKeaa, CeMHKapaKop, a TaKxe
npaBoöepexHoro ropoanm, 6jih3khx no BpeMeHH h TeppHTOpHH, He no3BoaaeT
cTaBHTb Bonpoc o cymecTBOBaHHH apTejien npoc^eccHOHanoB, hto mofjio 6m oöbhc-
hhtb ynoTpe6neHHe oaHoro 3HaKa pa3HMMH JiiOAbMH1.
.HaHHblX O TOM, HTO 3H3KH, CTaBHBIIIHeCJI Ha KHpnHHaX H K3MHHX KpenOCTCÜ
HqUOHMI, CJiyXHJIH OTMCTKaMH HOpM Bbipa60TKH HJIH K3K-T0 HHaHe ÖbUIH CBH3a-
hm c perjiaMeHTauHen npoueccoB CTpoHTejibCTBa, h ocHOBaHHbix Ha pesyjibTarax
anaJiH3a Tonorpa^HH 3HaKOB h (JiopMaTOB MeneHbix khpuhhch, hct. Tpyano Han-
th paiiHOHajibHbie, c Hamen tohkh 3peHHH, hphhhhm, no kotopbim hx peryjmpHo
HaHOCHJIH. B03M0XH0, H TaMFO06pa3Hbie 3H3KH, H CHMBOJIHHeCKHe 4)HrypbI, THna
neHTarpaMMbi hjih “ßaBHaona”, h cioxeTHbie pncyHKH, caeaaHHbie bo BpeMa cTpo-
HTejibCTBa, HMeiOT ojiHy h Ty xe (JjyHKijHio: ohh 6mjih cBoero po.ua aaKJiajxHMMH
xepTBaMH, oöecneHHBaBniHMH coxpaHHOCTb KpenocTH, a BMecTe c Hen rocynapcTBa,
po.ua h ceMbH CTpoHBiiiero ee nejiOBeKa.
Eme BemmecKan JiHTeparypa noßecTByeT o CTpoHTejibHbix xepTBonpHHomeHH-
hx. Tojj, coctohihhh H3 ähch h Honen, cpaBHHBaeTca c bosboähmmm ajrrapeM:
“Ohh — KHpnHHH: TpncTa mecTb^ecHT “o6jihuobohhmx” h Tpncra mecTbuecHT, co-
nyrcTByeMbix xepTBeHHbiMH saKJiHHaHHHMH” (IHaTanaTxa-6paxMaHa. X, 4, 2).
CrpoHTejibHaa oöpwiocTb, ochobhmm komhohchtom KOTopon «Bjuuiacb xepTBa,
6buia noßceMecTHO pacnpocTpanena bhjiotb ao 3THorpa4)HHecKOH cospeMeHHocTH
(BanöypHH, 1983). HpejmojiaraTb cymecTBOBaHHe TaKOH oöpjuihocth b Xasapnn,
b tom nncjie h npn B03BeneHHH KpenocTeH, BnojiHe yMecrao, tcm 6ojiee, hto Ha
naTpnapxajibHOCTb oöbinaeB XaaapcKoro HonoHbsi yKa3biBaiOT MHorae 4>aKTbi, o ko-
Topbix He pa3 yxe fobophjiocb CH. JJanjion, M.K. ApTaMOHOB, C.A. ILieTHÖBa). Ha-
homhhm xotm 6bi o coxpaHeHHH HHCTHTyra caKpajibHoro uapji. Mhchhc o Maranec-
kom Ha3HaneHHH 3HaK0B h pncyHKOB Ha CTpoHTejibHbix MaTepnajiax b Xaaapnn
BbicKa3biBanocb M.H. ApTaMOHOBbiM (nacTb K3o6paxeHKH) n JIm. /Jhmhtpobmm
(ßce 3HaKH). Flonbiraiocb oöoömnTb neKOTopbie (JiaKTbi, cBnueTejibCTByiomne o npa-
BOMOHHOCTH 3T0$i ranOTe3bI.
1.	Ha MaaiXKOM ropoanme 3HaKK, BbipeaaHHbie Ha MejioBbix 6jioKax bo BpeMB
CTpoHTejibCTBa (MaCCKBHbie 3H3KH KaMCHOTCCOB), 06paiIjeHbI BHyTpb KJiaaKH. Ha
noßepxHocTH cTeHbi hx hct — 3iiecb pacnojioxeHbi 3HaKH-rpaci)(i)HTn, HaneceHHbie
yxe nocjie B03BeaeHKa ctchbi, o höm cBnaeTejibCTByeT BbicoTa, Ha kotopok ohh
pncoBajiHCb. Mexay tcm npn ynoTpeöJieHHH 3HaK0B zum npoH3BoacTBeHHbix ue-
1 Bo Bcen ÄOMOHrojibCKoü PycH btuioth jio KOHija XI b. cymecTBOBana tojibko omia apTejib (cm.:
PannonopT, 1985: 85).
Fnaea II. Shskw Ha cTpomenbHbix Marepwanax	53
jien noMemenne hx Ha jihucbok noßepxHocTH Gjiokob Gbuio 6bi ßojiee ymcctho n
KaK 3H3K0B JUIfL yCT3H0BKH ÖJIOKOB H KaK OTMeTOK HOpM npn yKJiaÄKe CTCHBI (Ma-
xapoBa, rijieTHeBa, 1984). TaKxe hct 3H3kob, CflejiaHHbix npn (j)opMOBKe Ha Top-
UOBBIX CTOpOHaX KHpHHHeÜ. Bee OHH HaXOAHTCfl Ha BepXHeÜ HOCTejIHCTOH CTOpO-
ne, xo™ juim KnpnHneü, nocjie HecKOJibKHX mien npocyniKH CKJiaubiBaeMbix b
urraGejib, Gojiee pannoHajibHbiMH Gbuih shskh Ha Topiiax, npHMeHaBiuneca Ha Pycn.
Bee CTpoHTejibHbie 3hskh KpenocTen IIoAOHbH b KJiazuce nepecTasajm Gbitb bhäh-
MblMH. npn TSKOM paCnOJIOXCHHH H3O5paxeHHH BO3BOJJHMaH nOCTpOHKa KaK 6bl
onwpajiacb Ha hhx, BMypOBbiBajia hx b ce6a nonoGno 3aKJianHon xepTBe.
2.	B CapKejie naitaeHbi naoöpaxeHna, npouapanaHHbie Ha yxe oöoxxeHHbix
KHpnuHax. To xe Mbi HaßjiKweM n b TTjincKe, rae TaKxe ecTb 3H3kh h pncyHKH
HS nOCTejIHCTOH CTOpOHe BTOpHHHO HCH0JIb30B3HHbIX HO3AHeaHTHHHbIX KHpnHHeÜ
(MHJineB, 1985s). IIobtopjieMOCTb nofloÖHoro po.ua HaxoflOK npennojiaraeT öojiee
cepbÖ3Hbie npHHHHbi jum naroTOBJieHHa ctojib Heziojiro uocTynHbix juia oöospeHHa
pncyHKOB n 3H3Kob, hcm CTpeMJieHne “npocTo” pncoßaTb hjih ctsehtb cboio tsm-
ry nepen yiraanKon Knpnnna b cieny.
CymecTBOBaHne pncyHKOB, xnßymnx tojibko bo BpeMa ocymecTBJieHna o6pa.ua
hjih HeMHoro ÄOJibiixe, 3a0HKcnpoBaHO araorpa^Hen. Cpaay nocjie coBepweHna
oöpaaa Bbi3biBaHna aoxjui yHHHTOxajincb HacbinHbie pncyHKH nmieHueB Haßaxo.
CneunajibHo juia oziHOHHeBHon uepeMOHnn nepßoro BbiHoca peßeHKa b Hhähm
pncoBajin Ha 3eMJie 3HaK CBacTHKH (IlaHnen:, 1982: 93). Bojiee nponojixnTejibHon
ßbuia XH3Hb pncyHKOB cbshob, cuejiaHHbix 30Jion hjih MyKon: ot ohhofo no npy-
roro exeroAHoro npa3HHHKa (BapnaBejinnse, 1957).
3.	B cbm3h c rnnoTesoii o xepTBeHHOM HasHaaennn 3H3kob paccMOTpnM nx
THnojiornnecKHn Haöop. OcHOBHyio KaTeropnio H3o6paxeHHH hs k3mhhx cpe/in
CTpoHTejibHbix 3H3K0B H H3 KKpHHHaX C0CT3BJUH0T T3K H33bIB3eMbie “T3MTOO6pa3-
Hbie”, oßpaayiomne TKnojiornnecKHe pnflbi c ycjioxHeHHbiMn BapnaHTaMn oaho-
ro ajieweHTa (oTimTHbiinaMn). MeHee MHoroqncjieHHbi CHMBOJinnecKne (Jjnrypbi, b
ochobhom reoMeTpnnecKnx onepTSHnn (3Be3Äbi, cb3cthkh, npnMoyrojibHbie n tji.).
Ha KaMHflx MaauKoro ohh ejinHHHHbi, a Ha KHprinaax CapKejia ßojibmyio aacTb
3toh KaTeropnn coctsbjihiot tsk Ha3biBaeMbie “BaBnjioHbi” (20 3hskob). Bbißop
HMeHHO SToro cKMBOJia H3 hohth He Hcnojib3OBaHHoro GoraToro apceHajia CHMBO-
JIHHeCKHX 3HSKOB, H3BeCTHbIX HacejieHHIO, CTpOHBIIieMy KpenOCTb (cyzw no FOHHap-
HblM KJieHMSM, 3HSK3M HS nOBepXHOCTH CTCH MafllFKOFO FOpOflHIUa, HS KOCTHHblX
H3/iejiHax h np.), bhjihmo, HecjiynaeH. CeMaHTHKa stofo 3HaKa ksk chmbojis ycT-
poncTBa MHpa npocjiexena )K.AjiajixoBbiM Ha MaTepnanax nepBoro BojirapcKoro
uapcTBa (AjiajixoB, 1980). HoaoGho mohfojibckoh n TnöeTCKon MaHjiajie, (janrypa
H3 HecKOJibKHX BHHCaHHblX npMMOyrOJIbHKKOB, OÖblHHO C OCHMH CHMMCTpKH, OJIH-
iieTBopajia b Boctohhok Eßpone ocoÖchho BaxHyio npn cTponrejibCTBe nueio ro-
pH30HTaJIbHOFO CTpOeHKH MSKpOKOCMa. Ho 3TOH CX6M6 nOCTpOCHbl CBHTHJIH1H3 B
HjincKe, Maziape, Ha MaanKOM n Ha XyMapnHCKOM ropoAHinax. B JJyHaiicKon
Bojirapnn H3BecTHbi xepTBeHHbie KaMHn npHMoyrojibHon $opMbi c xejioßKaMH b
(Jjopwe “BaBHJiona” (Ajiä/xxoB, 1980). Tskhm xepTBeHHHKOM Mor cjiyxnTb n npa-
MoyrojibHbiH Gjiok c MaaiiKoro roponnina, Ha kotopom rjiyöoKKMH jihhhhmh bbi-
pesana Ta xe 4)nrypa. Tskhm oßpaaoM, 3hsk “BaBHJioH” Hanöojiee hojiho boiuio-
maji b ceöa ceMaHTHnecKHH paji, HBjiaioinHKca ochoboh CTponrejibHon oGphähocth:
M3KP0K0CM — XepTBa — MHKpOKOCM nOCTpOHKH. HjjeiO XepTBbl, 3aMeHHK)meÜ HJIH
ÄonojiHMiomen HacToainee xepTBonpnHoineHne b naaajie CTpoHTejibCTBa moejih
Hec™ 4)nrypbi xhbothbix, npenMymecTBeHHO Konen n moflen Ha capKejibCKKX
KHpnnaax.
54	B.E. <$>nepoBa. rpacJjcjDw™ Xa3apnn
Bnojine jiothhho, hto npn CTpouTejibCTBe, b otjikhmc ot roHHapnoro jjejia, no-
htm He ynoTpeöjiHJiacb CBaaaHHaa c othöm cojiapHaa CMMBOJiMKa. Ü3 Gojiee hmtm
cotch cTpojrrejibHbix 3HaKOB hcmhofo naxce Hanöojiee pacnpocTpaHÖHHbix npjiMbix
npOCTblX, CBaCTMHeCKMX H npOUBeTIJIMX KpeCTOB (20 3K3eMnJI5IpOB), e/IIIHnHHbl
KpecT b Kpyre, cnnpajib, neHTarpaMMa.
4.	npe/uioxceHHaa Mo^ejib KHTepnpeTaunii CTpoirrejibHbix mctok b KanecTBe
aamiauHbix xcepTB oGbacHaeT pejiKocrb MeneHbix Kupnuneü h KaMHeü!: o6p«a co-
Bepinajica nepnozu-mecKH. MHoroo6pa3ne oGphuob n MHÖxcecTBeHHOCTb xeprs npn
CTpouTejibCTBe (BaüGypnH, 1983) oöycjioBwn-i pa3HOo6pa3we (JiopM 3HaKOB. ITpn
ynacTHM b oahom oGpsme npencTaBHTejieii pasHbix poäob hjih ceMeücTB mofjih
noHBKTbCA aarajlOHHbie 3HaKH na capKejibCKwx Knpnunax, cocToamwe K3 HecKOJib-
khx nocTaBJieHHbix pauoM pa3JinHHbix 3HaKOB, panee BCTpeHaBinnxca Ha Knpnnnax
no OAHOMy. To xce oßbMCHeHiie moxcct HMeTb pacnojioxcenwe Mop^ojioriiHecKM
paajiwHHbix 3HaKOB CTpoHTejieH Ha pa3Hbix rpaHflx ojiHoro KaMeHHoro SjiOKa. Ha
MaauKOM HecKOJibKo TaKnx Gjiokob, npn tom, hto GojibinwHCTBO KaMHeü Boo6in,e
HKKaK He MCTRJIOCb.
5.	HajiejieHHocTb MeneHbix KMpnwnen MarnnecKOM cujioü, bhawmo, nocjiyxcmia
noBOflOM jvih noMemeHMH nx b norpeGeHne CapKejibCKoro MonuibHWKa m Kypra-
Ha PoMaHOBCKoro I MormibHKKa (ApTaMOHOBa, 1963: 176; Konbuioß, 1980: 105)
(TaGji. VII: B, 10, 11).
AnajioraHHbiü cjiynaM, Koraa Knpnnn co 3HaKaMK n najinncHMK 6mji hojioxcch
noÄ rojlOBy yMepiiiero b cpejjHeßeKOBOM MornjibHKKe y ConoTa, npBMo cBH3bißa-
eTca Hb. JJxcaMGoBbiM (1988: 54) c pejinrao3HbiMK npeacTaBJieHHJiMH juoaeü, co-
BepinaBinnx oGpjm.
1B cpeÄHea3naTCKOM kupüh'ihom CTpouTejibCTBe MeTMJiHCb hohtm bcc kmphmhm (PepTMaH,
1979).
rnasa III
rPABWPOBKM HA KOCTflHblX k13flEJlWHX
3HaKM Ha acTparanax
B cKCTeMe 3H3KOB, ynoTpeßjmBmHxcH HacejieHneM cajiTOBO-MamjKOH KyjibTy-
pbi, rpa(J)4>wTn Ha acTparajiax 3aHHMaiOT ocoöoe mccto. ZJjih hhx xapaicrepHbi no-
BTOpaeMOCTb cioxctob, HMeiomnx anajioraM cpeflH 3H3kob Ha acTparajiax, nponc-
xohhiuhx c naMHTHHKOB npyrnx Ky/ibTyp, m cnenH^HHecKHH, no cpaBHeHHio c
cepmiMH 3H3KOB Ha KaMHflx, KHpnHnax hjih KepaMHKe, Haßop tcm. Ilpn xapaicre-
pHCTHKe MeTOK Ha acTparajiax aBTOpbi nyÖJiHKauHH onpenejimoT hx (JjyHKUHio hjih
KaK 3H3K0B, HeOÖXOHHMBIX HJIH HFpbl B KOCTH, HpH OTOM HCXOHHOÜ HOCBIJIKOH CJiy-
xht npennojioxeHHe, hto aciparajibi Kcnojib3OBajiHCb, KaK h b HenaBHeM npoiimoM,
npn nrpe (KpacnjibHHKOB, 1979: 87; MnxeeB, 1985: 67, njieTHÖBa, 1967a: 156), hjih
hx paccMaipHBaioT KaK 3HaKH, HMeiomHe MamnecKHH cmbicji (PaineB, 1987: 77; Te-
oprneB, 1978: 65—69).
Hh ycjioBHH HaxonoK acTparanoB npn pacKonKax ajiaHCKHX h ßojirapcKHx na-
MHTHHKOB, HH 3THOFpa(J)HHeCKHe napaJIJieJIK HC HaiOT 0CH0B3HHH 0HH03H3HH0 on-
peaejiHTb KaK $yHKiiHio caMHX acTparanoB, TaK h 3HaKOB Ha hhx HaneceHHbix.
HsßecTHbi HaxojiKH b norpeßeHHHX (KpacHJibHHKOB, 1979; KpacnjibHHKOB, 1980:
112; CeMeHOB-3ycep, 1952: 283), b KynnrypHOM cjioe h b OTjiejibHbix XHJiHinax no-
cejieHHK h roponHiu (Feoprneß, 1981: 195, 196; KoMina, 1978: 135; KpacHJibHH-
kob, 1979: 87; PaineB, 1987: 76). H b norpeßanbHbix, h b xouibix KOMiuieKcax HMe-
iotch cjiynan HaxonoK enHHHHHbix, no HecKOJibKy iirryK h ucjibimh HaßopaMH.
BcTpenaioTCH npocßepjieHHbie acTparajibi, hto naeT hoboh npennojiaraib hx ncnojib-
3OBaHHe b KanecTBe aMyjieroB, aHajionwHbix H3BecTHbiM b CKH(j)o-capMaTCKOM Mnpe
(cm., HanpHMep, JJaineBCKan, 1983: 136). Harranne xe acTparanoB, 3ajiHTbix cbhh-
Uom, TaK Ha3biBaeMbix “öhtok”, hbjihctch Hanßojiee cepbÖ3HbiM apryMeHTOM b
onpenejieHHH hx KaK npHHajuiexcHOCTH mia Hrpbi (Bacwibeß, 1986: 197; 3aKHpo-
Ba, 1988: 233). Ho npn 3tom CTpaHHO, hto mcthjihcb He Bee acTparajibi. Hpn Ha-
xojiKax HaßopoB mctkh hmbiot ot HeTBepra no Hßyx TpeTen acTparanoB. He hcho
TaKxce, noneMy hjih Hrpbi BbiÖHpanncb npeHMymecTBeHHO 3HaKH, He HMejoinne
BHHHMOH CBH3H C TaMTaMH H He HBJIHIOinHeCH CHÖTHblMH 3H3K3MH. B KaneCTBC 3H3-
KOB, HeOÖXOHMMblX flJIH BeHOHHH Hrpbi, MODIH HCnOHb3OBaTbCH Te MCTKH, KOTOpbie
CHHTblBaJIHCb HTpatOIUHMH JierKO H ÖbICTpo: HanpHMep, pa3JIHHHOe HHCJIO KOHneH-
TpHHeCKHX OKpyJKHOCTeH H TOHCK Ha (jjHIIIKaX H3 XepCOHCCa HJIH HaHHßHHblX B
CapKejie, XepcoHece h Hpyrnx naMHTHHKax HrpaJibHbix KyÖHKax (KpacHJibHHKOB,
1979: 88; HneTHÖBa, 1967a: 156; PoMannyK, 1987: 93). 3hbkh xe Ha acTparajiax, no
KpaHHen Mepe, Sohbiuhhctbo H3 hhx, TpeöyiOT BHHMaTejibHoro paccMOTpeHnn, hjih
xe HOJIXHbI ÖblTb HaCTOJIbKO XOpOUIO H3BCCTHbI BJiaHCJIbny, HTOÖbl oh mot onpe-
HejiHTb hx CMMCJi c nepBoro B3rjmna, hto HCKjnoneno npn HajiHHHH HecKonbKHX
HTpaioninx.
XIaHHbie 3THOrpa(^HH rOBOpMT HC TOJIbKO oß HTpOBOH, HO H O KyjIbTOBOH pOJIH
acTparanoB. Hrpbi b kocth hmcjih npexne onpenejieHHbiH pHTyanbHbiH acneKT.
f
56	B.E. d>nepoBa. Ppac|x|3WTn Xa3apnn
H3BecTHbi raaaHHA chGmpckhx maManoB no noAOxeHmo ynaßinnx Kocren (ncnoAb-
3OBaiiHCb acTparajibi KaGaprn) — thk Ha3biBaeMbii4 “3BepHHbin xpe6nn”, noMoras-
mnn y3HaTb 06 hcxoac Goacshk h najibHeftmen cyßbGe (KeHHH-JIoncaH, 1987: 60).
Haxo/iKK acTparajiOB b xminmax HosoAHMapeBKH II, JIpaBoGepexHoro IXhmjihh-
cKoro ropoAKma, CapKejia, Hahckh, XyMbi He Moryr rapaHTnpoBaTb hhcto Gmto-
syio, pa3BjieKaTejibHyio (fryHKiwio bthx KOCTeft. TyBHHiibi, HanpHMep, 3aKanbiBajin
acTparaji BMecre c hocacaom, caKpaJibHMM 3aMCHHTeAeM peGeHKa, hmbhho b lopTe.
Ilpn 3tom uaxen TaKxe cmmca oGpana: acTparaji conpoBoxAaA b Mnp, Kyiia yxo-
jjht h oTKyaa npHxojurr Aymn, chmboahhcckofo peöeHKa, mtoGbi hmctb bo3mox-
hoctb nojiyHHTb ero bhobb, — T.e. haca peHHKapHaiiHM (Hobhk, 1984: 167, 168).
y ßojirap ao HeAaBHero BpeMeHH oGpaam npeACKasanna cyabGbi, raAaHHA coßep-
inajiHCb hmchho b aomc, y onara.
Ha aciparajiax nocejieHHti SyKOB-IlAoemTH (KoMma, 1978) HawACHbi KopoTKne
HaAnncH, ho ohh He npoHTenbi h hx (JiyHKLiHH ocTaiorca HeacHbiMH (taGa. IX: 24,
25). HiueeTCM OAHa npoHTeHHan HaanHCb, BbinoAHeHHan CKaHAHHaBCKHMH pyna-
mh Ha acTparane M3 TIoAoijKa h rAacnmaA: “BbiroAa”, “GAaro” (UpeBHJin Pycb, 1985:
393): CKopee Bcero, ora koctb HcnoAbaoBanacb hak npn mctahmh xpeGnA, kam kak
aMyAeT.
OTACAbHblM HanepTaHMAM MOXHO HaHTH aHAAOTHH CpeAH TaMFOO6pa3HbIX 3Ha-
kob Ha KaMHAX MaaixKoro h XyMapHHCKoro ropoAKiH m Ha KMpnKHax CapKeAa, ho
npn cpaBHeHMK Beeil coBOKynnocTH Tex h Apyrnx 3HaKOB cxoactbo OKasbiBaeTca
HesHaHKTeAbHbiM. Ta xe KapTHHa HaGAioAaeTCA npn cpaBHeHHH c roHAapHbiMH
KAeMMaMM. XapaKTepHbiM aaa acTparaAOB ÜOAOHbA kocoh KpecT, BnncaHHbiH b
KBaApaT kam npAMoyroAbHMK, b KanecTBe KAeÜMa BCTpeaaeTCA peAKO. Tanne chm-
BOAbi, KaK KpecT, HeTbipexAMCTHKK, AByayGen, HaHOCKAKCb Ha acTparaAbi, ho Gbuin
He BeAymHMM, kak cpeAK kackm, a HanMenee panpocTpaHeHHbiMM thhamm.
Oahkm M3 noßceMecTHo ynoTpeGAABuinxca cioxeTOB aaa rpaBMpoBKH Ha acT-
paranax GbiAa “peineTKa” ham “ceTKa” pa3JiMHHbix thhob: npAMbie peuieTKM c pa3-
AHHHblM HMCAOM AHeeK, 3aKAK)HeHHbie B npAMOyTOAbHbie paMKM HJIH OTKpblTbie, KO-
cbie ceTKK, ceTeo6pa3Hbie 4>Mrypbi K3 HeperyAApHO nepeKpemHBaioiHKXCA ahhhk
fraßA. VIII: 1-5; 39-43; 69-71; 85-91; TaÖA. IX: 1-6; 26-30). Kpowe HoAOHb«,
rAe 3HaKM TaKoro poAa Gbuin pacnpocTpaneHbi, KMeeTCA HecKOAbKo aHanorHHHbix
HaxoAOK Ha naMATHHKax ^ynancKOH EoArapnn (TeoprHeB, 1978: 135; TeoprHeB,
1981: 195, pnc. V, 1; KoMina, 1978; ParneB, 1987, Ta6A. XLI, 161). HpAMaa peineTKa
HapHcoBana Ha acTparaae, HaüAeHHOM b npnropoAe SnAapa (Xy3KH, 1989. Phc. 2).
AHanornn ecTb n Ha chhxpohhbix cAaBAHCKHx naMATHHKax (JlanyinKKH, 1958;
157—159; CbiMOHOBHH, 1961; 203, pnc. 2, 4). HccAeAOBaTeAH, oGpamaBUineca k ce-
MaHTHKe 3HaKa “ceTKa” h “pemeTKa” y aaaH h GoArap, othocat TaKoro poAa H3o6-
paxeHHH k caKpanbHbiM chmboabm. E.n. ÄAeKceeBa oTMenaeT, hto y napoAOB KaB-
Kasa ao HeAaBHero BpeMeHH pbiGoAOBHaa ceTb «Bjuuiacb oGeperoM, n npnnncbiBaeT
H3o6paxeHKAM ceTH Ha rAHHAHbix h MeTaAAHHecKHx H3AeAMAX paHHecpeAHeBeKo-
Bbix naMATHHKOB CeBepHoro KaBKaaa TaKxe noKa HeBbiACHeHHoe MarnnecKoe 3Ha-
HeHHe (AaeKceeBa, 1985). 3naK “pemeTKa” ynoTpeGAimcA 3Aecb h b 6oAee no3AHee
BpeMA b KanecTBe oGepera, kak npeAnoAaraeTCA, npoTHB pa3AH4Hbix GoAeanen, b
OCOÖeHHOCTH, npOTKB HyMbl, KaK 3TO HMCAO MCCTO B CpeAHCBCKOBOH 3anaAHon Eb-
pone (Tmchob, 1982: 39—41, pnc. 9). EoArapcKnn nccAeAOBaTeAb n. TeoprHeB,
nocBATHBrnnn cneuHaAbHyK) 3aMeTKy 3TOMy 3HaKy (TeoprneB, 19786), noAaraeT, hto
y npaÖOArap pemeTKa coxpaHHAa to SHaneHne, KOTopoe OHa, no onpeAeAeHHio
C.II. ToACTOBa, HMeAa b TAyGoKon apcbhocth: chmboa poaobofo AOMa, ynoTpeG-
JIHBmHHCA B CMblCAC “pOAOBBH OÖlHMHa”, npeACTaBAABHIHM CO6OH lüiaH MHOTOKOM-
HaTHoro oGmHHHoro AOMa (Toactob, 1947: 40, 41). B nepBoöbiTHOM Xope3Me
rnaea III. PpaBupoBKM Ha koctahbix H3flennnx	57
nacKaJibHbie nHKTorpa^nnecKne KOMnneKCbi c pemeTKaMH pasjinnnbix thhob, no-
BnaKM0My, CBS3aHbi c naxMon h njioinajiKaMn juia BbiKJiaßbiBaHWH TpynoB, a caMn
HacKaJibHbie HanepTanna cjiyxcaT MarnnecKHMn o6pameHM5iMH k nyxaM-xpaHHTe-
pona-noMa. Cxoäctbo c npoTOMHZtnidCKoii n,neorpaMMon “äom” GeccnopHo, ho
moxcct ßbiTb hhcto bhcuihum, TaK KaK npn nepexone 3HaKOB k npyroMy napoay, tüm
gojiee MMeiomeMy cboh xcn3HeHHbin yKJiaii, oGbihho H3MeHneTcn nx 3HaneHne (Co-
jiomohhk, 1955: 20). TaK, b cpejiHeBeKOBbix nncaHnuax Ha p. Jlene (c. JIaBbmoBo)
npaMbie, Kocbie cctkh, 3HaK “jieceHKa” bxoaht b komhoshiihio, cBnsaHHyio, no
mhchhio A.TI. OKJiaaHHKOBa, c oxoTHHHbeü Marnen, n abjuhotch H3o6paxceHnnMn
jiobhbx ceTen, b KOTopbie 3aroH»eT xchbothbix Bothh« Ojichch (OKJiaUHHKOB, 1949:
336, 337, Taöji. 49). Bosmojkho, n y Gojirap 3HaK coxpamui cboö npeBHenniee 3Ha-
tieHne jiOByuiKn (TojiaH, 1993: 88, 89). Cpeaw öojirapcKnx cpenneBeKOBbix rpa<|)-
(j)HTn K3BeCTHbI pncyHKH OJICHefi, KOTOpbie CJIHTbl, KaK h Ha CnßnpCKHX nncaHH-
uax c pemeTKon, coGctbchho, — oto peineTKn, nepepacTaiomne b ojichch
(Acnapyxoß, 1984. TaÖJi. IV b, 129, 103).
Bjihskh THnojiornnecKH k 3HaKy “npnMaii peineTKa” 3HaKn b BHße JiecenoK
(Taßji. VIII: 6-8, 44-46, 66, 73-78, 92; Taöji. IX: 8, 9, 31), H3BecTHbie c rjiyGoKon
UpeBHOCTH. Ha acTparajiax hmciotch JieceHKn, cocToninne H3 Tpex BepTHKajibHbix
imnHHbix h HecKOJibKnx KopoTKnx nonepenHbix jihhhh nnyinnx npnMO (KnceneB,
1951. TaÖJi. LIII, pnc. 14; KpacnJibHHKOB, 1979. Pnc. 7, 73; CeMeHOB-3ycep, 1952.
Pnc. 6) hjih non yrjioM k nenTpajibHon nponojibHon jihhhh (KpacnJibHHKOB, 1979.
Pnc. 7, 8), a TaKxce cocTomnne H3 jjßyx BepTHKajibHbix h nonepenHbix jihhhh (Kpa-
cnjibHKKOB, 1979. Pnc. 6, 4, 10). Xopoino hsbcctho ceMaHTnnecKoe 3HaneHHe jie-
CTHHiXbi, saMeHHTejia MHpoßoro npeBa (Tonopoß, 1987a). JlecTHHijy pncoBajin Ha
inaMaHCKHX GyGnax, no ee CTyneHbKaM inawaH B36npajicn Ha HeGo bo Bpewn KaM-
jiaHHH, hmchho OHa oGecnenHBana cBH3b Mexay jnoflbMK h nyxaMn (HpOKO^beBa,
1981: 53). CßHneTejibCTBOM toto, hto b coaHannn oGnTaTejm BOCTOHHoeßponeKC-
khx CTeneii paHHero cpenneBeKOBba oGa cnMBOJia: MHpOBoe npeBO h JiecTHHiia Gbuik
BKBHBajieHTHbi, MBJiaeTCH H3o6paxceHne nepeBa Ha koctmhom cocyae H3 MoKpnHa.
Ctboji aepeßa cocTaBjmeT ojiHy H3 Tpex onop jieceHKn, a bctbh npoaojixcaiOT ropn-
30HTajibHbie jihhhh ee cTyneHeK (Läszlo 1955: 154, pnc. 39).
CjieayioinnH 3HaK H3BecTHbin Ha acTparajiax: “oTKpbiTaa JieceHKa”, o6pa3OBaH
TOJIBKO oaHOK aJIHHHOK JIKHHeH C OTXOAHinKMH OT HCÖ KOpOTKHMH HOnepeHHblMH
(PameB, 1967: 195, pnc.V, 8; Xy3HH, 1969. Pnc. 2, 73). STOMy 3HaKy Taioxe HMe-
iotch anajioran cpe/jn naoGpaxceHnü, cBH3aHHbix c niaMaHCKon npaKTHKOH, me ohh
oGosHanaioT BepeBKy c jieHTawn, cnMBOjinsnpyioinnMn aoporn maMana n nyra, no
KOTopbiM xcepTBa hjih MOJinTBa aoxoAHJiH no ajipecaTa (KeHHH-JIoncaH, 1987: 141).
B HeKOTopbix TeKCTax OHa accounnpOBanacb c oöpasoM KaKoro-Jinöo GoxcecTBa hjih
jiyxa, MBJumcb ero ohtohom (IpnnaH, 1987: 196) (TaGji. VIII: 9, 47, 65; TaGji. IX:
10-12, 32).
HaKOHeii, pacnpocTpaHeHbi Ha acTparajiax 3HaKK, npencTaBJUHoninx pasjinn-
Hoe hhcjio ropH3OHTajibHbix nepToneK. Ohh hc cjiynaHHH, nocKOjibKy npncyrcTByiOT
noßceMecTHO, h Taicxce hmciot onpenejieHHyio cnMBOJiHKy, bhähmo, cxoxcyio c chm-
bojikkoh 3HaKa “jieceHKa”.
Ha neTbipex acTparajiax HanneHbi K3o6pajKeHHJi MnpoBoro npeßa (TaGji. VIII:
13—15, 75, 97; TaGji. IX: 19, 20, 37) b bhuc HBycTopoHHen ejiomoi (Xy3HH, 1989,
pnc. 2; PameB, 1967; KpacnJibHHKOB, 1980; TeoprHeB, 1981), a Ha oahom — oaho-
CTopoHHeiä ejioHKn, aHajioTHHHon pncyHKy Ha acTparajie c roponnma TnTHHxa
(MocKajieHKO, 1965: 82). KsoGpaxceHna nepeßa b Bnae BepTHKajibHoii jihhhh c ot-
xojuuhhmk ot Hee BBepx napajuiejibHbiMH jihhuhmk BeTBeii xopoino H3BecTHbi cpenn
pncyHKOB-rpa(i)$nTK flynancKOK Bojirapnn (Acnapyxoß, 1984: 242, TaGji. XIV:
58	B.E. cPnepoBa. Epac^n™ Xaaapun
268—275; Läszlo, 1955). Mothb MHpoßoro npesa npncyrcTByeT Tatoxe Ha caJiTOB-
ckhx Hsuejinax (MaKapoBa, 1983: 63). TIojihoh: aHajiorweü 3HaKaM Ha acTparanax
HBJiaeTca pncynoK uepeßa Ha xasapcKOM pHTyanbHOM cocynnKe H3 Kepan (TTjieT-
HÖBa, 1987: 259, pnc. 1, 2). Bonpoc o chmbojihkc nonoGHbix H3o6paxeHHH nocTa-
tohho paspaöoTan b jiHTepaType (Tonopoß, 1987 6).
Bee BbimenepeHHCJieHHbie thhw 3H3kob oöpasoßaHbi npaMbiMH nepeKpemnßa-
iohihmhch hjih napajuiejibHbiMH jihhksmh. XapaKTepHOH ocoGchhoctbio coBOKyn-
HOCTH 3THX 3H3K0B HBJIHeTCH OTCyTCTBHe HÖTKHX rpaHHIl MOKJiy pa3H0THHHBIMH
3HaKaMn: ohh KaK Gbi ÄOCTpaHBaiOT jipyr Äpyra. JIocTaTOHHO oähoh jihhhh, hto-
6bi npeßpaTHTb napajuiejiH b noAoGne “MnpoBoro apeBa” hjih “BepeBKy c JieHTa-
mh”. SaKJHOHeHHaa Mexjjy jjByMH napanjiejiaMH ejiOHKa npeBpamaerca b “jieceHKy”
(Taßji. VIII: 15, 66, 73, 74). Mexay 3hbkom “npaMaa pemeTKa” h “jieceHKa” ot-
cyrcTByeT rpaHHija, TaK KaK JiioGyio JieceHKy c ropH3OHTajibHbiMH CTyneHbKaMH
moxho onncaTb KaK penieTKy. üponauaeT aeTKaa rpaHb Mexny sthmh 3HaKaMH h
npaMoyrojibHHKOM, ecjiH “pemeTKa”, napamejiH hjih “jieceHKa” 3aMKHyTbi b npa-
MoyrojibHOH paMKe (Taöji. VIII: 39, 49).
Kan yxe oTMeaeHO K.H.KpacHJibHHKOBbiM (1979), npaMoyrojibHHK hjih kbhji-
paT, nepeaepKHyTbiH KpecT-naKpecT jmaronajiHMH, jiBjmeTca HanGoJiee xapaicrepHbiM
3HaK0M juih acTparajlOB, HanjieHHbix b UonoHbe. «Usa coejiHHeHHbix ocHOBaHHHMH
nepenepKHyrbix KBanpaTa HapncoBaHbi Ha acTparane c roponnma HoBOTponuKoe
(JIanymKHH, 1958: 51, pnc. 30, 7). B IIonyHaBbe hojioGhbih 3HaK TaKxe pacnpoc-
TpaneH (ZJoHHeBa-IIeTKOBa, 1980), ho Ha acTparanax nona HeH3BecreH. 3HaK HMeeT
BapnaHTbi: KOHTyp npHMoyrojibHHKa HaHeceH hbohhmmh jihhhmmh, jmaroHaJiK —
ojjHHapHbiMH; Bee jihhhh ziBOHHbie; Bee jihhhh ojiHHapHbie. Ectb 3HaK, rae Tpey-
rojibHbie nojui, Ha KOTOpbie jjcjiht npaMoyroJibHHK awaronajiH, 3aiirrpHxoBaHbi
(raGji. VIII: 16—21, 51, 52). KoHpeHTpHHecKHe KBajipaTbi npoixapanaHbi Ha acTpa-
ranax H3 Bepxnero CanTOBa h CapKejia (Taßji. VIII: 54, 95, 96, 100, 101). B otjih-
HHe ot 3HaKa “napajuiejiH”, “jieceHKa”, “aepeßo”, hbjuibhihmhcm cHMBOJiaMH yno-
paaoHeHHoro BepraKajibHoro ycTponcTBa MHpa, KBaapaT h npjiMoyrojibHHK
CHMBOJiH3npyiOT ropH3OHTajibHyio cTpyKiypy MnpoBoro aepeßa (Tonopoß, 1987a,6).
3tot chmboji xopoino 6bui H3BecT6H GojirapaM, hto Haiiuio oTpaxeiiHe b ruiannpoB-
Ke B3biHecKHX xpaMOB «HyHancKon BojirapHH (Ctohhcb, 1984: 108—123).
Ha Tpex acTparanax nponepneHbi (JiHrypbi b BHjie pomGob c npoaojDKeHHbiMH
CTopoHaMH (raGji. VIII: 23, 55, 56), KOTOpbie oGwhho TpaKTyiOT KaK chmboji
njioaopoana (Am6po3, 1965). Hcckojibko 3H3kob hmciot SHaneHHe cojmpHbix:
KpecT, neTbipexjiHCTHHK h cjioxHbie KpecTbi (raGji. VIII: 24—26). YHHKaneH
acTparan (raGji. VIII: 38) c HeTbipbM« cxeMaTHHHbiMH H3o6paxeHHHMH nnm
(KpacHJibHHKOB, 1979, pnc. 7, 4). Hanaeno HecKOJibKO acTparajlOB c npyrHMH
THnaMH 3HaKOB: jjBysyßeii, rajioMKa, “hiichjioh”, nepneHjmKyjiap (raGji. VIII: 27—36,
59—64), rnnpoKO pacnpocTpaneHHbie b KanecTBe TaMr. Ho hx Mano, h o 3Ha»ieHHH
nofloGHbix H3o6paxeHHH h pojih, KOTopaa hm OTBenena epenn ochobhhx thhob
3HaKOB Ha acTparanax TpynHO hto-jih6o npejmojioxcnTb.
TaKHM o6pa3OM, hohth Bee 3HaKH Ha acTparanax cBjmHbi c xopomo h3bcct-
HblMH CHMBOJiaMH, OJIHLieTBOpHIOmHMH BepTHKaJIbHOe H TOpHSOHTaJIbHOe CTpOCHHC
MHpa, “MHpoBoe zipeBo”. Ohh ynoTpeGjiajiHCb b maMaHCKOH npaKTHKe jum H3o6-
paxeHHa Äopor uiaMana b cjioxho ycTpoeHHOM MHpe. Hsbccthbi HMeioinne inaMaH-
cicyio CHMBOJiHKy rpacb^HTH Ha anraHCKHX KaMeHHbix miHTKax, BKJiioHaioiHHe Kpo-
Me H3o6paxeHHH nepeBa, jiccthhubi, Taxxe pncynKH BepeBKH c jieHTaMH h cctkh
(fpHHaH, 1987). KaK hhiuct aBTop nyGjiKKaHHH, ceTKa HBJianacb maMaHCKHM aT-
Tnaßa III. PpaenpoBKn Ha koctahbix naßennax	59
pMÖyTOM: ona BbiBeiiiHBanacb Ha ABepax XHAHuja aaa Toro, htoGbi momohb nrauaM
noüMaTb yineflinyio hjih yneceHHyio Aymy öojibHoro. B AaHHOM kohtckctc ee 3Ha-
qeHHe 6jih3ko k TOMy, KOTOpoe onpe/jejiwi A.n. Oka3ahhkob aaa H3o6paxeHHA ce-
tcm Ha JleHCKOü nncaHHije.
Cxoahhü HaÖop 3H3kob: AecTHHLia, AepeBbA, nepeqepKHyrbiti AHaronanAMH
npHMoyrojibHWK, — BbipesaH Ha Tpex AepeBAHHbix nenanax H3 norpeöeHHH Morroib-
HUKa Momeßaa 6anKa (HepycanHMCKaA, 1983: 106—109). Henanbi hmcah KyjibTO-
Boe Ha3HaqeHne h CBA3biBaiOTCA A.A. HepycanMCKOH c nomioHeHneM npeAKaM h c
saynoKOMHbiMK oßpaaaMK.
3HaKH Ha acTparanax jiaKOHMHHbi. H oSBACHeHHe 3TOMy cjieayeT HCKaTb He
toabko b ManeHbKOM pa3Mepe koctch, hto He abaactca npenaTCTBueM aaa H3o6-
paxeHHA Ha hhx caoxhbix cioxeTHbix komtio3hmhh (JJbakohob, 1953: 286, pnc. 21),
ho, cKOpee, b tom, hto mx (JjyHKUHA He 6buia jieKopaTHBHOM. Ha acTparanax H3 pa3-
Hbix naMATHHKOB H3CT0HHHB0 MOBTOpAIOTCA 3H3KH, CHMBOAHSHpyiOLUHe AOpOrH B
ApyroH Mnp: neceHKa, AepeBO, BepeBKH, cryneHH. Hx aomoahaiot KBanpaTbi — cxe-
Ma ropM3OHTajibHoro MHpa, ceTb — oßeper ot 3nbix cmji, HrpaBiuaA TaKxe BaxHyio
ponb b pKTyanbHOti noßne He toabko oxothhhch aoöbihh, ho m nyinti 3a6oneBine-
ro hah noTepABmerocA qenoBeKa, h coaaphbic chmboabi. KaK oTMeaaeT JJm. Ob-
qapoß, cojmpHbie npeACTaBAeHHA tccho coqeTanncb c uiaMaHHCTHaecKHM prrrya-
jiom npaöonrap, hmchho noaroMy Ha mhothx hx pHcyHKax paaom c xapaicrepHbiMH
aTpHÖyraMH h H3oöpaxeHMAMH maMaHOB npHcyTCTByioT coAHeHHbie chmboabi (Ob-
qapoß, 1978: 30—36). Acrparanbi c T3kmmh 3HaKaMH moeah HcnoAB3OBaTBCA npn ra-
A3hhax, rae ohh cjiyxnjiH cBoeoöpa3HbiMH yKa3aTen«MH, b KaKyio oßjiacTb booö-
paxaeMoro MHpa nyxoB cneayeT OTnpaBHTbca äji« noncKa h H3BneqeHHA ayinn
nauneHTa, wih k KaKHM cnnaM B3biBaTb npn hcoöxoahmocth xepTBonpHHomeHH»
HAH KaMAaHHA. BbHiaACHHA ACpeÖHA npn MCT3HHH KOCTeii ÖbUIO HeOÖXOAHMO
MeTHTb TOAbKO OAHy CTOpOHy, HTO H HaÖAIOAaeTCA npH HaXOAKaX HaÖOpOB KOCTeH.
ÜHoraa 3HaK HMeeTcn h Ha Topue, npHHeM Ha Aßyx koctax Ha Topue HaÖAioAaeT-
ca npocToe npoAOAxeHHe 3HaKa Ha cnHHKe (KoMma, 1978). CoaeTaHHA BbinaBiiiHX
CHMBOAOB AOAXHbI ÖbUIH npeACK33aTb CyAbGy HAH IIOMO'Ib B OnpeACAeHHH AaAbHeH-
niero xona pHTyana. Bosmojkho, hmchho TaxaA (JjyHKUHA acrparanoB, cba33hh3a c
A3biqecKHM MHpoBO33peHHeM MX BAaneAbijeB, 3acTaBMAa GopoBiiierocA 3a ycraHOB-
AeHne xpncTHaHCTBa enncKona Kcpamia pacnpaBMTbCA c nrpaAbHbiMn koctamm TaK
xe xecTOKO, KaK m c A3biqecKHMH aMyAeraMM caBMpoß: “HrpanbHbie kocth — 06-
myio rnöeAb — Aann b pyKH enncKona n ncTpeÖMAM orHeM...” (HAeTHÖBa, 1967a:
156).
HaaHaneHHe acrparanoB motao öbitb pa3AMHHbiM: npenMeT nocyra, 3aMeHMTeAb
xepTBeHHoro xmbothofo (KoMnAeKc... y ropbi Tenceä: 117, 121), aMyAer. Aaa
HaceAeHHA canTOBO-MaAUKon KynbTypbi acrparanbi He ßbuin npocTbiMM HrpymKa-
mh. 3HaKM-rpa4)(i)HTH, Ha hhx HaHocHMbie, cocraBAAiOT KOMnaKTHyio rpynny M3o6-
paxeHHH, MMeiomHx iiiMpoKMfi Kpyr aHanornH cpe^n xopoiuo H3BecTHbix mhotmm
HaponaM caKpanbHbix cmmboaob, hto tobopmt o BaxHoft poAH stmx npenMeTOB b
peAMrMO3Hon npaicraKe.
PeriMKBapMM
HeKOTOpbie cioxeTbi, npeACTaBAeHHbie Ha acTparaAax 3aKOAMpoBaHHO,
BbiGopoAHO, MMeiOT ßoAee pa3BepHyryio TpaKTOBKy b rpaBnpoBKax Ha ApyroM
KaTeropHH koctahbix npeAMeTOB caATOBO-MaaijKoft KynbTypbi, HaawßaeMbix oömhho
ropnoBHHaMM ßypnioKOB. Bnepßbie TaKaA TpaKTOBKa öbina npeAAOxena
M.H. ApTaMOHOBbIM AAA OpHaMCHTHpOBaHHOH KOCTAHOH IIHAHHApHHeCKOH
60	B.E. (PnepoBa. Ppac|Dc|DHTn Xaaapnn
TpyßoHKK K3 CapKeaa (1958: 40). Ho, BMCKaaaHHaa CHanaaa KaK npeanoaoxeHne,
oHa nojiynMJia b paae nocaeaytomnx nyöanKauHH 6oaee KaTeropKHHbin xapaKTep.
ÄBapcKwe Haxo,nKw anaaoniHHoro rana oöbihho Ha3biBaiOT KopoGoHKaMH Han
4)jiaKOHaMM aaa TpaB, cojih nan Maaen. üpeanoaaraeTca cB«3b sthx npeaMeTOB c
uiaMaHCKOH npaKTHKOM *. KoHCTpyKuna KopoöoneK npocTa. BepxHne CBepanHbi
Hcnojib3OBajincb aaa noaBeniHBanna, an6o juih noaBeniHBaHna h saKpenaeHHs
3aTbiHKM oflHOBpeMeHHo (Fettich, 1936). Hhxhhc oTBepcTna y kohhhcckhx
KopoGoneK kjim GoKOBbie y T-o6pa3Hbix 3aKpbiBajincb KpbinieHKaMn, KOTopbie
peKOHCTpywpyioTCB no MaTepnaaaM MornabHHKa MomeBaa BajiKa KaK KOCTHHbie
nan AepeBHHHbie, yKpenaeHHbie lunmibKaMW, npoxoaamnMH CKBO3b OTßepcTwa b
kocth, hjih aepxaBiUKeca 6e3 hhx, Ha KJieio, iuhpoko ynoTpeGjiHBineMca b aaaHO-
GojirapcKon cpeae (KaMeneiiKHn, 1982, pnc. 1230, 1232, 1838. T. III, c. 19, Ne 105).
Pl3BecTeH cayaan, Koraa BHyrpn TpyGoHKn aHajionriHon KOHcrpyKunn Gbuin
HaitaeHbi MejiKne xeae3Hbie npeaMeTbi (CopoKKHa, 1986). Xoth aampoBKa
norpeGeHwa, rae ona 6buia HanaeHa, n, cootbctctbchho, caMon TpyGoHKw paH-
HecpeaneBeKOBbiM BpeMeneM He GeccnopHa, (£aKT Hcnoab3OBaHHa ee b KaaecTBe
KopoGoHKH npHMenaTejieH. CymecTBOBaHHe y ajiaH b VIII—IX bb. kopo6ohck-
pejiMKBapneB, hmcioijuhx STHorpa^HHecKun anajior y occthh b Bnae nenaaoB,
nocBameHHbix aoMOBOMy BbiHaTW XHiiay, yGeanreabHo 6biao noKasano A.A. He-
pycajiwMCKOw (1983). CKopee Bcero, noaoGnbiMH xe peanKBapHJiMH HBaaawcb b
cajiTOBO-MaauKoii KyabType h Hamn KOCTHHbie kopoGohkh. Pa3Mepbi nenaaoB:
7—8 cm b BbicoTy npn lUHpMHe 2—3 cm noaHOCTbio cooTBeTCTByioT pa3MepaM
KocTHHbix noaeaoK. HapaBHe c neHanaMH Ha CeBepHOM KaBKaae ynoTpeGaaancb
asycTBopHaTbie kopoGohkh, HMeBinne napHbie CBepanHbi Ha y3KOM KOHije, ckbosb
KOTopbie, no mhchhk) A.A. HepycaaKMCKon, nponycKaan BepeBOHKy, htoGbi mx
noaBeuiMBaTb (1983: 106). TaKyio xe KOHCTpyKUHio nMeior KocraHbie
KOHycoBnaHbie H3aeana M3 CapKeaa, Bepxnero CaaTOBa, MaaKOB, MornabHHKa
Eoabiiine TapxaHbi (TaGa. X: 1—6) (Fchmt, 1964). Y3Kaa aacTb aßycTBopaaTbix
M3aeanM, WMetomaa oGbihho Goptmk m otbcpcthh, Bceraa npn HaneceHnn
rpaBMpoBKM npMHMMaaacb 3a ycaoBHbiü Bepx.
B CBM3M c BonpocoM o (JjyHKunn HeoGxoaHMO oGpaTKTb BHHManne Ha ycaoBna
HaxoaoK kocthhbix “ropaoBMH GypaioKOB” b cpeaneBeKOBbix norpeGeHMax. B Hoa-
ropoBCKOM MornabHUKe (KaTaKOMÖa Ns 1) opHaMeHTHpoßaHHaa BTynKa aexcaaa b
pailoHe rpyaHon kjictkm (JlanyniKMH, 1961: 206); to xe b paüoHe rpyan, Ganxe k
mee oÖHapyxeHo TpexcTBOpnaToe naaeaHe b KaTaKOMÖe Ns 79 MaaiiKoro Mornab-
HKKa (C>aepoB, 1979). Anaaonmna cHTyauMa HaxoaKM b BepxneM CaaTOBe: y npa-
bom naeneBon kocth (OeaopoBCKHH, 1914). CnpaBa hjih caeßa y noaca Haxoanancb
□TH H3aeaHM b qeTbipex norpeöeHHax MornabHHKa >KeaToe (KpacnabHHKOB, 1980:
109) h b KpbiMCKOM MornabHHKe (CaBHeHKO, 1978. Phc. 167), bo btopom norpe-
Gchhh 3Toro MornabHHKa oho HaxoaHTca caeßa y roaoBbi (CaBHeHKO, 1977.
Tlorp. 65). TaM xe HanaeHbi ohh eme b aßyx norpeGeHHMx b CaaoBCKOM h PoMa-
hobckom 1 MornabHHKax (KonbiaoB, 1979: 63; 1981: 21, pnc. 33). Bee Bbiuienepe-
ancaeHHbie norpeöeHHa npHHaaaexaT MyxHHHaM. B JjMHTpneBCKOM MornabHHKe
oaHo aexaao b roaoBax, conpoßoxaaa aeBOHKy noapocTKa nun xe cMemeHHbiH ckc-
aeT HHanBHaa HeonpeaeaeHHoro noaa (üaeTHeßa, 19646. KaT. 57), BTopoe — y
npaBon 6e3biM»HHOK kocth MyxcKoro CKeaeTa (ÜaeTHeßa, 1’9676. KaT. 101). Xa-
paKTepno, hto y 6e3biM«HHon, Ha stot pa3 aeßon kocth Haxoanaca TaKxe mhhk-
anopHbin KoxaHbin peaepßyap “cTaKaHHHK” unaKHapHnecKOK c^opMbi h c OBaab-
1003op JiKTepaTypbi no Bonpocy HaxoaoK n MHTepnperauHH koctahbix H3Äejinü TaKoro poaa
aanbi b paöoTax: Borsos, 1982: 81-84; Keiling, 1980: 133, 134.
Rnaßa III. rpaBwpoBKw Ha koctrhbix M3,qenwRx	61
HbiM jihom (ÜJieTHeBa, 19676. Pnc. 11; OHa xe. 1989. Pnc. 145). Bo Bcex cjiynaax
KOCTMHbie nojibie mjjejimi Jiexann ne TaM, rae crojura aaynoKoüHan nnrna: jjaxe b
pailoHe rojioBbi, rae cocyn.br craBJiTCH, npejiMeTM btm jiexajin noojrajib, name öjiHxe
k cKeJieTy. Bee ohm nycTbi. OTcyrcTBne HaxoflOK BHyrpn koctbhbix 4>yrjmpoB o6yc-
jioBJieHO, ohcbhuho, tcm, hto pejmKBnn 6bum, KaK m b nenanax Moujcbom BajiKM,
pacTurejibHoro (Monano, njiozr) mjim xmbothofo nponcxoxueHna.
KaK npaBMJio, HaitaeHHbie b MornjibHKKax KocraHbie kopo6ohkh nponcxozuiT
H3 MyXCKMX 3aXOpOHeHMM, B TO BpCM« KaK JiepeBHHHbie HCHajIbl B MomeBOÜ BaJIKe
ecTb n b xchckmx Mornjiax. Ohcbhiiho, “hoäjimhhmk” pejinKBapna xpaHMJiCH jjoMa,
y raaßbi ceMbM, a b Monuibi noMeinajincb hc jtomejmine 40 Hac jjepeBBHHbie 3aMe-
HMTejiM, KaK b MomeBon BanKe. Tojibko b tom cjiynae, ecjin raaßa ceMbM yMnpaJi,
ne ocraBMB MyxcKoro noroMCTBa, pejinKBapnn KJiajin b Mornjiy y noaca, KaK o6bih-
ho hochjim aMyjieTH, win y rojioBbi, rae noMemajin Ha CesepHOM KaBKaae .nepe-
BBHHbie nenajibi c nocBHTMTejibHbiMM jiapaMK jiyxy npejiKa.
***
1.	flBycTBopnaToe nojioe yceneHHo-KOHMHecKon cjjopMbi nsnejine M3 norpeße-
hmm N° 2 CajiTOBCKoro MormibHKKa, pacKonaHHoro A. OejjopoBCKHM b 1911 r. (<£e-
jiopOBCKMK, 1914: 77; cm. TaioKe: Apxeojiorifl YPCP, 1975. T. III: 428). BbirpaBM-
poßaHbi (Jjnrypbi ojjMHHajmarn xnBOTHbix: ojieHb, ojieHMxa, jicb, 6apaH, KOToporo
3a xboct noMMajia co6aKa (?), rpn xnmHUKa, nrnija n jiBe pbiöbi. BaMerao crpeM-
jieHne yjioxMTB KOMnosnunio b hcckojibko tiohcob: ojimh opnaMeHTajibHbin noac
pacnojioxen BBepxy, BTopon — hmxc M3o6paxeHHfl xmbothbix, noBepHyrbix 3a nc-
KJHoneHMeM ojmoro b npaßyio cropony. PncyHKH xheothbix TaKxe jicjibtch na ne-
Tbipe apyca n KOMnoaniin» b uejioM HanoMHHaeT mecTBne 3Bepen. Diaaa nepejia-
HBI UHpKyJIbHbIMK KpyXOHKaMH, HTO HaXOJIMT aHaJIOTHM B TOpCBTHKe KyJIbTypbl
((JJoHHKOßa, 1989), OTMeHeHbi yiiiHbie oTßepcTMH m nacTb, aaBepuieHHH Jian m ko-
nbira. ÜTHija MMeeT Äße rojicTbie hotm, oößejieHHbie no KOHTypy. Tyjioßnma Bcex
xkbothbix 3amrpMxoBaHbi kocoh ceTKoü. 3to Han6ojiee peanncTHHecKne nsoöpa-
xchmh, BbinojiHeHHbie rpa^nnecKH (üpnjioxeHMe 1). TaxejioBecHbie, luiOTHbie
nponopuMH, Topnamne ymn, 3arHyTbiM Bßepx juinHHbin xboct jibßa HanoMHHaeT pe-
jibe(t)bi ,nojibMeHoo6pa3Hbix cicnenoB npnKyöaHb« VIII—XII bb. Bosmoxho, 3/iecb
mm MMeeM jicjio c npon3ßeaeHneM MHOimeMeHHoro Macrepa, 6jih3ko 3HaKOMoro c
nepejjHeasnaTCKHMM n KaBKaacKHMM TpaanunHMn, ho paöoraBiiiero c yneTOM Me-
CTHblX BKyCOB H CIOXeTOB (Taöji. X: 1).
2.	AHajiorMHHoe nsaejine M3 Toro xe MornjibHMKa (CeMeHOB-3ycep, 1952:
281—283, pnc. 5). KoMnosnumi cbo6oäho pacnojioxena no Bcen noBepxHocra, hto
Gojiee xapaKTepHo juib crenHoro paHHecpeaneBeKOßoro ncKyccTBa (Öejxopoß-Zla-
BbmoB, 1976: 78, 79). BbirpaßnpoßaHbi kohb b cöpye, ojieHb, Ka6aH, xmuihhk, jjße
pbiöbi n jiBe nTHiibi. UeHTpajibHon BßJiHeTCJi ciiena Tepsanna kohb xmiiihmkom,
$nrypa KOToporo nspanHO yrpaneHa (raöji. X: 2).
3.	B CapKejie HairaeHo hcckojibko nanejinn raKoro po.ua, BKJiioHaa saroTOBKM
(ApTaMOHOB, 1958, pnc.42), ecTb n opHaMeHTnpoßaHHbie 3K3eMnjmpbi (raöji. X: 3,
4). rpaßnpoßKa Ha y3Kon kohmhcckoh BTyjiKe (raöji. X: 4) no 6ojibinnHCTBy ctm-
JincTHHecKHX oco6eHHOcren exoxa c BbimeonncaHHoft M3 CajiTOBCKoro KOMiuieK-
ca: cjjnrypbi npncyrcTßyiomMx b KOMnosniinn ojichh n Tpex nran noKpbiTbi tohch-
HblM OpHaMCHTOM, Ha HieflX y HHX ecTb “jICHTbl”, 3aMMCTB0ßaHHbie M3 npaHCKOid
TopeßTHKn, ueHTpajibHon TaKxe HBjiMeTCH cueHa Tepsannn, b KOTopoii opeji kot-
tht ojieHH. Haji Hen pacnojioxena KpecToo6pa3Haa (jmrypa M3 pacxoAnuinxca UBe-
tob jioToca, anajiornnHaa KOMnoanunn Ha HaHejibHMKe M3 MornjibHMKa Barra
62	B.E. <t»nepoBa. rpacfjcfjUTn Xaaapwn
(MAK, 1907. T. VIII. Taßji. LXV: 9). Bhhsy njieT Gopmop na TpeyrojibHHKOB, Ha
oahom H3 hhx aepeBO c Kpyrjion KpoHofi n HeTbipexjincTHHKOM Hau hum. C Bepx-
Hen KpoMKH cßeniHBaiOTca Ha jumHHbix ctcGjihx eine ABa UBeTKa.
4.	JlBycTBopnaToe kocthhoc nanejine, c ropoawma MaaKn, onyöjiHKOBaHHoe
B.K. MuxeeBbiM (1985. Pnc. 20, 15) TaKxe HMeeT Ha CBoen noßepxHOCTH pncyHOK
IiepeBa c mecTbio nonapno pacnojioxeHHbiMn KaK Ha ceMHCBenHHKe bctbmmh.
BoKpyr nero BbirpaBwpoBaHbi poMÖbi. Flo BepxHeMy n hhxhcmy Kpaio nayr Gop-
mopbi, noKpbiTbie kocoh iutphxobkoh (Taöji. X: 5).
5.	CnoxHaa cioxeTHan KOMnoanuna BbirpaBupoßana Ha kocthhom npejiMeTe,
xpanameMCfl b c|)OHjiax CjiaBaHCKoro KpaeBejmecKoro Myaen fraGn. X: 6). npejiMei
3tot 6bui cjiynaMHO Hannen b panone cejia Manien JJoHeiiKon oöiiacTH1. 3to no-
jiaa yceneHHOKOHnnecKan BTyjiKa H3 TpyGnaTon kocth KpynHoro xnBOTHoro. IIo
OTnojinpOBaHHon noßepxHOCTH tohkhmh, HeTKHMn jihhuhmh Hanecena rpaßnpoBKa.
IIpnHaaJiexHOCTb npenMeTa k Kpyry cajiTOBO-MamiKnx npeßHocTen ne Bbi3biBaeT
coMHeHnn: oh aHajiomaeH kocthhbim TpyöoHKaM H3 CapKejia, BepxHe-CajrroBCKoro
n KpbiMCKoro MornjibHHKa. CTnjincTnaecKne ocoGchhocth naoGpaxennn Ha npeji-
MeTe cooTBeTCTByioT yxe BbmejieHHbiM nccjienoBaTejmMH b KanecTBe xapaicrepHbix
juim npaGojirapcKoro rpa^nnecKoro pncyHKa: cTpeMjienne H3o6pa3HTb ABHxeHne,
JiaKOHHMHOCTb, HO TOHHOCTb XapaKTepHCTHKH BMJja XHBOTHOrO, peaJIHCTHHHOCTb,
nepenana oß^eMa, cßoncTBeHHan pncyHKaM noBecTBosaTejibHoro, annqecKoro xa-
paKTepa, 3aniTpnxoBaHHOCTb OTjiejibHbix nacTen naoGpaxeHna (OßnapoB, 1982:
97—99). BbirpaBnpoßaHHbie Ha TpyGoiiKe H3 CjiaßHHCKoro Myaen cijeHbi Ghtbm m
oxotbi — HanGojiee xapaKTepHbie cioxeTbi pncyHKOB anoxn Tlepßoro BojirapcKo-
ro uapcTBa (tbm xe: 19).
ijeHTp KOMno3Hunn — cijeHa ennHoGopcTßa Aßyx BcajiHHKOB. Ona aaHHMaeT
BbinyKJiyio cropoHy cerMeHTOßnuHon b ceneHnn TpyGoHKn b ee mnpoKon naern. B
H3o6pa3HTejibHOM ncKyccTBe stoh snoxn cioxeT ejinHoGopcTBa hbjihjicji, bhuhmo,
TaKnM xe Knnine, KaK sto HaGjnonaeTcn b snoce (JInneii, 1984). Bnepßbie aacJiHK-
cnpoßaHHbin Ha kocth, oh yxe He paa BCTpenen Ha KaMHnx IIjihckh, üpecjiaßa n
ManijKoro roponnma Ha ZZoHy, npnneM oahh hjih o6a bohh3 oGaaaTejibHo Boopy-
xeHbi KonbÖM (IIjieTHeBa, 1984; Oßnapoß, 1982. TaÖJi. CXVIII: 2; XLVI, XLVII: 47).
B jiaHHOM cjiynae ßoopyxeH KonbÖM jießbiä ßcajiHHK, kotopmü noöexuaeT npaßoro
c MacKoü Ha Jinue, noTepaßuiero opyxne (mch). FIpHMenaTejibHO, hto noGexnaeT
ßcauHHK, pacnojioxeHHbiii cjiesa, T.e. Ha CTopone nonnTaßmencn y npeßHnx 6oji-
rap noneTHon (Ajiajjxoß, 1983: 19).
B KOMnoaniinn Aße napbi cojinpHbix 3HaKOB b Bime OKpyxHOCTen. Ojina napa
noKpbrra ceTnaTon lutphxobkopi, BTopan — TOHennbiMH HaKOJiaMH. CaMbin Kpyn-
hhh Kpyr HaxojiHTCH b ueHTpe KOMnoanunn — Mexay BcanHHKaMH. 3a Hero, one-
bhaho, n hast ÖHTßa. Hajinnne neTbipex Kpyroß, bosmoxho, oTpaxaeT npencTaB-
jienne o cymecTBOBannn MHOxecTBeHHOCTn cojihu, o cojiHije n Jiyne Bepxnero n
HHXHero MnpoB (ÜBaHOB, 1974: 273). -Hßa Kpyra, noKpbiTbie tohk3mh, napncoBa-
Hbi ojiho panoM co 3Meen, npyroe — c pbi6on, T.e. oGpaaaMH, noBceMecTHO cb»-
aaHHbiMH c hhxhhm mhpom. Jlpyrne jjßa Kpyra Haxo/iMTca b ueHTpax cijeH Gopb-
Gbi: ojiho Mexay BcajiHHKaMH, jipyroe — Mexay KonbiTHbiM xhbothmm h
HananaiomnM Ha Hero cnepejjn xhihhhkom. Tojioßa xnuiHHKa He coxpaHHJiacb, hto
aaTpynnaeT BnjioByio xapaKTepncTPiKy xhbothoto, ho nocTpoenne ciieHbi aHano-
thhho HapncoBaHHon Ha koctahoh TpyGoaKe na BepxHero CajiTOBa, b kotopoh
bojik HanajiaeT cnepejm Ha kohh. KKOHorpa^nji cioxeTa bocxoaht k CKHtjjocapMaT-
1 CnaBHHCKHH KpaeBeÄHecKMü Myaeft. 4>ohah. HHBeHTapHbin HOMep Kü 14649/apx. 446.
Fnaßa III. rpasnpoBKu Ha koctahbix wauennnx	63
ckomy HCKyccTBy (Kjichh, 1976: 228-234). Cuchbi TepaaHH« BCTpeneHBi h cpejiH
pncyHKOB AyHaidCKOH Bojirapnn. >K. AnanxoB (1989: 9) cB«3BiBaeT hx c chmbojih-
Kow oceHHero h BeceHHero paBHoneHCTBHJi.
Hau rojioBOH jieBoro BcaaHHKa napnT opeji. AnajiornHHO pacnojioxeH open b
cuene 6oa H3 IIpecjiaBa. Oöpaa opjia, nyxa-noMomHHKa, öbiji uinpoKO
pacnpocTpaneH b iiiaMaHHCTHHecKOH mh^ojiothk, n, TaKxe khk coßaKa h kohb,
cBM3aHHbie c repoeM CHMnaTHnecKOH Maraefi, nepemeji orryzia b annnecKne
cxaaanHH QKupMyHCKHM, 1974). CoßaKH b rpaBHpoBKe Toxe npncyrcTByioT. Ohh
yuacTByiOT b ciieHax oxotbi, paaMemeHHBix no nepn^epHH ochobhofo cioxeTa. B
3T0M OTHOmeHHK K0Mn03HUHH aHaJIOTHHHa paCHOJIOXCHHIO ClOXCTOB Ha KOBme H3
KouKoro ropojiKa (^apKesnu, 1974), me ueHTpajibHon mejihctcji cuena
ejiHHoßopcTBa, a conyrcTByioiuHMH — cueHbi repoHHecKOH oxotbi. Ejimhoöopctbo
c KaßaHOM naoGpaxeHO Ha oßopoTHoü CTopone ipyöoHKH, BBepxy: neiiiHK oxothhk
npoH3aeT yxoflamero ot Hero Kaöana kohböm. AHajiomuHaM cueHa jjßaxjiBi
BCTpenaeTca b Hjihckc c tom tojibko paaHnuen, hto Kaöan noBepHyr k oxoTHHKy
(OßHapoB, 1982. Taöji. XLIV). Ka6aH TaioKe npncyrcTByeT b cijeHax oxotbi kohhbix
jiyqHHKOB Ha KOBiue H3 Koukoto ropojiKa h Ha kocthhoh HamianKe cejuia H3
BepXHeHHpiopTOBCKoro MornjiBHHKa (MaroMejiOB, 1975). Hnxe ciieHbi oxotbi Ha
KaöaHa HapncoBano xhbothoc c KpyTBiM aarpHBKOM, zijikhhbimh ry6aMH h
tojictbimh jianaMM, naao nojiaraTB, mbfkhmh, t.k. peaunx no/mepKHyji hhxhioio
jihhhio KonBiT y kohch, Kaöana h jiaHH, a y co6aK h BOJiKa (?), hmcioiiihx mbtkhc
jianBi, KOHTypBi Hör ocraBHJi paaoMKHyrBiMH. Bhjihmo, bto Mezmejib, xoth TpaKTOBKa
XBOCTa h yxa ocraBJi«eT hckotopbic comhchhh. Mopjja naoßpaxeHa TaK xe KaK b
ciiene oxotbi Ha MeaBe/m na IIjihckh (OßuapoB, 1982. Taßji. CIII). B aarpHBOK
MeflBenio BnwiacB KpyriHaa rnaflKomepCTHafl coöaKa c jjjihhhbimh yinaMH h xboctom
h c y3KOH Mopnoü, rpacJjHHecKHÜ anajior 6op3OH c ynoMBHyToro KOBina, r/ie,
KCTaTH, ecTB TaKxe h MejiBejjB. Bropaa coßaKa aoroHaeT MajieHBKoro 3BepBKa,
pncyHOK KOToporo ejiBa bh^ch. KaoßpaxeHHBie $Hrypbi rokpbitbi tohchhoh h
»laCTBIO JIHHeÜHOH lIITpHXOBKOil. Ilo BepXHBMy H HHXHCMy Kpaio AaH ßopaiop.
KoMno3HiiHa, noao6HO komhoshuhh cioxeTOB Ha KOBiue H3 Koiikofo ropo/iKa,
BHflHMO, BOCnpOH3BOZlHJia CBH3aHHBie Äpyr C ApyrOM 3nH3O£BI KaKOTO-TO CKa3aHHM,
HMeBiiiero b cbobh ochobc o/ihh H3 BapnaHTOB cojmpHoro MH^a1.
6.	HoBOJiHMapeBCKoe 1 cejinme (KpacnjiBHHKOB, 1979: 86). 3to hcckojibko
hhoh thh H3aejiH«: oho ^BycTBopnaToe, ho Gojiee KopoTKoe h mnpoKoe.
JIaKOHHHHOCTB H HeÖpeXHOCTB TpaBHpOBKH, OTCyTCTBHe OpHaMCHTaJlBHBIX
ßopmopoB no KpaBM, HenpoayMaHHOCTB, otpbibohhoctb komhoshuhh BBmaioT pyKy
HenpoctieccHOHajiBHoro pe3HHKa, bhjihmo, CTpeMHBiiieroca noapaxaTB KBajiH-
OHUHpoBaHHo cnejiaHHBiM rpaBHpoBKaM. Hötko BBinojiHeHHaa $Hrypa pbiöbi
noKpBiTa kopotkhmh HaceHKaMH. Ha jipyroH CTopone — rojlOBa iithubi. Pjuiom
pacnojioxeH 3HaK b bhjjc “aaKpBiTOH JieceHKn”, h eme ojina pBiöa. Ha crnöe —
HeacHaa aooMop^Haa (?) 4)Hrypa. Hau nepBon pBiöon BBipeaaHBi jjBe otkpbitbic
JieceHKH, noBepnyTBie zipyr k apyry. Ho noßepxHOCTH paaMemeHBi TaKxe
TaMroo6pa3HBie 3HaKH (Taöji. X: 8).
7.	noaropOBCKHH MOTHJIBHHK. KaTBKOMÖa N2 1 H3 paCKOHOK C.H. ßaMHTHH-
Ha 1926 r. (onyöjiHKOBaHo: HneTHeBa, 1962). Kopotkhh h mnpoKHH cruiiomeHHBiH
yceneHHBiH KOHyc c nojiyKpyrjiBiM ocHOBaHHeM (TaÖJi. X: 7). IpaBnpoBKa Ha höm
TaKxe caejiaHa He npo^eccnoHajiBHO. OpnaMeHTajiBHBie GopmopBi orcyrcTByioT,
HaoGpaxeHHB nepenaHBi cxeMaTHHHO, ho coöjnoaeH oßBiuan opnaMeHTauHH (frnryp
'Eojiee noflpoöHbiM pasßop coaepxaHMH croxera cm.: HaxaneTSH B.E., 1994.
64	B.E. <t>nepoBa. FpacfjctiwTH Xa3apnn
TOHKaMH, nOJIOCOHKaMH H KOCOft KJieTKOft. Ha OaHOft CTOpOHe K3OßpaXeH HejIOBeK,
Beayinnft b noßoay Bepßaioaa c noBO3Koft. KoMnoannna ananornHHa pncyHKy c
MaapKoro ropoanina (HaeTHÖBa, 1984). Ha apyroft CTopoHe — pbißa, aeniya ko-
Topoft nepeaana cerMeHTaMn, nrniia, aßa iißeTKa JioToca n He ohchb acHbie aße
4»irypbi.
8.	JjMMTpKeBCKHM MorwjibHKK (HaeTHÖBa, 1989: 145, pnc. 81). TpexcTBopna-
Toe naaeane c BbipeaaHHoft Ha Heft TaMroft hjih pynoft b Bnae rpeqecKoft ßyKBbi
“ncn” (Taöji. X: 9).
9.	KepneHCKHft Myaeft (Taßa. X: 10). OnyßanKOBana 3Ta noaeaKa A.B. Faaao
(1968), KOTopbift TpaKTyeT ero KaK ömkoctb aaa cbinynnx Tea1. O6e ctopohm no-
KpbiTbi rpaBHpoBKoft. Ha oanoft — Kocaa KJieTKa H3 peweHHoft naeTÖHKK, Ha apy-
roft — cioxeTHbie naoßpaxeHna. Haaeane b HKXHeft aacra yapaneno. Coxpanna-
ca pHcyHOK OAHoro UBeTKa aoTOca n aeTbipex nran, Teaa KOTOpbix noKpbiTbi
ejioaHoft uiTpHxoBKoft. B BepxHeft aacra MeHee hötkhm nrrpnxoM Bbipeaana (Jmryp-
Ka BcajjHWKa. A.B. Faaao cnnaaeT, hto aaMbicaoM peannKa 6buio naoßpaanTb aanM-
cTBOBaHHbift H3 npaHCKoro HCKyccTBa cioxct: BcajjHHK eaymnft cpean kbctob n
nopxaiomnx imm. HecooTBeTCTBPie cTHancTnaecKHX npneMOß: hctkoctb opnaMeH-
TwpoBaHHbix pncyHKOB iithu n HBeTKa n HeßpexHOCTb h cxeMaraaHOCTb c KaKoft
nepeaaH BcaaHHK, ero CMeineHHocTB k ropnaoHTaan n OTcyrcTBne opHaMeHTannn
4>mypbi 3acTaBJiaeT ayMaTb, aro oh ßbia Bbipeaan He MacaepoM peaanKOM, a no-
3/iHee, bo3moxho, caMHM saKasaHKOM, nbiTaBHiKMca b peanncTHaecKoft Manepe,
npucymeft peannKaM kocth, aonoaHHTb cioxeT. Homhmo OTcyrcTBna aeKopnpoß-
kh 3tot pwcyHOK oTjinaaeTca ot npotJjecciiOHajibHo BbmojiHeHHbix (Taßa. X: 1,2,
4, 6) tcm, aTo nepeaaHbi tojibko äße hotm y Jiomann.
***
HecoMHeHHO, hmchho $yHKiinoHaJibHoe Ha3HaaeHwe npejjMeTOB onpenejiajio
Bbiöop cioxeTOB, ancao kotopbix orpaHKaeHO, HecMOTpa Ha uinpoTy apeaaa caMHx
H3Äeanft. H xoay oöparaTb BHHMaHHe Ha B3anM0CBS3aHH0CTb ckwkctob, b tom Kau
KHOM Haßope npHcyTCTByioiiiHX b Kaxcuoft KOMnoanunM. B ßoabmKHCTBe
KOMnoannnft yaacTByiOT xchbothbic, npeacTaßaaiomne Tpn Mnpa: BepxHnft —
nTMijbi, kohb, oaeHn; cpeaHHft — paaanaHbie jKKBOTHbie: ßapaH, KaßaH, aeB,
xkihhkkh; huxchkü — pbiöbi, 3Mea. KaßecTHO, aTo y pjma HapoßOB hm6hho pbiöbi,
a He BononaaBaiomne irrniibi cayxcnan nyxaMK-noMoiiiHMKaMM maMana npn
nyreinecTBnn b hhähhü Mnp (KennH-JIoncaH, 1987: 27). OceTHHbi ncnoabaoBaan
3tot oßpaa aaa oöoaHaaeHna nnxHero MHpa, naoßpaxaa CBameHHoro kohh
Aßcypra, HMeioiiiHM Hap$my c nTnabKMn KpbiabMMK 3MenHbift nan pbiönft xboct
(Haeanna, 1986: 45-48). B Tex KOMnoannnax, rae xchbothbic npejjcTaBaenbi
BbißopoaHO (Taöa. X: 4) nan He npeacTaßaeHbi cobccm (Taöa. X: 5) (Fennnr, 1964),
CBH3b Tpex ccjjep nepenana c noMonibio MnpoBoro apesa. <£opMa ero paaanana: b
Bnae eaoaKH c noanarbiMK BBepx bctbamh (Taßa. X: 4); to xe, ho aaKaioaeHHoe
b paMKy, 3HaK, HanoMnHaiomnft “aeceHKy”, yxe BCTpeaaBinnftca HaM Ha acTparanax
(Taßa. X: 8); BepraKaabHbift CToaö, naymnft BBepx ot cxeMaraano oßoanaaeHHoft
TBepan (FeHHHr, 1964), n, Hanßoaee caoxHoe naoSpaxenne, — cToaö c Kpyraoft
KpoHoft b BepxHeft aacTn fraßa. X: 4). HocaeaneMy 3HaKy nMeeaca ßanaKaa
aHaaorna cpean rpa(J)4)nTn flynaftcKoft Boarapnn, rae CBH3b ero c ocTaabHbiMn
naoßpaxeHKJiMH apeßa ßoaee HaraaaHa: BepTHKaabHbift innpOKnft CToaß HMeeT
1 ÄHaJIOFHHHOH TOHKH 3peHMÜ Ha (JjyHKlIHIO TpeXCTBOpHaTblX KOCTflHblX	npkijjepxH-
BaeTca Taote A.H. PoMaHHyK (1981), ho b oTenecTBeHHoil JiHTepaType sto mhchhc He npuBWiocb.
Eriasa III. TpaBnpoBKn Ha koctahbix W3flennax	65
ueHTpajibHyio oct, ot kotopom OTXOflÄT onymeHHbie bhh3 nacTbie “bctbh”
(Acnapyxoß, 1984. TaGji. XVI: 309). Ha capKejibCKOH rpaßnpoßKe xopowo bhjiho,
HTO 3T0 ZiepeBO, a He COJIHpHNÜ CHMBOJI, K KOTOpbIM OTHOCHT TaKHe H3O6paxeHHH
M. Acnapyxoß, bhahmo, H3-3a OKpyjKHOCTH b BepxHeid qacTH 4)nrypbi, — oho ctoht
Ha seMJie, oGosHaneHHOH TpeyrojibHHKaMH, a hhjj hhm pacnojioxeH jjencTBHTejibHo
COJIHpHblH 3H3K, HCTbipeXJIHCTHHK. TaKOH XC HCTblpÖXJIHCTHHK BCHHaeT ßep-
THKanbHbiH iiiecT Ha KOHyce H3 BojibiiieTapxaHCKoro MornjibHHKa (FeHHHr, 1964).
AHanorHHHoe coHeTanne chmbojiob noBTopeno Ha aßapcKHX koctühbix KopoGoHKax
(Läszlo, 1955; Borsos, 1982). Ha ynoMMHyroM pHTyanbHOM phtohhhkc m3 Kepqn
Mbl CHOBa BHJJHM COJIHpHblH 3H3K, BeHHaiOIIIHM CTBOJI “flpeBa”. ÜOJIOÖHaM KOM-
no3HiiHH HacTOJibKo ycTOKHHBa, hto H3BecTHa b BojirapHH aaxce cpefln rpaiJxJjHTM
XIV b. (MnjiqeB, 1985: 30—40). flo coßpeMeHHOCTH coxpaiuuic« apxaHHHbiH oGpan,
BO34BMxeHHM cTOJiGa c cojiHiieM-KOjiecoM HaBepxy. Ha jjßyx rpaBHpoBKax “ßpeßo”
conpoBoxjiaeT poMÖ (Taöji. X: 5); (FeHHHr, 1964). ConeTaHne chmbojiob
“qeTbipexjiHCTHHK”, “jipeBo” h “pom6” TpajiHUKOHHO h cymecTByeT eme b anoxy
6pOH3bI (KopeHHKO, 1984). .ZJße CKJXeTHbie KOMHO3HIJHH He BKJIIOHaiOT b ceGa
chmbojiob TpexqjieHHoro jjejieHHH MHpa (Taöji. X: 7, 10), ho h Ha toh h na apyron
HMeiOTCH pncyHKH JIOTOCOB, He BXOZWmHe B npOHHe rpaBHpOBKK. BhJIHMO, 3T0
pacrymee H3 bojibi pacTenne TaKxe aBJianoCb chmbojiom cbhsh Bepxnero h HHXHero
MHpOB.
Ha3HaqeHHe poroBbix h koctrhbix KopoGonex cajiTOBO-MajnjKon KyjibTypbi,
ecjiH HCXOAHTb H3 anajinsa coBOKynHocTH yKpaiiiaiomKX HX pncyHKOB, — HCOPAH-
napHO. IIofloßHo H3o6paxceHHMM Ha KocTioMe, öyÖHe hjih nocoxe niaMana, npeji-
CTaBJIHBUIHM COGOH He TOJIBKO pHCyHKH JjyXOB nOMOIIJHHKOB, HeOÖXOflHMblX IIpH Dy-
TemeCTBHH B TOT HJIH HHOH MHp, HO H HBJIMBHIHXCJI HeJIOCTHbIMH KapTaMH
MHposjiaHHH (Hobhk, 1984: 68), rpaßHpoBKH na hsäcjihhx oTpaxajiH npejiCTaBJie-
hhh oÖHTaTejien BocTOHHo-eBponeHCKHX cTenen 06 ycrponcTBe MHpa, oöecneHH-
BaBHieM BO3MOXCHOCTB oGmeHHH C JiyxaMH npejIKOB H ÖOJKeCTBeHHblMH CHJiaMH.
Cxoactbo cioxceTOB hhkbk Hejib3M oöbflCHHTb cymecTBOBaHHeM oähoh xynoxe-
CTBeHHOH IIIKOJIbi: H3 BCCX TOJIBKO ÄBC TpaBHpOBKH, H3 CajITOBa H CapKCJia ÖJIH3-
KH CTHJIHCTHHCCKH. He BCe pHCyHKH BbHIOJIHeHbl npOI^eCCHOHaJiaMH. Pe3HHKH
juoÖHrejiH, MeHee cBH3aHHbie TpammHeii, bhjihmo, 6buih CBOÖOÄHee b Bbiöope tcm
h flonojiHHUH npHBbmHyio CHMBOJiHKy HOBbiMK ciojKeTaMH, b KOTopbix yxce npHcyr-
CTByeT H3o6pa>KeHHe nejioßeKa: bc3ahhk, noroHiijHK c BepöJnoaoM. Cxojictbo cio-
JKCTOB, HMeKHIIHX HC ÖblTOBOH XapaKTep, OTpaXCaiOIHHH nOBCeAHCBHyiO JKH3HB, a
ropasjio öojiee rjiyöoKHH cmbicji, CBHjieTejibCTByeT 06 onpe^eiieHHOH oöihhocth
MHponoHHMaHKH HacejieHHH BOCTOHHoeBponeHCKHx CTenen b pannee cpe^HeBeKo-
Bbe.
B Tex cjiyqaax, Koma rpaBHpoBKa Ha kocthhbix KopoöoHKax nanGojiee npHMH-
THBHa, cxoactbo ee co 3HaKaMn Ha acTparanax CTaHOBwrcji ne tojibko ceMaHTnqec-
khm, ho n H3o6pa3KTejibHbiM: “jieceHKa”, “ßepeBKa c jieHTaMn”, poMÖbi, “ejioHKa”,
napajuiejiH b npHMoyrojibHoii paMKe (MocKajieHKO, 1965: 81, pnc. 24a, 6; Läszlo,
1955), npaMoyrojiBHHK, nepeqepKHyTbiil «anaroHaiuiMn (Fettich, 1936. TaGji. III, 1).
HTaK, BCJiea 3a BeHrepcKHMn nccjiejioBaTejiaMn, mbi ocTaHOBHJiHCb na npeji-
nojioxcennn, hto h (JjyHKijnoHajibHoe HasHanenne n cooTBeTCTByiomaa eMy jicko-
pnpoBKa KopoöoqeK H3 nojioii kocth 6bum cBH3aHbi c pejinrno3HbiMH, maMaHHc-
THnecKHMH npejjcTaBJieHHHMH ajiaH n Gojirap. B rpaßnpoBKe BepxHe-cajiTOBCKHX,
capKejibCKOH: n KepqeHCKon naxozioK npncyrcTßyiOT nepTbi, KOTOpbie moxho cbh-
33Tb c ceßepoKaßKa3CKon n npaHCKOid tpbjibhhhmh (cTaTHHHOCTb, TaxejioBecHOCTb
nponopunü, “mecTßne 3Bepen”, jieHTbi Ha iiienx, 3aiHTpHxoßaHHbie TpeyrojiBHHKH.
3 3aK. 1665
66	B.E. (PnepoBa. rpacfxpHTH Xaaapnn
CTUJincTUHecKHe n cioxeTHbie ocoGeHHOCTn pncyHKOB Ha kocthhoh kopoGohkc m
CjiaBJiHCKoro Myaea hosbojdhot, kbk hbm KaxeTcn, bkjhohhtb ee b Kpyr cTennoro
öojirapcKoro rpa^nnecKoro ncKyccTßa. 3to cioxeTbi reponnecKon oxotm h Ghtbei
14 cßflaaHHaa c croxeTaMH Gojibiuaa nnHaMHHHOCTb ctmjm. OGmepacnpocTpaHeHHbift
npMÖM fleKOpHpOBKH (J)Hryp TOHKßMH HJIH KOpOTKHMH HaCCHKaMH B JjaHHOM cjiy-
nae cGjinxaeTCH c oGpaaiiaMH ncKyccTBa TiopoK Chöhph (CJenopoß-JJaBbinoB, 1976:
70, 71; Appelgren-Kivalo, 1931) h Cpe/iHen Ashh (KaGnpoB, 1975: 87), a TaioKe
eBponencKHX aßap (Fettich, 1936) TeM, hto OTcyrcTByeT nejieHne $nryp Ha rjiaji-
KHe H 3aiIITpHXOBaHHbie 3OHbI.
***
Eme OÄHa KaTeropHfl koctmhbix hsacjihh, Ha KOTOpbix oÖHapyxeHbi pncyHKH
n 3HaKn — ocTpna H3 rjiasHoro OTpocTKa pora ojichh. Apeaji hx TaK xe innpoK, KaK
n Beinen npenbmymen KaTeropnn. PpaBnpoBKn Ha hhx n b IIonoHbe (th6ji. XI), n
b npyrnx paüoHax (Pa^anoBHH, 1968: 96; JJ,OHHeBa-IIeTKOBa, 1980. Taöji. XXV)
pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi no cioxeTaM: TaMrooGpaaHbie 3HaKH (TaÖJi. XI: 4, 5), acTpajibHbie
CHMBOJibi (Taöji. XI: 1), XMBOTHbie (HoHHeBa-neTKOBa, 1980. Taöji. XXV) (TaGji. XI:
2), pbiGti (TaÖJi. XI: 1) (Pa4)ajioBHH, 1968 — pbiGbi n nTHiibi) n, HaKOHen, cjiox-
iiaa CK)xeTiia« komho3hiwi Ha ocTpne H3 EoraeBCKoro MornjibHHKa (BpaTneHKO,
1984), (TaGji. XI: 3), OTjinnaioinaaca anHaMHHHOCTbio ctkjui. HecMorpsi Ha npo^ec-
cnoHajiH3M pncyHKa n nocTpoenne KOMnoanunn Ha hjiockocth npejjMeTa, — oto
e/mHCTBeHHaa Bemb, H3 kocth, rzie He npHMCHena npn rpaBKpoBKe paciirrpnxoB-
Ka (J)nryp. HeT ee n Ha pore H3 IIjihckh.
Ü3 CapKena nponcxojxaT Äße KocTMHbie nojjejiKn c BbipeaaHHbiMn Ha hhx (Jjk-
rypKawn opjiob b repajihnnnecKon nose (Taöji. XI: 6, 7) — cioxeT pacnpocTpaHÖH-
Hbiö n b IIonyHaBbe (leoprneB, 19786). Ha koctjihoh OBajibHon GjiamKe c^nrypa
opna Haxojwcji Mexuy nsyMa KaGanaMH, BnncaHHbiMn b oBan Gjuhiikk, KaK hojio6-
Hbie repajibUHHecKne cioxeTbi cKn^o-capMaTCKoä onoxn (Artamonov, 1970: 13, 15,
pnc. 11, 142). Homhmo nojjHHHeHHocTn KOMnoaniinn $opMe Gjuthikh h repajibunH-
hocth (jinryp oTMenaeTcn nejieHne <t>nryp Ha ropnaoHTajibHbie iuiockocth, npncy-
mee ncnyccTBy npenmecTByioinero TbicaHejieTHa n He oTMeneHHoro ajih cpenneße-
KOBbH (CJenopoB-^aßbwoB, 1976. HpHMenaHna k di. II).
Ipa^MTM BCTpenaioTCM TaKxe Ha koctmhmx ßemax hhcto GbiTOßoro Ha3Hane-
hkh — jioinnjiax: ojiho ipac^HTH, bhähmo, aßJUieTca Hajinncbio (KpacHJibHHKOB,
1979. Pnc. 1), npyroe — aHTponoMopc[)Haa TaMra (TaGji. XI: 8).
rnasa IV
rPAtPOHTM HA KEPAMMKE
3HaKH Ha MecTHOM KepaMMKe
Ü3yneHHe KepaMHnecKon nocyabi, coaaaHHOH caMHMH HOCHTeasiMn cajiTOBo-
MaauKou KyjibTypti npaKTHnecKH He nonojiHfleT 4)oha rpa^^KTH, H3BecTHbix na
cTpowTejibHbix Maaepnaaax h h6ckojibkhx KaTeropnax KocTaHbix Hsaeann naMaT-
hhkob xaaapcKoro üoaoHba. KepaMHKa, KaK KyxoHHaa, TaK h cToaoßaa, bkäumo,
He aßaaaacb, no mhchhio MecTHoro Haceaenna, oGtjCktom, HyxaaiomHMca b Ha-
HeCeHHH KaKKX-JIHÖO 3HaK0B KpOMe Tex, HTO ÖbUIK C^eJiaHbl npM KJieWMeHMK
(ÜJieTHeBa, 1967; OaepoB, 1979). BbuioaH oto Bbi3BaHO tcm oöcToaTeabCTBOM, hto
ßojibmoe pa3HOo6pa3ne thhob cocyaoB h toh, h apyroH KaTeropHH no3BOJiaao 06-
XOÄHTbCM 6e3 aonOJIHKTejIbHblX 3HHKOB COÖCTBeHHOCTH, HJIH Xe npOJIOmÖHHblH op-
HaweHT Ha ctojioboh h pn^aeHHe Ha KyxoHHOH nocyae He ocTaBaaan MecTa aaa
HaHeceHHH rpa^HTH, cayxa oaHOBpeMeHHO oöeperoM ot 3jibix chji, ho rpa^H-
th Ha cajiTOBO-MaaijKHX cocyaax hohth Hen3BecTHbi. Ü3 kojuickhhh caaTOBO-Ma-
HHKOH KepaMHKH CapKCJia, HaCHHTblBaiOIHeH HeCKOJIbKO TbICHH (JjparMeHTOB H ue-
jibix cocyaoB, tojibko Ha Tpex 3a4)HKCHpoBaHbi nponepHeHHbie 3HaKH (Taöa. XII:
6—8). «HocTaTOHHO npHBecTH TaKHe HHC^pbi: b nepBOM cjioe ropoanma aMcjiop ro-
paaao MeHbnie, hcm cajiTOBo-MaaiXKOH KepaMHKH (ÜJieTHeBa, 1959), b to xe Bpe-
Ma Ha hx $parMeHTax HaitneHo öoaee 50 rpa^HTH. CaeayeT yHHTbißaTb h to, hto
aMcfiopa no oö'beMy HaMHoro npeBbiiiiaeT öojibhihhctbo cajrroBCKHX cocyaoB, hto
CHHJKaeT BepoMTHOCTb oönapyxeHHa $parMeHTa co 3HaKOM. üo noacHeaaM üjict-
höboh (1959) 80% aM<t>op IX—X bb. MeTHJiocb.
AHajiorHHHaa KapTHHa HaßaioaaeTca n Ha TaMaHCKOM ropoanme, rae tojibko
Ha Tpex (JiparMeHTax mccthoh ceporjiHHHHOH KepaMHKH öbuih 3a4)HKCHpoBaHbi
rpatJxjjHTH, npnneM Bee Tpn (JjparMeHTa oönapyxeHbi b cjiojix ropoanma, aaTHpo-
BaHHbix He panee XII b. (Taöa. XII: 9—11).
C ropoanma Ththhx3 hpohcxqzwt (JiparMeHTbi JienHbix cocyuoB c rpa$(|)HTH b
BHße JieceHKH B COnpOBOJKaeHHH HeCKOJIbKHX TaMTOOÖpa3HbIX 3HaKOB H c nponep-
neHHOH no cbipoMy TecTy “nTHHben aanoft” (Taöa. XII: 4, 5). 3naKH hmciot aHa-
aorHH cpean rpa^HTH c caaTOBO-MaaijKHX naMHTHHKOB, a caMH $parMeHTbi on-
peaeaeHbi A.H. MocKaaeHKo KaK npHHaaae>KamHe aaaHCKHM cocyaaM. Ho
Öe3OTOBOpOHHO BKaiOHHTb HX B Kpyr COÖCTBCHHO CaJITOBCKHX 3HaKOB HeBO3MOXHO
BBHay hx npOHcxoxaeHHa c apeBHepyccKoro naMsiTHHKa h toto, hto Hanaenbi ohh
He Ha ueabix cocyaax, a Ha ($parMeHTax, k TOMy xce aenHBix, hto 3aTpyaHaeT hx
aTpHÖyiiHio (MocKaaeHKo, 1965: 161—162).
OTcyrcTBHe Bpe3Hbix 3HaKOB Ha KepaMHKe — cymecTBeHHoe OTannne Hauiero
MaTepnaaa ot (f)OHaa rpacfjHKH üepBoro EoarapcKoro napcTBa, rae Bpe3Hbie 3HaKH,
xoth HHcaeHHO h ycTynaioT KareropHH peabecJjHbix, ho bcö xe mbjihiotch xapaKrepnon
nepTOH apeBHeöoarapcKOH KepaMHKH (AaaaxoB, 1991).
flßa aenHbix cocyaa c aHTponoMop^HbiMn 3HaKaMH, HaneceHHbiMH no CbipoMy
Tecay, öbian oönapyxei-ibi b hmhbix norpeöeHHax CTenHoro BapnaHTa caaroBO-
MaaiiKOH KyabTypbi (BpaTneHKO, 1984; Kohkhh, 1971). CnabHO cTHaH3OBaHHbie
3»
68	B.E. Qnepoßa. rpac60nTn Xaaapun
jiKHeapHbie nsoGpaxenna aHTponoMop^Hbix (Jinryp — saeMeHT, Ges KOToporo
pejiKO o6xo.3MTc.fl rpa<i)MHecKoe ncKyccTBO jiioöom TeppKTOpHK, HaHMHafl c
apeBHeüniHx BpeMCH (cm., Hanp.: HoBropoaoBa, 1984. Pnc. 49), ho b cajiTOBO-
MaflUKOft 3HaK0B0M CHCTCMC OHM He BX03AT B flHCJIO HanGojiee ynOTpeÖMMblX
chmbojiob. CxeMa K3o6paxeHMfl, npeacTaßaeHHaa Ha sthx jienHbix cocyaax HMeeT
anaaornio tojibko b KanecTBe roHiapHoro KJieiiMa Ha oähom m3 naMflTHMKOB
caJiTOBCKoft KyjibTypbi CpeaHero JloHua (KpacMJibHMKOB, 1976). BansKaa anaaoniA
ecTb Ha KpacHorjiMHflHOM KyBuiMHHHKe M3 6ojirapcKoro nocejieHMM y KepneHCKoro
npojinßa (Taaao, 1979. Phc. 6a) (TaGa. XII: 12) k Ha koctahom npeaMeTe juia
opHaMeHTauMK KepaMHKH, HanaeHHOM b panoHe ropoaa TaraHpora (Taöji. XII: 3)
(ÖaepoB, 1972). üojiHOCTbio aHajiorKHHa cxeMa Ha 4>parMeHTe KepaMHKH H3
TaMaHCKoro ropoanma (TaGa. XII: 10). HecKOJibKO hhom BapnaHT aHTpo-
noMop(J)Horo H3o6paxeHKa npeacTaBJieH Ha koctahom JiomHJie co CpeaHero «UoHija
(TaGa. XI: 8). XIonycTHMO CHHTaTb 3HaKH b Bnae cTepxHA c pomöom hjih
OKpyjKHOCTbio Ha KOHije Ha KaMHAX MaAijKoro ropoamua (TaGa. I: 180—187;
TaGa. IV: 12) h cxoxne c hhmh — Ha capKejibCKHX KnpnHuax (TaGa. VI: 250, 251) —
aHTponoMopcjjHbiMH, ho saecb cxeMa H3o6paxeHMA OTJinnaeTCA II-o6pa3Ho
H3OTHyTbIMH HAH £yrOBH.3HbIMH KSK 6bl nOßHATblMH B MOJIHTBCHHOM X6CT6
“pyKaMH”. To, HTO 3T0 MODIO BOCIipHHHMaTbCA pHCOBaBIHHMH HMCHHO K3K pyKH
MOXHO 3aKJHOHHTb HO H3o6paxeHHIO Ha OflHOM H3 KHpnHHCH, Tfle TIOAHATaA K
KOJibixeo6pa3HOH “rojiOBKe” Ha CTepxHe aBonnaa ayra HMeeT najibijbi (Ta6a. VI:
286), “pacniH(J)poBbiBaA” tcm caMbiM Goaee aaKOHHHHbie pncyHKH.
IIoKa MaTepnar no aHTponoMopcjjHbiM 3HaKaM cjihiukom He3HaHHTeaeH, TpyaHO
aeaaTb KaKne-To onpeaeaeHHbie BbiBoabi, ho hcabsa He oöpaTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha
cxoaHbie c aHTponoMOpcJiHbiMK H3o6paxceHHA b BHae “eaoneK” Ha KOfleBHHHecKOH
KepaMHKe CapKeaa (HneTHeBa, 1957). Hx cGanxaeT c pncyHKaMH Ha GoarapcKHX
aenHbix ropmoHKax Taicxe to, hto ohh HaneceHbi no cbipon raHHe (Ta6a. XIII: 2,
3, 5—10, 13, 21). C.A. IlaeTHeBa OTMenaeT, hto h noHbine noaoÖHbie H3o6paxeHHA
pacnpocTpaHeHbi y tjopkoasbiahbix HapoaoB CpeaHen Ashh (HneTHeBa, 1957: 231).
TaroTeHHe anaaorHHHbix 3HaKOB k panoHaM CTenHoro BapnaHTa KyabTypbi k
cxoacTBo co 3HaKaMH Ha KoaeBHHHecKOH KepaMHKe CapKeaa aaioT HeKOTopbie
ocHOBaHHA aJiA npeanoaoxceHHA o pacnpocTpaHÖHHOCTH TaKon cxeMbi cpean
TK>pKOA3bIHHbIX naeMÖH BOCTOHHOeBpOneÜCKHX CTeneÜ B 3T0T nepnoa. Xota
GoabiiiHHCTBo 3HaKOB, ocoGchho nMeioinnx CHMBoaHHecKoe sHaaeHne, KaK
npaBKao, aerKO nepexoaHT H3 oaHon OTHoaKHrBHCTHnecKoft cpeabi b apyrym Han
BO3HHKaeT KOHBepreHTHO noa BanAHneM onpeaeaeHHbix apxeTHnoß. TaK 3HaK b
BHae “apesa”, o kotopom yxe roBopnnocb b npeabiaymeü raaße, mbi HaxoanM h Ha
KoaeBHHnecKOH KepaMHKe CapKeaa (TaGa. XIII: 7, 9, 10, 15, 16), n Ha aaaHCKon
aomeHon cToaoBon nocyae (HneTHeBa, 1959. Pnc. 1, 5; CaBHeHKo, 1977. Phc. 209;
oh xe, 1986). KoHTypHbie aHTponoMop4)Hbie H3o6paxeHKA (TaGa. XIII: 1, 19)
HMeioT 6an3Kne anaaornn Ha aecocTenHOM naMATHHKe caaTOBCKon KyabTypbi —
MaaijKOM ropoanme (Ta6a. I: 211, 212). TaM xe HMeeTCA aHaaornA H3o6paxeHHio
aßyx ayKOB co cTpeaon (TaGa. XIII: 31, cp. Ta6a. III: 24).
MaaoHHcaeHHbi rpac^nTK Ha aoßoabHO nacTO BCTpeaaeMbix Ha caaTOBO-Ma-
aukhx naMATHKKax npAcannax, KOTopbie BbiTaAHBaancb H3 oöaoMKOB npnBO3Hbix
aM^op n MecTHBix cocyaoß. B CapKeae Ha 250 npAcannax H3 ctchok aM$op, KyB-
lukhob h cepoaomeHbix cocyaoß b xasapcKOM caoe Hanaeno tobbko aßa rpa^xjm-
tk (TaGa. XIV: 1, 2) (JIcbchok, 1959. TaGa. I, VI, VIII). Eine oaHO rpa^^nra H3
xasapcKoro caoa ecTb Ha npacanne K3 Mepreaa (Ta6a. XIV: 3). B öeaoBexcKOM caoe
TaKxe HanaeHbi 3HaKH Ha npAcannax (Ta6a. XIV: 4, 5) npnneM oanH m3 hhx HMeeT
6an3Kyio aHaaonw b Boaxckoh Boarapnn (TaGa. XIV: 6) (KasaKOB, 1985. Pnc. 4),
Diaßa IV. rpacfDcfuTn Ha KepaMHKe	69
ho npHHajuiexHOCTb npacjiHH — cjiaBHHCKaa. OGbman nncaTb h ocTaBJiaTb 3HaKu
Ha npacjinnax 6bui pacnpocTpaweH Ha Pycn innpe, hcm b Xaaapnn (PojiyöeBa, 1974;
IleTpameHKO, 1988).
OÖHapyxeHbi Taicxe 3hbkh Ha KepaMHHecKHX jiomwjiax (Taöji. XIV: 7, 8) (Kpa-
chjibhhkob, 1980: 73). 3naKn Ha Bcex BbimenepenHCJieHHbix Bemax npe/icTaBJiaioT
yxe K3BecTHbie thhm.
rpacfoctju™ Ha npnBO3How KepaMHKe
Ochobhoh MaTepwaJi no 3HaKaM Ha npHBO3Hbix KpacHorjiHHaHbix KyBiiiHHax h
aMtJjopax, a TaKxe KyBiiiHHax “TMyrapaKancKoro rana” c hjiockhmh py^KaMH
(IIjieTHeBa, 1963), npHBO3Hbix hjih IIoAOHbH, nponcxowr H3 kojuickuhh CapKe-
jia — Bejiow Bexn (jaGji. XV, XVI). JIhhib b He3HaHHTejibHOH cTeneHH ero uonoji-
h»iot oTaejibHbie ctiparMCHTbi aM^op, HanneHHbie Ha jjpyrnx naMHTHHKax.
Hepe^KO b paßoTax, b k3koh-to Mepe Kacaiomnxca 3HaK0B, moxho bctpcthtb
anejuiflUHK) k capKejibCKHM 3HaKaM, onyöJiHKOBaHHbiM 6e3 aojixhoto apxeojiora-
HeCKOrO KOMMCHTapMM BO BTOpOM TOMC TpynoB BJJ.3 (IIJepßaK, 1957), npuneM
noAHac OHa npoßoijnpyeT bbibozi o npiiHajuiexuocTH aHanoru^Hbix Ha^epTaHHH
npaöojirapcKOMy HacejieHHio (J(hmhtpob, 1987: 161; Bameä, 1954; Dinogetia, 1967:
249—270)1. IIpnBO3Hon xapaKTep KepaMHKH, HMnoprapyeMon H3 Bh33hthh h Ce-
BepHOrO IIpHHepHOMOpbJI, MHOrOCJlOHHOCTb naMHTHHKa H TO oGCTOHTejIbCTBO, 4T0
HaneceHne rpa^O^TH, BKinonaa h chmbojihhcckhc 3HaKH, He Gmjio npncyme hc-
KinoHHTejibHO ÄpeBHeMy ßojirapcKOMy HacejieHHio, 3acTaBJiaeT nepecMOTpeTb pen-
peseHTaTHBHOCTb jjanHoro HCTomiHKa. HeKOTopyio HH^opMaiiHio Moryr narb cTpa-
TKrpatJjHfl (xoth nocTOHHHO npHjieTca .nejiaTb nonpaBKy na nepeMeiuaHHOCTb
KyjibTypHoro cjiom) (IIjieTHeBa, 1959: 257), a Taicxe rpat^HTH, HaneceHHbie Ha npo-
(JiHjibHbie nacTH .uaTHpoBaHHbix thhob aMtJiop h uejibie (jiopMbi, k coxaneHHio, ne-
MHoroHHCJieHHbie. TXrm OKOHnaTejibHoro xpoHOJiornnecKoro n TeppHTopHajibHoro
onpejiejieHHH aM(J)op c paajiHHHbiMH MeTKaMH HeoßxojjHMa paßoTa no KJiaccH^H-
KauHH hx rjiHH, KOTopa« npoBejxeHa He Gbuia, ho h npn BH3yanbHOM npocMOTpe
(JjparMeHTOB npHBO3HOH KepaMHKH coßepmeHHO ohcbhuho, hto hct rpacjxijHTH Ha
4)parMeHTax aM(J)op H3 rjiHHbi c npHMecbio KpynHOApoßjieHoro niaMOTa h nnpoKce-
Ha, MecTHoro ceBeponpHHepnoMopcKoro npOH3BOÄCTBa, KOTopbie no cTpaTHrpa4)H-
necKHM jjaHHbiM TaMaHCKoro Toponnma BbixonaT H3 ynoTpeGjienHa b X b. (FIjict-
HÖBa, 1963: 68). KyBinHHbi c hjiockhmh pyuKaMH “TMyTapaKaHCKoro” Tnna,
cocTaBjunoiune HaHÖojibiiiHH nponeHT KepaMHKH b xaaapcKOM cjioe ropojjHina
(IIjieTHeBa, 1959. Phc. 45), MCTHJiHCb naMHoro pexe, hcm aM^opbi (Taßji. 4) h He
HMeioT noBTopHbix mctok. HanparuHBaeTca bbiboji, hto Gojibinaa *iacTb mchchbix
aMcfrop npojiejiajia juiHTejibHbin nyrb 40 toto, KaK nocTHrjia rpaHHH XaaapcKoro
KaranaTa, h mctkh modih noMBHTbca Ha juoöom 3Tane otofo nyrn.
Hajin^ne HaanHceü, BbinojiHeHHbix, no mhchhio A.M. IIJepöaKa, khphjuihuch,
a Taicxe KaTeropHH 3HaKOB, TpaKTyeMbix KaK 3HaKH Pjophkobhhch, Hapauy co 3Ha-
KaMH, npnnHCbiBaeMbiMH xasapaM, nonpasyMeßaeT jjejieHHe capKejibCKHx mctok Ha
Aßa xpoHOJlorHHecKHx iiepHOßa. KaKOBa xe npeacTaBHTejibHOCTb mctok xaaapcKoro
h pyccKoro nepnojioB xh3hh ropojia no CTpaTHrpa^nnecKHM .naHHbiM? CpaBHHMbie
naHHbie c rjiyÖHHaMH ot onpeAeJieHHbix penepoB hmciotch juia 1949—1951 rr. pac-
KonoK KpenocTH.
1 Haii6o.nee hpko b nocjieaHHX nySjiMKamiax TaKOii oahoctopohhuw hoäxoä k wctohhhky npo-
»bmjich b KHMre C.ü. BaüMopoßa “/IpeBHeTiopKCKMe pyHMiecKwe naMflTHMKM Eßponbi” (CraBponojib,
1989) (noapoÖHee cm.: Haxaneran B.E., 1991).
70	B.E. <t»nepoBa. rpa00wTn Xa3apnn
CooTHOineHne HMeioinwx rjiyßHHHbie otmctkh (JjparMeHTOB aM(J)op c rpa4><t>HTM
b cjiohx xasapcKoro h pyccKoro nepnonoB npHMepHO onwnaKOBo h b IjHTanejiH, rne
jiyquie Bcero coxpaHwica KyjibTypHbiü cjioh, h nnn ocTajibHbix ynacTKOB roponn-
ma: b IjHTanejiH — 23 (JjparMeHTa b xaaapcKOM cjioe, 67 — b pyccKOM. B nejiOM no
roponwmy: b xaaapcKOM cjioe — 101 cfjparMeHT, b pyccKOM — 207. KpoMe Toro b
cjioflx xasapcKoro nepwo.ua 11 (j)parMeHTOB kmcioiumx rpac^nrn, npnnajuiexcaT
aM$opaM XI—XII bb. h nonajin b hhx b peayjibTaTe nepeKonoß (Taßji. XIX)
Tojibko TpeTbH qacTb rpacjDC^MTM moxcct ÖbiTb OTHecena k xaaapcKOMy nepnony.
KaKaa-To nacTb (JjparMeHTOB nojiynHBinHx mctkh eine bo BpeMJi cymecTBOBaHUH
cajiTOBo-ManuKon KyjibTypbi nonanaeTcn b cjioe II 6 (no Konna X b.) TaK KaK b hcm
ecTb HeßojibinoK nponeHT cajiTOBo-ManuKon KepaMHKH (tfrjiepoB, 1976). Ho ßojib-
me Bcero (JjparMeHTOB c mctkbmh HaxonwTca b III h IV cjiohx (XI — nanano XII bb.);
44 — b uHTaneJin, 143 — b nenoM no roponHiny (Taöji. XIX). Hs Bceft Maccbi $par-
mchtob c rpa^HTH, a hx Ha roponnme coßpano okojio 500, tojibko 70 moxho c
onpenejieHHOH nojieii bcpohthocth othccth k xaaapcKOMy nepnony: mw ocTajibHbix
3toto He no3BOJWK)T cnejiaTb naHHbie cTpararpa^HH hjih xe hx OTcyrcTBiie.
Eine Menee penpeaeHTaTHBHbiM OKa3biBaeTcn coßpaHHe rpat^HTH Ha aM^opax
h KyBuiHHax TaMaHCKoro roponnina: anecb b cjioe VIII-X bb. (JjparMeHTOB c rpa$-
(Jjhth HaiineHO Bcero 10,2% ot oßmero nncjia 4>parMeHTOB c mctkbmh, jw koto-
pbix HMejiHCb conocTaBHMbie CTpaTHrpa^nnecKHe naHHbie (Taßji. 5, Taßji. XX). Ecjih
xe roßopHTb o nnnaMHKe pacnpocTpaHeHH» mbtok Ha hphbobhoh KepaMHKe, to
OHa, OTpaxaeT, CKopee, He BO3HHKHOBeHHe hjih aaiyxaHHe TpannijKH CTaBHTb mct-
kh, a nHHaMHKy nocTynnenmi caMOH Tapnon KepaMHKH b xaaapcKHe neHTpbi, ctbb-
niHe 3aTeM pyccKHMH (jiopnocTaMH. B nenoM, nponeHT MeneHbix aM(J)op b xasapc-
KOM H pyccKOM CJIOe OnKHaKOB H COCTaBJineT 0,5%, HTO nOBOJIbHO MHOTO, eCJIH
npHHHTb bo BHHMaHHe, hto aM^opa paaßnBajiacb no noncneTaM M.A.CßpoHnxyjio
b cpenHeM Ha 100 oßjioMKOB (LIjieTHeBa, 1963: 47). TaK HeKOTopoe coKpameHHe
BBO3a aM(J)op b nepHon X b. (ILieTHeBa, 1959. Phc. 45; <J>enopoB-,I[aBbinoB, 1987:
41—43) cooTBeTCTByioinHii cjiohm Il-a, Il-ß CapKejia Bbi3Bajio nonbeM nponeHTa Me-
neHbix aM$op b pesyjiBiaTe BbiHyxneHHOü juiHTejibHOCTH hx HcnojibsoBanmi. JVih-
TejibHoe HcnojibsoBaHHe aM<|)op XIII b. b nocnenyioinHH nepnon xh3hh Ha TaMan-
ckom roponnme, Korna npoH3BoncTBo aMtjjop ßbuio npaKTHnecKH npeKpameno
(IIjieTHeBa, 1963: 50), TaKxe oTpaxeno HeKOTOpbiM yBejinneHHeM nacTOTbi BCTpe-
HaeMocTH b BepxHHx cjiohx 4>parMeHTOB co 3HaKaMH, necMOTpn Ha oßnjee naneHne
HHCJia aM(J)OpHbIX oßjIOMKOB B HHX (Taßji. 4). KpOMe TOTO KaKaa-TO HaCTb aM(J)Op
X b. ßbuia npHBeaena He tojibko H3 Xepconeca, ho h H3 BwsaHTHHCKHX roponoß,
BO3MOXHO, H3 KOHCTaHTHHOHOJIH, TaK KaK Ha HHX CCTb BH3aHTHHCKHC KJieHMa
(flKoßcoH, 1979: 73—75). AMcJiopbi X b. anajiorHHHbix thhob, HaHneHHbie b Boji-
rapHH H PyMbIHHH, HMeiOT Ha noßepxHOCTH rpaC^HTK, HaCTO ßjIH3KHe CapKeJIbC-
khm (HaHroBa, 1959; Bamea, 1954).
B npenbinyiHHx rjiaßax ßbui naH oßaop thhob 3hbkob h H3oßpaxeHHH, ocTaB-
jieHHbix HacejieHHeM PIonoHba anoxn rocnoncTBa XaaapcKoro KaranaTa. Tenepb
moxho nonbiTaTbca cpaBHHTb 3HaKOByio CHCTeMy cajiTOBO-MaanKoro HacejieHHa h
mctkh Ha aMtjjopax h KyBuiHHax CapKejia h hckotopbix npyrnx naMSTHHKOB, hto-
ßbi BbiacHHTb, KaKaa xe nacTb 3HaKOB ßbuia ocTaBJiena mccthmm HacejieHHeM.
Thhojiothm capKejibCKHX rpaiJxJjHTH Ha aM(J)opax nana b Taßjiwnax, ciona xe
BOIUJIO H HeCKOJIbKO (JjpaTMeHTOB npKBO3HbIX KpaCHOTJIHHMHblX KyBUIHHOB. 3HaKH
’B nocjieiiHee bpcms cTpaTHrpa$ufl CapKejia 6wjia nepecMOTpena C.A. IIjieTHeBoü b CTopo-
Hy ec OMoaoxeHMH. K co6ctb6hho xasapcKOMy BpeMeHM othocmtcb tojibko t.h. “umhbim” cjioIi m hmx-
hmü ropM3OHT cjiofl I. TaKHM o6pa3OM, npeoöjianaHHe noanHero njiacTa rpa$4>MTM b KOJUieKiiun oKa-
3biBaeTC5i eme ßojiee bccombim.
Tnaea IV. rpac£4)HTn Ha KepaMUKe	71
Ha nncjjocax n KyBuiHHax c ujiockhmh pynKaMH “TMyTapaKaHCKoro” Tuna noMe-
meHbi b OTnejibHOM TaßjiMueHepBbiMn uayr TaK Ha3biBaeMbie “aaKpbiTbie” Tnnbi
3HaKOB: Kpyr, np«MoyrojibHUK, CHMBOJinuecKne $nrypbi THna CBacranecKHx Kpe-
ctob, JieceHOK, ceTOK, “ejiouKK”. CueuyioiuHM paapan 3H3kob BKniOHaeT b ce6a npe-
HMymecTBeHHO öyKBeHHbie 3HaKH, nMeiomne aHanornn b rpeuecKOM aju^aBHTe,
noaTOMy rpynnbi naHbi b nopsuuce nx MecTa b naHHOM an^aßm-e, b Konen Bbme-
ceHbi ennHHHHbie ranbi, HMetomne cootbctctbhh b rpenecKOM ancljaBUTe hjih b
KMpKJiJiHne, a TaKxe rpynnbi HanGojiee MHorocbyHKnuoHajibHoro 3HaneHH5i: Tpe-
3y6iibi n Äßyayönbi, “yroji”, “uByayöbie n Tpeayöbie bhjibi”, “nTnubH Jiana”, npa-
Mbie m KOCbie KpecTbi, napajuiejibHbie jihhmh. 3aBepwaioT TunojionmecKyio Taö-
jinny eflHHHUHbie Twnbi 3H3kob, ne HMeiomne npsiMbix aHanornn b cncTeMax
HMCbMa n cpenn mßecTHbix chmbojiob. CioxeiHbix pncyHKOB hh b CapKejie, hh Ha
TaMaHCKOM ropojjnme He 6hjio oÖHapyxeno.
Taßjinnbi, xapaKTepuayiomne THnojiomuecKHn cocTaß rpa^xjjn™ TaMaHCKo-
ro ropo/mma, nocTpoeHbi no TOMy xe npnHunny.
CuMBOJIHHeCKMe 3H3KH Ha CapKCJIbCKOH npHBO3HOÜ KepaMHKe HeMHOroHUCJieH-
Hbi (Taßji. XV: 1—51). TIpnqeM naHHbin paapmi bo3moxho eme coKpaTHTb, noc-
KOJibKy 3HaK B BHUe CH6XUHKH MOXCT ÖblTb He COJIMpHbIM CHMBOJIOM, a KHPUJUIH-
qecKHM 3Be3noo6pa3HbiM “xuBere”, 3HaK H3 Tpex napajuiejibHbix nepeiepKHyrbix
jihhuh — nepejiaBaTb rpeuecKoe “kch” (Taöji. XV: 49, 51). Hct aHanornn cpe/in
cuMBOJinuecKux u3o6paxeHnn 3HaKaM N° 19—22. ÄHanomn cpe/in c3jitobckhx 3Ha-
kob HMeiOT “neHTarpaMMa”, “KOHneHTpnuecKne oKpyxHocra”, OKpyxHocra co
BnncaHHbiM KpecroM n mmuiyHeBon (Jjnrypon, Tpn BnncaHHbix jipyr b npyra KBan-
paTa, “jieceHKn”, “ceTKa”, “ABycTopoHmm” n “oahoctopohhhb ejiouKa”, TpMKBCTp
n CBacTHKa. Ha capKejibCKnx Knpnnuax HMeeTcn Taoce niecTHJiyHeBon KpecT. Co-
BepuieHHO Hen3BecTeH noKa Ha MaTepnanax xaaapcKoro Hojiohlh cjioxhuh KpecT
(Taßji. XV: 15—17), nojiyHnBuinn pacnpocTpanenne b HepBOM BojirapcKOM nap-
cTBe nocjie npHHHTHH xpncTuaHCTBa (MejibinneBa, 1985. Taöji. XXI) n b flpeBHen
Pycn (Bbicomcnn, 1976: 63-67. Taöji. 61). 3naK b Bnae ÄBonHoro jiacTOHKHHa xbo-
CTa HMeeT 6jiH3Kyio aHanoraio cpe/in rpa^^MTH HOBropoACKoro Co^nncKoro co-
6opa, rne oh HapaBHe c KpecTOM npenBapaeT TJiarojinHecKyio Hannncb BTOpon no-
jioBHHbi XI—XII b. (MenbiHneBa, 1978. Pnc. 8). Hto xe KacaeTca 3H3kob,
HMeioinnx anajioran b HonoHbe VIII—X b., to nx npunamiexHOCTb k onpejjejieH-
hoü KyjibTypHO-3THHHecKon cpene ycTaHOBHTb TpynHO. IIo uaHHbiM CTpaTHTpa^nn
k xaaapCKOMy cjioio othocjitcm cjjparMeHTbl Ne 3 — neHTarpaMMa, Ns 12 — mec-
TiuiyHeBaa 3Be3jia, N° 27, 29, 32 — cctkh, N° 23 — pom6 c nnaroHajibio, Nq 38, 41,
44, 47 — ”ejioHKn”, KpecT b Kpyre, HapncoBaHHbin Ha KyBinuHe “TMyrapaKaHCKO-
ro” rana n eme n.Ba 3HaKa, H3BecTHbie Ha capKejibCKnx Kupnunax: jiyK co CTpejioü
n (JjparMeHT 3MeeBnnHon (Jmrypbi (Taöji. XVI, E: 2, 13, 14). 3h3kh N° 11 — uboh-
Haü uiecrnjiyHeBaa (jmrypa, N° 37 n 50 — ”ejioHKn”, N° 5 — KOHneHTpnnecKne ok-
pyxnocTH, Ne 15 n 19 HaneceHbi Ha npo<i)HJibHbie uacTH aM$op XI n XII b. He
tojibko HMeiomne noannne anajioran cjioxHbie KpecTbi, ho h HeKOTopbie 3HaKH,
cxoxne c canTOBCKHMU, nanneHbi Ha $paTMeHTax H3 GenoBexcKux cjiocb Kpeno-
•lIpopncM cnejiaHbi no TaßjimjaM, onyßjiMKOBaHHbiM b MHA, 1959, hfe 75, Koropue tojibko
b HeKOToptix cnynaax noTpeßoBajin nonojiHirrejibHofi KoppeKTwpoBKM c opurMHajioM, muh yBeiiMHe-
hwh M3o6paxeHHJi. HacTb 3H3kob npopncoBaHa mhoio fraßn. XV: 22, 25, 33, 53, 158, 224, 273). He
BKJiioHeHbi b Taßjinuy cmjibho (JjparMeHTMpoBaHHbie h HeKOTopbie jienacnopTH3MpoBaHHbie 3HaKn,
(JjparMeHTbi yMeHbuieHbi b 6,7 pa3a. O^cHb KpynHbie $parMCHTbi n iienwe cocyjibi naHbi b ßojiee
MejiKOM MacniTaße. 3naK 71 n3naH b KHnre E.B. JlyHMHa (1939: 47). 3HaKM, BXOÄHUMe b komüo-
3MUMH, a TaKxe nojiKMncecTbi ÄaHbi npn hobtophom nowemeHnn b raßjinuy oähofo H3 3HaKOB b co-
OTBeTCTByiomen ewy rpynne noa npexHHM HOMepoM.
72	B.E. ctmepoea. rpac&c&kiTkf Xaaapnw
cra h oöi-acHeHMH aTOMy (Jjaicry, bhahmo, cue/iyeT HCKaTb hc b coxpaHenwn Tpa-
jihuhh MecTHoro HacejieHKB hjih b nepeKonaHHOCTO cjiob, ho b mwpoTe apeana ca-
mhx 3H3KOB. Ha TaMaHCKOM ropojiHine b pacnpeaejieHHH thhob no cjiohm HaGjno-
jjaeTCM anajioniHHaji KapTOHa (cp. Taöji. XIX n XX).
ZJeHCTBHTejIbHO, MHOTHC 3H3KH CBB3aHbI C nO3ÄHeaHTHHHb!MH CHMBOJiaMH,
H3BecTHbiMH h b Bh33hthh, n CKopee, orryzia, a He H3 XaaapHH pacnpo-
CTpaHBBiiiHMHCH Ha KpbiMCKHe h TaMaHCKHe ropo/ia h Ha Pycb. CpejiH nO3-
ÄHeaHTHHHbix rpa<j)(j)HTH CeBepHoro npHnepHOMOpbM hmciotcm neHTarpaMMbi,
luecTHJiyneBbie 3BC3ÄM, KBa/ipaT c .HHaroHajuiMH, oahoctopohhmb ejioHKa
(Fpa<i)0HTO aHTHHHoro XepcoHeca. Ne 1745, 1755a, 1783, 1784, 1789). 3h3k b bhüc
ejiOHKH H3BecreH cpejiH noajjHeaHTHHHbix jjhhhhth, rae no mhchhio ,L(.E. IIIejioBa,
o6o3Hanaji ojiHBy, /um homctkh po.ua xpaHMmeroca b aM(J)ope npouyKTa (IIIejiOB,
1989: 108. Pnc. 2, 19). 3h3kh b bhu.6 neHTarpaMMbi, mecTHJiyqeBOH 3Be3j[bi, cctkh
h “ejioHKn” ecrb cpejiH rpa(i)(i)HTH Ha aM^opax XI—XIII b. b Xepconece (PoMannyK,
1986). Ectb h Gojiee oraajieHHbie anajiomn b bh33hthhckom MHpe. 3HaK
neHTarpaMMa H3BecreH Ha bh33HTHHckom noceJieHHH HaKynoji jiyn Coape X—XV b.
b PyMHHHH, nie oh HaneceH Ha ropjio KyBinnna (Diaconu, 1972. Phc. 47), a.TaKxe
b KopnH(|)e Ha hojihbhoh bh33Hthhckoh KepaMHKe XII—XIII bb. (Morgan, 1942.
Phc. 85, 110, 170). TaK nro, moxct 6biTb, He ctoht npHnncbiBaTb noBBiieHHe stoto
CHMBOJia Ha nepennuax KpbiMa b XIII—XIV bb. HCKnioiHTejibHO TaTapcKOMy
bjihhhhk), tcm Gojiee, hto ocHOBHyio nacTb mctok no-npexHeMy npojxojixajiH
cocTaBJiHTb GyKBbi rpeqecKoro aji^aBHTa (IIjiTbiineBa, 1973). Hto KacaeTca 3HaKa
“jieceHKa”, to oh TpajmunoHeH 6bm h b aHTHHHOM MHpe, ueMy GbiJia nocßameHa
cnennajibHaa CTaTbH (Hmbbjih, 1987). Hcckojibko anajioniü 3HaKy “jieceHKa” h
“pemeTKa” mbi HaxojiHM cpe^H rpa(J)4)HTH BH3aHTHHCKoro nocejieHH« na
TeppHTopHH PyMHHHH, 4wHoreHHH-rapB3H X—XII b., rae aMiJjopbi hbjuhotch
caMHM MaccoBHM MaTepnanoM (Bamea, 1954. Phc. 5, 12, 13, 19; Dinogetia, 1967.
Phc. 155, 10, 16, 162, 12). Ha stom xe noceJieHHH Hannen« TaKxe 3HaKH rana
cjioxhoto KpecTa, csacTOKH h KpecTa b Kpyre (TaM xe). 3h3k H3 BnncaHHbix oahh
b Apyroö KBaapaTOB, THna “BaBHJioHa”, ohchb npeBHero nponcxoxjieHHa
(AHTOHOBa, 1984: 68—71), bosmoxho, b naHHoe BpeMa hmcji Gojiee jioKajibHoe
SHaaeHHe, no KpaHHeü Mepe ero hct cpejm kjichm kphmckhx nepennu, xoth oh
xoporno H3BecTeH b CapKejie h Ha TaMaHCKOM ropo/iHme (PbiöaKOB, 1954. Phc. 67;
oh xe, 1953. Phc. 64—66 — Ha CTpoHTejibHbix MaTepnanax).
Bojiee nojiOBHHbi chmbojihh6ckhx 3H3kob TaMaHCKoro ropojiHiua TaKxe Haxo-
AKTca Bbirne xasapcKoro cjio». K xaaapcKOMy nepnoay xh3hh ropojia othochtcm
TpHKBeTp, pemeTKa (Taöji. XV: 13, 29) h neHTarpaMMa Ha (JiparMeHTe KyBinnna TMy-
TapaKaHCKoro rana (raGji. XVIII: 1). Te xe thhh 3HaKOB HaimeHbi h b bcpxhhx cjio-
ax. Ha Apyrax naMSTHHKax yuanocb oGnapyxHTb tojibko ABa rpa<txj)HTH b bhjic
“cjiohkh”; oGa Ha (JiparMeHTax aMtjjop H3 JJoHeijKOH oGjiacra.
rpa(j)(l)HTH b BHjie GyKB, HMeiomux aHanornn b rpeaecKOM hjih cxoahom c hhm
KHpHjniHHecKOM ajnJjaBHTe, — caMbie MHoronHCjieHHbie Ha TapHOH KepaMHKe KaK
Capnejia, TaK h TaMaHCKoro ropoaHma. BKjnoneHHe b stot paapan 3H3kob, koto-
pbie, BO3MOXHO, HBJIHJIHCb TaMTCMH MeCTHOTO HaCCJieHHH, CJie/iyeT OrOBOpHTB cpaay,
nocKOjibKy b CHJiy npocTOTH HanepTaHHH coBnaaeHHsi HeH36exHbi, «rro He mch»-
ct oGmen KapraHH, TaK KaK HeKOTopbie GyKBbi rpenecKoro ajnJiaBHTa, hjih Jinra-
TypH, HMeiOIHHe COOTBeTCTBHfl B TaMfOBHX 3H3Kax HJIH M6TK3X MeCTHOTO Hacejie-
hhm BbiHeceHbi b KOHeii TaGjiHUbi: sto TaKHe GyKBbi KaK “ncn”, “hhchjioh”,
“jiBM6.ua”, “xh”, snnceMa “caMnn”.
Eriaßa IV. rpac|xt)HTn Ha KepawwKe	73
B to xe BpeMa bo mhothx cayqaax 4>opMa 3HaKa He ocTaBJiaeT comhchhh b tom,
hto nepea HaMH — öyKBa, hto noaTBepxnaeTC« b öojibmnHCTBe caynaeB HanmiH-
eM COHeTaHKH HCCKOJIbKHX 6yKB H HX MHOrOHHCJieHHBIMH aHaJIOTHBMK, BblXOASHIIM-
mm 3a apean canTOBO-MajmKon KyjibTypbi hjih ee xpoHGaomnecKne paMKn.
3h3k b 4>opMe “ajib4>bi” HMeeT HecKOJibKO HanepTaHnn: npocTaa h ^urypnaa
nponncHaa h b biw TpeyrojibHMKa crpoanaa, oöbiHHaa b apeBHepyccKnx Haanncax
(Taöji. XV: 54, HeKOTopbie noarpeyrojibHbie 3HaKH, OTHeceHHbie k rpynne “aejibTa”,
TaKxe Moryr oßosHanaTb 3Ty GyKBy (TaÖJi. XV: 70, 79, 81). HanöojibiunH HHTepec
Bbi3biBaeT (JjKrypHaB ajib4)a, HMeiomaa ananomn cpean 3HaKOB Ha KaMHax
MaauKoro ropoanma h Ha KMpnnaax Capicejia (Taöji. I: 161—163; Taöji. VI: 204,
205). 3naK b uejioM He pacnpocTpaHeHHbiü b cpeae cajiTOBCKoro HacejieHH«
riOflOHbfl, XOT5I OH 6bIJI 3JieCb H3B6CTCH KaK 3H3K nHCbMCHHOCTH, aBJUieTCfl
HaHÖojiee ynoTpeÖHMbiM b Bojdkckoh Bojirapnn, ocoöchho cpean kjicüm n
rpa4)<i)HTK KaK jjoMOHrojibCKoro, TaK n 3OJiOTOop,abiHCKoro nepnojioB, h no
saKJiioHeHHio H.A. Kokophhom (1989: 93) mbjimjic« TaMron npaßamero 3aecb po.ua.
CBB3biBaTb xe 3tot 3H3K c GojirapcKHM HacejieHneM CapKena hjih TaMaHCKoro
ropojinma 6i>ijio Gbi neocTopoxHO. Bo-nepßbix, OTcyTCTByioT KaKne-anßo
CTpaTnrpa^HHecKne aaHHbie, nosBOJunomue othccth h npocTyio h ^niypHyio ajibijjy
k xasapcKOMy bpcmchh, bo-btopbix, n tot h apyron thh 3HaKa BCTpenaeTca b
coHCTaHHH c Tpewi pa3HbiMH OyKBeHHbiMH 3HaKaMn (Taöji. XV: 53, 56; Taöji. XVII:
20). KpOMe Toro, mbtkh b Bnae “ajib(J)bi” n ao h nocjie xaaapcKoro nepnoaa
npncyrcTBOBajiH Ha ceBeponpnaepHOMOpcKon n BH3aHTHHCKOH KepaMHKe
(PoManuyK, 1986: 172—173; Tojictoh, 1953: 16, 61, 143; Bamea, 1954. Phc. 1: 7;
2: 2). OurypHaa ajib^ja nojiyaaeT pacnpocTpaneHHe c no3ÄHe3JuiHHHCTHHecKoro
BpeMeHH (Tojictoh, 1953: 148) n ecTb b HeKOTOpbix paHHnx GojirapcKHX
KHpHJIJIHHeCKHX HaOTHCBX. He HCKJHOHaeTCfl BOCnpHBTHe HMCHHO 3T0H (JlOpMbl
ßyKBbi ßojirapaMH b KanecTBe $OHeMbi “a” K3-3a cxoacTBa c pynnaecKon öyKBOH
(MejjbiHiieBa, 1985: 45, 46). AHanorHHHoe HanncaHHe npoßOJixaeT BCTpeaaTbca b
rpenecKOH onHrpatjjHKe XI—XII (PbißaKOB, 1964: 22). BepoHTHO TaKxe
ÄpeBHepyccKoe npoHcxoxaeHHe oöenx $opM ÖyKBbi. <I>HrypHafl anb^a Morjia Ghtb
Hcnojib3OBaHa b 3Ha»ieHHH “Manoro loca” KHpHJuiHijbi, ho Apyrne (JiopMbi stoh
(JiOHeMM, npHHBTbie b KHpnjiJinue, He BCTpeqeHbi (xotb Gbijih 6o;iee H3BecTHbi)
(Bbicoijkhh, 1976: 169; JIaBpoB, 1915: 15).
3HaK b (JiopMe “SeTbi”, KaxeTca, He Bbi3biBaeT comh6hhh b ero npHHanjiexHO-
cth. B CapKejie oh KaK oähhohhbih , TaK h b coneTaHHH c jipyrHMH OyKBeHHbiMH
3HaKaMH h MeTKaMH npncyTCTByeT Ha Beeil npoTaxeHHOCTH CTpaTHrpa^nHecKOü
kojiohkh. 3ra rpynna h b CapKejie h Ha TaMaHCKOM roponnme — ojiHa H3 caMbix
npeflCTaBHTejibHbix (Taöji. XV: 58-71; Taöji. XVII: 24-28). Bosmoxho ee ynoTpeß-
JieHHe h b KanecTBe KHpHJiJiHHecKoro “bcjih”, ho npn otom nopa3HTenbHo nojinoe
OTcyrcTBne “6yKK”, HecMOTpa Ha paHHee noRBJieHne ee b ApeBHepyccKoö snnrpa-
<i)KKe (BbiconKHH, 1976: 22).
‘TaMMa” BKjnoneHa b paapjm e/iHHHHHbix 3HaKOB (raßn. XV: 66, 118, 183), npn-
4eM BCTpeneH tojibko ee nponncHon BapnaHT b CapKejie k ojikh ctpohhbih h npo-
nncHon na TaMaHCKOM ropoanme (Taöji. XVII: 74, 76). Cpeaw rpa^HTH cpeane-
BeKOBoro XepcoHeca 3Ta ÖyKBa TaKxe He öbuia MHoroHHCJieHHa (PoMannyK, 1986,
173). Kpanne pejjKO nonaaaeTC« ona cpaBHKTejibHO c TaKHMH ßyKBCHHbiMH mct-
KaMn, KaK B, E, n, 0, H, K, X npn KnenMennn kpmmckhx nepennn. CKOpee Bce-
ro “raMMy”, KaK n “noTy” H36erann ynoTpeßjuiTb He b GyKBeHHOM coneraHnn, a
KaK OTaejibHyio MeTKy H3-3a cjiaGon BbipaanTejibHOcra HaHepraHUH, npn HecTaönjib-
HOM nOJIOXeHHH nOBepXHOCTH aM(J)OpbI TpyAHO CHHTblBaeMOM.
74	B.E. OnepoBa. rpa$ct)HTH Xaaapnn
Bonee MHoroHwcjieHHa rpynna 3HaKOB, b ochobc KOTopon Jiexnr TpeyrojibHaa
(j)nrypa, bmämmo, nepenaiomaa öyKBy “nejibTa”. B npeBHepyccKnx annrpa^nqecKHx
TeKCTax HanHcaHne övkbbi “noGpo” b Bnne TpeyrojibHHKa 6e3 hoxck npaKTnnec-
kh He BCTpeqaeTCH (BbicoiiKnn, 1976: 73). 3to hhcto rpenecKnn BapnaHT ÖyKBbi.
Oh ecTb KaK b xaaapcKOM, TaK n b pyccKOM cjioe CapKejia (Taöji. XV: 72—82). B pane
cjiynaeB “nejibTa” cocTaßjmeT JinraTypy c npyroü öyKBon (Taöji. XV: 82, 93-95, 97),
npHHeM b neTbipex cjiyqaax — sto xopoino H3BecTHaa Ha aHTUHHbix nepHOJiaKOBbix
cocynax JiwraTypa oGosHanaioina« nocBameHne öothhc JleMeTpe (Tojictoh,
1953: 26). He nyMaio, hto ona coxpaHJUia npexnee 3HaneHne, ho (J)opMa ocTajiacb
HemMeHHon. Hhcjioboc 3HaneHne ee hcbosmoxho. ZJpyraa Jinrarypa, Morjia 060-
3HaHaTb”24", rne un^pu nepecTaBJienbi oraocHTejibHo cbohx nopaziKOB, bosmox-
ho, t.h. “cjiaBHHCKaa HHBepcna” (Chmohob, 1973, 1977), H3BecTHaa c KOHija X b.,
4to xopoino coniacyeTCfl c naTon bopothuhkoboJi aM^opbi XI b., Ha KOTopyio Ha-
HeceHO rpa^xjjHTH (Taöji. XV: 82). He MeHee pacnpocTpaneHHbiM b CapKejie öbui
3HaK b BHne coennHeHHbix BepniHHaMH TpeyrojibHKKOB (TaÖJi. XV: 83—92). A.K.Po-
MannyK cHHTaeT, hto rpa^HTH ototo Tnna, H3BecTHbie b Xepconece, motjik ne-
peaaBaTb BapnaHT “nejibTbi”, ynoTpeßjieHHbin b HeKOTopbix cpenHeßeKOBbix Hannn-
cax KpbiMa (PoMaHnyK, 1986: 174). B Xepconece TaKoü 3HaK BCTpenaeTC» Taicxe
cpenn rpatjx^HTH aHTMHHoro BpeweHH, nun KOToporo ero oGbihho TpaKTyioT KaK
KpHTCKHH Jiaßpuc (nBOHHaa CCKHpa): CHMBOJI, 3ainHinaBUIHH OT 3JibixnyxoB n cbh-
3aHHbin c KyjibTOM njionoponna (IpacixiHiTH aHTHHHoro XepcoHeca: 11, N° 1313,
1750, cji.). 3HaK ecTb cpenn cpenHeßeKOBbix BH3aHTnücKnx rpatjxjnmi KopnHc[)a
(Morgan, 1942. Phc. 110). Chmboji stot Gbui xopoino H3BecreH ßojirapaM IIonyHa-
Bba (IJoHneBa-neTKOBa, 1980. Taöji. XI, XIX) (npnaeM, TaKxe KaK Ha capKejibCKon
KepaMHKe, — h b otkpbitoh h b 3aKpbiTOH tjjopMe) Hero aöcojnoTHo Hejib3H cKaaaTb
o IIonoHbe, rae 3a(j)HKcnpoBaHO tojibko onno HeneTKoe rpa$$MTM Ha KaMHe Ma-
MUKoro roponnma (Taöji. I: 30). Ectb hcckojibko cjioxhbix 3H3KOB, HanoMHHaioinHx
TaMroo6pa3Hbie 3HaKH hjih xe pncyHKH jiyKOB (Taöji. XV: 50, 96-100), ho n3 hhx
tojibko 3HaK N° 96 Hannen b xaaapcKOM cjioe, zum iuith npymx (j)parMeHTOB xaaap-
cKaa npKHanjiexHOCTb HCKmonaeTca iio3hhhmh TnnaMn aM^op k hx cTpaTHrpa^H-
necKHMn xapaKTepncTHKaMH.
KaK Bbi yxe 3HaeTe H3 npenbinymnx paanejioB paÖoTbi, 3HaK b cjjopMe
jiynapHoro hjih nonnpnMoyrojibHoro “oncnjioHa” b KanecTBe 3HaKa Ha
cTpoHTejibHbix MaTepnanax HonoHb« ynoTpeöjuuicn BecbMa aKTHBHO. KpoMe toto
oh npncyTCTByeT Ha KoneBHHHecKOH KepaMHKe CapKejia, n öbijio 6bi oneHb
co6jia3HHTejibHO oö'bflBnTb ero TaMron onHoro H3 mccthbix ponoB, nocTaßjieHHon
Ha aM(J)opbi KaK 3HaK coGctbchhocth. TeM Gojiee hto n JiynapHbin h yrjioBaTbiH
“snCHJIOH” TOJIBKO HO OßHOMy pa3y HaXOÄHTCH B COHCTaHHK C ÖyKBeHHblM 3H3KOM
“m”, o6o3HanaH hjih un^py “45” (Taöji. XV: 112) hjih xe HanajibHbie öyKBbi
rpenecKoro peXt (Men), hjih psXäs (tcmhoc bhho), hto BeposiTHo njm rpatjxJjnTH N°
113, me ecTb CBepxy “jiaMÖna” (PoMannyK, 1986: 176). Bo Bcex ocTajibHbix cjiynaax
3HaKH HJIH OflHHOHHbi, HJIH BXOnMT B COHeTaHKC C HeßyKBeHHBIMH 3HaKaMH, TOJlbKO
Han Ne 114 nocTaBJiena MaJieHBKaa jiyHapHa« “cnrMa”, ho oth 3HaKK He ctomt b
CTpoKe. B KanecTBe öyKBbi “jiynapHbiH sncnnoH” cctb cpenn rpacjicjjKTH TaMaHCKoro
roponnina (Taöji. XVII: 37—39), onno H3 hhx — sto jiHraTypa T€, naa npyrnx 9G,
coKpanjeHHoe “Marepb Boxba”, aööpeBnaTypa, TaKxe nacTO BCTpenaeMaa na
KpbiMCKKx nepennnax (5Iko6coh, 1979. Pnc. 62, 63, 97). PiHTepecHo pacnojioxenne
3HaKOB Ha capKejibCKHX aM(j)opax, b ßojibinnHCTBe cjiyqaeB noßepHyrbix hjih bhh3
3y6uaMH, KaK KOHeBHnnecKne 3HaKn Ha JienHBix ropuiKax, hjih BBepx 3yöuaMH. To
xe othochtch n k nonnpaMoyrojibHon (t>opMe 3HaKa (Taöji. XV: 116-122). Ho ecjin
rnaisa IV. PpacpcpuTH Ha KepaMHKe	75
oöpaTWTbc« k ranojioran aMcjjop h CTpararpactiHn, to npaKTMHecKH Bee “jiyHapHbie
□ncujioHbi” Gynyr hmctb neTKyio npwBH3Ky k GejiOBexcKOMy cjioio h k fiosahhm
TunaM aM(J)op. Ha rpa<j)(i)i4TM tojibko N° 101, HaneceHHoe Ha aM^opy X b., moxct
npHHajuiexarb k KOHijy xaaapcKoro nepno/ia, xotji caMa aMtfropa c BnaaHrancKHM
KjieilMOM Besjiacb nanajieKa, hto eme cHnxaer BepoaraocTb mccthoto
npoHcxoxnenmi 3HaKa. Fpa^xiiHTH Ne 106, 109 n GyKBeHHoe Ns 112 — He hmciot
cTpaTMrpa4)MHecKOK npnBH3KH. Apyraa (£opMa “sncmioHa”, HMeiomaa tojibko ohhh
aHaJIOTHHHblH 3H3K H3 KHpiIHHaX, M3 KOTOpblX 6bUI HOCTpOCH CapKCJI (TaGji. VI:
183), HanpoTHB, ABaxjibi oGHapyxena Ha (JiparMeHTax aM^op H3 xaaapcKoro cjiom
(Taßji. XV: 114, 120 — ran aM(|)opbi cKopee no3AHnn), a GyKBeHHoe rpa(J)(i)Kra Ne
113 HaHeceHO Ha aM0opy X b. OcTaJibHbie ccmb othochtch k GejiOBexcKOMy
nepnony, npnneM shskm N° 115 n 119 — HaneceHbi Ha aM(j)opbi XI b. 3hbk b Bime
KpynHoro “jiynapHoro sncnjiona”, HaneceHHbiH Ha Tyjioßo a.M^iopbi X—XI b., ecra
b AnHoreuHM (Bamea, 1954. Pnc. 1), oh ohchb noxox Ha rpa^nra Ne 118 h 166,
BbipesaHHbie Ha oähoh aM^ope. 3h3kh oGohx ranoB BCTpeneHbi h cpenn rpa^xtmra
cpemieBeKOBoro XepcoHeca (PoMamiyK, 1986. Phc. 2).
“JjMraMMa” b KanecTBe GyKBbi b paHHecpenneßeKOBoe BpeMJi He ynoTpeGjuuiacb,
BbicTynaa tojibko b hh^pobom SHaneHMH. He hckjhohcho, hto sepKajibno
nepeBepHyrbie “hio” hjih “naeTbi”, KOTopbie n b aHTHHHbix rpa^tjinra oGhhho He
pasjiHHKMbi, oToGpaxaioT untjipy “6” (Taöji. XV: 123, 125—128). 3HaK xe
nepeuepKHyTbin nocepenHHe, CKopee Bcero, o6o3Hanan “nseTy”. B rpenecKnx
pyKonncax IX b. 3Ta jiMTepa nnmeTcn nonra cobcbm Ges XBocraKa, a
nepenepKHBaHHe ee kocoü nepTOHKOH o3Hanajio 3ByK “n3” (JIaBpoB, 1915: 9).
nepeHepKHyraa “nsera” OTMenaeTca k b najieorpa4)HH npeBHepyccKnx HannnceM,
a TaKxe loxHocnaBJiHCKHx naMHTHHKOB IX b. (BbicoiiKHH, 1976: 25, 26. TaGji. VII).
B rpa4>4)MTn Ha aMiJjopax Kocaa nepTa b ueHTpe, CKopee Bcero, cnyxnna juih
otjihhhh “jiaeTbi” ot “hio” (Ta6ji. XV: 129—133). 3h3kh ecra n b xaaapcKOM n b
GejioBexcKOM cjioe CapKejia. Anajioran hm hh Ha TaMancKOM ropojmme, hh b
Xepconece He BCTpeneHbi.
Onenb pacnpocTpaneHHbin 3HaK b Bnne GyKBbi “sra” n ero pa3JiHHHbie cone-
TaHMH HaneceHbi b CapKejie Ha 36 ^parMCHTax aM$op, Ha BenraKe nHtJioca n ropjie
KyBHiHHa c iuiockok pyHKOH (raGn. XV: 134—158; TaGji. XVI, A: 2, B: 6). OcoöeH-
ho nacTbi coneTaHHa c “hio” n yxe ynoMjmyrbie c “nejibTon”. CoHeranne, KaK chh-
TaiOT E. üonecKy h A.H. PoMannyK, o6o3Hanajio un^py “58”, T.e. npnMepHbiK
o6i>eM aM^iopbi b ceKCTapnax (PoMannyK, 1986: 176). B CapKejie ecra coHeTanna
3tmx ixn<t)p c MHBepCHen (raGji. XV: 151, 155, 156) h 6e3 nee (raGji. XV: 100, 152,
152a, 153). JjBaxabi jn-rrepa jiana b coneTaHnn c “üotoh” (raGji. XV: 157, 158).
“3ra” npncyrcTByeT Ha (jiparMeHTax H3 scex cjiocb ropojia, coxpanna HanepTaHne
c ymiHHeHHbiMM ManraMH h pacnojioxcHHOH nocepeflHHe ropH3OHTajibHon nepe-
KJiajiHHOH. HnrepecHO nojipaxaiomee KHHXHOMy nanHcanne rpa(t)4)nTK N° 157, nie
ManTbi nepenaHbi jjbohhbimk jihhhhmh.
“Tera” b capKejibCKon kojuickuhh tojibko oziHa, TaK xe KaK Ha aM(]jope M3
TMyrapaKaHM. 3to hbho GyKBeHHbin 3HaK, nocKOJibKy b uaHHOM cjiynae paaoM
ctoht ”raMMa” (raGji. XV: 66; TaGji. XVII: 38, 39). AMiJiopa, Ha kotopom npouapa-
nano rpa(J)(i)HTH, narapyeTca X b. n HaimeHa b xaaapcKOM cjioe, ho nponcxoxae-
Hne ero hbho ne Mecraoe.
3naK b Bnne “motbi” He b coneTaHHH c zipyrnMH snaKaMK, a caM no ce6e hjih
pe/iKo ynoTpeCjiajica, hjih He ^HKcnpoBanca npn orGope rpa(i)4)nra bo BpeMa pac-
KonoK H3-3a HeBbipa3MTejibHocra HanepTaHH«. Morjia npHMeHHTbca TaKxe ero
(JiopMa b Bnne ray-Kpecra (PbiGaKOB, 1964: 10). B coHerannn “nora” b Bnne Bep-
76	B.E. cpnepoßa. TpacjDC^UTH Xaaapnn
TWKajibHoü HepTOHKH HecKOJibKO pa3 OTMenena Ha KepaMHKe CapKejia (Taßji. XV:
75, 157, 218; Taßji. XVI, A: 3) h Ha TaMaHCKOM ropouHiue (raGji. XVII: 29, 43, 54).
3HaK B BHJje “KOnnbl” OJIHHOnHblH, H C GyKBeHHbIMH 3H3K3MH (Taßji. XV:
159-166) nacTO BCTpenaeTca Ha aM(J)opax m CapKejia, h TaMaHCKoro ropoHHma.
OTMenaeTc« b paue cjiynaeB xapaKTepnoe h hjih rpenecKoro yHHunajia, h ujis
KHpmuimjbi pa3/iejibHoe HanucaHHe GyKBbi (raGji. XV: 165, 166; Taßji. XVII: 50, 51).
LIpuMeHaTejibHO, hto Ha aM^opax He tojibko X, ho h XI b. (TaGji. XV: 162, 166),
“Konna” He hmcct xioöaBOK b BHjie kpiohkob, xapaKTepHbix juiji MJia/miero
BH3aHTMHCKoro yHHUHajia X b. h Gjihskoh eMy KHpMJUiHUbi. To xe othochtch h k
öyKBaM ‘T”, “Z(” h “T”. Tojibko b no3UHeM cjioe TaMaHCKoro ropOAwma ecTb
(jjparweHT awijiopbi c “T” c KpionKaMH (tbSji. XVII: 80). B to xe BpeMa b
ApeBHepyccKHX rpa4)(i)HTH XI b. kpiohkh oGbinnbi, xotm h 3jiecb HccjiejioBaTejin
OTMenaiOT 3ana3/ibiBaHHe 0opM 6yKB othocmtcjibho jiar nHCBMeHHBix naMMTHHKOB
(Bbicoukhh, 1976; MenbiHijeBa, 1978; PbiöaKOB, 1964). TaKyio xe 4>opMy, 6e3
KpiOHKOB, npKHJITyiO B CTaplUCM BH3aHTHHCKOM yHHUH3Jie, HMeiOT JIMTepbl “K”, Ha
rpa$(J)i-iTH H3 JI,HHoreuHw (Bamea, 1954. Pnc. 2, 11, 22, pnc. 5, 17, 18, 20) h
KopHHiJia (Morgan, 1942.PHC.43).BueKOTopbix cjiynaax hcbosmoxho otjihhhtb
“Konny” ot “hh” (raöji. XV: 167, 168).
“JlHMÖna” HeoTjiHHHMa ot pjwa TaMroo6pa3Hbix 3hbkob “yroji” hjih “BeTKa”
(npn ynjiHHeHHOH npaßou racTe), oGbihhbix Ha KHpnHnax xaaapcKoro cjioh CapKejia,
nosTOMy 0Ha BKjnoneHa b kohch TaGjiHUbi XV (231—245). CymecTBOBaji h BapnaHT
HanncaHHH GyKBbi b bpijic npocToro yrjia (raGji. XV: 161). I43-3a He(J)HKCHpoBaH-
Horo nojioxeHHH HannnceH h 3H3kob Ha aM^opax hcbosmoxho otjihhhtb jiHTepy
c npo/uieHHOH racTOH ot GyKBbi “nncnjiOH” (raGji. XV: 242—248), ecjin pjmoM hct
GyKBeHHoro 3HaKa (Taßji. XV: 107, 113, 186). Bosmoxch TaKxe BapnaiiT Tpynno
otjihhhmbih ot “hh” (TaGji. XV: 191) (cp. Bbicoukhh, 1976: 162).
EyKBeHHbin 3HaK “M” b öojibiiiHHCTBe cjiynaeß HaxojjHTca b coneTaHKH c npy-
thmh GyKBaMH (TaGji. XV: 79, 112, 113, 169, 174, 175), a ohhh pa3, CKopee Bcero,
pxuoM co 3HaKOM, nepenaiomHM hhcjio 900, ho c HHBepcneH (raGji. XV: 171). üctjih
jiHTepbi Bcer.ua onymena c BepxHHX ManT, Ges ropuaoHTajibHbix ruiomaaoK. KaK
jinraTypy “mio” h “itoTa” moxho paccMaTpnßaTb 3hbk N® 319. IIpHHUHn nocrpo-
eHH« JiHraTypbi anajiomneH rpa^^HTH H3 KopuH^a, rae “mio” coeuHHena co 3Ha-
kom tbichhh (Morgan, 1942. Pnc. 110), a TaKxe jinrarype “M” h “T” Ha ojjhom H3
rpa(J)(j)HTH Co(J)hh KneßckoH (Bbicoukhh, 1976: 129). HacTb 3HaKOB rpynnbi mo-
xeT nepejiaBaTb “cumy”.
EyKBa “hio” (TaGji. XV: 179—187; TaGji. XVII: 62—66, 67?) nacTo nncajiH Ha
aMtjjopax ouHy h b öyKBeHHbix coneraHHax. B paue cjiynaeß 6yKBa 3epKajibHO ne-
peßepHyra (raGji. XV: 154, 155, 186; TaGji. XVII: 65, 66). FlepeKJiajiHHa ee oGbin-
ho juiHHHaa, ho ecTb h yKoponeHHaa, npnneM o6a BapuaHTa oflHOBpeMeHHbi. «D^a
“hio” c yKoponeHHOH nepeKJiauHHOH npouapanaHbi Ha aMiJiopax H3 xasapcKoro
cjioa (raGji. XV: 179, 181).
TaKxe ecTb cpejjH rpacji^HTH na aMifiopax CapKejia “kch”. Kpaune pejjKO ynoT-
peGjiflBuiaaca b khphjijihuc KaK GyKBa, 3uecb OHa HaxoaHTca b KpaTKOH Haanncn
Ha nepenKe H3 cjioh XII b. Eme Tpn cjiyna», rue bosmoxho ynoTpeöJieHHe hmch-
ho 3toh JiHTepbi, MeHee nocTOBepHbi (TaGji. XV: 97, 189, 212, 213 — Haanncb). Ha
TaMaHCKOM ropouHme tojibko ouho c^parMeHTHpoBaHHoe rpa(Jx|)HTH moxho HHTep-
npeTHpoßaTb KaK “kch” (TaGji. XVII: 85).
“Omhkpoh” KaK h npenbmymaa jiwrepa BbiHeceH b kohch TaGjinubi, k euHHHn-
HbiM öyKBeHHbiM 3HaKaM, xoth oh HaftucH Ha n«TH (JjparMCHTax, HO BO Bcex CJiy-
naax — b conpoBoxueHHH jipyrux GyKB (raGji. XV: 70, 162, 188, 213, 110?). Kpo-
Pnaea IV rpa(£4)HTn Ha KepaMMKe	77
xie Toro, GyKBa Morjia mmctb (fropMy co cpeaaHHoii BepxHeii nacTbio hjih noATpey-
roJibHyio, HanoMMHaa “ziejibTy” (Bbicoukkü, 1976: 165, 166).
HenaMHoro GoAbine 3H3kob “nn”. ByKBa Gbuia npjiMoyroAbHbix HanepTaHnii c
nepeKJiajiKHOü, He BbixoAflmen 3a Man™ (Ta6A. XV: 188, 192, 52-?), hjih KaK Ba-
pjiaHT H3BecTHbiid c ajuiKHKCTMHecKoro BpeweHH: “nw” c Gojiee aamhhok nepeioia-
AMHOk (Tojictoü, 1953: 148). TaKoe HanncaHne “hokoh” msbcctho m b ApeBHepyc-
ckwx rpatj)(j)HTH XI—XII bb., rae paccMarpMBaeTCA KaK noApaxanne rpenecKOMy
(BbicoijKMH, 1976: 141, 142). Ectb k BapnaHT co cGauxchi-immh ManTaMK (Taßji. XV:
191), ho ero, KaK yxe roBopwjiocb, b ashhom CAynae TpyaHo otakhmtb ot GyKBbi
“jiflMÖÄa”, b Apyrnx — ot “Konnbi”.
3h3kk b Bnae ßyKBbi “po” pa3Hooöpa3Hbi, KaK no ajihhc xBOCTa, TaK n no $op-
mc rojioBKM (raGji. XV: 188, 193—196). 3naK Ns 196 Moxer TaKxe nepeaaßaTb h
“jiejibTy”. PiHTepecHbiM 4>aKT0M abaakjtch haxoAkk Ha TaMaHCKOM ropoAMiiie rpa^)-
(Jjhth b bkac “po”, ho c noBepHyrofi: sepKaiibHO tojiobkoh (raßji. XVII: 30, 54, 68).
Tojibko no Aßa pa3a b CapKejie n Ha TaMaHCKOM ropoAwme BCTpeneHa Jiynap-
Haa “cnrMa” (raßji. XV: 107, 114; TaGji. XVII: 78, 79). “Tay” b CapKejie hct bo-
oGine hh Ha oahom 4)parMeHTe, ho Ha TaMaHCKOM ropoAnme sra jiwrepa ecTb b Tpex
öyKBeHHBix coHeTaHMJix, ABa — yxe ynoMKHajincb (raGji. XVII: 37, 80), a Tperbe
rpa(i)4>nTM, HaüAeHHoe b BepxneM cjioe ropoAnma, — sto xopomo H3BecTHaa jik-
raTypa, rae “T” bbixoamt M3 cpeAHeü nacTM “oMern” (Taßji. XVII: 81).
“Hhchaoh” noMemeH b KOHije TaGjiHiibi, co 3HaK3MH, hmcjoihmmh aHajiornn
cpean mctok xaaapcKoro CapKejia (raGji. XV: 186—258). He hckajohcho, hto 3Ty
GyKBy mot nepeaaBarb h oahoctopohhmm AßyayGeu (raGji. XV: 225-228). He
cToamyio b Haanncu 6yKBy hcbosmoxho otauhhtb ot “aamGabi”, ocoGchho
rpenecKMÜ “hhchaoh”, nacTo nwcaBiiiKKCM c npoAOAxeHHon BepxHen acboh
uacTbio GyKBbi. BapnaHT GyKBbi c npjiMoyrojibHon hjih TpeyrojibHoii nameHKOK
(TY) coBnaaaeT TaKxe c khphaakhcckhm “nepBb”. Tojibko oahh 3HaK Ne 243
MMeeT CTpaTnrpa^KHecKyio npnBA3Ky k xaaapcKOMy cjioio CapKejia. 3h3kk, Ha
nepBbiH B3FJIHA MaeHTMHHBie TaMraM Ha Kupnunax, npeACTaBAAiomHM
cneuH^KHecKMK capKejibCKKH ran: hhchaoh c OTomyrbiMH bcpxhhmh 3y6uaMH
(TaÖJi. VI: 254—258), Bee, 6e3 ncioiioHeHHA, HaneceHbi Ha (JjparMeHTax aM^op M3
ÖejioBexcKnx cjioes Kpenocra (TaGji. XIX). AHajioran ecTb cpeaw apeBHepyccKnx
rpa(|)c[)KTM XI-XIII bb., paBHO KaK anajioTHK “nncnjioHy” c nepenepKHyTon
MaHTon (PbiGaKOB, 1964, TaGji. VII— VIII; cp. raGji. VI: 253). Anajiornn pa3HbiM
TnnaM stom rpynnbi 3H3kob KMeioTca Ha aMifjopax b KpbiMy (PoMannyK, 1986,
pnc. 4: 20a-r), a TaKxe b PyMbiHnn (Dinogetia, 1967. Pnc. 162, 6, 23). TpaKTOBKa
3H3KOB b Bnae BCTKH h b (JiopMe ABysyGbix BKA Ulin npflMoyrojibHbix ABy3y6ueB,
HaHeceHHbix Ha aM(|)opbi, KaK TaMr mccthoto Hacejienna, t3kkm o6pa3OM, BecbMa
npoGjieMaTHHHa, tcm Gojiee, hto rpynna BKjnonaioiiiafl uejibix Aße (j)OHeMbi
COCTOKT TOAbKO K3 23 3H3KOB, HTO HHCKOAbKO HC HpeBOCXOAHT KOAKHCCTBeHHbie
xapaKTepncTKKK rpynn cooTBeTCTByiomnx takkm GyKBaM KaK “GeTa”, “AeAbTa”,
“ancuAOH” , “3Ta”, “Konna” m “mio”, GyKBeHHoe nponcxoxAeHne kotopbix He
Bbi3biBaeT coMHeHwa. Hccomhchho, GyKBeHHoe 3HaneHKe KMeer rpa4)4)KTn Ns 66,
oneBMAHO, nepeAaBaßinee un^py “402” mak “412”, n Aßa 3HaKa — b coneTaHUH
c “xm” (raGA. XV: 34, 254). H Bee xe, ynnTbiBaA MaAyio BepoaTHOCTb
ynoTpeCAeHKA “nncnAOHa” npn coKpanjeHnn caob k npn HyMepauKK cocyaoB hak
o6o3HaHeHKK o6beMa (BeAfleB, 1968; UIcaob, 1989), He CAeAyer HCKAionaTb
BO3MOXHOCTB HaHeCCHKA KX XHTCAAMM CapKCAa OCOGeHHO AAA 3H3KOB,
HaüAeHHbix Ha aMiJjopax b CAoe II-6, rAe KHorAa BCTpenaeTca MaTepnaA
xaaapcKoro nepnoAa.
78	B.E. <t>nepoBa. TpacjDc^nTw Xaaapnw
OaeHb aeTKyio h Bbipa3HTeabHyio rpynny b CapKeae-Beaon Bexe oßpasyioT
rpa^HTH b Bnue ßyKBbi “$h” (Taßa. XV: 197—205). YaHBHTeabHO, aro stot hbho
ßyKBCHHblH 3H3K HK pa3y He BCTpeaeH B COaeTaHHH C HpyrKMK. Ha TaMaHCKOM
ropoanme, nanpoTHB, K3 aeTbipex “4>n” Tpn — b coaeTaHnn (Taßa. XVII: 39, 70,
71). Ectb coaeranne “4>n” MHHycKoabHOÜ $opMbi c ßyKBOH “T” n b Xepconece
(PoMaHHyK, 1986. Phc. 4, 19a). OopMa tojioekk pasanaHa: pOMßnaecKaa, Kpyraaa,
oßajibHaa. Oßajia BbiTaHyToro b innpHHy He OTMeaaerca.
Ecu, eine rpynna 3hhkob c Kpyraon hjih TpeyroabHOH roaoBKOK, ot KOTopoü
bhk3 OTxonaT Tpn pacxoaamneca jimhkk (Taßa. XV: 206—211; Taßa. XVII; 72, 73).
«Hßa 3HaKa cooTBeTCTByioT KnpnaanaecKOH ßyKBe “kjc ßoabinon” (Taßa. XV: 206,
208). Oßa (JjparMeHTa aM$op c sthmk 3HaKaMM ßbian nanaeHbi b caoe Beaon Bexn
XI b. Tot xe 3hhk, aacTnano yrpaaeHHbin, HapncoßaH na (JjparMeHTe, He hmcio-
meM cTpaTHrpacJjMaecKOK npnBa3KH (Ne 207). IIpoKCXoxaeHHe moxct ßbiTb apeB-
HepyccKMM: b XI BeKe non BammneM ßoarapcKOH nncbMeHHOCTH 3Ta anrepa BCTpe-
aaeTca aacTO (PbißaKOB, 1964: 14). BTopoii Tun HMeeT roaoBKy OKpyrjiyio nan xe
HenpaBKabHoü (jjopMbi, a cpeaHaa annna BbixoaHT M3 Bepxneü aacTM roaoBKn
(Taßa. XV: 209, 211; Taßa. XVII: 72, 73). OparMeHTbi co 3HaKaMH aaHHoro Ttina
npoHcxoaaT KaK H3 xaßapcKoro caoa CapKeaa (N° 209, 210), TaK n H3 caoeB XI-
XII b. Beaon Bexn n TMyrapaKaHK. Anaaornn cpean xaaapcKHx 3H3kob He oßna-
pyxeno, ho HMeioTca cxoxne HaaepTanna Ha ohhok H3 aMiJiop X—XI b. H3 TapBSHa
(Bamea, 1954. Phc. 2, 12) vl Ha cToaoBOM cocyae ßoaee nosanero BpeMenn H3 Xep-
coHeca (PoMaHayK, 1986. Pnc. 2, 8). riocaeaHKH HHTepnpeTKpoBaH A.H. PoMaH-
ayK npeanoaoxHTeabHO KaK anraTypa 0 w “E”, aTo BnoaHe BepoaTHO, TaK KaK aßa
3HaKa pacnoaoxeHbi ropM3OHTanbHO (Taßa. XV: 209; Taßa. XVII: 72). He hckjho-
aena n apyraa TpaKroBKa: HanpMMep, KaK anraTypbi “raMMbi” h “noTbi” aaa hfe 209
h 210 (Taßa. XV) Han nepeaepKHyroe “OY” aaa N° 73 (Taßa. XVII), “ncn” h
“omhkpoh” aaa N° 72 (Taßa. XVII), MOHorpaMMa OY Y aaa N° 211 (Taßa. XV).
“Xh” HMeeT, cyaa no rpa^nrn, rae 3Ta anrepa b coaeTannu c apyrHMK ßyK-
BaMH (Taßa. XV: 34, 169, 189), npocTyio $opMy Kocoro KpecTa. ToabKo b oanon
Haanncn y nee aßa KpioaKa (Taßa. XV: 213). üooTOMy ee HeBO3MOXHO OTananTb
ot npocTenniHX mctok b Bnae kocoto nan npaMoro Kpecra (PoManayK, 1986: 177).
To, hto OKoao noaoBKHbi, no KpaüneH Mepe, 3H3kob b Bnae npaMbix n Kocbix
KpecTOB Hcnoab3OBaancb ne kbk anTepbi, a b KaaecTBe npocTeümen mctkh aaa na-
mbth, moxcho npoHJiaiocTpnpoBaTb caeayionjHMK noacaeraMK. OaeHb aacTO Ha pya-
Kax capKeabCKHX aM$op nan b MecTe npHKpenaeHna hx k Tyaoßy HaxoaaTca HaceaKH
b Bnae napaaaeabHbix aeproaeK. npnaeM, ecan b oßmeM rpa(i)(j)HTH Ha sthx MecTax
cTaBnancb Ha 18% ^parMeHTOB, to aaa HaceaeK 3Ta un^pa aocraraeT 41%. To xe
yBeanaeHne aacTOTbi BCTpeaaeMOCTH Ha pyaKax aM^op OTMeaaerea aaa kocbix h
npaMbix KpecTOB, KOTOpbie HaneceHbi 3aecb b 35% cayaaeß. Ha pyaKax HapncoBan
caoxHbin k CßacTHaecKHK Kpecrbi. HacTb npaMbix KpecTOB moxct ßbiTb xpncTnaH-
ckhm CKMBoaoM, oßeperaioinKM cocya. HanoMHio, aTo aßa KpecTa Ha canTOBCKnx
cocyaax CapKeaa TaKxe HaneceHbi Ha pyaKH. KaK npocaexnßaeTca no MaTepnaaaM
annnHTH Ha nosaneaHTnaHbix TapHbix cocyaax, mccto MapKnpoBKM KMeao onpeae-
aeHHoe 3HaaeHne: TaK Ha ropae CTaßnaacb aßßpeBHarypa Hasßanna coaepxamero-
ca b aMcfiope npoayKra, oßosnaaeHne Mepbi n BeanaHHbi ero oßneMa, nocaeaHaa mot-
aa ßbiTb oßo3Haaena TaKxe h Ha naeanKax. Ha naeanKax cTaBHaocb coKpameHne
HMeHH Baaaeabija (UleaoB, 1989: 123). PyaKH xe capKeabCKHX aM(J)op aacro ncnoab-
3OBaan aaa k3khx-to aonoaHHTeabHbix He ßyKBeHHbix mctok. Taicxe aacro cTaBn-
an Ha hhx 3HaKn-oßepem: KpecT b Kpyre, “BaBnaon”, “aßonHyio ceKKpy”, neHTar-
paMMy, mecTHayaeByio 3ße3ay, cBacTnaecKHii, npoiiBeTmnn n caoxHbin KpecTbi.
rnaea IV. Ppac|D0HTH Ha KepaMHKe	79
CaKpajibHbie 3HaKH n npocTeninne mctkh, npn hx MajionncjieHHocTK cpean rpac[)-
^hth CapKejia — Bejioii Bexn, cocrasjimoT Gojiee nojiOBKHbi mctok Ha pyaKax.
3naK, cooTBCTCTByiom™ rpenecKoid 6yKBe “new” Haxoanrca Ha (JjparMeHTax H3
bccx 6e3 HCKJiioMeHHa cjiocb CapKejia. KaK npasnao, b Haanncax GyKBa HMeeT
KOHHHecKyio HamenKy, KaK y 3H3kob Ne 259—267 (-raGji. XV), ho ona Morjia 6bm>
noJiyc^epHHecKOH n npHMoyrojibHoü (Taöji. XV: 218, 219). B ßyKBeHHOM coneTa-
hhh “ncn” BCTpeneno tojibko oakh pa3 (raGji. XV: 187). TJßaxabi oho cocTaBJiaeT
jinraTypbi c “aejibToii” (N° 98) h, oneBnaHO, “nn” (Ne 266). AHajiornnnon (Jjopmbi
3HaK pacnpocTpaHeH cpean TaMrooGpa3Hbix 3HaKOB CapKejia n MaaiiKoro, a TaK xe
KaK 3HaK zioHCKoro pyHHHecKoro nncbMa, ho onaTb xe BbiajieHHTb nx H3 otoh
rpynnbi hcbo3moxho. Flo aaHHBiM cTpararpa^HH tojibko 3HaK N° 263 othochtch
k xaaapcKOMy cjioio.
K 3toh rpynne 6jiH3Ka rpynna 3H3kob Tnna “imm Jiana”. KaK yxe roBopiuiocb
3HaK TaKon (JiopMbi cooTBeTCTByeT crapnien snnceMe “caMnn” (900), ho othochtb Bee
3H3KH K Heil, KOHCHHO, HCBO3MOXHO. BepOHTHO, H3CTB H3 HHX MOFJia GblTb npOCTCH-
iiihmh MeTKaMn juui naMara hjih TaMraMK HaceneHMH CapKejia (raGji. XV: 268—274).
H nocjiejjHaa GyKBa rpeaecKoro aji4>aBnra “oMera” tojibko no oaHOMy paay
npeacraaneHa Ha ^parMeHTe H3 cjiom naaajia XII b. b CapKejie, rae OHa MoxeT Gbitb
Taoce “GeTon” (TaGji. XV: 62) h Ha yxe ynoMHHyroM rpaijxjjHTH H3 cjioh XIII—
XIV b. TaMaHCKoro ropoanma (Ta6ji. XVII: 81).
Pan rpac^HTH CapKejia, HMeiomnx (JiopMy asysyGua n TpesyGua, OTOxaecTBjieH
A.M. IIJepGaKOM co 3HaKaMH PiopHKOBnaen (LIJepGaK, 1959: 264) n CBji3aH c
no3ÄHHM nepnoAOM ncTopnn xhshh ropoaa (TaM xe). AHajiornuHbie 3H3kh Gbijih
HanaeHbi n Ha TaMaHH, hto eme Gojibuie yGexaaer b npaBOMepHocra BbmeJieHK«
KaTeropnn KHaxecKHX 3H3KOB (PbiGaKOB: 1953: 91. Pnc. 100). üpeKpacHoe
rpa<jxJ)MTH KH«xecKoro 3HaKa nanaeno Ha kocthhom Meaanbone CapKejia (HjepGaK:
1959. Pnc. 1) n Ha (JjparMeHTe aM^opbi H3 cjioji TMyrapaKaHK KOHija X—Hanana
XI b. (TaGji. XVII: 6). H Bee xe npoaHajinanpyeM Gojiee noapoGno 3Ty HeGojibmyio,
Bcero H3 ÄBajmaTH 3H3KOB, rpynny rpa(i)4)HTH CapKejia — Bejioii Bexn. IlepBbiH
THn 3HaKa, kotopbih HMeerca h Ha TaMaHH h b CapKejie (TaGji. XV: 155, 215—217;
TaGji. XVII: 82) — sto 3HaK, HanoMHHaiomMH KHpiuuiHnecKyio “niTa” c xbocthkom
b BKjie nerejibKH. Ha bccx (j)parMeHTax oh noBepHyr 3y6uaMK bhhs, ocoGchho sto
3aMeTHO Ha hjiockojiohhom KyBiiiHHe (TaGji. XVI, B: 9), nocKOJibKy Ha aMtjjopax
nacTO nncajin “BBepx HoraMH”; TaK Gbuio yuoGno nncaTb n Ha ctojhhcm, k hh
jiexameM cocyae, co CTopoHbi ropjia. FIoaoGHoe rpa$(i)HTH, TaKxe pacnojioxeHHoe
bhh3 3y6uaMK, ecTb Ha aMiJiope XII b. H3 BH3aHTHHCKoro noceJieHHH PapBSH i>
PyMbiHHH (Bamea, 1954. Pnc. 5, 7). Tbkhmh “3HaKaMH PiopnKOBnneH” GyKBanb ’c
necTpHT ManycKpnnTbi, HanncaHHbie MJianmnM BHsaHTniicKHM yHnimajiOM
(TapaxayaeH, 1915. TaGji. IV; Avi-Yonah, 1940: 32, 96, 97). He HCKJiioHeHo, hto
jinrarypaMK rpenecKnx 6yKB motjih Gbitb h HeKOTopbie apyrne 3HaKH stoh rpynnbi.
HanpHMep, “nn” h “Tay”, “Konna” h “nn” (nonoGnoe nocTpoenne JinraTypbi cm.:
Tojictoh, 1953: 68), “aejibTa” n “nn” (Nq 229, 230), nocjieaHHü thh mot 03HanaTb
TaKxe BapnaHT KnpnjuiHqecKoro “JJ” (JIaBpoB, 1915: 24). AHajioniHHbiK 3HaK
Hannen b TapBSHe Ha aMijjope (Dinogetia, 1967. Phc. 155, 77). Bo bchkom cjiynae,
3HaKH tfU H3BecTHbi yxe b xaaapCKoe BpeMa Ha capKejibCKHx TapHbix cocyaax (TaGji.
XV: 216, 229; TaGji. XVI, B: 9; TaGji. XIX), xotm h b Gojiee nosjiHee BpeMa
npoaojixaioT cyujecTBOBaTb Bee rnnbi shbkob aaHHoii rpynnbi. Mhoto-
(JjyHKHHOHajieH MoxeT Gbitb h npocToii TpeayGeii: oh Gbiji pacnpocTpanen b
3H3KOBOH CHCTCMe CaJITOBO-MaHIJKOrO HacejieHHH nOÄOHbH, B TOM HHCJie b CapKejie,
rae oh H3BecTeH KaK ronnapHoe kjichmo (HjieTHeBa, 1959. Pnc. 44), h b JIpeBHen
80	B.E. «trepoßa. rpacfxjDMTU Xaaapun
PycM (PbiöaKOB, 1940): h khk 3hhk coGctbchhocth, w b KawecTBe GyKBbi “iirra”,
nHcaBnieücM cujihhhbim xboctom b cepejjHHe (PbiGaKOB, 1964: 7). Kax rpewecKoe
“new” Tpesyöeu ynorpeCjuuicfl b sto Bpe.wi pejjKO (raM xc), ho oh H3BecreH cpe.nn
nepenwHHbix mctok IÖxhoh TaBpwKH VIII—XIII b.: HuaHepCKoe, Chmch3, XepcoH,
npwneM, b nocjienHeM cjiynae — b cocTaße rpenecKon Hannncn (MkoGcoh, 1979.
Pnc. 42, 34; 65, 96, 97, 97, 247). Yxe roßopujiocb o bosmoxhocth cootbctctehh
3HaKOB — AByayßiieB (N° 225, 226) rpenecKOMy “nncHJioHy”, raKxe npn-
MeHHBineMycH b KpbiMy KaK HepenwHHaa MeTKa (raM xe), hjih KnpHJUiHHecKOMy
“nepBb”. TaKKM oGpasoM, 3a HCKJHOHeHweM 3HaKa H3 TMyrapaKanw, hm ohho
rpa0c[)HTn Ha aM^opax c nojinow uocroBepHOCTbio He moxct Gbitb onpeflejieHo KaK
KHHXeCKHK 3H3K PlOpHKOBKHCW.
OGiiiww xapaicrep penepryapa rpa^KTW Ha aMt^opax h KyBiiiHHax CapKejia, KaK
h TMyrapaKanw, HanoMwnaeT mctkh Ha wepennuax cpeuneBeKOBon TaßpwKw: 6ojib-
myio nacTb cocraBJunoT rpenecKwe GyKBbi h hx coneraHHa, MeHbiuyio — pa3JiHH-
Hbie CMMBOJiKHecKwe 3HaKM. Ho npn stom noJinocTbio orcyrcTßyiOT cioxeTHbie pn-
cyHKW. HaxoÄKW HannHcew Ha 3HaMeHHTbix HOBOHepKaccKwx (JiJiHXKax, cocyuax,
npow3BOAWBiuwxca b KpbiMCKwx roponax (ApTaMOHOB, 1954), a Taicxe Ha 4>parMeHre
aM^opbi c ropoawma MawKw (KjiwniTopHbiw, 1979) — HeocnopwMoe cBHuereJibCTBo,
hto nacTb 3HaKOß Morjia Gbitb Hanecena HacejieHweM Hohohbh, ho cyjia no Hacrore
BCTpenaeMOCTK rpacjxjjKTK Ha mcctho:k KepaMHKe, hx HeMHoro, w BbiHJieHHTb raM-
rooöpa3Hbie w pynnwecKne 3HaKw H3 oßmew Maccbi rpatjxJniTH oneHb Tpyn,Ho. TaKxe
HeMHoro KKpKJUinHecKKX ÖyKß, MMeioiHMX OTJinwHoe ot rpewecKwx HanwcaHwe.
Tojibko ojjhh 3HaK moxho cßasaTb c rjiarojiwnecKHM hkcbmom (raßji. XVII: 84). Ha
TaMaHCKOM roponwuie ecTb oniejibHbie rpattxjjwTM 6yKB jxpyrwx ckctcm nwcbMa
(raÖJi. XVII: 17, 86, 87). TpeTbeü Kareropwew 3H3kob hbjdhotch npocTeninwe mctkk
b Bwn.e KpecTOB, weproneK, bosmoxho, “rajioneK”, ocoßeHHO, ctomiuux b pjm (raßji.
XV: 241; Taöji. XVII: 97—99) n “nrnnbux jianoK”.
Ha6jiio,HeHne Haji CTpaTnrpa^HHecKKMM jiaHHbiMw, xpoHOJiorwHecKn onpene-
jieHHbiMW TwnaMn aMiJiop c rpa^x^uTK, w ÄaTnpoBaHHbiMM aHajiorwHMK npwBOflUT
K BblBO/iy O MajIOM W3MeHHHBOCTK BO BpeMeHH OCHOBHOTO HKCJia THHOB rpa(J)(j)H-
TH. npH46M, aHajIOTHHHbie CapKCJIbCKHM MCTKH Ha aMlfropaX H3B6CTHbI He TOJIBKO
Ha TaMaHH, b IOxhom KpbiMy, ho h b BojirapHH, PyMbiHHH, Bojixckok BojirapnH
(KoHKHHa, 1989. Pnc. 3, 7), CeBepo-3anajiHOH Pycw (PojiyßeBa, 1973. Phc. 68),
BH3aHTWH (Ha nOJIHBHOH KepaMHKe).
BbiBOÄ, onejiaHHbiH mhok> b pesyjiBTaTe anajiw3a rpa^j^HTw Ha TapHOH Kepa-
MHKe H3 CapKejia, coßepuieHHO anajiorwHeH TOMy, k KOTopoMy npniiiJiH yweHBie,
3aHHMaBiiiHecH HccjiejioBaHneM rpac^HTH Ha TapHOH (nocKOjibKy Ha jxpyrwx Kare-
ropwMx KepaMHKH rpa(j)(l)WTK KpaiiHe pejjKn) KepaMHKe Bojixckoä BojirapHH h
3ojiotoü opubi (KowKHHa, 1989; nojiyöoapHHOBa, 1980): cymecTBOBajia onpejiejieH-
Haa HOMeHKJiarypa 3HaKOB, cBoero pojia “KOMMepnecKHH «3bik” (Kohkhhb, 1989),
KOTopbiM nojib3OBajiocb KynewecTBO npn TpaHcnopTHpoBKe, noKynKe h nepenpo-
jjaxe TOBapoB, nepeBO3HMbix b aM^opax h rapHbix KyBiiiHHax. B ee ochobc jiexa-
jih, KaK h b aHTKHHyio onoxy (Bejineß, 1968; ÜlejiOB, 1989), GyKBbi rpenecKoro an-
(JjaBHTa, Hcnojib3OBaBinHecH TaKxe b KawecTBe uwe^p. HojibsoBaTbca eio mofjih He
tojibko rpenecKwe, ho h cjiaBHHCKne, öojirapCKwe, xasapcKne h kocoxckwc Kyniibi,
KOTopbie “H3HpeBJie H3BeCTHbI ÖbUIH yaaJIbCTBOM H MOpeXOHCTBOM” (CaBeJIbeB,
1846): Bee, kto saHHMajicn npniepHOMopcKOH ToproßJieH. OG stom roBopur TaKHe
HaGjnoneHWH KaK 3epKajibHoe nepeBopannBaHHe 3HaKOB, BO3MOXHaa HHBepcwH
UHtJjp, npHHHTaw y cjiaBHH, HajiHnwe “iocob” h KHwxecKoro 3HaKa. OcoGchho aK-
THBHbiMw ToproBbie CBH3H CTaHOBHTCH b pyccKHH nepwon XH3HK CapKejia-Bejioii
BexH.
3AKDK)HEHME
B hcm xe coctoht cnemi(|)WKa rpa^nnecKHX M3o6paxeHHH cajiTOBO-MaauKoro
HacejieHMH FIoAOHbA n HacKOAbKo bosmoxho HcnoAb3OBaTb ee kbk onpejjejiHTejib
npKHajpiexHocTH k KyjibType? Jlroöaa cncTeMa 3HaKOB, h ÖyKBeHHbix n nnKTor-
pacJjELHecKKx, KaK npaBKJio coAepxnT öojibiuoe hhcjio HanepTaHMM, HMeioinnx ana-
aothk ßyKBajibHo noßceMecTHo. Mne, HanpnMep, He cjihiiikom npHATHO Gbuio 06-
Hapyxm'b nojiHbie “aHajioruw” Gojiee hcm 40 THnaM 3HaKOB cpeAHeBeKOBoro
IIoäohwi cpeAW rpa^x^HTH Ha cocyaax Khakh snoxn paHHeii 6pOH3bi (Lai, 1960),
b tom HHCJie Äaxe tbkhm “sTHHHecKn onpeACAHMbiM” KaK “cajiTOBCKne AomaA-
km” hjih xapaKTepHbiö juvl CapKejia “hhckaoh c oTorHyTbiMH bbtejimh”. H Bee
xe b jhoöoü chctcmc cymecTByeT paa nsoGpaxeHHH, nycTb HeMHoroHHCAeHHbiH,
KOTopbm npn TmaiejibHOM anajinae KOHKpeTHoro MaTepwaJia AacT neTKyio npn-
BH3Ky k onpe^ejicHHOM KyjibType. ÜMeHHO Ha hhx h cjiejiyeT opneHTHpoBaTbcn b
nepßyio onepejib. JJjih Boaxckoh Bojirapnn TaKHM 3HaKOM, HanpnMep, abaact-
ca A-o6pa3Haa TaMra, cocraBAAioinaA noAOBHHy Bcex 3HaKOB. Cneuw^MHecKHM
Aaa üepBoro BojirapcKoro uapcTBa moxho c^htete 3HaK IYI sHaneHwe KOToporo
ao cnx nop Bbi3biBaeT cnopbi. «ZJjik IIoAOHbA Taxoro poAa 3HaK HassaTb hcab3a.
ECAK OTÖpOCHTb reOMeTpHHeCKMe (JlOpMbl 3H3KOB M KpeCTbl, TO MOXHO npM3HaTb,
HTO OCHOBy T.H. “TaMTOOGpaSHBIX” 3H3K0B XasapKH COCTaBJUHOT AByayÖUbl HAM
Tpesyßijbi c npjiMoyrojibHOH, KOHHHecKon n AyroBMAHoii qainenKaMM jimGo Ha oc-
HOBaHKH, B HeKOTOpblX CJiyHBflX C 3epK3JIbHO yABOCHHblM 3HaKOM Ha npOTHBOnO-
jioxhom KOHije, jimGo 6e3 Hero (TaGji. XXI). CucTeMa 3HaKOB /um pa3Hbix oGna-
CTeÄ Xasapnn OAHOpOAHa, ho MMeioTCA AaHHbie, no3BOJunomne npn AOCTaTOHHOM
KOJinnecTBe MaTepnajia BbiMBHTb y3KO jioKanbHbie, xapaKTepHbie tojibko (hjih, no
KpanHeK Mepe, npenMymecTBeHHo) am onpeAejieHHoro naMMTHKKa ranbi 3H3kob.
TaKMM 3HaKaMK moxho Ha3BaTb AJifl CeMHKapaKopcKoro ropoAHma E h 4, ajih
CapKeAa — n T-
rpaHb, OTAßAHIOmaJI TaMrO06pa3Hbie 3HaKH OT CHMBOAKHeCKMX, H3CT0ABK0 yc-
AOBHa, HTO B pa3p«A HOCAeAHHX MOXHO 3aHHCAHTb BCC 3HBKH, KMejOlJUKe CXOACTBO
c OTHorpa^nHecKHMK TaMraMK: nanpnMep, 3HaK Y — cnMBOAH3HpyeT GbiKa, m —
chmboa rpoMa, C — AynapHbin 3HaK, W oahuctbophiot nTHixy, Ayuiy n t.a. C Apy-
roii CTopoHbi TaK xe npocTo oGtjAehtb TaMraMn Bee 3HaKH n Aaxe cioxeTHbie pn-
cyHKH h 3to 6yAeT onpaBAaHo, nocKOABKy h TaK HasbiBaeMbie “aaKpbiTbie” 3HaKH
reoMeTpnqecKnx (JjopM n pncyHKH H3BecTHbi y hckotopbix HapoAOB KaK TaMrn.
Caoxhoctb, Aaxe MHorococTaBHoeTb 3HaKa He moxct cAyxKTb rapaHTHeM, hto oh
He npHMCHAACA AAA T3BpeHHA. HanpKMep, pKMAAHe AAA BblXHraHHA MCTOK Ha
AepeBe hah Koxe HcnoAb3OBanK nrraMn c hcckoaekhmh 3HaKaMn, 3aKpenAeHHbi-
MH Ha OTBCTBACHHAX XCAC3HOK BTyAKH (PepaCHMOB, 1959). Il03T0My ACACHHC H3
AaHHbie KaTcropnn, npHHAToe b paGore, ocTaeTcn ycAOBHbiM, nocKOAbKy Gecnep-
CneKTHBHO HCXOAMTb H3 (J)OpM H3O6paXCHHH npH OnpeACACHHH erO 3HaHCHHfl.
Toabko KOHKpeTHbie, npocAexeHHbie Ha apxeoAornnecKOM MarepnaAe cnTyannn,
82	B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpacjxfcuTH Xaaapwn
CBasaHHbie c Kcnojib30BaHweM 3H3kob ßaiOT HeKOTopbie MaTepnan k peKOHCTpyK-
HKH MOTHBOB BblGopa H C(J)epbI HpHMeHeHIMI rpa(J)MHeCKHX H3O6paxeHHH.
riocTOflHHan noBTopaeMOCTb ßojibiiiKHCTBa H3oGpa3HTejibHbix cioxeroB h ckm-
BOJinHecKwx 3HaKOB, aaBHo oGparmia Ha ceGa BHHMaHne nccjieaoBaTejien. Cosna-
ÄeHKa b nx penepTyape (Ta6ji. XXII) moxct nopoanTb GecKOHenHbiK cnop 06 06-
JHHX KOPHHX, KOHBepreHUHM HJIH B3aHMOBJIHHHWH, noaoGHbiK aeGaraM Ha Ty xe
TeMy, B03HHKIHHM b HanajibHon CTaann nayneHKa $ojibKjiopa (cm., HanpHMep, Ba-
jiaHUHH, 1988. Di. 9 n np.). Bocxoaamne KapeBHenmnM npoTomnaM cioxerbi, pas-
Bepnyrbie b peanncTHHecKn BbinojiHeHHbie pncyHKH n ne/ibie cueHbi hjih saKOzm-
pOBaHHbie JiaKOHHHHbIMH 3H3KaMK, KaK H MHC^OJIOmHeCKHe BO33peHHH, JieXailJKe
b hx ochobc, Gbuin pacnpocTpaHCHbi no Bcen Eßpa3HH. Jlpyron Bonpoc, HacKOJib-
ko aueKBaTHo Gbuio Bocnpnarne apeBHHX ckmbojiob paHHecpeaneßeKOBbiM Hace-
jieHKeM IToaoHbH. HanpnMep, hh ohhh nn^aropeeix He HapncoBan 6bi 3HaK nen-
TarpaMMbi TaK, KaK oto caejiaji oGnTarejib MaaijKoro ropoanma (TaGji. I: 2, 7),
ocTaBKBniHK b Heft, KaK HOKTop OaycT, oTBepcTHa, nepe3 KOTopbie coBepmeHHo
cboGojiho motjih npoxoanTb 3Jibie chjibi. Bropon ran neHTarpaMMbi, coctomluhh K3
aßyx TpeyrojibHHKOB — pesyjibTaT hbhoto CMemeHim Wien hchto- h reKcarpaMMbi.
Eme Gojibmee pa3HOo6pa3He, a, cjieaoBaTejibHO, h HOBbie cjioxhoctk, bhocht
npocTenmne mctkh, Hcnojib3OBaBmneca, b nacTHOcm, KaK cneTHbie oGosHaaeHna
M He CBM33HHbie HH C TaMraMH, HH C CaKpaJIbHbIMH CHMBOJiaMH, HO TpyÄHO OTJIK-
HHMbie ot hhx no BHenineMy Bnny, 3a ncK/noneHKeM Tex cayqaeB, Koraa ohh npea-
CTaBJieHbi KpynnbiMH cepHHMH, onpeaejieHHon coBOKynHOCTbio kctohhhkob, rana
loxHocjiaBHHCKHx paGomen (ÜTH4, 1911).
OcHOBHbie BMBOHbi paGoTbi cBoaaTca k cneayiomeMy:
1.	Bojibman nacTb H3o6paxeHHK, ocTaßjieHHaa HacejieHHeM paHHecpeaneBeKo-
boto rioAOHba, caejiana Ha cTpoHTejibHbix MaTepnajiax KpenocTen Xaaapnn. 3th
K3o6paxeHHR ßejuiTCfl Ha HaneceHHbie bo BpeMa CTponTejibCTBa Ha KaMHH h KKp-
nnnn, h Ha noHBKBmneca Ha CTeHe yxe nocjie hoctpohkh.
2.	Bo BpeM« CTponTejibCTBa aejiajiHCb npenMymecTBeHHo npocTbie jiKHenHbie
3HaKH, He HMeiomne aHanornn cpenn shhkob nncbMeHHOCTH. Bcjieji 3a M.H. Ap-
TaMOHOBbiM moxho npennojioxHTb, hto b hx ochobc jiexann TaMm mccthofo Ha-
cejieHHa. Ho nx noaBJieHne Ha CTpoHTejibHbix MaTepnanax He yuaeTC« CBaaaTb c
yrojiHTapHbiMK HyxaaMK opraHK3annn npoyecca npoK3BO4CTBa. EanHCTBeHHbin
BbiBon, caejiaHHbin: Ha ocHOBe MaTepnanoB MaaiiKoro n CeMHKapaKopcKoro ropo-
anm, — oto to, hto jiioah, nojib3yiomnec5i oanHaKOBbiMH h Gjihskhmk 3HaKaMH
nacTo paGoTajin bmcctc. npn 3tom 3HaK TaMm CTaBmica He zuih o6o3Ha4eHna Hop-
Mbl BbipaGOTKH, a, BHflHMO, BOCnpHHKMaJlCfl K3K 3H3K nOKpOBHTeJIfl pOfla HJIH C6-
Mbn n ynoTpeCjiMJica Hapsmy c o6men3BecTHbiMn caKpajibHbiMH CHMBOJiaMH npn
oGpaaax, conpoBoxaaßmnx cTponTejibCTBo, nrpaa pojib 3aKJian.Hon xepTBbi.
3.	HsoGpaxeHH«, HaneceHHbie Ha creHbi nocjie nocTpoiiKK, HecKOJibKO otjih-
HaiOTCM OT 3H3K0B CTpOHTejieH, HO npHHLJHnnaJIbHOH pa3HHUbI B 4)0HHe H3O6paxe-
hhh hct. rpaiJxiinTn Ha creHax MaauKoro roponHina, BKJnonaiomne Gojibinoe hhcjio
CHMBOJiHHecKHx 3H3K0B, pncyHKOB, cioxeTHbix cu,eH, Ha/iHKCH n TaMrn, npe.ii.CTaB-
jimoT CBoero pozia neTpomnijjnKy, n no TexHHKe, n no MaHepe H3o6paxeHna, n no
cioxeraM, coxpaHaiomyio nepTbi, npncymne CKajibHbiM pncyHKaM cpejmeBeKOBon
Eßpa3Hn.
4.	IJeHHbIM HCTOMHHKOM JUKI peKOHCTpyKLlHn pejIHmO3HOrO MKpOBO33peHHM
HacejieHna caJiTOBO-MaauKOM KyjibTypbi hbjihiotch rpaBnpoBKK Ha KOCTHHbix H3.zi.e-
3aKnrcNeHwe	83
JIHSIX, HaHHHaa OT CJIOJKHblX CIOXCTHblX KOMnOSMUKÄ, H KOHHa« hpoctchhihmh
CHMBOJiaMH.
5.	Ha cajiTOBO-ManiiKOH KepaMHKe, KaK jiomeHOH ctojioboh, TaK h Ha Kpyxajib-
Hbix pH0JieHbIX KyXOHHblX TOpiHKaX, 3H3KH HOCJie OÖJKMra CTaBHJIMCb KpaÜHe peHKO.
Ha hhx HaxoßHT tojibko pejibe^Hbie KJieHMa. TaKxe npn $opMOBKe ocTaßjieHbi
npoHepneHHbie 3H3kh Ha jiciihoh KoneBHHHecKOH KepaMMKe.
6.	CpejiH MHoroHHCJieHHbix rpa^cjjKTM Ha npnBO3Hbix aMtJiopax He ynajiocb
BbiflBMTb KaKHX-JiHÖo rpynn H3o6pa»ceHKH, KOTopbie moxho 6buio 6bi öeaoroBopoH-
ho oTHec™ 3a chct HacejieHHM cajiTOBO-MajujKoii KyjibTypbi.
KaK noKaaaji anajina npHBO3Hon Tapnon KepaMHKH, HMnopT hejihctch Hanöo-
Jiee CJIOXHblM HCTOHHKKOM HH^OpMapHK HO CHCTCMC 3HaKOB. BKJUOHeHHe HaifaCH-
Hbix 3jjecb H3o6paxeHHH b cjjoHji rpa^JHKH MecTHOH KyjibTypbi TpeöyeT ocoGchho
TiHaTejibHoro OTÖopa, jiaxe b cjiynae coBnaneHim hx (JjopMbi c yxe H3BecTHbiMH 3Ha-
KaMH, npOHCXOZWIHHMH C JiaHHOH TeppHTOpHH.
7.	H naKOHen, necKOJibKO cjiob o toh cranHH, Ha kotopoh Haxonnjiacb rpa^HKa
rioflOHba b IX—nepBOH nojiOBHHe X b.: BpeMeHH CTponTejibCTBa h xh3hh Kpeno-
cTen XaaapHH. Ona nepexnßajia b otot nepnon ÖypHbiH pacuBer. ynoTpeßjuiBiiiaflCJi
HacejieHHeM pynnnecKan nncbMeHHOCTb eine He npoHHKJia b cncTeMy 3HaKOB: hh
Ha KaMHJix, hh Ha KKpnHHax b KauecTBe ctpohtcjibheix mctok, TaK xe KaK h Ha H3-
neJIHHX H3 KOCTH H CpejJK KJI6HM H Tpa(j)^MTH Ha MCCTHOH KepaMHKe HOHTH COBCCM
HeT GyKBeHHbix chmbojiob, innpoKO npnMeHHBniHxca b KanecTBe CTpoHTejibHbix
MCTOK B H03ÄHeaHTHHH0M MHpe, a nO3X6 B ÄOMOHTOJIbCKOH PyCH H KaK TOHHap-
Hbie KJieHMa b Bojdkckoh BojirapnM X—XII b. B cxoahom c cajiTOBO-MaauKOH rpa-
(j)HKe üepBoro BojirapcKoro iiapcTBa nocjie npMHMTHR xpncTHaHCTBa HaHHHaioT no-
HBJiaTbCH HecBOHCTBeHHbie eil paHee cioxceTbi, nocTeneHHO npHxo/jHT b 3aÖBeHne
npexHHe H3o6pa3HTejibHbie cxeMbi, HaÖjnonaeTCM hx npHMHTHBH3aiiH5i hjih, Haoöo-
poT, crpeMJieHHe nonpaxcaTb BH3aHTHHCKHM o6pa3ijaM. nonoGnaa yrpaTa Tpannnnn
rpacfjHKH — HBjieHne BceoGmee. IIpo4)eccHOHajiH3aiinM HCKyccTBa, noHBjieHHe hc-
KyccTBa npHUBopHoro HeH3ÖexH0 HannnaeT 0Ka3biBaTb BJiHHHne Ha npeBHee Hapon-
Hoe TBOpnecTBo (MnpnMaHOB, 1973: 227). B IIonoHbe npoH3BeneHHR rpac[jHKH,
KOTopbie Hecyr Ha ceöe cjienbi npo^eccHOHajibHoro MacTepcTBa, — oto hckoto-
pbie rpaßnpoBKH Ha kocthhbix hsäcjihjix. Ho hh Bbißop ckwkctob, hh cnuincTHHec-
KHe ocoöeHHOCTH eine He OTopBaHbi ot oGinen KaHBbi naponHOH KyjibTypbi, TOJib-
ko Gojiee pa$HHHpoBaHbi.
Pa3BHTne rpac|)HKH b HonoHbe oöopßajiocb paHbine, hcm b Bojiro-KaMbe h
IlonyHaBbe. Oho 3anenaTjiejio HHTepecHeninyio CTajiHio oöinecTBeHHoro co3HaHKH
BpeMeHH CTaHOBJieHKH rocynapeTBeHHoeTK. BypHoe pa3BHTne $opM coöcTBeHHO-
ctm obycjiOBHJio HeoöxonHMocTb Hcnojib3OBaHHa ßojibuioro HHCjia TaMr. Hohbjih-
ctch h innpoKO pacnpocTpaHHeTCH nncbMeHHOCTb. Ho hk pasBHBaioinaHCR rocynap-
CTBCHHOCTb, HM BJIK5IHH6 MHpOBblX peJIHTHH eine HC HOlHaTHyjIH TpaUHHHfi
rpacjjKKH, ocHOBaHHbix Ha cBOHCTBeHHOM ponoBOMy cTpoio ee pejinrH03H0-Marn-
HeCKOM BOCnpHMTHH.

JIWTEPATYPA
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Anadwoe >K. Ckmboji Ha CBeia b hhkoh npaö'bJirapcKH naMeTHHUM // Apxeo-
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Anadotcoe 2K. IIpaö'bJirapcKaTa pejinrao3Ha cucTeMa cnopeji apxeojiortmecKirre
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Anadxcoe jK. npoyHBaHna B'bpxy CTapoö'bJirapcKHTe 3Haiju (B Tbpcene Ha 3a-
KOHOMepHoc™) // Pa3KonKH h npoyaBaHwa. XXII. Co4>na, 1991.
AjieKceeea E.FI. JJpeBHjm n cpeAHeBCKOBaa KCTopna KapaaaeBO-HepKecHH. M.:
HayKa, 1971.
AneKceeea E.IT. O ceMaHTKKe opnaMCHTa rjiiiHHHbix h MCTajuinHecKux hsacjikh
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Am6po3 A.K. PaHHeaeMaeaejibHecKHM KyjibTOBbiö ckmboji (“pomö c KpioHKa-
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AnmoHoea E.B. OaepKK KyjibTypbi apeBHnx 3eMJiejiejibueB ITepeflHeH h
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86	B.E. (fcnepoBa. FpacIxBuTn Xaaapnn
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Eaünopoe C.5L HpoTo6yarapcKne □nnrpa^waecKne naMHTHHKH HacKaabHbix
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CnUCOK COKPALUEHWU
AflCB	— AHTMHHa» ÄpeBHOCTb M cpe^Hne BeKa. CBepflJIOBCK
AO	— ApXeOJIOrMHeCKKe OTKpblTHH
An	— ApxeojioriHHi naM’flTKM YCCP. KmTb
BÄH	— BecTHMK ApeBHeü hctophh
Bfl3	— Bojiro-^oHCKaa apxeojiornqecKafl 3KcnejiHiiHH
FAHMK	— Tbc. aKazieMH» hctophh MaTepnajibHon KyjibTypbi
FAPO	— Ibc. apXHB POCTOBCKOH OÖJiaCTH. PoCTOB h/,5
TOM	— Tbc. McTopHnecKHH Myaen
ra	— Ibc. SpMHTax
XMHn	— )KypHaji MnHHCTepcTBa HapojiHoro npocBeineHHS. CH6.
HA PAH	— KHCTHTyr apxeojiorHH Pocchhckoh aKajieMHH HayK
hau	
(HEAH)	— KsBecTHH Ha B-bJirapcKHH ApxeojiorHnecKH HHCTHTyr. CocfjHH
HAK	— KsBecTHa ApxeojiornnecKOH komhcchh. CH6.
HFAHMK	— K3BCCTHM Ibc. aKajieMHH HCTOPHH MaTCpHaJIbHOH KyjibTypbi
HHMK	— HHCTHTyr hctophh MarepHajibHOH KyjibTypbi
HHMB	— H3BecTH5i na HapojiHHH My3eH — BapHa
Hüp	— McTopHnecKH nperjieu. Co$hji
HPAHK	— K3BecTHa PyccKoro apxeojiorn^ecKoro HHCTHTyra
	b KoHcraHTHHonojie
KCHA	— KpaTKHe cooöineHHfl o AOKJianax h nojießbix HCCjienoBaHHJix
pfHCTMTyra apxeojiorHH AH CCCP
KCKKMK — KpaiKPie cooGmenna o noKJiaaax n nojieBHX HCCJienoßaHHax
HHCTHTyra hctophh MarepnajibHOH KyjibTypbi AH CCCP
KCH3 — KpaTKHe cooömeHH« KHCTHTyra 3THorpa4)HH AH CCCP
MAK	— MaTepwajibi no apxeojiornn KaBKaaa
MKA — Majepnajibi h HCCJienoBaHHH no apxeojiomn CCCP
H3	— HyNLH3MaTMKa h snnrpa^HKa
OABEC T3 — Otjicji apxeojiorHH Boctohhoh Eßponbi h Cnßnpn Toc. 3pMHTaxa
HTKJIA — npoTOKOjibi 3acejiaHHH h cooömeHHH hjichob TypKecTaHCKoro
KpyxcKa jnoöHTejien apxeojiorHH. TaniKeHT
PA	—	PoccMMCKaa apxeojiorna
CA	—	CoBeTCKaa apxeojionui
CÜ3	—	CooömeHKH Tbc. SpMHraxca
C3	—	CoBeTCKaa aTHorpa^nn
TIOTAK3 — Tpynbi IO>KHOTypKMeHHCTaHCKOH apxeojioTHHecKon komrjickchoh
□KcnejiMunn
SCIV — Studii cercetari de istorie veche. Bucuresti

MnnKJCTpauuu
97
TaÖJiima I. 3HaKH-rpa4>4>HTH MaauKoro ropo/inma. JN2N2 1—37
• — 3H3K Ha COXpaHMBllieÜCfl HaCTH KJiaÄKH; ä — 3H3K HaXOÄMTCfl B K0Mn03HUWH;
 — Hannen Ha jimiicboh rpaHH ÖJioxa H3 aaßajia; ▲ — HaitaeH Ha rpyßo orecaHOH noßepx-
hocth 6/ioKa; m — H3 aopeBOJiiouHOHHbix pacKonoK MaaijKoro ropoanma (aaHM 6e3 Mac-
uiTaßa)
4 3ok. 1665
98
B.E. (frnepoBa. rpa00nTn Xaaapnw
Taßjijma I. 3HaKH-rpatj)4)HTM MaaiiKoro rcpo/wma. N2N2 38—62
UnnKJCTpaunH
99
Taöjimta I. 3HaKH-rpa4)4>HTH MaauKoro ropoamna. N°N° 63-92
92
100
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpacjDtlDHTuXaaapwn
Taßjinua I. 3HaKH-rpa4>4)HTH MaaiiKoro ropoßHma. N°JV° 93—129
WnnfocTpaunw
101
TaGjiHua I. 3HaKH-rpa4)4)HTM MaapKoro ropooHiua. Na Na 130—158
w
156	•
102
B.E. OnepoBa. rpa0c|jnT0 Xaaapun
TaßjiHua I. 3naKH-rpa4)(^HTH Maauxoro ropoAHma. N2N2 159—178
178
11111
103
1/lnnrocTpaiAHH
Ta63.ua I. 3»»«.-^™ Majore ropOAHma. NSNS 179 212
104
B.E. 0nepoBa. rpa$c|DHTH Xa3apnn
Taßjimia II. PwcynKH Ha k3mhsx MaauKoro ropoflHiiia. NbJNb 1—26
105
UnniocTpaiAHM
TaSflHUa II. Phcjhkh Ha khmhhx MaaflKoro ropoflH.ua. N°Na 27 42
106
B.E. «DnepoBa. rpa00HTn Xa3apnn
TaßjiHiia III. KoMno3HUHM 3H3kob MaauKoro ropojmma. N2N9 1—27
HnniocTpai4Hn
107
Ta6jiHtta IV. 3hhkh crpoBTemai MaaHKOro ropownua. N»N« 1-39
108
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpacjxjjmki Xaaapwn
TaÖJiHiia IV. 3naKH CTpoHTejieö Maan,Koro ropo^Hma. N2N2 40—71
MnntocTpaiAHU
109
Taßjmua IV. 3h3kh CTpoHTejieii MaailKOro ropo;i.nma. Ns Ns 72-107
110
B.E. 0nepoBa. rpa00HTH Xaaapnn
Taßjiima IV. 3naKH CTpoHTejieä MaaijKoro ropo^Hii^a. N°N° 108—150
111
HjinocTpaiAVin
Ta&traa V. TonorpaiJiH« 3«aK0B erpo^eä	ropoaB.ua
112
B.E. 0nepoBa. rpacp4)n™Xa3apnn
Taöjuma VI. 3h3Kh Ha KHpnHiax Cspxejia. NbN° 1—57
A — cflejiaH nocjie oöxwra
MnniocTpaqww
113
Taßjnma VI. 3naKH na Knpnn*{ax CapKeaa. X2N2 58-116
114
B.E. cbnepoea. rpa0c}DHTnXa3apnn
Taöjnma VI. 3naKH Ha Kiipnuiax CapKejia. N°JV° 117—176
PlnniocTpauHH
115
TaöjiHiia VI. 3h3kh Ha Kupnimx CapKejia. N°N° 177—239
116
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpacJxjjHTki Xa3apnn
TaÖJiuua VL 3h3kh na Kupnunax CapKejia. N2N2 240—297
UnnfocTpaunw
117
Taöjimia VII. 3naKH Ha KwpnHMax CeMHKapaKopcKoro ropojmma h npyiHX naMHTHHKOB
A — Tonorpa4)Mfl 3H3kob b UHTajiejiw CeMUKapaKopcKOÄ KpenocTH h Ha pacKonaHHbix yna-
CTK3X CTCH. B — 3H3KH H3 KMpnMHBX CeMHK3p3KOpCKOFO TOpOflHllIS. B — 3H3KH H3 KHp-
nnw IIp3Bo6epexHoro Ummjihhckoto ropoflHUis (1—8), KapH3yxoBCKoro nocejieHHfl (9),
M3 MomjibHUKa Cspxejia — Bejion Bexn (10), Pomshobckofo 1 MormibHnK3 (11), TaM3H-
ckoto ropozinLua (12)
118
B.E. (DnepoBa. rpa4)0nTH Xaaapwn
Taöjimia VIII. rpat|)4)HTH Ha acTparajiax
® a ® ® ®
18	10	20	21	22

l—38 — IIocejieHKH: XejiToe, HoBOJiiiMapeBKa, PoraJiMK
119
MnnKJCTpaqun
TaÖJimia VIII. rpa^HTH Ha acTparajiax
39-64 — BepxHecajiTOBCKHÜ MorMJibHMK
65, 66 — IIpaBoGepexHoe LJmmjihhckoc ropoAume
67, 68 — CapKeji
120
B.E. 0nepoBa. rpactytMTU Xaaappin
Taöjinua VIII. Tpa4)4)HTH Ha acrparanax
69-101 — CapKeji
UnnrocTpauuM
121
Taöjinua IX. ÄHajiorHH 3HaKaM Ha acxparajiax
46
22	24	25
1-25 — rtepsoe EoJirapcKOe uapcTBO
26-42 — BojDKCKaa BojirapMS
43-49 _ ßpeBHepycCKHe naMSTHMKM
122
B.E. <t>nepoBa. Fpac|D0nTn Xaaapnw
TaßjiHiia X. PpaBiipoBKn Ha kocthhmx pejinKBapnax
1,2 — BepxHee CajiTOBO, MormibHHK
3, 4 — CapKeji, ropoAume
5 — MajiKw, ropoßMine
UnrnocTpaqun
123
Taßjimia X. rpaßnpoBKH na kocthhbix pejinKBapnax
6 — Manien
124
B.E. <t>nepoßa. rpacfxfwTH Xaaapun
TaßjiHua X. FpaBHpoBKH Ha kocthhmx peauKBapuax
7 — riOÄrOpOBCKMÜ MOrWIbHMK
8 — HoBOJiwMapeBKa, cejinme
9 — ZjMHTpHeBCKWÜ MOnUTbHMK
10 — KpbiM, KepnencKHM Myseii
MnnK)CTpaL|nn
125
126
B.E. <t>nepoBa. fpacpcjDwrM Xaaapnn
TaÖJiHiia XII. 3naKH Ha KepaMHKe mccthoto npoH3BOACTBa
1	a, 6 — EaraeBCKHM MorwjibHHK
2	— fepiiiKOBO, norpeöeHMe
3	— Taranpor, npexiMer H3 kocth
4	, 5 — TuTHKxa, ropOÄwme
6—8 — CapKeji, ropoaume
9—11 — TawaHCKoe ropOÄHme
12 — fepoeBKa, nocejieHwe
UnnrocTpauHn
127
128
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpa00HTM Xaaapnn
Taßjimia XIV. Fpa^HTH Ha npacjiHuax h KepaMH-iecKHx jioimuiax
1—5 — CapKeji — Bejiaa Bexa
6 — 1 H3MepcKoe cejmme
7, 8 — KpacnJibHHKOB, 1980: 73
HjiJiiocTpaunM
129
Taßjmua XV. rpa$4>HTH Ha a«4»opax CapKejia. N2N2 1-25
5 3<1K. 1665
130
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpa^wTH Xaaapwn
TaÖJiHija XV. rpa$$HTH Ha aM$opax Capxeaa. N°N° 26-51
MnnKJCTpaunn
131
TaßjiHua XV. rpa4)4>HTH Ha aM$opax CapKejia. N2N2 52—71
5*
132
B.E. cfnepoBa. rpa<t«t>mn XasapuM
Taßjnma XV. rpa<]>$MTn na ax<|rapax Capaejia. Xs.Vs 72-100
MnntocTpaijuu
133
TaÖJiima XV. fpa^^HTM «a aMtJjopax Capxejia. N°N° 101—112
134
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpa4)0HTnXa3apnn
TaöjiHixa XV.	Ha aM(|>opax CapKejia. N°N° 113—133
UnntocTpauMw
135
Tao.mua XV. rpa4>4>Mra na aMtpopax CapKejia. NsJfc 134-158
136
B.E. <t>nepoBa. fpac|Dct)HTw XaaapHU
Taö.Tiiua XV. rpa$$HTH Ha aM$opax Capnejia. N°N° 159—178
UnnKDCTpauMn
137
Taßjimia XV. rpa<»^HTH na aM^opax Capxeaa. N°N° 179—205
r93 ZOO ZO1 ZOZ ZOO 204
138
B.E. 0nepoBa. rpacfx^nTn XaaapuH
TaßjiHua XV. Fpa<|)(|)HTH na aw^opax CapKejia. N2N2 206-230
HnjuocTpauMU
139
Taöjimja XV. Fpa^tJiHTH Ha aM$opax CapKejia. N°N° 231—258
23f
1 m ess 23a ato an

140	B.E. 0nepoBa. FpacfDctDUTH Xaaapnw
Taö.THiia XV. rpa4)4)HTH Ha aM$opax CapKejia. NsNs 259—275
MnniocTpaquH
141
TaßjiMua XV. rpa$$HTH na aMtjiopax CapKejia. NaJfe 276-304
142
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpa0c|3HTn Xaaapun
TaßjiHiia XV. rpa4)4)HTH Ha aM$opax CapKejia. N2N2 305—327
HriniocTpaLiMn
143
Taßjimia XVI. Fpa<|)4)HTH Ha nH^ocax (A)
h KyBiUHHax c naocKHMH pyqKaMH (B) H3 CapKeaa
144
B.E. <t>nepoBa. rpac£c|Du™ Xaaapnw
TaßjiHija XVII. Ipa^HTH Ha aM^opax TaMaHCKoro ropo/uiina. N°N° 1-18
MnntocTpauwn
145
TaSjimia XVII. rpa4)4)HTH iia aiva^opax TaMaHCKoro ropojmma. N2N2 19—38
6 3aK. 1665
146	B.E. <t>nepoßa. rpa04)MTW Xaaapnn
Taöjuma XVII. Ipatj^wTa na aM^opax TawaacKoro ropoanma. N°N° 37-57

UnnrocTpauwn
147
Ta6jiniia XVII. rpa$$HTH Ha aM^opax TawaHCKoro ropo/mma. JV2JV2 58—73
6-

148	B.E. ^nepoBa. rpact>0nTnXa3apnn
TaÖJiHija XVII. rpa^HTH na aivM^opax TaMancKoro ropoflHina. JN2N2 74-88
UnnjocTpaquH
149
Taßjimja XVII. rpa<t>$irni Ha aM(J)opax TaiwaHCKoro roposHma. N°N° 89-108
150
B.E. Onepoea. rpaejjepMTM XaaapHH
UnniocTpauMM
151
TaSaaua XVII. rpa<M>nTH na aM<I>opax TaMaHCKoro ropoamaa. N«N» 128-139
TaöjiHna XVII. Ipa^n™ Ha aM<t>opax TaMaHCKoro ropoanma. NsM 109-127
152
B.E. <t>nepoßa. rpacp0nTn Xa3apnn
TaÖJiHua XVIII. Ipa^H-ra na nH$ocax (A)
h KyBiiiHHax (B) TaMaHCKoro ropo/mma
UnniocTpauwM
153
Taojinija XIX. CTpararpa^HiecKoe pacnpe/iejiemie tmiiob rpac^HTM
b cjiomx CapKejia-Beaofi Bexn
C/1OU	THHbl 3MK0B C/lPKEPA (packonku. 1S49-1951z.)	ßcezo (ppasM.
V	fc H (Vy(U A * f 60 ei 63 tu 212	261 281	292 213	17
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m nepßaa no/wßu.- HCtXIß.	6 _ 7 10 n~75 ,B 19 137=24 26 33 ” 36 93 8-3 R M	A	M'	»<!	X	f	J^Tl "? 956 V 67	'68	69 72	77	34	90	91	34	^90 192//a3 m Tb	H’l-tüs	w	mni	KO	tt	r-A	M	21	xMA. 7V ''ff7 122	144	r'js2i	429	157	162	135	172	173	773	tfz	136 168 W	.cL iuj A A A i. Y y r 167 203'206^208 2!7_ 21675) pj 255236	253256 257 J/	' Jp. py -# X X A X < W ’S« 262 264 ^266 ' 276 ' 282 297 238 303 306 379	93
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H'o. 30~60e ZOÖbl Xß.	ttÄ t W S A <7 mW 29 47^ '96 97 118 ß2 200995209 216222'	41
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B paMKy oÖBeaeHbi rpa(J)(J)n™ Ha aMtjjopax GejiosexcKoro nepnona
b cjiosx IX-nepBoft nojioBMHbi X b.
K — KyBJLIIHH
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CMK — cajiTOBo-MaaiiKafl KepaMmca
154
B.E. OnepoBa. Tpac|x|3HTH Xaaapnu
Taöjiima XX. CTpaTürpa^HHecKoe pacnpe;iejieHne
TunoB rpa4)(f)HTH b cjiohx TawancKoro ropoAnnja
CJ1OU	TMnbl 3H/1K0B APEBHEH TMXT/IP/IKAHM	ßceso (ppa2M.
K0H6U, xm- xvmß.	M 67 ^Sg M W	37 'i	87
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MnniocTpauwn
155
TaÖJimja XXL Ochobhmc tmiim 3H3kob naMMTHHKOB XasapHH
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
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+ * ±	+	5/>F	-H			“+++ s+
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yy T	Y X		Tfc-I			
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c ave		s f. ff		3		
x r	x-x-H	S X		X	X	0
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1 — CpejjHKM floH: MaaiiKoe ropoanme; 2 — HmdkhmB JJoh: CapKeji; 3 — Hmxhmm Z(oh:
a — CeMHKapaKopcKoe ropojiwme, 6 — ITpaBo6epe>KHoe Ummjihhckoc ropoziKme; 4 — Ce-
BepHbiii KaBKaa: XyMapwHCKoe ropcwniue; 5 — Kpmm; 6 — 3Haicn Ha acTparajiax; 7 — Ke-
paMHMecKMe KJieüMa: a — TIoflOHbe, 6 — KpbiM
156
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Taßjuma XXII. AnajioniH pucyHxaM
IIoflOHbfl b rpatjjMKe üepBoro SoJirapcKoro papcTBa
1 — Manien, ropoaMuie
2, 3 — IIjiMCKa
157
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TaßjiHua XXII. ÄHaJionm pHcynKaM
rioflOHbfl b rpa^HKe IlepBoro BoJirapcKoro uapcTBa
4
5
4, 6 — MaauKoe ropojwme
5’ 7 — IIpecJiaB
158
B.E. 0repoBa. rpa<£4MrnXa3apnn
8 — CapKeji
9, 11, 12, 14, 16 — MasuKoe ropoaume
10, 13 — IIjiKCKa
15 — IJapeBeu
17 — Kocobo
MnntocTpaunn
159
TaÖJimxa XXII. AHajiorHH pncyHK3M
ÜOAOHbH b rpa$HKe üepBoro Bojirapcxoro uapcrsa
25, 27
18, 19, 23, 29, 30
20, 22, 28
— CapKeji
— MaauKoe ropo^wuie
— UapeBeu
21 — PIpecjiaB
24 — ÜJiHCKa
26 — OßaapoBo
31 — KapjiyKOBO
nPMJlOJKEHME 1
N2N2
MaTpnua
N° pnc. |a|6|B|r|ji|e|x|3|n|K|ji|M|H|o|n|p|c|T|/
MaxuKoe
Taöji. II
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
la	0	0	0	1	1
16	0	0	0	1	1
2	0	0	0	1	1
3	0	0	0	1	1
4	0	0	1	0	0
5	10	0	11
8	1	0	0	0	0
9	1	0	0	0	0
10	0	0	1	0	0
11	0	0	10	0
12	0	0	1	0	0
13	0	0	1	0	0
14	1	0	0	0	0
15	1	0	0	0	0
166	0	1	0	0	0
16b	0	10	0	0
17	0	0 '0	1	1
18	10	0	11
19	10	0	11
20	0	0	1	0	0
21	0	0	0	0	0
22a	1	0	0	0	0
226	1	0	0	0	0
23	0	0	1	0	0
24a	0	0 10	0
246	0	0	0	0	0
246	0	0 0	0	0
26	0	0	0	0	0
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28	1	0	0	0	0
29	0	0	0	1	1
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31	0	10	0	0
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1 0 0 0 1 1 1
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110 1110
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110	0	110
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0	0	0	0	0	0	0
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0	0	0	0	1	0	0
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Chmcok npn3HaK0B ypoBHR CTMJiwaai^nw pncyHKOB:
a — HajiHHHe cxeMbi; 6 — Teno xhbothoto nepejiaHO oahoü jinHweft; b — cxeMa nacTWHHO
HapymeHa: oTaeneHbi Hora, men hjih ronoßa; r — Kpyn umcct o6beMHbie $>opMbi; a — hotm
HMeiOT crn6bi b paflone cycTaBOB; e — Mopaa umcct aaMKHyrbiü Konryp; x — yiim; 3 —
maaa; m — rpHBa (pora); k — xboct; ji — Konbrra (jianbi); m — nacTb; w — rpnßa, umcct
KOHTyp (pora); o — xboct umcct KOHiyp; n — ma3 nepe/iaH KpyxKOM; p — opHaMCHTauna
(Jjnrypbi xhbothoto; c — yuiH nepenanbi KomypoM; t — 2 hoth nepe/iaHbi KOHTypOM; y — 4
hoth nepeaaHbi KOHTypOM; 1 — HariHMHe npM3HaKa; 0 — OTcyrcTBHe npn3HaKa.
ripwnoxeHwe 1
161
N°N°
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
MaTpmja (npoflonxeHwe)
Ns pnc, |a|6|B|r|a|e|x.|3|it[K|;i|M.|H|o|n|p|c|T|y
CapKeji
Ta&n. VI
272
273
274
275
276
280
280
281
284
285
POMaHOBCKHH
MOmJIbHHK
Taßji VII, 11
KoCTHHbie
H3,nejTna
CapKeji
Taßji. XI,2
Ocjimk
Taßji. X,4
OjieHb
CajiroBO
Taßji. X,l,2
OjieHb
JleB n Gapaii
2 coßaxn m Tinea
JIaHb
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Taßji. X,6
2 KOHH
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Taßji. X,3
KOHb
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Taßji. X,10
Jlomajib
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TypHMpHaa Taönmja (npoftonxeHne)
hfejxfe | 171 18 | 19 I 20 I 21 | 22 I 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 311 32
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
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17	0	0
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8	17	17	17	0	67
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0	0	0 33 0 0	0 50
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17	0	0	33	50	0	0	0	0	50
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60	13	13	13	20	30	20	5	0	20
33	4	4	13	25	38	25	6	0	25
60	19	19	19	7	19	7	7	0	29
0	0	0000	0000
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53	27	27	27	10	7	10	10	0	40
8	17	17	17	0	67	100	25	0	25
8	17	17	0	0	67	25	0	0	0
44	17	100	27	0	7	17	17	33	17
46	15	15	4	0	15	6	6	0	6
30	0	0	60	10	27	10	40	20	40
38	19	19	43	29	0	7	29	14	29
17	8	8	22	0	8	13	50	25	13
45	9	9	9	13	9	3	3	0	13
30	10	10	3	14	2	0	0	0	4
38	8	8	8	13	8	3	3	0	13
38	8	8	8	13	8	3	3	0	13
38	8	8	8	13	8	3	3	0	13
43	10	10	9	14	10	4	4	0	14
46	15	15	15	6	15	6	6	9	15
33	4	4	13	25	17	6	6	0	25
30	4	4	15	22	16	6	6	0	22
38	75	75	0	0	33	13	0	0	0
17	75	75	0	13	8	13	0	0	0
30	60	60	7	40	7	10	0	0	10
38.	33	33	8	0	75	50	13	0	13
38	75	75	0	0	33	13	0	0	0
67	15	15	15	22	15	6	6	0	22
10 10
13 13 45
14 14 36 16
0 0
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0 0
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20 0
0 0
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6 6
6 6
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11 11
13 13
211 11
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30 38
13 17
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36 29
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54 41
35 32
51 38
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58 32
54 13
45 25
40 22
10 13
40 13
50 23
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71 35
0
19
19
19
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6
46
7
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26
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37
44
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78
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33 33| 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 140 1411 42 143 [ 44 | 45 146 147 | _4jT
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0	44	17
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0	17	100	17	0	25	10
0	17	25	17	10	25	0 25
0	44	17	100	27	0	7	17
0	15	6	15	2	0	20	6
27	27	10	60	16	0	16	10
0	5	7	19	26	0	46	7
0	8	13	33	5	13	45	13
0	9	3	2	21	3	33	3
0	2	0	2	27	4	27	0
0	8	0	2	23	4	36	0
0	8	0	2	23	4	36	0
0	8	0	2	23	4	36	0
0	10	4	10	13	4	36	4
0	15	6	15	9	6	56	6
0	17	6	17	10	6	40	6
0	15	6	15	9	6	36	6
0	8	13	9	5	13	20	13
0	0	13	0	5	13	20	13
0	0	10	0	4	10	36	10
0	33	50	33	13	20	50	50
0	8	13	9	5	13	20	13
0	15	6	15	20	0	36	6
17
6 15
10 60 20
0	19	14	26
0	33	25	45	32
3	2	60	21	15	27
3	2	51	13	26	16	93
3	2	56	20	32	39	82	82
3	2	56	20	32	39	82	82	100
3	2	56	20	32	39	82	82	100
4	10	51	23	26	45	80	73	86
6	15	44	20	25	25	60	51	56
6	17	35	23	29	13	53	44	50
6	15	44	20	25	11	60	51	56
50	9	25	5	14	6	15	16	14
13	0	11	0	32	6	15	16	14
10	0	9	4	46	5	21	27	20
50	33	25	20	14	6	15	4	14
50	9	25	5	14	6	15	16	14
6	15	44	20	40	11	60	51	56
49 ~5Ö| 31 |S2| 63 |54 | 55 | 56| 5? | 58 |3T
100
86 86
56 56 51
50	50	57	66
56	56	51	60	89
14	14	16	25	13	11
14	14	16	11	13	11	25
20	20	27	20	23	20	45	80
14	14	16	25	28	25	56	25	20
14	14	16	25	13	11	100	25	45	56
56	56	64	60	50	44	25	25	35	25 25
164
B.E. (fcnepoBa. rpacß0HTMXa3apHM
KnaccutJonKaMMfl pwcyHKOB mubothbix carrroBo-MaHLiKoii KyjibTypbi
no ypOBHK) MX CTHJlM3aqHM
nPMJICOKEHHE 2
BaawMOBCTpeMaeMocTb throb mgtok Knpnuneti CapKena
B OflHOÜ KOMRO3HI40W
1	— oötuee sncno coneTaHKUi c flpyrnMW Tnnawn 3HaKOB
2	— Bcero 3HaKOB aaHHoro Twna b KonneKUMM CapKena
3	— Mucno KHpnuHeü, MeneHbix TonbKO btwm 3H3Kom
4	— HMcno Knpnumew, rße 3tot 3HaK npncyicTByeT b KOMnoswuwn
a-fl — peflKne coMeTawnn, He BOLuefliUHe b Taönmiy B3anMOBCTpesaeMOCTn; oÖBefleHHbie
b KpyxoK L(nc|3pbi y neBoro nona o6o3HanaK)T mkcho cnyMaeß, Korfla 3HaK flaHHoro ™na
3aHWMaeT b komdoshlimh noflMWHeHHoe nonoxewwe
nPHnOJKEHME 3
CoOTHOLUeHMe THHOB M6T0K M $OpMaTOB KkipnHHeÜ
PacnpepeneHwe paawepoB ctopoh MeneHbix KMpnMHeü CapKena
X	m	w	X'W	<X-X)	(X-X)2	(X~xfw
10	2	0,005	0,050	-14,8	219,04	1,0952
11	11	0,027	0,300	-13,8	190,44	5,1419
12	1	0,003	0,036	-12,8	163,84	0,4915
14	8	0,020	0,280	-10,8	116,64	2,3328
15	2	0,005	0,075	-9,8	96,04	0,4802
16	2	0,005	0,080	-8,8	77,44	0,3872
18	2	0,005	0,090	-6,8	46,24	0,2312
19	1	0,003	0,057	“5,8	33,64	0,1009
20	20	0,050	1,000	“4,8	23,04	1,1520
21	11	0,027	0,567	-3,8	14,44	0,3899
22	2	0,005	0,110	-2,8	7,84	0,0392
23	6	0,015	0,345	-1,8	3,24	0,0486
24	49	0,122	2,928	-0,8	0,64	0,0781
25	115	0,285	7,125	0,2	0,04	0,2850
26	34	0,084	2,184	1,2	1,44	0,1209
27	55	0,137	3,699	2,2	4,84	0,6631
28	39	0,097	2,716	3,2	10,24	0,9933
29	31	0,077	2,233	4,2	17,64	1,3583
30	12	0,03	0,900	5,2	27,04	0,8112
	n	= 403	x=24,8	2 er =	16,2005	
x — pasMepii ctopoh Kupnnnen b cm; m — nacroTa aawepoB «aHHoro napaMerpa;
n — oßmee hmcjio aaMcpos; w — HacTOTHocn» npn3HaKa; x — cpejmee apH^MenwecKoe
3HaHeHne npii3HaKa; o2 — ÄMcnepciM. CpejnieKBaApanwecKoe onaioHeHHe er2 = 4,025
ripoeepKa HopManbHOCTM pacnpefleneHHH paawepos ctopoh
capKenbCKMX Kupnuneii
1.	CyMMa nacTOT npnaHaKa Mexqiy x — 0,3 • er w x + 0,3 • o ^ojixna paBHHTbCH
0,25 ot n = 403, T.e. = 100,75. 2/n Mexny 23,6 n 26,01=198
2.	CyMMa uacTOT Mexuy 3HaHeHKHMV[ npn3HaKa x — 0,7 • o k x + 0,7 • o aoji-
xna paBHflTbca 0,5 ot n = 201,5. S m Mexuy 21,98 h 27,62 = 272
3.	CyMMa nacTOT Mexny 3HaHeHHMMK npn3HaKa x—1,1 - an x +1,1- er äoji-
xna paBHflTbcn 0,75 ot n = 302,25. S m MOKjjy 20,37 w 29,2 = 362
4.	CyMMa nacTOT Mexay SHaneHHriMH npw3HaKa x — 3  a n x + 3 • o äojdk-
Ha paBHflTbca 0,998 ot n = 402,2. Sm Mexoy 12,7 w 36,8 = 389
PacnpeziejieHKe aHaneHnn npw3HaKa He cooTBercTByeT HopMajibHOMy. B BbiöopKe
WMeeTca HecKOjibKO cTamiapTOB KnpnHweft.
npnno>KeHue 3
167
KonwHecTBeHHoe pacnpefleneHwe cjjopiviaTOB MeneHbix Kupnuneü
(no flsyM napaMeTpaM)
PacnpefleneHne cpopwaTOB MeneHbix KHpnimeH
(no oflHOMy napawierpy)
KonnMecTBO
a — MeqeHbie KwpnuHM
KBaßpaiHow cj^opMbi
W CO BTOpOÜ CTOpOHOM
MeHbLue na 1 cm;
6 — oßujee mmcjio aaMepoB napaMerpa
CTOpOHbl KWpnHMa, npw KOTOpblX
BTopaa CTopoHa MeHbiue nnw paswa
eMy;
e — to xe, ho BTopafl CTopona 6onbwe
nnii paBHa.

168
B.E. (Pneposa. rpa00n™ Xaaapnn
CooTHouieHne thhob mctok h cfjopMaTOB khphmmcm
— HannMwe 3HaKa
flaHHoro mna
wa KHpnuHe;
— ycnoÄHeHHbifi
Tun 3Haxa;
— 3H3KB
KOMHO3HI4HH
c flpyrKMM
— cnoxHbie m
KpMBOJlMHeÜHbie
3H3KH
I 2 | d
— pncyHKH
r
npwnoweHMe 3
169
170
B.E. 4>nepoBa. rpacf)4)HTn Xa3apnw
Taßjmqa 1
CooTHomeHse xapaxrepa noBepxHOcni KaMemiMx Gjiokob Mampcoro ropojinma
h FJiyÖHHbi pejn»e(t)a 3H3K0B
Mecro HaHecenna 3HaKa na 6jiokc	rjiyöKHa pejibetjia (b mm)		
	0-3	4-5 ]	6-40
Ha cTene	36	1	—
Ha jiHiiesoit noBepxHocni Bjiokob h3 3asaJioB	21	1	—
Ha HepoBHoö noBepxHoc-ni Gjiokob H3 3asajioB	45	53	36
Taßjnma 2
PacnpeflejieHHe 3HaKOB CTpoirreJiefi na paxiHmitix yaacrKax MaaipcoH KpenocTH
Taßnapa 3
KojiinecTBeHHoe cooTHonieiiHe 3H3kob paanwx paapjmoB, c;ienaHHtix bo Bpewa
cTpoHTejibCTBa h nocjie nocrpoHXH MaapsoH Kpenocra
Pa3p«ÄM 3H3KOB	Crena	Heonpe- ÄeneHHo	Ao yKJiaßKM	3HaKH CTpoHrejieft
PeoMeTpHHecKHe 4>Hrypu:	35	18	4	3
HpocTBie jiHHeÜHLie pncy»Kn	62	46	14	146
3oo- n aHTponoMop4>HBie 4>nrypbi	28	28	1?	1
CjIOXHMe M KpHBOJIHHeÜHBie	12	4	3	9
Taönmibi 1-5
171
Taöjinua 4
PacnpeaejieHHe (JjparMeHTOB KepaMHKH c rpa^HTH b cjiohx
Taöjinna 5
OniocHTejibHaH iuiothocti> pacnpeflejieHHH ^parMenroB TapHoii
icepaMHKn c rpa$4)HTH b cjiohx TaMancKoro ropoßHina
Cjioü	IJeHTpanbHbie pacKonu			BoCTOHHKe paCKOIIM			Sh (iiemp.) Sh (boct.)	I	Othoch- TCjibHaa T, TTrvr'xJrm'I'K	•
	S	h	Sh	5*	h	Sh				
XIII-XIIII B.	17	0,6	10,2	0	0	0	10,2	87	8,5	
XII-cep.XIII b.	15	0,6	9,0	0	0	0	9,0	64	7,1	
K.X-XI B.	14	0,4	5,6	3	0,8	2,4	8,0	61	7,6	
VIII-X B.	14	0,5	7,0	3	1,8	5,4	12,4	24	1,9	
5 — hhcjio pacKonoB co cjioeM JzaHHoro BpeMemi
h — TOJimMHa cjiofl b Merpax
COflEPXAHME
Zusammenfassung.............................................      ......3
BßeaeHHe..............................................................  7
Eriasa I. HcTopHorpatjjH'iecKMH ouepK..............................    11
Tjiaßa II. 3hbkh na CTpoHTejibHbix Majepnajiax.......................  23
3naKn m pncyHKH Ha KaMHe
(no MaTepnajiaM MajnjKoro ropOÄHma)...............................24
Mctkh na KHpnnnax
(CapKeji. CeMKKapaKopbi. IIpaBoßepexHoe ropojiHme)................43
Fjiaßa III. rpasHpoßKM na kocthhmx M3AejiH»x...........................55
3hbkh Ha acTparajiax..............................................55
PejiHKBapnn.....................................................  59
Tjiaßa IV. rpa$4)HTH na KepaMHKe.......................................67
3hbkh Ha MecTHOM KepaMHKe.......................................  67
Tpa^HTK Ha npHBO3Hon KepaMHKe.................................    69
3aKJiiOReHHe...........................................................81
JlrrrepaTypa.........................................................  85
CnncoK coKpameHHü......................................................95
HjDIIOCTpaLIHH.........................................................97
IIpHJioxceHHe 1......................................................    160
IIpHJioxceHHe 2........................................................165
IIpHJio>KeHHe 3......................................................    166
TaßjiHHbi 1—5.........................................................  170
Haynnoe mjiaHHe
OnepoBa BajieHTHHa EßreHteBHa
EPAOOHTPI
XA3APHH
YTBepxßeHo k nenara
ÜHCTMTyroM apxeojiorim PAH
rpynna nonroTOBKM nsjiaHwa:
JJnpeKTop
ÄOMHHrO MAPHH PHKOH
3aM. jnipeKTopa
HATAJIbH (DHHOFEHOBA
MaKCT
HPHHA MAKEEBA
XyÄOxecTBeHHbiw penaKTOp
AJIEKCAHÄPA ATABHHA,
bacujihH noflOBEA
TexHunecKKK pe,aaKTop
AHHAflYBOBA,
MAPHHA KOnbUIOBA
JIP N° 064418 ot 24.01.96 r.
rio^nMcaHO k nenaTM 23.12.96 r.
OopMaT 70x100/16. Tnpax 1000 3K3. ByMara o^jceTHaa.
TapHHTypa TaüMC. Ilen. ji. 11. 3ax. Ne 1665
KaaarejibCTBo "SanTopnaji YPCC”
113208, r. MocKBa, yji. HepTaHOBCKaa, a. 2/11, kom. npaB.
OTneqaTaHo b AOOT “IlojiHTex—4”
129110, r. MocKBa, yn. B. IlepeflcjiaBCKafl, 46
3ra KHMra — o aaeaflax, onenux,
KOHIIX C JieÖeAHHMMW UJOAMM,
TpeayÖuax m mhofom ApyroM,
aanewameHHOM b pMcyHxax
cpeAHeaeKOBbix oÖMTaTenen no/joHb«.
B VIII-X BB. H. 3. OHO BXOßMJlO B C0CT3B
MorytuecTBGHHoro Xaaapcxoro
Karanaia. OcpHpwa/ibHow pennrneM
□Toro rocyflapcTBa b to BpeMn 6bin
wyAan3M, ho ocHOBHoe HaceneHHe
npoAonxa.no npMAepxwBaibcn
fl3biH6CKOH penMrMoaHon npaKTMKM.
Oahmm m3 ee cocTaansuoiAnx sanflnocb
oöpRAoaoe rpa<f)MHecKoe MCxyccTBo, ot
Bcero MHoroo6pa3MB Koroporo ao
Hauiero bpomchm aoloam TonbKO
M3o6paxeHMB, BbipeaaHHbie HaTBep/jwx
MaTepwanax. CioxeTbi 3H3kob
AononHHKJT MHoro^MrypHbie
komho3mumm, yxpaujaBUJue p«A
yHHKanbHwx H3AeJinn. Ohm OTKpbisatOT
B03M0XH0CTb HpMKOCHyTbCB K
CTpOMHOMy M CHOXHOMy
MM<t)OJlOrMHeCKOMy MMpy CBOMX
co3A3TeneM.
B coBceM MHyto oönacTb
npaKTMHecKoro npMMeHeHM« rpatJjMKM
yBOAAT Hac öyKBeHHbie m pM^poBbie
oöoaHaseHMfl, ocTaaneHHbie KynuaMW na
aM<t>OpaX. B KOTOpblX OHM npMBO3MBM
TOBap b floAOHbe m ripnaaoBbe.
OB ABTOPE
0J1EPOBA BaneHTMHa EsreHbeBHa — coTpyAHM« MHCTMryra apxeonorMM
Poccmmckom axaAeMMM Hayx, cneunanMCT no rpacpMKe, MaoöpaaMTejibHOMy
MCxyccTBy m BeposaHMBM Xaaapcxoro xaraHaia. Abtop 6onee 30 nyönMKauMM, b
tom HMcne: MuTOJiortweH donter Bt>pxy paHHOÖbfirapcKoro naßen ne ot noßonnero
(ApxeonorMfl, Kh. 2. Co4>ma, 1990), rpacpfpnrn Ha KyiptwecKUX MOHerax,
oöpamaBLUHXCfi b Boctohhoh Eßpone b IX-X bb. (ApeBHenojMe rocyAapcTBa
Boctohhom Esponbi. M.: Hayna, 1994), Oöpaa Mupa b M3o6pa3HTenbHOM
HcxyccTBe XaaapHH (PoccMMCKaa apxe
nocBfliuena KOCTopeaHOM
IOxhoto ypana. Y4>a, 19
(KynbTypa espaawMCKHX c
, N°4). CepMfl nyönMKaqMM
(KypraHbi kohoshmkob
b CapKc/ie — Eejiou Bexe
bic. h. 3. CaMapa, 1996).