Cepeeu Top6amoB

YKPETIUTEAHAIA
CUCTEMA HA

nPoBuHuufl cKurufl
(kpax Ha III - VII B.)
THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE LATE
ROMAN PROVINCE OT SCYTHIA
(the end of the 3rd - the 7th century A.D.)

Faber 20Oz

@
@

Cepren Eopucon Top6aroa

rs4areacroo "@a6ep",

ISBN

- arrop, ZOO2

2OO2

954-775-tt3-L

F naaen ila luadKa

/t4u...

Cepren Eopncoo Top6aron

Ynpennrednara cncreMa Ha npoBnHqrea Crnrna
(rpaa na III - VIIe.)
a
@opmar TOllOO/16

Ileqarnn nonu 55,5
kls4arencrur *oan 28

a
npeAneqaTHa noAnoToBKa H [ei{aT

Faber

-

B. TBpHoBo (062) SS Zb6

e-mail: fa ber@polypress. bg

cbIbPxAHI,IE
IIPEATOBOP

............

................. s

Yeod

nPoBI{HIIVIfl ,CK*rTt4fl BMMITHI,ICTPATUBHATAUBOEHHA
cTPyKTyPA HA PIIMCKATA I,IMIIEPI,Ifl .................
...........................
1. YupegxnaHe

u agM[rHrrcrpar[BHo y[paBJreHrre

2. fpanuqu
3. Boenna opraHrr3arlurr

..............

......

11
11

........................ 14

..........."...........22

fnaaa I
r{3BOPU 3A yKPEIrI{TEJIHATA CI,TCTEMA HA rIPOB[HIItIfl CKr,rTr,Ifl ......29
1. flucuenu cBeAenrlrr
......29
2. EnrrpaScKr,r cBrrAereJrcrBa:
..............49

naMerHrrrlu..............
............. 50
E. Terynapen enrarpa$cKu MarepuaJr............... ............... 61
3. ApxeonoruqecKr{ AaHHrr:
.................64
A. flauuu or apxeoJrorr{lrecKr,r pa3KorrKr
.....................,.64
E. flanur,r or repeHHrr npoyr{BaHus
..............67
B. fiannu or aepo$ororpa$cxn rmcJreABaHrrrr ............... 69
A. Jlanu4apHu

fnaea II
KOMTIOHEHTUTE HA

CI{CTEMATA

..,........71
1. @ynrqr{ouaJrHo E T}rfloJroruqecKo c'bgcpxaur,re Ha KbcHoaHTur{Hara

..............
A. Jlarprncxrn repr{Hpr
B. fp'rqrn repMlrHlr

QopruQnxaqlroHHa repMrruonrur:

...................... 71

.................74
.................. 83

2. KonmpyKrrlBuo-crporrreJrHu oco6enocrz, QymquoHanno
upegua3HaqeHr,re u xpouoJrorru{ Ha yKperleHlrre o6exru B npoBlrHrlr{r Cxr,rruq: . 86
A. Yxpeuenu:re o6exru ro [yHaBcKut 6prl.
.................. 86
E. YxpeneHnre o6errr.r no MopcKoro rpaft6pexue ........................ 1 66

B. Yrpeneuure

l. Incerta
Tnaea

III

PA3BI,rTrrE HA

o6exu

B'bB

BbrpelxHocrra Ha npoBrrHrlnsra ......271
............... 376

C,ICTEMATA.............

.............,......
...........
A. Or Kpafl Ha III go n'spnara roJroBrrsa sa V B..............................
E. Or cpegara Ha V s. Ao Kpar Ha KbcHara aurr,rrrHocr ..................
2.TTepuogn3arl[s Ha pa3Br.rrrrero Ha yKpeflrrreJrHara cr{creMa.................
1. KnacraQr,rKaqr{, Ha yKpenenure o6exrpr:

.................

395
395

400
406
408

fnaea IV
CI{CTEMATA B AETICTBI{E ................
1. Or6panara Ha [rMnepcKara rpaHr,rrla u crrcreMara 3a

..................... 435

...............
2. YxpeuneHr{sra rro MopcKrrr 6pxr ..........
3. 3aqurara Ha npoBr,rHrluaJrHoro HaceJreHr.re

B'brperrrHo-rrpoBrrHrlr{zrJrua crrrypHocr

............. 435

...........442

.....452

3AKIrcIIEHI,IE..........

............ 456

CNI{CbK HA II3NOJI3BAHATA JII,ITEPATYPA ............
1.

2.

Kupnnnqa.................
Ilaruuru\a.................

cil[IC]K

HA

SUMMARY

OEPA3T,TTE

(Pesror'ae na

anrnnrlcxu

esux)

..... 464

....464
.... 476
...................... 509

...................517

MPEMM@D@P
B npcg'uxeHrle Ea xl,IJrrgoJrerlrfl ceBepor,r3TorrHr,rre [peneJrlr na BanrancKI{, noJryocrpoB ca [peAcraBJrrBaJrr{ cBoeo6paeeu rrcropr4rrecKr,r Kptcron'br, Koero
cnpaBeAJrI,IBo e AaJIo ocHoBaHI4e ga 6rgar xapaKTeprl3ilpaur B c'bBpeMeHHara r4cropuorpa$rax Karo e[Ha ot nali-xpro I43ffBeHr{Te erHo-KyJrrypHr{ KoHTaKTHT{ soHr{.
Cneqn$nrara Ha 3eMr.rre Mexny nafi-qonnoro rer{eu[e na p. fiyuan u tlepuo uope
e 6una sa6erqsaHa oqe or aHTI{qHr{Te aBToprr, B'bBeJrr{ a yno-rpe6a narl-xtcno
npe3 eJrIrHr,IcrultecKara e[oxa HapoqeH To[oHr{M 3a o3HarraBaHe Ha roora parlou
"MarKa CKkrrvg". c yvpeqxnaHero B Kpaf, Ha III s. cr. Xp. uuenno ryK Ha eAHa
HoBa pIrMcKa [poBI,IHIdpIs, Hapeqena CKurux, noBer{e r4JrI{ no-MaJrro a6crparrHoro
AororaBa reorpa$cro IroHrrl{e Manxa Cxurus. npu4o6nlo He caMo cbBceM KoHKperHo aAMI'IHLICTpaTI4BHO-Tepr,rroprraJrHo l{3MepeHr{e, Ho ce u 3a[a3l{Jro qaK AO Kpafl
Ha K'bcHara aHTI{qHocr Karo aJITepHaruBHa (neoQraqlrarura!)
$oprraa Ha [poB[rr{rlr4AJIHOTO I{ME.

AqrraruncrparlrBnara o6oco6enocr r,r orHocr,rreJrHa [oJrr{Tr{Ko-r.rcropuqecKa caMocrortnocr rra 3eMrra MexAy narz-gonuoro reqeHue na p. fiyuan u gepno
Mope, [peAonpeAeJleHla or caMoro uu reorpa0cKo MecronoJroxeHr{e, ce 3arra3rurJrrir
!r [pe3 cpeAHoBeKOBr4erO. TOnOsnutr Malra Crurvtx 6ul ea6paeeH, Ho BeporrHo
HacKopo cJreA c'b3AaBaHero ua o'urapcKara ABpxaBa Ha ror or fiyuana B'bpxy c.bIrlara ra3u Tepl4Topl,tfl ce pa3npocrpaHr.rJro Ha3BaHrlero "KapnyncxaseMs.(o6:racr)".
Hacr:oxrqoro [rMe Ha perrroHa - ",[o6pygxa" - ce yrB'bp)KAaBa B rrrrcMeHara rpaAr4XV s. u c'bxpaHflBa c[oMeHa 3a Morbqr,rx $eoganen BJraAereJr [ecllor
,[o6poruqa, ynpaBJIflBaJI npe3 XIV s. o6oco6unoro ce B ceBepor{3ror{Hr,rre [pe[eJrr4

rlr.rfl rrpe3

Ha cpe[HoBeKoBHara

6'slrapcra

A6p)KaBa He3aBr4cr.rMo KHDKecrBo.

C nuxeugupaHero Ha ocMaucKoro BraAr4rrecrBo no flonulr fiynao, no cr{JraTa Ha Eepnuncrlm Ar{KTar or 1878 r., nopoAeH or c6mc.rra Ha r.rHTepecr{rJ Ha
Benlrnare cvrvt v [IHTpI{rIrre na enponeficKara Ar.rnJIoMarIXrr, cauo6uruara r{ xoMoreHHa B ucropr4Ko-reorpaQcro r4 erHoKyJrrypHo orHorrreHr{e 3eMfl Ha fio6pygxa ce
oKa3Ba I,I3KycrBeHo [oAeJIeHa MexAy Kpancrso Pyutunr ra Knsxecrno E'snraprar.

Honoctsqa[euara noirl,ITur{ecKa peaJrnocr HacrrJrcrBeHo pa3K'bcBa BeKoBHo ycraHOBeHII B'bTpeIIIHOper[IOHaJIHI{ Bp'b3KH I{ B3a[IMOOTHOIIIeHLIfl LI B 3HaqIITeJIHa cTe-

I{TeJrcrBo, ocblrlecrBeHo B Te3r{ 3eMI{ [pe3 KtcHoaHTrruHara e[oxa. 3a uerpaxgalre

o6eua u gncnoKar{}rrrra Ha roBa crpoI{reJrcrBo cuoco6crnynar cr6paruiTe Ha 6asara Ha repeHH}r o6xo>xganu, n aepoSororpaScrlr rr3cJre[BaHr,rq cBeAeHrrfl 3a MHoxecrBo Apyr[ yKpeneH[ o6eKru, ntKorr or Korrro seqe 6essr3BparHo rasry6euu sa uayxara2.
Oopru$uxaqlroHHara reMa oce3areJrHo lrpprcBcrByBa Ha crpaHrrrlrrre Ha
Bclrr{Klr ctqr{Heurlr, npe4Jlararrdn o6o6u{araq [orJreg Bbpxy rrcropr{rra I,I KyJrrypaTa B seMrrre Ha AH. fio6pygxa trpe3 aHrr,rqHara eloxa3. Orq" flo-coJrrrgHo e 3acr6neHa Tfl B TpyAoBere, pa3rrcKBarql,r BB[pocfiTe Ha BoeHrraTa opfaHfi3arlu, rro Te3rI
Mecra rtpe3 prrMcKara [I K'bcnoaHTr{qHara enoxa4. Orgemru acIIeKTE Ha yKpeluTeJTHOTO cTpOuTeJrcTBo B perrroHa ca upeAMeT Aopu Ir Ha creqllzululr rrlouorpaQuvHu rr3cJreABattus'.flo pas6upaeMu [pnquHn o6ave, flpo[r,rKTyBaHrr KaKTo or c'bBpeHa cpaBHlrrenHo [paBgr,rBa npegcraBa orHocuo

MeHHOTO C'bCTOflHlIe Ha [pOyrrBaHVtflTA, TaKa r{ OT KOHKpeTHO [OCTaBeHI,ITe I,I3CJIe-

AoBareJrcKlr IIeJIr,r, Bctrlrxn r.rs6poenu c'brrlrHeHlra 6opanrr c uog6pana r,r3BaAKa or
rr He [aBar peaJrHa rrpe[craBa 3a c'bcraBa rr repr{Topr4aJrHoro pa3npeAeJreHlre Ha perucrplrparrara B 3eMI{Te Ha AH. flo6pygxa KBcHoaHTrrrrHa yKpe[[TeJrHa
zuQpampyKTypa. Marap lr HanrJrHo orrpaBgaH B qacr or cryr{aure, noqo6eH uogxoA Kpne oupeleJreHlr prrcKoBe, rrri xaro HepqAKo ce na6nrogaBa cKJroHHocr K'bM

o6extr

npu6rpeana reHepaJrrr3arlus u a6conroru3rrpaue Ha r,r3BoArI, r,I3rpaAeHrr BctrrlHocr
na 6agara Ha c'bBceM [por,r3BoJrHa rr Hepe[pe3eHTar]rBna r.BBaAKa.
Heganr,rcuuo or rexHure pa3Mepu E rlpeAua3HaqeHlre, yKpe[JreHr,r, s PIa].rcKara uMrreprrfl H]rro Ba3Hr,rKBzuru npo[r3BoJrHo, HETo Qynxquonnpann 6esroHTpoJrno. ,[opn Koraro A'bpxaBara - B Jrrrrlero Ha l4Mneparopa uJrl.r HeroBr{Te rr'bJrHoMorrIHLtrIrr rro Mecra - ae 6uila r,rHr.rq]rarop rr He ce aHraxrrpaJra c yqacrr{e B KoHKpereu $opru$r4KarlrroueH rpaAex, 3a HeroBoro [peAflp[eMane 6una neo6xogaua crerluaJrHa cauKrlr,rfl urofr,6utt cqrrraH 3a AbpxaBna co6crseHocr. Macosoro r,r rroBceMecrHo yKpe[r,rreJrHo crporrreJrcrBo n Irltruepuxra or [ocJreAHara uersrpr ua III
B. HaCeTHe Hg CaMO C HHTTIO He rrpOMeHr,IJrO yCTaHOBeH[rTe [paBrrJra, HO C BcBeXAa-

Hero rrpe3 IV s. Ha HoBrrfl K'bcuopr,rMcK[ MoAeJr Ha BoeHHa opraHlr3arlt,rr KoHTpo-

2

O6sop'rr

Ha

pe3yrrrarrrre or repeHHrrre flpoyqBat:aflHot aepo$ororpa$crlrre rr3cJreABa-

Hr{tr e [peAcraBeu rro-AoJry B r{3JroxeHr{ero, n

fraBa I.3.8-B.

Haup: Weiss, J. Die Dobrudscha im Altertum. Sarajevo, 191 l; Vulpe, R. Histoire ancienne de
la Dobroudja. Bucarest, 1938; Vulpe, R., I. Barnea. Din istoria Dobrogei. Vol. IL
Bucureqti, 1968; @o.tt, An., Crp. ,[utuurpor (pea.). I4cropux ua [o6pypt<a. T. I.
CoSraa, 1984; Suceveanu, Al., Al. Barnea. La Dobroudja romaine. Bucarest, 1991.
aAricescu, A. Armata in Dobrogea roman6. Bucureqti, 1977;Zahariade, M. Moesia Sesunda,
Scythia Ei Notitia Dignitatum. Bucuregti, 1988.
5
Gajewska, H. Topographie des fortifications romaines en Dobroudja. Wroclaw, 1974; Scorpan,
3

C. Limes Scythiae. Topographical and stratigraphical research on the late Roman forti-

fications on the Lower Danube. BAR Int. Ser. 88. Oxford, 1980.

JI'br craHaJr olqe no-flpsx

gerTrcrren. Bcl,rqru yKpeueHr,r o6exru Ha repraTopr4rra
Ha AaAeHa npoBlaHl{r4q, He3aBI{cI{Mo or rexHuq BoeHeH r2rJrr.r rlr{BlrJren xaparrep, 6uJrr,r tbJrKyBanr,r u $yuxqr{ouupaJrr4 Beqe Karo KoMnoHeHrr4 Ha elr,rHeH $opru$uraIII{oHeH KoM[JIeKc - yKpenI{TeJIHara clrcreMa Ha ctorBerHara npoBrruqrlr. Irls'rtrHaTOTO I4ABa Aa rrOKaXe, qe naMeTHr{rlr,rTe Ha KBCHOaHTT{qHOTO yKpenr.rTeJrHo cTpora

IilreJrcrBo B 3eMr{re Ha AH. fio6pygxa HeMr.rHyeMo rpa6ra Aa 6tlar pa3rJrexganu B
aAeKBaTeH Ha enoxaTa Tepr,ITopr4aJrrro-aAMklHrrcTpaTr{BeH KoHTeKcT - MexaHr{rrHr4rr nogxo[ K'bM TrxHoro r,r3yrraBaHe or [o3rrqvtvre Ha c'bBpeMeHHute reorpa$crra
IIJIII IOJII4ITI{qeCKI,I p9aJIHOCTI{ e U M9TOAOJIOTI{rI9CKI,I HeI,I3A'bpXaH, U IICTOpilqeCKII

norperxeH.
Hacroauqnxr rpyA cr.r nocraB, au6uquoanara 3aAaqa Aa npeAcraBa rlrJrocrHa Kaprr{Ha na QopuupaHero Lrpa3Bfirfiero Ha yKpelr{TeJrHara cr{creMa Ha K'bcHopuMcKara [poBr.rHrlraJr Cxurua, BKJrroqBaJra HrrKora B rpaHrrqr{Te cr.r flo-roJrflMara
r{acr

or replrrop]rflTa Ha AH. [o6pygxa. I{erecso6pa3Hocrra xa nogo6uo r43cJreqor Qarra, r{e Aocera He e 6un [peAlprreMaH orrrrr Aa ce ]r3Ar,rprr,

BaHe npor{3xox<Aa

c'r6epe Br,B BB3Mo)Kno nar?-nsreH BrrA rr [oAJroxu Ha KoMnJreKceH Kpr..rrnqeH aHaJru3 u cl{creMarr{3aqu, Harl4r{Hara noHacroflIrleM zso6l,ulHa unQopvraqur, B eAHa
I,IJrLr Apyra creneH Kacaeula perucrpupaHara Ha repr.rroprrsra Ha rrpoBrrnqzx Cxrrlu yKpen[TeJrr{a uuQpacrpyKTypa. Orqe no-uaJroxrrreJrHo rir3rJrexAa roBa, c orJreA Ha qecro cperrdaHare n ny6nuxaqur4Te 3Haqr,rreJrHr{ HectorBercrBnfl, vt $axroJlorrrqecKrr [poruBopeql{rr, KaKTo Ir [opaAI,I oqeBl{AHara (a cueuranara Ha [ocrr{xeHldsra Ha c'bBpeMeHHoro HayrrHo gupeue) HeclcrorreJrHocr Ha HrKoa or r,r3Ka3aHUTe s no-6flnsroTo uJII,I uo-AaIeqHo MI,IHaJIO npeflfloJroxeHllg, KoI{To - 3a c'b>xanenue! - Bce ou{e [poA'bJrxaBar cBBceM 6esxprrnuno Aa ce penpoAyqr.rpar r{ ca
npugo6lrnu ilfirpoKa rpax<AaHcrBeHocr r,r eABa Jru He aKcrroMarurrra croftnocr.
XponoaoruqecKr{Te paMKu Ha rr3cJre[BaHero ca [peAoflpegeJrenrr or caMoTo c'bulecrByBaHe Ha npoBrrHqus Cxurus rato o6oco6eHa agur,rnrrcrparr{BHa eAIaHuqa B crpyKTypara orHarlaJro Ha eAr,rHHara Pprucra, a [o-K'bcHo - na tr{groqHara
Praucra IrMfleprur (Bneanrlrx). Te o6xnaular BpeMero or yrrpeAsBaHero Ha npoBrrHrluqra B Kpafl na III s. Ao oKoHqareJrHoro ornaAaHe Ha re3rr 3eMr{ or I4unepnara c
ocHoBaBaHero rpe3 681 r. ua 6urapcKara AGpxaBa Ha ror or flynana. B xyarypHO-UCTOpr,rqeCKr{ rrJraH, B paMKIrTe Ha TO3U XpOHOJIOT}IqeCKI,r OTps3'bK OTqeTrr,rBO Ce

pa3rpaHr{qaBar ABa flepr{o4a - KtcHoprrMcKvtkt paHHoBu3aHtuitcru, sa $opualen
pa3rpaHr,rqureJr MexAy Kor,rro Moxe Aa ce rrpfieMe 395 r., Koraro Qoprtrupanoro ce
npe3 BeKoBere cauoo6oco6ssaHe Ha n3ToqHara [I 3anaAHara noJroBlrHrn na PnucraTa uMrrepur [oJryqaBa oQuquamra 3aKoHoBa caHKrlrr-fl.
Ycnerunoto peluaBaHe Ha rrocraBeHara H3cJIeAoBareJIcKa 3aAaqa Ires'bMHeso 6u Aolp[rHecJro K6M rr3yqaBaHero Ha pa3Br,rrHero Ha ceBeporr3ToqHl,ITe [peleJrr.r

na EalrancKl4, [oJlyocTpoB [pe3 K'bcHoaHTurIHaTa eloxa, :an'rflsalixl{ eAHa c.srrlecTBeHa [pa3Hr,rHa B HaTpyrraHr,rfl B rrpoqeca Ha [poyqBaTeJlcKaTa geftnoc:r racropuorpa$cxtr Macr{B. l4zqcnssamero Ha c'bcraBa, ycroBuqra I{ npeAlocraBKlrre 3a
Qoprraupane, xpoHoJrorrrrra Ha pa3Br{TI{e, KaKTo I,I Ha nprrHIILInI{Te rr MexaHI{3MI4Te
na SyuxquoHllpaHe Ha yKpe[IITeJIHaTa cI4cTeMa Ha npOBI4HIIut Crurun, qyBcTB[-

[orllT[qecKara llcroparlon,
[peBbpHaJI ce
pttfl u Ha BOeHHo-aAMI4HIIcTpaTIIBHaTa cipranrasaqr,u B eII,IH
npe3 KBcHara aHTr{r{Hocr s csoeo6pa3eH 6acruon Ha PrMcKara ra Braganrnitcxara
r.rMreplrfl cpeqy BapBapcKara 3arlJlaxa ua fiolutl fiyuae.

TeJIHo 6u cnouorgaJro 3a ocBerJrrBaHe Ha perurqa acneKTI4 Ha

UD@M
[IpoBrrHrI ttn
Crcuu,rfl B
aAMrrHrrcTpaTrrBHaTa
W BoeHHa crpyKrypa
H a PuMcKaTa

tt Mrrepfrfl
L.

yrlpE[fl

BAHF' VIAAMIIHI,ICTPATnBHO

YfIPABJIEHI,IE
Texxara

coqllilJrHo-L.IKoHoMl{qecKa Kprr3a, c'brrpoBogeHa c npog'bJrxrrreJrHIn [epIaoALI Ha [oJII{TI{qecxa secra6r4JrHocr u qecrr,r uz1ttutlu Ha BoeHHa a1apxuts,
KaKTO t4 rrOCTOrHHr.rJrr r{ HeupecraHHo ycr,rJrBarq ce Harr{cK or crpaHa Ha BapBapcKara nepu$epraa, nu6oxo pa3crpor,rJrrr A'bpxaBHprre ycrorr sa pr,rucrara aMlepr.rfl

III

n. Heo6xogl{Mocrra or npeArp}reMaHe Ha peurrreJuru gertcrau, rro [peyc:rporicrno Ha A'bp)KaBHr,r, MexaHra3EM, c orJreA HeroBoro npucnoco6xBaHe KGM HoBI,ITe ycJroBl,rr, craHaJla a6conrorgo oqeBr,IAHa [pe3 BTopara [oJroBI{Ha Ha eera. MeroAI{rIHo fiperBopflBarlrra n AeJra enHa uaula6na ra go6pe o6uracaena nporpaMa or
npee

paAI{KaJrHI,I MepKrI B [OJII{Tr{KO-EAeOrOrFrecKaTa,

aAMI,IHLICTpaTT{BHara, BoeHHara

$rauancorata cQepu na o6ulecrneHr{r xr{Bor, rrMneparop finoxneruan n xparina
cMerKa ycflaJr He caMo Aa B63craHosu cra1unvrera, Ho r,I Aa I{3AI,IrHe MoybrqecrBo-

ra

To Ha Praucxara rrMleprafl, Karo c'bIrIeBpeMeHHo ce [ocrapaJl Aa [ocraBl{ 3ApaBH
npetpaAla npeA B'b3MoxHocTTa 3a noBTopeHue Ha peAI,Iqa nary6nr,r peql{AI,IBI'I oT
6nusroro Mr4HaJrol. Marap AeficrBr.rrerHrrre pe3yJlTarlr Aa onpaB[anlr Aareq ne ecrl'iKr{ or{aKBaHl{fl, uocrrrrHaroro orpe)KAa Ha uMleparop fiuoxletr,lan gocroriHo MqcTo cpeq :a6ene;rureJlHl{Te JrlrltHocrl{ B cBeroBHara vcropttfl.
Tr.rpgoto B'b3rrplreMaHe Ha aBToprrrapHo-MoHapxruecKufl [pI4HqLI[ Ha y[paBJreHrre 6enexrlr peurrreJrHoro cKtcBaHe c peny6lnKaHcKlrre or)KrlBeJrrrqv v peMr..rHr.IcqeHIIL{I4 oT elloxaTa Ha npuHl{unaTa. C y[paBJIeHI'IeTo Ha I{MIIepaTop fraorJIETI{AH 3ANOqBA KAIIECTBEHO HOB NEPUOI B PI{MCKATA YTCTOPVIfl,, O3HAIIABAH B IICTO-

praorpa$urra (cnope4 B'b3[pprerara or BJragereJrlrre rI{TJIa dominus) Karo "erloxa
na flounnara". flpegrrag neo6xogr{Mocrra ga ce o6xnaHe noBceMecrHo }I cJre[LI o1]6nugo pa3Brrrr,rero na peQoprtraqrroHHrrre rlpoqeclr, upes 286 r. fllroxneuraH Ha3Ha.{ur csofi c'bynpaBrareJr 3a 3arraAHara IIoJroBrIna na PnucKara I{Mnepul, xorlro noryr{ur paBeH HeMy paHr (augustus).llpez 293 r. BceKu or aBrycrlaTe [oryrrl'ur I'r no
eAr.IH IOMOIqHIIK c pant caesar. fIO rarrs HaqrIH Ce oQOpInull Cnequ$Nr{HIIflT 3a
Kpafl Ha III n naqaloro Ha IV B. MoAeJI Ha ylpaBJIeHI{e, II3BecTeH KaTO "TeTpapxufl",
npu rorirro B.bpxoBuara BJracr 6nna uogeneHa Me:{qy qerrapra HeHan:bJIHo paBHo[paBHI,I JII{qa.
3a ga narnlatn

o[acHocrra or rrof,Ba Ha rIpereHAeHTI,I 3a I4MleparopcK[Is [pecTOJr U3Me)KAy pa3floJraraqr{Te c florrTrl HeOIpaH[qeHa BJIaCT r4 fOIrIMa IIKOHOMI{qecKa cr,rJra [poBrrHrlr4aJrHrr y[paBr{TeJrrr, IrMrleparop firorlerlraH IrpoBeJr sceo6xBaTHa aIMLIHIIoTpaTI{BHa pe$Opua, IIeiIrIqa [pacTLIrIHO orpaHuqaBaHe Ha TexHIITe
3aKoHoBIr [paBoMolrlus. flo n'brs Ha TepI{TopIlaJrHoTo pasgpo6xeaue 6ponr Ha [poBprHrIr,II{Te 6un goaegeH Ao oKoJro 100, a Te oT cBofl cTpaHa 6Iann o6egnHeuu s 12
Alrorle3a. Buegenara MHorocreleHHa ynpaBJreHcKa crpyKTypa HeyKJroHHo ce [prrBJracT.
A.bpxaJra K.bM fipr{Hrlr[ra 3a cTporo pa3[eJreHlre Ha IILrB]IJIHaTa oT BoeHHaTa
MnognnctsoTo oT [3cIeABaquTe ca cKJIoHHI,I [a rrpueMat pe$opr'laTa 3a eAHoKpaTerr aKT, Ho BpeMeTO Ha HeIfHoTO IlpegnpueMaHe He Moxe Aa ce OnpeAeJIII ctc Curypnocr2. Hafi-pannraflT [oKyMeHT, orpa3flBalrl HoBoro aAMI{HIrcrparI4BHo ycrpoficTBO, e T.Hap. "ClI4c'bK Or Bepona" (Laterculus Veronensis), vlrxro AaTrIpoBKa ['bpBoHaqaJrHo 6e nocraseHas2gT r., Ho [o-K'bcHo MHoroKparHo 6e ocnopeana. HosIaTe ilpoyr{BaHl.L ycTaHosl{xa, qe AoKyMeHTBT He e C xoMoreHeH, a c KoM[IrJraTI{BeH

I

Jlureparypara u'rpxy pe$opMaropcKara [oJllarlrKa

Ha

l{Mreparop fiuoxneruau

e

ra:o6ulna,

Bx. Harp.: Seston 1946; Stein 1959, p. 69 sqq.;Jones 1964, p. 37 sqq.;Williams 1985.
2

Aro agunu4crparr{BHara pe$opua Ha r{Mfieparop fl,uornerr,rau geficterr:eluo e 6una axr,
a He [poqec, Sarct'r, qe [poBr,rHuusCxurus,ctcclrypHocr e ctuleir:syBaJla rIpeAH
1 rnlapr 293 r. (nx. [o-AoJry, 6en. 5), o6eguncls BcI{qKr npeAJIoxeHI,I Aocera roK.bcIlI4 AarrrpoBKl{ ga uefino'ro [poBexAaHe. 3a sxotl or MHeHIrflTa tlo ro3lr Ba,ttpoc,
sx. : Barnes 1982, 224-225.

xapaKTep r4 IIpe[cTaBt c'bcTofHr{eTo Ha 3aIIa[HaTa qacT Ha Pulr.tcrata I{MIIeplI{ B
nepuo[a Me)KAy 3l4l3l5 v324 r., a Ha I43rotlHara - Me)KAy 303 r 314 r.3
flpoer,rlrqun Cxvtrur- A'bJrxu cBoero B'b3HrIKBaHe I{MeHHo na fiuornerl{aHo-

Bara aAMrrHlrcrparr,rBHa peQopinra. Hafi-panuoro I{3BecrI.,Ie ga nerinoro c'blqecrByBaHe ce c'bAcpxa B enl4tpa$cK[I [aMeTHI{r or Toura4, ql{fTo [aTIrpoBKa 6e upequ3r{paHa HeornaBHa B [epproAa MexAy 2l w.nu286 v,7 urapr 293 r.5 Crrarrs crIaAaJIa
K.bM Ar{oqesa Tparnx (dioecesis Thracia), xortro n6K BJIIr3iur B c'bcraBa na I'Isro'{Hara rrpeseKTypa Qtraefectura Oriens).lla6op.sr Ha npoBITHIII{aJrHoro I{Me He e Han.bJrHo qceH, Ho narl-nepoxruo ro orpa3flBa crapoAaBHa roIroHIrMI{qHa rpaALII{I,Ifl, a
Moxe 6u c.l,grpxa ra onpeAeJreHa floJrrrrrluecKa alnozvrr6. Cxurus, o6xnaulana cenepou3TorrH[Te npeAeJrr,r na 6r,remara [poBIrHIItIfl flomra Muzan, ocraHaJlara llacr or
qrrflTo repr{Topr,rJ{ 6una upeo6pa3yBaHa B HoBa IrpoBIlHIII,Ir, Ko.flTo orHallaJro I{3r-

crapoTo lrMe, Ho BIrocJreAcTBae 6tura npellMeHyBaHa B.rB Btopa
Mnsfls. 3a rnaseH rpag Ha [poBI,IHIII4fl Cxurus 6un onpegeleu Touu, K'bAeTo pe3I'IpraesesT u $ynrquAr4paJr sehrrulrr aAMr.rHrrcrparrlBeH ynpaBureJr. Tori Iarrlar rurila
6r,rn
B'bpxOBHa [paBOOcseH
ecTecTBo.
IopuAI,IqecKo
oT
rrTe My 6uttw :aail-seqe
'{e
c'blrlo
raKa 3a ct 6upa3AaBareJrHa r4HcraHrlr{q B flpoBr.rHrll{rra, r:ofi 6un orroBopeH
paHeTo Ha AEpxaBH[rTe AaH'brIr4 yr.TaKcu rr 3a noAA'bpxaHeTo Ha no[treHcKaTa cJlyx6a(cursus publicus) B roAoreqHara My repuropux8
Jre)KAa 3ana3lrJra

3

Barnes 1982,p.201 sqq.

a

Popescu 1976, No 3.
Zahariade 1988, p. 33.
6
Benros 19846, 156-157.
7
Not. Dign. Or. I, 116 (ed. Seeck).
5

8

Zahariade 1988, p. 53.

2. fPAHI,Iqm
flponuuqua Crnrus. 6nn a crsgaAeHa rrpe3 repr,rroprraJrno o 6oco6sB aHe Ha
ceBepor.r3rorrHure npeAeJrrr Ha 6r,rsruara flpoBflHqrr-fi Bropa Musus.3a sanagna r,r
ceBepHa rpaHrlqa ir cryxeru nart-go;rnoro reqeHrre Ha peKa fiynan r,r AyrraBcKara
AeJITa, a Ha Ia3ToK T, rpauurreJla c BoAHara rnup na EsxcuHcxr,rs flonr. Ha rorosanaA or Crurus ce HaMprpaJra Bropa Musns. Cneg ny6mrKyBaHero Ha r.r3cJreABaHero
ua P. Bynne orHocHo rpacero Ha [poBrrullttat*ararpaHrrrla MexAy uxl, nupocrr
ce crrl{Ta 3a oKoHqareJrHo perueH rr He e 6un nongnraH oruoBo B HayqHara KHr,rx(Hr{na. 9acr or nocraHoBKr4Te HauMeHurvqpyM'bHcKr,r yuen, o6aue, B HrrKaK'bB cryvafi
He Morar Aa ce lrp[I3HaflT ga cuoryqruBu. OcseH ToBa, HaJrI{IIe cav BzDKHTTI HoBrr
Sartu, Korrro He caMo AaBar ocuoBaHr{e, Ho rr flpaBsr a6conrorno EaJloxrrreJrHo
npepa3rJrexAaHero rr BHacrHeTo Ha peAr4rla KopeKrlr,In IIo B'bnpoca 3a npoBrrHr{r,raJrHara lpaHr,rr{a Me)Kny Cxurus.u Bropa Musas2 .

rato

noqpo6no Morr.rBr{pa re3ara orHocHo ABara ir xpartnu ryHKra,
r,r caMoro rpace Ha rpaHrrqara Mexny ABere K'bcHopr,rMcK[ npoBrrHrlr,ru. Tofi apryrr.reHTrrpa cBoero [peAfloJroxeHr{e c Saxra, qe raKa npoKapaHara
Cneg

P. Bynne onpeAeJu

IwrIIUlfl. CBBIIaAa C rIffJr Hrr3 C'bBpeMeHHr{ CeJrr{rrla, r{3BeCTHII KaTO MeCTOHaMrrpaHe Ha

pasuoo6pa3Hr4 naMerur,rqr{

or

puMcKara erroxa. B gon'r.nneHue aBTop'br Lr3T'bKBa,

qe "Ha 3arlaA or re3l{ ceJrl,Iqa Kaprara rra HaxoAKr{Te ocraBa 6gra ga eAHo roJrrMo
flporex<eHr,re"3. floHacroflrqeM ToBa rB:bpAeurEe rpx6oa peurrreJrHo Aa ce o[poBeprae. BrupocHr{flr paliou o6xnaula noqoc6opurlre 6acerlnr.r Ha HrrKoralrHute peru(?),
a cera roJreMrr go6p_vgxancKrr cyxoAoJrras Kanarron, Ta6an u Cyxa pexa. Apxeororl{rrecKr,ITe flpoyr{Baullfl, clyvafiuute HaxoAKlI I{ cI{cTeMaTI{qHI,ITe TepeHHLI o6xoxAalaufl, [pe3 nocJlegHlrre ABe AeceruJrerr{-rl He caMo 3arrbJrHrrxa "6sroro uerHo", Ho
ycrarloBr,Ixa ryK eAHa neo6urcroseHo pa3Br.,rra [oceJrrrrrlHa crpyKrypa rpe3 pr.rMcKaTa enoxa4, [aBarrla ocHoBaurre parlourr Ea ce oKaqecrBu Karo eAlrH or safi-r'rcro
3aceJleHr{re npe3 To3r,r [eplrog Ha reprrropvrfrTar^a trOx<na,[o6pygx€. flo ornoureHrre rpacero Ha npoBr,rHquaJrHara rpaHrrlla, P. Byrne o6o6rqana, .re "T, se 6uta
HIrIqo Apyro ocBeH egua a6crpaKTna rrytnyts, rro HITKaKLB Haqr,rH neor6ersgaua Ha
TepeHa"5. Cauo no ce6e w uogo6no rBtpAeHr.re 3Byrru a6cypguo, 3an{oro flporrr-

I Vulpe 1970,33-46 (Crqata pa6ora e uy6lurynaHa

r.r

Ha pyM'bHcKrr esr.x:

Yulpe

1.972,

205-221).
2

B>r.: Torbatov 2000b.

3

Vulpe 1970,p.39.
[ocera e ny6mryraua MHoro MaJrKa rracr or 6orarara Har[r{Ha r.rn$oprraaqua rro
Barpoc: Eo6qera 6.r., passim; Btunapor 1988, c. 52 cn.
s Vulpe 1970,p.46.

a

ro3r.r

BOpeqU He CaMO Ha TeOpI'IflTa, HO Lt Ha pIIMCKara [paKTI,IKa B TepIITOp[aJIIIO-aAM[I-

Hl{crparl{BHoro ycTpolicTBo. TBI1 KaTo ollpeAerfl.Itu o6cera Ha [paBoMorrl[rJrTa

r.r

3aA'bJDKeHI{flTa HA ,'IHCTI(Ty\AV, AJIEXHOCTHI4 Jrlrqa U rII{Br{JrHO HaCeJIeHI{e, IpOBUHIII,IAJIHIITE (A U NCT,TUTU APYTU BI,IIOBE!) TPAHI,IqU B PI-IMCKATA I{MNEPI,Ifl I{MAJII{,flCHO

Te 6utu MapKr,rpaHr,r Ha repeHa r,rrr4 qpe3 cnequ3HaII[ (termini),I4JrI{ [ocpeAcTBoM oTr{errr.rBr,r ecTecTBeHr,r pa3rpaHr,rrrr4Terrv Hali-qecro peKI{, BoAoAeJTHI{ xpe6erl,r l{Jrrr nJraHr{Hu6, Karo BTopI,Iqr HarrIrH zMaJr 3HalIr{TeJrHO no-rurpoKo llpHJroxeHr,re.
flpra orc'scrBr{ero Ha rpaHr,rtrHr,r 3Harlu wut'tafrtxu [peABr,rA [pr,rMepa Ha MHoxecTBo ApyfH npoBr,rHrlr.rrr, Ha[bJrHo 3aKoHoMepHo e Aa ce fipeA[oJroxu, qe rpaHr,rrlara Mex(Ay Bropa Mfisuq nCxurus ccu{o e cJre[BaJra go6pe r,r3pa3eHra ronorpaQcK[I oplreHTnpl{ or Jrl,IHerfno ecrecrso. flcsucBr{AereJrcrBa 3a roBa [peAJrara nafi-zsTotrHrrrr ceKTop or MexAynpoBr,rHrlr{aJrHara rpaHr.rqa. T'rft Karo ryK Ts e [peMrrHaBaJra Mex<Ay 3anaAHolosrraficxure rpaAoBe Oqecoc lr fluoHr,rco[oJrr{c, rrpr{ Koero
rrbpBlrrr ocraBaJr s'rn Bropa Mwzar' a BToprrrrr - s Cxurrlfl, To - KaKTo c[paBeAnr.rso or6erqssa P. BynneT - T.tr orIeBuAHo e ctBrragzrJra c pa3qeJrrzreJrHara Jrr4Hr{rr
Me)Ktry rexHrare rpaAcKr,r repr.rroptrr4. Or uaprupoBKara Ha rpa[cKara repzropza
na Ogecoc ca orKpl{rll Aocera rpI,I TepMr,rHaJrH[r 3HaKa8. flarxponrara r4M He e crrrrypHa ra qecro e 6uta [peAMer Ha HayrrHa gncxycuxg. flocle4uara xrrrrore3a y6eguTeJTHO rr,r cB'bp3Ba c aAMHHr4rcTpaTr'rBHo-Tepr'rTopr4aJrHrnre pe$oprtara Ha r,rMnepaTop
Anronuu flufiru ur oruacs KtM flepuoAa MaJrKo flpegu 157 r. ct. Xp.10 14rpure
TepMrrHaJrHr,r 3HaKa se ca 6utu HaMepeHr.r in situ, a nper,r3[oJr3yBaHn B KaqecrBoro
Ha crporrreJreH MarepuaJr B no-K'bcHra (yxpenurenuu) rpa[exu, Koero HecGMHeHo
r,r3pa3eHr4 $ner,ruecrra u3MepeHr{fl.
aJrHI,I

3aTpyAHSBa I,rHTeplpeTa\l4flTa [rM oT rJreAHa Tor{Ka Ha aHTr{rrHoTo TepI,ITopI{aJrHO

ycrporicrno. flpu Bce roBa, MecroHaMr{paHero Ha ABa or r{x (r:esu or Ocenoso r4
Honarono), ronorpa$cKara xapaKTepr,rcrr{Ka Ha pafioua Ia r.r3putrHure upr,rMepr4 B
Ta3I4 HacoKa or Apyr[ uecrall AaBar ceprro3Hr{ ocHoBaxtrr ceBepHara lr ceBepo3afla[Hara rpaHr,rr{fi na Ogecocrara rpa[cKa repr,rropr4q Aa ce otbx<[ecrBflT KoHKperHo c rerleHl4ero Ha p. Earoocra (anr. Zyras) 12, a He c "Bl,rcoqr,IHure" orK.bM aeclrtfl,
6

Schulten 1895,94-95.

7

Vulpe L970,p.39.
8
Cn m 7589;'Illxopuun 1"905a, c.469; Mupuen 1953,74-75.
e
fepor 1950, c. 26 u.; Mupuer 1953, c. 74 w.; Kolendo 1975,p.89 sqq.; Kolendo
45 sqq.;Gerov 1979,p.225 sqq.

L976, p.

roTacheva 1995, p. 429 sqq.
ll Irluenno B'b3 ocHoBa rerreH[ero Ha pa3Jrr{qHrr MaJrKr{ peKr,r e olpeAeJleHa rr 3Haqr,rr.eJrua
qacr or repr,rrop[rrra ua Xlrcrpux n go6pe tr3Becruara xopore3uq Ha rpaAa or BpeMero Ha rpoBlluulraJrxrrfl yrpaBnrer,lla1epwyc MarcNr,,ryc (100 r. cn. Xp.), usaecrna
B [o-KEcHr{ Kotrlrs, Aarr.rpaq[ uafi-nepoxrno or BpeMero na Cenepzre: ISM I, No
67-68.
12

Tara [peA[oJlara Il [3AareJrrr
1953, c.76.

Ha rpaHr4rrHr,rr 3HaK o'r Floeaxoso

M. Mrapver: Mupyen

6par na peKara, KaKTo npegloJrara P. Bynne13. 3acera HsMa HrrKaKBrr AaHHI{ AoKGAe Harope rro reqeuuero Ha p. Baroacxa npoBL{HIII,Ialtrara rpaHLrLIa Me)K[y Btopa
Mrleux u Cxutus. e c'bBrraAaJra c rpaHr{rl[Te Ha rpaAcKara repl,IToplzfl Ha Ogecoc.
Kar:ro qe craHe rcHo no-AoJry, cro6pax<enfiflTa or rorlorpa$cxo ecrecrBo npe[loJraraT, r{e ToBa e [poA'bJIxaBaJIO qaK Ao eavllLts. oT I43BOprITe Ha peKara B OKOJrHocrr{Te Ha cerarrrHoro c. Zsnopcxo (o6rq. Arcaxono).
Y6egurenuoro pa3peruaBaHe HalocJre['bK na upo6neua c JroKaJrl43aqlrflTa
sa flamnrar(e) n na crroMeuarrrre egr{HcrBeHo or flporouzfi yrpeunenux Agr,rna ra
Tuluxuylr upeAocraBfl Tprr HoBr,r olopHrr nyHKTa 3a oflpe[eJrsHero Ha IpoBI{HIILIaJrHara rpaHlrr{a MexAy Bropa Mrasng u Cxurus.r4. Ifennocrr:a uM Karo rorlo-reorpa$cxu pe[epu ce cBcror,r He caMo B c[rrypHara r{M nplrHaAJlexHocr K'bM Teplrropuflra ua Bropa Muata, Ho t4 B oqeBr4gHara rELn 6rusoct [o caMlrre ceBeporI3TotIHI,I
[peAeJru Ha ra3u [poBr4urlur. C'rqerpeueHHo, apxeoJlorl{r{ecKr{Te npoyqBaH[It [pe3
nocJreAHrrre ro[r,rHr{ AaAoxa B'b3Mo)Krrocr Aa ce ycraHosla Hali-gana[Hara lr3BecrHa
Aocera rorrKa or rrpoBrrHrlllaJlHara reprlTopllfl sa Cxnrns,. B peeyltar: or [poBeAeHr,rre npe3 1993 n 1996 r. pa3KorIKI{ B 3eMJrL{IrIero Ha c. Tenepnr (o6ur. Kpyruapu),

ryr

6e JroKaJrr,r3rrpau rr qflJrocrHo npo1nieH roJrrM aHTIrrreH KyJIToB IIeHT'bp c MHoroBeKoBHa 'rpa1n\k:fl., npoc'blqecrByBar Ao BTopara r{erBcpr Ha IV e. cn. Xp.l5 flpe:
prrMcKara eloxa Ha roBa Mrcro $ynxquonupaJro cBerlrJrulrle, nocBereHo xa Tpaxnricrr.s KoHHI{K, xorlro 6nr no.{[taH B crrHKperlrvua Qopvra c yHIrKaJIHrrre e[]ITe-

rn Xe$ecroc [a6arouefioc. floqo6no na MHoro Apyru e3I4IqecKrI KyJrroBIr Mecra,
ro 6uno npeAuaMepeHo yHrrrqoxeHo BcJreAcrs[e sofiHcrByBalrlara npoxp]Icrl,IflHcKoncranruu I, no[era cJIeA rrpeBp'blrlaHeI{Mrepurl s 324 r. Crpaturpa$cKure
na
Pnmcxata
To My B eAHoJrrrqeH rocnoAap
na6ruogenua cBrrAereJlcrByBar 3a rIJIaHoMepuo orpa6naHe Ha roAHI,Ifl sa ynorpe6a
crporareJreu MareplraJr u na no-o6eMH[rre BorI4IBHu flaMerHlrqrr. flpoqectt BeposrHO 3anoqHaJr Orqe B xoAa Ha pa3pyueHlero, a Alrcflepcutra Ha rlpolr3xox(Aarqut or
cBerr,rJrr,rqero euurpa$cKrr MareprraJr noKa3Ba, ve orpa6elrl4flT KaMcK 6r.rn otnecen
par excellence B orctoflIrlara Ha 15,0 ru ceBepolr3Touno 3anqaua, 3a Aa 6tge nperrsnoJr3yBaH TaM Karo rpaqunol6. Tasu saxHa KoHcraraIII{JI cJreABa Aa ce npueMe
Karo KareropurlHo cBI,IAereJrcrBo, qe pariron'm, s roftro ce e HaMI,IpaJro aHTr{unoro
cBeruJrrrqe xpafi c. Terepur, e 6nl rloArruHeH B aAM]IH]Icrpar[IBHo orHoureHne Ha
3angana [r cJreAoBareJrHo e nprrHaAJrexaJr repr{ToprraJruo K6M rrpoBIaHIII.Ifl Cxurrz,s.
Ka peJrrrrrro3Ha rroJrr{TrlKa Ha flMrreparop

13

Yulpe 1970, p.39 (B geftcrnlareJluocr, orpaHurreHoro or rerreul,Iero Ha p. Earoncxa u
MopcKr{l 6pxr npocrpaHcrBo He e 3aero or oTAeJIHI{ Ba3BI{IIreH}Ifl, a or MacIrBa Ha

la

Torbatov 2000a; Torbatov 2000b. flanuat(e) ce JIoKaTII{3rrpa rpr c. Ouoryp (o6rq. Tepaer), Agnra - rpu c. 6alux (o6u1. Tepnen), a Tlur,rxnyM - npr c. fipxHoneq (o6u1.

(Dpaureucxoto nnaro !).

[o6pnv).
Top6aror 2000, 85-86.
16
Tesu Br,rpocr ca uogpo6uo o6ctgeur,r
rs

n:

Top6ator 2000, c. 86.

Karo ce raMa npeABr,rA, qe cBerlrJrr.rqero rpafi c. Tereprar orcrolr caMo Ha 5,0(!) xu
r{3ToqHo or HaMr4parqr4fl ce B'bB Btopa Mr.rgus flanrtrar(e) vilpvt HaJrr{rrrrero Ha orqe
[Ba KopeKTr{Ba 3a uragrarlcxara repr,rroprrfl npu6nrasureJrHo B c':oulkre. pariou - Adina
ra Tilicium, orpeAerqHero Ha rpoBrrHrlr{aJrHara rpaHlrr{a Mexly Bropa ll4uzas,laCxuTrar eABa Jrrr Moxe Aa [peAcraBJrflBa Berre HsKaK'bB npo6reu: Tfl cJIeABa yBepeHo Aa
ce Tpacupa IIo reqeHr4rero ua cyxa pera.
Cyxa pera e eA[rH or Harl-ea6eJre)Kr4TeJrHr4Te nprpogHra Senoitrenu B roro3a-,
flagHara qacr Ha [o6pypKa. Iorsrtroro nporexeHr,re rr orHocr{TeJrHara rIpaBoJILrnertnocr na neftnata g'u6oro Bpr3aHa B 3eMHIrre nJracroBe AoJIEHa fl rrpeBp'bqar B
MHoro ygo6eu ecrecrBeH AeMapKarluoHen $axrop. Marap Ir rBtpAe MaJroBoAHa
loHacroflrrleu, Cyxa peKa c ocHoBaHlle ce cqlrra 3a eAHa or 3Har{ureJrHure Ao6pymKaHcKrr pexn. Tx Bogr,r Haqaroro cr{ or oKoJrHocr[re Ha c. I4srpen (o6q. Cynoporo) r,r cnegna B ceBepHa IrocoKa, Karo trplreMa MHo>I(ecrBo nprIToIIE, floBeqero or
Kor{To ca caMo c BpeMeHeH orroK. flopagn KapcroBI,IrI TepeH, ceBepHo or c. Kapanbnnr (o6q.[o6puv) BoAr,rre ir nanrnno ce ry6xr. Cnouen 3a HrlKoralluoro rl'bJrHoBoAue e caMo ner?nara AoJruHa. flpu6nusureJrHo or c. Kapanerl{T Ha ceBep rs
upugo6ura Bce no-orrrerJrrrBo Br.rAa Ha KaHboH, xoftro [ocre[eHHo ce crecHrBa rr
sagu6ouana r4 r{ecro ce xapaKTepfi3vtpa c orBecHrr cKaJrHr{ crerrr{ u rraeaugpr. [oJrrrHara na Cyxa peKa Aocrrrra AyHaBcKr.rn 6pnr nplr e3eporo Onrrana.
Cuope4 P. Bynne17, r{Mero Ha e3eporo Omrrra flpol{3xo)Kga or rlMero Ha
yKperJreHr4ero Altinum, Koero Notitia Dignitatum rocraB, Ha AyHaBcKun 6ptr ta
npoBrrHqr.rfl Bropa Muglrql8. B'rs ocuosa pega Ha lrs6pornauero B To3rI AoKyMeHT
To 3aeMaJro nafi-ugroqno rroJroxeHr{e or Bcr4r{Ku xpairgyuarcrn uugraficru yKpefl-

Cpeqaqoro

flpoxoulrft lrrrre A1tina19, 3acBr4AereJrcrByBaHo u B'bpxy ryxJreHra fleqaru or: flunoreqrur or BpeMero Ha r,rMneparop Axacraorfil2}, ce pa3rJre)KAa Karo BaplraHT Ha c'brr[,rfl TonoH]rM. P. Byrue rp'bB ortxAecrBsBa Altinum-Altina
c yKpelJreHr{ero, pa3rroJroxeHo Bbpxy ejlno nrsnurrreHlre Ha rI3TorrHIrt 6pw Ha e3eporo'OnutHa r{ orcrorrrlo Ha 2,5 xm ceBepHo or eAHorIMeHHoro ceno. Marap sa
ileuufl..

ce y

ToBa Aa HrrMa Hr{KaKBr{ AoKa3areJrcrBa, orKpr,rrrrre na6nngo paHHoBr.r3aHrraficxu neulrr 3a crporrreJrna xepauura2l qecro ce coqar Karo Mecro[popr3BoAcrBo Ha crroMe-

Harr{Te rro-rope ryxJrr.r c nevarn(!)22, aroBace cqr,rra 3a KocBeHo norB'bpxAenne(!)
B.rg ocHoBa Ha EaHHure aa Notitia Dignitatumuta
cBosra JroKaJrr,r3ar{fir Ha KacreJra Altinum/Altina, Pagy Byrue crr.rra Ao 3aKrroqeH[Ha npeAJroxeHara JroKaJrr,r3arluq.

17
18

Vulpe 1970, p. 44.
Not. Dign. Or., X,lL,28 (ed.

Seeck).

1e

Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
20
Popescu 1976,No 246.
2r

Irimia 1968, p. 379 sqq.
22'Iaxae HanplrMep y A. Aprvecry

B rlrJra nopeArrla HeroBr,r pa6oru: Aricescu 1970; Aricescu
1972; Aricesca 1977 ; Aricescu 1.980.

ero, qe Hafi-ceBepHrrflT rryHKT oT rpaHrrlara Mexfiy npoBr4HqrruTe BTopa M:{sufl. w
Cxrntux rpx6na Aa ce rbpcr.r B rr3TorrHa nocoKa orryK, HrK'bAe Ha AyHaBcKux 6pxr
Me)KAy e3epara Orrrasa u M'rpnxny23.
BT nperrz qe rroHacrofiIrleM [peAJroxeHara or P. Bylne JroKaJrrr3arlurfl. Ha
Altinum/Altina ce noAKperq 6eepesepnuo B pyM'bHcKara r,rcropnorpaSur, BcrpocBT c MecrorloJlo)KeHl{ero Ha KacreJra B HI{KaKBB cnyvafr He Mo)Ke Aa ce cqr,ITa 3a
oKoHqareJrHo pelreH. Cuopeg flporouurl, Hanpr{Mep, Altinum - B orKprrro [porr4Bopeque c AaHHI,ITe Ha Notitia Dignitatum - ce e HaMr.rpaJr 3Haqr,rrerHo [o-Ha3a[aA
no AyHaBcKun 6pw Ha npoBrrHrlua Br:opa Muzun, Mex[y Tpaucuapucra u Kanqraguauaz4. Helr,ranxo ctBpeMeHrru :a3cile1Baqlr orAaBar flpeAnoqplTaHrre r4MeHHo Ha
ToBa cBeAeHI{e, Karo ce tlo3oBaBar Ha ,cHorara ri 6esyupevHara IrocJleAoBareJrHocr Ha I,r3Jro)KeHr{ero B Ta3I,I qacr Ha flporonzenr.{fl TpaKTar "3a ctpoe:xptre"25. C
orJreg na Qarra, ue reKcrbr sa Notitia Dignitatum e 6un unoroKparHo Aon'bJrBaH r4
penaKTr,rpaH [pe3 IV r,r e Halrarroro Ha V s. 26, Muoro e BepoflTHo HrrKou or no-Ktcnrare 4o6anKr{ Aa ca Hapyrflr.rJrr,r n'bpBoHaqaJrHrrrr reorpa$cru flopflA'bK e uogpeg6ara na r,rs6poeHrrre KacreJrr{, a cnopeA eAHa xr{[oresa Altinum ce flBflBa rbKMo eAHa
or re3lr go6asxra, BMtKBaHero Ha KoflTo ce Aarr{pa rraK K:bM BpeMero Ha r,rMneparop Banenc27. B nurarrn cny.rari He Mo)Ke Aa ce cqura 3a Hec'bMHeHa r4 rrpe[[oJraraeMara I{AeHTI{rrHocr Ha rorroHr{Mure Altinum ra Altina. C'uqectrynanero noA Te3V I;IIl-{eH.a Ha ABe pa3ruqHr,I yKpelJreHr,rrr e He caMo B63Mo)r<Ho, Ho r{ MHOto BeposT-

so. Karo ce I,IMa [peABI,I[, qe r{ ABara rr3Bopa c[oMeHaBarr{rn Altina - flporonrnrt a
TyxJreHr.ITe rrelrarrr ot fluuoreqvfl - \arilpar or VI 8., He e r{3Kr}orreHo B cryr{a{ Ea
craBa AyMa 3a HflKaKBo HoBo yKpe[JreHr{e, lr3grlrHaro eABa K'bM Kpat Ha V rnnu s
HarraJroro Ha VI s. II{o ce orHacr Ao HeroBoro eBeHTyaJrHo MecrorroJroxeHrre r4 npoBr{Hr{r,raJrHa npr.rHa4Jrexuocr, B'brrpoctr rpx6na Aa ce npr,Buae 3a rB.bpAe HeqceH r,r
Hepa3pe[MM Ha ro3r4 eran. fiopu Aa ce [pr{eMe, r{e r{Mero ua xpafigyHaBcKoro e3epo Orrcnua ce flBflBa cr,rrypHo yKa3aH[e 3a roBa, rre KacreJrbr: Altinum (Altina?) ce e
HaMLIpiU I{MeHHO TyK, OTB)KAeCTBflBaHeTO My C yKpenrreHr,reTo B}pxy B'b3Br4rrreHr{ero "MauyKa" Ha I{3TotrHr{, 6pxr ua e3eporo e Han'bJrHo Helpl4eMJrrrBo or rJre[Ha
ToqKa Ha apxeoJroruqecKlrre peaJrHocrlr. I{xnara HaJrr{qHa ran$optraqrafl 3a roBa
yKpelJreHl{e ce u3r{ep[Ba c [JraHa rr KparKr{Te 6ene;xxu na fI. flonoHr4K, ctcraBeHr{
rrpu floceqeHr{ero uy ila o6exra [pe3 1898 r. Karo onucsa ocraHKr,rre, o6ave, npeIII{3HI{flT B cBoI{Te na6nrogexrafl l,IHxeHep-tonorpa$ r,r3pr.rr{Ho or6enxana, qe craBa
AyMa 3a 3eMJreHO yKpe[JIeHAe, 3arrlr4rTeHo c Ban, npeA roftro oT ceBepou3ToK, r43TOK
u ror 6ul [poKorraH poa. To r{MaJro roJreMr{ pa3Mepr.r (190,00 x 80,00 rra) z npu6nu-

23

Vulpe 1970, p. 44 sq1.
Proc. De aed. IV,7 ,9 (ed. Dewing).
2s Belevliev
1970,124-125; Perrin-Henry 1981, p. 103 sqq.
26 Zahariade
1988, 2l -29.
27
Chiriac 1984, p. 306 sqq.
2a

3I{TeJIHO rleTlrpucrGJreH frJraH,

Karo ceBepol43TolrHr4flT I4 IOrOI{3',fOqHIAgr My 'brJrl{
6uilw sao6nenu28. B Hr,rro e[Ha or pa6orure, KGAero ce crroMeHaBa roBa yKperrJre-

HI{e, He CTaBa AyMa 3a flpor{3xo)Kgarqr{Jr oTTaM [oAeMeH apxeorofr.rqecKr.r Marepr,ran. flpu Bce roBa, o6yrzrsr Ha yKpenr.rreJrHara My cr,rcreMa He caMo orxB.bpJu KaKBaro rI qa 6ulo BB3Mo)KHocr ga 6rge ro [pzqucreHo K'bM [aMerHr,rrlt4Te Ha K'bcrro-

aHTur{Hara $oprr.r$zraql{Jr, Ho r4 KareropurrHo cBrrAereJrcrByBa 3a paHHocpeArroBeKoBHI{fl My npov3xog. 3euleuoro yKpelJreHr,re Btpxy B'b3Br.rureHr{ero "MayyKa"
ceBepHo ot c. OnTIrHa pa3KpI4Ba rropa3r4TeJrHo cxoAcrBo c'bc 3eMJreHure yKpeflrrTeJrHrir ctop'b)KeHr.,rr or erroxara na fl'rpnoro 6rnrapcKo rlapcrBo r,r cJreABa Aa ce
pa3rJlexga Karo eJreMeHT or r{3rpaAeHara upes VIII-IX r. or:6paur,rreJrua crrcreMa
ro AecHLts 6pxr ua p. [ynas2e. Aro rpa6na eHurMarr{rrnuqr Altinum (Altina?) ga ce
T'bpclr HenpeMeHHo s 6rr.rsxalta oKoJrHocr Ha e3eporo Olrllua, MHoro rro-npaBgonogo6uo e tofi qa ce ortxgecrBr.r c yKpenJreHrrero "Cetatea din capul dealului", pasloJrox(eHo 3a[aqHo or e3eporo , Ha caurtfl 6pxr na p. Aynae, Ha 4,0 KM ceBepHo or c.
Cary Hoy30. 3a ner<l fI. flolonur or6ersgea, rre ro 6r.uro "eglro or uafi-go6pe 3aIra3eHraTe KaMeHHr{ prrMcKlr yKpenreuur"3

1.

Bcrqro

Ka3aHo AoryK Mo)Ke ga 6tge o6o6rqeno ro cJreAHr{s Haqr.rH (O6p. 1):
Ipanuqa'ra Mexly KtcHopr4McKr.rre rrpoBrrHqur Bropa Mprz:zfl, u Cxurus, e
3aflor{Bara or AyIraBCKr,Ix 6pr-r flprr e3eporo Onruna r{ e [oeMaJIa B rcxHa flocoKa,
cnegnartxrz rerreHr{ero na Cyxa pera. 3anaAHr{Jrr 6pxr ua e3eporo fi rreBlzr (aauageu) 6pxr Ha perrHara AoJrrrHa [pr4HagJre)KaJrrr K'bM rtpoBrrHrlraq Bropa Mw3ufl, a
rrporrrBoloJroxHr4rr - KLM Cxutus,.Iox+ro or ceraurHoro c. Kapauenzt (o6q. [o6puv), rarrr Ka[ero Cyxa pexa npr4eMaJra cso.fl Hafl-roJrsM rrprlToK (KapauaHgepe),
rpaHI4I{aTa ce OTKJIOHTIBaJIa MaJTKO Ha TOTOU3TOK, KaTO npOA'bJrXaBaJra Aa CJreABa
TelleHl{ero Ha peKara rraK Ao sefirume u3BopI,I B oKoJrHocrrrre Ha cerarrrHoro c. YIIrper (o6q. Cyaopono). Tyx ra pq3Ko cMeHrJra cBoflTa nocoKa rr roeMaJra Ha r{3roK
K.sM r,r3Bopr,rre Ha p. Earoscra uprr c. I{soopcxo, orK'bAero Beqe cJrelBala nefinoro
rerreHr.re [o BJrr{BaHero i s 9epno Mope ceBepHo or c. Kpaneno (o6q. Ealvrar). Or

pa3noJroxerrr{Te B HerrocpeAcrseHa

6ru:ocr Ao

npoBr.rHrlr,raJrHara rpaHr.rqa K'bcHo-

aHTI{rIHI4 yKpeleHLI IIeHTpoBe,

KtM Tepr.{ToprrflTa ua Bropa Musyte, cnaAaJrrl Te3rlr
npu: Cary Hoy (Altinum? Altina?), Onoryp (Palmat(ae)), 6arm (Adina), Apxuoneq
(Tilicium), Hrroraesra32 (Aquae?33), fiorrrqe3a, Poravero35, Kpaneno36
28

Polonic 1935, p. l9; flnauur

Ha

yKpeuJreHrero e ny6nrarynan s: Zahariade 1988, p. 1 19.

2e

Paruen 19826, c. 77 cn., 109 cn.
:o TIR L35, p. 64.
3r Polonic 1935, p. 19.
32

lllxopnnn 1905a, c.501.

33
3a

Eeurer.rrraes 1962, c.4.
MupuenfiIrMrrrpoB 1958-60,

35

Ibidem, n.

36

Touqesa 1953, c. 81 cn.; Eorunaxor 1977. c.90.

l.2l

cn.

11 cn.

nN\\\'{r
PrLUr{lr). il

'I |iinit

m{v
v

)t)

T

'i{^,'$

1r\i

5",

I

t

oi-r-+J 10 20'ltl
Et lnz F."lg
,

"t+

\-\

-""""-'#

a\

\,
rtRcrriomlrs

(Nl
Orosauagnara rpaHIrIIa Ha rpoBrHIII{sCKurvfl'. Jlerenga:
nrr [ypoctopyrra-MapuuaHoroJll{c; 2. AHtuqxlr r
K'bcHoaHTI,IqHLI yKpe[eHI'I qeuTpoBe; 3. flpegnonaraeMo rpace Ha
rpaHlrqara Mexly K'bcHopIrMcKI{Te flpoBlrHqnn Btopa Mlrsfix n CrNrns

O6p.

1.

1.

Tpace Ha pI{McKIrf,

(Torbatov 2000b, p.74,Fig.7) /Fig.

1. The south-western border of the
Late Roman province of Scythia. Legend: 1. The Roman road from
Marcianopolis to Durostorum; 2. Roman and late Roman fortified centres;
3. Hypothetical course of the border between the Late Roman provinces
of Moesia Secunda and Scythia (Torbatov 2000b, p.74,Fig.1)

(Cranea? 37).

upra:

B repr.rropr{flTa Ha rrpoBrrHrlux Crurus rrbK ocraBaJrr.r yKpenJreHr{flTa
Kanlrrau fiuurarpoBo, HoBo Eoreno, flpr.rnen, Oqrpqu, Xpa6pono pr 06-

povuu1e38.

+++
feorpaQcroro MecroHaxo)KAeHl4e Ha npoBl,Ilrqws Cxurus, Ao roJrflMa creneH npegoflpeleJrr,rJro no-Hararbrrurux pasnofi Ha flcrop[vecKara i c'rg6a. Cro6pa3fiBaHero c nprrpogHrra $arrop HaMepprJro r,r3pa3 B roJrrMoro nporexeHlre Ha B'bHrrrHr{Te i rpauuqu Lr B crrJrHo eKcfloHr.{paHoro noJroxeurre Ha seftnara repuToplr.fl
crrpflMo BapBapcKara nepn$epsfl. Ha pIrMcKrIt cexr. Bc'rrqHocr, Teplrropu.f,Ta Ha
HoBoyqpegeuara rrpoBrrHr{r{r or xrrJrflAoJrerlr.n 6uta egutt or nafr-naxHr,ITe Kp6crofl'brlr Ha MoIrIHLrre MurpaqrroHHlr AB]DKeHrrfl B rroBelrrKara vrcropvg. I,Igrr,xnatoro
rcHo oqepraBa crparerur{ecKoro 3HarreHrre Ha npoBr[HrlunCxanws,Karo npeileH nocr
v6acrnon3a 3arrllrrara na 6anrancKrrre BrraqeH:ag,ua Praucrata I{Mneprrfl rlpe3 K'bcHOAHTLITIHATA CIOXA

- 3HAqEHI{E,

KOETO AOTI'bJIHI,ITEJIHO HAPACHAJIO CJIEA TIPEMECT.

BaHero npes 330 r. Ha r,rMlepcKara croJrr{qa s KoHcraHtI{HorIoJr u Koero HarI'bJrHo
o6qcHqea cr{creMarur{Hrrre rplDKrr Ha rleHTpaJrHara BJracr 3a rro[ABpxaHeto s o6p

a3rloB BUA Ha [poBr{HrlrraJrHaTa BoeHHa opraHI,I3 aIIrIfl

37

Kysen 1981a, c.286wcn.

38

Bcx.rr[ n:6poenu
po6no

yKpefleHr,r

pa3rJreAaHr,r B

o6err:r

.

B rrpeAeJrr{Te Ha npoBr{}ru}Is,Cxwrlz.fl.

rr3Jroxeur{ero rro-Haratbr

(frasa II.2.B).

uqe

6rgar nog-

3.BOEHHA OPTAHTI3AUTIfl
B'r,scraHosflBaHero Ha BoeHHara Morrl na Puucrar:avtunepvtfl e 6escuopuo
eAHa

or

roJreMlaTe 3acJryrl,I Ha l{Mneparop E[oKJreruan. HqrorarrrHoro rrpeKJroHepeQopuaropcKr4, uy renurl BGB BoeHHara o6racr, o6ave, HacroflTeJrHo

Hr,re IIpeA

orcrbnBa Mqcro Ha no-Tpe3Brr

orleHKr.r B c'bBpeMeHHara r,rcropuorpa$lra. Bce no-

Beqe u3creAoBareJllr I,I3T'bKBar noAqepraHo KoHcepBarr,rnnur (u nopr4 peaKrdnoHen!)
xapaKTep Ha HeroBaTa cTpaTerr4qecKa KoHIIelrIr4r, KoflTo - BMecTo KGM KaqeCTBeHo npecrpyKTypilpaHe c orJre[ Ha HoBr{Te BoeHHo-rroJrurusecKur peaJrHocrr,r - 6ttta
Hacor{eHa K'bM B'b3cTaHoBqBaHe II KOHCOJIIUA\Afl HA BOeHHaTa OpraHI,I3aqI{fl. 17 HA

cr{creMara 3a repr,rropuat*a or6pana or eloxara ua flpuuqunaral . flpz nce rona,
nerng6exnure raKTr4Ko-oneparrrBHr,r 3arpyAHeHr,r-fl, nopoAeHr{ or crarr{qHara cBp6xKOHr{eHTpa\u5 Ha cuJrvTe IIo HMIIepcKLIfl nepr,rMeT'bp, cTaHaJIII [puqr,IHa I{MeHHO B
xoAa Ha BoeHHr4re peSopur Ha r,rMrreparop fiuorlerr{aH [a 6,rge upeorKpr.rra Heo6xogr.ruocr r a u aa 3 alorrHe cQopr"rupanero Ha c[eqr{aJrr.r3r.rpaH Kopnyc or uo 6Nlsa qacru2, Korrro 6es ga orcra6sar rpaHr.rr{Hara 3aulr.rra s rorllro a ga 6uto nyHKT

6rpso ga 6rqar [pexB'bprqHr{ Ha pa3rurrH[ Tearprr ua 6oftsrate geficror KoHKpernata o6craHoBKa r.r H}ryqu. 3a cuqecrByBaHero Ha
o6oco6eua u [eecloco6ua uaneepeHa noJreBa apuufl B'bB BpeMero na fl'rpnara
Terpapx[q, o6ave, n'so6qe He Moxe Aa craBa AyMa: AoBe[eHrasr Ao HeBr,rxgaHr4
Aa Morar

rltfl,

B 3aBr{cr{Mocr

pa3MepLI BoeHeH noreHqr{aJr na Pr.rlrcxaravr:lailepus.,Ir3rrI{cJrrBaH Ha oKoJIo 400 000
gyuru3 , 6ul novru Ir3IIflJIo c'bcpeqoroqeH [o [porexeHrre Ha A'bp)r(aBHrate rpannqu4 .

3a ucrr.rrrcxlr c63AareJr Ha K'bcHopuMcKara BoerrHa opraHr{3arlu, c ocHoBapesylrar or rrr/rrrro enepruqur,r

HLIe cJreABa Aa ce cqI,ITa LlMneparop Koncranrru I, r
gericrarax MoAeJTET oKoHllareJrHo u3Kpr,rcraJrr,r3r,rpaJr

u6uluucruryrlvoHaJrr{srapaus

.

flplrelta ce, qe npoqectT na o6oco6sBaHe

Ha BoeHHr4fl noreHrlr,raJr na Puucrara
IrMnepl{r a gne npu6nl{3lrreJlHo paBHrr rro r{r4cJreHocr c'bcraBHr{ .tacrvt 6ur e o6qz
ItnlfirtJl rr3BcprrreH B repuoAa 3ll-325 r.6 Egnara qacr - limitanei (riparienses,
I Hoffmann 1969, S. 247 sqq.; Hoffmann 1974,5.382.; Mann 1977, p.11; Mann 1919, p.
180; Isaac 1988, p. 141; Isaac 1990, p. 170.
3a rrpcB nrr: e 6rra oc'bqecrBeHa or r{Mrreparop farueu qpe3 peopraHr.r3ar{r{, Ha
KaBarrepr4f,ra: Grosse 1920, S. 15 sqq.
3
Ioan. Lyd. De mens., 1,27 (ed. Wiinsch).
a Hoffmann
1969, S. 187 sqq., 226 sqq.
5
Boeuur,r:re pe$oprtmre na fluoxletr.ran n Koncranuur I r{ T{x}roro rro-HararrruHo pa3Br4Twe ca [peAMer na o6ctoeu anailv3 r.r flporr.rBoperrr4Br.r orleHKr.r B MHoxecrBo HapoqHr Hayqur.r lrpyAoBe n ny6nnxaqulr: Mommsen 1889; Grosse 1920; Nischer 1923;
Berchem 1952;Varady 1961; Hoffmann 1969.
6
[aruporrara e MorrrBr{paHa B; Berchem 1952,75-88.
2

Vlgetra

ripenses)
npuqo6zra roArrepraHo craqr,roHapeH xapaKTep. Ts 6una pa3noJroxeHa no rpaHrrqr{Te Ha r,rM[eprrflTa w 6wra HaroBapeHa c rqxHara 3arqr,rra. flo cpanneHrre c fiepuoga ua flrpnara rerpapxur, qucJreHocrra Ha nprKo aHriDKlrpanr.rrr c oxpaHara Ha Al,pxaBHl,tTe rpaHrlql4 BoeHeH KoHTIIHTeHT 6una cu.nno nauarena, r'rfi
KATO I,IMEHHO IIPE3 I{3TETJIflHE HA 3HAqI4TEIEH iIOBEUIKI{ IOTEHIII{AJI OT C'bCTABA HA

Jrerr4oHrrre u qpe3 npeo6pasyaaHe Ha MHoxecrBo crarlr4oHrrpaHrr AororaBa rro rpaHrrrdrrre [oMorr{Hlr qacrrr 6uxr,r cSoprnrrrpaHr.r HoBI,rre nogpa31eJreHlr-f,, c'bcraBJrsBarrlr{ BoeHHr{, pe3epB r,r o[eparr4BHara [oJIeBa apv,ns, ua Puucrarailv,ilepvs, Sacer
Comitatus (Sacer Palatium). Trft raro BcrKa soricrosa eALIHrrrIa limitanei 6ula npxKo 3aera eA[HcrBeHo c oxpaHara lr or6pauara Ha KoHKpereH yqactbK or rpaHI,IIIa-

-

Ta, rr3trBJrHeHrreTo Ha BclrrrKr{ ocraHaJrtr 3aAaqll vr l,e,{[,gnfi, I,I3I4CKBaIqU BOeHHO yqacTI,Ie IdIIII [prrCBCTBIre B'bB B'bTpeIlHOCTTa Ha IIpOBIIHIII,'IIT9, Ce OKa3aJIO I,I3IIflJIO B
orroBopHocrr{Te Ha c omitat ens e s .
Ha reH4eHrlr{rra K'bM pa3AeJreur,re n o6oco6ssaHe Ha III{BI,rJrHara LI
BoeHHa BJracrr{ s P[Mcxara r{Mnepr{s, KaKTo Ia sa no-eSeKTIrBHo pBKoBoAcrBo Ha
soricxoeure eAr{Hrrrlu Ha repl{Topl{aJreH nprrHql{n, Moxe 6n s Ha.ranoro Ha c'bBMecTHoro yrrpaBJreHrre Ha r.rMfleparoprrre fluornerraan u Maxcurral{aH, Ho npu BcIztrKI,I
cily,lau oqe B roArrHrre rpeArr c63AaBaHero na flrpnara rerpapxut (1 uapr: 293 r.),
B qacr or rpaHllr{Hrrre [poBrrHgww7 6ma B'bBeleHa AJrbxHocrra Ha MecrHlrre BoeHHr4r KoMaHgupu (duces). Haft-panuoro 3acera r{3Becrr{e 3a npoBr4HqlraJreH AyKc e
or flepraoAa 286-293 r. u [porr3xo)<Aa or flpoBr,rHrlrrff Cxnrras8 , Koero ce flrlflBa cvrypHo yKa3aulle, r{e rq e 6una cpe4 "flurorHflTe o6eKTu" B [pl,IJraraHero Lr orpa6orsaHero Ha MexaHrr3MrlTe Ha HoBr{fl MoAeJr Ha BoeHHo-aAMrrHl,Icrparunuo ycrpoftc-

B gyxa

TBo, [peB'bpHaJI ce B[ocJre[crB[re B eAHa or eu6reiraarlltrrHlrre rrepru Ha eloxara Ha
,[our,rnara. tr{alocrnoro r{3[[rcBaHe Ha AJl'bxHocrra Ha BoeHHIrfl KoMaHAI,Ip B rrpoB[Hr-Ir4q Cxurus. rJracflJro dux limitis provinciae Scythiae, Ho B LI3BopLIre r.f, Hall-.{ecTo ce cpeqa orpa3eHa B c'bKparerra $oprtaa. flpes nepuoga ua fl'rpeara rerpapxtrfl

AyKcbr 6un nenocpeAflrBeHo noAr{r,rHeH Ha nperopllancKr4fr, npeSert Qtraefectus
praetorio) Ia pa3[oJraraJr c urrpoKr,r npaBoMorq]r, Ha reprrroplrsra Ha npoB[HIILrqra.
OcseH trprKoro KoN{aHAyBaHe Ha HacraHeHlrre raM BoeHHIr r{acrl{, rort 6nn orroBopen oule sa: na6mogeHr{ero r{ KoopAr,rHar{[qra na SoprraQI,IKaIIrIoHHoro crpolrreJrcruo; SynrqtroHr.{paHero Ha BoeHrrara $lora; KoHTaKTT{Te c He[prrfiTeJrcKrrre I{ c'bIo3HrI HapoA[ rro rpaHrrrlara; HopMaJrHoro QynrquoHlrpaHe Ha clrcreMara 3a trpo[oBoJrcrBeuo ura6gxeaHe; BoeHHara [oAroroBKa I,I noA1Gpxauero na ueo6xoqraMara r{r{cJreHocr Ha soficxosiare egnuuqug . flyxcrr pa3[oJraraJr c'rc co6crseHa KaH-

7 Hannqe ca

y6egurellr[ apryMeHT]r, qe

B MHo3r{HcrBoro

Plrucxara r,rMfleprrfl AJl'bxHocrra dux e 6lua
BpeMe: Hoffmann 1974, S. 383 sqq.
8

Popescu 1976, No 3.

e

Zahariade 1988, p. 41

(r.r

or

rpaHIrtqHI,ITe [poBuHIIrrlI Ha

BT,BeAeHa eABa B cJreAArroKreruanoBo

qnrupanara raM nmeparypa).

qenapurl0, .rurlro cacraB rrJrrocrprrpa npeAr.rMHo $nnancono-rcplrAlrr{ecKara crpaI{a Ha HefoBaTa BJracT, cB'bp3aHa c MaTepr.raJrHo-TexHI4lIeCKOTO I4 IpOAOBOJTCTBeHO
cHa6gxnaue Ha rpaHr,IrlHr,rre solicx[ u c [oA['bp)KaHero Ha BolaHcKara AI{cqurIJrIrsal1 . Kaxro no SunaucoBl4Te, TaKa oTqacTlr I{ no rcpl,t[uqecKl4Te B'blpocu, o6ave,
tori ne pagnoJlaraJr c n'bJrHa caMocrorreJrHocr, a ce HaMI,Ipal vlrv| B HenpeK'bcHaro
nsar.ruogeftcrBr{e rrJrlr Aopr,r IIo[ npeKr.rs KoHTpoJI Ha BrrcoKolocraBeHr{Te a[MI{HI{cTparrrBHrr cJryrKr4TeJrr{ rra HrlBo Arrorle3 n npe$extypal2 . flpes IrbpBrrre AecerI{JIeTr{rI OT c'bII{ecTByBaHeTO Ha [poBI,IHIII{qTa, AyKC'br na Crurufl'uv'ar, rrog cBoe pa3nopexgaHe ABa JrerrroHa (legio I lovia w legio II Herculia) I{ Hel{3Becren 6pofi noMorr{HIr BoeHHI{ qacru13, Karo BcrulqKrr cBeAeHI{fl 3a rqx [polr3xo)KAar or AyHaBcKaTa rpaHrrrlar4

utfi or MopcKoro xpafi6pex<uels.
BpeMe sa Sacer Comitatus r.r oco6eno
6u oule roraBa vrvfip:r. HacJIeAHI,Iqure na Konctanrun I

Ctc crsqaraHero s KoHcraurraHoBo
cJreg B.bBe)KAaHero

uoxe

Ha peruroHaJruoro BoeIrHo KoMaHABaHe 3a Al,Ioqesa Tparua16, npeporaTrlB[Te Ha
[yKCa na Crgrrnr I,BrJIe)K[a 6unn ZHa,IUTeJIHO Op.rI3aHIl, KaTO rrOA IIeIOBO IIptKO
BeAoMcrBo 6r,rra ocraseHa caMo AyHaBcKara [poBIrHIIuaJrHa rpaHIrIIa I{ IlacraHeHure uo nerinoro nporexe:aue limitanei.Tasucrtrya\klfl, orpa3ena rIo-KBcHo r{ s Notitia
Dignitatuml7 , uautnpa KpacHopequBo [oTB'bp)KAeHI{e B clrrypHllTe eurarpa$cxu u
[rrcMeHIiI cBegeHnq 3a [yKcoBe ga Cxuras.l8 or cneggraoKJrerl,IaHoBo BpeMe, KoIaTo
6ea rzsxnrcqeHlre flpor,r3xoxgar vtrflt ca cB'bp3aHrr c o6errra utrut ct 6nru, no AyHaBcxux 6pnr Ha IIpoBtIHIIuqra. KtIvI nocJIeAHaTa r{eTBapT sa IV B. HaMIIpaIqYIflT ce

noA TflxHo KoMaHAyBaFre BoeHeH KoHTrrHreHT npeAcTaBJItBaJI 3HaqIITeJIHa CI{JIa B
c'bcTaB or 2 neruosa,T xanatepuficKu, S nexoruu IIoApa3AeJIeHwI II BoeHeu $lot'
OcrananrEre BoeHHr{ yKpeflJreHrrfl e CKuru.fl, HacraHeHI{Te B Tsx u B HsKou or ceJrlrrqara noApa3AeJreHu, comitatenses, KaKTo r,r ItrsJIocrHLrrIT BoeHeH KoHTpoJI Ir oxpaHa
Ha KoMyH[KaqI{IlTe rro MopcKIIfl 6prl u BGB BbTpeIxHoCTTa Ha [poBlaHquqTa rlonaAHaJrrr rroA roplrcArrKrlflqTa Ha B'bpxoBHrrt HaqaJrHIrK Ha BoIicKLrTe B []IoIIe3a

r0
r1

Tpa-

Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 36-42 (ed. Seeck).
Zahariade 1988, p. 50 sqq.

12

Grosse 1920, 159-160.
3a soeHHara opraHrr3arlu{ B rrpoBr{nqnx Crnrufl lro BpeMe ua
Sarnowski 1988, s. 121 sqq.
1a
Aricescu 1977, p. 110 sqq.; Zahariade 1988, p. 55 sqq.
rs Aricescu 1977, 122-123 (nr.2-3).
13

16

fltprata rerpapx[fl, Bx.:

B AI{oIIe3a Tparux [peArIoJIox<I{TeJIopraHl{3l4paHo Karo comitivareimilitaris,

B.5gnr.rr-salrero Ha perlronanHo BoeHHo KoMaHABaHe
Ho ce

orHac{

rtu

339 r.

Orna.ralo ro 6uno

a npu Teogocr.rir I (ox, 380 r.) 6ulo usgunraro B paHr ta magisterium militum per
Thracias: Hoffmann 197 4, S. 387 sqq.
r7 Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX,2-35 (ed. Seeck).
r8
Cregennxr a ca ctlparuwna:aarrLr3:rrpaur,r r: Aricescal977,125-126; Zahariade 1988,42-45.

ql{aro AJI"bxHocr orrraqaJro rJlactJra comes rei militaris, a llo-K6cH o - magister equitum et peditum per Thracias.
flplr nce roBa, B orAeJIHt4 pafionu ua tr{unepurra AyKcoBere [oJryqaBaJrpr
Knfl.lg ,

rrpu [I3B'bHpeqnu O6CrorTeJIcTBa KoMaHAyBaHeTO r4 HaA HacTaHeHrrTe B no[Oler{Hr.rTe IlM [poBI4HIILru qacrr{ or c'bcraBa aa Sacer Comitatus. He e rngeecruo or Kora
Aarl{pa ra3r.r npaKTrrKa, Ho K'bM Haqaroro na V B. ToBa He rrle ga e 6uro nosocr2O.

flo

scsxa BeporrHocr uogo6na curya\vfl. B'b3Hr{KHaJra rr B rrpoBlruqr,rx Cxzrrax npee
[BpBI{Te Aecerr{rer[q Ha V a. Crrpeuenru{Te rr3cJrelBauvay6egtreJrHo rroKa3Bar,
ue crporlnara BoeHHo-opraHr,r3aqr{oHHa cr4creMa, rr3rpa[eHa B npoBr.rHrlr.rqra noeTanHo npe3 n'bpBr,rre rpr,r qerBtprr,r ua IV n., Saxruvecxr4 [pecraHaJra Aa ctrrlecrByBa olqe K'bM Kpas ua IV ulu uar?-xruro B HaqaJroro na V s. flopegnqata HeycrexI4 B Lr3Torqr{TeJrHr{Te 6op6u c pa3rurrHu BapBapcKr,r [JreMeHa [oBeJr[r qo $usuuecro
yHI{uIo)KeHuevrvtpas$oprtaupoBaue Ha MHo3uHcrBoro or BoeHHrare qacrfi limitanei.

flopagu I43qep[BaHe Ha r{oBerrrKr{Te pecypc[ Ha I4rr.rnepuflTa, orrkrrrrre Ha r,rMleparop TeogoclzilIw HeroBrrre nprreMHr4rlrr Aa B'b3craHoBrr rrpeAr.rrrrHru MoAeJr Ha BoeHHa opraHvsat\ufl, rrpe3 [peAr,rcJroKarlus unu c$opuupaHe Ha HoBra roficxonra uogpa3AeJleHrrfl rro pr.rMcKrr o6paeeq [perbpfleJrrr [poBaJr. ?lsxog or Kpr.rrr,rrrHoro noJro>I(eHI{e 6ran nauepeH B MacoBoro flpuBrr,rqaue K'bM BoeHHa

cryx6a

Ha HaeMHr{rIu

u Segeparu rrcMe)rqy BapBapcKoro o6xp'rxenr{e, KaKTo u B c'b3AaBaHero Ha eAHa
oco6ena Kareropru BoeHr{3rrpaHo HaceJreHrre, Koero 6zno cnequaJrlro npr,r3BaHo Aa
o6cnyxaa yKperrr4TeJruara rEn$pacrpyKrypa B rpaHr.rqHara 3oHa cpeqy ro3eMJreHo
o6eeqetenue B HelocpeAcrBeHara oKoJrHocr. Marap Aa [oryrrr.rro rpagr,rr{r{oHHoTo Ha3BaHrre limitanei, ToBa HaceJreHr{e He 6lrno nurqo [oBerre or militiazl .klcrvttcKara BoeHHa cfiJra, c Korro Praucxara l{MleprrJr pa3[oJlaraJla B npoBl,rHqug, Cxurag,
or nGpBara noJroBr{Ha Ha V s. HacerHe, 6uxu sacraHeHnre raM [oApa3[eJreHr,r, or
Sacer Comitatus. CtrT>xe6no (n rr.ropa;ruo!) HeauraKr.rpanu c or6paHara Ha KoHKpeTeH TIyHKT z geftcrrysafirra n'rrpe r{ orB'bA r4MrrepcKara rpaHrrrla, nogBuxurrre qacra 6ulu B c'bcroflHrae e$exrzsno Aa [porrrBoqericrnyrar Ha BceKr{ HarraAareJr, KaTo c'LuIeBpeMeHHo octrrlecrBrBanrr Bp'b3Kara vr B3avMoqeftcreuero Mexgy yKpeleHrrre o6errr.r rro AyHaBcKnn 6p* rr B'bB B'brperxHocrra Ha [poBr,rHrlr,rrra. Hosara
o6cranosra qe [a e o6oorosana neo6xogrrMocrra or peopraHu3arla, r,I Ha npoBr{HIILraJrHoro BoeHHo KoMaHABaHe s Crurus. OcnosaHr,re sa nogo6Ho [peguoJroxeHr,re
AaBa 3acBl,rgereJrcrByBaHara B6pxy enlrrpa$cr[ [aMerHuK or oKoJrHocrr,rre na KaJrarlac rlrrJra comes et dux, c Korro e yAocroeH eAr.rlr BucoKonocraBeH A'bpx(aBeH
cJryxI,ITeJr (vir spectabilis) ua uMe Oaasuyc Cepnanqycz2 . Hagnr{c'br e c Herrpeqr-

le

Zahariade 1988, p. 49.

2o

2r

Grosse 1920, S. 158.
flogpo6no no re3n B'brrpocr.r B: Zahariade 1988, p. 9l sqq.; Aricescu 1977,131-132; Barnea
1991a, p. 217 sqq.; Dintschev 1998, S. 95 sqq.

22

Popescu 1976, No 86.

3r.{paHa [aTr.{poBKa B v B. pr ce r,rHTepupeTrrpa tro aHaJror[fl c Apyru npoBr,rHqr{r4 KaTo
yKa3aHrre 3a KoHr{eHTpaq[q Ha qI,rBr..IJIHaTa r.r BoeHHa BJracr B cKr.,rru, B p'br{ere Ha
eAHo r{ c'brrlo Jrr.rqe23. Cnopeg MeH, B cryqaq craBa AyMa He 3a KoHqeHTpaqprq Ha
aAMI4HIICTpaTI{BHara Ir BOeHHa, a CaMO Ha BOeHHara BJracr, KarO Ha HOBI4TI BI4Cur
o$uqep c rurJrara comes et dux (Scythiae?) 6uno nonepeHo KoMaHAyBaHero Ha Bcr{qKr{ HacraHeur,r B flpoBrrHrlr{rra soficxosra rroApa3geJrenilr. - KaKTo limitanei, TaKa r{
comitatenses. Ilpeguono)KeHr{ero r43rJrexla orle [o-npangonogo6Ho, aKo ce B3eMe
[peABlr[ $arrtr, qe rpe3 492 t. [rMfleparop AHactacr,rri c'bc creqrraJreH 3aKoH [oAr{NHz:r crarlIaoHupaHlrre B [3TorrHlrre rpaHurrHu IpoBIHIILIU comitatenses Ha c'borBerHure gyrcore2a, Koero AoKyMeHTaJrHo ce npocJreAsBa Karo ycraHoBeHa rlpaK-

TrrKa r4 npee

VI

n.25

Onucanraqr no-rope HoB opraHtr3alluoHeH MoAeJr, o6oco6ul ce rrpe3 n'bpBaV B., xapaKTepusvpa BoeHHara opraHlr3allufi B [poBI,IHIInxCxnrus
npe3 paHHoevsaHruficxuJr [eproA. Torl upogrmrun ga $yrr qllouplpa c ilpoMeHJIIrB
ycflex Ao KGM Kpafl Ha VVna.raroro na VII n. He e flcuo KaKBIT rrroguQuxaqufi rrpeT'bpnrJr ro3r,r MoAeJr rrpfl r,rMneparop Anacracnft n ganu nro6ule c IrMero Ha [ocreAHr{s Morar Aa ce cB'bpx(ar H.flKaKBr4 KaqecrBeHu [poMeHI{. 3a sHac.gHero B Hero
Ha c'bu{ecrBeur{ HoBoB'bBeAeHr{fl, o6aue, Kacaeqr{ nprrBrplr{aHero Ha Ao['bJrHlrreJr-

Ta noJroBr{Ha na

nrz sorlcxost{ KoHTrrHreHTyt Lt pa3rp'blrlaHero Ha r,.rau1a6no crparerr,rqecKo BoeHHo

crpoureJrcrBo, cbc cr,rrypHocr Mo>r(e Aa ceToBop:1i111Y:::x€ I{Mreparop octunuau I, u ro - 3a BTopara [oJroBI{Ha or HeroBoro,yflpaBreHrae
Maxap Wtnnepuana HoMrrHaJrHo Aa 3arra3l,IJra cyBepeHl4Tera crl HaA [poBI{Hqrax Crurra, qaK Ao rparinoro ysraHoBrBase na AcnapyxoBrrre 6rnrapu Ha ror or
p. fiyuae, cJreA yHr.rqo)Kr{TeJrr{r{Te aBapo-cJraBflHcKv: HanaAeH[IJI or Kpaq na VI ra
Haqaroro na VII B. Jrrr[cBar KaKBr4rro uga6ulo ocHoBaHpIrI [a ce AolycKa :rparfiroro
Irpl4cbcrBr,re Ha HrKaKBa opraHr.r3vpa*a BoeHHa cr{Jra B [peAeJrrrre na nerlnara repr4TopraJr.

+++
HepasqeneH tr MHoro ctqecrBeH eJreMeHT or flpoqeca Ha opraHrr3r4paHe Ha
npoBuHqr4s Cxurus.B'r,B BoeHHo orHo[reHlre e 6r,rn nrrpa)KAaHero Ha yKpe[[TeJrHa-

ra uu$pampyKTypa sa ner)rHa

repnTopu.sr.

CrcrosHzero

Ha yKpenlrTeJrHara cl{cre-

Ma B 3Haqr,rreJrHa crerreH e npeAo[peAeJrf,Jro e$exrraenocrra Ha [poBr.rHrlr4aJrHara
or6pana, Koero o6qcHssa fiocroqHHr,rre rprDKr{ or cl]paHa Ha IIeHTpaJrHara I{ Mecr-

23

Popescu 197 6, 132-133 ; Zahariade L988, 44-45.
Cod. Iust. X[, 35, l8 (ed. Kriiger).
25
Nov. Iust. C[I, 3, I (ed. Schdll - Kroll).
2a

26

Torbatov 1997a,p. 8l sqq.; 3a nacrrnulr{Te [poMeHn rr xapaKTepa Ha BoeHuara oprau[3aqr{, KcM Kpa, Ha VI n npe: fla,pBr{re Aecerr.urerrq na VII s. B)K.: Haldon 1993, p.
45 sqq.

IIo [oAA:bpxaHero

i

s rasnpanHocr r{ crrcreMaTr{qHoTo ir gouarpuxAaHe r{
TexHI4lIecKo yc'bB'bplxeHcTByBaHe. B'rupexra CKeITI4III{3Ma Ir xulepKpr4Tr4rlr.r3Ma Ha
Ha BJracr

HqKoLI c'bBpeMeHHu anropu2T , MaTepr{aJrHure ocraHKI4 oT pa3rr,rrrHlrTe rro

ruu u SyH-

KIIUq yKpenenra o6exru [peAocraBrr BB3MoxHocT 3a a3flcHrBaHe r4 npeocMracJr-sHe
He caMo ua qpe6Hu gerailxlw, Ho I{ Ha B'blpoc}I or KoHrlenryaJrHo ecrecrBo B'bB Bp'b3Ka

c BoeHHo-rloJl,rTrrrrecKaTa fi coIIpraJIHo-r{KoHoMI,IqecKa LIcTopI4q Ha 3eMr,rTe rlo
narf-go;moto reqeHr{e Ha p. ,qyHaB, 3a Kouro [p],r[rre Kareropr4r{ r{croprrqecKr.,r r.r3aopu 6mo [a3sr M6JMaHI{e, LTJIIT npeAJrarar HerIbJrHa, Heror{Ha, a noHrKora I,r reHAeHIIlIosHo I43KpLIBeHa nu$oprrraqux. Pags[ruero Ha yKpenr{TeJrHara crircreMa, KaTO CGBKyIHOCT OT Bcr4rrKrlr yKpe[eHlr O6erru B npeAeJrr'rTe Ha rrpoBr{ut1wn Cxurua,
lo3BoJrflBa no6pe [a ce yJroBsr ocHoBHrrre HacoKr{ B'bB BtHruHara r{ BtTperrrHa noJrlrrr4Ka na Purucxar a vuilepvfl, [pe3 K'bcrroaHTutrHara enoxa u Aa ce ycraHoBsr peaJrHI{Te I43MepeHLIq Ha C'bOTBeTCTByBarIIaTa r{M BOeHHO-CTpaTerI,IqeCKa AOKTpr4Ha
r,r MrrKpoper[oHaJrHo Huso. BHra],rareJrHr{rr aHaJrr{3 na Qyurquo-

Ha peruoHaJrHo

HaJlno-Tlrflororl{qecKara cuequ$ura u xpoHoJrorrrqecKr4Te napaMerpr.r

Ha KoHKperHIITe [aMerHI,Iqu ua Soprz$r4Karlr4oHuoro crporrreJrcrBo oirepraBa B'b3MoxHo
nafi-o6errraBHldg n'br Aa ce Aoll3flcHrr c'brrlHocrra Ha K'bcHopI,IMcK\rfl. ur Ha paHHoBrr-

gasrrnrtcrux MoAeJI
ArrHaMI{KaTa Ha

27

Ha BoeHHa opraHu3arlru B npoBr,rHrlus Cxnrus.uAa ce flpocJreAr,r
[poqeca rlo TgxHoTo B'bBe)KAaHe.

Isaac 1990, p. 372sqq.

MMADA

M
ii:Sii*?i,l?itiillirl.1ii#,jl1*ll$:ilr*ir'i..,\i

HEilffiffiriffiffiH'ffiffidffiffi

Hsnopu

3a
yKperrr,rTeIrHaTa
cucTeMa Ha
trp o Br,r Hrllrfl crcur

1.

wfl

II}ICMEHI,I CBEAEH.Wfl

cpeAHoBeKoBHlr H3Boprr ilpelocraBflT cBegeHr{r,
KOIITO Ce HaMLIpaT ltJ'II{ tvlOIaT B eAHa I{JII,I Apyra CTe[eH Aa Ce [OCraBxT B]B Bp'b3Ka
c yKpenLITeJIHara c[IcreMa Ha IIpoBr4HrImx Crurus. Bupexu qe ca q)aBur{Te.,rrHo
6eguu orK-r,M lrH$opuaqraq, cBeAeHrrrrra ce orHacqr ilo mnpoK Kp"rr or npo6-nemu,
KaCaexII4 C'bCToqHeTO Ha yKpeIILITeJIHaTa CI,ICTeIvla, xpOHO.nIOrHflTa ua @opraQuxaHerraa;rxo K'LCHoaHTuttHrI

r.r

llIroHHoTo CTpoLITeJICTBO, AI'rCJIOKar{r{flTa r{ TrrrroJrofr{qecKaTa xapaKTeplrcTuKa Ha
yKpeflLrrenHrrre c"bop'bxeHlrr, rrcroplr qecKara c'sg6a Ha orJleflrrtr yxpenenu qeHTpore. flo rer\rarr4Ka, xapaKTep ,r c'bAlpxaHr{e r{3Bopnre ca rn"bp,qe pa:roo6pa:nn
- npaBHo-aAIvIIrHI4crparI,rBHr{, I4croprrqecKlr, reorpa$crra. puropuqecKrr,.[rrreparypuu (npo:a u noe:ur). fl,ocrouepnocrra Ha npeAalleHara B rrx un$opuaqr{, B 3uaqrrTeJIHa creneH 3aBrlc[ ou{e or lv{eroAa, npo$ecnonaJrHr{Te KaqecrBa r{ qoBeurKrr rrpHcTpacTr4rr Ha aBTopr{Te.

.! .! .!

B [oc'rursanure Ao Hac fllrcMenrr rr3Bopu He ce orKpuBar HHKaKBT{ flpeKrr
t{3Becrl{fl orHocHO yKpeflr,rrenHara cucrer\{a Ha rrpoBrrnqlrr Cxurxn [pe3 rr"bpBrrre
6,rrnso 80 roguur.r c,reg uer,iHoro yqpeArBaHe - rraK [o ynpaBJrenrrero Ha rrM[epa'rop

Baleuc! IlapagoxcaJ'rHocrra Ha KoHcrararluara ce noActrrrBa or uuoro6poiHure l.r
HecbMHeHHr,r cBlrAerencrBa Ha Apyr-[Te Kareropt.ur ucropHqecKu t 3Bopr.r (npelu
tsc[r{Ko enltrpacpcxu H apxeoJ]orlrqeCKu ), Kor{To oqepTaBa'r ro3u nepr4oA KaTo Bper\{e
Ha LI3KJIlotlureJlHa rlo pa3ruax $oprr,r$uxaquoHHa aKTuBHocr. 14HrpoprnraqrioHHltrr

or HTKoJIKo a6crpaxrHlr cBegeHHr, ur,r3rrpaulr4 AyHaBCKrlt
6par, gnoqeaa Tpaxna rrr'ur rpaHuqure Ha Puucrara r4Mnepns aro6uqel. Karo ce
I,IMa [peABI4g reOrpaQcKoTo rroJroxeHr4e, aAMI4Hr4cTpaTr4BHaTa npr.rHaAJrexHocr
crparerur{ecKoro 3HaqeHHe Ha [poBr,rHrrytn Cxvrmt, Te3rr cBeAeHr4, cJreABa Aa ce
npr.reMaT KaTo rroBeqe r{Jr14 rro-ManKo BaJr}lAHr{ !t 3a Heq.
Taxa HanpraMep, B noxBa,'IHoro cJroBo Ha EsilaenrarT :a KoscraHqrari Xnop or
291 r. ce cnoMeHaBar B'b3craHoBeHr4Te K'bM ToBa BpeMe J'rarepn Ha aJrH r.r Koxoprr4
no qeruq Jrr{Mec ua PefiH, klcrup n E$par', KaKro r.r uHoro6poriHra xpenocrHrl creHr{, r,r3Ar{rHarn rro eABa :a6e.nexuuure cneAH Ha crapr4 ocnoet,r2.
Busupalixu rpr4xr4Te na fnox;rerrraH 3a rpaHr,lqrrre ua Izllrneplrqra, 3ocl.rla
or6err3ra, qe r4Mneparop'br nr yKpenr4Jr c rpanoBe, Kpenocrl.r n xy.nu3.
B o6qonunepcKrr nJraH cJreABa Aa ce tbJrKyBa n cro6uleur4ero Ha Aepennfi
Buxrop sa QopruQrrKar{}roHHara gefiuocr Ha r4Mfleparop KoHcraurxn I, rlo qtrero
BpeMe Ha MHOIO rvrecTa, IloAxoArulu 3a ToBa, 6aln n:guruara (soeaHu) yxpen.neulua.
Cnopeg xpoHoJrorurra Ha r{3JroxeHr{ero y AuuaH Mapqe:ruH, [onpaBKara
Ha rpaAcKI.ITe yKpenl.rreJrHlr c'bopl,xeHr4rr B Ar4orle3a Tparru, KaKTo rr rroAgtpxaHero I{ r,r3Al4raHero sa 6oecnoco6nocrra Ha sorlcxnre (n yxpenneHrax'ra) ro rpaxnricxuq yqacrBK or AyHaBcKara rpaHurlil, r{3n'r,Klritr Karo Bax(H}I flpuopurerr4 B
Haqaroro Ha ynpaBJreHr4ero Ha rrMneparop IOrnau5. B npequrecrByBail{u, onrrcaHuero ua flrpnara rorcKa BouHa Ha Hruneparop Baleuc (367-369 r.) ucropuroreorpa$cxr eKcKypc, nocBereH Ha rparnficKtrre [potsr4Hqnr4, aBToprr npelcraBr
lyHaBcKr.r, 6prr xaro 3aer or MHoro rpaAoBe rr HerrpecraHeH Hr.r3 or BoeHHlr
yxpenlenua6.
BaKyyM orqacrl4 ce 3arrtrBa

14

rBx.: Berxou 1959a, passitn Velkov 1958-60, 124-138.
Eumen. Paneg. Lat. IV, l8 (ed. Bghrens):"..,crlanun et cohortiutn castra toto Rheni et Histi

2

et

EuJiutis lintite restitutu";"...ubir1ue tnuri vix repertis vetenmtfundctmentorltm ve.stigiis
excitantur".
3
Zosim. Hist. nova, II, 34 (ed. Bonnae): "...poleis kai phrouriois kai pyrgoi.t...".
a
Aurel. Vict. De caes. XLI, l8 (ed. Pihlmayer): "castro et castella pluribus locis conunode
5

posita".
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXII, 7, 7 (ed. Clark): "urbes quin etiam per Thracias o,nne.t, clutt
rnunimcrttis reparans extitnis, curansclue sollicite, ne arnut vel indunrcnta, aut .stipencliunt
vel alitnenta cleessent his quos per supercilia Histri dispersos, excursibusque borbarorunt
oppo,sito.s, agere vigilanter oudiebat et.fortite r".

6

Ibidem, XXVil, 4,6: "Hister, qua
et c'astellis".

Ronrcururn t'espitetn

krnbiL nrbibus ntultis

et

castris contigur,ts

Hari-panHure KoHKperHu nr.ICN{eHlr cBeAeHr.r, ra QoprucptrKarlrroHHo crporrTeJlcrllo B IlpoBLIHIllrq CxtlTl4q fl 3a cLcrorHl{ero Ha yKpefltl't'eJ.rHara cHCTetua raM
ca cB-bp3aHn c geiruocrra t{ Bpervrero Ha r.rNtneparop Ba,reuc.
oco6eso 6orara ua l.ruQopuaqr{, no 3aHr4r\{aBaulr{Te Hr,r npo6,reuu e ,[ecel'ara peq Ha pr.rropa TeuncruiiT, npot{3HeceHa ts Ha(laJ.roro Ha 370 f. npeA ceHara B
KoucrasrnsorroJr, B [plrc'bcrBHero Ha cawryt 14Mrreparops. Cnopeg aB'ropa (oveauACq tr yqacrHtrr e ct6r4rr4qra), HHl'eH3UBHara )',KpenilTerHa Aet4Hocr, ocrqecrBeHa
or Ba:reuc B xoAa r.r Heilocpe[crBeHo cneA Kpafl ua llrpeara rorcKa softHa, ce npo'ItsUj[A

B HflKOJIKO HACOKI'I: CTPOIITCNCTBO HA HOBH, I]-b3CTAHOBflBAHC HA IOCTPAAAJIII.

Te H yC'r,B'bpueHCTByBaHe Ha C'EuIecTByBaIr-(L{Te yKpenJIeHI4fl. OCeeH TOBa, oTAeJreHo 6ltlo cneqllaJrHo BHHMaHI{e ua nogo6pxBaHero Ha )Klr3HeHrrre ycJroBr4s r, [poAoBoJrcrBeHoro u N{areplraJlHo-TexHr,IqecKo cua64xsaHe Ha HacraHeHI{Te B Ta3H r{acr
Ha tr4unepusra eolicxlte. Teuacrurl o6o6u1ana pe3yJrrarr4Te or B3erHTe MepKr.r qpe3
rloerr,r3r.rpaHo cpaBHeHrre, cnopeA Koero r{rrnara tpaHr{qHa 3oHa no .flonun fiynar
3anpfiruqaJra Ha "croMaHeH 3HA" r.r "yKpeneH Jrafep, u3n-bJrHeH c Kpenocrr.r, op.blxnfl. t4 BoilHlrqu"l0. Or orporr.rHa HayqHa crorinocr 3a r43flclflBaHe Ha KoHr{e[qurra,
TexHoJIorl{flTa t'I npaKTI,IKara Ha KrcHoaHTrrqHoro $op'ruSrzraqIaoHHo crpor{TeJrcreo e-ro6u1e e go6pe l{3BecrHlarr H qecro KoMeHTr{paH o't c'r,BpeMeHHr4Te r{3cireABa-

qu llacax, e rollro aBTop'br orlHctsa

Kar{ecrBoro Ha cBIIAereJr }I3rpilKAaHero Ha
6pxr Ha [poBrrHqvq Cxuruqt l. Marap r.rMero
Ha roBa yKpeflneHr,te Aa He e crroMeHaro, To rpaArrr{aoHHo ce oTbxAecrBqBa c uuB

eAHO HOBO yKpenneHr4e Ha AyHaBcxlt a

orrrqero

rpor.r3xo)KAa cr.rHxpoHeH crpoprreJreH HaArrHC (or 369 r.;l-1, B-r: ocHoBa Ha onl4caHtlTe B TeKCTa ronorpaQcxu oco6esocrrr, HanocJregtr 6e r43Ka3aHo
rrpeAnoJro)KeHrlero, rre yKpe[reHr4ero cJreABa Aa ce Tbpcr.r HqK'bAe a pariona Ha AyHaBcKara Aenra lr 6u uorlo Aa ce orbxAecrBn c lpaqnana or Notitia Dignitatunla.

ycl2,

Cnopeq neH, xou$urypaqrir{ra u uopSo:rorr4rra Ha AyHaBCKr.rx 6par B yqacr.bKa or
I-rpnavny (Uuyc) Ao Mopero ilpeAJrarar MHoxecrBo B"b3MoxHocru :a ngeuru$nKaqrri Ha [peAcraBeHara or Telrucrufi rouorpa$cKa Kaprr4Ha. Karo ce uMa [peABr4E H3p[qHOTO yKa3aHr{e Ha aBTOpa, qe Ha Mrcroro Ha HoBorr3rpaAeHoro yr(pelneHrre r{MaJro ocraHKrr or no-paHeH 3a[OrrHar, Ho HeAoB]pUreH yKpe[ureJreH fpaAex,
6tgeqltre apxeororuqecKl.I rtpoyq BaHVfl. Moxe 6rr u1e Ao[pr.{Hecar 3a HeroBara roqHa JIOKaJIr,I3aIIUr{.

7

tr4seecruqra ua Teuttcrtlfi :a Tpaxr.ra n KoHKpe'rHo 3a rrpotsnHulrfl Crnrtrx ca 6ultr rrpeAMer

Ha caNlocrorrerHr4 r43cr'reABaHuq: Beaxor 1955,245-260; Barnea 1967b.563-574.
I Themist. Orat. X (ed. Downey).
e
Themist. Orat. X, l35d-136a.
r')

rr

Ibidem, l36c-d,
lbidem, l36d- 138b.

rr

Bx. 6c,r.

6.

I' CIL,lll,6l59 (= 749"1);Popescu 1976. No
I' Zahariade 1988. l,1l-1.12.

2-13.

B"rn npr:xa c xoAa Ha HeycnerxHara KaMnaHr4s or 368 r. tro BpeMe na llr,pBara rorcKa softHa Ha Ba.fleuc" Arruau Mapueluu cnol\,reHaBa, qe, nopaAr4 HeBb3ruo)KHocr Aa ce rrpeMuHe npr{Aorlnurr ,[yuan, xpart HrKaKBo KapncKo ce.nol5 6u:r
tr3rpafleH BoeHeH .narep" n xofiro prMrreparoprr 6e:qericrByBan qaK Ao ecesral6.
ll:cuegravure cBlp3Bar orr[caHure ct 6urvs, c repr{Toprrtrra Ha nporuuqua CxuTlrf, E rro-TotrHo

flax nsr

c pafiona na KapcrEyrralT. IlosacrosudeM Jrarep'l,T He e JroKaJrr{3}rpaH.

BpeMero rra Ba-resc, rl'bpKoBHr{qr ncropr.rK Cosorn{eH npeACTaB,
rrpoBr{Hrlrrfl Cxtr"rwc Karo 3eM, c MHoro rpaAoBe, ceJra 14 yKpe[JreHurlS. Maxap nxxos rr3c.rreABaw( Aa AonycKaT, rre Ta3r4 xapaKTepr{cTr{Ka ce oTHac, K'bM BpeMeTo,
Koraro e rBoprlrerBToptT (u'rpna:ra [oloBr4Ha na V s.)19, c[opeA AaHHr4Te or AoceratrrrrtrTe {cTopEKo-apxeoJroruqecKr4 npoyqBaHm Ts oTpa3qBa peaJrHaTa cuTyauxfl.
npegtr rorcKrrre

x

xyHcKlr Ha[ageHr,rfl

or

nocJreAHara

r{erB}pr na IV

I4

['bpBara

IIOJIOBUHA gA V SEX.

B"rupexu HeegrroKparHo r.r3Ka3BaHlrre Herarr4BrrcrlrqHr{ oqeHK}r, Notitia
Dignitatum cx ocraBa Hafi-silKuflqr [r4cMeH r{3Bop, orpa3rBarl BoeHHoro ycrpoficTBo Ha PsMcrara llMrrepu npe3 K'r,cHopr{McKara enoxa20. Cnopeg npeo6lagararrloro Mnerrae, Pars Orientis or AoKyMeHra e 6ur crcraBeH xlow 394-395 r. 3a pasAeJra flocBererr Ha npoBnnrlrn Cxuruq ce npfieMa, ue n o6rqu rvuuu orpa3sBa cBCTaBa tr AncfioKaru{flTa Ha rpaHr{qHure aor?crr4 TaM K-bM 378 r. 3a eArrHcrBeHa rro-K-r,cua gobama oe cqtrTa Bn[cBaHero Ha cltneus equitum Arcadum, Koero He e MoxeJIo
Aa crarre [peAE 386-392 r-21 Karo Jrareprr na us6poeHnre eoficxoB:a e[vt*vllfpr Notitict
Dignitatum pernsrptrpa HMeHara na 15 (16?) yKperJreHr,rs ro AyHaBcKur 6par ua
trpoBmrlurra,7 orr xouro ca r{3pr{qHo onpeAeJ.reHlr xaro castella2z.B nayuuara KHr{)KHtrHa HrMa egruoMuclrtre, Aarr{ "plateypegiis" B eguH HeflceH naca)K or reKcra23 e
ronomr24 EJrE cIreABa Aa ce rrJrKyBa Karo rracr or Har{MeHoBaHI,Iero ua Qlo'rcra

flo ornourentre rurrepnperar{E "ra Ha }r3pa3a "Carporum vicus", cnoAerqM arsrleqa Ha fI.
firxony, xofiro orxrapJra BeporrHocrra roBa Aa e rorroHrrM, sx.: Diaconu 1986, p.
205 sqq. Tera'ra 6e trlopasnnra HarocneA'r,x or: Szidat 1998, 30-34.
f6
Amm. Mercell. Rer. gest- XXVII, 5,5: "...prope Carporum v,icum, stativi.s castris ad usque
15

aatun rrutn loratis, emensunt".
17

Barnea 1968,p-394-

r8

Sozom. Hist- eccl.
kai

re

Yl,2l,2

phrourid'.

(ed. Bidez

-

Hansen): "...pollas men echei kai poleis kdi konns

Brrtrea l!)68, p. 397; Suceveanu/Barnea 1993, 114-175.
6u6nuorpa$ur rr auarrn3 Ha KoHqenrlr{rrre 3a Notitia Dignitatum y: Zahariade
1988,2l-3r.

D Ilogpo6na

!rlbidem" l8l-185.
z Not Dign Or. XXXIX, 2-35 (ed. Seeck).
a lbidem,35.
2{
Pippidi f965,33G332; Barnea 1968, p. 312,314; Zahariade 1988, p. 90, 143.

eguulrqa25. Cuopeg MeH, flpeqnoqlaraHlre cJIeABa Aa ce orAaAe Ha BTopara B'b3Moxilocr. Ilorarvsa\lz.flTa Ha ABe or cnoMeHarLITe yKpenr'ennfl - @lannana u lpaquaHa - e Bce oqe npeAloJroxt4TerHa26, a TarauonnyM ce I'IAeHTu$I.rqrEpa [oHacrorrrleM c Xatwupnczl

.

Y 3ocuu ce orKplrBa

nogpo6eH pa3Ka3 3a eAuH

I4HI{I'IAeHT,

[polr3rq3'br

B

Cxurns - Toura - npe3 386 r. ra [oBeJI Ao B'boptx(eH
c6r'sc'sx c HacraHeHlrre B HelocpeqcrBeHa 6lugocr [o rpaAa $egeparu28. floxolKoro cnoMeHaBa yKpenrrreJrHrrre c'bop'bx(eHlrs na Touu Ir cBI{AereJIcrByBa 3a HaJrr{rllrero B rpaAa Ha BoeHeH rapHrr3oH, cro6ulenuero I4Ma npqKo o'rsourenue xtpt
Hacrofltrloro rr3cJreABane. Herqo noBerre - onucaHlrflT ell{3og IIoKa3Ba, r{e c MacoBoTo HacTaHflBaHe ua Segepar[ rlo BpeMeTo Ha llMnepaTop Teogocttt] I, n nponun-

lpoBr.,rHrlr{aJrHara croJrr,Iqa sa

rlr.rqTa ce c'b3AaJILI [peAlocTaBKLI 3a HapacTBaHe Ha B'bTpeIuHaTa HecIIIypHocT, Koero neus6excno pe$neKTrrpaJro B r.r3[[rraHe 3HaveHuero Ha yKpeneHlrre IlelrrpoBe.

Xyncrara 3alJlaxa u upexil4BeHlrre or I4uneplrxta rexKlr yilapv rrpe3 n'bpBaTa noJroBr{Ha Ha V n. nalrupaT I,I3pa3 B [Ba roptIAIlrIecKI,I AoKyMeHTa oT BpeMeTo
Ha r.rMneparop Teogocuft II, upaxo Kacaeqr,r r{ yKpelrrreJlHara cl{creMa Ha [poBuHgiw, Crurut Yxagrr or 412 r., I{3AaAeH Ao HattaJrHrma na softcxzre n Tparrat' (mag'
ister militum per Thracias), npeguucBa crporu MepKII 3a BL3craHoBfBaHe LI noAA'bp)KaHe B r{3npaBHocr Ha AyHaBcKara

:a (Bropa

MIasIas

$roruru,

B rpaHI,IqHLrre npoB}IHIIrrrI Ha AI,Ioqe-

u Cxurux). Oco6es

LrHTepec npegcraBnflBa crloMeHaBaHero Ha
nosera or 443 r. Ao HatIaJrHI{Ka Ha BeAoMcrBa-

Slorcxra 6asa29. B
ra (magister fficiorum), Karo ['bpxaBeH rpuopuTeT ce I,I3TIKBa rpllxara 3a rpaHI,Iqrare. flpxxoro p'bKoBoAcrBo Ha peMoHTHlrre pa6oru no pa3rloJro)<eHl{Te raM BoeHHr,r Jrarepu ce B'b3JraraJro Ha npoBrIHIIuaJIHure qyrcone3o. Axqenrtt B'bpxy rparuficxnfl.Jrr{Mec npu us6poaBaHero Ha rrMlepcKvre lintites3l aepoaruo I,IABa Aa noKaxe, qe rro roBa BpeMe roft e 6ul cquraH :a uarl-nenpaJlrlrqHara rpaHur{Ha 3oua.
3a qacrfl.rHara Ae3r,rHTerparlrrfl Ha yKpelr,rreJrHara cl{creMa lr sa He6raro-

crrJrHo yKpeneHu

noJlylrr{rra, cnoJrereJrr{ flpoBrrHqr.rr Cxrarras B Te3I,I cMyrHIn BpeMeHa, cBlAereJrcrByBar ABe r{3Becrlu ua flplrcx. Cuopeg eAHoro, tpez 434 r. yKpenJleHuero Kapczyu
ce HaMupaJro B'bB BJIaAeHITe na xyuure3z. Cnopeg Apyroro cBeAeHrIe, egran paa6yn-

2s

Aricescu 1977,120-121; Aricescu 1980,63-64; Chiriac 1984,305-307; Barnea 1991a,
2t5.

Zabariade 1988, 121 -122, 1 4l -l 42.
Suceveanu/Zahariade 1987, 8'7 -96.
28
Zosim. Hist. nova, IV, 40 (ed. Bonnae).
2e
Cod. Theod. VIf, 17, I (ed. Mommsen - Meyer).
30
Cod. Theod. Nov. XXIIII, l-6 (ed. Mommsen - Meyer).
26
27

3r

lbidem,5.

32

Prisc. Fragm.

-

In: HGM, l.Leipzig, 1870, p. 2'17'. "...Karso phrourio Thrakio...".

p.

+e[epar or xyHcKIr (?) npouexoA ycrqr Aa ce yKperu e HoeuogyHyM, K]gero 6un o6cageH or pI{MCKrr eollcxu33.
Enugo BeK rlo-K'bcHo, B'LB Bp'b3Ka cuc c'sluruqra IIo BpeMe na 6yura Ha
Burarnas (5 13-5 18 r.), Mapqenun Kouec34 tt iloau Anruoxurlcxu35 cnorr,reHaBar
MoulHoro yKpenJreHrze Axpec (Arpuc) B npoBr{Hr{rIsCxurnn, npeB'bpHano ce B rJIaBna 6aza Ha 6yuromruKa, [peA qrrlrro creHr{ rofi nanecrJl Karacrpo$a.nuo ilopuKeHrre Ha rrMfleparopcKara eoftcxa. Arpe(c) e paHHoBlr3aHrraircxoro I{Me Ha crapl4H-

TyBan ce

Horo ceJrr{uleTupuzwclT:rtpvca la c'bc cr.rrypHocr ce JIoKaJII{3Irpa Ha Hoc Kanuaxpa.
Ct.{HHeHI,Iero ua flpoxonufi "3a c'rpoe;xure" e 6escnopno eAuH o'r naft-6oraTraTe na uusopuaquf, Ho cBIIIeBpeMeHHo I{ e[I{H oT narZ-rpyquuTe 3a I'IHTepnpeTarlur [r{cMeHr{ r.r3Bopr{ 3a yKpenr.rreJrHara cllcreMa Ha rrpoBlrHl{ts. Cxurptx. flpra
BcHqK[ITe "3a" t4 "IrporI4B"36, orpeAeJreHo ce HaJIara y6e>rgeuuero, qe rpaKTarbr
c.bA'r,px(a B ocHoBaTa cI{ AocToBepna un$opMallufl, KoflTo Mo)Ke I{cTIIHcKI,I [a ce
oqeHr{ eABa KOTaTO Ce pa3rJreAa B KoHTeKCTa Ha ApyrL{Te HaJII{r{HI{ AaHHI4 OT I{CTOpur{ecKo, apxeororur{ecKo, eflI{rpa$cro I{ Toflo-reorpa$cro ecrecTBo3T. LlcruscKaTa xpOHOIOII{I Ha O[uCaHI{Te CTpOeXU, O6aqe, B peAIIUa Clryr{au e TB'LpAe C[Op-

IOcrun I, flpoxonufitpurrr,rcBa Ha llMnepaTop locrr.firuan I ra vftroro cTpoe)Kll, 3alor{HaTu npz Auac'racuir, uo
ocTaHaJrIr HeAoB'bpueHLI [o cM'bpTTa My. Kaxro clpaBeAJIHBo ce or6elq3Ba, 3a aBTopa Ha rpaKTara 6u:ro saxHo He AaJrr{ AaAeH o6err e 6ur 3ano.{Har or Asacracuit
r,l:rlr l0crr.rsrral, a Kora e 3aB'bpIIIeH - [pLI Alaacr.acwit vILr lpv locrnn I38. KoHrperHo 3a rr3Jro)<eHara B "3a crpoe)Kr.rre" geftHocr Ha lrMfleparopa Ha Eamanure e
npr{ero Aa ce cqr.rra, r{e m orpa3rBa e[Ha or narl-ronevuare peruoHaJrHlr BoeHHocrpolrreJlHr4 nporpaMrl, rrpegfipr4err{ or nero39. ,fi,etafiruuar aHaJrI{3 Ha nI{cMeHI{Te
r{3Bopr,r u apxeoJroruqecKrr AaHHI4 AaBa ocHoBaHI4e, aKo He IITJIaTa 6alraHcxa nporpaMa Ha Iocrusuan, To noHe qacTTa i, racaerqa or6paHara Ha AyHaBcKaTa IpaHLIqa
nseiltusxr.rHTepJlaHA, yBepeHo Aa ce oTHece KtM nepl{oAa cJIeA [poJIeTTa Ha 55 I r.a0
B nocsereHure Ha npoBr{Hrlr{r Cxurus pe[oBe, o6a.re, Ilporonutl HernacHo ce orKJroH-f,Ba or o6qseHoro or caMuq Hero HaMepeHr{e Aa flpe[craBl4 B'b3MoxHo nar?-nanua
Kaprl,rHa Ha ncruHuaHoBara BoeHHo-crpoureJrHa aKTI{BHocr rlo AyHaBcKw. 6pxr.
Ha,

r3

[oHexe,

ocBeH IIfJIoTo cTpoLITencTBo rro BpeMero sa

- ln: HG vI, l. Leipzig, 1870, p. 278.
Marc. Com. Chron. ad a. 515 (ed. Berolini).
35
loan. Antioch. De ins. fr. 103 (ed. de Boor).
Prisc. Fragm.

3a

Whitby 1986a,'120-121;Whitby 1989, p. 537.
Whitby 1984, p. 181; Whitby 1986a, p.122; Whitby 1986b; p.153.
38
Howard-Johnston 1989, p. 217 ,223-224.
re lbidem, p.217.
10
Torbatov 1997a, p. 84 sqq. (n:,ro>reullre B ra3r4 pa6ora N{orIrBLI qe 6rAa'r o6crolino
flpeAcraBeulM AoII'bJIHeH[ no-Aony B ,{3rlo)KeHllero, s UIABA lll.2, tpw
36

r?

xapaKTeptlcTllKaTa Ea LIe'I'B'LpTI{.rI llepl'loA B yKpenuTer'IHOTO CTpOr{TeICTBO Ha
Tepxroprr{Ta Ha [poBtrHII]ra Crurr.rx).

B qernx npeAxoAeH yqacrbK - or CusruAyHyM s lltpna Muzus, Ao CyKuAaBa BBB
Bropa Mlr:us - ToBa HaMepeHue e oc'brlecrBeHo c iloArrepraHa neAaHTI4qHocr, KaTo crpoexure (uma no-cKopo - Te3r4, Kor{To ca tr'ly 6uilu usnecruu!) ca [or{MeHHo
us6poenu e reorpaQcKr,r nop;rA:sK rro reqeHr4ero Ha peKara. Crpuxruo cJreABaHara
cTpyKTypa Ha rI3Jro)KeHr4eTO e HapylueHa caMo ABa rl'bTr4, KaTO rI B ABaTa Cflyrra,
aBTOp'bT r43pr4r{Ho [OAr{epTaBa, rre cTaBa AyMa 3a yKpenJreHr.,rr, pa3noJroxeHl He Ha
lyHaBcKI4t 6ptr, a B'bB B'brperuHocrra4l. flpeuunanaiixu rcu orrr{caHr{ero Ha rrpoBITHqI{I Crwrnt, flpoxonufi or6erssra narl-uaupeg yKperrJreHr4ero Xaruoc Kuparoc, "uuuro pa3BaJII{HI{, [puquHeHu or BpeMero"42 6t4ilr4 rpl4xJrlrBo B63craHoBeHI{
or r4Mleparop Iocruuraas. Aro ce [pr4eMe, rre aBTopl,T npoA'bJDKaBa Aa ce rtprl[.bp)Ka K.lM reorpa$crufl npuHqvn Ha Ir3JroxeHrre, To yKpenJreHrrero cJreABa Aa ce rbpcrr Ha AyHaBcxux6ptr, HqK'bAe HaAoJry rto reqeHr4ero Ha peKara or Cyrugasa. Cnopeg nari-paHHoro npelnoJro)KeHrre, yKpelJreHuero 6e nocraeeHo [pr{ Pacona43, uo
cera TaM ce JToKaJII{3lrpa @laau aHa44. Cerpsaanero Ha rorroHlrMa c Axcuononrac45
e ql4cro a6ctparrno-acolll4arl4BHo I{ ce HaMrrpa B [poTr.IBoper{t4e c rr3pl{rrHoTo cnoMeHaBaHe Ha nocJreAHr.r, IyHKT B TeKcra MaJrKo no-Harar.bKa6. IIIo ce orHac, [o
onr4Ta 3a orBxlecrf,BaHe Ha B'bflpocHoro yKperrJreHr{e c Tponeyrra Tpatuu47, To ra3r4 XI{nOTe3a CJreABa peur{TeJrHo Aa ce orxB'bpJILI, ilOpaAr.r AoKa3aHara Hec'bcroflTeJrHocr ua reorpa$cKr{Te apryMeHTr{, AoBerru go Hertuoro Sopuyrupane48. CnopeA cerallrHoro c'bcrorHl{e Ha [poyr{BaHrrflTa, JroKaJrr{3atryflTa sa Xaruoc Kupuloc
e rB'bpAe npo6leuaru-ilra. flpr.r Bce roBa, HanGJrHo [paBAonoAo6na usrne)KAa r.rAeHrrE$uraqurra My c aHoHr4MHoro 3acera yKperrJreHrae rpari Buure (orp. Koucrauqa)ag,
Koero gericrrrare.nHo ce qBrBa n'r,pBoro rlopruQurar{r{oHHo c'bop'b)KeHr4e no [yHaBcKIaq 6pxr Ha npoBI{HtIIlfl Cxuu4fl., npr{ BcrtrrBane s HeriHara repr.rropr.rq orK'bM
Bropa Musurs. Cleg cnoueHaBaHero na Xaruoc Kupuloc, flpoxonlrft npnBexAa
AaHHr{ 3a B'b3CTaHOBrrreJrHr{Te pa6oru npelnpprerlr n Ylueryu uVl6nya, no 6es 4a
tloflcHflBa, are Te3H yKperleHlr qeHTpoBe ce HaMrrpaJrl4 B'bB B'brpellrHocrra Ha [poBrrHqrrr Cxurux, a He Ha AyHaBcKr,rq 6pxrs0. flosecrsosaHr.rero npoA'bJrxaBa c rB'bpAeHr{ero, r{e r4Mneparop Ocrunuan I nocrpor4r "3ag" I46uga HoBo yKpe[JreHr{e, Koero Hapr.Iqan.uErucyc, u flpr.rKr]oqBa c'bc cBeAeHrre 3a BB3craHoBrBaHero Ha yKpena'

floqpo6uo

rro re3r{ Btnpocri s: Torbatoy 2000b, p. 58 sqq.
Proc. De aed. lY ,7 , 16 (ed. Dewing).
a3
Weiss 1911, S. 44; Barnea 1968, p. 421.
aa
Zahariade 1996, p. 225.
a2

a5

Litzica 1926-27, p. 61.

a6

Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
Aricescu 1970,301-302; Aricescu 1972,330-331; Aricescu 1977,171-172;Aricescu 1980,

a7

91-98.
a8

Torbatoy 2000b, p. 58

sqq.

a'qTIR L35. p. 26.
s0
Proc. De aed. lV , 1 , 17 -20 (ed. Dewing).

Xaluuplic r "uati-rpafiHl4, rIpeAeJI" Ha ilpoBuHqraxrasl. B rpax Ha KHI,Ira
IV or rparrara crr flpoxonufi nprrJrara cnuctK c fioBerre or 70 raluena Ha "ocraHaJrrrre rpaKrrftcru yxpeurreHr4l, noxpafi Esrclrucxuq flosr u peKara Vlcrrp I{ B'bB
B'brperxHocrra", Karo rIoA Ta3Lr SopuyllrpoBKa ce nogpaa6tlpa floqrl{ rr3KJIIoq[TeJrHo repr,rropr{f,Ta Ha npoBl{Hqlrlrre Bropa MrasIas u Crurux5z. Toea e eIITHCTBeHuqr "KoM6ktmvrpaH" c[Irc'bK y flpoxonufi. flpuvuuure sa o6equHflBaHero Ha ABere

JleHr{ero

rrpoBaHl1rau ca rreflcnvt. floceraruurare o[r{Tr{ Aa ce AoKDKe HaJrpItII{ero Ha HflKaKBa
reorpaScxo-aAMI,IHI{cTpaTI{BHa clrcTeMa rlpu rlogpe46atalaa us6poenure B c[ucT,-

Ka yKpenJrettux53 se Morar

[a

ce nprr3HaflT sa oco6eno cnoryr{JrlrBu.

flp,

ToBa Iro-

JroxeHrle, curypHara JroKaJrr..r3arlrrq u [poBr.rHq[raJrHa arpu6yqun Ha He3acBIrAereJIc-

or Apypfl lr3Boptr ronoHI{MI{ ca HeB'b3Moxttll54. Hafi-ronsuo HeAoyMeuue 6ygu HecrroMeHaBaHero Ha MHoxecrBo BaxHIr yKpeneHLI IIeHTpoBe B [poBI,IHqut Cxurut, c'bn{ecrByBaHero Ha uoBerrero or Korrro e crlrypHo 3acBlr[ereJlcrBy-

TByBaH[Te

r,r3Bopr4 rrJrr{ oT apxeoloruqecKl{ AaHHI4 IIOHe AO K'bM Kpafl
I{rayc, Bepoe, Apy6uyu, fiuuorequa, Carcosut,
Kanragana,
Caqugana,
Vlcrpw, Tponeyrnr Tp axnu, Arpe ; [uonnconoluc.
Konc'rarnpaHlrre aHoMaJrI{Ir B rlpeAaBaHero Ha unQopuaquflTa orHocHo yKperuTeJrHaTa unspactpyKrypa Ha IIpoBLtHIIun Cxurus. B rpaKTara na flporonuft
"3a crpoexvre" ce rBJrKyBar rlo pa3rl,IqeH HaIILIH B Hayr{Hara KHIrxHIrHa.
HecnoluesaBaHero Ha orleJIHIl yKpeneHla IIeHTpoBe, HalpI,IMep, ce orgaBa
rrlrlt Ha rflxHoro (epeuenuo?) rasocranrrre, v$wr Ha roBa, qe ca 6uru ocHoBareJIHo
lonpaBeHrr npu Anacracufi u se ca ce HyxAaeJII{ or HI4KaKGB peuonr55. 3a ssxou

BaHO OT

Apyru nr4cMeHrr

sa VI n.

or OcrunuaH

yKpe[JIe:anz,fl. ce AonycKa npel{MeHyBaHE B I{ECT HA JII,IqA OT I,IMIEPATOPCKIIS AOM I{JIII HA XPICTI{'HCKII M'bqEH:1IL\1I56.
Cnopeg nactofi.{raso npoKapBaHara or HrKoIuI yr{eHLI Te3a, "cKL{TcKI{Te aHo-

oT cTapr{Te, Ho B'b3cTaHoBeHII

Maruu" ce olsc*tssar c Sarra, qe npu Iocrunuan Pulrcrara LIM[epLIf zary6v,ta w,
TaKa r,r He ycnflJra Aa BG3CTaHOBT{ HanTJTHO KOHTpOJTa CrI Ha[ npOBIrHIIIrfl cxurus57.
B paurure Ha roBa craHoBl{rrle, roro3alragHr,rre fipeAeIrfi Ha Cxurug u ceBepolr3ToqHara r{acr Ha Btopa Mugus ce pa3rJrexlar Karo o6nacr, K'bAero ce $oprr.trpal

sr

lbidem, lV,7 ,20-21 .
lbidem, IV, 11.
53 Beievliev 1969, S.483 sqq.; Aricescu 1970,p.297 sqq.; Eeruenrres 1955, c. 272

52

cn.;

Eeruer;ruer 1969, c. 1l cn.
5a

I4:ra3aur.rre Ao KaM Kpafl Ha 60-re ro4uura r.aHarnnfl BeK [peArIoJIoxeHI,Ir ca [peAcraBenu

55

Barnea 1968, p. 422.

n: Belevliev 1970, passint.

Tegara e qcuo $oprrlynupana r: Vulpe 1938, p. 330; I'lAeutrr{Ha rpakTlrKa e
3acB[AeTeJrcTByBaHa u B Apyr[ qacTl4 Ha prlMcKaTa I4M[ep[q IIo ToBa BpeMe, B)K.:
Pringle 1981, p. 99.
57
llnauon 1983, c. 47;Id'r;auor- 1984, c. 53; funAun nap.1994,c.249,6en.244.

s6

MorrlHrr cJraBrrHcKrr aHKJraBr.rs8. flplr rce tre AaHHI,ITe y caufifl.
flpoxonurZ AaBar r{3BecTHo ocHoBaHHe sa noqo6uo mtpgenue59, 3acera He pa3[oJraraMe c Heo6xoAuMrrre apxeoiroruqecKr{ AoKa3areJrcrBa. [opu I.I Aa e rIMaJro paHHa cJraBflHcra uuQulltpaqlrfl B To3I{ perlloH, Tfl eABa Ifii e 6vila c MacoB Ir TpaeH
xapaKTep60, 3a Aa [oBJrr{.fle Ha erHlrr{ecKara o6craHoBKa I{ Aa ocraBI,I 3a6enexuMlr
egrrH

or Harl-paHHure

r4

MareprraJlHlr cneAr.r. Ilo-eaxHoro B cryr{aq e, !Ie, KaKTo nl{cMeHlrre Ir3Bopu, TaKa!1
apxeoloruqecKrrTe AaHHrr c'bBceM KaTeropur{Ho cBr,IleTeJIcTByBaT, r{e cIeA rlpoA'bJr)KLITeJTeH [epr4oA Ha BOeHHo-rroJrIITIIr{eCKLI He6laronoflyrr[, B 3eMI4Te rlo AoIHIIq
fiyuar (a u na Ealrauure nto6qe), B pe3yJlrar or rpe[rpueTaTa npe3 [poJIeTTa
Ha 551 r. Morr{Ha KoHTpaoSaH3r{Ba, Tlunepuxra He caMo Ha['bJIHo B'b3craHoBI4Jra
pa3KJraTeHrrs cu A'bpxaBeH cyBepeHIITeT B IOJIHOAyHaBCKIITe IpOBLIHIII{u, HO fO I',I
3arB.bpgr{Jra r{pe3 o[[caHoro or flporonnfi ManIa6Ho yKpe[I{TeJrHo crpol4TeJrcrBo6l.
Cnopeq Apyra xflrroresa, KHIara IV or rpaKTara "3a crpoe;rvre" e 6utra
ilvca1a [ocJreAHa u ocTaHaJIa HeAoB'bpllena. Cpeqarql,ITe ce Ha HrKoJrKo MecTa B
He.fl cnl,Ic6rlr4 c yKpelJre]HLts.,3a Kor4To HrMa HIrKaKnra nogpO6HocTl{, ce I4HTepIIpeTII-

paT KaTo noAtoTBI{TeJIeH MaTepLIaJI, tlo[Jlexaq Ha gOpaspa6Orxa. Hauepe[rlflTa
Ha aBTopa, o6aue, TaKa I{ ocTaHaJII{ HepeaJIII3I{pasu62. Karo ce LIMa [peABuA, qe
MHo3rrHcTBoTo oT l{3crelBaquTe IIpI{eMaT "3a crpoexllTe" 3a nocJIeAHO llpoll3BeAeHpre B TBopr{ecrBoro Ha flporouurt, npe[craBeHara xllnore3a I{3rJIex(Aa rB'bpAe
BepoflTHa. l11gex1.a, qe [pou3BeAeHlleTo e ocTaHaJIo He3aBbprueHo, He e nosa63 14

lprKo KopecloH[[Ipa c B'bflpoca oTHocHo BpeMeTo Ha c'bcTaBsHeTo My. MorurupaHaTa 3a npBB r'Lr or f. [ayuu Kt,cHa AaTIIpoBKa Ha rpaKraTa (s 559-560 r.) HaItaepu c TerreHue Ha BpeMeTo He caMo ul{poK Kp'bl IpLIBBp)KeHI{I{I4,
Ar{TeJrHO [OKa3aTeJrCTB0, CJIeI KaTO

HO LI

IIOJIyqU y6e-

6e yCTaHOBeHO, rle HaIf-K'LCHI4flT CIOMeHaT CTpO-

e)K ce orHacfl r'rrra 560/561 r.
Ees ga orpr,rr{aM npaBAo[o[o6nocrra Ha noBeqero or I{3Ka3aHIrre npeA[oJIoxeHHfl, HaMr{paM, rre oT6erfl3aHLITe flo-rope [po6JIeMLI, cB]p3aHI'I ccc cBeAeHI{flra Ha ilpoKonuli 3a IpoBI{HIII{, Cxurvx, MoIaT Aa 6'bAaT JIeCHo I,I Han'bJIHo 3a[oBoJrrrTeJrHo pa3peIIeHI,I, aKO Ce B3eMe IIOI BHI.IMaHILe eA]1fF. BaXeH I4CTOpUqeCKI'r $arr,

HeoTtreTeH oT AOCerauHI{Te I43CJIeABaTIU - CTaBa AyMa 3a KyTpurypcKoTo HaIxecTBrre or HaqaJroro Ha 559 r. Marap nr{cMeHr{Te I{3BopLI64 qa ne or6erq3Bar rorrHo

llnauos 1983, c.46.
Proc. De aed. IY,7, 13;7, 17 (ed. Dewing).
m Ditten 1978, S. 88.
6r
llogpo6no no re3u B'Lrpoclt n: Torbatov 1997a, p. 84 sqq.
62
Perrin-Henry 1981, p. 93 sqq.
58

5e

63

Downey

1947 ,

p. 171 sqq.

e Agath. Hist. V, l1-25 (ed. Dindor0; Menand. Exc. de legat. I, I (ed. de Boor); Ioan. Mal.
Chron., p.4906-12 (ed. Dindor0;Theoph. Conf. Chron. a.M. 6050 (ed' de Boor).

n'brq Ha HalIecrBeHI4I{llTe KcM KoHcraHTI{HonoJr, Ha repr4TopprflTa Ha trpoBltHrluq
Cxurss, Torl e MHoro ,cHo MapKr{paH or npuarflHeHr4Te or rrx pa3pyrreH}rx. B peqzrla yKpeneHr4 rleHrpoBe - flraHoreqnx, catlugasa, Kanugaea, Llcrpwx,Tpoueyu Tpaxp,u, Etvcyc, Xaluupnc - apxeoJroruqecKr4Te [poyrrBaHr4fl npe3 nocJreAHr4Te
AeceTI1IileTVIfl. yCTaHOBITXa

MOqeH

ropql

nJracT, KaTeropur{Ho cB'bp3aH c ToBa HarxecT-

sue65. B'rscraHoeqBaHero Ha xl4Bora B Tflx He HacrL[[rJro Be[Hara, a Ha Mecra
Aopu 6ulo cB'bp3aHo c paAI{KaJIHa rIpeIIJraHr4poBKa Ha o6urasaHoro [pocrpaHcrBo.

IIax c KyrplrrypcKoro HallecrBl{e or 559 r. cJreABa Aa ce cB:bp)Ke, Bepor{THo, r4 3Jraror Axpe, narl-rtcnure eK3eMurflpr4 cpeA Koero rrpuHaA/Iexar Ha MoHeTocerleHeTo ua locrtlnuau I66. Cruocrasrara Ha KoMeHTr{paHr4Te apxeoJroruqecKr{ AaHHr.r c'bc cBeAeHuflTa y flpoxonufi BoAr4 Ao r43HeHalBaula r4
HOTO MOHeTHO C'bKpoBr,rnre

TB'bpAe MHOTO3HaTIUTeJIHa KOHCTaTarIrrf, KoflTo e[Ba Jrpr Mo)<e Aa ce oTAaAe Ha CJry'rafiHo c'bBrraAeHr.re: 6 or cnoueHarr{re [o-rope 8 yrpenenu rIeHTGpa ue

Hlrro cpe[ [oIrMeHHo Ha3oBaHlare cxntur?cxu yKperrJIeHIIr,

$urypnpar

o6tpxaul.rg cKr{ro-rraugzr?crx cnussx! IIIo ce orHacq Ao ocraHaJrrrre ABa - Erucoc u Xaluupuc, re
ca I'I3pI'IrIHo IrocoqeHlr xaro o6exrlr Ha cnerlr4aJrHa fprrxa or crpaHa Ha lrMneparop
Iocrzslran I. cuopeg MeH, Karacrpo$annure flocJreAcrBr,r.fl or KyrprrrypcKoro HaIIrecrBI{e B Harlaroro ua 559 r. ce flBrBar cllrypHa ocHoBa 3a 3a[oBoJlr{:re.nuo o6qcHeHI{e na or6erqsaHl{Te y flporonuil asottatptu B npe[aBaHero Ha znsopuaqurra
orHocHo [poBIrHI{rl, Cxurus,. Hartcrur,a, npeKr4 cBeAeHr4s 3a caMoro HarrrecrBr{e
JII4IICBaT (roero e c'bBceM ecrecrBeHo or rJreAHa roqKa xapaKTepa r4 [peAHa3HaqeHr4ero Ha npoil3Begenuero!), Ho npr.rBeAeHrrre rro-rope $axru II apryMeHTrr AaBar
ocHoBaHr{e [a ce rB'bpAr{, r{e aBTop'br ce e B]dAflJJ npr4HyAeH Aa npepa3rreAa u qacTI49HO qa npepa6orl{ Beqe roroBl,It (?) rexc'r, cto6pasuo noclbnr{Jrrrre
AaHHr.r 3a
HaHeceHrrre pa3pyrxeHr,rq u flpe[npvervrre N{epKr.r rro rflxHoro orcrpaHflBase. HerIrac}lvlsr orKa3 or cr4creMarr4r{Ho npeAcraBsHe Ha yKpenr4TeJrHara un$pacrpyxrypa IIo AyHaBcruz.6pnr Ha npoBLIHI{ux Crurus, (cneg cuoueHaBaHero na uari-:anagrroro or pa3[oiroxeHr4Te raM yKpelneHr,rfl) pxsro KoHTpacrr4pa c.bc crpyKTypara
Ha ra3JroxeHr.re npu Apyrr.rre xpar?gyuarcKn npoBr4Hrlr4r{ r{ cJre[Ba Aa ce r.bJrKyBa KaTo yKa3aHlle 3a HeAoLI3f,cHeHuTe o6crosrelcTBa orHocHo creneHTa Ha Ae3LIHTerpa\afl Ha npoBIzHqIraJIHara rpaHuqHa or6panlrrelHa crurcreMa, [puqr.rHeHa or Kyrpt4rypcKoro HaIxecTBI{e. 3a rpeueuHvt 14 caMlo r{acTuqeH xapaKTep Ha ra3l{ Ae3r.rHTerpaIII4s CBI4IAeTeJICTByBa u3pLIqHOTo CnOMeHaBaHe B TeKCTa r{ B nprrJroxeH[q [O-Ha-

65

Hr4To e

Barnea 1966, p. 231 sqq.; Suceveanu/Scorpan 1971, p. 164, 167; Scorpan 1980, 126-l2j;

covacef 1988-89, p. 195; Barnea l99la, p. 189; AHaansr.r Ha HyMr43Marr.rqHuq
N{arep[aJr o'r HonuogyHyM AaBa ocHoBaHrre Aa ce AolycHe, qe ro3r4 ueHTa,p uoxe 6u
caulo e 6ur sacerEar B HqKaKBa creIIeH or Kyrpr4rypcKoro Haurecrsue: PoenaruBordea et a|.1995, 152-153.
66

Kyruauon

197

5, 77 -80.

TaT'bK cIII{c'bK Ha HeMaJIKo cKLtTvIficKLt yKpenJreHl4fl, cHrypHo JroKaJrr,r3[rpaHl{ Ha AyHaBcKlrfl 6pxr. B cBerJII{Hara Ha rIpeACTaBeHara re3a, Kyrpr4rypcKoro HarrrecrBrae

or 559 r. npeAcraBr.[Ba cl4rypeH terminus post quem 3a ctcraBflHero Ha flporonlreBru rpaKTar "3a crpoexr4Te" u ce flP,flP,a Or{e eAHO rrorB'bp)K[eHr{e Ha K.bcHara
AaTI,IpOBKa Ha TOBa C'br{r4HeHue.

Karo ce I4Ma ilpeABIrA, qe MonIHIrre yKpe[r4TeJrHr{ ctop'bxeHrrx ca o6u1onplr3Har u e\r4H or nafi-xapaKTepHl.,ITe B'bHIrrHr{ 6ele:u rra K"bcHoaH"rltslHfifl tpaT6l ,
AaHHr4Te na Xuepclrtr sa 15-:re rpaAa Ha [poBrrHqus Cxurwx68 uorar 14 cJre[Ba Aa
[pqKa Bp'L3Ka C'bC CBCTOflHI{eTo Ha tIpOBLIHq]l4aIJIJ.aTa yKpe[I,ITeJIHa clrcreMa B caMoro Har{aJIo Ha ynpaBJreHr{ero Ha r{Mneparop I0crraHraan I. Ees
u3MeHeHus, cBeAeHr4rflTa Ha Xr'repoKbJr ca pelpolyrlr4paHr.r [pe3 X e. or KoucranruH Barpenopoguz6g, MaKap MHo3r4HcrBoro or u:6poeHr{Te rIeHTpoBe or[aBHa BeCe pa3UIe)KAaT B

r{e Aa He ca cBlrlecrByBa[rr4. lluenara Ha c'bIqI4Te rpaAoBe, Ho HflKorr or rqx B r43MeHeHa Ao Hey3HaBaeMocr Sopua, ce orKpl4Bar 14 B eAr4H or enapxraficxure cllllc'bqrr

na Koncranrr{HorroJrcKara narpr..rapruvs., c't craBeH KtM Kpa, Ha

IX n., uo B.b3 ocHo-

Ba Ha iro-crapr{ r.r3Bopu 3a rl'bpKoBHara reorpaQru70.

I'Inrepecuu

AaHHr{ orHocHo

qepHoMopcxur 6par

KlcHara aHTrrqHocr [peAJrara "AHonHunuflT

Ha flpoBrrHrlux

rrepr4nJryc ua

cruarur npes
Yepuo Mope"7l. Crasa

AyMa 3a opurI,IHaJIHIrre go6anxu Ha c"bcraBl4TeJrfl Ha c'bqr4HeHl4ero, orpa3rrBau{fl [peAU BCI4r{KO [pOMflHaTa 14 C:t BpeMeHHOTO 3ByqeHe Ha HaI{MeHOBaHIIgTa Ha HflKOI{ OT

pa3rloJloxeHI{re raM (yrpenenu) IIeHTpoBe: Kaprar/Kap ex; T erpucnaqalTuprasanarpalAxpaTz. C'rnpeuenul{Te I{3cJregoBareJrrr AaBar BHcoKa orIeHKa 3a r.rcropr.rqecKaTa AocroBepHocT Ha re:u go6aarra. PerucrpupaHara s AHoHuN.rHr.rr fleprrnJryc rolloHITMITKa AeMoHcrplrpa rB'bpqe rorqMo cxoAcrBo c'bc c'br{r{Hennfl"ra na llporouufi
(oco6euo c rro-K'bcHrdre or rxx), Koero ce cr{I{Ta 3a flcHo yKa3aHrde, \e re ca 6vru
c'bcraBeHrr npu1ttuzureJlHo IIo eAHo Ir cau{o BpeMe. floHacroxuqeM, KoM[trJr aL\uflTa
Ha rreprrrrJryca ce Aarlrpa He no-paHo or BTopara [oJroBr4Ha Ha VI e.73

Haft-rtcHure

rIIrcMeHI{ ngBecrt4s.3a r.rcropr4r{ecKara ctg6a Ha yKpefleHrrre
r{eHrpoBe B rpoBr.rHqrrxCxurns, Aartrpar or Kpaq na VI s. B:sn aps:ra c 6op6ure na
Plivllreputra cpeqy aBaplr vI craBflHrt B AoJrHoAyHaBcKrrre 3eMrr rro roBa BpeMe, B

67

Berror

68

Hier. Synecd.

73

Diller

1959a, c. 180; Claude 1969,5.202.

631 ,1-15 (ed. Parthey): Tontu,,fluonuconoairc, Arpe, Ka,raruc, l4crpvt,
Koucranruaua, 3a,rqana, Tponeyul (Tpaxnu), Axcronoluc, Kanngaea, Kaporyu,
Tpesurac, Houropynyu, Erurcyc, Xa.nur.rprc.
6e
Const. Porph. De adm. Imp. iX (ed. Moravcsik - Jenkins).
70
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3,642-656).
7r
Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 69-78 (ed. Mueller);Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 14v30-15125
(ed. Diller).
72
Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 75 (ed. Mueller);Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 15110 (ed. Diller).

1952, p.

ll2-113.

ctaruHeHr4qra Ha TeoOrrJraKT CuxloxaraTa u Teo$an IrlsnonegunxT5 sa nocJIeAeH
rrbr ca crroMeHarrr Touu76, Tponeyru Tpaxuu u 3argana. B eguu or nacaxl{Te y

Teo$unaxr, 3aeAHO ct,c 3angana $urypupaT I4MeHaTa Ha olqe ABe HaceJIeHIa MecTa
- Aruc uCxotttc11,3a KoI{To ce trpeAfloJlara, qe ca ce HaMlrpar,vHa rt'r,Tq Me)Kly
MapquaHonoJrrrc rr 3a:rgaua78. Konxperuu AaHHr4 3a r{xHoro iroKaJII{3IrpaHe JII{[cBaT, HO MHOrO BepOqTHO e Te Aa Ca [pr4HaAJIe)KaJrr.r Tepr,rTop[anHo K'bM npoBI'IHIII'Iq
Cx:arus. Karo ce r{Ma npeABI{[, qe cJIeA cpeAaTa na V s. caMocTotTeJrH[Te HeyKpeleHr,r ceJrrrula npaKTI,IqecKu I,I3qesBaT oT IIOCeJII4ITIHaTa crpyKTypa B AoJIHOAyHaBC-

3euu79, Axuc u Cxour,rc 6u cnegnalo Aa ce [ppleMar 3a yKperleHll qeHTpoBe,
qr{flTo JroKaJrr43arlrltrpn6aa Aa ce rbpcn HrK'bAe B roro3alaAHl4Te rrpeleml na CxllTt4fl rtlrvr B cGceAHI{Te parionu ua B'ropa Musplq.

rure

+++
Ha yKpenlrreJlnara clrcreMa B [poBI''IH4an C:rrrnn, KaKTO I{ HaBCqKBIe B IIpeAeJILIre na PvUCKaTa LlMnepl4fl, Ce HaMI{pa B
TflcHa Bp63Ka c'bc c'bcTosHIIeTo Ha ['bTHaTa Mpexa B perIIOHa. B xaparrepa II KoH-

O$opruHeto u SynrquoHllpaHero

KperHr{Te flpoqBu Ha ra3[r B3ar.IMoBp'b3Ka, o6aqe, ce KoHcrarllpar r{yBcrBI{TeJTHLI
Bapr,raquu npe3 pa3JII4qHIITe IIepI{OAII, KOI{TO Ce HaMLIpaT B [pqKa 3aBIICTIMOCT OT
orJlaceHaTa I{JIr,r HeorJlaceHa, Ho. [paKTIrKyBaHa TaM I{ IIo ToBa BpeMe or6panrarenHa AOKTpr,rHa.

flucuenu cBe[eHrrr 3a pr,rMcKprre [BTr.rrqa Ha replrropvlflTa Ha [poBLIHIIurI
Cxurug npeAJrarar ABara ocHoBHr4 uuanepapzfiHfl naMerHI{Ka, Il3BecrHI{ rroA Ha3Banr4flTa ltinerarium Antonini Augusti v Tabula Peutingeiana. B'unpexu \ecervre'
TvrflT a s agur6ouen a r.r3cJregoBareJrcKa pa6ora, peAr4IIa B'bnpocrr orHocHo rqxHoro
c.bA.bpx(aHrre, cTpyK"ypa r4 rrpeAHa3HaqeHre ocTaBaT HeAOI,I3TCHeHVI UtM CnopHlI I,I
Aocera. Tosa saxu s oco6eHo ror.f,Ma crerreH 3a rflxHara AarplpoBKa. Ilpra'rranara
ce ctcTorr [peAI,I BcI{vKo B MHoro[JIacToBocTTa Ha qbA'bpxaqaTa ce B Tflx I,ln$opMarlr{f, nopa)qaqa MHoro qecTo HeB'b3MoxHocT 3a IIpeqI{3Ha XpOHOJIOT[qeCKa
crparuSuraqua. flocleAHara KoHcrararluq Baxu B rrbJrHa MrpKa Ir 3a KoMIUJII{paHara B Haqaroro na VIII B. B.rB PaseHa aHoHLIMHa "Kocuorpa*vfl", KoflTo - MaKap
rr Aa [pr,rHaAJrex]r K'bM Apyr Jrr4TepaTypeH poA - B roIqMa qacT oT noBecTBoBaHI{e-

7a
75
76

Theoph. Sim. Hist.I,8; II, l0; WI, I (ed. de Boor).
Theoph. Conf. Chron. a.M. 6079 (ed. de Boor).
Y TeoSunarr Cuuorara ce crroMeHaBar ABe pa3JII{qH}I ceJllrula c'uc cxoAHI.r uMeHa - Tomis
r.r Tomea, ql,Iero [orpeurHo orL)<AecrBrBaHe BoALI Ao He[paBI{JIHa nHTeplperaulrf,
Ha r.rcrop[qecKr{Te

c66lrrr{s, cB'bp3aHr{ c rrpoBuHrluq Cxntlrq. flo r:osu Btttpoc, Bx.:

$tefan 196i1,p.253 sqq.
77
Theoph. Sim. Hist. VII, I (ed. de Boor).
78
7e

Berueuuet1962, c.4; Be5evliev 1969, S.493.
Top6aron 1993a,39-40; Top6aron 19936.

To crol{ TB'bpAe 6nnsxo Ao LlTllHepapr.rftuure naMerHr{qr.r. fierafi:Ilrusr aHaJrrr3 Ha
nI{cMeHI{Te Lr3BopIa orHocHo n'brHara cr{creMa Ha repr{Topr4rra Ha nposuHqraa Cruqe roqTl{ BcI4r{Kt4 crroMeHaTr4 B Tqx TorroHyrMu c\c cl4rypHocr ce ugeHuaSuqupar c yKpeneHrr rIeHTpoBe, qrrero ccrlecrByBaHe [pe3 K.bcHaTa aHTr{r{HocT He floAJrex<r{ Ha HIIKaKBO CCMHeHI{e.

TIlfl ce HaJIara

ra

Or

$arra,

Cnopeg upeo6lagaBarrlr4Te B HayqHara KHr{xHr4Ha B'b3rreAra, Tabula
Peutingeriana ce s*tra sa rpa$ravecro ra:o6paxeHr{e na Haft-sDKHraTe KoMyHr,rKaIIIToHHI{ Jtulr,vrr n Puucxara LIMnepr4, c pa3noJroxeHr{Te norpafi Tqx ['brHr,r craHqnu. Ieorpa$cxure AeQopMarlurr r.r ronorpaScru HeroqHocrr.r ce o6sc*ssar c xapaKTepHr4fl pr.rMcKr4 [paKTr,rqr.r3'r,M, B Ayxa ua xoftro Sopr*lara 6ula upraneceHa B
xeprBa Ha c'bA'bpxaHr,rero80. fionycra ce, qe B ntpBoHaq altnus. cyr BnAT, e prMaJra
oSnqualen xapaKTep u e 6una lr:pa6orena 3a HyxAr{re Ha cursus pablicus, xaro
BnocJre[crBr{e oT Hefl 6nnuuanpaBeHr{ Konr4, [I I{3BJreqeHI{r 3a r{acrHo [oJI3BaHe81.
3a reorpa$cKa ocHoBa Ha flesruHrepoBara Kapra o6uxuoseuo ce npueMa "Kapta
Ha cBera" ua Mapx Blrncanprft Arpuna, c'bcraBeHa [pe3 ynpa]JJreHrrero Ha rrMrreparop Aerycr82, uo ra3u BptsKa B Hr{KaK'bB cryuafi He Moxe [a ce ctrr.rra 3a AoKa3ana83. Cnege:avtflTaHa pegur.Ia aHTr{r{Hr{ aBTopr{ AaBar ocHoBaHr{e yBepeHo Aa ce rB'bpAr4, qe raprorpa$cKr{re npo[yKTrr ca 6vtu mupoKo pa3rpocrpaHeHrr B Puucxara
raunepr,rx84, a npr,r roBa [oJro)KeHr.re eABa JIr{ e r{MaJro HeAocrarbK or o6pasqlr, Korr-

To ycneruHo ca Mo)KeJIpI Aa nocJry)Kar 3a reorpaScru uoger na flesruHrepoBara
Kapra. Hesagucul\4o or HeflcHorr4Te Kacaer{r{ ornpaBHara i 6asa, rroflBara na neriHr{q carqr.rHcKrr rrtpBoo6paa (yclonHo Haper{eH "fltrHa Kapra A") ce orHacfl K.bM
Harraroro na III s. cl. Xp., u no-ToqHo - K'bM ynpaBJreHuero sa Cenruuufi Cenep u
Kapaxana8s. C'rr.nauro peBI.I3I{paHara creMa, AocrarHaJrlrsr Ao Hac p'bKorrrrc ce flBflBa
KoIII4e or Xll-uaqaJloro Ha XIII s. ua npepa6oreH BaprraHT Ha opurrrHaJra, Aarlrpaul
or BpeMero Ha r{Mreparop Teogocllfl II (408-450 r.). Tasn HoBa peAaKqrx ("fltrHa
Kapra B") ce [punucBa Ha aBTop, npou3xoxAarq or I4sroqHara Puucxa nvrflepyrs,
Moxe 6u >xuter na Autuoxlrs. B.rs ocHoBa Ha HflKor,r or rorroHr,rMr{Te ce [pegloJrara, qe qacrr,rrrHr.r KopeKrluu B apxerr,rna ca 6ann BHeceHr4 no BpeMe na fl'rpnara
ITIJIL IO-KGCHo [pe3 IV s.86
flpegctaaenrut nari-soB orrlrr Aa ce BHece peA rucHora B MHoroo6pasuero
or reopilI,l 3a npor.r3xoAa r.r Aarr,rpoBKara Ha flpororuna Ha flesr]rHrepoBara Kap-

TeTpapxuq

80

Chevallier 1976,p.29; Weber 1976, S. 11.
Levi/Levi 1967,p.97 sqq.;Weber 1976,S.2l.
82lVeber 1976,5.21.
83 l)ept
1931, p. 1002, 1004; Crone 1962, p.24; Bagrodskelton 1963, S. 43; Grosjean/
Kinauer f970, S. 15.
8r

8a

Kubitschek 1919, Col.2l00, 2121,2158.
Weber 1976,5.22.
86
lbidem, loc.cit.
85

or

c'bBpeMeHHlrre yr{eHz ' TononlrNluqHara MHoronJracToBocT Ha rraMeTHr4Ka cI{ ocTaBa ocHoBHa npuqllHa 3a cKelTI,IqI{3Ma Ha HrKoIr
anrOpu88. Maxap 3a MHoro oT tpeIIIKI{Te BIIHaTa c[paBeAJILIBo Aa ce npexB'bpflq
B.bpxy cpe[HoBeKoBHI{Te Konl,Icrr,r89, ToBa rraK He pa3pellaBa BcI{tIKIr B'btrpocl{ oKo-

ra87 ue ce nppleMa eAHo3Har{Ho

aHaxpoHr{3Mr{ I4 HeTOqHOCTI{, KOI{TO HI{KaK He Ce CBBMeCTflBaT
c [ocryJrr{pauux oSuquaJreu xapaKTep Ha nerinrlr [pororrr[. flose.{e or cMyulaBarrlr.r 3a o$lrqualen AoKyMeHT or rrtpBara [oJroBIrHa na V e. - eloxa Ha ['bJIIIo rbp)KecTBO HA Xp]diC'tt4flHCTBOTO B peJrr4rLIO3eH I'I I{AeOJIOrUqecKI'I acleKT I'I Ha rloAcTpe-

JIO KOHCTaTr,rpaHIATe

KaBaHlr rr roJreprrpaHu [poqBr,r Ha BepcKa Herbp[IrMogr!90

-

ca KaKTo

flp[ctcrBrle-

To Ha MHoxecrBo roIroHrIMI{, npqKo cB'bp3aHI{ c e3ur{ecKara peluruagl, TaKa I{ Ir3xprrcrrrsHcKo BJrplrHraeg2. Hec'reMecrlrMlrre Ha trptB
qe
11O11ISA [pOTI,IBOpeqfis., Olage,JIeCHO 6r.tXa uOrnn la Ce O6aCnflT, aKO Ce flpueMe,
flenrunrepoBara Kapra ce flBflBa Koflr{e Ha eAHa ne oco6eno npeql{3Ha K'bcHoaH-

BTHpeAHo ctadure cJregr{

or

Tr{r{Ha KoMnuJrarrrBHa rBop6a, c'r6pa:ra u rroApeALIJIa B eAHo

qqro pa3HoBpeMeHH[I

rr HeBr,rHarrr eAHopoAHr,r no xapaKTep AaHHI4. IrlsxasaHure Belle [oraAKI.r B Ta3I{ HacoKa Br43r.rpar na6lrogeHtaflTa rr pe3yJrrarl.ITe or npoyqBaHustra B ceBepo3anaAHllTe
qacrr4 Ha prrMcKara uunepux93. CpannureJlul{rr aHaJIIr3 Ha AaHHI,ITe Ir Ha roflo-reorpa$crure peaJrHocrlr KoHKperHo 3a npoBI,IHIIus. Cxurufl, y6egurenno HaJroxI{ I{3BOAa, qe [OCOqeHI,ITe

s ileeTuHrepoBaTa KapTa pa3CTOflH]L Me)KAy [yHKTOBeTe B
pafiOna Ha AyHaBcKaTa [eJITa u rlo qepHoMopcKoTo xpafi6pex<ue Ha npoB]IHIIuqTa
ca 6unu r,BMepeHr,r uo noga94. flopa:urerr{oro roloHl4MlrttHo cxoAcrBo I4I roJrflMara
6nasocr B yKa3aHr,rre pa3crorHr{fl Me)KAy llentanrepoBara Kapra I{ [aHHI{tre sa 3afiagHoro gepnor'.ropue B pr{McKr,rre rr KbcHoaHTIrqHrI r,epurutycugs gaear cepIao3HI'I
ocHOBaHIIfl [a ce TBBpAI{, qe oTpa3eHl4f,T Btpxy KapTaTa "3anagHoueplIoMopcKl'I
[.bT" e ilpoAyKT Ha norpelllHa l4HTepnpeTaqllfl ]I rrpe[cTaBfHe oT cTpaHa Ha K0MIIIIJraropa Ha rrucMeHLr cr,eTelf{yrfl,I43BrerreHl4 or HqKaKBa aHTI,IqHa Jrolllrr. Cnegennara
3a ['bTHaTa cI{cTeMa s OrntggynaBcKa \axut CBLIAeTeJIcTByBaT, r{e [pOToTI'III'rT Ha

87

6rAar rocoqeHl{: Gross 1913; Miller 1916;
Wartena 1927. O6sop Bcpxy reopur,rre za Tabula Peutingeriana s: Weber 1976;

OcseH qrlrnpanure

[o ryK aBroprd,'rpa6na

Aa

Eeruennuen 1985, c. 8, 6en. 1 1-14.
r gp. 1994, c. 65.
8e
Chevallier 1976, p.29; \treber 1976, S. 17 ,22.
'o Arrreros 1973, 93-94.
er
Weber 1976, S. 15.
88

fuHquu

e2lbidem,
e3

19.

Chevallier 1976, p.29,31.

ea

Aricescu 1977, 140-141; Aricescu 1980, p. 76.

e5

Arrian. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 35-37 (ed. Mnller); Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 69-90 (ed. Mtiller);
Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 14v30-16130 (ed. Diller); Honn rn>rgaHnr nCpxy
ct,u{Hocrra r crpyKTypara Ha re3u neplaflJlycr n: Ar6ynon 1987; Opa'rer 1990a, c,r
158 cr.

Tabula PeutingerianaT px6za Aa rpeAxo)Kga ro Aara u3ocraBflHero Ha IIpoBLIHI{LIITa npr4 lrMfleparop Anpennau. B.rg ocnosa Ha rorroHr4rMr{qeH aHaJrIr3, xapaKTepl,I3[-

or

HflKor{ c'bBpeMeHHIn Ir3cJIeABaqlr Karo "cleKyrarl{8eH"96, $opuupauero Ha
Te3ra cBeAeHr,ra 6e onpegeJreHo Karo BE3MoxHo rpe3 rep?Io[a 261-27 11272 r.97 [aTr4poBKa B c'brqrrfl [rHTepBaJr or BpeMe ce AeAyuI{pa n 3a r.*rSopuaquflTa, Kacaeqa
latrutt, rrfi xaro B Hefl ca orpa3eHr,r [pelbpneHrrre or rrMrreplrqra sarylu upes 50re u 60-re rogunug8. Karo ce npu6aru oqe, qe HaBcrK'bne c I{3KrIoqeHpIe ua Mara
Asnr (orrrgero e nporr3xoxAaJr aBTop'br Ha peAaKrlurra or ntpBara noJIoBrIHa Ha
Vn.) flearlrHrepotsara Kapra npelcraBa aAMlrHl.IcrparlrBnara ypeg6a Ha LlMnepuqTa or enoxara na flpuuqr{[ara, uafi-nepoxrHara Aarr4poBKa Ha lneitrtus flpororlrn e
e 60-re r4Jrr,r B caMoro Har{aJro sa 70-re roArrHr{ na III s. flpegrug $axra, rre B'brpocHara peAaKqnn e 6ura c o6uqo-asero "Ko3Merr.r.{eH" xapaKTep, cJIeABa Aa ce [pue-

paH

Me, r{e uso6pasenure B Kaprara \algli.Lt AaBar [peAcraBa 3a c'bcrogHuero Ha ['brHaTa cr{creMa B ceBepor{3Toquara r{acr Ha Eanxascrug noJlyocrpoB B'bB BpeMero, [peg-

urecrByBaqo ocHoBaBaHero Ha npoBIrHIII,Ifl Cxurns,.
Orqe panrurre lr3cJreAoBareJrrrre Ha "KocMorpaSr.rata" Ha AnoguuHlu aBTop or PaseHa ca or6erqsaJrr{, r{e oflflcaHrrero Ha 3eMrrre B rrefl e HalpaBeHo, o6qoB3ero, B'b3 ocHoBa Ha Kapra, Korro BeporrHo e 6ura or rr{rra Ha rrrr{Hepaprrl{Te Ir
TB'bpAe MHoro e nanogo6asara flesruHrepoBara Kapra. Mnenuqra r{M ce pa3MI,IHaBar, o6aue, rro B'bnpoca,\ar.v aBTop]T e rIpaBI{Jr rI3BaAKrI or cBor xaprorpaQcxn
r.r3Bop caMocroflTeJrHo rrJrrr rrpe3 [ocpeAHrrqecrBoro Ha HtKaK'bB Apyr (utsuox<no
nucueH) r,r3Bop. He e rcuo, c'brrlo raKa, AoKoJxo rofi e r{3noJr3yBaJl rII,ITI.IpaHIrre or
calltlrfl,Hero aBTopu, r'sit Karo MHoro or rrx He Morar Aa ce orb)Kgecrsgt99. flouycKa ce Aopu, r{e B peAr.rqa or cryrra[Te ce Kacae BcbrrlHocr 3a r.r3Ml{cJleuu nuqa100.
flopa4n MHox(ecrBo or6enqeaHu pa3rurrr4r noMexgy r,rM, fipeAloJraraHrrflT HrIKora
ArrpeKTeH rrpon3xog Ha "KocMorpa$uara" or flesrmlrepoBara Kapra [oHacrorrrleM KareroprrqHo ce orxBtpJrr. flpu Bce roBa, roJrrMoro I,IM cxolcrBo e rtpuquHa
Aa ce cqura, r{e re B'b3xo)Knar K'bM eAr4rH r'r c'brrl xaprorpa$cKr.r n'bpBolr3ro9Hl,IKl0l,

rorlro ule Aa e 6u.n unoro [o-Tor{eH

r{

[o-rrbJreH or flesruHrepoBara rapta102.

or Mnoro

Myr-

u3cregBarrr4 TB'bpAeH[re na T. Mot*.tseu 3a ]ITuHepapufitHns o6rux Ha ra3r{ eHr{rMarr.{rrga xapral03 apryMeHTrrpaHo e ocnopeHo B c'bBpeMeHHara rrcropuorpa*rrtoo. flplreua ce, qe ocHoBHuqr u3Bop ne e 6un itinerarium

Tr,rlJrr,rqupaHoro

e6

Sucevean0/Barnea 1993, p. 171.
Daicoviciu 1940, p. 54.
e8
Chevallier 197 6, p. 29.
e7

ee

Schillinger-Hiifele 1963, 238-239, 249.

rooWeber 1976,5.22.
ror Ibidem, loc. cit.
I02

Stolte

ro3

Mommsen 1906, S,301,306.

roa

Schillinger-Hiifele 1963,

1949,

p.28 sqq., 32, 45,88 sqq.; Chevallier 1916, p.38.
S. 238 sqq.

pictum, a reorpa+cKa Kapra, Korro (uarap rlr c'bcraBeHa, BeporrHo, Ha 6a3ara Ha
HflKaK'LB fltreH cupanovnux/clpaBor{Hr.ruu) He e H3o6pa3qBaJra Hr{To rpacera Ha
rrbrr{qa, Hrrro pa3croflHvts Me)KAy craHr{uu. Y6egurennoro o6qcHeHr{e Ha Y. IIIannurep-XeSeJre Ha eArrH cnopeH nacilK s PaseHcxara "KocMorpaSrax" (I, 8) nara
ocHoBaHI{e Aa ce flpeAfloJrara, qe

Btpxy op[rrrHaJra Bce naK ca SurypupaJrlr HrKaKpa3crorHrrr, Ho caMo Mexgy pa3noroxeur{ no MopcKoro rpafi6pe>xlre rpaAosel05. Tosa npflKo KopecrroHgr,rpa il c MorrrBr{paHara rro-rope or MeH r,rHTeplperalqlafl,Ha AaHHrrre s fierruHrepoBara Kapra orHocHo r. Hap. "3anagHo.repHoMopcKr{
urr". HanpaBe:r,laflT B rro-HoBo BpeMe ofirrr Aa ce B'b3craHoBLI [oBepr.rero B crapara
Te3a 3a wruuepapuitHara ct,rrlHocr Ha KaprorpaScxua r.r3Bop na PaseHcxara "KocMofpa$plq" He Mo)Ke Aa ce cqura 3a cnoryturl{B: MaKap KoHcrarl{paHplTe B TeKcra
orKroHeHr,rq or r,rrrrnepapuliuo us6poaoaue Ha ceJrrrrrlara 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo Aa ce o6qcHrBar c reorpaScKlrr xapaKTep Ha ctqr,rHeHr{ero rr r{3[oJr3yBaHr.r, or HeroBrrr aBTop MeroA Ha rrpeAaBaHe Ha unQopr'raquflTal06, lrecrrrre [o[MeHr,r Ha ronoulrMrr c
xrrApoHIrMIr, opoHI{MI{ IIJII{ eruoHrrvrn 6uxa 6urra nesrsMo)KHlr, aKo aBTop'br gerlcrBrlTeJIHo ce e no3oBaBaJr Ha n'brua xapta107. llsroxeHl,Iero B "KocuorpaSraara" e
lo[rrr{HeHo Ha aAMrrHr{crparr{BHara ypeg6a Ha r,rMnepr,rflTa or erroxara na flpunqul;ara u npoBI,IHrIuq Cxurns, ne Quryplrpa Karo o6oco6esa replrropraaJrHa eAI{Hr4rIa.
flopaaure.lrHoro cxoAcrBo Ha cBeAeHlrrra 3a rrHTepecyBarrrrrr xu perraoul08 c resu e
flearunrepoBara Kapra ca ,cHo cBr{AereJrcrBo 3a rrAeHTurrHa r{Jrr{ MHoro 6ruexa
Aarr,rpoBKa Ha ocHoBHr,rq Kaprorpa$cxu zsnop Ha c'brrr{HeHl.Iero r.r ua n'rproo6paaa
Ha rrocJreAHara - Bepoflrno e 60-re/7D-re roAr{HIr na III s. flo cparnenre c fleerraHrepoBara Kapra, s "Kocuorpa$nxra" He ce c[oMeHasa ArcuoloJrr{c, Ho ce noqBtrBar rplr HoBrr rorroHrlaa -,flunorequx, Enrcyc u Tzuyl,t. fio6anxnre uo>re 6n ca
6unu nssner{eHlr or HeAocrr,rrHaJroro Ao Hac c'bqr.rHeHrre Ha Illzzaulz.ir, r43pr4rrHo rrocorreH or AnouurrHr.rs aBrop Karo rJIaBeH pI3Tor{HuK na un$opr'raqrr,3a pernonal09.
fipyrurr ocHoBeH rrrrcMeH [r3Bop 3a fltrHara Mpexa Ha repr{Toprrrra Ha npoBuHrlr.rq Cxutr.rq e ltinerarium Antonini Augusti. Ha "flrreeogr4TeJu Ha rrMneparop
AHToHT.IH" ce rJrefla noHacrofrrleM Karo na c6opnur or pa3HoBpeMeHHI{ yKa3}r, Ir3Brr

AABA}{Id rrpeABaprrTeJrHo, KaTO eJreMeHT OT IOATOTOBKaTa Ha

npeAcTorrqrr IpI4ABLDK-

I4vrero na c6opnraxa ce rr3Be)KAa or npeArroJraraeMoro Ha3BaHI{e Ha eArl}r or BKJrIorreHrETe B Hero e[r{KTr{, ga xofiro ce [pveMa, r{e
orpa3qBa rrJraHa 3a rrbryBaHe na KapaxaJra or Pnr"r go Erunet npez214-215 r. CuopeA Ta3r,r xlrnore3a, go6ura tuflpoKa florryJrrpHocr cpeA HayqHr,rre cpeAr{, qeJrrrflT
r,alr'lr,fl Ha BoeHHI{ KoHTrrHreHTu.

ro5

lbidem, S.248.
Dillemann 197 5, p. 170.
Schillinger-Hiifele
1963, S. 249.
'07
r08
Raven. Anonym. Cosmogr. IV,5-7 (ed. Schnetz).

106

r0e

Tosu JlusaHr.rri [peA[oJIo)K]rreJIHo ce ot'bxAecrBqBa c K'bcHopr{McKrrs prrrop lIwlanuil,
xr4Bsr r,r rBop[Jr upes IV r.

AOKyMeHT Ce [OCTaBq B fipqKa Bp'b3Ka C OpraHr{3arlr.{f,Ta Ha npoAoBoJrcrBeHo-cHa6qrrero B'b3Hr4KBaHe ce
ArareJrHaTa cr{creMa, rr3BecrHa noA r4Mero annona militaris,

orHacr or aBTopa Ha xr.rnore3ara olqe B'l,B BpeMero Ha CeBeplrrell0. flpuneAeHlaTe
or [pyfrr yrreHfi cepHo3Hr,r KoHTpaapryMeHTI{, o6ave, y6eguteluo IIoKa3Bar, rIe I{HcrrrryurroHaJrr..r3lrpaHeTo Ha rr3BecrHr4Te oT flpelxoAHara e[oxa LI3B'bHpeAHI,I HarypaJrHr4 TaKcLr lr xourpu6yt\sv e 6uro usntplneHo eABa no BpeMe na flrpna:na rerpapxuxlll.
B'sg ocHosa Ha aHaJrrr3a na ynorpe6eHara rorroHr{MlrKanHa HflKoI{ Apyr[
HeocloplrMlr xpoHoJloruqecKl yKa3a:alas., "I['breBogLITeJIrr Ha LrMneparop AHroHLIH" ce Aarr{pa or Bcr{r{KI{ AoceraIxHI,I I{3cJreAoBareJII,I B Kpat na III s.112 Moryrefire
3a B'b3Hr{KBaHero uy ce o6xcuBar c MepKlrre Ha IrM[eparop,[uorutetl{aH 3a (pe)opraHr{3arl[, Ha annonamilitaris, a B crpyKTypHo orHorrrenue tori ce pa3rJrexAa Karo
c6opnux or apxrlBHrr AoKyMeHTrr, perr{crpl{palqlr MecronoJroxeHl{ero ua 6ropara
(mansiones) sa cr6upaue u [pepa3[peAeJreHne Ha HarypaJllrlrre B3lilMaur,r.al13. Oule
Ky6uver, o6ave, orKplrro t4 Aocra ocrpo ce o6ssu flporlrB o$llqnalurt xapaKTep
na Auronr,rHoBl{q [6TeBo[I{Ten. IrlsrbrHarlrre or Hero apryMeHTll ro npeAcraBrr
Karo eAHa flocpegcrBeHa KoMrrrrJrarr{BHa rnop6a na 6asara Ha IrBTHIT Kaprlr I,I c[paBor{Hrrqr{, c'bcraBeHa or Jrr{qe 6eg neo6xoll4Mara npo$eclrouaJrHa noAroroBKa u
xaqecrsall4. Hesasucul"Io or xapaKTepa Ha "fl'brenogurerfl" - o$nqtlaleu vIJrvI:ae,
HaJrrrqe ca rBBpAe ceprro3Hr{ ocHoBaHrr.fl, flpeAcraBsllrr Karo noBeqe ot npo6nenaaTprrrHa nocryJrrrpaHara or Ban Bepxer"r u 6espesepnHo [pI4eMaHa or cbBpeMeHHIrre
r{3cregBaqr,r rrcHa BpB3Ka Ha "fl'breBogr.rrerr" c opraHlr3alllrflTa Ha annonamilitaris.
flannure 3a AoJrHo[yHaBcKrrre npoBr,rHrlrrn, Kt[ero e[r{HcrBeHl{rr (!) ot6enr3aH rl'br
e ro3rr uoxpafi AyHaBcKuq Lr qepHoMopcxu 6pxrl15, He caMo He [orB'bpxAaBar, Ho I4I
y6egurenno cBr{AereJrcrByBar rrporrrB [paBoMepHocrra Ha roBa c's>rAenne. Aro
"fl'sreso4nreJrflT Ha r..rMneparop AHroHr,ru" geftcrBI,ITeJIHo ce nplleMe 3a enllH KopeI(TeH cflr{c'bK or mansione^r no cMl{c'bJra Ha cl{creMara annona militaris, rr3lrvlga,
qe [poAoBoJrcrBeHoro ora6ganane Ha orpoMHoro KoJrr{ilecrso eollcrll, pa3KBaprlrpyBaHH B npoBI,IHIIIrure Kpafi6pe>rcra flarrax, Bropa Musrs uCxurvt, e 6lrno pasrrereHo eArrHcrBeHo na 6asara Ha HarypaJrHrlTe rrocrbtrJleHl4r or 6nrasxrlg xI4HTepJraHA Ha [yHaBcKara rpaHr,rqa u nouuulcroro xpaft6pexlle. Kaxto or reoperl{qecKa, TaKa I4I OT TIIICTO [paKTuqecKa rJreAHa ToqKa, oTc'bcTBI{eTo ga mansiones B1DB
B'brperrrHocrra Ha AoJrHoAyHaBcKI4Te [poBLIHqLII{Te e npocro a6cypguo: ocBeH qe
6u rasxrro.runo nafi-npoAyKTr{BHrlTe arpapHll parlonu or cl{creMara Ha annona

rro

Berchem 1934, 166-181"
Rickman 197 l, 278-294.
rr? Kubitschek 1916, CoI.2308 sqq.
rr3 Berchem 1934, 180-181.
I

rr

rra

Kubitschek 1916, Col. 2308

rrs

Itin. Anton. 217,5-230,1I (ed. Cuntz).

sqq.

militaris, rosa

6ta HalpaBIaJIo HeB'b3MoxHo ]r

oneparrrBHoro [prIABI,uGane na sol?c-

noApa3qeJreHrrfl rropagu Jrr{[cara Ha rrorrbrHr4 ura6gurenundasu. 46cypguocrTa Ha re3ara oule noBer{e ra3rr'bKBa ua Sona Ha raso6urHllTe etrurpa$cxu, [IrcMeHL{
rr apxeoJloruqecKr4 AaHHr4, cBr{AeTeJrcTByBarrIr4 3a cGuI,ecTByBaHeTo B 3eMI{Te MeX<Ay
fynana u Ba:rxaua oqe oT I s. HacerHe Ha IIflJIa Mpexa oT [peqLI3Ho I{3rpaAeHI{ II
cTapaTeJrHo IIoAAT'pxaHr{ ['bTr{ula ccc cTpaTerrlqecKo npeAHa3HaqeHLIe, HflKoI{ oT
Kolrro u3pur{Ho ca crroMeHarr{ Karo viae militaresll6. ZseeqeHl{Te B'b3 ocHoBa aHaKoBr,r

rrut3aIJa [aHHI,ITe 3a [oJIHOAyHaBCKLITe IpOBI{HqLIH apryMeHTLI ca AocTaT'bqHo ocHoBaHr4e peurrreJrHo Aa ce orxB'bpJrrr KaKBaro r{ Aa 6uno $ymqIloHaJIHa Bp'b3Ka Mexly

[oflBara Ha "fltTeBoArrreJlfl Ha rrMneparop Anronur" vt ktHcrt4TyI]I{oHaJILI3IIpaHeTo Ha annona militaris. Cuopeg MeH, T'bpceHeTo Ha HrKaKBa cKpI{Ta c'blqHocT B c'brrr,rHeHnero e Ha['bJrHo yMo3pr,rreJrHo r,r o6peveno Ha Heycflex. To rpa6na [a ce B'b3npl4eMa I4 T.bJIKyBa TaKoBa, KaKBOTO e: KaTO eAr.rH rrpocTpaHeH KoMIII{JIaTI{BeH CnpaBotIHtIK 3a no-BuDKHr{Te tttTr.rqa n Praucrara I{MrIepI{fl, orpa3flBaq c'bcroflHlrero IrM
KGM BpeMero Ha HeroBoTo c'bcraBqHe.

Cpeg aaxulrre xpoHoJrorl4vecKl.I yKa3aHLIfl 3a olpeqeJrrlHe AarrlpoBKara Ha
"fl'rTeroguTeJu Ha I4MlepaTop AHToHI,IH" e c[oMeHaBaHeTo ua legio I loviau legio

II HerculiallT, Kouro 6urr..I crsgaAeHl,I BepoflTHo eAHoBpeMeHHo c yqpeArBaHero Ha
flpoBr,rHrluq Crurlrg. ftropeguute HoMepa I{ I4MeHara LIM [peAfloJrarar, qe re Moxe
6u ca 6snu (egsn or?) n'bpBrrre or uonocSopMr,rpaHlare Jrerr4oHlr ua [uorletvarrt

Marculruanl18. B qrloto cbrII{HeHI{e (r':sa BpG3Ka c'bc ceJII{IIaTa, K'bAeTo ce e HaMr{paJr 6asos[st nrra larep) ce cloMeHaBar caMo 19 neruoua. Or txx 17 ca ot craprrre, a cruruficxute ABa [pIrHaAJIexaT rru nonocSopMlrpaHlrrel19. Moruslrre 3a
r.r3B'bpUIeHI{q OT KoM[uJIaTopa ua "fIBTesoAprTeJIfl" B clyr{aq nog6op ca HeI{3BeCTHr.r u e[Ba JII{ HrKora ilIe MOraT ga 6tgar I{3scHeHI4. C tagu KoHcTaTaII[q, O6aqe, He
6usa ga ce cleKyJIIIpa. OaKT'bT, qe B TeKcTa ce cIIoMeHaBaT CaMo ABa - Ilpr,r ToBa,
Moxe 6u, nafi-pano c$opMupanure!(?) - or HoBrirre pr4McKI4 JIerI{oHIr, He [aBa oule
Hr{KaKBO OCHOBaHIIe "fI'rteBOgl,ITeJIfl IIa IIMlepaTOp AHTOHuH" Aa Ce AaTI,Ipa B CaMoro HaqaJro Ha c'bBMecrHoro ynpaBJreHlle Ha,firaoxretr.ran n MaxcIrMI4aH. OrctcTBr,rero na un$opua\fifl.3a Jrarepr,rre Ha ocraHaJlure l7 or crapldre pIrMcKIr Jrerl{ount20 cyngereJrcrByBa, qe Ha r{3Becrr,rero 3a legio I lovia u legio II Herculia ue ategBa Aa ce tJreAa KaTo Ha Herrlo [oBeqe oT eAuH TB]pAe oTHocLITeJIeu terminus post
quem. Or gpyra crpaHa, trfi raro MHoxecrBoro or rIpeI{MeHyBaHI'ITe s xpar ua III
r{ HaqaJroTo na IV B. ceJIIrrIa $urypupar B TeKcTa Ber{e c HoBI4Te cI{ I{MeHa, Ho
npoMrHara na BusaHrl,ton s KoHcraHTr{HorroJr He e perl{crpl4paHa, 330 r. tpxdna ga
116

rrT

Koueurap w 6n6rr,torpaQr.ra no ro3l{ B'brlpoc s: Torbatov 2000a.
Itin. Anton. 225,2;226,1(ed. Cuntz).

rr8

Zahariade 1988,62-63; Sarnowski 1988, s. 123.

lre

lbidem, p. 62.
O6rqnar 6pori ua JreruoH[Te B pilMcKara apMrrr B HaqaJroro ]ra ylpaBJlenl{ero

r20

,fl,uorleruaH e B'b3rur3aJl na 34: Nischer 1923, p.

1 sqq.

Ha

ce npr{eMe 3a cl{rypeH termiruts ante quem IIo orHorrreHl4e AarlrpoBKara Ha c'br{[HeHr{ero. Tyx e Mflcroro Aa ce clpa r{ Ha qecro ge6arupauoro B HayqHara KHI,I)KHuHa
rr3Becrrre Ha "fl'breBogr.rrerrfl" 3a 6a3oBure Jrarepn Ha [Bara JIerI4oHa B npoBuHllulr

Dignitatum V Ha Ir3BecTHIa, AocKopo euurpaScKl{ MaTepual, o6urcroneHo ce T'rJIKyBa Karo tperrrKa Ha KoMnl{Jraropa uru Ha rro-K'bcHr{Te KorII{crwlzl .flpu Bce roBa,
[oflycKa ce I{ B'b3MoxHocrra [Bara cKlrrr,Irircrra nerraona geficrnureJrHo Aa ca cu pa3MeHrrJrrr 6agoeure Jrarepll 3a o[peAeJIeH neplroA or epeuel22. B'm rp'rsKa c ra3v
B'b3Mo)KHocT ce [plrBexAa HarrocJregt,Kl23 Ir eAI,IH HeorAaBHa ny6mExynan HaAnI,Ic
oT Kpafl na III unu Haqaloro ua IV e., cIIoMeHaBaIII geficrayraulu oQuqepll or legio
I lovia,Ho OTKpI{T n Kapcnyrvrl24 _ a.s. B yr{acT'bKa oT AyHaBcKaTa IpaHIIqa, HaMI{paq ce cropeA Notitia Dignitaturu ro4 BoeHHara IopIrcAI{KItrI4q Ha legio II Herculia.
Ilpuvuuure. [pe[?r3Br4KaJrrr eBeHTyaJrHara pa3MflHa Ha Jrareplrre Ha ABara.IIerI2IoHa,
ca Her{3qcHenu. Aro Tfl ce [prleMe ea $arr, MHoro e BepoflTHo Ta3I{ cT'brIKa Aa e
6una npennplaeTa oT I4MIIepaTop Konctanrpls I raro BpeMeHHa MflpKa, qeJlflula ycMr{pflBaHero rr per,rHTerpupaHero Ha rrpoBl{Hl{ux Cxurux B cl{creMara Ha eul{HHara
pr{McKa rrMnep[s cJreA eJraMr{Hr{paHero na Jlaqusufi npes 324r. B rax'rs cnyuart,
cBeAeHHeTo B "fl'rreBogl{TeJltr Ha uMrlepaTop AHronuu" 6utpl,6naJlo Aa Ce T'bJIKyBa KaTo oTpDKeHr.re Ha peaJrHoTo cBcToflH[4e Ha HenIaTa no AyHaBcKaTa rpaHlIIIa Ha
flpoBr.rHrtrr{fl Cxurus. B e[r{H olpeAeJreH MoMeHT B xpoHoJrorvtqecKvlfl. orpq3'bK or
Kpaf Ha 324 Ao 330 r., a yKa3aHI{rT nepIIoA 6u cleqnalo Aa ce [pIIeMe I{ KaTo \aTypOBKa Ha CaMOTO C'LI{IIHeHHe.
Or crg'sp>xareJlHa rJreAHa

rollKa, Ba)KHo e Aa ce ot6erex<u, qe AaHHure 3a
npoBtrHrlr{s Cxvrus, B "fl'srenogvrrerrfl. Ha lrM[eparop AHrouuH" uyBcrBureJrHo ce
pa3ILIr{aBaT oT Te3Ir e [esruHrepoBa KapTa, KoqTo oTpa3qBa eAHa no-paHHa I4cTopur{ecKa peanHocr: Tpra or c[oMeHarr{Te B fleBT}rHrepoBara Kapra ceJrllutra (Caqugana, Ag Croua u Crparonuc) luncnar, Ho ce floflB.f,Bar HoBLI urecr - Uuyc, [uuorerlrlrtr, Erlrcyc, Ca:ruopyc (Xam"rnpr.rc), Bane fiouraqnana Ia AA Canr'rqec, 6e3 Aa ce
6pou eUrarrraaTHqHOTO LIMe "CKuTLIKa", KOeTO y6egureluO Ce T'bJIKyBa KaTO AOn'L'JIHrrreJreH enrrrer aa legio I lovia125. He no-uanro Ba)KHa 3a qeJII4Te Ha Hacrofltlloro
r{3cJreABaHe e r{ ctrrocraBKara Ha "fl'bresogurerfl" c fio-K'bcHaraNotilia Dignitatum:
errlo.rs afi xr{ Bc}IqKrr or6er g s anr.r a "fhreno g Lrr e ill-" TorIoHL{MII rlo AyHaBcK w 6p w
Ha rpoBrlHrlus Cxurus' Notitia Dignitatum perllcrpllpa I4MeHara Ha olqe rpI,I yKpenreHufl - Caqugana, (haBl,Iaua u lpaquana. Oco6esara qeHHocT Ha [pHBeAeHI{Te
ToKy-rI{o-cpaBHeHrrfl ce c'bcror{ e'sa $axra, r{e re orpa3flBar rpII [ocJleAoBarenuu

r2r

Filoy 1906, 82-83; Popescu 1976, p.257.

Mommsen 1889, I 96- 1 97 ; Zahariade 1988, 63 -64.
Zahariade 1996, 226-227 .
r2a
Petolescu/Popovici 1989, p.241 sqq.
r2s gtefan
1944,p.344 sqq.;$tefan 1955, p. l6l sqq.

I

22

r23

eTala

B cBcTosHr/reTo Ha yKpelr.rTeJrHara uHQpacTpyKTypa Ha TeprrTopr.rsTa Ha

BITHIILTfl

,

CruT us,

or flocJlegHara rrerB'bpr na III

Ao [ocJreAHara r{erB6pr na

rlpo-

IV s.

+++

flpegcranenuqr o6croeH aHaJrr{3 Ha pa3rJre[aHrrre [lrcMeHr{ r43Bopr,r BHacq
MuoxecrBo HoBI{ MoMeHTr{ B TqxHoro rpaAI.,IrIIloHHo rbJrKyBaue. HanpaBeHrrre r43rr o6o6qeiura AaBar B'b3MoxHocr 3a eAHa go6pa xpoHororuqecra crparu$uKarlrrff Ha [r{cMeIrI4Te cBegeHrrr 3a yKpe[IlTeJrHara crrcreMa Ha [poBr.rHqnx Cxurw,,
KaKTo rr 3a rrcHo cB'bp3aHara c ner?noro $ynxqraoHupaHe fitrHa Mpexa. Tona, ot
cBofl cTpaHa, c'b3AaBa peaJrHr.r npeAnocraBKpr 3a [peocMlilcrsHe Ha peAl4qa 3ApaBo
BKOpeHeHrr rrocTyJrarrr, KorlTo oT AeceTl4JreTfifl ce perlpoAylll4par Ha crpalruqllTe Ha
r4croprrKo-apxeoaoruqecKara KHr{xHr{Ha.

BoAr,r

2. F.IIWI PAO CKI4 CBI,IIETEJI CTB

A

Hocurenure Ha errutpaScxa uu$oprtaaquq 3a yKpellareJlHara cl{creMa Ha
[.tx-\BrrHrl]rfl Cxuruql Morar ga 6rgar ycJroBHo o6oco6enu B [Be ocHoBHI{ Kareroprrrr : Jrarrr,rAapHla naMerHlrq[ tl TeryJrapeH enurpa$crl{ MarepI{aJI.
fpynara Ha JrarrrrgapHrrre naMerHltqr,r BKJrroqBa Ha ['bpBo Mqcro ]I3BecrHI{rp'brlKr,r cTpor4TeJrHLr }{a4rlucu oT Tepl{ropvsTaHa npoBI.IHIILIsra. Pasrne[aHpr ca orqe u 4 (5?) Hagnrrca c nocBerr.rreJleH I4IJIIT anorporleeH xapaKTep, B Korrro o6aqe ce orKpr.rBa floBetre ]rJrrr [o-MaJrKo flcHo rr3pa3eH Qopru$uxaTe AOCera JraTrrHcKLl

r4

e orgeJreHo Ha eurnrpaScxrrre rraMerHrrqrr, nperl3noJl3yBaHll B K'bcHoaHTI{tIHure yKpelrlTeJrHr{ crpoe)K}r B KarrecrBoro Ha crpor,rreJreH Marepl,IaJr. Te rauar csoficrsoro ua
Bax(eH xpoHoJloruqecKl{ r4HAr{KaTOp, [O3BOJI'BaIq IIOHrKOfa AOCTa TOqHOTO O[peIILT6H9H nogcMtlc'bJr r.rJrl4

ctA'bpxauue. OcseH ToBa, cfleqlraJluo

BHIaMaHIae

AerqHe Ha BpeMeTO Ha LI3rp&KAaHe Ha AaAeHo yKpelJleHr.re. ?ISrrxHaTaTa Beqe TrcHa
Bp'b3Ka Ha yKpenrrreJrHara crrcreMa c ntrHara ranQpacrpyKTypa HaJIara uogpo6no

rrpeAcraBrHe rr Ha enurpa$cxr{Te cBr{AereJrcrBa, cBcp3aHlr c [oAA'bp)KaHero [JrIr
crpor,rreJrcrBoro Ha rr'brrru{a Ha repr,rropvflTa:aa [poBI{HqI{JI Crurus npe3 KGcHara
AHTilTIHOCT.

K'rrra rerynapHurfl, enurpaQcxu Marepl.IaJr ca npuq[cJreHl{ caMo go6pe uarupaHrrre flaMerHr,rqrr c rletTrua, orKplrrlr B gceH apxeororruecK]I KoHTeKcr B AoKa3aHo yKpenr.rreJrHrr

rleJr[

rpa[exrr, flprr roBa

-

yuorpe6enu

B

[o-roJrtMo KoJrlrltecrso. Tosa

HaMaJUIBaHeTO Ha OIaCHOCTTa OT HelpaBIrJIHa XpOHOJIOTUqeCKa LIHTepnpeTa-

rlr,r{ Ha cTpoIITeJIHaTa KepaMLIKa, [peABIaA MacoBoTo

i

uperasnol3yBaHe

B

no-K'bcHI{

nocrporixu.
floxpafr xpoHoJror[rra, enrrrpaScxure cquAereJrcrBa qecro uzflculBar rz.Iwl
AaBaT [peAcTaBa 3a rIpI,II{uHI,ITe, qeJrrrTe r,r KoHKpeTHaTa peaJIIr3aIII{fl Ha yKpenuTeJTHOTO CTpOIITeJICTBO, a B OTAeJIHI,I CJIr{aU - fi 3A TUIIa Ha U3rpaAeHIITe yKperMTeJIHII C'bOp'b)KeHHfl

IB

.

no-rorsrttara cu qacr, euurpa$cxnflT Marep[aJr cB6p3aH

c yKperII,ITeJrHoro

crpollTeJrcrBo

Cxnrus e ct6pan u [per{3AaAeu n ny6nuryBaHlrre [pe3 [ocJreAHI{Te
Aecerluleruq enurpaScxu Koprycu: BeSevliev 1964; IGBulg. I; Popescu 1976; ISM
V. OceeH n o6o6rqaraqlrre r.r3cJreABauvtfl.3a rrpoBHHIIEflra lt efloxara (Vulpe 1938;
pe.rrxon 1959a; Barnea 1968; Gajewska 1974; Benxon 19846; Zahariade 1988;
B rrpoBrrHrlr.r,

Barnea 1991a), sbrqrrf,T
1975; Popesca1977.

e

o6exr na anaJur3

rr B HrrKorr orAeJruu

uy6nmaqnra: Popescu

A. JIAIIPIAAPHII IIAMETHIIUU
Hafi-panHusr I43BecreH Aocera JlanrrAapeH enrarpaScru rraMerHrrK, cBrrleTeJrcrByBarrl 3a yKpe[r4TeJrHo crpor.,rreJrcrBo B HoBoyqpeAeHara nponunqua cxuTlafl, Irpol43xo)Kga or rIpoBI4HIlLIaJrHara croJrr4qa Touuz. Cnopeg HarrpaBeHr4Te HeorAaBHa yroqHeHrrs, Aarr,rpoBKara My ce fipeqr,r3r4pa [oHacroflrr{eM B IIepI{oAa Me)KAy
1 r'rapr: 286 u I uapr 293 r.3 Haqnucrr e Ha JrarrrHcKr{ e3r{K r4 npeAcraBJrrBa rrocBeIrIeHr4e na 6or CoJr ers BpG3Ka c r,r3rpDKAanero (ulu nonpaBKara?) Ha rpaqcxra.re

floprr4 (ulz nop'ra?), u:n'sprueHo lro HapexAaHe Ha raMneparopr.rre fuoxlerlraH ra
MarcuuraaH r4 no[ HaA3opa Ha AyKca Ha flpoBrrHrlusralait Anperufi @apuunuan.
B'sa sp'rsra c yKpenr4TeJruara gerlHocr, oc'brrlecrBeHa B rrpoBr.rHqw. Cxurut
rlo BpeMe Ha rbpBara rerpapxu, (293-305 r.), ce nocraBflr orqe rplr Jrarr.rHcKrr crpoIrreJrHI{ HaA[I4ca. Xapaxtep'sr Ha I,I3B'bprrreHHTe pa6oru BBB BceKr{ or KoHKperHHTE CIYqAI4 E HEI{3BECTEH, TIfi KATO TIAMETHI,IqI,ITC CA IOCTIAIHAJII,I AO HAIIIV [HTl B
TB'bpAe QparuenrapeH BLIA. Egunuxr or rsx e c Herr3BecrHo Mecrouaxox[eHpre B

flo6pygxaa. Bropuxr HaAnI{c rpor43xoxAa or pyr.rHrrre Ha yKpenJreHr{ero rpafi Cefiuenu (orp. Koncrauqa)5, a rperr,rxr e orKpr{T npr.r apxeoJrorl{LrecKure npoyr{BaHr.r.f,
oT [ocJIelHLITe roAI{HII Ha paHHo- II K'bcHopLIMcKoTo yKpenJreHr{e Xa:ruupuc (I4ulereHAeHrla, oxp. Tyrua) 6.
Or npeuero Ha c'bBMecrHoro ynpaBJreHrre na Koncraurrau I ra Jlraqlruuft garlrpa go6pe rur3BecrHrrflT r4 qecro crroMeHaBaH B HayLrHara KHrr)KHrrHa JrarraHcKr{ crpoI4TeJIeH HaAnI{c or Tpoueyn Tpaxnu, o6xexearq ycnerrrHr{s 3aBcprrreK Ha qaJrocrHoTO rrperr3rpDKAaHe Ha rpaAa afundamentisT .P. Bylnes r4r rro-KBcHo x. Eapnxg ornacqr HaAluca K'bM 316 r. Eu. IlonecKy IlocraBfl Aarr.rpoBKara B r4sAaAeHr{fl or Hero
euurpa0crra Kopryc B replroAa Mexly 18 or:rounpu3l5 u I uapr 317 r.10. Irlsxoxgafrxa or pa3Bofl Ha [cropr.rqecKr{Te cr6ur*ts. npe3 B.r,[pocHru neprro[, [pegJro)KeHara xpoHororr4r{ecKa paMKa MoX<e r4 CJIeABa Aa Ce "CTeCHn".T-sit Karo rrpoBraHrlr4q
Crfirraq crIaAaJIa K'bM BJIaAeHuflTa:,:.allwluuuit, a K'bM eceHTa na 316 r. orHorueHrrf,Ta My c Koncranruu I npugo6rrJrr4 orKpr{To rpa>xge6eH xapaKrep }r Me)KAy ABaMaTa BJraAereJIu us6yxnala soIUHa, Kof,To rrpo['bJrxr4Jla r4 rrpe3 cneABarr{ara roguuall,

2
3
a

s
6

CIL, ilI, 14450; Popescu 1976,
Zahariade 1988, p. 33.

Nb 3.

Popescu 1976, Nt 175.
Popescu I976, N! 205.

Zahariade 1991, p. 314; Zahariade 1996, p.231; Zahariade 1997b, p. 228 sqq.

?

CL, ilI,

8

Yulpe 1938,p.292.

e

Barnea 1968, p. 384.
Popescu 197 6, 184-185.

13734; Popescu 1976, N! 170.

ro

rrBarnes 1982, p. 82, 198-199.

npr4c'bcrBfiero Ha r4Mero Ha KoHcraHTrrH I e xaguuca or Tponeyu TpaaHra rpa6ra
Aa ce nprreMe Karo cBrr[ereJrcTeo sa Hafi-npangonoqo6Ha AarrrpoBKa Ha c'],rll4n B
xpoHoJroruqecKvtfl orpr3'bK or 18 oxrounpn 315 Ao K'bM Kpas Ha JrflToro na 316 r.
narZ-r:scno. Ynorpe6enara B TeKcra $oprrlynupoBKa (etiam) AaBa ocHoBaHI{e [a ce
TB'bpAu, lre HoBoro yKpelr,rreJrHo crpor{TeJrcrBo B Tponeylr TpaxHu 6zno npegnpnero B paMKrrre Ha rrHr{r{r4vpaHa BeporrHo rtol'oBa BpeMe IrlzpoKoMalqa6na $opT:uSuxaquouna ilporpaMa ad confirmandam limitis tutelam, Kof,To Hec'bMHeHo o6xsa-

Hara u npyru qacrr4 or repuToprafra Ha npoBIaHIIuq Cxarus.
Or Tponeyu Tpaxuu [por{3xo)KAa orqe eAr.rH Hagrrr{c c'bc crpolrreJleH xapaKTep. Orxprr e in situ, npu [poyqBaHe Ha roro3anagHara KpelocrHa creHa [pe3
1975 r.12. Hagnlrcrr e Ha rp'bqKr4 e3IrK. Llzgrr.6au e Blpxy 6lox or nafi-goluur
peg Ha B'bHrrrHara o6rurqosra Ha cyrepcrpyKllllflTa Ha Kyprl,IHara Mexgy xytu 16 u
17. Tercrrr c[oMeHaBa r{Mero Kepauoc n cro6ulara o6xsara Ha I{3B'bpIIreHara or
nero pa6ora no KpenocrHara creHa, L.r3MepeHa B ctbrlKlr. flo Soptvta I4 ctA'bpxaHrae rorl nanogo6xna rB-L,pAe MHoro eArH HaAnI{c or Toult, Iiarl{paH e VI e.13. B
KoHKperHrrx ctyuait, o6ave, [oceralrHrrre vsp.arerrv ca Ha MHeHI4e, qe HaAIIITc'],T or
Tpoueyu Tpaxuu rpa6na [a ce [arlrpa s IV B. LI Aa ce cBBp)Ke c Ir3rpilKAaHero Ha
rpaAcKara yKperrr4TeJrHa cr4creMa no BpeMero na Koncranrun I n Jluqunufi. Karo
ce rrMa [peABr{A MecTorroJro)KeHrreTo Ha KaMeHHr.rs 6rox r{ Han'bJrHo xoMoreHHaTa
(cnopeg cerarxHoro c'LcrosHrre Ha ocraHKl{re!) crpyxrypa Ha rpaAe)Ka B'bB B'r,npocHrrr ceKTop, r{3Ka3aHoro craHoBr{r{e rr3rJre)KAa nprreMJrl{Bo. flpn nce roBa, HaJIIIqe ca apryMeHTI{, KOI4TO AaBaT OcHoBaHIlIe HaAII{c'bT [a Ce OTHeCe I{ K'bM nO-K'LCHo BpeMe. Ha n'rpno Mrcro tpx6na ga ce ot6e;re;ru $arrrr, qe ropHara IIoJIoBI4Ha
Ha HrKora pycrr.rqlrpaHuq 6nor e 6ura AorrbJrHlrrenno o6pa6oreHa, 3a qa ce o$opMr4 rJraAKo HaAlrlcHo nore. He Moxe Aa He HanpaBr{ Brrer{arJlenne a KorocarHl{qr

o6eu na HsBtprueHara or Kepavroc pa6ora cnopefi u3purrHoro cBlrAereircrBo Ha
TeKcra: 2100 (e Halnuca: "BP") crbfrKr{, T.e. oKoJIo 630 (!);runerisu Merpa. I4sxox-

or cpaBHeHr4ero c HaAnr{ca or Touu, Vl. Baput npe[noJrara KaMeHoAeJIcKa
rpe[rKa r,r AorrycKa, qe A'bJrx<prHaTa Ha BcflpocHllfl yrIacTGK e B'b3JrII3aJIa BeporTHo
ua 26 ("KC") crr[Kul4. Ilogo6ua BeJrr{qr.rHa {27 *rnxu) or6erqssa s 6erexxure
crE lr ,(x. Ilanyrls. Cnopeg lreu, o6aue, orqerJrr4Bo rnqaqoro B'bpxy :aapwlca ruTepaJrHo ogHa.reHfle16 e nan'rrtgo flpaBlologo6no, aKo ce nplreMe, rre B cryqa, He
craBa AyMa 3a crpor{TeJrcrBo r43 ocHoBr{ Lrrla ga lrarqa6ua B'b3craHoBr{TeJIHa oflepatrytr,, a 3a no-He3Haqr.rrerHlr no o6eu peMoHTHLr pa6oru, qentrllr nprrBe)KAaHero B
rr3npaBHocr Ha rpaAcKr{re or6pauureJrHrr c'bop'b)KeHnx. flpraloxeHo K6M Maulagafixu

12

Barnea 1977, 211 -27 8 ; Barnea et al.

13

Popescu 1976, Nb 8.

la

Barnea 1977, p.278.
Barnea et al. 1979, p.71.
'6lbidem, p.72.
15

197

9, p. 1 1 .

6zre sa Tponeyru Tpaxuu, yKa3aHoro B Ha[flrrca nporexeHze or 2100 crbrrKr{ c6BceM TorrHo c'bB[a[a c A'bJrxr{Hara Ha 3anaAaara KpenocrHa creHa Ha rpaAa (or xyna
9 qo 19), KtM Koqro ce npz6arar Lr B'bHrrrHr{re o6uxonrr,r Ha pa3[oJro)KeHr{Te raM
xynu. flpegBr{A r43T6KHarr4Te apryMeHTr,r il ilpn orc'bcrBnero Ha HflKaKez o$zqraaJIHI{ Tr{TJrI,I, cnoMeHaraf,:r Kepauoc 6lr clegrano Aa ce orBxAecrBt4 c1'tc crpor.rreJreH npegnpr{eMar{, r.r3Bbprrr.rJr peMoHTH[Te pa6oru Iro rpacero Ha 3a[aAHara KpetrocrHa creHa ua Tponeyu Tparnu. II{o ce orHacr Ao BpeMero Ha re3rr pa6oru,
uafi-upan4onogo6ua I,I3rJIexAa eAHa Aarr,rpoBKa B Kpafl Ha IV ranra ['bpBara noJroBrrHa Ha V n., ueuocpeAcrBeHo cJreA Karo rpaA'br [pexr.rBsJr n'bpBr,rre [o-ceprro3Hr4
c'brpeceHI,IJI B pe3yJlTar or rorcKr{Te r,r xyHcKI{ HarrrecrBr4r. Orc'rcrsuero Ha xapaKTepreulfl 3a nO-K6Crrr{Te HaAnr.rCLI Kp'bCT B HaqaIOTO Ha TeKCTa, na.lreOrpa$cKl4Te
oco6eHocru, KaKTo I,I caMoro MecroloJloxeH[Ie Ha KaMeHHrra 6nor, rr3KJrrorrBar,
clopeA MeH, Bt3MoxHocrra Ba AarrrpoBKa Ha [aMerHr4Ka B Kpas na V unu VI s.17
Eguu or nafi-znrepecHr{Te euurpaScxu flaMerHr,rqr{, cB'bp3aHrr c yKpenrrreJrHoro crpor,rreircrBo B npoBr{HryuaCxurux, nporr3xox(ga or Kapxanzy (oxp. Tylua)18. Oxp:ar e 6un B Kpafl Ha Mr{HaJrr.rfl BeK, flpeyuorpe6eu Karo crpoureJreH Mar.r Aarrrpa or nepr{oAa Ha
ctBMecrHoro ynpaBJreHr{e Ha Koncraxrun II, Koscranquft II r.r Koncrasc
(337-340 r.). Texcrrr cro6rqasa 3a rl3rpaxqaHero Ha yKperJreruwe (munitio;
munimen) Ha eAHo Mrlcro rpali rpanzqara (locum in parte limitis), Koero 6rano uocTOqHHO pI3JIO)KeHo npeALI TOBa Ha HanaAeHIuIfl OT CTpaHa Ha rOTcKI4Te [JIeMeHa. I-{elra
6uta ya ce [peceKar HaxJryBaHrtflT.a il Aa ce ocurypu 3a "BeqHz npevteua" crzryp-

TeplraJr B ceJlcKara rI'bpKBa. Hanracan e Ha JrarrrHcKr{ e3r{K

HOCTTa Ha )KIIITeJIIITe Ha [pOBI{HIIr.rsTa. EHr.rr1\.rarU.{HI{flT xapaKTep Ha rraMeTHI{Ka oT

Kapxaruly ce oflpeAeJrfl or HeB"b3Mo)KHocrra [a ce HgeHTrz$uqnpa cnoMeHaroro B
Hero yKpelJIeHpIe. Tosa ce A'bJDKr,r ortracrrr na yuorpe6eHr.rre Jrarr{HcKlr repMr4Hr4r,
Kor{To ca 6es KoHKperHo rexHr{Ko-Tr{floJrorrrqecKo c'b['bpxa*Ltel9, Ho rrpequ Bcr,rqro na Saxra, lle HI{K'bAe B oKoJrHocrr{Te Ha ceJroro [ocera He ca orKprrrr{ HrrKaKBlr
ocral{Krr or K'bcHoaHTIitrrHLr yKpellareJlHrr c'bop'b)Keuus20. flpu rona froJro)KeHl{e,
nari-nepoxrHo rr3rJre)K.Aa BtnpocHrrflT HaArrr{c ga e 6ut ilpeHeceH Beqe B HoBo BpeMe or Apyro MrcTo.
3a Soptlr$I{KaLII4oHHara aKTrdBHocr B rrpoBr{Htlttt Cxwrut npe3 yrrpaBJreHuero Ha LlMneparop Koncranqufi II cBr,rAereJrcrByBa rr rp'brlKrrrr crpor4TeJreH HaAnLIc or 341-342 r. or Trapraca (noc Katwaxpa)ZI. Heulo roBer{e: cr,A'bp)KaHr{ero Ha

I?

Kato ce orrlere reMrIGT

Harpy[BaHe Ha KyarypHrr Harrnacrf,BaHuq B T epvropuflTa extra muros ua Tpoueylr Tpaxuu, npes VI B. pa3rne)KgaHr{rr KaMeHen 6nor c HaAluc
cEc curypHocT ce e HaMrrpaJr rroA Hr{BoTo Ha TotaBatuHrr.f TepeH.
18
CIL, Lil,12483; Popescu 1976, N! 238.
re
Bx<. no-goly, Inara I.3.
20
TIR L35, p. 30; Popesctl976, p.250.
2r
IGBulg. 12, l}bis; Banrancxa 1974,66-72.
Ha

TeKCTa AaBa OCHOBaHITe Aa Ce TB'bpAr.{, qe IIO TOBa BpeMe Tepr.IToprrflTa Ha rrpoBr.rHqIIrITa 0THOBO Ce oKa3aJIa BKIlOqeHa B paMKI4Te Ha HOBa MauIa6Ha BOeHHO-CTpOIrTeJIHa rlporpaMa, KoopAI4HaIIaflTau KoHTpoJTBT HaA qr,rero r{3['bJrHeHrre 6uJfi4, noBe-

peHI{ Ha e\illavts. or [BaMara magistri miLitum praesentalis. Haguucs,r or Tr.rpuca
cro6rqana 3a B'b3craHoBrBaHero "r.r3 ocHoBu" (apo themelion) "u (na) Ta3u Kyra"
(kai toutos pyrgas). BrnpeKI{ Kareropr{qHocrra na Sopuyrr4poBKara, r{Hreprperrrpafiru repMLIHa "pyrgos" B cMIrc'bJI Ha "Kacrer" gocelauluure l43cJreABar{u npr,teMar
cBe[eHrreTo KaTo oTHacqrqo ce Ao rlraoTo yKpelJreHr,re Ha qepHoMopcKr,rs ttoc22.
flogo6no rB'LpAeHIIe e HelpueMJrr{Bo KaKTo or rJIeAHa ror{Ka Ha aHTI{qHara repMr{Horlorl{.f,, TaKa r{ Ha apxeoJroruqecKr{Te peaJrHocrrr. MecronaurapaHero Ha [aMer}{IdKA il KOpeIaIIUqTa Ha TepeHHUTe CTpOr,rTeJrHO-XpOHOJTOTUlreCKr{ KOHCTaTaTIUU
raxP3 c [IrcMeHr{Te AaHHrr [o3BoJItBar clroMeHarara B Hagnrrca KyJra c roJrsMa yBepeHocr Aa ce orb>r(AecrBrr c eAr{HcrBeHara KyJra rro rpacero Ha B'brperuHara (rperara) yrpenr{TeJrHa rwrnufl, Ha Hoc Ka.rnaxpa.
Hagnuc'sr or l{uyc (f.spnuvuy, oxp.KoncraHqa) or 369 r. e cB'bp3aH c yKpenvreJrHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo Ha r,rMfleparop Barenc rro AyHaBcKara tpaHrrrla He[ocpegcrBeHo cJreA rprrKJrror{BaHero Ha HeroBara fl'spna rorcKa sofiHa (366-369 r.)24.

Texcrrr

ctsr4ruereJrcrByBa 3a r{3rpaxAaHero

ryK Ha eAHo HoBo yKpe[JreHr.re. Cnopeg

KoHeKTypara na T. MoMseH u lapgrxay3eH, B'b3npr{era r4r or rro-HoBr{Te r.,rHTepflpeTaropLI Ha HaAII{ca, B'bnpocHoro yKperrJreHr{e ce o3Har{aBa xaro burgus. Irl:puunoTo cnoMeHaBaHe, r{e crporlTeJlcrBoro e 6u:ro rasurpureHo or norlnnqz or c[erdr{aJrr43lrpaHo crpolrreJlHo roAeJreHl{e ua sacer palatium (legio palatina Primanorum)25 ,aqero c rexlr,us. rplr6yn lr or orlle H.rrKaKBa BoeHHa uacr (nepoxrHo or tapHrr3oHa Ha
IpoBLIHIII,L CrrErux), ce {BflBa BDKHo yKa3aHrre orHocHo rexHrrr{ecKr,rre Kagpr{ u

$usr.rvecxu pecypcu, r.r3[oJr3yBaHr4

or ['bpxaBHara

aAMr,rHr{crpaqmfl.3a r.r3rpoKAa-

H9TO Ha UMlepCKaTa yKpelI4TeJIHa CI4ICTeMa.

B xpax ua XIX B. B craporo MrocroJrMaHcro rpo6zqe xpafi flnauragon (o6uf .
[o6puv) 6un nugxn pI [oKyMeHTIrpaH roJrrM KaMeHeH 6nox c qacrr{rrHo 3arra3eH
TpIrpeAoB JIaTITHcKI{ laa4rrrrc, s rorfro ce cnoMeHaBar KpelocrHr{ creHr.r ([mo)enia
muros) ll noprll (portae) 26. Hagnuc'rr IrMa xapaKTep Ha paHHoxpLrcrztfl:slcKvt arror-

ponefi, sa xoriro ce [olycKa, qe HqKora e crosJr

HaA Kpenocrna nopra27. B. EeuresAarlrpa rraMerHl{Ka n V n.28, Ho fiaJreorpaScrute oco6egocrn Karo r{e rv cr;nAereJrcrByBar no-cKopo B rroAKperra Ha [peAJroxeHara or I. Zeiller [arrrpoBKa B
JIITeB

Barraucra 1974, c.68; Axmrtos 1989, c. 16; Axnuron n m. 1990, c. 12.
.fixnuror u gp. 1990, e. 142 cn.
24
CIL, nI,6159 (=7494); Popescu 1976,Ne233.
25
Mnenr.rero e rr3Ka3aHo r.r o6ourosaHo or: Hoffmann 1969, 299-232.
26
Skorpil1894,.N! 99;CIL,lll,142l3l; Be5evliev 1964, Nr. 81.
22

23

2i

IUidem.

:8

Beievliev 1964, S.55.

VI

s.29

MouyueuraJlHocrra, orpuquarHrz-rr raruHcKr{

e3r4K

u nper{rl3Hara KaJrr{rpa-

Sraa Ha HaArIIlca AaBar ocHoBaHrre roft na ce cBtpxe c oc'bx{ecrBsBaHero Ha HqKaKBrr sHar{r{TeJrHrr B'bscraHoBr{TeJrHr{ pa6oru, aKo He Aopu u c'bc crpor{TeJrcrBo a

fundamentis. cnopeg eAHo 3ana3eHo o[rcaHr4e or Kpaq ua XIX 8., B Mr4HaJroro B
fllavugo;r Ir B HeroBl4re norpafiur{Hr{ MoxeJrfi Aa ce BrrAflT MHo)KecrBo apxrrreKTypHLI geraimu Ir KaM'bHLI or crapl4 rpa[e)Kr{, Kor4To rrocrerreHHo 6nnu pazueceuu

no oKoJrHr,rre ceJra t1 [peyflorpe6esu raM Karo crpor{TeJreH uarepual30. crepeMeHHITTe [pOyqBaHI4g CBLIAeTeJTCTByBaT 3a C'bnIecTByBaHeTO Ha 3Halrr4TeJrHO HeyK-

fllavugoJl rlpe3 plrMcKara enoxa. Maoro6poriHuxr
orraM, o6ave, rroKa3Ba, rre npe3 nocJreAHara qerB.bpr Ha
IV s. ro npecraHaJlo Aa c'bqecrByna. Jllrncara Ha KaKBr{To r,r Aa 6raro oc'ranKr{ or
yKpeilI,ITeJIHLI C'bOp'bX(eHI{f I, rrGJrHoro orcccrBr{e Ha apxeororuqecKvr ll.larepl,darrut
or [epl{oAa V-VII B. Kareropl{qHo orxB'bpJlsr Bt3MoxHocrra 3a MecreH rrpor.r3xoA
Ha HaMepeHr4, TyK K'bcHoaHTr{r{eH HaAnrrc. ovenuguo rofr e 6wt [peHeceH B no-HoBo BpeMe or n {rofi or 3HaqI{TeJIHI{Te K'bcHoaHTrdrrHr4 yKperreHr4 qeHTpoBe e gn. trO>xna
[o6pyg>xa. IlpegnoloxeHrrero ria E. EoplraH, qe Hagnr{c.br e or Mapqr{aHorrort4c31 , e MaJrKoBepoflTHo, rropaAr.r rB'bp4e roJrflMoro or[aJrer{eHr{e Ha ro3r.r rpag (noBer{e or 45 ru). Mnoro [o-npaBAonogo6no r.r3urex[a rort ga e 6ur npeHeceH or
Ealvur, orcroflIrl Ha oKoJIo 25 xv or fhavugon. flogo6no npelnoJro)KeHr.re HaMrrpa [oAKpela KaKTo B apxeoJrorl4qecKH 3acBr4AeTeJrCTByBaHr{Te K:bCHOaHTrrqHr.r ilpeycrporZc'rna no yKpenI4TeJIHara cr{creMa ua [uorurcorroil4c3z, rara nari-serre B r.r3rpaxAaHero afundamentis uuenno npes V-VI B. Ha eAHo orpoMHo yKpelJreHrae, pa3floJrox<eHo BLpxy [Jraroro HaA ApeBHra{ rpa[, Ha repr4TopuflTa Ha AHerrrHr{s KBapTar "Xopu3our" sa rpag Barvur33.
flogo6eu no c'b['bpx(aHl{e Ha Ha[[r4ca or fhaurqoJr paHHoxpvtcrrrfl:acKut
auorponer?, Ho ro3t4 116T Ha rp'brlKr4 e3r{K, rrpor{3xo)KAa or Toun34. Marap ga csr.rAereJIcrByBa 3a B'b3craHoBflBaHero Ha rpaAa o'ro6rqe, ilo BcldrrKo Jrr{ql{, .re roft crolr
B'bB Bp'b3Ka [peAr4 BCr{r{KO C peKoHcrpyKrlr{rra Ha rpalcKara yKpelr,rrerHa cqcrelra. Llsgur6a:a e 6un Bbpxy KaMeHeH 6lor or o6nuqorxara Ha KpelocrHara creHa
v ce \arnpa B Kpas Ha V/Ha.raroro Ha VI s.
flpes 1918 r. K. IIIxoprI{JI BI{AsJr in situLr AoKyMeHrnpaJr egr,rH tracrr{r{Ho
3ana3eH rp'br{Krl HaAnr.rc B rpeAABeprlero Ha ceBepHara nopra na 3arqana (A6pur,
o6rq. Kpynrapu) 35. Hagnucrr 6ul paauo.iro)KeH Ha BracorrrlrHa oKoJro 2,00 n or aHpefleHo ceJII.'Iqe Ha Mf,croro ua
HyMr.r3Marprr{eH MareprraJr

2e

Zeiller 1918, p. 182 n. 4.
Croruos 1899,45-46.
3rB>r. xouesrapa B: CIL, ill, 142131.
32
Bx<. no-goay, fnana II.2.B: II,IOHI{COIOJII4C.
33
B>r. no-gony, I.uana II.2.E: Baluur-Xoprr3oHT.
ro

3a
35

Popescu 1976, Nb 7.
HA EAH, $. 165r, on.

l, a.e. 493, n

13.

Tw.{HId.fl TepeH, BBpxy [Ba c'bceAHr{ 6loxa or rperr{f peA Ha KBaApoBara o6luqosra
Ha 3alla[Hara cTeHa Ha I{3TOrIHaTa npr{BpaTHa KyJIa, TOr{HO npil HaqaroTo Ha rreJr-

Hara iI I43BIIBKa. B'rpxy rrbpBllfl 6ro1 6u.r usg'u6aH roJrflM c[Merpr{rrHo pa3[oJroxeH pa3l{'bQna.rr rp'scr, a B'bpxy c'bceAxllq crorJr cawuxr reKcr. 3a ctrxanenrae,
AflcHara (uo-rolxua) vacr or BTopu.fl 6rox runcsaJra, TaKa a{e or HaAnr4ca ce 3a[a3I4JIo caMo HaqaJloro rnly: tX CIOI... . ,fioronxoro Mo)Ke Aa ce c'b[rr rro 3arra3eHara
cKl{qa, 6yrnu:re ca 6utrut vtsgt.n6anu MHoro [peqr.{3Ho. Buco.rraHara r{M e 6n:ra no
4,5 cvt, Karo Beprr.rKaJrHr{Te xacr}r Ha "o" ca ce r43gaBaJrr{ HaA r,r troA peAa ctrrlo c 11o
4,5 cv,. Pasrrb$Harl{flT Kp:bcr c uogo6Ho HaqepraHr.re ce Aarnpa or r{3cJrelBaqrrre
o6uxHoeeHc B Kpafl na v u npe3 rleJrra, vI s.36 t{ecrara ro-f,Ba Ha KpccrHr{fl 3HaK
B'bpxy CTeHIliTe Ha HOBOI{3rpaAeHI{Te, BG3CTaHOBeHil vlt r CaMO [OlpaBeHr4 nO TOBa
BpeMe yKpenneHl{fl ce ABJIxI{ Ha orAaBaHara My anorponefina cilr.a. Oc.ranxnre or
r:.a4til4ca He laBar B'r,3MoxHocr 3a 3aAoBoJrrrreJrHo tbJrKyBaHe. Marap Aa He e 113KJrloqeHo oyxanre Aa npeAcraBJrflBar a6peeraarypa or HfKaKBa xprrcrr4sHcra
$opMyJIa, MeCTOITOJTO)KeHI{eTO My CBr{AeTeJrcrByBa rro-cKopo 3a cTpor{TeJreH xapaKTep.
fiaruponrara Ha HaArrr{ca Mo)Ke Aa ce cB:spxe c KoHcrarrrpaHvre lpeycrpoficraa

Ha ceBepHara nopra na 3algana, KOr{To cJreABa
BpeMero Ha r.rMleparop locrunzasI3l .

[a ce orHecar

uali-nepo.srHo K.bM

Ilar[ncxzqr crpolrreJreH HaA[I{c or YrueryM, orKpvr npr{ apxeoJrorr4rrecKI{ pa3Ko[KLI npe3 7912 r.38, c'bBceM ocHoBareJrHo ce nocraBfl B KoHTeKcra Ha cBeAeHlrero na flporonufi sa qxlocrHo rlper{3rpDKAaHe Ha yKpenJreHrrero uplr locrunuan I39. Haguuc'sr 6un nocraBeH or milites lanciarii iuniores,Korrro B3eJrrr aKTr{BHo yqacTl4e B cTpoI{TeJrHIrq flpoqec. flocnegHIrflT I43AaTeJr Ha TeKcTa oTHacfl eoriHl4I{I4Te K'bM eAHonMeHHux Legio com.itatensis,

or6elleaH s Notitia Dignitatum xaro

c'bcraBrqBa[I qacr or BoeHHrrr e$errus na npe$errypal4nupuxaO.

Bts ocHoBa Ha
Beqe KoMeHTIflpaHnfl HaAnI{c or I-{rayc, [o-[pl{eMnr{Bo ra3rJre)Kga MHeHr{ero Ha [peAI{IIHI{TO I43creABarlu4l, Ko[To [puql4crflBar B]npocHara iracr K:sM sacer palatium.
Karo crtpsanu nafi-neposrHo c yKpe[IrreJrHoro crporurreJrcrBo Ha r{Mrreparop l0crnnuan I ce pa3rJrexAar oqe ABa rp'bqKr4 HaA[rrca, usg.u6aurz rrpxy 6roKOBe OT BGHrrrHara o6llrqosxa Ha tpaAcKara KpenocrHa creHa sToNtu42.yl yuara
[aMeTHI{Ka CBI{[eTeJICTByBaT 3a r{3rpaxAa]He uru B:b3cTaHoBqBaHe Ha oTAeJrHrr oTceqKr4 or nporexeHr{ero Ha KpellocltlF.ufl 3r4\. cnOrtresartrre B TeKCTOAeTe "Cgpy-

36

Papuc 1986, p. 166.

Apryueuraqlu Ha Aarr4poBKara n: Top6aron 2000, c. 3l cn.; Bx. c'brrlo r ro-Aony: f,rana
II.2.B: 3a,rAana.
38
Pirvan 1914,379-384; Popescu 1976, N! 2l l.
re
Proc. De aed. |Y,1 , 17 (ed. Dewing).
37

ao

Popescu

ar

Pirvan 1914,p.381,384; Barnea L968,p.422.

a2

Popescu 1976, J\! 8, 9.

197

6, 225-226.

xeHlre Ha Mecaprrre" tl rr.rqara Anercangpoc r.r Eacoc r.r3rJrexqa ca 6ulu Aapr.rreJrr.r
Ha cpeACTBaTa, nocpeAcTBoM KoLrTo ca 6utttt r{3B'bprueHr{ cTpor{TeJrHrrre pa6oru s
cGoTBeTHI{Te yrIaCT'bIdU.
Maxap Aa HrMa orHorrreHr4e K'bM BoeHHo-crpor{TeJrHara aKTraBHocr, KtM rpyflara Ha enurpa$cxure cBr{AereJrcrBa orHocHo yKpenr4TeJrHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo B [poBr.rHrlrr.fl Cxurus.tpz6sa [a ce npmucJrr{ orqe eAr{H [aMerHzr. Toft r{Ma nocBerrrre-

or Carcosus (Maxuygux, oKp. Tynua) r,r AarLIpa or
322-323 r.a3 Or rJreAHa rorrKa Ha 3aHr{MaBau{ara ura npo6reuarr4Ka 3Har{eHuero My
ce c'bcrol{ B ToBa, r{e cnoMeHaroro B Hero yKpelJreHl{e Carcoeug e rl{[oJrorr{qecKr4
olpeAeJreHo. Tosa e HalpaBeHo r{pe3 c'bKparrleHrrero "CAST.", Koero ce Aon'bJIBa

JreH xapaKTep, [por43xo)KAa

or

r..r3AareJrprre

Karo cast(ra).

Cneg cpegara sa VI B. He pa3[oJraraMe c HTTKaKBI{ euurpa$cr}I cBLIAereJIcrBa rrJrrr [oAarKr{ 3a yKpenrlTeJruo crpoareJrcrBo B npoBLrHIIus Cxurus,.

+++
fleuourupaHero Ha ocrapeJrrr r.rJrr{ rr3Jre3Jrr.r or y[orpe6a uoctportxra u orpa6rauero ua uagrpo6Hr{Te [aMerHrrqr{ or crap[ HeKpoloJII,r c orJre[ go6unane ua
go6poxa.recrBeu r{ eBTrrH crpor,rreJreH Marepr,raJr e ruupoKo 3acBrrAereJlcrByBaHa
lpaKTr{Ka B [peleJrr.rre na Prarrrcrara rrMneprrr, oco6eno or nocJreAHara qerB'bpr Ha
III s. HacerHe. Tosa ce HaMr{paJro B npqKa Bp'b3Ka c rpaHnlro3uoro rro uaula6u nono
yKpenr.ITeJIHo crpoureJrcreo, o6xsaHaJro BcrirqKr,r [poBuHrlrrr{ B orroBop Ha 3atrecrr,rJtnre vr craBarqu Bce [o-onacHr.r BapBapcKrr HaxJryBaHn*a.flpuzyaBaHero Ha xpucTLITHCTBOTO Sa OsrlqlrarHa peJll4rrrx S Pmr.{CXaTa I,IMneprL or{eB[AHO AaJro MoIIIeH

nocrpofiru c IIeJI
pa3flpocrMacosoto
Marep}IaJI.
nper,r3noJr3yBaHe Ha tsJroxeHr{rr B Trx crporrreJreH
raMrryJrc 3a cr{creMarr,rr{Ho pa3pyrrraBaHe Ha e3rrrrecKure KyJrroBu

paHeHr{e Ha Ta3rr oTKpI,ITo I{JI}I HeIJIaCHO TOJIepUpaHa OT BJraCTtrTe npaKTUKa HaKapaJra r.rMreparopr.rre Apragarl u Xonopnfi Aa ir Aagar 3aKoHHa caHKqIu tpes397 r.as
Teoperuqure Ha yKpelrrreJrHoro crpoureJrcrBo or VI n. roperqo fipeflop'brlBarl4
ynorpe6ara ta spolia c rleJr ycKopflBaHe r{ [oeBTTrHrBaHe Ha crpoexrrrea6. OrportaHoro MHo3t4HcrBo or euurpaQcKlrre [aMerHr,Iqu, npoll3xoxlaqrr or aHTr{r{Hure IIeH-

puc,Vlcrpax, Ynueryu,

-

Caqragaea, Kanugana, Tpeeuuc, XanlrtuTpoueyu Tparuu cadu:l.u orKpr,rrl,I B xoAa Ha apxeoJloru-

TpoBe Ha repuropilflTanagH. flo6pygx<a

-

I{CCKI,,ITE NPOYI{BAHUfl I{MEHHO BTPAAEHI,I B TEXHI{TE K'bCHOAHTI{I{HI,I KPENOCTHI4 CTE-

flpelrMyrqecrBeHo n xarir-gomrara r{M .racr. flo raK'bB Harrr.IH, BcIrqKI{
Te3rr HaAnr.rclr [peAocTaBrT c'bBceM cr,rrypeH crporrreJreH terminus post quem, KaTo
HIt, npu roBa

-

a3lbidem, N! 271.
a Johnson 1983, p. 67 sqq.
a5
Cod. Theod. XV, 1,36 (ed. Mommsen-Meyer).
a6
Anon5rm. Byz. De re strateg. X, 3 (ed. Kdhly-Riistow).

3a peaJrHaTa AaTr{poBKa Ha HoBr{Te cTpoexrr Mox<e Aa ce npelnoJrara, qe IIoHe B
aracT oT cJlyrrauTe Tr ule Aa e 3Har{uTeJIHo no-K'bcHa oT
AaTr4poBKaTa na ynorpe6eHlrre cnoJrrrna7. 3a noBeqero or rraMerHrar{ure rpaArrquoHHo ce [pueMa, qe ca c
MecTeH npol43xoA, cBI{AeTeJICTByBarrI 3a C'bu{eCTByBaHeTO Ha CnOMeHaTr{Te rIeHTpOBe 14 [pe3 [peAxogHr.rfl nepraoA. B .racr or cryqar.rre roBa Hec'bMHeHo e BflpHo, Ho Ha

MHoro Mecra ce KoHcrarupar H TB'bpAe rroKagareJrHlr r{3Knloqenuq. Tara HalpraMep, cpe[ npeyuorpe6eHl{Te Karo crpor4TeJreH Marepr.raJr Hap.rfircrt B 3r{[oBere Ha
Llcrput, Yrueryu, Kauugaaa u Xaluupuc ce o6oco6sBar qeJrrr (uonmora rB'bp[e

MHoroqncrenu!) rpynu [aMerHr{qr{, npor.r3xo)KAarrlrr or pa3r[qHr,r, qecro rrorrMeHHO CIOMEHATI{ AHTIIIIHI{ CEJIIIUIA, PA3IOJIOXEHI{ B TEXHI,I' XIIHTEPJIAHA I,I OIIEBUAHO
npl{HaAJre)Karrlkt KGM TflxHara reprrropr{.fl: vicus Quintionis4s, vicus Secundiniae, vicus

(Ylcrput); vicus Clementiani52 (Ynrueryrrr); vicus Scenopesiss3
(Kanuqana); vicus Classicorumsa lxaruupuc). IlsrtrHarr{re rpnMepra He ocraBrr
HI4KaKBO C'bMHeHI{e, qe npu I4HTeH3T.IBHOTO K'bCHOaHTI,r{HO KpenOCTHO CTpO[TeJrCTCeleris50, Arcidava5l

II [O-[aJIeqHaTa OKOJIHOCI Ha HOBOII3A]IraHI{Te
I{JrIr IIsJIocrHo fiper,r3rpax(AaHr.r yKperrJreH]rr e 6laxa cqrrraHa rr aKTr{BHo rr3noJr3yBaHA KATO ECTECTBEH I{3TOI{HI{K HA TOTOB CTPOI,ITEJIEH MATEPI.IAJI.
BO, He CaMO HelOCpeACTBeHaTa, HO

EguopoqrurflT KyJrroB xapaKTep Ha r{acr

or

enurpaQcKr.r, Marepr{aJr, BJro-

)KeH B K'r,CHOaHTr{r{Hrrre yKpelr,rreJrHr,r caop}xel,ilmfl.Hacaquqanas5

,l4crpnn56,xal-

uupuc57 u Kauzgaaa58, gana ceprro3Hr.r ocHoBaHru Aa ce npeAnoJrara, qe rol:r e 6rr.n
I43BJIeqeH OT pa3pyIXeHIiI e3uqecKr.r CBeTrrJrr4rIIa. Kato ce r{Ma npeABr,rA ucTopuqecxara crg6a Ha npoBr4Hqut, Cxurux, Koqro ce [peB'bpHaJla B eArrH or 6acrr,rour{Te Ha
TpaAr4qrroHHaTa pr.rMcKa peJlrrrl{, r4 B apeHa Ha oxecTor{eHr4 roHeHrrs cpeqy npu-

B'bpxeHIrIIIrre Ha xpucrr.rrrHcrBoro rro BpeMero ua

&roxrerwar

yr

Jlnqnnuri

I

59,

loceraTeJrcTBoTo cpeqy e3r4qecKrrTe KyJrToBll naMeTHr.rrlr{ Moxe Aa ce pa3rurexAa
Karo rlpeAHaMepeHa, go6pe o6uucnena rr rBBpAo npoBeAeHa KaMlaHrdrr, rleJrflrrla
AyxoBHoTo I4HTerpprpaHe Ha npoBrrH\utff a B HoBorr3rpaAeHlrTe xpucTr,rrHcKrr cTpyKTypI,I Ha Purucxara rrMnepur. flo npeue, nogo6Ha KaMlaHrrr Moxe Aa ce nocraBr.r

a?

Johnson 1983, p. 56.

48ISM t,JS324-341.
ae
lbidem, Ne342-349.
50

lbidem, Ni 350-356.

5r

Ibidem, Nb 358.
52ISM V, N! 92-93.
53Ibidem, Jft2l-22.
5a

s5
56

57

Suceveanu./Zahariade 1986, I09- I20.
Scorpan 1980, 214-215.

ISM t,129,324-334,340,342-347, 349, 351, 359.
Suceyeanu/Zahariade 1986, p. 109 sqq., IlL l-6.

58ISM
5e

Y, t3-lg,2l-23.

Barnea 1968, p. 378 sqq.

eAI{HCTBeHo B IIeppIoAa cneg324

qeH

r., Koraro KoncranruH I ce npestpHaJr

B eAHoJrH-

rocloAap Ha LlMnepuflTa. HacrorlquaocTTa

B npoBexAaHeTo Ha HoBaTa peJrr4rHo3Ha rIoJIrrTI{Ka HaMIrpa coJILIAHa o6ocHosra Ir B oTKpr4Tr4q oTflop, KoftTo KoscTaHTITH I cpeqnan B rIpoBI{HItrLIs Cxurut or crpaHa Ha flpr4B'bp)KeHr{rlrrre Ha cBaJre-

Hlu LrMneparop Jluquuufi I: nqxou rucL{eHI,I }I apxeoJroruqecKr.r cBrrgereJrcrBa AaBar ocHoBaHrre Aa ce AonycHe, qe [pe3 325 r. ryx Aoprr r,r36yxHaJro BBcraHr.re cpeqy
Her060.

Y6egurelHo norBBp)KueHlze Ha [peAcraBeHara re3a rrpeAJrarar pe3yJrrarr.ror rlpl{Krloqlaroro npe: 1996 r. apxeoJrorrltrecKo [poyrrBaHe Ha aHTrrrrHr4s KyJrToB I{eHT'bp rpafr Telepur, $ynrqNoHIIpaJI IIpe3 pr.rMcKara enoxa Karo cBerr{Jrralrle

Te

nocBereHo ua TpaxuIicKlrfl KoHHIIK, xoIiTo 6un uo.rnraH TaM noA lrMero Xepoc Xe@ecroc [a6aronertoc61. flpes Bropara r{erB'bpr na IV s. cBerrirJrr{qero 6uro pasrpa6eno u olo)KapeHo or rorlncrnynau1I.r aAeflrr,r Ha xpucrrrflHcTBoro. O6povnrare
fiaMerHllrlr{ 6uLu c peBHocrHo oxecrorreH}re Harpouenu n 6e:pa:6opno pa3rrp}cnarn. I{enrparHl4lr xparu 6Lr:r c:s6opeu Ao ocHoBr4. flpeguaruepeHoro yHraulo)KaBaHe Ha e3r{trecKrrf KyJrroB KoMnJreKc Moxe yBepeHo [a ce locraBr{ B'bB Bp'b3Ka c

6esxoltupoMlrcHara xpucrllrlH[3aropcKa [oJrrrrrrKa, npe[nprrera s 6r4eurr4re sraAe}d,ilfl. na Jlraqranufi or uuneparop KoncraHrrrH I cneg Kpaq Ha 324 r. EescnopHo
yCTaHOBeHO nO apXeOnOlI4r{eCKIZ IIT,T e IJIaHOMOpHOTO I{3BIIAqaHe Ha flOr{TI4 IIeJII{.II

roAelr sa ynorpe6a crpol{TeneH Marepr{aJr, oc:bqecrBeHo HerrocpeAcrBeHo cJreA caMI{fl aKT Ha yHr,ru{o)Kenue. T'rri Karo roBa ror{Ho c'bB[aAa no BpeMe c flpeAflpprerara
rpaH[r,ro3Ha cTpor.rTeJrHa KaMnaHus, cB'bp3aHa c r,r3rpaxlaHeTo Ha yKpelr{TenHaTa
cI4CTeMa r{ OCTaHaJraTa K'r,CHOaHTr4a{Ha rpa[cKa uHspacrpyKTypa Ha oTcTorntraTa
caMo Ha oKoJro 15,0 xrra or cBerr.rJrr4rqero 3alga[a, eABa Jrrr Mo)Ke Aa r{Ma HrKaKBo
c'bMHeHrIe, ue orpa6eru4qr or Hero crpor{TeJreH MareprraJr e 6ut par exellence npeHeceH r.r [per.r3[oJl3yBaH rau62. .f,cHo yxa:aHr{e 3a roBa ca orKprrrr{Te B pyrrHr4Te Ha
3angana ABa enlrrpa$cxu nauerHr{Ka, crroMeHaBarq[ 6o>xecrsoro fla6aroueftoc63.
Bts ocHoBa Ha apryMeHTr{paHara flo-rope re3a, MacoBoro npuc'rbcrBr{e Ha
e3I{qecKI4 KyJIToBLT IIaMeTHIaIILI, yuorpe6enu Karo rpagrrBo B HoBoH3ArrrHarLr K'bcHoaHTlrqHH yKpenI{TeJTHLI crpoe)Krr Ha repr4Topvtsra Ha npoBuHr{uq Cxwrtx, cJre[Ba
Aa ce pa3rJrex[a Karo [oaITIr crrypHo yKa3aHrre sa KoHcraHTr4HoBo crpor.trercrso64.

60

Madgearu 1996,

137

-142.

6r

Top6aron 2000, 85-86.
62
lbidem.
63

IGBulg. II, 868, 869.

6a

flpegn 6,ru:o 50 roAr4ur{ fp. O,ropecKy nnaxo
e3I4qecKI,I [aMerHLIqu

B

r43Ka3a fiAerrTa, qe fipeyflo.rpe6euure
KBCHoaHTnqHara 3aflagua Kperrocrua creHa Ha l4crprax uorar

Aa ce rr'JrKyBar Karo cB[AercncrBo sa Helluoro r,r3rpaxgaue cJreA no6e4ara ua
xpr4crlrflHcrBoro: Florescu 1954a, p.94.3a ctxareHfie, Ta3r4 Ba)KHa Aora[Ka He
HaMeprl pe3oHauc cpeg HayqHara o6rqec'rneuocr.

+++
C noggrp:xaHero (u qolrsrpaxqairero?) Ha rrtrHara Mpexa Ha repr..rroplrflTa Ha flpoBlruqra Cxurufl ca cBBp3aHI4I MHoxecrBo MrrJIIaapHr,r KoJIoHrr, KoIrTo cBr4[ereJrcrByBar 3a [ocrofHHure rppDKrr B Ta3rz HacoKa or crpaHa Ha vMflepcKara a[MlaHucrpaquq npe3 rr'bpBlrs BeK or c'brr{ecrByBaHero Ha npoBr{Hr{uqra. Hacr or rraMerHr{qr4Te ca 6uLu nper.r3noJr3yBaHrr rro [peAHa3HarreHlae, nopaAl{ Koero Brpxy rrx
ce pasno3HaBar rro ABa, a B orAeJrHrr cryqal{
r4 rlo rpr4 pa3HoBpeMeHHr.r Halnuca c

-

rr'LTeH xapaKTep.

Hafi-uuoror{I4creHara rpyla or Mr.rJrr4apHr{ KoJIoHIa xpoHoJroruqecKrl ce orHac, K'bM BpeMero ua fllpnara rerpapxus. Ts sxrlo.{sa 17 rraMerHr{Ka, r{3gr4rHarr4
B nepproAa 293-305 r. MHosr.rHcrBoro or rsx (6) ce nauupar B.bB BpL3Ka c r.brq rto
AyHaBcKr.r-s 6pr n nporr3xo)KAar or cJreAHrlTe Mecra: Pacoga (@nanuaua?) - 165;
Xspurona (Kapcuyu) - 366; Mrvun (Apy6uyM) - 167; lapnau ([unoreqm) - tut.
Karro cBI4AereJIcrByBa rtxHoro MecroHaMlrpaHe, ner Mr,IJrr.rapHr{ KoJroHra ce orHacrr K'bM rrbrq, cJreABarq nonrurircroro rpafi6pexue: Mzxafi Bzrasy (Eyreplrgana?)
- 76e Kop6y ge Cyc - 270; Manramrx (Kalaruc) - l7l; TK "Ar6eHa" - 172. ffse
MLIJILIapHV KOJTOHI4 [pOI{3xoxAaT OT B'bTperrrHocTTa Ha npoBr.rHr{ilflTa il npr4HaAJre)KaT K'bM nplaqo6nnaTa loJIrMa BilKHocT npe3 K'bcHoaHTr{rrHara erroxa n'brHa aprepr{r, cB'bp3Bana MapquaHorroJr c AyHaBcKar a getraT3 . MecrouauupaHero rrM e flpu
fopo6auqy (vicus Hi...?) ]a vr Adpur (3alqana) 75. [py", ABe MrrrrraapHr{ KoJroHr{ Te3r{ or Banx [auurop76 u MepxraguxT7 - ouetugHo rpacrrpar BTopocreleHHrrq
l'sr (semita) Mexgy Toura u Arcuononac. Egua HoBoorKpr,rra Mr.rJrr4apHa KoJroHa
npu Muxaun KorrnnuuqlryT8 BepoqrHo cJreABa ga 6';ge [ocraBeHa B'bB Bp'b3Ka c

n'br, xorlro IUBaJT or Toltn rr ce pa3KJroHrBaJI
TyK K'bM Kanrqaaa (npee fiopo6anqy) u Kapcuyrrr (npes Yruetyr'a). floc;reAHrqr
HeI43BecreH Aocera BTopocrerreHeH

65

CIL, ru, 13755 ("a") = Popescu 1976, Nb 190 ("a").
CIL, 111, 1603 ("b") = Popescu 1976, Ns 230 ("b" ); CIL, III, 7 606 ("b) = Popescu 1976,
.}.& 231 ("b"); CIL, II,7609 ("a") = Popescu 1976, N 232("a").
67
ClL, IIII,7610 = Popescu 1976,Ne239.
68
Popescu 1976,Ne240.
6e
CIL, Lil, 14463 ("a") = Popescu 1976, N 167 ("a").
70
CIL, 1I1,7614 ("a") = Popescu 1976, M 82 ("a"); Birbulescg/Citeia ]1gg7, lg1-193, nr. 3.
66

7r

Popescu 1976, Nh 58

72

Eoruuaron 1975, 84-85; Xoneuulalirr 1979,44-46.

("b').

73

lllropnu;r 1905a, 492-502.
'4 CIL,ll[,12516 = Popescu 1976, Nb 83.
75
Mup'rer 1953, 7 1 -12, Ne 3.
76
Birbulescu/Citeia 1997, 184-190, nr.2.
iT Ibidem,
183-184, nr. l.
78Ibidem, p. 190 (n. 5).

erlufpaQcKrr [aMeTHrrK 3a rrbTHoro crporrreJrcTBo no BpeMe Ha n'bpBara rerpapxvs. e v,t4JrvtapHa KoJroHa c Her{3BecrHo MecroHaMr.rpaHe e [o6pygx<a79.
C l,Itrrero Ha IrMfleparop KoHcraHuan I e cBBp3aHa cJre[Barrlara lro MHorotII,IcJreHocr rpyna cpeA MI,IJII4apHIITe KoJroHr{ or npoBr{HrlusCxurus. Tq sxrroqsa l0
naMerIrlrKa. Hagnucure B'bpxy rflx [pr,rHalJrexar K'bM [Ba xpoHoJror[qecxra o6oco-

r.9erupu or HaArrr{cr{Te Aarupar or BpeMero Ha c'bBMecrHoro ynpaBJreHl{e na Koncranrxn u Jlr,rqrauuit.Eguu or rrx e cBcp3aH c xparllyHaBcKr4fl n'br r,r npor{3xox[a or Irlrrlrqa (Tpe:rur.rc)80. [pyrz ABa ca 6urz Halrepe6exr,r nepraoAa: Ao rr cJreA 324

na s MaHralux (Ka.uarnc)81 u xpafr Bar'ra Bexe82 u otreBuAHo rpa6sa Aa ce orHecar
K'bM 3anaAHononruficxuq rr'r,T. 9etnrprurr [aMerHrrrK e c Her{3BecrHo MecroHaxoxneHr,re n [o6pygx<a83. floceramHlrre pr3AareJrrr Ao[ycKa:r c'brrlecrByBaHero B'bpxy
eAHa MrrJrr{apHa KoJroHa ot Xrpurona (Kapczyrta)84 ua rperu (nau'snno yH}rr.qo)KeH

rpt6salo ga 6'rge rocraBeH rro BpeMe MexAy
gBa ("a" kr "c").Irlaxoxgattrll or Aarr.rpoBKara Ha [ocJreguure (293-

rroHacroflrr{eu) xagnuc, Kortro 6u

pa3rrereH.r.rre
305 la323-337) u, axo npe[noJroxeHara xpoHoJroruqecKa nocJregoBareJrHocr e BqpHa, To HaArrlrc'br "b" ntpxy ra3u Mr{Jrr{apHa KoJroHa orreBHAHo rpx6ra Aa ce cB'bpxe
c rrbTHocTpo[rTeJrHr.rTe MepoflprlrTr.rrr no BpeMe Ha cBBMecTHoTo ynpaBJreHrle ua KoHcraHTrrH m llu4uxtuir. Ocrananure 6 uauernr4Ka or efloxara na Koncranrun I qarupar or rrepproAa 323-337 r. B rpu or crytraure HaAur{cr.rre ca 6wu usgur6ann arpxy [per43rroJr3yBaHr,r Mr,rJrr{apHrr KoJroHr{ or BpeMero na llrpaar:a rerpapxun: KoJroHara or Xrpruona (Kapcuyr'a)85 npuuagnexu r:su rpafigyHaBcKr{s rrbr, Ta3r{ or MuKBM 3ana[Hononrraficxraq, a rperara e c Herr3BecrHo
MecroHaMr{paue87. Kru sanaqnononrurtcrl{q rrGT ce orHacsr olrle ABe Mr{Jrr{apHr.r
KoJronpr: or Koncranqa (Tortru)88 u or VlctpwxS9. 3a uecroHaMr.rpaHero Ha [ocJreAHr{fl naMerHLrK cB'bp3aH c Koncranu4HoBoro rrbrHo crpolrreJlcrBo Ha reprrropr,Igra
Ha rrpoBr,rxrlus. Cxwrufl. xxua gannugo.
Haguuc "b" or 360-363 r. B'Epxy MrrJrrrapHara KoJroHa or Kop6y qe Cycel
cBI{[ereJIcrByBa 3a rrpegnprrervre rrprr lrMleparop IOruaH MepKrr rro noAA'bpxaHe
Ha 3afiaAHouonr:raficxraq n'rr. B'ss BpB3Ka c ['brHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo Ha c'bulrlq lrM-

xafi Buraoy (Eyrepuqara?)86

7e

-

Popescu 1976, NL 276 ("a").

80

CIL, IJI, 617 4 = Popesru L976, Ns 237 .
Birbulescu./Rldulescu 1980, 151-153, N! 5.
82
CIL, ilL142152 = Popescu 1976, NL 108.
8'

83

Popescu 1976,Jni&-214.
CIL, [I, 7609 ("b") = Popescu 1976, Nb 232 ("b").
85
CIL, 11I,7609 ("c") = Popescu 1976, Nb 232 ("c").
86
CIL, [I,14463 ("b") = Popescu 1976, N! 167 ("b").
87
Popescu 1976, N! 276 ("b").
88
Popescu 1976, Jll! 6.
8e
Mupren 1953, 72-73, Jft 4.
eo
Popescu 1976,Jfi275.
er CIL, [\7614 ("b")
= Popescu 1976, N 82 ("b").
84

neparop o6uKHotseHo ce pa3rJrex(Aa I{ [or{erHl{fi HaArruc or 361-362 r., orKplrr npLI
Hury:ruqer92, *rarap HIITo BI4Aa, Hlrro ctA'bp)KaHldero Ha reKcra B'bpxy IIaMeTHI{Ka
[a I{Mar qcHo l43pa3eH "['breH xapaKTep".
PasnocrpanHara BoeHHo-crporrreJrna gerlnocr Ha lrMleparop Banenc B npoBr{Hrlr{fl Cxvrns or{eBlAHo ue npeue6perHaJla I{ rIBTHara Mpexa. 3a rosa pa3noJlaraMe c ABe elrrrpa$cru csugereJrcrBa. f['rpnoro e HaA[Lrc "b" or 367-375 t. B'bpxy
MuJrrrapHara KoJroHa or BpeMero Ha flrprara rerpapxlu or Pacosa (@:rasuaua?)93,
yAocroBeprBaul MepKI{Te, IlpeAflprlerlr tro nog[Bp)KaHe B lr3[paBHocr Ha xpafiqyHaBcKr{fl nsr. Broporo cBlrAereJrcrBo npor43xoxga or B'brpelrrHocrra Ha npoBI4Hrlr{flTa r4 npegcraBJrflBa Ha[nrrc or 367-369 r. n'rpxy MIrJrIrapHa KoJIoHa, orKpI,ITa
xpafi Mraprarurea.
Hari-x'rouare euurpa$cKl{ cBrrAereJrcrBa orHocHo n'brHara Mpexa B rrpoBraHqr4fl Crurug. ca oT BpeMeTo Ha llMlepaTop Teoqocufi L EguncrneHllflT cl,IrypeH
[aMerHrrK e e[Ha [pera3[oJr3yBaHa Mr{JrrrapHa KoJroHa ot A6pur (3angaua), BTopI{,T Ha[fluc B'r,pxy KoflTo (nagnuc "b") gatupa or 383-392 r.95 Hen:scHeH ocraBa
B'blpoc'br oKoJro e[Ha Mr{JrlrapHa KoJroHa ot KoscranrldHoBo BpeMe c HeI{3BecrHo
MecroHaMrzrpaHe B [o6pypra96. flrpsuxr r{3AareJr pa3rro3HaBa B'bpxy Het ocraHKI{
oT [o-KBCeH Ha[[r,rc, cloMeHaBarrl cllope[ Hero I{MeTo Ha lrMlepaTop Balenc z:ru
BanenuzsuaugT. Cnope[ Apyr aBTop, B To3r{ HaArrrdc 6unuazlpoeHl{ I{Mneparoplrre
lpaquan, Banenrunlran II, TeoAocuhTu Apxaqrafi, or Koero cJteABa, qe rofi rpx6na
ga 6'rge [arl4paH s 383 r.98 B xopnyca Ha Haflnucute or IV-XIII s. or Pyt'lrnrzx,
o6ave, He ce roBopl{ 3a c'blr{ecrByBaHero B'bpxy naMerHI{Ka Ha Iro-KBceH Halnuc:
3a roBa ce c[oMeHaBa caMo Karo 3a xlrllore3a Ha nBpBI4, usgaren99.

B. TEIYJIAPEH EIIUTPAOCKM MATEPTIAJI
B'ssr\aoxHocrr{Te 3a ImIroJr3yBaHe Ha KtcHoaHTrrrlHara crpoIrreJIHa KepaMI{Ka
c [por,r3BoAcrBeHr{ xnertlra Karo r{3Bop 3a yKpe[I{TeJIHoro crpolrreilcrBo B [poBIrHyut. Cxnrvn ca rB'bp[e orpaHI{qeHI,I. Tosa ce A'rJI)KLI Ha rrtpBo Mqcro Ha Ir3HeHaAeauqo cra6oro pa3npocrpaHeHl4e Ha ra3lr Kareropu.f, [aMerHI,IIII4 B [poyr{eHure Aocera o6exru Ha replrropvflTaHa npoBuHq[qra. OcseH ToBa, roJIsMa qacr or I,i3BecTHr4Te eK3eM[IqpU ilpor,r3xo)KAaT oT H9sCeH r,rJrr,r xpoHoJlorlrqecKl{ HeaAeKBaTeH ap-

ClL,llI,16ll = Popescu 1976,Nr269.
CIL, ru, 13755 ("b") = Popescu 1976, Ile 190 ("b").
e4
CIL, m, 12518 = CIL, III, 13756 = Popescu 1976, Nb 81.
e5
CIL, I]I,14464 ("b") = Beievliev 1964, N! ("b").
e2
e3

eo

Popescu 1976, i\", 275.

Tudor 1956, p. 620, N 161.
e8
Hollensteinl975, S.40, Nr.
e7

ee

Popescu 1976, N! 275.

80.

xeoJloruqecKl{ KoHTeKcr. Tara Hanpl4Mep, 3a Hr4To eAHa or K'bcHoaHTr{rrHrrre ryxJrr4
c [er{arrr or [r,rHorequr100, HonuogyHylll0l :s-lfuycl}z HqMa AaHHu Aa [porr3xoxAar
or yKpenr,rreJrHr.r rpaAexu. IIlo ce orHacq Ao ABara no[[er{araHr{ eK3eMgrqpa or
Huxyluqe:rl03, Te ca 6urw HaMepeHr,r 3aelHo c [pyrr4 aHTr{qHrr ryxJr,, npey[orpe6euu s KoHcrpyKIILIflTaHa BaJIa Ha eAHa or KpenocrraTe, [pr{HaAJlexaqa K.},M I{3rpaE3}l1,,.fl.

TaM

[pe3 paHHoro

cpeAHoBeKOBr4e OrpOMeH 3eMJreH .irarep104.

flpu rona

nilu cvrypIJa Aarr.rpoBKa na xlefiuara B.bpxy reryMarepr4aJr or fiunorequs u HosuoAyHyM He ]roxe Aa ce rr3[oJr3yBa Karo

rroJroxeHr{e, npeA[oJraraeMara
naplJ.rrfl

xpoHororl4qecKo yKa3aHIIe 3a BpeMeTo Ha r.r3rpaxAaHe rzJrra nonpaBKa Ha perr4cTpr.rpaHr.rre raM yKpenureJrHr{ c'r,op'b)KeHr.rfl, a B cryqaf c HraxymaqeJr r, [peAJrara
caMo eAI4H (ganeuen?) terminus post quem. Axo ce npr4eMe npe[Jro>r(eHara HoBa AaTr,rpoBKa Ha

[er{arure RVMORID(us) a'sr BpeMero Ha r4Mneparop Ba:rencl05,

HaMe-

peHara cpeA pyr,rHr{re Ha I-{zyc ryxna or ro3r{ sug6u MorJra Aa ce orHece c MHofo
roJrrMa BepoflTHocr KBM enl{rpa$crn sacruAereJrcrByBaHoro r{rJrocrHo rrper.rsrpax-

IaHe Ha yKperJreHrrero s 369 r.106
Crarypnlr cBeAeHI{fl 3a [o[paBKr4 r, rrpeycrpor?crna Ha yKpelr.rreJrHara cr4cTeMa Ha Vlcrpnx [peAJrara usodurHuqr reryJrapeH euurpaScrr.r MareprraJr, orKprrr
npu rpoyrrBaH.uflTa Ha 3anaAHara rpaAcKa KpenocrHa creHa upea 1914-1915 r.107
Mnoxecrsoro ryxnu c eAHorr,rnHr{ retrarr,r (ItKIMP.ANASTASIVS)108, nauepenu
ortracrrr in situ B Kyprr.rHa b ra npu nopra I, ce pasrle)KAar Karo BaxHo cBilAerencTBO 3a roJreMru pa3Max Ha npe[[puer[Te or r{Mneparop Anacracurl I uepru no
B'b3craHoBqsaHe 6oecuoco6nogrra I4 3a3gpaBqBaHe Ha yKpenr{TeJrHr{Te ctop.bx<eHr4r B

flpoBrtrqux Cruruxlog.

Tyxrua c [poIr3BoAcrBeHIr rlefilra ca 6utu r{3Ba[eHr{ npeAr,r rogr{Hr{ r.r or KperrocrHr{re creHrr uaLlS]/,ga (Cnana Pycr, orp. Tynua)110. Btnperu SparuenrapnoTO r4M cGCTOrHne, [eqarr,rre ca Aarr.rpaHtt s v-vl B., Koero rpa6sa Aa ce flpr{eMe

Karo yKa3aHI4e 3a I{3B'bpIrreHpI IIo roBa crponreJrHlr IaJrlr B'b3craHoBLrreJrHI{ pa6oru
no rpaAcKara yKperIilTeJIHa clrIcreMa. 3a rosa cBragereJrcrByBa r,r eAHa ryxJra c r{3A-

roo

lbidem,

ror

Popescu 1976, Nb 266; ISM V, Nb 285.

Nb

r02rsMv,Nb

241,246; ISM V,

Nb 265.

125.

ro3

Popescu 1976, N! 268.
loa
Paruen 19826,23-27 .
ro5
106

to7

Sarnowski 1985, p. I 18, 124-126.
CIL, III, 6159 (=7494); Popescu 1976,Jfi233.

Piryan 1916, 701-702.

ro8

Popescu 1976, Nb I 13.

roe

Barnea 1960, p. 363 sqq.

rro

Popescu 1976, Ne235.

pacKaH B'bpxy Herr HerrerJrr4B HaA[rrc c xpr,rcrnqHcKo c.r,A.bpxaHr,re (?) or V-VI s.,
HaMepeHa c'brr{o B KperrocrHara creHalll.
rloc"rregnuxr naMerHr4K, KoriTo Mo)Ke Aa 6rge npuuracJreH K'bM rpyrrara Ha
TerynapHl{Te eurarpa$cKl4 cBI4lIereJIcrBa 3a yKpenr4TeJrHoro crpoprreJrcrBo B npoBr4Hrlr{fl cxurux, npo}r3xo)K[a orHoBo orLlcrpwx. Crasa AyMa 3a rrpeqr,r3Ho u3n.bJrHeH JrarI,IHcKI{ HaA[I4c BT,pxy ryxJra, or Koqro noHacroqrqeM ca 3a[a3eHrr caMo
Spu"-

rreurnll2. Hagnucrr e c'bAGp)KaJr pa3Brrrara rrrrynarypa Ha r{Mleparop Anacracttfitlu BepoflTHo e I{MaJI crpol4TeJreH xapaKTep. kl:garerxr ro cB'bp3Ba c apxeoJrorur{ecKlr 3acBtr[ereJlcrByBaHara roJrrMa crpol{TeJrHa aKTI,rBHocr a l4crpux B Kpafl
sa V lr B Har{aroro ua VI s. C'bcroqH}rero Ha [aMerHr.{Ka He AaBa B'b3MoxHocr 3a
o6nrpsrauero My c KoHKpereH crpoex, a AaHHrr 3a ror{Horo My MecroHaMr.rpaHe
JII{IICBAT,

Maxap Aa HsMa orHorrreHr{e KBM yKpelr4TeJrHara unQpacrpyKTypa Ha caMItx o6ert, eAI{H o'r rlrrloBere Ileqarrr Ha r.rMrreparop Auacraclrfi I or flrnoreqr.rx

or rJre[Ha roLrKa Ha yKpelr{TeJrHara cl4creMa Ha npoBr4HIIr{,
Cxurus, mo6rqe. I4rraau [pe[Brrq Trrrra, cnoMeHaBarq pe[oM c r{MneparopcKoro r,rMe
Ir rl{TyJlarypa Ir rorloHraua A;rruna113. C'ruluxr e 3acBrdqereJrcrByBaH ra or flpoxonraft raro r{Me Ha eAHo or rparuficrzre yKpelJreHux (leipomena) v Cxutux w Bropa
Muzus., o6HoseHrr or rrMneparop trocrunuas I114. gecro npeqfloJraraHara ilAeHTr{q3acJry)KaBa KoMeHTap

Hocr Ha ronoHrrMr{Te Anrana r A:rrrauyu (s'rn Bropa Musu' cflopeA Notitia
Dignitatumtls u flpoxorr;tt01 B HrrKaK'r,B cnyuair He Mo)Ke [a ce cqr.rra 3a rrec.bMHeua. C:sulecrByBaHero rro[ Te3rr vMena Ha ABe pa3nrrqHrl yKpe[JreHr.{fl e He caMo B.b3Mo)KHo, Ho r{ MHoro BeposrHo. Karo ce rrMa [peABr4A, qe rl ABara r.r3Bopa c[oMeHaaaqn AnruHa - flpoxonufi u ryxreHrrre rrer{arra or,{raHorequq - Aarlrpar or VI n.,
He e II3KJTIOqeHO B Cryqaq

[a cTaBa AyMa 3a HflKaKBO HOBO yKpelJreHr{e, r.r3ArlrHaTo
ulu B HaqaJroro na VI e. II{o ce orHacfl Ao HeroBoro eBeHTyaJrHo MecronoJro)KeHr{e u [poBr.,rHrg.raJrHa rrpr{HalJre)KHocr, Bttrpoctt rpr6na ga ce
eABa K'bM Kpafl Ha Y

npr,r3Hae 3a rBBpAe HerceH ra Hepa3perlrrM Ha

I

roslr eran1l7.

I

Popescu 197 6, Ne 234.
Popescu 1976, J\! 112.
I13
Popescu 1976, N! 246 (a).
rra
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
r

r12

rr5

Not. Dign. Or., XL,28 (ed. Seek).
Proc. Ae aed. IY,1 ,9 (ed. Dewing).
Ir7 llogpo6uo
ro 3acerHarrre ryK npo6neull slK.: Torbatov 2000b,72-13.
rr6

3. APXE

O

JIOII,IIIE CKI,I AAHHPI

Karo ce r.rMa rrpegBr.rA rrecro KoHcrarrrpaHara reHleHlllto3Bocr

Ha rrr{cMeHr{-

- n Ha enurpaScxuq Marepr.rar, nafi-o6exudBeH r{3Tor{HIaK
na uu$oplaar\vfl sa yKpenr,rreJrHara cr4creMa Ha rrpoBr.rHrlrux Cxurux ce flBrBar AaHHLITe or apxeororuqecKl{Te npoyrrBaHr.,Ir. OcseH c o6exrusHocr, Te ce orJlrrr{aBar c
He cp aBHr.rMo rro - ro JrrM ar a cv r.r3areplarerHo cr t p a3Hon ocoqnocr. CnopeA Har{raHa
na npuqo6uBaHero r{M, apxeoJrorrrqecKrr?e [aHHr{ Morar ga ce o6oco6xr e rpu rpylr.r: or apxeororruecKr.r pa3KonKr{, or repeHHu [poyrrBaHr,rq u o'r aepo$ororpaSc-

Te cBeAeHrrq, a rtoHflKor a

Kr,r r,r3cJreABanprs.

Ha.ruH'br Ha npugo6urane B 3Hatrr4TeJrHa creneH o[peAeJrr

r{ecTBeHI/tTe Ir KoJrr{qecrBeHrr noKa3 aTeJrrr aa

nnsopu

r4

Ka-

atryflT a.

A. AAHHTI OT APXEOIOIUTTECKII PA3KOf,TKI{
ApxeonoruqecKr{Te pa3KonKr.,r ca Hec'bMHeno Hafi-uso1u:luusr r{ AocroBepeH u3Tor{Hur na Nu$opMarlr,rfl 3a yKpelr.rreJrHara crrcreMa Ha [poBr4Hqus Cxurvs.
Te ce ssssar Bax(eH ra clrrypeH KopeKTr{B Ha nr4rcMeHrrre r.r elurpaQcru cnr,rgerencTBa, Karo [pegocraBflT KoHKperHr{ AaHHr,r 3a xpoHoJrorutflTa, crparr,rrpa$rrsra, crpor{TeJII{ara rexHoJrorr4s rr KoHcrpyKTlrBHr{Te oco6enocru Ha or[eJrHr{Te yKpenreHr4s.

ApxeororlrqecKoro rr3cJIeABaHe Ha K'bcHoaHTr.rr{Hara SopruQlrxaqur Ha reprrropwrra Ha rrpoBrrHqus, Crnrus, Aarlrpa oule or BTopara [oJroBrrHa na XIX s.
flrpnlrxt qacrrrrrHo rlpoyqeH o6exr e rl3ToqHara Kpenocr na Tpesur,rc (Tpesrvrr,rcI,Isrox), Korro ce ugeuruQrrqupa roHacroqqeM c rrarepa ua legio II Herculia. I4nTepec'br 6ua nporoKr4paH or r,r3BJreqeHr{Te or pyr.rHr.rre Ha KperrocrHara creHa
aHTI,IIHIT HaAflrrcr{.3ano.rHarpr npee 1864 r. la p'bKoBoAeHu orHaqaJro or $peucxu
cneqr{aJrr..rcrra (Eurenxaplr, f. Byacue, A. Eogpr,r, E. [ex<apgen), pa:ronKr{Te Ha
Tpear'luc-I43ToK r,rMaJrrr nogqepraH xapaKTep Ha "roB" :a enurpa$cKr4 naMerHraqr{.
Te npoguxaBar I,r npe3 [ocJreAHrrre ABe AecerrrJrervs. Ha XIX s. rroA pbKoBoAcrBoro Ha Ip. Tovu.necryl. C'rrqr,rsr [ocraB, s 1891 r. Har{aroro Ha [poA'bJDKaBarqure (c rassecrHr.r flpeK'bcnauux) r.r Ao AHec apxeororuqecKr,r rtpoyquanvtr r Tponeyrtr
Tpazl:iu2, a npe3 1900-1902 r. rpeArprreMa pa3KorrKuus Axcuononrnc3. ?I a guara
qeHTtpa yKpelr,rreJrHr,rre c'bop'bxelaufl, ce flBflBa"r eAr,rH or ocHoBHrirre o6errr.r Ha
npoyrrBaHe. Tpute apxeoJror[qecKr.r KaMnaHr{r{, oc'bqecrBeHr,r B flepl,Ioga
1911-1913 r. no[ p'bKoBoAcrBoro Ha B. Ilrpsan n Ymrleryu, AoBe)KAar Ao rlrJrocr-

' Simion 1977 -78, 153-154.
2Barnea etal.l979,p. 15 sqq.
3

Tocilescu 1903, p. 354 sqq.

Ho pa3KprrBaHe Ha yKpenI,ITeJIHaTa My cI4cTeMa4. C

nuero na B. filpeaH

e cB'bp3aHo

rr HaqaJroro s 1914 r. Ha apxeoJrorr4qecKrrre rtpoyr{BaHlltr zWcrpun, npIaAo6I,IJIH BrlocJreAcrBr4e cr4cTeMeH xapaKTep I,I npo[tJlxaBaulu u [oHacToqqeMs. [o rsrra 1943 r.

qacHarrbJrHo pa3rIucTeHa e 3aIIanHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa Ha K'bcHoaH"rul{}lils' Ipa[' a
Tr.rr{Ho npoyr{eHu ca u Apyru ceKTopr.r oT yKpe[LITeJIHara cl{creMa. Hxrlge B nepuoAa 1913-1915 r. exun or pyM'bHcKI{ apxeoJlo3lI no[ p'bKoBo[cTBoro Ha Ax. Mate-

ecKy npoBe)KAa pa3KonKII Ha yKpenLITeJIHI4Te c'bop.t,)Ke]H.I1lfl.Ha 3angaua, Ho 3a I'I3B1prrreHara pa6ora Ha['bJrHo Jrr{rrcBa AoKyMeHTaqIas6. HeussecrHl{ ca u pe3yJrrarl'Ire or rrpoyqBaHl{flra Ha AJI. I{rarapa-CaMypKaIII B yKpeneHlas qeHrbp (or VI s.?)
xpafi ItrnoneHLIT. HoBoro cTpol4reJlcrBo B KoucraHqa upea 1914 r' npoBoKl{pa npo-

BexAaHeTo Ha cnacr4TeJlHr4 apxeoJroruqecKlr pa3KolKI{, B pe3yilTaT Ha KOITTO e [poyr{eH r.r eArrH ceKTop or K'bcHoaHTr.rrrHara KpenocrHa creHa na Touu8. flpegnpnerra-

pa3KorKLI B K'bcHoaHrl{llHoro IpaAIaIIIe Kpafi
qacrrrr{Ho
pa3Kpr.rBar HeroBara yKpellareJrHa clacreMag. B pesy:nar or 3aloreu
lor{Harr4Te or 20-re roArrHr.r Ha XX B. HacerHe Maqa6HLI tl cI{creMHI{ apxeoJlor[r{ecKrr flpoyqBaHufl B peAr,rqa ar{T}rrrHrlr qeHTpoBe Ha repl,IToputfiT aHa cenepna [o6pyAxa, HayKara ce cqo6r.r c u3o6r4rHu r4 rIeHHIr cBeAeHuq KaKTo 3a ucropuqecKara
rrM c.bn6a [pe3 KGcHara aHTr{rrHocr BBo6uIe, TaKa KoHKperHo Ir 3a BIrAa I,I xpoHoJlorfiflTa Ha TexHr{Te yKpenrrTeJrHII c6op'bxeHl,Ifl. B MHoro oT Te3I4I IIeHTpoBe pa3KonKr{Te rreprro[utlHo ca 6wtn [oAHoBflBaHII rtoA Apyro Hayr{Ho p'bKoBoAcTBo B IIo-K'LcHO BpeMe, KaTo Ha MeCTa npOA'bJDKaBaT u [OHaCTOflIIIeM: KanUgasa, KalaruC, ApraMyM, fiunorequx, Kapczyr',1l0. flax npes TS3I,I rrepuoy\ca6vilr4 [peAnpLIeTI,I ueillalacTBeHr4Te Aocera rpoyr{BaHr.rfl Ha yKpennTeJrHaTa crrcTeMa Ha Tpe3Muc-3auagll u

re npe3 1915 r. or [. TeogopecKy

Ha Apy6uyM12, Ho 3a pe3yJrrarlrre JIIrlcBar cBeAeHI{JI.
or 50-re ro[uHr.r HacaM, B.r,B Bp.b3Ka c peaJrr,r3r,rpaHeTo Ha pa3rur{Hu HayqHu
rrpoeKTr.r a A'1,JII'OCpOqHI LI3CIeAOBaTeJICKI4 [pOrpaMLI, KaKTO II B paMKUTe Ha CIIacr{TeJIHr{ r4HTepBeHrIr{H, [peAII3BrrKaHI,I OT 3aCTpaUI,ITeJIHOTO C'bCTOflH]Ie Ha OCTaKr{Te rrJr}r oT Hy)<AI4Te Ha ctBpeMeHHoTo cTpoI,ITeJIcTBo, o6eKT Ha [poyqBaHe cTaBaT rr MHoxecTBO Apym KBcHoaHTI,ITIHu yKpeleHu O6eKTu Ha TepllTopuqTa Ha [po-

Br.rHquq Cxwtus'. HonuogynyM, Erucyc, CarluAana,

a

Pirvan 1912; PArvan 1913-14b; Pirvan

Hy$tpy,

Xamraupuc, Onuguy,

1915a.

5

Condurachi 1954, p. 3 sqq.
6
Vulpe 1938, p. 336.
T
Ibidem, loc. cit.
8
PArvan 1915b, p.416 sqq.
e
Teodorescu 1915, p. 205 sqq.

Kparru 6ele>KKu B'bpxy rrcropr4qra Ha apxeonor[qecKnre flpoyrrBaH[q B Te3I4 UeHTpoBe
a : Gajewska 197 4, I 49-l 52; Coia 197 2, p. 33 ; Zahariade 1996, p. 223 sqq.
trSimion 1977-78, p. 154.
r0

12

Gajewska 1974, p.

147

.

Ba6agar-Tonpafixsofi,,(yHanr,qy ge Cyc, flyHaetqy ge Xoc, Parenyl3, KapuxlKaper, KalreH 6pxr-I, Pycalra, Twpuca/ Axpe, Busone,,fluouucono.nuc, Banvur-"Xopr,r3oHT", 0g'rpqu, fie6peuela.
flo san'uno o6qcHLIr,IIa [pl{rrrrHr{, o6rq 6erer Ha paHHr.rre apxeororuqecKu
[poyqBaHlrfl Ha yKpenLITeJIHara cr{creMa B rrpoBrrHllax Cxnruq e Jrr4ncara Ha flc*a
HayrrHa MeroAoJrofttfl vI Ha npeq}r3Ha cr4creMa 3a perr4crpaqr4q Ha repeHHr{Te KoHcTararlur4. flopagn roBa, MHoto qecro yKpefir.rreJrHr.rre c]op.bxeHfifl Ha flpoyqBaHuTe IleHTpoBe ca pa3rJIe)KAaHLI cav.lz 3a ce6e crt,6es ga 6rgar nocraBeHr{ B ctorBerHIr{ apxeoJloruqecKll KoHTeKcr. Heorqnranero Ha KoHKperHI,rre crparr4rpa$crr,r
yKa3aIF.]/,e, Heras6e)Kuo peSnerrrapa B'bpxy ror{Hocrra Ha npeAJro)KeHrrre xpoHoJrorHr{ecKI4 o[peAeJIeHLIfl, Kor{To rroHgKora r,rMar rB'},ple orHocrrrensa croriHocrr{, rrorILIBau{u IIoBelIe I{JIII [o-MaJIxo Ha o6qoreoperr.rqecKrr vlrv. c'so6paxeul,Ifl or KoHcTpyKTr.rBHO-CTpOrrTeJrHO eCTeCTBO.

flpu no-uoaure [poyrrBanus or6enq3aHure cra6ocru

ca B 3HaqrrreJrHa creYclsrplreHcrByBaHero Ha MeroAr{Kara Ha apxeoJrorr4qecKure pa3KoIIKIT Ia ua cnoco6lrre 3a perlICTpaIII4, I,r xpoHoJrorl{rrecKa rrHrepnperarlr{fl Ha IIoAeMHVq apxeorofar{ecKr{ MareprraJr AaBar B'b3MoxHocr 3a MHoro [o-[peqr,I3Ha AaTIrpoBKa Ha [aMerHIrqHTe Ha yKpenllTeJrHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo. B cee'rJTuHara Ha re3ra
TIOCTIDKeHI4S B apxeOJIOrI{qeCKoTO [I4peHe Ca npeAnpLIeTI{ HeMaJIKO OII{TII 3a [peoItreHKa Ha Ilo-crapl{ nocTaHoBKI{, cB:bp3aHI4I 6uno c u3rpDKAaHero lr QynxqrroHrrpaHero Ha yKpelI,ITeJIHara cl{creMa Ha npoBr4Hrlnq Cxurus Karo r1flJro ytlrv Ha orgeJrHr4
neftsu gseHa15. B'snperur MHororo [oJro)KHTeJrHr{ MoMeHTrr n ny6.nuxaqr4r{Te or ro3rr poA, re ue rpa6ra, cnopeg MeH, Aa ce flpueMar 6espesepnno. OcseH are flpeAnaraHara per.rHTepflperarlr4q rrecro ce 6aaupa Ha flpe[Bapr{reJrHo Qoplaynr.rpaHa re3a,
Korro BnocJreAcrBLIe ce "gora3Ba" vpe3 ceJreKr{r4r Ha floAxoAf,rrlrr apryMeHru, 6trx
[cKaJI Aa KoMeHTI{paM olqe HrIKoJrKo rB'bp[e npo6neuarr{qHr{ [oJ]o)Ke:aus.HarrBpBo
MfcTo, [paBLI B[eqaTIeHr4Ie [oAr{epTaHI{flT CTpeMeX K.bM yArZsUraqu, Ha cTpaTufpaScrara KaprrrHa Ha MaKpopetr{oHaJrHo, a Aopr.r - v Ha flpoBrrHrlr.rarno Hueo. B
Ayxa Ha ra3r4 TeHleHqrrr, KoHKperHr.,r na6;fioqeuur, orHacrulrr ce Ao cerrop (ulu
cerropu) or coH[a)KHo [poyqBaH o6err r.r3Jrr4rrrHo ce a6conrou{3rrpar r4 ce rrpegcTaBf,T 3a MepOAaBHU. EeS nn narl-ua;rKo Aa orpuqaM BG3MoXHOCTTa Sa egUa O6U1a
nepvogr.I3arllrx Ha r.rcropvflTalaa ilpoBr4Hrlr.rq cxurus, Bc3 ocHoBa Ha apxeonoruqecKI4Te AaHHrI, CqIrTaM IIOCOqeHI{fl [O-rope noAxoA 3a noporreH r.r HerrpaBr4JreH oT MeToAoloruqecKa rneAHa TorIKa. Buperu HeMaJIKoTo cxoAHIr rrepT[ 14 xpoHoJrorrrIIeH orcrpaHenra.

'3Ibidem, p. 152 sqq.;Zahariade 1996, p. 223 sqq.
ra

Btpxy ucropuqra

Ha apxeoror[qecK[Te [poyqBaHr4s B qacrra or [poBuHrlxr Cxvrux,
AHeu]Hnre rpaHIrIlI4 Ha Er,rrapua, uxua o6sopHt,l Marep[aJru. llogpoSua 6z6,rnorpaScra clpaBKa 3a BceKIr o'r o6errure u{e 6'rAe npr{Beqena npr4 TrxHoTo [peAcraBqHe no-Aony B r43Jro>KeHtrero (flana II).
r5
Petre 1963; Suceveanu 1969; Scorpan 1980.

rloflaAaula

B

qecKl,r [apaMeTpH, BceKH r{eHT'bp BoAr4 cBor? co6cTBeH xr4BoT r,r r{Ma cBofl c'bA6a.

Au6uqnxra He[peMeHHo Aa ce npe[craBr.r [a[eH apxeororuqecKr. o6eKT Karo AeTaftrHo crpyKTypr4pau "eraJroH" Ha npoBr4Hqr.raJrHara ucropnfl,3Harrr{TeJrHo Ha[rleHrBa [aT]rpoB'br{Hr{Te cnoco6HocTr{ Ha apxeoJrofr{rrecKr{s MaTepr{aJr v cneKyJrrrpa c
Herr3flcHeHocrra Ha orAenHlr $axru rro Mecra. Heqo noBeqe, Karo ce I4Mar [pegBr4[ HeprAKo [onycKaHr.rre rperrrK]r B r.rHTepflperarlr4flTa Ha crparr4rpa$cxu npo$uJII.,r LI TepeHHLt CiI1'lTyArlt4htl6, TOBa Kpr{e B Ce6e CU peaJrHa OnaCHOCT OT MyJrrr{nJILrq}1paHe Ha rperxKr.rTe.

E.

AAHHII OT TEPEHHTI [POyrrBAHI,If

Maxap Aa orcrbflBar IIo Kar{ecrBo Ha nprago6uurre rrpe3 apxeororualecKla
pa3KonKII AaHHr{, AaHHrdTe OT TepeHHI{ npoyqBaHr4fl Ca [OHacTorrrIeM eAr.rHcTBeHr{rT
rr3ToqHr{K na anQoprraa\vfl,3a oKoJro 2/3 or K'bcHoaHTr{rrHI{Te yKpenJreHr.r, Ha replrTopuqra Ha flpoBr,rur{us. Cl<rtrus.. B ronxuara cr{ iracr, cBeAeHnrra or ra3r4 rpyna ca
cBBpeMeHHLI Ha HaTIaIHI{fl eTaII B apxeOJIOrUr{eCKOTO I{3CJIe[BaHe Ha 3eMI4Te Me)KAy
flynasa u r{epuo Mope rr fiarlapar or Kpaq ua XIX u n'bpBr{re Aecerwerrrx na XX s.
Karo ce rrMar rrpeABuA HeroqHocrrrre B HaMupaulu, ce roraBa n ynorpe6a Kaprorpa$cxu MarepuaJr r.r rBl,pqe npr.rMr,rrr.rBHr.rq xapaKTep Ha rr3noJr3yBaHr4Te rexHr{qecKr4 CpeACTBa, H,KOI{ OT CHeTI{Te B XOAa Ha Te3Ir [pOyr{BaHr4S rrJraHOBe nopa3qBaT CEC
cBosra flpeqlr3Hocr rr cJrelBa [a ce orrlerar Karo ga6ere)KprreJlHla rlocrl{x(eHr{s.

Crortuocrra na cr6panure r.r AoKyMeHTr4paHr4 cBeleHr{q qecro e yHraKaJrHa, T.rfi KaTo c reqeHl{e Ha BpeMero r{acr or oflrrcaHl{Te yKpenJrenus. ce oKa3axa 6esnrsnpatno uary6enu 3a HayKara, flopaAl{ 3Haq[TeJrHoro rzM o6esnu.rasaHe rdJrr{ ToraJIHo
yHr4rrlo)KeHr.re B pe3yJrrar or rrprrpognu n'rsgeficrBr.rr r.rJrlr aHTpouoreuHa gerlnocr.
flrpnoro reperrHo npoyr{BaHe Ha yKpeueHu o6exrra B npoBr4Hqr.rx Crarus e
oc'bulecrBeno or E. fiexapgen no nari-gonHoro reqeHr{e Ha p. fiynan npea 1867 r.l7
B rpaa sa XIX Ia [pe3 n'bpBr4Te Aecerr{Jrerl{q Ha XX B. rlpoyrrBaHlaflTa o"r rosr,r poA
npugo6rarar cprcreMarurreH xapaKTep u ca cB'bp3aHr,r c rrMeHara Ha MHoro yueHu: K.
I,Ipevexl8, fI. flonoulx, K. IIIxop[tJr, K. Moucrarle, B. fl'rpran2o, K. [IyxapAr2l,
P. Byane22. He rpx6aa Aa ce flpeHe6pernar u cBeAeHH.f,Ta, orKpr{BaHr.r B HqKorz KpaeBeAqecKu rr3cJre[BaHr{rr or carrlara enoxa23. C naft-ronsM [praHoc 3a Lr3yr{aBaHe Ha

16
17
18

re
20

2r

Diaconu 1980a; Diaconu 1980b.
Desjardins 1868.

I{pevex 1974.
Moisil 1909; Moisil 1910; Moisil

Pirvan 1912,p.575

1911.

sqq.

Schuchardt 1918.
Vulpe 1935;Vulpe 1938, passim.
23
Crosnos 1899; B-es 1901; Ionescu-Dobrogeanu 1904.
22

yKpe[HTeJrHara cncreMa Ha npoBrlHr\ufl, CKlrrrvfl ca 6e3ycJroBHo repeHHrme o6xo>x-

II. floloHr4K r,r K. Ilkopnlrl.
fI. Ilorounx ny6nuxyea caMo cBolrre xa6lroqenufl,

\annfl. na

cB'bp3aHrlr c yKpenJreHrr-

,Ta no [ecHLIfl AyHaBcKr,r 6pmza. O6o6uleHnero Ha pe3yrrarr4Te or HeroBlrre rr3cJreABaHrzrfl rlo qepHoMopcKnfl.6par n B'bB B'r,TperuHocTTa Ha [H. flo6pypxa e 3ana3eHo B pEKonI{c, c}xpaHfleaH s 6u6rr{oreKara ua Pylrcucxara aKaAeMufl. Ha HayK}Ire25. 3a roJrflMa rracr or rrocraHoBKrrre, pa3Br.rrrr or fp. Tovulecry B TpyAa My 3a
apxeororrrr{ecKrrre rrpoyqBaHlm n PyurHr.rx26, ce gouycra, qe ca 6asapauu B 3HarrnTeJrHa creleH Ha repeHHure na6ruoge*t fl Ha lI. llonorux.
B nxxorxo uy6ruxaqrEn, K. IllxoptrrrJr ce c[]rpa uo-6erro nrlr no-o6croftso
Ha peArrr{a yKpeneHr.r o6exur, Kor{To repr{ToprlaJrHo ce orHacrr K'bM npoBI4HrII,Ifl
Cxurvx2l . Bepen Ha cBor rtoqepK, rofi pagxo npn6xma Ao xpoHoJrornqecKr.r arpu6y4uu, xaro o6rarnoBeHo ce 3agoBoJrqBa c'bc crroMeHaBaHe Ha npor.r3xoxlaql,ITe or
c'borBerHoro Mflcro IIo-xapaKTepHLI apxeoJlofrrr{ecKr{ MareprraJrr.r ra uoneru. Mnox(ecrBo ApyM cBeAeHrr, 3a yKpeleHu o6exru B 3aHr{MaBar\vfl Hrt pafiou ce orKpr.rBar B HeroBrrr Jrr{qeH apxus28. r{acr or rflx ca HecrrcreMarvr3vrpaln, Ho Apyrr4 ca
crro6enu B TeMarr.rqHo rr3Alp)Kaur{ rr orHocr4TeirHo 3aB'bpureHrr pBKonucr,r. B regu
6ere>xrua ce ctgtpxa Br4coKocrofisocrsa u qecro yHrrKaJrHa rau$oprvraqur, Korro
Aocera ne e 6una npl,rBrlrqaHa 3a Hyxgr.rre Ha Hayt{Horo ArrpeHe rr e fipaKTrrr{ecKr.r
Herr3BecrHa Aopr{ 3a MHoro or crreqraaJrrrcrrlTe. flpu ace roBa, cpeA cBeAeHr{sra Kacaeulu euflr. u ctq o6err HepqAKo ce orKpr,rBar iryBcTBr.rrerrHr pa3rwrurtfl, a roHqKora - Aopr{ u B3auMHolr3KrroqBaulu ce fiporrrBopeqils.. flpunegeuara KoHcrararlr4s HaIo)Kr{ BHr{MaTeJIeH I{ BCeCTpaHeH aHaJrI43, CGTTOCTaBKa C pe3yJrTaTr4Te OT HO-

Bure [poyqBaHr{fl u orKpr.rrfiq n paftona u o6cror?ua repeHHa npoBepKa na IlkoprrprJroBr{Te garrua29. B pesynrar Ha flpeAnpr{err{Te B Ta3}r HacoKa ycrurufl, re 6nxa
3aAoBoJrrrrerHo yror{HeHr{, AorrBJrHerr4 u qacrrrqHo Kopr,rrurpaHr{ r{ qe 6rgar us[oJr3yBaHr{ 3a rleJrr.rTe Ha HacToflu{oTo rr3cJreABaHe.

lfnrepecnu AaHHpr 3a yKpe[eHrare o6exru B roror,I3Tot{Hr.rre rroKparisuulr na
lpoBuHrlr.{r Cxurvs, ca per}rcrpr{paHu B xoAa Ha [peArrpnerara or BapueHcKr4f, apxeonoruqecru lryaeft npes 1958-1960 r. eKcrreluqr.rrr ro ropequero Ha p. Earoncra30. Te ce rBqBar BaxHo AorrbJrHeHr{e u croeo6pa3eH KopeKTr.rB 3a rracr or cBelelalaflTa Ha

K. Ilkopnu:r.

2a

Polonic 1935.

25

To3n pl,Kofluc t{ecro ce q}rrnpa n: Gajewska 1974.

26

Tocilescu 1900.

27lllropuun 1905a; Ilkopnu.n 19055; Illxopnnn 1917;Ilkopnn,nL940; Ilkopnur/IlKoprrrJr
1912; ll'rprr.r roArrrrreH orrrer - Bapua.
28
fIu,tl,i.usr apxr4B Ha K. Ilkopnlu ce c'bxpaHsBa n Hay.rulra apxlrB r{a Erarapcxara aKaAeMrlq Ha HayKxre: HA BAH, cp. 165r, on. 1.
2eTasu pa6ora 6e npoeegeHa or aBropa B replroAa 1993-1996 r.
30
Mup.renfl HMrrrpoB 1958-60.

Peglrqa [p]rHocHr.{ MoMeHTra B r43yrraBaHero Ha K"bcHoaHTuqHara Sopru$uKarllrs Ha repuTop[qra Ha rtpoBIaHrlun Cxurvs, ce c'bA-bpxar I{ B no-Hoeure ny6:ruKyBaHr{ lrrlr neny6nrrKyBaHrr 6elexru B'bB Bp'b3Ka c repeHHLI o6xoxganufl, rIpeArIpueru or L{e. fiperrlcuaona3l, JI. Eo6.resa32, X. lafteecxa33, B. Eoponxuq34,llls.
3axaplren3s u Cr. Jh.rcrarloB36.

B.

IAHHTI OT AEPOOOTOIPAOCKTI

I,I3CJIEABAHI,Ifl
IrlnrengusHure aepo$o'rorpa$cxu r{3cJre[BaHI4, Ha apxeoJrorl{rlecKlr o6exTr{ Ha reprrropr.rflTa Ha npoBl4nqrax Cruruq [pe3 70-re u 80-re rogunv Ha Haarvfl
BeK [Oflpr{Hecoxa I,r3B'bHpeAHo MHoro 3a vjsflclfrfiBaHe Torlorpasuxra II [JIaHI4MeTpu'lTaHa yKpeflr,rreJrHara cl{creMa Ha peALIqa K'r,cHoaHTurIHLI qeHTpore: Tpesuuc3T,
t,
Ho rraoqynylt3s, I{crpr.rx3g, Xanura puc40, I46ugaa Cayagazaaz. Hape g c ron a, cs 6paxu 6xxa gaHHr{, ygocroBepf,Baxryr [o-craplr cBeAeHIlr, KoI{To ce flo[Jlaraxa Ha c'bMHeHrre [opa4r{ orc'bcrBrrero Ha repeHHo rIorBBpxAeHLIe (Tpaxn)43. Karo oco6en
lrpraHoc rpx6na Aa ce r43T'bKHe orKpuBaHero Ir [oKyMeHTlrpaHero or B'b3gyxa Ha

yKpeleHr.r o6exru, rrr{ero c'bulecrByBaHe MaKap v aa ce [peAloJlarallre, 3a Hero
nr4ncBaxa KaKBr{To ra qa 6uro cBrrAerencrsa (Enucala-l nE;nwcala-Il)aa. Orsouro
cBnlHocrra r{ xpoHoJror}rtra Ha oqe HflKoiIKo o6erta, ugenruSuqvparn Ha aepoQorocuuurrr r{ [peAnoJIo)KI{TeJrHo o[peAeJIeHLI Karo yKpenteuur-45, Bce otqe HsMa
KOMTIeTeHTHO apXeOJIOrrrqecKo 3aKJIlor{eHr{e.

flpegnlrg rrpuc'bulrlre Ha MeroAa HeAocralbr{rr, v3pa3flBalrlu ce B cIrJIHa 3aHHTep[peTaIIUSTa OT C'bCTOrrHI{erO Ha OCTaHK}lTe, reo-MereopoJrorl{I{ECKI4TC
YCJIOBI,Ifl I{ KAqCCTBOTO HA 3ACHETI{q MATEPUAJI, B'b3MO)KHOCTI{TE HA AEPOSororpa$cKr4Te r43cJreABaHI{fl ne 6rlsa [a ce HaAIIeHflBar, a [aHHIrre or rf,x - Aa ce
Br4Cr{MOCT Ha

3r
32

,fipevrcu:or,a 1966.
Eo6.reea 6.r.

33

Gajewska 1974.

ra

Boroneant1977.

35

3axapuen 1982-83.
Jlucnqon 1985.

16
37

gtefan 1971.

38

gtefan

re

1973.
1974bl. $tefan 1975; Stefan 1976.
1984.

$tefan
gtefan
4r gtefan
1977b.
40

a2

Florescu 1986, p. 173, n.

10.

gtefan 197 4a, 107- 108.
4 gtefan 1977a; gtefan 1977c.

43

a5

Rada et al. 1988.

a6comorusupar. CI,IcTeMHI{Te apxeororr{rtecKr.r npoyqr;aHytfl n Xa.rruupuc, HarrpuMep, ycraHoBr,rxa peAr.rqa HeroqHocru n uspa6oreHufl B.b3 ocHoBa ua aeposorocHlrMKr{ rrJraH Ha yKpenvreJrHara cr{creMa Ha o6eKTa46. flpn Bce roBa,
AaHHr.rre or
aepoQororpa$cxure l{3cJre[BaHt{x ue tpx6na
Bar: Te ca r.r3KJrror{r{TeJrHo qeHeH

B

HrrKaKrB clyvar? tra ce oMaJroBaxa-

rr3Tor{Hr4K Ha UnsOpual\Lrs,Lr BDKeH KOpeKTlrB 3a

npugo6urzre r{pe3 TepeHHI,I o6xoxgaunx r{ Ha3eMHrr rr3MepBaHufl c1e1eHvtq 3a aHTI4r{Hara $opruSuxaql{t Ir rrbrHa Mpexa. B:snperu B]3Mo)KHr.rre rperrrKrr n gerafi"nure, uspa6oreHl{Te B'b3 ocHoBa na aepo$orocHr{MKr4 rrJraHoBe Ha yKpeneHu o6exTr.r [pec'b3AaBar c MHofo rorqMa rorrHocr o6u1a:ra ronourypaqr{, Ha rpacero Ha
KpenocTHI4Te cTeHI{ I4 pa3[oJIo)KeHLIeTo (a nonxxora - u
Qoprraara!) xa KyJrr{Te
no Tgx.
flepcuerruBuur t4 IrJraHoBI4 aepoSorocHrzMKrr aKTr{BHo ca r,r3noJr3yBaHr{ r4 B
Hacrortr{oro r.,I3cJreABaHe 3a yrorrH_f,BaHe Ha pa3rr.rr{Hr{ B.bfrpocu, cBcp3aHI4 c yKpenlrreJlHara cl{creMa ua 3an4aua, TIauyu I4 HaMrrpau{Lrfl ee B HenocpeAcTseHa 6ru3ocr Ao Hero paHHosr4gaHrurlcrr{ KacreJr ("Eyrox xate")41.

a6

Zahariade 1996, p. 231.

a7

Bx. flana II.

mmM

mm

KonrnoHeuTrrre Ha
CITCTEMATA

1.

OyHKUTIOHAJTHO r,I

TrrfrororllqEcKo cblbPxAHtr{E HA
KbCHOAHTIITIHATA @OPTTIOIIKAIII,IOHHA TEPMTIHOJIOwIfl
B rrcsoanrrr{HuTe [r4cMeHrr ra euurpaScKrr rr3Bopl{ e 3acBrrAereJlcrByBaHo
torqMo pasuoo6pa:rle or JrarrrHcKl{ Ir rp'bIIKr{ TepMVIrrl, c KolITo ce o3uar{aBar yKpeleHrr o6exru1. AHanrasrr u cpaBHeHr,rero Ha orAeJrHrrre c[oMeHaBaHLL loKa3Bar, r{e no roBa BpeMe repMrrHr,ITe He flpr{TexaBar rcHa rr{flororuqecra u QyurquoHaJrHa orrpeAeneHocr, Koero rrecro BoAr4 [o rsxHoro cMecBaHe u 6espas6opHa ynorpe6a. OcneH or Jrr{ncara na oQuquaJrHa craHAaprvtsapfl., TepMIrHoJIorur{HLrflT xaoc
Aon'bJIHI,ITeJrHo ce :ag'u6o.rara or rloAqepralrrufl. crpeMex Ha K'bcHoaHTr{tIHrITe aBToprr K'bM "ereraHTeH kt3Ka3"2, nopaAlr Koero qecro B eAHo LI c'blrlo ctr{IrHeHr{e,
eAr,rH II cruq o6err e o3HavaBaH c pa3ruqHll, tloHrKora [porlrBopeq[Bl,I oupegereuru3.

I

B

ualro

[o-pa3urrrpeH

BrrA B'bfipocraTe Ha

K'bcnoanrr{quara SoprnQ[KauI,IoHHa repMllHo-

rorrs.ca KoMeHrrrpaHn n: Top6aros 2000
2

6.

Kennedy/Riley 1990, p. 20.
3
Ravegnani 1982,p.273; Schreiner 1986, S.26 sqq.

Eqna ot rtpuqr,rHlare 3a KoHcrarlrpaHlrre HeflcHorl{ cJreABa Ia ce orga[e Ha
$axra, qe OU{e oT eloxaTa na Puucxara peny6nrara QOprn$uKaIIIIoHHaTa TepMLI-

HOJrorIIfl 3arloqBa MacoBo Aa npoHr4KBa B ceJrI4IrIHaTa HOMeHKJIaTypa. qecto I{ noBceMecTHo cnoMeHaBaHr.rTe rrpe3 erroxara Ha TIpI4HIIIT[ara n a$puKaHcKlrre npoBIrH\ilv Ha Puucrara r,rMrrepu, castella, turres u pyrgoi, HanpuMep, no-paHo ce fiplaeMaxa 3a yKperIeHI{ arpapH:r cerwfii\a Ha aBToxroHHoro uacelesue4. Cnopeg no-HoBlrre
npoytrBaHlrf, o6ave, B MHo3I4HcTBoTo OT crtyrlauTe ce Kacae 3a HeyKpelenu Sopulr
Ha [oceJrlrqeH )Kr.rBor5.
flpoqectr Ha c6Jrr.rxaBaHe Ha SopruSuraqrroHHara rI ceJrl{rqHa repMI{HoJrorr4, sa6etexr,rlnlo ce sag'rn6oqaBa oTK'bM KpaJI Ha IV e. HacerHe, 3a Aa ce AocTI{rHe rrpe3 VI n. go [or{Tr.r n'bJrHa ynu$raraqu* Ha Kareroprll4Te. flpuvuna 3a roBa ca
c.brrlecTBeHrrTe [poMeHr,r B rroceJrrrrqHaTa cTpyKrypa, HacT'b[IIJrIr B pe3yJITaT OT yIIaA.bKa Ha pr,rMcKaTa BoeHHa MoIq Ir BoeHHo-rroJrETI4qeCKETe lI VKOHOMI{IIeCKII C'bTpece1urfl Ha r,rMlepr.rflTa npe3 K'bcHara aHrr{llHocr. B saronogareJrcrBoro Ha lrMrreparop IocmHuan I se.{e He ce [paBrr pa3JrrrKa Me)KAy castrum a civitas, Karo no ro3l{
HAIII,IH CE HA3OBABAT IIEHTPOBETE HA AAMIIHI4CTPATI'IBHII PAfiOTTII. rIAT TAIT, C TEPMI'I-

ga castellum ce o3HarraBar rlo-MaJrKr,r ceJrr.{rqa c rpaAcKI,I o6nur, Kor{To o6aqe ne
nprare)KaBatu ius civitatis u ce HaMrrpaJrrr B [oAqIrHeHo aAMLrHI,IcrparuBHo [oJroxeHrre cflprMo nqrofi IpaA6. B rpaxtara cIa "3a crpoeixrte" flpOronur? or6easgsa u
KoHKpeTHTI npIIMepI,I sa rpaHcSopMaIII{JIra Ha KacTeJIII B rpaAoBe, B pe3yJITaT Ha
rr3B.bpueHrrre B Tflx B'b3craHoBr{TeJtrr,r r 6naroyctpofictuennpalorfl . Cuopeg cnpaBeAJrr{Bara ga6etex<ra Ha HrKoIr yr{eHr{, rrpoqec'br Ha cJrI{BaHe Ha III4BlIJrIrure Ir Boeruru Qopmr,l Ha floceJrlrqeH xr{Bor floHflKora B3r{MaJr u o6patua rocoKa, Karo 3anagaHero na o6ulecrneHr{, )ilrBor u HapacrBalrlara HecurypHocr rrecro I{3Be)KAaJIrr
Ha npeAeH [JraH 3arrU{THr{Te, a He aAMrrHLrcTpaTI{BHo-cTo[aHcKETe Syurquu Ha orAeJrHr,r rpagcKr,r qenrpone8. Teopmta u [paKTIIKaTa or VI B. HaMIrpa KpacHoperllaB

rr3pa3 n o6scHeHr4-sraual4ztrgop or Cenlr;rx, xofiro cre[elryBa ceJrr{IrIHrITe $oputl
crropeA TqxHara roJreMr{Ha u 3Har{[MocT KaKTO CJreABa: CAStrum-CAStellUm-bUrgusg.
Karo oorosHa c'brrlHocrHa xapaKTeprrcrrrKa Ha rpala no roBa BpeMe c'blrlrrrr aBTop
Ir3T'bKBa HaJII{qUerO Ha yKperrr4TeJrHlr c'bop'bxeHr{fl: "...nam urbs ipsa maenia sunt"lo.
flpegnng r{3T'bKHarrlrre AoryK Saxur, [pocJreAeHrl BBB BpeMero, pa3JrrlqlrflTA B O3HAIIABAHETO HA TIIIIOJIOTUqECKATA C'bIIIHOCT HA AAAEHO YKPENEHO MflCTO MO-

rar Aa ce npraeMar

rrone orqacrrr Karo orpaxeHr.re na o6errunH[I eraflu B npoqeca

a

Abbot/Johnson 1926, 12-13.

5

Whittaker 1978, p. 352 sqq.
Claude 1969, S. 195 sqq.,220; Popescu 1975, S. 173 sqq'; Ravegnani 1982, p. 212 sqq';

6

Ha[ocJIeA'r,K rlo re3lr upo6neuu: Zahariade 1997a, p. 9 sqq.
aed. I1,6,3;II, 6, 12; V, 4, 15-18 (ed. Dewing).
8
Kyp6aror 1971, c.60 cn.; Ravegnapi 1982,p.280 sqq.
e
Isid. Hisp. Etym. IX, 2,99; XY , 2,7; XY ,2, I I ; XV, 2, 13 (ed. Lindsay).

7

Proc. De

'o

Ibidem, ){Y,2,2.

Ha HeroBoro B'brperrrHo pa3Br{T?re. flpu Bce roBa, K'bM y[orpe6enara B K6cHoaHTI{qHIITe rII{cMeHr,r rr3Boprr lr euurpa$cKr{ rraMerHr{qu Qoptu$rrKarlr4oHHa repMr.rHOTOII{S CJIeABa Aa Ce IIOAXO)KAa MHOrO BHrrMaTeJrHO, KaTO Ce A'bpX(II flCHa CMeTKa
3a KavecrBoro Ha rr3Boprlrelzilpvr BceKu B'b3Mo)KeH cryuafi ce rbpcl,I c'bflocraBKa c

apxeolof r4qecKrrTe peaJrHocTr{.
Pagzxannure [poMeHrr B A'bp)KaBHara BoeuHo-loruruqecKa AoKTpr,rHa rr BoeHHa opraHnga\uq na Fuucraravuuepfir, a c'brqo r{ pa3Blrrr{ero Ha BoeHHara rexHrrKa, HaJrarar sa6ere)Kr{M orleqatbK B'bpxy yKpenr.rreJrHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo npe3
K'bcHoaHTrrrrHara enoxa. Tofi uauupa ilgpa3 KaKTo n r:onorpa$nflTa u KoHcrpyKTr{BHrrre oco6enocrpr Ha yKperrJrenvtfrTa, TaKa Ir B TexHr{Te pa3Mepr,I I,r B'brperrrHa
lJraHupoBKa. 3a paamlKa or e[oxara Ha flpr,rHqr{nara, Koraro B'bB BoeHHoro crporrreJrcrBo rocrroAcrBynar o6u1o-r3 ero crprrKTHo cJreABaHu KaHoHr4, B r,rcrp DKAaHeTO Ha BOeHHr.rre Jrarepa [pe3 K'bcHaTa aHTuqHocT 3HaquTeJrHo [o-prAKo ce oTKprrBa npr.rJraraHero Ha rIarroBrr nJraHoBrr perueurrr. flpr,r rona, B MHosr{HcrBoro or re3pr
cryqar ce na6mogaBa roArlepraHa reorpa$cxo-agurrHr,crpa'ilaBHa rpyuupaHocr I{
xpoHoJrorl4tlecKrlr [apaJreJrr{3'bM, KoeTo AaBa ocHoBaH[Ie Aa ce IoBopI,I sa o6oco6eHa
peruorraJrHlr rrJrH Mr,rKpoperr4oHaJrHr{ BoeHHo-cTpoprTeJrHpI nporpaMll, qrreTo l4Hrrrlrr-

ulntu

Aa ce nocraBr{ B'bB Bp'b3Ka c gerinocrTa Ha KOHKpeTHTT BT4COKOIOCTaBeHI ABp)KaBHr,r CJry)KrrTeJrII I,I TeXHrrTe \tHKeHepHOTexHr{qecKrr eKurrrvr. B'rs ocHosa Ha crarrrcrrrqecKr,r anarfii3vt ce flpaBflT onrrrrr [a ce

rrpaHe

oc'brqecrBrBaHe Moxe

r,BBeAe 3aBrrcr4Mocr

Mexqy [JrorrlTa

pr cJreABa

Ha AaAeH BoeHeH Jrarep u qucJreHocrra Ha Hero-

Br4, rapHu3on. flocryr[paHoro r{ qecro penpogyr{rrpaHo c'boruorrreHrre or oKoJro
300 gymu Ha eAr{H aK'bp rirorq (or. 4 [Ka) 11, o6aue, He ctorBercrByBa Ha r{cropuKo-apxeoJrorvqecKl{Te AaHHrr Hr,rro 3a enoxaTa Ha npuHqu[ara, HIiITo 3a no-K'bcHo
BpeMe. Marap B HayqHara KHIDKHTTHa Bce oule HepflAKo [a ce rB6pgr{, qe noHe Ao
K'bM Kpa, na fl'rpnara rerpapxr{.fl BoeHHr,rre noApa3geJrenfifl. ca 3aua3uJrrr nxcreHOCTTa CI4 OT npeAXOAHIIq

IIepUO[, aHaJrrr3ET Ha fianupoJrortrllHr{ AOKyMeHTT{

OT

[pO-

Br{HrI[, Te6ar,rga (xranarqz ce aBTeHTr{uHr.r "pa3uraqareJrHrr negouocrn"!) cnrgeTeJrcrByBa 3a ApacrurrHo HaMiurqBaHe Ha rexHrrfl rroBerrrKl,I e$errun Ber{e 86B BpeMero Ha firaoxneruan. Tara HanpaMep, qucreHocrra Ha aJr[Te ce orrpeAeJrfl Ha oKono 120, a Ha Koxoprr{Te - Ha oKoJro 160 gyruul2. Eer ga r,r3JraraM r,r KoMeHTrrpaM
AtrcKycrurra B'bpxy roJreMlrHara Ha K'bcHopuMcKr,rr reruoHl3, Ir1e ce 3a4oBoJrr caMo
Aa nocoqa, qe cropeA apxeororuqecKr,rre npoyarBaHprrr ot 1980-i982 r. na r,I3rpaAeHu, Beposruo B caMoro HarraJro sa IV B. Jrer[oHeH Jrarep Eeropyc B [poBrrHqr,rrr
Apalvt (El-Lejjun n gH. I,Iopgauut), qucreHocrra Ha HacraHeHrrfl raur legio IV

Collingwood/Richmond1969, p. 1l; Hanson/Campbell 1986, p. 87 (note 78).
Duncan-Jones 1978, p. 541 sqq.
t3
I4grasaH[Te Aocera MHeHr{fl ca rB}pAe nporr.rBopeqr{Brr, a Jrrrreparypara tro B'brrpoca uao6urua, Bx. Harp.: Mommsen 1889; Grosse 1920; Nischer 1923; Parker 1933;
Berchem 1952; Varady 1961; Jones 1964; Hoffmann 1969.

"

t2

Martiara 6e oupegeneHa Ha oKoJro 1000-1500 Aynruls. flo-xrcHo, B.b3 ocHoBa Ha
pe3yJrrarlrre or apxeoirorfiqecKara KaMnaHr{q or 1985 r. 6e r,rsrasaHo rrpeAfloJroxeHr{ero, qe n'bpBoHaqarHo Jrarep'br e 6ul upequa3HaqeH 3a oKoJro 2000 gyruu, uo
K'bM Kpa{ na IV s. rapHll3oH'br rnry e 6r.rr HaMaJreH HarroJroBr{Hal6. IIIo ce orHac, Ao
clrrypHo IagenrraQuqllpaHlrre Jrareprl Ha rro]rorrlHr.uacra B c'brrlr,rr periloH, TexHr{Te
cKpoMHr.r pa3Mepr,r - Aopu Ha MecTa Aa ce [oIIycHe r,r AByeTaxHa rrJraHr,rpoBKa Ha
Ka3apMeHI,rTe IIOMeUIeHilfl,

-

Ce HaMLIpaT B ['bJrHO CbOTBeTCTBT,Ie C

[pI,IBeAeHUTe rro-

AaHHL.I orHocHo pe[yq[paHara r{flcJreHocr Ha soricxoBr{Te nogpa3geJreHr{r or
Kparl Ha III s. HacerHelT. Koncrpyrrnnno-QyHKquoHaJrH:utflT aHarn43 Ha [o-MaJrKrrre
BoeIIHrr tilwna BoeHHo-[oJruqericxu yKpeureHr,rn (burgi, centenaria) [o3BoJrrBa rapHu3oH'br I,IM Aa ce onpeAeJlr.r Ha oKoJro 30-50 Ay-rl8. 3a cauocro{TeJrnr4Te na6nro[areJrHo-crrrHaJrau xyr.tr, (turres, speculae) ce np[reMa, qe re ca 6uru o6cnyxraura
or rro oKoJro eAHo orgeJreHr,re norlnr,rqrE (7 contubernium = 8 Ayr[Iz)19 uilu o,t BoeHHo-

rope

3aA'bJIX<eHO HaCeJIeHI{e BepOTTHO ClbC C'bil{aTa rIICIeHOCT.

Mnoroo6pa3llero or repMrrHrr [pu o3HaqaBaHe Ha pa3rr,rrrHure yKpeleHra
o6exua B K'bcHoaHTI{qH[ITe LI3Boprr neraa6exno HaJrara [peA[prreMaHero Ha orrrrr
ga u3flclFlflBatre (goxonroro e B'b3Mo>Kro!) Ha rrr[oJrorutrecKara r{M c'brrlHocr yr 3a
onpeAersHe Ha HflKaKBrl Kpr,rrepr4r,r nprr r.rrxHara [o-HarartlrHa ynorpe6a n sacro,rrlara pa6ora.

A. JIATI,IHCKI4 TEPMI,IHII
CASTRA. Craugapruuxr repMr.rH 3a o3HatraBaHe Ha pr,tMcKr.r.fl BoeHeH Jratep e castra2o. Knacu.recKr{Te or;ucamus. sa flonz6rai?1 ,Xuruu22 ra Bereqraf?3 za
HeroBoro ycrpofictno ce orHacflT Ao roJreMu MaprrreBr.r Jrarepn, ilpeAHa3HarreHr{ 3a
HacTaHrBaHeTO Ha qflJr eKCTIeAETI[rOHeH KOpnyC, C'bCTOflrr{ Ce OT IIO H'KOJTKO BOeHHTI

eAIrHIrIIr4 c pa3rur{eH palrr (leruoHpr r,r noMorqura .racrn). I,Isaoprar:e o6urnoseHo
pa3rpaHl,IqaBar Mapurenwre (castra aestivalaestivalia) or 6agosure Jrarepu (castra

stativa; hiberna). B ctnpeueHHara Hayr{Ha KHrirxHr{Ha e fiprrero c repMr.,rHa Aa ce
o3Har{aBaT JrelI,IoHHIrTe Jlarepl{, HO rIOHe 3a K'bCHOaHTIrr{HaTa enoxa ToBa HecGMHe-

la

flpegnonara ce, qe ro3r{ nerlroH e 6lrn ctsgageHs2g3 r.: Hoffmann 1969,T.II, Anm. 589.

15

Parker 1986b, p.63,137.
Parker 1986a, p.644.

16

17Ibidem, 643-644.
18
Lander 1984, p. 188; Gichon 1989, p. 121 sqq.
Io
20

Gichon 1974, p. 530.

Domaszewski 1900, Col.1762 sqq.; I{nauon 19736, c. 5 cn.
2t Polyb.
Hist. VI, 27-32 (ed. Bottner-Wobst).
22
Hygin. Grom. De munit. castr. 1-45 (ed. Lachman).
23
Veget. Epit. rei mitit. I, 2l-25;Iil,8 (ed Lang).

Ho e ycJroBHo: y prrropa Eeruenl,Irt Halpr{Mep (moprar B Kpa, sa III ra HatraJroro Ha
IV n.), irarepr.rre Ha [oMorrlHure qacrr{ rro prrMcKr,rre rpaHr.rqu ca u3prrrrHo Ha3oBaHu
"castra"Z4. Or anaruasupaHr4Te B rrpeAxoAHara rJraBa K'bcHoaHTIarrHr4 [I,IcMeHr{ cBeAeHr,rrr Mo)Ke Aa ce rr3Bege, qe repMuHLT ce e ynorpe6rBaJr rlo orHolrreHlre Ha noroJreMlrre r{ 3ApaBo yKpefleur{ BoeHHI{ 6asIr, uesanucllMo or BI{Aa Ha HacraHeHplrr B
Trx KoHTHHrenr25. B egulr KoMeHTr4paH Belre nocBerrrreJreH HaAluc or 322-323 r.
or npoBuHllttt Cxurun, Karo "castra" e o3Ha.{eHo yKpenJreHr,rero CarcoBnn26, crc-

TaB'br na quftro rapHra3oH rro roBa BpeMe (vexillatio Salsoviensis) ne e scen.
K'bcHo Ha

ccqoro Mrcro

JrarepyBaJra rroMorrlHa rracr

-

flo-

milites quinti Constantianiz1

.

3a egun castra stativa HrKtAe HeAaretl or AyHaBcKan 6ptt Ha IrpoBl4Hqut, Cxurut
c[oMeHaBa r.r Arrlr,ran Mapqeruu: Jrareprr 6ur usrpageH 3a HyxArlte na geficrnyoarruarr eKcleAr4rlr4oHeH Koplyc no BpeMe Ha KaMnaHI{rITa or 368 r. Ha llMleparop
Banenc cpeqy rorure28. Karo xpacnopeql,IBl4 cBuAereJlcrBa 3a gerpa[allrrf,Ta Ha
noHflT[ero castra Morar [a ce flpr.rBeAar HeMaJrKo npr,IMepil. fina ot rrx Aartrpar
orrle oT caMoTo HaqaJro Ha KEcHaTa aHTETIHocT

r4

ca TB'bpAe [oKa3aTeJIHI{ cTc cBo-

sra rporuBopequBocr. Taxa naupraMep, Karo castra B Ha[rlllc or 293-303 r.29 e ogHaqeH HoBor{3rpa[eHlrflT BoeHeH Jrarep n flanunpa, B KoriTo 6un nacraneu legio I
Illyricorum. Marap KpelocrH[Te My creHrr Aa BKrrcr{Baru r.r 3HarrrlTeJrHrr Heu3[oJr3BaHr{ npocrpaHcrBa, He Morar Aa He ce or6enexar 3HarrrrreJrHrrre My npo[opqr{r{:
pa3Mepu oKoJro 2901250 M r{ rrJrorq oKoJro 8 xa30. CrqespeueHHo, B 3arra3eH in situ
HaAnr4c or 293-305 r.31, yxpeunenuero32 Mobeni B rpoBI4HIIIrfl Apa6ur (Qasr Bshir a
qn. fropqauua) e o6osHar{eHo Karo castra praetorii, BtrrpeKtr cKpoMHrrre c]r pa3Mepr4 or oKoJro 56 x 56 rtr33. He no-rrranxo r{HcrpyKT:aB:au caLI TpI,I [plrMepa or [poBEHqllx flrpea Mrsrs: floKaro 6agosrrr Jrarep ua legio VII Claudia (Burrauuaquyrrl) e
o3HarreH s Notitia Dignitatum raro castellum34, orlenfl3aHr(re or c'bulr4q noKyMeHT
Karo ce4aJrr4rrla Ha rroMoulHr{ soficrosu qacrrr yKpelJrerr[x fluuxyrrr u Mapryrrr35
(or rxx flulryu u3purrHo orpegeJreH xaro castellum36) caennrptscxrr 3acBuAereJrcrByBaHr4 upea fV B. rr Karo castra31.
u Eumen. Paneg. Lat. IV, 18 (ed. Bdhrens).
2s
B>r. analu3a Ha rrr{cMerrr{Te cBeAeHrrr s: Inasa I. 1.
26
Popescu !976,}ft271.
27
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 26 (ed. Seeck).
28
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXVII,5,5 (ed. Clark).
2e
30

crL, m, 133.
Gawlikowski 1974, p. 231 sqq.; Fellman 1976,p.173 sqq.; Kennedy/Riley 1990, 135-137.

31

cIL, rfi,l4l4g.

32

flpegnoxeHa e r{ rrnTeprrperar{r{f,, c[ope[ Ko{To

B

cfiyrritf, craBa AyMa 3a yKpe[eua Kpafi-

rarHa pe3rAeHrlrq: Isaac 1990, 172-173.
33
Parker 1986b, 53-55; Kennedy/Riley 1990,176-178.
3a
Not. Dign. Or. XLI,7 (ed. Seeck).
3s
36

lbidem, 12;

18; 24; 39.

Ibidem, 4.
37
Brr.: Zahariade 1997a, p. 9 (note 4).

CASTRUM. Tepuunrt flpe[craBJlflBa singularis or castra u cnopeg HapoqHI4Te I{3CJIeABaHnfl Ce

Cpeqa MHOrO pflAKO B Knacl4r{ecKvlfl.IIATUIIICKII e3LIK, KaTO MHO-

flpr.rMepr.rre ce oTHactr Ao ceJrI,IIqHI4 I,IMeHa38. MOXe Aa Ce I4HTepnpeTr{pa Karo [o-MaJrKo or castra yKpe[JleH[re. Ha uecra B KBcHoaHTI{lIHIrre Lr3BopI,I e
ynorpe6en Karo clrHorrlrM Ha castellum3g . Hsror4 c'LBpeMeHHrr aBTopI{ ycJIoBHo I,I33T4HCTBOTO OT

noJI3yBaT TepMr,rHa 3a o3HaqaBaHe Ha JrarepllTe Ha [oMonIHI{Te qacTII lrpe3 eloxaTa
ua flpurqurara40. Egun naqnuc c Henpeqrr3lrpaua AaTlIpoBKa s IV s.41 Hagosasa

castrum r{3[rrrHal]oro 3a ocurypflBaHe Ha ll'brHara 6egonaorocr yKperIJIeHIae Khan
el-Abyad o Cupnn, Koero rro rrJraHoBa cxeMa [pegcraBJrsBa Krac[qecxu quadriburgium c pa3Mepu 45,6 x 45,6t't42. Oqe uo-napaAoKcaJlHo e cBI4AeTeJIcrBoTo Ha
eAr,rH cTporrTeJrer{ Ha[nfic oT BpeMero rra r,rMlreparop Tu6epufr II KonctaHrl{H oT
Cenepna A$pnra, s rofiro c6c c.sql{, TepMIIH e o3HaqeHo yKpenJIeHLIero Ain elKsar s gu. Alxup, BEnpeKI{ He3HaqIITeJrHIITe My pa3MepLI ot 18 x 18 lla3. Cuuc'rJr.bT Ha TepMr{Ha

castrum oT ule[Ha TorIKa Ha KEcHoaHTI{qHaTa IIoCeJIIIIIIHa

ot Cesurs ro

HOMeH-

no 3Haqepa3[oJroxeHlaero
6eler
BtHIrreH
xapaKTepeH
Karo
HeroB
uue c oppidumvvgrrJ<Ba
B.bpxy B.b3BrrrrreHr{e44. Tepuran'br He e Jrr{TeparypHo a:r;kr eurrpaScrl{ 3acBIrAereJI-

KJrarypa orr{acrr,r 6e se.{e KoMeHTL{pan. I,lsragop

cB'bp3Ba

crByBaH Ha repr,rroputflTa Ha rIpoBI{HIIEfl Cxurus,.

CASTELLIIM. Cuopeg I43puqHoro cBl{AereJrcmo ua Bereqwil s, a rro-KBcHo Lr Ha Zsllgop or Cenurq46, castellum ce flBflBa yMaJrIaTeJrHo or castra. Teprrlunrr
ce r.{3rroJr3yBa B I43Bopr{Te no oTHorrreHr4e Ha BcflKaK'bB BI4A BOeHHI4 yKpenJIeHI{' c
no-MaJrKlr pasvepual . B crspeueHHara Hayr{Ha KHra)KHI{Ha tori e B'b3[plrer Karo
craH[apruo o3Har{eHr{e Ha Jrarepr{Te Ha [oMoulurrre llacrpl. Cegeu or yKpelJrel{I4flTa rro AyuaBcxut 6pxr Ha [poBr,rHrlnsCxurus ca [oIrMeHHo pertlcrplapaHl{ B Notitia
Dignitatumxaro castella: Qrarrua*a, Kauugaea, Bepoe, Uuyc, Apy6tryrrl, Erracyc n
TanauonuyM (= Xanuupuc) 48. Brs eprsra c onucaHl4lero Ha 6ynra na BraralraaH,
xaro castellum e cfiovrenar u Arpe49, Ho B c:ly-r,as. He e qcHo [aJIIr repMl{Hbr cJIe[Ba

38

Rivet 1976, p. 134.

Ravegnani 1982, p. 27 l .
Kennedy/Riley 1990, p. 20.
4' IGLS, Y,2704.

3e

ao

Poidebard 1934, p. 49; Pl. XXXX.
Pringle 1981, p. 179.
4 Isid. Hisp. Etym. XY,2,13 (ed. Lindsay).
+s
YeB*.Epit. rei milit. III, 8 (ed. Lang).

a2
a3

a6
a7

Isid( Hisp. Etym. XV,2,13 (ed. Lindsay).

Kubitschek 1900, Col.1754.
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 2-10 (ed. Seeck).
re Marc. Com. Chron. ad a.515 (ed. Berolini).
a8

ce pa36l,rpa B'],B BoeHeH [rJrr.{ B rlrrBr{JreH KoHTeKcr. ilo-BepofrHa rr3fJre)Kla BTor'rii xato caMo HflKoJrKo ro[rrHrr no-K'bcHo - B caMoro HatlaJro
Arpe e cl4rypHo 3acBI4AereJIcrByHa ynpaBJreHr{ero Ha r{Mleparop }Ocrunuas I
nan y XuepoK'bJr Karo egr.rH or 15-re rpaga Ha [poBIrHIIus. Cxurux50. Hurar ne e
r43KJrrolreHo rr ryK - uogo6no Ha rlr{Tr{paHlrre [o-rope ilpl,IMepu y flporouuftsl
Aa

[a

para B'r,3Mox(Hocr,

craryr Ha AaAeHo HaceJreHo Mflcro, B pe3yJrrar or npegnpraeMaHero Ha flo-KpyrrHr.{ crpol{te;rro-6naroycrpoftcmeHrr I{HLrqrrarIrBI{.

r{MaMe

pa6ora

c r43[r,rraHe B

PRAESIDIUM. Maxap u ruupoKo 3acBr4[ereJrcrByBaH B aHTuqHara rr K'bcHoaHTr{r{Ha uvcMeHa u euurpa$cKa rpa[rlrlt4fl, TepMraHBr praesidium ocraBa elI{H
or nafi-neqcur{Te B c'blrlHocreH acleKT. rlact or r43cregBarrlare ro pa3rJrex(Aar Karo
cMIiIcJroB eKBI{BaJreHT Ha "BoeHeH rarep" n'ro6u1e, Ho He roJrKoBa tto orHoIrIeHI{e Ha
caMara nocrporixa, a rro cKopo - Ha HacraHe:rr:as. B Her rapHl{3on52. Cuopen Apyr[,
praesidium ce flBflBa crrHoHr{M sa castellums3. CrporzreJren Ha[rrlc or 185 r'. or flaHoulrfl c'so6uqaea 3a r.r3rpilKAaHero rro AyHaBcKara rpaHlrqa Ha IrpoBIrHI{IrflTa Ha
praesidia a burgi c r{eJr [a ce crpe rpoHI,IKBaHero B I4Mfiepilsra xa 6angv or rpa6r,rretu (latrunculi)5a. MHosuHcreoro or [ocrrrrHaJrr.rre [o Hac [I4cMeHIr Ia enurpa$cKr4 cBe[eHru noKa3Bar, o6aue, qe rro4 TepMLrHa cJreABa Aa ce [ogpa:6upar [peAI,I
BCIITIKO YKPEIIJIEHIIfl, IPEAHA3HAqEHI,I 3A B'bTPEIUHA CI{IYPHOCT. OCO6EHO IOJIE3HA

ran$opuaqux ce cBA'bp)Ka B crrHxpoHHrrre HaAnrrcrr or cpeAara na II B. or rIpoBIrIHtlut Tpaxttz. B Kolrro ce roBopI,I 3a I,I3rpDK[aHero Ha roJrflM 6poft praesidia, burgi u
phruri B pa3rr{rrHr,r pafiouu (regiones) or rpaAcKI{Te repl{ropuuua Cepgura, Anrycra Tpaxna, Mapquauouomrc, fieyrryM r{ Btts:rrn55. Ouur.lr Aa ce l{HTepnperrlpar
Te3r.r yKpefllrenrtfl. Karo 3BeHa or eAHa gy6maparqa AyHaBcKara rpaHlrqa nuner?na
or6panlrre;rHa cr{creMa56 peururerHo ce orxBtpJrfl B ccBpeMeHHara HaytIHa KHI{xnrana. flonacroquleM Te ce pa3rJre)Klar Karo yKpe[IrreJIHIr nocrporfxu c vlgflBelaur
uonr.rqeficxu $yHxqrau, UeJIsIq[ [oAAtpxaHe Ha BBTpetuHIu peA [I aKTI.IBHo rrogrroMaraHe Ha A'bpx(aB:nils, aawnur4crparr.rBHo-$vuancon anapar57. Oco6eso ce I{3T:6KBa TflCHaTa I{M Bp'b3Ka C rrbTHaTa cI{cTeMa, 3a KoeTo LIMa KpacHopetlplBE cBr{AeTeJI-

crBa or Apyrrr r{acrr{ na Praucxara uuneprar5S. OxpanrareJlHara cny;r6a n 6yprure u

50

Hierocl. Synecd. 637, 3 (ed. Parthey).
B>r. uo-rope, 6en. 9.
52
Fabricius 1926, Col. 516.
s3
Baatz 197 5, S. 24.
54
CIL,III, 3385.

sr

55

Benreuruer 1952,33-36;Eyrcxnren/Teros 1964,29-30; Mupuen 1961. I5-i6;Kaqapon
1926-27,107-112; Velkov 1978, S. 176 (Anm. 18).

56

MihailoV 1961, p.5 sqq.
Forni 1974, p. 124 sqq.

57
s8

Isaac 1986, 390-391; Isaac 1990,174-183.

Spyprare e 6vila noBepeHa Ha Maror{ucJreHrir KoHTr{HreHTtr or or6ararqo BoeHHa
IIOBI{HHOCT MeCTHO III{BI{JIHO HaCeJreHI4e, r{3BeCTHO B r.I3BOpr4Te nOA HaLrMeHOBaHr{e-

to

burgarii59. PerractprapaHl,IrlT B Ha[nr4crrre ot Tparras He3Haqr{Teaeu 6poli Ha rrpe3vtilvvae tlo cpaBHeHI{e c ro3r{ na nonraqerlcKr{Te yKpenJreHrrrl or ropecloMeHarlrre

rl4[a v3AaBa rrxHoTo no-oco6euo noJro)KeHl4e B crrcTeMara 3a rrpoBLIHrIr4aJIHa
B'brpelrrHa cl,IrypHocr. OcseH 3HaqI,ITerHo rro-roJreMl4 pa3Mepr4, 3a rqx ocHoBareJrHo Mox(e Aa ce npeAnoJlala, .{e ca 6I,IIE cvrryvpa:F^u n nafi-sDKHr{Te oT cTpareruqecKa rJrenHa Toa{Ka MecTa, a rapHI,I3o}rI4Te I4M ca 1uJfir AocraTbqHo MHororil4creHr4 r4
ABa

6oecuoco6nvucr,crar,enra nari-nepoflTHo or KaApoBr{ BoeHHocJr}DKerqrr. B rasu nprsKa cJIeABa ga ce or6eJre)Kr{, r{e BoeHHr{-flT rIeHT'bp Mourana B [poBr4Hqr,rr{ fdonna
Is4usvfl, - c'b3AaAeH 3a KoHTpoJr r4 oxpaHa Ha r4HTeH3r,rnnraa go6un ua 6naropognn
MeraJIr{ n parioua - e r,I3pl4rrHo olpe[eJreH B eAr{H HaArrrrc or 134 r.60 xaro praesidium,
a HeroB rapHrr3oH rro roBa BpeMe e c'bcraBJrrr,ar.a cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum
veterana equitata6r. Tntpqe noKa3areJrHo e c'brrtro raKa, rre eguo rpaliu'brHo yKpe[rreHrre B rpoBr4Hr{r4t Apa1ux (Khirbet el-Khalde n 4n. I4opgauut), usrpageuo e IIIfV s. n rpeAcraBJUIBaIrIo KJracuqecKr{ quadriburgium c pa3Mepu 54 x33 v, e Hocr{Jro
r{Mero Praesidium, a cnopeA Notitia Dignitatum B Hero e JrarepyBaJra roxopra62. 3a
rBrpilKIaHero Ha [pe3raArar.r rro [yHaBcKr.rx 6prr. Ha npoBr4Hrlux Bropa Mrasuq craBa
AyMa B Tpr,r r,rAeHTr{qHr4 no c'b['bp)KaHr{e HaAnr4ca or caMr{rr rparir na III n., oxprru e
MI{HaJroro n Pyce, Tytpaxan u Cutncrpa63. B nayunara KHrDKHrlrHa re rpaAurlr{oHHo ce cBbp3Bar c yKpenJreHr{rra Cercarr,rnra flpucra, TpancuapvtcKa il fiypocropyM, 3a KoI,ITo e apxeoJrornqecKrr ycraHoBeHo, ve npr.r6nr.r3lrreJrHo tto roBa BpeMe

(x'ru xpax na III

IrJrI{ B Haqaroro na IV s.) re gericrnurerno ca 6raau r{flJrocrHo
rrpelr3rpaAeHra6a. Orqe eglrH HaAnI,Ic c MHoro uogo6en reKcr n npu6nra:ureJrHo c.l,-

rrlara AarupoBKa e 6lrn orrprr rI upu rpoyqBaHero Ha yKpenJreHrrero rpafi Donje
Butorke B npoBr,rHqr,r.rr flrpna Musrts65. Torir, o6aqe, He ce orHacfl K'bM pa3Kpr.rrras
TaM KBaApr,r6ypruyrra, ror?ro e 6lrr r,rsgrarHar eABa npee VI B., a npor{3xox[a or pynHI{Te Ha CcuIecTByBaJroTo Ha cbrrloTo MrcTo no-paHHo yKperrJreHr.re c [pu6J-rn3nTeJrHo KBaAparHa $oprua II pa3Mepr,r 19 x 18,5 u66. Marap rr Ha3oBaHo B HaAnr4ca
se

CIL, LIJ,13796;IGLR, 172; IGBulg. III, 1690; Cod. Theod. VII, 14 (ed. Mommsen - Meyer);
Popescu 1976,Ne172.
e Ann. Ep., 1927, Nb 95.
61
3a soeHnara r,rcropr{, na Mourana rx.: Benxos 1970, c. 105 cn.; Rankov 1985, p. 40 sqq.
62
63

Parker 1986b, 108-109.
Kolends 1966, p. 139 sqq.

fl O6sop

pe3yJlTarure or [ocJleAHr.rre [poyqBaHr.rfl Ha re3rr o6extr.r s: Iyanoy 1996, S.

Ha

16

I

sqq.
6s

Hagnlrcnre ce HaMLIpar

Ba,B

Bpa3Ka c uaula6nara BoeHHo-crpor{Terua KaM[aHtrq, peaJrr{flrpaar:a rerpapxrrf,: Sarnowski 1988, s.

3I'IpaHa rro AyHaBcKI{t 6pw rlo BpeMe ua
125 sqq.; Sarnowski 1990, S. 855 sqq.
66

Petrovi6

197

7, 263 -264 ; I{epuauoruh-I(y:uauo rluh 197 7 -7 B, c.

lZj c t.

praesidium, B'b[pocHoro yKpe[JreHr{e cireABa yBepeHo Aa ce orpe[eJrr{ Karo burgus
B'b3 ocHoBa Ha KJracrrlrecKr,rre My 3a rrrua KoHcrpyKTr.rBHr{ xapaKTepwcrnxu67. flper
ToBa [oJloxeHrre, Lr[eHTn$uraquxra Ha npe3ra[ulrre or Apyrr.rre rpr..r Ha[[r4ca c KacTeJII4Te Cexcarusra flptrcra u TpancuapurcKa ur HoBor,r3rpa[eHrrfl Kacren rpaft lerr{oHHrrrr Jrarep fiypocropyM rr3rJrex4a noBeqe or npo6nenaarr{rrHa. flo ncara repoflTHocr u raM enrarpa$crllTe cBr{[ereJrcrBa cJreABa Aa ce orHecar KtM Bce oqe Hepa3KpI4TL{ Ha TepeHa C[OMafaTeJrHrr BOeHHr4 yKpelJreHr{fl, TltrroJroruqecKr,r IlI [ponopqr{oHaJrHo c'br,r3Mepn:ll.r c roBa flpu Donje Butorke. flpegnoxenara xrrroresa
r{3rJrexAa orqe fio-flpargouogo6na, aKo ce B3eMe [peABr.,I[ v e\EH [prrMep or repra-

Crurux: or pyrrHr.{Te Ha aHTuqHoro r4 paHHocpeAHoBeKoBHo
ceJrr,rqe rpafi CeriueHr.r [por{3xoxga $parrtreHT or MoHyMeHTaJreH crpo[TeJreH HaAnr.rc or 2%445 r., 3a KofiTo ce [onycKa, r{e e cB'bp3aH c I{3gr4raHero Ha HflKaK'bB
BoeHeH o6exr68. B no-crapnre ny6nnxaqr{rr ce cloMeHaBa 3a ocraHKr{ o'r KaMeHHo
yKpenireHr4e xpafi AyHaBcKr4s 6pxr na roBa Mscro69, uo c'rulecrByBaHero Ha raKoBa
Topr.rJrra Ha rrpoBr{Hr{us

ce rrpeM'b"uqaBa B HoBr{Te [poyqBaHr.rr, [ocBeTeHr4 Ha pI,IMcKaTa

I,r K'bcHoaHTIIqHa

$opra$uxaqr{, B peruonaT0. CrqerpeueHHo, BcprqKr.r crBpeMeHHr{ r{3cJreABarrr4r or6ersgsar HaJrI,IqI{ero B Herrocpe[crBeHa 6nrasocr Ao ceJrrrrqero Ha ocraHKr,I or roJrflx20 u71. Bupocuara KyJra pa3nponopquoHaJrHo cxo[crBo c 6ypryca upu Donje Butorke,

Ma crpaKeBa KyJra c KBaApareH rJraH r{ pa3Meprr 20
Kpr,rBa oqeBraAHo rJraHoBo

r4

a crpor{TeJrHrrrrr Hagrrrrc or Cerluenu (eupexu QpanueHTapHoro cn crscroanue!)
rro narr{poBKa r{ MoHyMeHTaJIHocr rBtpge MHoro nanogo6xra crroMeHarlltre rro-rope HaArrr.rcr4 3a AyHaBcKr,rre rrpe3rrArara. Axo [pr.rBeAeHrrre pa3c'bx<[emlr.s, ca Bepur{,
To tto!\ praesidias KoMeHTrrpaHr{Te Hag[r{cr4 cJreABa [a ce [o[pas6upar: HoBorr3AlrrHarr{Te rro BpeMe na flrpnara rerpapxr{Jr MaJrKrr yKpenJreHr{fl no [yHaBcKara rpaHlrrla Ha Puucxara r,rMnepr{r, Kor{To rr{rroJrorillrecxn 6u rpx6naro Aa ce orHecar
Bc'bu{Hocr KaM Kareropvrrra na 6yprure. Yuorpe6ara Ha repMr,rHa JrecHo ce o6gcw,Ba c [ponaraHAHo-[poK.]raMaTnBEufl. xapaKTep Ha HaAlrrc[Te, r{eJrflrr{ Aa ce [puAale no-roJrrMa rexecr Ha r.r3B'bprrreHoro. B xpaa na fV KHura Ha rpaKTara "3a
crpoexrrre" flporonuri cnoMenasa elHo yKpelJreHr.re c rrMero flpesugnyrvr, Koero c
rorqMa yBepeHocr Moxe Aa ce orHece K'bM TeprrroplrflTa Ha npoBr.{Ht1ut Cxwrnx, n
To - HsK'bAe B c'bceAcreo c AprauyuT2.

6i

3a roucrpyKTr{BHara xapaKTeprrcrrrKa

68

Popescu 1976, Ne 205.

6e

Pirvan 1912,555,582; Florescu 1924,88 sqq.; Polonic 1935,20; TIR L35,65; Popescu

Ha

6yprrre,

Bx<.

TeKcra rIo-AoJIy: BIIRGUS

1976,2t2.
70

Scorphn 1980, 1 ; ZahariadelGudea 1997, 7 8-'1 9.
71
tr'IR L35, 65; Popescu 1976,212; Scorpan 1,980, 7; ZahariadelGudea 1.997, 78-79.
72
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).

BURGus. rlonacroxrqeM ce rpr{eMa, qe repMr4H'r rrMa rp.br{Kr.r npousxogT3.
C nero ce o3Har{aBa:r nafi-uanrfiTe yKpe[JI eHVr. cbc crroMarareJrHa, Ho orHocr{TeJrHo He3aBl4cIarua $ynxql4fl, IIeJIquIu nporusogerlcrBrre cpeqy Maroqr4creu u nego6pe opraHl43upari uporus]FIn]KT4. Byprute I{Mar ABoflKa $ynrqraonaJrHa xapaKrepr.rcrrnra. EnurpaQcxr.r ca sacBr,rAereJrcrByBaHr4 3a rpGB n.br B cpe[ara na II r. cr. Xp. n
npoBrrHIII'Ir Tpaxanl5 Karo yKpelJleulrfl c norraqefrcxu Synrqrar{ 3a KoHTpoJr rr oxPAHA HA II'bTHPITC KOMYHI4KAIIIILI U BTTPEIIIHI,I' PEA B OTAAIEqEHI{TE OT TPAACKI,ITE
IdeHTpoBe paitottu76.3a uafi-panHo crIoMeHaBaHe Ha 6yprlr BBB BoeHeH KoHTeKcr ce

or [yHaBcKwx 6p',I Ha rrpoBr4Hrlrzs flaxonus or 185 r.77 Karo ce
I4Ma IrpeABI,Ig, o6ave, qe eALIHcTBeH I,I3Bop sa IV-ra KHr{ra or c'brlrrrHeHraero na Becqr,rra Ha[nr4c'br

reqr.rrl, K'b[ero craBa AyMa 3a 6yprra78, e He[ocrrrrHaJr Ao Hac BoeHeH TpaKTar Ha
cexcr Ioruafi @ponrnu (xanxn or 30-40 go 103 r.) 79, crana qcHo, r{e repMr4H.br e
6r,rn n ynorpe6a nafi-pano or I s. cn. Xp. Macupanoro crporrreircrBo Ha 6ypru uo
rpaHl,Iqrrre sa PrnlrcrarauM.ilepvq. ce IIpeIIop'bqBa or K'bcHopr,rMcKr{Te BoeHHr4 Teoperraqu80 r.r e oco6eso xapaKTepHo 3a c'bBMecrHoro ylpaBJreHr.re sa Banenc lr BaJIeHTI4HI{aH81. Bls ocHoBa Ha MHox(ecrBoro eflurpaQcxu 3acBr4[ereJrcrByBaHrl r.r apxeoJrorr{qecKpr npoyrreHrr nprrMepr4, 6yprflre ce or.bx[ecrBflBar rrpeAr,rMHo c [o-roJreMI4Te xylugz. O6zxHoseHo re ca c KBaApareH rrJraH I,r pa3Meprrre r.rM HagBrlrrrraBar

x

10 v.kllr'a.r,uca noHe rro ABa eraxa r4 caMo rro enr4H Bxon, pa3[oJro)Kerr B cpeAaor crpaHI,ITe. B Eplrranvtfl,rroPefrnu [yran HaA3eMHrrflT LrM erDK qecro
ce e noAA'bpxaJl or rro HrIKoJrKo BarperrrHra nunona83. flpuuepure or Tpranonr.rraHI{;I [oKa3Bar, qe npu qacr or nocrpofiKr.rre noMerrlenulllra 6ranlr pasuoJro)KeHl{ oKo10

Ta Ha eAHa

Heprgro oKoJro 6yprure
or poB Ir BaJr rrJrrr HI{cKa KaMeHHa
crega, cna6geHa rrorurKora r{ c MaJrKr4r xyru85. B orgennr cJryr{au, KoHKperuoro
$ynKTIIEoHITJIHO npegHa3HarreHl,Ie Ha yKpelJreHr{, or ro3r{ Trrrr HaMrrpa euurpaScru lrcpa3
B AocrnrHaJrl,rre [o Hac crpor,rreJrHr{ HaA[r{cu: burgus speculatorum Antoninianorum86;
Jro MaJrbK r{eHTpaJreH [Bop rrJrr.r cBerJrrrHeH xnageueq84.
6rEna

73
7a

lrsrpaxqa*a u BtHIrrHa

yKpenI,ITeJrH

Penninck 1940-1945, p. 5 sqq.
Seeck 1899, Col. 1066; Gichon

1974,

p.

537

a

rfi4nurr.

.

75

Bernennuen1952,33-36; Eyror;ruer/Teror t964,29-30; Kaqapor 1926-27,107-IIZ.
76
Forni 1974,p.126; Isaac 1990, p. 180.

77

clL, III,3395.

78

Veget. Epit. rei milit.IV, 10 (ed.
7e
Schenk 1930, S. 64 sqq.
80

Anon5rm. De reb.

81

bell.,2l

L*g).

(ed. Ireland).

Soproni L978, passim; Lander 1984, p. 289 sqq.; Soproni 1985, passim.
82
Gichon 1974, p. 537.
83
Petrikovits 1971, p. 191.
8a
GoodchildllYard-Perkins 1949,p.89 sqq.; Pringle 1981, p. 140.
8s
Petrikovits 1971, p. 197.
86

cIL, Y[[r,2494.

burgus Commodianus speculatorius8T; burgus Commerciumss. Marap u psAKo, Karo
6ypru ce o[peAeJrflT or rr3cJre[Baqure rr yKperrJreH[r, c Aocra [o-pa3JII,IqeH rIJraH rI
flo-roJreMr{ paaueprSg. C rpanc$opMarlurra Ha rpaHr,IrrH[re soficxu B arpapHa MI,IJtu\urfl, orleJreJrlrre Ao roBa BpeMe 6ypru r{3rJrexga npugo6uru floAr{epraH )KITJII{nIHo-crorraHcrra 06rr,rr, Koero rrle Aa e AaJro ocHoBaHI{e ua ?Islqop or Cesnla ga rr.r
onpeAeJrl,r xaro oco6eHo xapaKTepna Sopua Ha rIoceJIrIqeH x(rBor B rpaHuqHI,ITe
parionu90. flonacroxuleM He pa3rroJraraMe c Hltro e[Ho curypHo rlucMeuo larrut erruffpa$cro cBu4ereJrcrBo, crroMenaBarr{o burgus Ha replrropuflTama nponnnqux Crntun. Marap KoHeKTypara B To3I( cMr{c'bJI Ha IIaATII{ca ot 369 r. ot I{uycgl ga ne ce
oclopBa B AoceralrHure uy6rnrxaqu[, Hrirro e[Ho or ABere JroKaJrIr3[IpaHIr raM alrTrrr{Hrr yKperrJreHr.rq ne 6u uorno Aa ce cBe[e Ao crau[aprl,rre na o6raxnoueuburgus.

CENTENARIUM. Teprnrranrr e r43BecreH Aocera caMo lro flpl{Mepr or Ceuprn n6T e 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaH rro BpeMe Ha y[paBJreHl4ero Ha
rrMreparop @nnnu Apa6 (244-249 r.) raro o6osHa.reHre Ha e[Ho HoBou3glrrHaro
yKpenJreHr,re, npeAHa3HarreHo Aa oxpaHJrBa BiDKeH nrr92. Cauoro yKpelJren[Ie (Gasr
Duib s gn. Ilu6r,u) e HarrJrHo rr[eHT]IqHo uo $ynrqnvq rfirar LI pa3Mepu (20 x20 vt)
Ha olrrcaHr{Te no-rope 6yprw93. Csrqoro ce orHacfl rr 3a MaJrKo no-MaJrKI,IrIT rro pa3uepx (15 x 15 u) Centenarium Tububuci, nocrpoeH s 297-303 r.e4 MnoxecrBoro
[pyrrr apxeororuqecKr,r 3acBrirAereJrcrByBauu nogo6u[ [pIrMepI,I AaBar ocHoBaHrle
Ha HTIKOIII aBTOprr Aa rrp[eMar centenarium sa cnequsuarHo peruoHzurHo o3HaiteHlre
Ha MaJrr(ure rpafiu'rtnu yrpennenr,rxg5. ErrnMonomsra Ha repMrlHa ce r,I3Bexna o6urHoBeHo or centenariusgO - K'bcHoaHTpIqHI{rrr eKBr{BaJreHT sa centurio. flonycxa ce,
rre B ToBa ce c'b['bpxa KoHKperHo yKa3aHrre 3a rapHr,r3oHa Ha B'brIpocHIiITe yKpenrenurl,, xoftro r,rJrrr c'bcraBJrflBaJr eAHa rleHTypurl, uJrtr [pocro ce e HaM]IpaJr [oA KoMan[yBauero Ha rleHTeHapuire7. flogo6no rbJrKyBaHe He ce fiprreMa elHo3uaqHo or
ctBpeMeHHr,rre r,r3cJrenBa.ru. Kato ce rlMar rIpeABuA pa3MeprlTe Ha yKpeflJrenl{rma B
TpnnoruraH[r, clpaBegJrrrBo ce rr3T'bKBa, rre flprr BJraraHero na uogo6en cMI{c'bJr B
TepMrrHa caMo H-flKoJrKo or rsx 6nxa MorJrlr Aa ce onpeAeJrflT Karo qenrenapuug8.
BepHa AQpuxa. 3a

87

CIL, Y\t,2495.

88

CIL,III,3653.

8e

Ciglenecki 1987, S. 112; Opail et al. 1991, 195-200.
e0Isid. Hisp. Etym.IX,2,99 (ed. Lindsay)
et CIL, IIII, 6159 (=7494) (= Popescu 1976,Ne233).
e2IRT, gg0.
e3

ea
e5
e6

Lander 1984, 158-160 (fig. 138).
lbidem, 188-189 (fig. 176).

Petrikovitsl97l, p.

197.

Grosse 1920, S. 117 sqq.
e7
Smith 1971,p.299 sqq.
e8
Pringle 1981, p.431 (note 6).

C:rporErenHlaflT HalIrldc or Aqua Viva o:r 303 r.99, s rorlro ro3r{ coJrrrAeH KacreJr c
pa3Mepr,r 86 x 86 M c'brqo e o3HaqeH Karo r{eHTeHapr4yM, AaBa ocHoBaHr{e 3a IIpeAIIoJIO)KEHI{ETO, I{E AOPU H'IKO|A B TEPMI,IHA AA CE E CBI'bP)KAJI H'IKAKGB HAMEK OTHOCHO

craHAaprHa r{r{cJrenocr Ha rapHrr3oHa, To BnocJreAcrBue rofi qe Aa e sary6ral rasu
cBos olpeAeteHocri00. cuopeg MeH, rrporr4BopequBure AaHHu Morar BCe rraK Aa ce
npr,rMt4pflT, aKo ce ilpl{eMe, qe repMr,rH'br centenarium He e npr{Te>KaBaJr H.rrKaKBa
cneqn$uvHa KoHcrpyKTI{BHo-TI4IrIoJrorI{yecKa xapaKTeprrcratna, a ce e r{3noJr3yBaJr
npes III-IV n. n a$praraHcKlare rrpoBlrHrlrrl,r na Pr.rucrara r.rMnep]u xaro cneqraQr.rvHo o3HarreHrre Ha yKperrileurflTa c uoluqeficKr4urrrr4 BoeHHo-[oJrwlehcxu Synxqur,r.

MUNITIO, MUNIMEN, MUNIMENTUM. Tpure noHnrr4n rrMar

r,rAeHrrr-

r{eH cMI4c'bI, HO He [pI,ITexaBaT TepIvILrHoJrou4tIHa ctOfinOcr. ]IenOnsyeaT ce B .iraTr{HCKLIS e3r4K 3a O3HaqaBaHe Ha BCflKaKBB Br,rA yKpelJreHr4e ttnu
soprzsuraquouHo cr'op'b)Kerrrae. B HaArrr4c or fl'bpBara noJroBr{Ha Ha VI s. or Bou Sebai n gu. An-

)Kup l{3nl4rHaroro raM yKperrJrenrae Masticana e Ha3oBalao rnunitio. To upegcrannaBa roJrrMa KyJra c KBalpareH nnan (14,5 x 14,5 u) u rr,rnonorr{qecKr.{ HarrbJrHo c.borBercrByBa ua 6ypryc101. B aagnraca or Kapxanrzy or337-340r.102 c uou.arutramunitio
u munimen e o3Hatreuo eAHo HoBolocrpoeHo yKpenJreHr.re Ha [yHaBcKara rpaHr.rqa
Ha upoBr,rHr{ux Cxr4Tt4x, Koero Bce onle He e r{AeHTr{Ququpauo Ha repeHa.

TURRIS. C repuraua ce o3HaqaBar nari-uanxr.rre rro pa3Mep caMocroqrernocrpofirra. Te rauanz BoeHHrr rrJrrr noJrr,rqericrn Syurquu u ce
crpoeJlr{ B roJIeMIr Korlar{ecrBa KaKTo rro rpanl,rq[re na Pulrcxara r.rMnepufl, TaKa vt
B'bB BGTpeIrIHOcrra Ha npoBl.IHrlurarel03. flpegcrauflBar pa3noJro)KeHr{ Ha rro[xoAflrrIpI Mecra KyJrI{, KoI{To rI3nBJrHrBaJrr,r cloMarareJrHr{ Syurqzu r,r B orreparraBHoTaKTrrrIecKo oTHoIueHI{e 6wu zasucuMlr or no-roJreM[Te 6nlrsxopa3rroJloxeHr.I yKpelJreHl4r. OcHosHoro I4M rlpe[Ha3HaqeHr4e 6xno na6nroAeHr,re Ha oKoJrHocrra r{
ofloBecr-flBane. KoucrpyKr{r4-flra Ha Kyrrr,rre 6r,IJIa s c:bcroflHr{e [a ocurypfi 3aulr4Ta
Irpr'I BHe3a[I{o HarIaAeHI{e Ha Muuroql{cJreH [porI,IBHr,rK, Ho rg He 6anra upoexrilpa:o;vt
3a A'bJrroBpeMeHHa or6pana: flpu or{aKBaHe Ha [o-cep]ro3en c6:rtcrx [paBrrJroro
rBfJre)KAa 6ulo o6cryxBarr{r,rre KoMaH[r,r [a II.r Ha[ycKar r,r Aa ce rrsreursr e 6aaoBr4Te yKpenJreHlrsi04. lsrpaxgairero Ha yKpeflr.rreJrHr.r nocrporiru or rosrr rr.rn rrpoA'bJI)KI4JIO I,I [pe3 K'r,CI1aTa aHTI{qHOCT, KaKTO [OKa3Ba eAI,IH CTpoI4TeJIeH Ha[rruc OT
586 r. or Cenepua A$pnxal05. Turres ce orJrrrqaBar or MHo3r{HcrBoro burgi eguucHI,I yKpen[TeJrHIr

ee

Ann. Ep., 1942, N! 81.

100

Lander 1984, 188-189 (fig. 177).
lorPringle 1981, p. l4l,218-219.
102
103

ClL,l[,

12483 (= Popescu 1976, N! 23S).

Fabricius 1926, CoL.576.
1oa
Gichon L974,p. 537.
IO5
CIL, VIII, 12035.

ilpoflOpqlrl{,

Moxe
Aa ce npoKapa. Tepuuu6T e 3acBlrAereJrcrByBaH Karo cbcraBKa Ha ro[oHr{M (Turris
Muca...) B HaAlI4c or cpeAara na II a., nporr3xo)r([aq or oKoJrHocrr{Te na Tourz106.
gecro [ocryJrlrpaHara yKpe[eua cculHocr na o6exra107 e c'sscer4 cfleKyJrarrrBr{a,
rlt? raro 'rorl ne e curlpHo JroKaJrr.r3r4paH, a Ha Mrrcroro Ha [pe[noJro)Kr{TeJrHara
My JroKaJrl43aqua (rr. Anagorxr,ort na Koncrauqa) gocera He ca orKpr.rrr4 Hr{KaKBr.r
cJIeA[I or aHTr{qHra yKpelr,rreJrHrr cbopt)Kenus. Mnoro no-BeporrHo e B cryqas [a
I{MaMe pa6ota c ynorpe6a Ha repMr.rHa B qr{cro qr4Br.,rJreH KoHTeKcr - Karo o6ogxaqeHr{e na cneqN$uuna
Sopr',ra Ha rroceJrauleH )rerBorlo8.

TBeHO IIO CBOr{Te

HO flCHa pa3rpaHr4rruTeJrHa nutH.vtfl, Me)KAy

Trx

He

CLAUSURA. B x'scuoaHrr{qHara

yKpenr,rreJrHa rrpaKTuKa c repMr{Ha
"clausltra" ce o3HarraBar nr,rnefinure or6paunreJrHr{ c'bop'bxel{ur, ilpefpzDKAaulu

upoxogfl B nJraHr4HcKU laacvtBu rlirr{ BxouoBe B AoJruHr{. flocreuenuo clausura npugo6una 3HarreHrrero Ha "yKpeneH rpoxoA"109. YxpenureJIH[I c'bop'bxeHtr r or ro3l{
BI{A 3acera He ca 3acBr{AereJrcrByBanvr.a repr{Topr{flTa Ha [poBrrHqut Crutltx, a rIpeABIr[ xapaKTepa na peneSa raM - eBeHTyaJrHoro ctrrlecrByBaHe Ha raKr.rBa eABa Jrrr Mo)Ke

[a

ce [peAfloJrara.

E. TPTIIKI,I TEPMIIHI,I
XAPAKCIMA. Tara ce osHaqdsar B KBcHoaHTr{rrHr{Te rpBKoe3r,rtrH}r r{3Boprr MaplrreBlrre BoeHHra narepul10. Tepuuntr cJre[Ba Aa ce pa3rJrex(Aa Karo eKBr,rBaJreHT Ha Jrarr{HcKrrrr c a s t r a ae s tiv a I ae stiv ali a.
OOCCATON, CTPATOIIEAON. Tepnvutr uMa 3HarreHue Ha "1n<peneu
flarep" u no cMr{c6Jr Mo)Ke [a ce cB'bp)Ke c JrarrrHcKoro castra stativa.llpel

Boe-HeH

VI s. e 3acBr,r[ereJrcrByBaH Karo ctcraBKa Ha peAr,rrla rorroHrrMrr, yKa3Barr{a
Horo ecrecrBo uJrlr npol{3xoA Ha ctorBernlrre o6errra11l.

BoeH-

OPOYPION. Tepuunrr e craHgaprHo rp'brlKo o3HarreHrle Ha rro-roJreMr{Te
BoeHHI{ yKperrJreHun. Cnopeg flporouxri rorl e paBHo3Har{eH Ha JrarrrHcKoro
castellumllz. C'rc c'rrqux repMrrH flporonurl oKaqecrBqBa rr npeycrpoeHlrre KyJrtr

106

cIL, ilr,7533.

107

Suceveana 1974, p. 229; Ayram/Ylad Nistor 1982, 372-373; Avram 1984, 162-163;
Suceveanu 1992, p. 212-213.

108

Dorufiu-Boil[

loe

Pringle 1981, p. 430 (note 4).

1975, p. 219 sqq.

rro

Grosse 1920, S. 302 sqq.
rrr Ravegnani 1982,
271-272 (n.4).

rr2

Proc. De aed. II, 5, 9 (ed. Dewing).

Ha B'b3CTaHOBeHrrre or r..rMneparop Iocrznraau I yrpeneHr.,r rIeHTpoBe Teogocuano[oJrllc ra Tonr.rpl13. trtl or grara c[oMeHarr{ o6eKTa 3acera He pa3[oJraraMe c KoHKpeTHI4 apxeofloluqecKl{ AaHHI,I, cloco6cTByBalrlrr 3a v3s.cHABaHe Ha BIoxeHr{q oT
aBTOpa cMr4c'LJr. flpu rce roBa, cBBpeMeHHr{Te r.r3creABaqr,r lrecro r.rHTepflperr{par
CBEIEHIIETO, KATO CPABHflBAT B'bIIPOCHI,ITE KYJIII C XAPAKTEPHIITE 3A CPEAHOBEKOBHI{T9 yKpe[JreHI{, T. Hap. AoruKoHr,r: coJrr.rAuo rr3rpa4eHrr roJreMr4 rynoo6pasnz [oc-

rporixu, cleqlraJrHo KoHcrpyr{paHll 3a caMocrosrerHa or:6pana r4 rrpe4r{a3HarreHr{
3a [ocJre[Ho y6exu[1e Ha 3alr{IrrHr,rqrare. MuoxecrBo K'bcHoaHTrrr{Hr,r yKpelreHr,rq
[penocTaBflr y6e4rtenu[ apxeoJroruqecKrl AoKa3aTeJrcTBa 3a c'brrlecTByBaHeTo orqe
or Haqaroro na IV n. Ha uoqo6nu nocrporiKrr, pfl3Ko orrr,rrraBar{u ce rro npoilopt\nv v KoHcrpyKTrIBHo-crporITeJrHV rrapaMerpr{ or ocraHaJrr{Te ryru. BtnpeKr{ or6ersgaHr,rre no-rope pe3epBr,r, TepMrrH'br "Spypnon" go6n rpa;xgaHcrBeHocr B [ocJIeEHO BpeMe 3a O3HaqaBaHe Ha K'bcHoaHTrrrrHLrTe [peArrrecTBeHErlr,r Ha cpeAHoBeKoBHI{Te 4ouxoun114. 3a c'rqara rleJr rrqKorr r,r3cre4Barr[ npeAloqurar 3acBr.rAe-

TeJrcrByBaHoro naK y

ro

flporonuri crcrasHo olpeAeJreHue "pyrgokastellon"lrs,

vra-

or

aBTopa caMo BeAHc)K, rr ro - He B TexHr{qecKr{, a B
loAvepraHo lreraSopu.res o"rncrn116. B ocHosHoro eu 3HaqeHr,re repMr4H'br "SpypuoH" ce cpeqa B KtcHoaHTuqHI{Te I43Boprr no orHorueur.re crurr,rrtcKr{Te yKpelJrenur Kapcnyu, Xarnoc Knpr.rnoc, Erucyc u Xaruupracl17, nocnegHr,rre ABa or Kor{To
ca perplcrpllpauun Notitia DignitatumKaro castellal18. 3a crulecrnyBaHero Ha "MHoro
Spypult" B [poBr{Hrlr,rr Cxur'us. roBopr4 ll rl'bpKoBur,rqr r.rcroprrK CosoMenl19.

Kap

Aa e ylorpe6eno

EPYMA, OXYPOMA. flnere [yMrr lrMar eAHaKBo 3Har{eHue xa "yrpenneKpe[ocr" B rp'rqxvs, e3uK. Anamagtr Ha [ncMeHr{Te rr3Boplr He AaBa ocHoBaHr4e Aa ce [poKapaT H.rrKaKBr.r cMr{cJroBr{ HroaHcr4 Me)KAy Tsx, tlopa[u Koero Te He
Morar Aa ce cqI,ITar 3a repMI4H[ c KoHKperHo rrr[oJror[qecKo rnnn $ynxqrronaJrHo
c'bA'bpxaHr{e. flpoxonufi uruporo ru yuorpe6qBa B TpaKTara cs "3a crpoexr.rre"
Hr,re,

KaTO CITHOHI,IMI4 3a O3HarraBaHe Ha BCqKaK'bB BLrA yKpeUJreHI{fl

- KaKTO Ha rOJreMr{
yKperreHr,r qeHTpoBe c rpaAcKa xapaKTepr,rcTr{Ka, TaKa r,r Ha cTpDKeBr4Te KyJrrr [o
6pera na p. fiyuaal2o.

IYPIOC. Teplunrr ce npeBexAa Karo "Kyra" r{ ce r,r3[oJr3yBa 3a o3uaqaBaHe Ha narf-uanrrare caMocrorreJrHr4 yKpenJreHr{r, Ho cbrrlo raKa r{ Ha orAeJrHrrre
r13

rra

Proc. De aed.III,5, ll;IV, 11, 16 (ed. Dewing).
Scorpan 1980, passiml Lander 1984, p. 218 sqq., 305.

lls Foss/lVinfield 1986, p. 10.
Proc. De aed. II,5,7-9 (ed. Dewing).
r17
Prisc. Fragm. - In: HGM, I. Leipzig, 1870, p. 277;Proc.De aed.
r18
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 8; 10 (ed. Seeck).
rle Sozom.
Hist. eccl. VI,21,2 (ed. Bidez - Hansen).
120
Proc. De aed. IV, 5, l-6 (ed. Dewing).
116

IY,l

,16-20 (ed. Dewing).

Karo or6paHurenHlr eJreMeHTI{ B IrJIaHoBara cxeMa Ha [o-roJreMl{'re yKperreuu o6erru. PasHosua.{err e Ha JrarlIHcKrrre burgus u turrislzl . Pyrgoi uvar
A'bJrra [rcTopr,rfl rr ca mapoKo 3acBuAeTeJrcTByBaHu B cpeAr{3eMHoMopcKr,r, cBsT orrle
lpe3 KJracuqecKara efloxa. flpes enunucrr{r{ecKara tr paHHopr,rMcKara euoxa repKyJTIr, BKJIToTIeHI{

MIIHT,T HaBJIU3a B IOC9JIIIIIIHaTa HOMeHKJIaTypa Ip€AI'IMHO KaTO O3HaqeHIIe Ha CeJrr{rqa, pa3BrrJrrr ce B 6Jrr.r3ocr rrJrr{ B'bpxy repvroprlrra Ha qacrul4 [o3eMJreHtr BJra[eHttfl.122. CenrErqa,

c'bA'bpxaqr{ B r.IMeHara ca c:scrar;nara "pyrgo,s" ca elurpa$cru

II B. rr B 3eMrlTe, BKJrK)qeHr.r BuocJreAcrB[e B rpaur{rlr4Te
Ha rrpoBr,rxrlva Crurvt1z3. p1 B ABara cJryrrafl, o6a.re, He pa3noJraraMe c H[KaKBr{
apxeoJrorr4rrecKr{ AaHHI4, 3a [a ce npeArroJrara HflKaK'bB yKperrl,rrenen xogrercr124.
3a e'bgcraHoBsBaHero r{3 ocnoBpr rra eAHa xyta Qtyrgos) ce cnoueH"aBa B crporreJrHlr.fl Ha[rr4c ar 3411342 r. or yKpeneHru IIeHT'bp Tupucal25. flporounri nspr,Ivno
or6ersgsa p"yrgoi raro nart-lracouvts rr{rr BoeHHrI yKpenJIeHI,L no AyHaBcKara rpaHr{rla Ha Pr.rtvrcrara vutrepvs. [pe3 efloxara, rrpeArrrecrByBalr{a roJreMr{Te xyHcKIr HarrrecrBlrrr or rrbpBara noJroBlrHa Ha v s. 126
3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHr{ rtpe3

KAEICOYPA. CnopeA u3pr.rrrHoro cBrrgereJrcrBo Ha TeoQuraxr Cpruoxara, kleisoura ce flBflBa rptrlKa rpaucKprruqprs. Ha rarl{HcKus repMI,IH clausura: nranertno $opruSraxaqproHHo ccop'bxeur{e sa 6roKllpaHe I{ 3alrryITa Ha rIJraHrrHcKr{
npoxog127.

+++
flpegcraneHnflT auanll.t3 [oKa3Ba, ve SopruQr4KarlrroHHara repMr{HoJrorr,r,
npe3 K'bcrrara aHTr,rqHocr n o6qu iluHfllzfloBTaps ra3u or erloxara na flpuuqrauara,
Ho flopaArr or6enssaH[Te Belre unoro6poftHr4 rrprrqtrHl,r r.s Irocre[euuo ry6lr cBorra
Tr.rloJroruqecKa [r $yuxqraouaJrHa xapaKTeprrcrlrKa - AoKoJrKoro, pas6rapa ce, B'bo6u{e e nprrrexoBana rarasa! IIpn rona [oJrox<eHr{e, TaM KBAero JrlrncBar I,I3pI,rqHr{ [prcMeHI{ yKa3alJmfl,, olI{Tr{Te 3a r[rrroJrorlrqecKo olpeAeJreHr.re Ha yKpeleHlrre
o6exru neras6ex<rro rrle HocflT orrreqarbKa Ha r{3Becrlra ycJroBHocr I{ HecurypHocr.
Irl:6oprr na uarl-nogxoAflrr{trr repMr4H 3a o3HarraBaHe Ha BceKrr KoHKpereH o6ert
rr3rrcKBar BHI{MareJreH aHaJrlI3 Ha HeroBr{Te KoHcTpyKTr{BHo-cTpor.rre.nnlr oco6enocTr{, xpoHoJrortrfl-Lr SynrquonaJlHo [peAHa3HaqeH[Ie, KaKTo LI crporo orrrl,rraHe Ha
MecTHr{Te TpaALIqUI,I I{ K'bCHOaHTr,rqHa [paKTI{Ka B ToBa oTHoIIIeHIIe.

rztGichon 1974,p.541.
t22

'23

Dorufiu-Boill1975, p.219 sqq.
ISM I, N 378; Blrbulescu-Munteanu

r24

B)K. 6en. 101.

r25

Earxaucra1974, c.66

1978, p. 127 sqq. (Ne 1).

cn.

Proc. De aed. IY,5,4 (ed. Dewing).
127
Theoph. Sim. Hist. VII, 13 (ed. de Boor).

126

2. KOHCTPyKTIIBHO - CTP OI,ITEJIHII
o coEEHo cTI{, oyHKTITI0HAJTHO
TIPEAHA3HATTEHIIE I{ XPOHOJIOTWfl,
HA YKPETIEHI,ITE OEEKTII B
fIP O BI,IHUI{fl CKmTr,If

A. yKPETIEHI,ITE OBEKTI4 IIO IyHABCKT{fl
EPflT
1. Bun.re (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?)
(com. Viile /6ngure Beilic/; jud. Constan(a)

B neny6nuKyBaHrr Marepr,raJrr,r or apxr,rBa na fp. Touurecxy ce c[oMeHaBa
3a aHTr{irHa Kpelocr B 3eMJrr.rrrtrero Ha ceJro Buure, KoflTo rIMaJra r{erl,Ip['brtreH
[JraH ctc gao6renra ]rJrr,r u pa3Mepr,r 140 x 90 r"r. Ot ceBep I{ or }or yKpe[JreHlrero
6rEno sarqureHo or crp'bMHrr cKJroHoBe, cBorBerHo K'LM p. flynar I{ K'bM elHa A'bJr6ora goru,rna. flpeg 3a[aAHara rr u3ToqHara My creHl,r, Kagere ce HaMr,IpaJrrI KpelocrHl4Te noprr,r, Aon'bJrHrrre.nso 6urn flpoKoflaHr,r poBoBe. Pyuuute 6r.mu ugsecrHI,r Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHl{e noA rrMero "Typny Opuau" unn "EpatKa" ("Turnu
Orman", "Bratca";1. fl,Bafrrc c'blrlo roBoplt 3a ocraHKE or ar{T[IrrHa Kpenocr B 3eMJrrrrrlero na Burane. MecrononoxeHr.rero ir ce onpegeJrr ceBepHo or ceJroro, B'bpxy
eArrH noJryocrpoB, o6parynau MexAy reqeHr{ero na p. [ynar fl 3ailafiHua 6prr na
e3eporo Mrprxuy2. B sgxora ctBpeMeHHra ny6ruxaquncBep,e*usra Ha [BaMara rluTnpaH,il aBTopu ce [prreMaT 3a oTHacfrrl[ ce K6M ABe pa3IuqHI,I yKpenJleHwr, II'bpBoro or KoLITo KoHBeHIIrIoHiurHo ce o3HarraBa Kato "Bnure", a BToporo - "M'rprrny" (no rrMero Ha e3eporo) 3. Oure fI. flononuK, o6aee, or6erqesartKrr KaMeHrrlrfl
rpaAex r.r roJreMr,rre pa3Mepu Ha c'brrloro oHoBa yKpenJIeHI,Ie cnoMeHaro r{ o't 9,.Bafic,
Ho o[pegeJrqfiru N.recrorroJroxeHrrero My clprMo pa3[oJroxeHoro r{3ToarHo or Hero
celo MT plauy (cera: flyurpeun), lr3pllqHo noffcHqBa, rre B JroKzurHara roloHr{Mrrrr
pyrrHr,rre 6unm ussecrHr.{ noA r{Mero "r{erarq Ae JIa Typny OpIrraH" nrn "r{erau

I

TIR L35, p.26;Zahariade/Gudea 1997,p.78.
\[eiss l9ll,43-44.
3
Vulpe 1970, p. 42, 45; Barnea/gtefan 1974, p. 11 .
2

6parra" ("cetatea

de la Turnu orman", "cetatea Bratca")4. ovenugno e, qe B cryqafl
craBa AyMa 3a eAIIH I{ c:blr{ apxeoxolr{qecKrr o6err B oKoJrHocr[Te Ha Braule5. MaKap ToBa [a He ce yroBapf I,I3pI4r{HO B TeKCTa, B npr{Jro)KeHI,ITe K'bM rro-HoBuTe r4C-

TopllKo-apxeoJlorlrllecKlr l{3cJregBar{vfl Kaprvr Beire ce or6enssra caMo eAHo yKpe[JreHr{e B TO3rr pafiou - ToBa Ha AyHaBCKw,6pnr6. -f,ro6 Bafic fipeArroJroxr.rreJrHo 1.o
oTbxAecrBfrF,a cl.,c CyxuyaaaT, Ho noHacroflu{eM Cyru4ana yBepeHo ce JroKaJrr{3r4pa npu I,Iseoapene (oxp. Koncranqa) 8. Apyrn aBropr4 nocraBrr Ha rosa Mqcro @raF]ua:F1ag,3a Kosro rrGK HanocJreA'bK ce [prreMa Karo rro-npasgonoqo6na zgeurusuKarlaflTa c pyr.rHlrre B MecrHocrra "flecrrp[e" ("Pescdrie"), torosanalHo or: pacona10. BupeKI{ Jrlrflcara 3acera Ha KaKBI,rro u ga 6ulo apxeoror[qecKo-crpar[rrpa$crra AaI{HI4 or o6erra11, npegerag HeroBoro MecrofloJroxeHr{e, auTlrrrHr.rqr yK-

rpali Bnrzne c MHoro roJIsMa BepoflTHocr Moxe Aa ce orb)KAecrBr4
c'bc cnoMeHaroro or flpoxonuri yxpenneruue Qthrourion)XatuocKEprarocl2, ".ru[To pa3BaJII{HE, [pI4ItIIrHeHI{ oT BpeMeTo, [uruneparop] Ocrrnraan rprDKJraBo B'b3cTaHoBr4r"13. B racroxuqrlrs, curBur!,, aHTr{nHr.ITe pyrulr4xpafi Buure ce onpuJrl{qaBar Ha
perleH IIeHTEp

yKperleHo celrIqel4, Koero Moxe 6ra npegcraBJrqBa 3aKoHoMepen EocJreleH erarl
pa3Br{Trrero Ha rro-paHen (x'r cnoprzrtacru ?) BoeHeH Jrarep.

a

s

6
7

B

Polonic 1935, p. 19.
B TIR L35 (p.26), nanpuuep, apxLIBHI{re

AaHrrr4 Ha lp.Tounnecry }r cBeAeHr.rero ua fl..
Bafrc ca qI.rrI{paHI{ Ka:ro u3[oJI3yBaHa nr{Teparypa 3a c}craBsHe Ha auorarl[sra 3a
yKpenneHl,Iero npu BuIEne. B cruoro cbrrr,rHeHr,re He c:brqecrByBa orAenHa r,IroopMaUI{s 3a yKpe[neHl,Iero, KoHBeHrIIroHanHo o3HarraBaHo or H-flKoI,I raro "Mtp.uxny".

Zahariade 1996, p.22a Gig.l); Barnea l99la, p.291 (Fig. Zt).
Weiss

19ll,

S.44.

8

flogpo6no rro B.l,rrpoca 3a roKaJrr43arlr{{ra Ha cyxu4ara n: culic[ 1975, p.215 sqq.
e
Vulpe L970, p.45; Aricescu 1977, ll9-120.
I0
Zahariade 1988,121-122;Matei 1991, p. 150; Zahariade1996,p.ZZ5.
rr Hacropo 6sxa nrseAeHr.r B HayrrHo oSpr,rqeuue
4 uonern, HaMepeHr{ rrpeAr.r roArrHrr
rpo6

B

6lusocr 40 ocraHKHTe or yr(perrJreHHero (Papasima
1995-1996,280-282, nr. 1,5,8, 11). Eanara or rr,x e or BpeMero Ha r.rMneparop
Huxu$op II @oxa (963-969 r.), orxoraro ue Aa Aarr,rp a Lr ca]oililflr rpo6, uo Apyrlrre
TpI,I ca or VI n. u [pxrralnexar Ha MoHeroceqeHero Ha r.rMrreparopure Anacracnfi,
IOcrrsuau I u Iocru's II. Muoro e BeposrHo B:brrpocnr{re rpr{ Morrerr.r 5a ca 6utw
KaMeHeH

n Henocpe.ucrBeHa

OTKPI,ITII HA M-8CTO U BTOPI'IIIHO BIBE.qEHI,I B II}IPKYNAqUS rIPE3 PAHHOTO CPCAI}

(oBlle, Koraro (or rpax ua IX/iravanoro Ha

X

-}BC-

n.) n 6rrtrapcxure 3eMr{ 3aloqBa

MacoBoTo [poHI{KBaHe LI pa3[pOCTpaHeHI{e Ha Ha[:b.rrHO CXOAHTTTe nO stHrgeH o6Jrr.rK I,r MeTpr{rr Hr.r A aHHr.r cbBp eMeHHr.r nlrsaurlllfi crfi
sonr.rclr.
12
flo rogu B'brrpoc Bx. clu{o Lnara I.1.
13
Proc. De aed. IY ,7 , 16 (ed. Dewing).
ra
Aricescu 1977 , p. 119 (n. 90).

2.

CAIII,IAABA (SACIDAVA)

(s. Dundreni; com. Aliman; jud. Constantra)

B.rs ocHosa

enurpaScrrr AaHHrr, Caqzgana rroHacrorrqeM ce JroMysaur (Muzait), lreTovHo or [yurpenrEls. Harl-xrcHo B HaqaJroro Ha II s. cr. Xp. na rosa ]r,rscro 6t4r
Ir3rpaAeH prlMcKrr Boer{eH Jrarep, oKoJro xortro ce pa3BrrJro roJrrMo rlr,rBr4JrHo ceJrr,ru1e16. XapaKTepHr.rflT rparr,rricxu rorroHrrM AaBa ocHoB aune \a ce [peAfloJrara flpon'bJr)Kr{TeJrHa noceJrr,rrrtrHarpa4lr,:,\us,s o6urasaHero Ha repeHa, c KopeHrl orrle B npe4prlMcKara erroxa. Cnope4 Notitia Dignitatum, [pe3 K'bcHopraMcKara enoxa ryx6urra
HacraHeHa xananeprzrtcKara rracr cuneus equitum scutariorurnlT. 3a r{cropr.rrrra Ha
Caqz4ana npes V-VI B. Jrr4rrcBar rrucMeHrr cnegeuurl8, Ho [poBegeHlrre B neplroAa
1969-1980 r. crrcreMHrr apxeororrrecK[r pasKonrrnlg cnrEgereJrcrByBar, ue o6uraBaHero ir npoguxrrJro rraK no n'bpBrrre Aecerr.rJrerr.rs na VII n. Bepoxrno oule K6M
HaqaJroro na V s. BoenHrrrr Jrarep u{e Aa e flpecraHaJr ga $ynrqlroHupa B rr'bpBoHaqaJllrara cE xapaKTeprrcrr{Ka, npugo6unafixra o6ruxa Ha yKperreHo ceJrr,rqe. 3acera
Jr[[cBar AaH.HE To Aa e [oryquro ius civitatis Ha AaAeH eran or pa3Br4Tr{ero cra.
ApxeonoruqecKr.rre [poyrrBaHr4rr ycraHoBr,rxa, qe [pe3 K'bcHopr.rMcKrrs [epr,roA BoeHHr,rrrr Jrarep Caqu4ara e 6nl B 3Haqr,rreJrua crefleH [per43rpageH, Karo
noHe B Iox(Ha lr rl3ToqHa [ocoKa yKpe[eHara My [Jrorq 6una paourupeHa rro cpaBHelr.lae c eloxara ua flprauquuara. rlpes coHAilKrr r4 lracrr{qHo pa3q[crBaHe orK'bM
B'bHIrrHaTa cTpaHa e npocJle[eHo TpaceTo Ha roxHaTa r{ Ha roxHaTa [oiroBr{Ha oT
3alaAHara KperrocrHa creHa. OcseH pa3rroJrox(eHr4Te rro r-rrxHoro flporex(eHrae Kyrtr, npoyqeHa e r{ rlr3ToqHaTa (rnaaHa) lopra ua caqugana. I{xnocrnuqr rlraH Ha
yKpeflJreHr,rero e peKoHcrpyrrpaH B'b3 ocHoBa na aepo$orocnuirmu20. To uua nenHa cr.rtypHr,r

KaJrl43r4pa B'6pxy [JraroBr.rgHoro xpafigyuaBcKo B'b3Br{rrreHre

15

3a nsnopure r{ AlrcKycr.rsra orHocuo roxarr43au[.f,ra na CaquAaBa, Bx.: Aricescu 1970,
298-301; Scorpan 1974b,109-110; Aricescu 1977,136-138; Scorpan 1980, 50-51;
Zahariade 1988, I I 9-1 20.
16
3a soeuHara ilcropus. [pe3 eloxara ua flpunqunara r]r rrocen]rrrrHoro pa3Br,rrrre na CaqrAaBa, Bx.: Scorpan 1980, p.50 sqq.,203 sqq.; Scorpan 1981, p.98 sqq.
r?
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 12 (ed. Seeck).
18
Cnouenaroro or flpoxour.rfi yKperJreHr.re CreAena (Proc. De aed. I{ 11) o6raxnoneHo ce
orbxAecrB.flBa B pyMbHcrara Hayqna Knr,rxHr,rna cr,c Caq[,qasa. Karo ce r.rMa [peAau4, o6aue, tre Ha roBa Mscro B lrHalre rBbpAe o6rpxauur crrucbK Ha aBTopa ce
ua6nroAana o[peAeneHa reorpaQcra [ocneAoBareJrHocr, MHoro uo-npangono4o6Ho e Bbrrpocxoro yKpeflneHr,re Aa ce ortxAecrBr,r cbc Crar,r4ana arn Bropa M[sus
(Itin. Ant. Llug. 222, l).
re
3a pesyltarl{Te or rpoyrrBaHrrra a CaqngaBa, Bx.: Scorpan 1972a, p. 301 sqq.; Scorpan
1972b,358-372; Scorpan 1973,p.267 sqq.; Scorpan 1974b, p. 109 sqq.; Scorpan
1979, p. 189 sqq.; Scorpan 1980, 50-74; Scorpan 1980a, p. 187 sqq.
20
l{urlrpaurre B orr[caHr{ero [o-AoJry AaHHr.r ca c[ope.q o6o6utrurennara u nocJreAHa 3acera ny6nr.rxaqux ga o6erra: Scorpan 1980, 50-74.

O6p.2. CAUHIABA (SACIDAVA). O6tq nnan, 6asupaH Ha apxeorlorrrebxn
r aepo$ororpa$cxn rr3cJreABaHIu (Scorpan 1980, p. 165, Pl. XX). /
Fig. Z. SACIDAVA. General layout based on archaeological excavations and

rpoyqBaHr{r

airphotographs (Scorpan 1980, p. 165, Pl. XX).

oqepraH[r, npeAolpegeJreHu or rou$urypa\sfrTa Ha repeHa. MarcrauanAocrlrar 160 x125 M, a yKpefleHara [Jrolq B63JII43a na npu6nraeraTeJrHo t,6 xazt, Koero AaBa ocHoBaHrre ro yBepeHo Aa ce onpegeJru Karo castellum.
fiareu npeA ro)KHara Kpenocrua creHa (na orono 150 r'l or ner), uex4y ABa ecrec-

paBr.rJrHrr

Hrrre My pa3Meprr

TBeHr{ AoJra 6r,rJra [poKapaHa ,r B'bHrrrHa or6panutenHla rflaila'9^ 86B BIrA Ha poB. IUo
ce orrracf, Ao npecutrarrlara ro3rr pon rpofiua cllcreMa or 3eMJreHIr yKpelrrreJrHu

c'bopBxeHrrfl, noHacTorrqeM ce npueMa, qe Ts e 3arrI[TaBEUIa rOJrflMO CeJr]ilqe

OT

eloxara Ha paHHoTo cpeAHoBeKoBrre, 3aeMarr{o [JraToBI4[HaTa Tepaca u3ToqHo or
pyrru[Te Ha K'bcHoaHTunHoro yKperJreH]rez2 (oap. z).
Ot unx<enepHo-crporlTeJrHa nreAHa roqKa, K'bcHoaHTtrqHara yKpenLITeJrHa
cucreMa na Caqugaea ce orJrr{rraBa c pegrrlla cjco6enoc"rur, 3a Kouro MaKap Aa ce
TBT,pAII, qe Ca yHI4IKaJIHII, B IIO-rOJrrMaTA CU qaCT HaMUpat go6pn flapaJreJllr B'bB
Soprn$nraqrroHHara rrpaKTlrKa Ha repI,ITopI flTa Ha npoBI,IHIIu, Cxurus,. Mnoro

2rflpoy.roarelxr (Scorpan 1980, p.62) onpeaeJr, flnorqra ua4xa, xoero Ire orroBaps Ha
geficrnnrelnnre uaula6u Ha KacreJra CarluAasa. flpegcrana 3a HeroBI{Te pa3MepI,I
rrpeAJrara roMecreHlrtrr B cbrqara ny6rlrraqua (p. 165, Pl. XX) uJIaH IIa o6exra.
Marap rr Heo3uaqeH, npn6lr:rareJrur.r.f,T r.,raula6 necuo Moxe Aa ce onpeAeJll.r, Karo
ce 3Hae, qe loxuara Kpe[ocrHa creua Ha CaunAasa ]rMa AbJrxlrHa oroJro 125 ru.
22

Florescu 1986, p. 173.

oT Tsx 3aAoBoJII{TeJrHO Ce O6XCnqSar OT npOyrIBaTeJIs CrC CT4JIHO BJrrlrrHrre Ha rpGrlKaTa Tpa[uqrrs B yKpe[r{TeJrHoTo rr3KycTBo rr eBeHTyanHo yqacTr4e B crpor{TeJrcT-

PUlrCrara r{Mrrepux. KpenocrHr{Te creHr.r ca c [e6eJrr{Ha oKoJro 2,00 u. Tpacupaun ca 6uttu Iro caMr.rBOTO Ha apXr{TeKT, npOH3XOXqaq OT }I3TOqHIITe IIpOBT{HIII{U Ua

te pt6one Ha ecrecrtseHrrre,

Ha Mecra cKaJrr{cTu cKJroHoBe, nopaAlr Koero Hr{BoTo
Ha repeHa B yKpeueHara nJrontr e 3narrr{TeJrHo rro-Bucoro (c 3-4 rrl!) cupxrrlo rona
HenocpeAcrBeHo rrpeA $ponra na or6pannreJrHara nwruufl. Tasra oco6eHocr 3a[oBoJIIareJrHo o6xcnssa u yrryABaulo MaJrKara prn6ouuna Ha rexHrrre ocHoBr{, Bapr{paqa or 0,30 u, B peAKrl cryrrau go 1,00 rtr. Ilpeqnug rJrr.rrKrrre ocrroBrlr r,r cpaBHr.rTeJIHo MaJrKara ge6eruua, 3a Blrcoqr{Hara Ha KpelocrHara creHa ce nperurorara, qe
He e HaABI,r[raBaJra 6,00 r"r. Iorgrrroro pasuoo6pasue or rexHr{Kl,r ua rpayex (opus

caementicium, opus incertum, opus caementicium incertum, opus quadratum),perucrprrpaHa B pa3rLrrrHu ceKTopu no nefinoro [pore)<eul,Ie, cBl{AereJrcrByBar 3a oc'brrlecTBfiBaHe B'bB BpeMero Ha qflJra nopeArrrla BB3cTaHoBrrTeJrHo-KoHcoJrularIr4oHHrr
crpor.rreJrHr,r KaMnaHrr[. flo rpacero Ha ro)KHara ll Ha pa3qucreHn yqacrbK or 3alagHara KpenocrHa creua (annnaqu ce uafi-recnoAocrbnHl{Te r4 yfl3Br,rMr{ ceKTopr{
or yKpe[rrreJrHara cr{creMa ua Caqlqaaa) ca upoyuenx 7 xynra, orcronq[ cpeAHo
na 18-19 M e[Ha or Apyra. Bcuqxra re ca c qeruputrbnen, upu6rr,r3r4reJrHo npaBo'brbJreH [JraH r{ ce u3AaBar npeg or6paHr{TeJrHara Jtuuttr.r^a 4,65 go 6,85 u. [lrtx<uHara r{M no $poura Bapr,rpa or 8,60 (Kyra C) no 14 rvr (Kyra D). Kyna E no :ana4ua-

Ta creHa [peAcraBJrrBa KyJra-[opra. Cna6AeHa e or BtTperlHara crpaHa c
propugnaculum,3a xofiro Moxe Aa ce npeA[oJrara, .{e e 6LIr r{3rpageH cr.rHxpoHHo c
neg. B.re Bp'b3Ka c'bc 3auecrl{Jrr,rre BapBapcKI,I HarraAerrufl,, Hafi-x'bcrlo K'bM Kpar Ha
V prnn B Haqairoro na VI s. BxoAbr or BtHrrrHara crpaHa B KyJrara e 6un saauqan u
Tfl flpecrauana Aa Syurquonupa Karo nopra. Karo qrno, KyJrr{Te 3Halrr{TeJrHo ce
pa3r[qaBar rro rpagex or KpelocrHrrre creHrl. Te ce xapaKTeplr3r,rpar c gu6oro
loJroxeHr{ ocHoBrlr r{ rr3KJrroq[rTeJrHa 3ApaBr,rHa. 3a oSoptvtxHe Ha TexHr,rTe 'brJrrr H
B'bHIIrHrr Jluqa ca Ir3[oJr3yBaHLr roJleMr,r n MHoro roJreMrr KaMeHHI{ 6roroae, yr{yABarrlo BucoK [porIeHT cpeA Korrro c'bcraBJrrBar [perr3noJr3yBaHr,r apxr,rreKTypHr,r Aerafir'u r euurpa$cKrr EaMerHr{qn or II-[I s. 3a nocrrraHe Ha rlo-3ApaBa cnoftxa c
eMnJreKToHa e npr{JraraHo [ocJreAoBaTeJrHo peAyBaHe Ha rlorcl,I oT BepTr{KaJrHo [ocTaBeHlI 6rorore, c raKrrBa, ItocraBeHu c rf,cHara cH crpaHa HaB'bH. Ha6rrogaaa ce u
T. Hap. TexHrrKa "Bindur-Ldufer". 3a or6enqgsaHe e uoffrepranuqr crpeMex K'bM
BrpaxAaue Ha rrpeu3[oJr3yBaHr.rre enurpa$cxu flaMerHrrqr c HaAnr{cHoro rroJre K'bM
eMIrJIeKToHa. B pegxure cryqaw, B Kor{To roBa npaBI,IJro He e c[a3eHo, HalnucllTe ca
6r,rnr,r crapareJrHo [3rryKaH[ BnocJre[crBue. Tnrpge oco6ena e KoHcrpyKr{r{rra Ha
[poyqeHara [3Tor{Ha fiopra na Caqu4ana. Tx upeqcraBrqBa o6r.mnoseH npoxoA c
rrrlrprrHa 2,70 t"t B KperrocrHara creHa, $nanxlrpau or ABe MaJrKr4 qerfipu'brbrHr,r
KyJrI{ c pa3Mepra ctorBerHo 3,60 x 3,60 u 3,75 x 4,30 u, orruqaBar{r{ ce c MHoro
MaJrKa ge6enuna Ha 3r,rgoBere - 0,70-0,80 rrr. Cartao B'brperrlHtrflT 3rr4 Ha roxHara or
KyJrl,rre e no-coJrrdAeH, Aocrr{rafiru ge6eruna 1,60 u. flo-x'ruro (npes V[ e.), nla-

-G
__JGl
E. GATE

CAIIHIABA (SACIDAVA). fllau Ha apxeorrorriqecKr{ npoyrreHure ceKropl{ or
yKperrrrrerrHara crrcreMa (Scorpan 1980, p. l64,Pl. KX). / Fig. 3. SACIDAVA. Layout of
the archaeologically studied sections of the defence system (Scorpan 1980, p. 164, Pl. XX).
O6p. 3.

Brr[oIr3MeHeH rlpe3 npucrpotBaHe or
B'bHlrrHara ir crpaua Ha yKpeneHo npeAABepue (Zwinger). Pa:rputa e r eAHa rlorepHa rro rpacero Ha KypruHa A ot roxnara Kpe[ocrHa creHa (r"rexly Kynu A u B)

HBT Ha rr3TorrHara

[opra 6Er gnaqureJrrro

(o6p.3).

flpu

nce HeMaJrKara [rM npoA'bJrxorreJrHocr23, apxeoJrorruecKl,ITe rrpoyrlBa-

Caqu4aoa lIMar florrrl{ Ir3KJrIoqI,ITeJrHo coHgaxeH xapaKTep. Ouutlr ga ce
o6o6qqr pe3yJrrarrrre or unoro6porinure rpanrueftuu Ir3KorI[, pa3[oJroxeHlr Ha[per{Ho Ha rox(HaTa ra 3arra[HaTa Kpe[ocTHvr cTe]F,vt, HaMepI,I lr3pa3 u paspa6orBaHero
Ha eEHa geraftnna crparzrpaScKo-xpoHoJror[qecKa cxeMa, [pe[craBrlr{a pa3B}ITLIero Ha Caqupana or HaqaJroro na II Ao K'bM 40-re roguulr na VII s. B Hes ce pa3rpaHr{qaBar o6rqo 12 xrrutquutHvtBa,3a ropHI,ITe 9 o'r xouro ce rB'bpArI, qe ce orKpuHr,rq B

BaT IIOBCeMeCTHO B qepTUTe Ha OKOJTOBp'bCTHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa oT efloxaTa Ha

23

B uepuo4a

or

1969

ao

rrp o.qbJrxr,rTe JrHo

1980 r. ca peanr.r3r{paura

cr.

l0 apxeororr{qecxn KaMIaHI{I{

c pa3rfiqHa

K'bcHara auuEqsocr2a. BtuperuE npereHIIIrI{Te Ha aBTopa Ha npoyrrBaunqra 3a npeqra3Hocr Ha Ha6JrrcAenuflTa u a6corrorHa cl4rypHocr Ha [3BolI{Te, tsHrrMareJrHl{.flT
aHiuru3 ua uy6nuryBaHrrre ao 1979 r. naHHLt (orpasxnaqr pe3yJrrarl{Te or pa3Kolrna rpy6u

r.

BKJIIoqpITeJIHo) yCtaHouI,I MHoxeCTBO npOTIIBOpeqIIfl, n.rJDKaIqIa ce
rperrrKr,r npr{ AoKyMeHTr{paHero Ir I,IHTepnperallrrtra Ha apxeoJrorl{qecKu-

Kr,rTe AO 1976

Te peaJrHOCTrr, KaKTO rr OTcbcTBrreTo Ha KaKBaTo u ya 6wtO TepeHHa apryMeHTaIIILf,
3a qacr or c'brr{ecrBer{Irre rrocraHoBKrlzs.3a c'bxaJreHlre, ocHoBareJrHo pa3KpI,ITI{-

KyBaHI{Te "KOHcTataqVa" Ll "tt3a}yvt" ce OTKpIIBaT B HanBJIHo HelpOMeHeH BI4A II B
[ocJreAHaTa ot rry6nuryBaHplTe Aocera pa6ottl oTHocHo Caqnyana26, KorTo ce u3-

loJr3yBa Karo Ia3TorrHI{K Ha unQoprr,raqux 3a o6eKTa or BcI{IIKI4 no-HoBI{ [I3cJreABa.nn27. Karo ce ,rMa [peABrrA pa3ruqHara sarra3eHocr Ha KyJrrypHrITe HaflJracrflBauvtfl
u Bapupaqara B rrrupoKu rpaHlrqra npoyr{eHocr n gsn6ouuua Ha orAeJrHlrre ceKTopu, [pereHrlr{r{Te sa sceo6xearuocr Ha rrpegJroxeHara crpaturpa$cKa cxeMa Ir3rJrer<Aar rB.bp[e npu6tpsanw a aeydegr{TeJrHr. Crpertaex'rr KtM cucreMaru3alluq
Ha pe3yJrrarr,rre Lr reHepaJrrr3arllm Ha r{3Bo[rrre BoAI{ [o HeAo[ycruMo a6conror:llerlpaHe Ha cnequSu.rull TepeHHLI cuffya\hil c [OArIepTaHo JIOKaJIeH xapaKTep, KoIrTo,
[pr{ ToBa, c'bBceM He ce orr[qaBar c Heo6xogm,rara tcHocr I{ rlo3BoJrflBar noJrI4BaprraHTrro rbJIKyBaHIre. Or gpyra cTpaHa (xaxto ule craHe flcHo I{ MaJrKo no-gony),
rlacr or "o6u1ure l43Bogu" ce HaMr,rpa B ocrpo nporuBopeque c apxeoJrorlaqecKure
KoIrcrararIELI, a BcrrlrKo roea Her,rg6exHo nopax<[a HegoBeplre rr B IlrJrocrHara cxeMa, 3a Ko.flTo ce rB'bpgr{, qe o6errusHo npeAcraBr I{croprlJ{ta na Caqragana. llstxHaTlITe c.na6octu ca oco6ego $panmpaqu rplr I,IHrep[peTaIIurITa na ny6lzxynaHraTe AaHHr{ oTHocHo KoHcTpyKTr4BHoTexHoJIOrI{qHOTo Ooopr',rxue u xpoHoflor[qecKoro pa3Br(Trre Ha yKpenlrreJrHara crrcreMa na Caqugaaa rrpe3 KbcHara aHTI,MHocr.
3a soeHH[fl Jlarep OT eIIOxaTa ua flpuxqllnaTa ce AOlyCKa, qe e rrocTpa[zul
nppr rrflKoe oT roTcKI,ITe Hana[eHI,Iq B cpeAaTa ua III r., Ho HacKopo cJreA ToBa e 6IaJI
uorrpaBeH. flpuertra ce, qe rofi npo[Lrxr{Jr Aa Symqllonrpa rI cJreg 3arloqBaHero
Ha rroBoTo cTpoI4TeJIcTBO, AOBeJIO AO pa3UII{pflBaHe Ha yKpeneHaTa TepIITopIL B
qaK Ao oKoHqaTeIHoTo My sanrpmbane. flpeusrpaxgaH@TO Ha BOeHHI{fl Jlarep Ce pa3IJIeXAa KaTO IpOAT,JDKI'ITeJIeH [pOqeC, 3alOqHaJI OlIIe
rprr rrMneparop EuoKJrerrraH (cneg rorcroro HanaAeHIiIe or 295 t.) rn upuxlrd'run
28, aKo He
eABa KtM Kpaf Ha ynpaBJIeH[IeTo Ha KOnCtanruH I
AopI{ npu ToBa Ha
He caMo u3r(
[poA'bJDKI,ITeJrHocr
Koncranqu ir ll ntw, oule no-K'bcno ! )29. flono6na
ro)KHa rr r{3Toqua IIocoKa

2a

-

crasa AyMa 3a III{Bara N I - N VI, s uafi-roplloro or Kol{ro ce
o6oco6ssar 3 uocneAosarenun $asn (N I1, N 12 n N I), a n N IV - lse $aru (N IVI

Scorpan 1980, p.

7l:

u N IY2).
25

Diaconu 1980b, p. 123 sqq.
26
Scorpan 1980, 50-74.
27

Hanpr,ruep: Lander 1984, passim; Zahariade L988, 119'l2l; Barnea 1991a,179-180.

28

Scorpan 1980, p. 63.
Scorpan 1979,p.192.

2e

Jrex[a QanracruvHa c oureg peaJrHr,rt o6eu na fi3r'bprrreHlrre crpol,ITennr pa6orra,
HO OTKprrrO nporr,rBopeqr,r Ha apxeoroluqecKr{Te Qaru.r. Tara Hanpr.rMep, B oc'brrlecrBeHrrre rpe3 i978 r. 11 cougaxa B 3ouara extramuros, B HerrocpeActseHa 6nrr3OCT AO yKpeflr,rreJrHr,rre c'bop'bxelJr4fl, n Ha[paBo B'bpxy crepuJrHara rrp.6cr noBceMecrHo 6e perucrpupaH xoMoreHeu [Jracr or xopocaH rr crpor,rreJrHrr ornaA'brlrr,
cr{HxpoHex Ha crpoexa. Curypen terminus post quem 3a BpeMero Ha crpotrreJlcrBoTo npeAocraBflT HaMepeHrrre B To3[r flJracr MoHer[, narl-x'rcnata or Kot4To nprIHaAJrexr{ Ha MoHeroceqeHero na Koncranrran I u Aarl{pa or fleproAa 330-335 r.30 flpr.r
ToBa noJrox<eHr,re, ilpeu3rpaxlauero Ha BoeHHI,lfl Jlarep CaqI,rgasa cnopeA KEcHopraMcKure craH4aprr,r B HI{KaKGB myuai He Moxe [a ce nocraBl,I rto-paHo or [ocJre[Hr,rre roAr.rHr,r Ha ynpaBJreuuero Ha ]rM[eparop Konc"rarruuu I. Maxap o6ctofiHo
oflr{caHo u rpa$u.recKrr [oKyMeHTI,IpaHo eAI,IHcrBeHo (!) npu Kyna A, orcbcrBl{ero
Ha KOrrcTpyKTrrBHa Bpa3Ka MexAy KyJrr{Te I,r [pt4Jlexaql{Te rIacTbIIIr oT KpenocTHara creHa ce [peAcraBs 3a eA]Ia or cnequQurluure oco6enoctu Ha KtcHoaHTutIHaTa yKpe[r4TeJrHa cucreMa Ha KacreJra3l. Tona ce o6qcHflsa c Ha.[Irql{ero Ha orrpeqeJreHa rexHoJrorr{qecKa [ocJreAoBareJrHocr na gericrouara B rlpoqeca Ha crpo]ITeJrcTBoro. flpuernra ce, qe uafi-xanpeg e 6st rpacupaH oKoJroBp'bcrHlrrr 3[I[ ut 6uttu
r,r3KonaHr{ HeroBrrre ocHoBr,r. Cne4 tona ce rrplrcrbnnJro KtM [I3rpaxgaHe Ha I,I3AaBarrlrrre ce rrpeA or6panurenlrr,rx Spour crpaHI,I Ha Kyillrre. Haft-naxpax (nnn noeTaflno, flplr 3aBtprrrBauero Ha ABe cBceAHu xyrm) 6wtu azgnrHarl{ KpenocrHlrre
3rlrAoBe, cB'bp3Barqu KynrrTe r,r 3aTBapfirrlu rrr oTK6M B'bTperlrHocTra. B geftcrBrlTeJruocr, o6aue, TaKa o6pucyrauara [ocJreAoBareJrHocr e Aonycrl{Ma caMo rro orlroLUeHUe Ha IO)KHaTa KperrOCTHa cTeHa, 3a KorTo HrIMa HI{KaKBO C'bMHeHUe, qe npeAcTaBJrsBa K'bcHoaHTr{qeH rpa4ex a fundamenfiJ, KaKTo, eBeHTyiIJrHo, I{ 3a apxeoJrorl{r{ecKtr Bce oqe HeflpoyrreHara tr3ToqHa KpenocrHa creHa. II{o ce orHacs Ao 3anaAHrIfl $ponr Ha KacreJla, orpa3eHara n npoQuru{re Ha corgaxlr S II pr S III32
mparurpa$rm KareroprrqHo cBI,IAereJrcrByBa 3a rpe[3noJl3yBaHe 6es raKButo u [a
6rano ruqnurl rtpeycrporicrsa Ha Kpeuocr*:an sur[\ Ha Jrarepa or erloxara na flpuuqlrflara. OcseH 3aKoHoMepHara B cryrlaq, ilz;ilca Ha KoHcrpyKTI{BHa Bp'b3Ka Mex<Ay
Ber{e c'bulecrByBarrr 3r,rA r,r IIo-K'bcHo [pHcrpoeHl{ K'bM Hero KyJIIT (Kyru,I D n E),
ToBa HarrbJmo o6scHsea u orHocI{TeJIHo xoMoreHHus rpaAex Ha 3anaAHara KperIocTHa cTeHa, pt3Ko oT.fluqaBaula ce oT roxHaTa rro HzuruqfleTo IIpu Hefl Ha MHorocT'brarreH (or 3- go 5-pegon) B'bHrIreH 6anxer.
Cnequ$urara Ha perucrprrpaHr4Te KyJrrypHr,r HalrJracrrBaHnfl [oKa3Ba, qe
Caqu4ana upexuBflJra ceprro3Hr,r ne6larononyqr4f, no BpeMe Ha BapBapcKETe Hala-

30

3r

lbidem, p.

189.

Haulmro u[eHTr{rrEa e cr{Tyarlr{.f,Ta npn KbcHopr,rMcKara 3arIaAHa KperlocrHa creua Ha
l4crpnx, Aarr{paua cbrrlo or BpeMero Ha HM[eparop Koucraurrau I (nx. uaparparfa sa IICTPIIfl s fnana II.2.E).
32
Paguoloxerrr{ B Tep}rropvrxra intra mu.ros, Ha[peqno na Kyprnuu C ra E ctotseruo.

na IV n rro-K'bcHo npe3 V n.33 He e scHo, o6ave, \alru14
AoKoJrKo re ca HaHecirr,r [opaxeHuq Ha neftnara yKpelr.rreirHa cr{creMa. fl'rpnara
MacrrpaHa cTpoI,ITeJIHo-B'b3cTaHoBrrTeJIHa KaMnaHIaq, ocTaBI{JIa flcmt4 creilla S o16paHrrreJrnrrre c'bop'bxenrzfl, Ha Caqugana, yBepeuo ce [arrapa (no uyuusr'rarrrtrHrr
AaHHu t4 BB3 ocHoBa Ha orKpr.{Tr.r, reryJrapen enurpa$cKr.r Marepr{ar3a) r xpax ua V
Aelrprs,

npes 80-re

Irru Harraroro

Ha

ro4t4Hr,r

VI n., uauupartKr,r ce B Hec'bMHeHa Bpc3Ka c o6ruupnata $opruHa ilM[eparop Auacracnfi n npoelrrquaCxvrw35. K.rLr rasu

Qmaquonua gerluocr

KaMuaHr.rfl ce oTHacfl KoHcoJrr.rAarlrrfl"rau qacTr{rrHoTo Ilpel,rcrpaxAaHe Ha 3Haqr{TeJrHIlt OTCe!{KU OT rO)KHaTa rr 3arraAHara Kpe[ocTHu cteglr36. flax uo ToBa BpeMe, I{3fJIe)KAa, e 6rano rrpe[flpuero 6roxrnpanero Ha rrorepHara MexAy Kyru A n B vpes
upr,rcrporBaHe Ha eAHa MaJrKa B'brperuHa ryra (r. uap. "nmperrrHa Kyira Nb 2"),
KaKTo rr 3a3raxAaHero Ha 3arraAHara nopra. flpeycrporlcrBoro Ha Ilt3TorlHara flopra
e orHeceHo or flpofrBatenx nafi-o6qo K'bM VI s. floHacrorrleM JrllttcBar AaHHra 3a
npequ3arlllfl Ha Aarr(poBKaTa, Ho v3rpaxAaHeTo Ha B'bHrrrHkt npeA[Bepu, [prr KpenocrHr,rre floprr.r e xapaKTepHo rro-cKopo 3a BpeMero Ha uMneparop Iocrunuan I,

orKoJrKoro 3a roBa na Anasracrafi37. Caqu[aBa MHoro rexKo nocrpaAaJra B cpe[ara na VI 8., oqeBr{[Ho rro BpeMe Ha roJrrMoro Kyrpr,rrypcKo Ha[aAeHrre or 559 r.38
Orcrpanxnanero Ha rrlerlrre 6uno cupoBo[eHo c HuBeraq[s Ha repeHa u qyBcrBr{TeJrHo r43[r{raHe Ha xrrJrr..rrrlHoro HEBo BBB B yKpefleHara repr,rropr,rJr. Or nropara
[oJroBr.rua Ha VI B. Aarrrpar rr [ocJreAHure npeycrpoftcrsa rro yKpeurrreJruara cr,rcreua39. Bcu.rxu xy-nu luttufloAcr,rJreuu rrpe3 nplrcrporBaHe KGM Trx Ha no eArrH 3rrA
c ge6enr,rna 2,00 rrr, gy6nlrpaq B'brperrrHara r{M crpaHa. Toea JIecHo ce o6scHssa c
neo6xoglnvrocrra or yBeruqaBaHe pa3Mepr,rre Ha 6ofisure nrat$opruu, c orJreA pa3[oJraraHe B'bpxy rflx Ha no-MoIr{HIr 6oitttu MerareJrHrl MaIuuH[I, 3a Koero Hec'bMHeHO CBrrAereJrcrByBa ri 3anBJIBaHeTo Ha B'bTpe[rHocTTa Ha KyJruTe c np'bcT u cTpor4TeJrHr{ ornagrqu4O. He e usrrroqeHo r,rMeHHo rrpe3 BTopara noJroBr4na na VI n. ga ca
33

Scorpan 1980, p. 71 sqq.

3a

B CauuAaaa, rpail roxHara KpenocrHa creHa, ce cro6ulana 3a HaMepeur{ TyxJrr{ c ueqarr{
Ha r.rMneparop Anacracufi: Ibidem, p. 70.

3s

lbidem, p.55,73.

flonpanrNTe rro 3arraAHara r(peflocrHa creHa ce ornacsr or [poyqBareJr.s (bM BTopara
roJroBuua Ha VI s. (Ibidem, p. 59), Ho roBa ce HaMlrpa B rrpornBopeque c scHara
crparr.rrpaQcKa raprr{rra, [peAcraBeHa n npo$ulnre Ha coHAaxure S II n S III,
cpn.: Ibidem, p. 176, Pl. XXXI.
37
flo rosu B'brrpoc nx<.: Top6aror 2000, 3l-32.
38
flpoy'rnareJrsr [ocraBs cr6uruero oruaqaJro nafi-o6ulo B repraoAa 550-562 r. (Scorpan
1980, p. 71,73), Ho MaJrKo rro-Hararlx B reKcra o[peAeneHo ro cBbp3Ba c Kyrpr,rrypcKoro HanaAerrlre upes 559 r. (Ibidem, 126-127). Krvr crurara r.rnrepuperaqr{,
ce npr{Abpxa u An. Eapur: Barnea 1991a,, p. 180.
3e
Scorpan 1980, p. 55, 60.
4 Tosa e rcpr,rrrHo 3acBl,I.qereJrcrByBaHo upu Kyna A, sa upoyunaHero Ha Kosro pa3[oJrara-

36

ue c gafi-no,qpo6uo

oflr{caHr.re.

uplrgoounra HacToJ{rrIHs clr o6rurx 14 HflKor4 yr{acT.brtrI,I IIo ilpoTexeHrreTo Ha rO)KHaTa
KpellocrHa creHa. IJax r<.bu rasl{ KaMrIaHI4fl cJreABa [a ce orHece a perrrcTprrpaHara
nolpaBKa Ha Kyprrna E uo tpacero Ha 3alaAHara KpelocrHa creHa: cJreA [po6r{B B
:uga, roft e 6vm B'b3craHoBeH, a HenocpeAcrBeHo K'bM BBHITTHOTO My ltu\e e 6ul
npr,rcrpoeH AontJrHr.rreJreH 3r4A c ['bJDKr4rra 10,00 u u ge6enltra 1,25 uar. flocne4nuygap 6an HaHeceH na Caqnqana npr,r HflKoe or aBapo-cJraBflHcKrrTe HalaAeHr{, B caMoro Har{aro ua VII s. Terminus post quern sa c'slnruero rrpe[ocTaBq eAHa MoHera Ha r,rMreparop ManpuxwitTu6epufir, orcer{eHa e 599/600 r.az KaTel'opl,IqHo e ycraHoBer{o, o6aqe, qe [op}I cJre[ ToBa 6egcrsue xr{Bo]].br n Caqr,rgaBa He 3aMpqr Ha['brHo, rro r-f, s6c cr,rrypHocr flpecranarra Aa $ynxquonnpa Ber{e

xr (u wah-re;rcx)

Karo yKperlen qexrrp43. Apxeoror[qecKr,rrr r4 HyMr,r3Marr{qeH Marepr.raJr cBr{AeTeJrcrByBar sa ueo6esuoKoqBaHo o6uraeaHe Ha repeHa Ao K'bM Kpa{ Ha rperoro
AecerlrJlerlle na VII a.44, crreg Koero pyllHr.rre 6urra oxonqareJrHo HanycHarr.r or
locJlelHHTe

>Kr4TeJrr{.

3. Pacosa (FLAVIANA?)
(com. Rasova; jud. Constanfa)

B Hayvuara

o6zxnoseHo ce roBopr{ 3a ABe alTurqurtyKpeflJreHr,rrr

"rr*rrrfi
Ha Pacosa45. Teputopr.rxra

Ha eAHoro or rflx, HaMlrpaJro ce H.flKora B
I43Tor{HI{Te noxpafinraru4 Ha ceJloro, iloHacroqqeM e Berre 3aera or ceJrcKr,I ABopoBe.
flpoyvrauuqra ycraHoBr{xa, qe ro Aarrrpa or eloxara Ha paHHoro cpeAHoBeKosue46.
B 3eMJII4IrIero

flpyroro yKpemreHr{e e pa3noJroxeHo B MecrHocrra "flecxrpue" ("Pescdrie"), a.spxy
crpuuirux r43TolreH 6pxr ua rpafigyuarcxoro e3epo Eavuy (Baciu), na 4,0 KM loro3alaAHo or Pacosa47. To ue e 6uno o6err Ha apxeoJrorr{lrecKrr pa3KorrKr4, rro B'bHrrrHI4tr My o6nur u noAeMHI4rr Marepr.raJr cBrr[ereJrcrByBar 3a HeroBl4rr pLrMcKr,I u
Iro-KoHKperHo - K'bcHopLrMcKI{ [por.r3xo[. Yxpeureuraero e c rrerr,rpratrBJreH [JraH
Ir e Aon'bJrHr{TeJrHo 3arqr,rreHo rrocpegcrBoM ABoeH pon. B 6nusocr Ao Hero e npoyqeHa eAHa nerr{ 3a lr3lrr{rraHe Ha crpor,rreJrHa KepaM}rxa48, xopeyM c Helpequ3l,rpaHa

ar

Scorpan 1980, p. 59; I44enruveH KoHcoJraAarlrroHen roxBar e perlrcrpr.rpaH rr [p!r eAHa
orceqra rro rpacero Ha BbHrrrHara ("ulpnara") yrpenr.rrenua IrvrHVfl Ha Hoc Kanlrarpa (anr. Tpr.rcalArpe: Bx. crr,orBerHrnx uaparpa$).
a2
Scorpan 1980, p. 66,74.
a3

Ibidem, p.54,74.
Hafi-xrcuara Mouera or Caqugana Aarl{pa or 6131614 r. r{ fipr.ruaArrex]r Ha MoueroceqeHero Ha r.rMreparop l4paxtuil; Ibidem, p.70,74.
a5
Polonic 1935, p. 20; TIR L35, p. 60; Popescu 1976, p.200; Zahariade/Gudea 1997, p.78.
a6
Diaconu 1975,p.2A2.
aa

a7

Scorpan 1980, p. 6; Zahariade 1988,

a8

Irimia 1981, p. 239

sqq.

l2l-I22; Zahariade

1996, p. 225.

Aarr,rpoBKa B rreplro[a II-IV s. rr MaJrbK yrracrbK or KpafiAyHaBcKr.rfl pr,rMcKr,r rrGT49.
Yrpenneuuero B MecrHocrra "flecrtpne" rpaft Pacona ce otb)K[ecrBqBa c rto[rrepraHo egl,IHoAyrlrre HanocJreg'bK c KacreJra @nasuaua50, cuolreuar egrrHcrBeHo B
Notitia Dignitatum xato 6asos Jlarep Ha
BoeHHa ,aacr milites nauclariisr.

SrorcKara

3a ntnpocnara BoeHHa r{acr ce [pegnoJrar]a, lre

e r{3rrbJrHflBalralarpyJrua cayx6a n
olpeAeJreH yqacrtK or reqeHr,rero Ha p. [ynan52. ]Ie6oprr Ha MecrofloJroxeHrlero
ua nefiHrnq Jrarep 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo ce o6scrqsa c flpegr.rMcrBara, Kor{To npeAJraraJrr.r
cB'bp3aHr,rre c peKara nJraBareJrHr{ rpaft6pe>xrur e3epa 3a yKpr,rrr.re u 6eeonacuo goMyBaHe Ha JreKI{Te perrHr,r xopa6lr53. Lluero @nasuaHa ce rr3Bexga o6muoneso or
reHTl,rJrl,rqr4yMa Ha r,rMneparop Konctanrr,ru I, xoero ce cqr,rra 3a cr,rrypno ocHoBa-

HIIe I,I3rpaXAaHeTO Ha KaCTeJIa Aa Ce OTHeCe K'bM ro[r{HilTe Ha HeTOBOTO yrrpaBJregne54. Crnceu He e JrlrrueHa or ocHoBa:aur, o6aue, u xunore3ara, cnopen KoflTo

$norcrr.rte 6azu Qr,asvaua (n npoBr,rHrlrs Cxlrrna) u Anrunyu (n c'rcegnara Bropa Mueux) 6r,rnra ctsgaAeHr,r eABa rrpu [rMleparop Banenc, BBB Bp'b3Ka c:',c 3acvrltBarrlara ce BapBapcKa 3anJraxa no AyHaBcKara lpaHrrqa Ha r,rMrrepusra'S. Crg6ara
na @nasraHa [pe3 V-VI s. e Heu3BecrHa.
4.

AKClrOrrOJrlrc (AxroPoLN)

(CernavodS; jud. Constan(a)

Ocranxure or aHTrrrrHru Ir KtcHoanTrrqeH rIeHT'bp Arcuonoilu'c ce JroKzurr{3l,Ipar 3 ru ro>r<no or gepnanoA'b, Ha [yHaBcKrrs 6pnr cpeqy ocrpoBa Xuuors6. ApxeoJIofI,IqecKIITe HaxoAKr4 cBr{AeTeJrcTByBaT, qe ceIuIIeTo AocTrrrHaJIo BI{coK cTaoqe B rrpeApr,rMcKara e[oxa, KaKTo noKa3Ba Ir c'bcraBKara"polis"
flpes II s. cr. Xp. Knanqnfi flroneuefi r,rspuvuo ro or6ersgsa
cpeA rpaAoBere Ha flpoB]rurlr, fionHa Masuus7. Cuopeg rGJrKyBaHero Ha egrrH JrarIrHcKIr Hagnprc or II-III n.58, 6narogapeHr,re na ygo6uoro cu nprrcraHrrule u BeKoB-

gl,Ili na pa3BpITrIe

B HeroBoro

Hrr

r,rrrae.

rpaAurl[I,r

B rrocpe[Hr{qecKara

IroJrI{c ce fipeB'bpHan

ae

rbproB}rrr, rrpe3 enoxara Ha flpranqunara Arcpro-

s csoeo6pa3eH rIeHT'bp Ha rbproBcKoro ropa6onJraBaHe rro

Zahariade 1996, p. 225.

50Zahariade 1988,121-122;Suceveanu/Barnea

1991, passim; Matei 1991, p. 150;Zahariade
1996,p.225.
51
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,20 (ed. Seeck).
s2
Zahariade 1988, p. 89.
53
Vulpe 1970, 44-45; Diaconu 1971, p. 316 (n.24).
5a
Weiss 1911, S. 44; Yulpe 1938, p. 300; Barnea 1968, p. 374;Zahriade 1988, p.122; Barnea
1991a,p.215.
55

Chiriac 1984, p. 308

sqq.

flo-crapata Jrr{reparypa e ct6pana n: TIR L35,24-25.
57
Ptol. Geogr.III,9,5 (ed. Miiller).
58
cIL, tII,7485.
56

fiolen

fiynansg. Heroslrqr o$raquaaeu rcpu[nqecKr,r

craryr rro roBa BpeMe He e
I{3BecreH, Ho ce [olycKa, qe e IlMaJr paHr Ha civitas60. Boennoro 3HaqeHEe na AxczonoJrrrc r{yBcrBr.,ITerHo HapacHaJro npe3 KacHara aHTr4qHocr, Koraro B.bB Bp'b3Ka c
peaJrr,r3ar{rurra ua pesopMure Ha r.rMreparop KoHcranrun I ryx 6zn ycrauoBeH Jrarepa u qa6a ua pedatura superior or legio II Herculia6l. Bepoxrno MaJrKo rro-K.bcHo, tIIrIcJIeHocTTa Ha rapHll3ona 6rnna yBeIlarreHa qpeg HacTaHrBaHeTo [r Ha eAHa
uonocSopuupaHa noMoIrIHa qacr
milites superventores62. C paenalaHero Ha cr{c-

- opraHr,r3arlr{fl, or cpeAara na v s. HacerHe ArTeMara Ha K'bcHoprrMcKara BoeHHa
crro[oJrllc ce pa3BIrJr Karo yKpeueHo ceJrrrqe, MaKap Aa ce flpeAnoJrara, .{e rofi noHe
orqacrr{ rqe na e 3arra3r,rJr H.flKorarrrHrrre crr BoeHHrE $ynxquu63. flpes vI e. roft e
or6ensgan MexAy rpagoaere64 u enrcxoucKlrre qenrpone65 Ha npoBrarrrlrrs,Cxnrus,.
YxpeurarenHara cr{creMa Ha Arcprononuc e 6una qacruqHo npoyrreHa no
BpeMe Ha apxeoJrorr{qecKr4Te pa3Ko[Kr,r npe: 1898-1899 r., Ho, Karo ce r,r3KJr]oqar
KparKI'ITe [pe[Baplrrennra cro6rqoaar66, pe3yJrrarrrre ca ocraHarn ueny6nurysaura' flpuoex<AaHl,ITe or c'bBpeMeHHI{Te r,r3cJleABarrrr AaHHrr ce .r-Io3oBaBar, c.blrlo raKa, Ha p'bKoII[Icl4Te Ha OTqeTr,ITe 3a [poBeAeHrrre KaMrraHI{Ir, ccxpaHflBaHU nOUaC-

ToqlIeM s 6u6nnoteKara Ha Pyu'rncxara aKaAeMr.r, Ha HayKr,rre. Baxnra nogpo6Hocrrl ce c'bA'bpxar I,I B ABe no-K'bcHr.r olrdcaHprrl Ha crapl{Hlrre, 6asupanL4 Ha rl{rrH11
na6nro4enlra (z uslrepnauwa) ua rexHr4Te arropra6T.
Yrpenure.nxa:ra uuspacrpyKTypa Ha K'bcHoaH Tu-qrtvs, Arczouonrc ce pa3BI{Jra Ha ocHoBara Ha KtcuopraMcKr,rr RoeHeH Jrarep, xortro cnopen HacraHeHlrfl B
Hero rapHI'IsoH 6I,I MorbJr rIzrIoJIorI{lrecKI{ [a ce olpeAeJllit Karo castra, MaKap 3a
ToBa Aa HrIMa HUKaKBI4 IrrIcMeHr{ r{Jrn efl[rpaScxu cnegenns. Toft 3aeMaJr cpegHara
IIJraroBIaAHa qacr Ha eAHo I.ISA'bJrXeHO I{ [JraBHO CHr,r[raBarltrO ce oT Iorou3ToK Ha

ceBepo3arlaA e3rlKoBtrAuo xpafigyuaBcKo B'b3Br{rrreHr,re, orpaHrrqeHo or ceBeporr3roK or gsn6ox go#8 1O6p. 4-6). Tpacero Ha oKoJroBp'bcrHuf KperocreH 3rrA e npe[o[peAeJreHo or ron$r,rryparlrf,Ta Ha repeHa, IIopaAtr Koero yKpenJreHr4ero uMa

5e
Vulpe 1938, p. 210,214,236,256.
oSuceveanu/Barnea 1993, p.

164 sqq.

6t

Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 30 (ed. Seeck); B:rercra l,ivrecro pedatura superior crou pedatura
inferior, Koero e oqeBr.rAno rperura Ha Kolr.rcra, nx.: Top6aroe r99r, c.229 ctr..
62Not. Dign. Or.
XXXX, 2l (ed. Seeck).
63

Barnea 1991a, 180-181.
e Hier. Synecd. 637,9 (ed.
Parrhey).
65
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3,643).
66
Tocilescu 1903, p. 354 sqq. Ha nperu na6nro4enur or pa3rorKr,rre e 6asupaHo r.r KparKoro
onlIcaHl'Ie s: Polonic 1935, 20-21 (II. flononux e Sarruuecxr.rrr pbKoBoAr{reJr Ha
pa3Korxr.rre n Arcuononlrc upe3 1898-1899 r.).
67
Netzhammer 1918, 113-128; Schuchardt 1918,56-59.
68
Tonorpa$rrzraHao6e<ra e 4o6pe orucaHa n: Gajewska 1974,p.10g, r47-14g.

o:

10

80

lzo

$
\

*-4
z-T

O6p.4. AKCI4OIOII4C (AXIOPOLIS). O6ul nnau uo lp. Tour.rnecry (Zahariade/
Gudea 1997,Fi5.27). I Fig.4. AXIOPOLIS. General layout after Gr. Tocilescu
(Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fie.

27

).

\
i

I
t

J
Akrapoti r

AXI O-

IJ
lu

/r
0

Q,

oLr

s

O6p. 5. AKCI4OfIOJIIIC (AXIOPOLN). 06u1nnan uo K. Illyxapst (Schuchardt
1918, S. 57, Abb. 22). lFig.5. AXIOPOLIS. General layout after K. Schuchardt
(Schuchardt 1918, S. 57 , Abb.22).

,4;L*-','o"t+
)/'
O6p.6. AKCI4OIOJII,IC (AXIOPOLIS). O6ur n.nau uo K. Cxopnau (Scorpan 1980, p.
156, Pl. XI). / Fig. 6. AXIOPOLIS. General layout after C. Scorpan (Scorpan 1980, p. 156,
Pl. xD.
HelpaBuJreH noJrr{roHaJreH [JraH c MaKcr4rMaJrHr'r pa3Meprr oKoJro 200 x 135 na69. flloulTa }"ry B'b3Jrr,Ba Ha oK. 1,5 xa. flpeg $poHTa Ha ['broBI,IAHo rr3BLrTaTa roror{3TotrHa
Kpe[ocrna creHa ce sa6erxsna eAHo cegroo6pasuo ABycrpaHHo crecurrBar{e Ha norlyocrpoBa, Koero Beporrno ce A'bJrxr.r Ha r,r3KycrBeua (go)o6pa6orra Ha repeHa.
Yxpeunenrnero e pa3[oJraraJro c ABe floprlr - ceBepua rr roxHa. Cerepnara Eopra e
[JrbrHo $natr upana or ABe npaBotrbJrHrrr KyJIIr, [3AaBarrlu ce ABycrpaHHo Ha Kpe-

rlocruara creua. Mexly rax e o$opMeH [poxog c A'bJrxerHa or. 8,00 M, crecueu

npu6rursureJrHo B cpeAara nocpeAcrBoM ABa KoHcrpyKTr,rBHo cB'bpsaHrr rrr{Jracrpa
go 3,50 Iu. Oxnara ropra e rulrpoKa 4,25 u u vtua rna['bK flpoxoA, SraHrr,rpan or
B'brperrrHr,rre creHr{ Ha EBe U-nugulr ryrrn7o. flo rpacero rra 3a[aAHru yqacrbK or
ceBepo3arragHara Kpe[ocrHa creua, n ny6nurynaur.r-rr or Ip. Tounnecry nlauTl e
or6enssaHo Mecro[oJloxeHr2rero Ha olqe e[Ha KyJIa, Korro e c rlerr,rputr'bJleH flJrar{
rI ce r.I3AaBa HaBEH or cr6panureJruara rrurHprs. fle6ernnara Ha Kpe[ocrur,rfl 3r,r[ B
npoyqeHr,rre yqacrcqn B'b3Jrr.r3a na 3,50 u. lpagexrr Ha yKpe[r{TeJrHr4Te c'bop'b-

6e

Pasvepure ca cropeA uy6rNrysaung or K. Illyxapar unan: Schuchardt 1918, p. 57 (Abb.
22); lturupanr{re or M. 3axapnage MerprtrHr.r AaHHH (Zahariade 1988, p. 123) ce
orHacrr BcbrrlHocr Ao 6rnrapcrara paHHocpeAHoBeKoBHa Kpeflocr, r,r3rpaAeHa B]pxy
pyI,IHr{Te Ha KbcuoauTnqnux ArcuorroJrr{c.3a uocreAuara, Bx.: Kyren/ftore,res 1981,

70

Onr,rcanr.rero

7r

Tocilescu 1903, p. 358.

20t-202.
r.r

pa3Mepnre ca cropeA: Schuchardt 1918, p. 58 (Abb. 23).

xeHlrr e B opus implectum, Karo

JIT.II{ara ca ooopMeHr{ Ha MecTa c MHoro roJreMrr r{

crapareJrHo o6pa6oteru,r KBaAplI. flpequruu na6nrogennx

r,r AoKyMeHTarIrrr Btpxy
mpaurrpa$vtflTa Ha Arcr,Ionoruc JIIa[cBar. HerassecrHo IIo KaKBr{ TorrHo c'bo6paxeHILff, [poyqBaTeJII{Te AaTtrpaT I,BrpilKAaHeTo Ha K'bCIIOaETIltrIHaTa My yKpelIITeJIHa cucreMa B'bB BpeMero Ha r,rM[epatop KoucraHT[rH I. Taslt Aarr,rl]oBKa ce oc[opBa (crrqo 6es ronxperHl,I apryMenru!) or HsKor,r cBBpeMeHHr,r r,rgcre[Barrlt, KorrTo orHacqr crpol,rreJrcrBoro K6M rreprroga Ha flrpaara rerpapxr{Jr1z.B eguu[o-K.bceH era[, yKpeneHara [Jrorq na Arcrnonorrac6urarryBcrBurerHo yBerr,rqeua (c oxoJro 0,8 xa) upes flpfic'beArruflsaHdro KGM He{ Ha ceBepo3alaArrrl, rpafi u qacr or
noAHox<rrero Ha B'b3Br{rrreHr{ero, Btpxy Koero 6ur usrpageH nbpBouaqaJrHr,rq BoeHeH Jrarep. Paanrupeunero 6uao 3arrltrTeHo c HoBor.r3AlIruara Kpeuocrua creHa c
noJrrrroHaJrerr nJraH, cB'bp3aHa c [o-paHHoro yKpenJrespre. flo rpacero i ca perncrpwpanr ABe rroprlr, flJrarrro Slaurupau[ or rro egua gror:rxa qerr,rprrtrLJrur,r KyJrr.r
(6acmonn?), raxro tl olqe eAHa KyJra c He[peq[3rEpan (neporrrro ctrrlo rrerup['brrneu?) nJrau. HonousrpaAeHara KpelocrHa creHa ce narr,rpa uafi-o6qo o VI n.73,
Koero AaBa ocHoBauvre rA Aa 6rAe cB'bp3aHa c ofl]rcauara or flpoxonrrft crponrelna geftnocr Ha r{Mrreparop trOmnnuan I r gonnoAyHaBcKr{Te 3eMr{, 3acerHuura B qacTHocr lr AxcuouonucT4. E4uo srauro Mouerrro c'bKpoBr.rqe c nari-rrcxr,r eK3eM[JrqpI,I or y[paBJreHr.rero Ha Tw6epufit II KoucraurunTs crugereJrcrByBa, qe rpag'br roHec'bJI Te)<TK yAap rlo BpeMe Ha rrflKoe oT aBapo-cJraBflrrcK[Te Ha[aAeHr,r, or cpeAara na 80-re roAI{HIr na VI s. CrqerpeueHHo, HyM}r3Marr,rqHr{flT Marepr(aJr rroKa3Ba,

qe o6prtanaHero Ha M.ncroro rrpo[]Jrx<l,rJro

r,r

Epe3 Harriuru[Te necervilersrs.Ha

VII

s.

76

5. Cefiuenx

(com. Seimeni; jud. Constanla)

B'rpxy o6rurnpnara rpafigynarcKa [JraroB[rAHa repaca roxno or Celtueuu e
perucTplpaHo HeyKpe[eHo ceJII{uIe oT pr,rMcKaTa r{ K'bcHopr,rMcKa eEoxI,I cBc cJreALl
or 6ora:ra Marepr,raJrHa ryrrypaTT. Ha c'uqoro Mf,cro npe3 paHHoro cpem{oBeKoBI{e ce pa3BI,IJro ctapo6urapcKo ceJIr.IqeTS udutt [3rpaneH roJrflM crapo6rnrapcrn
oKorIoB Jlarep79, quftro 3alrlr.rreH oKoJroBp'bcreH 3eMJreH BaJr reHAexrlrro3rro ce [peA72

Scorpan 1980, p. 39 Zahariade 1988, p.123.
Scorpan 1980, p. 39, 108
7a
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
7s
Poenaru/Bordea/Ocheqeanu 1983-1985, p. 177 sqq.
73

76

Hafi-xrcnara

rr3BecrHa Aocera MoHera

or ArcxouoJrr{c or pa3urexgaHlrf, rrepuoA
r.: Ibidem, p. 191 (nr.6).

e eAr,rH

Qonuc Ha r,rMreparopl4paxtruil.or 6141615
77

78
7e

PArvan 1912,p.555 (n. 3); Florescu 1924,p.88 sqq.; Polonic 1935, p.21; Popescu 1976,p.

212;lSM V, p. 17;Scorpan 1980, p.6.
Florescu et al. 1958, p. 25 (qunnnuo ceJrurqe or "flo-xacsa enoxa").
Ilfxopnrur tr940, 530-53 1.

pyMrHcKara Hayqna KHprxHrrHa raro or6paHI{TeJIeH eJIeMeI{T Ha cer[qero
or pr.rMcKara efloxa. II. flonoslm cro6qana r{ 3a pI{McKo yKpelJIeHrIe B 3ala[HI4rI
rpafi na repacara, or Koero ga6e.:rg:a.n ocraHKI{ caMo or I{3TorIHI{fl 3LrA, yclopegeH
Ha AyHaBcKr.rx 6pxr80. CrqecmynaHero na uoqo6no yKperIJIeHI4e He ce rrorB'bpxAaBa or [poBegeHlrre MaJIKo rIo-K'],cHo cr{creMul{ o6xoxcnanuq I.r KoHTpoJIHIa apxeoJror[qecKrl coHAa)KI{ Ha roBa ugqro8l tr ce npeM'brqaBa B HoBr{Te [poyrrBaHl,rfl,
[ocBereHu Ha pr,rMcKara r{ KBcHoaHTlrqHa $opru$uraql{Jl B peruona82. Brglto;xno
e fI. flonosrrK Aa e r4HTeprperl,IpaJl Karo Kpenocrua crena eAI{H or uo-go6pe saua3eHr{Te yrracrbrlr.r Ha cpe[HoBeKoBHr{rr nar. EgnnctBeHlrre cl,IrypHo KoHcrarI{paHI{
cJreAr{ or aHTInqHo SoprNQr,maqr{orrrro crpor,rreJrcreo r parloxa ce cBe)KAar go "K'bcHa" crpaxeBa KyJra c pa3MepI,I 20 x 20 M, I{34rmHara B'bpxy rl3AaBalrtro ce ot 6peror,ara rr:rr:aus, xpaftgynancxo B'b3Bl{rlreuue. II{o ce orlrac.fl go ynorpe6eHara crpollcraBq

B

TeJrrra TexHr{Ka, KyJraTa pa3KprrBaJra roJrsMo cxoAcTBo c rpaAe)Ka Ha KperIocTHL{Te

creulr na Kanugana83. Tosa AaBa ocnoBauue rq yBepeuo Aa ce Aarl{pa B KbcHopI'IMcKara eloxa lrAa ce oilpe[eJrfl TrlfloJrorruecKr,r Karo burgus. flo scrlqxo JIITqI{, rre
orKpr{TrrflT cpeg pyr,rHr,rre Ha aHTutruoro I,I cpeAHoBeKoBHo ceJII{qe upu Cefurreruz
crpor,rreJren Hagnrrc or BpeMero na flrprata rerpapxruIS4 cle4oa Aa ce [ocraBr4
B'bB BpB3Ka r{MeHHo c lr3rpaxgaHero Ha roeu 6ypr. flonacroxuqeM He Mo)Ke Aa ce
ycTaHoBr{ c [oJro)KlrreJrHocr AoKora e [poc'brrlecTByBaJro B'brlpocHoTo yrpennenueS5.

6.

KArrr{IABA (CAPIDAVA)

(s. Capidava llusute Calachioi/; com. Topalu; jud. Constantra)

Karro [oKa3Ba r{Mero,

[a

au

c[opeA apxeororuqecKl{Te [aHHI4, Kanrgana cna-

K'bM cTapr,rTe aBToxTorrHr4 ceJrr{rqa, Kor.rTo npoA'bJDKT4JIIA C'bIIIeCTByBaHeTO CII U

npe3 plrMcKara enoxa86. Moqen crI,IMyJI 3a BB3xoAa il usurpano I'I3rpaxgaHero ryK
nari-rroro B Haqaroro na II s. Ha BoeHeH rarep8T I,r BeposrHo rlo c'blrloro BpeMe na 6naroycrpoeuo peqHo rrpracraurrrrleS8. flpes Ktcrrara aHTuvHocr Kanugasa sa-

80

Polonic 1935,p.21.

81

Florescu et al. 1958, p. 25.
Scorpan 1980, 7 ; Zahariade/Gadea 1997,
83
Ibidem, p. 65; Florescu 1927-32, p. 495.
82

7 8-7

9.

Popescu 1976, Nb 205 (nx. u pa3Aerla PRAESIDIUM n f.rrana II.1).
Or seuanrqero Ha Cefiueuu (neuanecrno rorrHo orr<bAe) uponsxox4a $onuc Ha I{M[eparop lOcrnuuan I or 538/539 r.: Papasima/Vertan 1995'1996,p.276, nr. 16.
86
CuouenanautrHTe Kaull(asa aHTurrHr,r rrncMerr{ }r3Boprr u 6e.uexrra ga seilnoto ucropllrrecKo pa3Blrrue ca [pI{BeAeHI{ s: Florescu et al. 1958,7-24;sx. crulo: TIR L35,

8a
85

87

29-30.
3a soeHuara ucroplr.E na Kanu.qasa [pe3 efloxara na flpnuquuara, Bx.: Aricescu 1977,
passim.

88

Matel 1987, p. 95 sqq.; Matei 1991, 150-152.

[a3Ba 3HalreHr{er0 cr{ Ha BaxeH BoeIreH qeHT'bp, B KoriTo B Kpag na III nllr HaqaroTo Ha IV B. e 3acBruerencrByBaHa KaBaJrepul?cKa qacr, o3l{arreHa B e[rrrpaScrure
raMerHr{qrur raro vexillatio Capidavensium/equites scutarii/vexillatio fequitum]
scutariorum8g. Cnope4 [aHHr4Te rta Notitia Dignitatum, KtAero Kanugana I,I3pxiIHo e
or6erxgaHa xaro castellum, cJreA BoeHrrr{Te pe$oprraz Ha I{M[eparop Konuranrr,rn I
B Heq JrarepyBaJra Apyra rasarepuftcKa rlacr - cuneus equitum Solensiumgo. flpes
VI s. KauugaBa Berre $urypupa n oSuqualHl{Te AoKyMeHTI4 cpeA rpagoneregl u
enr{cKorrcKr{Te rIeHTpoBe Ha IIpoBLrHtTut Cxvrwx92. flpes efloxara Ha paHl{oro cpeAHOBeKOBI{e, B'bpxy pyuHI{Te Ha KBCHOaHTT.TIIHI,I,I rpaA BG3IIUKHaJIO TOJITMO CTapO6snrapcro ceJrrrule, Koero npoc'blrlecrByBaJro Ao KBM cpeAara ria XI s.

B peeylrar

Ha cr,rcreMHrrre apxeoJrorl{llecKl,I pa3KorrKl/t, [poBe)KgaHpr c uI3-

BecrHr{ [peK'bcBaurru{ or t924 r. [ocera, rroHacrorlqeM pa3noJlaraMe c ugo6r.rluu
AaHHrr orHocHo K'bcHoaIrrI{tIHaTa yKpelI,ITeJIHa cplcreMa na Kanugana93 1O6p. 7;.
Ycr:anoseHo e, qe r{3rpuKgaHero Ha K'bcHop[McKLIq KacreJI e [peAllrecrByBal{o or
rrJIaHoMepeH IIeMOHTaX I{a CTrrIeCTByBaJrr.rfl Ha c'blrloTo MscTo BoeHeH Jlarep oT e[oxara Ha flpunqunara. Huaelnparrrrre Ao HI{Boro Ha roraBarrrHlr, TepeH oKoJroBp:bcTHr4 3I{AoBe Ha paHHopI4McKLtf JIaIep 6unu nrpageHl{ Ha MecTa n Cy6crpyrquxta

rottno Bepof,THo or.tacrl,I B.s3rlpol{3Be>xhan gaBapeHaTa [JraHoBa cxeMa. Yxpennenlrero 6ulo I,I3AI,IrIIaTo IIa AyHaBcKI,Ix 6pxr, e
ca:lllzrfl rparl ua cKaJII{cTaTa I{ BI{coKa ryr oxbno 10 u xpaftperlHa Tepaca. flopagu
B.L3Mo)Krro flpolaqaHe Ha qacrrr or 6pera B MI4HaJIoro ra oco6eno B'bB Bp'b3Ka c
aKTr{Brrara aHTpoloreHna geftnour or Haqaroro ua XX 8., 3arIaAHI{rIT'btBJI I4 qacr
or roro3arragHara crpaHa Ha yKpelJreHrrero ca Ha['bJIHo pa3pyrueHl{. B nacroxultm
crr Br.{A To }rMa MaKcr{MaJrH}r pa3Mepu oKoJro 130 x 100 M, a 3ala3eHI,ITe My ocraHKr{
lpellloJraraT ['bpBoHarraJreH npaBo'br.bJleH [JraH C [OAqepTaHLr eJreMeHTI4 Ha CLIMerpr{fl, xorl,ro BrrocJregcrBr4e e flperbpflsr HsKoL{ c'blrlecrBeHI,r tpanc$opMalllrl{.
Kpenocrnara creHa na Kanngaea Bapllpa n qe6eluna or 2,7 0 (upu Kyla 5) 9o 3,47 r't
(ryp:ruurn F N G unpv Kyra 5). CynepcrpyxlllrrITa e orAeJIeHa or cy6crpyrqrrlra c
6anxet c pa3Jr[qHa rrrrplrxa, rofiro, flopaAll AeHr{BeJIaqLIJITa Ha repeHa, Ira Mecra
ctblaJroBllgHo ce rr3KalrBa. flo uporexeulrero Ha 3arla3eHara tlacr or Kpeflocrulrfl
3uA ca perr4crpr.rpanu 8 xynu: 3 [paBo'LrbJlnu (or rflx ABe ce o[peAeJlflT Karo
"phrouria", [peABIrA roJIeMI{Te LrM pa3MepI{), 2 U-rugnu,2 nerputoo6paonu (n ceHa KperrocrHrrre creHr{ Ha KacreJra,

BepHr.rfl r{ B }r3TorIHux

8e

rru)

ra

I

nonrnronamra. C Il3KJI}or{eHLre Ha TIoJII{roHaJrHara,

Popescu 1976, Nr 220,221.
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX,4;XXXIX, 13 (ed. Seeck).
eL
Hier. Synecd. 631 , l0 (ed. Parthey).
e2
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia3,644).
e3
Florescu 1927-32, p. 483 sqq.; Florescu 1935-36, p. 351 sqq.; Florescu 1937-40, p.345
sqq.; Florescu 1945-47, p. 209 sqq.; Florescu et al. 1958' 25-72; Florescu 1975,p.
361 sqq. (ouucanuero Ha yxpeflr.rreJrHr.rre cl,opbx€Hl,It B u3noxeuuero rlo-Aony e
6arnpaHo na o6o6rqenure AaHHI, uy6nuryrann s: Florescu et al. 1958).
e0

CA

P

I DAVA

?

t
/

ai

a)

I

ooo1056&
#

rl-T-'l

1l-Ef-T

rl-El--l

5lT1

a[EI

6l +++

of.-::?l

3rF-t
O6p.7.

KAII4IABA

I

(CAPIDAVA). flnan

?l-=

I

Ha yKperrr,rrerrHara cr,rcreMa c o3rraqeH]Ie

KoHcrpyKTurnu Sasz. Jlerenga: 1. Pnucru 3r,rAoBe or I Qasa; 2.Ptrucxn
3I{AoBe or II Qa:a; 3. Puucrr 3r.rAoBe or III Qasa; 4. Prar'acxu 3r.rAoBe or: II Qasa c
[orpaBKn or III Sasa; 5. 3ugone Ha KbcHrlrs KacreJr - IV Sara; 6. Tpace na 3uAoBere Ha
K'bcHr.rr KacreJr; 7. Tpace Ha 3arrlnrrrr,rfl poB Ha KbcHr{fl KacreJr; 8. Ocrauxu or
paHHocpeAHoBeKoBHoro yKperrJreHr.re; 9. Tpace Ha 3lrAoBere Ha paHHocpeAHoBeKoBHoro
yKperrrreHr{e (Condurachi 1967, S. 164, Abb. 2). /Fie.7. CAPIDAVA. Main construction
phases in the development of the defence system. Legend: 1. Roman walls from Phase I; 2.
Roman walls from Phase II; 3. Roman walls from Phase III; 4. Roman walls from PI ase II
repaired during Phase III; 5. Walls of the later fort - Phase IV; 6. Hypothetical course of the
walls of the later fort; 7. Course of the defence ditch of the later fort; 8. Remains of the Early
Medieval fortification; 9. Hypothetical course of the walls of the Early Medieval fortification
(Condurachit967, S. 164, Abb.2).
Ha ocHoBHr{Te

Kogro ce ,BqBa KGcHa [o6aBKa, BcI4vKE ocraHaJII{ KyJIII rrpr,rHagJrexar KcM oplrr,rHaJIHaTa [JIaHoBa cxeMa Ha KacTeJra. Eguncr:neuaTa nopTa npeAcTaBJrxea o6arHoBeH OTBOp B rOroI,I3TOr{Hara KpelocTHa creHa u ce e oxpaHflBaJra or rrpaBo.brBJrHa
KyJIa, rr3EaBalr{a ce [peg I{ 3a[ QpoHTa na or:6panzreJrHara rrunvrfl. Yrpenrarelnzre

c'bop'bxeHr.rx na KauugaBa ca yAr.rBr4TeJrHo HeeAHopOAHr.r nO TexHr,rKa Ha rpaAex,

Koero HecBMHeHo cBI,IAereJrcrByBa 3a HaJrr4qr4ero Ha pa3rrdr{Hr.r KoHcrpyKrunnu
Sasu. Tasu cueqN$rauna oco6enocr e r{3rroJr3yBaHa orqe or n.bpBrrfl [poyrrBareJr
(fp. @lopecry) xato eAIrH or TJIaBHI{re Kpvrepr{u 3au3flc*flBaHe Ha crpor4TeJrHara
ptcropufl. Ha KacreJra r4 ToBa e HarI'bJrHo o6tcuuruo, Karo ce r.rMa npelBI4A, qe KpenocTHara creHa e 6fira Han'bJIHo pa3rrllcreHa Ha Hr{Boro Ha rr'bpBoHa.tarHrr-s KGcHoaHTr{r{eH crpor,rreJreH neprroA caMo orK'bM B'bHrrrHoro rulqe. crpaturpa+cxure KoHcTararlllu ce u3rreplBar c xa6;rroAeHr.r, B HelocpeAcrBeHo [pr4Jrex<arqrur K'bM 3r4[OBere repeH extra muros u cI,c cyMapHo rr He3aAoBoJrrrreJIHo or cBBpeMeHHa rJregHa
TOrrKa onl{caHl{e Ha uJIacToBeTe oT pa3pylrreHr,rr B 3an'bJrHI{TeJrg Ha pa3KonaHl4Te
Kyltug4. flopagu Helpo) IeHocrra Ha KyJrrypHr.rre HailracrqBarrri-f, B'bB B'brperrrHocrra
Ha yKpeleHara repl,ITopl4q no oHoBa BpeMe, crpor,rreJrHara urc. opvs. ua
$opru$uKaIIuoHHrITe cEop'b)KeHI{, Ha Kanugana He e pa3rJregaua B ger?crnurenHr,rfl xpoHoJloruqecKl{ KoHTeKcr na geftsoro o6utanaue, a e B'b3craHoBeHa cuopeg orHocr{TeJIHara xpoHoJroru.fl Ha rpane)Kr,rte, 6asupana oKoJro eArrH cr{r)rpHo ycraHoBeH, Ho
HeAocrarGr{Ho npelll43ewterminus post quem,Earr4parq BTopara K'bcHoaHTuqHa KoH-

crpyKTrrBHa $aaaes.

fp. @nopecry o6oco6xaa 4 ocrosgra KoHcrpyKTr,rnnr,r $asu, fl'bpBara or KoI'rro ce orHacq Ao ctrllecrByBarurfl. H.rrKora BoeHeH Jrarep or enoxara xa flprnqrauaTa, a ocraHaJrllTe TpI,I ca cB6p3aHr,r c rr3rpaxAaHeTo E eBoJrroqrrrTa Ha K.bcr{oprrMcBteHrlxsanero Ha trocJregHprs. ce or*acfl,uafi-o6rqo KtM BTopara 11oB., Karo aBToplT AonyCKa, rre paHHopr.rMcKr.rrrr Jrarep e 6ut paepyueu
B CpeAara Ha c'brrlu, BeK, BeposrHo flpu rorcKoqo HarrrecrBr4e or vI8 r. ApxeonoKUfr KaCTeJr96.

JIOBr{Ha na

III

ruqecKl'I 3acBlr[eTeJrcrByBaHoTo rlqrocTHo r{rr{ qacTl,IrrHo nper,r3rpax<AaHe Ha qacr
or KyJrraTe r,r r.r3ocraBrnero Ha [Be or rxx (Kyllr 3 u 5), KaKTo r{ KOHCOJTTTA A\u5ffa n
MaCIIBHI{T9 BT3CTaHoBLITeJIHI{ LI peKOHCTpyKIII4OHHII pa6OrU nO 3HaqnTeJrHa IraCT

or

nporex<eHr,Iero Ha KpenocrHl4Te creHr{, ca BturuHr,rte 6eresu Ha cJre4Barrlara
KOHCTpyKTr,rnHa saea, Korro, Bb3 ocHoBa Ha eAHa MOHera Ha r{Mfleparop Koncran-

qufi II, HaMepeHa B eMrJreKToHa Ha rr3rlflJro rpecrpoenara Kyna 1, ce gaurpa BBB
BTOpara noJroBr{Ha ua IV n. B rogra cH BuA Kanr,rgana [pocLulecrByBaJra, clopeA
fp. Q.ropecKy, Ao K'bM Kparr ua v n., Koraro, BeposrHo B'bB BpeMero Ha r,rMneparop
Anacracrafi, [o-roJrrMara r{acr or yKpefleHara repilropux (oxoro 314) 6urra asoc-

ea
Florescu et aL 1958, 21-28 (ulrp]r orurcaHr.rero
e5lbidem, p. 39.
e6Ibidem, 66-72.

Ha orAerrHr{Te

xynn).

TaBeHa, a B roxHlz.fi

iI

lrln

6rzno usrpaAeHo eAHo MaJrKo yKperrJreHr.re ("Kacrer"),

o6rarasaHero Ha Koero [poA'bJrxrrJro npes VI s.

flpegtoxeuara or Ip. @nopecKy xpouoJrorr4qecKa cxeMa 3a pa3Blrrr,rero Ha
yKpe[rrreilHara cl{creMa na KanugaBa ce flolA'bp)Ka n o6qu tt ]fluu or MHo3r,rHcrBoro c'bBpeMeHHI{.E3creqBaqlr, Ho c HflKor{ KopeKrlr4rr lr vlogu$zraqura. Tara uanpr,IMep, ra3fpax[aHeTo Ha K'bcHopIIMcKuq KacTerr [oHacTorrqeM eAr.,rHoAyrrrHo ce oTHac.f, K'bM [epproAa xa fl'rpnara rerpapxraxgT. or gpyra crpaHa, BHzMareJrHvttff aHaJrI,IS Ha yuotpe6euuTe B KpeuocTHaTa cTeHa crporrTeJrHr,r rexHr{Kr{ [o3BoJrr,r Aa ce
rnqenru$uqflpar rpLI orqerJll{Br.r KoHcrpyKTr4nura $aara, cB'bp3aHr,r c nefrsoro Syilrrlr4oHr4paHe'*. IIIo ce orHacs Ao nocJre4uara KoHcrpyKTr{BHa $aea cnope[ cxeMara
na Ip. @.nopecry, [arlrpoBKara ir ce uocraB.fl Betre B Kpafl na Wuaqaloro Ha VII s.,
Karo B'b3HI{KBaHero Ha r. Hap. "K.sceH Kacrer" ce o6gcnssa c [pacrlrrrHo cBr{BaHe
Ha ){<IrBOTa CJIeA IIpex([IBtHO TeXKO pa3pyureHrre npr{ HrKoe oT aBapo-cJraBqHcKr,rTe

Halageulrfl no roBa npeue99. CrqenpeueHHo, HanpegBaHero Ha flpoyrrBaHr{flTa B.bB
B'brperrrHocrra I{a yKpeneHara repuropr.rJr npeAocraBrr Ba>r(Hra crparurpaScKrr AaHH8100, cuoco6croyBalr{Ir 3a I{3tcHsBaHe Ha pelraIla acrreKTr4 or xpoHoJrotrrflTaua KarII,IAaBa rlpe3 K'bcHaTa aHTlltllHocrl0l. BcFrxo roBa [aBa cep]Io3HI{ ocHoBaHuq 3a npepa3rJre)KAaHe r{ BHacrHe Ha c'bqecTBeHr,r KopeKrluuBHaMilpaqaTa ce B HayqHa yloT-

pe6a xpouoror[qecKa cxeMa orHocHo eralr{Te B pa3Brrrr{ero Ha seriuara yKpenuTEJIHA CIICTEMA.

Ha nrpeo Mflcro, [plrHalJre)KHocrra Ha r. Hap, "K'bceH Kacrer" KBM KtbcHoaHTr{qHara SopruQuxaqrrfl cJre[Ba perur.rreJrHo Aa ce orxBcpnu. Orqe B Har{aroro
sa 60-re roAr{Hr{, fI. fixrony apryMeHTrrpaHo ce rrporrcHece rro ro3ra B.b[poc, Aarr.rpafixu yKpeirJreHrrero B eroxara Ha paHHoro cpe4HoBeKoBr{e (n X n.) 102. Cneg xaro
He HaMepI,Ixa y6egurenHl{ KoHTpaapryMeHTr,r, HeroBrrre oloneHTr{ rroHacrorqeM ce
3agoBoJrflBar c upeMbrlrlaBaHe Ha caMara re3a, rro[Atpxafixu craHaJrara Beire rpaArlrlrroHna AarrrpoBKa B Kpiu Ha VVna.raJroro Ha VII s. Hanzqe e, o6ave, u oqe
eAI,rH He[puBI[r{aH B HayrIHaTa AI/cKyCIIfl AOCera, HO HeOC[Opr,rM OT apxeofloruqecKa rJreAHa roqKa AoBo[, cBr.rAereJIcrByBaIrI 3a cpeAHoBeKoBHr,IrI npor.r3xoA Ha "K.bcHr,rfl KacreJr". KaKTo e I{3BecrHo, B'b3urrKHaJroro Bcpxy pyuHure na Kanu4asa crapo6tnrapcxo ceJrlrqe 6uno yxpeneHo K'bM Kpaq Ha IX unz B Har{aJroro na X s. c

e7

Scorpan 1980, p. 37;Zahariade 1988, 124-125.

e8

Florescu 1975, p. 361 sqq.
sPetre1963,337-346;Scorpan1980,36-37;Zahariade1988,p.125;Barneal99la,p.l82.
r00

flopagu

rot

Florescu/Covacef 1988-89, p. 197 sqq.; Covacef 1988.89, p. 187 sqq.

to2

Diaconu 1962,

I{HTeH3LrBHoro r{ [poA]nxr{TeJrHo o6uranane Ha M-rrcroro rrpe3 e[oxara na 6r.rrrapcKoro paHHo cpeAnoBeKoBr.re (4o KbM cpe.(ara ua XI n.), K:r,cuoaHTr,rqur.rrr KynTypeH flnacr e cI{JIHo Hapylren or .uu6oro BKo[aHr{Te cpeAHoBeKoBHr,r xr{nrrqa,
Koero 3arpy.qnrBa r{3BbHpeAHo MHoro Bo.qeHero Ha rrpeqr{3ur.r crparurpaScrr.r sa6-

JITOAEHI,Ifl.

S. 330 (Anm. 71).

KaMeHeH 3rag Ha KaJrHa crroriKa, B'b3cfl[alq r rtpultruznreJrHo cJIeABaITI Tpacero Ha
ocTaHKr{Te oT ceBepo3arlaAHaTa, ceBepoH3TorIHa I'I }OIO[3TOrrHa KbCHOaIrTI4r{HI,I KperrocrHrr creHl,r103. flpu6ml:ureJlHo B cpeAara Ha lorol{3Tor{Hara KpelocrHa creHa,
cpeAHoBeKoBHrrflT orpaAeH 3uA Ha KaJrHa cnofixa flpeK'bcBa, a or roBa Mrlcro B ]olo3anaAHa nocoKa, IIo cBrrloTo Tpace [poAaJDKaBa IBrpaAeHIrrT Ha xopocanosa cnofira
Iorou3TorIeH 3I,rA Ha "KacTeIa". Marap ToBa HIrK'bAe Aa He HaMIIpa TeKcToBlI u:pa:,
B6pXy CHI{MKr{Te I{ IIJIaHa, rrpIIAppKaBaIqLI OTr{eTa 3a apxeoJIorIIqecKIITe pa3KonKl',I
n

Kanugara npe3 nepuoAa 1940-1945 r.

104,

cBBceM flcHo JII'Iqu, qe, He[ocpe[crBeHo

lpeAr,r upeK:bcBaHeTo My, yKpenrrTeJrHrrfT 3IIA Ha CpeAHOBeKOBHOTO CeJIlIilIe e ilpopfl3aH OT poBa Ha "KacTeJIa". flocoqenuar $axt He caMo [OTB'bpxqara 6eocnopHr,Iq cpeAHoBeKOBeH [pOI43xoA Ha T. Hap. "K'bceH

r:ofi garupa

or 3aKrrorrrrreJrn[, nepr{og

KacTeI",

HO

II cBIIAeTeJIcTByBa, qe

na o6u:rasaHero Ha cpeAHoBeKoBuoro 6bJI-

rapcKo ceJrrrnle.
ocuosa ua rry6runyBaHr.rre Aocera pe3yJrrarrr or apxeoJIoruqecKllTe rtpoyr{BaHlrfl n Kanugana, B pa3Brrrrirero na uefiHara yKpe[pITeJrHa crlcreMa Irpe3 K'bcHoaHTr4rrHara enoxa Morar ga ce o6oco6tr rpn ocHoBHlI KoHcrpyKTldonu Sasu. fhpBara e cBBp3aHa c r,r3rpaxnauero a fundamentis Ha KccHopullcKrrfl KacreJr, '{uftro

Bts

rlrnocTeH opurl{HaJleH nJIaH He MO)Ke Aa ce B'b3cTaHoBI{ cbc cllrypHocT' Ilopa[tl

pa3pyrrraBaHeTo Ha roro3anaAHrUr BrBJr Ha yKpelJreHIreTo, ToTaJIHaTa [O-K'bcHa peKOHCTpyKqIITI Ha rO)KHt4g yr{acT'bK oT rorou3ToltHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa I'I HeflpoyqeHocTTa n gu6ouuna Ha Io)KIII{, ceKTop Ha yKpeneHaTa Tepl,ITopur. K'rrvr ['bpBoHaqaJrHaTa nJIaHoBa cxeMa Hec'bMHeHO IIpI,IHaAilexaT qeTLrpI,IBrbJrHIITe, nerpunoo6pa3Hr,rre u U-rugurarg KyJrIr, rrpe Bce rre B Hacrofll\rlr. c\t BtrA HTIKoI{ or rqx npelcTaBJrflBaT qacTuqHa gJII4 IIflJIocTHa B'b3cTaHoBKa oT [o-K'bcHo BpeMe. Maxap orxpr,rTr,rTe cpeA pa3BaJrr4HIrTe rr B rpaAexa Ha yKpe[UTeJIHI{Te C'bOp'bXeHI{q JIanI,IAapna enurpa$cKr,r naMerHrrqrrlo5 Aa ce cB'bp3Bar o6I{KHoBeHo c'bc cJregBarrvr peKoHcTpyKrlr{u, yno:rpe6ara,Ha MHo3rirucrBoro or rflx Karo crpolrreJreH Marepl{aJr cJIeABa
Aa ce [ocraBn B'bB Bp'b3Ka uMeHHo c naft-pannara K'bcHoaHTIrqHa KoHcrpyKTIrBHa

Sasa. II{o ce orHac, [o Heriuara craHaJra Beqe rpa[uqlroHHa AarrrpoBKa B.bB BpeMeTo Ha fltpaara rerpapxufl, 3a roBa 3acera HflMa HI{KaKBI,r KoHKperHu apryMeHTLI.
Qarrtr, qe HoBoro crpor,rreJrcrBo e 6r,rJro [peAlnecrByBaHo or cl{creMaruqeH n
ToraJreH neMoHTax Ha no-paHHprt BoeHerr Jlarep cBlrAereJrcrByBa, r{e ro e 6I4Jro [peAlpr.rero B rreprroA ua (npog'rnxr,rreJrHo?) orcBcrBlrle Ha KaKBaro u ga 6uto 3anJlaxa

rro [oJrHoAyHaBcKaTa rpaHIIIIa na Puucxata I{MnepHr. ApxurertypHaTa KoHIIenr{rr-f, Ha ceBeporr3ToqHara Kpe[ocrHa cTeHa Ha Kan[AaBa pa3Kpl,rBa u'bJrHa IrAeH-

r03

Florescu et aI.1958, 68-72; Florescu 1967,p.259 sqq.;Kyrer 19816,202-204; Parues

roa

Florescu

ros

EunrpaScKIr{T Mareplrarl

19826,145-1,47.
1945-47 ,

tft220-228.

p.212

sqq. (Pl. D.

or

Kauugana e [pel'r3AaAen n: ISM

V, 8-54; Popescu

1976,

TlrqHocr u:lu lttusxu napaJreJrrr c orAeJrurr ceKTopr{ or yKpenr,rreJrHara crrcreMa Ha
IIflJIa [opelurla K'bcHoprrMcKr{ yKperreHrr r{eHTpoBe B rrpoBraHrryrare Bropa Mnzus, n
Cxr,rrr.rs (.flrpyc, A6puryc, Tpesruruc-I4orox, Tponeyu Tpaxnu,l46uya), u3rpaxnaHeTO Ha KOUTO HeC'bMHeHO [p[HaAJrexrr K'bM e[Ha rr C'bIIIa peruoHaJrHa BOeHHOcrporrreJrHa flporpaMa, rrur,rquupaHero Ha Korro Harir-nepoarHo cJreABa Aa ce upuurrrre ua Jft,rqlrnuri, a oxouvareJrHoro 3aBtprrlBaHe Ha Koncranrrzu I n nepuoga
weg324 r. 106 Marap [poyrlBaHero Ha AoJrHIrre xI{JrrIIr{HrI xoprr3oHTla B yKpe[eHaTa repr{Toprg na KanrAaBa Aa ce HaMr,rpa B HaqaJreH cra4nit r{ oKoHqareJrHtrTe 3aKJrrorreHr{rr Ha ro3}r era[ Aa ca npu6rpsaHr{, He Moxe Aa He ce or6enexz, qe uari-cra-

-

nocrpofir[ s ceKTop E s'be BtTpeuHocrra Ha KacreJra ca Aarupar or pa3Ko[naqa Hari-o6u1o n fV r. 107 fly6nnKyBaur,rrrr Aocera HyMrr3Mar[qeH MareprraJr ot o6erTa c'brrlo flpeAcraBrr rBtpAe I{HcrpyKT}rBHa KapruHal08, Hauuparqa ce B uGJrHo c'brracve c npeAJroxeHaTa [aTr,rpoBKa Ha K'bcHop]IMcKkt5. KacTefi He flo-paHo oT c'bBMecrHoro ynpaBJreurre Ha Jluqznuft pr KoncrasruH I, a ou1e [o-Beporruo eABa B

prrre

-

rrepflona cneg324 r. 109 PagnnqfiMara B ocrar{Klrre or yKpenlrreJrurlre ctopcxeH]r,
na KanugaBa BTopa KoucrpyKTrrnua $asa rpaArlqrloHHo ce orHac, K'bM BTopara
[oJroBuHa na fV B. r{ ce cB'bp3Ba c 4eftuoctra Ha }IMnepatop Ba.neuc B fipoBr,rHrlrr.f,
Crurrnsll0. Ts sKrro.{sa: rlqrocrHo rrper,I3rpaxAaHe Ha Kyra 1 Btpxy Hr{BeJrr,rpaHrrTe ocraHKrr na nerinu.fl npegrrrecrBeH[K, c[opeA ['bpBo-HaqaJrHlr-fl qerupuarbreH
[JraH, HO C r{3BeCTHa pa3JrrrKa B pa3Mepr,rre; qacrr,rqHo rlpel,I3rpaxAaHe Ha cynepcrpyKr{r{rra Ha Kynu 2,4 u 6 nrpxy 3aBapeHl,rre ocHoBrr; yA'bJrxaBaHe na Kyra 7 ua
Iorolr3ToK; rr3ocraBsHe na Kyru 3 u5 uHIrBeJrLtpaHe Ha rexHrrre ocraHKl,r Ao HI,IBoro

ToraBarlHilr TepeH; rronpaBKa r,r KoHcoJrrrAa\vs,Ha BBHIIIHOTo JIT,IIIe Ha KpenocT(Kyprnuu B, C, D u E, a oraracrrr - A lr F) c ynotpe6a Ha opus vittatum.
Cuopeg HoBr{Te flpoyqBaHtrfi r Cerrop V na Kauugana, pa6orure no yKpe[ureJrHa-

Ha

Hprre creHr{

Tegara e rpeAcraBena r: Top6aros 2000, 26-30.
Covacef 1995-1996, p. 95 (n. 1).
r08
Moueruure HaxoAKr{ or: Kanugana ca uy6rxrynann n: Poenaru/Bordea 1976-1980,p.247
sqq.; Vertan/Custurea 1981, 334-335; Poenaru/Bordea 1983-1985, p. 169 sqq.;
106

ro7

Vertan/Custurea I 986, p. 298; Vertan/Custurea 1988-1989, 378-380; Vertan/Custurea
1992, 384-386; C,rsturea et al. 1997,376-378. O6o6qenrero na uy6;ruKyBaHrre
AaHH[r rrora3Ba cneAHoro: creA [oBerre or 20-ro4urueu xr{aryc, B KoHcTarrrpaHara
MoHerHa cpeAa ce rroflB.sBar ABa eK3eM[Jrrpa or rrocne.qnoro Aecerl{Jrerrae na III a.,
cneA r(oero orHoBo crre4Ba xr.raryc, o6xnauraur rrsroro rrbpBo Aecerunerr{e Ha IV s.
Or cauoro Haqaro Ha BToporo Aecerr{Jler[e 6poxr Ha MoHerr,rre ps3xo HapacrBa,
Karo KoHrleHTpaur.rflra ce rraAa B treprroAa 317-364 r.
roe
Msoro cepllo3Ho ocHoBaHlre sa noAo6no rBbp.qeHue Aasa [go6nruero rra [per,r3[oJr3yBal,i.lafiD rpa4exa eunrpa$crr,r Marepr,ran c e3r,rqecKu KynroB xapaKTep: Bx. [o-noApo6no rro ro3r.r Bbupoc f.nasa I.2.
rl0 Florescu
et al. 1958, 67-68; Florescu 1975,p.365; Scorpan 1980, p. 37;Zahariade 1988,

p.125.

Ta cl'rcTeMa cJre[Ba Aa ce'fbJrKyBaT KaTo eJreMeHT OT eAHa MaCI,rpaHa cTpoI,ITeJrHOB-b3cTaHoBHTeJIHa KaMlaHI{q, o6xsaHaIa IIsJraTa Tepr,rTopr.rfl Ha KacTeJra r4 [oBeJIa
Ao npOMeHI4 B [JIaHI,IpoBKaTa Ha B'bTpeIIIHoTo npocTpaHcTBo. 3a ToBa cBr4AeTeJrcTByBa [oHe rracrl4r{Horo [peLI3rpDK[aHe r.r [poMrrHa B opr,reHTaqvrlTa Ha KaHaJrI{3arlr{oHHara Mpexa ll r43[r.rraHero Ha yrr.rrrHoro Hr,rBoll1. ctana4eur.rero B opr,reHTaIIITTITa II Hr{BOTO Ha eAI{H OT HOBOr{3rpaAeHrrTe KaHaJrrI no[ yJIrrIHaTa HacTr.IJIKa C
orBo[Hr{TeJreH orBop B flper,r3rpaAeHara Kypruna F 112 goxassa crrHxpoHHocrra Ha
B'b3cTaHoBI{TeJrHIltTe pa6orra IIo yKpell,rTeJrHara cr4cTeMa r4 B6Tpe B KacreJra. Crrype]J terminus post quem 3a [peAflpl{eMaHero Ha ra3r{ KaMlaHr{fl [pe[ocraBflT ABere
MOHeTI{, OTKpIaTI4 B 3an'bJIHI{TeJIfl Ha e[I4H IltSOCTaBeH nO-paHeH KaHaJI. T'rri rarO
no-K'bcHara or rflx npI{HaAJrexI,I Ha MoHeroceqeHero Ha rlMneparop Banenrranzau
II ranu Apraguri rl ce oruacfl K'bM rr{rr, ceqeH B nepr4oAa 388-392 r. 113, garupoBKara
Ha BTopara KoHcrpyKTI,Iaua

Sa:a

B

yKpenr{TeJrHara cucrewa na Kauragana ts'bB Bpe-

Mero Ha r{Mrleparop Ba.renc e HarrbJrHo HenpueMJrr{sa. Bne.rarJrrBarq[rrr o6eu na
,I3BLpIrreHOTO CBI,IAeTeJTCTByBa 3a Harl{rr[ero Ha 3Haq[TeJrHIr pa3pylrreHl,L B TISTOCTHara ran$pacrpyKTypa Ha KacreJra, [putrr4Hara 3a Korlrro cJreABa [a ce r.bpcr,r B
HrKOe OT BapBapcKr{Te HanageHr4.fl or [ocJreAHara r{erB'r,pr na IV s. Ocrrqecrnxna-

Hero Ha B'b3craHoBlrreJrHo-peKoHcrpyKrlrdoHnure pa6orr{ r.r3rJre)K[a narl-uepoarno
B Kpaq Ha IV r{rrrr Haqarroro na V s. (Teogocurt l - Apraguri).
Tperara xoHcrpyKTLIBHa Qasa e cBap3axa c narl-xrcnure perilmpupaHr{ rrorr-

npeycrpolfcrsa IIo yKpe[I.ITeJrHara cr4creMa xa Kaur,rgara. Irluenno xtu
[a ce orHece rlrJrocrHoro [per.r3rpaxnaHe na Kypruua H, xoffo pr3Ko
ce pa3Jrr.rqaBa no crpor.rreJrHa rexHrurKa (opus mixtum c 5-pegon ryxJreH noac) or qpyrrrre llacrr4 Ha KperlocrHara creHa r{ BtHrrrHoro i.nuqe e rl3MecreHo c oKoJro 0,70 u
HaB'bH CnprMo craporo rpace. K'ru cuqara $asa claAa r,r flocrpoflBaHero Ha KoHcrpyKTlIBHo cB'bp3aHara c Kypruna H nonraronanna Kyna 8, xotro e BepoflTHo c
IrJrbreH rpa[e)K. flo npeue, Tperara KoHcrpyKTr,rnna Sasa B yKpenr,rreJrHara cr4creMa Ha Kanr,rgana cJIe[Ba Aa ce cB'bp)Ke c apxeoJroruqecKr.{ 3acBr.rAereJrcrByBanara
B'bB BcrpeurHocrra it rurrensusHa crpolrre:rua Aerlnocr or nbpBara [oJroBr{Ha Ha
VI B. 114 Cnorraenara B HasaJroro Ha ynpaBJreHr{ero na Ocrnnrzan I seqe Karo rpa[,
Kaur,rgaaa ne Surypupa cpeA oll{caHr.rre or: IlporonrEri crpoexra Ha r4Mreparopalis.
fiarupauuxr c MoHera na ]Ocrunraau I (enrzcvrr or 5411542 r.) uouqen oroxapeH
nJracT ce nocTaBf, oT npoyrrBaTeJll{Te B'bB Bp'b3Ka C KyTpl4rypcKoTo HarrlecTBr4e
paBKLr I4

nex rpx6na

11t

r12

Florescu/Covacef 1988-89, p.203; Covacef 1988-89, 191-192.
Covacef 1988-89, p. 193 (r rercra oqeBLIAHo e Ao[ycHara relrarna rperuKa r.r BMecro
"KaHar b" cne4na.qa ce rroApal6upa "xanal a"; rona {cHo r[iru or o[peAeJreHara
Ma.irKo no-rope B cbtrlr{fl TeKCT rrocoKa Ha ABara Kanana).

It3Ibidem, p.192.
'ra
115

tr{iorescu/Covacef 1988-89, p. 203;Covacef 1988-89, lg4-1g5.
B'rguo)Krrara rrpr{qr{Ha 3a roBa 6e se.{e KoMenltr.rpana r Inasa I.1.

or 559 r. 116 Cteg orsrpaHsBaHe Ha ulerlrre, )KrlBorbr ce g'rgo6HoBrrJr [r npoAl,Jr)KI,IJI ol{e HflKoJIKo [eceTI{JIeTI,Ix. Perr,rcrpupa]f.ugT B r43ToqHaTa lracT Ha yKpeneHaTa replrropl{rl HoB olo)KapeH rrJracr MapKr4pa Hacr{JrcrBeHut xpafi na o6rarasaHero
B TO3rr CeKTOp MOx(e 6U Oqe K'bM Kpaf Ha vI s. 117, e pesynrar Ha rrrrKoe or unoro6porfnure aBapo-cJraBflHcKla HanaAeHr,r-fl. Cnopeg cBr{[ereJrcrBara Ha HyMr.r3Marr,rrrHI{'I MATEPI,IAI, O6AqE, XI{BOT'bT S KANIEAAEA HE SArJI'I,XHAJI HAIIEJIHO, A NPOA'bJIXI,IJI

rrog eAHa

r4Jrr.r

Apyra $oprua u npe3 rrbpBrrre AecerrrJrerr{g na VII s.

118

3a Qynxqr-

oHLIpaHeTO Ha HrKaKBr.r rpaAcKr4 r.rJrE yKpenuTeJrHr{ cTpyKTypr.r rro ToBa BpeMe rrfMa
HI{KaKBIlt [aHHI4.

7. Tonany
(com. Topalu; jud. Constanla)

Ha gyuancxnn 6pxr B MecrHocrra "CrtHKa" ("Stinca"), na orolo 5,0 rrra
ceBepHo or Tonaly, ca6utu perrlcrprrpaHrr ocraHKr{ or yKpelJreHr,re r4,or pa3Br.rJro
ce rpafi nero o6rur,rpHo 6raroycrpoeuo ceJrr,rule or pr,rMcKara r.r K'bcuopr{McKa erro-

flonacroflIrleM yKpelJleHl,rero e HarrGJrHo yHrrrqo)KeHo B pe3yJrrar or pa3pa6orsaHero Ha roBa Mrrcro Ha KaMeHHa Kapr{epa. Cuopeg [aHHr,r or oe.rrlecrBeHoro
B Kpa.fi na XIX B. TepeHHo npoyqBaHe, To r{MaJro qerr,rprrbrtJreH nJraH r,r pa3Mept Ha
xra119.

crpaHr.rre KaKTo cJreABa: ceBepHa
104 ll; rr3ToqHa 140 u; roxHa
1161r; 3ara[Ha
170 u. flnorqra My B'b3Jrr.,I3aJra Ha oKoJIo 1,7 xa. Orxru ceBep rr 3anaA To o[r4paJro
go pt6a Ha nJraroBllAHara rpafi6pex<na repaca uduto 3arqlrreHo or crp'bMHt4 cKJro-

-

-

-

-

Or ror r{ or r43ToK rtpe[ KpeilocrHr{Te creHrr 6lrn nporonaH poB cmapuua2}gu6ourana 2-3 tnt, rrp'bcrra or roriro 6rra uarpylaHa B'bB Br{A Ha BaJr or
B'brperrrHara My crpaHa (sanaseuu pa3Meprr: mupr.rHa 10 u; nucouuna 1 u)t20. y*none.

30 rnl u

pelJleHl4ero 6rnno asrpaAeHo

B crpor.rreJrHa rexHrrKa, MHoro nanogo6anail{a perucTpl.,IpaHara n Kanr4ana: opus implectum, c Jrr,rrleBa o6nuqonra or rrocraBeHr{ B npaBI{JIHrr pegoBe rrerr.rpu'brbnrm 6nor.rera c MaJrKrr pa:ueprEl21. fle6enraHara Ha KpelocrHr{Te 3r.,rAoBe ce oilpeAeJu Ha oKoJro 2,00 u. Bts ocHona Ha KoHcrpyKTr,rBHr4Te
ruy oco6enocrr{, r.r3rpa)KAaHero Ha yKpelJreHr.{ero npu Touany Moxe yBepeuo [a ce
orHece KtM K'bcHopr,rMcKr{, fleprrog, Karo ce Aarr,rpa nafi-o6u1o s IV s. flpegeug

r16
Covacef 1988-89, 194-195; Barnea l99la, 181-182.
rri Covacef 1988-89, p. 195 (uafi-r'bcu[Te MoHerr.r or rrrracra
Aarr{par or BpeMero Ha r{Mrreparop trOcr:un II, no're, pas6lrpa ce, [pegcraBJrtrBar caMo egn:a terminus post quem).
118
Haft-xrcul{Te Irt3BecrH}I Aocera MoHerrr or Kauragana [pLIHaAJIexar Ha MoHeroceqeHero
Ira lrMIleparop Qo<a (or 606/607 u or 607/608 r.): Yertan/Custurea 1988-1989, p.
380 (nr. 1306); Custurea 1986, p.271 (nr. l).
Ire
Florescu 1927-32,p.495 Polonic 1935,21-22;Vulpe 1938, p. 215; Florescu et al. 1958, p.
245; TIR L35, p.73; ISM Y,p.76; Scorpan1980, p. 6.
r20

Polonic 1935,21-22; ISM V, p.76;Zahariade/Gudea 1997,p.79.

r2r

Florescu 1927-32,p.495; Florescu et al. 1958, p. 65.

HeroBoTo MecTo[oJroxeHr{e II pa3Meprr, B'bB QyHKqr4oHaJrHo-Tr{[ororr4qecKlc acIreKT To cJIeABa Aa ce onpe[eJrr.{ Karo BoeHeH Jrarep u castellum. Hafi-r'rcHr4Te I43BecrHu Aocera MoHerr{, [por{3xo)Knarqr{ or Tonany, Aarr4par or BpeMero Ha rrM[eparop Xonopuft122. Beporuro yKpelJreHr{ero qyBcrBrrreJrHo [ocrpagaJro [pr.r HflKoe or xyHcKr4Te Hana4eHrrs rr [pecraHaJro Aa ctulecrByBa orrle B HaqaJroro na V s.
Hqxou yueuulz3 ca cKJroHHr4 [a olb)KAecrBf,T pylrHrrre rpafi Tonary c xacrena lparlriraHa, c[oMeHar s Notitia Dignitatumlz4, auo-rrcHo - r{ or flporonraril25. Maxap
[Mero Ha To3r4 KacreJr HecT,MHeHo [a npeAcTaBJIflBa e[Ha oT KBcHrrre go6anxra rtu
TeKcra Ha "HorLIqr45"-Ta, [o-flpaBgonogo6uo r{3rJre)K[a JroKaJrr{3allugra My Aa ce
Ttpcx rrMeHHo B yKa3aHr4q raM yr{acrtK or rpaHr.rqara,T.e. n pafioua Ha AyHaBcKara
gerra126.
8. KAPCr{yM (CARSTUM)
(Hirqcva; jud. Constan{a)

3a gHa.rplMocrra Ha crroMeHarlrfl B MHo)KecrBo rrr{cMeHll I43BopI{ aHTurreu
qeHT'l,p Kapcuytr,r, qulrTo ocTaHKr4 Jrexar IIoA c'bBpeMe[Hvtu rpag XrpuoBa, roBopu rpuqrrcrflBaHero My or Knargufi fh:oreueft KEM rpa[oBere Qtoleis) Ha rpoBrrHqra fiomra MusLtfl. or{e npe3 rrbpBara noJroBrrHa na II s. 127 flpocuepr.rrertT Ha
rlr{BrrJrHoro ceJrr,rrle B rorqMa creneH ce ABJr)KaJr na enrarpa$cKra

r.r

rrrrcMeHo 3acBr{-

or

BTopara [oJroBrrHa Ha I s. HacerHe ttocrosHHo BoeHHo
flprrc'bcrBt4e128, o6ycnoBeHo or neo6xoguuocrra [a ce oxpaHrrBa egr,rH or uafi-yqo6AereJrcrByBaHoro orqe

:a:rtT: ur Ba)KHr{ AyHaBcKrd 6pogosel29. Eaenryannoro JrarepyBane n KapcrayM Ha BeKcilra\kts. or legio I lovia B Kpar Ha llVHa.raroro Ha IV ser130 e upo6renaruuHo, ruft

Karo npeqnoJro)KeHr{ero ce rpaArr eAr{HcrBeHo na nagrpo6eH [aMerHr{K, rrocraBeH
or ABe BoeHHr{ Jrr4IIa Ha \urBur.nuut r{JreHoBe or rflxHoro ce}reficrsol3l. Brs BpeMero
Ha rrMneparop Koncranrlrrr I s Kapcuylr 6una nacr:aHeua eAHa noeocSopurpaHa
[oMorrlH{r BoeHHa qacr - milites Scythicir3z. floxaro rlrlBr4JrHoro uocereHue or pr,rM-

TIR L35, p- 73.
Aricescu 197 2, p. 342; Aricescu 1977, p. I I 8 ; Barnea l99la, 1 82- I 83.
r2a
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 27 (ed. Seeck).
r25
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
126
Zahariadle 1988, l4l-i42.
r27
Ptol. Geogr. III, 9, 5 (ed. Miiller); [pyrute rr{cMeHrr r{3Bopr.r :a Kapcryr'.r ca qr.{rr4paHr,r B:
TIR L35, p. 30; Popesca1916,23'1-238; ISM V, ll9-120; Zahariade 1988,125 126.
128
3a uctopr{f,Ta Ha BoeHHoro rrprrcr,crBrre n Kapcnyu [pe3 prrMcKara erroxa rr K'bcHara
r22
r23

aHrr,rtrHocr, s)K. : Nicolae 1993, 215-216; Aricescu 1977, pas sim.
12e

Yulpe 1961,'p. 375.

130

Petolescu/Popovici 1989, p. 241 sqq.

r31

Cllrnenlrero e Morr{Br{pano rl s: Nicolae 1993,p.2L6.
132
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 22 (ed, Seeck).

FIANsOVA -

oIsPUNEREA PUNCTELOR

ARHEOLOGICE

LA

CARSIUM

tEGE.NDA

INCINTA CETATII CARS|UM
NECROPOLA ROMANi

ASEZAREA

0UNAHun

c!vr!-i to,b)

NECROPOLA RCMAI]A
NECROPoLA TuI'Iu,-rIA O€ EPOCA RoMANA

ASEZAREA oAco.RCMANA ..LA MoARA',

O6p. 8. KAPCI4yM (CARSIUM). Touorpa$ux Ha aHrurruoro rr KbcHoaHrr{qHo ceJrrrqe
(Nicolae 1993, p. 217). lFig. 8. CARSIUM. Topography of the Roman and Late Roman
settlement (Nicolae 1993, p. 217).

cKara erloxa r,r Har{arHr,r, [ep]roA Ha K'bcHara aHTrzrrHocT 3aeMaJro o6mrrpHa flJrorq
B'bpxy HrrcKara,r paBHa KpaftAyHaBcKa repacal33 (o6p. 8), nsrpagenu-ar npee 103 r.
rI'bpBrI KaMeHeH BoeHeH Jlarepl34 r{ HeroBr,rrrr K'bcrroaHTr{rreH npueMHux 6rEnrn pasnoJroxeHlr B'bpxy eAr,rH [JraroBrrAeH cKaJrucr x'bJrM Ha cauurs,6par na peKara, I,r3Br{csBarq ce Ha noBerre

or

30 M HaA BoAHara [oBBpxHocrl3s. Bapnapcrnre HaruecrBurr
fV u n'bpBaTa IIOJIOBT4Ha na V s. CTaHaJrrr npr4qr.rHa 3a

OT noCJIeAHaTa tIeTBBpT Ha

or rollorpaocxo-QylKqr{oHurJrHo ecrecrBo, AoBeJrr,r
rpeBp'LqaHero
Ha HflKorarrrHl{.f, BoeHeH Jrarep B yKpe[eHo ceJrr,rule. flpe:434 r.,
Ao
HanprrMep, Kapcnyu e or6enqgaH Beqe Karo "Kpenocr" Qthrourion), wtagtHa rro
ToBa BpeMe or: xyuutel36. Bxnro.rsaHero My or XuepoxrJr B cur{cbKa Ha rpagoBere
B flpoBrrHrlu, Cxwrar.l37, KaKTo [I HaJlrrquero ryK rra enr{cKoncKr,r npecroJrl38, cnucaulecrBeHl{ TpaHcQopMaqlII4

r33

Bounegru et. al. 1989, p. 273 sqq.; Nicolae 1993, p. 215 sqq.

t34ISM V,94.
r3s

TouorpaQtflTa Ha BoeHur{fl Jrarep e o6crofino rpeAcraBeHa

r:

Gajewska 1974,93-94,

109-1 10, 126-127, 151.
136

Prisc. Fragm.

r37

llier.

r38

Darrouzes 1981, p.242 (Notitia3,646).

-

In: HGM, l.Leipzig, 1870, p. 277: "...Karso phrourio Thrakio...".

Synecd. 637,11 (ed. Parthey).

AeTeJIcTByBaT, qe [pe3 VI B. ApeBHIITT IIeHTcp He caMo yc[rJl Aa II3JIe3e oT KpII3aTa, Ho r4 1a Aocrlarue eArrH or B'bpxoBere B MHoroBeKoBHara cktLrcroptlfl.139. flpoxo-

nrafi raspravno or6e:rs:sa Kapcuyru Mexgy locrunuanoBllTe rpaAexlr B 3eMVTe rro
fiornu ,[ynan140, Koero ce rrorBcp)K\aBa rr or HoBrITe apxeoror[qecKu ilpoyqBAHr4fl.l41

.

flpoyunaxero Ha yKpenrrreJrHr{Te c'bop'lxeHr{fl Ha K'bcHoaHTIruHI{rI Kapcuyrnl $arrzvecKll Ce HaMI,Ipa B HaqaIeH cragr,rrl. Pesynratrate OT coHAaxHLITe pa3KolKrr Ha B'b3BrrlIeHI{eTO "[xnyn r{eT}q[u" (Dealul "Cetrroii"), upeAlpIIeTI,I B Kpafl
na 30-te LI HaqaloTo na 40-re ToAIIHI,I na XX B. I,I [pe3 1963 t., ca o6o6rqeuu B eAIm
[JraH-BB3craHoBKa (O6p. 9), uprrApyx<eH or KparKI4 notcHI{TeJrHn 6enexxrala2.K't cHoprrMcKI{JIT Boer{eH Jlarep (osnaven rato "flepuo4 II" n nlaua) [pegcTaBrsBa rpagex afundamentis. Tofi e 6u.n usgrarnaT B'bpxy repeHa, 3aeMaH npeAu roBa or paHHoprrMcKr.rrr Jrarep, Ho yKpeleHaTa My [JIorrI e no-MzL[Ka [I Bb3JrI43a Ha OXOIO 0,95
xa. I4Ma He[paBrureH, npu6luzurerHo r{eruprrbrbJreu [JraH, c MaKcrIMaJIHr{ pa3Mepr{ oK. 105 x 90 rnr. fie6enruara Ha Kperocruara creHa B rrpoyrleHl{Te yrlacrbltru e
1,80 lr, Ho no rpacero ir ne ca JroKaJrrr3upaHrr floprl{ krltut Kylrkt. Tunororn'recxu,
TaKa oflr{caHoTo yKpelJreHr{e cJreABa Aa ce olpeAeJrlr Karo castellum.I4srpa;rgaueTo My e orHeceHo r ny6rurraqrrrra c'bBceM flpoBlr3oplro (uo ananorua c Kanzgana?)
KLM BTopara rroJroBr{Ha Ha III s. i43 Cucteururre apxeoJrorl{qecKl,I pa3KolKlr, npoBe)KAaHr{ n Kapcnyrra or 1987 r. HacaM144, 3Har{rITeJIHo o6oratnxa [o3HaHr{qra.3a
o6nrnxa rr xpoHoJrorvr.flTa Ha HeroBara K'bcHoaHTI4rrHa yKpeilureJrl{a crlcreMa, BHacsftxn c'brqeBpeMeHuo BDKHIr KopeKrlrrrr n uy6nuxyaanl4Te [ocera AaHHI,I. BugruuTe HaA TepeHa ocTaHKrr or oKoJroBpBcTHr.rr KperlocTeH sr.rg (sanaseH Ha MecTa Ha
B[coquHa go 2,!6 r'.r) pasxpunaT rpaAex B opus implectum mixtum, KaTo JII{IIaTa ca
rprDKJrrrBo o$oprrlenlr or rrocraBeHr4 B npaBr,rJrHrl xoprr3oHTaJrHrl pegoBe [apaJreJrenIIneAHII KaMeHHIT 6lorone, peAyBaII{u ce c TyxJreHu fioflcu. EunnexrontT e oT
CpeAHO TOJIeMI{ JIOM9HU KaM'bHI{ I,I flaprleTa TyXJIIrt, CIIO9HII C XOpOCaH, C'bA'bpxaq
TyK-TaM cr{yKaHa crpor{TeJrHa KepaMr,rKa. fie6eruuara Ha 3I{AoBere orKBM cylxara
(:anag, ceBep r,r r,rerox) e no 1,90 M, AoKaro ro3l{ Ha[ orBecHl{.f, [yr{aBcKlr 6pxr (otxru ror) e qe6el egza 1,25 u. Oco6eu rrHrepec rpeAcraBJrflBa 3acBl{[ereJrcrByBaHaTa Ha MecTa B rpaAexa Ha KpenocrHlrTe creHrr yuorpeoa Ha HanJrbxHl,r E'lbpBeHLr

t3e

3a ucropr{qecKoro rr coqrralHo-[KoHoM[qecKo

pa3BI{TIre ua Kapcuytvt

[pe3 pLIMcKara

eroxa u KtcHara aurrarHocr nx.: Nicolae L995'1996, p. 135 sqq.
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
lar Nicolae L993, 220-222.
rao

142

Condurachi 1967, L69-171.
Ibidem.
'{3
14

3a o6xsata n o6rqxre pe3yJrrarrr or upoyqBaxnlTaB reproAa 1987 -1994 r. sx: Zahariade
L996,226-227; 3a npoyunaunara Ha eKcleAr{quflTalaa My3es B Konctanqa B rlepuoga 1993-1995 r. Bx.: Panait et al. 1995-1996, p. 121 sQq.

rtEr

e@r

.rEr

'Il-Fr"
r[-E[--j

O6p. 9. KAPCIIyM (CARSIUM). OcuosHLI crpolrrerrHr4 reprloArr

rl-El-l

B

apxnreKrypporo

pa3Br4Trre Ha BoeHHr{f, Jrarep. JlereuAa: 1. Creuu or I nepuog; 2. Creruv or II nepuog; 3.
Ctenu o:r III nepuoq; 4. 3ragone B.rB B'brpeurHocrra Ha yKperrreHnero; 5. lauueslr [oAoBe
(Condurachi1967, S. 169, Abb. 5). lFig.9. CARSIUM. Main construction phases in the

architectural development of the military camp. Legend: 1. Walls from Period I; 2. Walls
from Period II; 3. Walls from Period III; 4. Walls in the interior of the forr; 5. Clay floors
(Condurachi1967, S. 169, Abb.5).

rpeAu (caurpavra) 145, Koero BeporrHo cJIeABa [a ce orAa[e Ha HrKaKBo IIo-KLcHo
npeycrpoucreo146. Ilo rpace.ro Ha ceBepHrrfl KpenocreH 3I{A e pa3r{HcreHa MaJIKa
lopra (notepna) c ruuplrHa 1,15 u, oxpaHqBaHa or I{3ToK or Il3AaBaIrIa ce HaB'bH
ryta. Oc'ralrKrr or Apyru ABe KyJrr{ ce sa6en.flssar B ceBepoil3ToltHr,Irl I4 B rorou3ToqHr.rrr'rbrbJr Ha yKpenJrenuerol4T. ApxeonorraqecKlrre npoyrrBaHl4, B ceBepo3ala1r'Ltfl
'brbJr Ha KacTeJra ycTaHoBrrxa HaIutr[eTo I{ TaM Ha KyJra. Tg e C Kp'brGJI [JraH Ir
B'bTperleH Ar4aMeT'bp 4,00 u, a ge6enunaTa Ha cTeI{I{Te ir s:bsfluga na 2,00 Irl. B
pe3yJrTaT na go6anru u flpeycTpofictna, ge6elunara Ha lplrJrexaqplTe yrlacT'bllu
OT KpeIOCTHIITe cTeHI4 [ocTLIra go 3,30 rvr. IrlrrpaxgaHeTo ra $ymqraoHllpaHeTo Ha
pa3KprrTr,rTe TyK yKpenr4TeJrHpr cBop'bxeHr4f, e AaTrIpaHo B xpoHoJlorI4I{ecKI,ITe paM-

Klr

or IV go VI e. la8

Hanocneg'rK, B roro3arlaAHara qacr Ha AH. rpaA X'rpuroua, B'bpxy cKaJIIrcroro rparlgyHaBcKo B'b3BIIrueHue "EeI-IIor" (Dealul "BelCiug") 6axa yCtanoBeHII
ocraHKII oT Apyro yKpenJIeHI,Ie c [peAIIoJIaraeMa KGcHoaHT[rIHa [aTupoera (IV n.?)
149.
flnanrt lr{y He e yrorrHeH, Ho ro 6rrJro c MaJrK[r pa3Mepl{ u 3a Hero ce [pemloJraqe
ra,
e 6r,rno nprKo aHrax<IrpaHo c Ha6JIIoAeHlIero I'I KoHTpoJIa Ha AyHaBcKur 6pog.
3acera HflMa cr4rypHr{ AaHHu rIr{BLrJrHoro ceJIIrIqe rpafi x'rcnoplrMcKlrs BoerreH Jrarep Kapcnyr'a [a e pa3noJraraJro crc co6crseHa yKpenrlTeJrHa bl,IcreMa. Creg
[oryrraBagero na jzs civitatis K'bM Kpas Ha V unu B HaqaJroro Ha VI n., o6ave, narf-seposrHo B'bB BpeMero Ha lrMleparop locrrznuan I, uono[poB'b3rJraceHarr rpaq Kapcr.IyM [oryrrr{Jr coJrrirAHo ,I3rpaAeHa oKoJroBpacTHa KpenocTHa cTeHa, KoflTo cB'bp3BaJra ABere c'brrlecrByBaulr4 Beqe yKpenJreHr.rs rr 3arpDKAaJra flJrolq oT oKoJIo 20 xa150.
Cropeg HyM[rcMarIIrIHrITe HaxoAKI{, cpeg Kolrro rlpllc'bcrByBar eMrrcul'I Ha
r{Mneparopnre @oxa uklpaxtmfi(yafi-x'scuuar eK3eMnJrtp e or 6291630 r.)1s1, xu-

Borbr r

Kapcnyrta oqeBr,rnHo [poA6Jrxc.rJr

cJIeA aBapo-cJIaB{HcKI{Te HaflageHr4f, or
e BeporrHo lpa[br (nnrn uo-rovHo: ToBa,
r,r

Kpaq Ha VI ra na.ranoro Ha VII s. MHoro
Koero ocraHaJro or nero!) Aa e fipoc'brrlecrByBaJr qaK Ao c'b3gaBaHero na 6'rnrapcKara A'6pxar,at52.

145

Panait et al. 1995-1996,p.124.

Teprrropr,rareH tr xpouoJror[qecKu acrreKT rlapzueJl Ha ra3lr crpolrreJlHa
rIpaKTLrKa rlpol{3xoxAa or paHHoBIr3aurvfrct<ux Ersoue: Onrapon 1982, c.76 (urnaparpa$a ga Eugoue s frara II.2.E).
ra7
Panait et al. 1995-1996, p. 124.
ra8
Cantacuzino 1992, p.58 sqq.
rae
Nicolae 1993, p. 219.
rso Ibidem, p. 220 sqq. (B yKperleHara repl{roplrfl Ha rpaAa or VI s. noraAa eAI{H or
146

Hafi-6Jrrr3Krrrr

B

or [peAxoAurrs reprroA - Herponon II. Haft-xtcuure
rpo6one or ro3rr HeKporroJr Aarr{par or V-VI 8., Koero ce flBaBa clrrypeu terminus
HeKporroJrrrre na KapcryM

post quenx 3a BpeMero Ha Ir3rpar<AaHe Ha Kpe[ocruara crena).
15t

Custurea 1986, p. 277 (nr.2, 4, 6).

r52

.[uuurpos 1992, c. 1 15 (6en. 66).

;

l
.isN%
,'h

=1t,d'v
'*ru
i
j*l*'.r"{
tI
1
)Y'
ir
i t:'
rr*S
1
,*r,3?.*.,.r+t"

grrrrrrrr

az=--i

i

lTgrrlwtttt\'qrrr'l' O Z0 10 60 A0

ilom

10. III4yC (CIUS). O6uI unan Ha ABere KaMeHHrr yKperrJreHr.rfl no fp. Tovr.rnecry
(Zahariade/Gudea L997, Fig. 58). / Fig. 10. CIUS. General layout of the two stone
fortifications after Gr. Tocilescu (ZahariadelGudea 1997, Fig. 58).

O6p.

9.

Ur{yc (crus)

(com. Girliciu; jud. Constanla)

Brg oorosa [arHI{Te sa ltinerarium Antonini Augustils3,

aHTr4r{Hr{flT rr K'bcHoaHTr{qeH ItreHT'bp I{lryc clrrypHo ce JIoKaJrr.I3[rpa B MecrHocrra "Xa3aplrK"/"XLtcaprbK" ("Hazarlic"l"HisarlSc"), ua4,5 KM ro)KHo ot I'spnravrayl5a. Tofi 3aeMa Kpaq
Ha eAHo Bt3BrrrrreHr{e B'bB Br{A Ha [oJryocrpoB, orpaAeH or AyHaBcKr.r_s p'r,KaB Etpori

(B6roi) rr or eAHo xparlpevuo 6laro. ApxeonorrqecKfl pa3KorKrr He ca rpaBeHu, Ho
TepeHHI,ITe I{3CJIeABaHIrfl Ca yC:TaHOBr4Jrr{ OCTaHKI{ OT ABe IOCJTeAOBaTeJIHO r.r3fpale-

t53Itin. Ant. Aug. 224,4 (ed. Cuntz).
t5a
Weiss 1911, S. 48; Polonic 1935, p. 22; Comqa 1959,164-765; TIR L35, p. 33; Zahariade
1988, 126-128.

i

t

t\
f, ur''"'l2,r%_.n..n..
a

i

i

iJ

.{v'

fr

,,,.,,.d"J

ft.'"""""$ 0

h*j

tm

200rn

O6p. 11. qUyC (CIUS). Btsursara 3eMJreHa yKperrrreJrHa ilvruLrfl no Ip. To.uraecry
(Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58). / Fig. 11. CIUS. The outer earthen fortification after Gr.
Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).
Hrl Ha eAHo ra c'brqo Mrcro KaMeHHu aHTuvHI,I yKpenreH[s. Egnoro or rflx 6nro c
pa3Mepr4 l2O x 120 M, a Apyroro
85 x 60 ltlss. flo-uanxoro or rflx 3aeMa Ioro3arra[Hara qacr Ha [o-roJrflMoTo I{ Ha['bJrHo ocHoBareJrHo ce pa3urexna KaTo IIo-K'bcHo
or nero156 (O6p. 10). Or KpenocrHr.rre 3rrAoBe B MprHaJroro ca6u..l,ur43Breqeuu MHoxecrBo enurpa$cxr{ [aMerHrrqu or II-[I B., oqeBrrgHo ynorpe6eHl2l HqKora npI,I TflxHoro r43rpa)KgaHe B KaqecrBoro Ha crpo[TeJleH uarepr,ran157. Ha orono 500 rvr ceBepHo oT [BeTe KaMeHHr{ yKpelJreHr{s e perrrcTpr.IpaHa }I B'bHIIrHa yKpenl,lTeJrHa JrI{Hr{r B'bB Br4A Ha poB r..r 3eMJIeH BaJr, [perpax[aqlr [oJryocrpoBa or cKJroH go cxlon158
(O6p. 11). Baxen r{3ToqHr4K na nn$oprtaaps.3a u3qcHrrBaHe l{cropuvecKara ctg6a
I55
156

157
158

Polonic L935,p.22.
Zahariade 19Q8, p. 153;Zahariade/Gudea 1997,p.79.
ISM Y, tt5-124.
Polonic 1935,p.22.

Lr crpor,rreJrHara r4cropua na I{uyc ce flBAP,a HaMepeHr4rr ryK [pe3 BTopara noJroBr{na na XIX B. crpolrrerleH HaAlr4rc or 369 r" 159 BrscraHoBeHr4rrr reKcr cto6rqara sa
Ircrpax(AaHero Ha roBa Mrrcro "n3 ocHoBI,I" Ha egHo HoBo yKpelJreHpre, Koero ce
uqeuru$uqupa or c'bBpeMeHHI4Te I43cJreABaq[ c [o-MaJrKoTo oT ABere yKpe[JreHr4r,
3acBr{AereJrcrByBaHrr B MecrHocrra "Xa3aprGK"160. flpegnu4 pa3Mepr{Te My
(85 x 60 u), ro B HI{KaK6B cryuafiHe Moxe Aa ce orb)K[ecrBrr c burgus,KaKTo rJracr4r
TpaArrqlroHHaTa KoHeKTypa Ha JraKyHaTa B HaAnr4ca, a cJreABa yBepeHo Aa ce o[peAeJILI Karo castelluml6l. B xpononorr{trecKr{ cr,rHxpoH c AarrrpoBKara Ha crporareJrIrLr,. HAAnI,IC CTOr{ rr HaMepeHaTa CpeA pyr{Hr{Te TyXJra C pa3npocTpaHeHr,rfl neqaT
RVMORID(us) 162, rofiro ce Aarr,rpa noHacrorrqeM ctrrlo B'bB BpeMero Ha rMrreparop Banenc163. OcnosareJrHo B'b3Hr4KBa B'brrpoc'br orHocHo [purrrrHr.rre, AoBeJrrr Ao
npeAnpr,reMaHero ua Soprn$r.rKaqrroHeH crpoex afundamenris n I{uyc. Hafi-npasgonogo6no I{3rJrex<na o6scnenrnero, qe oqe [peArr BcrbrrBaHero na Banexc Ha rpolaa,urrvl B xoga Ha HeroBara fl'rpaa rorcKa nofiua, c'brrlecrByBarmflT Ha roBa Mrrcro
ro-paHeH KacreJr (rosu c pa3Mepr{ 120 x 120 rtr) nocrpagaJr roJrKoBa xarampoSanHo, r{e ycvrrvflTa Iro HeroBoro B'b3craHoBrBaHe 6unrn npusnaru3a Hart'bJrHo Heo[panganl6a. K'srvr nogo6no o6qcHeHr,re olpeAeJreHo HaBexAa ra cro6rqeHr{ero 3a HaMepeHoro a I{uyc ctKpoBr.rrqe or MeAHrr MoHerr{ c Henpeqrr3r,rpaHa Aarr.rpoBKa B
IV s. l6s Cnopeg Notitia Dignitatum,npe3 K'bcHoprrMcKara eroxa a I{zyc irarepyBaJra KaBaJrepufr.cxara .rracr cuneus equitum stablesianoruml66. Yxpeu euvrlrr rIeHT'bp He
ce cloMeHaBa B Apyru [r{cMeHr4 r,r3Boprr r crg6ara My [pe3 V-VI s. e Her,r3BecrHa.
Haft-r'rorara cpeg ny6m.rrynanr.rre [ocera MoHerv o:r I]ryc Aarr4pa or BpeMero Ha
lrMrleparop Xonopufi (euucna or 395-408 r.) 167. He e r,rgxnro.reHo rori Aa e npecraHaJr Aa c'brrlecrByBa orqe npe3 n'bpBara rroJroBrrrra na V nex, uagartxu rrog y4apure

Ha xyrrcKr,rTe nJreMeHa.

10. EEPOE (BEROE)
(com. Ostrov; jud. Tulcea)

Brs ocHosa Ha AaHHr4Te Ha prrMcKrrre r,rrrrrrepaprrr{, u3BecrHrrrrr r,r or Epyru
nl{cMeHil r.r3Bopr{ aHTuqeH r{ K'bcHoaHT[qeH rIeHTbp Eepoe ce JroKaJrrr3r4pa Ha AyPopescu 1976, N 233 (= CIL, III, 6159=7494).
Zahariade 1988, p. 153.
t6t B Notitia
Dignitatum I-{rayc e r{3pr.rqHo orpeAeJreH raro castellum: Not. Dign. Or.
r5e
160

6 (ed. Seeck).
162ISM
163

Y,125.

Sarnowski L985, p. 118, 124-126.
r6a
Aricescu 1977, p. 167 sqq.
t65
TIR L35, p. 33.
166
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 14 (ed. Seeck).
167
Yertan/Custurea 1992, p.391 (nr. 1494).

XXXX,

xu roxHo or ceJroro ompor (orp. Tynva; 168. Toli saeMa cKaIrltcrrlfl. noJlyocrpoB "flarpa @perrqefi" (Piatra Frecdtei), rd3grrraq ce Ha Br{cor{r{Ha
[oBer{e or 30 M Ha[ per{Horo KopI,ITo I4 I,IMaIr{ orBecHI{ cKJroHoBe or ror r,r 3a[a4.
Cnopeg Notitia Dignitatum, upes [v-v a. e Eepoe 6r,rna nacraHeHa e[Ha KaBaJrepuficxa qacr - cuneus equitum stablesianoruml69.Boettur,rflT Jrarep ce e HaMr,rpaJr B
HaBcKrrfl 6par, na 2

3arIaAHLIf 'brLJr Ha floJryocrpoBa, oTAeJreH oT ocTaHaJrara My qacT [ocpeAcTBoM rrlugsn6or por. flnaroBl4gHara repaca r{3TorrHo or poBa 6rara saera or o6uuap-

poK Ir

no xpartnarepHo HeyKpeneuo cerurqel70. Pllrero Bipaion/Biraion, xoero ce rorBrBa
B eAHa oT HoTI4I{I4I{Te Ha Koncr:anruHoloJrcKaTa rrarpr4apllll,Is KaTo eIIlrcKoIIcKo
ceAaJrr.ru{e B npoBr4Hrlra.r
KHr,rxHr,rHa c Bepoe172.

Crur*ttl7t,

Aro

TpaAr,rqr{oHHo ce orB)KAecrBqBa B HayqHara
npe4uoJroxeHuero e BflpHo, To cJreABa Aa ce nptreMe,

qe cerl4ll{ero no BcqKa BepofTHocr e

[oryquro rpaAcKrr cTaTyr rro rurKoe BpeMe
npe: VI s.
YxpenurenHara cl{creMa Ha Bepoe ne e 6rayra o6exr Ha apxeoJroruqecKo
npof{BaHe, a B 3arla3eHlrre olucanr{f, ce orKpr{Bar c'blrlecrBeHr,r nporr,rBope.rru. CnopeA n. flononnr, yKpe[eHara [Jrorq vrwana r{erraplrtr.bJreH [JraH, npeAo[pe[eJreH
or xouQlrrypaqrlrlTa Ha repeHa. Cenepnara, rr3ToqHara r{ roxrrara Kpelocrur{ creuu 6unw ['bJrrrr no 64 u, a 3arra4Hara - 30 r',r. Vlzg-srr6awwar B cKaJrHara noqBa poB
npeA r.r3roqunflsw16ral urrapor 15 r"r ra 4rn6or 19 1173. 3a pa:nr,rra or fL flolonrx,
K. Mor,rczn o[flcBa Kpelocrra Karo HerrpaBrrJreH ocMo'brbJrHrar c o6raxotra 150 na.
Toft cuouenaBa r,r 3a qerr,rpprbrbJrHa KyJra B yr{acrbKa rrvr flynas a174, v:autro ocraHrn ce sa6err3Bar Ha fioBcpxHocrra rr floHacroflrrleMlTs. IIo npeue na repenno o6xox[aHe npes 1953 r. e 6ra.n [oKyMeHTrrpaH eAr,rH SparueHr or KperrocrHara creHa,
Br{Ar.rM TOraBa Ha [pore)KeHrre or 4,50 r'a. Tort nuan ge6enuna IIoBeqe or 3,00 u u
6un usrpaqer B opus implectum. Eunnexrontr 6ran or gpe6nu JroMeHr{ KaM'bHr4,

168I4snopzre sa Eepoe ca ct6panu s: TIR
L35,26-27; ISM V, p. 153; Zahariad.e 1988, p.
128; {r.rrr.rpauoro rr Ha rprrre Mecra r.r3Becrr.re Ha Teo$unam Cuuorara (Hist. II,
l6) He ce ornac, go Eepoe B rrpoBr.rHrlr{r Cxurux, a Ao eAHor,rMeHHr.rrr rpaA B npoBr,rHrllr.E Tparr,rx.
r6e
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 15 (ed. Seeck).
r70,[annu sa rouorpa$wflra:aa Bepoe n:
Comqa 1959,761-164; TIR L35,26-27; Gajewska
1974, ll0-112,148;Zahariade 1988, p. 128.
17r
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia3,645).
172
3a crrqectByBax"(I{Te xore6aHra.E n ugeurr$urarlr{sra Ha.qBara ro[oH]rMa, nx.: Sucevr:nu/
Barnea 1993,p.178. Cuopeg eAHa HoBa r.r clBceM He3a,EoBoJrr.rrenHo apryMeHrr.rpaHa xl{uore3a (S[mpetru 1994, p. 108), Bipaion/Biraion cJreABa Aa ce orbxAecrBr{ c

Tperrrluc.
r7r

Polonic 1935,p.22.
t7a
Moisil 1911,p.46.
r75
Zahariade 1988, p. 128.

o6ranuo 3aJrerr{ c xopocaH, c'bg'bpxart1 roJUrMo KoruqecrBo HarporrreHa Ha egpr4
flaprreHrla ryxlal76.

KscnopNucKrrrr [por{3xog Ha olucaHr{Te ocraHKrr or yKpe[r.rreJrHara cr4cTeMa Ha Eepoe He ce rroAJrafa Ha c'bMHeHr.re oT u3cJreABar{[Te, Ho 3acera JrI{ncBaT
AaHHu 3a [peqrr3arlupaHe na nefinara [arupoBKa. Yrpeuneuraero B'b3Hr{Ksa b rarrecrBoro Ha BoeHeH Jrarep u t43putrHo e oflpegerremo s Notitia Dignitatum Karo
castellumrlT. OrpannveHr4Te rro rrJrorq r4 BpeMe coHAiDKHI.r npoyqBaHrls B'bB B'brperuHocrra Ha yKpeneHara repraropr{r{, npeAnpverv B Haqaroro na 70-:re roArrHr4 Ha
XX n., pa3Kprrxa tracr or nourporira, Koqro ce rrHTeplperlrpa Karo Ka3apMeHa.
Harl-r'rcnr,rre MoHerr4 or Hefl Aarr{par or 5751576 r., a Kpasr na o6zrasanero e
flcHo MapKrrpaH or crrrxrreH no)Kap I4 pa3pylneHI,rs. HaA nJlacra or pa3pylfiertus. e
perucrprrpaH HoB )s4Jr[rrleH xopr{3oHT, xorlro o6aqe Aarlrpa Beqe or enoxara Ha
6r.nrapcxoro paHHo cpegHoBeKosuelT8. Cneg npe;rtrBflHara xaracrpoSa [pI,I HrKOe OT r"rnoro6porlHlrTe aBapo-cJraBflHcKI,I HanaAeHI4s, MHOIO e BeposTHo Eepoe ga

i

e npecraHan ga $yurqroHrrpa Karo yKpereH rleHrrp KbM Kpa, Ha VI a.

flpu

nce

TOBa, )Kr{BOT'bT TyK C'bC CTITypHOCT He 3arJrbxHaJr Ha['bJrHO: AaHHr.rTe OT IIpOyqBaHeTO Ha CeJrr,rqHr.rJr HeKporroJr cBr4AeTeJrcTByBaT, qe u3[or3yBaHeTo My rrpo['bJrx<vtJlo vr

[pe3 nEpBr{Te Aecerr.rJrervtfl.HaVII s.
11.

179

Ileqensra

(com. Peceneaga; jud. Tulcea)

B roroeanagH[r ]r'bJr Ha eAHo xpaftqyuaecKo B'b3Brrurenlre rpari ceroro fleIIEH'ITA CA
PETICTPI,IPAHI,I OCTAHKTI OT KAMEHHO YKPEIJIEHtrE, PI3BECTHO IIOA IIMETO

"9erarg EarruHa" (Cetatea Baltina) 180. 1o ne e 6n.no flpoyrrBago no apxeoJlorllqecKu n'rr. CuopeA AaHHr.r or repeHHr,r o6xo>rganr,rfl, rrJraH'br My e KBa[pareH, c
A'bJrxerHa Ha crpaHrrre no 50 KparrKrr, a BBB BceKr.r oT'brJrr{Te 6rana usrpaAeHa no
egna ryna181. Ouenagno B cryrraq craBa [yMa 3a MaJrbK K'bcHoaHTr4teu castellum,
rr3rrbJrHeH rro [JraHoBara cxeMa quadriburgium. XpotoJrou{rra My noHacroflrr{eM

He Mo)Ke Aa ce npeqrrcupa. fly6nmynaHrrrrr [ocera rryMlr3Mar[rreH ].{arepnzur or
fle.reHrra e xparlno ocK:bAeH Lr HfMa orHorxeHr.re KtM 3aHrIMaBaIrIara xr,r enoxai82.
IIo ananorrafl Moxe Aa ce AonycHe, rre yKpe[JreHuero e 6uro r.r3Ar{rHaro B HarraJroro

176

Comqa 1959,p.761.

r7i

Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,5 (ed. Seeck).
r78
Vilceanu/Barnea 197 5, p. 208 sqq.
t7e
Pe3ylrarure or EpoyrrBaHero rra HerpofloJra

flo nrupoca

3a

ca ny6nurynann uonorpaSuuHo: Petre 1987;
npoAbnxaBarrero na o6r,rrasauero Ha cerurqero B Hatraroro sa VII

B. Bx.: Petre 1963, p.346 sqq.
Polonic 1935, p. 22;TLRL35, p.51.
r81
lllxopnun 1940, c.529.
82
Oberliinder-Tirnoveanu 1984, p. 27 3 (nr. 9 4), 27 7 (17 8).
'
r8o

Ha K'bcHopI{McKI{fl nepIIoA.

Bara rroJroBuHaHa

v

s.

ro

KtM Kpaq Ha IV r,rnu rrpe3 rrbpnpecTaHaJlo
e
oKoHqaTerHo Aa
[a +yHKIII'IOHI'Ipa.

Mnoro

e BepoqTHo ou{e

12. Tpaxn
(s. Traian; com. Peceneaga; jud. Tulcea)

Ktu

xpax na XIX B. B oKoJrHocrr{Te Ha ceJroro Tpatu 6ranu peructpupana
yKpenJleHue
c qerupr46r'bJreH [JraH, B r{rrl{To 'rrnra 6r,rna rl3rpa[eHa no
ocTaHKI.r oT

flrpnonavaJrHo pa3Mepr,ITe My 6unrz onpegeJreHrr na 60 x 66 *nt83.
OctrqectneHoro B rro-HoBo BpeMe aepoQotorpaScxo 3acHeMaHe na o6erta gage
BB3Mox(Hocr Aa ce BHecar I43BecrHlI KopeKqlrrr B HaJrIrtIHrITe AaHHI{. YcranoseHo
6e, ue nJrag.br Ha yKperrirenr{ero e pou6ouqeH, c A'bJIxaIrHa Ha rIo-nGJIrlITe crpaHlr
no oKoJro 45 ytu c opueHTarlr{r Ha roJreMvtfl.\uatonaJr ceBep-ceBepousror</ror-rorosanag184. BT pxy aepo+oTocullMKara JIlIqr, qe BxoA'bT e 6r,rn pasnoJloxeH B cpeAaTa Ha lorolr3ToqHaTa cTpaHa Ir no BcflKa BepofTuocT e 6nl oSopMeH KaTo B'bTpeI[ua xyna185. Yxpenrenuero cJreABa Aa ce onpeAeJII{ Karo MaJIIK rpaHllrleH KacreJr,
rrpe[cTaBJrsBaul B KoHcTpyKTr4BHO OTHOIIIeHI{e BapI,IaHT Ha TIJIaHOBaTa CXeMa
quadriburgium. Vlzrpax<gaHero My npeArroJloxl{TeJrno ce [ocraB, B Har{aroro Ha
IV B. i86 Hauepexoro cpeA HeroBlrre pyI'IHI,I MoHerHo crKpoBrrlqe, cl4lpx<au1o 25
M6HSTII Ha llMlepaTop trOcrr.runan 1187, rro BcrKa BepOtTHocT cBrIAeTeJIcTByBa 3a
o6urasanero My r4 [pe3 VI n. flpu Jrr{ncara Ha apxeoJrorultecK[ fipofrBaHlrrl, He e
rcHo AaJIrr )Kr{BoT'bT B yKpenJreHr{eTo e [peK'bcBaJI B xpoHoJlorfi'qecKvtfl. [IHTepBaJI
or IV go KcM cpegara na VI s.

eAHa Kp'brJra KyJra.

1

3.

TPE3MIIC-llrrox

(TROESMIS)

(com. Turcoaia, jud. Tulcea)

3na.rurerHngr BoeHeH I{ a[Mr,IHucrparrlBeH IIeHT'bp Tpesr"ruc ce JroKaJIIr3I{pa B M. llrnraqa, Ha 4,0 KM ceBepuo or Typroafla, oKp. Tynua. flpee xlcuaTa aHTurlHocr rofi srrlo.rBa ABe yKperrJreHr,rrr, pa3rloJrox<eHrl B'bpxy orcroflIrl[ Ha oKoJIo
'
400 rta egHo or Apyro c'bce[Hr,r Bc3Br{rueHrrrl Ha AyHaBcKut dptr, u o6lrnpua reparopilfl, extra muros,3arqrrreHa c6c crrcreMa or 3eMJreHIr BaJroBe (O6p. 12). I4srovnoto
yKpe[JreHr,re ("Cetatea de Est") eArrHoAyrrruo ce orbxlecrBflBa B HayqHara KHITDKHI4Ha c 6agoer,rfl Jrarep ua legio II Herculial88. Cuopeg Notitia Dignitatum ryr 6ula
Polonic 1935, p. 22;T[RL35,p.73
gtefan 1974a, p. 108.
r85
Ibidem, Pt.23,2.

r83

r84

TIR L35, p. 73; $tefan 1974a, p. 108.
TIR L35,p.73.
t88
3a touorpa$r,rxra na Tpesuuc: $tefan 1971, p.43 sqq.; Dorufiu'BoiE t972, p. 133 sqq.;
$tefan 197 4a, 97-100; Gajewska 197 4, 162-163.

186

r87

O6p.12. TPE3MI4C (TROESMIS). CnryaquoueH rrrarr

rra ABere KbcHoaHrr{qHr,r KaMerrHrr

yKpe[JIeHr{, rr Ha 3eMJrerru're or6panr.rreJrHrr c'bop6r(eHr{rr (uo Aannu ot aepoQororpaS-

cKI,I Ir3cJreABatut). Jlerenga: 1. Bugr,u'ru rpagexr{; 2. Cr.e1u; I-I', II-II', [0-II'0, il-III'.
3eunenu yKperr.rrerrHr cr,opcxeuux (gtefan L974a, p. 108, Pl. 16). lFig. 12. TROESMIS.
Situation layout of the two Late Roman stone fortifications and the earthen defensive works
(according to the evidence from airphotograph surveys). Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2.
Traces: I-I', [-II', II0-II'), ru-ru' - Earthen defensive works (gtefant974a, p. 108, Pl. 16).

or JreruoHa (5 roxopru), xoxro rrMaJra 3a 3alaqa oxor6panara Ha [oJrur.rfl yqacm,K (pars inferior) or uonepeHara My rpaHr,rqHa lrBrrrla. Jlareprr 6rax cegannule r{ Ha Jrerr{oHHr{r rpe$eKr. Bnoc;regcraue (BepoflTHo oule KBM Kpafl Ha ynpaBJreHrrero Ha r.rMneparop KoHcraHruu I) \rrdcJreHocrra
HacTaHeHa eAHara rroJroBr{Ha

paHara

ra

Ha rapHrr3oHa1vilayBeruqeHa r{pe3 HacTaHfBaHero TyK I4 Ha eAHa HOBOCQOpTUUpa-

qacr - milites secundi Constantinilsg.
BoenHlrsr Jrarep s Tpeeunc e 6ul o6exr Ha IHTeH3LIBHII, Ho Aocra xaorurlHr{ rr MeroAoJrorruecKrr HermA'bpxaHrr apxeoJrorr4trecKu pa3KonKI4 o:r 60-re roAIrHI{
Ao KtM Kpafl Ha XIX s. B pesylrar or rflx, [otlrrl Ha['bJrHo e 6ula pa3KpI'ITa yKpeTII4ITeJIHaTa My cr{cTeMa, KaKTO [I qacTrr oT B'bTpemHoTo 3acTpo.gBaHe. 3a c.bxaneHrre, HarILJrHo Jrr{[cBar KaKBr{To u ga 6utto AaHHu 3a KoHKperHI,ITe repeHnr,I na6nroAeHrrs u crparr,rrpaScxu KoHcrarallurnlg0. Haurapaqu-sr ce B Hayr{Ha ynotpe6a nnan
e HalpaBeu BG3 ocHOBaTa Ha pe3yJITaTIITe oT npoyqBauuflTa ua $peucraTa apxeoJrorrlirecKa Mrrcrr rpe3 1865 r. (O6p. 13). EasupaHI{JIr Btpxy Hero cGBpeMeHeH olrlrr
3a apxuTeKTypHo-KoM[o3r.rqrroHeH aH.aril43 Ha BBTpeIXHOTO [pOCTpaHCTBO t{ 3a xpoHoJrorrrqecKa r{HTepflperallrrJ{ Ha era[I{Te B HeroBoro o$opInunelgl ce uocpeula c
roJrflM cKenrrrrlr{3'bu192. fioxaro rousurypaql{rra Ha KpeflocrHara creHa I,I pa3[oJroxeHrrero, $opuara r4 pa3Mepr,rre Ha or[eJrHure or6paurITeJIH]I eJreMeHT[ ce ilpaeMar 3a o6exrnsna u AocrarLqHo npeqlr3Ho orpa3eHa Ian$oplrraqux, aepo$ororpa$cxoro r{3cJIeABaHe sa o6erra oT Kpafl na 60-re ro[rIHlI Ha r.aruur. BeK AaBa ocHoBaHr{e gerafinno r.rao6pasenara Btpxy rrJraua B'brperlrHa IIJIaH[IpoBKa Aa ce oKatrecrBqBa Karo noBeqe or [Be/Tperu [poAyKT Ha apxl{TeKTypHo n'ro6paxenr.rel93.
Jleruonnrllxr Jrarep n Tpesunc rrMa HenpaBprreH r{eruplrbrBJreH IrJIaH, c MaKcr{MaJrHrl pa3Mepl4 I45 x 12O rr19a. OpraenTl{pau e ceBep-ror. KpeuocruaTa IrMa Ae6enuna go 3,0 M r4 ce c'bcrorr or rrpaBoJrr.rueftnu orceqKu c pa3rl.rrrHa gtnxrana. flo
Tpacero ir ca perr,rmpttpaua.15 xyllE: 11 U-o6paeuu,2nerpmoo6pasuu,2uerupw'brr,JrHr{. Kynxre orcrosr cpe[Ho Ha rro oKoJro 15,0 rtl eAHa or [pyra.U-o6pasnure
KyJrpr r,rMar ATJrxorHa or. 11,0 rr mupl{Ha ox. 10,0 rnl. flne or rflx Snamupar eAI'IHcrBerraTa rJraBHa nopTa Ha yKperrJreHr4eTo, pa3[oJroxeHa B Kpa, Ha ceBepHaTa TpeTI,IHa or 3anagHara KperrocrHa creHa. [pyrlr ABe MaJrKr4 nopru (norepnr?) e pIMaJIo B
IoxHara, a eAHa - B rr3Tor{Hara creHa. Berpnroo6pa3H}ITe KyJrE ca I,I3rpageHI,I B
ceBepolr3Toqur fl. vt B ceBepo3alap;HLtA 'brbJr Ir ca c Al{aMerbp oK. I2,0 u. B cpegara
Ha ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa ce HaMrapa eAHara or qerupu'brBJrHllTe xynu. fhas'rr ir e [paBo'brtJreH, a neo6uxnoeeHo roJreMrrte il pasrtaepu (or. 25 x 13 rnr) gaaar
rrbJrHo ocHoBaHr{e ra ga 6'sge l,InreprperupaHa Karo phrourionle1. flpeg cenepnar:a

Ha BoeHHa

r8e

Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 23,29,31 (ed.

1e0

I,Icroprura Ha rpoyrrBaHrrrra n Tpesuuc e o6ctolino pa3rJleAaga a: $tefan 1971,43-45;
Simion 1977-78,153-154; ISM Y, 154-159.

lel Scorpan 1980,

1

Seeck).

10-1 13.

Poulter 1985, p. 108 (note 47).
1e3
$tefan 1971, p.45; $tefan 1974a, p.91
1e2

.

Onncanuero e cnopeA AaHHIlre, ny6nuryaanu n: Doru{iu-Boiln D72, p. i35; Gajewska
197 4, 127 -128, 162-163; Scorpan 1980, 3 1 -33 ; Zahariade 1988, 129- 1 30.
1e5
Stefan 1974a, p.98; Scorpan 1980, p. 33, 103, 112 (nocoveullre or aBropa pa3Mepll Ea
KyJrara or 50/13 M ca HepeaJrrru r,r ce HaMr{par B sBlro npor[Bopeque c uaqa6a ua
nnana); Lander 1984, p. 218,255.
rea

\

N

I --{

f,
H
Y-1

O6p. 13. TPE3MI{C (TROESMIS). O6rq rJrau Ha K'bcHoaHrr.rrrHrrr BoeHeH narep ("Cetatea
de Est") no A. Eogpu (Scorpan 1980, p..153, Pl. VIID. / Fig. 13. TROESMIS. General
layout of the Late Roman military camp ("Cetatea de Est") after A. Baudry
(Scorpan 1980, p. 153, Pl. VIII).

KpelocTHa cTeHa e [poKolaH A'broBr{AeH por, xoftro ce c'beAl4Hf,Ba c ABa BJruBaIqE
ce e flynana K'bcr{ AoJra, orpax(Aanl[ [JraroBr{AHoro BG3BIrIrreH}re c JrKpelJreHuero

or

ugrorl96.
3a npeuero Ha r.r3rpaxAaHe Ha BoeHHr{, Jrarep Tpeslvruc nrnncBar rorrHl{ naHHra. flpeynorpe6enure B KalrecrBoro Ha crpor{TeJreH Marepuiur MHoro{rrrcJreHtr e[trrpa$crm naMernr{qrr Aarlapar or II u rl'bpBara rIoJroBEHa na III 8.t97 v olpeAeJrrr
cpe[ara Ha III B. Karo cr.rrypeH terminus post quem. KoncrpyrurBHuTe oco6enocru
c'brrlo y6eqrareluo cBrr[ereJrcrByBar 3a K'[,cHopr{McKrlf, npol{3xog Ha yKpenJreHrre'ro. Kar:o ce rr3T'bKBa, ve Tpesuuc e 6utr 6asoe Jlarep wa legio II Herculia, sa rofiTo
ce [prreMa qe e 6ul elr{H or xart-pauo c$oprtrr,rpautrTe JrerEoHI{ rro BpeMe na fl'rpBara rerpapxus.rrtrr4ero c'b3gaBaHe (sae$Io c legio I lovia) ce cB'bp3Ba Harloclreg'bK
xpoHoJrorr.rlrecKr.r c yqpe[flBaHero Ha TIpoBI,IHIII{JI Crutuxl98, E3rpilKAaHero Ha )rKpenJreHuero o6zrnoeeHo ce orHacfl KBM Kpaslaa III unu B caMoro Haqaro na IV s.
199
ApxrnrexrypHr{flT o6nnx Ha HeroBara ceBepua Kperrocrlra creua [peAcraBrrB'bpAe xapaKTepna xou6raHallu, or BerplrJloo6pasnra, U-o6pasnu KyJrtr u phrourion u
HaMr4pa rrbJrHo c'borBercrBne vrvt MHoro 6nlrsKrl flapzrJreJrlr B yKpenrreJrHara cucTeMa Ha Kanrngaea, Tponeyrr.r Tpaxnu :aLI6uxa-l B rIpoBtrrrrIEJI CKilrut, KaKTo tr Ha
A6puryc u flrpyc nrs Bropa Musu.flz00. ?lsrpaxqauero Ha BcrqKtr Te3E yKpereHu
qeHTpoBe c AocTaTGlrHo ocHoBaHr{e ce nocTaB.rr B KoHTeKcTa Ha eAHa rI gblqa CIIeIIE$rEvna perrroHaJrHa BoeHHo-crpor.rreJrua rrporpaMa, o6>manara rpaHutlHtrTe [poBr{Hrtrr{r{ Ha Ardorle3a Tparza. OcrulecretBaHero i ce or:nacfl K'bM rlepaoga
2933A8r.201, lro xoHrperrrrrre apxeoJrorl{r{ecxu Qaxru or-Tpoueyr"r Tpaxutuflrpyc fipeAfloJrarar rro-K'bcua garrupotxaz}z.
Cpannenraero Ha JIeTToHHLIJI JIarcp Tpesuuc c xsprruarlrfl ox. 300 r.(?) ugeHTLrrreH no rrpeAHa3HaqeHrle Jrarep ya legio IV Martia (Eetopyc n nporunqux Apa6rr)203, MaKap rr Aa pa3KprrBa pegrll{a o6qq qepru rro ornolrerrue o6rnxa Ha yKpellrreJrHara cr4creMa r4 B6TpelnHara [JraHlIpoBKa, [pe[craBfl rr eAI{a TB'bp[e 3lraqtrTeJrHa rrpoloprlr4oHaJrHa pa3JrrrKar [oKaro rrJIouITa na Eeropyu B'b3JrE3a ua 4,6 xa,
To ra3rr na Tpesurac e e[Ba oKoJro 1,75 xa. I4:laailr.u. [peABrrA, qe, cflope[ HarlpaBe3anaA

HIuITe

r,r

B'b3 OCHOBa IIp0yr{BaH[IgTa Ha B'bTpeIIIHaTa nJIaHupOBKa u3qUCIeHUr, rapHII-

Ponrr e lr:o6paseH B'bpxy rrraHa sa An.-C. Il{e$an: $tefan 1974a, Pl. 16.
1e7ISMV,136-138, t40,154,156-160,168,170,174-175,111,179-182.185,188-189,191,
1e6

1e8

193, 198-199, 20t, 209-211.
Zahariade 1988, 62-63.

gtefan 191 4a, p. 102; Scorpan 1980, p. 33, I I 5; Zahariade 1988, p. 146.
Ha apxureKTypHara 6nugocr Ha re3r4 yrperreHr{ ueuTpoBe ce o6prrqa cfleqllanuo BHTIMaHlre or: Scorpan 1980, p. 113 sqq.; Lander 1984, p.218 sqq.
20r
Lander 1984, p.248.
202
To3H Bbrrpoc e KoMeHrr.rpan o: Top6atoi 2000, 27-29 (apryueHT[Te ule 6tAa:r rplrrroMHeHr,r B u3roxenr{ero [o-AoJIy, rrpl,t [peAcraB.sxero na Tpoueyrra Tparuu).
lee

2m

203

Parker 1986b. 58-74.

3oH'br ua Eeropyc ce orpegeJrq rbpBoHaqaJrHo Ha oKoJro 1500-2000 gyuiu (c uocpegyxqux) z04,,tucre*ocrra Ha HacraHeHr{, B Tpeauuc BoeHeH KoHTr{Hrenr 6u cJregBaJro Aa ce oflpe[eJrr{ B paMKprre Ha 500-750 Ayrxu. Tosa, or cBo, crpaHa, neras6e)KHo HaBe>r(Aa Ha Mltc'bJrra, rre BoeHHrrrrr Jrarep n Tpesuuc Aarr,rpa or
lo-K'bcHo BpeMe, Koraro lr[cJreHocrra Ha Jrerr{oHure 6una [pacrr.rr{Ho HaMaJIeHa 14

JreABaJra

B AoJrHoAyHaBcKrrre TIpoBI,IHIII{u Bropa Mueuq a Crurus ce ycraHoBr{Jra npaKTr4KaTa Ha HacraHflBaHero I{M B IIo gua 6asonu Jrarepa, c no 5 Koxoprr,r B'bB BceKr{ or rrx.

Toqnoro BpeMe Ha ocarlecrBflBar{ero

Ha

rasn paAr{KaJrHa pe$oprraa He Mo)Ke [a ce

onpegeJrll c'bc cr{rypHocr. O6nrnoBeHo rs ce orHacfl KtM BpeMero cJreg 324 r., roraro r4Mrlepatop KoncraHTr.rH I cranan eAHorlaqeH rocnoAap sa Plrucxata r{Mneprur
pI npl4craruJr K'bM perrHrelpaqrnx n o6ulotrMrrepcKlrre crpyKTypr,r na guoqesa Tpaxza, rofito ce HaMr,IpaJr npeAr,r roBa no[ ynpaBJreHr{ero Ha HeroBr{fl c'bBJra[ereJr

Jluqunufi I2os.
flo npeue Ha pa3KorrKrirre Ha reruoHHuq Jrarep o Tpeslruc upes 1865 r. e
6un orxprar Sparuenr or Mr,rJrfiapHa KoJroHa c JrarrrHcKr{ Hagrrrc or 308-324 r. 3a
c'bx(aJreHlle, o6crosrencrBara Ha HeroBoro HaMrrpaHe ca Her{3Becr]fl]sr206. Karo ce
npelBr,rA, rre rtpoyqBanrrsra ca 6utu c'bcpegoroqeHu [peAr,rMHo B'bpxy pa3trrlcTBaHe Ha KpenocrHrrre creHrr, MHoro e BepoqrHo SparueuruT Aa e Slrn nrpageu
xaro spolium B Tsx. flopu 4a e raKa, ocraBa HercHo, AaJrrr flpeyrrorpe6ara cJreABa Aa
ce cB:bp)Ke c rt'bpBouar{a;turrfl rpage)K r{Jrr{ c HflKos rro-KtcHa nolpaBKa. B ntpnux
cnyuaft, B'brlpocHara MLIJTLIapHa KoJroHa 6nnpago1uJra r{3KJrroqI4TeJrHo Br4coKa xpoHoJrorr4lrecra crofinocr, Hape)r(Aairxn ce cpe[ rr3T'bKHarr{Te rro-rope apryMeHTtr,
npeA[oJraraqr,r KoHcraHTrrHoBa (ateg324 r.) gara 3a r,r3rpaxlaHero Ha KccHopEMcKr{rr Jrerr4oHeH Jrarep n Tpe:urnc.
r..rMa

Hyrur,rsuauar{Hlrre HaxoAKu cBr,rAereJrcrByBar, rre yKpenreHrrero Tpesiuuc-

Irlsrox e flpoc'brrlecrByBaJro rroHe Ao KcM Kpa, Ha VI s. 2o7 flo BpeMe Ha apxeoJroruqecK[ITe npoyrrBaHr.rq upes 1865 r. qacrtrrrHo ca 6uttu pa3KoraHr.r kt rpt4 (!) parrrroxplacrllrlHcKr,r 6aswnwxn B ceBepHara noJroBr{Ha Ha orpaAeHara repr4Topuq, [artrpanu s VI B. 208 C nponaAaHero Ha KBcHopuMcKuAMoAeJr Ha BoeHHa opraHr{3aqr{r, or
BTopara [oJIoBlIHa na V e. HacerHe 6rEnrufisr Jrarep ua legio II Herculia Beporruo
npugo6una qr,rBr,rJreH o6nux, Karo ce [peBp'brqa B'bB BTopa qrrraAeJra Ha paHHoBusautuficru, rpag Tpe:vruc. Bce oqe Br{Ar,rMr{Te Ha [oBapxHocrra ocraHKu or ceBepol,I3TorrHr4s Brbr Ha yKpenJreHr{ero [oKa3Bar pa3ruqr,rfl a yuorpe6eHuq xopocaH,
Koero [pegnoJrara HaJrr{rrr{ero na o6oco6eHr.r KoHcrpyKTr{BHr4 Sasu209 .
20a

Parker 1986a, p.644; Parker 1986b, p.63,137.

205

Zahariade 1988, p. 73

206

Popescu 1976,;l.ls--237.

207

Chiriac/Bounegru 1973-1975,101-102,

sqq.
Nb

5-6; Oberliinder-Tirnoveanu 1977-1978a,p.

267,il&-75.
208
20e

Barnea 1945-47,221-231 .
gtefan 1971,p.49;Zahariade 1988, p.

130.

14. TPB3MIIC-3anaq (TROESMIS)
(com. Turcoaia, jud. Tulcea)

3auagnoro yKpenJreHpre na Tpesurac ("rlerarx ge Bect") e MHoro uo-cna6o
lo3Haro B apxeoJrorr4rqecKo orHorrreHr{e or r{3ToarHoro ("qerara ge Ect"). Pesy:rTarure or rpoBeAeHrrre ryK npe: 1882 u L939 r. pa3KorrKu ca ocraHaJrlr neny6maKyBaHrr r.r 3a Tqx pa3noJraraMe caMo c orK't cJreqHr,r I{ TB'bpAe HeflcHII cBe[eHLIfl.

YxpenneHnero e ra3rpageHo Bl,pxy ecrecrBeHo3alrlureH TepeH c orJrlrqHr,r
AaAeHocrrr ot SopruQr{KaqrroHna rJreAHa rorrKa. To gaeua 3apaBHeHoro 6uno na
cKaJrllcTo KoHycoBrrAHo B63B[IIIIeHU9 C\C CTp'bMHI,r CKJIOHOBe, I{3BI,ICflBaIIIO Ce BI{COKo HaA fiynana (naguopcxa Br,rcorrr,rHa 36 r,r) w orcroflrr{o Ha oKoJIo 400 rtr 3alaAceBepo3arra4Ho or KbcnoplrMcKr{fl Jrerr{oHeH Jrarep Tpeslruc2l0. floqerrrnuar apxeororuqecKfi rvrarepr4aJr r{ MoHeTHrrre naxogru2l I cnngerencTByBaT 3a floBeqe or 1500ro4lrrlrno o6rararane Ha roBa BTT3BI,I[reHI{e. flpueua ce, qe IrMeHHo ryK ce e HaMr4par rercKl,I_s1f yKpeneH BoeHHo-rroJrlITlrr{ecKI,I qeHT'bp oT K'bcHoxeJrr3Hara euoxa
Tpeauuc, 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaH B [r.rcMeHr{Te r{3Bopr.r B HallaJroro na I s. ctt. Xp.212,
rofiro craua po[oHaqarHr{K rr [pexB'r,pr, [rMero cI,I B'bpxy e[Ho or Hafi-sHa.rnterHure ceJrr{qa, pa3r,lr,Irlt ce [pe3 erloxara Ha nprlHrlurlara B Ta3]I qacr Ha Puucrara
r,rMlepr,rJr. Brr nprexa c npe6lmaBaHero Ha roBa Mrlcro ua legio V Macedonica or
106 go 167 r., ceJrr{qero npe)KrB.f,Ba 6ypen pa3IIBer, AoBeJI Ao rl3[IaraHero My B

paHr Ha municipiumnart-aepoatHo B'bB BpeMero Ha I,IMreparop CeuruIuuhCeaepzl3.
flpes uepuoga I-III r. Tpesrrrr,rc 3aeMa o6ruupnara xpafigynancKa uJraroB[rAHa repaca rr [Jrorqra My BG3Jrrr3a Ha HqKorKo AecerKLI xeKTapa. fionycra ce, qe

crapoTo rercKo yKpe[JreHr.re upo['bJrxlrJro Aa caqecrByBa ]I no roBa BpeMe, Karo
rr3nGJrHrBano $ynrquflTa:aa rpaAcKr{ axpono.;r214. flocera, o6ave, Han'brrHo JrrarrcBar apxeoJror[qecKrr AaHHr,r orHocHo HeroBr{fl apxrrreKTypen o6nnx u [cropraqecKa
c'rg6a [pe3 KtcHox(eJrfl3Hara enoxa u npe3 n'bpBr.ITe BeKoBe Ha pl4McKoro BJraAr.IrrecrBo. PasrputrEre

xoAa Ha qacrrar{H[Te upoyqBaHr{r ocraHKrr or yKpe[r{TeJrHaTa cl{creMa ce orHactr o[peAeJreHo K'bM K'bcHara aHTI,IqHoct. Cro6ulaBa ce, qe
npea 1882 r. 6una pa3KonaHa "uraBHara [opra", Kosro ce HaMLIpaJra HtKGAe B ceB

210

Tonorpa$cm're oco6eHocrr{ Ha yKpernenrrero ca KoMeurwpalafi n: $tefan 1971, p.43
sqq.; Doruliu-BoilI 1972, p. 133 sqq.; $tefan 1974a,97-100; Gajewska 1974, 162-

2rr

Moxersrre

163.
HaxoAKr{ or Tpeeuuc flpor,r3xoxAar flper,rMyrrrecrBeHo or 3anaAHoro yrpertu [orpr.rBar c He3Har{[rreJIH]r [peKbcBaHl,rg xpouonorl4qecxl,t, o6xnar or III n.
rp. Xp. .qo cpeAara Ha XIII r.: Oberllnder-Tlrnoveanu 1977-1978a, p. 248 sqq.
2r2
flr.rorrennre n3Bopr.r sa ucroplrflTa na Tpesrrauc ca rrocoqeur,r s: TIR L35, p. 73.
JreHlre

2t3

Doru(iu-BoilI 1978, p.247; Barnea 1987,79-80; flo-crapure MHeHI{,
npeAcraBeHu s: Suceveanu

2ro

gtefan 1974a, p.99.

197

7, 62-65.

LI

rll.Ireparypa ca

Bepo3anaAHrts.:st'brrHa yKpe[JreHr,rero2l5. flpes 1939 r. 6ranra [pocJreAeHLI qacrlr or
3arraAHara, ceBepHara tr rr3Torruara KpelocrHa creHa w 6utto ycraHoBeHo MecrolloJrox(errr4ero tta 4 uer:ap:a'LrbJrrrr{ xyttu216 .3a curareHl{e, He pa3noJlaraMe c HITKaKBtr AaHHrr orHocHo crparurpaQr{sra, Hrrro c uogpo6uocrl4 oruocHo KoHcrpyKTIIBHo-c"TpoxTeJrHlrre oco6enocru Ha pa3Kpl,rrl4Te rpaAex<u. Cnopeq eAHo o[ucaHl{e,
Koero B'b3xox(Aa orrre KtM Kpa, Ha XIX s. 217, yxpe.rneHllero r{MaJro HenpaBI4JrHa
TpalerloBupna Soprrra c npu6nusureJrHa A'bJr)KrrHa Ha crpaHrlTe KaKTo cJreABa: ceBepua u roxHa - rro oK. 150 r*r; I{3ToqHa - or. 100 M; 3ana[Ha - or. 80 M. Tesu AaHHI4
qacruqHo ce rrorBap)KAaBar r{ or aepo$ororpaQcroro Ir3cJrelBane na o6erra218.
OcseH rrpeB'b3xoAHo us6panux repeH rr 3ApaBo rr3rpageHl{Te yKperrlrreJrHlr crop'b>KeENts,3a rroBuruaBane ot6pantrTeJrHara cnoco6nocr Ha yKpenJreHrrero 3HalIpITeJrHo goqptrHaca r gsn6oKtr{T [o 20mn ul{poK or. 50 M poB, npoKonaH B IroAHo)<Irero rra xGJrMa orK'bM ruraroro (or cenep u uaror).
floxaro KGcHoaHTFIHara rpagcKa xapaKrepucrvtKa Ha yKpelJreHuero Tpesrrmc-3auag ne 6ygn HrrKaKBo c'bMHeH[e, BpeMero Ha HeroBoTo I{3rpaxAal{e e rB'bpAe Hescuo. O6uxnoeeHo ro ce nptreMa 3a cuHxpoHHo Ha pa3rroJro)KeHl4fl B HelocpeAcrBerra 6nusocr BoeHeH Jrarep il ce \arlrpa nafi-o6qo s IV-VI s.219 MacusHlare
tlertrputrGJrnrr KyJIu ce coqar rato 6ener Ha reHerl4rrecKo Ir xpoHoJrorurlecKo poAcrBo sbc 3arra[HonoHruficxzre rpa[oBe, npeycrpoficrBoro lrJru IlflJlocrHoro npelr3rpilKAarle Ha IIEUTO yKperMTeJrHtr CI4CTeMrr Ce nocTaBrl B'bB BpeMeTo cJre[ Kp]I3aTa
or cpegara na III B. - B nocJregHrrre Aecerr{Jrerlrrr Ha c'blrlurl rarrul B HaalzlJloro Ha
cnegBarrpfl sexDo. Cnopeg eAHo Apyro upeAnoJro)KeHr{e, lt3rpa)KgaHero Ha yKperJreHuero ce nartrpa B Kpru na IV B.2zt, Ho roBa 3acera Ire Moxe Aa ce rrorB'bpgl{ c
HEKaKBU KOIIKpeTHtr apIyIvIeHTI{.

flogo6no Ha BoeHHtrr Jrarep, B KpelocrHtrTe creHl{ na Tpeslrauc-3auag ca
rrpageHrr
Karo crpotrTeJreH MareprraJr MHo)KecrBo enrarpa$cxu [raMeruullu,
6ruru
222 Cpegrnx
AarupanTn noqrtr tr3KrrormTeJrHo or II u n.rprata [oJIoB]IHa na III s.
wmau,eAuH Mnoro BiDKeH rro-K'bceH HaAlIrc c emrtaSraftHo cbg'bpxaHl{e, B roftro e
rrpocJregeHa ory:xe6nara Kapuepa Ha Jrrrrtrero Banepufi Tnyuu, [otII,IHaJr sa 45-roIrrrrrra n'szpacPz3. Tofi ganoqHaJr BoeHHara cr.r Kapl{epa Karo soI:IHEr s legio XI
215

Doruliu-Boiln1972, p.

2t6

Zahraria,ile 1988, p. 130

2r7

Ouucasuero o6o6uraBa reperrnlrre na6nroAenlrs

2r8
2re

20

139.

l,t r.r3MepBalrur, [pe3[prlerlr or fI. floJrorrrrr. ,(anuure ce Bb3rrpolr3BexAar BbB BcutrK[ [o-HoBI{ ny6luraquu cB6p3aHI.I c
o6erra: Doruliu-Boilnl972,p. 135; Gajewska 1914,p.163;Zahariade 1988, p. 130.
gtefan 197 l, 43-52; $tefan 197 4a, 97- 100.

l)oruliu-Boilil1972, p.
Stefan 1974a,99.

139.

2t Scorpan 1980, p. 33.
222rSMY,143-146,148-153,155,162,164,166,176,178,184,186,190,194,196,

ot Cn-,lll,6194 (= Popescu f976, N! 236).

Claudis r{ fl 3aB'bprrrr.rJr c rrpe+eKrypa ua legio II Herculia - ilocr, xofiro 3aeMaJr B
rlpoA'bJrxeHrre Ha 2 toglauu r{ noJroBlrHa. Cnopeg rpaArlrlr,roHHara rrHTeplperaquq
Ha reKcra, Baneplrfi Tuyltn ce rppreMa 3a eAr.{H or rbpBr{Te npe@erru na legio II
Herculia, a HeroBara enana$wt ce Aarr,rpa B Kpa, na llVHa.raroro Ha IV n.224 B egHa [o-HoBa ny6ruxaqufl, oda,l.e, Kapuepara Ha B'blpocHoro rruqe ce cB'bp3Ba c BpeMero Ha r4Mneparop Koncranru11225. Tara unz [rHaLre, HaqaJroro Ha IV s. Moxe Aa
ce cqr{Ta KaTo cr4rypeH terminus post quem 3a [r3r'pax<AaHeTo Ha K'bcHoaHTr{rrHr.rTe
yKperrr,rreJrHr.rre

ctop'bxeHu,

Ha Tpesvlrac- 3 auag.

flposegeuure npe3 1977 r. cracureJrHr{ apxeororuqecKr,r pa3KonxrE

n

o6ruzp-

Hara HeyKpeneHa repr,rroplrJr Ha Tpe3Mr,rc 3acBrrAereJrcrByBaxa [peK'bcBaHe na o6llTaBaHero KtM cpeAara Ha III s. Or HaqaJroro na IV B. )c4Botbr B 3onara extra
mltros ce srso6HoBflBa Lr npoA'bJrxaBa Ao K'bM Kptul Ha VI n., no 3aceJleHara nJrorq e
crrJrHo pelyqupaHa n o6xnarqa caMo 3anagHara [oJroBuHa or xpaftpe.rHoro rrJraro,

s 6rusocr Ao ABere yKpeleuil ff\pa226. Ycranoneru,rre ryK B'bs ocHoBa ua aepoSoTOCHUMKT{ Tprr norca OT 3eMJreHr/r yKpenr,rTeJrHrr ccop'bxe],IIil9i227 o6lKnoseHo ce pa3urex(Aar Karo cBllAereJrcrBo 3a floeranHo cBrrBaHe B 3anaAHa. rrocoKa na o6r,rtasaHara rrpes K'bcrroaHTr{trHara enoxa repuroputz2s (o6p. 12). EeacnopH}rre apxeoJroTUIIECKI4 AOKA3ATEJICTBA 3A IIPOACJIXABAHC HA )KIIBOTA B 3OHATA MEX(AY BBHIUHI,ITE
yKpen[TeJrHr{ rrorca u [pe3 BTopara rroJroBl{Ha na VI B. 229, o6ave, uoKa3Bar

ABa

HectcroflTeJrHocrra na $oprrlynupaHara re3a. Tona, KaKTo Ir rBbp4e xoMoreHHurr
o6rzr Ha BG[pocHr,rre caop'bxeufifl,, \aBa ocHoBaHr,re Aa ce [peA[oJroxrr, qe B cry-

rra, cTaBa AyMa 3a npeABapr,rTeJrHo KoHqe[TrrpaH r,r H3rpaAeH B paMKr,rTe Ha eAHa
crporrreJrHa KaMraHr,rq eAr.rHeH rpor?no-erueJroHr,rpaH 3eMJreH or6panrareneH KoM[-

[O [peAHa3HaqeHIIe I{ MHOIO CXOAOH IIO KOMIOHOBKa I,I CTpOI4TOJInu oco6esocrrr Ha re3r,r flpu Honuoqyuyu,klctpun, Aprauyu u Caqugana230. C'bBceM xrr[orerr{rrHo, }r3rpaxlaHero My 6r,r uorno Aa ce orHece K'bM BTopara rroJroBr{Ha Ha VI s. u Aa ce flocraBr,r B KoHTeKcra Ha [ocJreAHrrre Qopru$vraqrroHHrr MeponpurrrrrJr no ocuryprsaue 6egonacHocrra Ha rl[BuJrHoro HaceJreHr,re B npoBr,rrrlr4q

JI9KC, IIA9HTIIIT{9H

Cxlzrus,.
Cuopeg HyMu3MarlrrrHr.rre AaHHrr, K'bcHoaHTllunr,rxr TpesMr,rc npeKparflBa cBrrlecrByBaHero cr4 KBM Kpaq Ha VIs. 231

224

Koueurap u 6r6nuorpa$ur uo Bbrpoca r: Popescu 1976,248-249.

Barnea l99la, p. 2ll.
Simion 1977 -78, p. 157 ; Baumann 1977 -7 8, 1 80- t8 1 ; Opait
227 gtefan
1971,p.49 sqq.; gtefan 1974a,p.98.
224lbidem;Zahariade 1988, p. 130.
22e
Baurnann 1977-78, 159-182.
230 gtefan
1973, l2-14.
)17
23r
Obertilnder-Tdrnovea nu 197 7 -197 8a, p. 253, 27 4 (N 7).
22s

226

1977 -78a, p. 2 1 1.

15.

APyBrryM (ARRUBIUM)

(Mdcin; jud. Tulcea)
Bsnpexr.r KeJITcKI{, [pol,I3xo[ Ha HeroBoro r4Me, apxeororl4rrecKlrrlT Marepr,raJr or Apy6nyu, rofiro ce JroKzurr{3l4pa flpn [HerrrHtu rpaq Mt.rnH, cBr{nereJrcrByBa, rle toft cregna Aa 66Ae npur{EcreH KBM BaxHr{Te rercKr4 [oceJrrrrrlHu rIeHTpoBe, B'b3Hr{KHarru orqe s I xr,ur. rtp. Xp. rr AocrurHaJrr,r [pe3 err,rHr.rcr[qecKara eloxa
BlrcoK o6rqecraeHo-norurr,rqecxacrarycz32.Hafi-x'tcHo B Haqaroro na II r. cn. Xp.
ryx 6ur r{3rpageH pr,rMcKlr BoeHeH Jrarep, s rofiro no Kpa, Ha e[oxara ua flpuuqu-

flara lrocJregoBareJrno (umn crnuemno?) 1u:rtumactaneHfl pa3JruqHr{ noMorrlHrr tracrrr
JIerI{oHHr.I BeKcuJraquu233. Ctopeg neny6rurKyBaHr,rre pe3yJrrarpr or [peArrprrerr,rTe B Kparr na 30-re u [pe3 40-re rognnu na XX B. coHAaxHr{ apxeoJroruqecKr,r rrpoyrrBaur.r, n Apy6ayu, oqe or caMoro HarraJro Jrarep'br 6ur nsrpageH Bbpxy cKaJrvcTrtfl, Lt BEcoK lo 50 M x'bJrM Ha AyHaBcKux 6pnr, B roro3arragHrrre troKpaftnuHr,r na
cerarrrHru rpag Msvrn234. OcseH nopaAu ecrecrBeHara 3arrlr,rreHocr Ha repeHa,
Mec?orroJroxeHl{ero rrle Aa e 6r.rno nog6pano ll c orJreA Ha pa3Kpl,rBarrlara ce orr]x
orJluqHa BB3MoxHocr 3a BoAeHe Ha AareqHo crpareruqecro na6nrogenue. Onr,rcaHpITe B Kpa, Ha vrn*arvra BeK ocrauKrr or yKpenr{TeJrur,r cbop'bxe:aas23' ce orHacqr
oT c'bBpeMeHHrrTe E3cIeIBarIu K6M K'bCHaTa aHTT,ITIHOCT rr Ce [pUeMaT 3a CTpOIITeJTcrso a fundamentis or Bt3craHoBlrreJrHru nepro[ crreA Macr,rpaH[rre BapBapcKr,r HarrrecrBlu or BTopara u rperara qerBbpr na III s. 236 flpea KGcHoro cpeAHoBeKoBr,re
yKpenJreHrrero 6uro cr.rJrHo o6egnu.reHo, fiopaArn rmrpzDKAaHero B'bpxy pyr,rHr{Te My
Ha eAHa roJrrMa rypcKa ra6us. To ulrano npu6nnsnreJrHo [paBo'Lr:6JreH rrJraH c
pa3Meplr 7 5 x 45 M r,r rJrorq oKoJro 0,34 xa. B rpagexa 6unu npeusroJr3yBaHrr B KaqecrBoro Ha crpor{TeJreH Marepr{uur r,r ro-crapu enurpa$cKr,r naMerHpr\s231 . N otitia
Dignitatum rr3pnquo penrcrpr{pa Apy6uyu raro castellumz38, e rofiro npes fV-V n.

'Ir

JrarepyBaJra eAHa KaBaJleprftcxa BoeHHa rracr cuneus equitum catafractariorum239.
Apy6zyu He ce c[oMeHaBa B [lrcMeHlrre rrBopr,r or HatraJroro na V B. Hacerne. fiocera He ca oloBecreHlr r{ HITKaKBI,I apxeororuqecKvrut IryMI,BMarI,IrrHr{ Mare-

-

232

TIR L35, p. 24; Popesru 1976,p.253; ISM Y,p.269; Zahariade 1988, 130-132.

2r3

Sauciuc-Siiyeanu 1907, p. 475 sqq.; Aricescu 1977, p. 115,135-137 .
3a ucrop$sra Ha apxeonor[qecKr.rre rpoyqBa:a:as. rr rouorpa$Nara na Apy6r.ryM, Bx.:

234

Gajewska
235

Ouucauuero

e

197

4, 95-96, 146-1

47 .

Aeno Ha fI. flororu.rx

r.r

ce cbxpauflBa B pbKofluc B apxr.rBa ua Ip. To.unecaKaAeMtrs Ha HayKr.rre, nx.: Gajewskal974, 146-

Pyuucxara
147 ; Zahariade 1988, p. 132.
236
Zahtriade 1988, p.132.
237
Bx(. Harp.: ISM V,253.
238
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, T (ed. Seeck).
23e
lbidem, XXXX, 16.
ry

a

6n6arore(ara

Ha

puarut orryK or rreprroga V-VI s. Ilplr rosa rroJro)KeHrre cJreABa Aa ce npueMe, r{e
KacreJrtT lr xparirnarepHoro ceJrr,rqe oKoutrarerHo npectauaJrlr Aa c'brrlecrByBar
oiltre npe3 nBpBara [oJroBr{Ha Ha V 8., uagarku rtoA ygapr.rre Ha xyHure.
16.

Xrxula

(com. Jijila; jud. Tulcea)

flo rpeue Ha repeHrrr,r
Xr,rx<lrna 6r,rnra
HZIJII{IITIETO HA

o6xoxlanprs B Kpar ua XIX 8., B oKoJrHocrl/tre I{a
perr,rcrpupaHrr ocraHKll or IBe rartreunu(?) yKpe[JreHl{fl, KaKTo tr

A'bJI'bf 3EMJIEH BAJI, 3A|PAXAAIItr qACT OT HIACKATA TEPACA IOTOII3TO\I-

rro or e3epoto Xux<urazao.3a egnoro or rflx ce flocotlBa, ve 6uro c nJrolq or. 0,2
xa. fipyroro 6uno no-rraanro. To uMuuro npu6nr,rer,rreJrHo KBaApareH [JraH c pa3Mepu 26 x 27 u r{ or Hero nporr3xox(naJrr,r MoHeru Ha I{Mneparop KoHctantun I 241.
flpu onura Aa ce peKoHcrpyupa rpacero na xpafigyuaBcKl,L prrMcKrl rr'br B ceBepo-

3a[aAHu.fl'brbJr Ha gH. fio6pygxa B eAHa [o-HoBa uy6ruxaqna, B flpflKa Bp'b3Ka c
HeroBoro SymqronupaHe rr c opraHtr3arlusra Ha plrMcKara rpaHutlHa 3aIrIlITa B
pafioua ce uocraB, caMo BToporo or cnoMeHarure yKpelrleHr,rff, Koero ce oflpe[eJu Karo "crpa)KeBa ryra Qryrgos)" 242. Mnoro e BepoflTHo [o-roJrsMoro or yKpenreHuqra Aa Aarr,rpa eABa or eloxara Ha paHuoro cpegxoBeKoBr,re, npeAcrasrssartK[
eJreMeHT o:r unQpacrpyKTypara Ha eAr{H or crapo6rnrapcKr,rre rparigynancKrr oKorloBu Jrarepklz43,3a c'brrlecrByBaHero Ha KaK'bBTo Ha roBa Mrlcro, r{3rJlex(Aa, cBfiAerencrByBa A'bJrru-f,T 3eMJreH BaJr c rB'bpAe xapaKTepHo rpace lr xon$rarypaqux. II{o
ce oTHacr Ao yKpe[JreH]rero c'bc cr{rypHa pprMcKa AaTrrpoBKa, pa3Mepr{Te My rro3BoJrrBar HeroBoro orbxgecrBrBaHe no-cKopo c burgus.
17. AIIHOTEUTTfl (DTNOGETTA)
(s. Garvdn; com. Jijila; jud. Tulcea)

B'rs ocHosa ,u ,ro"or", are s ltinerarium Antonini Augustipa3crorHr,rq, KEcHoaHTlrqHara flunorequs, crc clrrypuocr ce noKaJrr{3lrpa Bcpxy cKiurrrcroro ocrpoBrre Eucepnxyqa (Bisericutra), paenonoxeHo cpeA xpafi4yuaecrr.rre 6nara, na 5 xu
ceBepo3arraAHo

or ceJroro Tapn'sttzaa. flporexgaru,rre or

1939

t.

(c usnemnu npeor )Kr{Bor Ha roBa

rrcnaHnr) Aocera apxeororuqecKr,r pa3KonKu ycraHoBraxa cJreAr,r
[I pIIMCKaTa eIrOXU, K'bCHaTa

.MqcTo IIpe3 HeoJII{Ta, KBCHOXeJIT3HaTa

20

Polonic 1935, p.

22;\auture

ce uprrBexgar n n:

aHTI,ITTHOCT

rr

TIR L35, p. 48; Scorpan 1980, p. 6.

24r

TJR L35, p.48
242 gtefan
et al. 1967, p. 16.
243

2e

lllxopnur 1940, c.528.
Eerexxu B6pxy u3BopETe, JroKarr[3aqurra n 6u6nuorpaSuxra
L35, p. 38;ISM Y,p.272 sqq.;Zahariade 1988, 132-134.

aa flr.rHoreqr.rx s:

TIR

cpegHoBeKoBr{ero (go XII B.)24s. Hauepearare HTIKoJIKo ryxJrl4 c fleqarlr Ha BoeHHI4
r{acrr{ ot II-[I B. 246 ce cr{r2rrar or rroBer{ero yr{eHu 3a [ocrarbrlHo ocHoBaHL{e Aa
npeArroJrarar, rre [pe3 erroxara na flpunrlr4flara ryK e gbIrIecrByBaJI BoeHeH Irocr.
HrIMa apxeororl{qecKo [orB'bpxAeHI,Ie.
apxeoJror[qecKl,ITe Marepr4aJfii rB'bpAe HeB3pa-

flone 3acera, o6ave, ToBa Ilpe[floJroxeHrre
C.rrqenpeueHHo, oqepraHr{qr

or

.reH o6nux Ha pa3Br{Jroro ce BGpxy ocrpoBrrero npe3 pI,IMcKara eloxa ceJIIruIe npaBr{ Harr.bJrHo Herrpr{eMJrraBa HeroBara ugeuru$I{Kalll4fl c'bc cnoMeHarara npes II r.
or Knarqufi fltoneueri KaTo "rpag" Qtolis),[tlHoreqru241.B rasu Bp'b3Ka' orpeflereHo [peA[orII4TaHI4e CJIe[Ba [a Ce oTAaAe Ha Te3aTa, cfiope[ KoqTo Ao eBaKyl{paHeTo Ha npoBI4HIILIf, flarax (oxolo 270 r.),flunorequa ce e HaMIapaJIa Ha cpelldyro-

JroxHLr[ 6par ua p. flyuan, r pafiona Ha c'bBpeMeHHoro ceno Bap6ourra (uonactoxu1eM - flpeArpaglle Ha falaq)248. Cneg Il3ocraBflHeTo Ha yKpereHoro rpegMocrl4e
npn Eap6ourl4, oxpaHqBaJlo HaMI,IpaI{trfl ce npr ycrl4ero Ha p. Cnper (aur. Hierasus)
BaxeH AyHaBcKrr 6poq, sa KoHTpoJr r{ 3aullrra Ha c'brlll{fl 6nno lr:rpa[eHo HoBo yKperJreHlle, pa3noJloxeHo Ha Aecnrts.6pxr na p. fiyuar. Hacreganafiru Syurqurre
Ha BoeHHu.f, Jrarep rpari fh:oleMeeBrrr floJruc [unoreqlrx, ToBa yKpelJreulle I'I pa3BrlJroro ce rpafi Hero ceJrr{qe Ha['bJrHo 3aKoHoMepHo HacJreAuJrIr I'I HeroBorouvte%9.
Cnopeg Notitia Dignitatum, upes IV B. ryK 6rna nacraHeHa BoeHHara rracr milites
Scythici 2s0. Bepoar:Ho ou{e B Kpafl na IV B. yKpe[JIeHI{ero ry6u caox noAqepraH
BoeHeH xapaKTep u or V B. HacerHe nprago6rara o6nuxa na xparirpaHlrquo yKpele-

no cenxrqti.
YrpemlrenHara crrcreMa Ha K'bcHoanruvnara fiI{Horel+rfl npeAcraBJrflBa rpage>x afundamentis (O6p. l4).YIz6op'ur Ha Mrlcroro e HalrbJrlro B Ayxa Ha c'bBpeMeHHr{Te 11o ogoBa BpeMe reHleHrlr4rr B pa3Br.rrrrero ua Sopru$llraquounoro Ir3KycrBo
I4 rrpe[cTaBJrfBa cloJlytrIr,IBo C'bqeTaHr{e oT MaKcIIMaJIHa ecTecTBeHa 3autrIITeHOCT I4
nep4exnrn ycrroltrfl,3a Bo[eHe Ha [aJrer{Ho Ha6nrogenlre251. YxpenJreHl{ero I{Ma

or rou$r.rrypaqurlTa Ha repeHa. Llsgr.lrnaro e B'bpxy
MaJr.bK cKaJrr{cr ocrpoB cpeg rpafiqyrraBcKl{Te 6rara, Id3BI{cqBalI ce Ha Bucoql'rHa
oKoJro 10 r',a nap BoAHara noB'bpxHocr. lnegrara or Hero ce flpocrl4pa Ha MHoro
KrrJroMeTpu pa3cTo-flH[e Halope I,I Ha[oJIy rro TerIeH[IeTo Ha peKa flyuan I4 [aBa B'b3Mo)KHocr 3a [pf,Ka Brr3yaJrHa Bp'b3Ka c BoeHHIrre Jrarepu Apy6nyu (na 15 KM B ro)Kua uocora) u Hosraogynyrrr (na or. 30 KM B rrocoKa lr3ToK-Iororsrox)252. Tunolona-

HenpaBrrJreH rrJraH, [poArrKTyBan

gtefan etal.1967, p.9 sqq.
ISM Y ,261-264,267 (noc,regHlrsr e HaAnr{c-rpa$ur nrpxy $parr.aeHr or repaur'rven cr4).
247
Ptol. Geogr.III,8,2;10, 1; 10,5 (ed. Mrller).
2a8
3a an.rrn.rHoro ceJrr{qe rr yKpe[JreHrre npu 6ap6o[rl{, Bx<. c.sorBerHl{t naparpa$.
zae
fiucxycutra e o6c.rofino rpegcTaBexa, a re3aTa - naft-go6pe apryMeHrl,IpaHa, B: $tefan

245
246

1958,p.317 sqq. f{ocnegno rlo B'brlpoca: Suceveanu/Barnea L993, p. 165 sqq.

250

Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 24 (ed.

2sr

3a.ronorpaQnxra na o6ex'ra, n><. uogpo6nrare 6ene>r<rl n: Gajewska 1974,113-114, 128-

2s2

gtefan et al. 1967, p.

129,

r5l-t52.
11.

Seeck).

O6p. 14. [I4HOfEUI,l.g (DINOGETIA). Yrpeunrenua cracreMa (Barnea 1966,p.238,
Fig. l). /Fig. 14. DINOGETIA. Defence system (Barnea 1966, p.238, Fig. 1).
qecKrr, yKpenneHr,rero yBepeHo cJreABa Aa ce olpeAeJru Karo castellum. MarczuanHr,rre My pa3Mepr,r ca 152 x 80 u, a yKpeneHara [Jrorq B'b3Jrr{3a Ha oKoJro 1,0 xa253.

OcHoer4re Ha oKoJroBprcr*r4fl Kpe[ocreH 3r{A ca Qylrqupaura B'bpxy 3ApaBa cKaJrHa
rroqba, Kosro Ha Mecra e 6ur.a crrequarrHo [oApaBHtBana. B cynepcr:p1xqux, ge6eJrr{Hara

uy e 2,90-3,00

rvr.

flo rpacero

My ca rr3rpa1esu 14 KoHcrpyKTr.rBHo cB'bp3a-

(2,3,5, 6,9, 11, 72 u 14), 3 nogxoroo6pasnu
(7, 8, n 13) u 3 rerpuroo6pasuu (1, 4 u 10). B uerupn or rflx (1, 4, 8 u 10) ca
rBrpaAeHrr BbTperxHr{ [r{JroHrlr 3a noAAbpxaHe Ha ropHvrs.eTax. orcrosuuero MexAy
KyJrr,rre e pa3Jrr4rrHo il Bapvpa or 20 qo 23 lr. 3r,rgooere r{M ca c ge6enusa 2,60-2,85
M, Karo caMo rrpra Kyr.n 2 u 3 re ca 3HarrrrreJrHo rro-TttrKa (uo-ua;rro or 2,00 rtr).
flo-rrcuo, orreBr.rgHo cJreA HffKaKBo npexr.rBxno 6egcrnue cB'bp3aHo c qacrlrqHo

Hr{ KyJrrr c pa3rr,rrreH nnan: 8 U-nuguu

pa3pyrrraBaHe Ha yKpenrrreJrHara crrcreMa, Kyru 13 u 14 6utm, szocraBeHr{, a ocTaHKIrre I4M Irr{BeJII{paHIr Ao HI{Boro Ha roraBaluH[q repeH. ,fiocmnrr: Ao B'brperrrHocrra Ha KacreJra ce e oc'brrlecrBflBaJr rrpe3 eAHa nopra r{ [Be rrorepnra. Egzn-

-

2s3

O6q [orJreg BTrpxy yKpelrrreJrnara crrcreMa ua flrauorequr e [peAcraBeH B orqera 3a
rtpBara rrpoBeAeHa raM apxeoJrorkqecKa KaMrraHr4x: $tefan 1937-40, p. 401 sqq.;
Hafi-nogpo6Hara clrcreMarlr3ar{r{, Ha

Trre

or ro-HoBr.rre

AaHHr{Te

[o

B'brrpoca, BKrtroqBa[Ia pe3yJrra. B onlrcaur,rero uo-

[poyqBaHr,rs., era3ri n: Scorpan 1980,23-31
AoJry ce 6asupau ocHoBHo Bbpxy rasu uy6nuraqnx.
r{

crBeHara nopra e pa3noJloxeHa B cpeAara Ha rororr3Tor{Hara KpenocrHa creHa. OrB6H e oxpagflBaHa or [Be U-rlrgnu KyJrrr, orcrofltrlr,r Ha 6,00 u eAHa or gpyra. Or
B'bTpeIrrHaTa cTpaHa e l{3rpa[eH KoHcTpyKTrrBHo cB'bp3aH c KpelocTHaTa cTeHa r{erl{pl{'brr,Jrelr, propugnaculum c.pa3Mepr,r 11 x 8 u. flpu eAHo no-K.buro npeycrpoficTBO, KOeTO HeOCHOBaTeJTHO, CIIope[ MeH, Ce OTHaCq r{aK K'bM enoxaTa Ha cpeAHoBeKoBI{ero, TIJIaH'br Ha noprara 6nr ana.ureJrHo BrrAoI{3MeHeH. finete U-nugxra xytu
6r,rm,r geuonrr{paHr{, a Bcpxy rexHr4Te ocraHKrr 6rala usrpaAeHa HoBa qeruprr.br.brHa eAHonpoxoAHa KyJra-[opTa. Tnrp[e roJrrMoro ir cxogcrno no nJraH r4 pa3Mepr,r c

ilpo[yrHaKyJryMa AaBa ocHoBaH]re Aa ce [peAnoJrox[, qe rx e $oprraupaJra 3aeAHo c

Hero eAIrHeH apxrrreKTypHo-or6paHrlTeJreH KoMrrJreKc. flpoxog'm K'bM AeMoHTrrpaHara Kyra 3 6nn aasugan, Ho ro3r{ K6M Apyrara HrrKorarrrHa rrpr,rBparHa xyr,a (2)
6r.rn sanaseH r{ orreBr4AHo trpoAtJrxul ga SynrqrroHr{pa B KaqecrBoro Ha cnoMaraTeJreH nxog (norepua). flrerc norepH]r ea pa3noJro)KeHrr rro ceBepHr{r (r.rerovno or
Kyra 9) fi 3aila1nafl, (ceoepuo or Kyna 13) Qpour Ha yKperrJreHr4ero. flo-rrcxo,
npl{ nonpaBKa Ha np[Jre)KarqrH yqacTcK oT KpenocTHaTa cTeHa, 3a[aAHaTa rroTepsa 6ana 3a3r,rAaHa c KaM'bH[r Ha xopocaHosa cnofira.
lpaqex'rr ua yKpenl{TeJrHure c'bopc)r(eHr4, Ha fluuoreqlrx eB opus incertum,
HO npII qacT oT KyJTIITe I,I B OTAeJIHI yqacT'brlu OT KpenOCTHaTa CTeHa e 3aCB[AeTeJrcrByBaH u opus mixtum c 3 go 5 pega ryxJrr4 B nosca. Ynorpe6ata Ha rprDKJrr.rBo
o6pa6oteul4 KaMeHHII 6rorose (s rona qprcro r{ t43Becruo KoJrrlqecrBo cno.rr.u,r} sa
o$oplr.rane Ha JIIaIIeBIT o6ruaqonxr,r (opus implectum) e or6e.nsgaHa caMo rrpra nopraTa I,I rrprl norepHara B 3a[aAHara KpenocrHa creHa. flpu pasxonKrrre B fir,rnoreqza
ca oTKpI,ITI,I MHOXeCTBO KBCHOaHTr,rrrHr.r TyXIU C [er{aTlit, KOI4TO HeC'bMHeHO r{Ma"
orHorrreHr{e xru ser?uara crpol{TeJrHa r.rcropr,rx. XpouonoruqecKr,I Te cnaAar K.bM
ABe p{3Ko o6oco6euu rpynu, n'bpBara or Kordro Aarr{pa or K'bcHopr,rMcnuflnep}ron,
a BTopara - or BpeMero Ha rrMrreparop Anacracflfi. KtcHopuMcKrrre ryxJrr,r c rreqaTI,I npfiHagJrexar norrrr.r r,r3KJrlotrlrreJrHo KbM lpoAyKrlr,rrrra na pa6ou,rJrHuqr,rre 3a
crpor,rreJrHa KepaMr,rKa na legio I loviazsa r,r rpaAr,rq[ouHo ce cB'bp3Bar c MoMeHTa Ha
rr3rpax<Aauero a fundamentis Ha BoeHHr,rrr Jrarep. Huro egna or re3r,r TyxJrtr, o6aue,
ne e 6r,rla orKplrra Aocera in situ, Brpaleua B yKpenr{TeJrHr{Te c'bop6x<enr{, na [uHoreqrar. II{o ce orHac, Ao rflxHara Aar}rpoBKa, Ts ce rrocraar uafi-o6qo B Kpa, Ha
III n na.raroro r{a IVa. (r'rn BpeMero na fltprara rerpapxr4fl,LtHa r,rM[eparop
KoncranrraH D 255. 3a nauepenru n flunoreqr{Jr egrrHcrBeH 3acera eK3eMnJrflp c rneftuo TROS(mis?), garupaH no-paHo srs II-[I B. 2s6, noHacrorrqeM c'brqo ce npegnoJrara K'bcHopLIMcKa Aarr{poBKa, uaft-aeporrHo B roArrHr,rre Ha ynpaBJreHr{ero Ha r4Mneparop Koncranqr,rptll2st. Egna nona xr{rore3a [ocraB, s IV s. u orHacfl KrM

2sa

Popescu 1976, N! 241;sx. orqe: gtefan 1944,p.344 sqq.; gtefan 1955, p. 161 sqq.
Harrpr.rMep: Sarnowski 1985, S. ll91'Zahariade 1988, p. 67.

25s

Bx.

2s6

ISM Y,265.

2s7

Sarnowski 1985, S. 119.

nelrgenru$vqupaHa BoeHHa r{acr rr ryxJrr,rre c rreqar CIC, rpagrqrroHHo cBcp3BaHil
[ocera c cohors I Cilicum r [arrzpaHr,r B enoxara ua flpunquflarazs8. flpr,rnagnexarrlr.rre K'bM BpeMeTo Ha uM[epaTop AHactacnrf ryxru [peAcTaBrr HrKoJrKo Br{Aa
r,rMfleparopcru xnertuaxg,Karo 3acera caMo B firuorequa e 3acBr,rAereJrcrByBaHo
xreftuoro, crroMeHaBau{o rorroHr{Ma Altina260. C.rrqnrr ronoHrrM Quryplrpa u y flpoxonurl, xofiro r{a3oBaBa no ro3rr Har{r,rH eAHo or rronpaBeHl,ITe or I,IM[eparop trOcrunuas I yKpeuJreHr{q B [poBl,rHqrax Bropa Mugug u.rtu Cxurnsz6l , .uutflTo JroKaJrrr3aqrrr [oHacrotrr{eM e Heugsecr*a262.
B upxxa SynrquonaJrHo-xpoHoJror[qecKa Bp'b3Ka c'bc crpol4TeJrHfiTe pa6oTr{ no n'bpBoHar{arHoro rr3rpaxAaHe na un$paopyKTypara Ha KacreJla finnorequrr ce nocraB, u [poyqeHara B TeprrropuflTa extramuros [eIrI 3a u3rIIFraHe Ha crporrreJrua KeparviuKa, [arrrpaua B'b3 ocHoBa Ha HaMepeHure rpaft Hes orJrl{trHo 3a[a3eHr,r MoHerrr Ha r.rM[eparopl,rre.[uoxnetnan u MarcuuuaH Xeprynnito cauunxpait
na III s.263 B'ur or KpenocrHr4Te creHrr, Ha oKoJro 100 r*,r s roxHa nocoKa, e pa3KolaHa rr eAHa 6arrcra noctpofixa, [I3lpaxAaHero Ha KoflTo e 6uno upoAItKTyBaHo or
HyxAr,rre Ha HacraHeHr{q B KacreJla rapulr3on. flpoyunarersu AarI,Ipa B Tperoro
r,rrr,r qerB'bproro Aecerr{Jrertre na IV s., Karo c'bu{eBpeMeruo rr3T'bKBa rorsua:ra i
6r*rgocr rro orHorrreHr,re Ha npuJloxeHrrre KorcrpyKTrrBulr Mero[rl r, crpor,rreJrHr,r
Marepr{aJrrr c yKperrrTeJlHara cucreMa na flrnorequa26a.
Brs ocHosa Ha lr3Tl,KHarure apryMeHTrl, a3rpaxnaHero Ha Kacrera [uxorequr ce oruac, KGM Kpar na III ra Haqaroro Ha fV B., xaro o6uxnoBeHo ce cBBp3Ba
c Qopru$uKarlr{oHHara gefrnocr rro AyHaBcKun6pxr rro BpeMe na flrprara rerpapxlrs. Kato Aon'bJrHr.meJreu apryMeHT B [oAKpena Ha AarupoBKara o6uxHoseHo ce
npzBexAa r,r eAHa Mr.rJruapHa KoJroHa or nepIlona 293-305 r., [pe[3rloJr3yBaHa B eAIrH

or

cpeAHoBeKoBHI{Te rpaAe)Krr B'bpxy pyrrHr{Te Ha K'bcHoauTlrrrHoro yrpeurenr,re265.
Tagrn n Apyru rr]THr,r KoJrourr c'bc c'bulara 4ar:upoara266 cnr,rgetercrByBar 3a ocGrrlecrBeHure peMoHrHu pa6oru rro rpacero ua xpaigyuaBcKvtfl rl'br B [poBuHIIr,L

Cxnrua, KoI{To c ocHoBau[e ce pa3ruIexAar Karo Ba>KeH eJIeMeHT or rlrJlocrHoro
[oATsraHe Ha 3arqurara no AynaBcKara rpaHrrrla na Prucrara IrM[epr4fl Iro BpeMe
ua llrpnata rerpapxus. Huro e[Ha MvJrlrapua KoJroHa, o6a{e, He Moxe u ne tpx6Ba Aa ce E3noJr3yBa KaTo

[prKo

yKa3aHr,re 3a oc'bIrIecTB{BaHeTo Ha AaleHo MrcTo Ha

yKpelr,ITeJIHo cTpouTeJIcTBo, MaKap, ecTecTBeHo, c'bBrIaAeHr,IrI oT To3L poA Aa ca

258

Dorutriu-BoiH 1990, p. 269 sqq.

25e

Popescu 197 6, J& 246..
Barnea 1967a, p. 355 sqq
26r
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
262
Kparpr KoMeHrap ro ro3rr Btrpoc n: Torbatov 2000b,'72-'13.
263 gtefan
1957, p. 339 sqq.
260

264

Barnea 1967e, p.225 sqq.

265

Popescu 197 6, J& 240.
Bx(. frana I.2.

266

Fu,Jt"oilffifl'

ffi
05m
l-.-t--a

.ntrlDrr

lll

O6p. 15. II4HOIEIII4-S (DINOGETIA). T.nap. "principia" (burgus or Kpaf na IV e.)
(SCIV, 2, l,l95l). / Fig. 15. DINOGETIA. The so-called"principia" (a burgus from the end
of the 4th century) (SCIY, 2, l, 1951).
Halrb JIHo BB3MoxHr{. fioceraurrutre r.r3cJre[B aqr4 eAuHoAyuHo npr{eMar s a Harl- crapa Ir orHacflT K'bM rrbpBr{r crporrreJreH [epr4oA ua finnoreqvfl e\Ha [paBotrtJrHa
nocrpofira, ct4'tyvtpaHa B ceBepHara [oJroBuHa Ha yKpenJreHrrero, no HaAJr:ExHara
My rleHTpaJrua oc (O6p. 15). flpepmal r{eHrpaJrHoro ir uecrorroJro)KeHr{e, Ts ce lbJrKyBa Karoprincipia (qa6) 261 - egaaor nari-saKur,rre nocrpoirxu,xapaKreplr3prpaIr{rr B'brpeuHara [JraHLrpoBKa Ha K'bcHopr4Mcr.r{Te Jrarepa. Marap r{ pa3noJro)KeHa
no ocTa Ha 3a[or{Barl{aTa oT KpelocTHaTa nopTa B ceBepHa nocoKa rJraBHa yJrr4rla,
B'b[pocHara crpaga, cnopeA MeH, eABa nn 6u rr,ror;raAace r,rHTepnperrrpa Karo rrprrHqvrnux268. OcseH rre Bxo[tr ir ne e orK'bM rJraBHara rrbrHa aprepl{g, a or 3alaA, 3a
tona y6egnreJrHo cBr{AereJrcrByBa r.r uertuusr nJraH, KopeHHo pa3rr.rqaBantr ce or
To3Lr Ha [poyr{eHr4Te Aocera KccHopr.rMcKrr flpr{Hrlr.mran. Crpagara rrMa eAHoAeJreH
rrJraH rr B'bHrrrHr{ pa3Meprr 14 x 12,50 u. flog'rr i e uacuan c ryxJrrr. flocrpoeua e
rpr{xJrl,IBo or KaM'bHrr Ha xopocaHosa cnofira. 3rEgonere ir ca c ge6enuua oro-

267

Barnea 1968,477-478 (Tyx I{ 868 BcI{uKI{ [o-crapr{ ny6nuxaqrau, crroMenaBarrrr{ ra3r4
uocrpofixa, suecro principia ce r{3non3yBa rreflpaBr{JrHr{sr repMr.rHpraetorium.Kopexuu-Era e BbBeAeHa eABa B: Scorpan 1980, p.25 sqq.).
268
I]rrocrna per,rHreprrperarlrrfl e [peArro)KeHa n: Torbatoy 1999,271-274.

JIo 1,00 M. CrpaAara e 6vra HaI?-MarKo Ha ABa era)Ka, 3a Koero cBr{AereJrcrByBar
r{3Ar4rary.rTe ce 868 B'r,TperrrHocTTa i 4 rurroHa, r433r4AaHr.r oT KaM'r,Hr{, peAyBaqr4 ce
c ryxneur{ ro-rcu. B egun no-K'r,ceH rreprroA (npe: V-VI e.) rx 6rta flpeycrpoeHa,
Karo rIocpeACTBoM 3LUoBe Ha rJrI{HeHa cnor?Ka B'r,TperrrHocrra ir 6ula pa3AeJreHa Ha
gBe HeeAHaKBrr rro rrJraH r{ pa3Meprl [oMelrtreHrrr. K'rcnopurracKLrrlr [por{3xoA Ha crpaAara He nolJre)Krr Ha HrrKaKBo ctMrreHr{e, Ho JrI4[cBar KaKBr{To u ga 6wlo apxr.rreKTypHo-KoMno3rlrrtrrlroHHr{ rro[aTKr{ rr cTpaTr.rrpa$cxu AaHHrr 3a [puHaAJrexsocrra i
K'bM B'r,TpelrrHara [JraHrrpoBKa Ha Boer{Hrrr Jrarep. flo ulan, T.iiap. principia B [uHoreql,Ifl [pegcraBJrflBa e[r{H TunrrrreH K'bcHoprrlucKu burgws, c MHo]KecrBo 6;rprsru
rIapaJreJII{ cpeA rraMerHr{rlr4Te na $opru$r4Kaqr{oHHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo no 6pera na
p. [yuan269. Taxasa rqe Aa e 6una u SynxquoHaJrHara ccrqHocr Ha rocrpoftKara,

Koero aBToMarr{rrHo r43KJrroqBa cr4HxpoHHoro i SymquonNpaHe c BoeHHr{fl Jrarep.
C'snpeuennr4Te r43cJre[Bar{r{ orHacflT rr3rpilK[aHero Ha c[oMeHarr{Te no-rope 6yprI4 Iro [yHaBcKara rpaHirrla na Puucxarauuilepus, r{Jrr{ K'bM fleprroAa na fltpeara
Terpapxur, t4Jrr{ rro BpeMe Ha c'bBMecrHoro ylpaBJreHrle r{a aMleparopr,rre BanenTI{HrraH I It Banenr r{ MaJrKo rro-KrcHo. flpegnug MaJrKara ge6etNna Ha 3r4AoBere,
6yprur n Iranorequr AeMoHcrpr4pa flo-roJrflMo cxoAcrBo c KtcHHTe npe[craBr4Terr4
Ha rI4IIa, Karo nocrpoflBaHero My rr3rJre)KAa uarl-aeporrxo B flocJreqHara qerBLpr
na IV n. flpoctpaHHo MorrrBlrpaHara no-rope re3a ce HaMr{pa B ['bJruo ctrJracue c
KoHcrarl{paHara B flrEnorequx crparurpa$cKa Kaprr.rHa r4 3a[oBoJrr{TeJrHo o6s.c:efl,Ba I4HTerpaqusra Ha r{acrr4rrHo npeycrpoenux 6ypr B rpaAoycrpoficr:seHara cxeMa
Ha ceJrrrqero rrpe3 V-VI e.
B'r,nperu orpaHuqeHr.rq cN o6xear, [ocJreAHI{Te apxeoJlorr{r{ecKrr [poyr{Banua n fiunorellufl 3Harr[TerHo o6orarraxa I-{ nperlr43r4paxa [o3HaHr4flTa ga nerlnara
crparnrp aS uxzl 0 . flosacrorrqeM, B p a3Bprrr.rero Ha K'rbcHo aHTu qHr4rr yKpeneH qeH T'E'p ce o6oco6qsar 4 ocxoeHu xpoHororr{qecKrur [epr4oAa, B paMKr{Te Ha ['bpBr4Te
[Ba or Kolaro ce pa3rpaHnqaBar rro ABe $asll. K'ru ntpnara $asa Ha ['bpBr,rrr nepuoA (or Kpas Ha III go xru trerB'bproro [ecerrrJrerr.re na IV n.) ce ornacx r.r3[r4raHero
Ha yKpenr,rreJr.Hara cr{creMa u qsrocrHoro o$opuxue na un$pacrpyKTypara Ha KGcHoplrMcKrls BoeHeH Jrarep. Bropara Saea Ha c'brrlrrr{ fleprroA e cB'bp3aua c HsKor4
He3Har{rrrerHrr rrpeycrpoficrsa Ha r{acr or ctpa[r.rre, a BeporrHo rr c rr3rpaK[aHero
Ha eAHa xpucrktflHcKa 1azvnura B roro3arraArrvfl brbJr Ha yKpenJreHrrero. flo nper'ae
Ha Bropara rorcKa sofiHa Ha r{Mneparop BareHT, oKoJro 378 r., flranoreqNx 6una
)KecroKo orlo)KapeHa r4 pa3pyrrreHa, Koero AoBeJro [o [peK'bcBaHe Ha o6rarasaHero

26e

Soproni 1978, passim; Petrovi6 1971,263-264; Cermanovi6-Kuzmanovii 1977-1978, p.

127 sqq.; Lander 1984,p.289 sqq.; Soprorii 1985, passim; Soproni 1986, S. 409 sqq.;
Gabricevi6 1986, p. 71 sqq.; Cermanovid-Kuzmanoyi6/Stankovi6 1986, p. 453 sqq.;
Tomovi6 1986, p. 401 sqq.
270
Barnea 1979,p.205 sqq.; Barnea 1984, p.339 sqq.; Barnea 1986, p. 447 sqq.; Barnea

1992a,p.211 sqq.

fut&

\VlA

r
'\sry

:a\-L

iflffi

N\+'-=r=.L

O6p.

16.

[I4HOfEU],I-fl (DINOGETIA). KoMuosrUuoHuo o$opMneHlle

Ha

BbrpeluHoro

flpocrpaHcrBo crropeg flo-HoBrrrg npoyrrBaH[f,. Jlerenga: A. Kpeuocruara creHa I{ Apyru

noctpoftru or III-IV r.; B. Ilocrpoftrz ot IV-V n.; C. flocrpofiru or V-VI n'; D.
PauuocpegnoBeKoBHlI rpaAex<It (Barnea

l99la, p. 186, Fig.

11). / Fig. 16. DINOGETIA.

Inner planning of the fortified area according to the more recent excavations. Legend: A. The
circuit wall and other buildings from the 3rd-4th centuries; B. Buildings from the 4th-5th
centuries; C. Buildings from the 5th-6th centuries; D. Early Medieval structures

(Barnea l99la, p. 186, Fig. 11).

fi

ea flgsecreH rIepIIoA oT BpeMe. gyncmratelHo

qe [a e nocTpaAaJla

I4 HeItHaTa

yKpe[r4TeJrHa cI{cTeMa, KaKTo cBI{[eTeJrcTByBa II3OCTaBqHeTO II HI4BeJIIIpaHeTo Ha
ocTaHKI{Te or Kyru 13 vl4 [pI4 OC'],qecTBeHaTa no-K]cHo peKoHcTpyKqm. I'IuenHo K.bM ;gipptstrc:flt4s.Ileplrog cJre[ 378 r. cJreABa Aa ce orHece lr3tpa)KAaHero Ha HaI?-BL'IcoKOTo Mrrcro B.bpxy pyr4Hr.rre Ha KacreJra Ha MaJrKoro yKperIJIeHI{e or rl{[a na 6yprr,rre. flpeglprrero Hair-BepoflTHo orqe B Har{aroro Ha yrIpaBJIeHI{ero Ha IrMlepa-

rop Teogocnrt I, u:gur.rHero Ha 6ypra cJreABa Aa ce rr,JIKyBa Karo naJILIarI{BHa MrpKa, IIeJIrIqa 6'r,peor:o 3aII'bJIBaHe Ha o6pa3yBaJlaTa ce upo6ofina B CTICTeMaTa 3a
KoHTpoJr r.r orroBecrrBaHe rro AyHaBcKara rpaHl{qa Ha rIpoBL{HrIrLfl CKLl"rLrs. flpuc.bcTByBauIr.rTe B tpaAexa Ha B'r,TpeIlHI{Te ITITJIoHI,I Ha 6ypra Tyxnl4 ca UAeHTI{rIHIII Ha
TyxJII{Te, ynorpe6enu B A'broBr{AHI{Te creHlr Ha Kpelocrnlrre Kyirl{ u IIo BcqKa BepoqTHocT ca 6vttv,I43BJreqeHlr rro BpeMe Ha cTpoexa oT pyIxeBI'IHIITe Ha Ky:na 13 u
14. Brgo6noBqBaHero Ha xr{Bora n [unoreqnfl KtM Kpafl Ha IV unu B Har{aroro Ha
V s. 6uro cB:bp3aHo c Bt3crauoBflBar{e Ha yKpe[I4TeJrHI{Te c'bop'bxeHrrfl, Ho rl (c

Hf,KoI{ MaJrKrr rr3KJr}or{eHrrsizl1) cllflJrocrHo rrperrJraHapaHe Ir npen3rpaKAaHe Ha B'brperuHoTo [pocTpaHcTBo, cBI{AeTeJIcTByBaUdI{ 3a peuI4TeJIHaTa TpaHcSopr',raqux ua

6ustrufl. BoeHeH Jlarep B rpaHurrHo yKperleHo ceJllrqe (O6p. 16). flpu JII4ncaTa Ha
flperlrr3Hr4 crpaturpa$cKrt AaHlrtllt, noHacToslqeM e HeBc3MoxHo Aa ce olpeAeJllr
c'bc crarypHocT BpeMeTo Ha flpeycTpoficTBoTo Ha KpenOcTHaTa [OpTa, Ho MHOrO e
Bib3MO)KHO TO [a [aTr4pa I4IMeHHO OT HaTIaIOTO Ha V s. HqrOU qaCTIITIHIII nO[paBKI{
u npeycrporicrsa B crpaArlTe [oKa3Bar, qe K'bM cpe[ara na V s. ceJll{Iqero oruoBo
nocTpaAaJro [pI,I HsKoe oT xyHcK]ITe HalaAeHI{rI, Ho xlIBoT'bT rlpoA'bJlxun 6e: npeK.bcBaHe r{ npe3 BTopara rroJroBr{Ha Ha BeKa. B xpax na V ranu B Harraroro na VI e.,
npr{ rrMneparop Anacracufie fluuorequa 6una npeguplrera uaula6ua crpolareJrHa

IeriHocr, Kotro rrle [a e BKrIorrBaJra uonpaBKa Lr Ha yKpelI{TeJrHI{Te c6op'bxeHlr{.
Cerurqero ue Qurypupa cpeA onracaHr{re or flpoxonurt trOctr,rnr,raHoBl{ rpa[exrr B
lpoBprHquq Cxurktt., Ho roBa cJreABa Aa ce orgage no-cKopo na 6escnopuo 3acBI.IAeTeJrcTByBaHoTO IIo apxeororuqecKl,r tIsT raracrpo$aJlHo yHlIIqOx(eHrIe Ha ceJII{rrlero npr{ Kyrpr.rrypcKoro HarrrecrBr.re rpe3 559 t.272 flocregnnxr rleplro[ B clbulecTByBaHero na,fir.rnorequa o6xnarqa nocJre[Hl{Te qerllplr AecerlrJrerl{q Ha VI u (enenryamro!) Har{aJroro sa VII s. Te)Krr.{re flocJreArrrlu or KyrplrrypcKoro Hal]recrBl4e
HaMr4paT fpBK II3pa3 B pf3KO C'bKpauIaBaHe I{HTeH3[TeTa Ha XIIBOTa U B TIyBCTBI'ITeJreH ynaE'bK Ha MareprraJrHara KyJrTypa Ha MecrHI{Te XI{TeJII{ no ToBa npelre. MnorO e Bepo.flTlro orrle cJIe[ [pe)KIIBflHaTa s 559 r. xaracrpo$a [nnorequ., oKoHqaTeJrHo Aa e [pecTaHaJla Aa $yuxquonupa KaTo yKpeneH qeHT'bp. Hafi-x'sorzTe MoHerrr or ceJrr{rrlero Aarl,Ipar or BpeMero Ha I{Mreparop ManpuruftTulepuitzt3.\ocera He ca orKplrTrr cJreAr{ oT Hacr{JrcTBeu xpafi Ha )KI{Bora, KoeTo [oKa3Ba, rre nocJreAHrrTe uy o6urareJll{ ca ro HanycHaJILI B cpaBHIITeJIHo MI,IpHa o6cranOsxa.
18. Bap6omu

(s. Barbogi; com. $endreni;jud. Galali)

KtcsoanruqHoro yKpenJreHrre npu Eap6ouru e Ip]IeMHITK Ha BoeHeH Jrarep
or eloxara na llpuuqurrara, oxpaHflBaJr orK6L.I JreBvtfl 6pm na peKara e[IrH or crpaTerflqecKr.rre 6pogore no fionuu \ytanz7a. Omyr 3arlotlBaJr u BilKH]Irr ['br rro AoJrr,rHaTa ua p. CrpeT, no KoI?To Aarreq [peAI4 pIrMcKoTo 3aBoeBaHIIe ce oc'bulecTBqBaJrrr KoHTaKTrrre na rpaxurlcKoro HaceJreHr{e or palioua na Kapnar:ure c rrepuoMopcKr.r, 6acerln

"'
E*.Harrp.:
212Barnea

r,r

u3TorrHocpegr{3eMHoMopcKrrre IITTBI4JII{3aIIrruzls . Maxap roBa Aa

Barnea 1969, p.245 sqq.

HaIIIecTBI{e rpe3 559 r. u
cl,AbpxaHr{ero na flpoxorlueBus rpaKTar "3a crpoexrare", Bx. IJrasa I.1.
273
Haft-rsorara MoHera e eMncrafl. or 5911592 r.: Mitrea 1974,p' 61, 69 (nr. 64).
2ia
Gostar 1967, p. 107 sqq.; TIR L35, p. 25.
27s
PAryan 1913-14a, p. 93 sqq.

1966,p.237 sqq.;3a nptarara MexAy Kyrpl,Irypcxoro

R
{

>

0

t0

2A

30

40

50

O6p. 17. Bap6orun. Ihas ua K'bcHoprlMcKoro yKperrneuue ($tefan 1935-36, p. 342,Fig.2).
/ Fig. 17 . Barbori. Layout of the Late Roman fortification ($tefan 1935-36, p.342,Fig. Z).

ce ocnopBa

or

Hr{Korr c'rrBpeMeHHu u3creABar{Y216, aHTTTIHOTO CeJIr{UIe npU Eap6O-

or Knargnrl flro:relrert rpag
[pI{ eBaKyl4paHero Ha
narl-x'rcno
,flltrorequx, KortTo 6u.tr r:ocraneH or
a{uero
I4Me Iro-K'bcno 6uno AaAeHo
flpoBr4Hr{rrfl \axux npr{ r4Mneparop AnperlraH I4
rru{ c ocHoBaHrle ce orb)KAecrBflBa

c'E,c

cfioMeHarr{r

pI4MnrIHI4Te

Ha HOBOr{3AVff:Ha"flrfl KaCTeJr Ha CpeqyfloJlo)KHrr.tr AyHaBcKIr 6pn211

.

Bte rpevlero na KoncraHTr{H I, sra Bp'b3Ka c o$ausunara Ha IrMlleparopa
B 3eMr{Te Ha ceBep or p. fiynan rn c qeJreHacor{eHara My rroJrI{TI4Ka no lr3rpaxqaHe
Ha yKperreHr{ rrpeAMocrrax u eQexrr,rBHa oxpaHa na narl-sa)KHl{Te perrHr 6pogone278,
Bt,pxy pyrrur{Te Ha HsKorarrrHlr.f, BoeHeH Jrarep upu Eap6orun 6rlo Ir3rpageHo HoBo
yKpe[JreHr{e. To 3aeMa qac'r or paBHoro 6uno na B'b3BIltIJreHI4ero "Gherghina"
("Tirighina"), uzstrcxr,alr1o ce Ha oK. 40,0 rrr rr AoMLrHLrpaqo HaA oKoJlHocrra. Halurupa ce 6rnao i{o ycrfiero Ha p. Cupet, B'br:bJra Mexgy ileBils. ir 6pxr ufiyaa*azle.
Cuopeq flpeEirpr{err.rre rlpe3 30-r:e roguHra na XX B. lIacrI4r{HI,I [poyqBaHurl I'I KapTr4paHe Ha ocTaHKrrTe, yKperrJreHrreTo e r4MaJro He[paBI4JreH IToJII{roHaJreH rrJraH, c
MaKcraMaJrHrr pa3Mepr{ ox. 60 x 70 u r rIJIoIq or. 0,35 xa (O6p. 17). OronoBptcrHaTa KpelocrHa creHa ce c'bcror{lra or ceAeM orce\IKI{ c pa3r[r{Ha g'rl><rana28o. AolycKa ce, qe B '[,rJrr{Te ca 6utu r,r3rpaAeHlr xyru2Si, Ho c HI{KaKBI4 KoHKperlrv Na:a:rrvr
orHocHo KoHcrpyKTr{BHo-crporrreJrHr{Te oco6enocrra Ha yKpenltreJrHara cl4creMa
He pa3[oJraraue. Peranrepflperar{u-flTa Ha pe3yJrrarl4Te or rIo-HoBI{Te apxeonorl4qecKu flpoyr{BaHr.{s na o6erra282 gaBa ocHoBaHI{e Ir3rpDKAaHe:ro u SynxqrroHl,IpaHero Ha raKa orrrrcaHoro yKpelJreHr{e cr4rypHo ga ce o6s'sp)Ke xpoHoJ{orl{r{ecKl4 c
4e$ranrapauu, cIropeg KoHcTarlapaHara ryK crparurpaSLtfl."Tperv fleprloA B x<IlBoTa Ha Kacrera", orHac.f,Iq ce nafi-o6u{o K'bM rl'bpBara [oJIoBIlHa na IV r. (enoxara
Ha r{M[eparop KoHcraurran I u HeroBrrre upueunuqn)283.
19. Jlynxanuqa

(com. Luncavila; jud. Tulcea)

3anagno or llynranuqa, B'bpxy B:t 3BrIIrIeHIreto "Mulau" (Dealul Milanu),
Ce HaMIIpaT peCIIeKTIIpaU{II C BI{[a Cu OCTaHKII oT aHTI'Ir{Ho II K'LCHOaHTI'Ir{HO rpa[I4-

276

Suceveanu/Barnea 1993, p. 165.

277

$tefan 1958, p. 317 sqq.
Brennan 1980, p. 566 sqq.
27e
Tonorpa$rtrlra Ha yKperlnenlrero e nogpo6uo npegcraBena
278

153-154.
:EJ
$tefan 1935-36. p. -l4l sqq.
281

Gajewska 1974, p. 153.
Petculescu 1982, p.249 sqq.
28r
Sanie 1981, p.77.

282

r:

Gajewska 1974, 9'-98,

A,4

---*-B

c7o
9..-+_F
\-

rlllil
I

Ul

rllirlrr

t/

rirl tIr!tlltulll

{

I

i=
<L

/-

a>
2>
1>

{=
J_

Ei:

t
1i
1i 1

,rr*aa-rt$ t

rrrIIIIrlF

920606080ffim
L

!

|{.'.

18. Jlynranuqa. O6uI nnan no lp. Tovunecry (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig.59). /
Fig. 18. Luncaviua. General layout after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig.59).

O6p.

Toea e Hail-roreMr4flr yKpeleH o6eKT, perl4crpl{paH B yrlactbKa or AyHaBcrwn 6pxr Me)KAy fiunorequx lr HoruogynyM 28s. Cnopeg AaHHIT or repeHHlr o6xoxaaHus., KaMeHHI4Te KperrocTHr,r cTeHr4 3aIpax[aT flJrolq c MaKc]rMaJrHLr pa3MepI,I
225x75 rvr (O6p. 18). O6errsr He e npoyr{BaH r{pe3 pa3Konxll. C's6paHI{rIr IroAeMeH
apxeoJrorr4r{ecKr{ Marepvan ce Aarlrpa nafi-o6u1o B repl{ola I-VI s. fly6marysanuTe AOCera MOHeTI{ OT TOBa M{CTO, O6aUe, Ce OTHaCrr 6es Uernrc'{eHple KtM K'r,cHoaHrurrHara enoxa (Iluqunlrri I - Iocrunuan I) 286. ?Iuero Ha yKperreHux qeutrp xpart
Ilynxanuqa e Her{3BecrHo. He uo>re Aa ce orpegeJrl,I ctc curypHocr u $yurquouanHara My c'brr{Hocr. He e ugxlror{eHo u ryr 6tqeql{Te pa3KolKlr Aa ycraHoBsr rIoBceMecrHo 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaHara Kaprl,rHa na rpauc$opMalllrfl npes V-VI B. Ha [BpBoHalraJreH BoeHeH Jrarep B yKpeneHo ceJrurrle. flpe4nonara ce, qe elHo or pa3KJroHeHrrflTa upu Hu$on287 na praucrrrfl ['],T rro AoJrI4Hara Ha p. Tauqa e BoAI4Jro I{MeHHo K'bM yKpeleHr4q r{eHT6p npu JIynxauIIa2S8.

utre28'1.

20. Paxe;ry
(s. Rachelu; com. Luncavila; jud. Tulcea)
Ocranxra or

aHTr4irHo yKperrJreHrre

xpafi Parery

ca

perlrcrpvpanroilIe

B

Kpaq

na XIX s. To zr*aaro qerr.rpu'brbJreH rrJIaH u 6ulo I{3rpaAeHo or KaM'bHL I{ TyxJIIr
(opus mixtum?)Z\e. Plegrarnaro 6uro nrpxy eAaH cKaJrl{cr roJryoclrpos xpaft AyHaBcxun 6pxr rr ce HaMupa Ha oKoJro 1,0 xu rl3ToqHo or ceralrrHoro ceJlo. flponegeuure
Ha TOBa M,CTO CrlaCr4TeJIHU apxeororuirecKr,r pa3KolKrr IIpe3 199i r. ycraHoBl4xa, qe
cTaBa AyMa 3a yKpe[JreHr{e c Kp'bfJrrrbrJroBr{ KyJIII, ilOCTpOeHO IIO [JIaHOBaTa CXeMa

quadriburgium. BsrpewHl{r{r Al4aMerbp Ha rracruqHo flpoyr{eHara ceBepou3Tor{Ha
KyJra B63Jr[rsa Ha 3,00 u. Ynorpe6 oauflT B rpagex(a xopocaH e c 6stt qrxr290. Cto6n{eHrasr [ocera rro[eMen apxeororr{rrecKr4 Marepuan (repaur4Kala uoHeru) or repr,rropr.rqra na o6erra Aarrrpa or nepr{oga II-IV s.291 flpu rona rIoJIox(eHI{e, Ir3AI{raHero I{a yKperrJreHrlero u3rrlexga uafi-aepoflTuo rlpe3 KBcHopI{McKIaa uepraog. Mo-

284

$tefan 1958, p. 319; TIR L35, p. 49; Scorpan 1980, p. 6;T'ri,r Karo rpaAlrtqero ce HaMI{pa
MexAy cenara Jlyuxaauqa ra Brrctpenr,r, rrouflKora ro ce crloMeHaBa Karo rIpI'IHaAnexarqo Kr,M 3eMnlrxrero Ha BToporo or rsx (BrrtpeHu), Bx. Ha[p.: Pirvan 1912, p.

28s

Barnea l99la, p.

584 (n. 6).
187.

Oberlilnder-T6rnoveanlol9TT-1978b, 508-509 (nr. 130); Oberlilnder-Tlrnoveanu 1984,
p. 271 (nr. 63-71); Poenanr/Bordea/Ocheqeanu t992-1993, 80-87.
287
3a rpafintTuoro yKperneulle npra HuSoH, Bx. c'borBerul{fl raparpa$ e fnana II.2.
288
Weiss 1911, S. 52.
28e
Polonic 1935,p.24.

286

2eo
2er

Zahariade 1996, p.228.
TIR L35, p. 60; Obertiinder-Tirnoveanu
1992-1993, 18-79.

1984, p.273 (nr.95); Poenaru/Bordea/OcheEeanu

xe 6u oilIe KGM Kpafl Ha IV Ir:ru Harl-K'bcHo rrpe3 rr'],pBara rroJroBr{Ha Ha V B. To u{e
Aa e rpecraHaJro Aa Synxqnonzpa.
21. HOBI,IOAYHYM (NOVIODUNUM)
(Isaccea; jud. Tulcea)

Anrra.{Hllqr BoeHeH r4 agMrlHr{crparr{Beu r{eHT'bp HonuogynyM ce JroKaJrr.r"Ctapua npracraH" ("Pontonul Veche"), sa2,0 KM r{3ToqHo or
llcax.ra. Torl :aeua cKaJrr.rcr floJryocrpoB c MaKCHMaJTHa BrrcoqrrHa 26,00 M, orpaAeH or ceBep or rer{eHr4ero na p. fiynan, a or 3ana[ - or eAHo rpafipe.*ro (cera
flpecylxeHo) 6nato. Tyx ce e HaMrapaJr Mox(e 6u Hafi-\ecro r.,r3[oJr3yBaHr/urr npe3
LtcropnflTa 6pog uo AoJrHoro reqeHr{e ua fynana2g2. OqeuanarirI,r nerosoro crpaTerr4qecKo 3Har{eHrre, K:bM Kpaq na I n. Ha roBa Mflcro 6uta ycrauoBeHa rJtraBHara
6aga na prrMcKara AoJrHo[yHaBcra $norunar- (classis Flavia Moesica)zg3. 3arapeHoro aBToxroHHo cenflrle fipe>r<r4BflJro 6ypeu pa3qBer ra uafi-r'scno B Haqaroro Ha
III s. 6uro r43ArlrHaro B paHr aamunicipium2g4. flpes rrcnara aHTr{r{Hocr HonraogyHyM ce rlpeB'bpHaJr s Haft-sa)Knurl BoeHeH IIeHT'bp rro ceBepHr4r yqacrbK or AyHaBcKara rpaHr{r{a Ha npoBu*t\ufl. Cxzrus. Cuopeg Notitia Dignitatum, ryK ce HaMr4paJr
6asosusr Jlarep Ha rrorloBraHara or loitttus. e$errue 14 ceAaJrr{[trero Ha npeQerra
ua legio I lovia 29s. OceeH 5-re roxopru, oxpaHflBauqu "ropnul yuacrbr" (pedatura
superior) or noBepeHara Ha Jlerr{oHa rpaHuqHa r{Brrrla, or BpeMero Ha r,rMrreparop
Konctaaqrrt II s Horuopynyv 6uta HacraHeHa ra nonoc$opMr4paHara noMoulua
,aacr milites primi Constantiani296. Halrepenure ryxJrr4 c rrerrarlr "PCR>" cBrr4ereJrcrByBar, rle u [pe3 K'bcHara aHTlrtrHocr Honuo4yiryM 3arra3r{Jr xapaKTepa ci{ Ha rJraBua $norcxa 6asa no nafi-gomroro reqeHrle na p. [yuae297 llpez VI s. rofi e cnoMeHar B [rrcMeHr{Te rrcBoprr raro rpag298ra enracroncKo ce[aJll{r\e299.
Ogranxure or aHTIarIHur r4 K'bcHoaHTIrrreH HonuogynyM ca cI{JrHo o6es;rNr{eHu, [opagz [pog'bJrxnJroro qaK Ao K'bM HarraJroro na XIX B. r{HTeH3i{BHo o6HTaBaHe Ha c'btrlr{f, repen300. Karro [oKa3Bar pe3ynrarr4Te or octrrrecrBeHr{q npe3
1953 r. KoHTpoJreH crparr.rrpaScKt4 coHgax, rroHacroflrrleM Te Jre)Kar nog ge6en uo3l4pa B MecrHocrra

2e2

Eerexru

B:bpxy aHTrlrqHrlTe r43Bopr4, r,rcroplrrra u ronorpaSufl'ra Ha Hoeuogynyru s: TIR
L35,53-54; Gajewska 1974,98-99,114-115,158-160; ISM Y, p.279 sqq.
2e3
Aricescu 1977,p.70 sqq.;Redde 1986, p.305.
2ea
Barnea 1987,p.80 sqq.; Barnea 1988, p. 53 sqq.; Barnea 1991b, p. 81 sqq.
2e5
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 32-33 (ed. Seeck).

2e6Ibidem, XXXIX,25.
29?

ISM V,285.

2e8

Hier. Synecd.

2ee

Darrouzes

3m

3a cpegHoBeKoBHoro cerrr{rqe Bapxy pyrrurrre

631

1981.,

, 13 (ed. Parthey).
p. 242 (Notiti a 3 , 647).
Ha

HoezogyHyM, a>x.: Kyaen 1981n, c.

2ll

cn.

Beqe or 2,00 rra KyJrrypeH [Jracr or elloxara Ha cpelHoBeKoBrrero r{ ocMaHcKoro
BraAl{qecrBo30l. EuusoArurrrHo rrpoBe)KAaHI{Te or 50-re rograurr HacaM c[acilTeJrHrr
apxeororl4rrecKr4 KaMrranvfir B HoauoqynyM30z ca npoBoKlrpaHr{ or I{HTeH3r{BHoro
npo[aAaHe Ha AyHaBcKux 6pnr u ca ctcpe4oroqeHu rrorrrrr r{3Krrorrr4TeJrrro B eAHa
TrcHa I4Brrqa B ceBepor,r3ToqHara lracr Ha o6ra:rasaHara rpagcKa repuropua. Ilpra
BCe TOBa, pa3KO[KI,ITe pa3Kpuxa BIDKHI/I [aHHpI 3a HerOBaTa yKpenIITeJIHa CUCT9Ma.

flpoyueurate $oprrEQuKarlrroHHr,r ocraHKr{ ce orHacflT or rr3cJreABaqrrre nper,rMyIrlecrBeHo K'bM K'bcHara aHTr,rqHocr, Ho B rro-roJrrMara cv..{ac'f a6corrorHara r{M
xpoHoJrorr{flHe e cflrypHo ycraHoBeHa. flprE nuucara Ha rorrHr{ crparurpa$cru sa6JrroAeHrrfl, npeA[oJrox<r{TeJrHaTa AaTr4poBKa Ha r-paAexl{Te e HarrpaBeHa Ba3 ocHoBa
Ha oTHOCI{TeJrHr.r Kpr{TepUU: pa3Jruttlutfl, B V3[OJr3yBaHr,rfl XOpOCaH; B63CrAaHe Ha

lo-paHHrl oT [o-K'bcr{r4 3rrAoBe tr T.H.
Ha npore>xeHrre or oKoJro 250 u Bbpxy 3aJrrrBHara xpafi4yuarcKa repaca ca
lpoyrreHu ocraHKr{ or 3r44oBe, Koraro ce ugeuru$uqupar c u3ToqHara rroJroBr.rHa or
ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa na HonnogyHyM. OcesaeMure orJrr{Kr{ B rpa[exa ca
[aJrr4 ocHoBaHrre 3a pa3rpaHr,rqaBaHero ua 3 o6oco6eHu yqacrbKa, o3HaqeHrr or 3araA Ha Lr3ToK xaroZl,ZIIuZllI3ls. flrprr,rre ABa or rrx npegcraBJrflBar ocraHKu
or crpagrr or erroxara na flpr,rnqnuara (II-ilI s.), roraro [pe3 K'bcHara aHTr4quocr
6rutu'aacruirHo [peycrpoeHr,r rr r4HTerpupaHr{ B qflJrocrHara yKpenureJrHa cr,rcreMa
Ha rpa4a. Tperuxr yqaclbK (ZI[) r{Ma A'bJDKr4Ha oKoJro 77O m a e K'bcHoaHTrrqeH
rpaAex a fundamentis. flctto oQopruenure ErJrr4 u qacrr{qHo npocJreAeHrrre [poA'bJr)<eHrL Ha ror B 3arraAHrrfl I{ rr3TorrHrrfl rpafi ua yqacrrKa cBr4[ereJrcrByBar, qe B
cryqas craBa [yMa 3a ceBepHa KpelocrHa creHa Ha eAHo caMocToqTeJrHo yKperrJreHLIe, KOeTO C yBepeHOCT CJreABa [a Ce OT'b)KAeCTBr.r C K'bCHOprrMCKI{q BOeHeH Jrarep B
Hoeuoqynyu (O6p. 19). [e6ennHara Ha 3rga Bapupa ot 3,00 go 4,00 M u ro rporex(eHuero My ca per[crpuparuuT xytu. IIIecr or rrx ca U-augnu c.sc cK'bceHrr rtporropqlru (mnpuna 10,30-10,50 M; A'sJDKEHa 9,50 u), a rasra B ceBepor,r3Toqu[q'hr6fi
(nonactoxrqeM rroqr[r HarrbJrHo yHtrrqoxeHa) aepoxruo e 6ura c lrerrrpr{GrbJrerr
nnan. HopuaJrHoro orcroflHrre Mexfly KyJr[rre e 16-17 M, Karo caMo Mexny ABe or'
tax (Kynu 4 u 5) ro B'b3Jru3a sa 8,50 M. Tosa ce A'bJDKr,r Ha Saxra, rre ryK ce e
HaMI,IpaJra eAHa or Kpe[ocrH]rre fiopru, Korro e 6anaAon'bJrHrrreJrHo 3arrlrrreHa orK'bM B'brperrrHocrra Ha yKpelJreHrrero rrocpeAcrBoM flpaBotrbner propugnaculum,

s' $tefan et aI.1954b, 175-182.
302

Pesylrarlrre or flpoyqBaHfiflTa

303

Ognaqeur.r ATa

n Hoarao4ynyvr ca ny6nr.myBauu rroA Sopr.,rara Ha roAriuHII orqerr,r rlnlr (parKlr cro6ulenu.a 3a [poBeAeHUTe KaMnaHuu: Barnea et al. 1957,
p. 155 sqq.;Barnea/Mitrea 1959, p.461 sqq.; Popescu 1965, 598-599; Popescu 1968,
p. 688; Barnea 1977b, p. 103 sqq.; Barnea/Barnea 1984, p.97 sqq.

u orrilcaultero Ha ocrauKure or yrpeflraTeJrHr,r caopbxenlr.s Ha AyHaBcK[s
6par ca cflopeA ny6nlr yrauure AaHHr,r B ortrerr{Te 3a rrxHoro flpoyr{BaHe, cpB.:
Barnea et al. 1957, p. 155 sqq.; Barnea/Mitrea 1959, p.461 sqq.

ll *p*; *,*/u

W

W@ I'J
@

L t.Li a @otn
,.ua4 d,4t! et

""p/u

'.ph

t,

hil

et *t't ru rnlq
r/. -./-.r'rpl., L rnillr

S
Nl

|

Z;l l, p,/,;

rlniqh

W ?;/ ru F"rAt b kt c o ,ualt th,at; w
mt)da.*jn& i"/i
@BM k*,-*" l, ,./,,' * rotJt r' doatt; znr;
,ir," . ,^u.
*

@ Coi;b,./- lt cri4li
h,i*,,od*ptuitr,4arlar
Wiutw
fii77 tawc; qc/* hti
@) h9 o ntn,
firli atilP i,i. t':!t /9q
'?
-J

o

{

it

t

19. HoBlIo[yHyM (NOVI0DUNUM). ceaepuaT a KperocrHa crer{a Ha
KlcHoprrMcKr.rf, BoeHeH Jrarep (Barnea/Barnea 1984, p.504, Fig. 1). / Fig. 19.
NOVIODUNUM. The northern wall of the Late Roman military camp (Barnea/
Barnea 1984, p. 504, Fig. 1).

o6p.

I{3rpaAeH e[HOBpeMeIrHo c IIeJrIr{ KOMn]reKc Ha [opTaTa, B KOHCTpyKTT{BHa Bp.b3Ka
or [ponyrHaKyJryMa, KOTITO pa3Kpr,rBa cr,rfypHrr 6eJIe3I{ Ha opus mixtum, rpa4e)K'br Ha KpelocrHara creHa r.r KyJrr.rre e B opus implectum
Ha 3arra3eHara Br4coquna304. Jhaqara ca o+opMeHr4 c [olqepraH crpeMex< K.bM peAOBa 3r{Aapr4fl or rprDKruBo o6pa6oreHrlr KaMeHHr{ 6lorone, cpeA Kor,rro ce cpeqar
[peI'r3[oJr3yBaHV apxI,ITeKTypHI{ AeralfJrl.I I4 ermrpaQcKr{ rraMerHr{r{pr or II rr [.bpBaTa rroJroBr{Ha Ha III s. 305 Bts ocHoBa Ha y[orpe6eHurr xopocaH, rroBerrero or
Aoce-

c Kpe[ocrHt4l srlE'.3a pa:nr,rra

TAIIIHI{TE I{3CIEABAIIU PA3|PAHI,IqABAT ABE KOHCTPYKTI,IBHI,I
+A3I4 B OSOPMqHETO HA

T.Hap.

ZIIL

AolycKaIiKI,I [peKbcBaHe Ha crpor.rreJrcrBoro 3a r{3BecreH rrepr4o[ or
Te ornacsr I{3rpiDKAaHero Ha 3ala[Hara [oJroBr{Ha or 3rrAa c pa3[oJro)KeHr{Te no nporexeHlrero My Kyru 7, 6, 5, a orr{acrlz v Ha Kyta 4, K:LM eAHa
no-paHHa $aea, catp3aHa c ylorpe6ara Ha xopocaH c flpr.rMec or qaKEr. c.rg.rp)KaIqI'IflT HarpolrleHa ryxJla xopocaH ce cqr.rra 3a r,rH[r.rKarop Ha rpaAex[rre, flplrHalJrex<arrlr{ KGM BTOpa KOHCTpyKTT,TBHa oa3a. KtM Hes AocKopo ce orHacqure
AocTpoflBaHero Ha Kyra 4 uusrpaxgaHero afundamenlls na rasro.{Hara qacr or 3rrla c
Kynu 3, 2 u 7, raxro r{ Ha crroMe:r'a, r4s. Beq,e propugnaculum. Bts ocHona Ha HaMepeHara B xopocaHa Ha ,)AEH OT 3r.,rAoBere Ha [po[yfHaKyJryMa MoHera Ha MaKceHqrri or 308/309 r. 307, npegupr{eMaHero Ha r. Hap. Bropa KoHcrpyKTrrBHa +a3a He
BpeMe306.

30a

Mnoro

e

Beposrgo roBa Aa ce .qbnxlr ua $arra, qe or rrxnara cy[epcrpyKrlr,r, ca 3a[a3e-

HI,I CAMO HE3HAY'ITCNHI,I OCTAHKI{.
305

Barnea 1975,p" 255 sqq.;ISM V, 268-269,215-279,28t.

306

Teaara e Sopr'rynupana

or

[poytrBarenr.{Te rr ce Bb3,,pHeMa r,r or Apyr]r aBTopr{, Hanp.:

Scorpan 1980, p. 20;Zahariade 1988, p.
307
Barnea et aI. 1957, 16l-162.

136.

Mo)Ke Aa ce Aarr4pa no-paHo

or

caMr{s Kparl Ha rr'bpBoro Aecerr{Jrerr4e na

IV B. IIIo

Ce OTHaCS AO HaTIaIOTO Ha CTpOI,ITeJICTBOTO, TO eAI,IHOIyIUHO Ce IIOCTaBS OT BCLIIIKLI

AocerarrrHr{ rr3cJreABalrr{ BbB BpeMeTo Ha il'bpBaTa TeTpapxr{s, KaTo ce cB'bp3Ba c
HacraHqBaHero s Hos[oAyHyM Ha eqlalnr.us or ABara Jrerr{oHa Ha HoBoyqpeAeHara
[poBrrHIILrfl Cxlrruq. Heo:rganna 6e uanpaneH orrrrT KoHcTaTrrpaHrrTe KoHcrpyKTrrBlr,lapa3rwr.tus no rpacero Ha ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa [a ce o6scHrrr c [ocJreAoBaTeJIHoTo npe6r.rnanane ryK r,r Ha ABara cxuruitcxn Jrerl{oHa. CT rnacno ra3rr xuflo-

3a[oqBaHero Ha crpoex(a Ha BoeHHITITI Jlarep r HoeuogyuyM ce ilprr[ucBa Ha
legio II Herculia, a HeroBoro 3aB'bprrrBaHe - Ha 3aelflifl. no-K'bcHo HeroBoro Mrcro
legio I lovia. Brnpocrr orHocHo eBeHTyaJrHara cv,flr,a na 6agosrlre Jrarepr4 Ha cKrarurircKar:e JIerr{oHI{ seqe 6e orlIacrr.I KoMeHTrrpaH I,I ToBa B Hr{KaK'bB clyuafi He Mox<e Aa ce crrr{Ta 3a ycraHoBeH ucropuqecru Saxr309. Or gpyra crpaHa, rro-rroBrrre
lpoyrrBaHuq B r{3ToqHr{fl xpaft na ceBepHu.f, KpenocreH 3rrA Ha Jrarepa u npu Kyra 1310 BHecoxa c'bulecrBeHpr KopeKrl[u B AocerarrrHr{Te nocraHoBKr{, ycraHosxsafiTe3a308,

Krr cr.rryaqufl, r{AeHT}rqHa Ha perrrcrpr,rpaHara rro-paHo npn Kyna 4: yuorpe6a ua
xopocaH c nprrMec Ha lraK'bJr npu noJraraHeTo Ha ocHoBrrTe tr rrpoA'bJrxaBaHe Ha
rpaAe)Ka BBB Br{cot{uHa c npr.rJroxeHrre Ha xopocaH, c'bA'bpxarq HaTporrreHa TyxJra.
Cuqoto e KoHcrarr{paHo r{ rlprt qacrurrHo pa3Kprrrara HarrocJregrx nari-ceBepHa
KyJra rro rpacero Ha [3TorrHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa Ha BoeHurrs narep3ll. Tyx e uxcToro Aa ce flpunoMu[r, qe rpr{ 3ana3euu, Ha BrrcotruHa Ao 3,00 M ceBepo3alaAeH
'brtJr Ha yKperrJreHr{ero (uenocpegcrBexo roro3ana[Ho or Kyna 7) xopocanrr c rrpuMec Ha qaKtr e 6un yuorpe6eH c'brrlo o nari-gonnprre peAoBe or rpagexa3l2. Egna
rrr e cryrraeu npolycK Ha npoyrrBareJrrrre rE $axtrt, qe B orqerrrre 3a [ocerarrrHrrTe pa3KorrKrr npr,r Hrrro eAr{H or n:6poenr,rre ceKTopH He ce cro6ulana 3a perucrp}rpaHero Ha KaKBrrro u ga 6u:r.o cJregr{ or BpeMerrno flpeK'bcBaue Ha crpoureJrcrBoro.
flpegrrag r{3TtKHaroro AoryK, rpagrrrdrroHHoro p a3rp aHr{qaBaHe Ha xpoHoJroruqecrn o6oco6eHrr KoucrpyKTlrBHrr Qa:n s il3rpilKlaHero Ha K'bcHoprrMcKr,rq BoeHeH
Jrarep n Hosr.rogyHyM rr3rrre)<Aa rroBeqe flJrr.r no-MaJrKo HeMorrrBtrpaHo. O6utara
KoHIIe[qIH I,r eAr,rHHrrrrr BTHrueH o6nux Ha rpage)Ka cBrrAereJrcrByBar 3a rlrJrocrnoTo I,l:AHraHe Ha Jrarepa B paMKure Ha eAHa rr c'brrla crpor4TeJrHa KaMrraHlrrr, terminus
post quem sa Ko.flro npeAocraBfl HaMepeHara B xopocaHa Ha npouyrHaKyJryMa MoHera na Marcenqafi or 308/309 r. Yuorpe6ara Ha pa3rr,rrrnn Br,rAoBe xopocaH B c'bceAHI,I

CeKTOpk OT yKpenr,rTeJrHaTa CrrCTeMa UJrr.r B OCHOBaTa

r,r

CyIIepCTpyKr{r.rJrTa Ha KOH-

KpereH yrractbK cBBceM 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo Moxe ga ce o6xcnu c eAHoBpeMeHHara

308

Zahariade 1988, p. 136.
flo ro3r.r Baflpoc Bx. KoMeHTapa K'bM ltinerariam Antonini Augasri r frara I.1.
310
Barnea/Barnea 1984,504-505 (Pl. !; Cpn. u uy6ruxynaHrrrrruraHB: Barnea 1991a,188-189.
3rr Ocneu qutl{paHara B ropna'ra
6elexxa Jrr{Teparypa, Bx. c'bulo raxa: Barnea 1977b,p. 105.
3r2
Barnea et al. 1957, 160-161.
3D

rrJII{ nocJreAoBarenHa pa6ora Ha pa3JrrrqHu crpor,rreJrHl eKrrlru, KaKTo r,I c HaJrl,IqrreTO I'IJII4I OTCI,CTBLIeTO Ha AaAeH

BIII

CTpOIITOJIeH MaTepuaJI.

Baxnu

AaHHu 3a yKpenI,ITeJIHara cl{creMa Ha HoBLIoAyHyM npeAocraBl{xa
nBara coHAa)Ka, octqecrBeHrr rrpe3 1964 v 1967 r. HalperrHo Ha rrpefirroJraraeMoro
Tpace Ha lr3ToqHara KpenocrHa creHa3l3. B rqx 6e ycranoeeHo Harur{t4ero Ha ABa
ycnopeAHll 3r{Aa, orcrorrql,I Ha 12,00 rnl ellrH or gpyr. Mex<qy 3I,IAoBere B enIrHI{q or
coHnax<I4Te 6e pas.rucreH I{M[o3aHTeH, flperllr3Ho lr3rpaAeH KaMeHeH [IreAecraJr,
B'bpxy KoriTo ce flpeAno]rara, qe HflKora ce e lrcAprraJra roJrsMa craryr. flopagu o'rHa cr,rrypHr,r cr:paurrpa$cKl{ AaHHu, xpoHoJlofrlflTa Ha pa3KpI,ITI,ITe rpaAexrr e Aocra HeflcHa. fle6enuuata Ha Ba,TpeIxHrIr 3HA Bb3Jrrr3a na 3,00 M, a rpaAe;,l<'br My eB opus mixtum, c xopocaH, c'bgtpx€q npuMec or HarpolleHa ryxJra. C[opeg B'bHruHsre 6etezu, roft ce [arl,Ipa or pa3KolBaqplTe B HarraJroro na IV r., raro
ce ortx(AecTBflBa c r{3Tor{Hara KpenocrHa creHa Ha HoBtroAyHyM, HaMlrpailIa ce B
KoHcrpyKTr,rBHa Bp'b3Ka c flpoyr{eHara Ha AyHaBcKuq 6par cenepna KpenocrHa cre-

ctcrBilero

na. Btnultruqr or 3r,rAoBere 3HaErrrreJrHo ce pa3ruqaBa rto KoHCTpyKTI,TBHTI oco6eHocrrr or BlrpeIunrar. fie6envnara ua cy6crpyKllllqra My HaAxB'bprs 4,00 M, a B
HaA3eMHara qacr ce paBH.flBa sa 3,50 u. flpexogtr MexAy cy6- u cynepcrpyKllr,Irl ce
oc'LqecrBgBa oTB'bH rrocpelcTBorta o6urnoeeH 6aurer, a oT BbTpemHaTa cTpaHa r{pe3 nByctbuaJreH. lpagexrr: e B opus implectum I{ ce orJrrrqaBa c I{3KJI}oqLrrerHa
lpeqr,r3Hocr. Jluqara ca o$opr*reru{ c6c crapareJrHo o6pa6oreur KaMeHHIT 6norose
c eAHaKBa Br{coqrrHa, nJrBTHo rrpl{JrenBaulu eAI,IH K'bM Apyr. Xopocau:st Ha eMIrJreKToHa c'bA'bpxa [pr{Mec or qaK'bJI, Ho B l{ero orc'LCTByBa HarpolrreHa ryxJla. B ntpnnte cro6uleHl{fl orHocHo pe3yJrrarrrre or pa3KolKI{Te314, upoyunareJrl{Te orrpe-

leIqT

BBHIIIHIIS 3IIA KaTO [O-paHeH OT B'bTpeIIIHvt9,, A Id3AVITaHeTO Ha IIIIeAecTaJIa 3a

orHacqr xrr't IV n. BuoclegcTBlre, o6aue, nprl ToBa 6es ga r4srbKBar Hr{KaKBlr HoBr.r apryMenru(!), Te KopeHHo peBl{3l{par cBoero craHoBrrrqe, onpurur{aBafixu sruurHrrg 3u[ na uporeftxr{3Ma u ornacqltru nefinoto ngrpaKlaHe (a c'rqo r.r Ha [rreAecrara) rru V-VI s. 315 Marap c I{3BecrHIiI HroaHCr,I Ir
rrpeAna3JrrrBo r{3Ka3aHrr ctMHeHrrfl, rasu $opr*,ryJrr.{poBKa ce B'b3rIpHeMa tr B rry1tuKarlr4r,rTe Ha Apyru aBTopr{, KoMeHTr.rpaqrr K'bcHoaHTr4qHaTa yKpe[[TeJrHa cl{creMa
na Honuogynyu3l6. flpu ace roBa, B'brrpoc'br oruocno $ynxquoHaJrHara xapaKrecTaTy.rr upeAnoJroxrrTeJrHo

plrcTr,rKa rr oTHocvTeJrHaTa

xpoHoror[s

Ha ABaTa yclopeAHrr KperIocrHI,I

3lr[a

B [13-

TOIIHATA qACT HA YKPENUHATA TPAACKA TEPI,ITOPI,IS B HI{KAK'rB CTTYVAft HE MO)KE AA CE

cqr{Ta sa y6eln'reJrHo r{nr uoHe 3aAoBoJrrrreJrHo pa3pelrreH. fiopu ga ocraB[IM Hacrpaua "flo-gperHlu" Suruuecxu o6rum Ha BtHrrrHr{fl or 3l4[oBere, ulraar?xu [peABLIA
HeroBoTo 3Halr[TenHo [peBc3xoAcTBo cnprMo B'brpellrHuq no KoHcrpyKTIrBHIr na-

3t3

Popescu 1965, 598-599; Popescu 1968, p. 688; Barnea 1977b,105-106.
Popescu 1965, 598-599; Popescu 1968, p. 688.
3r5 Barnea 1977b,
105-106.
316
Scorpan 1980, p. 18; Zahariade 1988, 136-137
3ra

paMerpr4, rrHTeprrperarlr{flTa My Karo "uporerixra3Ma" oyeBr4gno rpx6sa Aa ce [pr.r3Hae 3a rrec'r,cToflTeJrHo, TBIt KaTo TOBa 6W Ce sP,WrO [apaAOKC n a6cypg oT fJIe[r{qe
Ha K'bcHoaHTrrrrHara $opru$uraqr4oHHa reopus rr np aKTr,rKa.
flpegnpner:oro B Haqaroro Ha 70-re rogzuu aepo$ororpaScxo r43cJreABane na HosuoAylryM 3HaqurerHo [ollpuHacq sa u3flc,FrflBaHe Ha 3acerHarrrre crropHrr
Bbrlpocl4 oTHocHo o6nnxa Ha HeroBara yKpe[r,rreJrHa cI{cTeMa rrpe3 K'bcHoaHTurrHaTa eroxa (O6p. 20). flpegrox<eHlrrlr KoMeHTap r,r xpoHoJrorr{rrecKa r.rHTepnperarlr,rfl
Ha r{acr oT KoHcraTl{paHilTe gerafinra n o6o6rqaraqara pe3yJrraT}rre oT r{3cJreABaneto ny6nuxanlvrr3tT , o6ave, 6ygn r{3BecrHr{ B'b3paxeur{f,.

Yrpenenoro qlpo na HoruogyHyMqcxo rrv,tvna aepoSorocHrrMKrlre uyodpe ce pa3no3HaBa Ha MecrHocrra, rrri Karo, B pe3yJrrar or rrpoAtJDKr.rrennor:o o6uTaBaHe B qeprl,rre Ha oKoJroBp'bcrHara KperrocrHa creHa, ge6enrre KyJrrypur{ HanJracrsBaur,rfl ca ilppr[aJrr.r Ha yKperreHara repraropufl BLt\ Ha rr3grrrHara nnar$opua,
ps3Ko orKporBrrula ce or oKoJrHr4fl TepeH. Cnopeg eArrH rrJraH sa fI. flolonr,rx or
1895 r.318, Brrcoqr{Hara Ha ra3v utar:Sopua e Bapr.{paJra roraBa or 5 go 30(?!) u
crlptMo AaHoro na sao6uraJlflrllus fl KperrocreH poB. flo no-ronqMara rracr or HeroBoTo [poTe)KeHI4e, TpaceTo Ha oKoJroBpBcTHI{fl 3r{A rurrr,r rro cJre[rrTe or orpa6BaHeTO Ha CTpOUTeJrHr,rs MaTepuar, A Ha MecTa - r4 rro Bce oqe Bup.v]||{ag. Ha rroBT,pxrrocrra eMlJreKToH or rpagexa. Yrpeneuara repuropns, LtMa HelpaBI{JreH, tp:a6JII43IITeJIHO TpaleIIoBI4AeH IIJIaH, C'bC CIIJIHO III3AGJDKeHIII oT

qrur.

fllorqra i st:nrlsa

3aIIa[

Ha I{3TOK rlpOrlop-

Ocranru or ceBepHara Kpe[ocrna creHa ce pa3[o3HaBar caMo B 3arra[Hr{r ir rpaft, Karo rracr or He, BepoflTHo e Han'bJrHo
yHr,rqo>KeHa B pe3yJrrar or epo3r4flTa Ha AyHaBcxw,6ptr. trO:rcruqr 3r.r[ r{Ma rpace
Ha oKoJro 11,5 xa.

B.sB BI4A Ha HarryrleHa ril4r.t4fl c A'bJDKr{Ha oKoJro 500 u u op}reuTaqr4fl ceBepo3a[aArororr3ToK. klsro.rHara KperrocrHa creHa e A'bJrra or. 370 M r,r npaBr{ eAHa qynKa,
npr.r6nrasr.rreJrHo Ha 260 u or ceBepHrrr.i,rpafr. Hart-rtca e 3a[aAHara creHa, qrffrro
A"bJDKr{rIa He HaABIrIlaea 100 r't. flo rpaceTo Ha orllltcaHl{s oKoJroBp'bcreH KpefiocTeH 3IrA He ca I,IAeHTNSuqupanu KyJrr{, a Mecro[oJro)KeHr{ero Ha [oprr,rre e oflpeAeJIeHO XI{noTeTIltrIHO, B'b3 OCHOBa Ha HalpaBJIeHI{eTO Ha C'IlapI{Te n'bTl{tqa. [OuyCra
ce cLqecTByBaHeTo Ha r{eTr.rpr4 [opTlr: B loto3arraAHr{rI'br:bJr, IIo cpeAaTa Ha roxHaTa Kpe[ocTHa cTeHa, B IoroI{3TOqHr{.fl brbJr r,r HrIK'bAe no [poTexeHIreTo Ha u3ToqHATA CTEHA.

Cnopeg LlHreprlperapflTa Ha aBropa na aepoSororpa$croro rr3cJreABaHe
(xoxro ce no[[Bp)Ka I{ or MHo3I,rHcrBoro c'bBpeMeHHr{ r{3cJre[Bauu), raxa oflr{caHaTa yKperrexa repr.{Topufl ce orbx(AecrBflBa c HosuoqynyM or [epr{oAa Ha HeroBr{fl
nar?-ronsna pa3rlBer, orHacflH rura II-III a. flplreua ce, qe, cJreA Kpr{3ara or BTonaTa I,I Tpera qerB'bpr na III s., o6arasaHara [Jroul [pe3 K'bcHara auTr{qHocr r{yBcrBITTeJIHO Ce HaMaJII{JIa

317

3r8

II )Kr4BOT'bT Ce KOHrIeHTpr4paJr B r43TOqHaTa [OJrOBr{Ha Ha Hfl-

$tefan 1973,p.3 sqq. (pesynrarr{re

flnaurr

ca HaKparKo o6o6rqenlr rE e: $tefan 1974a,100-102).
e ny6nr.xyaarr B ABa Bapr{aHra: Barnea et al. 1957, p. 156; $tefan 1973,p.5.

O6p. 20.

HOBIIOIyHyM (NOVIODUNUM).

ro

or aepo$ororpaQcru

O6ru nnau Ha yKperrurerHara crrcreMa
Jlereuga: 1. Buplrtr,tu rpaAe)KI{; 2. Cte1u;
3. Bepoareu repr.rropuanen o6xsar Ha rpaAa npe3 rlocneAnata Qaaa ot
c'blrlecrByBauero My; 0-0'. BeporrHo rpace rra KbcHara KpeuocrHa creHa; I-I', [-II',
U-III'. 3eunenn yKpernreJrHu caopbxenux; t. Typcro yKperIJIeHIre ($tefan 1974a,p.
108, Pl. 20). I FiS.20. NOVIODUNUM. General layout of the defence system according
to the evidence from airphotograph surveys. Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2. Traces; 3.
Hypothetical area of the city during the last phase in its existence; 0-0'. Hypothetical
course of the later circuit wall; I-I', II-II', m-ru'. Earthen defensive works; t. An Ottoman
fort ($tefan 1974a, p. 108, Pl. 20).
AaHHn

r.r3cJregBanl{fl.

Koralrluara rpaAcKa repinropna, Kosro 6nna orpageHa or HoBotr3ArrrHara B HarraJloro Ha fV n. xpenocrHa creHa. Karo apryrnreHT B fiogKpela Ha xurrore3ara ce r,r3TaKBa ga6enqsaHara B'bpxy eAHa aepoQorocHlrMKa nuneftna aHoMaJrI,L c uocoKa
roro3alaA-ceBepor,r3ToK, pa3AeJrrula rlflJraTa yKperreHa Tepr.rTopurl upr46Jlr,r3rlTeJrHo
Ha[oJroB]rHa, KoffTo ce [rHTepnpeTlrpa KaTo HanperleH 3HA, cBBp3aH c [poyqeHaTa
Ha [yuaBcKwx 6ptt K'bcHopnMcKa ceBepHa KperrocrHa creHa (t. Hap. yqacrbx
Zlllllte. Marap reoperurrecKr{ B'b3MoxHo, B AocerarrrHure ny6ruraqufi He se crroMeHaBa 3a HaJrr{rlr{ero Ha KaKBr{To }r na 6nro tepeuul{ noAarK}r 3a c'brr{ecrByBaHero

3re

$tefan 1973, p.6.

Ha rro[o6eH suq" HanporrrB, eAHaKBoro c'LBpeMeHHo HrrBo Ha repeHa 3a[aqHo r,r
r43ToqHO or [peAflonafaeMoro My rpace cB]rAeTeJrcTByBa 3a eAHaKBa [poA'bJrxHTenHocr r4 I{HTeH3I{BHocr Ha o6firasaHero B rlflJrara reprlTopt4fl Ha nJraroBlirAHorr3AprrHarara nnatQopua, orpaAeHa or clrrypHo ycraHoBeHara oKoJroBpBcrHa KpenocrHa creHa r{ rrJrbrHo cJreABarqrrfl sefisara roxQurypaqlrfl garr{r{TeH poB. Karcropur{Hr.{ apxeororuqecKrr AoKa3areJrcrBa 3a roBa [porr3xo)KAar or AyHaBcrua 6pxr
B Jrr,rqero Ha r. Hap yqacrbrlu ZIuZ II, xoIEro flpe[craBJlflBar [peycrpoeHrr 3rl[oBe
na uocrpofiKrr or II-III s., LrHTerpprpaHr,r [pe3 K'bcHara aHTI,Ir{Hocr n cenepuara o16-

3a KoHTlIHKlIrrera s o6fitaBauero Ha IlrJrara
yKpe[eHa rpa[cKa repr{Topu.fl or efloxara na flpuuqulara LI [pe3 K'bcHara aHTI4quocr y6equreJrHo cBrrAereJrcrByBa r,r cJroxHara cr{creMa or KoHIIeHTpurIHo pa3noJroxeHr{ 3eMreHr{ yKperrrrTeJrHlr c'bop"bxeHafl , perl4cTpvpa}llI npeA qsJroTo Ilpore-

paHprreJrHa rrurnttfl. na Horuogynyr"r.

x(eHrre Ha Iox(HI{rI

I/I

u3ToqeH ceKTopI,I oT oKOJTOBp'bCTHaTa Kpe[OCTHa CTeHa U [per-

pDKAarr+{ o:r 6pxr go 6pxr cyxon'brH[Ire flogcrtnlr K'bM Trx. flomylupaHara xpoHoror[qecKa [ocJregoBareJrHocr (orsrn-nas'rrpe) u cpaBHLITerHo rorqMa orAaJretreuocr Br,B BpeMero (or II-III no rrrra VI r.) lnexgy lr3rpax<AaHero Ha BceK[ or
perr4crpr,rpaHrrre rpr4 seMJreHLr or6panurer:a:a nosca320 IBrJIexAar cbBceM HeonpaBAaHr4 KaKTo or rrcropr,rKo-apxeoJrorr{r{ecKa, TaKa I{ or rexHrlKo-Synrqrnouanua
rJre[Ha roqKa. I,IgenrravuzflT rrM KoHcrpyKr]rrBHo-crpor.rreres o6nzr y6eqr,rre.rno
cBrrAeTeJrcTByBa 3a TqxHaTa cr,rHxpoHHocT, a B3aI[MHoTo I,IM pa3floJrox<eHlle - 3a pealrvga\vq Ha flcno o6oco6exa BoeHHo-TaKTuqecKa KoHIIelqrLf,, Kotro Moxe [a ce
xapaKTeprr3lrpa Karo r{3HeceHa Hanpeg errreJloHrrpana or6pana, [pelHa3Harleua

eSerruuro na nporr,rBogeficrnyra Ha BepoflTeH [porI{BH[K, pa3[oJraralrl [peAI,IMHo c KaBaJrepuficxa cuta. C oureA EcropuqecKara c'rg6a Ha 3eMIlTe rro AoJIHoro
Terreuae ua p. fiynan, 3apaxAaHero ua uogo6Ha KoHIIenqurI cJIeABa Aa ce pa3rJrexAa Karo [poAyKT na sagsn6orreH aHaru3 r,r reoperur{ecKo IIpeocMI{cJIrHe Ha pe3yJrTarprre or rex<Ktre c6n'rcrqu c xyHlrre rrpe3 n'bpBara rloJroBtrHa sa V n., a ueftHata
r.rmKeHepHo-TexHuqecKa Marepr,raJruga\vq, eABa JILI 6u uorna Aa ce orHece B KoHKperHr{, cnyvafi [o-paHo or B'b3craHoBr{TeJrHlrr 3a rrpoBr.rHllwaCxutnn treplroq B Kparl
ua V u HarraJroro na VI s.
Hanpanenrxr npocrpaHeH aHaJr[I3 r{ qacrr.rrrna peuHTepflperarlu, Ha HarutrHr,rre AaHHU orHocHo yKpeflr,rreJrrrara crrcreMa ua HoanogyHyM AaBar ocHoBaHLIe Aa
ce fipegJrox(ar cJrelHr{Te o6o6uqenru:
Irlsrpageuara ou{e npe3 enoxara na flpuHrlrrnara (upes uocneAHara rperrlHa Ha II urlr napBr.{Te Aecerr{Jlerr{s na III n.?) rpagcxa yKpelI,ITeJrHa clrcreMa Ha
HonuogynyM rpoA'bJlxl,rna 4a $yxrqrloHupa c HqKoI,I npeycrpofictBa rI npe3 KGcHara aHTr.rqnoct. T. uap. "nporeftxrl3Ma" c roJIflMa yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce otbx[ecrBr,r c r,r3TorrHara KpelocrHa creHa Ha rpaga. C uperprqaHero na Honnogyxyu
B e[r,rH e'r nafi-saxHr4Te BoeHHr.r rIeHTpoBe Ha [poBuHqan Cxurun [pe3 KBcHopIrM-

32o

Ibidem, 6-7.

CKII, nepl4oA, npe3.BToporo/Tperoro AecerlrlJrerr4e Ha IV B. B r43TorrHara rroJroBrrHa
Ha yKpeleHara rpaACKa reprrropr{, 6ur u:rpagen a fundamentis rotsv, BoeHeH Jra-

rep, npeAHa3HarreH 3a craqr4oHr{paHr{Te ryK pa3Hopo4nz noficroBr{ eAr,rHr.rrlu. TuuoJrofr4r{ecKrr rofi, u3rre)Kga, rpt1P,a Aa ce o[peAeJII{ Karo castra, MaKap 3acera pa3Mepr{Te My Aa He Morar Aa ce onpe[eJrrr c:bc crrrypHocr. HanrnHo e flpoyareHa
caMo HeroBara ceBepHa KpenocrHa creHa, fi'bJrfa oKoJro 170 u (r. :Hap. z III Ha qyHaBCKr4q 6pxr), a orqacrn e rpacrrpaH r.r r43TorrHr,rsr My 3ru, roriro e yc[opeAeH r.r
orcrol{ na 12,00 M 3aIIa[Ho or I,I3TotIHara KpenocrHa creHa na Hoeuogynyrra. Cneg
pa3naAaHeTo Ha K6CHOpI,IMCKUq MOAeJT Ha BOeHHa OpraHLr3aqIIg, HrIKOra[rHr4rT Jrarep no BcfKa Bepof,THocr npugo6un o6nura Ha rpaAcKa rlr4Ta[eJra, MaKap [a He e

rl3KrloqeHo I{ BnocJrelcrBlre Aa e 3ana3r{Jr roHe orqacrl{ Tunl{rrHr4Te cra eoenrr.r $yuKI{I414. Mox<e 6u rru Kpa, Ha V/Ha.{aroro na VI lrnu [o-K'bcHo npe: VI B. Ha [oAcT'b[Irre K'bM rpa[a 6una r,rerpaAeHa aHTr,rKananepuficra or:6paxrar:eJrHa crircreMa or
KOHIIEHTPUIIHO PA3NOIO)KEHII 3EMJIEHI,I YKPENI4TEJIHII CrbOPBXErrUg, HOSEOIYHYM
Surypupa Ir cpeA norIpaBeHI,ITe or I{Mneparop Ocrranlran I yrpeueHra o6exru B rpo-

cxuruq3zl . Hari-rtqrlrre ,r3BecrHr,r flocera MoHerrr or qpaAa Aarrrpar or
BpeMero Ha r.rMneparop @ora322. Mnoro e B'b3Mo)KHo rori Aa e npecraHaJr [a c6IqecrByBa olqe KtM Kpafl Ha ntpBoro r4Jrr,r npe3 BToporo [ecerr{Jrerr,re na VII s.
Br,rHr{r.rq

22.EtVtCyC (AEGYSSUS)
(Tulcea; jud. Tulcea)

Anrrnqsu.sr u K'bcHoaHTlruen Erucyc e cr4rypHo JroKaJrrl3r{paH upr{ AHerrrHru
rpag Tylva. Oqe B 3opara Ha pI,IMcKoro BraAuqecrso ror1 e or6en-f,saH B [rrcMegr,rTC I,I3BOPU KATO BAXEH BOEHHO-AAMI,IHI{CTPATIIBEH qEHT'bP B TE3I{ IPEAEJII{ HA TPA-

rr'rficxara erHo-KyJrrypna o6rqnocr323. flpes KbcHara aHTr{qHocr Erucyc ce pa3Br{Ba B'bpxy xpafigyuancKoro B'b3Br4rrreHrre Xopa (Hora, roHacroquleu - Dealul
Monumentului), r ceBepol{3TolrHara tracr Ha gu. Tylua. Boennoro My 3Har{eHr,re ce
noAqepraBa or Qaxra, qe oqe B'bB BpeMero na fltpnara rerpap&rrr ryK e enErpa$cru 3acBr,rAereJrcrByBaHo eAHo orAeJregrle or legio I lovia, a Mo)Ke 6r n gpyra,
caMocrorreJrHa KoHHa qacr - vexillatio (equitum?) Egissesis3za. flplr pe$opMr,rre Ha
I4M[eparop Konctanrrau I Errcyc - r3pnr{Ho o3HarreH s Notitia Dignitatum xaro
castellum3zs - 6stt I{3AIrrHar B'bB BTopr{ 6ason Jrarep ua legio I lovia, s roftro rare321

Proc. De aed. IY l1 (ed. Dewing). Hyvmsuaruvur.rf,r Mareprrar or HouxoAyuyM AaBa
ocHoBaHtie .qa ce AolycHe, ue rpaA:br noxe 6lr flocrpaAan B H-sKaKBa crerreg or
Kyrpr.rrypcroro HarrecrBlre npe3 559 r.: Poenaru/Bordea et al. 1995, 152-153.

322

Popeea 1973-1975,p. 179 (nr. 29,30).
flr'rcuenrlre lr3Boprr sa Erucyc ca rocoqeHr{ s: TIR L35,21-22;Popescu 1976,p.280; ISM
Y, 294-295: Zahariade 1988, 138-139.

323

32a

Popescu

325

Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,9 (ed.

197

6, Ne

27 0.

Seeck).

x

O6p.2l. EfI,lCyC (AEGYSSUS). Tonorpa$urr rr yKperurerrHa crrcreMa(Opai[1977,
Fig.2l. AEGYSSUS. Topography and defence system (Opait 1977 ,312-313).

312-313). /

5-re xoxoprrr or pedatura inferioris, KaKTo rr otr1e eAHa rroMorqHa BoeHHa
cuneus equitum armigerorum326. flpes VI n. cemrqe:ro e ot6enq3aHo or Xu-

pyBaJrr.r

qacr

-

epoK'bJr cpeA rpaAoBere Ha flpoBrrHrl]rr Cruran3z1 , a rrMero My ce orb)KAecrBrBa r,r
c elrrcKolcKoro ceAaJrurqe [ecyc B eAHa or Horrrq]rure na KoncraHTrrHorroJrcKara
[arpr4aprxurr328. I4spuuno e crroMeHar rr cpeg crpoexrrre Ha rrMneparop Ocrun*raH
132e.

K'scnoanruq:uilflT Erucyc
Hara My [Jrorq

326

lbidem,

BG3Jrra3a Ha

XXXX,

r,rMa HenpaBr,rJreH

oK. 2,5 xa (O6p. 21).

[oJrr,rroHaJreH uras330. YxpeneLr3ToK, ror Lr 3a[aA oKoJroB-

Orrru

17, 34.

Hier. Synecd. 637, 14 (ed. Parthey).
328
Darrouzes 198L, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 648); Cuouenaro:ro B Horrrrlrrflra r{Me ce rpr{eMa 3a
norpeuna rpaHcKprrrrlrrfl Ha Erucyc: Barnea l99la' p. 189.; Suceveanu/Barnea 1993,
p. 178; S[mpetru 1994, p. 108.
32e
Proc. De aed. ly ,7 ,20 (ed. Dewing).
330
Onucannero e 6asupauo Ha Aarrnrre n: Opait 1977 , p.307 sqq.

327

p'bcTHI4qT Kpe[ocTeH 3xA e 6I4JI TpacIrpaH IIo eArrH oT xopr.r3oHTaJrr.rre B [oJrHaTa
qacr Ha cKJIoHoBere Ha B'b3BlllrleHlrero 14 e cJreABaJr KoH$raryparlr.rflTa Ha repeHa.
flonactoxrqeM Torl e clltJrHo o6e3ruveu, a Ha Mecra - Ha['bJrHo yH]rrqo)Keu, nopaALI
orpa6naHeto Ha crpol4TeJlHrrrr MareppraJr rrpe3 cJreABaulrlTe BeKoBe. fle6enuuara
My ce onpeAeJrfl Ha oKoJto 1,60 u331. Orx'ru ceBepHara crpaHa KpeflocrHr.rrrr 3r.rA ce
e lI3KaqBaJI no crp'bMHI{Te cKJroHoBe, Ao IlJraroBlap'Hnfl, Bp'bx Ha B'b3Bl{rrreHl,rero. MaKap [otITE Ha[6JrHO yHlIIqOXeH, TpaCeTO My
Ce [pOCJreArBa IIO CTBnaJTOBT{A'CHO
HI'ITe BKO[aBaHLIf, B CKaJIHaTa IIOqBa, IIeJIflIIILI OC[fypqBaHeTO Ha XOpI,I3OHTaJIHOCT B
peAoBere rra 3r..rAaprrJrra. flpegnu[ ecrecrBeHara 3arr{r,rreHocr Ha repeHa orK'bM ceBep, TyK se ca 6unu r,r3rpaxqaHr,r xynu. flo ocraHaJroro fipore)KeHr,re Ha KpelocrHrlTe CTeHr{ lracrprqHo ca npoyrreHu Lr [oKyMeHTr,rpaHz 5 npanotrtJrHr4 KyJrr,r (A, B,
C, E u F), a upegnoJroxr,rreJrHo e ycrauoBeHo MecroloJro)KeHr{ero Ha [pyrr4 gne (D
r G). Bcravxu re ca 6unra pasnoJro)KeHr{ paBHoMepHo, Ha orcrorHr{e or ox. 35-40 r',r
eAHa or Apyra.Merpuvuu AaHHr{ ca npnBe[eHrr caMo sa Kyna A, 3a roRro ce or6eJrs3Ba, rre A'bDKr,rHara i uo $ponra e or. 4,00 u. I4nrepec [peAcraBJr.rBa apxeoJro-

rfirrecKara KoHcrararlrrf,, qe crp'bMHr,rm repeH [peA KyJrara e 6ut yKpe[eH c A.bpBEHI{ TIIIJIOTII.

B'rg ocrosa Ha [poytlBaHrsra Ha ocraHKrirre or yKpelr4TeJrHara cr{creMa Ha
ErIEcyc ca onpeAeJrenu 3 xoncrpyKrrrBHr,r Qasu r nertnoro r.r3rpaxAaxe. fltpaara
or rsx e orHeceHa K'bM Kpafl na III s. u ce xapaKTeprr3rrpa c ynorpe6ara Ha MHoro
3ApaB 6xn xopocaH, [pr{MeceH c Sran trflc'bK. Bropata Sasa (xopocaH c'bc cr{yKaHa
ryxna) e Koucrarl,IpaHa flpu lracr or KyJrure u ce olsc*flBa c Bt3craHoBr4TeJrxr.r pa6orrn, npegnpaern upee IV n. (rnloxe 6u rtiu Kpafl"Ha rexa?). flpu npoyuBaHero Ha
egna 6ancxa nomporka B'bB B'brperrrHocrra Ha yKpeleHara reprrropr{fl e ycraHoBeH ropflJl nJraer or KpiuI Ha ['bpBara qerB'bpr na V e., Koero r,r3rJre)KAa cBr{AereJrcrByBa, ue Erucyc e fiocrpagaJr rrpu HrIKoe or xyHcKr.rre HarrrecrBrrs no roBa BpeMe332. Tperara KoHcrpyKrI,InHa Sasa rro yKpelr{TeJrHara crrcreMa ce orHacfl sart-o6IrIo KBM VI n. Ynorpe1enttsr xopocau c'brrlo c'b[Bpxa crryKaHa ryxJra, Ho B 3Har{uTeJTHO rro-roJrf,Mo Korr{qecrBo IIo cpaBHeHr,re c [olpaBKr{Te rrpe3 npegxogHara
sasa. onoxapeur{rr flJracr, s rofiro e 6nna HaMepeHa MoHera Ha r,rMrreparop ocrznraan I or 5561557 r., ce npr{eMa Karo cr,rrypHo cBr{AereJrcrBo, qe Erucyc - noqo6Ho
Ha Muoro Apyru rleHrp(,Be B npoBr,rur{rdrr Cxarnx333 - e 6r,rn npeBser or KyrpurypuTe IIo BpeMe Ha rqxHoro HaruecrBr{e or 559 rograna334. ApxeonoruqecKr.rre ilpoyqBaHIrrI I{ HaxoAKI,I [OKa3BaT, qe xIrtBoT'bT cKopo ce sl:o6HoBLIJI I,I [poA'bJr)Kr{JI noHe

33r

,(aunu sa ge6elunara Ha Kperocrnrrfl 3rrA ca rocorreHr.r caMo B: Gajewska 1974,p.145.
Opail et al. 1.980, p.267 sqq.; Barnea l99la, p. 189.
333
3a roea nx.: flana I.1 (6en. 67).
332

33a

Barnea 1991a, p.

189.

Ao K'bM cpeAara na

VII

n.

335,

aro

He u qaK Ao c'b3AaBaHero Ha

ra na flonnu [ynan336.

6urapcrara A.bpxa-

23. HySrpy
(com. Nuf[ru /6usrue Prislava; Domnila Maria; Ada Marinescu/; jud. Tulcea)
Ocranxr.r or crapIaHHLI yKpenLITeJrHr{ ctop'bxeHr.rfl Ha repuropvtsffa Ha cerallrHoro ceno Hy$rpy cadurruperl,IcrpldpaHlr oqe B Kpas na XIX r,r B HaaraJroro Ha
Xx 8.337 fi'rnro BpeMe re rpaAr,rquoHHo ce orHacflxa KsM "pnMo-sfigaHrr.rficKara"
efloxa, a caMoro yKpelJreHrre ce orbx(AecrB.flBaue c Thalamonium or Notitia
Dignitatum33s. flonacroflrqeM Thalamonium u Salmorus ce pa3rJrexAar Karo pa3rroBI,IAHocrtr Ha ceJrnulnoro r4Me Halmyris, a Xarlrupuc ce JroKaJrrl3rrpa flpu Irlngeueu339. flponexAaHr{Te
c u3BecrHrr rrpeKacBanr{s or 1978 r. [o HaAeHqa (oxp. Tynva)
rrr,r [Hu apxeoJrorr4qecKr.r pa3Ko[Krr B Hy$rpy,oo ycrarroBHxa rpeAr,rMHo ocraHKr{
or enoxara Ha cpeAHoBeKoBr{ero (x-xN a.), cnragereJrcrByBarqr, qe no roBa BpeMe
TyK e flpoq'bxrflBaJr roJrflM rpalcKr,r rIeHT'bp, oT'rb)KAecTBrBaH or cGBpeMeHHrirTe r43creABaqr,r c flpooraruqa r,rJrr..r Buqprna or rrrrcMeHr{Te rr3Bopr,r. flpu rce roBa, MHoXECTBOTO MATEPI,IAJII,I OT IEPIIOAA HA PIIMCKOTO BTAAI,IqECTBO I{ OT PAHHOBI,I3AHruficxara enoxa rroKa3Bar, qe cpegHoBeKoBHr{rrr tpaA e Bb3Hr{KHaJr Bcpxy pyrrr{r,rre
Ha no-crapo ceJrr{ule. crpozremrilflT Marep}aaJr Ha 3aBapeHure rpaAex<rr e 6zr noq-

TI{ HaIGJIHo orpa6en I4 npeLI3[oJr3yBaH, a rexHrrre ocrarrKr4 - Hr,IBeJrl,rpanra. B ceBepHara rracr Ha c'bBpeMeHHoTo ceJro, B MecrHocrTa I{3BecTHa B JrOKaJrHaTa TOIOH'vl.}r.ufl rroA r{Mero "flpra KautKa" ("La Piatra") ulu "Kl,IroMertp 104", e 6nno .racTI{rrHo [poyrreHo e[Ho crrJrHo o6egrua.reHo MaJrKo K'bcHoaHTI{trHo yKpeluTeJrHo c'bop'bx<eHl,Ie. To e pasnolox<eHo B'bpxy cavtus.rpafr ua cKaJrrrcr rroJryocrpoB, BAaBarrI
ce B KoprlToro Ha p. fiyuan, roriro [peAocraBfl orJrr{rrHa B'b3MoxHocr sa na6nrcqeHI'Ie Harope u HaAoJIy rlo reqeHlrero Ha peKara. BrrpeurnrlTe pa3Mepu na nocrporixara (paegeJreHa Ha ABe [oMerrleuua) ce B.b3craHoBflBar rra or. 11 x 5 rvl, npu ge6eJrr{Ha Ha 3rrgoBere Ao 2,30 M. OcHosr,rre ir ca 6ranz nonoxeH}r B'bpxy 3gpaBa cKaJrHa

3r5

Opai11977,p.310.

336

C Erucyc o6rrHoseHo ce cBbp3Ba r{ eAHa MeAHa MoHera na Koncranc II (641-668 r.), sa
Ko.sro IIbpBlIflT I{3AareJI (8. O6epneu4ep-Trpnonxuy) or6enx3Ba, qe npor.r3xoxAa

337

Desjardins 1868, p.266;Moisil 1909a,87-88; Netzhammer 1918, S. 141;Polonic

"or pafioua

Ha

Tylua": Jordanov 1987, p. 186,206.
1935,

p.25.
338

Weiss 1911, S. 54;Yulpe 1938, 301-302,345;TIR L35, p. 54;Gajewska 1974, p. 130, 161.
Suceveanu/Zahariade 1987, p. 87 sqq.
340
Benexxr B6pxy I4cropusra Ha apxeororr{qecKr.rre rrpoyqBaHr.r.f, B HyQrpy n: Baraschi/
Moghior 1984-85, p. 144 sqq.; Zahariade 1996, p.229.
33e

r,r ca r,r3rpaileHr{ or KaM'bHrr r,r xopocag3al. Haft-repoflTHo, B cryrrafl craBa
AyMa 3a caMocroflTeJrHa Ha6JrloAareJrHo-crpaxeBa xyxra (turris), no xe r.r3KrrorrBa
B'b3MO)KHocTTa C'bopGxeHI{eTO Aa e 6I,IJIO eJIeMeHT oT HtKaKBo no-roJrflMo yKpenJreHI{e. fiaruporxaTa Ha c'bop'bxeHr{eTo He Moxe Aa ce [perlrd3r,rpa, Ho To oireBprAHo cJIeABa Aa ce pa3rJrexAa B o6rq xonreKcr c pa3floJroxeuoro Ha orB'bAHr{t dpnr
Ha AyHaBcKI,rs pBKaB Cseru leopru K'bcHoaHTrlrrrHo yKpeflreHr,re rrpr,r Zlranuu ge
X(oc, roero ce r,rHTepnperrrpa Karo yKpeneHo [peAMocrr{e Ha HaMr4parqr{, ce Ha
ToBa Mficro ygo6en peqeH 6po\3a2.I4sxox<gafirr4 or MHox(ecrBoro nogo6nu [pr4MepI4, Aarr,IpoBKara Ha rlerIas KoMrrJreKc rr3rJre)Kga narl-nepoxrHa s IV B. - B'bB BpeMeTo Ha l,rMfieparop Koncranrun I unr.r na Barenc.
Cnopeg apxeoror[qecKrrre MareprraJru rr HyMr{3Marr,rqHu cBuAereJrcrBa or
Hy$'spy, o6flrasaHero u flog4tpxaHero Ha HaMr{paqr{fl ce ryK crparerr.rrecKrlr
IyHKT rrpo['bJrxtrJro r.{ [pe3 ncpBr,rre Aecerr,rJrerr,rg na VII eex: Hafi-rtcHara pr3BecTI{a Aocera MoHera orryK or ro3rr [eprrog e eArrn ceura$onzc na trIpaxluri or
6101611r.3a3

lor{Ba

Z4.Vltraruwu ge

Xoc

(s. Ilganii de Jos; com. Nufdru; jud. Tulcea)

3a crulemByBaHero Ha ApeBHo yKperrJreHr,re rpaft ceJroro l4nrasant ge Xoc
leopru - ce c[oMeHaBa orqe [pe3
rrbpBara [oJroBr,rHa na XX n. 3aa OcrrqecrBeHlrre Ha roBa Mflcro upes 1978 a 197 9 r.
apxeoflorl4qecKr,r coHAa)Kr,r pa3Kpl{xa He3HarII{TeJIHII ocTaHKr,I oT HerOBaTa yKpefiuTeJrHa c[IcreMa, 6es Aa ca B c'bcrosHr,re Aa u3flclarr rlflJrocrHrrs My [JraH. Beqe s Hoso
BpeMe 3I4AoBere ca 6utu rr3rroJr3yBaHr,r Karo KaMeHHa Kapr{epa or xr{TeJrr,rre Ha ceJroro, Koero e AoBeJro Ao rrotlTr,r rrbJrHoro r{M yHI4Ir{o)KaBaHe. fie6elnuara IrM Bb3Jru3a lra 2,30-2,35 u. fpage:r'rr e or go6pe o6pa6oreur( KaMeHHlr 6lorore, cB'bp3aHI{ c BlacoKoKaqecrBeH xugpo$o6eH xopocaH. ApxeororrnqecKr{Te Marepr,raJrrr or
coH[axI,ITe He npeAocTaBflT BB3MOXGOCT 3a [peqrr3Ho xpOHOJrOr[qecKo onpeAeJreHa JreBI4rI 6pxr na AyHaBcKr,rfl p'bKaB Cnern

HI{e, HO AaTI4pOBKaTa Ha yKpe[JreHIuIeTo Ce OTHaCfl gafi-O6nlO K'bM KBCHOaHTI{rrHaTa
enoxa. Or $ynxquoHaJlHa ure[Ha rorrKa, To cGcraBJIflBa eAr{HeH KoMnJreKc c K'bcHoaHTI4rrHoro yKpe[Jrer{pre Ha Aeclr.:r.fl. AyHaBcKr,r 6pxr upn HyQtpy rr rpeAcraBJrrBa
[penMocrr,re Ha HaMr.rpaa\urfl, ce Ha roBa Mrrcro BaxeH perreH 6pog3a5. IrlsrpaxganeTo My l{3rJrex(Aa nali-nepoarHo npe3 IV s. - B'bB BpeMero na KoncranTrrH Iarru*ta
3ar

Baraschi/lVloghior 1979, p. 186 sqq. ; Baraschi/IVloghior 1980, p. I 30; Baraschi,/Moghior
1984-85, p. 145; Zahariade 1996,p.229.
342
Vulpe 1938, p. 162,167.
343
3aa

Mitrea 1966, p.425,nr.56.

Vulpe 1938, p. 162,167.
345 Baraschi/lVloghior
1979, p. 186 sqq.; Baraschi/ll{oghior 1980, p. 124 sq{.; Baraschi/
Moghior 1984-85, 144-145; Zahariade 1996, p. 229.

Bareuc. lopHara rpaHr{rda ua o6rrasaHe

Ha yKperJreHrrero

npr I4nranun

ge X(oc e

HEI43BECTHA.

25. CAJTCOBI,Ifl (SALSOVIA)
(com. Mahmudia; jud. Tulcea)

AnrrrHuqr r{ K'bcHoaHTr{qeH

BoeHeH rr aAM}rurrsrparlrBeu rIeHT'bp Carcoxpaft Maxuygux346. B'rsH[rmaJra Karo Jrarep Ha
[oMouIHa qacr [pe3 efloxara na flpuuqunara, BoelrHoro 3Ha{Ieutre na Cancostrr
HapacHaJro rrpe3 KT,cHara aHTutIHoct34T. Maxap Aa He ce cnoMelraBa B "fl'rreaogz:
TeJr"-fl Ha XraeporbJl, or6eJrr3BaHero ir rato ermcKottcKo cegaJrtrqe B elHa or paHHlrre Horr{qvlaHaKoncranrr,rHorloJrcKara [arpuapuuq348 ce rurryna B cMtrgbJl, rre
T, [oJrf{rura rpaAcKrr craryr nafi-repoxrHo B Haviuroro Ha yrlpaBJreutrero Ha trMrreparop 0crr,rnuan I349.
ApxeororraqecK[ pa3KorrKr.r s Carcosrrs He ca [pe[trpueMal{tr. Ocranrnte i
ce HaMr4par B MecrHocrra "Cetatea Bisericula", Ha oK. 2,4 xu sarragHo ot Ma-:nry4ux. Te 3aeMar elI4H roJlyocrpoB, I,I3BrIcsBarI ce go 30,00 M HaA gynancrulx 6pm.
Kpenomnrare 3rr4oBe rr,rqar BcB Br4A Ha KaMerrHo-3eMJreHn BaJroBe c Blrcotlrrua Ao
8,00-10,00 M, Karo Ha Mecra ra3Korrr.rre or orpa6nanero Ha crpol{TeJlHtrfl MarepuaJr
pa3Kpr,rBar He3HauI{TeJIlapt clreart or rpaAe)Ka (xau'srm, cB'bp3aHu c xopocan). Cnopeg elHo crapo rr3Becrrre ge6etuuara Ha creHara B'b3Jrlr3zura rra oK. 2,00 r"r. YrpereHara reprrroprzfl IrMa qerl,IprbrtrreH rJIaH rr pa3Meptr 150 x 120 t't (O6p. 22). OrKtM nJraroro u e 6wa orAeJIeHa qpe3 poB c mtrpulra 10,00 rnr u gu6ovrna
5,00-6,00 lr 350. Tepennure o6xoxlaHr4fl or rro-HoBo BpeMe or6enxgear Hzurlrtmero
Ha KyJrlr rro npore)KeHrirero Ha Kpenocrr{rrre crelrl{, Ho rexHlrst 6poft Lr MecrofloroxeHr{e He ce yrorrHrrsar. -flcHo ce pa3rr.rrraBa, c'bIIIo rara, Mf,croro Ha rpl{ noptll35l.
Bragraurare ocraHKrr or yKperlrrreJrHara c[creMa na Cancosur ce orlractr or
flpoyrrBarerure nari-o6qo KtM K'bcHara aHTlrqrrogr, 6eg na ro3u eran [a e B'b3MoxHa HrKaKBa xporloJroruqecKa rpeqlmalllaq. B nagmac or 322-323 r.3s2 yrpenJreHlrero e lrcprrr{Ho o3HatreHo lraro castra. C'rcrartr: Ha rapnl{3oua My rro rora
BpeMe (vexillatio Salsoviensis) ne uoxe Aa ce orpeEeJIE c'bc ctrrypHocr. Cuopen
Notitia Dignitatum, rro-K'bcHo ryr 6rana HacraHeHa egna uonocQopMtrpaHa EoMoIq-

Br.rfl e[rrHogytrrHo ce JroKaJr[3upa

Aurrlqnure rr3Bopl{ ga Cancosus ca qI{rI{paI{Ir e: TIR L35, p. 63; Popescu 1976, p.282;
ISM V, p.297; Zahariade 1988, 138-139.
3a7
flpocrpaHeH IrcroplrKo-apxeoror[rrecKfi oqepK sa Carcosrlf,: Pirvan 1906.
3a8
Darrouzes 1981, p.242 (Notitia3,649).

3a6

3ae

Sampetru 1994, 108-109.

3s0

Moisil 1909a, 88-89; Moisil 1910a, 29-30;Zahariade 1988, 138-139.
Gajewska 1974, p.99, 115-116, 130, 160-161.

35t
352

Popescu 1976, Ns 271(b).

1
O6p.22. CAJICOBI4.f, (SALSOVIA). OxouepeH rrJraH no fp. Tovnnecry (Zahariadel
Gudea 1997,Fig.60). / Fig. 22. SALSOVIA. Sketch-map after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariadel
Gudea 1997, Fig. 60).
Ha BoeHHa r{acr

- milites quinti Constantiani353. B'rs ocHoea Ha rrpor{3xoxgarrlr4rr or
cancosus HyMr,BMarr,rqeH Marepr.{ar, Har?-K'r,cHr,rre eK3eMnJrflpr{ cpeg ror?ro garrnpar or ylpaBJreHr.rero Ha r{Mrreparop Maspururi354, rn6enra Ha ro3r,r Ba)KeH BoeHHo-aAMr,lHr,rcrparraBeH qeHT'bp cJreABa Aa 6'bAe orrreceHa Harl-repoxrHo K.bM Kpafl
ua VI r{rr{ Haqaroro Ha VII s.
26. XAJTMuLPVIC (HALMYRTS )
(com. Independenta llusrue MurighioV; jud. Tulcea)

B'rg ocnosa Ha JII,IHrBI4crrIrIHr,rrr aHaJrrr3 Ha roloHr{MrEr:e Halmyris, Salmorus
u Thalamonium, sacnugereJrcrByBaHr,r B pa3ruqur,r aHTrrrrHr,r nrrcMeHlr rr3Bopr{, HeorAaBHa 6e rvrorrauupaua re3ara, rre BccrlHocr craBa AyMa 3a eAHo u ctu{o HaceJreHo
Mfrcro, Koero ce orbx(AecrBflBa c pyt4Hr{Te Ha HrrKora[rHr,r, [yHaBcrr.r 6par, sa 2,5
353
3sa

Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 26 (ed.
Mitrea 1987, p. 176.

Seeck).

KM tl3roqHo or ceJroro I4ngenen[eHqa (oxp. Tynva)3ss. flpore)KAaHr,rre ryK or
1981 r. HacerHe cIlcreMHI{ apxeoJrorprqecK[ rtpoyquanvrfl ycraHoBr.rxa sa6ere)Kr4reJreH [oceJrIruleH KoHTI4HroI4Ter, o6xaaqaul [epr4oA or floBeqe or 1000 rogunu. PasrpaHr4qaBar ce 3 ocHosHr.r Ilepuo[a e o6[ranaHero Ha Mrrcroro, B paMKure Ha KoI{TO
ca perrrcrpvpanvr 13 xunuqnra H[ea356. B Ha.ranoro Ha II s. B'bpxy repeHa Ha c.bu{ecrByBaJroro orqe or IV s. rp. Xp. aBroxroHHo ceJrr,ru{e (flepraog I) 6raa r43rpaAeH
pIrMcKI{ KaMeHeH BoeHeH Jlarep, $ynrqraonupaJr [o [ocJIeAHaTa qerB'bpT na III s.
(flepraoA II). B uauaroro Ha K'bcHoaHTrrqHara enoxa (flepraog III) noenuuflT Jrarep
6un qn.nocrHo npel,I3rpageu. B pe3yJrrar or roBa crpoureJrcrzo a fundamentis rofi
npugo6Iln c'bB'r,p[IeHo HoBa [JraHoBa cxeMa, Koqro ce 3ana3r4Jra 6es ctrqecraenrz
npoMeHa rraK [o Kpar Ha c'bnlecrByBaHero Ha Xaauzpuc go K.bM cpegara(?) na VII s.
Xa:ruupuc e I43rpaAeH B'bpxy eAr{H cKaJrr.rcr [oJryocrpoB, u3Arlrarq ce Ha Br.rcoquHa 7-8 lr nag oKoJIHI4, Tepeu. Hsrora ro3ra noJryocrpoB ce e BAaBaJr B Kopr,rroTo Ha p. fiynar, 3a Koero cBr,rAereJrcrByBar 3ao6uKarrrr{rrre ro (cera npecyurenN)
xpafipevnra 6tara, KaKTo I4 ocraHKr{Te or aHTr{\rHra rrprrcraHr{IqH[r c'bop'b)KeHr4e B

Notitia Dignitatum:
usquxeH or ceBep Ha ror rroJrr4roHaJren (upu6nusraTeJrHo rpaleqonuqen) nJraH c MaKcrrMaJrHr4 pa3Mepr,r l79ll37 M r.r rrJrorq or. 2,0 xa359. HanpaneceBepor.r3TolrHoro no4noxue357. YxpenneHr{ero (cuopeg
castellumsss)

ralr.ra

HLIflT B'b3 ocHoBa Ha aHalrvtg ua aepo$orocHrrMKr{ orrr{T 3a rpa$uvua B63craHoBra360 1O6p. 23) ce Hy)KAae or HflKorr c'brrlecrBeHr.r KopeKrlr.ru rro orHorrreHne xon$trlypalll4tTa Ha KpeIIocTHaTa CTeHa B CeBepHaTa qaCT Ha yKpe[JleHrreTo, KaKTO r{ B.bB

Bp'b3Ka c 6poa u Soprrlara Ha perrlcrpr.rpaHrrre xy.nu. ApxeoJrorrrqecKr,rre EpoyqBaHIL ycraHoBrrxa, qe tto rpacero Ha oKoJroBprcrur4fl.3r{A Ha Xanurnpuc ca 6ulv uzrpaAenr4 16 xynu: l2U-s*rguu,2uerrrpw'srrrluu361 z 2 nogronoo6pasur.r (crorner:no

IIo eAHa B loro3a[aAHuq I{ roror43Tor{Hrrfl'rrrn). flpoy.renx ca r{ ABere Kpeflocr-

-HI{ noprl,I. EgHata or rflx e pa3rloJroxeHa Ha K'bcara ceBepHa
BaHa

355

356

creHa u e 6uta3autrr.rraB cpe[ara

or gne u-nuquv Kyrrv. fipyrara [opra ce HaMr,rpa npra6nraaureJrHo

Suceveanu/Zahariade 1987, p. 87 sqq.
llpegnapl{TeJrur.r pe3ynrarrl or rrpoyrrBagtflTa ca o6o6qenu B Hf,(oJrro ny6nr.rxaqun:
Zahariade et al. 1986, p. 181 sqq.; Zahariade et al. 1987, p.97 sqq.; Zahariade
1988, 139-l4l;Zahariad.e 1991,p.311 sqq.; Zahariade 1996,229-230 (onncanr.rer:o
cbopbxeHrrs r,r crparurpa$cKo-xpoHoJrorrrqecrr,rre.naHrrn sa XarMI,IpIIc B I,I3noxeul{ero Iro-AoJry ca floqepflaHr{ ocHoBHo or flocJreAur,rre ABe ny6lr.rHa yKpe[LITenHI{Te

iraqrEu).
3s7

Matei 1991, p. 156.
358
Not. Dign. Or. XXXiX, 10 (ed. Seeck).
35e
B ny6ruxaqrrrre rrorura e oflpeAeneua sa 2,42-2,45 xa, roero 6u 6utro Bf,pHo, aKo yKpelneHr4eTo nMarrre [paBr{neH IlpaBoblbneH II.IaH c uocoqeHr,rTe pa3Mepr,r.

gtefan 1984, p. 633 sqq.
36r
Zahariade 1996, p.230 (npegn pa3KoraBanero
360

Ha 3araAHara

rroqeHr,re Ha btJroBr,rre, ce oflpeAeJrrxa Karo U-nrn4nr,r).

[opra

Bcr,rrrrn Kynu, c H3K-

O6p.23. XAJIMIP]IC (HALMYRIS). flnas Ha yKperr,rrerHara crrcreMa no AaHHI{ or
aepoQororpa$crur u3cneABaHu, ($tefan 1984, p. 671). I Fig.23. HALMYRIS. Layout of
the defence system according to the evidence from airphotograph surveys
($tefan 1984, p.671).

Ha 3anaAHara creHa. CHa6gena e c o$oprtaeu

r

ge6enraHara Ha crenara(?) oBaJreH

qerr.rpulrb;rnu xynu. B
ceBepoll3ToqHrlq yqacrrx (cnopeg HoMepaquqra Ha pa3KolBar{ure: rtle>rgy Kynu
I w2) e pa3Kpr.rr orrde eAr.rH MaJr:EK Bxo[, KortTo ce nocraBq B'bB Bp'b3Ka c SynxqzoHl{paHero Ha pa3noJro)KeHoro ryK [pilcraHrzrqe. KpeuocrnuflT 3r.rA zrua ge6enrzna
3,20 vtrl e I{3rpaAeHB opus implectum, Karo Jrrrrlara ca oQopueHr{ or qo6pe o6pa6oTeHr{ KaMeHnra 6roxose c'bc cpe4Hrr pa3Meprr. Ha uecra B KoHcrpyKt\ilflTa ca [per.r3loJr3yBaHrr B Kar{ecrBoro ua spolia enurpa$cxr4 rraMerHl{qu or II-III s.362
Zsrpaxgauero Ha K'r,cHoaHTrrr{Hara yKpenr.rreJrHa cr{creMa ua Xanuuprac ce
orHacf, or ilpoyr{BareJrr{Te KLM Kpar na IIVHa.raJroro Ha IV e. Te AorrycKar eAr4H
cpaBHr4TeJrHo npog'bJrxr{TeJreH crpozTeJreH rrepr{og, 3arroqHaJr Moxe 6z orqe upu
Anpe.nuaH r.r npraKrroqnn (creg BpeMeHHr.r rpeK'bcBaHua) uar rro BpeMe ua fl'rpraTa rerpapxza. HauepeHrrflT rrprr pa3KorrKr{Te $parrtrentupaH crporrreJreH Ha[nuc
"Zwinger" c pa3Meprr 10,75 x 8,50 u, $naxrxrapan or

ABe

ot

301-305 r.363 ce nocraBx B'l,B Bp'b3Ka c'bc 3aB'bplxBaHero Ha crporrreJrHrrre pa6oru36a. B cpegara na IVn. Xanuzpuc [pexr{BflJr Hf,KaKBo 5egcrnrae, AoBeJro Ao
qacrl,Iquo pa3pyrrraBaHe Ha yKpenrrreJrHr{Te c'bop'b)KeHr.rq. Toaa HaJroxr{Jro rrpegnplreMaHero Ha rrrr4poKoo6xsarHu BB3craHoBI{TeJrHr4 pa6oru, oc'brr{ecrBeHlt no BpeMe Ha yrpaBJreHr4ero Ha r{Mreparop Konctanqr.rrf II. Btopa uaula6na peKoHcrpyKqrax (cnopeg npoyqBareJrrrre: [orrrr{ afundamenlis!365) e apxeoJrorr{r{ecKrr ycraHoBeHa K'bM Kpafl Ha IV uru B HarraJroro na V g. Mnoro e BepoflTHo [puqr.ruara Aa e
6una nracueHo 3acBr,r[ereJrcrByBaHoro pa3pyuaBaHe Ha Xalvrupuc rro BpeMe Ha eAHo HanaAeHile rrpe3 3raMara :aa3841385 r.366, xaro Har{aJroro Ha B'b3craHoBr{TeJrHrirre pa6orz ce cB'bp3Ba c yKperrr{reJrnara geftuocr Ha raMrreparop Teogocuri I no npeMe Ha [pecros My B ceBepHara r{acr Ha rrpoBrrHqua Cxurut upes 386 r.367 Irluenno
cJIeA [pllKJrrorrBaHero Ha ra3rr crpoureJrHa KaMnaHufl r].Ie Ea e 6uta HacraHeHa B
o6noseHrl-fl KacreJr r{ crroMerrararas Notitia Dignitaturn Karo HeroB rapHr,r3ou BoeH-

362

363

36a

365

Suceveanu lZahariade 1986, p. 1 09 sqq.; Zahariade 1990, p. 259 sqq. (uacr or ny6nuxynaHI{Te Hagfluc}r [por{3xox.qar or no-KbcHr,r fl peycrpofi crna).
Zahariade 1991,374-315; Zahariade 1994,p.173 sqq.; Zahariade 1996,p.Z3l;Zahariade

1997b, p.228 sqq.
Cnope4 MeH, Bpb3Kara Ha ro3rr HaArrlrc c r,r3rpaxAaHero Ha KacreJra Xanuttpr.rc He Moxe
z ne rpx6na Aa ce cq[Ta 3a HecbMHeHa. laaza Sparvenra or HaAnr{ca ca HaMepeHr,r
BbB BupeuHocrra Ha yKperrJreHr{ero, [peylorpe6eun xaro crpor.rreneH Marepr{an
' B Mlroro ro-Klcur,r rpaAexr{. Cnope4 [peAcraBeHr.rs no-rope B r,r3JroxeHr{ero [oApo6eu KoMeHrap (I.lrana II.1.A: BURGUS), MHoro e BeporrHo r.r BbrpocHr{f,r erurpa$cnlr naMerHr.rr Aa or6ersssa r43AuraHero rro BpeMe na llrpnara rerpapxns sa
MaJrlK 6ypr Hxxr4e s 6r[gxara oroJrHocr na Xannaupuc

Zahariade 1.991, p.315.
Philostorg. Hist. eccl. 1O 6 (ed. Bidez)
367
3a npec'ros Ha r.rMrepaT op Teogocnrl I n nponunqut Cxwrvrt, n>r.: Velkov 1961, p. 49 sqq.
366

qacr - cuneus equitum Arcadum368. Xaluupuc 3ara3r{Jr xapaKTepa cr{ Ha BoeHeH
Jrarep uarf-x'rcno Ao [6pBrare [ecerr{Jrerr{x Ha V B., cJrefl Koero nprago6rl o6mar
Ha yKpeneHo celuu1e369. finete MoHerHrl c'bKpoBr{rqa c nart-r'scur{ eK3eMnJrflpr.r c'borBerHo or BpeMero Ha r.rMneparopr.rre Apragr.u? u TeogocurTl II, orrpraru B rrJracr
c'bc cJreArr or cruxurirrua pa3pyrxeHr.rx370, cregna Aa ce r4HTep[peTr4par Karo crarypHo
Ha

cBI4neTeJrcTBO, qe KacTeJIGT rIyBCTBr.rTelHO [OCTpaAaJI nO BpeMe Ha XyHCKr,rTe Hana-

Aenfifl. or flbpBara rroJroBr{Ha na V s. B o$uquanHlrre AoKyMeHTlr or VI s. Xarr\ar.rpuc Berre [puc'bcrByBa cpeA rpagoeere3Tl u enncxorrcKrrre qenrpose3T2 na nponun-

qua Cxnrux. ApxeolorlaqecKlr 3acBuAereJrcrByBaHoro qflJrocrHo B'b3craHoBtrBaHe
[pocTpaHcrBo [arl{par nali-o6qo or rrbpBara [oJroBr{Ha na VI 8.373 n Ha[BJrHo ce c6rHa yKpe[[rTeJrHrrTe c'bop'bxeHr.rfl u qacTHqHa peopraHr.{3a\ilfr. Ha B'bTpemHoTo

flporonufi 3a [pe[nprreroro r Xaniraupuc or rrMfleparop IOcrrEnna:ol37a. fpa4rr nocrpagaJr rprr Kyrpr{rypcKoro HaruecrBr{e npee 559 r.,
Ho IqerI,ITe 6Irnu 6'rpso Jrr.rKBr.rArrpauu. Mnoro ro-Te)KKrr 6unu nocneArrrlr,rre or Ha[ageHr4ero B cpeAara sa 80-re ro[r.rHrr na VI n., Koero BepoflTHo rpa6na Aa ce cB"bpxe c roJreMr,rfl aBapcKr.r noxoA or 585 r.375 Marap )Kr{Borbr Aa npoA'bJDKr.rn [a M'bx(AyKa cpeA pyrrHr.rre ra rrpe3 [BpBr,rre Aecerr{Jrerlrs na VII s. (uo:xe 6pr qar Ao cpeAata r.ay), or Kpru na VI s. o6nrarema ee.{e 6urpl ilLfirreuur or 3aulr,rrara Ha KpeflocrHr,rte crenr,r376 u Xanunpnc $arruvecx[ npecraHal ga Qyuxq[oHlrpa Karo yKpe[eH
JracyBar c'bc cBeAeHuflTa Ha

rIeHT'bp.

27. \ynan'sqy qe Cyc (GRATIANA?)
(s. DunavSlu de Sus; com. Independenla; jtrd. Tulcea)

Ioxno or ceJroro ce HaMI{par ocraHKpr or KaMeHHo yKperIJreHLIe, cloMeHaro
B HaytrHara KHriDKHprHa 3a rrptB rr'br [pe3 1868 r.377 Cnopeg AaHHr,r or rro-KBcHr{
TepeHHI4 r.r3cJre1BaHr,rfl, To r{MaJro r{er[pu'brbJreH rrJraH c pa3Mepr4 49,5 x 46,5 rra. B
AocrI{rHaJrI{Te Ao Hac 6enexrn He ce cnoMeHaBa 3a KyJrr{, Ho, crgeftrn rro pa3Mepl4Te, TaKr.IBa e[Ba Jrr{ ca Jrrr[cBaJrr{378. B no-crapr.{Te ny6nuxaquu ce c'so6rqaBa 3a Ha-

368

Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,

18 (ed. Seeck). C$opr'lupnaHero Ha B'brrpocHara BoeHHa qacr ce

orHacfl qaK K'rrrl r'eprroAa cneg 386 r.: Zahariade 1988, p. 82 sqq.
36e
Zahariadel99l, p. 315.
370

Ibidem (npepnoxeuara or aBTopa xponororflr{ecKa r{HTeplperarluq Ha re3r{ MoHerH[

37r

flier.

372

Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 650).

ctKpoBr{rqa e Merogo;rorrlqecKr{ [orperxHa r{ ctBceM nenprerraluna).
Synecd. 637, 15 (ed. Parthey).

313

Zahariade L991, p. 315.
aed. lV,7 ,20-21 (ed. Dewing).
375
3a roglr roxoA B: Pohl 1988, S. 82 sqq.
37a

376

Proc. De

Zahariade 1991, p. 316.
Desjardins 1.868, p.267.
378
Polonic 1935, p. 25; Gajewska 1974, l3l-132, 145.
377

MepeHa Ha roBa Mflcro MoHera (uonerrz?) Ha r{Mrreparop Koncrautr.ilr I u 3a orc'bcrBr{ero Ha Marepr4aJrr,r or v-vl n.37e flpes 1982 r. B}B B'brperxHocrra Ha yKpenJreHl{ero e 6un 3aJro)KeH apxeororuqecKr{ coHAa;K 3a r43yrraBaHe crparrrrpa$nnrava
o6erra, xofiro e ocraHaJr HegoB'bpilreH, a pe3yJrrarrrre - xeny6nrxyBaHr4. IIpu sce

6ulo, r{e KyrrypHl4Te HaflJracrflBa]Fl]1lfl. npuKrrorrBaT c ABe HI{Ba,
VI
s.380
Aarr4parqu or
Yrpenlenraero xparl fiyuarrqy ge Cyc rpaAr{rltroHHo ce or.b)KgecrBflBa c
Ad Stoma s Tabula Peutingeriana, Kofl"ro orcrosra na XXIII m.p. or Salsovia (gn.
Maxrtrygua)38i. 3ocuu or6erqesa Ag Crortaa Karo Ba>KHo flprrcraHr{ule, K'bAero ce
ToBa, ycraHoBeHo e

r.r3B'bprrrBaJro [pexB'bpJrqHeTo Ha npeBo3BaHr{Te ToBapr4 oT MopcKr,r Ha peq}rl-{ Kopaflog Br,rgor.r3MeHena $oprua (Stoma Peucis), c'budr4flr IyHKT e cloMeHar r{ B

6u382.

"Kocuorpa$an"-ra na AnoruruHr4s aBTop or PaseHa383. geficrniareJrHoro pascroflHrae MexAy Catcoaut u fiyuantqy ge Cyc, o6ave, e Aocra rro-K.bco or or6erqgaHoro B flenrraHrepoBara Kapra, Aopr.r Karo ce B3eMe npeABrr[, qe pa3croflHrrsra B
Kaprara n pafiona Ha AyuaBcKara AeJrra u no qepHoMopcKoro rpafi6pe>xze rro BcrKa BeporrHocr ca 6unu u:uepeHrr no Bo[a, a He [o cyura384. Konsurypa\uflTa:aa
EyHaBCKaTa AeJITa e [peT'LpIIfJIa 3HarI[TeJIHI{ npOMeHU OT aHTIrrIHaTa enoxa AO Ha-

txI,I AHI{. Cnopeg [ocJIeAHr{Te reolrop$otorlrErecKrrr npoyr{BaHr4rr, cerarrrHr{flT AeJrToB KaHaJr fiynantq ce r,rHTepnperlrpa Karo HrKoralreH BTopocrerreHeH peareH p'r,xar, rorlro ce BJrr4BaJr n rpanc$opMr{paJrr4f, ce orqe B ApeBHocrra B Jrar)[{Ho e3epo
(cera: es. Pasenu) 6usru rorrrr4 MopcKr.{ sanlrs385. C ornen r{a ra3r{ Bax<Ha KoHcraraIqJ/.fl., Ha rorlHoro cBBna[eHr{e c yKa3aHoro s fiesrr,rHrepoBara Kapra pa3crofHlre pr
Ha apxeoJrorEqecKu 3acBI{AeTeJrcTByBaHIITe OCTaHKT4 OT aHTI{rIHO [p[CTaHI{rqHO C'bop'rxenne386, AA Crol,ra c MHoro [o-roJrsMa BeposrHocr cJIeABa Aa ce or.bx[ecrBr.r
c K'bcHoaHTttttnvtr, yKpe[eH rIeHTcp rpafi fiyHan'brly Ae Xoc. CnopeA HeroBoro MecTOnOJTO)KeHr{e, KaKTO r,r cflopeA perucTpr4paHaTa My xpoHoJrorurr, yKpe[JreHr{eTo

npu fiynantqy ge Cyc ce qBffBa He caMo Ha[lbJrHo [oAxogflrrl no rz nari-upr{eMJrr,rB
KaHlI,IAar 3a orcx4ecrBrBaHe c'bc crroMeHarrfl.B Notitia Dignitatum KacreJr lpaquama3sT,xorilro cJIeABa Aa ce rapcu Ha caMuq r,r3ToqeH Qnanr or AyHaBcKara rpaHrrrla
Ha npoBI4HIIus,Cxurns. flpea IV BeK B Hero JrarepyBaJra BoeHHara tacn milites primi
Gratianense.s, a npe3 VI s. ro ce crroMeHaBa cpeA flolpaBeHlrre no BpeMero Ha rrMfleparop Iocrunraan I yrpeuleuus B npoBr..rHrlr{HTe Bropa Musus n Cxr,rrras388.
3Te
380

38r
382
383
384
385
386

Ibidem; TIR L35, 39-40.
Zahariade 1996, p.230.
Tab. Peut., segm. VIIL
Zosim. Hist. nova, IV, 10 (ed. Bonnae).
Raven. Anonym. Cosmogr. IV, l3 (ed. Schnetz).
3a rosa ex.: Irara I.1 (6e1. 95).

PInin 1983, p. 183 sqq.

Zahariad e 1996, p. 231.
387
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 27 (ed. Seeck).
388
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).

28.,fiyuan'rqy ge Xoc (AD STOMA?)
(s. Dunavilu de Jos; com. Independenla;jud. Tulcea)

Yxpennenrero rpaft fiynanrqy [e Xoc ce HaMr..rpa Ha oK. 5,0 ru 3alalHo or
ceJroTo Ir e I43BecTHo B JroKaJrHara ronoHI{MlI, noA I{Mero "Kpeuoc:rta Ha 3a[opo)Kqr4Te" ("Cetate Zaporojenilor"). I{srpaAeHo e B'},pxy noJlyocrpoB, rr3Ar{rarq ce Ha
Br{coqrrHa ox. 10,0 M HaA 6Jrarara Mex4y e3eporo Paserlta LI AyHaBcKara gerra. Irlua
r{3A'bJDKeH OT CeBep Ha r0r Tpa[erIOBrrAeH IJIaH, B 3Har{I4TeJrHa CTeIIeH [peAo[peAe-

or xonsurypa\wffa Ha repeHa. Oxnara crpaHa e nafi-xtca fi vtwa A'bJDKI{Ha
28,15 u. Ocranarure crpaHr{ ca ABJrrI4 KaKro cJIe[Ba: ceBepHa - 46 er;3arIaAHa -

JreH

66 r'a; risroqna - 56 u38e. OcuqecrBeHlrre B repploAa 1987-1993 r. coHAaxHLI apxeoJrorr{lrecKla npoyqBaHrrJr Kopr,rrr4paxa pe[rrqa or rIo-paHHI,ITe rB'bpAeruw,,6asupaHrr caMo Ha repeHH[ Ha6nrogeuur. YcranoseHo 6e, ve ge6enrnnara Ha KpeuocrHr{Te
creHr{ e eAHaKBa r{ B'b3Jrr43a sa 2,66 M, a rpaAex('br I{M e or KaMeHnu 6noroee c'bc
cpegHr4 pa3Mepu, cBBp3aHr{ c xopocaH. B'rs scexN orbrJrrrre rraqar ocraHKr{ or rro
eAHa r{er[pr{'brtJrHa xyna. flpeg 3rr4oBere e pa3Kpr4Ta rpavr6oeaua pr naBr4paHa c
KaM'bHra 6eprtaa c ulrprrHa 0,70 u, a [pe[ Hen - por390. qacrr,rqHo e [poyr{eHa rraBnara(?) [opra Ha yKpenJreHrrero. Ts, e 6uta Ir3rpaleHa s naft-gocrr,nlrara orKTM
cylrrara ceBepHa creHa u e 6uta 3arrllrraBaHa or ABe 6nrsropasuoJro)KeHlr U-rra4nu
KyJrr{, rr3AaBarq[ ce ta 12,0 M [peA Sponra na suga391.
Peeynrarure or pa3KonKrrre He ca ny6nrarysaHr.r. PlsHeceHlrrre cBeAeHEfl orHocHo KoHcrarr,rpaHara B'bB B'brperrrHocrra Ha yKpe[JreHl.Iero crparrrrpaQua ue ca
AocrarbrrHo flcHr{, a orr{acrr.r ilopkr cv nporuBopeqar. Congax'rr xpafl 3arlaAHara
KperrocrHa creHa e ycraHoBrrJr ABa KyJrrypHr{ flJracra, ropHzuIT or KorITo e c ge5eruraa 0,25 M r{ Jre)Krr nog ge6en flJracr or pa3pyrfle*rprfl.3a KepaMurlHr.rfl Marepl.raJr orTyK ce o6o6u1ana, rre Aarxpa [pegrrMHo ot III-IV B. I{ or flpexoAa Me)KAy 6poneosaTa r{ paHHox<eJrr3Hara enoxu392. B pariona Ha ceBepHara KpelocrHa [opra, o6aue,
ce

roBop[

3a "Tpr.{ trocJreAoBareJrHlr K'r,cHopI,IMcKrr

,rru"393. Bln nr:rpelrluocrra

Ha

6utu orKprrrrr HI,IKaKBT{ ocraHKI{ or KaMeHHr{ rpaAexrr r{ ce
qe
npegnoJrara,
flocrporkure ca 6stn or ['bpBo uru Kllpuuq. 3a soeHHufl My xayKpenJrenl,Iero He ca

paKTep cBrrAereJrcrByBa KaKTo or6enqgaHara flo-rope oco6enocr orHocHo B'brpeluHOTO 3aCTpOflBaHe, TaKa H HaMI,rpaHeTO Ha eAHa prlMCKa BOeHHa alJrr.{Kallr.{fl

rrapaJreJrr{ B xepaJr4r.rKara:rra Notitia Dignitatum3ga. fionycra ce, qe

Moisil 1909a, 90-92; TIR L35, p. 39; Gajewska
Barnea 1989, p.300; Barnea 1990,317-318.
3el
Barnea 1992b,p.435; Barnea 1994,p.379.
3e2
Barnea 1990, 3 17-3 18.
3e3
Barnea 1992b, p. 435.
3ea
Zaharialle 1996, p. 23 I

38e

3e0

.

197

4, p. l3

l,

155-156.

ro

C

gO6plr

e 6raro rr3A[rr-

HaTO HflK'r,[e B Har{aJrOTO Ha err0xaTa Ha IOMT.THATA V e [pOC'brr{eCTByBaJIO CpaBHrrKparKo BpeMe39s. Egna nagrpo6na u:roqa c Heflpeqr.r3r.rpaHa AarrrpoBKa B IV 8.,

TeJrHo

raro crporrreJreH

HaMepeHa npeyilorpe6eua

MarepuaJr B roro3arraAHrafl'brtJr Ha yKcJIy.
.rafi He Mo)Ke Aa ce orHece oqe KTM Kpafl na III s.397 Onurrr [a ce Lr3TerJrr,r ropHaTa xpoHoJrort4lrecKa rpaHrrqa na o6uraeaHe qaK [o KtM y1 ,.398 c'brrlo He HaMr.rpa
Hr{KaKBo ocHoBaHr4e n cro6ulenr{Te uocera pe3yJrrarr.r or rrpoyrrBanvrsra. flpu rona

pCTIJIEH[IETO396,y1EgwTe.IIHo

CBI{AeTeJICTBYBA, I{E CTPOITEICTBOTO MY B HI,IKAK.bB

rroJroxeHr{e, r43rpaxAaHero Ha KacreJra cJre[Ba Aa ce flocrasu Haii-seporrHo
no-K'bcHrrre Aecerr{Jrerr{q

or n'bpBara

noJroBrlHa na

fV s. flogo6no

B

Ha MHosr{HcrBo-

TO OT MaJrKrITe K6CHOpLTMCKII BOeHHU rr BOeHHO-rrOnUqeftCrU yKpelJIeHIrq B [pOBr,rHrlr4q Cxwrut, oqe KBM Kpaq Ha IV rrun nafi-x'rcro npe3 fl'bpBara noJIoBIiIHa Ha
V s. ro oKoHqareJrHo rrle [a e rpecraHaJlo [a Syurquoxupa.
Creg ornagaHero Ha JroKaJrIa3 a\ilflTa ryK Ha XanInrupuc3gg, B'b3 ocuoBa Ha
[opa3r{TeJrHoro roflorpa$cxo cxo[crBo Ha repeHa, [peglr BpeMe 6e uexagano npeA-

roJroxeHrre400, ee yKperJreHrrero rprr fiynaarqy ge X(oc BeporrHo rpa6ra ga ce
ortx(AecrBra c 6esmtreHHoro yKpenJreHlre, qlrero Lr3rpilK4aHe rlo BpeMero Ha IrMrreparop Banenc e onrzcauo B X-ra per{ Ha prrropa Teuucrraftaol. flonycraure ce, qe
ToBa e HeJroKaJrr{3rrpaHrrflT KacreJr fpaqraanaa02, cnoMeHar a Notitia Dignitatum4j3 Lr
B TpaKTara na flpoxonuft"3a crpoe>xure"404. flonacroflrlleM Ta3I{ xr{flore3a oqeBT.IAHO Beue He MO)Ke [a Ce [OAA'bp;ra. 3a cMeTKa Ha roBa, KaKTo se,{e 6e [rrcKyrr,rpaHo B TeKcra [o-rope, HaJII4qe ca BcurrKr,r neo6xoqulruycnounr. yKperreHr.rflT rIeHr.sp xpart flyaantqy ge X(oc c roJrflMa yBepeHocr Aa ce orb)<AecrBlr c Ag C:rornra,
3

acBI{AeTeJIcTByB aHa B peAI'Iqa K'LCHOaHTI{qHI{ nI{CMeHI{ raenOprn4os.

Barnea l99la, p. 191.
CIL, l[, 13739 (= Popescu 1976, N! 168).
3e7
Zahariad e 1996, p. 231 .
3e5
3e6

308

Ibidem.

TaKa n: Weiss 1911, 55-56; TIR L35, p. 39; Gajewska 1974, p. 131, 155-156; Popescu
1976, p. 180.
aoo
Zahariade 1988, l4l-1.42.
aorThemist. Orat. X, l36d-138b.
402
3a rorarn3arllrrra Ha fpaqnana e)K.: Zahhriade1988,121-122, 141-142.
{3 Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 21 (ed. Seeck).
aoa
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
{s Bx. naparpa$a :a
,[yuan"r,qy ge Cyc [o-rope B r{3no)KeHr,rero.
3ee

E. YKPEIIEHI{TE OEEKTTI NO MOPCKOTO
KPAI,IEPEXI,IE
Enncana-I (CONSTANTIANA?)
(s. Enisala; com. Sarichioi; jud. Tulcea)
L

.

Enncana-I e KoHBeHqr,roHzurHoro Ha3BaHrre B c'bBpeMeuHara HayqHa KHrDKHr{Ha Ha eAHoro or ABere aHTuqHu yKpelJreHr,rr B 3eMJrr,rrqero Ha Enuca;ra. B noKaJrHara rorroHl{Ml{t ro e rr3BecrHo noA r.IMero "Yerarff fletqepa" ("Cetatea
Peqtera")l. Harranpa ce B ceBepHure norpaftHrrHr{ Ha ceJroro r,r 3aeMa urupororo 6nJro Ha egr.rH noJryocrpoB c HaAMopcKa Br{coquHa noBeqe or 25,00 M, BAaBarr{ ce or
ror B e3eporo Ea6agar. flonyocrpoBtT orcror.r Ha oKoJro 1,0 ru 3arra[Ho or H.f,KorarrrHr{, rorsM MopcKr{ 3aJrrrB, a noHacrorrrleM JraryHHo e3epo Paseru (aur.

-

Halmyris). Eerru cBegeHu.fl sa yKpe[JreHrrero Enuca.na-I ce c'bA'bp)Kar s ueny6luKyBaH p'bKorrrrc sa fI. floroHrrK or Kpa.f, Ha XIX e.2, Ho ro rrofiaAa B [oJre3peHr{ero
Ha cneqr{zuu,crfiTe eABa cJren BtBexlaHero B HayrrHo o6pruleuue Ha pe3yJrrarrrre
or npoBeAeHoro B Haqalroro na 70-re roArrHr{ na XX n. aepo$ororpaQcxo t43cJregBaHe Ha o6exra3. I,InrenelrsHoro orpa6naHe ltpe3 I{3Mr4IHaJrr.rre BeKoBe Ha KaMeHHrI' MaTepIIrlJr oT rpaAexllTe e ocTaBI{Jro rcHI,I cneAL.I Ha noB'bpxHocTTa BcB BI{A Ha
poBoBe, [aBarrdrr B'b3Mo)KHocT He caMo Aa ce Tpacupa oKoJroBpBcTHaTa KpenocTHa
creHa, Ho u Aa ce go6ue o6rqa upegcraBa 3a nJraHrrpoBKaralr.a B'r,TperxHoro npocrpaHcrBo. Yrpennexrnero IrMa HerrpaBI,IJreH Muorotr'bJlelr [JraH, B 3HalII{TeJrHa creneH npeAo[peAeneH or xouQuryparytffa Ha repeHa. Marcuua.nsr,rre My pa3Mepr{
Aocrr,Irar 180 x 100 M, a [Jrorqra My BG3Jrr43a Ha oKoJro 1,'7 xa4. Crennre orKBM
lJraroro (roxna ra rnsrouna) ce orJu{qaBar c noArrepraHa [paBorrzuer?Hocr, AoKaro
Te3rr Ha[ grpGMH[rre cK]roHoBe K'bM e3epoTo nMar BI4A Ha HaqyrreHa rrvtH'ufl,, c'bcro,qa ce or MHoxecrBo npaBoJrrlHerlnu orce.rxr,I. flo rpacero Ha oKoJroBpbcrHt4fl 3r{A
ca 6z:l;u rr3rpaAeHr{ BbHrrrHr{ xyrll, uur?ro 6porl, rrJraH rr pa3Meprr He ca rorrHo ycraHoBeHr{. Curypuo e 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaHo Mecro[oJroxeHuero caMo Ha rpr4 or rrx:
IIO eAHa B IOrO3alaAHUs l B IOrOu3TOr{HIlt.rI GTBJI, II eAHa B Cpe[aTa Ha I,I3TOqHaTa
KpenocrHa creHa. flpeg rox<nara KperrocrHa creHa e 6ur npoKonaH poB, a eAr,IH
qrn6ox oBpar c ecrecrBeH rpor,r3xoA e u3rt'brHqBar Synrqul{Te Ha poB [peA r,r3-

'TIR

2

3
a

L35, p.40.

B>x.: Gajewska 1974, 132-133, 152-153; $tefan 1971c, p. 15.

$tefan 1977a,458-460; $tefan 1977c,15-25.
AaHrrH ce pa3rr,rqaBar or [ocoseHure

flpunegeunre
AeHr,r

n uy6nr,rxarlnnre, Ho

or rrpt,tnoxeHrlr K]M Tflx uaula6eu [JraH

Ha o6exra.

re ca [prKo u3Be-

A

1l

.,.

lt

.1.

E

nisala

\

fhau uo AaHHIT ot aepoQotorpa$cxu
($tefan
rl3cJreABaHr{,
1977a,p.464,Fig.5). lFig.24. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?).
Layout according to the evidence from airphotograph surveys ($tefan LW1a,p.464, Fig. 5).
O6p.24. EHucana-I (CONSTANTIANA?).

6erexxure sa fI. fIonoHI{K,

rpanexa Ha yKpenr{TeJrHrrre ctoptxeHr{s.6wnu y[orpe6eHu o6pa6orenu KaMeHHI,I 6norose I,I Tyxxu (opus ntixtunt'!), Koero cBrr[ereJrcrByBaJro 3a HeroBara K'bcHoaHTI{vua ("puuosusaHruficra") galrlrpoeras. Tonorp a$nxta, B'brpelrrHara [iraHr{poBKa I{ rrponopqrrr.{Te Ha yKpenJreHr{ero, KaKTO E [por.{3xox[arqtrtT OT Hefo apxeororuIqecKl{ MaTeprraJr, ca AaJrr{ ocHotsaHue Ha aBTopa ua aepoSororpa{rcxoro r,I3cJreABaHe Aa ro
onpegeJrr{ Karo "Mar'},K rpaA, $yuxquonrapaJl [pe3 VI ser"6. O6napognaHlrre cJIeA
r,r3Jrr,r3aHero or flerra'r na ny6nuraqflr,rre HoBI,I MoHerHI{ HaxoAKI/t or o6exta notB"bp)r(AaBaT Te3ara, r{e afloreflT B pa3Bprrrrero Ha ro3l{ fpaA rl3rJre)K[a ce IIaAa I{MeHror{Hrrs Qponr (O6p. 24). Cnopeg

5

6

Gajewska L974,p.153.
Stefan L977a, p.459.

B

Ho B

VI

re

y6egureJrHo cBr4AereJrcrByBar, .{e rofi e rrpo[.bJrXI4JI Aa CEn{ecTByBa [oHe Ao BTopoTo AeceTI4JIeTI'Ie, aKo He L{ Ao IIo-K'bcHo npe3
vII s.8 Karo ce r{Ma npeABr{[, qe EHr,rcaJra-I e eAr4HcrBeHoro (!) xtcHourrrrro y*-

pe[eHo

n.7 CrrqenpeMeHHo,

c rpaAcKI{ o6nur B yqacTbKa oT 3arraAHonoHrraficxoro xpafi6peMe)KAy Aprarrayrvr I4 AyHaBcKara [eJrra, npeAla3JrLIBo I{3Ka3aHaTa xr4[ore3a, qe
ToBa Moxe 6r.r e enuruarl{qHara Koncranrlra*a9 - e[r,rH or 15-re rpaga u errrrcKo[cKr{ npecroJr B [poBr4rrgun cxuruxl0
usrre](na He caMo Harr.bJrHo npar4onogo6ceJrl4utre

xl{e

-

Ha, Ho r4 eAI4HcTBeHo B'b3Moxna. B cryvas c KoncraHTr{aHa uafi-nepoarHo eTaBa
AyMa 3a ocHoBaBaue rlo BpeMero Ha raMrreparop KoHcranrusI wtu flprr HeroBrrre

ewtll HOB rpa[ I4 rBrpZDKAaHe r,r3 OCHOBT4 Ha rIsJroCTHara My rpaAcKa
uuSpacrpyKTypa, neus6e)Kxo BKrrorrBa[la [r yKperrrareJruara cr{creMa.
HaCJIeAHI4IIUI Ha

2. Euuca.na-Il
(s. Enisala; com. Sarichioi;jud. Tulcea)
Cenepor.rsrotrHo or Euzcala, crropefl AaHHr{ or aepoQor:orpaScroro r{3cJreABaHe na pafiona, e perl{crpupaHo HeI{3BecrHo [peAlr ToBa MaJrKo aHTr.,rr{Ho yKpenneuraell. To otcrou Ha oKoJro 0,6 xu ceBepor{3TorrHo or o6nrr,rpnoro yKperreHo
ceJrrr[tre Enraca.na-I (xoero c rorqMa yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce otr,)KAecrBrr c KGcHoaHTI{qHufl rpag Koucraunaanal2) u ce o3Har{aBa B cbBpeMeHHara c[eql{aJrr,r3r{paHa

nr4Teparypa Karo Enucana-Il. Yxpennenvero e u3rpa[eHo BBpxy eArlH noJryocrpoB c HaAMOpCKa Br4COrrr{Ha 13,5 ru, BAaBarr{ ce or cyrxara orK'bM ror Me)K[y e3epara
Ea6aqar u Paserl'a. fllantr My e r{err4pt4'brbJreH, a pa3Meprrre Bt3Jrrr3ar ua 40 x
35 u (O6p. 25). Ct6paHl{re or noB'bpxuocrra KepaMr{unr QparrueHrr4 ca AarrrpaHrr
narl-o6u1o KLM K'bcHoaHTI{qHara eroxa (IV-U a.). CparnureJrHo MaJrKr{re pa3MepI'I a Jrvncara Ha KyJILT [aBar ocHoBaHrze ]xpenreHlrero Aa ce oupeAeJrr{ Karo burgusl3.
Orqe npea aHTr{rrHocrra KoMygr,rKa\ilflTa Mexny roraBa xpaftuopcroro eaepo Ea6agar I4 HflKoralrrHlu roJIrM MopcKr.r gaJrrrB (cera larylruo esepo) Paserr!,r 6r,rna npaxTUqecKI4 npeK'bcHara nocpe[crBoM rrcrpilKAaHeTo Ha roBa MrrcTo Ha rrrupoKa KaMeHHa nl{ra, no Koqro MI,IHaBaJT puMcKuqr xparl6pex<eH ['br. Tasra gura, qr4r,rro oc-

7

Oberllnder-Tirnoveant 1977-1978b, p. 507 (nr. 103);Minucu-Adamegteanu/OberliinderTlrnoveanu 1984, p.349 sqq. (nr.7-22).
8
Haft-x'rcuure ny6nurynaHla eK3eMIrJrflpilcaewncrrvHa r.rM[eparop @ora or 6041605 u609/
610 r., Ho ce c[oMeuaBa 3a Hanr,rqrrero Ha MoHeru r{ Ha r{M[epa.rop I4paxnufi: MinucuAdameqteanu/Oberliinder-Tlrnoveanu 1984, p. 350, 352 (nr. 2l -22).
e
Barnea l99la,p.192.
l0
lIsoopure ga Koucranrilaaa ca rocoqeHr,r B: TIR L35, 34-35. Bx. oule: Vulpe 1969, p. 160
sqq.; Popescu 1973, p. 359 sqq.; Barnea 1974,p.421 sqq.

rrgtefan 1977a,459-460; gtefan 1977c,p. 15 sqq.
12
B>r. pasgera sa EH[ca.na-II s Inasa II.2.
'3 0pai1 et al. 1991a, p.202.

O6p. 25. Euucana-Il. flnau no AaHHn or aepo$ororpa$cru r{3cJreABaHr{tr ($tefan 1977arp.
465, Fig. 7). I Fig.25. Enisala-Il. Layout according to the evidence from airphotograph
surveys ($tefan 1977a, p. 465, Fig. 7).

OUIe MOXeJrrl Aa Ce BrAA-flT B Kpar Ha xlx B. Ha [pOTeXeHr4e OT OKOJTO
50 r'r r're>rgy nBara cpeqy[oJroxHr,r 6prra, 3arorrBara B ro)KHI4fl cI{ Kpall I{MeHHo or

TaHKTZ BCe

noJryocrpoBa, B6pxy xofiro ce HaMr{par ocrauKr{Te
14

gtefan 1977a,p.459.

or

onucaHllfl rro-rope 6yp"'0.

Tosa, or cBo, crpaHa, He ocraBfl HI{KaKBr{ c'bMHeHrrr orHocHo $ynxqr,IonaJlHoro
npeAHa3HaqeHr.re Ha yKpenJreHr,rero: KoHTpol u na6lrogeHr{e Ha n'brHrrfl rpa$rax.
3.

APTAMyM (ARGAMUM)

(com. Unirea llvswe Jurilovca/; jud. Tulcea)

foreMuqt aHTr.rrreH pr K'bcHoaHTuqeH qeHTBp na 6pera Ha e3eporo Paserl,r
(uxrora - MopcKrr sau.m), pa3noJloxeH I,I3TotrHo or ceJloro Yaupz., B'bpxy Hoca
floro>xrtrau (capul Dolojman), florrrlr eArIHoAyIrIHo ce lr[eHTuQuqr.rpa B Hayr{Hara
KHr{xHr{Ha c Aprauyrnr - [p[IeMHilK I{ rrpoA'bnxlrreJl Ha ApeBHorparuttcxua rpag

Oprauels. Onurrr Aa ce JroKaJrrr3utpa ryK rroBopr3guruarua(?) rrcuoarnurreH rpaA
Koncranuaual6 se HaMrrpa nplrB'bp)KeHr,rqfl cpe[ c'bBpeMeHHpITe I{3cJreAB auutlT , a 14
npoTuBopeqvr Ha pesyJrTaTrrre oT apxeoJroruqecKlrTe npoyr{BaHrlfl., cBLr\eTeJrcTByBarr{I,I 3a I{HTeH3I1BeH nOCeJII.,IqeH )KIIBOT Ir He[peK'bcHarocT s o6[raeaHeTo Ha Mflcr:oro sarl-x'bcHo or paHHoxeJrr3rrara enoxa Ao K'bM n'bpBI,ITe AecerlrJrerl,Is Ha VII s.
cn. Xp. flpes prar'rcKara e[oxa Aprauyr'a 6ur qenrrp Ha reparopltrl8, Ho HeroBurr
ropl,IAur{ecKr{ cTaTyT e HeflceH I{ Hr{To 3a ToBa, Hlrro 3a IIo-K'bcHo BpeMe He pa3[oJraraMe c'bc cBe4eHr{s, qe roft e [prrre)KaBaJr rpa1cKo gocrorincrno. fionycxa ce, qe
ceJrr,rqero Ha rroc,[oroxuan e 6raro yKpeneHo ou1e upe3 [peAplrMcKaraIr.B paHHop[rMcKara enoxal9. 3a rona, o6ave, Bce oqe HrMa apxeorofur{ecKo rrorB'bpx[euue. flpes K'bcHara aHTr{rrHocr o6urasaHara repr.rroprrf, t{yBcrBrrreJrHo ce c'bKpaTr{Jra rro cpaBHeHpre c [peAxogHr{Te eloxr{. Torasa 6ura lrsrpaAel{a u Br4[LIMara IIoHacroflrrleM KpelocrHa creHa, 3arpaxAarrla nJrorq or oKoJIo 2,5 xa B caMl{fl rpafi na
HOCa, Ha[ Br{COKrrfl r4r OTBeCeH 6pxr. Xr'rnorrr n parioua extra muros npoA'birxLIJI Ao
KBM [ocJreAHara rrerBtpr na IV BeK20, cJIeA Koero u3B'bH KpenocrHr,rre creHr{ ce
pa3npocrrrpar K'bcHoaHTurrHr.,rre HeKponoJrra2t v ce cpeular caMo I{3oJII.IpaHI4 cJreALI

or

[por43BoqcrBeHa gefiaocrzz.

Krcroanrprquara yKpelr.rreJrHa crrcreMa ua Aprauylr qacrr.ItrHo e 6ura upoyqeHa orr{e B rreplroAa 1926-1933 r., Koraro rpacero Ha Kperocrnprfl,3rty,6rno npocJreAeHo r{pe3 TecHu I{3Korrr4 or BtrperuHara rr B'bHrrrua crpana23. Iloguoneul4Te [pe3
1965 r. apxeororuqecKrr pa3KorrKr{ Buecoxa peArrrla yror{Heul,u u [on'bJrHeHufl B rrra-

t5

VulpelBarnea

1968, passim; Suceveanu/Barnea 1991, passirn.

TIR L35, p. 34; Popescu 1973, p. 359 sqq.
17
Apryrrlenru nport{B [peAJIoxeHaTa xr4[oTe3a r,I B rroAKpella Ha JloKanrr3ar{}rnTa Ha rroc
floloxuau Ha aHrnrlHr{f, Aprauyrnl r: Barnea L974,p.427 sqq.
18ISM r,69.
16

re
20

Suceveanu 1992, 203-204.

Coja 1971, p. 180.
lbidem, 180-181;Minucu-Adameqteanu 1980, p. 311 sqq.;Coja 1982, p. 171 sqq.
rr Coja 1977,164-165.
23
Nicorescu 1944, p.95 sqq.

2r

II. KounoueHmume

Ha cucme,Mama

17

N"
.\\\\-\:-,:\..--*\-

=;ar__
-/.'-/----

,;4 ,)(

"?r)r?-.2
2)---

,

7= [2 ,

\\: '

t\ -'
J\-

-\\-'
=\'_
.*
-

\-\\\

\s.\
rl\\\N

:r-S:=:>-i

,,ll\\$\.

:,rNS\:\

)lN\N
\

t.ltt t t

ttt

S-_=_s

*i+

--------//z-

";/ii,
'l,l,ti/)

..:\N\K1'

i$i\iii\\:

ftrtrrlltllllltt///.

r\rlltll,Ll(tlll11r'
/r,l.[
{,h,i.t,h(,r,r.t,l

'1.

l, t

|

k

i

O6p. 26.

i'N\\\

$it#,iffi
$Iiii,ll,'..,.+iid{ril,iliii[[iilli"'ifi
ifi ilTliil'['ilii'ii'i'il'i i'i' i' ii' i i'r i'
,llt\.\i\i\

APIAMyM (ARGAMUM). Yxpeur,rrerrHa

clrcreMa (Coja 197 2, p. 34,

Fig. 1). I Fig. 26. ARGAMUM. Defence system (Coja 1972, p. 34, Fig. I ).

HoBara cxeMa Ha yKpe[JIeHI{ero, Karo flpeAocraBuxa BaxHra crparurpaQcKr{ AaHHra
orHocHo xpouoJrorlrrra Ha Soprrz$uraqrroHHoro crpor{TeJrcrso2a. YrpefleHara
rIJrOIq utla upu6tw3l4TeJrHo TpI,IBrbJreH nJIaH, a TepeH'bT e c'bc 3Haqr{TeJreH HaKJroH
or ceBep Ha ror. 3ana:enure ocraHKrr AaBar ocHoBaHt{e Aa ce rBcpAn, ve Aprauyrr,r
6un saqureH c KpenocreH 3r4A BBB Br{A Ha Haqy[eHarrilHtrfl r.r orK'bM Mopero, Ho

vacr or Hero

e lponagHaJra [opaAr4 cpyrBaHe na 6pera.

IIo nporexeHue

Ha 3rr[oBe-

ca6ntn

I,I3rpaAeHu 8 verzpusrbJrHr4 KyJrrr, e[Ha or Kor.rro e 6rana
KyJra-nopTa. cu.yapauanpu6trutzvTeJrHo B cpelaTa Ha ceBepo3araAHara KperrocrHa cTeHa, c'blqaTa cJreABa Aa ce onpeAeJrr{ KaTo rJraBHa rropTa Ha K'bcHoaHTr4r{HI{.fl
Aprar"ryrtl. Ha uecta, Me)KAy KyJrI,ITe r,r rro rpacero Ha ]oro3aflalHara, ceBepo3arraAsa (?) u u3:rorrHa creHr{, ca perucrprrpanu 6 MaJrKrr rrerupl4'brbr,rulz 1acruo*vt, c'bc
crpaHrr or no oKoJro 3,00 u (O6p. 26). fpa4ex'br Ha yKpenrrreJrHr{Te ctoprxeHr{,
Te orK'bM cylxara

e B opus implectum, Karo Jrlrrlara ca o$oplreHrr c rpuxnuso o6pa6oreur4 KaMeHHr{
6norose c'bc cpeAHr.r pa3Meprr, cB'bp3aurl c 6x;r xopocan. fle6eruHara Ha 3r,rAoBere
Bapupa or 2,20 go 2,80 rtr. EguoupeMeHHo (?) c lrsrpax4aHero Ha KperrocrHrrre creHr{ orK'bM cyrrrara, rrpe[ Tf,x ca 6utw [poKorraHlr ABa yclopeAHrr poBa, Me)KAy Kor{to e 6ran Hacr{[aH 3eMJreH sar. 3a6erfl3Bar ce ocraHKr{ or orqe e[prH BaJr, r43HeceH
orle [o-Ha3arraA r4 nperpa)KAarq rleJrr.rfl Hoc, Ho HeroBaTa [aTr4poBKa 3acera e
*teqcqaZ5.

klsrpax<ganero Ha K'bcHoauTr4\rHara yKpenr{TenHa crrcreMa na Aprarr,ryu

r

laeitr.wx [BpBoHaqaJreH BraA ce orHacq floHacroqrqeM KBM Kpaq Ha III unra Haqaroro
Ha IV e.26 YcraHoBeHo e, qe B pa3ruqHrr ceKTopr{ Ttr npecrlqa r{3ocraBeHr4 xr4rrllrqHu nocrporiKrr or [epr.roga II-[I e.27 C'uqerpeMeHHo, flpoyr{BaHr.{rra B c'bceXCTBo c

KpelocTHI4Te 3LI[oBe perllcTpupaxa noHe ABa no-KccHLI cTpoLITeJIHI4 xopl{3oHTa,
cB'bp3aHr{ c qacrr.rrrHrr pa3pyrxeHr4r r4 rrocJreABaJrrr B'b3craHoBr{TenHr{ pa6oru no yKpe[LrreJIHr{Te c'bop'b)Ketruszg. Cnopeg eAHa MoHera Ha r{Mfleparop Bareuruuuan I
or 364 r., HaMepeHa 3ae[Ho c ropeJrr.r Kl,rprtr,rqu B 3afltJrHrrreJrfl Ha BBTpeuHr.r, poB29,
n'bpBara B'b3craHoBrrreJrHa KaMlaHrafl Hafi-BepoflTHo rpa6na Aa ce cB'r,p)Ke ctc crporrTeJIHaTa aKTr{BHOCT na TeO;1OCUiltI I/rlt]/r HerOBr{Te [pr4eMHr4IIII, CIreA rOTCKrrTe HaulecrBr{q or rrocJle[Hara r{erBBpr na IV n. Bropara apxeororuLrecKr.r 3acBI,IAereJrcTByBaHa peKoHcrpyKr{r.rfl rr{e ga e 6nta MHoro uo-uaqa6na, AoBex[alixra go vacTIrqHa flpoMflHa B o6nfi1.a Ha yKpelrrrerrHara crlcreMa. Cnopeg [aHHr{Te or rlpoyqBaHeTo na 6acrr,roua no u3TorrHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa, KoIlTo B'b3crla 3r4[oBe or

2a
25

Coja 1971,p.179 sqq.; Coja1972, p. 33 sqq.
Tosr4 BaJr e HaHeceH Ha cxeMarr,rqnr4l [JlaH, flprrroxeH
p. 312 (Fig.

l).

26

Coja 1972, p. 42.

27

Coja 1971, 186-187.

:s

lbidem, 187-188.
2e
lbidem, p. 188.

rcu: Minucu-Adameqteanu

1980,

V

e.30, r{MeHHo K'},M To3r{ BToprr rreprlo[ Ha B'b3craHoBurerrHr.r pa6oru cJreABa Aa ce
orHece lr3rpaKAaHero I4 Ha LIAeHTT{r{Hrrre rro [JraH 6acruonra no [porex<eHr{ero Ha
ApyrI4Te KpenocrHl{ creHlr. He e r:xnroqeHo rro roBa BpeMe 3eMJreHr{Te yKpelI{TeJIHI{ ctop'bx(eHlrr rrpeA Qponra na o:r6panrareJrHara lruuvtfl rroHe r{acrurrHo Aa ca
6lr:ru useeqeHr{ or yrorpe6a3l. IlpegnpreMaHero Ha olrrrcaHara crpor{TeJrHa KaMr,aHvlfl. Mo)Ke [a ce Aarrrpa uari-pano B Kpar ua V r.rma B Hairaroro na VI e. Aro ce
AoBepr{M Ha cBeAeHrzflTalr,a flpoxorurl, o6a.re, Aprarrlyu cJre[Ba qa 6'rqe flpuquc-

KtM $oprraslmaqr{oHHr{re rpaAexr{ Ha rrMreparop trOcrranraalr.I32. Btn s'brpelrHocrra Ha yKpe[Jreulrero ca perucrpr,rpauw 3 xr{JrrrrrlHr{ Hr{Ba or VI ser33 u
ocraHKr{ or pa3rr.rr{Hr.,r xLrJrr{u{HI4 ra o6uqecreenra noctpoftKl{, Me)KAy Kor{To Irr ABe
paHHoxplrcrrirrHcKr4 1azuttuxu or V-VI s.34 B'bg ocHoBa Ha HyMr.r3MarurrHufl Marepuatfs r{ Epyrr{Te apxeororr4rrecKr{ HaxoAKlr ce [pueMa, qe Aprarvryvr [poc'brrlecrByBaJI Ao K'r,L{ BToporo Aecerr{Jrerrae na VII s.36
JIeH

4.Vlcrpw
(com. Istria I 6vsrue Caranasuf/; jud. Constantra)

Irlsro.rHo or ccBpeMeHHoro ceto l4crpwa ce HaMr{pa [oJryocrpoB, HapeqeH
"IepeHa", or xorlro B e3eporo Cranoe ce BAaBar [Ba r.r3A'bJrxeHr{ Hoca - B I{3Tor{Ha
I/t B lox(Ha IIocoKa. Brpxy u3TorlHr{s or T-rrx B HalraJroTo na XX e. ca 6urnperr4crpr{paHlz ocraHKr4 or "MarKa Kpenocr", 3a KoflTo ce AolycKa, qe e 6una rr3tpageHa, 3a
Aa oxpaHflBa or ceBep [prrcraHr{rquvrs. sarrlaB Ha 3analHonosr:r.rrfcxras nor,uc ?Icrpilfl3] ,Cyr.,rapuo rr Hec'bBceM flcHo onucaHr{e Ha c'brqoro yKpelJreHrae [pr,IBexAa B
eAHa or cBorlTe pa6orn K. Ilkopnul. Cuopeg Hero, To ce HaMr{pano n cauux rpafi
Ha Hoca u 6wto 3arrlr,rreHo orKBM cy[rara c Kpeloc']teH 3r.rA c AcJrxrrHa 100 rpaurz,
rto rpacero na rorfro rur{arll Mecrara Ha rpr,r KyJrr{ - ABe'brJroBr4 r4 elHa B cpe[ara.
CreHlrre K'bM e3eporo o6pasynaJrr4 A'r,ta c AGJDKTTHa 230 rpavru, Karo ryr ce :a6eJr.f,3BaJrr4 ocraHKr4 or oqe qerupu ryrur38. 3a garrposKara r{ xapaKTepa Ha yKpenJIeHI4ero JII{rICBar KaKBr{To u ga 6raro KoHKperHrr yKa3aHr.rfl. Herosoro B}3HrrKBaHe
lr SynxquoHaJrHo [peAHa3Harrenr.re, o6ave, eABa JIr,r cJreIBa HelpeMeHHo [a ce pa3urex4ar Karo crroMarareJlHrr u o6ycroneHl,r or Hyx<Aure Ha pagrroJroxegng. r,adr,u.30

3r

Coja 1972,p.38,41.
Coja 1971, p. 188.

Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
Coja 1971,p.183; Coja 1972,p.37.
3a
Nicorescu 19 44, 96-99 ; Barnea 1945-47, p. 227, 235, 239 -240.
3s
Hafi-rccuara Mouera, HaMepeHa [pr{ pa3KolKrre (cpeg cro6rqeun,e gocera!), e eAr4H
seorpeAeneH 6pousor eK3eMnnf,p Ha rrMreparop Oora (602-610 r.): Coja 1972,p. 40.
32

3r

36

r'38

Ibidem, p. 41.
Nloisil 1909b, p.

lllxopuur

167.

1940, 534-535.

30 rpaA Wctpun. Kato ce IIMa npeABIrA ,IHTeH3uBHocrra Ha noceJrr{uH}rs x}rBor B
pafioua npe3 pIIMcKara II KBCHopHMcKara enoxrr39, KaKro rr rroBceMecrHoro [r pfl3Ko [peKBcBaHe Ha o6rE:rasaHeto Ha HeyKperreHr{Te ceJrrrula Kl,M Kpas na lV/ua.raJloro Ira V r., yrpenJleHrlero B],pxy noJlyocrpoBa "lepeHa" c MHoro flo-roJlflMa BeposrHocr rpr6ra Aa ce pa3rJlexAa Karo yKpeleH K'bcr{oaHTrrrreH npog1JrxtrreJr Ha
loceJrrrrrlHara rpagr{rlrrs B xr{HTepJraHAa Ha l4clput.

5.I,ICTPII' (HISTRIA)
(com. Istria l1:auilte Caranasuf/; jud. Constanla)
Ocuosaua oule B cpeAara sa VIIn. np. Xp. or Mr{JrercKr{ KoJroHr.rcru,VIcror uati-gpenHllTe rpa[oBe B ceBeporr3TorrHure rrpeAeJrrr ua Ealrancruq
uoJlyocrpoB. B xoga Ha xLIJIsAoJIerHara cr{ rrcropr{, Tq [pexuBqJra IIepuo[I{ na 6ypeH [o[eM II MorTqecTBo' peAyBalIU Ce c [o-K'bcIlI I4JIII no-ABJITII nep]IoAI{ IIa HecI{rypHocr ra ne6narolo.lryul.rl4o. B'r:xognqoro pa3Br{Tr,re or nrpBr4Te BeKOBe Ha prrMcKoro BJIa[I{qecrBo 6uno HacIrJIcrBeHo npeKBcHaro oKoJro cpeAara ua III n., xoraro rpa[B" nper6pns]r raracrposarHo pa3pymeHr{e ro BpeMe Ha e[Ho or rorcKr{re
uanageuut4l. or rnegua roqKa Ha c'bBpeMeHHara My eloxa (cpegara H BTopara
loJloBrrHa Ha IV r.), Auuan MaprleJrrrH xapaKreprr3upaYlcrpuaKaro "HrKora rB.bpge
MOrBrrI rpa\"42. Maxap xlrBoTbr na ce ntso6HoBrrJr HacKopo cleg 6egcrx4ero, a
npe: VI B. Aa Mo)Ke Aa ce roBoprr fi sa IroB Bp6x B pa3Br,rrr{ero Ha Marepualnara il
pu.s e ellrH

KyJrrypa, wc1lpnx raKa Ir He ycrrrJra Aa Ba3craHoBE upeAllrrrHsn cu 6ls,crK rr HKoHoMI{qecKI,I EO3I{UIIr{.

Aro ge oue or apxauqecKara, To ttoue or paHHoeJILIHLIcT]IuecKara erloxa
Iracerlre yKpenrITeJIHI,ITe c6opBxelJus. crc"raBilflBailu HeleJrrrMa qacr or o6lr,rxa u
rpa[cKara ltu$pacrpyKrypa wal4ctpvn.IIpe: rrcuara aHrur{Hocr yKperreHara reno cpaBHeHr{e c Ilpe[xo[Htrfl, Hcro-

pLITOpUS Ha rpaAa qyBcrBureJrHo ce c'bKparr{Jra

3e

3a nocenuqHrlfl xrlBor

B xI,IHTepnaHga uaklcrpwfl upe3 pul{cKara erloxa Bx.: Suceveanu
p. 43 sqq.; Awam et al. 1985, p. 1 13 sqq.
a0
flo npo6neMllTe cBBp3aHrI c llcroprl{Ta }r apxeoJror}rflTa Ha LIcrpur. r,rMa HarpyrraHa orpoMHa HayrIHa KHLlxHrIIra. Harpatxo 3a [cropuqecKoro pa3BlrTHe Ha rpaAa r.r 3a
[pe[rrpxerrrre raM apxeonourqecKr{ npoyrrBagufl, sx.: Condurachi 1954, 3-62; ISM
t, t4-43.
ar
MoMeuttr Ha pa3pyllreHllero He e curypHo ycrarroBen B aHTlrrrHrrre [r{cMeHrr rr3Bopr{ }r 1ro
Hero ce BoAII oxHBeHa HayqHa rloneMr.rKa. Io-crapure MHeHlIfl ca o6o6u1enu n:

L977 ,

Doruliu-Boih1964,

S. 247 sqq. Hanocneg'x lr3crreABaqr.rre ca cKrroHHlr Aa crecgrr
BrL3MoxHaTa [aTa B xpoHoflorflqecK]Ire paN{KI,I o'r 245 Ao 253 r.: Suceyeanu |982a,
p. 85 (nocoveua e rI [o-HoBara Jll{Teparypa uo npo6neua). flocleguo 3a rrcroprrflra
a2

ua I,Icrpux [pe3 prrlr{cKara erroxa ex.: Suceveanu 1990, S. 233 sqq.
gest. xxII, 8, 43 (ed. clark): "Histros quondam potentissina civitas,,.

Amm. Marcell. Rer.

tpona

I

e)

r'

-

lncinlo

poslgoTrco-lozoA

.NsNsy.'

I

/

LJlll

.s^--^-\),
",//=/

10A

3C/O50

@m

I4CTPnfl. (HISTRIA). KrcHoaHruquara yKperl{rerlHa crlcreMa Ha rpaAa:
KoHcrpyKrr4BHa Sa3a "A" (Domlneanfu/Sion L982, p.380, Fig. 2). I Fig.27. HISTRIA. The
O6p.

27 .

Late Roman defence system, construction phase
p. 380, Fie. 2).

pHrrecKr.{ [epr4oA43.

xI{soTLr

"A" (Dominean(u/Sion

1982,

ce c'bcpeAoTorrlrJr B rrepTure Ha HoBo[3rpa[eHaTa Kpe-

[OKpartHr,rHa na o6urasaHr,rq no-paHo repeH - Mrcroro, K'bAero HsKora 6ur axponoJrbT Ha cTapofp'bqKufl, troxlvc. flpu nce roBa, apxeoJrorrrqecKl,rTe flpoyrrBaHvrl cBuAereJrcrByBaT 3a [ocTa rrHTeH3r{BHo o6uTaBaHe B oTAeJrHrr [epnoAr{ or BpeMe ra Ha
Tepr,rroprrqra extra nlltros - Haflpr{Mep, [pe3 n'bpBrlTe rpI,I qerB'bptu na IV B. r{ or
Kpa, Ha V 4o xu'.r [ocJreAHr.rre [ecerr.,rJrerr.,r, Hfl VI B.4 B'b3 ocHoBa Ha apxr,rreKTypEOCTHa CTeHa, KOqTO 3arpDKAaJIa CaMO r,r3AlrfHaTara CKaJIIICTa CeBepOr,r3TOrrHa

KopeJrallrrfl c AaHHIITe oT cTpaTr,rrpa+cKr.rTe
Ha6Jrro[eHrraa5, s o$op].rsHero rr pa3Brrrraero Ha KBcHoaHrurrHara yKpelr,ITeJrHa cr{cHO-CTpOr.rTeJreH aHaJrrr3 Ha ocTaHKr{Te

a3

r.r

B'rpxy repr,rropllarrHns o6xnar Ha rpaAa, ux.: $tefan 1974b, p. 39 sqq.; $tefan 1975,p.51
sqq.; $tefan 1976,p.43 sqq.
aa
Sion/Suceveanu 1974,p.5; Stefan L975,p.54; gtefan 1976,p.48.
a5
Brpxy crparurpaSnflTa, KoHcrarr{paHa B pa3rnqH[ ceKTopr or npoyqeHara repr.rrop]rrr
raVlcrpnt, rrMa Muoro ry6ruKar{rr. Bx. Hanp.: Condurachi 1954, passim; Petre
1963,311-334; Suceveanu 1969, 329-348; Suceveanu/Scorpan 1971, p.155 sqq.;
Scorpan 1980,75-80; Suceveanu 1982a, p. l5 sqq., 82 sqq.; Suceveanu 1982b,79-83.

Vlcrput noHacrosrqeM ce pa3rpaHr{qaBar 5 ourosHr4 KoHcrpyKTr,rnnu Qa:r.r
("A"-"E";46. BrsHursaHero Ha ttefntux nsproo6pa3 e npf,Ko cJregcrBrre or yHr4rqoxIiITeJIHoro pa3pylreHr{e or cpe[ara na III n. cr. Xp. 14 npeAcraBJrflBa Ba)KeH eJreMeHT OT TISJIOCTHOTO [per.r3rpDKAaHe Ha rpaAa, 3ailOqHaIO npe3 BTOpaTa [onoBlrHa
Ha c'btrlraq eex. KoucnpyKTLIBHa $a3a "A", Kofro o6rarcroeeHo ce ripunl4cBa Ha rrM[eparop flpo6a7, e ocraBr{Jra He3Haqr{reJrHr4 apxeoJrorrrqecKr{ cregu4s (Odp. Z7).
flpu nce roBa, HaJrr{qrrero Ha c'brqecrBeHr pa3lftr.r.rrfl, B rpaAexa e AaJro ocHoBaHrle
Aa ce npeAloJrara c'bqecrByBaHero Ha o6oco6enn crpoHTeJIHI{ uogSaslr. Tara nanpr4Mep, 3anaAHaTa KpelocTHa cTeHa ce oTruqaBa c TBcpAe rrpr.rMr.rTr{BHa cTpor{TeJrHa rexHI{Ka, cBrrAereJrcrByBatqa 3a r{3[r{raHeto i npn ra3BBHpe[Hr.r o6croxre.rcrea,
TeMa Ha

OqeBI4AHO B yCJIOBI{q Ha I{KOHOMLIqeCKI{ 3aTpyAHeHI{fl I{ BOeHHO-nOnI4TUr{eCKa HeC-

ra6ruurocr. fie6enuuara ir ne
BO

HaABr4rrraBa 2,10 vt, a ocHoBara

fi e o$opmeHa Hanpa-

B'bpxy rrJracTa oT pa3pyr[eHr4rr, oT HapeAeHrr rrJrbTHo e[Ha Ao Apyra

Ha 3r4Aa KoJroHr.r. Ka:ro

csrpsBaul Marepr.raJr

r4

HalpeqHo

B eMlJreKToHa e rr3[oJr3yBaHa urr{Hec-

Ta np'bcr. Cerepnara Ia ro)KHara KpenocrHr.r crenr{ AeMoHcrpllpar 3HaarETeJrHo rronpeqrr3eH rpage)K. Te m:cxqar ocraHKrrrre r{ ToqHo B'b3npor43Be>xgar ron$r4rypa\l4flTA Ha C'bOTBeTHIITe 3r{AOBe OT eJrr4HrrCTI4rreCKaTa erroxa. [e6e:rUUataAm e 2,60
u. I,l:sugaru4 ca B opus implectum, c ynorpe6a Ha MHoro 3ApaB BapoB xopocau. flpoYIIBAHIA'{TA IIO TPACETO HA IO)KHATA CTCHA CA YCTAHOBI4II4 PITMI{I{HO IIPUIAIAHC HA
crrcreMa or AGpBeHr,r rpeAr4 (npes unrepBaJrr4 or 1,54 u) 3a cB'bp3BaHe Ha KaMeHHrrre 6noxose or B'bHrrrHara r,r BtTperuua o6nraqonra. [ocrrnBT B'bB B'LTperrrHocrra
Ha yKpeneHaTa TeprrTopus ce e oc'brrlecTB_rrBaJr [pe3 Tpr.r nopTr{, rJraBHaTa oT Kor{To
6r,rna pasnoJroxeHa upu6rusureJrHo B cpeAara Ha 3arraArrara KpelocrHa creHa rr ce
e oxpaHsBana or gnolira npaBo'brbJrHrl KyJrr4. flo rpacero Ha c'brrlara creHa ce [peglOJIara CGIII0CTByBaIIeTO II Ha Apyru KyJIIII, HO apxeOIOrUqeCKI,ITe AOKa3aT9JICTBa
3a roBa ca Bce oule rBGpAe ocx:sgnra4g. flpneua ce, qe yKperrrrreJrHara cvrcTev.a Ha
Vlcrpnx SynrquonupaJra B onr,rcaHr{, Br,rA Ao KtM Kpa-f, na III s., Koraro cep}ro3Ho
nocrpanaJra, Mox(e 6u rrpvt rorcKoro Harra[eHr,re or 295 rogrEnaso.
KoucrpyrudBHara Sa3a "B" flpeAcraBJrflna $arruuecKlr crpor,rreJlcrBo a
fundamenti,s, [prrAaJro Ha rpagcKara yKpenr.rreJrHa cr{creMa o6rr4Ka, s xof{ro rx 6es

c'LqecTBeHu rnrogu$I{Kaqr{rr [poc'bIIIecTByBaJra r{aK Ao oKoHqaTeJrHoTo rrpeK'bcBaHe Ha )rerBoranLlcrput npe3 VII n. (O6p. 28). 9pea rprc'beArrHrBaHe Ha HoBrr qac-

a6

Domineanfu/Sion 1982,p. 377 sqq. (uacroaulara uy6nzraqra e lr3rorr3yBaHa Karo ocHoBa Ha o[ficanuero no-gony).
a7
Flaqaaoro Ha srporrreJrcrBoro 6u lrorao Aa ce cBbpxe u c Mepo[pvrfla;r.flTa Ha rrMfleparop
Ianneu B AorrHoAyHaBcKr{Te 3eMrr, B)K. Harp.: Barbu 1978, p. 143 sqq.;
Zahariade/Gudea 1997, 63 -64.
a8

Florescu 1954a, p. 88 sqq.; Florescu 1954c, p. 296 sqq.; Suceveanu 1969, p. 343 sqq.;
DomlneanJu/Sion 1982, p. 379 sqq.

ae

Domineanfu/Sion
50
Ibidem, p. 382.

1982, 37 9 -382 (Ftg. 2).

posfd ?

O6p. 28. lACTPl4fl (HISTRIA). Kruroanru.{Hara yKperr4relrHa cr4creMa

Ha rpaAa:

KolrcrpyKrrrnua Qasa "B" (Dom[nean{u/Sion 1982, p.383, Fig. 4). I Fig.28. HISTRIA. The
Late Roman defence system, construction phase "B" (Dominean(ulSion 1982,
p. 383, Fig. a).

or

ceBepo3arraA r{ }oro3alaA, yKperreHara reprrropr,rfl,6ana yBerr.rrreHa r,r AocrurTs u}*.{a HelpaBr{JreH nJraH, [peAolpeAeJreH or xonourypaq[rrra
Ha TepeHa. ceaepora:ror{HaTa rr ro)KHaTa KpenocTHr.r cTeHr{ npeAcTaBIqBaT I{3IIflJIo
HoB rpaAe)K. fpa4rr 6un sarquteH c'bc 3rrAoBe r{ orKcM Mopero - or ceBepor{3ToK
Trr

HaJra oKoJIo 7 ,0 xa.

u rororr3ToK (cera ryr ce rpocrr.rpa JraryHHoro e3epo Crauoe). HonoraagurHarara
3anaAHa KpelocrHa creHa r.rMa A'bJDKr{Ha oKoJro 320 v. B o6rqu rtrr^utut rq cregBa
Tpacero le.aslnp.a or npegxo[nara Sasa, Ho e 3Harrr,rreJrHo [o-Macr4BHa (ge6ernna 34 u) u coJrr.rAHo r.r3rpaAeHa or Hero r{ BKJrroqBa n ce6e cu floqru Han'bJrHo [eMoHTr,r-

flo upore:xenuero Ha oKoJroBp'bcrHara KpenocrHa creHa ca perrrcrpr,rpaHr4 Aocera 10 rynu, 9 ot
Kor{To ca c'bcpeAorolreHr{ no $ponra Ha 3anaq. BcrEqru re ca c rrerr.rprrtbrtJreH nJraH,
paHr.,rre My r{ Hr{BeJrupaHV ocraHKr.r B Kar{ecrBor:o na cy6ctpyKqrrf,.

Ho 3HaqlareJrHo ce pa3rprrraBar rro pa3Mepr,r rr KoHcrpyKTr,rBHo-crpoureJrHr{ oco6e-

Hocrn, raro 6 or rqx ca r,r3rlqro c nJrlreH rpalex. 3a .ram or KyJrr{Te e apxeoJrorr,rrIecKLI ycTaHoBeHo, rle JIexaT B'bpxy ocTaHKII II BepoflTHo B'b3npov3BexAaT IIJIaHO-

n-t--

-

Reloceri
fozq

ole

C

odp. 29. r4crPtrIfl, (HISTRIA). KrcsoanruqHara yKperrurerrHa clrcreMa Ha
rpa[a: KoHcrpyKrr{Hra Sasa "C" (Domineantru/Sion 1982, p.386, Fig. 7). I Fig. 29.
HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "C" (Domfineanqu/
Sion 1982, p. 386, Fig. 7).

or KoHcrpyKTI{BHa $a3a "A", Koero [oHrKaAe olr'ctssa HaJrr{gr{ero ua $yru MexAy rqx H npr,rrexarqr{Te yqacrBrlrr or Kpenocrnara cresa. 3a[a3Ba SynxquonarrHoro crr npe[Ha3HarreHrre [r rJraBHara nopra or cuqara $asa,
HO CireA Karo flperBpflsBa 3HaLr]rreJrua lroglr$llxaqur. Ype: rr3rpax[aHero Ha orqe
ABe AoIBJIHITTeJIH]I B'L]{IrIHIr KyJrr{ rr o$oprraruero na o6ruupeH 3arpaAerr [Bop. rs
ce [peBpBIrIa B MoHyMeHTaJIeH apxrrreKTypeH r{ orHocHTeJrHo caMocrorreles o16paHIrreJIeH rounlercsl. flpoyvnareJllrre cnpaBe[Jrr{Bo or6erqgsar, qe uaqa6ure
Ha crpollTeJlcrBoro or KoHcrpyKTI{BHa $a3a "8" cBr{AereJlcrByBar, .Ie ro e 6LIro
II3BBprrIeHo B ttepno4 Ha IIKoHoMHIIecKI{ I{ noJlr,rrrrLlecrn cra6lrtxrer. Br,s ocHoBa
Ha crparlrrpa$cxrre EaHHvt, KoHCrpyKTlIBHara Sasa ce c[HxpoHr{3rrpa ual:r-o6rqo c
Bara cxeMa Ha KyiIrI

51

Florescu 7954a, p. 66 sqq.; Florescu 1954b, p. 99 sqq.;Dominean{u/sion 1982, 3g2-3g5
(Fig. a).

[o turn?

- Relocri

ote inchlei-

O6p. 30. yICTPkIfl, (HISTRIA). K'suroanrr.rqHara yKperr{rerrua cr{creMa }ra rpaAa:
KoHcrpyKrr.rBHa Qa3a "D" (Dominean{u/Sion 1982, p.389, Fig. 9). / Fig. 30. HISTRIA. The
Late Roman defence system, construction phase "D" (Dominean(u, Sion L982,
p. 389, Fig. 9).

nepno[a B pa3Br.rraero rra l4crput, o6xnarqaq rrbpBr,rre rpr{ qerB6prr4 Ha rv s.52
flpueua ce, qe crpor.rreJrcrBoro e 6uno oc'uqecrBeHo B Haqaroro Ha IV 8., no BpeMero Ha firaorlterr.ran r,I Konctanruu I. Orpolrnoro KoruarecrBo e3r{r{ecKfi KyJrroBrr
flaMerHr..rqu, o6ase, npeynorpe6eHr4 B 3r{AoBere Karo crpor.rreJreH uarepual (npu
ToBa - e xarf-golnara qacr Ha rpaAe)Ka, T.e. B HaqarHl4g MoMeHT Ha crpol{TeJrcrBoto!), ca AaJrr.r ocHoBa:slkre Ha rp. @nopecKy rpeAna3Jrr4Bo Aa $oprrayrupa resara, rre
nogo6no qBreHue Moxe qa HaMepLI Jrorl4rrecKo o6scHeuue caMo B enoxa Ha rl'bJIHo
T'bpxecrBo Ha xprrcrr.rrscrso:ro53. C orneg r4cropr,rqecKara c.r,gda Ha npoBr,rHqr{rr
Cxurun, nocerareJlcrBoro Ha[ e3[rrecKr{Te cBerLIHI4, a pec[eKTI{BHo - I,I Lr3rpaxgaHero Ha K'bcHoaHTlaqHara yKpe[IrreJrHa cl{creMa lP,al4crpun or $a:a "B", I,I3frex4a uafi-aeporrHo eABa B [epproAa uteg324 r.sa
s2

Suceveanu 1969,p.364; $tefan 1975, p.62; Suceveanul982a.,p.27.
Florescu 1954a, p. 94.
5a
floT ogu B'blpoc, ex<.: frara I.2.
53

zrh

r

n./

,--\ \l|i

tG)he
,(i

Refoceri oU ncimei

lozo

E

O6p. 31. I,ICTPVIfl.(HISTRIA). Krcroan'rrrHara yKperrrerrHa clrcreMaHarpaqal.
KoHcrpyKrr,rnna Sasa "E" (Domineanfu/Sion 1982, p.391, Fig. 11). / Fig. 31. HISTRIA.
The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "E" (Domineanfu, Sion 1.982,
p.391, Fig. l1).

KoucrpyxurBHara Sa3a "C" Aarr.rpa or Kpafl na IV e. (Teogocrui I - Aprace
xapaKTeprewpa c B'b3craHoBrrreJruo-KoHcoJrrryaquonnz pa6otrE B orAeJr\vh)
Hr,r ceKTopr,r oT yKpenr,rTeJrHaTa crrcTeMa, [ocTpaAaJrrr npu HarraAeHr,re IIo BpeMe Ha
14

Bropara(?) rorcKa BofiHa Ha rrMreparop Balencss 1OAp. Ze1.
Creg npogrJDKrrreJreH [ep?roA Ha ylaA'bK, o6xnaularq rleJr]rfl V r., npes ynpaBJreur.rero Ha rrMnepa rop Anacr:acufit s l4crpus 6uta oc'blrlecrBena urraporoo6xBaTHa CTpOI,ITeJTHa IrporpaMa, IleJr{rqa B'b3CTaHOBflBaHe rr O6nOSqSaHe Ha IITJIOCTHara rpaAcKa raxspacrpyrrypas6. Cnequaruro BHr{MaHr{e 6uno orgeneHo rr Ha yKpe[r{TeJrHara cl{creMa, Kofro rrpertpnflJla HoBa $asa n cBoero pa3Br.rrr{e - "D". flonpaBeua 6ura o6pyrrer{ara Ha Mecra JrrrrleBa o6nuqonxa Ha KpeflocrHr,rre 3ruoBe.
Ornopenu 6ranu nos[ MaJrKrr rroprl{, a eAHa or ctlrlecrByBalqlrre 6rara crecnena.

s5

Dominean(u/Sion 1982, 385-387 (Fig.

56

Popescu 1976, Nb 112,113; Barnea 1960,365-366,369-370,374.

7).

r=r-z

++

+

I,

+

t

++

(

+

o--

rm

It. s. s IrrIt

O6p.32.LlCTPLLfl, (HISTRIA). KrcsoasrrqHrrre 3eMrreur{ )rKperr}rreJrHpr ca,opr,x(eHrur,
crrHxpoHrrrr Ha KoHcrpyKTrrBr{rr 6a3rr "D" II "E". Jlereuga: 1. Crpoextr or npeAlrruHEfl
[eprro[; 2. Crpoexu, Aarr{paHrr B Kpar na VI n HaqaJroro sa VII e.; 3. 3eunanxll ($tefrn
1976, p. 49, F\g. 4). / Fig. 32. HISTRIA. Late Roman earthen defensive works coeval with
consiluction phases "D" and "E". Legend: 1. Struchrres from the previous period; 2. Sttuctures dating fiom the late-6*r and early-7th centuries; 3. Dug-outs

($tefan

197 6,

p. 49, Fig.

q.

flpeycrpoesuduttu

or nJrLTHr4Te KyJrrr no $poura Ha 3arsx 6uttu Ir3rpaAeul,r B'brperxHr.r nolrrerqen1rx5T.
Brs aprera c I{HTeH3I{BIrI{rI xl{Bor perr.rcrplrpaH npe3 VI s. s 3oHara extra muros ra
o6xranar ilorrrr,r rlrJrara repr4Topr.r, Ha rpaAa or enoxara na flpranqr.r[ara, [o11ycKa
B'bB BI{cor{I4Ha ta HsKor4

rraAHara KperlocrHa creHa, Karo B

ce, qe rlo roBa BpeMe ocTaHKLITe OT IUIKOrarUHara pr4McKa Kpe[ocrHa cTeHa oTHOBO
6znra sxrlor{eHl{ B yKpenvreJrHara cr4creMa rual4crpva, Ho Beqe B'bB BLrA Ha KaMeHHo-3eMJreH 3anrr4TeH nars8 1O6p. 30,32).

flocnegnara KoHcrpyKTrIBHa $asa ("E"), cB'bp3aHa c [olpaBKr4 r{ }racrr{rrHr4
upeycrpoficrBa, r{Jrrocrpr,rpa cerHr.,rre yc]I4[rrlfl. Ha xr{TeJrr4Te ua tr{crpuq Aa [oAA.bpxar 6oecuoco6nocrta Ha yKperr.rreJrHara ua$pacrpyKTypa Ha cBof, rpaA B rrepr4oAa Ha rloqrl,I HenpecraHHl{Te BapBapcKr4 HanaAeHr4s or Kpa, ua VI r{ HarraJroro Ha
vII s.59 flo rosa BpeMe, npeg $poura Ha 3a[aAHara KpelocrHa creHa 6rara usrpaAeHa cr4creMa or 3eMJreHu or6panureJrHl4 c'bop'b>Kemt4g,, c.bcroflqa ce or rpLI BaravI
ABa poBa Me)K[y rxx0 1O6p. 3I,32).
ApxeononrqecKr.ITe npoyqBaHrrfl s ?lcrpnz ca ycraHoBr{Jrr{ p1Be xr.rJrr4rrlHr.r
Hr{Ba or vII s., cBr,rAereJrcrByBarqu ea 61,pso nporpecr{paq ynaA6K Ha fpaAcK\lfl
;xrasor61. flpu nce roBa, I{3cJIe[Baqr4Te ca Ha MHeHrle, qe Llcrpux 3a[a3rrJra c:bulHOCTTa Crr Ha yKpeneH rreHT'bp BeporrHo Ao caMr{, xpafi na o6uraeaHero it62.HaitKGCHIITE I{3BECTHII AOCETA MOHETtr OTTYK AATI,IPAT OT BPEMCTO HA I,IMNEPATOP }IPAXflpex'rcnanero Ha )Kr{Bora, o6ave, [oAr{epraHo HrrMa HacrrJrcrBeH xapaKTep.

ttuit63.

Mnoro e BE3Mox<Ho nocJIeAHI,Ire o6rarareru \a ca HalycHaJrr{ klcrpza B HaBerrepzero Ha HacraHqBaHero Ha Acuapyxosure 6trrapr4 B 3eMr{Te Ha ror or fiyuaoa6a.
6. Onugay-I
(com. Ovidiu; jud. Constanla)
B uo-ctapllre oflI{caHl{f, ce cloMeHaBa 3a HrKaKBu crapr{HHr,r rpaAe)Krr B oKoJrHocrI{Te ua Onugray, Ho HqMa cBeleHr,rJr 3a ocraHKI{ or yKpenlrreJrur{ c'bop.bxegr.rq65.

flpequpuetvre lorol{3TouHo or ceJroro B flepraoqa c,;lrea 1979 r. apxeoJror[qecKr{
pa3KorlKu ycTaHoBI4Xa HaJII{qInerO Ha [Be pa3HoBpeMeHHr4 K'bCHOaHTr{rrHt4 yKpe[JreHrrrr, pa3rroJroxeHrir Bbpxy eIHa [JraroBr.rAHa repaca Ha 3anaAHrrx 6pgJ. Ha e3eporo
Mauas (6. crorrron), xoero HrrKora e 6uro MopcKr,r 3aJrr{8. flo-x.rcHoro or yKpefl-

57

Domlnean{u/Sion 1982,381-388 (Fig. 9).
$tefan 1976, p. 50.
5e
Domineanfu/Sion 1982, 388-390 (Fig. 1l).
60
CanarachelDimitriu 1954, 163-173; gtefan 1976, p. 50.
6l Petre 1963, p.
317 sqq.; Scorpan 1980,77-78.
58

62
63

Scorpah 1980, p. 130.

Petre 1963, p. 332 (n. 51).
n BT ogu cMr.rc'r,rr r.r:
,(nunrpou 1992, c. ll5.
65
\{eiss 1911, S. 12; PArvan 1912,p.581 (n.3).

JIeHIl.[Ta e rr3MecreHo Ha 3alaA cnpfMo [o-paHHoro

r,r

qacrl4qHo [pel,I3rroJr3]tsa eAr{H-

crBeHo HI{BeJrI{paHrrre ocHoBI{ Ha HeroBara 3arraAHa Kpe[ocrHa creHa. B uy6nraryrouuruHll orr{erlr 3a apxeoJrorr{r{ecKlrre KaMrraHI,Iu66 ce c.bg.bp)Ka rrco1tgr1a
(rnrar ap roHsKora rporr.rBopeqan a ) un$opMarlu, orHocHo KoHcrpyKrr,rBHo-crpor{TeJrHIrre oco6enocna Ha pa3Kpl4lu,ITe rpaAexLl I{ MHox(ecrBo Bax(Hrr gerarilu, cnoBaHI{Te

!

co6crryaaulul 3a ugflcHflBaHe Ha rflxHara orHocr,rreJrHa u a6comorHa xpoHoror[s.
3a crx<aneHrre, crparr,rrpa$cxara Kaprr4Ha e ocraHaJra uegopas6paHa or npoyqBaTeJIlITe, Koero e [oBeJIo [o ceprlo3Hr{ Hec'borBercrBr{q Me)K[y rry6nrxyuaru,rre [aHHvt uI Tl'xnara rrHTeprrperaqr{s. Oco6eso Hac.bpr{flTerHr,r 3a rlrJrocrHa petrHTep[perarlll, Ha pesyJrrarr{re or npoyr{BaHr,rflra xpafi onraAuy ca npoBe[eHrare upe: 1gg5t996 r. coHAaxHI,I apxeororuqecKlr pa3KorrKr4 Ha Hoc IIIa6na, KBAero 6e ycr:anoren
nopa3r,rreJrHo cxoAeH crparnrpa{cKo-crpor{TereH u xpoHororuqecxu xosrexcr6T.
Panno:ro yKperJreHr,re xpafi osugny - onuquy-I - e 6uro pa3[oJrox<erro Ha
ca[rrs.6par ua HrrKorarrrHr4rrr MopcKra 3aJrr{r. To e 6uno rr3Auruaro Btpxy 3aBapeH
KyJITypeH lrJracr oT pI{McKaTa eloxa c ocraHKu or xr,rJrr.rrr{Ha apxrrTeKTypa, oTJrrrqaBarrla ce c [pyra op[errrarlur68. IlonacrorqeM flo-rorqMara qacr or yKpenJreHr,reTO r{Jrrr e HafrbirHo yHr{rqoxeHa B pe3yJrrar or epo3r{flTa ua 6pera, t4rru
- flopaAn

IOKaiIBaHe Ha MopcKoTo HI{BO - OCHOBI,TTe My Jre>I<aT Ha [6HoTO Ha JIaTyHHOTO e3epo Mauax69. B cy6crpyKrtrrrfl e npoyrreHa loro3arraAHara My'brJroBa KyJra, KoflTo
r{Ma Kp'brbJr rrJraH. flpz usrpaxAaHero Ha [o-K6cHoro yKperJrenue (onngzy-Il) rx
e 6una AeMoHTI4paHa Ao Hr4Boro Ha roraBarlHrru TepeH, a Btpxy ocranxure i e
6uta lazgurrrara HoBa qerllpr4'brbnna xyna7o. ?Iqenruvna e 6wxa crq6ara u Ha 3a[aAHara KpelocrHa creHa ua Osragr,ry-I, ro,ato cJreA AeMoHTDK I4 HrrBeJrr{paHe rroge
qacrl4qHo e 6uta[pell3[oJr3yBaHa Karo
Sy'ngarr.renr Ha r{3ToqHr{rr 3r,rA Ha Oungny-Il71.
flpoyvenar:a tpulnuzureJrHo B cpeAara Ha rpacero rr 3arra4Ho or Hero qrorira orcltosrr{r4 sa 2,00 M e[rrH or [pyr ycnope[Hr,r 3r{[oBe, KoHcrpyKTr,rBHo cBEp3aHr{ H
nepneHA[rKyJrrpHH Ha ocHoBr{re r{ r{Mau{u e[HaKBa 4e6enrna c rax (or. 2,90 u172,
CT,C CI{rypHOcT Ce oTHaCsT K'bM [JIaHa Ha paHHOTO yKpeIIJIeHI{e. B CnyUar 6eS HraKaKBo c'bMHeHue craBa AyMa 3a I43HeceHa npeg or6paHllTeJrHara rrvmvts_ rrerr,rprr.brbJrHa KyJra-[opra. c nauepenara IIpI{ coHAax BBB B.brpeuHocrra Ha roro3alaA-

66

Bucovali/Papuc 1980a, p.342 sqq.; Bucovalr/papuc 1980b, p. 275 sqq.; Bucovali./papuc
1981, p.211 sqq., Bucovall/Papuc 1984, p. 153 sqq.; Bucovali/papuc 19g6, p. 169
sqq.; Bucovalr/Papuc 1993, p. 273 sqq. (ganura 3a KaMraHuqra npe3 l9B2r.; cBeAeHWfl. 3a lpoyqBa-Hr.rsra cneA 1984 r. ue ca ny6llrcynaur.).
67
Pesyltaurre or [poyqBatrrflTaHa Hoc IIIa6.ira ca o6o6rqeur B rr3JroxeHr{ero uo-gon' (Nir
14

n

15).

68

Bucoval[/Papuc
6e
Bucovali/Papuc
70
Bucovali/Papuc
7rBucoval[/Papuc
72lbidem, 154-155.

1984. 155-156; Bucovald/Papuc 1986, 170-171.
1981, p.212.
1980a, 342-343; Bucovalfi./Papuc 1980b, Zj6-277.
1984, p. 154.

Hara KyJra Ha OBnAr.ry-I (A' ctopeg o3HarreHrrero Ha pa3KolBar{r,rre) MoHera na Cenruuuri CerepT3 neo6oqrosaHo ce cleKyrrnpa74. Karo ce rrMa npeABrrA, r{e ocraHKr4Te oT paHHoro yKpeIIJIeHI{e ca 6unra rotarHo AeMoHTrrpaHI.,I }r Hr,rBeJrr4paHrr B'bB Bp'b3-

Ka c rro-K'bcHoro KpelocrHo crpollTeJrcrBo Ha roBa Mqcro, BT'npocHara MoHera
I,IMa rB'bpAe orpaHLIrIeHa xpoHorormecxa crorfirocr - orqe rloBerre, qe He ce yKa3BAT HIIKAKBI,I AAHHI,I OTHOCHO KOHCTATI,IPAHIII B COHAA)KA CTPATI,ITPASCXU KOHTEKCT
I{ IIOJIO)KCHNETO HA MOHCTATA B HCTO.

Maxap Ir crrJIHo o6esrLIqeHI,I I,I He3aAoBoJII{TeJrHo npoyrreHu, ocraHKrare or
Onraguy-I npeAocraBflr y6eguterHl{ ocHoBaHr,rJr yKpelJreHraero Aa ce ortx[ecrBr4 c
MaJrbK KacTeJr, I43n'bJrHeH narl-eepoxtHo no pa3HoBr,IAHocT Ha [JraHoBaTa cxeMa
quadriburgium: c Kplsrrrl{ 6rJroBI{ KyJrIa }r qerr,rpr4'br6JrHa KyJra-nopr:a. Or $yrr qnOHAJIHA |JIEAHA TOIIKA, KACTEJI'bT CJIEABA AA CE IIOCTABI,I B

IPqKA BP'b3KA HE CAMO

C

KoHTpoJra Ha ['brHr{rr rpaSm IIo 3arraAHononrr,rricrna xpafi6pexeH ['br B yqacr,:bKa ceBepHo or ToMr,r, Ho IIo BcqKa BeporrHocr u c]oc cLqecrByBaHero HrrKora Ha
ToBa Mrlcro Ha BEDKHo MopcKo [pl4craHr,rrle. Yrpeu.neHuero e 6rano r{3grrrHaro B'bpxy o6raranaH npeALI ToBa repeH, 3a Koero cBrrAereJrcrByBar rrpeceqenr4Te Ha Mecra

or KpelocrHlrre

sIrAoBe no-paHHr4 rpaAexr,r. Cnouenarara flo-rope MoHera ua CeuCenep Mox(e [a ce rtJrKyBa Karo orHocr{TeJrett terminus post quem 3a BpeMeTO Ha CTpor{TeJrcrBoro, Koero r.r3rJrexAa nafi-repoxrHo K'bM Kpaq Ha III uru npes
['bpBr4Te Aecerr{Jrerr{rr na fV r.75 Cnope[ H],Mr,r3Marr4-cjIl:flfl. rraarepuanT6, Synxqr.ro-

rwuit

HI.IpaHero ua Onugzy-I u cranxpounoto o6raraBaHe Ha repETopr.rflTa extra muros 3a-

or Hero cJreABa Aa ce [ocranu narir-o6qo n IV-V s. Hafi-rtcHara MoHera,
Koqro Moxe 6II ce ornacq KGM To3r{ noceJrr,rqeH neprroA, Aarrrpa or ynpaBJreHr{ero
na JIrg I (457-474 r.)71 .
IIaAHo

7.0nuqny-Il
(com. Ovidiu; jud. Constanla)

O6croqrercrBara orrrocHo Kpar Ha $yHrqronupaHero Ha no-paHHoro yKpeflJreHrre xpafi Oaugny He ca 4o6pe Ir3rcHeHLr apxeororutrecxrn. flo BcflKa Bepoqr73

Bucoyali/?apuc 198L, p.212.

7a

Suceyeanu 1992, p. 211.
flpes 90-r:e roguuu B HelocpeAcrBeua 6rusocr Ao yKpe[JreHrnero 6e r{asruqHo [poyqeH
qpe3 pa3KolKI{ MoHyMeHTaJIHo I{3rpaAerr aKBeAyKr, ura6gxnan c BoAa Tour. Ctop6)KeHl{ero AarI,Ipa or Kpiu na III wu Harraroro na IV n., Ho 3acera He Moxe Aa ce
Kaxe c [onoxIITeJIHocT AaJrr.r e cT,rrlecTByBara HqKaKBa Bp'b3Ka Me)<Ay HeroBoTo u
ToBa Ha raagpra6yprnyMa r{3rpaxAaHe rr Qyurquonupaue: Papuc/Ionesc'a 1994,
p. 209 sqq.

7s

76

77

Bucoyali/?apuc 1981, p.215; Bucovall/Papuc 1986, p. 17l.
Vertan/Custurea 1992, p.394 (nr. 1555) (Mouerara rpor.r3xox<Aa or apxeororrrqecKrrre
pa3KorlKrr na o6erra upee 1990 r. O6croqreJrcrBara Ha HaMr{paHero ir ne ca [ocoqeHr,r, a pe3yJrrarr.r or [poyqBaHrluTa creA 1984 r. ne ca o6napoqnaHu.).

Hocr ro, KaKTo

eKcrpaMypaJrHoro qr{BHJrHo IroceJreHrre, ca HaMepr{Jru ru1etra cw
[pLI HTIKOe OT xyHCKI{Te HaIIIeCTBI{, [pe3 n'bpBaTa I{JII{ BTOpaTa qeTB'bpT na V s.
Ocnonanue sa noqo6uo rB6p[eHr4e AaBa eAHa MoHera or repuo[a 408-423 r., orKpr.rra cpeA [Jracr or rre[eJr B'bpxy naBaxa n palioua Ha KpenocrHara [opra7S. II{o ce
orHac-fl Ao cnoMeHarara rro-rope B TeKcra MoHera na IIrs I79, ro u Moxe 6ra noxasBA, I{E XI4BOT'I,T HE 3AMPSJI HAN'bJIHO II O6I,ITABAHETO HA TEPEHA NPON'bJDKI,IJIO II CJIEI
npe)Kr.rBrHata xaracrpo$a.
Yrpeuneuuero Onuguy-Il upegcranJrflBa c'bB'bprueHo HoBa nocrpofixa. ?Is[I4raHeTO My e [peArrrecTByBaHo oT Macr4paHa KaM[aHr4rr rlo qqrocTHo AeMoHTr.rpaHe r{ HrirBeJrrrpaHe Ha ocraHKrlTe or Onraguy-I r gpyrure 3aBapeHr,r rpaAe)Kr{ [o Hr4BoTo Ha roraBatrHufl TepeH. \o6urun [pr.r roBa crpor{TeJreH MarepvaJr orreBrlnHo e
6ran sro)KeH B HoBoro crporrreJrcrso. IIo [JraHoBa cxeMa Onupray-Il [peAcraBJrrBa
quadriburgium c pasv-epu 69 x 53 u, oppreHrr,IpaH ceBep-Ior. B ceneposalaAHrr.fl r{
Ioro3a[aAHktfl. My 'brtJr e 6uta usrpaAeua no eAHa KpcrJra KyJra c ArraMertp 9,00 rvr
(C r D), a B roror{3Torrnpm u ceBepor{3TotrHr.rfl - lro eAHa rrerupubrtJrHa c pa3Mepr{
c'borBerHo 9,75 x8,82u9,75 x9,00 u (A u B)80. fie6enznara Ha 3r4AoBere Ha KyJrr4re Bapupa Mex[y 7,90 u2,20 vl81(npu Kyna A - Ro 2,85 r'a82). Yxpenrenuero Osrguy-Il e Ir3rpageHo Ha HoB TepeH, 3alaAHo or [o-paHHoro yKpe[JreHr{e, Karo caMo
LI3Tor{Hara My KperrocrHa creua (noue B cpeAHara cu uacr) 3acrbrrBa r.r r,r3[oJr3yBa
aa QynqaueHT HEBeJrr{paHr{Te r{ Aon'bJrHr{TeJrHo yKpe[eHr{ ocHoBr4 Ha 3a[agHara creHa Ha HeroBIrJI npeAuecrseHr.x83. [ocrrn'sr Ao yKpelJreHr{ero ce e oc'blllecrBrBaJr
lpe3 e[r4HcrBeHa rropra, [pe[craBJrflBarrla orBop c urr4pr.rHa 2,15 yt B roxHara KpenocrHa creHa, pa3rroJroxen na 7,50 M or loror43ToqHara brJroBa ryta84. fly6mryBaHI,ITe AaHHrr orHocHo ge6enunara Ha KpenocrHrrre 3r4AoBe ca rB'bp[e nporr,rBope.rus[. Taxa HanpI,IMep, 3a r{3ToqHLI-f, I{ ceBepHlrrl 3nA oTHarraJlo ce cnoMeHaBa, rre ca
ge6enra 2,85 rur85. flo-xrctto, no orHorrreHr,Ie Ha I{3ToqHrr.3uy\ ce npaBl{ yrorrHeHl{eTo, rre 3aBapeHara ocHoBa Ha flo-paHuoro yKpenJreHrre e 6lrra yxpeueHa c eAr4H peA
KaMeHHr4 6norone, Koero e AoBeJro go ueriuoro pa3rrrr4peHrre c 0,10 rra (r.e. 2,85 +

0,10 = 2,95

rd

u). Cynepcrpyxrdr{sra, o6ave, e 6ur.a r,r3rpaAeHa c orcrbrr or 0,90u

HaB'brpe, Karo HaA perucrpr.rpanu.s 6asxer ge6enunara Ha 3uAa ce e crecHqBaJra c
oqe 0,10 u86. O:r roBa cJreABa, qe BBB Br{coqrrHa Lr3ToqHara KpenocrHa creHa Ha

i8

Bucovali/Papuc 1986, p.171.
Vertan/Custurea 1992, p.394 (nr. 1555).
80
Bucovali/Papuc 1980a, 342-344; Bucovald/Papuc 1980b, 275-279; Bucovall/Papuc 1981,
7e

p.
8r

2tl.

BucovalI/Papuc
82
Bucoval[/Papuc
83
Bucovali/Papuc
8a
Bucovali/Papuc
85
Bucovali/?apuc
86
Bucovali/Papuc

198L, p.211.
1980a, p.342; Bucovali./Papuc 1980b, p.276.
1984, p. 154.
1986, p. 170.
1980a, p.342 Bucovali/Papuc 1980b, p.276.
1984, p. 154.

Orngny-Il e 6vila ge6era

eABa oKoJro 1,95 rnl. Ts'spge nogo6ua e

6uta, r43rirexAa,

H

cl,rTyarlr[ffTa c'bc ceBepHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa, 3a KorTo Ha Apyro MscTo ce TB6pAr{,
qe e r{MaJra Ae1eruna 2,20 v, crecHeHa B'bB Br.rcor{r{na go 2,05-2,08 u or 6asrer c
rulrpr{Ha 0,12-0,15 M87. Heqceu ocraBa B'blpoc'br orHocHo 3anaAHara Kyprr4Ha: Ae6elunar:a il regurx e onpe[eJre ua ua 2,20 ru (2,08 M HaA 6auxera)88, a B[ocJre4crBr{e Ha 3,05 rrl B ceBepHara E Io)KHara rperr.rHa or nertno'ro rpace89. flo-saxHoro
e, qe B cpeAHara cr{ rracr, Ha flporexeHl{e or 16,00 u, Tfl B63Jrr{3a rua 4,35 M, npu
ToBa He 3a cMerKa Ha Aon'bJrHlrreJrrro yge6eranaue, a qpe3 KoHcrpyKTr,rBHo pa3[rupeHrre orKBM BbrperrrHara crpanag0. lpagexrr Ha yKpe[I,rreJrHr{Te c'bop'bx<eHr4r e
I{3Krroqr,rreJrHo [peqr,r3eg. Ha 3ana3eHoro urano (ue [oBerre or [Ba peAa HaA cy6cr-

-

pyrqnxra) rorl e ngnrJrHeH B opus implectum, Karo B'bHIIrHrrre Jrrrqa ca oSoprtaenz
or MHoro go6pe o6pa6orenu roJreMrr KaMeHHIT 6rorore, Aocrlaralqfi Ha A'bJIx<HHa
go 1,45 M, a Ha BLrcorrlrHa - Ro 0,82 ttr91. 3a rpage>Ka B'bB BucoqllHa HsMa AaHHIr,
nopaArr orpa6naHero Ha crpourerruvts, Marepl,IaJr B [o-HoBo BpeMe. Crnelixu uo
MuoxecrBoro ryxJreHpr Qparruenrz, He e [r3KJrroqeHo Harope Aa e 6uro npuro>xeno
pegyBaHe Ha KaMeHHpr r{ ryxJreHrr rorcrr (opus mixtuim). B yxpeneHara nJIoIq e [poyqeHa egna o6qecrBer{a nocrporira, Korro ce uHTep[perl,Ipa Karo cKJraAoBo [oMeuIeHHe. Tg raua ABJrxrrHa 23,35v. u uuplrHa 3,15r,n rI e AoJreneHa Ao ceBepHara
KpenocrHa cretqa92.

O6o6qenuero Ha [poyqBareirprre, r{e raKa orrrrcaHoro yKpenJreHLre [arr,rpa
ot IV-VI B. ce HaMr4pa B ocrpo nporlaBopeqrre c I{3JroxeHI{Te or caMlrre rf,x c'bBceM
KareropuqHrr crparr,rrpa$cru ua6nrcp.eHvts, KoHcrarl{pau1Il [oBceMesrHo caMo eAIIH
xlrJrrarr{eH xopr,r3oHT, cBBp3aH c HeroBoro o6urasaHe LI l{3noJr3yBaHe Karo QoputSuxaquouuo cc optxe sue93 . Cr o 6rqennre apxeoJrorr{qecKrr Marepr{aJrr.r, orKprarrr
B rJracra HaA rcHo MapKrapanoro [oAoBo nneo (6ulo ro noA $oprtrara na rpau6oBaHa nplcr, rraBax r{irlr ryxJreHa HacrrlJrKa), narupar rl3Krroql,rreJrHo or VI s. Car\.{u
no ce6e crr, [JraH'br I{ KoHcrpyKTr.rBHrrre oco6enoctu Ha yKperIJIeHLIero HaMI4par
MHoxecrBo orrr{r{Hr,r [apaJreJrrl cpeA [aMerHrrrlr{Te Ha Qopru$r{KaqlroHHara apxrlTeKTypa c rr{n}rqHo BoeHHo rpeAHa3Harrewue (castella) or BpeMero Ha r{Mrreparop

8i Bucoyali/Papuc 1980a, p.344; Bucovali/Papuc 1980b, p.278; Bucoval[/Papuc 198I",
213-214.
88
Bucovall/Papuc 198L, 213-214.
8e

Bucovali,/Papuc 1986, p. 169.

eo

lbidem.
erBucovali/Papuc 1980a,342-343; Bucovali./Papuc 1980b, p.216; Bucovali/Papuc 1986,
p.169,170.
e2
Bucovall/Papuc 1984, 153 - 1 5 4.
e3 Bucovall/Papuc 1980a, p.344; Bucovali/Papuc 1980b, p.279; Bucovall/Papuc 1981,
214-215; Bucovall/Papuc 1986, p. 171.

I no Cpegen fiylrarga. floqo6na flarlrpoBKa HanGJrHo ce c'brJracyBa r{ c
o[oBecreHlrre ABe MoHerI{ (Ha OcrraHlaas I u na Ocrras II), uauepeur{ npr.r flcHrr
crparurpa+cxu o6croqreJrcrBa B [Jracra, cB'bp3aH c HeroBoro $ynrquouupanegs.
B're ocHoea Ha rr3JroxeHoro AoryK, onugray-trI cJreABa ga 6rqe [prrrrr4creH
K'bM rropeAr4rlara IocrunuanoBr4 rpaAexr,r c'bc cxoAHr,r KoHcrpyKTr,rBHr.r napaMerpr.r
no nou:rrartcxut 6ptt Ha flpoBr.rHqus Cxutus96, crugerercrByBarqfi sa npeAlppreMaHero Bepo.f,THo K'bM cpeAara Ha VI s. Ha eAHa uaula6Ha (rrazrpo)perrroHaJrHa BoeHHo-cTpoI4TeJrHa nporpaua. ft.r6enra Ha yKpe[JreHr4ero ce oTHac, oT [poyqBaTeJrrrTe KGM Kpaq Ha VI s.97 Orgennr.r HaxoAKr.r r.r repeHHrr KoHcrararlr{r{ AaBar ocHoBaHLIe [a Ce [OlycKa, ue o6utaraHero Ha Mrrcroro e npoA'bJDKr4JIo r{3BeCTHO BpeMe il
cJreA roBa, 6es o6aqe o6exrtr ga e SymqproHr.{paJr [oBerre raro
Sopru$r,rraquouIocrraHxau

Ho c6optx<enue98.

S.Ila.nary Mape
(s. Palazu Mare; com. Ovidiu;jud. Constantra)

Ha Mqcroro Ha c'bBpeMeHHoro ceno llanagy Mape rpe3 enoxara ua flpunql4[ara upoq'r$rxnaJl e[vH or 3HaqLITeJrHIlITe tsrrKycut B Tagil qacr Ha Pr,rucxara rarranepvq' - vicus Sc[...]iaeg. 'foit 6ul pa3noJro)Ken xpafi rcro3arra[Huz 6pxr Ha roJrflM
MopcKt4 3aJrr{B, rorlro c relreHr4e Ha BpeMero 6rl orgeneH or Mopero or HarpynaJrara ce nqctqHa Koca r{ rroHacroflrqeM npe[craBrqBa JraryHa (ea. Mauax /6. Cro:rrson/). Tepennure [poyqBaHl,Iq ca ycraHoBr{Jrrr, qe npe3 KtcHara aHTr{r{Hocr xpaft
rlr{Br{JrHoro rroceJreHlre 6zno r,rs4zrHaro eAHo MaJrKo yKpenJreHue c pa3Mep[ oK.
15x25 u, Koero ce olpeleJu Karo burgusl10. o6urHoseHo ro ce [ocraBq BGB Bp.b3Ka c'bc 3aIrII,ITara Ha MopcKLIg 6pxr1Qt, Ho c HrrKaK He rro-MaJrKo ocHoBaHI4Ie BtnpocurExt 6ypr Mox<e Aa ce oKar{ecrBl4 Karo uoruqericxo yKpelJreHr4e c ['brHo-oxpaHr{TeJIHI{

Synrquu

ptrrv 3a JroKaJreH BtTperuHonpoBrrHrlr.raJreH KoHTpoJr.

ea

Milosevid/Jeremi6 1986, p. 245 sqq.; Jovanovi6 et al. 1986, p. 376 sqq.; Jovanovid/xora6
1984, p. 192 sqq.; Gabricevi6 1986, p.71 sqq.; Kora6 7996,p.105 sqq.; Ilerporuh
1982-83a, c.129 q.
e5
Bucoyali/?apuc 1981, p.212 (= Vertan/Custurea 1981, p.342, nr. 330); Bucovall/papuc
1986, p. 171 (= \rg11xn/Custurea 1983, p. 312,nr.774).
e6
B><. uaup. [o-rope Ir [o-AoJry B Hacroflulara rJraBa: Ba.r.rur-Ty:.na, TuuSrna-3anag, Kaneu
6par-TonpaK KaJre, KAPEfl .
e7
Bucovald/Papuc 1980a, p.346; Bucovali/Papuc 1980b, p.279.
e8
BucoyalE/Papuc 1981, p. 21 1 (n. 3).
ee
TIR L35, p. 56;Suceveanu1977,p.5l.
roo

Bucovali/Papuc 198L, p.215.

r0r

Suceyeanu 1991, p. 69; Sucev eanu 1992, S. Zl2.

9. MaMaq
(Marnaia ; jud. Constantra)

Oxuo or Malrat, B MecrHocrra "Ciqmele" ("tleruM[Te"). rraexgy cBBpeMeHHoro Irroee 3a Kypopra It sali-roxsara qacr Ha eAHorrMeHHoro esepo (6. Crcrrson)
e JroKaJrrr3rrpaH yKpenen o6exr. Toii :aena BlaBarrl ce B e3eporo floJryocrpos. r{o
rIoBBpxHocrra ce sa6erqesar KaMeHHH 6roxoBe, apxrrreKryprur 4eraftlu lr roJrrMo
KoJrI{qecTBo $paruenrupaHa crpoLITeJrHa lr 6raroea KepaMrrKa. Tpacero Ha KaMeHIrI{, orpaAeu :ng go6pe ce [pocJreAsBa Ha repeHa. Or r.rrpeurHara My crpaHa ce
sa6erqsna seMJreH oar, gy6ruparrl Tprr or HacoqeHaTe My KBM cyrrrara crenu102.
onarr,t [a ce [pegcraBr.I yKperrJreur{ero xato burgus1o3 egra Jrr{ Mo)Ke [a ce fiprreMe 3a crroJryullla. THrpAe xapaKrepHara My rollorpasnt. gasa ocHoBaHr{e ro Aa ce
o[pe[eJrH c MHoro no-roJrqMa BeporrHocr Karo yKpeleHo ceJrr{qe. fiarupoerara
My ce ilocraBs or [poyqBareJllrre uaft-o6rqo n IV-VI e.lM 3err4reHoro yKpelJreHrre
orreBu[Ho e rro-K'bcHo r,r cJre[Ba ga 6tne orHeceHo nafi-pauo K'bM e[oxara Ha paHHoro cpeAHoBeKoBrre (IX-X s.?).
10. TOMr{ (TOMTS)
(Constanla, jud. Constanla)

Crapunua MurercKa KoJroHrrrr, KpyleH T.bproBcKo-[por{3BoAcrBeH
peH rIeHTT,p r{ flpe[noJraraeM tJraBeH rpaA Ha

[olua

Muzus. [pe3

r.r

KyJrry-

eloxara na flpun-

qlrrlara, BBB BpeMero Ha lrMnepatop fllroxrerllaH Touu crauaJr croJrlrqa II celaJllrIrIe Ha a[Mr{Hr{crpa'ruB$rtfr. yIIpaBrr"eJr Qtraeses) Ha HoBoyqpe[eHara nporuuqr.u Cxurr'ra. HapacrBaHero Ha 3HaqeH[ero [oBeJro [o rryBcrBureJruo reprrropr{aJlHo pa3uIIpeHr.Ie Ha rpa[a npe3 K'bcHara aHTr{qHocr. Toea, KaKTo r{ Hecl{typHocrra Ha e[oxara, HaJIoxI,IJIo npeAllpl{eMaHero Ha mr{poKoo6xsarHu crpoHTeJrHrr pa6oru rro r.r3rpaxAarre Ha cBBTprrreHo rroBa rpaficKa yKpenr{reJrHa m$pacrpyKrypa, orfoBaprIrIa Ha HeroBI{Te uaqa6u II Ha cLBpeMeHHLITe TeHAeHrIrr}r ern rpopr:u$uxaquonnoTO rr3KyCTBo.

Ilpegrug peflI{qa rpygHocrl{ or o6erruseH xapaKrep, yKpenrrreJrHara cr{cTeMa Ha Torrlu He e 3alloBonrrreJrHo rrpoyqeHa. IIo paa.nuuHo BpeMe rr Ha pa3Hrr
Mecra ce e [o[aAaJIo Ira ocraHK]r or KpeflocrHrr 3IrAoBe ,r r.y[tI/, KoI4To no.ItH 6eg
u3KrIOrreHHe ce orHacgr K'tbM K'bclloalrrr{qHara enoxa105. Pesynrarure or [peAnpIIerlrre B Kpaq sa 50-re Ir HallaJloro Ira 60-re roALIsr{ sa XX B. cr{creMarrrqHH rr rleJreHacor{eHrr ycrl:rna, rlo rlpoyqBaue r{ B'b3Moxuo safi-ntJrHo [oKyMeHTrrpaHe Ha re3rr

102

Bucovali/Papuc

ro3

Suceveanu 1992, S. 212.

rG

Bucovali./Papuc 1981, p.216.
PArvan 1915b, p.415 sqq.;Rldulcscu 1965,5-6, Fig.

r05

I"981,

p.215.

1.

ocTaIIKrr 3a cT,xaJrel{rle ca Bce oxle HenyoJIIIKyBaHIr. 3a

rqx Moxe Aa ce CBAH

caMo

rro 6errIITe [aHHrr, flpuBe[eHrr B Hayrlrro-norryirflpr{u [3[aHEq106 TIJIIT B r.I3cJIe[BaHIrr, [ocBereHr,I Ha [pyra reMarrrKa1o7. CrulecrseH npr{Hoc za :agflcrflBaHe Ha eranIITe B pa3lrrrrpeHrrero Ha o6[TaBaHara rpaACKa repuropus BHece lr rouorpa$crorrJraHlrMerpLr-lrnprfl"t aHaJII{3 Ha HeKpo[oJII{Te Ha Touu108. Cr,npe*reuuoro c'bcroqHIIe Ha [O3HaH]IrTa OTHOCHO KBCHOaHTTIqHaTa yKpenHTeJrHa CITCTeMa Ha rpala HaMepI{ I{3pa3 B e[Ha rroflBrrJra ce HeorlaBHa KparKa o63opHa crart4s,, BHacqqa r{3BecTHrr KopeKrllrrr B HaMr{panIr{Te ce B HayLrHo o6prqeuue Aarrurr ra cr,o6rqanaula sa
HSKOII HOBI{ OTKpIITHS OT nOCJIe[HI{Te rO4UnU109.

HallaJloro Ha pI..IMcKara eloxa Torrau e 3aeMaJI
caMo Kpas Ha floiryocrpoBa, BBpxy rofiro noHacrorlqeM e pa3noJloxeH KyJrrypHoalMr{Hr4crparlrBuufl rIeHTtp na Koneranqal10. Cnororenarafll HrKoJrKo nrrfi or Osllglrft "x'rc 3r{E"i11 orreBr.r4uo rrperpa{<Aarrrflclara ruulka B cpe4ara Ha [oJryocrposa. flo-x'rcHo, KBM Kpas Ha I rlltu no-seposrHo npe: II s., 6uila rr3rpageHa HoBa
Kpe[ocTHa crerra, B pe3yJrTaT Ha KoeTo 3arrlr.rTeHaTa Tepr.rTopus Ha rpaAa ce yBeJrr,rqr{Jra norrrr{ gaorluo n o6xnarqara Beqe rleJrrrfl noJryocrpoB. Marap [a He e [poyqeHO apxeoJrou{qecKl{, TpaceTo Ha To3r{ 3r.r[ AocTa crlrypHo ce ollpeAeJlq BT3 ocHoBa
Ha crropa[rrLrHu HaxoAKrr r{ KocBeHrr apxeoJrorr{qecKr{ $arru. I4exasaHoro HrKora
npe[[oJroxeHl{e, qe KacHoaHTr{uHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa sa Touu ce flBflr,a peKoHcTpyKIIlu Ha ra3l{ or plrMcKara eiloxa712, HarlocJre['bK KareroputrHo ce orxBtpJrq.
C'rqara e 6gla I{3[IrrHara BBpxy ocraHKrrre or 3eMJIeH 3alrl]rren BaJr, rrac[naH
HeH3BecrHo Kora rorrHo upes II-[I B. Aarer{ npeg $ponra ua or6paHr{TeJrHara Jrr,rrrru or roBa BpeMe113. Maxap n ue 6egcnopulr114, HaJrrrqHr{Te Saxru [aBar ocHoBaHlre Aa ce AonycHe, qe KTcrroanTr{qHara KpenocrHa crena na Touu nperpax[aJra He
caMo cyxo['L,THrr, [ocrrfl K'bM rroJryocrpoBa, B'bpxy xoiiro 6ur pasuoroxeH rpagBT, Ho - rroHe or ror! - ro 3arqr4TaBalra H orKBM Mopero. Yxpeneuara flJroul Ha[xBBprq 60 xa (O6p .33,34). Tpacero rra 3rr[a [pe[craBJrrBa HarryneHa rrurlntrfl, c't cToflrrla ce or pa3Jrr{qHo [Bmu npanorxuerlHr,r yqacrr,qr{, Karo rlqrocrHara My [TJrxlrHa ce II3r{rIcJrgBa Ha rroBeqe ot 1700 rtr115. ge6erv:p.ara Ha KpelocrHara creHa e

flpes eruuucruqecrara

106

I,I B

Canarach e L96L, 19-22; Kanapaxe

L9 67

. 9 | -92, 98 - 1 02, I 05.

r07

Vulpe 1969, 160-161; Aricescu L977, 155-157.
108
Barbu 196L, p. 203 sqq.
roe
Ridulescu 1995-L996, p. 83 sqq.
t10
OlucaHlrero e B'L3 ocLIoBa ua ronorpa$cKlrfl aHaJrL{3 Ha pa3BrlTrlero Ha yKpe[LITeJrHara
cr.rcreMa na TonN, o6o6u1en r.r AorrbnHeH e: Aricescu 1977,155-157; ax. c'rqo u:
Ridulescu 1995-1996, p. 91.
lrl Bcuqrlr qlrrarlr y Onuguft, B Kor,rro ca crroMeHarr,r yKperrr{TeJII{rITe ctoptxenur ua Toura,
1r2
113

rla
r15

ca Kol{enrr{panns: Pirvan 1915b, 428-431.
Suceveanu 1969, p. 348 sqq.; Suceveanu I974,p.233.

Aricescu 1977 , p. 156
Ridulescu L995-1996. 9l-92.
.

Kanapaxe 1967, c.98.

O6p. 33. TOMI4 (TOMIS). fluan sa K'bcHoaHrlrrrrHara yKperr{reJrrra c}rcrerraa no B. Eap6y
(Canarache 1961, Pl. D. / Fig. 33. TOMIS. Layout of the Late Roman defence sysrem after
V. Barbu (Canarache 1961, Pl. D.
npu6nrEszreJrHo eAHaKBailBapvtpaHe3HaqnreJruo

or 3,10116 yo 3,20 u117. B.rnmnoroJreMil r{ MHoro [peqr43Ho o6pa6oreura KBa[pu, [oJrox(eHI{ B xoplI3oHTaJrHIr peAoBe. B eunnerroHa ca nper43noJr3yBaHr.r MHo)KecTBo apxr.rreKTypHr,r gerarima u $parrrleurra or KaMeHHa flJracrr,rKal18. [o xtrra cpeAara Ha
60-re rognur,r sa XX s. ca 6il1fir perrrcrpr.rpaHr{ ocraHKrr o6qo or 20 rylu rro rpore)KeHI{ero Ha sugali9. Bcu.rxN Te IIMaJII{ [BpBoHaqarHo rrerllpa'brbJleH nran, xortto
B MHo3I{HcrBoro or cryrrallTe 3afla3firu qaK Ao Kpa, Ha K'bcHara anr:ra.rHocr. IIoHOBr.rre ilpoylrBaHr,rq ycraHoBaxa, ve u-rr.rgnara KyJra or vI BeK, pa3Ko[aHa npe3

ro i nuqe e o$opueHo or

BToporo AecerrrJrerr.re na XX n. or B. II'rpnaH (r.uap. "Kyra

Ha Mecapr,rre")120, cz,TqO E 6IEIA I{3TPAAEHA BIPXY HI,IBEJII,IPAHI.ITE OCTAHKI{ HA IO-PAHHA qETI4PI,IGT'6IHA

xyna121.

Hanoclegtr

ce c'ro6IqaBavsaeAHa Macr{BHa qerr.rpu'brbJrHa

r16

Canarache 196l,p. 19.

r17

Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 84.

r18

PArvan 1915b, p. 439 sqq.

rre

Kauapaxe 1967, c.98.

r2o

Pirvan 1915b, p. 440 sqq.
llsalron 1980, c. 221.

r2r

ryla

(c uru-

./',

,\v't1

'.';r^:.

,i

/ v'(u

'.:<,/".ry,

;;re
O6p.34. TOMI4 (TOMIS). fllas na KbcnoaHrr4rrHara yKperrreJrHa cr{creMa no K.
cxopnan (scorpan 1980, p. l71,Pl. xxxll). /Fig.34. TOMIS. Layour of the Late Roman
defence system after C. Scorpan (Scorpan 1980, p. l77,Pl. XXXD.
pI{Ha rlo Sponra oKoJro L2 m), pa3Kpl4ra nprr rz3KorHu palorvr Ha oKoJro 70 r{ :asToqHo or r.Hap. "Ky;ra Ha MecapI{Te"122. \ocera apxeoJrorl{llecKra ca 3acBl{AereJrcTByBaHI4 TpLr or Kpe[ocrHl4Te floprr{ na Toun - ceBepo3arraAHa, ceBepHa rd ceBepoI{3Tor{Ha. IlpegnoloxrareJlHo e ycraHoBeHo MecrorroJroxeHr{ero Ha or{e e[Ha rropTa - Ioro3alaAHara. Heorganna e 6nl4gocr Ao r{3TorrHru xpafi ua ceBepHr.rfl KpelocTeH 3r4A na Touu 6e npoyveu KoMlJreKcr,T Ha r43Tor{Hara rpaAcKa flopra. ctqara
ce HaMLlpa B K'bCa OTCeqKa C HarrpaBneHrre roro3anaA-ceBepou3ToK, pa3[oJro)KeHa
rro[ 'brbJr cnpflMo rpacero Ha I4[BarUr4Jr or 3arra[ Kpe[ocreu sug. MouyrueHTaJrHrrrrr
xapaKTep Ha pa3Kpr{Tr{Te rpafie)Kil xaBa ocHoBaHr{e [a ce [pe[noJrafa, rre ToBa e

6lrra rrasHara [opra Ha ToMH. Ta e Qnaxrktpa:r,a or ABe U-auilHn KyJrr4, orcroflrr{u
na 10,50 M eAHa or [pyra. flo-go6pe rpoyrreHara 3arraAHa KyJra e uprpoKa 11,50 ru u
ce rr3AaBa na 15,00 ilpe[ KpenocrHara creHa. fle6elnuara Ha 3r.r[oBere i gocrura
3,80 lr, xaro 6anrerr,T, pa3geJrxrq cy6- or cyflepcrpyKrlu.rrra r.rMa rrrupr{Ha 0,50 rnl.
Ilpeg noprara ra3ure)K,qa e r.rMaJro 3arqrrreH poe, roftro 6lrn npeogoJrrBaH nocpelcTBoM noABIiI>KeH luocrl23. Cenepnara [opra 6u;ra oxpanflBaHa or [Be 6.rusxopasnoJroxeHr{ B'bHrxHr.r r{errrpr4'brbJrHrr KyJrr{, MexAy Kor.rro ce o$opuxl [poxoA c rlrprr-

r22
r23

Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 89.
Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 89.

ua 4,34 M, 3arBapflH c KarapaKT atza. Lrgeurr.r.rHo 6uro ycrportcrnoro rr Ha ceBepo3anaAHara nopra. Tyr gnere rpafinparnu rrerr.rputrbJrHrr KyJrr4 6ralu urupoKr{ rro
5,40 rr,r r4 orcroflJrr{ sa 5,07 M eAHa or fipyra. O$opuenraflT MexAy rxx npoxog 6zn
crecHeH [o 4,00 M or ABa rrlrJracrlpa c BeprrrKaJrnrE >rJre6oee 3a KarapaKral2s. MalKO CJreE CeBepo3ala[Hara nopra KpenocrHr,rflT 3r4A Ha Touu ce pa3ABOsBal. EguHlrtr yqacrbK npo['bJDKaBaJI B [paBa rrocoKa Ha roro3alla[ r{ Aocrllran tropcrux 6pxr,
K'bAero BepoflTHo ce HaMr,rpaJra arerB'bprara (rcrosanagna) nopra. flpyrurr yuacT'bK Ce OTKJTOHTBaJT HTKBAe n 6mASOCr gO 3anaAHara KyJra Ha ceBepo3anaAHara

nopra

OTHar{arO B 3anaA-roro3anaAHa frocoKa, a cJIeA rr3BecTHo pa3cTo.flHue qyneJr rroA upae (?) 'bf'bJr r{ [poA'bJrx(aBaJr Ha ror, K'bM MopcKun 6pxr - upu6mlsurenHo K'bM c'brr{ur rryHKT, K'bAero cB'bprrrBaJra r{ cloMeHarara no-rope creHa. Cnopeq
I4 CJIeABaJI

xapaKTepl{cTlrKara Ha crpol{TeJrHara TexHr{Ka, xopocaHa 14 rlrJrocrHt4, apxeoJror}rr{ecKLI KOHTeKCT, Ir3rpaX[aHeTO Ha BTOpA.fl yrracT'bK Ce
[aTl{pa B'bB BpeMeTO Ha rrMneparop Anacracraft unz I0crzuualnlu MapKr4pa eAHo HoBo pa3rrrrrpeHrae Ha yKpeneuara repr.rropr.rr na Touu126.

O6urnoeeHo Ircrpax[aHero Ha K'bcHoaHTvr{Hara KpenocrHa creHa sa ToMrr ce pa3rJrexAa Karo rrpoA'bJr)Kr4TeJreH npoqec, 3anoqHar Moxe 6ra oqe nppr r4Mneparop lanren r4 3aB6prrreH upra [uornertra+urrutfiprt Koncranrurll2l . flne:re
MOHerrl Ha r.rMleparopraTe Taqx:r u flpo6, o6aue, orKpr{Tr{ B xopocaHa Ha eMnJreKToHa Ha KpenocrHr.rr 3r4[ ceBeporr3ToqHo or ceBepo3a[a[Hara uopra128, He Morar
Aa ce rbJrKyBar no fipyr Haarr.rH, ocBeH raro terminus post quem 3a BpeMero Ha crponreJrcrBo. Or qpyra crpaHa, go6pe I{3BecrHr{flT [ocBerr4TeJreH Ha[rrr{c B lrecr na 6or
Con or 286-293 r., nocraBeH B'bB Bp'b3Ka c r.r3rpax[aHero Ha rpagcKr4Te uoprra129,
BeporTHo cJreABa Aa ce nprreMe KaTo cBr4AeTeJrcTBo, r{e IIo ToBa BpeMe yKpe[rBaHero na Torrara ue Aa e ilpr.rKrloqrElo. Karo ce r{Ma [peABr4A, qe croMeHarare B Ha[nr4ca crpol{Tennu paooru 6ranr,r r,IsnrplueHl{ no 3arroBe[ Ha r4Mneparopr.rre firaor:rerraan ra'MarcuMrraH a nog npeKrrrr Hag3op r.r p'bKoBoAcrBo Ha npoBraHrlr.raJrHr4fl AyKc Ha
Crurtrx, c roJrrMa yBepeHocr Moxe Aa ce rBbpgrz, ve Sopcr4paHero na Sopru$ra-

t2a

Pirvan

1915b, p. 417 sqq.; Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 83. B pa3rrrlqur{re ny6luraqnr rpe[o pa3rr4qeH Har{I4H, I,lsuonsyaarurre ryK
o3naqeHl4n ca B'r,3 ocuoBa Ha rnxuoro pearHo touorpa$cro floJroxeHue B [JraHa Ha
rpaAcKaTa K'bcHoaHTuqHa yKperrrlTeJlHa cucTeMa.
t25
Ridulescu 1995-1996, p. 84.
126
Ridulescu 1995-1996, 85-86.
127
Aricescu 1977,156-157; Ridulescu 1995-1996, 84-85.
128
B no-ctapure ny6ltralurrl ce c'so6rqana, qe HaMepeHr4Te B KpelocrHara crerra MoHerrl
6vtw rpw Ii [p[HaAJIexaJrIr Ha MouerocerreHero Ha lrMneparopr4re K,ran1ufi II u
Arpenuan (Canarache 1961, 16-11), a Ha Apyro Mqcro - Ha Arpelnan u Taqra:r
(Aricescu 1977, p. 156). Ipuregennre ryK AaHHr.r ca Ba3 ocHoBa Ha yrorrHeHuflTa r{
KopeKqlrlrre ro ro3rr B'r,rpoc s: Rldulescu 1995-1996,84-85 (n. 6).
r2e
CIL, LIJ,14450; Popescu 1976, N! 3.

rlocrlrllTe floprlr na Tour.r ce o3HarlaBar

Kaql{oHHoro nper43rpa)Klaue sa Tomu ce HaMrrpa B nprKa Bp'b3Ka c r{3Ar{raHero Ha
rpaAa B croJrr{rla Ha roKy-u{o yqpeAeHara HoBa npoBrrnqrax. flpe: cJre[Barqr{Te BeKoBe KpeilocrHara creHa r.r pa3[oJro)KeHrrre rro He.f, or6panr.rrelHra cbop'bxeHr{,
6lrrur neeguoKparHo nolpaBflHr{ rr npeycrpo.rrBaHra. B'rs ocHoea na enurpa$cxnTel30 u rIIacMeHr{ cBe[eHr4rl3], rocJleAHara apxeoJlorr{r{ecKlt 3acBr,rAereJrcrByBaHa

[o-

cera lrarqa6Ha B'b3craHoBr4TeJrHa KaMrraHr{, no yKpelr.rreJrHara cracreMa na Tour,t
cJIe[Ba Aa ce cB'bp)Ke narir-nepoxrHo c'bc crpor4TeJrHa'ra gefinocr Ha rrMneparop IOcTLIHI{aH I. Hyuu:rrrarilqHr.{flT Marepr,raJr r,r HflKor.r [pyru Haxo[Kr{ UaBar ocHoBaHr{e Aa
Ce TB'bpAIlt, r{e IpaAcT npe)KI{BsJI aBapO-CJIaBTHCKI4Te HaIIIeCTBLI'I OT Kpafl na VI u
ntpBlrre Aecerr4Jrerr{s na VII BeK r.r xr4Botbr B Hero npoAEJDKr{Jr Aa [yJrcr{pa r{aK Ao
rpaftnoro HacraHsBaHe na upa6rnrapr.{re na Acnapyx B 3eMrrre Ha }or or pexa [yHasl32.

11. Koncranqa-Tennuur
(loc. Telpiq; Constan{a; jud. Constan[a)

IOxcro or Kogcranqa, B M. "TeJrluur" (rraexgy M. "5-Tr4 KlrJroMetbp" x ceroro Agx<rapxx) 6uttu orKpr4Tra [pr{ 3eMeKounra pa6orra ocraHKr{Te or MaJrKo yKpe[JIeHI4e c rleTupu'br'LJleH IJIaH I{ ILJI)KI{Ha Ha cTpaHLrTe

IIo oKoJIo 10,0 u. B san's.lrnzTerfl,lnnuHaMepeur.r Sparr'aenru or praMcKa KepaMr.rKa r4 KepeMr,rArr133. fianrponxaTa He e npeqr.r3rrpaua. C'rop'b)KeHr{ero ce ugenru$wlupa Karo crpa)KeBa KyJra
(turris)r3a.
12. CTPATOHTTC (STRATONTS)

(capul Tuzla: jud. Constanla)

Anrr,r.rsoro r{ K'bcHoaHTur{Ho ceruule Ha Hoc Tysla eAr,rHoAyrrrHo ce rrgeHrra$uqrEpa c rrbrHara craHrlr.r.f, r,r HaceJreHo Mrrcro Crparouuc135, croMeHaro s Tabula
Peutingerianal3' v n "Kocuorpasull'-ra na AnonuuHr.rr aBTop or Paseual3'.'fpuAlrqrroHHoro go6anxne K'bM Torrour4ua na QyaxquoHaJrHoro onpeAeJrett:ae*tt4rris"738
r30

r3r
r32

flogpo6eN KoMeHTap Ha enr.rrpaQcKr{Te cBr.rAereJrcrBa s
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).

frara I.2.

MInucu-Adameqteanu 1991, p. 299 sqq.

133

Boroneantl9Tl, p. 330 (nr. 3).

r3a

Suceveanu1992, p. 218.

r3s

K'bM flo-crapara Jrr4Teparypa, rlr4Tr4pa]ra s TIR L35 (p.69), Moxe Aa ce npra6arr.r orqe:
Vulpe/Barnea 1968, p. 143,205-206; Aricescu 1977,135-136,139-140,143-144,148,
l5"l , 192; Suceveanu 1991, p. 69,90, 120.

Tab. Peut. Segm. VIII.
Raven. Anonym. Cosm. IV,6 (ed. Schnetz).
138
3a np.ur r'1,T ToBa e HanpaBeHo or X. Kr.rinepr (nx<.: \Yeiss 1911, S. 69, Anm. 2).
136

13?

ce

,[o xu'a 20-re roguuu na XX e.,
6pxr uoxelr4 Aa ce Brr[rr ocraHKI{ or roJrflMa KaMeHHa noctpofixa, HapLIr{aHa "Mauacrup" ("Monastirea"). Cnopeg
c's6panara or MecrHI4 )KLITeJII{ ran$opuaqzx, rx 6ura c [paBo'Lf'bJreu IJIaH r.r pa3r'lepu 30 x l5 v, a B BrJrrire ir ulrralo ro-MaJrKr4 noMerueHr4r. fionycxa ce, qe craBa
[yMa 3a HflKaKBa rro-paHHa pr.rMcKa crpaAa, rpaHcSoprrlupaHa BrrocJre[crBrre B q.bprsa139. Karo ce I{3KJIIoqIr ura6nonnugr Lr rB'bpAe MaJrKo3Haqerrl K'bceH JIoKaJreH
flF.eBa c Hr.lqo Heo6ocHosaH HayrreH [pora3BoJr.

Ha oKoJIo 2,0

ru IoxHo or troca,

Ha caMlrr MopcKrr

TOTIOHI{M, 3a C'bIII9CTByBaHeTO Ha TOBa MflCTO Ha XpI4CTLIflHCKI4 XpaM HrIMa HIIIKaKBI{

apxeororl4qecKrr rloAaTKn. HanporrirB,

rrJraHGT r,r pa3Meprrre Ha

nocrpofixara [aBar

ce r.rHTepnperrrpa Karo yKperJreHr.,re. flpegnrag cpaBHrrTeJIHO MaJIKIITe pa3MepLI I{ CI{JIHO }r3A'bJr)KeHU rrponopqEr4, KaKTO r{ [OpaAu Jrr{ncacepr{o3nr,r ocHoBaHr{fl Tfl.

\a

Ta Ha ,cHora orlrocHo Har[qplero Ha 'brJroBlr KyJrLt, oflpl4rrlr{aBagero ir na
quadriburgiumt4j se 3Byr{ra y6eglrtenHo. flo-npargonogo6no r{3urex(Aa yKperJreHl4ero ga ce nprl.rlrcJrll K6M TIa[a Ha KtcHopr,rMcKrrre BoeHHo-nolnqericxu burgi.
13. KAJIATT,TC (CALLATTS)

(Mangalia, jud. Constanla)

fipenuara reeonoHrl,IftcKa MerapcKa KoJroHr{r Kararuc npoA'bJrxr4Jra cBUIecTByBaHero cr4 r{ rrpe3 K'bcHara aHTr{rrHocr. lpagtr e 6ul yxpeneH noHe or IV e. np.
Xp., otxoraro [arl4par narl-panrulTe apxeoJrorr4qecKr.r [aHHr.r 3a HeroBr{Te or6paHI{TeJIHIT c'bop'bxeHl,Ix. C pegraqa reKyrrlu rorpaBKl{, er[Hucrr{qecKa']ta KpelocrHa
creHa npoA'bJrxr,rJra ga Synxqr{oHrrpa qaK Ao Haqaroro Ha BTopara rroJroBr.rHa Ha
II s. cr. Xp. Enrnrpa$cxu e 3acBlrAereJrcrByBaHo, rre [pe3 17lll72 r. yKperr.rreJrHa-

6zra qxlocrHo [per43rpaqena141.
floHactoruleM ocraHKr4re or Kanarr{c 3aeMar r{acr or Hr4cKara rpafi6pe>rHa repaca, HerlocpelcrBeHo 3ala[Ho or rpa[cKzur rrJrax ua Manranrax. feorrrop$oTa cllcreMa na Kanaruc

JrorrrqecKl{Te L{ [o[BoAHI4Te apxeoJrorrrr{ecKrr flpoyqBaHr,rf r paftona Kareropurruo
cBLI[ereJIcrByBar, qe 3Harrl4TerHa qacr or aHTI{rIHr4fl r{ K'bcHoaHTrrtreH rpap e 6esBb3BparHo yHLIIqO)KeHa B pe3yJrrar or noKaqBaHero Ha MopcKoro Hr4Bo rr epo3r{sra
Ha ApeBHara 6perona rlarrus.t42. Cucreunure pa3KonKrr, npe4nplrerr{ [pe3 Z}-re u
30-re rogIalo:a Ha XX e., ycraHoBrrxa rpacero Ha KpenocrHr{Te creHrl r{ pa3Kprrxa
qacT or pa3IIoJlo)KeHu ie ro TflxHoro nporexeHrre KyJrr4. crrqeaperrreuuo, go6urra
6sxa eaxHu AaHHI4 orHocHo KoHcrpyKTrrBHo-crpor.rreJrHr{Te oco6enocrra Ha yKperII4TeJrHara cI{cTeMa Ira Kalaruc, 3au{I{TaBaJla rpaAa Ao Kpafl Ha K'bcHaTa aHTr{r{-

r3e

Slobozianu 1959, 736-737.

tao

Suceveana1992, S. 219.
tal CnuresupaHo
It3Jio)KeHIre 3a ocHoBHlrre MoMeHT[ B rrcrop[arecKoro pa3Br{Tue tta Ka.qaTr4c r{ AaHHrr 3a

ra2

apxeoJrotr{qecK[Te lpoyqBaH[r .raM s: Preda 1963.

Scarlat 1976, p. 18 sqq.

Hocrl43.,flon'rmrlrrenHa unSopMarlr, [pegocraBr,rxa n octrqecrBeHrrre [pe3

cJreA-

Barrlr{Te Aecerr4Jrerr{x upoyunauuxlaa.
Yrpeneuara repl4Topl,Lfl sa Kanaruc e rrMaJra BeporrHo HenpaBr.rJreH r{err{pI{'brGJIeH nlasl45. fpagext r na $opru$I{Kar{rroHHr{Te c'bopt)KeHr{fl e rr3BcHpeA-

Ho [peqr,r3en. IrIsn'6nHeH e B opus implectum, Karo Jrnrlara ca oSopr',aeHl4 c MHoro
Ao6pe o6pa6oreru.r KBalpu c'bc cpeAHr{ r.r roJreMr{ pa3Mepr,r, rprr oflpe[eJreH crpeMex 3a crla3BaHe Ha pefioBara3vp.apus. Elrnrerron'br e or JroMeHI{ KaM'bHrI, c[oesu c6s,n xopocaH. 3anaguara Kpe[ocrHa creHa e A'bJra oKoJro 430 u, a ge6enraHara
ir srsrllsa na 3,15 ].r. PagronaHa e e[Ha qerr.rpubrbJrHa KyJra c [cJDr(rrHa no $pouta
19,00 l'ausqa[eHa Ha 15,50 rnl. Ha ox. 70 rr.r or ceBepHuq xpafi na 3r,r[a e ycraHoBeHo

Mecro[oJro)KeHr{ero Ha e[Ha

or

rpaAcKr,rre noprrr. Cenepuara KpenocrHa creHa e

3a[a3eHa Ha g'bJrxrrHa or 375,50 M, Ho crrrlecrByBar cr4rypurr [aHHr,r. qe HrKora rs e
lpo[GJDKaBara 3Hatrr,rreJrHo no-Har{3ToK, sarpaxgariru ceBepHrrs 6acefis Ha aHTr,rqHoro npl4cranrarqei46. flo Hefinoro nporexeHrae, B r{3Torrnux rpart Ha 3ana3eHwr
yr{acrbK, ca 6ant [poyrreHr4 3 rsgaqeura rrerrapnbrbJrHrr KyJrr{ c pa3rr.rrrHu pa3Meprl
(g'rruxuna uo $ponra or 7,80 go 11,00 M r4 r.r3AaAeHu or 6,20 Ao 8,10 rr.r), orcroauln
Ha rro floBerre or 80 M e[Ha or Apyra. B caxrzs.3arra4eH rpaft na creHara e 6uta
perl4crpl{paHa orqe eAHa KyJIa, KoflTo ocra}raJra HenpoyrreHa. fie6elunara Ha 3r4ga
Bapl4pa or 3,00 \a 3,20 u. Oxsata KpenocrHa creHa e 3arraseHa Ha ['bJrxo{Ha caMo
or oKoJIo 90 lt (O6p. 35). fle6e.nnnara ir Aocrr4ra 3,75 xr, ra:ro oco6eH r4Hrepec rpeAcraBJItrBa KoHcrpyKllu,rralF.a 6anrera: rori e .rerraplrcrbrraJreH, c o6qa BldcoquHa or

u, a BcqKo or crblaJrara npaBrz orcrbfl or 0,10 u. Heo:rganHa ryK 6e upoyveua
I{3Tor{Hara ot gnorlxara KyJrI{, oxpaHflBarrlll ro>r(Hara Kpe[ocrHa uopra147.
Ilopagu pa3rl4r{Hu npI{t{I{Ht4, pe3yJrrarr{Te or npoyqBaHero Ha yKpelr4TeJrHara cl{creMa Ha Kala:ruc npes 20-re u 30-re roAr.rHr( Ha BeKa He loryr{r4xa roraBa
aleKBarHa crpatrErpa$cKo-xpoHoJror[rrecKa r,rHTeprrperaqraa. HanpaBeHr{.flT no-KtcHO, B'b3 OCHOBa Ha eAr{H cOHAax< HelOCpe[CTBeHO npe[ BBHTTTHOTO Jrr,rqe Ha KpenocTHara crel{a, orrlrr [a ce orHece rlqJlocrHoro ir uarpaxgaHe KBM BTopara rroJroBl{Ha
1,60

ta3

Pe:ylrar:I{Te or [poyqBaHero

Ha yKperrrrreJrHara crrcreua ca ny6ruKyBaHr4 B qacr or
roAI{urHI4Te orqerr.{ 3a flpeAflp]rerrrre apxeororuqecKtr pa3KorrKr{ s Karautc: SauciucSiveanu 1924,p. 108 sqq.; Sauciuc-Slveanu 1925, p. 104 sqq.; Sauciuc-SIveanul927-

32a,p.411 sqq.;Sauciuc-SIveanu1927-32b, p.435 sqq.; Sauciuc-Siveanu 1935-36,
p.219 sqq. ,flanuure ca o6o6rqenu s: Preda 1963, p. 21 sqq.; Gajewska 1974,p. 101,
tt9-120,133,148-149.
raa
ra5

Preda et a[.1962, p. 439 sqq.; Preda 1968, p. 27 sqq.; Barnea 1994, 380-381.
Onucaunero rro-AoJry ce 6asnpa Ha AaHHrrre, rrocoqeHlr n: Sauciuc-siyeanu 1925,p. 111;
Sauciuc-SdveanuL927-32a,413-416;Sauciuc-SIveanu1927-32b,435-436;sauciucSiveanu 1935-36,281-282; Preda 1963, p.21 sqq.; Ionescu/Georgescu 1998,205219.

Bounegru 1986, p. 268
ra7
Barnea 1994, 380-38 l.
ra6

sqq.

O6p. 35. KAJIATI'IC (CALLATIS). flnau Ha yKperr,rreJrHara cr{crena uo K. flpe4a
(Preda 1963, Pl. I ). / Fig. 35. CALLATIS. Layout of the defence system after C. Preda
(Preda 1963, Pl. D.
Ha

III

B.148

e oqeBLI[Ho HecnoJryqruB r{ c ocHoBaHrae ce orxB'bpJlfl

or

c'bBpeMeHHI{Te

rr3cJreABaqr{. Apryr'.renu4paHaTa per{HTep[peTartrr{fl Ha ny6Jrr.rKyBaHvrs, crpaTr,rrpaQ.
CKI,I

npo$I,Iir Ha KyirTypHr.rre HalracrqBaHr4rr, KaKTo

r.r peAr.rqa

[peHe6perBaHr4

[e-

TarfJrlr orHocHo KoHcrarHpaHr.rre crpoLITeJrHr{ oco6eHocrrr, orpa3eHlrt B orqerr.rre 3a
paHHr4Te apxeororrrecKlr KaMlatuw, y1egwreJrHo Aarr,rpar KoHqelrr4paHero r,r pe-

arr3arlprqTa Ha onr{caHara Qoprr.rSr.rKarlr{oHHa cxeMa na Kararrac

B1)B BTopaTa IIoCrqenpevreHHo, MHo)KecrBo Kareropr.rrrHr4 apxeoJrorr{qecKr4 cBr.rAereJrcrBa AoKa3Bar, r{e [pe3 BTopara noJroBrrHa na III s. ca 6utu [peAfiprrerr.r ruIa-

JroBilHa na

II

s.149

porouaula6nu pa6oru no B'b3craHoBrBaHe r{ qacrr{trHo nper{3rpax(Aaue Ha rpaAcKI{Te yKpelr{TeJrHH c'bcp'b)KeHrm, Koero o6a.{e He rrle Aa e AoBeJro Ao Hf,KaKBlr cGulecrBeHr,r [poMeHr.{ B TexHrrfl o6rlrx r,r B llflJrocrHara [JraHoBa cxeMa. flpuvrnnara sa
Ta3I4 Macr{paHa crpolrreJrHa KaMnaHrrfl c roJrflMa yBepeHocr Mo)Ke ce o6gcgu c uopaxeHr..rxTa, HaHeceHr4 na Kararuc oT roTr{Te, no BpeMe Ha TflxHoTo HarxecTBr,re oT
268 r. Muoro e BepoflTHo B'r,scraHoBr.rreJrHrrre pa6oru ga ca 6unu oc'brrlecTBeHra
oqe [pe3 y[paBJreHr,rero Ha rrMrreparop Arpe.nraanl5o. flpes cJreABarrlrrre BeKoBe,
ra8

Preda et al.1962,439-442.

rae

Suceveanu L969, 353-356; Suceveanu 1974,234-236.
Suceveanu 1969, p.354,356.

I5o

Kararuc 6lrnu noggtp)KaHrr B r{3[paBHocT, a rrpr{
KaKT0
rr
[o[paBJrHr{,
cJreABa [a ce T'bJIKyBa cIroMeHaBaHeTo Ha
rpaAa or flporonuft s cnucr,Ka Ha IocruuuanoBr4Te rpale)or151. Karar:nc npoc'brr{ecrByBaJr [oHe Ao K'bM cpeAara na VII 8., aKo He rraK Ao HacraHrrBaHero na AcnapyxoBr.rre 6'srraplr Ha ror or [ynaral52. flocnegnrare 6raroycr:porlcrneuu palora
B'bB BBTpeUHOCTTa Ha yKpeleHaTa TepaTopr.rfl [aTrIpaT oT [BpBI{Te [eceTI4JIeTr4f,
na VII B.: noA nafi-ropnara Hacrr{JrKa Ha yJr[rrHara Mpexa B Io)KHara llacr Ha rpaAa
ca orKpr{Tr{ ABe MoHerrI Ha lrMreparop Ooxa (602-610 r.)153.
yKpelnTeJrHr4Te ct op'rb)KeHr{rr Ha

Heo6xoArrMocT

KAPrrf (CARTA)
(noc IIIa6na; o6rq. IIIa6ra; flo6puura o6.racr)

14.

Hoc llla6na ce rraMl4pa sa 7 ,0 KM Il3Tor{Ho o'u rpag IIIa6na. Kpaft6pexnara
parloua Ha Hoca Ha rrJrorq or oKoJro 25 xa e ocesHa c apxeoJror[qecKu rrauetnuquls4 (r:r. O6p. 36). CnyuafiHlrre I{axoAKr{, rpoBe[eHl,Ire rpe3 1976tss rI npe3
repuo[a 1977-1979 r.156 cuacureJrHr{ pa3KoIrKI{, tIoABoAHLIre npoyqBaHus [pe3
19621s7,l979rs9 n 1980 r.159 u HapoqHr.rre repeHHrr o6xox[anrafl cBrrAereJrcrByBar
vBur\a

r

3a c'brrlecTByBaHeTo Ha ToBa MflcTo Ha 3Har{I{TeJrHo aHTr{rrHo ceJrrrlqe, B'b3Hr{KHaJro
KtM Kpafl na V Harraroro Ha IV e. rlp. Xp. r4 nposblqecrByBaJlo Ao K'bM Kpafl Ha
VI s. cr. Xp. Oule B Har{aroro na XX s.160 ro 6e orr>xgecrBeHo c Portus Caria/Caron
limen, c[oMeHar or flounosrari Menal61, Apuai6zuAnonuunns [eprrnJryc na Yepno uope163. flo-rscrro [peAuoJro)KeHr{ero 6e uogrpeneHo c HoBIa apryMeHTI{ I{ [opasau:ro164, Karo [oHacroflrrleM Ta3r,r I.rgeHTuQuraqux ce nplreMa 6espe:epnno n
ucroputrecKara KHr{)KHr4ua, Or.rurartru cnequsrilKara Ha repMI,IHa limenl6s cJIeABa
Aa ce npr{eMe, rre aHTr4r{Horo [pr{craHr{rqe n pafiona na uoc IIIa6na e EMaJIo LI3Kyc-

-

r5r

Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
Jordanov 1987, p. 186,204 (4 rrroueru Ha rrMreparop lIparrulft). Ot Mauranr.r.s rpo]I3xo)<Aa lr 6ponsona MoHera Ha r{Mfieparop Konctan'ruri IV: Chiriac 1995, p. 134.
rs3
Barnea 1994, p. 38 1 ; Georgescuflonescu 1995-1996, p. I 9 1.
r5a
Eo6.rena 6.r., c.69; Eo6qena 1985,7-19;Bacun.rru 1986,67-69.
rss
6o6.rera 1985, 14-15 (pasronru roA pr,KoBoAcrBoro na P. Eorunaror).
rs6
Bacrrqlru 1978, c. 92; Bacnrqnnt979,98-99; Bacunquu 1980, c. 110.
r52

I57

ToHqena 1964, 6L-63.
Jla:apon 198A, 228-230.
I5e
Jla:apon u gp. 1981, 85-86; Jlasapor 1987, p. 286.

rs8

160

lfnqor 1909,78-79.

16r

Pomp. Mela. De chron. II, 22 (ed. Frick).
Arrian. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 24 (ed. Miiller).
163
Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 15r, l0-14 (ed. Diller).
l6{ BoxKos
1925, tl8-123.
162

165

Angelova 1985, 8-11.

O6p. 36. KAPI4fl (CARIA). Tepu:ropuaren o6xsar Ha aHrr{rrHoro ceJrr{ule n pafiona na
ceralrrHl'I{ noc IIIa6la I{ [peAnoJlaraeMa peKoncrpyKr[rfl Ha HrrKoraluHara 6perona lu1vt5.
/ Fig' 36. CARIA. Territory of the ancient settlement on cape Shabla and hypothetical
reconstruction of the one-time shore line.

K. Illxopnr.rnl66, To e [peAcraBJrflBaJro lrpaBo'br'LJreH 6aceiin ycropegeH ua 6pera c A'bJrxrrHa 280 u u rrrrrprrHa 120 rpavru,
orpaAeH oT ceBep, Ir3ToK u rol oT TpI4 KaMeHHu Hacvfita-BTJrHoJIoMr{, rlo cpe[IllTe Ha
Kor.rro e r{MaJro rro elr{H rxog. flpooeAeHr,rre r pafioua noABoAHr.r [poyrrBaHr4q yror{Hlrxa nJraHa fi vI3flc]P,uxa c'brIIHocTTa Ha ApeBHoro npr4craHl{u{e. YctanoBeHo 6e, qe
To ce e c'bcrorJro or ABe tracr[: 1) cpannureJrHo [Jrr4TBK 5acefiu c npra6mrsr.rreJrHlr
pa3Meprr 400 x 150 M, orpa[eH or ceBep rr r43ToK or pu$ore, Korrro ,tB ceraurmuts. cu
Br{A ycneuHo r{3rrtJrHflBar poJrflTa Ha ecrecrBeH BBJTHoJToM (rosu 6acefiH e A[eHTr{-

TBeH rrpor43xog. Crlopeg o[r{caHrrero Ha

or Kapen Ilkopnur ApeBHo rprrcraHlrule), a 2) uo-gu6or saHelocpe[crBeHo ro)KHo or 6aceftna. Crapure oilucamilfl. Ha craprrHrrre e pafioua Ha Hoc IIIa6na cBruereJrcrByBar, qe HflKora plrSorere ca 6uta
HaA3rrAaH[r c H3KycrBeH rpagexl67, a roBa AaBa rrt]rr{o ocHoBaHr4e raKa rr3rpageHoTo c'bop'b)Ke:r.ne \a ce orbx([ecrsn c limen-a. 3a cbrrlecrByBaHero na rofiro ce c'b['bpxrar flcHr{ yKa3amus B caMr{fi ToloHr4M Caron limen. Cuopeg Apuaa, "3eMsra
oKoJro Kapuficxoro flprrcraHr4rrle ce Hapurrara Kaput". B cryvar oqeB[AHo craBa
AyMa 3a o6ruupnara r,r cpaBHr{TeJrHo HrrcKa rpafi6pexna repaca, pa3noJroxeHa 3alaAHo oT aHTuqHoTo rrprrcTaHl{Ilde, roJr.f,Ma qacT oT KoqTo e 3aeTa oT ocTaHKIrTe Ha
crroMeHaroro Beqe o6urupuo ceJrr,rrqe r{ HeroBr.rre HeKpo[oJrrr. flpu roBa noJroxenrae, Caria cJreABa Aa ce tbJrKyBa He Karo HrKaKBo a6crparrno reorpa$cro rroHrrTyre, a KaTo KoHKpeTeH To[oHr{M, [pegcTaBrrr{ ApeBHoTo r{Me Ha BtrrpocHoro rpafi6pe)KHo ceJrr{rrle, a Caron limen - Karo Ha3BaHr{e sa HeroBoro [puqraur.ru"168. noHacro.firrleM 6perorara IruHt4A o pafioua e [pelbprrrra rryBcrBr.rreJrHr{ [poMeHrr no
cpaBHeHlle c aHTr{qHocrra. 3ua.{ureJrHa qacr or ceJrrrqero e 6esn'rsnparHo yHr,rrrlo)KeHa B pe3yJrrar or eBcrarl{rtrure role6aHlufl.Ha MopcKoro HrrBo, reo-TeKToHLIqHIITe ABI,DKeHI4I II epO3IIrTa na uopCrrm 6pff.

lreH Ha orr{caHoro
Jrr{B, paBnoJro)KeH

Harl-rarr,rnogaHTHr{Te apxr4TeKTypHr{ ocraHKr{ Aarr4par or K'bcHara aHTr{rrHocr
ca cBrp3aHrr c npegrrppreroro Ha roBa Mflcro yKpelr{TeJrHo crporrreJrcr:so. 016paHr{TeJrHr4Te ctop:bxenus 6uilu r{3gr{rHaru B'bpxy Hoca, KoftTo ce BAaBaJr roraBa
3HaqrrTeJrHo no-HaBT,:rpe B MopeTo r,r 3aTBap.rrJr oT roro3ana[ 3aKpr.rTxs npprcTaHllqeu 6aceftn. Cnopeg 6ere>rxrare na K. Ilkoplur169, yKperrJrenraero rrMaro qerr.rpr4'brbJreH rrJraH c pa3Mepr{ 67 x 40 KpaqKrr. K.lM na.ranoro Ha XX s. rr3ToqHara My
rroJroBrrHa 6una ee.re Ha['bJrHo yurrrqo)KeHa nopa[v npona[aHero Ha MopcKr{x 6pxr.
PynHlr're uy ca 6tnu rl3[oJr3yBaHrr B no-HoBo BpeMe Karo [3TorrHrrK Ha crpor{TeJreH
MareprraJr rpu rr3rpaxlaHero na Illa6nencrrax Sap. flouacroarqeM KyJrrypHI{Te
rrJracroBe ryK ca Ha MHoro Mecra HapyueHrr or ctBpeMeuuu ue$roqo6lrsHlr UHCTararyru, KaKTo r{ oT ocHoBr4Te Ha crpa[[Te Ha c'bx{ecTByBaJrrrfl Ha c'brr{oTo MrrcTo
v,

HA EAH, Q. 165r, on. 1, a.e.424, tr.59,64-65.
HA EAH, $. 165r, on. l, a.e. 424, n.65;IIraqoB 1909,c.79.
168
flo te3ll Bcrpocrr e)K.: Torbatov L994, p. 325 sqq.
r6e
HA EAH, g. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 424, n.59,64-65.

166

167

,trl*.-+:,:,,;,.,t,N.Jffi
.s:11 r
:..::r..i.:.:.

.:j::::iiil

, :,::.i; $1i.,

].r.,

l.:'

o6p.37

-

KAPI4, (CARIA). ocrasrr.r or Kperrocren 3r{A Ha MopcKr4rr 6pw. lFig.31 .
CARIA. Remains of

a

precinct wall on the sea-shore.

npeAl'r BpeMe BoeHHoMopcKIr tlocr. 3anageurare ocTaHKr4 oT yKperrr4TeJrHaTa crECTeua ca 6uxn o6exr Ha qacrl,IarHo npoyrrBaHe rro BpeMe Ha cnaclaTeJruzre apxeoJrorurlecKlr pa3KonKr4 rpe3 nepuop3 1977-1979 r. flpes 1994r.6e goryueurlrpaH efr,rH
HarrbJrHo oroJreH r.r [oAKorraH or MopcKr.rq npu6ofr
or Kperrocren 3r4A c
A'bJDKr.IHa 10,40

(o6p.37).

u,

sparueur

3aB'bpIuBaIrI B 3anaAHara cr4 qacr c KyJroo6paoHa nocrpori*u170

Oc'rulecrneHr.rre npe3 1995 w 1996 r. coHAaxHr4 npoyr{Baur.ur rroA pBKoBoAcrBoro ua antopa171 gaqoxa go6pa ocHoBa 3a rlrJrocrao ocMr{cJrrHe n qacrr.rtrHa peIrHrepnpera\uqHa perplcrplrpaHr{re B Kpafl Ha XIX ser na6lrogerurs na K. IlfuopfivIIr u ua ny6rvxyBaHl{re pe3yJlTarr4 or [poBe[eHr{re rrpe3 1977 -1979 r. cracr{reJrpa3KonKr,r noA p'bKoBoAcrBoro Ha H.c. rls. Bacrar.ruul72, raro AoEpr,rHecoxa 3Har{I'ITerHo 3a veflcHsBaHe xpoHoJrorufl"ra u cnequ$urara Ha yKpenr{TeJruoro
crpot4TeJIcrBo Ha ceralxHlrx uoc IIIa6la [pe3 K'bcuara aHTr4rrHocr. Kouctarzp as*r 6xxa
fler xr{Jrr4rqHr.r xopr.r3oHr:a (1-5), cB'bp3aHr,r c o6rrrasaHero Ha roBa Mrcro rrpe3 prrMHr.r

r70

flo-uogpo6no

r7r

Top6aron/Xpncraxlre s 1996,

r72

Bacurqus 1994, 10-24.

sa roBa B:

Torbatov 1994,p.325
7 5-7 6.

sqq.

O6p. 38. KAPI4fl (CARIA). Xunnular,r xopu3oHrrr, KoHcrarr{paHu rpu rpoyqBarrero Ha
roro3araAHara KyJra Ha KccHopr{McKuq KBaApr.r6ypruyr,r. / Fig. 38. CARIA. Occupation
levels identified during the excavations of the south-western tower of the Late Roman
quadriburgium.

cKara (1), rrcropr,rMcKara (2) r pannoBr43aHTr{ficKara enoxu (3-5) (rx<. O6p. 38).
Cera uoxe yBepeHo Aa ce roBoprr 3a nocJregoBareJrHo c'brrlecrByBaHe ryK Ha ABe

- K'},cHopr4rMcKo r.1 paHHoBr.r3aHTr'rftcKo, KaTo Me)KAy ru6enra
Ha rl'bpBoTo r,r r43rpDKAaHeTo Ha BTopoTo e perrrcTpr{paH BpeMeBkr xuaTyc oT rroBepa3Iar{HI4 yKpenJreHr{r
r{e oT eAr{H BeK.

Hafi-paxnure apxeoJroruqecKrr 3acBr4gereJrcrByBauu crpor,rreJrHrr ocraHKr,r
rlpol{3xoxgar or crpaAa, cHa6AeHa c oronJrr{TeJrHa rrHcraJraqua. flpoyrreH e SparMeHT or loxHru i srag, Ae6er 0,8 u u rz3rpaAeH or JroMeH KaM'bK cBbp3an c xopocaH. floqrr Ha xr.rnoKaycta e 6u.n HacrJraH c gpe6nn KaM'bHr.r u rpau6oran, cJre[
Koero HaA KaMtHure e 6an HaHeceH ge6en go 0,1 M nJracr or xopocaH. 3r,rq.rr ctIqo e 6ran o6uagan orKBM B'brperrHocrra c xopocan. Cycnen3ypara e 6una nogA'bpxaHa or Beprr,rKaJrHo [ocraBerr[r KepaMr,runr.r rpr6u c Ar.raMerbp oKoJro 0,18 u,
cB'bp3aHlr KBM noAa c xopocaH. fionna:ra lracr Ha eEHa or resu rpr6lr 6e orrpwra in
situ.B 3arrbJrHr{TeJrr Ha xr{[oKaycta 6xxa orKpr.rrr.r $paruenru r{ or MaJrKr{ urr{HeHr{

rpr6uvru or creHHo oro[JreHr{e.
pl{aJr,

crpalara

cr. Xp.

-

B'ss ocHosa Ha MaJroq[cJreHr,rrr KepaMr{lreH Marenari-sepo.flrHo 6ass - Moxe Aa ce Aarrrpa uari-o6qo s.ss II-III s.

Krvr npeuero, Koraro Ha cerarrrHrirg noc IIIa6na 6uno r,r3rpaqeHo ntpBoro
or Aocera 3acBr.rAereJrcrByBaH[Te yKpelJreHr4fl, Ta3r{ uocrpor?xa rro BcflKa BeposrHocr BeLIe e 6vr.a npecraHaJra ga Synrqnouupa. OcuoBr,rre Ha roro3alaAHara KyJra
Ha yKpelJreHrrero ca npepr3aJrra nefinn're 3r,rloBe, Ho He u noqa ir, roriro 6ur ragnot-

3yBaH Karo QyHAaMeHT. OcraHKrrTe B'bB B'brpemHocrra Ha KyJrara 6raru nrane.nnpaPru, a xu[oKaycTbT 3acr.maH c B3eT oT MopcKr.{fl 6prr nxcrr. C rogu nqc'bK B
3a['bJrHr{Telrfl ca rronaAHaJrr{ oBaJrsHLr or npn6ot KepaMur{Hu Sparueurlr, ABe cr.rJrHO Kopo3r4paJrrr MOHeTr.r OT eJrr{HrrcTrrqecKaTa erroxa r{ HqKorKo $paruenra oT MeAHI4 rBO 3Aer,r, r{3rroJr3yB aHU B aHTr{rrHUre XOp a6rU,I KOHCTpyKIII4IT.
Llgroquata noJroBr{Ha Ha K'bcHopr4McKoro yKpelJreHlre [oHacrorIIIeM e HanBJrHo yHrrr{oxeHa. [oKyMeHrr{paHr4Te npez 1994 r. ocraHKI{ or KpenocreH 3rrA,
BrrArrMr4 Ha MopcKr4q 6prr, npou3xoxAar or cy6crpyKqrlf,Ta Ha loxHara creHa Ha
ToBa yKpe[JreHue. 3auagenu ca Ao HI,IBoro Ha 6ameta, pa3gerqul cy[ep- ot cy6c-

-

Oxuara

KpenocrHa creHa e $ynqrnpaua B'bpxy Marepl,IKoBara cKaJra,
r"r or roraBarrrHrrrr repeH. Ourosflte ca rurlpoKrl 1,90 rra.
Zsrpageuu ca or JroMeHu KaM'bHrr, cB'bp3aHrr c MHoro rBBp[ 6r.n xopocaH, c'b['bp)Kaq roJrflMo Kor[rrec-TBo rrsc'bK. B rpagexa e BM'bKHar B KaqecrBoro ua spolium u
egr.rH SpantreHT or BapoBI{KoBa KoJroHa. Vlsttusa:aeto Ha ocHoBl4re e 6raro c'brrpoBoAeHo c fleproAr.rqecru rpau6oBaHrrfl. Haft-ropulrxr peA or cy6crpyrqzara - HrIKora BlrAr,rM HaA TepeHa - e 6ru o6ruqoean or [Bere crpaHI,I c go6pe o6pa6orerut
KaMeHHr4 6noxose. flpes 1 995- 1996 r. 6e upoyuena rcro3araAHara 'brJroBa KyJra Ha
yKpenaeHr,rero. Tx nMa rrerr,rp['brbJreH [JraH pI e KoHcrpyKTI,IBHo cB'bp3aHa c rrpuJrex(aulr{Te ro)KHa r{ 3alaAHa KperrocrHr,r creHr{, [peA Korrro ce Lr3[aBa Ha no 5,00 vr.
Brrpeumrre i pasuepm ca7 ,06 x 6,70 u. Ipagexrr Ha cyrepcrpyKlluqra e B opus
implectum. Jluqara ca or go6pe o6pa6oreur{ KaMeHHI{ 6nor.{era c'bc cpeAHLr pa3Meprr, raro oco6eHo npeqr,r3Ho e 6uro oQopvreno B'bHrrrHoro nnqe. [e6eJrr{Hara Ha
3r.{[oBere Bapupa Mex[y 1,65 u 1,80 r*r. Cyuepctpyrwlera e 3ala3eHa Ha BlrcoqlaHa
qo 1,75 r4 e orAeJreHa or cy6crpyKr{r,rrra c B'bHIIreH I,I B'brpemes 6auret c ruI{pr.IHa
no orono 0,12-0,13 u. flo crpouTeJrnr,r oco6enocrn il r,r3noJr3yBaHrr Marepr,ranra, cy6crpyKrlr4flTa He ce pagJr[qaBa or ra3r{ Ha }oxHara KperrocrHa creHa. B'rn nrrpeuHocrra Ha KyJrara, B roro3a[a[nus i rrlll, e 6ut u3rpaAeH BoAeH pe3epBoap c [pe-

TpyKrlr,rqra.

na gu6o.ruHa oKoJro 1,60

uog rofiro 6un srouau [oJrHyM. B ocranaroro [pocrpaHcrBo Ha KyJrara
noAtr 6ral o'r rpau6ooana rrp'bcr. Egun uanrK 3arla3eH yrracr'],K B ceBepor,Igror{-

Jrr.rBHraK,

Hr4fl B'bHrueH'brtJr Ha c'brqara KyJra

Aa[e Bb3MoxHoct ga

6tle

rpaclrpaH

B

ceBepHa

nocoKa 3a[aAHu, Kpeflocreu 3Lr[ Ha K'bcHoprrMcKoro yKpelJleHr{e. Irlsclegoana'ra
npes 1977 -L979 r. (a va ;ruuHo - r.r npe3 1995 r.) KperocrHa creHa c HanpaBJreHr{e
3a[aA-r,r3ToK Aarrdpa cai crrrypHocr or paHHoBl,I3aHtuficrata efloxa. Oarrrr, o6aqe, qe HuKBAe r upo$nna na o6pylreuut MopcKI,I 6prr ue ce oqepraBa Apyra KperrocrHa cTeHa c'bc c'brIloTo Ha[paBJIeHIae IroKaSBa, qe ceBepHlrtT orpaAeH 3I,I[ Ha
paHHoBr,r3anrrnrfcxo:ro yKperrJreHrre roqHo cJre[Ba rpacero Ir rracrl{r{Ho [per,r3rroJr3y-

ra cy6crpyrrg4sra Ha ceBepHr{fl 3r{[ Ha K'bcHopr{McKoro yKpenJleHr.re. flpes 1978 r.
B 3arra[Hrla rpafi ua [poyqeHr4s ylracrtK, npeg $pottra Ha Kpe[ocrHara creHa r{

yc[opeAHo Ha Her, He[ocpeAcrBeHo npeA u3Brrrara noJryKp'bHra qacr Ha e[Ha KoHcrpyKTr,rBHo cB'bp3aHa c paHHoBr,r3autuficra, a crena KyJra ce nolaAHzuro Ha $par-

il

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d,
u)

f,

t

f,

a5
lu)

f,

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t

o

n
t\
J

r--.

o51015
#M
O6p. 39. KAPI4.f, (CARIA). fhan na 3ara3eHara rracr or KbcHopr4McKra xnagpu6ypu{yM.
I Pig. 39. cARlA. Layout of rhe preserved part of the Late Roman quadriburgium.

MeHT or:u4 c qe6e.nr.rHa 1,65 u173. 3ugrr 6ur upocneAeH Ha [porexeHrae or 7,50 u,
Ho ocraHaJr HegorpoyqeH B 3ana[Ha rocoKa. Torl 6r.rn Qyngupan Btpxy MareprrKoBara cKaJra, Karo Ha BIIcotII/IHa 6ran 3ana3eH Ao 0,10 M IIo[ Hr{BoTo na 6aurera IIa
Kpe[ocrHara creHa, T.e. Ha 1,70 rra or cKaJrara. 3rg'sr 6ran ra:rpageH or JroMeHrr
KaM'rbHrr, cB'bp3aHr.r

c 6xr xopocan. Crparrrpa$crara xapaKTepvc"rvKa r{ crpor.{-

TeJIHI4Te oco6enocrr.r Ha ro3l4 3IaA [aBar ocHoBaHr4e rofi ynepeno [a ce orHece K'bM
K'bcHopLIMCKaTa elloxa. HerOsoTo MecTorrOJro)KeHI{e crrpfMo ceBepHaT a u 3a[ral'Ha

KpenocrHa creHa [o3BoJrflBar orbxAecrBflBaHero My c'bc 3a[a3eHa cy6crpyrqrEa
oT ceBepHLIn 3II!\ Ha c'bU{eCTByBaJIa HflKOra Ha rOBa MflCTO qerr4pr4'LrBJrHa KyJra
ceBepo3arra[Hara'brJroBa KyJra Ha KBcHCprrMcKoro yKperJreHr4e (O6p. 39).

To.{Horo tonorpa$cxo SurcupaHe

-

Ha apxeororr.rqecKr4 perrrcl-pr,rpaHr4Te oc-

or

K'bcHopuMcKoro yKpenJreHrre Ha Hoc IIIa6na AaBar B'b3Mo>r(Hocr 3a rracTI{qHa peKoHcrpyK\prfl.Ha HeroBrrrl nnan. Tuuororr{rrecKu ro Moxe Aa ce orbxAecTBIr c MaJI'bK KacreJr, r43rpalen rro cxeMara Ha Kracr{qecriu quadriburgium, cra6gen
c r{err,rpu'brbJrHr{ BrJroBr{ KyJrr.r, HeuarraJruo rr3[aBarrlu ce npeq Sporira na or6paHuTeJrHaTa Jrvt]i.vtfl.. B paa;urunra qacTI,I ua Plrucrara vMlrlepl/rs. ca 3acBr4AeTeJrcTByBaHLI
HeMaJIKO yKpelJleHr.rfl C'bC CxO[eH [JraH u c'bil3},,{epvMr..r KoHcTpyKTr4BHo-cTpor4TeJrHIr [apaMerpralTa. Cnope[ TB'bpAe xapaKTepHoro pa3[oJroxeHr4e Ha Kyirr.,rre r4 cpaBHIrreJIHo MaJrKaTa gedex.u]P.a Ha KpenocrHr{Te creHr{, uaft-go6pu [apaJreJrrr Ha K'bcHopl4McKoro yKpenJreHr{e Ha Hoc IIIa6na flpeAJrarar rnaqpu6yprlrr.rre rrpu Ravna175,
TaHKIT

Poreika reka177, Gorneal78 ra Pu1inei17e. Maxap Aa ce orHacxr o6raxnoeeHo Hafi-o6u1o rsu Kpa, Ha IlVna.{aroro Ha IV B., B Hayr{Hara KHTTDKHa ocrpoB Sapaja176, npu

HI{Ha HflMa eAlIHOMr4CJrr{e OTHOCHO TflXHaTa AaTr4pOBKa - Tq qeCTO Ce noAJrafa Ha
[peol{eHKa, KaTo cnopeA pa3rr.,rr{Hr.rTe aBToprr Bapr,rpa oT [ocireAHaTa lreTB'bpT Ha

III n. go BpeMero Ha r{Mleparop Koncrasrnu I

r,r HeroBr{Te nprdeMHr.rqr180. 11uripaHHara MoHera, orKplara Aocera B apxeoJror[qecKr.r KoHTeKcr r{ crparr.rrpa$cru ra
xpouoJrorrrr{ecKr,r cB'bp3aHa c BpeMero na $yrxquoHr{paHe na xragpu6yprrryMa Ha
noc IIIa6ta, flpl{Ha[Jrexu na 6poHsoBoro MoHeroceqeHe Ha r,rMneparop Koncranc
or flepr4oga 337-346 rognna18l. B'sg ocHosa Ha roBa, r.r3rpaKAaHero Ha yKpenJreHrr-

r73

Ibidem,

11-12.

r7aScorpan1980,p.87,10--|}2;Lander1984,p.185,198-208;Parker1986b,30-32,105-108;
Kennedy/Riley 1990, 176-179,196, 199 sqq.
r75

Konguh 1982-83, 233-249.

r76,(uuurpujennh 1982-8 3, 29 -59.
r77
flerpornh 1982-836, 285 -29 1.
r78
Gudea 1970, 569-592.
r7e
Benea 1977,31-46.
r80
Bx. nanp.: Gudeal974,173-180; Petrovi6 1977 ,259-215;Jovanovi6 1996,69-12;Tomovid
1996,73-80.
r8r
MysefiHa c6npra - IIIa6na, apxeolorr4rrecrn Song, Ercneguqr.ra "Hoc IIIa6la '95", noneBr{ tlHB. N 16 (pesepcbr Ha MoHerara e or rnra VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX).

ero (noHe sacera!) He Mo)Ke [a ce orHece [o-paHo or rrtpBara [o]IoBI{Ha na IV ser.
Hali-reporrHo r{3rJre)Kna B'b3H-rrKBaHero My Aa ce flocraBla B'bB BpB3Ka c yKperrraTeJrHara gerinocr Ha r4Mleparop Koncranrzn I unra HeroBI4Te He[ocpe[crBeHll rrprleMr{r{qrr. Crangaprlrre Ha KBaApu6yprulr:re npe[floJrarar npu6nrasureJlHo KBa[parHa peKoHcTpyKrlr.rfl Ha HeroBl{fl IIJIaH, a r{3MepeHoTo.oTcToflHple Ha Io)KHara oT ceBepHara My KpenocrHa crexa - pa3Mepla oKoJIo 60,00 x 60,00 rnl. Toea ragna Aa rloKaxe, qe [pe3 auTr.rqHara eloxa Hoc'br, B'bpxy rortro e 6raro I,I3Ar{rHaro yKperIJIeHIreTo, ce e BAaBaJr lra He [o-MaJrKo or 40,00 ru rraB'r,Tpe B Mopero cflpflMo ceralrruplTe
KoHTypI{ na 6peronara rLIHI{q. flo rosr4 Har{r{H, aHTltrIH[IrIT Hoc e oc'bulecrBflBaJr
r{3T'bKHaroro Beqe cneqra$rauuo pa3[eJreHr{e Ha [plrcraHl{Iqero Ha celulqeto Ka-

ptrfll;;a [Be rracrrl

- [JrIlT'bK 3aKp[IT 1acefim c BxoA or ror,3au{I,ITeH or pu$ose u
Ir3KycrBeH B'bJrHoJIolt (?), u pa3noJroxeH Io)KHo or Hero A'rJIB'bpxy
r.nx
rr3qr{rHar
6or earlre. [rr4poKo orBopeH K'bM Mopero Ha ,r3ToK. Calnloro MecronoJroxeulre Ha
r.r3rpa[enoro ryK [pe3 rrbpBara noJroBrrHa Ha IV s. yKpenJreHlre He ocraBfl HuKaKBri
cBMHeHr4.rr orHocHo HeroBara cnyxe6ua cueqtt$uxaqruI: To'rpa6na oqeBuAHo Aa ce
ugeurra$raqr4pa Karo castellum c nolqepraHl{ BoeuHo-nonlEqericru $yurqur.r, I[3par4 [pr{cTaHr,ru{Hr{Te c'bop'b)KeHlrx, na6llogeKoHTpoJr Ha MopcKlrq Ir cyxon'LTeH rpa$rar e parlona, ct6rapane Ha pa3y3HaBareJrHr[ AaHHr4, KOHTpOJT Ha TbproBlrrra Ia ocBrrlecrBflBaHe Ha I{MrlepcKara AaH'br{Ha la MraTHr4r{ecKa [oJrHTr{Ka. Llsxo>r4ariru or go6pe rro3Harara Ir mupoKo pa3[pocTpaHeHa [pe3 pr.rMcKara e[oxa [paKTr{Ka, yKpenJreHr4eTo Iqe Aa e flpr{eJlo [IMero Ha
ceJrr{frleTo, B r{epTlrre Ha Koero e 6ra:ro Ir3[I{rHaro - Caria.
Pasrpurraxr HaA [o[a Ha ]oro3analHara 'brJroBa KyJra nJracr or rlerleJr I{ [ocJreABaJroTo r{3ocTaBrHe Ha yKpelJreHr{eTo cBrIleTeJIcTByBaT 3a HeroBaTa Hac[IIcT-

3SBaIIIU Ce B OXpaHa Ha [pr{CTaH[rU{eTo
:ett4e vr

seHa rra6er. Hauepenrare cpeA Ilefleirra JraAI4eBil[Ha JraMla

or Kpas na IV-V

8.182

u

6pon:ona MoHera Ha r,rMreparop Teogocuft II or neprloAa 425-450 r.183 nogsorqsar
flpe)Kr.rBflHara KaracrpoSa ga ce [perlr43r.rpa xpoHoJrorl{qecKpl B'bB BTopara qerBBpr Ha V s. ra Aa ce cB'],pxe c HrKoe or xyHcKr4Te HaIrIecrBIrr rlpe3 To3Ir rleprro[.
llqenruunara MoHera, rrpol,I3xoxflaqa or repI4TopLUITa Ha aHTI,ItrHoro ceJII,ruIe184,
rr perrrcrprrpaHrrflT [ocera xlraryc B [ap[r{Horo o6prulenue ryK, o6xsarlaul BTopa-

runXXX[.

182

Kysnanon 1992, c.

r83

My:eftua c6npra - IIIa6na, apxeoJ'Iorl4qecrlr Song, Exctegtlqua "Hoc IIIa6na'95", no.neBr rrHB. No 47 (uouerara e orceqeua n Knsnr, a peBepc'br e or rl{[a "rp.rct elr

18a

40,

neueq", sx<.: LR-BC, II, 2605).
Myaefina c6rrpra - IIIa6na, apxeonoruqecru $ong, Excnegraqna "Hoc IIIa6na'95", roleBr{ r4HB. Jt& 38 (r,aoHerara c.rqo e c peBepc or rrlrra "rptct ete eeneq", Ho MoHerapHrrqara e Heuerlnra).

V e.185, noKa3Bar, qe Kapua cloleJrrrJra c.rg6ata Ha r43rpa[euoro
xpafi nefiuoro [pr{craHrrrqe yKpenJrenr,re rl BpeMeHHo npecraHaJra Aa c'brr{ecrByBa.

Ta noJroBr{Ha Ha

1 s. KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS)
(noc IIIa6na; o6q. IIIa6aa; [o6plrvra o6racr)

C rzrnugupaHero Ha xyllcKara r,r ocrrorcKara orracHocr, BepoflTuo KBM Kpafl
V/na.raroro Ha VI s. )Kr,rsorrr xparT ApeBHoro [pl4craHl{tqe Caron limen, JroKaJrr43rrpaHo B aKBaropr,rsra Ha ceraruHr4fl soc IIIa6ra, rocreneHHo ce srgo6Houar186.
Ha

ApxeonoruqecKrlTe HaxoAKu cBr,rAereJrcrByBar 3a Bb3craHoBflBaHe Ha pa3[oJro>r(eHoro ryK ceJrrrrqe Cuia, yutrrqoxeHo npu xyHcKlrre HanageHut rrpe3 BTopara qerB'bpr Ha V n. fltponre rrffKoJrKo [ecerrrJrerrrJr Ha VI s. Morar Aa ce xapaKrepll3l,Ipar
KaTO HOB

14

IIOCJreIeH rrepUOA Ha ]rKOHOMr,rqeCK[ IOAeM B MHOTOBeKOBHaTa I,ICTOpU'

Ha ceJrr,rulero. Mex<gynpeMeHHo, B lrprlpoAoreorpaScxnre pI x[[pororuqecKl,I ycJroBlr-rl s pafioua craBaJrrr Bce rro-oce3aeMr 3anoqHaJrure olqe or III-N B. [poMeHI,I,
xapaKTepr,r3r,rpaqtr ce c nopeAHara qepHoMopcKa rpaHcrpecuq, AoBeJIa Ao nyBcrBrlTeJrHo noKaqBaue Ha MopcKoro Hr,rBo187. Toea e HaMepI,IJIo lr3pa3 Ir B e[Ha or HeMrrororo oplrrr{HaJrH}r 6elexru, BMtKHarll s AHoHul,rHrr.fl [epenJryc ua 9epuo rraope

or

HeroBr,Is KoMlrrJrarop. Cnopeg aBTopa, "cera 3eMrra

rpaft flplrcraHurqeto [r.e.

Caron limen] e HaBoAHeHutrl88. S"ggara cneA rosa roft ot6ensssa oqe eII,IH ]IHTepeceu u rBBpAe BaxeH $axt, cB'bp3aH ctc cbulus IyHKT or 3alagHonosruficroto
rpari6pexre: "Cera KapETe ce Haprrqar Kapeu"189. Taglr sa6erex<Ka orIeBIl[Ho Kacae MecrHltre XI{TeJII{ r{ cJreABa Aa ce rcJIKyBa KaTo yKa3aHr{e, r{e B LIMeTo Ha npacTarrurrlHoro ceJlr{qe e HacT'b[rrJra rlpoMqHa IIo cpaBHeHI,Ie c npeAxoAHaTa efloxa or Caria s Careal90. Mnoguncrsoro or lr3cJreAoBareJlr,rre na AnonuuHr4t nepufliryc
cqrrrar opilrr,ruaJrHr,rre go6anrr Ha cBcraBureJrfl Ha ctquueHrero 3a Han'bJrHo AocToBepHa, c'bBpeMeHHa HeMy trH+opMarlurlgl.

pe6euara

r flepunlyca

Tnrpge roJlsMoro cxogcrBo Ha ynor-

panHoBr{sanruftcxa roloHlrMrrKa c ra3I,I B KBcHr{Te cBqpIHe-

r85

Bacn;rqun 1985,220-237 (rpt6nagaAe HarpaBu yroBopKara, rre MaKap 3a MHo3LIHcrBoro
or MoHerure, ca,xparrrBaHu r Myaef,xa c6upxa - IIIa6na, Aa ce [pueMa, ue ca 6uau
HaMepeur,r a pafiona ua uoc IIIa6la, [por.r3xoA'br uM rre e 6m na4nexHo AoKyMeHTupaH rrpr{ TrxHoro [ocrbrrBane [r B Hr4KaKT ,B clyuaft rre Mo)Ke Aa ce cqrrra 3a HalbJIHo

186

3a loxaan3aqr{rra

u.rrypeH).
t,t

rrcroplrf,Ta Ha ceJlr{qero Ao K}M cpeAara ua V r., Bx. [peAxoAHIrrI

naparpaS.
r87

r88

Banu 1969, 10-18; O6croina 6u6nuorpaSruI Ha npoyqBaHltrra no npo6neua ce ctA'bp-

xa r: Opauet 19906, 32-49.
Anon5rm. Peripl. Pont. Eux. l5r,ll-12 (ed. Diller).

rse

lbidem, 15r,12.

reo

flo

rer

Rx.: hara I.1.

regn B'bnpocr{ ax.: Torbatov 1994, p. 325 sqq.

l,jll/,fl"

Ha

llpoxoulili

cBruereJrcrByBa 3a rflxHara xpoHoJrorlrqecKa 6nr.rgocr r{ AaBa

B'b3MoxHocr 3a rrAeHTlr$lmaqna Ha eAr{H or He3aAoBoJrr,rreJrHo JroKaJrn3upaHr,rre
Aocera ronoHuM[r, c'bA'bpxau{ ce a xpafiHo o6rpranua c[I4IcBK ua trOcrr.ruuaHoBr.rre
rpa4exr,r B npoBtrHrluur:e Bropa Muguq uCxurun, rplrJroxeu B Kpa, na IV-ra rurara ua flpoxotveBvrfl.TpaKTar "3a crpoexure". CraBa [yMa 3a yKpenJreHr{ero Creas,
cnoMeHaro B cnrrc'bKa HelocpeAcrBeHo cJreA Tomis192. fiocera ro ce orHacsme KBM
nonruricroro rpafi6pe)Kr4e Ha upoBr,rHrlrlfl Cxuranl93, rato o6urnoBeHo ce otbx(lecrBflBa[re c r{3BecrHr,rr caMo or K'bcHLI Ir3BopI,I cpeAHoBeKoBeH rpaA Craneal94,
xoriro [oHacrorrqeM ce JroKaJrLsupago c. Kpauenolgs. CuopeA eAlro Apyro, MzuIKoBepoflTHo npe[noJroxenrae, Creas Moxe 6n ce qssr,a cIrJIHo Ir3olarreua Qopua na
rrMero Ha KacreJra Cius196. B cserrr,rHara Ha [peAcraBeHlrre [o-rope AoBoAI,I tr pa3c'b)KneHl{fl, o6a.Ie, rasxoxAafiru or [opa3lrreJrHoro cxo[crBo B I{MeHara, MHoro no-

BeporrHo rr3urexAa cnoMeHaroro ot flporonufi yrpeunenue Creas Aa ce cB'bpxe c
B'b3craHoBeHr{fl BB3 ocHoBa AaHHr{Te s AHoHr.rl,rHrrrr [eprrnJryc rotroHrrM Carea, rarTo npe3 paHHoBr{3aHrrar?cxara e[oxa ce Hapilrraro ceJll,Iqero xpari gperuoro np]Ic-

ApxeonoruqecKlrre flpoyqBaHur, oc'blrlecrBeHl{ Ha noc IIIa67996r.r97, npeAocraBrr coJrrrAHrr apryMeHrlr or xpoHoJroruqecKo
ecrecrBo B no[Kpe[a Ha [peAJloxeHara ugentr.tQuxaqux, ttrf raro 6e ycraHoBeHo,
rre 3acBr4[ereJrc"ByBaHoro Ha repr,rropvflTa Ha roBa ceJrr{qe paHHoBr,r3aHrraficro yrpeflJreHrre, r,r3Ar{rHaro HaA pytrHrTe Ha c'bIrIecrB)rBaJILfi flo-paHo Ha c'blrloro Mrcro
K'bcHopr{Mcrn raagpu6ypr}ryM, Aarr.rpa r{MeHHo or BpeMero Ha I,IMfleparop IOcrznuan L HegnaqureJrHara pa3Jrr{Ka B r4Menara Ha ceJrr,rulero I{ yKpenJleHrrero Mo)Ke
6u ce grmrr.r Ha rperrrKa na flpoxonr4eBr{Te Konrrcrr4. Tq recHo Mo)Ke ga 6rne QarTIIqECKI{ 3ATI4IqEHA IIPE3 KOHEKTYPA HA CAMO EIHA 6YXNA "A" B T/r1ilTLCBAHETO HA I,IMEro y flporounfi: Creas - C[a]reas.
TaHr,rrqe Caron limen.

Jra npe3 1995

u

Hactrnlrar.rre or

K'bcHoaHTr.{rrHara

e[oxa Ao Harxfi

AHr,I KoJrocaL[HL.I

[poMe-

s pafiona Ma Hoc IIIa6na He no3BoJrfBar
pa3MepI,I Ha la3rpageTolrHo
Hlrro
rrJraua,
Hr{To
upra6ruasureJrHlrre
ce
oflpeAer[
Aa
Horo ryK paHHoBrr3aHrraficxo yKpenJreHile. flonac'rorqeM e 3arra3eHa caMo ceBepo3anaAHara My rracr c MaKcrrMaJrHr,r pa3Mepr{ oKoJro 65,00 (cesep-rcr) sa25,0A r'.r (rasrox-sanag). flpoyvnauzara [aBar ocHoBaHrae yBepeHo Aa ce TBBpAI{, rre HoBoI{3rpageHoro yKpenJreHpre [oHe B roxHa nocoKa o6xnaulano [o-roJrflMa fiJrolq or cGrrlecrByBaJrvrfl, Ha c'bnloro Mqcro KtcHoprrMcxu roagplr6yprrryM, Karo [JIaH:br My

ulr n ronSnrypaqrrrrra na 6peronara

caMo tracrrrqHo e

re2

6ur c'ro6pa:en

nl.artrrfr

c'bc 3aBapeHrrre ocraHKu (O6p. a0).

Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).

re3

Vulpe 1938, p. 330.
tea
Litzical926-27, p. 80; Barneal99la, p.
''5 Ky:es 1981a, c.286 u ctr.
re6

Be3evliev 1970, S. 148.

re7

Top6aronlXprrcraKr{eB 1996,

7 5 -7

6.

199.

(r)

)

t
tt
tt

ll
ll

\
f,

L3--W
rr-"l
ll

l

rt

(r)

\
>|"{

t
C\d
o

.ll
O6p. 40. KAPE9/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS). flnan ua 3ara3euara r{acr or
paHHoBr{3aHrnircrvs Kacrerr. lFig.40. CAREA/C(a)REAS. Layoutof thepreservedpartof
the Early Byzantine fort.

Ceeepnara KpenocrHa creHa e 6ur.a flpoyr{eHa orK'bM B'bHrrrHoro ir nuqe na
or oKoJro 14,00 ru B rleplroAa 1977-1979 r.le8 Ipes 1994 r. rs.6e uzcJre[BaHa r.r AoKyMeHrr.rpaHa n npo$lrra ua o6pyureurls MopcKI,I 6pxr199. r{pe: rrapoqeH coH[ilK, oc'brrlecrBeH npe3 1995 r., narf-r.rgroqru4rl 3arla3eH yqactbK Ha ceBepHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa 6e pasxput Ha rrporexeHr{e or 2,00 r'r I{ orK'bM B'brpelxHoro
nnqe200. 3uqrr e Qyngupan B'bpxy MareprrKoBara cKaJIa. Ocrosrre ca grn6orua go
1,80 rvr. Llsrpagenz ca or JroMeHI{ KaMTHIT, o6urno 3aJIerI{ c 6xl xopocaH, Ir uMar
urrprrHa 2,2Otvt. Hafi-ropuara lracr na cy6crpyxrlr{r{Ta ce e u3[aBaJra HaA lrrrBoro Ha
ToraBarrrHr{.fl TepeH c oKoJro 0,20-0,30 M, nopaArl Koero B Ta3I4 rlacr r[Ilara iI ca
oQoplaenra or go6pe o6pa6oreHu KaMeHHI.{ 6roxose. Cynepcrpyr\iltfia Ha ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa rIMa I[[prIHa2,00 M rI e orAeJreHa or cy6crpyrqurra c BbIrrrreH r{ Bbrpe[reH 6anrer: c mflpr4Ha no 0,10 rrr. flpu rbpBoHaqaJrHoro il paaxpunaue
ts. e 6u:na 3a[a3eaa Ha Bl{coqtrHa go 1,67 M. [o roBa HrIBo rfl e Ir3rpaAena B opus
implectum,Karo B'bHtrrHoro Jrlrqe e or no-roJreMtr r,I no-go6pe o6pa6^oten[I KaMeHHpI
6norqera. Oco6euo npeqrr3eH e rpa[ex'br or B'bHrlrHara crpaHa Ha rl'bpBtlfl peA or
cyflepcrpyKrlrrrrra: torf e or crapareJrHo r.r3rJrageHl4 rr ITJIBTHo npl,IJrrrarlu eArIH KBM
Apyr roJreMr,r BapoBnKosu 6rorose c e[HaKBa BrrcoqlrHa or 0,45 u201. flo BpeMe Ha
pa3KonKr,rre npe3 1977-1979 r. n narYr-ropHara 3arla3eHa qacr Ha 3il4a, rrplr roBa caMo orK'bM B'bHrrrHoro Jrr{rle, e 6un orxput eAr{H pe[ or ryxJreHa gv1apiln. Marap

npore)KeHr4e

r{ [peAla3JruBo, npoyqBareJrrr AorrycKa, qe craBa AyMa 3a nart-nolen pe[ or ryxJreH
norc, npegrroJrararq HaJlrrul{ero Ha cMeceHa sup.ap:os. (opus mixturz) e ropnara rracr

or

rpaAe)Ka Ha ceBepHara Kperrocr*a c"reHazoz.

Trft Karo flosc'br

He e o6xraulan

rlsJrara ge6enr,rna Ha 3rrAa, B cryqar e no-[paBI,IJIHo Aa ce roBoplr 3a opus
pseudomixtum, xokro IrMaJr He roJrKoBa KoHcrpyKTIrBHu, a no-cKopo AeKoparuBu[
Synrqun. Cenepnara KpenocrHa creHa Ha parrHoBrrganturfcxoto yKpenJreHr{e rovHo cJrenBa rpacero u orreB[AHo Bcscs[a

cy6opyrquxra

Ha ceBepHrlfl orpaAeH 3I{A

Ha K'bcHopr4McKr{, rsagpr.r6yprrayrrr. Cenepo3arraAHara rlerupu'brtJrHa KyJra Ha nocJregurrs o6a.re 6una r,rgocraBeHa. flpes 1978 r. Ha roBa Mrlcro 6r,rx otxprar cerMeHT

oT KyJIa, KOHCTpyKTT{BHO CB'bp3aHa C KperrOCTHaTa CTeHa, KoqTO AOTIUpaJIa AO rOXHoro Jrrrrle Ha ceBepHur 3rrA Ha flo-paHHara xyra. Ta ce IBAaBaJra Ha 1,90 M [peg
Qponta ua or:6panrareJrHara rrvt:avtu, a 3ng'br ir 6nt ge6en 1,00 ttt203. flpegnug o6exTr4BHara HeBG3MO)KHOCT Aa Ce npOAGJrXar pa3KonKlrre B 3arIaAHa flocoKa, flpoyqBaTeJrsr ce e BEATJT [puHyAeH Aa ce 3aAoBoJil4 c [peArloJroxeHl{eTo, qe ocTaHKuTe

nplrHagJre)Kar Ha [oJryKp'brJra KyJra. Cneg sacneMaHero Ha flpoyqeHure rlpe3

re8

ree

Bacurquu 1978, c.92; Baur.nqnr 1979,98-99; Bacnaqnn 1980, c. i 10.

Torbatoy 1994,p.325 sqq.
Couga>r B or 1995 r.
2orBacurqnn 1994, c. l0cn.
202
Ibidem, c. I l.
203
Ibidem.
2m

1995-1996 r. yr{acrtl{u

or QopruQIrKaIII{oHHara crrcreMa ria paHHoBr43aHrur?cKoro
yKpenJreHl{e, I43BGprueHI4Te HapOqHr4 lr3MepBaHr{f cBrrAeTeJrcrByBar, qe B'bflpocHr.rflT cerMeHT B [efiqrBureJrHocr rrpol,I3xoxEa or .brJroBa KyJIa, .{ufiro IrJraH Mox(e [a
ce B'b3craHoBr{ B TaK'bn clyuafi e[r{HcrBeHo Karo Kp'brbx. To.{Ho raKa e [peAcraBeI{a ceBepo3anaAHara'brJIoBa KyJra Ha yKpe[JreHr,rero Ha uoc IIIa6la r,r B]pxy c.bcTaBeHI4rI or K. IIkoplI{JI B Kpafl na XIX sex nraH204. Cnopeg 3ala3eHr{Te ocraHKr{,
BbHlrrHr{sr Al4aMerbp Ha Bt[pocHara KyJra Moxe [a ce B'b3craHoBr{ Ha oKoJro 8,75 rra.
3 anaqnara KpenocrHa creHa Ha paHHoBr.rsasrrEr?cxoro yKpe[JreH ue 6v.ta ug rpaAeHa a fundamen,tis n ue c'bB[aAaJIa c rpacero Ha 3r.rga Ha K'],cHopr4McKr{s KBaApr6ypruyrr.r. Tq 6e npoyqeHa npes 1995-1996 r. qpe3 [Ba coHAaxa. EqraHuar or rsx
6e saroxeH upr.r6nusureJrHo B cpeAara Ha 3ana3egu, yqacrrx. Tyr cy[epcrpyKrlr.rflTarea Kpe[ocrHr.r.f, 3rrA r.,rMa rlupr{Ha 1,90 rra u e orAeJreHa or: cy6crpyKrlr.rqra c B.bHIrreH I4 B'brpelrleH 6amer c ml{prrHa or no 0,15 ru. Ha sanageHara Br.rcoq[Ha HaA
6anxera (go 1,20 rrr) rpanexrr e B opus implectum, r{AeHTilqeH Ha ro3r4, ycraHoBeH
npra ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa. Bsnurroro Jrr.rqe e r.r3rpaleHo no-crapareJrHo B
cpaBHeHLIe c BbrpelrrHoro. Kalraesnrzre

6norose, rroJroxeHl4

B npaBr,rJIHIr peAoBe, ca

lo-roJreMr.r u go6pe o6pa6oreur, Karo oco6eno flpeqr.r3eH e rpaAexcr na narl-qolI/,tl1.e peE., K'bAero 6norosere flpurqrar rrJrGTHo egr.rH [o Apyf pr
Aocrr{rar 4o 0,80 rra
rIpH
Br.rcoqflna
0,50
rvl.
BtrpeurHoro
Jrr{qe
e
rpaAeHo
ABJr)Kr{Ha,
rrpeAr.rMHo c eAHocTpaHHo o6pa6orenu KaMBHI{. Crpertae>x.br K'bM cla3BaHe Ha peloBa 3t4liapvfl. e HaJIo)KITJI BM'bKBaHero B'bB Qyrure na no-gpe6Hr4 KaM'bHr{. Irlsnolsys attvtfl,t xopocaH
e 6xn, c [pr,rMec Ha eA'],p rurc'bK. flpu6nusureJrHo B cpegara Ha 3ana3eHr4q yqacr]K
or 3arraAHara KpenocrHa creHa 6e orrprar MaJT'bK nxog (nepoarHo norepHa) c urupraHa 1,59 M, crecHeH go 1,00 M r{pe3 ABa KoHcrpyKTr{BHo cB'bp3aur{ c Kpe[ocrHara
creHa flLrJracrpa. firycr-ruanHl,If,T rrpar e oQopueu or MoHoJrr4Ten (uoxe 6urrpeusnonsynan?) 6;ror c rarg'tn6anu rrerr{ 3a [ByKpr,rJra B.bprflrr{a ce Bpara.

B uatl-rcxrulfl 3alra3eH yrracrbK 3a[a[Hara KpenocrHa creHa Ha paHHoBr4saHTzrrcxoro yKpenJreHr,re npopr3Ba roro3anaAHara 'bmroBa KyJra Ha K.bcaopr4McKLIfl KBa[p[6ypruyrr.r, lrpo['bJrxaBairxus ro)KHa rrocoKa. Tyr cynepcrpyKr{r.rJrra rrMa
ge6eruana 2,00 rrr. lorslrara BrlcoqaHa, Ha Koqro e 3ala3eHa no cpaBHeHr.{e c [pyruTe [poyr{eHr4 yrracrbr{r.r or oKoJroBp'bcrlc'vtfl. KperrocreH srq (go 2,00 rr,l nag 6auxera), ce A.sJrxr4 Ha AeHrr3eJra\nflTa Ha aHTVqHr{fl TepeH or ceBep K6M ror. Io;rcrngr
3I,I[ Ha xsagpu6ypruyua, xortto ocraBaJr B'bB B'r,TpelrHocrra Ha HoBorrocrpoeHoro
yKperIJIeHI4e,6wt AeMoHTHpaH [o HIdBoro Ha roraBarxHrurq repeH. I4geurnuua 6una
clg6a:ra I4 Ha u3Tot{Hara qacr or roro3alagHara My KyJra. Herlsa:ra 3arraAHa \racr,
o6aue, KoflTo ce HaMIrpaJIa npeA Sponra Ha HoBara or6panurelHara crrcreMa r{
or{eBugHo 6u.lra e MHoro go6po c'scrosnrae205, 6lr.na 3ala3eHa r4 BKJrroireHa B Heq

204
205

HA EAH, 0. 165x, on. l, a.e.424, n.59.
2l cera cylepcrpyKqilflTa fla ceBepllara r,r 3a[aAHara
Br,rcoqrlrHa Ao 1,15-2,00 M

creHr{ Ha

Ha[ HnBoTo Ha 6anre.ra

ra3[

KyJra ca 3a[a3eHlr Ha

o6p.41. KAPE-I/K(a)PEAC (GAREA/C(a)REAS). cenepuara crpa]ruqa Ha BxoAa B
npaBor,r'brlHara KyJra Ha 3aranHara KperocrHa creHa. lFig.4l. CAREA/C(a)REAS. The
northern side wall of the entrance into the western tower.

Karo Me)K[r{HHa [paBo'brbJrHa KyJra. B Kpeflocruara creHa

6r,r.rr usrpageH Bxo[ KBM
KyJIara c mlrplrHa 3,l2trt, crecueH qpe3 ABa KoHcrpyKTr.rBHo cB'bp3aHrr rrr.rJracrpa Ao
2,65 xr (O6p. 41). Bognuar pe3epBoap or BpeMero na $ymrlrloHr,rpaHero Ha KBaA-

pu6yprrayr,,ra 6un rasocraBen, a ocraHKr4Te My - HrrBeJrr4paHr,r. Hrzsoro B'bB B'brperflHocrra ua npeo6pa3yBaHara xyna 6r.rno r.r3[r.rrHaro [o paBHr{u{ero Ha roraBaruHr{{
TepeH qpe3 3a['brBaHe c HarporxeHa noKpr{BHa KepaMr{Ka r{ rrp'bcr, o6pasynaulu
nJlacr c ge6enuna Ao 0,40 lr. Or ro3[r [Jracr c'bBpeMeHeH Ha crporrreJrcrBoro
fipol,I3xoxga e[Ha MHoro BaxHa HaxoAKa: MoHera c HoMrrHaJr or [oJroBrrH $onuc na
XOcrunraan I or XVII roAr.rHa Ha yrrpaBJreHrrero My206. Tx onpenels,5431544 r. Karo
crrrypeH terminus post quem 3a r.r3rpaxEaHero Ha paHHoBr{gan:rur?cxoro yKpe[JreHrre Ha uoc IIIa6ra, Koero AaBa ocnoBaHr{e ro yBepeHo Aa ce npuq[cJrrr KbM trOcru-

-

-

HI{aHOBrrTe CTpOeXU I4 Ce flBflBa AOlbJrHr{TeJrer{ apfyMeHT B rroJr3a Ha MOTLrBrrpaHaTa rro-rope B pr3JroxeHrirero HeroBa uqenruQuxar\Lls, c'bc crroMeHaroro or flporonrarl e rpaKTara "3a crpoexu:re" yrpemeirre C[a]reas.
Crparurpa$cKr.rre ua6nrogenraa [o3BoJrr/xa pa3rpaHr,rqaBaHero Ha rprl rrepuola s o6zrasaHero Ha pauHoBr,Banrraftcroro yKpelJreHrre Ha Hoc IIIa6na. fl'rpBIrflT or rrx 3arroqBa oKoJro cpe[ara na VI r. H e cB'bp3aH c r.r3rpaKAar{ero Ha yKpeIII,ITeJIHaTa CrrCTeMa r,r n'bpBOHaqaJrHOTO 3aCTpOflBaHe Ha 3arrlr4TeHaTa Tepr,rTopu_fl.

Kru rogu neprao[ c'bc cr.rrypnocr ce orHacfl e[Ha nocrpoftxa ( N
1,10 t't AByJrr.rrleBrr 3rqoBe, rmrpaAeHr4
cB'bp3aHr,r c

4) c 4e6e.nu go
qo6pe
o6pa6orenu KaMeHHrr 6roKvera,
or

6xr xopocan. Tg ce HaMilpa il3TorrHo or npaBo'brbJrHara Kyira

rz qac-

TI{LIHO BC3Cfl[a AeMOHTIIpaHaTa IOX(Ha KpenOCTHa CTeHa Ha KBCHOpT,TMCKT4S KBa[pU-

6yprnyru.

Aro

ce c'b[r{ tro [AeHTurrHara crporrreJrHa rexHrrKa, K'bM ['bpBoHaqarHo-

To 3acrporBaHe cJreABa [a ce orHece r.r AByAeJrHara(?) Crpaga Nb 5, sauaguara qacr
Ha Kosro ce oqepraBa r upo$una na o6pyrueHrm MopcKu 6pxr. Cnopeg crparr.rr-

qacrutrHo lpoyr{eHara Crpaga N 2,
npllcTpoeHa K'bM ceBepHaTa Kpe[ocTHa cTeHa, c'brrlo ce oTHac, K'bM [cpBr.rq nepu-

pa$crnre
og

AaHHr4 r4

orKprrrr,rre

B Hefl HaxoAKlr,

or @ynxrllroHr,rpaHero Ha yKpelJreHr4ero. Torasa 6rn u:rpageu

rz npu6nrr3rurreJr-

Ho yc[opeAHr{rrr Ha 3a[agHara KpelocrHa creHa 3r4[aH orroqeH KaHaJr, rofiro rn4sa
oT IOr, npaBrr rrynKa Ha 3alaA r.r MrrHaBa IIoA npara Ha npoyqeHaTa noTepHa.
HenrsMoxHocrra [a ce ycraHoBr{ qflJrocruttflr,rar r4 pa3Meprrre Ha paHHosugaHruficroro yKpenJr,)Hr{e Ha noc IIIa6ra, KaKTo r{ He3Haq[TeJruara npoyqeHa
r{aCT B'bB B'bTpOIIIHOCTTa My, [paBflT TB'bpAe pI4CKOBaH OIII4ITa Aa Ce OilpeAeJII{ TI4[OJrorr{\recKara My cGUIHocr. f[pn Bce roBa, npaaonunerlnrare orrepraHurfl:aa 3ana3eHr{Te KpelocrHr4 creHrr, $opuar:a rr pa3floJroxeurre:ro Ha ceBepo3anauHara BrJroBa
KyJIa lr crporrreJrur{Te rrapaMerprr Ha 3rrgoBere (ge6elnna rr rexHr{Ka Ha rpagex)
I{3KrroqureJrHo MHoro go6nr.rxanar C[a]reas [o BoeHHrrre yKpenJreHllfl or trOcrzHr.raHoBo BpeMe, r{3Ar{rHarr4 rro [yHaBcKux 6pnr Ha flpoBr,rHqrax Kpafi6pexna ,[arur e

206

Mysettua c6upra - IIIa6na, apxeororr4qecrrn SoHg, ErcueAarlrq "Hoc IIIa6na '96", norenr nns. .N! 79.

paitoua na X(flresHu BpaTa: Kladovo2o7, Milutinovai2o8, Usce Slatinske reke209, Rtkovo-

Glarnija

tr

210, L.|ubicava6211 . Bcr.rqrua

re ca6putwr3Ar{rHarrr rlo eAHo Ir c'btllo

BpeMe I'I

B paMKrrre Ha eAHa r{ c'br{a lrarqa6na BoeHHo-crpoI,ITeJrHa rlporpaMa, KoflTo o6xsaHaJra qeJrr{fl Eanrancru [oJryocrpoB u Har{aroro Ha quero oc'blrlecrBgBaHe Mo)Ke
la ce orgece K.bM 551 t -212 YcraHoseHara AarI{poBKa Ha yKperJreHrlero ua uoc IIIa6Jra cBr{AeTeJIcTByBa, qe I,I To A'bJIxu B'b3HI{KBaHeTO cI{ Ha c'bIIIaTa upOrpaua. flogo6no Ha Bcr{rIKI/I nprrBegeHr.r [pl{Mepu, C[a]reas Hec'bMHeHo cJrelBa Aa ce onpeAeJII'I
xaro castellum. Or ureAHa rorrKa xoga Ha I4croplrqecKure clodurlas, B'b3HlIKBaHero
rrMeHHo B cpeAaTa na VI e. Ha e[Ho I{oBo, [ocrpoeno afundamentis BoeHHo yKpenJreHr{e rpafi npucraHr,rnlero Caron limen prsrrex[a Ha[cJrHo 3aKoHoMepno. flpes
rrpeAxoAHr{Te ABe AeceTnrreTufr Ha Hecr{rypHocT, KoraTo MecTHaTa BoeHHa u aAMII-

Hr{crparr{BHa BJracr rroKa3aJra rrLJrHo 6egcranne [a ce clpaBI,I c HaABIrcHaJIara BapBapcKa 3aliraxa pr Aa flpeceqe HenpecTaHHIITe HaxJIyBaHLIs B IIpeAeJIIITe Ha ilMllepu,Ta, a6coJrroruara MopcKa xereMoHus H a Buganrus" tl pa3Blrrara rIpI{craHI{IqHa Mpe)Ka rro non'rrnficroro rpart6pe\<ve n 6pera na p. fiynan [peAocTaBI'rJrI{ cpeqcTBoro
3a oIIeJrrBaHe Ha MecTHr.{Te rapHr.r3oHr{ I,I qIIBI4JIHO HaCeJIeHI4e I{ 3a 3ala3BaHe KoHTpoJra Ha[ AoJrHoAyHaBcKrrTe [poBr4Hr{I4I4: rlpe3 c'b3AaBaHero rlpe3 536 r. Ha r{rlcrl{Tyrlr.rflTa quaestura exercitus, rturrepprflTa ycnellrHo pa3pellplJra upo6leua c npoloBoJrcrBeHoro r4r BoeHHo-TexHuqecKo cna6gxaane I{ Ir3ApB)KKara Ha BoenHu"le cv'4acTrr, pa3rroJro)KeHr{ Ha reprrroprrflTa na Bropa Musvts,t Cruruszl3. E6errnsHocrra
na paspa6oreHara cr4creMa, 1asapaua B 3HaqurerHa crelreH B'bpxy nplrcraHlru{HaB lleJlecto6pasuocrra o:r
B3eMaHe Ha AorrbJrHr{TeJrHr{ MepKI,I 3a 3auII{Ta Ha BoAHIITe KOMyHITKaI{zLI{ V npI4CTa-

ra unspacrpyKTypa, y6egutra sugaHrl,u;icrllTe crpare3ll

Konrperno rro oruorrreHl{e rorotr3Tolturrfl ceKTop or MopcKoro
xpari6pexrae Ha flpoBr,rnqraa Cruurfl, ToBa HaMepI4JIo rr3pa3 B peaJll{3lrpaHero Ha

Hr,rrrlHa Mpe)Ka.

c[erlr{aJrHa Mr.rKpoperuoHaJlHa BOeHHO-CTpOuTeJIHa [pOIpaMa, HacoqeHa K'bM ynrbTHqBaHe Ha 3aLqLITaTa qpe3 I43IpaxAaHe Ha HoBI{ onopHII [yHKTOBe. Hapeg c
yKperrJreHraero C[a]reas, c ragvr nporpaMa Moxe [a ce cB'bpx(e B'b3HIiIKBaHero Ha

rpaft6pexue: Karrnen 6par-Il, TLIMyM-3auag r,r Ean.rur-Tyztarazl4. Boenna:ra c'bxluocr I{ Ha rpl'ITe yKpe[JreHrrJr eABa Jrr{ Mo)Ke ga 6rge noAJroxeHa Ha c'bMHeHI{e: Te B'b3HptKBar Ha
neo6rnraeaH [pe3 KBcHara aHTurrHocr repeH, B [o-toJrflMavJrvt tto-MaJrKa 6nnsoclt

olqe TpII KacTeJIa

207
208

B.bB B.bIIpocHI,If yIIacT.bK oT npoBI{HIIIIIaJIHoTo

onuh -Kyruan ar,uh 197 7 -7 8, c. 1 27 ctt.
Milosevi6/Jeremi6 1986, 245 -263.

l{epru

art

Jovanovid/Kora6 1984,192-196; Jovanovi6 et al. 1986, 316-400'
Gabricevid 1986, 71 -9i.
2tr Kora6 1996, 105-109.

20e

2ro

2r2

Torbatov 1997a, p. 78

sqq.

2r3lbidem.
2ta

Tegu yKpenreHr{.q ca o6croftno [pegcraBeHn B II3JIo)<eHIrero MaJIKo Iro-AoJIy (n>r.

Berurre naparpa$u).

clor-

AO Beqe c'bIIIecTByBaIIIr{ yKpeneHr4 rIeHTpoBe, HflKOr4 OT KOr{TO - C MHOTOBeKOBHa
I4cropl,r{. Ocnex rr'bJrHa rrAeHTuqHocr or rJre[Ha roqKa Ha ronorpacpcrnre oco6e-

Te AeMOHCTpr4paT MHOIO TOIqMO CXOACTBO 14 B CBOf,Ta [r'raHOBa CXeMa, B KOI4 xapaKTepHllTe eJIeIvIeHTI{ Ha yKpenl{TenHaTa cI{cTeI\{a Ha C[a]reaS.
Hnxrge flpe3 BTopara floJrotsr{Ha na VI s., BepoarHo B pe3yJrrar Ha HrrKaKBo
HalaAeHr4e, KacreJrbr Ha Hoc IIIa6na tryBcrBr4TeJrHo [ocrpaAaJr r4 BpeMeHHo r{3irr3'bJr or crpoq. Axo ce cB[[r no lHair,-K-bc],j,vtfl, eK3eMnJr.[p or MoHerHoro c'bKpoBrrule2l5, orKprrro npea 1995 r. Ha rro[a ua Crpaga N 2 nog ge6en lo 0,30 M orroxapeH
HOCTTI,

9To ce oTKpI4BaT

rrJracr, 6egcrruero e Hacrtrr{Jro cJre[ 5631564r.

flary6uure nocJre[rrqu or Karacrpo$ara 6n:ru rr.troro cKopo npeo[o,'rrHr4.
Iloclegnaru inrarqa6uu BL3craHoBlrreJIHr{ pa6otlr, or6erx:rarqr4 Har{aJroro Ha RTopru nepr4o[ B xrEBora Ha yKperrJreHnero. 3a roea cBr4Jlerercrnyna ge6elvfll fiilac"r
xopocaH c BKorraHr{ B Hero rMI{ or uarpe6oane Ha Marepr4aJra, orKpIIT B'},8 B'brperrrnpaBobfBnHara KyJra, Herrocpe[crBeHo Ha[ rrJracra oT rroxap r4 pyilreBr,rctrqara ryna 6u:r npo6ur: Bxo[, nparr,t na xofiro
6un o$oplreH c Macr{BeH MoHoJrr4TeH 6nox. B pesynrar or B'b3craHoBrrrenHflTe pa6orra nusoro Ha repeHa 868 B'brpeuHocrra Ha yKpe[JreHuero ce lr3Arrrr{aJro c oKono 0,50 ru. Hsxora or crpagr,rre (NbNb 2, 4) 6nnw r43ocraBeHr4, a ocraHKr{Te rrM r{r.rBeJrr{paHlr. flossrarra ce r{ HoBra nocrpofixu (NbNil 1, 3, 6), uuuro ocHosr.r 6raru
BKorraHr,r B [nacra or pa3pymeuut. V\zgvraHero Ha repeHa HaJro)KrrJro Ha43rrxqaHe
I4 Ha OTTOqHr.rf KaHaJI, npoyqeH Xpaft n'rtperxHoTo Jlr{qe Ha 3anaAHaTa KperrocTHa
creHa. Muoro e BepoflTHo npe3 BTopr4fl nepr{og or c'brr{ecrByBaHero My KacreJrr,T
C[a]reas qa e:ary6uJr BoeHHrrrr cu o6rux u $ynxquu r.r Aa ce e npeB'bpHaJr B yKpeneHo ceJlr{u{e, [pr4lorr{Jlo qacr or HaceJleHr4ero, Koero [peArr o6urasaro qrIBrlJIHoro
noceJreHr4e B He[ocpegcrBeHa 6rrasocr.
Crzxnen rroxap, ocraBr{Jr ge6et [o 0,30-0,40 N{ [Jracr o'r rreneJr rr oryxJreHa
rrptcr, MapKr4pa Kpa, Ha BToprr, flepuog B xrrBora Ha paHHoBrrganrurlcr<oro yKpen-

HOCTTa Ha

Hu. Toraea B loxHara creHa Ha

JreHrre. 3acera Aarara Ha fio)Kapa He Moxe Aa ce onpeleJrrz c'bc cr.rrypHocr.

fiocra

orAaJreqeH terminus post quenx sa 6egcrnuero [peAJlarar [Be MoHerlr, HaMepeHr4

B

oflo)KapeHr,rf, [Jracr: [eKaHyMr,rrr na locrunraan I or XXXII (?) roguHa Ha ynpaBJreHrrero rray (558/559 r.)216 u elHo aHenrrrpaQcxo ro[poKaHr.{e Ha AeKaHyut4fl. Ha c:'.ulus nMrleparop or XXX roguua Ha yrpaBJreHr{ero rtry217, flpexrnBeHr{sr BeporrHo
K'bM Kpa, ua VI n. y[ap ce oKa3aJr Saraneu 3a rro-HararblrrHara crg6a Ha yKperrJre-

2r5

Crxpoeuulero
xa

ce cacrotr or 36 6ponsoBn Mouerr{ or pa3r[r{eH HoMIlHaJl: Myserina c6zpIIIa6la,
apxeoflorutrecxn Soug, Excneguqua "Hoc IIIa6na '95", uoleuu uua.
-

Nb 17, l-36.
Mysefiua c6upxa - IIIa6na, apxeolor[qecrn $oHg, Excneguqraa "Hoc IIIa6ra '95", uoreBr{ r4HB. N 27 (or Congax A).
2r7
Myaeina c6npxa - IIIa6la, apxeoror[qecru $oug, Ercuegr,rqr,rx "Hoc IIIa6na '95", noreBr{ r{HB. N! 29 (or Cougax B).
216

Htrero: or ro3r4 MoMeHT
c'bop'bxeHrre.

TO npecTaHaJro Aa

$ynxquonrapa Karo $oprusr,rraqproHHo

flocnegen rperlr replloA ua o6lrranane 6e perr{crpr.rpaH rroA $oprraara na
MHoro TbH'LK KyJrTypeH nJlacr caMo BT,B B'brpelxHocTTa Ha npaBo'brBJrHara KpenocrHa KyJra, HerlocpegcrBeHo Ha[ cJregrrre or yHrrrqoxilTeJrnvrs flo)Kap. Or nlacra
He [polr3xox{Aar apxeororuqecKr4 Marepr4aJrr,r, AaBarrlr4 BT,3MOXHOCT 3a XpOHOJTOrl{r{ecKa npelll43altruq. CuopaquuHl{Te cJIeAI4 Ha o6r.rraBaHe cBrqereJrcrByBar 3a [pacTI{rIHO HaMaJIfBaHe Ha HaceJIeHr{eTo, nBJreH KOJIaIC Ha MaTepr.,raJrHaTa KyJrTypa u
nocrelleHHo 3aMI4paHe Ha xlrBora. Hafi-rtcnrare I,I3BecrHr{ [ocera MoHerr4 oT Hoc

IIIa6.ra ca or II 2t8, y11 219 roguua or y[paBJreHrrero Ha rrMreparop Maupurufi
Tulepuh (583/584 u 588/589 r.). T'rrt Karo I4 gBere ca cnyvarinlr HaxoAKr.r, re He
Morar Aa ce EocraBqr TotIHo B KoHTeKCTa Ha apxeoJroruqecKE ycTaHoBeHaTa cTpaturpa$rna sa o6exra. flpra rora [oJroxenr4e, B'brrpocHr{Te MoHerr4 6uxa uorlu ga
nocJryxar caMo KaTo e[I4H OTHOCTTTeJIeH xpoHoJrorurrecKl{ I4HAr,rKarOp, yKa3BaIq
upra6lrasrateJtHo Kpaf Ha o6urasaHero Ha paHHoBr,r3aurrartcroro yKperrJreHr4e
C[a]reas.
16. Ka*reu

6prr-ffilara

(o6rq. Kaaapna; fio6prauxa o6nacr)

Ha2,0 KM Io)KHo or: Kalraen 6par, r ceBepor.r3ToqHl{fl BrbJr Ha EoJrHara xpafi6pexHa repaca "9.f,irara" ce HaMI,Ipar ocraHKr4Te or MaJrKo K'bcHoaHTLIrrHo yKpe[Jrerrl{e, I{3BeCTHO B JrOKaJrHara ronoHI4MI{f noA I{Mero "Karero"220. 3a Herosoro
crqecrByBaHe 3a [p:6B II'br ce cnoMeHaBa B HayqHara KHrrx(HI{Ha olqe B Kpas Ha
yp1 *.22t Kparro oIIIrcaHIre Ir ITJIaH na o6exra ce orKpr,rBar s neny6.lrr.rKyBaHr.rre
6elexrra ua K. Illxopnnnz2z. or 1980 r. yKpenJreHuero B MecrHocrra "9rfiilara" e
o6exr Ha cI4creMHLI apxeoJlorullecKrr pa3KolKr{, [poBexAaHn (c uanecrHr,r [peK.bcaarutx) B paMKrrre Ha KoMlJreKcHa HayrrHa nporpaua223. ooprusuKarllrogHara cilcTeMa Ha yKperrJreHrrero 6e npaKTr.rqecKr.r r{flJrocrHo npoyrreHa orqe B xoAa Ha n.bpBraTe apxeonorl4rrecKrl KaM[aHrru, pe3yJrrarrrre or Kor{To ca ny6rumyBaHr{ Ba,B Br{A Ha
rlpegBapllTe.nHo cto6rq errne224. flpoyvnaHurra cJre[ 1983 r. cnoco6crnyBaxa 3a rrac-

2r8

Mogerara e qacrHo npurexaul{e

rr e AoKyMeHTr4paHa

or

aBTopa B xofla Ha apxeonorrrqec-

Kure npoyqBannrl [pe3 I995 r. Hauepena e 6nra npeAr4 roAr.rurl Ha cawufl MopcKrl
6par, nenocpegcrBeHo ,t1o pynu[Te Ha yKpeirneH[ero"
2re

Bacurqun 1985,232-233, J\! 60.

220

Eo6qena 6.r., c.42.
22t
lllxopnun/IllKoprrrrJr 1892a, c. 56.
222
HL BAH, +. 165r, ou. 1, a.e.424,
223

*

42,67-68; a.e. 588, n. 44.

Canrr.ru 1985, c.77 cn.
22a
Tonrarron 1984,72-74; Salkin/Toptanov 1987, p.22 sqq.

O 6p. 42. Karr.reu 6pxr-.f, fi n ara. YxpenutenHa cl,IcreMa (Salkin/Toptanov
1987, p. 24,Fig.2). lFig. 42. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. Defence system (Salkin,
Toptanov 1987, p. 24, Fig. 2).

23
O6p.43. Kauen 6pxr-ffltara. flnan Ha Kperocruara ropra (Salkin/Toptanov 1987,
28, Fig. 5). / Fig. 43. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. Plan of the fort gate
(Salkin, Toptanov t987,28, Fig. 5).
TI,IT{HO U3qCHflBAHE HA B'bTPEMHATA NJIAHI{POBKA I,I YTOqH'BAHE HA CTPATIITPA$UXTA
r.r

xpoHoJrorfiflTa Ha o6exra225.

Yxpenlennero 6ulo r{3[r{rHaro B}pxy nafi-sncorara qacr Ha repacara Ir
AoMlrHr.rpa ruag:aet226. Or cenep rr ra3ToK To e ecrecrBeHo 3alqureHo or orBeclrl{
cKaJrHr{ 6perone, BI{coKLI floBer{e or 20 rur. Kpenoctnra creHl4 6um,r r.rsgurHarv caMo
orK'bM 3arraA n ror (O6p. 42). OyHgHpaHu ca B'bpxy 3ApaBara cKaJrHa noqBa, a Ae6eJrrrHara rrM B'b3Jrr43a sa 2,60 rrr. Yrpeuenara [JIoIq e 0,45 xa, npu MaKcIrMaJrHV pa3Meprr oKoJro 100 x 75 r'.r. flo rpacero Ha 3analHara KpenocrHa creHa 6unn usrpage-

4 xonsrpyKTr{BHo cB'bp3aHr,r nJrbrHr{ rrerupll'brbJrulr KyJII,I, orcro-flilIt4 sa 2525,80 r'l eAHa or Apyra. Te ce usganar aa2,90-3,86 u upeg sulqa, a uruplrHara I{M Iro
Qponra Bapr,rpa or 4,45 go 5,15 rr.r. IIpu6rzsI{TeJrHo B cpegara Ha }ox(Hara KpenocTHa creHa 6ura usrpaAeHa eAHa qerllplrbrbJlHa KyJla-flopra, B'bHIrrHLrrr BxoA ]ra

nra

KoflTo 6un aarnapqH c KarapaKTa, a B'brpeIuHI,Iar - c AByKp[JIa Bpara. flpra egno
no-K6cHo upeympoficrBo ruuprrHara Ha Bxo[oBere 6ura nalrareHa HarroJIoBuHa v
cBeAeHa go 1,30 rvr (O6p. 43). [ocrrnar Ao B'brpelxHocrra 6ul B'b3MoxeH L npe3
225

Carxlru/TorrraHoB 1985, c. 155; Tonranon/Canxnn 1989, c. 172 cn.; Camuu/TonranoB
1990, c. 189; Tourauos/Carrru 1991, c. 75.
126
flpegcraneHllre AaHHu ca B'1,3 ocHoBa ua: Salkin/Toptanov 1987,22-35.

O6p. 44. Kaues 1pga-flftr,ara. 3anagna:ra KperocrHa crena (rexuuKa Ha rpaAe)K). / Fig.
44, Kamen brjag-Jaylata. The western precinct wall (style of construction).
eAHa norepHa B 3a[aAHara Kpe[ocrHa cTeHa, pa3noJro)KeHa HerrocpeAcTBeHo rOXHo or Kyna 3. 3a zsxa.{saHe Ha 6oriHara uarQopMa, B KoHcrpyKrr4Bua Bp.b3Ka c.nc
3r4AoBere 6nnn lrsrpagenu 3 eAHopaMeHsu crrn6u c uLrpr4Ha or 1,20 go 1,30 rra.
Bclr.rrn yKpenrrreJrHra c'bop'bxelnfl, ca ra3rpageHr4 B opus implectum: c rpprxilr.rBo
o$opuenu JrI4IIa u eMlJreKToH or JroMeHr{ KaM'bHr4 r4 xopocaH, go6un qepBeH rlBqr

or clltrHo HarporxeHa crporzTeJrHa KepaMr4Ka. Oco6eHO [peqI,I3eH e rpaAexLT Ha B'bHrrrHoTo Jrrrqe, 3a Koero ca I43rroJr3yBaHr4 MHOrO
roJreMI4 KBaApI4 c $opua Ha npeceqeHa rrupaMrrAa, r{rrr{To Jrr{r{eBrr pa3Mep[ Aocrt4BcJreAcrBI4e o6utmwn npLIMec

rar

A'bJrxr4ua go 2,00 h r{ Br4coqr,rHa qo 0,70u. Knagpure npr{Jrfltar Mnoro rrJr.brHo
e[LrH Ao Apyr, Karo $yrra nparruqecKlr He c'brqecrBynar. flonox(eHr4 ca B xopr.r3oHTalrrru peAoBe, 3a cla3BaHero Ha Kor4To HflKorr 6:rorose 6ranlr nogpx3BaHr{ B 'brJrlrre
ulrLr B rpaAexa 6unn sh{rrBaHlr tIo-MaJIKI{ KaM'bHu c neo6xogr4Mara Soprrla r4 pa3-

uepu (o6p. 44). BrrperrrHoro Jrrrqe e o$oprraeuo c [o-MaJrKr,r 6roroee, Kor{To ca
cblr{o MHolo cTapaTeJIHo o6pa6orenu. Tyx na Mecra e perprcrpr4paHo rrpr/rJro)KeHr4ero Ha rexur,rKara "Binder-Lbu7"5'227 .

227

Tonranon

1984, c. 13.

flo

r.rnxesepuo-apxrrreKTypHa KoHrlenqus

r.r KoHcrpyKTrtBHt4 oco6eHocrr4,

yKpe[JreHr.rero B MecrHocrra ",.irrara" rpar? KarueH 6prr pa3KpraBa [opa3r,rreJrHo
cxoAcrBo c pagnoJroxeHoro caMo Ha oKoJro 5 ru ro;xno or Hero paHHoBr.r3aHuaricxo
yKpenJreHrre B MecrHocrra "TayxjrLIMaH" xpafi Cneru Hurola, Koero Kareropr4rrHo
cBI{[eTeJrcTByBa 3a B'b3Hr4KBaHeTO IrM rro elHO I4 CBUIO BpeMe, B paMKUTe Ha elHa r{
c'brla crpolrreJlua nporpaMa. Kato rexen 6rulg'br napaJreJr B crpor{TeJrHo-xpoHoJIOfI{qeCKu aC[eKT B Hayr{HaTa KHI{XHIrHa O6rarnOSeHO Ce ilOcoqBarle u Kyna 5 or
B'bHrxHara yKpe[r.rreJrHa Jfii:avfl. Ha Hoc Kanuarpa228, 3a Korro [o-paHo ce [prreMaIIre flarr{poBKa B'bB BpeMero r{a r.rMneparop locrunraur1229. Hanocnegl,K, o6aqe,
v3rpa)KAaHero ir y6egurerno 6e npegarr.rpaHo r{aK BBB BTopara [oJroBr{rra Ha
XIV n.230 Cnrypen terminus post quem3a ra3rpilKlaHero Ha yKpenJreHr{ero rpafi Cnerra Hprxo.rra rpeAocraBa eAHa cJre[pe$oprrlena MoHera (c,r'eg 498 r.) na uuneparop
Anacracurt, HaMepeHa B c"por{TeJrHr[, flJracr, [opaAI,I Koero Bb3HrrKBaHero My ce
orHacs KtM HaqaJloro rrJrr4 cpeAara na VI n., Karo [peAnoJrox(4TeJrHo ce cB"bp3Ba c
$opua$uraqr{oHHara AeftHocr Ha rrMneparop trOcrrrHrrartlz3l . Brs ocroaa Ha Ao6ntus. B xola Ha pa3KorIKLITe apxeoJroruqecKz MareprraJr, npoyqBarerr{Te rrocraBflT r.r3rpa)KAaHero Ha yKpenJleHilero B Mec"Hocrra "flfi,nata" xpait Karraen 6prr
uafi-o6rqo B Kpa, Ha V/na.raroro Ha VI s., 6es Aa ca B c'bcrorHrre Aa [per]r43r.rpar
[arrrpoBKara232. Cnope[ T.flx, ro 6uno c [oAqepraHrr BoeHHr{ Syurgtru233 r4 c.bcraBJUIBaJTo 3BeHo or rpaHAl4o3Hara paHHoBr4gaHrnitcxa yKpeul,rreJrHa c[creMa rro 3arragHorroHTuitc:rns,6pnr23a. Maxap, HecaMHeHo , u xa 6:aro r,r3[oJr3yBaHo rrpr,r neo6-

xo[I{MocT 3a

BoeHHr4 qeJrr4, TBCTOTO 3aCTpOrBaHe Ha yKpeneHaTa My Tepr4Topr4fl c.bc

CAMOCTO.f,TEJIHI4 XI'IJII4IIIHV CTPAIU C MAJIKI{ PA3MEPI4 CBUIETEJICTBYBA NO-CKOPO 3A

flolo6no Ha yKperrJreHrrero npn Cneru Huxoxa235, u z
\a1elails. cnyvafi narl-uepoarHo craBa AyMa 3a erarr B pa3Br4Tr,rero Ha pa3noJro)r(eHoTo B'bpxy KpaIi6pe:rnara repaca o6urrpno HeyKperreHo KBcHoaHTr{rrno cenurqe. T'rri
Karo apxeoJrorl{qecKr4Te HaxogKr,r cBilAereJrcrByBar 3a [pog'bJrxaBaHe na o6nr:asaHero Ha roJrsMa rracr or repeHa extra muros u [pe3 VI n., yrpenJreHr{ero cJre[Ba [a
ce pa3rJre)K[a Karo KoMno3r,rquoHeH eJreMeHT or rpaqoycrpoficrseHara cxeMa Ha
ceJrr{qero u c ror-fiMa yBepeHocr [a ce orr,x[ecrBr,r c HeroBa qurageJra. Perucrpupaunst B qeprlrre Ha KperrocrHrrre creHlr MorrIeH ropflJr rrJracr c ge6earnua go
1,20 tt236 cBr,r4ereJrcrByBa 3a Hacr{JrcrBeH rpafi ua xr{Bora. Cnopeg MoHerH[rre HaHeroBr{, qrrBr{JreH xapaKTep.

228

Krros

1971, c.15; Tonranon 1984, c.74.

22e

3axapuen/BnaArrMrrpoB 1973, c.
230
,[xunron u gp. 1990, c.72 ct.
23r

Kuror

1971, c. 14.

177

.

232Tonrauon 1984, c.74; Salkin/Toptanov 1987,p.31 sqq.
233
Ibidem, passim; CalrnuAeruMegxrreB L990, c. 5 cn.
234
3a cruluocrra r{ rleJrr{Te Ha ra3r.r cr{creMa, nx. f.nana III.
23s
236

Kuros 1971, c. 14.
Salkin/Toptanov 1987, p.32.

xoAKI{, yKpe[JreH]rero rIpocBIIIecrByBaJro [o K'bM Kpafl Ha VI pllll Haararoro Ha
e.237 I4 3arItHzL'Io [pI4 I{JIKoe or aBapo-cJraBrHcKr{Te Ha[a[eHr{fl rro roBa BpeMe.

VII

17. Kamen 6par-TonpaK KaJre

(o6q. Kaeapua; ,flo6puvra o6nacr:)
Ha 1,0 KM ceBepor{3TorrHo or c. Kalt.len 6pxr, n MecrHocrra "KlorloK crpT'r", B'bpxy caMafi. rpafi na BrlrcoKara oKoJro 35,00 rta KaMeHr{cra rpar?6pexna repaca, cnycKalqa ce oTBecHo K'bM MopeTo, ce HaMrrpaT ocTaHKr{Te oT yKperrJreHr4e, I{3BecrHo Hf,Kora nog r{Mero 'oTonpar KaJre" ("3euteua rpeuocr"). flpequ BpeMe ryK
e SymquonupaJr BoeHHoMopcKr.r rrocr, a AocKopo - r{ c[oMarareJreH Qap ("uuralra") or cI{rHaJIIr3arIIroHHara cl{creMa rro 3arraAHor{epHoMopcxttt 6pzr. flopa4n roBa, cera MecrHocrra e rr3BecrHa cpeA oKoJrHoro HaceJrenue nose.{e nog raueto "3acTaBara".

3a c'sulecrByBaHero ryK Ha cr6opena crapanna Kpenocr 3a [p'bB [.br ce
r. Ha crpaHr4rlrrre Ha r.r34aBaHrax r I{apurpa[ BecrHr.rr "3opHV\a"238. flpes 1905 r. K. Illxopuzn ny6nraryBa KparKa 6ere>rKa, Kacaeu{a nerinzTe MecrorroJro)KeHl4e I{ rrJraH, [prrApyxeHa or cKr{r{a Ha ocraHKrrre239. flon.snurcroMeuaBa npee 1892

orKpr{Bar B HeroBl4fl apxus240.
YxpenleHuero IrMaJro HenpaBI{JreH qerl4pr,r'brbJreH [JraH c MaJrKo Hairy[eH[
crpaHl{. Ha nsror ro onupairo na pr6a Ha rpafi6pex(Hara repaca. He e zsKrroqeHo
qacr or Hero Aa e [pola4HaJra B Mopero nopa[rl epo3r{flTa na 6pera. Cenepuara rr,ry
creHa 6u:ra g'rnra 90, :auagnara - 80, a roxoara - 50 rpa.rrra. B cesepoaaila1nzrfl"u
roro3arraAHr4q'LrbI Ha yKpenJreHr{eTo, a TaKa c'btqo r{ B cpe[aTa Ha 3ana[HaTa My
crpaHa, ce sa6erqgsaJrr.r [oJryKp6rJrl{ r{3[arbrlrur, o3Har{eHr{ B'bpxy nJraHa Karo KyJrI{
(O6p. 45). Cuopeg K. Ilkoprrrrr, yKperr{TeJrHara cr{creMa ce ctcro-sra or [BoeH
3eMJreH riailz4l , ltopa[r4 Koero r{ caMoro yKpelJreHue e [puqr4cJreHo or Hero K'bM
crapo6rnrapcKoro 3eMJreHo $oprusuraqrroHHo crpourencrno242.
Toga N{HeHrae, o6ave, oqeBugHo He ce crro[erq or c'bBpeMeHHr,rre rBcJreABaqr.r: yKpenreHrrero "Tonpar Kare" rpafi c. Kauen 6pxr ce orMrrHaBa c [.bJIHo M.bJrTeJTHI{ cBeAeHr{q ce

qaHple B c'bql{HeHlrqra, rrocBereHr{ Ha yKpe[I4TeJrHara [oJrr{TrrKa

237

Lr

[paKTr4Ka ua

IIrp-

Hai-xtuu4re Mouerrr ca eMltcr4r4 Ha rrMreparop Maapmrfi Tu6eplrfi or nepuofia 587589 r., sx.: Tonrauor, Calrnu 199"1., c.75.
238
B. "3opH[qa", 6p. 20, 1892 (recrurlrrr e ceAMurrHo rr3AaHr4e Ha Arr,repnraricKoro eBaHreJrcKo o6qecrno).
lllxopnil.rr 19056, c. 525 (Ta6a. CXV, 1).
240
HA EAH, +. 165r, on. 7, a.e. 424, n. 53,69 a.e. 588, ,r. 44,
23e

24r

242

HA 6AH, +. 165r, on. l,

Illropnn.n 19056, c. 525.

a.e. 588, n. 44.

Ilras Ea yKpe[IlTerHara clrcrerr.ra no K. Ilkopnun
1). / Fig. 45..Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Layout of the
defence system after K. Skorpil (Skorpil 1905a, Fig. CXV, 1).

O6p. 45. Kaneu 6par-Tonpar xale.

(Ilkopnnn 19056, Ta6r. CXV,

soro 6'l,nrapcKo qapcrno243, rarro I{ B Te3I4, orpa3qBarru npa6urapcKoro [plac'bcrBr4e no 3ana4noro rIepHoMopveza4.

Ilouacroxuleu2a5 yxpenJreHlrero e crrJrHo o6esr[.IeHo. flo-4o6pe e 3ana3eHa caMo u3Tor{Hara noJroBrrHa Ha ceBepHaTa KpenocrHa cTeHa - or p-r6a Ha rpar?MopcKara repaca po or6e:rxsa:aara u B [JraHa ua Kapen Illxopnur qynKa no nelinoTo rpace (O6p. 46). Ocrauxr{re c'bc cllrypHocr cBr{AereJrcrByBar 3a KaMeHHus rpa-

Ourosure ca 6utu noJro)KeHrr HanpaBo B'bpxy 3ApaBI4fl cKaJrr4cT :repei{, xoriro Jrexrr Ha g'sloouuna He noBerre or 1,00 M or ceraurHara IIoB'r,pxHocr. B nafi-uerovHran rpaii Ha ceBepHI4fl 3va, Ha npore)KeHl(e or oKoJIo 3,00 u, ce
Ha6lroqanar ocraHKr.r or rpale)Ka: gpe6uu JIoMeHI4 KaM'bHI4, odulno cB'bp3ohlr c

[ex

Ha yKpelJreur4ero.

2a3

PailreB 198^1,,16-44; Fauren 19826; Pamer 1982a.

2aa

finunrpon 1987.

2a5

Tepeunor.o o6xox<gaHe u AoKyMeHTrrpaHe Ha ocraHKrrre or yKpenneHneto 6e Ir3Bl,pueno o'r aBropa ua 4 $erpyapu 1994 r.

O6p. 46. Kaues 6par-Toupar rane. OcT auKrr or ceBepHara KperocrHa creHa. l Fig. 46.
Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Remains of the northern precinct wall.

6an xopocaH, TyK-TaM nplrMeceH c rtapqeHr{a crpor4TeJrHa KepaMr4Ka. F{e e xqro gaJrI4

ToBa ca cJIeAH or ocHoBI4Te v$rut or eM[JreKToHa Ha cynepcrpyK\VflTa. B ocranaI{3Tor{Hara i noroBnHa ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa lwrryt B HerarI{B:

rara qacr or

KaTO poB, orpaAeH ABycTpaHHo oT KaMeHHO3eMIeHLI ralOO6pasnrlHacyrltv:, OcTaHaJII4I or BpeMero Ha MeToA[qnoro orpa6BaHe Ha crporireJrHr4s MaTepr4aJr. flo tpaceTO Ha 3r4Aa, TOTTHO npz or6enx3aHara flo-rope qyIIKa, Ha repeHa rr.rrrar
ABe pa3noJIO)KEHII EAHO AO APYIO KOHI,II{HE XJIBTBAHII'I C AI,IAMET'bP NO OKOJIO 4-5 VI, KOI{TO
yKa3Bar nari-eepoarHo Mflcroro Ha KyJrr,r. B rarrs utyuait,c'rgerixra rro MecrorroJro-

xeHrrero uM B rlrJrocrHrrs [JraH Ha yKpenJreHr4ero, TyK craBa AyMa 3a gnoiixa rynu,
Kor{To ca $lanxupaJrrr KpenocrHa rropra.
3auaguara KpenocrHa creHa, KaKTo I4 3arraAHI{Te [oJroBr4HIiI Ha ceBepHr.Iq r4
roxHl4q orpaAeH 3LIA Ha yKpenJreur,rero Morar rtpu6tuzure,lrHo Aa ce npocJregxr noHacrotlrleM eII{HCTBeHO IIO rrJrrrrKt4rr r4 TeceH poB, ocraHaJr cJreA ToraJrHoro r43BJrI{r{aHe Ha KaMeHHIM MarepLIaJI oT rpa[exa. Mecrara Ha KyJrrrTe He
Jrl{rrar r4 TrxHaTa
Qoprraa He Mo)Ke Aa ce flpequszpa. or6eJrfl3aHara B c'brr{ecrByBaqr.rfl nraH qyrtKa
no rpaceTo I,I oTCT'bn HaB'bH Ha [3TOqHaTa ITOJIOBLIHa Ha IOXHaTa KpenocTHa creHa

He

Molar [a ce yAocroBeprT,

rlfi raro

Ha TepeHa He rur{aT HrrKaKBr{ cJrefru

or B.},[-

pocHaq yqacTBK.

flo nonrpxHocrra

Ha 3arqr.rreHara repr4Topkrfl ce orKpr.rBar ryK-TaM Kepa-

$parr'aeriru. Hqrou or rflx Aarrrpar or nocJrelHrrre croJrervfl np.Xp., no
orpoMHoro MHo3I{HCTBo npl4HaAJrexaTr Ha paHHoer4gaHrr4rlcKara erroxa. K. IIIxopnI,IJI c'brrlo cro6ulana sa ct6paHra orryK flaprrera or cBAoBe c "ocrpoHa6pasgeua',
(r.e. "rpe6eHuara") floB'bpxHocr, KaKTo I4 3a HaMepeHI4 "crapr,I',(?) uoneru2a6.
Mr{r{Hr4

Bts ocuosa Ha ycraHoBeHlltre KoHcrpyKTr,reHr4 oco6enocrra Lt Ha [ogeMHr.rq
apxeororruecKl{ Marepuan crapo6'bJrrapcKara [arrapoBKa Ha yKpe[JreHr4ero "To[par rare" xpart c. Kauen 6pxr rpr6aa peur.rreJrHo [a ce orxBBpJrr.r. flo ronorpa$cKo cr.rryr.rpane rr [JraHoBa cxeMa ro r{3Krroqr{TeJrHo MHoro ce qo6nmraBa Ao paHnosusaHrElircKr{Te KacreJrl{ Ha Hoc IIIa6:ra, B MecrHocrta ",[rn6ora" rpaft c. ErxlapeBo u nap BaluullrKara -Iyzta2a7. flopagrn roBa, B'r)[peKr4 Jrrrrcara Ha KoHKperHIr crparl4lpaScxra NaHHrl, Lr3rpaxAaHero N{y Mox(e c MHoro roJrsMa BeposrHocr Aa
ce [ocraBlr B KoHTeKcra Ha flocryJrvpauara seqe IOcruHr4aHoBa Ml.,rKpoperrrouaJrHa
BOeHHO-CTpCr4TeirHa flporpaMa or cpeAara Ha vI'n., o6xsaHaira roro[3ToqHoro
xpari6pe;xrae Ha flpoBr{ut1wx Cxarunz48

.

18. Cneru Huxona

(o6ur. Kanapna; fio6puura o6aacr)

frpes 1967-1968 r., rrpr4 crpoexa na TyprzcrptlecKvtfl. KoMrJreKc "pycarKa" B
MecrHocrra "TayKrrauaH", Ha MopcKl,rfl 6par na 2,5 xt"t mrou3Tor{Ho or Cseru Huro.ua, 6e flpoyaleHo MaJrKo yKpe[JleHr4e or panHoBr4ganruricrara enoxa249. Marap
cbulecrByBaHero Ha ToBa yKpenJleHr4e Aa cTaHa cpaBHr4TeJrHo K"bCHO AOCTOSHT4e Ha
Hayr{Hara o6rqectreHocr250, ru.uurifl"t apxr4B sa K. Illxoprrr4Jr cBr{AereJrcrByBa, qe
ro e 6r'r.no go6pe no3Haro Ha HeyMopr.rMrrfl rr3cJreflnav, rortro [ocerr.rJr Mrrcroro rr
o[r{caJr ocraHKr4Te oue B Kpafl Ha XIX ulu B HaqaJroro na XX s.251 go6r,lrure s
xo[a Ha cl4creMHlrre apxeororuqecKu flpoyqBanrrs. AaHHrr, o6ave, Kareropr{qHo o11poBepraBar flo-roJrrMara qacr or c'bqrbpxaulara ce B orrr4caHr{ero Ha K. Ilkopuu:r
uw$op*raguazsz.
Yxpenleauero rpalt Cseru Hraro;ra 6uno rasrpageHo B'r,pxy Hr4c'r,K cKarrr4cr
rroJryocrpoB (uarcr.ruanua HaAMopcKa Bucorrr4Ha 8,5 u), BAaBarq ce Ha ror MexAy
ABe MaJrKr4 3arrlBrrera. @oprn$uxaqrroHHara My &rcreMa e cBeAeHa AO eArrH npaBoHA BAH, g. 165r, or. 1, a.e. 424, n 53.
Bx- ca,orBeru[Te naparpaSu.
248
B>x. naparpaSa KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS) ro-rope
r{e Kuron 1971,
c. 9 ca.
246
247

2s0

25t
252

,(pencRsor;a 1966, c. 10 (].,{! 22).
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 424,

*

56-57.

Bcltuxr.r [ocoqeHr.r [o-AoJry AaHHr,r ca cflopeA:

K[roa lg7L,g-15.

B rr3Jro)KeHrrero.

lr

?.t

I

0 6 t0 20 e0 40 lon

#

O6p.41 . Cserr Hr,rrola. Ilnan na yKpelll{rerlHara cl4creMa (Kuron 1971, c.9, O6p. 1). /
Fig. 47 . Sveti Nikola: Layout of the defence system (Kuron 1971, c.9, O6p. 1).

Jrr{HeeH 3r4A c A'bJDKr.rHa 90 M, [perpaxqauq narl-rxcuara rracr Ha [oJryocrpoBa Mex(Ay orBecr{r4re CKaJIHI{ cKJIoHoBe oT 3anaA I{ I{3roK (O6p. 47).flpeX3I,IAa 6I,IJI npoKonaH poB. Yxpenenara [JIoIq BI3JIII3a Ha OKoJIo 0,7-0,8 xa. KpenocTHaTa cTeHa e

Qyngrapana Ha A'bfl$oquHa Ao 3,50 ru. [e6enIaHara iI ce oupeAeJlfl na 2,00-2,10 r*.r.
flo nororsMara r{acr or [porexeHrrero i, o6aqe, T.g e paBHa Qartlluecrlr ua 3,00

nopa[u [BeTe KoHcTpyKTIIBHo CB'bp3a]gi]j1rQTc 3I4Aa E.IbJITI{ e[HopaMeHsn cT.tt1uu
yge6erenlrxra B ABara uy Slanra. B xoHcrpyxrrrBHa Bp'b3Ka c'bc 3llila ca 6nr,1t rr3IpaAeHIr rr ABe nJI'bTHI,I rreTupu'brbJlHll KyJII4, pI3AaBaIIII4 ce ua 4 rta [peA HerO Yt lllfupoKr.r ro $ponra c'borBerHo 5,10 u 5,35 rrl. Kylure orcro.ar na 33 u eAHa or Apyra.
Egrnncrrenara [opra e pa3noJroxeHa Ha 6,80 u or 3arlalHl4q xpal? Ha KperlocrHara
CTeHa. Tx npegCtaBJlfBa O6zxnOseH OTBOp B 3I4IAa, UII4pOK 3,20vr, HO CTeC,reH [O
2,50 rvr nOcpeAcTBoM ABa ilLIJIacT'bpa, npI4KpPIBaU{I4 OcIrTe Ha AByKpIIJIa apata. Ipa[ex'bT Ha yKpenrrTeJrHr{Te c'bop'bxeHr,rfl e pr3KJrror{IrTeJrHo [peqpl3eH. I4su'brHeH e s
opus hnplectum. Etoxa)K'bT e oT JIoMeHII KaMIHI{ LI rIepBeH xopocaH, nOIyrIuI UBeM,

O6p. 48. Ceeru Htn<ola. Texnuxa Ha rpaAex Ha Kperrocrnara crerra. / Fig. 48. Sveti
Nikola. Style of construction of the precinct wall.

Ta cI{ or ttzolut*tvs npl4Mec Ha cI{THo cqyKaHa crpor.rreJrHa KepaMrrKa. Oco6eso
crapareJrHo ca oSopuenl{ BBHIITHI{Te Jrlrqa Ha 3r4[a r.r KyJrr.rre. 3a r.sx ca r.r3rroJr3yBaHI4

crapareJlHo o6pa6oteHl{ KBaApI{ c Sopua Ha npeceqeHa qerr.rpr4creHHa [upaMr{-

Aa, qurrro cpeAHr.r Jrr{rreBr4 pa3Mepu ca 0,8-1,0

x 0,4-0,5 M, HO B OTAeJTHT{ cjryrrau

rra. Kea4pzre ca noJloxeHll B xopLI3oHTaJIHIr peloBe r.r
MHoro rrJrGTHo [prrJrrra:r eAr.rH [o gpyr. 3a Aa ce cna3l4 peAoBara 3v1apvs., '],rJrldre
Ha HTIKOI{ OT T{X Ca [OApfl3aHr{, a B Apyrl4 cryr{a[ B rpaAe)Ka ca BM]KHaTI4 c'bBceM
MaJrKr{ KJrrrHoBrr[Hu 6nox.{era (O6p. 48). BrrperrrHoro JrI{I{e Ha KperocrHlrq 3uA e
o$oprueuo uo-ue6pexno. 3a Hero ca [r3[oJr3yBaH[1 KaMeHHr4 6noroee c [o-MaJrKrr
pa3Mepr.r I,r no-Jro[ra uspa6o:rra. fiocra uupoKI,ITe Ha Mecra Syru ca Io['bJrHIrreJr-

Aocrrlrar A'bJrxr{Ha ilo 2,0(!)

HO r{3Ma3aHr4 C pO3OB XOpOCaH.

B xoga Ha apxeoJrorrrtrecKrrre [poyarBaHnfl, or [Bere crpaHr4 Ha KpenocrHaTa creHa 6lrn pasxprat ge6en uo 0,30 M [Jracr or crpolrreJlxlr orlag'Lqu, o6pa:ysan
ce npu caMoro rr3rpaK[aHe Ha yKpelJreHr{ero. Hauepenara B To3I4 rlJracr MoHera
Ha rrM[eparop Anacracuft upegocraBfl cr4rypeH terminus post quem 3a BpeMero rla
crpor,rreJrcrBoro, Koero ce oTHacfl oT pa3KonBa.ra Hali-o6uo K'bM HarraJroro IrJrI4
cpeAara sa VI B. r{ [peAloJroxr{TeJrHo ce cB'bp3Ba c yKpell,ITeJrHara gefinocr no
BpeMero Ha uM[eparop OcrranuanI253. Yxpennenueto 6rano r{3rpaAeHo BBpxy
lracr or o6rarasaualta repr.,rroprrfl Ha eAHo 3HarrlrreJrHo lro pa3Mepu HeyKpeneHo ceJrrrrtre, qrrero HenpeK'bcHaro cBrrlecrByBaHe Irpe3 nepuoqa III-V B. flcHo ce npocJreArBa B'b3 ocHoBa Ha fipor.r3xoxAarq[s or Hero ugo6u.nen lr pasnoo6pa3eH apxeoJroDrrrecKr,r vrarepraar2sa. flpe[npr,reMaHero na $opruSL{KaI{I4oHHoro crpol{TeJlcrBo
ce pa3ure)KAa r,r3rlflJro B IIr4BrrJreH KoHTeKcr r4 ce IIpfieMa 3a Ha[LJrHo 3aKoHoMepeH
eTa[ B pa3BprTrreTo Ha cBrrloTo ToBa ceJrrrqe, frpoBoKl{paH oT 3acIzJrBaIrIaTa ce BapBapcKa 3anJraxa. Koucr:arupaHara rrpr npoyrrBaHero Ha KpelocrHara creHa roqrfl
TOTaJTHa Jrr4rrca Ha KyJITypeH rrJracT B'bB B'bTperuHocTTa lra yKpelJreHl{eTo cbBceM
ocHoBaTeJrHo ce rrHTep[peTr{pa KaTo cBr{AeTeJrcTBo 3a KpaTKoTo My rlpoc'blllecTByBar{e - Ao K'bM Kpafl Ha VI unu Haqaroro Ha VII s.255
19.

T(u)PICA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES)

(noc Kamraxpa; o6q. Kanapua; flo6puura o6nac"r)
B'r,pxy AbJrrr.rr rroBeqe or 2 xtt

r4

Br.rcoKo r{3Br{cflBalrl ce HaA MopcKoro paB-

or crapl{HHoro rpaxnficKo yKperleHo
ceJrlrqe Tuprasrac, Koero He caMo rrpo[bJrxlrJro c'blrlecrByBaHero cx rrpe3 cJreABaIqlrre BeKoBe256, uo rr rrplr[o6lrJlo rrpe3 K'bcuara aHTEqHocr 3HarIeHI4e Ha eAIrH or
nari-saKHr.rre BoeHHrr rr a[MLIH[crparI,IBHrI IIeHTpoBe B [poBLrHI{I{s Cr.urns. B xtcHOaHTT{r{Hlrre r{3Bopr.{ r{Mero Ha ceJrr.{uleTo ce [peAaBa Karo Tpwcaflmpnca, a BepoflTHo B Kpafl Ha V u.tru HarraJloro na VI B. ro 6raro npoMeHeuo na Axpe2s7. Arpe

Hr,rqe noc KanraaKpa ce HaMrrpar ocraHKr{Te

25r

Ibidem, c. 14.

25aIbidem, l0-11, 13.
2ss

Ibidem, c. 14 (6en 28).

256

3a r.rcropuqecKoro pa3BIITI{e

2s7

Ha

roBa ceJII,Iu{e, s)K.: Kfiron 1970, c.

fixuxron

4n. 1990. 9-21.
Bcuqrlr r{3BopoBrr Aa}rHn ca cr6pann n: IGBulg., I-, p. 42 sqq.

,fixnuror

1979; Arruuron 1989;

u

1

cn.; Axlurron 1970;

lonaAa n'ss Soxyca Ha BHr{MaHIrero
Ha BI43aHTLrrfCrUre XpOHnCTIT B:bB
Bp'b3Ka c 6ynra saBaratuaH25S, Koraro ce fipeBp'brrla n csoeo6pasna
croJrrrqa Ha pa3MrrpHraxa. flpr.r ouracaHr{ero sa c'siutwara Mapqeruu
Kouec olpegeJur Mflcroro Karo ca.ttellumzsg, Ho B cJryqafl He e flcHo AaJru repMlrH'br cJrenBa ga ce pas6upa
B'bB BOeHeH Vrrur B qITBITJIeH KOH-

:rercr260. flo-nepoarHa r.r3urexga
BTopara B'b3MoxHoct, lrrrl Karo B
HAI{AJIOTO HA YIIPABJIEHI(ETO HA UM-

neparop 0ctrlnuan I Arpe e cl4rypHO 3acB[rnereJrcrByBaH Karo e[IrH or
15-re rpaga Ha flpoBl{nqrax CruT:ufli26l . Msoro e B'b3Mo)KHo orpa3elr,ilar y Xraeporrn [o-BrrcoK craryr
o6exrxeHo Aa orpa3rBa eAHa KaqecTBeHa npoMrrHa, cB'bp3aHa c oc'b[trec-

TBsBaHero ryK Ha ruuporoo6xBarHa
crp orrre JrHo -6raroyc:rp ofi cts ena

rporpaMa.

flocroqHuo HapacrBauloro
rlpe3 KBCHaTa aHTI{r{HOCT 3Har{eH[e
Ha ceJrr.rqero B'bpxy noc Kanuaxpa
B 3HalIr,ITeJrHa CTerreH Ce A'bJrxI4 Ha
I;I3KJIIOqIITEJIHUTE IIPUPOAHII AAAE-

yJrecrurBaulrr HeroBoTo yKperurBaHe lr cnoco6crByBarqrr 3a [peBp'brr{aHero My B e[Ho o:r nafi-6necHOCTr{,

rq[{r4re rBopeHr{, na $optnQurar{rroHHaTa Muc'bJI

r.r

npaKTIIKa Ha Te-

prrroprrflTa Ha npoBr,rHrlr{fl Cxur:us. B
pe3yJrrar Ha rroBerre or 20-roguuruu
cprcTeMHr{ apxeororuqecKlr pa3Kon-

O6p. 49. T(u)PI,1CA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/
ACRES). fhan ua yKperlrreJlHara cEcreMa

B

qs.rocren nug (.fixnuros r Ap. 1990, c. 188,
O6p. 196). lFig.49. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. Layout
of the defence system in its final completion
(flxnnron u gp. 1990, c. 188, O6p. 196).

flogpo6eH aHaJrr.r3 Ha [3BopoBr{Te cBuAereJrcrBa rr BG3craHoBKa Ha xpoHoJlorl{f,Ta Ha c'b6urus. a BbB Bpb3Ka c 6yura ua Blr:raluan e: Barnea 1968,412-414.
2se
Marc. Com. Chron. ad a. 515 (ed. Berolini).
260
flo regu Btrrpocrr nx. fnana II.1..
26r
Hierocl. Synecd. 637,3 (ed. Parthey).
258

N

c
0ro.
ffh

O6p. 50. T(u)PI4CA/AKPE, (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). Br,urunara or6panurenHa rrrHrtx

(fl>runror u 4p. l99O, c. 26, O6p. 10). / Fig. 50. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. The outer defence line
(.fixunror r qp. 1990, c. 26, O6p. 10).
Krr KBcHoaHrHqHara yKpenareJrHa cHcreMa na T(u)puca/Arpe e IIflJIocrHo flpoyqesa262.BucoKr.rre [o 70u u orBecur{ cKaJrHr{ 6perone Ira Hoca HaTIpaBLIJIIT 6eaupeg-

Merno r{3rpaxAaHero rraA Tsx Ha KpenocrHrr 3IrAoBe. B santprueH BI{[, yKpeIII{TeJIHaTa cr{cTeMa ce c:bcToqla oT TpII caMocTosTeJIHu OTopaHuTeIHLl lrrr]/,Plrtr, oTcToqrrlr{ Ha pa3lr.rqHo pa3cToflHl,Ie eAHa oT Apyra I,I flperpax[alql{ Hoca oT cKJIoH [o cKJIoH.
B ctrpeueuHara Hayr{Ha KI{I{xHHHa regrltfllc,rril ce o3HarlaBar Karo "BBHlrHa" ("ntp-

Ba"), "cpe4Ha" ("BTopa") u "BBTpe[rHa" ("rpeta") (O6p. 49). l4zrpax[anero Ha
BCqKa OT TflX cTaHaJIO IIO pa3JILIqHo BpeMe, nopalu KoeTo re ce xapaKTepI{3I'IpaT c
pegrrrla cueqr,rQuvnu oco6esocru. Ktu Kpaq Ha K'bcHara aHTI{qHocr yKpeneHara
nJrorq ua Arpe BB3Jrr{BaJra Ha oKoJIo 25 xa.
B'rurunara or6p annrer sa tr4rttts263 uu a a6 comorso npan or utr eliHo rp ace
rr orcror{ sa 1245 M or Kpafl Ha Hoca (O6p. 50). flpegctaBilflr,a Kperocrelr 3Iu c
AaJrxlrHa 422v- u ge6ennua 2,80-2,90 M, B KoHCrpyKrHBIra BpB3Ka c xofiro 6ralll
rr3.rpaAenrr 3 nogron<lolpazuuw2 terupuBrBJIHrI rynu. flpeg Spouta Ha 3lr[a BepoqrHo 6ur uporouau Ir poB. fire or nogxonoo6pa3Hure ryln $nauxl{par eAITHCTBeHara [opra, pa3rroJloxena npu6rusr.rreJruo B cpeAara Ira Kpeflocruara ctena. Ot
BtrpeurHara crpaHa Ha rloprara, ua Syra K6M 3IIAa 6ral npucrpoeu rlpoflyrHaKyJryM c npu6lnsnrelrHo KBaApareH rrJraH (13,40 x 13,65 u). BrrpeurHocrra Ha rrerl,IplrbrbJrHr{Te KyJr}r ce orJII{qaBa c KpBcroBEAHuq cu IJIaH, ['bJlxatq ce ua o$oplteHrrTe B :6rJrr{Te r{M KoHcrpyKTr{BHo cBTp3aHrr [r{JracTpl{, KoIITo BeposTHo ca IIoAA'bpxaJrrr Kptcrar cnog. flo-xtcno K'bM KpelocrHllq :u4 6mu npllcrpoeHl{ [Be
[JrbrHrr rpa[erloBr{Ar-rr] (yJrrr. Hafi-x'rcnr,rre npeycrpolicrga ca cBTp3aHrI c norrpaBKa Ha elna or KyprrrHr{Te, rrpr{ Koero K6M BtHrrrHoto it nuqe 6ur gorenelr AorI'r,JIHI{TeJIeH 3II[ c AtJlxuua 35 rra u ge6e.nuua 0,60-1,20 M, a K'r,M Hero 6llla [pllcrpoeHa orqe eAHa rrJrbrHa rpa[erloBlr4Ha KyJra. Irlrrpax4auero Ha BBHIITHaTa or6panuTeJIHa r,kr:ettfl. B [BpBoHaqaJIHI{, ri nu4 ce nocraBq or flpoyrlBareJllrre B'LB BpeMero

YxpenureJrHara crrcreMa Ha Hoc Kalra<pa e flpegMer Ha crIeqrIaJIHo l,Iotrorparpfirluo lI3cJreABaHe: ,fin<unron n qp. 1990.
263
3axapuer/Brarurunpon1973, c. 161 cn.;flxunron uxp. 1990,24-70.
262

O6p. 51. T(r)PI1CA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). Cpegnata or6paurnrenua rrrrHrr{
(fixunron u 4p. 1990, c. 120, O6p. 134). / Fig. 51. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. The middle defence
line (flxunroB rr Ap. 1990, c. 120, O6p. 134).
Ha IrMrleparop BareHc. flpracrpoxnaHero Ha rrpolyrHaKyJryMa rr Ha [:bpBr4Te ABe or
c[oMeuarl{Te rpaleqoBrrqHr{ KyJrrr ce oruacfl KBM BTopr.{Jr crpor4TeJreH era[, KoriTo
ce Aarrrpa Hafi-o6qo B neprroga or Kpa.fl na IV qo K'bM cpeAara Ha V n. flocne4xnxr

(rperu) crpolrreJreH eran ce cB6p3Ba c rrogA'bpx(aHero

B r43npaBHocr Ha

yKpelu-

c'bop'b)KeHll, oT cpeAara na V B. HaceTHe, raro or6ens3aHoTo rlo-rope
yAe6eJI.flBaHe Ha eAHa or Kyprr,rHr.rre lr no6anauero K'bM Hefl.Ha rperara rpaleqoTeJTHI{Te

BrlAHa KyJra ce Aarr4pa B HaqaJroro HaYIs.26a
Cpeguara ot6pauurelHa r,uHle265 orcrolr ua 410 M

roxHo or B-r,HrrrHara n
c6ulo ce c'bcrorr or poB n aug (O6p. 51). firn:rvlaata i grsrrasa sa L62 M, Karo
6nrlso Ao u3TotrHI4rI Kpari Tpacero ir uparu eAHa rrylKa. 3aarpruenr{fl cr4 K'bcHoaHTIrlIeH o6nur cpeAHara or6panratenHa Jru*yrfl- go6una Ha ABa pa3[areqeHr{ BBB BpeMero era[a, B n'bpBI{rI or Kolrro ce pa3rpaHr4iraBar gne o6oco6eHr4 KoHcrpyKTr.rBHr{
$asu. fl'spnonavaJluo c'bop'bx(eHr4ero r{MaJro Br,rA Ha sarTr-o6raxnoBeH 3r,r[ c ge6enurua2,00 M, MoHoroHHocrra na roftlro 6rla napyueua caMo or [Ba orBopa - To3rr Ha
flopTara r4 Ha e[Ha rrorepHa. Hacropo cJre[ ToBa, o6a.re, npe4 AororaBarxuara rtopra 6wa r43gr4rHara qerr.,rprtrbJrHa rpoxoAua KyJra (xyna-nopra). CrulecrBeHrr yctB'bplreHcrByBaHuf B KoHcrpyKIII{flTa Ha cpe[Hara or6panzreJrHa Jrr,rHr4rr 6ranr.r sHeceHI4 MHoro [o-K'r,cHo. B parr,Kr,rre Ha roBa npeycrporicr:Bo a{yBCTBr4TeJrHo 6r,rna ynerl4r{eHa ge6enraHara Ha KperrocrHara cTeHa, [ocpeAcrBoM [prrcrpoflBaHe OTKT,M B'bHIrrHoro il nuqe Ha Ao['bJrHr4TeJreH :lrg c ge6elr{Ha or 1,00 go 1,60 rta. B xoncrpyxrunHa Bp'b3Ka c ro3r,r zug6wttw r.r3rpaAeHr.,r rr rpr.r r.r3rlflJro r{3[aAeHr.r KyJrr.r c KpBr.r,Jr [JraH.

Ilpeceuenraxr rpo6 ot II-[I B. I{ npeynorpe6enrare B rpaAex(a crroJrr4r{ or c'brr{oro
BpeMe ce rB.rrBar cr{rypeH terminus post quem 3a HalraJroro Ha crpoexa, n'bpBara
Sasa ua rbpBr.rfl eran or xoirro ce [arrrpa B rrepro[a Me)KAy 272 u287-289 r. Irsrpax4aHero Ha KyJrara-nopra ce o[peAeJrq Karo BTopa Qasa ua ['bpBr.rfl erarr r{ ce
[ocraBfl B ['bpBLITe [ecerrrJrerrrs na IV n. Broptrxt eran B o$oprvrxxero Ha cpe[Ha26a

flepuogus

aq.wflTa

265lbidem, 76-131.

14

Aarr.rpoBKara e cropeA:

,[xnuron u qp. 1990, c. 57 crr.

N

ri.

o li &di
I
I

---sas

lg-

-t

i

'ffi

01
JtrFF

5u

O6p.52. T(u)PIICdAKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). B,rrpeurnata or6pauureJrHa rr{Hr{q
(fixuuron n 4p. 1990, c. 132, O6p. 1a8). lFig.52. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. The inner defence
line (,[xunroB r{ Ap. 1990, c. 132, O6p. 148).

ra

or6paurETeJrHa :lutmvrs, cBcp3aH c y[e6eJrflBauero Ha KpelocrHr4q 3fly\ kr ktgp.ktraHero Ha TpIrTe HoBII KyJru, [peAnoJlox(rreJrHo ce orHacf K'bM Kpafl Ha v l{ru Ear{aJIOTO HA

VI

B.

B.srpeuruara or6panrareJrHa rrunn,x266 orcror{ tta 325 M ro)Krro 01' cpeAHara
r rperpax<Aa Hoca B eAHa or Hai-TecHr{Te My qacrn (o6p. 52). ArnrclHara i He
HaABr,ruaB a 30 u. KrcroaHTr.rqHure yKpenrrreJrHrr ctoptxe lavts. Ha roBa Mfl cro B'b3cflAar ocTaHKI{Te IiI rIolITLI TOTIHO B63npOII3Be)KAaT []raHa Ha yKpenJreHrreTo OT eJrrrHlrcrr{r{ecKara erroxa, Koero npoABJrxrrJro qa $yurquoHr.rpa (c ruxou [olpaBKlr [r
[ogo6peHr.rfl, Ho 6e3 HrrKaKBrr c'brrlecrBeHr{ npoMeHrl B IrJraHoBara cxeua) I{ [pe3
n'bpBr4Te BeKoBe Ha prrMcKoro BraAurrec'rno. fle6envtmara lra KpelocrHrr, 3LIA BL3Jrr{sa Ha oKoJro 2,00 rr,r. B cpegnara My qacr 6una usrpaAeHa cr.{JrHo ra3[aBarqa ce
KyJra c r{errpubrtJreH rrJraH, KoflTo oxpaHrrBaJra noprara. floprara ce HaMrrpa HenocpeAcTBeHo lororr3TorrHo Ao KyJraTa rr e pa3rroJro)KeHa noA brbJl crrpflMo npr.rJle)Kaulrur yqacrbK or KpenocrHara crena. Hauepenuar cpeA pa3BaJrr{Hrrre cr.)or{TeJreH HaArrr{c267 cougere.rrcrByBa 3a nper{3rpoKAaHe Ha KyJrara (u na qerlra BxoAeri
266Ibidem, 131-164.
267

Ea;rxaucxal974, c.66

cn.

rorr,rnlerc) "rl3 ocHoBu" rpe3 341-342 r. flpea V-VI s. rro c'bop'b)KeHLlflTa or BBTpemara or6paHiareJrHa JrI{HI{fl 6lrrur npegupl{eMaHlr peMoHTHI,I pa6oru, rouro, o6aIIE, HE gOBEJII4 AO IJIAHOBT4 TIPOMEH'I.
flpog'uoruJroro rrpe3 cpeAHoBeKoBllero (a u

no-rtcHo - Irpe3 ocMaucKara

enoxa) r{HTeH3r{BHo o6urasaHe Ha repeHa e cBt,p3aHo c r{acrl,Ir{Ho pa3pylxaBaHe

LI

aryBcrBr,rrerHo rrpeycrporlcreo Ha 3aBapeHrrre K:bcHoaHTIrlIHI{ yKpenI4TeJrHLI c'bopt)KeHrrfl. 3a r:qxxolro o6esr[qasaHero e AorrplrHecJlo u 6esxonr:po.]rHoro orpa6BaHe Ha KaMeHHr{rr grpol{TeJreH MaTeprraJr B IIo-HOBO BpeMe. flpu nCe ToBa, BHI4MaTeJrHrrflT apxIITeKTypHO-KOHCTpyKTT{BeH aHaJrrI3 Ha OCTaHKIITe IIO3BOJTI{ IOCTa TOrI-

no ga 6'rge ycraHoBeHa crpor.rreJrrrara [ocJreAoBareJlHocr, [oBeJIa go oQoprrranero
Ha cBBpeMesnns o6tnK Ha BceKIr or yKpenlareJrHr{Te rpa[exil'r. flpegnng, o6a'{e,
TB'bpge MaJrKara ge6etruua Ha [otrBeHoro [oKpI{TI,Ie I{ cB'bp3auoro c MHox<ecrBo
rro-KtcHrr rrHTepBeHqrM [poAT,JIxI4TeJrHo o6urasaHe Ha repeua, Bo4euero Ira cl4cTeMarrruHrr [peqr,r3Hr{ crpaurpa$crn na6mogeunfl rlpr4 rpoyqBaHero Ha yKpe[u-

flopagu Ta3u rrpualuHa, [peAKOHCTpyKTI,IBHII eTalv CaMO
acpeAKH
crparurpa$cKo-xpouoJloruqecK[
B
B
cJryrrau [orrr4Bar na 6eayupeqHu
IIeKT [aHHr{, a ro-qecTo - no nens6e)KHocr! - ca MoTLIBI,IpaHI,I c KoHcTpyKTIIBHII
flapaJreJrrl oT Apyrr4 MecTa I.{JILI [opu caMo c'bc cto6pax<envfl. oT I,IcTopuqecKu xapaKTep. Hafi-rrcroro c'bMHeHI{-lt rropilK[a npegrroJlaraeMoro Lr3rporlaHe Ha B'bHruuara or6paH?rreJrHa lrrtuvs. npu r{Mrreparop Banenc. Karo cllrypeH terminus post
quem sa roBa crpor.rreJrcrBo 6u cnegsaro Aa ce [ppreMe ropHara xpoHoJlorllllecKa

TeJrHaTa clrcT'eMa ce oKa3a npaKTl4rrecKn HeB'b3MoxHo.
JIO)KeHr{Te AaTT4pOBKI{ Ha r4Har{e

,cHo pa3rpaH[qeHl,ITe

rpaHr{rla Ha r43[oJr3yBaHg Ha perr4cTpr.rpaHr.r.fl HeIIOCpeICTBeHO ]OIOU3TOtIHO OT KpenocTHr4rr 3rrA roJrfM K'bcHoaHTI{lIeH HeKpolor. ,(ocera, o6ave, or Hero e pa3KonaHa
caMo e[Ha He3HarrlrreJrHa qacr, a HaMepeHr{r{T ocK'bAeH n 6egnra.ren rpo6en I{HBeHrap 3arpyAHflBa rpequ3Hara xpoHoJrorrrqecKa arplr6yqru Ha npofrenl4Te rpo6oBe,

qrrrrro Aarr{poBKa ce nocraBfl nafi-o6qo B paMKr4Te na fV e.268 Kato ce I{3Krllorrar
ABere AoJreneHr{ Ao B'brpeluHoro JIIrqe Ha Kpenocruara creHa nocrpofixtt or "VVI 8.", npoyqeHr,r oqe [pe3 60-te rogunaz69, gocetanpaKTua{ecKl4 Hlrlqo He e I{3BecTHo 3a xapaKTepa, rrJrbTHoCTTa Ir xpoHoJrortlfl"faHA 3acTpoflBaHeTo Ha o6ruupnoto
[pocrpaHcrBo Me)KAy B'buruHara r.r cpelHara ot6paurrenlr^rt lrvtuutut, a roBa HecGMneno 6r cloMorHaJlo 3a yTotIHflBaHe I{a BpeMeTo, KoraTo e 6r.rno [peg[p]IeTo II
caMoro QoprusuxaqrroHHo crporrreJrcrno. flpr rlflJrara orHocI4TeJIHocr Ha uogo6Hr4 acoquaqrtvr, He luo)Ke Aa He ce or6etex<u, qe rB'bpge cnequQuunurlT B'bTpeIIIeH
KpBcroBrrAeH rrJraH Ha ABere rrerfipr4'brtJrHr.r KyJrrr (none sacera!) HaMIrpa K]bcHoaH-

268

26e

Kysuanon 1971, c.6 cn.; I{ocn$oBa I{ Ap. 1994, c. 1 I l; llocu$ona/Papuuxor L996, c. 105.
3axapuen/Bnagnuupos 1973, c. 178.

TI{r{Hr{ napaJreJrr.r eA[rHcrBeHo cpeA rraMerHr{rlr4 Ha

Typa

or VI s.270

SoprnQuraq[oHHara apx[TeK-

flpegcroxulara o6pa6orKa Ha go6^rrn B xo[a Ha Aocera[rHr.rre npoyqBa6rqerqrate pa3KolKr4 Ha Hoc Kaluaxpa Hec'bMHeHo ule AolplrHecar 3aM3flcuflr,aHe u yroqHqBaHe Ha a6conrorsara xpoHOJrOrr4rr Ha KccHoaHTr4r{HVTe yKpenrrreJrHrr c'bop.bxeHr{fl Ha T (u)pnca/ Arpe. Bce
laK, I{ cera Moxe c'bc cr4rypHocr [a ce rBBplI{, qe or BTopara noJroBr{Ha Ha III s. ce
na6.irroqana noffrepraHa reHAeHIIr4r KtM noeranHo yBerr4r{aBaHe Ha yKperreuara
TepLITOpI4f Ha CeJrHIrIero oT ror Ha ceBep, [oBeJro orHaqaJlo Ao B63HI{KBaHeTO r{a
cpeEHara, a [o-KBcHo - v Ha B'bHrrrHara or6panr.rren]f.a luHrrfl. flpe: 559 r. Axpe,
r43rJre)Kna, Te)KKO nOCTpaAaJr rrpu roJrflMoro Kyrpr,rrypcKo Harrrecrnwe2Tl, onycrorrI4Jro MHOrO yKpeneHr{ rIeHTpoBe Ha repraropvrsraHa npoBr4Hrlr4fl cXnrax2Tz.TIpu
Bce roBa, IrIerI4Te 6Lrnu 6tpeo orcrpaHeHr4 r{ HopMaJrHr{-flT pr.rTbM Ha )KIrBora ce
sl:o6Honu;r. lpagrr [pexIaBrJI aBapo-cJraBrHcKr{Te HarraleHrm or Kpaq na VI n. ra,
IJ,nf, nzo6utteH apxeoJlorl4llecKr{ Marepr.raJr N

KaKTO CBrlAereJrcrByBa HyMr43MarnrrHr4rrr varepuan2l 3, npoctrqecrByBaJr rroHe Ao
K'bM cpeAara Ha BToporo Aecerr4Jreflae na VII s.

20. Tr{MyM (TTMUM)
(c. E'snrapeso; o6rq. Kanapna; fio6pra.rra o6lacr)
cenrarqe c r{Mero Timum ce cpeqa caMo

vII

vIII

B eAraH rrrrcMeH

[r3Bop

-

B

KocMorpa-

or Anonnnnvrs.aBTop or paseua. Antop.lr o3uar{aBa Trarr,ryrra Karo "rpag" (civitas) rr ro rrocraBq Ha 3ana[HonoHruficxtrx 6pxr rraexgy Bizoi (= En:one, npr{craHr4rqe Kanapna) u Tirissa (noc Kanu@lz.xra, c'bcraBeHa B Kpaq sa

r,rJrrl

npe3

s.274

275.

B'rnperr Ir3pl4rrHoro cBI4AereJrcTBo Ha r{3Bopa 3a Mecro{roJroxeHr{ero Ha
ceJrl{Irlero, To rpaHl{quoHHo ce orb)KAecrBflBa c'bc crroMeHarata s liinerarium
arpa)

270

KEM croMeHarrrre r o6o6ulzreruara ny6l rKar\ws.rraparrenrr (,flxnuron u gp. 1990, c. 68)
Morar Aa ce upu6anar Muoro rrprrMeprr or: Cenepna A$pr.xa, crarypHo cBtp3aHrr c
$op'raQuraul{oHuoro crpol{TeJrcrBo [o BpeMero Ha r{Mfleparop lOcrranlrau I:

THEVESTE, Bordj Hallal, THUGGA, AMMAEDARA, THAGURA
1981, passim.
271

-

s)K.

pringle

lllrenHo c roBa HalrrecrBl4e ce cB'Lp3Ba HaMeperroro ryK 3JrarHo MoHerHo c'bKpoBr{ule c
saii-xtcrlr eK3eMlnspl{ or BpeMero Ha rrMleparop loctunrEan I: Kyauauor 1975,
c.77 ct.
272
flo 'rogu Btrrpoc s)K. frana I.1.
273
llpolrsxo>rgaurl4qr or apxeoJrorr{r{ecKr{Te pa3KolKlr Ha Hoc Kalr.rarpa go 1989 r. aHTrrqeH
I4 K'bcHoauTurrell HyMIz3Marr{qeH Mareplraa e ny6lnrynau: Ilapyuren 1991, c.20 cn.
Hafi-r'r,csute eK3eM[rqpl{ [pl{HaAJlexar Ha MoHerocerreHero Ha rrMleparop trIpaxtuit yt yartpar or 6131614 r. (Ibidem, 30-31, Nb 162-170).
274
3a rasu AarLIpoBKa Ha cbquHerlrrero B)K. rrpr{BeAenrrre apryMeHTrr s: II}IBI,I, I, c. 390.
275
Raven. Anon. Cosmogr. II, 6, 10 (ed. Schnetz).

r1-\
\l)
\I/

o
t--l_J_,,.-r__l_j

zoo

O6p' 53. TIIMyM (TIMllM). Touorpa$ux n yKperr{TeJrua cr{creMa Ha KacrroaHrr{r{Horo
yKpereHo cerrllude. / Fig. 53. TIMUM. Topography and defence system of the Late Roman
fortified settlement.

Antonini prrMcKa rrbrHa craHrIE, Timogiti*76, Koqro ce e HaMupajra Ha rr.bu MexAy
Kanaruc z fir.ronuconoJrlrc tr eArrHogyrrrHo ce JroKiurr{eupa rpat AHerrrnoro c. TrtpArrqa, orcroflrrlo Ha oKoJro 15,0 xrrl HaBbrpe or MopcKr,r, dptr217.
Irl:eoponegcKvrfll aHaJrIr3 sa "KocMorpaSraxra" na AnosruHI,L aBTop or
PaseHa278 noKa3Ba, qe c'bgbpxarr{ara ce B He, un$oprvraqur 3a c.brrlecrByBaHero rr
MecronoJroxeHrrero Ha ceJrr{rrlero Tr,rrrlyu He Mo)Ke Aa Ce npeHe6peraa, a cJreABa Aa
ce [ppleMe 3a Ha['bJrHo [ocroBepHa r,r orpa3rBarrla eAHa o6exrusHa gerircrnr,rrenr{ocr, Ko-sro Hec'bMHeHO B'b3xO)KAa K'bM BpeMero [peArr HatrulJroro na vI s. c],..Xp.279
Ctuocraexara Ha rIrIcMeHlITe AaHHr.r c apxeoJlor[qecKl{Te peaJrHocrr,r HaMep[ Lr3Itin. Ant. Aug. 228,1 (ed,. Cuntz).
JloxattusaqllflTa Ha Tnuornqzr 3a rrp'bB rt'br e npeAJror<eHa or K. Mnnep. Tori nocoqra
c. Clprrsofi, no n gefictBl{TeJrnocr r{Ma rrpeABr.r4 c. Kanafr4xaAepe (gneruuoro
c. Tmpguqa, Illa6nencro): Miller 1916, Col. 511.
278
B)K. Inasa I.1.
27e
Hafi-rtcno o" Haqanoro na VI B. ceJrr{rrlero Ha Hoc Kaazaxpa EocE Beqe urvreto Axpe.
276

271

pa3 B HarI'LJIHo ooocHoBaHara JIoKaJrI43aIII{r Ha eHl{tMarr4trHrrfl Turrayu B MecrHocrra "[u6oKa", Ha 2,0 rrrr 3anaAHo or c. E.r,i]rapeBo, KaBapHeHcKo2SO. ftrporz:xo>xlal]{plTe orryK MarepI,IaJrI4 cBI{AereJrCTByBar 3a c'bulecrByBaHero Ha roBa M.rrcro Ha
3Haq[TerHo aHTI{qHO Cermqe c MHoroBeKoBHa r{c'-toprtfl. - oT K'bcHo)KeJrg3Hara eloxa
Ao K'bM Kparl Ha VVna.raroro na VII s. To saervra tracr or rpari6pexriara repaca,
3aKJrrorreHa MexAy AecHI{q (:anageu) cKJroH Ha BJrr{Barrrr4fl ce B Mopero "[sn6orw
BLIcoKIrt, rroBeqe or 80 rvr orBeceH rrlopcru 6pxr.
Oco6eno BleqarrrBaql4 ca ocraHKr4Te or KBcHara auTralrHocr, rrorB'bp)KEaBaIr{I4 npaBAlrBocrra Ha cBegeHrrero na PaeeHcxr.{, KocMorpa$ ra r.r:rsrBaulr,r 3HaqraMocrra na Turrryll npe3 Ta3r.r efloxa. cnopeg AaHHu or repeHHr4 o6xo>rgarurx ot
HaqaJroro na 60-re ro[rrHpl na XX 8., K'bcHoaHTr{rrHr..rsr Turuyu e rrMaJr [JraH Ha He[paBrureH rrerr.rpu'bf'bJrrrtrK orrupatq Ha MopcKr.r, 6pzr, c rtpu6ttuzwreJrHra pasMepr{
300 x 250 u (O6p. 53). Or 3arlaA, ceBep I{ r{3ToK rofi 6ur 3arrlr,rreH c MacrlBHa Kpe[ocrrra creHa, I{3rpaAeHa or KaM'bK u cuortra or xopocaH, cMeceH cBc crryKaHa Ke-

gor" Il

peuuga28l. B xpax Ha repacara, Helocpe[crBeHo HaA MopcKr,rrr 6pxr, srngrr 6un
ge6en go 2,50 u282. ilonacroxrqeuzS3 Ha repeHa flcHo Jrrrr\rrl caMo qacr or 3anaggara

KpelocrHa creHa. 3anaseHa e B'bB BrrE Ha KaMeHHo-3eMJreH Biur c Br{coquHa go 1,20 u
(O6p. 54). Tt r,rMa crporo npanotranefiHo Harrepra*ue v Moxe Aa ce rpocJreAr4 Ha
npore)KeHr{e or oKoJro 180,00 lr or pt6a Ha repacara B ceBepHa frocoKa (c 50 orrJroHeHI{e ceBep-ceBepornatox), Karo no rpacero i ne nra.{ar Hr{KaKBr4 ocrauKr{ or
ryrra. YxpelreHara nJIoIq Ha ceJrl4rqero e BB3Jrr{3aJra Ha oKoJro 60-70 gxa u e 6urra
f'bcro 3acrpoeHa. Mscroro r{ IIJraHGT Ha MHofO Or nOCrpOfiKr4Te BCe Oqe MOX<e
Aocra flcHo Aa ce uqeHrra$uqr{pa B Herarr{B IIo poBoBere, ocraHaJrr{ Ha repeHa B
pe3yJrrar or MacoBoro orpa6nane Ha KaMeHHr4q crpo[TeJreH Marepuan. ,[o r.ru
Kp:uI Ha 60-re rogranu na XX B. B IIeHTpaJrHara qacr Ha ceJrrlrrlero ce pa3no3HaBaJrr{
ocraHKI4Te or qtpxra2Sa. fiorolroro Moxe [a ce c'blll rro 3a[a3eHoro onracaHlre,
or pa3BalruHI,ITe I{MeHHo Ha ra3r4 q'bpKBa 6r,rnu [ssreqeHu B HarraJroro Ha BeKa e[trrr
Ka[r{TeJr r4 HflKOJTKO $parUern:a or MpaMopHr{ IIJroq[I or oJrrapHa [perpaAa, npII6paHr.I BlocJre4crBr{e a'm B apneucrrax rulylefi 285.
YrpenurenHara cl,IcreMa Ha K'bcHoaHTr{rrHr/rfl Turtryrnr BKrIorrBaJra r{ qr4Talena, r43rpaAeua s Hari-rcrol{3ToirHara lracr Ha ceJrprqero, BBpxy eAr4H I,r3Aar:bK Ha
tr3ToK ua rpafi6pexHa'la repaca, HaABrrcBarq Ha[ caMoro ycrr,re r{a B.rrrlBau{r{rr ce
TyK B Mopero "[u6oKla got". Teperrbr Ha rlr.rraAeJrara e cpaBHtrTeirHo paBeH B

280
281

ToHqesa 1970, 9l-92.
,fipervrcrasora 1966, c. 10, N! 21.

282

Tonqera 1970, c.92.

s3

Tepeunu o6xoxganr.rx B Mecrlrocrra "[rn6ora" rpafi c. Ernrapeeo 6xxa npeguprreMaur{
or aBropa upes 1991, 1994u 1995 r.

284

Toqqesa 1970, c.92.
HA EAH, +. 165r, on. l, a.e.543,

285

t.9.

O6p. 54. TI4MyM (TIMUM). Octauru or 3araAHara KperocrHa creHa. I Fig.54. TIMUM.
Remains of the western precinct waltr.
3a[aAHaTa rro]roBr4Ha, Ho B I,r3ToqHaTa i{ qacT e cr{JrHo HaKJroHeH oT 3aIIaA KGM rr3ToK, Karo AeHr.rBeJraqurra Aocrr{ra 15,00 rr.r. Hnrrge B Haqaroro Ha XX B. ocrarrKrrTe ca rocereHr,r

r

orrr4canu

or K. Ilkopnua ilo[ r4Mero "Krouyr KaJre". Or6erqssafi-

$opua Ha yKpe[JreHr{ero, Torl [o[ycKa, qe ro)Krrara My qacr e
qacr
lpolaAHaJra c
or MopcKrrfl 6pxr286. B Apyr cBori p'bKorrnc, cnupafiKr{ ce Ha
c'r,ullla o6err, Tori ouucea r{ eAHa rr3KycrBeHa rreqepa c'bc cBolecr raBaH (5,44 x
3,00 u; Br{cor{r4Ha - 2,20 u), rasg.rn6aHa B orBecHut 6pxr HaA Mopero, HelocpegcrBeHo noA yKpe[JreHr.rero287. Tasu r.tr$opMaqr{, [aBa ocHoBaHrre Aa ce non1/cHe, qe
[peAnoJraraeMoro cpyrBaHe na 6pera e[Ba Jrrr e 3acerHaJro ccqecrBeHo ocraHKrr?e
or qr,rrageJrara. CnopeA AaHHr{Te na K. Ilkopnr.rJr, npoBepeHrr Ha repeHa r4 cBepenu
c [JraHoBa aepo$orocHrirMKa, qr.rraAeJrara na Trarrryrvr e r{MaJra npu6ru,rsureJrHo rpaneqoBlrAeH nnan. C rrrupoKara cr{ ocHoBa (Aura oKoJro 120,00 u) ra e orprpaJra Ha
orBecHr.rq MopcKr,rfl 6par u cur)?Ho ne e 6ura ilon'bJrHr{TeJrHo yKpenrBaHa or ra3rr
crpaHa. Cenepo:anagHprJrr r4 ceBeporr3Tor{Hr{flT 'brJrr{ 3a sao6reHz. flpu6nusurenHIaTe I'LJIXQ{HLI Ha KpenOCTHr{Te CTeHr{ Ca KaKTO CJIe[Ba: 3arraAHa - 25, Cesepna - 80
Kr{ r,r3AtJDKerrara

286
287

Ibidem, a.e. 424, * 5.
Ibidem, a.e. 588, a. 51.

u I{3ToqHa - 40 r.a. ,{aHnu 3arexnvlqrpaAe)K JrrrlcBar. Cera:ugonere Jrr{qar BBB Br4A
Ha KaMeHI{cr BaJr, IIo noB'bpxHocrra na roriro ce cpeu{ar xopocaHoBr4 orJroM.},qr{,
c'bA'Lp)KaII{t4 TyK-TaM [aprleHqa cTpoI4TeJrHa KepaMI{Ka. K. Ilkopnun cto6ulaea sa

ocraHKH or e[Ha roJIrMa Kyna, pa3noJroxeHa B 3alaAHaTa rroJroBr{Ha Ha ceBepHara
KpelocrHa creHa. B egwnraa or p'bKoflucvre cv rofi s, olpeAeJrfl Karo KpErJra, c
Ar4aMeTbp 12 xpauxu288, Ho B [pyrr4r rr3Ka3Ba npe[[oJro)KeHrre, qe rosa r4oxe 614 e
uopra289. Tori cnouenaBa za clqecrByBaHero r{ Ha orqe AEe [orrrlr HalGJrHo 3aJrr4rreHl{ MiurKr.r KyJrtr B KpaLIU{ara Ha c'},qara cre]Fraz90 . MecrononoxeHr4ero il Ha "rpvTe KyJrr4 rroHacrosrqeM He Moxe Aa ce u[eHruQr,rqupa Ha repeHa. flpeg nari-:recuoAoctbrrHLIrI ceBepo3ana[eH ceKTop na or6panr,rreJrnara Jrn:avts. flcHo Jrrrqar ocraHKr{Te oT 3au{I{TeH poB, rrpoKorlaH B cKaJIHaTa floqBa.

flogo6no Ha ocrauaJrara yKpeleHa reptrToputfl,\r4Ta1elara Ha TNrrlyr'r 6ula
c'blrlo rbcro 3acrpoeHa. K. Illxopnran cro6ulara 3a [Be crpailv, Korrro 6rznr pasrolaHrr or xIrTeJrrITe na c. ErnrapeBo, KaTo Lr [BeTe ce orJrr{r{aBaJII{ c rr3KJrroqr,ITerHa
lpeAcraBl{TeJrHocr. Eguara 6uta c npu6nnaureJrHo KBa[pareH rrJraH. flogr,r i 6att
HacrJrau c MpaMopnr.r rrJroqr{, a cpeg pa3BaJrr4Hrrre 6wm HaMepeHr.r xy6vera or Mosaftxa or crBKJIo. fipyrara crpala 6urra c [paBotrbJreH rrJraH r{ BeposrHo rpx6ea
Aa ce oTb)K[ecrBrr c xpr{crrrrHcxa .6asu:.,;],,xa. Orrlx 6unII nsxouaHr,r [aprrera or
uosafixa, KaKTo I4 MHoxecrBo MpaMopHr,r apxr,rreKTypupr geralirut, lracr or Korrtro
6raru uo-r'reno rpu6paHl{ or c. ErnrapeBo BBB Bapnencrzx rraysefi: nrrJracrpoBrr
KarrI4TeJrI{, Sparrr,renru

or

Ko.iroHI{, npo$ram.rpaHr.I KopHr,r3oBlr rrJrorrrd, nirorrr{

or

oJr-

TapHa nperpaga291.

B qa.nocren Brr[ yKpelureJrHara cl{creMa na Trarraylur ce e c'bcrosJra or ABa
- oKoJloBp'bcrHa Kpe[ocrua creHa I,r qr,rra[eJra. 3a cr>raneHr4e, rrpr4

KoMfIoHeHTa

cefarrlHoTo c'bcTotHl4e Ha [porlBa]JkrflTa BpeMeTo r.r xpoHoJroruqecKaTa [ocJrefioBareJrHocr Ha rfxHoro r43rpaxAaHe He Morar Aa ce olpeAeJrflT c.bc cr{rypHocr. IIp"xcraBeHrrre AaHHIT cBuge'rercrByBar uafi-o6qo 3a K'EcHoaHTilr{eu [por.r3xog rr Ha [Bara
KoMnoHeHTa Ha yKpe[ureJrHara cl{creMa. B xonrercra Ha r{cropl4rrecKLrre cr1urptg,
ra

o6ulrare TeHAeHIII{I

T[rI, rrpeBp'blrlauero

B pa3Bl{Tr.rero Ha rroceJrrrrrlHara crpyKTypa n upouEuqux CxraHa craplrHHoro rpari6pe)KHo ceJrr{rr{e B MoxIeH yKperreu rIeH-

T'bp eABa

JrU MOXe Aa Ce OTIreCe [O-paHo or B'b3craHoBr{TeJrH}rrr lrepr{oA, [ocJreABzur
YHI,{qO>IC,ITEJIHI{TE TOTCKI,I U XYHCKI,I HAIIIECTBI,I.f, OT IOCJIEIHATA IIETB'bPT XrA IV U
Il'bpBure [ecerr{Jrerr.rx ua s.292 KtM eAHa eBeHTyaJrHa Aarr.rpoBKa B rpaa na v/na-

v

qaJroro ua VI a.(?) HacoqBa I{ [oAeMHI{rIT apxeoJrornlrecKr.r Marepr.raJr or reprlToprl{Ta Ha Trarvtytvr, xofiro cflopeg flocerarrrHrrre r43cJre4Baqr.I [arr.rpa flper.rMyrrtrecrBeHo

fbidem, a.e.424, t.5.
lbidem, a.e. 588, n. 51.
2eo
lbidem, a.e.424, n.5.
2et
lbidem, a.e.543,n. 8-9.
2e2
Top6aron 1993a, 38-40.
288
28e

or V-VI
MoHerH

s.293 C'so6rqaBa ce I{ 3a MHo)KecrBo HaMepeHr.r

or ccu{oro

ryK 6ponsouu u snarnra (!)

B

IrlcroprauecKvtfl. uyselZ n Kasapua, Ha[prrMep, ce
c'bxpaHrlBa eAr,IH coJrrr[ Ha r.rMneparop Anacracr.rr? I r,r nonosuH Sonrac Ha Iocrnn II 295.
B nogrpena Ha rrpe[Jro)KeHara [arr,rpoBKa cBr4rAereJrcrByBa fl Sarrrr, r{e roqHo no
vpevre294.

ctu{oro BpeMe - Kt,M Kpa, Ha V/Ha.{aro:ro sa VI BeK - npoyqBareJrr4Te orHacflT
B'b3HIrKBaHero u Ha [pyru ABe MHoro cnequ$uuntr yKpelJreHr.rq rro roror{3Tor{Horo
xpafi6pe:xole Ha npoBr{Ht1ux Crurun - Te3r{ B MecrHocrra "flfrilara" rpaft Kar',ren

6ptr296 r4 B Mecrnocrra "TayK.[r.rMaH" rpafr Cneru Hllrola (na repuroprr;rra Ha
Kypoprno ceJruu{e "Pycama")zg7.Mattxvre rrM pa3Mepra ra 6eacuopHo 3acBraAereJrgrByBaHoro crrHxpoHHo o6raraeaHe Ha flpr{Jre)Karrlrrre repeHr{ AaBar ocHoBaHrre re

[a ce IrHTepIIpeTr4paT KaTo qrrTaAeJrr4 Ha c'brrlecTByBarrlrdTe TyK IIpe3
rlz;ficrara eloxa ceJrrrqa, .flBsBarqu ce nprreMHuqr{ E [ponBJDKtrTeJrr{

paHr{oBr,r3aH-

Ha MHoroBeKoBHa fioceJrl,rtldHa rpaAl,Iqrrfl. Brgnr.rxsaHero B Harrb.trHo e[HaKBB I,Icrop]rKo-apxeororrrqecKE KoHTeKcr r{ nopa3r{TeJrHoro ronorpa$cro cxoAcrBo rra re3r{ yKpenJrelaua c \urageJrara na Trnryu flpe[noJrarar rr[eHTrlrrHa Aar[rpoBKa urHa rpu:re. Ma-

repuamro-Sr{HaHcoBure B'b3MoxHocrr{ Ha )KrrreJrtrTe Ha Tr,rvryu, o6aqe, a eBeHTyzurHo r{ HeroBrrrrr rro-BucoK ropu[FrecKrr craryr (rpag?), HaMrrpar r{3pa3 B r{3rpuK[aHeTo ocBeH Ha qr{Ta[eJla E Ha oKoJroBp'bcTHa KpenocTHa cTeHa, olacBaqa eAHa
3HaqurerHa no o6xear reprrropr.rJr.
flo-K'rcuo, B cpeAara ua VI r., HelocpegcrBeHo 3anagHo or Tlrruyrrr z caMo
Ha oKoJro 80,00 rrr or KpelocrHr{Te My creHr{ 6zn uegnrnar egrrH racren298. Maxap
HecBMHeI{o ga e cnoco6crByBair 3a [oBrrrrraBaue or6paHlrreJrr{ara cuoco6nocr sa
ceJrr{Irlero, rofi ne Moxe [a ce pa3rJrex(Aa Karo Ao[BJrHeHr.re KtM yKpenr{TeJrHara
r'ly ran$pacrpyK:rypa: B'b3Hr4KBaHero ra SynxqulTe Ha KacreJra ce o6scHanaT c'bc

cto6paixenl{rr or BoeHHo-crparerr4r{ecKl,I xapaKTep rre Ha JIoKzurHo, a Ha perrroHaJlHO r,r AOpr{

-

Ha [poBIrHrII{aJrHo Hr{Bo.

3a BpeMero Ha rr3rpaxgaHe r{a yKpenlrreJrual]a My cucreMa floHacToflrIIeM He pa3rroJraraMe c KoHKperHrr cBrrAereJrcrea, go6'sp xpoHoilorruecKs ttrllrKarop sa ru6erra na Tur'.ryvr ce flBrBa HaMepeHoro cpeA pyr4lrrrre My MoHerHo
c'bKpoBlrqe, yKpr{To B rJrr{HeH c'r,A299.To ce c'bcrorr or 9 srlsaufl,rr?cxra $onzca or
VI n., xouro ce pa3npe[eJurr rro BJra[ereJrr.r KaKTo cire4Ba: trOcrunxan I - 2; Ocrus
II - 3; Trr,5,epuit II Koncranruru - Z;MazpwruirTu1epuit - 2.Hafi-x'scHure eK3eM-

fioxaro

zerToRqena 1970,c.92; Eo6rena 1982, c.
2eaTouqena 1970,c.92.
2e5

lIctopnvecru,r r'lysefl

2e6

Salkin/Toptanov L987, 22-35.

2e7

Kuron 1971,9-15.

-

l0l.

Kanapna, orgen "Hyrrar,rsuaruxa", ans.

2e8

B>t<.

2ee

fepacr.ruo n 1962, c. 229.

naparpa$a THMYM-3arraA

B

N

r43noxeHtrero MarKo no-AoJry.

119,423.

IlJrflpr,r

or roBa c'bKpoBr.rqe coqar Kpas

Ha

vv ua.raroro na vII

B.

Karo KpaeH rrpe-

AEJI B C'bIIIECTBYBAHETO HA K'bCHOAHTI{IIHOTO YKPETICHO CEJII,IDIC TUr'AYrVr.

TIIMYM-3anas (TIMUM)
(c. Eulrapeeo; o6rq. Kanapna; fio6pzura o6lacr)
21.

Bucoraqr u rroqrl{ orBeceH cKaJrrrcr MopcKr4 6par lrexgy noc Kanuarpa rE
[pr,IcraHrrqe Kaeapna e npopfl3al{ 3a[alHo or c. EurapeBo or cpaBrrrrreJrHo KLcr{fl, Ho MHoro gtn6or ",(tn6oxr.r gor", IIo [GHoro na xofiro reqe [olxpaHBaH or
HtKoJrKo I{3Bopa noroK. }Iuero "['br6oKa" rrocrtu MecTHocrra, 3aKJr]orreHa B'brbJra Mexqy MopcKr{Jr 6pnr n \ec]Hus, cKJroH Ha AoJra. Ts orcrou sa2,0 KM 3alaAHo or
c. EtnrapeBo I{ npeAcraBJrrBa paBHa repaca crc cna6 HaKJroH Ha ror. Tyr, na nJrontr
or oKoJro 100 gxa ce orKpuBar cJreAI{Te Ha 3HaqureJrHo aHTrrr{Ho ceJrr{qe c MHoroBeKOBHa r,ICTOpr{rr - or K'lbcHoxeJul3Hara elroxa Ao K'bM Kpas Ha vvHa.{aroro Ha
VII s. Oco6euo BITyuLITeJTHI{ ca ocraHKlrre or K'bcHara aHTrrr{Hocr, cB}I[ere.rrcrByBAIIIII 3A C'bIIIECTBYBAHETO HA TOBA M'ICTO HA IOJUIM YKPETICH IICHTT,P, rOfirO APryMeHTtrpaHo ce orb)KgecrBflBa cac cnoMeHarr{fl or PaseHcrra-fl roovrorpa$ Timum300.
Ha oxono 80,00 r'r 3anaAHo or Kpelocrnr{Te creur{ Ha KacnoaHrr.rqnN, Tr,rMyN{ Ce rr3grrra Apyro yKpenJleHr.re, rr3BecrHo rto[ r{Mero "EyroK KaJre". To.{ecro ce
crloMelraBa B cEBpeMeHHaTa lrcToprrqecKa rr apxeoJrorulrecKa JrrrTepaTypa r4 Aopr{
ce flptrBex(na Karo [apaJIeJI I{JIr,r npl4Mep 3a paHHoBr{3anruficroro yKpe[r{TeJrHo crpoIlITeJrcrBo a pafioHa301, Ho B Hlaro eAHa or pa6orrate He ce npe[craBqr HrrKaKB[I KoHKperHIr AaHHII orHocHo HeroBI{Te KoHcrpyKTrraHr..I oco6eHocrrn. OnlrcaHrre Ha ocTaHKIrre, rrpu roBa - cllope[ c'bcrorHrrero r4M B Haqzuroro ga XX 8., Ce OTKpr{Ba
cpen MarepuIarulTe, c'bxpaHsBaHlr B apxuBa na K. Ilkopuun. OuracaHlrero e 3ala3eHo B ABa Bapr{aH:ra - [o-rroApoder3oz u cBKpareH3o3, nroprxr or Kor4To e Brc{roqeH
B eAr{H OCTaHZUT Ueuy6maxysaH pBKoluc, [ocBereH Ha yqacTbKa o:r rpafi6pexuu,
IIGT Me)Kny ycrr.rero ua p. flyuan u rp. Bapna. B rlx, o6a.re, ce orKpr4Bar E3BeCTHT{
$ax:rouorrqecKrr pasruq[r. Orqe no-ronauo o6'rpKBaHe HacraBa rrptr oflr{Ta [a ce
cb[ocTaBrT otrldcalJustTa c [JIaHa Ha yKpefl.]reHr{eTo: nocJreAHLlrrT e 3arra3eH B qeJrl.r
rpu(!) napuanra304, geuoucrpnpau]uz ctrqecrBeHrr orJrtrKr{ noMexly cu, oco6euo
qo ce Kacae go 6pox u pa3rroJro)KeHr,rero Ha KyJrrrre IIo rpacero Ha Kpe[@THara
crerra. flpegrrpuer:r,rre rrpe3 nocJre[Hrrre ro[rrHr,r MHoroKparHr.r o6xoxgarmxua o6erta305, rarro u c'brlocraBKara c egpouaqa6Hrr ronorpa$cxu rapur r c rlJ[E]EcBa ae-

mTon.rena 1970,91-92.
sr Krmou 1971, c. 15: Bo6qena 6.r., c. 29; Tolrauor 1984, c. 64;
flnuurpor 1985, c. iZ3.
302
HA EAH, S. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 425, n l't-18.
303

3M

s5

Ibidem, a.e. 588, t.51-52.
lbidem, a.e.424, n2,3,42.
Tepexnu o6xoxAanus n MecrHocrra ",[u6ora" rpafi c. Burapeno 6zxa ryleryraeMauu
or aBropa npe: 1991, 1994 t 1995 r.

O6p. 55. TI{MyM (TIMUM). fhan na paaHoBr{3arrruitcrw Kacrerl ('r.uap. TI,IM)rM3anax) no K. Illxopuxn (HA 6AH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e.424, tt. 3). / Fig. 55. TIMUM.
Layout of the Early Byzantine fort (the so-called TIMUM-West) (HA EAH, S. 165r, on. 1,
a.e.424,

t.3).

poQorocnuMKa Ha MecrHocrra, [o3BoJrrrxa 3aAoBoJrrrreJrHo Aa ce Il3flcHtr rt yror{H[
[JraHa Ha yKpelJreHr4ero "Eyrox KaJle".

Orqe upes enoxara Ha rypcKoro po6crno [r Belle B HoBo BpeMe yKperIJreHI4ero e 6ulo rr3[oJr3yBaHo or oKoJrHoro HaceJreurre Karo ecrecrBeHa Kapl,Iepa 3a Ao6[saHe Ha roroB cl'poI,ITeJIeH MarepI{aJI. Cnopeg HsKoI{ cregeruu306, oco6eHo ApacTI{rrHr{ u{errr Ha rraMerHr{xa ca 6ultw HaHeceHIr rlpe3 BTopara noJroBuHa Ha 40-Te LI B
Haq2uroro na 50-re roAI{HH na XX n. flpu Bce roBa, Aoplr rl B Hacroflrl1l{fl crr BrrN
ocTaHKr{Te rrpeAcraBJrflBaT AOCTa BHyIUI{TeJrHa rJreAKa.
306

KrrroB 1971, c. 15, 6en. 39.

O6p. 56. TUMyM (TIMUM). Ocrauru or ceBepHara KperocrHa creua Ha
paHHoBr.r3auruicKar. Kacrerr (r.uap. TI,IMYM-3anag). / Fig. 56. TIMUM. Remains of the
northem precinct wall of the Early Byzantine fort (the so-called TIMUM-West).

Yxpeuaeuuero e pa3rroJro)KeHo Ao caMrrfl p'b6 Ha BrrcoKara ryx oroao 85 u
rpaliuopcxa repaca. Or ror ro :fllru He e 6r,rJro Aon'bJrrrtrTeJrHo yKpe[flBaHo, rrJrr,r ([oBepoqrHo!) qacr or 6pera c I()xHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa ce e orqe[uJr rr ilponaAHaJr.
B sactogrqfis, cuuu1 To I,rMa rrotrrr{ KBaApareH [JraH, HapyueH caMo or e[Ha rrynKa
no TpaceTo

Ha r.r3TorrHr.rr 3uA. oprreHTr{paHo e

HeHrre ceBepceBepou3ToK

IIo cBeroBHr{Te rrocoKu, c 15o orKJro-

(O6p. 55).

Haft-go6pe e 3arra3eHa rr3ToqHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa. Tq ul{a A'bJrxEHa oKoao 100 M r{ Jrrrrr,r B'bB BrrI Ha BHcoK go 2,00 M KaMeHHo-3eMJreH BaJr, rro xpe6era ua
xofiro ce ga6ersgear KaM'bHr{ u rtapqera 6xn xopocaH or rpaAe)Ka. C'rcror,r ce or
gna nplr6ru3r{TeJrHo eAHaKBo A'bJrrr,r ilpaBoirr,rHefiHr,r yqacrbKa, ro)KHr{rrr or Kouro e
opl,reHTr.rpaH ceBep-rcr, c 10o orKJroHeirr{e ceBep-ceBepor,r3ToK. 3anaqnara KpelocTHa

creua caqo ce flpocreAqBa MHoro go6pe Ha repeHa, Ha rrporexeHr.re or oKoJro

90,00 r'r. Cneg orpa6BaHero Ha uJraHr,rre KaMeHHr,r 6norose or Jrr,rqara Ha zvt1a,
eMrIJIeKToHrr (or JroMeHr.r KaM'bHr{, cBap3aHr,r c 6al xopocau) ce otrepraBa Ha noB'bpxHocrra Karo r{3n'bKuaJra r{Br{qa, ABycrpaHuo orpaAeHa or poBoBe (O6p. 56).
Hafi-nocrpaAana e ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa (Auoxzna - 100 u): rolxua uacr

oT TpaceTo r,r ce MapKrrpa oT rxrrpoK poB, ocTaHaJI cJIeA ToTaJrHoTo r{3BJrr{r{aHe Ha
crporrreJrHr,rrr Marepr,raJr or cynepcrpyKqrrflTa (a reportuo - qacrlaqHo u ot cy6ctpyrqnara) Ha 3LrAa. B orgenuu yqacrbrlr{, o6ave, KaKTo [pI,I 3aflalnara KpenocrHa
crega, eM[JreKToH'br Bce oule rurrr4 Ha noB'bpxHocrra. Cnegua ga ce or6enexl{, r{e
TyK crpyKTypara My ce pa3JrrrqaBa ro ynorpe6ara Ha po3oB xopocaH, crA'bp)Karrl
CI{THO CI{YKAHA CTPOI{TEJIHA KEPAMI.IKA. 3ANASETTZTE OCTAHKI,I OT EMIJIEKTOHA HA TPA-

Ae)Kr4Te no3BOJrr4Xa Aa Ce OnpeAeJII{ He CaMO MecTonoJIoxeHIIeTo, Ho

[opu u IIJIaHa

Ha r,r3rpaAeHr4Te Iro [poTexeHueTo Ha ceBepHaTa KpelocrHa cTeHa KyJrrr: B ceBepo3anaAHr{r u B ceBepou3ToqHr4r, 6r'bJr Ha yKpelJreHl,reTo Te ca 6uun rprrnl4, a B cpenara Ha 3r{Aa - rreruprr:brbnna (rvrox<e 6n rnagpatna), raganaqa ce npeg $ponra na
or6panuren*ara JlzHilfl. Msctoro Ha eAHa KyJIa c Heo[peAeJIeHa $oprtla3o7 ce pa*

IIo TpaceTo Ha 3alaAHara KpenocTHa creHa, Ha oKoJro 40 rrr roxso or
ceBepo3arragHrrrrbrbJr. ,flocrrnrr Ao B'brpeu]Hocrra Ha yKpenJreHl,Iero ce e oc'brrlecrBrBaJr [pe3 lr3rpageHa B cpegara Ha r{3Tolluara creHa nopra, $lauxupana or
gnorira 6nuaxopasnoJro)KeHr4 KyJrr,r c HeqceH man308. K. Illxopnr,In cro6rqana sa
oKoJroBp'bcreu pon309, Ho ocraHKr{ or raKbB cera ce ga6engssar caMo orKtM ceBepHara crpaHa. Or: sanag yKpenJreHr.rero rpaHutru c e[r{H rrrupoK ecrecrBeH AoJr,
nopaAu Koero ryK poB BepoqrHo Hr{Kora ne e 6nn npoKonaBan. B.re B'brperrruocrTa Ha yKpenJreHrreroce sa6ensssar ocraHKrr or MHoxecrBo crpaAr,r, cBu[ereJrcrByBalr{r{ 3a rbcTo 3acTpofBaHe Ha 3arqr,rTeHaTa [JIoIq.

rro3HaBa rr

Or uecrnocrra ",{rn6oKa" rpaft c. B'rnrapeBo [poll3xo)Kgar

MHoxecrBo

apxeororuqecK[r Marepr{aJrr{, BKJrrolrr{TeJrHo ennrpaQcrfi naMerHnqla ]I apxlareKgerartnu. 3a crxaneHr4e, MecroHaMrrpaHero Ha HaxoAKlITe prgKo e 6raro
upeqrr3upaHo, nopaflra Koero B peArrrla cJryqau He e f,cHo AzrJrIr re rpx6ra Aa ce oruecar K6M yKpefleHoro ceJrr,rrle Tur'ryr'r r,rJrr4 K'bM yKperrJreurlero, pa3rroJloxeHo He[ocpeAcrBeHo 3alaAHo or Hero. C "Eyror Kare" c'bc clrrypHocr ce cBbp3Bar rpI,I
MoHerrr, c'bxpaH.flBaHr,r [oHacroflrrleM B I4cropugecru rvrysefi - [o6pru310. fise or
Tflx ca HaMepeHr.r B 3aulr,ITeHara replrroprrJr: eAHara e MHoro [oBpeAeH 6ponson
HoMrrHaJr na Anexcangrp III Maregoucrr{, cBrIAereJrcrByBaIrI ea o6nrasaHero Ha
TepeHa npe3 K'bcHoxeJrfl3Hara erroxa, a [pyrara - $onuc Ha I{Mfleparop Iocrun I.
Tperara MoHera e HaMepeHa B [oAHoxr,rero Ha Hacr{[a, noKpIrBaIrI pyIrHI{Te Ha rI3TorrHara KpenocrHa creHa. Tosa e eAr,rH roprJr Qoruc Ha I,IMlreparop Maupr.mufi
Twiepufi., orcerrerlB IX roguna Ha ynpaBJreHr{ero r"ry (590/591 r.). Tasu MoHera rpe.

TypHr.r

K. IllxopnhJr o[peAeJrf, Bcr{qKr.r Me)KAuHHr{ Kyrrr,r Ha yKperureHl,Iero Karo rroJlyKp'nrnu (HA
EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 425, tr. 18). floue rlo ce ornacfl Ao Kyrlara B cpe[ara Ha
ceBepHaTa Kpe[ocrHa cTeHa, ToBa c'bc cl{rypHocT He e TaI(a.
308
flaofirara xyau go6pe rr.rrru Ha rJrarroBara aepo$orocul.rMKa p uau1a6 1:10 000. Brpxy
ABe or cKEqure cu Ha yKperJrerrrlrero (HA EAH, Q. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 425, n.3,42)K.

307

Ilkopnun rll e npeAcraBr{Jr Karo qerupu'brarHlt.
HA 6AH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 425, n. 18.
3r0
l4croplrvecrn rraysefi - [o6pnv, orger "Hyur,r3MarrKa", uus. Nb I4128-4130.
3oe

AocraBs e[r{H crlrypeH tenninus post quem 3a ono)Kap{BaHero ll rr46erra Ha yKpenJreHl{ero K'bM Kpafl Ha VI rrrr{ B Haqaroro Ha VII n. cr. Xp.
Tfinonorlr.IecKl,r, "EyIoK Ka;re" xparir c. Brnrapeno cJre[Ba ga ce rnacu$raql{pa Karo castellum3rl. flo unan u pa3Mepr4 To HaMrrpa r43KJrroqr{Tenno 6nusxn napaJIeJrIr B peAr{rla paHHoBr43aHrr.rrtcru yKpenJreHr{fl, r{3rpa[eHrr B pa3rr4rrHra qacrr,r Ha
rrMlepI4JITa rlo BpeMe Ha ynpaBJreur{ero Ha rrMleparop locruuzau I: yrpenJreHr{e
"E" Kpart c. Hosa tlepna3l2, "lopno rpagr.rrle" rpari c. [e6end13, Ksar Belezma u
Thamallula B AHerueH Alxup3la. Ouenugno, craBa AyMa 3a c'bBpeMeHeH "TranoB"
IrpoeKT, aAanrr,rpaH BBB BceKrr KoHKpereH cnyuafi cnopefi MecrHr4Te ycJroBr,rtr, Tpaw4\prr4 r{ B'b3MoxHocru. I4sxoxgariKr,r or Aarr.rpoBKara Ha [pr.rBegeHr.rre napaJreJrr{,
r.r3rpaKAaHero Ha KacreJra rparf rroroauTr{rrHoro yKpeleHo ceJrrdrr{e Trarrryrra rpa6Ba [a ce orHece KtM cpelara na VI B. u1a ce orAage Ha nog6ygu or BoeHHo-crparerr4r{ecKr.r xapaKTep, I[peAonpeAelrutilm vHu\nupaHeTo r,r oc'brqecTBrBaHero Ha eAHa
cneqaQnuna BoeHHo-crpoareJrHa rrporpaMa, o6xsauara roror{3ToarHoro xpar?6pe)Kae Ha ilpoBr.rurtrr{, Crrarlrq3l5"

L2.EVL3OH.E (BTZONE)

(rp. Karapua; [o6pr,r.xa o6racr)
Cuonrenaroro B MHox(ecrBo aHTrrqHrir uenopra3l6 rpaft6pe>rcro cenurqe Bn3oHe nouacrof,rIeM cr.rrypHo ce JroKzurr{3upa n pafroua Ha [plrcraHr{rqero na rp. Kanapna317. B'saurnrnano BepoflTHo Karo aBToxroHHo rroceJreur{e, [pe3 BTopara rroJroBr4Ha na I xraa. rtp. Xp. ro 6uno KoJroHr{3upaHo or [peceJrHr,rqrr or Mecau6pua.
B'snperu flo-HucKr{s crd rrKoHoMr{lrecK[ u rcpr4gr,rqecKr,r craryr Qtolichnion) ro cpaBHerr4e c Apyrr,rre rp'brlKrr KoJronr{r{, npe3 eJrrrurrcrrrqecKara enoxa EvsoHe ce [peBBpHaJI B elHO OT 3HaIILITeJIHI{Te TBpIOBCKL{ CpeAI{Iqa B Ta3I4 r{aCT Ha nOnrraftCrOrO

xpali6pex<ne. CneA [poA'bJrxil{TeJreu reprloA Ha yrraA'bK, [prrqrrueH

or

rropeAr.rqa

II OT EIHO
raracrpo$aJrrro 3eMerpeceHr{e npes I r. np. Xp., npu6rraeuteJrHo or Har{aroro Ha
II s. cr. Xp. xunor.rr s BugoHe 3aloqHar [a ce c'bB3eua. flpes puMcKara efloxa
ceJIL.IU{ero 3aeMaJro Hr{cKara xpafi6pexna repaca Henocpegcrneno xpari MopcKrrfl
3aJrr{B, Kl,Aero 6aro uerosoro [pr{craHurrle. Tepacara wv'a rrpvdtu3r4TeJrHr.{ pa3Mepu 400 x 600 rrr z e o6pasyeaHa or c'beAlrHflBaHero Ha roBa Mqcro Ha [Ba BJrr{Barrtrrr
BOEHHO-IOJIIITIIIIECKII NPEMEX(II4fl NPE3 K'bCHOET,IIH.VICTTIqECKATA EIOXA

3rtTara ro orpeAeJu u K. Illxopuun: HA EAH,
S. 165r, on.
3'2 Torbatov
1996.
3r3

3ra

1,

a.e.425, n. 17-18.

Illxopuu.r/IllKoprrr{Jr 1891, I 34- 136; ,[ausuor 1984,91-93; Ilop4auor 1992, c. 17 .
Pringle 1981,204-205,267 , 563, 594.

Bx. naparpaSa KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS) ro-rope B lr3rro)KeHrrero.
tr{:eopure ca cr6paxN n: IGBulg. 12, p. 35 sqq.; Bx. cr,rrlo: Benror 1982,25-27 .
3I7
Jlora.rrlrsaqrrrra 3a rrp"rJB rrGT e [pegJroxe]ta B Kpa, Ha XIX s. or K. Llpever: Hpevex

315

316

1974, c.943.

?0lIIs

E{xltts

O6p.57. BI43OHE (BIZONE). Touorpa$ux Ha ceJrrrilIero npe3 aHrrrr{Hara r,r
KbcHoaHTr{qHara ertoxl.t. Jlerenga: 1. I - rpax na IV/naqanoro rra Y a.;2. V - VII n. / Fig.
57. BIZONE. Topography of the settlement during the Roman and Late Roman period.
Irgend: l. lst - late-4tUearly-Sth centuries; 2. 5th - 7th centuries.

gu6oru

flognognure rrpofrBaHfrgi3rg B 3aJrr{Ba Ha KaBapHa r,r
B cKzurrrre xpafi uero320, cBu[ereJlcrByBat sa oco6eHo aKTr{BHo r.r3noJr3yBaHe Ha rrp[craHrrrrlHr,rJr KoMlJreKc [pe3
KBcHoaHTr{qHara efloxa (IV-U n.). flprE Bce roBa, cJre[r,rre or o6urasaue ua rpal:r6pexHara repaca o:r V n. HacerHe ca c'bBceM cnopaAnqH[. flpes paHHoBr,r3aHnartcxaTa efloxa, npeABr4A ecKaJrprpaqaTa BapBapcKa 3arrJraxa r,r He3arquTeHocTTa Ha 3acerreHyrs. [pe3 npeAxoAHr.rfl rrepuo[ TepeH, Engone ce [peMecrBa B'bpxy Br{coKoro noBeqe or 120 lr r{npaKMaHcKo rrraro, npesp'rrqariKr{ ce B yKpeneHo ceJrprqe (O6p. 57).
ce B Mopero

AoJra318.

MHoxecrBoro pa3Kprrre [eqepy-cKJragoBe, Il3KotraHv

318

3a r.rcr:oprqecKoro pa3Br{Tr{e r{ apxeoJlorl{qecKrrre naMerHr{rll{ Ha eJll{Ilrlcrrrq ecKug. vprrMcxu Erasone, sx.: Carxr.rn 1982,29-34; Ca;rrnu 1984, 50-60.
rre Carxun 1987a,
c.281; Ca.rrxuu/Opasen 1989, 121-122, 172.
r2o

Carruu

1987

6, 25-28.

Ilnaroro t{nparuan npegbtanlaBa

I{3ToqHara rracr Ha egr,rH A'bJrbr rroBerre

or 4,5 KM rroJryocTpoa, o$opr,'aeH MexAy [orrTr.r oTBecHr4, MopcKr.r 6pxr u eAHo ['bJr6oro gepe c MHofo crptMHr,r cKJroHoBe. flonacrorrqeM To rrMa npu6rusnreJrHo Tpr,r'brr,JIHa Qoprraa c MaKcrrMaJrHa AEJDKTTHa 410 rrr ullurtpvwa 100 rr.r. Iororagroqnvsr My
xpafi, roft:ro HrKora ce e BAaBaJr B Mopero B'bB BrrA Ha Hoc, ce e cpyrr.rJr B pe3yJrrar
or MonlHoro 3eMerpeceHr.re [pe3 I s. np. Xp. B ceBepo3anagHara cr{ rracr ruraroro e
orAeJreHo or [oJryocrpoBa rrpe3 eAHa ceAJroo6pasna ruurira, ruupoKa egsa12 Merpa.
3ano.{Harr[Te rpe3 1952-1955 r. apxeoJloruqecKu pa3KorrKrr na nraroro r{rnpaKMaH 6xxa uognoBeHr{ [pe3 1972r. r{ c r{3BecrHr4 rrpeK'bcBaHr.r, flpogtJrxaBar rr
Aocera. Paerprarara crparurpa$r{.f, Ha KyJrrypur,rre HanJracrsBauna cuuaereJrcrByBa, qe paHHoBrrcaHrprrtcxra-flr BrasoHe ce flBrBa IpI{eMHI{K o ronorpa$cKo orHolreHpre Ha aKponoJra Ha ceJrrrqero or eJrr.rHrrcrrrrrecKara e[oxa. flpo4'uxu.rroro r{ npe3
cpeAHoBeKoB[ero (.rar Ao cpeAara sa XV r.) untensusHo o6[rasaHe Ha rrJraroro e
HaHecJro 3Haqr,rrerHrr nopaxeHrrJr Ha no-paHHrrre rpaAexr,I. Oynrquonupa"rrrsr ryK
npes XV-XVII a. rorxM K'bcHocpeAHoBeKoBeH xpucrr.rqHcKr.r HeKporroJr r.r nocJreABaJroro 6esornegno orpa6naue rra KaMeHHIrfl Marepl{aJr B no-HoBo BpeMe ca Ao[prrHecJrrr Ha Mecra 3a ['bJruoro o6egru.rasaHe Ha ocraHxzre. B oco6eno ror.flMa creIIeH ToBa ce oTHacfl 3a yKpe[r.rTeJlHrrTe c'bop'bx(eHr,rr.
JL.rncara na o6o6qanau{r,r HayrrHr.,r uy6nuxaqur4 orHocHo pe3yJrraTr,rre or apxeoJroruqecKr,rre [poyr{BaHr{r or 1972 r. HacerHe 3arpygHJrBa r43KJrroqr4TeJrHo MHoro cllcreMarvrga\rrflTa r,I IrHTepnperarlr.rflTa na cro6uleHrlTe ryK-TaM AaHHrr orHocno o6nr,rra Ha yKpenrrreJrHara clrcreMa Ha paHHoBrr3asruitcxus ErasoHe. Cuopeg
6e.nexrrare na K. Illxoptutt32l rx nauoqo6flBalra r.r3KJrrorrlrrreJrHo MHoro ra3rz Ha
noc KanlraKpa r.r c'brr{o ce c'bcrotJra or rprr or6panrarennvr ltvrrttvt, orcrorrrr{I4 Ha

or Apyra (O6p. 58).
B'rsrrrnara nru:attr- ce HaMrrpa na 1185,00M or Kparl Ha rroJryocrpoBa r,r ro
rlperpax[a B rrpaBa lrut}lufl, Mex[y cTp'bMHrrre My cK]roHoBe, HerrocpeAcTBeHo 3a[aAHo or rorqMara MorrrJra rr3BecrHa no[ I,IMero "r{apaxua Morlara". OcrulecrneHr.rre rrpe3 1972r. couga>xu3z2 ycraHoBr4xa 3eMreHr{q xapaKTep Ha c'bop'bx<eHr.rero.
To ce c'bcror{ or g'u6ox poB r{ Hac[rraH or h3ToqHara My crpaHa poo. KoucrpyxTr{BHr{Te oco6enocru Ha ctop'bxeHrrero r4 apxeoJrorur{ecKr.r 3acBr,rlefeJrcrByBaHoro o6r,rrasaHe Ha repeHa HerrocpeAcrBeHo [3Torrno or Hero npea 6rnrapcKoro paH-

pa3rr,rqHo pa3crorHr{e eAHa

.

HO CpelHOBeKOBr{e AaBiiT OCHOBaHIIe

rr3rpilKAaHeTo My Aa

Ce OTHeCe eABa K'bM TO3t4

nepuoA.

3a crulecrByBaHero Ha cpeAHa o'r6panrnrenHa Jruuufl, cro6rqana cauo K.
Illropnul. flo.{rfl Han'bJruo yHr.rqo)KeHlrre ocraHKr4 or raKaBa 6unu lqeurraQraqrnpaHra or Hero Ha 750 rnr or Kpas Ha rloJryocrpoBa r.r ua 435 M roror.r3Tor{Ho or B'bHrrrHara rlrHr.rq. Tn npegcraBJrflBaJra KaMeHHa rlperpagHa creHa c nocdra rcro3arra4-ce-

32r

HA EAH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e.424, tr.21-30; a.e. 588, n.52-53.

322

Bacuaes

r

qp. 1973, 58-59,

O6p. 58. EI43OHE (BIZONE). flrran ua KtcHoaHruquara yKpeureJlHa clrcreMa ro
AaHHrr na K. Ilkopnnn (HA EAH, +. 165r, on. 1,.a.e.424, *21-30). / Fig. 58. BIZONE.
I.ayout of the Late Roman defence system after K. Skorpil (HA 6AH, $. 165r, ou. 1, a.e.
424,

t.27-30).

Bepor{3TOK, A'bJrra 50 rpavxu. Irlarpagena 6r.rna lre;xgy cTp'bMHI,ITe cKJIoHOBe, TOqHO Ha MTTCTOTO, OTK'bAeTO [OJIyOCTpOBbT Ce [pOTOrrBa Ha IOTOLI3TOK B'bB BI{A Ha
TeceH [poBJraK c A'bJrxrrHa 325 w.IlonacroxrqeM Ha repeHa He ruqar HITKaKBIT cJre-

gu or cnoMeHarara or K. Illxopnun cpe[Ha or6panrrenna rfftnufl,. Hefinoro ctulecrByBaHe Moxe Aa ce norB'bp[r{ r{Jrrr onpoBepfae caMo rlpe3 HaporleH coHEa)K,

roftro

6r.r

uorul

eBeHTyairHo

[a

xB'bpJrrr cBerJrr{Ha orHocHo crpollTeJrHl,rre fr napa-

Merpn u [aTr4poBKa.
Cnopeg [ocerarrrHr.rre [poyqBauun, uaf,i-p aHHoro apxeoror[qecKl4 3acBI{-

qacr oT noJryocrpoBa
AereJrcTByBaHo yKpenrBaHe Ha r{3ToqHaTa

(nnaroro) rlupar-

MaH e 6rano upe4npr,rero npe3 paHHoszsaHTuficrafa enoxa Ir ce e HaMrrpaJlo B rlpsKa
Bpb3Ka c [peMeCTBaHeTo rro TOBa BpeMe TyK Ha BzsOHe. Yxpenenara nJIouI Ha

ceJrrrulero ce r/t3a{rrcJrrBa Ha oKoJro 25 Axa. YrpenrEtenHara cllcreMa e 6uta uacrplqHo npoyr{eHa B xoEa Ha pa3KorKrrre npe3 7952-1955323 u upes 70-re roguuu. YcraHOBeHO e,

qe KpeuocTHaTa cTeHa I{Ma HelpaBulHo or{epTaHl{e, [pe[oflpeAeJleHo oT

xon$uryparlr4JrTa Ha TepeHa. OrKsr',,t Ioro3aIIaA, or crpariara Ha MopeTO, He ca 614JrIr perucTpptpailr ocTaHKrlt or or6panuTeJIHII c'bopBxeHlrs. Ot oCraHaJIIITe CTpaHIr
KperrocrHara creHa cJreABa pr6a na nJlaroro. fioctutt n yrpeneuara replrroplrfl
ce e oc'bqecTBflBaJl oT 3alaA, [pe3 [opTa, II3IpaAeHa B K'bcaTa oTceqKa, nperpax323

Mupuee u np.1962,'21-107

.

O6p. 59. Ekl3OHE (BIZONE). Ocrarrla or ceBeprrara KperocrHa c,reua c rpllcrpoeHr,r{ B
3arlaAHara il '{acr AomKoII. / Fig. 59. BIZONE. Remains of the northern precinct wall with
the donjon added in its western part.
gail1a ruurtrara Mexjly flJraroro u ocraHaJrara qacr or noJryocrpoBa. cflopeA
AaHHlrre or 1952-1955 r.324, rpeuocrHrrrr 3r.rA TyK r,ruan ge6enuua 1,80 m v 6utr r,r3rpa\erJB opus implectum. Jluqara 6unn oQopueHr{ or go6pe o6pa6orenrn raueunlr 6.iroKoBe, cB'bp3aHI{ c qepBeH xopocau. flponegenure rro-K'bcuo Ha c'brrloro N4rrcro pa3KOIKIT pa3KpI,IXa I{ OCTaHKIII OT r{er[pu'brbJrHa KyJra, oxpaHrBzura HrrKora [opTaTa
or ror325. B rpage;ra Ha ocHoBr{re e perrrcrpnpaHarB'bpAe psAKo cpeudaHara npe3
TO3r.r nepr4og ynorpe6a Ha A'bpBeHr.r cKapr.r or HaAJr.b)KHO r{ Halper{Ho uocraBeHfi
rpegu326' flpoyvaauuflTa Ha ceBepo3alalHr.rfl yqacrbK or yKpentrTeJrHara cr,rcreMa

or 120 M ycraHoBl{xa I4AeHTr,rqHa rexHr{Ka Ha rpaAex(, Ho c
r{3[oJr3yBaHe na cr,rso6flJr xopocaH327. yo rpacero Ha grLILa ca perr{crpr,rpanra 3(?)
Ha nporexeHl{e [oBer{e

KOHCTpyKTI.IBHO CB'bp3aHV MaJrKr{ qerupu'brBJrHr{ nJrbTHr{ KyJrr{, noTepHa r.r eAHa

324
325

r:6
327

lbidem, c. 28.
Tourauos 1984, c.65.

Orvapor 1982, c.76.
Baculer 1984, 110-112.

ABypaMeHHa crbJr6a, orBe)KAau{a rsu 6orlsara nnar$opMa328. B sauagnlrx xpafi
Ha cBU{rDr yqacrlK, s Srr.rsocr Ao Bp'b3Kara My c'bc 3alaAHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa, e
6zna npoyveHa r{acrr{rlHo 3a[a3eHa ror.f,Ma nocrporira c [BJrxLrHa rroBer{e or 19 u
u ge6enr.rna Ha 3r,rqoBere2,40-3,20 M, rr3gaBarrla ce npe[ $pon:ra Ha or6paHureJrHara tusus329. flocrpofixara e orHecena uar?-o6qo K'bM paHHoBr43aHrraricrara enoxa
ra o6[rcroeeHo ce r,rHTepnperr.rpa Karo Ka3apMeHo rroMerrleHue330, r,r3rpaAeHo B paMKI4Te Ha eAHa LI C6UIa CTpOIATeJTHa KaMlaHr4fl C \slraTa yKpe[IITeJrHa CnCTeMa

(O6p. 59). Bprsrara i c KperocrHara creHa, o6aue, He e 3aloBoJrr4TeJrHo u3qcHena. 3na.{vre-IlHo [o-roJrgMara ge6enraua Ha 3ruoBere Ha ra3l{ uocr:poftxa, cnerlrr$uuuoto apxr,rreKTypHo-riracrr.rqno oQoplrleHrre Ha ceBepHara i $acaga rr caMoro i lrecro[oJroxeHrre, HapyuraBarqo ua6nrcgaBaHara purMr.rrrHocr B pa3noJroxeHr4eTO Ha KyJrrrTe IIo ceBepo3ata\Hus. yrracT'bK o1] KpelocTHaTa cTeHa, [aBaT ocHo-

ce EpeAnoJro)Krr, qe roBa ce qBflBa rro-K'bcHa Ao6aexa K"bM yKpenilTeJrHara
cr{creMa Ha paHHoBr.rsaHrrrricr[.fl EusoHe. CrgelTrru flo roJreMure pa3Mepr{ H coJrrrAHr4J{ rpagex<, nocrporlxara Moxe [a ce oflpeAeJrr{ Karo orHocI{TeJrHo caMocrorreJr-

BaHr{e

[a

yKpelIITeJrHO C'bOp'b)KeHIre vAA Ce O[purlrrrr4 Ha rrpeAHa3HaqeHr4Te 3a [ocJre[Ho
y6e>xurqe na 6panrzrer,yrre ur caMocroqrenxa or6paua r. Hap. "4oHxoHr4", oco6euo
HO

3a enoxaTa Ha CpeAHOBeKOBr4eTO, HO 3aCBtrAeTeJrCTByBaHr.r C MHO)KeCTBO
nprrMepra orr{e B KtcHopr{McKala33l 14 paHHoBrr3anrlrficra Qopru$uxaryus33z.
B 6enexxrre na K. Illxopnr.rn ce c'bA'bpx<ar yHprKaJrHrr cBegeHr{fl, 3Har{r{TeJrHo pa3lrrupflBarrlrr flpeAcraBara 3a yKpenureJruara cECTeMa na Eraeose. flpr.r noceqeHl{ero clr Ha o6exra rofi eugx;r Ha repeHa, ofluca.rr rr cKr.rqupaJr ocraHKlrre or
eAI{o pa3lrrldpeHr4e Ha yKpelJreHr4ero, o6xnarqaqo ropHara rroJroBrrHa or ceBepor43Tor{HI,IrI cKJroH na Ylrparrr,raHcKoro flJraro. Paaurnpenraero 6r,rno 3alrllrrerro or [Ba
cB'bp3aHIr rroMexAy crr [paBoJrrtreiinu KpenocrHr.r 3r4Aa, cKJrroqBarln
Te
TI4III4T{HI{

tr,u'rru.

or

raro

qe6enr{Hara
r{M B'b3Jrr43aJra Ha 2,25 x.t. I{snolsyaaHu.flT xopocart 6an x'bJrreHr4rKan, 6e3 [pr.rMec
Ha ryxJleHlr napr{eHrla. flo-g.rnrr,rxr 3r4A 3alorrBaJr or MopcKtr-fi 6pnr u cJreEBaJr B
ceBepo3anagHa nocoKa. flo rpacer:o ny 6u.nu rrrpa4exr{ U-nugnra ryrua (O6p. 60).
Te ce nsqanaJrr.r Ao 8 rr.r uas'rn, Lrualrut BBTpeurHa Itlup[IHa oKoJIo 6 Ira, a qe6enranara
Ha creHrlTe vu6uta2,00 ru. flax ryr 6nna orrpura r,r [opra. fipyruxr 3r,rA ce u3Kaq6wnnwzrpageHr{ B opus implectltm, c nuqa oSopMeHr{

328

KBaAprr,

Bacuren uyp.1976,79-80; BacuneB r{ Ap.1980,214-215; Tonrauon 1984,64-61.
Bacu;Ien u 9p.1978, 137-138; Bacures w1p.1979,183-184; Bacr.ires npp. 1980, 214-215.
330
Bacrl.lrer 1984, c. 1 11; Vasilev 1981, p. 334.
33r
flpnuepure ca rBlpge rrauoro6pofiun. I4suexgy uaiir-xaparrepHr{Te Morar Aa ce fiocJqar
.f,'rpyc, A6pxryc, Tponeyr'a Tpaaua, Tpesnuc-I4sror, I-lsenren[op$. B runperraenHara Jrl4Teparypa ro3!r rl{rr Kyrr[ ce o3HarraBa o6xxHoseuo raro "phrourion", nx.:
Scorpan 1980, passim; Lander 1984, p. 218 sqq.
332
Hanpuuep r Ulmetum (Prrvan 1913-14b, p.276 sqq.), Znnobia (:r. nap. "nperopr.ryrrr":
Lauffray 1983, p. 157), Amida (Gabriel 1940, p. 104 sqq.), Dara (Whitby 1986b, p. 737
sqq.; Sinclair 1989 (III), p. 219 sqq.).
32e

t
ff
ara

O6p. 60. EI,I3OHE (BIZONE). Ocranru or U-rr.r4na Kyrra ro rpacero Ha
ceBepor{3TorrHoro pa3uupeHr{e Ha Kpeflocrra (HA EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 42A, s.37).
Fig. 60. BIZONE. Remains of an U-shaped tower located along the course of the northeastern extension of the fortress (HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. 1, a.e. 424, * 3:.).
Bzur B roro3ana[Ha

I

[ocoKa Harope rro cKJroHa u ce cB'bp3Ban c narf-rag[ageHrm Ha

ceBep arbJr yKpe[JreHr,rero333.

Bupexu AtbJrrorogr{rlnrrre apxeororrrqecKu
ca 6fiJru

oqe He
crparurpa$cKrr [aHHrr, rro3-

pa3KonKE, Aocera Bce

B'bBeAeHr.r B HayirHo o6p'uqeurEe KorrKperHtr

BOIsBaIqu TolIHa xpoHoJIOrIIqecKa I,IHTep[peTaIII{f, Ha OCTaHKLITe oT yKpenIITeJIHaTa cllrcTeMa Ha paHHoBl,Ieaxrl4licrlls BrasoHe. Bpeuero sa uerlnoro r{3rpax[aHe o6nxHOBeHO Ce O3HaqaBa OT flpoyqBareJrare

poBKa

"V-VI

c rB'bpAe rurrpoKara r,r HescHa soprraynullurpaBeHrlTe onr{Trt 3a [perlrr3rrpaHe Ha Aarr,rpoBKara B Kpar Ha

IV-na.ranoro ".rr334
sa V s.335 He ca noAKpe[eHu c HrrKaKBr,r apryMeHTr,r.
f['rpnure pa3Ko[BaqI,I Ha IrJraroro gupaxuan orHacqr HaqaJrHr{rr nepuon Ha
3aceJrBaHero My rrpe3 paHHoBr.r3aHrr,rficrara enoxa He no-paHo or Kpa, na IV u uaqaroro Ha V B., rato or6enr3Bar, rre roBa BeporrHo e 6r,rno caMo HaqaJroro Ha

333
33a

HA dlU, 6.

165x, on.

l, a.e.424, t.27-30;

a.e. 588, n. 53.

Vasilev 1981, p. 333.
33s
Biernacka-Lubanska 1982,217-218; Tonranor

1984, c. 67.

eAIrH rlpoA'bJrx<rtTeJreH npoqec336. 3a c'rxaneru{e, He pa3noJraraMe c KoirKperen o63op Ha HyMI43MarLIqHr.u Marepuzur or r{uparuan337 .Bce IIaK, MoHerHara cpeAa, KoH-

o6qo

u pannoBr,rgaHrr4ficrn 6lr:one,
,cHo r{3pa3eH xr4raTyc, odxraulaq IIoqTr4 r{eJrrrJr v s. - or: ApraAuft
(383-408) go Anacracnfi (491-518)338. flpegcraBeHrrre AaHHr{ AaBar ocHoBaHr{e Aa
ce npeAloJrox<I{, qe (nogo6no Ha MHo3I4HcrBoro HeyKpe[eHrr ceJrr,rula B flpoBr.,rHrlr.rJr
Cruru-a) K'bM Haqaroro Ha V n. pasnoroxeHr{rrr B Hr{3raHara ErasoHe qyBcrBureJrHo
nofi.paAaJl B pe3yJITaT Ha H.flKOe BapBapCKO HananeHrae rr BeporTHo rrpecTaHaJr Aa
c'blqecrByBa. Muoro e B'b3Mo)KHo oule B HaqaJroro Ha MaclrpaHr4Te HalrrecrBr,rq or
[ocJreAHara verBbpr na fV r.r rrtpBara noJroBr{Ha na V s. qacr or HaceJreHr{ero [a e
lorbpcl4Jro cnrypHocr B'bpxy ecrecrBeHo3arrlrrrerrrrJr repeH Ha nJraroro rluparuan.
flpr ace roBa, cnopen Harr.rrrHr.rre apxeoJroruqecK[ AaHH[r, eABa Jrrr Moxe [a ce roBopr,r 3a opraHu3r,rpaH floceJrr,rrqeH )<r{Bor ryK flo-paHo or Kpaq na V s. Maqa6nuxr
u rpeqll3eH xapaKTep Ha pa3Kpr,rroro yKpenureJrHo crpoureJrcryo a fundamentis
cBI,IAereJIcrByBa, qe ro e MorJro ga 6rge oc'brrlecrBeHo caMo B rrep[oA na SunancoBo-I,IKoHoMr{r{ecKI{ noAeM u rroJrr4Tr{lrecxa gtalurHocr, KaKtBTo 3a re3liMacrr{ Ha
I'Iuueprura Hacrbnl{Jl qaK creg orcrpar{rrBaHero Ha rorcKara 3alJraxa npes 488
rogr,rna339. Ktrrt rpaa na V/uaqa"rroro Ha VI s. Haco.{Bar r,r r.r3rpaAeHr,rre rro rpacero
crarr,rpaHa

B'bpxy repr,rropr.rqra Ha pr,rMcKpts

AeMOHCTpr4pa

Ha KpeIIOCTHaTa CTeHa MaJIKIII rIeTI.IpU'br.bJIHE IIJI'bTHL KyJIII, MHOrO 6nUgrm IIO rrJIaH,

pa3Meptr

r,r

KoHcrpyKTr,rBH[ oco6enocrra Ha KyJrr,rre Ha npoyrreur{Te yKpefrJreHrrrr

B

MecrHocrra "9.ifirara" xpafi Kauen 6par (Karnren 6par-I) 3a0 u xpafr, Cseru Huxona341. Hr,rxaK He MzuIoBzDKeH e u $arrrr, qe cJreg [peKBcBaHe ot 6nuso noJIoBrrH
BeK napr4rrHoro o6prqeHr,re B EEsoHe ce Ba3craHoBrBa rrMeHHo B.bB BpeMero Ha
r,rMfleparop Asacracmifa2 .
YxpenratenHara cl,IcreMa Ha paHHonusanuaficxus EusoHe go6una oKoHqaTeJrHr4rr cldBap\ B pe3yJrrar or pe[uqa no-K6cHrr go6anxu r4 npeycrporicrsa. Hann.{uara unQopMallu, He [aBa BB3MoxHocr 3a rorrHo pa3rpaHmaBaHe r,r xpoHoJrorurrecKo olpeAeJrrHe Ha crpor,rreJrHr,ITe Ilepuo[rl. Eguu or rflx, o6aue, HecGMHeHo
rpx6na Aa ce cB'bp>r<e c [r3rpaxgaHero Ha ceBepou3Toqnoro yKpeneHo no[rpaAr,re.

336
337

Mrpuen n yp. 1962, c. 103.
Brnpexn 3aHIaBLIero, cbAbpxarqara

ce n pa6or araruaUIn.I4opganon unQopruaqux upegcraBJrxna o6:op He caMo Ha Mouerrrre oT ruraro?o t{rnparrraau, a Ha rleJrr.u c'bxpaHr. nan n HcropualecKll rtryseft - Kanapna xyi'rr,rsrtraruveH MaTepr,rzu, upousxok4aul or
3aeMaHETe or Bn:ose iepeuu rrpe3 BcrryK]r eroxu or HeroBoro caulecrByBaHe:

Hopgauor 1982,57-59.
lbidem, c. 59.
33e
B)K. Hanpr,rMep: Barnea lggld.,p.
3ao
Salkin/Toptanov 1987, 22-35.
338

sarKuron 1971,,9-15.

3a2

fropganos

1982,

c. 59.

170.

A/
c

// -^)
(w/

/

on{' ut

o

100

200 l-. * l_

O6p. 61. AOPOAI43IIOH (APHRODISION). TouorpaQux r,r reprqoplrarren o6xnar upes
axTrrtrHara rr K'bcHoaHTlrqnara e[oxu. Jlerenga: 1.IV - I n. np. Xp.;Z.I - IV e.; 3. IV- VI
n. / Fig. 61. APHRODISION. Topography and teritory of the settlement during the Classical
period and the Late Antiquity. Legend: l. 4th -1st centuries B.C.;2.1st - 4th centuries A.D.;
3. 4th - 6th centuries A.D.

Krrrl no-ctulecrBeHr4Te yc'bB'bprrreHcrByBaHl{fl cJreABa Aa ce [puqrrclrr4ilra3qur:aHeTo Ha "AoHxoHa" B 3arragHlrfl rpafi na ceBepo3a[agHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa.
Tpy4nogocrB[] tlrflT ecrecrBeHo3aulr,rreH TepeH, coJrI{AHo Ia3rpagel{ara yKperruTeJrHa cr,rcTeMa I{ (He Ha nocJre[Ho nxcro!) c'bcelcTBoTo Ha MopeTo flpegonpeAeJrrrJrr{

[o-['F,JrroTo npoc'bulecTByBaHe Ha paHHoBII3aHTIIfiCKTIt Er.rgOne

[o cpaBHe-

Hr{e c MHo3r,rHcTBoTo yKpeneHI,I IIeHTpoBe BEB BBTpeIIIHocTTa Ha npoBI,IHIIus Cxnrrax - naft-xtcHrrre MoHerr{ or reprrropttflTa My [arltpar or ylpaB.]reHl,Iero Ha r{M-

reparop l4paxtruifa3.

343

lbidem.

23. AOPOAI,I3I,TOH (APHRODISION)
(c. Touora; o6q. Kanapua; flo6pruxa o6rac'r:)

Touola, KanapnencKo, e I{3KJr}oqETerHo 6oraro Ha apxeoJrorulrecKra naMerHIrII[344. Oco6eso roJIflMa e rflxuara KoHIIeHTpaqua roxHo or
ceJroro, n pafioua Ha MopcKIr, 6pxr (O6p. 61). Brcororo TyK roBeqe or 150,00 r'l
[o6pygxcaHcKo nJIaTo pf3Ko ce qlycKa Ha IoI, oSopuxfirz elHa xGJIMI{cra xpafi6pexHa Tepaca c HaAMopCKa BuCOqIaHa OKoJIO 30,00 u, A'bJIra noBeqe Ot 1,0 ru n
ur,IpoKa Ao 250,00 rnt. Or I{3ToK Tepacara e orpaHllqeHa oT BJII{BaII{ ce B MopeTo
gu6or [oJr, a or 3anaA - or e3r{KoBI{AeH I{3Aar'},K Ha nJlaroro, crII{IrraBaIrI ce crBrraJroBrrAHo r.r Aocrr{raq 6pera. Jloxamrara rorroHlaMllfl pa3rpanrlaBa ryK Tptr MecaIaCT OT CKJIOTHOCTIT: "EaI'bKKaBa", "KaBaKI'bKo' I{ "Apa6afiOly". fIO-fOllMaTa
HoBere Ha nJraroro rr rlflJrara xpafi6pexna repaca ca 6yKBaJrHo oceqHrl c apxI,ITeKTypHtr ocTaHKr,r u [oAeMerr apxeororuqecKl,I MaTepI{aJr, CBI,IIeTeJICTByBaII+I 3a 603eunrauleto

Ha c.

raTa KyJrTypa rr MHoroBeKoBHa rroceJrrrrr{Ha Tpaguqrlfl - oT K'bcHo)KeJrfl3HaTa elloxa
Ao K.bM Kpafl r{a VI s. cI. Xp. CnopeA pa3[poclpaHellueTo I4 KoHqeHTpa\wffa Ha
apxeoJrorr4qecKutfl.MareptraJr Mo>r(e [a ce ilpl4eMe, qe ceJll4lqero e 6uno Hafi-o6rurapHo npe3 eruHucr[rrecKrrfl.rrep]rog. Haxogxure or p[IMcKara efloxa ce orKpl4Bar [peguMHo B ceBeporr3ToilHara rracr Ha o6ogHaqeHara replrropvtfl,,rro noJrerarlllTe cKJIoHoBe Ha eArrlr rBAarbK Ha rlJraroro Ha r{3ToK. Octanxlrte or K'r,cHara aHTuqHocr ca
rpyElrpaHlr B 3anaAHaTa qacT Ha repacara, no rr B HelocpeAcreeHa 6rugocT Ao e3I{KOBI{AHUq HOC, OfpaHlrqaBaul

s or 3arlaA.

Orporrrnara rrJrorq, MoHyMer{Tanur.rre apxlrreKTypHrr ocraHKI{ r.r ago6r.rmrer:o
Ha apxeoJrofr{r{ecKufl MaTepr{aJr oT eJrIIHLtCTrrltecKaTa erloxa cBI{AeTeJrcTByBaT, rle

or c. To[ora tpx6ua Aa 6a[e npl4qrlcJreHo x'ru narfor roBa BpeMe IIo rororiI3TotIHoro Kpaft6pex[e Ha AH. ,q06-

aHTrrqHoro ceJrr4rrle roxHo
3Har{trTeJrHr4Te rIeHTpoBe

pygxa. C.rqerpeueHHo, HaJII{qe ca KaTerOp[qHI,I AaHHI,I 3a npoA'bJlx<aBaHe Ha xIIBOTa II [pe3 CJTeABaII{I,rTe flCTopuqecKrr efloxu, qaK Ao Kpat Ha KBcHaTa aHT]ItIIIOCT.

Brg

ocnoBa rra c'bfiocraBKara Ha apxeoJrorl4llecKllTe peaJIHocrI,I c'bc cBeAeHrIrITa Ha
[rrcMeHr{Te rr3Bopr4, [peAu 6nreo [Be AecerraJrerl,IJl npeg[a3Jrl{Bo 6e usrasano npeAnoJro)KeHlleTo34s, ue ocTaHKure rpali c. Tonona cJreABa [a ce oT'b)KAecTBrT c aHTr{trgoro ceJrrrqe Aphrodisias, crroMeHaro or flnnnrafr Cr:apn Karo eAIrH or rpaAooe,re (oppida) na crarure-3eMeAeJllln or xpaIi6pexHaTa 3oHa IIa Tpaxrn Me)Kny
346. KpariuopcKurlT xapaKTep II c'bycTLIJITa Ha peKI{Te [ynas u Ealroscra (Zyras)
rr{ecTByBaHero Ha ceJrlrqeTo, Ho IIo[ BuAor,r3MeHeHoTo LrMe Aphrodision, e 3acB]IAeTeJrcrByBaHo I,I B cpegata ua VI n. Cnopeg cBeAeHlIeTo na TeoSan I4suoregnrm347,

3aa

3evgruulero

Ha c.

Tonola

e

MHoroKparuo o6xoxgauo or aBTopa

B

1980, c.313,6en. 5; Bx. c'rulo: ,(uunrpon 1989, c. 48.
346
Plin. Nat. hist. IV, 11, 44 (ed. Mayhoff).
347
Theoph. Conf. Chron.22429-33 (ed. de Boor).

345

finuntpon

rlepl{oAa 1990-i995 r.

noBTopeHo r,r or [pyru cpeAHoBeKoBHr.r aBTopr{348, npe3 5441545 r. o6naqrra My, KaKTO r{ Te3r{ na ,[uonraco[oJlrrc ra ogecoc, 6zna :ansra or Mopero
Bepofll]Ho or
rr{raHTcKa B'bJrHa, npuql{HeHa or [oABoAeH 3eMerp.bc. XpononoruqecK[ Me)rqy
ABeTe [pI'IBeAeHI{ flO-rope CBIrAereJrcrBa cJIe[Ba [a ce flocraBrr crroMeHaBaHero Ha ce-

-

Jrrrurero B xopore3r4flra Ha flrnonraconoJrr4rc or BTopara [oJroBr{Ha na I s. np. Xp.349
Cuopeq reKcra Ha ro3II BaxeH enlarpaQcxr{ rraMerHr{K, [pl{HaAJre)Karqrn KbM rpagcKara repl,ITopl4fl na flraoHucolloJrl{c A$poqertsraon 6r.rn orcr}rreH "ga e or [or3a"
na rparuficKr,rr qap Korrnc. Cur.rc'rnT,r na $pasara He e c.bBceM qceH, Ho xafi-nepo{THO CTaBa AyMa 3a noJr3yBaHe Ha [puxoAr4Te oT TaKcr{, AaH'bqr4 vt MvITa, oqepTaBau1n o6nnxa Ha ceJrr{r{ero Karo [pocnepr4paru r.bproBcKr4 rIeHT.bp.
3 a uecronorro)Kerrrrero Ha 3araAtqnara
poAI,I3rroH JrI{nCBar rorrHrl opI{eHTr,IprI, ocBeH, qe

ASpo ywtuagal ASpogefi sil oH/Aers ce e HaMI{paJra xa uopcxux 6pxr,
B yqacrtKa or 3aflaAHonontr.rricroro rpafi6pe;xrre, flp[rHalJrexar HqKora K'bM fpaAcKara replrroplrfl na fiuonuco[oJrlrc. Axo cuorrreHaTaTa B xopoTe3rrrrra na flraoHracoloJlr{c "AKpa" ce orbx(necrrn c "Trlpr.rzncfiwpuzaH aKpa" B I{gBoprrre or cbrr{ara enoxa350, ceJll{Ir{ero cJIelBa Aa ce rbpcr{ B orceqKara MexAy noc Kanraxpa ra
ycrl'Iero na Earoscxa peKa.,['urorogurrlHr{Te c[creMarurrHr.r repeuHlr flpoyrrBaHI4fl rroKa3Bar, rre caMo eAr4H IyHKT nO qfJroro nporexeHze Ha ro3r{ yqacrrK npenJlara II'LJIeH CI{HXpOH Ha KOHCTaTLIpaHaTa apxeOIOrLIqeCKa CpeAa C nIaCMeHIlITe CBeAeHI{fl: ToBa ca IroJlerarIrre cKJroHoBe Ha rrJraroro r,r o6urrapnata rpafi6pe)KHa repaca IoxHo

or

c.

Tonola, [pelocranxrqu

raeo6nJrHrr AoKa3areJrcrBa 3a MHoroBeKoBHo

o6lrrasaHe I{ 3a BIrcoK Marepr.raJreH r.r KyJrrypeH craryc Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHl{e.
B.rs ocnosa Ha I{3TTbKHarI,ITe apryMeuTr4, orb)KgecrBflBaHero Ha aHTr{rrHI{Te r{ K.bcHOaHTITt{Hr.r ocraHKrr Ha MopcKr,rr 6pxr roxcro or c. Tonona c A$poglrsuaga-A$po-

gefiaron-A$poguelaon rr3rJre)Kla He caMo HarrbJruo rrpraeMJrraBo, Ho r{ npaKTr{yecKil
6esanrepnarr{BHo or rlcropr.IKo-apxeoJrorflqecKa ruregHa roqKa.
Marap [oceJrl4lrlHara TpaAITIII,IJI flcHo Aa ce [pocJreAsBa or KbcHoxeJrr3HaTA'I{AK AO KPA'I HA K'rCHOAHTI4qHATA ErIOXA, TOUOTPAQCKI,IIT AHAII,I3 HA IIOAEMHIIfl
apxeororruecKr.r Marepr,raJr [aBa ocHoBaHrre Aa ce rBBpAra, rre npoq.rsrxnaulrrsr

A$pogeIisl,IoH or eJrI,IHI.IcrI4qecKara eloxa npexrlBqr HqKtle B HaqaJroro na I xun.
cn. Xp. orpoMen ynaA'bK, HaMepI{Jr I,I3pa3 B cB[BaHe Ha )KrrBora [pe3 cJregBarr{r,rre
BeKOBe CaMO B eAHa He3HarrI,ITeJrHa rracr or o6rarasaHara no-paHo reprrropl,Ig, B
ceBepol'I3TotIHIrITe il uoxparinzuu. flpes K'bcHara arrrr,rqHocr rIeHTBp'br sa o6uraBaHe ce npeMecrl,IJr B 3anaAHara qacr ua xparfiraopcKara repaca. flporraanara oveBITAHO 6I,Ina Morlasupa*a ot cso6paxenul.3acurypHocr. Tx cnegea
Aa ce flocraBr{ B
np'flKa BpB3Ka c I'I3rpilKAaHeTo TyK Ha e[Ho 3ApaBo yKpe[JIeHI'Ie, [peB'bpHaJlo ce B
caoeo 6pasno rp aAoycrporicraeHo rApo rra K'bcHoaHTr.r.firax ASpoArr3troH.

348
3ae
350

ffanp.: Georg. Cedren. Comp. hist. I65715-19 (ed. Bonn).
Baueuy'fiuMr{rpoB 1985, 34-38 ; .[uuurpon LgB6,

gI

-92.

Strab. Geogr. VII, 6, I (ed. Meineke); Menip. Pergam. peripl. 15r (ed. Diller).

O6p.62. AOPOAI43I'IOH (APHRODISION). Crarucrnqr

Hoc c ocraHKr{

or

K'bcHoaurnqHo yKperneHne (norneg or roro3ara[). / Fig. 62. APHRODISION. The rocky
promontory with the remains of the Late Roman fortification (view from the south-west).

Yxpeunennero e pa3noJro)KeHo B'bpxy ecrecrBeHo 3arrlr{TeH TepeH, B caMr4s.
ro)KeH Kparf Ha rrJraroro (O6p. 62). Mecrnocrra e r{3BecrHa roA r{Mero "trOprJryKa"

orcrolr

Ha oKoJro 0,5

rlr or loro3a[aAHr{Te

norpariur.rxr{ Ha ceJlo Tonona. Calru:re
Karo "Kro.{yK KaJre" uJ[.r ",[xr.IHcKo Kare''. YxpenrErelHrrre c6op'F,xeHr{s 3afpaxlar [Jrorq or oKoJro 1,0 xa rE o6xsa[1ar ropHr.rre ABe repacr{ Ha I43[aBaIqLIJI ce o:r pr6a Ha flJraroro nocoo6paeeH r{3AarbK, xorito crBrraJroBI,IAHo ce clycKa K'bM MopcKut 6pxr. Tepeu'}r e KaMeHr4cr, c r.LHKo nor{BeHo noKpraTr{e. Ocrarrla or ctpaAr.I rr{qar caMo B cpeAara Ha 3alll,rreHara rrJrorr1.
IfeHuu cBeAeHI{rI 3a yKpe[JreHzero ce orKp[rBar B neny6nuxyraHr{Te 6enexxz
na K. IllxoplaJr35l. Taxa naupuMep craBa scHo, qe npes 1908 r. TyK, B rleHTpaJrHara
qacr e 6rana pasxoflaHa Ia3Tor{Hara [oJroBvrma Ha eAHa roJIflMa crpaAa, rrpeAnoJloxIlTeJrHo orbx(AecrBeHa c rl:bpKsa. 3anageHure il Ha Brrcoq[Ha 4o 1,40 M 3r,rgoBe
6uttu uztpageHl,I or roJIeMI{ nJlolrecrr{ KaMbHr{ cBBp3aHr{ c poHJrrrB xopocaH, Karo
ge6enranara r{M HagBr,rlraBaJra 1,00 rra. Ilog'sr 6ul noxpur c KBaAparHu BapoBrrKoBr{
I4

pyktlJpr ce o3HaqaBar on{e

35r

HA BAH, $.

165rq ou. 1, a.e. 425,

*

20; a.e. 543,

*

10; a.e. 588, n.54.

O6p.63. AOPOAI43I4OH (APHRODISION). Ocranrn or ceBepHara KperocrHa crer{a rr
poBa Ha K'bcHoaHTr{qHoro yKpenrreuue (nor.neg or ceBepolr3ror). / Fig. 63.
APHRODISION. Remains of the northern precinct wall and the defensive ditch of the Late
Roman fortification (view from the north-east).

rrJroqu c'bc crpaHa 0,98 rtr u ge6elnuua 0,11 rnr. B uacr.rua 6ranr narrepeHr{ flpo+rnJrrrpaur,r BapoBr{KoBr{ KopHr{3[r c roJreMrr pa3Meprr. flo cnegenlu Ha MecrHrr )Kr{TeJrrr, B
flo-AzureqHoro Mr{HaJro or pyr{Hr{Te Ha yKpenJreHuero 6anu sssxuqaHr,r MuoxecrBo
o6pa6oreurr KaMeHHrr 6rorone, BKrloq[TerHo u raKr{Ba c HaAnI,Ic[ (!) u pere$na
raso6pa:reur{rr, Korrro 6u;ru pasneceHr,r lro oKoJrHr.rre ceJrr,Iqa I,rJrr,I BrpaAeHr{ B ocHoBrrre Ha K'brr{u s c. Tonona. II{o ce orHac, [o yKpelrrreJrHara cr{creMa, 3ala3eHr4Te
6ene:xru ce r{fJKgzurr or HsKou Ao6aBKr,r r,r KopeKr{uu.
Cuopeg K. IllxopnuJr, KpelocrHrl crenrr r{MaJro caMo orK'bM nraroro (or
ceBep z sanag), a or ror rr rororr3ToK TaKr{Ba n'ro6u1e te 6utn I{3rpaAeHr{ nopaAr.r
ecrecrBeHtrTe crp'bMHrrnr.r352. Begnara cJIeABa ga ce or6enex<ra, o6ave, tre MaKap r.I
crpGMHr{, cKJroHoBere or re3rr crpaHu c'bBceM He ca HerrpucrbrrHr{. floquepranux:r
p'r6 na repacara u sa6errssarqrrre ce ilo npore)KeHlrero My pa3nr,rJrenr ppe6un
KaMaHu u K'r,coBe xopocaH (6ar, c flprrMec or HarporueHa crporlTeJrua KepaMr{Ka)
AaBaT CepI,IO3HLI OCHOBaHLIfl Aa Ce TB'bpAVI, qe Il OT IOr II IOTOIT3TOK yKpenJIeHpIeTO e

352

lbidem, a.e. 425,

n

20.

r'lFg;fr
\o,:'
1- {-/
\\

{.-3lzz

o 50 100 150
O6p.64. AOPOEI43I4OH (APHRODISION). flnau ua K'rcuoaurutrnoro

yKperJreHr{e.

Fig. 64. APHRODISION. Layout of the Late Roman fortification.

6lrro ouacaHo or cera Berre rroqru Ha['bJrHo yHIrrIIoxeHIr KpenocrHu 3lrloBe, nogrpilKgarqa cKaJrHr{rr BeHerI. 3naqureruro no-coJrr4Ano e 6rnro yKpe[flBaHero orK'bM
uari-yasruuara ceBepHa crpaHa. 3a rpagexa Ha Kpeflocrrrara creHa HflMa AaHHr.r.
Cera rs Jrlrrrrr B'bB Br,r[ Ha BlrcoK go 2,00 M KaMeHHo-3eMJreH sar. flo rpacero i ne
Morar Aa ce r,rAeHTr,rSuqnpar xynr. flpeg Her, B cKaJrHara noqBa e 6ran ugronaH poB
(06p. 63). TrrpgeHuero sa K. IIIxop[HJr, r{e B r,r3rorrHara cr{ noJroBtrHa rofi 6rEr
gaoeu353, He orroBapfl.Haficrnmara. 3a cMerKa Ha roBa, TyK flcHo

or

rfiqar

B'bHrrrna KpelocrHa creHa (nporefixraua), r.rsrpageHa Ha oKoJro 8,00

ocraHKrrre
r',r rtpeg oc-

HoBHara or6panurelHa Jr[Hrrff. B qanocren BrrA yKpe[JreH]rero [rMa HenpaBrrJreH
MHoroBrbJreH [JraH, [peAorpegeJreu or xonSurypar\r4flTa Ha repeHa. Cenepnara
KpenocrHa creHa e A'bJrra oKoJro 130 rta, a npotefixu3Mara - oKoJro 80 u. MarcuMiurHara AbJrxr,rua Ha 3arrluTeuara flJrorq or ceBep K'bM Ior B63Jr]r3a na upu6mrerEreJrHo 150,00 rra (O6p. 64).
Hauupanara no [oBtpxHocrra Ha repena KepaMrma e crrJIHo $parr"renrupaua. Tx Aarlrpa xafi-o6rqo or K'bcHoanTrrqHara erroxa, Ho rro-ToqHoro t oflpegeJrflHe e HeB'b3Mo)KHo. Baxeu xpoHoromqecKr,r r{HgrrKarop [pegcraBJrrBar HaMepeHr.rre ryK MoHerr{. B I4cropuuecKufr, rrry:efi e fio6plru ce c'bxpaHrsar 8 ergeMur.f,pa354, xorrro ce pa3[pegeJrflT rro BnaAereJrlr KaKTo cJreABa: Kpa, na fV s. (tun SALVS
REIPVBLICAE) - 1; IomunII - 4; MaapnxufiTu6epufrr-Z;Yl n.(aeoupegenena) - 1.
Brs ocHosa Ha HyMtr3Marr{rrur{fl MareprlulJr, B'b3I{rIKBaHero Ha yKpelJreHrreTo cJreABa [a ce orHece narl-nepoxrxo K6M BTopara [oJroBrrHa na IV e. IoreMul,"
6pofi ua MoHertrTe or BpeMero Ha I,IMreparop trOcruH II r"roxe 6r,r ce naur,rpa B'bB
Bp'b3Ka c [pe[npueru rorrHo rro roBa BpeMe crporrreJrHo-Bt3craHoBr(TeJrHrr pa6o-

ul

(nsrpax4aHe Ha nporerixrasuara? qrproBHo crporrrercrno?). Hafi-r'rorure eK3eM[rspu - AeKaHyMu.fl 6eg or6ers3aHa roAuHa ]r [oJroBrrH Qonnc or III roguna na

yrpaBJreurrero Ha r.rMneparop MaopuxuirTu6eptri (584/585 r.) - caugereJrcrByBar,
qe K'bM KpaJr Ha VI u. yxpenJreHrrero BeporrHo e upecraHaJro ga $yurqlronrrpa.
Marap Hec'bMHeHo Aa e c'bcraBJrqBaro BiDKeH eJreMeHT or npocrpaHcrBeHoKoMrro3rrrltrouuara cxeMa Ha K'bcHoaHTurIHI{rr AQpogl,rsnoH, npeAcraBeHoro yKpe[JIeHr{e eABa Jrr,r Moxe Aa ce ortxnecrBrr ctc caMoro ceJlflu{e. OcrrgnrErr 6porl na
perIlfipupaHure ryK nocrpofixr,r E nonqepraHo [peAcraBureJlHr4rrr uu o6rqecrnen
xapaKTep cBr.rAeTencTByBaT, qe ecTecTBeHo 3arrlrrreH[JrT lr r[3KycTBeHo yKpenerl Tepeu B ropuara qacr Ha noJryocrpoBHlrfl [I3AarbK Ha flJraroro He e 6ul [peAHa3HaqeH 3a [oc-ToflHHo o6[rasaue. Or gpyra crpana, ueo6llrHurr [oAeMeH apxeoJroruqecKr.r MareptraJr r.r ocraHKlrre or crpaAr,r355 noxasear, qe ceJrrrrqero e 3aeMaJro rrpeg353

lbidem.

- [o6pnv, oTger "Hyur.r3rraatuxa", uun. Nb 12887-2893 (egrn excaxpaxrBa s "CuoMarareJrerr QonA").
35t
EAxa raKaBa crpaAa e [peceqeHa rucHo Jrr{qr,r B ceBepxr4rr npoQur Ha HoBoro rrroce 3a
Ean.ruK:.
ir ca [ByJrr{LIeBll, qe6enu ca 0,60 M rI ca rr3rpaAeHr{ c}c cuofixa or
"lrfioeere
6xn xopocau.
3sa

Llcropr.rvecru raysefi
3eMrrJrf,p ce

(
\

\
))
I
lr
\

m

(

I

\

I

["r

ll '

(

)

\
rr2.r

u-

I

.u
A

I- lliiii'

O6p. 65. Eaauur-Tysnara. Tonorpa$cxo rroJro)<eHre. lFig.65. Balchik-Tuzlata.
Topographical situation.

JraratrIara 3naqr,ITerno no-6naroupuflTn*t ycJroBI,Ir{ 3a xuBor \Iacr or rpafi6pexlraTa repaca B rorolr3TorlHoro nolHoxr,re Ha floJryocrpoBa. B uatl-sucKara qeJrHa rlacr
Ha nonyocrpoBa, B Herrocpegcrsena 6rl,Isocr [o MopcKnn 6prl. ce na6nrogaBar rpu
tr3Konauu B MeKara cKaJrHa [orrBa recHu r,r n'bJrrrr ranepuu. Te ne ca pa3qrlcrenfi uI
npo1nreHu apxeoroflrrrecKr{, Ho rexH}Isr IUraH, flaqr{n ua uspa6orKa lt MecrolloJroxerrue ca EarrbJrHo [AeHTutrHu Ha pa3KprlTrate n paftona ua KarapHeHcKoro rrpuc-

TaHruIe [erqeputr cK.IragoBe-3'bpHoxpaHrrJrrilqa

ot fV-VI

s.356.

B caerrunara Ha [peAcraBeHr{Te AaHHrr, yKpelJreHlrero xpafi Tonona cnegBa Aa ce oKaqecrBrr Karo ttocrornHo [oAA'bpxaua, Ho npaKTntrecrcl neo6uraBilHa
rII{TaAeJra Ha KtcHoaHTr4rrHrrs A$pogzsuou, rrpr,r3Baua Aa I{3n'bJrHrIBa B MoMeHTIT Ha
orracrocr $yurqrnre ua y6exuule 3a xlrreJrrrre Ha ceJrl{Irlero.

356

CaJrKtrf, l98/., c.53; Caaxun 19876,25-28.

fkan Ha paHHoBn3auruitcxus KacreJr. / Fig. 66. BalchikTuzlata. Layout of the Early Byzantine fort.

O6p. 66. Eanvux-Tysnara.

24.Bansnx-Ty:rara
(rp. Eanuur; fio6puvxa o6nacr)
YxpenneHraero "I{KuHAxr,I Kare" e lr3rpa[eHo Ha paBeH TepeH, rpafi p's6a
Ha

[o6py4xaHcKoro rrJraro. Hartrupa

ce He[ocpeAcrBeHo ceBepHo

or coJreHoro e3epo

Eanqrarura Tysna, HaA InlrpoKara ryK go 1,0 KM I{ HaKJroHeHa K'bM Mopero xpafi1pe)Krra repaca. Ha egpouaula6nure ronorpa$crr4 Kaprlr MecrHocrra ce o3Har{aBa
noA r.rMero "Tadr4flTa" . Otcrora ua 4,5 KM I{3TotrHo or rp. Eanqur I{ Ha oKoJIo 3,5 xiu
3araA-roro3araAHo or c. Touona, Kanapnencxo (O6p. 65).
Yrpeunenuero "I4rungxl4 KaJIe" e orKplrro 3a HayKara ot Kapel IIIxopnun. Heuy nppruaAJrexa.I I{ eAHo ueny6nNrynaHo KparKo oIIpIcaHI{e, nplIApPKeHo or
rrJraH Ha ocraHKI{Te, Koero ce c'bxpaHflBa B JII{\tHpIrI lry apxr,re357.

Fig. 67. Balchik-Tuzlata. Remains of the eastern precinct wall. / O6p. 67. Ean.rur-Tys.nara.
Ocr:auru or r.r3Torruara Kpe[ocrga crena.

K'rlr Ha.{aroro Ha XX g. yKpe[JreHrrero e 6luo Beqe noqrt4 HantJruo yHr.rIrloxeHo. K. Illxopulrn [oflycKa, qe HirKora ro e 6rno [o-roJrrrMo, Ho iracr or Hero
ce e OTIIenLTJIa c Kpafl lra IIJIaToTO Ir [ponagnaJra olqe B MLIHaJTOTo. ?Isntpurerrxr
rrye: 1994 r. orrleA Ha ocraHKllre358 norsrpAu s o6qra Jrurmuur HaJrr{qHrrre AaHHr{,
sHac.flfixl,I B Trx 14 HqKou [olpaBKI,I t4 yroqHeHas. 3auageHara rracr or yKperrJreur,reTo IrMa rrpaBo'brbJleH IUraH. Kpenocrnure creHrr ca oprreHTr,rpaHu no cBeroBHr{Te
rrocoKr{, c orKJroHeHue 12o ceBep-ceBepo3alaA (pecnexrunHo: 3anaA-roro:anag)
(O6p. 66). B nafi-go6po cbcrorHr{e ce HaMr,rpa 3arra3eHrrrrr yrracrbK or r,r3Tor{Hara
KpenocrHa creHa (gtmrrana 59,20ut), rortro ce rr3Br{csBa HaA TepeHa B.bB BuA Ha
KaMeHHo-3eMJreH BaJr c Br{coqr4Ha oKoJro 1,00 rnl (O6p. 67). 3auagnara (60,20 rtr) u
ceBepna (93,10 u) creuu r[rrar B Herarr{B, Karo rrJrr{TKtrLrtrrrrpoKtt 3,00-4,00 u poBoBe, ocraHaJrl{ cJreA orpa6naHeto Ha crpoI,ITelrBlrs.MareprraJr. Kaxro noKa3Ba eAr.rH
He3HaqI{TeJreH no pa3MepLI 3ana3eH yr{acr'6K B rox(H[fl xpart ua 3anagHrrr orpaAeH
3I,IA, KpenocTH[Te creH[ ca 6anu Sylrgupanrn B'bpxy rurr,rrKo pa3noJro)KeHaTa cKaJrHA IIOIIBA, KATO OCHOBIITTE trM CA 1NIruI II3IPAAEHI,I OT JIOMEHH KAM6HI4, CB'bP3AHIT C
358

06xo><[aHero 6e oc]u{esrBeHo or aBTopa [pe3 M. vrafi 1994 r.

6xn xopocas. Mecrata na or6enssalslwre or K. Ilkopnr,rJr rptr KyJrr{ Bce orqe ce
pa3no3HaBar Ha repeHa: ABe or rflx ca 6unuuzrpaAeHr{ B ceBepo3a[agutrfi r,r ceBepolr3ToqeH brbJr Ha yKperlJreHl,rero r{ IIo B,cAKa BepoqTHocT cayIM.aJrE KpbrbJr rriraH,
a rperara, qurfro IJIaH He Mo)Ke Aa ce onpeAettu 6es pa3KolKllt, ce HzrMr{pa rotrHo B
cpe[aTa Ha ceBepHaTa KpenocTHa creHa. Pasranllf,r yrracT'bK B cauils. rox<en rpafi
Ha I,I3TorrHaTa KpelocTHa cTeHa Mox(e 6u yxaasa MecTonoJrox(eHl{ero Ha olqe eArra
ryna. 3arqzrara e 6aaa nogczJleHa or nJrr{T'bK oKoJroBpbcreH poB, BKo[aH B cKaJrHara rrorrBa LI orcrofln{ Ha oKoJro 5,00 rnr or Kpe[ocrHr{Te creHrr. flonacrom{eu r:ofr
e noqTla Ha['bJrHo o6e3rl,r.reH, KaTo flo-gcHo Jrr4rrrr or 3arraAHara, a oTqacrrr - I{ oT
[3TOr]HaTa CTpaHa.

Crapnre u [o-HoBra rr3Kolrr B'bB BtrpemHocrra Ha yKpeflJreutrero cBuAeTeJrcrByBar, rle KyrrypHIrrIT tIJIacr, cBBp3aH c HeroBoro o6zraaane, e cBBceM T.bnrr. Heuxoro6poftlrure KepaMrrqnu Qparr'lenru, c'r6paxrr or noBBpxuocrra, He
Morar na ce [pequ3upar xpoHoiroruqecKr4 u [arr{par nart-o6rqo or K'bcuara auT[rrnocr. HauepeHara 6ponsoea rypcKa MoHera or cpelara na XIX r.359 lxasna upeMero, Koraro ocraHKLITe ca6anu [oAJro)KeHIr Ha MeroAtrqHo yHmqox(eH[e, c orneA
orpa6aane Ha roAur{fl sa ynor:pe6a crporrreJreH MarepuaJr.
Ilponopquure Ha 3ana3eHara r{acr or yKpenJreHr{ero AaBar ocHoBaHue Aa
ce rrpe[noJroxrr, rre upu6nzer.rreJrHo [oJroBI,IHara or Hero ce e cpyrtrna c qacr or
flJraroro. flososaeafiKlr ce

Ha npaBo'brbJrHrrJr My

nlaH, K. Illxopnu-rr ortxqecrBflBa

"WKwrrgx.n Kare" c pLrMcKa rrBTHa cranqr,ra360. Oupegeneurrero My, o6aue, rre Mo)Ke Aa ce nplreMe 3a c[oJIyqII{Bo Hr.rTo oT xpoHoJlorr4rlecKa, Hr,ITo oT TEilOJTOnIIIeCKa ureAHa TorrKa. 3anagenute ocraHKII pa3KprrBar IloLrrrrr II'bJrHa EAerrrr{rlHocr c'bc
ceBepHara [oJroBlIHa or paHuoBl{sauruficxul.KacreJr B MecrHocrra "[rn6ora" xpait
c. Etlrapeno (TITIMYM-3anag) u c'bc 3arraflHara [oJroBr,rua Ha yKperureHrrero KarraeH 6pxr-Il, KaTo [r B Tpr,rre cryqas, BeporrHo ce Kacae 3a peurJrE3arry'.fta eAHa E
c'bIIIa TIIIOBa [JraHOBa CXeMa, K'bM KO.rrTO MO)Ke npeAlOJrO)<r,rTeJIHO Aa Ce OTIIeCe E
KacreJrbr C(a)reas Ha Hoc IIIa6na361.
B'rg ocnosa Ha Ka3aHoro, yKpeflJleuuero "]IKLrHgxu Kalre" nag Eanvnmca-

ra Tysna

cJreABa Aa ce olpegeJrrl Karo KacreJr, a fi3rpaxgaHero My - Aa ce orrrece
KbM BoeHHoro crpor4TeJrcrBo Ha rrMleparop trOcrr,rnuan I s cpe[ara Ha VI s. no
roror{3ToqHut 6par Ha npoBr,rHrluq Maxra Cxurvs.

- [o6puv, orgel "Hyrur.r3MaruKa" (cnouaratenen $oug).
165x, on. l, a.e. 425, t. 25.
361
Bx(. c'borBerHrrre naparpaSr.r B r{3Jro)Keunero tro-rope.
35e

I4cropuvecru

360

HA BAH, S.

rr.rysefi

25. Ar,rOHr,rCOnOirrIC (DIONYSOPOLIS)

(rp. Earuur; flo6puvra o6nam)
CurypHo JroK:rJru3r,rpanara Irpu AHeIrrHtrr rpag Ea-n.ux srapa !p'],r{Ka KoJro[Normcouoruc362 3arra3l{Jra 3HarreHtrero cu r{a Bax<en croIrarrcKu tr KyJITypeH
IIeHTlp tr npe3 Klcrrara aHTEqHocr. Hapeg c Tow u Kalatzc, Ar,rorzconoJrxc E3pwil{o e or6ensgaH or Auxan Mapqenun Karo e[rru or "[o-u3Becrulre" lpa[oBe
(oppida) B rrpoB]rnrltrJr Cxurus363. B o@uqnarHzTe AorryMerrrrr [pe3 VI s. rofi orHoro Sxrypxpa B ctrtrc'bKa Ha rpaAoBere3& tr Ha ermcKorrcKtrTe cegarurqa36t u rrpoBr{Hr[rflTa. Cnopeg cBegeHrrero ua TeoQau ]lsuonegnrx3tr, peupopyqupaHo rr or
no-Ktcntr srsauTrficKtr xporacr:n367, npes 5441545 r. pafiou'rr na [romcofloJrrc
fiocrpagaJr or Brre3z]rrHo KparKor.pafino nanogrregae, trptrtlmreHo rlo Bcfl(a BeporrHosr or Morqeu rrogBo[eH aerrerp'rc368. B nocnegHo BpeMe nacrofiwmo ce npoKapBa re3ara, rre cJreg rona 6eqernre rpa[LT ce tr3MecrlrJr Ha BrcoKoro xpaft6pe:rcro
rrJraro, K'bgero Mo)Ke 6z oule K'bM Kpzrs na V unr B r{arrzrJroro na VI s. 6rura E3rpaAeHa rr3 ocHoBr{ eAHa orpoMna rro pa3Mepu rpenocr369. 3a [socraBrHe na o6uranarrrlre flo-paHo repeHr[, o6ave, 3acera rrflMa HtrKaKBo apxeorornrecKo uortstpxqeHue.
,[armre sa o6ruxa tr pa3BtrTtrero Ha yr(perm'r'eJrHara ctrcreMa na,flnoHucorroJrrrc ca rBcpge ocK'b[HE, rsfi raro ocranKtrTe or aHTrwm, rpaA Jre)Kar Ha pa3Jruqna g'rn6ourora rroA c'bBpeMeHHure rpaAe)Ktr na Ealm<. Hafi-pannoro apxeororutrecKn ycraHoBeHo yKperrflBaHe rra rpaga rartrpa or eJrtrHucrtrrrecrara enoxa370.
PerucrpnpaHtrTe rro rpacero Ha E3Tottrrara KperrocrHa creua or roBa BpeMe MHo)KecrBo notrpaBKtr r{ [peycrpoficrea Kareroprrrro cBrrAereJrcrByBar, rre rfl e [po-

nlu

AEJDKEJTa

ga QyHKrInoH4pa rrpe3 rr'bpBnre BeKoBe r{a ptrMcKoro B.rragr[lrecrBo, a Be-

poqrHo - E orqe [o-K'bcno. Yxpeuenara repnTopur ua [norucofloJrtrc [pe3 K'bcHaTa auTlrlrEocr He e enrypno ycrar{oBeua. 3a rpaga or pl{McKara enoxa ce nprreMa,
.re - uogo6Ho Ha eJrrgtrsrrrecKn [oJIEc - 3aeMaJr BTopara xpafi6pex<ua repaca.
pS3rrrrrpmau€To My B ceBeprra [ocoKa rrpe[rroJrox<trTeJrrro ce ornacfl K'bM BTopara
rroJroBrrua sa II n rratrurrroro na III o., a B ro)rcra - K'bM fV n., rato tr B ABara crlrr{afl
yBeJrmaBarrero rra repzToptrf,Ta ce o6nrp3Ba c npegrrptreMaHero Ha HoBo Soptu-

362
363

flogpo6no 3a rroK:lrrr3arlrrflTa na [uoHncononr{c Bx.: IGBulg.
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. )O(V[, 4, 12 @d. Clark).

llhr.

12, p.

49 sqq.

(d. Parthey).
p.
l)arrouzes 1981, 242 (Notitia 3, 653).
366lheophan. Conf. Chron. 22429-33 (ed. de Boor).
367
Haup.: Georg. Cedren. Comp. hist.I65715-19 (ed. Bonn).
368
Xpucrocxony'Trrlrona-3annosa 1979, 98-99.
@
flrunrpon 1980;,(m,urpon 1982; nnnnrpor 1986; ,(nuurpon 1988;
firrurrpor 1992.
370tall'ali 19?11,29-30;,{uuurpor 1973, 183-184; ![nurtpos 1986, c.94;

3e

Synecd. 637, 2

365

c-27.

,[nnurpon 1990;
![nrmtpos 1990,

-t

,tl

,,

;.r'rJ'+

,l
I

lt

O6p. 68. AI4OH?ICOIIOJIPIC (DIONYSOPOLIS). Tpace xa rpaAcKara yKperrnrerrHa
cr{creMa [pe3 aHT[qHara rr K]cuoaHTr4qHara e[oxr{ rro M. fiuurarpon. Jlerenga: 1.
Axpouon:sr na,[nonnconoJrllc rro O. Ta$pann;2. ffuouucorrorrr{c rpe3 II r. up. Xp. - III
n. c.n. Xp.; 3. fiuour.rcouoJrrc rpe3 III-VI a.; 4. O6uqectneHr{ crpagr.r or XIX-XX s.; 5.
Knoarara Ha fluouuconoruc (,fluunrpon 1990, Ta6n.2). /Fig. 68. DIONYSOPOLIS.

Course of the city wall during the Classical period and the Late Antiquity after M. Dimitrov.
Legend: 1 The acropolis of Dionysopolis after O. Tafrali; 2. Dionysopolis in the 2nd century
B.C. - the 3rd century A.D.; 3. Dionysopolis in the 4th - 6th centuries A.D.; 4. Public
buildings from the 19th - 20th centuries; 5. The cloaka maxima of Dionysopolis (flnrwrpon

1990,Ta6t.2).

Quraquonxo crporrreJrcrBo3Tl (O6p. 68). IIpu rr3KorrHr.r pa6oru Ha AoJrHara xpaft6[o fiprrcraHrru{ero ua Earvur, upea 1981 r. 6lrna 3acerreHa
r{3ToqHara KpelocrHa creHa Ha ro)KHoro pa3rxr,rpeHr4e Ha fiuonuconoJrr4c. flo rpa-

pe)KHa repaca s 6nusocr

ceTo Ha To3I4 rorou3ToqeH yr{acT6K oT K'bcHoaHTr4qHaTa yKpenrrTeJrHa cr4cTeMa Ha
rpaAa 6u.na perucrpprpaHa eAHa r{erflpr{BrtJrna xyta312. C'{acr[.{Horo [poyrrBaHe
Ha [Be pa3HoBpeMeHr{rl Kpenocrnr.r KyJrr.r n pafiona na BaxquuKara aBTorapa, ilpe3
1984 r. curypHo 6e ycranoneH r.r ceBepo3arraAHrrrrbrbJr or yKpefleHara repr.ITopr.rs
Ha K'bcHoaHTvtqlkrfl. fiuoiucono Jwrc313.3a crxaneHl,Ie, pe3yJrrarr{Te or re3r4 BDKHT4
flpoyr{Banraa ca o6napoABaHr{ TB'bp[e Herrpeqr4sHo374.Hesature $opr'aynl4poBKl.I B
TeKcra rr orctcrBr.rero Ha rpa$rzuen LrJIrccrparI,IBeH MareplraJr IrpaBtr ct[tpxarrlara ce s uy(:turaquxra uu$opua\ufl"npaKTr4qecKr{ HelpurogHa 3a rleJrr{Te Ha HacTosrrloro rr3cJreABaHe. Mo;xe ga ce or6ene)Ku caMo, qe ceBepo3a[aAHI{J{T ceKTop or

yKpe[[TeJrHara cr{creMa na fluouzconoJrrrc 6nn n'spnonauaJrHo 3alr{r,rraBaH or r,r3rpa[eHa B opus mixtum U-nugua KyJra, cJreA rr3Jrr{3aHero or crpor Ha KoflTo, BMecro
ses 6wna H3[r4rHara eAHa HoBa KyJra c xp.rrsn(?) [JraH, qacrlrqHo B'L3cflAalqa uefiHrrre ocraHr<u. flpe4ro)KeHara Aarr,rpoBKa na U-rragnara KyJra B Kpa, na lVna.raroro sa III 8.375 e HarrbJrHo HelplreMJrr4Ba: rr3rpax[aHero i s Hpnaxra cnyuafi He Moxe Aa 6rqe or:HeceHo no-paHo or caMrrfl xpali na III unu Har{aJroro na IV s. rlucro
yMo3pr,rTeJrHa r{ HeloAKpe[eHa c HrrKaKBr{ apfyMeHT[I e u [aTIrpoBKaTa B HaqaroTo
na V s. Ha no-K'bcHara ryna376.
flpra crapeMeHHoro cbcrorHr4re Ha rrpoyrrBanrtlrra, B'bIIpocI{Te ornocno o6xBara, o6nxxa u xpoHoJlorvtflTa Ha K'LcHoaHTIrqHara yKpe[L{TeJrHa crrcreMa ua [uoHl{colroJrlrc ocraBar orKplrrr{ - Ao 6'r[erqu cl{creMHr{ pa3KolKr.r r,rJrr{ ulacrJruBrr

apxeoror[qecKr.r

orJ(pr,rTr,rrr.

Earqnx-Xopusout
(rp. Eanvur; fio6pu.rxa o6nacr)

26.

B cenepuara qacr ua Earuux, Ha repr4TopvflTalr.a cerarrrHr{fl rnapran "Xopr.r3oHT", ce HaMupar ocraHKrrre or MHoro roJrflMo KGcHoaHTuttHo yKpenJlenrae. To
orcror{ Ha oKoJro 1 xu or MopcKrr, 6pnr w 3aeMa'brbJra Ha BlrcoKoro go 220ut
rpaliuopcro rrJraro, o6pasyralr Me)KAy crp'bMur.rr r{ Ha Mecra orBeceH cKJroH KBM
Mopero (or ror) rr eAHa rxupoKa u gu6oxa [oJrIrHa (or: usrox). Cregenrx 3a c'brrlecrByBaHero rra roBa yKpe[JreHrle ce c'bAtpxar n neuy6nuKyBaHllTe 6enex<ru sa

37t,fiunurrpon 1986, c.
372

97 ; \uv.wrpon 1990, 28-29.
finunrpon 1986, c. 95; ,(ulrurpox 1990, c. 29.

373,fir.rurarpos 1985a, c.

l4l.

374

,fluuurpor. 1986,95-97
375
Ibidem, c. 97.
376

fiunnrpon 1990, c. 28.

.

U

O6p. 69. Baavur-Xoplr3olrr. fl.nan na yKpermreJrHara cr{creMa fiurarrpor 1989, c. 50,
Cxeua 3) (c xopexryru u 4o6anxu na amopa). lFig.69. Balchik-Horizont. Layout of the
defence system (flruutpon 1989, c. 50, Cxer'ra 3) (with certain corrections and additions
by the author).

K. Illxoprum377, a BuocreAcrBr{e - u B eAHa r;tarug, Harucarra B ccaBTopcrso c X.
Ilhopnrn37t. orq" [o-paHo, npu6nusureaerr ruraH na ocraEKrrre ce cpeqa B ..ormcaHtre Ha BOeHHure rroxolE na Pycua rro BpeMe Ha pycKo-TypcKara sofiHa or
7828-1829 r." or Xern"ryr $on Monrre3?9. or Haqa.rroro na 70-re Ao K,bM cpe[ara
na 80-te rolaHrr yKpelr.Ireutrero n xn. 'Xopu3oHT" 6e o6ext Ha cucreMEtr apxeoJror[rrecKE pa3Kom<u380, KotrTo EoBenoxaAo pa34prrBaHe Hano-rorsMara uacr na$optrQmaquorrHara My cucreMa. Pesyrtarare or rrpor{BaHugra Bce oqe Ee ca tr3HaneHtr Morrorpasnnno. flpu rce roBa, fro B.bnpocr{Te orHocHo xapaKTepa tr xpoHoJrorE Ta na o6exta, KaKTo u sa oco6enocrtrTe rra yKperrtrTeJrHara My crcreMa, Beqe

HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 588, * 54-55.
lllropnrur/Illxoptrrur 1912, c. 47,50.
37e
Banona u gp. 1986, c-26 A.921.Ta6a. l4).
317
378

380

Pagrouxure trpe3 70-re roAuuu 6rxa nnuqnqparrn E paKoBoAeHs or E-p Mapuu
[ur*rurpoB or Llcropuvecxx r,ryrefi-Ban.rrr. B trepuoAa or l98l go 1985 r. B rrpo)rrrBegr{Ta Ce BKJIIOqI{ MeXlyHapOAHa KOMTIITeKCHa eKctreA!{rtiltt (}T CIIerIqaItrCTU

B

pa3JIIIrIHrr

npoSrru or 6murrn:e corlraflrlsrurrecKtr cTpanu. Kparxu 6eaorxr 3a pe3ynrarrrre
or pa6otara Ha eKcrreArdrlEfira B: [a.nu.rer n gp. 1988, c.34 ur.; Brrnsuor 1990,
c.73 ur.

IaMa HarpyraHa Aocra npocrpaHHa 6ra6ruorpa$us38l.

Marap

B orAeJrHure

ny6ru-

Kaqr.ru HeprAKo Aa ce c'bg'bp)Ka rrporrrBoper{r4Ba rau$opuaqux, o6o6rqeuraero Ha
AaHHilTe AaBa B'b3MOXIIOCT [a Ce r43fpaAr,r AOCTaT'b\IHO flCHa I4 ['bJrHa KapTI4Ha 3a
o6nraxa u ocHoBHlare erarrr{ B pa3Br,rrl4ero Ha yKpenJleH}Iero o rc. "Xopu3oHT" npe3
K'bcHoaHTr{r{Hara e[oxa. O:r gpyra crpaHa, c'blocraBKara Ha re3l{ AaHHr,r c ocraHKIITe Ha repeHa u c Halr.rr{HaTa TexHur{ecKa AoKyMeHTaqr,rq HaJrara BHacrHeTo Ha
HqKou ueo6xogr,ruu yroqHeHr,rx ra xoperqurn382.
Yrpenneur,rero I{Ma HenpaBrrJreH, crrJrHo r,r3A'bJrxeH or ror-roro3a[an Ha ceBep:ceBepor43ToK nnan. trIsrpaAeHo e B'bpxy Heo6urasaH ro-paHo tepeu383. OrcToI4 Ha rtoBeqe or 300 M or roxHr.rfl cKJroH na rpafi6pe)KFroro flJraro r{ 3aeMa Kpafl Ha

HeroBara repaca u ropHara qacr or cKJroHa K6M AoJrraHara Ha rr3ToK. Yrpeuenara
nJrolq He HaABl,rrlasa 15 xa38a. I4sqxno flpoyrreHra ca 3arra[Hara, ceBepHara rr 3arraAHara noJIoBr{Ha or roxuara KpenocrHra creHr, (O6p. 69). Tpaceto Ha r43TorrHara
KpenocrHa creHa e ycraHoBeHo qpe3 corrAa)fir. ['rma e oKoJro 770 rttlalzi:oaa Br{A Ha
HatlyueHa rrutr.vrs., ctcroqrqa ce or 4 orcer{Kr,r c [peAonpegeJreHo or xon$urypaquxTa Ha repeHa HarrpaBJreH[e. flo rpacero Ha 3rrAa e upoyqeHa caMo eAHa BtHruHa
qerupuBr.sJrHa KyJra. Yge6enananursra c oKoJro 2,00 u Ha 3rr4a B orgeJrHr,r yqactbqu orreBI,IAHo cJIeABa ga 6rgar rrHTeprrperrrpaHr,r Karo ocraHKra or crrn6rnrqa385, a
He Karo "BbrpelrHu Kyr[", KaKTo e B floBeqero or uy6nr,rraqurnre386. B eglrn or
Te3Ir yr{acrblllr e per[crpupana rr [orepHa. B rorongroirHr{rr BrbJr Ha yKpeflireHr{eTo BepoqrHo 6tuta r.Brpa[eHa rorsMa Kp'brJra ryna387. trOxnara KperrocrHa creHa e
a6conrouro nparonunerTrHa v utMa AEJTxI,IHa oKoJro 250 r"r. K.ru rtcnoaHTurrHara

38r

1.980, c. 309 cn.;,[nuurpon 19856, c. L}4;fiuuurpon 1988, c. 7l cl; Onuapor
n qp. 1988, c, 229 ctr.; ,[uuurpor 1989, 48-52; flumurpor 1990, 30-34; ,[uuurpor
1992, c. 12 ctr.;,[nunrpon 1995a, c. i50 cn.

,[nuutpor

382

Y:roqttenr,rrra Ir KopeKqusre ca ocHoBaIIu Ha JIITTTHI{Te BleqarfleHr.rrl Ha aBTopa [pr{ MHoroKparHl{Te rroceuleHr{g ua o6exra, KaKTo Ir Ha cbrlocraBKa c reoAe3aqecKoro 3acHeMaHe Ha ocTaHKr,rTe lpeArr TflxHaTa KoHcepBarlrrfl r.r pecTaBpaq]rr.
383
Hqrorxoro rpoyqexu rpo6a or IV-III s. [p. Xp. n o'r II-IV n. cn. Xp. AaBar ocnoBaulre Aa
ce [peAloJloxlr, qe ryK ce e HaMr4pa.[ eArrH or HeKpo[oJrr,rre Ha aHTurrHr.rfl firaonncoroJrrlc: fiuuurponflr{Mr.rrpoB 1983, c. 82; Muxafinorfiuruurpon 1985, c.229 cn.;
Onuapor n 9p.1986, c. 150.
384
B uoqtu BcrdqKr{ ny6nuxaquu flnorrlTa Ha yKpeflJreHr.rero ce o[peAeJu sa 360 AKa, Koero
ce HaMI{pa B ttbJrHo [porr{Bopeque c [ocolreHrrre AaHHr{ orHocHo HeroBrITe qeficrBr4TeJrHr{ pa3Mepr{.
385

B eqna or ny6nraxaql{I{Te ce c[oMeHaBa, ve "Kyn[Te...ca

I43rIoJI3yBaHrr rd

Karo crr,l6r.r-

rqa": ,{r,rrvrurpon 1989, c. 52.
386

Hanpuuep: ,{uuurpon 1980, c.312; Orvapon u np. 1988, c.232;,[uuurpor 1990, c. 33.

387

HqN{a AaHHr4 KyJIara Aa e 6una [poyqeHa rro apxeoJrorrrr{ecKr.r u'rr. flnanrr ir nart-nepo,ITHO Ce OlpeAeJrf, [peA[oJro)glTeJlHo - IIo aHaJrorrrfl c KyJIa"a B roro3arraAHl{fl br.bJr
Ha yKpe[JreHr4eTo.

O6p. 70. Banvur-Xoprr3onT. I4:rneg or 3a[agHara KpelocrHa creHa c ABere KyJrr{,
Snauxrparqr 3anaAHara ropra. / Fig.7O. Balchik-Horizont. A section of the westem
precinct wall with both towers flanking the western gate.
ABe or perllcrprrpaHrrre ryK xynu. Eguara or rqx e c r{errrp[6r'b[JraH rr ce rr3[aBa npeg 3r.rAa. flpyrara KyJra ce olpeAeJu Karo "ABoftHa qerupl{'bfbJrHa", c KoeTo Bc'bIrIHocT ce noflcHqBa, r{e Tf ce LI3[aBa KaKTo IIpe[, TaKa I4
3aA 3L{Aa. [OnyCra Ce, qe r43TorrHo oT He.fl ce e HaMr{paJra Io)KHaTa KperrocTHa nopra389. Axo [peAloJroxeHr{ero e BrpHo, MHoro e BeporrrHo 6'sgerqure flpoyqBaHr4.f,

eloxa ce orHacflT

JreH388

Aa ycraHoBqr Haruvuero Ha olqe e[Ha r{AeHTrrtrHa IIo rrJraH KyJra, $lanxuparqa nopTaTa or I,I3ToK. trOro:arragHr{flT BrBJr Ha yKpelJreHr{ero e 3aqr{TeH c BHyrlr.rreJrHa

rto pa3Mepl{ KpErJra Ky-ra, aHaJr[r3'L,T Ha r{I{I{To ocTaHKI4 e AaI ocHoBaH.I.,eAA Ce pa3rpaHl4qar ABa crpor,rreJrHrr [eprroga s xrefinoro rr3rpaKgase390. 3anaAHara Kpenoc-

388

flousrora flJrau'br il

ce onpeqenfl rr Karo "rpaneqonugen": On.rapoB rr Ap. 1988,

c.232;

,(urunrpon 1989, c. 52.
38e
.fluunrpon 1989, c. 52.
3e0

Onvapor u qp. 1988, c.231; flpes pauHoro cpe[HoBeKoBrlte pyrrur{re Ha KyJrara 6utn
r43[oJI3yBaHI4 3a r{3rpilKAaue rpafi Tflx Ha npa6'rnrapcr[ KyJrroB KoM[JreKc, B)K.:
Onuapon 1986, c.31 cr.

THa cTeHa cKrlor{Ba npu6rusureJlHo [paB 'brbJr c IoxHaTa u nOgo6no Ha He-fl e ltpaBoJII4HefiHa. ,[t,mrunara i sterusa na 485 rrl. O.r flpoyrreHr.rre rro rpacero ir xynn, 9

IIpI4HalJIe)Kar KBM KGcHara aHTlrrrHocr. fler or KyJIIITe ca luttra n'bpBoHaqarHo
qeTl,rpll'bf'r,JlHr{, Ho BIIOCJIeACTBUe Ca 6VnU npeycTpoeHr{ B neTo'brbJrHrr, KaTo

ABe

or rrx Qranrupar 3arraAHara KpetrocrHa rropra (O6p. 70). B KoHcrpyKrr.rBHa Bp.b3Ka c'bc 3I{Aa, Tor{Ho IIo cpeAaTa B [poMe)KAyTBrduTe Mex[y r{eTr4pr4'brbJrHr{Te KyJil4
6uttuusgurHarl{ MaJrKI4 TplrbrbJrHrd ruTGTHI{ KyJIIa, B TI{JIa Ha Korrro - I,r rraK B KoHcTpyKrIaBHa Bp'b3Ka crc suga!391 - 6uto H3rpaAeHo ro eAHo ABypaMeHHo 6orlso crbJr6uqe. B xoga Ha pa3KonKilTe ca 6unra perr.rcrprrpan[ 4 rarnsa KyJrr{, Ho ctger?ru
IIO CTpLIKTHO Cna3eHaTa pr4TMr4rrHOCT I{ nO HaJIIIqUeTO Ha [[eHTr{rrHO nO napaMeTpr{

crrn6r,rule ceBepHo or [oprara, TaM yBepeno rpx6na Aa ce ilocraBr.r oqe eAHa rpr.r6r'bJIHa KyJra, KoflTo e 6ur.a HarrbJrHo yHrrrqoxeHa rrp]r cpeguoBeKoBHr4Te npeycrpoficrra vrfiinpv orpa6nanero Ha KaM'bHr4Te or 3rrAa B [o-HoBo BpeMe. Ceeepnata
KperlocrHa creHa ce ctcrorr or [Be orceqKrl, 3arragHara or Kor{To e ['bJrra 90 u, a
I4I3TorrHaTa - 136 rtl. B uscroro Ha Bp'b3KaTa i ctc 3anaAHufl 3r.,rA r,r npu qyflKaTa IIo
Tpacero it ca 6ann I{3Ar{rHarr{ no e[Ha nerpuroo6pa3Ha KyJra. B uaroqnrax xpali ua
3r4Aa ce HaMr,rpa ceBepHara Kpe[ocrHa rropra, Qlaxxzpana or [Be MHoro roJreMr{
rrerr.IputrbJrHrl KyJrr4. flpu eguo no-KBcHo npeycrpoficrBo qerara na xynute 6r,rnrE
cB'bp3aHI{ c HanpeqeH 3rrA, B cpe[ara na xoftro 6zn o$opr"reH flpoxoA, a HaA Hero
6zna usrpageHa MaJrKa HaABparHa xyta392. Kaxro flprr 3a[aAHara, TaKa il flprr ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa, B npoMe)qyrbrlr{Te Mex<Ay flo-roJreMure KyJrr,r 6uluuzrpaAeHI,I nJrbrHlr rprrbrbJrHr4 KyJrr,r c'bc crra6rula B TexHr{fl rr.rn. Perucrpupauu ca 3
nogo6un KyJrr{, Karo K'bM n'bpBoHar{aJrHuJr rpaAex cJre[Ba [a ce oruecar caMo ABe
oT Tsx - Te3rrt, qra6genv c'rc cr.bn6raula. Tperara BrrArrMo Hapy[raBa xapMoHr,rflTa
Ha KOM[O3rr\krflTa,.A e u c ro-MaJrKr{ pa3Mepr,r, KoeTo cJreABa Aa ce IIp[IeMe KaTo
cllrypHo yKa3aHrre, qe B cryrrzr.fl cTaBa AyMa 3a HrKaKBa [o-Ksclra flpenpaBKa.
Karo ce rr3KJrrorrr,r r{3TorrHara Kpenocrua creHa, rpa4ex'br na Soptu$uxaqr,roHHara crrcreMa Ha yKpenJreHr{ero n rr. "Xopu3oHT" e ctBceM eAHopoAeH I{ ce
xapaKTepr.r3r,rpa c yrorpe6a na opus implectum, rrpu Koero Jrrrrlara 6ralu oQopueuu
c go6pe o6pa6oteu[ KaMeHHLT 6norose c MzurKr{ rr cpeAHrr pa3Mep[, rroJro)<eurr B
npaBprJrHrr xopt43oHTaJrurr peAoBe. Ocnosure ca uupoKr,r oKoJro 3,20 v. flonoxeuu
6urur nrpxy 3[paBa cKaJrHa [olrBa u gtn6ovunara r{M Bapupa or 0,60 qo 1,20 u. B
cynepcrpyKyuxaedetuHara Ha KpenocrHr{Jr srag e 3,00-3,10 nr. fpagex'br Ha r,r3TonHara KpenocrHa cTeHa Br.rlr.rMo ce pa3rr.rrraBa or ro3rr Ha ocraHaJrr,rTe yKpe[[TeJrHr{
c'bop'bxeHrrs no ynorpe6ara sa roJreMrr KBaApr4 aa oQopitarue Ha B'bHrrrHoro Jrr.rqe.

3el

Tnrpgenr.rero, qe crur6urqara ca 6nan Ao[bJrHr{TeJrHo flprrcrpoeu]r KbM suqa (,(rauurpon 1990, c. 33.) ne orroBapfl rra r{cruHaTa.
3e2
yc:rpofictaoro
3a
Ha ceBepHara KperocrHa uopra Bx. [o-[oApo6Ho: ,[nuurpon 1988,
c.'73.

Karo 6nusrr{ lapaJreJrn ce [ocoqBar Kperrocrra B MecrHocrra"ff,utara" rpari Kal,aeu 6pxr u AsactacueBara creHa e Tparur393.
fiocera He ca orKprrrrr curypHr4 crparurpa$cKr4 AaHHr4, no3BorqBaulr4 To!rHoro olpeAeJrflHe Ha BpeMero Ha rr3rpaxgaHe Ha yKpelJreHl{ero B KB. "XopI,I3oHT".
Haqanoro Ha crporrreJrcrBoro o6uxnoseHo ce orHacs KIM Kpas na V/na.{aroro Ha
VI s. H ce cB'bp3Ba c yKpelureJrHara gertnocr Ha rrMreparop Anacracufi. B rasu
Bp'b3Ka cJreABa ga ce or6erexl4, qe cpeA npolr3xoxAalqrrs or replrropwffa Ha yKpelJreHrrero Ngo6u.nen HyMrr3Marur{eH Marep[aJr He e 3acBlrgereJrcrByBaH HI,ITo eAIrH
a
eK3 eMnJrfl p, [peAxo)KAarrl y[paBJIeHI{ero Ha IlMleparop Anacrac uft39 . Hsro.IlKoro
MOHerr4 C Jrr{Ka Ha TO3r{ r.{Mneparop, HaMepeHr4 rpart ustouHara KpelocTHa creHa395, KaKTo u or6ens3aHlrre [o-rope oco6euocru s Hel\uu-f, rpage)K, ce [prleMar
KaTO yKa3aHVe, qe cTpolrreJrcrBoTo 3aloqHaJro c Tpac[paHeTo I'I I43rpaxlaHeTo
rdMeHHo Ha ra3TorrHrrx or6panrareren Sponr. 3anrpuraaHero Ha yKpenJleHl4ero ce
rrocraBfl narl-o6u4o B'bB BpeMero Ha r{Mrreparop Ocrunuau I, Karo ce flpeArloJlara,
r{e AoB'bpur4TeJrHr{Te pa6oru 6u.lru $opcilpanla B'bB B,b3Ka c rlocJreAcrBl{rra or
nprrqr4Heuoro or rroJ{BoAeH 3eMerp'bc raracrpo$aJrHo HaBoAHeHrIe npes 5441545 r.396
Maxap 3acera roBa Aa He e rIoAKperIeHo c HTTKaKBI{ apxeororuqecKlr AaHHI{, [pe3
[ocJreAHrrre ABe AecerlrJleru.g nacroriqnBo ce 3arrlrrraBa re3ara, qe creg 6egcrener:o o6prrasaHrzTe [o-paHo repeHlr B'bpxy Hafi-gorurara Lr BTopara xpaft6pexnra repacu 6wu Ha['bJrHo Ir3ocraBeHrl u fiuonuconoJrrrc ce npeHectJr I{ npoABJDKI{Jr pa3Brrrrrero cr4 or cpeAara sa VI B. Ao Kparl Ha cBoero c'blrlecrByBaHe B rleprlrre Ha
yKpenJleHr.rero B KB. "Xopusottt", [opagu Koero [ocJreAHoro Ber{e rpaAIaIII{oHHo ce
o3naqaBa Karo "paxHosusaHTulicxun fruorrrtcoflorlrc"397. Kparino orpaHuqeHlare
nJrorr{r4, flpoyr{eHu [oceta B'bB B'r,TpemHocrra Ha yKperrJreHl4ero o6ave, 3arpyAHqBar rlflJrocrHara r,rHTep[perarlr.{fl Ha HeroBr{, $yurquonaJreH xapaKTep. PasnonoxeHr4Te norpafi B'brperrruoro Jrrrqe Ha 3aua4Hara Kpe[ocrHa creHa uocrpofirra yne-

3e3

Ibidem, 72-73; Onvapor u pp. 1988, c.2301,3a yKperJlenrnra rlplt CserI.I Hlrrola r,r n
MecrHocrra "flimata" xpafi Kauen 6pflr, Bx. rro-rope B n3Jlo)Kelrlrero (ftaua II.2.B);
3a crpor{TeJrurare oco6enocrrr Ha Anacr:ac[esara creHa n Tpaxux, e>K.: Schuchardt

1901, S. 107 sqq.; Opeurxon 1915, 80-88; Dirimtekin 1948, p. 1 ,qq.; Dirimtekin
1955, p. 80 sqq.; F"arrison 1969, p.33 sqq.; Harrison 1974,p.244 sqq.; Croke 1982,

p.59 sqq.; Crow 1986, p.727

sqq"

fluuurpor 1982, c. 33 cn. Mnoro [o-[a,JrHr{ AaHHr4 orHocHo MoHerHara cpeAa B yKpelJleHrrero n rn. "Xopn:our" 6sxa r{3Heceur{ or A-p Mapnu flr.tuutpon n nayuno cro6rrleHrre npeg MexgyHapoAHr,rtr crrM[o3rryM "Hyuuarrlaru.ruu u c$parflcr[qHu [pl4Hocl4 K'bM crapara u cpeAHoBeKoBHa r{cropl{x ua [o6pyg>ra", nporeqen [pe3 eceHra u,a 1993 r. n [o6puu: fiurvlurpon L9956, 174-176.
3es
fiunrnrpos 1988, c.72.
3e6
Tara, HarprrMep, a: fiuuurpor 1988, c. 72; Or.rapon u 4p. 1988, c.230.
3e7
Tegara e 3acrtneHa [paKTrlqecKIt B:bB Bcr{rrKu ny6nurarlnu, cB'r,p3aHrr c yKpeIrJIeHI{ero B
rn. Xopusonr" na Eaaqtrr.

3ea

peHo ce oflpe[erqr Karo Ka3apMeHr{ u cKJraAoBr4 noMelleHuq3gS. Oco6euo Mflcro
cpe4 npoyt{eHr4Te nocrpoftrra c xrrJrr,rrqHo-crouaHcKr,r(?) xaparrep 3aeMa egrrH caMocroflTeJreH apxr.rreKTypeH KoMnJreKc c [paBo'brbJreH [JraH r{ flJrorq 3,5 gra, orpaAeH c oKoJroBptcreH KaMeHeH 3r{[, B rofir:o e oQoprnreu caMo e1r,rH BxoA orKcM
fJraBHara yJIr4rIa, 3a[orrBar{a or 3arraAHara Kpe[ocrHa nopra B l{gror{Ha nocoxa399.
Kolrnrercrr ce c'bcrol,r or MHoxecrBo noMerqeHrrfl, pa3noJroxeHl{ oKoJro IllrlpoK
B'brpeureH ABop rr ce onpr,rruqaBa Ha eAHa r{HcyJra or rpaAoycrportctueuara ruraHr,rpoBKa Ha yKpe[enara r:epraropuraOo. Maxap ycraHoBeHara Aocera nJraHr,rpoBKageftcTBr{TeJrHo Aa pa3KplrBa 6eresure Ha roJrflMo rE 6raroycrpoeHo yKpeneHo ceJrr,rlqe or
BTopara [oJroBrir]ra na VI rr HarraJroro ua VII 8., orb)KAecrBflBaHero sa o6erra c
"pauHoru3astuircxws firaour,rcono lrvrc" vtrr lr3nrexga rroHe 3acera upu6rpsauo. OrHacsnaTa K'bM Kpafl na V ra HaqaJroro na VI B. n6pBa Sasa n I43rpaxgaHero Ha
yKpenJleHr{e'no B KB. "XopIa3ont" npotunopeql,I Ha krqeflTa, qe

to

6r,rno 3aMlrcJreHo

LI

nocrpoeHo Karo [pueM :auK Ha,fiuouncono lwc. VlsgnrHaro B HenocpelcrseHa 6rra3ocr, r{o Bce rraK BcrpaHr,r r4 caMocroflTeJlHo or xrlBr{, n upoq's$tflBarrl no roBa
BpeMe ApeBeH IIOJIIIC, B'b3HlIiir-aHeTO Ha yKpenJIeHIIeTo nO BcflKa repOrrnocr e 6zJro [poArlKTyBaHo or noq6ygra or BoeHHo-crparermecKo ecrecrBo. B cryvax egra
Jrrr cTaBa Ayrrra sa gy6nupaqa cTpyKTypa B [pompaHcTBeHo-KoMlo3r{rlrlroHHaTa cxeMa
Ha K'bcnoauTvrluus. fiuonuconorutc, a [o-cKopo 3a egrrH rpaMaAeH BoeHeH Jrarep,
rprr3BaH ga 6rge cnoeo6paseH peruoHaJreH rIeHT'bp I,r oropeH IyHKT B crpyKTypara
Ha peopraHlr3r,rpaHara B Kpafi ua V u n'bpBrr:re AecerprJrerl,Is na VI a. o6qonponnnB'brpellrHa cllrypHocr. Msoro e BepoflTHo oule HacKopo cJreq HeroBoro r{3rpaxAaHe eBeHTyaJrHL.Lrrr rlarep ga e npugo6nn
xapaKTepr,rcrr{Kara Ha yKpereHo ceJrrrqe, [poc'brrlecrByBaJro uax (?) Ao HacraHflBar{r{aJrHa cracreMa 3a repr,rroprraJrHa 3aulr{Ta

r,r

Hero Ha Acuapyxorure 6rnrapa Ha ror or,flynanaaol. Apxeoror[qecKrr perrrcrprrpaHr4Te uaula6nu npeycrporicrBa rr no-Ape6nu uonpaBKrr cBrrAereJlcrByBar sa cucTeMHr{ rprDKr4 rro [oAA'bpxaHe rr yc'bBGprrreHcTByBaHe Ha yKpe[r,rreJrHaTa My cr,rcreMa, Koero no[qepraBa HeroBara 3Haq[Mocr r,r 6ypua ucropr4r{ecKa crg6a. He e usKJrrorleHo B npsKa Bp'b3Ka c r,r3rpaxAaHeTo TIJII,I c HqKoe oT ocLrqecTBeHuTe npe3
BTopara rroJroBr{Ha na VI s. no-3HaqrareirHr{ npeycrpoftcma rrMeHHo Ha yKpelJreHr.{ero B KB. "Xopuaour" ga ce HaMrrpa pr crporrreJrHr,rqr HaAn[c c Henpeqa3r4paHa AaTrrpoBKa e V-VI 8., Br{[flH B Mr{HaJroro n flnauugon4o2.

3e8
3ee

fiuuurpor 1988, c.74; Me.naueX1990,92-93.
Orvapon r qp. 1988, 232-233;,[uuurpor L988, c. 74; rlanrqen n np. 1988, c. 39;

Brurnos

1990, c.'76.

ffi B e4ua or ny6auraqnr,rre (flaluveB

rr Ap. 1988, c. 39)

xounnerc'br e

orIpeAeJIeH Karo

"o6urupua xasapua".
aor

3a HaMepeH[ Monerrr Ha rrMneparoprare Oora wLlpawruft,6es [a ce [prrBe)KAar [o-KouKperHrr AaHrrr.r 3a rflx: ,[uuurpou 1989, c. 52,
ao2
Skorpil 1894, Jl,lb 99; ClL,lil,l42l3l; Be5evliev 1.964, Nr. 8l (no-uoppo6no sa ro3r{ HaArrrc B)<. n fnaua I.2).

Cro6ulaaa ce

Maxap reoperr,rqecKra TB'bpAe rpaBAonoAo6uo, orrxgecrBflBauero Ha yKpenJreHlrero n xn. "Xopu3oHT" c flraonuconoJlrrc or rrepfloga cJreg cpegara na VI s.
He Moxe Aa ce cqr.rra ga crrrypHo - noHe Ao r.r3ffcHrrBaHe xpoHoJlortarra Ha o6r,rtaeaHe npe3 K'bcnoaHTrrtrHara eloxa Ha pa3noJroxeHr{Te Bapxy AoJrHrdre gne rpafirrlopcKrr

repac[ TepeHrr Ha c'bBpeMeHHn, rpa[ Ban.rur. Mnoro e BepoflTHo

B

cryqas Aa

CTaBa AyI\4a 3a eII,IH HOBOOCHOBaH u HaIIGJIHO CaMOCTOflTeJIeH [OceJII,IilIeH UeHTGp c

roriro 6u uorrn ga $mypupa cpeg nerqentuSm$rpanure o6exu,r, c[oMeHaua or Ipoxouzfi s rpaKTara uy "3a crpoexrrte".
BoeHeH nporrcxofl, uMero na

B. YKPETIEHI4TE OEEKTPT BbB
B.bTPEIIIHO CTTA HA tIP OBI,IHUI,IflTA
1.

Hn$on

(s. Nifon llusrue\igancal1, com. Hamcearca; jud. Tulcea)

Cenepiro

or

ceJroro, Ha reprrropvgra Ha or[aBHa I43ocraBeHllrt MaHacrLIp

Tauqa, ca 6nlu 3acBI{AereJrcrByBaHIr oqe npe3 MI{HaJrIrf BeK ocraHKI{ or

3HarII4TeJI-

Ho ceJrr.ru{e cr pr4McKara enoxal. flpes II-[I B. Ha roBa Mrcro e $ynrquoHllpaJla
statio sa 6ene$raqraapurr KoHcyJrapuc, Koero ce o6scnsea c Ba>I(Horo Kp'bcronbrHo
MecToloJro)KeHr4e: TyK pr{McKrrflT n'},T IIO AOJII4HaTa Ha p. TaUqa ce pa3KJroHr{BaJI B
Tpr{ flocoKa - K'bM Tpesurac, HorrogynyM I{ aHTIrt{HIrre qeHTpone rpali Jlyuranuqa
ra Pareny2. Heo6xoguruocrra or eQerrrsHa oxpaHa Ir 3alrllrra Ha ro3l{ crparerfiTIECKI{ N'bTEH B'b3EJI HAJIO)KIIJIA II3TPAKAAHETO NPE3 K'bCHATA AHTI4IIHOCT HA EIHO

or Hero He ca ocraHaJrl{ HI,IKaKBu cregn, r:rfi
Karo ro e 6raao u3noJr3yBaHo Karo Kapr.repa 3a crpoIlTeJIeH MarepI{aJI rrpu crpolareJrcrBoro Ha MaHacrrrpcKurs. KoMrrJreKc npes XVIII-XIX e. B rpaa na XI)Una.Iaro'r:o na XX B. Tpacero Ha Kpe[ocrHr{Te creHr{ Bce on{e Jrrlr{aJro B HerarI4B, IIo I{3Kon[Te or r{3BJrr{r{aHero Ha KaMBHrrre. Cnopeg K. Ilhopnran, yKpeIIJreHI.,Iero I4MaJro npu6Jrr{3r{TeJrHo KBaApareH IJIaH, c A'bJIxIrHa Ha crpaHl{Te qo 100 u (?) u c KpBrJrIz KyJrLr
s 'brri{Te4. Or egHa 6ene>rxa na E. fie>rap[eH craBa scHo, r{e 14 ABara JIarIrHcKu
HaArruca or HllQous ca 6utworKprrrr.r trpu r{3BJILrqaHero Ha crporlTeJlHlrfl MarepI,IaJI
roJrflMo yKperureHrre3. IlonacrofirrleM

or KperrocrHr{Te
ro na spolia.

3rrAoBe6,

xtgero

orreBLI[Ho ca 6unpt [perI3rIoJr3yBaHI4 B KaqecrBo-

Cnopeq [pegcraBeHl{re AaHHH, yKperlJreulrero rpafi HilQon cJreABa [a ce
olpegeJrrr Karo K'bcr{opr,rMcKr,r rpafiu'rren castellum c BoeHHo-flonuqeficxu Syto"qurr, r.r3rpaAeH Bepo.flTHo B Halliuroro na IVs. flo apxurexrypen nJraH To [peAcraBrflBa rr{nlaqeu quadriburgium,MaKap u c [o-3Har{I4TeJIHI4 pasuepnT. Trfi xaro gocera or oKoJrHocrra He ca r{3BecrHrr apxeoJroruqecKr4 Marepr.IaJII{ or V-VI B., Iro BclrrrKo Jrr{qrr, qe yKpelreHr{ero e npecraHailo Aa cGUIecrByBa K'E'M Kpat ua IV ulra npes
n'bpBrdre [ecerr{Jrerrrx na

V

e.

ISM V, 261-262; TIR L35, 53,10,75; Weiss 1911,52-53; Vulpe 1938, 169,171.
Piryan 1912,p.584.
3
Ibidem, p. 584 (n. 4); Ilkopurur 1911, c.220; Scorpan 1980, p. 7.
a
lllxopuu.n 1917, c.22A.
s CiL, [I, 6160 (='7497),6161 (= ISM V, 246,247). Ha4nucure
flarl{par c'borBerHo
or 223 n218 r.
1

2

6ISMV, p.262.
7
Axo, pas6upa ce, npeAcraBeH[Te or K. Ilkopuun MerprtttH[ AaHHIT

ca

o6errtleuu!

2.9epna
(com. Cerna; jud. Tulcea)

B oromrocrarelaa c'bBpeMeHHoro ceJro e JroKaJrlr3lltpaHo 3HarrETeJIHo ceJII{tqe or pllMcKara e[oxa, or Koero npor43xoxgar pasnoo6pa3Hr4 apxeororr.rqecKr.r
Marepr,raJrr,r. Cennulero e 6u:ro 3arqr4TeHo c ge6ena 2,50 v KaMeHHa KperrocrHa creHa8, 3a KoflTo ce [orycKa, qe e 6rana r.r3rpaAeHa K'bM Kpa.fl ua III raara B HaqaJroro Ha
IV s.9 Orc'r,crsuero Ha HaxoAxIa or V-VI B. cBrlgereJrcrByBa, qe yKpeleHoro ceJrr{qe rparf r{epna e upecraHaJro Aa c'brqecrByBa onle K'bM Kpa, Ha fV unra B caMoro
Haqzuo na V g.
3. Agxumo"rr (VALLIS DOMITIANA?)
(s. Agighiol; com. Valea Nucdrilor; jud. Tulcea)

3a crulec:rByBaHero Ha yKperrJreHrre or K'bcHoaHTrrlrHara enoxa xpafi
Ag:xr,rrsor c'ro6rqasa cauo P. Bynne, no 6e3 Aa rrpe4craB.r HrirKaKBr{ nogpo6nocru
orHocHo roquoro My MecrolroJro)KeHrle I{ BIHITIeH o6rrarl0. Hanocregrrll to ce
orb)KgecrBflBa c He rIo-MaJrKo 3araA'br{Horo yKpelJreHlre, JToKaJII{3upaHo or Eu.
flonecry xpafi c.rcegHoro ceJro Bana Hyx'rprlop (6. Capurtorr)t2.Llsodr.rJrHr4Te
cJreAI.r or rIoceJIIaqeH )KIaBor npe3 pl4McKara e[oxa B To3r4 pafion pr c'bBna[eHr4ero
cloflpu roBa rro-

Ha pa3cToflHvtslTaca [aJrLI ocHoBaHrre TyK [peArroJroxrrTeJrHo Aa ce JroKaJrr{3llpa

MeHarara s Itinerarium Antonini rrbrHa craHrlr.rJ{ Vallis Domitianal3.

JIo)KeHr{e, yKperrJreHlrero xpaft A4xursol/Balx Hyrrpra.nop 6u MorJro c toJrrMa
yBepeHocr Aa ce orHece K'bM KBcHopr.,rMcKr{Te BoeHHo-uonr,rqerfcKr,r yKpenJrenus. c

Orcrcrszero Ha apxeororuqecKrr MarepnaJrr,r or
)KnBotbr no re3rr Mecra 3aMpflJr BeporrHo orrle K.bM

n'brHo-oxpaHI{TeJrHI{ Qynxqulr.

V-VI s.

r{ABa Aa rroKa:Ke, r{e

xpaa na fV s.
4. Xopur
(com. Horia l1ur,rue Ortachioi/;jud. Tulcea)

3a crulecrnyBarrero Ha yKpenJreuue xpafi Xopua, HaMr.rpaqo ce BbB Bp'b3n'br no AoJrr.rHara na p. Tauqa, cto6ulaoa uali-uanpeg fl,.Baitc, rorilro
ce rro3oBaBa Ha AaHHr.r ua fp. Tovrzaecryl4. Ocranrrzre l,{y Bce oule Mo)KeJru Aa ce
Ka c pr,rMcKr.rrr

8

TIR L35, p. 32; Scorpan 1980, p. 7; ISM Y,p.231.
eZahariade 1988, p. 148.
Io

Vulpe 1938, p. 301.

rr Suceveanu 1992, S. 200.
12
TIR L35, p. 63.
13
Weiss 1911, S. 57.
ra
Weiss 1911, S. 52.

BuAqr B Haqaroro Ha XX

B.15, Ho 3a o6ruKa My JII{[cBar KaKBrrro pr Aa 6r.rJTo AaHHr4.
Yxpennenuero ce cnoMeHaBa r{ B rro-HoBr4 ny6;rrraqlu{, Karo rpa[]IUrroHHo ce pa3rJrexAa BBB BoeHeH rourercrl6. Cuacnre;rarrre pa3KonKrr Ha eAHa pr{MCKa Br4JIa B
oKo.rrHocrrrre na Xoplra npe3 I971 r. rr npoBegeHr4Te B Ta3r{ Bpc3Ka repeHH}r [poyrrBaHl4q HaoKoJro ycTaHoBr4xa, qe Bc'brqHocT cTaBa [yMa 3a yKpeneHo ceJrr{Ilde oT
IV s.l7 To ce lraMrrpa Ha oKoJro 1,5 xnr ceBepo3ala[Ho or ceJroro r{ 3aeMa rracr or
ceBepol{3Tor{Hl4rl cKJIoH Ha eAHo B'b3Br4[reHr{e. Yrpeuenoro ceJrrrule ce rBrBa rrpr{eMHI{K Ha ceJrr4rrle or II-III 8., Koero e 6zro pa3noJro)KeHo B Herrocpeqcrnena 6nrn3ocr, Ho Ha paBeH TepeH B perrHara gonuna18.
Yxpenenoro ceJrr4qe rpari Xopr.ra e [pocttr{ecrByBaJro BepoqrHo Ao K'bM
Kpafl Ha IV unra Haqafloro na V s. Maro.rracreHr{Te MoHerHrr HaxolKrir Aopr4 AaBar
ocHoBaHI4e [a ce npe[noJro)Kr{, r{e ro e 3arr4HaJro oule no BpeMe na Bropara torcKa
softHa Ha r.rMrreparop Balenc (376-378 r.)te.

5.I{:noape.ne
(com. Izvoarele /6raslue Alibeichioi; Regele Ferdinand; Filimon Sirbu/; jud.
Tulcea)
Yrpennenr,rero ce HaMIrpa Ha oKoJro 1,5 xrvr roro3arraAHo or ceJroro, Bcpxy
crp'bMHI4rI ceBepeH cKJroH Ha B'b3Br{rueuaero Koucyl. 3a nerosoro c'brrlecrByBaHe
3a np'bB n'rr cro6ulasa K. Illxopnran, rorlro caMo orrpe[eJra Mecroflo]ro)KeHr{ero
uy20. Cuqure AaHHr4 ca norBT,p[e:ail kt B rro-HoBo npeue2l. flonacroxrqeM yKpenJIeHVero e cI{JrHo o6eg:rra.reHo nopaArr npoAbJDKr.rreJrHoro rr cr4creMaruuno orpa6BaHe Ha crpor{TeJrHr{, Marepu aJI or KperrocrHr{Te creHra. To raua rpr.rbrbJreH rrJraH, c
ul3Bura I{3Tor{Ha crpaHa. Jft.rncnar cBeAeHrlfl 3a Harr4r{uero Ha rynu. 3aua3eEl4Te
$parlr,reuur or 3r.rloBe pa3Kpr,rBar rpaAe)K B opus incertum. Kepauravunre SparMeHTr4 rro noB'bpxHocrra Aarrrpar or IV-VI n. Tyr e 6nta HaMepeHa r,r ryxJra c rer{ar Ha legio I ltalica or rvrral-Ec I ITALzz. Kato ce r,rMa rpeABLtA, qe roBa e eArrHcrBeHI{rIT o6exr B oKoJIHocTTa, or xofiro [por43xo)KAa [oAeMeH apxeoJrorur{ecKl,I
MareplraJr or rrocJre[Hata $asa Ha K'bcHara aHTI{r{Hocr, c MHoro roJrfiMa yBepeHocr
Moxe Aa ce rBT,p[u, qe rrMeHHo orryK npor,r3xox[a e[rrH Sonuc Ha r4M[eparop

rs

Pirvan 1912,p.584 (n. 3).

Opail L977-78b,p.430; Opai{ et at. 1991, p.203.
Baumann 1983,p. 122.
18Ibidem, p. 108 (Fig.41).
re lbidem, p. 122, 145 (n.
380: uaft-mcnara MoHera
Banen'rr.trnan I, eurEcnx 364-378 r.).

'6

17

20

lllxopnur

1917, c. 218.

''22 Opait 1977-78b, p.430.
Opail et al. 1991, p.203.

e MeAeE HOMr4HaJr

IIa I,IM[epaTOp

@oxa or 6031604
usrovuo)23.

r.,

perrrcrpr,rpaH 3a HaMepeH

s troruq (ua ororo 2,0 xu rcro-

Yrpennenuero rpari I4:roapere o6[rHoseHo ce rocraBfl BBB Bpb3Ka c eynKrlr{oHrrpaHero Ha pvl,cKt4fl, n'br rro AoJrr,rHara ua p. Tauqa, Karo My ce npHIIilCBar
BoeHHo-oxpaHI{TeJIHI{ Synrqur.r2a. Braco.{uHHoro MecrorroJro)KeHrre Lr rBBpAe 11puMr4Tr{BHara $oprusuxaqrroHHa apxr,rreKTypa, o6a.re, cBr4AereJrcrByBar [o-cKopo
3a HeroBr{, qrrBr.rJreH xapaKrep. Kurl nogo6Ho rBJrKyBaHr{e HacoqBa ra
Qarrrr, ue n
AOJII4HaTa, B CeBepo3arla[HoTo [oAHO)Krre Ha X'bJrMa, e JroKaJIr{3I{paHo 3Harrr4TeJrHo
ceJrr,rrqe or prrMcKara e[oxa25, npoc'bulecrByBaJro Ao K'bM Kpas Ha IV s.26 yxpeule-

HrIeTo BBpxy B'b3BlrIIreHLIero Koncyn Mo)Ke Aa ce pa3rJrexAa Karo HeroB IIpflK

eMHIrK. Bepoxmro

ro e BB3HITKHaJIo oqe [pe3 IV n. s Kar{ecrBoro

pe$yruyrra, Ho [pepacrsariru BnocJreAcrBue (ot
rr{ecrByBaJro Ao Harraroro(?) ua VII s.

v

s.?)

B

rrp[-

orHaquuro Ha

yKpeneHo ceJrr{ure, rrpoc6-

6. Muxafi Epany
(com. Mihai Bravu/6nsure Camber/; jud. Tulcea)

Yxpenlenuero e I{3BecrHo caMo rro eAHo o[[caHr4e na K. IIIxoptwtt2T .To ce
na 1,0 KM 3arla[Ho or ceJloro w.6uto pa3noJro)KeHo B'bpxy rir3Ar{rHar repeH B noAHoxl{eTo Ha B'r3BIaIIIeHLIeTo Baarap-6aup, rox(Ho oT c'bBpeMeHHoTo ruoce. YrpenneHllero LIMaJro Ho.ITLI KBaApareH [JraH c pa3Mepr4 37x37 M, Karo B qerr4pr,rre My trnpt 6utturmfpaAeHr.r roJreMr{ Kp'bfJrr.r rymn. cro6qaBa ce, qe [o r43TorrHara creHa 6rzml uauepenu SparrtteHTrr or rplr JrarLIHcKr4 Ha[[r4ca, Kor{To [o-BcrKa
Bepo.flTHocr 6uttunpeus[oJr3yBaHlr B KaqecrBoro na spolia flplr crpoex(a. flo-naraTtrrrHara crg6a Ha re3r,r HaAnrrcu e Her43BecrHa.
3a ctulecrByBaHero Ha yKpe[JleHr4ero rpafi Mlrxafi Epaay ce c[oMeHaBa rr
B eAHa IIo-HoBa ny6ruraqzfl, K'bAero ro e o[peAeJreHo Karo burgus or fV s.28 Karo
HaMl'rpaJro

ce r4Ma npe[Br4A Kracr4r{ecKara My [JraHoBa cxeMa ua quadriburgium, AarvpoBKara
rr3rJre)KAa Ha['bJIHo [pI4eMJrI{Ba, Ho rr{noJrorrrqecKara ugeuru$uxarlr4fl cJreABa
Aa

ce Kopl'rlr4pa. YxpenneHllero nplrHaAJre)Krr KBM Tr4na Ha MaJrKr{Te K'bcHopr,rMcKr.r
castella r4 HaMI,Ipa orrllqHl{ apxI,ITeKTypHrr napaJreJrr{ B KBa[pr{ry/prvrvrreCastra Martis
B rpoBr{Hrlr.rr Kpafi6pe xna \axuxze u Qseyr as-Sele n Cupnx30. ?Isrpageno BepoflTHo B HarraJroro Ha IV e., ro rle Aa e cnoAeJrr4Jro c.rg6ara Ha pa3[oJrexeHrafl Ha6ar.rso
Ochegeanu 1981, 310-311 (N l).
Opail 1977-78b, p. 430; Opail et at. 1991, p.203.
25
lllxopnna 1917, c.218; Opaig 1977-78b, p. 430.
23
2a

26
27

28

OberlHnder-T[rnoveanu1977-1978b,
lllxopura.n 1917, 219-220.

p. 505 (Nb S0).

0paig etal.l992a, S. 107.

2e

Atanassoya-Georgieva 1974, p. 167 sqq.; Atanasova 1987, p. l l9 sqq.

30

Poidebard 1934,p.83, Pl.

LXXVil.

\tN

tt\
,*\j,

:t.tli*'--

:N

.NXLT

ff*:
ffi
{=;

aFICAIIA ROMAI.IA Sc.1.
O6p.7l. Ba6agar-Toupafircoir. Tonorpa$cro roror<eHr.re (Opai( et al.1991b, p.2l9,Fig.
l). / Fig. 71. Babadag-Topraichioi. Topographic situation (Opait et at. 1991b, p.219, Fig. 1).

burgus n u. ToupaftKbor? Kpar? Ba6agar3l, upecranartrr{ Aa ctrr{ecrnyna
Irpe3 ['bpBara [oJroBr4Ha Ha V B.

nafi-xturo

Yrpenlenraero xpati Muxafi Epany c'bBceM ocHoBareJrHo ce nocraBfl B'bB
Bp'b3Ka c BaxHrI, pr,rMcKrr rIbT IIo AoJruHaTa na p. Taraqa32, uo Qynxuar,rTe My eABa
IV CA Ce I{3qeplBaJrLI C Te3r{ Ha o6[xnoseHa II'bTHa cTaHIIHfl: rlo BcqKa BepotTHocT

3t

0pai1 et al. 1991, p.

32

lllropnun

191 sqq.

1917, c.219.

rapHr{3oHRT My e r{3rrbJrHrBal pasuoo6pa3Hu 3a[aql,r rro KoHTpoJr r{ ocurypf,BaHe
Ha Bcrperxla:lts. pe1 B flpraJre)Karrluq rrcro 3aceJreH npe3 IV B. arpapen paiion33.
7. Ea6aqar-Tonpafr xr,oli
(Babadag, jud. Tulcea)

B neproga 1978-1983 r., B MecrHocrra "TolparlKboft", na 5,5 KM ceBepHo
ot Ea6agar, 6e uau'uuo npoyqeno MaJrKo K'bcHoaHTr.rr{Ho yKpenresue34. To e pasrroJro)KeHo B'bpxy Hrurc'bK rroiryocTpoB c HaAMopcKa B[coquHa or. 10,00 M, B Herrocpe[crBeHa 6nrngocr Ao ]o)KHrs 6par xa e3eporo Tonpafirr,ori (O6p. 71).

Yxpeunenaero r{Ma [paBo'brBJreH rrJraH 6eg trrosfl Kyrrutrr e opaeHTr,rpaHo
cenep-ror35. Ipage:r<rr e B opus implectum, Karo Jrr4rtrara ca o$opuenu c rpy6o o6pa6orenr.r KaMeHHrr 6noroee c MaJTKI{ r{ cpelHl4 pa3Mepl{. Ynorpe6erurflT xopocaH
C'bA'bp>I(a IIflC'bK, r{aK'bJI, CrIyKaHa Tyx.la I4 MI4AeHI{ r{epyflKu. KpenOCfiraTa,CTeHa e
ge6ela 3,40 yra cy6crpyrqr4s, a ocHoBr{re fr ca roJro)KeHr.r Ha gr.n6ourana2,30-2,60 rnr
nog 6anxera, pa3rpaHur{aBarl cy6- or cynepcrpyKurrf,Ta. Brrpeumure pa3Mepr{
Ha yKpeflreHlrero ca 38 x 14 tu., a B'],Hrrrrrr{Te
44 x20,40 v. B'se n's:rpeurHocrra My
ca rr3rpaleHu 12 uuttoua, pa3[oJroxeHrl cr{Merpr{qHo B ABe pegr4qr.r. flo rax:ss Haqr.rH B rleHTpaJrHara My qacr e 6ran oQopMeH Kopr{Aop, ocr4rypsBarrl Aocrtrr Ao olr4parIII4Te B orpa[Hu-fl 3LI[ rroMeulenrzg. Ilone B [o-K'bcHlrre rrepr4oqr.r ua o6uranaue,
B'brperuHr.rflT ABop e 6ul HacrJraH c KaMeHHrr frJroqu, rroJro)Keur4 B'bpxy no[Jro)KKa
or flflc'bK. B yrpenleur4ero ce e BJrr{3aJro rrpe3 Lr3AaAeHa npeA or6panrarenHara JrrrHr,r.f, KyJra-nopra, KoHcrpyKTprBHo cB'bp3aHa c KperrocrHara creHa. Ta e pasnoloireHa B cpeAara Ha [3ToqHara crpaHa ur rtv'a qernpr.{BrbJreH riJraH c pa3Meprr 12,30 x
10,10 rtr. B'urrunusr [poxoA e rrrrrpoK 3,10 lr, a B'brpe[rHvtrr - 2,50 rrl" flo-rturo
BtTperxHr.rsr rrpoxo[ e 6rar gonrJrnureJrHo crecHeH nocpe[crBoM 3rr4oBe or KaM'bHr{, cnoeHrr c rat (Odp.72).
X(lreorur Ha yKpenJreHr{ero npn Ea6agar-Tonpafirroft e 6un cpaBHr{reJrHo
KparBK, Ho rB'r,pqe 6ypen. B'rsHrareaHero My ce nocraBfl or flpoyr{BareJrrrre B'bB
BpeMero Ha r.rMneparop Banenc, nafi-nepoxrHo B ro4r{Hrrre 369-370, Ho ce AorycKa
B'b3Mo)xHocrra ro ga e 6uno I{3[r{rHaro r{ K'bM Kpafl Ha yrrpaBJreHr4ero na KoncraHqufi II. Apxeororuqecr.[ ca ycraHoBenra 5 >xuruulnpt lr.LrBa, cB'bp3aHrr c HeroBoro
o6r.rranane. Bcsro e[Ho or HrrBara e qcHo MapKr.rpaHo or cJre[rr Ha Macr.rBHrr ono)KapflBanlafl., n'bpBoro or KorlTo Aarrrpa or neprroAa 395-402 r., a flocJreAuoro ce cBBpl3

3a nocenuunlrfl xrrBor e paftoua [pe3 prrMcKara eloxa rr K:bcHara aHTrirrnocr, nx.: TIR
L35, passint (Satu Nou, Mihai Bravtr, Turda, Nicolae Bdlcescu, Babadag, Mihail
Kogdlniceanu); Opail et al.l992a. S. 109 sqq.
3a
Opaif 1977-78b, p. 415 sqq.; Zahariade/Opail 1986, p. 565 sqq.; Opai! et al. 1991a, p. 183
sqq.; Opaif et al. 1991b, p. 217 sqq.
35 Ouncanuero Ha yKpenJreHlrero e B'b3 ocuoBa Ha
oKoHqareJruara ny6nurarlrx ga
pe3yrrarrre or EeroBoro rpoyqBaue: Opai( et aI.1991a, 193-200.

O6p.72. Ba6a4ar-Touparlruoii. Yxpenurerua cllcreMa (Opait et al. 1991b, p.22O,Fig.2).
/ Fig.12. Babadag-Topraichioi. Defence system (Opait et al. 1991b, p.220, Fig. 2).

3Ba c xyHcKoro HaIIrecrBI4e or 441 ulm 447 r. Ha ct,eceM orpaHr.rqeHa nJrorrl B.r,B
BCTpeUHOCTTa e KOHCTaTT{paHo oxle eAHo (vI) >rranurqHo Hr4Bo, Aarr{paHo c MoHeTI{ Ha lrMneparop Mapruan (450-457 r.), no no roBa BpeMe yKpenJreHr,rero or{eBr4gHO e rrpecraHaJro Aa 6rge seue $oprz$llraqr4oHHo cbopBxeHr4e. Malx0 IIo-KBc-

Ho, BeposrHo ontre flprr cJre[Barqzs BJraAerel (II'rn 1:457-474r.), xraoortr cpeA
pyrrHl{Te oKoHrrarerHo cernar36.
@yurquonanHara LlHTepnperallus Ha K'bcxoaHTrrqHoro J[(penJreHue npu Ba-

6agar-Tonpafixrofi nopaxna alacKycutt B HayqHara KHrDKHraHa. Hqxoz u3cireABar-s4
ca cKJroHHrr Aa ro olpHJrur{ar Ha yKperreH horreum vrru Ha mansio31 . flpu nce rona,
MHeHI{ero Ha npoyrrBareJrl{Te, oTr,x[ecrBflBarqr4 ro c burgus38, cregaa [a ce nplr3Hae He caMo 3a [pL4eMJIrIBO, HO r{ 3a HaIIBJTHO OnpaBAaHO OT apXr4TeKTypHa, apxeo-

JlornqecKa u ucropl{qecKa rJreAHa rorrKa. I4sgzruar rpafi pnlrcxvfl.ilT"t rro [oJrrrHaTa Ha p. Talrqa (orauectnxBaH Karo naft-nax<nara semita B ceBepHara r{acr Ha npoBIrHrIrrfl Cxurut), rapHr.r3oH6T ua 6ypra npu Ba6agar-Toupar?rrofi narl-neposrHo e
6ran Ha:rosapeq ['bpBoHarrarHo c vrucvrw no ocurypsBaHe Ha oxpaHa rr KoHTpoJr Ha
II'brHI4.fl rpaQur. ApxeonornqecKl{flT Marepr.raJr [aBa ocHoBaHr.re Aa ce npeAnoJrata,
rre or Haqaroro na IV IIepl{oA B HeroBoro o6rnrasaHe (or 20-re roAr{Hrr na V n.
nacerne) yKpenJleHlrero nocreleHuo 3arroqna 4a ry6ra qr{cro BoeHHr{q cu o6ttux u
BepoflTHo ce npeBp6rrla B rryHKT :a ct6rapane, c'bxpaH{BaHe r4 pa3[pe[eJrfHe Ha
annona militaris3g.
8. Ea6a4ar (VICUS NOVUS?)

(Babadag; jud. Tulcea)

Ha2,5

or Ea6agar, Ha roro3arra1n:afl 6par na eAHor4MeHI43[[Ira B'b3Bl{rueHr4e B'bB Br{[ Ha rroJryocTpoB c HaAMopcKa Br,rcoqr.rHa
23,0 ut, orpa[eH B no-rorqMa"ra cv tracr or BoAr{Te Ha e3eporo rir c orBeceH ceBepoKM ceBepo[3ToqHo

HOTO e3epo Ce

u3TOqeH CKJTOH.

['rnXr.rUara

Ha floJryocrpoBa Aocrr.rra220 M, a rxr4pr{Hara My Baprr-

pa or 60 go 80 ruao. Tyr, nrpxy pyr4Hr4re Ha ceJrr{qa ot xrcno6poH3oBara, paHHoxeJlfl3Hara rI eJrrlHl{crl,IqecKara eloxl{, ttpe3 K'bcuara aHTnqHoct 6ula l{3rpageua
3ApaBa KaMeHHa creHa Ha xopocaHona cnoftraal . Ts. r,rMa A.broBr,rgeH rrJraH fr,

Ha orBecHl{q ceBepoll3ToueH cKJroH.

lz. Cresara

flo nporexeHrlero i

3arpax4a nJroq or oK. 0,'75 xa, c

A.bJrx<r,rHa

36

onnpa

ne ca perprcrprrpaHr,r Ky-

go 135,00 v mupr.rHa Ao

Apxeolor[rrecKn AaHHI{ I{ I{cropllKo-xpoHorroruyecKlr KoMeHTap Ha ycraHoBeHara
crparnrpa$ux n: OpaiJ et al. 1991a, l9l-192,339-343.
37
Barnea l99la,p. 191,306 (n. 171); Suceveanu 1992, 5.202.
38
Opail et al. 1991a, 195-201,325-327.
3e
lbidem, 199-200.
0 Morintz 1987, p. 39 sqq.
arPopescu 1965, p. 388 (Ne 32); Barnea
1990, p. 315 (Nb 3).

O6p.73. Ea6agar (VICUS NOVUS?). TonorpaSnx u yKperr{rerrHa crrcreMa rra
K'bcHoaHrrrqHoro yKpereHo cerrrru{e (Morintz 1987, p. 43,Fig. q. /Fig.73.Babadag
(VICUS NOVUS?). Topography and defence system of the Late Roman fortified settlement
(Morintz 1987, p. 43, Fig. q.
10 6p.73). Ocrrgnrare HaxoAKr4 rr KoHcrarr{panuxr lbH'bK KyJrrypeH rrJracr
B. cBl{AereJrcrByBar 3a cpaBur,rreJrHo KparKorpaftuo o6NrasaHe Ha MrcroTo npe3 K'bcHoaHTr{qHara enoxa43. Tmnororr,rqecru o6eKrbr cJre[Ba Aa ce olpeAenn nafi-neposTHo KaTo yKpe[eHo ceJrrrrqe, -rrBflBautro ce KbcHoaHTr.rqeH [p[eMHI,rK

75,00

r'a42

ot V-VI

6r[socr vicus Novus or rrpe[xoArturflwcroprtHe rpx6aa Aa ce r{gKJr}oqsa o6a.{e rr B'b3MoxHocrra yKpenJreHr.reTo Aa e rpeAcraBrqBaJro Kpenocr-y6ex<raqe (refugiunt), cnopa4uvHo r{3noJr3yBaua
Ha JIoKaJrIa3vpannfl. B HelocpeAcrBeHa

qecKLI nepuogaa.

oT oKoJrHoTo HaceJleHr{e IIpr4 onacHocT.
9. Cnana Pyc'r
(s, Slava Rus[; com. Slava Cerchezd; jud. Tulcea)

Ha ororo 200 r.a sanagHo or rrbpBoHairarHur{ KacreJr (nnocregcrBr.{e: rpagcKa rII,ITaleJra) ruaW6uxa, ca r{AeHTu$raqupauu ocraHKraTe or e[Ho MaJrKo rrpa ro'b-

a2

Onucaulrero

Ha

Kpenocrnara creua e Ha[paBeHo no [naHa, ny6nnrynau n: Morintz 1987,

p.43 (Fig.4).
a3

44

Popescu 1965, p. 388 (Nb 32).
CIL,IJI,14448; TIR L35, p. 25.

O6p. 74.I48I4[A (IBIDA). TonorpaQuq Ha cerlrilIero npe3 K'bcHoaHrur{Hara
enoxa ($tefan 1977 a, p. 462, Fig. 2). I Fig. 7 4. IBIDA. Topography of the settlement during the Late Antiquity ($tefan 1977a,p. 462,Fig.2).
rbJrHo yKperrJreHr,re c npu6rrE3prreJrHr4 pa3Meprr 20x15 r,,ra5 1O6p. 74).To 3aeMa caMr{, Bp'bx Ha B'b3BrrrreHr{ero Oera (Dealul Fetea) rI or Hero ce orKpI,IBa IxupoKa
rJreAKa K'bM AoJrrrHara Ha peKrar{xara Crasa. Yrpenreru{ero or{eBlagno e uua.no na6Syrr qr.ru u cflope[ [JIaHa My ]tsepeHo Moxe Aa ce o[peAeJII,I Karo burgus.

JrroAareJrHrr

Irlsrpageuo e 6rano or KaM'bHI{ Ir ryxJrla. flaruponxara My e HercHa. Cnolteuana ce,
45

$tefan 1977a, p.458.

rre HaMepeHlrre cpeg pyr.rHrare My ryxJrr{ u KepeMrrgrr ktuar't4 "K'bcHa

Qaxrypa". Cru-

xpoHHoro $ynxquonupaHe Ha ro3lr 6ypr c KacreJra e rB'bp[e B'b3Mo)KHo, Ho ra3rJrex(Aa Hegocrarr,qHo olpaB4aHo, T'LII Karo roJrrMara Kp'brJra KyJra [o rpacero Ha
roro3anaAHaTa cTeHa Ha KacTeJra e npeAJIaraJIa [or{Tr4 HarrbJrHo [AeHTI{r{Hu B1,3Mox(Hocrr4 3a BoAeHe Ha crparerr{r{ecKo na6nrogeuue. B cryuaa BeporrHo craBa
AyMa 3a MaJrKo BoeHHo-[oJrr.rqertcro yKpe[JreHrre, Koero e fipenxoxAaJro rro BpeMe
Lr3rpaxgaHero Ha KacreJra. Cr[efixra no cBrrAereJrcrBara 3a "K'bcHr.rr" My o6rr4K,
6yprs:r eABa Jrr{ Moxe Aa ce Aarr.rpa ro-paHo or Kpas na III n. C usqraraHero Ha
KacreJra (n navanoro sa IV o.?), uxu HeAGJrro cJreg ToBa, rort nepoarno 6rnn rasocTaBeH, nopanu 6esMucreHocrra or rro-HararbrrrHoro My noA['bpxaHe.

10.I{Brr[A (rBrDA)
(s. Slava RusS; com. Slava Cerchezd; jud. Tulcea)

flog c'repeMeHHoro ceno Cnasa Pyc.r nexar ocraHKrrre Ha e[Ho or nafi-o6Ilrr{pHlrre aHTr{qHu ceJrrrn{a B npe[eJrraTe MexAy nafi-gonnoro reqeHl{e na p. fiynau
u gepuo Mope. I,IgrasaHoro HrrKora or B. fl.rpeaH rpe4noJroxeHne46 ce nplreMa
6es nr:paxeHrrrr B c'bBpeMeHHara HayqHa KHr/DKHrlrHa r,r ceJrl,Iulero eArrHoAyruHo ce
orbxlecrBsBa c rpala Qtolis)L[6nga, cnoMeHar eArrHcrBelro or flporonrafi s HeroBr.r, TpaKTar "3a crpoe)Kl,ITe"47. Harrparcn:rllrT B rro-HoBo BpeMe o[rIT [Mero Ha
rpaAa Aa ce B'b3craHoBrr raro JIu6u4alllwlnguua (Libida/Libidina)48 6e c:rnceu apryMeHTr,rpaHo ocnopeH49, uarap B HrKorr uy6rzraquu ra3yt Bepcttfl Bce oqe Aa ce
noggrpx<as0. ?IsrasaHa e c'brrlo raKa xrrrroresa5l, cnopeA KoflTo Vllugae rb)KgecrBeHa Ha cnoMeHarr{a or Knangurir flroleuer? gonuounrr,itcxu rpag Tra6ucKa, pa3rroJroxen HrKtAe Mexgy fiynana u [JraHrrHara Xeuycs2. Marap or replrropvtflTa:aa
aHTI,IrIHlIr rpaA rtpIa Crasa Pyc'r ga npor{3xoxAar MHoxecroo pa:noo6pa3Hl,I Marepvarru ll enurpaScKrr rraMernktqu, rofi ne e 6rnn o6exr Ha ceprro3Hil apxeororurrecKr,r

npoyr{Banux.

flpu

TeJrHo B r{eHTpaJrHara

flrpnara cBeroBHa norlna, rtpultmrutracr Ha yKpe[eHara replrroput e 6uta aMarbopcKrr pa3Ko-

Bce roBa, rro BpeMe na

rraua elHa BneqarJrflBaula Eo pa3Mepr,r u xyAoxecrreno o$opMJreH[e paHHoxpacTlrrHcKa 6asunuxa or BTopara noJroBrrHa Ha VI s.53 3na.reH[ero Ha rpaAa Karo BaxeH xprrcrr,rrHcKr,r rIeHT'bp B'bB B'brperrrHocrra Ha rrpoBrrHllus,Crvffus, ce [ogqepra-

a6

Pirvan

a7

Proc. De aed.

1912, p.578 (n. 3).
IY,7, 19-20 (ed. Dewing)
a8
Aricescu 1971, p.58 sqq.; Aricescu 1977 , p. I 49 sqq.
ae
I)oru(iu-Boili 1979, p. 145 sqq.
s0

Hanpr.rrvrep a: Barnea l99la, p.204.
Suceveanu./Barnea 1993, p. 162 (ngerra
c,ro6uleuue).
s2
Ptol. Geogr. III, 9, 6 (ed. Mrller).

5r

53

e r{3Ka3aHa

or

Bylue

P.

Barnea 1945-47, p.227,233-234; Barnea 1958,346-347

.

a

ueny6nnryBano Hayarno

Ba rr

or

oKoJro 3

[poyrreHuq Heor[aBHa MaHacrr,rpcKr{ KoMlJreKc

ru

or VI B., pa3rroJroxeH

Ha

sanagnosa.

Yxpeuurenuara cplcreMa Ha ll1wga se e 6una o6exr Ha apxeoJroruqecKra
nerinusr [JraH e Aocra rrpeqr,r3Ho ycraHoBeH B'b3 ocHOBa Ha [peAlpueroro B Har{aJloro Ha 70-re TOALIHI4 Hapovno aepo$ororpa$cxo r.r3cJreABaHe na o6errass 1O6p. 74).IJlrrara yKpereHa rJrorq Ha rpaAa B.b3Jrr,rsa sa 24 xa. flo csuqecrno,
Tfl ce c'bcror,r or ABe cBbp3aHr,r ltoMexAy cr{, Ho o6oco6enu qacryt, o3HaqaBaHr.r B
Hf,Korr or ny6lurarluure Karo "I" tn "I['56 (O6p. 75). fto-uanKara or rxx (I) 3aeMa
pa3KonKr4r, no

ceBepor.r3ToqHuq cKroH Ha eAHo uocoo6pasuo B'b3BrrrrreHr4e, v3awcflr,arqo ce Ha rroBeqe or 70 rr,r nag AoJrlrHara ua p. Clana. flpyrara vacr (II) e 3uaqrrreJrHo no-ror.flMa IIo IJIOIq lI e pa3noJloxeHa Ha paBeH TepeH, B rrrlrpoKaTa peqHa AoJr[rHa B IIo[Hoxilrero Ha B'h3BI,IlreHI{ero. YxpenneHuero B'bpxy Bb3BrrrrreHrrero r{Ma HelpaBr.rJreH
lJraH r{ e 3arrlr4TeHo c oKoJroBpbcTHa KpelocTHa cTeHa, rlo rrr{eTo Tpace curypHo e

$urcupano Mecronoiroxeur,rero ua 7 xylu. Tpr.r or rflx ca lJ-azguu, 2 - nparorrbJru[r, 1 - nerpulo- vilLt uopxoroo6pa3Ha u 1 - rp'rma. Mnoro e BepoflrHo rro
Tpacero Ha K)ro3anagHara KpenocrHa creHa, s 6rr,rsocr [o ro)KHara'bnroBa KyJra Ha
yKpenJreHr.rero, Aa e r4Miuro ou{e eAHa KyJra, Karo MexAy rflx ABere e 6utapa3rroJrox(eHa rloprata. Hafi-sarbcro ca pa3rloJroxeHr,r KyJrr{Te rro loror{3TorrHara creHa,
KBAero [IHTepBaJrLITe He HalBrrrxasar 35 u. Tnrpge cnequQravnara qyrtKa B r{3ToqHr{s'brbJr Ha yKperrireHr4ero Moxe 6r ce gt.mrra Ha HsKaKBo [o-KbsHo upeycrpoficrso57. Eguncrnenara KpErlIa KyJra ce orJrrlqaBa c MHoro roJreMr{ pa3Mepr. }IsrpaEeHa e 6una npu6nr{3r{TeJrHo B cpe[ara Ha roro3afla1nvfl. zvtq,, B'bpxy naft-sr4coxara
TorrKa BKrIoqeHa B flepuMerapa Ha KperrocrHr,rre creHr{. flpegnuq ournqnzs o63op, [peAloJrara ce, .{e e 6ura r,rc[oJr3yBaHa 3a BoAeHe Ha AareqHo ua6nrogeaue.
PasnoroxeHara B AoJrr4Hara yKpe[eHa qacr Ha Vllwga r{Ma [oJruroHaJreH
nnan. Irlsroquara rr 3arraAHara i crenu ca c eAHaKBa A'bJrxr.rHa or no 445 M, ceBepHara - or. 345 M, a rorolr3roqHara - or. 280 u. flo flporexeHr,rero Ha 3r4goBere ca
perrrcrpr4pasw 24 Kyrrr{, orcrorrrlr.r Ha 36 go 60 u egHa or Apyra: 14 U-twgnu,7
npaBobr"bJlsau3 BerplrJro- t{JrI{ rloAKoBoo6pasxra. U-eugnure KyJrr{ ca IIII,IpoKr{ oK.
10 vr n ce I43[aBar Ha oK. 12 tt npeg or6panrarel:r.ara lrprHus.. IIIecr or rflx $taurupar or6arnso rprrre [oprrr, pa3noJroxeHz IIo rpacero Ha 3anaAHara, ceBepHara [r
I43ToqHara KpelocrHr,r lreHrr. flpano'rruHr.rre KyJrr{ ca c:oc 3Haqr{TeJrHr,r pa3Mepr,r
(18x10 u), roero e AaJ.o ocHoBaHrre Ha HqKou [3creABaqu Aa rr.r onpegeJrflT Karo
pltrouria. Te ce pegynar pl.rrMur{Ho c U-nugnure rro flpore)KeHr{ero Ha sra4oser:e. B
TpLITe xcno oSopueHlrrbrbJra e rr3rpaAeHa IIo eAHa Berpr..rJro- rrJrr{ noAKoBoo6pasna
ryna. flpeg ceBepHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa ca ycraHoBeHr.r ocrauKr{ or ABoeH pos.

[o-

5a
55

0pai1 etal.t992b, S. lt3

sqq.

$tefan 1974a,104-105; $tefan 1977a,452-458 (onracanueto ro-Aorry
B ra3r.r ny6nnxaqna); Stefan 1977b, p. 3 sqq.
56
Scorpan 1980,40-41, ll4.
57lbidem, p.40.

e

6asrpano ua gaHHure

l00n

O6p. 75. I4EI,UA (IBIDA). flnau na yKperu'reJrr{ara crrsreMa (Scorpan 1980, p. 157, Pl.
XII). / Fig. 75. IBIDA. Layout of the defence system (Scorpan 1980, p. 157, Pl. X[).
rrycKa ce, qe npoTllrlaulaTa [orracToflrrleM rrpe3 cpeAaTa Ha yKpe[eHaTa Tep]rToplrrr
peKrrtlKa C.nasa HrKora e 6ura oTKJIoHgBaHa, 3a Aa rrbJrHrr [peAnoJlaraeMr,rfl oKoJIOBpBCTeH KperrocTeH poB.

B yrpennteJrHara cllcreMa

tn Vl6t6a e 3acBlr[ereJrcrByBaHa cuequ$nunara
vtrr nogroaoo6pa3Hr,r 'brJroBrr r,r MexAuHHr,r

puTMuqHa rou6nHaqnx oT BeTpr(Jro-

U-rugnu I{ roJreMI{ ripaBo'brbJl}Il{

KyJrr4

(phrouria), xapaKTeprr3r{paq[ r{f,Jra nope-

AIIIIA K'bCHOAHTI{qHI{ YKPETICHI,I O6EKTI{.B TIPOBI,{HI{I,II4rC BTOPA MUZ]/rr U Cr]/rr]/r'-, 3A
KOT4TO CIBCeM OCHOBaTeJTHO Ce npe[noJrara, qe flpr.rHaAnexar K'bM e[Ha rr c.bu{a
BoeHHo-crpor4reJrHa rrporpaMa: flrpyc, A6puryc, Kauugara, Tpe:uuc-tr{srox, Tpo-

neyu Tpaxnn58. fIpegnLIA rloAqepra*ara o6oco6euocr Ha ABere rracrrr or yKperrr4TeJrHara cl{creMa uaLl6uga, TqxHoro Iz3rpDKAaHe crrpaBeAJrlrBo ce orHacf, or I{3cJIe[BarrI,ITe K'bM pa3rlrqHl{ crpor{TeJrHu neprroArEsg. flo.rru rt'bJrHara [AeHT[rrHocr B
KoHcrpyKTIrBH[Te pe[eHr,rq cBr,IAereJrcrByBa, Bce rraK, r{e ABara rreplloAa ca 6slw
TB'bpAe 6ruagru rro BpeMe. Orxpurr.rre cpeA pyr{Hr4Te rra 3rrAoBere errr{rpa$cxu naMerHI{IIII or II u rltpBara rloJroBuHa na III s. (nperzsuo:r:yBaHr.r B rpaAe)Ka Karo spolia)60, onpeAeJlsr cpeAara na iII s. Karo cr4rypeH, Ho cGBceM orHocr{Te rres terminus

post quem 3a crpolrreJrcrBoro. Or usxasaHrrre ABe [porraBofloJroxHrr crauoBrarrla
B'LB Bp'b3Ka C OTHOCI{TeJIHaTa XpOHOJIOIZq Ha KOMIOHeHTI4Te Ha yKpelLITeJIHaTa
cl{creMa ual46uga, [pe[iloquraHr{e cJre[Ba Aa ce orflaAe Ha roBa, oflpe[erqulo yKpeflJreHr.rero B'bpxy B:b3Br{rrreHr4ero (I) Karo no-paHHo61. Marap u reoperr4qecK[
B'b3MO)KHa, [arr4poBKara My B firaouernaHoBo BpeMe62 npouanopequ Ha KpLrrr,rs
lJraH Ha egHara or KyrIr{Te, Kofro ce r{3AaBa npeA r.r 3a[ KpeflocrHara crena63: ragu
pa3HoBI{AHocT Ha Kp'brJIIaTe KyJIII ce cqLITa B c[eIII{aJII4I3L.IpaHaTa Jll,rTeparypa KaTo
lorrrl,I cl4rypeH 6ener 3a crpol4TeJlcrBo IIo BpeMero Ha r,rM[eparop KoHcranrusl64.

Cnopeq uaHa, MecrorloJlo)KeHlrero r{ [po[opq[rare My, B'b3Hr{KBaHero Ha paHHoTo yKperrJreHrae IIpu vl1uga Mo)Ke narl-npangonogo6no 4a ce ooxclru c nog6y4[ or
BoeHHo-crparerutrecKo ecrecrBo. Bepoxrno B cryrras craBa AyMa 3a BoeHeH Jrarep,
'{ufiro rapHI43oH e 6wn HaroBapeH c r{3n'r,JrHeHr4ero Ha paaHoo6pasHr{ BoeHHo-rronzqeftcrr.r SyHxqlru r pafiona, cpeA Korrro u{e Aa e 6wra u oxpaHara r.r KoHrpoJra Ha
rpa$r.rxa rro rrpeMlzHaBalqut orryK BDKeH n'br, [pecrlrrau{ B:brperrrHocrra Ha rrpoBI{HIII{I Cxurvfl. or Ior ua cesep65. Tunonoua.recKr4 yKpelJreHrrero cJreABa ga 6.rqe
olpeAeJreHo Karo castellum. PasnoroxeHoro B paBHr4Hara rlr.rBr{JrHo [oceJreHr{e e
58
se

Lander 1984, p. 218.
$tefan 1977a, p.457 sqq.; Scorpan 1980,40-41.

60ISM Y,223-233.
6rScorpan 1980, p.40.
62Ibidem, p.41.
63

OcseH rlo TIJIaH (ynuraneu cpeA flaMerHr{rlrrre Ha $optusrlraqr{oHuoro crpor{reJrcrBo Ha
Teplrropl{sra Ha [poBl4Hqur Crlrrr.rr!), rasu Kyna rryBcrB[TeJrHo ce pa3r[rraBa or
ocraHall,ITe B yKpelLITeJIHara cr{creMa naV[6wga r{ rro cBor{Te [polopqrrrr. Bes apxeoror[qecKlr pa3KotIKIt Hefidara AarI{poBKa rrle ocraHe Hecr{rypHa. Ka.ro ce uua
lpeABIrA, qe Al4aMercprr ir HagnlruraBa floBerre or ABa ntrz (!) To3r,r Ha KyJr[Te c
uAeHTuqeH TIJIaH or KoscrakrlmoBo BpeMe, c'bBceM ue tpx6na Aa ce [3Kr[orrBa B.b3MoxHocrra, Tfl Aa rIpeACTaBJrrBa eAHo MHoro [o-KT,cHo (VI r.?) upeycrpolicrBo raJrr{

go6anra.
1.984, p. 228 sqq.,257.
65
lllxopnra;r 1905a, 492-502; Pirvan 1912,p.577.
6a

Lander

6uro yxpeneHo oqeBlrAHo rro-K:bcno, T'bIt Karo HetoBLITe Kpe[ocrHlr 3luoBe (II)

ce

rIPEXII3KAI{BAT NO CKJIOHOBETE HA B'b3BI4IIIEHI{ETO I,I IOilUPAT [O
Jro)KeHara AarrrpoBKa B'bB BpeMero Ha r{Mflepa'rop KoncraHTI{H I unu upfi HeroBI{Te [prreMHr4qr,r66 rasrlexAa Han'bJrHo [pr4eMJrr{Ba. OcuqecrseHlrre neo:rganna (c'saceM orpaH[r{eHr{ rro nnorq) c[acr{TeJrHlr pa3KolKrr B paBHI{HHara yKpeleHa r{acr Ha
L[lwlaycraHoBr4xa HaJrr4r{r4ero ua ge6en KyJIT}peH [Jracr ct cT sctto pa3rpaHutrllMu
)Kr{Jrr{rr{Hr{ :aur,a67 . fll,pnr.rre 3 or txx ce orHacflT KtM paHHoplrMcKara enoxa (IIIII r.) n 3aBtprxBar c ropqr rrJracr. Brso6HossBaHero Ha )KI{Bora (Huro 4) e perucrprrpaHo npes IV e. Tofr rpoA'bJrxrrJr 6eg oco6eru c'brpeceHlrr Ao xyHcKrre HalrrecTBr,rs ilpe3 n:EpBI4Te Aecerl{Jreruq Ha V 8., Koraro ceJII4IrIero oveB[AHo rroHecro r{yBcTBr{TeJrHr{ [opaxeHll-fl. Harl-r'scso oT ToBa BpeMe HaceTHe, KacTeJIBT B'bpxy B'b3BrrrrreHl{ero Iro BcsKa BeporrHocr sary6ran trl{cro BoeuHoro cla IrpeAHa3HaqeHI{e I4
nprago6un Synxquure (u) na rpa[cKa rlr,rrageJra. Cneqnauloro )KLrJrLrIrIHo nuro (Haeo 5) Aarrapa or BTopara rIoJroBIaHa na V Ao KtM [ocJleAHara r{erBtpr Ha VI s. u
cJre[Ba Aa ce cB'bp)Ke c rtperuplaeMaHero Ha B'b3craHoBIrreJIHI{ pa6oru rro yKpenuTeJrHara cr{creMa. Cuopeg cBe,.ieHrrero na flporonuir, rsit Karo eAHa roJIflMa llacr
TE3PI HA KACTEJIA.

or oKoJroBptcrrara creua taVl1vga 6rana uocrpa1ara,I{Mneparop Iocrunraan I ce
Br.r[flJr rrprrHyAeu 6rpso pa s'rao6noBl{ rpa[a, Karo ro [peB'bpHe B cI4JIHo yKpeleHo

[oroltro rorrHo re3r4 TB'bpAeHI,Ifl orroBapflT Ha Ircrl{Hara Iqe norax<ar 6rflpoyqBa]8iutfl., Ho cpeA pyrrHlrre Ha 3I4AoBere ca 6uttulF'aapxeororr4rrecKll
AerIr{Te
uscro68.

rpa$uru rro rrx, qlrflTo AarLIpoBKa ce orHacs or
Hari-o6rqo K:t M V-VI r.69 Cnopeg eAHa Apyra 6eue;xra, MoHerI{Te

MepeHr.r HflKoJrKo ryxJrld c fieqarra N

r.r3cJreABarrrrre

na }Ocrrruuan I c'scraslrflr,a[rtt ocHoBHara rracr cpeA HyMI{3MarI4rIHIiITe HaxoAKI{ or
Tepr.rropuqr a ua Vl6uya70. floclegnrrre ABe KoHcrarI,IpaHI4 )KI{JrI4IrIHut :artBa (6 u 7)
ce xapaKTepr{3r.,rpar c 6'rpsa nocJreAoBareJrHocr tr Aarl,Ipar or Kpa, ua VI u rrtpBtrTe ABe Aecerurerr,ra na VII e. Hafi-r'Lcuara r{3BecrHI,I Aocera MoHerIr or Yl1uga ca
Ha r{Mneparop I{parnuft - or 6137r u 6141615 r.72

rfuuyprua

ge Xoc (AD SALICES?)
(com. Ceamurlia de Jos;jud. Tulcea)
11.

Kpali cenoro e perr4crprrpaHo o6urrpuo no rrJIoIq ceJrl{u{e orpI,IMcKara enoxa
or 6orara Marepr{aJrHa xyntypaT3. Barcroto crparerl,IqecKo rro-

c rago6unnra cJre[u

66

Scorpan 1980, p.41.
Opai11991, p. 21 sqq.
68
Proc. De aed. lV,7 , 19-20 (ed. Dewing).
67

6e

70

7r

Popescu 1976, Nh 234-235.
gtefan et al. 1954, ll0-112,

ll4.

Vertan/Custurea 1995-1996, p. 3 1 8, nr.
72
Opail L991,p.54.
73
Weiss 1911, S. 57; TIR L35, p. 31.

1

61 5.

JroxeHl{e no orHorreHr.re BG3MoxHocrI{Te 3a KoHTpoJr Ha flarHara cr{creMa B pafioHa [peAonpeAeJrl,rJro n3rpaxgaHero Ha roBa Mflcro Ha yKperrJreHue74.3a Heroszq
o6lux, ToqHo MecronoJroxeuue t KoHcrpyKTI.IsHr4 oco6eHocrr,r He pa3noJraraMe c
HrIKaKBrir uogpo6uocrn. B na.raJroro Ha XX r. ocraHKr{Te My Bce oqe ca rl{r{arr.r
go6pe na repena75, Ho 3a rsxHoro c'bBpeMeuHo c'bcroflHr{e He ce cloMeHaBa Hr,rqo
B rlo-HoBrrre ny6auraquu. flpneua ce, qe yKpeflJreHfiero e 6uno r.r3rpaAeHo BeporrHo KaM Kpafl Ha III umr B HaqaJroro Ha IV s.76 u e lpoc'brrlecrByBaJro rr [pe3 paHHosusaHtllficxara enoxa77. flpegcraaeHuqr apxeoJroruqecKlt KoHTeKcr uyKa3aurrflTa

ntrHure craHrlnr,r e ltinerarium Antonini AaBar ocHoBaHlre
ryK Aa ce JroKaJrr.r3rapa or6ena3anurrrr no rpacero Ha r.Hap. 3anagnononruricrr,r urr nyurr Ad Salices, roriro ce e HaMr,rpan r'rexqy Vallis Domitiana u HistriaTs
u Aocera rpaArrqfioHHo ce [ocraBflrle npu Cuvuoapalg, MHogzHc'rsoro or rr3cneguavureSo orrxgecrBrBar Ad Salices c'bc 3HalrrrreJrHr4fl ceJrurrleH rIeHT'bp Salices,
cnoMeHar y Artluau Mapqeauu Karo Mrrcro Ha rpauAr,roasa 6rarxa MexAy rorr{re rr
prrMcKara soricra no BpeMe ua Bropara rorcKa sofrua Ha lrMfleparop Baneuc (376378 r.) u r,r3pr.rrrHo orpegeJreH or aBTopa xaro oppidulnsl, Koero HpegnoJrara :nalrurquero Ha coJrr,rgHo lr3lpageHa yKpenrareJrua rauspacrpyKTypa. Cnopeg uxrolr82, urvreTo Ha yKpeflJreHrrero Tzasklis, Snrypupaqo B 3aKJrrorrr{reJrul{rr crruc}K K6M IV rnlrra
ua flporonfieBns.TpaKTar "3a crpoe:xure"83, flpegcraBrqBa Br{Aor,r3MeHena Sopr"ra
3a pa3croflHrrrra Mex<Ay
r,rMeHHo

IraK Ha c'brrlr,rfl ToltoHrtM. Cnopeg MeH, oc[opBaHero rra rtx[ecrBoro Ha rorroHrruu're Ad Salices u Salices B HrKolI rro-HoBrr uy6ruaraqnu84 ne e AocrarbrrHo apryMeHTr,rpaHo r,r ce A'bJrxr4 Ha r43JrrrrrrHo HaArIeHJrBaHe Ha cBeAeur,rero Ha Ar*ar,rau
IIeJrr.rH 3a "6ru3ocrra" Ha Caruqu go MapquaHonoJrl,IcS5.

7a
75

Pirvan 1912,p.583,585; Opait et al. 1991, 201-202.
Pirvan 1912,p.583 (n. 13).

76

Zahariade 1988, p.

7?

Suceveanu 1992, S. 204.

78

Itin. Ant. Aug. 227,1 (ed. Cuntz).
B><. firara II.2.f (Cununoapa). Heorgaura Ad Salices 6e usuenagraqo

7e

80

8r
82
83

148.

r

cbBceM
Heo[paBAaHo otbxAecrBeno or H. Eapua c aHTr.ryHoro ceJrrrqe npr,r Cnnoe (Sinoe,

jud. Constanta): Barnea 1994, p. 33.
\ileiss 1911, S. 57; PArvan 1916, p. 581; Litzica 1926-27,p.80; Barnea 1968, p.421;Begevliev
1970, S. 148; Wolfram 1979,142-143; Berxor 19846, c. 172; Barnea l99l,a, p. 166.

Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXXI,7,5 (ed. Clark).
PArvan 1916,p.51; Litzica 1926-27, p.80; Barnea 1968, p.421.
Proc. De aed. IV, l

l

(ed. Dewing).

BarnealZahariade 1993; Szidat 1998,25-30; Dvorski 1998,177-179.
8s
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXXI,8, I (ed. Clark).
8a

Map-

a..............

o
O6p. 76. flanrerr,rlrosyn ge Xoc. llrtan ua 3eMJreHoro yKpe[JreHr.re c[opeA B. Iltpnau
197 4a, p. 106, Fig. 3). I Fig.7 6. Pantelimonul de Jos. Layout of the earthen fortifica-

(gtefan

tion afterV. P-rvan (gtefan 1974a, p. 106, Fig. 3).
12. [aurcnuMorryJr qe Xoc
(s. Pantelimonul de Jos; com. Pantelimon; jud. Constanla)

B na.raroro Ha XX n. rpari ceJroro ca 6uxw perrrcrpr,rpaHr{ rr qacrr{rrHo npoyrreHr,r ocTaHKrlrTe oT 3eMJreHo yKpelJreHr.re c pa3Mepr'r 220x150 M, opr{eHTr{paHo ce-

nep-ror86 (O6p. 76).To ce oflpeAeJrf, Karo pr.rMcKr4 BpeMeHeH MapueBr,r irarep (castra
aestivalia). flpegupuerlrre apxeoJlorraqecKrlt coHADKrr He ca [pe[ocraBrdJrrr [anHr.r
3a npeqlrcar{uq Ha HeroBara AarrlpoBKa. fiouycxa ce B'b3MoxHocrra yKpenJreHrrero
Aa e KaKTo or BpeMero na gaxurtcrrrre Bortur,r Ea r.rMneparop Tpaxn, TaKa rr or roBa

Ha rorcKlltre norinu Ha IrMfleparop Baleuc87. Brururuare 6eJre3ra, o6aqe, rr3AaBar
HflKOI{ CepIIo3HI,r OrKiroHeHr.rfl OT KaHOHrrTe Ha paHHOpT.TMCKOTO 3eMJreHo yKperrr4-

86
87

PArvan l9l2-13, 526-531; Vulpe 1938, p. I7 1; TIR L35, p. 56; Stefan I974a, p. 108.
PArvan I9l2-13, p. 526 sqq.

TaXa Hanpr,rMep: 'bfJrrrre He ca 3ao6JreHvr, a npaBr.r; ['bJrfr{re
cTpaHrr ca npopf3aHr4 oT IIo ABa BMecTo cTaHAapTHr.rfl. e\nH npoxo[; [poxoAr{Te He
ca [pI4Kp]ITLI oT ['broBI{AHLI oTKJIoleeHAfl, oT oKoJIoBpGcTHI{fl san (claviculae), a or
I{3HeceHI{ Haflpeq r,r yclopegHlr Ha Hero cao6ognocrorulr{ K'bcr{ BaJroBe (tutulil 88.
Bcra.{ro roBa AaBa ocHoBaHr4e Aa ce [pe[[oJroxrr eAHa rro-K'bcHa Aarr.rpoBKa 3a pr.rMcKl{fl 3eMJreH ilarep rpart flanreJrr,rMoHyJr qe Xoc, KoflTo or rrcropr,rKo-apxeoJroruqecKa rJIeAHa roqKa r{3rJre)KAa HanBJrrro [pr{eMJrrrBa B'bB BpeMero ua fltpaara(?)
TeJTHO CTpOr{TeJrCTsO.

rorcKa

sor;rHa Ha r{Mneparop Baneuc.

13.

yJTMETyM (ULMETUM)

(com. Pantelimonul de Sus; jud. Constan(a)

Brgnr,rrsaHero Ha aHTr{qHoro ceJrr4rqe Ynlreryu, quIETo ocraHKu noHacroflIqeM Jre)Kar rroA cerarnHoro ceJro flanrenrnuoHyJr [e Cyc, ce orHacfl r'ru xpaa ua I
t4JrI{ rrarraJroro sa II n. cn. Xp. E.naronpuxrHr{Te [pupoAHr,r ycJroBllr{ r.r Kptcron.brHoro MecronoJro)KeHr4e ce oKa3aJrI{ Mou{eH crr4MyJr 3a HeroBr.rrr 6tps ntsxog. 3a
3Harrl4Mocrra My roBopr4 $arrtr, qe ou{e ilpe3 n'bpBara noJroBr{Ha na II B. To e
3acBllAereJrcrByBaHo xano vicus, roriro [pr.rHaAJrexaJr a[MlrHr.rcrparraBHo rro BcrKa
BepoflTHocr x'su territorium Capidavensisse. flannr,rre 3a paHHara rirc,toprrfl, na YnMeryM ca rBLpAe egHocrpaHrrnarulaerrb:uru. flovepnanil ca norrrl,r r,r3rlsno or [po-

r{3xo)KAarrl[, or ceJrr{rqero MuoroqucJreH euurpa$cxrr Marepr,raJr, npeynorpe6ex
BnocJreAcTBpIe KaTo rpaAr4Bo B yKpenhTeJrHr{Te c'bop'b)KeHr{r Ha I{3Ar{rHaTr4rr B He-

nocpegcrBega 6nr.rgocr K'bcHoaHTI{r{eH KacreJr,

rorlro

flprreJr r.rMero Ha HeyKpele-

or prlMcKara euoxa. flporourzrl rrr{rrre 3a Ynrvrerpr Karo 3a ctrrlecrByBa"crapo
ulo or
BpeMe" yKpe[JreH]re (ochyroma). Ktrrr cpeAara na VI n., o6aye, "r.rri
Karo BapBapv cilaufllaut A'bJrro BpeMe ycrportnanra raM 3acagr,r rr Aocra MHoro BpeMe
c'blrlo upe6rauananr{ TaM, 'ro 6raro c'bBceM 3aflycrflJro r4 or Hero flolrrrr Hrrulo He
ocraHaJro ocBeH r{Mero. 3arosa rorl [nuneparop Iocrunnau I] ro ctrpaAr,rJr r.r3rlflJro
or ocHoBI4I urrft ocno6ogun TaMorrrHr{Te Mecra or HalaAeHvgTarr 3acaAI,ITe Ha cJraHI{rI BI,rKyc

BqHI,ITe."

9o

flponegenure or 1911 go 1914 r. crrcreMHr{ apxeoror[qecKr{ pasKorKr.r rro[
pBKoBo[crBoro Ha B. fl'rpsau AoBegoxa Ao rl-flrocrHo pa3Kpr.rBaHe Ha ocrauKr{Te
or yKpefiIrreJruara cr,rcreMa Ha KbcHoaHTurqnytfl. Ymtleryu (O6p. 77). B apxr{TeKTypHo-crpor{TeJrHo orHorrreHr{e, ToBa r,r noHacroqrrleM ocraBa eglrH or uafi-go6pe
npoyrreHr,rre r,r rperlrl3Ho AoKyMeHTupaHrr flaMerHr{rlu ua $oprli$uKarlnoHHoro E388

Webster L969, p. 171 (note 1).
Eenexrr.r 3a I{cropllqecKo"o pa3Br,rrlre rra Ynrnreryll I{ 3a HeroBI{, aAMIrHI,IcrparLrBHoropr.rgr{qecKr.r craryr s: PArvan 1912,p.575 sqq.; TIR L35, p. 76; Suceveantu1977,p.
67 sqq.; ISM V, p. 78 sqq.
s Proc. De aed. lY,7,17-19 (ed. Dewing).
8e

gffi'

'Wu,,"J'
O6p.77. yJIMETyM (ULMETUM). flnau Ha yKperr.rreJruara cl{crer'ra (Gajewskal974,
p. 105, Fig. 36). lFig.17 . ULMETUM. Layout of the defence system (Gajewska 1974,
p 105, Fig. 36).

KycrBo B rrpeAeJrrrre Ha npoBl{Irquq Cxnrus9l. Yxpenlenrlero e I,BrpaAeHo Btpxy
rrJraToBr,rAlro r,r3Ar,rHar noJlyocrpoB, orpaAeH or ceBepou3ToK, roro3alaA I'I rcroll3ToK or gu6oxu goloneg2. IlpegonpegeJreutrrr My B 3Ha\rrrreJlHa creleH ot ronSurypaqnrra Ha repeHa [JraH ce oilpr{JrrrraBa Ha KBaApar c'6c crpaua oKoJro 135 r.a,
er

Pesyrrarure or pa3Korrxrare s YrMeryM ca uy6nuxynauu nog Sopr'rara Ha ToAITITJHI{ orrrerrr 3a npoBeAeHr{re KaMraHI{Ir: PArvan 1912, p.497 sqq.; Pirvan l9l3-14b, p. 245
sqq.; PArvan 1915a, p. 265 sqq. Yrpenureauara cr{creMa ua Ynuetyu e o6ext na

BHI,IMaHT{e I{ B HrKoI{ [o-HoBI{ rr3cJIeABaHuJI, 3aHI4MaBaIqu ce c npo6reM}ITe Ha K'bcHoaHrlrrrHara $opT u$r.rxaryu: Gajewskat974,101-103, 134,139,164-165; Scorpan
1980, 4l-44; IIsaHor 1980, 216-217 .
e2
Onacarryrero e 6asr,rpaHo B'bpxy ulrrr{paHr{Te B rrpeAxoArrara 6enexxa pa6otu Ha B. fltpnau.

or BrJrrrre Ha KofiTo e orpfl3aH. YrpeneHara [Jrolq B'b3JII{3a npI{6JrI,I3Irua 1,5 xa. Ocnosrrre Ha KpenocrHrlTe creHrr ca I,I3rpaAeHI{ or JroMeHI4 KaM'bHr4, c[oeHr4 c xopocaH. floroxenu ca na g'sr6oquHa go 2,50 u, a ge6e.nraHara Ha
cy6crpyxqnnra Bapvpa or 2,80 go 3,20 Merpa. Cyuepcrpyrql{sra e orfleneHa or
cy6crpyrqrarra [ocpeAcrBoM B'bHrrreH [r BtTperleu 6asrer c pa3rrrr{Ha rrupl{Ha,
KaTO B'bHlII],iIytflT HA MeCTa e [BycT:r,[anen. [e6erv]F.aTa Ha HaA3eMHaTa qacT Ha 3IrAoBere o6raxnoseHo e 2,60 M, Ho B orAeJrHrr yqactbllla ce na6nrogaBar Ir3BecrHI{
orKJroHeHr{q. f[o [pore)KeHr{ero Ha KpeflocrHrare creHI,I ca l43rpageHu 13 roHcrpyKTr,rBHo cB'bp3aHr4 KyJrrr c pa3rl4r{eu nran: 1 Kp'brJra (r ceneposalagHl'Ifl 'sr'sr.),2
uogronoo6pa3Hr4 (crornerno B ceBepHlrt u ceBepolr3TorrHns'srsn),4 U-nu4nu crc
cK'bceHr4 rrponopqrur, Kor{To Snaurupar [Bere Kpelocr]rlr noprrl, ra 6 verupnrrrnnu. flpasotrbJrHara KyJra rro rpacero Ha ceBepo3alaAnara KpenocrHa creHa 3HaTII1ITEJIHO CE OTIUqABA OT OCTAHAJII{TC NO KOHCTPYKTI'IBHII IIAPAMETPTA. TONEINIUTE iI
pa3Meprr (20x13 rr.l) u crecHeH BxoA cBrrAereJrcrByBar, qe rfl e 6rara npoexrrlpaHa 3a
caMocrorremra or6pana, Koero e AaJro ocHoBaHI{e oule Ha Bacrale fltpaan HaIrbJIHo saKoHoMepHo Aa s o[peAeJII,I xaro phrourion93. fiocrrn'rr Ao B'brpelxHocrra Ha
yKperrJreHrrero e 6un B'b3MoxeH Lr [pe3 4 uorepnu - 2 z ceeepol,I3ToqHara Lr rto
eAHa B rox(Hara r{ B loror{3TorrHara KpelocrHa creua. I4sra.rsaHero Ao 6olhrnre
unar$oprnlra [o [pore)KeHr4ero Ha KpenocrHrrre creHlr ce e ocbu{ecrBsBaro vpe3
18 nrpageur n ge6enranara Ha 3l{[oBere eAHopaMeHYtt cr't t6a, rpyflupaHla n 4norlK[r, 3arror{Barrlrr or o6rqa gomra [JIoIqalKa Ha HI4IBoro Ha arlTwr;.rrtg TepeH.
Tara onzcaHara yKpenvreJrHa crlcreMa ce cB'bp3Ba o'r B. fl:spnaH c'bc cBe[eHr{ero na flporonufi sa eracrauoBflBaHe na Ynuerylr "rl3 ocHoBu" (ek themelion)
no BpeMero Ha rrMueparop trOcrznuan I. flososaeairxlt ce Ha AyMLITe Ha K6cHoaHTIrlIHrrg aBTOp, a I{ BB3 OCHOBa Ha HflKOr{ HaXOAKI{, npoyrlBaTerflT I43pa3f,Ba rB'bpAo
y6e;xgenue B c'brrlecrByBaHero Ha c'blrloro Mlcro Ha flo-crapo yKpe[JIeHLre, B'b3Hr{KHaJro Bepof,THo KtM Kpaf, ua III unu B Haqaroro na IV e. Cnopeg B. fl'rpnan,
o6ave, ToBa yKpelJreHr4e He e ocraBr{Jro HIEKaKBI{ Szsuuecxra urep.v, r'rrf xar:o ro
6nno naurnHo AeMoHTIrpaHo, a crpol{TeJrHlrflT My MarepL{aJI - npeyflorpe6en s trOcTr{HrraHoBr{, rpagex. Pl:xo>xgafirr{ or ra3lr rrpe3yMrrqIafl, pyM'bHcK[qr ytreH [ocraB' rr Tpr,rre qcHo pa3tpaHrrqr4Mrr rr [oBceMecrHo perr4crpr{paHl,I B yKperleHara repuTopr,rJr )erJrrru{Hrir xoprr3oHTa B xpoHoJror[qecKl{Te paMKI4 or y[paBJreHI{ero sa trOcTr{HuaH I go x'srra Kparl Ha VI e. 3a cruxttitulare noxaprl, MapKr4paqu Kpafl.Ha BceKI{
or raKa o6oco6enure rpr,r rrepiloga B r.rcroprrqecKoro pa3BIrrI,Ie na YtueryM rlpe3
VI s., rorl [pelnoJrata, qe ca 6unu pasnoJro)KeHr{ MHoro 6rprsxo BBB BpeMero I{ ce
A.bJDKar Ha flopeArrr{a or aBapcKr{ HaflaAeHr{fl B Kpafl Ha sera94. Konrperno c BceKI4
or o6oco6eHrurre no ro3r{ HaquH flepuorur ce cB'bp3Bar I4 3acBI{AereJrcrByBaHLITe rpl4
"cnequSn.rHl,I
Ir KopeHHo pa3rr,IrlaBarqlr ce [oMe)KAy cI4 [o BIIA LI KallecrBo rexHI{KI4
e1talaprflT

TeJrHo

e3
ea

PArvan 1912,p.515 sqq.; Pirvan 1913-14b, p.276 sqq.
Pirvan 1912,p.597 sqq.

rpanex, xapaKTepl{3lrpaqu 3acTposBaHeTo B rlepTnTe Ha oKoJroBp'},cTHaTa KpefrocrHa creHa95. Ktu ntprraf neprroA e orHeceHa rorqMara crpaAa c allcl4[aJreH
IIJIAH B I43TOI{HATA IIOJIOBI{HA HA YKPENJIEHI,IETOg6, KAKTO 14 PETUC'TPI,IPAHI4TE II HA
Apyrfl Mecra -clacrn or rrocTpoftKl4, orJrr{qaBalql4 ce c npeql,I3eH lpaAex 14 yloTpe6a
Ha xopocaH Karo cB'bp3Barr{ MaTepI,IaJr. ilpeflnoJlara ce, qe IIo roBa BpeMe yKpelJreHr4reTo e r{MaJro rcHo r43pa3eHr{ BoeHHr{ Qynrquu, KaKB0TO IIIe Aa e 6ralo [peAHa3Har{eHuero r.1 Ha flpoyqeHara afieuI'al,j,j,a crpaAa. crAeftru rlo HeIfHoTo MecrofloJroxeHI{e, frJraH r4 pa3Mepl{, IroHacTofltl{eM Tt c AocTa roJrfMa yBepeHocl' Moxe Aa ce onpeAeJrr.{ Karo praetorium. flocrpofiKr.rre c AByJTITIIeBII 3IrAoBe Ha KaJrHa crlofiKa ce
Ha

pa3rJre)KlaT KaTo cTpor4TeJrHa xapaKTepucT[Ka Ha BTOpLrfl OT neprloA[ITe B pa3BI'ITIaETO HA YIMETYM. OAKT.rT, I{E MHOrO OT T,f,X AONIIPAT AO KPENOCTHIITE CTEHI{, CE
nplreMa 3a cBr4AereJrcTBo, ire rro roBa BpeMe yKpe[JreHI,IeTo Berle e IBry6I,Iro qrlcTo
BoeHHr.irfl crr xapaKTep, [pr.rAo6r4BafiKkr o6runa Ha o6I,IKHoBeHo yKpeneHo ceJrI4IrIe.
Tperar:a or 3acBr{AereJIcrByBaHI{Te B Ymaeryu rexHIrKIr Ha rpaAex KopeHHo ce
pa3rurraBa or rrpeAxoAH[rre ABe. Hanuqe e ['bJIHoro orctcrBlle Ha KaKBaro [I Aa
6uno rpagoycrpoficrseHa cxeMa. 3ugorere ce orrlrqaBar c Mnoro ata6a yctoftulrBocr rr raMar Br.rA Ha KaMeHH[ rpaMaAI.,I 6es qcHo oSopueun nuqa. B. fltpnan uapr,rr{Ho r{3T'bKBa [prrJrr{Kara I{M ctc cnasgHo-6rJrrapcKara xr.IJI}ItrIHa apxl{TeKTypa
oT enoxaTa Ha paHHoTo cpe[HoBeKoBrire, Ho Bce [aK, ycJIoBHO Ogna.Iasafirl{ rrl KaTo

"napsapcxlr", ru orHacfl K6M 3aKJrloqurcernufl. rteplrog B ]IcropurlTa na Ynuetyu,
raro o6gcngBa noqBara rrM c MareprraJlHr{s Koranc Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHl(e ll c
ToraJrHlrfl yrra[EK Ha KtcHoaHTIltIHara KyJITypa B [poBIaHqI,IsCxvrus, K'bM Kpa, Ha
VI n., npeguecrByBarrllr oKoHrrareJrHara rra6er Ha aHTrlr{Hara qrIBI4IJrrr3aIdI4, B Te3I{
3eMI{.

rlacr or

r{3JroxerrraTe 6ele>xrn ca 6eeycnorHo BepHpI Ir [orB'bp)KAaBar [poHa B. n'bpBan. flpu Bce roBa, B'bpxy
epy[Irqhe,fl:aay-rrnavrTyr.rr\ufl.
$ecuonannara
uHTep[perat\rzLflTa Ha KoHcrarupaHara o Ymraeryrtr crparurpaQcKa KaprI4I{a HeIr36exno peQtexrupar cla6ocrure, nplrc'brrlr.r Ha pa3KorIKLITe or HaqaJroro na XX s.
rr A'bJDKaTIIU Ce KaKTO Ha MeTOAOJIOTIqeCKOTO HeC'bB'bpIIIecTBO Ha apxeofloruqecKara HayKa roraBa, TaKaLr Ha Jrlrncara Ha floAxoArula 6asa 3a cpaBHeHlae. Ygre.reHrreTo no rrHx(eHepHo-apxuTeKTypHr{Jr aHaJrLr3 Ha npoyqBaHrlTe ocTaHKII u rloAarepTanilflT r4HTepec npeAlrMno KtM eflurpa$crlrre [aMerlrl,Iqu ca HaMepI4JIu I{3pa3 B
rparino npene6pexrirreJrHo orHorrreHr{e KtM [oAeMHIrt apxeoJroruqecKla Marepuan. OrcrcrBr{ero Ha cl{creMa 3a roqHa rono-crparrrpaQcxa perrrcrpaqufl' Ha HaxoAKrrre e AoBeJro Ao rrxHara Sarrn.recra Aenacrroprvsa\t4fl, Koero lI3KJrIoqBa B'b3rrlilx<socrra ga 6rgar re ynotpe6eHu B KauecrBoro Ha Aar[poBcr{eH Kplrrepuitnpu

xpoHoJrorrqecKara l,IHTeprperal{[s Ha KoHKpeTHLI mparurpa$cKu curyaquu. KaTo IIsJIo, o6ave, go6uruat B xoAa Ha pa3KonKr,n:e s YrMeryM apxeoJroruqecKr{ Ma-

Pirvan 1913-14b, p. 400 sqq.
x Ibidem, 296-299; Pirvan 1915a, p. 265 sqq.

e5

Teprrair ce HaMrrpa B ocrpo nporuBopeqr4e c flocryJrr.rpaHara o'r B. f['spnaH AarrrpoBKa n VI s. r4 Ha rprrre )Kr.rJrrrrrlHr{ xopu3oHTa, perrlcrpr{paHr,r B fipoyrreHr{Te ceKToprl Ha yrpenreruiero. OnracanvtflTav rrJrrocrpaqurrre Ha HaxoAKI{Te n ny6:rxxysaHprre oruerugT ydeynre.rrHo cBr4AereJrcrBytsar, ue QoplrrapaHero Ha nafi-gomrru KyJrTypeH flJracr e 3afior{Haro He no-K'bcHo or Kpru na III nnu tr'bpBrrre Aecerr4nerrrs Ha

IV e. u e npr4KrrorrprJlo [pe3 BTopara rrerB'bpr Ha V 8., Koraro Ynrteryu oqeBLrAHo
ceprro3Ho nocrpaAaJr npu HqKoe or xyHcKr{Te HanaAeHr{fl tro roBa BpeMe. B npxxa
Bp'b3Ka c [pe)Kr,rBfHoro 6eAcrBue ce HaMr{pa ctKpoBr.rrqero or 256 MeAHrr MoHerrr,
safi-x'rcur.rre cpeA Kor{To nprrHaAJrexar K'bM euucrtu Ha LlMrleparop Teogocuil II or
BTopara qerB'bpr na V s.98 To e 6r.rno orKprrro a nari-gomua,x flJracr or 3arrbJrHurerq Ha roxHaTa KyJra, oxpaurBalrla rofo3anagHaTa Kpelocrna nopr:agg.
Karo ce x3Krloqra e[r{H eK3eM[Jrflp Ha LrMreparop @rasuft Wnufi Heuot or
474-480 r.100, roucrarrrpaHara n Yrlreryvr MoHerHa cpega or6enqssa rpKo I,I3pa3eH xrraryc c npoA'bJrxr{TeJrHocr floBer{e or 50 ro4nuu. BrgcranoBqBaHero Ha [apur{Horo o6prqeuue npes VI B. e perrlcrpr{paHo c elancvru Ha l,IMneparopllTe or
Auacrabufi go MaapnxttfitTu6epuft10l, Karo, ecrecrBeHo, :rpx6na Aa ce L{Ma [peABIIA TB'bpAe orHocrrreJrHara xpoHoJror[qecKa ctortnocr Ha rIo-paHHrITe MoHerIr B
la[eHrlfl cnyvarl, r'rri xato re cnoroftno Mo)Ke Aa ca [poHI{KHaJrI{ Ha MecrHI4s na3ap
c rlapIar{Hr.rq [oroK B MHoro flo-K'bcHo BpeMe. Maxap Aa ce rBGp[Ir, qe crparlrrpa$cKlz "yroBeuure" Tpr,r fieplroAa B pa3Br.rrr{ero Ha Yriueryrra 6unra 6ruero pa3noJlo)KeHLI B'bB BpeMeTO, npe3aCTpOsBaHeTO Ha B'bTpeuIHOCTTa Ha yKpe[JIeHI4eTo npe3
BToprlq flepr{oA ule Aa e 6raxo [peluecrByBaHo or A'bJrro [peK'bcBaHe Ha o6vraea-

Hero Ha Mrrcroro. Ha raxasa Mr{c'bJI HaBex(Aa KoHcraral{rulTa, r{e HoBI{Te nocrpofi-

I{ qECTO B'b3Cfl[AT I,{II,I rIPECI{qAT IO-CTAPIUI
suponelo2, a roBa Ir3rJlex[a BepoqrHo e[uHcrBeHo [prr roraJrHo o6esnu.{aBaHe Ha
rro-paHHr,rre rpaAe)Klr r{ 3arpy[BaHe Ha ocraHKr{Te r{M nog ge6en [Jracr or pylxeBllnu. ApxeororlaqecKl,IflT [r HyMI43Marur{eH Marepr{aJr AaBar oct{oBaHlre e'bso6HosqBaHero Ha )Kr{Bora n Ynueryu yBepeHo Aa ce cBcp)Ke c'bc cBeAeHllero ua flporonrnfi sa [per{3rpaxAaHe Ha or[aBHa 3a[ycrrJroro yKpenJreHl{e B'bB BpeMero Ha I{Mreparop 0crnnuan I.
3a ueupegy6egenrax r{3cJreAoBareJr, rracr or flporr3xoxAalrlrrfl or Ynlreryu
apxeororuqecKrr Marer) ilalr103 He ocraBf, HI{KaKBo c'bMHeHI{e, qe [pe3 paHHoro cpeAKI4 CE OTJII{I{ABAT C APYTA OPIIEHTAIII{fl

XXI-XXV); Pirvan 1913-14b,299-315 (Pl. XXN-XXXII); Pirvan
(Pl.
VI, VI[, XI-XV).
1915a, 281-290
e8
Poenaru-Bordea et al. 1988-1989, p. 163 sqq.
ee
PArvan 1913-14b, 283-284
e7

Pirvan 1912,566-575

rm

r0r
ro2
r03

(P1.

Pirvan 1912, p.566,594.
lbidem, p. 566; Pirvan l9l3-14b, 303-304; Pirvan 1915a, 281-282; Vertan/Custurea
1982, p.284 (nr. 532).
Pirvan 1913-14b, p.402.

Pirvan l9L2,Pl.XXllIl2; Pirvan 1913-14b, Pl. XXVII/I

-

[pe3 IX-X s. - B]pxy pyl,rHrrre Ha K'bcHoaHT[rErHoro yKperrJreHrre B'r,3HI{KBa }I ce pa3Br.rBa cT'apo6'bJrrapcKo ceJrr{rrle c xapaKTepHara 3a enoxara Marepu-

HoBeKoBI{e

aJIHa KyJrrypa. Orc'bcrBLreTo Ha aHoHHMHn eugaHrzrlcKr,I MoHeTE cr.rrypHo cBrrleTeJIcrByBa, qe ro e flpoc'brrlecrByBaJro cpaBHureJrHo KparKo BpeMe Moxe 6ra go

-

KtM cpeAara ua X s. I4MeuHo c roBa crapo6urapcKoro ceJrr.rqe cJreABa Aa ce cB'bpx<ar r{ T. Hap. "napeapcxu" 3r,rgoBe, Aopu fi aKo ce ilpr{eMe, ve B. IItpoaH e [paB B
TB'bpAeHI4eTo cI,I, r{e Te He 6uln egHocrpaHHl4 (r.e. o6luqoB'btlHtr{, oT )KHJTI{IIIa-ISJIy3eMJrflHKr,r), a nsqxlo HaA3eMHlr. Mexgy clrpor,rreJrcrBoro or erroxara na 6'rnrapcKoro paHHo cpeAHoBeKoBI,re rr crparnrpa$crra 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaHuq n Yrue:ryu
Tperr,I xrrJrl{qeH xopl{3oHT, o6a.{e, eABa JrI,I Moxe Aa ce rtpcrl HflKaKBa xpoHoJroruqecKa Bp'b3Ka. @axmt, qe fiocreAHilflT ce orKprlBa Ha cpaBHI,ITeJrHo roJrflMa A'r,Jr6o.ruHa u 6es nperraeBr.r xr{aryc, HenocpeAcrBeHo Ha[ oloxaprBaHero, MapKr4parqo
Kpiur Ha BTopur xr,rJrr,rqeH xopu3oHT, rorfro or cBofl crpaHa [rMa clrrypHa Aarr,rpoB-

ra

e

VI

B., AaBa ocHoBaHrre rperr4flT xr{Jrr,rqeH xoprr3oHT Aa ce orHece K'bM Kpafl Ha

K'bclrara aHTr{rrHocr, Karo ce Aarr{pa nafr-o6qo B Kpafl Ha VVna.raJroro Ha VII a.
florpunaulr{-f,T ro nJracr or rrefieJr cBr,rAereJrcrByBa 3a HaclrJrcrBeHo npeKbcBaHe Ha
xlaBora n Ynueryu. Cnopaguuuoro o6uraBaHe Ha repeHa, o6aqe (no4o6no Ha peAIaIIa Apyru Mecra Ha replrropuflTa Ha [poBrrHrlrrJr Crurux), qe Aa e [pogBJrxrlJro
pl3BecrHo BpeMe r,r cJreA npexr4Bf,Hoto 6eqcrnrEe104, Mo>xe 6u go x'ru rperoro AeceTrrJrerr{e na VII s.los
Pesl,rsrapanara xpoHoJrorr{.f, Ha KyJrrypHr{Te HalracrqBaHrrff B yKpeneHara
Teprrropr{, Ha KtcHoaH"ruv^Hlas, Ynuer:yru neus6e)KHo HaJrara xpoHororrrecKa peI{HTepnpeTawlfi. It Ha HeroBaTa yKpeuI{TeJIHa clrcTeMa, oqe noBeqe, qe z TyK ca
HaJrrrqe oqeBr{[Hr4r [poTr.rBopeqns MexAy olucaHlreTo u rpaouunaTa AoKyMeHTaIIH, Ha npoyareHure ocraHKr,r u o6o6ulanarqrrre r{3BoAlr, cncreMarr,r3upauu pe3yJrTarure or npoBeAeHr.rre pa3Konxu. Oco6eHo rIeHHa B ToBa orHorrreHr{e e crparrlrpaQcxara Kaprr,rHa, ycraHoBeHa B'bB B'brperrrnocrra Ha crroMeHarara Beire roxHa
Kyra npu loro3aflagHara Kpelocrua nopra106. Tyr, o'spxy creprrJreH rrJracr or rpaM6onaua x'bJrra np'r,cr, Ha HrrBoro na 6anxera Mexly cy6- u cy[epcrpyKrlr{rr e 3acBI,IAereJIcrByBaH xoMorenen croft or xopocaH, rrpr{MeceH c MHoro rlflc'bK. [e6enuHara My e 0,07 ru u roft HeccMHeHo e cB'bp3aH c lr3rpaxAauero a fundamentis ua
KyJrara. Hag r:osu cnoii cnegna nJracr c ge6eruna 0,75 rtl, c'bcroflrrl ce or np'bcr,

xofiro e 6u;ro HaMepeHo MoHerHoro c6KV sex. Cnegnaquar rrJlacr (0,20 rtr) ce c'r,crorr or

KaM'bHlI, BBTJTeHI{ r{ x<lrBorrrHcKl{ Kocrrr, s

poBLIqe

or BTopara qerBtpr

Ha

oTK'bpTeHa Ma3r{JrKa, Bap r,r TyxJr[r u npeAcTaBJrflBa Hr{BeJrawfl, n yKpe[BaHe Ha TepeHa, cB'bp3aHrr c peKoHCTpyKrIu, H [oBTopHo B'bBexAaHe n're SyHrqr,Iff Ira Kynara

roa
r0s

106

Petre 1963,334-33i
Haft-ruorara rr3BecrHa Aocera nonera or YJrMeryM e egru
or 614/615 r.: Mitrea 1966,p.426.
.

Pirvan 1913-14b, 282-283 (Fig. 37).

So.ru.rc na

rrM[eparop l4parr,nfi.

cJIeA [po[cJI)KuTeJIHo npeK'bcBaHe Ha o6l4TaBaneto.

Hacropo cJreA ToBa T-f, ilocTnoxap, 3a Koero cBr{AereJrcrByBa eArrH cxoft (0,04 u) or atrnenra,
flerreJr ra o6ropena [prcr. Il{errare 6unn 6tpso orcrpaHeHr{, a Hr.rBoro B'bB B'brperuHocrra Ha KyJIara ce IIoKaqLrJIo c 0, 17 lr (nracr or oTKGpreHa Ma3raJrKa, rrp'bcT
11 flapr{era tyxlu). Kpaxr Ha o6nrasaHero e cB:bp3aH c HoB [o)Kap, ocraBr{r qcur,r
cJIeAIr B'bB BI4A Ha KoMnaKTen crort (0,04 u) or rrerreJr r{ B'r,ureHr{. Pa:pyuaranero
Ha KyJrara AoBeJro go QopMupaHero Ha [Jracr cye6eluya 0,80 r.a, rofiro B AoJrHara
crl IIOJIOBI4Ha Ce CT,CTOrI OT HaTpOUeHrr KepeMrrAlr, flpl4MeceHr{ c B:bureHr{, a B ropHara - caMo or HarpotueHu KepeMr.{Atr. Haft-r,,cgara MoHera, HaMepeHa B 3an.bJrHIlITeJrfl Ha,KyJrirro, Aarupa or ylpaBJreHr4ero Ha r4Mleparop ManpuxufitTu6epufitlo7
I{ noKa3Ba, rre K'bM Kpaq Ha VI r.rnu B HaqaJroro Ha VII B. Tq oKoHrrareJrHo flpecraHana ga SyHxrlr4oHlrpa.
Ipaqex'rr Ha yKpenrzTeJrHrrre c6op'b)KeHr4q Ha Yrl'aeryM ctuo npegcraBq
HqKou BaxHI{ r,I TB'bpAe rrHcrpyKTr{BHrr or xpoHoJrorrrr{ecKa rJreAHa roqKa oco6eHocru, ocraHaJrr{ He3acJryxeHo upene6perHarr{ Aocera. Tara nanpraMep, flplreMaHI{flT Karo xapaKTepl4crulKaHa BcrrlrKld Kpenocrrrl{ 3[IAoBe opus incertum e 3acBup.eTeJrcrByBaH, BcBIr{Hocr, caMo B T.flxHara narf-golna 3arra3eHa HaA3eMHa qacr. OrK'bM B'brperlrHocrra Ha yKpenJreHrrero noB'bpxHocrra rlM e rJraAKo o$oprrlexa, no
Hapor{Ha o6luqoKa JrI{rIcBa. Brnufirr.rre rr4rla, o6aqe, a c'brrlo raKa crpaHr.rrlr4Te Ha
[opTr,rTe 14 noTepHr4Te, KaKTo vrTe3ur Ha Bxo[oBeTe K'bM HrKOr{ OT KyJrr.rTe, Ca O6twqoBaHI4 c roJIeMI{, go6pe HalacBaHII KaMeHHr,r 6roroee, rroJro)KeHrr o6raxnoeeHo c'bc
crpeMex KtM cna3BaHe Ha peAoBa sugapuxi0S. Mnoro or 6noxonere ca crroJrr{u,
ocHoBHa qacr cpeA KoI4To 3aeMar enurpa$cxr{Te [aMerHuqr,r. OrporraHoro MHo3r{HcrBo or HaArrr{cr.rre Aarrrpar or II lr rrtpBara noJroBr{Ha na III s.109, Karo ce cpeqar
r{ HrrKoJrKo or Kpar na III u rrbpBr.rre [ecerrrJrerr{s Ha IV n.110 Cpeg xpoHororuqecKL KoMrraKTHara lpyfla or rrpeynorpe6enu enurpaQcxu naMerHr{q[ ce noqBflBa r.r
eAI,IH xpl,IcrvtxmcKuna4rpo6eu HaA[rrc, ga xorlro ce npeAnoJrara gHarrr,rreJrxo no-K'bcHa Aarr,rpoBKa - B V, axo He Aopu u s VI n.l11 Ctqrasr e 6un BrpaAeH n narl-ropuux
(sana:en?) peg or B'bHrrrHara o6nuqonxa Ha ceBepHr,rs 3raA Ha qerr,rpu'bt'bJrHara KyJra no rpacero Ha ceBepo[3Tor{Hara KpenocrHa cre:aa112. fiatuporxara Ha ro3rir HaAnrc o6rErHoBeHo ce nprleMa xaro terminus post quem3a u3rpaxAaHero afundamentis
Ha IlrJrara yKpellrreJlHa cr{creMa na Yruerylr. Karo ce r{Ma o6a-re [peABr4A HeropaAaJIa

or

cI4JreH

BOTO MeCTOIOJIOXeHT{e, pg3KOTO My XpOHOJTOIEqeCKO pa3rpaHl,IqaBaHe OT r{Haqe

xoMoreHHaTa B TOBa OTHOIIIeHI{e MaCa OT CrroJrlrr{, KaKTO r{ 3aCBI4AeTeJTCTByBaHIITe

ro7

fbidem, p.283,304 (nr. 43).

ro8

Piryan 1912, p. 505.

roe

ISM Y,57-93.

Ito

Popescu 1976, N! 206-209.

"'Ibidem,
rr2

Nb 210.

PAryan 1912,p.519, 533.

u qacrr,rqHn npeycrpoftcrBa rro yKpenrrreJrHl{Te ctop'b)<eHras, BrparxAaHero Ha B'b[pocHr{fl enurpaScrrr naMerHr4K c ro-

rro Kareroputreu

Haqr..rH

rro-K'bcHr{ nolpaBKr,r

JrflMa yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce oTHece KBM HqKof, oT BR3cTaHoBI{TeJrHo-KoHcoJrr,rAarlr,roHHure crpor,rreJrHr,r KaMnaHLrr{. Or napupaula B rrrupoKr,r rpaHr,rrlrd Br{corrr/rHa or

HrrBoro Ha aHTr{rrur{q repeH (cpegiro 1,20-1,50 u) narope, o6a.{e, rpaAex'br Ha KpenocrHrlTe 3HAoBe sa6erexn'{o ce [poMeHfi r.r uMa BI,IA Berre Ha opus caementicium.
Tosa noroxeHr{e He ce flocoirBa u3pur{Ho B TeKcra Ha orqerl{Te, no go6pe Jrr{r{Id Ha
[pr{JroxeHr.rre K'bM Hero qeprexn ra cporocsurtrxul13. O6pyrranane urn orpa6nane
B no-HoBo BpeMe na o6pa6oreHr{Te KaM'bHrr or Jrr{qeBara o6nuqorxa e MHoroKparHO saCBr,rAeTeJrCTByBaHO IIO rdflJrOTO rrpoTe)KeHfie Ha KpenoC'.tHr.lfl,3rrA B AOJTHaTa My
tracr, Ho eABa Jrr4 ToBa lr{e ga e o6xcueHrrero rr rrpra uocoqeHara cr,rryar{r,rfl. Qaxrrt,

e gafla3er B paBHa Beprr.rKarrHa nJrocKocr cbc crapareJrno oQopr'reuure Jrrrqa Ha [oJrHara qacr or 3I,IAoBere, naBa ocHoBaHUe Aa Ce TB'bpAI{, qe B cIyrlarl He cTaBa AyMa 3a ocTaHKI{ oT eMIIJIeKTOH, a 3a
[3rpaxAaHe Ha 3r,rAoBere BBB BucoquHa B cEB'bprrreHo pa3rLItIHa cTpor.rTeJrHa rexnnra. Marap roBa Aa He HaMr,rpa r,r3pa3 r o6rqure rr3BoArr, go uo4o6no 3aKJrK)rreHr,re
Aocrr.rra 14 cavlilffT B. flrpeax. Onursaftru ce ga o6xuu4 roJrrMoro KoruqecrBo ryxJrr{, orKpuBaHr,r B Hacr{[a or pyrrreBnuurpafi KpenocrHlrre creHr{, rori gonycxa, ue
or eAHa oflpegeJreHa Brrcoqr,rHa (cnopeg Hero: or oKoJro 3,00 rta Harope) 3r.rgoBere
6nlu uzrpaAeHr,r rrpe3 peAyBaHe Ha xopu3oHTaJrHr,r ttoflcLt or 6eron (caementa) n
ryxnnl 14. flogo6xu pe3Kr{ pa3rru.rrus, B rrpr,rJraraHara rexHlrKa Ha rpaAex B eAHa r.r
c6rr{a flocrporfra ne ca xapaKTepHu 3a aHTuqHoro I4I K'bcHoaHTI{rrHo crpolrreJrcrBo
u ce o6scsgBar 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo caMo c Hruruqlaero Ha rrocJreAoBareJrHl{, xpoHoJrorlrqecK[ o6oco6enu KoHcrpyKrlreuu Sasu. flpor*rennre B nJraHa Ha Kpelocrurrre
rropr[r r,r [orepHr,r na Ynueryu y6egureruo cBr{AereJrcrByBar 3a Har[quero Ha [Be
rro-K6cHI4 KoHcrpyKTlrsHra Qasn. flpu n'spaara or rrx [poxoAtrre r,r Ha ABere KpenocrHtl floprlr u Ha Bc[rrKr,r florepHrr 6unu creureuvr, a [pl,r BTopara, ceBepo3a[agHara flopra r4 HrrKou or [orepHr,rre 6urn r,r3rlf,ro sasupanul15.
flpuroxeuara crporrreJrHa rexHr,rKa, orgeJlulrre or6panr,rreJrHr{ eJreMeHTrr
(xynr, KyprlrHrr, [oprr,r, uorepuu) u [JraHoBara cxeMa na Ynueryu Karo rlsro, HaMprpar MHoro 6nr,rsxu [apaJreJr]r cpeA flaMerHrrqrrre rra KccHoaHTr{rrHoro $opruSuraquouuo crpo[TeJrcrso. Harrqrrero Ha rB'bpAe xapaKTepHrrn phrourion c B'[,TpeIrrHI{ [pIJIoHr{ olpeAeJreHo cB6p3Ba Ym'aeryrr,t c rlflJra cepus. yKpe[reHuq B npoB[Hqr.II,rre Bropa Mugns u Crurws. (f,rpyc, A6pr,rryc, Kanngana, Tpe:uuc-I,Iaror,
Tpoueyr"r TpaaHra, LI6uga-I ul46ilga-Il), rr3Ar{raHero Ha Korrro rpaAr,rqlrouHo ce orHacfl KEM Kpar Ha III ll na.raroro na IV B., Ho c roJrffMa yBepeHocr cJre[Ba Aa 6rAe
flpeAarl,rpaHo B'bB BpeMero Ha c'bBMecrHoro yflpaBJreurre Ha l,IMreparopure Jlur{urre Ha Mecra

rr3
rf

a

rr5

rpaAextT

B opus caementicium

Pirvan L912,504-529 (Pl.I-m, V, X-XVII);PArvan 1913-14b, 245-295 (Pl. i-XX),
Pirvan 1912, p. 567.
Parvan l9l3-14b, passim.

P,uitu Koncranrran I u ua npaKTur{ecKl{ eAHorr4rrHoro yrrpaBJleHrle Ha Kogcrannr.rH
I n uepuoga cneg324 r.l16 flpegsl4A KareroprdtrHocrra Ha crparr{rpa$crure AaHHr4
or KyJIara rIpE loro3a[aAHara rropra, xoMoreHHraqr o6nur Ha [oJrHara qacr or yKpenIITeJIHaTa CVCTeMa na Ylrvreryrra B Hr{KaK'bB cny.rat? He Moxe floBerre ga ce o6acHqBa c ner?soto rpacHpaHe ra rlflJrocrHo r.r3r'pax[aHe eABa B'bB BpeMero Ha r4Mnepatop trOcuaurEan I. a c n'bJIHo [per.r3rroJr3yBaHe Ha 3aBapeHr.rre ocraHKr.r npu Iocu*rraHoBara peKoHcrpyKqur. flpegcraBeHl{sr Iro-rope o6croen xpoHoJrorr4rrecKo-KoHcrpyKTI4BeH aHaJII43 Ha Harl4qHl,rre AaHHrr y6egurenno cBuAereJrcrByBa, ire yKpeluTeJIHara cl{creMa na Yntretylr npugo6uea o6u1o-rsero Hacroflrrlrrfl cktBr4y,oqe [prr

HeroBoro

Karo yKpeneH rIeHT'bp, narl-sepoar:Ho no BpeMe Ha eAHOJrr{rrHoro ynpaBJreHr.le Ha r,rM[eparop Koncranrun I s neplroAa cneg324 r. BtsnoBoro Kp'bcrorl'brHo MecronoJroxeHr{e B qeHTpaJrHara rracr Ha npoB}rHrlut Cxurua
I43AaBa uog6ygu or ql{cro BoeHHo-crparerllrqecKo ecrecrBo 3a HeroBoro r{3rpDK[ase. 3a n'bpBoHarIaJIHI{fl BoeHeH xapaKTep Ha yKpenJreHr4ero cBr.rAere.rrcrByBa r{ B,brperrrHoro 3acrporBaHe or crparr,rrpaScxu perficrpr4paHr4s [.bpBr,r [eprroA B HeroBOTO C'brrlecrByBaHe. flo pasuepn, Ylrureryu yBepeHo cJreABa Aa ce olpeleJrr.r Karo
castellum. Ctcrastr Ha HacraueHr{fl B Hero npes IV B. rapHr{3oH e Hera3BecreH, Ho B
opraHlrcaltrI4oHHo orHolrrenrae rofi Hec'bMHeHo rrle Aa e nprrHaAJrexaJr K.bM [oApa3AeJreHI{rTa Ha sacer comitatus,I{3['bJlHsBafirr,r s ttlupuo BpeMe BoeHHo-[oJrraqefrcxr.r
$ynxqlrrn n par?oua. rlpea nropara rrerBcpr na v s. yKpenJreHr{ero rex<Ko nocrpaAaJIO IIpI,I ]uIKOe OT XyHCKpITe HarraAeHr4rr r{ 3a rrpoA'bJD{il4TeJreH rrep}roA oT BpeMe
6lrno [eocraBeHo. Onr,rcanoro or flpoxonrart mscraHoBflBaHe ua YnueryM or r{Mleparop trOcrr,rrrEan I naurapa 6esycnoeno apxeororuqecKo rrorB'bp;xgeuze. Tyx,
o6aue, ca neo6xogutMul HrKor4 Ba)KHr{ yror{HeHr4.fl. ApxeonoruqecKrrre [aHHIr rroKa3Bar, ve yuorpe6eHara or K'bcHoaHTvt.t]giurs. aBTop Spasa "ek themelion" cliregF,a
ga ce pas6upa He B 6yxnalen, a r lrera$opurreH cMr{cBJr. B geficrnzteJrHocr, OcruHI4aHoBI{flT crpoex "t43 ocHoBld" npegcranngBa Ha[crpogBaHe BGB Bl{coquHa Ha pa3BB3Hr4rKBar{e

\IIIICTeHI{Te, HI4BeJTI{paHr4 LI KOHCOJTT4AI'IpaIIr OCTaHKLI OT CTapOTO yKperrJIeHI4e, KOeTo e AoBeJIo Ao noqrl4 Tor{Ho B'b3npoI.{3Be)KAaHe Ha [JraHoBara cxeMa or: IV a., raro
eArlHCTBeHr.rre

[peycrpoficrsa ce c'bcrorr

B crecHflBaHe Ha npoxoArrre Ha [oprr.rre
HarI'bJrHo o6scHqsa r4 KopeHHara pa3JrrrKa B crpor.rreJrHara rexHI{Ka, perr{crpr,rpaHa B AoJrHara r4 B ropHara r{acr Ha 3ilAoBere. B nprxa BpB3Ka c
r,I

[orepHlrre. Tosa

trOctr.rnr,rauoBara peKoHcrpyKllrrs ce HaMrrpa crpor..rreJrHrrflT HaA[r{c, nocraBeH B eAHa or KyJrI,ITe or BoeHHara vacr lanciarii iunioresrl1 . Brupocuara qacr np[HaAJrexaJla K'bM sacer comitatus u 3a }1refl ce [peArroJrara, qe 6una cueqnaJrl,r3rrpaHa B'bB

$opru$nxaquoHHoro crpor..rreJrcrsoll8.

116

ilar or ctrrloro BpeMe Aarr,rpar u ABa HaA-

flo rogu Brbrrpoc, rx.: Top6aron 2000, c. 26 at.3a qnrrpanure

yKpeleHr.r o6errn na
Tepl{ToprrsTa Ha [poBI4HIIw Crurwa, B)K. caorBerHr.rre pa3AeJrrz s frara II.2.
rr7 Popescu
1976, Nb 2ll.
rr8
Hoffmann 1969, S. 438,489.

ll4ca-rpasrlTlr,

r{3ApacKaHr,r c ocrpr4e B'bpxy He3ac'bxHaJrara Ma3rrJrKa B Apyra or
KyJII,ITeI19. Cnopeg aHaJII{3a sa c'slvrvxra u ficropuqecKr4Te c'sg6ranu Ha AoJrHo[yHaBcKI{Te seMr.r [pe3 yflpaBJreHr.rero Ha r{Mleparop lOcrunuan I, upegupraeMaHero

Ha crpol{TeJrHara KaMnaHr{fl a

Yrueryu

rr3rJre)Kga BepoflTHa eABa B nepr4oga cJreA

551 r.120 Ctgefixu [o xapaKTepa Ha B'r,TperrrHoro 3acrpoqBaHe, B'b3craHoBsBaHero
Ha yKpenJleHlrero eABa JII{ e 6u.,o cB'bp3aHo c B'b3craHoB{BaHe I4 Ha HeroBrITe HqKoraIuHId BoeHHr{ Symqlru: npe3 BTopr4rr K'bcHoaHTrdr{eH nep[oA B HeroBoro pa3Br,rrue Yltrletyrrr Hafi-nepoflTHo upugo6ur o6rur<a Ha o6uKHoBeHo yKpeleHo ceJrr4rrle,
Ctparurpa$crure AaHHr.r rroKa3Bar, qe rto HtrKoe BpeMe rrpe3 BTopara [oJroBr{Ha Ha
VI s. cellrrqeT o 6u;ro o6err Ha HoBo HarrageHue, [puqr.ruraro cruxwir:au no)Kapr{ r4
r{acrr4r{Hl4 pa3py[reHlrs. flonaqroqrtreM ToBa ct1utte He Moxe
Aa ce Aarr4pa ror{Ho,
Ho I{3rJIe)KAa cJreABa [a ce cBtpxe vilvt c Kyrpr4rypcKoro HarrrecrBr{e npee 559r.,
r.rlu c nsxort or [o-paHHI,ITe aBapo-cJraBflHclr.:tt rroxogr{ or Kpa, na VI n. flopax<enra,Ta B pe3yJlTar or HanageHr4ero 6unu 6rpeo orcrpaHeHrr rn xtrBorbr n Ynuerylr ce
e'bso6Hoszn. K'ru B'b3craHoBl{TeJrHrrre MeponpurlTlllfl or roBa BpeMe cJIeABa Aa ce
orHecar I{ [ocJreAHlrre nolpaBKrr no yKperilrreJrHara cr{creMa, BKr}or{Baulr4 6lorr,rpaHero Ha ceBepo3araAHara KperrocrHa [opra ra na (vacr or?) norepnure. Cnopeg
HyMr3MarI4.r{HIrfl Marepu aJI, xil{Bortr n YnueryM oKoHqareJrHo 3aurBxHaJI qaK K'bM
BToporo uJrrr rperoro Aecerr{Jrerue na VII B., Ho BeporrHo oule cJreg npe)Kr4Benufl.
B Kpafl sa VI r,urr4 Har{aroro na VII B. Tperr{ raracrpo$aJreH y[ap,
ga QynrqnoHr,rpa Karo yKpereH rIeHT:bp.

rori npecranal

14. Mupvn BoA'r (TRES PROTOMAE?)
(com. Mircea Vodd l6nsrue Chelebichioi/; jud. Constanla)

Yrpeunenuero

ce HaMr,rpa

roxHo or ceJroro,

B

MecrHocrra "LaTalieni" ('oflpz

Ao cLBpeMeHHoro rrroce or Koucranqa sa rlepnanoA'r12t. 3aerraa paBHI,IHeH TepeH. He e npoyuBaHo rro apxeororr4rrecKlr n'r,T, Ho rr3KorIIrTe 3a BaAeHe Ha KaM'bHr4 no Tpacero Ha Kpe[ocTHrrTe My creHr{ AaBar [peAcTaBa
3a HeroBr4q nJran r,r rpaAe)K (o6p. 78). Ha 3arra3eHara Br{coqr,rHa cy6crpyxqllara e
6uras opus implectum,:raro 3a BtHrrrHoro Jrrrqe calu:l.uyuorpe6euu roneuu (gtnxI4Ha Ao 1,0 u urco.rrrHa Ao 0,5 rnr) u go6pe o6pa6oreuu KaMeHHra 6rorose, uoJroxeHI{ B cr,rcreMara "Binder-Liiufer". fle6etuuara Ha 3r{AoBere ce onpeAerfl,Ha or. 1,5
verpa122. flonacro-xu1eM ocraHKlrre r{M ca 3acvfitant4 c [p'bcr. Cnopeg HanpaBeHara

KpccroBr.ru{ero"), s

I

le

Popescu

197 6, Ns

6r[socr

212.

r2o

Torbatoy 1997a,p. 83 sqq.
r2r
TIR L35, p. 51.

t22lbidem; Comga 1957,325-326 (Fig. l-2);Gajewskal974,p.

l2l,

158.

O6p.78. Mnpva Bont (TRES PROTOMAE?). Oxouepna cKIrIIa r,u

**"ropr*"*oto

Vod[ (TRES PROTOMAE?).
Sketch-map of the Late Roman fortification (Comqa 1957 , p.326' Fig. 1).

yKpeuJreHrre (Comga 1957 , p.326, Fig. 1). / Fig. 78. Mircea

50-re roAr,rHrr na XX B. oKoMepHa cKI,ILIa, yKpenJleHl4ero lrtMa rrerl{pr4'brbJreH, 6rfisrr Ao KBaApar IJIaH, cBc crpaHr{ rlo oK. 50,0 u123. B'rs scexu or

B HaqaJroro na

r23

B ras6poeu[Te B ropuara 6etexxa ny6nuraqran ce yKa3Bar pa3MepLI 50 x 20 unu 50 x 30
M, HO TOBa [poTuBopeq}r Ha c'br[bTcTByBarrlaTa onrlcaHueTo cxeMa, ex.: comqa 1957,
p. 326 (Fig. 1).

'br-Jrrrre e r4MaJro no eAHa KyJra c Hef,cHa Sopua u pa3Mepu.

flrpnuar

u3creABaq Ha

o6erra [peAloJrara Aarr.rpoBKa nafi-o6qo s III r.l2a, Ho KJracldr{ecKara [JIaHoBa cxeMa
Ha yKpelJreHr4eTo AaBa ocHoBaIII{e ro c'bc cl{rypHocT [a ce onpeAeJII4 KaTo
quadriburgium, a vatpa)KAaHero My Aa ce orHece He flo-paHo or caMIm rpar:r xa III
rrJrr{ B rrbpBr4Te Aecerilnerus na IV s.
KnagpudyprrryM'br rpafi Mupva Bogt e 6rar usgurnar Ha Mflcro, K'bAero ca
ce npecuqaJrr4 ABa or nari-saxuure rrbrr B'bB B'brperuHocrra Ha npoB]IHIIus, ClruTuq: ro3rl ot MapqnaHo[oJll4c upee 3angana, Tpoueyu Tpaxnu, Ymtleryu uZl1nga
sa HoeraogyHyM r{ rrbrfl or Touu sa Axcuono rruct25. Btnpocrzar rnagpu6ypr}IyM c
yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa 6tAe nprrrr[creH KtM yKpenJIelauflTa 3a BtrperuHa clrrypHocr
c floArrepraHr{ ['brHo-oxpaHr,rreJrHr{ Synrqrau. Orrpuroro HflKGAe B oKoJrHocrI{Te
MoHerHo c'bKpoBr{rqe c uarl-mcrl.I eK3eMnrlflpu or ox.4'1.4 r.126, xaxro Ir orc'bcrBl{ero Ha apxeororuqecKl4 Marepfianril o"t VI s. e pafioua na c. Mupus BoAt, cBI{AeTeJrcrByBar, qe narYr-xrcHo KtM rrocJregHara rrerB'bpr Ha V s. yKpenJIeHI,Iero e [pecTaHairo Aa caqecTByBa.
B'rs ocHoea Ha yKa3aHoro B'bpxy eAHa MIaJIIrapHa KoJIoHa or 134 r. pa3crofl:rruet27, npu Mr.rpua Bog'r [peAnoJro)Kr{TeJrHo ce roKaJrr{3[pa eHlrrMaruqHara rrcrHa craHIII{, Tres Protomae, HaM[IpaJIa ce Ha XXVII p[McKI,I MI{JIII or TourE128. Axo
npeAnoJrox<eHr{eTo e BqpHo, MHoro BepoqTHo e KbcHoprIMcKoTo yKpenJreHIIe Aa e
HacJreAr.IJIO r4MeTO.

15.

Myp$auap

(com. Murfatlar, jud. Constanla)

Hxxrge B oKoJrHocrrrre Ha ceJroro ce cro6ulaBa 3a ceJII.Iqe or pl{McKara
euoxa, or Koero nporr3xoxna Jrarr{HcKlr naguucl29. Brs ocHosa Ha eArIH Apyr JIanagnucl30, TyK ce npeg[oJrara cBrr{ecrByBaHero Ir Ha pIrMcKa nunal31. Kpafi
ceJrrrrrlero 6utilt gacsuAereJrcrBaHrr ocraHKlr or KyJIa, fl3rpageHa ot rautx. flogpo6nocru orHocHo nefinoro MecronoJro)KeHte, KoHcrpyKTI{BHt4 oco6enoctn rr xpoHoJrorr{rr nraucnar132. Brupoorara KyJra 6ra uorra Aa ce orHece KaKTo K'bM fleproAa
[-III, 'rara ra K'bM IV s. TunoJroruqecKl,I BepotrHo cJIeABa Aa ce olpeAeJrlr Karo

TraHcKr4

r2a

Comqa 1957 , p.326.

12s

TIR L35, p. 5l; gtefan 1974a, p. 108.

126

Ocheqeanu 1976-L980, p.231 sqq.

t27

clL,l[,'1613.

r28

PArvan 1912, p. 581.
r2e
TIR L35, p. 52 (CIL,
t30ISM rl,2g7.

m,

131

Baumann 1983, 62-63.

r32

Ibidem.

14455).

O6p.79.

TPOIEyM TPAflHI,I (TROPAEUM TRAIANI).

TonorpaQraa Ha rpaAa rpe3

K'bcHoaHrr{rrHara enoxa (Barnea et aI.1979, Fig. 23). I Fig.79. TROPAEUM TRAIANI.
Topography of the city during the Late Antiquity (Barnea et a[.1979, Fig. 23).

turris. a SyHrquoHaJrHo - Aa ce rrocraBrr B'bB Bp'b3Ka c Ha6rrogeHr4rero rr KoHTpoJra
na rpa$r.rxa rro rrbrq Me)KAy Tolru u Arcraouonuc.
16.

TPOIEyM TPAflHI,I (TROPAEUM TRAIANI)

(com. Adamclisi; jud. Constanla)

3a Tponeyu Tpaanu133, ocHonau Ha Mrrcroro Ha no-crapo aBToxroHHo ceJrr{qe B qecr ua no6egara Ha r.,rMrreparop Tpaxu r flarulicxrre noriur.r, flperu{ ce
rrppreMar[e, are n'bpBoHaqaJruo e rrMaJr craryr sa civitas I4 eABa npe3 BTopara noJroBr{Ha Ha II n" e 6un usglrrHar B paHr na municipium. Hanocne['bK, Bce noBer{e rrpI,rB'bp)KeHr4rlra HaMr.rpa MHeHr4ero, r{e oqe npu caMoro My ocHoBaBane rofr 6ul o6s.BeH 3a MyHr,uiunu{134. flpes e[oxara ua flpunqnnara Tponeyu Tpa*rn e e[uH or

or pr,rMcKr{ Tr{n B rrpoBunt\Lrs. fionna Muzux ra eAr,rHcrBeHoro cecraryr B'bB B'brperuHocrra na nerfirure ceBepor.r3Tor{Hu rrpeflerrl.

Ma.rrKoro rpaAoBe
Jrrrrr{e c rpagcKr,r

3na.{eHr.rero My Ha BaxeH aAMr,rnr.rcrparr4BeH, uKoHoMI{qecKI,I I4 KyJITypeH I{eHT'bp
He caMo ce 3a[a3Ba, Ho Aopl,r HapacrBa npe3 K'bcHara aHTI{qHocr, Koraro rorir ce
oKa3Ba B Tepr,rroprrflTa Ha HoBoyqpe[eHara [poBr,rnqua Crurux.
flpone;xgaru{re or i891 r. Aocera (c nperscraurx) apxeoJroruqecKu pa3xonrul35 capr3flcuvlrrvtpeAr.rrla acrreKTrl Ha l{cropr4rrra, Marepr{aJrHara r.r AyxoBHa KyJrTypa Ha Tponeyu Tpaxaw, Ho MHoxecrBo B'brrpocr{ Te['bpBa qaKar cBoero (oron.rarenuo?) pa3perxaBane. YcranoBeHo e, qe rpaA'br e 6utt 3aIrII{TeH c Kpelocrua
creHa r{ [pe3 pr{McKara efioxa, BepoflTHo [pe3 BTopara [oJroBIrHa na II n.136 BzqraMara rroHacro4uleM yKpe[rrreJrHa cr{creMa, o6ave, Aarlrpa or K'bcHara aHTL{r{Hocr
Ir r..I3rpaxganeto ir ctcraBJrflBa r{acr or rpaHglro3Ha crpor{TeJrHa flporpaMa, AoBeJIa
Ao [oflBara Ha eAr.rH Sarruvecrr,r HoB rpaA. Oro.noep'rcrHara Kpenocrrla creHa Ha
KtcHoaHTr{vnraa Tponeyu TpaxHu rrMa A'bJrxrrHa oKoJro 1200 rrrerpa137. Tpacero ir
e cro6paseno c rouSuryparlrrrra Ha repeHa rr 3arpDKAa nepu$eprxra Ha eAHa
HeBr4coKa nJraroBrrAHa repaca, r{3[r{raqa ce cpeAHo na 10,00 M HaA oKoJrHocrra
(O6p.79). YrpeneHara rrJroq B'b3Jrr{3a ua 9,0 xa, HalBr{rraeailxu geofiuo rpe[lroJIaraeMI{f repr,rropr.raJren o6xsar Ha rpa4a or eloxara ua llpnrqr.rnara. flo nporexeHr.rero Ha oKoJroBp'r>crnutfl 3r,r[ ca perucrprrparuu 22 xyru (O6p. 80). Cpeg rxx

r33

flo-crapara KurrxHrrHa,

cB'bp3aHa c flcropr.{rrra na Tponeylr Tpaxura, e yKa3aHa s:

TIR

L35,7 4-75.
r3a

MHeHr{s ca nogpo6uo aHanr{3r4paH}r s: Sucevearnu 1977,71-75; Hoeara
xnrrore3a e $opuyrurpaua nafi-sanpeg n: Dorufiu-Boili 1978, S. 245 sqq.
r35
O6croen o6:op ua ucT op[f,Ta Ha apxeoJror[rrecKfiTe flpoyqBaHtls s: Bflrnea etal.1979,
13-34 (pasgerrtr e Haru4can o'r I,I. Bapna).
136
Barnea et al. 1979, p. 48 sqq. (pasgenT r e HarrrcaH or: fr. Eorgan Krrrnuvlty).
r37
KrcnoanrurrHara yKperlr.rreJrHa cr{creMa ua Tponeyrra Tpaauu e ilpeACTaBeHa cflopeA
AaHHrrre, ny6,rruxynaHu e: Pirvan 19L1,163-19 1; Barnea 1968, 384-386; Barnea et
al, 197 9, 47 -7'7 ; Scorpan 1980, 44-49.

flo-crapr.rre

9

fi
11

Iflffi
e
13

l1
15

0F.-

tr=t:

50m

O6p. 80. TPOIEyM TPAflHI4 (TROPAEUM TRAIANI). Krcuoanru.rHara
yKperr4reJrHa cr4creMa Ha rpaAa (Barnea 1991a, p. 201, Fig. l5). / Fig. 80. TROPAEUM
TRAIANL The Late Roman defence system of the city (Barnea l99la,p.20l, Fig. 15).

nolK6soo6paSua (T 9, s ceBepo3alagnr,rrsru) I{ eAHa r{eTupl4'br.bJrHa, orJrrrr{aBau{a ce c roJreMvrre clr pa3Mepr4 (T 12;24,8518,00 lr). Bcuuru ocrar.arlrr ca lJ-nlrgnu, KaTo 3HarII{TeJIHo ce pa3IEqaBaT troMexAy cLI rro pa3MepI'I Ia [pO-

r4Ma caMo eAHa

lopquu. Pasnoro)KeHr{ero Ha KyJrr,rre e KpaIlHo HepaBHoMepHo, Ho HaMI'Ipa HanbJrHo rotuqecKo o6scHeHr,re B oco6eHocrr{Te Ha peJIeQa B'bB BceKI4 KoHKpereH yr{acT'bK. [ocera ca pa3Kpr{Tr,r 3 [oprlr. llgroquara I{ 3arla[Hara ca eAHorIpoxoAHIr L{ ce
oxpaHsBar or rro gne 6rur:xopa3rroJrox(enu U-nlrgnu xylu. IOxHara rlopra c'bulo e

eAHonpoxoAHa, Ho rrpr4Ha[Jlexl{ KGM T1arta "Ande*u"1rr'138. fpaqexlr Ha yKpe[1aTeJTHIITe c'bop1x(eHLIfl, e B opus implectum, c y[oTpe6a Ha 3ApaB xopocaH, ctA'bpx(aul TyxJreHr.{ [apr{eHrla. B'bH[rHr4Te Jrr.rqa ca rpLDKJr[IBo oSopMeHI,I c [peqLI3Ho 06pa6oTeHu, B tIo-rOJIsMaTa I4M r{acT pycTuqLIpaHII KaMeHHI{ 6.ltorOee c'bc CpeAHI'I }I
roJreMrr pa3rvreprr. B ra.{esrsorO ua spolia [pI{ cTpoLITeJTcTBOTO ca npeyrloTpe6eHll
MHoxecrBo enurpaScrr4 [aMerHr{rlu or II-III B. It Bct4.tK:a Te 6e3 u3KrroqeHue ca
BJroxeHIl B HaIi-AoJIHLrre peAoBe Ha rpaAexal39. ge6enuuaTa Ha 3I4AoBeTe Bapupa
or 2,60 [o 3,70 M, a npu KyJII{TS Ha I43ToqHaTa flopTa AocTIIIa Ao 4,15 r'1. CynepcrpyKIILIflTa e r,I3fpaAeHa c oTcT'brr HaB'bTpe r{a HI{BOTO Ha TOIaBaITIHI{g TepeH, KaTo
HaA ocuoBaTa e OSopMen 6asxer: flBycrbnaJleu oTB'bH I{ o6I'IKHOBeH oTB'bTpe. ilopaA[I AeHrrBeJrarlrrflTa Ha TepeHa, no [o-roJltMaTa qacT oT npoTex(eHlleTo Ha oKoJroBp'bcrHr/rq 3r.1A B'brpelrHl{qr 6aHKer e pa3[oJIo)KeH 3Har{ureJlHo [o-BI{coKo or
B'bHIIIHI4ff.

flarupoeraTa

Ha K.bcHoaHTr4qHara yKpenrrTeJrHa cL4cTeMa Ha TponeyM Tpa-

no-o6cr:oeH KoMeHTap. CbrlacHo HaMepeHilfl B :ripafl. na XIX s.
cpeg pa3BaJrI4HI{Te Ha I{3ToiIHara nopra Ha rpaqa crpol{TerleH Ha[[uc140 6u clegnaJro [a ce flprreMe, rre yKpelr4TeJrHr{Te c'bop'bxeHlrfl 6urm u3AI{rHarH a fundamentis
He [o-K:bcHo oT JrtToTo :aa316 r.141 flpoyuBaHeTo Ha ]oIo3a[aAHI4, ceKTop Ha KpenocTHaTa cTeHa, o6aue, ycTaHoBI.I HaJII{qLIeTo Ha e[Ha no-paHHa Qasa n HefiHoTo
r43rpilKAaHe, Aarlrpalqa c'bulo or K'bcHopI{McKaTa e[oxa142. Blg ocnosa Ha ToBa
Ba>r(Ho apxeoflorl4r{ecKo oTKpIrTr{e, rIoHacTofluleM ce TB'bpAIa, r{e yKpenI4TeJIHaTa
cr{creMa Ha TponeyM Tpaanu e 6ura rpacfipaua, a HeIIHI,ITe ocHoBIr - rIoJro)KeHI{,
fllau ce Hy>l<gae

r38
r3e

or

Petrikovitsl97l,p.200; Johnson 1983, p.46 sqq.
Ennrpa$cK[sr Marep[aJr or ['bpBrrre apxeoJror[qecKn KaMTIaHI{II r Tponeyu Tpaxuu e
roMecreH n: cIL, fiI, 7 481-7 484, 12461-1247 5, 13733-13736, 14214-1427418
(npegc.rora [pen3AaBaue rr rlrJrocrua ny6nuxaqnx na enr.rrpa$cKlltf, Marepl{aJl or
eroxara Ha flprHqmara B orAereH roM Ha ropeAl,Iqa'ra "Inscripliile din Scythia
Minor").

r40

rar
ra2

ilI,

13734 (= Popescu 1976, N! 170).
3a garnpoBKara, sx.: frana I.2.

CIL,

Papuc 1974,p.325 sqq.; Barnea etal.1979,64-77 (pas$e.r'br e Harncau ot
Papuc 1986, p. 159 sqq.

[,x' flanyr);

ou{e K'BM Kpafl Ha IIJ B.143 Haurpafixu ce B c'bBceM [BpBoHarraJreH craAilfi, pa6otlrre lutrul BHe3aIIHo rlpeycraHoB e*u, a r.r3rpaAeHlrre ocHoBr{ 6ralu xoncepBupaHr.r c
paBHoMepHo noJIo)KeH T'bHGK flJracr xopocaH. Karo upuvr4Ha 3a rrpeK1cBaHero
o6lrrnoseHo ce coqrr rorcKoro HanaAegrre or 295 r.1aa Cnope[ AaHHrrre or apxeo-

rorl{rrecKure pa3KoIrKI,I, nlso6noeeHoro no-K'bcHo crpor,rreJrcrso 6rlro ct11poBoAeHo oT BHactHe Ha HqKoI'I cT,IqecTBeHLI KopeKqlr[, onpocTsBaqll ntpBoHaqarHr,rs
[JraH Ha roto3arraAHux cexroplas. Te ce u3pa3flBarrv B r43ocraBrHero Ha 6 or npegBI'IAeHI4Te 3a LI3rpDKAaHe KyJILI r{ B TOTaJTHO npenJraHr.rpaHe Ha ro)KHara nopra. 3acera He pa3[oJlaraMe c'bc cBlrgereJrcrBa, qalu nogo6Hr4 [poMeHI4 ca 3acerHalt;1r rl
Apyrrr yqacTbrlll. flpegnug Lr3KrloqllTeJrrro xoMoreHnrEx i o6nux r{ noBceMecrHo
perlacrpllpaHaTa I4AeHTUqHa TexHr{Ka Ha fpaAex, MHo3T4HCTBOTO OT C.bBpeMeHHr{Te
r43cre[Bar{u npraeMar, rre yKpeflr.rreJrHara cr,rcreMa na Tpoueyu Tpaxnu e npugo6zJra HacroflIIIVr, cvt BLIA B pe3yJrrar Ha eAHa go6pe o6rrarzclesa z eceo6xsarHa crpo[TeJIHa KaMrIaHIrrI, OC'bIr{eCTBeHa rIO BpeMe Ha CBBMeCTHOTO ynpaBJrel{r4e Ha IrMnepaTopI'{Te Koncranurn I u JlnqruuIi. IopecnoMeHarr{sr HaAlvc ce cqr.rra 3a cBralereJrcrBo, r{e rru 316 r. crpor,rreJrcrBoro e [pr4Krroqulo. flogo6Ho rBTpleHrire,

o6a!re,

ce HaMr{pa B ocrpo [porr,rBopeque c apxeoJrorr{r{ecKHTe
sarrz. flocera Ha ABe pa3Jrl{rrHrr Mecra B xopocaHa Ha yKpe[LrreJrHr{Te caop.b)KeHll, ca HaMepeH}I no_K,:bcHr4
MoHerr4 (egnara or 321-324, a Apyrara or 331-332 r.), raro r4 B ABara cryrrafl Kare-

ropurrHo craBa AyMa 3a ocHoBHt4 rpaAexr{, a He 3a [o-K.bcHr{ npeycrpoficrsala6. Te3I{ MOHeTI{ Ce .gBfBar Heoc[opr4Mo cBlrAereJrcrBo, qe noHe orAeJrHu yqacr.bllvt vtilvt
eJreMeHTr{ OT yKpe[r,rreJrHara cr{creMa ua Tponeyu Tpaanu Bce oule ca 6wfiq B npoIIec Ha LI3rpDKAaHe Muoro cJreA Aarara Ha crpoilTeJrHrrrr Hagrruc. Oco6euo roJrflMo
BHr{MaHr{e 3acJryxaBa MoHerara, HaMepeHa B eMrrJreKToHa Ha Kyla 16 (T 16), xa
HI4IBoTo Ha BTopI,Is rloflc oT JILIIIeBaTa o6lraqonxa (r.e. n narl-gonnara qacT Ha rpaAexa!). Tx npLIHaAJrexil,I Ha MoHerocer{eHero sa Koucranrun I u cnaAa KBM eMr{cus
ot 337-332 r. Brs ocHoBa Ha ra3r4 Morrera, r..r3rpaxAaHero Ha KyJrara B Hr.rKaKGB
cryuari He Moxe Aa ce orHece no-paHo or 331 r. Trfi xar:o Kyna 16 e rcucrpyKTrrBHO CBbp3aHa r.r [peAcraBJr-flBa r,rHTerpaJrHa qacr or roro3alaAHr,rfl ceKTop Ha yKpeIII4TeJrHara crrcTeMa ua Tponeyrrl Tpaxura, To c'blrlara AaTHpoBKa or{eBr.rAHo cJreABa
Aa
ce pa3[pocTpe r,r B'bpxy rIeJrrH ceKrop.

ra3

flpoyvnarenar ([>r. flanyx) e cKJroHeH Aa [prreMe AarrrpoBKa oqe B.bB BpeMero Ha uM[eparop Anpenr.rau (nx. qlrr:r,rpaHara Jlrrreparypa B ropHara 6enexcra). Mnenr,rero
ce [oAAcpxa u or Apyr]I u3cneABaq[ (Diaconu 1980a, p. 389), Ho 3a roBa rrr.rrrcBar
KaKBIrro u ga 6wto xpoHoflou4rrecKl{ logarKr.r. ]Igragauo e tr flpeAloJrox<e]rr{e, qe
crpoer(br Iuoxe 6r.r e 6tln gano.rnar B paHnog]roKJreruaHoBo BpeMe: Scorpan 1980,

p.46.
Scorpan 1980.p. 46.
ras
flocnegno ro re3r.r B'brpoclt: Bogdan Citlniciu lggg,259-269.
Ia6
Barnea et al. 1979, p. 7 5, n. 39.
raa

Heo6scsuvrr4Te HarJre[ nporr.rBopeqr{s Mex4y enurpa$cKr..r [aHHrr r{ apxeoJrofI4r{ecKLI CBITAeTeJICTBa MOraT, BC'bITIHOCT, MHOIO JIeCHO IA HarI'bJIHO 3aAOBOJII4TeJIHo ga 6rgar H3rJraAeHr{. fiocrartvno e caMo Aa ce nprdeMe, qe HaAnr4c'br or

315-316 r. (nruperu c'bAtp)Karrloro ce B Hero u3pr4r{Ho yrepeuue!) e o3HaMeHyBaJr
He 3aB'bpmeKa, a T'bpxecTBeHoTo [oJralaHe Ha HaqaIoTo Ha cTpor.rTeJIHaTa KaMrra-

nua. flpouaraHAHr.rrr xapaKTep Ha reKcra ce HaMr4pa B n'bJrHo c'brJracue c Ayxa Ha
enoxara I{ pa3KpI,IBa 6rragxu aHaJrorrru c go6pe rr3BecrHr{Te r.r qecro KoMeHTr{paHrr
crpor.rreJrHr,r Hagrrr.rcu or Cexcarunra llpucra, TpancruapvcKav fiypocropyM, Aarr{palrlrr or caMr{fl rpafi na 111
Karro e r{3BecrHo, npe3 Jrrroro na 316 r. orHorxe".1+;
lruflTa Me)KAy Koucranrzu I ra Jlnqunr,rfi pxsro ce Bromuru r.r Me)KAy rxx ua6yxHala
sollua. Creg oronqareJrHoro My ropaxeHr{e [pe3 317 r., Ilulg.uunh sary6ua no-roJr{Mara qacr or 6amancxr.r:re cI{ BJraAeHyrfl, Karo n enponeftcKr.rre [peAeJIIr Ha LrMrrepl4tra noq HeroB KoHTpoJr ocraHaJr caMo Ar.roqestr Tpaxrax, qacr or xofiro ctcTaBJrtBaJra I4 npoBLIHIIT{s Cxurus.l48. Toqno ra3r{ cr.rryarlr{fl olrpa3rBa, clopeA MeH.
KoHcrarrrpaHara B roro3alalHr.rq ceKTop ua Tponeyu Tpaanr,r paHHa crpor4TeJrHa
$asa: 3anorrHaroro ccBceM HacKopo flpeArr roBa qqrocrHo rrperr3rpaxAaHe Ha rpaqcKara yKpelr4TeJrHa crrcreMa no Heo6xogr{Mocr 6ulo npeycraHoBeHo, [opaArr pa3paala:aara ce npe3 BTopara [oJroBrlHa :oa316 r. rpaxgaHcxa softHa. @EHancosoro
I{3ToIrIeHrre pr pa3opeHr,re na rpaxr.rficKure rrpoBr{Hrlr{u, [peBapHaJrr.r ce B Tearap Ha
6or?nzre gerlcrnr,ra, Hec'bMHeHo e pe$lexrupaJro B'bpxy 3anoqHaroro crpor,rreJrcrBo: [pegBr,rA rpaHArao3Hocrra Ha [pe[[prrerra, B Tponeyru Tpaxulr crpoex, Mr{c'bJrTa 3a HeroBoro rrpoAGJr)KaBaHe r..r 3aB'bprrrBane e tpa6oalo ga 6rqe r43ocraBeHa 3a
no-go6pu BpeMeHa. Kaxro KareropurrHo cor{ar flprrBegeHr.rre [o-rope apxeoJrorurlecKrr AaHHI{, TaKaBa B'b3MOXHOCT Ce rrOrBr{JIa eABa CJIeA OKOHqaTeIHOTO OMLIpOT-

BopsBaHe ua I4uuepuara r{ npeBp'brrlaHero na Koncranruu I npes 324t. B HerrH
eAHorvqeH roclolap, u ro - narl-nepoxrHo K'bM Kpaq Ha HeroBoro ynpannenr.rel4g.
ra7

O6o6rqaraq

norureA B'r,pxy HaAnr{cr,rre s: Kolendo L966, p. 139 sqq.; Marap o6nruoreso
Aa ce rrprleMa, qe re3l{ HaAflr,rclr or6ensgsar Kpa.fl Ha flpeAflprrerr.rre Ha rpr{Te Mecra
crpor4TeJrHu pa6oru (rara e: Zahariade 1988, p. 112.), rona e rBtpAe MarrKoBepo-

srHo, rIpeABuA uAeHTr{qHara

r{M

Aarr4posra. flo.{Tu 6yxnamioro cbBrraAeHr{e Ha rsx-

HOTO CaA.bp)KaHI4e e AaJIO OCHOBaHT4e Te Aa Ce rlHTeprrpeTr{paT KaTO Korrrre Ha eArlH
rr c.sru oSzqzaleu AoKyMeHT, r43AaAeH or KaHueJrapuflTa Ha AyKca Ha rrpoBlrHrlru

Btopa Musttfl. (Kolendo 1966,p.146). flpoxnaMarr{BHr.rflr xapaKrep

ras
rae

Ha

ro3r{ AoKy-

MeHT JIecHo Mo)Ke Aa ce o6scur c [pr{Be)KAaHero B r{3n'bJrHeHtre Ha egna rraaqa6ua
npoBlIHqI{aJIHa BoeuHo-crpor{TeJrHa rrporpaMa, Ho eABa rra 6n lrorul [a ce nprreMe
Karo orrrer sa HeftHoro [oBceMecrHo r{ eAnoBpeMenuo (!) [p[KrroqBaHe.
Barnes 1982, p. 198.

flpegcraneHara re3a e pa3B[ra u n: Top6aros 2000, c. 30; HauocneA.bK HflKoa or pa3KorlBaqrrre na Tponeyrr.r Tpaauu ctuqo or6elq3Bar, rre BaflpeKr.r cbAtpxaHrrero Ha
KoMeHTIrpaHna nagnrzc $opru$r,rraqnoHHoro crpoureJrcrBo raM He rrpuKrroqrlro B
316 r., a rpontJlxr{rro r{ rpe3 crreABau{rrre Aecerr4Jrerrrr: Bogdan Citiniciu 19951996, p.207.

B egrau [o-KBceH MoMeHT, KcM rpaAcKara Kpelocrlra creua ua Tponeyvr
Tpaxuu 6ur upucrpoeH or lorou3ToK yKperleH aHerc c rpalelloBuAeH [JraH v pa3ruepu 95 x 75 r*1. Bts srHlrHr{Te 'brJrr,r rr rro cpe[ara Ha Ioro[3TorIHIrt 3tU Ha nocrpoftrara rrlr{ar ocraHKHTe or 3 xynulsO. Pesyntau{Te or [poBegeHure ryK [pe3
30-re roguupl na XX B. apxeoJrorlrqecK[ npoyqBaHl,r.fl He ca lr3Becrnra. CnoMeuaea
ce caMo, qe coHgaxHo 6uro npocJreAeHo rpacero Ha oKoJroBptcrHlls 3LIAls1.[ttro
BpeMe yKperreHrrrr aHeKc ce rrHTepnperlrpame Karo "BogeH pe3epBoap". flouacroflrr{eM Ta3[r Te3a ce oTxB'bpJrfl.

ur

ce AorrycKa, qe ToBa e Tepr{Topl4aJrHo pa3IuI,IpeHI{e

rpa[a, nafi-nepoxrHo or BTopara [oJIoBI{Ha na IV B., [po[I4KTyBaHo or HapacrBaHe Ha HaceJreHueTo r4r oT neo6xogrzuocTTa [a My ce [peAocTaBII esraxacna 3alqura1s2. CnopeA MeH, B cryqafl craBa AyMa 3a BoeHHo yKpeIIJreHI{e (castellum), ilpeAHa

Ha3HaqeHo 3a HacTaHrBaHeTo B Hero Ha KoHTI{HreHT OT C'bCTaBa Ha UO6UnrUare qacTl{

(comitatenses).

B [ocJre[HraTe roArrH[r 3a[orrHa c[creMno apxeororuqecKo tlpoyt{-

Tponeylr Tpaxuu, Ho Bce oule He ca ny6ruryBaHlr AaHnu, cuoco6crByBarru 3ay3floaflBaHero Ha HeroBara ctlqHocr r'r xponolornxls3.
Brg ocnosa Ha MoHera Ha vMneparop TeogocIlfi II, uauepeHa cpeg rIJIacr or
xopocaH B Helocpe[crBeHa 6rrzsosr [o I'I3ToqHara KpelocrHa creHa, [GpBI,ITe apBaHe Ha yKperreHl,Ir aHeKc n

XEOJIOTITIECKI{ PEIIICTPI,IPAI{rI IIOIIPABKII HA IIACTU OT YKPENI,ITEJIHATA CI{CTEMA HA

V r.1sa Cnopeg upeAJroxerrara HoBa r{HTepfiperarlrlxlss Ha HaA[rrca B'bpxy 6nor or B'bHIuHara o6rurqoaxa na
roro3arragHara Kpe[octua crena156, MHoro e Bepoqruo'roft ga ce HaMrIpa B [pflKa
Bp'b3Ka I4MeHHO C Ta3[I peMOHTHO-B'b3CTaHOBI{TeJIHa KaMfIaHI4fl, rIpUqIiIHI,ITe 3a npe[-

Tponeyrra

Tpatau ce Aarlrpar n (nrpna:ra

rIoJroBLIHa ua)

[prreMaHeTo Ha KogTo cJreABa Aa ce T'bpcflT B roTcKI{Te I,I XyHCKLI HalaAeIII{f, OT
Kpar Ha IV u utpeara [oJroBI{Ha na V B. I{, eBeHTyaJrHo, B HaHeceHI4Te or rflx [opax(eHufl. Marap 3a roBa Aa HflMa r43pl,IrrHr4 yKa3aHuq, [IHTeH3I{BHara c'rpoLITeJIHopeKoHcrpyKrlr,roHHa geftnocr or Kpaq na V qo K'bM cpelara na VI 8., 3acBI{AereJIcrByBaHa rroBceMecrHo B rreprure Ha rpaAa, ule Aa e o6xsaHara rr HeroBI{Te or:6pauraTeJrHrr c'bopt)KeHrrx. B oSnquaJIHIiITe AoKyMeHTIa ot VI a. Tponeyrnl Tpa*ru e or6e.nssaH cpe[ rpaAoBerel5T r{ elrrcKoncKrrre ce[aJrl{qa158 r [poBI{HII[, Crurvx. Tori

r5o

Barnea etal. 1979,p.59.
lbidem, p. 27 (pa:xonrr na fI. Hraropecry).
r52
Barnea l99la, p.202.

r5r

153

flpoy.rena e ceBeporr3ToqHara'brroBa Kyna, Kosro rlMa KptruJt ruan. YcrasoBeH]t ca

I{

xrrJrr{ulHrr HuBa oT paHHopLrMcKaTa eloxa, flpeflruecTByBaulrl Lr3Al.{laHeTo Ea yKpeflrreHr4ero: Barnea 1993, p. 397; Barnea 1994, p.3','5
154

Barnea etal. 1979,p.59.

r55

B>r.:

156

Barnea 1977, p. 278 ; Barnea et al. 1979, p. 7 1.

r57

Hier. Synecd. 637, 8 (ed. Parthey).

r58

Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 651).

fnara I.2.

ceprro3Ho [ocTpaAaJr IIo BpeMe Ha KyTpr{rypcKoTo HarrrecTBrle oT 559 r., [opaAr4r
Koero He +r4rypupa B crruc'bKa Ha flpoKonrarl B HeroBr4fl TpaKTar "3a crpoexure",
Ho lrlerr{re 6unlr 6'rpao JrrtKalaavpanlrl5g. Cnopeg cBeAenuero Ha Teo$unarr CuMoKaral60, ltorB'bpAeHo r{ or apxeororulrecKrrre [aHHrr, rpaA'br 6ra.n npesser I{ onoxapeH r.r no BpeMe Ha roJrqMoro aBapcKo HauecrBr{e or 585 r.161 HyurasMarr4lrHrrrr
uarepraall62 u uo-Hogure upoyqBa:ntufl, odaue, cr4rypHo cBrzgereJrcrByBar, r{e )KrrBoTrb" [poALJr)KLrJr rr cJreA ToBa. Crparurpa$cKrr e ycraHoBeHo Harrzr{r,rero r{a KyJrrypeH flJracr c [Be orqerruu:r, x.urprrrlHrr Hr{Ba, Aarprparq or Kpafl na VI }r n'bpBr4Te
Aecerr{Jrerr.rs na VII s.163 O6[raBaHero flpuKrroqr.rro 6es nlrgraurr cJre[rr or Hacr{Jrr{e, Karo Tponeyrra Tpatlau 3ala3r{Jr rpalcKr.r, cu o6nur, a BepoflTHo - r.r xapaKTepa
Ha yKpeneH qeHT'bp, qaK [o oKoHr{aTeJrHoro My a3ocTaB.flHe oT HeroBrlTe IIocJreEHu
o6r,rrarem,r HrrK'bAe npes VII r.1e
17.

Crpaxa

(s. Straja; com. Cumpdna; jud. Constan{a)

3a crulecrayBaHero Ha aHTr{qHo KaMeHHo yKpenJreHr,re rpalt Crpaxa c'so6IrIaBar lp. TouunecKyl6s u K. Illxopuz.n166. flaHnute 3a Hero ca cBBceM cyMapHrl.
Brltnrnust o6rux u xpoHoJrorktflTa Ha yKperrrrreJrHr,rre c'boptxenulfl. ca gegcsv167.
Or paftona Aocera He ca r.r3BecrHr{ apxeoJrorr{qecK[r MareprraJrr4 or V-VI B., a npoLl3xoxAarqoro nflK'bAe or oKoJrHocrvre Ha Crpaxa MoHerHo ctKpoBr{rqe cnaft-r'rcHIa eK3eMrrJrflprr or BpeMero Ha r,rMfleparopr{Te Banenrunuan, lpaqxan u Baresc168
BepotrHo rpx6na Aa ce nppreMe Karo yKa3aHue, lre x<r4Borbr ryK e rrpeK'bcHaJr rro
BpeMe na Bropara rorcKa soriHa na Barenc (376-378 r.). flpn orcccrBr{ero Ha upo-

sx.: Irara I.1.

rse

flo rogr

160

Theoph. Sim. Hist. I, 8 (ed. de Boor).

161

[a:rrponxara

B:brrpoc

e cropeA xpouoJrorusra ua B. floon: Pohl 1988, S. 82 sqq.; B pyrrmcrara
Ecrop[qecKa u apxeoJror[qecKa flr,rreparypa c'buloro cr6nrre ce Aarr{pa n 586/7 r.

B npxra Bpb3Ka c rpar[qu[Te flocJreArrrlrr or roBa HaurecrBrle ce HaMr,rpa MoHerHoTo c'bKpoBr{u{e or 3JrarHr,r rr MeAHn HoM[HaJrr{ or VI n., orKpr{To rrplr pasKorrKrrre
npes 1908 r.: Ocheqeanu 1995, p. 163 sqq.
162
Poenaru/Bordea 1968, p. 409 sqq.; Yertan/Custurea 1982, p.281 (nr. 513) (nonoeun
$onuc Ha r{Mneparop Oora or 608/609 r. - ToBa e uafi-x, cuara [3BecrHa Aocera
MoHera or Tpoueyr"l Tpaanu or pa3rJrexAanux nepuog).
163

Scorpan 1972,p.349 sqq.; Scorpan 1974,p.339 sqq.; Scorpan 1980,47-49.

rs Scorpan 1980, p. 49 (anropr:r flprreMa, qe
HI{KaKBI{ apryrtrentra).
165

xnBorbr [peKBcBa

Tocilescu 1900, 218-219.
HA BAH, $. 165x, ou. 1, a.e. 605 (Parner 19826, c.204).
167
TIR L35, p. 69.
168
Mitrea 1985,p. 172.
166

oKoJro 614 r., Ho Ee [ocoqBa

YT{BAHU' I4 KAKBI{TO II

[A 6UNO KOHKPETHI'I

HOTO rrpe[Ha3Har{eHr4e Ha yKpe[JIeHI{eTo e

1

8.

AAHHI4, OIIPEAENflHETO HA QYHKIII{OHAJI-

[paKTurIecKIr HeBB3MoxHo.

rlerars (CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?)

(s. Cetatea l6fiell:e Asarlik; Azarlilcl; com. Dobromir; jud. Constanla)

Anrlaqnoro yKperIJreHI,Ie xpalt t{etarr o6uxnoeeuo ce B:BnpIreMa B Hayr{Hara KHrlxHrrHa Karo agMrzHr.,rcrparr4BeH rIeHT'bp ua euurpa$cKlr 3acBl{AereJrcrBysaHara169 npes II e. civitas Ausdecensium z ce o3HaqaBa c'bc c'blrloro rauel70. TonoHIiIMI4TTHOTO OT'bX[eCTBsBaHe Ha BLIpOCHaTa TepI4TOpr.raJIna o6quna c nefinraq eseHTyaJreH rIeHT'bp, o6aue, B HTIKaK'rB clyvali He Moxe Aa ce cqura:a 6e:cuopno. IIIo
ce orHac, Ao Ha[paBeHr4f, npe[u BpeMe onr,rT [a ce JroKaJrI43Irpa ryK cloMeHaToro y
Ilporouufi yKpenJreHl4e Tunurr.ronlTl, ro ra3u B'b3Mo)KHocr cJIe[Ba Aa ce rrplr3Hae
3a Ha['bJrHo ueupr.reunr.rna172.
OceeH yKa3axrrero, c'bA'bp)Karrlo ce B caMoro rrMe Ha ceJloro, cBeAeHI{rI ga
c'bqecrByBaHero Ha craplrlrHa Kpeflocr rpafi tlerarfl ce cbA'bpxar B peguqa ny6Jrr{Karlr4tr or Har{aJroro na XX r.173 flpu Bce roBa, apxeororuqecKl,I pa3Ko[Kr.I TyK
He ca [poBe)K[aHr,r rr 3a He, ce 3Hae rB'bp[e MaJIKo. Yxpenrenraero 3aeMa e[Ho
B'r,3BrlrrrreHrre Ha 3alaA oT ceJroTo yt vMra He[paBr,IJIeH qeTl,Ipu'bf'bnen (rpanelloBl{gen) nnanl74. Jl[ncsar KaKBrlTo lr ga 6uno AaHHr{ orHocHo KoHcrpyKTL{BHo-crpoI4TeJrHrrre oco6enocrz. Oute B HarraJroro Ha BeKa ocraHKLITe 6rnnu cr.rnno o6egrz.{e-

flo rroB'bpxHocrra ce HaMr,rpalu SparueHTu or paHHoBr{3aHruitcxa "tpe6euuara" xepauuxa. CnouesaBa ce 3a MHoxecrBo npolr3xo)KAaqu or ryK MoHerIr, orK-

nu.

clyuafirur o6croqrercrna. XpoHororl{qecKlr re ce orHacqrl{ KtM rlepuoAa or y[paBJreHr{ero Ha rrMleparop flouurzaH Ao roBa ua trOcrnnr,ran I, rarcl ltuo3l{HcrBoro 6u;rn or KoHcraHTI{Hono speue175.
Bcu.mN AocerarrrHr,r u3creABar{u or6engesar HellocpelcrBeHara 6rrlsocr Ha
yKpe[Jreurrero [o cro6ugarenHara aprepru cB'bp3Bauqa MapquaHonoJr c Honuogy-

pr,rrr4 rrpu

r6e

CIL, III, 144372

(rraecronarralrpaHero Ha HaArr{ca He e c'bBceM cl.{rypHo,

sx.: Pirvan 19L2,

p. 579, n. 3; Suceveanu 1977, p. 7 4).
r70
Vulpe 1938, p. 166, 1t 3; Vulpe/Barnea 1968, p.164; Gajewska 1974,103-104,122,147
Be.nror 1984a, c. 138, 146; Suceveanu 1991, p.54.
r?l Aricescu 1970,p.303 sqq.; Aricescu 1972,p.331 sqq.; Aricescu 1977,p.152 sqq.; Aricescu
1980, p. 83 sqq.
t72

Torbatov 2000b, p. 59.
r73
Tocilescu 1903 (nx. rprrJroxeHara Kapra "La Dacie romaine"); Illxopuua 1905a, c.492;
Kalinka 1906,351-352 (Fig. 152);Weiss 1911, S.80.
17a
[annu 3a nnaHa Ha yKperureHr{ero ce ctp6p)<ar r ueny6ruryBan p'bKorrllc ua fI. flolonur.
Te ca6umt [poBepeHr,r Ha repeHa rl yrorrHeHr,r or X. latiencKa, B)K.: Gajewska L974,
103-104, 147.fTpw6trrt3llTerrHa cxeMa Ha o6exra, 6azvrpawa Ha aepo$orocHllMKa, e

ny6nuryrana n: Rada et al.1988, p.200,fig.7.
17s

Weiss 1911, S. 80.

HyM r{ npeAlIoJraraT TflcHa $ynxqnouaJrHa Bp'b3Ka c opraHrBar{rurTa Ha rrBTHtr r TpaSr"''u. fl. Bafic Aopr.r r.r3puqHo ro KBaJrr4$raqupa xaro praesidium, ttaflnsraitxn Ha
3Har{eHrrero My 3a oxpaHara Ha rrlsrs.l11. B'snpexlr roBa, Karo ce EMa rrpe[BrrA He3-

no or. 10-12 rr"r) o'r c'bce[Hr,rre roJreM]r rpa4cKr{
IIeHrpoBe 3argana u Tponeyu TpaxHu, Ha yKpe[JreHrrero xpaft tlera"r eABa Jrr4
cJreABa Aa ce rrprrnucBar HqKaKBrz oco6enu BoeHHo-rroJruqeficrur Qyr*qr" rro ocurypflBaHe Ha BtTperunara 6eeouacHocr n pafioHa. Illupoxaxr xpoHoirofl{qecxu o6xHar{I4TeJIHoro My orcroflHr,re (ua

O6erra CBrI[eTenCTByBa 3a rrpO[bJDKr,ITeJrHa
loceJr,rrr{Ha Tpa[uqIrfl Ha ToBa ]\4f,cTo, KoeTo AaBa ocHoBaHI{e Aa ce npeA[oJloxr{, qe
B Crya{as cTaBa 4yiraa nafi-nepoqTHo sa rpanc$opMar[,rq npe3 K'bcHaTa arrTtrqHocr
Ha eAHo no-llaHHo HeyKpeleHo B yKpeneuo cenurqelT8.
BaT Ha HyMl{3MaTr.rqHr,rfl MaTepLIaJI OT

19. Il"nonenu

(s. Plopeni llvrarueCavaclarl; com. Chirnogeni; jud. Constanla)

3a yrpen:reHr{ero rpaft lhoueHr,r He pa3[oJraraMe c HtrKaKBr[ KoH-KperHu
3a upre rrbr HeroBoro ctrrlecrByBaHe e pertrcrptrpaHo or B. flrpaan,

cBeAeHLrs.

rofiro or6engssa

BHyrurrreJlHuflBLr[\ Ha ocraHKr{Te a.Texuvr. "K'bceu" (r'r,cnopuucKvrvtrrr4 sfigaHrI,rrlcru) o6nur. Tofi ro o[pegeJrfl Karo yKpeleHo ceJrruqe c rpafinrTeH xapaKTep, pa3Br,rJro ce rpaft semita, cBap3Barrla AyHaBcKtr 6prr c Touu npe:
Tponeyru Tpaxuu ulwtu 3algaua17e. P. Bynue Aarlapa )rKperrJreHr{ero s VI 8., Karo
o1scttssa rr3rpilKAaHero My c neo6xo4uMocrra Aa ce KoHTpoirr,rpa HaMr{parlr{f,T ce
IIo Te3rur MecTa BilKeH rrbTeH B'L3eir na cto6rluTeJrHtr apTeprM Me)Kly flynana u
uope'ro18O. Mnoro e BeporrHo AaHHr{Te ga ca 6asupaurr Ha neny6xrxyBanr{Te pe3yJITaTLI oT [poBeleHl{Te TyK apxeOIoIIuIliecKI,I npoyqBaHllq IIon pBKOBOACTBoTO Ha

Ar.

I{urapa-Cauypxarul8i.

176

Ocneu Ilr{Tr{pauara B rpeAxoAHrrre [Be 6ere><xu Jlr{Teparypa, Bx. oqe: Pirvan 1912, p.
579;Vulpe 1938, p. 166, 188; Be.nron 1984a, c. 138, 146.

r77

Weiss 1911, S. 80.
B egna pa6ora, B Koflro ce KoMeHrr4pa aepo$orocHrrMKa na o6exra (Rada et al. 1988,

r78

202-203), B'brpocHoro yKperrreHrre rpaf, t{erarx e ora)KAecrBeno c rercKrr yKpeor K-bcHoxeJrq3Hara efloxa. Tona'rerpgeurre ce HaM[pa B oqeBugno
[poTuBopeq[e c [prrBeAeHr.rTe Ilo-tope apxeonoruqecKlt lI HyMH3MaTErrH[ Aa lHI1t,
MaKap, pas1wpa c9, cl,qecrByBaHero HsKora Ha ccu1oro Mrcro Ha Apyro yKpelrJrerreH rIeHT'bp

HIIe Aa e HaIIT,JIHO BT,3MOX(HO.
I7e

Pirvan 1912,p.579 (n. 1,7).

t8o

Vulpe 1938, p. 336.
lbidem, loc. cit. (n.5).

l8t

O6p. 81. Katurras,[uurtrporo. Touorpa$cro loJloixeune Ha Kccuoill{'r.uquo'rr)
yKpelurel{nc. / Fig. 81. Kapitan Dimitrovo. Topographic situation of the Late Romatr
fortification.
20. Kanrman flrrrumpono
(o6uf . Kpymapu: .flo6plruxa

o6lacr)

ot Kanrlrau,filruHrpono,

MecrHocrra "Aese 6o:gu", ce
Hal{Hpar ocraHKtrTe or K'bcHoauTrrrrHo yKperlneHr{e182, go6pe }BBecr}Io B Halqgnln
KHI'II(HHHa, HO OTHaCflHO rIO-r{eCTO KCM 3eI{JIr{UlerO Ha pa3noJroxeHoro 3anaA}Io or
Hero ceJro loneru (6l{sure Kroceaiulru). To e r{3rpageHo Ha AecHrur 6par Ha KaHboHa Ha Cyxa pexa, B'bpxy eAHH H3fl:bJtxeH or rorolr3Tor lra ceBepo3anag cxaflHcr
noJryocrpoB, cBap3aH rrpe3 Trcl{a cegroo6parua ruuiixa c oxoJrHoro rrJraro. flonyocTpoB'bT IIMa MorutJlooopa3eH BLIA, c:bc 3apaBHeHo 6alo lt cTprbtvtHH, a orKLr\.r roro3arlaA - orBecHu cKJIoHoBe (O6p. 8l). flpes 1915 r. yKperrJreHr,rero e 6ralo o6exr na
Ha 3,0

Krvt

3an&Ilto

B

apXeOJIOTUqeCKU pa3KOnKI{, 3aIIOqHaTI{ CEBCe}VI aMaTbOpCKLI, HO BIOCJIeACTEII9 OIJraBeHLr

or cllequaJrl{crl.r or Haquonamrnr uysefi ua Pyutulrr. fiannu

3a pe3yJrra-

Deue -Boinu
,o. , , , fo, !, , PP

llrar xa yxpefiI{Tenrlara crrc.Te\[a no K. Illxopnun (HA
EAH, O. 165x, on. I, a.e.419. u. 2). / Fig.82. Kapitan Diuritrovo. Layout of the defence
system (HA EAII, (r. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 419, r. 2).

O6p. 82. Kannrirs.ftrr,urrptrno.

Tr.rre o'r [poyqraur{rlTa ca o6HapognaHr{ no[ $opxrara Ha KpatbK orqer (6es Hr.IKaKurr r{.il}ocrpauHu!) 183, a ce c'b1}pxar H B Apyrt{ ny6rnxagu}I or Haqa.[oro Ha
XX e.isa Oco6eso rIoHHn 3r1 rr3rrcHrBaHe Ha [oKJIi]uBaHrITe srrTyarlrtr I{ 3a [pasl{ilrra

ruH'iepnlleraur{rt Ha ocTaHxttre ce ,BflBar Oe,rexxlrre na K. Illxopnn;t, xoiiro noceflpEriirror{BaHero Ha ptl3Koflxn're (nsxrEe r nepuoga I 9l 6l9lti r.) 1r npeqn3no onlrca.ff ri KaprlrpaJr Bce ou{e Mnoro go6pe 3anaieHr.rre Ha reperra pa3Kprrrr,r rpagexulss (O0p. 82). npes 80-re roguur 6e nscJIeEBaIro u [oKyh{exTr'rpai{o eAHo cJroxH0ycTpoeHo Bo,[Ho cT)opcxeHHe I{a TepuTop}IrTa rla yKpefineHflero ls6, a npe3 I 993 r. 6rxa upegupuerr{ apxeoJromqecKu pa3KoIrK}I, rIeJIfiIrIu yrotlHflB31ie XpOHOJTOTUf,Ta Ha C6eXra r.r AOlpoyrIBaHe Ha HflKoI{ OT per}rcTpllpaHl4Te OIqe

TU.,l Or*exrt1 HACKOpO CJre[

iipe:

1915

r. noctpofrrul8T.

r&'Teodorescu 1915, p. 205 sqq.; PArvan 1915c, p. 210 sqq.
r8a
Pirvan 1924a, p. 2i7 sqq.: Pirvan 1924b, p. 125 sqq.; Vulpe 1938, p.38,337,343.
tris
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e. 419, tr. l-2', a.e. 428, n. 39-41.
186

r87

Atanasov L997 , p, 127 sqq.
Pe3ylratr,rte or flpoyrrBaHr{f,Ta, rrpoBeAeHr.r [oA p'bKoBoAcrBoro ua g-p leopru A'ranacos
or llcropravecru uyseft-CllJlllcrpa, oure He ca ny6luxyoanu.

o

4

O6p. 83. Kaurran finlrrpono. U-nuqua ryna (HA EAH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e.428, n 4l). I
Fig. 83. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The U-shaped tower (HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. I, a.e. 428,
4l).

*

Yrpeunetuero npra Kaur,rran flIauratpono r{Ma HenpaBr{JreH rrrraH, u3rlqro
qpe[onpeAenen or xon$myparprqra na repeual8s. MaxcrnraaJrHr{Te My pa3Mepr,r EocTmar npu6nrasur:enuo 150x40 u, a nJrorrlTa My B'b3Jru3a Ha oKoJro 0,4 xa. Oxonosprcrlrara Kperlocrua creua ce sbcror,r or MHoxecrBo rrpaBoJrranefirul yaracr.brlr.r c

flo rpacero

i

ca perucrpupaHr.r caMo ABe ryln. Egnara or rflx
e U-nugna, c BtTperrrutr pa3Mepu 6,5x3,9 u u ge6enuHa Ha 3r,rAoBere 1,60. Irlsrpagena e 6una Ha KTca?a rorou3TorrHa KpelocrHa creHa, ga Aa oc[rypnna or6panara Ha

pa3Jlr.ma AaJrxrrHa.

nafi-yaanr,ruara qacr Ha yKperrJreulrero - orK:bM cB'bp3Barrlara ro c rlJraroro ruzfrra
(O6p. 83). flpyrara KyJra e c qerr.rp]r'br.bJreH rrJraH u B.brpeuHr.r pa3Meprr 3,5x3,7 u,
upn ge6elmra Ha 3EAoBere 1,10 M. PasuoroxeHa e IIo rpacero Ha ceBepHal,a KpeIIocrHa creHa (O6p. 84). fioctln'br Ao BBTperIIHocrra Ha yKperrJreHr,rero ce e oc6r88

Ouucasnero ce ocHoBaBa uraBHo HagauHlrre na K.

Ilkopnnl.

O6p. 84. Kannrau [uuzrpono. rleurpurr-rnHara

KyJra Ha ceBepHara KperrocrHa creHa rr

rracr or npoyqeHr{Te rpaAexr.r B'bB BtTperunocrra Ha yKpeuJreHr.reto (HA BAH,
$. 165r,
on. 1, a.e. 419, t. l). / Fig. 84. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The quadrangular tower on the northern
precinct wall and part of the excavated inner structures (HA BAH, S. 165r, on. 1,

a.e.419,

r. l).

rrlecrBrBan [pe3 eAHa nopra rr eAHa rrorepHa. Iloprara e 6wta c MHoro [pocro
ycrpofictno u e [peAcraBJlsBaJra o6[KHoBeH orBop B KpenocrHvrs, gutq,,pa3floJroxeu

Ha72lr or 3alaAH[nxpail Ha ceBepHara KperrocrHa creHa. Ilpu6lusureJruo B cpeAara Ha ctrrlara creHa e 6ywru perurcrpr,rpaHa MaJrKa norepHa, rlog Koqro B crptMHI{fl cKaJrl{cr cKJroH 6ulwuscerteHl{ crbnaJralSg. Yxpenr,rreJlHr{Te c'bopBxeur{fl ca

l8e

Teodorescu 1915, 207-208.

6unra $yngvpaur B'bpxy 3ApaBa cKaJrHa [o!IBa. flpunoxenara B rpa[exa I4M crpoI{TeJIHa rexrllrKa ce olpeqeJrfl Karo opus incertumlgo. Or6e.IIr3Ba ce, Bce rIaK, qe

MaKap u uego6pe o6pa6orenu, KaM'bHr{Te 6unn uonaraHl{ c floAr{epraH crpeMe)K
K'bM crra3BaHe Ha pegoB a zuyaputlgl . B orqera 3a pa3Ko[KI4Te [pe3 1915 r. ce rB'bpArr, qe oKoJroBptcrnwflT 3u1rrMaJr eAHaKra ge6eruua or oKoJIo 1,20 u no l{qroro cu
lporex(eHlre192. flone B lorou3TonHara lIacr Ha yKperrJreHl{ero, o6ave, sugrt e 6un
no-ge6en [r e Aocrr{raa 1,56-1,50 u193. PerucrplrpaHoro flprr ocraHKI{Te or U-sugHara KyJra [pr{JroxeHr4e Ha ABa pa3ir}rqHr{ Br4[a xopocaH ce [pl{eMa Karo yKa3aHLIe
3a HaJrlrrrr4ero Ha o6oco6esu KoHcrpyKTrrnnr.r $aar.r, [pLI [o-paHHa?a or KoI4To e
6ur lrsnorgyBaH xopocaH c rlplrMec or eAplr ryxJIeHI,I uapuenqalga. ApxeonorzrrecKr4Te flpo1r.{r,auurs, npe: 1993 r. y6equrenHo 3acBprAereJrcrByBaxa Haruillrero Ha Bropa
KoHcrpyKTr.rsna $asa rrpra yKpe[[TeJruara crlcreMa, B paMKure Ha KoflTo qacr or
ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa e 6uta npel{3rpaAeHa nor{TIII rag ofirosN195.

flp ousxoxgax{Lrqr or o 6erra lrs o 6ureH apxeororuq e cKu rr HyMI{3MarI{qeH
Marepr.raJr cnoco6croyBa 3a pa3rpaHlrr{aBaHero Ha ABa ocHoBHIr nepnoAa s o6uraBaHero Ha Mflcroro rrpe3 K'bcHara aHTr{qHocr196" flrpnuqr or rsx e cB'bp3aH c B'bsHIrKBaHero Ha yKpellJleHrrero r{ ce flocraBtr B xpoHoJroruqecKl4Te paMKI,I upu6nraraTeJIHo or HarraJloro na IV Ao K'bM fl'bpBlrre Aecerr.rJrerrrg ua V n.197, roraro B pe3yJlTaT Ha HqKOe OT XyHCKI,TTe Ha[aAeHr,Is yKpelJTeHr,reTo rIyBCTBrrTeJrHo rlocTpaAaJro I{
xrrBorbr B Hero ceKHaJr ga 6nuso eAIrH BeK. To 6uro B'b3craHoBeno Nroxe 6rz s
HalraJroro na VI e. ,r flpoctrqecrByBaJro [o nocJreAHr{Te Aecerl{Jrervs.Ha c'6LIII4fl BeK,
Koraro oKoHr{areJrHo 3arr{HaJro. Oarrrr, -{e Haft-r'bcHl4Te I{3BecrHI{ [oceta MoHe-

Aarr.rpar or BpeMero Ha lrMrleparop Octua II, qana ocHoBaHI4e
yKpenJreHrrero
rra6enra Ha
Aa ce cB'bpxe c HflKoe or Iro-paHHI,ITe aBapcKu trlrrl cfia98.
BgHcKr,r nauagenuxl
Oule n'rpnnre r.r3cJre[Baqu oKarrecrBflBar yKpelJreHlrero xpart Kauuran [r,rMrrrpoBo xaro castellumvrur3T\KBar BoeHHI4rI My xapaKTeplgg. Toua e Han'bJIHo [pr{eMJrItBo 3a rrbpBr.rf nep]IoA B HeroBoTo c'blr{ecrByBane. BrgnraKBaHero Ha yKpenJle-

Tr{

or roBa Mncro

leo

Ibidem, p.201

.

ler

HA EAH, +.

165x, on.

1e2

Teodorescu

te3

HA 6AH, O. 165r, on. l, a.e.428, n 41.
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 428, t. 39.

re4

1.915,

l,

a.e.428, 1.39.

p.2.07.

1e5

llta.rrrr,l Ha6Jr]oAeHru Ea aBTopa rrpt,r [oceuleHr{e na o6erra no BpeMe Ha apxeoJlorl{qecKara

te6

Atanasov 1997, l2'7 -128.

re7

B qutupaHoro

KaMraHr{fl npes 1993 r.

'

Illxoplr{Jr

6enexxa c'brrrlneHlte ce rrocoqBa Harraroro na V n., uo K.
crroMeuaBa 3a HaMepeua ryK 3JrarHa MoHera Ira LlMleparop Teogocufi II:

B rrpeAr,rrrruara

HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. 1,a.e.428,n.39.
Atanasov 1997, p. 128.
lee
Teodores cu 1915, pas si m.

1e8

HIaeTo orreBuAHo cJIeABa Aa ce oTAaAe Ha C'bo6paxeHr4s oT BoeHHo-cTpaTerrdqecKo
ecrecrBo. To 6uno LI3rpaAeHo HelocpeAcrBeHo Kpaft Tpacero Ha eAHo or t43ToqHr4Te oTKJIoHeHWI or pI,IMcKuq nrr fiypocropyM-Mapqr{aHorroJrr{c, 3anorrBau{o or rrbr-

Hara craHqlrrl B oKoJlHocrrrre Ha ceralrruoro ceJro Bofinoso

r4

BoAerrlo

Kru 3anga-

- Ha I{3ToK, K'bM MopcKl,r.fl 6pxr200. Tosu crparu.IqeH [.br Moxe Aa e
c'brrlecrByBaJr B HflKaK'bB Br,u oqe B rrpeAxoAHara efloxa, no 6laroycrporBaHero ]ra

rra, a orraM

HeroBoro rpace rr Ir3ALIraHero Ha 3Har{eHr4ero My c'bBceM orrpeAeJreHo rpx6na ga ce
nocraBl{ 868 Bp'bgKa c ocHoBaBaHero (?) rr r,r3rpaxqaHero rr3 ocHoBrr Ha otpoMHrzs
K'bcHoaHTI{r{eH rpaA 3arqana201. flpra rona rroJroxel{I{e, B'b3HI{KBaHero Ha KacreJla
npra Kauratan fluuurpoBo r.r3urexga uali-oeposrHo rpe3 BTopara r{erB'bpr Ha IV s.
Mecrononox<eHraero My IIo[cKa3Ba, qe HacraHeHrrrrr B Hero rapHlr3oH e 6Lln naroBapeH c rr3n'bJrHeHue Ha BoeHHo-[oJruqericxu $ynrquu, r,rcpa3-f,Ba[{rr ce ruraBHo B
KoHTpoJr Ha TTBTHI{x rpaSlm u oxpaHa Ha eglrH or nafi-nesparrr,rrrH[Te rryHKToBe
no rpacero Ha rbu or 3algana rru flypocropyM - To3rr, rrpu npeMr,rHaBaHero Ha
KaHboHa ua Cyxa pera. Harranpaixv ce rpafi BaxHa KoMyHr4Kaqr.roHHa aprepr4q c
HaroBapeH (?) rpaQur, flprr roBa - Ha caMara rpaHr,rqa Me)<gy npoBr,rHrluure Cxrarux ra Btopa Mrasur, KacreJrbr rrpr Kanuran firarraurporo c roJrsMa yBepeHocr cJreABa
Aa ce orcxnecrBl,I u Karo IyHKT sa cr6upane Ha A'bpx<aBHr,r u npoBr4Hrlr,raJrHr4 TaKcr{
[I MI{Ta. Cneg ntscrarroBrBaHero My B HaqaJroro na VI B. r,r Ao KpaJr Ha HeroBoro
c'bulecrByBaHe, HrlKorarlrul{rrr KacreJr uarl-repoxrHo ilMaJr o6nla na o6[rnoseHo
yKpeneHo ceJrr,rqe.
21. fa6ep
(o6q. Kpyurapu; fio6pr,ruxa o6nacr)

Ha oxolo 3,0 xlr ceBepo3arraAHo or la6ep, B MecrHocrra "Kare epu", ce
HaMlnpar ocraHKrlTe or crapr,rHHo yKperrJreHue. To 3aeMa eArrH Br,rcoK rr cKaJrr4cr
noJryocrpoB, orpaAeH or 3arra[, ceBep r,r ]r3ToK or MeaHApr,rre ua g,:sn6oKo cyxoAoJII{e, Koero 3anorrBa or oKoJrHocrare Ha c. fio6puu r.r Ha oKoJro 300 ru 3alaAHo or
noJryocrpoBa ce BJrr,rBa B KaHboHa ua Cyxa pexa. 3a roBa yKpelJreHue cto6ulaaar
orle B HarraJroro na XX s. K. Ilkoprtfir4Dz u E. Karnsra203. Cnopeq rexnrare 6eJrexKIr, KperrocrHa creHa 6r,rna lrsrpa4eHa caMo orK.bM Aocr.b[Hara roxHa qacr Ha

loJryocrpoBa, [perpaxgafixu ro or cKJroH [o cKJroH. Ts 6tma A'broBr4Arro rr3B]rra
HaB'bH I,r ra3rpaAeHa or JroMeH KaM'bK. Or gpyrure crpaHr,r yKpenJreHr.rero 6rnlo ecTecrBeHo 3aIr{I{TeHo [ocpeAcrBoM crprMHr{ r{ cKaJrlrcrrr cKJroHoBe. B apxuea xa K.

Torbatov 2000b, p. 70.
Top6aron 2000. Bx. carqo [aparpaSa
202
lllxopuun.l905a, c. 498.
2oo

20r

203

Kalinka 1906, Col. 358.

sa 3a;r4ana B rr3JroxeHr4ero rro-AoJry.

0 50 r00
l4Ju

150

O6p. 85. la6ep. Tonorpa$ua rr yKperr.rrerrHa cr{creMa. / Fig. 85. Gaber. Topography and
defence system.

O6p. 86. la6ep. Ocranru or KperocrHara creHa. / Fig. 86. Gaber. Remains of the
precinct wall.

Ilkopuul

e 3a[a3eHa cKr{rla Ha ocrauKr{Te, r{3rorBeHa nplr

[oceqeHl{ero

My Ha o6eK-

[pe3 1899 r. u llJr]ocrp[paqa onucaHl,Iero204.
flpeqnpraeroro or aBropa npes 1993 r. repeHHo o6xoxgane B MecrHocrra
"Kare epa" xpak fa6ep n o6qu rrurnl4vt [orB'bpArr AocroBepHocrra Ha HarlltIHara

Ta

uuSoprnlaqux,srtacxitKw, c'r,uleBpeMeHHo, BaxHr4 Aon'bJIHeHIu Ir KopeKIII{I{ B nJraHa
Ha yKpenJreHr{ero r{ rryJrocrHara ronorpa$rax na o6erta. Kpenocruara creHa IrMa
A'bJrxrrHa oKoJro 250 w flperpa)Kga ocHoBara Ha cKaJlvcr[q fioryocrpoB orK'bM ]or
rr roro3anaA (O6p. 85). flonacrosqeM rx e 3ara3eHa B'bB BL{A Ha KaMeHHo-3eMJIeH
Hacr{rr, c rlupr{Ha B ocHoBara or 5 qo 10 rr,r u Aocrraraul BLIcoqI4Ha 2-4 Irl (O6p. 86).
Mnoxecrsoro BKonaHra B oKoirHrrfl TepeH nerqfl 3a I43[Izr{aHe Ha Bap cBl{AereJrcrByBaT 3a [pOA'bJDKr4TeirHoTo rr cr{cTeMaTuvno orpa6BaHe Ha KaMeHHIrf cTpoI{TeJIeH
MareprraJr. flo rpacero Ha 3r.rla ortrerraBo ce o6oco6qBalr [Ba yrraclbKa. Iorr,sanaAHr{-flT or r.trx e crporo [paBoJrI{HeeH r4 ['I,Jr)KrrHaTa My [ocTlrra 120 rnl. Ha oxo:ro
100 rra or ceBepHr.r, r'ay rpaft flcHo Jrr4trr{ Mecroro Ha KpelrocrHara nopra . Ts e 6uta
or6pananana or e[Ha Kyrra, pa3noJroxeHa HerrocpeAcrBeHo roxHo or Her Ir 3arla3e204

HA EAH, $. 165r, on.

1, a.e. 428, tr.3l-32.

Ha

cera BBB

BI4A Ha BI4coK

MorllJroo6pa3eH HacI{[. IO>xHnq:r yqacrtK or Kpe[ocTHEq

3I'IA e ALTOBI4IHO I{3BIIT Ha IOI-IOrO3ana[ pI Ce CGCTOI4 OT 3 [paBOrUHerUHfl OTcerIKr{
c ABJI)KIIHI{ oT 3a[aA K'bM I43T0K c'boTBeTHo: oKoJIo 40,25 lr 50 rra. C Esx.luo.{eHr{e Ha

IIPII EAI4HCTBCHATA TIOPTA, IIO IIflJIOTO TPACE HA KPEIOCTHATA CTEHA HflMA
HIIKaKBI4 TepeHHI{ IoAaTKI.'I 3a c'bII{ecTByBaHeTO Ha ApyIII KyJIH. OT BBHrrrHaTa cTpaHa

KYJIATA

Ha 3fiAa e 6ur [poKonaH oKoJloBp'bcreH poB, rrr4rrro r[[pr,rHa floHacrosrqeM Bapr.rpa
or 3 [o 5 rrl, a A'br6oqrHara My Aocrr4ra go 1-1,50 u.

r{arara repr{Toprr.fl Ha yKpe[JreHrrero e.bcro o6pama c'c crapa ropa, Koero e AoBeJIo go HarpynBaHeTo na ge6en xyMyceH cnorl r,r Her{MoBepHo MHoro 3arpyAHrBa repeHHoro r,r3cJreABaHe. fIOHaCrOsqeM He Morar cr4rypHo Aa ce r,rAeHTr,rQnqupar ocraHKu or clpaAr,r. Kepauravnu $parrr,reuru flo roB.bpxHocrra c.brrlo He
ce cpeqar. Mnoxecrsoro crapl{ r,IMaHflpcKrr rr3Korrr.r rroKa3Bar, ve nafr-ropnr.HT KyJrTypeH nJracr Jrexr{ Ha q'sn6our.rua noBeqe or 0,5 rra. CtulenpeMeHHo, HaMepeHoro B
eAI4H or I{3KolIiITe rBtpAe xapaKTepuo r{3Brirro x(eJrfl3Ho Hoxqe r:pa6na Aa ce rrp1aeMe Karo cBI{AereJrcTBo, qe repeH'br e 6ut o6uTasaH orrle npe3 KGcHoxeJrr3HaTa
eloxa. flo ceeqenrne, B MuHaJIoro ryK 6lrrun gauxpauu "puucKvr vt Bilga:nTt4ircKpr"
uoHerr4205, "or uu[eparop Koncrantun I Ao HoBo rpeMe"206.
flpegrug orctcrBl{ero Ha KareropurrHr4 crparurpa$cKo-xpoHoJrorrrrecKr{
pelepv, Aarr,rpoBKara Ha yKperrJreHrrero npn la6ep He Moxe Aa ce o[peAeJrr{ cac
crlrypHocr. To ce orHac, uafi-o6qo KGM K'bCHara aHTrlrtrHocr r.r ce onpe[eJu Karo
yKpeneHo ceJrI4IrIe. Cnopeg HyMLr3MarI,ItIHI,Iq Marepr4aJr, B'b3Hr{KBaHero My rr3rJlexAa Han'bJIHo BeposTHo olqe npe3 IV n. Orc'rcTBl{ero Ha qcHu cJreArr or B'bTperrrHo
3acrpoflBaHe, o6aqe, KaKTo I4 TBBpAe eJreMeHTapHrasr o6nr,rx Ha yKpenllTeJrHara
cI4CTeMa, AaBar ocHoBaHr{e Aa ce AonycHe, qe B cryrrafl HrrMaMe pa6ora c yKpeleHo
ceJrHrrre, a c K'bcHoaHrr.rqHa
HaceJreHl{e B

[eploAr{

rpenocr-y6exuu{e (refugium), o6clpxnala oKoJrHoro

Ha onacHocT.

22. 3 AJIAATTA (ZALDAPA)
(c. A6pur; o6q. Kpyurapra; fio6pu.rxa

o6lacr)

B cenepousroqH[Te norparinr.ttrr,r sa Etnrap.fifl, B MecrHocrra "Karero,,
MexAy ceJrara A6pur u [o6puu, ce HaMr,rpa orpoMHo ro pa3Mepr{ crapr4HHo rpaAr4qe. B no-crapl,ITe uy6ruraqul{ To ce crroMeHaBa rtoA pelrrqa JroKaJrHr,r Ha3BaHr4rr:
"A6:raarcro Kare" (or craporo rrMe Ha c. A6pur: Anraar/A6raar), "K.b3 Kare",
"flo6prut Kare", ",[o6pr.r Kaile"201, "Abtatkalesi"2}8,"Xkrcalp Kare"209. To gaelra o6rrrr{peH noJryocrpoB c A'bJrx,rHa 1200 u \ilrprzilf,a lo 500 M, orpaAeH or r{3ToK, ceBep
lllxopnun 1905a, c.498.
Kalinka 1906, Col. 358.
207
lllropnnl 1905a, c.493.
208
Kalinka 1906, CoL.349.
205
206

2oe

Bo6.rena 6.r., c.

19.

rr CeBepo3ana[ OT g'u6Ora

AOJII,IHa,

a OT ]OrO3a[aA II 3ana[

-

OT K'bC CTpaHurIeH

[oJr, BJrHBax{ ce B c'bnlaTa AoJII,IHa. Ot rOr Ha ceBepo3a[aA, ceBep I{ ceBepol{3ToK
TepeH'br nocrelleHHo ce cHI{IrraBa, KaTo AeHIrBeJrarIruTa AocTlrra 45 u. flo-roJrfMaTa loxHa rracr Ha [oJryocTpoBa e 3Har{ureJrHo [o-[II{poKa Ir IrMa x'bJrMoo6pa3eH
o6Jlur, AoKaro ceBepHara [peAcraBJrrBa cpaBHpITeJrHo paBHa nJraroBlrlHa repaca c
[pr,r6Jrpr3r{TeJrHo IrpaBo'brbJrHlr oqepTaH[-fl. Yrpeneua e 6wn caMo roxHara rlacr,
Orononp'rC'rHaTa Kpe[ocTHa CTeHa 3arpuK[a IIJIoIq or 25 xa, c KoeTo rpaA[II{eTo
ce Hape>r(Aa Ha ficpBo MrcTo cpeA yKpeneHl{Te ItreHTpoBe B'bB B'bTpeuI}IocTTa Ha AH.
[o6pypKa. Karro noKa3Bar aeposorocHr{MKrrre I{ TepeHHI{re Ha6JrIoleHI,Is, yKpe[eHara reprrroprrr e 6uta rbcro 3acrpoeHa. Mecrononoxeul{ero r4 nJIaHcr Ha peAr,rqa cIpaA[I oTqeTJIr{Bo ce pa3no3HaBaT B HeraTI{B no poBoBeTe, ocTaHaJrI{ cJIeA
orpa6raneto Ha crpor,rrerrnrrs. MareplraJr. B unoxcecrBoro c'bBpeMeHHrr IrMaHflpcKI{
u3KO[r4, OCesJIr{ TepeHa, ce perugrpupa MorIIeH ropflJl IJIaCT, 3arleqaTaH oT IIa[]IaJrara rroKpr4BHa KoHcrpyKrlrrfl Ha crp a[rrre. Muoro6po filr^rtsr rIoAeMeH apxeoJrorl4r{ecKu Marepr{aJr Aarlrpa I{3KrroqureJrHo or K'bcHara aHT[tIHocr. Marap B'bpxy ceBepHaTa r{acT OT rroJlyocTpoBa Aa He Jlr{qaT cJreAII ot noctpOfiKll, HaxoAKrrTe KaTeropl,tr{Ho cBr{AereJrcrByBar, qe rr rfl e 6wra o6[tasaHa npe3 cbulara enoxa. Tosa
AaBa oCHoBaHr4e TyK

flolo6es craryr

rrle

VI n., pasnoJro)Keur4
Ta repr.rTop[rr.

[a ce nocTaBrr eAIIH oT KBapTaJII,ITe extra muros Ha ceJrl{qeTo.
[a ca*ruarwr r{ KoHcrarlrpaHl,rre 3oHI{ Ha o6rar:asaHe upes IVB AoJrr{Hara Helocpe[crBeHo Ia3ToqHo rr 3alaAHo or yKperleHa-

Berua.{ecrseHrrre uaula6N Ha ceJrrrqero I4 MoHyMeHTaJTHI{flT xapaKTep

Ha

pa3KprrltrrTe TyK rrpr{ apxeororuqecKr,r pa3KonKI4 rpaAe)KII He OCTaBST HI4KaKBO C.6MHeHlre,qe'ro rpx6na ga 6rge npuqracreHo rr,u uaft-roJreMure I{ 3HarrI4TeJrHIr K'bcHoaHTrrrrHtr rpaAcKr{ qeHTpoBe B Ta3rr qacT Ha Eanrancruq [oJryocTpoB. B'ss ocHosa
Ha rrpeAnoJro)KeHrr.f,Ta Ha K. IIIxopilI,IJI2l0, 6lugo noJroBI4H BeK rpaAlalrlero xpafi celo A6pnr ce oT'rx[ecTBflBaIIIe c aHTI{r{H[, rpag A6praryc. BuocleAcTBI{e, cJre[

raro A6putyc 6e c'bc clrypHocr JroKaJlrr3rrpaH xpafi Pasrpap21r,P. By:rue cB'bp3a
ocraHKrrre c eHr,rrMarrrrrHuq rpaA 3angana (Zaldapa, Zeldepa, Zeldipas, Zatdapa,
Zandapa,Zelpa)zrz, r'bpceH [ororaBa Ha peAIIIIa Mecra B flHeruHa Cerepousrouna
Etarapux2l3 ra r gpyru pafionu na [o6pypxa2i4. Malxo [o-KbcHo c'blrloro MHeHI{e
Mor[IBrrpa r,rB. Eeuresil:aerzls. flpegnug pasuoo6pasHl,Ire apryMeHrfi, Ir3Ka3aHI{ B
2to

Ilkopnra;r 1898,

c. 4.

21rI{sauor 1955, c. 175 uctt.; lleaHos 1956,79-91.
2r2

Vulpe 1955, p. 939; Vulpe

"'flp,

1970, p. 33

sqq.;Vulpe 1972,p.205

sqq.

Pu;rqu, cera KBaprarl na [,o5pau (Tomaschek
c. I{apeuer1, fl,o6puuxo (Pirvan 1924b,p'
npu
1898, S. 77; Detschew 1957, S. 173);
fhaurgon,
129; Vulpe L938, p. 344); npw c.
flo6pruxo (Weiss L911, S' 79; Popa-

flnncra (Jirecek 1886, S. 196); npu

c.

Lisseanu 1914, 80-85).
rapa Mrpux Bogr, orptr Koucrauqa (Tocilescu 1900, p. 151,177).
21 5
Eerueuu es 1962, 2-4.
"o

flp,

uerlna flolKpela, Ta3r{ JroKaJril3ar\vs ce yrB'bpArr B c'bBpeMeHuara r.rcropr{qecKa
xtilorcrraua2l6, npr Bce r{e 3acera He pa3rroJraraMe c nertno enurpaQcro norB'bpx([eHI4E.

3argaua ce [oqBflBa KtcHo B rrrlcMeHr{Te ia3BopLI Lr ce cnoMeHaBa Bce BGB
Bp'b3Ka c'sc cl6urufl., vtlr.altpt Mrcro npes VI s. Karo Har?-paHno rr3Becrr4e 3a rpaAa
ce [ppleMa eAI,IH 3a[a3eH orK'bc sa kloart AnruoxurlcKr3l7. B'rs ocHosa Ha ro3r{
TeKCr Ce rB'bpAr.r, ve 3a;rgana 6ura pognoro Mrcro sa BraramaaH - [peABoAr{TeJr Ha
r43BeCTHr4rr 6ynr cperqy r,rMneparop AHacraclrrTr, npepacHaJr s 5-rograruna fpaxqaHcxa sofiHa218. C'rg'rpxaqoro ce ri rercra yKa3aHr{e, o6ave, He e Aocrar.br{Ho rcHo
ut HflKovr r{3cJreAoBareJrpr fo r.rHTeplperr4par Karo Kacaeqo ilo-cKopo po[Horo MrcTo He Ha Braraluau, a ua 6auqa rtay flarpuxrroJr, 3aeMaJr HrKora Br,rcoKara AJrb)KHocr
comes foederatorum2l9 . flo-saxHoro B cJrf{afl e, qe qrrrlrp a:aurs' orK'bc crroMeHaBa
ne 3alqana - eAr.rH or 15-re rpaAa Ha npoBr.rHrlua Cxutvt B Har{aJroro Ha VI s. cnopeq "flTreBogurer"-fl ua Xueporbnr2z0, a 3algasa (Zaldava) - "MarKo rpagrre B
Mu3ttfl". flpegnng KareroprrrrHocrra na QopvrynupoBKara, r{3Becrr4ero sa I4oau
Anunoxprricrr{ cJreABa Aa ortra[He, cnopeg MeH, or rpylara r.r3BopoBr{ cBuAereJrcrBa, cB'bp3aHlr, c Ltcropttflra na 3anqana.
Tlueto Ha rpaAa Surypupa n n rparino o6rpxanrax cflrrcbK Ha o6HoseHr,rre
rro BpeMero Ha LlMleparop IoctraHuau I yxpenreHur, pa3rroJro)KeHr{ B rrpoBr,rHrlr4r4Te
Btopa Mrasr.rfl u cxnrus221. 3angaua 6vtau qeHT'bp Ha eflapxur, yuriro elrrcKorr
6lrn uog.runeH Ha MrrrpoloJrrrra sToMfi222. rpagrr ce cloMeHaBa HeKoJrKoKparHo
B'bB Bp'b3Ka c BoeHHr{Te geficraut Mexny B[saHTr.rs fi aBapure no BpeMe Ha ylpaBJreHr4ero Ha r,rMleparop Manpuruit2z3, xaro naft-x'scnoro r43Becrr{e ce c'bA'bpxa B
"klcropt4kt"-Te Ha Teo$nnaxr Cuuoxara x Aarrapa or 594 r.22a
Cera 3angana BfleqarJlsna narl-se.{e c BHyrur,rreJrHr{Te ocraHKr{ or yKpelureJrHara ir cracrelraa. Hartge B repploga Me)KAy 1973 u 1915 r., re ca 6utrw o6err na
HapoarH[ flpoyrrBaHzrr oT cTpaHa Ha pwLHcKr,r apxeoJrou{qecKrr eKrrn rroA p.bKoBoAcrBoro ua [x. Mareecry. 3a pesynrarr{Te or [poyrrBanr.rlra, o6aue, Jru[cBar
gauua225. flonacroxlqeM pa3[oiraraMe c [Be orrucaHyrfl Ha yKperrr.rreJrHr{Te c6opt216

llcropux

na Et.nrapu

tl,

passim;

Ilcropua

Ha

fio6pyqxal, passim;Vulpe/Barnea

1968,

Suceveanu/B arnea 1991., p as s im.
217Ioan. Antioch. De insid. fr. 103 (ed. de Boor).
2r8
Barnea 1968, 412-414.
21e
Weiss 1911, S. 79; Popa-Lisseanu 1914, p. 81.
pas sim;

220

22r
222
223

Hier. Synecd. 637,7 (ed,. Parthey).
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 652).
Theoph. Conf. Chron. a.M.6079 (ed. de Boor); Theoph. Sim. Hist. I, 8; II, l0; VII,
Boor).

224,[aruponrara rra ct6lrruero e cropeA: Poht 1988, S. 141 sqq.
22s

Vulpe 1938, p. 336.

1

(ed. de

ie

'fuffi*ffi

um

\ri

-

\\ \E
r'\t\

ffi

ili
ABRITTVS
3AIAAIIA (ZALDAPA). Tonorpa$zx r{ rJraH Ha yKperrrrreJrHara cracreMa rro
K. Ilkopnur (Ilhopnur 1905a, Ta6n. CXI, c, l). /Fig. 87. ZALDAPA. Topography and
layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil (Illxopnu.t 1905 , Ta6r. CXI, c, 1).

O6p. 87.

...2..

-

\
1

ll

J/1 /t

"t
/

-z

oo, //

t,,1

\.N
\\r\
Ila +;

r\---:-._
'}r+
//=.---rz---:-

N
O6p. 88.

((

oL===:=+...E==:LEJ
100 200

3An[AfIA (ZALDAPA). Touorpa$ufl r{ rJraH Ha yKperr,rrerHara

M

cr.rcreMa

cnopeA aBropa (Top6aron 2000, c. 1 1, o6p. 2. I Fig.88. ZALDAPA. Topography and layout
of the defence system after the author (Top6aron 2000, c. 11, O6p. 2).

xeHl{fl Ha aHTErrHr4rI rpaA. [y6Jrr4KyBaHLr B HarlaJroro Ha XX B., Te ce sBqBaT o6o6qeHlre Ha I43BeCTHI{fl AOTOTaBa apXeOJrOr[qeCKI{ MaTepr4aJr, KaTO I{ ABeTe Ca rr3rpaAeHI{ Ha ocHoBara Ha AaHHrrr or repeHur{ o6xox<ganlra ra na6nrogeuvrfl.Ha K. Ilkopuun. O6napoABaHIlTe [o-KGcHo 6enexru na [;x. floua-JlucsHy r4Mar KoM[uJrarr{BeH xapaKTep r4 He [puBHacqr Hr{rqo :aoso226. flpeqcranenr{Te or E. Karzsxa cneAeurz,fl ca Aocra raKoHrlr{Htr r4 c'bAGpxar HflKorr HerorrHocrr,r22T.-p" orpa3flBar e[I4H
no-paHeH eTa[ B npoyr{BaHeTo Ha ocTaHKI{Te I{ BB3XOXAaT K'bM TflXHOTO ['bpBOHarraJIHo Kaprr4paHe, oc'brrlecrBeHo rrpe3 1889 r. flo-r':scro K" IltrxopnuJr BHac, peAr,rqa noIIpaBKu r.r yTorIHeHIIt B nJIaHa r4 r.rHTepnpeTarlrrrTa, MHoro oT Kor4To HaMr.IpaT
r{3pa3 B orrr4caHr.rero, nprrHagJrex(arqo Ha HeroBoro uepo228 (o6p. 87). Hxxou or
HoBoycraHoBeHr{Te AaHHr{ ca ocramaJtu ueny6nuryBaH}r, Ho ca 3ala3eHrir BbB BrrA rra
cKlIIIu I,III4 rreprexl4 B HeroBlrr apxr{B. flpegazg 3HarreH[ero r{M 3a Ao[3rcHsBaue
o6.nuxa Ha yKpeflr,rreJrHara crdcreMa Ha aHTr{qHrrrr rpa[, Te rqe 6.sgar [pegcraBeHpr r.r

Hapeg c roBa, oc'brrlecrBenlrre na6nrogecr6pauata reperrHa ranSopuaqufl B pe3yrrar or MHoroKparHr,r cucreMarr4qnra o6xoxgaHnfl,Ha o6exra [pe3 [ocJrenHr{Te ro[]rHrr HaJrarar Aon'bJrnr,rrerHr,r yror{HeHIrq tlo orHolr]euue Soprvrara, pa3Mepl4Te I4 Mecro[oJro)KeHrrero Ha qacr or Kyrutte. Or Apyra crpaHa, ccnocraBKara c rolrHara raxr,rMerpr4qHa cHr4MKa Ha MecrHocrra I,I cBepKara c rrJraHoBr.r r4 nepcneKTramru aepoQorocHr{MKlr o6ycnanxt seo6XoAI{MOCTTa OT BHaCrHe Ha KOpeKrIr{U I,I B TISIOCTHT{q [raH Ha yKpelr.rTeJrHaTa cl{crel'raDe (o6p. 88).
Kpenocrnara creHa na 3argaua orpaxAa caMo [o-rorqMara lr rro-Br{coKa
ro)KHa r{acr Ha floJryocrpoBa, B'bpxy roftr:o e pa3[oJro)Kerr aHTr{rrHra, rpaA. O6qoro
i nporexeru{e B'b3Jrrr3a Ha oKoJro 2050 u r4r ce c'bcror4 or 18 upanorrurteitrtu orceqxu (rypruuz) c pasrzvua A'bJIxI,IHa. HeupaeraJrHr{rr rrJraH ce AbJDrilr na oco6euocTI{Te Ha repeHa, rrri rato Kperrocruara creHa e rr3rpaAeHa rro caMurr pr6 xa [JraroBIr[Horo 6uno. Otrtu narl-gocrrnHara roxHa crpaHa or6pauara e 6uta nogcr{JreHa c poB (gnoen B r{3TotrHara .racr), r{3Ko[aH upeg $poura Ha KpelocrHara creHa.
flpeg ceoepnprft3rr1c6rqo e r,rMaJro poB, Karo B 3auaAHr4.fl r4 r43ToqHr,rs cr,r rpafi rori e
6zn grx6oxo BKonaH B cKaJrHara rroqBa.
CzcteuarraqHoro orpa6oane Ha aHTI{rrHr{, crpoureJreH Marepl,IaJr, 3a-cBrrAereJrcrByBaHo B Hanpe[HaJra Sasa oqe B Kpa.fl na XIX B., e npog'bJrxaJro qaK Ao
cpeAara Ha HaIITI{fl ser. nocreAHoro MacrrpaHo r{3BJrrrsaHe ua o6pa6oreu u ueo6pa6oreu KaMeHeH MareprzaJl or KpelocrHl{Te srr4oBe e cB'bp3aHo c yKpe[r{TeJrHr{Te
KoMeHTLIpaHrr B r43JroxeHr{ero no-AoJry.
:rtvts.w

226

Popa-Liss eana 19L4, 67 -7 9.
Kalinka 1906, 349-358.
228
Illropnr.ur 1905a, 493-499.
22e
Otryr HacerHe, BcI{rrKIr [o3oBaBaurlg B lr3JloxeHrrero ca B'b3 ocHoBa na npepa6oreuNx
227

urau (Onr. 88).

2

3

4

5

c

r$r

t{

6

v

3AJiAAIA (ZALDAPA). [e'rarirra or r.rrrr,r cB'],p3aHr4 c yKpen[ITerrHara o.rcreMa Ha rpaAa
(cnopeg ueny6llrrynaHu cKur{r4 ua K. lllropnur): l. I.pagex Ha B'L,HUrHoro Jrr4ue Ha 3anaAHara
creHa Ha Kyra 3 (yKa3aHn"e pa3Mepu ca B caHTr{Merpra); 2. lHesgo 3a r\reraJrHa cro6a s KaMeHeH
6nox oT npaAexa ua Ceaepua'ra nopra (yxaaauure pa3Mepr4 ca B caHTlrMerpu); 3. Kyna I [peA[oJranaeM nras; 4. Kyna I - no-K'bcHo npeycrpor?crno npr4 cnaAKara Ha KyJrara c Kyprr.rHa "r"
(yxasaulrre pa3Mepu ca B caHTlrMerpu); 5. I0ronsrorrrrara nopra (II); 6. Kopuu:osu KaMr,HH or
cBoAoBa KoHcrpyKrlrfl, orKpr,rrr{ cpeA pa3Baar.{Hr{Te Ha Cenepuara nopra (l); 7. lprqrra HaAnHc rrpu
CenepHa'ra nopra (l) (yxaraunre pa3l{epu ca B caHruMerpu). / Fig. 89. ZALDAPA. Details of the
defence system (according to unpublished sketches of K. Skorpil): l. Stlucture of the outer facing of
the western wall of Tower 3 (the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 2. Socket for a metal
clamp cut into an ashlar stone fiom the structure of the Northern Gate (the indicated measurements are
in centimetres); 3. Tower 1 - hypothetical plan; 4. Tower 1 - a later repair at the joint between the
tower and curtain "r" (the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 5. The South-Eastern Gate (ll);
6. Cornice stones from a vault construction found in the ruins of the Northern Gate; 7. A Greek
inscription at the Northern Gate (I) (the indicated measurements are in centimetres).
O6p. 89.

pa6or[ ilo 6peroBere r{ Ar{rr.ITe

q3oBupl4, I43rpaAeHLI npe3 50-re ra
rpaAlru{ero. flonacror{qeM Tpacero Ha Kpe-

Ha crrcreMara

or

60-'re rogranrr B [oJTuHara 3arraAHo or
nocTHaTa cTeHa fcHo ce npocJre[flBa Ha repeHa. Mnoro pflAKo Ts e [peAcraBeHa
caMo B HerarlrB. flo no-ronqMara qacr.or [pore)KeHr4ero i, eMnJreKToH'br ce noKa3Ba Ha rroB'bpxHocrra, ouepranafixfi.I{BIIIIa c mupI,IHa go 1,50 M, or ABere crpaHLI
Ha KO,TO Jrrrqar poBoBe, cBr4AeTeJrcTByBarq[ sa orpa6nanero Ha [rIraHI4Te 6rorose
or B'bHrrrHara r4 B'brperuna o6luqonxa.
KpenocrHara crexa e 6v.na r{3rpaAeHa B opus implectum. JL.rqara ca 6utu
oSopueuu c [peqr.r3Ho o6pa6oreurr KBa[pu, rocraBeHr{ B xopll3olrraJrHlr pegoBe c
pa3r[qHa Brrcotrr.rHa. fioxonroto Mo)Ke Aa ce c6AIr no e[Ha cKI,Iqa na K. IIIxopwur230, Ha Mecra e 6urra npl{JroxeHa cl{creMara "Binder-Ldufer" (O6p. 89/1). B orAeJrHra CJryrrar{, Beporruo B AoJrHIrre pe[oBe, 6norosere 6unr,r cn'rpsaHl4 [oMe)KAy
cv qpe3 MeraJrHr4 cro6n rr4[ "rrcroB[qa orlarrrKa"z3r (Odp. 8912). B orpoMHoro clr
MHO3I4HCTBO, KBaApr4rTe 6l1rrtr]dpyc'-tnqplpaHlr, KaTo Te3r{ oT B'bHIrrHoTo JIIrqe ce oTJII{-

[o-roJreMu pa3Mepr.I, orKoJrKoro no B'brpemnoro. 3a uo-no6po cqenJreHr{e c eMrrJreKToHa, Tt4lr*ara raM qacr 6rana cxoceua. fie6emrHara Ha srzga ne 6ura
eAHaKBa. IIpu cenepnara flopra rfl B'b3Jrr{3a ta sa 3,40-3 ,46 w232, a B yrracrbKa oKoJro ro)KHara flopra - Aopu na 3,80 lrerpa233. Orxru [o-TpyAHoAocrt[Hara 3alaAHa
crpaHa KpelocrHara creHa 6ula gocra no-T'bHKa. Ox<no or Kyla 28 (ryprana "m")

rraBaJrr{ c

ge6etwuarai6*ma egva2,20 u, uo 6e3 orpa6enara KBaApoBa o6mzqoera Ha B'bHIIrnoro ruqe234. EunrerroH'br e or gpe6nu rIoMeHu KaM'bHrr, o6unno 3aJIerIl c MHoro
TB'bpA 6an xopocaH, c'b[tpxaq caMo ryK-TaM gpe6nu napqeHlla crpol{TeJlHa KepaMr,rKa. Ha uegra (npu Kyna 22, rtanpuwrep) r c'rctaBa Ha eMnJIeKToHa ce cpeqar
14 Aocra roJreMr{ $parrrlenru or ryxJrlt. flpegrug orHocIlTeJIHo nJII{TKoro pa3[oJloxeHr{e Ha Marepr{KoBara cKaJra no 3aflagHr{fl rr ceBepHI,Is Qpour na or6panureJlHaTa rrut}dlvrs-, Mox(e Aa ce flpeAnoJrara, qe ocHoBure Ha KpenocrHara creHa ca 6uttu
floJroxeHr{ B Te3I{ yqacrbrlr.{ B'bpxy 3[paBa cKaJrHa rrorlBa. Tosa oco6eHo flcHo rlttIII
[prr ceBeporr3ToqHara'brJroBa Kyna 5, KoflTo r{acrrairHo e 1utapa3pylrreHa rlplt [poKapBauero npes 70-re roAr.rHLI Ha HoBoro lxoce 3a c. A6pur. II{o ce orHacfl Ao 3a[aAHara KperrocrHa creHa, ocHoBaHrre :a nogo6no rB'bpAeHI4e AaBar aepoQotocHrrMK[rre. B gpyru yqacrbltrfi,-o6ave, ocHorl{Te Ha oKoJroBptcrHara creHa }r Ha I,I3rpaAeHrrre rro He.s KyJrr{ qe fa ca lutuBKonaHra Ha pa3JluqHa g'r,.lr6ouuua B Jlboca.
HaquH'br Ha rrxHoro I,I3rpDI([aHe ce ycraHoBflBa nplr Ky:ra 6, qeJroro Ha KoflTo
ctrqo e 6rano pa3pyrxeHo npfi npoKapBaHero Ha cfloMeHaroro Iloce. Ha g'rnoro na
rz3KorII{Te 3a ocHoBII e HalpaBeHa noAJrox(Ka c qe6enuna 0,30 rtr or roJIeMI{ JIoMeHIT
KaM'bHI{, Ha[ KorITo e 6ult I{3JIET u rpau6osaH IIJracr or 6qr xopocaH, ge6e.n go
230

23r
232
233
234

HA EAH, S.

165x, on. 1, a.e. 493,

n 13.

lbldem.
lhldem.

HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. l, a.e. 493, t.20;Illxopnur
HA EAH, $. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, tr.25.

1905a, c.495.

0,10 r'r. Harope rr3Konrare ca 6uttt 3a['bJrHeHr4 c 6roKax or uo-gpe6Hr.r KaMBHr4,
o6u:rno [pI,IMeceHI{ c xopocaH, LIAeHT[rreH rro c'bcraB Ha ormcalanl, eMrrJreKToH. flpoI{ec'br Ha I{3JII4BaHe Ha ocHoBl{re 6nl c'blpoBogeH c flep[oAr4r{un tparra6onaulrx.
flo npore>reHl4e Ha oKoJroBp'r,crHara KpenocrHa creHa ce ga6e:rsssar ocTaHKI{Te or 32 uzgmto I4I3HeceHI{ HaB'bH KyJrrr, rrrecr or KoI4To rrJrbrHo Qlanrupat
TpLI or rroprr,rre Ha rpaAa. Kynure ca rr3tpaAeHr.r Ha pa3rraqHo pa3croflHrre e[Ha or
Apyra. Oco6euo Harbcro ca pa3[oJro)KeHrr re s Hafi-recHo AocrcnHr.rre kryfl3auuvt
yr{actblll4 or or6panrargJrHara Jrvnvtfl.. Ty* - orK'bM Ior r4 rorol{3ToK - pa3croflHr.,rero Mexgy rqx Bapr.,rpa or oKoJro 20,00 go rtrra 35,00 rr.r. Hag crptMHr,rre 3arra[Hr{
CKJIOITOBe KyJrr,rTe Ca rmrpaAeHr{ MHoro no-HapflAKo, KaTo pa3cTosHr{fTa Me)KAy TflX
Aocrlrrar Aopr4 [o 135,001r (r"ae;xgy Kynu 28 a29). Bcuqru KyJrz ca 6urua roncrpyKTI,IBHO CBBp3aHrr C KpelOCTHaTa CTeHa r.,r Ca pa3rroJroxeHil nO [paBrrJro nepneHAI,IKyJrflpHo Ha KyprrrHr,rre, K'bM Kor4To ce orHacflT. Kyntt 11, 29,30 u32, ozuaueau
Ha rIJIaHa ua K. IIIxopnI{Jr Karo rrronr4235, [pr{Ha[Jrexar r gerlcru4TeJrHocr Ha KypTI{HIrre "e" (11), "o" (29 u30) u"q" (32). }IsKmo.reHr,rq or roBa [paBr,rJro ce ria6nroAaBar caMo B Tpr4 cJryr{ar - ilpu Ky;ru 1, 5 u22. Te rauarbrJroBo pa3loJroxeHr.re,
Koero e o6ycnorralo lr cnequ$vKara Ha rexHr4fl nnau. Kyna 22 ce orila'taBa c roJreMI{Te cI{ pa3Mepu - Ts ce I43[aBa Ha rroBeqe or 15,00 M npeg KpenocrHara crena. flo
nJIaH e nogrosoo6pa3Ha, Karo crpaHr{r{Hr4Te i:ugore ca [epneHAr.rKyrqpHr,r Ha nprrJIexaIqI,ITe KypTLIHI,I. Kyra 5 ce HaMr{pa B ceBeporr3TorrHr4, LrbJr. flonacroxrqerr.l
rreJloro iI e paspyureuo, Ho rro ocrprrr :srtJr cKJrIoqeH or crpaHr{rrHrrre i ctenr.r ra no
MaJrKrrr[ $parueur or eAHa nJIaBHa r43Br4BKa, 3arroqBarrla or 3anaAHara i crega Ha
ceBepoLI3ToK, Mo)Ke c rorsMa yBepeHocr Aa ce rBEpAr{, qe ra3rr KyJra c'brrlo e 6vtta
noqxoaoo6pa3Ha. flaanrr: ua Kyna 1 e neqceH. Kapen Ilkopnur AorrycKa B'b3Mo)KHocrra rs Aa e 6nna c rr3AaAeH ocrbp pr6236.Cuunenlrxra My HaMr.rpar r.r3pa3 r,r B
eAHa cKrlIIa, 3a[a3eHa B HeroBI4, apxue237, K'bAero rr e rrpegcraBeHa Karo [eHTaroHaJIHa, Ho c rD/HKTI,rp - Karo U-o6pasna (O6p. 89/3). Cera Kyna 1 e roqrr,r Han'brrHo
yHI4IrIoxeHa. Bce rIaK, 3alageHr{Te He3HarrureJIHLr ocraHKlr or Haqaroro Ha crpaHEIIHI,ITe i crenu [oKa3Bar, qe re He ca 6unu yclope[Hrr (rarro ca flpegcraBeHr{ Ha
BtlpocHara crzqa), a ca cKJrrolrBaJrrr ocrbp BrbJr rroMexqy cu. flpr roaa noJroxeHI{e, JIorI{qHo e [a ce [pelnoJro)Kr{, r{e Kyna 1 c'brrlo e rrMaJIa nogrouoo6pa3eH
ulas. Bax<so e Aa ce or6erex<I,I, qe, cnopeg eAHa [pyra pwcyuxaz3g, Ta3r..r KyJra pr3rJrexga e 6nna o6exr Ha HrKaKBo npeycrporicrBo, [pr.r Koero B'bHrrrHara o6nuqooxa
oT pycTl{Ilr4paHr,r KBa[pr.r Ha npr.rJrex(arqaTa oT ror KypTr{Ha ce e oKa3aJra npnloKpr.rTa or AoJrereH Ao Hefl Ha Syra HoBora3rpaAeu (urul cauo yge6elen?) sug Ha KyJrara

23s

lllxopnr.rn 1905a, Ta6n. CXI, c, 1 (ruupocur{re

XVI, XXV, XXVI u XXVIID.

lllxopnu.t 1905a, c. 495.
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e.493, t.15.
238
Ibidem.
236
237

KyJrrlr

r{Mar, c'borBerHo, cneAHr,rre HoMepa:

(O6p. 89/4). flpe4ruq ra3rl KoHcrarallufl, He e I{3KJrrorreHo B il'bpBoHarraJrHufl rJrau
na Kyla 1 u ga ca 6nnu BHeceHr{ HrKaKBr{ rro-K'bcHlr [poMeHr{.
flo qanoro flporexeHl{e Ha Kpe[ocrHara crer{a xa 3angana, caMo Kyna 17
r{Ma c'bc clarypHocr rrerr.rpf'brbJreu rrJraH. Ees nnqenara KBaApoBa o6lraqonxa, rx
ce e H3IaBana ua 10,40 M HaB'bH or 3rqa, a urrlpr{Ha'ra i no $poxr a e 6wna 13 ,60 p?39 .
Maxap u or6enxsaHa Karo rrerupu'brb JtHa240, Kyna 31 r,rMa Kareroprrr{Ho U-o6pagen nlau241.
C usglrIxen U-o6paseH [JraH ca v Bcrrr{Krl ocraHaJrr{ KyJrra, MaKap re 3Har{uTeJIHO Aa Ce pa3JruqaBaT nOMeXAy Cr4 rro pa3Meprr r{ flponopq[pr: AoKaTo Te3r{ no
r43Tor{Hara Kpe[ocrHa creHa ca 6vrw npra6ruarrareJrHo eAHaKBvt w He Ha[xB'bpJrflJlr.r
Ha rrJr,rplrHa 8,00 lr, r:o Kyna 20, uanput"tep, e 6ur.a uupoKa 14,00 r*r (upra rona, 6es
KBaApoBara o6nnqonxa!242). Tn'rpgeHrrero na K. Ilkopnr{r, r{e B [pr.r3eMrlrrra Ha
KyJrraTe 6una oSopMeHr{ [paBo'brbJrHr4, lr3rlqro orBopeHr,r K'bM BtTperxHocrra rrouerqenua243, He orronapfl Ha rrcrlrHa:ra. OctanKIETe flcHo cBrrAereJrcrByBar, r{e [raH'br r{M rroBTapfl B'bHIIrHrrre oqepraHru na xynrare244 , Lr ye B 3aAnara cI{ qacr re He
ca6utur{3rlsJro orBopeHr{, a raM e 6zn usrpageH no eArrH TeceH nxog. IllupuHara Ha
Te3rr [oMerr{eHlr, ctlrlo se e 6ur.a e[HaKBa, a BGB BceKrr KoHKpereH cnyvafi e 3aBuceJra or pa3Meprrre na ryr,araz4s.
O6uxrioeeHo ce or6ens3Ba, qe 3angana e r{MaJra rprr rJraBHlr noprra2a6. Cuopeg MecronoJroxeHr{ero r4M, Te cJreABa Aa ce o3Harrar Karo ceBepHa (I), roronsrouua (II) z roro3arraAna (III). Bcsxa or rflx e SrauxupaHa or ro gne 6nnsro pa3roJro)KeHr,r eAHa

[o

Apyra U-o6paeuz

ryrz.

Hanpaerexrrero Ha u4enruSuqupaHr,rre Ha repeHa KoJroBo3rl ("ynraqu")

e

AaJro ocHoBaHr{e, fro rpaceTo Ha 3aIIaAHara KpelrocTHa cTeHa [peAloJio)KureJrHo Aa

HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. 1, a.e. 493, t.20.
llkopnun 1905a, c.495.
2ar
B rona, BlpoqeM, K. Ilkopnrn caM ce e y6e4un BrrocJregcrBrre
cBox rJraH, sx.: HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. l, a.e.493, x. 19.
242
YIA EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 493, n.20.
23e
2ao

243
2aa

r{ e HaHec'bJr KopeKqr{r B

IIIropuRn 1905a, c.494,495.

I4grnto.reHue, Moxe 6u, e npe4craBJrflBaJra cauo Kyla 18. flonac'rofluleM ocraHKvre i ca
cr{JIHo o6eslrra.renlr, Karo Aopl,r eMrrJreKToHT,T IIa 3r.rAoBere e [oqrlr HarrbnHo orpa6en. Poaosere Ha floB'r,pxHocrra orrepraBar egrrH [paBobrtJrHrrK c npu6rusnrennn
pa3Meprr 3,00 x 6,00 M, Koero cJreABa Aa ce rlrrKyBa Karo yKa3anrre sa $opuara ua
[pI{3eM}IOTO IOMeII{OHIIO B'bB Ba,TpeuHOCTTa Ha KyJIaTa.

K. Illxopur{Jr rrparn o6o6u{enr.rero, qe rrpr,r Bcr{qKrr U-o6pasun KyJITI rurepr{Hara Ha rlpn3eMHoro roMerr{eur{e e 6wa 3,20 t"t (nx. 6en. 36). Tora, o6ave, rporr4Bopequ [oplr
Ha AarrHr.rre or HeroBr{Te co6crseHu [3MepBaHlr.f,: npra Kyna 18, Haupurr,rep, uupr{Hara e 6ura 3,50 r'r (H.A EA[I, $. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 493, tr.20), a npu Kyna 21 - 3,60 u
(HA 6AH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, n22).
246
lllxopuua 1905a, c.495.
2as

ce olpe[eJrr.I MecrofloJroxeHr{ero Ha oule [Be rro-MaJrKrr noprr.r - "E" r,t "D" cnopeq
o3HaqeHr4ero Ha K. Ilkopnun2aT. CtrqecrryBaHero Ha loxHara or r.flx ("E"), o6aqe, cJreABa Aa ce nocraBr{ noA roJrflMo c'bMHeHrre. Orneg'rt Ha repeHa, KaKTo h aa*HI{Te Ha aeposorocH[rMKr{Te, cBrrAereJrcrByBar 3a HelpeK'bcHaTocT Ha KpenocrHru
3I4A Ha

roBa Mflcro. OcseH roea, S-o6pa3Hara rpaeKToprrfl Ha Bo[eulara KBM

T.

[opra "E" "yrr.rqa" lr ocrpuxr'],r'bJr, nog xoftro u npeMrrHaBa [pe3 KpenocrHaTa cTeHa, AaBaT ocHoBaHLIe [a ce [peAloJIo)KrI, r{e B clyr{afl ce Kacae [o-cKopo 3a
Hap.

KOJTOBO3 Ha KOJrapCKr4

n'bT

C HOB

npOr{3XO[.

[pyrara or [peAloJraraeMrrre MaJrKr{ floprr{ ("D") crulo He e ocraBr{Jra cJreAr{ Ha noBtpxnocrra. I[pu rce rona, ronSvrypa\fiflTa Ha repeHa cBzgereJrcrByBa B
noJr3a sa nefiuoro c'brrlecrByBaHe. To.rHo ryK B Tpacero Ha 3anannara Kpe[ocrHa
creHa ce na6nrogaBa eArra cneqra$uuna qyrrKa HaB'brpe, c qeJr Aa ce KoMrreHcr{pa
oTtracrr4 AeHr4BeJrarlurra IIo npeoAorqBaHero Ha e[prH AOJr c'bc cJreAr{ oT cTap KoJroBo3 no HeroBoro ['bHo. flparorunefisocrra r4 [raBHr{.flT HaKJroH Ha ro3r{ AoJr, 3arloqBaul oT IIeHTpaJrHaTa rlacT Ha aHTIITIHI{q rpaA B ceBepo3arraAHa nocoKa, AaBaT
ceprro3Hrr ocHoBaHr{fl 3a Hero Aa ce npe[noJrara r,r3KycrBeH [por43xo[ u rort ga ce
IlHTeprrperr{pa Karo yJrr{rla, Korro e ocbulecrBflBar,a yAo6na }r nprKa KoMyHrrKarlr4t
c AoJIIaHara r{ pa3[oJrox<eHraTe raM BoAor{3ToqHr4rIE rr KBapraJr extra muros. flpra
ToBa IroJro>KeHue, T. Hap. MaJrKa nopra "D" cregBa Aa ce npI{rII,IcJrrr K:r,M TJIaBHI{Te
rroprr4 na rpaga248 v Ea ce o3Haqrr xaro "cenepo3aflagHa" (N). flo r,rAeHTr{rreH Har{r4H, B orclbn HaB'brpe Ha Kpe[ocrHl{Te creHlr, ca 6uru LI3rpaAeHI,I HrKoI{ or [op-

[pyru KGcHoaHTr{ErHrr yKpelJreHfifl.rt yKpeneHlr IIeHTpoBe: flrpyczag, A6puryc2so, KacreJrr,T npu Hr.monoJrr.rc aA klcrpyvtzsr.Irlxoxqafiru or nocoqeHr.rre napaJreJrr{, Mo)Ke Aa ce upeAloJrara, rre ceBepo3alaAHara nopra na 3argana e npeAcTaBJrsBaJra pa3HoBLrAHocr Ha r. Hap. TI,I[ "4r6"*u"1r'r252.
3a ycrporlcrBoro Ha loro3anaAHara nopra (III) se pa3[oJraraMe c roqpo6Hocrlr. Ts ce e HaMr4paJra B 3arraAHr4rr rpafi na KyprprHa "1" 14 e 6ura oxpanflBaHa or
U-o6pa:nure KynrE 25 n 26. Or ceneposaraAHr.r-f, 'brbJr Ha Kym 26 e 3aroqBaJra B
TIIITe I{ Ha

[ocoKa ceBep-ceBepo3anag K;,prr,rHa "m".
IOror,rgro.rHara ropra na 3anqana (II) e 6r.rra ro-cJro)KHo r{3rpa[eHa. flp"ucraBa ga sertuoro ycrpoftmno AaBa eAHa cKrrr{a xa K. IIIxoprturPs3 (O6p. 89i5). B'rupeKrl tre Bcpxy He, ocrar{Kr,rre ca uao6paeenu [polopru4oHaJrHo, npr4BeAeHr{Te pa3Meprr ca o3HaqeHr.r ry B Merpr{, Ty B KpaqKrE. Marap Aa He Mo)Ke Aa ce crrr4Ta npu

2ai

lbidem.

248

Taxa e, Harpr4Mep, e: Kalinka 1906, Col. 351.
Ivanov 1966,34-37.

2ae
250

llrauos 1980, 100-108.

251

Ibidem, c. 196, o6p.220.
Petrikovits 1971, p. 200; Johnson 1983, p. 46

252
2s3

HA 6AH, O. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, t. 20.

sqq.

(

o2468
o6p.

90.3AJIIAIIA (ZALDAPA). flnau

I

u

na Cenepuara KperrocrHa nopra (I) uo K.

Illropunr (HA EAH, Q. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, x.13). / Fig. 90. ZALDAPA. Plan of the
Northern Gate (I) after K. $korpil (HA BAH, Q' 165r, ou. 1, a.e. 493, v. 13).
TOBa IIOJIOXeHAe gA rIJraH, Ta3rr cK]IrIa npeAnara Ba)KHI'I (n OtUaCtra TorrHI'I!) AaHHI{,
AaBarqu B'b3MoxHocr 3a r,r3f,clrflBaHe ycrpolicrBoro Ha rorol{3ToqHara nopra. flpnn-

parHrrre U-o6pasuu Kylu 18 u 19 ca r4MaJrrr ilpu6nrtlIreJlHo eAHaKBIT pa3Meprr.
Kyna l8 ce e usganaJra Ha oKoJro 9 rra npeg or6panurelHara JII{H}II. Irlsrpagenoro n
nppr3eMl{eTo il nolrleuleur,re e 6ulo rurlpoKo 3,50 u u no BcqKa BepoflTHocT e ,IMaJro
rrpaBo'blbJleu nnaH254. florolxoto Moxe Aa ce qbAr{ no cKullara, crpaH}IIIIrre Ha
Bxoga ca 6ula o$oprtrenu oT ABa cuMeTpurlHrl fi34aT'r.Ka Ha KpelocTHaTa cTeHa
MexAy ABeTe xyrur. 3a TI,Ina Ha 3arBaptqaTa BpaTa HsMa HIIKaKBII AaHHL'I. Or s'brpernHara crpaHa Ha noprara r{ cera f,cHo ce sa6ersssar Ha repeHa ocraHKr{Te or
gne upu6m,r3rrreJruo eAHaKBr,r no pa3Mepl,r rr TIJIaH MacI4BHLI npaBo'brbJluu nomporitrra. Te ca6ntu[pflcrpoeHr,r KtM Kpe[ocrHara creHa I,I oqeBuAHo ca6utucB'bp3aHl{
c ot6panara Ha [OpTaTa. flo BcrIKa BepOrTHocT, Ha BI{cOIII{HaTa Ha BTCpUTI eTax,
Te3r,I rrocrporlrr.r ca cBcraBJIrBaJI]I eAHo qtno. O6pa3yBaHI'IflT MexAy rsx B [pu3e254

lllxopuun 1905a, c.494,495.

Ml{ero (:aceogen?) KoplAop, AcJI.E'r oKoJro 18,00 rra, ocHoBareJrHo Mo)r(e [a ce orb)K[ecrBrr c propugnaculumz1s. Cnopeg K. IllxopnrJr, rororr3TorrHara rropra Ha 3anqana e 6uta yKpaceHa c [ocraBeHr{ B'bpxy nr4eAecraJrlr KoJroHr{. Tofi gopu nprrBex[a
pa3Mep[rTe Ha eArrH oT [BaTa rrue[ecTaJra, 3a Kor4rTo TB6p[II, ue 6WtU HaMepeHII
cpeA pyI,IHL{Te Ha floprara256. B AeftcrnureJrHocr, o6a.{e, BBIIpocHrrre rrraeAecraJrrr
ca 6unu BI4[flHIr I{ orrl{caHlt s c. floJrroenrax [axoeo2s7. Marap Aa rr4 cr{ura sa 6escrlopHo [peueceHrr or pyr,rHr{Te Ha aHTr{rrHr.rs rpag, E. Kanunra e [o-[pe[na3Jrr4B

rarO OT BT,3MO)KHOCTrrre re Havrc'r tna Aa rrpor{3xox[ar or HqKos or tpaAcKr{Te [oprr.r. Eqran ruuoro
6nrastx rro pa3Mepl4 Ir o$oplaaeHl4e BapoBr{KoB flr4eAecrar 6e sa6erqsaH [pe3 rrpoJrerra na 1987 r. cpe4 pa3BaJrr4Hr{Te Ha crapara AxaMrrq n c. A6pu:r2s8, pego, c
HrIKoJrKo aHTLrqH[ rorolur259. flpeguaanaqeHr,rero Ha [r{egecraJrr{Te or ro3r{ Br4uz60
e 6rano nogqepraHo [eKoparr.rBHo - [pr4 $acaquoro o$oprunenue Ha crpa[]r, [prr
[3rpuKgaHero Ha floprr,rrlrr rr r.H. flpegnr,rg rutrpoKara uu ynorpe6a B aHrrquara
apxrzreKTypa, orHacrHero rrM K6M KoHKperHa rrocrpofira e B'b3Mo)KHo caMo rrprr
r{aMr4paHero rau in situ.
C uose.{e nogpo6nocrr.r pa3[oJraraMe 3a ycrpoficrnoro Ha ceBepr{ara rropra
na 3angana. EgIEn pa6oren qepre)K, 3ala3eH B apxrrBa na K. Ilkoprrr{Jr, flpegcraBfl
serinoro ctcrorHr{e K'bM Meceq rr.raft 1918 r.261 1O6p. 90). He e rrcuo AaJrrr ocraHKr{Te oT nopTaTa ca cTaHaJrr4 Br4Ar{Mr4 rro ToBa BpeMe B.?e3yJrTaT oT HanpelHairoTo
orpa6nane Ha crpoilTeJrHr4rfl Marepvrail, ilrn ceBepHara [opra Ha aHTrrrrHr4r rpaA e
6una o6err Ha r{acrlltrlHo fipoyrrBaHe or crpaHa Ha pyM'],HcKrz, apxeoJrorrlqecK[
OTHOCHO TqXHOTO [BpBOHaqaJrHO MeCTOCTOeHe, AOlyCKafirU

eKrrfl rrog p'bKoBogcrBoro Ha

fine:re

KyJrpr Ha

or Apyra. Cauzsr

[x.

MareecKy262.

orcrorr sa 5,90 M eAHa
3,70 ira. Toft e o$oprraer Mexly ABa

noprara ca ycrropeqHpr noMexgy

BxoA EMa

n.:'zrpr4Ha

oKoJro

crir pr

KOHCTpyKTI4BHO CBCp3aHU C KyJII,rTe rrr.rJracTpa, OT KOI4TO IIpIA 3aCHeMaHeTO Ha OC-

6ur sanaseH caMo I{3Totrnlrxr. Cuqurrrr ce r{3[aBa na 1,08 lavruwarlupr,rHa
1,49la. B nero e raspa6oreH BeprrrKaJren xne6 3a rJrb3rarr{a ce Bpara (cataracta).
Orxputrre cpe4 pyrruure cJroxHonpo $r,rruparur KopHr,r3 oBrr KaM'bHr4, H.sKorr or Ko r4To - or cBoAoBa KoucrpyKrl[s, Mox(e 6u upousxoxAar or o$opunenuero Ha [poxoga B'bB Bucoquua r,r or rrJracrlrtrHara AeKopar{r{fl Ha noprara (O6p. 89/6). He e
Ilt3KJIrOrreHO, paZ1npa Ce, Te Aa ca [pencTaBJrxBEurr,r I,I npeyiloTpe6enra B rpaAe)Ka

TaHKr{Te

255
256

Veget. Epit. rei milit. IV, 4 (ed. Lang).
lllxopnu;r 1905a, c. 495.

2s7

Kalinka 1906, 356-357.
Cera [[eAecraJrbr ce HaMr4pa
2te
f{oror lg8g,52-53.
258

%0

B

Jra[r,rAapr,ryua ua I4croprqecKn r,ayseft

- [o6puu.

Bc'r,u1uocr, ToBa ca 6asu 3a KoJIoHr{, xapaKTepr.r3r,rpau$ ce c r,r3g'bJrxeHn BaB Bucorrr,tua
rporopqrru: Barnea et al. 1979, p. 134.
261
HA EAH, +. 165x, on. l, a.e.493,1. 13.
262
Vulpe 1938, p. 336.

Or sanagnara rprrBparHa KyJra (Kyra 2) npes 1918 r. rr,rr{arr.r Ha rroB6pxHocrra calro gertnara rI4JIHa rracr c BxoAa B [pr.I3eMHoro rroMerrlenvrc fi r{acr or
npano;runerlHufl yr{actbK Ha Il3Toqua:ra ir cTeHa. flnan:st i e npeguoJloxlrTeJrHo
Bt3craHoBen or K. Ilkopnxx, qpe3 MexaHr4r{Ho penpogyrlrpaHe Ha pa3Meprare Ha
Apyrara xyna, S;ranKlrparla cr,rrlara rropra. ftrone qo ce orHacfl Ao r[[pr.rHara Ha
Kyta2, o6aue, To3rr rrJraH oqeBr.{AHo He orroBapx na geficraraTeJrHocrra, rrrt raro
clopeA Hero r{3Jrr43a, qe 3arragHara creHa Ha KyJrara rpr6aa [a e rrMaJra ge6ealrrra
egna 0,80 M(!). Bxogrr B npr.r3eMHoro rroMerrleHr4e na Kyra 2 e ruupor 1,45 u u
npecuqa KpenocrHara creHa, Korro rrMa B To3r.{ yqac"'rr ge5enraua3,46 M. I4gro.{Hara rrpr.rBparHa KyJra (3) 6uxa Muoro uo-go5pe 3arra3eHa. I-Ipes 1918 r. Tfl Bce oqe
ce r{3Br4cflBaJra Ha noBeqe or 3,00 M Ha[ auTur{Huq repeH" 3a nusoro Ha rrocJregHl,r,
crrrypHo yKasarrr4e AaBa qacrr{rrHo npocJreAeFrutflT orroqeH KaHaJI c ruupl{Ha 0,35 u,
roriro Mr{HaBaJr rrpe3 [poxoAa Ha noprara. Tori r4MaJr flocoKa ror-ceBep u e 6wt
noKprrr c roJreMrr KaMeHHr{ rtroqu. Cyuepmpyrt\uflTa ua Kyna 3 6wru orgeJreHa or
cy6crpyxqusra ilocpeAcrBoM crbrraJroBraAex 6anrer, AoJIHara ruI{p}IHa na rofiro e
0,29 tr, a ropHara - 0,16 rta. Kynara ce u3[aBa Ha oKoJro 12,00 u or KpenocrHara
creHa fi vrua rrrrrpr.rHa 8,00 rtl. 3a noueuleHrrero B'bB B'brpeuHocrra i Hqrvra AaHHr{.
Or srnlrHara KBaApoBa o6mrqorxa Ha 3ana[Hata ir creua 6rnnr,r sana:eHr{ rrer pega
c Brrcor{r{Ha Ha rroflcure or 0,45 go 0,50 u (O6p. 89/1). IIo c'lorr\krs, Haqr{H 6ut o6nnIIoBaH 6anrerrr u ropHrrrrr (uagsevren) peA or cy6crpyrqr,rxra.
cnoJII{u.

Cuopeg npegJro)r(eHoro oflficaHrre, yKpenureJrHara cr{creMa na 3angana geMoHcrprrpa rB'bpAe xoMoreHeu o6nux, roftro cJreABa Aa ce rbJrKyBa Karo yKa3aHne, qe r,r3rpzDKAanero i e 6uro ocrulecrBeHo B paMKrlTe Ha egHa-eArrHcrBena, rrpr{
ToBa, BeporrHo, cpaBHrITeJrHo rparrotpaftHa crpolrreJrHa KaMnaHraq. Kaxro se.{e
6e or6enxgaHo, oKoJroBp'bcrlrara KpelocrHa creHa ce c'bcrorr or MHoxecrBo crporo rlpaBoJrr,rneftnr,r orceqKr,r. Tona egna Jrrr ce A'bJDKra caMo Ha xapaKTeprrcrr.rKara Ha
TepeHa: [pr,r roqHo crra3BaHe na ronQnrypaqurrra, rpacero 6u [o6uro ro-cKopo
BrrA Ha 3arBopeHa Kpr.rBa :luuyrs,. O6scnenprero cJreABa Aa ce tbpcrr, crropeg MeH, B
eAHoBpeMeHHara pa6ora Ha [oBeire crporrreJrHr.r eKvffiur, c BceKr,r or Korrro e 6nno
KoHTpaKTr,rpaHo r{3BtprrrBaHero Ha o[peAeJren o6eu pa6ota, Ir3pa3flBarqa ce B r.r3rpiDKAaHeTO Ha OTAeJTeH yqaCT'bK OT KpenOCTHaTa CTeHa, C pa3rrOJrOXeHr{Te nO HerO
KyJrrl r,r Apyru c'bop'bxeur.rr c or6paurareJreH xapaKTep. ?Iueuno rro ro3r{ HaqrrH Mox<e 3a[oBoJr[TeJrHo ga ce

or6erqg aHLtflT neue $axr, qe Kyr[Te rro [paB]Ior orceqKllTe, Karo I{3KJrroqeHlirq ce Ha6JrroAaBar ca-

o6xcrn

Jro [pr{HagJre)r(ar K'bM HrKofl

ra

MO B TpI{ CIyrIarI.

O6rurrr Ha yKpenrareJrHara cr{creMa ua 3angana KareroputlHo cBLIAereJrcTByBa 3a K'bcHopr,rMcKr,rr
upolrxog. Pa:rneganu uoorAeJlHo, neltnrate eJreMeHTlr
(uoprlr, KyJrrr, ryprnnu) HaMlrpar MHoxecrBo napaJreJrr,r B pa3r[rrHu rracrl,r na Puvr-

i

cKara rrMnepus. trI:qxno r{3HeceHure npeq or6paHr,rreJrrrara :nnrne, U-o6pasnu ryrr{ ce [orBqBar B prrMcKara $oprnSr{Kar[{Jr npe3 Tperara rrerBtpr Ha III r. Hafi-panHI,Irr cllrypHo Aarr{paH nprrMep [porr3xoxAa or Hrareg, K'bAero [perr3rpaxgaHero
Ha yKpe[r,ITeJrHara crrcreMa afundamentis 6uro 3aBcprueHo rrpu rrMleparop Klar-

rr3I'brlx(eH nran, U-o6pa3Hr.rre KyJrr{ ce cr{I4Tar 3a e[Ha or nafi-xapaKTepHr4Te rrepTI,I Ha yKpenureJrHoro crpor4TeJrcrBo or Kpaq na III u HaqaJroro na IV e. B AoJrHoAyHaBcKI4Te upoBI4HIIHI4 na Purracxarau*rnepux264, KaKTo rz sa cneqlr$raqeg 6erer na
[o-rolreMrlr']re yKpenJreHr{fl, r{3ArrrHaTr4 npe3 To3r.r [epuog n Apa6ux, Cwpug. a Eruter265. B unanosara cxeMa U-o6pasuure KyJrrr 3aeMar o6[xnoseHo Me)KArlHrro rroJroxeHlae r.rnu Snanrupar floprlr. Har?-qecro re ce na6ruoAaBar B c'br{eraHrre c'brJroBIz Berpr..rJroo6pa3Hr.{ xytu266- B nqrorrro yKpelJreHr{s or 3eMrrre no fionnux [ynan, o6aue, [pr{ 'brJrr{Te, aunpv qyrrKra rro rpacero Ha KperrocrHara creHa, ce cpeqar rr nogxonoo6pa3Hr,r xytu267. Te ce xaparrepr{sr{par c ocrprrfl ErbJr, cKrror{eH
Me)Iqy cTpaHr4rrHuTe r{M cTeHI4, r4 c rrJraBeH flpexoA MexAy Te3rr cTeHr4 r,r npeAHaTa
3aKp'brJreHa lracT"

Or r:regna roirKa

Ha rlrJrocrHara KoMrro3nqux,uafi.-go6pu napaleJrr,r Ha yK-

penr.{TeJrHara cr{creMa Ha 3argaua [pe[Jrarar cl.,ce1rt:utflT rpag Tpoueyvr Tpaaur268
I{ KacreJrbr flrpyc B [poBEHIII,Ix Bropa Mwzttt269, rro rrI{I{To Kpe[ocrHr.r creHr4 ce

ua6nrogana 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaHoro n n 3angana c'btreraHrre or U-o6pa3Hrr r.r rrogronoo6pasnkrKy:nkr. Te'spge cxogur,r rro [JraH z ycrpoficrBo ca r{ HrKorr or rexHr4Te
noprr.I. Oco6eso rpx6na [a ce floAqeprae roJrrMara npr{JrrrKa B rrpt4JroxeHara crpor4TeJrHa rexHr{Ka. II{o ce orHac.rr go Tponeyru Tpaxnu r 3an4ana, To cxogcrBoro e
HalpaBo [opa3raTeJrHo: ra3rpa[eHvrre B opus implectum KpelocrHr.r 3r4[oBe ca c Heo6rnrnoneno rorqMa ge6etuua270; u nrnurrara r{ B'brperrrHara rau o6rurqoBKa e or
[ocraBeHr4 B rrpaBlrJrHr{ pegoBe, [peqr{3Ho o6pa6oreuu cpeAHoroJreMr{ r{r roJreMr{
KBaAprI; B OTpOMHOTO Crr MHO3TTHCTBO Te3r{ KBaAprr Ca pyCTr{rIlrpAHV, A KaMeHOAeJTCKaTa I4M o6pa6orra - rr3HeHaABarrlo eAHaKBa; HarrbJrHo r{[eHTI{r{eH Ha rroBceMecrHo perr4crpr4pannflT n Tponeyr'r Tpaauu rr Muoro xapaKTepeH B'bHrrreH crrlaJroBr4gen 6amer, pa3geJrflrrl cy6- or cylepcrpyK\prflTa, e 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaH rr npr,r ce-

[opra na 3anqaua - eAr,rHcrBeHr.rrr yrracrtK, Kt[ero yKpelr,rreJrurare i
c'bop'b)KeHr{s ca 6anu BuNflHr4 r{ AoKyMeHTfipanri Ha Hr.rBoro Ha aHTVtrHwr :repen!
YxpenrarerHara cr{creMavrlaa rpr,rre o6erra ce xapaKTepv3vpa oqe c BKJrroqBaHeTo B He-fl Ha caMo rro eAHa rrerr,rpr4'brBJrHa KyJra, Karo re3ra r Tponeyu Tpaxnu x
.fltpyc ce orr[rraBar c no-r.r3A'bJrxeHure cr.r flportopqfifi il sma.ufiTeJrHo rro-roJreMr{
BepHara

263

Schneider/Karnapp 1938, S. 36 sqq.

Lander 1984, 218-223.
265Ibidem, 223-226"
266Ibidem, p.246 sqq.
264

lbidem, p.228. Trft rato fio]IflKora EBara rlrrra ca Aocra 6lugrz rro rrJrau, orAeJrurr aBToprr
[ocraBrr MexAy rflx 3HaK Ha paBeHcrBo, Bx(.: Biernacka-Lubanska 1982, p. 153.
268
PIrvan 1911, p. 163 sqq.; Barnea etal.1979.
26e
Iyanov 1966,23-56.
210
\eler,uuara Ha Kperrocrnr{, sug r Tponeyu Tpaxnlr Baprrpa o"r 2,60 Ro 4,15 r'r (npu
267

r.r3rorrHara nopra), s>r.: Scorpan 1980, p. 44.

Harz.ruero Ha noAo6Hrr

KyJrI{, o3HarraBaur,r B Jlr4Teparypara Karo
phrouriazlt, e 3acBr4AereJrcrByBaHo Aocera caMo rrprr oqe qerupu K'bcHopr{McKr.r yKperrJreHr,rfl: A6pr.myc, Kanragara, Tpesrnruc ("Irl3ror") nLl6vqa. feorpa$cxara rpy[rrpaHocT I{ roJrflMoTo cxoAcTBo B [JraHoBr4Te cxeMr{ Ha rlrecTTe u:6poenu r{eHTBpa
ca AaJrr4 ocHoBaHr{e rflxHoro r.r3rpaxAaHe Aa ce pa3rJre)KAa B paMKr.{Te Ha HflKaKBa
crrerdrlaJrHa perraoHaJrHa crpor.rreJrHa flporpaMa, o6xsaHara [poBI4HIILII{re Bropa Musufl. u Cxu'nax. flporpaMara ce flpr4rrracBa Ha r.{Mneparop fiuorreu{aH, Iro BpeMe Ha
\rr4ero yrrpaBJreHr4e ce [pr{eMa, qe e 3aflorrHano u neflnoro oc'blrlecrsgsattezT2.
B geftcrrureJrHocr, KoHKperHr.rre cBr{AereJrcrBa or orAeJrHure o6erru asrJre)KAar Aareq He roJrKoBa cr.rrypHr,r. YrpeuurenHara clrcreMa Ha l46uga, HalpuMep, HrrKora He e 6r,rna o6err Ha apxeoJrorr{qecKo npoyurane273. Xaorra*rHr4Te pa3KorrKr{ or BTopara noJroBrrHa na XIX I{ Har{aJloro Ira XX a. a Tpeelunc ("Llzrov"127+
c Hrrrqo He ca [olp[HecJII{ 3a ycTaHoBrBaHe ToqHaTa xpoHoJlotvs. Ha yKperII{TeJIHt4 Te My ccop'b)KeHr.{fr.Lrrrt r.{3flcuflBaHe crparwpa$vrraHa KyJrrypHIlTe HaIUIacrqBaHrlr raM. Bruperu A'bJrroroAr.rruHraTe crrcreMurr apxeoJrorl{rrecKlr npoyuranar r Kalr{AaBa ra A6puryc, r{ or ABara o6exra Aocera He pa3rroJraraMe c rolrHrr AaHHr.,r orHocHo BpeMero Ha rr3rpax[aHe Ha KtcHopr{McKrrre I{M Kpe[ocrHrr creHl{, flpeusr-

pa3Mepr{.

pDKAaHero na Kanugaya a fundamentis ce orHac, KGM Kpat sa IlVsaqaJroro Ha
IV e. eguncrBeHo B'b3 ocHoBa [arr4poBKara Ha cJreABauI]Is crpoI,ITeJreH fleplroA,
terminus post quemsa roftro ce flBflBaeAHa MoHera na Koncranqufi II or cJreA 337 r.275
Il{o'ce oruac, Ao yKpe[rrreJrHara crrcreMa na A6prryc, ueftnata [arLIpoBKa B'bB
BTopara rroJroBr{Ha ua III 8.276 He e Morr,rBrrpaHa or HflKaKBIT KoHKpgTHId crparlrpaScrra ua6mogenus, a or cpaBHrrreJrHo-apxureKTypuvrfl aHaJru3 ua or:genurare ir
KOMTTOHeHTVL

V HA CXeMaTa KarO rlrno.

Hanocaeg'rK, Aarr{poBKara Ha KacreJra frpyc, xofiro ce cqlrralue AocKopo
sa ,[r,roxneu{aHoB rpaye>xz]7,6e nocraeeHa Ha cep}Io3Ha npeol{eHra. Cera [I3AIlraHero My ce [ocraB, Beqe B ox.320 r.278, a roBa o[peAeJleHo ro cB'bp3Ba c yKperrlrTeJrHara gerinocr no BpeMero na Koncranrus I n llu4urruit I r qonno4yHaBcKlrre
npoBrrHr{rrrl. Cnopeg o6crorino apryMeHTrrparrara no-rope B [I3Jro)KeHI{ero re3a,
crporrreJrHr.rrr HaAlr.rc or 3 15-3 16 r. or Tponeyu Tpaxnn cJIe[Ba [a 6tAe cB'bp3BaH
He c Kpafl, a c HaqaJloro Ha [ogerara raM crpolrreJlHa gefinocr, KoflTo MHoro cKopo
6ula nperpareHa. flognonxeaHero Ha pa6orr,rre r4 3aBT,plrrBauero Ha rpagcKara
27'

Ibidem, passim; Lander 1984, p.218 sqq.
Lander 1984, p.218.
273
YxpennreJruara crrcreMa Ha rpaAa e [3cJreABaHa caMo B'b3 ocnoBa na aepo$orocult]
$tefan 197 4a, 1 04- I 05 ; $tefan 1977b, 3 -5, 19 -20.
274
Simion 1977-78, p. 153 sqq. (ucropnx ua tpoyvnarurr:ra).
275
Florescu et al. 1958, p. 67 sqq.
272

r?6

lleauos 1980, c. 225.

277

Ibidem, c. 194.

278

Dfthle 1995, S.9

sqq.

LKI{:

yKpe[I4TeJIHa CI{CTeMa MOfaT [a Ce [aTrapaT elBa B K'r,cHoKoHcTaHTr{HOBO BpeMe Lr
Ilpr.l HeroBr,rTe HacJIeAHr{qr{.
Llsrpagena [pe3 BTopara qerBtpr na IV r., yKpelrrreJrHara crrcreMa Ha 3arAara e $yuxqraonupaJra oKoJro 250 rogunu - qaK Eo ru6erra Ha rpaga B Kpaq Ha

VI n. Crper'lex(br K'bM rloAA'bp)KaHero i s r43rrpaBHocr r{ K'bM noBrarrraBaHe sa nerinara or6paHlrreJlHa cnoco6soct, ca IlpoBoK]1.lpa[rkr rrpeAnpr4eMaHero Ha peMoHTHrI
KaMIraHrrI{, KaKTo r4 oclbulecrBf,BaHero Ha HrKor{ npeycrporfcraa. EgHo or rflx e
3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHo rrpu ceBepHara nopra :r'arpaga279. B pauxure Ha roBa [peyc-

:rportcrno, npocrpaHcrBoro Me)KAy ABere [pr{BparHrl KyJrr4 e 6rano nperpa[eHo c
eAr,IH HoBo[ocrpoeH slrq c ge6ervsa 2,74 r',r. Tofi cB'bp3BaJr qeJrara Ha KyJrr4Te u 6ttL
AorrprH Ao rqx Ha Qyra. B cpegara Ha sv1a 6ul o$opueH Bxo[. Illupranara My He
Mo)Ke Aa ce orrpeAelrurcl.c clrrypHocr, rsft raro K. IllxopnuJr e Br.rAflJr r4 AoKyMeHTr,rpaJr ocraHKrrre caMo or ceBepHr.rr yrracrbK Ha 3r,rga. Cuuerpu.rnara peKoucrpyKqu, [pegfloJrara rulapl,IHa oKoJro 1,80 u, a o$oprraneHr{ero Ha r{3Tor{Hara crpaHr,rqa
cBr{IereJrcrByBa, r{e Bxo['br e 6un 3arBaprH c AByKprrJra Bpara. Zsrpageuoro rro
TaKbB Har{IaH [peAABepI4e e I{MaJIo ulrpr4Ha 5,90 rrl r{ AIJDKT{Ha oKoJro 9,20 rrlerpa
(O6p. 90). flo rpeAHa3HaqeHlre ro e HarrbJrHo uAeHrr{rrHo na qo6pe r{3Becrrrr{re
propugnacula, no 3a pa3JrlrKa or rqx e r43HeceHo upeg or6paur{TeJrHara rraHraq. MaKap He oco6eno vecro, no4o6nr.r yKpenureJrHu c'bopt)Kenux (napuvaHr,r or HrrKorr
c'bBpeMeHHu aBTopr{ "Zwingef'280 r,rnra "barbl"un:t281; ca 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaHrr 14 Ha
Epyru Mecra, Karo BcrrlrKrr r{3BecrHr4 rrpr4Meprr [arr4par or paHHoBrrganrr.rrlcxata
enoxa.
B Peca$a/CepruonoJll{c (Cuput), HaflprrMep, raKa e 6rana uogcuJreHa 3aulrrTara Ha ceBepHara, [r3Tor{Hara r{ rox(Hara ll,oprnz8z. Yrpenennre [pe4ABepr4rr ryK
ca 6utu rr3rpaAeHu, r{3rJre)Kna, crrHxpoHHo c rlqrara yKpelr{TeJrHa crlcreMa, B paMKI{Te Ha eAHa Ir c'blqa crpol{TeJlHa KaMrraHrrfl.

Brs

ocHosa cBrrAereJrcrnoro na

flpo-

rourafi n "3a ctpoex<ure", yKperurBarrero xa Ceprr{oloJrrrc o6r,rrnoseHo ce rrpurrr4cBa Ha rrMrreparop Ocrunuan I (527 -565), Ho c'brrlecrByBar r,r MHeHrrfl, orHacrq[r ro
K6M BpeMero na Auacracwit (491-518), a AopE rr no-paHo - y u.283
B Arraopuyu (@purna) yKpereHo rpegABepr4e e 6ano "Aon'bJrHrrreJrHo rmrpaAeHo Mex[y ABere rplr6r'bJrnl( ryru, $nanKr{parr{r4 roro3alaArrara rropra ua "[olHulatpa1"z\a. Yxpenr.rreJrHara crrcreMa Ha rpaAa Aarrrpa or ynpaBJrenr{ero Ha r{Mneparop 3enon (474-49D28s. Cnopeg rpoyqBareJrr.rre, rpe[[Bepr.rero e 6r.rno rpr4cr-

27e

Ibidem, S. 13.

280

Scorpan 1980, p. 52.

281

Foss/Winfield 1986, p. 9.
Karnapp 1976, S. 28 sqq.
283
Ibidem, 51-53.
28a
Harrison et al. 1991, p.221.

282

285

llarrison

1988, p. 175.

poeHo lro-K'bcHo, HO BeporTHo cpaBHI4TeJrHO K'bCO BpeMe

[ocrHr4Te

CJreA

r43AlrfaHeTo rra Kpe-

creHr4286.

flna npranrepa ce orKpr,rBar r{ Ha repr4Topr{sra Ha npoBrautlus Cxutux. Exu-

or rsx e cBt,p3aH c [peycrportcrsoro nper VI s. (s nepraoga Anacracr.rfi trOcrusnas I) ua usrourrara rropra Ha KacreJra Cat1wgaza2g7, Koraro npeg $poura
Ha Snaurrapaqr.rre s r{erllpubrbJrrrrr rynr 6uno I43[prrHaro eAHo, :aavrcrfiHa,
lo-cJro)KHo rro rrJraH, Ho I{AeHTlrqHo or QymqraonaJrHa rJreAHa rorrKa [peAABepI,Ie.
Hr{flT

Bropuxr flpraMep or [poBr4r{rl ws. Cxuuts. flporr3xoxAa or orpoMHara p aHHosrasaHTlllfcxa Kperrocr r ra. Xoplr3oHT Ha rp. Ea.rrvur (Eanurax-Xopu:our). BrsHl{KtsaHero Ha yKperureHrrero ce orHacq KtM Kpafl na V urn B Haqaroro na VI n.,
Karo rro KperrocrHr4Te creHr{ ca ycraHoBeHrr peAr,rqa [o-K'bcHLr npeycr:poficrsa288. B
paMKr{Te Ha eAHo or rf,x, orHeceHo nali-o6rqo rrr'r VI B., rrpeA ceBepHara nopra
6uno rasrpaEeHo npeAABepr{e. {enara ua $naurupaulr,rre floprara npv6nuauremro
KBaAparHL.I KyJrr4, r43[aBarrlrr ce sa 12,85 M [peA KpelocrHrr.f, 3vA, lLrtkr cB'bp3aHr4
nocpegcrBoM Hanper{eH srag. Haq o$oprraenul B cpe[ara My rrpoxog c ruuprrra 3,00 rr.r
6rana r.r:rpageHa rr MaJrKa trer[pr4trbJrHa Ha4Bparna ryxa289.
flopa:rate;rHoro cxoAcrBo B [arr.rpoBKr,rre Ha rrpegcraBeHr4Te flapaJreJrr,r AaBa ocHoBaHr,re KoHcrarrrpaHoro rrprE ceBepHara nopra na 3angana npeympoficrro
yBepeHo Aa ce oTHece KLM ncpBaTa [oJroBrrHa na vI B", a ToBa, oT CBO' CTpaHa,
Mo)Ke Aa ce flppreMe 3a HeABycMr4cJreHo norBtp)Klemvre Ha cBegeHrrero na flpoxon 1,290 3a peMoHTr{lme pa6orra rro yKpelrdreJrHara crrcreMa Ha rpaAa, rrpeAnpr{errr
rro BpeMero Ha r{Mrreparop Iocrunuan I. Mnoro e BeporrHo K'bM c'brrlara crpolrTeJrHa KaMlaHr4fl [a ce oTHacr{ u ycTaHoBeHaTa nollpaBlKa yrJrvt rLrrJIocTHo rrpel,r3tpaxqaHe ua Kyna 1 - oco6eno, aKo u gertcrenre.nHo e flprrgo6rana cneg roBa [eHTaroHaJIeH rrJraH29l. O6srpsnanero Ha oc'brr{ecrBeHr{Te B 3angana upes VI B. rrpeycrpoficrea c rl{qHocrra u geftnocrra Ha rrMrreparop trOcrr4Hv.aul, o6ave, cJreABa Aa
ce flpueMa Aocra ycJroBHo: KaKTo e r{3BecrHo, sa ga 6'rge npuq[creHo [aAeHo yKpelJreul,re x.ru trOcrraslraHoBoro crporrreJrcrBo, 3a flporonnri e 6u.no Baxrro He Ko-

ra e 3aloqHaJr HeroBrrsr crpoex (upu Anacracrafi, trOcrlrn I ranra Iocrranr,ran I), a
Kora e san'rpuren292, Karo trOcrwnraan I ce upeguraB, or er,rsaHTlrrlcxurl aBTop 3a
$axtuvecrll pbKoBoAIrreJr Ha Bcr{rrKra [eJra B LrMnepuJ{Ta orqe or caubro HaqaJro Ha
yflpaBJreurrero Ha I0crun I 293.
286
287

Karnapp 1976,51-53; Harrison et al. 1993, p.
Scorpan 1980, p.51 sqq.

151.

288

finuurpos

28e

flranurpon 1988, c. 73.

2e0

2et

Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
3a garrnpoBKara Ha rosrr rr{[ Kyrrr{ sx<.: 6o6qer 196La, c. 103 cn.; Oruapor 1982, c.46
cr.; Pringle 1981., p. 157 sqq.; FossAilinfield 1986, p. 30 sqq.

2e2

Howard-Johnston

2e3

Proc. De aed. I,3 (ed. Dewing).

1990, c. 30 cn.

1989, p. 217 .

XpononoruuecKo yKa3aHLIe 3a re3r{ K'bcHr4 [peycrporlcrBa rro yKpenr,rreJrHaTa cI{cTeMa Ha 3argana [pelocTaBs il e\uH qacTLIqHo 3ana3eH tp'br{Krr HaArrr{c,
BI.rlqH r,r AoKyMeHTr,rpaH or K. Ilkopuut in situ, B npeA[Beprrero Ha ceBepHara rropra29a. Hagnuc'sr 6wlt pa3noJloxeu Ha Blrrcor{I{Ha oKoJro 2,00 *t or aHTI{r{HI{g repeH,
B'bpxy nBa c'bcegHu 6loxa or rperrrfl peA Ha KBaApoBara o6nlrqonxa Ha 3ana[Ha?a
creHa na Kyna 3, rovno npu Harraroro Ha rreJrHara ir usrusra (O6p. 89/7). Marap

6yrrnre Aa [peAcraBJrflBar a6pesuarypa or HflKaKB axpucrkrfl:acxa $oprtlyJla, MecroloJloxeHl{ero My cBrrAereJrcrByBa [o-cKopo 3a crporrreJreH
xapaKTep. flo $opvrara ua pasqr$HaJw$, Kpbcr B Harraroro Ha reKcra rraAlr4c6T
cJreABa na ce orHece uarl-o6qo xtrnl V-VI e.
/ia ne e I{3KrIor{eHo

flpu rrncara

Ha cepuo3Hr,r apxeoJroruqecKu npoyrrBaHr,u, B'bnpocGT, AaJrrr
[o-paHHo ceJrr.rqe, He Moxe Aa ce
cr{}ITa 3a oKoHqareJrHo pe[reH. Or ronorpa$cra rrefiHa roqKa, ToBa e rBtpAe MaJrKoBeporrHo. Cenr,rrqara or fipeAxoAHrr.fl [epuoA, a r{ qaK Ao Kpafl na IV/na.raroro
na V n. Ha repr.rropvtsffa Ha gH. fio6pytr <a, ca ro rpaBr.rJro HeyKperreHu. Pasnorox<eHI{ ca Ha orHocI{TeJIHo paBHI{HeH TepeH, xpart ruxrE I{a MecrHocrra, eAHocrpaHHO r4JIId AByCTpaHHO nO nOJIeraTr{Te CKJTOHOBe K'bM CyXOAOJTT,UI r.rJrr{ peqHr.r AOJrr{Hrr.
flpogrmrynaHo B MHo3LIHcrBoro or cryqar.rre or MecrorroJro)KeHr{ero Ha ecrecrBeHLr Bogor,r3Tor{Ht4rlr{, uogo6no craTyr,rpaHe e cnoco6crnyBaJro r.r3rpaxAaHero r{ Ha r{3HJrK'bAe noA pyr{Hr{Te Ha rpaAa HsMa ocTaHKr.r oT

KycTBeHIA TaKLIBa, C'rUIeCTBeHO yJrecHsrBar?rU pOCmna AO rrOA3eMHrrTe BoAoHocHrr
[JracroBe. Or neuanoBilKrro 3HaqeHr{e, c:lulo raKa, rqe ga e 6a:r.a I{ orHocr{TeJrHara
3arIILlTerIOCT Ha Te3V TepeHr,r OT XapaKTepHI,ITe 3a pelrroHa Cr{JrHI4 U CTyleHr{ CeBepHu I,r ceBeporr3TorrHr{ aerpore29s. TonorpaQnara na 3argana B Hacroarqlu ir nng
orpa3flBa flyxa Ha c'bB'bprueHo Apyra efioxa. EcrecreeHo 3arqr,rreHfiflT TepeH r,r noJryocTpoBHoTo pa3noJroxeHue ce HaMr4paT B rrGJrHo c'r,oTBeTcTBrre c [pe[opGKr.rTe
rr HopMrITe Ha K'bcHoaHTI{lIHoro rpaAoycrporicrso r{ yKperrrrreJrHo crpor4Tencrso296.

fier:afiruurar aHaJrr.r3 Ha Harrrrrrnara un$oprtraqr, rro3BoJru r,r3rpax<[aHero Ha qrrrocrHara rpa[cKa un$pacrpyKTypa (yrpeuurenHa cr,rcreMa, uoqocna64anaue, o6IrIecrBeHIr nocrportxra) Aa ce onpeAeJrr{ Karo eArrH rpaHgr{o3eH no lrarqa6n aKT Ha
crpolrreJrcrvo a fundamentis, u:autlanapan nari-nepoflTHo or r.rMneparop Koncraurun I r,r oc'brr{ecrBeH rrpe3 BTopara qerBT,pr na IV s. TIMero Ha rpaAa, T'bJrKyBaHo
Karo ")K'brra BoAa" I,uII,I "crygelnd Boga"297, o6errusHo orpa3flBa nsodwiluero Ha
Bo[oI43Tor{HIrIIu B HelocpegcrBeHara oKoJrHocr u ne rpx6na HelpeMeHHo Aa ce cB'bp3Ba c HsKaKBo [o-paHHo ceirr4rrle, c'brqecrByBaJro Ha roBa Mflcro. flpousxoqtT Ha
I{Mero ce HaMr,rpa B ['bJrHo c'borBercrBile c apxeoJroruqecKr.r u ennrpa$cKrr 3acBr4AereJIcrByBaHIafl IrperrMyrrlecrBeHo rpaxrartcxu erHr4rrecKu o6mrx na pernoHa2gS 2ea

Hagnlrcrr 6e o6ctofiuo

2e5

Top6aron 19936.

2e6

KoMenrr4paH s

faasa I.2.

Onvapon 1974, c.226 w c,lt.
Tomaschek 1898, S. 77.
2e8
flo resn Btrpoclr nx<.: Torbatov 1997c, p. 507 sqq.
2e7

[orBaTa Ha rpaAa, TaKa BepofTHo Ir qaK Ao HacTbrII,IJIIrre B Kparl Ha
IV/Ha.iaroro na V B. KopeHHr,r npol,reuu299. OcnosasaHero Ha eAI{H HoB rpa[cKr.r
qeHT'bp B rox<Hara rracr Ha flpoBr,rHrlrlfl Crurut, cpeg paftou c erHl{qecKlr xoMoreHHO HaceJreHr,re u [oArrepTaHo arpapeH xapaKTep, cJre[Ba Aa ce uHTeprlperlrpa Karo
KaKTO npeArr

perrrr4TeJrHo I{ oKoHrrareJrHo cK'bcBaHe c AororaBatuHlrTe coquaJrHl4, [IKoHoMI,IqecKI{

r{ a[MrrHrrcrparrrBHr.r cTpyKTypr4.

Cnopeg apxeoJror[qecKure rr r{yMrr3MaruqH[ AaHHI,I, 3angana npe)KlrBtJra
Kpr,r3ara npes V e. Hos noAeM B pa3Br{Trrero ir nacrruuJl HflK'bAe B nBpBara rIoJIoBrrHa Ha VI s. Or ro3r{ [epuoA [arrlpa rpofleHara xpucrusHcKa 6agsnura B ]oro3arra4uara lracr Ha rpaAa, KaKTo Ir perl4crplrpaHl,Ire npeympoftcrBa no yKpelIlTeJIHaTa cucTeMa.
aBapcKo HarrrecrBrre or 585 r. nocraBlrJro HaqaJroro Ha Kpas Ha
3angana. flouacroarqeM He e flcHo KaKBrr rotrHo rlopaxeHl{, ca 6nln HaHeceHI{ Ha
rpaAcKara lrr$pacrpyKTypa B pe3yJrrar or roBa HaraAeHlle. He e usxrroqeHo HaMepeHoTo rrpeAr,r roArrHr.r cpeA pyrrHuTe Ha eAHa crpaAa 3JraTHC MoHeTHo c'bKpoBurqe c nafi-x's cuu elrtkrc:,;rfr. or BpeMero Ha flMneparop MarpuxufrtTu6epufit Aa ca cB'bp-

lonqMoro

flucueHnre u3Bopu, a a HyMLI3MarvtsuuflMarepuar, o6aue, cBulereJrcrByBar, qe x<uBorBT TyK npoA'bJDKIrJr noHe olqe eAHo AecerlrJrerrre. flocnegnoro cnoMeHaBaHe Ha 3angana e B'bB Bp'b3Ka c.rc c.s6ratnfl, pa3rlrpaJrr,r ce npes 594 r. Creg oKoHrrareJrHara ru6en Ha lpaga HflKtAe K6M Kpa, Ha
VI s., Ha roBa Mrrcro He ca ycraHoBeHu Hr{KaKBrr cJre[u or o6utaeaHe npe3 Kosro tI
ga 6ruo or cJreABaulure rrcropl4qecKl{ erroxtr.
3aHrr uMerrHo c roBa 6egcrnne300.

23 .

(c.

TVL]$IOTI/,JIWfl (TIM OGITTIA)

Tnrpgrqa; o6q. IIIa6na; fio6puvra o6lact)

3a crrqecrByBaHero Ha craplrHuo yKpe[JreHlre rpaft Tntpnrua ce crroMenarrrr B Haytruara KHlrlKrrrrHa B Kpas na XIX n.301 I,IsrpaAeHo e 6uno s
nepr$epuara na o6runpHo ceJrrrqe or puMcKara e[oxa. Tona cennlqe ce pa3BrrJro
Ha ocHoBara Ha flo-crapo aBToxroHHo [oceJrervela AocrlrrHaJro upes II-[I s. sa6e-

Ba 3a rrp'bB

JrexrrTeJreH MaTeplraJreH rr KyJrrypeH pa3rIBeT, 3a KoeTo CBI,IAeTeJTCTByBaT paSUOO6pa3Hlrre apxeororutrecKrr HaxogKlr, HrrKoJrKoro rparlKu Ir Jrarr.IHcKIr enurpa$cru
[aMerHr.rq[302 u unoxecrBoro apxtrTeKTypnu getafinu3U3. Yltpvttuoro cloMeHaBaHe 3a MHO3TTHCTBOTO OT Te3Lr [aMerHr,rqu, tle [pol43xoxAar or pyrlHl,rre Ha yKperIJIe-

2ee

3m

Top6aror 1993a, 38-40.
Top6aror 1998, 64-69 ; Top6aron 2000, 7 4-7 6.

lllxopnrur/I[KoprrrrJr 1892a, c.78; 3a roea yKpelreHue cloMeHaBa flo-rccno u E. Karr,rrr
Kalinka 1906, Col. 337.
302
ClL,lll,7587; IGBulg. 12, l-3.
303
IIA BAH, Q. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 428, n.8; a.e. 543, n.3-4.
30t

a:

*dfr , 7
-\ >-,

O6p. 91. T?IMOII4III4fl (TIMOGIT|IAi. Tonorpa$cro norroxcuuc. / Fig. 91.

TIMOGITTIA. Topographic situation.
Hr{eTo, cJre[Ba [a ce rrpEeN[e K&To yKa3aHHe, tre re Bepofrrro ca 6unr,r npeynoTpeoeHH KATO rpaAEBO flplt HeTOBOTO srpor(TeJrqrBo. 3a rgcHOaHTrrrIHr,Ifl My [pcr[3xoA
y6eEETerHo cBr.IgerersrByBar, clrrlo rara, TBLpAe xapaKTepHEJ{r'r{36$p Jra ro[orpsQcKo peilreur{e H rlfiJrosrur{f,T o6rHK Ha 0oprH&r{Kary{onHara cusreL{a.
Yxpexteraero ce HaMr{pa HenocpegcrBeHo rox(Ho or c. TB'bpglrr{a, Ha cpeHtr)rnoilo)KHr{, (geceH) 6pxr na npeMr{r{aBalrloro rpalt xero cyxoiloJrHe KaaafigxE-

[epe. I43rpafleHo e

HaA EotITE orBecHr{r[ r{ cKaJrucr r{3ToqeH cKJroH Ha etr[rH KTc E

AEnOoK crpaxrrrreu [oJr, BJTEBaE1 ce or ror B cyxogoJr}rero (O6p. 9l). YxpennenseTo He e 6rmo o6exr H& apxeoJlorutlecKo flpoyqraHe. flonasroqu{e}{ TepeH"br rlry e
o6pagbfl c r:hgra ropu:a pacrrrreJlHocr, a ocrar{K}rre ruy ca cEJrHo o6egrrqegu, n

pe3yJITa" or xr{rqn[llecKoro orpa6BaHe Ha KaMeHH]rr{ crpor{reJreH Marepua-{ B M}rHaJroro r{ Ha aKTr{BHara r,rMaHqpcra gerinocr B no-HoBo BpeMe. Marap oule rorara
rrpoqectr Ha pa3pyuexr,re Aa e 6w Aocra Ha[peAHaJr, K. IlkopnuJr e lrMaJr B'b3MoxHocrra Aa Br,rAr,r flpu fioceqeHr{ero or na o6erra KGM Kpafl Ha XIX s. HecpaBHI{MO [OBerre OT rJreAKaTa, [peAcTaBflrrla Ce npeA oqr,rTe Ha c'bBpeMeHHr,rs r43cJre[nav. flogpo6nrre ofincareJrHu 6elexrra Ir ctcraBeHrrflT rrJraH Ha yKpeEJIeHIrero ca
ocraHaJrr{ nerry6nrxysamrw ce ctxpar{flBar B HeroBr{fl Jrr{rreu apxlrn3O4 (O6p. 92).
304

Ibidem, a.e. 428,1. 7-8, 10; a.e. 543,1.3-4; a.e.588, n. 56-57.

ijiiit iiitiii;iii ri-

q

1.8

O6p.92. TI{MO|I{III4.fl (TIMOGITTIA). Ilnau ua yKperrr.rrerrHata crcreua uo K.
Illropuur (HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. 1, a.e. 428,1.9). / Fig. 92. TIMOGITTIA. Layout of the
defence system after K. Skorpil (HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 428,1.9).

Ctnperraeunoro c'bcrosHl,re Ha ocraHKr{Te He no3BoJrflBa rrpoBepKa Ha perr{crpr,rpanponexAaHe Ha apxeoloruqecKrr pa3KorrKr.r, nopaAH Koero re rr{e

HI4Te AaHHII 6es

6'rgar [pegcraBeH[ 6e3 KoMeHTap.
KrcnoaurrarrHoro yKperrJreHue Kpari Tn'spAuqa 6r,uo c HerrpaBr,rJreH, tpvt6JII43I4TeJrHo rpaleIIoBLrAeH IJIaH. forsuara My ocuoBa ]rMaJra [BJDKr,rHa orono 70 u
I4 olr[paJra Ha p'r6a ua oroJleHrrq cKaJIeH BeHeq. Cregu or yKpe[fBaHe or ra3r,r crpaHa
ge 6ulu 3acBr,r[ereJrcrByBaHr,r. Maxcuuannara rlupr,rHa Ha yKperrJreHr,Iero AocrvraJIa Ao 45 lt. @ponrm Ir.ry 6ur opueHrr,rpaH KBM nJraroro, [opaAr,r Koero rororr3ToqHara My crpar{a 6utasaft-cuJrHo yKpeneHa. TyK 6ulu usrpaAeHr,r rpr{ roJreMr,r Kynr{:

brlo-

r,r eAHa - BepoflrHo KyJra-[opTa - B cpeAaTa Ha 3r{Aa.
BrITe KyJrr,r 6ram,r nonr,rroHaJrHr{, c Ar.raMeTbp oKoJro 12u, a cpenHara
KBaAparHa,
cGc cTpaHa c'blrlo oKoJIo 12 Irr. OctanKr{ oT KyJI}I ce pa3rro3HaBalrnwB 3arraAHr4Te
KpaI4IrIa Ha Haflper{Hlrre KpeuocrHrr cTeHr4, HenocpeAcrBeHo Ha[ cKaJrl4crr{rr crptb-

IIO eAHa B IBaTa EraJra

-

fllan'sr Ha ceBepo3anagHara KyJra He e onpeAeJleu, Ho ra3lt B roro3anagHlm rrra 6ula qerl,rpu'brbnHa. Kyprao3Horo npl4 nocJreAHara e, qe rs 6nra u:rpaAeHa rrpeA Kpe[ocrHaTa creHa rr ce cB'bp3Baila c Ilefl [ocpeAcTBoM Ia$uAaH oT
KaMeHHr{ 6norose Koplr[op c ['sJDKI4Ha 5 rrr u uupulr.a 1,40 tnr. Ipaqex'rr Ha yKpenr4TeJrHr{Te caop'bxaulas 6w B opus implectum ra (rarto I{ cera rr,Ir{I4 Ha elHo
rrlxcro!) ce orrr{iraBiur c r{3KJrroqr4TeJrHa npeq[3Hocr. Jluqara 6umr oQopMeHIr c'bc
crapareJrHo o6pa6orenu KBaApLr, noJraraHrr B npaBI4JIHLr xopl{3oHTaJrHLI penoBe c
Br{conrrHa 0,25-A33 rr,r. Ilpia HTIKoI{ or ctce[Ho pa3roJroxeHilTe KBaAps 6utru KoHcTarr{paHr4 c'bB[aAarr{u TpaleI{oBIrlHLr rI3pe3I.I - OTTeBI4AHO 3a CB'bp3BaHe [OCpeACTBoM MeraJrHrn cxo6u rlJrIr pa3ToneHo oJIoBo.
K. Ilkopnlr"u cto6rqana 3a Haruqrlero rr Ha BTopa or6paurarenHa ruufifl "B'bB
Br,r[ Ha laacvtr.", orcrorrqa Ha oKoJro 45 rpavru [peA creHI,ITe Ha KaMeHHoro yKpefiJreHr,re. Tosa stHmrHo yKpelJreHrre I{MaJro rpaneIIoBItAeH [JraH c MaKcI{MaJrHI,I pa3r'lepu 180/100 rpauru. C'rgefiru ro rBBpAe xapaKrepHr.rf, My nJraH Ir KoHcrpyKTIrBHa xapaKTeprrcrrrKa, KaKTo I{ no Mno)KecrBoro $parueuru crapo6rnrapcKa Kepa}IVLKA, Cpeqarq[ ce Ha repeHa B HeroBtrTe rrepT[, BL[pocHoTo yKpenJreHue c rorqMa yBepeHoc'r rpx6ra ga 6'r4e orHeceHo K'bM 3eMJreuure $oprnSI,IKaI{IroHHIr crpoexr.r or BpeMero na flrpnoro 6urapcxo qapcrBo.
Bne.{arrssarrfi4flT xapaKTep Ha 3acBr4AereJrcrByBaHrrre rpari Tn'rpglrqa ocTaHKr{ or an'izqnara enoxa, KaKTo ra a6conrotro rorrHoro c'bBrIaAeHI{e c }'Ka3aHilTe
s ltinerarium Antonini Augusti pa3cro-rrHr,rq305, co AaJII{ ocHoBaHI{e Ha K. Ilhopuun
ctrrypHo Aa JroKaJru3r{pa ryK Hec[oMeHarara B Apyrlr rr3Bopra Tuuoruqux (Timogittia),
KoflTo ce HaMr4paJra Ha rrbrr Mex[y Kanaruc u,[uonncouoJltrc rt orcroqra na XVIII
m.p. or rrbpBr,lfl lr na XXIV m.p. or ntopux306. Orrpraroro HeorAaBHa B 3anaAHI{Te
MeH cKJroH.

norpaftnnnu na Tn'rpgrrrla roJU{Mo MoHerHo c'bKpoBIrIqe3OT crugerencrByBa, .{e TuMortrrIEfl qyBcrBrrreJrHo rrocrpagaJra rrpra rorcKrrre HaIIrecrBIH or cpeAara na III n.
flpu ceraurHoro ctcroflHlre Ha npoyrrBaHr ITa, orrrlT'br [a ce rrpequ3upa AarlrpoBKaTa Ha BB3HTTKHaJTOTO TyK npe3 K'bCHaTa aHTr{TIHOCT }xpenJreHl{e e TB'bpAe plrcKonan. flpn Bce roBa, Kparr na III r4 Haqaroro na IV ri. utrne>rga narf-nepofl"rnvts.
[epr{og 3a HeroBoro r{3rpiDKgane. Krrrr nogo6no [peAnoJro)KeHI,Ie HaBex(na KaKTo
HaIUqUeTO Ha IOJTIT|OHaJIHII KyJrIr B IIJIaHOBaTa My CXeMa, TaKa pI rrrrdpoKo 3acBLrAeTeJrcrByBaHr{Te rro :roBa BpeMe uaula6nu MepKu rro B'b3craHoBflBaHe I4 yc'bB'bprlreHcrByBaHe Ha rrtTHara rrpexa u no r{3rpax(Aane Ha no-eSertunHa clrcreMa sa Ha6JrrogeHr{e il KoHTpoJr na rpaQraxa r{ 3a BbrperrrHonpoBIrHIII,IaJIHa cnrypnocr. ManKr,rTe pa3Mep[, [peqr.r3ur{rr rpaAex r,r rparin'rtnoro noJro)KeHl{e Ha yKpenJreHl,Iero

lbidem, a.e.543, * 4; a.e.588, n. 62.
306ltin. Ant. Aug.227,4-228,2 (ed. Cuntz).
307
Ctrponurqero ce e cbgrorJro or oKoJro 1000 uponuHrllraJllr[ 6ponsorn ruonerr or uaft-roJrflM HoMlrnan (E). B I4cropuvecxu uyrefi-fio6puq ca [ocr]rII{JILr cauo 80 eKseM[.rrapa (unn. Ne I3940). Hart-rtcnrare cpeA Tflx ca or BpeMero Ha l{Mleparop @unun
305

Apa6.

ffi'qa:i
.1l\,'r:.

,,r

O6p. 93. Hoso Eoteso. Br,gnuueuraero "Xaq 6ypyu" c ocTaHKI{ oT K'r,cHoaHTurIHo
y.p"nr""r" (norneg or ceBeposanag). / Fig. 93. Novo Botevo. The Hach Burun hill with
remains of a Late Roman fortification (view from the north-west).

npu Tuuornqtra y6egureJrHo cBrrAereJrcrByBar 3a HeroBuq BoeHeH Irpol{3xoA I{ BoeHHo-rroJlr,rrleft cru $ynrqnu. Monernure HaxoAKI{ rIoKa3B ar,'Ie ro rrp oc'bu{ecrByBaJro Ao KBM Kpaq ua VI n.308, Ho He e f,cHo AaJIIT B o6rarasaHeto My IrMa upeK'bcBaHus.

24.IJoro Eoreno
(o6q. [o6ptru; [o6Puvra o6nact)

ru roxHo or Hono Boreno, B'Lpxy nocoo6pasuoro B'b3BI4Irre(O6p.
93), o6paayBaHo rpla croKa ua Cyxa peKa I{ nefinrzs AeceH
Hr.re "Xa.r 6ypyn"
lpLIToK Csera Mapuna, ce HaMrrpar ocrauKlrre or KbcHoaHTur{Ho yKpenJreHrle' I'I3BecTrIo B nlaTepaTypaTa rroA IIMeTo "Xa'l 6ypyr KaIe" (O6p. 94). flp're 3a Hero
c'ro6qasa K. IlfuopunI309, B qurtT o apxl{B ce c'bxpaHrea u neuy6lllKyBauo KpaTKo
Ha orono 2,0

B nyuualrarr{qHara KoJreKqr{, na l,lcroplrvecxu rrrysefi-flo6puv ce c'bxpaHqBar 3 uonetu
or Trtp[uqa, Aarr{pauE or vI s. (r,rno. N I3941-3943). Hali-rlcuara or rflx e Ha
LlMreparop trOctuuuan I.
3')e
lllxopnnr 1905a, c.501.
rog

I
tl
I
I

\,

O6p. 94. Hono Eoreso" TouorpaQcKo noJrox<eHr{e Ha KccHoaHTrrrrHoro yrpenL:enue. / Fig.
94. Novo Botevo. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.

onllcaHlle Ha ocraHKllTe, rlprlpyxeHo or nJraH r{ crrryaqrloHHa cxeMa na o6exra3l0.
Cnopeg roBa oIrI{caHI,Ie, yKpeilJreHr{ero r.trra upu6lrir3r{TeJrHo Br.rA Ha rparreq. IOxHaTa My qacT 3aeMa IIOTITI{ paBeH TepeH, a no-roJlqMaTa ceBepHa alacT e cGc cpeIeH
HaKJTOH Ha CeBep.

oXnara rpelocrHa

creHa, A'bJrra 170 xpaurr.r, e r,rso6paseHa B.bpxy

flo tpaceto ir e ot6enq3aHo MecTorroJroxeHr,reTo
HA ABE KYJII,I: EAHATA B IOTO3AIAAHUq AI'bJI, A APYTATA - B IIEHTPAJIHIIfl CEKTOP, II3.
[JIaHa BLB
MecreHa

BI,rA

Ha npaBa

or cpeAara

jIru]fl.I1rfl,.

Ha 3arraA.

Ilpeg Qponra

Ha 3r,rAa ce

cto6rqana 3a crrrlec,,tByBa-

Hero Ha ABoeH pon. KpeuocrHI,ITe creHlr HaA crp'bMHr4Te 3arraAeH r.I Ia3TorreH cKJroHoBe r4Mar A'bJrxr{Hr{ c'borBerHo 210 u 200 rpavxu. 3a ceoepulrfl,3r4!\, g.rn.rr 70
3r0

HA BAH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e. 428, * 4,6.

KpaqKu,

K. IllxopuuJr

AonycKa, qe e 6r.ur [BoeH, cHa6[eH

or

B:r,HrrrHara crpaHa c

poB.

Cpaunenuero Ha rrpeACTaBeHr{Te cBeAeHr{fl c ocraHKlrre HaJrarar BrracflHero
Ha pe[rrqa BilKHr{ KopeKrlrru a yror{HeHu"3ll. 11u rrbpBo Mflcro cJreABa ga ce or:6erex<lr, qe B'brrpeKrr cr4creMarrrqnoro orpa6BaHe Ha KaMeHHrlfl crpor{TeJreH MarepldaJl
or KpenocrHlrre cTeHIr B Mr{HaJroro, Te Bce olde rl4qar MHolo go6pe Ha TepeHa.

Haft-nocrpaAaJr e loror{3TorrHl{qr }rBJr

Ha yKpe[JreHr{ero,

KtAero rpacero

rra ro)K-

HeraTI{B, rIO pOBOBeTe, OCTaHaJII{ CJIeA I{3BII4r{aHeTo Ha KaMBHr4Te OT fpaAexa. Tyr rcHo ce pa3no3HaBa I4 Mscroro Ha eAHa a3AaBaqa ce Ha lor r{eTl{pr4'bf'bJrHa KyJra, oxpaHflBaJra rofor43Tor{Hllfl'br'},Jr. MecrouoJroxeHr.reTo ila [pyrlrTe [Be KyJrr{, 3acBrrAeTeJIcTByBaHI4 rIO TpaCeTO Ha IO)KHaTa KperrocrHa creria, orroBapr Ha Aar{Hrrre na K. Ilkopnzn. II{o ce orHacfl Ao rexHI{rI IJIaH,
HI4fl I4 II3TOT{H}Ifl 3LIA Ce [pOCJIeAflBaT B

Mo)Ke Aa ce oflpeAeJrrr c'bc cr4rypHocr [prr c'bBpeMeHHoro rrM cEcroflHrre.
Tpacero Ha 3rrga, o6a.re, He e rrpaBoJrr{HelfHo, a A'broBIrAIro I{3BI4To Ir ce c'bcrol4 or
TpI{ upaBoJlmrueft:aw orcer{Krr, cpegHara or Kolrro e c narl-ronrMa AIJDKLIHa. lnasHara nopra ce e HaMr.rpaJra [pu eAHa or qyrrKr4Te, Ha oKoJro 15 rr,r or 3anaqHr{rr $nanr
Ha 3rrAa. Tr:spgenraero 3a c'brrlecrByBar{ero Ha ABoeH KpelocreH poB or ro)KHara
cTpaHa Ha yKpenJreHplero He orroBapfl Ha vcrvtlF.ara. BnuuareJrHrrsr ofJre[ Ha ocTaHKrirre ycraHoB[r HaJrr{lurero ryK Ha upotefixnalrra, I{3rpaAeHa Ha oKoJro 15 u npeg
ocHoBHr4rr arg. Tx roqHo [oBTap, HeroBara ron$rrypapfl. u orcrol4 Ira 5-6 u or
rreJrara Ha KyJrr{Te. Bp'ssrar:a Me)KAy ABara 3rr[a e nocpeAcrBoM K'bc HalperleH 3I4[

rort ne

B cKaJrHara rrorrBa e 6zr nporonan g'sr6oK r4 rrrupoK poB312. flpe4no.no>reunero Ha K. Ilhopnur, qe ceBepur,IflT KperrocreH 3I,I[ e 6ltlt "qroeH", e HarltrHo ocHoBareJrHo. Irlsrpagenara B To3r{ ceKTop nporefixrasua He e ycnopeAHa Ha ocHoBrrrrfi
su4. Ta orcror{ Ha oKoJro 8 tnr or Hero B galap.rrwg, I{ Ha oKoJIo 15 rra s I{3TorrHI4rI cIrI
xpafi. flporefixnsrrara gocrrrra Ao Kpenocrxara rropra, pa3[oJloxena na oro.lro 10 u
oT ceBepou3Tor{Huq arbJr Ha yKpelJreH[eTo, Ho He npoA'biDKaBa r43Tor{Ho oT He_fl.
flo rpacero Ha ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa He ce pa3no3HaBar cJreAIr ot rynra. OcHoBHara rrBTHa aprepraq B yKpelJreHr{ero MHoro go6pe JrrrrILI Ha repeHa. Tz sanoqBa or ceBepHara [opra 14 B rrpoAcJrxeHlre Ha oKoJIo 100 rtr atpnfi ycnopeAHo Ha
pI3TOrIHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa, CJIeI KOeTO rrpaBr4 qyrlKa Ha ]Oro3ala[ I4 AOCTr.Ila AO
ro)KHara nopra (O6p. 95). I-{eruaar yKpeneH TepeH e rbcro 3acrpoeH, a Ha eAHo
Mflcro Bce oule ce pa3rro3naBa or\racrrl 3arpylaH KJraAeHeII. fIo uonspxllocrra ce
cpeqar ryK-TaM $parvrenrra or K'bcHoaHTutrHa 6urosa I{ crpolrreJrl{a KepaMIrKa.
Or yrpenneHr{ero rrpolr3xox1a u unoro6poel{ K'tcHoaHTr{rIeH HyMIr3MarIrr{eH Ma-

Mara,

3rr

O6exrr,r MrroroKparuo e o6xoxgau or aBTopa rr or Apyru apxeoJro3rr, pa6o:ru,ru Hf,Kora
n pa6oterqu cera r I,lcropr{rrecKl{ rrty:efi-flo6puv.
312
flonacrosuleM, BricorrrrHara or A'buoro Ha poBa go xpe6er:a ua nanoo6pa3Hr{Te ocraHKI,I
or nporefixusMalra e 8-9 L,r.

o 20
HT

Tepraan (Ao rru Kpafl Ha
VI u.), [o-roJrflMara lracr or
rorl'ro ce ctxpaHqBa rroHacTOfl[IeM B TIaCTHIA KOJIeKqwr3l3. He ur.r e rr3BecrHo Aocera ryK ga ca 6anu HaMr(paHr.I MoHerr{ otnpegu IV r.
flo rouorpa$cro perueHl{e I,I KOHCTpyKTTTBHT4
oco6enocrra, a ctlrdo u B'b3
ocHoBa Ha rroAeMHr{fl apxeoIOrFrecKI,r MaTepI{aJI, yKpe[JreHrrero xpafi Hono Eoreso
cBc cl,IrypHocT IIpI{HaAJrexu

rll

HA KbCHOAHTI{IIHATA EIIOXA.

B'rgnr,rxsaHero My, I{3fJrexga, rpa6na Aa ce orHece oule
KBM ['bpBaTa rroJroBrrHa Ha

tritil ,,',ttttr'.'.tt ;;J;";J'\

IV n. Ctparerr4r{ecKoro noJroxeHrre, ocrrypsBa[Io [epSermru ycJroBr4r 3a BoAeHe

Ha AaJretIHo ua6rrogeur,re n
KOHTpOJI HaA rbCTO HaCeJreO6p. 95. Hoso Eoreso. Ilnau Ha KTcHoaHrr{qHoro Irus npe3 KacHopI,IMcKLu tleyKperrrreHue. / Fig. 95. Novo Botevo. Layout of the
puog palion, KaKTo Ir yMeJro
Late Roman

fortification.

npor.r3xoA Ha yKpenneHr.rero.

flo

pasuepu

[poeKTr4paHara r{ npeqr,r3Ho

(uroq

,r3rpaAeHa yKperrr{TenH a cvrcTeMa, rrpeAnoJlalaT BoeHeH
oKoJro 1,6 xa) To cJreABa Aa 6'rge

o[peAeJreHo raro castellum, a usn SynrqlroHaJrHo orHorrreH[e - Karo BoeHHo-[omtqeftcro. flo-rrcuo, npes V-VI 8., Kac'TeJrbr BeporrHo uprqo6r,u xapaKTep Ha
yKpeIIeHO CeJIIIUI€, HO CI{CTeMaTI/IIIH}IT9 TpIDKII IIO IIOAAGpXaHe I{ yC'bB1puIeHcTByBaHe Ha HeroBara yKpenrrreJrHa cucreua3l4

3r3

cnugetercrByBar, qe ro 3ala3rrJro 3Ha-

B nyunsuaruqHara KoJreKrIr{, ua l4cropnvecxlr r,ryreli-fio6pnv ce ctxpaHrrBa caMo eAHa
MoHera Ha r{Mneparop Teogocrfi II: mtn. Ns I 3924.
3ra
Kacrefi'u rpar:r Hoao Eoreso e eAHoro or ca]yro ABere 3acera yKpenJleHr{tr Ha replrropuflra Ha rrpoBr,rHrlurr Cxurus (gpyroro e AOPO[]I3UOH), rpr,r Kor{ro cr,rrypHo e
3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHo HaJr[rq[ero ua nporefixueua. Bpeiuero na nelinoro r{3rpaxAaHe, o6ave, He Moxe Aa ce olpeAeJra npu ctBpeMeHHoro cacrorHrre Ha flpoyqBaHurTa.

r{eHI4eTO Ha Ba)KeH CTpaTerI4MeCKIa oIIOpeH nyHKT B IOrO3alaAH[Te npeAeJIII Ha IIpO-

BIIHqIIfl Crr,rruI, I{aK Ao cBofTa rII6eJI K.bM KPA,{ HA VI
25.

IIJTU

B HAqAJIOTO

TTA

VII

S.

[e6pene-I

(o6ry. [o6puv; flo6puvra o6:ram)
Ha 3,5 KM ceBepo[3TouHo or [e6pene, B Mecruocrra "CraMa"ra", ce HaMI{par ocraHKilTe or KGcHoaHTLrtIHo I,I paHHocpelHoBeKoBHo rpagurqe315. fltproro
onr{caHl{e Ha crapLIHI4Te AaTIIpa oT Kpafl ua XIX I{II{ Haqaloro sa XX B. Ir npl4Ha[Jre)Kr{ Ha K. Ilkopuul316. flpes 1960 r. rpa[rrrqero e 6u.no rocereHo or apxeoJlo3lrre M. Mnpuer ra [. flurtu::pon or My3etr ntn Bapna B xoga Ha rpoBeAeHoro or rrx
CIICTEMHO IIPOYI{BAHE HA IOCEJII,IUIHII' )KIIBOT IIO AOJIIIHATA TTA EATOSCTA PEXA3I7.

flpe:

1989

u

1990

r., rlo[ pBKoBoAcrBoro

Ha aBTopa,

tyx

6xxa oc'blrtrecrBeHlr peo6exra u yTorl-

AoBHr.r apxeororuqecKrr pa3KolKrr c qeJr r43.scHrrBaHe c'bIrIHocTTa na

r{flBaHe Ha HefoBara xpononorux3l8.

lpagrErqero e pa3[oJlox(eHo B'bpxy cKaJII{cr noJlyocrpoB c rpl{'brtJrHa SopMa, orpa[eH oT ]or r4 ceBepo3anaA oT cyxoAoJlrre, 3arloqBall{o Ioro3aIIaAHO OT C.
fie6pene 14 BJrrlBarrlo ce e EaroscKa peKa 3anagHo or ceJro Earoso. Or cenepouaToK 14 r,r3ToK floJryocrpoB'br e orAeneH or IrJraroro upee qtn6oK I,I3KycrBeH poB,
npoKorraH B cKaJrHara nouBa. O6ulara rIJIoIq He HaAxB:bptx2,3 gra. flogxoA'br KtM
rpaArrrr{ero upeACTaBrqBa rflcHa fl:breKa Me)KAy ]o)KHIEs xpafi na poBa I{ orBecHlu
CKAJIEH CKJIOH.

ApxeonorraqecKure pa3KonKI{ Ha rpaAlaulero ycraHoBuxa rplr ileplroga Ha
o6ra:rasaHe. fl'rperare ABa ce orHacrr c'borBerHo KBIU K'bcHopuMcKara I,I paHHoBI'IsaHrr,rficxara enoxu pr ce HaMlrpar B flpqKa Bp'b3Ka c'bo 3acBl,rAereJrcrByBaHoro yKpenrrreJrHo crpor{TeJrcrBo B'bpxy noJryocrpoBa. Tperurr neplrog Aarupa ot 6'rlrapcKoro paHHo cpeAHoBeKoBIre, Koraro B Kpat na IX B. Ha[ KbcHoaHTrrqH[Te py-

crapo6'urrapcKo ceJII{uIe, [poc'brqecrByBaJlo safi-r'rcno Ao cpeAara
na X s.319 flepuoqure na o6urasaHe ce pe[yBar c pa3JruqHrl rro [poA'bJrxI,ITeJIHocr

r{Hr{ BB3HrrKna

orpr3'brlrr or BpeMe, rrpe3 Kolrro He e perlrcrprrpaHo qoBeIIrKo npuc'bcrBue.Llupa'
AeHara rrpe3 paHHosrasaHTrdricxara eloxa yKpenr.rreJrHa clrcreMa rrMa crB'bprueHo
pa3ruqeH o6rurx or no-paHHara, Aarl{paula or K'bcHoplrMcKara erloxa. Tora gana
ocHoBaHr{e Aa ce roBopI,I 3a [Be pa3ruqHu yKpelJIeHI{JI, ycJroBHo o3HarreHlr [e6pene-I u [e6peHe-II. OcseH rper43noJr3yBaHero Ha 3aBapeHlrrl KperlocreH poB, e[IrHcTBeHa o6egunurelHa qepra Me)<Ay rsx ce flBflBa tonorpaScKara lptleMcrBeHocr.

316

Eo6qena 6.r., c.34.
HA EAH, $. 165r, ou.

3r7

Mup.rerflrrMrrrpoB 1958-60,

3'8

Top6aron/TlapyrreB 1990, 78-80; Top6aron/TlapyrreB 1991, I l0-l l.

3'e

froron 1gg2,l4l-144; lloron 1993,123-129.

315

l,

a.e. 413,

r.

x

4-6.

18-19.

0r02030
#B

(^-\-J.r
\

: */

:N

f,1)

lr r lr lta-lz
O6p. 96. [e6peue-I. Tonorpa$ux rr yKperr.rreJrua cr,rcreMa. Jlereuga: l. Ilpoyvenu
ocraHKI,I; 2. Ilpe4nonaraeMo rpace . I Fig.96. Debrene-I. Topography and defence system.
Legend: l. Excavated remains; 2. Hypothetical course of the wall.

YrpenzrelHara cr{creMa na [e6peue-I e gocra eJreMeHrapHa or: QoprusraKaI[roHHa rJIeAHa rorrKa. C'rcropr ce or gu6oK poB, orgerqrq cKaJrrlcrrrs rroJryocrpoB oT IJIaTOTO, ]I OT Kpe[OCTeH 3r{n, r{3[r{rHaT yCnOpeAHO r,r HenocpeAcTBeHo }oro3aragHo r4 3anagHo or poBa (O6p. 96). Jlmrcara na 6epua Mexgy EBara 3arrtrrrrHlr
eJreMeHTa cBI,IAereJIcrByBa, r{e 3lrA'br ue e 6ut cua6geu c KyJrr4. Crp'uvtrrare n na
Mecra orBecHll cKJroHoBe Ha [oJlyocrpoBa ca 6u.rra cqereHr,r or crpor{TeJrr4Te 3a [ocTarbqHo e$exrrsna ecrecrBeHa 3alrllrtra, rlopaEr,r Koero orK'bM ceBepo3arraA r{ ror
ne ca 6ulu rr3tpaAeHll KperlocrHl4 creHI,I. YcuopeguuflT Ha poBa sr{A raMa ge6elxna
2,40 u.Ilonoxen e B6pxy MareprrKoBara cKaJra, Korro ce e HaMr.rpala na g.rn6ounHa or 0,20 Ao 0,50 ru or c'bBpeMeHur,r, Ha crpor,rreJrcrBoro repeH. lpagextr e r
opus implectum.Ilwtqata ca or [o-roJIeMIr eAxocrpaHHo o6pa6oreHrr KaM'b]rr,r c He[paBrIJIHa Soplrla I,I pa3JIIIqHrr pa3Mepl{, a IIBJrHex'br - or gpeonu JroMeHr{ KaM'bHr{.
3a cntpsnau{ Mareplrar e 6una Ir3[oJr3yBaHa rJrr{Ha. B uarl-roleMr,rtr or 6loronere,

o+opMqrlu B'bHrrrHoro Jrr4rle Ha 3r.rga, 6e KoHcrarupaHa AyrrKa c rtapqe or )KeJrr3Ha
cxo6a, Kogro e cJry)KeJra 3a Bpc3Ka c'bc c'bceAHul 6rox, HaMr.rpaq ce B Hepa3Ko[aH
TepeH.

B nacrana 6e narr.repena z

Brg

oJroBHa crorrrrJrKa.

ocnoea Ha MoHerHr.rre HaxolKrr, r43rpaxAaHero Ha ['bpBoro yKpenJre-

MecrHocrra "craMara" cJreABa Aa 6t[e orHeceHo K'bM K.bcHopI,IMCKara enoxa: uafi-paHo K'bM cpeAara, a lo-BepoqrHo - BbB BTopara rroJroBr{Ha Ha IV s. RcHo
I43pa3eH KyJrrypeH [Jracr, cI4HxpoHeH Ha ra3rr yKperr]rreJrHa crtcrelr.a,6e roscrarrapaH caMo B HerrocpelcrBeHa 6rusocr Ao KpenocrHara creHa, Karo npra rona ge6eJrr{Hara My He HaAxB'bpJrfl 0,30 lr. orTyr Ilpor43xox[a eAHa iryKoBur{Ha srn6yla, cnaAalr{a KBM tun3l4, Bapr4aHT "C", rlo rnacr,r$raxa:!{uflTa sa O. M. flpnorren uxarilpalqa or BTopara noJroBr{Ha sa IV
6 npoyr{eHara rracr oT BcrperrHocrra Ha
".320
yKpe[JreHr.rero (orolo 1,0 gxa) ne 6sxa
ycraHoBeHr,r Hr4KaKBr{ tpaAexr{ or rrtpBr4s
[epl{oA na o6rarasaHe Ha noJlyocrpoBa. flogerrtruxr apxeororlqecKr4 Marepr4aJr or
TOBa BpeMe e rB:bpAe rraalo6poen u - [oHqK'bAe rropaAr4 npe[nprleroto npes VI r.
Hr,re B

qacrl4qHo HI4BeJTI{paHe Ha TepeHa He Jre)Kr4 B OTAeJTeH [JraCT, A Ce flBUBA [pr{MeCeH
c ro3r,I or VI e. IrlsrbruarrEre oco6eHocrrr cBr{[ereJrcrByBar, r{e Mrcroro ne e 6ralo
o6raranano nocroqHHo. Tona qana ocHoBaHr{e yBepeHo Aa ce rB.bpAu, qe B cJryqa,
He craBa [yMa 3a yKpeleHo ceJrlril{e. Orgareueuocrra or crparerr{trecKraTe KoMyHITKaI{I{OHHV Jrullj,vtu n pafioua, eJIeMeHTapHara [JraHoBa cxeMa r{ flprrJro)r(eHaTa rrpr4MI{TI{BHa CTpOIrreJrHa rexHrrKa HarrbJrHo u3KrroqBar B'b3Mo)KHocrra 3a olpeAeJrr-

He Ha yKpe[JreHlrero Karo HflKaK'bB BoeHeH nocr. EgraHcrBeHara upaagouogo6na
r.rHreprperarlr{.f, Ha yKperrJreHrrero e Karo rpeuocr-y6exmqe (refugium). Malrzre
pa3Mepr.r ua

pe$yruyMa

He rro3BoJrrBar Aa My ce

rpu[rurar

no-lil4poKr4 (peruonal-

}Jvtviln rroHe Mr.rKpoperrroHaJrHu) earquruu Qyllrquu. B'rgn[rsaHero My rpt1uaga
ce pa3ule>I(Aa KaTo pea[I43ar\afl. Ha eAHa MecTHa IIHIIqI{aTLIBa, nopo[eHa OT HapacTBalr{ara BapBapcKa 3arlJlaxa Id oc'bn{ecrBeHa or o6rararelure Ha pa3noJroxeno na6JrIEo HeyKperreHo ceJrl{u{e. Tepennr,rre o6xox<gauun u c's6paut4rrT apxeoJroruqecKr4
Marepl,raJr AaBar BG3MOXHOCT C rOrSMa C,rrypHocr Aa ce olpeAeJrr4 KoHKperHo ceJrI{IrIero, B r{acr or rr[sro KlbcHoaHTr.runa uu$pacrpyKTypa ce e [peBBpHaJr u3rpaAeHrrrrr uarf-nepoxrHo IIpe3 BTopara rroJroBrrHa na IV a. peoyruyM B MecrHocrra
"craMara". To ce HaMIlpa caMo Ha oKoJIo 0,5 xu ceBepo3alagHo or yKpelJreHl{ero,
B MecrHocrra "A.{Mara"321. Pa3noJroxeHo e B paBHr,rHeH TepeH Ha rIJIorq IroBeqe or
100 gra, HenocpeAcrBeHo HaA relus.6pxr ua cyxoAoJrr4ero, oracBarrlo cKarrutcr?rr.

noJryocrpoB c pe$yrnyua. Or r:eprzropllflra Ha ceJrr,rqero rporr3xo)KAar MHoxecrBo apxeoJlorl{rrecKl{ HaxoAKI,I. MHoro.rlacreHr{rT HyMr{3Marr,rqeH MaTepuar orrepraBa HellpeK'bcHarocr

r o6[rasaHero or

320
PrIIIttel 1988, 357-363.
32rMup'ren/,(I{MrrrpoB 1958-60,

Har{aroro sa

II

Ao Har{aJroro Ha V

8.322

n. l8-19.; Cenurqero e MHoroKparno o6xoxgano or aBTopa
no BpeMe Ha apxeoJrorlqecKrlTe pa3KolKr{ nper 1989 u 1990 r.
322
B uylrnsuarr'IyHara Konexrlux na I,IcropzqecKr{ Mysefi - fio6puq ce cbxpaHqsar 70 N{oHer[,
IIpoIrI3xox<AauIlI oT roBa ceJILIuIe: uun. Nb I554,3154-3222.

ztt

(^r\

O6p. 97. [e6peHe-II. Tonorpa$lu

0r02030
HT

)t

r{ yKperr.rrenHa cr{creMa.

I Fig.97 . Debrene-Il. Topogra-

phy and defence system

Hari-xtcutre

MoHerI{ ca Ha IrMneparopl,ITe Apxagufi u Xonopulir. I,lgenrravnr.r er3eMrrnrlplr MapKr{par Kpaf, u Ha rrBpBufl [eprroA ua o6NrasaHe B rpaA]rrqero B MecrHocrra "CraMara". B xponorofl{rrecKlr u ucropurlecKl{ nJIaH ru6enra Ha ceJlralrlero
r,r Ha flpr4HaAJrexaulrrfl r ry pe$yruyM cJreABa Aa ce orHecar K6M rrBpBara qerB.bpr
Ha V s. I,r Aa ce nocraBflT 868 Bp'b3Ka c HqKoe or xyHcKr,rre HarrrecrBl,It [pe3 To3I4
ueplroA. Croeo6pasHo yKa3aHrre 3a roBa e r.r orKpr.rroro B xoAa Ha peAoBHr,rre apxeoJr orFrecKII pa3KorrKr,r 6ponsono xyHcKo ornegal o 323.

321

I4cropra.{ecru uyseri

- [o6puv,

Qonn Aa, "[e6peue 1989", nonesr r.rns. N! 104.

26.

[e6peue-II
[o6puv; [o6Prura o6nacr)

(o6rq.

B cepuxra or MOHerHrr HaxoAKIr or repr{TopulflTa}la K'bcHoaHTl{rrHoro I4 paHqcHo u3HocpeAHoBeKoBHo rpaAlIqe B M. "CIaMata" rpafi fle6pene ce na6nrogaBa
r{eTB'LpT
na V s- B:s:o6nossBaHeTo
pa3eH xl{aTyc, O6xaaqarq BTopaTa II TpeTaTa
clupoBoleHo c yKpe[Irenoxa
6ulo
paHHoBl43aHruficra'ra
na o6urasaHeTo [pe3
TeJrHo crporrreJrcr oo a fundamentis. 3aBapeHl{sr 3aIrIIrreH 3I{A Ha rpenocrra-y6exfirr{e [e6pene-I 6ul geuourrrpaH Ao HrrBoro Ha roraBaIrIHI{r repeH, Karo KaM'E'Hr{Te or nero 6rznu IIo BcflKa BeposrHocr nper43noJl3yBaHlr IIpu r{3rpaxAaHero Ha
HoBaTa yKpe[IITeJIHa cucTewa. B nlacra or gpe6eu rpoIIIJIflK, o6pa:ynau npu [eMoHraxa, 6e nauepena MoHera Ha I4MnepaTop 3eHoH (474-491 r.), roxro ce flr.flBa
terminus post quem npII olpeleJrflHe BpeMero Ha crpollTeJrcrBoro'
HorousrpaAeHoro yKpe[JIeHI{e fie6pene-Il 3arpax[a nJIouI oT oKoJIo 0,2 xa
r{ e 3aulprTeHo c oKoJroBp'bcTeH KpenocTeH sIag. To IaMa HelpaBIIJIeH [eTo'brbJreH
rJraH, c'bo6pa3eH c rouSurypaWflTa Ha TepeHa (O6p. 97). KpeuocrHaTa creHa e
ge6era 2,A25 rrq.lpageua e B opus implectum, Karo Jrlll{ara ca or cpaBHI4TeJIHo Ao6pe o6pa6or:eHr{ KaMeHH[ 6rorose c pa3rrqHa roJreMI4Ha. 9ennrate LIM pa3MepI,I Bapr.rpar or 0,80 x 0,45 go 0,17 x0,12 u. Ha6nrogaBa ce crpeMe)K K'bM [oApaBHfBaHe
Ha peloBere, uopaglr Koero B rpa[e)Ka ca BMBKHaTIa Ia 6lorqera c Iro-MaJrKIr pa3Mep[, KaKTo r{ nJror{ecru KaM'bHr{. Erora;x.E'r e or gpe6nu JroMeH}I KaM'bHI4, cB'bpsalzt c 6xn xopocan. Ot B'bHIuHaTa CTpaHa e oQoprtaen 6anrer, pa3[eJlflul cy6- or
cyrepcTpyKlluqTa. Tofi ce vs1aBa ce c 0,20-0,26 rrl npeg Qpoura u ce e HaMI4paJI Ha
oKoJro 0,30 u Ha[ HI{BoTo Ha ToraBaIIrHI{fl TepeH. @yrure B HaA3eMHIrf, rpaAex ca c
ur{pr.rHa or 0,5 go 4,0 cM v ca o6N{asau[ c xopocaH, c'bA'],pxaq crlyKaHa Tyxila.
Kpenocrnara creHa e Syugupaua B'bpxy [Jrr{TKo pa3[oJlo)KeHara MareplrKoBa cKa:ra (O6p. 98). Ocnonure ca r{3tpaAeHr{ or JroMeHu KaMBHII, cB'bp3aHI{ o6r'rnno c 6qr
xopocaH. HenocpegcTBeHo rroA BIIAIIMaTa HfKOra uacT oT cy6crpyrqusra ce laa6'
JrloAaBa IIoApaBHrBauI nJIacT or xopocaH c Ae6eJII4Ha or 6,0 go 14,0 cu. flo rrpoTe)KeHr4e Ha oKoJroBp-bcTHl{fl Kpe[ocTeu 3IrA e perucTpllpaHa caMo eAHa xyla. Pasno'JroxeHa e aag
Spoura na or6paHrrreJruara lrvrlrrns,' npu6nrasureJlHo B cpe[ara Ha
rr3TollHara orcer{Ka, Ir [peAcraBJrrBa KyJra-fiopra or flana "Andelalach". B'ruuftrrate
pasruepu ca 4,7213,40 Merpa. Cnrpaana e KOHCTpyKTI{BHO c KperocTHara cTeHa II
ce r,r3[aBa na 1,35 M HaB'bTpe oT Hefl. Illnprnnata Ha [poxoga e2,40 N{ oT BBTpeIITHara u 1,75 M oT B"6HIIIHaTa cTpaHa. flpuuuna 3a cTecIUIBaHeTo ca ABaTa KoHcTpyKTr{BHo cB.bp3agrl c KpenocrHara creHa [LIJIacrpa, LIMaITII4 $ymquxra Aa npIrKpI'rBaT
ocrrTe Ha AByKpLInaTa BpaTa, 3aTBapflr{a [poxoAa. B rsrlure MexAy TIIIJIacTpIITe II

i

crpaHr.{rlr4Te 6xxa

orrpuru in situ[Bara KaM'bKa c AyrIKLr 3a ocl{Te

xoA.br e 6an HacrJraH c flror{ecru
3arrEJrHr{TeJu Ha [poxoAa, KaKTO

r.r

B

Bparara' flpoOtrpurrare cpeg

Ha

KaM'bHrr c HenpaBl{Jrra Soprvla.

npocTpaHcTBoTO HaOKOJIO, MHO)KeCTBO HaTpO-

i{lu
F;.$l:

;l-

v

.

".:)i

"&l$
';.!

'.i:4
,Llli!::{

;+J

aa:."lJ.1i'::l::a:a.::);

#iw

w *";
mr
';'H- ry ."* ;,"

-1s

o6p. 98. [e6pene-Il. B.rnrunoto

ceBepHara KpenocrHa creua (:rexurra ua
rpagex). / Fig. 98. Debrene-Il. ourer facing of the northern precinct wall (style of
Jrr.rrle Ha

construction).

rueHrr KepeMr{Ar4 [oKa3BaT, qe HaABpaTHaTa KyJra e 5fiila cHa6[eHa c [oKpr,rB. CeBepHo or noprara 6e paarpura cr:o,r,6a. Tx e goreneHa Ao ceBepor,r3TorrHara Kpe-

[ocrHa creHa, Karo B Kpar. cur Aolupa Ao ceBepo3ata\Hr4fl 'br6Jr Ha noprara. [rrtxr{Hara fr e 4,08 M, a rlrrpr4Har\a
7,75 *r.3anagena e Ha Br{coq[sa 2,00 u. Crtn6a'ra nsua KoHcrpyKr[BHa Bp'b3Ka r.r ce pa3ruqaBa no rpa[ex or creHara, Koero
rroKa3Ba, qe e nocrpoeHa Ao['bJrHilTeJrHo. CrpaHuqara il e o$oprraeHa or rpy6o o6pa6oreHIa KaM'bHr{ Ha KaJrHa cuoriKa, a B'brperrrHocrra i ce crcrora or 6noxax or
tpau6ouaHa np'bcr c MaJrKo Korl4qecrBo JroMeHr4 KaM:bHr{. 3auaseHra ca qerupu crtrraJra, Kor{To tro3BoJrflBar Bl{corrrrHara Ha crrn6a'ra Aa ce peKoHcrpyl,Ipa Ha oKoJro
3,00 tr.terpa. flpegHasnar{eH[ero ir ne e c'bBceM qcHo. Aro ce flpraeMe, qe u e u3Bex(AaJra na 6oiruata II'bTeKa rro Kpe[ocTHaTa cTeHa, To Br4coqraHaTa Ha [ocJre[HaTa - BKrronnarixra rlpe[rla3Hrrq flaparrer r,r c'blrlecrByBaJrrrre HrKora a'r6epz - He rrle
[a e HaAxB'bpJrrJra 5,00 ru. He e ugxnrovexo, o6ave, crrn6ara [a e oc'brrlecrBgBaJra
Aocrbn caMo Ao ['bpBr.r, HaA3eMeH erax( Ha HalBparHara KyJra. flo-r'rcuo, HartpeqHo Ha cmn6ara e 6nl r,r3rpaleH [ByJrr{qeB 3r{A Ha xopocaHeHa cnortra c AGJrx(uHa
1,80 u ge6ennna 0,60 ru. flo rarrs Har{HH, Mexqy ro3r{ 3r{A, 3anagHoro r{eJro Ha
ceBepHara crpaHrrrla Ha [oprara u cr-st1ara e 6ulo oSoprrreua MaJrKo rroMeuleHr4e, Bepo-flTHo c KapayJrHo [peAHa3HaqeHr4e.

Or SynxquoHaJrHa

rJreAHa roqKa HoBor.r3rpa[eHoro paHHoBrr3anrnftcro

yr-

pe[JreHLIe, nogo6no Ha HeroBrrs [peArrrecrBeHr{K, c'brrlo rpa6aa Aa ce onpeAeJrrir Ka-

ro pe$yruyu. EguncrneHara uocrpoftra, perrrcrpupaHa B flpoyqeHara qacr or B'brpelrrHocrra Ha yKperrJreHrrero, e rpuropa6Ha paHuoxpvtcrtrflr'cKa 1asuililxa c HapTeKc Ir 6aurncreprari, npracrpoeHa KGM ro)KHara KpenocrHa creHa. fl'snxrnuara ir e
23,25 tvt, a [rraprrHara - 7,05 u. 3a rpaguBo ca rr3[oJr3yBaHr,r ue4o6pe o6pa6orenu
KaM'bHIr, cB'bp3aHr{ c KaJr. C no-npequ3eH rpaAe)K e caMo noJryKp'brJrara ar-cilpa'. "tfl.
e Il33uAaHa or npeq[3Ho o6pa6oreHr4 KaMeHHu 6norose c flo-roJreMr,r pa3Mepu, cB'bp-

Irl:gurauero Ha 6agrarurara ce orHacfl K'bM eAHa eropa Saea
Ha crpor,rreJrHa aKTr.rBHocr B paMKrrre Ha BTopr.rq rrepuoA e o6uraeaHero Ha rpagr,rIrlero. I4srpaxgauero ir e [peArrrecrByBaHo or crapareJrHo HnBeJrr4paHe Ha o[peAeJIeHIr, 3a crpoex repeH. 3a qenra, 3aBapeHzrrr KyJrrypeH c.rofi e 6un Ias.{ucreH rraK
Ao cKaJrHa IroqBa, cJreA Koero e 6rar nacuaH r{ 3[paBo rpau6oraH crori or x('bJrra
url{Ha c ge6enuua uo 0,40 u. B nero ce c'bg'bpxar MHoxecrBo apxeoJrorr4r{ecKrl
MarepI,IaJrI4 o'r VI s., BKJrrorrrlITeJrHo r,r ABe [eHTaHyMr4r{ Ha raMleparop trOcrun II (565578). Tesn MoHerr{ ce flBqBar MHoro BaxeH xpoHoJrorrrtrecKrr r,rH[r,rKarop: fipeAocrasqftrz c[rypeH terminus post quem 3a crporrreJrcrBoro na 6aszrzxara, Te cJryxar
Ir Karo orHocrlTeJren terminus ante quem 3a r.r3rpaK[aHero Ha yKpelmreJrHara cr{ctertra. I4gTrKHarI{Te B rr3JloxeHl{ero Aocera ABa xpoHoJrorr4rrecKlr repMl,rHa orlepTaBar eAr.rH [ocra ruprpoK r.rHTepBaJr or BpeMe, e rofiro cJreABa [a ce [ocraBlr Bb3HprKBaHero Ha paHHoBl{3anrxficroro yKpenJreHlre B MecrHocrra "CraMara" - or
y[paBJIeHI,Iero Ha r{Mfleparop 3enos Ao roBa na Iocrlrn II. B'rgrr.rox<Hocr 3a npeqr3aIII4q Ha AaTrrpOBKaTa npe[Jlara, cIopeA MeH, ar{aJrr{3'bT Ha HyMI{3MaTr,rqHr4fl MaTe3aHrr c 6xn xopocan.

pIIalI, npora3xo)qaq oT Tepr4Topr,rflra Ha rpa[uqeTo r4 cr4HxpoHeH Ha BTopr4, [epr{oA B HeroBoro o6r{TaBaHe.
flo epelre Ha peAoBrrr{Te apxeoJrorr{qecKr,r pa3KolKr4 6xxa Hauepenu 11 uoHerr{ or Kpa, Ha V u VI s.324 ffpyru6 ersern{nrspa or crrr1oro Mf,cro ca nocrbrrr{Ju4
r llcropu.recrur uyaefi n fio6puu Karo cJryqafinu uaxogxrr oule rpeAr4 Haqaroro Ha

no BJralereJrr.r e
1;,Ocrunr.ran I(527-

npoyqBaHr4frTa325. PasnpegereHr{ero Ha HyMr{3MarytttnnflMarepr.raJr

KaKro cJreABa:3enos (474-491) - 1;Anacracufi(491-518) 565) - 6; Iocrun II (565-578) - 8; VI r. (ueonpesereHu) - 1.
Brg ocHosa Ha [peAcraBeHara crarrrcrllKa, Ir3rpa)KqaHero Ha paHHoBr43aHrufi.cxws.pe$yruyr"r B MecrHocrra "CraMara" r43rrexga nari-nepoarHo rro BpeMe Ha
y[paBJreHuero Ha r.rMneparop Iocrunuan L Cnopeg Kareropl{qHlrre cBrAereJrcrBa
Ha c'bBpeMeHHprre [r4cMeHr{ a3aopu326, [peABI,rA Ha[BlrcHaJrara rrpe3 n]pBara [oJroBr{Ha or HeroBoro ylpaBJreHrre BapBapcKa 3anJraxa nag 6anrancKr4Te rlpoB}rHqr{u
na BzsaHrfiftcrara ilMr,epyrfl,, KaKTo Lr nopa[u necuoco6nocrra Ha MecrHara r4 rtreH-

TpaJrHaTa BJracT [a ce cnpaBflT c IJefl, caMo3arIII4TaTa Ha III4BI4JIHoTO HaceJIeHI{e ce
lpeBcpHaJra B MacoBo pa3npocrpaHeHa n orKprrro Hac'bpqaBaHa [paKTr.rKa. B rogz
r{cTopr{rrecKrr I1I apxeoiroruqecKlr 3acBI4AeTeJrcTByBaH KoHTeKcT, B'b3Hr4KBaHeTo Ha
paHHoBr{3aHruitcxns,pe$yruylr xpafi c. fie6pene Mo)<e Aa ce rocraBrr BLB BTopara
rrerBcpr na VI s. Zsrpa;xganero My cJreABa Aa ce pa3ure)KAa Karo unutr\uarvr,a Ha
x<r{TeJrr{Te Ha ceJrr{rrleTo, JroKaJIr{3IrpaHo BBpxy rrJraToTo oTB'bA KpenocTHru poB,

HenocpelcTBeHo u3ToqHo [r roror{3ToqHo oT yKpenJreHr{ero. Ilogerranuxr apxeonorr4rrecKr,r MareprraJr or roBa ceJII{n{e AarI,Ipa uafi-o6rqo or Kpail na V u VI s., a HaMepeHrare ryK ABe vouern327 [pr4HaAJrexar Ha MoHeroceqeHero na IOcnEHran I.
Bropara Sasa r crpol,ITeJrHara I,rcroplrfl ua pe$yrnpla e cB'bp3aHa c vs1rlraHero Ha xplrcrrrflHcKara 1agutuxa rir Moxe yBepeHo Aa ce orHece KtM BpeMero Ha
r{Mneparop trOcrrs II. Cnosr flerreJr, [oKpr{Barrl pyllHlrre Ha KyJrroBara nocrpoiixa,
cBr{AereJrcrByBa 3a Hac[JrcrBeHo npeK'bcBane ua o6zraBaHero. B ropenua n.nacr 6e
orKprrr xeJre3eu rpup'r6 Bp'bx or crpeJra, nprrHa[Jre)Karrl KtM rrau, xoliro ce onpegerx o6nxHoBeHo Karo "aBapcKu". Har?-x'rcnrare I{3BecrHIr Aocera paHHonusaHruftcKr4 MOHerr4, [pOr43xOxAaUI]r OT TeprrTopklrra Ha rpaAl.IqeTo, ca oT ynpaBJleHr{eTo
Ha r,rMfleparop Ocruu II. Bcrqro roBa rroKa3Ba, rre paHHoBl,I3aHrraficxoro ceJllrqe rr

[pr{HagJrexaqr{s My pe$yruyu B MecrHocrra "CraMara" rparYr c. fie6peue ca [pecTaHaJrr{ Aa c'brrlecrByBar KcM Kpas Ha VI s., naunpaliru rra6elra cu npu HflKoe or
vruoro6porlHlrre aB apo - cJr aBrHcKr4 H a[aAeHI{q lro roBa BpeMe.

32a

I4cropnuecru nysefi -,[o6pr,r.r, unr.

Ns

I3885, 3887, 3889-3891, 3895-3896,390-',3907-

3909.
325

?Icropn.recrn rrrysefr- [o6puu, uun. N! 13250-3255,3270.

326

Proc. De aed. IY,2 (ed. Dewing).
lllc. optuecru nyseft - [o6puv, uus. Ni I 3906, 3910.

327

27.

Ilpuren

(o6q. [o6pu.r;,[o6puura o6ract)
Ha 1,0 KM ceBepo[3TorrHo or flpnneu, B'bpxy Kpzul Ha egrrH BIrcoK I{ cI{JIHo
r{3ABJDKeH or 3anaA KtM r{3ToK noJryocrpoB, o6pasyran nplr croKa Ha IrABaIrIoro or
fie6pene cyxoAoJrrre c AoJII,IHara na EaT oscra peKa, ce HaMI,Ipar ocraHK[Te or ABe
MecrHocrra e ra3BecrHa B JroKaJrl{ara rononlrMlrfl rroA I,IMero "Karero". Hafi-pauHlrre cBeAe:ailfl 3a QopruQuraql{oHHlrre rpaAe)KI{ Ha roBa
Mflcro ce orKpr4Bar r neuy6rurKyBaurrre 6enexrr.r na K. IIkop[]IJr, cr,xpaHflBanlrB
HeroBrm apxras328. Cnopeg Hero, B cryqa, craBa AyMa 3a eA[IHHa yKperII{TeJIHa cwcTeMa, c'bcroqrqa ce rpLI HeHan'bJruo ycnope[Hl4 Hanpequrr gu:aa, nperpaxqaqu 6uJroro r{a noJryocrpoBa or cKJroH Ao cKJroH. Illxopnul ne cto6IqaBa Hlrtqo 3a rlpol{3xoxgarq or o6exra trogeMeH apxeororaqecKlr Marepr4ail fi ce B'b3gcpxa or AarI4poBKa Ha craprrHr{re. flpes 50-re roguuu na XX B. ocraHKI{Te ca 6anu uocereHl{ rr
olrrcaHr{ oT BapHeHcKI,Ire apxeorosu M. I\4rapuen u [. fiurnrurpoe. EelexKlrlre IIM
ca ocraHaJrr{ neny6ruxyBaHrtu. cera ce c'bxpaHJrBar B p'bKonl,Ic n ApxeonorvqecKuts.
ruyaerl n.rn Bapna329. Cnopeg rflxHoro orrr{caHr{e, yKpelJreHlrero rpali flpuneu e
"qBoftHo", c'r,croqlqo ce or ABe Ha['bJIHo o6oco6eHn rracrlr, orcro.utqu ua 170 Irl
eAHa or Apyra. Bcsxa or rracrure 6lrna orpa4eHa or oKoJroBp'bcrHa Kpe[ocrHa creHa, r{3rpaneHa or KaMtHE Ha KaJrHa cnofira. 3anagnoro yKpenJIeHI,re 6uno ro-roJrruo. fi.r.nx<uHara My (eanaq-rneror) a'rsnr,rsa ua276 M, a Iluplruara - Ha 100-105 u.
I4:ro.{Horo yKpelJreH[e 6u.no ALJrro 113 rrl, rpu ruuprlHa B 3anaAHu.fl xpaft 93u.
Cuopeg aBToprrre, Bcr4qKr{ GrJrr{ Ha yKpenJreHrreto 6uau sao6reHlr. flo rpacero na
3anagHara My KpelocrHa creHa 6unu perucrprrpaHlr rplr KyJru, 3a Ko[To ce I{3T'rKBa, qe 6urz nrrperrrufi r,r re [pegrloJrara Kp'brbJr nnau. fioe or rsx 6r,rnu pasnolox(eHrr B ceBepo3ana\Hutfl. rr B Ioro3arra[Hl{rl 'bf'bJr, a TpeTaTa - ToqHo B cpeAaTa Ha
suga. Ha MHoro Mecra B'bB BtTperrrHocrra Ha rr3Tolruoro yKpenJreHue ce cto6uqaBa 3a ocraHKrir or cr6openu clpagll. Marap pa3[oJroxeuu rlo-HaptAKo, 3a c'blrlecrByBaHero Ha raKrIBa [IMaJro AaHHTI I,I B qeprure Ha 3alanuoro yKperuenue. Blg
ocHoBa Ha TexHrrKaTa Ha lpaAex Ha yKpenraTeJrHrrTe c'bop'bxeHr{fl.uIIa HaMepeHuTe
Sparrtaenrn ot "tparulicKa cllBa KepaMrIKa", M. Mupver u [. fiurvrurpoB orbxAecTBsBar ocraHKr{re xpaft flpuner c yKpeueuo rparnficKo ceJr}Iqe.
3a yrovnxnaHe Ha nporr.{Bopeqr{Blrre AaHHr,r orHocHo o6nrma Ha yKpeluTeJrHrrTe rpaAe)Kr.r r4 3au3flcHrr&aHe Ha TqxHara xpoHoJrofl{.fl, IIpe3 npoJlerTa rra 1995 r.
no rrurrquaTr,rBa Ha aBropa 6e upegupllero HaporlHo TepeHHo o6xoxgane Ha pyrIHIrTe B MecrHocrra "Karero" rpafi flpunen330. fiauul{Te 3a HaJll{qlrero ryK Ha ABe
crapr,rHHrr yKperrJreHr4q.

HA BAH, Q. 165r, ou. 1, a.e. 413, n.5, 7-8.
MupuenfilrMnrpoB 1958-60, 14-15.
330
C yvacrr,reto ua rlyaefiHil c[eIII{aJIIrcrI.r or l{ctopnuecxr.r uysefi-fio6puv.
328
32e

O6p. 99. flprmeu. TouorpaQua unpultruzwreJreH rJraH Ha yKperrr,rreJrHara cr,rcreua. / Fig.
99. Prilep. Topography and approximate layout of the defence system.

O6p. 100. flplrnen. Ocranxlr or

3arraArrara KperocrHa creHa. / Fig. 100. Prilep. Remains

of

the western precinct wall.

o6oco6enra yKpeneHr{ flApa HaMeprirxa n'bJrHo norB'bp)Kgeulle. C'brqeBpeuenuo, o6aI{E, T'XHOTO CIIHXPOHHO C'bIItrECTBYBAHE E TB'bPAE MAJIKOBEPOqTHO, NPEIBI'IA TOJIAMara pa3JIr4Ka B r{sJrocrnkrfl. vlv, o6rum Ir B creneHTa Ha 3alra3euocr Ha rexHI4Te ocTaHKr{. CtsceN{ o6eg:rraqeHoro ctcrotHue Ha 3arlaAHoro yKpenJrel{ue Ir eJreMeHTapHrrJrr o6nur na Sopru$IltKaqLIoHHaTa My cl{creMa331 gasat ocHoBaHlre Aa ce npeA-

rroJroxu eAHa [o-paHHa, BepoflTno rparzrfcKa AarrrpoBKa'
IlsroqHoro yKpelJreHr{e e 3Har{r4TeJrHo rlo-Ao6pe :anaseHo. HaMepeHI4Te

cpe[ pyr{Hr{re $parueHTll oT CTpoLITeJIHa ll 6flroea KepaMI{Ka c "rpe6euvaT" opHarrlenr y6egraTeJlHo cBIIAeTeJrcTByBaT 3a K'bcHoaHTrtqn:as. My npolr3xoq. Tnrp4enueTo 3a "3ao6JIeHI{Te 'brlll{" Ha yKpelJreHl{ero He ce rlorB'bpxlaBa: To I{Ma rIJraH Ha
qerupla'brb:nrur (O6p.
Ao6pe oqepraH, rr3[6Jr)KeH or 3ana[ Ha rr3ToK HelpaBI{JreH
33r

flo-ronsuara qacr or roxHara My crpaHa He e 6v.na I{3KycrBelro yKpeleHa, [opaglr Harluq1aero ryK Ha orBeceH cKaJreH cKJtoH. flo qemaa flepllMerbp Ha 3aluuruara rurtlfr
HqMa H[KaKBrr trogarKr4 3a cr,ulecrByBaHero Ha KyJIIl. Cupeueuuoro c'r,crotrHlre Ha
B63MOXTTOCT C[rypHo Aa ce C6AII 3a [pI{JIOXeHaTa CTpOKTeJIHa
TexHI{Ka, Ho MHoro e BepotrTHo B cnyYatr e'bo6qe Aa He CTaBa AyMa 3a "rpenocren
sug", a sa o6urHoneu KaMeIIHo-3eMreH BaJI.

ocTaHKlTe Ee AaBa

99). klzrpa4eHo e 6ulo n'rpxy caMl{fl Kpari Ha [JraroBragHo 3apaBHeuoro 6rano na
[oJlyocTpoBa, r{ul,iTo cKJIoHoBe B Ta3I{ qacT Ca AOCTa CTp'bMHr{, HO He r{ HeAOCT'bnHLr.
Bluperra c'bBceM KareropurlHr..Iq xapaKTep Ha cBeAeHrrero 3a HaJrlrrrr/rero Ha "Kp.LrJII4 B'brpeuHl{ KyJrI4" IIo rpacero Ha 3a[aAHara KpelocrHa creHa, ocraHKI{Te He AaBar ocHoBaHrre Aa ce roBop[ 3a KaKBr{To u ga 6uto xylra. flonacrosqeM KpeflocrHI4Te 3LIEoBe flcHo JII{qar B'bB BIr[ Ha xoMoreHHrr KaMeHHr{ rpaMagr.r c ruupltra go 78 M ra szco.rr.rHa Ao 1,50rta (O6p. 100), Cpeg KaMBHr.rre ue ce aa6elfl3Ba HlrKaK.bB
xopocaH, Koero [oAxpaHBa flpe[floJro)KeHrrero, qe rpa4exGT Moxe 6n gelicrnra-

cnorira. Ha orono l0 rtr rpeg Spoura Ha 3anaAHara Kpenoce 6uta I,I3rpa[eHa cr{creMa or BbHrrrHrr yKpe[r.rreJrHrr c'bop'bxeuvrfl,, c-bcTorrqa ce or ABa yc[ope[Hrr poBa, orcro.flrrlrr Ha oKoJro 5 nr egran or Apyr, r,r HarpynaH Me)KAy rflx KaMeHHo-3eMJreH rar. I{xnara reprrrop[fl Ha yKpemreHr{ero e oceflHa c ocraHKrr or Hartcro pa3[oJro)Kenu uoctporfKrr, npaBo'brtJrHrrflT nJraH Ha noBeqero or Kolrro cGBceM flcHo ce pa3no3HaBa Ha repeHa. flpr,r o6xo;xAaHero Ha
cKJroHa rrog loxnara Kpe[ocrHa creHa 6e nauepena [r eAHa MoHera - crrJrHo r,r3Tpr,rr
Ia HelIerJrr{B [pe6eH HoM[rHaJr or IV s.
Bre ocHona Ha rlpe4craBeHrrre [aHHrlr, il3ToqHoro yKpelJreHr,re B MecrHocr'ra "Karero" rpalt flpulen cJreABa ga 6'rge olpeAeJreHo Hafi-nepoxrHo Karo yKperleHo ceJrr.Irle, rtrlero B'b3HrrKBaHe LI c'bulecrByBaHe Moxe Aa ce nocrarz narl-o6rqo
TeJrHo e 6r,rn Ha KaJrHa
THa creHa

B rreprroga

IV-VI s.

Oqrpqu
(o6q. [o6puu; fio6puvxa o6racr)

28.

ApxeonorzqecKr{Te flaMerHlrrtrt,r B oKoJrHocrr,rre Ha c. Og.rpqN,

fio6prvro,

lpuBIuqaT BHttMaHIIeTo Ha cnequaJII{cTI4Te seqe 6luso 100 rOgr,rnu. B rpax Ha Mr,rr.an$A nex Kapen Ilkopuur [ocer[IJr r.r olr4caJr ocraHKrrre or Kpeflocr r4 rpyla [eBTaIrrJIapI{, pa3[oJroxeHl{ cGoTBerHo roforul3TottHo rr ceBepHo or ce:roro332. 3anaser,r4 ca h 6enexrure or repeHHo o6xoxqane, r{3B'bprrreHo npe3 1958 r. or Mranro
Mupuer u firEur.rrrp I{n. [uurarpoB or ApxeoloruqecKru uysefi r'rr Bapna333. Te
3a np'bB n'bT ca KOHCTaTIIpaJILI, qe B'bpxy pyllHlare Ha c[oMeHaTaTa OT K. IllxopnrEn
K'LCHoaHTI{aIHa Kpenoc'l [pe3 paHHoTo cpeAHOBeKOBI{e BB3HIilKtra;ro 6urapcKo ceJII4IrIe. flpea 1988 B MecrHocrra "Eo3lyra",3alagHo or Og'rpqr,l, 6e noraJrra3rlpaHo
aHTr4trHo nep[oAr.IrrHo rtpxuu1e334.

Eescnopno Hafi-sne.{arrrBalrl}I cpeg us6poeHr{Te [aMerHrrrlr{ ca ocraHKr{Te
Ts ce uaurapa ira 0,85 KM lofor{3TorlHo or ceJroro, B
"Karero".
MecrHocrra
I,Isrpageua e Btpxy x'rnuoo6pa3eH cKiLrrr4cr rroJryocrpoB

or

::z

KEcHoaHTI4lIHara Kpenocr.

fi4 BAH, S. 165x, a.e. 413, t.2-3;

Muprer/.(rrMrrrpoB 1958-60.
Ia Top6aron 19936.

333

Ilkopnrrr 1905r,

375-376:

Illxopuun

190Sn, c. 561.

c'l,c 3apaBHeHo 61410, oSopMeH BBB Br{coKr.Ifl I4 CTp'bMeH I()XeH CKJTOH Ha AO6pyAx(aHcKoTo [JraTo oT [Ba cTpaHutlHu AOJIa. CJIeA HqKoJIKO noAloTBI{TeJIHII cOHAaxa, oc'bulecrBeHr{ npe3 BTopara noJroBrrHa Ha 60-Te roArIHE, npea 1971 r. tyx 6e
nocTaBeHo Har{aroro Ha clrcreMHr.{ apxeoJror[qecK[ pa3KonKu. 3auo.rsaru rato
c'bBMecreH 6urapo-noJrcKr.r npoeKT, Te npo['bJrxlrxa ao 1990 r. Or 1980 r. 6rnrapcKktrr err,rn pa6orn caMocroflTeJlHo u o6xsaHa HrIKoIr HenpoyrreHu yvacrsqd or
rroJrcKr,r.fl (sanageu) ceKTop na o6erra.
HanpaneHrare coHqarKrr per[crpr,rpaxa xr{Bor Ha x'bJrMa rrpe3 K'bcrlara 6pon3OBa, paHHO- I{ K'bCHOXeJIr3HaTa errOXII, K'bCHaTa aHTI{IIHOCT (XlCnOpUrtlCKa tr paHnosugaHrr.rricra enoxrn) r4 npe3 6urapcroro paHHo cpegHoBeKorue. flpee re3tr [BaAecer roAr,rHlr apxeororuqecKrr pa3Korrxu 6nxa pa3Kpr{TI{ 3r{arrureJrlrfl llacrl[ or yKpenr.rreJrHara clrcreMa r{ BBTperIrHr,rre nocrporfrra na KBcHoprrMcKo yKpemenue,

npeo6pasyBaJro ce rpe3 paHHosugaurultcxara eroxa B yKpe[euo celulqe. Oule
[o-['bJrHo e [poyr{eHo BB3HT4KHaJTOTO B'bpxy HerOBr{Te pyuIELs. erapo6rnrapcKo ceJrr.rule335, K'bM Koero ce orHacflT 117 xunuqa-noJry3eMJrrlrKu, BKorranr g'rn6oxo n
KLCHOAHTI4IIHI,,IS KYTTYPEH IIJIACT, A HA MECTA - II IIOI TTETO. OTTPU?I{TE NOBEI{E OT
100 rpo6a, pa3pyrxaBalqu 6'strapcKoro ceJrl{qe, oilpe[eJrrr 30-te140-te ronurm Ha
XI e. raro ropHa rpaHurla na o6urasaHero Ha x'bJIMa "Karero"336. Cuopagrwro

gtn6oulitHa ocMaHcKI4 MoHerIr I( rJrtrHeHI{ JTyJIU cBtrneTeJrcrByBar 3a cllcreMarr4rrHoro orpa6eane Ha crporrreJrH[f, Marepl,Iiu, npoA'bJrx(r{Jro Ao HaqaJroro na XX sex.
OctuqecrneHr4re [pe3 1988 a 1989 r. coHA:DKrr B lleHrpaJrHara.racr Ha o6erra
r o6rqu Jrvtnkrur florBapgr,rxa ycraHoBeHara or rIoJrcKIrrI eKrlrl B 3ana[Htrfl ceKTop
crparnrpaQan33l . C-saleBpeMeHHo, Te BHecoxa Ir H.aKoE Hroaucu, xapaKTepu3uparqr o6n:ranaHero Ha x'bJrMa "Karero" [pe3 K'bcHara aHTI{vHocr. B :rosrr xpoHo]rou{qecKu orpfl3'bK ce o6oco6sBar rpll [eprro[a, ['bpBI,IrIT or KotrTo ce orHacq K'bM
K'bcHoprrMcKara, a ApyrI,ITe ABa - K6M panHoBlr3aHr:uficrata e[oxa. HaA uows
roprJr cnort or: Kpas Ha IV unu ['bpBL{Te [ecerlrJrerl,rfl ua V n., pem[crplrpaH rloBceMecrHo e o6xsaHarara or Kpenocrul4Te creHla teprropru338 ll uaprupalq Kpafi Ha
n'bpBr.rs rreprroA, 6e xonctarupaH flcHo Lr3pa3eH MexAIrHeH KyJrrypeH [Jracr, [penxoxAan{ [ocJre[Horo [per,r3rpa)KAaHe npe3 K'bcHara aHT[ItIHocr. flnacryrt cBqeTeJrcrByBa, qe cJre[ [pexl{BsHoto 6egcrrlre (ce'spsauo BepotrHo c HrIKoe rorcKo
r.rJrr.r xyHcKo nanagenlre) xrrBolbr B ceJrr{r{ero 6'speo ce BB3craHoBIrJr u - }raKap
6eg 6nqcrr - [poA'bJDKnl 6es cBTpeceHlr-fl [pe3 ocralraJrara qacr or V s. Cue[
oTcTpaHfBar{e Ha HaHeceHr{Te rropaxeHr.rfl, MHo3rrHcTBoTo OT nocTpofixur:e OT rlpeAxoAHr{s [eprrog [pogr,JrxrrJrr{ [a cJryxar na o6atareJllrre. Ynotpe6euara B cunpaHaMr.rpaHr,rre Ha pa3Jrl{una

335,[onvera-flerxora 1981, c. 19 cn.
336,fion.rena-[erxosa 1993, c. 134.
337

D5rmaczewska./Dymaczewski 1980, p. 148 s,i.,

338,flouvena-flerxona 1989, c. 41.

A[rrIHO 3aCBr{AeTeJrCTByBaHr{Te HOBI{ fpaAe)Kr{ TeXHr{Ka He Ce pa3Jrrra{aBa C:bqecTBeHo or no3Harara or trperu{. 3a or6erqsBaHe, o6arre, e BJrolrraBaHero Ha KaqecrBoro

Ha cTpoI4TeJrcTBO: OCHOBI{Te Ha 3rIAOBeTe Ca [O-[Jrr{r:rO QyngUpAHW, A r.r3[OJI3yBa-

fleplro[ e cB'bp3aH
c uaqa6nra ilpeycrporlcrea. HsMa AaHHr{ Te [a ca 6rnnu npoeoKlrpaHrr or HflKaKBo
HoBo npexil.rnxno 6egcrrrae. flo BcI4qKo xvt'4vt, qe ca [Jro[ Ha LlqrocrHa ra o6uracneua
crpor{TeJrHa KaMrraHlrr, qeJrfirua IroBIrIuaBaHe ot6pannreJrHara cuoco6nocr Ha yKpenr.rreJrHara cucreMa rr B'brpernHo 6raroycrpo.flBaue Ha ceJrl4lrlero. 9acr or crpaArare or ntpBr4s flepr{og 6unu ornono nonpaBeHri, a la'flKovt or l{3[r{rHarr.rre rrpe3
V r. nocrporiru - lpeMaxHarr.r. Ocrulecrneno 6uro r4 HoBo rpzlxqaHcKo crpolrreJrcrso. B pe3yirrar or pa6orure, HrrBoro B'bB B'brpeuHocrra Ha yKperleHara replrroprz,fl ce noKatrr4ro. Or rona BpeMe Aarr.rpa rl rr3rpoKAaHero Ha yrurrHa HacrIzJIKa or
rrotrecru KaMLHT{, 3acBr4[ereJlcrByBaHa B pa3rutrHu ceKTopI,I Ha ceJlr{qero. CrporrreJrcrBoro, cB'bp3aHo c rperl,Ifl (noc.negen) K'bcHoaHTI{r{eH flepIlog, ce orHacfl
narl-o6u1o K'bM [T,pBara rroJroBr{Ha na VI s. Karro qe craHe flcHo rIo-EoJIy, B Hero
Morar urplrdr,a ga 6'rgar o6oco6esr.r roHe [Be $aara.
C negna.rureJrHl{ I{3KJrroqeuvrs., flpoyrreHara yKpe[IrreJrHa cl{creMa aarupa
or K'bcHoprrMcKara enoxa n e cr{HxpoHHa na srso6HoBqBaHero Ha xrlBora Ha XGJIMa cJreA rrpeKBcBaHe or HflKoJrKo sera. KoHcrarrrpaHlrre Ha Mecra no[paBKlr u npeycrportcrna ce orHacflT K6M paHHosusaHrr.rricrara enoxa339. Crpaterr.rqecKoro noJroxeHrre rpafi eqran or MaJrKoro n parlona ecrecrBeHl{ rl'brlrlqa, ocurypflBalqtr ygo6eu gocru Ao [oJrr4Hara na EaroecKa peKa (anr. Zyras), r43KJrroLrrrreJrHo coJrI{AHaTa Ha[paBa na or6panureJrHr{Te c'bopr)KeH[, (o:r6eraseaHa or I43cJIeABarIIlTe olqe

Hr,rre KaM'bHrl

-

3Haqr4TeJrHo rro-Ape6ulr.

Tperuar

K'bcHoaHTr,rrreH

npegr4 HarraJroro Ha apxeoJrorrrqecKr,rre [poyqBaHlrs340), raxro I4 roJreMlaTe pa3Mepr,r Ha orHacsqrrre ce K'bM rr:.pr.us. crpolrreireH fleplroA B'brperlrHlr nocrpofixN, gaBar ocHoBaHrre Aa ce [pr{eMe BoeHeH npolr3xog Ha yKpemreHl{ero rpafi Ogtpqu,
KaTO BT3Hr4KBaHerO My Ce [OCTaBr4 B'bB Bp'b3Ka C peaJrE3allvtflTa Ha KoHKpeTHI{ BOeHHo-crparer[qecKr c'ro6paxenux. TpancSopMaIIurITa B yKpereHo ceJtl{rqe BepoflTHo e 3alorrHaJra outre K'bM Kpafl Ha IV n. r cJreABa ga ce o6xcul4 c HacrBlrlaJrlrre rto

rlpoBl{yqnnCxurw34l ,
KtM Koqro clopeA reorpa$croro cr4 rroJroxeHr{e ro ce e orHacrJlo B'bB BoeHHo I,I
ToBa BpeMe KopeHHr4 npoMeHr.r B [oceJrrrrrlHara crpyKTypa Ha
a[MITHI4CTpaTI4BHO OTHOrrreHlIe.

Kpeuocruara creHa e ra3rpaAeHa B opus implectum.Tsnuage6enuna or 2,00
go 2,90 M r{ orpilKAa npocrpaHcrBo or 6nraeo 1, 1 xa c $oplta Ha HenpaBI{JreH lrlecTo'brbJrHr{K, rr3g'bJrxeH B rrocoKa ceBep-rcr (O6p. 101). B MHoro or rpoyqeHure
yr{acrbqr4 B'bHrrrHoro Jrr{qe e o6pyueno uo Hr{Boro na 6asreta, pa3AeJrrlrl cy6- ot

33e

YrpeuureJrHara clrcreMa e orqacrlr KoMeHTrrpaHa B HayqHara
gp. 1975, c.62 ctr.; Michailov et al. 1980, p. 119 sqq.

3ao

Mupuenfi

341

Top6aror 1993a, c. 38 cn.

r,rMrrrpoB 1958-60.

KHIIDKHLIHa:

Muxafi.lon u

rffis
z EJo
o

20

40
M

O6p. 101. Ogtpun. flnan na yKperr.rreJrHara cr{creMa. / Fig. 101. Odartsi. Layout of the
defence system.

ls:$:i

Ha rpaAex( rpr rcrorr3ror{Hns'br:bJr Ha yKpelJreHraeto. / Fig.
102. Odartsi. Style of construction registered at the south-eastern corner of the fortification.

O6p. 102. Og.rpqN. Texnura

cyfiepcrpyKrl[flra. 3aua3eHrrre $paruenru cBr{[ereJrcrByBar, qe noHe rro qacr or
trporex(eHrrero Ha KpelocrHara creHa ro e 6uno I,I3rpaAeHo or MHoro go6pe (u
rrrrKor{ cryrrau - AopE nperinano) o6pa6orenu BapoBLrKoBpI 6noroge c'bc cpeAHI,I u
roJreMrr pa3Mepu, roJroxeHr4 B npaBrrJrHlr peAoBe (O6p. 102). BrrperlrHoro Jrrrqe e
no-ne6pexuo o$opr"reHo, Karo rpaAex'LT qecro HalroAo6flBa opus incertum.
Oco6eso coJrrrgHo e yKperurBaHero orK'bM nari-gocrsnHara ceBepHa crparra, KBAero urufirara Ha noJryocrpoBa, Bbpxy rofiro e lr3rpaAeHo yKpeflJleHrrero, e
6una npeceqeHa c [rn6ox poB, rrgKorraH B cKaJrHara noqBa. Cenepnara KyprI4Ha e
cna6gena c fler KyJrr{, Karo ra3rr B ceBeporr3Tor{Hrr,'brcn e KyJra-flopra. flo upotex<eHrrero Ha oKoJroBp'bcTHuq KpenocTeH 3prA e perucTpupaHa caMo olqe eAHa KyJIa,
Kosro ce HaMlrpa B roxHru xpafi ua roror{3TorrHara Kypr}IHa. Yxpen.nenuero xpari
Og:rpryr ce rBrBa cnoeo6paeeH [apaAoKc B KBcHopLIMcKara BoeHHa apxI,ITeKTypa.
I,Isrpagenure B paMKrrre Ha e[Ha r.,r c'brqa crporrreJlHa KaMITaHI{rI Ilrecr KyJII4 ce orrracflT KEM qeTlrpu pa3nur{Htr Turra, e\rtHvIAT oT KoI{To e npeAcTaBeH c ABa pa3rllqHrr Bapr.raHTa. 3acnngereJrcrByBaHr,rre ryK ABe noJrrrroHaJrHll Kyrtr HqMar napaJIeJIIr
B rrpoBrrHr{m Crnrus. Crqoro ce orHacr rr 3a cloMeHa"rara Ber{e Kyra-flopra.

flonacroxrqeM He pa3noiraraMe c xpoHoJroruqecKu npeqIr3I,IpaHI,I crparlrrAaHHr.r orHocHo rorrHoro BpeMe Ha crpol{TeJlcrBoro. I{eunu yKa3aHI,Is B
Ta3r{ HacoKa MoraT Aa ce oqaKBaT or npelcToflnlara IIqrocTHa HayqHa o6pa6o'rra
ua go6uuax B xoga Ha A'bJrroro[urrrHr{Te pa3Ko[Krr K'bcHoaHTI{qeH apxeoJroril\IecKlr
Marepr{aJr. Bte scexfi cnyuafi, KoHcrarr4paHprflT rroBceMecrHo Mon{eH ropqr rlJracr
or n'bpBara rroJroBrrHa Ha V B. [peAocraBs eAr{H Hec'bMses terminus ante quem 3a
rr3rpaxAaHero Ha yKpelJleHlre:ro. Or Apyra crpaHa, npol43xoxgalqlr.flr or o6eKTa
uuoro6poeH HyMr{3Mar[qeH uarepraan342 gasa ocHoBanlre crpolrreJrcrBoro Aa He
6rge ornacqHo [o-paHo or HaqaJloto na fV s.
KounnerourflT apx[TeKTypeH anarws na or6panureJrHlrre eJIeMeHTIT no3BoJrsBa no-[perlr43Ha AartrpoBKa Ha oc'brrlecrBeHara o Oglpqn yKpenI4TeJIHa cxeMa.
fiocrrn Ao B'brperrrHocrra rIpeAJIaraJIa caMo eAHa eAHorlpoxoAHa qerupu'brbJrHa KyJra-[opra (Ky.na 5), paanolo)<eHa Ao ceBepolr3TorrHlrrl 6r'bJr Ha yKperlJreHrreTo, sag $ponra Ha ceBepHaTa KpellocrHa cTeHa. B upoyueuuTe yqacT'bltru ue 6e
ycraHoBeHo HaJrr{que Ha rroTepHu rro npoTexeHlre Ha KpenocTH}ITe 3u[oBe. TaruBa, o6aqe, ca 6uln I{3rpageHr4 c'borBerHo B rr3TotrHara Ir B 3a[agHara creHu Ha KyJII
II lr IV. C r.rssecrHo npr,r6ruxerure, KyJlara-[opra Moxe Aa ce pa3rJrexAa Karo Bapr,raHT Ha rlrrpoKo pa3[pocrpaHenufl.tun "Andernach", trrpge xapaKTepeH 3a KbcHoprrMcKoro yKpelrrreJrHo crporrreJrcrBo or Kpa, sa III xo flocJregualra rrerB'bpr Ha
IV n.343, Ho 3acBr,rgereJrcrByBaH ra B MHo)KecrBo rro-K'bcHu rpa[e)Ku. Toqes napaJIeJI
Ha KyJrara-nopra B Ogtpqu - KaKTo rro nJraH, TaKa rro pa3MepI,I I{ Mecro[oJrox<eHue
a o6qara cxeMa - npeAJrara eArrHcrBeHo yKperrJreHlleto Wittnauer Horn B npoBI4Hqnx Peqrnx (gn. IIIaefiqapvr.)344. Cneg upogtJDKlrJra Aecerrrerl'Irl AucKycufl,u3rpaxAaHeTo My rrOHaCTOflrI{eM y6e4uteluo ce nOcTaB, B'bB BpeMeTo Ha llMrrepatop KoucraHTr4H I (307-337), rplr roBa - KBM Kpafl Ha ynpaBJreHuero My34s.
Octanarrate qerl{pn KyJII,I, I,r3rpageHrl no ceBepHara KperlocrHa creHa Ha
yKpenJreHlleto n OgrpIII{, ce LI3AaBar upeg $ponra na or6panara. flne or rxx (Kylttl u 3) ca c rreruprbrcJreu rrJraH ficauutuo ce6e cr{ He ce [oA[aBar Ha xpouoJloraqecKa cneqr$rmarylx. fipyrure nBe (Kynu 2 u 4) ca rpeAcTaBeHIr HenpaBIrJIHo B
eAHa or AoceramHlrte ny6nraraqr{Ia Karo "nogroroo6pa3ult"346. Bctuqnoct, re ce
orHacflT K'bM c'bB'bplrreHo pa3JrrrqHl{ TI{nOBe,
Kyxa2 e pa3[oJroxeHa B 3anaArrr,r, ceKTop Ha ceBepHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa.
flo unan rff e rroJrrrroHaJrHa. IllesrocrenHa orB'brpe, fi3gaBalrlata ir ce rtpe[ Kyprl{Hara qacr uua 5 B'bHrrrnn crpaHra. Cnopeg [JraHa r,r npoflopqfiI{Te, noJrl{roHaJlHara

pa$cxu

3a2

Mouerure or

pa3KorrKr4Te Ha

eKurr ce cbxpaHrBar n llctopnuecru uysefi uoJIcK[If, ceKTop MoHerIr ca uy6luxynaHu:

6urapcxm

[o6puu. flpousxoxgaqrlTe or
Krzyzanowska 1983, p. 179 sqq.
343
3aa

Petrikovits 1971, p. 200; Johnson 1983, p. 46

Bersu L945.
345
Gilles 1976,5.447.
346
Dymaczewska/Dymaczewski 1980, p. 152.

sqq.

Kym 2 Moxe [a

ce pa3rJrex(Aa Karo [pord3xoxgarr{a or rrrrra Ha [oJryKp'brJrrrre
c'brru4fl apxerr4[ cJre[Ba [a 6r,IIe orHeceHa r{ noJr[4roHaJrHara Kyna 6,
LI3[IarHara B ro)KHu-fl rparl ua rorol/t3TorlHara KpenocrHa creHa. Tr, o6aue, e [oJryKptrJra orBcrpe, a I{3HeceHara it.racr e qerrrpucrenna. IIpou3xo[BT Ha [oJlr{roHaJrHrrTe KyJII{ C OCHOBaHT{e Ce ll3BeXAa OT Te3r4 C Kp'brBJr rrJraH, 3a KOeTO HepflAKO

rynu,

Kru

r,r3rpax[aHe Ha rexur,rre cy6crpyxqura347. B'rnpexlr
r{3BecrHoro B'},HIrrHo cxo[crBo, re ue :rpa6Ba Aa ce cMecBar c KyJrr{Te c r43AaAeH
cBrr[ereJrcrByBa

r4 Haqr4HBT Ha

ocrbp p'b6348, Kor4To [pr,rua[Jrexar K'r,M rrpr.rHrlrrlHo pa3Jrr4rreu run. PenecaHc'br B
KccHopr.rMcrara Sopru$rraqrzx Ha no3Harr{Te or no-paHo [oJrrzroHaJrHr,r KyJrrr ce
orAaBa o6rarHoseHo Ha MoAa, HaJro)KeHa or r43rpaAeHlrfl B oKoJrHocrrrre sa Salonae
B rrpoBraHr{r,rq fiaruaqnx yKpe[eH flBopeq Ha r.{Mneparop finox;rertta*34e. flpu nce
ToBa, pa3[pocrparreHrrero rzM e rB'bpqe orpaHr,rr{eHo. Tosa ce o6xcHssa c rro-cKopo
rrpeAcraBIaTeJIHLIfl XapaKTep Ha [oJrr,rroHaJrHraTe ry.nrE350, [pe[Br4A c'bMHr{TeJrHrITe
rar\r SynrqraoHaJrHr{ r4 TaKTuqecKr,r nperrMyndecrBa. C eAHo r{3HeHa[Baqo r,r3Krroqenr.re s Cesepua A$prara (no or 3Haq[TerHo [o-KbcHo apeue)351, Te He ca 3acBrr[eTeJrcrByBaHu B'bH or [pegeJrr{re na Erpona352. MnoguHcrBoro or Aa:rrrpaHr{Te rrpuMepI{ ce orHacrr K'bM rrtpBara [oJroBr{Ha ua IV B., Karo oKTaroHaJrHI.,ITe Kyirr,r no
Teogocraenara creHa s KoHcraHrranonor353 (or.413 r.) ca cpeg uafi-xrcnrare rpe4craBr{TeJrrl Ha rufira. Ieorpa$cx u :r.afi- 6 :l.uzKrrrr Ao O4rpqu npr,rMep 3 a r.{3[oJr3yB aHe Ha [oJrrrroHaJrHrr KyJrrl [por.r3xo>rqa or K'bcHoaHTrrrrHoro yKpe[JreHr,re rpaft c.
Kpaueeo, o6rq. Ean.rur3s4. To e 6uno rr3rpaAeHo xpari rvropcrut 6ptt B ceBepor,r3ToqHlrrrbrbJr Ha rrpoBr,rHrlr.rfl Bropa Mn3lrx, Helocpegcrneuo rpafi rpaur,rqara i c
npoBlrHrlrrx Crwrvs.. Pasrpurara npes 1951 r. rcro3analua'bruroBa KyJra Ha yKpenJreHr{ero e Kp'bnra orBBTpe, a r,r3gaBarr{ara i ce lracr e cegMocreHHa355. EnrEsrr,r
flapaJreirr{ Ha noJruroHaJrHrrre KyJrrr B Ogrpqu [peAJrarar HrrKoJrKo KtcHoprrMcKr{
yKpelJreHr.r, B flpoBflHqru Epuranzs..Taxa Hanpr,rMep, Kylr.a2 AeMoHcrpr{pa roJuMo cxoncrBo c KyJrure rro oKoJroBp'beruara Kpe[ocrHa creHa na Cardiff. 3a yxpenJleHr{ero s Cardiff ce [prreMa, qe e BB3HuKHaJro He ro-paHo or Kpa, Ha III s., Ho
B'blpocHr,rre KyJrrr [pr,rHagJrexar Bepo.srHo Ha [o-K'bceH crporrreJreu uepzog3s6 Nalr
rroHe Ha c'brr{ecrBeHa flpoMflHa Ha n'bpBoHaqaJrHlrfl ITJIaH B caledmfl. xoA Ha crpor4TeJr347

Arasacosal9T4, c. 338

cn.

348

Eo6qen 1961a,c. 103 cn.; Onvapor 1982,c.46ctr.; Pringle 1981, p. 157 sqq.; FossAtrinfield
1986, p. 30 sqq.
3ae
Wilkes 1986, p. 21 sqq.
3so
Lander 1984, p.244.
35rPringle 1981, p. 158,246-248.
3s2
Lander 1984, p.244.
353
354

Miiller-Wiener 1977,

S. 286; Tsangadas 1980, p. 9 sqq.

Ton.resa 1953, c. 81 cn.; Bournaxop 1977, c.9A.
35s
flpoyunaxvara ca Ha cr.H.c. lopana Tonuera, Ha KotrTo 6narogapx 3a rrpegocraBeHara
MIr IIeHHa neny6aKynana tn$oprr,raqux.
356
Johnson 1979,p. 136.

crBoro357. flogo6uu rro rrJraH :rlytu 6utrut AorrbJrHI4TeJIHo flplrcrpoeHu K'bM KpelocrHrrTe cTeHIr na Cirencester xtu 333 r. ra ua Caerwent Me>Iqy 33A u 350 r.3s8 Bls
ocHoBa Ha npeAcTaBeHrrre aHaJrorrrr4, AarrrpoBKara Ha [oJII4roHaJrHIrre KyJII4 B Og'bprlrl rr3rJle>I([a uarl-eeporrua B'bB BTopara r{erB"bpr na fV s.
Kyla 4 n Oq'spqra ce HaMnpa B rr3To!{Hrrfl ceKTop Ha ceBepHara Kpelocrlra
creHa. B nayuuara KHr4rxHrrHa rq o6urHoseHo ce npeAcraBx Karo pa3HoBI4AHocr Ha
U-o6pasnnre xynu359. Xaparrepuara ii pasuruprBatqa ce OcHoBa, O6aqe, KaKTS I{

cKtceHrrre flporropquu, qyBcrBlrrerHo fl orrl{rraBar or KracflqecKnx npotorun. Aro
ce a6crpax[paMe OT ABycTpaHHoTO I{M pa3[OJIoxeHI{e crrpfMo KpenocTHaTa CTeHa,
Ky.na IV n Ogtpqu e MHoro cxoAHa no rrJraH c qlcr or KyJIIrre Ha K'bcHopI4McKrITe
yKperlrleHrrrl Burg bei Stein (nponun\kt . Peqng)360 ra Lindenhof in Zuerich (nponuuqua fopna leprnrauua)361, KaKTo r4 c re3r4 or BTopI{fl crpolrreJreH [ep]IoA na Castra
ad Herculem (npoeuuqua flauonr.ra)362. flauapoerara IrM Jrexl4 B lIrI{poKIr xpoHoJrorrrqecKr4 rpaHr{rlu: or Kpas na III s. Ao ylpaBJreHllero Ha }IMrleparop Balenturutan
| (364-375). To.reH rrapaJreJr na Kyna 4 r Og'rpqu npeArrara yKpeulrreJrHara clrcreMa Ha K'bcHoaHTr{rrHm rpaA Constantia rpart ga" Craueonorrpaq (npouunqux Xeurauonr)363. I4aclegnaufiTe fl, Aartrpar nafi-o6u1o B nBpBaTa noJIoBI4Ha na IV s., xaro
B.b3Hr4KBaHero Ha

rus I

rpa[a

cBtbp3Bar c rrMero u geftnocrra Ha I4Mnepalrop Koucran-

364.

Kopenaquara Ha AaHHrrrre or apxr{TeKTypHo-xpoHoJrorr{rrecKlrrl aHaJrI{3

Ha

eJreMerrTlrTe oT yKpenr4TeJrHaTa cr{cTeMa AaBa ocHoBaHI{e I'{3rpilKAaHeTO Ha K'bCHOpr4McKoro yKpenJreHr.re rpafi Og'spqu Aa ce orHece K'bM BTopara rrerBbpr na IV s.
I4anOlsynaHI,IsT IIpI,I cTpol{TeJlcTsoro 6qI xopocaH c'bll{o Ce KopeJII4pa c [peAJIO)KeHara Aarr4poBKa. flo epeue Ha pa3KolKIiITe, cJroft or raK'bB xopocaH e 6nl orx-

prrT or noJrcKr{r apxeororruecKrl eKun B He[ocpeAcTBeHa 6nugocr Ao ceBepHaTa
KpenocrHa cTeHa, B ocuoBara Ha KBcHoaHrIrtrHI{rI KyJIrypeH nnacd65. flpes 1984 r.
npuc.bcrBr,rero Ha rlgeHTllqeH xopocaneH cnofi, cunxpoHelr Ha crpolrreJrcraoto, 6e
KoHcTaTI4paHo Ha HIrBoTo Ha ToraBaruHlrfl TepeH I[ npe4 $ponra Ha IoxHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa.

3s7
358
35e
360
361
362
363
36a
365

Lander 1984, p. 178,244-245.
Ibidem, p.245.
MuxafinoB rI Ap. 1975, c.66; llranos 1980, c. 201.
Lander 1984, p. 185,211.

lbidem, p.204,211.
lbidem, p. 188, 211.
3a roranLr3a\urrTa Ha rpaAa nx.: Gjuzelev 1969,156-157.
A.nagx<or 1981., c. 253 ctt.; Anagxon 1985, c. 15 cl'

Dymaczewska/Dymaczewski 1980, p. 149.

flpeqnsHlaxr rpa4ex rroKa3Ba,

rre

crpoureJrcrBoro e 6nno oc'brqecrBeHo 6es
r{3Jrrrrrruo 6rpsane, or{eBulHo B ycJroBr.rrra Ha eAHa M[pHa o6craHosra. ApxeonofI,IqecKI{Te AaHHr.r He no3BoJrrBaT cr.rfypHoTo oTHacflHe Ha BB3Hr{KBaHeTO Ha yKpenJreHLIero rpaft Og'rpqr,r KbM KoHKperHa crpor{TeJrHa [porpaMa r,r3Mex[y 3acBr.rAeTeJrcrByBaHr,rre (r,rnr,r [ocryJrrrpaHlr) sa repuropr,rrra Ha flpoBr4Hrtrus. C:ruT ux366. He3aBHcIlMo goxonro36T r,r [aJrrr nro6u1e368 npoBr4Hrlr.rrta e 6urra 3ecerHara or soriHaTa c roTI{Te ot 331-332 r., B pe3yJrTaT oT ycrrerunus3a Prarvr naxog oT Ta3r.r eor?na,
Tepuropr{flra na Crrarvfl npileila qacr or rrpeceJreHrrre B npeAeJrr,rre Ha nMflepwrrra
roJIeMI4 Macr{ orB'b[AyHaBcKo HaceJreur{e or pa3rurreH erH[qecKrr npor.rsxo4369. BcraqKo roBa HeI,rs6exno rrocraBr{Jro c HoBa cflJra B'Lnpoca sa Heo6xogrrMocrra or no-HaTatblrrHo pa3Brrrr,re Ha crrcreMara 3a B'brperrrHa cr,rrypHocr: - oco6eHo B orAarer{eHrrre or rJraBurrre [6Tr,rrqa rr or BoeuHrrre r{eHTpoBe Ha rrpoBrrHr{r,rrra pafiouu.
flpegnrag rr3TBKHarr{Te apryMeHTrr or trcropr{qecKo ecrecrBo r{ B c'brJracrde
c [pr.rBeAeHr,rTe apxeoJrorflqecKu AaHHr4, r43rpaxAaHeTo Ha K'bcHopr.rMcKoTo yKpe[JreHue rpafi Ogrpqrr r,r3rJrexqa nari-nepoxrHo rrpe3 30-re lrmn B Har{aroro na 40-re
ro[[IHIr na IV s. flpu nuucara Ha u3puqHrr rrrlcMeHr4 r,rJrr4 e[ulpa$crr cnugereJrcrBa, HeroBara rr,rrroJroruqecKara c'brr{Hocr Moxe caMo Aa ce [peAfioJrara. Pagnonoxeno g'sn6oKo B'bB B'brperrrHocrra Ha flpoBr.rHqr{r{ Cruru.a, BcrpaHr.r or ocHoBHr{Te
KoMyHr.rKaqEoHHtr Jrr{HErr, B rbcro 3aceJreH ueyp6anusupan parion, Qynrquure Ha
yKperJreHr,reto rpafi Ogrpqu cJreABa Aa ce onpegeJrflr Karo uonqepraHo nonuqer?cru. CpaanrareJrHo roJreMlrre pa3Mepr.r onpeneJrflT T[IroJlorlrqecKara My ta[eHTr,rqHocr Karo castellum, Ho B'bB $ynxqnonanHo orHorrrenue nar?-npargouogo6uo u3rJrexqa orbxgecrBflBaHero vty c praesidium31o.3a crcr:asa r4 trrrcJreHocrra Ha rapHrr3oHa HrrMa Hr{KaKBrr AaHHrr. Mox<e Aa ce [pegnoJrara, ue npo$ecuoHaJrHlrre BoeHHII I{ A'bpxaBHure qr,rHoBHrrqrr ca ctcraBrflBarru caMo KoMaH[Hr.r, c'rcraB. OcHoBHr.rrIT KoHTI{HreHT IrIe [a e 6un or ot6urarqn BoeHHa [oBI{HHocr ceJrcKlr xI{TeJrr{
or rrrna Ha r. Hap. burgarii3Tr. Hapeg c na6nrogeru{ero [r KoHTpoJra Ha[ flprrJrexaIrlara repr,rropvrflu ocurypflBaHero npu neo6xogmnrocr Ha BoeHHa 3arr$,rra Ha oKoJrHOTO HaCeJIeHIre 3aA KpenOCTHr{]le CTeHU, BaX(HO MTICTO CpeA 3aAaqr{Te Ha rapHL{3O-

366

Scorpan 1980, p. 120 sqq.; Zahariade 1988, p. 144 sqq.

367

I{scnegraq[Te rpaA[r.rroHHo flpr{eMar, rre repuropr.rrra Ha [poBrrHrlr4rr Crurus e 6nta
3aceruara or nofinar:a c rorr{Te or 331-332 r., Karo HarrocJreA'bK Aopr.r ce AonycKa,
qe roBa e 6sro 3Haqr,rrerHo [o-qycrB[renno (Barnea l99la,p. 161), orKoJrKoro ce

368

Anarugrr

cqr,rrarile npegra (Barnea1968, p.389; Scorpan 1980, p. 121).
Ha rrlrcMeur.rre n3Bopr.r y6egurelHo cBr{AereJrcrByBa, qe cB'bp3aHr.rre c ra3u
roftna c's6urus ce pa3rlrpartt,t n3BtH rrpegeJrnre Ha Pravrcxara uMflepr{r u Aareq or
Tepr.rroprrflTa Ha rpoBr{HrlrrsCxvrus. - HxK'bAe n 6acerlsa Ha p. Tnca: Wolfram 1979,

64-65.
36e

Anonym. Yales. 6,32(ed. Mommsen); Yelkov L987,p.14.
370
Bx. fnasa II.1: PRAESIDIUM.
rTrIGBulg. III, 1690;IGLR, 172.

na'rpx6ea Aa e 3aeMaJro cr6upauero, TpaHcrroprrrparrero, a Moxe 6uu crxpautzaHero372 Ha HarypaJrHr{.fl 3'bpueH HaJror (annona militaris)373. 3a rona cBr{AereJrcrByBa caMurr ns6op Ha Mflcroro, K'blero 6rano nsglrrHaro yKpe[reHr{ero - cpeg o6ur.rpeH parion c noArrepraHo arpapeH o6nrm r,r B Henocpe[crBeHa 6nusocr Ao AeftcrByBarrlo IIo ToBa BpeMe perr{oHaJrHo [epEoAr.rqHo Tbpxr,rrqe c TpaArrquu otlle or
K'bcHoxeJr.f,3Hara enoxa374. Karto e LI3BecrHo, BKrrorreHu nrr $ucxarHara cr{creMa Ha Praucxara uurrepufl, nogo6nra lbpxr{rqa c ycnex u3['bJrHrBaJru u $yurqNrra
Ha nyHKToBe sa c'r6zpaHe Ha ['bpxaBHrrre ganrqu375. Cnopeq gaHrrr.rre Ha HyMr,r3Marrrqur{, MareprraJr or reprrropvflTaHatbpxflqero, octlr{ecrBeHara rpafi gneruHoro c. Ogrpqu [pe3 K:bcHopr,rMcKara eloxa cnequ$uuna cuNr6rnosa "nepuogravno
Ttpxrur{e - praesidiutn" [\e [a e npoc'blr{ecrByBaJra Ao KBM HarlaJroro ua V e., roraTo HeyKperreHr4Te arpapHrr [oceJreHr4, Ha npaKTr,rKa rr3qe3Hzuru oT [oceJrr{rrlHaTa
HoMeHKJrarypa Ha rrpoBIrHIdIrJI CxurusS7 6 .
Bropraxr K'bcHoaHTrrqeH neprdog, apxeororflrrecK[I 3acBrrAereJrcrByBaH Ha
x'bJrMa "Karero" xpair c. Og'rpqu, Aarrrpa or: V s. u e cB'bp3aH c oKoHqareJlnara
rpanc$opr"ra\vs.Ha flpelurrrHrrJr praesidium B ]'KpeneHo ceJr[Iqe. Hsrvra AaHHfi AaJrr4
rr AoKoJrKo yKpelr4TeJrHaTa cr4cTeMa e rrocTpaAaJla B pe3yJITaT oT rrpex<rrB.r{HoTo rrpe3
['bpBara [oJroBrrHa na V ser. o[ycrorrrrrreJrHo Harrageuue. XapaKTep'br Ha KoHcra-

TrrpaHr{Te IIo KpelocTHr{Te cTeHr{ [onpaBKpr, cEc cr,rrypHocT oTHacflrrlu ce KBM cTpowrerrnutfl. fleplrog or V 8., AaBar ocHoBaHrre Aa ce Aolycxa, qe re ca 6uttw [poBoKrr-

panlr no-cKopo or [p]rpo4Ho 6egcruue

-

BeporrHo,

cI4JreH 3eMerp'bc.

flponagane

Ha IO)KHr{' CeKTOp OT 3alaAHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa HaJTOXLIJIO HeIOBOTO B'b3CTaHOBrBaHe. lpagex.rr, o6ave, KopeHHo ce orJrprtraBa or rrpeAprlrrHufl. Irlgurnnen e n
opus incertum, or cpaBHr.rreJrno gpe6nu JroMeHr{ KaM'bHr4 Ha KaJrHa cnoftxa (O6p.
i03). 9yecrBlrreJrHo [ocrpaAaJrara KyJra Ao ceBepo3ailailrrnfl. 'brbJr Ha yKpenJreHrre-

ro (Kyna l) 6uta
372

HarbJrHo r{3ocraBeHa. Ocramure

i

6nnu cpr,rHarrl Ao HrrBoro

Ha

Ha xur"ra "Karero" rpafi Ogrpqu 6xxa pas.rncreul{ ABe BKolaHIr B cKaJrHara floqBa rtMrl
c KpyruoBngua $opr"la rr MHoro rorqMa BMecrr,lMocr. fiarrapoarara uM e He{cna, Ho
Te cr,c cflrypHocr ce or'],x,qecrBqr c'r]c 3tpHoxpaHl,Innula (slrusl). B peguqa or crpaAr,rre rrpr{HagJrexaqrr K}M rrbpBr.rfl KT,cHoaHT[qeH rrepfio[ ca6vnu o6oco6enr cnerlr4turHrr cKJIaAoBrr rroMerr,(eHr.rf, c BKolaHr{ B [oAa IrM uo HrrKoJrKo AorrrryMr4. HanuHo o3aAaqaBallu. o6ave, ca AecerKr4Te BKo[aHIl B peAuuLI AoJrIryMr{, oTKpLITL{ [peA
$ponra Ha ceBepHara Kperocrua creua (ue;rgy Kyna I u uoprara). Ctpa'rurpa$c-

xure na6moAeHrrs [o3Bo-]rrBar

cB'r,p3BaHero rrM c KyJrrypHlrfl tlJracr

ot VI r.,

Ho

rf,x-

HOTO npeAHa3HaqeHne e HeflcHo.
373

3a opraur.r3aur{flTa

Ha annona

militaris npe3 K'},cHara aHTr{rrnocr, nx.: Rickmanl9Tl,p.

278 sqq.
374

Top6aroa 19936.

3'5

Jones 1964 (II), p. 855; Mac Mullen 1970, p.333; Shaw 1979, p. 105 sqq.; de Ligt/de
Neeve 1988, p. 407 sqq.

376

Torbatov \gg7a,p. 78 sqq.

::;#
il:lii.fr)i:iir

ili{*ji
O6p. 103. Og'rpqr. flonpanrlr rro rpacero Ha 3arraAHara Kperrocrua crena ('rexuura na
rpage>x). / Fig. 103. Odartsi. Repairs of the western precinct wall (style of construction).

ToraBarrrHl4s repeH. Yuacrsqure, B Korrro KyJrara oc'blrlecrBsBaJra flo-paHo KoHcrpyKTrrBHa Bp'b3Ka c KpenocrHara creHa lvrsawstHeHr{ c eAHocrpaHHo o6pa6o'renra (repoxrno ilper43[oJrsynanu) KaM'bHr{ Ha KaJrHa cnoftra Ao [o[paBHJrBaHe Ha B6HrxHoro irr4rle Ha KyprirHara. flpeqnug r{3[oJr3yBaHara r.r[eHTr4rrHa rexHnKa Ha rpalex, KGM c'brr{ara crpol{TeJrHa KaMlraHrrfl rptdna Aa ce orHece [oflpaBKara Ha B'brperurroro Jrr{rle Ha ceBepHara KperrocrHa creHa rr3Torruo or Kyra 3 u usrpaxgaHero
Ha eAHopaMeHHara crsr,.da rsrnr 6orlnara nratQopMa B c'blrlurl yuactrr377.
IIo -crrqemBeHr{ rtp oMeHr.r npetbpnfl Jra yKpenrrreJrH ara crrcreMa na Ogrp-

Tperr{, K'bcHoaHTr{r{eH [epuo[, crporrreJrcrBoro npes xoriro [arr.Ipa or
rrbpBara roJroBr4Ha na VI e. Eqna rraoneta Ha rrMneparop Mapxuau (450-457), orxprrra noA KaMeHHara Hacrr4JrKa Ha noAxoAa xru Kyra 4 378, ce flBxBa cr{rypeH, MaKap u HeAocrarbqHo KoHKpereu terminus post quem 3a onpeAeJrrHe HarraJroro Ha
rrepr4oga. Oco6esocrr{Te Ha rpa[exr4Te rro3BoJrrBar gu$epenqupaHero B H(ro Ha

rlr4 npe3

gre Sasu.
377
378

Muxafiron n Ap. 1975,63-64.
lbidem, c. 69.

O6p. 104. Og'rpqr.r. Yge6eltxeane Ha rlenrpaJrurrf, ceKTop Ha ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa.
/ Fig. 104. Odartsi. A later thickening of the central sector of the northern precinct wall.

Krlr

n'rpnara Sa3a ce orHacs flonpaBKara Ha Bxoga n Kyra 4379 * rr3gr.raHero B 3anaAHr{r rpafi na ceBepHara KperrocrHa creHa Ha yKperrJreHr{ero rra HoBa
KyJra (KyJra 7).-[r-, e nJrbrHa, c rpanerloBrrgeH nJraH rr e AoJrereHa Ao Kyprr.rHara Ha
Syra. 3anaAHalra i qacr e rlsrpaAeHa B'bpxy pyr{Hr4Te Ha 3arraAHrrfl 3vrq,Ha c'bu{ecrByBaJrara no-paHo Ha roBa Mrrcro Kyna 1. 3a xpouororrrlrecKara pa3gairerreHocr Ha
ABaTa rpaAe)Ka cBr,rAeTeJrcTByBa perrrcTpprpaHrrsr Mexly rflx rrJracT oT np'[,cT c Ae6enuna or 0,10 Ao 0,25 M. lIsro.{Hara rroJroBrrHa ua Kyna 7 e SyHgupananagu6oquHa eABa 0,85 u or roraBar[Hr,rfl TepeH u HflMa flcHo r{3pa3en 6anxer, pa3Aerqu{
cy6- or cynepcrpyKrlr.rflra. Ipagex'rr e or cpe4Ho roJreMrr egHocrpaHHo o6pa6or:eHr{ KaM'bHrr cB'bp3aHr{ c 6xn poruuB xopocaH, 6es noguepraH crpeMex( K'bM pe[oBa
3ilaapufl,. Ha rraecra ce ga6ensssar cJre[]r or [onrJrHrrreJrHo I{3Ma3BaHe na $yrure c
rro-KaqecrBen 6sr xopocaH.
Bropara $aaa na crporrreJrcrBo [pe3 Tperr,rfl K'bcHoaHTpIqeH nepuold ce xapaKTepr.l3r,rpa c [oAcr4JrBaHe Ha rleHTpaJrrrus ceKTop Ha ceBepHaTa KperrocTHa cTeHa.

Or ernlrruara crpaHa
3ie

lbidem, c. 66.

Ha Kyprr,rHara, Me)KAy

xylu

3 u 4,6u:xr43rpa[en [JrbrHo Ao-

---{- a7.a

,t

.)

O6p. 105. Xpa6pono. TonorpaQua u yKperr{reJrHa cr{creMa. / Fig. 105. Hrabrovo. Topography anC defence system.

JIe[eH 3I,IA c Ae6eJrI,rHa 1,60 lr, xortro o6xnaulal rr rplrre creHr.r Ha Kyra 3 (O6p.
104). fpagextT e rBKJIIoqIarenHo rrpeqrr3eH. 3ldAar e Syqupau na gu6o.uana
IIoBeqe or 2,00 M or roraBaruHoro Hr,rBo Ha repeHa. CyuepcrpyngnflTafiBlt[r4MrrflT
HrKora HaA TepeHa rrBpBr{ peA or cy6crpyKrlr,rqra ca rr3rpaleHrr or cpelHrr no roJreMrrHa, cTapaTeJrHo ooopMerll,I KaMeHHfi 6roKoBe, cB6p3aHr,r c'6c 3ApaB 6ar xopocau
(opus vittatum).l4uairctnpegBr.rg apxeoJrorrrqecKufl KoHreKcr r{ B'b3 ocuoBa na MHoxecrBoro Ao6pe Aarr,rpaHrr [apaJreJrr(380, yAe6enrsaHero Ha KpenocrHara creHa B
OA'rpryr, a pecneKTI,rBHo - BTopara crporrreJrHa $asa npes rperlu K'bcHoaHTrlrrreH
[eprroA, rpx6na yBepeHo Aa ce cBapxe c yKperr[TeJrHara gefinoct Ha r,rMrreparop

3t0lIBaHoB 1973a,c.24 cn; Orrapon 1982, c. 60; WhitBy 1984, p. 177 sqq.; Whitby 1986b, p.

737 sqq.

To My ynpaBJreHrre e HeBB3Moxr{a. flpu rona noJroxeHlre, IrbpBara crpoureJrHa
$asa clegr a aa ce orHece nafi-neporrHo K'bM HaqaJloro na VI n., T.e. KtM BpeMero
Ha r,rMneparop Anacracuti.

Crraxufinuqr no)Kap rr Mor{erHr{Te HaxoAKr{, narf-rccnnre cpeA Kouro ca or
y[paBJreHrrero Ha rlMneparop @oxa (602-610 r.)381, cBrrgereJrcrByBar sa ru6erra
Ha paHHoBrrsaHr[ficroro yKpeneHo ceJrr{qe rpafi Og'rpqfi B n'bpBlrre AecerrlJrerlls
na

VII s.
29. Xpa6pono

(o6q. Eanvrr; fio6pnura o6lacr)
Ha pr6a na [o6pygxaHcKoro Iuraro, orpaHlrrlaBalqo or ceBep AoJlulrara Ha
Earorcxa peKa, Ha 2,0 ru ror-rororr3ToqHo or Xpa6pono ce pa3rlo3HaBar He3HaquTeJrHIr ocraHKr,I or aHTI{rrHo yKpenJreHl,re382. 1o 3aeMa rr3TotlHara noJroBI,IHa Ha cKarrvtcrue rroJryocrpon "Otry 6ypyn", oGparyran MexAy uoqrlr orBecHara creHa Ha
ruraroro r,r eArru K'bc crpaHrrqeH Aor. YxpeuutenHara cflcrellla e c'bBceM eJreMeHTapHa r,r ce c'bcrorr or A'broBrrAHo rr3Brrr KpelocreH 3rrA c A.bJrx<uHa oKoJIO 100 rvr,
rlperpaxqaq [oJryocTpoBa oT cKJroH Ao cKJroH oTK'bM eAtrHCTBeHaTa JTeCHOIOCT'bIIHa ceBepo3anaAHa crpaHa (O6p. 105). Orqe B ro-crapure rry6luxaqzv ce ot6enqgBa, rre 3I{A'br e 6ran Beqe tloqrr,r HantJIHo yHrrlqox(eH B pe3yJrrar Ha cucreMnoro
orpa6nane Ha crpoureJrHr{fi MareprraJr3s3. floxacroxuleru rofi e 3a[a3eH B'bB BIrA lra
KaMeHucr BaJr c rxupusa 3-4 M rI BrrcoqlrHa He noBeqe ot 1,00 r'r (O6p. 106). Ha
Mecra npeg Spoura rury Jrrrqar ocraHKr{ or rrJrr4T'bK poB, [poKolaH B cKaJrHara rroqna. TarpgeHrrero, r{e B rpa[exa Ha KpelocrHara creHa e 6un rI3[oJr3yBaH 6sn xopocan3sa He HaMrrpa rrorB'bpx(AeHrle: H]IKBAe cpe[ pyuHI,ITe, flpopfl3aHu or MHoxecrBo c'bBpeMeHHrr rr3Ko[tr, xopocaH ne ce ga6ensssa. Tosa ne[s6exano BoAII Ao
3aKJrroqeHtrero, qe rpaAexbr Ha 3I4Aa e 6un na ratga cuorlxa, Karo gbBceM ue tpx6na
AA CE II3KJIIOIIBA B'b3MO)KHOCTTA B CIYTIAfl AOPII AA HE CTABA AYMA 3A 3IIA, A SA
HOBEH KAMEHHO-3EMJIEH BAJI.

O6}T-

flpegnpr,retr,rre [pe3 [ocJregH]rre roArlHrr crrcreMarlrqnra o6xoxgaHl{rl IrorBtpAtrxa ny6nuryaaHnre AaHHr,r orHocuo rroAeMnnfl apxeororuqecKlr MareprlaJl or

o6erra, Ho rr 3Harrlrrenno o6orarr,rxa rro3naH]r.rra orHocHo xpoHoJrortrtffa [I IIeJI[ITe
na o6IarasaHe Ha repeHa. C'rsceM T'bHKlrrr rroqBeH cnori u ne6naronpraf,TH]ITe ycJroBr{, 3a >t<rrBoT upaBtT TB'bpAe He[paBgoflogo6no c'bIrIecTByBaHeTo TyK Ha HTIKaKBa ycraHoBeua [oceJrrrqua Sopvra. Cr6pauata KepaM[IKa, o6a're, cBlrAereJrcrByBa

38r

fly6ruxynauara [o-paHo un$opuaqr,ra (MuxafrroB

Ir Ap.

Ha r{Mneparop Ooxa (602-610) ce oKa3a HeBspHa.
382,[pencnsora 1966, c. 34 (Nh 78); Ep6sena 6.r., c. 68.
383
384

lbidem.
Bo6sera 6.r., c. 68.

1975,c.70) sa uauepeua Mouera

O6p. 106. Xpa6pono. Ocranxlr or KperrocrHara crena. / Fig. 106. Hrabrovo. Remains of
the precinct wall.

3a cprcreMHo r{oBe[rKo rrp[c'bcrBrre Moxe 6lr oqe npe3 K'bcHo6poHsosara efroxa,
npe3 ABeTe saeu Ha xeJrs3Hara efloxa, a [o-K'bcHo - rr npe3 KtcHopi.rMcKr,rfl rrepu-

og. lprnxlrr,rBo rroApaBHeHrrre [JrorrlaAKr{ uo pr6a Ha cKaJrHr4, BeHerL c trsgrn6auu
B Tax A'brrra >rne6ose c rpanelloBI,t[Ho cer{eHne u a5corrorHo ror{Ha opl{eHTaql{tr
rro cBeToBHI{Te llocoKrr, rro BcrKa BepofTHocT cJIeABa [a ce [pr{eMaT KaTo cBr,rAerparUrtCrO CBeTr{Jrr{qe, qr4ero B'b3Hr{KBaHe Moxe 6r.r rpx6ra [a ce orHece or{e K'bM K'bcHo6poneorara efloxa.
He e r.rsrrroqeHo n'bpBara yKpenrrreJrHa crrcreMa Ea e 6ura urrpa4eHa orqe npe: I
xrrJr. rrp. Xp., no BpeMe rr BBB Bp'b3Ka c SynrqraorupaHero Ha cBerr{Jrr,rrqero. flpee
K'bcHoprrMcKara efloxa ceBepo3arra[Ho or [oJryocrpoBa "orry 6ypyu", Mexqy Hero rr cera[rHoro ceJro Xpa6pono, ce pa3Br{Jro o6urupno HeyKpeneuo ceJrr4rr{e, or
Tepr,rropr.rf,Ta Ha Koero flporr3xo)Kga r4so6ureH HyMIr3MarI{qeH Marepila:r. Cpeg 238-

TeJICTBO 3a CBIIIeCTByBaHeTO Ha TOBa MflCTO Ha ApeBHO

Te MOHeTr4r, C'bXpaHgBaHI'r Cera B HyMr43MaTr{rrHaTa KoJIeKIIpIfl Aa IrtrCrOpUUeCKr'r My-

O6p. 107. O6povurqe. Oc'ranrra or KacHoaHTr{r{Ho yKperreHue (rrorreA o'r cereporasror).
I Fig. lO7 . Obrochishte. Remains of a Late Roman fortification (vie from the north-east).

oefi-[o6plru385, caMo rpr4 claAar K'bM MoHerocerreHero ilpe3

[pe3 y1

111386

rr eAHa - K'bM

Bcu.rx[ ocraHaJrrr MoHerrr Aarr,rpar or HaqaJroro Ha IV Ao K6M
HalraJroro Ha V B., raro nar?-rtcHr{Te cpeA Tflx ca or BpeMero Ha rrMleparoprrre
Apragufi u Xonopufi388. Cnegure or o6r.rraBaHe Ha repr,rropr,r-trTa Ha rroJryocrpoBa
"Otry 6ypyn" [pe3 K'bcHop:avcKkrs. [eprrog HecBMHeHo rpa6na Aa ce nocraBqr B'bB
Bp'b3Ka c roBa ceJrr,rrqe. Tn'rpge oflpocreHara [rHxeHepHa KoHr{enqflfl u upr{Mr,rrr.rBHo crpollTeJrHo pelreHr{e Ha r.r3rpaAeHoro ryK yKpelJreuue y6eqlrreJrHo cBr,rqereJrcTByBar 3a HeroBr{, "u3a'bHpeqen" xapaxrep. Or $ynrqrroHaJrHa rJIe[Ha roqKa, To c
roJrflMa yBepeHocr Moxe Aa 6'sge oupegeJreHo Karo Kperrocr-y6exuqe (refugium),
ua6'spso r{3rpa[eHa or MecrHoro HaceJreHr{e np}r Bb3Hr{KBaHero Ha HqKaKBa Kpr4-

ToBa

385

u.387

Mone'rnte [porr3xox[ar or repl{Toprrfra KaKTo Ha ceJrrrulero ,TaKa t Ha yKpelJleurrero:
Ilcropr.ruecrn r',ryseft-[o6pr{}r, orAerr "Hyur.rsuar:lrKa", rlHB. }& I 3103-3112,33943610,3762.

387

I,Inn.NilI3604.

388

I,IHS. Nb

I 3106-3108, 3484.

O6p. 108. O6po'nrute. Tonorpa$cxo noJro>reHue Ha KtcHoaflTrqnoro yxperuler*re. /'
Fig. 108. Obrochishte. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.
3EcHa cuTyarpfl. He tpx6ra Aa ce xsKnloqBa II BtsMoxHocTTa QoprrQnxarlxoHrroTo e"rporreJlcrBo Aa e GIrJIo cBeAeHo de facto Ao peMolrr E [pmexgaHe BBB Sysxrfi{oHanr{a roAHocT Ha elHo saBapeEo, MHOI'O [O-[peBI{O yKpeIIImeJIHO c}op'bxerme. C onreg rra Koncra"EpaHara Ha repuTopr{fiTa rra ceJfi'rlqero H B yKpenneuuero
MoHerr{a qpefia, KaKTo I[ BB3 ocHoBa Ha xola Ha EcropI{tIecKI{Te c:u6urux B pertro-

Ha, BG3rrtr.{KBarrero H H3noJI3yBaHeTo Ha KBCHOATTTT{[IHEfl pe$yrxyu xpa* Xpa6poBo rmrJlexganafi-neponruo rrpe3 BTopara rroJIoBEI{a na IV Exa.raxoro Ha V s. KarTO B KOTICTpyXTUBHO O'THOIIIeHT{e, Tal{a A llo CBOflTa XpOHOJIOmX,'t0tt Ce flBfBa MHO-

ro 6flugrr flap:men

Ha

Ktcuoalrrr{qrmx pe$yrnyr*t [e6pere-I

38e.

30. Odpo.nlule

(o6rq. Baruux; fio6puuxa o6nacr:)

Ha oxono 2,0 xlnt ceBepHo ot O6pountqe ce HaMllpar ocraHKLITe or K'bcHoauTnrruo yKperJreurre3eo iO6p. 107). flonoxeurrero My e ctBceM cKplrro cpeA r6H38e

3m

Bx. ctorBerHrrr naparpaS B l{3JroxeHllero tro-rope,
fipeucu:ora 1966, c. 22; Bodqena 6.r., 50-5 l.

KI{TC HA MECTHOCTTa

I{

OKOJIHITI-

TE B'b3BIIIIIEIIVTfl.
I{srpageno e 6uJro B'bpxy MaJraK,
II3ABJDKeH OT CeBepol,I3roK Ha

roro3arla[ fioJryocTpoB, c nJraToBTTAHO

3apaBHeHo

6ulo u crptMlrrr

5

cKrroHoBe (O6p.
108). Beve npea
BTOpaTa IloiroBrlua ua 60-re ro[raHrr Ha XX r. yrpeunenueto 6uno

s
$

s
s

s

crIJrHo o6esruqeHO, rropaApl

crlcTe-

MATIIIIHOTO OT-

pa6rane Ha crporrreJrHr{rl Marepl{ar. flpll Bce roBa,
u3cneABatMTe ca
pa3rro3HaJllr OCTaHKr{Te OT eAHa
(rprrra?) KyJIa,

tS

otora

NB.

l-l-J

I

O6p. 109. O6povnule. flpu6rusuteJleH IUraH Ha yKpenlrreJlHara
cr.rcreMa (uo: MupvenfiuMtrrpoB 1958'60, rt.9). lFig. 109.
Obrochishte. Sketch-map of the defence system (after Mupven,

fluuutpon 1958-60, r. 9).

6es [a ot6ensssar HerlHoro MecrotloJroxenr,re39l. flouactoxlqeM, rro [o-roJltMara rlacr or rlporexeHlrero i, rpenocrnara creHa IrMa BI,IA Ha Hrtc'bK KaMeI{Ho-3e}vf,IIeH BaJr, tto rIoBLpxrrocTTa na roftto TyK-TaM ce cpeIIIaT KbcoBe xopocaH. Ha uecta (n cenepoaanagHrrfl .br6Jr, uanpuuep), Tpacero il ce npocregf,Ba B Herarlre, no poBoBere, ocraHaJlr{
cJIeA r,r3BJII,IqaHeTo Ha KaMeHHIiIq MaTepI,IaI oT rpaAexa. YrpeuenaTa TepIIToplIs,
r{3fJrexAa, e 6uta rbcro 3acrpoeua.
Baxurn noApo6Hocrr{ orHocHo o6rura rr crpol,ITeJxnrte oco6enocrl{ Ha yKpenJreuuero ce orKpr,rBar n neny6rurKyBaulrre 6elexrra Ha BapHeHcKtrTe apxecJlosu M. Mupuen u [. finuurpon, Korrro rrocerIIJIIr o6er<ta npes 1958 r. I{ ro 3aBapl{Jrrr
B 3HaqrrreJlro no-go6po or cerarrrHoro ctcromme. Orurcannero IIM e rlpl{ApyxeHo
oT oKoMepHa cKr{qa Ha ocTaHKr,rTe, [pecG3AaBaIrIa upu6mlsureJlHl,Ifl rlnau Ha yK3erlbidem.

penJreHllero, Bcpxy Kosro ca orpa3eHr4 r4 HeroBr4Te pa3weprf92. B nora.lrsara rorroHuuug. o6eKT'br 6r.rn ragsecreH rroA r{Mero "Yenuur l{eaHonoro KaJIe". Buperlr
MaJrKr{Te cr{ pa3Mepr,r (urorq oKoJro 0,2 xa), yKpenJreHr{ero ce orruqaBaJro c MHoro
3ApaBa KoHcrpyKrlr4fl.3arqureuo 6prno c r{3rpaAeHa B opus implectum oKoJroBp'bcrHa KpelocrHa creHa, quflTo ge6emana B'b3Jrr43aJra Ha oKoJro 2,50 yt. ?Isnonsynanr.rar
xopocaH c'bA'bpx(aJr eApu flapqera crporrreJrHa KepaMr,rra. fhasrr Ha yKpelJreHraero ce A'bJDKaJr na ocoSenocrurre na pere$a vuuarr euq npra6nu3r{TeJrHo Ha rpa[eq, c rpeqyreHa rrog rbrbrbr rorqMa ocHoBa. Hafi-xl,ca (32w) 6una rorosanagrrara KpenocrHa creHa, pa3[oJroxeHa rrpu B'],pxa Ha loJryocrpona. Crenr{Te rra[
ceBepo3arrap.Hvtfl, ur loror{3Tor{Hlrr cKJroH 6vtu gtr'ru c'borBerHo 46 u 42,70 rvr. flopTaTa ce HaMLIpaJIa Ha K)roI{3TOqHaTa KpelocTHa cTeHa, JIeKo I{3MeCTeHa Ha

ror

OT

i.

Oco6eno coJrr,rAHo 6aro yrpenxBaHero orKBM rrJraroro. CenepousrouHara Kpe[ocrHa crerra ce c'bcrora or ABe upaeonunefiHll orceuKrl, cKJrroirBarqt iloMex[y crr rbn 'brbJr. Cenepuara e ['bJrra 30 u, a ro)KHara - 36,40. flo rpacero na
cpeAara

xyru c Heyror{HeH rrJrau: rro eIHa B 'brJrrrre, a rperara - npfi
B cpeAara. flpeg SpoHTa Ha ceBepor3TorrHara KpenocrHa creHa 6un npoKonaH U'broBlrAeH poB c AIJDKUHa oKoJro 100 rtr, xofito upecuqaJr [oJryocrpoBa or
cKJIoH Ao cKJroH. Posrr 6u:r rur.rpox 13 u u gu6ox go 1,40 rrr I{ orcroflJr sa9-12,60 tvt
or 3r4Aa (O6p. i09).
B'ss ocHosa Ha KoHcrpyKTlrBHrrre oco6enocrz LI Ha [por43xo)KAarqru or repeHa KepaMYtseHaIrylr{LBMaTlIqeH MaTepI4aJI, I43rpax<AaHeTO Ha yKpeIIJIenuerO rpaft
O6povr.rule eAtrHoAyrnHo ce orHacfl or rr3cJreABaqrrre KtM Kacuopt4McKuq [epr4og393. ConraAHo r{3rpaAeHara $oprzSurarlraoHHa cr{creMa r,r BepoqrHara My [arlrzuya

6utu

r{3rpaAeHrr 3

qyrtKara

poBKa Karo rre

Jrr.r

[peAloJrarar BoeHeH rrporr3xoA. Tosa, o6a.re e rBBpAe MaJrKoBe-

po.rITHO, IIpeABLIA cKpi,IToTo MeCTOIIOJIOX(eHIIe I{ OTAaIeqeHocTTa Ha yKpelJIeHI(eTO

or

rJraBHr4Te

rrbrnrr aprepr,ru n pafiona npe3 auTr,rqHocrra. flone sa HarraJrHr4f, nepr4-

or HeroBoro c'bulecrByBaHe, orbxAecrBrBauero na o6erra c yKperreHo ceJrr,rrqe394 cuqo rl3rJrex(Aa Herrpr{eMJrr4no. Trrpge cKpoMnlrre pa3Mep[ Ha yrpe[JreHraoA

ero rr curypHo 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaHoro cnHxponno o6IErasaue npe3 K'bcHopl{McKr{fl
nepr{og na o6runpru{ TepeHrr ceBepor,r3ToqHo or Hero AaBar ocuoBaHr{e Aa ce [peArroJrox<rl, qe yKpenreHr{ero narf-nepoarHo B'b3HrrKHaJro Karo I{I,ITaAeJra Ha pa3BrrJro-

To ce Ha ryK roJrrMo aHTuqHo ceJrr{rrle, KoflTo flpe[ocraBflra y6e;xluqe Ha MecrHoro
HaceJreHr{e n cly.rafi Ha onacHocr. Cneq BapBapcKrrre HarrrecrBrrrr or Kpaq na IV u

3e2

MupuenfiuMrrrpoB 1958-60, n. 9-10.
B uyrnrusuar[rrHara KoJreKr{urr }ra llctopnuecxu rr,rysefi-fio6puq ce cbxpaHsBar ABe MoHerI4
or yKperrrreHnero rpafi O6povuqe, Karo rr ABere Aarrrpat or IV B.: r{HB. Nb I 2094,
3379.ll'nprara or r{x e He.rerJrHB eK3eMrrJrflp, a BTopara [prlHaAJrexrr K'bM
MoHerocerreHero Ha r.rM[eparop Banenc.
3ea
Tara s: Eo6seua 6.r., c. 51.
3e3

Harlaroro Ha V B. o6u[pHoro rreyKpeleHo ceirrru{e [pecraHaJro Aa c6rr{ecrByBa, a
xrIBoT'bT ce cBcpeAoTorrr,ur B r{epTr.rTe Ha HsKorauHaTa rlr,rTaAeJra, KoflTo rrpe3
y1 u.395 [pr,rAo6r.rJra Beqe o6rr.rKa Ha yKpeleHo ceJrr4rr{e.

3es

oT yKpeIIneHr{ero rrporr3xoxAar MHoxecrBo MoHerr,r or VI 8., Korrro ce HaMrrpar
IloHacTorrqeM

B rracTHr.r

KoJieKuI{Ir.

I.INCERTA
no-rroBrr ny6ruraquu ce orKpr,rBar c[opaAuqnfiuqecTO C'bBCeM CyMapHU CIIOMeHaBaHII[ V 3A Apyru yKpelJreHI{rI B npeAeJrrrre Ha [pOBr,rHrlrrr Cxanut, Korlrro o6urcrogeHo ce onpeAeJUIT B Haf{Hara KHr,rx(Hr,IHa Karo "pI,IMcKrr" Lrlru "puMo-Bu3aHTyfrcKtr",6es sa roBa Aa IlMa HflKaKBrr ceprlo3Hu ocHoBaHI{rL
Cauoro c'brr{ecrByBaHe Ha HqKou or rf,x He caMo He ce florB'bpxgaBa, Ho rr ce orxB'bpJrfl B cBerJrr{Hara Ha rro-HoBr,rre npoyrrBaHr{rr. II{o ce orHac, Ao ocraHaJII{Te, To
TrxHara AarrrpoBKa r,rJrrr e TB'bpAe Hecr{rypHa, wrn peurlrTeJrHo He ce BrIIrcBa B xpo-

B peguqa no-crapu

r4

HOJIOTF;IECKtrTE PAMKE HA HACTO,flUIOTO II3CJIEABAHE, ONPEAEJIEHtr OT C'bIIIECTBYBA-

Hero Ha rrpoBrrHrlurr Cxurus.. flopann re3u flpu.mnIr, [oHe sacera(!) or cIrIrcBKa Ha

o6exrure, c'bcraBJrflBarrI, yKperurreJrHara unQpacrpyrrypa

Ha [poBI,IHru{.f,Ta, cJIeABa

Aa oTnaAHar:

fiyn'rpenu

(s. Dun5reni /6prsure Mirleanu/, com. Aliman,

- roBoptr 3a "p[McKo
fI. flonoulrK

yKperrJreHr,re" Ha 1,0 KM ceBepHo

jud. Constanta)

ot cerotol.

-

Cse-

AeHr{ero He e rrorB'bpAeHo oT IIo-HoBra flpoyqBaHr,rfl rr ce rrrHopl,rpa B c'bBpeMeHHaTa
HayrIHa KHIIDKHIIHa.

Ycrnero na p. fl.rrouuqa (gura Ialomilei lxpail HrKorarrrHoro ceno Piua

Pietreil, jud. Ialomila) - floc'rynupaHoro c'brrlecrByBaHe Ha prrMcKo yKperrreHr{e rpu

ycruero ua p. flnorrrrrqa, cJryx(eulo 3a npeAMocrl,Ie Ha AyHaBcKr,r-a 6pog npu Kapcuyu2, gocera He e HaMepuno neo6xo[uMoro apxeoJrorfiqecKo norBapxAel{fie u ocHOBaTOJIHO Ce

nOAJIafa Ua C'H"rnenUe3.

Kapxanny (com. Carcaliu, jud. Tulcea)

- fiocera
He ca perucrpr,rpaHrr HEKaKBTT OCTaHKTI OT yKpelLrTeJrHIr Clbop'bXesus4.

B 3eMJr]rrrlero Ha ceJroro

I4on Kopnuu (com. Ion Corvin llur:lrue Ctzgunl,jud. Constanla) - Kpafi
"Kacrer"s, KofiTo [3rJrexna e 6un 3eMJreHo yKperrJreHrre c roJreMlr pasuepu6. fiaruponrara My e HetcHa, no raso6l,Irrrero or apxeoJrortrlrecKta MarepuaJr[I or flpegpuMcKara LI palrnopl,IMcKara elroxu u par?ona, rar-

ceJroro ce crloMeHaBa 3a HfKaK'bB

' Polonic 1935, p. 19.
TIR L35, p. 58.
3
Tudor 1958, p. 143,279;Vulpe 1961, p. 376,379.

2

Bx. uo-rope f.nara I.2 (6en.144-146).
Pirvan 1912, p. 580.
6
TIR L35, p. 47.

a

5

upeArroJroxr,
qe cTaBa gyua nafi-oeporrHo 3a rpeApllMcro Sopru$IIKaIIIIoHHo c'bop'bx(eHl,re.

TO I{ OTC'bCTBr{eTO Ha K'bCHOaHTI{qHI{ TaKr{Ba, AaBaT ocHoBaHI{e Aa ce

CapnnacyQ (s. Sarinasuf, com. Valea Nucirilor, jud. Tulcea) - flo-nosure
He [orBBpxAaBar rB'bpAerrr{ero sa E. [exapgeu or BTopara [oJroBI{-

rpoyqBaHfifl

sa na XIX B. 3a cBu{ecTByBaHeTo Ha HrKaKBo "gu3aHTrIIicKo yKpenJIeHrIe" B oKoJrHocrI{Te na cenoroT.
C'rnquoapa (s. Sat"iouru lfuwnrueCaramanchioi; 6usue $ase Martie/, com.
Ha ceJroro e JroKaJIIr3I4paHo roJrrMo ceJrl,Iu{e
or pr{McKara euoxaS, Koero rpa[uqlroHHo ce orb)KgecrBssag c or6err3aHara B
Itinerarium Antonini fl'brHa craHrlwr Ad Saliceslo, cyuraHa or MHo3tIHcrBoro Ir3cregBarrrr 3a r{AeHTrrrua c oppidum Salices y At*ruan Mapqelunll a c yrpenneHlrero
Tzasklis y flpoxonufil2.Ha reprrroprrJrra Ha aHTrrqHoro ceJrrlqe upr C'rnuuoapa,
o6a.re,.ne ca 3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHu HTTKaKBI,I ocraHKI{ or yKp.ellrreJrHlr c6op'bx<eHrrr, Koero flpaBra JroKaJr[r3arlrrflTa:aa Ad Salices Ha roBa Mrlcro c'bBceM HenpueMirlrna13. fiocropo orryK ne 6qxa r{3Becrurr HfiKaKBr,r apxeororuqecKl{ MareprraJll/t or
V-VI n.14, ,o ,urro"r"A'bK ce crloMeHaBa 3a HaMepeHa MoHera Ha rrMneparop Maepuxufi Tu6epufi or 5931594r.rs

Unirea, jud. Tulcea) - B oromrocrrrre

Cnnoe (s. Sinoe /6rsue Casapchioi/, com. Mihai Viteazu, jud. Constanla)
3a "pI,IMcKo yKpeIIJIeHrIe" u'rpxy
eAHor,rMeHH[rr rroJryogrpoB Ha 5,0 xu u3TorrHo or ceroto16. Ocrrqecraeulrre B lrocJTeAHO BpeMe CI/ICTeMaTIIqHI,I TepeHHU npoyqBaHu, perl,IcTpllpaxa Ha ToBa MqcTo
o6nupHo ceJrrrrqe or KracuqecKara v errrautrcrvlqecKara erloxlr, 3alr{rlTerro or co-

- Eo-CTapII uy6maraqllu ce c[OMeHaBa
- B nsrou

U3rpaAeH 3eMJreH BaJr, HO He OTKpr,rXa HTTKaKBII CJIeAII OT pIIMCKa ITJIII K'bCHOprrMcKa Soprnsux aqual7 .
JTnAHO

7

Jlnreparypara uo ro3u B'brlpoc

e cr6paua s: Suceveanu 1992, S' 200 (Anm. 53-55).

TIR L35, p. 69.
eWeiss 1911, S.57;Pirvan 1916,p.581;Litzica 1926-21,p.80;Barnea 1968, p.421;Belevliev
1970, S. 148; Wolfram 1979,p. 42-143; Be.rrxos 19846,c.172; Barnea 1991a, p. 166.
r0
Itin. Ant. Lug.221,1 (ed. Cuntz).
rr Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXXI,7, 5 (ed. Clark).
12
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
13
B>x. fJrasa II.2.B (11), Kagero 6e npegtoxena t.t o6oorosaua JloKiulrr3aqu.sra ua Ad Salices/
SaliceslTzasklis npu rfuuypnua 4e Xoc.
t4
TIR L35, p. 69; Suceveanu 1992, S. 203; Opai! et al.l992a, S. 109.
15
MInucu-Adame gteanu/Poenaru/Bo r dea 1992-1993, p. 125, 129 .
16
Pirvan 1915d, 257-258.
17
Avram et al. 1985, ll9-120.
8

(com. D6eni, jud. Tulcea) - B'rs ocHoBa na ueuy6nr'rKyBalrr apxr'IBua XX B. TyK ce JIoKaJrrI3Epa pIrMcKo yxpennenraelS.
flo-nosure repenHrr npoyqBaHur B 3eMJrprnlero Ha ceJroro ycraHoB[Ixa ugo6r,Innr,r
cJreAlr or xrrJrflAoJrerHa rroceJrrrrrlua rpaglrqux r pafiona, Ho HI{K'b[e He 3acBl{AereJr-

-,fiteuuor Haqaroro

Hrr MareprraJr[

crByBaxa ocraHKrr or yKpe[IrreJrHfi cbop'b;xeHu.a19.

Brxrpenn (s. V[c6reni, com. Jijila, jud. Tulcea) - 3a anrrrer, castellum c
HeflcHa AaTupoBKa B oKoJrHocTr{Te Ha ceJroTo ce cloMeHaBa caMo B eAHa uy6nuxaqnxzo. Kaxro uo-cTapllTezr, TaKa pI [o-HoBI{Te flpoyqBaHua n pattouaD ca pertrcTpupanln TyK HeyKpeIIeHo ceJluqle oT pIIMCKaTa e[oxa, 3a KoeTo ce AoIIycKa, r{e npoA.bJrx<rrJro Aa c'brr{ecrByBa rr [pe3 K'bcHara aHTnqHocr. Hmaxnu cJreAu or aHTuqHa
trJrfi K'bcHoaHTI{vHa

Sopta$nxaqna, o6ave,

He ca 6llma

otxputn.

Conona (com. Somova; jud. Tulcea) - Kpafi ceJroro ce clo6ulana 3a c'bqrrBrrJrHo noceJreHlle, Ha rIIryITo reprlTopu, 6unra orrprrTrr KaMeHHu 3tIAoBe, arnlsopn u$w6yttu,a s 6JII,Isocr Ao Hero - HeKpo[oJI23. B eglra
c'bBpeMeHHa ny6ruraq[q BtnpocHure 3LrAoBe ca o6qseH[ 3a "Kpeloctn[", r1opagr4
Koero u caMoro ceirl,Ilqe e [pe[[oJrox<r,ITeJrHo olpegeJreuo xato "yrpeneHo"24. 3a
rosa, o6aue, JIrIrIcBar KaKB[ITo u ga 6uno naHHII.

rrlecrByBaHero Ha prucro(?)

Mnnepn (s. Mineri /6usue Cdslal,jud. Tulcea) - fionycxa ce B'b3Moxcenoro Ha pvMcKo yKpenJlep1ue25, Ho 3a roBa He ce [ocotlBar HrrKaKBIr apxeoJrorrrqecKl4l cBeAeHrIg I{Jru noAarKu.

HocTTa 3a c'bIrIecTByBaHeTo ua 6pera na flyrara rpafi

Cary Hoy (s. Satu Nou, com. Mihai Bravu, jud. Tulcea)

eAHa cepfiq or aepo$orocHrrMKrr,

- B'rs ocHoBa Ha

noxparinuru,I Ha ceJloro npe[[oJro)K]rreJrHo e rrAeHTu$nqupano roJrrMo yKpe[JreHrle. To e pa3[oJro)KeHo Ha paBeH TgpeH, nprr croKa Ha ABe MaJrKlr pern. I4ua npu6nusr.rreJlHo KBaApareH [JraH, c
AtJDKr,rHa Ha cTpaHr{Te no OKOJIO 250u, npI,I KOeTo [JIoIIITa My HaAxB'bptts,6 xa.
fionycra ce, qe B GrJrrrre My uMaJro KpbrJrrl rynn. BtupocHoro yKpelJreHrle e or-

18

B ceBepo3anaAHl,ITe

TIR L35, p. 37; Suceveanu 1991, p. 71.

le

Comqa 1959,p.764.
Suceveanu 1991, p. 70, 80.
2r
Comqa 1953, p. 752; TIR L35, p.77
20

22

0pai1 etal.l992a, S.

23

TIR L35, p. 68.

2a

Scorpan 1980, p. 6.
TIR L35, p. 31.

25

109.

.

HeceHo K'bM pr.IMcKaTa enoxa26, Ho Aocera HpITo HeroBoTo c'brrlecTByBaHe, HI4To npeAJroxeHaTa AaTrrpoBKa ca flonKpeleHr.r c KoHKpeTHrr TepeHHr.r apxeo.]rorurrecKr4 AaHHr{.

CapumoJr Ae ,qrJr (s. Sarighiol de Deal, com. Beidaud, jud. Tulcea) - Ha 3
KM 3alaAHO OT CeJTOTO, B'bpxy CflycKarrlrrfl Ce Ha roro3arraA nOJIeraT CKJTOH Ha eAr{O

-

BB3BlIIrreHI{e, e JroKaJrll3r,rpaHo yKperureH}Ie c potu6oruger frJraH, AaJrxI,IHa Ha crpaHr,rre rro 300 rvr l,r [Jrorq or oKoJro 9 xa. YrpenrrreJrHrirre My ccopt)Keuvrs, ce c'bcroflJrr{ or BaJr r{ poB rr ne 6nnn c BHyrrrrrreJrHr{ pa3Mepr,I. Antopute na c'ro6rqeHl{ero
orHacrr yKperrJreHr.rero KtM prrMcKara enoxa27.I{arara npr{BegeHa uuQopuaqlu
o6a.re e rtoqepflaHa or efiHa-eguncrBeHa aepo$otocHrlMKa, Aarrlpalqa or 1960 r.
C'ruqecrnynaHero Ha roBa yKpenJreHue Bce oqe He e norBtpAeHo no apxeoJlorrlIIECKIlI 116T.

Constanga)

Cu6noapa (s. Sibioara (6uuue Cicaracci), com. Mihail Kog6lniceanu, jud.

-

Ha Mscroro Ha c'bBpeMeHHoro ceJro ce upeAnoJrara c'bu{ecrByBaHero
or pr{McKara enoxa28. Ma.nrara rrJrorq (or. 0,3 xa), rurruxr
orpa[eH srag (ge6eanHa oK. 0,75 rnl), MHoxecrBoro apxrrreKTypHrr gerafiiu Lt erfilrpa$cru [aMerHr,rqu I,t paHHara Aarr,rpoBKa (II r.) ce aBfrBar y6egnrennu ocHoBaHtr r
o6errsr Aa ce lrgeHTu$uqupa Karo BprJra.

Ha yKperreHo ceJrlrule

Jlecne:u (s. Lespezi, com. Dobromir, jud. Constanla) - Cnopeg AaHHu or
aepoQorocnr{MKlr, laa2 xwt ceBepHo or ceJroro, B'bpxy Kpaflr.a eAHo Bt3BrrrrreHrre, e
ugeuruSuqupaHo rrpaBo'brtJrHo 3eMJreHo yKpenJreuue c npu6nzsureJrHlr pa3Meprr
75x120 M. Hsxora ro 6nno 3arr\rreHo c [Ba poBa rr ABa BaJra, Ho cera ocraHKrrre My
ca cr.rJrHo o6esrIa.reHra Ha repeHa.

fiaruporrara

My e :aesctta29.

Jlary (s. Lazu /6rsme Laz-Mahalel, jud. Constanla)

HrKora yKperrrBaHe rrpe3 paHHosr.rgaHruficrara

-

flpegnoraraHoro

efloxa Ha c'brqecrByBtrJroro
Mf,cro auTr{rrHo cennrqe30 He ce rrorB'bpx<EaBa or rro-HoBrlTe npoyqBasuq3l

Ha

roBa

.

Ba.ny.nyfi Tpaxn (com. Valu lui Traian, jud. Constan{a) - CvuraHoro 3a
xpali ceroro32 ce flBflr;a, Bc'brrlHocr, Jlarep 10 or loaeuus

- yKpelJreHue
"puMcKo"
26
27
28

Rada et al. 1988, p.202.
Rada et al. 1988, 197-202.

Plrvan 1912, p.582; Vulpe 1938, p. 195,200,209; TIR L35, p. 65; Suceveanu

Suceveanu 1992, 210-211.
2e
Rada et al. 1988, p.203.
30

flpegnoloxeHr.rero e ua

fI. Huropecxy (nx.: Suceveanu

3rPopescu 1965, p. 251 sqq.; TIR L35, p.48.
32
TIR L35, p. 77.

1992, S. 218).

1991, p. 69;

3eMJIeH BaJr rr Aarr.rpa

Ho HarraJroro na

IX

or enoxara

Ha 6'bJrrapcKoro paHHo cpeAHoBeKonue

(repoxr-

n.)33.

(D'rxaua (s. Ficlia /6mrue Filcrial, com. Saligny, jud. Constantra) - "Pr.rMcnlau rpafi @rxrut34 cJIeABa ga ce ugeutusuqfipa c eIHo or ABere JroKaJrr,r3r,rpaHr{ B 3eMJrurllero Ha ceJroro yKpe[JreH[rx. kT gaeTe, o6aqe, Aarrrpar or e[oxara Ha cpegHoBeKoBr{ero: Jlarep 28 or Fonerr.rr4r 3e}r,JreH
sar35 r.rrr,r Jlarep XXII or Kauennus.sar36.

Koro" yKpenJreulre
c qerr,rp['brtJreH

O;rrnxa (com. Oltina, jud. Constanta) - YxpeureHnero B'bpxy B'b3BrlrueHr,rero "Ma{yKa" (Macuca) ceBepuo or ceJloro rpaAuIII{oHHo ce orax4ecrBrBa c
aHTI{rrHr{g u KGcHoaHTr,rqen ArruHyM3T, Ho HeroBLITe crpol,ITeJrnra 6enesn I{ TonorcBr,rgereJrcrByBar, r{e ro flpr.rHagJrexs K'bM 3eMJreHr,rre yKpe[ureJrHr{ c'bop'b-

pa+u,

xenr,r, ua

KHr,DKHr.rHa

flrproro 6urapcro

qapcrBo rro AecHI{ff [yHaBcKIr 6pxr38.

B.rram (s. Vlahi, com. Aliman, jud. Constan[a)

-

B pyrrrurcxara HayqHa

ce roBopr4 3a c'brrlecrByBaHero B oKoJrHocrrrre Ha ceJroro, n 6mrsocr go

llyHaBcKrrr 6pxr, ua eAHo 3eMJIeHo yKpenJreHle c qerupu'brbJreu nJraH, Koero rpaAr{rllroHHo ce ornacfl K6M pr,rMcKara euoxa39. B gefictrureJrHocr, ceBepHo or ceJroTo, B'bpxy egr,rn o6urupeH noJryocrpoB, orpaAeH or 3arra[, ceBep Ir LI3ToK or rprr

xpafi4ynancrw, 6:l.ata, e perlrcrprrpaH Muoro roJrrM 3eMJreH narep c flJlorq ror{Tu
300 xa, xofito HarrbJrHo ocHoBareJrHo ce orHacfl r'ru $oprlrSnraquonHure crpoexrr or e[oxara na flrpnoto 6'rnrapcro qapcrBo. {acr or yKperrureJrHara unSpacTpyKTypa Ha To3r,r Jrarep c'bcTaBrqBaJrrr r{ ABe no-MaJrKr,r oKo[oBr{ KperrocTr{, rr3rpaAeHu Ha HeroBara tepnropnr4o.
(com. Cochirleni, jud. Constan(a)

-Koxnp.neuu
ratx flarynyJryfi"
He e aHTuqHo4l,
Sraurono
33
3a
35
36

37

83

Karr,reuHara Kperocr

"9e-

a cpegnoBeKoBHo yKperrJreHl{ea2 utpegcraBJrtBa

AorrBJrHeHrre K'bM Karraennus nan

Pamen 19826, c. 77,
TIR L35, p. 41.

-

-

Jlarep XXX s llflJrocrHara crpyKTypa

123.

Schuchardt 1918, S. 4 I ; Paruen 19826, c. 89 .
Schuchardt 1918, S.55; Pauren 19826, c. 165.

Aricescu 1970,307-308; Aricescu 1972,339-340; Aricescu 1917, p. 119; Barnea/gtefan
1974, p.17; Irimia 1968, p. 379 sqq.; Polonic 1935, p. 19; Scorpan 1980, p. 5; TIR
L35, p. 22; Vulpe 1970, p.42; Yulpe 1972,218-220; Zahariade 1988, p. 119.
38
Torbatov 2000b, p. 73.
3e
Polonic 1935, p. 20; TIR L35, p. 78;Yulpe 1970, p. 42; Barnea/$tefinl974,p.17.
a0
Illxopnh.n 19056, c. 519; Illxopnun 1940,531-532.
4' TIR L35, p. 34;Zahariadel996,p.224 (Fig.l).
a2
Diaconu 1975, p. 203; Florescu 1986, p.173.

c.Lopt)Kenuero43. Irlsrpagena e B'bpxy ocraHKlrre or 3a[aAHI{x $nanronu Jlarep
35 or loneMprfl 3eMJIeH rarep4.
Ha

Pogrue (d. Piatra Rogie, com. Cerna, jud. Tulcea) - B'rpxy B'b3BrIPouu,Ie, 3a[a4Ho or r{epna, ce clo6ulana 3a 3eMJIeH Jlarep c pa3ga ToBa Aa ce nocor{BaT
rtaepra 350 x 300 u, rofiro ce olpegeJlt KaTO "p[McKI,I", 6eS
HITKaKBI,I flarrrpoB'brrHl,I Kpr.rrepl,rlr45. Karto rlo MecroIIoJIoxeHLIe, TaKa Ilt no KoHcrpyKTrrBHrI OCo6enOCru u pa3Mepu, B'bnpOCHoTo yKpelJIeHIIe CJIeABa Aa Ce npuqucJrr{ K.bM rr3rpaAeHara no BpeMero na flrpaoro 6'bJrrapcKo IlapcrBo or6pauratenna
crtcrovraro ilecHl,Ifl 6pxr ua p. ,(yuara6.

Ilxrpa

rrreHrreTo flarpa

(s. Ghind[reqti, com. Hirgova, jud. Constanla)

firngtpeq

x.bJrM loxHo or ceJroro ca 6anw perlrcrplrpaHlr
rpafigyuancru

B'rpxy eglln
ocraHKlr or crapI,IH-

-

HO yKpenJieHIIe, KOeTO TpaAUrInoHHo ce oTHac{ B pyMBHCKaTa HayrIHa KHIDKHIIHa
K.bM pr.rMcKara enoxa47. Tepennure flpo1rtrBaHns na K. Ilkopnun yctanoruxa, o6aqe, qe craBa AyMa 3a toJrsM oKo[oB Jrarep, Ha['bJrHo r,IneHTfiqeH no ro[orpaScxr n
KoHcrpyKTrrnnr,r 6enegu Ha MHoxecrBoro 3eMJIeHLr yKpeflJreHrlfl or enoxara Ira fl'rp-

soro 6rrrapcKo I{apcrBo no [ecHI{x 6pw na p. [ynasa8.
o-B Encepmyqa (ins. Bisericu{a, jud. Tulcea)

- Kpenocma BBpxy cKaJIrIc-

EracepuKyrla B e3eporo Paserln{ Tpa[EIIaoHHo
Toro ocrposve

ce nplreMa 3a c[IHx-

pOHHa Ha K'bcHoaHTIIr{HIIs Aprauyu, pa3nOJIo)KeH Ha Hoc [OlOxuau, Ha MaTepIIKa
cpeqy ocrpoBa r{ Ha oKoJro 4-5 ru 3alaAHo or uero49. OcseH 3a 3ana3eulr ocraHKI{
or yKpe[ureJrHara crlcreMa, c'so6u1ana ce ou1e rt ga xpvrcrrizrrncxa 6asurl{Ka, KaKTo

3a MHox(ecteo rpo6ose 6es HuKaK'bB rpo6en IIHBeHTap. florutagnaurare Haxo[KI'I
(rp,rcr-penuxnapufi lI aHoHuMHa susaHruficxa MoHera or X-XI r.) s0 ydegraTeJlHo

r.r

AarI4paT KpenocTTa B euoxaTa Ha cpeAHoBeKoBrreTo.

o-B

[onuna

(ins. Popina, jud. Tulcea)

TByBaHeTo Ha yKpeIIJIeHI,Ie Btpxy

- Eerroro

croMeuaBaHe 3a c'blrlec-

ocTpOBa flonuna B ceBepHaTa rlacT Ha e3epoTo
Paserr',{5i He e rrorB'bpAeHo Aocera c HI'IKaKBI'I KoHKperHIr AaHHI{.

a3

Paures 19826, c.169
a Pauren 1g826,c. 89,91.
a5

a6

lonescu-Dobrogeanu 1904, p. 108; TIR L35' p. 58.
Paruer 19826, c. l7 c:l,.,109 cr.

Polonic 1935, p. 22;T[RL35, p.43;Scorpan 1980, p.6.
lllxopnu.n 1940, c. 530.
4e
TIR L35, p,27; Barnea L99la,p.192; Suceveanu 1992,5.204.

a7
a8

50

Moisil

191.0a, p. 33; Nicorescu 1934, p. 221 sqq.

5'Vulpe 1938, p. 301.

-

BaAy (com. vadu l6usrue caraharman/, jud. constan{a)

-

Apxeororr{qec-

KI'ITe pa3KorrKrr or 1987 r. Kareropr4r{ecKr{ olpoBepraxa yrB'bpAeHoro B HayrrHara
KHrIxHr{Ha MHeHue 3a K'bcHoplrMcKr4f, npor.r3xoA Ha 3acBr,r[ereJrcrByBaHoro rpari ceJroro yKpe[nenue52: oKa3a ce, qe craBa AyMa 3a MaJrKa rypcKa KaMeHHa Kpenocr or

['bpBara rroJroB]rHa na XVII

-

e.s3

Anercangprl (o6q. Kpyuapu, flo6puuxa o6nact) - Cnegenuero 3a c'b-

rr{ecrByBaHe Ha KLcHop[McKo yKpe[eHo ceJrr,rule B MecrHocrra "Ky3a" ("Kysonete") rpari ceroro54 He orroBaps.Haucra*ara. B cnyvar craBa AyMa 3a eAHo orpoMHo no nJrorq HeyKpe[eHo ceJrilrqe or nep]roAa II-fV s.ss

-

Bacuneno (o6q. Ieuepar Touleno, fio6puvxa o6nacr)

ceJrI,IIqe B oKoJrHocrI{Te Ha Bacr,rneso HerrpaBI,IJrHo ce orHacs B

- Yxpeneuoro
HafrHara KHr{}KHI{Ha

KBM aHTlrqHara enoxa56. Cr,rcreururre repeHH[ [poyr{BaHun u crlpanusr r,rgo6r,rJreH apxeoJror[rlecKtr MarepllaJr or reprrropusrar.a o6exra npe3 rrocJreAHr.rre rogr,rHIl cl{rypHo cBI,IAereJIcrByBar 3a npr,rHa[Jrexcrocrra My KtM erroxara na 6tnrapcKoro paHHo cpeAHoBeKoeue'T .

-

flo.nnna (o6q. [o6pnv, flo6puvra o6nact)

-

flpegnonaraeMr.rrr no-pa-

HO aHTr4qeH npor.r3xoA Ha per[crpr,rpaHoro rpari cenoro yKperrJreHNe58 cupanegnnBo e ocnopeH B [o-HoBIrIre ny6nura:qDll].a59. flonacroarqeM nptrHanJrex(Hocrra My KT,M

erloxara ua 6urapcKoro paHHo cpeAHoBeKoBr,re He rroAJrex<[ Ha H[rKaKBo crMHenrae6o.

-

Orpaxgen (o6u1.leuepan Toulero, fio6puuxa o6nacr) - trIlr$oprrlaqNror celoro6l e neorpna. flpn

Ta 3a c'brllecrByBaHe Ha aHTI{qHo yKpenJreHrre ceBepHo

52

Yulpe 1935, p. 185; TIR L35, p.76; Suceveanu 1991, p.70; Suceveanu 1992, S.209.

53

Baraschi 1988-89, p.282 (n.19).
Bo6qesa 6.r., c. 20;Paruer 19826, c. l8S (N 279).
55
flo-nogpo6no ga roBa ceJrr{rrle (c nrmra 6u6nuorpa$ux sa uero) n: Top6arou 2000, c. 80.
56
6o6'resa 6.r., c. 30; Paurer 19826, c. 188 (N! 282); onwcaurre r rJraH Ha yKperJreHr{ero n ueuy6luryBaHr,rre 6elexxu na K. Ilkopnun: HA BAH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e.428, tt.
sa

s7

58

t1-12.
flpoyvraru{r

Ha c[erlr{aJrrrcrr{Te or }Icropuvecxr.r uysefi-fio6puv, c aKTr{BHo yrracrr.re Ha
aBropa, sx.: Pauen 1995, c.174 (N 129).

lllxopnnn 1905a, c.501; Eo6sesa 6.r.,

c. 35.

5e

Paruen 19826, c. 145,201 (Nb 735); Pauren 1995, c. 203 (N! 323).
@
flpes [ocJIeAHI,ITe roAtrHI{ n llcropr.ruecrr.r r"ryseft-flo6puu uocrrnr,rxa HeMiurKo apxeoJroruqeer<ra Marep]Iaru ot tosu o6err, Aar[pa[+r 6eg r,rsKrro.reHl,Ifl or enoxara na 6l;trapcKoTo parrHo cpeAHoBeKoBr{e.
6r

Eo6qena 6.r., c. 5l; Paruen 19826, c. 188 (N! 293).

Orpaxgen gerlcrnr,rrerso e 6r.no perrrcrprdpaHo craprrHHo yKpe[JreHr(e, Ho ocraHXIX n ca lurtlorrrr{ HafrbJrHo yHrru{o)KeHu62. flonacroqIrIeM or Hero He rrlqrl Hrrrrlo, a replrroprrrra My e 3aera or ceJrcKr{ gaopone. MecKrrre My orr{e KtM Kpafl Ha

TOITOJIO)KeHI,IerO My 6e yCranOreHo eABa HeOTAaBHa, r{pe3 CbnOCTaBKa Ha KpaTKr,rTe

6enex<ru sa K. Ilkop[rrJr c [perdr{3Ha egpouaqa6Ha ronorpaQcra crrar'l a Ha paliosa or Harraroro Ha 70-re rognHu63. Yrpenneuuero e 6uno 3eMreHo r,r c roJrflMa
yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce fipr,rqucJrlr K'bM crapo6'urapcKrrre oKo[oBr{ Kperrocr}r or
eloxara na fl'rpaoro 6'urapcro qapcroo64.

rpagurqe"

Crparono (o6q. lexepan Toureno, fio6pnvxa o6nacr) - "Asru.rHoro
or ceroro65 Bctrr{Hocr e o6urnoseuo HeyKpe[eHo ceJrr,rule or p[rM-

ro){<Ho

cKaTa u KbcHoprrMcKaTa efioxa.

-

fa6ep (o6q.Kpyurapu, fio6puvra o6nacr)

- B uecrnocrra

"Kypyvem-

Me", ceBepo3arraAHo or ceJroro, ce e HaMtrpaJro roJr.flMo ceJrrrqe or rreprroAa II-IV e.
Brupern rB6pgeHr{rra66, ryx He ce orKprrBar HrrKaKBvt cr,eilv or aHTr{qHo SoprnQuraqnonno crpor,rreJrcrBo.

[nauugon (o6ut. [o6puv, ,flo6puvra o6nacr) - I4zxasa*ure no-paHo
npeAnoJlo)KeHrrf, qe cerarrrHoTo ceJro Jre)KII B'bpxy ocTaHKr{Te Ha 3Har{r,rTeJrHo aHTr{qHo yKperreHo ceJrfirqe (rpax?) 67, He aawutpar [orB6px<AeHr,re. B ro>xnzre noxpaftHunu na flnavagoJr e JroKaJrr,r3r,rpaHo roJrrMo HeyKpeneHo ceJrr,rule or pr.rMcKara
II

K'bCHOpLIMCKaTa eIrOXa.

Ilo6eqa (o6ut. [o6puv, flo6praura o6nacr)

-

flpes neprro4a II-IV s. Ha
ce pa3Brrno o6urnpno ceJrlrqe c 6orara MarepuaJrHa KyJrTypa68. CnorvrenaeanurraB no-craprrre ny6nrraquu 3a yKpeneHrm xapaKTep Ha rona ce:rr,rrqe69 urrar o6rqo-aaero JrereHAapeH xapaKTep u Ao cera c Hrrrqo He ca nor-

Tepr,rropr[flra na flo6e[a
B6pAeHr.r.

62

HA BAH, $.

165x, ou, 1, a.e. 428,

t.

15.

flpoyvraru{f, Ha aBTopa.
e Yrpeuneurrero e flpeA[oJroxrrrerxo np[qtrcJreHo
63

KEM ctapo6nrrapcKr{Te [aMerHI{rII{ B:
Paruen 1995, c.240 (N 694).
65
Eo6qena 6.r., c. 61; Pauren 19E26, c. 188 (N 299).
66
Kalinka 1906, Col. 358; Eo6sena 6-r., c.32.
6?
Skorpil 1894, S. 208; Crosxon 1899, 45-46;Weiss 1911, S.79; Popa-Lisseanu 1914, p. 80,
86; Bo6uera 6.r., c.54; Parues 19826, c. 188 (NU 296).
68

6e

Bo6qera 6.r., c.34.
Crosson 1899,43-45; Ilkopnnn 1905a, c.499.

ll:nopono (o6q. Ieuepan Toureno, ,[o6plluxa o6nacr) - MnororparuuTe repeHHr.r o6xo>rgaurafl r,r flpoBegeHure npes 1995 r. coHAaxHr4 apxeoJrorr{rrecKr.r
lpoyqBaHl,rrT0 rar:eropurrHo ycraHoBuxa, qe cqrlTaHoro 3a "aHTI4qHo" yxpennenue
rpari cenoro7l garupa, BctrrtrHocr, or BpeMero na fl'rpnoto 6urapcxo qapcrnoT2.
Tro.nenoso (o6q. IIIa6ra,

Ilpes

o6aacr)

1995 r", npu c'bBpe-

fio6praura
MeHHr{ u3KonHrr pa6orn Ha repr{TopvflTa Ha ceJroro ca 6vtu 3acerHarrr

ocraHrrrre
flocrpofixa, s qufiro rpagex ca 6utu yuorpe6er{r{ roJreMr.r r,r MHoro go6pe o6pa6oreHu KBaApr{. Irlso6r,rrHo rpr4Meceurr c pauHoBrreaHr[Ilcra KepaMrIKa, I{3KolaHara 3eMHa laacav MHoxecrBo KBaAplI 6xxa nlrgxHrn
crpylaHrr Ha KaMapa B roror{3Toqnr,rx rpafi na cenoro73. MecronoJloxeHplero Ha
3acerHarara nomporira He Moxa Aa 6'rAe ycraHoBeHo. Hafi-neporruo craBa AyMa
3 a Hfl KaKBO rrraffi o( ?) rpafi 6pexno yKperJreHr,re.

or

MoHyMeHTaJrHa KBcHoaHTr,rr{Ha

Jloeeueq (o6q. ,[o6puu, ,[o6puura o6nacr)

3a c'brqecrByBaHero

-

K. Illxopnrar cro6rqara

Ha crapr,rHHo yKpelJreHrre B roro3a[aAH[ITe noxparluuna. Ha c.
C:rpeneq (6uuure Ornrypxrofi/Yrtryprrofr)74, cJrrro noHacroflrlleM c JlogeHeq. CuopeA Hero, npol,r3xoxAarrlure or o6exra MoHerr{ 6uru "cauo pr{McKra [rMleparopcKrr
or III e. cr. Xp." 75. K. Ilkopnur onpe[erq yKpe[JreHr{ero Karo prrMcKo r,r ro o[pu-

rr,rrraBa Ha ['brHa craHIIrrJI. flonacroxuleM

or Hero

He ca ocraHaJrr,r HrrKaKBu cJreAr{,

aqr.rlaraMy reprrropfiff e rbcro 3acrpoeHa r{Jrrr 3aera or ceJrcKr{ ABopoBe. Orryx ca
r{3BecrHrl rrHTepecHrr Haxo[Krr or erroxara na 6.rnrapcKoro paHHo cpenHoBeKor;Lre7',
HO 3acera HrMa HITKaKBIT IaHHU, r{e repeH'br e 6zr o6r,rraBaH npe3 pr,IMcKara erroxa.
Mnoro e B'b3Mo)KHo yKpelJreurrero Aa Aarr{pa eABa or BpeMero na fl'rpnoro 6'rnrapcKo rlapcrBo.

+++
B xroroanrlrqHrrre rrrrcMeuu rr3Bopr4 ce cpeular qrJra [opeArrrla ronoHuMtr
orHacsrqu ce Ao yKpeuenu o6exu,r B ceBepolr3ToqHrrre npeAeJrrr na Sarxancrr,rg
rroJryocrpoB, ToqHoro MecroloJroxeHrre Ha Kor{To e Her{3BecrHo. Maxap 3a aAMnHrrcTpaTlrBHaTa rrM [pr,rHaAJrexHocT [a HsMa HrrKaKBIr c[rypHrr AaHHIr, MHoro oT
Tflx ce cB'bp3Bar B AocerauHu ny6rlmaquu c yKpelr{TeJrHara un$pampyKTypa Ha
Tepr,rroprarra Ha [poBrruqur Crurlrx. 3a qacr or re3r{ ToloHr{MLr ca rr3Ka3aHrr Aopr,r

70

7t
72
73

Ha H.c. Banepu llo:ron.
Kalinka 1906, Col. 358 ; HA EAH, S. 165x, ou. l, a.e.428,

flpoyunarulu

Jln.rxu ua6lroqexr,u

?a

16.

n

l7-19.

Ha aBTopa.

Illxopnu;r 1905a, c. 501; HA EAH, $. 165x, on.
75
HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. l, a.e. 428, n 19.
76

*

Pauren 1995, c. 212 (Nb 407).

Eo6.resa 6.r., c. 48.

1,

a.e. 428,

rr xI4noTe3IiI, oTbxAecTBrBarqu

rI1I

c KoHKpeTHI4 apxeoJrofr{lrecKr{ ocTaHKr{.

or

6'r,-

AerrlrrTe npoyrrBaHru Moxe Aa ce oqaKBa Aa BHecaT IIoBeqe flcHora orHocHo JroKar\v3a\vflTa rn geficrnureJrHara [poBrrHrlrrarua arpn6y\kts.Ha B'brIpocHrITe yKperrJlenraq. 3acera o6aqe, cqr{TaM 3a [o-[paBoMepuo Aa ocraHar s py6purara"Incerta"
no orHorrreHr,re yKpenureJrHara cr{creMa Ha rrpotsIrHllus. Cxnras. cJre[Hlrre o6erru:

AJII{OEPUKC (ALIOBRIX; c. Oplorra, Eonrpagcxu pariou, Ogecra
o6racr,- Yxpauna) - Bupexu HflKolI rn'spqenux77, apxeoloruqecK[Te flpoyqBaHrrfl cBrrnereJrcrByBar, qe npelMocroBoro yKpe[JreHI,Ie Alno6puxc (NsrpageHo Ha
rrerlne AyHaBcKr.r 6par sa oxpaHa na 6poga npu HonnolyHyM) cEJrHo nocrpaAaJro
KBM cpegara sa III B. tr 3aBrirHarr4 rrpecraHaJro Aa $ynxqnonupa Karo SoptlrSlnarlr.roHHo c'roprxenue78.

TyPI,IC (TURRIS) - Cnorueuarurrr caMo BeAHtx B II3BopIrre B'bB Bp'b3Ka ctc cl.'6:arns, or 30-te roAflHI,I Ha VI s. "ctap rpag" TyprEc, "pa3fioroxeH orB'bg

"6ul

uocrpoeH HrrKora or prrMcKlll uMueparop Tpaan, no
oqe He e clrrypuo JroKaJrlr3lrpau. Marap o6[rHoeeHo
r{e
craBa AyMa 3a yKpeueHo rrpeAMocrlle Ha JreBrIx gyuarcrn 6pxr
Aa ce AorrycKa,
HrKcAe no AoJrHoro reqeHlre Ha peKara, Muoro no-npaB1onogo6na e upeutuSuxa\vltffa Ha ro3rr eHr{rMarrlrr{eH rpa[ c aHTI,IqHara Tnpa (Tyras), pa3noJroxeHa Ha Aec:aux 6prrr r,r Henarerr or ycrr,Iero Ha eAHorIMeHHara pexa (cera: flnecrtp) 80.

peKara Vlcr-bp", xoriro

orAaBHa 6r,rn :anyctflil"79, Bce

AKI{C (AKYS: AQUAE?) - Touonaubr e croMeHar or Teo$unart Cr'r- flpu olucaHrlero Ha cr6uraata,cB'bp3aulr
c floxoAa ua fletrp cpeqy cJrauorara8l
n pafiona MexAy MapqnarrflK'b[e
BqHure upes 594 r.82 Ceruulero ce e HaMrIpaJIo
HorloJrplc r,r 3angana Ir BepoflTHo e JIexaJIo rpafi crrpsBarrlu, ru rrar. To e npegnoJroxlrreJrHo orbx(AecrBeHo c yKperureHrrero npu.HNxonaeBKa (o6rq. Cyoopono) 83,
Koero reprrropuaJrHo e npllHaAJrex<aJro KaM [poBrIHq[, Bropa Mr,rsur84. Cuopeg
Apyru aBToprr, Axuc cnegn a Aa ce rbpcl,I B oKoJruocrtrTe Ha 3algana85.

77
78

Barnea 1991a, p.257.
Eongapr 1973, c.144 cn.

Proc. De bell. VII, 14, 32 (ed. Haury).
Bolgacov-Ghimpu 1969, p. 686 sqq.
8r Theoph.
Sim. Hist. V[, 1 (ed. de Boor).
82
fiatr,rponrara Ha c'r6urueto e cropeg: Pohl 1988, S. 141 sqq.
83
Eeruenauet 1962, c.4.
8a
3a rosa nx<.: Yno4.2.

7e
80

85

Schreiner 1986,

S. 30.

AJITI,IHA (ALTINA) - YrpenneHr.rero e 3acBr{nereJrcrByBaHo y flpororreqarl/t or fiunoreqrrfl or BpeMero Ha raMfleparop Anacra-

-B'bpxy ryxJIeHlI

nufi86

I4

cufrt87 .

Mectonoro)KeHl{ero

I,I

npoBr,rHrll,IaJrHara My [pr,rHaAJre)KHocr ca neugsecrHz88.

AHKI,IPI{AHA (ANCYRIANA) - Yxpeunenue, crroMeHaro caMo or
flporonufiSg.
flpeguolaraeMara My nprrHaAJre)KHocr KtM rrpoBr,rnqrax Cxrarus.go e
Hecr,rrypHa.

(BASSIDINA) * YxpenrreHue, croMeHaro cauo or: flpoc'bcraBKa Ha ronoHuMa rrpeAcraBJrflBa rparr,rftcxoro r{Me
Bassos(Bassis)92. I4scre[BaHr.rrra rroKa3Bar, qe aHTr{\rHrrre ceJrurrlHrr r{MeHa c oKoHlraH[re -dina ce cpeqar fioqrr,r u3KJrrotrureJrHo Ha reprrropr,rflTa Ha AH. fio6pyqxa.
flpousxog'rr rrM ce cqr,rra 3a rercKlr wrfi ce [r3Bex<Aa or KeJrrcKoro -dunum ("rpeloct"')93. flpegaug r{3T'bKHaroro, JroKaJrrr3arlurrra Ha yKpelJreHlrero B [poBr,rHrlrrf,
Crurusg4 rr3rJrex<[a Beporrua.

BACIII}IHA

- fhspnara
ronr,rfi9l.

EEJIEAI,IHA/BEJIEAUHA (BELEDINA/VELEDINA)

- caMo or flpoxouufigs.
cfloMeuaro

-

YrpeuneHr,re,

flrprara qacr Ha rorroHr,rMa BeporrHo

r,rrtte Bellius (Vellius)96. floqo6no na Bacuguna, JroKaJrr{3arlrrrra
yKpenJreHr,re B [poBr,rHgnx Cxur:rtr'gT e repoxrna.

Jrr{vHoro

c'bg.bp)Ka
r,r Ha roBa,

EIIPII,IHACO/BIIPI I{HACO (B IRGINAS O/VIRGINAS O) - YrpenJreHr{e, cnoMeHaro caMo or flporonufig8. flpegnoraraeMara My rrpr4Ha[Jre)KHocr
K'bM lrpoBunqru Cxrarur99 e necurypna.

86
87

Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
Popescu 1976,Ns246.

88

flogpo6xo

8e

Proc. De aed. IV, 1l

eo

TIR L35,p.23.
Proc. De aed. IV,

er

3a

roBa n: Yoog.2.
(e,1. Dewing).
11 (ed. Dewing).

e2

Tomaschek 1898, S. 58; Detschew 1957, S. 44.
e3
Be5evliev 1970, S. 143.
ea
Barnea 1968, p. 421; TIR L35, p. 26; Aricescu 1977,p. 175.
e5
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
e6
e7
e8
ee

Belevliev 1970, S. 144.
Barnea 1968, p.421;Aricescu1977,p. 175.
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
TIR L35, p.78.

EI{CMA@A/BI4CMAOA (BISMAPHA/VISMAPHA)

-

- YrperJreHrre,

cnoMeHaro caMo or flporonuftl00. flpeguoraraeMara My [pIIHaAJre)cIocr KcM
Br{HrIr{s Crurr,rslol e HecrrrypHa.

[po-

BAJIEHT}trfl ryALENTIA) - Touonuurr Barenrns (Valentia) e 3acBrrKaro MecTor{3naBaHe Ha rpil eAIrKTa Ha l,Ir',rneparop TeoAocuft I, rcruru

AeTeJrcTByBaH

ceureunpu 386 r.102 C'uqenpeueHHo, aHaJrrr3'br Ha [lrcMeHr{Te rr3BopLr rl
apxeororuqecKrr flaMernr.rqu y6e4lrreJrHo ycraHoBu, Ee rro roBa BpeMe IrM[eparopbr, rrprrApyx<eH or cutna dn Apxagufi, npe6araran B rpoBpIHIIIrfl Crmrx, sa ga
cJrenu or6nrEso pa3Bp'b3Kara or pernureJrHara cxBarKa c ocrpororl,ITe, rrpeABo)<AaHra or OAorefilo3. Irlgrrrnaroro He ocraB, HriIKaKBo cBMHeHrIe, .re BareHru, e Herr3BecreH rIeHT'bp B flpeAeJrrrre na Cxur:ns, [oceren or Teogoclrft I uo BpeMe Ha
Te c Aara 3

rrpecTofl My B rrpoBrrHrlrrsTa.

flpegnoxeHoro ortx<[ecrBflBaHe na Banenrus cB'b3cranoBeHoro (?) ot utttrreparop trOctunnan I u cuorraenaro or flporonnfi yKperlJreHue BaneurnHllal{a
(Valentiniana)10a e Saxrravecrr c'bBceM HeMortrBrrpanol05. Or ;1pyra crpaHa, yctofiqI4BOTO npUCCCTBI,re B K'bCHOaHTrlrrrHIrTe [rICMeIrr{ Ir3BOpU Ir Ha KaCTeJr C UUe lpaqZana (Gratiana) n npegeru,rre Ha npoBrrHrlr,rs Cxurus106 AaBa cepfio3urr ocHoBaulls Aa
ce rB'bpAt4, qe B cryqa, rrMaMe pa6ora c eAHa cnequQuvuarpfiaaa or crrHxpoHHu
yKperrJreHrrrr, rr3grarHarr{ afundamenlls n rogunure Ha c'bBMecrnoro ylpaBJreHlre Ha
Banentunran I, Ba-nenc u lpaquan (367-378) rr Har,rMer{yBaH[I B qecr Ha rlJreHoBere
Ha rrMneparopcKara KoJrerur. Bsgnmnanero Ha re3fi yKpelteuvls,yBepeHo rpa6oa
Aa ce ilocraBrr B KoHTeKcra Ha octulecrBeHara or I,rMneparop Banenc B roAlrHlrre
cneA HeroBara flrpna rorcKa sofiHa uarqa6na rporpaMa 3a peopraHrl3rlpaHe I,I 3a3ApaBrBaHe Ha 3arrlr{Tara rro AonrroA)[raBcKara rpaHlrrla na Pmvrcrara wntnepual0l .
Banenrr,rs flpegnoJroxurreJrHo e JroKaJrrlr3rrpaHa B'bB B'brperuHocrra Ha rrpoBrrHrlurr Crz'rut, rurKTAe n paftoua Mex4y Tpopeyr'r Tpaxuu u Honuogynyrr.r. Otc'bcrBr{ero i, s Notitia Dignitatum [r B r{TuHepaplrffTe ce [IHTeplperrlpa Karo cBugeTeJTCTBO 3a TOBa, qe Tq He Ce e HaMrrpzura HrrTo no [poTexeHlreTo Ha AyHaBcKaTa

lm Proc. De aed.
rot

IV, 1l

TIR L35, p.27

(ed. Dewing).

.

VI[,

5, 49;XL,1,22;XlI,l, 113.

r02

Cod. Theod.

103

Velkov 1961, S.49

rM

Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).

r05

Berros 1959,

c. 38;

sqq.

Velkov 1961,56-57 . Anroprr

ce rro3oBaBa Ha rpeAaBaHero Ha IrMero

Valentia u uog Sopuara Valentina, MaKap caM E3p[rruo ga or6enxsna, rre roBa ce

cpeua caMo B eguu (!) or pbKorrxcr{Te r{ To rro orrloureHlle Mecror.I3gaBaHero
caMo e4rrH (!)

106

ro7

or eguxrure (VIII,

Bx.: I.rrana ll.2.A (27).
Bx(. Harrp.: Yelkov 1980, p.

195.

5, 49).

Ha

rpaHIrIIa, Hr.rro Kpari HqKori or uraBHprre [crr,rqa108. Karo ce r{Ma npeABr,rg Aarr4poBKara Ha I{3BecrHlrre HIr pI,IMcKLr t4Tttnepaprrtl09, o6ave, orctcrBr{ero B Trx Ha
o6erru, B'b3HIrKHzurlr eABa B'bB BTopara noJroBrrHa na IV B., e noBeqe or 3aKoHoMepuo. II{o ce orHacq Ao AauHrrre Ha Notitia Dignitatum, MHoro e B'b3Mo)KHo Kt,M
Aarara Ha pegaKTrrpaHero Ha naparpaSa sa npoBr{Hrlr,rfl Crnrpr-f, B Hacrosrqr,ur My
elq (n Kpa, Ha IV unu Haqaroro ua V n.110) Banenrlrx Aa e flpecraHaJra [a c'brrlecrByBa 3aBlrHarl,r.

T'sfr raro rorroHuM'br Banenrns ce florBflBa B flucMeuprre r,r3Bopr{ B flpflKa
Bpb3Ka c ApaMaruqnprre cr6urr,rf,, pa3rrrpaJrr,r ce rpe3 386 r. n parioua Ha AyHaBcKaTa [eJrra, rro BcrKa BeporrHocr rorl cnegna [a ce ortxnecrBrur (uogo6Ho na lpaquana!) c ngrori or rpaHr,rqHrrre KacreJrr,r tro ceBepHara (?) AyHaBcKa rpaHurla Ha rrpoBuHrIr.u

Cxurraslll.

BAJIEHTIHUAHA (VALENTINIANA) - Yrpenreure, crroMeHaro caflpor,rsxoA'br Ha ronou[rMa ce lr3BexAa or r{Mero Ha rrMlepaor flpoxouuftll2.
(I)113.
rop Barenrr{Hr,raH
Karo ce r,rMa rpe[BuA, qe Ha repuropr4;rra ua njronuuqna
Crurus ca curypHo 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaHrr yKpe[JreH[rr, Ha3oBaHrr B qecr Ha c'bynpaBrrreJrr{Te na Barenrunuan I - fpaqnau u Ba;renc (crornerno: IpaqraaHa rn Banenrunr14),[oBeqe or BepoflTHo rr3ilrexla u Banenrrnnuta*ap'ace e HaMr{paJra B npe4eJrr4Te Ha ctrr{ara npoBr,rHrlr,nr. Tpure yKpe[JreHr,rfl cJrenBa Aa ce pa3rJrexAar Karo
Mo

crrHxpoHHr,r nocr:pofirra, B'b3HuKHaJrIr B paMKrrre Ha enHa r,r c'blrla BoeHHo-crporrreJlHa flporpaMa, Kosro c roJrflMa yBepeHocr Mox(e Aa ce orbxnecrBr4 c uarqa6nara
QoprN$raxaqrroHHa gerinocr Ha r,rMfleparop Banenc B IIpoBI,IHrIr4fl Cxanns, B roluHr.rre cJreA HeroBara flrpna rorcKa sofiHal15. flocera BanenrnnraaHa flpegfloJro)Kr{TeJrHo ce JroKaJrrr3r.rpaue r{rK'bAe r pafiona oKoJro Tour,r116. Qarrrr, qe yKpelreHrrero ne $urypupas Notitia Dignitatum rr B r,rrr4Hepapu[ITe, ce rbJrKyBa Karo yKa3aHr{e, tre ro He ce e HaMVpaJro Ha AyHaBcKara rpaHr,rqa utruxpafi Hqrofi or [o-Bax<HtrTe rrbrr,ru{a117. Orcrcrsrrero My B crtoMeHarlare Iasoopu, o6a!re, c HrrKaK He [o-MaJIKO OCHOBaHIIe MOX<e Aa Ce A'bJIXII Ha HeIOBaTa K'bCHa IIOtBa U Ha Bb3MOXHOTO My

ro8

Velkov 1961,

roe

3a roga s)K. Inara I.L.

S. 57.

tlo

Zahariade 1988, p. 185.
flogo6Ho MHeHrre e r{3Ka3aHo or O. 3eex: Seeck 1919, S. 90.
tr2 Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
lr1

1r3

Belevliev 1970, S. 146.
B>r.: firana ll.2.L (27,29).
lrs flucueuute u enurpa$cKrr r{3Bop[

rra

3a rasr,r

t.t-2.
r16

Weiss 1911, S. 59; Vulpe 1938, p. 312.

rri Velkov 1961, S. 57.

gefiaocr ca flocoqgnll rI KoMeHT[panr,r n fnara

(sperraenxo?) rasnuaane or crpofl K'bM Aarara Ha oKoHqareJrHoro pe[aKTr,rparre Ha
AanHr,rre 3a flpoBaurlus, Crurus s Notitia Dignitatum. flopagn roBa, rrpr{qr{cJlrBaHero na BaneHTr{Hr{aHa K'bM yKpe[Jrelrt:aflTa rro AyHaBcKara rpaHlrqa He caMo ne rpx6Ba Aa ce r{3KJrrorrBa, Ho II Ilt3rJlexga uafi-nepo.f,THo, KaTo ce B3eMaT [peABr.rA rIeJrIrTe
pr

repr{Topuall.uvfl. o6xsar Ha oc'brr{ecrBeHara

or rrMneparop Barenc BoeuHo-crpo-

fionuru flyuan. Ecrecrneno, BceKIit onllT 3a KoHKperHa lrgenrrr$raxa\fifl.Ha Banenrunuasa 6u 6r,rn crnceu [pou3BoJIeH rlpr,r cerarflrrreJrHa nporpaMa B 3eMrrre uo

Horo c'bcroflrrueHanpoyrrBaH[rra, Ho rro [yHaBcKw,6pxr Ha [poBr,IHllus,Crutut ca
perlcrpl{par{r{ HeMaJrKo 6eauuennrE K'bcHoaHTurIHI,I yKpenreHl{rl, KoI{To ce gB.f,Bar
Ha['bJrHo rroflxoAflrr{rr raxguqatul

1

8.

BEKI4C (VECIS: VICIS?)

nuir119. flponsxogrr

- YrpeuleHlre,

croMeHaro caMo

ot flporo-

or a6narusnata Sopua B MHox(ecrBeno
ql,rcro Ha Jrarr,rHcKr{s floceJr[rqeH TepM[rH vicus (vicis) 120. Hsrofi aBTopI{ [puqrrcrflsar Bex[c K6M yKpelJreHrrrra B [poBrrHql{s. Cxnrus.lzl, uo cuopeA Apyru ro ce e
HaMrrpaJro HrrK'bAe Mexgy A6puryc u Cxawgata (r.e. srn Bropa Muzttx)Lzz.
Ha r4Mero ce [r3Bexga

IPAIICO (GRAPSO) - Yrpenneulre, croMeHaro caMo or flporounril23.
ce ilocraBfl B rrpoBr,rHqr,rx Crur:zar24, taaxap roBa Aa He e c[rypHo.
TpaguqronHo
II,IHI4CKAPTA (DINISCARTA: DINISCORTA?) - YrpenneHl{e c roor e[Ho cBe[eHr{e Ha flporonurii25. O6nrnoBeHo ro ce
orbx(AecrBflBa c tpa4a [uuex (Dineia)126, cnoMeuar BBB Bpb3Ka c:..c c:o6urus. or
BTopara noJroBrrua uaXu.127 Marap Aa ce [ocraB, or HflKor,r aBToprl B npeAeJrrrre

Ba rrMe-e r{3Becrrro caMo

Ha npoBr4Hrlua

Cxurntl28, no-repoxrHa rr3r.Jrex[a JIoKaJru3a\atrra Ha yKpelJreHrle-

Oco6eno [pnMaMJrr{Ba rr3rJre)KAa rrepcrreKTr{Bara Baaeurr.rsuana 4a 6rge ortxAecrBeHa
c yKpe[JreHrlero rrpu Tpaxn, Koero, ocBeH qe pa3Kpr{Ba roJrf,Ma rIJraHoBa 6rusoct c
yKperJreHr.re'ro npu flyuaB]qy Ae Cyc (o'rs:xgecrBeHo c fPAI{I'IAHA e frasa II.2.A
27), cbc cr.rypnoc'r e 6uno r{3roJr3yBaHo I{ rpe3 VI n. (nx. f;rara ll.z,L - l2).
tre Proc.-De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
r2o
Beqevliev 1970, S. 145.
121TIR L35, p. 26;Aricescu 1977,p.175.
r22
Detschew 1957, S. 48. flogo6no MHeHI{e u n: BeSevliev 1970, S. 145.
r23
Proe. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).

118

TIR L35, p.44;Barnea 1968, p.421;Arlcescu 1977,p.175.
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
'26 Be3evliev 1970, 5. 144.
tz1
Leo Diac. Hist. 139,2(ed. Bonnae).
t28
TIR L35, p. 38;Aricescu 1977,p.175.

124

t2s

To npu Bofinoga (o6ur.

ru$uraquara

Hoer nasap)i2e, r.e. n.rn Bropa Musuq. HauoclegrK r{neH\urtet rBtpAe ocHoBareJruo ce rroAJrara Ha c'bMHe-

Ha firanracKapra c

nue13o.

-

UUEC (ITZES) - Yxpenneur{e, croMerraro caMo or fIpoxonzfi131. flpeg-

noJraraeMara My [pr{HagJrexHocr KtM npoBr4nqzx Cxnrual3z e :aecutypua.

KACTEJIOHOBO (CASTELLO NOVO) - YrpenneHr{e, cnoMeHaro cauo or flpoxounr?l33.
flpnnagnexnocrra My K'bM rpoBr{Hqr{fl Cxnrus.rs+ e HecrrrypHa.
(CATASSU: CATUSSA?) -YrpenrreHrre, croMeHaro caMo or
-KATACy
flporonnrtl35. TonosrauLT [peAloJro)erreJrHo e carpsaul36 c enuruaruqsara "KaTy3a, rpag B TpaKufl", 3acBI,IAereJrcrByBaHa y cxoJrlracra Cre$an Br,raantr,rrlcxra e
KoMerrrapa My 3a rrlrrMeytrel37. Aro npe4noJroxeur{ero e BrpHo, yKpeflJreHr,rero Karacy 6u cJreABaJro Aa ce r6pcr{ HrKaAe B oKoJrHocrrrre Ha aHTr,rqHara lepaHnx
(Gerania)138, T.e. B naft-ueto.rHarr ceKTop or rpaHr,rrrHara o6nacr Mexqy npoBrrHrlr,rure Cxlotrus. u Bropa Mr,rsu.f,.

KOIIyCTOPyC (COPUSTORUS) - Yxpennenue, crroMeuaro caMo or
flporonuftl39.
flpuuagne)KHoc^TTa My K.sM rrpoBr,rHr{r,rfl Cr:ar:as,l4o e Hecr4rypHa.
MABPOBAJIE (MAUROVALLE) - YrpenneHr{ero e croMeHaro caMo
Maxap Aa ce [ocraBr or peAr,rqa aBTopu B rrpoBrrHrlr,r, Crurunl4z,

y flporouufilal.

MHoro no-npaBAorrogo6uo e rroA ToBa r,rMe Aa ce Kpr,re rp'ErlKr,r [peBoA Ha Jrarr,rHcHurpuu[aunc (Nigrinianis) - ['brHa craHrlurr E rpaH[rreH KacreJr B'bB

Kl,rfl TorroHrlrr

Bropa Mnrzfl.r43.

i2e

Beruenrnes!962, c. 13 cn.; Be5evliev 1970, S.

144.

r3o

Paruen 1988, 120-122.
r31
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
t32

TIR 135,p.47.
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
r34
TIR L35, p. 30.
135
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
t33

136

r37

r3e

Be5evliev 1970, S. 148.
Steph. Byz. 368, 11.

Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
TIR L35, p. 35.
ral Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
ra2
Barnea 1968, p. 421;TIR L35, p. 50; Aricescu 1977,p.175.
143
Be3evliev 1970, S. 145;Perrin.Henry 1981, 103-104.
r4o

MOHTEPEIHIIE (MONTE REGINAE) - Yxpenneurre, crroMeHaro caMo or flpoxonufil44.
Hgror,r aBTopE ro flocraBrr B rrpoBrrH4al. Crurw.145, Ho c[ope4 Apyru ro ce e HaMrrpaJro rrn Br:opa Mu3wx, HrK'bAe a paftona Mexly fiyuana u
Ba.rrana146. Btoporo [peAnoJro)KeHr,re 3acJryxaBa oflpeleJreHo npeA[oquraHr4e. KaTo ce lIMa [peABr,rA otreBrrAuara uu $oHerra.rHa 6n[gocr, TonourrMtr Monre Perl,rHe c roJrflMa yBepeHocT Moxe Aa ce oTBxAecTBrr c m,rcMeHo 3acBr,rAereJrcrByBaHr.rf
npez 294 r. ToroHr{M Perruacyc/PerrrHacyM (Reginassus/Reginassum)147 - cerzqe
u (eneuryanna?) n'brna craHrlr{s Ha rr6rs or MapquaHo[oJrrrc sa [ypocropyM148.

MyPUIEBA (MURIDEVA) - YxpenreHr{e, crroMeHaro caMo or
xowth149. flpr,rnagre>xHocrra My K'bM rrpoBraHrlr4, Cxurzql50 e HecfirypHa.
u11ft151.

flpo-

HI,ICKOHIIC (NISCONIS) - Yxpennenrre, crroMeHaro caMo or flpoxoorbxgecrBsBaHero Ha rorroHuMa c'rc Cronrac (Scopis)|sz, Taxa n

-Karto

caMara rrprrHaAJrexHocr Ha yKpenreHrrero KtM npoBrrHrlr,rg Crurusl53, ca necrarypnra.

HOBETCTIIHr,IAHA (NOVETUSTTNTANAA{OVA IUSTTNTANA) or flporon^1154. flpunagrex<nocrra My KtM npo-

Yxpennenrae,
crroMeHaro caMo

Bil:rtwrs. Cxr,rrrasl5s e HecrrrypHa.

HOHO (NONO) - YxpenneHr{e, crroMeuaro caMo or flpoxonultl56. B
pyMtHcKara
r{cropr.rorpaQr,rx rorroHaM'br rpa[mlrroHHo ce ortx<AecrBrBa c (vicus)
Novus xpaft Ba6agar157, Karo ll3rlrrcBaHero Ha r{Mero ce [plreMa 3a rperrrKa Ha KoIIIrcTlrtTe. flocoqeHl,Ire roqHr,r flapaJreJrlr, o6aue, AaBaT.MHoro ilo-roJrgMo ocHoBa-

la Proc. De aed.IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
145
TIR L35, p. 51;Aricescu L971,p.175.
146
Belevliev 1970, S. 145.
ra7

Barnes 1982, p. 53.

Torbatov 2000a, 69 -7 0.
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
150
TIR L35, p.52.
15r
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
rs2
Barnea 199'l,a,p. 199.
1s3
TIR L35, p. 53.
r5a
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
148

lae

rss

Barnea 1968, p. 421; TIR L35, p. 53.
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
t57
Litzica1926-27,p. 76;Barnea 1968, p.421; TIR L35, p. 53;Aricescu 1977,p.175; Barnea

156

l99la, l9l-192.

HEe Ha Te3aTa, C'brJIaCHO KOflTO I4MeTO A'bJIXII [pOII3XOAa CII Ha prrMCKaTa II'bTHa
crrcreMals8. flo ecqra BepoflTHocr, yKpenJreHr.rero e BB3Hr4KHaJro Kpafig-Ta MrrJrr,
oTMepeHa or Her.r3BecreH rIeHT'bp IIo rpaceTo Ha HrKori ['bT. npr{HaAJre)KHocrra Ha
Hono K'bM flpoBr{nqua Crurufl,He e crrrypHa.

-

IIABJII{MAHAPA (PAULIMANDRA/PAULI MANDRA)

- Yrpenre-

or llpoxour,rfi159. flpunaAJrexHocrra My KtM nporuuqux CrurTasr6o e rB'bpAe BeporrHa.

Hr{e, c[oMeHaro caMo

IIAAI,ICAPA (PADISARA) ; YxpeuneHue, croMenaro caMo o'r
ronrari16l. flpunagaexHocrra My K'bM rpoBuHllus Cxurns.l62 e Hecl,IrypHa.

Mo

flpo-

IIIICTO(C?) (PISTO(S?)) - Yrpennenr,rero Qthrourion) e ctovteHaro caor Teo$unam
Cpruorara B eArru MHoro o6rpxau racax, npec'b3gaBaIq cr6u-

Trrr, cBTp3aHrir c roxoga na flerrp cpeu{y cJraBflHrrre npes 594 r.163 Marap IIucro(c?) egrrHoAyruHo Aa ce rocraBs oT AoceraruHrrre r{3cJlegBaqu xafi-o6qo B oKoJrHocrr{Te na 3anganat64 urru KoHKperHo Ha rr:bu or MapquaHoloJll{c xrna 3angatr4165, B'brrpoc'br orHocHo HeroBoro MecronoJroxeHrre rr npoBr,rHqr{aJrHa [pr.rHaAJrex<Hocr He Moxe Aa ce cqr,rra 3a peureH. II{o ce orHacs Ao [pegJrox<eHr{Te JroKaJrLr3arlur,r (npz flacxaneno, I-{apeBertr trJrr{ 3aiopqra, o6q. [o6puq166; npz I,lenopono,
o6rq. fen. Touenol6T), To re rpx6sa peilrITeJIHo Aa ce orxB'bpJrrr, [peABrrA rIcJrHoTO OTC'bCTBIIe TaM Ha C'bOTBeTeH apXeOJrOrUqeCKII KOHTeKCT.

B sarrro.rr-

IIPEI{IVICfiIPE,3VIIIIO
TerHr{.fl crrrc'bK ua IV KHrrra or rpaKTara na flpoxottuit"3a crpoex<r{Te" Qrnrypn(PRAE(s)IDI(i)S/PRAESIDIO)

par rorroHr,ruure flpeugnc u flpesu[uo168, 3a Kor{To cbBpeMeHHI,ITe l(3cJregBar{u eAI.rHogyrrrHo upueuarl69, qe ce orHacsr [o eAHo rr c'brrlo yKpenJreHI,Ie. Taft Karo r4 B
ABara cryr{a, yKpenJreHrrero crorr B crruc'bKa He[ocpeAcrBeHo rrpeAr,r Aprarrryu (c.sqo perurcrprrpaH B ABe pa3ruqnu $ouerzvnu Soprr,rrE), rpl,rHagJrexHocrra My K'bM

r58

Belevliev 1970, S. 143.
Proc. De aed. IV, l l (ed. Dewing).
160
Barnea 1968, p.421;TIR L35, p. 57; Aricescu 1977,p.175.
16r
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
rse

162

TIR L35, p. 56.

163

Theoph. Sim. Hist. VII,

I

r6a

(ed. de Boor).

Schreiner 1986, 29 -30.
165
Eeuremuen1962, c.4; Belevliev 1969, S. 493.
166
Beurenrner 1962, c.4.
167
Barnea l99la,p. 199.
168
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
r6e

Be5evliev 1970,

147

-148.

npoBr{Hrlrrfl Cxurlar.l70 e rB'bp[e BepoflTHa rr

ro, r{3rJlexga, tpx6ea

Aa ce

tbpclt

HJI-

K'bAe B CeBeporr3ToarHrrTe npeAeJlrr Ha npoBI4HIIrIflTa.

fIyJIXPA
MeHaro caMo or flporonufil7l. flpznagrexHocrra

TEOAOPA (PULCHRA TI{EODORA)

ta

Hqror

aBTopu cqrrar rolourlMa sa
klcrpar. no BpeMero Ha rrMneparop trOcrunu u, 1 11 3 .

TB'bpAe BeposrHa.

ronufi174.

-

YrpenreHl{e, cro-

My K'bM rIpoBIrHI{I,Is Cxptrus.l7z e

gy6letxo (nouetno?) uue

PECI,IAI{HA (R(H)ESIDINA) - Yrpen.nenr,re, crroMeHaro caMo or flpofltpnara qacr Ha rorroHr{Ma Moxe 6u crgrpx<a rurruoro ulrle Resis/

Resiusl7s. flpegmEg TB'bpAe xapaKrepHoTo oKoHrlaHue (-dina), [prIHaAJre)KHocrTa
Ha yKpelJreHrrero KtM npoBltrqux Crurux176 usrnexga BepoflTHa.

Yrpeunenr.re, croMeHaro caMo ot flpoxoMy K'bM [poBIrHqLIfl Cxurtts.l73 e HectrrypHa. flo-nepo,THo e ro Aa ce e HaMr.rpaJro r.rr Bropa Mu3ut, xpaft n'rrx ot A6pnryc sa MapquaHoroJrr,rc (uru sa Tponeyrnr Tpatuu?)l7g.

PyEyCTA (RUBUSTA)

nuhr71 . flpr,rnagne;xHocrra

-

CKOII4C (SCOPIS) - Touonrau'br ce cpeula caMo y Teo$nnart CuuoKara, B -pa3Ka3a 3a roxoAa na fler.rp cpeu{y craBqHI4Te npez 594 rograna18O. fionycKa ce, tle ceJrrllqero e JrexaJlo Ha Il'brr, cB'bp3Balr{ MapquaaonoJrlrc c.Bc 3angauai81. flpegJroxeHara JroKaJrll3aqllx nplr flo6ega unu flnaqltgox (o6q. [o6puu)182
o6a.{e e Helpl4eMJrusa, T'bit Karo )KrrBorbr B perucrplrpanlrre raM aHTutIHfi celwtula ceKHaJr orr{e K'bM Kpas Ha IV n. IIIo ce orHac, Ao noJryrJracHoro orb)IqecrBtBane na Cronuc c yKpeleHoro ceJrrru{e npr Og'rpqu (o6rq. [o6pn.r) 183, To ra3r{ x[rloTe3a - MaKap rr AoflycrrrMa or apxeoJror[qecKa rJreAHa ro.rra! - e rB'bp[e xa3aprna. OvenragHo, Btflpoctr c JroKairtr3alll{flTa na Crour,rc tpx6na Aa ce ilplr3Hae 3a
Barnea 1968, p.421;TIR L35, p.59;Aricescu 1977,p.175.
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
r72
Barnea 1968, p. 421; TIR L35, p. 60.
r73
Aricescu 1977, p. 175; Barnea 1991,a, p. 193.
r?a
Proc. De aed. lV, I I (ed. Dewing).
r75
I)etschew 1957, S. 136.
176
Barnea 1968, p.421;TIR L35, p.61;Aricescu 1977,p.175.
r77
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
r78
TIR L35, p. 62; Aricescu 1977,p.175.
r70

r7r

r7e

BeSevliev 1970, S. 144.
Theoph. Sim. Hist. V[, 1 (ed. de Boor).
181
Beruesrren 1962, c. 4; Be5evliev 1969, S. 493.

180

r82
r83

Eerueslnes 1962, c. 4.
,(nunrpos 1989, c. 52.

Hepa3pem[M flpn ceraruHoTo c'bcToflHue Ha fipoyrrBalJnflTa, npu Bce qe nptrHaAJrexHocrra Ha roBa (yxpeneno?) cenr,rqe K'bM rrpoBr,rnqur Cxr,rrr,rr enBa Jru [oAJreXI,I HA C'bMHEHIIE.

TIIJIIITO (TILLITO) - YrperrreHrre, cnoMeHaro caMo or flporouufil8a.
Hsxou -antopul85 ro orcxgecrBflBar c Tranrruon (Tilicion-Tilicium)186. flprznagJrex(Hocrra My K'bM npoBEHrIrH g**rr".187 e HecurypHa.

r8a

Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
Haup.: Litzica 1926-27, p.77 .
186
3a roralu3a\uarasa Tunnruon, n>r.: Torbatov 2000b, p. 67.

r8s

187

TIR L35,p.71.

mmaDA

mffiffi

Paswrrrre Ha
CIICTEMATA

1. KJTACI,IOIIKAUnfl HA yKPEfIEHIITE
OEEKTI4
YcnosHocrra B ylorpe6ara na Sopru$uxaqrrouHara repMlrHoJrorln B urircr enrrpa$cKure naMerur,rqrr fr :l'vrrcara na oSuquaJrHa craH[apTI{3aLIIIJI B TOBa OTHOTITeHI{e [pe3 KbCHOaHTT{qHaTa enoxa OTe>KHTIBaT TB'bpAe MHOro xracu$llKaIII,IJITa Ha yKpeneHr.rre o6erru B rrpoBr,rHr{r,I;r Cxwrws,. [ontnnr,rrenull
3arpy[Herrurr u Hecr,rrypHocr rropiDKgar rr penruIa Apyrr o6exrrasHr,r Sarropu, cB'bp3aHrr c rl{tlororuqecKara ugenruSnxar\wffa Ha KoHKpernure o6exrtr, Korrro 3acJryxaBar cneqlraJreH r{ MaJrKo no-o6croen xoueurap.
flrpauxr B'bnpoc, xoriro rpx6na [a 6tAe u3rcHeH, Kacae Kprrreprrlrre 3a
pa3rpanlrqaBaHe Ha BoeHHr{Te rr Boeuuo-nonuqer?cru yKpenJreHr,rrr or rlr,rBrlJrHr.rre
yKpe[eHrr o6exru.
ApxeononrqecKrlTe AaHHI,I cor{ar, r{e oltle Kt,M Haqzuloro r{ He rlo-K'bcHo or
cpelara na V s. HeyKpeneHr,rre ceJrrrrla npaKTr,rqecKtr r{3!re3Bar or floceJrrrrrlHara
MeHlITe tr3BopI,I n

HoMeHKJrarypa Ha [poBr.rHr{r{rr CxuT us.. Or rogr MoMeHT HacerHe x<rdBorcr ce c'bcB orpaHr,rqeu 6pofi Beqe c'brlecrByBarqu rrJrr{ HoBor,r3rpaAeHr,r yKpetreuu

pegoroqaBa

IIeHTpOBe, KOr{TO Ce npeBp'bulaT B ecTecTBeH KOJTeKTOp Ha Cr,urHo opeAsJroTo [oparorcKI,ITe I,rxyucKr.r HaruecrBr{fl rrpoBr,rHqr,raJrHo HaceJreurael. CrrqenpeMeHHo, [pe-

nI,I

T'bprqHara or prrMcKara apMru raracrpo$a s forcxara soriHa

t Opai{ et il.1992a, p. 108 sqq.; Top6aron 1993a; Torbatov 1997, p.
81.

ot 376-378 r. ce

pa3rJrexAa KaTO HatraJro Ha Kpafl Ha K'bCHOpI{MCKI'Ifl MoAeJI Ha BOeHHa OpraHIr3aIII'rf

Notitia Dignitatum noftcxosu roApa3AeJreqacT ca [pecTaHaJII{
HI{fl IIO AyHaBCKaTa rpaHrrrla ce AonycKa, qe B IIo-roJItMaTa cI{
Mepoflpflqrl'Ifl rro yKAa c.brrtrecrByBar K'r,M Har{zuroro na V s.2 BrscraHoellTeJrHlrre
Ha [peAIrIIrHara
BT,3craHoBflBaHe
pelllTeJrHara cilcreMa ne 6uln [ocJreABaHI,I or
BoeHHa opraHprcallul^.I4srrursarirr octlp geSuqur oT BoeHHa cvra,Vlt:ltlepwffa ce
B[ArJra npr,rgyAeHa or o6cros.reJrcrBara Aa c'b3Aage cfleq]IaJrua Kareroplrfl BoeIrIr3rrpaHo HaceJreHrre r{ MacoBo Aa rr3[oJr3yna Seqepar:r{ 3a rapHl,I3onna cnyx6a. 3aceB rpoBr,rHrlr4 q

JTeHLI

Cxwrux.3a cuolreuarlrre

B

c rexgrrre ceMeftcrsa B'bB B:b3craHoBeHI{Te yKpeflJreHl'rfl, Te noJryquJrlr 3eMg

B

[a 3aII{uTaBaT fpaHI',IIIaTa I',I
TaKBB HarrLIH' pa3JII'rKaTa Mex-

HeIIOCpeACTBeHaTa I{M OKOJIHOCT Cpelqy 3aA'bJIxeHIIeTo

rolgtp*ar

c'rop'bxeHl{s3. no

or6pauraTeJrHrlTe
BoerrHr,r yKpeflJrenr,rf rr yKpeueHIiITe IILIBIIJIHII HaCeJIeHr{ uecta 6raJIa He caMo [paKT[rIecKLI rr BIr3yaJrHo HanBJrHo 3aJII{lIeHa, Ho B peAl',Iqa cJlyqafl ToBa

4u

Ay rurKorauHlrTe

florytluro BlocJreAcrBlle ra c'borBerHa Iop[rurqecKa canxqnx4'
Illupoxo 3acBpr1ereJrcrByBaHara upes V-VI B. ToraJrrra tpancSopt'lalllrfl

Ha

rrpeA[IIIHI{Te BoeHHI{ ItreHTpoBe B [poBrIHqI'Is' Cxlarras B o6I4KHOBeHII yKpeIIeHu ceJMrrIa ilpaBfi npueMJluBa II npaBoMepua ynOrpe6aTa cnprM6 Tfix Ha TSpMIIHII c BOeuuo-Stpru$uraquonHo c'b1'bpxanrne naft-r'bcHo Ao K'bM cpegaTa ua V s. 3a ne-

pr,ro1a Ha TqxHoTo AoKa3aHo cbIIIecTByBaHe B nbpBoHaEIaIHoTO IIM KaqecTBO, o6aqe, B pegplrla oT cryqafiTe pa3rpaHurraBaHero Ha BoeI{HIrTe rr BoeHHo-nonuqeficxu
oT c'bBpeMeHHI{Te r{M IILIBI{JIHrI yKpe[eH[I o6erul e TB'bpAe cJIoxHa sagava' Kato
ocHoB[ra npFIuHa 3a roBa Mo)Ke Aa ce r.r3TcKHe I{HTeI{3IIBHOTO II [OBCeMeCrHo yKpelrrTenHo cTpor{TeJrcTBo rrpe3 K'bcnopl,rMcKara eloxa u ea6erex[TeirHaTa yHI{-

Qlnaqux Ha BBHruHIrre uy 6enesu.
flpes euoxara na flpnnqr4nara orpoMrroro MHo3I{HcrBo or BoeHHI{Te Jrarepra o PuucraTa IIMneplLf, Ce oTJIurIaBaT c [paBI{JIHu reoMeTpur{HI'I fiponopqu[. Te ce
rpaAsT [pe[r{MHo Ha paBHuHeH, yAo6eH 3a cTporrTeJICTBO I,I O6utasaHe repen' otHocrrreJrHara cla6ocr Ha rexHrrre yKpelI,ITeiIHI,I c'bop.bxeHtrfl cBlrAereJrcrByBa 3a
CnoKOftcTBLIe u CurypHOCT II II3AaBa OSaH3I{BHII;I xapaKTep Ha pIIMcKaTa BoeHHa
Ha HaceJIeHIr Mecra rlpe3 Ta3Ir
AoKTprrHa rro roBa BpeMe5. fiannure 3a yKpe[rBaHe
enoxa ca TBbpAe ocKcAHI{ II Ce OTHaCTT caMo Ao roJIeMpI rpaAcKll IIeHTpoBe' Ilpll
ToBa AaJreq He B'LB Fcr.rqKr{ qacru Ha uMnepuqra6. Otcna6BaHero Ha plrMcKara

-

BoeHHa MouI B pe3yJITaT OT Bceo6xBaTHaTa KpII3a, [pmI'IHeHa

ot

rnlarqa6ntrIe BGT-

peIIIHO- I4 B.bHrrrHorroI[T[qecK[ c'bTpeceHl4fl I,I OT MaCLIpaHI4Te BapBapcKII HaIIIeCTB'bpBr,rq 11pe3 BTopara rr rperara r{erB'bpr na III s., IlaJrara 3a6erexuM orler{arBK

2Zahiar.iade 1988, p. 185.
3lbidem, p. 94 sqq.

3a roea Bx. Irarp.: Hier. Synecd.637,l-15 (ed. Parthey)'
Luttwak 1976,p.61 sqq.
6
Johnson 1983,20-22.

a

s

xy Qopru$rrKaUr{oHHoro crporar]eJrcrBo B uMfleplrqra or [ocJreAHara qerB'bpr Ha
c5rr{uq BeK HacerHe. CtulecrryBarrlrrre BoeHHI4 Jlarepu coJrrrAHo ce AoyKpelrflBar,
rrpeycTporBaT Ao Hey3HaBaeMocT rrJrr4 TITJIoCTHO Ce [pell3rpaxlaT, KaTo llecTo ToBa e c'bIIpoBoAeHo c [poMJrHa Ha rrxHoro MecrorloJroxeHlre. I4Hreng[sHoTo cTpor{TeJrcrBo o6xBa[Ia He caMo rpaHrar{Hara 3oHa I{ [pI4JrexaqI,ITe [poBlrH\rtt4, a IITJIaTa r,rMrrepcKa repr.rroprrJr. Hapeg c Muororo HoBollt3[plrHarlr BoeHH[I o6eKTI,I, B Molr{trtl

yKperreHrr nyHKToBe ce npeBp'brrlar rr BcuqKrI rIo-3Haq[TeJrHIr ceJrlrqa. Oco6eso
xapaKTepHa r{epTa Ha K'bcHoaHTr{r{HoTo yKpelI4TeJIHO CTpOIITeJICTBO e noArrepTaHOTO [peA[Or{I4TaHrIe K'bM ecTecTBeHo3aII{llTeHI'I TepeHII II BCe fIO-nBJTHOTO I{3nOJI3yBaHe Ha TexHIzTe Ot6panurenHll IIpeAIIMcTsa. B pe3yJITaT oT TOBa, ronOrpaScrure oco6e-HocTll na pene$a qecTo ce upeBp'[,qaT B onpeAelxlq Sarrop 3a KoHquBI4JreH
Surypaquara Ha yKpeneHr,rre o6erru, He3aBIrcIrMo or rexHlrrl BoeHeH [JrI{
xapaKTep. KatO ce upu6anu BIIcoKaTa cTeIIeH Ha apxI,ITeKTypHa CTaH[apTISaIIruI

(rynu, [oprlrI, 6ofinn ct'rn6n rE r.n.), KaKTo
B npuJraraHaTa TexHI4Ka Ha fpale)K rIpLI BoeHHrITe I,I I{I4-

Ha orgeJrHrrr:e or6panureJrHrr eJreMeHTIl

r{ n.bJrHaTa uAeHTI,rrrHocT
BrrJrHrr o6exrr,r, BtHIIrHtrrIT o6nrar Ha yKperII,ITeJrHaTa cI{cTeMa MHolo pflAKo Mox(e
Aa ce r{3[oJr3yBa Karo o6exrraseH rnacuSraraqlloHeH rpurepuft sa SynxqnoHuurHo
orpeAersHe Ha [aAeH yKpefleu o6err:7. floctonepHa un$opuaqllt B Ta3I{ HacoKa
npe[Jrara eAr.rHcTBeHo aHaJrrr3bT Ha npocrpaHcTBeHo-KoMlo3l{rllloHnoro o$opureIdI,1Ie Ha B'bTpemHoTo [pocTpaHcTBo, Aon'bJIHeH OT AaHHTITe Ha npeqt3Ho cTpaTI{IIoAeMeH apxeololuqecKl{ MaTepuax. 3a c'bxaJIeHIIe, T93LI MeToA e pflA-

$uqupan

Ko rrplrJro>r(rrM cnpflMo yKpeneHrrre o6exrra B [poBI{HIILrfl Cxtarus., floparuI xpalino
He3aAOBOJrr{TeJrHaTa

lpoyqeHocT Ha MHO3T,THCTBOTO

OT TqX B apxeoJrornl[ecKo oT-

HOIXCHI{E.

flpu nrlncara

Ha Karerop[r{Hr,r Kprrrepflu 3a pa3rpaHl,IqaBaHe Ha BoeHHIrre
oT rIrrBr,rJrHIaTe yKperleulr o6eKTu, nens6exHo cJIeABa ga ce npll6erHe Ao no3oBaBaHe Ha o[ocpeAcrByBaHrr apryMeHTrr l,r cro6paxceHurl or uo-o6u1 TeoperurrecKulz'lwl
npaKTur{ecKr,r xapaKTep. B rasr,I Bp'b3Ka He MOxe Aa He ce OT6eIexu, qe flopa[u

ApacrurrHoro HaMaJrgBaHe Ha trr4creHocrra Ha BoeHHIrTe iIacTI{ gopu xatf-roJleMl{Te
K.bcHoaHTr{qH[ BoeHHr4 yKpenJreHr{fl ca c'bc 3HaqI,ITerHO IO-CKpOMHI,I [ponopqpllr B
cpaBHeHI,Ie He CaMO C'bC CBBpeMeHHIITe I,IM fpaAoBe, Ho I c MHoro oT yKpe[eHIITe
ceJrrrula 6es rpagcra xapaKTepl{crl{Ka. Ot gpyra cTpaHa, pelpo[yqfipaHeTo Ha xapaKTepHr.r 3a BoeHHoro QopruQuKar{r{oHHo crpolrreJrcrBo npe3 AaAeH nepr{oA rlJraHoBrr cxeMr{ Mo)Ke [a ce npr{eMe rre caMo Karo [ocra y6egureneu $ynxqnonanno-

7

Oco6euocu,rre Ha K'bcuoaHTr{rruoro SopruQrrKaIII{oHHo I{3KycrBo ca [peAMer Ha MHoxecTBo MoHorpaSur,t u orAeJrHr{ ny6nnraqru.Cpex pa6otute c o6o6rqrreneu xapaKrep Morar Aa ce rocoqar Harp.: Schleiermacher 1943-50; Schiinberger 1969;
Petrikovits 1971; Oruapor 1974; Soproni 1978; Scorpan 1980; llranon 1980;
Or.rapon 1982; Biernacka-Lubanska 1982; Johnson 1983; Lander 1984; Foss/

.

Winlield 1986.

TI'I[ororI{qecKI,I Kplrrepurl, no cBIrIo raKa r{ Karo orHocrrreJreH xpoHororuqecKl,r
rrHAr,rKarop. 3a soeHHr,rq r,rJrr{ BoeHHo-nonlrqeftcxu xapaKTep Ha AaAeHO yKpelJreHr.re
cBl'rAereJrcrByBa olqe u us6oplr Ha HeroBoro MecronoJroxeHr4e or rJreAHa rorrKa
Ha oneparLIBHo-TaKTI{qecKI{Te rrper,rMyrrlecrBa r4Jrr{ crparerr,rqecKa rleJrec'bo6pasHocr, KaKTo I,I pa3rJreqaH B KoHTeKcra Ha c'b-rqecrByBarrlara n pafioua c.ro6ulurenHa Mpe)Ka.

[pyr nynxr, xofiro u3pr,rrrHo rpx6sa [a ce noAqeprae, e, qe rcHa pa3rpagr{lII4TeJrHa rrprnuq. Mexny uonnqeficxn r.r BoeHHr,r yKperrJreHurr B npoBr.rHrlr4Jr Crzflns He
Mox<e Ea ce flpoKapa. Tona ce ['bJrxr,r Ha c'b3AaAeHr4, B Kpa, na III u npe3 r.bpBr4Te
AecerrrJrernq Ha fV B. HoB MoAeJI Ha BoeHHa opraHr,r3arlr,rJr na Prlrcxara uvruepnaS n
Ha orpeAeHara or reorpaQcxoto i uonoxeHr,re cfleqr{Quvua poJUr Ha npoBr,rHr{r,rrr
Cxrrlls Karo npegelr [ocr rz 6actr,ros B 3arrlurara na 6anraHcKrrre r,rMlepcKr{
BJIaAeHl4rr.

B'rg ocHosa Ha orAeJrHLI eulrrpa$crrt yKasantrfl or pa3rr,rqHrr Mecra s Cr14rIaq9 Moxe Aa ce AonycHe [ocroruHoro rr oce3aeMo nprlcBcrBrre ryK rra BoeHHr,r
Jrlrqa u llacrla or sacer comitatus u roBa e Ha[BJrHo o6lcnr,rivro, Karo ce rrMa npeABI,IA
orpoMHoro i soeHHo 3HaqeHI4e n o6uqouunepcKara cr{creMa 3a cr,rrypHocr. Ha ro3Ir erarl or flpoyrlBamvrflTa, o6ave, B'bllpoc'br orHocHo rfxHoro MecroJlarepyBaHe B
npoBrrHrlr,rrra He Moxe Aa ce pa3perura c a6colrorHa crurypnocr. c.rrqecrByBar cepl{o3Hrr [olarKl4, '{e 6ofiHu eII,IHIrqu or comitatenses uryr rexHrr noApa3geJreqilfl. ca
6ranu pasnoJro>r(eHu Ha rapgrr3oH B HflKor{ or 3analuouosrraficxr,rre rpagorel0. crIr{oro Moxe Aa ce AoIIycHe u 3a pa3noJrox(eHuTe BcB BbTpelrHocTTa Ha [poBrrHrlr,r-

fra

no-3HaqrirreJrHt4 rlr.rBr{JrHr,r yKpeneHr.r qeurponell. Irluenno B.bB Bp.b3Ka C pe3r,rArrpaHero Ir I,I3rI'bJIHeHIlero Ha cn5me6nr,rre 3aAGJDKeHr,rJr or crpaHa Ha Ar,rcJroqupaHrrTe B KarrecrBoro Ha 6oen peoeps comitatens€s cJreABa Aa ce nocraBsr rI MHo3r{HcrBoro or yKpe[eHI,ITe o6erru BBB B'brpeuHocrra ]r IIo MopcKw 6pxr Ha flpoBr{Hr{r.ur
Cxulws, qurro rIr4BuJrHa ugeurusrx arryrr, e He[p]reMJrr,rna. cnopeg Karerop[rrHi{Te
CBIIAeTeJICTBa Ha apxeoJlorl{llecKl{Te AaHHr4, rIaCT OT Te3I,I yKpe[JIeHr,L oKoHrIaTeJr-

no ra 6egs'b3Bparuo 3arl{Bar rlplr BapBapcKr{Te HaruecrBrrfl or flocJregHara trerB'bpr
na IV rr fl'bpBara noJroBr{Ha Ha V s. 3a gpyru rr.bK e ycraHoBeHo, rre [po[cr)KaBar
cBrqecrByBar{ero cr,r u [o-K'bcHo, qaK [o K'bM Kpar Ha vvsaqalor:o ua vII B., Ho
lperaprurBarixra ropenua QyuxrtruoHaJrHa rpancsoprvra\us, kt c BpeMeHHo crupaHe
LrJrI,I 3arI{XBaHe I,IHTeH3I{BHOCTTa Ha )KrrBOTa B TrX nO BpeMe Ha Kpr,r3ara or V sex.

Karo ce IrMa

npeABtrA, qe B MLIpHoBpeMeHHr,r ycJroBr,rs ruo6prnnure sofrcxont4-\eauuu-

IIrr rr3fi'bJrHflBaJIil urr4poKa raMa or 3aAaqu IIo ocurypsBaHe Ha B.brpe[Hr,rfl peA rr

8

e

B>x. yaognara uraBa.
CIL, ilI, 12444; Popescu 1976, Nb

30,4l,ll},206,2ll,ZjZ.

r0

Toua: Zosim. Hist. nova, IV, 40 (ed. Bonnae); Popescu 1976, N! 30; Llcrput: popescu

rr

Zahariade 1988, p.49.

1976, Nb 41.

IIoAIIoMafaHe Ha IIM[epcKI4fl AGpXaBer{ aflapaT, B'blpocHr4Te yKpenJreHr,rfl ocHoBa[a ce onpe[eJrflT Karo 6uQyuxqr,roHaJrHrr: or eAHa crpaHa, re 6unu
flpflKo cBBp3aHI,I C BOeHHaTa OpraHrr3arlr4' Ha [pOBr,rHrIUtrTan npeAcTaBJrflBaJrrr MupHoBpeMeHHlI BoeHHI{ Jrarepu 3a oleparrrBH[Te soficrosu noApa31eJremns Lt BoeHTeJIHo cJreABa

n y6ex<zqa sa geficrryuarlara apHa [psKa B'bHrrrHa 3arrJraxa spKo r43-

HoBpeMeHHra cua6qrareJrHo-peKpearrrBHr.r 6ass

Apyra, B nepIIOArITe Ha OTC'bCTBr{e
['bKBaJr rexlrl4flT nonzrleficxu xapaKTep. flprasnuvanero Ha pr.rMcKara apurrfl.3a rr3IBJIHeHIIe na uonuqericrn Syuxquu 6nno HopMaJrHo flBJreur,re orr1e rrpe3 erroxara
Ha ilplrHllurtaralz, Ho npe3 K'bcnara aHTrrqHocr ra3rr npaKTrrKa r{3rJre)Kga rroryqr,rna oco6eno ror.flMo pa3Burwe. Tara nanpuMep, KtM Kpas Ha III n. urr.rneparop [uoKJIeTIIaH IIpeMaXHaJI C[eqI{aJIIA3}IpaHaTa B TOBa OTHOTTTeHI{e I/.IICTttTyt\ilA Ha
fruntentarii-:,e13. C'rsgaAen[qr na serino Mrrcro B HaqaJroro na IV s. r4 opraHr,r3r{paH
no BoeHeH o6paseq Kop[yc or agentes in rebus (curagendarii, curiosi), o6aue, ce
HaMr{paJr Ha rIeHTpaJrHo nogquHemile u 6ur npegua3HaqeH caMo 3a crreqr,rit.trnr{ rropruenual4. 3a urxpoxo sacBrrAereJrcrByBaxara rrpe3 erroxara na flpranq[[ara cucTeMa Ha npr,IHygr{TeJuro na6upane Ha rIrIB[rJrHo HaceJreHr,re 3a yrlacrrne B III3EbJrHeHIrero Ha paanoo6pa3Hr 3aAarru or nonr,rqeficKo ecrecrBo (synteleia tironon) ce [pueMa, tre [poA'bJDKr{Jra ga geficrnyBa r{ rpe3 IV s.1s Or repuropr{rra Ha flpoBr,rHrlra,
Cxvrus, pa3[oJraraMe caMo c eAHo rr3Becr[re B Ta3rr HacoKa HaAlr,rc or Tpoueyr'l
Tpaxnra or rpas Ha IlVna.rzuroro Ha IV n., s xofiro ce c[oMeHaBa egrrH (ex) burgariusr6.
ltrlutfl., A OT

-

B sarou Ha r,rMreparop Xonopuli or 398 r.r7 burgarii-re ca npuqucreHv KtM Jrr,rqata c naft-nuc'bK coqrraJleH craryc r.r B ropr.rgr4rrecKo orHolrreHlre re ce HaMr,IpaJrr,r B
rroJro)KeHrre, paBHo3HaqHo rrJru 6nr.rgro Ao roBa ua o6rqecraeHrrre po6ul8. flosceMecrHo pa3npocrpaHeHara s Pur{cxara r,rMrrepuq [paKT[Ka Ha BpeMeHHa "rpaxAaHcKa uo6r,rnusaqur" Hec'bMHeHo e [rMaJra Mrrcro r B npoBr,rnqua Cxrnrrr, Ho Ha
yracrr,rero Ira pa3HI{Te Kareropru,I "uo6unr,l3rapaHo" HaceJIeHEe B oprauftsaquxra
Ha upoB[rr{r{valtlIaTa cr,rcTeMa 3a BBTperrrHa cErypHocT eABa Jrrr Moxe Aa ce oTAaBa
HrKaKBo oco6eno 3HatreHrre. OurosHoro 6perrre na nonr.rqeficKara cnyx<6a oqeBugHo e rraAaJro BBpxy apuwrra n c oco6ena cvra - Bcpxy HacraHeHr,rre ryK qacru or
comitatenses

12

13

-

3a opraulr3arltrflra na nonuqericxara cryx6a s Purvrcra:ra r{M[ep[, s)K.: Hirschfeld 1891,
845-8'77; Rostovtzeff L918,26-33; Dayies 1968, 700-707; Hopwood 1983,173-187;
Hopwood 1986,343-356; Isaac 1991,458-461; Mirkovii 1991,255-256; Schallmayer

199t,400-406.
Aurel. Vict. De caes. XXXIX,44-45 (ed. Pihlmayer).

ra

Grosse 1920, 104-1A6.

15

Rostovtzeff 1918, p.

16

27

,33.

Popescu 1976, Ne 172.
17
Cod. Theod. VII, 14 (ed. Mommsen - Meyer).
18
Seeck 1899, 1066-1067; Grosse 1920, S.67.

+++
YxpenurerHara cr4creMa Ha [poBr.rH qua Cxuran npeAcraBrqB a c'bBKynHocr
BcI{qKr{ cr.rHxpoHHo ctrrlecrByBarrlr{ Ha sefiuar:a repr,rropr{r yKperreHu o6errr,
pa3rJleAaHr,r B TrxHoro egr,rHcrBo r.r B3auMogeficr:s[e. Hesasr,IcuMo or npor,r3xoAa r4
KoHKperHIrre Qynrquu Ha BcflKo nefino c'bcraBHo 3BeHo, yKperrr,rreJrHara cr4creMa
e BaxeH r{ oTHocr{TeJIHo caMocTorTeJIeH KoMIIoHeHT Ha rIrJrocTHaTa OpraHr.r3at\ng,
Ha rrpoBuHrlr{aJrnara repr.rropraaJrna or:6pana rr 3au{r{Ta Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHr4e.
Oco6euocu,rre B r{cropr.rqecKara crg6a rr c'brr{ecrBeHr,rre rrpoMeHr{ BBB BarperrrHoTo pa3Brrrrre Ha orgeJrHr{Te yKpenenrn o6exru npaBra HeBB3MoxHa rflxHara Syn*rlr,roHaJrHa rnacr,r$uraqr,rfl B paMKr{Te Ha egna o6o6qeHa cxeMa, o6xnarqaqa rleJr[q
nepuog or c'brqecrByBanero Ha npoBr.rHrlua Cxvrua. O6crofinprsr rrH[rrBrrAyaJreH
aHzulr,r3 rI [prrBeAeHr,rTe B rr3Jro)KeHr4eTo Aocera MHoroqIIcJIeHIa AonBJrHHTeJrHpr IIo*.c:aeHug, u yrorrHeHur, o6aue, [pegcraBsr Karo HarrbJrHo nplleMJrr{Ba u Mero[oJrorlrtrecKrr r.r3A'bpxaHa oT HreAHa ToqKa Ha [cTop[qecKr4Te r4 apxeoJrorr4trecKr{ peaJrHocrrr xraclr$uxaq[rrra Ha B'brrpocHr,rre yKpenenrn o6exru B ABe orAeJrur,r, xpoHo-

or

roruqecKrr o6oco6enrE rracuSuraqrroHHr{ cxeMlr, orpa3rBarrlu c'bcro.flHl4ero

I4

crpyKTypara Ha yKpelureJrHara cr{creMa Ha flpoBrrHrlus, Cxurvs, c'borBerHo 3a rre-

or Kpiu na III go K'bM cpeAara na V B. r{ or KGM BTopara rroJroBr,rHa na V n. qo
Kpafl Ha K'bcHaTa aHTr{rrHocT.

pr4oAa

A. OT KPAfl HA III AO KbM CPEAATA HA V BEK
YxpeneHure o6exrn B npoBrrHr{us, Cxuras, or Kpas ua III Ao KbM Kparr Ha
roJroBr{Ha na V s. Morar ga 6rgar rnacuQuqnpaHr,r B rpr,r ocHoBHrr rpy[r4, c orJreA Ha rsxHoro QyurquouaJrHo ecrecrso. Bcsra or rpyflrrre nogJre]or Ha
Aon'bJrHrrreJruo B'brperlHo crpyKT)?r4paHe, orrrr,rraqo rr,Inoror[rrecKrrre oco6enocTr{ Ha orAeJrHr{Te o6errlr.

fV/n'rprara

A1. BOEHHII YKPEfIJIEHI,If,
Ha BoeHHrrre yKpe[JreHr,r, cJreABa 4a 6rgar rtpuqucreHn yKperrr{cro
[eHrlTe o6extu c
BoeHHrl $yurqulr. Tax[sa ca 6stn pa3floJroxeurrre rro [poTexeHr{e Ha AyHaBcKara [poBrrHrlr.raJrHa rpaHrrqa lr [peAHa3HarreHrr ga nefinara ox-

K'ru rpynara

r

paHa n or6paua Jrarepr sa limitanei (riparienses) xarro r,r3rpaAeHr4Te B rrpoMexAyr'Lqlrre MexAy rrx [o-MaJrKrr yKpelJreHr{fl c'bc cfloMarareJurn Synxqutt,3aBtrcutMII or JrarepllTe B oneparl{BHo-TaKT[Ir{ecKo orHolrreHr{e u o6cnyxnaur{ or KoMaHAr,rpoBaHrr or rexHlrre rapHr{3oHrr soft cxosu rrogpa3AeJrenrrrl.

Ala. BOEHHII JIAIEPII (CASTRA/CASTELLA). Hari-u'bJrHoro a cu'cTeMarr,r3upauo [peAcraBrHe Ha BoeHHure Jrarepu no AyHaBcKut 6pxt Ha [poBr,rHqux Cxururx - cflopeA ctcrorHr{ero [r opraHr,r3arluoHHara cxeMa rru 378 urra

r. - ce ctAtpxa s Notitia Dignitatum. MnosuHcrsoro or
c[oMeHarr{Te raM o6errz ca [oHacrorrrleM cr.rrypHo JroKaJrlrsllpaHrr B'b3 ocuoBa Ha
cBegeHrrfl"a Ha aHTr{qH[Te rrrr,rHepapva, a orqacrl{ - I,I Ha enurpaScxr gaunr,r. IIo

Hari-K'bcHo rrv.394-395

Kareropwffa Ha BoeHH[Te Jrarep[ 6uxa uornu ga
yKpelIelrl{fl IIo AyHaBcKrIfl 6par, sacce npuql,IcrfT orqe
BlrAereJrcrByBaHr{ caMo rro apxeororuqecKrl IrBT. Tpx6na Aa ce I{Ma upegnug, o6aqe, qe re ca c'bc cGBceM Henpeqr,t3lrpaHa Aarr,rpoBKa: MaKap orc'bcrBrler o nrs Notitia
Dignitatum Aa Moxe sagoBoirlrreJrHo Aa ce o6soru c rsxHara ru6en IrJrtr BpeMeHno(?) usnueaue or Syurqux KBM Aarara Ha cbcraBrHe I{JrIr peAaKTI{paHe Ha AoKyMeHTa, KaKTO I{ C I,r3rpaX<AaHeTo IIM HacKopo cJIeA ToBa, HIIKaK He e TI3KJIIOqeHO
HrrKoll oT Tflx Aa [prrHa[JrexaT K6M HOBOTO BOeHHO-yKpenIITeJrHO CTpOI{TeJTCTBO
or Kpat na V znu or VI a. TepuuuoJrorl{arHlrrr aHiulu3 [oKa3Ba, qe rroue Ao K'bM
Kpa, Ha fV s. 6asosrrre Jrarep[ Ha pa3rnrrHme noficxoBlr vacrlr npoA'bJrxaBar Aa
ce o3HarlaBar Karo castrau castella. Bugrr Ha rapHu3oHa, o6aqe, olpeAeJlego [pecTaBa Aa rrrpae poJr, 3a ynotpe6ata Ha eArIH or ABara repMlrHa. Maxap Aa uMa HeMaJrKo ocHoBaHufl Aa ce flpeg[oJrara, qe noA castra o6[rnoseHo ca ce nogpae6upaJrrr flo-roJreMrlre or castella Jrarepu, flpoilopquoHaJruflTe KprlTepult 3a rflxlroro pa3rpaHuqaBaHe ocTaBaT rrercHrr u r,r3HrexAa ca rrMzuru He[ocTorHeH r.r TB'bpAe cy6exTr.rBerr xapaKTep. Han'rnno 6espeayrrareu ocTaBa u onlIT'bT na ce u3Bege HTIKaK'rB
o6emlmeH ruracuQzxaquoHeH rpurepuft sa Hy)rqilTe Ha HacroflIrloro I{3cJreABaHe
IIPE3 CPABIUIBAHE PA3MEPI{TE HA BOEHHIITE JIATEPtr B IIPOBIIHIII' CXIITIS: AOKATO
rrJIotrITa Ha crroMeHarlrre Karo castella yKpe[Jreurrfl Bapapa B rrr]IpoKlrre fpaHrlqu
or eABa oKoJro 0,27 xa (Eepoe) Ao KLM 2,5 xa (Erucyc), ro eglrlrcrBeHoro 3acBIrAereJrcrByBarro Karo castra yKpenJreHlre (Calconra) uMa nJIoIq 1.,8 xa. flpegrug neroxeHoro AoTyK, Bcr{qKtr rro-HaTaTaruH[ ontrTr{ 3a pa3rpaHutlaBaHe Ha castra oT
castella cpeg BoeHHrrre Jrarepu B npoBtrHrlr,rfl Cxnrus. cJreABa Aa ce [p]I3uast sa 6egloqBeHrr rr c[eKyJraT]IBHU AO IIO{BaTa Ha HOBII KaTeTOpUTIHII CBeneHtrs 3a OTIeJrHI{re o6exrr. Cnopeq cerarrrHoro c'bcrorHl{e Ha npoyqBanwrra, K'bM KarefoptrffTa Ha
BoeHHrrre Jlarepu Morar ga 6rgar npuqrrcJreHrr creAHllre cxuruftcxu yKpe[reHrs:
Bunne (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?), CAIIHIABA, Pacosa (FLAVIANA?), AKCI4OfIO JII4C, KAII,IIAB A, Tonany, KAPCI4YM, II?IyC, EEPOE, fle'renxra, TpaqH, TROESMIS-HsIox, APyErIyM, AIIHOIEWfl',E ap6oruu, Jlyru<arrqa(?), Paxeny, HOBTIOAyHyM, EII4CyC, Vhrcastuge Xoc(?), CAJICOBI4fl, XAJIMI{PLIC, [ynaBBqy Ae Cyc (GRATIANA?), [yuarrqy Ae Xoc (AD STOMA?). 3eureHoro yKpefiJreurre npu flanren]rMoHyJr Ae Xoc (c nrauoxna AarlrpoBKa BaB BTopaTa rroJroBr{Ha na IV n.) upegcraBJrflBa o6urnoseH pLIMcKtl MapIueBlI Jlarep }r He Moxe Aa ce pa3ruIexqa Karo eJIeMeHT or yKperIIITeJIIrara nuQpacrpyrrypa Ha npoBr{HrIut Cxutns.. Ha scu.rr Megra, orKtAero r{MaMe apxeororuqecKtr AaIrHIr, ctrrypHo e 3acBrrAereJrcrtsyBaHo, rre rarepr,rre rrpegcraBJrrBar rpaAexa a fundamentis
or Haqaroro Ha K'bcHopIrMcKI[, [epIIoA. Oco6eno rpx6na Aa ce [oAtleprae, qe re He ca AIrcJIoq[paH[I Ha
B'brrpeKlr rpaArrqlloHHll Ba3rJIeA rro ro3rr nrnpoc!

B'bHrrrHrr 6enesr,r fl pa3Mepr{, K'bM

ruIKoJrKo KBCHoaHTT{r{Hr,r

-

paBHo nnr,r npr,r6rur3lrreJrHo paBHo ornarerreHl,Ie eAIrH or Apyr. flpr.r u:6opa Ha MecTOnOJTOXeH[erO Ha BCeKI4 e[I4H OT Jrafep[Te OrIeBUlHo e 6ux oTtI[TaH IIrJr KoMnJreKc or kr3vcKaauurs' cB'bp3aHlr c HeroBoro KoHKperHo $yuxquonaluo flpe[onpeAeJreHue, Karo B paMKr.rre Ha re3r,r la3ucKBamfir lqe Aa cad:ar.pt AorIycrI,rMIr rI I{3BecrHta KoMnpovrvrcrr. C pyxnauero Ha KbcuoprtMcKuq MoAeJr Ha BoeHHa opraHrl3alluq

KtM Kpafl na IV rr B rraqaJroro na V B., AororaBarrrHr,rre BoeHHpI Jrarepu flpertprrsBar ctrr{ecrnena SyuxqrroHaJrHo-T[I[oJror[tlecKa rparicSopuaryIfl., npeapuqafixu
ce B yKpeneHr,r ceJrr,ru{a. 3acenenoro B Tsx BoeHuo3aA'bJrxeHo HaceJrenr{e nocreneHHo ry6x nouncxllf, cu xapaKTep u npnpo6usa o6rma Ha MecrHa v,nnrprt\vrfl'

A16. CIOMATATEJTHIT BOEHHII yKPEfTJTEHI{fl (BURGr,
TIIRRES). flpurrreprre or Apyrrr qacru na Pprr'acrara l{Mreplrfl rpeArloJrarar rI

B

rrpoBrrHr1ll, Cxurus. KoJrrrqecrBoro Ha MaJrKrrre c[oMarareJrn[I BoeHH]I yKperrJlenrlt
3Haqureruo Aa e HaAxB'bpJrrJro roBa Ha BoeHHIrre Jrareptr. fiocera, o6a'{e, no AyHaBcKara lpaurrrla na Cxurras apxeororrrrrecna ca 3acBtrAereJlcrByBaHrl cauo 4 yrpenJreHrrfl or ra3u Kareropl4s: 3 6ypra (Cerirraeuu, Xror<r'rna ra 6yprtr, [I3[urHar
B'bpxy pyr{Hrrre Ha [I4HOIEIryIfl, KtM Kpafi xa IV s. E rpecraHirJl Aa c.rlrlecrByBa

na V n.) u 1 typuc (HyST py). HeeHa.rureJrn[rre cJreAlr, Kor.rro floHaqaro ocraBtr Ha repeHa [ogo6nn o6exTrI, KaKTo r{ r{HTeH3I{BHara aHTpoloreHHa gefinoct npe3 rBTeKJrIrre orroraBa BeKoBe, [oBeJra Ao noqrrl ['bJrHoro o6egnra.{agaHe Ha ocraHKlrre or K'bAe-K'bAe [o-roJreM[r craplrHHrr rpagexu, HanLJrHo odscnssa He3HaqlrreJlnua 6poft Ha perlrcrpupaHlrre gocer a bur gi fl turre s. Ergeqnre cr4creMr[I [poyqBaHurl u uIacrJIuBIr cny.rafiHr,r oTKpuTrrfl HecBMHeHO IIIe pa3[MpqT cfific'bKa oT cnoMaraTeJrH[I BoeHHrI yKpe[c.rreg rlrJrocrHara peKorlcrpyKllu.s Ha KacTeJra B Harliuroro

Irenilfr. B [poBr,rHrIEr

Crntns.

A2. YKPEIIJIEHI,Ifl C KOMEIIHIIPAHII BOEHHO.TIOJIIIUEIICKII

oyHKrluu
K'ru rareroprrrra Ha yKpeuJremurflTa c xou6unupaHl{ BoeHHo-uonnqeficxn
Synxqulr cJreABa Aa ce rrprrrcrsr yKpefieHure o6exru rro MopcKoro xpafi6pexue

r[ B'bB B'brperrrHocrra Ha flpoBr{Hrlfir Cxurwn, q[Iero BB3HtrKBaHe ce o6.scnsBa c B'bBexnaHeTo rra K'bcHoprrMcKr,rfl MoAeJr Ha BoeHHa opraHll3allurl u [oeTanHoTo yc'b-

B'bprrrencrByBaHe Ha rrpoB[IHIII{aJrHara Soptu$uxaq}IoHHa unQpacrpyKTypa

crpareruqecKo npeAHa3Harrenue. B'rnpexn nnflcara

Ha KoHKperHrr cBe[eHtrfl,

ctc

rro-ro-

JreMlITe or rtx (ruuonornuecKr,r onpefieJleHrr B ]I3Jro)Kelrfiero fio-rope Karo "Kacreru") c roJrffMa yBepeHocr Morar Aa ce pa3HIe)KAar rato 6asosl,I Jrarep[ Ha nogpa3-

leJrerrfis or c'bcraBa Ha sacer comitatus. Ktu tagn rpyfla [p[r{agJlex<at: Ontlguy-I,
KAPVlg., HuQoH, Agxursor (VALLIS DOMITIANA?), Muxaft Epary, 9xr"rypnnx
Ae Xoc (AD SALICES?), yIIMETyM, Mnp.rx Bogr, I4E[I[A-I, Ioror3rorlHlt{r
appendix x'ura TPOIIEyM TPAflHI,I, C'rpaxa, Kanurau fiuuurpono, TI4MO|I4-

UVLfl, Hoso Eoreso u Og.rpqu. C lrgrnro.{eHre Ha nocJreAHrrre gne (Hono Boteeo
u Ogrpq[), Bc]rr{Krr ras6poenu yKperrJreHr{, ce HaMrlpar B rlprKa Bp'b3Ka c rr'brHocro6rqrarerHara cucreMa u ca Ar,rcJroqrlpaHuxpafi oco6eno BzDKHrr TTGTHLI cpeAurrla

Mexqy CyXO[I6THUq LI MOpCrou6unupaHrl BoKAPI,Ifl). flo-r'ranxrrre
xux rpaQux
eHuo-noJrrrqeitcxu Qynxqnn ca r{3['bJrHflBaJr]r cnoMarareJrH[I 3agaqu rro KoHTpoJIa [I
oxpaHara Ha KoMylrfiKaqr,rrrre l,r B'brperrrnktfl, pey* flo scqxa BepotrHocr re ca ce
HaMlrpaJrlr B rroArruHeHo rroJroxeHr{e cnprMo 6nusxopasnoJro)KeHr4Te rro-3HaqlrreJrHr.r rIeHTpoBe c [ocrorHeH BoeHeH rapHlr3oH, orK'b[ero IrIe Aa cadunurleprloAl,IalecKr,r KoMaHArrpoBaHr,r n xeo6xogrMflTe 3a rrxHoro o6cnyxnane KoHTLrHrentu. Msoro e B'b3Mox<no o6cryx<Barrl[Te KoMaHArr Aa ca BKJrroqBaJIu u ot6uoarqo BoIrHcKa
noBr{HHocr rILrBrrJrHo HaceJreH}re. K'ru cnouarareJrHr,rre BoeHHo-rloJluqeficrul yrpenJreHr{fl B [poBrrHrlrrn Cxwrlzs. floHacrorlqeM Morar Aa 6'rAat rlptrqficfleHn'| o6exra,
cpeA Kor.rro rrrrroJrorr{qecKr,r cJreABa Aa ce pa3rpaHrrqar 5 burgi (Euucana-Il, flaraey
Mape, CTPATOHI,IC, Ea6apar-Tonpafixrori u Cnasa Pyc'r) ra 2 turres (Koncrauqa-Tennuru u Myp$ar.nap). Kru Kparr Ha IV n upes fl'bpBfiTe necerr,rJrerllJl na V s.
MHo3[rHcrBoro oryKpelJreHrrrrra cKou6unuparu4 BoeHHo-flonuqeficrur Qyrrqrur vyecTBr4TeJrHO [OCTpaAaJrr.,r [pr.r BapBapcKr{Te HarraAeHr4rr }I 3aBI{Har[ [pecTaHaJrlr Aa
c'brrlecrByBar. HenperbcHarocr na o6uTasaHero Ao Kpiul Ha KbcHara aHTurrHocr
Mor<e Aa ce rpegroJrara caMo B eAuHu\E or rflx (I,IEI4[A-I , appendix-'sr K'bM TPOfIEyM TPAflHI,I, TI4MOnIqLl.f,, Hono Eoreso, Ogopqu), Ho B ycJroBWTa fia
I{JrI{ B [yHKTOBe, K'bAeTO Ce e OC'bIr{eCTBrBaJr KOHTaKT

(Oeragray-I u

yKperlJrenulfl, c

Berre KopeHHo rrpoMeHena $ymqrnoHaJrHa xapaKTepucrwKa
perrenlr ceJrrrqa r{Jrr{ Texurr KoMno3urluoHHrr KoMrroHeHTr,r. B

KAPIlIfl, yJIMEDTM)

- B Kar{ecrBoro

ngxorxo

Ha yKcrtyvafl, (Onu-

6rra npegrpuera uarqa6na peKoHcrpyKqil.fi Ha ocraHKlrre, KoflTo cJreABa no-cKopo Aa ce oKaqecrBlr Karo crpoex 4

Ar{y-I,

npes VI s.

fundamentis (oco6euo npn Oaugny-I

r KAPI,Ifl).

A3. rlrlBrrJrHrr yKPEIIEHII OEEKTII
Cnopeg rcpuAuqecKfiar lrM craryr

Syarquona;rnn oco6enocrl,I, yKpeleuure o6extu
reprrropufrTar.a [poBIrHIIruI Cxurus ot
Kpar Ha III go xutr Kpafl Ha IV/nrpnara [oJroB[Ha Ha V s. cJreABa ga ce o6oco6ar n
Tpu rpynu: rpa[oBe, yKperreHlr ceJrr{rqa u y6excr,rqa. Yxpenennre ceJII,Iqa n y6exrulara 6unu [prr3BaHr{ flpeAu BcuqKo Aa 3arrlrrraBar xuBora rI uMyulecrBoro Ha qacr
or flpoBrrHrlr{zurHoro HaceJreH}re, AoKaro or6panara na rpaAoBere 6una upxro cB'bprr r{rrKolr

c quBlrJreH xapaKTep Ha

3aHa cBc 3arrlr{TaTa Ha ycTorlTe Ha A'bpxaBHara opraHtrSa\4s., B JILIIIeTo Ha HaMupa-

rrlure ce raM aAMlrur{crpar}rBHr,r, Qnnancoru u cronaHcKu yqpexAeHns. n lameruffyquu c o6rqonpoernrlrraJrHo 3HaqeHue.

A3a. IPAIOBE. C ourosasaHero Ha npoB]rHqLIrI Cxwrux o uefinute upeAeJrr{ ce o3oBaBaJrr{ HsKorKo ceJrarqa, IlpuTexaBalru rpalcKrl cTaTyT oIIIe oT eno-

xara Ha flpuuqnnara.Tpu or rrx (TPE3MI4C, TPorEyM TPATHI,I r.r HoBI4o[yHyM) lrrrranu prrMcKo ycrpoftcrno r MyHr,rrlruraJreH paHr, uoryqeH no pa3ruqHo BpeMe npes II-[I r. Cnrypeu rpaAcKrr xapaKTep lriwar'iu r,r ApeBHr,rre rpbrlKr{ KoJroHI4I{ c [oJII{cHa opraHl43arl[q rro ceBepo3anaAHoro nonrr.rficro xpafi6pexre
-VICTPl4fl., To MI4, KAJIATI4 c u frYloHr4corr o JII4 c. I efi crnure JrHr.rrr cr aryr H a
T. Hap. "flroreMeeBu rtorl,rcfl" Ha repr.,rropr4graHa npoBrrHrllu CxtEtlas. He e r{3rcHeH, Ho HaTI,MHETe AaHHIT [orBBp)KAaBar rpaAcKoro gocrorfncrBo Ha roBeqero or
rxxle egna HrrKoJrKo BeKa no-K'bcno. c r.r3KJrroqeHr,re ua TPE3Mvrc (TPE3MI{Q3auag), 3a ocraHaJrrrr:e 6 rpaga pa3[oJraraMe cBc curypHr{ AaHHr,r, qe Beqe ca [pr,rre)KaBaJrrr yKpeflr,rreJrHrr c'bop'bxeHrlfl KEM Aarara Ha rrpeAsBaHero Ha npoRr,rHrlr,r,
Cxurnq. flpu rce roBa, K'bM Kpzul Ha III u npes ['bpBr,rre Aecerr4JrerrrJr Ha IV s. s
TPE3MI4C, TPOfIEyM TPATHII, VlCfPId.fl, TOMII u \I4OHVICOIOJII{C
6ulo npenupraero uaula6no Sopru$uxaquoHHo crpor,rrercrao a fundamentis, goBeJro Ao KopeHHa rIpoMrIHa na o6nnra Ha rexHETe yKpe[r4TeJrHrfr cucreM]r. B HOBI'Io[yHyM u KAJIATIIC, o6ave, nocrpoeHr.rre npe3 erroxara na flpr,rnquuara
lpaAcKI,I KpelocrHlr creHI,I [poAtJrxrrJrr,r Aa cJryxar (c vacrr,runu floflpaBKr,r r,r [peycrpofimra?) qaK Ao oKoHqareJrHara rra6en Ha ceJrr,rqara KBM Kp:u{ Ha K6cHara aHTl{lrHocr. flpes IVB. BcB npoBr.rHrlr,rrr Cxurus,6r,rnu ocnosa:auyt ABa HoBr{ rpaAa 3AIIAIIA u KOHCTAHTIIAHA, Kol{ro or caMoro Haqaro 6vtw cualgerun c
MOrrIHr4 yKpe[ETeJrHr,r cBopBxelJufi, kIsfIaaeHr{ B Ayxa Ha c'bBpeMeHHoro
Qoprlr'
Qnxaquoxuo r,r3KycrBo.

A36. yKPEIIEHI'I CEJII4IIA. flpes efloxara na flpnnqunara eAr{HcrBeHo rpaAoBere I,I3MexAy III{BI,IJrHr,rre o6exrr,r pa3noJraraJrrr c yKpeflr,rreJrHr,r ctop.bxenua. flog BrreqarreHrre Ha onycrol[I,ITeJrHr,rre BapBapcKrr Ha[aileHr.rfl or BTopara r,r
Tperara rrerB'bpr ua III e., o6ave, Bepof,rHo orrle K6M Kparr Ha III u s ncpBure AeceTr,rJrerrrrr na IV s. 3anoqHaJro yKperurBaHero r,r Ha HrKor,r or HeyKpe[eHrrre AororaBa
ceJrr{rqa, Kor{To He rpr,rrexaBaJrr{ rpaAcro gocroftncrso: APrAMyM, T(n)PI4CA,
TI4M)rM( ?), I4E I4[A-II, 9erarr (CIVITAS AUSDECENS IUM ?X?), flnouenu( ?).
Yecro rosa 6r,uro ctnpoBo[eHo c [peMecrBaHe Ha HoB TepeH, npeAocraBflul no-4o6pI,I ycJroBlrr 3a 3auIlITa. Maxap 6poar lrM rrocrefleHuo Aa HapacrnaJr c ecKaraq[sra
Ha BapBapcKara 3arJra).a npe3 IV s.(I,Icrpraa, Mauar, qepHa, Xopux, I4sroapene,
Ea6agar, flpr,rnen), rrpe3 pa3rJrexaa*us,rreprroA yKpe[eHr{Te ceJrr{qa Bce oqe npeACTABJI'BAJII,I U3KIIOqEHI,IE, A HE AOMI,IHLIPAIqA $OPUA B NOCEJIIIIIIHATA CTPYKTYPA HA

TepI,IToprIflTa Ha tlpoBlrHtlut Cxurut 3a paeruxa or 3arrJrarqaHoro or AtpxaBHara
xa3Ha crpor.ITercrBo Ha BoeHHu o6erru, He rro-MaJrKo cKtnocrpyBarr{oro rlr,rBr,rJruo
SopruQuxaqrroHHo crpol,ITeJrcrBo rro BcrKa BepoqrHocr e 6rrno r,rur,rquaruna n SuHaHcoB aHraxI,IMeHT Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHI,Ie, Koero o6qcHgsa 3alrlo yKpelI{TeJIHI{

te

AKCHOIOJII4C, KAPCHyM, EII4COC,

eBeHryarrHo n

TI,IEHCKA.

C'bOp'r,)KeHI{rI nO TOBa BpeMe Ce nOgB.flBaT CaMO OKOJIO Hafi-gHa.{UteJIHrrTe CeJrr{IIa,

6UtU tpUeVtHrIrIrI U npOA'bJIX}ITeJrr{ Ha BeKOBHa IIOCeJrr.rUIHa TpaAprr\Lrs. Brgnr,rrcranlrre BepoqrHo rrpe3 BTopara [oJroBr,rHa Ha IV s. yrpeutenr.rx rpafi
O6po.rurqe u A<DPO[I43I4OH, oKarrecrBeHrd B rr3Jro)KeHr{ero no-rope Karo "ceJIITTTIHI{ qriITaAeJIr{", 3aeMar Mex(Ar,IHHo rroJroxeHl4e Mexny yKpeleHI,ITe ceJrI,IuIa u
Kpenocrl{Te-y6exrnrqa. flo xoncrpyKTrrBHo-crpor{reJrHu xapaKTeprrcrrarra Ha SopruQmaqroHHara crrcreMa yKpeneH[Te ceJrr{qa He AeMoHcrprrpar Hr,rKaKBr,r c'brrlecTBeHr pa3fiurrr.I' clpflMo rpaAoBeTe, a yKpeleHaTa lrM [Jrorq e He caMo HarrbJrHo
c'br,r3MeplrMa c rrxHara, Ho [oHrrKora (nanp. I4EI,I[A-II) Ropn 3HaqrrreJrHo , HaABI{IrraBa. Hsxolr or B'b3Hr{KHaJr}ITe npeo fV B. yKperreHr.r ceJrl,rlqa rr3rJrexla 3arr,rHaJru oqe KGM Kpa, Ha c'brrlur uJrE B Haqaroro Ha V n. (uaup. Xoplra), Ho Mno3trHcrHflKOLI OT KOI{TO

BOTO OT TEX [pOA'bJDKtrJrlr Aa CbrrIeCTByBaT rraK AO Kparr Ha KBCHaTa aHTUTTHOCT.
A3r. YBEX(I4trIA (REFUGIA). nog a'regericrrue Ha 3acr,rJrBarrlara ce Bap-

BapcKa 3arrJraxa, rrpe3 BTopara [oJroBrrna ua

fV

B. B 3eMrrre Ha flpoBuHrlux

Cxtttux

ce B'b3po[]rna uoaa6paBeHara crapoAaBua rpagrrrtru, Ha r,r3rpaxAaHe Ha Kpeflocrr,ry6ex<urqa (refugia). Tpu or perrrcrpr.rpaHlrre [ocera K'bcHoaHTHHr,r yKpenJreHru B
npoBuHqrrrra cnaAar KbM Ta3r4 KareropI,r, [pe3 pa3rJrex(Aanilflrreprrog: Ia6ep, [e6-

u Xpa6pono. Te ne 6luu npegua3HarreHr{ 3a rrocrosHno o6firasaHe, a 3a
BpeMeHHo yKpvrve Ha r{rrBrrJrHoro HaceJreHr{e or oKoJrHocrra rrpra orracHocr. I,IsrpaAeHI,I 6rnnz s 6rusocr Ao roJreMrr HeyKpe[eHrl ceJrrrrrrla, Ha ecrecrBeHo 3arqr.rreH r{
B ABa or cJryqar.rre (fa6ep u [e6pene-I)
cxpur repeH. Cnonyvnuao nog6panure
Mecra c [oJryocrpoaua ron$Hrypaqu, cBexAaJrr,r neo6xograrr,roro crporrreJrcrBo [o
peHe-I

-

nperpilKAaHe Ha lracrlr or floryocrpoBr,rre flocpeAcrBoM tr3Ar,rraHe Ha IIo enr{H Harrr4 rpoKoraBaHe Ha poB rpeA HeroBr,rrr Qpour. Eneuenrapnara

peqeH 3a!\Ltturan(?)

$optuQrxaqlroHHa Cxeua rr Herrpeqrr3uara crpotrTeJrHa rexHuKa cBrrAereJrcrByBar,
ve y6e>ruqara 6u:nuil3rpaAeHlr B Lrr,vt\uarprBeH rroprA'bK or MecrHoro HaceJreHue
- cBc co6crseHr,r cuuwrfi cKpoMHrr Suuanconu cpegcrBa. flann n'ro6qe rr AoKoJrKo
olpaBAaJr[I Te Bb3JIaraHI{Te }IM HaAex[Ir, He e qcHo. Bce nax, lpeK'bcBauero Ha
)Kr{Bora B HenocpeAcrBeHara oKoJrHocr E Ha rpr4Te y6ex<uqa ce orHacr KtM HaqaJroro Ha V 4., xoero IroKa3Ba, qe re BepoqrHo cJryxI{JrI,I Ha crpo}ITeJrrrre cll B [poALJrX<eHIIe Ha He e[HO AeCeTIIJIeTIIe.

B. 0T BTOPATA nOJIOBIIHA HA V BEK AO
KPAfl HA KTCHATA AHTI{TIHOCT
B 1. B O

EHHI,I YKPETIJIEHI,Ifl

Mnox<ecrsoro ".Ilrcro" BoeHHI{

or [peAnpoBr{HrlutCxurnx cJreA cpeAara Ha V s. Hqxou or rqx 3aBr{Harr{ [peKparraJrr,r ctrrlecrByBaHero cr{, a MHo3t4HcTBoro ce npeo6pa3rrJrr4 B yKpefleHr.r ceJrktrrla. Or ocx'rgrurre rr3BopoB]r cBr,rgereJrcrBa Mox<e Aa ce 3aKJrlorrrr, qe rrocrorHHo [rJrr,r BpeMeHno upe6lrnaBarr{r,rre Ha repr,rropuxta Ha npoBrrHrltrqra BorHcKrr noApa3geJreHrrfl 6r,rnn pasrnaprr,rpyBaHu [pe3 pa3rrex<AaH[, [epuoA npeAIrMHo B rpaqoBere. flpu rce roBa, aHaJrrr3'br Ha yKpeneHr{re o6exrra rro3BoJrrr ga ce o6oco6ra egua KoMnaKTHa rpyfla or HoBor,r3rpageHr{ yKpe[JreHr,rrr rro ro)KHara rroJroBuHa or MopcKoro rpafi6pe>xr{e Ha Cxarua, Kor{To noHe B HaqaJrnr4fl [epuog or rrxHoro cbqecrByBane! - c roJrrMa yBepeHocr Morar
Aa ce orpegeJrrr Karo "BoeHHpr": Onugny-Il, KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC, Kauen 6prr-TonpaK KaJre, TI4M)rM-3anag, Ean.rur-Tysnara, EarurEx-Xopr43ouT. C ragxnro.{eHrre
Ha yKpenJreHl{ero Eaxq[x-Xop[3orT, Haqaroro Ha trr,rero crpor,rreJrcrso ruoxe 6u
tpx6na [a ce cB'bpx<e c rrMero Ha uMleparop Anacracr,rft, nt:nr,rxnaHero Ha ocraHaJrure rro BcqKa BepoflTHocr rpx6na Aa ce orHece KtM ylpaBJreurrero Ha r,rMneparop Octr,rHr,lan I, r, To - KtM Bropara My noJroBrana (cleg 551 r.). Ilone sa qacr or
Te3rr yKpeflileIJrrfl. c BoeHeH rrpor,r3xoA Moxe Aa ce TBTpAT{, qe oqe HacKopo cJren
II3AI{raHero r,rM Te rpr{Ao6lrnrE cenr.rrqnu xapaKreprrcluKu (KAPETIIK(a)PEAC, EanxoAHI4rI fleplroA perlrrreJrHo r{3r{e3Hzurrr

Ir BoeHHo-[onuqeficxra yKpenJreHlrfi

or Kaprara

Ha

vnx-Xoprsour).
82.

IIIIBIJIHII yKPEIIEH]I OEEKTII

Karo ce I,I3KJrrorrar 6-te nosonocrpoeHr{ KacreJra, yKperrr{TeJrHara crrcreMa
Ha npoBr,rHrlut Cxurua B neplroAa or cpeAara na V s. Ao Kpar Ha K'bcHara aHTrrrrHocr ce c'bcrorJra r,r3qrJro or qr,rBr,rJrHt4 yKperreHpr o6errn, Kor{To, rrapeA c rrprKara
3arql,rra Ha HaceJreHlrero, rro neo6xoguuocr rr3rrbJrHsBaJfitu $yrxryru, [puc'brrlfl Ha
BoeHHrrre r{ BoeHHo-nonurlerfcrr,r yKpelrJreHr{fl or flpegxo1Hr,rrr fleprrog. C egno cauo
r,I3KrrorreHue, Bcr{rrKrr resn o6ertrr Morar Aa ce KBaJr}r$uqnpar uafi-o6qo Karo "yKpeneHr,r cerr,r[1a".
E2a.

YKPETIEHII CEJII,ITIA (POLEIS/CASTRA, CASTELLA). Or cpe-

Aara Ha V s. HacerHe yKpe[eHr,rre ceJrrru{a ce npeB'bpHaJr}r rrpaKTuqecKr,I B ellr.rHcrnena Soprraa Ha opraHrr3rrpaH [oceJrrrrrleH xtrBor B npeAeJr]rre Ha npoBrlrqnq Crr,r-

tua. Epoxt

r,ru

(oxono 60) uyucrnureJrHo HapacHaJr B cpaBHeuue c flpeAxogHrrfl rre-

prloA, Ho HeKoJrKoKparHo orcrtflBaJr na 6pox Ha HeyKpeleH[rre arpapHr.r floceJreHr,IrI rrpe3 tr-[V s. KoruqecrseHoro yBerr,rr{eHue caMo B pegKr,r cryqau (uanp. Ka-

6pxr-.fiurara, Csetu Hmona, EI43OHE?) ce gtrxalo Ha HoBo SopruQurarlr.roHHo cTpo[rTeJrcTBo, a Hafi-qecto 6u:ro 3a cMeTKa na tpaucQopMallrlrTa na 6lrsrrrlrre BoeHHra [r BoeHuo-nonuqeficxfl yKpe[JIeHIrrI B yKpeEeHrI cennqa. Bepoxrno
B'bB Bp'b3Ka c rrperuprerrlTe KtM Kpafi Ha V u s Haqaroro Ha VI n. r'raqa6nn mporrreJrHo-B'b3craHoBlrreJruu pa6otu u 6naroycr:poftcrreuu MeponpI,IJITIrrI, HlKorI or
go6unnre quBrrJreH o6nllx 6r,rsmfi BoeHHrr Jlarepu rroryqlrrfl ius civitatis, c Koero
6poxr Ha rpagoBere B npoBrrutlax Cxrarul^ AocrrlrHaJr KbM HaqaJroro Ha yrlpaBJreHrreTo Ha uMfleparop Octuuuan I qn$para 15, a flo-KtcHo BeposTHo ce yBerrrnalllrr
oqe rroBeqe.
rrren

yBEXnqA

(REFUGIA). YxpenneHl'Iero fle6peue-Il e pnA'bK rpuMep, cBlr[ereJrcrByBarrl qe npaKTrrKara]fla rl3rpaxAaHe Ha Kpenocru-y6exuIqa ce
3a[a3r{Jla I,I [pe3 V-VI s., MaKap I,I B MHorO fiO-orpaHilrleH pa3Mep B cpaBIIeH[e C
upegxonHr{, rrepuo[. flocrpoenara MuurKo [o-K'bcHo B qeprl{Te Ha yKpe[JreHuero
xptrcrrrsHcKa 6agr,rlura r,r3T'bKBa 3HaqeH[ero My Ha croeo6paseH rlocrorlrlro [eftcTByBauI peJrrrrrlo3eH IIeHT'bp, Karo B To3[ cr nng pe$yruyrtrct fie6pese-Il ce [o6-

826.

JrrrxaBa rBTpAe Muoro B KoMno3Lrquonuo-$ynKIII{oHaJIeH [JraH

AOPO[I,13I,IOH.

Io

IlrrraAeJrara Ha

2. TTEPI,trOAW3AUI,Ifl HA PA3BI,TTTIETO
HA YKPEIIIITEJIHATA CI,ICTEMATA
Onurnre

3a xpoHoJrorrrecKa cplcreMarrl3alq:ag,n 3a "AereKTupaHe" ua o6o-

co6enu crpofiTeJrHl,I nporpaM[ He]r3MeHHo [prrctcrByBar B c'brllrHenlrflTa, rrocBeTeHu Ha npo6leuure Ha aHTrrtrHoro u KGcHoaHTr{trHo yKperrureJrHo crpo[TeJrcrBo.
B rosa orHorueHrre He rIpaBflT r{3KJrrotreHrre u Ir3cJIeABaHuflTa, Kacaeu{u B eAHa urI,I
Apyra cre[en QopruQuxaqrrouHoro HacJregcrBo B 3eMI{Te, flpmraAJrex(aJrlr HsKora
KtM Teprrropwffa Ha rrpoBrrHrlas. Cxutnnr. Heqo rloBeqe: yKpe[[ITeJIHoro crporrTeJToTBO HepsnKo nrpae poJrflTa Ha eAnH oT ocHoBHrITe KpIrTepruI flpu [pocnel.flBaHero KaKTo Ha IrHAr,IBlrAyilJrHoro pa3Brrrrle na o6exurre or [poBlHIII4aJrHara noceJrlrrr{Ha crpyKTypa, TaKa u Ha [cropurrecKara crg6a Ha npoBrIHIIIrsra Karo IIrJIo2.
O6o6qennero Ha u3Ka3aHrITe Aocera MHeHut (routo B 3natlarerHa crefleH
ce npufloKprrBar rrJrrr gonunar) rpeAroJrara B'b3[por43Bexgalrero Ha eAHa gerafiJrrr3rrpaHa xpoHoJroruqecKa cxeMa, lr3rreprrareJrHo orpa3rBaula Saeure B pa3BI,ITrreTo Ha yKpe[r{TeJrHara crrcreMa Ha rrpoBrrHllnnCxurut. flpu rce roBa, npeAcraBeHr,IrT B UpeAXOnHaTa UraBa Ha HaCTOrrqr{, TpyA aHaJru3 Ha KoMnoHeHTure Ha cr,IcTeMaTa HaJrara BHacsHeTo Ha peArrrla KopeKrlrrfl r,r yTorrHeHr,rr, cBbpsaHlr He ToJIKOBa cGC
caMara xpoHoJroruqecKa $oprtaynupoBKa Ha orAeJIHtrTe Qasu, KoJrKoro c'bc cBIqHocrra u o6eua Ha r,r3B'bprrreuoro rlpe3 BcflKa or rqx. Karo ce EMa npeABu[ He3agoBoJrnreJrnara creneH Ha [poyqeHocr Ha MHo3LtHcrBoro or yKperleHure o6ertIE, ot-

HacrHero Ha roJrflMa qacr or rflx K6M KoHKperHa crpoureJrHa Sasa e rBtpAe pl{cKoBaHo rrJru HalpaBo HeB63Mo)KHo. flopagu roBa, [pI{ [pocJleArBaHero Ha pa3BI,ITrrero Ha yKpelrrreJrHara crrcreMa B [poBuHq[r Crntrs Ir3nrexla qenecro6pasno
Aa ce rIpe[IIp[IeMe r,r3Becrrro xpoHororuqecKo "oKpyrHtBaHe". Kato xpztepufi sa
Qopr"rylupaHe Ha AaAeH reprroA uru QopulQrraquonuoro crpol{TencrBo cJIeABa

KtM
ct3AaBanero Ha rrrKulKBo HoBo KaqecrBo. B parvrrte Ha BceK[ or EeprIoArITe or-

Aa ce rrp]reMe HaJrrrqfiero Ha cr{creMarr.rtrHrr ycnr^lts,Ir lleJleHaco.renn geficrBl,Iq

lrerJrtlBo ce o6oco6qBar orAeJIHr,r Qaau, cBbp3aHrr c KoHKperH[ KoruqecrBeHl{ }I3MeHeH}Iq.

HACJIEICTBOTO OT EnOXATA HA nPI4HIII,IIATA
flncuenure [3BopI,I, a In apxeoJloruqecKure AaHIIII, AaBar oclroBaHfie Aa ce
Crurag HacJIeAEJra or fionna Mfigus rexglrqecKtr tr3npaBua

TBGpArr, tle rrpoBllHrlr,lf,

I Onvapor 1974, c.225; Aricescu!977,160-178; Popescu 1977,5.442; Osqapos 1982,
2

I 8- I 9 ; Biernacka-Lubanska 1982, 98-21'? ; Zahariade 1988, I 44- I 65.
Scorpan 1980, 134-136; Barnea l99la,205-207.

QyHKqr,roHrrpaqa yKperr.rreJrHa uH+pacrpyKrypa, cxoAHa rro c'bcraB r.r repr4ropuaJIHo pa3npeAeJleHl{e c ra3u B Apyr[Te qacrkr na Praucrara r.rMflepu, rro c'brrloro
LI

BpeMe.

B orpouttoro

u

or pa3IroJro)KeHI,I no npore)Ker{acr
rll{ero Ha AyHaBcKut 6pw BoeHHIr Jrarepll,
or Korrro B'b3HLrKHaJrrr oqe npe3
BTopara noJroBI{Ha na I s. Bepoatro Berre [pe3 [6pBra"e Aecer[rJrerris ua II B. c'btqecrByBarqr4Te r4 HoBoocHoBaHrr Jrarepu 6urul (npe)u3rpafleHrr B Ayxa u ctrope[ KaHoH[Te Ha yrB'bpxAaBarrlara ce roraBa prrMcKa KaMeHHa BoeHHa apxrrreKTypa. MaKap AaJrer{ He B'bB BceKr4 or cryqar.rre Aa pa3noJraraMe c 6ercuopnn apxeoror[qecKLI cBI,IAereJrcrBa r4Jrr{ rlo-role curypHr,r flogarKr{, KbM erroxara na flpuuqunara 6u
MorJro Aa ce orHece B63Hr{KBaHero Ha cJreAHr{Te BoeHHlr Jrarepu uo naft-goruoro
reqeHr{e na p. flynan: CAI{I4[ABA, AKCI4OIIOJII4C, KA[I4[ABA, KAPCI4yM, III4yC, EEPOE, TPE3MI,IC, APyEI4yM, HOBPIOIyHyM, EfI4CyC,
CAIICOB I'I.fl , XAIIMI,IPLIC.
Cnopeg AocerarrrHrrre rr3cJre[BaHrirr, caMo rrrKoJrKo rlriBrrJrHrl cenuula u 6'rAeIqI,ITe [pegeJrr.r Ha [poBrlHrlus, Cxutus, c'bc crrrypHocr [pr{TexaBaJrr{ yKpeflrrreJrHI{ c'bopcx(eHru rrpe3 uep[oga I-III s. C r,rgxr]o.reHrre Ha Tupnsuc (no-x'scuo:
T(u)PPICA/AKPE), BcI{r{KIr ocraHzurr4 r{MaJrrr rpaAcKr,r craryr, ctorBercrByBarrl Ha
I4HcTLITyIIuoHaJIHoro zt'r ycrpoficrBo rro prrMcKr.r rrJrr4 rp'bqKrr o6paseq: TPE3MI4C 3,
HOB?IOI)rHyM, TPOIIEyM TPAflHI,I, VlCTPVlfl, TOMI,I, KAJIATI,IC, Atr{OHI4COIOJII4C. MnosuHcrsoro or rflx 3ara3r{Jrr{ xapaKTepa crr Ha yKpereHrr qeHTpoBe ttoHe or eJruHr4crlrlqecKara eloxa HacerHe, Karo 3a 3aBapeHure lru $oprnSuraqIaoHru,r c'bopcxeHug. ce rroJraraJrrr crrcreMarr{lrHr,r rppDKrI Ao 3aMgHara r{M c
HoBr.r rpe3 eroxara ua flprEuqunara (O6p. 110).
Macupanure BapBapcKr{ HarrrecrBr4, or BTopara [r rperara qerB'bpr na III s.
HaHecJrrr re)KaK yAap B'bpxy r,rKoHoMr{Kara [r noceJrrrrrlHara crpyKTypa n flomra Mzgraq. Bce naK, nopa[E u3puqHo rr3TtKBaHara or aHTrrrrHr4Te aBTopr,r Heno[rorBeHocT Ha BapBapI.,ITe s o6racrra Ha [oJrraopKerrrKaTa4,3acerHaTlr ce oKa3aJrI{ [orITI,I
I{3KJIK)IIIIITeJIHO HeyKpeIIeHr4Te CeJII,IUIa. KOnXpetnO IIIO Ce OTHaC' AO V3TOTIHaTa
cIiI MHo3r{HcrBo

ce c'bcroflJla

r{acT Ha IrpoBrlHrlr,rqTa, ocBeH MHoroKpaTHo KoMeHTI{paHoTo B HarrHaTa KHIIXHT,THa
ToraJrHo yHr,rqoxaBaHe Ha l4crpzt B cpe[ara na III a. 5, 3acera JrulcBar curypHrr
AaHHI{ LIJTIa yKa3aur.rr 3a npeB3eMaHe or crpaHa Ha HarrrecrBeHrrqr,rre ua uxrofi qpyr
or yKpeleHr,rre qeHTpose. Cneg rpaHA[o3Hr,rq rroxoA rroA [peABogr{TeJrcrBoro Ha
Kuuna, 3aB'bprur,rJr c'bc 3lronoJryrrHara 3a pr,rMJuHrrte 6urra nplr A6puryc n 25 1 r.,
KaKTo 6poat, TaKa I{ xpoHoJror[gra Ha HarrrecrBrrrra Ha r.Hap. "ceBepHu Hapogu" n

Ha rpaga Tpesultc rpe3 II-III n. ce AonycKa, Ho He e cruypHo, Bx. [o-rope B
oxeEr.rero, f raBa 11.2. A (l 4 : TPE3MTIC-3 auag).
a
Tac. Hist. [Y,23; Dexip. Scyth. fr. 25,29 (ed. Jacoby); Zosim. Hist. nova, I,2 (ed. Bonnae);
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XV, l5; XVII, 6;XXXI,5, 16; XXXI,6,3 (ed. Clark).
s
flo roglr B'bnpoc sx<.: frasa II.2.B (5: I,4CTPI4fl).
3

YxpenxnaHero
rr3

Jr

O6p. 110. Crcrosnu€,

Ha yKperlureJrHara cr{creMa B flpeAeJrrrre na HoBoyqpeAeuara

1. CAI{ZIABA; 2. AKCI4OilOJIIIC; 3.
KAIIIEABA; 4. KAPCI,IYM; 5. UI4YC; 6. EEPOE; 7. TPE3MI4C; 8. APYEI,IYM; 9.
HOBIIOIyHYM; 10. ErI4CyC; 11. CAIICOBI4fl;12. XAJIMI{Ptr{C; 13. TPOIIEYM

rpoBrrurlr.rr

Crurrq (80-re rogunu na III r.):

TPAflHI4; 14.I{CTPl4fl; 15. TOMtr{; 16. KAnATI{C; 17. T(u)PI{CA; 18.
AI4OHI4COIOIII4C. / Fig. 110. Condition of the defence system within the limits of the
newly established province of Scythia (the 80s of the 3rd century): l. SACIDAVA; 2.
AXIOPOLIS; 3. CAPIDAVA; 4. CARSIUM; 5. CIUS; 6. BEROE; 7. TROESMIS; 8.
ARRUBIUM;9. NOVIODUNUM; 10. AEGISSUS; 11. SALSOVIA; 12. HALMYRIS; 13.
TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 14. HISTRIA; 15;TOMIS; 16. CALLATIS; 17. T(i)RISSA;
18. DIONYSOPOLIS.

Prucrara rrMrlep}r, [opDKAar MHoro BBnpocIaTeJIHrr I{ He Morar Aa
ce cqurar 3a oKoHr{arerHo yror{Henu6. B'rs ocHoBa [peAuMHo Ha MoHergrrre HaXOIKII Ce [pl4eMa, qe pa3IuqHI{ qacTl{ oT Tepl4TopvflTa HA 6lgerqata npoBuHl{n-f,
Cxurus 6ulu sacerHarl{ flpl{ roxo[I{Te rtpez 253,258,267 u269 r.7 Bcra'{xu c'bBpeMeHHu u3creABar{H, o6aqe, or6eJrg3Bar [pacrl4qHara ltpoMfHa B TaKTIrKara E reorpa$crara oprreHTarl[fl Ha HalaAenvrsra, Kor{To or 255 r. HacerHe upugo6nnu xapaKTep Berle npeuMyIIIecTBeHO Ha MSpCKI,I oflepaquu. Hecsuneno, Baxua rlpe[[peAeJrI{Te na

locTaBKa 3a ToBa ce ,BIIJIO ycTaHoBsBaHeTo Ha a6conrolrna roTcKa xereMoHl'Iq rlo
ceBepHoro [r ceBepo3arraAHo uonruficro Kpafi6pexue I,I 3aBJraAsBaHero Ha +roraTa Ha [pecraHaJloro Aa c'blrlecTByna EocnopcKo IlapcrBo8, xoeTo AaJrO B'b3Mo>rHOCT rra roTIITe r{ TexHr{Te c'bro3Hl,Iqu Aa OTIIpaBgT B3Op K'bM HeAOCT'bIIHrrTe IIO-pa-

rsx rrpomepl4palqn u 6oratn lpagoBe B MaIa As$r'Lrno ereficxoTo Kpall6pexrne. flpuuuHl{Te 3a I,I3T'bKHarara npoMrHa Hec'bMHeHo ca no-grnSoKllg. CreA olycTorrr[TeJrHr{Te pefiAoBe r fionua Muzyts,uTpaKfiA rlpe3 npe[urrrHnre roAI{HI'I, Te3Ir
Ho 3a

[poBlrHqrrr4 rr3tJrexAa rrocreleHHo 3ary6r4rr,r npl{TerareJlHara cLI cnlra 3a BapBaplrTe, T'bIl KaTo IIpeAJIarlxr cpaBHIaTeJIHO 6egua Ia TBBpAe HecIIIypHa nflflr{Ka. OcseH
ToBa, Heo6xogr{Mocrra rrpr{ BcrKo HoBo HaxJryBaHe Aa ce npeo[oJrana o6urupHa 30Ha, pa3opeHa oT caMpITe Tflx, c'b3AaBaJra roJleMrr 3aTpy[HeHLI{ 3a HaIIaAaTeIl,ITe V
o6puuana [oxoArrTe I{M Ha rparrorpafiHocT, rropa[ra Sarta, qe Te He pa3llonaraJlrt
c'bc clrcreMa 3a [poAoBoJrcrBeHo cua6gxnane, a ce flpelruraBaJru 3a cMerKa Ha oKoJIHocTTa. Hrarax ue tpx6ra [a Ce IIoAItreHflBa, o6aqe, u rrpoTllBoAerfcrsraeto oT cTpana na Pr,rucKaTa HMnepr,rs. Oarrute cBuAeTeJrcTByBaT, rle oqe rrplr [peKI{Te npl4eMHrrrlrr Ha r4Mneparop Tpaxn flequfi npoBr{Hrlr,raJrHara aplr.Ul. B AoJrHoAyHaBcKI4Te 3e[peMrrHaJra KLM oSan:rnna, upenacrrtrra 6ofilroro IroJre B barbaricumlo. Peopra:gl43a\uflTaHa apMrrflTail u arrl,IsHr,rre geftcrrus Ha [M[eparop faJrueH rlo uplrBex[aHe B pen Ha rr.brHara r4 yKpenrrreJrHara cucreMa B rIpoBI{HII[I{Te IIo fiolult flyuan
rpe3 Bropara [oJroBr,rHa na 50-re r4 rrpe3 60-re ro4uuu na III B. c'blrlecrBelro AonpuHecJrr.r 3a ra3ArrraHe or6paHtrTeJruara crloco6nocr B Ta3Ir qacr Ha Puucxata I{MrIepua12. Cneg nraroll4llpaHeTo Ha roTcKaTa oracHocr upr Klasgufi II lorcru, uplE
Anpenuan 6ulo npegupllero eBaKyldpaHeTo Ha Tpaanorata [poBI,IHIInx \axut..

Mr,r

1979, S.46; fkcuenure cBeAeHr{r 3a re3l{ HaIuecrBI,L ca nogpo6uo
g:
PeMeun[xot L954, pas s i m.
aHaJIIr3I{paI{u
7
Scorpan 1980, 118-120; Hqxor r{3cJreABayrr [prreMar, qe u3Becrl,Iqra 3a HalrrecrBwlTa rpe3
267 vt269 r. ce orHacflT Ao eAHo rr c'brrlo c's6urue. Tona cranosrlqe e 3acr6[eHo lr B:
llcropux na Etnrapusl, c.298; llcropux ua [o6pygxa 1, c. 133. 3a grcrycr,rata
ro ro3lr B'brpoc, sx.: Gerov 1980, 393-395 (B)r. c'rrqo: Top6aron 1990, 51-53)'

6

Bx. Haup.: Wolfram

8

Lfreraera 1979,20-21; Wolfram 1979, S.48.
Wolfram 1979,46-4'7.
to
lbidem, S. 48.

e

rr
t2

Grosse 1.920, 1-18.
Barbu 1978, p. 143 sqq.

CupenplqaHero Ha p. [yHaB orHoBo B r.rM[epcKa rpaHr,rqa 6unusgeru cflerrrHr.r
MepKI4 IIO 3a3ApaBrBaHe Ha rpaHurrHara 3arr{[rTa, KoeTo B 3Haqr.rTerHa cre[eH ce
I,r3pa3rBiuro B no[paBKa Ha c'brrlecrByBautrr,rre r4 B crpoex Ha HoBIr yKpenJreHr,rJr. @opru$uxaquoHHara I4 B'b3craHoBI,ITeJrHa gefinocr: npes 70-re roAr.,rHrr na III s. (Aapemaan-flpo6) e go6pe 3acBilAereJrcrByBaHa He caMo no AyHaBcKvrfl., Ho r,r ro MopcKr.rs
6pxrna 6r4eulararpoBuHrlr,rq crnrus: u GAIII,IIABA, xAJlMr4pvlc,r4crpr4fl,
TOMI'I, KATIATI{C, T(u)PI4cA(?)13. cne4 no6egara (uarsge r paltoHa Me)KAy
Kapcnylr u cyrugana) na nrrrueparop AnperraH HaA Kapnlrre s 272r., rr3Bopr.me
3ala3Bar nEJIHo M'brqaHtre 3a KaKBprro u 4a 6rro BapBapcKr,r HaxJryBaHlr{ B 3eMr4rre
Ha Ior or AoJrHoro reqeHl,Ie na p. fiynan qaK Ao 295 r. flpogtn:xureJrHoro 3arrrrrrrre
eABa Jrtr ce e A'bJrxaJro caMo Ha rr3TorrlaBaHe Ha 6uonorra.{Hrdrr noreHrluaJr Ha BapBapcKoro o6xp'rxeuue: Baxeu npr,IHoc 3a roBa HecBMHeHo e r,rMaJra u eQerrunnaTa oxpaHa u or6paua Ha rlM[epcKara rpaHr,rqa, Koero 6u 6ulo HeMrrcJrr,rMo 6es HaJrr{rrr.rero Ha ra3rrpaBua r,r synrqraoHr.rpaqa yKpe[ureJrHa rE cto6rqureJrHa uuspacr:pyKTypa no nerfnoro nporex<eHr,re.

NbPBI4 IIEP?IOI:
OOPMI{PAHE HA K'bCHOPUMCKATA YKPEIIUTEJIHA CI,ICTE.
MA B IPOBI,IHUILfl CKnTWfl
GUOKJIETIIAH - BAJIEHC)
3a orono AeBer [ecerr,rJrerr{f, cneg nerinoro yqpeArBaHe - Ao KGM Kpafl Ha
70-re rogunu na IV B. - Ha repr,rropr4rrra Ha npoBr,rHtTut cxurua 6uno oc'rrqecrBeHo orpoMHo no o6eu SopuaQmaqlloHuo crpor,rreJrcrBo, Koero KoperrHo [poMeHr,rno o6.nr,ma Ha yKpeflr,rreJrHara r,rnspacrpyKTypa B Ta3r{ qacr Ha Praucrara r,rMnepwr.
Hapeg c rlrJrocrHoro nper,r3rpaxAaHe Ha uorrrr4 Bcr{rrKr,r 3aBapeHr,r BoeHHu v\uB1rrHII yKpeleHra

o6erru, npe3 To3I,I nepuoA

B'b3Hr{KHaJrw u AecerKvt HoBr4 c pa3JrrrrrHo
rIpeAHa3Har{eHI,Ie.
@oprn$raxaqr{oHHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo npe3 To3rr
QynrquonaJruo
neplloA BGnJI'bIIIaBaJrO [OCTl{XeHLrqTa Ha C'bBpeMeHHaTa I{mKeHepHo-TexHI{qecKa

I{ BOeHHO-TeOperr,IqecKa MIrc'bJI r4 OCe3aeMO Ce pa3rl4qaBaJro IIo KoHCTpyKTI,IBHI{ napaMerpr{ or roBa [pe3 erroxata na flpr,rnqIanara. @arr:u.{ecrr{, [pe3 [.bpBr..rre AeBer
AecerplJrerl,L or cBoero ctlrlecrByBaHe npoBrlHrlua Cxurut ce cgo6rEna ctc c6B.bp-

rrreHo HoBa yKpeflr,rreJrha cr4creMa, npr.r3BaHa ga o6cnyxna eAHr,r KopeHHo npoMeHeHIr BoeHHo-[oJrI{TI,IqecKra u o6ulecrBeHo-I,IKoHoMl{qecKr{ peaJrHocTr,r. Cauoro npo-

TI{lIaHe Ha [poqeca Ha $opunpaHe Ha K'bcHopr,rMcKara rrpoBr.rHrlr.raJrHa yKpeflr.rreJrHa cr,rcreMa s cxurlt, ce rraMr..rpaJro B ilpqKa B3ar{MoBp'b3Ka c xoAa Ha BoeHHara

t3

I'lsrpaxqaHero
BI{A

Ha cpeAHara ot6panu'reln a ilt4ur4s, Ha Hoc Kalraaxpa B [bpBogayanuns ir
Il3rJIexAa nafi-nepoxrHo I{MeHHo rro roBa BpeMe, Bx. ro-rope f.nana II.2.B (19:

T(u)PI4CA/AKPE).

peopraHl{3a\r4fl.Ha Praucrara LIM[epIl, Ia c 6ypnar:a noJrurr{qecKavcroputflHa 3eMr4re ro [oJrHoro reqeHr{e Ha p. flynae or Kpafl ua III qo rperara qerB.bpr xa IV s.

Cnopeg [oceralrrHlare LI3cJreABaqr{, MHo3r.rHcrBoro or yKpeleHrare o6erru,
yKpen[TeJrHara cl,IcreMa Ha flpoBr{Hr{ua Cxlarut Karo rlflJro, A'bJrxar K'bcHoaHTIi/-.9,I1,ns. cu o6.nrEr Ha r,rHTeH3rrBHoro
$op:rra$raxaqproHHo crpotrTeJrcrBo, rrpeAflpneTo B roAl{Hr4r:e na flrpnara rerpapxus.Tria Karo 3a ocHoBHr{Te crpoexu ce AonycKa, qe 6wnutazyutlaarvl, a 3a perurqa Apyrrr - .{e 6rarr.r rpacrrpanr,r trJrr{ [oHe na6enqa

Lr

3AHII IIO TOBA BPEME, 3A CJIEABAIIII4TE I,IMIEPATOPU HE OCTABAJIO HIIIqO APYrO OCBEII

[a AoB'bprrrar 3arrorrHaroro. flo raK6B Har{}rH, TrxHara Sopru$uraq[oHHa ]/iHutrytaruF,a no neras6exnocr r:pa6raJlo Aa ce 3aAoBo.[[ c yrrJrbrHrrBaHe Ha 3arrlxrara B
oTAeJTHI,I CeK?OpU OT AyHaBCKaTa rpaHurla rr C AOnaJrBaHe Ha yKpenr{TeJrHara rEuspacrpyKTypa B'bB B'brperuHocrra Ha [poBrrHrl[Jrra. Cuequanuo ce r{3T'bKBar [pr4HocI{Te r.bu $opullpaHero Ha K'bcHoplrMcKara [poBuHrlr4aJrHa yKpe[[TeJrHa cr{cTeMa B Cxwrvs. Ha LrMneparoplrre Koncranrrau I (4o 324 r. cBBMecrHo c Jluqulruri)
ra na Banenc, Ho, Bce [aK, crpor,ITeJrHara aKTIrBHocr r.r Ha ABaMara ce oqeHqBa Karo
3HarrI{TeJrHo orcrbflBalr{a no o6eM r,r o6xsar Ha ragr{ or BpeMero na fl'rpnara rerpapxunra. Oqe npegu Aecerl{Jlerrre n uoJroBrirHa, o6aue, cbBceM cnpanegnr,rno 6e
I,I3T'bKHaro, qe Ir3cJreABaqLITe I43rJre)KAa B[IHarr4 ca 6wtu cKJToHHI{ TBcple npu6'rp3aHo Aa onpeAeJrflT xaro ",[uoKnerilaHoBr.r"l5 Hari-pasnoo6pasnra ocraHKu or yKpeTITTTeJIHO CTpOLITeJTCTBO, KOTTTO

rrpeABr,U JrI{[CaTa Ha cI,IrypHI,I xpoHoJror[qecKr.r yKa-

Morar ga 6tgar o[peAeJreHI,I HI{To Karo "paHHr,I", Hlrtro Karo "gu3aHTI,lticKLr"l6.lor:osHocrra, c KoflTo ce rrpeAJlarar r,r nppreMar nogo6nra arpn6yqrara, orqac3alJylg. He

TI{ Ce A'bJDKE Ha IEpEI{HOTO I{ qeCTO CnOMeHaBaHe B rrpICMeHETe III3BOpI{ 3a npeAllpl4-

erl4Te

or

l{Mnepar:op fiuoxrerl{aH lraqa6uu yKpelr,rreJrHv. utntt\krarttBra, a cbrrlo

r,r xpoHoJrorrrqecKo a6conrorr,rsupaHe Ha rrr[oJlorrrqecKllTe aHaJroru*t17. Ctolinoctra Ha B'bHrlrurrre 6eneeu Karo Aarr4poB'br{eH
rpurepufi B K'bcHoaHTrrrrHara Sopru$uxarlrroHHa apxr,rreKTypa, o6aue, e rBbpAe
orHocr{TeJrHa r.r pa3rr.rqaBaHero Ha crpoex< or KpiUI sa III or raK'bB or Kpaf na IV n.
HepflAKo e [paKTI{qecKIr HeB'b3Moxuo 6eg HaJrr{qr{ero Ha KoHKpernu gannral8. Tara
HanpI.IMep, IIIrIpoKo pa3npocTpaHeHoTo MHeHr{e, [peAcTaBqqo [JraHoBaTa cxeMa
quadriburgium xaro eAHa or eu6neuarr,rrrHure qeprr,r Ha yKpeflr,rreJrHoro crpouTeJIcrBo or BpeMero na fftspnara rerpapxufl, Bce flo-qecro BJrr{3a B [poruBopeque

TaKa

Ia

I{ Ha lr3JrlrlrHo [peAoBeprBaHe

Aricescu

197

7,

I 60 - I 69

; Zahariade 1988, I 44- 1 53.

r5 flo-npegra3Jrr.rBr.rre
aBTopr{

flpeAfloqrlTar Heoflpe[eJrenara SopuynupoBKa "Kpaf,

na IlUna.rafioro ua IV e."
16

Lander 1984,p. 757.

17lbidem, p. 168, 181.
t8

Berchem 1954, p.265; Grenier 1931., p.518,588; Petrikovits L971, p. 187, 199,203;
Johnson 1983, p. 47,50,260.

c apxeoJlorl{arecKl4Te

Qarur,

cBr4rAeTeJrcTByBarrlr{, qe cxeMaTa He caMo llpo[aJrx<r.rJra

ga 6'sge B'b3npor,r3Be)KAaHa c HeorcJra6Barqa rrHTeH3r{BHocr rr rro-K'bcHo upes IV r.19,
Ho r{e rlpu r4Mleparop Iocrururau I rx upe;xrnnqna csoeo6pa3eH peHecaHc, Karo ta3-

rpa)KAaHero Ha KBagpu6ypru n Cerepna A$puxa u no Cpegnnx u ,[onen fiyHar
ot6ensgaro rrcrrrHcKr{ 6yru n 30-re - 50-:re rograHr{ Ha VI s.20 Bce srs Bp'b3Ka c
yKpenrrreJrHoro crpoureJrcrBo rro BpeMe na flrpnara rerpapxrrfl cJre[Ba Aa ce or6ele>rz oqe eAHa napanoKcaJrHa KoHcrara\ktfl, BJtkt3arrla B rrporr,rBopeque c rB:bpAeHrrsra Ha aHTr{qHure aBTopr,r: Karo ce r{3KJrroqar yKpelJreHr,rrra Burg bei Stein w
Oberwinterthur, orK'bgero flpor,r3xox[ar crpor4TeJrHu Hagnr{cr or Kpar ua III n., no
rlsJroro [porexeHrre Ha pr,rMcKara rpaHrrlla no p. Pefrn ce orKprrBar yqyABarr{o MarKo [oAarKrl 3a [peA[pueMaHero Ha KaKBoro u ga 6uro Apyru Qoprn$maquoHHl,I
urnun\flarvlr;ll or crpaua ua ,[uoxneruar u HeroBlare c'bBJraAereJrn. 3a cuerKa Ha
TOBa, apxeoJlorulrecKl{Te AaHHpI HeABycMIrcJreHo cBI{AeTeJrcTByBaT, rle roJIflMaTa r{acT
or HoBoro KBcHoptrMcKo crpor.meJrcrBo B To3r{ pafion e 6uno oc'bnlecrBeHo B ro[rlHr{Te Ha yrrpaBJreHr{ero Ha

r{Mleparop Konctanrun I21.

O6cT:ofinu-sr aHaJrrr3 Ha AaHHlrre 3a yKpeleHlrre

o6ertr r

nporr.rxqrEa Crr.r-

Trrrr rroKa3Ba, rre B rreprroAa na Soprrlupaue Ha K'bcHopr.rMcKara ilpoBr,rHrllraJrHa yKpenlrreJrHa cncreMa B'b3HuKHaJIrI [IJrr{ KopeHHo [poMeHI,IJrI{ B'buruHru cu o6m.rc 68

yKperreHu o6ema. Tnrpge B'b3Mo)Krro e or c'brrlr{r rrepl{oA Aa Bo[qr Haqaroro cu u
Apyrlr 6 o6erra c Henpeqr,r3r,rpaua Aarr4poBKa B'bB BTopara noJroBplHa r,rru K'bM Kpas
Ha IV (AOPON,I3I'IOH) uru,r sarir-o6qo n IV-VI n. (Maruax; Ba6agar (VICUS

NOVUS?); 9erars (CMTAS AUSDECENSIUM?); flnoneura; flpuren). llurepnperarlr,rflTa Ha ucropuqecKprre crdvrug. u rrpoqecra r,I KoHKperHI,ITe nucMeHI{, e[rrrpa$cxu rr apxeoJrorur{ecKu AaHHr{ AaBar oc}roBaHr4e B paMKlrre Ha rrtpBlrfl rreprloA
Ha yKperrrrreJrHoro crporrreJrcrBo B rrpoBr{Hqnx Cxrarraa Aa ce pa3rpaHutrar 3 $aeu,
Kolrro KopecnoH4rrpar Ha 5 o6oco6eur{ BoeHHo-crporrreJrHrr nporpaMr,r. fl.rpnara
$asa e cB'bp3aHa c Soprn$uKarlrroHHrrre Meporpurrrrq B roAI,IHure Ha ll'rpoara
Terpapxrr.rr. Bropara Sasa, o6xraqafirlr B xpoHoJroruqecKfi rrJraH nepproAa or BToporo AecerrrJrerue Ao Kpar na 50-re roAr{Hpr sa IV B., BKJr}olrBa BoeHHo-crpor4TeJrHr{Te nporpaMrr, r{Hrrrlr{upaltil u octrrlecrBeHr{ or ilutluuuit, no BpeMe ua (nparruvecru) caMocroflTeJrHoro ylpaBJreHr.re na Koncranrun I cneg 324r. Ir rrpr Konc'ranqurl II. Tperara Qasa o6xnarqa qeJreHacoireuure ycfiilufl, Ha r.rMrreparop Banenc
no npr,rBexAaHe B pe[, 3a3ApaBfBaHe r4 Aorr3rpilKAaHe Ha rlpoBplHqlraJrHara yKpenuTeJrHa cr{creMa. 3a c'sxanerue, nopaAr{ orc'bcrBr4ero Ha crrrypHlr IrJrI{ [oHe 3a4oBoJIr,rTeJrHr{

Boro or

xpoHofioruqecKr{ yKa3aHr{r, yToqHrIBaHeTo Ha AaTIIpoBKaTa Ha MHO3TIHCTyKpeneHure o6exrra, B'b3Hr{KHaJrpr B rrpeAeJruTe Ha npoBr{Hrlr{Jr CrlrrpLfl or

le

Lander 1984,p.206.
Pringle 1981, p. 144; Miloseviil 1996, p.249
:rJohnson 1.983, p. I66.

20

sqq.

(nx. u rocoqerrara rau nureparypa).

Kpaq Ha III go rocJreAHara qerBtpr Ha IV B., [oHacroflrrleM e HeB'b3Mo)KHo. Or
cBor crpaHa, 6erfl3anure or ycJroBHocr xpoHoJrornqecKrr py6pnrlr, rroA Kor{To no
Herag6exuocr ce rpynupar re3rl o6eKTLt, npaBqr npaKTurrecKr,r HeorrpeAeJrr{Mr{ peaJrHrrre r.r3MepeHr,rf, Ha orAeJrHr,rre crpoureJrHr4 flporpauu. Taxa nanprzuep, 3 yxpe[reHlrq ca orHeceHrr KtM BTopara r.rJrr,r rperara rrerB'bpr ua IV n. (Pacora
(FLAVIANA?); HyQ'spy; I,lmanuu ge Xoc), 5 - xru Bropara noJroBr.rHa Ha fV e.
(I,I:noapene; rprrcrpoeHr{rr KtM rpaAcKara KpenocrHa creHa sa TPOfIEyM TPAfHI4 xacre.n; fa6ep; [e6peue-I; Xpa6poro), a 9 - safi-o6rqo rsu W a. (Bnrue

(HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); Tonary; fleuenxra; Tpaau; Jlyrxarnqa; Pareny; Xoprax;
Crpa;xa; O6po.rurqe) (O6p. 111).
Oco6erio BaxHo 3a rleJrlrre Ha Hacrorrqoro [r3cJre[BaHe e pa3rpaHr,rrraBaHeTo Ha r43B'bprrreuoro rro BpeMe Ha rrbpBraTe goe $asra or yKpenlIreJrHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo [pe3 Ar{cKyrr4paHr.r{ [epr{oA. Tona, o6ave, e rBtp[e npo6neuatuutto, trti xaro 6poxr Ha yKpeneuur:e o6errra c HeorrpeAeneua (u naft-qesro - cBBceM Xl{rrore:
ruvHa!) [arr4poBKa B "Kpar na III rrru Har{aroro Ha fV B." B'b3JrIl3a ua qetru 2l:
KAPCI4yM, Wy C, EEPOE, ApyEI4yM, II,IHO| Er\Vrfl , Ef I4CyC(I), CAJICOBI4fl., XAIIMI4PLIC, Enracana-Il, AP|AMYM, Osuquy-I, Ilanaay Mape, Koucranqa -Terrrrrrrr, CTP AT O HVIC, ilI4O}I?I C O fI O JI I4 C, r{ ep n a, A g>rurr or
(VALLIS DOMITIANA?), rlxuypnrsl-pie Xoc (AD SALICES?), Mnpvx Bo4r, MypQarnap, TI4MOfUqkIfl.. Or rf,x K'bM BpeMero na fl'rpeara rerpapxrar{ u3cJre[Baqr{Te Aocra y6egeuo orHacrr r,r3rpilKAaHero na,[unoreq[, ra llflJrocrHoro nper,r3rpDKAaHe na Xanurapuc, trpvr Bce qe Harr{rrHr,ITe AaHHIT 3a roBa eABa JrLr Morar Aa ce
crrrlTar 3a Aocrarbr{Ho Kareropr,rrrHra. Hapeq c [oBbprrrrrrenuure(?) pa6oru Ho HoBara KpelocrHa creHa xa Touu, K'bM curypHr,rre rerpapxr{qecKr,r rpagexr.{ B npoBrrHrIr,H Crutns cnaAa rr3[rrrauero na 6ypra npu Cefirtlesn. flo BcflKa BepoflrHocr
BEB BpG3Ka c rr3qrrraHero Ha [pyr nogo6eH 6ypr nxrr4e a pariona Ha AyHaBcKara
AeJrra cJreABa [a ce [ocraru z SparueHTrrpaHr{rrr rr npel{3noJl3yBaH Karo crpor,rreJreH MarepraaJr B rrocrporku or no-K'bcHo BpeMe rerpapxuqecKr,r Hagrrrrc, orKpr4T
lprr pa3KolKr{Te Ha Xanuupnc. C nari-upasgono4o6na [arilpoBKa B'bB BpeMero Ha
flrpnara rerpapxrrfl ca u 6yprure npu Cnana Pyc.r u Xuxrnna. Cqrra ce, qe crr{MyJr 3a prHTeH3ram{ara crpor{Temra gertHocr, KoflTo BKrroqBara n enurpaScru go6pe 3acBr,rAeTeJrcTByBaHaTa [olpaBKa Ha ['bTHaTa crlcTeMa, AaJIo eAHo BapBapcKo
(rorn? xapuu? 6acrapnr?) HarraAeHlre oKoJro 295 r., Koero HaHecJro rexKl{ IropaxeHrrfl Ha pegmla ceJrirrqa B [poBrrHqr4 sra22. 3acera, o6ave, JrlrrlcBar AaHHLT ro Aa e
3acerHaJro c'brrlecrByBaulara yKpenr{TeJrna un$pacrpyKTypa. Marap [3creABar{uTe rpaAr.rq[oHHo Aa rrpu[lrcBar na SopruQr{KarlrrouHara gerinocr na,[uorneruan
rr HeroBr{r c'bynpaBr,rren faneprari npecrpoflBaruero a fundamentis Ha BoeHHlITe JIarepfi no AyHaBCKr.r, 6pxr na npoBl,IHrIIls Cxvrw., [peBptlllaHero Ha rIo-3HarrHTeJrHr.rTe ceJrl,rrqa BT>B B'l,TperrrHocTTa ir n yrpeneuu IIeHTpoBe I,I I,I3rpiDKlaHeTo Ha cl{c-

22

Barnea 1968, p. 374 sqq.; Suceyeanu 1969, p.364; Scorpan 1980, p. 120.

Hitrr$u

*

,JO:

3Sx

'*l\*-.

q

39b

t

!

*
e
e

d,
4'.1

0rGl0

L;;rrlq-*.txrs@[

11U

O6p. 1 1 I . KrcuopurucKara yKperurerrrra cucreMa Ha rrpoBr4Hrlr4s. Crururr (cpegara
ua 70-re roAuulr ua IV n.): 1. Burue (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. CAI{I{[ABA; 3. Pacona

(FLAVIANA?); 4. AKCI,IOfIOIII4C; 5. Celiueuu; 6. KAIII4IABA; 7. Tonary; 8.
KAPCIIyM;9.|\ilYC;10. 6EPOE; 11. fle.reusra;12.Tpazu; 13. TPE3MYIC-Vlzrox;14.
TPE3MI4C-3auag; 15. APyEI4yM; 16. Xuxu.na; 17. AI,IHO|EIIVIfl,;18. Eap6ou.tu; 19.
Jlyuranuqa; 20. Pareay;21. HOBI4OAYHYM; 22.Ell4CyC;23. HyQrpy;24.Llwauuvp.e
Xoc; 25. CAJICOBI4fl; 26. XAJIMI'IPI4C; 27. fiyuamqy se Cyc (GRATIANA?); 28.
[ynan'rqy ge )Koc (AD STOMA'!);29.B*rvcana-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 30. Ettucara-Il; 31.
APIAMyM; 32. VlCTPI4fl.; 33. Osuauy-I;34. flanasy Mape; 35. Marvrax; 36. TOMVI;37.
Koucr aHq a-Te Jr nr,rrr ; 3 8. CTPATO HLIC ; 39 . KA JI ATPI C ; 40. K APl4fl ; 4 I . T (u)PYIC A; 42.
AOP O[I,13 I,I OH; 43. AI4OHI4COfIOJII,IC; 44. Hra&on ; 45. 9epua; 46. Agxurron (VALLIS
DOMITIANA''!); 47 . Xopux; 48. Vlznoaper'q, 49. Muxaft Epauy; 50. Ba6agar-Tonpafirrori;
51. Ea6agar (VICUS NOVUS?); 52. Cilasa Pyc.r; 53. VIBkTA,A;54. Yxnypnr.ra Re Xoc (AD
SALICES?); 55. flasterr{Mogyrr ge Xoc; 56. yJIMETYM; 57. Mnpua Bour (TRES

PROTOMAE?);58. Myp$arrrap;59. TPOIEyMTPA.flHI4;60. Crpaxa;61. t{erars (CIVI-

TAS AUSDECENSIUM?); 62. flnonenu; 63. Kanuran [rErunrposo; 64. Ia6ep; 65.
3AJI[A[A;66, TI4MOfYII\Ylfl;67. Hoeo EoT eso;68. [e6peue-I;69. flpraneu;70. Ostpqu;
71 . Xpa6pono; 72. O6povvtge. / Fig. I 1 1 . The Late Roman defence system of the province of
Scythia (the mid-70s of the 4th century): 1. Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?);2. SACIDAVA;3.
Rasova (FLAVIANA?);4. AXIOPOLIS;5. Seimeni; 6. CAPIDAVA;7. Topalu; 8. CARSIUM;
9. CIUS; 10. BEROE; 11. Peceneaga; 12.Traian;13. TROESMIS-EasI; 14. TROESMIS-West;
15. ARRUBIUM; 16. Jijila; 17. DINOGETIA; 18. Barboli; 19. Luncavi\a;20. Rachelu; 21.

NOVIODUNUM;22. AEGISSUS; 23. Nufiru; 24.Ilganii de Jos; 25. SALSOVIA;26.
HALMYRIS;27.Dunavdlu de Sus (GRATIANA?); 28. Dunav6lu de Jos (AD STOMA?); 29.
Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?);30. Enisala-Il;31. ARGAMUM;32. HISTRIA;33. Ovidiu-I;
34. Palau Mare; 35. Mamaia; 36. TOMIS; 37. Constanla-Telpiq; 38. STRATONIS; 39.
CALLATIS;40. CARIA;41. T(i)RISSA;42. APHRODISION;43. DIONYSOPOLIS;44. Nifon;
45. Cerna; 46. Agighiol (VALLIS DOMITIANA?);47.Hoia;48. Izvoarele; 49. Mihai Bravu;
50. Babadag-Topraichioi; 51. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 52. Slava Rusi; 53. IBIDA; 54.
Ceamurlia de Jos (AD SAL,ICES?); 55. Pantelimonul de Jos; 56. ULMETUM; 57. Mircea VodI
(TRES PROTOMAE?) ; 58. Murfatlar ; 59. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 60. Straja; 6 1. Cetatea (CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?);62. Plopeni;63. Kapitan Dimitrovo;64. Gaber; 65. ZALDAPA;66.
TIMOGITTIA; 67. Novo Botevo; 68. Debrene-I; 69. Prilep; 70. Odartsi; 71. Hrabrovo;72.
Obrochishte.

or Kpalilll'brHl.{ yKpenJIeHI{fl IIo rpacerara Ha ocHoBHr.rre c'bo6lqr{TeJrHr{ It r]Flrrv:
[poBLrHI{I{xta, $axrure B 3HaqLITeJrHa crerren o6escr,rucJrrr roBa rntpqenue. [oprl [a ce [pl4eMe, qe Kacrerbr fuHorequfl B'b3HI{KHar, a XarMrapuc 6ul rlflJrocrTeMa
B

HO [per.rsrpaAeH r.rMeHHo

[paBI4JIoro, a no-cKopo

-

-

IIo BpeMe Ha fl'spnaTa TeTpapxr4r, ToBa He rrle Aa e 6l{no

[3Krroileuue. HanporlrB, tlocoqeHr4Te [o-rope

npr.rMepl,r

rloKa3Bar, ue Soprrn$IrKal{I4oHHoro crporrreJrcrBo rd3rJrexAa e 6zlo HacorreHo [peAI,IMHO KbM r{34l{raHero Ha MaJrKIa cnoMarareJlul{ BoeHHr{ r4 BoeHHo-floluqeficxz
yKpenJreHr.rx (burgi w turres), yrrJrtTuflBau1u tpaHurrHara 3arrlr{Ta r.{ ocuryp{Barrlu
KOHTpoJIa Ha KoMyHLIKaI{IToHHLITe Jrrrnvl:a. B'rnpern qe I,I3Bopr,ITe M'bJrqaT 3a HOBr{
BapBapcKLI HarraAeHlr-s B AoJIHoAyHaBcKr{Te rrpoBr.{Hrlr,ru sa Purrlcxara r4Mflepr,rr [pe3

6ruso 20 rogurrw, floJloxeHlrero [o rpaHr4rlara eABa Jrrr e 6rlo cnorofino23. flopeguqara or noqrll e)KerogHrr rr4"r.nfi Carpicus maximus u Germanicus
maximus, rrpr,rc'bAeHrl Ha r.{M[eparop lanepnft B Kpa{ na III u Haqaroro na IV r.24,
rreABycMrrcJreHo cBr.rAereJrcrByBar 3a oxecroqena 6op6a c BapBapcKoro o6rpurelllae, yr ro - r{MeHHo no Sponra Ha AyHaBcKara rpaHr,rqa Ha flpoBrlHr{us, Cxvtrvfl.
IIpu resu o6crosrelcrBa, flpeAlonaraeMoro [peA[prreMaHe roqHo rro roBa BpeMe
Ha Macl,rpaHa KaMTIaHI{t rro peKoHcTpyKrir{s a fundamenlls na soeHuure larepu (neus6exHo cB'bpsaHa c rsxuoro rrpr.rHyflrrreJrHo r.r [poAtJr)KrrreJrr{o (?) ussa;xgaue or
cTpo.f,, a pecleKTI4BHo - c qacTr.IqHa I4JIr4 rrGJrHa Ae3opraHrr3arurr Ha rpaHuqHa:ra
or6panr,rrenHa cl,IcreMa) usrnexga HarrBJrHo HerrpaB[ofloqo6no. II{o ce orr{acs Ao
I{I{BIZIJIHoTo $opru+uraql{oHHo crpol{TeJlcrBo B [poBr{Hqr4rrra [o BpeMe na flrpBara rerpapxl{fl, 3a Hero 3acera (c r,rsrnroueHl{e Ha Touu!) He pa3[oJrataMe c Hr{cJIeABaIr{I4Te

KaKBI{ CI,IrypHr{ AaHHr.r.

Bts

ocHosa Ha [pI4BeAeHI{s B [peAxoAHr{Te rJraB[ Ha Hacroflrrloro r{3cJreA-

[o[po6en anarns Ha HaJIITTII{ara uHoopMagut y1egureJrHo ce HaJrara MHeHr{ero, qe [poqesbr na SoprttupaHe Ha yKpe[I{TeJIHara cr{creMa Ha rrpoBr{nqrzx Crra-

BaHe

TI{rI IIo [ocoKa ua npugo6uBaHe Ha sefturare xapaKTepHr{ K'bcHopr.rMcxu (u rtclroaHTuqHrI rlo6ule!) qeprlr 3aroqHar ga ua6upa crlJra flpu r.rMrreparop IlwTn:auir ttt
HanBJrHo ce pa3r'bpHaJl rro BpeMe Ha eAHoJrr4rruoro yrrpaBJreHr,re ua Koscrasrpur I
ueg324 r. Ktu o6extnre, BG3Hr{KHaJrrr trJrr.r c'brrlecrBeHo [poMeHraJrr{ o6mara cu
rrpe3 BTopara $asa or ['bpBr.r.tr IIepI{o[ Ha yKpelr.rreJrHoro crpor,rreJrcrBo B [poBr4H-

r\rrflTa, c'bc cr{rypHocr I{Jr}r c MHOro roJrflMa yBepeHocr Morar ga 6tgar [purrucrexu : CAIJLIIAB A, AKCI4 O fIO IJ'C, KA[I4[AB A, TPE3 MklC-Llsr ox, TPE3 MI4C-3anag, Eap6ouru, HOBIOAyHyM, fiynan'sqy ge Xoc (AD STOMA?), EHra-

cara-I (CONSTANTIANA?), VICTPl4fl, KAPIdfl, T(u)PI{CA (sonuueun, K.bM
Bropara pr peKoHcrpyKr{Hfl Ha Tperara or6panute.nua lururx), Hu$ou, Mraxafi Epaey, ?IEI4[A (tr{E?IAA-I wVlB?l[,A-II), yJIMETyM, TPOIIEyM TPAflH?I, Ka23

B ragu Bp63Ka, nx<.: Lact. De mort. pers. 18,6 (ed. Brandt

2a

Kienast 1996,

S. 285.

-

Laubmann).

rlrraH fiur"rurpono, 3AJIAAfIA, Hono Eorero, Ogtpqu. Morre 6u rauenno npu
I{Mrleparop Koncranruu I (aro He [o-K'bcHo rrpr4 Banenc) B'b3Hr4KHaJrrr KacreJrbr
npu Pacona (FLAVIANA?) v yKperrrreHurrra rrprr Hy$rpy uYltralawlr, ge Xoc. C
peAKIa Ia3KJIrorreHIrr, ilplrnagJre)KHocrra Ha orAeJrHr4re o6exna KtM KoHKperlra crpoI{TeJIHa nporpaMa He Moxe Aa ce onpegeJrr.,r 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo. floue upu qacr or
yKpelJIeHI,IfiTa OrreBr.r[HO CTaBa AyMa 3a rrpeJrr.{BaHe Ha eAHa rrporpaMa B Apyra.
Ilo6egonocHlrqr 3aB'bprrreK r{a soriHara na Jluqunuri (cuuecrso c KoncraHTr{H I? 2s) cpeqy rorr{Te s 314 vnu 315 r.26 3a ['bJrro BpeMe Jrr.rKBr,rAr.rparr BapBapcKara 3arrJraxa tro AoJrHoAyHaBcKara rpar{rlr{a na PlrucraraLru[repve,. I4urepnpera\rrflTa Ha crpor4rerHras HaArr4c or Tpoueylt Tpaxuu or 315-316 r. AaBa ocHoBaur{e
yBepeHo [a ce rB'bpqr{, qe cJreq no6e4a:ra InMrreparoptT rrprrcrbflr,rJr K'bM oc'brrlecrBqBaHero Ha mIapoKouarqa6na BoeHHo-crpo]rreJrHa [porpaMa B [ogBJracrrrr{Te My
rpoBr.rHrlr,rr4 no flomur flyuar r.{ KoHKperr{o - s Crul]u.s, rlerqrqa }r3gr.rrane ot6panuTeJIHara cuoco6uoct Ha rpaHl,Irrxara gorra Karo I1flJIo Ir no BcflKa BeporrHocr [peABr.D{qaqa roraJrHo [per.r3rpilKflaHe rroHe Ha qacr ot SzsuuecKr.r r.r MopaJruo ocrapeJll,rre KoMrroHeHTr.r Ha [poBr4HrlraaJrHara yKperrr,rreJrHa cr{creMa. Me;xgyoco6nara
soI;IHa ot 316-317 r. rl [pe[r.r3BrrKaurrre or Heq rexKr{ @unaucouo-crolaHcKr{ c'brpeceul4s Hec:bMHeHo BHecJrra KopeKrIr.M s ua6enssaHara [porpaMa, ualararixfi npeKparsBaHe na pa6orure rro HrrKorll or 3alorrHarplTe crpoexld, KaK'bBTo, rr3rJrexfia, e
cryalaqr c Tpoueyu Tpaxnu. flponorupaHoro or "3aHeMaprBaHero ua rpauuqure"
HaxJIyBaHe Ha rorr4Te s Musuq u Tpaxux npez 323 r., Koero HaJro)Kr{Jro r,r3B'bHpeAHara B'bopG)KeHa HaMeca Ha rrMleparop KoncraHTr{H I 27, noixe 6u ce xsgsa csoe-

o6pa:uo yKa3ar{}re 3a 3aloqHaroro or llutlurtuit, Ho raKa rr ocraHaJro rregoBtprueHo IlpeIr3rpax(AaHe afundamentis na nqxor4 or BoeHHr{Te Jrarep[ rro AyHaBcKua6pxr.
flo Bcr{rrKo nrrvu, o6ave, qe ocHoBrrara 3acJryra sa npeo6pa3flBaHe Ha yKpellrreJlHara cucreMa Ha [poBr{Hrlvts.Cxurilfl,rpx6ra Aa ce or4aAe Ha r4Mleparop KoucraHTrrH I. Pearu:upauoro or Hero uteg 324 r. rrHTeH3raBuo $opruSrrKarlr{oHrro
crpoI,ITeJIcrBo BTpBrJro p'bKa 3a pGKa r.r B 3HaqrrreJrHa crerreu 6uno o6ycnoBeHo or
ycTaHoBsBaHeTO Ha KBCHOpI,TMCKT{fl MO[eJr Ha BOeHHa Oprarrr43aqlrfl B rrp0Br{Hrlrr_gTa.

3a 6eeupenflTcrBeuoro ilporr,rrraHe Ha rrpoqeca cnoco6crnyBaJro [poA'bJr)Kr{TeJrHoro cnoxoficrBrae, ycrar{oBr{Jlo ce rro [oJrHoAyHaBcKara rpaH]II{a sa Puucrata rrMnepux. B'ssuon:ynarlxu ce or Me)KAyoco6uqure cpeA BapBapcKoro o6rptxeHr.re, I4rr.rrIepI4JITa rIpeMHHaJra rrrrl o$anslrBHa BLHrrrHa [oJrraTrrKa r{ - B [poTlIBopeque c Tpa-

25

flo.{erHara rllrna Gothicus maximus na Koncrasruu I or 315 r. (Kienast1996, S. 302) ne
Mox<e Aa ce cqlrra 3a crrrypHo yKa3arrue, qe rori ce e aHraxlrpaJr c ra3l{ BoeHHa KaM[aHI4r, rrfi raro, cl,rllacHo KoJIeu{aJIHr4{ lprrurlnn Ha yflpaBJrenue, LIAeHTI{uHI TurIU NONYITABAJI}T BCI{T{KII C'bBJIAAETEJII4, HE3ABIICI.IMO TOfi Ot tgX 6TTT I{3BOIOBAJI KOHKperHara uo6ega, sx.: Barnes 1982,p.27 sqq.,81 (n. 145);Kienast 1996,42-44.

26

fiarrEpoaxara e cropeA: Barnes 1982, p.82.

27

Anonym. Vales.5,21 (ed. Mommsen).

- He [ponycKana

B'b3Mo)KHocTTa oTKpr{To Aa ce HaMecr,r
cBor{Te rpaHr.rrlr{, neqenertxra BilKrrr{ BoeHHO-IOJII{TIqeCKI,I AI4Br4[eHTr.r, OT OCO6eHO TOJIqMO 3HaqeHr{e CpeA KOr,rrO e CKJTTOireHr{flT c rorr{Te foedus [pe3 332 r.28 ]Igrrxnarr{Te no-rope B rl3Jrox(eHrrero MHoro6pofinra fipeKr,r r{ KocBeHrr apryMeHTr{ or apxeoJrorr{rrecKo, I,rcropr,rtlecKo, errr{rpaQcro n apxr,rreKTypuo ecrecrBo cBuAereJlcrByBar, rle Aop[ I{HI4IqrIarI{Bara I4 [oAroTBrlmeJrHr.rre pa6orn no [pel{3rpaxAaHe r{3 ocHoBI{ Ha H,KOI{ oT BoeHHI{Te Jrarep[

AuqLroHHlrTe crr [przHr{r{[r{

c Btopr,xeHa cllJra n

rouSlurrr.rre orB'r,[

rro AyHaBcKara rpaHr,rqa Ha rrpoBrrnqur Crurrlx (KA[I?1[ABA?; TPE3MLIC-LIzror?) npeg[oJroxr{rerHo Aa Morar Aa ce rpl,rnfirrrar Ha LlMneparop Jllrqrantlft, oc'rulecrBqBaHero Ha TflxHaTa peKoHcrpyKlJrrfl, a BeporrHo L{ Ha MHO3I{HCTBOTO OT OCTaHaJIIITe JIarepU, CJreABa Aa Ce OTHeCe fiMeHHO KGM BpeMeTO Ha CaMOCTOSTeTHOTO
y[paBJreHr.re ua Koncranrrn I. C pasgerxHero r{a BoeHHIrrI e$errun na Pulrcxar:a
rrMflep]rJr u o6oco6ssaHero Ha [oJreBara aputlfl,3a Hy)Knlrre Ha HacraHenute e CrET[rr [oApa3AeJreHr.rJr comitatenses, a Ir B'bB Bp'b3Ka c oxpaHara Ha B'brperrrnlrfi peg B
[poBrrHIII{gra,6uta rr3rpa4eHa qqra c[creMa or Jrarepu r{ [o-MaJrKI{ BoeHHo-rIoJrIrqeftcrul yKpeflJreHrrfl, ctltyr4pamu c orJreA Ha crparerr{qecKara LrM I{ TaKTLIqecKa IIe-

recro6pasnocr:: Hu$ox, Mraxart Epany, KAPkIfl,,I4EVI[,A (D, yIIMETYM, Ka[r{TaH flurr.rurpono, Hono Eorero, Ogrpqu. Cneqnaluo BIrI{MaHue 6nlo orgereuo
Ha yKperrsBaHero I{ Ha [o-3Haqr,rrerHl,ITe rlrrBrrJrHr{ ceJI}Iqa, Kolrro 6urra n'renpueMaHI{ Karo [o['bJIHr{TeJrHa o[opa r,r pe3epB r{a [poBrrHIII{aJIHara or6paxurerHa cl{crervra: TPE3MIIC-3anag,\4CTPLIfl,, T(u)PI,ICA (gontnnenraq KGM Bropara o16paHrrrerrHa rrurut?),I4BWY\A (II), TPOIIEyM TPAfl}{Vl,3AnAAnA, a Moxe
6u u E:aucana-I (CONSTANTIANA?).
CrpouremruflT r^aprkrc or Kapraruy or 337-340 r. ra oco6eHo ro3l{ or Trprrca or 341-342 r. cBrr[ereJrcrByBar, qe oqe B Harraroro Ha ynpaBJleHlrero Ha I{Mneparop Koncrauqrul II npouunqna Crurux ornoBo ce oKa3aJIa BKJIIoqeHa B paMKr{Te Ha uarqa6na BoeHHo-crpor{TeJrHa rrporpaMa, KoopAI{HaIIvIsrav KoHTpoJIBT rlo
r{r.{ero u3rrtJrHeHr{e 6wnm rroBepeHrr Ha ep,lauvtfl. or ABaMara magistri militum
praesentalis. KonxperHoro ct[Bpx<aHr{e Ha ra3lil [porpaMa Ha [poBLIHrIIraJrHo HaBo floHacroflrrleM rre Mo)Ke Aa ce oflpegeJlu, Ho Hapeg c AoBcp[MTeJIHI{Te pa6oru
tro HflKor.r or 3arroqnarl{Te or Koncranr:un I crpoex<r{, T, oueBI{AHo BKrror{Bara
Bt3craHoBr{reJrHr{ Meplflpuqrl{fl rro 3aBapeHara yKpenl,IreJlna uuSpacrpyKrypa,
KaKTo r,r [peAlpueMaHoro Ha Ia3r{sro uoeo $opru$uraquonrio crpolrreJrcrBo.

Tperara Qaea na crpor.,rreJrHa aKTr{BHocr

B rrepl{oga Ha Sopr"rupaHe Ha K'bcHopprMcKara yKpe[r.{TeJrHa cr{creMa B rrpoBr,rHtTmx Cxnrwx ce orbxgecrnxna c gelf-

Hocrra Ha rrMleparop Banenc, qr{ero oc'brrlecrBflBaHe 3aloquaJlo Moxe 6u oule no
BpeMe Ha HeroBara flrpna rorcKa nortna or 366-369 r., Ho I{crI{HcKI.r pa3Max go6u-

28

Wolfram 1979,63-65.

BeposrHo qaK cJreA HertHoro [prrKJrroqBaue. Hapeg c florqraHero Ha ['brHara
Mpe)Ka, peMoHTHr.{ pa6orlr rro HsKor{ or c'brqecrByBalrllrre yKpe[enlr o6errr.r n gor,r3rpaxAaHeTo Ha unQpacrpyKTypara or BoeHHo-noluqeficxu yKperleurq 3a BGrperuHa cr.{rypHocr (Ba6agar-Tonpalirsorf; KacreJl'br, nprcrpoeH K'bM rpaAcKara KperocTHa cTeHa Ha TPOfIEyM TPAfl}Il4?),6llno npegnpreTo cTpoIIreJIcrBo a

ro

fundamenti,s

r4

Ha BoeHHr4 o6eKTu rro caMara AyHaBcKa rpaHI{IIa Ha rIpoBI,IHIIkrflTa

III4yC (no-xrcruxr

KaMeHeH KacreJI),

|PAIII4AHA (flyHanlqy

-

ge Cyc?). Marap

BAJIEHTI4fl.u BAJIEHT?IHITIAHA, qlrero B'b3HlIKBaHe
na Balenc ue 6ygu HI{KaKBo c'bMHeHI{e, Aa He Mo)Ke Aa ce onpeAeJII'I

MecrorroJro)KeHrrero sa
B'bB BpeMeTo

c.bc cr4rypHocT, Mr{oro e BeposrHo Te c'bu{o Aa ca ce HaMIrpaJrI4 Ira AyHaBcKnn6pxr29.

Hsxou aBTopI{ [orycKar, qe KacreI'br OJIABI,IAHA (Pacona?) r'aoxe 6u clqo

lpr.rHagJre)K[ K'bM rpaAexr.{Te Ha r,rMrreparop Banenc, Koero I.{3rJIe)KAa B.s3Mo){G{o
r{ sa crrcTeMaTa or yKpeIIJIeHIIs npu Hy$'rpy uYlt:'raantu ge Xoc. C upeguolaraeMara crr AarrrpoBKa s'bs BareHcoBo BpeMe, BpeMeHHI{rr BoeHeH Jlarep npu flanreJrr.rMoHyJr qe X(oc ce flBflr,a eAr{H or peAKI,ITe rlaMerHlrqrl Ha K'bcHopI.IMcKara 3eMJreua Qopru$lrKarlr{oHHa apx[:reKrypa. HapacteaHero Ha BapBapcKara 3arlJlaxa B I{aBer{epflero na Bropara rorcKa BoriHa na BareHc u ApaMarrrtlnute ct6nrvfl., cB-bp3aHr{ c'bc caMr/rfi xo4 Ha Boril{ara, rr3rJlexAar nafi-nepoxrHara [peA[ocraBKa 3a B'b3-

ua cnequ$uqHaTa KaTeropl{fl "Kpeuocttl-y6exuutra": Llsnoapele, la6ep, [e6pene-I, Xpa6poso. Or crrrloro BpeMe, Mo)Ke 6u, nogxr Hailaroro cI{ yKpeneHoro ceJrlaue rpuZlcrpux rr III4TaAeJIara na A@PO[I'13I'IOH.
B pesylrar Ha rrpeAlpueToTo oT Kpas ua [II Ro K.bM [OCJreAHaTa rreTB'bpT
na IV n. $opru$rrKarlrroHHo crpor.rreJrcrBo, Teplrropllsra Ha rIpoBIrHI{I4JI Cxprrus
ce oKa3aJra rroKpr{Ta oT rrcra Mpexa oT yKpeneHl{ o6eKTLr. Maxap TB'bpAe pa3l{opoAHrr [o [porr3xo[ rr [peAHa3HaqeHrre, Bcr{lrKu Te cJIeABa Aa ce pa3fJlexnaT KaTo

HrrKBaHeTo

CGCTABH}I I{ACTU HA EAI4HHA IIO XAPAKTEP K'bCHOPI{MCKA IPOBI'IHIII{AJIHA YKPEII,ITEJI-

Ha cr,rcTeMa, rIeJIfIqa Aa oclaryprl Ba3MoxHo naft-e$uracHa 3aIrII,rTa Ha A'bp)KaBHI'Ifl
cyBepeulrrer, B'brpellrHr4fl. pe1 ra 6egonacHocrra Ha l{aceJleHuero B Ta3Ir llacr Ha

Puucrara rlMnepur{.
BTOPI4 IIEPI,IOI:
ollr,rrlr 3A IIOAA]P)I(AHE I{ TIOCTEIEHHA IE3I,IHTEI PA.III{fl
HA KbCHOPTIMCKATA YKPETIIITEJIHA C}ICTEMA
(TEOAOCI/ifiLt - TEOAOCUI{ II)
YrpenlmelHara cr.{creMa r{a [poBr.ruqux Crurrar [oHecJIa cepl4o3Hlr ylllpll
no BpeMe na Bropara rorcKa norina Ha lrMrleparop Balenc (377'378 r.) ra n xoAa Ha
6op6lme c ocrpororlrre Ha flonulr flyuae upes 80-re roAIrHI{ na IV n. Apxeoxoru-

2e

flo-rope

B r43rroxeHrrero (f.rrana

orbxAecrBeua

c

II.2.D, BAIIEHTI4HI4AHA

c.sBceM

xunoretrlHo

yKperJlenlrero Irpu Tpaxu (sa nero sr<. firana II.2.A).

6e

qecKIlITe AaHHI4 CBI,IAeTeJICTByBaT, qe CIeA B3eMaHeTO Ha HSKOr,r IJailva.IuBlF,Lr MepKr{,
BpeMeHHo 3aKperrBaHe Ha [oJro)KeHr,rero (Haup. r8rpaxlaHero r{a 6ypryca
BEpxy pyrrHr.{re Ha Karacrpo$anno nocrpaAaJrara [I4HOfElJl4fl), K.bM Kpas Ha

Ilerqlllu

IV/Ha'raroto na V B. ce [prIclbrII{JIo K'r,M MauIa6Hr{ B:63craHoBr4TeJrrrr{ pa6oru B
or ro-BaxHr,rre yKperenr o6ercu: KAIII4IABA, [I4HOrEIJVIfl, EfI4CyC, XAIIMI4 PI4C, AP|AMyM, I4CTPI4fl, TPOilEyM TPA flHUt. flo ecqra

peAr.rrla

BepoflTHocT TO3II npoqec Ce pa3rbpHaJr c rrBJrHa cvrra eABa cJreA oMr,rpoTBopflBaHeTo Ha o6cranosrara, Hacrbrrl{Jlo c r{3TerJr-flHero Ha BLI3I{rorr.{Te Ha Anapux or 6anKaHCK[Te [peAeJIIr na Puucxara IrMneplrf, rrrrl I4rallrs s 401 r. 3acera, o6ave, or
TeplaTopr.rqra Ha [poBr.trqur cxurus JrrrrrcBar cr,rrypHrl [o[arKr4 3a [peA[pueMaHeTo rro roBa BpeMe na $optu$rrKaqr4oHHo crpor.rreJrcrao a fundamentis3l. HaupoTLrB, cIIopeA HarI{qHaTa LfirSoprr,raqus, B'b3craHoBflBaHe Ha

rracr or 3acerHarr.rTe yK-

peIIeHl4 o6errra raKa I{ se 6rano [peAlpuero r{ HrKorr or rsx 3aBr{Harr4 npecraHaJrr.r
Aa c'bu{ecrBynar. Oco6eHo [oKa3areJlHa B ToBa orHorrreHr{e e c'brrocraBKara Ha ap-

xeolor[qecKl4Te AaHHI{ C rII{CMeHI{Te CBeAeHr4g 3a rrpoBr.rHrltlflTa, c't['bpxarq]r ce B
Notitia Dignitatum.3a uoceereHr{fl Ha Cxurns pa3[eJr B [oKyMeHTa rouacroqqeM
ce [pr{eMa, qe orpa3gBa c'bcraBa rr Ar4cJroKal{ufrTaraa rpaHr.rqHr4Te sortcru B [poBL{H\wfl"ra oKoJIo 378 r. Karo equncrBeHa no-K'bcHa 4o6anra ce r43TEKBa B[r{cBaHero
HA CLneus equitum Arcadum, Koero ce [ocraBfl BLB Bp63Ka C OKOHqareJrHoro peAaKTI{paHe Ha pars Orientis or AoKyMer{ra31. Bpelrero Ha ra3r{ peAaKrlr4fl o6uxnoreHo ce oruacf, KGM Kpafl Ha IV n. (394-395 r.), Ho ctrrrecrByBa r.r MHeHr,re, tre rfl Aarrrrpa or [o-K'LcHo - oKoJro 408 r.32 Maxap Aa He [peAcraBrJra geficrnr.rrelHr{s cacraB
na solicrara, HaMlrpaulara ce noA Har{aJrcrBoro Ha AyKca na Cxrarus rro roBa Bpelnae33, Notitia Dignitatum, Id3ulexAa, crBceM TorrHo [peca3[aBara c'bcroqHr4ero r{a
yKpelLITeJIHaTa CIICTeMa [O [yHaBcKaTa rpaHr.{r{a Ha rIpoBrIHr{rIsTa r/rMer{Ho K'bM Kpa{
sa IV/saqaJroro Ha V n., roero prlBa Aa rroKaxe, qe peAaKr{r.rrra Ha c.borBerHr,rs
pa3AeJI B AoKyMeHTa e 6vuta 3HaqI{TeJII{o [o-cep[o3Ha, orKoJrKoro o6rarnoseHo ce
npeArroJlara. O6aopsr Ha apxeoJlorl{vecKllTe cBr{AereJlcrBa [oKa3Ba, qe, ocBeH crroMeHarlare s Notitia Dignitatum, ro AyHaBcKut 6prt:. Ha [poBr4Hrlras Crurus ce Halvrlnpar ocraHKI{Te or oIrle 7 roJreMrr yKpelJreHr.rfl, rroHe 5 or roraro (Tonaly, IIe.reHq-

ra, Tpaxu, Pareny u fiynantqy 4e Xoc) ccc curypHocr ce or.bxgecrBf,r c K:bcHopHMcKr4 BoeHHr{ Jrarepr4 or IV 8., a c'brrloro e rB.bpAe Bepo.f,Trro rr 3a Apyrr.rre ABe
(Buzne lr Jlynxanuqa). trlenecrru4{T flocera [oAeMeH apxeoJrorr4rrecKrr Marepr{an or
3 or rsx - Tonary, Parery r fiynanrqy qe Xoc (AD STOMA?) - y6equrerrHo cBr{-

30

3'
32
33

He tpx6ea Aa ce l43KnroqBa B'b3Mo)Krrocrra I4MeHHo Kl,M Kparr ua IV unu B Haqaroro Ha
V r. pa ca 6ntu I43rpaqeHrr yKperleHoro cenuule xpafi. Llcrpus r4 rlr{TaAeJrara Ha

AOPO[r43r4OH.
Zahariade 1988, 21-31, I 81-185
Soustal 1991, S. 66 (rx. qr.rrr4panara rau n 6e.r. 56 nr.meparypa).
Motunr.rre 3a roBa ca cbBceM 3agoBoJrrrrenno o6qcHeHr.{ e: Zahariade 1988,91-99, 185.

AereJIcrByBa, lle re 3aBr{Harr{ [peKparrrJrrr c'brrlecrByBauero cr{ K'bM Kpa.f, Ha IV llnu
B HaqaJroro Ha V B. Marap 3a [pyrr,rre 4 yrpenlenwfl Aa rwrtcaar KoHKperHr{ xpoHoJIorI{iIscKvryKa3aun[ Han'bJrHo rrpaBAoloAo6no r.rsrre)KAa re c'brrlo BpeMeHHo(?)
Aa ca ra3Jle3Jrr{ or crpo.fl lro roBa rpeue34.
Oqe npes fl]pBoro AecerI4JIerI{e na V B. fleprroA'br r{a orHocr{TeJrHo 3arr{[rtze [o AyHaBcKara rpaurrrla sa Puncxara r4vrfiepvs,6un uapyureu or [opeluqa
XyHCKLI

HalaAeHI{[, IpOABJIXLIJII{

C

HapaCTBaIIIa I{HTOH3I/IBHOCT AO K'bM CpeAaTa Ha

flone HrrKor4 or rsx rryBcrBLITerHo 3acerHaJrr.{ rr repr,rropr4graHa[poBr,rHqr{s
Cxurun, xaro oco6eHo onycrorrrraTeJrHr{, r{3rJrexAa, 6wureswe 434 u447 r. HoseJrIaTe Ha l{Mneparop Teogocuri II or 412 v 443 r. cBr,r4ereJrcrByBar 3a HeceKBarrloro
BHI{MaHI{e, GTAeJrsHo or crpaua Ha r{euTpaJrHara BJracr xru npo6reMrrre Ha 3arrl[Tara Ha r.{MrrepcKara rpaHr,rqa [o lpore)KeHr{ero ua p. flynan. flpu nce roBa, cBoeBsera35.

peMeHHoTo oTcTpaHsBaHe Ha rropa)KeHr4rrTa, [epr4oAr4rrecKr{ HaHacflHr,I Ha yKpeIIuTeJrHara IauQpampyKTypa B flpoBr.rHqrrfl. CKurrwfl., ce oKa3aJro r{eflocr{JrHa 3aAarra 3a
Pr.r\acrara r,rMrrepr.rfl. 3anoqHaroro orle K'bM Kpafl na 70-re r{ B Haqaroro na 80-re
roAr{Ht4 ua

IV

B. pa3[aAaHe Ha K"bcHopvrMcKvrs. MoAeJr Ha BoeHHa

opraHu3arg, [pe-

[onpeqeJrr,rJro rtporr.rr{aHero Ha rrpoqec Ha flocrerrenua rpanc$opMarlr4q Ha HrrKoraIrrHI,ITe BoeHHr{ Jrarep[ t4r^flKott or BoeHHo-fiomaqerfcrure yKpelJreHuq s o6[xHoBeHr,r yKpe[eHr{ ceJrr.rqa. CruleapeMeuHo, rro pa3rr4rrHo BpeMe or Kpaq sa 70-re

sa IV Ao K'bM cpeAaTa xa V s., 3aBrrHarr{ [pecTaHaJrr{ [a c'brrlecTByBaT AecerKrr yKpeleHrr o6errra36, a peArrrla \pyrpf7 re)KKo [ocrpaAaJrr.r u c:oc cr,rrypHocr

ToAI4IHI{

I{II{ C IOJI-SMa BepOflTHOCT CTIIIO BpeMeHHO II3JIe3JII4 OT Crpos K'LM Kpaq Ha IIepI/IOga. Ero 3arrlo, cpeAara na V s. yBepeHo Mo)Ke [a ce rrocoqr{ Karo npeAeJreH cpoK Ha
oKoHqaTeIHaTa Ae3r{HTerpaq[q Ha KccHopr{McKaTa yKpelr,rTeJrHa crzcTeMa B [poBrHrryfl. Cxurvs*

3a

3a yrpenaeHr.{ero npu lleveuxra

Jr}rrlcBar KaKBrrro lr pa 6luro xpoHoflou{rrecKr4 AaHHr4, a
SynrquouupaHero Ha re3r.r rprr Bunne (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?), Tpaxu u Jlynxanuqa e 3acBr4AerencrByBaHo u npes VI n.
35
xpouonorrrrra
3a
Ha xyucKrre Harrageur{fl, sx.: Miteva 1989, S. 143 sqq.
36
CeftneHu, Tonany, APyBI,IyM(?), Xroruana, Parely, fiyHar:oqy ge Xoc (AD STOMA?),
E

a6agar-Tonpar?xrori, Enucana-Il, Myp@arnap, Onrguy-I, flaraay Mape,

KoHcrauqa-Te;rnuur, CTPATOHI'IC(?), KAPI'I.f,, HuQon, 9epua, Aq><uruon
(VALLIS DOMITIANA?), Xopux, Mraxaii Epany, Ea6apar-Tonpafirsofi, IMrnpux
37

Bog'r, Crpaxa, [e6pene-I, Xpa6pono.
Bnune (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?), KAII,UABA, Tpaxn, Jlyuxanuqa, E|I,ICyC,
XAIIMI4PII C, VIBVII.A, yJIMETyM, Kauurau [nuurpono, Ogrprlr.r.

TPETI4 rIEPrrO[:
PE O P f AHTI3 AIIIIfl HA fIP O B I{HIII,IAJIHATA YK PEI}ITE JIHA
CI4CTEMA IIPII I4MIIBPATOP AHACTACI,IU

rrerBcpr na IV E ['']6pBara
troJroBl{Ha na V s. HaJroxlrJru sa6ere)KraN{ orrer{arbK B}pxy cibcrorHraero rr [o-HaTarbrrrHoro pa3Brrrr4e Ha rrpoBrrHr{nx Cxurux, Koqro cJreA oKoHqareJrHoro pa3AeJrrHe Ha Praucrara r{Mleprrfl s 395 r. ce oKa3aJra rr Ao Kpar Ha c'bn{ecrByBaHero clr
ocraHaJra B [peAeJrr4Te na I4sro.trara Purnrcra vMnepilfl, (Braannrx) ccc croJrlrqa
Koncranrr,rnonoJr. flesuurerpa\vtffamaKtcHopr{McKara yKpe[r{TeJrHa cucreua 6ura
caMo eAHa or rrocJreAr4rlrare or HaruecrBrr{Ta, AoBeJII{ Ao KaracrpoSaneu [eMorpa$cxra cpr.rB rr roraJrHo pascrpoftcrBo Ha noceJr[rrlHru xl{Bor B [poBrlHrlutra.LIsprrrrHo yroBopeHoro B 3aKoHa Ha r,rMrreparop 3exou or 480 rognHa38 3aIIa3BaHe

lorcrure

r,r xyHcKr,r

HarrrecrBr{,

or

rrocJregHara

egr{HcrBeHo s CrNrr,rs Ha flpegr.rruHara $oprnra Ha rIcpKoBHa opraHr,r3aqux o6urcroBeHo ce o6qcHqsa r{MeHHo c eKcrpeMaJlHara o6cranosra B rrpoBr4Hrlllrra [pe3 BTopara rroJroBr,rna na V s.39 Braroup:aflT HilnpeA[ocraBKu 3a rrpeAlpr4eMaHero Ha [o-cepr4o3Hr4 MepKr{ [o r4KoHoMr,rqecKoro BB3cTaHoBsBaHe r.r per.rHTerpaqnfl Ha rrpoBr{Hqux Crurur B crpyKTyprrre Ha \4unepnxra ce c'b3[aJrr{ eABa cJre[ r{3TerJrflHero B
488 roguua Ha pa3Mr{pHr{re ocrrorcrn Segepar[ or rIpeAeJIIaTe ua qraoqesa Tpa-

K'blero (r,r n Crurux?) re ABJrro BpeMe ce pa3nopex(AaJrr{ Karo [GirHoBJracrHr4
rocnogapu40. floqsara na 6'urapure na florurra flynan r{ TexHrrre orrycrorrrr{TeJrHr{
[oxoAr,r n Tparnx npes 493, 499 m 502t.41 , [ocraBI4JII{ AoJrHoAyHaBcKI{re rpoBLrHqrrrr orHoBo (lr rpaftno!) n're $oxyca Ha BHr{MaHr,rero Ha el,rgaHrr.rricrara [oJrnrr,rKa

Krrrr,

r[3fiIpailtr poJrflTa Ha MorrIeH cTrlMyJr 3a aKTprBrr3r{paHe Ha [poqeca no peopraHllr,r [pr,rBe)KAaHe BLB SynrquonaJrHa roAHocr Ha yKpelxreJrHara cr4creMa B
npoBr,rHqr,rfl Crurns.
Peopranra:aqrrflTa Ha [poBr.rHqr{aJrHara yKpenlrreJlHa cl{creMa s CKrrrvs,6uJra oc'brrlecrBeHa B paMKrrre Ha [peAlprrerara or r.IMrleparop Anacracxft n rpax na
V u na.{anoro ua VI s. uarqa6na BoeHno-crporlmeJrHa uporpauaa2. Hari-c'uqecrneHara xapaKTepr,rcr[Ka Ha cr{creMara, KoflTo ra npugo6nna rrpll Anacracufi r.r 3arra3r.rJra Ao Kpafl Ha c'brrlecrByBauero i, e (uovrra!) roraruata $ynrqlronanua yHu$IaKarluq na nefiuure KoMrroHeHTr{, cB'bp3aua c peur,rreJrHata tpauc$opMallus Ha HsKorarrrur{Te BoeHH}r Jrarepu r{ BoeuHo-noruqeltcrn yKperlJreHrrfl B yKperrefiu cerfii-

yr

3a\ufl,

Cod. Iust.I, 3, 35 (ed. Knger).
flo-pa:mvHo o6sorenne Ha r43Krrorreur{ero s: Suceveanu/Barnea 1993,p.
a0
Bx. naup.: Wolfram 1979, S. 335 sqq.
4l Stein 1949,89-90.
38
3e

a2

Barnea 1960, p. 363 sqq.; Barnea 1967a,355-356.

175 sqq.

v B. Ha HeyKpe[eHrrre
$oprlau Ha IroceJII4IrIeH xuBor s Cxvtua, peopraHra3r4paHara K'bM HaqaJroro na VI s.
[poBI4HqLraJIHa yKperI[TeJIHa cI{cTeMa [paKT[rrecKr.r ce npeBpBrrla B oJrxrleTBopeHr{e Ha rroceJrrrrrlHara crpyKTypa B [poBr.rHr{r.rflTa. @op:rusrrar{r4oHHara geftnocr
qaa3. Herqo rroBer{e, c u3qe3BaHero orqe K'bM cpe[ara ua

Ha

lrMleparop Auactacufi,s Cxurufl BKrrorrBara cepvs. or peMoHTHrr t4 KoHcoJrr4ga-

qrrorrHr{ pa6oru no or6pannreJrHr{Te c}op'b)KeHr4x na syurqrroHr.rpaqu IIo roBa
BpeMe yKpereHr.r o6erru (CAIII4AABA; KAfIZIABA; AI4HO|EIIVII; XAII-

MI4PI4C), Ho

I,I

cneIIIlanHLI MepKI{ 3a Bt3craHoBfiBaHe

Ha IrflKoI4I OT Te3I{, KoI{To 6Iaru

rexro

r.r

B'b3Bp'r,ulaHe KtM xilrBor

r4

nocTpaAaJrr{ IIpu roTcKLrTe r,I xyHcKr,r HarlrecT-

AeCeTI4IeTI{q JIe)KaJII{ B pyIIHI4 IIJIII BOAeJIIII XaJIKO C'bIIIeCTByBanre (Karuran fiuuurpoBo; Ogtpq[). Hapeg ccc 3a3gpaBrBaHero r{a yKpereHure o6exru uo
lyHaBcKara rpaHlrqa I4 BBB Blrperunocrra44, I{3HeHaABaIrIo roJrflMa crpor.rreJlHa aKTLIBHocT B'bB BpeMero Ha LrMrreparop Anacracuit ce xa6.nrogana no uopcrux 6pxr
BI,,fl. PI OT

Ha [poBlaHqIa-f,ta. Oceen enurpa$cKlr Lr apxeoJrorr{qecKr{ crrrypHo 3acBr.rAereJrcrByBaHIiITe peMorrrHr,r pa6oru a I4CTPylfl, cto6pa:no Harr.rqHara rnnQoprr,raqufl r{MeH-

v u s Haqaroro na vI B. cJre[Ba Aa ce orHece rl3rpaxAa:Flero a
Ha
Mou{Hr.rre yKpe[r4reJrHr{ c'bop.b)KeHr,rrr ua TZMYM, Kaueu 6pxrfundamenti.s
flhnara, Cneru Hvrola, BITI3OHE, Ealqur-Xopu3ouT, a rB.bp[e BeposrHo - ilrla
flrpnara or6panrreJrHa Jrr{Hr,rrr na AKPE, KaKro r{ Ha yKpereHoro ceJrrrqe(?) I,IcrHO K'bM Kpaq Ha

pllfl.
PeopranuarapaHara I{ ocHoBHo peKor{crpyr4paHa rro r.rrr{rlr{aruBa r4 c ocuryor IrMnepatop Auacracufi cpe4crBa yKpelr,rreJrHa cr{creMa B rrpoBr{Hrlr{r{
Crurms. no3BorIIrJIa na 6ynroeuura BuranuaH Aa ce qyBCTByBa ryK B [poA'bJDKeHr.re
Ha roAIlHI{ (var go Kpa.fl Ha 6ynra rtry n 518 r.) nparruvecKr.{ HeAoceraeM 3a r{eHrpaJlHara nract45. Cucteuara c qecr r.r3A'bpxaJra u upoA'bJrxurre.nnyrfl.rrepuon Ha He-

peHrrre

crlrypHocr r,r r{aKbpHeH A'bpxaBeH cyBepeHr.{Ter no fioluu fiynan u rto6qe s 6arKaHcKI4Te npeleJrl{ ua lluueplrqra or cpeAara ua 30-re Ao Harraroro na 50-re rogllHra

a3

Ha

VI s.

Cauo 6 yxpenneuuf, or BpeMero sa Auacracnri u nacerne Morar Aa ce olpeAeJrrr Karo

"BoeHHLI", npLI ToBa - Ir3rJrexAa caMo B HarraJrHug ltepl{oA or r{xuoro cailIecrByBaue (rx. faana III.l.El).
aa
ctscer\4 He e r.r3KJrroqeuo yKpeleHr,rre ceJrr.rrla npu Maua.a, Ea6agar, Yerars n fkouesu
(tt flpr,rnen?) ga ca B63Hr4KHaJru eABa KIM Kpa.f, Ha V/Ha.raroto Ha VI n., T.e. BIB
BpeMero sa Asacracnri.
a5
3a 6yu:ra na Bn'ranuau: Barnea 1968,412-414.

TIETBbPTZ IIEPI,IOI:
YKPETTI,ITBJIHOTO CTP OI,ITEJICTB O HA I4MfIEPATO P

IO

CTI4-

HI{AH I
lpangnosuoro SoprN$uraquouHo crporrreJrcrBo ce pa3rJre)KAa Karo Ba)KeH KoM[oHeHT Ha [oJrr{Tr{Kara na locrnnuaH I sa A'bp)KaBHa curypnoct46. OnrcaHara B TpaKTara ua flpoxonuit "3a crpoexure" geriuocr Ha IlMleparopa na Ea.nKaHr4Te c rrbJrHo ocnoBaHr{e ce cqI,ITa 3a eAHa or naft-roreMl{Te npeA[pI{eMaHLr B'bo6qe HrrKora perrroHaJrHrr BoeHHo-crpor{TeJrHr{ flporpaMlr. OcrulecrrxsaHero i
o6[rHoseHo ce orHacfl K'bM HauaJrHkrs.nepnol, or ylpaBJreHl{ero na I0crunuaH, Korar:o }Iunepwffa pa3rroJraraJra c [o-roJreuu SunaHcoBLI B'b3Mo)Krtocru47. CneqnaJrHo

or

ctc cl4rypHll apxeoJlorl{llecKlt
3a oc}ulecrBsBaHero olqe [pI{ I,IM[eparop Anacracufi

flpoBuHrlrafl Cxurux4g, o5ave, pa3noJraraMe

[aHrrr{, cBr{AereJrcrByBarrlu
Ha rxupoKoo6xsarnr.{ MepKLr rro B'b3crauoBf,BaHe rl o6nosgsaHe lra [poBI,IHI{I4aJIHaTa yKpelr.rreJrHa cr{creua. C'rrqenpeMeHuo, crparurpa$cKlrre na6nrogeuur B or[eJrrrr{Te yKperreHr,r o6erru He ca perrrcrpupaill,I Aocera KaKBI/tro w. ya 6vtno ctTpeceuurfl He caMo rrpe3 [tpBara qerB'bpr ua V[ ner, Ho qaK Ao Kyrpl{rypcKoro HalrrecTBr{e or 559 r. Or6erqeaHrrre KoHCTararI[u r{ABar Aa [oKaxar, ve IOcruuI{aH oqeBr.rAHo 3aBapr,rJr yKpelI{TeJIHara un$pacrpyKrypa e CrI,rrur{ r go6po ctcroflHl{e.
Karo ce r{Ma npeABr.rg $unauconara My nonutura49, c ocHoBaHI{e ce rBEp[Ir, qe
r,rM[eparoprr nrarar ne 6ur pa3ToiIllTeren s o6ractra I{a cKt[ocrpynaqoro $oprr.rSraxaquoHHo crpor,rreJrcrBo: BceKvI peMour LTJIIT LI3rpDKAaHe Ha HoBa Kpelocr
6uru.r nupocfl, perxaBaHl{ Ha BrrcoKo A'bpxaBHo paBHI4IrIe, [pI{ crporo orln{TaHe
Ha BOeHHO-[OrUTI4qeCKara KOH]OHrcypaso.
Cregonar:enHo, 3a [peA[pl{eMaHero Ha orrr4caHldre B

"3a ctpoex<ltre" Inlaqa6nra Sopru$uraqrroHnr.r rrnLr\vrarvat4 6tutu r^atwrlqe ocHoBareruu npuultru. 3a
ecrecrBoro Ha re3rr rrpuqr.rHta cBrrgereJrcrByBa caM flpoxouurl, rofito MHoroKparHo
L{ He[BycML{cJIeHo or6enqssa s IV rHura Ha c'brruHeH[ero cI{, qe LIHTeH3I{sHoro }OcTrrHr{aHoBo yKpenr,rreJrr{o crpor.{TeJrcrBo Ha Banxanute 6uro npegxo)KgaHo o:r (upoqe KBM
A'bJr)Kr{TeJren?) nepuoq Ha Hecl,IrypHocr r{ pa3pyxa. Kato ce I4Ma npe[BIrA,
oc'brqecrBrBauero Ha roJrsMoMaula6nu BoeHHO-crporareJIHI{ [porpaMlr rro npaBlrJro ce

a6

ai

ilpr{crblBaJro

B NII,IpHo

npelte5l,

LI B

Aa[eHI{r cnyvafi Ha B'b3craHoBsBaHero

Ha

Patoura-Hatzopoulos 1980, p. 96.
fiyrirer 1943. c.252.

a8

3a nolo>reHuero B [poBxurlr4r Crr,rrux npu uM[eparop Ocruuuau I, Bx. rrocneguo: Barnea
1997, S. 40 sqq.; Torbatov 1997a, p. 78 sqq.

ae

Gordon 1959,23-30.

s0

l{saHoe 1983,27-28; I4nauon 1984, c.36.

5t

Howard-Johnston 1989, 219 -220.

peAa I{ cnororlcrnlte:ro s 6arraHcKr{Te [peAeJrrr na Puucraranvtrrepvfl cJreABa Aa ce
rJIeAa Karo Ha a6colroruo neo6xoquua [peA[ocraBKa.

Boesnnre o[epaqu]r cpeqy rrepcr{, BaHAaJIT{, ocrrorr{ I{ Becrrorlr, xapaKTepll3lrpaqla yrrpaBJleHrlero Ha trOcr+rlras I, ce otpasrarlr rparino Herarr{BHo Ha 3aIrllrrara Ha AyHaBcKara rpaHr{r{a ua I4nneplrxra. flpegBuA qyBcrBraTeJrHo HaMaJreJII{g BoeHeH rloreHr{r{afl Ha I{Mleprrflra52, SopurEpaHero na ueo6xogr{}vrr4Te [oJIeBII
eKCIIeAIIIII{OHHI{ Koprrycr4 Ce r.r3B'bprXBaro arpe3 ApacTraqHr4 c'bKparrleHr{s
Ha pa3[oJroxeHr{Te B [poBr.rHrlnr{Te BoeHHr{ \racru comitatenses. Btnperu pegyrlupalars. cI{ r{IrcJIeH c'bcraB, ocraBeHr.rre B AoJrHoAyHaBcKr{Te rrpoBr.ruttrLlra roricril ycnxBaJlr{ Ha II'bpBo BpeMe Aa y[BpxaT TpaHcrpaHr.{rrHr4rr HaTr{cK r.r Aa ce c[paBsT c [poHr{KHaJrr{Te B rlMlep}r{Ta BapBapcKr.r rpyfiu. B naqaloro sa 30-re ro4rrurr ua VI s.
I,Iunepr,rxra Aopr.{ ce oKa3aJra B c:bcroqHl,re [a npelnpueue o$an3r{Ba cpeqy cr,aBfl.HHTe B To3I{ ceKTop or rpaHr{r{aravrp.a [peHece BoeHH]rre gerfcrnux r{a Heflpr.rf,TeJrcKa repl4Topus53. Tosa craHaJro B'b3rto)KHo, Bepoqruo, c [pr,rBJlrrr{aHero Ha Ao['bJrapI[,{ITvr LI

flepCul Uper 532 r.54
flo6egure na rparuficxut magister militum Xunnyglrfi ce cqr.rrar o6zxnoseHo sa
ocHoBaHl{ero IrMfleparop locruuraaH [a [pr.rKaqr{ K'bM Tr.{TyJrarypara cil kr errr{Tera
Anticusss. Cneg 533 r., o6aqe, o6cranosrara [o AyHaBCKara rpaurrr{a Ha Ar4orle3a
Tpaxut KopeHHo ce rpoMeurrna. flo BpeMe Ha eAHa aK\krs, orB:b[ flyriana Xunnyguft. saruwan, a roficxara My 6una yuuuqo)KeHa. "Creg roBa BapBaprrre MorJrr,r Aa
HIIITeJIHI{ BOeHHrlr KOHTr4HreHTr.r CJre[ CKJrrOr{BaHeTO Ha Mr.{pa C

[peMI4HaBaT peKaTa Br4Haru, KoraTo [oxeJraeJrr4, rr prrMcKr{Te BJraAeHr,rrr cTarraJrr4
JrecHo Aocrbrrr{I4 3a HanaAeHut"S'.flpuueleulrflT I{vrar B HTIKaK'bB clyuaft He e JrrrreparypHo rpeyBerrqenue. flocreAur4f,T ycrex ga 6'rge or6r.rto HalaleHr,re s 6rr.{3ocr Ao rpaurlrlara Aarr4pa or 535 r.57 MnoxecrBoro cBe[eHr{s 3a BapBapcKr,r olycTorIreHI4rI s Tparux Epe3 c.rre[Barrtrr,rre roArrHuss cnugereJrcrByBar 3a roraJrrroro 6egcvilae Ha MecTHaTa BJracT [a clpe B'bHtrrHr{rr HaTr{cK, a B peArrrla cJlyqal4 - r.I Aa oKaxe KaKBoro r.r qa 6lrno nporlmogericrBr{e Ha HarrrecrBeHrrqr.rre. floragarenHo e, qe
BoeHHara cnpr6a B pa3[oJro)KeHrare rpafi p. fiynan 3eMr{ ce cqr{TaJra or c'bBpeMeH-

Pa:rnreprr na 6egcrBr{ero, o6xsaHaro Bropa Musul-u Cru538 t. Ha peKTopa na Mu:r.rs, a [pe3 544 r. w
Ha ll'bpKBr.rre s Torrrr u Ogecoc, [paBo Aa orqyxlaBar HeABrlDKr.rMr4 rI'bpKoBHr{ rrMoTI,I 3a orKynyBaue Ha [JreHHr{r{u60. floclequqlrre sa ot6pauara Ha rpaKr4ricrara gyHI4I{I4Te 3a HaKa3aHr.re59.

Trrs., Irrrqv rr

or flpegocraBeHoro upes

52

Agath. Hist. V, 13 (ed. Dindor$.
Proc. De bell. VU, 14, 1-5 (ed. Haury).
54.[yfiuer 1943, c.247.

53

55

RIIIsch 1978, S. 102.
Proc. De bell. VII, 14, 6 (ed. Haury).
57
Marc. Com. ad a.535,3 (ed. Mommsen).
58
Benxos 1959,47-48.
5e
Ed. XIII (= Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, p. 785) (ed. Scholl - Kroll).
60
Nov. LXV; CXX (= Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, p. 399, 588) (ed. Scholl
56

-

Kroll).

HaBCKa rpaHr.rqa or c[oJrerf,Jrara [pe3 533 r. Xunnyguft H HeroBara apMlwfl. Karacrpo$a [GpBoHaqaJtHo 6r,rnra, rasrre)KAa, Hegoor{eHeHrr or r{euTpaJrHara BJracr. BnocJIeAcTBI{e, Koraro c'b3AaJlara ce Kpr4Tr,rqHa curya\vfl.6rara octsHSTB, rIpiIBr{TOJrcr:
BOTO Ce OKa3aJrO C BBp3aHr{ pBr{e, rrfi xaro He pa3[oJraraJro c BoeHeH pesepn. flo

ToBa BpeMe tr4utepvtnra 6lIna seqe
}J.v:fl,

Ha 3anag. Bogeu

ralrrHrrre
r{eHile.

i

gu6oro

B'bBJreqeHa n au6uqnosHr4re Haqr4Ha-

or crpeMe)Ka

rpanuqu, Ioctmrnas

crr Na B'b3craHoBrr Puucrara vrvrnept4s, B HrrKoorAaBaJr Ha 3ana[Hara noJrr4TrlKa [p[opr.rrerHo 3Ha-

Karo ne MoxeJra

Aa pa3rrr,rra Ha Hr{KaKBa e$exrusna BoeHHa [oAKpe[a 3a
3a3ApaBqBaue xa ot6paHara ro fioluu fiynan npeAr{ Kparr Ha Wranuircrara KaMraHlrfl61, KoncranruuofloJlcKara agMr.rHr{crpar{r4fl ce BraAflJra [pr4HyAeHa ga npw6erne
lo rIaJrr{arIrBHI{ MepKI,I, qerqrqrr uo6urusaq[q Ha co6crBeHr{Te cvrJruu pecypcra Ha
3aceruarr{Te [poBr,rHqr.{r.r 3a or[op Ha HarrrecrBeHr4r{r,rre. B rosu KoHTeKcr rpx6aa
Aa ce pa3rrexAa KoHr{eHTpar{rrJ{Ta Ha BJracrra HaA Ar.rorle3a Tparlrx B p'brlere Ha
eAHa rl,rqHoc'r

- praetor lustinianus Thraciae. Cr:qananero caMo e[Ha roArlHa [o-K.bcHo Ha quaestura exercitus, o6a.re, ce flBflBa o$rquanuo [pr,r3HaHrae na 6egcrrenoro
rroJro)KeHrre, CB3AaJIO Ce S "O6e3[OKOflBaHrrre OT BapBapr,rre"62 rpaHnrIHra [poBr,rH-

qzz. To

6escnrvero Aa ce peIIIu BBIIpoca aa qra6gxnaHero c flpoAoBoJrcrBI,Ie Ha pa3rloJroxeHr{Te raM soricrIa r,I Boel{r.r3r.rpaHo HaceJreHl,re Aoplr c o6e4uHeHIlme SunaHcoau ycplrurs. Ha rleJrr.rs quoqe:63. Jluucara na e$emueHa BoeHHa 3aIrIIlTa Bce rroBeqe 3arBapflJra )Kr.IBora 3aA creHLITe Ha yKpeneHure o6errra, Kor{To ce
[peBpculaJrr.r B rIeHTpoBe C [oAqepraHo KoHcyMarrrBeH xapaKTep, a 6enexxara ua
Ararrft 3a 3arrycrflJlocrra Ha 3eMr4Te nrn Bropa Mrrsr.rfl u Cxwwtq64 oqeBra4Ho orpa3sBa e[Ha c'bBceM o6exrzsHa peaJlHocr. Macupanrare cJraBqHcKrzr Hala[eHr4q npe3
549 u 550-551 r.65 [eMoHcrpI{paJIIr LI3KJIIoqI{reJrHo MHoro HapacHaJrr{re BoeHHr.r yMeHIlt I, MOIII lI CaMOqyBCTBI{e Ha HaIII9CTBeHIIIII{TO, KaKTO LI OTKpI,ITLITO I,IM [peTeHqI{}I
sa tparfno HacraHsBaHe B 3eMlrre Ha ror or p. fynar. Pealuure r,r3MepeHr4, Ha HaABI4cHaJIaTa 3alJraxa cI{JIHo o6esnoxolaru upaBr{TeJrcTBoTo s KoHcraHruuonol. OaxT'br, qe cpeqy cJIaB.f,HI/me upes 551 r. geficrnynaJla Berre "Ts'rpge snaqfirenna soricKa", I,I3[pareHa or I4M[eparopa66, cruqereJrcrByBa 3a peurrreJrHa npoMsHa B uMlepcKara [oJIIarIrKa c[pqMo 6arxancrnre i nlageuua: Wt'r,rrepuara [peMr{HaJra B
r.rJrrocrpr4pa

6r

KaMnanrlqra ue 6una AoBeAeHa go rpari, rrri raro upes 540 r. flepcua lpoBoK[parra r.r36yxranero Ha HoBa soliHa Ha r{3ToK. C lrsnecrHr.r [peK6cBaHus, T, npoAbnxfiJra Ao
557 r., Koraro 6uno nognrcano 5-roguruHo flprrMr.rpr4e. Oxon.rareJreu Mr.rpeu Aoroaop 6ul rroAlr4caH uper 562 roAtrHa.
62
Nov. L, Praef. (= Corpus Iuris Civilis,III,p.262) (ed. Schotl - Kroll).
63

Ctulnocr:ra

Ir MexaHu3Mure aa ger)icr:Brle Ha rrncrr{Tyqrr{Ta quaestura exercitus ca
n : Torbatov 1997 a.

aHaJrr,r3rrpanrr
6a

Agath. Hist. V, 11 (ed. Dindorf).
Proc. De bell. VII, 38, l-23;40, l-4;40,3l-45 (ed. Haury).
66
Proc. De bell. VII, 40, 34 (ed. Haury).
65

o6cr:ofiso

KoHTpao+aH3r{Ba, HacoqeHa KGM rrbJrHo B'},3craHoBflBaHe Ha pa3KJIareHI{a ir cynepeHr.rrer. OQanaurara rpe3 npoJrerra na 551 r. cpeqy rpe3lrMyBaJllrre B flpeAeJrrlTe Ha Ylutepmxra cJraBxHr{ 6una nocreABaHa or c[eIrrHI{ MepKIr ilo 3arfltaHe Ha
or6panar:a tro AyHaBcKara rpaHr{ua, Karo 3a roBa, BepoqrHo, 6urx upurnealeHl4 [otI'bJrHr{TeJrHr4 BoeHHr{ KoHTI{HreHTu. Perucrpupanrrre [o-K'bcHo rlpe3 c'bulara roAI{-

6lrrn ocuqecrBeul,I [pe3 BJIa[e:ri:.zt:ITauIc
loMorrlTa Ha relr{[rrre, r'rit Karo "p[MrflHvrre [a3eJrlr 6gratenno Aa He ce MLrHaBa
npe3 peKar aVlcrt p zVlnupvtxu r rpaxnftcKl,ITe 3eMI,I"68. Tosa cro6ulenue orpa3qBa eAHa KarrecrBeHo nosa o6craHoBKa [o [yHaBcKara rpaHl4qa. ZsnopNre He c'bA'bpxar Hr{KaKBr{ cBeAeHr{fl 3a BapBapcKr{ HarrrecrBl{s s 6amaHcrl,ITe [peAeJIIr Ha
Zuuepuxra [pe3 cJreflBarrlrrre 7 rogunrE. IlpNuranure 3a BpeMeHuor:o orcra6saHe
Ha HarlrcKa o6urnoseHo ce rbpcsr s re6yxnall,ITe MexAyoco6uqu cpeA c'bce[HI'ITe
Ha rrMlepr4rrra BapBapcKrr [JreMeHa, yMeJro [oAKJraxAaHI4 or s[:aHtl,Ifrcrara [I4[.nouaqux69. Crrlecrnen [pr.rHoc 3a roBa, o6aqe, qe Aa ca I{MaJII{ I{ B3erI{Te MepKIr
rro yKpe[Bane or6pauara Ha AyHaBcKa'I]a rpaHl{qa70. flpegcraBel{I{Te Saxru r pa3c'b)KAeHr{fi [aBaT ocHoBaHI{e oc'brrlecTBflBaHeTo, aKo He Ha qgJIaTa 6alrancra soeH-

Ha HaxJryBalavrfl-HaKyrpr.rrypr.{ wc,;ltass:au6T

Ho-crporaTeJrua rrporpaua na trOcrraHriraH, To rroHe Ha qacrTa i racaelqa AyHaBcK]ITe
rrpoBr.{Hr{uu, qa 6roge orHeceHo uMeHHo K:bM [epl4oAa cJIe[ npoJlerra na 551 r.
flpuuururre 3a aHoMaJrr{r{Te B rrpeAaBauero ua ruQopualll4trTa orHocHo npo-

Crrarax n flpoxonueBl{q rpaKTar
MeHTr,rpaHI{ r{ 3aAoBoJII{TeJrHo o6gcnenra.

Br{Hr{r/rg

BeHoro

"3a crpoexl,ITe" 6flxa ee'{e o6crot?so roflo-rorsuara qacr or peaJIHo oclblrlecr-

or r{Mleparop Iocrunuau I yrpenrareJrHo crpoureJlcrBo

B [poBLIHIII{flTa, 3a

Koero craBa AyMa B c'birr.rHeHl{erall ntru. r{Ma KoHKperHL{ apxeoJlorl{qecKu AaHHI{,
rr3tJre)KAa rpx6ea Aa ce orHece KGM flepuo[a or rlpoJlerra na 551 Ao Haqaroro Ha
559 r. Hapeg c HrrKor.{ no-gpe6uu peMoHrHL{ pa6oru u qacrllrrull upeyctpoftcrna (n:
AKCI4O IIOI?I C ; TPE3 MI4 C? ; HO B I{ O IYHYM ; TPAUI4AHA? ; APIAMYM ;

TOMI4; KAJIATI4C; AKPE; EI,I3OHE; Ear.rnr-Xopnsonr; Enucana-I
(CONSTANTIANA?); A[ CAII{UEC?; 3AJIAAIA; [e6peHe-II; Os'spqu), no
ToBa BpeMe rrle Aa ca 6ulu rrpe[rrplaerrr u uarqa6nure KaMlaHI{I{ rro B63craHoBrBaHe Ha yKperrr{rerrHr{re cBop'b)KeHLIx na XA|LIOC KI4PI4IIOC (Bnule?), YJIME-

TYM u [4EI4AA, KaKro I{ I{3rpDKAaHero Ha rpaAcKara KperocrHa creHa sa KAPCI4yM. Haft-sne.rarJrsBarrlara ctcraBKa na trOcrunnaHoBoro SoptuSuraquolrgo

67

Proc. De bell.

68

lbidem, VIII,

6e

io
7r

VlI, 18, 5-7;25,1-6

(ed. Haury).

18, 6.
B>x. naup.: Soustal 1991, S.71.

Ensslin 1927, Col.700.
He rpx6ea Aa ce r43KJrroqBa Bt3Moxnocrra qacr or c[oMeHarI,ITe o6er, n ga ca 6rnu uprrrr{caHt,r or flpoxonufi ua rrrlneparop Ocruuuan I, 6es flocreA[I,tsr Aa e uuail Hf,KaKBI{ ocHoBareJrHr{ 3acJlyru 3a roBa

(nx. f.rlana I.1).

crpor2rreJrcrso

s cxurl{f,, o6a.re, e occulecrBeHara

Iorol{3TotlHara llacr

r4MeHHo B CpeAara na vI e. e
Mr{Kpoperr4oHaJrHa BoeHHo-crpo-

cler{r{$uvna
[porpaMa, Lr3pa3qBa[{a ce B r.r3rpaKAaHeTo Ha Cr4CTeMa OT CXOlHrr IIO [JraH
r.r pa3Mepr.r BoeHr{rl yKpe[JreHu_rr no [porexer{r{ero Ha cauurs. MopcKr.r 6pxr: onuguyII, KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC, Kaueu 6pxr-ToupaK Karre, TI4MyM-3 anal ilEarvur-TysHa [poBrrHrlrr{Ta

I{TeJIHa

r,ara72

(o6p.

112).

KyrpurypcKoro HarlrecrBl{e B Har{aJroro na 559 r.

HaHecJro rextK yAap [r
[peAI'r3BLIKarO qacTLIqHa Ae3I{HTerpa\ufl. Ha yKpelr4TeJrHaTa cr{cTeMa B rrpoBt4Hr{r4rr
Cxutrag. Maxap K'bM JIITKBI{AI{paHe Ha r{aueceHr.rre rrlerr.r Aa ce [pr4cr.b[r4Jro HaB{pHO HeTIOCpeACTBeHO CJIeA I,I3TerJrsHeTO Ha Ha[aAaTeJrr{Te, BL3CTaHOB{BaHeTO Ha XI{Bora B HrIKoIr or 3acerHarllre rIeHTpoBe r{e Hacrbrrr{Jro BeAHara. E|IICOC u XAJIMr4Pk7c, Hanpr{Mep, Kor.{To c'bc cr.rrypHocr [ocrpaAaJrr.r rrpl,r HarrrecrBr{ero, ra3puqHo ca or6erxeaH[ B o'3a crpoe)Kl,ITe" Karo (neue) B'b3craHoBenr,r, 6.narogapeHr{e

I. HecuoMeHaBaHero na CAIIZIABA, KAIII4IABA, AI4HO|EIJVII,UCTPVIfl, TPOfIEyM TPAfl}],rtr u AKpE, o6aue,
rprDKr,rre Ha r4Mreparop locrNuuan

orK'bAero cBIrIo [poll3xo)KAat 6eacnopHr.r apxeoJrorr{qecKra cBr4[ereJrcrBa 3a [pe-

[a rroKa)Ke, qe KBM BpeMero Ha c.bcraBflHe Ha
flporouueu4rl TpaKTar (560/561 r.) r'rscranoBr{reJrHr{re pa6oru raM r{Jrr{ se duyu
3alorrBaHrr, I{Jrr{ rroHe orrle He 6ralu :aerprxeHl{.

)KI4BflHOTO 6egCrnlre, oqeBr,rAuo r.rABa

IrETTr rrEPrro[:
II o c JI EAH]I O O pTI{ O I{KAUI,I O HHI,I MB
(IO CTI,IH II - MAB p WKttfi TI4EE PI4I,I)

pO

fI pH

fTVIfl

Or repuropuffira Ha npoBr.rurlr4fi Cxnrun Jrr{[cBar AaHHr.r sa flpegnpr,reMaHeTo Ha HTIKaKBI{ [o-3Hau[ltr $opr:z$r{KarlrroHHr{ Haqr{HaHr{fl cJreA BpeMero Ha rrMrre-

parop Iocrunr.ras I. Pa6orure 6ranz cnegeuu n o6uqu Jrunurkt Ao roAq'bpx(aHe B r{3rrpaBHocr Ha x3rpaAeHara [ororaBa yKpe[[TeJIHa cr{creMa, Koero craBaJro Bce
lo-TpyAHO

npeABr{n nOCTOqHHO HapaCTBaqU' r.rHTeH3}rTeT Ha BapC TOBa nporpecr4BeH y[aA'bK Ha cronaHcKi4{ )Kr{uor u ycroftqlrBa reH[eHI{I.L KtM rrocrerreHHo o6esnrogxnaHe Ha [poBr.rHrluqra. [ocera apxeoJlorl{rlecKll ca 3acBl{AereJrcrByBaHr{ peMoHTHr{ pa6oru or BTopara [oJroBIrHa Ha vI e. no or6panzrerHrrre c'bopt>Keqnfl, s vrCTPvlf u cAIllr[ABA, a
OCGITIeCTBI4MO,

BapcKI'ITe HanaleHl4q I{ cBTp3aHr,ITe

TBcpAe Bepo-flTHo e or roBa BpeMe Aa Aarr.rpar [onpaBKr{Te uo

fltpnara or6panu-

na AKPE, KaKTO r{ HSKOn OT yCCB'r,pUeHCTByBaHr{flTa no 3alaAHara
KperlocrHa creHa na Ear.{ar-Xopusour. Marap 3a roBa Aa JrrrrlcBar cr,rrypHr4 xpoTeJIHa

il]l1'}/,urfl

HoJlorr{rrecKl4 AaHHI{, Karo crrer{r{$r.rvna $oprrSllxar{r4oHHa rrHoBarlufl r{MeHHo Ha
TO3LI IIepI{OA ImJIe)K[a CJIeABa Aa Ce [p]reMe r,r3rpiDKAaHeTo Ha cJroxHr4Te crlcTeMrr

72

CtrqHocrra
tY.2.

Ha ra3I,I clrcreMa uqe

6rge

KoMeHTr4paHa [o-noJry B r43Jro)KeHrrero,

r fnana

or flporr{BoranalepraftcKr4

3eMJreHr{ yKpelHTeJIHr{ c'bopt)Kerurr (narone r4 poBoBe),
oxpaHflBarr{rl no[cr'],rrraTe KrsM HrrKorr or nafi-roreMr{Te Ir BDKHIT IIeHTpoBe - TPE3-

MI,IC, HOBUOAyHyM, XAJIMI4PI4C, VICTPI/'f,. Hanuso cxolgr.{ no $ynr\uw ca I{ r{3HeceHr4Te c'brrlo Aarer{ IIpe[ KaMeHHrrre 3r{[oBe, Ho no-flpocrr{ IIo ycrpoftcreo 3eMJreHr{ or6panurerHv!, rrvrnt4lr n CAI{ZIABA, IILIyC, BEPOE u AP-

fAMyM,

rl,vflTo Aarr{poBKa e Her{3BecrHa, Ho Haft-BepoqrHo e cl,rHxpoHua c ra3lr Ha
locorreHr{Te [o-rope. flogvepraurrflT aHTflKasarepurtcru xapaKTep Ha oflr{caHr{Te
c'bop'bxeHprfl cEBceM rcHo orrepraBa HenpuqreJr{, 3a nporrasogeftcrBr4e Ha Kororo

te 6nttn

fipegr{asHarreHrr: oqeBlaluo roBa 6unu aeapvre.
OronqarerHrrrrr pa3rraA Ha yKpelI{TeJIHara clrcreMa B [poBLIHIILIr. Crur$fl,
3aloqHar c v,acvpannTe aBapo-cJraBflHcKr{ HarraAeHr{fl npes 80-re roAr{HI{ Ha VI s.
Koranctr Ha [poBr4urlrraJrHr{Te BoeHHo-aAMIaHI{crparIrBI{L{ pIHcrI{TyqIau o6ycloslra
rrpeBp'bulaHero Ha rrpe)Kr4BeJrr{Te II'bpBlrre yAapfi yKpeneHll IIeHTpoBe B [paKTLrqecKr{ HarrBJrrro cauoctolinu o6rqecrneuo-[oJrr{Tr.rrrecrn cy6errN. Marap aAMI{Hr,rcTpar{r.rflTa e KoHcraHTr{HorroJr [a [poA'bJrxilila Aa [oJrara I{3BecrHI4 TpIDKI,I :a o6reKr{aBaHe Ha ocrpr,rJr [pogoBoJrcrren ge$uqut, $zsuuecKoro oIIeJIqBaHe ce [peB:bpHaJro floBetre r4Jrr4 flo-MaJrco r npo6leM Ha caMr{Te rpaKAaHcKIr KoJIeKTI{su. OrcBcrBr{ero n pafiona Ha [ocrorHnogeficrnynauqa 6oecnoco6na BoeHHa ctlJra, KoflTo
Aa npeceqe rpaHcrpaur.rlrHrrre Ha6esv u unSrtrrtpalq:z,lzkr ga o6egruu ycprrylfr'ra sa
opraHrr3rlpau orrrop cpeqy HarrrecrBeul{qure, o6perJlo yKpeleHuTe qeHTpoBe B rrpoBr4HrILrg Cxurwg, Ha cr4rypHa ru6eil, Karo MHo3r{HcrBoro or rsx [pecraHaJll4 Aa c'brqecrByBar orr{e K'L,M Kpas Ha VI unu B Haqaroro na VII e.73 llo-guro [poA'bJIxI4ra aroHu.f,Ta Ha pa3rroJro)KeHr{Te uo nonrraficxo:ro rpaft6pe)Klre u 6pera ua p. flyuan
IIeHTpoBe: pl3rpa4eHara Ha ocHoBara na a6colrorHa MopcKa xereMoHl{fl crrcreMa 3a
npoAoBoJrcrreno cna6gsBaHe AaJra BG3Mo)KHocr na Bllsaurl4s Aa rroAA]p){<a cBoq
cyBepeHr{rer HaA HrKor{ or rrx (KAPCI4yM?; E|I4CYC?; YICTPI4fl?; TOMI,I?;
KAIIATI4C?; Ean.{ux-Xoplrsonr?) BeporrHo rraK Ao c'b3gaBaHero na 6'slrapcraTa A'bp)€Ba Ha ror or fiyuara.

73

Madgearu 1998, 221-228.

432

Vrcpenumeauama cucmeJila Ha npoeuHtlua Crcumua

lli! rrrss

6:
:

7*

#

il
-

6

&

I

d,
gtsa0
hffiffiftrml

xlt

O6p. 112. YrpenureJrrrara cr{creMa Ha rrpoBr{Hrlus Cruurg B cpeAara ua VI rex: 1.
Bunne (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. CAUI,IIABA; 3. Pacora (FLAVIANA?); 4.
AKCI4OIO ilYtC; 5 . KAilI4IABA; 6. KAPCI,IYM; 7 . IILIYC; 8. EEPOE; 9. TPE3MI'ICIlsror; 10. TPE3MZC-3anas; 11. APyBI,ilrM; D. \I4HO|EIIU.fl; 13. Ilyuraruqa; 14.
HOBI4OAYHYM; 15. EII4CYC; 16. Hy$rpy; 17. CAIICOBYIfl.;18. XAJIMI4PkIC;19.
,[yuanrrly 4e Cyc (GRATIANA?);20. Enucana-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 21. APfAMyM
(ARGAMUM); 22. Vlqpux 23. LICTPVIfl.; 24. Onusuy-Il; 25. Mavas.; 26. TOMYI; 21.
KAJIATI4C; 28. KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC; 29. Kauen 1prr-flfirara; 30. Kauen 6par-Toupar
rane;31. Cserr Huxo,ra; 32. AKPE; 33. TI4MyM; 34. TI4MYM-3anag; 35. EI43OHE; 36.
AOPOIZ3I,IOH; 37. Banqur-Ty3Jrara; 38. AI4OHI4COIOJII4C; 39. Ean.rux-Xopusour;
40. llsnoapene 41. Ba6aqar (VICUS NOVUS?); 42. VIBVII\A; 43. Yxrraypnua ge Xoc (AD
SALICES?); 44. YJIMETYM; 45. TPOIIEyM TPA{HI,]; 46.9era'rs (CIVITAS
AUSDECENSIUM?); 47. flnonenr.r; 48. Kanr.rran fl;,rurarpono;49. fa6ep; 50. 3AJIIAIIA;
51. TI4MOIVIUVIfl,;52. Hono Eoreno; 53. [e6peue-Il; 54. flpunen; 55. Ot'rpqu; 56.
O6pouraule. / Fig. 1 12.The defence system of the province of Scythia in the mid-6th century: 1.
Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. SACIDAVA; 3. Rasova (FLAVIANA?);4. AXIOPOLIS;5.
CAPIDAVA; 6. CARSIUM; 7. CIUS; 8. BEROE; 9. TROESMIS-EasI; 10. TROESMIS-WesI;
11. ARRUBIUM; 12. DINOGETIA; 13. Luncavita; 14. NOVIODUNUM; 15. AEGISSUS; 16.
NufEru; 17. SALSOVIA; 18. HALMYRIS; 19. DunavSlu de Sus (GRATIANA?); 20. Enisala-I

(CONSTANTIANA?);21. ARGAMUM;22.Istria;23. HISTRIA;24. Ovidiu-Il;25. Mamaia;
26. TOMIS; 27. CN-LATIS; 28. CAREA/C(a)REAS; 29. Kamen brjag-Jaylata; 30. Kamen
brjag-Toprakkale;31. Sveti Nikola; 32. ACRES; 33. TIMUM; 34. TIMUM-West; 35. BIZONE;
36. APHRODISION; 37. Balchik-Ttzlata;38. DIONYSOPOLIS; 39. Balchik-Horizont; 40.
Izvoarele; 41. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 42.LBIDA;43. Ceamurlia de Jos (AD SALICES?);
44. ULMETUM; 45. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 46. Cetatea (CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?);
47. Plopeni;48. Kapitan Dimitrovo;49. Gaber; 50. ZALDAPA; 51. TIMOGITTIA; 52. Novo
Botevo; 53. Debrene-Il; 54. Prilep; 55. Odartsi; 56. Obrochishte.

MMABA

ffiV

CucreMaTa

B

AeHCTBHe
1. OTEPAHATA HA I,IMTIEPCKATA fPA.
HI{UA VI CmCTBMATA 3A BbTPEruHO-

[POBrrHrIlrAJrHA

CT4TyPHOCT

Tepunn.sr limes,t cMr{c'bJr Ha yKperreHa u or6panxBaHa rpaur,rqa c.bc cleqr,rQr,rvna, [peqrr3Ho [JraHr,rpaHa r,r u3rpagerra uu$pacrpyKTypa, ce roJr3yBa c ]r3KrroqnrerHo rrrtrpoKa nonyJrflpHocr B crBpeMeHHara r,rcropr,rorpaSux. Heqo nose.{e

- tofi orAaBHa ce e [peB'bpHaJr B eAprH or c]rMBoJrr{Te

na Puucrara r,rMnepr,rfl.
BnIauatennuflT auair.u'3 rIoKa3Ba, o6ave, ue go III n. cn. Xp. BKJrrorrr{TeJrHo, TepMr{H'br ce cpeqa rBBpAe prAKo B rrr{cMeHr{Te ra3Boprr n enxrpa$cxr{ cB}rAereJrcrBa r,r ce
ynorpe6ana B cMI4c'bJI Ha "BoeHeH nBT" Lrru "cyxo3eMHa rpaHnqa", Karo B HI{To
eAHo or cloMeHaBauyrqra HqMa HaMeK, qe noA limes ce e uogpas6upana cueqlr$uvHa crBKyrlHocr or ot6panztenHr.r c'boptxenufl. urrur oco6ena Sopua Ha BoeHHoaAMlaHr{crparl{BHa opraHrr3arluql. Or fV e. HacerHe repMr,rH'br rroJryqaBa MHoro [rr{poKo pa3npocrpaHeHr,re, Ho r{ npe3 To3r,r nepuoA roft Hqraa $opru$uraqnonna croriHocr I{ He o3HaqaBa cilcrewa or fpaHLIrIHrI yKpenJreHnx, a o6oco6ena o6lacr, o6xBaIIIaIqa qacT oT AaAeHa rpaHr.rqHa npoBrrHqr,rfl r{ HaMrrpaqa ce noA roptrcAr4Kr{r,rflTa
Ha cneqllaJreH BoeHeH KoMaH[r.rp c rr{TJra dux (a or4eJrHrr cilyqari - comes). CnegoBareJIHo, npe3 KtcHara aHTr.rqHocr limes cJre[Ba ga ce pazdnpa Karo BoeHHo-aAMr{-

tlsaac 1988, p. 130,132.

HIrcrparI{BHo noHr{TI{e c npu6lusrareJleH cMlrc'bJr Ha "rpaHl'r'{Ha 3oHa", oqepraBa-

rqo TepuTopilarrHvrfl. o6xea:r Ha KOMneTeHI{L,II,ITe Ha KoHKpeTen gyrc2. flptzuepllre
or Cerepna AQpraxa [oKa3Bar, r{e [pe3 VI r. reprral,Intr limes ce HaJroxIdJI B npaKTrrrrecKara ynorpe6a raM AopI,I Karo eKBrrBaJreHT na "[rpanttvua] npoaurultlg"3.
Hanu.rHara un$opllaqraq 3a [poBflHtluxCxwrut noKa3Ba, qe npe3 fhprara
TeTpapxl.Ifl npaBOMoqIIqTa Ha MeCTHIIL AyKc ce [pOcTI'IpaJIII B'bpxy IIqIaTa npoBI{Hqnxa. Marap r{ TB'bpAe :nescna, SoprurynupoBKara ad confirmandam limitis tutelam,
o6ncnanarla [perr3rpaxAaHero r{3 ocHoBI{ Ha yKpenllTeJlHara c[creMa na Tponeyrrl
Tpaxnu B flpopl3xoxnaryLfl orTaM crpol{TeJleH HaArI,Ic oT 315-316 t.5, gaea ocHoBaH[re Aa Ce Aonycge, qe rto ToBa BpeMe uoHqTueTO limes (Yce oqe?) BKI]oqBaIo 3HaquTerHa lracT oT B'bTperuHocTTa, aKo He I,I I{flrara [poBITHIII{fl. Cvre[ BoeHHaTe penoJIOBI{Ha Ha
SOprran Ha l.IMnepaTop KOxcranTI4H I, O6aue, noHe Ao K'bM II'bpBaTa
Ha AyKca uaCxurus,6una ocraeeHa eArrHcrBeHo AyHaBcKara
rpaHrlrla Ha IpoBI,IHIII,IITa. OT ToBa cJIeABa, qe rlpe3 B'bflpocHllt lepproA IroHflTI{eTo
limes Scythiae croslo B cMr{cJroBo orHorrrenlre MHoro no-6nrasro I{MeHHo Ao "rpaHI,IIIa", OTKOJIKOTO gO "tpaultvHa 3OHa". @aftprqeCfla, fIO TOBa BpeMe CfururlCfuqT
Jrr{Mec ce oT'b>I(AecTBflBaJI C TrcHaTa ,rB:a\a rro [poTexeHIIeTo Ha AyHaBcKut 6ptr,
K.bAero 6uru sacraHeHr4 npoBrrHrlr4aJrHllTe limitanei u 6uta I,I3rpaAeHa cuequQuv-

V n., uog BeAoMcrBoro

Hara rpaHrrqua yKpenr4TeJrHa ranSpacrpyKTypa, BKrlorrBa[{a rexHI{Te BoeHHLI Jlareprr u cloMarareJrHr{ BoeHHIr yKpe[rreHrrr. 3a Ilqroto gblrlecrByBaHe Ha npoBITHIII{fl
Cxatux,crroMeHarara yKperrureJrHa un$pacrp)'I(Typa npr,rgo6rana naft-ronsua [JI'brHocr B fiepuola Me)K[y fl'rpnara ra Bropara rorcKl4 eoliHu Ha IaMneparop Balenc,
KOTaTO B CTpO, ce HaMI4paJII{ BepO.flTHO BCIIIIKIII I{3BeCTHI{ IIOHaCTOTIq0M K'bcHOaH-

ro [yHaBcKat 6pw Blu,rne (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?), CAUI4[ABA, Pacoaa (FLAVIANA?), AKCI4O[OJIrIC,Cerluenu, KA[I4[ABA,
Tonany, KAPCI4yM, III4yC, EEPOE, fle'reHgra, Tpaxn, TPE3MI4C, APyEI'IYM, Xruxuna, IIrIH OI.F.IJVIfl,, E ap 6ouru, JlyHxanuqa, P axely, H OB LIOAyHyM,
Hy$rpy, Vlrrra:autt ge Xoc, CAJICOBI4T, XAJIMI'IPI4C, fiynanlqy ge Cyc
(GRATIANA?), fiynan'blly [e Xoc (AD STOMA?).
rrtlHu

yKpeneHLI o6errrn

flpegn floBerre or ABe AecerrrJrerr{fl BoeHHara AoKTpI,IHa na Puucxara I{M[epux 6e no4Jro)KeHa na :a4u6oqeHo r4 pa3HocrpaHHo [poyrrBaHe or no3I{IIIalITe Lr
qpe3 MeroArrre Ha c'bBpeMeHHrafl crparerl.rqecKlr aHaJII,Is6. Cpeg o6o6qaBalrlure [ocTaHoBKr{ c Hafi-roJrsM Hayr{eH pe3oHaHc B ToBa Ia3cJIeABaHe 6e:cnopno ce Hapexla
Teoplrrra 3a xapaKTepa Ha K'bcHoprrMcKara or6paH[TerHa KoHllerrqufl, o3HalleHa s

132 sqq.; Mayerson 1989, p. 287 sqq.; Isaac 1990, p. 161,4091981, p.97 .
a
I,In$oprraaqr4sra e nogpo6no KoMeHTI{paHa n Yrog.3.
5
CIL, ilI, 13734 (= Popescu 1976, N! 170).
2

Ibidem, p.

3

Prlngle

6

Luttwak

1976.

ynorpe6xnaHara r4 no-paHo or HflKorr aBTopr{7 TepMr.rHoJroruqHa Sopuy.nraponxa
"o:r6paua n gsr6ouuHa". flpexoA'br K'bM "or6paua r gtn6ovuHa" ce or6ersesa
KaTO BDKeH [OBpaT B pr,rMCKaTa BOeHHa gOKTpprHa,qBrBarrI Ce 3aKOHOMepeH pe3yJr-

Tar or Hacrbll{Jrl{Te c'brr{ecrBeHla npoMeHI{ B reo-ltoJrr{TurlecKlrre peannocu,r. C'rrJracHo npeAJroxeHara o6croriHa reoperr{qna o6ocHoBKa, pa3KJrareHa r43 ocHoBlr or
sceo6xearHara Kpr.r3a or cpeAara na III s. pr rrJrbrHo o6rprxena or MHoroqucJreHpr
I,I Ber{e AOCTaTbTIHO CIIJTHI{, t*rO6n.nnn Z

gO6pe OpraHn3I4paHI,I Herrpr,rflTe.nu, Pralrlcraor cr{creMara Ha "uenpenaprarqa

Ta I,IMrreplrfl, ce Blz\fflra npr.rHy[eHa Aa ce orKaxe

curypnoct",

r,r3pa3flBarqa ce B rrpeBaHTr,rBHu oQansumru nericruna orB'bfl r,rMnepcu Aa [peMr,rHe K'bM nacr.rBHa or6paunreJrHa AoKTpuua. Ctrquocrra

Kr4Te rpaHr,rr{r{,

Hap. "or6paua n grn6ovuna", KoflTo He caMo AonycKaJla, Ho I,I [peABrDKAaJra
[peBp'brrlaHero orlracrra Ha rpaHarrur4Te rrpoBr,rHrlur,r B oleparr{BHo-TaKTra.{ecxo 6ofiHo noJre, ce o6gcHgea Karo rou6unaqufl or errreJloHl{paHo pa3nonoxeHr{ caMoHa

r.

3aIqI,ITaBarr{u ce yKpenJre*tlsu pa3[p6cHarrr Me)KAy

rxx (nnu ctcpegororreHrr

B Tr{-

ra uu) rvro6ungu softcxos[.{acrr,r8. @ynrqzute Ha BKJrK)rIeHVTe B Ta3r,r cncreMa yKpertreHrl-fl ce pasure)Knar MHoroacneKTHo, raro: $usuqecKr.r flpeflflTcrBr4, cpeu{y
HelpuflTeirr; npoAoBoJrcrBeHo-cHa6qurelHra cKJraAoBe; pa3y3HaBareJrHo-oc[typuTeJTHI{ 6asu n rr{JroBara 3oHa; BpeMeuuu y6e;ruqa sa gettcreyBarr[,rre uo6unnu qacru9. Karo rtpo[yKT Ha BoeHHo-[oJrlrrr{qecKa HeMorq ra 6eeu:xognqa, "or6paHara B
4'u6ovuna" seug6elxso )<eprByBaJra r{HTepecnTe Ir )KeJraHr{rrra Ha HaceJreHuero B
rpaHuqHl,rre flpoBrrHrlr{r{ B r4Mero ua o6rqara crparerr,IqecKa qeJrecto6paenocr u
cplrypHocrra na lluneprrrra Karo qrno. flopaArr roBa, Ha B'b3npr,reMaHero Ha ra3r{
or6pauureJrHa KoHuetrqlag ce rJreAaJIo Karo Ha rraJrr{arr{BHa MffpKa: cJreA Ilocrl{raHe
Ha Iqo-roAe ycrorivueo ctadunutupaHe Ha o6c'ranosrara, Tr 6'spso 6una r,rsocraBflHavrce [peMIrHaBaJro KtM [peAI{IIrHara cr{creMa Ha "u3npenapBalr{a curypuoct"l0.
Crsgaeanero Ha "or6pauara s gu6ouuna" o6[KHoseHo ce fipurrlEcBa Ha HMnepatop finorneruaHll, Ho Apyrrr aBTopr{ ro orHacf,T K'br,l BpeMero Ha KoucraHrun I,
or.{Iarafixra floAr{epraHo KoHcepBarr.rBHr.rrr xapaKTep Ha firEornerraauoBu?e BoeHHr{
pedtoprrlra r4 orc'bcrBr{ero roraBa Ha rrocrorHHo HacraHeHr,r soficrosu.<acrrr B Tr{Jra
Ha r,rMnepcKrare rpanuqu

12.

flnxrafiKil ce [poAyKT Ha c'bBpeMennu o6o6qeuua,6asupaHr,r B 3Halr[TenHa
creneH ua $usuvecKrare ocraHKrr or K'bcHoaHTr{rrua Soprra$raraqur, Teopr,rflTa 3a

7

Bx. Hanp.: Warmington 1914,p.295.
Luttwak 1976,p.130 sqq.
e
lbidem, 132-134.
ro
lbidem, p. 132,136.
r1
Luttwak 1976,p.193; Williams 1985,91-101.
12
Mann 1979, 180-l8l;Ferrill1986, p.45.
8

"or6panata r grn6our.rna" ce uocpeqa c orKplrro HeAoBepue or HqKora artopr.rl3.
Hecluneno, LlHTepnpera\usra Ha BcflKa c'bBKyrrHocr or yKperrJreHr{, Karo or6paHITT€JIHa cIIcTeMa e HerlpueM.lruna.

OnpegerqHeTo noHacTortqeM Ha HqKoraurHoTo
[peAHa3uaqeHr{e
KouKperen o6err lrecro e MHoro 3arpyAHr,rHa
$ynxquouaJrHo
TeJrHO, a ne rpn6sa Aa ce npeHe6perna ra Sarrtr, qe, 3a BpeMero Ha r.flxHoro c.bulecrByBaHe, MHOIO OT yKpeneHrate o6exrn HeeAHoKparHO Ca npoMe]frflilti.$ymquoHaJrlrara cl,r c'blrlHocrla. Tnlpge noKa3areJreH B ToBa oruorrreHr{e e aHaJrrr3br Ha

lopeArrlla or MaJTKI{ K'bcIropLIMcKr.r yKpenJrenlrs e larecrr{Ha, Kor{To rpa4r.rqrroHHo
ce npueMar 3a KoM[oHeHTr{ Ha r,r3rpaAeHara n paftona "o:r6paHa B gbr6o9uua".
Clusn:rennara I{M ot6panuremra crorinocr, [peABr,rA rpafiuo Herr3ronHoro r,rM MecTOrroJro)KeHue, lrcl:o cBI{[ereJIcrByBa, qe BtlpocHr,rre yKpenJreHr4llae ca 6um,l npoeKTUpaHI4 KaTO CaMO3aIqLITaBaIq[ Ce OlOpHr4 [yHKTOBe B eAHa erxeroHr,rpana o16paHlrreJrHa cl{creMa. Pagnonoxenu rpafi rrbTr,rrqa r.r BoAo[r3TorrHurlu xJrr,r B npoxoAr,r
tr recn\tukt, Te orreBaAHo rrMaJrlI uolr,rqeficxu Qyurquu n 6ulu npeAHa3HarreH]r 3a
KOHTpOJT Ha n'brHr,rrecto6rqeuux, cnyxerirr.r Karo [arpyJrun 6azu, a cBrr{eBpeMeHHo - r4 Karo r{eHTpoBe Ha aAMrrHrrcrpr,rpaHe Ha flprrJrexatllure parlonul5. flpu nce
rona, xpartHo HerarI{BI,IcrI4tIHI{Te o6suHeHzt K'bM pr,IMJrflHrrre u rexHrrre r,rcropr4qecKr,I [pIreMHI{qu nusanrlrrtqrnre B naJrHa Jrrrflca Ha crparerr,IqecKo
Mt4cJreHe I{ nJra-

HupaHe, KaKTo 14 B orcBcrBl4e Ha rceH norJIeA Btpxy ocblr{ecrBrBaHoro n ?lunepuxra Qoptu$rrKar{r4roHHo crporrreJrcrBol6, B Hr{KaK'bB cnyuafi He Morar [a ce [pueMar 3a ocHoBareJrHu. Mexgy yKpelrrreJrHlr crpoe)Krr rr crparerrm cbqecrByBa rrprKa

Hepa3plrBHa Bp'b3Ka17, xoflTo oco6eno rpKo ltsn.bKBa B KOHTeKCTa Ha Magr4panporpaMlr. II{o ce orHacfl Ao onrrra Aa ce [peAcraBr{ B.bHIrIHara noJITITI{Ka na Puucrarau}.4lilepvs. elBa JrIa He Karo c}BKy[HocT oT qecTorro6lrnu npuyr'luqr{ Ha au6r,rqlrosnu r.rMleparoprr, MecrHr,r aAMr.rHucrparopr,r u rrGJrKorogqu18, To roBa 3Byttlt, MeKo Ka3auo, HeJre[o.
Konqenqurra 3a "ot6pana n gu6oqr,rHa" 3aAoBoJrI{TenHo o6qcnqBa rB.bpLr

HI4Te BoeHHo-crpoHTeJrHI,I

[e rlecroro peaJrHo [oJro)<eHl{e Ha Herqara s PuMcxara r,rMfleplrq [pe3 K.]rcHara aHruqnoctl9. IIpu sce roBa, aHaJrrlS'br Ha AaHHUTe OT npOBI,IHTIUA cXUr:zt HaJrafa Hrxor,r neo6xo[r4Mu yrorrHesus.

Ha rrGpBo Mrcro rpx6na ga ce or6ele){ca, r{e Ao pa3naAaHeTO Ha K'bCHOpIaMCKIlttr MOAeJI Ha BOeHHa OpraHLI3aIIUr{ B npOBI,IHIIT{flTa npe3
n'bpBara [oJroBnHa na

qrrero na "ot6pana

13

Isaac 1990, p. 374 sqq.

ra

Ibidem, p. 170,409.
fbidem, p. 188 sqq.

t5

v

n., TyK B Hr4KaKtr Cnyvaft He Moxe Aa ce roBopv ga HaDfil-

r gu6ouaua"

cflopeA cMr{c'bJra Ha craHAaprHara geeunuqua

t6

Millar 1982,p.2; Isaac 1990,p.375.

17

Tara, Harp.,

18

Isaac 1989, p.231 sqq.; Isaac 1990, p.372 sqq.

te

Ferrill

B:

Lander 1984, p. 309.

1986, p. 45.

Ha noHqTueTo

-

T.e. KaTo yHrrBepcaJrHa BoeHHa AoKTpnHa, cB'bp3aHa c paAr.rKaJrHo
or6panutenHa KoHltrenquq Ha Pr,rl,rcKara r{M-

rrpepa3rJre>r(AaHe Ha crparerur{ecKara

[eprrfl. IrlnreHsr4sHoro yKpe[[TeJrHo crpor,rreJrcrBo, oc'blrlecrBeHo rro AyHaBcKara
rpaHr,rqa Ha [poBr.rHrlr,rrra rrpe3 To3r,r [eprrog, y6egurenHo cBI,IAereJrcrByBa, .{e I4Mneprrrra He e r{MaJra HraKaKBo HaMepeHrre c'b3HareJrHo Aa [prreMa 6op6ara c He[puflTerrfl. Ha cBoq repr,rropr,rr. HauporNn, HaJrI,Iqe ca BcvrtqKr4 ocHoBaHns Aa ce rB'bpgpr,
qe cucreMHo u rleJreHacorreHo ce e pa6oruJro no flpeBptrrlaHero Ha p. flyuan n gyHaBcKrr, 6par a eArrH npeAenuo eSuxaceH rr rpyAHolpeoAoJIIrM 3arrlrrreH KopAoH.
Herperrcnaroro y[JrbrHrrBaHe rrpe3 K'bcnoprrMcKr,rq nepuoA Ha yKpe[rrreJrHara r,rnSpampyxtypa ro Aecuur 6plr ua peKara 6r,rro c'rnpoBoAeHo ctc cnequzlJrurl MepKr{ rro oxpaua ua 6pogorere, BKJr}otrBail\vtt c'b3gaBaHero Ha yKpeneHr,r nJlaq[apMrr
Ha orB'bgHrrn 6pxt20. Mnoro aKTuBHa poJrr no o[a3Baue reprrropr,raJrHr.rrr cyBepenr{Ter Ha npoBrrHrlr.rflra 6una orpegeHa rr Ha AyHaBcrara $rotuJrlrfl, Korro oc'blr{ecrBqBara He[peK'bcHaTo cTpaTerrrqecKo naTpyJrrrpaHe rr il3[sJIHrBaJIa peAilrla o[eparr,rBHo-TaKT[IqecKrr r{ crroMararerHu 3aAar{u [pe3 HaBlrraquoHHr4r ce3oH Ha foAI,IHara, c KoeTo qyBcrBr4TerHo Aoflpr4Hacflila 3a I,IHTerpI,ITeTa Ha fpaHI,IqHaTa 3aIrIr{Ta.
Huros rpaFrr.rqa rro Hr{Koe BpeMe, o6ave, ne e 6una rapaHTupaHa or npo6nBr{, a c
HapacrBaHero MorrITa Ha BapBapcxoro o6rp'rxeHrre BepoflTHocrra 3a roBa craHaJra c'bBceM oce3aeMa. Onyctourr,rreJrHrrre [poHLrKBaHr4x grn6oxo B'bB BtTpeuHocrra
na PLurnepurra rro BpeMe Ha HarrrecrBr4rrra or cpeAara na III e. B 3Haqr,rreflHa creIIeH
ce A'bJDKeJrr4 Ha orcacrBrlero Ha aAeKBarHa c[IcreMa 3a nporr,rBogeftcrorae nplr eBeHTyairHo [peoAoJrrBaHe Ha rpanr{qHara 6apwepa or crpaHa Ha Ha[aAarenr. flpegn-

or

rrocJregHrrre Aecerr{ilerufl ua III B. HacerHe MacoBo yKpemBaHe Ha
rro-3HarrlrreJrHure [oceJrr{ulHr{ r{eHTpoBe 6uro upegu Bcr,rtrKo 3aKoHoMepHa peaKrlr4f, 3a 3anlr{Ta Ha IrpoBr,rHqr.raJrHoro HaceJreHne, Ho - [oKoJIKoTo Moxe Aa ce c'bArr
or HaArr{ca or Tpoueyu TparHu or 315-316 r. - To 6uro cqzraHo r,r Karo oflpeleJreH nprrHoc "3a uoquoMaraHe or:6panata Ha rpanurrHara 3oHa"2l. Bce nar, ta3u
Sopua Ha nacr{Brua or:6pana He Mox.eJra Aa AolprrHece c'brr{ecrBeuo 3a Jrr,rKBrrgr,rpaHe Ha orracHocrra or noBTopeHrre Ha peqrrAr{Brrre or 6m.rgroro MIlHaJro: o6crosTeJrcrBara Hacrorl.rilso HaJraraJrl{ c'b3[aBaHero na e$eru{BHr{ MexaHusrnru sa 6'rp30 OrpaHlrtraBaHe HalpeABaHero r,r cBoeBpeMeHHo HeyTpaJrrr3r,rpaHe Ha [poHrrKHaJrr{, B [peAeJrr.rre na Irlunepuara He[prrflTer. Or:roeop Ha usIrcKBanvtflTa Ha BpeMeTo [aJrr,r BoeHHr{Te pe$oprrru Ha rrMrreparop Koncraurus I. I,IcropuqecKr4Te Sarm
cBl{AereJrcrByBar, o6ave, rre HacraHqBaHero ua rro6nruru soficrosu qacru r{ rr3rpaxAaHero Ha MHoxecrBo yKpe[eHu o6exru c BoeHeH xapaKTep B'bB B'brperrrHocrTa Ha npoBvtla\Lrs, Cxurux se 6utm cB'bp3aHr.r c HrrKaKBrr rrpoMeHr4 B crparerlrflTa
clpflMo BapBapcKoro o6rpureuue. flpu roBa floJroxeHrre, 3aAoBomarerso o6scHeHI{e Ha rrosBara Ha "Krac[qecK[" eJreMeHTrr na "or6panara o g'ln6o.ruHa" s Cru-

pr,reroro

20

2r

flo'rogu B'brpoc e)K.: Brennan 1980, p. 554 sqq.
B>x. no-rope 6en.4.

re ce nprreMaT KaTo yKa3aHr{e 3a c63[aBaHeTo TyK Ha
cneqv$uvna cr{creMa 3a [pe3acrpaxoBKa Ha rpaHr,rt{Hara 3aIqI4Ta. Haurnpaftrlr ce B
nocToflHHa 6oerorosHocT, B Mr{pHo BpeMe rq oqeBIaAHo cBBceM n'bJrHoIIeHHo
$ynxqraonrpaJra Karo crrcreMa 3a BtTperrrHorrpoBr.rHrII{zIJIHa clrrypnour. Carrata gucJroKarl[s Ha HaMr{paqara ce s HerlHo pa3nopex[aHe yKperIIaTeJIHa IanSpac'rpyxrypa22 ce flBflBa cnoeo6paano yKa3aHr4e 3a rxIapoKara raMa 3ap.asv, or pyrlrHHo noJIIrqerlcro ecrecrBo, c rrr4ero I{3IrbJrHeHrre rr rr{e ga e 6una HaroBapeHa: KoHTpoJI 3a

Tr{q Mox(e Aa ce AaAe, aKo

roqrHocrra

Ha MecTHoTo uI{BrrJrHo HaceJIeHIre Ir 3aceJreHl{Te B npoBI,rHIILIflTa B Ka-

qecrBoro Ha "KoJroHu" vrrv "$egepatu" napaapcxu rpym,I; 6op6a c 6angu:ru:ua;
3araBqHe na 6ersrqu; ua6nrogeulre pI oxpaHa Ha TIBTHI{, tpaQux; narpyJl[IpaHe I4
ecKopTr4paHe Ha BucoKonocTaBeHr,r A'bpxaBHlr cJry)Kr.rreJrl4 I{ ToBapu c'bc crparerlrqecKo [peAHa3HarIeHIIe; [prK BoeHeH KoHTpoJr Ha n'bTHI{Te B'b3.]IrI U IIpECraHI,Iqa;
yr{acrl,re a c's6upanero Ha AaH'brlrr, Mrrra I{ TaKcrr. Moxe 6u orqe [pLI B'b3Hr{KBaHe
Ha BGHrrrHa onacHocr, o6aue, a c'bc cl,IrypHocr - rrpu perlrcrplrpaHe na npo6za a
rpaHurrHara or6pauurenua Jrvrrrvrfl' clrcreMara 3a B'brperrrHorrpoBlrHqllaJlHa cllrypHocr aBToMarr{rrecKla ce npeHacrpofinara Ha qr{cro BoeHHIr Har{aJra, qenerixr oueparr,IBHo-TaKTuqecKo lroA[oMaraHe Ha cTallr4oHapHrrre rpaHntrHu sorlcru, 6noxupaHe Ha ocHoBHrrre IGTHIT aprepr.rrr v [pexBaT Ha IlpoHr4KHalrfis, BaB B:brpelrrHocTTa Ha [poBr,rHrlr{flTa He[pl,IfreJr. 3a rona, qe B'bflpocHara clrcreMar,e 6mta crrllTaHa
3a eJreMeHT or rpaHr.rr{Hara or6pana, a 3a o6oco6en pe3epBeH 3arrII{TeH MexaHI{stru, y6egrareJrHo cBu[ereJrcmyna Qaxrrr, qe re ce HaMr{paJIIr lroA pa3Jlr{uHo BoeHHO KOMaHABaHe - C'bOTBeTHO Ha [pOBI{Hqr{aJrHr.rr AyKc na crraTlrq I{ Ha Har{aJrHI4Ka
B Ar.,rorle3a Tpaxza.
flpes n'speara noJroBr{na sa V

na softcxr,rre

B. [oJro)KeHrrero B [poBuHIIus Crurua uyscua crpor?uufl K'bcHopI,IMcKIr MoAeJI Ha BoeHI,Ig.{essaHero
TBr{TeJrHo ce npoMeHr.rro.

Ha opraHr,r3a\t4s,u Ae3uHTerpaqr.rflTa Ha [poBr4HqrraJrHaTa yKpelI,ITeJIHa cIlCTeMa He-

us6exHo HaJro)KTIJII{ npeMI,IHaBaHero KtM "ot6pana r grsn6ouuna" or KracuqecKlr
run. flpegnoJraraeMoro B'bBexAaHe r{MeHHo no roBa BpeMe Ha e[I,IHHo BoeHHo KoMaHABaHe B [poBrrHrlr,r s, Cxurns. (dux et comes)z3 rr3rJIe)KAa c'bBceM Jrortlr{Ho Ir 3aKo-

22

Crana AyMa 3a 22yrpetenno6exta B IIpoBI{HIIII, Crutul, raacuQuqupaHl{ Karo "yrpenrrelvlflc rou6unnpaHr.r BoeHno-uoluqeficrr $yuxquu" (nx. fnana III.1: .A,2). flp"gBrrA roJreMr{Te rrM pa3Mep[, 15 or rax 6axa oupegeleHlr rrlfloJlor[qecKlr xaro castella
E [peArroJroxr{TeJrxo ugeuru$uqr,rpaHr,r c 6asonu nareplr Ha rloApasAefieHlrfl or cbcraBa Ha sacer comitatus (Oangury-I, KAPI4fl, HuSon, Agxurrol (VALLIS
DOMITIANA?), Mr.rxaft Epany, rk'aypnnx ge Xoc (AD SALICES?), yJIMETyM,
Mnpux B ogr (TRES PROTOMAE ?), I4EI4[A-I, rororstovH wn ap p e ndix ruu TPO-

fIEyM TPAfl HpI, Ctpaxa, Kanurau fi,uuutpoao, TI4MO| UUVlfl.,

HoYo,5 oreno

u Ogtpul,t). Ocranarure 7 soeuuo-noauqericru yKpe[JreHrra ca crroMarareJlHlr

I,I

sxnrc.rear 5 burgi (Erucana-Il, flanasy Mape, CTPATOHLIC, Ea6agar-Tonpafiruoft
u Cnasa Pycr) u 2 turres (Koucrauqa-Teuuuur n Myp$ataap).
23
Bx<. sa roBa B Ynoq.3.

HoMepHo c orJreA B'b3npr,reMaHero Ha HoBara or6paHr,rrerHa AoKTpr4Ha. B ycaosraxr g'sr6ovl,IHa" npaKTr{rrecKr4 qsrara [poBt4HrII,Ifl Ir3II'bJrHrBara porsra Ha r.rMnepcKa rpauuqa, a BceKrr yKpeneH rIeHTGp sa nerlna reprzropr,rJr
ilpeAcraBJrrBaJr I.,IHTerpaJreH KoM[oHeHr Ha cr{creMara 3a rpaur.rqHa sarqura. EnaTa Ha roraJrHa "or6paHa

roAapeHl4e ua Soptra$I{KaIII4oHHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo Ha HMneparop Anacracufit, a
no-K'bcHo u na Iocrnnrzan I, 3a [r3BecreH nepr{oA or BpeMe npee VI s. 6r,rro [ocrr,rtHaro orHocI{TeJIHo cra5uttusupaHe Ha or6panara rro AyHaBcKnz 6prir na Crflrr.rq.
flpu nce roBa, or HaqaJroro Ha V s. u rraK Ao Kpafl Ha c'bqecrByBaHero Ha npoBr.rH-

qar.Crurut. AyHaBcKara or6paurreJrHa Jrr{Hwr Her,r3MeHHo ce oKa3BaJra rB'bpAe KpexKa [perpaga [peA BceKIr HarxecrBeHVK,lr3flBt4rr xeJraHue Aa.a npeMr4ne. C xponuuHI{t HeAocrI,Ir Ha ofleparrrBHrr softcrosu flo[pa3qeJrennfl.uc Bce uo-oce3aeMoro 3arBapsHe Ha )KI4BOTa 3aA CTeHr{Te Ha yKpeIIeHIITe IIeHTpOBe, C OCHOBaHTTe MO)Ke [a Ce
locraBrl Btrlpoca [aJrr{ or BTopara noJroBuua na VI s. HacerHe sro6ule Mo)Ke Aa ce
roBopl{ 3a Harr{rrr,rero Ha e[r{HHa ot6panr.rte.nHa cr{creMa r.r 3a [puA'bpxaHe K'bM
HTIKaKBa rrog4aBarrla ce

na $oprrayJrrrpaHe perrroHaJrHa BoeHHa goxrpuua24.

Plgentuuuu rro c'brr{ecrBo rrpoqecn [pornqarr,r npes VI
Wozniak 1982, p.199 sqq.

r. u n npe$eKTypara

Vhrupur<:

2.

YKPETIJIEHIIflTA NO MOPCrKVTfl EPflf

flonruficroro xpafi6pexue

Ha rrpoBr.rHrlr{rr Cxurws, e 3oHa Ha r{3KJrrorrrlrreJr-

Ho BHcoKa KoHrleHTparlrrfl Ha yKpeneHr4

o6exru. Tosa e AaJro ocHoBalr,lze

Aa ce

[peA-

noJroxer, r{e ryK orr{e [pe3 enoxara Ha flplrHqulara e 6una usrpailenav SyuxqzoHrrpaJra oco6ena or6pannrerHa crlcreMa sa 6perona 3alrllrra. flpe: 60-re ro[I,IHI4
Ha Harrrr4, BeK T, 3a [p'bB n'sr 6e orplrruqeHasa limes. flogpo6rio apryMeHrlrpaHa
B eAHa crarvfr or 1974 r. rr B[ocJreAcrBrre Aopa3BI4Ta B olrle ABe uy6ruaraqull1, Te3ara 3a "3a[aguonournficKr,rrr JrrIMec" ce pagaa Ha Irr[poKa rlonyJlflpHocr B c'bBpeMeHHara pyM'bHcKa r,rcropr{orpa$rax, uarap cpeqy lr.es.aa ca ornpaBrHlr rr rB'bpge
ceprro3Hra xpwrwruz. Besycnorno npueruafixz nefinoro c'blrlecrByBaHe, HrKoIr rr3cJreqBarru HaMprpar 3a [o-Tor{Ho B'bnpocuara or6paxr,rreJrHa cl{creMa ga 6rge xapaKTepr.r3rrpaHa Karo litus3. I4sscH-flBaHero Ha Btnpoca orHocHo rrpaBoMepHocrra
Ha [peAJro)KeHr{Te KoHr.IenryaJruu o6o6qenktfl. n rflxHoro repMlrHoJrorl{qHo o3Har{eHr4e HaJrara uo-o6croen KoMeHTap Ha r43T'bKHarrrre or aBToplrre apryMeHTlr.

B ocHoeara na o6ocnoeKara Ha re3ara 3a "3anagxonoHr[ficxu-f, rr4Mec" crofl
pa:6zpanero sa limes-a Karo 3&rr'br (unra cucreua or rrbrlalrla), oxpanxsaH r{ rrarpyJrrrpaH or soficrosfi flolpa3[erenvrs. rr cJrpKerrl ea apueficxo o[eparllBHo B3aIrlroger?ctrue. Hanxquero Ha cler{r{$Irvna yKpelLITeJrHa uuQpacrpyKTypa ce pa3rJrex(Aa Karo BTopocreleHeH 6eler, xorlro He e or olpeAeJlflIrlo 3Haa{eHLIe 3a c'r,-

ulecrByBaHero

r{Jrr{

rteua limes+. Ananu:upafirrn narpr.{HplTe rll4cMenu, eurarpaQcrn

apxeoJrorrlrrecKr{ AaHHr4 3a MopcKoro rpari6pe;xr{e Ha gu. Cerepua fio6pyqxa,
aBTopBT Ha re3ara locrr4ra Ao rBtp[oro y6exgeuue, qe ca HaJrIlIIe clrrypHn AoKa3areJrcrBa sa $yHxquouapaHero ryK orqe or BpeMero Ha lrMreparop Xagpuan ua
cuequ$uvna cflcreMa 3a 3arrlrrra cpeiqy MopcKrr HaraAeHI{q, npplTe)KaBaqa 6e;re3r{Te Ha limes: aoeueu ['br, MHo)KecrBo nocrorHHo npe6unanaql{ BoeHHI{ qacrr{ I{
pa3Br,rra yKperrr.rreJrHa lrrr$pacrpyKrypa. Cnopeg aBropa, or yrpaBJreHl4ero Ha I{Mrreparop larlren HacerHe Beqe Moxe Aa ce roBoprr 3a c'blr{ecrByBaHero rta limes "s
I,:CTVT]FrCKTLfl CMrrC'bJr na gyrrlaTa"(?!), npu Bce r{e 3a Hero He ce cnoMeHaBa HLIqo B

u

Notitia Dignitatums.

rSuceveanu 1974,p.217 sqq.; Suceveanu 1981, p.605 sqq.; Suceveanu 1992, S. 195 sqq.
\r.r.cr<ycwxra no upo6neMa e rpeAcraBeHa B: Suceveanu 1992, S. 196 (Anm. 8).
I
Stefan 1977a,p.460; $tefan 1977c,p.24;Zahariade1977,p.391;Zahariade/Gudea 1997,
2

36-31.
a

Forni

1959-62, p. 1084.
5
Suceveanu 1992, S. 222.

3a ocnosa Ha r.Hap. "3anaguouonrraftcru rl4Mec" ce rtpueMa yqacrGKBT Ha
Ior or Banuc fiorraraquaua or o3HaqeHyss ltinerarium Antonini Augusti xpaft6pe;xeu
rrbr or BI,rvrr,rnaquyM sa Huxol,Iegut, uuitro BoeHeH xapaKTep ce cqrlTa 3a c'bBceM
cr4rypeH. "Boexsara ctrqHocr" Ha c'bgtpxaqara ce B LlTuHepaprar unQopMallur,
o6ave, 6e se.{e apryMeHTr.rpaHo oclopeHa B I{3JIoxeHIrero no-rope6. OcneH rona,
olpeAeJreHaero Ha B'LnpocHuq rl'br Karo "rpar?6pexeH" rpx6na [a ce npl{eMa rroBetre r{Jrr4 no-MaJrKo ycJroBHo, rrft xato B peArrrla yqacraqll or HeroBoro llpore)Kenre rori ce orgarer{asar Hd TB'bpAe 3HaqI{TeJrHo pa3crosuue ot uopcrux 6pxr.
Bcttqnocr, Tpacero Ha KoHcrpy:upalnufl. or pr,rMJrflHlrre rr'br B 3Harr[ITeJrHa creneu e
6rno npegoflpeAeJleHo ot ron$urypaqrrtra aa 6perorara lrvtr.vts, Korro npe3 aHTI{qHATA I4 K'bCHOAHTUIIHATA CIIOXA IIYBCTBI,ITEIHO CE E PA3II,II{ABAIA OT C.6BPEMEH-

nara. OctulecrBeHr{Te npe3 [ocJre4Hrrre Aecerr{Jrerrrn reor"rop$oJroruqecKlr Ir nogBo[Hr,r apxeororrqecKr.l upoyqBaHr4lrl no'ilo6pyuxaHcKoro rpafi 6pe>xlre y6egutenHo cBr.rAereJrcrByBar, are roraBarlnutr 6ptr e 6r,r.ir pa:ureHeH or MHoxecrBo SuopArI I4I HqKoIKo roJIeMII, mupoKo oTBopeHI{ K'bM MopeTo I'I BAaAeHII HaBbTpe B cyllaTa 3aJrr{Ba - ceralrlHlare xpafiuopcrrr Jrr{MaHrrlr Ir JIaTyHHI{ esepaT. Te, xaxr:o I{ A'bJr6orure pr crpLMHLr cyxoAoJrr,r, B cKaJrucrara rorolil3TorrHa xpafi6pexHa r{acr Ha [H.
flo6pygxa, npeAcraBJrflBaJrr4 npaKTraqecKr{ HelrpeoAoJrrrMu wru noHe MtqHonpeoAoJruMrr or r{HxeHepHa rJreAHa roqKa nperrflTcrBl,rfl. Cro6paexBanero c npupoAHlrTpa[I{qUOHHIrrr B pT4MCKOTO II6THO CTpOI{TeJICTBO rlpaKHa u3JrrflrrHlrre y['bJrxaBaHlrrl Ha rpacero I{ Ha
HeonpaBAaHr,ITe pa3xoAr.r 3a lr3rpax(AaHe Ha cro)KHr4 TexH[qecKu c'roplxennx), uaMepI{JIr4 I,I3pa3 B "I43npaBflHero" Ha rpacero na "rparl6pexHl4g rr'br", ilpu Koero B
HeMaJrKa rracr or [pore)KeHr.{ero cr{ rofi ce oKa3aJI TB'bpAe orAaJreqeH or MopcKIrrI

Te AaAeHOCTr4, CBqeTaHO

Tr,rqrr3tM

C

(mpeuex rtl'a us6qreaHe

6prr. flpra roBa noJroxeulre, rorl rro

HrrKaK'bB HarrrrH ne 6u uor:uJr Aa ce pa3rJrexAa

Karo eJreMenr na or6paHr.rreJrHa cr{creMa, npegHa3HaqeHa 3a 6perona saqura. II{o
ce orHacs Ao Apyrr4, [oreHIIIaaJreH KaHAI,IAaT 3a ra3l{ Synrqlu - T.Hap. "3a[aqHononrr,rftcxn nar" B Tabula Peutingerian&, anarrur3uT Ha HaJrlrrrHata uu$opnaaqlrfl noKa3Ba, qe B

cryqax naft-neporrHo craBa AyMa 3a cyxo3eMHo raptorpa$[paHe Ha
AaHHrr, noqeplaHu or HflKaKBa aHTLIrrHa noqrEa8.
Karo nropu apryMeHT 3a c'brrlecrByBaHero Ha r.Hap. "3anaguouonturlcru
rr,rMec" ce [plaBexAa rB'bpAeHlrero 3a [ocrorHHo I{ MHoroqI4cJIeHo BoeHHo ttpuc'bcrBrre uo 3auagnoro rlepHouopue rpe3 enoxara na flpuuqunara. flpe4u floBeqe or
Aecerr{Jrerr4e 6e r,rsrtxHaro, o6aue, qe, ocBeH r{e HallrIqHara zu$opruaqlu [pou3xoxAa 6es usrrro.{eHrre or rp'brlKr{Te [oJrr{crl B To3}I pafion (Ylcrput, Toltu, Kanarlrc u,fl,uoHncouomlc), MHo3rrHcrBoro or cBegeuvrflTa sa gerfcteyraqll BoeHHlI JrilIIa

6
7

8

Bx. frasa I.l.
Bx. uanp.: Cotel

1966, p. 337 sqq.; Scarlat 1976,p.16 sqq.; Braier 1976, passim; Bounegru
1986, p. 267 sqq.; Muuren/,[urur{rpoB 197 8, c. 46 cr.; Opauen 19906, c. 32 cn.

Bx. Irasa I.l.

orpa3rBar rr3[BJrI{eHI{ero or rrx Ha uo.nr,rqerfcxla, a He Ha rr{rruqHl{ BoeHHr{ Qyttxqura. Cauuxr $axr:, qe rr3BecrHrrre or HaA[r{cr{Te Jrr{qa [plrHaAJre)Kuur[ K'bM pa3ILITIHIII BOeHHII qACTvt, [aBa OCHOBaHpIe Aa Ce [p9A[OJIOXI4, r{e BepOf,THO HI4TO B,
HI,ITO OKOJTO ClOMeHarr{Te rrOJrIrCr{ H[KOra npe3 enoxara na llpuruurraTa ne 6ranu
HacraHrrBaHrr rleJrr,r raKTr,rqecK[ eguuutqug. Cnoeo6paseH onrlT 3a [prrMr..rpflBaHe Ha
ABeTe nr,raMerpaJrHo [porr.rBonoJroxur{ rro3r.rqur{ e Ha[paBeH B eAHa [o-HoBa pa6oTa, ArrcKyrr,rpaqa rro crt\rts. n'supocl0. B nes ca MapKr.rpaHr{ ABe or\rerJruBlr Qa:rz,
orpa3sBarq[r KopeHHa flpoMflHa B xapaKTepa Ha BoeHHoro npllc'bcrBrre rro 3anagnoro YepHoMopr.re B nepr{oAa I-III s. flpuerrra ce, qe Ao KtM cpegara na III s. 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaHr{Te BoeHHr{ nraqa geficrBlrreJrHo 6unlr anraxupaHl,r Eper..rMyrr{ecrBeno(?) n aAManucrparr{Brro-[rKoHoMrrqecKara ll ronuqericxa c$epa, Ho c Haqaroro
Ha rorcKrrre HarraAeHrrr ra r,rsry6aaHero Ha KoHTpoJra uag Cenepnoro 9epuouopr,re
uorox<enrrero ryK pq3Ko ce npoMeHrrno. flocrynlrpaHara "vyBcrnureJrHa KoHTIeHTpaqug Ha BoeHHa claila" rro roBa BpeMe, o6aue, e[Ba JrI{ HaMIapa HflKaKBa no[Kpefla
B HaJrrIrrHI{.fl enurpa$crrr MarepuaJr, roftro ocBeg qe B no-rorfrMara cr4 r{acr e c
Herpeqr{3lrpaHa Aarr,rpoexa s III B., Ho Ir npolr3xoxla caMo or Touull! Cnequ$u.rHoro floJroxeHr{e Ha Touu cpeg 3alagHofloH:rnficxrare rpagoBe ce o6ycrarx He caMo or craryra My Ha "uoHruficKa MerponoJrl{Jl" or n'bpBI,ITe Aecerl{Jrer[s na II s.
HaceTHe, Ho r4 oT TB'bple BeporTHaTa rray (npueuaHa oT noBeqeTo r4r3cJreABarrr4, MaKap ra HeAoKa3aHa:acera!) oQnquanna pe3rrAeHl{rranHa @ynxqrar rro orHorrreHze Ha
r,rMrreparopcKr{r HaMecrHr{K Ha npoBrrHrlrrfl fiomra MI,rsuq. flpu rona rroJroxeHr{e,
3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHoro orqe [pe3 I r. u npeguoJraraeMo rlocrorHHo nplrcbcrBr{e Ha
BOeHeH rapHrr3oH B fpaAa l,I3rJrex[a cGBceM HopMaJrHo, a [olcJIHI{TeJrHoTo My noAcr4rJrBaHe npe: nafi-xpt73uc:Ijlnfi. neprroA B rrcropr{rTa Ha flpoBlrnqux flomra MIIguq noBerre or 3aKoHoMepno. 3a MIrpHoBpeMeHHI4Te $ymquu Ha ro3l{ rapHI43oH ce Ao[ycKa, qe 6nnx [peAr,IMHo or [peAcraBr.rreJrHo ecrecrBo n rori cryxl{Jr Karo JrrirrHa
rBapAru Ha IrpoBrrHrlnarrnnfl, ynpaBr.rreJr. ,(o c'ssqasaHero 3a IIeJITa Ha cleqrraJrHara
eJrrrrHa 'racr numerus singulariumrz, 3acBrgereJlcrByBana s ToIvII,I upes II unu III
ner, SopulrpaHero Ha rapn[3oHa BeposrHo ce v3B'bpIrrBaJIo Ha nog6open flpr{Hrlr{n
I,r3Me)KAy Ir{r{HHS C'bCTaB Ha EpOBrrHIIr4IaJIHaTa apMurs,. oCSeH TOUI4I, O6aVe, Hr{K6Ae

ApyraAe no 3auagnoro 9epnouoprre [ocera HrMa I{I{To AaHHIr, HI{To [oAarKI,I

3a

'rpafinoro npe6ranaeaHe npe3 e[oxara na flpunqunara Ha BoI{HcKI{ r{acrrr IrJrI{ TexHr,r

noApa3AereHaq.

C orxn'spnxHero Ha ABara apryMeuTa, cqI,ITaHLr or 6agracso 3Har{eulre npu
Sopruynupar{ero Ha re3ara 3a "3anaguononrr,rricxra.f, rI,IMec", [o-HararburH[ITe pa3r{cKBaHr{fl no Btnpoca 3a HeroBoro ctrrlecrByBaHe [pe3 rreprroAa I-III s. craBar

e

Sarnowski 1988,88-89, 189-191.

ro

Zahariade L994a, p. 373 sqq.
'r lbidem, p. 380 (Table 2, No 3, 4,8, 12, l3).
12
Aricescu 1977 , p. 69.

IIpaKTIrqecKra 6e:npeguernu. flpn Bce ToBa, 3a u3r{epnaTeJlHocT Ha HacToflrrlr{Te
6enex<ru e ueo6xograMo Aa ce o6tpue BHr.rMaHr{e }r Ha yKpenrrreJrHara raH$pacrpyKTypa, Ko.flTo MaKap r,r3pr,rr{Ho Aa ce nocoqBa KaTo BTopurreH r{ He cTpyKTypoonpeAeJrflrr{ 6ener na xofiro u ga 6wo limes, zaevta rBGpAe oce3aeMo flpr4c'bcrBr{e B
[oBoAprTe I,r KoMeHTapa rro Te3aTa.
B uocneqnara or ny6rurxaqurlTe, B nprKa Bpc3Ka c $ynrquonrapaHero Ha
locryJrr.rpaHufl "3anaguononr:prficru JrI,IMec" ca nocraBeHu 28 yrpenenra o6exra, uuero replrroplraJrHo pa3[peAeJreHr4e ce orqr4Ta Karo KpafiHo HepaBHoMepHO, Ho oIrpe[eJrsrqo MHoro BrlcoKa ycJroBHa [JrbrHocr ua or6panara (npu6nu3[TeJrHo no eAHo yKpe[JreH]re Ha BceKlr 6 rrnr)13. I{anara Harr{rrHa un$opr',raqrar sa re3r{ o6exrn 6e
Beqe fioArrox(eHa Ha no4po6eu arraJrrr3 [o-rope B r.r3JroxeHplerol4, a o6o6uleHr,rero
Ha pe3yJrrarr{Te e HanpaBo oruarisarqo 3a nprrBtpxeHrrrlrme Ha re3ara 3a MopcKrrfl
limes: rlnro eAr4H or rpr.rre rofloHr{Ma, crA'bp)Karqr pyrgos lrrur tun'is (Ilarr oc fltoproc, Typrac lvlyra... lr ... fkoproc), ne e JroKaJrr,r3rrpaH, [pr{ Koero rtpuqracrqBaHero
r{M K'bM yKpe[eHr.rre o6exru (npn rona Ha MopcKI,Ifl 6par!) e qucra cIIeKyJIaIIr,rfl;
ocBeH r{e He ce HaM}rpa ua 6pera Ha Mopero, turris-m npu Koncr:anqa-Tenur,rur e c
HeqcHa (nrsuoxno K'l,cHoaHTrruna) qarupoBKa; B 6 or cryvanre [aHurr 3a c'brqecrByraHero Ha yKpenJreHr{s Ha rrocoqeHr{Te Mecra Ha[paBo Jrr{rrcBar (CapznacyS, IIIace
MaprrEe, Cuuoe, Cu6uoapa, Jlasy, Capnrroft); [oBerre or npo6nervrarrrirHo e c'brr{ecrByBaHero rr Ha orqe eAHo or rrpuqucreuttre KGM crrcreMara yKpenJrenua (ua on flonuna) ; 4 or yKpenJreHuflTa ce HaMrrpar B'bB B'brpelrHocrra r{ HflMar Hr.rrqo
o6u1o c 6peronara 3arrlrrra (Agxnrson, Ea6agar-Toupaftrcofi, Ea6a4ar n 9xrnrypJrr,rfl Ae Xoc); 8 or yxpeuJreHr{flTa cbc cr.rrypHocr Aarr,rpar rIaK or K'bcHara auTr4arnocr (Aprarrayu, Enncara-I, Enucara-Il, c. Vlcrpua, Oauguy, Ilanasy Mape, Mauas
u Crparonr.rc), a gpyru 2 - or on{e ro-K'bcHo BpeMe (o-n EucepuKyrla u Bauy).
flpra orcrcrBr{ero na rparl6pexeH rr'br B rrcrrrHcKr{fl cMr{c'bJr Ha [yMara r,r Ha
rparino r4 noBceMecrHo rrpfic'bcrBkre Ha raKTr{lrecKl{ soficxogu e[rrHr{ql{, a oilIe noBerre - npr4 Harr.rquero Ha cauo 3(!) cr,rrypHr4 yKpereHr.r rleHT'bpa rlo r{sJroro npore)KeHr{e Ha MopcKr.,rt 6proi or [yHaBcKara [eJrra Ao AHerxHara 6urapo-pyM'bHcKa
rpaHr4qa (klcrput, Touu ra Kararrnc), TB'bpAeHlrero 3a c'r,qecrByBaHero ryK [pe3
pI,IMcKara eloxa Ha HflKaKBa cnequQuuna crrcreMa sa 6perora 3aqr.{Ta cJreABa [a ce
lpr43Hae 3a HarrbJrHo Jrr{ureHo or ocHoBaHru. @opruynupoBKara "3auagHononu.rficKu rfiMec" e Han'bJIHo He[prreMJrlrBa He caMo or rJre[Ha rovKa Ha rpa[ulll4oHHara,
Ho rr Ha c'bBpeMerrHara r.rHTepnperardrrs Ha rtoHqrr,rero limesl1, Koqro y6eqrzreruo
AoKa3Ba, rre or Kpa, Ha I go x'sr'a Kpar Ha III s. rosa e 6uno craH4aprHo o6osuaqeHr,re 3a BcqKa cyxo3eMrra rpaur{rda sa Pzucra'ra r,rMnepur, 6es qa ce nogpas6rpa

Haruquero

r{Jrr{

orcacrBr{ero

13

Suceyeanu 1992, S. 222.

ra

Bx. Inana ll.Z.E vrll.z.il.

rs

Isaac 1988, p. 125 sqq.

Ha KaKBaro

uya6utto cnequ$uvua lluQpacrpyKTypa.

flpeg;roxenoro BMecro "3a[anHonoarraftcrra JIr.rMec" aJrrepnarr,rBHo Ha3Balave litus Scythicus npeAcraBJrflBa oqeBHAHa uapaQpa:a na noHrrrrero litus Saxonicum,
c IIeJr HeroBara aAalrarluq KBM KoHKperHa reorpa$cxa cpeAa. fiopra ga ce ocraBr4
HacrpaHa HaIrbJIHo LIMarLrHepHara c'bu{Hocr Ha pr.rMcKara or6paur4TeJrrra crrcreMa
oa 6perona 3autrr4ra no AHeruHoro go6pyq:raHcKoro MopcKo xpafi6pexue, HectcTorreJrHocrra Ha npeAJroxeHara SoprrryJrr..rpoBKa flpor,r3Tur{a or caMr{fl Sarr, ve
JIarI{HcKara gyva litus Hr{Kora He e rlMaJra caMocrorreJrHo BoeHHo-SopruQuraquoHHo 3Har{enue. flonsrvero litus Saxonicum raMa Hafi-seposrHo K'bcHopr.rMcKr,r [porr3xoA Ir e 3acBLIAereJIcrByBaHo B rrr4cMeHrrre r{3Bopr{ eAr,rHcrBeHo s Notitia

Dignitatuml6, xtgero c Hero e o3HaqeHa e[Ha cnequ$uuua BoeHHo-agMrrHr,rcrpaTIaBHa crpyKTypa 6eg ananorl{rr B ocraHaJrr4s prrMcKr.r cesr. Crana AyMa 3a MorrlHara
cl4lcreMa ea 6perora 3arqr.rra IIo ra3TorrHoro r{ ro)KHo xpafi6pexore na EpuraHus u no
qacr or arraHTrlqecroro rpall6pexue ga la:l.us, r.r Eelrrara, quero BB3HI{KBaHe
6u:ro nopogeHo or cucreMarr{qmure u go6unra 3acrparur,rreJrHr.r pa3Mepr.r npe3 BTopara noJIoBvna Ha III n. rnropcxv HanaAeHr{fl Ha caKcur u Spanxul7. flnanzpauero u
Havaroro na nerZnoto r,r3rpDKAaHe [oHacro.flrr{eM ce cB'bp3Bar c rrrrHocrra Ha rrMneparop Aspenuan znN flpo6, Ho AonGJrBaHero v yc'bBtprxeHcrByBaHero ir upoA:bJIxrrJIIr c neorcra6Barqr4 TeMrIoBe I{ [pe3 cJreABarrlure Aecerr{Jrerl4ql8. no crIrlecrBo, Toea 6l{ra elHa rr{rrrrqHa rpaHr{r{Ha or6paHureJrHa crrcreMa, BKJrroqBarua
pa3II{TIHLI nO xapaKTep BOeHHr.r yKpenJreHr4fl r{ Bcr4rr{Kr{ xpalz6pe><HE yKpeneHr{ ceJILIqa. Tq 6uila npr{3BaHa Aa octrrlecrnxna eSexu,rBeH KoHTpor ra or6pana Ha flprrc-

TaHurllara

Lr

MopcKrrre KoMyHr,rKarIVu u Na 6:roxnpa BcrrqKr{ Bb3MoxHrr n'brrru{a 3a

HexeJraHo npoHrrKBaHe B flpeAeJrure sa Irllrneplr,rra Ha BapBapr{ or nocoKa Ha Mopero. Enzret'sr Saxonicum *te e reorpa$cKo orrpeAeJ{eHr4e Ha Mesropa3noJroxeHflero, a nepcouuSuqupa ocHoBHr{rr nporr.rBHrlK, cpeqy Kororo 6rara naco.reHa rasn ot6panureJrHa cr,rcreMal9. Cuopeg HrKor4 E3cre4Baqn,litus Saxonicum 6ut eguucTBeHaTa MOpCKa rpanrrrla sa Praucraraulufiepvfl,, B npeKr{rr cMr{c'bJI Ha [yMaTa rpauuqazo. Maxap Aa ce cqura 3a npecr.rJreHo2l, e rona rBlpAeHrre oqeBuAHo rrMa rBbpAe roJIqMa Ao3a I4CTI{Ha: KaTO Ce U3KITOqU KpaTKLIfl nepIIOA Ha TOTCKa XereMOHr{r B

r{epuolropuero [pe3 50re-60rc roAr4Hra na III s., Hr{K'bAe ApyraAe no nepu$epnure
Mopera - r{aK Ao c'b3AaBaHero na BangancKoro KpaJrcrBo a Cesepua A$pnxa npes

Not. Dign. Occ. Y,126-132; XXVII (ed. Seeck).
Johnson 1979,p.23 sqq.; Johnson 1983, p. 196 sqq.; Redde 1986, p. 432 sqq.; Brulet 1991,
p. 155 sqq.
r8
3a qa'rupoBKara B)K.: Johnson 1979,p.94 sqq.; Johnson 1983, p. 211.
re
Cnrp:auara c apryMeHrauu.{ra Ha ra3lr re3a Jrr.rreparypa e [ocoyena B: Redde L986,p.433
(n.412).
20
Johnson 1979,p.131.
2r
Redde 1986,p.443.
16
17

v

B. - Prarrrcxara r.rMneplrf ne e 6rana r,r3npaBeHa cpeqy flpoTI{BHr,IK, pa3floJraraq c
peaJrHa $rorcxa cuna. IIopaAr4 ToBa, ruaula6noro u [JraHoMepHo yKpelrBaHe Ha
xpafiuopcxa'ra 6peronavtBvt\a, c orJre[ npeBptlrlaHero fi s HenpeoAoJrlrua 6aplrepa
3a rrABauI or Mopero HelprrflTeJr, Hr4Kora ue upugo6r.rJlo xapaKTep na o6qouMrlepc]|ia, utvt IIoHe - Ha A'bp)KaBHa rroJrr4Tr4Ka c [o-mrrpoKo perr{oHaJrHo [pIrJIox evue2Z.
Li t u s S axo ni c um ce flBflBa yHr.rKaJrHa Sopru$raraqrroHHa 14 B oeHHo-opraHlr3 aIIpIoHHa crpyKTypa, flopogeHa or cflequ$uuHIare ycJroBla, B KoHKpereH perlroH Ir oKoHqaTeJrHo r4HcTr.rTyrlr4oHaJrr.r3r.rpaHa BeporTHo eABa npe3 K'bcHopLIMcrIax nepraog. Huu1o nono6uo rro c'bBpeMeHHoro 4o6pygxancKo MopcKo rpafi6pexrae He e, a Ir rpocro

ne e 6raro Heo6xoqulro [a cr,rqecrByBa - Hr{To [pe3 enoxara Ha flpnrull{rrara, HI{To
npe3 K'bcHara aHTr{rrHocr! B pe:ynrar or Ka3aHoro AoryK, Sopuynuposxara litus
Scythicus cJreABa Aa 6'b[e oKaqecrBeHa Karo rB'bpAe HeIr3ABpxaH orrllr 3a c'bBpeMeHHO TepMprHOJIOr[rrHO TBOpTIeCTBO.

flpu

yvpeqrBaHero Ha rrpoBrrHrltrr Crwrut, uo nerlHrls MopcKLI 6par uuano

cauo 5 yKperreHr.r o6erra: Llcrput, Toun, Karatuc, T(n)puca u ,firaoHucofioJll4c.
Bcu.{r[ Te pa3rroJraraJlr{ c yKpelraTeJrHr{ c6opt)KeHr{s rroHe or eJrrrHrrcrr{lrecKara
enoxa HacerHe u lptttu HeeEHoKparHo rrpeyKpeuqBaHl,I [pe3 BeKoBer:e. HenocpeqcTBeHO CJreA OTCTpaHTBaHeTO Ha TOTCKaTa OIaCHOCT, BepOflTHO OUIe IIpU UMnepaTOp
Anpenraau rrJrrr rro-K'bcHo flpu flpo6, 6unu s:er[ aKTr{BHr{ MepKI,I 3a orcrpaHsBaHe
Ha HaHeceHrrre or BapBaprrre rropa;KeHur, Koero eYlcrpux, ToIrru u T(ra)pnca HaMepr{Jro rr3pa3 B npeglp[eMaHero Ha rlqrocrHo [pel43rpa)KgaHe, a s Kanaruc - B KoHcoJrluaquoHHo-B'b3craHoBlrreJrHr{ pa6oru no yKpenI4TeJIHaTa cilcTeMa.
B pesylrar Ha oc'bulecrBeHoro or Kpa, na III s. HacerHe unrensrarno $opru$uxaqraoHHo crporrreJrcrBo, 6poxr Ha yKpeleHute o6erru no MopcKuq 6pxr u n
HelocpeAcrBeHo npr{Jrex(aqara rpafi6pexua I{BI{IIa Ha [poBI,IHqvx Cxuras, HapacHaJr HeKoJrKoKparHo. fioceraruuure rr3cJreABarfifl. ca perlrcrpllpanra o6qo 26 yxpenenz o6exrpl, KoI{To ctc crrrypHocr ca ctrrlecrByBaJrra B Ta3Ir 3oHa [pe3 K'bcHara
auruqsocr23. Txxsoro BG3HrrKBaHe 6uno uopoqeHo or pa3rur{Hl.,I rrpll.rIlHu ra c'so6p axeHr{s, np e4olpeAeJrr{Jru TBBp[e pasHoo 6pa3Hara Iar"r $ynrquoHaJlHa c'butrHocr :
BoeHHo-noJrraqericxlr yKpenJreHr.rfl, BoeHHr4 Jrareprr, rpaloBe, yKpeleHI,I ceJIIrIrIa, ceJrr4rqHr{ r{r.rrageJrr,r. tlacr or o6exrure npoc'rbrrlecrByBaJrr.{ cpaBHI{TeJIHo KparKo BpeMe Lr cJreA r{3Jrr{3aHero r{M or crpoq K'bM Kpafl na IV unu npe3 fltpBara [oJroBI,IHa Ha

V e. 6urra 3aBr{Harr{ r{socraBeHrr (Enucara-I, Osugray-I, flarasy Mape, KoncranqaTernuur, C:rparoxlrc, Kapru). B'spxy AeMoHTIrpaHIrre r{ HI,IBeJrI4paHIr pyIrHIr Ha ABa
or rsx (Oeraguy-I u Kaprax) rro-K'bcuo 6r.mu nsrpa[eHll c'bBbpuJeHo HoBI{ yKpenJleulrr (Onraguy-Il N Kaper/K(a)peac).

2r
23

lbidem.
Bx. f.nara II.2.B (1-26).

flepraogtr or Kpas ua V qo ruecroro [ecerr.rJrerr{e na VI B. e cBLp3aH c
I{crI4HcKI{ 6yrvr na $oprra$raxalll4oHHoro crporrreJrcrBo rro MopcKoro rpari6pexue
Ha npoBrrHrtrns, CxuT s. Hapeg c peMoHTHo-B63craHoBr{TeJrHr{Te pa6oru, IIo BpeMeTo Ha rrMneparop Anactacufi I{ [o-K'bcHo npu Iocrr,rnuan I 6uno [peAnprrero rpaHAI4o3Ho crpollTeJrcrzo a fundamentis, xoero qyBcrBr{TeJrHo npoMeHuno o6luxa sa
HqKOr{ OT C'brqecrByBau{r.rre

r..r

AoBeJro Ao B'b3HIrKBaHero Ha

pe[uqa

HoBr.r yKpeneHr{

o6exrrn. C egno caMo BepoflTHo l{3Krroqeuue (Earvux-Xopusonr), AnacracpreBoTo crpor.rreJrcrBo r{MaJro noAqepraHo r{raBr{JreH xapaKTep (Vlcr,pw, Trauyu, Kauen
6pt-flimata, CBerE Hraxora, Busone). Bcn.xu HoBorr3rpaAeHr.r yKperenrn o6exrx
K(a)peac, Kauen 6pxr-ToupaK KaJre, Trauyrvr-3auag u Banvrar-Tysna:ra).
Ioctr,rnlranoBoro yKpenlltreJrHo crpor.,rreJrcreo a fundamentis or cpeqara Ha
VI s. uo MopcKrIJI 6par na [poBrrHrlrrfl Cxnrus.6e seqe HeKoJrKoKparHo oKaqecrBeHo B r{3JroxeHuero [o-rope Karo peaJrr,r3a\us, Ha eAHa cnequ$ravua Mr.rKpoperuoHaJrHa BoeHHo-crpoI{TeJrHa [porpaMa. Ilpnvunure 3a npeArrpueMaHero Ha ra3r{ [porpaMa, o6ave, KaKTo I,r AlrcJroKallurstrarra KacreJrr4Te, B'b3HrrKHaJrt s HellHr,r,re paMKI4,
Ha np'bB norJreA r,r3urex[ar Aocra o3aAar{aBarrlu. Tpagr,rquoHnara r.rHTepflperarl[,
Ha paHHoBr4ganrlrftcxure yKpelJreHus no 3aua[Horo r{epnouopue e rBap[e cxo1Ha c re3ara 3a "3anagHouonrr.rrlcxnf JII{Mec", Ho nocraBfl yAapeHl,Iero rrMeHHo B'bpxy yKpelI,ITeJIHara unQpacrpyKTypa. C.{ura ce, Lre He3aBr{crrMo or rexHr{rr KoHKpeTeH rlpol,I3xog

lI

Qynxqr{oHaJrHa c'brrlHocr, Bcr{qKr,r

rparl6pexnrr

yKperreHr4

o6exru

or6panzren Ha rru.-Hvtfl., KoflTo'rpa6nano Aa rapanTr{pa crrryp$oplrupanu
Hocrra na I,Ivrnepuqra orK'bM uopero24. Cucreunure rprDKr.r Ha rleHTpaJrHara BJracr
no [oAgbp)KaHero Lr Ao]I3rpaxAaHero Ha ra3r{ Irvtra.r4s. ce o6scHssar c'bc "3acur11vilaTa ce v peaJrHa onacHocr or BpaxecKrr HarraAeHI{, rro Mope", Karo KoHKperHo ce
Brr3l,Ipar "flpuMIITHBHI{Te, Ho tunoro6poftHa cr,aBfl]F'crz, npa6.rnrapcKl,I n aBapcKII
$rotunun"25. Ees Aa ce BnycKaM B KoMeHTap orHocHo xopa6ouraBareJrHr,rre rpaeAI,IHHa

Arlrlr{u h. yv.erelafl, Ha c[oMeHarlrre [JIeMeHa no roBa BpeMe

u n.ro6u1e,

cqI,ITaM 3a

cleg tona!) klv,tepaara pa3[oJraraJra c a6co.nrorrra MopcKa xereMoHr{, s Eexcrurcxns flonr E HeliHra-flr Sror 6rl eAr,rHcrBeHara peaJrHa MopcKa cuta ryx26.IrlueHuo
Ta3I{ xereMonuq 6I,uIa eAHa or rJraBHr{Te npeAnocraBKr,r 3a ct3AaBaHero upes 536 r.
Ha cnacl{TeJlHara 3a AoJrHo[yHaBcKr{Te [poBr.rHrlr{rr r,rHcrr,rryrlur quaestura exercitus,
Korro ycnelrHo pa3pem,rJra npo6leua c pr.rrMr..rr{Horo [pogoBoJrcrBeHo, $nnauco-

Bo I{ MareplaaJrHo-TexHurrecKo cna6gxrane Ha HacraHeHI{Te raM

2a

Onrapor 1982, c.20; ,[uunrpon 19856, c. 121;,(uunrpor 1989,
Oruapor 1982, c.20.
26
Ahrweiler 196( p. 7 sqq.
2s

c.

solicru

42,56.

r,r

BoeHIr3I,I-

paHo HaceJreHr,re npe3 Kpr3ucHLrfl.3a parloHa nepuo[ or cpelara Ha qerBbproro
Ao
Har{aloTo Ha IIrecToTo IeceTEJIeTI{e Ha VI e. Or cson cTpaHa, Lr3rpaAeHaTa Ha ocHoBara Ha a6corlorHa MopcKa xereMoHl4r cr{creMa 3a rrpogoBoJrcrBeHo cHa6AsBaHe
AaJra B'b3MOXHocr ua ?IunepraflTa Aa rloAA.bpxa cBor cyBepeH[Ter Ha[ orneJrHr,r
IIeHTpoBe uo qepHoMopcKoro Kpafi6pexile r{ Ha 6pera na p.
[yHaB AbJrro cJreA
Karo rf [paKTl4r{ecKunzryduna KoHTpoJIa nag 6anrancKure cr,r BJraAeHVnzl . CnegoBareJIHo, oIII4T'br ga ce o6auru IocrnnnaHoBoro BoeHHo crpor,rreJrcrBo no MopcKrrrr
6pxr ua npoBl{Hqlrfl Cxurus, Karo flpofiBa Ha rpla>{<a 3a 3a3ApaBsBaHe rr yrurtT}urBaHe Ha paHHoslleaHrl,Iflcxara crlcreMa sa 6peroaa or6paua cJre[Ba peur{TeJrHo
Aa ce
orxB'6pJrla: EercrlHcxuflr flonr He caMo qe He [peAcraBJrrBaJr u3Tor{Hr,rK Ha HrKaKBa peaJrHa LTJTLI noreHIII4aJrHa 3arrJraxa zaLltanepanra, Ho Harrporr,rB Mopero Bepo,THO OIqE OT BTOPATA IIOJIOBI{HA HA V S. CE IPCBGPHAJIO B MOIIIEH I,I CUTYPEH TAPAHT
H a Bil 3 aHTr{ itcxar a B JI acr B rtp oBr.rHIII,IrITa.

BlecraHostBaHero Ha HopMaJrHufl pttrrr Ha xil.rBora s Crfirus cJreg rorcor [ocJreAHara r{erB'bp'r ua IV r4 ['bpBara uonourrHa Ha V

KI4Te I{ xyHcKr,I Ha[aAeHI,L

s. 6uro cB'bp3aHo c ApacrI,IaIHo o6esnrogxraHe Ha B'brperrrHr,rre paftoHlr. B.rgnrEreaHETO K'bM

MOpcKOTo

HA V U S HA'{AIOTO HA VI S, HA PEAIIIIA HOBIA YKPENEHI,I CEJII,IqA 11O
rpaft6pexue Ha npoBr4H\r[flTaBeporrHo rpt6naAa r.bJrKyBa Karo yKa3a-

KPA'

HI4e, qe qacT

or

olleJrflJroTo cneq 6egctu{.f,Ta [poBuHrIr.IaJrHo HaceJreHr{e ce I{3Ter-

KtM rOSlr parlon. Tyr ro He pr,rcKyBaJro Aa ce oKaxe OTHOBO OTK.rCHaTo or cBera I{ [peAocraBeHo Ha co6crgeHure cvt cultrt r{ B'b3Mo)KHoctz, rtft raro
TI{Jrbr 6ul nagex<gHo [oAcl,IrypeH or MopcKara Mou{ :aaVlvtnepanra r.r Br4Harra MoxeJlo Aa ce pasr{Lrra Ha HaBpeMenua z e$uxacHa BoeHrra r.rJrrr Marepr{aJrHa rrogKpeua. Maxap MHo3I4HcrBoro or HoBo[oflBr{Jrvrre ce yKpeneHr{ ceJrrru{a Aa ce flBrBar
npoABJrxI,ITeJril HA MeCTHa rrOceJILrrrIHa Tpap,wlvr c BeKOBHa AaBHOCT, B'bB BCr,IrrKI4
cryqau 6es uarrlo.reHl{e ce ua6nrogana ilo-MaJrKo I{JII4 flo-roJrrMo ra3MecrBaHe Ha
I{eHT'bpa na o6r,rrasaue, Karo Soprz$urarlrroHHr,rre pa6oru 6r.uu octrqecrBeHr4 Ha
nafi-go6pe 3aIr{I,ITeHIrfl or nprlpoAara r{ JreceH 3a yKpelsBaue repeH B oKoJrHocrra.
B'm np'rsra c npeBp'bnlaHero Ha rlepuo Mope B olopa Ha Br{3aHTr{ficxara
BJracr s cxHrr.u cJreABa na ce flocraBrir, cfiopeA MeH, r{ perucrp}rpaHoro no MopcKr,rJr
6par xa npoBr,rHrlr,rrrra yKpe[r.rreJrHo crpor{TeJrcrBo c noAr{epraH BoeHeH xapaKTep
or Kpa, na V/naqaloro Ha VI u or cpeAara na VI s. Haqanoro Ha roBa crporrreJrcrso 6rlro [ocraBeHo or I{Mneparop AHacracrari c narpaxgaHero B He[ocpeAcrBeHa
6nlrsoct go finouucorloJr]Ic Ha orpoMHoro ro pa3Mepr,r yKpenJrenrae Eanqux-Xopra3oHT, Koero ualf-nepoarno 6nno 3aMI,IcJreHo Karo ocHoBeH 6agos Jrarep 3a HacraHeHI{Te B IoxHara qacr Ha flpoBr,rHrlr,rflTa ofleparr,rsara ruo6r.urHr,r rroApa3Aerrenus.fi;raJrI{JrO r{MeHHO

To MorrIeH orropeH nyHKT B crpyKTypara Ha peopraHr43rrpaHara IIo c.brrloro BpeMe
o6qonponzHrlr,raJrHa cr{creMa 3a rep}rropr,raJrHa 3arqr,rra r,r B'brperrrHa cr,rrypHocr.

flo-rlcno - Moxe 6u uenocpegcrBeHo

27

Torbatov 1997a,p. 78

sqq.

cJreA

Karacrpo$arxoro 3eMerpeceHr{e or

544/545

r.

-

BoeHHoro yKpenJreHr.re npu[o6r4Jro xapaKrep Ha yKpeneHo ceJrr{rrle,

KOETO HE E IT3KJIIOI{EHO AA E 3AIOI{HAIO

na

VI

[A

CE OTCXAECTBqBA OT BTOPATA NOJIOBI{HA

B. HacerHe c,fluoHuconornc.

fina or HoBorr3qrrrHarrrre B cpeAara na VI s. trOcrunuanoBl{ KacreJrl{ - Osuguy-Il u Kapex/I((a)peac - 3aMeHr{Jrrr yKperrJreHrrfl or K'bcHopr4McKvts. nepro[, Karo
B'bB BTopr.rfl or cryqaure B3arrMoBp'b3Kara c gefrcrnynalqo npucraHl,Iqe e BEH or
BcqKaKBo cBMHeHr{e, a B rltpBlaq - TB'bpAe BeporrHa. Ocrananur:e rplr KacreJla Kauen 6pxr-TonpaK KaJrs, Turrryu-3anag u Ea.nuur-Tysnara - B'b3HI4KHaJII4 B HeEocpeAcrBena 6lugocr Ao Beqe ctrrlecrByBarrlu no roBa BpeMe yKperreHr4 I{eHTpoBe
(crornerno: Kaues 1p*-flfttara, Tuuylr r,r AQpogusuon), vraaro Bp63Ka c oxuBeH[rrr MopcKtr rpa$ur Moxe Aa ce cqnra 3a rroBeqe r4Jrr4 no-MaJrKo clrrypHa. fiucnoKarIr{JrTa Ha BoerrHrrTe yKperrJreH[q HeABycMrrcJreHo noKa3Ba, qe upu TqxHoTo u3lpax(Aalre He e A'bpxaHa cMerKa 3a [poflopqrroHaJrHo pa3[peleJrflHe Ha cI(JrrITe IIo
IlrJroro fiporexeHr,re Ha MopcKr,It 6prr Ha npoBl{HlluaCxntux. Hanporne - na6nroAaBa ce [o$repraHa KoHrleHTpar{us na o6errure B }orollt3TorrHara rlacr or rpafi6pexlrero. flopaeurenHara paBHoMepHocr B pa3rrpeneJleHuero Ha KacreJruTe ryK
y6egurenuo HaJrara BfletrarreH[ero 3a [I3rpilK[aHe na cnequ$vqHa Ml,IKpoperuoHaJrHa crpyKTypa, orreBlrgeH rIeHTBp Ha KoflTo ce flBrBaJr npugo6anuzr BaxHo aAMprHr,rcrparrrBuo 3narreuue v [pexr,rBrBarq 6ypeu cronalrcKl4 noAeM Iro roBa BpeMe

rpag Axpe: u qerr,rpr,rre HoBor,r3rpageHr,r yKpe[JIeHI{t orcrosJrvr.a no orono 10 ru
eAr{H or [pyr 14 or Axpe u 6sru rpylrrpauu ABe no ABe, c'borBerHo 3alaAHo IrI ceBepor43Toqno or rpa[a. Tr,rnonorruecKara ra SynxquoHaJlHa c'blrlHocr na trOcrunuaHOBr,rTe yKpenJreHr.rfl cJreABa Aa ce [prreMe Karo cl,IrypHo yKa3aHr{e 3a BoeHHut xapaKTep Ha ra3r crpyKTypa. flpu rce roBa, KaKTo 6e uo.scrreno no-rope, neftnoro
BB3HaKBaHe peuureJrHo He Moxe r,r ne rpa6na Aa ce flocraBq B paMKraTe Ha HflKaK'bB KoHKperen or6paHlrreJreH KoHTeKcr. 3a uocnegnoro y6egureJlHo cBl{AereJrcrByBa rr caMara ArrcJroKar{[, Ha HoBor{3rpa[eHrrre KacreJrlr, Koqro aro6ule He ce cGo6pasxaara c MecrorroJroxeHprero Ha Beqe $ynrquoxupalql,ITe r pafiona MorrlHrl
yKpefieHr,r rIeHTpoBe r{ c HLrrqo He Ao[prrHacflila 3a nocrl{raHe Ha [o-paBHoMepHo
pa3rpeAeJreHr{e Ha yKpefirrreJruara lru$pacrpyKTypa rro rpore)KeHl{ero Ha ro3l{
f{acrbK or MopcKr,rs 6prr. flpll cerarrrHoro rpafino He3aAoBoJIIrreJIHo cbcrorHl,Ie
Ha npoyr{Banvrsra, [pe[Ha3Har{eHr{ero Ha [r3rpaAeHara or IrM[eparop trOcrusraan I
r4 rpynupaHa oKoJro Axpe cucreMa or rroqrr,r rrAeHTurIHu rlo B'bHIrIeH o6nur BoeHHI{
yKpenJreHr,r, He Moxe Aa ce oilpeqeJrpr c floJroxtrreJrrocr. Cnopeq MeH, B cryqat
nafi-nepoxrHo craBa AyMa 3a c'b3AaBaHero na cnequ$HqHa crpyKTypa, HaMl{paqa
ce B rrptKa Bp'b3Ka cBc crrcTeMaTa 3a [po[oBoJIcTBeHo Ir MaTepI,IaJIHO-TexHurIecKo
cna6ganane. I{enra 6nna, u3rne>rga, nogo6pqBaHe Ha opraHlr3allpltra I4 IIoBLI[raBaHe cr,rrypHocrra Ha Synrqr,ronrapaHe Ha cr{creMara. Kacrenute Iqe Aa ca 6unlr cnoeo6pasnu aKyMyJrarr{BHo-pa3[pe[eJrprreJrHlr 6a:Ir, xr4ero rrocrtrrBarrut14 ce c'bxpaHflBaJr[, ,I oT KGAeTO Ce rrcB'bpruBaJr0 [pepa3npeAeJleHlleTo K'bM B'bTpeIIIHocTTa
(npz tona, BepoflTHo, rro[ [ocrarbrrHo crrJreH BoeHeH rounofi!) Ha peaJrl,I3[IpaHlrre

IIo MopcKI,r rIGT qeHTpaJra3r,rpaHra AocTaBKr4 3a Hy)KArrre Ha npoBr4Hrlr.raJrHara BorfcKa Ir qIrBIlIJrHo HaceJreHrae. Axflasu3r,rpaHero Ha Kopa6o[JraBaHero no Iororr3Tor{HoTo MopcKo xpafi6pexcr.re Ha rrpoBr.rHtlut Crurua [pe3 KacHara aHTr.rqHocr2S y6eguTeJIHO CBI4[eTeJICTByBa 3a r{yBCTBr.rTeIHo HapacTBaHe Ha 3Har{eHrIeTO Ha C'brrlecTBy-

BaJrara ryK npr,rcraHr4nlHa Mpexa. Ktu cpegara na VI r. Arpe otreBr4AHo npugo6un
n6pBeHcrByBalqo noJlox<eHl{e cpeA [pucraHr{rrlara B To3ra parlon, nopanrr Koero
TIMeHHO rOrT 6ur lrs6pau 3a rIeHT'bp Ha peopraHr,r3r,rpaHara no roBa BpeMe cr{creMa
3a [poAoBoJrcrBeHo cHa6gxnaue, Ko-sro 6rana nocraBeHa IIoA IIpsK BoeHeH KoHTpoJr
u qra6gena cbc ctorBercrpyBarqa yKperrr4TeJrHa ranSpacrpyKrypa. He e ussecruo
KOJIKO A'bJIrO B'bIIpOCHI,ITe KaCTeJII4I 3aIIa3I,IJII4 n'LpBOHarIaIIHLtfl, CV

o6tur. Btn scer[

$yUrquOnalen

cnyuari, pa3KonKure Ha Hoc IIIa6na ycraHoBr,rxa, qe cJre[ Macr{BHo oloxGprBaHe u 6rpso [ocJre[BaJra peKoHcrpyKqr{, flpe3 BTopara rroJroBrirHa Ha
VI n., KacreJrbr KapexlK(a)peac rplrAo6un xaparrep Ha o6uxnoseHo yKpeneHo
ceJrr.rule.

flpegnoxeHlrrr fio-rope o6urupen

KoMeHTap (lragxaau ce!) y6equreJrHo

ro-

KA3A, I{E NPOBIIHIIU'T CXUTlrlS, HIITO HACJIEAilJIA, HIITO TEII'bPBA I,I3TPAXAAJIA H'KAKBA
cnequ$runa crrcreMa 3a 3aqr,rra rra MopcKr,rfl cra 6prr. Muoro6pofiHr,rre yKperreHr{

o6exru, perrrcrpldpa:a:aB Ta3:a 3oHa, A:6Jrxar B'b3Hr{KBaHero clr Ha pa3Jrr,rrrHu [pu,{nl{vu MHo3rrHcrBoro or rrx r{Mar [oAqepraHo rlr{Br.rJreH xapaKTep. flpenp'rqanero na xpari6pexr,reto or BTopara noJroBr{Ha na V e. HacerHe B eAHa or 3ourirre Ha
narl-sucoxa KoHIIeHTpaqr{, Ha noceJrkn\rtilr. xrrBor B npoBr4Hrlr{rtra ee o6gcHqsa c
ToBa, qe HenocpeAcrBeHara 6rrzeocr Ha Mopero npegJraraJra MHoro BrrcoKu crauAaprlr Ha cl,IrypHocr, rapaHTr{paHrr or a6conrornara MopcKa xereMoHlrrr sa IrlunepHtra. Hzrax He e'Il3HeHaABaIqo roraBa, 3an{o noBeqero or HaceJreHrrre Mecra,
Konro [poncJrxl,IJrrl c'blrlecrByBaHero crt 14 clrrey\ xaracrpoSaJrHr4Te aBapo-cJraBflHcKr{Te HanaAeHr{.tr or Kpafi na vI r,r HaqaJroro na vII B., ca uMeHHo }r3Mexny xpafiMopcKr,rre yKpeneHr,r rIeHTpoBe Ha rrpoBtrHrlua Cxutun.

28

3a rona Moxe Aa ce c6ALI rro I,I3BaAeHrlrre or MopcKoro AbHo KorBrr r,r uso6r,ureg (bcHoarrTI{rreH K€paMI,IqeH MaTep}raJr IIo BpeMe Ha cr{cTeMHr.rTe npe3 [ocneAHlrTe ABe AeceTEJIerls [oABoAIrLt apxeonoruqecKra npoytrBanua rpafi ]Oxnogo6pygxaHcKoro Mop-

cro rpafi6pexne.

3. 3AtrII,ITATA HA fTPOBI,IHIII{AJTHOTO
HACEJIEHI,IE
Maxap HanocJreg'bK [a ce [poKapBa rrgeflTa, qe 3a[IraTara Ha npoBrrHrlr,raJrHoro HaceJreHr{e Hr{Kora ne 6una cpeA nprroplrrer[Te Ha pr,rMcKr{Te r,rMfleparopu u
[6pxaBHa aAMrrHprcrpaqfi, l, +aKTr{Te cBr,rAereJrcrBar no-cKopo 3a rrporr.rBHoro. B
ToBa orHorueHrre, noJroxeHtrero B flpoBuHrdr.rrr Cxuruq 6r,mo uanrnHo r,rAeHTr,rrrHo
Ha rroJrox<eHr{ero B Apyr}rre r{acrrl na Puucxara [rMlrepur.
Macupanure HarrrecrBr{tr or cpe4ara na III n. flcHo [oKa3arrvr,qe s Purvrcrara
fltoailepltfl. Beqe HrMa "6e3olacHu" u HegoceraeMll 3a BapBaprlTe rIpoBIrHIII,Iu. B orroBop Ha roBa, or BTopara noJroBr.rHa Ha BeKa Hacerlre rloBceMecrHo o Plmepuara
ce pa3rcpHaJro r.rHreu3ranuo SopruQuraquouHo crporrreJrcrBo. To qerano [peBp'brrlaHero Ha BcrKo no-3HaquMo ceJrr,rule B MorrIeH yKpeneH IIeHTBp, xofiro Aa e B
c'bcrosHr{e yc[errrHo Aa lr3A6pxll eBeHTyaJrHa o6caga, rapanrupafiKlr >K[rBora rr uMoTa Ha cBor.rre o6urarenlr. B unoro or cryqaure ceJrrrqara Hr{Kora flo-pauo se 6uttu
yKpelsBaHr,r. B ocrauanrrre, 3a 4a 6'rgar c'brrlecrByBarrllrre yKpenrnreJrHr,r c6op'bx<eHl{s npr,rBegeHr.r B c'borBercrBrre c'bc c'bBpeMeHHI{Te Ir3[IcKBar,t4fl Ha $optuSuKarlrlroHHaTa apxrrreKTypa, Te un.n 6utu noAJroxeHr'r Ha ocHoBeH peMoHT rI flpeycrporlctso, rrJrrr HanpaBo 6utu [eMoHTr,rpaHfl r,r 3aMeHeHIr c HoBpI. B nocnegnns cJry.raft rvruoro qecro ce na6nrogaBaJro crecHflBaHe Ha yKpe[euara repurop[q no cpaBHeHr,re c npeAxo[Hfi.fi llepuo[, a HepqAKo ceJrr4rrlaTa Aopu ce [3MecTBzura Ha HoB TepeH, KaAero rrplrpoAHrrre AaAeHocrrr [pegJrararn uo-go6pt4ycntoBvrfl,sa sanlrEra. YrperulBauero xati-nanpe4 na narf-sHa.{I{Mure ceJrrrrqa, MHo3I4HcrBoro or Korrro Berle
nprrre)KaBaJrrr, a peAr,rqa or ocraHaJr[Te BnocJreAcrBr{e npugo6unu rpagcKlr craryr,
6uno tran'uHo 3aKoHoMepeH [poqec. Or egna crpaHa, ToBa ce n'bJrxaJro na Qaxra,
r{e rpaAoBere r.r rpagcKr,rflT xr{Bor 6utn eynn or rIeHHocrI{Te Ha prrMcKara rlrrBr,rJrr.r3agttfl2,3a 3ana3BaHero rr pa3Brrrrrero r{a Kolrro npe3 K'bcHopr,rMcK[-s neprrog Bce
oqe ce rroJraraJrr.r cr{creMHr{ rpuxr4 Ha naft-sucoKo ABpx(aBHo HI{Bo. Or gpyra crpana, nog6op'br Ha o6errure oqeBEAHo cJreABa ga ce o6xcnrr H c rB'bp[e Br4coKara
ce6ecrorlsocr ua Qopr SuraquonHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo, [opaArr Koero KtM TaKoBa
flpr.rcrbnBaJrr,r npeAr{MHJ rIeHTpoBe, pa3[oJraraulrr B HaJrrrqHocr c neo6xoguur.rre MaTepr,raJrHr,r B'b3Mo)KHocru. Maxap HopMaJIHo yKpeuqBaHero Ha qr,rBr{nnn o6erru ga
6uro upegnprreMaHo ctc c[equaJrHo r4M[eparopcKo pa3pelueHl{e, I{Mneparopr{Te
lr3rJrex<Aa caMo B peAKr,r cryrrau [oeMaJrrr npeKrr QNnaucoan aHrDrerMerrrr{ KT,M
peaJrll3arlurra Ha crpor.rreJrHr.rfl flpoqec. flouorqra Ha rIeHTpaJIHara BJracr narf-.{ecro 6r,rna r,rulr.rpeKTna r,r ce [3pa3rBaJra B rleJreBu AaHGqHlr o6rex.reHafl r,r oc[rypsBarfsaac 1989, p.232sqq.; Isaac 1990, p.313,393-394.
Lander 1984,p.157.

2

He Ha KBaJrr{Ququpauu urDKeHepHr,r Ka[pI{, Kor{To o6r,rKHoBeHo [pr.rHaAJrexaJrr{ KT,M

KareroprlrlTa Ha BoeHrrlrre apxrrrerru. Karo Soprraa Ha oco6eHa 6narocmounocr,
B I{3KJlroqrrreJrHr.r cryrrau 3a rr3rpuKAaHero Ha qr.rBr.rJrHr,r yKpeneHrr o6ertu Mo)KeJrr{
qa 6'rqar: [pl4Brr,rqaHr{ r{ BoeHHr{ KoHTr,rHreHTrr B KalrecrBoro Ha pa6orua p'rra3.

Cxopocrra

Ha crpoeHe 6u:ra

rrrpge

orHocrrreJrHo uoHqrI,re

r,r

ce HaMr,rpaJra B [pflKa

Bp'b3Ka c'bc crparerr{qecKara 3Har{uMocr Ha BceKr{ KoHKpereH o6eKT, o6eua Ha npeAcrorull4Te pa6oru r{ creleHTa Ha MareprraJrHo-TexHr{trecKo u $r,rnaucono noAcr,rry-

prBaHe Ha crpoexa. Cnopeg 3ana3eHr.rre K'bcHoaHTr{rrHr{ nr{cMeHu u euurpa$cxr.r
cBl{AereJrcrBa, crporrreJrcrBoro o6urnoseuo [po['bJrxaBaJro or HflKoJrKo Meceqa
[o HflKoJrKo roqnun4, Ho noHflKora ce npororrBaJlo r.r rroBelte or Aecerl,IJrerues.
Cnopeg Har[rrHara ransopr*.raqur, rrpr{ yqpeAqBaHero Ha nponuuqra Cxur:r,rs s HeriHrrre npeAeJrr{ [MaJro 8 6 yrpeneuu ceJrr{ula, or6panurerHr4Te c'bop'bxeHvIs"Ha HTIKoH or Kor{ro (I4CTPVIfl, TOMZ u T(n)PflCA) 6nru rrcq.flrro nper,rcrpaAeHu, a Ha Apyru (KAIIATI,IC) - cauo rorpaBeHr{, oqe HerocpegcrBeHo cJreA roJreMrrre HarlecrBr{fl or cpeAara Ha III s., nari-reporrHo npr{ r,rM[eparopure Anpe-

flpo6. flpoqec's'r na o6HosqsaHe Ha 3aBapeHara qr,rBr.rJrHa yKperrr.rreJrHa r,rH$pacrpyrrypa rpoA'bJr)KrrJr B Kpafl Ha III z upes rbpBure \ecervilerwfl ua fV 8.,
orKoraro Aarr{par crporrreJrrrure pa6orra r II4OHI,ICOilOJII4C, TPE3MI,IC r.r
TPOilE)rM TPAflHVL3a nepuoga or Kpafl na III go K'bM Kpaq na IV B. Ha repr.rrrvrarlz

Topl4rra Ha flpoBrrHrlus, Cxurvs, B'b3Hr{KHaJrr4 rr MHo)KecrBo HoBrr rI}IBrrJrHr{ }T(peneHI,I IIeHTpoBeT. Bue.{arrflBau{r{Te pa3Meprz, [peqr,I3Hl,Isr rpaAe)K rr MoHyMeHTaJrHo-

To BBTpeI[Ho 3acrporBaue Ha r{acr or rax (3AJI,[A[IA, WBI4EA, Enucala-I
(KOHCTAHTI4AHA?), AP|AMYM) sepoxrHo crre[Ba Aa ce npueMar Karo yKa3

a

flogpo6en roMeHrap rro re3r{ B'Enpocu n: Johnson 1983, 59-64; FosVWinfield 1986, 125-129.
,{anuxre ca cr6paura s: Johnson 1983, p. 60; Tara Harpr{Mep, cropeA froan Manana,
Anpenr.ranoaara creHa s PuNr 6r.ura r.r3rpaAeHa ra 5 rogunu (Richmond 1930, p. 29).
I4ssecrr,rero Ha eAr{H euurpa$cxu [aMerHr{K (CIL, III,734),ue Teogocneoara creHa
s KoucraHr[HorroJr 6lua us4urnara caMo ga 60 Anr.r, c ocuoBaHr{e ce floArrara Ha

or cr,BpeMeHurre r.r3cJreAnaur.r (Speck 1973, S. 135 sqq.; Miiller-Wiener
1977, S, 286). Or<onoBpr,cruara Kpe[ocrxa creHa Ha Bepoua, rosro 6r.ura cbrr3MepI{Mr{ tto Abnxr,rua c Teo4ocueeara creHa n KoscranrnHo[oJr, 6r,rnrn uocrpoeur,r 3a
8 ruecerla (CIL, Y 3329). Eano BareHrunuaHoBo BoeHHo yKpeurenr4e B flauoHu.q
(burgus commercium) 6uno cbrpaAeHo a fundamentis sa 48 aun (CIL, III, 3653).
s
B Adraha v Cupun, Haflpr,rMep, crpor.rrencrBoro Ha rpaAcKr{Te Kpe[ocrHrr creHr{ npoAbJrxr{rro oKorro 15 roAuuu - or 2561260 rc 2741275 r. (Johnson 1983, p. 65).
6
T(u)PI4 CA, TPE3 MI4C, HO B I4 O[yHyM, TPOIEyM TP Afl}{V[ IdCIPVlfr , TO' IU,
KAJIATI4C v\I4OHVICOIOJII4C. Yrpeurnanero ua rpaga TpesMr.rc rpe3 II-III e.
He e crrypHo, B)K. rro-rope B rr3Jro)KeHr4ero, I.nara II.2.A (14: TPE3MHC-3anag).
cbMHeHr.re

?

3AJIIAIIA, I4En,qA, Enucara-I (KOHCTAHTI'IAHA?), APIAMyM,

A@POAI43I,1OH,

r{epua, Xopux, I,lsroapene, O6po.rlrrqe; flpes rosu [epr{oA rrloxe 6u Bb3ur.rKHanr.r r{
yKperreurrre ceJrrula c Henpeurr3r{paHa Aarr.rposra s IV-VI o. Mauax, Ea6agar (BI,1KyC HOByC ? ), 9erara (III4BI{TAC AyCAEUEH3I4yM ? ), flaou enu r.r IIp ureu.

3aHI{e 3a

rtxHoro

LII{BI4JIHO

yKpelr,rTeJrHo

suco.{ariue pa3nopexAaHe r.r c[eIIHaJrHo noKpoBlrreJrcrBo. flapalenno c oroprrcr,rpanoro rr [oA[oMaraHo or BJracrr4Te
BB3HrIKBaHe BcJreAcrBLre Ha

CTpOTaTeJTCTBO, Bpr3r,rpailIo r43KJrrOlrr.rTeJrHO

qepraHo aAMrrHlrcrparrlBHo

rIeHTpOBeTe

C

nOA-

cronaHcKo 3HarreHrle, B flpoBraHllux CxuT un, KaKTo LI
uoBceMecrHo s Pr,rN4cxarafilanepils. ce pa3BrrBaJr r.r Apyr flpoqec, KoriTo Moxe Aa ce
xapaKTepl,r3rrpa Karo or6paruErenua caMor{Hrrrluarr,rBa Ha npoBraHqr{aJrHoro HaceJIeHIre8. fpauu.firara rr B'brpeurHorrpoBrrHqr,raJlHara crrcTeMr{ 3a curypHocr ce oKa3aJrL TB'bpAe e$uMepHa 3arqura 3a o6r.rrareJrrrre Ha uuoro6pofiHlrre HeyKpe[eHr{
noceJreHl{r, KoLITo noHactJI}I nelr:6ponrran 6egctnur,I,r MarepraJrHI,I ulerl,r rro BpeMe
Ha BapBapcKrrre Ha[Iecrslls. no-ga].{o)KHara qacr or ceJrcKoro HaceJreHr{e BeporrHo rB'bpge orpaHo norbpc[Jra crraceH[e B rpaAoBere. Ocranarnre o6u'ratenfl, o6aue,6unu ilpr,rHyAeHrl Aa ce rrorpfi)Kar 3a cBoqra 3aulr,rra cro6pasuo orpaHuqeHr4Te
cI{ Bt3MoxHocrr{. Egranuar or HatruHure - paguKaJreH, Ho no-crrn! - 6an cBBp3aH
c )KeprByBane na 6urosure ygo6cr:ra B rirMero Ha curypHocrra. Toli ce u3pa3rBaJr B
r{3ocraBqHe na o6rarasaHrr, [o-paHo repeH r..r npeAr.rcJroqupaHe Ha ceJrr,rrrlero Ha rpyAHoqoctbnHo ra ygo6uo 3a 3arrlura lvxf,cro, K'b[ero ro c M[rHrrMyM pa3xogr,r vrycrurktfr,
qa 6r4e cua6qeno c orHocrrreJrHo HaAexAHr..r yKpenr,rreJrHpr c'boptxeur,rfl. flpur',repr4Te or npoBlrHq[fl Crurns. ea us6op Ha ro3rr napr,ranrg He ca npequ3rro Aarr{paHr{,
Ho He e r{3KJrrorreHo nafi-paHur{Te or rqx [a ce orHacrr orrle KtM Kpa, Ha III lllpr

HaqaJloro Ha IV s.

r,I

[pyrara ilporBa Ha 3arqr{THa caMoktHrrqrraruBa

Ha npoBr,rHrlr,raJr-

Horo HaceJreHr.re ce c'bcroflJra B rr3rpax[aHe r{ no[ABp)KaHe Ha yKpe[eHu y6exurqa
(refugia). Te ce naunpaJrll B HeflocpegcrseHa 6rusocr Ao ceJrr4rrla, rrr{ero o6rarasaHe
lpoAtJrxaBaJro, ra 6uru upegua3HalreHr{ 3a BpeMeHHo yKpr,rr[e Ha HaceJreHzero (c
rrpr.{HanJrexarrlara My noKtrrlHr.rna ra go6urrr) npu BB3HuKBaHe Ha onacHocrl0. Muo-

ro e BeporTHo rrflKolr oT yKpeneHlrTe ceJrlrqa na BBSHrrKHiurrr r{MeHHo Ha ocHoBaTa
Ha cGulecrByBaJru flo-pauo Ha ctrrloro Mrrcro Kpelocrr,r-y6exuqa11.
Marap HrrKoIlI or yKpeneHr,rre ceJll,rrqa Aa flpecraHatup.a c'brrlecrByBar orqe
uo BpeMe Ha rorcKrrre u xyHcKr,r HauaAeHr,rq or flocJre4nara rrerBtpr na IV rr [GpBaTa rroJloBr.rHa sa v 8., aMeHHo IIo ToBa BpeMe 3aloqHaJr r, flpoqec'bT Ha HeyKJroHHa
tpaucQopuaqfiq Ha BoeHH]rre yKpenJreur{r B rpoBraHrlrs Cxrarzs s o6uxHoseH}r yKpeleHlr ceJrr,rqa. fipacru.ruara cMrHa Ha MoAeJra Ha BoeHIIa opraHrr3arlru B npoBr,rH8

e

Bx<. nanp.: Johnson 1983,226-244; Ciglenecki 1987, S. l14 sqq.
tlepHa, Xopux, I4snoapeae, Marvras, Ba6agar (BI4KyC HOByC?),

gerats (III,IBIITAC

AyCIEUEH3IIyM?), flaonenu, flpureu.
r0

la6ep, ,{e6pene-I, Xpa6pono. C ussecrHr.r yroBopxr{ (nx. ftaaa III.1.A: A36), xrru rasu
rpyna Morar Ea 6r6ar rpurrucreHr.r oule O6povnure n AIDPO.{I43}IOH.
rr3a crulectByBaHero ua noAo6es MexaHr3bM, nx.: Ciglenecki 1987, S. 116 sqq.'r'arana
rpauc$opuaqll.fl rper]p[.EJr, r.r3rurexAa! yxpefleHr{flT o6err npu }Isnoapele. Hurar
He e [3Krrorreno u pe$yruyMar npra I'a6ep Aa ce pa3Br{Jr rro-KtcHo B [ocrorHHo
o6rnrasaHo yKperreuo cenuure.

qrrrrTa rfll/IpoKo oTBopuJra [opTI,rTe Ha HqKorarxHr{Te BoeHHV JIaTepu I{ BoeHHo-[oluqericxra yKpe[JreHr,rfl 3a nprrroK u 6esnpenxrcrBeHo HacraHflBaHe Ha IIITBITJTHo HaceJreHrre, TBpceqo crlrypHocr cpeqy ecKaJrl,Ipalqara BapBapcKa 3a[Jlaxa Ir noBTap.su{rzre ce yHurqoxr{TeJrH[r ua6esu. Cneq oronvareJrHoro u3ue3BaHe Ha HeyKperleHrrre loceJrr{rrlurr Soprnm r{ noqrr{ ToraJrHara (cauo c H.trKoJIKo Ir3KJrIoqeHlIx!) yttu$raraqrax Ha yKpe[eHur:e o6errr.r Ha repl,ITopwtra Ha npoBI,IHIIIrrI Cxurufl., B MHo3r{HCTBOTO OT Cryr{auTe CTaBa [paKTr{rrecKl4 HeB'b3MOXHO Aa Ce OlpeAeJrU AaJrI{ Aageno @opruQuxaqnouHo MeponpuflTrle or Bropara roJroBIiIHa na V s. HacerHe e
6ra.no NrorrasupaHo or BoeHHo-crpareruqecru nog6ygrE I{JrIr e Bl,r3[paJro HenocpelcTBeHara 3arqrrra Ha [poB[rHItrL{aJIHoro HaceJreHr{e. K'ru neponplzsrtrflTa I{MeHHo c
rlr{BlrJreH xapaKTep, o6aue, c roJrflMa yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce orHece npeAflpr{eroro
B'bB BpeMero Ha raMrreparop Anactac;rtfiuacupaHo yKpe[tBaHe Ha ceJII,Iqa rro rIoH-

rwitcxtts 6pxr na Cruruxlz, Koero Mo)Ke 6$ ce sssr,a r{ nocJre[Horo III{BIaJrHo yKperrr{TeJIHo crpoureJrcryo a fundamentis s [poBI,IHq[IflTa.

t2

Vl,crpus., Kdrr.ren 6pxr-f fi n ara, Cn etu Hurona,

TI'IMyM,

E I'13

OHE.

@AffiMreWEffiffiE
HanI,t.rHtare AaHHr,r AaBar ocHoBaHl,re yBepeHo Aa ce rB'bpgu, qe [poBuHIII,rrI
Crurns, e 6ur.a eAHa or [BpBrrre HoBoyqpegeHrr [poBrrHltr[Ia B paMKrlTe rra npeArr-

pr,reroro or rrMrreparop fluornerrraH aAM[Hr,rcrpar[BHo flpeKpoflBaHe na PuucraTa rrMnepu-g. cggcelvl 3aKoHoMepHo rfl ce flBqBa rr cpeA "fllrrorHlrre" o6eKTLI uo
B6Be)<IaHe ra orpa6ornaue Ha Mexaulr3Mr{re na SynxqrroHrlpaHe Ha K'bcMopuMcKaTa cr{cTeMa Ha npoBr.rHrlr{aJrHo ynpaBJreHrle, flpeABr,rxAarr{a crporo pa3rpaHr4rraBaHe
Ha fl'bJrHoMorr{rrgra Ha BoenHara r,r q}IBrrirHa BJracr. Irluenno ot Crutu.g nporl3xo)Kga uafi-paHHoro rl3BecrHo Aocera cBr,rAereJrcrBo 3a yqpeArBaHe Ha "qyKar" s llil.ruepuflTa, Aarupaqo or repfioAa Mexqy 21rcnn286 u 7 vapr 293 r. Caeg octrrlecrBflBaHero Ha pagrlKaJrHara BoeHHa peSoplaa Ha r,rMleparop Koncranrrns I u B'bBe)KAaHeTO

r,r

TyK Ha HOBrrfl K'bCHOprrMCKr,r MOAeJT Ha BOeHHa OpraHll3aqrrr, ['bpBoHaqaJr-

nure Bceo6xBarulr KoM[ereHr{r,rr{ Ha flpoBuHqr,rarHu-fl gyxc (dux Scythiae) oqeBuAHo
6raru oprsaruE: nari-x'rcuo c B'bBexAaHero Ha perrroHaJrHlrre KoMaHABaHnx (uox<e
6u oqe B K'bcHoKoHcraHTrrHoBo npeue) re 6unn cBeAeHrr Ao npflK KoHTpoJr Ha rrplaHagJrexarlus KtM Cxurus, yqaclbK or AtpxaBHara rpaHr{rla no [ynaua c HacraHeHr,rre raM limitanei, AoKaro crallrroHapaHr{Te B'bB BtTperuHocrra Ha [poBr,rHqr,rJrra
comitatenses

6ulu [ocraBeH[r no4 Har{arcrBoro

Ha B'bpxoBHI{rI HarraJrHrlx na soric-

Kr{Te B Ar,roqe3a Tparnx (oura.rano comes rei militaris, a [o-K'bcHo magister equitum
et peditum per Thracias). BapnapcKr{Te HaruecrBln or [ocJreAHr,rre AecerlrJreru;r Ha

IV u nrpoara

noJroBr{Ha ua V B. HarraJrHo pa3pylrrrrJrr,r crrrlecrByBar\ttr, 14 AoBeJru Ao
c'b3AaBar{eTo Ha c'bB'bprrreHo HoB Turr BoeHHa opraHrr3aIIIUI, np}IcBIII 3a paHHoBrrsalornfi,cxus, nepuoA rr B Apyrlrre qacrrl Ha ?Ilruepuqra. Tofi ce r.r3pa3qBaJr B ApacTr{qHo c'bKpau{aBaHe Ha peAoBunre soficroBrl [o[pa3AeJreHrrfl or rpaArrquoHeH Trrn,
B MacoBo npuBrurraHe KBM BoeHHa cryx6a Ha HaeMHI.Iqu r,I Qegeparlr ll3Mex[y BapBapcKoro o6rprxenne rr B c'b3AaBaue Ha o6oco6ena Kareropz, BoeHr,r3r,rpaHo HaceJreHr{e, np[3BaHo Aa Hocr{ rapHu3oHHa cnyx6a B rpaH[rrHara 3oHa cpeqy [o3eMreno o6earqereHlre B Henocpe[crBeHara oKoJrHocr. Tpyguocture rro nocrnraHe KoopAr.rHarlu, n gerirmnuaTa Ha Te3rr ToJrKoBa pa3HopoAHr{ KoMIIoHeHTr,r neus6exHo
HaJraraJrrr ueo6xo4rnuocrra or Bc3BpBrrIaHe K6M npr,rHrlr{[a Ha eAr{Hor{aqaJrrle Ha
lpoBr,rurluaJrHo Hr,rBo. Crqecrnyrar ceplro3Hlr [oAarKr.r Aa ce nperuoJrara, qe Moxe
6u orqe [pe3 rrGpBara [oJIoBrrHa ua V B. rlrJrara BoeHHa BJracr B rrpoBr.rHrlr,rs Cxu-

rns,6una c'bcpeAororreHa B prqere Ha clequaJleH KoMaHAIlp c TI,ITJIa "dux et corues".
Hourananno, Ta3v crrcreMa Ha BoeHHa opraHr,rcaqu, Ir3rJrexga ce 3ana3l4Jra rIaK Ao
oKoHr{arerrroro orlaAaHe Ha [poBr{Hrlua Cxfirvs. or Llunepusra s 681 r., MaKap
Ber{e or HarraJroro na VII B. HacerHe [a JrlancBar KaKBIrro lr ga 6ulo ocHoBaHE I Aa
ce AonycKa rpafino nprac'bcrBrre Ha opraHrr3npa*a BoeHHa cl{Jra B [pe[eJrlrre na nefiHaTa TeprrTopuq.

l4zscnseanero Ha Btnpocr.rre orHocHo c'brr{Hocrra, ctcraBa n llcropllqecKoro pa3Brrrue Ha yKpenr{TeJrHara cr{creMa Ha [poBI,IHqua Cxnrux [pegnoJrara Aerafinen aHaJrr{3 Ha rlflJrara HaJrr.rqHa uu$opr'.raqrr, nprKo IIJII{ KocBeHo Kacaeula u3rpaler{ara u QynrqnonupaJla s HefiHrre npe[eJrlr yKpenrITeJIHa uu$pacrpyKTypa.
Hafi-par*u,rre nr.rcMeHr{ cBegeHr{f,, rrocBereHr?r KoHKperHo Ha yKpeIr}ITeJIHure rpa4exl,r s CxurIax,\arvpar eABa or BpeMero Ha IaM[eparop Baleuc. Hsxo;txo a6ctparTHr{ Ir3Becrvrfl, o6aue, BI,I3I{paq[ "gyHaBcrIax 6pflf", AIroIIe3a Tparur I'IJII{ rpaHI'IqEre na PprucKara uMlepux nto6u1e, JrorrrrrHo cJreABa [a ce nplreMar Karo I4HAITpeKTHo cBr{AereJrcrBo 3a pa3rapHaJroro ce r{ no re3l{ 3eMrI oule or Kpafl,HaIII s. HacerHe
r{HTeH3rrBHo noso SopruSuxaqnouHo crporrreJrcrBo. Buperu orocpegcrByBauus
xapaKTep Ha B3ar4MoBp'L3Kara, AaHHrrTe Ha aHTI4rIHIrre I{TlrHepapvu u reorpaScru
cs,;;vtHenyrs, (Tabula Peutingeriana, Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, Ravennatis Anonymi
Cosmographia, Hieroclis Synecdemus, Anonymi Periplus Ponti Euxini) ctulo xB'bpJrrT cBeTJrHHa B'bpxy [rrcJroKarlr,rflTa r{ eTarrr{Te B u3rpDlqaHeTo Ha qacT oT yKpeIIIITeJrHaTa unspactpyKrypa Ha repl,Iropwffa Ha flpoBtrHllrrfl Cxurzs. C oco6eno sucora crorlnocr Ir HerrpexoAHo 3HaqeurEe 3a c'bBpeMenravlflu3clreAoBareJr ce orrllqaBar cBeAeHurra, cril-bpxarqr ce s Notitia Dignitatum u n flporoilvteBtrfl. TpaKTar
"De aedificiis". Maxap I{ HeMHoroqI4cJreH, Lr3Becrul{qr Aocera euurpa$crfl MarepuaJr, cB'bp3aH c yKpelr{TeJrHoro crpolrreJrcrBo B npoB]Inqrax Crurrnx, AaBa B'b3Mox<Hocr c'brqecrBeHo Aa ce o6orarl{, yroqlm E o6errususupa zHQopMaqn ITa or Ir[cMeH[rre rr3Becrprr. flosce],recrHo pa3[pocrpaHeHara s KtcHata Puucra flMnepurl u
go6pe 3acBr4gereJrcrByBaHa I,I T)'K IrpaKTIrKa Aa ce lr3[oJr3yBar crap[ enurpa$cru
laMerHr,rqu Karo crporrreJrHo rpaArrBo no3BoJrflsa o6oco6sBaHero cpeg HarLtrIHrIrI
enurpa$cxr,r MareprraJr Ha qflJra eAHa crreq[Su.rua rpyna, o6egunxnaqa HocI{TeJrIrTe Ha uogo6na r{HArrpeKTHa xpoHororuqecra uuSopMaIIurI. flogveprauo BucoKa
crorinoc'r Karo AarlrpoB'bqeH rputepuft nua v BJroxeHtr IT n'm Soptll$zraqllouHr{re rpaAeirn, go6pe AarrrpaH Ir orKppIT in situ reryJrapeH eul,rrpaScru MarepuaJr.
Beecuopno nafi-ugo6rrura Ir sceo6xBarHa lru$opnaaqua 3a [I3rpaAeHara B
rpeAeJrure Ha npoBr.rHllus.Cxnrvs. yKpenureJrHa un$pactpyKTypa [peAJrarar apxeoJroruqecKrrre flpoyr{BaHuq. B pe3yJrrar Ha oc'bulecrBeHlrre Aocera pa3KorrKlr I{ TepeHHI,I o6xoxcganrq ryK ca perltcrpl,Ipanu 84 yKpeneHrr o6exta, Ko]Iro c.rc curypHocr ca c'brrlecrByBaJrr{ [pe3 K'bcHoaHTrrqHara eloxa. Or rsx 28 ca paenoJroxeHl{
Ha AyHaBcKut 6pxr,26 - to MopcKoro xpafi6pexcue u 30 - 868 B'brperrHocrra Ha
EpoBrrHrlr,rJrra. B pasrulvnra ny6m.maqu[ ce crloMeHaBa I{ 3a peALIqa oule yKpenJrenur.(34 na 6pori), TpaAr{qrroHHo ortpelerqHl{ Karo "p[McKLr" t'uru "pul.to-s[saHrl,Ific-

Kll". fIo-HoBr,ITe npofrBaHr,r, He [orB'bpx(AaBar

l,rJrr.r

Ha[paBo orrpoBepraBar c'b-

IIIeCTByBaHeTO Ha HflKOI,I OT TflX, a AaTr{pOBKaTa Ha OCTaHaJrrrTe [rJrI.I e TBBpAe IJeCrdrypHa, r,rJrr,r peurrTeJrHo He ce B[r{cBa B xpoHoJrorrrqecKETe paMKr{ Ha cbr]decTByBa-

Hero Ha npoBr,rHr.Iuq Ct<nrus. B gocrnrnaJrprre Ao Hac rrucMeHr,r r,r3Bopu ce c[oMeHaBar LrMeHara sa 33 HeJroKaJrr{3rrrpaHlr 3acera KBcHoaHTrrrrHu yKpefiJrenufl, B ceBepoI,I3ToqHrirre 6arxancru npeAeJrrr na Puucrara r,rMnepuq, Kor{To rrpegnoJroxrrreJrHo
ce [ocraBrr or orgeJrHr.r r43cre[Bar{u B rpaHr{rlr,rre na Cxulrrlx. Czrypuoro oflpeAeJrflHe Ha [poB[Hr{r,raJlHara rrM npr,rHaAJrexHocr lr rgeuru$nKarlrrfra r{M c KoHKperHA OCTaHKIII Ca HOB'b3MOX(H}I Ha HaCTOf,UIlIq eTa[ OT [pOyqBaHI,LfTa I,I np[I C9TaIIIHOTo ctcrorHr,re Ha rr3Boposara 6asa.

O6o6qeuurra sa xapaKrepa u oco6enocrl{Te Ha yKpenr4reJrHara cl,IcreMa
rrbrs na sag'u6or{eH KoHcrpyKTHBHo-crpo[TeJreH, xpoHororuqecKr,r u SyurquoHaJreH analwr3 Ha BceKr{ egun or HeriHtrTe KoM[oHeHTr{. 3acnugetercrByBaHoro B KacHoaHTI{vH}ITe flr{cMeHr,r n elurpa$cru r,r3Bopu unoroo6pa3fie or Jrarr,rrcKr{ r,r rptrlKrr repMplHrr 3a o3Har{aBaHe Ha
yKpe[eHn o6exru, KaKTo r{ TsxHoro rrecro cMecBaHe ra 6espas6opHa yflorpe6a,uaJrarar [peABaprrrenno o6ocnoBaBaHero n B'b3nprreMaHero Ha ficHrr Kpr,rrepr,rr,r 3a

Ha upoBrrHrliln Cxra'rufl ca BB3Mox<Hrr caMo no

Tr.rnoJrorr{rrecKo r{ QynxqnouaJrHo o[peAeJrflHe Ha BceK[r KoHKpereH rraMerHr{K Ha

cJrf{arrre, Koraro 3a roBa Jrr[rcBar u3pr,rqur,r
lr{cMeHr{ yKa3aHr,rq. Kpurn.*rurr r,r Herrpe[y6egen pas6op Ha orpoMHara 6asa ganHr{, HarpyttaHa B pe3yJrrar Ha Aocera[rHara I,I3cJreAoBareJrcKa gerinocr:, KaKTo LI [oc-

QopruQuxarl[oHHoro crporrreJrcrBo

B

TuxeHr,rflTa Ha c'bBpeMeHHara HayKa B u3yrraBaHero Ha K'bcHoauTrlr{Hara SopnaSuxaqur Karo rurJro, HaJrarar BHacflHero Ha MHoxecrBo c'blrlecrBeHu KopeKIIrM,
yToqHeHus rr AoII'bJrHeHr,ls B TpaAurII{oHHaTa [HTep[peTarluq Ha r{rJra nope[uqa yKpeleEr{ o6exru, cqI,ITaHn ltoHacroflIrleM 3a e[I{H nI,Ig "croxepu" Ha K'bcHoaHTI{qHaTa crparr,rrpaQus r4 xpoHoJrorr{f, B ceBepor43TorrHr,rre npe[eJlu na Eamancxurr [o-

CAIII4IABA, KAIII'IIABA, TPE3MI4C ("I,I:rox" u "3anag"), [I4HOfEUI4fl, HOBI4O[yHyM, OBI,UUy ("I" Ir "II"), yJIMETyM, TPOHEyM
TPA.f,HI4. Or orpouuo 3HaqeHue 3a rr3rpaxAaHero Ha [o-rcHa v ['bJIHa npeAcra-

rryocrpoB:

Cxurax e rr npfiBraqaHeTo Ha ugo6ureu r4 [paKTuqecKrr Her{3BecreH 3a HayKara Aocera apxeororfiqecKl,I
MaTepIIaJI, nOqepnaH OT apXLIBHLI H3TOI{III4II{u, HOBI,I pa3KOlKI{ I{ TepeHHU [poyqBa-

Ba 3a c'bcraBa Ha yKpelnreJrHara clrcreMa Ha npoBt4Hrlus

nzq. KoMnreKcHoro n3yqaBaHe r,rMeHHo Ha ocraHKI{Te or yKpenl,ITeJrHoro crpol,ITeJTCTBO [peAJrara HoB noAxoA K'bM pa3peruaBaHe Ha peAlrrla oT 3araAKr{Te Ha aHTur{Hara r{ KBcHoaHTuqHa ucropuqecKa reorpa$lu B 3eMr,rre MexAy nari-gonnoro
TeqeHr,re na,fiyuana u Yepuo Mope. Bra oorosa Ha perl{crpl,Ipaul,ITe naMerHuIIIr Ha
Soprn$uxaqrroHHara apxlrreKTypa, [peAna3Jrr{Bo I,r3Ka3aH}ITe I{ Heloryrrurll AocrarbqHa floryJrflpHocr rpeAroJrox(eHu orHocHo JroKzlJrrr3aqruta na Vallis Domitiana
(npr.r Agxr.rmor), Constantiana (Euucana-I), Timum (npu Eurapeno), Timogittia
(npr Trrpguqa) u Aphrodision (npu Tonona), r.rarnexgar He caMo HarbJrHo npueM-

JII{Br{, Ho Lr [paKTrlqecxrE 6egalrepHarr{BHl,r. Ha.nuqnngt Marepl4aJr AaBa BB3Mo)KHOCT C'bBCeM 3aAOBOJrr{TeJrHO Aa Ce apryMeHTrrpar rI Oqe HqKOTKO JIOKaJrIt3aI{r{I,r:

Hagios Kyrillos - npu Buure, Gratiana - npu [ynas'brly Ae Cyc, Ad stoma - npu [yHaB:brIy ge X(oc, Ad salices - npra t{ar'aypirr{a Ae )Koc, Carea,/C(a)reas - Ha Hoc IIIa6na,
a Mo)Ke 6unrasu na Valentiniana - npu Tparu.
Yxpenu'rerHara cr{creMa Ha [poBr,rHrlrrfl Cxwrus [pegcraBJrrBa KoMnJreKc
or pa3HopogHr{ no run ra $ynxquoHaJrHo rpeAHa3HaqeHr,re yKpenenrn o6erru. @opMrapaHero, $usr.ruecruqr o6rur u pa3Br{Tr,rero Ha cucreuara ca o6ycnonenr.r KaKTo
or npr,rc'brr{I{Te n Han'bJrHo 3aKoHoMepHr4 3a KBcHoaHTur{HaTa eloxa [poqecrr, TaKa
rr oT TB'bpAe eKcloHr4paHoro [oJroxeHrre Ha [poBr,rHrILlrITa cnprMo BapBapcKoro
o6rp'r>xeurne, npeAonpeleJrr.rJro 6ypnara ir ucropnvecra c'rg6a. Otgemrute yKpenenrz o6eru4 ce nogAaBar ua SynxqrroHaJrHo-Trr[oJrorrlqecra rrracu$nKaqllt caMo
B paMKrrre Ha ABa orr{errr,rBr.r xpoHororruecKrr [eprroga. flrpnuxr or rrx o6xnarqa
BpeMero or Kpafl na III go cpeAara na V s. E ce xapaKTepl,I3r,Ipa c'bc c'b3AaBane Ha
rrpeAnocraBKr4rre 3a B'bBexAaHe, BHeApflBaHe (naIi-neposTHo B HaqaroTo Ha BTopaTa r{erBLpr na IV n.) u nocrerreHHo orMr,rpaHe Ha K'bcHop}IMcKLIfl MoAeJI Ha BoeHHa
opraHrl3aqflfl B rrpoBrlHrlwxCxurut. MnosuHcrsoro or $pmquouupaJrrrre rrpe3 To3r.r [eprroA yKpe[eHr{ o6exru A'bJrx(ar BB3HrrKBaHero crr Ha cro6paxeru4fl or nogrrepraHo BoeHHo-crparerulrecKo ecrecrBo. Te ce nogpa3EeJrflT Ha BoeHHr.r r.r Ha yKperrJreHrrs c rolr6r.trrapaHr{ BoeHHo-norurqericxu $yHxqr.ru. Ktu n'bpBara KareropIL ClaAaT JIaIepuTe Ha HacTaHeHI4ITe nO [pOTe)KeHI,Ie Ha [yHaBCKaTa rpaHIIIIa
limitanei (castralcastella) w rrcrpageHr{Te B TexHrrre Mex[I{HIr cnoMarareJlHl{ BoeHHrr yKpeflJreuua (burgi, turres). Yrpennenusra c xoM6rIHr,IpaH]r BoeHHo-floJrlrqefic-

ru Syurqr,ru

ca ArrcJror{vtpanrB'bB B}rperuHocrra rr ro MopcKlrt 6pnr Ha [poBIrHqI,I-flTa r{ MHo3rrrrcrBoro or rsx ce HaMr,rpar B nprKa Bp'b3Ka c n'brHo-cto6qnrennara

cr.rcreMa. flo-roneurare or rsx cJreABa Aa ce rrHTep[perupar xaro 6agosr,r Jrarepr,r Ha
noApa3AeJreHlrfl or ctcraBa Ha sacer comitatus, Kor{To B MrrpHo BpeMe 4eftcrnynaan

Karo B'brperrrHolpoBr{rrqrraJrHa nonuqeficxa cnna. IIo-uaJrKI{Te yKpenJreuu, or ra3r{ rpyla r{3n'bJrHrrBaJrr4 cloMaraTeJrHrr 3aAarlu IIo KoHTpoJra II oxpaHaTa Ha KoMyHr{Karlrrure rr ona3BaHero Ha B'brperrrHr{Jr pen. B MacoBo npeArrprreroro or Kpas Ha
III s. HacerHe yKpe[sBaHe Ha no-3Haq[TeJrHrrre HaceJreHrr Mecra, Hapeg c rprDKara
3a 3arrlr.rTaTa Ha npoBaHI{L.raJrHoTo HaceJIeHIre, c'brrlo np}Ic'bcTByBa gBeH BoeHHocrparerr,rqecKr{ KoHTeKcr. fiopu Koraro $opru$nxaqrroHHoro crpo]rreJrcrBo eABa
nrn e 6lrno oc'LlqecrB.gBaHo no I{Hrrqr{arr{Ba firru c [oAKpela Ha rleHTpaJrHara rrJrr{
MecrHa BJracr, BeAH'bx lr3Ar{rHarrr, yKpenJreHrrrta upugo6uBaJll{ c'bBceu pearuu (u
BepotrTHo - crporo perJraMexTr.rpanu!) Symquu B opraHr{3arlrlrra ua o6tqonpoBl{HquaJruara or6paua. I{usururare yKpereHr.r o6ex:ru upe3 ro3I,I neprloA Morar ga 6rlar [olpa3AeJreHu Ha rpaAoBe, yKpeleHr{ ceJrplqa r y6exuqa (refugia). C nanaraHero I{ I{3Kpr,rcraJr[3r.rpaHero Ha HoBr{.tr, paHHoBrr3aHruricxll MoAeJI Ha BoeIrHa opraHI{3aIIrrr, or BTopara [oJroBrrHa na V s. HacerHe yKpenr{TeJrHara c}rcreMa Ha rrpoBIrHrIr{fl Cxurux npugo6ura c'bB'bprrreHo pa3ruqeu KoMno3uqrrones o6nur. C usr-

rroqeHr.re Ha caMo 6 noeonocrpoeHlr rurtktlq';F,:rtBoeHHr{ yKpefiJreHr,rfl no uopcxhx 6par
Ha rrpOBI,IHqvflTa, Ts Ce cLcToflJIa I43IItrJIo OT qITIBLIJIHI{ yKpe[eHI4 o6ertlt (rpagose,

yKpe[eHr,r ceJrr{qa u y6exurqa), unoro or Kor,rro B'bsHr4KHaJrrr IIo fi'brfl ua
$ynxquoHaJrHa rpanc$opua\r4n Ha 6uerrrrlre BoeHHIr Jrarepr4 r4 Ha qacr or BoeHHo-[oJrtrqefi

crnre

yKpenJreHr.rfl

.

OurosHara pa3JILrKa Me)K[y yKpenr,rreJrHara cr{creMa Ha flpoBr4uqrax CxuTr.r, npe3 paHHoBr,r3aHrLitCxus. IIepuoA vr ra3u [pe3 K'bcHoptiiMcKufl. [epproA ce c.bcTOI4 B IIOIITIT TOTAJIHOTO I{3IIE3BAHE HA CIOMATATEJIHI{TE BOEHHI' I4 BOEHHO-IIOJII4qeficxlr yKpenJreHl.r, (burgi a turres) Ir Ha MaJrKrare castella, r,r3rpa1eHr4 rro [JraHoBaTa cxeMaquadriburgium. IrlsocrasqHero pIM I,I3rJre)KAa Ha[bJrHo 3aKoHoMepHo, [peABUA TsxHara orpaHr,rqeua or6paHzreJrHa cnoco6nocr, npeAonpeAeJreHa KaKTo or
cKpoMHr,rTe r,rM pa3Mepu, TaKa r.r oT TB'bpAe yf3Br..rMoTo r,rM pa3[oJro)KeHr4e IIo [poTexeHrre I,I B HelocpeAcTBeHa 6nusoct Ao rpaceTo Ha ocHoBHr{Te u'r,THo-c'ro6u1raTeJrHrI Jturtlr,u.II{o ce orHact 4o SIa:uvecxrag o6nux Ha or6panrareJrur{Te c'bop.b)KeHr,nr B flpoBr,rHqrr.r Cxurws, npe3 paHHosr,rsaHrartcrr4r nepflog, 3a Hacr.brrBaHero Ha

rtfi

HrrKaKBrr ApacrurrH[ npoMenu HrMa ocHoBaHr.re Aa ce roBoprr,
rato roJrflMa qacr
oT yKpenJreEvrflTa, r{3rpa[eHr{ oqe npe3 IIcpBrI, BeK or c.bu{ecTByBaHeTo Ha [pOBr{Hrlr{rra, [poA'bJrxr.rJrr,r HerrpeK'bcHaro Aa SynrquourEpar Ao K6M Kpaq ua VVua-

qaroro ua VII 8., a B orAeJrHr.r cryr{al{ - qaK [o c'b3AaBaHero sa 6'rnrapcKara A.bpx(aBa Ha ror or [yuara. o6nrasauero Ha Apyru r,r3urex(Aa BpeMeHHo npeK:bcHarro
KGM Kpa, sa IV uru.r no pa3rl,Ir{Ho BpeMe npes V n. BuocnegcrBr{e re 6unra norerua-

TI{ I{ orHoBo BEBeAeHLT B eKcrlJroaral{rrr, Koero o6rnxHoseHo 6rano c'rnpoBo[eHo c
KOpeHHa rrpoMrrHa na synrquoHaJrHoro lrM ecrecrBo. v{ y egux]rlx, r4 B Apyrr.rfl cJryuafi, o6aue, yKpeuJreHl.Iara n o6uqu rlr:ailLr 3ana3r{Jrr4 K'bcHopr{McKux cpt o(.ttwK traK

[o oKoHqareJrHara cr,r rr.r6er, MaKap reKyu{r{Te KoHcoJrr,r[aqr4oHuu r{ peMoHTHo-B'b3craHoBr{TeJruIare pa6ou,I HeMI,rHyeMo Aa HaJro)KrrJrr{ B'bpxy rflx cBor orfleqarBK. Ktrra
[o-xapaKTepHr,rre pauHoBrmaHruitcxw flpenpaBKr,r u go6aarra, perr{crprrpaHrl npu HrrKOr{ OT yKpeuJreHr,rrra, cJre[Ba 4a 6tqar: or6erssaHu: [per,r3fpiDKqaHe Ha rJraBHr{Te
roprr.r 4o6anxne KtM rflx Ha yKpeneHr.r rpeA4Beprax (CAI{I,IAABA, WCTPklg,
3An[AnA, XAJIM[PI4CI?]); 6rorupaHe Ha \racr or KpenocrHrare noprrlr r{ roTepgr{ (CAIII,UABA, yJIMETYM); eJrr{M}rHr,rpaHe Ha HqKo}r or no-TexKo rocrpaAaJrI,ITe KyJrLr Lr HIrBe. II4paHe Ha OCTaHKI{Te r{M AO HI{BOTO Ha TOfaBaIrIHt4r TepeH
(KAII4[ABA, [I,1HOIEI{I{-5I); go6anxne Ha MarrK}r rrrbrHr.r B'bHrrrHa Kyrrra ro
npore)KeHlre Ha HeAocrartr{Ho 3arrlrrreHr4Te ro-AtJrrr4 Kyprr{Hrr (APIAMyM, I4C-

r

TPI4fl); flpecrpoqBaHe Ha HflKorl or c'bqecrByBaulr,rre KyJrr.r tro HoB rrJraH KA|[I{[ABA, TOMI4, TI4PVICAIAKPE, 3AJIIAIIA, Oq.rpqra); yqe6enxsane Ha or[eJrHr{ yqactbrlr.r or KperocrHr4fl. sr.t\ (CA[I4AABA, TI4PI4CA/AKPE, Ogrpqu,
Kanprran fiurranrpoao[?]); n:rpaxAaHe Ha B'bHrrrHa Kpenocrua creHa (nporer?xrast'aa) (A@Poilvr3vroH, Hoso Eorero). Hxxou or ras6poeur,rre npeycrpoftcrna ca
KOHCTaTIApaHVIItlpt4 yKpe[JreHI,Iq, qr{eTo B'b3Hr,rKBaHe c'bc crrrypHocT ce oTHacfl K.bM

paHHoBl43aHruhcxus. nepl4oA

(nrnuftrara or6panuren[a rfi

Hrrfl.

sa TYIPWCA/AK-

PE,

E a:r.{uK-Xopr.{3our). PerucrprlpaHoro [ocera yKpe[I,ITeJrHo crpol{TeJrcrBo a
fundamentis [pe3 To3r{ nepr{oq e KoHrIeHTpr.IpaHo 6es usxrlo.reHl{e rro MopcKoro
rpart6pex<ue Ha npoBrzHqr.,rrlra. Hapeg c MoHyMeHTaJrHara Ir Ir3KJrIoqI{TeJrHo rrperlr.r3Ha [ceBAo-KBaApoBa 3ilI.apvfl, r{acT or HoBolr3fpa[eHlrre TyK III,IBITJIHLI yKpenenu o6errra (Cserr Hurora, Kauen lpnr-flfrmara u EI43OHE) ger'.roncrpupar LI

e[Ho cneq[Suvno paHHoBlr3aHrraftcro HoBoBtBe[eHue B'bB Qoptu$uraquoHHara
apxlrreKTypa Ha [poBr.trqnx Cxutnt - [JrbrHr{Te qerllpu'brbJrHll KyJrI{, I{3IIflJro I{3AaleHrr npeg $ponra na or6paHr4TeJrHara firrHvts. C.{nraHure ga eu6neuarr4r{Hl{ 3a
paHHoBrr3antraricxoro yKpenr{reJrHo crporrreJrcrBo KyJrrI c Ir3AaAeH ocrbp pt6 (rpu'brbJrHrr rr rreHTatoHamru) sacera ca curypHo 3acBI{AereJrcrByBaHI{ Ha replrropllrra
Ha flpoBrrHqaa Cxurux eArrHcrBeHo B yKpeflJrer{[ero Earuur-Xoprasonr. fiouycxaHoro rrpeycrpoficrno B [eHTaroHaJrHa Ha eAHa orbrJroBl{Te KyJrI,I B 3algana e MaJrKoBepoqrHo. Aro e BflpHa AarrrpoBKara s VI B. Ha rrJrr,THI,ITe rpafleqoBllgul{ KyJrIr,
npr,rcrpoeHrr KtM B'bHrrrHara or6panrnrerna lrvuvts. sa TI4PI4C.A/AKPE, re 6nxa
Mourrr Aa ce rbJrKyBar Karo cnequSuveH rrprHoc Ha npoBrrHqux Cxurws, KtM paHHoBr{3aHTr{ricxara $opru$urarlr4onua apxI,ITeKTypa. Crrqoro ce orHacff I4 3a [pegloJroxl4TeJrHo Aarr,rpaHlrTe BbB BTopaTa [oJroBr{Ha na vI B. cJro)KHIa cI{creMI{ or
elreJroHrrpaHo pa3[oJroxeHrr fiporrrBoKaBaJrepwitcxu 3eMJIeHIr yKpeulrreJrHl{ c6opb)KeHrrfl (nalooe u porone), oxpaHrrBarqr{ noAcrtrrr.rre K6M HrKoIr ot nall-roneurnre I{ BzDKIII4I IIeHrpoBe B npoBI,IHIIIlxra (TPE3MVIC,HOBVIOIyHyM, XAJIMI4PLIC,r4CTPVtg).

B pasnraruero Ha yKpe[r{TeJrHara cr{creMa Ha [poBI{HIIus, Cxutns ce pa3rpaHlrrraBar rrer ocHoBHrr [eprroAa, fl'bpBr{flT or KorITo (fiuoxneuaan - Banenc) nec'bMHeHo e naf,i-cr:ugareJreH. Brnperu rur{poKo pa3[pocrpaHeHoro Irlueuue, o6aqe, BHriIMareJrHr4f,T aHaJrIr3 Ha r,r3BopoBr4Te cBu[ereJrcrBa u Ha KoHKpeTHI{Te apxeororuqecKr,r AaHHrr AaBa ocHoBaHLIe [a ce rB'bpAIr, rre ocHoBHa 3acJryra:a SoplnrupaHero Ha KtcHopr{Mcruq o6rr,rx Ha crrcreMaravr:laalfirne finorneruaH rr BJragereJrlrre
or BpeMero na fl'speara rerpapxr4q, a uMfleparoprrre Jlraqunrafi u Koscranrrnn I u
oco6eno Koncranrun I cneg npeBp'bli{aHero My B egHor[qeH rocno[ap ua PuucraTa r{Mnepr4s KtM Kpafl *ta324 r. lorcrure rr xyHcKr{ HaIIrecrBIrr or llocJreflHara verB'r,pr Ha IV ra n'rprara noJroBr{Ha na V B. [peA[r3BrrKBaJrIr rexKl{ c'bcrpeceHlrfl I{
AOBeJrr{ [O pa3[aAaHe Ha K'bcHopr.rMcKwr Mo[eJI Ha BoeHHa opraHlr3aqllf, B [poBHI{rrprrzHa 3a [ocrerreHHara Ae3lrHTerpaqr{s r{ Ha ra3rpa[eHara ryK yKperlrreJlHa cl{creMa (Teogocufi I - Teogoculi II). HeftHara rlsJrocrHa peopraHlr3arlr{fl, rrpe[[prrera or Kpas na V s. HacerHs, flpla lrM[eparop Anacracuft, 6wta cB'bp3aHa c npaKTrrqecKo 3ar[qaBaHe Ha c'bqecrByBaJll{Te
rro-paHo orrrerrrdBu pa3JrrrKrr Me)KAy BoeHHrr r{ qrrBr{JrHI{ yKperIeHLI o6errra. Csoeo6pasen "peHecaHc" ua [peAl4lxHoro uoJloxeulre ce na6lrcgaoa 3a KparKo B cpe[ara Ha VI r., Koraro rro MopcKI,It 6pxr Ha npoBI,IHIIIrflTa 6unu rasrpa1enr a
.fundamenti,s H-flKorKo rlr[r4irHrr BoeHHLr yKpen.rreHr.rfl, ul4ero B'b3HIrKBaHe flo BcflKa
qraa Cxnr:uq. Tosa 3aKouoMepHo craHaJro

BepotrHocr rptr6Ba Aa ce [ocraBrr B'bB BpL3Ka c MexaHI{3MI{Te Ha $ynxqraonupaHe
Ha cr{creMara 3a rrpoAoBoJrcrBeHo ura64anaue. Tluenno c ylpaBJreHrrero Ha HMneparop IOcruHuaH I e crsp:au u rocJregHrarr uslrtrK Ha [IHreH3urno Sopru$urar{rroHHo crporrreJrcrBo B rrpoBr,rHqnn Cxurun flocreqnuxr (ueru) uepr4oA B pa3BrrTr{eTo Ha flpoBr.rHrluailHaTa yKpenr4TeJrHa cvcTeMa oTpa3rBa ycvxusTa Ha BJraAereJrrrre or BTopara roJroBrrua na VI n. (Iocruu II - MasplrxuhTv6epufi) ua noAurpxar B rr3[paBHocr rrrpaAeHoro AororaBa, npu6rrsarlxu c'bIrIeBpeMeHHo [I Ao HrKOI{ TeXHI{qeCKI,r rrHOBarIpM.

Marap ?r c rBBp[e pa3HopoAHrr LtnwrBfiAyannu Synrqnu, KoMnoHeHrLITe Ha
yKpenr,rreJrHara clrcreMa Ha npoBrrHrlwa Cxurut c'bcraBJIflBaJrI,I eAuHeH rro c'],qecrno QoprnQrrKarlrroHeH KoMrrJreKc, uprr3BaH Aa pa3peuiu npo6nelrute rro oxpauara

r

or6panara Ha reprzropuar.nufl cyBepeHflTer, rro ocl4ryprBaHe Ha B'brpellHlrfl peg
flpea rrcuoplrMcKl,Is rreplroA, I{ To -

H 3alrlrrrara Ha rrpoBr{HrlllaJrHoro HaceJreHrre.

cJreA BaBex([aHeTo Ha K'bcHoplrMcKr,rfl MoAeJr Ha BoeHHa opraHlr3aql4.s, B cI{cTeMaTa

Morar Aa ce pa3rpaHrrr{ar rp}r crpyKTypHl{ 3BeHa. Kllr ntpBoro or rrx npLIHaAJIexaJIId BoeHHr.rre yKpenileHul. rto AyHaBcKuz 6prr, Kor{To c'bcraBJrrBaJrr4 caMocroflTeJrHa or6paHurenna lrvtnkrfl, rlerqrqa [peBp'brrlaHero Ha rlpl,IHaAJrexaqlrfl K'bM [poBrrHIIItrra yqaclbK or A'bpxaBHara rpaHI{IIa B npe[eJlHo eQuxaceu I,I TpyAHolpeoAoJrlrM 3aqrrreH KopAoH. Pa:no.noxeHr{Te B'bB BcrperrrHocrra r{ no vropcxrax 6prr
Ha [poBr4Hrlr,rrra yKperrreHl{s c rou6ranupaHl BoeHHo-uonrqer?cru $yHrquu SopMrlpaJrr,r BToporo crpyKTypHo 3BeHo B yKpenlrreJlHara cl{creMa sa Cxurvs,. To ce
orJrlrqaBaJro crB'bpge xapaKTepHa 6uSynxquoHaJrHocr: B MIrpHo BpeMe c'bBCeM rrtJr-

clrrypHocT,
a [pr{ BoeHHa orracHocr rrJru npu npo6un B rpaH[rrHara 3alrlura aBToMarnqecKr{ ce
upenacrpoftBaJro Ha qucro BoeHHrr HarraJra, gellcrnyaal?Klr Karo 6oen peeepB Iz BTopu or6paHureJreH erueJroH. Tpetoro crpyKrypHo 3BeHo B yKperlrreJrHara clrcreMa
o6xeaulano pa3flp'bcHarr.rre qr.rBprJrHr{ yKpeneHr4 o6ertn, Kolrro HapeA c npeKI,ITe clr
$ynxquu no oc[rryprnane 6egonacHocrra Ha [poBrrHql{aJrHoro laacete:ane, 6unn
HaroBapeHlr c I{3[LJTHeHI{eTo I{ Ha peluqa c[oMaraTeJrHlr 3aAaaM or BoeHHo ulwtu
BoeHrro-noJraqeft cro ecrecrBo.
B lrexaHrasllure Ha nertcrnue Ha yKpeflrrreJrHara cllcreMa Ha rrpoBIrHIIaqCxuTr,rJr npe3 paHHoBrl3aHrvtitcrvs,neplroA ce na6mogaBar cclqecrBeHa pa3Jlllqu, B cpaBHeHrre c npeAxolHrr, [eprrog. PaapyuraraHero Ha crapufl, ]I HeAocratbr{Hara e$exTITBHOCT Ha B'b3llpl4eTr{.fl HOB MOAeJI Ha BOeHHa OpraHu3aqlrq Haro)KI{JIV IIo HeI436exgogr [peMr,rHaBaHero KtM nora or6paHrrreJrHa AoKTpI{Ha, I{3BecrHa B JIrITepaHOr{eHHO rr3n'bJrHrBaJro poJrqra Ha crlcTeMa 3a BbrpeIIrHonpoBIrHIII{aJrHa

Typara raro "or6pana n g'u6o.rr,rHa". B ycronuxra Ha roraJlHa "ot6pana a gu6o.{r,rHa", npaKTurrecKrr rlflJlara npoBuHrtrI{g Lr3rrbJrHgBaJra Belle poJrfra Ha I,IMnepcKa
rpaHrrrla, a BceKr,r yxpe[eH qeuT'bp (neaauucuttro or HeroBrlt rcpuluqecxll cratyr)

npugo6unaJr 3HaqeHzero Ha caMocroflTerrHa rr orHocI{TeJrHo He3aBl{craua ot6panuTeJrHa eArrHrrrla. Buperu orHocureJrHara cra6uruza\ns. Ha [oJIoxeHI,Iero B or-

[eJrHIr xpoHoJroruqecKu oTpt3"br{r,I, oT HatraloTo Ha v B. HaceTHe Ce Ua6mogara
HeorKJIoHeH [poqec Ha Bce [o-oce3aeMo 3arBapsHe Ha )Kr{Bora B npoBl{Hrlt4fl CKtl-

tvfl

B yclonr.rxta Ha cl{cTeMaTlltrrHo HaKBpHTBaH A'bp)rmu xpoHuqeH Ae+uqIlT Ha BoeHHa cr,ua, QusutrecKoro orleJrrBaHe
Bce no-.,{pKo npugo6usano xapaKrep ua npo6neu u rpIaxa Ha caMoro npoBr,rurlrraJr3aF,

KperrocTHr{Te cTeHI{.

BeH cyBepeHrrrer
HO HACEJIEHI{E.

Oron.rarerHl,rf, T pa3[aA Ha yKpettureJlHara crrcreMa Ha npoBrzHrl us Cxurus.
3arroqHaJr c MaclrpaHprre aBapo-cJraBqHcKr,r Hala[eHr{Jr npe: 80-re roAr{Hu Ha VI s.
MHosuHctsoro or yKperreHllre rIeHTpoBe flpecraHaJrr{ Aa ctrrlecrByBar orrle KT,M
Kpafl Ha VI *lra B Haqaroro na VII s. Ha rurecta ca ycrauoBeHu crropaAl,IrrHr,r cregr,r
or o6urasane rr [pe3 cJregBarrlure HrrKoJrKo AecerrrJrerr{a (go xrrtr cpe[ara ua VII e.),
Ho 3a HaJrr,rqr{ero raM rr rro roBa BpeMe na QyuxquoHr{parqa SoprraQuxaq[oHHa

uu$pacrpyKTypa peur.rreJrHo He Moxe Aa craBa AyMa. CaMo B'bpxy HrrKoJrKo rIeHT'bpa, pa3rroJroxeHrr no AyHaBcKr{x 6pnr rr MopcKoro rpaft6pexlre Ha npoBr,ruqr,rtrra, Irllranepnara r{3rJrexgaycflfl,ila Aa o[a3u cBoq cyBepenr,rrer araK Io ct3AaBaHero
na 6'urapcKara [6pxaBa Ha fio.rrur,[ynan.

_

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@Mffi@Bffi ffiA @DPreffiffiE

O6p. 1. Orosauaqnara rpaHlrqa Ha npoBrlu4wa Cxurtx. Jlerenga: 1. Tpace
n.sr flypocropyu-Mapql{aHofloJrlrc; 2. A:orw'iirru 14 K'bcHoaHTuqHE yKqeHTpoBe;
pefleHrr
3. flpegnoraraeMo rpace Ha rpaHlrllara Mexgy K'bcHopuMcKrrre
rpoBr,rHrlrlrr Bropa M:usufl. n Crpr ux (Torbatov 2000b, p. 74,Fig.7)
O6p.2. CAIII4AABA (SACIDAVA). O6q unan, 6aeupaH Ha apxeorrorrHa prrMcKrlrr

aepoQor:orpa$crlr uacJIe[BaHI{r (Scorpan 1980, p. 165, Pl. xx).
O6p. 3. CAUI4AABA (SACIDAVA). fkaH Ha apxeoJlormecKlr npoyqeul,ITe ceKTopr{ or yKperl,IreJrHara crrcreMa (Scorpan L980, p. 164,Pl. XX).

qecKra npoyrrBaHu.fl u

O6p. 4. AKCI4OIOJII4C (AXIOPOLIS). O6tq rrralr ro lp. Tovurecxy
(Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 27 ).
O6p. 5. AKCI4OIOIHC (AXIOPOLIS). O6q rrlaH no K. Illyxapsr
(Schuchardt 1918, 5.57, Abb.22).
O6p. 6. AKCI4OIIOJII{C (AXIOPOLIS). O6tq rrlau ro K. Cropnan
(Scorpan 1980, p. 156, Pl. XD.
O6p. 7. KAII4AABA (CAPIDAVA). flnau Ha yKperrrlrerrHara cr{creMa c
o3HalreHrrre Ha ocHoBHr,rre KoHcrpyKTrrBHrr sasu. Jlerenga: 1. Pntrlcru eugoee or I
Sasa; Z.Pururcr:r- 3rrAoBe or II Sasa; 3. Plaucru 3I4AoBe or III $asa; 4. Puucrra sugose or II Qa:a c rorpaBKr.r or III Qaaa; 5. 3rgose Ha K'bcHI{s KacreJr - IV $asa; 6.
. Tpace Ha 3aIq[ITHI{fl poB Ha K'bcHI{fl KacpaHHocpeAHoBeKoBHoro yKperJreuue; 9. Tpace Ha 3lr[oBere Ha

Tpace Ha 3r{AoBere Ha K:6cHr{fl KacreJr;

r:er; 8. OcraHru or

7

pauHocpegHoBeKoBHoro yKpenJIeHLre (Condurachi 1967, S. 1 64, Abb. 2).

O6p. 8. KAPCI{yM (CARSIUM). TouorpaQr{q Ha aHrlltrHoro r{ K'bcHoaHrr4rrHo cerrrrrrle (Nicolae 1993, p.217).
O6p. 9. KAPCI,IyM (CARSIUM). Ocrronnu crporrrerrHr4 repraoll{ B apxuTeKrypHoro pa3Blrrl{e lra BoeHHI{t Jlarep. JlereHqa: 1. Creuu ot I nepllog;2. Ct :uu
or II ueplro[; 3. Crenra or III nepuo[; 4. 3ulose B'bB BbrpeuHocrra Ha yKpenJIeHLIero; 5. lnuseura rroAoBe (Condurachi 1967, S. i69, Abb. 5).
O6p. 10. qLIyC (CruS). O6uI nnan Ha ABere KaMeHHIiI yKperrrenllfl no fp.
Touranecry (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).

O6p. 11.III4yC (CIUS). B.'nurrara 3eMrIeHa yKpenr.rreJrHa ,rrrH.rr, no Ip.
Tovranecry (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).
o6p.12. TPE3MI,IC (TROESMIS). czryaqnoHeH rrrraH Ha ABere KBcHoaHTI{rrHI{ KaMeHHrr yKpelJreH[fl.vrHa 3eMJreHI4Te or6panurenHl{ cr,opGxenrax (no ganHI{ or aepo$ororpa$cru r{3cJreABaHr,rx). Jlerenga: l. Bngur'rr rpaAexr4; 2. Crcgu;lI', II-II', [0-II'0, III-III'. 3eurenrE yKperrrrerrHr.r c'boptx(enua ($tefan r974arp. 10g,
Pl. 16).
O6p. 13. TPE3MI4C (TROESMIS). O6q rrraH Ha K.bcHoaHrr{rrHr.r.fl BoeHeH
rrarep ("Cetatea de Est") no A. Eogpu (Scorpan L980, p. 153, pl. VIII).
O6p. 14. AI4HOIEUI4fl (DINOGETIA). YxpenratenHa cucreMa (Barnea
1966,p.238, Fig. 1).
O6p. 15. fHHOfEUI,Ifl (DINOGETIA). T.nap. "principia" (burgus or Kparr
Ha IV n.) (SCIV, 2,1,1951).
o6p. i6. [I4HofEIII4fl (DINOGETIA). Kouuosraqzouuo oSopMrreHr4e Ha
B'brperxHoro fipocrpaHcrBo c[opeA ro-HoBr,rre [poyqBaHrax. Ilerenga: A. KpenocTHara creHa r{ Apyru nocrpofixn or III-IV a.; B. flomporiKn or IV-V s.; C. floqrpofixra or v-vl s.; D. PaHnocpeAHoBeKoBHr,r fpa[e)Krr (Barnea 1r991.a,p. 186, Fig. 11).
O6p. 17. Eap6ourn. flaas na KtcHoprrMcKoro yKpenrreHrre ($tefan 1935-36,

p.342,Fig.2).
O6p. 18. Jlymanuqa. O6q rrraH ro lp. Tovunecry (Zahariade/Gudea 1997,
Fig. 59).
O6p. 19. HOBI4O[yHyM O{OVIODUI.IUM). Ceoepnara KperrocrHa creHa Ha K'bcHoprrMcKr{rr BoeHeH Jrarep (Barnea/Barnea 1984, p. 504, Fig. 1).
O6p. 20. HOBI4O[yHyM (NOVIODUNLIM). O6q rrrraH Ha yKperr.rrerrHara cr{creMa rro AaHHr,r or aepoQor:orpa$crn H3cJreABaHr,rx. Jlerenga: i. Bugurr,gl
lpaAex<u; 2. Cr..ew;3. Beporreu reprrropr,raJren o6xsar Ha rpaAa npe3 nocJregHara
Qasa or cGIIIecrByBaHero rtay; 0-0'. Bepoxrno rpace Ha K'bcHara KperrocrHa creua;
I-I', II-II', [I-III'. 3eunenu yKpeflr,rreJrHrl ctop.bxe:s{ufl.; t- Typcxo yKpenJreHre
($tefan 1974a,p. 108, Pl. 20).
O6p. 2L EfI4CyC (AEGYSSUS). Tonorpa$rux n yKperrr{reJrHa crlcreMa
(opait 1977,312-313).
O6p.22. CAJICOBII.I (SALSOVIA). OrorvrepeH rrraH no fp. Tovr.raecxy
(Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 60).
O6p. 23. XAIIMI4PI4C (HALMYRIS). flnan Ha yKpenrrrerrHara cr{creMa
no AalrHr.r or aepo$ororpa$cxu r{3cJre[BaHr.rx ($tefan 1984, p. 671).
O6p.24. Enucara-I (CONSTANTIANA?). flnan uo AaHHr.r or aepo$ororpa$cru r,r3cJre[BaHr{fl ($tefan 1977a,p.464, Fig. 5).
O6p.25. Enucana-Il. flnan rlo AaHHrr or aepo$ororpaScrn r,r3cJrelBaHr.rJr
($tefan 1977a,p.465, Fig. 7).
Odp.26. AP|AMyM (ARGAMUM). Yrpeunrerrua cr.rcreMa (Coja 1972,p.
34, Fig.1).

O 6p. 27 . VICTPILfl (HISTRIA). K'rcrro aururrHara yKperl4re JrHa cncreMa Ha
rpa[a: KoHcrpyKTurna Qasa "A" (Domineannu/Sion 1982, p. 380, Fig. 2).
O6p. 28. VICTPkIfl, (HISTRIA). K'rcuoanrurrHara yKperrrreJrHa cr{creMa Ha
rpaAa: KoucrpyKrnena $asa "B" (Domineannu/Sion 1982, p. 383, Fig. a).
O 6p. 29 . VICTPVIfl (HIS TRIA). Krcrro asrrarrHara yKperrareJrHa cr{creMa Ha
rpaga: KoHcrpyKTunHa $asa "C" (Domlneannu/Sion1982, p. 386, Fig. 7).
O6p. 30. VICTPLIfl, (HISTRIA). K'rcroanruqHara yKpenrrreJrHa cr{creMa Ha
rpaAa: KoHcrpyKrunua $asa "D" (Domineannu./Sion1982, p. 389, Fig. 9).
O6p. 31. I4CTPVIfl, (HISTRIA). Kroroanruquara yKperr,rrerrHa clrcreMa Ha
rpaAa: KoHcrpyKTunna Saea "8" (Domineannu/Sion 1982, p. 391, Fig. 1 1 ).
O6p. 32. WCTPI4fl, (HISTRIA). Krcnoanrutrurrre 3eMJreHr,r yKperr.rrerrHr.r
c'bop6>KerII,IJI, cl{HxpoHHrr Ha KoHcrpyKTIiIBHI,I Qa3u "D" rr."E". Jlerenga: 1. Ctpoexr{ or flpeqr{rrrHr{fl rrepuo[; 2. Crpoexu, AarI{paHI4 B Kpatr na VI u Haqaroro na VII
s.; 3. 3eMnqHxu (gtefan L976, p.49,Fig.4).
O6p. 33. TOMI4 (TOMIS). flnan Ha K'bcHoaHrr,rrrHara yKperr,rreJrHa cr.rcreMa rro B. Eap6y (Canarache 1961, Pl. D.
O6p. 34. TOMI4 (TOMIS). flnas na KtcHoaHrr{rrHara yKperrr,rreJrHa cilcreMa rro K. Cxopnan (Scorpan 1980, p. l77,Pl. XXXII).
O6p. 35. KAJIATI,IC (CALLATIS). flrlan Ha yKpenr,IreJrHara cr.rcreMa ro
K. flpesa (Preda 1963, Pl. I ).
O6p. 36. KAPI4.fl (CARIA). Tepuropuanen o6xsar Ha aHrrrqHoro cerrr.rule B
pariona Ha cerarrrHr{q Hoc IIIa6ra u npeArroJraraeMa peKoHcrpyKllr,rfl Ha HflKorarrrHara 6peroea rtnnfis'
O6p.37.KAPVIfl, (CARIA). Ocrasru or KperocreH 3LIA na uopcxNx 6pxr.
O6p. 38. KAPI4fl (CARIA). )Kranuugru xopr{3oHrll, KoHcrar}IpaHr{ upu npo-

yqBaHero Ha roro3ana[Hara KyJra Ha K'bcHopr,rMcKuq KBagpr,r6ypruyu.

O6p. 39. KAPI,I.f, (CARIA). flnaH na 3ara3eHara qacr or K'bcHopr{McKufl
rnagpu6yprryM.
O6p. 40. KAPE.f,/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS). fkau na 3ara3eHara qacr
or paHHoBr.rsaHrtrfi cxns KacreJr.
O6p. 4 1 . KAPE-f,/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS). Cenepnata crpaHr.rrra Ha
BXOIa B [paBOBrAJrHara KyJra Ha 3a[aAHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa.

O6p. 42. Karraes 6pxr - ffirrara. YxpeulmerrHa cl{crer'.ra (Salkin/Toptanov
24,Fig.2).
O6p. 43. Kauen 6pnr-flir.tata. flnaH Ha KperocrHara ropra (Salkin/
Toptanov 1987, 28, Fig. 5).
O6p. 44. KaueH dpxr-flfiiara. 3anaguara Kperrocrua creHa (rexnura na
rpaqex).
O6p. 45. Kalres 6pnr-TonpaK KaJre. flnan Ha yKperrrrreJrHara cr.rcreMa rro
K. Ilkopnran (Illxopnu,r 19056, Ta6n. CXV, 1).
O6p.46. Kaueu 6prr-TonpaK Kzrrre. OcraHxu or ceBepHara Kpenocrna creHa.
L987, p.

O6p. 47. Cseru F{uxona. Ilnas Ha yKpenrrreJrHara cr.rcreMa (Kuror 1971,,
c.9, O6p. l).
O6p.48. Csern HIaxora. TexHura Ha rpaAex Ha KpenocrHara creHa.
O6p. 49. T(u)PI,ICA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). fkax Ha yKpenl4rerrHara
cr.rcreMa B q-rrJrocreH nnq (fixuuroB Ir Ap. 1990, c. 188, O6p. 196).
O6p. 50. T(u)PI,ICA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). Bururnara or6panurenHa rmmtts. (,[xunron u gp. 1990, c.26, O6p. 10).
O6p. 5 1 . T(u)PI,ICA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). Cpesuara ot6panutemra
rrrrHlrq

(fixunror

rerrHa

rrunvts,

u gp. 1990, c.120, O6p. 134).

O6p. 52. T(u)PI,ICA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). B'srperunata ot6pauu(flxnnron n qp. 1990, c.132, O6p. 1a8).
O6p. 53. TIIMyM (TIMUM). Tonorpa$rar u yKperl'IreJrHa crlcreMa Ha K'bc-

HOAHTUTIHOTO YKPEIIEHO CEJII4IIIE.

O6p. 54. TI4M)rM (TIMUM). Octanrr.r or 3araAHara KpenocrHa creHa.
O6p.55. TI4MyM (TIMUM). flnaH na paHHoBrr3aHruircxuq, Kacrerr (r.nap.
TI,IM)rM-3anag) no K. Ilhopnnl (HA EAH, $. 165x, ou. 1, a.e. 424, tt.3).
O6p. 56. TI,IMyM (TIMUM). Ocranrr.r or ceBepHara Kperocrua creHa Ha
paHHoBr43asruitcxus KacreJI (r.nap. TI4MyM-3anag).
O6p. 57. EI43OHE (BIZONE). TonorpaSut Ha cerrrrqero rpe3 aHrvqHara
r{ K'bcHoaHTr{r{Hara efloxu. Ileren4a: 1. I - rpar na lV/na'raroro Ha Y s.;2. V - VII s.
O6p. 58. 6II3OHE (BZONE). flnan Ha KtcHoaHTrrrrHara yKperll{rerrHa cI,IcTeMa rro AaHHLT na K. Ilkopnun (HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 424, tt.27-30).
O6p. 59. EI43OHE (BIZONE). Octanxu or ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa c
npracrpoeHr{, B 3a[agHara i .{acr AoDKoH.
O6p. 60. EI43OHE (BIZONE). Octanrr.I or U-uragna Kyrla no rpacero Ha
ceBeporr3TonHoro pa3rrrfipeHrre Ha Kpelocma (HA EAH, S. 165r, orr. 1, a.e.424,

t.37).
O6p. 61. AOPOEI,I3I4OH (APHRODISION). TouorpaSun I,I reprlropl{anen o6xsar npe3 aHTr,IqHara II K'bcHoaHTI{qHara enoxtr. Jlereuga: 1. fV - I r. np. Xp.;
2.l - IY s.; 3. IV- VI s.
O6p. 62. AOPO[I43I4OH (APHRODISION). Cxarucrnsr Hoc c ocraHKI4
or KBcHoaHT[rrHo yKpenJleHrre (norneg or rorosanag).
O6p. 63. AOPOAI43I4OH (APHRODISION). Ogranxn or ceBepuara KperrocTHa cTeHa pr poBa Ha K'bcHoaHTr/trrHoTo yKpe[IeHI,Ie (norJleg oT ceBeponstor).
O6p. 64. AOPOII43HOH (APHRODISION). flrlan Ha K'bcHoaHrl'IqHoro
yKperrJreHr,re.

O6p.
O6p.
O6p.
O6p.

65. E anulrx-Ty3Jrara. Tonorpa$cxo rroJloxeHlle.
66. Eanvur-Ty3Jrara. flnau Ha paHHoBl{saritvtitcxus' Kacre"TI.
67. Banvnr-Ty3Jrara. Octaula or Ir3TotIHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa
68.

II4OHI4COIIOJII,IC (DIONYSOPOLIS). Tpace Ha rpagcKara yKr KBcHoaHTr{uHara enoxl{ no M. fiurrrutpos.

peflrareJrHa cr,rcreMa npe3 aHTuqHara

Jlerenga: 1 . ArpouonBT Ha fluouraconoJrr,rc no o. Ta$panu ;2. \mouuconoJrrrc npe3
II a. up. Xp. - III a. cl. Xp.; 3. fiuonuconorruc npe: III-VI s.; 4. O6qecrBeHr{ crpa4rl
ot XIX-XX n.; 5. Knoaxara Ha flraonracononuc (fluuurpor 1990, Tafu.2).
O6p. 69. Earqur-Xopr.r3oHT. fllau na yKpenr,rreJrHara crdcreMa (finuurpon
1989, c. 50, Cxei'la 3) (c xopex\fipru go6aoxu ua aeropa).
O6p. 70. Ealqur-Xopr.r3oHT. Llsrneq or 3arraAHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa c ABeTe KyJrr{, Sranxzpaulr.r 3alaAHara nopra.
O6p. 71. Ea6agar-Tonpaftxrorl. Tonorpa$cKo rroJro)Keur,re (Opai1 et al.
1991b, p.279, Fig. 1).

Odp.72. Ea6agar-Tonpafixrofi. YrpenurerHa cr.rcreMa (Opait et al. 1991b,
p.220, Fig.2).
O6p.73. Ea6agar (VICUS NOVUS?). TouorpaSrx u yKperrr,rreJrHa crrcreMa
Ha KbcHoaHTr{trHoro yKpereHo ceJrprule (Morintz 1987, p. 43,Fig. 4).
O6p. 7 4. 146?IA4. (IBIDA). Tonorpa$us Ha cerr.rqero rrpe3 K'bcHoaHrr.rqHara enoxa (gtefan 1977a, p. 462, Fig. 2).
O6p. 75. I,IEI4[A (IBIDA). ffuan Ha yrperr{reJrHara crrcreMa (Scorpan 1980,
p.157, Pl. XII).
O6p. T6.Ilanrenr.rrraoHyJr Ae Xoc. flnau Ha 3eMJreHoro yKpenJreHrre cropeg
B. flrpsau (gtefan 1974a, p. 106, Fig. 3).
O6p. 77. yJIMETyM (ULMETUM). flnan Ha yKpenr.rreJrHara crcreMa
(Gajewska 1974, p. 105, Fig. 36).
O6p. 78. Mupua Bog's (TRES PROTOMAE?). OrouepHa cKr.rqa Ha K.bcHoprrMcKoro yKperireHrre (Comqa 1957, p. 326, Fig. 1).
O6p.79. TPOIIEyM TPAflHI4 (TROPAEUM TRAIAM). TonorpaQnx na
rpaqa rpe3 K'bcHoaHrrlrrHara eroxa (Barnea et al.1979,Fig.23).
O6p. 80. TPOIIE)rM TPA-fl HI,I (TROPAEUM TRAIANI). KrcnoanruqxaTa yKpenlrreJrna cr.rcreMa Ha rpaAa (Barnea 1991a,p.207, Fig. 15).
O6p. 81. Kanuran flurvrutpono. Tonorpa$cKo floJroxeHr{e Ha K6cHoaHrr,rqHOTO yKpenJreHr,re.

O6p. 82. Kaur,r'ran fiuuurpono. flnan Ha yKpenr.rreJrHara crrcreMa no K.
Illropnu:r (HA EAH, S. 165x, ou. 1, a.e. 419,1.2).
O6p. 83. Kanr,rran fluuurporo. U-nugua ryna (HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. 1,
a.e.428,

r.

41).

O6p. 84. Kanuran finuurporo. 9erupntrbJrHara KyJra Ha ceBepHara KpelocTHa cTeHa r{ lracT oT npoyr{eHr4Te rpaAeru B'bB B'bT'pemHocTTa Ha yKpelJreHr,reto (HA EAH, S. 165x, ou. 1, a.e.419, a. 1).
O6p. 85. Ia6ep. TonorpaSu, pr yKperMTeJrHa crrcreMa.
O6p. 86. Ia6ep. Ocramu or KperrocrHara creHa.
O6p. 87. 3AnEAnA (ZALDAPA). TouorpaQnn utr,rar$a yKperrrrerrHara
cl{creMa uo K. Illxopnran (Illxopnu"r 1905a, Ta6n. CXI, c, 1).

O6p. 88.

SAIAAIIA (ZALDAPA). Touorpa$ iln vr nrra:r_Ha

clacreMa cropeg aBTopa (Top6aron 2000, c.

ll,

yKperilrerrHara

o6p.2.

O6p. 89. 3AIAAIIA (ZALDAPA). fierafinu or

r4Jrr4 cB.bp3aHpr

c yKperu-

TeJrHara crrcreMa Ha rpaga (cnopeg neny6ruxyBaHr4 cKr,rqr Ha K. Ilhopnun): 1. fpaAex Ha B'bHrrrHoro Jrr.rrle Ha 3arraAHara creHa ua Kyta 3 (yrasanrare pa3Mepr,r ca B
caHTr4Merpr{); 2. fnesgo 3a MeraJrHa cro6a B KaMeHeH 6nor or rpa[ex<a xa CerepHara nopra (yxaaauure pa3Mepu ca B caHTr{Merpu); 3. Kyna 1 - upeguonaraeM rrJraH;

no-rtoro rpeycrpoftcrso rprr cHa4Kara Ha KyJrara c Kyprr,rHa "r" (yKa3aHrzre pa3Mepr..r ca B caHrrrMerpn); 5. lorongrolrHara nopra (II); 6. Kopnusoara raM'rHI{ or cBo[oBa KoHcrpyKqr.rfl, orKptrrr{ cpeg pa3BaJrr,rHprre ua Cesepuara [opra
(I); 7. fp'rqKr.r HaAnr{c npu Cenepuara ropra (I) (yxasauxre pa3Mepra ca B caHTr4-

4. Kyna 1 -

r,netpu).

O6p. 90. SAIIAfIA (ZALDAPA). flnau na Cenepnara KperocrHa ropra
(I) uo K. Ilkopnrn (HA BAH, Q. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 493, tr.13).
O6p. 9 1 . TI4MO|I4III,Ifl (TIMOGITTIA). TonorpaQcKo rrorroxeHrre.
O 6p. 92. TI4 MOf l{ql4fl (TIMOGITTIA). flnas Ha yKperr.rrerrHara cr{creMa no K. Ilkopuul (HA EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 428, n.9).
O6p. 93. Hoso Eoreso. BtsnmleHrrero "Xau 6ypyu" c ocraHKu or K.bcHoaHrr{irHo yKpelJreHr,re (norneq

or

cereposauag).

Odp.94. Hono Eoreeo. Tonorpa$cro roJrox<eHrre rra KtcHoaHrr.rqnoro yKpeIIJIeHLIe.

O6p. 95. Hoso Eoreso. flnaH Ha K'bcHoaHTr{rrHoro yKpeureurre.
O6p. 96. [e6pene-I. TonorpaQux r yKperr.rreJrHa cr{creMa. JlereHqa: 1. flpoyrreHz ocraHKr{; 2. flpegnonaraeMo rpace.
O6p. 97 . [e6peue-Il. TonorpaQr4q r.r yKperrreJrHa cr4creMa.
O6p. 98. [e6pene-Il. B'rurunoro JrI,Iqe Ha ceBeprrara KperrocrHa cr:ena (rexHr,rKa Ha rpagex).
O6p. 99. flpuneu. TonorpaQlrr. a tpulrrn3rlTeJreH rrJraH Ha yKpe[r.rreJrHara
cI{cTeMa.

O6p. 100. flpnnen. Ocranxra or 3anaAHara KpenocrHa creHa.
O6p. 101. Ogtpqu. fllan na yKperrrreJrHara cr{creMa.
O6p. 102. Og'spqu. Texnraxa Ha rpa[ex flppr roror43TonHlrrbrbJr Ha yKpenJIEHI,IETO.

O6p. 103. Ogrpqu. flonpaarz rro rpacero Ha 3a[agHara KperocrHa creHa
(rexnura na rpagex<).
O6p. 104. Ogtpqll. Yge6elxnaHe Ha r{eHrpanuuflceKTop Ha ceBepHara KpelocTHa cTeHa.
O6p. i05. Xpa6pouo. Tonorpa$raa rr yKperr{reJrua cr{creMa.
O6p. 106. Xpa6poro. Ocrauru or Kpefiocruara creHa.
O6p. 107. O6povuqe. Ocramu or KGcHoaHTrrr{Ho yKpeflJreur,re (norneq or
cenepon:ror).

O6p. 108. O6povuule. Tonorpa$cKo noJroxeHrre

Ha K'bcHoaHrrrrHoro yK-

perrJreHr{e.

O6p. 109. O6po.ruqe. flpu6rnsureJreH rrJraH Ha yKpelr{TeJrHara cr{creMa
(no: Mupverflurvrurpon 1958-60, l. 9).
O6p. 110. CrctosHl{e Ha yKpelr,ITeJrHara cr{creMa B rpeAeJrrare Ha HoBoyr{peAeHara npoBuHqu, Crvrvs, (80-re rogr{Hrl ua III n.): 1. CAIII4IABA; 2. AKCWOIIOJII4C; 3. KAilI4EABA; 4. KAPCI,IyM; 5. HI,IYC; 6. BEPOE ; 7. TPE3MI,IC;
8. APYEI4YM; 9. HOBI4OIyHYM; 10. ErI4CyC; i1. CAIICOBI4fl.;12. XAJIMtr{PHC; 13. TPOIEyM TPAflHLI; 14. VlCTPklfl.; 15. TOMI,I; 16. KAJIAT?IC;
t7 . T (u)PVTCA; 1 8. AI4OHI{COilOJII4C.
O6p. 111. KruropuMcKara yKperrrreJrHa cprcreMa Ha rpoBr,rHqux Cxurus.
(cpegara na 70-re roAr4Hr,r na IV n.): 1. Bunre (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?);2. CAI\LI[ABA; 3. Pacosa (FLAVIANA?);4. AKCI4OilOJI]IC; 5. Cerir"renu; 6. KAfIH[ABA;7. Tonany; 8. KAPCI4yM;9. III4YC; 10. EEPOE; 11. fle.reHsra; l2.Tpartla;13. TPE3MI,IC-I,I:Ior; 14. TPE3MI4C-3anat; 15. APyEI4YM; 16. Xzxura;
17. [I4HOfEI]J1rfl; 18. Eap6ouru; 19. JlyuxaBr4rla; 20. Paxe;ry; 21. }JOBVIOAyHYM; 22. E.f:I4CyC;23. HyQrpy; 24. \4trasuu [e Xoc; 25. CAJICOBYIfl;26.
XAIIMI4PI4C: 27. fiynanrqy se Cyc (GRATIANA?); 28. [ynan'':sqy se X(oc (AD
STOMA?) ; 29. E;prucal'a-I (CONSTANTIANA?) ; 30. Enucana-Il; 3 1 . AP|AMYM;
32.VlCTPVIfl;33. Ornguy-I; 34. flanasy Mape; 35. Marnras; 36. TOMI4; 37. Koncranqa-Tennuru; 38. CTPATOH?IC; 39. KAJIATI4C; 40. KAPI4 fl; 41. T(u)PIICA;
42. AAPO[I43I4OH; 43. WIOHI4COfIOJIVIC; 44. HwSou; 45. 9epna; 46.
Aprraruon (VALLIS DOMITIANA?);47. Xopur; 48. I,Ieroapene;49. Muxarl Epany; 50. Ea6agar-Tonpafixrorl;51. Ea6agar (VICUS NOVUS?); 52. Cnaua Pyc'r; 53.
I,lElI[A; 54. r{rr',ryprua ge Xoc (AD SALICES?); 55. flau:rerzuoHyJr Ae X(oc; 56.
yJIMETyM; 57. Mrap.rx Bos'b (TRES PROTOMAE?); 58. Myp$arrap; 59. TPOIIEyM TPAflHI,I; 60. Crpa;ra; 61. rlerar.s (CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?); 62.
fhonenn; 63. Kanurau finuurposo; 64. fa6ep; 65. 3AIAAIIA; 66. TIIMO|I4lJVlfl;67. Hoso Eoreno; 68. fie6pene-I;69. flprareu; 70. Oqrpqu; 71. Xpa6poro;
72. O6pouuqe.
O6p. l 12.YxpenureJrHara crrcreMa Ha rpoBr,rHrlus.Cxurus. B cpeAara sa VI
sex: 1 . Br.rlrre (HAGIOS KYRILLOS ?) ; 2. CAII4AABA; 3. Pacosa (FLAVIANA?) ;
4. AKCI,IOfIOIII4C; 5. KAIII4AABA; 6. KAPCIIYM; 7. I{I,IYC; 8. EEPOE; 9.
TPE3MI,IC-IISIox ; 1 0. TPE3MI,IC-3 auas ; 1 1 . APyEI,IYM; 12. A?IHOIEUI,Ifl ;
13. JlyHrauwp;14. HOBI{OIyHYM; 15. EfI4CyC; 16. Hy$rpy; 17. CAIICOBllfl; 18. XAJIMWPI4C; 19. [ynan.rrry Ae Cyc (GRATIANA?); 20. Euucata-I
(CONSTANTIANA?) ; 2 1 . AP|AMyM (ARGAMUM); 22. I4crput; 23. LICTPVII;
24. aeusuy-ll; 25. Mauaa; 26. TOMVI; 27. KAIIATI4C;28. KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC;
29. Kauen 1par-ffimara; 30. Kauen 6prr-TonpaK Karre; 31. Ceeru Huxona;32.
AKPE; 33. TI'IMyM; 34. TI4MyM-3auar; 35. E?I3OHE; 36. AOPOII,I3I4OH;
37. Ban.{ux-Tysrara; 38. AI4OHUCO[IOIIUC; 39. Ban.rur-Xopu:onr; 40. }Ieoo-

apene;41. Ea6agar (VICUS NOVUS?); 42.III}?IAA:43. Yar'ayprrr,ra Ae )Koc (AD
SALICES?); 44. YJIMETYM; 45. TPOIIEyM TPAflHV; 46.tlerats (CIVITAS
AUSDECENSIUM?); 47. flnonenu; 48. KannraH flurr,trrpono; 49. fa6ep; 50. 3AJIIAfIA; 51. TI4MOIVII\L4*;52. Hoso Eoreno; 53. [e6pene-Il;54. flpnneu; 55.
Ogrpqn;56. O6povuuqe.

SWMMAMM
THE DEFBNCE SYSTEM OF THE LATE
ROMAN PROVINCE OF SCYTHIA
(the end of the 3rd - the 7th century A.D.)

FOREWORD
The monuments of Late Roman fortification in the north-eastern part of the
Balkan Peninsula (Dobroudja of today) focussed the attention of European scientific
society for the first time more than 130 years ago. They have been the subject of continued interest and serious research work ever since. Although the number of sites which
have been studied by archaeological methods is still not big, a huge amount of literature
conceming the problems of Late Roman fortification in the discussed region has accumulated through the years. The available information is however rather heterogeneous
by nature and scientific merit, and moreover, it is extremely unevenly spread from
territorial point of view. The attempts at generalizing on the problems of Late Roman
military construction in the land of modem Dobroudja that have been made so far are,
in fact, based on only a cluster of sites, which can hardly be considered representative
of the whole variety attested in the region. All that renders great difficulties to build up
a realistic concept about the composition and dislocation of the defensive infrastructure
there during the Late Antiquity. Despite of their size and purpose, fortifications never
appeared at random within the limits of the Roman Empire. Neither did they function
without control. All the fortified sites in the territory of a particular province, were they
of military or civil origin and purpose, were considered and functioned as components
of an aggregate defensive complex - the defence system ofthat province. Therefore the
monuments of Late Roman military architecture in the land of modern Dobroudja must
be put to consideration in an adequate for the period tenitorial and administrative context. The widespread approach to studying these monuments from the point of modern
geographic and political realities is methodologically imprecise and historically wrong.

The ambitious aim of this work is to present an overall picture of the formation
and development of the defence system of the Late Roman province of Scythia, which

once encompassed the greater part of modern Dobroudja. The expediency of such a
study evolves from the fact that no attempts have been made so far to collect, critically
analyze and systematize the abundant available information concerning in one way or
another the defensive infrastructure, which has been registered in the territory of the
province of Scythia. The need of a new thorough study is moreover pressing because of
the considerable discrepancies and factological contradictions in the publications and
the obvious unsoundness of some of the older statements and suggestions, which however have continuously been uncritically reproducad, so that they gained great popularity and almost axiomatic value.
The chronological limits of this study coincide with the time of existence of the
province of Scythia as a particular administrative unit in the structure first of the united
Roman Empire, and later - of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). The lirnits span
the period from the establishing of the province in the end of the 3rd century till the
decisive falling of these land away from the Empire, which happened in A.D. 681,
when the Bulgarian Kingdom was established to the south of the Danube. Two major
periods are distinctly to be differentiated within the above-mentioned chronological
scope - Late Roman and Early Byzantine. The division of the Roman Empire into two
self-dependent parts in A.D. 395 is generally considered the formal limit between these
both periods.
A successful response to the announced research aims and purposes would no
doubt contribute to better understanding the development of the north-eastern parts of
the Balkan Peninsula in the Late Antiquity, filling an essential gap in the available
literature. The elucidation of the composition, conditions and prerequisites for setting
up, chronology of development as well as principles and mechanisms of functioning of
the defence system of the province of Scythia will throw much light on different aspects
of the political history and military and administrative organization in a region, which
turned during the Late Antiquity into a bulwark of the Roman and Byzantine Empire
against the barbarian menace on the Lower Danube.

INTRODUCTION. The Province of Scythia in the
Administrative and Military Structure of the
Roman Empire
The introductory chapter of the work goes into the prerequisites which brought
about the appearance ofthe new province of Scythia and points out the special features
in its organization and their evolution throughout the period of its existence. All this is
necessary in order to closely specify the chronological limits and territorial scope of the
study as well as to precisely define the place of defensive infrastructure in the imperial

and provincial system of rights and responsibilities. The scientific discussion and modern theses on these problems are given in three particular paragraphs. Occasionally the

author puts forward and states his own suggestions, which result from either most recent research findings or reinterpretation of available information.
1. Establishing and Administrative Organization. Were it not an one-time
and all-embracing public act, it may be stated with confidence now that Scythia was
one of the first newly established provinces, which appeared in accord with the largescale program of reconstruction and administrative reshaping of the Roman Empire
undertaken by Emperor Diocletian. The province of Scythia is for the first time epigraphically attested in an inscription from the provincial capital Tomis dating from the
period between 21 July 286 and 1 March 293. Therefore Scythia may be considered one
of the pilot sites of introducing and settling the mechanisms of functioning of the Late
Roman system of provincial administration, which envisaged strict differentiation between military and civil authorities.
2. Borders. The problem about the provincial borders of Scythia is considered
definitely settled and has not been discussed in the scientific literature for some 30
years. Nevertheless, the new archaeological surveys and discoveries provide good reason to re-examine and introduce important corrections in the generally accepted view
about the course of the border between the provinces of Scythia and Moesia Secunda.
The border began at the outfall of the Oltina lake into the Danube and took southern
direction along the course of the Suha Reka river up to its springs near the modern
village of Izgrev (Varna district). The westem banks of both the lake and the river
belonged to the territory of Moesia Secunda, while the opposite ones belonged to Scythia.
At its southernmostpoint the border sharply changed its direction and took eastwards to
the springs of the Batovska Reka river near the village of Izvorsko (Varna district),
where from it followed its flow up to its mouthing into the Black Sea to the north of the
village of Kranevo (Dobrich district). The geographic situation of the province of Scythia
greatly predetermined its historical destiny. As a matter of fact, the tenitory of the
newly established ptovince used to be for millennia one of the most important crossroads of powerful migrations in the history of humanity. The above-mentioned clearly
outlines its strategic position of a bulwark in the defence of the Balkan possessions of
the Roman Empire during the Late Antiquity. This importance grew up even more after
Constantinople was declared an imperial capital in A.D. 330. All that well explains the
systematic care of central administration in keeping the provincial military organization in perfect order.

3. Mllitary Organization. The already-quoted inscription from Tomis is the
earliest known so far piece of evidence about the establishing of a ducate - one of the
most characteristic Diocletianic military inrlovations in the frontier provinces of the

Roman Empire. The Late Roman model of military organization, which envisaged division of the imperial war potential into two almost equal by size parts (limitanei and,
comitatenses), took final shape in the course of realization of the radical military reform of Emperor Constantine I that is considered to have been conducted in c. A.D.
3ll-325. At least the preparation to introduction of this new model in the province of
Scythia might well have began already by the end of the joint reign of Constantine I and
Licinius. After its introduction the former all-embracing military competence of the
provincial duke (dux Scythiae) was considerably restricted: on creation of regional military headquarters at the latest, possibly already in late-Constantinian time, the duke's
authority spread over only the frontier section along the Danube and the troops of limitanei
stationed there; the comitatenses garrisoned in the interior of the province were within
the jurisdiction of the supreme commander of the troops in the dioecesis of Thrace
(initially comes rei militaris, and later magister equitum et peditum per Thracias). The
barbarian invasions of the last decades of the 4th and the first half of the 5th century
completely destroyed the existing pattern of military organization and brought about
the appearance of an entirely new one, which was characteristic of the Early Byzantine
period throughout the Empire. This pattern involved drastic reduction in number of the
regular military units of traditional type, enrolling on a mass scale of barbarian mercenaries and foederates and creation of a particular category of semi-military population,
which was obliged to perform sentinel duties in the frontier zone in exchange for concession of land property in the immediate vicinity. The operational coordination of
these so much heterogeneous components rendered great difficulties, and that naturally
resulted in reverting at provincial level to the principle of undivided military authority.
There is a good reason to argue that maybe already in the first half of the 5th century the
total military authority over the province of Scythia was concentrated in the hands of a
special commander, who had the title of dux et comes. The described system of military
organization seems to have nominally survived as late as the definite falling of Scythia
away from the Empire in A.D. 681. However, there are no grounds to assume that a
kind of organized military power was permanently present within the limits of the province ever since the beginning of the 7th century.
The building of defensive infrastructure was an integral and very important part
of the process of military organization in the province of Scythia. The state of defensive
works greatly predetermined the effectiveness of provincial defence. Therefore the central
and local administration took constant care for keeping the fortifications in order, their
technical improving and systematic construction of new ones. The development of the
provincial defence system, which includes all the fortified sites in the territory of Scythia,
makes it possible to understand the major trends in foreign and home policy of the
Roman Empire during the Late Antiquity, and to establish the real dimensions of the
corresponding military strategic doctrine at regional and local levels. The careful analysis
of the functional and typological specificity and chronological parameters of the monuments of fortification architecture traces out the most impartial way to elucidate the

nature of the Late Roman and Early Byzantine patterns of military organization in the
province of Scythia, and to establish the dynamics of their introduction.

CHAPTER I. Sources about the Defence System of the
Province of Scythia
The discussion on the problems about the nature, composition and historical
development of the defence system of the province of Scythia naturally requires a thorough and comprehensive examination of all the available categories of sources, which
contain any kind of information concerning the defensive infrastructure in its territory.
1. \ilritten Sources. The earliest written evidence about fortifications and fortifying activities in the territory of exactly the province of Scythia dates only from the
time of Emperor Valens. However, several pieces of similar information, in which the
"Danubian bank", the dioecesis of Thrace or the Roman Empire in general are mentioned, might well be considered indirect evidence about the large-scale fortifying activities that had been carried into practice in the discussed region already about the turn
of the 3rd century. The Late Roman itineraries and geographic treatises also throw
certain light of indirect order on the dislocation and construction phases of some of the
fortifications in the territory of the province of Scythia. The Notitia Dignitatum and
Procopius' treatise De aedificiis are still the most valuable sources of information for
modern researchers. The careful analysis and adequate historical and archaeological
consideration of all that information make it possible to draw out a number of new
conclusions of high scientific importance concerning thE chronological stratification of
the written evidence about the defence system of the province of Scythia. That in turn
gives a good reason for rejecting many postulates, which have been repeated for decades in the scientific literature.

2. Epigraphic Evidence. Although not numerous, the available epigraphic
material which is connected with the fortifying activities in the province of Scythia
gives a chance to considerably enrich, specify and objectify the information provided
by the written sources. Recent archaeological excavations and research work set premises for new interpretation of the nature, content and actual place of origin of some of
the well known and many times discussed building inscriptions (e.g. from Tropaeum
Traiani, Seimeni, Halmyris, T(i)rissa, Plachidol). The widespread throughout the Later
Roman Empire practice to reuse older epigraphic monuments as building material is
well attested in the province of Scythia, too. These monuments bear important indirect
chronological information and form a rather numerous group among the available epigraphic material from the province. The excavations at several sites (Sacidava, Histria,
Halmyris, Capidava, Zaldapa) brought to light whole complexes of reused pagan cult
monuments of amazingly homogeneous character. Those were obviously taken from

pagan shrines which must have already ceased functioning by that time. The discussed
group of monuments may well be considered a reliable evidence about the construction
of the above-mentioned fortified sites only after the triumph of Christianity in the province of Scythia, i.e. after A.D. 324, when Constantine I became the sole sovereign of the
Roman Empire. The found in situ stamped bricks and tiles form another group of high
chronological value among the epigraphic material.
3. Archaeological Evidence. Archaeology is the source of most abundant, comprehensive and objective information about the defensive infrastructure in the territory
of the province of Scythia. The present section offers a synopsis on the archaeological
exploration of the fortifications in the discussed region. In view of the way of its collecting, the available archaeological evidence is divided into three groups: from excavations, from ground surveys and from airphotograph studies. The specific features,
potentialities, advantages and shortcomings of these three approaches as well as their
major achievements up to now are also briefly commented. With no doubt the information collected from archaeological excavations is the most comprehensive one. Offering tangible data about the chronology, stratigraphy, building technology and special
construction features of the particular fortifications, it is an important and reliable corrective for the written and epigraphic evidence. However, older and more recent ground
surveys are still the only source of information about some 213 of the fortified sites in
the territory of Scythia. Despite the insufficient completeness and precision, this kind
of evidence is very often of unique value, since quite a lot of the fortifications which
had been registered and described in the past are either in very poor state of preservation or thoroughly destroyed nowadays. The airphotograph studies in the last three decades have also contributed much to the knowledge about the topography and defence
system of some of the most important centres within the limits of the province of Scythia.
The present study brings in scientific circulation huge amount of unused archival information about a number of fortified sites in the southern part of the province. This information has been subjected to a detailed analysis, comparison with the findings of recent
research work and thorough ground verification.

CHAPTEF. II. The Components of the System
The defence system of the province of Scythia is the aggregate of all the coeval
fortified sites in its temitory considered in their entity and interaction. Hence, it is not
possible to make any generalizations on its structure and specific features before each
of its components is subjected to close examination from historical and archaeological

point of view.
1. Functional and Typological content of the Late Roman Fortlfication
terminology. The Late Roman written and epigraphic sources reveal a greatvariety of

Latin and Greek terms for denoting fortified sites. The analysis and juxtaposition of
texts prove that the terms did not have an exact typological and functional meaning by
that time, which often lead to their confusion and random use. Except for lack of official standardization, the terminological chaos was further extended by ancient authors'
marked pursuit of elegant style, that often resulted in different and sometimes contradictory definitions of one and the same site in one and the same work. The fact that
fortification terminology began to penetrate in settlement nomenclature already in the
time of the Roman Republic is yet another important reason for the above-mentioned
ambiguities. The process of drawing closer together between fortification and settlement terminology greatly intensified since the late-4th century and brought about an
almost complete unification of the categories in the 6th century. The close examination
of the meaning of the Latin and Greek terms which were in use during the Late Antiquity is a necessary step in the present study. Its aim is to substantiate plain criteria for
typological and functional definition of each particular fortified site, in case that no
expliiit written evidence is available about that.

2. Constructional, Chronological and Functional Features of the Fortified Sites in the Province of Scythia. The hitherto archaeological excavations and
ground surveys in the territory of the province of Scythia have identified 84 fortified
sites which existed for sure in the Late Antiquity. Twenty-eight of them are situated on
the bank of the Danube, 26 - at the sea-shore, and 30 - in the interior of the province.
Each of these sites is discussed in a special section. The available information is extremely unevenly spread: we have got only brief and often unclear notes on some of the
sites, while the bibliographical lists on others include tens of publications and even
whole monographs. In many cases, however, the disbalance in length between the particular sections is due to other reasons: either to bringing in circulation of unpublished
information, or to the indisputable necessity of sound argumentation of new theses and
interpretations. The critical and unbiased analysis of the huge amount of available information as well as the achievements of modern science in studying the problems of
Late Roman fortification necessitate introducing of many important corrections, speci-

fications and additions in the traditional interpretation of a number of fortified sites,
which are now generally considered pillars of the Late Roman stratigraphy and chronology in the north-eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula: Sacidava, Capidava, Troesmis
("East" and "West"), Dinogetia, Noviodunum, Ovidiu, Ulmetum, Tropaeum Traiani.
The commentary notes on many of the fortified sites in the southern part of the province
are entirely oforiginal nature. They are based on either excavations ofthe author (the
fortifications near Debrene, on cape Shabla and near Odartsi), or unpublished archival
information verified by him on the ground (Kamen brjag-Toprak kale, Timum, TimumWest, Bizone, Aphiodision, Balchik-Tuzlata, Kapitan Dimitrovo, Gaber, Zaldapa,
Timogittia, Novo Botevo, Prilep, Hrabrovo, Obrochishte).

The complex study of the remains of Late Roman fortifications offers a new
approach to settling some of the enigmas of ancient historical geography in the lands
between the lower course of the Danube and the Black Sea. In view of the monuments
of fortification architecture registered so far, the cautiously suggested localizations of
vallis Domitiana (near Agighiol), Constantiana (Enisala-I), Timum (near Bulgarevo),
Timogittia (near Tvarditsa) and Aphrodision (near Topola) seem not only plausible but,
as a matter of fact, inalternative. The available material gives reason to confidently
argue a few more localizations: Hagios Kyrillos - near Viile, Gratiana - near Dunavj'nu
de Sus, Ad stoma - near Dunavj'nu de Jos, Ad salices - near Ceamurlia de Jos, Careal
C(a)reas - on cape Shabla, and maybe also Valentiniana - near Traian.
Except for the 84 fortified sites which with no doubt belonged to the defence
system of Scythia, there are brief mentionings about other 37 fortifications within the
limits of the province, that have been provisionally defined in the literature as "Roman"
or "Roman-Byzantine". The more recent investigations do not confirm or directly reject the fact of existence of some of them, while the dating of the rest is either rather
uncertain or definitely disagrees with the time of existence of the province of Scythia.
The ancient written sources give the names of another group of 33 unlocalized fortifications in the north-eastern confines of the Later Roman Empire, which are to be sought
in the opinion of some researchers somewhere in the territory of Scythia. Their secure
provincial attribution and identification is however impossible at the present stage of
investigation.

CHAPTER III. Development of the System
The detailed commentary on its components shows that the defence system of
the province of Scythia was a complex of heterogeneous by type and purpose fortified
sites. The formation, structural specificity and development of the system were conditioned by inherent for the Late Antiquity processes as well as by the rather exposed
position of the province.
1. Classification of the Fortified Sites. The components of the defence system of the province of S :ythia might be subjected to functional and typological classification only within the chronological limits of two particular periods.
The first period, which spans the time from the end of the 3rd to the mid-5th
century, is notable for the appearance ofpreconditions for introduction, setting up and
withering away of the Late Roman pattern of military organization in the province.
Most of the fortified sites which functioned during this period were built on account of
reasons of distinct military and strategic order. They are to be subdivided into fortifications with purely military and combined military and police functions. The first category includes the more or less regularly spaced camps of the limitanei units along the
Danubian frontier (castra and castella) and the smaller fortlets of secondary impor-

tance built between them (burgi and turres). Fortifications with combined military and
police functions appeared at different places in the interior and at the sea-shore of the
province, in close relation to the existing road network. The bigger ones might well be

interpreted as base camps of units belonging to the sacer comitatus, which normally
acted as interprovincial police force in peace time. The smaller fortifications of this
group must have been charged with fulfilling of secondary duties like local traffic control and safeguarding the internal order. The large-scale process of fortifying the major
civil settlements, which began by the end of the 3rd century, intended not only protection of the provincial population but was also carried into practice for reasons of military and strategic order. Even if fortifying of a certain site was not done on the initiative
or with the support of central or local administration, the already built fortifications
acquired altogether material and most probably strictly regulated functions in the overall system of provincial defence. The civil fortified sites during the discussed period
may be subdivided into three particular groups: towns, fortified settlements and refugia.
From the second half of the 5th century onwards, after the introduction of the
Early Byzantine model of military organization, the structural pattern of the defence
system of Scythia completely changed. Except for 6 newly built typical military fortifications at the sea-shore ofthe province, the system already consisted ofonly civil fortified sites (towns, fortified settlements and refugia), many of which emerged by way
of functional transformation from former military camps or military and police fortifications. The almost complete disappearance of the secondary military and military and
police fortifications (burgi and turres) as well as of the smaller castella of the

quadriburgiumtype marks the basic difference between the provincial defence system
of Scythia during the Early Byzantine and the Late Roman periods. Abandonment of all
those seems only natural because of their restricted defensive ability predetermined by
their modest size and vulnerable location along or just next to the course of major
communication lines.

2. Periodization of the Development of the Defence System. Five major
periods may be distinguished in the development of the provincial defence system of
Scythia. The first period was with no doubt the most creative one. It spans the time from
the establishing of the province to the end of the reign of Emperor Valens. This period
is connected with shaping the Late Roman appearance of the system, which finally
included 72 entirely newly built fortified sites. Despite the popular opinion giving
Erqperor Diocletian and his co-rulers from the First Tetrarchy the greatest credit for
building up the Late Roman provincial defence system of Scythia, the careful study of
the archaeological evidence gives ground to argue that it was in fact the merit of Emperors Licinius and Constantine I, and especially Constantine I after he became a sole
ruler by the end of A.D. 324. The Gothic and Hunic invasions of the last quarter of the
4th and the first half of the 5th century caused great disasters and brought about break-

ing down of the Late Roman pattem of military organization in the province of Scythia.
That naturally resulted in gradual disintegration of the existing defence system, which
took place in the period of time spanning the reign of Emperors Theodosius I and
Theodosius II. The total reorganization undertaken by Emperor Anastasius I from the
end of the 5th century onwards practically wiped out the one-time clear distinctions

between military and civil fortified sites. The mid-6th century was marked at
microregional level by a peculiar but short-living revival of the former situation: a few
typical military fortifications were built afundamentis at the sea-shore of the province
by that time. The rise of these fortifications might well be explained by the mechanisms
of functioning of the logistic system. The reign of Emperor Justinian I coincides with
the last burst of large-scale fortification activities in the province of Scythia. The last
period in the development of the provincial defence system reflects the efforts of the
emperors of the second half of the 6th century (fro Justin II to Maurice Tiberius) to keep
in order the existing infrastructure, introducing meanwhile some interesting technical
innovations.

CHAPTER IV. The System in Action
Although with rather different individual functions, the components of the pro-

vincial defence system of Scythia formed an aggregate in substance fortification complex. The latter was supposed to solve the problems of safe-guarding and defence of
territorial inviolability and assuring the internal order in the province, as well as to
guarantee the protection of provincial population to a highest possible degree.
L. The Defence of the

Imperial Frontier and the Interprovincial Security

System. The achievements of modern science in studying the Roman strategic doctrine
and the well-grounded reinterpretation of many of its aspects necessitate the introduction of important sense and chronological specifications concerning the traditional use
and understanding of the term limes. The available information gives reason to argue

that from the time of the First Tetrarchy to probably the dethronement of Emperor
Licinius this term had in Scythia the approximate meaning of "frontier zone", which
must have included a considerable part of the interior if not the whole province. After
the military reforms of Emperor Constantine I and until at least the first half of the 5th
century only the Danubian frontier of the province was left under the authority of the
dux Scythiae. Being identified with the nurrow strip of land along the Danubian bank,
where the provincial limitanei units were stationed and the specific frontier defensive
infrastructure was built, the term limes Scythiae was much closer by sense during this
period to exactly "frontier", and not "frontier zone".
In the Late Roman period, after the introduction of the Late Roman pattern of
military organization under Emperor Constantine I, two particular but closely connected
with each other structural components are to be differentiated within the provincial

defence system of Scythia, both of them owing their origin to reasons of distinct strategic order. The first structural component encompassed the military fortifications along
the Danubian bank, which formed an independent defence line designed to turn the
frontier section in question into an effective and difficult to overcome barrier against
any kind of attack. The fortifications with combined military and police functions scattered in the interior and at the sea-shore of the province formed the other strategic
structural component of the defence system of Scythia. This component had a rather
specific dual function: in peace time it played the role of an well-advised interprovincial security system, while in war time it automatically readjusted on purely military
principles, acting as a reserve and second echelon ofdefence.
The collapse of the Late Roman pattern of military organization and the inevi-

table process

of synchronous disintegration of the corresponding fortification infra-

structure caused considerable changes in the mechanisms of functioning of the provincial defence system in Scythia during the Early Byzantine period. The insufficient effectiveness of the new (Early Byzantine) pattern of military organization induced proceeding to a new defence doctrine, usually called "defence in depth" in the literature.

Under the circumstane€sof total {efe+ee-indeptb]ie[gqdf the whole province was
considered an imperial frontier and each of the fortified centres in its territory, despite
its functional and typological specificity or legal statute, attained importance of a particular and more or less self-dependent defensive unit.

Fortifications at the Sea-shore. The fortifications at the sea-shoie--of
of Scythia are very often interpreted in modern scientific literature as

2. The

the province

components of a particular defence system. This section of the study presents a detailed
commentary containing many arguments, which lead to the conclusion that the province of Scythia neither inherited nor its administration first initiated the construction of
any kind of specific defence system designed to protect the provincial sea border. The
numerous fortified sites scattered all along the coast line, most of which were civil
settlements, came into being on account of different reasons. Since the second half of
the 5th century the iittoral of Scythia turned into one of the most densely populated
zones within the limits of the province. It was due to the fact that the immediate vicinity
of the sea guaranteed much higher security standards provided by the absolute naval
hegemony of the Ertrpire at that time. It is therefore hardly surprizing to find most of the
settlements which survived the devastating Avar and Slav incursions of the late-6th and
the early-7th century into Scythia just among its littoral fortified centres"
The purely military fortifying activities along the sea-shore of the province by
the turn of the 5th and especially in the mid-6th century might well be explained by the
fact that the Black Sea turned at that time into a pillar of the Byzantine domination in
Scythia. The forts buiit a fundamentis in the south-eastern part of the littoral are considered components of a specific microregional structure based on Acres, which was closely
related to the organization and functioning of the supply system.

3. The Protection of the Provincial Population. Irregularly scattered all over
the territory of the province, the civil fortified sites formed a specific structural compo-

nent of the defence system of Scythia. Except for their main purpose to assure safety to
the provincial population, these fortified sites were also charged with fulfilling different secondary duties of military or military and police order. Although some modern
researchers argue that protection of provincial population had never been among the
priorities of Roman emperors and state administration, the facts seem to prove exactly
the opposite. In this respect the situation in Scythia was just the same as in the rest of
the Roman Empire. The large-scale construction of settlement defences in the province
was engendered by the growth of barbarian threat and began already by the end of the
3rd century. Two tendencies are clearly to be distinguished.in this construction: together with the authorized and officially assisted fortifying of the centres of major administrative and economic importance, another kind of building activities, which may
be defined as defensive self-initiative oftheprovincial population, is also registered in
Scythia. Despite the relative stabilization of the situation from time to time, a steady
process gf mo19 an{
rygre tang$lereriring oilife behind the fortress walls was in advance in the province ever since the beginning of the 5th century. Under the circumstances of continuous transborder incursions and chronic shortfall of military force, the
problem of physical surviving became duty and care of the provincial population itself.

CONCLUSIONS
The last chapter offers a brief account and systematization of the conclusions
drawn out from the research work done. Special attention is paid to the differences in
the structure of the defence system of Scythia during the Late Roman and the Early
Byzantine periods.
As far as the physical outlook of the fortifications is concerned, no drastic changes
took place during the Early Byzantine period. A gredt number of those fortifications
which had been constructed already during the first century of existence of the province
continued functioning without a break until the turn of the 6th century, and some of
them - even until the creation of the Bulgarian Kingdom south of the Danube. The
occupation of others seems to have temporarily ceased by the end of the 4th or in the 5th
century. Later they were repaired and brought again into use, but that was usually connected with radical change of their former function. In both cases the fortifications
retained by and large their Late Roman outlook until the very moment of their final
destruction. The repairs and reconstructions however laid a mark on them. The more
specific Early Byzantine alterations and additions included: rebuilding of themain gates
and adding a fortified antechamber to them (Sacidava, Histria, Zaldapa, Halmyris);
blocking up of some of the gates and posterns (sacidava, ulmetum); abandoning of
badly affected towers and dismantling of their ruins to the ground level (Capidava,

Dinogetia); adding of solid projecting turrets to longer and worse defended curtain walls
(Argamum, Histria); rebuilding of certain towers after a new pattern (Capidava, Tomis,
T(i)rissa/Acres, Zaldapa, Odartsi); thickening of particular sections of the circuit wall

(T(i)rissa/Acres, Odartsi, Kapitan Dimitrovo); building of an outer precinct wall
Qtroteichisma) (Aphrodision, Novo Botevo). Similar to the above-mentioned reconstructions have also been registered in the case of fortifications, which for sure came
into being during the Early Byzantine period (e.9. the outer defence line of T(i)rissa/
Acres, Balchik-Horizont). All of the known so far entirely new fortifications from this
period are located at the sea-shore of the province. Some of these fortifications are
remarkable for their monumental and extremely fine ashlar style of construction, as
well as for the use of one of the specific Early Byzantine innovations in the fortification
architecture in Scythia - the solid square projecting towers (Sveti Nikola, Kamen brjagJaylata, Bizone). Prow-shaped towers (triangular and pentagonal), which are generally
considered emblematic of the Early Byzantine fortification, have been surely registered
in the territory of Scythia only at Balchik-Horizont so far. If the suggested 6th-century
dating of the solid trapezium-shaped towers at T(i)rissa/Acres is coffect, those might
well be interpreted as a specific contribution of the province of Scythia to the Early
Byzantine fortification architecture. Exactly the same is the situation with the sophisticated systems of concentric anti-cavalry earthen defensive works around some of the
biggest and most important centres of the province (Troesmis, Noviodunum, Halmyris,
Histria), whose construction has been provisionally dated to the second half of the 6th
century.

The definitive disintegration of the defence system of Scythia began with the
large-scale Avar and Slav incursions in the 80s of the 6th century. Most of the fortified
centres probably ceased to exist already by the turn of the 6th century. Sporadic traces
of habitation in the next few decades (until about the mid-7th century) have been attested at several sites, whose defences however were hardly in operation by that time.
Only a few of the fortified centres, all of them situated on the Danubian bank or at the
sea-shore of the province, kept on functioning until the Empire completely lost Scythia
in A.D.681.

List of Figures
Fig. 1. The south-western border of the Late Roman province of Scythia. Legend: 1. The Roman road from Marcianopolis to Durostorum; 2. Roman and late Roman
fortified centres; 3. Hypothetical course of the border between the Late Roman provinces of Moesia Secunda and Scythia (Torbatov 2000b, p.74,Fig.7)
Fig. 2. SACIDAVA. General layout based on archaeological excavations and
airphotographs (Scorpan 1980, p. 165, Pl. XX).
Fig. 3. SACIDAVA. Layout of the archaeologically studied sections of the defence system (Scorpan 1980, p. 164, Pl. XIX).
Fig.4. AXOPOLIS. General layout after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudeal997,

Fig.27).
Fig. 5. AXIOPOLIS. General layout after K. Schuchardt (Schuchardt 1918, S.
57, Abb.22).
Fig. 6. AXIOPOLIS. General layout after C. Scorpan (Scorpan 1980, p. 156, Pl.

xr).
Fig. 7. CAPIDAVA. Main construction phases in the development of the defence system. Legend: 1. Roman walls from Phase I; 2. Roman walls from Phase II; 3.
Roman walls from Phase III; 4. Roman walls from Phase II repaired during Phase III; 5.
Walls of the later fort - Phase IV; 6. Hypothetical course of the walls of the later fort; 7.
Course of the defence ditch of the later fort; 8. Remains of the Early Medieval fortification; 9. Hypothetical course of the walls of the Early Medieval fortification (Condurachi
1967, S. t64,Abb.2).
Fig. 8. CARSIUM. Topography of the Roman and Late Roman settlement
(Nicolae 1993,p.217).
Fig. 9. CARSIUM. Main construction phases in the architectural development
of the military camp. Legend: 1. Walls from Period I; 2. Walls from Period II; 3. Walls
from Period III; 4. Walls in the interior of the fort; 5. Clay floors (Condurachi 1967, S.
169, Abb. 5).
Fig. 10. CruS. General layout of the two stone fortifications after Gr. Tocilescu
(Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).
Fig. 11. CruS. The outer earthen fortification after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/
Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).
Fig. 12. TROESMIS. Situation layout of the two Late Roman stone fortifications and the earthen defensive works (according to the evidence from airphotograph
surveys). Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2. Traces: I-I', II-[', [0-il'0, III-III' - Earthen
defensive works ($tefan 1974a, p. 108, Pl. l6).
Fig. 13. TROESMIS. General layout of the Late Roman military camp ("Cetatea
de Est") after A. Baudry (Scorpan 1980, p. 153, Pl. Vm).
Fig. 14. DINOGETIA. Defence system (Barnea 1966, p. 238, Fig. 1).

Fig. 15. DINOGETIA. The so-called "principia" (aburgus from the end of the
4th century) (SCIV, 2,1,l95l).
Fig. 16. DINOGETIA. Inner planning of the fortified area according to the more
recent excavations. Legend: A. The circuit wall and other buildings from the 3rd-4th
centuries; B. Buildings from the 4th-5th centuries; C. Buildings from the 5th-6th centuries; D. Early Medieval structures (Barnea l99la, p. 186, Fig. 11).
Fig. 17. Barboxi. Layout of the Late Roman fortification ($tefan 1935-36, p.
342,Fi5.2).
Fig. 18. Luncaviua. General layout after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudeal997,
Fie.59).
Fig. 19. NOVIODUNTIM. The northern wall of the Late Roman military camp
(Barnea/Barnea 1984, p.504, Fig. 1).
Fig. 20. NOVIODTINUM. General layout of the defence system according to
the evidence from airphotograph surveys. Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2. Traces; 3.
Hypothetical area of the city during the last phase in its existence; 0-0'. Hypothetical
course of the later circuit wall; I-I', il-II', III-III'. Earthen defensive works; t. An Ottoman fort ($tefan 1974t, p. 108, Pl. 20).
Fig. 21. AEGYSSUS. Topography and defence system (Opait 1977,312-313).
F ig. 22. SALS OVIA. Sketch-map after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/G adea 1997,
Fig.60).
Fig. 23. HALMYRIS. Layout of the defence system according to the evidence
from airphotograph surveys (gtefan 1984, p. 67 1).
Fig.24. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?). Layout according to the evidence from
airphotograph surveys (gtefan 1977a.,p.464, Fig. 5).
Fig.25. Enisala-Il. Layout according to the evidence from airphotograph surveys ($tefan 1977a, p. 465, Fig. 7).
Fig.26. ARGAMUM. Defence system (Coja 1972,p.34, Fig.1).
Fig. 27. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "A"
(Dominean(u/Sion 1982, p. 380, Fig. 2).
Fig. 28. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "8"
(Dominean[u/Sion 1982, p. 383, Fig. 4).
Fig. 29. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "C"
(Dominean{u/Sion 1982, p. 386, Fig. 7).
Fig. 30. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "D"
(Dominean[u/Sion 1982, p. 389, Fig. 9).
Fig. 31. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "E'
(Domineantu/Sion 1982, p. 391, Fig. 1 1).
Fig.32. HISTRIA. Late Roman earthen defensive works coeval with construction phases "D" and "E". Legend: 1. Structures from the previous period; 2. Structures
dating from the late-6th and early-7th centuries; 3. Dug-outs (gtefan 1976, p. 49,Fig.
4).

Fig. 33. TOMIS. Layout of the Late Roman defence system after V. Barbu
(Canarache 1961, Pl. I).
Fig. 34. TOMIS. Layout of the Late Roman defence system after C. Scorpan
(Scorpan 1980, p. l77,Pl. XXX[).
Fig. 35. CALLATIS. Layout of the defence system after C. Preda (Preda 1963, Pl.
D.

Fig. 36. CARIA. Territory of the ancient settlement on cape Shabla and hypothetical reconstruction of the one-time shore line.
Fig. 37. CARIA. Remains of a precinct wall on the sea-shore.
Fig. 38. CARIA. Occupation levels identified during the excavations of the southwestem tower of the Late Roman quadriburgium.
Fig. 3 9. CARIA. Layout of the preserved part of the Late Roman quadrib ur g ium.

Fig. 40. CAREA/C(a)REAS. Layout of the preserved part of the Early
Byzantine fort.

Fig. 41. CAREA/C(a)REAS. The northern side wall of the entrance into the
western tower.

Fig.42. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. Defence system (Salkin/Toptanov 1987,p.24,Fig.
2).

Fig. 43. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. Plan of the fort gate (Salkin/Toptanov 1987,
28, Fig. 5).

Fig.44. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. The western precinct wall (style of construction).
Fig. 45. Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil
(Illxopnu.rr 1905a, Ta6n. CXV, 1).
Fig. 46. Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Remains of the northern precinct wall.
Fig.47. Sveti Nikola. Layout of the defence system (Krmon 1971, c.9, O6p. 1).
Fig. 48. Sveti Nikola. Style of construction of the precinct wall.
Fig. 49. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. Layout of the defence system in its final completion (fixunroB tr Ap. 1990, c. 188, O6p. 196).
Fig. 50. T(i)RISS{ACRES. The outer defence line (fixunroB n Ap. 1990, c.
26, O6p. 10).
Fig. 51. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. The middle defence line (fixnuroB rr Ap. 1990, c.
120, Odp. 134).
Fig. 52. T(i)RISJA/ACRES. The inner defence line (fixnnroB rr Ap. 1990, c.
132, O6p. 148).
Fig. 53. TIMUM. Topography and defence system of the Late Roman fortified
settlement.

Fig. 54. TIMUM. Remains of the western precinct wall.
Fig. 55. TIMUM. Layout of the Early Byzantine fort (the so-called TIMUMWest) (HA EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 424, n.3).
Fig. 56. TIMUM. R.emains of the northern precinct wall of the Early Byzantine
(the
fort
so-called TIMUM-West).

Fig. 57. BIZONE. Topography of the settlement during the Roman and Late
Roman period. Legend: 1. 1st - late-4tVearly-5th centuries; 2.5th - 7th centuries.
Fig. 58. BIZONE. Layout of the Late Roman defence system after K. Skorpil
(HA EAH, S. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 424, n.27-30).
Fig. 59. BIZONE. Remains of the northern precinct wall with the donjon added
in its western part.
Fig. 60. BIZONE. Remains of an U-shaped tower located along the course of
the north-eastern extension of the fortress (HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. 1 , a.e. 424, t. 37)Fig. 61. APHRODISION. Topography and territory of the settlement during the
Classical period and the Late Antiquity. Legend: 1. 4th -1st centuries B.C.;2.1st - 4th
centuries A.D.; 3.4th - 6th centuries A.D.
Fig. 62. APHRODISION. The rocky promontory with the remains of the Late
Roman fortification (view from the south-west).
Fig. 63. APHRODISION. Remains of the northern precinct wall and the defensive ditch of the Late Roman fortification (view from the north-east).
Fig. 64. APHRODISION. Layout of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 65. Balchik-Tuzlata. Topographical situation.
Fig. 66. Balchik-Tuzlata. Layout of tn" n*ly Byzantine fort.
Fig. 67 . Balchik-Tuzlata. Remains of the eastern precinct wall.
Fig. 68. DIONYSOPOLIS. Course of the city wall during the Classical period
and the Late Antiquity after M. Dimitrov. Legend: 1 The acropolis of Dionysopolis after
O. Tafrali; 2. Dionysopolis in the 2nd century B.C. - the 3rd century A.D.; 3. Dionysopolis
in the 4th - 6th centuries A.D.; 4. Public buildings from the 19th - 20th centuries; 5. The

cloaka maxima of Dionysopolis (fluunrpon 1990, Tafu.2).
Fig. 69. Balchik-Horizont. Layout of the defence system (fluunrpon 1989, c.
50, Cxeua 3) (with certain corrections and additions by the author).
Fig. 70. Balchik-Horizont. A section of the western precinct wall with both towers flanking the western gate.

Fig. 71. Babadag-Topraichioi. Topographic situation (Opait et al. 1991b, p.
219, Fig. l).
Frg.T2.Babadag-Topraichioi. Defence system (Opail et al. 1991b, p.220,Fig.2).
Fig. 73. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?). Topography and defence system of the
Late Roman fortified settlement (Morintz 1987, p. 43,Fi9.4).
Fig.74.IBIDA. Topography of the settlement during the Late Antiquity ($tefan
1977a,p.462, Fig. 2).
Fig. 75. IBIDA. Layout of the defence system (Scorpan 1980, p. 157, Pl. X[).
Fig. 76. Pantelimonul de Jos. Layout of the earthen fortification after V. Pbrvan

(gtefan 1974a, p. 106, Fig. 3).
Fig.77. ULMETUM. Layout of the defence system (Gajewska 1974, p. 105,
Fie. 36).

Fig. 78. Mircea VodI (TRES PROTOMAE?). Sketch-map of the Late Roman
fortification (Comqa 1957, p. 326,Fi9. 1).
Fig.79. TROPAEUM TRAIANI. Topography of the city during the Late Antiquity (Barnea et al. 1979,Fi9.23).
Fig. 80. TROPAEUM TRAIANI. The Late Roman defence system of the city
(Barnea l99la, p. 201, Fig. 1 5).
Fig. 81. Kapitan Dimitrovo. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 82. Kapitan Dimitrovo. Layout of the defence system (HA BAH, Q. i65x,
on. 1, a.e. 419,tt.2).
Fig. 83. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The U-shaped tower (HA BAH, S. 165r, on. 1,
a.e. 428, e. 4l).
Fig. 84. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The quadrangular tower on the northern precinct
wallandpartoftheexcavatedinnerstructures(HAEAH,S.165x,on.1, a.e.419,n. 1).
Fig. 85. Gaber. Topography and defence system.
Fig. 86. Gaber. Remains of the precinct wall.
Fig. 87. ZALDAPA. Topography and layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil
(Illxopnu.rr 1905, Ta6n. CXI, c, 1).
Fig. 88. ZALDAPA. Topography and layout of the defence system after the
author (Top6aror 2000, c. 11, O6p. 2).
Fig. 89. ZALDAPA. Details of the defence system (according to unpublished
sketches of K. $korpil): 1. Structure of the outer facing of the western wall of Tower 3
(the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 2. Socket for a metal clamp cut into an
ashlar stone from the structure of the Northern Gate (the indicated measurements are in
centimetres); 3. Tower 1 - hypothetical plan; 4. Tower 1 - a later repair at the joint
between the tower and curtain "r" (the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 5.
The South-Eastern Gate (II); 6. Cornice stones from a vault construction found in the
ruins of the Northern Gate:1. A Greek inscription at the Northern Gate (I) (the indicated
measurements are in centimetres).
Fig. 90. ZALDAPA. Plan of the Northern Gate (I) after K. Skorpil (HA EAH,
S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 493,1.73).
Fig. 9 1. TIMOGITTIA. Topographic situation.
FIg.g2.TIMOGITTIA. Layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil (HA EAH,
S. 165r, on. l, a.e. 428,tr.9).
Fig. 93. Novo Botevo. The Hach Burun hill with remains of a Late Roman fortification (view from the north-west).
Fig. 94. Novo Botevo. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 95. Novo Botevo. Layout of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 96. Debrene-I. Topography and defence system. Legend: 1. Excavated remains; 2. Hypothetical course of the wall.
Fig. 97. Debrene-Il. Topography and defence system.

Fig. 98. Debrene-Il. Outer facing of the northem precinct wall (style of construction).
Fig. 99. Prilep. Topography and approximate layout of the defence system.
Fig. 100. Prilep. Remains of the western precinct wall.
Fig. 101. Odartsi. Layout of the defence system.
Fig. 102. Odartsi. Style of construction registered at the south-eastern corner of
the fortification.
Fig. 103. Odartsi. Repairs of the western precinct wall (style of construction).
Fig. 104. Odartsi. A later thickening of the central sector of the northern
precinct wall.
Fig. i05. Fkabrovo. Topography and defence system.
Fig. 106. Hrabrovo. Remains of the precinct wall.
Fig. i 07. Obrochishte. Remains of a Late Roman fortification (vie from the northeast).

Fig. 108. Obrochishte. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 109. Obrochishte. Sketch-map of the defence system (after Mupuen/

,[ulrnrpor

1958-60, e. 9).

Fig. 110. Condition of the defence system within the limits of the newly establishedprovinceof Scythia(theSOsofthe3rdcentury): l.SACIDAVA;2.AXIOPOLIS;
3. CAPIDAVA;4. CARSIUM;5. CUS;6. BEROE;7. TROESMIS; 8. ARRUBIUM;9.
NOVIODUNUM; 10. AEGISSUS; 11. SALSOVIA; 12. HALMYRIS; 13. TROPAEUM
TRAIANI; 14. HISTRIA; 15; TOMIS; 16. CALLATIS; 17. T(i)RISSA; 18.
DIONYSOPOLIS.
Fig. 111. The Late Roman defence system of the province of Scythia (the mid70s of the 4th century): 1. Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. SACIDAVA; 3. Rasova
(FLAVIANA?); 4. AXIOPOLIS ; 5. Seimeni; 6. CAPIDAVA; 7. Topalu; 8. CARSIUM;
9. CIUS; 10. BEROE; 11. Peceneaga;l2.Traian; 13. TROESMIS-East; 14. TROESMISWest; 15. ARRUBITIM; 16. Jijila; i7. DINOGETIA; 18. Barboqi; 19. Luncavi\a;20.
Rachelu; 21. NOVIODUNUM; 22. AEGISSUS; 23. Nuf6ru; 24.llganii de Jos; 25.
SALSOVIA; 26. HALMYRIS; 27.Dunavd\u de Sus (GRATIANA?); 28. Dunav6lu de
Jos (AD STOMA?); 29. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 30. Enisala-Il; 31.
ARGAMTIM; 32. HISTRIA;33. Ovidiu-I; 34.Palazlu Mare; 35. Mamaia; 36. TOMIS;
37. Constan(a-Telpis; 38. STRATONIS; 39. CALLATIS;40. CARIA;41. T(i)RISSA;
42. APHRODISION; 43. DIONYSOPOLIS ; 44. Nifon; 45. Cerna; 46. Agighiol (VALLIS
DOMITIANA?):47. Horia; 48. Izvoarele;49. Mihai Bravu; 50. Babadag-Topraichioi;
5 1. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 52. Slava RusS; 53. IBIDA; 54. Ceamurlia de Jos (AD
SALICES?); 55. Pantelimonul de Jos; 56. ULMETUM; 57. Mircea Vodd (TRES
PROTOMAE?); 58. Murfatlar; 59. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 60. Straja; 6i. Cetatea
(CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?); 62. Plopeni; 63. Kapitan Dimitrovo; 64. Gaber; 65.
ZALDAPA; 66. TIMOGITTIA; 67. Novo Botevo; 68. Debrene-I;69. Prilep; 70. Odartsi;
7 1. Flrabrovo; 72. Obrochishte.

Fig. 1 12. The defence system of the province of Scythia in the mid-6th century:
1. Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. SACIDAVA; 3. Rasova (FLAVIANA?); 4.
AXIOPOLIS; 5. CAPIDAVA; 6. CARSIUM; 7. CIUS; 8. BEROE; 9. TROESMIS-East;
10. TROESMIS-West; 11. ARRUBIUM; 12. DINOGETIA; 13. Luncavila; 14.
NOVIODUNUM; 15. AEGISSUS; 16. Nufrru; 17. SALSOVIA; 18. HALMYRIS; 19"
Dunav[(u de Sus (GRATIANA?); 20. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 21. ARGAMUM;
22. lsti.a; 23. HISTRIA; 24. Ovidiu -II; 25. Mamaia; 26. TOMIS ; 27 . CALLATIS ; 28.
CAREA/C(a)REAS; 29. Kamen brjag-Jaylata; 30. Kamen brjag-Toprak kale; 31. Sveti
Nikola; 32. ACRES; 33. TIMUM; 34. TIMI-IM-WesI; 35. BZONE; 36. APHRODISION;
37. Balchik-Tuzlata;38. DIONYSOPOLIS; 39. Balchik-Horizont; 40. Izvoarele; 41.
Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 42.I8IDA;43. Ceamurlia de Jos (AD SALICES?); 44.
ULMETIIM; 45. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 46. Cetatea (CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?);
47. Plopeni; 48. Kapitan Dimitrovo; 49. Gaber; 50. ZALDAPA; 51. TIMOGITTIA;52.
Novo Botevo; 53. Debrene-II:54. Prilep; 55. Odartsi; 56. Obrochishte.

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