Автор: Васильченко А.
Теги: военное искусство военные науки оборона страны вооруженные силы гитлер штрафник верхмата вся правда о штрафбатах
ISBN: 978-5-9955-0079-7
Год: 2010
Текст
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1 1
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16-H BoeHHOH CTaTbe, JIH60 CJIOBaMH HJIH 3HaKaMH BbICKa-
3aJI HaMepeHHe B ,n;aJIbHeHllleM YKJIOHSlTbCSI OT CJIY)K6bI, J1H-
60 )Ke <paKTH1..J:eCKH OCTaBl1JI CBOIO CJI}')K6y». B CBSl3H C 3THM
B CJIe,n;YIOrn;eM 2854 3Ha1..J:HJIOCb: «ToT, KTO nOKH)].aeT pac-
nOJIO)KeHHe rapHH30Ha HJIH )Ke He npH6bIJI B npe,n;nHcaH-
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JIO HaKa3aHHe B BH,lJ,e 16- KpaTHoro npOXO)KJ],eHHSI CKB03b
CTpOH (lllnHupyreHbI). HaKa3aHHe, COCTOSlBlllee B HaHece-
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MOrJIO 6bITb H 100, H 400 1..J:eJIOBeK, BpSl,n; JIH MO)KHO 6bIJIO Ha-
3BaTb YCJ10BHbIM. B HeKOTopbIX CJIY1..J:aSlX npOXO)KJ],eHHe
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MeUKoe rocy,n;apCTBO B HeKOTopbIX HeMeLl.KHX 3eMJISlX B03-
HHKaJ1H c06CTBeHHble apMeHCKHe yrOJIOBHble Ko,n;eKCbI.
TaK npOH30111JIO B npYCCHH B 1845 H B 6aBapHH B 1869 ro-
,n;y. COrJIaCHO npYCCKOMY apMeHcKoMY yrOJIOBHOMY Ko,n;eK-
cy,n;e3epTHpOM C1..J:HTaJICSI TOT, KTO, npHHSlB apMeHCKYIO
npHcSlry, YKJIOHSlJICSI OT BoeHHOH CJIY)K6bI. 06BHHSleMbIH B
,lJ,e3epTHpCTBe Mor ,n;OKa3aTb CBOIO HeBHHOBHOCTb B CJIY1..J:ae,
eCJIH CYlUeCTBOBaJIH HeKOTopble CMSlr1..J:alOlUHe 06CTOSlTeJIb-
CTBa: 3a,n;ep)KKa H3 YBOJIbHeHHSI, OTKa3 OT nOC06HH1..J:eCTBa
BO BpeMSI npe6bIBaHHSI B nJIeHY H T.,n;. HaKa3aHHe 3a ,n;e3ep-
THpCTBO BapbHpOBaJIOCb Me y IlleCTblO ro,n;aMH 3aKJII01..J:e-
12
HliSl B KpenOCTH H CMepTHOH Ka3HblO. 3a He.n;03BOJIeHHOe
BpeMeHHOe OCTaBJIeHHe BOMHCJ<Oti qaCTH HJIH rapHM30Ha
«<CaMOBOJIKa») npOBHHHBlllerOCSI MOrJIH 3aKJIIOlIHTb nOJ1.
CT})IDKY. ECJIH )l(e COMaT B TeqeHHe 48 qaCOB .n.06pOBOJIbHO
B03Bparn;aJICSI 8 paCnOJIO)l(eHHe lIaCTH, TO OH MOr OT.n.eJIaTb-
CSI JIHlllb 8 .n;HSlMH raynTBaXTbI. EaBapcKHti apMeticKHH yro-
JIOBHbIM Ko.n.eKC 1869 rO)1a He npe)1fIOJIaraJI no.n.06HbIX pa3-
JIHlIHH. B ero 96 rOBOpHJIOCb: «<I>aKT .n;e3epTHpCTBa He
npe.n.nOJIaraeT, qTO )1e3epTHp HMeJI HaMepeHHe HaBCer)1a
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,lI)ISI 3Toro )10CTaTOQHO )1IDKe ero BpeMeHHoro OTCyrCTBHSI B
rapHH30He H.JIH BOHHCKOti QaCTH». ,LI.e3epTHpaM B EaBapHH
rp03H.JI0)10 12 JIeT TlOpbMbI, a npH nOBTopHOM npec1)'nJIe-
HHH - .n.o 16 JIeT. K CMepTM npl1rOBapHBaJIHCb TOJIbKO Te,
KTO nepeXO)1I1JI Ha CTOPOHY Bpara, c6eraJI H3 oCIDK.LI.eHHoH
KpenOCTH HJIH nO)1CTpeKaJI COMaT K MaCCOBOMY )1e3epTHp-
CTBY.
nOCJIe OCHOBaHI1S1 B SlHBape 1871 rO)1a HeMeU;KoM HMne-
pHH «<BTOpOH HMnepHH») B CHJIY BCTynHJI HeMeU;KHti HM-
nepcKHti apMeticKHti yrOJIOBHbIti Ko.n.eKC. B CBSl3H C 3THM
Bce paHee cyrn;ecTBoBaBlllHe apMeHcKHe yrOJIOBHbIe KO)1eK-
CbI, B TOM lIHCJIe ynoMHHaBlllHecSI BbIllle npYCCKHH H 6a-
BapcKMti, YTpallHBaJIH CBOIO CHJIY. B HOBOM HMnepCKOM KO-
)1eKCe BnepBbIe npOBO)1HJIHCb lIeTKHe pa3JIHlIHSI Me y .lle-
3epTHpCTBOM H CaMOBOJIbHbIM OCTaBJIeHMeM qaCTH. ,LI.JISI
Toro lIT06bI COJI.n;aT 6bIJI OCy)I()].eH KaK )1e3epTHp, HMO 6bIJIO
)10Ka3aTb, liTO OH HMeJI HaMepeHHe JII160 HaBCer)1a nOKH-
HYTb BOHHCKYIO CJI)!)K6y, JIH60 OCTaBHTb ee Ha )])IHTeJ1bHbIti
CpOK. XOTSI He HMeJIOCb HHKaKHX YKa3aHH", nOCJIe KaKoro
cpOKa OTCyrCTBHSI B lIaCTH COMaT Mor ClIHTaTbCSI .n.e3epTH-
pOM. n03TOMY HaMepeHHe OCTaBHTb BOI1HCKYIO CJIY)l(6y Ha
npo.n.OJI)I(HTeJIbHOe BpeMSI .n.OJI)I(HO 6bIJIO B 60JIblllHHCTBe
CJIYllaeB no.n.TBep)l()],aTbCSI nocpe.n;CTBOM npSlMbIX H KOCBeH-
HbIX YJIHK.
B HOBOM HMnepCKOM KO)1eKCe .n.e3epTHpCTBO no.nne)l(aJIO
HaKa3aHHIO BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH, HMeJIO OHO MeCTO KaK <t>aKT
13
HJIH 6blJI0 TOJIbKO HaMepeHHeM. B xo.n.e BOHHbI .n.e3epTHpCTBO
paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb KaK .n.eHHHe, KOTOpOe nO.n.pbIBaJIO .n.HC-
I.J;HnJIHHY BOHHCKHX lJaCTeM, a CTaJIO 6bITb, B 60eBbIX YCJIO-
BHHX 3a Hero npe.n.nOJIaraJIOCb 60JIee )l(eCTKOe HaKa3aHHe.
nepBaH nonbITKa .n.e3epTHpCTBa KapaJIaCb JIHIlleHHeM CBO-
60.n.bI Ha CpOK OT 5.n.0 10 JIeT. n06er H3 OCa)l([J;eHHOH Kpeno-
CTH MJIH 6ercTBo C nOJIH 60H npe.n.nOJIaraJIH TOJIbKO CMepT-
HYIO Ka3Hb. K CMepTH npHrOBapHBaJIHCb .n.e3epTMpbI, KO-
TopbIe XOTeJIH nOBTopHO CKpbITbCH H3 BOHHCKOH lJaCTH.
YqaCTHHKoB MaCCOBoro Ll,e3epTHpCTBa 3aKJIIOlJaJIH B TlOpb-
MY, HO 3alJHHl.l.(HKH H no.n.CTpeKaTeJIH npHrOBapHBaJIHCb K
CMepTH.
B npOTHBOnOJIO)l(HOCTb 06l.l.(eMY yrOJIOBHOMY npaBY,
CTOHBIlleMY Ha 3alll,HTe HH.n.HBH.n.YYMa, HMnepCKHH BoeHHO-
yrOJIOBHbIH Ko.n.eKC repMaHHH OTCTaHBaJI B nepBYIO OlJe-
pe.n.b HHTepeCbI COJI.n.aTCKoro C006ll1,eCTBa. Ero I.J;eJIblO 6bIJIO
He CTOJIbKO HaKa3aHHe npecTynHHKa, CKOJIbKO nO,lJJJ.ep)l(a-
HMe Ha .n.OJ1)f(HOM YPOBHe BOHHCKOH .n.HCI.J;HnJIHHbI. 3Ta YC-
TaHOBKa 3HalJHJIaCb }')Ke B 2 BoeHHo-yrOJIOBHOrO Ko.n.eKca.
06ll1,ee yrOJIOBHOe npaBO HMeJIO JIHIllb KOCBeHHoe OTHOIlle-
HHe K BOHHCKHM npecTynJIeHHHM H .n.e3epTHpCTBY. BbIC-
IllHM npHHI.J;HnOM BoeHHo-yrOJIOBHOrO npaBa ClJHTaJIOCb
CO 6JI 1O.n. e H He .n. H C I.J; M n JI H H bI - « C 0 6 C T Be H H 0 .n. y III Hap-
MHH», KaK BbIpa3HJIC5I B peHXCTare reHepaJI-cPeJIb.n.MapIllaJI
MOJIbTKe.
HMnepCKHH BoeHHo-yrOJIOBHbIH Ko.n.eKC fepMaHHH
npo.n.OJI)I(aJI OCTaBaTbCH B CHJIe H B ro.n.bI nepBOH MMpOBOM
BOHHbI. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 69 KaK .n.e3epTHp nO.LI.JIe)l(aJI Ha-
Ka3aHHIO TOT, KTO nOKH,lI,aJI pacnOJIO)l(eHHe BOHHCKOH lJac-
TH «C I.J;eJIblO HaBcer.n.a HJIH Ha npo.n.OJI)I(HTeJ1bHOe BpeMH YK-
JIOHHTbCH OT BOHHCKOH CJIY)l(6bI». To eCTb COJ1.n.aT .n.OJI)I(eH
6blJI HMeTb HaMepeHHe HHKOf.n.a He B03Bpal.l.(aTbCH B CBOIO
BOHHCKYIO lJaCTb no MeHbIlleH Mepe BnJIOTb .n.o OKOHlJaHHH
BOHHbI HJIH .n.eM06HJIH3aI.J;HH. <l>aKTHlJeCKM e.n.HHCTBeHHbIM
.n.OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM no.n.06HbIX HaMepeHHM MOrJIO HBJIHTbCH
14
CaMOJIHlJHOe npH3HaHHe ,ae3epTHpa. no 3TOM npHlJHHe BbI-
HeceHHe npHrOBopa COJI,aaT)' HMeHHO KaK ,ae3epTHpy 6blJI0
BeCbMa 3aTpy,aHHTeJIbHbIM - MaJIO KTO )l(eJIaJI ycyry6JISlTb
CBOIO yqacTb. Ho OnSlTb)l(e CMepTHbIe,npHrOBopbI BbIHOCH-
JIHCb TOJIbKO B CJIyqae nepexo,aa Ha CTOPOHY npOTHBHHKa,
OCTaBJIeHHSI OCa)l(,l]:eHHOM KpenOCTH HJIH OCTaBJIeHHSI nOCTa
nepe,a HacTynalOmHM BparOM. O,aHaKO npe,aaTeJIeM, KaK
npaBHJIO, paCCTpeJIHBaJIH Ha MeCTe. A B ro,abI nepBoM MH-
pOBOM BOMHbI Y fepMaHHH He 6bIJIO OCa)l(,l]:eHHbIX Kpeno-
CTeM. B HTore K CMepTH npHrOBapHBaJIHCb TOJIbKO Te COJI,aa-
TbI, KOTopbIe nbITaJIHCb nOBTopHO ,ae3epTHpOBaTb, HO H TO
3TO npaKTHKOBaJIOCb ,aaJIeKO He BO Bcex CJIyqaSlx. B HTore 3a
Bce lJeTbIpe ro,aa nepBOM MHpOBOM BOMHbI TPH6YHaJIbI BbI-
HeCJIH TOJIbKO 150 CMepTHbIX npHrOBopOB HeMeUKHM COJI-
,aaTaM. Ho H3 HHX Ka3HeHO 6bIJIO Bcero JIHlIIb 48 lJeJIOBeK,
Bce OCTaJIbHbIe 6bIJIH nOMHJIOBaHbI, a Ka3Hb 6bIJIa 3aMeHeHa
TlOpeMHbIM 3aKJ1IOQeHHeM.
Kor,aa rHTJIepOBCKHM HaUHOHaJI-COUHaJIH3M npe,anpH-
HSlJI nonbITKY YCTaHOBJIeHHSI MHpOBoro rocno,aCTBa, TO 6bI-
JIH npe,anpHHSlTbI MepbI, KOTopbIe ,aOJI)I(HbI 6bIJIH c,aeJ1aTb
HeB03MO)l(HbIM nOBTopeHHe C06bITHM HOSl6pSl 1918 ro,aa.
<l>aKTHlJeCKH HeCKOJIbKO ,aHeM cnycTSI nOCJIe nepe,aalJH BJIa-
CTH HC An, 3 cPeBpaJISl1933 ro,aa, fHTJIep B BbICT)'nJIeHHH
nepe,a BbIClIIHMH lJHHaMH peMxcB pa H BoeHHoro cPJIOTa
3aSlBHJI, lJTO C03,aaHHe BepMaxTa SlBJISleTCSI Ba)l(HeMlIIeM
npe,anoCbIJIKOH MSI «3aBoeBaHHSI )l(H3HeHHoro npOCTpaH-
CTBa Ha BOCTOKe Hero 6e33aCTeHlJHBOM repMaHH3aUHH».
npH 3TOM OH no,aQepKHYJI, QTO ,aOJI)I(Ha 6bITb B03BpameHa
npaKTHKa Bce06meM BOHHCKOM nOBHHHOCTH. «Ho nepe,a
3THM rocy,aapCTBeHHoe PYKOBO,aCTBO ,aOJI)I(HO n03a60THTb-
CSI 0 TOM, QT06bI BoeHHo06S13aHHbIe HaKaHYHe npH3bIBa He
6bIJIH 3apa)l(eHbI naUHcPH3MOM, 60JIblIIeBH3MOM, MapKCH3-
MOM, no KpaMHeM Mepe, 3a BpeMSI CJI)')K6bI H3 HHX HMO 6y-
,aeT BbIBeCTH 3TOT SI,a», - rOBOpHJI cPlOpep. 3TOM ueJIeBOM
YCTaHOBKe CJIY)l(HJI 6ecnpeue,aeHTHbIM Teppop, KOTOpbIM
15
pa3BH3aJIH B 1933 ro,ay CA, CC H nOJIHUHH. I1MeHHo Tor,aa
,lJ,eCHTKH TbICSlq aHTH<palIIHCTOB OKa33JIHCb B KOHueHTpaUH-
OHHbIX JIarepHX H TlOpbMax. MHorHe H3 HHX TaK H He BbI-
llIJlH Ha CB060,ay.
O,aHOBpeMeHHO C YCTpaIlleHHeM H JIHKBH,aaUHeH H,aeH-
HbIX npOTHBHHKOB BOMHbI npOBO,lUUIOCb MHO)J{eCTBO <pJIaH-
KHPYlOlUHX MeponpHSlTHH B 06JIaCTH BoeHHoro npaBa, ap-
MeMCKOM IOCTHUHH, ,aHCUHnJIHHapHbIX B3bICKaHHM H HC-
nOJlHeHI1S1 BoeHHbIX HaKa3aHHM. 3TO npe,anpHHHMaJIOCb
,LI)1H Toro, qT06bI H30JIHpOBaTb OT OCHOBHoro COCTaBa BOHH-
CKHX qaCTeM nOTeHUHaJIbHble «OllarH He,lJ,OBOJIbCTBa», B
CJIYlJae eCJlH 6bI B apMHIO npOHHKJIH He6JIarOHMe)KHbIe H
no,apbIBHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI.
O,aHH 1113 nepBbIX MepOnpl1S1THM, KOTopoe ,aOJl)KHO 6bI-
JIO npe,aOTBpaTHTb nOBTopeHHe HOH6pH 1918 ro,aa, CTaJIO
nOHBJIeHHe B BoeHHoM Ko,aeKce 1935 ro,aa 13. 3TOT napa-
rpa<p 3aKpbIBaJI nyrb B apMHIO He TOJIbKO OCy)I()].eHHbIM 3a
TSI)KKHe npecTynJIeHHSI, HO 6bIBIllHM nOJIHTHqeCKHM 3a-
KJIlOlJeHHbIM, KOTopbIe HBJIHJIHCb npOTHBHHKaMI1 HaUHO-
HaJI -COll.HaJIHCTHlIeCKoro pe)KHMa. 11M 3anpelll.aJIOCb Hece-
HHe BOHHCKOH CJIY)I{6bI. 13 BoeHHoro Ko,aeKca rJIaCHJI:
«He,aocToMHbIMH BoeHHOM CJI}')K6bI, a BMeCTe C TeM He no,a-
JIe)l{alUHMH BoeHHOMY npH3blBY SlBJIHIOTCSI Te, KTO: a) HMeJl
TlOpeMHoe 3aKJIlOqeHHe; b) 6bIJI JlHllleH rpIDK,lJ,aHCKHX npaB;
c) nOna,lJ,aeT no,a ,aeMcTBHe 42 I1MnepcKoro yrOJIOBHOrO
Ko,aeKca; d) 6bIJI JIHilleH BoeHHbIM TPH6YHaJIOM npaBa CJIY-
)I{J1Tb B apMHH; e) 6bIJI HaKa3aH B cY,lJ,e6HOM nopH,aKe 3a aH-
TH rocy,aapCTBe H HYIO ,lJ,eHTeJI bHOCTb».
ECJIH nYHKT «a» HCKJIlOqaJI H3 apMHH KaK «KaTOp)KaH»
60JIbllIHHCTBO paHee OCy)I()].eHHbIX npOTHBHI1KOB pe)KHMa,
TO nYHKT «e» CneUHaJIbHO BBO,aHJICH AJISI Tex, KTO He,aOJIrOe
BpeMH npe6bIBaJI B JIarepHX I1J1H nOJIyqHJI YCJlOBHbIM CpOK.
Hall.HCTCKHM pe)KHM npe,anOJIaraJI, qTO B HeKOTopblX «JIer-
KHX CJIYlJaHX» H3 nOJIHTHqeCKHX onnOHeHTOB MO)KHO 6bIJlO
c,aeJIaTb HOpMaJIbHbIX COJIlJ.aT. )J.JISI 3Toro B anpCJIe 1937 ro-
16
,aa 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, lJTO «He,aOCTotiHbIMI1 BOeHHOM
CJI)')K6bI» npl13HaBaJII1Cb JIIO,aI1, nOJIYlJl1Brnl1e 3a aHTl1rocy-
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petie 3TO HOBOBBe,aeHl1e ,aOJI)I(HO 6bIJIO npe,aOTBpaTI1Tb:
a) lJT06bI npecTynHI1K, COBeprnl1BIllHM He3HalJHTeJIbHOe
npaBoHapyrneHl1e, 6blJI JIl1rneH nOlJeTHOM 06S13aHHOCTI1 BO-
HHCKOM CJI}')K6bI HeMeu.KOMY Hapo,ay, HaHOCSI TeM caMbIM
60JIee 3HalJHTeJIbHbIM ypOH I1HTepeCaM Hapo,aHoro co06-
mCCTBa; 6) YCT}JeMJIeHl1e OT,aeJIbHbIX JIHlJHOcTeti, KOTopbIe
CT}JeMSlTCSI YKJIOHHTbCSI OT BOHHCKOM CJIY)I(6bI nyreM COBep-
rneHHSI He3HallHTeJIbHbIX nOJII1Tl1lJeCKI1X npaBoHapyrne-
HI1M».
npHHHMaSl 80 BHI1MaHHe 13 BoeHHoro Ko.aeKca, Ha,aO
OTMeTI1Tb, lJTO 3anpeT ynoMSlHyrbIM rpynnaM HeCTH BOI1H-
CKYIO CJIY)I(6y OTHIO,ab He SlBJISlJICSI cneUHcPI1lJeCKOM HaUI1-
CTCKOM MepOM. nO,a06HbIe ,aeMCTBI1S1 no 3alll.I1Te aBTopHTe-
Ta apMI1H 11 MOpaJIl1 B BOI1HCKOM lJaCTI1, no npOcPHJIaKTI1Ke
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JII1U, «He,aocTOMHbIX BoeHHoM CJI)')K6bI», 6bIJI 3HallHTeJIbHO
paclllHpeH. HOBbIM, no cyrl1, 6bIJIO caMO OnpelleJIeHHe «He-
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BnOJIHe onpe,aeJIeHHbIM nponaraH,aI1CTCKHM xapaKTep.
B YCJIOBHSlX B03Bpalll.eHI1S1 K «,llpeBHerepMaHCKI1M npHHQI1-
naM» «He,aOCTotiHbIti» SlBJISlJICSI HeraTI1BHbIM nOJIIOCOM,
npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIeHHbIM 3alll.HTHI1KY HeMeUKOM Hau.1111 11
repMaHCKOM 3eMJII1.
CJIe,aYlOllI.eM BeXOM Ha nYTI1 npe,aynpe)f(,[{eHI1S1 BOJIHe-
HI1M B Bep iaXTe CTaJIO cPOpMl1pOBaHl1e TaMHOM BoeHHOM
n01lHUI111 H xapaKTepHoe y)l(eCTOlJeHl1e IllTpacPHoti lJaCTI1
3aKOHOB, KaCalOllI.l1XCSI apMI1I1, H oc06eHHO BoeHHoro yro-
JIOBHOrO Ko,aeKca. Y)I(eCTOlJeHl1e apMeMCKI1X 3aKOHOB npo-
1130IllJIO 3a,aOJIro,a0 nelJaJIbHO 3HaMeHI1TOM pelJl1 re66eJ1bCa
B EepJIl1HCKOM ,aBopue cnopTa. npe,aCTaBI1TeJIH BoeHHOM
17
IOCTHUHH 06paTHJIH BHHMaHHe Ha H3BeCTHbIe CJIOBa ]]10-
Ll,eHLI,Op<p a 0 «nOLl,rOTOBKe K TOTaJIbHOM BOMHe», KOTOpaSl
Bblpa3HJIaCb B npHHSlTHH Oc060ro BOeHHOrO yrOJIOBHOrO
npaBa, KOTOpOe BCTynl1JIo B Ll,eMCTBHe 17 aBrycTa 1938 rOLl,a.
HCTOpHIO B03HHKHOBeHHSI 3Toro Ll,OKYMeHTa MO)l(HO npo-
CJIeLl,HTb, HaQHHaSl C 1934 rOLl,a. C06cTBeHHo ueHTpaJIbHbIM
nYHKTOM Oc060ro BoeHHoro yrOJIOBHOrO npaBa 6bIJI 5
«<nOLl,pbIB 60ecnoc06HOCTH»).
«3a nOLl,pbIB 60ecnoc06HOCTH KapaJIHCb CMepTblO:
1. KTO ny6JIHlJHO npH3BaJI K 3TOMY HJIH cnoc06CTBOBaJI
YKJIOHeHHIO OT HCnOJIHeHHSI CJIY)l(e6Hblx 06S13aHHocTeM B
HeMeUKOM BepMaxTe HJIM COlO3HMlJeCKOM apMHH, HJIM )l(e
ny6JIHlIHO CTpeMHJICSI napaJIH30BaTb BOJIIO HeMeUKoro HJIH
COlO3HHlJeCKOrO COJILI,aTa K HeceHHIO BoeHHOM CJI)')K6bI.
2. KTO CKJIOHSleT, COJILI,aT HJIH BoeHHo06S13aHHbIX 3anaca
K HenOCJIyrnaHHIO, K conpOTHBJIeHHIO HJIH npHMeHeHHIO
<pH3HlJeCKOM Cl1JIbI B OTHOllleHHH KOMaH,QHpa HJIH )l(e K Ll,e-
3epTHpCTBY, HJIH )l(e HeLl,03BOJIeHHOMY OCTaBJIeHHIO lIaCTH,
HJIH )l(e nOLl,pbIBY caMo06JIa.IIaHHSI COJILI,aT BepMaxTa H co-
103HHlIeCKHX apMHM.
3. KTO nOCpeLl,CTBOM qJIeHOBpeLl,HTeJIbCTBa, 06MaHa HJIH
,apyrHM cnoc060M HaMepeBaeTCSI BpeMeHHO HJIH nOCTOSlH-
HO YKJIOHSlTbCSI OT BoeHHOH CJIY)l(6bI.
(2) B OTLI,eJIbHbIX CJIYlJaSlX MO)l(eT 6bITb 3aKJIIOlJeH B
TIOPbMY.
(3) HapSlLl,y co cMepTHoH Ka3HblO H TlOpeMHbIM 3aKJIIO-
lIeHMeM Ll,OnYCTHMa nOJIHaSl KOHcPMcKaUwSlMMyw;ecTBa».
ECJIH nOLl,bITO)l(HTb pa3JIHlJHbIe, BO MHO rOM npOTHBope-
lIHBble IIITpa<pHb1e caHKUHH B OTHOllleHHH nOHSlTMSI «noLl,-
pbIB 60ecnoc06HOCTH», TO BHLI,HO, liTO B03HHKJIa BeCbMa
pa3MbITaSl IOpHLI,MlIeCKaSl <POPMYJIHpOBKa, KOTopaSl MOrJIa
npHMeHSlTbCSI K JII060M aHTHBoeHHOM Ll,eSlTeJIbHOCTH H no-
nbITKaM YKJIOHeHHSI OT CJIY)l(6bI. <l>aKTHlJeCKM K CMepTH
MOrJIH npHrOBopHTb JII060ro HeyrOLl,HOro. 1 HOSl6pSl 1939 ro-
Ll,a Oc060e BoeHHoe yrOJIOBHOe npaBO 6bIJIO ,aonOJIHeHO
18
«OC06bIM IIITpacPHbIM naparpacPOM» 5a, KOTOpbIH .n;aBaJI
npaBO BOeHHbIM Cy.n;b M BbIHOCHTb CMepTHbB1 npHrOBOp
JII06bIM CJIY)I(alll,HM, eCJlH Te «.n;OnYCKaJIH .LI.eHCTBH npOTHB
caMo06J1a.u.aHH H COJI.n;aTCKOrO My)i(ecTBa». nO.n;lJepKHBa-
J10Cb, lJTO CMepTHa51 Ka3Hb 51BJ1 J1aCb «BnOJ1He a.u.eKBaTHOH
MepOH HaKa3aHH », eCJIH 3TO Tpe60BaJIOCb BO HM5I nO,LIJI,ep-
)KaHH5I 60ecnoc06HOCTl1 BOeH HOM l.JaCTI1 11 COXpaHeHI151 B
HeH 60eBoro .n;yxa. ,LI.J151 paCUlHpeHHOH TpaKTOBKI1 3TOrO
naparpacPa B KOMMeHTapH X K 3aKOHY rOBOpHJ10Cb, lJTO
CMepTHa51 Ka3Hb MOrJ1a npHMeH5ITbC B CJIYl.Ja5lX TPYCOCTH,
yrp03 KOMaH.LI.Hpy, aKTOB HenOBHHOBeHH5I, nonbITKH M5ITe-
)f(a, Boop)0KeHHbIX BOJIHeHH X, Hana.u.eHH5I Ha BbIUleCT05l-
llI,HX l.JHHOB, Mapo.n;epCTBa, a TalOKe npH JII06bIX .n;pyrHx npo-
cTynKax, KOTopble nO.LI.pbIBaJIH npeCJ10BYTYIO 60ecnoc06-
HOCTb BOI1HCKOHl.JaCTH. 3TH nYHKTbl Oc060ro BoeHHoro
yrOJIOBHOrO npaBa He TOJIbKO OTKpblBaJIl1 UlHpOKHe B03-
MO)f(HOCTH ,lI,JI5I IOpH.LI.HlJeCKOrO npOH3BOJIa, HO n03)Ke cno-
C06CTBOBaJIH n05lBJIeHHIO THnHl.JHO Hau.HCTCKoro nOH5ITI151
«3.n;OpOBbIX Hapo.n;HbIX HaCTpoeHHH», qTO YKa3bIBaJIO Ha
MaCUlTa6 HaKa3aHHM, KOTopbIe BbIHOCI1J1I1Cb B COOTBeTCT-
BHH C HeOLl,HOKpaTHO 06HOBJI5IBUlHMC5I 5a.
nO.LI.06Hble .n;paKOHOBCKHe MepbI npHBeJIH K TOMY, lJTO
TOJIbKO B nepBble MeC5Iu.bI BOHHbl CJI)0Kalll,HM BepMaXTa 6bI-
JIO BbIHeceHO OKOJIO 30 TbIC lJ CMepTHbIX npHrOBopOB. Ho
no.n;06Hble nOTepH 6blJIH 6bl CJII1UlKOM BeJIHKH. n03TOMY
napaJIJIeJIbHO C Ka3H5IMH B Hal.JaJIe BOMHbl CTaJIa npHMe-
H TbC «nepcneKTHBHa5l» npaKTHKa JIHUleHH5I CB060.LI.bl,
KOTOpa51 HMeJIa .LI.B05lKYIO lJ,eJIb: «HcnbITaHHe» H «1130J1 -
lJ,H5I». ,L(JI5I 060HX nOH5ITHHI1MeJIOCb no.n;xo.n;51ll1,ee 060CHO-
BaHHe: «J]HUleHHe CB060.n;bI He Ll,OJI)f(HO .LI.aBaTb nO,lI,JlelJ,aM H
TpycaM B03MO)l(HOCTb YKJIOHHTbC OT BoeHHOH CJIY)f(6bI.
COJI.n;aTbI, KOTopble nOKHHYJIH lJaCTb, .n;OJI)f(Hbl nOJIYlJHTb
B03MO)KHOCTb np05lBHTb ce651 Ha cPPOHTe. n03TOMY eCJIH
oc06ble 06CT05lTeJIbCTBa He npe.n;nOJ1araIOT HeMe,lI,JleHHOrO
npHBe.n;eHH5I npHrOBopa B HCnOJ1HeHHe, TO Ha CpOK Be.n;e-
19
HH BOHHbI npHHUHnHaJIbHO Ll,OJI)KHO npHMeHHTbC JIHlIIe-
HHe CB060Ll,bI» ( l 04).
HcnbITaHHe Ha cPpoHTe Ll,OJI)KHO 6bIJIO Ll,aTb OCY)K,[I,eH-
HbIM Ha TlOpeMHoe 3aKJIIOQeHMe B03MO)KHOCTb «B CBoeH
HJIM Ll,PyroH BOHHCKOH lIaCTM» Ll,OKa3aTb CBoe MY)KeCTBO H
«BHOBb nOJIyqHTb nOlleTHYIO B03MO)KHOCTb HOCHTb op}')KMe,
Ll,a6bI 3aI.l..(HlllaTb HeMeUKMM HapOLl,». TOJIbKO TaKHM 06pa-
30M npOBHHHBIllHMCH MOr 3aCJIY)KHTb npOI.l..(eHl1e. OLl,HaKO
eCJIH COXpaHeHHe Ll,HCUHnJIHHbI npeLl,nOJIaraJIO npHH THe
60JIee CTpOrHX Mep (B OC06eHHOCTH KOrLl,a pellb llIJIa 0 CO-
XpaHeHHH 60ecnoc06HOCTH lIaCTH) «CYLI,b MOr BbIHeCTH
npHrOBOp 0 nepeBO,lI.e B UlTpacPHOM JIarepb».
HanpaBJIeHHe B UlTpacPHble JIarep CTaJIO ew;e OLl,HOM
cPOpMOH HaKa3aHHH npOBHHHBUlHXC . liTO OHa nOLl,pa3YMe-
BaJIa, HarJIH.LI.HO HJIJIIOCTpHpyeT npHKa3 repMaHa fepHHra,
OTLI,aHHbIM 17 Ho 6pH 1939 rOLl,a: «OnbIT MHpOBOH BOMHbI
nOKa3bIBaeT, liTO nOLI,JIeUbI H TPYCbI HepeLl,KO CneUHaJIbHO
nona.aalOT nOLI, Ll,eMCTBHe UlTpa<pHbIX caHKUHH, Ll,a6bI cna-
CTH CBOIO )KH3Hb H OKa3aTbCH B 6e30naCHOM MeCTe B TbIJIY.
nOLl,06Hble TplOKH npeKpaT TC , eCJIH BnJIOTb Ll,0 OKOHQa-
HI1 BOMHbI He 6yLI,yr Ha3Hat.{aTbC HaKa3aHHH B BHLI,e 3a-
KJIlOlleHHH B TIOPbMY. OC)')K.LI.eHHble .LI.OJI)KHbI Ha npOTH)Ke-
HHH BceM BOMHbI npe6bIBaTb B UlTpacPHbIX JIarep x, rLl,e
CTOJIKHyrCH C caMbIMH T )KeJIbIMH YCJIOBHHMH CYI.I..(eCTBOBa-
HHH. BpeMH npe6bIBaHHH B UlTpacPHOM JIarepe He 6YLI,eT 3a-
ClIHTbIBaTbCH B CpOK oT6bIBaHH TlOpeMHoro HaKa3aHH ,
KOTopoe HacTynHT JIHUlb nOCJIe OKOHlIaHHH BOMHbI».
3 Ho 6pH 1939 rOLl,a BepxoBHoe KOMaHLI,OBaHHe BepMax-
Ta npl1coBoKynHJIO K TpeM }')Ke CYI.I..(eCTBYIOW;HM BoeHHbIM
TlOpbMaM (repMepcxaMM, rJIau H Topray) «nOJIO)KeHHe 06
HCnOJIb30BaHHH» UlTpacPHbIX JIarepeM. OHO perJIaMeHTHpo-
BaJIO C03.L1.aHHe Tpex «IllTpacPHbIx JIarepeH» B HenOCpe.LI.CT-
BeHHOH 6JIH30CTH OT JIHHHH cPpoHTa, KOTopble paCCMaTpH-
BaJIHCb KaK MeCTa oT6bIBaHHH HaKa3aHHM, KOM npeLl,lIIeCT-
80BaJI" nona.aaHHIO B TIOPbMY BepMaxTa. B lIaCTHOCTH, B
20
3TOM ,aOKYMCHTe npe,anHCbIBaJIOCb: «npe6bIBaHHe B
IlITpaQ:>HOM JIarepe, BKJIIOqaH IlITpaQ:>HOe JIarepHOe OT,aeJIe-
HHe TlOpeM BepMaXTa, He 3aCLlI1TbIBaeTCSI KaK CpOK oT6bIBa-
HHH TlOpeMHoro HaKa3aHHH. CJIe,aOBaTeJIbHO, OHO HBJIHeT-
CSl He HCnOJIHeHl1eM HaKa3aHHSl, a TOJIbKO JIHllIeHl1eM CBO-
60,abI Ha Heonpe,aeJIeHHbIl1 CpOK... C OKa3aBllIHMI1CSl B
UlTpaQ:>HOM JIarepe 3aKJIIOLleHHbIMH Ha,aO 06paIl(aTbCH npe-
,aeJIbHO CTporo. nO,a06Hoe 06pall.1eHI1e ,aOJI)I(HO OKa3aTb
npoiJoAJlCUmeAbHoe ycmpaLUalOUJ,ee iJeucmBue Ha He6e30nac-
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oT6bIBaHI1H TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIIOLleHI1H. TOJIbKO JII111Ib B HC-
KJIIOLlI1TeJIbHbIX CJIyqaSlx, Kor,aa OCY)I(,LI,eHHbIe ,aeMOHCTpl1-
PYIOT nOJIHOe 113MeHeHI1e BO BceM, KOMeH,aaHT JIarepH MO-
)l(eT npe,l])lO)l(I1Tb BoeHHOMY cy,abe OTMeHI1Tb npl1rOBOp 0
npe6bIBaHI111 B IlITpaQ:>HOM JIarepe... 3aKJIIO'-IeHHbIe HOCHT
YHI1Q:>OPMY COOTBeTCTBYlOll.1eH llaCTH BepMaXTa 6e3 3M6-
JIeM, norOH, KOKap,a 11 HaIlII1BOK... B HCKJIIOLlI1TeJIbHbIX CJIY-
L1aHX pa3pelliaeTCSI L1aCTHaSl nepenHCKa, HO He L1aIl(e o,aHoro
OTnpaBJIeHHOrO nl1CbMa 3a nOJITOpa MeCHua... ApeCTaHTOB
Ha,aO npHBJIeKaTb K TSI)I(eJIOMY Q:>H3HlJeCKOMY TPY,ay, no B03-
MO)l(HOCTH HMelOIl(eMY npHMoe I1JII1 onocpe,aOBaHHoe 3Ha-
lJeHHe ,l])ISl 3all.111TbI peHxa... Pa60Lll1H ,aeHb ,aOJI)I(eH COCTaB-
JIHTb 10-14 L1aCOB. nepepbIBbI B pa60LleM BpeMeHI1 ,aJIH
npl1HHTH5I nl1Il(11 Ha,ao paCCLlI1TbIBaTb C Y'-IeTOM HaJIl11.J.I1H
,aHeBHoro OCBell.1eHI1H. B BOCKpeceHbe 11 npa3,aHI1KI1 pa60-
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60TOH e)l(e,aHeBHO Ha,aO npOBo,aI1Tb CTpoeBYIO no,arOTOBKY
(6e3 OPY)I(I1Sl), npl1YLlaH TeM caMbIM apeCTaHTOB K ,aI1CUHn-
JII1He. CTpoeBaSl no,arOTOBKa ,aOJI)I(Ha npOBo,aI1TbCH nepe,a
HaLlaJIOM 11 nOCJIe OKOHLlaHI1H pa601. ECJII1 pa60Llee BpeMH
He 6bIJIO nOJIHOCTblO ynoTpe6JIeHO, TO OHO ,aOJI)I(HO 6bITb
KOMneHCl1pOBaHO CTpoeBOH no,arOTOBKOH. ApeCTaHTbI He
1I.0JI)I(HbI I1MeTb B03MO)l(HOCTI1 L1I1TaTb KHl1rl1 11 npOllYIO JII1-
TepaTYPY. HaCTOJIbHbIe I1rpbI 11 npOLll1e pa3BJIeLleHHSl 3a-
21
npell.1eHbI. nOCJIe OKOHLlaHI1H pa60TbI B nOMell.1eHI1HX BbI-
KJIIOLlaeTCH I1CKYCCTBeHHbIH CBeT... J1106bIe )],I1CUI1IIJII1Hap-
HbIe HapYllleHI1H )],OJI)I(HbI KapaTbCH co BceH CTporOCTblO, B
TOM LlMCJIe He Ha,aO 60HTbCH npl1MeHeHI1H 0pY)I(I1H... eCJII1
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He)l(HOrO co)],ep)l(aHI1H, TO )],OJI)I(HbI nOJIyqaTb 70% MI1HI1-
MaJIbHOrO npO)],OBOJIbCTBeHHoro naHKa (650 r XJIe6a e)l(e-
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XO)],I1JII1113 Toro, LITO 3TOT )],BOHCTBeHHbIH npl1HUl1n lllTpaQ:>-
Horo HaKa3aHI1H B YCJIOBI1HX BpeMeHHoro OTKa3a OT TlOpeM-
Horo 3aKJIIOLleHI1H He COOTBeTCTBOBaJI HaCYll.1HblM 3a,aaLlaM
apMI1I1. Bo BCHKOM CJIYLlae, HanpaBJIeHHOe B TlOpbMbI Bep-
MaXTa nl1CbMO 3aKaHLlI1BaJIOCb CJIOBaMI1: «HaLlaJIbHI1KaM
lllTpaQ:>Hblx JIarepeH B CpOK)],O 1 )],eKa6pH 1940 ro)],a npe)],-
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npe,l])lO)l(eHI1H 06 113MeHeHI111 cYll.1eCTBYlOll.1l1X npe)],nl1ca-
HI1H». l.fTO KacaeTCH HaKa3aHI1H C ueJIblO npOXO)l()],eHI1H
«l1cnbITaHI1H», TO npaBOBOH OT)],eJI BepMaXTa B TeLleHl1e
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KOTopbIe BblHCHI1JII1 - no)],06HbIe )],eHCTBI1H «onpaB)],aJIl1
ce6H BO BpeMH nOJIbCKOrO noxo)],a, r)],e rpynnbI UlTpaQ:>HI1-
KOB I1MeJII1 npHMoe CTOJIKHOBeHl1e C npOTI1BHI1KOM». no)],-
LlepKI1BaJIOCb, LITO «MHOrl1e 113 apeCTaHTOB I1cKynl1JII1 CBOI1
npecTynJIeHI1H, npo)],eMOHCTpl1pOBaB He06bILlaHHYIO CMe-
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,l])IH nOM I1JIOBaH I1.H , LITO 6bIJIO npe)],YCMOT}JeHO 112-116
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OHI1 6bIJII1 CBH3aHbI C TeMI1 YLlaCTKaMI1 11 BpeMeHHbIMI1 ne-
pI10)],aMI1, r)],e 11 Kor)],a He npol1cxo)],I1JIO HI1KaKI1X Heno-
cpe)],CTBeHHbIX 60eBbIX )],eHCTBI1H. B npOLl.I1Tl1pOBaHHOM
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22
1.(I1nHaJIbHOe Ha3HaLleHHe CypOBblX HaKa3aHHH He 6blJIO
npaBHJIbHbiM. OHH npHMeHI1Mbl TaM, r)],e )],eHCTBHTeJIbHO
B03MO)l(HO I1CTHHHoe I1cKynJIeHHe BHHbl Llepe3 npOHBJIeHl1e
CMeJIOCTI1, HO He TaM, r)],e npaBOCY)],He BepMaXTa HBJIHeTCH
nYCTOH <pOpMaJIbHOCTblO. nO)],06Hoe BneLlaTJIeHHe ycyry6-
JIHJIOCb nOBceMeCTHO pacnpOCTpaHeHHblM MHeHl1eM, LITO
nOCJIe OKOHLlaHHH BOMHbl Bce apeCTaHTbl nonaayr no)], )],eM-
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rpY3Ke TlOpeM BepMaxTa. KaK BCnOMI1HaJI KapJI 3Hr<PPI1)],
23
Ea,aep, O)],I1H 113 COTPYJIHI1KOB )],aHHbIX TlOpeM: «npM peaJIb-
HOM OTCyrCTBl111 CJIY1JaeB OCB060)l(,L(eHMSI 113 TlOpeM OCY)I(-
)],eHHbIX )],a)l(e 3a He60JIbIlll1e npOBI1HHOCTI1 B03HI1KaJla pe-
aJIbHaSi yrp03a I1X nepenOJIHeHI1SI». Kpyr Tex, KTO )],OJI)I(eH
6bIJI co)],ep)l(aTbCSI B I1CnpaBI1TeJIbHbIX JIarepSIX, 6bIJI 1JeTKO
01Jep1JeH: «6bIBIlll1e OCY)K,lIeHHbIe 3a TSI)I(Kl1e npecTynJIeHI1SI,
He nODJIalOLUMeCSI I1CnpaBJIeH 1110 )],a)l(e nOCJIe oT6bIBaHI1SI
HaKa3aHI1SI, yrpo)l(aBIlll1e )],I1CUl1nJII1He B BOI1HCKMX qaCTSIX,
YKJlOHI1CTbI, MSITe)l(HI1KI1, rOMoceKCYaJlMCTbI». no COCTOSI-
HI1IO Ha 31 I1IOJISI 1940 ro)],a B TlOpbMax BepMaxTa HaXO)],I1-
JIOCb 7746 apeCTaHTOB. n01JTI1 Ka)(()],bIH 1JeTBepTbIH 113 HMX
6bIJI HanpaBJIeH B I1CnpaBI1TeJIbHbIe JIarepSI. ,LI.0 3Toro MO-
MeHTa Q:>aKTl1lJeCKI1 JII06bIe npl1rOBOpbI apMeHCKI1M 1JI1HaM
no JIMllleHl110 CB060)],bI 03Ha1JaJIl1 nona)],aHl1e B TIOPbMY.
,lJ.JISI nona,aaHI1SI Bo'TIOPbMY 6bIJIO He06xo)],I1MO HeCKOJIbKO
Q:>aKTopOB. COrJIaCHO 31 apMeHCKoro yrOJIOBHOrO Ko)],eKca
BoeHHbIe CY)],bI npl1 BbIHeCeHl111 CMepTHoro npl1rOBOpa 11
npl1rOBOpa 0 TlOpeMHOM 3aKJIlOlJeHI111 (B pe)],KMX CJIYlJaSIX
KaCTpaUI1I1) )],OJI)I(HbI 6bIJII1 JIMIllI1Tb npOBI1HI1BIllerOCSI BO-
I1HCKoro 3BaHI1SI 11 I1CKJIlOlJl1Tb 113 pSI)],OB BepMaXTa. «He-
)],OCTOHHbIe BoeHHOH CJIY)l(6bI», BbI6bIB 113 pSI)],OB BOOPy-
)l(eHHbIX CI1JI, aBTOMaTl1lJeCKI1 nona,aaJIl1 no)], JIeMCTBl1e rpa-
)I()laHCKOH IOCTHO,I1I1. COrJIaIlleHl1e Me)l(,[(Y BepXOBHbIM
KOMaH)],OBaHl1eM BepMaXTa MI1MnepCKI1M MI1HI1CTepCTBOM
IOCTI1UI1I1 npe)],YCMaTpI1BaJIO, 1JTO no)],06HbIX JIIO)],eH Ha,aO
6bIJIO I1HTepHl1pOBaTb B apeCTaHTCKl1e JIarepSl, BeCbMa Ha-
nOMI1HaBIlll1e KOHueHTpaUI10HHble. B OQ:>l1uepCKI1X Kpyrax
BepMaXTa C1JI1TaJIl1, lJTO oT6bIBaHI1e TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIlOlJe-
HMSI B «60JIOTHbIX JIarepSIX» no peKe 3MC 6bIJIO «HecpaBHeH-
HO 3Q:><}JeKTI1BHee», qeM npe6bIBaHI1e B 06bIlJHbIX MeCTax 3a-
KJIlOlJeH I1SI.
nOCJIe 3aXBaTa BJIaCTI1 HaUI1CTaMI1, KOTOpbIH np01130-
IlleJI 30 SIHBapSI 1933 ro)],a, HOBoe I1MnepCKoe npaBI1TeJIbCT-
BO I1CnOJIb30BaJIO B KalJeCTBe npeLl.lIora nO,[I)Kor peHxcTara
)],JISI Toro, 1JT06bI nO)],TOJIKHYTb I1MnepCKoro npe3M)],eHTa
24
fl1H.lI.eH6ypra K npl1HSlT111O qpe3BbIqaHHbIX ,aeKpeTOB «0 3a-
llI.I1Te HapO,aa 11 rocy,aapCTBa», KOTOpbIe <paKTl1qeCKH n0J10-
)f{I1JII1 KOHeLl. ,aeMOKpaTI1QeCKI1M npaBaM 11 cB060,aaM. Te-
nepb JII06bIe nOJ1I1TI1QeCKHe npOTI1BHHKI1 rI1TJ1epOBLl.eB no
06BI1HeHI11O B yrp03e 06meCTBeHHoro nOpSUI.Ka MOrJ111 no,a-
BepraTbCSI apeCTY Ha HeOrpaHI1QeHHbIH CpOK. B TeQeHl1e
MapTa 11 anpeJ1SI 1933 ro,aa TOJ1bKO B npyccl1l1 6bIJ10 apeCTO-
BaHO 60J1ee 25 TbICSlQ QeJ10BeK. CHaqaJIa 3TO 6bIJ111 KOMMY-
HI1CTbI, 3aTeM COLl.l1aJI-,aeMOKpaTbI. 3aTeM HaCTaJIa OQepe,ab
npo<pcolO3HbIX ,aeSlTeJ1eH 11 npOQI1X Heyro,aHbIX J1l1l1HOCTeH.
HallaB MaCCOBbIe apeCTbI, I1MnepCKoe npaBI1TeJ1bCTBO CTOJ1K-
HYJ10Cb C O,aHOH OQeHb cYllI.eCTBeHHoH np06J1eMOH - nepe-
nOJ1HeHHOCTblO TlOpeM. Tor,aa HallaJIl1Cb nOI1CKI1 B03MO)f{-
HOCTI1 opraHH3aLl.I111 CneUl1aJIbHbIX MeCT 3aKJIIOQeHI1S1, r,ae
apeCTOBaHHbIe MOrJ111 6bI «npOHTI1 nepeBOCnI1TaHl1e» 11
«BJ1I1TbCSI B KaQeCTBe nOJ1HOLl.eHHbIX QJ1eHOB B Hapo,aHoe co-
06meCTBO». npI1Mep.lI.J1S1 no,apa)((aHI1S1 no,aaJI peHxc<plOpep
CC feHpl1x fI1MMJ1ep, KOTOpbIH KaK HaQaJIbHI1K 6aBapcKoH
n0J1I1L1.1111 pacnopSl,aI1J1CSI 20 MapTa 1933 ro,aa C03,aaTb KOH-
L1.eHTpaLl.I10HHbIH J1arepb LJ:axay. B Te ,aHI1 cymecTBOBaJIa
Me)l([(y fI1MMJ1epOM 11 fepMaHoM fepl1HrOM, B03rJ1aBI1B-
111I1M OpyccKoe MI1HI1CTepCTBO BHyrpeHHI1X ,aeJ1, HerJ1aC-
HaSl 60pb6a 3a BJ1I1SIHl1e B nOJ1I1L1.eHCKOM annapaTe. fepl1Hr
He XOTeJ1 OTCTaBaTb 11 B KOHLl.e MapTa 06paTI1J1CSI K PYKOBO-
,aCTBY ropo,aa OCHa6plOK C npocb60H BbI,aeJ1I1Tb Teppl1TO-
pl1lO ,LI)ISI CT}JOI1TeJ1bCTBa 6apaKOB, B KOTOpbIX ,aOJ1)((HO 6bIJ10
6bI pa3MeCTI1TbCSI 250-300 apeCTaHTOB. HOBbIH J1arepb
,aOJ1)((eH 6bIJ1 OTBeqaTb CJ1e,n:YlOmI1M Tpe60BaHI1S1M: «PeQb
LlOJ1)((Ha BeCTI1Cb 0 XOpOIIlO npOCMaTpl1BaeMOM MeCTe, KO-
Topoe no B03MO)l(HOCTI1 ,aOJ1)1(HO 6bITb y,aaJIeHO OT npo-
MbIIIlJ1eHHOrO L1.eHTpa, HO B TO )f{e BpeMSI npe,aYCMaTpl1BaeT
B03MO)f{HOCTb I1Cn0J1b30BaHI1S1 apeCTaHTOB B 06meCTBeHHO
n0J1e3HbIX pa60Tax. 3TO MO)((eT 6bITb ocyrneHl1e 60JIOT, BbI-
KOpQeBKa ,aepeBbeB 11 np. Pa3Mell..leHI1e 3aKJIIOt.IeHHbIX He
25
J],OJI)I(HO npeJ],nOJIaraTb 3HallMTeJIbHbiX MaTepMaJIbHblX 3a-
T}JaT» .
B OCHa6plOKe npOHBI1JII1 nOBbIllIeHHblH I1HTepeC K J],aH-
HOH 3aTee. repMHry nOJ],CKa3aJIM, IITO,lI,JIH C03J],aHMH JIarepH
JIOrl1l1Hee I1CnOJIb30BaTb OKpeCTHOCTI1 3MCa, rJ],e ell.(e B
1924 roJ],Y HallaJIl1 I1CnOJIb30BaTb TpyJ], 3aKJIlOlIeHHbIX. Onyc-
KaSl nepl1neTl111 pa3BI1TI1H JIarepHOM CI1CTeMbl, OTMeTMM,
liTO B oKpyre 3MCa B03HI1KaJIa ueJIaSl CeTb JIarepeH, KOTOpaH
y HaUI1CTCKOrO PYKOBOJ],CTBa ClII1TaJIaCb 06pa3UOBOM. Ha-
XOJ],I1Bllll1eCSl TaM 3aKJIIOlIeHHbIe J],OJI)I(HbI 6blJII1 YllaCTBO-
BaTb B CTpOMTeJIbCTBe «JII1HI1M 3I1r<PPI1J],a», MeJII10paUl111
OKpeCTHOCTeH, B03BeJ],eHI1I1 J],aM6bI Ha 3JIb6e, CTpOI1TeJIb-
CTBe I1MnepCKoro aBT06aHa Ha OTpe3Ke KaH3epJIaMTepH-
Caap6plOKeH. HallaJIo BTOpOH Ml1pOBOM BOHHbl BHeCJIO
CBOM nOnpaBKI1 B TIJIaHbl JIarepHOro PYKOBOJ],CTBa. Ho ca-
MblM CYll.(eCTBeHHbIM MOMeHTOM OKa3aJIOCb TO, liTO B 3M-
COBCKI1X JIarepHX CTaJI MeHHTbCH COCTaB 3aKJIlOlIeHHblX. Ec-
JII1 paHbllle 3TO 6bIJII1 nOJII1Tl1l1eCKl1e 3aKJIlOlIeHHbIe, TO no-
CJIe HallaJIa BOHHbl B HI1X CTaJIl1 nonaJ],aTb J],e3epTMpbI 11
BoeHHbIe npeCTYnHI1KI1.
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MI1HaJIa npe6bIBaHI1e B KOHueHTpaUl10HHOM JIarepe, KaK
OTMet.JaJIOCb nOCJIe KOHCYJIbTaUI1M npaBOBoro ynpaBJIeHI1H
C MI1HI1CTepCTBOM IOCTMUI1I1. BoeHHbIM CYJ],bSl B BepXOBHOM
KOMaHJ],OBaHI1I1 cyxonYTHbIX CI1JI raHC MaHep- EpaHeKe B
3TOM CBH311 peKOMeHJ],OBaJI, IIT06bI «McnpaBI1TeJIbHble JIare-
pH 6JII13 3Mca, HaxoJ],Hll.(l1eCSl B BeJ],eHI1I1I1MnepcKoro MI1-
HI1CTepCTBa, no cT}JOrOCTI1 oT6blBaHI1H HaKa3aHI1H COOTBeT-
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HI1HM 6e30nacHocTM npeJ],nOJIaraJIOCb CJ],eJIaTb HeCKOJIbKO
J1CKJIlOlIeHMH, KOTopble, BnpOlleM, 6blJII1 He3Ha1l11TeJIbHbl-
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06ll.(aJI: « B nepBYIO OllepeJ],b I1CKJIlOlIl1Tb 113 nepeJ],aBaeMblX B
26
I1CnpaBI1TeJIbHbIe JIarepH: a) OCY)f{,IJ,eHHbIX Ha nO)f(113HeHHoe
3aKJII01.JeHl1e; b) OCY)f{,IJ,eHHbIX 3a rOCY.LJ,apCTBeHHYIO H3MeHY,
113MeHY pO.LJ,HHe I1JII1 pa3rJIallleHHe BoeHHOH TaHHbI; c) OCY-
)l()].eHHbIX, KOTopble I1MelOT <pH3H1.JeCKl1e He.LJ,OCTaTKH HJIH
CTpa,aaIOT XpOHI11.JeCKI1MH 60JIe3HHMI1, B 1.JaCTHOCTH, Ty6ep-
KYJIe30M, 60JIe3HHMI1 BHYTpeHHI1X opraHOB H BeHepH1.Je-
CKI1MI1 60JIe3HHMI1; d) OCY)((,l],eHHbIX, CKJIOHHbIX K no6e-
raM». 3THX JIIO.LJ,eH Ha,aO 6bIJIO HanpaBJIHTb B «HOPMaJIbHble»
TlOpbMbI. npH 3TOM 6bIBllll1e COJI.LJ,aTbI, OKa3aBlllHeCH B 3M-
COBCKI1X JIarepHX, C1.JI1TaJII1Cb Bcero JIHlllb «BpeMeHHO npe-
6bIBalOI..UHMH», TO 611lllb HaCTOHI..Uee oT6bIBaHI1e HaKa3aHHH
.LJ.OJI)f(HO 6bIJIO Ha1.JaTbCH TOJIbKO nOCJIe OKOH1.JaHHH BOHHbI.
rnaBa 2
OCO&blE nOAPA3.QEI1EHMSI BEPMAXT A
Bnp BEPMMHA AnA
BTOPOM MMPOBOM BOMHbI
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pble 6bIJIH OCY)f{,IJ,eHbI rpIDK.aaHCKHMH H BoeHHbIMH CY.LJ,aMH,
I1MeJIaCb eI..Ue H TpeTbH rpynna, KOTopaH Y)f(e .LJ,aBHO npHKO-
BbIBaJIa K ce6e BHI1MaHl1e BoeHHoro PYKOBO.LJ,CTBa. 3TO 6blJ111
Te BoeHHoo6H3aHHble, KOTopble He nO.LJ,1.JHHHJII1Cb npHKa-
3aM, KOTopble B CI1JIY CBOHX JIH1.JHbIX Ka1.JeCTB (He.LJ,I1CUHnJIH-
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.LJ.eHl1e 11 T ..LJ,.) CTaBHJII1 no.LJ, yrp03Y npOBe.LJ,eHHe BoeHHOH
onepaUI1I1. B I1X 1.JI1CJIO nona,aaJIH Te, KTO 113 pa3a B pa3 Ha-
Ka3bIBaJICH O<pHuepaMH, TO eCTb He BOCnpl1HHMaJI Bcepbe3
.LJ,HCUHnJIHHapHble B3bICKaHHH. Ha H3bIKe O<pHuepOB 3TI1
JIIO.LJ,H 3Ha1.JHJIHCb KaK «.LJ,I1CUI1IIJIHHapHO-TpY.LJ.HbIe 3JIeMeH-
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27
BoeHHoro MHHI1CTepCTBa 11 BepMaXTa B 1936 ro,ay 6blJIO
npl1HHTO perneHl1e: C<pOpMl1pOBaTb 113 ynoMHHyroro Kpyra
JIIO,aeH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbie «OC06bIe nO,apa3,aeJIeHI1H», KOTO-
pbIe O<pI1Ul1aJ1bHO nOJIYLlI1JII1 6bI CTaTYC «BOCnI1TaTeJIbHbIX
no,apa3,aeJIeHI1H». HOBbie no,apa3,aeJIeHI1H ,aOJI)I(HbI 6bIJII1
TalOKe CJIY)l(I1Tb,lJ,JIH Toro, LlT06bl npl1HI1MaTb B CBOM COCTaB
BoeHHo06H3aHHbIX 11 COJI,aaT, KOTopbIe B CI1JIY CBOI1X npe)l(-
HI1X cy,aI1MOCTeH CLlI1TaJlHCb «onaCHblMI1 ,lJ,JIH COXpaHeHI1H
caMo06JIa,n,aHI1H B BoeHHOH QaCTI1», HO B TO )l(e BpeMH He cy-
lI..leCTBOBaJlO HI1 nOBo,aOB, HI1 npl1L1I1H ,aeJIaTb I1X «He,aoc-
TOHHbIMI1 BoeHHOH CJIY)l(6bI».
Henocpe,aCTBeHHblM TOJILIKOM ,lJ,JIH nOHBJIeHI1H no,a06-
HbIX C006pIDKeHI1H CTaJIO nI1CbMO, HanpaBJIeHHOe 22 HHBa-
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CTepCTBa B aapec KpMaH,aYlOlI..lI1X Tpex BI1,aOB Boop)')KeHHbIX
CI1JI. B HeM, B 1.J:aCTHOCTI1, rOBOpI1JIOCb: «B CBH311 CO CJIyqaH-
MI1 OTKa3a OT CJIY)l(6bl no nOJII1TI1QeCKI1M C006pIDKeHI1HM, B
TOM LlI1CJIe KOMMYHI1CTI11.J:eCKHM 06pa30M MbIIllJIeHI1H, 6bI-
JIO npl1HHTO peIlleHl1e 0 C03,aaHI1I1 OC06bIX IllTpa<pHbIX no,a-
pa3,aeJIeHI1H. npOBe,aeHHbIH B HI1X CpOK He ,aOJI)I(eH 3aC1.J:I1-
TbIBaTbCH B CpOK BoeHHOH CJIY)l(6bI. CBOH C006pa)l(eHI1H
npOCI1M npl1CJIaTb B CpOK,aO 25 <peBpaJIH». BOJIb<praHr KepH
06061l.1aJI nOCJIe,aYlOlI..lee pa3BI1TI1e ,aeJI: «B 06cY)f{,IJ,eHI1I1 BO-
npoca 0 C03,aaHI1I1 no,a06HblX no,apa3,aeJIeHI1H npl1HI1MaJIl1
YLlaCTl1e KOMaH,aOBaHl1e Tpex BI1,aOB BoopY)l(eHHblX CI1JI, a
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113 «Tpy,aHO Bocnl1TyeMbIx COJI,aaT BepMaXTa... B KaLleCTBe
28
BbICilleH I1HCTaHUl111 ,lJ,JISI nOL{06HbIX <pOpMaUI1H 6bIJIO npe-
L{YCMOTpeHO C03L{aHl1e 06meapMeHCKOrO ynpaBJIeHI1SI».
npl1 3TOM ynYCKaJIOCb 113 BI1L{Y, liTO, Ha C03.n.aHl1e «OCO-
6blX nOL{pa3.n.eJIeHI1H» CymecTBeHHO nOBJII1SIJII1 npeL{CTaBI1-
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MOmHI1KaMI1 BOeHHOH IOCTI1UI1I1» B L{eJIe YKpenJIeHI1SI .n.eH-
CTBeHHOCTI1 BOI1HCKOH lIaCTI1. KaK 3aMeTI1JI OLJ;I1H lllYTHI1K,
Ha 3TOM YlIaCTKe OHI1 SIBJISIJII1Cb «<pJIaHrOBbIM npl1KpbITI1-
eM». Y)I(e 2 anpeJISI 1936 rOL{a BoeHHblH MI1HI1CTp npl1HSIJI Y
ce6SI rJ1aBHOrO apMeHcKoro CaHI1TapHOro I1HcneKTopa, B
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Xl1aTpl1SI. nOCJIe .n.OKJIa,aa I1HcneKTopa 6bIJIO npl1HSITO CJIe-
L{YlOmee COrJIallleHl1e: «l{T06bI OXBaTbIBaTb HeL{OBOJIbHbIX
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L{aHI1I1 BOCnl1TaTeJIbHbIX nO,1],pa3L{eJIeHI1H. BoeHHbIH CYL{bSI
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3M naTpl1apX HeMeUKOH BoeHHOH nCI1Xl1aTp1111 3BaJIb.n.
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3aHHbIH Kpyr JIIOL{eH, BbI3bIBaBIlll1X no.n.pbIB L{I1CUl1nJI11 Hbl B
lJaCTI1, OH 0606meHHO Ha3Barr «nCI1XOnaTaMI1». YlIl1TbIBaSI
TOT <paKT, liTO «HaKOnJIeHl1e HenOJIHOl..(eHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB B
TbIJIY HeceT B ce6e eL{Ba JII1 He 60JIblllYIO onaCHOCTb, qeM I1X
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BaTb I1X .n.JISI «6Y,LJ,ymeH BOHHbl»: «TOJIbKO OTHOCI1TeJIbHO
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BOH 30He. B 1938 rOL{Y Y)I(e L{PyroH BoeHHbIH nCI1Xl1aTp
peKOMeHL{OBaJI HI1 B KoeM CJIyqae He nOL{HI1MaTb Bonpoc 06
29
YBOJIbHHTeJIbHbIX,lI;UI «MeHee OnaCHblX 3JIeMeHTOB». «YBOJIb-
HHTeJIbHaH MOrJIa HMeTb npe,ll,eJIbHO nary6Hoe BJIHHHHe Ha
<pH3H1.JeCKI1 3,l1,OpOBbIX, HO B TO)l(e BpeMH nCI1XH1.JeCKH 60JIb-
HblX HJII1 CJIa60YMHbiX 3JIeMeHTOB, KOTopble no CKJIaay CBO-
ero xapaKTepa OTJIH1.JaIOTCH OT ,lI,Pyrl1x JIIO,lI,eH, He nO,lJ)J,aIOT-
CH BocnpHHTHIO 3THt.JeCKHX YCTaHOBOK 11 BocnHTaHHIO».
11 ,lI,aJIee: «3a I1CnpaBJIeHl1e nO,ll,06HbIX HeYCTOH1.JI1BbIX,
3aBI1CI1MbiX OT OKPY)I(alOllJ,eH Cpe,ll,bI nCI1XOnaTI11.JeCKI1X Ka-
1.JeCTB H cnoc060B pearHpOBaHI1H nOJIaraeTCSI npeMHH, KO-
TOpylO 6bI MO)l(HO c06paTb JIerKO 3a Ct.JeT I1CKOpeHeHI1H He-
,lI,OBOJIbCTBa CJIY)I(60H, 6e3pa3JIH1.JHSI, OTKa3a C06JIIO,lI,aTb
,lI,HCI..(HnJII1HY, aKTHBHoro ynpHMcTBa 11 nYCTOH I1H,lI,I1<p<pe-
peHTHOCTH». KaK KOHKpeTHO npe,ll,nOJIaraJIOCb HCKJII01.JI1Tb
«nary6Hoe BJII1S1HHe», nOHCHSlJIOCb e B 1940 ro,ll,Y Ha O1.Je-
pe,ll,HOM C06paHI1JfBOeHHbix nCHXHaTpOB: « HCXO,ll,H 113 onbI-
Ta, MO)l(HO rOBOpI1Tb, 1.JTO Y)I(aCOM ,lI,JIH KOMaH,lI,Hpa 06llJ,e-
BOHCKOBOH 1.JaCTI1 HBJIHIOTCH Te nCHXOnaTH1.JeCKl1e COJI,lI,aTbI,
KOTopble YMelOT BeCTH ce6H TaK, t.JTO He nOna,ll,alOT no,ll, ,lI,eH-
CTBHe BoeHHblX CY,lI,OB, HO B TO )l(e BpeMH BHOBb 11 BHOBb
np0,ll,OJI)I(aIOT MernaTb BoeHHOMY nOpH,lI,KY 11 ,lI,HCl..(l1nJII1He.
TaK KaK 1.JaCTb ,lI,OJI)I(Ha OCB060,ll,I1TbCH OT nO,ll,06HbIX 3JIe-
MeHTOB, I1X HY)I(HO c06paTb B OC06bIX nO,ll,pa3,l1,eJIeHHHX.
B HI1X BO BpeMH TH)I(eJIOrO TpY,lI,a OHH CTOJIKHYTCH C npe-
,lI,eJIbHO CTporHM ,lI,HCI..(HnJIHHapHbIM 06pallJ,eHl1eM. Y HI1X
6Y,lI,eT OrpaHI11.JeHHbIH naeK. OHH He CMorYT YKPblTbCH OT
Bpa)l(eCKI1X 06CTpeJIOB 11 np01.JI1X onaCHOCTeH BOHHbl, TaK
KaK 6Y,lI,YT HeCTH BoeHHYIO CJI 6y. npl1Mep 3TI1X JIIO,lI,eH,
CKopee Bcero, Y,lI,ep)l(HT ,lI,Pyrl1x He,ll,OBOJIbHbIX CJI 60H OT
Ha Pyw e H HH ,lI,11 C 1..(11 nJI 11 H bI» .
npHBe,ll,eHHble BbIwe <paKTbl rOBopHT CaMI1 3a ce6H. HeT
HI1KaKI1X COMHeHI1H, 1.JTO H,lI,eH, BbICKa3aHHbie OT,lI,eJIbHbIMH
npe,ll,CTaBHTeJIHMH HeMel..(KOH BoeHHOH nCHXl1aT}JHH, 6bIJIH
nOJIO)l(eHbI B OCHOBY ,lI,JIH C03,l1,aHMH Cnel..(HaJIbHblX KOMaH,a,
KOTopble B npe,ll,nl1CaHHH HMnepCKoro BoeHHoro MHHI1CT}Ja
OT 25 MaH 1936 rO,ll,a Ha3bIBaJIHCb «JIarepHbIMI1 <popMaI..(I1H-
30
MI1», a n03)1(e nOJIyqHJIH HaMMeHOBaHHe «oc06ble no,apa3-
,aeJIeHMR BepMaXTa». EIlI.e pa3 no,a'IepKHeM, 'ITO 3TH «OCO-
6ble no,apa3,aeJIeHHR» 6bIJIH C03,aaHbI B Ml1pHble BpeMeHa.
Y)I(e B HOR6pe 1937 ro,aa BbIllleJI CneUHaJIbHbIM npHKa3.
HMeHHO C 3Toro MOMeHTa nonaBIIIHe B HHX COJI,aaTbI npl1
,aaJIbHeHllleM Heno,a'IHHeHHH npHKa3aM MOrJII1 HanpaB-
JISITbCR B KOHueHTpaUHOHHble JIarepH.
I1TaK, nOCMOTpHM Ha CTPYKTYPY «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIe-
HI1M BepMaxTa» Ha MOMeHT HX C03,aaHI1R, TO eCTb Ha 6 OK-
TR6pSI 1936 ro,n;a. «Oc060e nO.lI.pa3.lI.eJIeHHe h) pacnoJIaraJIOCb
8 WTa6JIaKe (BoeHHbIH oKpyr I).,lI.JIR BoeHHblX oKpyroB II H
I I I npe.lI.nOJIaraJIOCb e,n;HHoe «Oc060e no,n;pa3,n;eJIeHHe I I» B
ArrbTeHrpa60Be. B KeHHrc6plOKe Haxo,aMJIOCb «Oc060e
nO.lI.pa3.lI.eJIeHHe III» (BoeHHble oKpyra IV H VII). «Oc060e
nO.lI.pa3.lI.eJIeHl1e V» B MIOH3HHreHe OXBaTbIBaJIO BoeHHbIe
oKpyra V 11 XII. B rpaij)eHBepe 6a3HpOBaJIOCb «Oc060e no,a-
pa3.lI.eJIeHl1e VII» (BoeHHbIM oKpyr VII). BoeHHbIM oKpyraM
IX 11 XI nOJIaraJIOCb «Oc060e no,apa3,aeJIeHl1e IX» (EepreH).
H, HaKOHeu, B MIOHcTepe HaXO.lI.HJIOCb «Oc060e nO.lI.pa3.lI.e-
JIeHHe X» (BoeHHbIM oKpyr VI 11 X). O.lI.HaKO B KJIaCCMcPHKa-
Tope BepXOBHoro KOMaH.lI.OBaHHR cyxonYTHbIX BOMCK 11
«,LI.l1peKTI1BaX no BocnHTaHHIO COCTaBa OC06bIX no,apa3.lI.e-
JIeHHH» OT 2 ij)eBpaJIR 1937 ro,n;a OTcyrcTByeT «Oc060e no,a-
pa3.lI.eJIeHHe EepreH». OHO 6bIJIO JIH60 3aKpbITO, JII160 TaK 11
He 6bIJIO C03,aaHO. A 31 RHBapR 1937 rO.lI.a (BH.lI.HMO, BMeCTO
Hero) 6bIJIO cij)opMHpoBaHO Oc060e no,apa3.lI.eJIeHl1e Op,a-
pypij»). B 1938 ro.lI.Y «Oc060e nO.lI.pa3.lI.eJIeHHe VII» 6bIJIO ne-
pe6porneHo Ha nOJIl1rOH BaH. B paMKax BoeHHO-MopCKoro
<pJIOTa 6bIJIO TaIOKe cij)opMl1pOBaHO oc060e no,apa3.lI.eJIe-
HHe, KOTopoe nOHaqaJIY pacnOJIaraJIOCb B BOCTO'IHOM fipyc-
CI1H. 1 OKTR6pR 1937 rO.lI.a OHO 6bIJIO nepeBe.lI.eHO B ArrbTeH-
BaJIb,a, HaXO.lI.SICb B Henocpe,n;CTBeHHOM nO.lI.'IHHeHHI1 KO-
MeH.lI.aHTa ij)opTMij)HKaUHH CeBepHoro <l>pM3JIaH.lI.a. B MHp-
HbIe BpeMeHa oc060e nO.lI.pa3.lI.eJIeHHe 6bIJIO cij)opMHpoBaHo
11 npH JIIOij)TBacPcPe. Ero ij)opMHpoBaHHe Ha'IaJIOCb B anpeJIe
31
1937 ro,aa. 3Ta e,aHHHu.a 0603HaqaJIaCb apa6cKow uHcP-
pow «7» H pacnOJIaraJ1aCb B,LJ;e,aeJIbCToP<Pe (oKPyr rHcPXOpH).
AnSI onpe,aeJIeHHSI Kpyra JIIO,aeH, KOTopble 6y,ayr nona-
,aaTb B 3TH OC06ble no,apa3,aeJIeHHSI, 25 MaSI 1936 ro,aa 6blJ1
npHHSIT OC06blH npHKa3. B HeM YKa3bIBaJIOCb:
«a) BoeHHo06SI3aHHble, KOTOpblX Ha OCHOBaHHH HX npo-
IllJIOrO HY)l(HO paCCMaTPHBaTb KaK yrp03Y )],J1SI ,aHCUHnJIHHbl
qaCTH, eCJIH OHH He BeJIH ce6SI 6e3ynpeqHO npH oT6blBaHHH
Tpy,aOBOH nOBHHHOCTH;
b) COJI,aaTbl, npe6blBaHHe KOTOpblX B qaCTH SIBJISIeTCSI He-
)l(eJIaTeJIbHblM H3-3a HX nOBe,aeHHR, 06pa3a MbllllJICHHR,
)l(H3HeHHbIX YCTaHOBOK;
c) COJI.[l.aTbl, KOTopble 3a n030pHble ,aewcTBHR HaKa3aHbl
B cy,ae6HoM nopR,aKe, a B nOCJ1e,aYIOIlI.eM no CJIY)l{e6HblM H
,aHCu.HnJIHHapHbl . npHlJHHaM npo,aOJI)I(eHHe HX CJIY)l(6bl
RBJISIeTCR He)l(eJIaTeJIbHbIM».
CnHcoK ynoMRHYTblX B nepBOM nYHKTe BoeHHo06H3aH-
HblX 6blJI yrOlJHeH 17 HIOJIR 1936 ro,aa. T or,aa 6blJI H3,aaH HO-
BblW npHKa3. Tenepb, «KaK npaBHJIO», peqb lliJIa 0 BoeHHO-
06R3aHHblx, KOTopble 6bIJIH OCY)J()],eHbl B CBoe BpeMR: a) 3a
YMbllllJIeHHOe COBepllieHHe npecTynJIeHHW, KapalOllI,HXCSI
3aKJIIOqeHHeM B TIOPbMY Ha CpOK CBblllle ro,aa; b) OCY)I(,[(eH-
HblX no 175, 175a HJ1H 175b HMnepcKoro yrOJIOBHOrO KO-
,ae KC a» .
,1].0 Tex nop HMeJ1CSI JIHllib 20 «npe,anHcaHHR 06 OCBH-
,aeTeJIbCTBOBaHHH H apeCTe» OT 21 MapTa 1936 ro,aa, YKa3bl-
BaBlliHH He HCnOJIb30BaTb no,a06HblX J1HlJHOCTeW B ,aaJIb-
HeWllleM )],J1R aKTHBHOH BoeHHOW CJI)')K6bI. ,LJ;aJIee B nHCbMe
C006IlI.aJIOCb: «B CJ1yqaRX, YKa3aHHbIX B nYHKTax a) H b), KO-
MaH,aHp qaCTH HanpaBJIReT CBoe 3aKJII04eHHe BoeHHOMY
HHcneKTOpy, a TOT KOMaH,aYIOIlI.eMY BoeHHoro oKpyra. OH
pelliaeT, MO)l{eT JIH 6bIBlliHH 3aKJIIOQeHHbIM OCTaBaTbCR B
pacn0J10)l(eHHH QaCTH HJIH ,aOJI)I{eH HanpaBJIRTbCR B cneUH-
aJIbHOe no,apa3,aeJIeHHe. npH BblHeceHHH pellleHHR OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO nYHKTa a) YQHTbIBaJIaCb He TOJIbKO Mepa HaKa3a-
32
HHH, HO H COBeprneHHOC npecrynHoe ,lI,eHHHe, KOTopoe He
)].OJI)I(HO 6bIJIO 6bITb n030pHbIM ,lJ,eHCTBl1eM. B KalJeCTBe Ta-
KOBbIX paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb Kpa)l(a, H3HaCHJIOBaHHH, rpa6e)f(
H T.)].., HO B TO )l(e BpeMH K HHM He npHlJ'HCJIHJIHCb HaHece-
HHe YBelJHM, HapyrneHHe HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH )I{HJIHll.(a,
OCKop6JIeHHH. npH BbIHeceHHH pellleHH BoeHHoe PYKOBO-
)].CTBO YlJHTbIBaJIO nOBe,lJ,eHHe npH oT6blBaHHH HMnepCKOH
TPY)].OBOM nOBIiHHOCTH.
He,lI,OCTaTOLJHbIe CBe)].eHH$I 0 «n030pHOM» IiJIH «He no-
30PHOM» npeCTynHOM )].eHHHH B ,lJ,eJIax OC)')K.L(eHHbIX 3a aH-
THrocy)].apCTBeHHYIO ,lI,eHTeJIbHOCTb ,lJ,OJI)I(Hbl 6bIJlH KOM-
neHCHpOBaTbCH H3yqeHHeM Bonpoca, B KaKOH Mepe 3TO 6bIJIH
nOJIHTHlJeCKHe )].eJIa. KaK)')Ke rOBOpHJIOCb, «He,lI,OCTOMHbIMH
BoeHHOH CJlY)l{6bI» HBJI$lJIHCb Bce, KTO npe6bIBaJI B TlOpbMax
H JIarepHX no «aHTHrocy)].apCTBeHHbIM» CTaTbH 1 CBbIllle
9 MeCHl{eB. OCY)I(.[(eHHbIe 3a aHTHrocy)].apCTBeHHYIO )].eH-
TeJIbHOCTb, HO OKa3aBlllHec «,lI,OCTOHHbIMH HeceHHH BoeH-
HOM CJI}')K6bI», HanpaBJUIJIHCb He B «oc06bIe nO,lI,pa3)].eJIeHHH»,
a B peryJIHpHbIe lJaCTH. TaK )].eJIa 06CTOHJIH Ha npaKTHKe.
KaK BH)].HM, «oc06bIe nO,lI,pa3,lI,eJIeHHH» npe)].Ha3HalJaJIHCb
1I)lH OC06bIX CJIYlJaeB. HanpHMep, )J.JIH Tex, KTO, HeCMOTpH
Ha COBepllleHHoe npecTynJIeHl1e H )J.JIHTeJlbHOe 3aKJIIOLJe-
HHe B TlOpbMC, Bce-TaKH He 6bIJI JlHllleH «LJeCTH HeCTH BoeH-
HYIO CJIY)f(6y». KaK npaBHJIO, Ha 3TO OKa3bIBaJIH BJIH$lHl1e
CMHrlJalOll.(He 06CTO$lTeJlbCTBa, HanpHMep, IOHbIH B03paCT
npeC1)'nHI1KOB M T.,lI,. Ho )].a)l{e 3TH JIIO)].H npH6bIBaJIH nOHa-
LJaJIY B perYJIHpHYIO \.IaCTb, HMeH B )].OKYMeHTax oc06yIO OT-
MeTKY. I1ccJIe,lI,oBaTeJIHM Y)].aJ10Cb HaMTH JlI1Illb O,lI,HH CJIY-
4aH, KOr,lI,a BoeHHo06H3aHHbIM 6bIJl HanpaBJIeH B «oc060e
nOD.pa3)].eJIeHHe». PeLJb lllJla 0 CTpeJlKe T., 1915 ro)].a pO)f(,[1e-
HHH, KOTOpbIH 6bIJl OCY)I(,lJ,eH HaKaHYHe npH3bIBa B apMH.IO.
PYKoBO,lI,MTeJlb «oc060ro no)].pa3)].eJIeHI1H x» nHCM 0 HeM:
«T. 06JIa..aaeT xopornHM xapaKTepOM. OH npOM3BO,lI,HT npH-
HTHoe BnelJaTJleHHe, HO TeM He MeHee BO BpeMH nOJlHTI14e-
CKHX 6eCnOpH,lI,KOB 1932 ro)].a OH nonaJ1 He B Te PYKH H B
2 - 228
33
HTore B 1933 ro,ay 6bIJ1 OCy)I(,L(eH 3a aHTHrocy,aapCTBeHHYIO
,aeSlTeJ1bHOCTb. OH npe6bIBaJI B 3aKJIIOlIeHHH 1 ro,a 9 MeCH-
ueB. OlIeBH,aHO, liTO TaKOe )l(eCTKOe HaKa3aHHe BbI3BaJlO
He06xo,aHMOe OlIHllI.eHHe H paCKaHHHe».
B O,aHOM H3 He,aaTHpOBaHHbIX ,aOKYMeHTOB, HanHCaH-
HOM rJ1aBHbIM nOJ1eBbIM BpaQOM OlTO ByrOM, rOBOpHJIOCb
06 H3YQeHHH aHKeT B ceMH «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJ1eHHHX».
B HTore Bce CBO,aHJ10Cb K Bonpocy 06 YlieTe npHBep)l(eHueB
J1eBbIX H,aeH H lIJ1eHaX Knr. CTOHT OTMeTHTb, liTO CaM Byr
6bIJ1 3aBe,aYlOllI.HM KaQ:>e,apOw BOeHHOH nCHXHaTpHH H BO-
HHCKOH nCHX0J10rHH B BOeHHO-Me,aHUHHCKOH aKa,n.eMHH, a
TalOKe npe,ace,aaTeJ1eM COBeTa BoeHHo-caHHTapHbIX HH-
cneKTopOB. B no,arOTOBJ1eHHOH HM Ta6JIHue, KOTopaH, YBbI,
He co,aep)l(aJla B ce6e HHKaKHX a6C0J1IOTHbIX UHQ:>P, B rpaQ:>e
«Knr» 3HalIHJ10Cb..4%. BTopaH Ta6JIHua OTHOCHJ1aCb K
200 OCBH,aeTeJ1bCTBOBaHHbIM BOeHHOCJ1Y)I(alll.H M, HaxO,aHB-
lllHMCH B «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHHX». B Hew C006ll1.aJlOCb 0
14 KOMMYHHcTax, liTO COCTaBJ1HJIO 7% OT 06ll1.ero COCTaBa.
HapH,ay C TaKHMH JIHlIHOCTHMH, KOTopbIe KaK BbIllleynoMH-
HyrbIH CTpeJ10K T. 6bIJ1H OCY)l()J,eHbI TOJ1bKO 3a nOJ1HTHlIe-
CKHe npaBOHapYllleHHH, HMeJIHCb «nOJ1HTHlieCKHe», KOTO-
pbIe 6blJII1 OCy)I(,L(eHbI no KpHMHHaJlbHbIM CTaTbHM (liTO He
HCKJIlOlIaJIO cyry60 yr0J10BHbIH KOMnOHeHT). 3TO OTHOCH-
J10Cb, npe)l()J,e Bcero, K 3KOHOMHlIeCKHM CTaTbHM, HanpH-
Mep, npecTynJ1eHHHM npOTHB c06CTBeHHOCTH. CpaBHH-
TeJ1bHO He60J1blllaH ,aOJ1H «nOJ1HTHlieCKHX» OTlIeTJ1HBO YKa-
3bIBaeT Ha TO, liTO «oc06ble no,apa3,aeJ1eHHH» He 6bIJ1H
opHeHTHpOBaHbI B nepBYIO OlIepe,ab Ha «npHHHTHe» C03Ha-
TeJ1bHbIX aHTHMHJ1HTapHCTOB H COOTBeTCTBeHHO nOJ1HTHlIe-
CKHX npOTHBHHKOB HauHCTCKoro pe)l(HMa. )].a)l(e TOT Q:>aKT,
liTO OT,aeJ1bHbIe CJIyqaH npHHUHnHaJlbHOrO OTKa3a OT Hece-
HHH BoeHHOH CJ1Y)l(6bI no nOJ1HTHlieCKHM HJ1H peJ1HrH03-
HbIM C006pa)l(eHHHM HHlIero B npHHUHne He MeHIDI. KpOMe
ynoMHHaBIIIHXCH yr0J10BHHKOB (npe)f{J].e Bcero BOpOB), B ,ao-
KYMeHTe OT 25 MaH 1936 ro,aa BTOpOW KaTeropHew, npe,aHa-
34
3HaLIeHHOH MR HanpaBJIeHI1S1 B «OC06bIe nO,apa3,aeJIeHHSI»,
CLIHTaJIHCb OCY)I()].eHHbIe no CTaTbe 175 (roMoceKcYaJIH3M).
Yrp03a (Q:>aKTHLIecKaR HJIH MHHMaSl), HCxo,aI1BllIaSl OT ro-
MoceKCYaJIHCTOB, onHCbIBaJIaCb B 1957 ro,ay reHepaJI-MaHO-
pOM PaTKJIHQ:>Q:>oM, KOTOpbIH, no c06CTBeHHbIM CJIOBaM,
«nepe,a BOHHOH TPH ro,aa 6bIJI KOMeH,aaHTOM KPynHeHllIeH
TlOpbMbI BepMaXTa». B )l(ypHaJIe «l1cKyccTBo BOHHbI» OH
co06ll1.aJI CJIe,aYlOllI.ee: «Oc06aSl onaCHOCTb B LIaCTH 3aKJIIO-
LIaJIaCb B TOM, LITO HCTHHHbIH rOMoceKCYaJIl1CT He HCKaJI
KOHTaKTa C JIIO,abMH TaKHX )I{e HaKJIOHHocTei1, a 6bIJI YCT-
peMJIeH K MOJIO,abIM HeHcnopLIeHHblM IOHOlllaM. KOMaH,ao-
BaHHIO CTOHT nOMHI1Tb 0 CJIYLIae C IOHKepOM, KOTOpbIH CTaJI
)l(epTBOH XI1TpOYMHoro COBpaTHTeJISI. IOHollla 3aCTpeJ1HJ1CR
Ha MOrHJIe OTua, KOTOpbIH He CMor nepe)l(HTb n030pa. H 3TO
JIHlllb O,aHH H3 MHOrOLIHCJIeHHbIX TparHLIeCKHX CJIYLIaeB,
KOTopbIe OCTaJIHCb B naMSlTI1».
ECJIH BonpeKH naTOJIOrHLIeCKOW HeHaBI1CTI1, KOTOpylO
60JIblllHHCTBO H,aeWHbIX HaUHOHaJI -COUHaJIHCTOB HcnbITbI-
BaJIO no OTHOllleHHIO K rOMoceKCYaJIHCTaM, ocy eHHbIX
O 175 OCTaBJIRJIH B apMHH, TO no,a06Hoe pellleHl1e I1MeJIO
no,a C060H ,aBe npHLII1HbI. HanpHMep, OHH COOTBeTCTBOBa-
JIH TeM l1,aeSlM, KOTopbIe 6bIJIH nOJIO)l{eHbI B KOMMeHTapHH K
nOHRTl11O «aHTHrocy,aapCTBeHHOW ,aeRTeJIbHOCTI1». BoeH-
Ho-nCHXOJIOfHLIeCKHe TeopeTHKH 6bIJII1 YBepeHbI, LITO 3Ha-
LIHTeJIbHaR qaCTb OCY)I(,aeHHbIX no 175 JIHllIb o,aHa bl
«C6I1JIHCb C nYTI1», a nOTOMY nocpe,aCTBOM nepeBocnHTa-
HI1R MOfJIH 6bITb B03palll.eHbI Ha npaBHJIbHbIe, feTepoceK-
CYaJIbHbIe n03HUHH. B 1942 fO,ay 0170 Byr CQ:>OPMYJIHPOBaJI
BTOpOH acneKT. OH 3BYLIaJI CJIe,aYlOllI.I1M 06pa30M: «H3fHa-
HHe 113 PR,aOB BepMaXTa 3a «npOTHBoeCTeCTBeHHbIH pa3-
BpaT» MOfJIO paCCMaTpHBaTbCR MHOfHMH 113 3THX nCl1xona-
TOB KaK nOOlll.peHHe, a CTaJIO 6bITb, YKa3bIBaJIO npOCTOH
nyrb ,l],JIR no,apa)l(aHHR 3THM He,aOCTOHHbIM 3JIeMeHTaM».
HanpaBJIeHHe B «oc06ble no,apa3,aeJIeHHR» ,aOJI)I(HO 6bIJIO
npe,aOTBpaTI1Tb no,a06HYIO HefaTI1BHYIO TeH,aeHUHIO. Yno-
35
MHHaBlllHCCH paHCC HClll1CJIeHHH 0170 Byra ,aalOT B03MO)l(-
HOCTb.lI.JlH onpC.lI.eJ1eHHH ,aOJIH npc,anOJIaraCMbIX H ,aCHCTBH-
TCJIbHbIX rOMOCCKCYaJIHCTOB 01' 06ll1.cro KOJII1QeCTBa CJ1Y)I(a-
llI.HX «OC06bIX nO,apa3,aeJICHHW». B O.lI.HOi1 H3 COCTaBJIeHHbIX
HM CTaTHCTHllCCKHX Ta6JIHU B rpa<pc «rOMOCCKCYaJIHCTbI»
3HaQaTCH UH<PPbI - 23 llCJIOBeKa, 11,5%. B ,aPyroH Ta6JIH-
UC, KOTopaH CO,aCP)l(HT TOJ1bKO OTHOCHTeJIbHble UH<PPbI,
3HallHTCSI - 16%.
Ha.ao 06paTHTb oc060c BHHMaHHC Ha nYHKT b )npl1Ka3a
01' 25 MaS! 1936 ro,aa. A HMCHHO Tex COMaT, «npc6bIBaHHc
KOTOpbIX B llaCTH SlBJISleTCH HC)I(CJIaTeJIbHbIM H3-3a HX nOBC-
,aCHHH, 06pa3a MbIlllJIeHI1S1, )f(H3HCHHbIX YCTaHOBOK».
B 3T0i1 CBSl3H B ,aOKYMeHTax YCTaHaBJIWBaJIOCb: «K TaKOBbIM
B 60JIblllHHCTBe CJ1YLIaCB npHLIHCJISlIOTCSI COJ1,aaTbI, KOTOpbIC
HC BblnOJIHHJ1H npH,Ka3 0 CBOCBpCMCHHOM npw6bITHH B
LIaCTb, a 6bIJII1 n03)1(C ,aOCTaBJICHbI B Hec B npHHy,aHTCJIbHOM
nopH,aKe». O,aHaKo TYMaHHaSl cP0PMYJIl1pOBKa nYHKTa b)
KacarraCb ropa3.lI.0 60JIblllCro KOJIHtICCTBa JIIO,aci1. A6cOJIIOTHO
HCLICTKHe, npCI1MYIlI.CCTBCHHO «rocy,aapCTBCHHO-nOJIHTH-
lleCKHC» H BocHHO-nOJIHuci1cKHc <POPMYJII1POBKH n03BO-
JIIDIH C03,aaBaTb KpHTCpl1l1, KOTOpbIC MOrJIW npWMCHHTbCSI K
JII06bIM BOCHHOCJIY)f(aIlI.HM. no CyrH, HanpaBJICHHC B «oco-
60e no,apa3,aCJICHHC» CTaHOBHJIOCb cBoc06pa3HbIM npOH3-
BOJIOM. OqCBI1,aHO, LITO, rOBopH 0 BoeHHoi1 3cPcPCKTHBHO-
CTH, «,aCi1CTBCHHOCTH BOHHCKOH llaCTH», PYKOBO,aCTBO Bep-
MaXTa OpHCHTHpOBaJIOCb B ncpBYIO OllCpC,ab Ha HaBc,aCHHe
)l(eCTKOro nopSl,aKa.
HaKOHeu, ynoMHHyrbIC KpHTCpHH B TCLICHHC 1937 ro,aa
HCo,aHOKpaTHO «yrOLIHHJIHCb». Ha 3TOT pa3 npHMCHHJIHCb
B033pCHI1S1 BOCHHOW nCHXHaTpHI1, KOTopaSl nOMOraJIa KO-
MaH,aHpaM llacTci1 onHpaTbCH BnJIOTb,ao 1940 ro,aa Ha KJIac-
CHLICCKYIO THnOJIOrHIO KYPTa III Hai1,acpa. OHa rJIaCHJIa:
«a) OC06bIC OT,aCJICHHSI npc,aHa3HaQCHbI, COrJIaCHO npe.anH-
CaHI1S1M, ,lJJISI TPY.lI.HOBocnHTyCMbIX BOCHHOCJIY)f(aIlI.HX. B HX
QHCJIO nona,aalOT J1CHHBbIe, Hc6pc)f(Hble, HeonpSlTHbIC,
36
npOTeCTYIOlU,He, ynpHMbIe, aHTI1- 11 acoU,l1aJIbHbIe, )l(eCTO-
Kl1e, He06Y3.aaHHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI, JI)I(eU,bI H MOrneHHHKI1,
nO,LJJJ;alOlU,HeCH HHCTHHKTI1BHbIM nOpbIBaM, I1Halle rOBOpH,
nCI1XOnaTW, KOTOpWX 0603HaqalOT KaK rHnepTHMI1KI1,
O,n;ep)l(I1MbIe BeJIWlIWeM, C HeYCTOHlIHBbIM HaCTpOeHl1eM,
6e3BOJIbHbIe 11 qepCTBbIe. ECJlI1 rOBOpHTb B ,n;BYX CJlOBaX: Ha-
pyrnHTeJIH, nJIOXO npOHBJIHIOlU,l1e BOJIIO K cJIY)l(6e. ,lJ;aJIee
,LI,JHI OC06bIX nO,npa3.aeJleHI1H npe,nHa3HaqeHbI JIIO,n;H C npo-
HBJIeHl1eM JIerKOH <pOpMbI CJla60YMI1H, KOTOpOe rpaHl1ql1T C
<:j)H3110JIOrHQeCKOH rJlynocTblO, C XapaKTepHbIMH MOpaJIb-
HbIMH .ae<:j)eKTaMH. ,lJ;JlH BOHHCKHX qaCTeH OHH HBJIHIOTCH
oc060 OnaCHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH. nO,lI,XO.lUlT ,LUIH nepeBocnw-
TaHHH B OC06blX no,n;pa3,n;eJIeHHHX TaIOKe Te COJI,n;aTbI, KOTO-
pbIe COBepIllHJIH npeCTynJIeHHH no,n; B03,neHCTBHeM aJIKOrO-
JlH... b) LUIH HeceHHH CJl 6bI B OC06bIX no,n;pa3,n;eJIeHWHX He
npe.aHa3HaqeHbI ,n;yrneBH060JlbHbIe, a TaIOKe COBeprneHHO
CJla60YMHbIe. B OC06bIX no.apa3,n;eJleHHHX He ,n;OJI)I(HbI CJlY-
)l(HTb JlIO,nI1, CTpa,n.alOllI.He .ayrneBHoH .aenpeCCHeH, 60JIe3-
HeHHoH qYBcTBI1TeJlbHOcTblO. Kopoqe rOBopH, Hey.aaqHI1-
KI1, KOTopbIe He Moryr HeCTI1 BOI1HCKYIO CJlY)l(6y».
nO,n;p06HO pacnHcaHHbIe B .aaHHoH THnOJlOrHH pa3JII1-
ql1H Me)l()J,y «nCHxonaTaMI1», «HapyrnHTeJIHMH» H «Hey,n;aq-
HI1KaMH» 6bIJII1 IllHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHbI B HeMeUKoH ap-
MeHCKOH nCHXHaTP"I, HaqHHaH e,nBa JIH He co BpeMeH nep-
BOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI. npHqeM nOJIWTHqeCKOe co.aep)l(aHWe
«HapYlIlHTeJleH» OCTaBaJIOCb Hel13MeHHbIM Ha npOTH)I(eHI1H
.aeCHTHJIeTI1H. rJIaBHbIH IllTa6HOH Bpaq CI1MOH npo.aOJI)I(aJI
3TY Tpa,n.HU,HIO. no KpaHHeH Mepe, 2 HOH6pH 1937 ro.aa B
MIOHxeHe OH npOql1TaJI nepe,n BbIcrnHMH ql1HaMW BepMax-
Ta H CA,lI,oKJIa,n. Ha TeMY «np06JIeMa nCHxonaTOB B BepMax-
Te». OnHpaHcb Ha ony6JlWKOBaHHbIH B 1938 ro,n;y BoeHHO-
Me.aHUHHCKWlvl 06ll1.eCTBOM OTqeT 0 .aaHHOM 3ace.aaHHH,
MO)l(HO YCTaHOBHTb, qTO CHMOH npO,ll,OJl)f(aJl npOBO,ll,HTb
pa3JlHQHH Me)l(,J],Y TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIMH nCHxonaTaMH, He-
y.aaqHHKaMH H HapYlllHTeJIHMW. npHMeqaTeJIbHO, qTO
37
«HapYIIIHTeJIeH» OH CqHTaJI <<JIeBbIM KpbIJIOM nCHXOnaTOB».
OH HeO,lI.HOKpaTHO nO,lI.qepKHBaJI 3TO: «MbI 3HaeM, tJTO 3TO
JIeBOe KpbIJIO nCHxonaTOB He MO)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTbCH Ha
BOHHe B KaqeCTBe COJI,lI.aT. Ho, C ,lI.PyroH CTOpOHbI, HaKOnJIe-
HMe nO,lI.06HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB B TbIJIY npe,lI.CTaBJIHJIO 6bI ell(e
60JIblllYIO onaCHOCTb, He)l(eJIH WX WCnOJIb30BaHHe Ha <pPOH-
Te. MbI MCnbITaJIM Ha BOHHe [nepBOH MHpOBOH], oc06eHHO
B KOHue BOHHbI, BO BpeMH peBOJIIOUHH 1918 rO,lI.a, BO BpeMH
cnapTaKOBCKoro MHTe)l(a, HaCKOJIbKO Bpe.aHoH MO)l(eT 6bITb
.aeHTeJIbHOCTb JIeBOrO KpbIJIa nCHxonaTOB».
CHMOH Tpe60BaJI paHHero pacn03HaBaHHH «JIeBbIX
nCHxonaTOB», COCTaBJIeHHH CneUHaJIbHbIX cnHCKOB H 06H-
3aTeJIbHbIH )l(eCTKMH KOHTpOJIb 3a HWMH, KaK npH wH<:peK-
UHOHHbIX 3a60JIeBaHMHX. «3TH CBe,lI.eHHH ,lI.OJI)I{HbI perHCT-
pHpOBaTbCH opraHaMH BJIaCTH, HanpMMep, OT,lI.eJIaMM 3,lI.pa-
BooxpaHeHWH MJIW, BepOHTHO, eme JIyqllle nOJIWUHeH, TaK
tJTO B CJIyqae B03HHKHOBeHMH yrp03bI rOCY,lI.apCTBY cpa3Y
MO)l(HO H30JIMpOBaTb onaCHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI, npe)l{.lJ.e qeM OHH
HatJHyr pa3BHBaTb CBOIO Bpe,lI.HYIO ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb. nOCKOJIb-
KY JIeBbIX nCHxonaTOB HeB03MO)l(HO HH HCnOJIb30BaTb Ha
<PPOHTe, HM OCTaBJIHTb B TbIJIY, TO OHM ,lI.OJI)I(HbI HaXO,lI.HTbCH
no,lI. OC06bIM KOHTpOJIeM. fOCnO,lI.HH lllTHp npe,l])lO)l(HJ[ Ha-
npaBJIHTb caMbIX onaCHbIX W3 HHX B KOHueHTpaUHOHHbIe
JIarepH. 51 nOJIaralO, qTO HX MO)l(HO 6Y,lI.eT WCnOJIb30BaTb B
JIarepHX, B KOTOpbIX BO BpeMH BoeHHbIX ,lI.eHCTBMH 6Y,lI.eT
MHoro CB060,lI.HbIX MeCT ,lI.JIH Tpy.aOBOH nOBHHHOCTM. MbI
cnoc06HbI on03HaTb ncwxonaTa, MbI 3HaeM 0 cymecTBoBa-
HHW JIeBOrO KpbIJIa, MbI 3HaeM, KaKyIO onaCHOCTbOHO npe,lI.-
CTaBJIHeT». KaK BH.LI.HM, pa3MbIToe ynOTPe6JIeHHe nOHHTWH
«nCMxonaT», KOTopoe B TO BpeMH CqHTaJIOCb BeCbMa YCJIOB-
HbIM, C O,lI.HOH CTOpOHbI, CJIY)l(MJIO TOMY, qT06bI ,lI.WCKpe,lI.W-
THpOBaTb nOJIHTWqeCKHX npOTHBHHKOB HaUH3Ma, C ,lI.pyroH
CTOpOHbI, 3TO cnoc06CTBOBaJIO TOMY, qT06bI ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIb-
HO nCHXHtJeCKH 60JIbHbIe JIIO,lI.H TOJIKaJIWCb Ha nyrb COBep-
llleHHH npeCTynJIeHHH.
38
B KOHQe KOHQOB, 3a nO,a06HbIMI1 Q:>OPMYJIl1pOBKaMH
BCerO JIHlllb CKpbIBaJlaCb «HayqHaH», a TaIOKe l1,aeOJIorl1qe-
CKaH no,arOTOBKa HaQH3Ma K YHl1qTO)l(eHHIO aHTl1naTHQHbIX
MeHblllHHCTB, COQHaJlbHO norpaHHqHbIX rpynn, nOJIHTI1Qe-
CKHX npOTHBHHKOB, KOTopbIe HK06bI HBJIHJIH b «He)l(H3He-
cnoc06HbIMI1». Cpe,a11 CJIYlllaTeJIeH npOQHTHpOBaHHoro
LJ,OKJIan.a CHMOHa 6bIJI H reHepaJI PaHxeHay, HatJaJIbHHK
ynpaBJIeHI1H BepMaXTa B HMnepCKOM BoeHHOM MI1HHCTep-
CTBe. HMeHHO OH HaQaJI 06CY)l()],eHHe ,aOKJIan.a B )l(ypHaJle
«HeMeQKI1H BoeHHbIH BpatJ». KaK nHCaJlH HeMeQKl1e HCTO-
pl1KI1: «,[LnH Hero 6bIJIa xapaKTepHa n0311QI1H: CnaCTI1 Bce,
QTO HY)I(HO cnacaTb, 11 n03BOJIHTb PYIIIHTbCH BceMY, QTO
LJ,OJI)I(HO 6bITb pa3pYllleHO». 3TO 6bIJIa QI1TaTa reHepaJIa OT-
HOCHTeJIbHO ,aOKJIan.a CI1MOHa. B HTore Ha npaKTI1Ke Bce
BbIrJIH,aeJIO HMeHHO TaK, KaK CKa3aJ1 reHepaJI. MeCTOM, B
KOTOpOM .u.OJI)I(HO 6blJIO npOI1Cxo,aI1Tb npeCJIOByroe «cnace-
Hl1e» HJIH Hel136e)l(HOe «pa3PyrneHHe», ,aOJI)I(HbI 6bIJIH CTaTb
I1MeHHO «oc06bIe no,apa3,aeJIeHHH».
OQ:>I1QHaJlbHO IIITaTHbIM COCTaBOM «OC06bIX no,apa3,ae-
JIeHHH» ,aOJI)I(eH 6bIJI 6bITb YCTaBHOHI1 I1HCTPYKTOPCKHH
nepCOHaJI. OOLJ,611paTb ero Ha,LI,O 6bIJIO C OC060H TllI.aTeJIb-
HOCTblO. rJIaBHOH 3a.u.atJeH no,a06paHHOH KOMaH,abI 6bIJIO
«BocnHTaHl1e K 6e3YCJIOBHOMY nOCJ1ywaHI1IO», «B03BpallI.e-
Hl1e npOBI1HI1BWI1XCH K 3aKOHHOH H ynopH,aOLJeHHOH )1(113-
HI1», BJII1HHHe Ha HX BOCnpl1HTl1e rocy,aapCTBa, Hapo,aa,
npeBpallI.eH 1110 B YMeJIbIX COJI,aaT. TaM, r,ae «nepeBOCnI1Ta-
Hl1e» npoxo,aI1JIO Hal160JIee ycnelllHo, «oc060e no,apa3,ae-
JIeHl1e» B Tel.Jel-J.He TPex MecHu.eB MOrJIO 6bITb npeBpallI.eHO B
06bItJHYlO peryJIHpHYIO apMeHCKYIO e,aHHI1u.y.
o l.JI1CJIeHHOCTI1 B nepl1o,a 1936-1938 ro,aOB COCTaBa
«OC06bIX nOLJ,pa3,aeJIeHI1H» eCTb HeCKOJIbKO C006llI.eHI1H.
1.J.I1CJIeHHOCTb Ka)l()J,OrO 113 HI1X KOJIe6aJ1aCb OT 55 ,ao 84 tJe-
JIOBeK. 06llI.aH l.JI1CJIeHHOCTb CeMI1 «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIe-
HI1H» (no COCTOHHI1IO Ha 31 OKTH6pH 1936 ro,aa) COCTaBJIHJIa
6e3 WTaTHoro nepCOHaJIa 483 l.JeJIOBeKa, 113 HI1X 99 QeJIOBeK
39
6bIJIH HanpaBJIeHblH3 npH3blBHbIX nYHKTOB, a 384 - H3 BO-
HHCKHX lJaCTeM 3a Heo,nHOKpaTHoe HapYIlIeHHe ,aHCUHnJIH-
Hbi. COfJIaCHO ,aOKYMeHTaM K 28 <peBpaJIH 1937 fo,aa B ap-
MHH OCTaJIOCb JIHlllb llleCTb «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHH». n pH
3TOM HX lJHCJIeHHOCTb nOBbICHJIaCb ,ao 664 lJeJIOBeK (241 -
nOnaJIH npHMO H3 npH3bIBHbIX nYHKToB). ro,a cnYCTH, B
1938 ro,ay, BHOBb B03HHKJIO ce,abMoe «oc060e no,apa3,aeJIe-
HHe». Ha 3TOT MOMeHT B 3THX BOHHCKHX e,aHHHuax qHCJIH-
JIOCb 1357 npOBHHHBIlIHXCH. ECJIH fOBOpHTb 06 «OC06bIX
no,apa3,aeJIeHHHX» JIIO<pTBa<p<:pe H BoeHHO-MOpCKOfO <:PJIO-
Ta, TO HCHblX ,aaHHbIX HeT. MO)l(HO CKa3aTb JIHIlIb, lJTO ,ao
Haqana BOHHbI qepe3 HHX npOIlIJIO OT 3,a0 6 TbICHlJ qeJIOBeK.
npe)l(,[(e MbI 06paTHMcH K ClO)I(eTY 0 TOM, KaK YKa3aHHH
KJIlOqeBOrO nCHXOJIOra BepMaXTa OKa3aJIH BJIHHHHe Ha CO-
CTaB «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHH», nOCMOTpHM Ha pe3YJIbTaTbI
aHKeTHpOBaHHH Byra: «CYl.UeCTByeT ,aOCTaTOlJHO BbICOKaH
,aOJIH COJI,aaT, npe,apacnOJIO)l(eHHbIX K cnHpTHbIM HanHTKaM
(11 %) H CTpeMJIeHHeM ,neJIaTb ,aOJIfH (11 %). El.Ue 60JIbIlIaH
,aOJIH HBJIHeTCH 6a6HHKaMH (39%), npHqeM 15% HMelOT
BHe6paqHbiX ,aeTeH. HHKaKoro CJIa60YMHH(...) HeMHOfO ca-
Moy6HHCTB H nonbITOK caMoy6HHcTBa, HeMHOfO nCHxona-
THH. (...) DOJIblllHHCTBO He 06HapY)I{HBaeT HeXBaTKH HHTeJI-
JIeKTa (...) npe06JIa,nalOl.Uee 60JIbIlIHHCTBO )I{H3Hepa,nOCTHO,
nO-TOBapHl.UeCKH HaCTpoeHO, HO MHorOKpaTHO npOHBJIHJIO
CJIa60BOJIHe (...) C COUHOJIOrHlJeCKOM TOlJKH 3peHHH 3TH
COJI,aaTbl npOHcxo,aHT npeHMYl.UeCTBeHHO H3 HH3IlIHX CJIO-
eB. MbI Haxo,aHM cpe,aH HHX BocnHTaHHHKOB HHTepHa-
TOB - 9%... DOJIbIlIOe KOJIHqeCTBO npe,anpHHHMaJIH no-
nblTKH caMoy6HHcTBa - 24%... BblcoKoe KOJIHqe TBO BHe-
6paqHbIX ,aeTeH - 10%. E,aHHcTBeHHblMH ,aeTbMI1 B ceMbe
HBJIHIOTCH 17%, BCJIe,aCTBHe 3Toro He 06JIan.aJIH fOTOBHO-
CTblO K npH3bIBY B apMHIO. npH 3TOM Y 15% B ceMbe cYl.Ue-
CTBOBaJIH np06JIeMbI - CCOpbl po,nHTeJIeH. OlJeBH,aHo Hera-
THBHoe B03,aeHcTBHe cpe,nbI».
ECJIH Orro Byr KOHCTaTHpOBaJI B ueJIOM npH paCCMOT-
40
peH"" «OC06bIX nO,U.pa3,LI,eJIeH"th) «HeMHOrO nCI1XOnaTHH»,
TO npM cpaBHHTeJIbHOM paCCMOTpeHHM ,[(BYX rpynn - cpa3Y
)l(e HanpaBJIeHHblX B «oc06ble nO,LI,pa3,LI,eJIeHHH» H nepeBe-
,LI,eHHbIX TY,LI,a H3 qaCTeti perYJI pHOH apMHM, MO)l(HO HaHTH
HeKI1C pa3JIHt.IH . B I1epBOM CJIYlIae npeCJIOBYTOH «nCHXO-
naTHeti» Cl"paaaJIO 3,3%, TO BO BTOpOti rpynne 3Ta lJ,H<ppa
B03paCTaJIa )],0 25,31 %. nO,LI,06HOe HeraTI1BHOe cpaBHeHHe
Ha6JIIO,LI,aJIaCb H no ,LI,PyrHM KpHTepH M: CKJIOHHOCTb K aJI-
KOrOJIH3MY COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6,61 % H 31,64%; «3aMKHY-
TOCTb» - 19,83% M 32,91 %; «YMepeHHoe CJIa60YMHe (YMCT-
BeHHa orpaHHlIeHHocTb») - 6,61 % H 16,45%.
YrOJIOBHOe npOlllJIOe 6bIJIO BbI BJIeHO Y 13% onpOllleH-
HbIX. npH1JeM 51 % COBepWaJIM npecTynJIeHH npOTHB c06-
CTBeHHOCTH, 8% 6bIJIH OCY)I(J],eHbI 3a XYJIHraHCTBO, 6% - 3a
npecTynJIeHH npOTMB HpaBCTBeHHOCTH (B 3TOH rpynne He
YlIHTblBaJIHCb rOMoceKCYaJIHCTbI). COrJIaCHO CTaTHCTHKe,
23% OKa3aBlllHXC B «OC06bIX nO,LI,pa3,LI,eJIeHH X» npOXO,LI,H-
JIH no 175 (roMoceKcYaJIH3M). npHMe1JaTeJIbHO, liTO Cpe,LI,H
onpOllleHHbIX TOJIbKO 1 % HMeJIH CY,LI,HMOCTb 3a «roCY,LI,apCT-
BeHHYIO H3MeHY». ECJIH rOBopHTb 06 apMeHcKHx Hapyrne-
HH X, TO 60JIee nOJIOBHHbI HMeJIH TaKOBble. npHlIeM 42%
6bIJIH nO,lJ.BeprHYTbI ,LI,HCLI.HnJIMHapHbIM B3bICKaHH M, a
33% nOnaJIH B BoeHHble CYllbI. HeKoTopble H3 CJIY)I(alll.HX
COBeprnHJIH 60JIee ,LI,eC TH BOHHCKHX npOCTynKOB. OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO npOBHHHBlllHXCSI B p ,LI,ax BoopY)I{eHHbIX CHJI BYT
3aKJII01JaJI: «npe06JIa,LI,aJIa Hecnoc06HOCTb CBbIKHYTbC C
HOBblMH YCJIOBH MH (npeBblrneHHe npe6bIBaHH B oTnyc-
Ke, CaMOBOJIbHOe OCTaBJIeHHe 1JaCTH, ynp McTBO). OT1JaCTI1
BOpbI H MoweHHHKH He OTKa3aJIHCb OT KpHMHHaJIbHbIX
CKJIOHHOCTeH - 27%». COrJIaCHO ,LI,aHHbIM BYTa, 5% 6bIJIH
HaKa3aHbI 3a 06MaH, 4% - paCTpaTbI, 13% - BOpOBCTBO Y
TOBapHllI.eH. KrraccHlIeCKHe BoeHHbIe npOBHHHOCTH BbI-
rJISI,LI,eJIH CJIe,LI,YlOllI.HM 06pa30M: npeBbIweHHe OTnYCKa -
28%, CaMOBOJIbHOe OCTaBJIeHHe lIaCTH - 13%, ,LI,e3epTHpCT-
BO - 7%, ynp McTBO - 33%. B rpa<pe «wnHOHa)l(» 3HallHJI-
C npOllepK. Erne 16% nOnaJ1M B «oc06ble nO,LI,pa3,LI,eJIeHHH»
41
3a npeHe6peXeHHe BbInpaBKOH. 3aKJIIOlJHTeJIbHbIM BbIBO,LI,
Byra 3BYQaJI TaK: «B CYIUHOCTH, HTOrH nCHXHa1'pHlJeCKOrO
TeCTHpOBaHH COBnaaalOT C pe3YJIbTaTaMH BOeHHbIX Hapa-
60TOK - 60% BJI IOTC BnOJIHe BocnHTyeMbIMH».
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42
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eM 0 caMoBoCnHTaHI1H, np06Y)I(,L{eHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
nepe.n 06ll1.eCTBOM H BOI1HCKOH lIaCTblO.
BnOJ1He OlJeBH,l(HO, liTO «BOCnI1TaHl1e» B «OC06bIX no.n-
pa3,n:eJIeHI1S1x» ,n:OJI)I(HO 6blJIO 6a3HpoBaTbcSI He TOJIbKO Ha
TBep,n:OCTM, HO I1 Ha KJIaCCHlIeCKOM npl1HlJ,l1ne KH)'Ta I1 npH-
HMKa. TIo.nllepKHY, liTO B .nOBoeHHbIH nepHO HeKl1e ne.na-
rOrHlJeCKHe 3J1eMeHTbl BCe-TaKI1 HMeJII1 MeCTO 6blTb. Ho BO
MHOrl1X CJ1YlIaSlX OHI1 He 6blJ111 B COCTOHHHH 113MeHl1Tb «BO-
eHHble KaqeCTBa» «OC06bIX COJI.naT». Opl1HHMaSl BO BHI1Ma-
HI1S1 HCKJIlOlIHTeJIbHO BblCOKI1H ypoBeHb ,n:e3epTHpcTBa H3
BepMaXTa B npe.nBoeHHYIO nopy, e.nHHcTBeHHbIM MeTo.noM
«BocnHTaHHSI» OCTaBaJICH Bce TOT )l(e «KHYf». B TO BpeMSI
KaK lllTaTHblH nepCOHaJI, 3aHl1MaBllll1HCSI «BOCnI1TaHl1eM»,
C O.nHOH CTOpOHbI, .nOJI)I(eH 6blJ1 C06JIIO,aaTb «lIYBCTBO C06CT-
BeHHoro .nOCTOHHCTBa» I1 SlK06bl nblTaJlCSI B03.nep)((HBaTbCH
OT «ocKop6JIeHHH H 0611,n:HbIX ynpeKOB», HO, C .npyroH CTO-
pOHbl, Mbl MOrJ1H 6bI BH.neTb HHYIO KapTMHY. B O.nHOH 113
HHCTpYKlJ,HH rOBOpHJ10Cb: «CJIY)I(aWHe OC06blX no.npa3.ne-
J1eHI1H, KOTopble 3JIOCTHO npoTHBSlTCH BceM MepaM BOCnl1-
TaTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa, no npeLI.J10)((eHHIO KOMaH.nOBaHI1S1
oc060ro nO,Ll,pa3.neJIeHI1S1 MOryr BpeMeHHO OCTaBI1Tb BoeH-
HYIO CJIY)I(6y H nepe.naBaTbCH B paCnOpH)I(eHHe nOJII1UHM».
3a .naHHOH <ppa30H B OllepeL{HOH pa3 CKpbIBaJIaCb «KOMaH-
.nHpOBKa» B KOHueHTpalJ,110HHbIH JIarepb. «YCJIOBHSI nepe-
.nallH» .no MeJIbllaHllll1X no.np06HOCTeH 6blJ1l1 yperyJ1l1pOBaHbl
B KOHue 1937 - HaqaJIe 1938 ro.nOB B COrJIallIeHI1H Me)l(-
.ny I1MnepcKI1M BoeHHbIM MI1HHCTepCTBOM H peHxc<plOpe-
pOM CC.
npe)((,[(e qeM KOMaH,n:l1p «oc060ro no.npa3.neJIeHHSI» no-
,LI,aBaJI 3aSlBJleHl1e Ha YBOJIbHeHHe C BoeHHOH CJIY)I(6bl I1 Ha
nepe,LI.alJY 6blBllIl1X CJlY)I(alll.HX B PYKI1 nOJII1UHI1, ,LI,OJI)I(HO
6bIJIO 6blTb c.neJIaHO <POpMaJIbHOe npe.nOCTepe)l(eHl1e. Ha
48
COOTBeTCTBYlOll.(eM 6JIaHKe, KpOMe BCerO np01..JerO, Ha,aO 6bI-
JIO C006Il.(HTb: « 06pall.(aJI BHHMaHHe (YKa3bIBaJIOCb HMSI
HenOKOpHOrO) Ha TO, 1..JTO SI npe,l(OCTaBJISIIO eMY nOCJIellHHH
maHC HcnpaBHTb CBoe nOBe,l(eHHe. TIPH nOCJIe,ll,YIOll(eH npo-
BHHHOCTH H OTKa3e BbInOJIHHTb npHKa3 SI 6y,l(Y XO,l(aTaHCT-
BOBaTb 0 ero YBOJIbHeHI1H H3 PSl,ll,OB BOOPY)f(eHHbIX CHJl H ne-
pe,l(a1..Je nOJIHlJ,HH. O,l(HOBpeMeHHO C 3TI1M SI YKa3aJI eMY Ha
cepbe3Hble nOCJle,l(CTBHSI nO,JJ,06Horo YBOJlbHeHHSI». Co-
rJIaCHO o<l>I1lJ,HaJIbH.oH 3a,ll,YMKe HeHcnpaBHMble «oc06bIe
COJI,lI,aTbI» ,l(OJI)I(HbI 6bIJIH nepeBO,l(HTbCSI B 6JIH3JIe)l(all.(He
KOHlJ,eHTpalJ,HOHHble JIarepSi. B HalfaJIe 1938 rO,l(a HapSl,l(Y C
3aKceHxaY3eHoM CYll.(eCTBOBaJIH JIarepSi L(axay H .6yxeH-
BaJIb,JJ,. B Mae 1938 rO,ll,a 3TOT cnHCOK 6bIJI nOnOJIHeH JIare-
peM <l>JlocceH6ypr, a B aBrycTe Toro )f(e rO,l(a Ty,l(a ,lI,06aBHJI-
CSI MayrxaY3eH. KOHKpeTHble YKa3aHHSI 0 KOJIHlIeCTBe ape-
CTaHTOB, HanpaBJIeHHbIX 113 «OC06bIX nO,ll,pa3,l(eJIeHHt'I» B
JIarepH B ,l(OBOeHHbIH nepHO,ll" CYllI.eCTBYIOT TOJIbKO OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO 6yxeHBaJIb,l(a. B no,arOTOBJIeHHbIX B 3TOM KOHu.eH-
TpalJ,HOHHOM Jlarepe OTQeTaX 1 HIOHSI 1938 rO,l(a HapH,l(Y C
rpa<l>aMH «nOJIHT.» H «npo<l>.-npecT.» nOSlBHJIaCb Ha,Ll,nHCb
«H3 oc06.-no,ll,p. BepM.» (CAB). Bnp01..JeM, nOHa1..JaJlY B 3TOH
rpa<l>e 3Ha1..JHJICH npOlJepK. nepBbIH apeCTaHT H3 1..JHCJIa «oco-
6bIX COJI,JJ,aT» rrOSlBMJICSI 3,l1,eCb BnepBble B nepHO,l( C 16 HIOHSI
no 1 HIOJl}J 1938 rO,l(a. BTOpOH nonaJI B 6yxeHBaJIb,l( B KOHue
HIOJISI 1938 rO,l(a. Ha 060POTHOH CTopOHe JIarepHbIX OT1..JeTOB
YKa3bIBaJIOCb, liTO B 060HX cJIyqaSlx pe1..Jb lllJIa 0 «ca60TIDKe».
B KapToTeKe 3aKJII01..JeHHbIX cOXpaHHJIaCb KapT01..JKa HeKO-
ro neTepa P., B KOTOPOH MO)l(HO 6bIJIO rrp01..JHTaTb: «4 HOSl6-
pH 1938 rO,l(a nOBemeH». Bo BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe OKTH6p}l
1938 rO,JJ,a KOJIH1..JeCTBO CAB-3aKJIIO'-IeHHbIX B .6yxeHBaJIb,ll,e
,l(OCTHrJIO 18 '-IeJIOBeK. npH 06ll1.eHlJHCJIeHHOCTH apeCTaH-
TOB B 10 TbICSllJ - 3TO 6bIJIa BeCbMa He3Ha1..JHTeJIhHaSi ,lI,OJISI.
B KOHue ,l(eKa6pSl 1938 rO,JJ,a 6bIJIO 3aperHCTpHpOBaHO Y)I(e
22 CAB-apecTaHTa. B rpa<l>e «CAB», KpOMe «npI16bITI1S1»,
nOSlBHJICH pa3,l(eJI «y6bITHe», TO eCTb MO)f(HO rOBopHTb, liTO
49
cpe;:U1 CAB nO BMJIMCb nepBble YMepllIMe. Me)K)J.Y TeM pOCT
6bIJI HeYKJIOHHbIM, XOT M He CTpeMMTeJIbHbIM. B MIOHe
1939 ro,aa CAB-apecTaHToB HaC1JMTbIBaJIOCb 29 1JeJlOBeK.
HaKaHYHe Ha1JaJIa BTOpOM MMpOBOM BOMHbI npM 2 «y6bIB-
llIMX» MX 6bIJIO yxe 33. To eCTb nOJIyqaeTc , 1JTO Bcero B ,ao-
BoeHHbIM nepHO,ll, 113 «OC06bIX no,apa3,l1,eJ1eHMM» B EyxeH-
BaJIb,a 6bIJIO «nepeLI.aHO» 36 «OC06bIX COJl,ll,aT». CoxpaHM-
JIMCb MMeHa 3TMX HeCllaCTHblX. EOJIbllI'1HCTBO 113 HMX 6bIJIO
1914-1915 ro,aOB pO)K.aeHMH (B pe,ll,KMX CJIYlla x 1918-
1919). npM 3TOM O,aI1H 3aKJIIOIJeHHbIM 0603HallaJIC KaK
«IJeTBepTb eBpeH». Erne O,aI1H npMMeqaTeJIbHbIM <paKT: B 06-
rueM KapTOTeKe 3aKJIIOlleHHbIX CAB-apecTaHTbI 0603Ha1Ja-
JIl1Cb KaK «nOJIMTM1JeCKMe». B CMCTeMe 06rnenpMH TbIX B
CC a66peBMaTYP OHM MMeJIM I1H,aeKC «po!» (nOJIMTM1Je-
CKMM), 11 JIMllib B e,a MIJHbIX CJIyqa x «Sch. - H». (apecT
no,a03peBaeMoro KaK Mepa npeCeIJeHM ) I1JIM «pol. Sch.».
(apecT nOJlMTM1JeCKM nO,ll,03peBaeMoro KaK Mepa npeceIJe-
HM ). B oKT 6pe 1938 ro,aa B OTIJeTaX BMeCTO cOKparueHM
«SAW» (CAB) CTaJIO I1CnOJIb30BaTbC «Wehrm. - Angeh»
(BoeHHOCJIY)I(amI1M BepMaxTa).
ECJIM 3KCTpanOJIMpOBaTb 3TH ,aaHHble, TO nOJIYIJaeTC ,
1JTO B ,lI,OBOeHHbIM nepMO,a M3 «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHMM»
BepMaXTa B KOHueHTpal.(MOHHbIe JIarep 6bIJIO HanpaBJIeHO
r,ae-TO 180 1JeJIOBeK. Bnp01JeM, 3Ta UM<ppa. BJI eTC BeCbMa
npM6JIM3HTeJ1bHOM, oc06eHHo eCJIM npMH Tb B paC1JeT TOT
<paKT, IJTO C03,aaHHbIe B 1938 ro,ay JIarep <l>JIocceH6ypr M
MaYTxaY3eH e,aBa JIM MOrJlM B nOJIHOM 06'beMe npMH Tb
CAB-apeCTaHTOB. C,aeJIaB nonpaBKY, MO)l(HO npMMTM K BbI-
BO,ll,Y, IJTO 06ruee KOJII1IJeCTBO CAB-3aKJIIOIJeHHbIX B ,aaH-
HbIM MOMeHT COCTaBJI JIO OKOJIO 120 IJeJIOBeK. KOCBeHHbIM
no,aTBep)f()],eHMeM CTOJIb cpaBHMTeJIbHO He60JIbIllOrO KOJIM-
IJeCTBa 3aKJIIOIJeHHbIX MO)f(eT CTaTb BblCKa3bIBaHMe KYPTa
fOJIbllITeMHa, c,aeJIaHHOe B 1943 ro,ay. B HeM OH rOBOpMJI,
50
1.JTO HanpaBJIeHMe B KOHueHTpaUMoHHbIi1 JIarepb B «MMpHOe
BpeMH 6bIJIO MCKJIlOqMTeJIbHbIM CJIyqaeM». HO,l]JlH 6bIBllIMX
CJI}')KalllJ1X BepMaXTa 3TO 6bIJIO CJIa6bIM yrellIeHMeM. COTHH
C JIMllIHHM t.JeJIOBeK MCnbITaJIM Ha ce6e 'MallIHHY 3C3COBCKO-
fO TeppOp , t.JTO, COrJIaCHO TOt.JKe 3peHMH KOMaH,aOBaHliH
BepMaXTa, 6bIJIO npeTBOpeHMeM B )KH3Hb «CneUl1aJIbHOH
<pOpMbI npHHu.Hna 06meH BOMHCKOH nOBHHHOCTM».
rnaBa 3
M3 BEPMAXTA B KOHW1ArEPb
Ho paCCMOTpMM ,aaJIbHeHllIYIO cy,ab6y «OC06bIX no,apa3-
,lJ,eJIeHMH». YTBep)l(,Ll,eHMe, t.JTO nMCbMeHHoe npe,aOCTepe)Ke-
HMe ,aOJI)KHO npe,allIeCTBOBaTb HanpaBJIeHMIO COJI,aaTa B
KOHWIarepb, <paKTMt.JecKH nepeCTaBaJIO ,aeHCTBOBaTb B CJIY-
t.Jae M06MJIM3aUMM. B CJIyqae M06MJIM3aUHM, TO 6MllIb Ha1.Ja-
JIa BOHHbI, «OC06bIe nO,apa3,aeJIeHMH» pacnYCKaJIMCb, a B
CI1JIY BCTynaJIM HOBbIe npaBMJIa, KOTopble rJIaCMJIM CJIe,aylO-
wee: «COCTaB OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHMH, KOTOpbli1 Ha OCHO-
BaHHM pellIeHHH KOMaH,aOBaHHH He nepexo,aI1T B pacnopR-
)l(eHHe nOJIeBbIX HJIli pe3epBHbIX BOMHCKHX t.JaCTel1, aBTOMa-
TM1.JeCKH nepe,aaeTCH B Be,aeHHe nOJIMUMH. B ,lJ,aHHOM CJIyqae
nO,lJ,nHCaHl1e <POpMaJIbHOrO npe,lJ,OCTepe)KeHMH He Tpe6y-
eTCH» .
C06CTBeHHO Ha OCHOBaHMH 3Toro nOCTaHOBJIeHMH cpa-
3Y )Ke nOCJIe Hana,aeHMH repMaHMM Ha nOJIbllIY 160-180
COJI,aaT M3 pacnymeHHbIX «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHMH» 6bIJIH
norpY)KeHbI Ha TpaHcnopTbI H HanpaBJIeHbI B KOHueHTJ)a-
UMOHHbII1 JIarepb 3aKceHxaY3eH. CoxpaHMBllIMecH ,aOKY-
MeHTbI TaMOllIHero ynpaBJIeHMH JIarepH n03BOJIHIOT 06Ha-
PY)KMTb 2 OKTH6pH 1939 ro,aa B 3aKceHxaY3eHe 113 CAB-
apeCTaHTOB. B HOH6pe MX t.JHCJIO BbIpOCJIO ,lJ,0 181. ECJIH
npHHI1MaTb BO BHHMaHHe B03MO)l(Hble «y6bITHH» apeCTaH-
TOB, TO HX 06mee KOJIMt.JeCTBO MO)KeT 6bITb eme 60JIbllIe.
51
He CTOHT 3a6bIBaTb npo CAB-apecTaHToB, KOTopbIe
MOrJIH 6bITb HanpaBJIeHbI clO,aa eme B MHpHoe BpeMSI. Ha
3TO YKa3bIBaeT co06meHHe HeKoero reHpHxa K., KOTOpbIH
«KYPHpOB3JI» B J1arepe 6bIBllIHX BOeHHOCJI amHX BepMax-
Ta: «HaKaHYHe Hat.J3JIa BOHHbI HMeJIHCb oc06bIe no,apa3,ae-
JIeHI1S1 BepMaxTa. Ty,aa nepeBo,aHJIHCb COJI,aaTbI, KOTopble
liMeJIH CJII111IKOM MHoro ,aHCI..(HnJIHHapHbIX B3bICKaHHH.
B OC060M OT,aeJIeHHli HM npe,aOCTaB tSlJICSl HcnbITaTeJIbHbIH
CpOK H B C.Hyqae xopollIeH CJIY)K6bI B Tet.JeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX
MeCSll..(eB OHI1 MOrJIH BOCCTaHOBHTbCSI B CBoeH qaCTH. ECJIH
)Ke YJIyt.JllIeHHSI He 6bl.1I0, TO OHH 3aKaHt.JHB3JIH CBOIO CJIY)K6y
B OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHSlX. B 1938 ro,ay BbIllIeJI rrpHKa3, co-
rJIaCHO KOTOPOMY HaH60JIee ynpSlMbIe H «HeHcnpaBHMbIe»
COJI,aaTbI ,aOJI)KHbI 6blJIH HanpaBJIRTbCSI B KOHueHTpaI..(HOH-
HbIe JIarepSl. nepBbIe . 0,a06HbIe apeCTaHTbI npH6bIJII1 B 3a-
KceHxaY3eH B 1938 ro,ay, r,ae HX cpa3Y )Ke npHt.JHCJIHJIH K no-
JIMTHqeCKHM 3aKJIIOt.JeHHbIM. OHH HOCHJIH Ha p06e TaKOH
)Ke TpeyrOJIbHHK, KaK H nOJIHTHt.JeCKHe».
To 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBO, t.JTO B CHCTeMe CC 6bIBllIHX CJIyxa-
mHX OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHH BepMaxTa pellIHJIH 0603Ha-
l.JHTb KpaCHbIM TpeyrOJIbHHKOM, TO eCTb KaK nOJIHTHt.JeCKHX
apeCTaHTOB, 6bIJIO CBSl3aHO, CKopee Bcero, C yrBep)I()I.eHHeM
apMeHCKOH nCI1XHatpHH 0 cymecTBoBaHHH HeKHX «JIeBbIX
nCHxonaTOB». Ho KOf,aa CAB-apeCTaHTOB CT3JIO npH6bI-
BaTb CJIHllIKOM MHoro, 6bIJIO pellIeHO H3MeHHTb HX BHellI-
HIOIO «MapKHpOBKY», OTKa3aBllIHCb OT HOllIeHHSI TPMHUH-
OHHoro KpaCHoro TpeyrOJIbHHKa. Y TOrO)Ke reHpHxa K. CO-
06ma.nOCb CJIe,aYlOmee: «Kor,aa Hat.J3JIaCb BOHHa, TO oc06bIe
no,apa3,aeJ1eHHSI 6bIJIO pellIeHO pacnYCTHTb. 11 MeJIOCb JIHllIb
Ll,Ba nyrH: HJIH nonaCTb Ha <pPOHT, HJIH B KOHl..(eHTpaI..(HOH-
HbIM JIarepb. B HTore nepBbIe TpaHcnopTbI CT3JIH npH6bI-
BaTb B 3aKceHxaY3eH B ceHTSl6pe 1939 ro,aa. Mx pa3Mem3JIH
B CneI..(H3JIbHOM 6JIOKe. A KpacHbIH TpeyrOJIbHHK nepeBep-
HYJIH».
M3MeHeHHe nOJIO)KeHHSI KpaCHoro TpeyrOJIbHHKa MO)K-
52
HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK eI.Ue O,aHO UHHH1.JHOe npOHBJIeHHe
HaUHCTCKOH nCHXHaTpHH, nOCKOJIbKY Cpe,aH MHO)l(eCTBa
«nOJIHTHt.JeCKHX» Tenepb MO)l(HO 6bIJIO BbIHBHTb «JIeBbIX
nCHXOnaTOB», «HapYllIHTeJIeH». nepeBepHYTaH KpaCHaH
HallIHBKa, KOTOpIDI B OTJII1t.JHe OT «HOPMaJIbHOH» (BepllIHHa
BBepX) KaK 6bI rOBOpHJIa, t.JTO ee HOCHTeJIb CTOHJI Ha rOJIOBe,
npHBO,aHJIa K MHOrOt.JHCJIeHHbIM HaCMellIKaM H H3,aeBa-
TeJIbCTBaM. O,aHaKO 3C3COBCKOe PYKOBO,aCTBO JIarepH 3a-
KCeHXaY3eH HMeJIO ,aPyrHe npe,aCTaBJIeHHH 0 CAB-3a-
KJII01.JeHHbIX. JIarepHbIH CTapOCTa rapH HO,a)l(OKC n03)1(e
BCnOMHHaJI: «OceHblO 1939 ro,aa B JIarepb npH6bIJIO OKOJIO
250 MOJIO,abIX HeMl..(eB. OHH Ha3bIBaJIHCb «oc060e no,apa3-
,aeJIeHHe BepMaxTa» (CAB), 6bIJIH 3aKpbIToH rpynnoH H
pa3MeI.UaJIHCb B OT,aeJIbHOM 6JI.oKe. 3C3coBcKHe oxpaHHHKH
oc06eHHo )l(eCTOKO H3MbIBaJIHCb Han HI1MH, ,aeJIaH aKueHT
Ha TOM, liTO Bce CAB 6bIJIH CHMYJIHHTaMH H TPycaMH, npe-
,aaBllIH1\1H CBOHX TOBapHI.UeH, CpIDKalOI.UHXCH Ha 4>poHTax...
BCKope Bce CAB nOnaJIH B H30JIHI..(HIO, B KOTOPOH npe6bI-
BaJIH «TOJIKOBaTeJIH DM6JIHH» [cBI1,aeTeJIH MerOBbI. - A.B.]
H rOMoceKCYaJIHCTbI. YCJIOBHH Tpy,aa H )l(H3HH ,aJIH CAB
C03,aaBaJIHCb HaCTOJIbKO HeBbIHOCMMbIe, liTO MHorHe H3 HHX
TaK H He nOKHHYJIH KOHl..(eHTpaUHOHHbIH JIarepb». 06 YCJIO-
BHSlX Tpy,aa CAB-3aKJIlOlIeHHbIx B 3aKceHxaY3eHe eCTb CBH-
,aeTeJIbCTBa KOMMYHHCTa oepHxap,aa KaH,aTa, B npOllIJIOM
,aenYTaTa MeKJIeH6yprcKoro JIaH,aTara. nOcJIe oT6bIBaHHH
TpeXJ1eTHerO 3aKJIIOt.JeHHH B TlOpbMe 3a «rocy,aapCTBeHHYIO
H3MeHY», B ceHTH6pe 1939 ro,aa OH 6bIJI 6pollIeH B 3aKceH-
xaY3eH. nOHaqaJIY OH pa60TaJI Ha nOJIb3YIOllJ,eHCH ,aYPHOH
CJIaBOH cTpOHTeJIbHOH nJIOllJ,anKe «B03Be,aeHHe KJIHHKepa»:
« MbI ,aOJI)I(HbI 6bIJIH HaHeCTH Ha JIeCHYIO n01.JBY llIeCTb teT-
pOB neCKa. JIec He 6bIJI Bblpy6JIeH, 1.JTO ,aOJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa c,ae-
JIaTb CneUHaJIbHaH apMeHCKaH KOMaH,aa. TaM 6bIJIH COCHbI,
KaK 51 ceHt.Jac BcnoMHHalO, KOTOpbIM 6bIJIO JIeT no 100-120.
HH O,L(Ha H3 HHX He 6bIJIa BbIKopt.JeBaHa. 3aKJII01.JeHHbIM He
,aaBaJIH TonopOB. O,aHH H3 MaJIb1.JMllIeK ,aOJI)I(eH 6bIJI 3a-
53
6paTbCH Ha CaMbIH BepX, npHBH3aTb,U,JIHHHbIH KaHaT, a BHH-
3Y,IJ;BeCTH MY)((qHH ,IJ;OJI)KHbI 6bIJIH THHyrb ero. «B3MH! B3H-
JIH! B3HJIH!» rJIH,L(H Ha HHX, npHXO,Lurna MbICJIb 0 CTPOHTeJIb-
CTBe erHneTCKI1X nHpaMH,IJ;. Ha,IJ;CMOTpI.UHKaMH (Kano) Y
3THX 6bIBlllHX CJI)')KaI.UHX BepMaXTa 6bIJIH ,aBa eBpeR: BOJIb<p
H JIaxMaHH. 113 KopHeH BbIKOpqeBaHHbIX coceH OHH BbIPY-
6HJIH ,aBe ,IJ;y6HHbI H no Oqepe,aH JIynueBaJIH 3Toro MaJIb-
qHlllKY... TaK CKB03b H3,aeBaTeJIbCTBa, 6e3 JIOnaT H TonopOB
OHH BbIKOpqeBaJIH BMeCTe C KOpHHMH Bce COCHbI! 51 Bo06I.Ue
He ,aYMaJI, qTO TaKoe B03MO)KHO».
nOKa3aHHH rapH Ho,a)KOKCa H DepHxap,aa KaH,aTa no,a-
TBep)l()].alOTCH CBH,lJ,eTeJIbCTBOM o,aHoro H3 Bbl)KHBlllHX CAB-
apecTaHToB. B oKTH6pe 1946 ro,aa OH paCCKa3bIBaJI: «C yrpa
,ao Beqepa MbI 3aHHMaJIHCb «cnopTOM» (BbI Be,ab nOHHMae-
I
Te, qTO H no,apa3YMeBalO no,a CJIOBOM «cnopT»). nOCJIe Toro
KaK Ha B03Be,aeHHH' KJIHHKepa MbI pa60TaJIH C eBpeHMH,
60JIblllHHCTBO H3 Hac CTaJIO «MYCYJIbMaHaMH». 113 180 JIIO-
,aeH 3HMY 1939-1940 ro,aOB nepe)KHJIO He 60JIee nOJIOBH-
Hbi. Kor,aa 3HMa, HaKOHeu, MHHOBaJIa, Bcex CAB H30JIHpO-
BaJIH B 6JIOKe 12».
«1130JIHUHH» He 6bIJIa no,a06Ha «HcnpaBHTeJIbHOH pO-
Te», npOCTO 3C3COBUbI pelllHJIH 060c06HTb HaH60JIee HeHa-
BHCTHbIX HM apeCTaHTOB. AAb<ppe,a XeJIJIbpHreJIb, KOTOpbIH
KaK BoeHHO-nOJIHTHqeCKHH apeCTaHT npHHa,U,JIe)KaJI K no-
,a06HOH «IllTpa<pHOH pOTe», nepeQHCJIHJI 3TH rpynnHpoBKH,
npe6bIBaBlllHe B H30JIRUHH: «TOJIKOBaTeJIH DH6JIHH», rOMO-
ceKCYaJIHCTbI, CAB-apeCTaHTbI H TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe nOBTOp-
HbIe nOJIHTHqeCKI1e 3aKJIlOqeHHbIe. no CBe,aeHHHM <l>pHua
DpHHrMaHHa B «H30JIHUHH npe6bIBaJIH 6JIOKH 11, 12, 35, 36.
I1x OKPY)KaJI BbICOKHH 3a60p. TaK qTO JII06bIe KOHTaKTbI
6bIJIH HCKJIlOqeHbi. TOBapHI.UH, npe6bIBaBlllHe B H30JIHUHH,
)KHJIH B caMblX TH)I(eJIbIX YCJIOBHHX. OOHaqaJIY 3a60JIeBlllHX
BbIHOCHJIH H3 6JIOKa. O,aHaKo nOTOM, qT06bI H36e)KaTb JIIO-
6bIX KOHTaKTOB, B «IllTpa<pHoM 6JIOKe» CTaBHJICH lllKa<p C
Me,aHKaMeHTaMH H 6HHTaMH, a O,aHH H3 3aKJIIOqeHHbIX Ha-
54
3HaqaJICH CaHHTapOM». TeM He MeHee CTpaIllHee 3THX TH)Ke-
J1bIX YCJ10BHW cymecTBoBaHHH 6bIJ1H MyqeHHH, KOTOpbIM
OHH no,aBepraJIHCb co CTOpOHbI raynTIllapqnopepa CC Ey-
r,aaJIJ1H, KOTOpbIW CqHTaJI ce6H «OTBeTCTBeHHbIM 3a npOBe-
,aeHHe H30J1HUHH».
3aMeqaHHe feHpHxa K. OT TOM, qTO «H3 180 J11O,aew 3HMY
1939-1940 ro,aOB nepe)KHJ10 He 60J1ee n0J10BHHbI», npe,a-
CTaBJ1HeTCH BeCbMa y6e,aHTeJ1bHbIM. ECJ1H rOBopHTb 0 cyxow
3C3COBCKOW CTaTHCTHKe, TO B HOH6pe 1939 ro,aa B 3aKceH-
xaY3eHe OCTaJlCH 181 CAB-apecTaHT, B MapTe 1940 ro,aa -
102, a B anpeJ1e Bcero J1HIllb - 58. B HIOHe 1940 rOL(a B 3C3-
COBCKOH KapTOTeKe 3HaqHJIOCb TOJ1bKO 22 CAB-3aKJIIOQeH-
HbIX. He CTOHT ,aYMaTb, QTO Bce H3 HHX YMepJ1H. LJ:eJIo B TOM,
1.JTO 60JIbIllaH QaCTb li3 CAB-apeCTaHTOB 6bIJIa HanpaBJ1eHa
B J1arepb HoweHraMMe. feHpHX K. BCnOMHHaJI: «KaK TOJ1b-
KO npH6bIJ1 nepBbIW TpaHcnopT, L(J1H Toro I.JT06bI Hanpa-
BHTbCSI B TOJ1bKO QTO C03,aaHHbIW J1arepb HoweHraMMa, H3
H30J1HUHH BbIIllJ1H Bce, KTO Mor CTOSlTb - HaL(O HenpeMeH-
HO 6bIJIO nOKli,aaTb 3aKceHxaY3eH».
TOT <l>aKT, I.JTO TaKoe 60JIbIllOe KOJ1HI.JeCTBO CAB-ape-
CTaHTOB CMOrJIO Ha TpaHcnopTe BblpBaTbcH H3 «H30J1S1lJ.HH»,
06'bHCHHeTcH HeJ1eraJIbHOH opraHH3alJ.HeW nOJ1HTH1.JeCKHX
3aKJIIOQeHHbIX. fapH HOL()KOKC nHIlleT 06 OTHOIlleHHM K
CAB-3aKJIIOQeHHbIM, KOTopble OKa3aJ1HCb B «H30J1S1lJ.HM»:
«C 60J1bIllHM Tpy,aOM HaM y,aaJIOCb nOMOQb HeKOTopbIM H3
HHX nepe6paTbCSI C T]JaHcnopTOM B ,apyrow J1arepb». LJ:eJIO B
TOM, I.JTO BeCHOW 1940 ro,aa HoweHraMMe li3 «BHeIllHero»
npeBpaTHJ1CH B caMOCTOHTeJ1bHbIW J1arepb. OL(HaKO nOJIH-
THI.JeCKHe 3aKJIIOQeHHbIe, KOTopble nbITaJlHCb nOM01.Jb MOJIO-
L(bIM HeMlJ.aM, H npeL(nOJ1araTb He MOrJ1H, I.JTO B HoweHraM-
Me rocno,aCTBOBaJlH eme 60J1ee )KeCTOKHe HpaBbI. reHpHX
K. nHCaJI: «MbI nOnaJIH li3 orHH L(a B nOJIbIMSI!» CKOJ1bKO
CAB-apeCTaHTOB CMOrJ10 ,aO)KHTb L(O KOHlJ.a BTOpOti MlipO-
BOH BOWHbI, HeH3BeCTHO. feHpHX K., caM H3 I.JliCJIa «OC06bIX
COJI,aaT» CMeHHJI eme HeCKOJ1bKO J1arepeH: EyxeHBaJIbL(, LJ:a-
55
xay, Hau,BaHJIep. MHoroe YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, liTO TOJIbKO
e,L1HHHu,bI CMOrJIH ,L10)f(HTb ,L10 KpYllleHHH TpeTberO peHXa.
CMepTb 60JIbIIIHHCTBa «OC06bIX COJ1,L1aT», OKa3aBIllliXCH B
KOHu,eHTpaUHOHHbIX JIarepHX, eme O,L1I1H y6e,L1HTeJIbHbIH
npHMep, HaCKOJIbKO BepMaXT H HaUl10HaJI -COU,l1aJIHCTHlIe-
CKOe rOCY,L1apCTBO 6bIJII1 TeCHO nepenJIeTeHbI Me)I()I.Y c060i1
B H,L1eOJIOrlilleCKOM H nOJIHTHlIeCKOM CMbICJIe. OnHpaHCb Ha
ou,eHKH, MHeHHSlli np ,LI,JIO)f(eHI1H HeMeUKliX BOeHHblX nCM-
XHaT}JOB, 60JIbIIIHHCTBO H3 KOTOpbIX Y)f(e CO BpeMeH nep-
BOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI CTOHJIM Ha pacoBo-6H0J10rHlIeCKHX,
COUHaJI - ,L1apBI1HI1CTCKliX n03Mu,HHX, a n03)f(e 6e3 np06J1eM
nO)J).J.ep)f(aJlH H,L1eOJIOrHIO HapO,L1Horo co06meCTBa H paCHCT-
CKHe YCTaHOBKH HaUliCTOB, BepMaXT B npe)J).J.BepHH BOHHbl
6bIJI rOTOB H36aBliTbCH OT «6aJIJIaCTa» B BH,L1e «HenpHrO,L1HbIX
K cJIY)I(6e». 3TH He . O,L1XO,L1liBIIIHe no,L1 KpHTepMH apMeH-
CKOM BepXYIIIKH COJI,L1aTbl BO BHeCY,L1e6HOM nOPMKe cnHCbI-
BaJlHCb B KOHueHTpaUHOHHble JIarepH no,L1 BH,L10M «apMeM-
CKHX Bpe,L1HTeJIeti». npHlIeM 3TO npOMCXO,L1MJIO OTHIO,L1b He
no liHHUHaTHBe peHxc<plOpepa CC reHpHxa rHMMJIepa, a
Ha060pOT, n03blB IlleJI li3 caMoro BepMaXTa. KaK nHCaJI
BOCTOI.JHOrepMaHCKHH HCCJIe,L1oBaTeJIb BOJIb<praHr KepH B
CBoeM pa60Te «BHYTpeHHHH <PYHKU,HH BepMaXTa»: «Oce-
HblO 1937 rO,L1a B CTpYKTypax BepMaxTa, KOTopbIe 3aHHMa-
JIHCb «OC06bIMH n0,L1pa3,L1eJIeHHHMH», B03HHKJIa MbICJIb, liTO
COJI,UaTbI 3TliX <popMaUHH, «KOTopbIe npOTliBSITCH nepeBOC-
nHTaHHIO», ,L10JI)f(HbI nOKliHYTb pH,L1bl Boop}')KeHHblX CHJ1 H
npOBeCTH nOJIO)f(eHHOe BpeMH B pa60THbiX ,L10Max. DJ10M-
6epr BbIpa3HJI npliHu,HnHaJIbHOe COrJIaCHe C 3TOH li,L1eeH.
TeM BpeMeHeM BHYTpeHHliH OT,L1eJI 06mero ynpaBJIeHliH
BepMaXTa nOIlleJI eme ,L1aJIbIlle. 14 OKTH6pH 1937 r. DJIOM-
6epry 6bIJIO peKOMeH,L10BaHO OTKJIOHHTb 3TOT npoeKT, «TaK
KaK BocnHTaHMe n0,L106HbIX JIIO,L1eH 6blJIO 6bI ycneUJHee B
KOHueHTpau,MOHHOM JIarepe».
DJ1oM6epr COrJIaCHJICH C 3THM npe,LI,JIO)f(eHHeM. BepoHT-
HO, np" npMHHTliH 3Toro peIlleHliH Ba)f(HYIO pOJ1b HrpaJIa
56
TOt.JKa 3peHHSI HeMeUKOH BOeHHOH nCMXMaTpHH. Bo BCSlKOM
CJIyqae, Orro Byr (B TOT MOMeHT «nCHXHaTp-KOHCYJIbTaHT
npH CaHHTapHOM HHCneKTOpe apMHM») B CBOeH CTaTbe «Pa-
60THbIH ,aOM MJIii KOHueHTpaUHOHHbIH. JIarepb» BbICKa3bI-
BaJICSI HMeHHO B nOJIb3Y nOCJIe,aHerO. B 3TOM pa60Te OH
npHllIeJI K BbIBO,ay, t.JTO «pa3MeI.UeHHe B KOHueHTpaUHOH-
HOM iIarepe 6bIJIO 6bI HaH60JIee nO,aXO,USlI.UHM perneHHeM,
TaK KaK CnOC06Hbie HCnpaBHTbCSI npOlliJIH 6bI MHpOB03-
3peHt.JeCKOe BocnHTaHHe, a HeMcnpaBHMble 6bIJIH 6bI no,a
nOCTOSlHHbIM npHCMOTpOM BJIaCTeH».
TOJIbKO HeCKOJIbKO MeCSlueB cnYCTSI nOCJIe HananeHHSI
Ha nOJIbllIY, a BMeCTe C HHM H pocnYCKOM ,aOBoeHHbIX
«OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHH», B KOMaH,aOBaHHH BepMaXTa 6bI-
JIO npHHHTO pellIeHHe 0 nOBTopHOM C03,aaHHH ,aaHHbIX
llITpa<pHbIX e,aHHHU B COCTaBe pe3epBHOH apMHH. B03HH-
KaJIH OHM Ha llIeCTH CJIe,aYIOI.UHX nJIal.1J(apMax: WTa6JIaK,
BaH,aepH,AJIbTeHrpa60B, WBapue60pH, rpa<l>eHBep,«npo-
TeKTopaT» H ,LI.eJIJIepCxaMM. 3anaHHe 3TMX «OC06bIX no,apa3-
,aeJIeHMH» pe3epBHOH apMHH 3Hat.JHJIOCb CJIe,aYIOI.UHM 06pa-
30M: «1136aBJIeHHe pe3epBHbIX t.JaCTeH OT TPy,aHOBocnHT)'e-
MbIX CJIY)I(aI.UHX». H npH 3TOM, «peKpYTbI He ,aOJI)I(Hbl
nonanaTb B oc06bIe no,apa3,aeJIeHHSI pe3epBHOM apMHH».
npOUMTHpOBaHHaSl HHCTPYKUHSI - 3TO npiit.JMHa Toro,
t.JTO t.JHCJIO BoeHHblX «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHMH» BCKope CHO-
Ba CTaJIO COKpaI.UaTbCSI. rJIaBHbIH nOJIeBOH Bpat.J ,aOKTOp Byr
Ha3bIBaJI CJIe,aylOI.UYIO npHt.JHHY 3Toro npouecca: «Oc06bIe
no,apa3,aeJIeHHSI 6bIJIM pacnYI.UeHbI B Hat.JaJIe BOHHbI, o,aHa-
KO 3aTeM B03HHKJIM CHOBa. Ho, Ka)l(eTCSI, 3TOT <paKT He 6bIJI
H3BeCTeH HH Bpat.JaM COOTBeTCTBYIOI.UHX BoeHHblX t.JaCTeH,
HH o<pHuepaM caHHTapHo-nCMXHaTpHt.JeCKMX OT,aeJIeHHH
BoeHHbIX rOCnHTaJIeH. C HHMH HiiKTO He COBeTOBaJICSI, TaK
KaK O<pMuepbI )l(aJIOBaJIHCb, H60 He 3HaJIH, KaK 06XO,aHTbCSI
C ynpSlMbIMM, aCOUMaJIbHbIMM, B036y,aiiMbIMH COJI,aaTaMM M
HapYlllHTeJISlMH». B HTore, no ,aaHHbIM BYTa, K BeCHe 1940
ro,aa B HOBbIX «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHSlX» t.JMCJIHJIOCb Bcero
57
JIHllIb 200 qeJIOBeK. B HTore qaCTb «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIe-
HHH» 6bIJIa npOCTO-HanpOCTO pacnYIlI.eHa B CH.JIY CBoeM He-
Ha,a06HOCTH. nO,a06HOMY pa3BHTHIO C06bITHH MOrJIO cno-
C06cTBoBaTb Y)f(eCTOqeHHe BoeHHOH IOpHcnpy,aeHUHH, KO-
Topoe Ha6JIIO,aarrocb B HaqaJIe BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI.
A 3TO, B CBOIO Oqepe,ab, BeJIO K TOMY, qTO 3a JII06bIe npOBHH-
HOCT" MO)f(HO 6bIJIO yro,aHTb no,a TPH6YHaJI. BoeHHbIe Cy,abI
CTaJIH ,aeHcTBoBaTb 3HaqHTeJIbHee 6bIcTpee, a HCnOJIHeHHe
HaKa3aHHH B BepMaxTe 6bIJIO nOCTaBJIeHO Ha nOTOK. Co-
rJIaCHO CBO,aHOMY OTqeTY reopra TecHHa «l{acTH H no,apa3-
,aeJIeHHH BepMaxTa H Ba<p<peH-CC», B HHBape 1940 ro,aa B
COCTaBe pe3epBHoM apMHH OCTaBaJIOCb Bcero JIHllIb l.JeTbIpe
«OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHH».
B BoeHHO-MOpCKOM <pJIoTe HaqHHaH C OKTH6pH 1939 ro-
,aa ,aeHcTBOBaJIO «0 60e no,apa3,aeJIeHHe BOCTOK (6aJITHH-
CKoe Mope»), pacnOJIaraBllIeeCH B OKpeCTHOCTHX aHUHra.
3Ta e,aHHHua H3BeCTHa TaK)I(e no,a Ha3BaHHeM «Oc060e BO-
eHHoe no,apa3,aeJIeHHe XeJIa». B JIIO<pTBa<p<pe COrJIaCHO
npHKa3Y OT 30 HHBapH 1940 ro,aa Ha MeCTe pacnYIll.eHHOrO B
HaI.JaJIe BOHHbI «Oc060ro no,apa3,aeJIeHHH 7 L» B JIeHnUHre
6bIJI C<pOpMHpoBaH «OpoBepOI.JHbIH JIarepb JIIO<pTBa<p<pe».
3a OCHOBY C03,aaHHH «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHH», KaK H B
MHpHoe BpeMH, 6bIJIH B3HTbI <Ope,anHcaHHH ,l]JlH OC06bIX
no,apa3,aeJIeHHH BepMaXTa». Ho OHH 6bIJIH CYIll.eCTBeHHO
,aonOJIHeHbI npHHHTbIM 7 ,aeKa6pH 1939 ro,aa npHKa30M
«0 BHyrpeHHeM pacnopH,aKe B OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHHX pe-
3epBHoH apMHH». HeceHHe CJIY)l(6bI B OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIe-
HHHX CTaHOBHJIOCb npe,aeJIbHO CTporHM.
TeM BpeMeHe KOMaH,aOBaHHe BepMaxTa pellIMJIO OKOH-
qaTeJIbHO H36aBHTbCH OT «npHHHKa», OCTaBHB TOJIbKO «KHyr».
B HOBbIX «HHCTPYKUWHX no ynpaBJIeHHIO OC06bIMH no,a-
pa3,aeJIeHHHMM pe3epBHoH apMHM» 3TO Haxo,aMJIO Bblpa)l(e-
HHe B CJIe,aYIOIlI.MX ceHTeHUWHX: «CocTaB OC06bIX no,apa3,ae-
JIeHHH ,aOJI)I(eH 6bITb npoMH<popMMpoBaH, I.JTO nepeBO,a B
oc060e no,apa3,aeJIeHWe HBJIHeTCH ,aJIH HMX nOCJIe,aHHM
58
IllaHCOM C<I>OpMl1pOBaTb npaBI1JIbHble B3rJIH,abI Ha )K113Hb 11
COJI,aaTCKI1W,aOJIr. nOCJIe TpeXMeCHt.JHOrO I1CnbITaHI1H 11 ne-
peBOCnl1TaHI1H CJIY)Kaml1e ,aOJI)I(Hbl 6bITb B03BpameHbI B
pH,abI ,aeWCTBYlOmI1X t.JaCTeW, ,aa6bI npO,aOJI)KI1Tb BblnOJIHHTb
CBOI1 06H3aHHOCTI1 no 3aml1Te OTet.JeCTBa, KaK TO HaL(JIe)KI1T
HOpMaJIbHblM COJI,aaTaM. ECJII1 )l(e B YKa3aHHble CpOKI1 He
y,aaCTCH ,aOCTl1rHyrb ,aaHHOH ueJII1, TO 3TI1 OTmeneHUbI 113-
rOHHIOTCH 113 Hapo,aHoro co06meCTBa 11 HanpaBJIHIOTCH B
KOHueHTpau.110HHbIW JIarepb... OT,aeJIbHO HanO 06'bHCHI1Tb,
t.JTO ,ae3epTl1pCTBO 11 npot.Jl1e n030pHble HBJIeHI1H 6y,ayr Ka-
paTbCH CMepTblO. CJI 6a, KOTopaH B OC060M no,apa3,aeJIe-
HI1I1 ,aOJI)KHa HBJIHTb c060w BOCnl1TaHl1e 11 TH)KeJIbIW <1>11311-
t.JeCKWW TPY,a, ,aOJI)I(Ha COCTaBJIHTb Ha MeHee 10-14 t.JaCOB B
,aeHb. 06pameHwe C nYJIeMeTOM W MeTaHwe rpaHaT 3anpe-
maeTCH. nOcJIe OKOHt.JaHWH pa60Tbi CJIY)I(amwe ,aOJI)KHbI 3a-
HI1MaTb CBoe MeCTO B Ka3apMax. OHW He nOJIYt.JaIOT oTnyc-
KOB. npl1 nOXBaJIbHOM nOBe,aeHWW OHW MorYT nOJIYt.JWTb
YBOJIbHWTeJIbHYJO... CJI}')Kamwe OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHWW no-
JIYt.JaIOT naeK B pa3Mepe 80% OT 06blt.JHoro npo,aOBOJIbCTBeH-
Horo cHa6)1(eHWH, XJIe6a OHW ,aOJI)KHbI nOJIYt.JaTb 650 rpaM-
MOB Ha ,aeHb».
B03,aeWCTBwe 3Toro )KeCTKOro ,al1cu.WruII1HapHOro pe)Kl1-
Ma CMor npOt.JYBCTBOBaTb cpe,aw npOt.JHX P06epT lllTaWH,
KOTOpblW 3 ceHTH6pH 1940 rO)la 6blJI npH3BaH B BepMaxT.
B CWJIY «nOJIHTWt.JeCKOW He6JIaroHa,ae)l(HOCTH B rpa)l()].aH-
CKOW )KH3HW» 7 ceHTH6pH 1940 ro,aa OH 6bIJI HanpaBJIeH B
«oc060e no,apa3,aeJIeHHe IX», KOTopoe pacnOJIaraJIOCb B
lllBapueH60pHe. OH BCnOMHHaJI: «Hy,aa, H nOJIyqHJI TO,
I.JTO H CTOHJIO O)l(H,aaTb. 516blJI CTpaillHO H36HT H apeCTOBaH.
o no,a06HbIX aKUHHX npHHHTO rOBopHTb, t.JTO OHH npoxo-
,aHJIH «no,a nOKpOBOM HOt.JH». B lllBapueH60pHe H YBl1,lI.eJI
,aHKYIO MeCTHOCTb. TaM He 6bIJIO HHI.JerO, ,aIDKe nOlJTbI. Me-
HH 06JIat.JHJIH, KaK Y)Ke 300 WJIH 400 t.JeJIOBeK, npe6bIBaBIllHX
TaM, B t.JeIllCKYIO YHH<I>OPMY. TaM ,aa)l(e Kapa6HHbI 6bIJIH
t.JelliCKHe. BocnHTbIBaH ,aHCUHruIHHY, Hac C yrpa,ao Bet.Jepa
59
rOH JIH no nJIauy. 3a cnHHOW 6bIJI plOK3aK C ny,aOM KaMHeti.
Kor,aa MYIllTpa 3aKaHl.J]1BaJIaCb, MbI na;:(aJIH C Hor OT YCTa-
JIOCTH».
nOKa3aHH 3Toro lllTpa<l>HHKa KoppeKTHpYIOT TO\.lKY
3peHH reopra TeCHHa, KOTOpblti yrBep)l(,L1aJI, \.ITO Bce «OCO-
6bIe no,apa3,aeJIeHH » 3anaCHOW apMHH 6bIJIH JIHKBH,aHpO-
BaHbI B Mae 1942 ro,aa. 3TO He COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO ,l1eWCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH. DepJIHHCKoe «DIOPO cnpaBOK 0 norH6111HX 80H-
Hax BepMaXTa H nonaBlllHX B nJIeH» COXpaHl1JIO KapTOTeKY
«OC06bIX no,apa3,l1eJIeHHW», H3 KOTOpOW CJ1e,ayeT, \.ITO MHO-
rHe «oc06bIe no,apa3,aeJIeHH » npo,aOJI)I(aJIH CYlll.eCTBOnaTb
,ao KOHua 1942 ro,aa, a «oc060e no,apa3,aeJIeHHe IX» ,aewcT-
BOBaJlO B WBapueH60pHe e,aBa JIH He ,ao KOHu.a MapTa 1945
ro,aa. He COOTBeTcTByeT ,aewcTBHTeJIbHOCTH H n03Hu.H HC-
TopHKa <l>paHua 3atiMepa, KOTOpblW B pa60Te «BoeHHa
IOCTl1UHR B HeMeUKoM BepMaxTe» nHCaJI: «Bo BpeM BOWHbl
H3 OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHW pe3epBHoti apMHH HHKTO He
6bIJI nepe,aaH B PYKH nOJIHUHH». Ha caMOM ,aeJIe «oc06ble
no,apa3.lI.eJIeHH pe3epBHoti apMHH» OXOTHO npl16eraJIH K
3T0l1 B03MO)l(HOCTH, HO C <J>eBpaJI 1942 ro,aa OHa CTaJIa
npHBHJIerMeW «OC06bIX nOJIeBbIX 6aTaJIbOHOB».
OC06blW nOJIeBOW 6aTaJIbOH 6bIJI c<l>opMHpoBaH 24 aBry-
CTa 1941 ro,aa. B ero COCTaB BOlllJIH TPH OC06bIX nOJleBblX
no,apa3.lI.eJIeHH , KOTopble 6bUlH C03,aaHbI 1 <peBpaTI 1940 ro-
,aa KaK ,aonOJIHeHHe «OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHw» pe3epBHoH
apMHH. B 3TH nOJIeBble no,apa3,aeJIeHH MOrJIH nona,aaTb
KaK «BblnYCKHHKH» pe3epBHbIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHtf, KOTopble
,aOKa3aJIH CBOIO npHro,aHOCTb ,LI)1R apMHH, TaK H Te <ppOHTO-
Bble COJI,aaTbI, KOTopble COBeplllHJIH He3Hay.HTeJIbHble npo-
CT)'nKH - OHH He nona;:(aJIH no,a TPH6YHaJI, HO Bce paBHO
,l10JDKHbI 6bIJIH npOMTl1 «KYpC nepeBocnHTaHH ».
CJIY)l(6a B OC060M nOJIeBOM 6aTaJIbOHe, KOTOpbIW C\.IH-
TaJIC o,aHOBpeMeHHO 11 lllTpa<pHbIM, 11 BocnHTaTeJIbHbIM
yqpe)l{,ll,eHl1eM, 6bIJIa elll.e CJIO)l{Hee, He)l(eJIH cJIy)I(6a B «oco-
6bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHH X» pe3epBHoH apMHH. C OKT 6pR 1941
60
ro,aa OC06bIH nOJIeBOM 6aTaJIbOH 6bIJ1 nepeKHHyr Ha Boc-
TOqHbIM <PPOHT. CJIY)f(alll.HX oc060ro nOJIeBOrO 6aTaJIbOHa
HY)I{HO 6bIJ10 npHBJIeKaTb «K TSI)I{eJIOMY <pH3HlJeCKOMY Tpy-
,ay H CTpOrOMY apMeMCKOMY BOCnHTaHHJ<;> B npH<PPOHTOBOM
30He, MaKCHMaJIbHO 6JIH3KO K BOIOIOllJ.I1M BOHCKaM, lJTO
,aOJI)I{HO 6bIJIO SlBJIHTbCSI OnaCHbIM 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBOM».
Tpy,a 6bIJI 06S13aTeJIbHbIM YCJIOBHeM. B 6y,aHH Ha)])Ie)l{a-
JIO pa60TaTb He MeHbIlle 10 lJaCOB, B BOCKpeceHbe - He Me-
Hee 4 lJaCOB. npHlJeM pe4b I.llJIa He npOCTO 0 TH)I{eJIOM TJJy,ae,
a 06 onaCHOM H TSI)f(eJ10M TPy,ae: pa3MHHHpOBaHHH, CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBe 6J1HH,aa)l{eM, norpe6eHHH TeJI.
B ,aaHHOM CJIyqae cJI)T)K6a B OC060M nOJ1eBOM 6aTaJIbOHe
nOJ1HOCTblO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIa TOMY, lJTO npe,aJIaraJIH He-
MeUKHe BoeHHbIe nCHXHaTpbI. MbI MO)f{eM BcnOMHHTb, liTO
,aOKTOp CHMOH, CCbIJIaSlCb Ha «nCHxonaTOB», H3JIaraJI TOqKy
3peHHSI 0 «CHH)f{eHHH onaCHOCTH OT HHX B TPy,aOBbIX no,a-
pa3,aeJIeHHSlX». ,lJ;OKTOp BaMJIep B SlHBape 1940 ro,aa H3JIaraJI
ropa3,a0 60JIee lJeTKyIO KapTHHY npHMeHeHHSI «OC06bIX no-
JIeBbIX COJI,aaT»: «TaK KaK BOHHCKaSl lJaCTb ,aOJI)I{Ha OCB060-
)l(,aaTbCH OT no,a06HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, TO HX H)T)KHO pa3Melll.aTb
B OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHHSlX. B HHX OHH ,aOJI)f(HbI HeCTH BO-
eHHYIO CJIY)I{6y no,a Bpa)f{eCKHM 06CTpeJIOM, B YCJIOBHSlX
CTporo ,aHCUHnJII1HapHOro pe)f(HMa, C naMKOM, ,aOCTaT04-
HbIM TOJIbKO .lI.J1S1 nOMep)l{aHHSI )f(H3HeHHO Ba)f(HbIX <PYHK-
UHM, H npOlJHX onaCHOCTeM BOMHbI. Hx yqacTb c,aep)l{HT no-
pbIBbI ,aPyrHx, KOTopble nonbITalOTCSI MeUJaTb BoeHHoti
cJ1Y)f{6e». B TO BpeMH KaK 60JIbUJHHCTBO apMeticKHx nCHXH-
aTpOB pa3MbIIllJISlJIO 06 MCnOJIb30BaHHH «nCHxonaTOB»,
BoeHHoe PYKOBO,aCTBO nOlllJIO COBepIlleHHO ,aPyrHM nyreM.
CPOK npe6bIBaHHH B OC060M nOJIeBOM 6aTaJIbOHe ,aOJ1)f(eH
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MI1»). MaKCHMaJIbHbIti CpOK CJ1Y)f(6bI B OC060 f 6aTaJIbOHe
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Il.I.eHHe B ,lI,eMcTBYlOllI.YIO lJaCTb, HJIH nepe,aalJa B PYKI1 nOJIH-
61
UHH KaK Hecnoco6HOrO K YCOBepI.lleHCTBOBaHHIO, TO eCTb
HanpaBJIeHHe B KOHueHT}JaUHOHHbIH JIarepb. 3a6eraSl Bne-
pe , MO)f(HO CKa3aTb, liTO B nepMO C 1938 no 1944 ro B KOH-
ueHTpaUMOHHbIe JIarepSl H3 BepMaxTa 6bIJIO HanpaBJIeHO
OKOJIO TbICSllIH COMaT. KaK MHHHMYM ,LJ;Be T}JeTH npH6bIBaJIO
B JIarepSl H3 OC06bIX no pa3 eJIeHHH M oco6oro 6aTaJIbOHa.
rnaBa 4
nOnEB EAPECTAHTCKMEnOAPA3AEnEHMH
M WTPACI)H E nOnEB E nArEPH
1 0 OKTSl6pSl 1941 ro a «<I>eJ1bKHI.lle 6eo6aXTep» «< Ha-
pO HbIM o603peBaTeJIb))) BbII.lleJI C nepe oBHueH, Ha KOTO-
pOM KpaCOBaJICSI orpoMHbIM 3arOJIOBOK «IJac np06HJI: noxo
Ha BocToKe npe pei.ueH!» nOTpe6oBaJIOCb ueJIbIX Ba MecSI-
ua, lITo6bI B eKa6pe 1941 ro a OKOHlIaTeJIbHO npM3HaTb,
liTO HeCMOTpH Ha OrpOMHble nOTepM ueJIb HeMeUKHX CTpa-
TerOB - CKopOTellHbIM pa3rpOM KpaCHOH ApMHH - TaK H
He 6bIJIa ocTHrHyra. BnepeLU1 6bIJIa 3HMa, K KOTOpOM Bep-
MaXT OKa3aJICSI He rOTOB. MacwTa6 OI.llH6KH, KOTopaSl 6bIJIa
paCTHpa)l{HpOBaHa «Hapo HbIM o603peBaTeJIeM)), nOKa3bI-
BaeT HeBHHK reHepaJI-nOJIKOBHHKa raJIb epa. Weep feHe-
paJIbHOrO lllTa6a cyxonyrHoH apMHH cL{eJIaJI 9 eKa6pSl 1941
ro a CJIe ylOrnylO 3anHCb: «Eece a C epeJIb MapWaJIOM <poH
EOKOM: ry epHaH coo6maeT, liTO COCTOSlHHe BOHHCKHX
lIaCTeM HaCTOJIbKO KpHTHlIHoe, liTO TOT He 3HaeT, KaK aJIee
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OBepHSI» B lIaCTSlX. EoeBaSl cnoco6HoCTb neXOTbI na aeT!
B rJIy6oKoMTbIJIyco6HpalOTCSI Bce oc1)'nHbIeCl1J1bI... fpyn-
na apMHH OCTpO H aeTcSI B JIIO SlX!»
ECJIH B HOSl6pe 1941 rOL{a HeMeUKHe lIaCTH Ha BOCTOll-
HOM eppoHTe HcnbITbIBaJIH He OCTaTOK B 340 TblCSllIax lIe-
J10BeK, TO nOCJIe ycneI.llHOrO COBeTCKoro KOHTpHaC1)'nJIe-
HHSI no MOCKBOH «Ka pOBbIH eepHUHT» COCTaBJ1S1J1 y)l{e
62
625 TbICSl4 4eJIOBeK. BbIcoKHe nOTepH, KOTopble 6bI.11H 3a-
nJIaHHpOBaHbI KOMaH OBaHHeM BepMaxTa TOJIbKO Ha nep-
BbIe JIeTHHe MeCSlUbI «BOCTOqHOH KaMnaHHH», Y aJIOCb KaK-
TO KOMneHCHpOBaTb JIHlllb K BeCHe 1942 ro a. Ho nOJIHO-
CTblO YKOMnJIeKTOBaTb apMHIO He Y aJIOCb HH npH nOMOlll.H
«aKUHH npOlJeCbIBaHHSI», HH npH nOMOlll.H BHe,IJ,peHHSI B
SlHBape 1942 ro a HHCTHT)'Ta IllTa6HbIX nOMOlll.HHU, HH npH
nOMOlll.H pyrHx MeponpHSlTHH. DOJIbIllaSl lJaCTb HeMeUKHX
nopIDKeHHH COnpOBO)l(,l1,aJIaCb MaCCOBbIMH 06MOp0)f(eHHH-
MH, TaK KaK BepMaxT B paMKax C1'paTerHH MOJIHHeHOCHOH
BOHHbI He 6bIJI no rOTOBJIeH K Be,IJ,eHHIO 60eBbIx eHCTBHH B
YCJIOBHSlX CypOBOH 3HMbI. HaKOHeu, PYKOBO CTBO BepMaxTa
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)l(H 1923 rO,IJ,a pO)l(,l1,eHHSI, XOTSI 3TO nJIaHHpOBaJIOCb C eJIaTb
TOJIbKO ro cnYCTSI. B aHaJIHTH4eCKOH 3anHCKe «Doecno-
C06HOCTb BepMaxTa B Ha4aJIe 1942 ro a», no rOTOBJIeHHOH
B HIOHe 1942 rO,IJ,a,l])ISI reHepaJIbHOrO IllTa6a, C006ll1.aJIOCb
CJIe YlOllI.ee: « De3 M06HJIH3aUHH MOJIO,IJ,e)f(H 1923 rO,IJ,a P0)f(-
,lJ,eHHSI He HMeeTCSI HHKaKOH B03MO)f(HOCTH KOMneHCHpo-
BaTb Henpe BH eHHbIe BbICOKHe nOTepH, nOHeceHHbIe B
xo e JIeTHeH KaMnaHHH».
B 3TOH cMTyaUHH npHlllJIOCb H3MeHSlTb CHCTeMY HCnOJI-
HeHHSI HaKa3aHHH, CYllI.eCTBOBaBIllYIO paHee B BepMaXTe, H
npH3bIBaTb B apMHIO Tex, KTO elll.e He aBHO C4HTaJICSI «He-
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YCJIOBHSlX Be eHHSI BOHHbI TOT4ac OJI)f(Ha a,aanTHpOBaTbCSI
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nOJIb30BaTbCSI Ha BOCT04HOM <ppoHTe... BnpOlJeM, HeKOTO-
pble H3 OCY)I()].eHHbIX B 6Y YllI.eM He MorYT, no KpaHHeH
Mepe, He cpa3Y, nonaCTb B COCTaB CpIDKalOllI.HXCSI peryJISlp-
HbIX 'laCTeH. CTI1MYJIOM ,IJ,OJI)I(HO CTaTb Y)I(eCT04eHHe no-
p5l Ka H H<p<pepeHUHaUHSI oT6bIBaHHSI HaKa3aHHH ,IJ,JISI
63
3JIeMeHTOB, OTOpble XOTHT nOCpe,l(CTBOM HaKa3aHHH no-
KHHyrb <PPOHT. C 3TOH ueJIblO Cpa3Y )l(e HY)f{HO BbIHBHTb
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HO, liTO CneUHaJIbHO oT06paHHbIe apeCTaHTbI no,aB03HJIHCb
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ray, EpYX3aJIH, <l>paM6ypra, fpay,aeHua 11 T.,a. ,lJ.J1H no,a60pa
no,axo,aHlllHX KaH.Li.I1,aaTYP 6bIJIa no,arOTOBJIeHa HHCTPYK-
UHH, B KOTOpOM rOBOpHJIOCb:
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n06erH. B HIOHe 1942 ro,ay Kpyr nOTeHu,HaJIbHbIX CJIY)f(a-
llJ,HX nOnOJIHHJICH TeMH, KTO HMeJI CpOKH 3aKJIIOlleHHSI He
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64
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ray npl1llleJI npl1Ka3 Q>OpMl1pOBaTb lllTpa<pHble nOJIeBble JIa-
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3 - 228
65
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MaXTa HM XJ1e6a,' HH CHrapeT. H3pe,l(Ka CMrapeTbI H XJ1e6
c6paCbIBaJIHCb Ha 3eMJ11O C npOe3)1(aBlllHX MHMO rpY30BI1-
KOB. OLI.HaKO TOT, KTO BbIXO,lJ,HJI H3 CTpOH, lJT06bI nO,lJ,HHTb
HX, Tyr)l(e paCCTpeJ1HBaJICH 3a nonbITKY K 6erCTBY».
66
OTHOIlleHMe K apeCTaHTaM He M3MeHMJIOCb, .n.a)l(e Kor.n.a
OHM npM6bIJIH K MecT)' Ha3HalJeHMSI B KHpKeHec M neTca-
MO. npeCJIe.n.yeMbIe KaK «BoeHHbIe Bpe.n.MTeJIM, HOCMTeJII1
Bpa)l(j],e6HOrO .n.yxa» MJIM TaIOKe KaK «CJIa6bIe JIIO.n.M, lJblO
CJIa60CTb HeJIb3S1 nepeBocnHTaTb, a JIMIllb YCTpaHMTb np"
nOMOllJ,M HaKa3aHI1H», OHH no.n.BepraJIMCb BceB03MO)l(HbIM
M3.n.eBaTeJIbCTBaM. «no CBI1.n.eTeJIbCKMM nOKa3aHMSlM, y
KOHBOMpOB M H3,[(311paTeJIeM 6bIJIM nOJIHOCTblO pa3BSl3aHbI
PYKM, MX 6eCnOlll.a.LJ.HOCTb He 3HaJla rpaHMU. 3a Ha.LJ.YMaH-
HbIMM nOBo.n.aMM apeCTaHTOB M36MBaJlM MJIM paCCTpeJIMBa-
JIM. nOBe.n.eHMe OT.n.eJIbHbIX o<pMuepOB M H3,[(3MpaTeJIeM rpa-
HMlJMJIO C ca.n.M3MOM». O.n.MH M3 no.n.06HbIX npMMepOB B
1951 ro.n.y Onl1CbIBaJI )l(ypHaJI «ill nMreJIb»: «B JIarepe SI CJIbI-
lllaJI, KaK O.llHOMY 113 COJI.n.aT-IllTpa<pHMKOB 6bIJI OT.n.aH npM-
Ka3 no.n.HSlTb CTBOJI .n.epeBa. Ho TOT 6bIJI CJIMlllKOM cJIa6 ,II)1S1
3Toro. K HeMY npH6JIM3MJICSI JIeMTeHaHT M nOBTOpMJI CBOM
npMKa3 elll.e TPM pa3a. ll1Tpa<pHMK BHOBb M BHOBb nbITaJlCSI
C.n.BMHYTb nOBaJleHHOe .n.epeBo, HO 6e3ycnelliHO. B MTore
eMY BbIcT}JeJII1JIM B rOJIOBY».
LI.JHI Toro lJT06bI COKpbITb no.n.06HbIe y6MMcTBa B pacno-
pSl)f(eHMM Ha.n.cMOTplll.MKOB nOJIeBbIX IllTpa<pHbIX JIarepeM
MMeJIMCb CneUMaJlbHbIe <POPMYJISlpbI, B KOTopbIe BHOCHJIMCb
JIMIllb MMeHa )l(epTB. B .n.aHHoM 6JIaHKe 3HalJI1JIMCb cJIe.n.ylO-
Il.I.He cBe.n.eHI1S1: «TaKoM-To apecTaHT 6bIJI BMHOBeH B lJpe3-
BbIlJaMHOM .n.McUMnJIMHapHOM HapYIlleHMM, 3a liTO 6bIJI Ka3-
HeH. norpe6eH Ha TaKOM-TO KJIa.n.6MllI.e. 113Belll.eHMSI 0
cMepTM M HeKpOJIOrM 3anpelll.eHbI».
1 aBrycTa 1942 ro.n.a 6bIJI C03.n.aH T}JeTMM IllTpa<pHoM JIa-
repb. A B KOHue 1942 ro.n.a nOJIeBbIe lllTpacpHbIe JIarepSl ne-
peHeCJIM C n06epe)l(bSl JIe.n.oBMToro OKeaHa Henocpe.n.CTBeH-
HO Ha BOCTOlJHbIH cppOHT. TeM BpeMeHeM B cpopTe Topray
rOTOBHJIMCb K OTnpaBKe HOBbIe TpaHcnopTbI C lllT}Ja<pHMKa-
MM. BepHep Kpaycc, lIJIeH «KpacHoM KaneJIJIbI», KOTOpblM
CM.n.eJI B <popTe KaK onaCHbIM npeCT)'nHMK, 6bIJI 3HaKOM C
6bITOM IllT}Ja<pHMKoB. B 3TOH CBSl3M OH 3aMelJaJI: «06palll.e-
67
HMe co IllTpacpHMKaMM 6bIJIO x)')Ke HeKY,lJ,a. OHM CMCTeMaTM-
lIeCKM M3MaTbIBaJlMCb rOJIO,lJ,OM M n060SlMH. npH B03Bpalll.e-
HI1M M3 <I>HHJISlH,lJ,MM TaKOH Jlarepb no nyrM TepSlJI e,lJ,Ba JlM
He 75% apeCTaHTOB).
B nepBbIM nepMO.u ,lJ,eSlTeJIbHOCTM IllTpacpHoro nOJIeBOrO
JIarepH II (MaH - ,lJ,eKa6pb 1942 rO,lJ,a) 6bIJIO COCTaBJIeHO 60-
JIee T04Hoe npe,lJ,CTaBJleHMe 0 nOTepSlX. 3Ta np06JICMa OCBe-
llI.aJlaCb pa3J1M'lHbIMH ,lJ,OKYMeHTaMM, B TOM lIMCJIe Me,lJ,M-
UMHCKMM OT4eTOM. CTapIllMH IllTa6HOH Bpa4 Tayxep, B Te-
lIeHMe ,lJ,BYX ,lJ,HeH npOBO,lJ,MBlllMHI1HCneKUMIO, nHCaJI 23 ,lJ,e-
Ka6pSl 1942 rO,lJ,a: «06ll1.ee BnellaTJIeHHe 6bIJIO Y,lJ,PYlIalOl.Ue
nJIOXI1M. B oc06eHHOCTI1 3TO KaCaJlOCb JIIO,lJ,eH, KOTopble
Y)f(e ,lJ,06pbIX 4 He,lJ,eJIM He pa60TaJlM, a OCTaBaJlHCb B )f(eJIe3-
HO,lJ,OpO)f(HOM COCTaBe B PeBeJle... 3HaSl npe,lJ,nHCaHI1S1 ,lJ,JISI
IllTpacpHbIX JlarepeH, He O)J(M,lJ,aJI 06HapY)f(MTb y apeCTaHTOB
O)f(HpeHHSI, HO CTeneHb I1CTOlll.eHMSI HenpMSlTHO nopa)f(a-
eT... EOJ1blllOe KOJIM4eCTBO apeCTaHTOB )f(aJlyeTcSI Ha O,lJ,bIIll-
KY, 06MOpOKH npM nO,lJ,'beMe M HaKJIOHaX, cep.ue4HbIC 60JIH.
3TM )f(aJl06bI flBJ1S1IOTCH CJIe,lJ,CTBMeM ,lJ,MCTpOcpMH. 06cJIe,lJ,0-
BaHl1e nOKa3aJ10 n04TI1 Y Bcex 04eHb HM3Koe KpOBSlHoe ,lJ,aB-
JIeHHe 11 Me,lJ,JleHHbIH nYJlbC. Pa60Ta cep,lJ,ua 6bIJIa OlleHb
Me,lI,JIeHHaSl, 3BYKM 6MeHHH rJIYXl1e, CJ1a6bIe. UBeT JlMua ce-
pbIH M 6JIe,lJ,HbIH. Ha,lJ,o nO,lJ,YMaTb Ha)], TeM, 4TO Cpe,lJ,M ape-
CTaHTOB MHoro MOJIO,lJ,bIX, KOTopbIe HY)I{)],alOTCSI B nMTaHMI1
rOpa3,lJ,0 60JlbIlle, He)f(eJIM nO)f(MJlble JIIO,lJ,M... MHO)f(eCTBO
apeCTaHTOB CTpa,lJ,aeT OT 06MOpO)f(eHMH naJIbueB Hor BTO-
pOM M TpeTbeM CTeneHM).
ECJIM npMBJIeKaTb ,lJ,PyrMe I1CT04HHKM, TO CTaHOBMTCSI
OlleBM,lJ,HbIM, 4TO 113 600 apeCTaHTOB IllTpacpHoro JIarepSl II,
KOTopbIe B Mae 1942 rO,lJ,a 6bIJll1 nOCJIaHbI B HanpaBJIeHMM
nOJISlpHOrO Kpyra M3 TlOpbMbI BepMaxTa Topray-EpYKeH-
Koncpl1H, K 3MMe OT XOJlO,lJ,a M rOJlO,lJ,a norH6Jla KaK MMHM-
MYM nHTasI lIaCTb. no HeKOTopbIM ,lJ,aHHbIM, KIDK,[(bIH l'peTMH.
KCTaTM, no ,lJ,aHHbIM 06CJIe,lJ,OBaHMSI ,lJ,OKTOpa Tayxepa, M3
68
400 apeCTaHTOB TOJIbKO 82 lIeJIOBeKa 6bIJIM B HOpMaJlbHOH
fPOpMe, a COCTOHHMe 3,lJ,OpOBbH n03BOJIIDIO pa60TaTb. CXO)l(Me
nponopUHM cymccTBOBaJlM TaIOKe B lllTpacpHbIx JIarepHX I M
III. BMecTe C TeM Bce YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, lJTO B YKa3aHHbIM
nepHO,lJ, B nOJIeBbIX lllT}JacPHbIX JIarepHX BepMaXTa npMMe-
HHJIaCb npaKTI1Ka, KOTopaH B KOHueHTpaUMOHHbIX JIarepHX
Ha3bIBaJIaCb «YHMlJTO)l(eHl1e TPY,lJ,OM». Kor,lJ,a BoeHHbIM CY-
,lJ,bH <l>PMU XO,lJ,ec KaK nOCTOHHHbIM COTPY,lJ,HMK «)I(YPHaJla
BoeHHoro npaBa» Y)f(e B 1940 ro,lJ,Y Ha3BaJI nOJIeBbIe lllTpacp-
HbIe JIarepH «KoHu,eHmpau,UOHHbIMU JlaZepRMU BepMaxma» ,TO
nO,lJ,06HaH xapaKTepMCTMKa nOJIYlJHJIa nO,lJ,TBep)l()].eHMe Ha
npaKTI1Ke.
B KOHue 1942 rO,lJ,a B CMCTeMY nOJIeBbIX lllTpacpHbIx JIare-
peM 6bIJIO BHeceHO HeCKOJIbKO M3MeHeHMM. CHalJarra 3TM
M3MeHeHMH HaXO,lJ,HJII1Cb B CBH3M C npl13HaHMeM Toro cpaK-
Ta, lJTO 6bICTPbIM TeMn «YHl1l1TO)l(eHMH TpY,lJ,OM» (KaK 3TO
6bIJIO BH,lJ,HO Ha npl1Mepe nOJIeBOrO lllTpacpHoro JIarepH II)
6b1JI, B KOHue KOHUOB, He3cpcpeKTMBeH XOTH 6bI C BoeHHOM
TOlJKM 3peHHH. 113HypeHHbIe apeCTaHTbI He MOrJII1 ,lJ,aTb Ka-
KOrO-JIM60 cymecTBeHHoro pe3YJIbTaTa. A Be,lJ,b, KpOMe 3TO-
ro, MX Ha,lJ,O 6bIJIO oxpaHHTb M XOTH 6bI HOMHHaJlbHO cHa6-
)f(aTb npO,lJ,OBOJIbCTBl1eM. B MTore 6 HHBapH 1943 rO,lJ,a B Bep-
XOBHoe KOMaH,lJ,OBaHl1e cyxonYTHbIX CHJI nocTynHJIO
nMCbMO, B KOTOpOM rOBOpMJIOCb: « B ,lJ,aHHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCT-
Bax nO,lJ,06Hble lllTpacpHbIe JIarepH He npMHOCHT HI1KaKOM
BbIrO,lJ,bI, a HBJIHIOTCH TOJIbKO 06Y30H. no 3TOM npl1lJl1He
rpynna apMMM npOCMT OTKa3aTbCH OT npaKTMIG1 HanpaRJIeHMH
npOBMHMBlllMXCH B nOJIeBbIe lllTpacpHble JIarepH I M 111».
Ll.a6bl He CTaBMTb no,lJ, yrp03Y 3anJIaHHpOBaHHbIe BoeH-
HO-CTpOHTeJIbHbIe npoeKTbl, 6bIJIO npMHHTO pellleHl1e «B
KpaTlJaHlllMe CpOKM npMBeCTH JIarepb II B pa60lJYIO rOTOB-
HOCTb». C,lJ,eJIaTb 3TO nJIaHMpOBaJlOCb nOcpe,lJ,CTBOM Toro,
liTO MCnOJIb30BaHMe 1111'pacpHHKOB npe,lJ,nOJIaraJIOCb: a) JIHlllb
B 30He 60eBbIX ,lJ,eMCTBI1M; 6) KOr,lJ,a COCTOHHHe 3,lJ,OpOBbH
apeCTaHTOB 6Y,lJ,eT nOMep)l(MBaTbCH Ha He06xo,lJ,HMOM YPOB-
He. BnpOlJeM, 3TH H3MeHeHMH 6bIJIM CTOJIbKO )l(e He3HalJM-
69
TeJIbHbI, KaK YBeJIHqeHHe B KOHue 1942 rO.il.a npO.il.OBOJIbCT-
BeHHoro naHKa .il.JISI 3aI(]I10qeHHbIX KOHueHTpaUHOHHbIX
JIarepeH. «YJIyqllIeHHe» nHTaHHSI B KOHUJIarepSlX SlK06bI
.il.OJI)f{HO 6bIJIO YBeJIHqHTb pa60Tocnoc06HoCTb 3aKJIlOqeH-
HbIX.
O.il.HaKO B KOHue 1942 rO.il.a HMeJIO MeCTO 6bITb H O.il.HO
npHHUHnHaJIbHOe H3MeHeHHe, KOTopoe KaCaJIOCb Bcex Tpex
nOJIeBbIX llITPaQ>HbIx JIarepeH. ,lI.0 3Toro MOMeHTa PYKOBO-
.il.CTBO BepMaxTa npH.il.ep)f{HBaJIOCb n03HUHH: «ToT, KTO OKa-
3aJICH B llITpaQ>HoM JIarepe, npHHUHnHaJIbHO .il.OJI)f{eH 6bIJI
OCTaBaTbCSI TaM Ha BeCb CpOK BOHHbi. TOJIbKO B HCKJIlOqH-
TeJIbHbIX CJIyqaSlX npe6bIBaHHe B IllTpaQ>HOM JIarepe MOrJIO
6bITb 3aMeHeHO OTnpaBKOH Ha Q>POHT, .il.a6bI apeCTaHT HC-
KynHJI TaM CBOIO BHHY».
O.il.HaKO B oKTSl6pe 1942 rO.il.a 6bIJIO npHHSlTO perneHHe,
qTO npe6bIBaHHe B..nOJIeBOM rnTpaQ>HoM JIarepe ,lI,OJI)f{HO
6bIJIO )])IHTbCSI OT 6 ,lI,0 9 MeCSlueB. COKpameHHe CpOKOB ape-
CTaHTCKOH pa60TbI 6bIJIO npO.il.HKTOBaHO He.il.OCTaTKOM COJI-
.il.aT B BepMaxTe. Pe3epBbI nbITaJIHCb H3bICKaTb, B TOM qHCJIe
3a CqeT apeCTaHTOB 113 nOJIeBbIX llITpaQ>HbIX JIarepeH. Ha
ypOBHe CJIOBeCHbIX onpe,lI,eJIeHHH 3Ta cHTyaUHSI BblrJISI,lJ,eJIa
H BOBce HeJIeno. «TpY.il.HOBOCnHTYeMbIe» H «a6COJIIOTHO He-
HcnpaBHMble» B O.il.HOqaCbe npeBpaTHJIHCb B «HeBocnHTaH-
HbIX» H «HeHcnpaBHMbIX».
OTHbIHe nOCJIe 6-9 MeCSlueB npe6bIBaHHH B IllTpaQ>HoM
JIarepe apeCTaHT ,lI,OJI)f{eH 6bIJI 6bITb npOBepeH Ha npe.il.MeT
B03MO:>KHOrO npO,lI,OJI)f{eHHSI ero «HcnbITaHHSI» B nOJIeBOM
apeCTaHTCKOM nO.il.pa3.il.eJIeHHH. npH cooTBeTcTByJOmeH npo-
BepKe a,apecaHT Mor HanpaBHTbCH H3 <1> r A Ha Q>POHT )])IH
«HcKynJIeHHH BHHbl». O.il.HaKO eCJIH no HCTeqeHHH OTBe-
.il.eHHbIX MeCHueB apeCTaHT He npOSlBJISlJI npH3HaKOB «HC-
npaBJIeHHSI», TO ero no «,IJ,06POH Tpa,aHUHH» nepe,lI,aBaJIH B
PYKH nOJIHUHH H CBoe «nepeBocnHTaHHe» OH ,lI,OJI:>KeH 6bIJI
npO.il.OJI:>KaTb B KOHU)larepe. CTOHT oTMeTHTb, qTO nOJIeBbIe
IllTpaQ>HbIe JIarepH HapH.il.Y C qaCTHqHO paCQ>opMHpOBaH-
HbIMH «OC06bIMH nO.il.pa3.il.eJIeHMSlMH» CTaJIH BTOpOH BoeH-
70
HOH MHCTaHl.IJleM, OTKy,aa MO)l(HO 6bIJIO Ha BnOJIHe «3aKOH-
HbIX» OCHOBaHMHX nOnaCTb B KOHueHTpaUMOHHbIH JIarepb.
OCTaeTCH JIMllib 3aMeTMTb, qTO ,aa)l(e B nO,a06HOM «JIM6e-
PaJIbHOH» CMTYaUMM nOJIeBOH lllTpa<p OH JIarepb BCe paBHO
npo,aOJI)I(aJI OCTaBaTbCH «KOHueHTpaUMOHHbIM JIarepeM
BepMaXTa». B OTHOllleHMHX apeCTaHTOB M Ha,aCMOTpI.IJ;MKOB
e,lJ,Ba JIM qTO-TO nOMeHHJIOCb. KpOMe BCerO npOqerO, 3TO
HarJ1H,aHO nOKa3bIBaeT C006I.IJ;eHMe P06epTa llITaHHa. PO-
6epT llITaHH HBJIHJICH npMHUMnMaJIbHbIM npOTMBHI1KOM
HaUMOHaJI-COUHaJIMCTMqeCKOrO pe)l(MMa. 3a CaMOBOJIbHOe
OTJIyqeHMe M3 qaCTM OH 6bIJI npMrOBOpeH K ro,ay TlOpeMHO-
ro 3aKJ1lOqeHMH. Ho TIOPbMY eMY 3aMeHMJIM Ha nOJIeBOH
llIT}Ja<pHOH JIarepb. TaM OH npe6bIB3J1,a0 1 ceHTH6pH 1943 ro-
,aa, a 3aTeM OKa3aJICH B KOHueHTpaUMOHHOM JIarepe. 06 MC-
nOJIb30BaHMM llITpa<pHMKoB Ha BOCTOqHOM <ppoHTe OH
BCnOMMHaJI CJIe,aYIOI.IJ;ee: «Henocpe,acTBeHHo Ha <ppoHTe
MbI 3aHMMaJIMCb pa3MMHMpOBaHMeM TeppMTopMH M canep-
HbIMM pa60TaMM Ha 03epe HJIbMeHb... HallllllTpa<pHOH JIa-
repb 6bIJI nOJIHOCTblO OTpe3aH OT BHelliHero MMpa. BOKPyr
Hero npoxo,aMJI BbICOqeHHbIM 3a60p C KOJIlOqeH npOBOJIO-
KOM. HalllMM )l(MJIMI.IJ;eM 6bIJIM 3eMJIHHKM C ,aepeBHHHbIM
HaCTMJIOM. 3TO 6bIJIM KpyrJIbIe HeJIenbIe CTpoeHMH, KOTO-
pbIe HanOJIOBMHY YTOnaJIM B 3eMJIe. MbI Haxo,aMJIMCb no,a
nOCTOHHHbIM Ha,a30pOM. Kor,aa BeJIM Ha pa60TbI, TO Hac CO-
npOBO)l(,[l,aJIM ,aBa KOHBOMpa. Bo BpeMH pa3MMHMpOBaHMSI K
HaM 6bIJI npMCTaBJIeH canep. MbI TOJIbKO BblKanbIBaJIM MM-
HbI, a 06e3Bpe)l(MBaJI MX MMeHHO OH. MbI ,aeJIaJIM Bce no,a
KOHBoeM: rpY3MJIM 06e3Bpe)l(eHHbIe MMHbl, nOrpe6aJIM Te-
JIa, pbIJIM OKonbI, npOKJIa,abIBaJIM ,aoporM. <l>pOHTOBMKM BM-
,aeJIM Hac, MbI BbI3bIBaJIM Y HMX )l(aJIOCTb, TaK KaK OHM nOHM-
MaJIM, qTO npOMcxo,aMJIO: e,aMHCTBeHHbIM 06paI.IJ;eHMeM K
HaM 6bIJI y,aap npMKJIa,aOM, HeM3MeHHbIH y,aap npMKJIa,aOM.
npMMepHo 90% apeCTaHTOB M3 Halliero llITPa<pHoro JIarepH
norM6JIo. 3TO 6bIJIO B npM<ppoHTOBOH 30He, MbI nOnaJIM
no,a 06cTPeJI. Ho HeKOTopbIe rM6JIM OT rOJIo,aa M n060eB. Ha
CBOH CTPax M pMCK MbI BbI6MpaJIMCb M3 JIarepH, qT06bI co-
71
6paTb rpM60B. Ka)f()].aH M3 TaKMX BbIJIa30K MOrJIa 3aKOH-
qMTbCH paCCTpeJIOM. 113 e,abI Y HaC 6bIJI TOJIbKO KapTOQ:>eJIb,
KOTOpbltl MbI eJIM npHMO C KO)l(YPOH. 3TO 6bIJI Q:>opMeHHbIti
JIarepb CMepTM. Y,aaJIMBllIMCb OT Hero Ha HeCKOJIbKO MeT-
pOB, MbI CTaHOBMJIMCb ,ae3epTMpaMM. nOHMaHHbIX 6e,aoJIar
BellIaJIM ,lI)IH YCTpallIeHMH. OHM BMCeJIM B HeJIenoti Q:>opMe
6e3 3HaKOB OTJIMqMH, TaK KaK 60JIbllIe He 6bIJIM COJI,aaTaMM
BepMaXTa. Ho eIIJ;e 60JIbllIe JIIO,aeti rM6JIo OT MMH».
Ha xapaKTep KOHueHTpaUMOHHoro JIarepH, KOTOpbltI
6blJI npMCYIIJ; <DC]], YKa3bIBaJIM ,aOKyMeHTbl nepBoti nOJIO-
BMHbI ] 943 ro,aa, B KOTOpbIX npMBo,aMJIMCb npMqMHbI CMep-
TM apeCTaHTOB. HaM60JIee nonYJIHpHbIMM rpaQ:>aMM 6bIJIM:
«3aCTpeJIeH npM nonbITKe K 6ercTBY» MJIM «YMep OT 06IIJ;e 0
M3HeMO)l(eHMH». HaCKOJIbKO CMJIeH 6bIJI rOJIo,a, n03BOJIRIOT
nOqYBCTBOBaTb CJIe,aYIOIIJ;Me YKa3aHMH 0 npMqMHaX CMepTM:
«napaJIMq cep,aua naCJIe OTpaBJIeHMH rpM6aMM»; «MHQ:>eK-
UMoHHbItl3HTepMT» M T.,a.
COBepllIeHHo OqeBM,aHoH CTaHOBMTCH napaJIJIeJIb Me)l(,[l,Y
llITpaQ:>HbIMM M KOHueHTpaUMOHHbIMH JIarepHMH, eCJIM
npMHHTb B paCqeT CBe,aeHMH 1943 ro,aa 0 ,aBYX CJIyqaHx «npM-
Be,aeHMH B MCnOJIHeHMe CMepTHoro npMrOBopa caMbIM no-
30pHbIM cnoc060M», a MMeHHO «qepe3 nOBellIeHMe nepe,a
06rn:MM nOCTJ)oeHMeM apeCTaHTOB». Ha no,a06HYIO B3aMMO-
CBH3b YKa3bIBaeT C06bITMe, KOTopoe npOM30lllJIO B 1944 ro-
,ay. 0 HeM paCCKa3aJI BepHep Kpaycc, B TO BpeMH HBJIHB-
llIMHCH 3aKJIIOQeHHbIM Q:>opTa Topray: «Cpe,aM Hac B rocnM-
TaJIe OKa3aJICH qeJIOBeK, npe6bIBaBlllMti B O,aHOM M3 TaKMX
JIarepeti. Ero JIMUO 6bLJIO rJIy60Ko paCCeqeHo.OH 6bIJI CJIMllI-
KOM 3anyraH, qT06bI npM3HaTbCH Bpaqy, qTO 3TO 6bIJIM CJIe-
,abI MCTH3aHMH. Ha Bce BonpOCbI OH OTBeqaJI, qTO TpaBMY OH
nOJIyqMJI B aBapMM».
OqepqeHHbIe BbIllie M3MeHeHMH B JIarepHoti CMCTeMe M
M3MeHeHMe MX cPYHKUMOHaJIbHblX 3a,n,aq B HeKoTopoti CTe-
neHM 6blJIM CBH3aHbl C TeM, qTO B HaqaJIe 1943 ro,aa nOJIeBoti
llITpaQ:>HoH JIarepb III 6bIJI npe06pa30BaH B nOJIeBOe ape-
CTaHTCKoe no,apa3,aeJIeHMe, KOTopoe nOJIyqMJIO HOMep 19.
72
HeCMOTpH Ha CJIyqMBllIYIOCH TpaHC<pOpMaUMIO, «Tpa,nMUMM
KOHueHTpaUl10HHOrO JIarepH» OKa3aJIMCb B 3TOM nO,apa3,ae-
JIeHMM CJIMlliKOM )l{MByqMMM. 06 3TOM rOBopMT CBMlI.eTeJIb-
CTBO neTepa IJlMJIJIMHra, KOTOpbIM B ,KOHue 1944 ro,aa BM-
,aeJI Ka3Hb 19 «,ae3epTMpOB» M3 <I>r A-19. «no npM6bITMM
KOMaH,al1p <I> r A JIaKOHM'-IHO 3aSlBMJI MHe, '-ITO B ero no,apa3-
,aeJIeHMM MHe He npl1,aeTCSI paCC'-IMTbIBaTb Ha ,LI)IMHHYIO
)l{M3Hb. Y6MtlCTBO 19 apeCTaHTOB 6bIJIO TaM caMbIM 06bI-
,aeHHbIM ,aeJIOM. 51 nOMHIO, KaK Ha,nCMOTpll.(MK OT,aaJI npM-
Ka3 O,aHOMY M3 HalllMX TOBapMIlI.etl no HeCqaCTblO npMHeCTM
JIMCTOBKY, KOTopaH BbInaJIa M3 nponaraH,aMCTcKoti 60M6bI.
JIMcToBKa JIe)l{aJIa 3a JIMHMetl, KOTOPYIO HaM no,a CTpaXOM
CMepTM HeJIb3H 6bIJIO nepeceKaTb. Kor,aa 3aKJIIO'-IeHHbIti OT-
Ka3aJICH, TO oxpaHHMK npl1rp03MJI 3aCTpeJIMTb ero M3-3a OT-
Ka3a BbInOJIHSlTb npMKa3. Kor,aa apeCTaHT Bce-TaKM llIarHYJI
3a JIMCTOBKOM qepe3 pa3,aeJIMTeJIbHYIO JIMHMIO, TO eMY BbI-
CTpCJIMJIM B cnMHY. Ero y6MJIM «npM nonbITKe K 6ercTBY».
nO,a06HbIe Bell.(M npOMcxo,aMJIM e,aBa JIM He e)l{e,aHeBHo.
A KO BCCMY 3TOMY naeK 6bIJI HaCTOJIbKO CKy,aHbIM, '-ITO MO)l{-
HO 6bIJIO npocTo-HanpocTo YMepeTb C rOJIo,ay».
C006ll.(eHMe neTepa IJlMJIJIMHra no,aBo,aMT Hac K Bonpo-
cy 0 CTpYKType nOJIeBbIX apeCTaHTCKMX no,apa3,aeJIeHMtI,
'-IMCJIO KOTOpbIX B KOHue 1942 ro,aa COCTaBJISIJIO 12, B 1943 ro-
.ay ,lJ,OCTMrJIO 20. 113Ha'-laJIbHo Ka)l(,[{Oe M3 HMX ,aeJIMJIOCb Ha
llITa6 M 5 MJIM 6 «apecTaHTcKMx POT». B Ka)l()].OM M3 «POT» Ha-
JIM'-IeCTBOBaJI «BHYTpeHHMtI (YCTaBHotl) COCTaB, KOTOpbIti
MMeJI ropa3,a0 JIyqlllee ,aOBOJIbCTBMe, He)l{eJIM apeCTaHTbI.
ECJIM B3HTb 3a npMMep 5-10 «apeCTaHTCKYIO POT)'» <I>r A-19,
TO B MIOHe 1943 ro,aa OHa COCTO.flJIa M3 o,aHoro o<pMuepa,
17 YHTep-o<pMuepoB, 33 llITaTHbIX CJIY)I{all.(MX M 166 ape-
CTaHTOB. B ueJIOM COOTHOllleHMe «nepCOHaJIa» M apeCTaH-
TOB 6bIJIO 1 :3. Bce npMBe,aeHHble BbIllie CBe,aeHMH 0 6bITe M
HpaBax, uapMBllIMX B llITpa<pHbIX JIarepHX, B nOJIHoti Mepe
MO)l{HO OTHeCTM M K nOJIeBbIM apeCTaHTCKMM no,apa3,lI,eJIe-
HMHM. O,aHaKO He Be3,lJ,e Bce 6bIJIO o,aMHaKOBO. BepHep Kpa-
YCC Y)I{e BO BpeMH CBoero npe6bIBaHMH B <popTe Topray npM-
73
rneJI K BbIBO,lJ,Y: «06paI.J.J;eHl1e TaM 6bIJIO caMoe pa3Hoe; B He-
KOTOpbIX CJIyqaHx JIIO,lJ,11 MOpl1JII1Cb rOJIO,lJ,OM, a eCJII1 KTO-TO
BO BpeMH pa60TbI na,n,aJI, TO ero nOCJIe CKOpOTe'-lHOrO «CY-
,lJ,e6HOrO npouecca» npl1rOBapl1BaJIl1 K CMepTI1. ApeCTaHTa
BernaJIl1 MJII1 paccT})eJII1BaJIl1 nO'-lTI1 Tyr )l{e nOCJIe BbIHece-
HI1S1 np"rOBopa».
06 YCJIOBI151X )l{113HI1 B <1> r A rOBOpl1JIOCb B OT'-IeTe OT
2,lJ,eKa6pH 1942 rO,lJ,a, KOTOpbIM 6bIJI a,n,peCOBaH KOMaH,lJ,OBa-
HI1IO l-ro apMeMcKoro Kopnyca. ,LI.aHHbIM ,lJ,OKYMeHT OTHO-
CI1JICSI K <I> fA, KOTopoe B CpOK C 1 anpeJISI no 30 HOSl6pSl
1942 rO,lJ,a 6bIJIO npl1nl1CaHO K rpynne apMI1M «CeBep». B OT-
'-IeTe rOBOpMJIOCb: « HeY,lJ,OBJIeTBOpI1TeJIbHOe pa3MeI.J.J;eHHe,
nl1TaHl1e, 06MYH,lJ,l1pOBaHl1e, OTcyrcTBl1e HOpMaJIbHOH rl1-
rl1eHbI 11 OTBpaTI1TeJIbHbIe YCJIOBI1H TpY,lJ,a B 30He 60eBbIX
,lJ,eMCTBI1M BbI3bIBalOT Y apeCTaHTOB CnpaBe,lJ,JII1Bble npeTeH-
31111. TOJIbKO npl1MepHO 20% COCTaBa nO,lJ,pa3,lJ,eJIeHI1S1 npe-
6bIBaJII1 B HeKOTopOM nO,lJ,061111 HOpMaJIbHOrO BH,lJ,a. Oc-
TaJIbHbIe 6bIJII1 HaCTOJIbKO I1CTOI.J.J;eHbI, '-ITO npOCTO He Mor-
JII1 ycnernHo CnpaBJISlTbCSI C nOCTaBJIeHHbIMI1 3an.aHI1S1MI1.
OHI1 Moryr TOJIbKO JIe)l{aTb Ha KpOBaTSIX I1JII1 npe6bIBaTb B
JIa3apeTax. 3,lJ,eCb cYI.J.J;eCTByeT Hel13MeHHaSi yrp03a B03HI1K-
HOBeHI1S1 o'-lara 3nl1,lJ,eMI1M, KOTopbIe Moryr yrpo)l{aTb BceM
BOI1HCKOti '-IaCTH. Ilpe,lJ,JIo)l{eHl1e 06 YJIyqrneH1111 nl1TaHI1H
6bIJIO npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHO KOMaH,lJ,OBaHI1IO 18- ti apMI1I1. 110 npl1-
Ka3Y rOCnO,lJ,I1Ha KOMaH,lJ,YIOI.J.J;ero 18- ti apMl1eti npO,lJ,OBOJIb-
cTBeHHbIM naeK 6bIJI cpa3Y)l{e YBeJII1'-1eH».
liTO Ha npaKTI1Ke 3Ha'-lI1JII1 «YJIY'-lrneHI1S1» YCJIOBl1ti )l{113-
HI1 B <l>fA, nOKa3aJI BOJIb fepJIax. 24-JIeTHI1M IOHorneti OH
6bIJI npHroBopeH K ,lJ,BYM rO,lJ,aM TlOpbMbI 3a «nO,lJ,pbIB 60e-
cnoc06HoCTI1 BepMaXTa». TlOpeMHoe 3aKJIIO'-IeHl1e 6bIJIO
3aMeHeHO eMY CJIY)l{60M B <I> f A-6. OH nl1CaJI 0 C06bITI1S1X
1943-1944 rO,lJ,OB: «<I> fA 6bIJIH I1CnpaBI1TeJIbHbIMI1 no,lJ,-
pa3,lJ,eJIeHHSlMH B CTPYKTYPe 6aTaJIbOHa. Te, B CBOIO O'-lepe,lJ,b,
,lJ,eJII1JIHCb Ha pOTbI, B3BO,lJ,bI 11 OT,lJ,eJIeHI1S1. BoopY)l{eHHblti
CTpa)l{HI1K npHXO,lJ,I1JICSI Ha Ka)l{,l];ble 10-15 apeCTaHTOB.
KpoMe 3Toro, HMeJII1Cb Cneul1aJIbHble oxpaHHbIe CTPYKTY-
74
pbl, TaK qTO n06er M3 <l>fA y aBaJICH OqeHb pe KO, B e M-
HMqHbIX CJIyqaHX. 3au.aqM, KOTOpble CTaBMJIMCb nepe <l>fA,
6blJIM CaMblMM pa3H006pa3Hb1MM. Bce OHM 6blJIM pMCKO-
BaHHbIMM, n03TOMY HaC Ha3BaJIM «KOMaH)]:OM CMepTHMKOB»
(B OpMrMHaJIe C HeMeUKoro - «KOMaH OM B03HeceHMH»).
KaK npaBMJIO, Mbl pa3MMHMpOBaJIM nOJIH M CTpOMJIM YKpen-
JIeHMH nepe HalllMMM n03MUMHMM. Ha HetiTpaJIbHoti nOJIO-
ce MbI, HeBoopY)I(eHHbIe, Hepe KO nOna aJIM no CBOM M
PYCCKMti orOHb. TaKOBa 6blJIa Hallla yqaCTb: TH)I(eJIeMlllMti
cPM3MQeCKMti TPY , MCTOlUeHMe OT rOJIo a, rM6eJIb BO BpeMSI
06CTpeJIOB, MCTH3aHMH M Ka3Hb, eCJIM TbI He Mor pa60TaTb.
B CJIyqae CMepTM HeCqaCTHbIM pO MTeJIHM C006lUaJIOCb,
qTO MX CblH YMep OT «HapyweHMSI KPOBo06palUeHMH». OnM-
CbIBaTb TOHKOCTM MyqeHMti M no p06HOCTM HaWMX CTpa,n,a-
HMti HeB03MO)l(HO. 3TO 6bIJI 3)],».
Cxo)l(ee nOBeCTBOBaHMe Mbl HaXO MM y apeCTaHTa
<l>r A-17, « e3ePTMpa» KapJIa oaYMaHa: «113 AHKJIaMa [TlOpb-
Ma BepMaXTa. - A.B. J SI npM6blJI clO a. B 1942 ro;n:y H CTaJI
apeCTaHTOM <I> f A-17. Haw 6aTaJIbOH HanpaBMJIM B CTa-
JIMHrp3)]" B patioH CYXOM DaJIKM 6JIM3 oHua. Ha npOCTpe-
JIMBaeMOM Teppl1TOpMM MbI ,lJ,OJI)I(HbI 6bIJIM XOpOHMTb COJI-
aT, 06e3Bpe)l(MBaTb MMHbI M BbITaCKMBaTb paHeHbIX. B Ha-
weM paCnOpH)I(eHMM 6bIJIM TOJIbKO PYKM M HorM, MHor a
CMeTJII1BaH rOJIOBa. KOMaH bI canepOB BMraJIHCb nOCJIe
Hac. KOHBOMpbI no 60JIbIlleti qaCTM HanMBaJIMCb M BbIMe-
llI.aJIM Ha Hac CBOIO HpOCTb M CTpax. ECJIM 3a eHb MbI BbIpbl-
BaJIM He OCTaTOqHOe KOJIMqeCTBO TpaHweM, TO Hac 6ecno-
lU3)],HO M36MBaJIM npMKJHI,Ll,aMM. 5111 caM napy pa3 nOJIyqMJI
TOJICTOti ,lJ,y6MHKOti... Ha cPpoHTe Hepe KO CJIyqaJIOCb, qTO
paCCTpeJIMBaJIM MapO,lJ,epOB. HawM Hepe KO KpaJIM XJIe6.
MbI nOCTOHHHO XOTeJIM eCTb, HO e bI He 6bIJIO. Me)l()].y TeM
Ha nOJIe 60H JIe)l(aJIM pa3JIaraBWMecH HeMUbI 11 pyccKMe, B
nOJIeBbIX cYMKax KOTOpbIX npona aJI XJIe6. HHOr,lJ,a HaM
y,lJ,aBaJIOCb YXBaTMTb ero. OH MMeJI npMBKYC MepTBeqMHbI.
He Bce BbI.LI.ep)l(MBaJIM. Y MHorMX HaqMHaJIaCb M3eHTepMH.
75
Co cHa6)1(eHI1eM 6bIJIO TaK nJ10XO, \.ITO I1HOr,aa npl1xo,al1-
JIOCb nl1Tb C06CTBeHHYlO MO\.lY».
TOMac Kpl1uaH5IK e,aBa He norl16 B <l>rA-10, r,ae OT6bI-
BaIl HaKa3aHI1e B 1943 ro,ay 3a «caMOBOJIbHOe OCTaBJ1eHl1e
4aCTI1». « HaIllI1 naIlaTKI1 pacnOJIaraIll1Cb B ca,ay. IllTa6c-
<peJIb.a<pe6eJIb KaK-TO 6pocMJ1: «CopBeIllb 516JIOKO 11 TbI TPyn!»
O,aHa)l()].bI yrpOM MOti npl151TeJIb 3aMeTI1JI, \.ITO Ha 3eMJIe JIe-
)l(HT 516JIOKO. OH HaKJ10HI1J1CfI 11 no,aHHJ1 ero. TOJ1bKO Tor,aa
OH 06HapY)l(I1JI, 4TO OHO 6bIJIO rHI1J1bIM. OH 6poCI1JI ero 06-
paTHO. llITa6c-<peJIb,a<pe6eJ1b 3aMeTHJ1 3TO. OH B3HJI nI1CTO-
J1eT, nepe3apH,aI1JI ero 11 CKa3aJI: «3Haellib J111, 4TO 51 MOry Te-
651 npI1CTpeJII1Tb?» npl1S1TeJ1b XOTeJ1 4TO-TO OTBeTI1Tb, HO
np03BytIaII BbICTpeJ1».
nO,a06HbIe y611t1cTBa npHKpbIBaJIl1Cb <pOpMaJlbHbIMI1
YCTaHOBKaMI1 0 TOM, liTO «KO BceM HapYIllI1TeJIHM nopMKa
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06XO,aI1MOCTI1, He pa3,aYMbIBaH npl1MeHHTb 0pY)l(l1e». <l>aK-
Tl1\.1eCKI1 113 Bcex COXpaHI1BIllI1XC5I ,aOKYMeHTOB CBI1,ae-
TeJ1bCTBOBaJIO, \.ITO B <l>r A uapl1JI rOJIo,a, \.ITO ,aOBe,aeHHbIe
,ao OT\.IaHHI151 apeCTaHTbI nbITaJIl1Cb npOTeCTOBaTb I1JII1 ,aIDKe
6e)l(aTb. Bcex I1X )l()].aJIa CMepTb. I1MeHHo 3TI1M 06'bHCHSleT-
CR nopa3l1TeJ1bHO 60JIblllOe KOJIl1l1eCTBO Ka3Heti B nOJ1eBbIX
apeCTaHTCKI1X no,apa3,aeJ1eHI1HX. 04eBI1)],HO, 4TO Me)l(,1J,y 3TI1-
MI1 TpeM5I 51BJIeHI151MI1 (roJIo,a-n06er-Ka3Hb) cywecTBOBaJIa
Henocpe,aCTBeHHaH CBH3b. TeM He MeHee HeJIb3H np"Be,aeH-
Hble )l(yrKl1e npl1MepbI 113 npaKTI1KI1 <l>rA-6, 10 11 17 nepe-
HOCI1Tb Ha Bce no,apa3,aeJIeHI1H apeCTaHTOB. 3TO CJ1e,ayeT
XOTH 6bI 113 C006ll1.eHI151 110axI1Ma T., KOTOpbIti B Te4eHI1e
1943 ro,aa OT6bIBaJI ro,aOBoe HaKa3aHI1e B <l>rA-14. 113 ero
BOCnOMI1HaHI1t1 CJ1e,ayeT, liTO npeMMywecTBeHHO ero pa60-
Ta CBo,aI1JIaCb K py6Ke ,aepeBbeB, K pblTblO npOTI1BOTaHKO-
BbIX pBOB, K B03Be,aeHI1IO 6YHKepoB 11 6JII1HL1.IDKeti. I1Hor,aa
OH nona,aaJI no,lJ, 06CTpeJI. Yepe3 HeCKOJIbKO MeC5IueB «I1C-
nblTaHI1H <pPOHTOM» OH 6bIJ1 B03BpallJ,eH B ,aetlcTBYlOllI.YIO
4aCTb. TaM 06HapY)l(MJIOCb,. \.ITO OH 60J1eH BO,aHHKOti -
CJIe,acTBl1e He,aocTaTO'-IHOrO nMTaHI1H. Ero .aeM0611J11130Ba-
76
JIH. OrJISI.LI.bIBaSlCb Ha3a,a, 110axI1M T. BCnOMI1HaeT 06 OTHO-
llIeHI1M K He MY B <I> r A-14. «ECJII1 npl1HSlTb B paC'-IeT BOHHY,
TO OHO 6bIJIO BnOJIHe ryMaHHbIM. MO)l(eT, 3TO 6bIJIa 3aCJIyra
KOMaH.LI.l1pa 06ep-<peJIb.LI.<pe6eJISI, B npOllIJIOM ynpaBJISlIOll.{e-
ro MMeHl1eM. 3TO 6bIJI O'-leHb npI1JII1'-1HbIH '-IeJIOBeK. OH HI1-
KOr.LI.a He npl1.LI.l1paJICSI 6e3 JII111IHeM Ha TO Ha.LI.06HOCTI1».
BnpO'-leM, nO.LI.06HbIH «ryMaHI13M» B BepMaXTe OueHI1BaJICSI
KaK «HeraTI1BHOe SlBJIeHl1e». TaK, Hanpl1Mep, reHepaJI 011-
reH MIOJIJIep, Ha'-laJIbHI1K ynpaBJIeHHSI .LI.eSlTeJIbHOCTI1 opra-
HOB BoeHHOM IOCTI1UI1I1 npl1 BepXOBHOM KOMaH.LI.OBaHI1M
cyxonYTHbIX BOtiCK, KaK-TO nOSlBI1JICSI B KOMaH.LI.OBaHI1I1
TpeTbeH TaHKOBOH apMI1I1, .LI.a6bI caMOMY CJIO)l(l1Tb 06mee
Bne'-laTJIeHl1e 0 llITpa<pHbIX nO.LI.pa3.LI.eJIeHI1S1X BepMaXTa.
B pa3rOBope OH 6pOCI1JI: «L!eBSlTb [<I> r A. - A.B.] B nOPMKe.
A B '-IeTbIpHa.n.uaTI1 He.LI.OCTaTO'-lHO )l(eCTKI1M pe)l(I1M».
)].eMCTBI1TeJIbHO, B PMe nO.LI.pa3.LI.eJIeHI1H o<pl1uepbI 11 YH-
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«3a60TbI» MOrJII1 KpbITbCSI KaK B JII1'-1HbIX xapaKTepl1CTI1Kax,
TaK 11 B '-IMCTO BoeHHbIX 3an.aQax. TaK, Hanpl1Mep, BO BpeMSI
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3arOpO.LI.HbIM naHCMOHaT, r.LI.e I1HOr.LI.a TPY.LI.SlTCSI». MaHop
KH06JIOX Ha6paJICSI CMeJIOCTI1 oTBeprHYTb 06BI1HeHI1e KaK
npMHUl1nl1aJIbHO He COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.ee .LI.eticTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1:
«ApeCTaHT 113 pSl.LI.OB BepMaXTa HenpeMeHHO .LI.OJI)I(eH CO-
xpaHSlTb CBOIO <p11311'-1eCKYIO <P0PMY». Ho nO.LI.06HbIe YCTa-
HOBKI1 6bIJII1 xapaKTepHbl OTHIO.LI.b He MSI Bcex KOMaH.LI.l1pOB
<I> r A.
TIonbITaeMCSI BCe-TaKI1 OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc: .LI.O KaKOH
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HbIM JIarepSlM? Han.o OTMeTI1Tb, '-ITO nepCOHaJI <I> r A He npo-
SlBJIIDI CTOJIb BOnMlOllI.erO npe3peHI1S1 K '-IeJIOBe'-leCKOH )I(I13HI1,
KaK 3TO .LI.eJIaJIl1 3C3COBUbI B KOHueHTpaUMOHHbIX JIarepSlX 11
KOHBOl1pbI B llITpa<pHbIX JIarepSlx. TI03BOJIIO ce6e npOUI1TI1-
77
pOBaTb <l>paHua 3aitrr;Iepa: «)l(H3Hb B nOJIeBblX apeCTaHTCKMX
nO,LI.pa3,L1.eJIeHMHX 6bIJIa HaMHOrO CHOCHee, '-IeM B llITpaQ:>HbIX
JIarepSlx». Il pM 3TOM Ba)l{HYIO pOJIb MrpaJIO TO 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBO, '-ITO B <I>rA, KOTOpbIe C'-IMTaJIMCb BOeHHbIMM nO,LI.pa3-
,LI.eJ1eHMHMM, apeCTaHTbI He McnbITbIBaJIM Ha ce6e TaKoro
npe3peHMSI, KaK 3aKJIIO'-IeHHble llITpaQ:>HbIX JIarepetl, KOTO-
pbIM 6biJI BbIHeceH npMrOBOp KaK «BoeHHbIM Bpe,LI.MTeJIHM».
ECJ1M B <I>r A, C TO'-lKM 3peHMH HauMCTOB, HaXO,LI.MJIMCb «Ha-
PYllIMTeJIM», KOTopble ,LI.OJI)I{HbI 6bIJ1M HCKynMTb CBOIO BMHY,
TO B J1arepHX npe6bIBaJIM «npe,LI.aTeJ1M», KOTOpbIX Ha,n,O 6bIJ10
no Mepe B03MO)l{HOCTM «ynpa3,L1.HMTb». OpM6eraH K )l{apro-
HY Tex BpeMeH, MO)l{HO CKa3aTb, '-ITO B JTarepH HanpaBJIHJIM
«BparOB Hapo,aHoro co06meCTBa» [HaUMcTcKMtI BapMaHT
«Bpara Hap0,LI.a». - A.B.].
TaK '-ITO OT'-IaCTM napaJIJIeJIM Me)l{)J,Y nOJIeBbIMM ape-
CTaHTCKMMM nO,LI.pa3.neJ1eHMHMM M llITpaQ:>HbIMM JIarepHMM,
KaK npe,LI.nOJIaraBllIMMMCH «KOHueHTpaUMOHHbIMM J1arepH-
MM BepMaxTa», OnpaB,LI.aHHbI. O,LI.HaKO ,LI.O CMX nop eme He
,LI.aH '-IeTKMtI OTBeT Ha Bonpoc 06 3Q:>Q:>eKTMBHoCTM nOJ1eBbIX
apeCTaHTCKMX OT,LI.eJIeHMtI C BoeHHoti TO'-lKM 3peHMH. TalOKe
MHTepeCHbIM HBJTSleTCH ypOBeHb 06metl npoQ:>MJIaKTMKM M
npe,LI.ynpe)I{,LI.eHMH ,LI.MCUMnJIMHapHbIX HapyrneHMtI. 11 MelO-
ll(MeCH, MCTO'-lHMKM M ,LI.0KYMeHTbI nOKa3bIBalOT COBepllIeHHO
npOTMBope'-lMBYIO KapTMHY. npMBe,LI.eM HeCKOJ1bKO Q:>par-
MeHTOB. B C006Il.(eHMM M3 <l>rA-3 OT 1 aBrycTa 1942 rO,LI.a 0
BoeHHoti 3Q:>Q:>eKTMBHoCTM rOBOpMJIOCb CJIe,LI.YlOmee: «8 Te-
'-IeHMe MIOJIH Bce '-IeTblpe MMelOlJ..(MeCSI B paCnOpSl)l{eHMM po-
TbI B COCTaBe 120 '-IeJIOBeK HaXO,LI.HJIMCb nO'-lTM Ha caMoti ne-
pe,LI.OBoti. OHM 3aHMMaJIMCb e,LI.MHCTBeHHoti pa60Totl, KOTO-
paH 3aKJIIO'-IarraCb B TOM, '-ITO OHM B03BO,aMJ1M HeKOTopoe
nO,LI.06Me raTM ,lI,JIH 218- tI nexoTHoti ,LI.MBM3MM. C06cTBeHHo
pa60Ta COCTOHJIa B TOM, '-IT06bI OTnMJIMBaTb CTBOJIbI ,LI.epeBb-
eB, a 3aTeM nepeHOCMTb MX K ,LI.opore. 3TO ,LI.eJIaJIOCb nOToMY,
'-ITO nOBCIO,LI.Y 6bIJIa 60JIOTMCTaH nO'-lBa. 3a pa60'-lYIO He,LI.eJIIO
B ceMb ,LI.Heti 3TMMM 120 MY)I{'-IMHaMM 6bIJIO OTnMJ1eHO M YJ10-
)l{eHO OT 7331 ,LI.O 9527 6peBeH, '-ITO npM6JTM3MTeJIbHO COOT-
78
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JIMCb B 60JIOTaX, TonHX MJIM Ha yqacTKax C MHrKOM rJIMHOM,
TO CTBOJIbI npMXO MJIOCb OCTaBJIHTb M3 JIeca. Ha o CKa-
3aTb, 4TO pa60Ta apeCTaHTOB 6bIJIa BeC Ma npOM3BO MTeJIb-
HOM. OT eJIbHO XOTeJIOCb 6bI BbI eJIMTb 16 4eJIOBeK M3 rpyn-
nbI no pa3MMHMpOBaHMIO. PaHeHMH M rM6eJIb OT B3pbIBOB
CTaJIM B HeM n04TM eCTeCTBeHHblM eJIOM. O HaKo Bce 06-
pa60TaHHbIe TeppMTopMM OKa3aJIMCb a6COJIIOTHO 4MCTblMM
OT MMH».
Ha BoeHHYIO 3<p<peKTMBHOCTb <I> r A YKa3bIBaeT TaK)I(e
TOT <paKT, 4TO B KOHl.{e 1942 ro a MO)l(HO 6bIJIO CTOJIKHyrbCH
co CJIY4aSlMM Boop)')KeHMH OT eJIbHbIX nOJIeBbIX apeCTaHT-
CKMX no pa3 eJIeHMH. Bnp04eM, 4MCJIO BOOPY)I(eHHblX ape-
CTaHTOB 6blJIO HeBeJIMKO. B naMSlTKe BepxoBHoro KOMaH-
OBaHJ1S1 cyxonyrHbIx BOMCK OT 20 OKTH6pSl ] 942 ro a rOBO-
pMJIOCb: «nO pa3 eJIeHMSI,lI,JISi BbInOJIHeHMH nOCTaBJIeHHbIX
3a.n.a4 B OT eJIbHbIX MCKJII04MTeJIbHbIX CJIY4aHX MOryT BOO-
PY)I(aTbCSI. ApecTaHTbI MorYT nOJIY4MTb OPY)I(Me B PYKM
JIHllIb no Ha.n.30pOM YCTaBHoro nepCOHaJIa. OpY)I(Me B aH-
HOM CJIyqae npe Ha3Ha4aJIOCb JIMllib ,lJ,JIH OTpIDKeHMH aTaK
npOTMBHMKa». I1JIM, HanpMMep, KOMaH OBaHMeM 18-M ap-
MMM 27 HHBapH 1943 ro a 6bIJI M3 aH npMKa3, 4TO B <l>rA-4 M 6
OJI)I(eH MMeTbCfI XOTSI 6bI O,L1.MH BooPY)I(eHHbIM B3BO . B 3a-
BMCMMOCTM OT pe3YJIbTaTOB aHHoro onblTa, npe YCMOT-
peTb B03MO)l(HOCTb paCllIMpeHMSI BooPY)I(eHHOH e MHMl.{bl
,L1.0 pa3Mepa POTbI».
nO 06Hoe pa3BMTMe C06bITMM Ka)l(eTCSI BnOJIHe B03-
MO)l(HbIM. Oc06eHHO eCJIM npMH Tb B paC'-IeT TH)I(eJIbIe 060-
pOHMTeJIbHbIe 60M, KOTopbIe BeJI BepMaxT B aBrycTe 1944 ro-
a. B «l1cTopMM 24-M neXOTHOM MBM3J1M» eCTb ynoMMHa-
HMe 0 «BOOPY)I(eHHbIX apeCTaHTax»: «BOoPY)I(eHHa pOTa
3Toro no pa3 eJIeHMSI OKa3aJIaCb BeCbMa Ha.n.e)l(HoH».
COBepllIeHHo Pyroe Bne4aTJIeHMe Ha BepHepa Kpaycca
npOM3BeJI <pOpT Topray: «B ceKpeTHbIX panopTax OTHOCM-
TeJIbHO <l>r A, KOTopbIe MHe Y,L1.aJIOCb np04eCTb B KaHl.{eJISI-
pMM, npe06JIa aJIM )l(aJI06bI Ha TO, 4TO CO ep)l(aHMe ape-
79
CTaHTOB - 3TO TOJIbKO TpaTa npOBl1aHTa, '-ITO, C BoeHHOH
TO'-lKl1 3peHI1S1, OT HI1X HeT HI1KaKOrO TOJIKa. 3TO 061>SlCHSI-
JIOCb nOpa)l{eHlIeCKl1MI1 HaCTpOeHI1S1MI1, Qapl1Bllll1MI1 cpe-
.lIl1 apecTaHToB. fOBOpI1JIOCb, '-ITO Bce nOJIeBbIe apeCTaHT-
CKl1e nO.lIpa3.lIeJIeHI1S1, BKJIlOlIaSl YCTaBHOH nepCOHaJI, TOJIb-
KO 11 .lIYMaIOT, KaK 6bI nepetiTI1 Ha CTOPOHY npOTHBHI1Ka,
'-ITO 3TO Y)I{e 6 bIJI 0 C <I> f A -19. B <popTe 6 bIJI 0 M H O)l{eCTBO
apeCTaHTOB 113 <I> r A, KOTopbIe 6bIJII1 CXBatleHbI npl1 nonbIT-
Ke nepeHTI1 3a JII1HI1IO <ppoHTa». ,LI.Pyroe, He MeHee npOTI1-
BOpe'-lI1BOe CBI1.lIeTeJIbCTBO npI1BO.lII1TCSI B cepl1l1 CTaTeH
XopCTa BOHTa, KOTopbIe nOCBSlI.J.J;eHbI «OC06bIM nO.lIpa3.lIe-
JIeHI1S1M 11 I1cn bITaH 1110 Ha <PPOHTe»: «KpOMe BcefO npolle-
fO, nOJIeBOe apeCTaHTCKoe nO.lIpa3.lIeJIeHl1e 19 HeO.lIHOKpaT-
HO nOJIyqaJIo nOOI.J.J;peHI1S111 6JIafO.lIapHOCTI1 OT KOMaH.lIOBa-
HI1S1 .lII1BI13I1H BO BpeMSI TSI)I{eJIbIX 060pOHI1TeJIbHbIX 60eB B
CeBepHoH POCCI1I1I1 n PI16aJ1TI1Ke».
B «l1cTopHI1 30- H neXOTHOH .lIl1BI131111» fOBOpl1JIOCb 0
60eBoM npl1MeHeHl1H <l>f A BeCHOH 1944 fO.lIa: «Y.lIpyqalO-
ll(I1M SlBJISleTCSI HCnOJIb30BaHI1e apeCTaHTOB B HallieH .lIl1BI1-
311M. Cpe.lI11 apCCTaHTOB MHO)l{eCTBO pa3)1{aJI0BaHHbIX 411-
HOB. Tenepb 3.lIeCb OHI1 .lIOJI)I{HbI BbInOJIHSlTb pa60TbI no
paC'-IMCTKe TeppMTOpl1M B HenOCpe.lICTBeHHOH 6JIM30CTM OT
JII1HMI1 <PPOHTa. B '-IaCTHOCTI1, 11M npe.lIOCTaBJISlIOT fOpbI
pa3JIaralOIl.{l1XCSI TeJI naBllll1X B npe.lIllIeCTBYIOI.J.J;I1X 60Slx.
OHI1 BbInOJIHSlIOT CBOIO pa601)' MOJI4a. OHH MOJI4aT, .lIa)l{e
eCJIM eCTb B03MO)l{HOCTb nOfOBopMTb - pa3fOBOp C apeCTaH-
TaMH 3anpell(eH. I1x KOHBOl1pbI O'-leHb )l(eCTOKI1, XOTSI, C
.lIPyroH CTOpOHbI, OHI1 npI1XO.lISiT B pa.aOCTHoe B036Y)I(,l];eHl1e,
KOf.lIa 11M npI1XO.lIl1TCSI HanpaBJISlTbCSI K JIl1HI1M <PPOHTa».
B TO BpeMSI KaK B 60JIbllll1HCTBe MaTepl1aJIOB 6bITyeT
MHeHl1e 06 06I.J.J;enpo<pMJIaKTwqecKoM I1cnOJIb30BaHHI1 <I> fA,
TO '-IaCTb 04eBM,l],QeB OTpHQaeT nO,l],06HYIO B03MO)l{HOCTb.
TaK, Hanpl1Mep, o<pl1uep KapJI 3I1f<PPI1,l], bMep CBM.lIeTeJ1b-
CTBOBaJI, lITO apeCTaHTaM He .lIeJIaJll1 .lIIDKe OC06bIX npe.lIY-
npe)J(lJ.eHI1i1: «HI1KTO He I1cnyraJICSI, KOr.lIa Y3HaJ1, '-ITO I1X
C06I1PaJ1I1Cb nOCJIaTb Ha nOJIe 60Sl 6e3 0p}')KHSI. A Be.lIb OHI1
80
3HaJIM, qTO 6e3 Op)')KI1H COJI,lI.aTCKaH )l(H3Hb He CTOHT JIOMa-
Horo rpOllIa. OHH 3HaJIH, qTO pa30pY)I(eHHOe nO,ll.pa3.aeJIe-
HHe B YCJIOBHHX peaJIbHOH onaCHOCTH no nOHHTHbIM npH-
l.JHHaM He CMO)l(eT ,lI.aTb OTnop npOTHBHHKY». no 3TOH npH-
qMHe 6an.ep rOBOpHJI 0 «npOBaJIe 3aTeH C03,l1.aHHH <I> r A»,
XOTH 3TH nO,ll.pa3,l1.eJIeHHH np0,ll.OJI)I(aJIH cymecTBoBaTb JJ;O
caMoro OKOHqaHHR BOHHbI. ,lLTIH Hero «nOJIeBOe HCnOJIHe-
HHe HaKa3aHHH 6bIJIO caMOH 60JIbllIOH HeY,lI.aqeth>. npH
3TOM OH CneUHaJIbHO YKa3bIBaeT, l.JTO CaMOJIHlJHO He 6bIJI
3HaKOM C «nOJIeBbIM I1CnOJIHeHl1eM», O,ll.HaKO n03BOJIHeT ce-
6e nO,ll.qepKHYTb: «To, qTO H co06malO, HBJIHeTCH e,ll.HHO-
,UYllIHbIM MHeHHeM MHorHX JIIO,lI.eH, KOTopbIe CJIY)I(HJIH
o<pHuepaMH B apeCTaHTCKHX KOMaH,lI.aX, a CTaJIO 6bITb, HMe-
JII1 B03MO)l(HOCTb JIHqHO Ha6JIIO,lI.aTb. 3TH Ha6JIIO,lI.eHHH
nO,ll.TBep)l([(aJIHCb MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIMH apeCTaHTaMH <I> r A».
no ero MHeHHIO, Ha nepe,ll.OBOH 6e30p)')KHaR cJIY)I(6a 6bIJIa
npaKTHqeCKH HeB03MO)l(Ha. «HH O,ll.HH KOMaH,LJ,Hp ,lI.HBH3HH
He Mor 6blTb pan. HaJIHl.JHIO B ero qaCTH nO,ll.pa3JJ;eJIeHHH, CO-
CTOHBllIero 113 HeHan.e)l(HbIX JIIO,lI.eH. ECJIH qeCTHO, TO HHKTO
6bI He C,lI.eJIaJI 113 HHX BOHHCKYIO e,ll.HHHUY. LJ:a)l(e eCJIH OT
CJIyqaH K CJIyqalO OHH MOrJIH 6bI OKa3bIBaTb HeKHe pa60QHe
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OTCT)'nJIeHHH, KOTopoe HaqaJIOCb nOCJIe CTaJIHHrpan.a, a 3a-
KOHqHJIOCb KpYllIeHHeM BOCTOqHOrO <ppOHTa, KIDK,L(bIH pa3
OKa3bIBaJIOCb, qTO <l>r A HHKOMY He nOMOraJIH, a TOJIbKO
MellIaJIl1Cb no,ll. HOraMI1. HeO,ll.HOKpaTHO HX npOCTO OCTaB-
JIHJIM TaM, r,ll.e OHH 6a3HpOBaJIHCb. KOMaH,lI.Hp <I> r A ,UOJI)I(eH
6bIJI caM ,lI.YMaTb, KaK np06HTbCH K JIHHHH <ppoHTa. 0 TOM,
l.JTO ,lI.eJIa 06CTOHJIH HMeHHO nO,ll.06HbIM 06pa30M, rOBopHT
<paKT 6eCCne,ll.HOrO HCQe3HOBeHI1H HeCKOJIbKHX <I> r A, KOTO-
pble B cYMaToxe OTCT)'ruIeHHR, BI1,l1.HMO, He CMOrJIH 6e3 OPY-
)l(HSI caMOCTOSITeJIbHO np06l1TbCH. JIIO,lI.M 6e30p)')KIDI Ha nepe-
,UOBOH 6bIJIH CJIHllIKOM 60JIbllIOH 06Y30H. nO,ll.YMaHTe CaMI1:
HeY)I(eJIH HeHan.e)l(HbIe CO.TI,lI,aTbI, He,ll.OBOJIbHbIe CJIY)I(60H,
npOBl1aHTOM, nJIOXHM 06paweHHeM C HHMI1, MOrJIH OKa-
3aTbCH Ha nepe,ll.OBoi1? OnacHocTb nepexo,Ua Ha CTOPOHY
81
npOTHBHHKa 6bIJIa HaCTOJIbKO BeJIHKa, qTO HCnOJIb30BaHHe
<Dr A 6bIJIO CKopee Ha PYKY npOTHBHHKY, a He c06CTBeHHOH
qaCTH BepMaXTa! B caMOM ,lI.eJIe, MHOrOqHCJfeHHble ape-
CTaHTbI nepeKMHYJIMCb B JIarepb npOTHBHHKa, BOJIbHO HJIH
HeBOJIbHO BbI,lI.aB Bpary HH<popMaUMIO 0 HaCTpoeHHHX Ha
nepe,ll.OBOH, TeM caMbIM OKa3aB eMY nOMomb».
Pa3HMua B oueHKax H BbICKa3bIBaHHHX OTHOCHTeJIbHO
<l>r A 06'bHCHHeTcH, CKopee Bcero, TeM, qTO B pa3JIHqHbIX
nOJIeBblX apeCTaHTCKHX nO,ll.pa3,l1.eJIeHHHX CYllJ,eCTBOBaJIH
pa3JIHqHbIe YCJIOBHH. TO)l(e caMoe OTHOCHTCH H K TlOpbMaM
BepMaxTa. B ,lI.aJIbHeHllIeM 6y.aeM HCXO,ll.HTb H3 Toro, qTO xa-
paKTep <l>r A Ha npOTH)I(eHMM BOHHbI MeHHJICH. BH)'TpH ca-
MHX nOJIeBbIX apeCTaHTCKHX nO,ll.pa3,l1.eJIeHHH cymecTBOBaJIa
HeKaH ,lI.M<p<pepeHUHaUHH. OHa onpe,ll.eJIHJIaCb TaK Ha3bIBae-
MbIMH «B03MO)l(HOCTHMH np0,ll.BH)I(eHHH». KaK MbI BH,lI.eJIH,
B <I> fA HHOr,ll.a MMeJICH «BooPY)I(eHHbIH B3BO,ll.». ECTb yno-
MHHaHHH 0 «B3BO,ll.aX 6blcTporo pearMpOBaHHH». CY,lI.H no
BceMY, 3TO 6bIJIa nepBaH cTyneHb «HcnbITaHHH». KpoMe
3Toro, B <l>f A HMeJIHCb «B03MO)l(HOCTH na.n.eHHH», KOTopble
BbIpa)l(aJIHCb B ,lI.HCUHnJIHHapHbIX B3bICKaHMHX (JIHllIeHHe
e,ll.bI, apecT), a TaIOKe B nepeBO,ll.e B llITpa<pHb1e JIarepH.
KpoMe 3Toro, HMO OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc: KaK HeCJIH or-
pOMHble nOTepH <l>f A? DbIJIO JIH 3TO CJIe,ll.CTBHeM Bpa)l(e-
CKHX 06CTpeJIOB HJIM pe3YJIbTaTOM I11IeHeHHH apecTaHToB?
He CTOHT c6pacbIBaTb co CqeTOB ,lI.e3epTMpCTBO, CMepTHbIe
npHrOBopbI, paCCTpeJIbI npH nonbITKe 6ercTBa, CMepTb OT
rOJIO,ll.a H 60JIe3HeH, qTO 6bIJIO npHcyme MHorHM llITpa<p-
HbIM nO,ll.pa3,l1.eJIeHHHM. B,lI.06aBOK KO BceMY HMO npHHH-
MaTb BO BHHMaHHe npMKa3 Q>lOpepa, OT,lI.aHHbIH B anpeJIe
1942 rO,ll.a. HMeHHo OH CTaJI oTnpaBHoH TOqKOH «nOJIeBOrO
HCnOJIHeHHH HaKa3aHHH». DJIaro,ll.apH 3TOMY npHKa3Y OKa-
3aJIHCb pa3rpY)I(eHbI nepenOJIHeHHbIe TlOpbMbI BepMaxTa.
C 3TOH TOl.JKH 3peHMH nOJIeBble apeCTaHTCKHe nO,ll.pa3,l1.eJIe-
HHH H llITpa<pHble JIarepH HMeJIH npeHMymecTBeHHO ,lI.Be
ueJIH. C O,ll.HOH CTOpOHbI, nOCpe,ll.CTBOM Y)I(eCTOl.J:eHHH HaKa-
3aHHH H ,lI.HCUHnJIHHapHOro pe)l(MMa CO,ll.eHCTBOBaTb «co-
82
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maTb «HeHa,n,e)KHbIX peKpYTOB». C ,apyroH CTOpOHbI, nOHB-
neHl1e HOBbIX noneBbIX no,apa3,aeJIeHI1H ,aon)KHO 6bIJIO B
KaKOH-TO Mepe ynyqIllHTb nOnO)KeHHe apMl111 Ha BOCToq-
HOM <ppOHTe. I1cnonb30BaHI1e apecTaHToB 11 3aKJIIOqeHHbIX
MOrJ1O BbICB060,aI1Tb canepoB I1I1H)KeHepHO-CTpOI1TenbHbIe
4aCTI1, KOTopble npe,anOJIaraJ10Cb nepe6pOCI1Tb Ha Bblnon-
HeHHe ,apyrl1x 3a,n,aHI1H. 0 TOM, qTO llITpa<pHI1KI1 npeBpaTI1-
nl1Cb B cymecTBeHHblH BoeHHbIH <paKTOp, rOBopHT CJIe,aylO-
ml1e CBe,aeHI1H: K 1 OKTH6pH 1943 ro,aa TonbKO B IllTpa<pHbIX
JIarepHX, OC06bIX no,apa3,aeJIeHI1HX, nOJIeBbIX apeCTaHTCKI1X
no,apa3,aeJIeHI1HX 11 TlOpbMax BepMaxTa Haxo,aI1JIOCb OKOJIO
27 TbICHq 4eJIOBeK. Bepcl1lO 0 3aTbIKaHI111 «,ablp» B pH,aax ap-
MI1I1 CI1JIaMI1 llITpa<pHI1KOB no,aTBep)l()].aeT eme o,aHa Mepa,
npe,anpl1HHTaH B anpeJIe 1942 ro,aa. Peqb H,aeT 0 npl13blBe
«He,aocToHHbIX HeCeHI1H BoeHHOH cnY)f(6bI».
rnaBa 5
B03HMKHOBEHME 999-X M 500-X
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nHBllIHe OCHOBHYIO qaCTb «He,aocToHHbIX HeCeHI1H BoeHHOH
CJI}')K6bI», MOrJIH 6bITb npl13BaHbI B apMl110 TOJIbKO npl1 o,a-
HOM YCJIOBI1H. OHI1 ,aOJI)KHbI 6bIJII1 Hanl1CaTb xo,aaTaHcTBo 0
B03BpameHI111 11M «n01.JeTHOrO npaBa», TO eCTb 0 BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHl111 B npaBax KaK «,aOCTOMHbIX HeCeHI1H cnY)K6bI».
Bnp01.JeM, no,a06HaH B03MO)KHOCTb 6bIJIa MI1HI1MaJ1bHOH.
nO,a06Hble npeue,aeHTbI MO)KHO 6blno 6bI COCqHTaTb Ha
naJ1buax. Eme B 1939 ro,ay npocl>eccop 3pl1x lllBI1Hre, O,aI1H
113 aBTopOB KOMMeHTapl1eB K BoeHHOMY yrOJIOBHOMY KO-
,aeKCY, a TaIOKe, nO)KaJ1YH, O,aI1H 113 caMbIX pbHHbIX 60PUOB C
«naUI1<pI1CTCKOH nponaraH,aOH 11 no,apbIBHOH KOMMYHI1-
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83
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LIeTHbIM XapaKTep BOeHHOM CJIY)I(6bI nO,ll.LIepKHyT HaCTOJIb-
KO HpKO, LITO MbICJIb 0 npl13bIBe 6bIBlIII1X 3aKJIIOLIeHHbIX .LJ.IDKe
B pSlJI;bI OC06bIX nOJI;pa3JI;eJIeHl1M Ka)l(eTCH MHe COMHl1TeJIb-
HOM». O.LJ.HaKO JI;Ba C nOJIOBl1HOM rO,ll.a CnYCTH Cl1ryaUl1H 6bI-
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MaXTa l13JI;aJlO YJI;l1Bl1TeJIbHbIM Ul1pK)'JIHp. B HeM, nYCTb 11 B
aKKYPaTHOM <popMe, HO BCe-TaKl1 Ha3bIBaJIl1Cb «nYCTOM 60JI-
TOBHeH l1 JI;eMarOrl1eM» paCCY)I(,lI.eHl1H npo «JI;OCTOHHOCTb
HeCTl1 BoeHHYIO CJIY)I(6y». OTJI;eJIbHO nOJI;LIepKl1BaJlOCb, LITO
nOJJ;06HbIe naCca)l(l1 He l1MeJIl1 60JIee Hl1KaKOM BoeHHOM
3Haql1 10CTl1. B nl1CbMaX, HanpaBJIeHHbIX B KIDK,lI,bIM BoeH-
HbIM oKpyr, OTHOCl1TeJIbHO 6bIBlIIl1X 3aKJIIOQeHHbIX, «He-
JI;OCTOMHbIX HeCeHl1l1 CJIY)I(6bI», C006Il1.aJlOCb CJIeJI;YlOmee:
«B Cl1J1Y paClIIl1peHl1H onpeJI;eJIeHl1M HeJI;OCTOHHble HeCeHl1H
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6e3 Hanl1CaHl1H KaKl1X-JIl160 XO,ll.aTaMCTBJI;OJDKHbI 6bITb BOC-
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.n.a6bI nOnOJIHl1Tb pH,l{bI Cpa)l(alOml1XCH apMeMCKl1X LIaCTeM...
nOJI; JI;eMCTBl1e 3Toro paCnOpH)I(eHl1H nOJI;na.aaIOT Bce OCY)I(-
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a) cpa3Y, eCJIl1 He 3a<pI1KCl1pOBaHO HI1KaKl1X CneUl1aJIb-
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MaXl1HaUHl1) l1JII1 eCJIl1 6bIJIa norarneHa CYJI;l1MOCTb, 11 KaK
pe3YJIbTaT CHHTbI HeJI;OCTOMHOCTb HeCeHl1H CJI}')K6bI 11 npo-
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6) npl1 60JIee 3HaLIl1TeJIbHbIX npocTynKax H KorJI;a He-
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3aHHbIM (Hanpl1Mep, npl1 npecrynJIeHl1HX npOTl1B l1Myme-
84
CTBa, TaKHX, KaK KpIDKa, MOllIeHHHlJeCTBO, paCTpaTa, a TaK-
)l(e npH npecTynJIeHHHX npOTHB HpaBCTBeHHOCTH).
nOBTOpHO BoeHHaH npHrO,LI.HOCTb He npe,LI.OCTaBJIHeTCH
OCY)I(.[I.eHHbIM 3a npOTHBoeCTeCTBeHHblM. pa3BpaT, H3MeHY
pO,LI.HHe, a TaIOKe TeM, no OTHOllIeHHIO K KOTOpbIM npHMe-
HeHa Mepa HaKa3aHI151 B BH,LI.e KaCTpaUHH».
To, lJTO BepxoBHoe KOMaH,LI.OBaHl1e BepMaxTa HalJaJIO C
npH3bIBa Tex, KTO I1MeJI cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbllIHe CpOKI1
TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIIOlJeHHH (,LI.O Tpex JIeT) He 6bIJIO Y,LI.HBI1TeJIb-
HbIM, TaK KaK B anpeJIbCKOM npHKa3e npaKTHlJeCKH llIJIa
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TOpylO .n;OJI)KHO 6bIJIO npOHTH orpOMHoe KOJIHqeCTBO «He-
,LI.OCTOHHbIX CJIY)K6bI». L(JIH Be.n;eHHH BOHHbI Tpe60BaJIHCb
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MeHCKoro PYKOBo.n;CTBa paCCMaTpHBaJIa «nO,LI.rOTOBKY K ro-
cy,n,apCTBeHHOH H3MeHe», KaK yrOJIOBHYIO CTaTblO, no KOTO-
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XHHaUHHM H JI)KeCBH.n;eTeJIbCTBY, paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb KaK
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6bI npeCTYnJIeHHH». npH onpe.n;eJIeHHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX
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MaXTe. B03MO)KHO, liTO apMeHCKHe 4HHbI HCXO.n;HJIH H3 TO-
ro, QTO MHOrOJIeTHHH Teppop H YCHJIeHHaH nponaraH.n;a
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MH, 6C3pa3JIHQHbIMH K nOJIHTHKe
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BepMaxTa BbIpa3HJIO Hau.e)f(,l],Y, lJTO H3 «nOJIHTHlJeCKHX 3a-
KJIlOlJeHHbIX» eme MO)l(HO 6blJIO C,LI.eJIaTb XOpOllIHX COJUI.aT, B
KOTOpbIX TaK OCTpO HY)f(,l],aJIaCb apMHH. npH 3TOM HY)KHO
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JIH TOJIbKO O,JIHY T]JeTb OT 06mero KOJIH4eCTBa «He,LI.OCTOH-
HbIX CJIY)K6bl», KOTOpbIX npe,LI.nOJIaraJIOCb npHBJIeQb B pH,LI.bI
BoopY)KeHHbIX CHJI. B rJIaBHOM ynpaBJIeHHH HMnepcKoH
6e30nacHocTH (PCXA) He pa3,L1.eJIHJIl1 no.n;06Horo OnTHMI13-
85
Ma. no 3TOM: npl1ql1He ,lI)ISI oT6opa 6YJ(Yll(I1X COJIJ(aT npeJ(-
nl1CbIBaJIOCb yqacTl1e KpHMI1HaJIbHOM: nOJII1Ul111 11 reCTano.
n pl1 3TOM TaM:HaSl nOJII1UI1S1 J(OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa 06JIa.aaTb npaBOM
BeTO npl1 paCCMOTpeHl111 «nOJII1Tl1qeCKI1X CJIyqaeB». 3HaSl 0
HaMepeHI1S1X apMeM:CKI1X qI1HOB, PYKOBO,LJ.CTBO PCXA ell(e
30 MapTa 1940 rOJ(a CneUl1aJIbHO,lI)lSl reCTano pa3pa6aTbIBa-
eT oco6yIO I1HCTpYKUI1IO: «CYllI.eCTByeT onaCHOCTb, qTO no-
JIHTI1QeCKI1 HeHau.e)l(Hble JIHQHOCTI1, KOTopble B CBoe BpeMSI
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no co6cTBeHHOM: I1HI1Ul1aTI1Be l1JIM YKa3aHl11O nOJ(pbIBHbIX
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lJTo6bI CBoeBpeMeHHO npeceLfb nO,LJ.06HYIO nOJ(pbIBHYIO pa-
60TY, Tpe6yeTcSI TllI.aTeJIbHOe 113YQeHI1e nOnI1Tl1QeCKOrO
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CBoe npecTynJIeHHe, eMY He J(OJI)I(HO 6bITb OTKa3aHO B Hece-
HHI1 BOl1HCKOM: CJIY)l(6bI. ECJII1, HanpOTI1B, peQb l1.LI.eT 0 KOM-
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QeHHOM: OT OCBeJ(OMI1TenSl 113 HlOpH6epra, KOTopaSl B Mae
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86
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IllI1X KOMMYHI1CTOB ,lJ,OBOJIbCTByeTcH CTaT)'COM «He,lJ,OCTOH-
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60JIbllIaH lJaCTb npl1,lJ,ep)l(I1BaeTCH ,lJ,HaM TpaJIbHO npOTHBO-
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1. lIlaHcbI repMaHl111 Ha n06e y paBHbI HYJIIO. B CTa,IJ,HH
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1lII1M KOMMYHI1CTHlJeCKI1M Q>YHKl.(110HepaM, KOTopble npo-
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87
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pa60Ta J],OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa BeCTHCb B TaKI1X cPopMaUHHX cPawl1-
CTCKoro 06w.eCTBa, KaK 11 MnepCKaH TpYJ],OBaH nOBI1HHOCTb
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MOrJIH 060HTI1 CTOpOHOti BepMaXT KaK Ba)l(HetiWl1ti I1HCTI1-
TYT cPaWI1CTCKoro rOCYJ],apCTBa. B 3Toti CBH3M: H TaK)I(e
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BaHHbIX no Ka3apMaM qaCTHX nOJIHUM:H. OHI1 BTatiHe nbITa-
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TaHOBJIeHa cParnl1CTCKaH J],HKTaTYpa. C 3THMI1 CTpYKTypaMH
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KOHTpOJIH reCTano. nonaB B BepMaXT, OH HaMepeBaJICH ne-
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«MHe qaCTO 3au.a1OT Bonpoc: nonaCTb B reCTano M:J1M: B ap-
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OH? Y Te651 eCTb Be B03MO)l(HOCTM, KOTopbIe TbI MO)l(ellib
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89
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90
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pa3a MbIlllJleHH5I.
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MaeTCH nOJlHTHKOM HJlH ,aeMOHcTpHpyeT JIOHJlbHOCTb, He
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TeJlbCTBa Toro, 4TO nocJle BbIxo,aa Ha CB060,ay (B cpe,aHeM
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HHH. COOTBeTCTBYlOmHM CTpYKTypaM Ha.rr;Ie)l(HT BbIHCHMTb
B napTHMHbIX MHCTaHQHHX CBe,aeHHSI 0 4J1eHCTBe HJIH CO-
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B paC4eT, TaK KaK 06'beKT MO)l(eT npHMKHYTb K ,aaHHOM
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XOTH HX npOBepKa B KpHMHHaJIbHOH nOJIHQHH 3aHHMaJIa
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lllHX nOJIHTH4eCKHX 3aKJII04eHHblX B reCTano. HecMoTpH Ha
BbIXO,a anpeJIbCKOrO npHKa3a, BepMaxT nOKa BbIHY)l(J1eH
6blJl C4HTaTbCH C TaKHMH 3a.rI.ep)l(KaMH.
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91
6blJIO npHHHTO B nepBbIX lIHCJIaX ceHTH6pSl 1942 ro,aa. BbIC-
lllHe lIHHbI BepxoBHoro KOMaH,aOBaHHH BepMaxTa HaCTOH-
JIH Ha 6y,aYll.(eM MCnOJIb30BaHHH Ha cPpoHTe 6bIBlllHX 3a-
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pH 1942 ro,aa BepxoBHbIl1 BoeHHbIH Cy,abH llIepep n03BOHHJI
B I1MnepcKoe MHHHCTepCTBO IOCTHQMH H C006llJ,HJI, lITO
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nOJIb30BaTb 6bIBlllHX 3aKJIlOqeHHbIX. ,lJ.JIH YCKOpeHMH ,aaH-
HOrO rrpoQecca npe,lI,JIaraJIOCb H3MeHHTb npoQecc y,aOBJIe-
TBOpeHMSI XO,aaTaMCTB 0 nOBTOpHOM npe,aOCTaBJIeHHH npM-
rO,aHOCTM K cJIY)l(6e.
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CJIYlIae «He,aOCTOHHbIX» C He3HaqHTeJIbHbIMH npOCT)'nKa-
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«paCCJIe,aOBaHHM:» npOlIHX HHCTaHQHM:. nOlITH B TO)l(e Bpe-
MH BOeHHbIM: Cy,abH 'BeCTcPaJIb B CBOeM pa3rOBOpe no,a'-lep-
KHBaJI: «BMelllaTeJIbCTBO nOJIHQHH MO)l(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb
KaK QeJIeC006pa3HOe JIHlllb B CJIyqaHX COBepllleHHH TH)I(KHX
npeCT)'nJIeHMM:, a TalOKe aHTHrocy,aapCTBeHHbIx,aeHCTBMH H
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BHTeJIH MHHMCTepCTBa IOCTHUHH no,arOTOBHJ1M npoeKT C03-
.aaHHSI «HcnbITaTeJ1bHOrO no,apa3,aeJIeHHSI 999», KOTopoe,
B03HMKHYB B oKTSl6pe 1942 ro,aa, nOHalIaJIY nOJIYlIHJIO Ha-
3BaHMe «acPPHKaHcKaSl 6pHra,aa-999». C caMoro HaqaJIa
npe,anOJIaraJIOCb, lITO B HeM MorYT OKa3aTbCH He TOJIbKO
6bIBlllHe 3aKJIIO'-IeHHble, HO H Te, KTO Bce eme npe6bIBaJI B
JIarepHX M TlOpbMax. npMMeqaTeJIbHO, '-ITO cJIY)l(6a B 6pHra-
,ae-999 paCCMaTpHBaJIaCb KaK «HcnbITaHHe cPPOHTOM», M
JIHlllb nOTOM «He.aocToMHbIe» MOrJIH 6bITb npH3HaHbI npH-
ro,aHbIMH K cJIY)l(6e H nepeBo,aHTbCH B perYJIHpHbIe '-IaCTH
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BaHHe BepMaxTa 06pamaJIo BHHMaHHe Ha TO, lIT06bI OHM
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92
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pMI1, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbiX HIOpH6eprCKMX 3aKOHOB. KOMaH-
JlOBaHl1e 999- MM 6aTaJIbOHaMI1 nOPY'-IaJIOCb Ha.LI.e)l(HbiM
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BoeHHOH CJIY)I(6bI», nOJIY'-IaJIl1 CBI1.LI.eTeJIbCTBO 0 CHHTI1I1 C
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BaJIOCb «rOJIy6bIM CBI1,II.eTeJIbCTBOM». Ero 06JIa.LI.aTeJII1 60JIee
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npOTI1BHI1KOB rHTJIepOBCKoro pe)l(I1Ma. Bcero )l(e B MeCTax
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BeK. Ha'-laJIo BOMHbI CTaJIO oTnpaBHOM: TO'-lKOM: ,lI,JIH )')KeCTO-
'-IeHI1H BHyrpeHHero Teppopa. 3 ceHTH6pH 1939 rO.LI.a, ,II.Ba ro-
,II.a cnYCTH nOCJIe Hanan.eHI1H Ha nOJIblllY, rl1MMJIep no YKa3Y
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,II.apCTBeHHOM: 6e30naCHOCTI1 BO BpeMH BOM:Hbl». B HeM, B
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.LI.aBJIHTbCH caMblM )l(eCTO'-laM:lllHM 06pa30M. B TOM '-Il1CJle
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93
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nOJIbllll1. nO)],06Hble npOBepKI1 KaCaJIl1Cb He TOJIbKO Tex,
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6blJIH nepe6pOllleHbI HJIH no B03,lJ.YXY, HJIH no MOplO. 3,lJ.eCb
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ECJII1 npl1'-1MHOH <pOpCl1pOBaHHoro Ha60pa B anpeJIe
1942 ro.n.a 6bIJIM '-Iepec'-Iyp 3aBbIIlleHHble TPe60BaHIDI, npe.lI.'b-
HBJIHeMbIe B BepMaxTe K peKpYTY, TO <pOpMl1pOBaHHe «HC-
nbITaTeJIbHbIX '-IaCTeH» 6bIJIO npO,lJ.HKTOBaHO HeCKOJIbKO
.n.pyrHMM YCTaHOBKaMM, He)l(eJII1 C03,lJ.aHMe <l>r A 11 IllTpa<t>-
HbIX JIarepeM. BecHoH 1942 ro.n.a HaUI10HaJI-COU.HaJlI1CTH'-Ie-
CKl1e 60H3bI CTOJIKHYJII1Cb C napau.oKCaJlbHOH cI1TYau.l1eM:
orpOMHoe KOJIM'-IeCTBO «He.n.ocToHHbIX» MOrJII1 npo.n.OJI)I(aTb
OTHOCI1TeJIbHO cnoKoMHYIO )Iill3Hb B TbIJIY, B TO BpeMH KaK
102
I1CTI1HHbIe npHBep)l(eHUbI HaUHCTCKOrO pe)l(HMa rH6JIH Ha
BOCTOqHOM <PPOHTe. Ha 3TOT aCneKT B O.LJ.HOM 113 napTHH-
HbIX UHPKYJIHpOB 06paTHJI BHHMaHHe MapTHH DOpMaH.
B CeKpeTHOM .LJ.OKYMeHTe OH I1H<POpMI1POBaJI napTHHHbIe
I1HCTaHUl111 0 C03.LJ.aHI1H «OC06bIX <pOpMl1pOBaHI1M». «OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO HCnOJIb30BaHI1H He.LJ.OCTOMHbIX HeCeHHH BOeHHOM
CJIY)I(6bI B BepMaXTe. raYJIHMTepbI yxe HeO.LJ.HOKpaTHO CO-
06maJII1 0 TOM, qTO HaCeJIeHl1e He nOHHMaeT, nOqeMY He-
.LJ.OCTOHHbIe HeCeHI1H CJIY)I(6bI, C O.LJ.HOH CTOpOHbI, He npH-
BJIeKalOTCH .LJ.JIH BoeHHbIX onepaUHM, C .LJ.p"yrOH CTOpOHbI,
OHI1 He npHBJIeKalOTCH K OC06bIM pa60TaM. npl1 paCCMOT-
peHHI1 3Toro Bonpoca HeJIb3H 3a6bIBaTb, qTO, C O.LJ.HOH CTO-
pOHbI, HeB03MO)l(HO npl1BJIeqeHl1e B apMHIO JIl1l1" He.LJ.OC-
TOHHbIX HeceHHH CJIY)I(6bI, TaK KaK 3TO nO.LJ.pbIBaeT npeCTl1)1(
BepMaXTa. O.LJ.HaKO, C ,aPyroH CTOpOHbI, KPyr 3TI1X JIl1l1,
HeJIb3H OCTaBJIHTb 6e3 BHHMaHI1H, TaK KaK OHI1 npeBpama-
IOTCH B «BbIl1rpaBllIHX OT Be.LJ.eHI1H BOMHbI». HCnOJIb30BaHI1e
He.LJ.OCTOHHbIX HeCeHI1H CJIY)I(6bI .LJ.OJI)I(HO npOI1CXO.LJ.I1Tb B
paMKax OC06bIX <pOpMl1pOBaHI1H. CO ,aHH npl13bIBa He,aoc-
TOHHbIe HeCeHI1H CJIyx6bI CqHTalOTCH 3aql1CJIeHHbIMI1 B ap-
MHIO. O.LJ.HaKO npl1rO.LJ.HbIMI1 K BoeHHOH cJIyx6e I1X MO)l(HO
npH3HaBaTb JII111Ib TOJIbKO nOCJIe OC06bIX I1CnbITaHIiH 11 60e-
BbIX .LJ.eHCTBI1H Ha <PPOHTe».
Ho eCJIH 6bI pe1.Ib llIJIa TOJIbKO 06 YCTpaHeHl111 BHe3anHO
nOHBI1BllIeHCH npOCJIOMKI1 HeBOJIbHbIX YKJIOHI1CTOB, TO Y
Hall,I10HaJI -COUl1aJII1CTI1QeCKOrO pe)l(l1Ma B pacnOpIDKeHl111
BHe BCHKI1X COMHeHI1H HallIJIHCb 6bI 11 .LJ.Pyrl1e B03MO)l(HO-
CTI1 pellIeHHH .LJ.aHHOM np06JIeMbI. Hx MOrJII1 06JIaQl1Tb B
«nOqeTHYIO cepylO YHI1<POPMY» 11 HanpaBHTb oT6bIBaTb TPy-
.LJ.OBYIO nOBI1HHOCTb B «OpraHH3all,HIO TO.LJ.Ta» (OT), r.LJ.e
«He.LJ.OCTOMHbIM» OTbICKaJIH 6bI MHO)l(eCTBO onaCHbIX pa60T.
3TO TOJIbKO O.LJ.I1H 113 B03MO)l(HbIX Bapl1aHTOB. Ho O.LJ.Ha H3
I1CTI1HHbIX npHQI1H npl13bIBa «npecTynHI1KOB» 11 «BparOB
rOCY.LJ.apCTBa» KpbIJIaCb B paCHCTCKOM H.LI.eOJIOrI1H HaUI10HaJI-
COll.l1aJII1CTHqeCKOrO rOCY.LJ.apCTBa. 3TOT MOTI1B CTaHOBI1TCH
103
nOHSITHbIM, eCJlI1 npl1HSlTb BO BHI1MaHl1e CJIOBa fl1TJIepa,
np0l13HeCeHHbIe 20 aBrycTa 1942 rO,ll.a, KOr,ll.a npl1BO,ll.l1JIOCb
K npHCSlre HOBoe PYKOBO,ll.CTBO HMnepcKoro MI1HI1CTepCTBa
IOCTI1UH 11:
«CY,lI.bH - 3TO HOCI1TeJIb ,lI.yxa HaUI10HaJIbHOrO caMOCO-
xpaHeHHH. KIDKL(aH BOMHa Be,lJ,eT K HeraTI1BHOM CeJIeKlI,MI1.
n03MTHBHblH oT60p YMl1paeT. Ho Y)I{e Bbl60p onaCHoro BO-
I1HCKOrO nYTM SlBJIHeTCH oT60pOM. CMeJIb1.JaKI1 6y,lI.Yf JIeT-
1.JI1KaMI1, nOM,lI.YT B nO,ll.BO,ll.HI1KI1. O,ll.HaKO Tenepb BOHCKa
CaMI1 KM,naIOT KJII11.J: KTO nOM,lI.eT ,lI.06POBOJIbueM? H BCer,ll.a
HaM,lI.yTCH 6paBbIe pe6HTa, KOTopble OTK.J1I1KHyTCSI Ha Hero.
B 3TO BpeMH TOJIbKO nOMble MOmeHHI1KI1 MOryr 3a60TI1Tb-
CH 0 CBOI1X,lI.YllIe 11 TeJIe. TOT, KTO OKa3aJICH B TlOpbMe, nOJIY-
lJMJI rapaHTI1IO, lJTO C HI1M HI11.JerO He CJI)"-II1TCH. ECJII1 no-
,lI.06HOe 6Y,lI.eT np0,ll.OJI)I{aTbCH Tpl1-1.JeTblpe rO,ll.a, TO 6Y,lI.eT
HapymeHo paBHOBeC'l1e Hall,I1M: O,ll.HI1 6y,lI.Yf rl16HyTb, a ,lI.PY-
rl1e c6eperaTb CBOIO )l{113Hb! CeM1.JaC TlOpeMHoe 3aKJII01.Je-
Hl1e Y)I{e He HBJIHeTCH HaKa3aHl1eM. H B TO)l{e BpeMH B BOJI-
XOBCKOM KOTJIe COJI,lI.aTbI JIe)l{aT Ha rOJIOI1 3eMJIe, 6e3 CHa,
nO,ll.1.Jac 6e3 e,ll.bI. OTHblHe B HapO,ll.e Bce npOI1CXO,ll.MT TaK:
1lII1pOKI1e MaCCbI HBJIHIOTCH HM XOpOIllI1MI1, HI1 nJIOXI1MI1.
I1MeHHo KpaMHl1e n03MlI,I111 onpe,ll.eJIHIOT I1CXO,ll. ,lI.eJIa. ECJII1
HeYKJIOHHO YMeHbmaTb KOJII11.JeCTBO xopomero, HO B TO )l{e
BpeMH coxpaHHTb nJIOXoe, TO np0l130H,lI.eT TO, 1.JTO 6blJIO B
1918 ro,ll.Y - 500 I1JII1 600 6pO,ll.Hr 113HaCI1JIOBaJII1l1,eJIYIO Ha-
lI,l1lO. npOTI1BOnOJIO)l{HOrO l1,l1.eaJII1CTI11.JeCKOrO nOJIlOca
60JIbIlle He CYIl(eCTByeT».
XOTH B «MaMH KaMn<p» He np03BY1.JaJIO HI1KaKI1X BbICKa-
3blBaHI1H OTHOCHTeJIbHO lllTpa<pHbIX nO,ll.pa3,lJ.eJIeHI1H, HO
1.JaCTb l1,l1.eH 113 «6116JII1I1 Hall,M3Ma» onOCpe,ll.OBaHHO no-
BJII1HJII1 Ha I1X C03,lJ.aHl1e. HaCKOJIbKO BOCTpe60BaHHbIMI1
paCI1CTCKHe n0311l1,I111 OKa3aJII1Cb B cpe,ll.e apMeMCKI1X IOpl1-
CTOB, MO)l{HO CY,ll.l1Tb no TOMY <paKTY, 1.JTO 3pHX llIBI1Hre,
OCHOBblBaHCb Ha «CBe,ll.eHHHX» apMeMCKOM nCI1Xl1aTpl1l1,
eme ,lI.O Ha1.JaJIa BOMHbI npl13bIBaJI CBOI1X CY,ll.eMCKI1X KOJIJler
CO CTpaHl1l1, «)I(YPHaJla no BoeHHOMY npaBY»: «HeJIb3H ern.e
104
pa3 .n.OnYCTHTb, lJT06bI BOHHa OlJeHb CHJlbHO y.n.apHJla no
IJ.eHHbIM 3J1eMeHTaM Harnero Hapo.n.a. B .n.aHHOH cHTyaIJ.HH
.n.apBHHOBCKHH OT60p nOHlleT B 06paTHYlO CTOPOHY. HeJIb351
.n.onYCTHTb, lJT06bl JIyquIHe OT.n.aJlH CB0.lO )K.l13Hb Ha <PPOHTe,
B TO BpeM5I KaK <pH3HtJeCKH H .n.YXOBHO HenOJIHOlleHHbIe
nO.lI.pbIBaJIH n03HIJ.HH Harne" PO.n.HHbI».
BnOJlHe OlJeBI1,LI;HO, lJTO npH C03.n.aHHH «HcnbITaTeJIbHbIX
e,LlHHHl..(» YlJHTbIBaJlHCb COllHaJI-.n.apBHHI1CTCKHe YCTaHOB-
KH. npOTarOHHCTbl paCI1CTCKHX YlJeHI1H BceMH cnoc06aMH
nbITaJII1Cb npe.n.OTBpaTHTb «06paTHbIM OT60p». HaH60JIee
HpKO 3Ta TeH.n.eHIJ.I1H Bblpa3HJIaCb B C03.n.aHHH reHpHXOM
rHMMJIepOM «oc060ro Q>OpMHpOBaHHH CC - ,.QHpJIeBaH-
rep», Ha3BaHHaH no "MeHH KOMaH.n.Hpa 3Ta 3C3COBCKaH
lJaCTb 3aHMMaJlaCb B OCHOBHOM 60pb60M C napTH3aHaMH.
nOHa4aJIY OHa HaClJHTbIBaJIa HeCKOlIbKO 3C3COBIJ.eB H 70 6pa-
KOHbepOB (oTclO.n.a H O.n.HO H3 Ha3BaHHH «6paKoHbepcKaH
6pHrana» ), KOTOpbI 1 no BOlIe rHTJIepa 6bIJI npe.n.OCTaBJleH
rnaHC Ha «McKynJleHHe BHHbI». BCKope 3TO <POpMHpOBaHl1e
6bIJlO nonOlIHeHO «npo<peccHOHaJIbHbIMI1 npeCT)'nHHKaMI1»
H «aCOIJ.HaJlbHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH», KOTopble Ha6HpaJIHCb Ha
CJIY)J(6y H3 KOHu;eHTpaIJ.HOHHbIX JIarepeH. nOTOM HaCTaJI
lJepe.n. «HHOHaIJ.HOHaJlbHbIX» KOJlJIa60paUHoHHcTOB, KOTO-
pbIe XOTeJIH nOJIyqHTb 3C3COBCKoe 3BaHMe. Kor,Lla B cpeBpa-
JIe 1944 ro.n.a npe.n.nOJIaraJIOCb c.n.eJIaTb eJ.J.J;e O.n.HH Ha60p H3
4HCJIa 3aKJII04eHHbIX KOHIJ.eHTpaIJ.HOHHbIX JlarepeH, reH-
pHX rHMMlIep CKa3aJ1: «51 npoUlY Bcex HalJaJlbHHKOB rJIan-
HbIX ynpaBJIeHHH CC 3anYMaTbC5I H He 3a6bIBaTb, lITO JIyq-
we npMHeCTH KpOBaBYIO )((epTBY, CBe.n.H B MorHJlY npOBH-
HHBWHXC5I JIIO.n.eH, HO coxpaHHTb nocpe.n.CTBOM 3Toro
HeCKOJIbKO CJIaBHbIX HeMeIJ.KMX IOHoweH». Te )((e caMbIe
H.n.eH CKB0351T B CJIOBaX rne<pa rJIaBHOrO ynpaBJleHHH CC
rOTJII16a 6eprepa, KOTOpbIl1 B MapTe 1944 ro.n.a npe,lIJIO)((MJI
HanpaBJl5ITb Bcex npOBHHHBUlHXC5I 3C3COBIJ.eB B 6pHra,n.y
,.QHplIeBaHrepa. nHCbMO C COOTBeTCTBYIOJ.J.J;HM npe,lUIo)((e-
HHeM 3aKaHlIHBaJIOCb ClIe.aYIOllJ,HM o6pa30M: «npH 3TOM 51
HCHO OCO.3HalO, lITO He Bce HBJl5IIOTC5I ,lIOCTOHHbIMH HCKyn-
105
JIeHH5I, O,ll,HaKO Y HHX 6Y,lI,eT lUaHC ,lI,OCTOHHO YMepeTb, cpa-
)l(a5lCb C BpafOM».
B nepBbIX fJIaBaX KHHfH e ynoMHHaJIOCb 0 TOM, qTO
npaKTHKa «HCnbITaHH5I <pPOHTOM» npHMeH5IJIaCb B BepMaX-
Te BO BpeM5I nOJIbCKOM KaMnaHHH. COfJIaCHO ,lI,0KYMeHTaM
BepXOBHOrO KOMaH,lJ,OBaHH5I cyxOnyTHbIX BOtiCK, HeqTO no-
,lI,06HOe npaKTHKOBaJIOCb B nOJIeBblX lJaCT5IX BO BpeM5I 3a-
BOeBaHH5I <I>paHlI.HH. B BpeM5I 60eBbIX ,lI,eticTBHM Ha 3ana.a-
HOM <ppOHTe B Mae 1940 fO,ll,a HaKa3aHMe B BH,lI,e «HcnbITa-
HH5I <pPOHTOM» 6bIJIO Ha3HaqeHO 2762 COJI,lI,aTaM. Ha,ll,o
nO,ll,qepKH)'Tb, liTO TOJIbKO B 177 CJIyqa5lx (6,4%) npOBHHHB-
IllHeC5I He CMOfJIH «HCKynHTb BHHbI» H He npOIllJIH HcnbITa-
HHe. MO)l(HO rOBopHTb, qTO B 60JIbIllHHCTBe CJIyqaeB ,lI,HC-
lI.HnJIHHapHa51 QeJIb 6bIJIa ,lI,OCTHrHyTa. 93,6% npOBHHHB-
IllHXC5I «HcnpaBHJIHCb» M 6JIafO,ll,ap51 «CMeJIbIM ,lI,eMCTBH5IM
HCKynHJIH CBOH npocTynKH».
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pbI nO,ll,06HOfO «repOH3Ma». Ho MO)l(HO KOHCTaTHpOBaTb,
liTO nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHbIti onbIT ,lI,OJDKeH 6bIJI n06Y,ll,HTb PYKOBO,ll,-
CTBO petixa K TOMY, lIT06bI paClUHpHTb c<pepy npHMeHeHH5I
«HcnbITaHH5I <pPOHTOM». TaK B03HHKJIa «HcnbITaTeJIbHa51
qaCTb- 500».
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(H3BecTHoM TaIOKe KaK 500-H 6aTaJIboH) nOCJIY)l(HJ} npMKa3
qHopepa OT 21 ,lI,eKa6p51 1940 rO,ll,a, KOTOpbIM BnOCJIe,ll,CTBHH
6bIJI ,lI,OrrOJIHeH n5lTblO HHCTPYKlI.H5IMH BepxoBHoro KOMaH-
,lI,OBaHH5I BepMaxTa. )];0 CHX nop HeH3BeCTHO, caM JIH rHT-
JIep BbIcTynHJI C nO,ll,06Hoti HHHlI.HaTHBoti HJIH efO no,ll,-
TOJIKHYJIH K 3TOMY peIlleHHIO. O,ll,HaKO, TaK HJIH MHaqe, nep-
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y)l{e B CeHT5I6pe 1940 rO,ll,a, Kor,ll,a fOTOBHJIC5I npoeKT ynOM5I-
HyTOfO npHKa3a fHTJIepa. 3TOT npoeKT 6bIJI nepe,ll,aH BMe-
CTe C BOCbMHCTpaHH1.IHoti rr05lCHMTeJIbHOH 3anMcKoti B I1M-
nepCKoe MI1HHCTepCTBO IOCTHlI.HI1 PY,ll,OJIb<pY JIeMaHY. TOT
HcnbITbIBaJI rJIy60qaHlUHe CHMnaTHH K Hall.HOHaJI-COll.Ha-
JIHCTaM, TaK KaK HOBbIH pe)l(HM B03pO,ll,HJI HeKOr,ll,a YMH-
106
paBIllYIO BOeHHYIO IOCTHUHIO. Ha nepBOM 06merepMaH-
CKOM C'be3L1.e IOpI1CTOB, KOTOpbIH npOXOLl.HJI B Mae 1939 rOLl.a,
J1eMaH He TOJ1bKO BbIpa3HJ1 BepHOCTb <plOpepy, HO 11 npH-
3BM Ka)I(,UOrO BoeHHoro CYLl.blO BO B,ceM nOMoraTb reHe-
paJIbHOMY IllTa6y. Ho BepHeMCH KLl.OKyMeHTaM, nonaBIllHM
Ha CTOJ1 JIeMaHa. npe e qeM MbI nOLl.p06HO 03HaKOMHMCH
C KOMMeHTapHHMI1, 06paTMM BHMMaHMe Ha caM npMKa3
rI1TJ1epa. B ero OKOHqaTeJ1bHO <POPMYJIl1pOBKe 3HaqMJIOCb:
«5{ HeO,L{HOKpaTHO YKa3bIBaJI Ha TO, qTO Ha BOHHe Ha,u,O npl1-
6eraTb K caMbIM CypOBbIM MepaM, Ll.a6bI coxpaHMTb,L{MCUMn-
JIMHY B lIaCTM M B KopHe nOLl.aBMTb J1106ylO nonbITKy npOHB-
J1eHMH TPYCOCTM. TaK M CJ1e.LJ.yeT nOCl)'naTb B 6YLl.ymeM. OLl.-
HaKO MHe XOTeJIOCb 6bI Ll.aTb qeCTHbIM COJ1L1.aTaM BepMaXTa,
KOTopbIe B CJIO)l(HOM cMTyaUMM OLl.Ha)l(,1J,bI cnOTKHYJ1MCb,
IllaHC ,lI,JIH McnbITaHI1H, liTO HeB03MO)l(HO M HeueJ1eco06pa3-
HO Ll.eJ1aTb B c06CTBeHHOH qaCTI1».
«HeB03MO)l(HO» nO.LJ.06HOe McnbITaHl1e 6bIJ10 B qaCTHX,
KOTopbIe He npMHI1MaJIM yqaCTI1H B 60eBbIX Ll.eMCTBMHX;
«HeueJIeco06pa3HO», TaK KaK 6bICTpoe nOHBJ1eHMe npOBM-
HI1BIllerOCH B pacn0J10)l(eHMI1 60eBOH qaCTI1 MOrJIO Hera-
TI1BHO CKa3aTbCH Ha ,L{I1ClJ,MnJII1He. B KaqeCTBe BbIXOLl.a M3
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pMJIOCb: «CJ1Y)I(6a B TaKOH lIaCTM He MeHee nOlleTHa, '-IeM
06bIKHOBeHHaH BoeHHaH cJIY)I(6a. ,lJ.aHHbIe <pOpMMpoBaHMH
HI1 B KoeM CJ1yqae He MMelOT lllTpa<pHoro xapaKTepa».
C caMoro HallaJIa .LJ.aHHaH 3aTeH 6bIJIa nonbITKOM Bep-
HyTb Ha <ppOHT COJ1.LJ.aT, KOTopbIe, HeCMOTpH Ha COBeprneH-
HbIM npocTynoK, C onpe.LJ.eJ1eHHOM .LJ.OJ1eM BepOHTHOCTM pac-
CMaTPMBaJll1Cb KaK Ha,ae)((HbIe MJ1M XOTH 6bI KaK npHrOLl.HbIe
,lI,JIH 60eBbIX Ll.eHCTBMH BOMHbI. npMMeqaTeJIbHO, qTO B Ll.aH-
HOM CJ1yqae PYKOBO,lJ.CTBO peHxa npM6eraJIo K onpe.LJ.eJIeH-
HOM npOnaraHLl.MCTCKOM MaCKMpOBKe, He rOBopH OTKpbI-
TbIM TeKCTOM, qTO MO)l(HO 6bIJIO Ha6J1IO.LJ.aTb B I1HbIX CMl)'a-
lJ,MHX. BcnOMHMM XOTH 6bI BoeHHoro CYLl.blO <I>pMua XOLl.eca,
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107
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MaXTa».
B nepMOLl. C ceHTH6pH 1940 rOLl.a, KOrLl.a 6bIJI nOL(fOTOB-
JIeH npoeKT npMKa3a <tnopepa, .ao 21 Ll.eKa6pH 1940 ron;a, KO-
rLl.a 3TOT npl1Ka3 YBI1L1.eJI CBeT, BeJIaCb aKTMBHaH nOLl.rOTOBKa
no <t>OpMMpOBaHI1IO 500-H «McnbITaTeJIbHOH qaCTH». B 3TO
BpeMH Ha KOHTI1HeHTe u.apl1JIO OTHOCI1TeJIbHOe 3aTMIllbe.
B JII060M CJIyqae KOHKpeTHaH .1laTa MCnOJIb30BaHI1H HOBoro
<t>OpMMpoBaHMH ewe He 6blJIa onpeLl.eJIeHa. ECJIU MbI HCXO-
Ll.HM H3 Toro, liTO rJIaBHOH 3MaqeM 500-H qaCTM 6bIJIO «BOC-
nHTaHl1e» 11 «l1cnbITaHl1e» COJ1L1.aTa, KOTOpbIM Ll.OJI)I(eH 3aTeM
BepHyrbcH B p5fLl.bI BepMaxTa (Ha liTO c06CTBeHHO YKa3bIBa-
lOT Bce npI13HaKI1), TO caM <t>aKT cymecTBOBaHI1H oc060ro
<t>Op l1pOBaHI1H BpH.a JII1 Mor con:eHcTBoBaTb YKpenJIeHMIO
Ll.HCu. nJII1HbI. LLnH HOBOH npaKTHKM Tpe60BaJII1Cb Ll.eMCT-
BHTeJIbHO onaCHbIe I1Tyau.l1l1, KOTopbIe MOrJII1 CKJIaLl.bI-
BaTbCSI JII1111b B 30He aKTI1BHbIX 60eBbIx Ll.eMCTBMM. 500-H
4aCTb He npeLl.Ha3Ha4aJ1aCb npOCTO,lJJlH oT6bIBaHMH HaKa3a-
HMH. nOLl.06Hble MbICJIM Ll.OCTaTOqHO qeTKO npOCJIe)l(I1BaIOT-
CH B Ll.OKJUl,Ll,e BoeHHoro CYD.bM MaMepa-6paHeKe, KOTOpbIH
.aaTMpOBaH 12 HOH6pH 1941 ron.a. «OT6bIBaHMe HaKa3aHI1H
qepe3 I1cnbITaHl1e He npeCJIeLl.yeT MHTepeCOB npOBMHI1Bllle-
rOCH. OHO HanpaBJIeHO Ha I1CnpaBJIeHHe nOJIO)l(eHI1H Ha
<PPOHTax 11 Ha YKpCnJIeHl1e Ll.HCu.l1nJIItIHbI».
3TI1M CJIOBaM BTOpl1T Ll.OKYMeHT, BbIllJeLl.llJMH 18 ceHTH6-
pH 1940 rOLl.a 113 He.ap npaBOfO ynpaBJIeHHH BepMaXTa: «3a-
Ll.aHMH LUIH Hee [McnbITaTeJIbHOH 4aCTH 500. - A.B.l Ll.OJI)I(-
HbI 6bITb I1CKJIlOlIHTeJIbHbIMI1». nOpa)((aeT Ta )l(eCTKOCTb, C
KOTOpOM JIeMaH rOBopMT 0 500-M qaCTI1. 3TM BbIpa)l(eHMH
MaJIO HanOMHHalOT TeKCT npl1Ka3a rHTJIepa. nepexo.a MO-
)l{eT nOKa3aTbCH CJII1111KOM pe3KMM: «npHMeHeHl1e 4aCTI1
.llOJI)I(HO npOXOLl.I1Tb B caMbIX TpY.llHbIX 11 caMbIX onaCHbIX YC-
JIOBI1HX». 11, HaKoHeu., B OKOHqaTeJIbHOM <POPMYJIHpOBKe
KOMMeHTapl1eB K npoeKTY npl1Ka3a C006WJUIOCb CJIeLl.YIO-
llI.ee: «lJ:acTb MO)l(eT <pOpMl1pOBaTbcH TOJIbKO npl1 B0306-
HOBJIeHHI1 60eBblx .aewCTBI1M. OHa Ll.OJI)((Ha nOCbIJIaTbCH Ha
108
caMble OnaCHbIe yqacTKM <ppOHTa - MMeHHO B 3TOM ee OC-
HOBHaH <PYHKlJ,MH.,lI.O TeX nop OHa Ll.OJI)I(Ha HCnOJIb30BaTbCH
,WIH caMbIX TH)I(eJIbIX pa60T».
He HaLl.O 6bITb aHaJIMTHKOM, t.JT06bI nOHHTb, t.JTO noLI.
«B0306HOBJIeHHeM 60eBbIx ,QeMcTBMM> nO,Qpa3YMeBaJIOCb
Hana,u,eHHe Ha COBeTcKMH COJ03, HenOCpeLl.CTBeHHaH non;-
rOTOBKa K lIeMY Hat.JanaCb e JIeTOM 1940 rOLl.a. Bce nO,Qro-
TOBHTeJIbHbIe MepOnpHHTI1H nOJIHTMt.JeCKoro, 3KOHOMMt.Je-
CKoro H BoeHHoro xapaKTepa 6bIJIM BKJ1IOt.JeHhI B OJIaH
«Dap6apocca», KOTOpbIH 6bIJI nOLl.nHCaH rHTJIepOM 18 Ll.e-
Ka6pH 1940 rOLl.a - TO eCTb 3a TpH ,QHH Ll.0 BbIxo,aa npHKa3a 0
500-11 lIaCTH. TOJIbKO B 3TOM CBH3Ke MO)l{HO YBM,QeTb HCTHH-
Hoe npeLl.Ha3Ha l IeHHe «HCTIbITaTeJIbHOH lIaCTM 500». He-
CMOT}JH Ha rOCnOLl.CTBYlOllI.Me B reHepanbHoM llITa6e MJIJIIO-
3HH OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60eBOH MOmH KpacHoM APMMH, TaM
Bce-TaKH Ll.aBanH ce6e OTlIeT B TOM, liTO HOBaH BOCTOt.JHaH
KaMnaHMH nOTpe6yeT OT apMHH 60JIbllIeH Ll.HClJ,MnJ1MHbI,
He)l(eJIH 3TO 6bIJIO npM 3aBoeBaHMM EBponbI. A nOTOMY
<pOpMMpoBaHHe «HcnbITaTeJIbHOH t.JaCTH 500», C O,aHOH CTO-
pOHbI, 6bIJIO HeKHM 0611IHpHbIM npo<pHlIaKTMt.JecKHM Me-
ponpHHTHeM, npe,QHa3Hat.JeHHbIM ,lI)IH «coxpaHeHMH caMO-
06JIa.aaHHH B BepMaxTe» (TO eCTb B03HHKaJI MHCTpYMeHT
YCTpallIeHHH), HO C ,QPyroH CTOpOHbI, nOHBJISIJ1aCb B03MO)l(-
HOCTb OCTaBI1Tb Ha <ppOHTe COJI,QaT, KOTopbIe 6bIJ1H oCY)I(J.(e-
HbI 113-33 OTCYTCTBHH Toro )l(e caMoro «caMo06JIal(aHMH».
MbI BHLl.HM, liTO B03HHKHOBeHMe 500-H lIaCTH 6bIJIO CI1JIa-
HHpoBaHo CnelJ,HaJIbHO,ll)IH Hat.JaJ1a arpeccHM npoTHB CCCP.
06pamaeT Ha ce6H BHMMaHHe TOT <paKT, lITO B ,QaHHOH
CHTYalJ,HM HMeHHO nOCTaBJIeHHaH lleJIb onpeLl.eJIHJIa xapaK-
Tep «HcnbITaTeJIbHOM lIaCTM 500». BHellIHe OHa HanOMMHa-
JIa Y)I(e paHee CYllI.eCTBOBaBlllHe «OC06bIC nO,Qpa3L1.eJIeHHH».
O,QHaKO HX lleJIeBbIe YCTaHOBKH HMKaK He no.n;XOLl.I1JIH K
500-11 qaCTH. B «OC06bIX nOLl.pa3,QeJIeHHHX» HaXO,QHJIHCb
npeMMymecTBeHHO TaKHe COJI,QaTbl, KOTopbIe OlJ,eHHBaJII1Cb
KaK «HenOJIHOlJ,eHHbIe, He60ecnoc06Hble, 6e3BOJIbHbIe».
B HOBOM Q>OprvIHpOB3HHI1 MbI BMLl.HM HHYIO cHTyalJ,MIO.
109
CneUHaJIbHO nOJ].06paHHbIe O<pHuepbI 11 YHTep-O<pl1uepbI
J].OJI)I(HbI 6bIJIH npeBpaTHTb ee B ycnelIlHYIO 60eBYlO eJ].MHH-
u.y. ECJIH )l(e nOCMOTJ)eTb Ha COCTaB «500-H 1.IaCTH», TO YBM-
J].HM, 1.ITO clOJ].a HanpaBJISIJIMCb aKTI1BHbIe COJIJ].aTbI, KOTO-
pbIe C 0pY)l(HeM B pYKaX XOTeJIH npOSIBI1Tb M)')KeCTBO, J].a6bI
J].OKa3aTb, 1.ITO «OHH ,llOCTOMHbI n01.IeTHOM CJI)')K6bI no 3alll.l1-
Te HeMell,KOrO HapOJ].a B pSIJ].ax BepMaXTa». npl1 np01.ITeHMH
3THX CTpOK B03HMKaeT Olll.ymeHHe, tJTO OT60p meJI eJ].Ba JII1
He B oc060ro pOJ].a 3JII1THble nOJ].pa3J].eJIeHHSI. nOCJIe KOH-
CTaTall,HM <paKTa, 1.ITO B HOBoe <pOpMl1pOBaHl1e HM B KoeH
Mepe He J].OJI)I(HbI nona,naTb «npeCTYnHHKI1 B 66bltJHOM no-
HHMaHHI1 3Toro CJIOBa», Ha1.IaJlbHHK npaBoro ynpaBJIeHHSI
BepMaXTa Bblpa3l1JI CJIeJ].YIOllI.YIO l1J].elO OTHOCMTeJIbHO Ha-
60pa «l1cnbITyeMbIx CO.JI.aaT»: «AnSI HanpaBJIeHHSI B HOBYIO
qaCTb npHHI1MalOTCSI B paC1.IeT apeCTaHTbI, KOTopble COBep-
mMJII1 npOBMHHOCTb. 3J].ecb He Y4HTbIBalOTCSI 3aKJII01.IeHHbIe
H3 urrpa<pHbIX JIarepeH. B IllTpa<pHble JIarepSI J].OJI)I(HbI Ha-
npaBJISITbCSI TOJIbKO Hel1CnpaBHMble HapymHTeJIH H HOCH-
TeJII1 BpaJl<,L1e6HOrO MSI apMHH J].yxa. OJ].HaKO B Tex )l(e ca-
MbIX JIarepSIX KOMeHJ].aHT, onHpaSICb Ha JIM1.IHbIH onbIT, MO-
)l{eT pa3bICKaTb JIIOJ].eM, KOTopbIe BCe-TaKM MOrJIH 6bI 6bITb
J].OCTOHHbI I1cnbITaHHSI <pPOHTOM. B TO)l(e BpeMSI,l])ISI COMaT,
KOTopble BO BpeMSI BOMHbI 6bJJII1 npHrOBopeHbI K TlOpeMHO-
MY 3aKJII01.IeHHIO, B03MO)l(HOCTb HcnbITaHHSI He J].OJI)I(Ha
npeJ].OCTaBJISITbC». Ho M B TlOpbMax B HaCTOSIllI.ee BpeMSI
npe6bIBaeT J].OCTaT01.IHOe KOJIH1.IeCTBO JIIOJ].eM, KOTopble 6bI-
JIM HaKa3aHbI ropa3J].0 CYPOBee, 1.IeM T}Je60BaJIa 6bI Toro HX
npOBI1HHOCTb B 06bIKHOBeHHbIX Ml1pHbIX YCJIOBMSIX. HeKO-
TopbIe 113 6e3ynpe1.IHbIX COJIJ].aT, KOTopbIe Moryr OKa3aTbCSI
nOJIe3HbIMM MSI BOMHbI C BparOM, C npo<pHJIaKTM4eCKHMM
lI,eJISIMH 6bIJIM npl1rOBOpeHbI K TlOpeMHOMY 3aKJII01.IeHHIO.
3TI1M JIIOJ].SIM, KOTopble OJ].Ha bI He YCTOSIJII1 nepeJ]. MCKY-
meHHSIMI1 BOMHbI, J].OJI)I(eH 6bITb npe.llOCTaBJIeH IllaHC I1CKY-
nl1Tb CBOIO BHHY, KaK 6bI CJIO)l(HO 3TO HI1 OKa3aJ10Cb».
KaK BHJ].I1M, OCHOBHOM KOHTI1HreHT J].JI» 500-M qaCTH
J].OJI)I(eH 6bIJI nOJ].6HpaTbCSI H3 TlOpeM BepMaXTa, 1.ITO He I1C-
110
KJIIOllaJIO nOMCKOB B lllTpa<})HbIX JIarepSix. nO,LI.06HaSI TOqKa
3peHHSI He 6bIJIa 6eccnopHOH. OHa BbI3BaJIa onpe,LI.eJIeHHOe
He,LI.OBOJIbCTBO B BepXOBHOM KOMaH,lJ.OBaHHM cyxonYTHbIX
CHJI. nOCJIe BOHHbI O,LI.MH H3 OlleBH,LI.lI.eB co06Ill.aJI: «rJIaBHO-
KOMaH.LI.YIOIll.HH cyxonyrHbIMH BOHcKaMH 6bIJI HaMepeH OT-
Ka3aTbCSI OT H,LI.eH C03,LI.aHHSI OC06bIX HcnbITaTeJIbHbIX <})op-
MHpOBaHHH, liTO H3JIO)l(HJI B CBoeM ,LI.OKJIa,n,e KOMaH,LI.OBa-
HHIO BepMaXTa. Ho OH nOTepneJI HeY,LI.aqy. EMY Y,LI.aJIOCb
JII1111b ,LI.06I1TbCSI Toro, liTO caMOH KPynHoH HOBOH HcnbITa-
TeJIbHOM C,LI.HHHlI.eH B 6Y,LI.YIll.eM CTaHeT 6aTaJIbOH, B TO Bpe-
MH KaK KOMaH,LI.OBaHHe BepMaXTa pa3pa6aTbIBaJIO H,LI.elO HC-
nblTaTeJIbHbIX nOJIKOB».
KaKHe npHt.J:HHbI n06Y,LI.HJIH rJIaBHOKOMaH,lI.YIOIIJ.ero cy-
xonyrHbIx BOHCK K HeraTHBHOMY 3aKJIlOqeHHIO, ,n:o CHX nop
HeH3BeCTHO. B03MO)l(HO, reHepaJI -<})eJIb,LI.MaplllaJI 6paYXHq
HCXO,LI.HJI H3 Toro, qTO TaKoe oc060e <})OpMHpOBaHHe MOrJIO
6bITb npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHO BpaxecKoH nponaraH,lI.OH KaK «6aH.LI.a
npeCT)'nHHKOB», liTO caMO C060H MOrJIO nO,lJ,OpBaTb ,lJ,OBe-
pHe K BepMaxTY. ,LJ.eMcTBHTeJIbHO, nO,lJ,06HaSi yrp03a 6bIJIa
npSlMo npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHa pa3MepaM «oc060ro <})OpMMpO-
BaHHSI». ll03TOMY B ,lJ,aJIbHeHllleM 6bIJIO pellleHo: eCJIH OTO-
6paHHble «HcnbITyeMble COJI,lJ,aTbI» BonpeKM BceM O)l(H,lJ,a-
HI1S1M OKIDKYTCSI BeCbMa HeHaae)l(HbIMH, TO KpynHblH yqa-
CTOK <})pOHTa, y,lJ,ep)l(MBaeMbIH «HcnbITaTeJIbHbIH nOJIKOM»,
OKIDKeTCSI B cepbe3Hoti onaCHOCTH. no 3TOH npHlJHHe «I1C-
nblTaTeJIbHble lJaCTM» ,lJ,OJI)I(HbI 6blJIH BXO,lJ,HTb B COCTaB pe-
rYJISlpHbIX BOMCK, a HX pa3Mep He ,lJ,OJI)I(eH BbIXO,LI.HTb 3a pa3-
Mep 6aTaJIbOHa. no 3TOH npHlJHHe B npHKa3e rHTJIepa ro-
BOpHJIOCb: «3TY oc06ylO qaCTb nOHaqaJIY B cyxonYTHbIX
BOHCKax HaaO YCTaHOBHTb B pa3Mepe 6aTaJIbOHa». B TO )l(e
BpeMSI rJIaBa npaBOBoro ynpaBJIeHHSI BepMaxTa HCXO,lJ,HJI H3
Toro, qTO HaaO nJIaHHpOBaTb HaJIHqHe ,lJ,BYX «HcnbITaTeJIb-
HbIX 6aTaJIbOHOB Ha O,lJ,MH nOJIK».
'IacTb 2
Cl»OPMMPOBAHME 500-X
&ATAllbOHOB
rnasa 1
OprAHM3A MOHHOEPA3BMTME
M CTPYKTYPA 6ATAilbOHOB
nOCJIe Toro KaK rMTJIep nepe,UaJI B BepXOBHoe KOMaH-
,lJ,OBaHMe cyxonYTHbIX CHJI npoeKT C03,UaHMH «I1CnbITaTeJIb-
HblX t.tacTeth), KOTopbIe B nepcneKTHBe ,lJ,O;l)1(HbI 6bIJII1 C03-
,naBaTbCH 80 Bcex Tpex LJaCTHX BepMaXTa, 6paYXI1l.f 12 MapTa
1941 rO,LJ.a OTL(aJI npHKa3: « B CpOK K 1 anpeJIH 1941 rO,lJ,a KO-
MaH,nOBaHI1IO BoeHHoro oKpyra IX C03.aaTb B MaHHJ1HreHe
500'-H 6aTaJlbOH C YLJCTOM paCnl1CaHMH 60eBOH t.tJ1CJIeHHO-
CTH M 60eBoro CHap5I)I(eHM5I OT 1 OKTH6p5I 1937 ro a M co-
rJIaCHO pacnMcaHMIO CTpeJIKOBOH pOTbI 131 b OT I ,UeKa6pH
1939 ro,[(a». HMeHHO B 3TOM ,lJ,OKYMeHTe BnepBbIe yno 1MHa-
eTCH 500-" 6aTaJIboH. YKa3aHHbic pacnMCaHM5I 60eBOH
1.JMCJIeHHOCTM J1 60eBoro CHapH)J(eHMH KaK pa3 COOTBeTCTBO-
BaJIM O,lJ,HOMY 06blKHOBCHHOMY neXOTHOMY 6aTaJIboHY.
nepBoHat.taJIbHO npe,UnOJIaraJIOCb, qTO 500-w 6aTaJIbOH 6y-
,UeT COCTOSlTb 113 lllTa6a M Tpex CTpeJIKOBblX pOT. Ho B HTore
6blJIO pellleHO, '-ITO 6aTaJIbOH 6y,neT COCT05ITb M3 1.JeTblpex
pOT, npM1.JeM 1.JeTBepTaH pOTa 6Y,lJ,eT «T5I)I(CJlOW», TO eCTb OHa
6YJJ:eT Boop eHa nYJleMeTaMI1. COrJlaCHO ,UpyrOMY npMKa-
3Y YCTaBHOH nepCOHaJI B CpOK,lJ,O 1 MIOH5I 1941 ro a ,UOJl)l(eH
6bIJI npl1BeCTM B 60eBYlO rOTOBHOCTb nepBbIe 113 C03JJ:aHHbIX
500-x 6aTaJIbOHoB.
112
YCTaBHOM nepCOHaJI 500-ro 6aTaJIbOHa COCTOHJI npe-
HMYI.UeCTBeHHO H3 COJI,LJ:aT H O<})HuepOB, Y)I(e yqaCTBOBaB-
llIHX B 60eBbIX,LJ:eHCTBHHX. B qaCTHOCTH, B npHKa3e 6paYXH-
4a C006I.UaJIOCb: «nepe,LJ: QaCTSlMI1 CYXOnyrHbIx CHJI CTaBHT-
CH 3a,aaqa BbIAeJIHTb ,nJIH llITa6a 6aTaiIboHa 5 o<})HuepoB,
15 YHTep-o<})HuepoB, 51 COJI,naTa; lJ)IH Tpex CTpeJIKOBbIX
pOT - 12 o<})HuepoB, 84 YHTep-o<pHuepa, 15 COJ1,LJ:aT, 113 HHX
3 BeJIOCl1ne,LJ:HCTa, 3 BOAHTeJISI, 3 60eBbiX nOMOI.UHHKa Ha
60JIblllHHCTBO CJIyqaeB, 6 nOBapOB. BoeHHoMY oKPyry IX
H O npe,LJ:OCTaBHTb 3 KOHOBO,LJ:OB H 13 COJI.l{aT lJ)ISI npOAO-
BOJIbCTBeHHoro cHa6)1(eHHSI H BemeBoro 0603a».
O,LJ:HOBpeMeHHo C 500-M neXOTHbIM 6aTaJIbOHOM, npe,a-
Ha3HaqeHHbiM AJ1S1 oc060ro HCnOJIb30BaHHSI, B Ka3apMax
MaHHHHreHa B03HHKJIa «CMernaHHaSi neXOTHo-pe3epBHaH
pOTa 500», KOTopaH 6bIJ1a C<})OpMHpoBaHa H3 «OCTaTKOB»,
TaK H He Borne,nlllHX B OC06bIH 6aTaJIbOH. 0 HeH paCCKa3aJI
OTTO M., OJJ.HH H3 YHTep-O<pHuepOB qeTBepTOH (nYJIeMeT-
HOM) pOTbI 256-ro 6aTaJIbOHa, KOTOpbIH 6a311pOBaJICSI B
HOMlllT Te. B HaqaJIe HIOHSI 1941 rO,LJ:a OH 6bIJI HanpaBJIeH
B MaMHHHreH lI.JIH Toro, lIT06bI BOHTI1 B COCTaB YCTaBHoro
nepCOHaJIa C03,naBaBUlerOCH 500-ro 6aTaJIbOHa. OH Bcno-
MHHaJI: «500-M 6aTaJIbOH 6bIJI nOllTH nO,LI.rOTOBJ1eH K OT-
npaBKe Ha BOCTOK, Bce lllTaTHbIe e,LJ:HHHUbI 6blJIH pacnpe,LI.e-
JIeHbl, a Bce Te, KTO eIl e He npH6bIJI, HanpaBJ1HJ1HCb B CMe-
rnaHHYIO neXOTHo-pe3epBHYIO POTY no,LJ: KOMaH,LJ:OBaHHe
KanHTaHa 3anaca XIOHep6aHHa. 3Ta pOTa OCTaBaJIaCb B
MaMHMHreHe BnJIOTb ,LJ:O 28 ceHTSl6pSl 1941 rO,LJ:a, a 3aTeM
6bIJIa nepeBe.aCHa B <l>YJIb,LJ:Y. TaM Ha ee OCHOBe 6blJI c<})op-
MHpoBaH eme O,LJ:HH 500-M nexoTHbIH 6aTaJIboH. XIOHep-
6aMH nOJIyqHJI TOTlJaC qHH MaMOpa». OCTaeTcH OTMeTHTb,
liTO pa60TbI no C03,LI.aHHIO 500-ro 6aTaJlbOHa B <l>YJ1b.ae Ha-
lIaJIHCb Y)I(e B aBrYCTe 1941 rO,LI.a. 500-H 6aTaJIbOH pa3Me-
llJ.aJICSI B <l>YJIb,ne .ao KOHue ceHTH6pSl 1942 ro,na. nOHallaJIY
OH nO,LpIHHSlJICH cy,ny 159-H ,LJ:HBH3I1H, a 3aTeM coce,nHeti
113
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OHHbIX Cy,n:OB paCnOJIaraJICSI BO <l>paHK<PYPTe- Ha - MaHHe.
3a6eraSI Bnepe,n:, HMO CKa3aTb, liTO 500-H 6aTaJIbOH B
<l>YJIb,n:e CTaJI He TOJIbKO 06pa3UOM ,II,JISI C03,n:aHI1SI Bcex OC-
TaJIbHblX 500-x 6aTaJIbOHOB, HO H 6bIJI HeKoeH no,n:rOTOBI1-
TeJIbHOH pa60TOH no <pOpMl1pOBaHHIO neXOTHblX 6aTaJIbO-
HOB 540, 550, 560, 561. ECJIH rOBOpl1Tb 06 «McnbITaTeJIbHbIX
lIaCTSIX», TO MX SI,n:pO <pOPMMpOBaJIl1 6aTaJIbOHbl, KOTopble
I1MeJII1 nHTI1COTble HOMepa: 500, 540, 550, 560 M 561.
OpraHI13aUI1SI nepBbIX ,n:BYX pOT 540-ro neXOTHoro 6a-
TaJIbOHa CneUl1aJIbHOrO Ha3HalleHI1SI HallaJIaCb 8 OKTSI6pH
1941 rO,Ll,a. 06e 3TH pOTbI BCTynl1JIH B 60CBbie ,n:eI1CTBMSI B
COCTaBe rpynnbl apMHI1 «CeBep» B HOSI6pc 1941 ro,n:a, TO
eCTb 3a,LJ,OJIrO ,LI,O Toro, KaK 6bIJII1 C<POpMl1pOBaHbI lllTa6 11
,LI,Be He,Ll,OCTalOIJJ:l1e pOTbI (KOTopbIe, KCTaTI1, 6bIJIH YKOM-
nJICKTOBaHbI TOJIbKO K <peBpaJIlO 1942 rO,Ll,a).
COrJIaCHO CBe,n:eHI1SIM reopra TeCI1Ha HaqaJIO C03,n:aHHSI
550-ro neXOTHoro 6aTaJIbOHa Cnel.(l1aJIbHOrO Ha3HalleHHSI
npHXO,Ll,HJIOCb Ha KOHel.( 1941 ro,n:a. XaHHU XeJIMC, HanpaB-
JIeHHbIH B 3T)' qaCTb ClIeTOBo,n:OM, Co06llI.aJI, liTO nOHaqaJIY
OHa 6a311pOBaJIaCb B MaHHI1HreHe. «B HHBape 1942 rOlla Hac
nepe6pOCI1JIH B LI.aJIbep,n:a- PeH, Ha BOMCKOBOH nOJIl1rOH B
BI1JIb.LI.<pJIeKeHe. LI.aJIbep,n:a 6bIJIa He601IblllOH ,n:epeBYlliKoH.
A 8 MapTa 1942 ro,n:a Halll 6aTaJIbOH no )l(eJIe3HOH ,n:opore
nOBe3JI11 B BOCTOllHOM HanpaBJIeHI1I1». nOCJIe TOI:"O KaK 500-H
6aTaJIbOH BeJI 60eBble ,n:eHcTBHSI B COCTaBe rpynnbI apMI1H
«lOr», a 540-i1 6aTaJIbOH - rpynnbI apMHI1 «CeBep», TO
550-H 6aTaJIbOH OKa3aJICH B COCTaBe rpynnbl apMI1H «l.(eHTP».
KaK BH,n:I1M, Ka)K,Ll,aSI 113 Tpex rpynn apMI1H, KOTopble BeJIH
,n:eHCTBHSI npOTHB KpaCHOH ApMHI1, pacnOJIaraJIa C06CT-
BeHHbIM «McnbITaTeJIbHbIM 6aTaJIbOHOM». 560-11 neXOTHbIH
6aTaJIbOH Cnel.(HaJIbHOrO Ha3HaQeHI1SI CTaJI <pOpMl1pOBaTbcSI
8 aBrycTa 1942 ro,n:a B XaHay, OTKY,n:a MeCSIl.( cnYCTSI 6bIJI ne-
peBe,n:eH Ha yxe ynoMHHaBllll1HcSI BbIllle nOJIHrOH B BHJIb,Ll,-
<pJIeKeHe. Ty,n:a, r,n:e paHee pacnOJIaraJICSI 540- i1 6aTaJIbOH.
114
<l>opMHpoBaHHe 561- ro 6aTaJIbOHa npOXOL(HJIO B 3p<PYPTe.
H3BecTHa L(a)l(e OcPHlI.HaJIbHaH L(aTa ero C03L(aHHH - 13 HH-
BapH 1943 rOL(a. 20 cPeBpaJISI 1943 rOL(a nOnOJIHeHHe pHL(OB
561- ro 6aTaJIbOHa npOXOL(HJIO e Ha .nOJIHrOHe OpL(PY<P.
HOBoe <}>OpMHpoBaHHe B anpeJIe 1943 rOL(a L(OJI)I(HO 6bIJIO
nOnOJIHHTb PMbI rpynnbI apMHH «CeBep».
24 SIHBapH 1943 rOL(a BepxoBHoe KOMaHL(OBaHHe cyxo-
nyrHblx BOHCK H3L(aJIO npHKa3 06 YCHJIeHHH Bcex «HcnbITa-
TeJIbHbIX lJaCTeH» OL(HMM B3BOL(OM rpeHa,aepOB, OL(HHM npo-
THBOTaHKOBbIM B3BOL(OM «<HcTpe6HTeJIH TaHKoB») H Tpe-
MSI npOTHBOTaHKOBbIMH 37 -MHJlJIHMeTpOBbIMH nYIliKaMH.
Bnpot.leM, L(eJIO He OrpaHHlJHBaJIOCb nepe,aaqeH 500-M 6a-
TaJlbOHaM OPYL(HH. BL(06aBOK KO BceMY YCTaBHOH nepCOHaJI
Ka)f():10rO H3 6aTaJIbOHOB YBeJIHlJHBaJICSI C 850 ,ao 900 qeJIO-
BeK. B Cepe,llHHe 1943 ro,aa ,aeJIO L(OIllJIO ,ao Toro, lJTO B03-
HHKJIa peryJIHpHaH lllTa6HaSI pOTa, KOTopaSI COCTOSIJla 113
B3BOL(a KOMaHL(l1pa 6aTaJIbOHa, B3BOL(a KOMaHL(Hpa lllTa6-
HOM pOTbI, pa3BeL(bIBaTeJIbHOrO OTL(eJIeHHH, canepHoro
B3Bo,aa, CTpeJIKOBOrO B3BOL(a, npOTI1BOTaHKOBoro B3BOL(a,
npOL(OBOJIbCTBeHHoro 0603a. C YlJeTOM ,aaHHbIX H3MeHeHI1H
lllTaTHbIH COCTaB 500-x 6aTaJIbOHOB CTaJI COCTaBJIHTb 992 lJe-
JlOBeKa. B aBrycTe 1944 ro,aa HeKOTopble H3 6aTaJIbOHOB 6bI-
JlH YKOMnJIeKTOBaHbI TH)I(eJlbIMH MHHOMeTaMH. KaK Bcno-
MHHaJI XOpCT BOWT, KOMaH,al1p OL(HOW H3 pOT 561-ro 6a-
TaJIbOHa: «DaTaJIboH ,aeJIHJICSI Ha lllTa6HYIO POTY (6e3 HOMe-
pa), TPH CTpeJIKOBble pOTbI Ka)f():1aSI 113 Tpex CTpeJlKOBbIX
B3BOL(OB, nYJIeMeTHYIO pOT)' 113 Tpex nYJIeMeTHbIX B3BO,aOB,
MHHOMeTHbIW B3BOL(, KOTOpbIW n03)1(e 6bIJI YKOMnJIeKTOBaH
TH)I(eJlbIM MHHOMeTOM (120 MM»). KIDK,1J.bIW H3 6aTaJIbOHOB
6bIJI qaCTHlJHO MOTopH30BaH, a TalOKe HMeJI B CBoeM pacno-
pSI)J(eHHH JIOlllaaeW (B KOHlI.e BOWHbI Bce 6aTaJIbOHbI 6bIJIH
nOJIHOCTblO MOTOpI13HpOBaHbI). H3MeHeHHSI B COCTaBe 6a-
TaJIbOHOB 6bIJIH npeLI,onpeL(eJIeHbI nOJlO)l(eHHeM Ha cPPOH-
Tax. TH)I(eJIble 120-MHJIJIHMeTpOBble MI1HOMeTbI, KOTopble
nepeL(BMraJIHCb ryceHHlJHbIMM THralJaMH, KaK npaBHJIO,
115
TJ)aKTopaMH «BOCTOK», 6bIJIH npHLI:aHbI 500-M 6aTaJIbOHaM
3HMOM 1943-1944 ro,aOB. MHHOMeTqHKH BXO,aHJIH B COCTaB
4-H pOTb!. OCTaeTcH ,a06aBHTb, '-ITO B ,aeKa6pe 1944 ro,aa B
6aTaJIbOHaX CTaJIH nOHBJIHTbCH nHTbIe H rneCTbIe pOTbI.
B HTore, KaK nOKa3bIBalOT ,aOKYMeHTbI, nOrrOJIHeHHe 3Ha-
qHTeJIbHO npeBocxo,aHJIO nOHeceHHbIe nOTepH. Ho TeM He
MeHee Ha <pOHe 06meH 06cTaHoBKH B BepMaxTe no,a06HbIe
MepbI 6bIJIH HCKJIlOqeHHeM.
Ho BepHeMcH K cy,ab6e caMHX 6aTaJIbOHoB. B KOHll.e
1942 ro,aa 500- M 6aTaJIbOH H3 <l>YJIb,abI 6bIJI HanpaBJIeH B
«reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopcTBO» B nOJIbCKOe MeCTellKO CKepHe-
BHll.e, ,aa6bI oTTy,aa YCTpeMHTbCH Ha BOCTOllHbIH <PPOHT.
B CKepHeBHue 500-M 6aTaJIbOH neperneJI B KOMneTeHll.HIO
cy,aa KOMeH,aarypbI 225. Kor,aa CTaJIO HCHO, qTO Ka3apMbI B
nOJIbCKOM ropo,ae O.l;<a3aJIHCb He B COCTOHHHH BMeCTHTb
BeCb 6aTaJIbOH, TO B OKpeCTHOCTHX ropo,aa TOMarnYB- Ma3Y-
Bell.KH (HeMell.KOe Ha3BaHHe TOMarnOB-Mall.) 6bIJI nocTJ}o-
eH 6apallHbIH JIarepb. I1HTepeCHbIM <paKT. B TO )l(e caMoe
BpeMH B CKepHeBHll.e HallaJIOCb <pOJ}MHpOBaHHe eme O,aHO-
ro 500-ro 6aTaJlbOHa, KOTOpbIH COCTOHJI H3 llITa6a H nHTH
YQe6HbIX pOT. I1MeHHo B 3TOT MOMeHT 500-H neXOTHbIM 6a-
TaJIbOH oc060ro Ha3HaqeHHH nepe6paJICH B TOMallIYB. I1MeH-
HO B CKepHeBHll.e npOH30rnJIH HeKOTopble H3MeHeHHH B
«HcnbITaTeJIbHOH lIaCTH 500». 3TO CBH3aHO C TeM, lITO HMeH-
HO B TO BpeMH <POpMHpOBaJlaCb «I1CnbITaTeJIbHaH qaCTb 999».
nOcpe,aH lllBa6cKHx Mbn, npe,aCTaBJ1HIOWHX co60H rop-
HbIM JIaH,arna<pT, pacnOJIaraJICH nOJIHrOH XOH6epr. B XOH-
6epre Haxo,aHJIOCb MHO)KeCTBO Ka3apM 11 6apaKoB, cnoc06-
HbIX BMeCTHTb B ce6H ,ao 9000 '-IeJIOBeK. nOJIHrOH XOH6epr
He O,aHO ',aeCHTI1JIeTHe npo,aOJI)KaJI BOHHCKHe Tpa,aHll.HH.
B 1913 ro,ay OH HapH,ay C nOJIHrOHaMH B )].e6epHTll.e, Mb-
TeHrpa60Be, KeHHrc6plOKe ClIHTaJlCH O,aHHM H3 OnJIOTOB
peHxcBepa, r,ae ll.apMJIa CTpO)l(aHlllaH ,aI1Cll.HnJIHHa. nOCJ1e
nOpa)KeHHH repMaHHH B nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHe nOJ1HrOH
HCn0J1b30BaJICH MH 06wecTBeHHO-n0J1e3HbIX ll.eJ1eH. Bce
116
113MeHHJIOCb, KOr,LJ:a K BJIaCTH npHllIJIH HaUHOHaJI-COUHa-
JIHCTbI. B anpeJIe 1933 rO,LJ:a TaM 6bIJI C03,LJ:aH KOHu;eHTpaU;l1-
OHHbIH JIarepb. 3TO 6bIJI nepBbIH KOHueHTpaU;HOHHbIH
JIarepb B BlOpTeM6epre, 3a KOTOpbIM nOCJIe,LJ:OBaJIO B03HI1K-
HOBeHHe ,LJ:PyrHX. B Te BpeMeHa JIarepb XOH6epr <t>aKTH'-Ie-
CKH 6blJ1 0l'pe3aH OT BHelliHero MHpa. B ero OKpeCTHOCTSIX
He 6bIJIO HH XyrOpOB, HH ,LJ:epeBeHb. 3TO 6bIJIa npSlMo-TaKH
l1,LJ:eaJIbHaH TeppHTopHSI MSI Ha6HpaBllIHx CHJIY CC, KOTO-
pbIe MOrJII1 HCnOJIb30BaTb XOH6epr no cBoeMY YCMoTpe-
HHIO. HHKTO H3 nOCTOpOHHI1X He CMor 6bI YBI1,LJ:eTb I1CTSl3a-
HI1H H H3,LJ:eBaTeJIbCTB Ha,a apeCTaHTaMH. nOHalJaJIY JIarepb
XOH6epr paCClJHTbIBaJICH Ha ,LJ:Be TbICSl l l11 3aKJllOlJeHHbIX.
O,LJ:HaKO co BpeMeHeM 3,LJ:eCb OKa3aJIOCb 15 TbICH'-I aHTI1<}>a-
IIIHCTOB. nepeJIOM B cY,LJ:b6e JIarepH CJIY'-IHJICSI B HOSl6pe
1933 rO,LJ:a, KOIJ]:a pel1XCBep nOTpe60BaJI BepHyrb npHHa,JJ,JIe-
)KaBllIHe eMY Kor,aa-TO 3eMJII1 H CTpoeHHSI. B nepl10,LJ: 1942-
1943 rO,LJ:OB nOJIl1rOH CTaJI Y'-Ie6HOH 6a30H ,lJ.JISi CJIY)KaWI1X
999-x 6aTaJIboHoB.I1MeHHo TaM BbISlCHHJIOCb, liTO pSl,LJ: peK-
pyrOB npOCTO-HanpOCTO He MOryr HeCTH CJIY)K6y B 6Y,LJ:yweH
«a<PPI1KaHCKOH 6pl1ran.e».
Tor,LJ:a O,aHH H3 KOMaH,LJ:HpOB nOJIKa, n03)1(e CTaBllIero
a<PPHKaHcKoM 999-11 ,LJ:HBH3HeH, 3aHBHJI: «51 JIYlIllie nOH,LJ:Y
Ha <ppOHT C HenOJIHOCTblO YKoMnJIeKTOBaHHoH lJaCTblO, He-
)KeJIH C JlIO,LJ:bMI1, KOTOpbIM He ,LJ:OBepHIO». OT06paHHbIe BO-
eHHbIMI1 CY,LJ:aMH 11 Bpa'-laMI1 999-e nOCJIe KOHcYJIbTaU;HH C
BepxoBHbIM KOMaH.lI.OBaHHeM cyxonyrHbIx CHJI 6bIJIJ1 He3a-
Me,LJ:JIHTeJIbHO HanpaBJIeHbI B COCTaB 500-ro 6aTaJIbOHa.
Y)I(e B oKTH6pe 1942 rO,LJ:a HeCKOJIbKO COTeH 999-x CHa'-laJIa
nOCTeneHHO npl16bIBaJII1 B <l>YJIb,LJ:Y, a 3aTeM B CKepHeBl1ue.
B 500-M 6aTaJIbOHe nOSlBJIeHMe «HOBoro lIeJIOBelleCKoro
MaTep"aJIa» OTHIO,LJ:b He BbI3BaJIO 3HTY3I1a3Ma. A1Ib6epT
MaWHLl, nOJIHTH'-IeCKI1W 3aKJIlOlJeHHbIH, KOTOpbIH nonaJI B
'-IHCJIO 999-x B ,LJ:eKa6pe 1942 ro,na, nOCJIe BOWHbI BCnOMHHaJI
o TOM, KaK npl16bIJI B <I>YJIb,LJ:Y B COCTaBe rpynnbI 113 200 lJe-
JIOBeK: «MHe nOCTOHHHO BCnOMI1HalOTCSI Ka3apMeHHbIe
117
lUyrKH MaHOpa XIOHep6aHHa, KOTOpOrO BOSIKH Ha3bIBaJIH
He HHaqe KaK «MelUOK C KOCTSlMH». no npH6bITHH B <l>YJIb,[(Y
OH JIHqHO nOCTPOHJI Hac BO ,[(Bope Ka3apM 500-ro 6aTaJIbO-
Ha. OCMOTpeB Hac, OH npOH3Hec: «Y,[(HBHTeJIbHO, \.ITO KO-
MY-TO npH1ill10 B rOJIOBY npHCJIaTb 999-x, KOTopble OTMOpO-
3HJIH ce6e 3a.aHHUY B lllTeTTHHe. BbI nOJIaraeTe, liTO H3 Ta-
KHX JIIO,[(eH, KOTopbIe ,[(a)l(e C rHrHeHHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHHSI
HH)I(e BCSlKoro ypOBHSI, ,[(a B,[(06aBOK 3apa)l(eHbI KOMMYHH-
CTHlIeCKHMH 6aUHJIJIaMH, MO)l(HO c,[(eJIaTb OTJIHlIHbIX 60i1-
UOB,II,JISI BOCTOqHOrO <ppOHTa? HeT, H3 3Toro HHlIero He no-
JIyqHTCSI! Bo BCSlKOM CJIyqae, He B Moei1 qaCTH!» 3aTeM XIO-
Hep6ai1H nOBepHYJICSI H nOlllaraJI BOH. «LI.a 6y,[(eT TaK!» -
nOLl.YMaJIH MbI. )l(aJIb, liTO MbI He MOrJIH nOanJIO,[(HpOBaTb
eMY. Ho Tyr Mai10p 6Y,[(TO 6bI npOqHTaJI HalUH MbICJIH, OH
nOBepHYJICSI, nO,[(HHJI CBOIO TpOCTb H 3aKpHqaJI: «l{epe3 qe-
TbIpe He,[(eJIH Bac BbIKHHyr OTCIO,[(a, He 6Y,[(b SI MaHOp XIO-
Hep6aHH!»
CJIOBa MaHopa 06 «OTJIHqHbIX 60i1uax» ellI.e pa3 HaBO,[(SlT
Ha MbICJIb, liTO 0603HaqeHHe 500-x 6aTaJIbOHOB KaK lIacTei1
«oc060ro Ha3HalleHHSI», ,[(HKTOBaJIOCb He TOJIbKO HX HcnbI-
TaTeJIbHbIM xapaKTepOM, HO H «y,[(apHbIM» npe,[(Ha3HaqeHH-
eM. Mai10p XIOHep6ai1H, KaK H 06ell(aJI, npe,[(npHHSlJI Bce
MepbI, qT06bI 3a JII06bIM npe,lI)lOrOM H36aBHTbCSI OT 999-x.
HeKOTopoe BpeMSI cnYCTSI npo TO, qTO 3TH 999-e He MOryr
CJIY)I(HTb B «TPonHqeCKHX qaCTSlX», 3a6bIJIH, H HX Bcex Ha-
npaBHJIH 06paTHO B XOH6epr. Ho TeM He MeHee npH aKTHB-
HOM 06CY)I(,[I,eHHH cY,[(b6bI 999-x BbISlCHHJIOCb, liTO lIaCTb H3
HHX MorYT 6bITb rO,[(HbI K HeCTpoeBoi1 cJIY)I(6e. no 3TOMY
nOBO,[(Y HaqaJIbHHK lUTa6a Xoi16epra )l(aJIOBaJICSI B CBoeM
nHCbMe OT 19 anpeJISI 1943 ro,[(a KOMaH,[(Hpy a<PPHKaHcKoi1
999-i1 ,[(HBH3HH: «B HaCTOSlll(Hi1 MOMeHT OlleHb CJIO)l(HO
npOBeCTH nOnOJIHeHHe peKPYTOB, TaK KaK H3 500-ro 6a-
TaJIbOHa B03Bpall(eHO 165 qeJIOBeK, KOTopbIe MeLl.HUHHcKoi1
KOMHccHei1 npH3HaHbI SlK06bI rO,[(HbIMH K HeceHHIO CTpoe-
BOi1 CJI 6bI. nOCKOJIbKY 3TH 165 qeJIOBeK B Ll.eHCTBHTeJIb-
118
HOCTM OKa3aJIMCb HerO,nHbIMM K cJIyx6e B nOJIeBbIX YCJIOBM-
51X, TO 51 CeHlIaC ynopHo nbITalOCb Ky,na-HM6y,nb MX CnMX-
Hyrb» .
O,nHaKO MMeHHO B 3TO BpeM5I ,naHHbIH BOnpOC pellIaJIC5I
Ha CaMOM BbICllIeM ypOBHe. 2 anpeJIH 1943 ro,na BbIllIeJI npM-
Ka3, KOTOpbIH npe,LI.nMCbIBaJI C03,naTb B 500-M 6aTaJIbOHe
CTpOMTeJIbHYIO pOTY. «1. 5-H pOTa 17 -ro 6aTaJIbOHa nepeBO-
,nMTCH B COCTaB 500-ro neXOTHoro 6aTaJIbOHa B CKepHeBM-
ue. 2. POTa HBJIHeTCH McnbITaTeJIbHbIM <l>opMMpoBaHMeM.
3. CJIY)I(all(Me pOTbI 6y,nyr nOCTaBJIHTbCH M3 lIl1CJIa COJI,naT
500-ro neXOTHoro 6aTaJIbOHa, npMrO)],HbIX HeCTI1 rapHM-
30HHYlO CJIY)l(6y». I1MeHHo B 3TY POTY HanpaBJIHJIM 60JIb-
llIMHCTBO 999-x, M030JIMBlllMX rJIa3a KaapOBbIM BoeHHbIM.
TeJIe<l>oHorpaMMa MaHopa lllM<I>epa, KOTOpbIH KYPMpOBaJI
BonpOCbI «McnbITaHMH» B BepxoBHoM KOMaH,nOBaHMM cyxo-
nyrHbIx BOHCK, )],aJIa 60JIee lIeTKMe YKa3aHMH OTHOCMTeJIbHO
MCnOJIb30BaHM5I peKpyroB M3 XOH6epra: «B CTpOMTeJIbHYIO
POTY HaaO HanpaBMTb 8cex ynoMMHaBllIMXCH JIIO)],eH, ro)],-
HbIX K cTpoeBoH cJIY)l(6e. BpallaM )l(e Bnpe,LI.b HaaO BMeHMTb
B 06}J3aHHocTb npM,nep)l(I1BaTbCH 60JIee CTporMX KpMTepMeB
npM oT60pe peKpyroB. Bcex 06cy aeMbIXJIIO,neH, KOTopbIe
OKa3aJIMCb ro,nHbIMM JIMllIb K HecTpoeBoH cJIY)l(6e, HalI,JIe-
)l(MT B03BpaTMTb B MeCTa, oTKy,na OHM 6bIJIM npM3BaHbI Ha
BoeHHYIO CJIY)l(6y, TO eCTb B MeCTa OT6bITMH HaKa3aHM5I, ec-
JIM OHM He OT6bIJIM OHoe, MJIM BepHyrb K rpa)l(,[l,aHCKOH
cJIyx6e, eCJII1 MJIM OHM 6bIJIM OC)')I<.aeHbI B np01ill10M».
113 BocnOMMHaHMH nOJIMTMlIeCKoro 3aKJIIOlIeHHOro
r. lllYMaHa, KOTOpblH CHalla.rra CTaJI 999-M, a B ,neKa6pe
1942 ro,na nonaJI B <l>YJIb,ny, a 3aTeM M B CKepHeBMll,e, CJIe-
)],OBaJIO, liTO nepBbIM 3aaaHMeM CTpOMTeJIbHOH pOTbI 6bIJIO
BOCCTaHOBJIeHMe «CTaporo pYCCKoro nOJIeBOrO JIarepH, lIbM
rneCTb CTpoeHMH 6bIJIM B03Be,neHbI ell(e B ll,apCKMe BpeMe-
Ha». B03MO)l(HO, pellb llIJIa MMeHHO 0 JIarepe B OKpeCTHO-
CTHX TOMalllOBa, KOTOpbIH HeCKOJIbKO n03)1(e CTaJI MeCTOM
06MTaHI1H 500-ro 6aTaJIbOHa oc060ro Ha3HalleHI1H.
119
B HalJ.aJIe MaSi 1943 ro,na 5-SI CTJ}OHTeJIbHaSi pOTa BMeCTe
C 17 -M CTpOI1TeJIbHbIM 6aTaJIbOHOM npHBJIeKaJIaCb.ll.JlSl pa-
60T no YKpenJIeHHIO UHTa,n,eJIH Ha <ppaHUY3cKOM OCTpOBe
fpya. HecMoTpSl Ha TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIl1: pa3pbIB, 5-SI pOTa B
opraHM3aUI10HHOM nJIaHe npo,nOJI)I(aJIa Cl.JHTaTbCSI COCTaB-
HOM lJaCTblO 500-ro HcnbITaTeJIbHOrO 6aTaJIbOHa. H JIHllIb B
aBrYCTe 1943 rO,Ll,a ee BBeJIH B COCTaB 999- M I1cnbITaTeJIbHOM
l.JaCTH. 113 CTpOHTeJIbHOM pOTbI B03HHK 999-M CTpOHTeJIb-
HbIM 6aTaJlbOH oc060ro Ha3HaQeHI1S1, a nOCJIe HeKOTopbIX
nepeCTaHOBOK OH 6bIJI pa36HT Ha ,LI,Ba n03MUHOHHo-canep-
HbIX 6aTaJIbOHa (1-999 11 11-999). OTHbIHe Bce npOBHHI1B-
rnHecSi COJI,naTbI, KOTopbIe no <pH3HlJeCKI1M ,naHHbIM He
MOrJIM HCnOJIb30BaTbCSI Ha <ppOHTe, a CTaJIO 6bITb, He MOrJIH
CJIY)I(HTb B 500-x 6aTaJIbOHaX, HanpaBJISlJII1Cb B O,Ll,HY H3
BOCbM" pOT 3THX 999-x CTpOHTeJIbHbIX 6aTaJIbOHOB. npH-
l.JeM npOBO,Ll,HJIOCb npHHUl1nl1aJIbHOe pa3JIl1lJMe Me)({)].y «He-
,nOCTOMHbIMH HeceHHSI CJIY)K6bI» 11 npOBHHHBllIHMHCSI COlI-
,naTaMH. 113 ,nOKYMeHTOB CJIe,nyeT, lJTO nepBbIe ,nBe pOTbI
npe,Ll,Ha3HalJaJlHCb.ll.JlSl COJI,naT, a OCTaJIbHble llIeCTb WISI «He-
,nOCTOMHbIX». EJIaro,Ll,apSi OpraHI13aUMOHHOMY pa3Me)l(CBa-
HHIO CO CTpOHTeJIbHbIMH pOTaMI1, 500-M HcnbITaTeJIbHbIM
6aTaJIbOH CMor coxpaHHTb xapaKTep cyry60 60eBoro <pop-
Ml1pOBaHI1S1. BonpeKH HeKOTopbIM }'TBep)K,l1eHHSlM K TaKO-
BOM KaTeropHH He npHHaaJIe)l(aJIH HH 540-M, HI1 561-M .no-
pO)KHO-CTpOHTeJIbHbIe 6aTaJIbOHbI.
OCHOBHOM 3a,nalJeM 500-ro 6aTaJIbOHa oc060ro Ha3Ha-
lJeHI1S1 H 500-ro YlJe6HO-nOJIeBOrO 6aTaJIbOHa, KOTopbIe 6a-
3HpOBaJIHCb COOTBeTCTBeHHO B TOMarnOBe 11 CKepHeBl1ue,
SlBJISlJIaCb no,nrOTOBKa COJI,LI,aT K ,LI,eMCTBHSlM Ha <ppOHTe. Y)Ke
cYU(eCTBOBaBlllHe 6aTaJIbOHbI (500, 540, 550, 560, 56]) pac-
CMaTpl1BaJIHCb B KalJeCTBe nOJIeBOrO pe3epBa, TaK Ha3bIBae-
MblX noxo,nHbIX pOT, npl1 nOMOIlI.H KOTOpbIX MO)l(HO 6bIJIO
6bICTpO BOCnOJIHJ1Tb nOTepl1 Ha TOM HJIM HHOM YQaCTKe
<ppOHTa. )].0 ceHTSl6pSl 1944 rO,Ll,a nepe.n 6aT£L1boHaMI1 <paK-
THlJeCKM He CTaBHJIOCb HHKaKMX HOBbIX 3a.aalJ, 3a HCKJIlOlJe-
120
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BHue 6bIJIa C03,L\aHa CneUHaJIbHaSl pOTa 500- ro 6aTaJIbOHa , B
3a;J.at.lH KOTOpOM: BXO):(HJIa «60pb6a C 6aH,L\HTaMM». B ,L\aHHOM:
CI1TyaUMH nO,L\pa3YMeBaJIHCb nOJIbCKHe napTH3aHbI, npOHB-
J1S1BWHe nOBbIllleHHYIO aKTHBHOCTb B ,L\aHHOM paM:OHe. KaK
CJIe,L\OBaJIO H3 l(0KYMeHTOB, Y 3TOM: pOTbI ,aIDKe 6bIJI Cnell.H-
aJIbHbIM: nOJIeBOM: nOt.lTOBbIM: HH,L\eKC 09854, IlTO 6bIJIO npH-
cyme TOJIbKO KpynHbIM caMOCTOSlTeJIbHbIM BOHHCKHM Q>op-
Ml1pOBaHHHM. C onpe,L\eJIeHHOM: ):(oJIeM: YBepeHHOCTH MO)l(HO
rOBopMTb, t.lTO ,L\aHHaSl pOTa npOCYIlI.eCTBOBaJIa ,L\O Cepe,L\H-
H bI 1944 rO,L\a.
no BocnOMHHaHHHM XopcTa BOM:Ta, ,aaHHoe cpOpMMpO-
BaHHe B KOHlI.e 1944 rO,L\a yqacTBOBaJIO B nO,L\aBlJeHHH CJIO-
Ball.KOrO HaUMOHaJIbHOrO BOCCTaHHSI, a 3aTeM B 60pb6e
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3at.lHCTKH, a TalOKe B BepXHHX TaTpax cpa)l(aJIaCb npOTMB
6aH,L\HTOB, KOTopbIe npH6bIBaJIH C TeppHTopHH nOJIblllH».
TaK KaK no ,L\aHHOMY Bonpocy He COXpaHHJIOCb ,L\OKYMeH-
TOB, TO He HCKJIIOt.leHO, t.lTO npOM30111JIa nYTaHHua. POT}' H3
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oc060ro Ha3HaQeHHH, KOTOpbIM: B KOHue 1944 rO,L\a pacno-
J1araJICSI B BOCTOt.lHOM: CJlOBaKHM.
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nJIeHHSI 1944 rO,L\a KpacHaH ApMHSI BHe3anHO nOCTaBHJIa
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JIep H3'bSlBHJI BOJIIO C03,aaTb ceTb «6acTHoHoB», KOTopbIe 6bI
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no B03MO)l(HOCTH MaKCI1MaJIbHO ,L\OJIro CKOBbIBaTb CHlIbI
KpaCHOM: ApMHM, BbH1rpbIBaSl TeM caMbIM BpeMSI.LI.JISi C03,aa-
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121
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TeH nO,lJ. Ha3BaHMeM «60eBaH rpynna Cl>MIllepa». CY,lJ.b6a
3TI1X «I1CnbITYeMbIX COJ1,lJ.aT» OKa3aJIaCb He3aBI1,lJ.HOH - OHM
BCe norM6J1M, a 14 anpeJ1H 1944 rO,lJ.a «KpenOCTb» naJIa.
no Mepe npl16J1I1)1(eHIDI Q>poHTa pe3epBHble Q>OPMI1PO-
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CKOJ1bKI1X MeCTax. B ceHTH6pe 1944 rO,lJ.a OHI1 6a3MpOBaJIMCb
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llIeM: EnI1CKOnaJIbHOM: IOHomeCKOH CeMI1Hapl1M M J1arepb B
OCI1HOBOM nepeYJ1Ke), B OJ1bMIOTu;e (Ka3apMbI 11M. rMH,lJ.e-
6ypra 11 PI1XTxocpeHa). Tenepb «I1CnbITaTeJ1bHbIe qaCTM»
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r,lJ.e Bce COJ1,aaTbI 6bIJII1 nO,lJ.eJ1eHbI no aJIQ>aBHTY. CnI1COK,lJ.O
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meCTBOBaJIO ,lJ.Be He3aBI1CI1MbIX ,lJ.pyr OT ,lJ.pyra pOTbI BbI3,lJ.0-
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KOTopbIe B ceHTH6pe 1944 ro,aa 6bIJ111 CQ>OpMMpoBaHbI B
KapJ1CpY3. A6C0J1IOTHO HenOHHTHO, nOqeMY 3TI1 6aTaJIbO-
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nOMI1HaHI1H OlleBl1,LI.lI.eB rOBopHT 0 TOM, LITO HeKOTopbIe 113
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6aTaJIbOHoB. BnpOqeM, 3TO HHKaK He 06'bHCHHeT, nOqeMY B
3TI1X 6aTaJIbOHaX 6bIJ1a I1Cn0J1b30BaHa HeTpa,al1l1.l10HHaH
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122
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X, TO Tpa,al1l1.l10HHble 500-e 6aTaJIbOHbI,1])IH npOXO)l(,[(eHI1H
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rl1TJIepa, rl1MMJIep 6bIJI Ha3HalJeH KOMaHJJ.YIOIlI.I1M apMl1eM:
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fax VI, XII 11 V. BnpOlJeM, KOMaH,1J.YlOllI.I1M rpynnoM: ap-
MI1M: «BepXHI1M: PeM:H», K KOTOpOM: npl1Ha,1J.JIe)l(aJII1 06a
rpeHa,1J.epCKI1X 6aTaJIbOHa, rl1MMJIep CTaJI JII111Ib B ,1J.eKa6pe
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OTKpbIJIO u;eJIYIO cepl1lO HOBOBBe,1J.eHI1H B nOJIeBbIX «I1CnbI-
TaTeJIbHbIX Q>0pMl1pOBaHI1Hx». OCHoBHaH npl1lJl1Ha 3Toro
KpblJIaCb B pa3Ho06pa3Hblx MepOnpI1HTI1HX, KOTopble reH-
pl1X rl1MMJIep B pOJII1 HOBoro rJIaBHOKOMaH,1J.YlOllI.ero npo-
BO,1J.I1JI B apMI1H pe3epBa. no 60JIbllIeM: lJaCTI1 3TO KaCaJIOCb
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XOBHoro KOMaH,1J.OBaHI1S1 cyxonyrHblx BOM:CK OT 30 HOH6pH
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«CeBep», KOTopaH yxe 6blJIa 6JIOKI1pOBaHa B KYPJIHHJJ.I1I1,
113 apeCTaHTOB 6bIJI C03,1J.aH 491- M: neXOTHbIH 6aTaJIbOH oco-
60ro Ha3HalJeHI1H, lJTO ,1J.OJI)I(HO 6blJIO CTaTb (11 CTaJIO) 3aMe-
HOM: 500-ro neXOTHoro nOJIKa 113 6p1OHHa. CJIe,1J.OBaTeJIbHO,
491-M: 6aTaJIbOH 6bIJI KOnl1eM: 500-M: «I1CnbITaTeJIbHOM lJac-
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123
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npRMO Ha <ppOHre, no CyrH, MMHYR BoeHHYIO IOpHC,aHKLlHIO.
TeM BpeMeHeM 311MOH 1944-1945 rOLl.OB B DplOHHe 6bI-
JIO C<pOpMHpoBaHo eLUe qeTblpe 500-x 6aTaJIbOHa, KOTopbIe
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npMrOBopeHHbIH K TpeM rO,1J.aM TlOpbMbl 3a nO,llpblB 60ecno-
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HbIX 6aTaJIbOHOB, Hacnex c06paHHbIX B KOHLle 1944 - HallaJIe
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HO nRTb «<PPOHTOBI;>IX» 6aTaJIbOHOB, KOTopble Bce eLUe HMe-
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6bIJ1H 061>eLl.HHeHbI B 500-H rpeHa.n.epcKHti nOJ1K. npH 3TOM
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TbIH 6aTaJlboH HHrLl.e B Ll.OKYMeHTax He 3HallHTCH. liTO He
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TaHKOBbIH 6aTaJIbOH. KpoMe 3Toro, B anpeJ1e 1945 rOLl.a B
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124
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6aTaJIbOHoB. OCTaeTcR He5lCHbIM xapaKTep HeKOTopbIX
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TaJIbOHa. COrJIaCHO HeKoTopbIM CBe,lJ.eHURM 21 <peBpaJIR
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Kax Hl1tJero He rOBOpl1TCR 06 3TOM 60eBoH e,lJ.I1Hl1l.{e. Ha.no
OTMeTI1Tb, tJTO B HeKOTopbIX apMI1RX B «KpI13I1CHbIX cl1T}'a-
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127
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YCJIOBI1S1X COBpeMeHHOH, MeXaHI1311pOBaHHOH MaCCOBOH
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5 - 228
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MaHLlHpOM 6aTaJIbOHa 6bIJI MaMOp BeJIeHKaMn. 19-JIeTHHM
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138
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MaH BO BHHMaHHe CTOJIb BblCOKHe nOTepM, KOTopble nOHec
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139
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142
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npo eMOHCTpHpOBaTb npHMepHoe nOBe eHHe, HO TeM He
MeHee B Te"leHHe BYX J1eT OKa3b1BaJI CBOIO npHrO HOCTb
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nOTepb B 500-x 6aTaJIbOHaX, TO BYXJ1eTHee npe6blBaHHe B
HHX 6bIJIO paBHoueHHo cMepTHoMY npHroBopy. XOTSl6bIBa-
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pea6HJIHTaQHIO. KOMaH Hp I-H pOTbI 561-ro 6aTaJIbOHa Ha-
nHCM 3aHBJ1eHl1e 06 «HcnbITyeMOM», KOTOpbII1 3a caMO-
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rneHHol1 qaCTb HaKa3aHHH, TaK KaK oCY)J(,lJ.eHHbll1 HeCMOTpH
Ha CBOIO YMCTBeHHYIO OrpaHH"leHHOCTb OKa3aJICSI BeCbMa
npHrO HbiM B pOJ1H CTpeJ1Ka H COJ1D,aTa nOCTa nO CJ1yrnHBa-
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150
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BaHHH».
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npOHBJIHJI pBeHHe K npOXO)l()].eHHIO «HcnbITaHHH». Ho OT-
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MaH,lI.HpOM OTlI.eJIeHHH EeHe,lI.HKT JI. xapaKTepH30BaJICH KaK
nOCJIYIllHbIH CJlY)I(alll.HM, KOTOpbIH cnoc06eH 6bIJI cnpa-
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III 0 KOJI a,aa. TaK 1.J:TO JI. HMeJI Bce OCHOBaHHSI 6bITb ,lI.OBOJIb-
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KOTOpbIH npH npe,lI.OCTaBJIeHHH CB060,lI.bI ,lI.eHCTBHH BHOBb
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XO,lI.HMbIM OTKa3aTb EeHe,lI.HKTY JI. B nOBTopHOM npe,lI.OCTaB-
JleHHH lllaHca ,LI,JIH npOXO)l()].eHHH HcnbITaHHH». KOMaH,lI.Hp
6aTaJIbOHa ,lI.06aBJIHJI: «JI. npH nocTynJleHHH B 6aTaJIbOH
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151
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peTb Ha 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb 500-x 6aTaJIbOHOB, a 3aTeM 0606-
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ueJIH HHHlJ.HaTOpOB C03,lI.aHHH «HcnbITaTeJIbHbIX 1.J:aCTeH».
Ha caMOM nepBOM MeCTe CTOHJlH 1.J:HCTO BoeHHble I1HTepe-
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TopbIe nOJIY1.J:HJIH pea6HJIHTaUHIO, 6bIJIO cpaBHHTeJIbHO HC-
BeJIHKO. B HTore MHorHe H3 «HcnbITYeMbIX» TepHJIH CTHMYJI
K npOHBJIeHHIO repOH3Ma. B HeKOTopbIX CJIY1.J:aHX ,lI.eJIO ,lI.0-
. XO,l],HJIO,lI.O a6cYP,lI.a, KOTOpbll1 Bbl3bIBaJI B COJI,l],aTaX OT1.J:aH-
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Te TepHJIH nOCJIe,l],HIOIO Ha.u.e)l()];Y Ha YJIyqIlIeHHe CBoero no-
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nJIeKTOBaHHH OH 6Y,lJ.eT HCnOJTb30BaTbCH B COOTBeTCTBHH C
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153
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paH y,aapHaH apMHH ,aOJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa yrJIy6HTbcH B rJIy6b JIeCOB
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18-10 apMHIO Ha rpaHb KaTacTpo<pbI, KOTopaH MOrJIa 6bI
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154
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155
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nOL(pa3L(eJIeHHM, B KOTOpbIX L(OJI)((eH 6bIJT 1.J:I1CJII1TbCSJ 6a-
TaJIbOH. I1MeHHo 3Ta np06JIeMa 06C aJIaCb B npOUHTI1-
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peL(aH 61- ti nexoTHoti 1I.HBI1311 11 ,lLJISI Y1.J:aCTI1S1 B onepaUl111
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JIOCb: «11 aBrYCTa 1942 rOL(a: 61-H L(I1BI1311S1 Ha1.J:I1HaeT one-
paUl110 «I1Hre60pr». 540-ti neXOTHbLH 6aTaJIbOH oc060ro
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156
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perneHHe npeKpaTHTb onepaUHIO... Bo BTOpOti nOJIOBHHe
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paUHSI B 06ll(HX lIepTax npOlllJIa ycnernHo, KOMaH,aHp 6a-
TaJIbOHa nOJIaraeT, lITO HMO OT03BaTb y,aapHbll1 B3BO,a, TaK
KaK OH He,aOCTaTOIIHO CHJIeH, a CJIe,aYIOll(eH HOlIblO BHOBb
B3S1Tb 3TH n03HUHH». Ho HeCKOJIbKO n03)Ke, 16 aBrYCTa
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MapIlle B rpY3HHO, IIT06bI CMeHHTb TaM 6aTaJ1bOH 162-ro
neXOTHoro nOJIKa. C 3THM 3nH30,aOM CBSl3aHO O,aHO oc060e
06CTOSlTeJIbCTBO. B rpY3HHO Haxo,aHJICSI e,aHHCTBeHHbIti
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MaH,llOBaHHe 39-ro apMeticKoro Kopnyca xapaKTepH30BaJIO
TaMornH101O 06cTaHoBKY CJIe,aYIOllI.HM 06paJoM: «UeH1'p Ha-
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nOKa3bIBaeT CJIe,aYIOll(aSl Bbl,aep)KKa H3 ,a0KYMeHTa KOMaH-
,aOBaHHSI 18-ti apMHH, ,aaTHpOBaHHoro 30 MapTa 1942 ro,aa:
«reHepaJI Kne<p<peJIb ,aOK1Hl,[(bIBaeT 0 nOJIO)KeHHH Ha nJIal.l.-
,aapMe fpY3HHO: Harna rpynnHpoBKa Ha TeCHOM nSlTalIKe
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pHH H aBHaUHH. B lIaCT5IX He BH,L(SlT CMbICJIa y,aep)KHBaTb
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,aapM HMO y,aep)KHBaTb TOJIbKO n;o OTTeneJIH, MOJI, Ha 3TO
eCTb HOBbI" npHKa3 <plOpepa».
3TOT 60JIee HJIH MeHee «nOTepSlHHbIti nJIaLUI:apM» 6bIJI
M,aeaJIbHbIM MeCTOM ,lJJI5I HCnOJIb30BaHH5I 540-ro 6aTaJIbO-
Ha. 16 aBrYCTa 1942 ro,aa KOMaH,aYIOll(HM 18-ti apMHeti co-
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157
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6bIJIO 6bI BnOJIHe L(OCTaTOtIHO, HO He B YCJIOBHSlX YCHJIeH-
HbIX aTaK PYCCKHX. B L(aHHoti CHTYaUHH MbI L(OJI)I(HbI CMH-
pHTbCSI C nOTepeM fpY3HHO. Y MeHSI HeT 60JIbllIe HH pe3ep-
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TaJIbOHa.,LJ:o KOHua 1942 rOL(a 6aTaJIbOH 6bIJI HeOL(HOKpaTHO
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Ka6pSl 1942 rOL(a B KOMaHL(OBaHHH 1- ro apMeMcKoro Kopny-
ca 0 6aTaJIbOHe CJIO)l(HJIOCb CJIeL(YIOllJ,ee MHeHl1e: «HanpaB-
JIeHHbIe B 6aTaJIbOH HcnbITyeMbIe COJI,lJ.aTbI Ha 75% npOSlB-
JISIIOT 6e3YCJIOBHYIO BOJIIO K npOXO)l(,L];eHl11O HcnbITaHHSI».
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3BaJIH C nJIaI..l)],apMa B rpY3HHO. lIT06bI nOHSlTb CMbICJI Bcero
npOHCXOL(HBllIerO, nOCMOTpHM Ha nOJIO)l(eHHe Ha <ppoHTax.
12 SlHBapSl 1943 rOL(a KpacHaSl ApMHSI npeL(npHHSlJIa OtIe-
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OHe Jla.uO)l(CKOrO 03epa H HatIaJIY cHa6)1(eHHSI JleHHHrpa.D.a
no rPYHTOBOM L(opore. KaK Bce L(PyrHe onepaUHH no npo-
PbIBY 6JIOKa.D.bI, 3TO HaCTYnJIeHMe 6bIJIO HaUeJIeHO, npe)l()].e
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50 KHJIOMeTpax IOrO-BOCTOtIHee JleHHHrpa,u,a. CHHSlBI1HO
MMeJIO orpOMHoe CTpaTerHtIeCKOe 3HatIeHHe. TOT, KTO KOH-
TpOJIMpOBaJI 3TOT patioH, Mor BeCTH apTHJIJIepHHCKHH orOHb
no BceM oKpecTHocTSlM. O)l(eCTOtIeHHaSl 60pb6a 3a CHHSI-
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JIeT, tIeM-TO HanOMHHaJIa nepBYIO MHPOBYIO BOMHY Ha <ppaH-
Ko-repMaHcKoM <PPOHTe. nOL(06HO Cpa)l{eHHIO no,lJ. Bep-
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158
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npHKa3 KOMaH,l1.Hpy nOJIHueHCKOH ,l1.HBH3HH CC: «CorJIac-
HO npHKa3Y Q:>lOpepa reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHT BIOHHeH6epr He-
ceT JIHqHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a y,aep)l(aHHe BbICOTbI B CH-
HRBWHO».,l];IR BbInOJIHeHHR 3Toro 33,l1,aHHR Ha BbICOTbI 6bIJIO
HanpaBJIeHO OKOJIO 700 qeJIOBeK H3 COCTaBa 540-ro 6aTaJIb-
OHa, KOTOpbIH 26 SlHBapSi 1943 ro,aa 6bIJI BBe,aeH B COCTaB
«rpynnbl XHJIbnepTa». 0 60Slx 6aTaJIbOHa Ha 3TWX BbICOTax
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,aYIOI.l.(ee: «Ha JIeBOM Q:>JIaHre 43-ro rpeH3,lI,epCKOro nOJIKa C
nOJIYHOlJH ,ao 10 qaCOB yrpa CHJIaMH 6aTaJIbOHa npH orHe-
BOH apTHJIJIepHHCKoH nOMep)l(Ke 6blJIO npe,l1.npHHRTo ,ae-
CSlTb Bpa)f(eCKHX aTaK. PHCKYR nOCJIe,l1.HHMH pe3epBaMH,
6blJIa npe,anpHHRTa KOHTpaTaKa. lJacTb npH6bIBIlIero HC-
nbITaTeJIbHOrO 6aTaJIbOHa Tyr )l(e 6pollieHa Ha YCHJIeHHe. 3a
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29 RHBapR 1943 ro,aa nOCJIe MOI.l.(HOH apTnO,l1.rOTOBKH
npH YCHJIeHHOH nO.ILII.ep)l(Ke C B03,l1.yxa KpacHoapMeHUbI
BHOBb nOnbITaJIHCb OT6HTb CHHRBHHcKHe BblCOTbl. Ha 3TOT
pa3 B aTaKY 6bIJIH nYI.l.(eHbI TaHKH. TR)I(eCTb y,aapa npHxo,aH-
JIaCb Ha JIeCHOH yqacToK, 1.J:yrb BOCT01.J:Hee rOpo,aKa. 540-H 6a-
TaJIbOH y,aep)l(HBaJI HMeHHO 3TOT yqacToK Q:>poHTa. B 15 qa-
COB 35 MHHyr OT «rpynnbI XHJIbnepTa» npHIlIJIO co06I.l.(e-
HHe: «Bce aTaKH Ha CHHRBHHCKHX BbICOTax OT6HTbI... TaK-
)l(e OT6HTbI Bce aTaKH Ha 45-H rpeH3,lI,epCKHH nOJIK H 540-H
neXOTHbIH 6aTaJIbOH oc060ro Ha3Ha1.J:eHHSI... nOcJIe MaCCH-
pOBaHHoH apTno,arOTOBKH H,aeT KpOBOnpOJIHTHbIH 60H.
nYI.l.(eHO MHoro TaHKOB H neXOTbI. Y,aaJIOCb oT6HTb Bce aTa-
KH». Ha cJIe,aYIOI.l.(HH ,aeHb B 10 1.J:aCOB 55 l\IlHHYT co06I.l.(a-
JIOCb: «npH CHJIbHOM apTHJIJIepHHCKoM nOMep)l(Ke pYCCKHe
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159
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y,aep)l(11BalOT yqaCTOK <ppoHTa lllHpHHOM B nRTb KHJIOMeT-
pOB. OT HcnbITaTeJIbHOrO 6aTaJIbOHa OCTaJIOCb 100 qeJIO-
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HHe B 3 qaca HOqH. ilpe)l(HHe n03HUHI1 B HaUIHX pYKax.
BocCTaHOBJIeHa npe)l(HHSI JIHHHH <ppoHTa.. I1cnbITaTeJIb-
HbIM 6aTaJIbOH ,apaJICH OTJIHqHO. ilorH6 nOqTH BeCb JIHq-
HbIH COCTaB». 6YKBaJIbHO HaKaHYHe nOJIKOBHHK <POH Kpo-
He H3 l-ro apMeHCKoro Kopnyca nOnpOCHJI nepe,aaTb npH-
3HaTeJIbHOCTb «pe6HTaM H3 6aTaJIbOHa, KOTopble RBJ1HIOTCR
BbI,aalOlU,HMHCH BOHHaMH».
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,aeJIa y 500-ro neXOTHoro 6aTaJIbOHa oc060ro Ha3HaqeHHSI.
HanoMHHM, QTO 3TO $OpMHpoBaHHe BXO,aMJIO B COCTaB 101-11
erepcKoM ,aHBH3HH, KOTopaH B nepBoi1 nOJIOBHHe 1942 ro,aa
BeJIa TH)I(eJIble 60H B )].oH6acce, HaMepeBaHCb npopBaTbCSI
Ha KaBKa3, a HMeHHO, BbIMTH B pai10H Tyance. B ,aaHHOM
CJIyqae y BepxoBHoro KOMaH,aOBaHHSI He 6bIJIO He06xo,aH-
MOCTH MeHHTb no,aqHHeHHe 6aTaJIbOHa, ,aa6bI HanpaBHTb
ero B caMoe neKJIO BOMHbI. 10 l-SI erepCKaR ,aHBH3HH, KaK
COCTaBHaH qaCTb ] 7 -apMHH, 6bIJIa TeM caMblM BOHHCKHM
cPOpMHpOBaHl1eM, KOTopoe nOCTOHHHO Haxo,aHJIOCb Ha ro-
PHqHX yqaCTKaX <ppoHTa. B HTore 3TO Bblpa)l{aJIOCb KaK n
nOTepSiX caMOH 101-M ,aHBH3HH, TaK H 500-ro neXOTHoro
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y6HTO 60JIee 1600 qeJIOBeK. CaM 6aTaJIbOH HCnOJIb30BaJICSI
,aJIH caMblX pa3JIMQHbIX 3a,aat.l: ,aJISI aTaK H HX OTpa)l(CHMSI,
)lTIH 60pb6bI C napTH3aHaMH M )lTISI npHKpbITHSI oTcTynJIe-
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160
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XOTHoro 6aTaJIbOHa npOpBaJIa Bpa)f(eCKHe n03111..(HH 11 ,lJ,OC-
THrJIa Ml1pHOM... KOMaH,lJ,l1p ,lJ,HBH31111 JIl1lJHO PYKOBO,lJ,I1JI
aTaKoH pOTbI.
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HeceH OTBeTHbIM Y,lJ,ap. nepBaSl pOTa npO,lJ,BHHy.naCb Ha 490
MeTpOB... nOJIOXeHHe l\tleHSleTCH K JIYlJllIeMY. reHepaJI npl1-
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.LJ.OCTl1rHyra.
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BOCXOMmHM Cl1JIaM npOTHBHI1Ka Y,lJ,aJIOCb OBJIa,neTb Capal1
fopow. TaM ,lJ,OJl)KeH HaXO.LI.I1TbCSI 213-11 canepHbII1 6aTaJIb-
OH, KOTOpbIH, CY,lJ,SI no BceMY, nOJIHOCTblO YHl1lJTO)KeH Bpa-
rOM. BbICOTbI ,lJ,alOT rOCnO,lJ,CTBYlOmee nOJIO)l{eHl1e. Mawop
nl1HlJOBHYC onacaeTCSI, lJTO c nOTepeH Capal1 rOpbI ero CH-
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MaH,lJ,l1p ,lJ,I1BI13HH OT,lJ,aeT npHKa3 OCTaBI1Tb n03I1UHH. npH
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JIaCb C nyrl1.
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,lJ,eHTHbIM cnoc060M np0611JIaCb lJepe3 n03111..(1111 npOTHBHH-
Ka 11 Coe,lJ,HHI1JIaCb C OCTaTKaMI1 6aTaJIbOHa. Bo BpeMH npo-
pbIBa YHl1lJTO)l(eHO OT 50 ,lJ,0 60 Bpa)l{eCKI1X COJI,lJ,aT.
B npl1Ka3e no lJaCTH OT 2 <peBpaJISI 1943 rO,lJ,a KOMaH,lJ,YIO-
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.n.apHOCTb 11 BbIpa3HJI oc06yIO npl13HaTeJIbHOCTb TpeTbeti
pOTe 500-ro 6aTaJIbOHa «3a YMeJIbIe 11 CMeJIbIe ,lJ,eHCTBHSI».
3T0l1 pOTe Y,lJ,aJIOCb OTBoeBaTb O,lJ,I1H 113 KOJIX030B, KOTOpbII1
6bl.J1 OCTaB.J1eH lJaCTSlMH 125-11 neXOTHOW ,lJ,HBI131111. A lJepe3
6 - 228
161
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paJI , npOllIJIOH HOlJblO, lJaCTH Y,LJ,aJIOCb ycnelliHo oT6HTb
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nepe,LJ,OBOH CKpbIJIOCb 28 COJI,LJ,aT 113 781- ro TypeUKoro 6a-
TaJIbOHa. Ha cJIe,LJ,Y!OIl.(HH ,LJ,eHb TypeUKHe nepe6e)l(lJHKH
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MeUKHX <pOpMHpoBaHHH. t 9 HHBap 1943 rO,LJ,a HeMeu.KHe
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TaJIbOH. 113 neXOTHoro OH 6bIJI nepeKBaJIH<pMUHpOBaH B
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BOM, a nOTOMY B HBape 1943 rO,LJ,a BHOBb 6bIJI HanpaBJIeH Ha
nepe,LJ,OBYIO.
Tenepb nOCMOTPHM, KaK 06CTO JIH ,LJ,eJIa B 550-M 6aTaJIb-
OHe. 17 MapTa t 942 rO,LJ,a 550-H 6aTaJIbOH nona.n B COCTaB
205-.H neXOTHOM ,LJ,HBH3HH, KOTopa 3aHHMaJIa n03HUHH
IO)I(Hee BeJIH)I(a. WTa6 ,LJ,HBH3HH pacnOJIaraJIC B 6eJI eBO.
550-MY HcnbITaTeJIbHOMY 6aTaJIboHY, OKa3aBllIeMYC B He-
nOCpe,LJ,CTBeHHOM pacnOp )I(eHHH KOMaH,LJ,OBaHH 3-H TaH-
KOBOH apMHH, npe,LJ,CTO JIO Cpa)l(aTbCH B ueHTpaJIbHOH lJac-
TH BOCTOlJHOrO <ppoHTa. Y)I{e 15 MapTa 1942 rO,LJ,a KOMaH,aO-
BaHHe 59-ro apMeHcKoro Kopnyca co06Il.(aJIO B IlITa6 3-"
TaHKOBOH apMHH 0 npe,LJ,nOJIaraeMOM HCrrOJIb30BaHHH 6a-
162
TaJIbOHa. BOCTOqHee peqKH ,AlOHa pacnOJIaraJIC KaMeH-
CKHH JIec. HMeHHO H3 JIeca B OKpeCTHOCT X KaMeHKH CO-
BeTCKHe qaCTH HeO.LI.HOKpaTHO aTaKOBaJIH .LI.Opory, Be.LI.YIUYIO
H3 EeJI eBO B BeJIH)I(, qeM CTaBHJIH no.LI. yrp03Y cHa6)1(eHHe
HeMeU;KHX qaCTeH. EaTaJIbOHY npe.LI.CTO JIO pa36HTb 3TH
OTP .LI.bI KpaCHOH ApMHH H «3aqHCTHTb» JIec. CJIY)I(aIUHM
550-ro 6aTaJIbOHa, KOTopble.LI.O 3Toro Q>aKTHqeCKH He HMe-
JIH HHKaKoro onbITa, npe.LI.CTO JIO BblnOJIHeHHe CJIO)l(HOrO H
BeCbMa pHCKOBaHHoro 3an.aHH .
npH nJIaHHpOBaHHH HacTynaTeJIbHOH onepaUHH npo-
HCXO.LI.HJIH KOHCYJIbTaU;HH lllTa60B 205- H neXOTHOH .LI.HBH-
3HH 11 59-ro apMeHcKoro Kopnyca. B XO.LI.e 3Toro nJIaHHpO-
BaHH 19 MapTa 1942 rO.L(a BoeHHble npHlllJIH K BbIBO.L(Y, qTO
3aXBaT JIeca BJI JIC BnOJIHe peaJIbHOH 3an.aqeH. Kor.L(a no-
CJIe HeKoTopoH 3an.ep)l(KH 22 MapTa 1942 rO.L(a HalJaJIaCb He-
MeU;Ka HaCTYnaTeJIbHa onepaU;H , TO CTaJIO CHO, lJTO no-
3HU;HH KpaCHOH ApMHI1 .LI.aBHO )')Ke 113MeHI1JIHCb. B HTore
JIec 6bIJI 3aH T C ropa3.L(0 60JIblllHMH nOTep MH, He)l(eJII1
npe.L(nOJIaraJIOCb. ,lJ.JI OCYll(eCTBJIeHH onepallHH «KaMeH-
Ka» n Tb pOT 550-ro neXOTHoro 6aTaJIbOHa oc060ro Ha3Ha-
lJeHH 6bIJII1 pa36HTbI Ha .L(Be rpynnbI, KOTopble .LI.OJI)I(HbI
6bIJIH npoHHKHyrb B JIeCHOH MaCCHB C .L(BYX CTOpOH: C IOro-
3ana.LI.a H ceBepO-3ana.L(a. BbInOJIHeHMe onepaU;I1H 6bIJ10
B03J10)l(eHO Ha nOJIKOBHI1Ka )::(opMareHa, KOMaH.L(Hpa 335-ro
neXOTHoro nOJIKa. OH OCTaBI1JI .L(Ba B3BO.L(a B KalJeCTBe Q>JIaH-
rOBoro npHKpbITH . KpOMe 3Toro, 550-H 6aTaJIbOH 6bIJ1
YCMJIeH HeCKOJIbKI1MH canepaMI1, lJeTblpbM TaHKaMI1, npo-
THBOTaHKOBbIMH 11 neXOTHbIMH OpY.L(" MI1. HO)')Ke B caMble
nepBble lJaCbI onepaU;1111 OKa3aJIOCb, liTO T )J(eJIble OPY.LI.H
He MOrJIH .L(Bl1raTbC no rJIy60KOMY cHery, a nOTOMY HX I1C-
nOJIb30BaHHe 6bIJIO 6eCCMbICJIeHHbIM. Bnepe.L(11 6aTaJIbOH
)l()J.aJIO eme HeCKOJIbKO «ClOpnpH30B». HaKaHYHe onepaU;HH
aBl1aU;H .LI.OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa HaHeCTH no Jlecy Y.LI.ap C B03.LI.yxa,
l.JT06bI OCJIa611Tb COBeTCKHe QaCTI1 11 no B03MO)J(HOCTH Ha-
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163
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llTO"3anJIaHMpOBaHHOrO Y,LJ.apa C B03,LJ.yxa He 6Y,LJ.eT. «Ha no-
CTaBJIeHHbIH BCTpellHbIM Bonpoc, nO\feMY npOH3011IJIO 3TO
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BH3HH BbIpa)l(aeT B03MYIII.eHHoe He.lI0YMeHHe, TaK KaK \fac-
TH, paccllHTbIBaBllIHe Ha nOMep)l(KY C B03,LJ.yxa, Tenepb 6y-
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JIeCOM, HO 60M6ap,LJ.HpOBKa 6bIJIa He MaCCMpOBaHHOH, a
CKopee CHMBOJIH\feCKOH. B MTore OT nJIaHa onepaU;HH pe-
IllHJIM He OTKa3bIBaTbCSI.
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TaJIbOHa npoxo,LJ.HJIa B caMbIX He6JIarOnpHSlTHbIX YCJIOBHSlX.
06paTHMCSI K xypHaJIY 60eBbIX ,LJ.eHCTBHH 205-H nexoTHoH
.lIHBH3MH.
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411aca 30 MMHyr. OrHeBaSl nO,LJ.rOTOBKa.
411aca 40 MHHyr. 06e rpynnbI rOTOBbI K HaCTYllJIeHHIO.
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ro CHera. OaTaJIbOH np0,LJ.OJI)I(aeT HaCTYnJIeHHe.
6 qaCOB 20 MHHyr. MaHop neU;llIMaHH co06111aeT: B Ha-
CTOSllllMH MOMeHT HaCT}'nJIeHHe H,LJ.eT OqeHb MeJl)1eHHO. Be-
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MeH" nYCKalOTCSI B XO,LJ. rpaHaTbI. B He6e HeMeU;KHH pa3Be,LJ.-
qHK.
6 qaCOB 28 MHHyr. MaHop neU;llIMaHH co06111aeT: B XO.lIe
HaCTYnJIeHHSI nJIaHOMepHO npopbIBaeTCSI Bpa)l(eCKaSl 060-
pOHa».
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164
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nponYCTI1B Hac Bnepe,a. Hallll1 COCJIY)I{HBU,bI BMeCTO Toro,
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TOJIbKO B CHe)l{HbIX YKPbITI1HX, HO H 3a ,aepeBbHMH, KOTopble
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CKOM JIecy: «MbI HeCJIH nOTepH ,aIDKe nOTOMY, liTO Hac 06-
CTpeJII1BaJIa c06cTBeHHaH apTMJIJIepHH». nepBblMH 6bIJIH
y611TbI CBH3HCTbI, KOTopble ,aep)l(aJIH CBH3b Me)l{Jl;y 6aTaJIb-
OHHblM lllTa60M MaHopa neu,lllMaHHa H HacTynalOIIJ:HMH
pOTaMI1. HMeHHo 3TO H CTaJIO npHlIHHoH Toro, liTO nOJIKOB-
HHK ,n:opMareH HeCKOJIbKO lIaCOB HHlIero He 3HaJI 0 xo,ae
onepallHH. B HTore rH6eJIb CBH3HCTOB npHBeJIa K TOMY, liTO
nponaJIa CBH3b Me)l{Jl;y OT,aeJIbHbIMH pOTaMH. nOTepHB OQ>H-
u,epOB H nOllTH BeCb KOMaH,aHpCKI1H COCTaB, HaCTYnalOIIJ:He
OKa3aJII1Cb B Q:>aKTHlIeCKOM OKpyxeHHH, yrp03a Hcxo,aHJIa
CO Bcex CTOpOH. K 3TOMY ,a06aBHJ1HCb CHapH,abI HeMeu,KOH
apTHJ1J1epl1l1, orHeBaH nO,lUJ.ep)l(Ka KOTOpOH H 6e3 Toro 6bIJIa
CJIl1lllKOM CJIa60H. Ho Tenepb OHI1 pBaJIl1Cb cpe,a11 HaCTY-
naBll1l1X HeMeu,KI1X COJI,aaT. KOMaH,aHp ,aBYX BbI,aeJIeHHbIX
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.a.ep)f(KI1 B ceBepHOM HanpaBJIeHHH He 6blJIO Olll.ymeHHH,
liTO 06CTpeJI nona,u,aJI no Bpa)l{eCKHM u,eJIHM. ,n:a)l(e eCJIH Ta-
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COB, TO ,ael1cTBHH apTI1JIJIepHCTOB Bce paBHO BbI3BaJII1 pa3-
165
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K nOJIy,aHIO 22 MapTa 1942 ro,aa nOJIKOBHHKY opMare-
HY BHOBb CTaJIH nOCTYnaTb co06IUeHHR. OH TYT )l(e CTaJI ne-
pe,aaBaTb HX B llITa6 205- H neXOTHOH ,aHBH3HH.
« 11 '-IaCOB 55 MHH)'T. nOJ1KOBHHK opMareH: pOTbI PaaKa
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3a)], .
13 '-IaCOB 5 MHHyr. nOJ1KOBHHK opMareH: pOTbI rpocc-
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orOHb. OHH OTXO,lJ,HT 06paTHo Ha BbICOTbI. B pOTe PaaKa or-
pOMHbIe nOTepH. Bce o<pHuepbI 6aTaJlbOHa HJ1H paHeHbI,
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npHKa3 OTXO,aHTb B BepXHHe CeKa'-lH. nOJ1KOBHHK opMa-
reH OT,aaeT 06paTHbIH npHKa3: 6aTaJIbOH OCTaeTCH Ha 3aHH-
TOH TeppHTopHH H 3aHI1MaeT KpyrOBYIO 060POHY».
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6aTaJIbOHa, TaK KaK ,aaJIee B )l(ypHaJIe 60J1eBbIX ,lJ,eHCTBHH
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J1ec. nOTepH orpOMHbIe. HbIHelllHI1H COCTaB I-H pOTbI -
1/7/62 (o<pHuepbI/YHTep-o<pHuepbI/ cOMaTbI), 2-11 pOTbI -
1/8/52, 5-H pOTbI - 0/4/30.
19 lJaCOB 15 MHHyr. nOJ1KOBHHK ,AopMareH: CHJ1bI npo-
THBHHKa, npHHHMalOIUHe Y'-laCTHe B KOHTpaTaKe Ha 10)1(-
HYIO rpynny, ou;eHHBaIOTCH B 400-600 lJeJ10BeK. C06CTBeH-
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1/10/90.
19 lIaCOB 40 MHHYT. HallaJIbHHKY.llITa6a 59-ro apMeH-
CKoro Kopnyca co06maeTcR 0 nOJ1HOM npOBaJIe HaCTYnJ1e-
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KOBOH apMHH, liTO «6aTaJIbOH nepeCTaJI 6bITb 60eBOH lIa-
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167
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168
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rpa)J(J].eHHoro )l(eJIe3HbIM KpeCTOM, 6bIJIO y.aeJIeHO 60JIbIllee
BHHMaHHe. TeM 60JIee t.J:TO OHO n03BOJUIJIO KOMaH.aOBaHHIO
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Ka3aHHSI 3a He.aOCTaTOt.J:HYIO npopa60TKY onepaUHH.
KOMaH.JJ.YIOIUHH 59-M apMeMCKHM KopnYCOM reHepaJI
KYPT <pO H llIeBaJIJIepH pa3.apa)l(eHHO C006IUaJI, t.J:TO .aeHCT-
BHTeJIbHO npe.anOJIaraJI KaK MO)l{HO 6bICTpee nYCTHTb B ,ae-
JIO 550-H neXOTHbIH 6aTaJIbOH oc060ro Ha3Hat.J:eHHSI. O.aHa-
KO OH HaMepeBaJICH 3aXBaTHTb xyrop Ha 3ana,u,HOM 6epery
peKH .AlOHa, KOTOpbIM pacnOJIaraJICSI KaK pa3 HanpOTHB
BepXHHX CeKat.J:eH. 3axBaT 3Toro nJIaI..l)];apMa n03BOJIHJI 6bI
KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb OKpY)I(alOIUHe TeppHTopHH Ha BOCTOt.J:HOM
6epery. HMeHHO OTCIO,aa COBeTCKHe BOMCKa BeJIH 06CTpeJI
H3 MHHOMeTOB H apTHJ1JIepHH TeppHTopHH KaMeHCKoro
JIeca, t.J:eM BO MHorOM npe,aonpe.aeJIHJIH HCXO,a 60pb6bI 3a
t.J:aIU06y. 27 MapTa B 3TOT xyrop npe.anOJIaraJIOCb HanpaBHTb
TPH pa3Be.l1bIBaTeJIbHbIX OT,aeJIeHHSI H3 COCTaBa 550-ro 6a-
TaJlbOHa. nOCJIe MaCCHpOBaHHOH a})Tno.aroTOBKH OHH .aOJI)I(-
HbI 6bIJIH 3aXBaTHTb xyrop. npHMet.J:aTeJIbHO, t.J:TO npe.allle-
CTBYIOIUHe BbIJIa3KH HeMeUKHX pa3Be.at.J:HKOB 3aKOHt.J:HJIHCb
nOJIHOM Hey.aat.J:eH. nOCJIe npOBaJIa B JIecy 6bIJIO pellieHO
BbInOJIHHTb XOTH 6bI 3TY 3a,u,at.J:y. 3a ,aeHb.ao OCYIll.eCTBJIeHHH
3TOH onepaUHH reHepaJI KYPT <pOH llJeBaJIJIepH 3aHBHJI:
«Yt.J:HTbIBaSi cneUH<pMKY 550-ro 6aTaJlbOHa, Ha.ao BOOPy-
)l{HTb o<pHuepoB nYJIeMeTaMM H aBTOMaTHt.J:eCKHM 0PY)l(H-
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COB». Hy qeM He 3arpa.LI.HTeJIbHbIe OTPH.abI?! H 3TO 6bUIH He
nYCTbIe CJIOBa. B caMOM .l1eJIe, H3 «YCTaBHoro nepCOHaJIa»
C03.aaBaJlHCb XOpOllJO Boop)')KeHHbIe CneUHaJIbHbIe HapH.abI
nOJIHUHH, KOTopbIe BMeCTe C O<pHu.epaMH CJIe.aOBaJIH 3a Ha-
cTynalOIlI.HM 550-M 6aTaJIbOHOM. nepe.l1 HHMM 6bIJIa no-
CTaBJIeHa 3a,u.at.J:a JII06bIMM Cpe.l1CTBaMH npe.aOTBpaTHTb «Bce
169
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llIHJI npH6erHYTb K Cpe,lJ,CTBaM, KOTOpble B HaUHCTCKOH
npOnaraH,lJ,e XapaKTepH30BaJIHCb KaK «MeTO,lJ,bI 60JIbllIeBH-
CTCKHX KOMHCCapOB».
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06meHHe: «HaCTpOH OTJIHlJHbIH. 0 CHMYJIRHTaX HHlJerO He
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nbITKY OT6HTb KOJIX03. KOHTpaTaKa npHBeJIa K BbICOKHM
nOTepHM Cpe,lJ,H HeMueB. «Ha HalJaJIO HaCTYnJIeHHH 60eBble
CHJIbI COCTaBJIRJIH 4/31/210. 28 MapTa OHH COKpaTMJIHCb ,lJ,0
3/18/103». Becb ,lJ,eHb 550-H 6aTaJIbOH ,lJ,ep)l(aJI 060POHY B
KOJIX03e H COCe,lJ,HeM ,lJ,epeBHe bOJIOlliKH. HecMoTpR Ha no-
TepM, KOMaH,lJ,Hp 6aTaJIbOHa co06ll1.aJI 0 60,lJ,pOM HaCTpoe-
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JIJO y.aep)l(aTb KOJIX03>}.. 6 anpeJIH 1942 rO,lJ,a, Ka3aJIOCb 6bI,
60H B 3TOM paMoHe yrMXJIH. Ho lJeTbIpe ,lJ,HR cnYCTH OHM Ha-
lJaJIHCb C HOBOW CHJIOM.
«10 anpeJIH 1942 ro.aa. 4lJaca 30 MMHyr. Bpar B KOJIHlJe-
CTBe 50 lJeJIOBeK BHOBb aTaKOBaJI bOJIOlliKH C ceBepa. EMY
y.aaBaJ10Cb OIDHTb KpaMHMe ,lJ,OMa. DblJIa npe,lJ,npMHHTa KOHTp-
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Bo BpeMH KOHTpaTaKM 6bIJI y6HT MaMop neUllIMaHH, KO-
MaH,lJ,OBaHHe nepellIJIO K JIeMTeHaHT)' BepHepy.
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CTeneHH 6bIJIO npHKOBaHO K EOJIOlliKaM, Kor,lJ,a OKOJIO no-
JIYHOlJH npOTHBHHK npOHHK B KOJIX03. npOHHKHYB C IOro-
3ana,n,a, HenpHHTeJIb HaHec y.n:ap KOJIX03HbIM 3,lJ,aHHHM. OKO-
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rpaaHTeJIbHbIW orOHb apTl1JIJIepHH HHlIero He Y,lJ,aJ10Cb npe,lJ,-
npl1HHTb. B ,lJ,HBH3HH 3HaJIH 0 MOpaJIbHOM HeYCTOHlIHBOCTH
3Toro 6aTaJIbOHa, ero HCTOllleHHOCTI1, KOTopaH 6bIJIa BbI-
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170
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BO BpeMSI npOBepKH 6aTaJIbOHa OTMeqaJI, qTO «nO,lJ,pa3,lJ,eJIe-
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29 HIOHSI 1942 rO,lJ,a B BHTe6cK LUISI nOnOJIHeHHSI 6aTaJIb-
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HbIH 6aTaJIbOH ,lJ,OJI)I(eH 6bIJI Y,lJ,ep)l(HBaTb yqaCTOK <t>poHTa
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171
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MHSI He,LlOCqHTaJIaCb BOCbMH TaHKOB. MaHop napre nocne-
llIHJI Tyr )l(C c,aeJ1aTb opraHH3aUHOHHbIe BbIBO,Ll,bI: «OueHKa
60eBoro ,LI,yxa: TaM, r,ae HMeJ1HCb M0J10,Ll,bIe, 3HeprHqHbIe H
npe,lJ,npHHMlfHBble KOMaH,LI,HpbI, KaK, HanpHMep, B I-H pO-
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CKaSi neXOTa, conpOBo)){,UaBlllaSi TaHKH, YHHqTO)l(aJIaCb aK-
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CJIHlllKOM P06KHMH. B OTHOllIeHHH CHMYJ1S1HTOB H Tex, KTO
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172
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3aU HTe BOllIJIa B nJ10Tb H KpOBb KIDK,noro COMaTa).
7 HOSf6pSl 1942 ro,aa BO BpeMSI CT})eMHTeJIbHOH HO'IHOH
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KaK OHH MaXaJIH PYKaMH, 1.JT06bI HeMHoro corpeTbCSf. MbI
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CTBOBaTb apTHJIJIepHSI. ApTHJIJIepHCTbI TOlJHO 3HaJIH HallIe
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173
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nOJIOBHHbI 1942 rO,lJ,a.
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174"
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rnasa 2
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180
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,lla 6bIJI HarpIDKLI.eH PbIuapcKHM KpecToM.
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181
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188
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113 POCCI1M. Ho MbI BCer,LJ.a 6bIJIH BbIHy eHbI ,LJ.BHraTbCR
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CKa3aTb, liTO ,LJ.pyrl1e HM Ha liTO He ro,nMJIHCb. Ho MbI BCer,LJ.a
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190
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«COCTOSlHl1e 6aTaJIbOHa COXpaHSlJIOCb Ha BbICOTe». 3aTeM
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20 KI1JIOMeTpax BOCTOlJHee BI1Te6cKa. B HOSl6pe 1943 rO,lI,a H
B cPeBpaJIe 1944 rO,lI,a HeMeUKI1M 1IaCTSlM C TPY,lI,OM Y,lI,aJIOCb
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31110, B KOTOpylO H 6bIJI nepe6porneH 550-H 6aTaJIbOH. B He-
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JIaCb cpe,lI,11 np01lHX BOHHCKI1X <POpMHpoBaHHH. 3HMOM
1943-1944 rO,lI,OB BHTe6cK 6bIJI <popnocToM HeMeUKI1X
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191
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60JIbme nOJIOBHHbI 60eBoro COCTaBa. XOTSI B HOSl6pe - ,ae-
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B KOHue anpeJI5I 1944 ro,na OCTaTKH 6aTaJIhOHa Ha He-
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J1ew» .
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197
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198
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CSlueB. nOCJIe ,IJ.eM06HJIH3aUHH B 1928 ro,IJ.Y OH CMor YCTPO-
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nO,IJ.C06HOro pa60lJero M paCKJIeHI.l(HKa a<pHIlJ. B 1931 ro,IJ.Y
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Hepa3pellJeHHOe HOllJeHHe OPY)J(MSI, KOTopoe, no ero yrBep-
)I(lI,eHHIO, 6bIJIO Bcero JIHllJb TeaTpaJIbHbIM peKBH3MTOM.
12 ceHTSl6pSl 1934 rO,IJ.a OH 6bIJI npMrOBopeH K 3 MeCSluaM
TlOpbMbI, TaK KaK nOnbITaJICSI nOMeJIaTb nacnopT Ha HMSI
OTTO BeprHepa... BeCHOH 1938 HaXO,IJ.I1JICH nO,IJ.cY,IJ.HMbIH B
199
BeJIbCe (ABCTpHSI), r,ae nblTaJICSI HaMTH no,aXO,lUllll.YIO pa60-
TY Ha 6l1p)J(e Tpy,aa. Ho 3TO 6bIJIO MaJIOBepOSlTHO, TaK KaK OH
6bIJI rpa)l()].aHHHOM lJexOCJIOBaKHI1, Y KOToporo He 6bIJIO
HI1KaKI1X peKOMeH,aaUHM. no 3TOM npHqHHe OH nO,U,LJ.eJIaJI
peKOMeH,aaTeJIbHOe nI1CbMO, B KOTOpOM OH Ha3BaJI ce6S1
qJIeHOM HC,aAn 11 BeTepaHOM CA. KpoMe 3Toro, OH YKa-
3bIBaJI, qTO 6bIJI OCy)l(JJ.eH 3a nOJIHTHqeCKYIO .l(eSlTeJ1bHOCTb H
SlK06bI I1MeHHO 113-3a 3Toro nOTepIDI pa60TY B «CI1MeHce».
,L{aJIee B nHCbMe yrBep)l(.l(aJIOCb, qTO no,acY.l(I1MbIM 6bIJI pe-
KOMeH,aOBaH I1MnepCKI1M MHHHCTpOM ,1J.OKTOpOM <l>paH-
KOM. Ha OCHOBaHHH 3Toro nHCbMa no,acY.l(I1MbIM 1 anpeJISI
1938 rO.LI.a CMor YCTPOI1TbCSI B KOMeH,lJ,aTyPY aBHaUHoHHoM
6a3bI B BeJIbCe B KaqeCTBe 6yxraJITepa no HaqHCJIeHHIO 3a-
pa60THoM nJ1aTbI. npH 6JIH)J(aMrneM npOBepKe .l(OKYMeHTOB
6blJI 06HapY)J(eH nO,lI)lor H 14 anpeJISI 1938 ro,aa no,acY.l(I1-
MbIH 6bIJI BHOBb 3a.aep)J(aH. HeCKOJIbKO He,aeJIb cnYCTSI OH
6blJI OCB060)l()].eH 113 TlOpbMbI, TaK KaK OH no,ana,aaJI no,a
,aeMCTBMe aMHHCTI1H». OO,a06HOM cnpaBKH BnOJIHe .l(OJI)I(HO
XBaTHTb, qT06bI CQ>OpMHpOBaTb 06pa3 3Toro I.llTeQ>aHa 3,
KOTOpbIH B 1938 ro,ay npHcoe,aHHMJICSI K Cy,aeTcKo-HeMeu-
KOM napTHH (nporHTJIepOBCKaSl opraHH3aUHSI B l{exOCJIOBa-
KHH), a nOCJIe HaqaJIa BOMHbI noweJI ,a06POBOJIbueM B Bep-
MaxT.
14 Q>eBpaJISl1944 ro,aa lllTeQ>aH 3. nepBblM pa3 06paTI1JI-
CSI C COBeTCKOM CTOpOHbI qepe3 rpOMKorOBOpHTeJII1 K CBOHM
6bIBWHM COCJIY)I(HBuaM H3 550-ro 6aTaJIbOHa. CTpeJIOK
BMJIbreJIbM A. BCnOMHHaJI 06 3TOM: «nOHaqaJIY 113 npona-
raH,aI1CTCKOro ,aI1HaMHKa PYCCKI1X JIHJIaCb MY3bIKa. Kor.l(a
OHa 3aKOHqHJIaCb, SI YCJIbllllaJI: «BHHMaHHe! CneUHaJIbHO
JI)ISI nepBOM pOTbl 550-ro 6aTaJIbOHa. 3TO rOBopHT CTPeJIOK
lllTeQ>aH 3. B HallleM 6aTaJIbOHe norH6JIo 60JIee 300 qeJIO-
BeK. liTO eme HY)I(HO JI)ISI HaweH 60pb6bI? nepexo,aHTe K
PYCCKHM. 3,aeCb OTJIHqHaSl e,aa! Hac HanpaBSlT JI)ISI pa60Tbl
Ha npOMbllllJIeHHbIe npe.l(npI1HTHSI, 06eCneqaT CbITHbIM
naMKOM 11 ,aa.ayr B03MO)J(HOCTb nocnaTb HOqblO. HaM ,aIDKe
200
n03BOJUIT BCTpeqaTbCH C )l(eHll(I1HaMI1. nepBaSi pOTa COCTO-
MT M3 1llJeJIoBeK, 9 M3 KOTOpblX MWyr eLl.Y. KaK B 3TI1X YCJIO-
BMSIX MO)l(HO HacTynaTb? I1 elll.e OLl.HO, H C YLl.OBOJIbCTBl1eM
YBH,aeJI 6bI BHOBb YHTep-0<pMu,epa lllnMreJISI!» 51 He YBepeH,
4TO ,llOCJIOBHO BocIipol13BeJI ero pelJb. Ho cOLl.ep)l(aHl1e H ne-
pe,llaJI OqeHb 6JIM3KO K TeKC1)'. YnOMHHYTble IlITecpaHoM 3.
11 qeJIOBeK 113 1-" pOTbI 6blJII1 a6COJIIOTHoi1 npaB,lloti... YH-
Tep-ocpl1u,ep lllnHreJIb 6bIJ1 paHeH 11 C TPYLl.OM Mor BbIMTI1 K
CBoeMY OT,aeJIeHI1IO H3 6JlHH,aIDKa. 3TO 6bIJ1 CYPOBbIM 6aBap-
CKWi1 BOHKa, KOTOpblM JII06MJ1 Py6aHYTb B rJIa3a npaB,llY-
MaTKY» .
PYLl.OJIbcpa 3., KOTOpbIM 8 anpeJIH 1944 rOLl.a neperneJI Ha
CTOPOHY KpacHoi1 ApMI1H, 6bIJ1 J11111Ib 113BeCTeH TeM, qTO
BeCHOH 1944 rO,lJ,a 6bIJ1 npMrOBopeH K TlOpeMHOMY 3aKJIIO-
qeHl110 3a qJIeHOBpeLl.I1TeJIbCTBO. B TlOpbMe OH BOCnOJIb30-
BaJICH B03MO)l(HOCTblO M nomeJI B 550-i16aTaJIbOH. np06bIB
B 6aTaJIbOHe Bcero Ll.Be He,aeJIM, OH c6e)l(aJI. POTHbIM KOMaH-
,lJ,l1p TaK 06'bHCHHJI nocTynoK PY,llOJIbcpe 3.: «Ha ,aeJIe OH
OKa3aJICSI HeHau.e)f(HbIM 11 TPYCOBaTbIM. Ero ,aIDKe He MOrJII1
oxapaKTepl130BaTb B pOTe, B KOTOpOM OH np06bIJ1 BcerO-TO
HI1Qero».
Ho eCJII1 C oceHH 1943 rOLl.a Ha6JIIO,aaJICSI pOCT CJIYQaeB
,ae3epTl1pCTBa, «npe,aaTeJ1bCTBa», «MOpaJIbHOrO pa3JIO)l(e-
HI1S1», TO 3TI1 npou,eCCbI Bce paBHO He Ll.OCTl1raJIH Toro ypOB-
HH, QT06bI nOCTaBHTb noLI. yrp03Y BHYTpeHHee YCTpOMCTBO
6aTaJIbOHa. 3TO MO)l(HO ,aOKa3aTb npl1MepOM Toro, QTO B CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOll(I1X aKTax He cOLl.ep)l(l1TCSI HeraTI1BHbIX ou,eHOK
500-x 6aTaJIbOHoB. «HeraTI1BHbIe» npOSlBJ1eHI1H 6bIJII1 npl1-
CYll(11 BceM <ppOHTOBbIM qaCTHM. MO)l(HO npl1BeCTI1 He-
CKOJIbKO npl1MepOB. 211110HSI 1943 rO.lIa llITa6 3- i1 TaHKOBOM
apMl111 CTaJI OTMeQaTb «npM3HaKH pa3JIO)l(eHI1H» B Ka3aQbl1X
lJaCTHX. A 22 MIOJISI 1943 ro,aa B ,lJ,OKYMeHTax TOM )l(e QaCTI1
MbI BCTpeQaeM 3anHCb: «nOJIeBaH YQe6HaH .lII1B11311S1 Ha o,a-
HY TpeTb COCTOI1T 113 3JIb3aCueB, )l(HTeJ1eM JIoTapHHr1111 11
JIIOKceM6ypra. B I1X nepJIIOCTpl1pOBaHHblX nl1CbMaX BbIHB-
201
JIeHbl TpeBO)l(Hble HOTKI1. B MHOr01.JI1CJIeHHbIX CJIY1.JaSiX OHI1
I1CXO,lJ,SlT He 113 repMaHOQ>I1JIbCKOH n03HLl.I1I1, a H3 He06xo-
.n.I1MOCTI1 TeCHOH CBSl311 C <l>paHLl.l1eH. OHI1 P YIOTCSI nOTe-
pSlM, KOTopble fepMaHI1S1 HeceT B 3TOH BOHHe. OHI1 JII1KYIOT
no nOBO.n.y Ka)J(.1J.OrO nOpIDKeHI1S1. Bo BpeMH BbIC KI1 Ha CI1-
L1.I1JIWI1 OHW B.60JIbIllI1HCTBe CBoeM no.n.1.JepKWBaIOT, 1.JTO Ha-
KOHeLl.-TO BCKope 3aKOH1.JI1TCH BOHHa». nOXO)l(He onaceHWH
3BY1.JaJIl1 11 B aBrYCTe 1943 ro.n.a: «3JIb3aCLl.bl, )l(WTeJ111 JIoTa-
pl1Hrl1W 11 JIIOKceM6ypra B 3Ha1.JWTeJIbHOH Mepe nOJII1TI11.Je-
CKI1 HeH e)l(Hbl. fi03TOMY HanpaBJ1eHl1e 3TI1X 1.JaCTeH Ha
Q>POHT SlBJIHe CH nonblTKOH YCTaHOBI1Tb Ha.n. HI1MI1 )l(eCT-
KI1H KOHTPOJ1b». KaK nOKa3blBaJII1 nOCJIe.n.YIOll(l1e .n.OKYMeH-
Tbl, 3Ta «nonbITKa» 3aKOHQl1JIaCb nOJIHbIM paXOM. 27 MaH
1944 ro.n.a D.e3epTl1pCTBO cpe.n.11 «3anaaHbIX» .n.06pOB0J1bLl.eB
.n.OCTl1rJIO nopa311TeJIbHblX pa3MepOB. B D.OKYMeHTax 9-H ap-
MI1W, K KOTOpOH B CeHTH6pe - oKTH6pe 1944 ro.n.a 6blJI npl1-
nl1CaH 550-H 6aTa.rIbOH, co.n.ep)l(I1TCH ou.eHKa pa3JII1QHbiX
wHoHau.110HaJIbHblX 1.JaCTeW BepMaxTa 11 BaQ>Q>eH-CC. « I-H
W 2-H BOCT01.JHO-MYCYJ1bMaHCKHe nOJIKI1 CC, a3ep6ai1)I)KaH-
CKl1e 1.JaCTI1 11 3-H Ka3a1.JI1H nOJIK, B paBHoH CTeneHW, KaK 11
501- H erepCKI1H 6aTaJIbOH CC B CI1JIY 113MeHI1BIlleHCH 06-
CTaHOBKI1 Ha Q>poHTe oCJIa6JIeHbI HaCTOJIbKO, QTO HeT HI1Ka-
KOti rapaHTI1W, 6y.n.YT JIW OHI1 BbInOJ1HHTb OT.n.aHHble npl1-
Ka3bI».
I1cKaTb He1.JTO no.n.06Hoe B 550-M 6aTaJIbOHe - nYCTaH
TpaTa BpeMeHI1. E.n.HHcTBeHHbIH «HenpI1HTHbIH» I1Hu.I1.n.eHT
np0l130IlleJI JII1111b B MapTe 1943 rOD.a. Onl1IlleM ero npe-
.n.eJIbHO nOD.p06HO, TaK KaK 3TOT eD.I1HW1.JHbIH CJIyqaH .n.aeT
wHTepecHbIH MaTepl1aJI ,LI,JIH pa3MbIlllJ1eHI1H. B 1.JaCTHOCTI1,
OH n03BOJIHeT OTBeTI1Tb Ha Bonpoc: B KaKOH Mepe 500-e 6a-
TaJIbOHbl 6bIJIW 3aD.eHCTBOBaHbI B aHTwQ>aIllI1CTCKOH D.eSl-
TeJIbHOCTW.
27 MapTa 1943 ro.n.a B )l(ypHaJIe 60eBblx .n.eHcTBwH 83-ti
neXOTHOH .n.I1B1131111 nOHBWJIaCb 3anl1Cb: «B 550-M 6aTaJIbO-
He 6bIBIlll1H OCY)l(,Ll,eHHbIH 3a rpa6e)l( 3aCTpeJII1J1 CBoero KO-
202
MaH,ll.Mpa OT.n;eJIeHMSI M TpeX COJI,[l,aT, a TaIOKe TSI)I(eJIO paHMJI
HeCKOJIbKO 1.JeJIOBeK. TaK KaK y6Hi1u.a CKpbIJICSI C MeCTa npe-
cTynJIeHMSI, TO Bce nOJIeBbIe KOMeH.n;arypbI YBe.n;OMJIeHbI 0
npOBepKe no.n;03pMTeJIbHbIX JIM1.JHOCTeH». Tor.n;a npecryn-
HMKY, KOTOpbIM 6bIJI HeKWH <I>pwu. K., y.n;aJIOCb CKpbITbCSI.
Ero nOHMaJIW Y)I(e nOCJIe BOHHbI. B 1951 ro.n;y 3a y6WHCTBO
1.JeTblpeXJIIO.n;eH OH 6bIJI npwrOBopeH K 10 ro.n;aM TlOpCMHoro
3aKJII01.JeHWSI. B .n;OKYMeHTax BepMaxTa OCTaJIOCb JIWIllb cy-
xoc ynoMwHaHwe 0 npOUlJIOM rpa6e)l(e. 3TO CJIWllIKOM ryCK-
JlaSi xapaKTepWCTWKa ,LI)HI )l(W3HW 6bIBUlero D.cpeBo06D.eJIo1.J-
HWKa <l>pwu.a K. CaM OH TaK onWCaJI 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBa rpa6e-
)f(a, KOTOpbIH OH COBepllIWJI B oKKynwpoBaHHoH <l>paHUww,
6y.n;y1.JW COJI.n;aTOM BepMaxTa: «B SlHBape 1942 rOD.a BO BpCMSI
YBOJIbHWTeJIbHOM SI W HeCKOJIbKO MOWX COCJIY)l(wBu.eB UlJISI-
JIWCb no rocTwHwu.aM. MbI 6bIJIW D.OBOJIbHO CMJIbHO BblnWB-
IllW, Kor.n;a 06HapY)l(WJIw, 1.JTO y Hac 3aKOH1.JWJIWCb D.eHbrw.
Mbl pacnOJIaraJIWCb B OD.HOH W3 rOCTWHWU. JIWJIJISI. TaK KaK,
KpOMe Hac, B rOCTWHwue He 6bIJIO HWKaKWX D.pyrwx nOCTO-
SlJIbueB, TO peIllWJIW yrall(WTb D.eHbrW W3 KaCCbI. nOKa MOH
npWSlTeJIb .n;ep)l(aJI X03S1WHa rOCTWHWU.bI Ha MYIllKe nWCTOJIe-
Ta, SI BbIHWMaJI .n;eHbrw W3 KaCCbI. Bcero TaM Ha6paJIOCb OKO-
JIO 35 MapOK». Kor.n;a cy.n; npwrOBOpWJI <l>pwu.a K. He K 5 ro-
D.aM TlOpbMbI (KaK nOJIaraJIOCb 3a rpa6e)l(), a Bcero JIWUlb K
2 rOD.aM, TO CTaJIO nOHSITHO, 1.JTO 21-JIeTHWMIOHOIlla D.a)l(e no
npeD.CTaBJICHWSlM CypOBbIX Hau.wCTCKWX CYD.eH HWKaK HC
nonaaaJI B KaTeropwlO 3aKOpeHeJIbiX npecTynHwKOB. nOCJIe
Toro KaK <l>pwu. OmbIJI 8 MecSlu.CB TlOpeMHoro 3aKJII01.JeHWSI,
OH 6bIJI HanpaBJIeH B 6aTaJIbOHbI. B SlHBape 1943 rOD.a OH
D.OJI)I(eH 6blJI npOXOD.WTb «wcnbITaHwe» B 550- M 6aTaJIbOHe.
npw pacnpeD.eJIeHWW ero 3a1.JWCJIWJIW B 3-10 pory. no BblCKa-
3bIBaHWIO OD.HOrO W3 COJID.aT, y 3-H pOTbI 6bIJI caMbIH OTBpa-
TWTeJIbHbIH KOMaHD.Wp, TaK '-ITO nOnaD.aHWe B Hee y)Ke caMO
no ce6c 6bIJIO HaKa3aHWCM. <l>pwUY K. CJIO)l(Hee D.pyrwx YD.a-
BaJIOCb npwBbIKHyrb K HOBOH )l(W3HW. OH 6blJI HCD.OBOJIeH
nJIOXWM nWTaHHeM, )l(eCTOKWM 06pall(eHWeM, C1.JWTaJI cc6S1
203
HeCnpaBe,LI.JIHBO ocy eHHbIM, a nOTOMY Bce KOMaH,L{bI BbI-
nOJIH JI HeOXOTHO, eCJIH Bo06we BbInOJIH JI. <l>pHU K. He-
OXOTHO 06waJ1C He TOJIhKO C «YCTaBHbIM nepCOHaJ10M», HO
H COCJIY)I(HBuaMH H3 \.IHCJIa «I1CnbrryeMbIX». OH nOCT05lHHO
XO,L{HJI C rpYCTHbIM Bblpa)f(eHHeM JIHua. HeY,L{HBHTeJIbHO,
\.ITO BCKope OH npOCJIblJI B 6aTaJIhOHe «6eJIo" BOPOHOM», lJe-
J10BeKOM, KOTOpbIH He XOTeJI ,L{eJIaTh TO, 1.JTO ,L{eJIaJ1H ,lJ.PyrHe.
Ero C1.JHTaJIH HeHa,lJ.e)f(HbIM COJI,L{aTOM. Ero nepBbIM KOMaH-
,L{HP OT.aeJIeHH 26 <peBpaJ1 1943 rO,L{a 3aHec B 3anHCHYIO
KHIDKKY: «He BbInOJIH eT npHKa3bI, nOCTO HHO HOCHT Tcn-
JIoe naJ1bTO, 3aMKHYTbIH, CJ10)f(HO nOBeCTH 3a C060H». Co-
CJIY)I(HBuaM ,L{eMCTBH Cl>pHua Ka3aJIHCb 6eCCMhICJIeHHbIMH,
TaK KaK OHH He MOrJIH nOH Tb, KaK MO)l(HO 6bIJIO TaK CHJIh-
HO Mep3HYTb. Bo H36e)J{aHHe KOH<PJIHKTOB <l>pHua K. nepe-
BeJIH B COCe,L{Hee OT,lJ.eJIeHHe. Ho TaM np06JIeM Y Hero He
y6aBHJIOCb. HOBbIM pOTHbIH KOMaH,L{Hp OTKa3bIBaJIC MH-
pHTbCH C BbIXO,L{KaMH «\.IY,L{aKa». B TO BpeM KaK OCTaJIhHble
BocnpHHHMaJIH CBOIO CJ1Y)I(6y KaK He1.JTO caMO C060H pa3Y-
MelOllJ,eeC , Cl>pHU C1.JHTaJI ee 1.JY,lJ.OBHWHOM. B03MO)l(HO, BO-
eHHa cJ1 6a Bo06llJ,e npeTHJIa eMY, KaK 1.JeJIOBeKY C CHJIb-
HO Bblpa)l(eHHbIM 1.JYBCTBOM c06CTBeHHoro ,L{OCTOHHCTBa.
B JII060M CJ1yqae, )l(H3Hb B pOTe OH HaXO,lJ.HJ1 HeBbIHOCI1MOH.
26 MapTa 1943 rO,L{a HOBblM KOMaH,L{Hp OT,L{eJIeHHH Ha6po-
CHJ1C Ha Hero C yrp03aMH. KaK rOBOpHJIH 01.JeBH.LIUbI, «CY-
KHH ChlH», 6hIJIO caMbIM M rKHM H3 pyraTeJIbCTB, 06pyrneH-
HbIX Ha <l>pHua K. CYTb CBO,lJ.HJIaCb K TOMY, 1.JTO YHTep-o<pH-
uep rp03HJIC OTOCJIaTb Cl>pHua TY,11a, oTKY,L{a OH npH6bIJI.
nOBO.nOM ,L{JIR pyraHH nOCJIY)l(HJI OTKa3 <I>pM.IJ.a HanpaB-
JIRTbCH Ha KOJIKY ,11pOB. OH MOTHBHpOBaJI 3TO TeM, 'ITO 6blJIa
He ero 01.Jepe,11b. B 1951 ro,L{Y OH 3a RJI JI, 1.JTO OlJeHb Hcny-
raJICR yrpo3 YHTep-oQ>Huepa: «Yrp03bI BBeprJ1H MeH B ,lJ.e-
npeCCI1IO. MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 1.JTO 6blJI Ha rpaHH OTl{aRHH .
MeH yrHeTaJI TOT Q>aKT, liTO npHUlJIOCb 6bI BepHYTbC B
TIOPbMY HJIH ewe 60JIbUle BpeMeHH npOBeCTH B 6aTaJIbOHe».
H01.JblO npOH3011IJIa Tpare,L{I1H, nO,L{p06HOCTH KOTOpOH
204
nOJIHOCTblO He BbUICHHJII1 a)l(e nOCJIe BOMHbI. Kor,l1a
<I>PHl..( K. B03BpaI..UaJICSl H3 KapaYJIa B 6JII1H,l1IDK, TO, no ero
CJIOBaM, npOH30llIJIO CJIe,l1YIOIlI.ee: «51 CMOTpeJI, KaK KOMaH-
,l1Hp Moero OT,l1eJIeHHSlI1 eI..Ue ,l1BOe HJIH Tpoe qeJIOBeK JIe)l(a-
JII1 Ha KpOBaTSlX. MeHSl OXBaTI1JIO OTqaSIH'l1e. Kor a Sl YBH,l1eJI
KOMaH,l1l1pa OT,l1eJIeHI1SI, TO BCnOMHI1JI, qTO OH C006I.l.{HJI
MHe. MHe CTaJlO KaK HI1KOr,l1a nJIOxo. 51 nO,l1HSlJI BI1HTOBKY,
npHueJIHJICSl H BbICTpeJ1l1J1 eMY B rOJIOBY. 51 caM He 3HalO,
KaK 3TO np0I13011IJIO. YHTep-O<puuep nOCJIe BbICTpeJIa TaK 11
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KI1BaTb MOI1 COCJIY)I(HBUbI. 51 Ha1.JaJI CTpeJISlTb B HI1X. 51 eJ1aJI
3TO, TaK KaK 60SlJICH, qTO OHI1 MOryT CXBaTHTb MeHSI. 51 He
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6JII1H,lJ.IDK. .H OTnpbIraJI 06paTHO K CTeHe. M He Y,l1aJIOCb BbI-
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lllHTeJIbHbIM JleM:CTBHSlM <l>pHua nOJlTOJIKHYJI CTpax 3a CBOIO
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217
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6aTaJIbOH 27 SlHBap5I 1944 rO,LI,a. Ha TOT MOMeHT 6aTaJIbOH
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218
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6aTaJIbOHa 6bIJII1 HanpaBJIeHbI 113 18- H B 16-10 apMI1IO.
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cepe,lJ,HHe anpeJIH 1944 rO,lJ,a nO,II,JIaTaHHbIH 561- U 6aTaJIbOH
6bIJI HanpaBJIeH B patioH KpI1YXI1. XOCT BOHT nl1111eT 06 06-
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219
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BOM HY. 7 MaSi 1944 rO,lI.a Ha COBeTCKYIO CTOPOHY neperneJI
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220
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222
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OKOJIO 800 qeJIOBeK. nOqTH Bce OHH 6blJIH pacnOJIOXeHbI B
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235
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236
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238
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253
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Bpel\tISl n01.JTa WJIa He,L(eJ1S1MH, a MOSI cJI 6a B <peBpaJIe 1945
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255
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npOBaTIOM. ApMeHcKHe KpyrH BeCbMa npOTHBHJIHCb 3TOH
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256
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9 - 228
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264
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OKOH M ,lJ,BepHblX npoeMOB 6bIJ1 OTKpbIT orOHb. nYJ1M CbIna-
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,lJ,I1H 11 MMHOMeTbI. lJepe3 nOJ1Qaca Hac 06CTpeJIHJ1M 113 c06-
CTBeHHbIX )l(e MI1HOMeTOB». B oKTH6pe - HaQaJIe HOH6pH
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6aTaJIbOHe: «Hac nOCJ1aJIM B HOBbIH paHoH 60eBblX ,lJ,eHCTBMH,
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J1araJICH B MIOHcTepe (3J1b3ac), a KOMaH,lJ,HbIM nYHKT - B
3YJIbllepHe. TaM HaM Y,lJ,aBaJIOCb aKKypaTHo BbInYCTMTb
nap... B KOHue HBapH - HallaJIe <peBpaJIH 1945 rO,lJ,a MeHH
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266
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267
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268
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nHTb HaCTOHll{erO KocfJe B 3epHax. 3a eM no,n'beXaJIO TpH
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y6HMu.aMH HX CbIHOBeM, )l{eH H ,neTeM. )].JIH HHX MbI 6bIJIH
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16 cfJeBpaIlSi 1945 ro,na, npHqeM 3TH ,nOKYMeHTbI OTHOCSITCH
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269
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KOTopaSl SlK06bI ,lJ,OJ1)((Ha 6bIJ1a nOBblCMTb 60eBOH ,lJ,yx B lIac-
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feHpHxa llleeJ1H, KOTOpbIH 25 OKT5I6pH 1944 rOJla nOIIaJI B
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270
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271
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272
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273
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274
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275
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276
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278
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279
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280
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6aTaTlbOHe 6bIJIO 113BeCTHO: «PyCCKl1e 06blllHO MCTHJII1 COJI-
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281
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TaK KaK KpaCHaSi ApMI1S1 rOTOBMJIaCb K reHepaJIbHOMY Ha-
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6aTaJIbOHe Ow.yw.aeTCSI He,aOCTaTOK 0<pl1uepOB 11 MJIa,arnI1X
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apMMH OTMellaJIOCb: «Bpar no,aTSIrHBaeT no,aKpenJIeHMSI B
paHoH 36eHpo,aa 11 lllJIocc6epra, liTO, nO)l(aJIYH, COOTBeT-
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6JIH)I(e K lllJIocc6epry. B cepe,aHHe <peBpaJISI 1945 ro,aa B co-
BeTCKOH JIHCTOBKe 6bIJIH HanellaTaHbI MMeHa pa3JIH'-IHbIX
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285
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JII160 npeKpaTI1Tb COnpOTI1BJIeHl1e, c,aaTbCS1 B rrJIeH 11 TeM
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115 lIeJIOBeK. ECTb HeKaH BepOHTHOCTb, QTO 60JIbllla51 lIaCTb
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3Halll1TeJIbHO HI1)Ke, lIeM B BI1Te6cKOM KOTJIe B I110He
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,aI1JICH B BOCTOllHOM CJIOBaKl111 Ha rpaHHue C BeHrpl1eM.
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113 PYK B PYKI1. 3a HeCKOJIbKO MeCSIIJ.eB 6aTaJIbOH ycneJI no-
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CBoeBpeMeHHaSI 3BaKyaUMSI HeMeIJ.KOrO HaCeJIeHHSI, CC
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JIe3HIO B KOHueHTPaUHOHHbIM JIarepb rpocc- P03eH. Ony,aa
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TaKl1 BblpBaJIHCb H3 KOTJIa, OKa3,UH1Cb B HoxaHHeCTaJle, rLIC
20 MapTa 1945 rOJla OHI1 6bIJll1 CBe,ileHbI B O,l1HH 6aTaJIbOH.
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CTaJI 01.JeBH,l1l(eM MaCCOBbIX y6l1HCTB COBeTCKl1X H nOJIbCKHX
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288
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10 - 228
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TI1M 063aBeJICSI BI1HTOBKOM H 60enpHnacaMI1. B HOlIb C 6-ro
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6bIJI KOMaH,aHpOM B3Bo,aa. MbI npo,aOJI)I(aJIH JIe)l(aTb Ha no-
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290
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OCJIa6eBaJIO, Hac Tyr xe nepe6paCbIBaJIH B L(pyroe MeCTO.
OL(HH Mapll HaBCerL(a OCTaHeTC B MoeH naM TH. JIIOL(H
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291
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HenOCpeL(CTBeHHO CB 3aHO C Ha3HaqeHI1eM KOMaHL(YIOIUI1M
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3bIBaJII1 ero He I1Haqe, KaK <l>epL(I1HaHL( KpOBaBbIH. B qac-
T X XOL(I1J1a nellaJIbHa npl1CKa3Ka: «TOT, KTO nOTep JI CBoe
nOL(pa3L(eJleHl1e, O.LlHOM HoroM y)l(e CTO JI y KYlll1 neCKa».
nO CHIO. KYlll1 neCKa I1CrrOJIb30BaJII1Cb KaK nYJleYJloBI1TeJlI1
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rpOJlb 6bIJI cTpor, <I>epHaHL( KOHaH Y3HaJI, np06bIB Bcero
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TeJlb JIIOKceM6ypra 6bIJI npl13BaH B BepMaxT B oKT 6pe
1942 rOL(a, nocJle oKKynaUl111 ero CT}JaHbI repMaHl1eH. Oce-
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6bI c6e)ft'aTb C BOcTollHoro <ppoHTa. OH HaMepeBaJIC ne-
peMTI1 K 6eJlbrl1HCKI1M napTl13aHaM. OL(HaKO ero nJIaHaM He
6bIJlO C)')I<.aeHO C6bITbC . OH n06bIBaJI 11 B 3MCOBCKI1X Jlare-
p x, 11 B <popTe Topray. JII111Ib TOJlbKO B KOHue 1944 rOL(a OH
OKa3aJIC B 500-M 6aTaJIbOHe. OL(I1H I1HTepecHbIH <paKT 0
6bITe «60JIOTHbIX Jlarepeih) 11 TlOpeM BepMaXTa. no npl16bI-
TI1I1 B OL(I1H 113 3MCOBCKI1XJlarepeH OH BeC"JI 68 KI1J10rpaM-
MOB. Bo BpeM B3BellII1BaHI1 B <popTe Topray, BeCbI nOKa-
3aJI" 44 KI1J10rpaMMa. Ho BepHeMC Ha <PPOHT. B <peBpaJIe
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CBoe 3L(OpOBbe nOL(OpBaJI eIUe B Jlarep x. KCTaTI1, npoL(o-
BOJlbCTBeHHoe cHa6)1(eHI1e 3L(eCb 6bIJ10 TaKoe )l(e OTBpaTI1-
TeJlbHOe, KaK 11 TaM. .H <paKTl1qeCKI1 He OTL(bIXaJI. Mo HepB-
Ha CI1CTeMa 6bIJla HaCTOJlbKO I1CTOIUeHa, liTO HOllblO BO
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, paCCKa3aJI 06 3TOM KOMaHL(l1py pOTb!. YTBep)l()].aJIOCb,
liTO Sf HaMepeBaJIC C6e)l(aTb 11 BeCbMa HeYBa)l(l1TeJlbHO OT-
292
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0603BaJI MeHSI TPYCOM H Bpe,nHTeJIeM. npHHHMaSi BO BHH-
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HbIM, TO <I>epHaH,ny KOHaHY COXpaHHJlI1 )l(113Hb - ero JlHllIb
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CTOPOHY, TaK KaK ero CMOrJIH y6e,nI1Tb B 6eCCMbICJIeHHOCTH
BOHHbI. OrJISI,nbIBaSiCb Ha3M Ha 1945 ro,n, OH np113HaBaJlCSI,
liTO BocnOMHHaHHSI 0 BpeMeHH npe6bIBaHHSI B 3aKJIIOQeHHH
caMH no ce6e OTrOHSlJIH JII06bIe MbICJII1 0,ne3epTHpCTBe:
«Kor,na nepe,n rJIa3aMH npe,nCTaBaJI 3MCOBCKH" JIareph 3c-
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nOJ1HOueHHoe H 6eCnOMOlll.HOe CYlUeCTBOBaHl1e, MaJlO no-
Xo,nHBluee Ha 6bITHe qeJIOBeKa. ECJIH 6bI BbI 6bIJIH 3HaKOMbI
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KO MOrJlO cymecTBoBaTb Ha 3eMJIe. C HaMH 06pamaJIHCb XY-
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293
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JlH H3 KOHueHTjJaUHOHHoro JlarepR. MHorHe H3 Hac nonpo-
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paIUeHHe C HaMH 6bIJIO HOpMaJIbHbIM, no KpaHHeH Mepe, He
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294
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295
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302
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