ǯǶǯǹǶǼȀdzǸǮ ǮǰǮǻDZǮǾDzǮ
ʤʟʮʜʙʥʡʟ ʟ ʥʡʧʜʨʩʤʥʨʩʟ
ʨ˙ˌ˛ˋ˘˓ː ˝ː˕˜˝˙ˍ ˓ ˗ˋ˝ː˛˓ˋ˖˙ˍ
ʨ˙˜˝ˋˍ˖ː˘˓ːǡ ˚˙ˏˎ˙˝˙ˍ˕ˋ ˝ː˕˜˝˙ˍ ˓ ˕˙˗˗ː˘˝ˋ˛˓˓
ʨǤ ʯʗʧʚʥʧʥʛʨʡʥʚʥ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǻǶȅdzǰǼǸǶ
Ƕ
ǼǸǾdzǿȀǻǼǿȀǶ
ȀȜȚ II
ȀǮǸ DZǼǰǼǾǶȀ ǾǼǸ
Salamandra P.V.V.

ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ Ȑ ȖȒȘȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ǹȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ
Ǻ II. ǺȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǸȖȒ. ǹȖșȚ ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚ ǹ ȀȈȘȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ
— ǩ Ȕ Salamandra P.V.V., 2021. — 200 ș Ȑȓȓ — ǩȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌȈ

©ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ Ȑ ȖȒȘȍșȚȕȖșȚȐª — ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȏȈ  ȓȍȚ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ șȊȧȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ș ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȈȔȐ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȣȝ Ȑ șȒȈȕȌȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȑ
1920-ȝ ȋȋ ȟȤȐ ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌȕȣȍ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȐ ȕȈȔȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȍȘȍȌȐȓȐ șȊȖȦ ȥȗȖȝț
ǷȘȖȊȖȏȋȓȈșȐȊ șȍȉȧ ȘțșșȒȐȔȐ ȌȈȌȈȐșȚȈȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȖ ȒȘțȠȐȓȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȣ ȧȘȖ-
șȚȕȖ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȓȐ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȉȍȏȎȈȓȖșȚȕȖ ȊȣșȔȍȐȊȈȓȐ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȍ ȖȜȐȞȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȗȖ-
ȗȣȚȒȐ ȐȔ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ ǪșȚȘȍȟȍȕȕȈȧ ȠȒȊȈȓȖȔ ȕȈșȔȍȠȍȒ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ ȗȘȖ-
șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȓȐȠȤ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȋȖȌȈ ȕȖ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȖȑ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌȈ
ǪȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȚȖȔȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ ©ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ Ȑ ȖȒȘȍșȚȕȖșȚȐª ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ șȚȐ-
ȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȥȔȣ ȓȐȌȍȘȈ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ ǸȦȘȐȒȈ ǸȖȒȈ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȕȍșȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȘȈȕȍȍ
ȕȍ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȊȠȐȍșȧ șȚȐȝȐ ǼȈȒșȐȔȐȓȤȕȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕ ȐȚȖȋȖȊȣȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ ©ǹȖ-
ȘȖȒ șȖȘȖȒȖȊª 
 Ǫ ȒȕȐȋț ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ ȌȊȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǸȖȒȈ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȔ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ
©ǿȈȗȓȐȕȐȈȌȣª ǰ ǫȖȓȓȧ 
 Ȑ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȈȧ Ǹ ǸȖȒȖȔ șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖ ș ȉȘȈȚȖȔ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕ-
ȋȖȔ ȒȕȐȋȈ Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ©ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘª 
 ǷȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȍșȧ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ.
© Authors, estate, 2021
© S. Shargorodsky, șȖșȚȈȊ ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚ 1
© Salamandra P.V.V ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ 21

‹• Ž™™›“
›™•

6
ǷȖ ȕȍȉț ȗȓȍȚțȚșȧ șȍȘȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȔȖȏȋȐ
șȍȘȣȍ Ȑ ȜȐȖȓȍȚȖȊȣȍ
ȇ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ Ȑȏ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȓȦȏȋȐ
ȔȈșȚȍȘȦ ȥșȒȐȏ ȒȖȚȓȍȚȖȊȣȑ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖ ȥȚȖ
ȔȖȏȋȐ ȌȣȘȒț ȏȈȒȘȣȓȐ
ǬȣȘȒț ȖȚȒțȌȈ șȊȍȚ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȔȐȘȖȊ
ǫȌȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȒȘȣȓȤȍȊ
ȟȚȖȉ ȗȍȘȍșȒȖȟȐȚȤ țȔȈ ȘȖȊ
dzȦȌȐ ȌȣȘȒț ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȓțȕȖȦ
ǽȊȈȓȧȚ ȟȍȘȚ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȈȎ
ǴȖȠȒț ȌȍȓȈȦȚ șȓȖȕȖȦ
ǽȓȍȊȐȒ ȗȍȘȍȧȏȣȟȈȚ Ȋ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȣȑ ȥȚȈȎ
Ǩ ȧ ȒȖȚȓȍȚȣ ȘțȉȓȦ ȘțȉȓȦ
Ǩ ȗȖȒȈ ȗȐȠȍȚȍ șȔȍȚȣ Ȋȣ
ȇ ȕȈ ȉȓȦȌȍ ǪȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒȖȊȖȍ ȓȦȉȓȦ
ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȖȠț ȥșȒȐȏ ȒȖȚȓȍȚȖȊȣȑ

œ½³À¹½­¹»°¸³Ê
³² ¼¬¹»¸³µ«
~‹— ™ ˜“¢™•™ ¢˜“‡
	


9
ǼȀ ǾȌǾǶǸǮ ǾǼǸǮ ȅȀdzǻǶdz
ǮDZǮ
ǵȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȉȤȍȚȍșȤ Ȋȣ Ȋ ȐȏȊȐȊȈȝ
ǵȈșȚȈȕȍȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȟȈș șțȔȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȚȖșȒȐ
ǵȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȓȖȊȐȚȍ șȟȈșȚȍȕȣȠȍȑ ȐȋȘȐȊȣȝ —
ǹȚȈȘțȝȈ ǪȍȟȕȖșȚȤ ȊȧȎȍȚ ȐȏșȚȈȘȐ ȕȖșȒȐ
ǻȎ ȚȈȒ șȚȈȘȈ ȟȚȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȊȧȏȈȚȤ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ
ǰ ȊȧȎȍȚ ȊȧȎȍȚ Ȑ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȍȚ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ șȓȖȊȈ
ǶȕȈ ȖȕȈ ȚȖșȒț țȔȕȖȎȐȚ —
ǰ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȊȧȏȈȚȤ ȖȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȈȊȈ
ǵȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȌȈȊȐȚȍșȤ ȚȖșȒȖȦ șȊȖȍȦ șȒȓȐȏȒȖȑ
ǹȒȘȍȉȍȚȍ ȒȘȐȒȖȔ șȚȈȘȍȕȤȒțȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ǶȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȈȔ ȉțȌȍȚ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȑ
ǶȕȈ Ȑ ǹȔȍȘȚȤ
918.

10
ǪȖȓȐȚȤ ȊȖȓȐȚȤ ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖȋȖ
ǰȓȤ șȞȍȗȓȍȕȤȧ ǪȈȠȐ ȚȐȝȖ ȚȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ
ǰ ȒȚȖ ȗȘȈȊ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ȗȘȈȊȖ —
ȇ ȐȓȤ ǩȖȎȍȕȤȒȐ ȓȐȓȖȊȣȍ șȓȖȊȈ
ǭșȓȐ ȗȖȔȕȦ ǪȈș ȏȈșȚȣȊȠȍȑ ȉȓȍȌȕȖȑ Ȋ Ȍȕȧȝ ȕȍȕȈșȚȤȧ
ǭșȓȐ șȈȔ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȧ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ —
ǺȈȒ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȕȈȔ Ȋ șȟȈșȚȤȍ
ǰ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȤȧ ȗȘȧȚȈȚȤ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ȊȏȌȖȝ
ǰ ȒȖȔț Ȋ ȟȤȐ ȘțȒȐ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȋȖȘȍȟȤ ȥȚȐȝ șȚȘȖȟȍȒ
ǰ ȕȍȕțȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȤȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȊșȚȘȍȟȤ
ǮȍȓȚȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȗȖ șȐȕȐ ȝȘțȗȒȖșȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȚȖȟȐȚ
DzȈȒ ȚȖșȒȈ ȔȖȧ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ Ȋ ȖȔțȚ șȐȕȐȑ ȓȍȟȤ
ǿȚȖ-Ȏȍ ȏȕȈȦ Ȑ ȔȍȌȊȧȕȣȑ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȣȑ
Ƕȕ ȔȍȚȕȍȚșȧ ȊȕȐȏ șȦȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ǹȘȍȎȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȓȖ ȥȚȐ ȒȖșȚȐ
ǫȓȈȏ țȓȣȉȒț Ȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ ț ȋțȉ
ǵȖ ȗȖȒȈ Ȋșȍ ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖȋȖ ȝȖȟȍȚ
ǰ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍȟȍȔ ȏȈȊȈȓȐȚȤ Ȍȕȍȑ ȚȍȟȤ —
ǰ ȒȖȔț Ȋ ȟȤȐ ȘțȒȐ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȋȖȘȍȟȤ ȥȚȐȝ șȚȘȖȟȍȒ
ǰ ȕȍȕțȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȤȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȊșȚȘȍȟȤ
919.

11
DzȈȒ Ȋ ȓțȋȈȝ ȕȍȏȈȉțȌȖȒ — ȕȍȉȍ
dzțȕȈ ȉȓȐȕȖȔ ȓȍȎȐȚ —
ǪȈȠȐȝ ȋțȉ ȗȍȚțȠȐȕȣȑ ȋȘȍȉȍȕȤ
ǯȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ ȎȐȚȤ.
ǫȖȉȍȓȍȕȈȔȐ șțȔȍȘȍȒ ȊșȚȈȊȈȚȤ ș ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ
ǬȖȓȋȖ ȒȖȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȉȘȖșȈȚȤ
ǷȖȒțȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȕțȎȕȖȔ Țȍȓȍ
ǰșȚȖȔȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚ ȊșȚȈȚȤ
ǰȌȚȐ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȋȌȍ ȒțȒȓȧȚșȧ ȗȖȌȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ
ǫȌȍ ȗȓȧșȒȖȦ ǹȊȧȚȖȋȖ ǪȐȚȈ ȗȤȧȕȐșȚȒȐ ȓțȒȈȊȐȚ ȔȐ Șȍ —
ǬțȔȈȚȤ ©ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ" ǮȍȕȐȚȤșȧ"
ǰȓȐ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ"ª
ǰ Ȋ ȗȈȗȐȘȖșȕȖȔ ȌȣȔȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȞȖȒȈȕȤȐ șȚȈȒȈȕȖȊ
ǪșȚȈȕȍȚ ȕȍȉȖșȒȘȍȉȖȔ ǪȈȠȍ ȗțȠȐșȚȖȍ ȐȔȧ
ǬȕȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȓțȋȈ ȕȍȏȈȉțȌȖȒ ȒȈȕțȊ
ǷȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ȊȍȘșȚ ȗȘȖȝȓȍșȚȈȓȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȍȎȌȈȕȕȖ ȕȍȋȈȌȈȕȕȖ
ǩțȉȍȕȞȈȔȐ ȏȊȍȕȧ ȐȌȍȑ
ȅȗȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȚȘȈȌȕȖ
ǷȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ ȒȈȒ ȔȐȓȣȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ
ǩȓȍȌȕȣȔȐ ȚȘȖȚȚțȈȘȈȔȐ ȖȚ ȘȈȏȋțȓȈ Ȋ ȏȈȘȐ ȘȈȏȉȍȋȍ
ǪȍșȚȐ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȋȐȌ —
ǪȈȠȐȝ ȋțȉ ȗȍȚțȠȐȕȣȑ ȋȘȍȉȍȕȤ
ǯȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ ȎȐȚȤ
919.

™ ›©›“•‹ ›™•‹ ¢˜“ª
˜“¢™•‹
º¹È·«
	


14
ǷȖșȊȧȡȈȍȚșȧ Ǩ ǩȍȓȖȔț
Ȑ
 ȜȍȊȘȈȓȦ  ȋȖȌȈ
ǿǺǭǵȄǭ I-ȍ
ǵ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȖȑ
1.
ǵȍ ȌȘȖȋȕȍȚ ȉȘȖȊȤ Ȑ ȋțȉȣ șȚȣȕțȚ șȚȘȖȋȖ
DzȘțȋȐ ȟȍȘȟț
ǰ Ȋșȍ ȧșȕȍȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈȝ ȒȘȣȠȒȈ ȋȘȖȉȈ
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȦ ȗȚȐȞȍȑ ȘȍȍȚ ȟțȚȤ
2.
ȇ ȕȣȕȍ Ȋ ȞȈȘșȚȊȐȍ ȈȕȚȐȝȘȐșȚȖȊȖ
Ȋ ȋȖȌȣ șȖȉȈȟȤȍȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȕȍȋ
ȊȗȍȘȧȦ șȓȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȊȍȚȘȈ ȊȖȓȟȐȑ ȊȖȑ
Ȓ ǴȈȚȍȘȐ ǩȖȎȤȍȑ ȊȏȣȊȈȦ ǴȈȠȐȕȍ
3.
ǰ Ȓ Ǻȍȉȍ Ȓ Ǻȍȉȍ ǺȘȖȧȕȖȊȖ ȖȚȘȖȌȤȍ
ș ȋȐȘȧȔȐ ȔȈȒȖȊȣȝ ȒȖș
Ȓ Ǻȍȉȍ ȗȖȗȘȈȊȠȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȖȒțȘȒȐ ȋȖȌȣ
ș ȓȈȗȚȍȑ șȌțȕțȊȠȍȑ Ȑȝ ȕȈȊȖȏ
4.
Ȓ Ǻȍȉȍ ȕȍȏȕȈȦȡȍȑ ȉȘ ǨȓȤȠȊȈȕȋ șȒȘȐȎȈȓȍȑ
ǵȐ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȐ ț ǪȈȕȌȘȈȋȈ
ȋțȌȒȈȔȐ ȉțȘȐ ȧȊȐșȤ Ȑȏ ȌȈȓȐ
ȧȊȐșȤ Ȗ ȧȊȐșȤ DzȈșșȈȕȌȘȈ
5.
Ǫ ȔțȘȓȣȒȈȕȤȐ ȈȥȘȖȗȓȈȕȈ
Ȋ ȚȧȎȒȖȑ ȗȖȝȖȌȒȍ ȖȘțȌȐȑ
Ȋ șȔȍȘȚȐ ȓȍȑȚȍȕȈȕȚȈ ǫȓȈȕȈ
Ȋ ȎȍȕșȒȖȑ ȡȍȒȈȚțȒȈȚțȘȍȕȕȖȑ ȋȘțȌȐ
6.
Ȑ Ȋ ȔȐȕȈȘȍȚȈȝ șȚȘȖȜ ȗȖȥȚȈ
ȟțȦ DzȈșșȈȕȌȘȈ ȟțȦ Ǻȍȉȧ
ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȍȓȖȔȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȈȒȈȚȈ
ȚȊȖȑ ȘȌȧȕȣȑ șȚȧȋ
7.
Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ ȘȌȧȕȣȝ ȒȖș ȏȐȋȏȈȋ
ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȒțȚȈȍȚ Ȋ șȖȕ

15
Ȉ ȚȘȈȊȈ șȍȔȈȜȖȘȖȊ ȋȓȈȏ
ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȏȊȍȕȐȚ ©ǩȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȖª
8.
ǰ Țȍȉȍ ȔȧțȒȈȍȚ ȘȣșȤȐ
ș ȋȖȓȖȊȖȦ Ȋ ȓȐșȚȤȧȝ ȖșȍȕȕȐȝ
ȔȖȑ ȓȦȉȐȔȣȑ ǰȖȈȕȕ DzȘȍșȚȐȚȍȓȤ
ȖȚȘȖȒ ǹȍȘȍȎȈ ǭșȍȕȐȕ
9.
ǴȈȚȤ ȐȊȈ ȔȈȚȤ
ȋȌȍ șȣȕ ȚȊȖȑ ȔȈȝȘȖȊȣȑ"
ǪȐȎț ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȐ ȚȈȓȐșȔȈȕ —
ȒȘȍșȚ ȌțȉȖȊȣȑ
10.
ǰ Ȋȣ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȍȊȍȘȕȣȍ Ȏȍȕȣ
ȋȌȍ șȊȍȎȐȍ șȋȕȐȓȐ ȚȍȓȈ ȔțȎȍȑ"
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȈȘȝȈȚ ȒȖȊȘȈ ȚȘȈȊȣ ȏȍȓȍȕȖȑ
ȗȖȒȘȣȓ ȚȘțȗȤȍ ȖȚ ȟȍȘȊȍȑ Ȑ ȖȚ ȊȠȍȑ
11.
ǪșȍȔȐ ȎȐȏȕȧȔȐ șȎȈȚȣȔȐ
ș șȓȈȌȒȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȗȖȓȣȕȐ —
DzȈșșȈȕȌȘȈ ȋȘȍȔȍȓȈ ©ǩȘȈȚȤȧ
Ȋ ȒȖȘȧȊȖȍ ȊȍȘȤȚȍ ǰȔȧª
— ǵȐȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ
12.
ǷțȓȍȔȍȚȈȔȐ ș ǴȍȚȘȖȗȖȓȧ
Ǻȣ șȚțȟȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȣȍ ȌȊȍȘȐ
ȕȖ ȔȖȋțȟȈ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȤȧ ȊȖȓȧ
Ȑ Ȋȣ ȒȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȍȑ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȐ
13.
ǶșȐȕȣȔ ȎțȎȈȕȤȍȔ șȚȈȊȐȓȈ Ȓ șȚȍȕȒȍ
ȒȘȧȒȈȓȈ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȖȔ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑȞȣ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ
ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȈ ȚȐȒȖȔ șȍȒțȕȌȕȖȑ șȚȘȍȓȒȐ
ǴȖȓȕȐȍȑ ȓȧȏȋȈȓȈ
©ǷȖȔȕȐȚȍ
ǷȖȔȕȐȚȍ
ǷȖȔȕȐȚȍª —
14.
ǵȖ ȊȐȎț ȊȐȎț Ȑ ȏȕȈȦ
ȒȈȒ șȖȒȖȓȣ ȒȘțȎȈȚ șȓȖȊȈ —
Ȑȝ DzȈșșȈȕȌȘȈ ȒȈȘȚȈȊȣȔ ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓȖȔ ȗțșȒȈȍȚ
Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȉțȔȍȘȈȕȋȖȔ ȒȖȊȣȓȧȦȚ Ȓ ȊȈȔ

16
15.
ǵȍ ȌȘȖȋȕȍȚ ȉȘȖȊȤ Ȑ ȋțȉȣ șȚȣȕțȚ șȚȘȖȋȖ
ǹȓȖȊȈ ȟȍȘȟț
ǰ Ȋșȍ ȧșȕȍȑ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈȝ ȒȘȣȠȒȈ ȋȘȖȉȈ
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȦ ȗȚȐȞȍȑ ȘȍȍȚ ȟțȚȤ
ǿǺǭǵǰǭ II-ȍ
Ǩ ǸȈȕȖȊț
16.
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈșȒȖȓȖȚ
ǷȓȈȔȍȕȍȔ ȔțȒȐ ȖȉȢȧȚ
ǫȘȖȔȖȔ Ȍȕȍȑ ȔȖȓȖȚ
ȉȤȍȚ Ȋ ȒȖȘȧȊȣȑ ȏȈȒȈȚ
17.
ǫȘȖȔ ȏȕȈȔȍȕțȍȚ
ȉȓȐȏȖȒ șȘȖȒ, —
Ȋșțȍ ȊȖȓȕȈȔȐ ȉȤȍȚȍșȤ Ȋșțȍ —
ȔȐȘ ȏȈȕȍȔȖȋ
18.
ǸȍȊțȚ ȋțȌȒȐ ȘȖȒȖȟțȚ
©ǫȘȧȌȍȚª
Ȑ ȌȣȔȈ ȓȖȔȈȧ ȗȖȘȟț
©Ǵȣ ȊȖȚª
19.
Ǵȣ ȊȖȚ ȕȈ ȋȖȚȖȊȍ —
ǮȌȍȔ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȍȕȤ
Ȑ Ȋ ȓȐȗȒȖȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȒȍ ȕȖȊȐ
ȕȍ șȚȈȕȍȚ șȖȊșȍȔ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕȤ
20.
ȕȍ ȗȘȣșȕȍȚ ȏȍȓȍȕȤȦ ȚȘȈȊȒȈ
ȕȐ ȗȖȕȦȠȒȐ ȞȊȍȚȒȈ —
Ȑ Ȋȣ țȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȌȣȔ ȏȈȚȒȈȓ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȒȈȕȒȈȕ
21.
ǷȓȐȚȣ ȉȍȚȖȕȣ
ȕȈ țȋȓȈȝ Ȑȏ șȐȕȍȔȖ șȈȌ —
ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ țȚȖȕȍȚ
Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈȝ ȔȈȘȒȐȏȈ Ȍȍ ǹȈȌ

17
22.
Ǩ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ Ȋ ȘȖȊȕȖȔ șȒȘȍȎȍȚȍ
ȚȖȟȈȚ șȊȖȐ ȒȓȐȕȒȐ
ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȘȈȏȘȍȎțȚ
ȔȐȘ ȔȘțȡȐȑ ȖȚ ȚȖșȒȐ
23.
ȘȈȏȖȘȊțȚ ȕȈ ȟȈșȚȐ
ȔȈȝȖȊȐȒ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȈȓȖȔ șȟȐșȓȐȚ
ȅȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ ț ȊȓȈșȚȐ
ȅȑ ȍȑ ȋȘȧȌțȚ ȔȈȠȐȕȕȣȍ ȔȣșȓȐ
24.
ǬȈ ȗȘȐȌȍȚ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ
Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ș ȏȈȊȖȌȖȔ ȕȈ 24 ȟȈșȈ
ȏȍȔȓȦ șȖ șȒțȒȐ șȌȊȐȕȍȚ
ǰ ȉȘȖșȐȚ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȔ ǷșȈȔ
25.
Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȗțșȚȣȕȍ ȥȜȐȘȈ
ȏȈȔȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ șȗȐȟȍȒ ȒȖȘȖȉȒȈ
Ȉ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ ȐȏȘȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȀȚȐȘȕȍȘȈ
©Dz ȟȍȘȚț ȏȍȔȓȦ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȘȖȉȒȐȍª
26.
ǹȚȣȓȣȔ ȋȘȖȝȖȚȖȔ ȖȘțȌȐȑ
ȔȐȘȈ ȚȍȓȖ ȝȘȖȔȖȍ ȖȘȍȚ
Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȖȚȣȍ ȋȘțȌȐ
ȖȘȍȚ ȖȘțȌȐȑ ȘȖȚ
27.
©ǪȈȠȐ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ȗȈȝȕțȚ ȓȈȌȈȕȖȔ
Ȉ Ȋ ȘȍșȕȐȞȈȝ șȗȐȚ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ
ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȕȈȔ
ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ».
28.
ǻȚȖȗȐȧ ȒȈȒțȦ ȕȍ ȊȣȔȍȟȚȈȓ ǪȐȓȤȧȔ ǴȖȘȘȐș
ȊȖȕȏȈȍȚ Ȋ ȔȖȏȋ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȐ ȒȐȕȎȈȓ —
Ȑȏ ȒȘȖȊȐ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȒȘȈșȕȖȍ ȔȖȘȍ —
— ǵȐȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ
29.
Ǫ ȋȘȖȝȖȚȈȕȤȧȝ ȘȖȒȖȊȣȍ șȞȍȗȓȍȕȤȧ
ȌȈȊȧȚ țșȚȈȓȣȝ ȋȘțȌȤ
ȗȖȏȈȉțȌȤ ȔȣșȓȐ șȚȘȖȋȖȑ ȔțȟȍȕȤȍ
ȗȖȏȈȉțȌȤ ȧȊȐșȤ Ȑ ȉțȌȤ
30.
ǷȘȖ ȝȖȓȖȌ Ȑ ȔțȒȐ ȘȈȏȓțȒȐ
ȒȈȒ ȠȈȋȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȘȈ ȏȊțȟȈȚ

18
Ȑȝ ȔȍȘȕȣȍ ȊȍȘȕȣȍ șȚțȒȐ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȑȝ șȖȊȐȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
31.
ǷȘȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȗȘȖ ȚȖșȒț ȖȚ ǩȖȋȈ
Ȑ ȗȘȖ șȚȈȓȤȕțȦ ȊȖȓȦ
ȒȈȒ ȉȘȖȊȤȦ ȊȏȌȍȘȕțȓ șțȘȖȊȖ
Ȑ ȊȈș ȕȍ țȊȐȎț ȉȖȓȍȍ
32.
ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȓțȋȈȝ ȕȍȏȈȉțȌȖȒ — ȕȍȉȍ
ȓțȕȈ ȉȓȐȕȖȔ ȓȍȎȐȚ —
ǪȈȠȐȝ ȋțȉ ȗȍȚțȠȐȕȣȑ ȋȘȍȉȍȕȤ
ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ ȎȐȚȤ
33.
ǫȖȉȍȓȍȕȈȔȐ șțȔȍȘȍȒ ȗȘȖșȣȗȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ
ȌȖȓȋȖ ȒȖȓȤȞȈȔȐ ȌȣȔȈ ȔȍȟȚȣ ȉȘȖșȈȚȤ
ȗȖȒțȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȕțȎȕȖȔ Țȍȓȍ
ȐșȚȖȔȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚ ȊșȚȈȚȤ
34.
ǰȚȚȐ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȋȌȍ ȒțȒȓȧȚșȧ ȗȖȌȒȘȈȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȐȞȈ
ȋȌȍ ȒțȏȕȍȟȐȒȐ șȒȘȐȗȖȒ ȗȐȈȕȐȕȖ ȔȍȌȤ
ǬțȔȈȚȤ ©ǿȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ" ǵȦȝȈȚȤ" ǮȍȕȐȚȤșȧ"
ǰȓȐ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ"ª
35.
Ǩ Ȋ ȌȣȔț ȗȈȗȐȘȖșȕȖȔ Ȑ Ȋ ȞȖȒȈȕȤȐ șȚȈȒȈȕȖȊ
ȊșȚȈȍȚ ȕȍȉȖșȒȘȍȉȖȔ ǪȈȠȍ ȗțȠȐșȚȖȍ ǰȔȧ
ȌȕȐ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȓțȋȈ ȕȍȏȈȉțȌȖȒ ȒȈȕțȊ
ȗȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ȊȍȘșȚ ȐșȝȓȍșȚȈȓȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ
36.
Ǩ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȕȍȎȌȈȕȕȖ ȕȍȋȈȌȈȕȕȖ
ȉțȉȍȕȞȈȔȐ ȏȊȍȕȧ ȐȌȍȑ
ȥȗȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȚȘȈȌȕȖ
ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȖȒ ȒȈȒ ȔȈȓȣȝ ȌȍȚȍȑ
37.
ǺȘȖȚțȈȘȈȔȐ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȔȐ ȖȚ ȘȈȏȋțȓȈ Ȋ ȏȈȘȐ ȘȈȏȉȍȋȍ
ȊȍșȚȐ ȌȖȔȖȑ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȋȐȌ —
ǪȈȠȐȝ ȋțȉ ȗȍȚțȠȐȕȣȑ ȋȘȍȉȍȕȤ
ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȕȍȓȍȗȖ ȎȐȚȤ
38.
ǰ ȏȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ ȔȐȓȖșȚȐ —
ȕȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȑ ȚȖșȒț Ȑ ȗȓȍȕ
ȇ ȌȈȘȦ ȒȓȖȟȤȧ ȚȐȝȖȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȐ
ȗȍȘȍȗțȚȤȧ ǴȖȐȝ ȐȏȔȍȕ

19
39.
ǵȖ ȉȍȏțȔșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ
ȟȚȖ ȍȎȍȓȐ ȇ ȕȍ șȗȈșțș
Ȑ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȖȒȖȍȔ ȗțȋȈȍȚ
ȕȈ ȒȘȍșȚȍ ȒȖȘȧȊȣȑ ǰȐșțș
40.
ǷȘȖȑȌȍȕȈ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȌȖȘȖȋȈ
Ȑ ȇ ȏȕȈȦ — ȐȚȚȐ ȍȡȍ,
ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ Ƞȍȓ
41.
ǷȘȖȕȍșȍȚșȧ ȈȕȋȍȓȖȔ șȍȘȗȐȒ
Ȑ ȏȈȘȍȑ ȘȈȏȔȖȚȈȍȚșȧ țȎȈș ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȑ
Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȗȖȌȍȘȋȐȊȈȧ ȓȧȠȒȖȦ ȚȍȘȗȐȚ
ȖȌȐȕȖȒȖȑ ȕȈșȔȍȠȒȖȑ DzȖȘȧȊȣȑ
42.
ǨȇȈȇȊȏȈȒȈȚȈȝ
Ȋ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ ȎȍȓȚȣȝ ȒȕȐȋ
Ȑȡț șȟȈșȚȤȧ șȈȔȖȉȘȈȕȕțȦ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȤ
ȓȍȋȒțȦ ȕȖȠț ȊȍȘȐȋ.
43.
ǷȍȘȍȓȐșȚȣȊȈȦ ȖșȍȕȕȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ
ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ șȚȈȘȐȒȖȊ
Ȑ ȧșȕȍȍ ȧșȕȍȍ Nihil,
Ȑ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȍȟȕȣȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ
44.
ǵȍȚ ȕȍ țȔȘț ȕȍȗȘȈȊȌȈ —
ȇ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȚȌȖȝȕțȚȤ ȝȖȟț
Ǩȝ ȓȍȎȈȚȤ Ȑ ȋȕȐȚȤ ȖȚȘȈȌȈ
ǷȖȌ ȊȍșȍȓȖȦ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǿțȠȤª
45.
ǷțșȚȤ ȗȘȖȝȖȎȐȍ ȝȖȝȖȟțȚ ȧȘȖ
ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ Ȕȕȍ ȊȈș ȇ șȈȔ
ȘȈșȗȕțșȤ Ȋ ȏȈȒȈȚȕȐȝ ȗȖȎȈȘȈȝ
Ȓ ǭȋȖ ȉȍȓȣȔ ȗȘȐȓȤȕț ȕȖȋȈȔ
46.
ǶșȚȈȊȤȚȍ ǵȍ ȕȈȌȖ
ǵȍ ȏȈȝȈȘȒȈȦ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ ȊȣșȤ Țț —
ȇ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȚȌȖȝȕțȚȤ ȝȖȟț
ȗțșȚȤ ȟȍȘȕȣȑ ȔȖȋȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȣșȚțȗ
ȗțșȚȤ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ ȊȍșȍȓȈȧ ©ǿțȠȤª

20
ǿǺǭǵȄǭ III.
ǷǶȒȖȘȖȒȖȊț
47.
Ǫșȍ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȕȈ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈȝ
ǫȓȧȌȍȓ ǫȘȐȉȖȍȌȖȊ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȊȐȌ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ǷțȠȒȐȕ ȋȖȘȌȐȚșȧ șȚȈȘȣȑ
ȟȚȖ ȗȈȔȧȚȕȐȒ șȈȔ ȊȖȏȌȊȐȋ
48.
ǰ ȕȈ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈȝ ȌȊțșȗȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȐ
ȋȌȍ șȒȈȔȍȑȒȈȔȐ ȔȍȘȧȚ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
ȊȖșȍȔȤ ȌȍȊȖȟȍȒ Ȋ șȕȍȎȕȖȑ ȊȈȚȍ
ȊȖȏȓȍ ȗȈȌȈȓȐ ȌȊțȝ ȗșȖȊ
49.
©ǴțȎȟȐȕȈ ȗȖȑȌȍȔ ȏȈ ȖșȤȔțȠȒț ȝȓȍȉȈ
ȏȈ ȌȍșȧȚȖȒ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȋȖ șȖȘȚț ȗȈȗȐȘȖș
ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ȒțșȖȒ ȊȖ ȘȚț ȕȍ ȉȣȓ
Ȉ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȉȐȓ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȒȖȘȧȊȣȑ ȔȈȚȘȖș».
50.
ǫȖȓȖȌ ǫȖȓȖȌ
ȔȧȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȚȈȕȞțȍȚ Ȋ țȓȐȞ ȗțșȚȣȝ ȎȍȓțȌȒȈȝ
țȎȍ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȜȖȕȈȘȤ ȘȈșȒȖȓȖȚ
Ȑ ȊȣȗȐȚȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȓȖȟȕȈȧ ȠțȚȒȈ
51.
ǻȎȍ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȐȏȋȘȣȏȈȕȈ
ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȉțȒȊȈ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȐ ǩȓȈȕȌȖȊȈ
țȎȍ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȏȈșȚțȎȍȕȈ ȓțȕȕȈȧ ȓȣșȐȕȈ
Ȑ ȒțȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒțȔȈȟ Țțȟ Ȋ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȕȌȈȝ
52.
ǫȌȍ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȕȈ ȊȣȊȍșȒȍ ȋȖȓțȉȈȧ ȒȖȕșȒȈȧ ȔȖȘȌȈ
ȏȊȍȕȍȓȈ ȎȍșȚȤȦ Ȋ ȚȘȖȚțȈȘȈ ȗȓȍȕȒț
ȊȐșȐȚ ȏȈ ȕȖȎȒț, Ȑȏ ȔȖȘȋȈ
ȚȍȓȤȞȍ ȔȖȓȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȉȍȕȒȈ
53.
ǷȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȋȌȍ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ șȚțȟȈȓȐ ȊȐșȒȐ ȗȖȌȒȖȊ
Ȑ ȏȊțȒȐ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓȐ ȔȈȟȚ —
ȕȍ ȗȓȈȚȒȐ ȚțȉȍȘȒțȓȍȏȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ǴȈȘȐȍȕȋȖȜ
Ȉ ȖȌȐȕ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȒțȔȈȟ.
54.
ǵȖȟȈȔȐ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȔȐ ȕȖȟȈȔȐ ȊȖȓȒȈȔ
ȖȚȌȈȦȚșȧ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈȔȐ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚțȚȒȐ

21
Ȑ ȗțȓȍȔȍȚȖȔ Ȑȝ ȓțȗȧȚ ȚȈȔ
ȕȈ ǹȚȘȈșȚȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȚȘȈȔȊȈȑȕȖȑ ȉțȌȒȐ
55.
ǮȘȈȚȤ ǮȘȈȚȤ
ǽȓȍȉȈ ǯȘȍȓȐȡ
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ Țȣ ǩȖȎȍȕȤȒȈ ȘȈȌ —
ȒȈȓ Ȑ ȚȖȚ ȊȍșȤ ȗȖȍȓȐ
56.
ǰ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȍȑȠȍȔ țȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȤȐ — ǷȖȥȚȖȊ ǹȖȦȏȍ
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȔ ǿǭDzǨ
ȊșȗȖȘȖȚȖ ȗțȏȖ
ȉțȜȍȚȟȐȒȈ
57.
ǯȊȍȏȌ Ȋ ȏȐȔȕȍȔ ȕȍȉȍ ȘȦȔȒȐ
șȢȍȌȍȕȣ ȒȈȒ ȠȖȒȖȓȈȌ ǷȖȒȈ
ȗȖȏȈȊȟȍȘȈ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ ǩȓȦȔȒȐȕ
șȚȘȍȓȧȓ Ȋ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǩȖȋȈ
58.
ǰ ȕȈ Ȍȕȧȝ ȋȘȖȏȕȣȑ ǰȖȈȕȕ ș ȚȖȓȗȖȦ
ȖȗȘȐȟȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȈ ǺȊȍȘșȒțȦ ȌȊȐȕțȓ
ȕȖȋȐ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȈȔ ȘȈșȚȧȋȐȊȈȓ ȒȓȦȒȖȦ
ȚȖȟȕȖ ȘȍȏȐȕț
59.
ǹȐȓȤȕȍȍ Ȋ Țȍȓȍ ȗȖȝȖȚȍȑ ȔȍȌ
ȕȖ ȔȖȘȖȏ ȉȈȘȈȉȈȕȐȚ ȗȖ ȕȐȔ
Ȑ ȝȖȓȖȌ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȓ DzȘȍȔȓȦ ȎȔȍȚ
Ȑ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȈ Ȋ ȖȏȕȖȉȍ șȚȈȓȐ șȈȔȐ ȏȊȖȕȐȚȤ
60.
ǹȋțșȚȒȐ ȒȘȖȊȐ — ȕȍ ȏȈȒȈȚȣ
ȐșȗȘȈȎȕȧȍȚ ȕȈȌ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ șȔȍȘȚȤ
ȒȖȚȓȣ șȖ șȔȖȓȖȑ ȗȖ ǨȘȉȈȚț
șȚȈȊȧȚ ȟȍȘȚȐ
61.
ǰ ȏȊțȟȐȚ Ȑ ȋȖȘȦȍȚ Ȑȝ ȗȍșȕȧ
ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȧ ȟțȌȍșȕȍȑ
©ǪȣȑȌț ȧ Ȍ-ȕȈ țȓȐȞț
Ǭ-ȕȈ ǪȍȕșȒțȦ
ǹȚȈȕț ȒȘȖȊțȠȒț ȧ ȗȐȚȤ
Ǭ-ȈȕȚȐȓȐȋȍȕșȒțȦ».
62.
ǴȈȠțȚ ȘțȟȒȈȔȐ ȕȖȎȒȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ǺȈȑȓȖȘȈ
ȕȍ ȟȍȘȚȐ — ȊȖȊșȍ ȚȈȕȒȐ

22
Ȑ ț ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗțșȚȖȚȍ ǺȖȘȐȟȍȓȍȊȖȑ ȊȏȖȘȈ
20-ȋȖ ȊȍȒȈ ȍȊȈȕȋȍȓȐȍ
63.
©ǴȈȠȐȕȈ ǴȈȠȐȕȈª
ǪȍȒ ȍȑ ȕȈȠ șȓȈȊț ȋȘȖȝȖȟȍȚ.
ȌȈȎȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȔȈȠȐȕȒȖȦ ȕȈȔ,
șȚȘȍȒȖȟȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȌȕȐ Ȑ ȕȖȟȐ
64.
Ǩ ȚȈȔ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈȝ ǨȘȉȈȚȈ ȔȖȘȡȐȕȈȝ
ȉȤȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȘȖȟȍșȒȖȑ ȋȘȣȎȍ
ǩȍȓȣȑ ǨȕȌȘȍȑ ȘțȒȐ ȒȈȒ șȚȖȓȉ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȕȣȑ ȘȈșȒȐȕțȊ
©DzȘȐȏȐș ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȒȘȐȏȐșª
65.
ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȍșȚȤ ȚȐȝȐȍ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȚȐȝȐȍ ȜȐȈȓȒȐ
Ȑ ȕȍȎȍȕ ȚȈȒ ȕȍȎȍȕ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȚȊȖȐȝ ȋȘțȌȍȑ
ǵȖȊȣȑ ȅȌȐȗ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȊȐȎț Ȋ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȤȍȑ șȊȈȓȒȍ
Ȋ ȒȖȕșȒȖȔ ȕȈȊȖȏȍ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȚȖ ȉȈȕȒȈȝ ȒȈȠȐȞȍ Țȍȓ,
ȔȈȚȍȘȍȑ ȌȍȚȍȑ
— ǵȐȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ —
66.
ǯȈȗȈȌȖȔ ȓȐȒ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑ dzȦȞȐȜȍȘȈ
ȋȖȚȚȐȒȖȑ ȉȍȘȍȌȐȚ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȝ șȐȕȤ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȍȑ
ȏȈȒȈȚȕȖșȚȤ ȋȊȖȏȌȐȒ Ȋ ȗȍȚȓȐȞȍ Ȑ ȘȖȊȕȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȉȖȘȈ
ȚȖ Ȋ ǹȐȚȐ ȚȖ șȘȍȌȐ ǭȓȐșȍȑșȒȐȝ ȗȖȓȍȑ
67.
ǹ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ȒȈȒ ȠȈȝȔȈȚȣ șțȝȐȍ ȗȍșȒȐ ǫȖȉȐ,
ȌȊȐȋȈȍȚ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȘȈșȒȖșȣȔȐ ǨȘȐȔȈȕ
ǵȍ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ Ȋ DzȈșșȈȕȌȘȖȊȖȔ Ȕȣ ȖȏȕȖȉȍ
șȚȐȋȔȣ ȕȍșȍȔ ȒȖȔț ȚȖ Ȋ ȌȈȕȤ
68.
ȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȣ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȣ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȥȚȐȝ ȒȓȖȟȤȧ
Ȑȏ ȉȍȏȘțȒȐȝ ȉȍȏȕȖȋȐȝ, ȊȣȎȈȚȈȧ ȒȘȖȊȤ
ȐșȚȐȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ǪȈȔ țȏȘȐȚȍ ȊȖȖȟȐȦ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȑȌȍȚ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȑȌȍȚ dzȈșȒȖȊȣȑ ǹȍȘȌȞȍȓȖȊ
ǺȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȐ
ǺȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǸȖȒ ǹȓȣȠȐȚȍ
ǹȓȣȠȐȚȍ
ǹȓȣȠȐȚȍ

23
69.
ǺȖȗȖȚ ȒȖȗȐȚ ȚȖȗȖȚ ȒȖȗȐȚ
ȕȍȉȈ ȓțȕȕȣȑ ȗțȗ
ȚȖȗȐȚ ȚȖȗȖȚ ȚȖȗȐȚ ȚȖȗȖȚ
Ȍȕȍȑ șȍȒțȡȐȝ ȗțȒ
70.
ǹȓȣȠȐȚȍ șȓȣȠȐȚȍ ȊȖȚ Ƕȕ ȊȖȚ
Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȠȈȘȈȝȕțȊȠȐȝșȧ Ȍȕȍȑ
ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȒȘțȟȍ ȊȏȌȣȔȈȦȚ ȗȖȌ ȕȐȔ ȎȐȊȖȚ
ȏȕȈȦȚ ȋȘȧȌȍȚ Ȗȕ ȌȕȍșȤ
71.
ǪȖȚ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȐȒ
șȓȖȔȈȍȚ ȏȍȔȕțȦ ȖșȤ
ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȊșȈȌȕȐȒ —
șȚȘȈȕȕȣȑ Ȑ șȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ȋȖșȚȤ.
72.
DzȘȐȊȖȦ ȟȍȘȚȖȦ ȘȖȚ
ȕȈ ȓȐȒȍ ȔȍȓȈ —
ǪșȈȌȕȐȒ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȍ ȊȖȘȖȕȖȔ
Ȑ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȍȋȖ ȔȍȘȈ
73.
ǯȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖșȚȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȍȔț ȗȖȌ ȕȖȋȐ
ȗȣȓȤ Ȑ ȐȏȊȍșȚȒȈ ȒȈȘȈȉȒȈȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȓȈȌȈȕ
ȊȕȖȊȍ ȊȖȏȌțȝ șȍȟȍȚ ȊȕȖȊȍ
ǶșȈȕȈ
ǶșȈȕȈ
ǶșȈȕȈ
74.
ǷȈȓȤȔȖȊȣȔȐ ȊȍȚȒȈȔȐ ȋȕțȚșȧ ȚȘțȉȣ
ȉțȌȚȖ ȕȈȌ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ
Ȑȝ ȋȘȖȝȖȚ ȏȈșȍȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝ ȚțȋȖ
ȋȘȖȏȕȖ țȘȟȐȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȠȐȕȖȑ
75.
ǹȗȘȣȋȕțȓȐ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ș ȕȈșȐȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȍșȚ —
Ȉ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȐȓȐ —
ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ ȊȐȌȍȚȍ ȍșȚȤ
ȊșȈȌȕȐȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȍȋȖ ȔȍȘȈ
76.
ǰ ȖȗȧȚȤ Ȑȏ ȏȈ șțȌȖȘȖȋ ȓȍȚ
ȘȈȏȘȣȊȣ ȌȈȍȚ ȒȖȗȣȚ ȔȍȌȤ
ȊșȚȈȍȚ ȒȖȕȤ ȉȓȍȌ
ȕȈ ȕȍȔ șȔȍȘȚȤ

24
77.
ǹȖȓȕȞȍ ȓȖȔȈȍȚ ȓțȟȈ șȚȍȒ
ȗȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȌȘȖȎȈȓȈ ȏȍȔȓȧ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȍȒțȕȌ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȒȖȊ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȊȒȈȚȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȉȍșȕȣȑ ȚȘȍȒ
ȓțȕȣ ȉȍȏȏȊțȟȕȣȑ ȔȍȌȕȣȑ ȋȖȕȋ
78.
ǷțșȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș — ȥȚȖ ǹȚȘȈȠȕȣȑ ǹțȌ
Ȍȓȧ ȊȏȣșȒțȦȡȐȝ ǵȈș ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ șȗȈșȍȕȤȍ
Ȋ ȗȖȓȣȝȈȕȤȧ ǪȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȏȕȍșțȚ
ȕȈș Ȗȋȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȍȑ ȚȍȕȐ
79.
ǵȍ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȔțȒ ȘȍȔȍșȓȖ
Ȑȏ ȉȍȏȘțȒȐȝ ȉȍȏȕȖȋȐȝ ȊȣȎȈȚȈȧ ȒȘȖȊȤ —
ȐșȚȐȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ ǪȈȔ ȗȘȖȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ șȓȖȊ
Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȑȌȍȚ DzȖȘȧȊȣȑ dzȈșȒȖȊȣȑ ǹȍȘȌȞȍȓȖȊ
ǺȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȗȘȖȘȖȒȐ.
ǺȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ǸȖȒ
80.
ǵȖ Ȋȣ ȒȚȖ ȊȍȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȊȐȌȐȚ
ȉțȠțȦȡȐȝ ȊȍȓȐȟȤȍ Ȍȕȍȑ
ȒȖȔț ȟȈș ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȐȌȈ
Ȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȘțȟȐ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ șȕȍ.
81.
DzȚȖ ș ȊȖȓȍȑ ȚȊȍȘȌȖȑ ȉțȌȚȖ ȚțȔȉȣ
Ȑ ș ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȘțȌȐȑ șȐȓȤȕȍȑ
ȗȖ ȌȍȚșȒȐ ȊȍȘȐȚ Ȋ ȟȤȐ ȚȖ ȋțȉȣ
ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȚȐȝȐȑ șȕȍȋ
82.
Ǫȣ ȒȚȖ Ȋ ȥȒȏȖȚȐȒȍ ȕȈȘȒȖȚȐȒȈȝ
Ȑ Ȋ ǺȈȘȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȐșȒȈȓȐ șȔȣșȓ
Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȋȖȚȚȐȒȍ
ȖȌȕț Ȑ Țț Ȏ ȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȔȣșȓȤ
83.
Ǫȣ ȒȚȖ Ȋ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȤȧȝ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȑ
ȎȋȓȐ ȚȍȓȖ ȉȘȍȕȕȖȍ șȊȖȍ;
Ȑ Ȋ ȌȕȐ ȈȕȚȐȝȘȐșȚȖȊȖȑ ȎțȚȐ
ǹȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ȠȓȐ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȈȒ ȐȖȋ
84.
ǪȈș ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȖ șȖȘȖȒ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ
Ǫȣ șȖȓȕȞȍ șȘȍȌȐ ȗȘȧȌȍȑ ȚȤȔȣ,
ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ Ǫȣ țșȓȣȠȐȚȍ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȑȌȍȚ ȎȍȓȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȐȋ

85.
ǻȗȘȐȚȍșȤ ȚțȎȍ Ȋ ȘȍȉȘȈ ȊȖȓȍȑ
Ȋ ȖȋȖȕȤ ȊȈȔ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȘțȌ
ǪșȗȈȠȐȚȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȘȎȈȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȍ
ȔȖȋțȟȍȑ șȐȓȖȑ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȘțȒ.
86.
ǯȈȒȈȚȈ ȓȐșȤȐ ȒțȌȘȐ ȊȏȉȍȑȚȍ
ǪȏȕțȏȌȈȑȚȍ ȝȖȌ ȐȏȊȍȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȌ
Ȑȏ ȘțȒ țȎȍ țșȚȈȊȠȍȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ
Ǫȣ ȊȣȘȊȐȚȍ ȍȍ ȎȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȏȈȊȖȌ
87.
ǺȈȒ ȒȘȍȗȟȍ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ ȕȈȊȈȓȐȊ ȉțȓȣȎȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȏțȉȣ
ȕȈșȔȍȠȓȐȊțȦ ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȊ — ȒȈȒ ȜȓȈȋ țȓȣȉȒț
ǪȗȍȘȍȌ
ǪȗȍȘȍȌ Ȋ ȋȘȧȌțȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȣ ȏȣȉȐ
ȒȈȟȈȚȤ ȌțȠȐ șȐȧȦȡțȦ ȏȣȉȒț
88.
ǩȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȇ ȗȘȖȘȖȟțȡȐȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ
ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȔȐȘ
ȕȖ ȊșȗȣȝȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȍțȋȖȔȖȕȕȣȔ ȓȈȍȔ
ȍșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ǪȖȓȧ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ǵȣ
1919-1920 ȋ

›“ œ“ ™™›˜“ª
 ®®

27
ǬȖȓȎȍȕ ǵȍ ȔȖȋț ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ
ȘȍșȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȚȊȖȐȔȐ ȕȈȊȐș —
Țȣ ȕȈ ȕȖȟȤ ȖȗțșȒȈȍȠȤ ȒȖșȣ șȚȈȊȍȕȤ
ȕȖ ȔȣșȓȐ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ȊȍȚȍȘ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ
ȇ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ș ȚȖȉȖȦ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ȉțȌȚȖ ȊȍȚȍȘ ș ȖșȍȕȕȐȔ ȓȐșȚȖȔ
ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ Ȗ ȔȍșȚȐ
ȕȖ ȊȝȖȎț șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ Ȋ ȌȖȔ
ǯȈȋȐȉȈȦ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ șȚȘȈȕȐȞț
ȒȈșȈȦșȤ ȗȐșȍȔ ȚȊȖȐȝ
Ȋ ȕȖȟȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ șȗȐȚșȧ
ȋȓȧȎț ȒȈȒ ȒȘțȎȐȚ ȚȊȖȑ șȚȐȝ
ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋțȉ ȚȊȖȐȝ ȋȘȍȉȍȕȤ ȗȍȚțȠȐȑ
ȗȖȌ ȟțȎȐȔȐ ȋțȉȈȔȐ ȌȘȖȎȐȚ
ȧ ȒȓȈȌț ȕȈ ȗȓȍȟȐ țȌțȠȤȍ
ȗȘȍȌȊȍȡȈȦȡȍȍ ȋȘȖȏț
ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ șȐȕȍȑ ȎȍȘȌȐ ȕȍ ȊȖȘȖȕ —
ȏȍȓȍȕȣȑ ȔȍșȧȞ ȒȈȟȈȍȚșȧ — ȒȈȒȈȌț
ȧ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓțȉȖȍ ȗȍȘȖ
ȖșȚȘȖȑ șȚȘțȑȒȖȑ ț ȕȖȋ ȒȓȈȌț
ǵȐȒțȌȈ șȊȖȐȝ ȋȓȈȏ ȕȍ șȒȘȖȍȠȤ
ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ șȓȍȌ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍșȚȐ
ȧ ȏȊȍȕȦ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȚȖȕȒȖȑ șȍȘȤȋȖȦ
ȟȚȖ ȕȍ țȔȍȦ ȔșȚȐȚȤ
ȕȖȧȉȘȤ  ȋ

29
ǬțȔȈȍȠȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ
ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȕȕȍ ȘȍșȕȐȞȣ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ
șȖȓȕȞȈ ȉȈȉȖȟȒȖȑ ȕȍȎȕȖ
ȏȈȗțȚȣȊȈȓ ȍȍ Ȋ ȓȖȒȖȕ
ǬțȔȈȍȠȤ ȎȐȊț Ȑ ȌȣȠț
ȋțȉ ȏȈȒȈȚ ȌȘțȋȖȔț ȗȘȖȓȐȊȈȦ
ȘțȒ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȕțȦ ȗȖȒȓȈȎț
ȍȔț ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ ȏȈȗȓȍȚȈȦ ȘȖȊȕȖ ȓȐ"
ǵȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐȔ ȓȍȚȖȔ ȐȕȈȟȍ
ȕȍȉȖ ȌȣȠȍȚ ȔȖȐȔ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍȔ
Ȉ ȌȣȝȈȕȤȍ ȗȚȐȞȍȦ șȚȈȕȍȚ
ȗȖȞȍȓțȍȔ Țȍȉȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
Ǫ ȗȍȘȍȉȖȘȍ ȚȘȈȊ ȕȈȗȍȊ
ȞȣȋȈȕșȒȖȑ șȍȔȐșȚȘțȕȕȖȑ
ȓȐȗȈ ȗȈȝțȟȐȑ șȔȍȝ
ȌȍȘȋȈȍȚ ȓȈȗȟȈȚȖȑ ȘțȒȖȑ
ǵȈȌ ȚȖȉȖȦ — șȚȍȉȓȍȔ Ȋ ȝȘțșȚȍ
ȊȖȚ ȕȍ ȔȐȘ — ȚȖ Ȋ ȗȍȕȍ ȖȌțȊȈȕȟȐȒ
șȖȉȘȈȕ ȔȕȖȦ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȌȣȠȍȚ ȏȊȖȕȟȍ
Ȑ ȔȖȍȦ ȊȖȓȍȑ Ȗȕ Țȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȗțșȚȐȚ.
ǴȟȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȉȖȘȍ ȞȣȋȈȕșȒȖȔ
țȒȓȖȕȖȔ ȊȏȓȍȚȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȓȍȟ
ȕȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȤȍ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȌțȝ — ȧ șȚȈșȒȐȊȈȦ
ș ȕȐȝ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ Ȋȍșȍȓȣȑ ȗȓȍȕ
ǷțșȚȤ — ȊșȒȐȌȣȊȈȑ țȓȣȉȒȖȑ
ȘȈȏȉȍȋ ȒțȌȘȍȑ ȒȖșȣȝ —
Ǫșȍ ȧ ȚȖȔȧȡȍȑ ȗȣȚȒȖȑ
ș ȚȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȏȋțȓȖȔ șȣȚ
ǰȦȓȤ  ȋ
ǸȦȘȐȒ ǸȖȒ

31
ǻȔȍȘ ǰ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ
șȗȖȒȖȍȕ ȚȍȓȈ ȋȘȖȉ
ȕȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȕȍ șȚȣȕȍȚ
Ȋ țȋȖȓȤȧȝ ȔȍȘȞȈȦȡȐȝ ȋțȉ
DzȈȒ Ȏȍ ȔȖȋțȚ Ȋ ȔȍȘȚȊȖȔ Țȍȓȍ
șȋțșȚȒȐ ȔȈȝȘȖȊȣȝ ȘȖȏ
ȊȓȈȎȕȣȔ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ ȚȓȍȚȤ
ȋȘȍȚȤ ȓȍȌȧȕțȦ ȒȖșȚȤ"
DzȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒțȟȍȘȧȊȖȍ ȊȖȘȖȕȤȍ
ȏȈȗȈȝ ȋțȉ ȚȊȖȐȝ ȕȍșȍȚ ȗȖ ȊȍȚȘț,
Ȑ Țȍȗȓȣȍ ȝȓȖȗȤȧ ȘȖȕȧȦ
ȖȚ ȖȉȍșșȐȓȍȊȠȐȝ ȘțȒ"
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ ȘȈȏȊȍ șȒȈȎȍȠȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ — ȚȈȒ ȗȘȖșȚȖ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈșȚȍȚ ȕȈ ȔȍȘȚȊȖȔ ȉȖȘȖȌȈ
șȋțșȚȒȐ ȞȊȍȚțȚ ȘȖȏ
ǬțȔȈȓ ȉȍȘȍȋ ȒȈȒ șȔȍȘȚȕțȦ ȘȈȕț
ȖȚ ȋȘțȏȈ țȓȣȉȒȐ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎț ȘȖȚ —
țȔȍȘ Ȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ —
ȉțȌȚȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȊșȍȓȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȔȖȑ ȋȘȖȉ
ǶșȍȕȤ  ȋ

œ™›™• œ™›™•™
³«¶°µ½³Â°¼µ³° º¹È·Æ
¸³Â°­¹µ¹· ¼¹¯°Ê¸¸Æ°
	


š›™¦

69
ǮșȪȢȞȓȒ ǹȖȣȠȓțȦȠȓȗț
ǿȁǺdzǾǸǶ
ǯȌȖȘȖȊȣȑ ȗȈȘȍȕȤ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȤȍȔ ȏȈȉȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ș ȗȘțȌȖȔ
ȗȖȊȐș Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧȝ ȊȍȚȍȘ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ
Ȑ ȌȣȠȍȚ ȕȍȉȖ ȉȓȍȌȕȖȍ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ
șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤ ȗȖȉȓȍȒȠȐȍ ȘțȔȧȕȈ
ǵȈ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ ȒȖșȚȣȓȧȝ șȊȐșȈȧ ȌȘȖȉȕȖȦ ȘȣșȤȦ
ȗȖȓȏțȚ ȉȖȓȚȈȧ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ ȌȊȈ țȉȖȋȐȝ
ȗȖȥȚ șȖȠȍȓ ș țȔȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȍȓȖȉȘȣșȣȑ
Ȑ ȓȖȠȈȌȤ ȖȚȌȈȊȐȓȈ ȌȈȔȍ ȕȖȋȐ
Dz ȖȒȕț ȗȘȐȓȐȗ ȘȈșȒȖȘȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȔțȎȟȐȕȈ
ȦȕȍȞ ȌȍȊȟȍȕȒț ȎȐȘȕțȦ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ
ȕȈȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȒȓȖțȕ ȗȘȖȗȣȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȖȚȐȕȖȒ
șȒȘȐȗȐȚ ȒȖȓȧșȒȈ ȌȍȚșȒȈȧ șȖȉȈȒȐ ȓȈȦȚ
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌ ș ȕȍȔ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ

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¢‹š–“˜“‹‹
•³¸¹º¹È·«

73
¢‹š–“˜“‹‹
•³¸¹º¹È·«
ǰȊȈȕ ǫȖȓȓȤ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȘȖȌȐȕȣ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑ ȍȊȘȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ ȊȖ
ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȖȕȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
«Requiem Ȗ ȗȖȋȐȉȠȐȝ ǭȊȘȖȗȣª Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȊȣȠȍȓ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȖȊ
©ǷȘȍȐșȗȖȌȕȧȧª Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȣ ȌȊȍ ȍȋȖ ȌȘȈȔȣ ©ǩȍșșȔȍȘȚ-
ȕȣȍª ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȝ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȐȗȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖ-
ȕȐșȚȖȔ — ȖȚȏȣȊȟȐȊȣȔ Ȑ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȈȕȚȐȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȓȐȘȐȒȖȔ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȚȈȒ
ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț Ȗȕ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕțȦ ȊȍȡȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȘȈȏț șȌȍ-
ȓȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȧ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȣȔ ȅȚȖ ȒȐȕȖ-ȗȖȥȔȈ ©ǿȈȗȓȐȕȐȈȌȈª ȕȍșțȡȈȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ
șȞȍȕȈȘȐȐ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȗȓȖȡȍ-
ȕȐȧǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ©ǿȈȗȓȐȕȐȈȌȣª ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȍȏ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȋȖ ȏȕȈ-
ȒȖȔșȚȊȈ ș ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ ǿȈȘȓȐ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȈ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏȣ —
ȀȈȘȓȖ
 Ȕȣ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȊșȍȔȐȘ-
ȕȖ-ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ ȈȒȚȍȘȍ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȈ
ǿȈȘȓȐ ǿȈȗȓȐȕ — ȋȍȘȖȑ ȊșȍȋȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ Ƕȕ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐ-
ȘțȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȓȍȕȚȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ș ȍȋȖ țȟȈșȚȐȍȔ
©ȀȈȘȓȖ ȕȍ țȕȣȊȈȍȚª ©ȀȈȘȓȖ ȒțȚȐȚª ©ȀȈȘȓȖ șȔȍȍȚșȧª ©ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȋ ȉȈ-
Șȍª ©ȀȈȘȓȖ țȍȏȎȈȍȚª ©ȀȈȘȓȖ-ȗȖȊȈȘª — ȊȖȚ Țȍ ȖȉȡȍȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȍ ȓȖȏțȕ-
ȋȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȘȐȟȈȚ ș ȈȜȐȠ ȓȦȉȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍșȚȒȈ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǭșȚȤ ȗțȌȘȈ
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȌțȝȐ Ȑ ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȟȒȐ ȀȈȘȓȖ șȗȖșȖȉ ȕȖșȐȚȤ Ƞȓȧȗț țȓȣȉȈȚȤșȧ i la
Chariot, ȒȖȘȖȟȍ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȕțȓȖșȤ ȕȈ ȐȔȧ ȀȈȘ-
ȓȖ ȕȈ ȖȉȡȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȐȝȘȈșȚȖȋȖ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȋ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ șȦȘȚțȟȒȍ Ȑ ȏȈȒȐȕțȚȖȔ ȕȈȏȈȌ ȒȖȚȍȓȒȍ
ȀȈȘȓȖ — ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȋȍȘȖȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȦȏȐȒ-ȝȖȓȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȟȈȍȚ ȔȥȘ dzȖȕȌȖȕȈ ș ȗȘȐȊȍȚȖȔ ȕȈ ȊȖȒȏȈȓȍ Ȑ ȥȚț ȖȉȣȟȕțȦ ȊȍȎȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȖȒȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȔțȦ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔț ȒȖȘȖȓȦ
Ȗȕ ȀȈȘȓȖ ©ȒȓȖțȕª ©ȠțȚª ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȓȎȕȖȍ
ǰȋȘȈ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȈ ȉȣșȚȘȈ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȈ ȥȚȖ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ ȚȘȦȒ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ
ȟȍȚȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȔȍȓȤȒ ȌȊțȝ ȗȘȖȔȟȈȊȠȐȝșȧ ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȌȘțȋ-ȌȘțȋț ȗȖȍȏȌȖȊ
ǰ ȕȍȔțȌȘȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȀȈȘȓȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȖȓȐȞȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍȔ șȔȍȝȈ Ȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȧ
Ȍȓȧ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖșȓȍ-ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȘȐȏȐ-
șȖȊ

ǰ ȗȖȕȧȚȍȕ țșȗȍȝ ȀȈȘȓȖ ț ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑȞȈ șȚȖșȒȖȊȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȗȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȔț Ȑ
șȔȍȠȕȖȔț
ǰȋȘȈ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȧșȕȈȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȞȐȘȒȖȊȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉȡȍȌȖșȚțȗ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȌȍȚȧȔ
ǰ ȕȍȔțȌȘȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȣ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȖșȚȘȖ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦ-
ȡȐȍ șȍȑȟȈș ȖȉȡȍȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȑ ȒȘȐȏȐș Ȑ șȚȈȊȧȡȐȍ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȈȔȐ ȖȉȕȖȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȍ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȗȖȗȘȈȕȕȖȑ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣ-
ȓȐ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ǿȈȘȓȐ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȍȋȖ șȔȍȝȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȘȖȌșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȖȍ
ǸȦȘȐȒ ǸȖȒ

76
I
ȀȈȘȓȖ.
ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȖȎȐȊȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȖȊ țȒȘȈȠȈȦȡȐȝ Ȋ ȟȍșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȋȖ-
ȘȖȌ ǶȋȓȧȌȣȊȈȍȚ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȎȐȝ ȝȖȝȖȟȍȚ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȘȣȋȈȍȚ șȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȈ
ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕ ȞȈȘȍȔ șȍȘȌȍȞ Ȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȒȓȈȌȍȚ Ȋ șȖȘȕȣȑ ȧȡȐȒ ȒȖȘȖȕț șȒȐ-
ȗȍȚȘ Ȑ ȌȍȘȎȈȊț

ǩțȌȍȚ ȞȈȘȐ ȌȈ ȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȈȔȐ ȚȖȘȟȈȓȐ
ǬȖȎȌȤ ȐȓȐ șȖȓȕȞȍ șȔȍȑșȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
ǪȍȟȕȣȔȐ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȧȔȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȝȔȣȓȧȑșȧ
ǩȣȓ ȧ șțȌȤȉȐȕȖȦ ȊȌȖȊ Ȑ ȈȋȍȕȚȖȊ ȉȈȕȒȈ
ǰȝ ȓȦȞȐȜȍȘȖȔ ȔȖȍȦ ȚȖșȒȖȑ
ǴțȒȖȦ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊșȧȒȖȦ —
ǹȗȈș ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȐșȒȘț ȌțȠȍȊȕȖșȚȐ șȔȍȝ
ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȖȊ.
ȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȧ țȓȐȞț ȐȌȍȚ ș ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȚȘȖȚțȈȘȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȈȒȓȍȐȚȤ ȈȜȐȠț
Ȗ ȌțȝȈȝ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȧȟȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȈȜȐȠȕȣȑ șȚȖȓȉ Ȑ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ș
ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȔ ȠȚȈȚșȒȖȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȒȘțȋȓȣȑ ȒȖȚȍȓȖȒ șȦȘȚțȟȖȒ
ȚȘȖșȚȕȐȒȖȊȈȧ ȗȈȓȖȟȒȈ ȉȘȦȒȐ ȠȚȖȗȖȘȖȔ ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ ȘțȋȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȐȒțȓȐȘțȍȚ
ȉțȑȕȖ

ǿȚȖ ǫȖșȗȖȌȐȕ ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȋȣ șȍȉȧ țȒȘȈȓȐ
ǴȖȑ ȗȓȈȒȈȚ Ȋ ȓȖșȒțȚȤȧȝ ȅȝ șȔȍȓȍȍ ȌȘțȋ
Ȓ ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǷȘȖȠț ȊȈș ȊȍȘȕȐȚȍ ȓȍȋȍȕȌȈȘȕțȦ ȊȈȠț ȓȦȉȍȏȕȖșȚȤ
ǭșȓȐ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚȍ Ȋȣ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ șȊȖȍȔ țȝȔȣȓȧȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȕȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ"
ǽȖȚȐȚȍ ȓȐ Ȋȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȓ ȧ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȍȕ Ȉ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȖȌȐȕȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ
ȔȈȓȣȝ ȘȍȉȧȚ"
ǯȈȕȧȚȈ șȚȐȘȒȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖȦ ȎȍȕȈ ȔȖȧ ȊȍȘȕȈȧ
ǹȘȖȟȕȣȑ ȗȓȈȚȍȎ ȏȈ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘț Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȜȍȊȘȈȓȧ
Ƕ ȕȍțȎȍȓȐ ȔȍșȚȖ ȚȍȘȧȦ ȊȐȕȖȑ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ"
ǩțȌȤȚȍ ȌȖȉȘȣ șȚȈȕȤȚȍ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȖȔ ȖȗȧȚȤ

77
ȀȈȘȓȖ.
Ȋ ȘȈȏȌțȔȤȐ ȒȖȗȈȧșȤ Ȋ șȖȘȕȖȔ ȧȡȐȒȍ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȍȚ șȊȖȍȑ ȚȘȖșȚȖȟȒȖȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȟȚȖ
șȉȘȖȠȍȕȕțȦ ȒȖȘȖȕț

ǽȖȟȍȠȤ ȓȐ ȥȚț ȒȖȘȖȕț ȐȓȤ ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠțȦ ȗȓȈȚț
ǹȓȣȠȐȠȤ ȋȖȓțȉȟȐȒ ȌȈȎȍ ǴȖȓȤȍȘ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȘȣȌȈȓ ȟȍȔ șȔȍȧȓșȧ
ǺȘȖȋȈȍȚ ȉȍȌȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȝȖȎȐȑ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȍȔț ȧ țȝȔȣȓȧȦșȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȕȖ
Ƕȕ Ȏȍ ȊȣȕȖșȐȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȘȈșȗȧȚȤȍ ȕȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȚȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ
ǹȚȘȖȐȚ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȕțȔȍȕȚȣ Ȋ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȈȝ ȐȔȐ ȗȘȖșȗȍȒȚȣ Ȗȕ țȒȘȈȠȈȍȚ
ǴțȌȘȖșȚȤȦ ȚȊȖȍȦ ȌȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȧȎȍȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȍȍ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȖȚȌȈȚȤ ȟȍȔ ȏȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȊ ȗȖȋȐȉȕțȚȤ
ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ
ȌȈȍȚ Ȗȗȓȍțȝț ȀȈȘȓȖ

DzȚȖ ȗȧȚȤ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ Ȋ ȋȖȌ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȚȖȔț șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȔțȌȘȣȔ
Ǫ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȔ Ȏȍ ȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉțȌȌȐșȚ
ǿȍȔ Ȏȍ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȍȞ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ"
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ț ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȍșȚȤ ȊȈȚȍȘȗȘțȜ ȎȍȓȚȖȋȖ ȞȊȍȚȈ
ǷȘȖȝȖȎȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐȟțȌȓȐȊȖȔ ȠȍșȚȊȐȐ ȖȉȝȖȌȧȚ ȈȜȐȠȕțȦ ȉțȌȒț ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ
ȐȡțȚ ǹȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȚ ȜȐȋțȘȣ ȐȌțȚ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȉțȌȚȖ țȊȍȘȍȕȣ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȑȌțȚ
ȐșȒȖȔȖȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȖȉȡȐȔȐ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȧ ȏȈțȟȍȕȕȣȑ țȘȖȒ

ǬȖȔȈȠȕȐȑ țȟȐȚȍȓȤ
ǩȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȖȉȊȐșȓȈȧ ȠȓȧȗȈ

ǵȍ ȘȖȑ ȧȔȣ ȌȘțȋȖȔț șȈȔ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȍȠȤ
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ
ǻȚȘȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȔțȌȘȍȕȍȍ

78
ǬȈȔȈ
Ǩ ȌȖȎȌȤ — Ȋșȍ ȐȌȍȚ
Ǩ ȌȖȎȌȤ — ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ
Ǩ ȌȖȎȌȤ — ȐȌȍȚ ȕȖ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ
ǴȈȓȤȟȐȒ
ǴȈȔȈ Ȉ ȋȌȍ ȉțȋȖȘ ǪȍȕȍȘȣ"
ǬȈȔȈ.
ǴȖȑ ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ
ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ
ǬȈȔȈ
(ȎȐȊȖȔț ȀȈȘȓȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȡȍȒȖȟȍȚ ȍȑ ȓȍȊțȦ ȐȒȘț

Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ șȍȘȌȍȞ"
ǹȚȈȘȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ șȘȣȊȈȍȚ ț ȕȍȍ ș ȋȖȓȖȊȣ ȠȓȧȗȒț ǬȈȔȈ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ Ȋ ȧȘȖșȚȐ Ȑ
ȓȖȔȈȍȚ ȏȖȕȚȐȒ ȕȈ ȍȍ ȝțȌȖȉȍ

ȀȈȘȓȖ
Ǵȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ Ȗȕ ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ șȍȉȧ
(ǮȍȕȡȐȕȣ țȏȕȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ țȉȍȋȈȦȚ Ƕȕ țȝȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ ǷȖȌȣȔȈȍȚ ȗȈȓȖȟȒȖȑ ȗȈȘȐȒ
ǾȍȓțȍȚ ȍȋȖ ǪȣȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȖ-ȘȈșȝȖȌȕțȦ ȒȕȐȋț Ȑȏ ȎȐȓȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȈ
Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȊ ȗȈȘȐȒ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋț ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȏȈȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ǵȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ ȍȋȖ ȏȈȗȐșȤ ©ȒȚȖ Ȏȍ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȑ ȔȖȋ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȉȍȏ ȔȖȋȐȓȣª Dz ȘȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒț


79
DzȈȒ Ȏȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ" ȇ șȖȉȐȘȈȦ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȠțȚȒȐ
ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ
ȉȍșȕțȧșȤ

Ǫ ȗȓȈȒȈȚ!
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ȘȈȏȌțȔȣȊȈȧ

Ǫȣ ȗȘȈȊȣ ȊȍȘȕȖ Ȋȣ — ȔȖȑ șțȚȍȕȍȘ
Ǫȣ ȎȈȎȌȍȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈ ȗȤȍȌȍșȚȈȓ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ǵȖ șȗȈșȐȉȖ
ǩȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉțȌțȡȍȑ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ ȉțȌț ȋȖȘȣ ȠțȚȖȒ șȖȉȐȘȈȚȤ
ǿȚȖ ȠȍȗȕțȓȈ ȥȚȈ ȌȈȔȖȟȒȈ ȊȈȔ ȕȈ țȠȒȖ"
ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ
Ǫ ȗȓȈȒȈȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȣȑ ȗȍș ǰȓȐ ȧ ȗȖȏȖȊț ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȖȋȖ
Ƕȕ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȏȈ ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȒ Ȑ ȗȘȐȎȐȔȈȍȚ Ȓ șȚȖȓȉț ȀȈȘȓȖ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȔȋȕȖ-
ȊȍȕȐȍ ș ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȖȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȖȉȓȐȒ ǽȘȐșȚȈ ș ȚȍȘȕȐȧȔȐ
ȕȈ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȒȖȘȖȕȣ ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȉȍȏȏȈȉȖȚȕȖ ȔȈȎȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȒȐșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȒȓȍȐȊȈȍȚ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȀȈȘȓȖ șȚȖȐȚ Ȋ ȕȈȚțȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕț ȕȈȊȍȘȝț Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȈȓȖȟȒȈ ȗȖȌ ȔȣȠȒȖȑ șȦȘȚțȟȖȒ șȈȕȚȐȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȒțȌȘȐ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȍ ȌȖȉ-
Șȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ
ǷȘȖȝȖȎȐȍ Ȋ ȉȓȈȎȍȕșȚȊȍ ȐȌțȚ ȔȐȔȖ ȒȓȈȕȧȦȚșȧ ǵȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȐȞȈȝ țȓȣȉȒȈ
ǷȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ țȋȘȦȔȣȑ Ȑ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȉțȕ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȐșȗțȋȈȕ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȍȟȈȓȍȕ ȏȈ-
ȚȍȔ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ șȔȍȧȚȤșȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȉȍȓȣȍ ȏțȉȣ ȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȏȈ ȎȐȊȖȚ ȌȈȍȚ
ȘȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒț ȗȐȕȖȒ ȕȖȋȖȑ ȖȗȧȚȤ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ȗȖȒȈ ȋȖȘȉțȕ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ ȍȔț șȔȍȝȖȔ ȚȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȖȚȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȊȣȚȐȘȈȍȚ țȒȘȈȌȒȖȑ șȓȍȏț ǫȖȘȉțȕ ȌȈȍȚ ȘȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒț
ȕȈ-ȟȈȑ ȅȚȖȚ ȓȐȒțȍȚ ȉȤȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȗȖ ȓȉț șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȗȓȖȚȕțȦ Ȓ ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐ-
ȊȈȍȚ ȘțȒț ș ȠȈȗȒȖȑ ȗȘȖșȧ ȗȖȌȈȧȕȐȧ ț ȚȖȓȗȣ ǯȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȔȖȕȍȚȣ șȣȗȓȦȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț Ȋ
ȠȈȗȒț ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȦȚ ȍȋȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȖȉȐȓȐȍȔ ǴȈȓȤȟȐȠȒȐ Ȋ ȗȖȚț ȌțȘȈȟȈșȤ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȚ-
șȧ Ȓ ȈȜȐȠȕȖȔț șȚȖȓȉț ǹȔȍȦȚșȧ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȍȡȍ Ȋȍșȍȓȍȍ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖ ȔȐ-
ȘȈ
 ȕȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤ ©ǬȈ ȗȘȐȐȌțȚ ȌȍȚȐ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍª ȀȈȘȓȖ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȕȖȋț ȕȈ ȟȍȘȍȗ
ȘȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒȈ Ȑ ȗȘȣȋȈȍȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȠȍȒ ȊȕȐȏ

81
ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ ȘȈșȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊșȦ ȌȓȐȕț Ǫșȍ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȘȈșȚȍȒȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ
ȐșȟȍȏȈȦȚ ȀȈȘȓȖ țȉȍȋȈȍȚ ǷȘȖȝȖȎȐȍ ȏȈ ȕȐȔ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȈȧ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȗȖȋȖȕȧ
ȟȍȘȍȏ Ȋșȍ țȓȐȞȣ
dzȦȌȐ ȉȍȠȍȕȖ ȉȍȋțȚ ȏȈ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȣ ȈȊȚȖȉțșȣ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȣ ȟȈșȚȕȣȍ
ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȒȘȣȠȐ ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȣȍ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐș-
ȓȍȕȕȍȍ ȌȖȋȖȕȧȦȚ țȉȍȋȈȦȡȍȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ ǪȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȊȣȘȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȀȈȘȓȖ-ȈȜȐȠȐ Ȑȏ
ȈȜȐȠȕȣȝ șȚȖȓȉȖȊ șȖ șȚȍȕ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȏȈȉȖȘȖȊ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȊȖ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈȝ ȊȖ
ȜȘȈȒȍ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȗȖȊȈȘȍȕȒȈ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ șȖȓȌȈȚȈ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȒȖȘȖȓȧ ȒȖȔȐȊȖȧȎȍȘȈ ȘțȔȣȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȈ ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȔȣȝ țȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ țȎȍ ȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ DzȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȖȑȔȈȕ Ȗȕ
ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȓȖșȒțȚȤȧȔȐ ȉțȔȈȋȐ Ǫșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȏȍȔȕȣȝ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȒȘțȎȈȚșȧ Ȋșȍ
ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȎȐȊȣȔ ȀȈȘȓȖ — Ȗȕ șȔȍȍȚșȧ Ǫșȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȝȖȝȖȟțȚ Ȗȉ-
ȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ ȅȚȖ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȉȐȚȊȈ ȌȖȉȘȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȐȡȐȝ Ȍț-
ȝȖȔ

ǵȈȌȗȐșȤ ȕȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ
dzȦȉȐȚ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȖȚȌȈȚȤșȧ
ǵȍ ȌȖȋȖȕȐȠȤ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȕȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȠȤ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ —
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ șȔȍȝȖȔ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ șȖȏȌȈȠȤ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
(șȚȖȐȚ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȉȖȘȍȞ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ
 ȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ
Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ

Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȗȖ țȕȐȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȓȦȌȧȔ ȚȖșȒȈ
ȇ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȔȍȦșȤ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȔțȒȐ șȔȍȦșȤ
ǫȖșȗȖȌȈ șȔȍȝ — ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȠțȔ ȥȚȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǪȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȍ ȋȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȤȧ Ȑ ȍȔț țȎȍ ȕȍȟȍȔ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ
ǩȍȏȌțȠȍȕ ȌțȝȖȊȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȌȈȘ Ȋșȍȝ ȉȖȋȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
ǩțȌț ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȥȚȖȔ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȎȍ ȕȍȌțȘȕȈȧ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȈ
DzșȚȈȚȐ ȖȚȕȣȕȍ ȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȗ șȍȉȍ șȖ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȏȈȉȖȚȖȑ —
ǫȌȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈȑȌț ȧ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȥȚȈ" Ǫ ȘȍȒȈȝ ȕȈȘȞȐșșȈȝ Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ"
ǹ ȗȚȐȞȈȔȐ Țȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȚȐȞȈ
ǹ ȌȍȘȍȊȤȧȔȐ Țȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȚȍȘȖȒ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȍșȚȤ ȍȡȍ Ȑ ǷȈȘȕȈșș ȊȏȊȐȕȚȐ șȊȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ

82
II
ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȔ ȍȌȍȚ Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȟȕȖȔ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȍ ȕȈ ǷȈȘ-
ȕȈșș ǻ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ Ȓțȗȥ ȞȍȓȈȧ ȌȖȘȖȎȕȈȧ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ǵȈ șȒȓȈȌȕȖȔ șȚȖȓȐȒȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ
ȘțȟȍȒ ȋțșȐȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȤȍȊ ȒȈȘȈȕȌȈȠȍȑ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȣ ǭȎȍșȍȒțȕȌȕȖ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȕȈȋȐ-
ȉȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȖȋȘȖȔȕțȦ ȗȖȌȏȖȘȕțȦ ȚȘțȉț Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ ȕȈ ȓȈȕȌȠȈȜȚ ǯȈȚȍȔ
ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȎȕȦȦ ȗȖȏț Ȑ ȗȐȠȍȚ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȊȣșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȌȏȖȘȕțȦ ȚȘțȉț
ȕȈȘțȎț ǫȘȈȕȌȐȖȏȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ ǨȓȤȗ ǯțȉȟȈȚȣȍ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȣ ǷȈȌȈȦȡȐȍ ȘțȟȤȐ ǵȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ
ȓȍȌȕȐȒȍ șȚȈȌȖ șȍȘȕ. ǶȕȐ țȉȍȋȈȦȚ Ȋ Ȑșȗțȋȍ ȅȚȈ ȜȐȓȤȔȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ țȌȓȐȕȍȕȈ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǵȈ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȝ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȒȈȝ ȊȐȌȧ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȊȈȓ ȧ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕ
ȅȓȍȋȐȧ ǴȈȚȚȍȋȖȘȕȈ ȏȊțȟȈȓȈ Ȋ ȏȐȔȕȐȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ
ǵȈ țȓȐȞȍ ț ȗȐșȟȍȉțȔȈȎȕȣȝ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȖȊ DzȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȢȍȔ
ǷȖȎȈȘ ȕȈ ǨȓȤȗȈȝ Ǫ ȔȖȏȋț șțȔȧȚȐȞȈ ȖȚ ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȊȈ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ
ǪȖȚ ȊȣȒȈȚȐȚșȧ ȠȈȘ ȏȍȔȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȔȐȘȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ
Ƕ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȑ DzȖȋȌȈ-ȉ ȧ ȉȣȓ țȎȍ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȗȖȥȚȖȔ
ǺȘțȉȈ ȗȖȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ǫȖȓȈȧ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȈȧ ȕȈșȣȗȤ DzȘȐȊȣȍ șȚȖȓȉȣ Țȍ-
ȓȍȋȘȈȜȈ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȣȋȈȦȡȐȍ ȊȊȍȘȝ Ȑ ȊȕȐȏ ǻȦȚȕȈȧ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȈȧ ȉțȌȒȈ ș ȚȦ-
ȓȤȗȈȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈȘȖșȓȧȔȐ ȉțȏȐȕȣ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ǺȐȝȖ ȋȓȧȌȐȚ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȊȌȈȓȐ

ǴȍȓȒȐȝ ȉțȌȕȍȑ ȓȈȕȌȠȈȜȚ ȔȖȑ ȊȖșȚȖȘȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȖȉȖȎȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚ
Ƕ ȚȘȈȊȈ ǪȣșȖȒȈȧ DzȈȎȌȣȑ șȚȍȉȍȓȤ ȒȖȗȤȍ Ȋ ȉȖȎȤȐ șȚȘȈȕȣ
ǫȖȓțȉȖȑ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȟȐȒ ȊȍȚȘț ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ
Ǻȣ ȖșȚȈȊȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȒȈ Ǻȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȎȕȍȑ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȠȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȈȘț Țȣșȧȟ ȓȍȚ
Ƕȕ ȖȚȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȗȖȌȏȖȘȕțȦ ȚȘțȉț ǶȟȍȕȤ ȗȍȟȈȓȍȕ ǽȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȗȍȘȖ

ǵȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ
ǹȒȈȓȣ șȚȘȍȔȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȉȖȋț
Ǫșȍ Ȏȍ ȒȈȔȕȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȕȐȏț
ǩȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȑ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȊȊȣșȤ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȘțȦȡȐȑ ȎȐȊȍȚ

83
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȌțȠȒț

DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ șȚȈȕȞȐȧ ǷȈȘȕȈșș ȟȚȖȉ ȔȖȋ ȧ ȖșȊȍȎȐȚȤșȧ ȗȐȊȖȔ"
ǵȈȊȖȌȐȚ ȗȖȌȏȖȘȕțȦ ȚȘțȉț ȓțȋ ȉțȘȖȍ șȚȈȌȖ ȎȈȓȒȖȍ ȐșȒȈȓȍȟȍȕȖȍ ȗȈșȚȉȐȡȍ

Ƕ ȓȈșȒȖȊȣȑ ȉȈȘȈȠȍȒ ȕȈ ȗȖȌȕȖȎȕȖȔ ȒȖȘȔț
ǺȊȖȑ ȋȓȈȏ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȋȖȘȦȍȚ ǹȓțȠȈȑ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ ȕȍȚ
ǰ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȟȚȖȎȕȣȝ ǷȖȊȍȘȤ Ȕȕȍ Ȋșȍ Ȕȣ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ ȊȐșȐȔ ț ȝȊȖșȚȈ
ǰ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȍȔ
III
ǷȖȍȏȌ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ǹȚȈȕȞȐȧ ©ǬȖȔ dzȐȓȐȑª ǪȝȖȌȐȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȈȧ ȌȈȔȈ ț ȍȍ
ȠȓȍȑȜȈ șȍȘȕȈ ȀȈȘȓȖ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ Ȋ ȍȍ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȊȣȚȐȘȈȍȚ ȌȍȓȖȊȐȚȖ ȘțȟȒȐ Ȑ
ȗȍȘȤȧ Ȗ șȊȖȐ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ȗȘȐȌȊȐȋȈȍȚ Ȓ șȍȉȍ șȊȖȐ ȗȓȖșȒȐȍ ȕȖȋȐ ȊȍȘȚȐȚ șȊȖȍȑ
ȚȘȖșȚȖȟȒȖȑ șȗȘȈȊȈ ȕȈȓȍȊȖ Ȑ șȓȍȊȈ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȖ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǻ Ȕȍȕȧ țȒȘȈȌȍȕȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȖ
ǹ ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȖșȚȖȘȖȔ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȕ ȒȖȕȚȈȒȚ
ǽțȌȠȍȍ Ȋ ȋȖȘȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȚ șȖȊșȍȔ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȖȋȖ
ǰȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖȚȣșȒȈȓ ǹțȌȤȉț
Ǫ Ȓȓțȉȍ țșȍȓșȧ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȖ ȖȚ ȕȍȟȍȋȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȐȉȖ
ǬȈȔȈ ȥȚȈ ȕȈȌțȠȍȕȈ ȊȖȌȈȔȐ ǹȚȐȒșȈ
ǬȈȔȈ
șȔȍȧșȤ

Ǫȣ ȖȠȐȉȈȍȚȍșȤ — ȥȚȖ ©DzȍȓȤȒ ǼȓȍȘª
ǪȈȠ ȉȐȓȍȚ ȚȖȎȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȣȑ ȌȖ ǸȈȧ"
ȀțȘȐȕ ȔȖȑ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ ȚȈȔ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒțȦ ȝȐȔȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȟȐșȚȒȐ
ȇ Ȏȍ ȍȔț ȕȍ șȖȊȍȚțȦ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȓȖȝȐ ȗțȚȐ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ

84
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǯȕȈȟȐȚ Ȋȣ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȍȚȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȤșȧ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑșȚȊȖȔ"
ǬȈȔȈ
ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ǿȚȖ Ȏ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȍșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȓȦȉȐȔ ȔȐȘ"
ǰ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȧ ȊȌȖȊțȠȒȈ ȉȍȌȕȈȧ
ǬȖȟȤ ȔȖȧ ǹȍȘȕȈ șȒȊȍȘȕȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȕȈ ȜȈȘȜȖȘȖȊȣȝ ȕȖȎȒȈȝ
ǻȓȐȞȣ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȧȔȈȝ Ȑ ȖȕȈ șȒȖȓȤȏȐȚ
ǺȖ ȕȈȔ ȒȓȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȕȈȝȈȓ
ǺȖ ȊȍșȕȈ ȚȖ ȌȖȝȖȌȈ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȏȍȔȓȧȕȐȒȈ
Ƕ ȔțȎȟȐȕȣ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȑȔțȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ȇ ȗȖȕȍșț ȊȈș ȏȖȓȖȚȣȔȐ ȓȍșȈȔȐ
ǭȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȖȚȌȈȔ Ȋșȍ șȊȖȐ ȓȐșȚȒȐ ȕȈ șȢȍȌȍȕȤȍ
Ǫșȍ șȊȖȐ șȚȐȝȐ
ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȓȈșȚȖȟȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ șȐȕȍȦ ȓȈșȚȖȟȒȖȑ
ǰȉȖ ȗȖȥȚȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȖȟȐȕȧȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ Ȍȓȧ șȍȘȕȣ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ șȚȐȝ ȗȖȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚț Ȋ ȚȐȝȐȍ ȓȍșȈ
ǬȈȔȈ
Ǫȣ ȟțȚȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǰ ș ȊȈȔȐ ȍȝȈȚȤ ȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȋȖȚȖȊȈ
ǭșȚȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȈ ǷȈȘȕȈșșȍ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȤȧ —
Ƕ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȕȐȋ ǰ șȘȍȌȤ ȕȐȝ Ȋȣ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȍ ȒȕȐȎȒț ȟȍȒȖȊ"
ȀȈȘȓȖ
DzȕȐȋȈ ȗȘȖȒȓȧȚȐȑ ȚȈȔ ȍșȚȤ ȕȖ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ ȟȍȒȖȊ" —
ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȥȚȐ ȊȖȒȏȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȐȖșȒȐ
ǺȈȒ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȣ
Ǫ ȗȖȐșȒȈȝ


85
ǿ ȟȍ ȟȍȒ ȟȍȒȖȊȈȧ ȒȕȐȎȒȈ
ǬȈȔȈ
ȖȉȕȐȔȈȧ ȍȋȖ

ǿȚȖ Țȣ ȊȗȐȠȍȠȤ Ȋ ȕȍȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ  Țȣșȧȟ"
ǹȍȘȕ Ȉ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȧ ȖȚȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦșȤ ȔȈȔȈ
ǬȈȔȈ
ȅȚȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ țȎȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȔȖȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȋțșȍȕȖȒ
ǹȍȘȕȈ
ȗȓȈȟȈ

ǪȖȊșȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȋțșȍȕȖȒ ȧ — șȍȘȕȈ
ǬȈȔȈ
Ǵȣ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȔșȧ Ȋ ȋȖșȚȐȕȐȞȍ ©ǯȍȊșª"
ȀȈȘȓ Ȗ
țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ

Ǫșȍ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ǵȖ ȊȣȗȓȈȒȈȕȣ ȒțȗȈȓȤȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȓȐ"
ǹțȌȖȘȖȎȕȖ ȊȣșȖȊȣȊȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ


86
ȇ ȓȐ ȎȍȓȈȓ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț" ǺȍȕȤ ȗȖȒȖȑȕțȦ șȖșȍȕ"
ȅȚȖ ȓȍș ȖȚȒȘȣȓ ȍȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ǷȍȋȐȍ ȘȍȒȐ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ
Ȓ șȚȈȘȣȔ ȐșȚȖȒȈȔ
ǴȈȌȈȔ ȧ ȊȈȔ Ȋ ȚȧȋȖșȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚȍ
ǶșȚȈȊȤȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȋȖȓȖȊț ș ȋȖȘȧ ȘȈȏȉȐȓ ȧ Ȗ ȒȈȔȕȐ.
Ƕ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ǴȐȓȖșȍȘȌȐȍ
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȉȍȘȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȚȘȖșȚȤ ș ȒȘȦȟȒȈ Ȑ ȊȖȕȏȈȍȚ ȌȈȔȍ Ȋ șȍȘȌȞȍ ǶȕȈ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȔȍȘȚ-
ȊȖȑ

ǹȍȘȕ Ȉ
ǴȈȔȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȖȗȓȈȒȈȚȤ"
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȉȍȘȍȚ Ȓ șȍȉȍ șȍȘȕț dzȈșȒȈȍȚ ȍȍ ǺȘțȗ ȏȈșȖȊȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȌ șȒȈȔȤȦ ǷȖȍȏȌ Ȗș-
ȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ

IV
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȣȑ ȉțȜȍȚ ǫȖșȚȍȑ ȕȍȚ Ǫ țȋȓț ȖȉȍȌȈȍȚ șȍȔȤȧ ȝȖ-
ȏȧȐȕȈ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ Ƕȕ ȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȖ ȏȈȓț șȚțȟȐȚ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȔȐ ȈȓȤ-
ȗȐȑșȒȐȔȐ șȈȗȖȋȈȔȐ ǽȖȌȐȚ ȚȖ ȊȗȘȈȊȖ ȚȖ ȊȓȍȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȈȧ
ȗȓȧșȒȈ ȋȖȓȖȌȈ Ƕȕ ȊȓȍȏȈȍȚ ȕȈ șȚȍȕȣ șȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ǪȓȍȏȈȍȚ ȕȈ șȚȖȓ Ȑ ȗȘȖȝȈȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ
ȔȍȎȌț ȚȈȘȍȓȖȒ ǹȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȖȉȍȌȈȚȤ ǪȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȊșȚȈȍȚ
ǽȖȏȧȑȒȈ
ȒȘȍșȚȐȚșȧ

ǰȐșțșȍ ǪȍȌȤ ȥȚȖ ǿȈȘȓȐ
Ǻȣ ȗȖȔȕȐȠȤ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȗȖȒțȗȈȓȐ ȒȍȘȖșȐȕ ț ȗȈȗȣ DzȕȈțȏȈ
ȅȝ ȔțȎȍȕȍȒ ȊȍȌȤ Ȗȕ ȔȖȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ǵȈȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖ ȠȍșȚȐ ȋȖȌȒȖȊ
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȊȣȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȏțȉȕțȦ ȡȍȚȒț Ȑȏ ȌȘȧȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȉȖȘȈ Ȑ ȊȏȧȊ ȟȈȑȕȣȑ șȚȈȒȈȕ ț ȝȖ-
ȏȧȑȒȐ ȟȐșȚȐȚ ȏțȉȣ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȝȖȝȖȚȈȚȤ


87
ǽȖȏȧȑȒȈ
Ǻȣ șȒȊȍȘȕȖ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȐȠȤ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȒȚȖ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȈȓ ȥȚț ȌȖȘȖȋț
ǭșȚȤ ȏȈ ȌȖȔȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ ǷȈȘȕȈșșȒȐȑ ȖȚȍȓȤ
Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȖȉȐȚȈȦȚ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȣȍ țȉȐȑȞȣ
ǺȈȔ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȦȚ ȗȖȥȚȣ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȕyȚȘȐ Ȉ ȗȖȌ ȚȍȕȤȦ ȍȋȖ
Ǫșȍ ȖȕȐ șȚȘȈȠȕȖ ȋȖȘȌȣ ȕȈș Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȦȚ
ǵȖ Țȣ ȗȖȖȉȍȌȈȍȠȤ ș ȕȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȓȐ ȔȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ"
ǺȖȓșȚȣȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚ șȊȖȍȑ șțȗȘțȋȍ ȉȍȠȍȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȑ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȗȖȌ șȚȖ-
ȓȖȔ ȕȈ ȍȍ ȚțȜȓȦ ǵȖ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȒȐȊȈȍȚ țȚȊȍȘȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ țșȈȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ țȦȚȕȖ ȏȈ
șȚȖȓ Ƕȕ ȏȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚ șȍȉȍ șȈȓȜȍȚȒț ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȍ ȋȌȍ ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ ȉȘȦȒȈȝ ȌȣȘȈ ǽȊȈȚȈȍȚ
ȕȖȎ Ȑ ȊȐȓȒț ǽȖȏȧȐȕ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔ ȚȈȘȍȓȒț ș ȚȖȕȒȐȔ ȓȖȔȚȐȒȖȔ ȝȓȍȉȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȍȍ-
ȓȐȚ ȎȈȘȍȕțȦ ȒțȘȐȞț ȗȖȗȖȓȈȔ ȒȓȈȌȍȚ șȍȉȍ Ȑ Ȏȍȕȍ).
ǽȖȏȧȑȒȈ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȚȈȒ ȌȖȘȖȎȈȍȚ DzȈȘȚȖȜȍȓȤ ȊȏȌȖȘȖȎȈȓ țȎȍ ȊȌȊȖȍ
ǶȕȈ ȏȈȚȣȒȈȍȚ șȍȉȍ ȘȖȚ ȞȍȓȣȔ ȒȘȣȓȣȠȒȖȔ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȒȘțȎȐȚ ȓȖȔȚȐȒ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȚȈ-
ȘȍȓȒȍ ȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ șȊȍȚ ȊȣȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȋȍșȣ Ȍȓȧ ȗȐșȍȔ Ȑ ȊȏȊȍȠȐȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ

Ǩ șȖȓȤ ǴȖȎȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȕȐȡȐȔȐ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǴȖȎȍȚȍ ȓȐ Ȋȣ țȋȖșȚȐȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȍȗȍșȚȒȈȔȐ ȘȖȏȣ"
Ǫȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ Ȑȝ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȖȑ șȚȈȕȞȐȐ
;Ȗȏ ȧȐȕ
ǬȈȑ Ȏȍ ȍȔț ȖȌȕț Ȑȏ țȊȧȌȠȐȝ ȚȈȔ Ȑȏ ȚȖȑ ȊȈȏȣ
ǽȖȏȧȑȒȈ ȊșȚȈȍȚ țȉȐȘȈȍȚ ȓȖȔȚȐȒ ȝȓȍȉȈ ș ȚȈȘȍȓȒȐ ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȑ ȖȡȐȗȣȊȈȍȚ ȘȖȏț Ȋ
ȚȈȘȍȓȒț ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȝȓȍȉȈ

Ǩ ȝȓȍȉ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ ȊȏȌȖȘȖȎȈȓ

88
ǷȖȌȈȍȚșȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȞȊȍȚȕȖȑ ȒȈȗțșȚȣ ȍȍ ȌȍȓȧȚ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ Ȑ ȝȖȏȧȑȒȈ

ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǬțȔȈȦ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȓȟȤȍȋȖ ȈȗȗȍȚȐȚȈ ȘȖȏȈ — ȥȚȖ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ
ǽȊȈȚȐȚ Ȑ ȋȘȍȝ ȒȖȘȍȠȒȖȊ ȔȐȔȖȏȣ ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȐȒȘȣ
;ȖȏȧȐȕ .
ǰȒȘț Ȍȓȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ" ǮȍȔȟțȋ Ȍȓȧ șȊȐȕȍȑ" Ƕ ȕȍȚ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ Ȋȣ șȖȒȘȈȚȐȚȍ ȊȖȓȟȤȐ ȈȗȗȍȚȐȚȣ
DzȚȖ ȋȖȓȖȌȈȍȚ ȚȖȚ ȐȌȍȈȓȐșȚ ȟȐșȚȍȑȠȐȑ
ǽȖȏȧȑȒȈ
ǪșȗȖȔȕȐ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȇȉȓȖȒȐ Ȋ șȈȝȈȘȍ șȓȈȊȕȖȑ ȔȈȔȈȠȐ
ǪșȗȖȔȕȐ Ȏȍ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ Ȋșȍ Ȍȓȧ Țȍȉȧ ȖȚȌȈȊȠȍȑ
ǻ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȐȌțȚ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ǫȖȓȖȊȈ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȚȈȘȍȓȒț

ǽȖȏȧȐȕ
ȒȘȐȟȐȚ

DzȍȓȤȕȍȘ ȌȈȑȚȍ șȦȌȈ ȋȖșȗȖȌȐȕț ȉțȚȣȓȖȟȒț ȔȍȌȈ
dzțȟȠȍ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȊȈȔ ȌȘțȋ ǵȖ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȓȐ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈ ȌȖȔȈ"
ǪȐȕȈ șȚȖȧȚ ȊȌȊȖȑȕȍ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȍȕȦ ȌȈȘȖȊȖȍ
ȇ Ȏȍ ȖȚȗțȡț ȊȈȔ ȉțȚȣȓȒț ȗȖ șȈȔȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ șȍȉȍșȚȖȐȔȖșȚȐ
Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ ȊȗȘȣȋȐȊȈȍȚ șȍȘȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚ șȚȖȓ Ȑ ȉȍȎȐȚ Ȓ
ȀȈȘȓȖ Ǫ ȌȖȔȍ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȖȝ ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȏȍ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȎȐȊȖȚȕȣȔ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț
ȖȒȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȚ ȉțȔȈȋț șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȑ ȗȐȠȍȚ

ǵȈȌȗȐșȤ ȕȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ
DzȚȖ ȋȓȧȌȍȓ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȕȈ ȥȚț țȊȧȌȠțȦ ȘȖȏț
ǵȈ ȥȚȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȚȐȠȈȑȠȐȍ

89
Ǫ ȥȚȖȚ șȚȣȕțȡȐȑ șȔȍȘȚȕȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ
DzȚȖ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȐȓșȧ ȍȑ Ȑȏ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ
ǩțȌȤ Ȗȕ Ȑȏ ȏȈȓ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ Ȑȏ ȒȈșșȣ
ǩțȌȤ Ȗȕ ș ȉțȓȤȊȈȘȈ —
ǺȖȋȖ ȕȈȏȖȊț
ǺȖȋȖ ȖȉȕȐȔț
DzȈȒ ȌȘțȋȈ
ȀȈȘȓȖ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȉțȔȈȋț ǹȍȘȕȈ ȖȉȕȦȝȐȊȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȗȖȍȏȌ șȊȐșȚȐȚ ǵȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒ
șȚȈȕȞȐȐ ȊȉȍȋȈȍȚ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȐȡȍȚ ȠȈȗȒț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ șȍȘȕȈ Ƕȕ ȊȣȉȍȋȈȍȚ ș ȕȍȗȖ-
ȒȘȣȚȖȑ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȘȖȕ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ șȐȋȕȈȓ ǬȊȈ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ șȚȈȓ-
ȒȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȉȍȎȐȚ Ȓ ȉțȜȍȚț Ȑ ȋȓȖȚȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȓȍȎȈȡȍȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ ȒȖȚȓȍȚȣ ȒȖȓȉȈ-
șȣ ȈȗȍȓȤșȐȕȣ Ȟȍȓȣȍ ȉțȚȣȓȒȐ ȓȐȒȍȘȖȊ Ȗȕ ȊȣȓȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑȝ șȍȉȍ ȕȈ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ǴȖȍȚ Șț-
ȒȐ Ȋ ȠȈȔȗȈȕșȒȖȔ ǹȍȘȕȈ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȌȖȓȦ ǯȈșȚȐȋȕțȚȣȍ ȊȘȈșȗȓȖȝ ȖȕȐ ȊȗȘȣȋȐ-
ȊȈȦȚ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȋ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȗȖȍȏȌ ǫȖȕȒȈ ǷȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȘȖȋțȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȌȣȔȧ
șȐȋȈȘȖȑ ș ȗȈȓȖȟȒȖȑ Ȋ ȘțȒȍ ȗȖ ȒȘȣȠȈȔ ȊȈȋȖȕȖȊ Ƕȕ ȌȊȖȐȚșȧ țȌȍșȧȚȐȘȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ
ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȖ Ǫșȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ǹȊȐșȚȐȚ ȗȈȘȖȊȖȏ ȗȖȍȏȌ
ȚȘȖȋȈȍȚșȧ ȀȈȘȓȖ șȐȌȐȚ ȊȍȘȝȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȈȘȖȊȖȔ ȒȖȚȓȍ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȍȋȈșȈ ț ȕȖȋ ȍȋȖ
șȍȘȕȈ@
ȀȈȘȓȖ.
ǷȈȘȕȈșș ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȣȑ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȚȐȞȈȔȐ —
dzȐȠȤ ȚțșȒȓȣȍ șțȋȓȐȕȒȐ șȚȈȘȍȕȤȒȐȝ șȚȖȓȍȚȐȑ ǹȚȖȑ ȥȒșȗȘȍșș
ǹȒȈȎȐ șȚȘȈȕȈ ȖȗȘȧȚȕȖșȚȐ Ǫ ȇȗȖȕȐȐ ȍșȚȤ Ȏȍ țȏȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȐ
ǭșȚȤ ȒȘȈșȕȖȗȚȐȞȣȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ ȕȈ ȖșȚȘȖȊȈȝ ǫȈȊȈȑȐ
ǰ ȗȘȖȚȐȘȈȍȚ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȤ ǫȘȍȕȓȈȕȌȐȐ ȋȖȓțȉȣȍ ȋȘȖȚȣ
Ǩ ȧ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȕȍșȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȉȣ ȉȣȓ ȧ ȊșȦȌț
ǵȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȥȚț ȊșȦȌț ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȔ
V
ȀȈȘȓȖ
șȊȖȍȑ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȗȘȣȋȐȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȝȖȌȒȖȑ ȐȌȍȚ ȗȖ ȗțșȚȣȕȍ DzȖȚȍȓȖȒ
ȚȘȖșȚȕȐȒȖȊȈȧ ȗȈȓȖȟȒȈ Ƕȕ ȚȈȡȐȚ șȏȈȌȐ șȍȘȕț ȕȈ ȓȍȕȚȖȟȒȍ ǹȈȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȍșȟȈȕȖȔ

90
ȝȖȓȔȍ ȘȈȏȖșȚȓȈȊ ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȊȖȑ ȕȖșȖȊȖȑ ȗȓȈȚȖȒ Ȑ ȗȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȊ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȘț
ȈȘȈȉȖȊ ȏȍȔȓȦ Ƕȕ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ ȖșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ

ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȒȚȖ ș ȋȖȘȧ ȉȈȠȒț Ȗ șȚȍȕȣ șȍȉȍ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȣȕȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȑȔȍȚ
ǺȖȚ ȒȚȖ Ȋ ȚȖȕȕȍȓȍ ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȖȔ ȕȍȊȍșȚț șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕțȦ ȎȌȍȚ
ȋȖȘȍ ȔȖȍ ȗȖȑȔȍȚ
ǺȖȚ ȒȖȋȖ ȚȖȠȕȐȚ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȐ Ȋ ȖȚȍȓȍ ȒȖȋȖ ȌțȠȐȚ șȍȔȍȑȕȣȑ țȦȚ
ȒȚȖ ȌȘțȋȈ șȔȍȠȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚ —
Ǫșȍ ȗȘȐȑȌȐȚȍ Ȓ șȍȘȌȞț ȗȘȖȘȖȒȈ
ǷȓȈȟȤȚȍ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ Ȗ ȗȓȈȟȤȚȍ Ȋȣ Ȋ ȚȘȐ ȘțȟȤȧ
ȅȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȎȍȓȈȚȤ
Ƕȕ ȘȈșȒȓȈȕȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȡȈȧșȤ

ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ǰ ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȇ țȉȐȑȞȈ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȍȍȓ ȧ șȊȍȘȠȐȓ Ȑ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȓȤȚȖ-ȔȖȘȚȈȓȍȑ
Ǵȕȍ Ȏȍ țȉȐȚȖȔț ȋȖȘȍȔ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȈȔȐ ȋȓȧȌȐ ȕȈ șȊȖȑ șȐȧȦȡȐȑ ȗțȗ
ǸȈșșȚȍȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȊȖȑ ȗȖȓȖșȈȚȣȑ ȎȐȓȍȚ

ȀȈȘȓȖ ǨșșȐȏșȒȐȑ
ǯȕȈȍȔ Ȗ ȋȖȘȍ Ȕȣ ȧ ȌȈ Ȑ Țȣ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȐȊȈȧ ȏȊȍȘțȠȒȈ
ǩȍȌȕȈȧ ȚȊȈȘȤ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȝȖȌȐȠȤ ȋȖȓȖȌȕȖȑ
ǫȌȍ Ȏȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȈ ș ȊȖșȚȖȒȈ ȟȚȖȉ ȔȖȋ ȧ ȍȍ ȊȖșȗȍȚȤ"
ǩȖȎȍ ȔȖȑ ȗȖȏȈȉȣȓ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ ȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȉțȔȈȋț
Ǵȕȍ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ ȔȖȧ ȕțȎȕȈ
ǵȍȚ ȕȈ șȊȍȚȍ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȒȐȖșȒȈ ȋȌȍ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȈȓȐ ȉȣ
ȉȐȉȓȐȦ ȥȚȖ ȘȍȋȘȍșș
ǵȈ ȝȖȌț

DzȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȑ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ț ȕȖȋ ȋȖșȗȖȌȕȐȝ
ǩțȌț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ
 ȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ ȉȍȏ ȉȐȉȓȐȐ"
ǺȈȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȥȒșȗȘȍșș ǵȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȔȐ ȗȖ ȘȈȌȐțșț ȗȘȧȔȖ
ǷȘȖșȚȍȘȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗțȘȗțȘȍ ǴȈȘșȍȓȤ ȌȖ ȕȍȍ ȌȖȒȖȗȈȦșȤ ȧ ȚȘȖșȚȤȦ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȘȣȚȤ ǯȍȔȓȧ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȏȈȍȚșȧ ǵȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ ȔȍȓȤȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȊȐȌȣ- ȋȘȖȚȍș-
ȒȐ DzȈȘȚȐȕȣ Ȑȏ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȑ ȀȈȘȓȖ ǴȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǺȘȈȔȊȈȐ ǩȣȓȖȍ ȌȍȚșȚ-
ȊȖ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȣ ȘȈȏȘȍȏȈȍȔȣȍ ȒȈȒȐȔȐ-ȚȖ ȘȖȎȈȔȐ Ƕȕ șȓțȠȈȍȚ ȋȖȓȖșȈ
Ȋșȍȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȕȖȑ ȉțȌȒȍ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȚȤ ȋȘȈȔȔȖȜȖȕȖȔ


92
ǩȦȓȖȊ  — 36. | ǰȔȍȍȚȍ ȒȖȝȖȝȖȝȖȕ |. ǷȖȎȈȔȍȘșȐ
| ȊȖșȍȔȤ ȊȖșȍȔȤ ȊȖșȍȔȤ Ȉ ȕȍ șȍȔȤ |. ȅȚȐ
ǴȍșȚȈ Ȋ ȞȐȘȒȍ | 37-21- ȚȘȐ Ȑ șȍȔȤ | ȇ ȊȈȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȦ
ǿȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȍȗȍȘȍȌȈȊȈȍȔȖȍ | DzȖȘȜț ȖșȚȘȖȊ ȉȍȏ... |
ǴȖȐ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȍ ȒȈȓȤșȖȕȣ ȒȈȓȤșȖȕȣ ǿȈȘȓȐ _ 44 —  ȓȍȋȒȈȧ ȓȐȝȖȘȈȌȒȈ |
 țȌȘȈȓ ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕ | ǴȈȒȈȘȖȕȣ ȔȈȒȈȘȖȕȣ ș șȣȘȖȔ |.
ǵȈ ȜȐȓȤȔȍ ȊȐȌ ȗȘȐȗȖȌȕȧȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȕȈȓȈ ǫȖȓȓȈȕȌșȒȐȍ ȒȖȘȈȉȓȐ ǵȈ ȉȍȘȍȋț ȖȋȘȖȔ-
ȕȣȍ ȓȖȠȈȌȐ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȚȈȡțȚ ǪȌȈȓȐ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ ǫȘȈȔȔȖȜȖȕ ȖȘȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ

ǹȚȐȓȤ ǼȓȖȉȍȘȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȉȓȍȜ | ǬȊȍ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ș ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȞȍȕȚȖȊ ȏȈ
ǨȒȞȐȐ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȈ _ _ ǷȈșșȈȎȐȘșȒȐȑ — ǨȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȐȧ —  ȗțȚȤ |.
ǰȔȧ ȔȖȍ ǽȘȐșȚȖș | ȓȧ-ȓȧ-ȓȧ ȏȈ ȔȐȓȣȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ |.
ǵȍȚ ȓțȟȠȍ ȊȟȍȘȈ ȟȍȔ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ _ ǶȕȈ șȊȖȓȖȟȤ ȏȖȏȖ-ȏȐȌȈ |
ǺȈȔ ș ȅȘȖȚȐȒȖȑ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȍȠȤ | ȀȈȘȓȖȚȍȕȉțȘȋ ȠȍșȚȤ |.
ǶȓȍȕȤ Ȋ ȔȈșȓȍ ȎȈȘȍȕȣȑ.
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ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȖȌ ȏȍȔȓȍȦ ț șȈȔȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ǻ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋ țȝȍ ȋȐȋȈȕȚșȒȈȧ șȓțȝȖȊȈȧ ȚȘțȉȈ
Ƕȕ ȉȖȘȔȖȟȍȚ

ȅȚȖ ȓȐ ȊșȨ ȟȚȖ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȏȍȔȓȧ"
Ǫ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ ȏȍȔȓȐ șȍȘȌȞț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț Ȋșȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ
ǨȓȓȖ — ȒȘȐȒ ȒȘȐȒȈ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕ ȋȓțȗȖșȚȐ ȗȖȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȔȔȣ
ǩȍȌȍȕ Țȣ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǰșȟȍȏȈȦȚ Ȋșȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȥȚȐȔ șȓȖȊȖȔ șȣȘ
Ƕ ȞȐȜȘȈȝ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȜȖȕȚȈȕȣ ȔȖȏȋȈ
ǷțșȚȣȍ ȗțȏȣȘȐ ȖȚ ȏȊȍȏȌȕȣȝ Ȋȣșȍȑ ȊȐșȕțȚ
ǰ ȓȖȗȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊȖȌȍ ȒȈȕȈȓȖȊ
DzȓȈȌȉȐȡȍ ȚȧȎȒȐȔȐ ȗȓȐȚȈȔȐ ȓȖȎȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ
ǹȈȕȚȐȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȋșȍȝ ȎȐȏȕȍȑ Ȋșȍȝ șȓȖȊ
Ǫșȍ ȕȍ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ șȟȐȚȈȍȔ
dzȖȎȕȖ ȎȐȊȍȔ ǰ ȓȦȉȐȔ ȓȖȎȕȖ
ǸȍȈȓȤȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȖșȒȈ Ȓ ȊȣȘțȟȒȍ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ
ǷȖȟȐȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȒȖșȔȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȦȉȒȍ
ǵȈȠȈ ȔȍȚȈȜȐȏȐȒȈ — Ȋșȧ
Ƕ ȐșȚȐȕȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȤ Ȏȍ Ȕȕȍ ȏȍȊȕțȚȤ
ǪȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȗȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȤ ț ȋȈȊȈȕȐ Ȋ ǴȈȘșȍȓȍ ǩȍȠȍȕȈȧ ȌȈȊȒȈ ǺȘȈȔȊȈȑ
ǺȧȎȍȓȣȍ ȊȖȏȣ ș ȋȘțȏȖȔ dzȦȌȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ ȀțȔ


93
ǫȓȈȠȈȚȈȑ
ȒȘȐȟȐȚ Ȋ țȝȖ ȀȈȘȓȖ

ǹȖȞȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țȚȘȍȕȕȐȒ ©DzȘȈșȕȖȍ ǹȍȘȌȞȍª
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȒȓȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ǫȓȈȠȈȚȈȦ ȗȖȟȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ǺȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȕ ȀȈȘȓȖ
ȐȌȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȐȊȈȧ ȚȘȖșȚȖȟȒȖȑ ǷȖȕȍȔȕȖȋț Ȗȕ ȏȈ-
ȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȗȘȈȏȌȕȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȔȣȠȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȗȈȓȤȞȈȔȐ ǺȖȡȐȍ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚȣ Ȋ ȖȟȒȈȝ ȘȐȚȔȐȟȍșȒȐ
țȚȘȈȔȉȖȊȣȊȈȦȚ ȒȈȔȕȐ ȔȖșȚȖȊȖȑ ǮȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȖȌȣȔȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȠȐ Ȑ șȗțșȒȈȦȚ ȒȈ-
ȕȈȚȣ ȁȍȋȖȓȐ Ȋ ȞȐȓȐȕȌȘȈȝ — ȊȈȋȖȕȖȊȖȎȈȚȣȍ ǬȍȚȐ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȒȐȕȖ-șȢȍȔȒȐ ș ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǵȈ țȋȓȈȝ țȓȐȞ ȋȌȍ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȌȗȐșȤ ©ȉȍȘȍȋȐȚȍ ȏȊȍȘȍȑª
ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȉțȒȊȈȔȐ ȊȣȊȍȌȍȕȖ

ǵȈȌȗȐșȤ ȕȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ
ǩȍȘȍȋȐȚȍ ȔȖȏȋȐ
ǪșȚțȗȈȑȚȍ Ȋ șȖȦȏ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ǫȓȈȠȈȚȈȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȗȖȒȓȖȕ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȘȐȕȍș ȖȉȓȍȋȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȊșȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȏȈ ȀȈȘȓȖ ș ȖȚȘȧȌȖȔ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȈȝ ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ Ȗȕ ȋȓț-
ȉȖȒȖ ȏȈȌțȔȈȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȈȝȓȖȉțȟȐȓ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȌ Ƞȓȧȗț ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȓȖȉ ǴȣșȓȐ țȊȓȍ-
ȒȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐ țȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȚ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȊȐȌȐȚ
șȍȉȧ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ Ȋ DzȈȐȘȍ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ǫȖȕȒȖȕȋȈ
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȚȈ Ȏȍ țȓȐȞȈ ǴȈȘșȍȓȧ
ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ș ȗȓȈȒȈȚȖȔ ©ǵțȎȍȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȍț-
ȝȈ ǴȐȓȓȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȌȖȝȖȌª

ǷȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤ ȚȖȓȗȣ
ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ

Ǩvȍ ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǯȌȘȈȊșȚȊțȑ șȗȈșȐȚȍȓȤ ȖȚ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȕȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
ǪȍȌȐ ȕȈș Ȓ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚț șȈȔȐȝ șȍȉȧ
ǹȍȘȕȣ ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȘȈȚ ȗȘȖȘȖȒ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȗțșȚȣȕȐ
ǨȓȟȍȔ Ȑ ȎȈȎȌȍȔ Ȕȣ șȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ȗȍșȕȐ
Ƕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐ
Ǫȣȉȍȑ ȘțȟȤȐ Ȑȏ șȒȈȓ ȎȈȎȌțȡȐȔ ȋȘțȌȧȔ

94
ǪȖȚ ȧ ȌȈȘȦ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ
Ǻȣ șȖȚȊȖȘȐ ȒȈȒ șȒțȓȤȗȚȖȘ ȓȐȞȈ ȓȦȌșȒȐȍ
ǹȐȕȐȔ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖȓȍȑ ȕȍȉȍșȈ
ǹȔȍȑșȧ Ȏȍ ȉȘȈȚ ȊȖȚ ȊȣșȖȟȈȑȠȈȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ —
ǶșȊȖȉȖȌȐ ȕȈș ȖȚ ȘȈȉșȚȊȈ ȚȘțȌȈ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ȕȈȐȊȕȖ

ǺȈȒ ǵț Ȉ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȌȖȝȖȌ
ǷȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤ
ǵȍ ȖȌȐȕ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ șȍȘȌȍȞ Țȍȉȍ Ȗȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȣ
DzȈȒȈȧ Ȏȍ ȞȍȓȤ ț ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ" dzȦȌȍȑ
ǹȗȈșȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȑ șȒțȒȐ ȚȘțȌȈ
Ƕ ȗȘȍȟȐșȚȈȧ ȌȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȑ ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȈȧ ǹȍȘȕȈ
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȋȓȧȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ Ƕȕ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕ ǶȚȖȌȊȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ
ǪȣȚȐȘȈȍȚ ȕȖșȖȊȣȔ ȗȓȈȚȒȖȔ ȋȈȓșȚțȒ Ȑ ȎȐȓȍȚ

ȀȈȘȓȖ
ȕȈȐȊȕȖ

ǩțȌȤȚȍ ȌȖȉȘȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȎȒȖ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȗȓȦȑȚȍ ȚțȌȈ Ȏȍ
ǷȘȍȌȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤ Ȋ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȍ ȘȈȏȔȈȝȐȊȈȍȚ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ǺȖȓȗȈ ȒȘȐȟȐȚ Ȑ ȌȊȐȋȈȍȚșȧ Ȋȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȝȊȈȚȈȦȚ ȀȈȘȓȖ Ȑ ȉȘȖșȈȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȠț ȊȉȓȐȏȐ șȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ
ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȈ

ǵȈȌȗȐșȤ ȕ Ȉ ȜȐȓȤȔȍ
ǽȘȐșȚȖș — ȀȈȘȓȖ Ǭțȝ Ȑ ȔȈȕȕȈ
ǮȈȎȌȍȔ ȗȈșȚȤ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȞȊȍȚȒȖȔ ȗțșȚȣȕȐ
Dz șȍȘȕȍ ȊȍȌȐ ȕȈș ǩȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ

95
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȕȈȊȍȘȝț ǻȝȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ DzȓȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ǻȝȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ ǹȚȘȧȝȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȣȓȤ ș ȗȓȍ-
ȟȈ ǻȝȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ ǶșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ǻȓȣȉȈȍȚșȧ ǹȔȍȍȚșȧ DzȓȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ǵȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȕȐ
șȓȖȊȈ ǶȗȧȚȤ țȝȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȗȖȓȕȈ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȈ ǶȕȈ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ DzȘȐȟȐȚ ǽȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȚȈȡȐȚ ȕȈ țȓȐ-
Ȟț ǻȕȖșȐȚ ș ȚȘȐțȔȜȖȔ ǵȖȊȈȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ ș ǫȓȈȠȈȚȈȍȔ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȖȓȐ-
ȞȍȑșȒȐȔȐ ǹȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ǩȐȚȊȈ ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȈȦȚ ǵȈȘȖȌ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ
ȉȍȋșȚȊȖ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȔ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ ǪȣȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȓȍȊȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȈ ȉȘȦȒ
ȡȍȚȒț Ȑ ȟȐșȚȐȚ ȗȘȈȊȖȍ ȗȓȍȟȖ ǪȣȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȗȘȈȊȖȋȖ ȎȐȓȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȈ ȐȊȖȊțȦ ȌțȌ-
Ȓț șȈȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȖȚțȈȘ Ȑ ȊȣșȊȐșȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȜȖȒș-ȚȘȖȚȚ ǫȓȈȏȈ ȍȋȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȧșȕȣȔȐ
dzȖȉ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȍȕ Ȑ ȊȣșȖȒ ǻȓȐȞȈ ȗțșȚȣȕȕȈ Ǫ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȍȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȉȍȏȖȉȐȌ-
ȕȣȑ ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȘȐșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗțȋȈȍȚșȧ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚ ȜȓȍȑȚț Ȑ țȌȐȘȈȍȚ ȐȏȖ
Ȋșȍȝ șȐȓ, ȏȈȉȈȊȕȖ ȏȈȌȐȘȈȧ șȊȖȐ ȗȓȖșȒȐȍ ȕȖȋȐ ȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȕȖ ȗȖȒȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȚȍȘȧȍȚșȧ ȊȌȈ-
ȓȐ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȓȍș ǪȣșȖȒȐȍ șȖșȕȣ ǷȖȘȖșȓȤ ȍȎȍȊȐȒȐ ǶȋȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȘȈȏ-
ȔȍȘȖȊ ȜȐȈȓȒȐ ǷȚȐȞȣ ȖȉșȍȓȐ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȚȍȓȖȒ Ƕȕ ȗȖȊȍșȐȓ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȓȍȟȖ ȧȡȐȒ Ȍȓȧ șȉȖ-
0ȘȈ ȘȈșȚȍȕȐȑ
ǹȍȘȕȈ șȍȔȍȕȐȚ ȊȖȏȓȍ ȕȍȋȖ ǻ ȕȍȍ ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȑ ȉȈȕȚȐȒ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ Ȑ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȕȍȎȕȖ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȧȡȐȒ ȊȣȕȐȔȈȍȚ
șȚȐȝȖ-ȔȈȠȐȕț
ǶȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȔȍȟȚȈȊ Ȗȕ ȊȣșȚțȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȈ șȚȊȖȓȍ ȉȍȘȍȏȣ

ǵȈȌȗȐșȤ ȕȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ
ǷȚȐȞȣ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ
ǪȣȟȐȓȐȒȐȊȈȦȚ Ȋȍșȕț
Ǹțșȣȍ ȘțȟȤȐ
ǷȘȣȋȈȦȚ Ȓ șȍȘȌȞț ȉȖȋȈ —
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȔȐȘ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȈȧ"
ȇȐȚȣ
Ǵȣ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȠȓȐ!
ǹȍȘȕȈ ȋȓȖȚȈȍȚ ȍȎȍȊȐȒț Ȑ șȚȐȝȐ

_____

96
Ǹȍȧ*
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ

ǩȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȈ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȐȗȓȣȓȈ
ǰȏ ȗțșȚȣȕȐ ȠȈȒȈȓȖȊ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑ ȓȍș
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ țșȚȈȓȈ ȧ Ȑ ȝȖȟț ȓȐȔȖȕȈȌț
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǵȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓ ȧ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ ș ȖȌȕȖȦ ȒțȝȈȘȒȖȑ 
Ǹȍȧ
ǪȐȞȍ-ȜȍȓȤȌȜȍȉȍȓȤ ș ȏȖȓȖȚȖȦ ȕȈȠȐȊȒȖȑ ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ ȗȖȝȐȚȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ
Ǵȣ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȈȓȐ Ȋ ǺȐȊȖȓȐ Ƕȕ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȓȦȉȍȏȕȍȍ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǻ Țȍȉȧ țȎȍ ȔȖȘȡȐȕȣ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȘȚȈ
Ǹȍȧ
ǶȚ ȚȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȞȍȓțȍȊ ȔȖȑ ȋȈȌȒȐȑ ȔȖȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ
ȀȈȘȓȖ
Ǻȣ ȝȘȖȔȈȧ Țȣ ȒȖșȈȧ Țȣ țȘȖȌ
Ǹȍȧ
Ƕ ȧ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȈȧ Ǻȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȠȤ
DzȈȒ ȗȖȒȈȎț ȧ Țȍȉȧ țȉȐȑȞț ȚȍȚȒȍ șȊȖȍȑ"
* ɂɝɪɚ ɫɥɨɜ Reh — ɫɟɪɧɚ Reha — Ɋɟɹ

97
ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǺȖșȒȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȖ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔț
Ǹȍȧ Ȑ ȋțȘȐȐ — ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȍ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ
ǹȐȌȧ ȕȈ șȚȊȖȓȍ ȉȍȘȍȏȣ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȗȓȈȟȍȚ ǹȍȑȟȈș ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȓȐ-
ȞȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȈȧ ȋȘțșȚȤ Ȗ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ƕȕ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȘȖȎȌȍȕ Ȍȓȧ șȔȍȝȈ șȔȍȧȓșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȖȚ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȧ
Ǫ ȋȓțȉȐȕȍ ȓȍșȈ ȊȐȌȍȕ ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȉȖȘȖȊ dzȍșȕȐȒ — ȉȖȘȖȌȈȟ ǹȖȉȈȒȈ Ǹȍȧ ȖȋȓȧȌȣ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘțȋȖȔ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȈȌțȔȣȊȈȧșȤ ȉȍȎȐȚ Ȓ ȓȍșȕȐȟȍȔț Ȑ ȊȐșȕȍȚ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ ǶȕȐ
ȐșȟȍȏȈȦȚ ȊȔȍșȚȍ
ȀȈȘȓȖ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȘȖȏȖȊțȦ ȓȍȕȚț ȏȈȊȧȏȈȕȕțȦ ȉȈȕȚȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȓȍȕȚȍ Ȗȕ Ȋȍȓ șȍȘ-
ȕț Ƕȕ ȖșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ șȖȉȐȘȈȧșȤ
ȗȖȊȍșȐȚȤșȧ ǴȍȌȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȔȍȌȐȧ Ǫ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ ȔȐȕțȚț ȉȍȓȒȈ ȋȓȖ-
ȚȈȍȚ ȉȈȕȚȐȒ Ƕȕ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȘțȌț ǹȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȉȖȚȐȕȒȐ ǵȈȌȍȊȈȍȚ ȖȗȧȚȤ ǩȍȘȍȚ ȘȈȏ-
ȉȍȋ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȓȍȏȍȚ ȗȖ ȒȖȓȍȕȖ Ȋ ȊȖȌț ǵȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȍȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖȑ Ǫ ȓȍșț șȍȘȕȈ
țȉȍȋȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȓȍșȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȀȈȘȓȖ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȗȖșȗȍȠȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ ǪȣșȚȘȍȓ șȍȘȕȈ țȔȐȘȈȍȚ

ȀȈȘȓȖ
ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ Ȑ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ

ȀȈȘȓȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȀȈȘȓȖ
ǪșȒȘȐȒ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȓȧ Ȑ șȔȍȝ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȏȘȍȕȕȖ
ǺȐȝȐȑ ȒȈȔȍȕȤ Ȋ ȘțȒț ȉȍȘț Ȗȕ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ȐȓȤ ȗȓȈȟȍȚ"
Ǵȕȍ Ȏȍ șțȌȤȉȖȦ ȌȈȕȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȝȔȣȓȧȚȤșȧ
ǺȈȒ țȝȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ ȞȈȘȤ Ȑ ȗȈȓȈȟ Ȑ ȌȊȖȘȍȞȒȐȑ
ǻȝȔȣȓȧȑșȧ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȔțȒȐ ȓȐȞȖ
ǰ ȉȍȏȓȐȞȣȑ ȕȍ țȉȍȎȈȓ ȉȣ șțȌȤȉȣ
ǭșȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ șȒȍȓȍȚ ȗȖȌ ȓȐȞȖȔ țȝȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ
ȅȚȖ șȔȍȘȚȤ ȅȚȖ șȔȍȘȚȤ țȓȣȉȈȍȚșȧ
ǮȐȏȕȍȑ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȍșȚȤ ț Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
ǰ ǷȈȘȐȎ Ȑ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ șȨȓȈ ȝȖȝȖȟțȚ
ȇ Ȏȍ ȗȍȟȈȓȍȕ ȒȈȒ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȘȖȒ
DzȚȖ Ȏȍ ȗȖȑȔȍȚ" ǵȈȌ ȉȍșșȔȍȘȚȕȣȔ ȝȖȝȖȟțȚ ȉțȌȚȖ ȕȈȌ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȔ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȚȖ ȗȓȈȟȍȚ
ǴȈȚȤ ȏȈ șȍȘȖȑ ȋȈȘȌȐȕȖȑ ȊșȨ ȋȓȧȌȐȚ ȕȍ ȕȍșțȚ ȓȐ ȗȖȟȚț
ǬȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȓȍȚ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȚ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȗȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȉ ȗȐșȤȔȍȞȖ
ǪȖȚ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ
ǷȘȐȌȐ Ȏȍ ȖȕȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ
ȇ Ȑ ȍȑ țȓȣȉȕțșȤ ȉȍșȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ

ǷȓȈȒȈȚȣ țȎȍ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȔȐȔȖ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ DzȓȈȕȧȦȚșȧ ȕȐȏȒȖ
ȀȈȘȓȖ Ƕȕ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ șȕȐȔȈȧ ȒȖȚȍȓȖȒ ǻȓȣȉȈȍȚșȧ ǶȚȗțșȒȈȍȚ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȏȈȚȘȍȡȐȕț ǻȝ-
ȔȣȓȧȍȚșȧ ǸȈșȒȓȍȑȡȐȒ ȝȊȈȚȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐȒȓȍȐȊȈȍȚ Ȓ ȈȜȐȠȕȖȔț șȚȖȓȉț Ƕȕ țȝȔȣ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ

DzȖȕȍȞ
ǷȍȘȍȊȍȓ ș ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ
ǸȦȘȐȒ ǸȖȒ

œ‹§“

˜“¢™•“
Ǫ ȈȗȘȍȓȍ  ȋȖȌȈ ȕȈ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȍ ȚȖȊ ǸȖȒȈ Ȗ ȜțȚțȘȐȏȔȍ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȔ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȍ ©ǯȍȓȍȕȖȍ DzȖȓȤȞȖª ǸȖșȚȖȊ ȕǬ
 ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȐȔ Ȗȉ ȐȌȍȍ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȗȖȏȎȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȖȔ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊț ȕȐȟȍȊȖȟȍșȚȊȈ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȋȖȌ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ȘȧȌ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȥȚȖȑ
ȐȌȍȍ
ǮȍȓȈȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȓȕȍȍ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȐȌȍȦ ȖȚȘȐ-
ȞȈȕȐȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȝ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ
ǸȈșșȒȈȏ ǺȍȜȜȐ ©ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȐª ȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȚȍȟȍȕȐȦ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ ǭ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȖȑ ǩ ǯȍȔȍȕȒȖȊȈ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ Ȑ Ǩ
ǸȈȕȖȊȈ ǯȌȍșȤ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȖ ȚȖȟȍȒ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȑ ǪȍȌȍȚ-
șȧ ȗȖȌȗȖȓȤȕȈȧ ȐȏȣșȒȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȣ Ȗȉ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȍȌȐȕȖȑ
ȋȘțȗȗȣ ǿȐșȚȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ ȋȘțȗȗȣ — ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ
 ȔȍȠȈȦȚ
ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȦ ǵȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȋ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚșȧ
Ǫ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ  ȋ ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȖșȚȈȊȈȧșȤ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȑ ȘȈșȗȣȓȧȍȚșȧ
ǯȍȔȍȕȒȖȊ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȖȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȈ Ȑ ǸȈȕȖȊ Ȋȕȍ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖ-
ȊȖȒ ǸȖȒ țȍȏȎȈȍȚ Ȋ ǸȖșȚȖȊ.
ǯȈșȐȓȤȍ ȘȧȌȈ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȋȘțȗȗȐȘȖȊȖȒ Ȑ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȘȈșȒȖȓ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ
ȜȘȖȕȚȈ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ǸȈȕȖȊȈ ȊȏȧȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊț Ȑ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȚȤ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ
©ǪȈȔª ȞȍȕȖȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚșȧ șȓȖȊȖ ©ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȐª Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ǫ ǴȖ-
șȒȊȍ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȧȍȚșȧ ǹ ǹȈȌȐȒȖȊ Ǫ ǸȖșȚȖȊȍ ȋȌȍ  ȈȊȋțșȚȈ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗțȉȓȐ-
ȒțȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȖȒȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȒȈȚȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȌȍȒȘȍȚ Ȗ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȦȚ Ƕ ȅȘ-
ȉȍȘȋ Ǭ ǻȔȈȕșȒȐȑ Ǫ. ǼȐȓȖȊ
ǸȈȉȖȚȈ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ǷȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȧȍȚșȧ ǩ ǯȍȔȍȕȒȖȊ
ǯȈ  ȋȖȌ șȌȍȓȈȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȏ-ȚȐ ȋȘțȗȗȖȊȣȝ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȊ ǰȝ ȏȈȌȈ-
ȕȤȧ ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȓȍȕȤȍ ș ȐȌȍȍȑ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȈȋȐȚȈȞȐȧ ȗȖ ȌȐșȒȘȍȌȐȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȤȦ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ Ȋ ǸȖșȚȖȊȍ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ǽȈȘȤȒȖȊȍ Ȑ ȌȘ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ șȖȏȌȈȓȖ ȓȖȎ-
ȕțȦ șȓȈȊț ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȈȔ ȒȈȒ ȝțȓȐȋȈȕșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȐ
ǵȅǷ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ țșȚȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȈ ȉȍș-
ȗȖȓȍȏȕȈ ǪȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ șȐȓȣ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈșȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȜȘȖȕȚ ȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȐ ǪȣȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ©ǹȖȉȈȟȐȑ ȇȡȐȒª — șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȌȍȒȘȍȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȖȊ ǺȊȖȘ-
ȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ǩȦȘȖ ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȖȉȡȐȍ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȋȍ-
ȌȍȚșȧ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȧȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȗȖ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ȘȧȌȈ ȒȕȐȋ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍș-
ȒȖȋȖ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȋȖ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ
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ǬȊȈ ȚȍȏȐșȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ
1. ǻȕ Ȑ ȟ ȚȖȎȍȕ ȐȍȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȒȈȒȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝȜȖȘȔ ȊȈȉșȚȘȈȒȞȐȐ Ȑ
ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȍȕȐȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȎȐȚȐȍ
2. ǻ ȕ Ȑ ȟ Ț Ȗ Ȏ ȍ ȕ Ȑ ȍ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȍȋȖ ȕȈȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȌȐșȒȘȍȌȐȚȐȘȖ-
ȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȍȋȖ
ǹȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȗȈȘȖȌȐȧ ȋȘȖȚȍșȒ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ

102
“‹–•“¢œ•“” œ“–§
©ǹȚȐȓȤ Ǹ ǹ Ǽ ǹ Ǹª ǴȖȎȕȖ ȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ — Ȋȕȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
Ȋȕȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȑ
ǸǹǼǹǸ"
ǬȖȗțșȚȐȔȖ ȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȔțșȒțȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȝ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ șȚȐ-
ȓȧ ȍșȓȐ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȔțșȒțȓȤȕȣȍ ȘȍȜȓȍȒșȣ ȖȚ șȚȐȓȍȑ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȟȚȖ
șȚȐȓȤ ȍșȚȤ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȉ ȕȍ
ȐȓȦșȚȘȈȚȖȘ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ"
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ ȒȚȖ șȓȣȠȈȓ Ȗ șȚȐȓȍ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȒȖȔț ȗȖ-
ȕȧȚȍȕ șȚȐȓȤ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ Ǹ ǹ Ǽ ǹ Ǹ. ǰȗȗ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊȣȔ"
ǵȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȚȐȓȧ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ
ȓȐȕȐȐ ȉ ȣ Ț Ȥ ȕ ȍ Ȕ Ȗ Ȏ ȍ Ț ȐȉȖ șȚȐȓȤ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȋȖȕȧȍȚ ȔțșȒțȓȤȕȣȍ
ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȚȐȓȖ ȘȖȒȖȒȖ ȐȓȐ ȉȈȘȖȒȒȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȟȚȖ șȈȔȖȍ
ȊȈȎȕȖȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȚȐȓȍ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ȋȕȍ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ Ȑ Ȋȕȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ
ǷȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȏȍ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȕ ț Ȏ ȕ Ȗ Ȑ
ȌȖȓȎȕȖ
ǹȚȈȚȤȧ ǰȗȗ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊȈ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȐȔ Ȏȍ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȣȑ — Ȗ șȚȐȓȍ șȊȖȑșȚ-
ȊȍȕȕȖȔ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȕ ȍ Ȗ Ț Ȋ ȍ Ț Ȑ ȓ Ȉ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ ȊȌȈȊȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȌȐș-
ȒțșșȐȦ ȗȖșȚȈȘȈȦșȤ Ȋ Ț ȍ ȏȐșȕȖȑȜȖȘȔȍȕȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȖșȕȖȊȣ ȒȘȈȏȘȍ-
ȠȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ
ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑǸȖșșȐȐșȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȍȕ—ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑșȚȐȓȤ
ȅȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ șȚȐȓȤ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȦȡȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȖȍ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍȞȍȓȖȍșȚȐȓȤ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȑȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒțȦȚȍȏțȐ
ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏț Ȑ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ Ȑȝ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ șȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȧ
ȅȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ șȚȐȓȤ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȈȘȒșȐȏȔȈ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ — ȚȖȟȕȈȧ
ȕȈțȒȈ Ȗ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȝ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȧȍȔȣȝ ȥȚȐȔ șȚȐȓȍȔ
DzȘȈȚȒȖ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȧ Țȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȥȚȖȚ șȚȐȓȤ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȍȕ ǹȖȊȍȚ-
șȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȕțȎȕȖ țȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ
1. ǫȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈȔȐ — ǯȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ Ȑ
ǪȖșȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ǸȖșșȐȦ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȍȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ
șȚȘȍȔȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȦ ȥȚȐȝ ȌȊțȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ ȥȚȐȝ ȌȊțȝ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț
2. ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ ǰȕȌȐȧ — șȚȘȈȕȈ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȉ ǸȖșșȐȧ ǸțșșȒȈȧ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖ-
ȋȐȧ ȘțșșȒȖȍ ȔȐȘȖȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȣȟȈȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ șȗȖșȖȉ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ — Ȋșȧ ȐȕȚȍȓ-
ȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȈȧ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ — ȖȡțȚȐȔȖ ȌȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȦȚ ȒȘȈȑ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ǫșȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȏȕȈȚȖȒȐ ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȌțȝȈ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȦ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȚ — ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȐȑ ǪȧȟȍșȓȈȊ ǰȊȈȕȖȊ dzȍȕȐȕ ǵȐȞȠȍ ǺȈȒȖȊȖ Ȏȍ
ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȘțșșȒȐȝ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ

3. DzȘȖȔȍ ȋȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȊȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȉțȌȍȚ
șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑȔȖȔȍȕȚȌȐȒȚȈȚțȘȈȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȈȚȈȐșȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧșȚȘȖȑ-
ȒȈ ȕȈ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȍ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȈȘȒșȐȏȔȈ
4. ǬȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȈȘȒșȐȏȔ ȊȕțȚȘȐ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȘȈȏȘȈșȚȈȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ — ǹȖȊȍȚșȒțȦ ǹȚȘȈȕț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȊșȍȔ ȚȍȔ ȒȚȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȓȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȈȘȒșȐȏȔȈ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȌȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȍǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑǸȖșșȐȐȊ ȗȐȒț Ȑ ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȔțȔȐȘț—ȧȊ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ ȈȕȚȐȚȍȏȖȑ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ Ț ȍ ȏ ȍ — ȉțȘȎțȈȏȐȐ
5. DzțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȍ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ ȐșȚȖ-
ȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȗȣȚ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ ș ȕȖȊȣȔ ȖȗȣȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘșȒȖȋȖ
șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȥȑȓȖȘȐȏȔȍ Ȋ ǯȈȗȈȌ-
ȕȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ Ȉ ȕȍ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ǻ ȕȈș Ȏȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ șȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍș-
ȒȖȔ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȐ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ
6. ǵȖȊȖȍ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȑ șȚȐȓȤ Ȍ Ȗ ȓ Ȏ ȕ Ȗ ȗ Ȗ ȓ Ȥ-
ȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔȒȈȒ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ
șȚȐȓȧǵȖȊȖȍȎȍȐșȒțșșȚȊȖșȚȘȖȐȚșȧȞȍȓȐȒȖȔȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑȌȐȈ-
ȓ ȍ Ȓ Ț Ȑ Ȓ ȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȒȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȧȍȔȣȝ ȚȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȣȔ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ǵȖȊȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȍȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȈȓȖȋȐȏȔ șȐȕȒȖȗț ȌȐșșȖȕȈȕș
șȌȊȐȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȟȈșȚȍȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȦ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȈȕȚȐ-
ȚȍȏȈ ȕȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ Țȍȏȍ șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
7.Ǫ ȋȍȘȉȍ ǸǹǼǹǸ șȍȘȗ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȚ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȍȡȐȊȈȦȚșȧ
ǷțșȚȤ Ȏȍ șȚȐȓȤ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȍȚ ȥȚȖ șȖȍȌȐ-
ȕȍȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȍȑ ȌȊțȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȋ ȌȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȍȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍ — Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȔ șȚȐȓȍ Ȋ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȔ ȚȘțȌȍ
Ǹ Ǹ

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107
ǰǺdzǿȀǼ ǰǰdzDzdzǻǶȍ
ǨșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȧ ǴȖȓȖȌȣȝ ǸȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȊ ǨǸǴ
 ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊțȧ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȍȔțȦ ȒȕȐ-
ȋț ©ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘª ȌȊțȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȊ Ț Ț ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ Ȑ
ǸȖȒȈ ș șȊȖȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȈȍȚ ȍȑ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȍ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȊȠȍȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȊȍȒȖȊȣȑ ȉȣȚȖ-
ȊȖȑ țȒȓȈȌ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȚȘȈȕ ȊȣȉȐȊȠȍȑ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȖȑ ȒȖȓȍȐ ȏȈȉȘȖșȐȊ
ȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȔțȎȐȒȈ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȦ Ȑ ǨȓȎȐȘ Ȉ ȌȖȔȖșȍȌȈ-ȊȍȕȋȘȈ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ — Ȕȣ
ȊȐȌȐȔ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȖȞȍȕȒȈ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȉȣȚȖȊȖȋȖ țȒȓȈȌȈ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖ-
ȠȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȊȍȡȐ
ǭșȓȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȊȍȡȤ ȞȍȕȐȓȈșȤ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚ ȗȖ-
ȊȣȠȈȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȖȐȔȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȘțȒȐ ȔȈșȚȍȘȈ ȍȋȖ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȖȚ ȌȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȖȚ ȚȖȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȐȔȖșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȊȍȡȤ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȈ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ șțȊȍȕȐȘȈ
ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȐ ȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȊȍȡȤ șȚȈȓȈ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȞȍȕȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖ șȊȖȍ-
Ȕț ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔț șȊȖȑșȚȊț – ȗȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗț ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖșȚȐ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȡȐ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȈ
ǰ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ǰȔȗȍȘȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȐȏȐȘȖ-
ȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȍȡȤ ȊȖȍȊȈȓȈ ș ȊȍȡȤȦ ȊȍȡȤ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȓȈ
ȊȍȡȤ Ȉ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȖȚȌȈȊȠȐȑșȧ șȓțȎȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȍȡȐ ȚȈȕȒȐ ȈȥȘȖȗȓȈȕȣ
șȕȈȘȧȌȣ șȈȗȖȋȐ ȐȕȚȍȕȌȈȕȚșȚȊȈ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
 ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȚȤ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ Ȋȣ-
ȘȈȉȖȚȒț ȉȣȚȖȊȖȑ ȊȍȡȐ Ȑ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȍȍ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ ǩȣȚȖȊȣȍ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȔȍȕȣ ȓȐȠȐȊȠȐȍ ȊȍȡȤ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȥșȚȍȚȐȒȖ-ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȊȖȑșȚȊ
ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȓ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȦ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ©ȕȍ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ – ȕȍ
ȗȖȓȍȏȕȈ Ȑ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȕțȎȕȈª
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȖșȚȘȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȓȐ Ȕȣ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ȋȌȍ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȈ-
ȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ șȔȍȕȐȓȈșȤ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ǻ ȕȈș ȒȘȐȏȐș ȊȍȡȐ ȉȣȓ ȎȍșȚȖ-
ȟȈȑȠȐȔ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȍȔ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȌȖȔȈ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȡȐȍ-
șȧ ȗȖȓțȘȈȏȉȐȚȣȍ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ ȎȐȌȒȐȑ Ȑ ȘȍȌȒȐȑ șȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȍȍ ȖȚȖȗȓȍȕȐȍ
ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȕțȎȕȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȉȣȚȖȊȖȋȖ ȖȉȐȝȖȌȈ — șȓȖȊȖȔ ț ȕȈș ȉȣȓȈ ȉțȒ-
ȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜȈ ȊȍȡȐ
ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȚȧȋȈ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȓ ȊȍȡȐ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȖȑ-
ȕȣ dzȦȌȐ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓȐ ȊȍȡȤ ȖȕȐ ȎȈȎȌȈȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȑ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȉȣȊ-
Ƞȍȑ Ȋ ȖȉȐȝȖȌȍ ȊȍȡȐ ǰ ȗȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ȗȖșȓȍȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȖ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ șȚȘȈȕ
ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȊȠȍȍ șȊȖȍ ȉȣȓȖȍ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȍ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȖșȚȘȈȌȈȊ-
Ƞȍȍ ȖȚ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȓȖ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒț ȔȐȘȕȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ — ȏȈȊȖȌȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȊȠȐȍ
ȕȈ ȖȉȖȘȖȕț ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȍȘȍșȚȘȈȐȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ țȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȧȓȐ ȕțȎȌȣ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ
ǻ ȕȈș ȗȘȐ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȕȖȔ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȥȓȍȔȍȕ-
ȚȈȘȕȖ ȕțȎȕȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȗȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȘȈȉȖ-
Țȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȑȚȐ Ȑȏ ȊȍȡȕȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ ȗȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȍ ȊȖș-

108
șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȈ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐ Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȋ ȖȚșțȚșȚ-
ȊȐȐ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȚȈȓȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȚȤșȧ
Ȓ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖ ȌȘțȋȖȍ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ
ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕțȦ ȚȖȘȋȖȊțȦ ȔȈȠȐȕț ȒȈȒțȦ-ȚȖ ȒȈșșț ȔȐȘȖȊȖȋȖ
ȏȖȓȖȚȈ ȎȐȚȍȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ — ȚȈȒȎȍ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ Ȍȍ-
ȕȤȋȐ
ǵȈȠȍ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȔȈșșȖȊȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȖ ȕȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț Ȑ
Ȋșȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ț ȕȈș țșȗȍȝȖȔ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȤ Ȓ
șȍȉȍ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȐ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ Ȋ țȡȍȘȉ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȘțșșȒȐȔ ȉȣȚȖȊȣȔ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔ
ǵȈȠȈ ȗȘȍșșȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ Ȋ ȝțȌȠȍȔ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ
șȓȖȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ țȒȈȏȈȓ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȖȊ ȚȖȊ ǸȈȌȍȒ ǯȓȖȉȖ-
ȌȕȍȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȖȊȖșȚȐ Ȉ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ȒȘȐȒȓȐȊȈȧ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȈȟȈ ȗȖȋȖȕȧ ȏȈ șȍȕșȈȞȐȍȑ ȚȧȋȈ Ȓ
ȖșȚȘȖȚȍ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊț Ȑ Ț Ȍ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȚȍșȕȐȓȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ
șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȖ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ –
ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȣȍ șȍȕșȈȞȐȐ ȔȍȓȤȒȈȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȚȍȖȘȣ ȐșȟȍȏȈȧ ȉȍșșȓȍȌȕȖ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȕȣȝ
ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈȝ
DzȘȐȒȓȐȊȖșȚȤ șȚȈȓȈ ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ ȕȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȐȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȐșȚȈ
ǨȕȍȒȌȖȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ȖȉȡȍȐȏȊȍ-
șȚȕȣ
Ǫ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȚȧȋȈ Ȓ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔț ȖȚȘȈȏȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ Ȕȍșș-ȔȍȕȌȖȊȡȐȕȍ Ȑ Ȋ
ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ Ƕ ǫȍȕȘȐ — ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȦ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ǫȖȘȤȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȌȕȖ-
Ȕț șȊȖȐȔ ȊȣșȖȒȖȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȔȍȡȈȕșȚȊȖȔ ǶȕȈ Ȏȍ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȏȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ
©ȌȖȔȖȘȖȡȍȕȕȖȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔȍª Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȖȔȈȕȈȝ Ȑȏ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȈ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ
ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȏȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔ ȗȘȖȧȊȐȓ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǯȌȍșȤ ȥȚȖ țȊ-
ȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ — ȌȍșȧȚȒȐ ȗȤȍș Ȗȉ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ ©ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȍª ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ șȚȐȓȤ Ȋ ȔȈȕȍȘȍ ȐȋȘȣ Ȑ
Ț Ȍ Ǫ ȒȐȕȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ țȎȍ Ȗ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ Ȕȍșș-ȔȍȕȌȖȊȡȐȕȍ ȟȍșȚȕȣȍ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȍ
ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕȍ ȕȈ ȥȒȘȈȕȍ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȚ ȊșȍȔȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȈȔȐ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕȐȏȔȈ ǴȈȓȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȈȧ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȌȈ-
Ȏȍ ȊȕȍȠȕȍ ǵȈȌȖ ȓȐ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ șȖȘȕȣȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔ ȌȖȓȦ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ Ȋȕȍș Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȖȌȣ Ȑ Ț ȗ
Ǵȣ ȌțȔȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚț ȕȍȏȌȖȘȖȊțȦ Țȧȋț Ȓ ©ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔțª șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȉȢȧș-
ȕȐȚȤ ȕȍȏȕȈȕȐȍȔ ț ȕȈș ©ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔȈª dzȦȉȖȊȤ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȚȈȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȔț ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔț — ȥȚȖȚ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȚȖȒ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȋȖ
ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ — ȍȡȍ șȐȓȍȕ ț ȕȈș Ȑ ȕȍ ȐȏȎȐȚ
Ǭȓȧ ȕȈș ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ — ȕȍȟȚȖ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ Ȕȣ ȐȔȍȍȔ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ țȎ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȒȕȐȋ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȖȕȚȐȕȍȕȚȍ Ȉ ȒȕȐȋ Ȗȉ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ș șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ țșȚȈȕȖȊȒȖȑ Ȑ
șȖȊșȍȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ǭșȓȐ ȥȚȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȌȈȦȚ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ȗ ȉȣȚȍ șȈȔȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȊȔȍșȚȖ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȝ ©ȟțȌȍș ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȐ-

ȒȐª ȚȖ Ȗȉ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȗ ȍȍ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ț ȕȈș ȕȍȚ ȒȕȐȋ
ȊȖȊșȍ ǬȈ Ȑ ȏȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȍȑ ȟȐșȓȖ Ȑȝ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȖ
ǹ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȞȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȒȓȈȌȖȔ Ȋ Șțș-
șȒțȦ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘț ȗȖ ȌȈȕȕȖȔț ȊȖȗȘȖșț ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȧ Ȑ ȖșȊȍȡȈȧ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȔț ȟȐ-
ȚȈȚȍȓȦ ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕțȦ ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍ-
ȕȐȑ ȖȉȐȓȐȧ ȞȐȜȘ Ȑ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȓȐ Ȋ ȓȍȋ-
ȒȖȑ Ȑ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȖȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȌȈȚȤ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ
Ȗ ȋȓȈȊȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧȝ Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈȝ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖșȓȈȊ ȥȚȖȔț ȘȧȌ ȖȟȍȘȒȖȊ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ șȚȘȈȕȣ
ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ȒȈȒ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘȈ ȐȓȐ ȎȐȊȖȗȐșȤ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ
ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȣ ȈȊȚȖȘȈȔȐ Ȉ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȈ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȈ ȖȚȟȈșȚȐ ȕȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȈȊȚȖȘȣ ȉȣȓȐ
șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȔȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ
ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȥȚȈ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȕțȎȕȈ ȕȈȗȐșȈ-
ȕȈ ȎȐȊȖ ȧșȕȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȚȍȚșȧ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȔ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȋȖ ȒȘțȋȈ
ǨșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȧ ǴȖȓȖȌȣȝ ǸȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȊ

110
, ǽǾǶǯȉȀǶdz
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐȟȈȓȐȚȤ Ȓ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȕȖ Ȋ ȗțȚȐ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ ȌȍȕȤ-ȌȊȈ Ȋȣ ȍȌȍȚȍ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ȝȓȖȗȖȟȍȚȍ Ȗ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȝ
ȕȈ ȊȢȍȏȌ Ȗ ȒȊȖȚȈȝ1, ȕȖȘȔȈȝ țȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǰ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐ ȊȐȌȍ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȉȍȘȍȋȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȋȣ ș
ȚȘȍȗȍȚȖȔ ȗȖșȓȍ ȔȍșȧȟȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȎȌȍȚȍ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ
ȘȈȌțȍȚ ȊȈș ȞȍȓȣȔ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȍȑ
ǵȍ țșȗȍȊȈȍȚȍ Ȋȣ șȖȑȚȐ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋ ȒȈȒ Ȋȣ ȌȍȓȈȍȚȍșȤ ȉȍȏ ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȋȖ țșȐȓȐȧ
ș ȊȈȠȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ©ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕȖȔª Ȑ ȊȈș șșȣȓȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȖșȚȘȖȊ ȒțȌȈ
ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚ Ȋșȍȝ ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȉȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț Ȍȓȧ ȌȖȗ-
ȘȖșȈ ȉȈȕȐ ȖșȔȖȚȘȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟ. ©țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȑª
ǵȖ Ȕȕȍ ȊȍȏȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȈȒ ȈȘȚȐșȚȈ ȊȣșȈȎȐȊȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ
Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȖ ȔȍșȚȖ ȋȌȍ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȔȖȑ ȗȖȘț-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤ Ț-ȍ Ȋ ǴȐȓȤȊȖȒȐ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȑȝ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ Ȉ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈ-
ȘȐȊȈȓȐ Ȗ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȍȌȗȐșȈȕȐȧȔ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȘȈșșțȎȌȈȧ
ǵȖ ȗȈȘȖȝȖȌȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȗȈȘȖȝȖȌȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȡȤ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȞȈȔ ȖȕȈ — șȈȔȈȧ ȒȘțȗȕȈȧ Ȑ ȉȖȋȈȚȈȧ Ȑ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ țȊȈȎȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ț ȗȖȘȚȖȊȣȝ ȊȓȈșȚȍȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț-ȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȖȉȖȎȌȈȚȤ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕȐȕȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ǴȐȓȤȊȖȒȐ ȗȖ-
ȘțȟȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȏȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȏȈȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȔ ȗȖ  ȌȖȓ Ȗ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ
 Ȋ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ
ǷȖ ȘȈȌȐȖ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ ǴȐȓȤȊȖȒȐ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ș ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȖȔ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ
 ȔȐȕțȚ ȗȖȘȚȖȊȣȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȦȚ ©ȗȖȌȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȞȈ Ȑȏ ǩȖȓȤ-
ȠȍȊȐȒȐª șȊȖȍȔț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔț ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕȐȕț ȌȖȝȖȌ ȒȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȊȕȧȍȚșȧ șȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȐȔ-ȚȖ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȈȔ Ȉ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȐȔ-ȚȖ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȍȔț
ȌȖȊȍȘȐȍȔ ©ȌȧȌȐ ǹȈȔȈª
Ǫ ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȍ ȧ ȌțȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȊȢȍȏȌȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ șȚȈȚțȧ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ țșȚȘȖȍȕ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȌȖȔ
ǷȖȌȢȍȔȕȣȍ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȧ Ȓ ȋȓȈȏȈȔ șȚȈȚțȐ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȋȓȈȏȈ
©ǹȊȖȉȖȌȣª ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ©ȊȍȓȐȒțȦ șȊȖȉȖȌȕțȦ șȚȘȈȕțª
ǰ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȈșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ – ȕȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȍ țȍȏȎȈȧ Ȑȏ ǸȖșșȐȐ șȖ
șȔțȚȕȖȑ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȦ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚțȦ ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕȕțȦ ȈȘȒț ȗȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȖȍȏȌ ȕȈ ȉțȒȊȣ ȕȈ ȈȘȒȍ – ǸǹǼǹǸ Ȑ ȕȈ șȓȖȊȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȗȍșȕȐ
ǰ ȍȑ-ȉȖȋț ȒțȌȈ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȍȍ Ȑ ȒȘȈșȐȊȍȍ șȚȈȚțȐ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ ȕȈȠȈ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȈȧ ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕȕȈȧ ȈȘȒȈ
1 Ʉɜɨɬɚ — ɧɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɟɡɞ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ɍɚɤ ɜ  ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ  ɚ ɋɋɋɊ — 1200.

111
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȧ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ǹȈȎțșȤ Ȋ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ ȕȈ ȥȒșȗȘȍșș ©ȗȖȌȏȍȔȒȐª ȗȖȌ-
ȏȍȔȕȖȑ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ
 Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ò ȟȈșȈ ȗȘȖȍȝȈȊ  ȔȐȓȤ ȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-
DZȖȘȒȍ
,, ǽdzǾǰȉǷ ǰǵDZǹȍDz ǻǮ ǮǺdzǾǶǸȁ
ǵȍ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȑȚȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȘȈȏȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ Ǫșȍ șȘȈȏț ȖșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȐȚȤ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ
ǺȖ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȗȐȠȍȔ ȏȌȍșȤ — ȓȐȠȤ ȥșȒȐȏȣ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ țȌȈȟȕȣȍ Ȓ
Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ
ǹȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȍ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȑ dzȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȤȚȍ ȟȈșȚȤ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ǷȈ-
ȘȐȎȈ — ȗȖȓțȟȐȚșȧ șȓȈȉȣȑ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȖȒ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ Ƕȕ ȖȋȓțȠȈȍȚ — ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȎ-
Ȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ǶȚ ȠțȔȈ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȟțȔȍȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ
ǰ țȎȍ ȖȋȓțȠȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȘȈșȚȍȘȧȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȠȤ Ȗȕ ȋȕȍȚȍȚ ȌȈȊȐȚ ȒȈȒ Ȗȋ-
ȘȖȔȕȣȑ    -ȥȚȈȎȕȣȑ ȔȍȘȚȊȍȞ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȠțȔȕȣȔȐ ȟȍȘȊȧȔȐ
ǰ ȧșȕȖ — Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȍȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ
ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ șȈȕȚȐȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ șțȘȖȊȖȑ ȕȖ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȕȐ ȋȍȘȖȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȐ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȉțȌȕȐȟȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ ©ȉȐȏȕȍșª — ȋȖȘȖȌ ȌȍȓȈ Ǩ ȌȍȓȖ ȖȌȕȖ ȟȍȒȈȕȐȚȤ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ǵȤȦ-
DZȖȘȒ — ȥȚȖ șȈȔȣȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȔȖȕȍȚȕȣȑ ȌȊȖȘ ȏȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȠȈȘȈ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȟȍȒȈȕȐȚ ȔȖȕȍȚȣ Ȑ ȖȕȐ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȔȐȘț DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȌțȔȈȍȚ Ȗ
ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȏȊȖȕȍ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȈ DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȊșȚȈȍȚ țȚȘȖȔ ȉȍȏ șȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȔȐȕțȚ șȍȔȤ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȖȗȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉț ȐȓȐ ȏȈȊȖȌ ȗȖȔȕȐȚ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȕțȚ ȕțȎȕȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȗȈșȚȤ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔț ȌȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ ȗȖșȗȍȚȤ Ȋ Țȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐ-
ȕțȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȏȊȍȕȐȚ ȏȈȊȖȌșȒȐȑ ȒȖȓȖȒȖȓ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȟȍȑ ȒȈȘȚȖȟȒȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȧ
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Ȋ  ȟȈșȖȊ țȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ  ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȍȔ
ȖȒȖȓȖ ò ȟȈșȈ Ȋ ©ȗȖȌȏȍȔȒȍª țȚȘȖȔ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȌȖȔȖȑ
Ȋ  ȟȈșȖȊ — ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȖȔȣȚȤșȧ — ȋȘȧȏȐ ȗȣȓȐ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȍ
ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ Ǫ  ȟȈșȖȊ — Ȗȕ șȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ
ǶȌȐȕ ȟȈș ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔ ȕȈ ȋȈȏȍȚț ȋȌȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȖȚȌȍȓ ȍȋȖ ȐȕȚȍ-
ȘȍșțȦȡȐȑ — ȊșȦ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȕȣȍ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ ȌȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȌȖ 
șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ǶȚȌȣȝ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ ǬȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ
ǺȈȒ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȧȚȤ Ȍȕȍȑ Ȋ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ
ǵȖ Ȋ șțȉȉȖȚț ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȌȖ  Ǩ Ȋ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȍ — Ȋșȍ ȏȈ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ ȕȈ șȊȖȐȝ
ȔȈȠȐȕȈȝ ȗȖ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȒȍ ȕȈ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȋ ȠȚȈȚȍ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒ —  ȔȈȠȐȕȈ

Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȗȘȍȓȖȎȕȖ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖ țȏȈȒȖȕȍȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ șȈȔȈȧ ȚȍȒțȡȈȧ ȕȍȖȉ-
ȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ ȚȍȔȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ-ȔȈȠȐȕȈ-

112
ȔȐ ȟȚȖ ȏȖȊțȚșȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕȈȔȐ
ǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚ ȉóȓȤȠțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȌȖ ȕȈȒȖȗȓȍȕȐȧ Ȍȍȕȍȋ
 ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ
ǿȈșȚȤ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȒȐ Ȑ ȚȍȒțȡȐȑ șȟȍȚ ȒțȌȈ ȖȚ-
ȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȍȕȤȋț
DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ — ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ — Ȋșȍ Ȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ ȥȚȐ ȌȖ-
ȊȖȓȤȕȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȕȍșȚȐ Ȋ ȉȈȕȒ
ǵȖ ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȏȍ ȥȚȐ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ  Ȑ  ȟȈșȖȊ Ȋ șțȚȒȐ"
ǹȚȘȈȕȈ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȖȉȍȌȕȍȓȈ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȐȠȕȐȝ ȟȈșȖȊ
ȏȈșȓțȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȖȦȏȣ — ȕȖȊȣȝ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
Ǫ ȚȖȔ-ȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȧ șȚȘȈȕȈ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȘȍȠȈȦ-
ȡȐȔ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ©ȟȚȖ șȒȈȎțȚ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȣª
Ǩ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȕȖ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ
Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ — ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȈ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȒȘțȋ
ȎȍȓȚȣȝ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȖȊ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȊșȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȈ Ȟȍ-
ȕȖȦ ȚȘțȌȖȊ Ȑ șȓȖȊ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȖȊ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȋȖȚȖȊ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ - ȟȈșȖȊ ȕȖ
șȓȍȌȐȚ ȏȈ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȓȓȈȘ ȐȔ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȔȣȑ ȉȣȓ ©ȗȖȓȕȣȔ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȔª
ǰ ȟțȚȤ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȗȖȌȖȘȖȎȈȍȚ — ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȏȈȉȈșȚȖȊȒȈ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȔȈȧ
ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȈȔȐ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȔȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ǺȘȍȉțȦȚ ȕȍ țȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȐȧ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȟȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ Ȉ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȕȖȑ ȗȓȈȚȣ
Ǩ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȘȐșțȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȏȈȔȍȚȒȖȑ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȘțșșȒȖȑ
ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ȊȣȝȖȌȧȡȍȑ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ Ȑ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ ȒȘȈșȕȖȑ
ʟ˃˄˔ˍ˃ˢ ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˃ ˓˃˄ˑ˕ ˖ ʣˑ˓ˇ˃
ˑ˔˖ˉˇ˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˅ ʏːˆˎˋˋ.
ʠˋ˔˕ˈˏ˃ ˓˃˄ˑ˕ ː˃ ˗˃˄˓ˋˍ˃˘ ˃˅˕ˑˏˑ˄ˋˎ˟ːˑˆˑ ˏ˃ˆ-
ː˃˕˃ ʣˑ˓ˇ˃ ˒ˑˇ˅ˈ˓ˆ˃ˎ˃˔˟ ˓ˈˊˍˑˏ˖ ˑ˔˖ˉˇˈːˋˡ ː˃ ˍˑː-
˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˋ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎˈˌ ˓˃˄ˑ˚ˋ˘ ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˌǡ ˔ˑ˔-
˕ˑˢ˅˛ˈˌ˔ˢ ːˈˇ˃˅ːˑ ˅ ʐˎˋ˃ˎ ʙˑˎˎˈˇˉˈ ȋʝˍ˔˗ˑ˓ˇȌǤ
ʑˋˇː˞ˈ ˃ːˆˎˋˌ˔ˍˋˈ ˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅ˈːː˞ˈ ˇˈˢ˕ˈˎˋ ˅˞˔-
˕˖˒ˋˎˋ ː˃ ˠ˕ˑˌ ˍˑː˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˋ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˞ ˓˃˄ˑ˕
ː˃ ˗˃˄˓ˋˍ˃˘ ʣˑ˓ˇ˃ǡ ˊ˃ˢ˅ˋ˅ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˠ˕˃ ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˃ — ˇ˖˘ˑ˅-
ːˑˈ ˓˃˄˔˕˅ˑǤ ʛˋ˔˔ ʛ˃˕ˋˑ˔ǡ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˋ˙˃ ˓˃˄ˑ-
˚ˋ˘ ˠˎˈˍ˕˓ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˌ ˍˑˏ˒˃ːˋˋǡ ˊ˃ˢ˅ˋˎ˃ǡ ˚˕ˑ ʣˑ˓ˇ ˅˅ˈˎ
ː˃ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˗˃˄˓ˋˍ˃˘ ˕˃ˍ˖ˡ ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˖ ˓˃˄˔˕˅˃ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˓˃˄ˑ-
˚ˋˈ ːˈ ˅ ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˋ ˏ˞˔ˎˋ˕˟Ǥ
ʜ˃ ˍˑː˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˋ ˒˓ˋ˔˖˕˔˕˅ˑ˅˃ˎˋ ˋ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈ-
ˎˋ ʣˑ˓ˇ˃Ǥ ʝːˋ ˔˕˃˓˃ˎˋ˔˟ ˅˞˔˕˖˒ˋ˕˟ ˅ ˊ˃˜ˋ˕˖ ˈˆˑ ˔ˋ-

113
˔˕ˈˏ˞ǡ ːˑ ˆˑ˔˒ˑˇ˔˕˅˖ˡ˜ˈˈ ˏːˈːˋˈ ˄˞ˎˑǡ ˚˕ˑ ʣˑ˓ˇ
Ǽ˖˄ˋ˅˃ˈ˕ ˇ˖˛ˋ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˓˃˄ˑ˚ˋ˘ ˋ ˇˈˎ˃ˈ˕ ˋ˘ ˇ˖˘ˑ˅ː˞-
ˏˋ ˓˃˄˃ˏˋǽǤ
Ƕȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȏȕȈȦȚ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȋ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȊȖȏ-
ȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȉȐȏȕȍș — ȌȍȓȖ ȌȍȓȖ — ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ — Ȋșȍ
ǰ ȓȐȠȤ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȐȌȍȚ ȒțȓȈȒ ȉȖȒș ȉȖȒș ȉȖȒș
ǿȍȔȗȐȖȕȣ Ȑ ȖȗȧȚȤ — ȉȖȒș Ȑ ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕȣ
DzțȓȈȒ ȉȖȒșȍȘȈ — ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȋȖ ȜȈȊȖȘȐȚȈ ȖȞȍȕȍȕ Ȋ ȉȈșȕȖșȓȖȊȕțȦ șțȔȔț
ȕȍȌȈȊȕȐȑ ȔȈȚȟ șȖȉȘȈȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ  Țȣșȧȟ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ  Țȣ-
șȧȟ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȉȖȍ ǪȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȖ
ȕȈ ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕȍ ȉȖȒșȈ — ǬȥȔȗșȍȍ ǵȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖ-
Ȏȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȍȊȌȈȓȍȒȍ ȖȚ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ©'DLVPRQGª ǬȈȑșȔȖȕȚ
 Ȍȓȧ
ȐȋȘȣ Ȋ ©ȉȍȑșȉȖȓȓª Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȊȐȌȖȊ șȗȖȘȚȈ
ǪȖȚ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ șȖșȚȧȏȈȕȐȧ ȌȊțȝ ȒȖȔȈȕȌ Ȋ ©ȉȍȑșȉȖȓȓª Ȑ Ȋșȧ șȚȘȈȕȈ șȓȍ-
ȌȐȚ ȗȖ ȘȈȌȐȖ ȏȈ ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȐȋȘȖȒȈ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȔȣȔ ȕȈ ȒȈȘ-
Țȍ DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȖȔ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȐȋȖȘȕȣȝ ȗȈȘȚȐȑ
ǵȈ țȓȐȞȍ ț ȒȈȘȚȣ ȋȌȍ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȦȚ ȝȖȌ ȐȋȘȣ — ȊȖȏȋȓȈșȣ ȚȖ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȣȍ ȚȖ
ȏȓȖȉȕȣȍ — ȐȋȘȈ ȐȌȍȚ
ǰȋȘȈ Ȋ ȘȈȏȋȈȘȍ«
Ǫ ȥȚȐ ȔȐȕțȚȣ — ȟȚȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȌȖ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ȌȖ ǹǹǹǸ ȌȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ ǬȈțȥșȈ
DzȚȖ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȍȚ"
ǿȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȍșȍȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȐȕțȚț ȘȈȌȐȖ"
DzȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔ ȒȐșȓȖȘȖȌ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȚȖȟȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȎȐȏ-
ȕȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȕțȎȍȕ șȗȖȘȚ
Ǫșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ șȓȍȌȐȚ ȏȈ șȊȖȐȔȐ șȗȖȘȚșȔȍȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈ țșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ Șȍ-
ȒȖȘȌȈȔȐ
DzȚȖ Ȏȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ǼȓȖȘȈȕș ǩȍȒ -ȓȍȚȕȧȧ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐșȚȒȈ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘ ǴȐ-
ȕȍȈȗȖȓȐș ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȈ șȌȍȓȈȚȤșȧ ȔȐȘȖȊȣȔ ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕȖȔ Ȋ ȗȘȣȎȒȍ Ȋ ȊȣȠȐȕț"
ǭȍ ȗȘȣȎȖȒ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȌȖ  ȜțȚ Ȑ  ȌȦȑȔ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ  ȌȦȑȔȈ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ
ȘȍȒȖȘȌ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȖȓȐȔȗȐȑșȒȐȝ ȐȋȘȈȝ DzȚȖ Ȏȍ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ"
ǺȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȑ ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕ ȓȈțȕ-ȚȍȕȕȐșȈ Ǩȓ-
ȓȈȕ ǫȍȘȈȉȖȓȤȌ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓ șȊȖȍ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖ ȘȐșȒț Ȑ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȗț-
ȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ǨȚȓȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȒȍȈȕ Ȑȏ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț Ȋ  Ȍȕȧ
ǰȔȍȕȈȔȐ ȥȚȐȝ ȋȍȘȖȍȊ ȊȖȖȌțȠȍȊȓȍȕȣ Ȑ ȎȐȊțȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ Ȑȝ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȣ
— ȊȍȏȌȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȗ ȕȐȝ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ — șȚȖȓȉȞȣ ǵȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȈȘț ȕȍȌȍȓȤ ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȧȚ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȑ Ȗ ȋȍȘȖȧȝ țȎȍ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȐȚ
Ǩ ȗȖȒȈ ǬȥȔȗșȍȑ — ȓȦȉȐȔȍȞ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȍȋȖ
ȒțȓȈȒȈ Ȑ ©ȌȍȓȈª ȕțȎȕȖ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȚȘȍȚȤȍ — ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȔȖȍ ȕȈ ȘȍȒȓȈȔȈȝ —
șȔȍȦȡȈȧșȧ ȜȐȏȐȖȕȖȔȐȧ

114
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȕțȎȍȕ șȔȍȝ — ȊȍșȍȓȤȍ ǵȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ©șȗȘȖșª
ȅȚȐȔ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȘȖȌȐȕȈ ȔȦȏȐȒ-ȝȖȓȓȈ ȥȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȝ
ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ
ǹȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȍșȚȤ ȕȖ ȖȕȖ ȒțȓȤȚȐȊȐȘțȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȉ Ȍȓȧ
ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ — ȉțȘȖȓȍșȒ ȘȖȌ ȜȘȐȊȖȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȖ-
ȌȍȊȐȓȧ ș ȊșȚȈȊȕȣȔȐ ȕȖȔȍȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ș ©ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȖȑ ȌȐȊȍȘȚȐșȔȍȕȚȈª
ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȋșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȖȌȍȘȎȐȔȈ ȗȓȧșȒȖȑ ȜȖȒș-ȚȘȖȚȚȣ ȠȐȔȔȐ ȦȚȞ —
Ȑȝ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȦȚșȧ ȖȕȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȖȌȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ
ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȌȘȖȉȤ ȌȎȈȏȈ ȕȍȋȘȐȚȧȕșȒȖȋȖ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȈ
 Ȑ ȊȖȚ ȗȓȧȠțȚ țȎȍ
ȗȖȌ ȔțȏȣȒț ǪȈȋȕȍȘȈ ǩȍȚȝȖȊȍȕȈ ǬȍȉȦșșȐ ǺȈȕȞȈȔȐ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ȌȍȕȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ
ȕȈȏȈȊȚȘȈ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȍȚȤ Ȋ ©ȗȖȌȏȍȔȒȍª ǫțȌȏȖȕȖȊ ȏȈȓȐȊ Ȑ ȕȈ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȟȈ-
șȈȝ ȊșȚȈȊȐȊ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȘșȚȐȍ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȟțȦ ȒȈȘȚȖȟȒț ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȕȣȑ
ȒȘȈșȕȣȔȐ ȉțȒȊȈȔȐ ȟȈș Ȑ ȔȐȕțȚț ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ț șȚȈȕȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȕȚȖȘȒȐ
Ǩ ȕȈ ȟȍȘȕȖȔ ȕȍȉȍ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȖȔ ȌȕȍȔ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȉȍȋȈȍȚ șȊȍȚȖȊȖȑ ȈȊȚȖ
ȒțȊȣȘȒȈȍȚșȧ ȈȥȘȖ ȊȣȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȧ ȔȈȘȒț ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȜȐȘȔȣ ȒȈȟȈȍȚșȧ ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚ
șȖȚȒȈȕȕȣȑ Ȑȏ șȊȍȚȈ — șȓȖȊȖȔ ȘȍȒȓȈȔȕȣȍ ȊȖȗȓȐ ȉȐȏȕȍșȈ ȕȍ ȌȈȦȚ ȏȈȉȣȚȤ
ȟȚȖ ȌȖȓȓȈȘ ȏȊȍȕȐȚ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ©ȗȖȓȕȣȔª ȟȚȖ ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕ
ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȚȖ Ȉ ȗȍȊȐȞȈ — șȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȚȖ
©ǬȧȌȧ ǹȈȔª ȓȦȉțȧșȤ șȊȖȐȔ ȉȖȒșȍȘșȒȐȔ ȒțȓȈȒȖȔ șȐȌȐȚ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȈȝ–
ȉȐȏȕȍș ȏȊȍȕȧȡȐȝ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ Ȑ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘțȍȚ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȍ ȏțȉȣ Ƕȕ
șȔȍȍȚșȧ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȗȖȔȕȐȚ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȚȖȚ ȒȚȖ șȔȍȍȚ-
șȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ
,,, ǸǮǸ ǮǺdzǾǶǸǮ ǿDzdzǹǮǹǮǿȊ ǮǺdzǾǶǸǼǷ
Ǵȣ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȍȔț ȏȈȋȖȓȖȊȒȈ ȕȈ ȜȈȒȚȈȝ
ǼȈȒȚ ȗȍȘȊȣȑȊȋȖȌțȊǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍȉȣȓȈȗțȡȍȕȈȗȍȘȊȈȧȒȖȕȒȈ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț Ȓ ȒȖȕȒȍ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐȕȐȓȐ  ȊȈȋȖȕȖȊ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȚȘȈȔ-
ȊȈȧǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȑȝ ȕȍȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ șȚȈȓȐ șȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȍ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ
DzȖȕȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȣȚȍșȕȍȕȈ ȚȘȈȔȊȈȍȔ
ǹ  ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ șȖȉȊȍȐ ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȣȍ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ
 ǯȈ  ȓȍȚ
ȊȍșȤ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȉȣȓ ȐȏȘȣȚ ȗȖȌȏȍȔȕȣȔȐ ȚțȕȕȍȓȧȔȐ
ǷȖșȚȘȖȑȒȈ ȗțȚȍȑ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȔȐȕțȚț
ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔ șȊȖȍȔ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȍ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐ-
ȚȍȓȤ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȏȒȈȔ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț ȟȚȖ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȗȘȐ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ
șȗȖșȖȉȈȝ ȗȍȘȍȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȖȉșȓțȎȐȚȤ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒ ȗȖ șȓȍ-

115
ȌțȦȡȍȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ
©ǵȍȚ ȕȐȒȖȋȖ ȒȚȖ ȉȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ȕȈȌ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȗȓȈȕȈȔȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȣ
ȚȍȒțȡȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȖȑª
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȊȖȏȌțȝ ȉțȌȍȚ șȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȘȍȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ
ǹȓȖȊȖ ȏȈ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ
Ǽ Ȉ Ȓ Ț Ȋ Ț Ȗ Ș Ȗ ȑ DzȖȔȗȈȕȐȧ ǫȊȘȍȚȘȈȔ ǫȘȖșȊȍȕȍȘ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓȈ Ȗ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ
ȗȘȖȍȒȚȈ -ȥȚȈȎȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȉȖșȒȘȍȉȈ
©Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǿȐșȓȖ ȗȖȌȢȍȔȕȣȝ
ȔȈȠȐȕ ȌȖȑȌȍȚ ȌȖ  ǿȐșȓȖ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȖȊ ȌȖȑȌȍȚ ȌȖ« «ª ȝȊȖșȚ ȕț-
ȓȍȑ
 ǿȐșȓȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚ...... Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǼȈȒȚ ȚȘȍȚȐȑȊȋȖȌțȉȣȓȈțșȚȘȖȍȕȈȗȍȘȊȈȧȊȣșȚȈȊȒȈȥȓȍȒ-
ȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȚȖ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȍȍ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȅȌȐșșȖȕ ȍȌȊȈ
ȕȈȠȍȓ  ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȈ șȊȖȐ  ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȈȔȗȖȟȍȒ șȐȓȖȑ Ȋ 
șȊȍȟȍȑ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ
ǹȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ț ȖȌȕȖȑ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȅȌȐșșȖȕȈ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȤ
ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȈ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȖȒțȗȈȍȚ  ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȈȔȗ șȐȓȖȑ
 șȊȍȟȍȑ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ
ȅȚȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ  ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȈȕȞȐȑ
Ǽ Ȉ Ȓ Ț ȟ ȍ Ț Ȋ ȍ Ș Ț ȣ ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȈȧ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȑ
Ȋ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȖȚȍȝȕȐȒȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȐȏȈȌțȔȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȓȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ
ǹȗȐșȖȒ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȈȠȐȕ ȈȗȗȈȘȈȚȖȊ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȑ ȏȈȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȚȖȓ-
șȚțȦ ȒȕȐȋț
Ǩ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ Ȋșȧ ȥȚȈ ȚȖȓșȚȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ șȊȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȐȔȍȕȐ — ǺȖȔȈșȈ
ȅȌȐșșȖȕȈ
ǵȍ ȉțȌȤ ȍȋȖ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȗțȚȍȑ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ ȝȊȈȚȐȓȖ ȉȣ
ǵȍ ȉțȌȤ ȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ Ȗȉ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ǵȍȟȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ
ȏȕȈȚȤ — ǨȔȍȘȐȒț ȖȚȒȘȣȓ ȅȌȐșșȖȕ
,9 ǸǾǮȀǸǼ — Ǽǯ ǮǺdzǾǶǸǮǻȄǮȃ Ƕ Ƕȃ DZǼǾDzǼǿȀǶ
ȀȈȓȖȗȈȐ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚȣ ȉȘȖȌȧȋȐ ȕȍțȌȈȟȕȐȒȐ — ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ
Ǫ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ ȕȈȌ ȐȕȌȍȑȞȈȔȐ — ȗȍȘȊȈȧ țȌȈȟȈ dzȦȌȐ
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȓȦȌȐ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȓȐ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț — ȗȘȈȒ-
ȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țȔ ȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȊȖȎȈȒȖȔ Ȋ ȗȖȐșȒȈȝ țȓțȟȠȍȕȐȧ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǵȍ ȉȣ-
ȓȖ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ ǹȚȘȍȔȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǻșȗȍȊȈȓȐ ǰ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕșȒȐȔ țșȗȍȝȈȔ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȔȖȋ ȅȌȐșșȖȕ
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȏȈȘȧȌȐȓȈșȤ ȍȋȖ ©ȚȖȒȖȔª Ȑ ȗȖȠȓȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖ șȗȘȈ-

116
ȠȐȊȈȍȚ ț ȕȖȊȖ-ȗȘȐȍȏȎȍȋȖ ȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȓȐ ȍȔț ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏ Ȕȣ șȚȈ-
ȘȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȓȖȔȈȕȖȔ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȍ ȊȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ
șȖȊșȍȔ ǵȖ ȖȕȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ ©ǿȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȚȤ ȧȏȣȒȈ — ȊȖș-
ȒȓȐȞȈȍȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ — Ȋȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȍ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤª
ǬȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ǭȊȘȖȗȖȑ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ©ȍȋȖ
șȚȘȈȕȈ — ȓțȟȠȈȧ Ȑȏ șȚȘȈȕª ǵȈȘȖȌ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȌȍȚșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȕȍ
ȐȔȍȧ ȍȍ ȗȖ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȔȈȓȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȥȚȐȔ
ǺȈȒ ȊȍȓȖșȤ ȌȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ«
ǵȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȘȈșȒȘȣȓȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞț Ȑ — ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ — ȗȘȖȓȍȚȈȘȐȦ
9 ȅȀǼ ȀǮǸǼdz ǻǮȁǸǮ Dzǹȍ ǮǺdzǾǶǸǮǻȄǮ
ǩȖȓȤȠȍ șȚȈ ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ț ȞȍȗȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȖȏȍȘ Ȋ ȕȣȕȍ-
ȠȕȍȔ ȠȚȈȚȍ ǪȐșȒȖȕșȐȕ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȖȚ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ
 țȚȓȣȍ ȐȕȌȍȑșȒȐȍ ȓȖȌȖȟȒȐ ȗȘȖ-
ȘȍȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȊȖȌȕȖȍ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȖȘțȎȐȍ ȊȖȎȌȧ ©ǶȘȓȐȕȣȑ
ȒȓȦȊª ȌȖȉȣȊȈȓȖ ȗȐȡț Ȍȓȧ ȗȓȍȔȍȕȐ
ǻȚȓȣȍ ȓȖȌȖȟȒȐ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȐșȤ șȓȍȌ ȖȚ ȊȖȎȌȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȓȍȔȍȕȐ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȖȘț-
ȎȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȠȓȖ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ
ǻȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚșȒȐȑ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǴȍȌȐșșȖȕ ș  șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȘȈșȒȐȕțȓșȧ ț ȖȏȍȘȈ
Ǫ ȓȖȌȒȈȝ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȒȘȈșȕȖȒȖȎȐȝ ȌȖȉȣȊȈȊȠȐȝ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȖȗȐȚȈȕȐȍ ȡȍȋȖȓȧȦȚ
șȚțȌȍȕȚȣ Ȋ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȖȚȌȣȝȈ
ǹȓȍȌ ©ǶȘȓȐȕȖȋȖ ȒȓȦȊȈª Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȒȈȔȕȧ ț țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚșȒȖȑ ȖȉșȍȘȊȈȚȖȘȐȐ
ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ Ȗ ȕȍȔ Ȉ ȖȘțȎȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȓȍȎȐȚ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚșȒȖȔ Ȕțȏȍȍ
ǯȈȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ ©ȗȓȍȔȧª ȘȈșȒȐȕțȓȖșȤ ț ȖȏȍȘȈ ©ȗȓȍȔȧ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊª«
ǼțȚȉȖȓȤȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȈ ǴȍȌȐșșȖȕșȒȖȋȖ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ — ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ǹȚț-
ȌȍȕȚ-ȜțȚȉȖȓȐșȚ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȚȤ Ȑȏ țȟȍȉȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ — ȏȈ ȕȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȦȚ
ȌȘțȏȤȧ
ǪȖȐȕșȒȐȑ ȒȓȐȟ ȗȓȍȔȍȕȐ ©ǶȘȓȐȕȖȋȖ ȒȓȦȊȈª ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȈȚȤșȧ
©ǷȓȍȔȧª șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȈ ȜțȚȉȖȓȤȕȖȔ ȔȈȚȟȍ  ȋȓȖȚȖȒ
șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȊȣȗțșȒȖȊ șȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȍȎȍȋȖȌȕȖ ȕȈ ȔȈȚȟ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȟȈȦȚ ȒȓȐȟȍȔ ȉȖȑȞȖȊ-ȜțȚȉȖȓȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȎȈȦȚ ș ȗȖȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȗȈȊȠȍȋȖ
ȉȍȏ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ș ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȖȔ ȘȍȉȘȈ ȘțȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȕȖȋȐ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ ȥȚȖ ȟȈșȚȖ

ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȊȖȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȓȐȟȍȔ
Ǫ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ ȐȌțȚ ȗȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȕȍ Ȑȏ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ ȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȑȏț-
ȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈ Ȉ ȐȏțȟȈȦȚ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȏȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȐ ǹȓȍȌ-
șȚȊȐȍ — ©ȉȐȏȕȍșª ȌȍȓȖ
 ǬȍȓȖ — ȌȍȕȤȋȐ
ǹ ȥȚȐȔ ȘȈșȟȍȚȖȔ ȊȍȌȍȚșȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ
ǪȘȈȟ ȕȍ ȒȖȔȔȍȘșȈȕȚ ȗȖ ȕȈȚțȘȍ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȍȚ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȒȈȘȤȍȘȣ Ȑ șȓȍȌȖ-

117
ȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȘȈȟȖȔ
ǰ ȕțȎȕȖ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȕȈ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȔ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ
ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȞȐȐ
DzȕȐȋȈ ǻȗȚȖȕȈ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘȈ ©ǫțșȐȕȣȑ ȠȈȋª ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ ȖȉȘȐșȖȊȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȖ-
ȎȍȕȐȍ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ ȕȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȒȚȖ șȖȏȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȍȍ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖ-
Ȕț ȥȚȈ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȉțȘȦ ȕȍȋȖȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȔȍȡȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȖȚȈ — șȘȍȌȐ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ
ǺȈȒ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȗȖȌȔȍȕȐȓ Ȋșȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȍ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȔȈ-
ȓȍȕȤȒȐȔ ȥȋȖȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȐȍȔ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȊȏȊȍȠȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȏȖ-
ȓȖȚȖ Ȉ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȈțȒȐ — ȚțȗȍȚȤ ȖȚ ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȎȐȘȈ
9, ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ ǾǼǿȀǮ ǵǮǺǼǾǿǸǼDZǼ ǰȁǻDzdzǾǸǶǻDzǮ
ǰșȚȖȘȐȦ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ
ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ — șȖ Ȍȕȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ DzȖȓțȔȉ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȍȟȈȧȕȕȣȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍȔ ȗȖ-
ȓȖȎȐȓ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȊșȍȔ ȉțȌțȡȐȔ ȕȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖșȚȧȔ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȑ ȌȖ ȗȧȚȐȌȍșȧȚȣȝ ȋȖ-
ȌȖȊ ;,; ȊȍȒȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ — ș șȍȘȍȌȐȕȣ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȍȋȖ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ — ș
ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ;; ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȌȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȑ — ș  ȋȖȌȈ
ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȖ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȕȈȧ șȚȘȈȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ șȚȈȓȈ Ȕȍș-
ȚȖȔ ȗȈȓȖȔȕȐȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȐșȒȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚȖȊ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȈȊ-
ȠȐȝșȧ ȌȍȓȤȞȖȊ ȉȓțȌȕȣȝ șȣȕȖȊȍȑ Ȑ Ț Ȍ șȓȖȊȖȔ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȐșȗȘȈȊȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȌȖȔȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȉțȑȕȣȝ șȣȕȖȊȍȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ǹȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț ȕȈȔ
ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȥȚȈȒȐȔ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȖȘȣȊȖȔ ȕȍȌȈȘȖȔ Ȏȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȔȖ-
ȋȐȒȈȕȍ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȒȐ — ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȐȍ ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐșȚȣ — ȉȍȋȈȓȐ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț

șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȖȑ ȥȗȐȌȍȔȐȍȑ ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȍ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ ȟȍȔ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗțȓȤ Ȑ ȔȍșȚȕȣȝ ȘȖȔȈȕȖȊ ȟȍȔ
ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ǵȖ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȘȣȕȖȒ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȉ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ — ȒȈȘ-
ȔȈȕ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ ȒțȗȞȖȊ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȗȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȓȖșȤ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȈȓȖȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȑ ȒțȗȟȐȕȈ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ;,; ȊȍȒȈ șȌȊȐȕțȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȍȝȈȓ Ȋ șȚȘȈ-
ȕț ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȓ ȟȖȘȚț ȕȈ ȒțȓȐȟȒȐ ȌȈ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚțȦ
ǷȘȐȍȝȈȊ Ȏȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț ȒțȗȟȐȕȈ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓ ȖȌȕț ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ
ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ș ȚȖȑ ȗȖȘȣ ȏȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȖȑ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ — șȚȘȈ-
ȕȈ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȐȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖȎȐȌȈȚȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȚȈȒȈȧ
©ȕȍȕȈȌȍȎȕȈȧª șȚȘȈȕȈ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȐȏțȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȑ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ
ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȈȝȖȌȒȖȑ ǵȖ ȚȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈ Ȧȋȍ ȋȌȍ ȒȖȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ
ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȗȘȐȉȣȊȠȐȍ ȗȖșȍȓȍȕȞȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ
ȏȊȍȘșȒȖȑ ȥȒșȗȓȖȈȚȈȞȐȐ ȞȊȍȚȕȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȊ

118
ǵȈ șȍȊȍȘȍ Ȏȍ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȍ ȗțȘȐȚȈȕȍ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȐ ȜȈȕȈȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȒȘȍȗȒȖȑ ȊȍȘȣ ȐșȗȘȖȉȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȖȋȕȍȔ Ȑ ȊȖȌȖȑ Ȋ
ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȥȚȐȝ șȓȖȊ — ȥȚȖȚ ȕȈȘȖȌ ș ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȉȐȓșȧ ȕȈȌ
ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȖȑ șȒȈȓȐșȚȖȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ ǹȍȊȍȘȕȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ
ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȕȈȟȈȓȈșȤ ȒȖȓȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȌȍȊșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȍȔȍȓȤ ȏȈȗȈȌȈ Ȑ șȘȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȏȈ-
ȗȈȌȈ ǵȈȟȈȓșȧ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ǷȐȖȕȍȘ-ȗțȘȐȚȈȕȐȕ ș ȕȍȔȣȔ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋȖȔ ȖȉȕȈ-
ȘțȎȐȓ ȕȍȐșȟȍȘȗȈȍȔȣȍ șȍȓȤșȒȖ-ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȚȘȈȕȣ ǺȘțȌȕȖ-
șȚȐ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ș șȍȔȤȧȔȐ Ȑ țȚȊȈȘȤȦ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȈȧ ȉȖȘȤȉȈ ș ȒȘȈșȕȖȒȖȎȐȔȐ
ȗȖșȔȍȊȠȐȔȐ ȊȖșșȚȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȟȐȒȖȊ Ȑȝ ȏȍȔȍȓȤ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȍ țșȐȓȐȧ
ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȟȈșȚȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔȐ ȖșȖ-
ȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧȔȐ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȖ ș ȘȍȌȒȐȔ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȕȍȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȟȍșȒȐȔ ȝȓȈȌȕȖȒȘȖȊȐȍȔ
ǰ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȐ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ
ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ Ȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗȘȐȕȖșȧȚ ȖȉȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȓȖȌȣ Ȑ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȦȚ
ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ȉȓȈȋȖșȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ǩȣșȚȘȖȚȈ ȖȉȖȋȈȡȍȕȐȧ ȊȓȍȒȓȈ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ țȊȍ-
ȓȐȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕțȎȌȣ ȜȍȘȔȍȘȖȊ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ șȒȖȘȍȑȠȍȔț ȘȖșȚț Ȋșȍ-
ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȑ ȖȉșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȏȈȎȐȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȏȍȔȓȍȊȓȈ-
ȌȍȓȤȞȍȊ
ǹȚȈȓȖ ȧșȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȕȚȧȑ Ȑ ȉȍȏȌȍȓȤȕȐȒ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȉȍȌȕȧȒȖȔ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȝȖ-
ȘȖȠȐȑ ȟȍșȚȕȣȑ Ȑ ȓȖȊȒȐȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖșȖșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȓțȟȈȚ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍ ȔȈ-
ȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȉȓȈȋ ȍȋȖ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȝ ǺȈȒ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȖȗȘȍȌȍ-
ȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȊȖȑșȚȊ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȝ ȍȋȖ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȕȈȟȈȓ
ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȚȤ Ȋ țȔȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȐȝ ǹ. ȀȚȈȚȣ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȉȍȘȍȎȕȖȋȖ
©ȒțȘȖȘȚȈª Ȋ ȔȖȋțȟȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕȍȕȚ ǹ ȋȖȌȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȈ ȒȘȍȗȓȈ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȋ
ȕȣȕȍȠȕȐȑ ©ȌȖȓȓȈȘȐȏȔª ș ȍȋȖ ȚȧȋȖȑ Ȓ ©ȉȐȏȕȍșțª
ǪșȒȖȘȍ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȉȖȋȈȚȍȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȚȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȋ șȗȍȒțȓȧȚȐȊȕȣȍ
ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ ȗȘȐȎȐȔȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȞȍȊ ȥȒșȗȓȖȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȉȍȌ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȖȒȖȘȧȚȤ Ȑȝ ȊȓȈșȚȤȦ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ǵȈȟȈȓȈșȤ ȚȧȋȈ Ȓ ȊșȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ
ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧȔ ǰ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȈ ȎȈȎȌȈ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ ȊȣȓȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ — Ȋ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȒȖȘȐȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ
ȏȍȔȓȐ ȘȈȏȌȊȐȕțȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ ȗȖȠȓȖ șȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȝ ȌȖȘȖȋ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȉȍȏ ȘȈȏ-
ȉȖȘț ȟȈșȚȕȣȔȐ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ ȏȈȟȍȔ
ȗȖ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȖȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȐȕȐȑ
ǪȖȚ ȚțȚ-ȚȖ Ȑ șȔȖȋȓȐ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȞȣ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ǭșȓȐ
ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȏȈșȓțȋȖȑ ȚȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȕȖ șȚȈȓȖ ȌȍȓȖȔ
ȓȖȊȒȖșȚȐ ȘțȒ ȔȖȠȍȕȕȐȒȈ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȈȧ șȗȍȒțȓȧȞȐȧ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȧȝ ȗȘȐȓȍȋȈȦ-
ȡȐȝ Ȓ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȣȔ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȔ ȘȧȌ ȚȍȔȕȣȝ Ȍȍȓ ȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȣȝ ȒȘȍȗȒȖȑ ȦȘȐȌȐȟȍ-
șȒȖȑ ȠȐȘȔȖȑ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȤ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȓȈ șȘȍȌ-
șȚȊȈ Ȉ ȊȓȈșȚȤ Ȍȍȕȍȋ șȚȈȓȈ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȓȈ
ǵȖ Ȋșȍ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉț Ȑ Ȓ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȖȐȏ-

119
ȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȈ Ȓ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȈȓȖ ȕȍȝȊȈȚȈȚȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ Ȋ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊ
ǰ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȒțȗȞȣ ȒțȗȞȣ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȐ Ȉ ȗȖ ȒȘȖȊȐ șȚȈȓȐ
ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȚȤ Ȓ ȏȈȑȔȈȔ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȟȍȋȖ ǹ ȀȚȈȚȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȜȐ-
ȕȈȕșȖȊțȦ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȣ Ȋ țȗȓȈȚț ȗȘȖȞȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȖ ȏȈȑ-
ȔȈȔ ȊȣȊȖȏȐȚȤ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ șȍȓȤșȒȖ-ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȊ ȏȈ
ȖȒȍȈȕ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȌȍȓȖȊȖȑ țȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ Ȋ ȗȖȋȖȕȍ ȏȈ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ
ȔȕȍȕȐȐ ȟȚȖ ȔȈȠȐȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǰ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȐȑ ȋȘțȌȕȖȑ ȔȓȈȌȍȕȍȞ ș ȥȕȍȘȋȐȍȑ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȌȒȖȊ-ȗȐȖȕȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ș
ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȕȖȑ ȊșȍȗȖȋȓȖȡȈȦȡȍȑ ȎȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȔȈȠȐȕȐȏȐ-
ȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȚȘȈȕț
ǺȈȒ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȘȖșȚȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȧ ;; ȊȍȒȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȖȉȋȖȕȧȦȚ Ȋ Ȑȕ-
ȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȊȖȦ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȕțȦ ȗȘȈȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞț-ǭȊȘȖȗț ǰ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ
ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈ  ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ Ȋ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
 ȓȖȠȈȌȐȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȋ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȑ —  Ȉ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ — 328 (!).
ǺȈȒȖȑ ȋȐȋȈȕȚșȒȐȑ ȘȖșȚ ȔȖȋ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȐ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȍș-
ȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȟȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȒ ȗțȚȍȔ șȗȍȒțȓȧȞȐȑ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȏȈȑȔȖȊ Ǭȓȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖșȚȈ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈ-
ȓȈșȤ ȉȍșȗȖȡȈȌȕȈȧ Ȋșȍ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȦȡȈȧ ȥȒșȗȓȖȈȚȈȞȐȧ șȚȐȘȈȦȡȈȧ Ȋ ȗȣȓȤ Ȕȍȓ-
ȒȐȝ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȋȖȚȖȊȈȧ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȖȌȒț-
ȗȖȔ ȕȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȘȖȊȖȒȈȞȐȍȑ ǰ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȈȠȐȕȈ șȚȈȓȈ ȉȖ-
ȋȖȔ Ȑ ȐȌȍȈȓȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȝȖȚȍȓ Ȑ ȌȖȉȐȊȈȓșȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ
șȊȖȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȑ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǺȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȈȧ ȒȘȖȗȖȚ-
ȓȐȊȈȧ Ȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ Ȋ ȗȈȚȍȕȚȖȊȈȕ-
ȕțȦ ȔȈȠȐȕț Ȍȓȧ ȌȖȉȣȊȈȕȐȧ Ȍȍȕȍȋ
ǵȍ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ — șȚȘȈȕȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚ
ȗȘȈȊȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕȐȕȈ ©ȌȍȓȈȕȐȍȔ Ȍȍȕȍȋª ȥȚȈ șȚȘȈȕȈ ȊșȒȖȘȍ
șȚȈȓȈ șȈȔȖȑ ȉȖȋȈȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȖȑ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȖȉȖȋȕȈȊ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȌȖȝȖ-
ȌȖȔ Ȑ ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȔȐȘȈ Dz  ȋȖȌț ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ
ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ǹ ȀȚȈȚȖȊ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȖ  ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ
ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȓȖșȤ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȞȐȜȘȖȑ  ȔȐȓȓȐȈȘȌȖȊ
ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ Șțȉȓȍȑ Ǩ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȌȖȝȖȌ ȌȖșȚȐȋ  ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ
Șțȉȓȍȑ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȌȖȝȖȌȣ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ǨȊșȚȘȐȐ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ǰȚȈȓȐȐ Ȑ
ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ  ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ Șțȉȓȍȑ
ǵȖ ȒȖȔț ȥȚȖ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ Ȑ ȞȍȕȖȦ ȟȤȍȋȖ ȚȘțȌȈ
ȖȕȖ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȖ" ǵȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ ȖȚȟȍȚ ©ȒȖȔȐșșȐȐ ȖȉșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ
ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐª ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ǶȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
 ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȊȓȈȌȍȍȚ  ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȈ Ȉ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȦ 
ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ  ǶȋȘȖȔȕȍȑȠȐȑ Ȏȍ ȌȖȝȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȚȈȒ ȋȖȘȌȧȚșȧ ȈȔȍ-

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ȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȓșȧ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ  șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȈ
ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȖȊ — ȊșȧȒȐȝ ©ȒȖȘȖȓȍȑª
 ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ Ȋ Ȗȉȡȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ  ȔȐȓ
ȌȖȝȖȌȈ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ¾ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȏȘȖșȓȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ Ȋșȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ
ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ  ȌȖȓ Ȋ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ǫȖȌȐȟȕȣȑ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȖȒ ȊȏȘȖșȓȣȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȏȈ
ȊȣȟȍȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȗțșȒȖȊ ȠȚȘȈȜȖȊ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
 șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ  Șțȉ Ȋ ȋȖȌ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȖ-
ȔȐșșȐȧ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ șȍȔȤȧ Ȋ ȗȧȚȤ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȖȎȐȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ
Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ ȕȈ  ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ
ǺȈȒȖȍ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȓȐȞ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȖ ȖȚ-
ȟȈșȚȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȖȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȐ Ȋ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȕȈȎȐȊț Ǫ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ ȊȚȖ-
ȘȖȔ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȖȊ ȉȍȏȎȈȓȖșȚȕȖ ȉȖȘȖȓȐșȤ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ —
Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ ȗȖșȓȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ - ȋ ȋ ȖȕȐ șȚȈȓȐ
ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ șȓȐȊȈȚȤ ȖȌȕȖȘȖȌȕȣȍ ȗȘȐșȖȍȌȐ-
ȕȧȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ ȗȖȌșȖȉȕȣȍ Ȓ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ Ȑ Ț ȗ ǯȈȚȍȔ țȎȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȖșȤ ȖȉȢȍ-
ȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȖȦȏȣ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȘȈȏȕȖȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȑ ȟȚȖ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȌ-
ȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȖșȤ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȉȈȕȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉȈȕȒȐȘȈȔȐ
ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȓȖȏțȕȋȈ ©ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȣ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȑ-
ȚȍșȤª ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȊȣȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ǺȈȒ Ȓ  ȋȖȌț ȋȘțȗȗȈ ȉȈȕȒȖȊ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș ǴȖȘ-
ȋȈȕȖȔ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȈȓȈșȤ  ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘșȚȊȈȔȐ Ȋ  ȉȈȕȒȈȝ Ȑ șȚȘȈȝȖȊȣȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚ-
ȊȈȝ ȐȔȍȧ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ  ȔȐȓȓ ȌȖȓ  ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘșȚȊ Ȋ  ȔȈȕț-
ȜȈȒȚțȘȕȣȝ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȣȝ Ȑ ȖȉșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȕțȎȌȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧȝ
ș ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȖȔ Ȋ ò ȔȐȓ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ǹȦȌȈ Ȏȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȟȐșȓȐȚȤ  ȌȐȘȍȒ-
ȚȖȘȖȊ ȊȍȌȈȦȡȐȝ  ȚȘȈȕșȗȖȘȚȕȣȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔȐ
ǴȖȎȕȖ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȓȐȞ șȚȖȧȡȐȝ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍ-
ȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǰȝ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ Ȑ ȉȍȏȈȗȍȓȓȧȞȐȖȕ-
ȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȊȓȈșȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȜȍȖȌȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȓȕȧȏȧ
DzȈȒȖȊȈ Ȏȍ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȈ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȑ — ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ
ȚȈȒȖȑ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȜȈȒȚ ǹȚȈȕȌȈȘȚ-ǶȑȓȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ  ȓȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȣȗȓȈȟȐȊȈȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȗȈȑȡȐȒȈȔ  ȔȐȓȓ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ
ȍȎȍȋȖȌȕȖ ȕȈ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ Ȋ  ȔȐȓ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȣȠȍțȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȓ
ȌȍșȧȚȣȔ ȋȖȌȈȔ ;; ȊȍȒȈ șȚȘȈȕȈ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȖșȚȈȊȠȈȧșȧ ȊȍȘȕȖȑ șȈȔȖȑ
șȍȉȍ șȚȈȓȈ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ șȚȘȈȕȖȑ ȟțȌȖȊȐȡȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȖȊ ȕȈ-ȘȧȌț ș ȏȈȒȖ-
ȕȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȖȔ — ȉȍȏȏȈȒȖȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȈȏȉȖȑ ȕȈ-ȘȧȌț șȖ șȒȈȏȖȟȕȖȑ ȘȖșȒȖȠȤȦ —
ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȣȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȈȊ Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȠȒȖ-
ȓȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈșșȈȌȕȐȒȖȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȜȈȉȘȐȒț ȉțȌț-
ȡȐȝ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȞȍȊ ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȓȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚ-
ȊțȦȡțȦ ȥȚȐȒț Ȉ ȎȐȚȍȓȐ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȣ șȚȈȓȐ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȉȖȋȖȔ
ȐȏȉȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ȑ ȗȘ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖșȚȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȑ — ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȐȓȤȕȣȑ
ȌȖȊȖȌ ȟȚȖ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȌțȒȞȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȋ
ȓȐȟȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȧȝ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȝȖȏȧȍȊ șȚȘȈȕȣ șȚȈȓȈ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ

121
ǰ ȧșȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȐȏȉȐȘȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ Ȗ ȊșȍȖȉ-
ȡȍȑ ȊȍȘȍ Ȋ ȉȖȋȈ Ȗ ȌȓȐȕȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȐ ȐȔȍȚȤ ț șȍȉȧ ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȜȓȈȋ
țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȏȈȉȈșȚȖȊȒȐ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȠȚȈȚȈȝ ȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ
 ȖȘȋȈ-
ȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȈȕȚȈȔȐ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȝȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȊȍș șȚȘȈ-
ȝȖȊȈȕȐȦ Ȋ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ șȖȦȏȈȝ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț Dz ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ Ȓ ȟȍȔț
ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ©ȖȚȌȍȓȣ ȉȓȈȋȖțșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȈª ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧȝ ȊȍȌțȡȐȍ ȖșȖ-
ȉȣȍ ȏȈȗȐșȐ Ȗ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȈȝ ȊȒțșȈȝ Ȑ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧȝ șȊȖȐȝ șȓțȎȈȡȐȝ Ȑ ȗțȚȍȔ
ȖșȖȉȖȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȝ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȒȈȒȐȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ
șȓȍȌțȍȚ șȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȗȕ ȔȖȋ ȌȈȚȤ ȔȈȒ-
șȐȔțȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȘțȌȈ
ǰȚȈȒ Ȋșȧ ȥȚȈ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈțȒȐ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȚȘțȌȈ țȒȓȈȌȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ Ț. Ȍ — Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȥȒșȗȓȖȈȚȐȘțȧ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȔȈȒ-
șȐȔțȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȝȖȏȧȍȊ
ǰ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȐȒȈȏȟȐȒȈ ȚȖȘȋțȦȡȍȋȖ ȕȍ Ȍȓȧ țȌȖȊȓȍȚ-
ȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȉ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȧ ȊȣȋȖȌ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȔȍȚȖȊ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ ȥȚȐ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȐȌȖȓȖȔ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȗȘȖȌȈȊȍȞ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȧȍȚșȧ — ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ ȕțȎȕȣȑ
Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȍȓȧ ȉțȌȍȚ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȔ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȊȖȓȐ ȒțȗȐȚȤ ȚȖȚ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȚȖȊȈȘ
ǵȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȥȚț ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖ șȓȖȎȕțȦ Ȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎ-
ȕțȦ ȚȖȘȋȖȊțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȌȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȘȈȏ-
ȊȐȚȤșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȍȑ ȉȣ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ ǵȍ țșȗȍȊ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐȏțȟȐȚȤ ȏȈ-
ȖȒȍȈȕșȒȐȑ ȘȣȕȖȒ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȟȐșȓȈ ȊȣșȖȒȖȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ
ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȘțȒ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȓȈ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ șȊȖȦ ȗȘȖȌțȒȞȐȦ ȕȈ șȊȖȑ
ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȘȣȕȖȒ Ȑ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȣȊȈȧ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȑ ȘȣȕȖȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ -
 ȗȘȖȌțȒȞȐȐ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗț — ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȒȖȕȚ-
ȘȖȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȍȕȍȎȕȣȝ ȒȈșș ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȍȑ ȗȐȠțȡȐȝ ȔȈȠȐȕȖȒ ȊȍȓȖșȐȗȍȌȖȊ Ȑ
Ț Ȍǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȊȈȓȍȕȈ ȒȖ-
ȓȖșșȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȒȈȏȈȔȐ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȚȤșȧ Ȑȏ șȚȘȈȕȣ
ȈȋȘȈȘȕȖȋȖ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚȈ Ȋ șȚȘȈȕț ȈȋȘȈȘȕȖ-ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚȈ
ǺȈȒ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȣȑ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȘȖșȚȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȥȒȖȕȖ-
ȔȐȒȐ
ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȕȈȟȐȕȈȧ ș  ȋȖȌȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȊȣȊȖȏ ȉȍșȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȖ ȊȖȏ-
ȘȈșȚȈȍȚ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȊȣȊȖȏ —  ȔȐȓ ȌȖȓȓ Ȉ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț țȎȍ  ȔȐȓ
ȌȖȓȓ
ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓșȧ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ©ȖȋȓțȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑª Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈș-
ȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǹ ȀȚȈȚȣ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȏȍȔ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȠȈȘȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȚ  ȔȐȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȗȠȍȕȐȞȣ  ȔȐȘȖ-
ȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ ȎȍȓȍȏȈ  ȔȐȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ șȚȈȓȐ  ȕȍȜȚȐ

 ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȍȑ*.
ǷȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚȐȘțȍȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȌțȒȞȐȐ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ
ȜȐȕȈȕșȖȊȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ șȚȘȈȕȣ Ȑ ș  ȋ ȗȖ  ȋ ȊȣȊȖȏ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȗȘȍȊȣșȐȓ
ȊȊȖȏ Ȑȏ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȕȈ  ȔȐȓ Șțȉȓȍȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȈ Ȏȍ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȤ ȥȚț
ȋȘȖȔȈȌȕțȦ ȘȈȏȕȐȞț ȊȣȊȖȏȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ
ȟȍȔț ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȏȖȓȖȚȈ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ Ȓ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȓȖșȤ ȌȖ
ò ȔȐȓȓȐȈȘȌȖȊ Șțȉȓȍȑ Ț-ȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȣ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȏȈȗȈșȈ ȏȖȓȖȚȈ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ǬȈȓȍȍ — ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȌȈȚȤ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȈȒȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖȉȓȐȋȈȞȐȐ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȌȈȓȈ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȘȈȕșȗȖȘȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ;,; ȊȍȒȍ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ
ȉȣȓȈ ȓȐȒȊȐȌȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ ȏȈȌȖȓȎȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǹ ȀȚȈȚȖȊ Ȋ  ȔȐȓȓȐȈȘȌȖȊ Șțȉ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȊ șȊȖȐ ȌȍȕȍȎȕȣȍ ȏȈȗȈșȣ ǭȊȘȖȗȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȒț-
ȗȈȚȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȣ Ȋ ȒȘȍȌȐȚ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȌȖȓȎ-
ȕȐȒȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȍșȤ ȔȐȘ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȔȐȓȓȐȈȘȌȖȊ
Șțȉȓȍȑ
ǺȈȒȖȊȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȋȖ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȞȍȕȚȘ ȊșȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȊȣȊȍ-
ȏȍȕ Ȑȏ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȋ ȕȖȊțȦ șȚȘȈȕț
Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȕȣ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ
ǪȣȘȖșȠȈȧ ȏȈ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟ-
ȕȖȋȖ șȉȣȚȈ Ȉ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȉȣȚȖȒ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ ȕȍȒțȌȈ ȌȍȚȤ Ȋ șȈȔȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ǰ ȊȖȚ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȏȈȕȧȓȐșȤ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȔ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȖȒȖȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȊșȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ
ǵȈȟȈȊ ș ȉȓȐȏȓȍȎȈȡȐȝ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȆȎȕȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȖȕȐ
ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ DzȐȚȈȑ ǷȍȘșȐȦ ǺțȘȞȐȦ
Ȉ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȗȓȈȕț ǬȈțȥșȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȣȕȍșȚȐ
șȊȖȑ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȦȦ ǭȊȘȖȗț
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐȏȔ Ȋ șȈȔȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋ ȗȘȍ-
ȌȍȓȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ Ȑ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȏȌȍșȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ǺȈȒȖȑ ȒȖȓȖș-
șȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȘȖșȚ ȗȘȐȊȍȓ Ȓ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȖȉȖșȚȘȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȔ ȒȓȈșșȖȊȣȝ
ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȊȣȊȖȌȣ ȒȖȐȝ șȈȔȐ șȖȉȖȦ ȧșȕȣ
ǰ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȉȖȋȈ-ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ — ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ
ȖȚȘȈȎȈȓȖșȤ Ȑ Ȋ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȋȌȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȐșȒȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȒȈ ȍȡȍ șȓȈȉȣȑ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȐ-
șȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȊȣȝȖȌ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȐȎȍ
_____
* ɐɢɮɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɋɚɬɧɟ

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9,, ǽǾǼǽǮǹǮ ǸȁǹȊȀȁǾǮ
ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȟȈșȚ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȚȍȈȚȘ șȓȍȌțȍȚ — țȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ Țȍ ȖȉȡȐȍ ȉȣȚȖȊȣȍ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȣ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȑ ȍȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ
ǰ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧ Ȓ ȊȖȗȘȖșț Ȗȉ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȕȍȖȉ-
ȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȋȖȘȍȊȠȍȔșȧ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧȘȖșȚȕȖȔ șȗȖȘȍ
— șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȓȐ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ȐȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȊȖȊșȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ,
ȏȈȔȍȕȍȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȔ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȐȏȔȖȔ Ȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȕȖȑ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ
ǶȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȖȚ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȑ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ
ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍȔ ©ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȣª
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ șȒȓȈȌȒȈ țȔȈ ȚȧȕȍȚ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ©ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔțª ȒȘțȗȕȖȔț Ȑ ȏȈ-
ȕȧȚȣȑ ȌȍȓȖȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓ ȕȐ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȐ ȎȍȓȈȕȤȧ ȏȈȌțȔȣȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȕȈȌ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȗșȐȝȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȈȌ ȏȈȍȌȈȦȡȍȑ ǭȊȘȖȗț ȔȍȚȈȜȐ-
ȏȐȒȖȑ ȕȈȌ ©ȊȣșȖȒȐȔȐ ȐȌȍȈȓȈȔȐª Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ ȈȚȘȐȉțȚȈȔȐ ș ȍȋȖ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ ©ȒȖȔȜȖȘȚȈª
ǰȌȍȈȓȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȚȤ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȖȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ șȚȍș-
ȕȍȕȣ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȗȖșȖȉȓȍȕȣ Ȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔț ȏȈȌȈȕȐȦ ǰ șȚȘȍȔȧșȤ Ȓ
ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȐȌȍȈȓȈȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȊȣȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȦȡțȦ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑȞȈ
ȉȣșȚȘȖȚț ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗțȋȈȦȡțȦ șȊȖȍȑ ȉȍșȗȖȡȈȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍ-
ȕȐȦ Ȓ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ©ȌȍȓȈª ǶȚșȦȌȈ ț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚ Ȋșȍ șȊȖȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȧȚȐȧ
Ǩ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȐȌȍȈȓȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ șȊȖȌȧȚșȧ ȊșȍȋȖ-ȕȈ-ȊșȍȋȖ Ȓ ȋȖȓȖȑ ȉȖ-
ȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȐȍ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧȡȍȑ Ȋ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȒțȓȤȚ Țȍȝ
ȖȘțȌȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȦȚ ȥȚȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ǷȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖ — ȊȖȚ ȉȖȋ Ȋ ȟȍșȚȤ
ȍȋȖ șȓȈȋȈȦȚșȧ ȚȍȒșȚȣ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ Ȋ șȈȔțȦ șȈȕȚȐȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕțȦ ȓȐ-
ȘȐȒț ǰ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȗȐșȈȕȐȧ șȚȘȍȔȧȚșȧ ©ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȐȚȤª ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒțȦ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ
ȕȈ ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ǰ Ȋșȧ ȥȚȈ
ȊȍȓȐȒȖȓȍȗȕȖ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ©ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤª ȗȖȟȚȐ ȉȍșȗȘȍȒȖșȓȖȊȕȖ
ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȍȚșȧ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȞȐȈȓȐȏȔȈ DzȖȔȔȍȘȞȐȈȓȐȏȔț ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȖ Ȑ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ
ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ-©ȉȐȏȕȍșª Ȋ ȊȖȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ — ȓȈȊȖȟȒȈ
 — ȊȖȚ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ©ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍª ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȡȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ

ǹȈȔȣȑ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȧȘȒȖ ȊșȒȘȣȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȖ-ȉȐȏȕȍș ǺȈȒ ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȈȧ ȖȗȍȘȈ ȋȈșȚȘȖȓȐȘțȍȚ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ  ȕȍȌȍȓȤ Ȑ
ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ«  ȖȗȍȘȣ Ǫ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ  ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȈ ȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ
ǯȈȓ ȊȔȍȡȈȍȚ ȖȒȖȓȖ  Țȣșȧȟ ǰ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖȌȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ 
ȘȈȏ Ȑ șȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ș ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘȈ ǷȖșȓȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȧ șȍȏȖȕȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȋ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȐ —

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ȌȍȜȐȞȐȚ ǨȓȤȜȘȍȌ ǩȖȓȤȔ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘ ȉȈȓȍȚȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȕȈȔ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ȜȈȉȘȐȒț ȗȖ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȉȈȓȍȚȕȣȝ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȍȘ ǪȗȘȖ-
ȟȍȔ ǩȖȓȤȔ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȘȍȌȒȐȝ ©ȌȍȓȤȞȖȊ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȖȚȟȈȧȕ-
ȕțȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȗȘȖȚȐȊ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȉȈȓȍȚȍ ȈȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȞȐȐ
ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȍȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȍȋȖ ȉȈȓȍȚ ȉȣȓ ȘȈȏ Ȑ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȠȚȈȔȗȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ Ȉ ©ȒȖ-
șȚȦȔȟȐȒȐª ©ǨȐȌȣª ȖȌȍȊȈȓȐșȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȕȈ« ©dzȈȒȔȍª
ǵȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȍȓȈȍȠȤ — ȌȍȓȖ ǵȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȍȓȈȍȠȤ — ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ
ȘȣȕȖȒ Ǩ ȍșȓȐ șȗȘȖșȈ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȚ ȚȖȊȈȘ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȍȚ — ȌȖȓȖȑ ȍȋȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ
ȗȘȐȊȣȒ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȚȤ ȒȘțȗȕȣȔ ȜȐȘȔȈȔ — ȗȖȌȈȊȈȑ ȍȔț ȔȐȘȖȊȣȝ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖ-
șȚȍȑ ǰ ȘȣȕȖȒ ȗȖȌȈȍȚ
ǴȍȓȦȏȋȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȣ — ȋȐȉȓȐ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ — Ȋșȍ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȔȖȓȖ-
ȌȖȍ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȍ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐ-
ȏȖȊȈȕȕȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȓȖșȤ Ǫșȍ șȊȖȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȔ ȕȍ
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȓȖșȤ
ǪȖȚ ȒȈȒ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ șȚȈȓȈ șȈȔȖȑ ȖȚșȚȈȓȖȑ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ șȚȘȈȕȖȑ Ȋ
ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȌȈ Ȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȕȍ ȖȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȖșȤ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȋȖȘȌȣȍ ȧȕȒȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȏȕȈȚȤ
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȓȈ ȐȏțȔȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈȔ Ȑȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕțȦ ȖȚ-
șȚȈȓȖșȚȤ
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȜȘȈȏȣ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ȕȐȎȍșȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ ȊȏȧȚȖȑ Ȑȏ
ȒȘțȗȕȖȋȖ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ©ȔȐȘȖȊȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ șȚȖȓȒȕțȊȠȈȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț ȓȐ-
ȞȖȔ Ȓ ȓȐȞț șȖ șȚȈȘȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈȔȐ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȧȘȒȖ ȖȚȚȍȕȐȓȈ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ
ȖȚșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ ǹȍȊȍȘȖ-ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ǸȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐª
ǰ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ Ȍȓȧ șȍȉȧ ȔȖȋ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȥȚȖ
ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȊȚȈȒȖȔȊȐȌȍ©ȗȘȖȗȈȓȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘțȦȔȣ Ȋșȍ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȏȌȘȈȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑȕȈȠȍȌȠȍ-
Ȕț«ªȐȚȌ. …
9,,, ǽǾdzDzǰǮǾǶȀdzǹȊǻǼdz ǵǻǮǸǼǺǿȀǰǼ
ǿ ȀdzǮȀǾǼǺ ǮǺdzǾǶǸǶ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȕȈȔȐ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ Țȣ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕ țșȓȣȠȈȚȤ —
ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȚȖ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȍ
Ǵȣ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȈȍȔ Ȓ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȕȈȉȘȖșȒȈȔ ȅȚȈ ȋȓȈȊȈ — ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ
ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ș ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ ǵȍ țȌȐȊȓȧȑșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȟȚȖ ț ȕȈș Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ
ȋȓȈȊȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȚȈȒ ȔȈȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȗȘȐȊȣȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ
©ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔª ǵȍ țȌȐȊȓȧȑșȧ ǵȍȌȖȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȧșȕȐȚșȧ

125
ǰȚȈȒ ȊȖȏȤȔȐȚȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȖȊ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș Ȑȝ țȘȉȈȕȐȏȔȖȔ Ȑ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȖȑ,
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȤȚȍ șȈȔȣȍ ȧȘȒȐȍ ȒȘȈșȒȐ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȔ șȌȊȐȋȍ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȗȘȐȉȈȊȤȚȍ șȦȌȈ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȦȡȐȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊ ȉȍȠȍȕșȚȊȖ ȚȍȔ-
ȗȈ Ȋ ȟȈȗȓȐȕșȒȐȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈȝ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȤ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȖȊȍȚ-
șȒȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȍ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȊȖȏȊȣșȤȚȍ Ȋ șȖȚțȦ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ — Ȑ
ȚȖȋȌȈ ț ȊȈș ȉțȌȍȚ șȓȈȉȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȕȣȕȍȠȕȍȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
Ƕȉ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȒȕȐȋț — Ȋ
ȗȈȘț ȚȖȔȖȊ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȕȣ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊțȍȔșȧ ȥȚȐȔ ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ șȚȈȊȐȔ ȚȖȟȒț
ǵȖ ȚȍȈȚȘ"
ǯȌȍșȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȔț ȕțȎȕȖ țȟȐȚȤșȧ Ǭȓȧ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ Ȏȍ Ȕȣ ȕȈȉȘȖșȈȍȔ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ
ȒțșȒȐ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ Ȑ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȔșȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȔȐ
ǰȏ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ țșȗȍȠȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ
ȚȍȈȚȘȣ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȧ—©ȉțȘȖȓȍșȒȐªǶȕȐȘȈșșȟȐȚȈȕȣȕȈ©ȝȖȓȖșȚȧȒȖȊª
Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ©ȋȖȓȣȝ ȕȖȎȍȒª ȟȍȔ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ Ȋ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȔ
ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȎȈȕȘȈ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȚȘȐȒȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȖȎȍȒ ȖȉȧȏȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ — Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ș ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ
ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȓȣȍ ȕȖȋȐ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȦȚ ȞȍȓȖȔțȌȘȐȍ ȗȖȟȚȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȚȞȖȊ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊ ǰ
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț ȕȈ ȋȈșȚȘȖȓȐ ȗȈȘȐȎșȒȈȧ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȡȐȞȈ ǼȓȖȘȈ
ǬȎȖȏȐȈȕ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȚȘȐȒȖ Ȑ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȚȈȕ-
Ȟȣ ș ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȖ șȒȈȕȌȈȓ
ǷȘȍșșȈ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȓȈ Ȟȍȓȣȍ șȚȖȓȉȞȣ ȥȚȖȔț ȊȖȗȘȖșț ǶȗȈșȈȓȐșȤ ȘȍȏȒȐȝ Ȋȣ-
ȝȖȌȖȒ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ©ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȘȈȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖª ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȖȎȒȐ
ȉȣȓȐ« ȏȈșȚȘȈȝȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ  ȌȖȓ
ǩțȘȖȓȍșȒȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ș  ȟ țȚȘȈ ȌȖ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȋȖ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ Ȑ ȗȖșȍȡȈȦȚșȧ ȓȐȞȈ-
ȔȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȑ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊșȧȒȐȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȏȈȕȧȚ EXViness
ȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȉȐȏȕȍș — ȌȍȓȈȔȐ
 ș  ȌȖ  ȌȖ  Ȗȕ ȏȈȕȧȚ ȌȖȔȈȠȕȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȤȦ Ȑ
ȓȐȠȤ Ȋ  ȗȘȖȟȚȧ ȋȈȏȍȚț șȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȧ — ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ ǷȓȖșȒȐȍ ȠțȚȒȐ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȊȖ-
ȌȍȊȐȓȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȒțȗȓȍȚȈȝ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚșȧ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȔ ©ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔª ȝȖȝȖȚȖȔ
ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ǻȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ Ȑ  ȌȍȊȐȞ ș ȋȖȓȣȔȐ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ ǶȕȐ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ
ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ — Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ȚȈȕȞȈ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȒȖȘȌȍȉȈȓȍȚ Ȋ
ȘțșșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȞȐȘȒȍ ǰȝ șȔȍȕȧȦȚ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȈ ș ȖșȖȉȖ ȕȈ-
șȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ — ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȦȚșȧ ȜȖȒș-ȚȘȖȚȚȣ țȈȕ-șȚȍȗȣ ȠȐȔ-
ȔȐ ȦȚȞȣ
ǵȖ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȍ — ȥȚȖ ȌȎȈȏ
ǹȖ șȞȍȕȣ ȉțȌȚȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȚȖȒ Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ șȚțȓ Ȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ
ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȗȖȌȗȍȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȗȘȣȋȐȊȈȚȤ« ǪȈȋȕȍȘ ȀȖȗȍȕ ǩȍȚȝȖȊȍȕ — ȗȍȘȍȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȣ ȕȈ șȐȕȒȖȗȣ ȗȖȌ Ȑȝ ȔțȏȣȒț ȚȈȕȞțȦȚ
ǺȈȕȞȣ ȚȈȕȞȣ Ȑ ȚȈȕȞȣ ǪșȧȒȐȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȈȚȤ ©DzȈȒ — Ȋȣ
ȕȍ ȚȈȕȞțȍȚȍ"ª ǹȔȖȚȘȧȚ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȐ — ȖȕȐ ȍșȚȤ ©ǯȕȈȟȐȚ Ȋȣ ȉȖȓȤȕȣª ǵȍ țȔȍȚȤ
ȚȈȕȞȖȊȈȚȤ — ȥȚȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȍ

126
dzȦȉȧȚ ȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ"
ǹțȌȧ ȗȖ ȚȖȔț ȗȘȐȍȔț ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ǽțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ
ǺȍȈȚȘ — ȓȦȉȧȚ ǪșȦȌț ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȑ țșȗȍȝ ȖȊȈȞȐȐ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔșȚȊȖ ș
ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ
ǵȖ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȥȚȈ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȡȍ ǪȍșȤ țșȗȍȝ ǴǽǨǺ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕ ȕȈ ȘȍȒȓȈ-
Ȕȍ ǵȈ ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȊȣȍȝȈȓ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȈȕȚȘȍȗȘȍȕȍȘȖȊ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȊȍȏȠȐȑ ȔȖșȒȊȐȟȍȑ — ǴȈȒș ǫȍșȚ Ǩ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȒȓȈȔȈ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ — ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍ
ȠțȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȚȖ ȟȍșȚȤ Ȑ șȓȈȊȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ǴǽǨǺ Ȋ ȓȐ-
Ȟȍ ǫȍșȚȈ
 Ȑ ȕȍșȓȣȝȈȕȕȖȑ ȍȡȍ ȕȐȋȌȍ ȘȍȒȓȈȔȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȠȍȑ Ȋșȍ Ȗș-
ȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ©ȟȈșȚȐª ǴǽǨǺ
ǰ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ — ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ Ȑ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ — ȗȘȍȒ-
ȘȈșȕȣȍȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣȚȍȈȚȘȈȕȖȚȍȈȚȘȈțȕȐȝ ȕȍȚ
ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȖȘțȌțȍȚ șȍȑȟȈș ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȕȖ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȏȕȈȍȚ ©ȟȚȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤª Ȑ ©ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȚȍȈȚȘª
ȟȍȋȖ ț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȕȍȚ
Ǵȣ ȗȖȟȚȐ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȣ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȚȍȈȚȘ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȥȗȖȝț Ȑ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȚȤ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȊȍșȤ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ — ȟțȎȌ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ǨȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȍ
ǷȖȒȈ Ȏȍ — ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȊșȚȈȚȤ țȚȘȖȔ ȉȍȏ șȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȔȐȕțȚ șȍȔȤ
ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȖȗȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȓțȎȉț ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȗȖȔȕȐȚ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȔȐȕțȚ ȏȈȑȔȍȚ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȖȚ ȌȖȔȈ Ȓ ȔȍșȚț șȓțȎȉȣ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕ-
ȕȣȑ ©ȓȍȕȟª — ȏȈȒțșȒȈ Ȋ  Ȍȕȧ — ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȈ Ȑ ȊȖȠȓȈ Ȋ
ȎȐȏȕȤ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȗȍșȍȕȒȈ ǷȖȟȚȐ  ȓȍȚ ȏȈȘȈȎȍȕȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȍȔ  ȓȍȚ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȖȋ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȚȈȕȍȞ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȍȔȣȑ
©șȒȖȗȖȔª ȕȈȌȖȍȌȈȍȚ Ȑ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖȌȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȍȕ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈȔȐ ȕȈȑȌȍȕ șȗȖșȖȉ
ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ« ȗȍșȍȕȒȖȑ
DzȈȎȌțȦ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ-ȌȊȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȗȍșȍȕȒȐ — ȕȈ ȔțȏȣȒț Ȍȓȧ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȍȊ ǶȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȕȍȌȖȓȋȖ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȌȘțȋȈȧ ȗȖ ȉȖ-
ȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ șȈȔȈȧ ȋȓțȗȈȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȔȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȚ țȋȖȓȒȈ ȋȌȍ ȉȣ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȍ-
ȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍȚ ©ȌȥȕșȐȕȋȈª ȚȈȕȞȖȊȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȓȈ
 ȋȌȍ ȉȣ ȗȖȌ ȥȚț ȔțȏȣȒț ȕȍ ȚȈȕȞȖ-
ȊȈȓȐ« ǶȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȑ ȕȖȊȐȕȒȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍșȍȕȒȈ ©<HV ZH KDYH QR ED-
QDQRVª ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ ©ǬȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȚ ȉȈȕȈȕȖȊ ȕȣȕȟȍ ȕȍȚ ț
Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȈȕȈȕȖȊª
 Ǫșȧ șȖȓȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȍșȍȕȒȐ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ©<HVª Ȋ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔ
ȧȏȣȒȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔ ȌȘțȋȖȔ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȕȐȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ ©ȕȍȚª ȕȖ
ȗȘȖȌȈȊȍȞ ȜȘțȒȚȖȊ — ȋȘȍȒ — ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș ©ȌȈª Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȈțȏȣ ©ț Ȕȍȕȧ
ȕȍȚ ȉȈȕȈȕȖȊª
ǵȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȟțȡȐȑ ȗțșȚȧȒ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ǷȍșȍȕȒȈ ȗȖȍȚșȧ ȊȍȏȌȍ
ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ȖȕȈ ©ȊȣȒȘȐȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧª ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȔ ȚȈȕȞȍȊ ©ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȖȘȖȔª ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȚȘțȉț-ȘțȗȖȘ Ǫ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȈȝ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ
ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȔȐ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚ ȈȘȐȦ Ȑȏ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ ȖȗȍȘȣ ȗȖ-
ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȊȍȞ-ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȍ Ȑ — ©ǬȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ

127
ȕȍȚ ȉȈȕȈȕȖȊ«ª ǷȖȌ ȈȒȒȖȔȗȈȕȍȔȍȕȚ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȈ ȗȘȐ ȉȍșȗȘȍșȚȈȕȕȖ ȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȔ-
șȧ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐșȒțșȕȖ țșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖȔ ©ǬȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȚ«ª Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ȋȣ șȓȣ-
ȠȐȚȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍ
ǸȈȏȢȍȏȎȈȦȡȐȑ ȗȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȈ-
ȘȖȝȖȌȈ ©dzȍȊȐȈȜȈȕª ȟȐȚȈȑ ©ǼȈȚȍȘȓȧȕȌª ȖȚȖȉȘȈȕȕȣȑ ț ȕȍȔȞȍȊ
 ș ȊȍșȤȔȈ
ȝȖȘȖȠȐȔ șȖșȚȈȊȖȔ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ țșȗȍȝȈ ț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȊȖ
Ȋșȍȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȖȔȍȘȈȝ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ©ǬȈ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍȚ ȉȈȕȈȕȖȊª
ǷȍșȍȕȒȈ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓȈ ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȖȊ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ șȟȐȚȈȧ ȖȚ ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ
ȌȊȈ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ȖȉȖȋȈȚȐȓȈ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȊțȟȈȚȤ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȖȊȣȍ
ǼȘȈȕȒ ǹȐȓȤȊȍȘ Ȑ ǻȘȊȐȕȋ DzȖȕ șȖȟȐȕȐȚȍȓȐ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȐȠțȚ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȉȍȏȌȍȓȐ-
Ȟȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
ǵȍ ȧșȕȖ ȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȏȈȗȘȖșȈȝ ȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ
ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȍȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȍȚ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ
,; ǮǺdzǾǶǸǮǻdzȄ-ǵǾǶȀdzǹȊ
1. ǹȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟȍȔ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȍ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ țȒȓȖȕȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ" Ǫ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȕȈȉȘȖșȒȈȝ Ȕȣ ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȓȐșȤ
ȕȈ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ Ȑ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȗȕ ȖȚ-
ȘȈȏȐȓ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕțȎȕȖ ȐșȒȈȚȤ
ȗȍȘȊȖȗȘȐȟȐȕț ©șȚȘȈȕȕȖșȚȍȑª ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȚȤ ȊȈș ș ȥȚȐȔ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ șȜȐȕȒ-
șȖȔ — ȘȧȌȖȊȣȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȔ — ȕȈȔ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȖȗȐșȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ
2. ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȘȍȝȔȍșȧȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ Ȕȣ ș țȊȓȍȟȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ ȕȈȠȍȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ Ȗ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȔ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȔ ȖȚ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ
Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȕȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȕȍȐșȚȖȊșȚȊțȧ ȕȈ ȕȈȠ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ ȧȏȣȒ
ȗȘȐȉȍȋȈȧ ȟȈșȚȖ Ȓ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔț Ȑ ȗȖȌȉȈȌȘȐȊȈȧșȤ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȑ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȑ
ȜȘȈȏȖȑ
ǵȈȠ șȖȉȍșȍȌȕȐȒ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈș ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ șȖȟțȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȒȐȊȈȓ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ Ȑ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ Ȕȣ țȎȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȊȣȒȐȗȈȚȤ ȌȖȑȌȧ ȌȖ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖȊȖ-
ȌȖȊ Ȗȕ șȗȘȖșȐȓ
— ǹȒȈȎȐȚȍ Ȉ ț ȊȈș ȓȦȉȧȚ ȋȖȓțȉȍȑ"
ǵȈȔ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȕȣ ȖȠȐȉȓȐșȤ ǵȖ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȍȘȒț ȊȣȠȓȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȐȓȍȑ-
ȠȐȑ ȔȐșȚȍȘ ǫȈȑȘ ȕȍ ȠțȚȐȓ ǶȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ — ǫȈȑȘ țȊȓȍȟȍȕ ȋȖȓțȉȧȔȐ ȘȈȏȊȖȌȐȚ
Ȑȝ ș ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȏȈȕȧȚ ȥȚȐȔ ©ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔ șȗȖȘȚȖȔª Ȑ ȕȈȠ ȔȐșȚȍȘ ȌȖ-
ȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȑ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ șȟȍȓ ȗȖ ȕȍȊȍȌȖȔȖȑ ȕȈȔ ȈșșȖȞȐȈȞȐȐ
ȕțȎȕȣȔ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ ȕȈȠț ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț ș ȘȈȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȋȖȓțȉȍȑ —
©ȚȖȎȍ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔ șȗȖȘȚȖȔ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȣȔ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȔª

129
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȐȌȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȉȖȓȍȏȕȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȏȓȍȟȐȚȤ
dzȈȕȌȐș Ȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȓȍȟȐȚ ©Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȌȖȓȋȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ Ȋ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕșȒȖȑ ȗȘȈȒ-
ȚȐȒȍª
ʓ-˓ ʚ˃ːˇˋ˔ ˖˅ˈ˓ˢˈ˕ ˅˃˔ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˅˞ ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˋ˕ˈ ˒˓˃˅ˋˎ˟-
ːˑˈ ˎˈ˚ˈːˋˈǥ ʝː ˖˒ˑ˕˓ˈ˄ˎˢˈ˕ ˊ˃ˏˈ˚˃˕ˈˎ˟ː˖ˡ ˏ˃-
˛ˋː˖ Ǽʬˍ˔-ʟˈˌǽ ȋ˓ˈː˕ˆˈːˑ˅˔ˍˋˈ ˎ˖˚ˋȌǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ ˒ˑˍ˃-
ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˈ ˍˑ˔˕ˈˌǡ ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˑ˅ ˋ ˏ˖˔ˍ˖ˎˑ˅Ǥ
ʖʝʚʝʡʜʗʙ ʞʟʔʓʝʠʡʝʟʝʕʜʝʠʡʗ ʠʡʝʗʡ ʣʢʜʡ
ʚʔʦʔʜʗʮǤ
ǰ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȒȈ
Ǽʑ˔˕˖˒ˋ˕ˈ ˔ˈˆˑˇːˢ ˉˈ — ˕ˈ˒ˈ˓˟ — ː˃ ˒˖˕˟ ˊˇˑ˓ˑ-
˅˟ˢǡ ˎˋ˚ːˑ ˢ˅ˋ˅˛ˋ˔˟ ˅ ʓˑˏ ʖˇˑ˓ˑ˅˟ˢ ˇ-˓˃ ʚ˃ːˇˋ˔˃Ǥ
ʡ˃ˍˑˌ ˔ˑ˅ˈ˕ ˅˃ˏ ːˋ˚ˈˆˑ ːˈ ˄˖ˇˈ˕ ˔˕ˑˋ˕˟ǡ ˋ ˅˞ ˅˔˕˓ˈ˕ˋ-
˕ˈ˔˟ ˔ ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ː˞ˏ ˚ˈˎˑ˅ˈˍˑˏ ˋ ˇ˓˖ˆˑˏǽǤ
ǻȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȈȉȏȈȞ ȘȍȒȓȈȔȣ — ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȐȌ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȘȍȒȓȈȔȣ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȓțȟȠȐȔ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȒȓȈȔȍȘȖȊ
ǯȌȍșȤ țȟȚȍȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȧ Ȋȕț-
ȠȍȕȐȍ ȍȔț ȌȖȊȍȘȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ șȐȔȗȈȚȐȑ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȊȣȋȖȌȍ Ȑ
Ț Ȍ ǷȘȐ ȟȍȔ ȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȟȚȖ ©ǷȈȊȓȖȊȈ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȑȏ ǷȈȘȐȎȈ Ȑ dzȖȕȌȖ-
ȕȈª Ȉ ©ȌȖȒȚȖȘ dzȈȕȌȐș — ȍȔț ȌȘțȋª ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȍȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ
4. ǵȖ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕȈ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȕȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ — ȉȖȒș Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȕȍ ȏȈȌțȔȣȊȈȧșȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȚ
©ȕȍșȘȈȊȕȍȕȕȖȑª ǷȈȊȓȖȊȖȑ — ǬȎȖȥ ǬȥȔȗșȍȧ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ Ȑ șȒȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ȊȍșȐȚ Ȑ ȒȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȈ Ȑ ȌȍȚȐ Ȑ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȓȦȉȐȚ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȍȔ țȊ-
ȓȍȒȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȏțȉȖȊ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȗȕ ȉȖȒșȍȘ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ȏȈȘȈȉȈȚȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ« ǬȥȔȗșȍȧ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȏȕȈȍȚ Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ
ǪȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ Ȑȏ ȘȍȒȓȈȔ ȏȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ Ȋ
ȚȍȈȚȘ ȐȓȐ ȒȐȕȖ șȧȌȍȚ Ȋ ȒȘȍșȓȖ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȓȈ Ȑ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȔ
ȖȟȍȕȤ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ ȉțȌȍȚ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȖȑ DzȈȎȌȣȑ țȌȈȘ Ȋ ȏț-
ȉȣ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȐȓȐ ȖșȚȘȖȚȈ ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȘȈșȕȍȓ ȉȣ ȘȈȏȊȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒȖȑ-
ȓȐȉȖ ȖȒȘȈȐȕȕȣȑ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȍȚ ȔȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȘȚȣ ȘȈșȒȘȣȊȈȦȚ-
șȧ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖȍ Ȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȖȍ ȘȎȈȕȤȍ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȖ ȈȗȓȖȌȐșȔȍȕȚȈ-
ȔȐǭșȓȐ ȥȚȖ ȌȘȈȔȈ ȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȋȍȌȐȍȑ ȋȍȘȖȧ ȍșȓȐ
ȖȕȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȖ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ǭșȓȐ ȒȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȖȉȎțȓȐȓ ȖȉȖȠȍȓ
ȓȖȊȒȖșȚȤȦ ȐȓȐ ȝȈȔșȚȊȖȔ Ȗȕ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ ǬȍȚȍȒȚȐȊ ȋȐȕȤȖȓȤ ȚȘȦȒ

130
ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȣȑ ȚȍȔȗ ȌȈȍȚ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ țȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȐȍ ȥȚȖȔț ȏȌȖ-
ȘȖȊȖȔț Ȑ ȊȏȘȖșȓȖȔț ©ȘȍȉȍȕȒțª ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦȡȍȔț ȒȘȖȔȍ ȌȍȓȈ Ȑ ȌȖȓȓȈ-
ȘȈ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȍșȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞț ȕȍ ȗȖȕȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȐȓȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȍș-
ȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȖșȒȖȘȉȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ — ȉȍȘȍȋȐȚȍșȤ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȈȔ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȘȍȉȘȈ Ȉ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ — șȚț-
ȓȤȧǵȖ Ȋȣ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ țȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȣȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȍ Ȋ
ȚȍȈȚȘ Ȉ ȕȈ ȔȈȚȟ ȉȖȒșȈ
ǷȍȘȍȌ ȉȖȍȔ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ Ȉ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȏȍ ț ȒȈșșȣ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ ȚȈȒȐȍ
Ȏȍ ȉȖȐ ȔȍȎȌț« ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȗȈșȚȤ ȕȈ ȔȈȚȟ Ȑ ȌȍȘțȡȍȑșȧ ȏȈ Ȗȟȍ-
ȘȍȌȤ
ǵȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȔȈȚȟȍȑ Ȕȣ ȊȐȌȍȓȐ ȖȌȕț ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕțȦ ȌȈȔț
ș ȗȖȌȉȐȚȣȔ ȋȓȈȏȖȔ șȓȖȔȈȕȕȖȑ ȠȓȧȗȖȑ Ȑ ȖȚȖȘȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȘțȒȈȊȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ
ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ ȘȧȌț șȐȧȓȈ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȕȖ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈ șȖșȍȌț ș ȘȈșȒȊȈȠȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȖșȖȔ
Ȗ șȊȖȍȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȔȍșȚȖ
; ȀdzǮȀǾǮǹȊǻȉǷ ǿdzǵǼǻ ǰ ǻȊȌ-ǷǼǾǸdz
Ǵȣ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ Țȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȘȖȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȕȈȗȍȟȈ-
ȚȈȕȣ ȕȐȎȍ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȖȔȍșȚȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ șȒȈȎȍȔ — Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȐ-
șȓȖȊȐȐ
Ǫșȍ Ȏȍ Ȕȣ țȚȍȠȈȍȔ șȍȉȧ ȔȣșȓȤȦ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȘȍȏȖȕȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȕȈȠ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȟȚȖ
ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȦ ȌȖȉȘȈȊȠȍȔțșȧ ȌȖ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȍȍ Ȑ
ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȚȖȔț ȕȍȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȗȖȚȘȍȉȐȚȍȓȦ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȖȊ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȧ ȕȍ ȌȖȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ
ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȊȠȍȔțșȧ ș ȕȈȠȍȑ ȔȈȕȍȘȖȑ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ȕȣ ȗȖȏ-
ȊȖȓȐȔ șȍȉȍ șȖȖȉȡȐȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȗ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȝ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȝ ȕȈș
ȗȘȐȉȍȋȕțȚȤ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȓ ȥȚȖȑ Ȉ ȕȍ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȔȈȕȍȘȍ
ǷȘȐșȚțȗȈȧ Ȓ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȐ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȏȖȔ ȗȖȌȖȑȚȐ Ȓ ȍȍ ȚȍȔȍ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȗȖȓțȟȈȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȧȘȒȐȝ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȕțȚȣȔȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧ-
ȔȐ șȚȈȚȍȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȖȋ șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖșȚȖȘȖȕȕȖșȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȦ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ ȗȖȌ ȘȈȏȕȣȔ
țȋȓȖȔ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȖȌȕȐ Ȑ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȜȈȒȚȣ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ Ȑ Ȍȍ-
ȚȈȓȐ ȕȍ ȕȈȘțȠȈȧ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ
Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȓ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȦ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȠȈ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȗșț-
ȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȈ ȗțȚȍȔ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȘȧȌȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȕȈȉȘȖșȒȖȊ ȕȍ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȘțȋ ș

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ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȈȔȐ Ȑ ȜȈȉțȓȤȕȣȔ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍȔ ȕȖ ȏȈȚȖ ș ȘȈȏ-
ȕȣȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȖșȊȍȡȈȦȡȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȧ ȖȉȡțȦ șȚȍȘȎȕȍ-
ȊțȦ ȔȣșȓȤ ȒȕȐȋȐ
ǰ ȗȖȓȤȏțȧșȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȗȓȈȕȖȔ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȕȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȔ șȍȉȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȘȖȉ-
ȕȍȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ șȒțȟȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȑ ȚȍȔȍ ȒȈȒ
©ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȍȏȖȕȈ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈª
ǷȘȖșȓȍȌȐȊ ȒȚȖ ȋȌȍ Ȑ ȟȚȖ șȚȈȊȐȚ Ȕȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȔ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȧșȕțȦ Ȑ țȉȍ-
ȌȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ț ȕȈș ȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȕȍ
ȕȈȐȊȕȣȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕȐȕ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ©șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȔȐª
ǶȌȐȕ țȎȍ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȗȘȖșȔȖȚȘ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȔȕȖ-
ȋȖ Ǫ ©țȌȈȟȕȖȔ ȋȖȌțª ȔȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȝ ȗȤȍș-ȕȖȊȐȕȖȒ ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȎȌțȚ
ȖȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȗȤȍșȣ ȍșȓȐ ȍȍ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȒȓȈȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ
ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȐ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ
ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȉȖȍȊȐȒȐ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȈȊȚȖȘȈȔȐ șȚȈȊȧȚșȧ ȗȘȍȐ-
ȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ǫȈȘȘȐș-ǺȍȈȚȘȍ ǰȝ ȖȉȣȟȕȈȧ ȚȍȔȈ ȋȍȘȖȑ — ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ
ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȚȐȘȈȕ ȕȍȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȈȧ șȐȓȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȚȍȘȗȐȚ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȣȑ
ȒȘȈȝ ǵȈ ȚȈȒțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȈȦȚ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ
ǹ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȗȤȍșȈȔȐ țșȗȍȠȕȖ ȒȖȕȒțȘȐȘțȦȚ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȍ ȕȖȊȐȕ-
ȒȐ ȟȈșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ȐȌȍȚ Ȋ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȝșȧ
ȗȖȌ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǹȍȓȐȊȐȕșȈ
ǺȈȒ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȣȝ șȍȏȖȕȈȝ Ȋ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘ ȥȚȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȊȖȠȓȐ ©ǷȈȘȐȎșȒȐȑ
ȚȍȈȚȘ țȎȈșȖȊª ȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖ-ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ©dzȖȕȌȖȕșȒȖȍ ȐȕȚȐȔȕȖȍ Șȍ-
ȊȤȦª — ǨȕȌȘȍ ȀȈȘȓȖȚȈ ȟțȚȤ ȓȐ ȕȍ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚșȒȈȧ ȗȤȍșȈ Ǩ Ǩ ǴȐȓȕȈ —
©ǻșȗȍȝª Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȊȣșțȠȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ ǹȖȔȍȘșȍȚ ǴȖȘȋȈȔȈ
Ǫ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ǩȘȖȌȊȍȧ șȚȈȊȧȚ ȗȤȍșȣ țȎȍ ȕȈȠțȔȍȊȠȐȍ Ȋ ǭȊ-
ȘȖȗȍ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕȌȐȖȏȕȣȍ ȗȖ ȏȈȔȣșȓț ȚȈȔ ȠȓȐ ©ǿțȌȖª Ȋ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ǴȈȒșȈ Ǹȍȑȕ-
ȋȈȘȌȚȈ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȐ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒȖȑ ȚȘțȗȗȣ ȗȤȍșȣ ȊȍȕȋȍȘșȒȖȋȖ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ǼȘȈȕȞȈ
ǴȖȓȤȕȈȘȈ — ©ǵȍȉȍșȕȈȧ Ȑ ȏȍȔȕȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤª Ȑ ©dzȍȉȍȌȤª Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕ-
șȒȐȍ ȔȈȘȐȖȕȍȚȒȐ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȌȊȈ ȋȖȌȈ ȗȘȍșșȈ țȊȍȘȧȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȓțȟȠȐȍ ȗȤȍșȣ ȐȌțȚ Ȋ ǺȍȈȚȘȍ-
ǫȐȓȌ ȅȚȖ — ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȚȈȊȐȚ Ȋșȍ șȈȔȖȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȍ ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȧșȤ ș ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ ȌȍȜȐȞȐȚȖȔ Dz
ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȦ șȍȏȖȕȈ ȥȚȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȐȏȌȈȍȚ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ©ǫȐȓȌ-
ǴȈȋȈȏȐȕª ȗȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȦ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈ ȐȏȌȈȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ ǸȍȑȕȋȈȘȌȚȖȔ Ȑ ǬȎȍșȕȍȘȖȔ Ȋ
ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ Ǫ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘ ǫȐȓȌ-ǺȍȈȚȘȈ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȊȝȖȌȧȚ ȒȈȒ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȍ ȕȖȊȐȕ-
ȒȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȗȖȌȈȦȡȈȧ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȔȖȓȖȌȍȎȤ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȤȍșȣ ȒȓȈș-
șȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘȈ ș țȟȈșȚȐȍȔ ȓțȟȠȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ Ȋ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ
ȘȖȓȧȝ Ǹ ȀȐȓȤȌȒȘȈțȚ Ȑ ȌȘ

ǵȥȠȐȖȕȥȓ-ǺȍȈȚȘ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȍȚ ȗȖȌ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ ǪȖȓȚȍȘȈ
ǫȍȔȗȌȍȕ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȦ ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȓțȟȠȐȝ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȠȍȒșȗȐȘȖȊșȒȐȝ ȌȘȈȔ

132
Ǫ ǵȥȠȐȖȕȥȓ-ǺȍȈȚȘȍ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȐȌȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Șȍ-
ȗȍȘȚțȈȘ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ș ȀȍȒșȗȐȘȖȔ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȈ-ȘȧȌț ș ȥȚȐȔ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȈȧ-
ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȒȖȔȍȌȐȧ ǴȈșșȍȕȌȎȍȘȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ©ǵȖȊȣȑ șȗȖșȖȉ țȗȓȈȚȣ șȚȈ-
Șȣȝ ȌȖȓȋȖȊª ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȐȕșȞȍȕȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ǺȈȒ ǫȍȔȗȌȍȕȖȔ
ȉȣȓȈ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȐȕșȞȍȕȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ǸȖȉȍȘȚȈ ǩȘȈțȕȐȕȋȈ —
©DzȖȓȤȞȖ ȗȘȈȊȌȣª ȗȍȘȍȌȍȓȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗȤȍșț ©DzȕȐȋȈ Ȑ ȒȖȓȤȞȖª
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȍȎȍȋȖȌȕȖ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȕȍȚȍȘȗȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȚșȧ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȈȧ
șȒȈȕȌȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ Dz ȚȈȒȐȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȟȐșȓȐȚȤ șȒȈȎȍȔ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍ-
ȕȐȍ Ǩȓȓȣ ǵȈȏȐȔȖȊȖȑ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȈȒȚȘȐșȣ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȍȑ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ Ȋ
ǨȔȍȘȐȒț Ȑ șȌȍȓȈȊȠȍȑ șȍȉȍ ȐȔȧ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ǶȕȈ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓȈ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ șȍȏȖȕȍ Ȋ
ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȖȌȕȖȈȒȚȕȖȑ ȊȍȡȐ ǴȐȌȌȓȤȚȖȕȈ – ©ǵȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈȧ ȌȈȔȈª
ǷȤȍșȈ ȏȈȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȓȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȉȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ©ȖȟȍȊȐȌ-
ȕȣȍ ȗȖȊȖȌȣª ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ
 Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȊȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȠȚȈȚȍ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘ-
ȒȈ ǭȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȍ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖșȚȐ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȚ Ȋ ©șȈȔȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ <Ȋ>
ȔȐȘȍª ȚȍȈȚȘȍ DzȐȚșȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȐȗȗȖȌȘȖȔȈ ǵȈ ȍȋȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒț Ȑ țȒ-
ȘȈȠȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȐșȚȘȈȟȍȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ  Țȣșȧȟ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ǷȍȘȍșȚȘȖȑȒȈ ȊȍȓȈșȤ
ȗȖȌ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȈ ǨȓȤȉȐ
Dz ȕȈȟȈȓț șȍȏȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȐ DzȐȚșȈ ȊȣȍȏȎȈȦȚ Ȋ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȚȍȈȚ-
ȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȞȍȕȚȘȣ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȖȉȘȈȚȤ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȌȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ
Ǫ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȔ ȖȟȍȘȒȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȍ ȕȈ ȝȈ-
ȘȈȒȚȍȘȍ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȕȖ țȎȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘȈ Ȋ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ
șȗȘȈȊȒȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ șȈȔȖ ȏȈ șȍȉȧ Ȗ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ Ȋ ©ȋȖȘȖȌȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊª —
Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ
ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȈȎțȡȍȔșȧ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȐ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐ-
ȉțȌȤ ȟȚȖ ȊȣȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȠȚȈȔȗȈ ȘțȚȐȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ
ǷȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓțȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ©ǫȐȓȌ-ǺȍȈȚȘȈª Ȑ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȐȒȖȊ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ȕȍȒțȌȈ ȗȖȑȚȐ Ǫ ǨȔȍȘȐ-
Ȓȍ ȕȍȚ ©șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȋȖª ȗȘȖȜȚȍȈȚȘȈ
;, ©ǽǶDZǹǶ-ǰǶDZǹǶª Ƕ ©ǰǼDzdzǰǶǹȊª
ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȤ YDXGHYLOOH
 ȌȖșȓȖȊȕȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȐȚȚȐ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ — Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǽȖ-
ȌȐȚȤ ȗȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȔ
dzȍȚ  ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ Ȑȏ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț ȉȣȓ ȏȈȕȍșȍȕ ©ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȤª ǷȍȘ-
ȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȘȖȌȧȟȐȍ ȎȖȕȋȓȍȘȣ ȐȓȐ ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚȣ ȘȍȎȍ ȚȈȕ-
ȞȖȘȣ ȌȖȉȣȊȈȊȠȐȍ șȍȉȍ ȗȘȖȗȐȚȈȕȐȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȟȈșȚȧȝ ǨȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȐ ȗȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȧȔ

133
ǵȖ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȉȣșȚȘȣȔ ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȖȉȡȐȔ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȊȊȍșȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦ-
ȡȍȍ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕțȦ șȐșȚȍȔț — ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓ șȊȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊȖȌȍ-
ȊȐȓȤ
ǻȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ Țȧȋț ȔȈșș Ȓ ȏȘȍȓȐȡț ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȚȐȗȈ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȤ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȕȈȠ-
ȓȐșȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȣȍ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șțȔȍȓȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȍȌȕȣȝ
ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ Ȋ Ȟȍȓȧȝ ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȕȈȎȐȊȣ ȚȈȒ șȖȏȌȈȓșȧ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ
ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȈȒȞȐȖȕȍȘȕȣȝ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȑ ©ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȧª
ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȚȖȔț ȒȈȒ ©ǷȐȋȓȐ-ǪȐȋȓȐª ǷȐȋȓȐ-ǪȐȋȓȐ — șȓȖȊȖ ȏȈțȔȕȖȍ
 —
ȋȈșȚȘȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑȏ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȝ
șȒȓȈȌȖȊ Ȋ ȋȖȚȖȊȖȔ Ȍȓȧ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȐȌȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȣȝ ȗȈȒȍȚȈȝ
ș ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍȔ Ȟȍȕȣ Ȉ ȖȌȐȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȓțȎȈȡȐȑ ț ȊȣȝȖȌȈ ȗȖȌșȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ
ȏȈȉȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȒțȗȈȚȍȓȍȔ — ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȚȖȔț ȒȈȒ ©ǷȐȋȓȐ-ǪȐȋȓȐª ȐȔȍȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȖȚ-
ȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȟȈșȚȧȝ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ — ȚȖȟȕȖ
ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȧ ©ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȍȑª ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȖȊșȦȌț ©șȊȖȐ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȣª —
ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚ — ȚȍȈȚȘȣ ș ȒȈșșȐȘȖȔ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȔ
Ǫ ȥȚȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȣ Ȑȏ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȒȓȈȌȖȊ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȍȎȍȕȍȌȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȚ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ — ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ Ȋ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ Ȋ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ - ȐȓȐ ȔȍșȧȞ ȖȌȕț Ȑ Țț Ȏȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔț ǸȈȏȕȐȞȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȈȒ-
ȞȐȖȕȍȘȕȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȍȑ ©ǷȐȋȓȐ-ǪȐȋȓȐª Ȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȍȑ ©ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȧª ȚȈ ȟȚȖ Ȋ
ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ șȊȍȎȐȍ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ ȊȍȌȤ Ȍȓȧ ȎȍȓțȌȒȈ
 Ȉ
ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ — ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ țȎȍ ȓȍȚ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȏȈȓȍȎȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȉȣȊȠȐȍ Ȋ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍ-
ȕȐȐ Ȑ ȏȈȋȕȐȊȠȐȍ ȗȖȌ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȕȣȔ șȖțșȖȔ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȔ șȖțșȕȐȒȍ ș ȕȖ-
ȊȣȔ ©ȌțȠȒȖȔª Ȑ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȊȕȖȊȤ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȖȌȈȦȚșȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ
Ǩ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ©ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȧª ȘȈșșȟȐȚȈȕȕȖȑ ȕȈ  ȟȈșȈ ȗȖ-
ȌȈȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ
ǪȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȓȐȉȖ ȌȘȈȔȈ ȒȐȕȖ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȍșȚȤ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍȑ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȔȍȚȘȈȎȍȔ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȐȍ
 ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖ
ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȋȘȖȚȍșȒ ȏȈșȕȧȚȣȑ ȔțȓȤȚȐȗȓȐȒȈȚȖȘȕȖȑ șȢȍȔȒȖȑ
Ȑ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȑ ȗȖȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ șȖȉȈȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȠȒȐ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ
ȐȌțȚ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ ©ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȧª ǰȝ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȌȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȌȖ  ǰȏ ȕȐȝ  ȕȖȔȍȘȈ —
ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚȖȊ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ ȖȉșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖ
ǹȒȈȎȍȔ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȔȍȉȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕțȦ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȗȖ-
ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȈȘȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȞȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ ȌȖ-
ȔȖȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȐȘțȠȒȐ ȘȈȏȌȍȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȓȖȎȈȚșȧ șȗȈȚȤ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ Ȋșȧ Ȑȝ ȐȋȘȈ ȗȖ-
șȚȘȖȍȕȈ ȕȈ ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȖȔȍȘȈȝ
ǹȚȖȓ șȚțȓȤȧ ȓȈȔȗȈ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ șȓțȎȈȚ ȐȔ Ȍȓȧ
Ȑȝ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ ȕȖ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȈȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ©ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈª ǺȘȦȒȖȊȈȧ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȟȐșȚȖȚȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ
ǭșȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȚȈȕȒȐ ȚȖ
ȖȕȐ țșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȓȐȉȖ ȜȖȕȍ — ȓȍșȈ ȊȖȏȌțȝȈ ȐȓȐ șțȒȖȕ Ȉ ȚȍȈ-
ȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȠțȚȖȒ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȈȚ-

134
Șț ȐȓȐ ȗȈȕȚȖȔȐȔȖȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȊȣȚȍȒȈȍȚ ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȚȘȦȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȕȧȍȔȣȑ Ȋ șȈȔȣȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ Ȑ ȥȚȐȔ ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȡȐȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȦȦ
ȖșȚȘȖȚț
ǺȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȘȈȦ șȞȍȕȣ — șȚȖȓ ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȕȈ ȊȣȠȐȕȍ -ȝ
ȔȍȚȘȖȊ — ȚȘȈȔȗȓȐȕ ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȗȈȘȚȕȍȘȖȊ șȚȖȐȚ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȍ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ
ȚȍȓȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȗȘȣȋȈȦȡȍȋȖ ș ȚȘȈȔȗȓȐȕȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊșȦ șȞȍȕț
ǴțȏȣȒȈ șȔȖȓȒȈȍȚ ǺȖȚ ȟȚȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȍ ȗȖȓȖȕ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ — Ȗȕ ȒȈȎ-
ȌțȦ șȍȒțȕȌț ȋȖȚȖȊ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȗȈȘȚȕȍȘȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȖȚ-ȊȖȚ ȗȘȣȋȕȍȚ ș ȚȘȈȔȗȓȐ-
ȕȈ ǰ Ȋ șȍȒțȕȌț ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȖȚ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ țȎȍ ȖȚȚȖȓȒȕțȓșȧ ȘȈȏȌȈȍȚșȧ șȔȍȝ Ȑ ȈȒ-
ȘȖȉȈȚ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ șȈȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ șȚțȓȤȟȐȒ ȕȍ ȗȘȣȋȕțȊ
ǵȖȔȍȘ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȈȕ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȦ — ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȘȣ-
ȎȖȒ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȍȕ ǪȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȖșȓȈȉȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȎȌțȚ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ ȈȒȘȖ-
ȉȈȚȈ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȋȖȚȖȊ șȗțșȚȐȚȤșȧ ș ȚȘȈȔȗȓȐȕȈ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȈȍȚ ȔțȏȣȒț
ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ șȣȋȘȈȚȤ ǪȌȘțȋ ȕȖȋȈ ȏȈȕȍșȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȈ șȚțȗȍȕȤȒț șȗțșȒȈ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȗȈ-
ȌȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȚȘȈȔȗȓȐȕȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȓȍȋȒȖȔ ȊȏȌȖȝȍ ȐșȗțȋȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȚȍȓȖ ȈȒȘȖ-
ȉȈȚȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖ Ȉ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖ ȓȐȕȐȐ șȚȖȓȈ ȓȍ-
ȚȐȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȞȍȕț ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȣȋțȕȈ șȗȓȍȚȈȦȚșȧ ș ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȗȈȘȚȕȍȘȈ Ȉ ȚȍȓȖ ȉȍȏ
ȔȈȓȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȏȈȔȍȌȓȍȕȐȧ ȏȔȍȍȊȐȌȕȖ șȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȖȑ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȘȈȏ
ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȉȘȈȚȤ
 ȒȘțȋȖȔ șȗȐȕȣ Ȑ ȎȐȊȖȚȈ șȚȖȧ-
ȡȍȋȖ ȕȈ șȚȖȓȍ
ǵȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ Ȑ ȟȐșȚȖȚȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ țșȗȍȝ Ȑ ȖȉȖșȚ-
Șȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔț
ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȕȖȔȍȘ — ȗȍșȍȕȒȐ ȕȍȟȚȖ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȗȍșȍȕȖȒ țȓȐȞȣ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȕȣȑ ©ȌȎȈȏª șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȦȚșȧ ȓȍȋȒȐȔ ȚȈȕȞȍȔ ș
ȗȖȒȈȏȖȔ ȒȘȈșȐȊȣȝ ©ȕȖȎȍȒª ȖȉȓȈȟȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȠȍȓȒȖȊțȦ ȗȈțȚȐȕȒț ȟțȓȒȈ ǰȕȖ-
ȋȌȈ ©ȗȖȒȈȏª ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕ ȡȐȒȖȓȖȚȒȖȑ — ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȠȍ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȌȖ ©ȊȣȠȍ ȒȖ-
ȓȍȕȈª
ǭȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ©ǪȖȌȍȊȐȓȧª — ȥȚȖ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ
ȒȖȔȐȟȍșȒȈȧ șȞȍȕȒȈ ȘȈȏȣȋȘȈȕȕȈȧ ȚȘȍȔȧ-ȟȍȚȣȘȤȔȧ ȈȒȚȍȘȈȔȐ ǵȈȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ
ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȞȍȕȖȒ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ țȓȣȉȒț șȊȖȐȔ ȏȈ-
ȔȣșȓȖȔ ǺȈȒ ȕȈȗȘ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ șȖ ȊȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȖȓȍȑ ȘȈȏȢȍȏ-
ȎȈȍȚ ș -Ȕȧ ȗȈȘȚȕȍȘȈȔȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȣȋȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠțȦ șȞȍȕȒț ȘȍȊȕȖșȚȐ ȉțȌȚȖ
ȉȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȔțȦ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ
ǨȒȚȍȘȣ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȚȘȐȎȌȣ șȞȍȕȒț ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȘȈȏ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȗț-
șȒȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ȚȍȔȗȍ ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȏ — Ȋ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖȔ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȐȑ —
Ȋ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔ
DzȖȑ-ȒȈȒȐȍ ȔȍșȚȈ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȚ șȔȍȝ ȕȖ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȒȊȍȘ-
ȕȖȍ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȏȈȔȣșȍȓ ǹȗȈșȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȥȒȘȈȕ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȈ-
ȟȈȓȖȔ ȐȋȘȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȒțșȒȖȊ Ȑȏ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȓȍȕȚ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ țȟȈ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȈȒȚȘȐșȈ Ȑ ȖȚȏȣȊȣ Ȗ ȍȍ ©ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑª ȐȋȘȍ ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ ȌȖȊȍȘȟȐȊȈ Ȑ

136
ǬȈȓȍȍ — ȒțȗȓȍȚȐșȚȣ-ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȚȖȘȣ ȐȔȗȘȖȊȐȏȐȘțȦȡȐȍ ȒȖȕȜȍȘȈȕș-
ȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ș ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ ȟȚȖ țȌȈȍȚșȧ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȘȍȌȒȖ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ȗțȘȐȚȈȕȐȏȔȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ
 ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȕȖȔȍȘ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ șȗȍ-
ȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȔțȎȟȐȕ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȌȍșȧȚȒȈ ȌȍȊȐȞ Ȋ ȒȖȘȖȚȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȦȉȖȟȒȈȝ ȌȍȔȖȕ-
șȚȘȐȘțȦȚ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ©ȕȖȎȒȐª ȕȖ Ȑ ȌȖ ©ȊȣȠȍ ȒȖȓȍȕȈª
ǷȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȋȘțȗȗȖȊȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ
ȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ǻȔȍȕȤȧ ȚȈȕȞȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȌȍȊȐȞ ȕȍ
ȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©ȗȖȌȕȍșȚȐ ȕȖȋțª ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ
ǭȡȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȥșȚȘȈȌȕȣȝ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȏȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȖȔ Ȑș-
ȗȈȕȞȍȊ ȘțȔȣȕ ȐȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ Ț-ȍ ©ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔțȏȣȒȖȑª — ȌȎȈȏ-
ȉȈȕȌȖȔ
Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ — ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ țȝȖȌȐȚ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖȑ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȐȏȘȍȌȒȈ
șȓțȟȈȦȚșȧ ȐȕȞȐȌȍȕȚȣ ǺȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȦȡȐȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ ȔȥȘȈ ȋȖ-
ȘȖȌȈ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȓ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȦ ș ȊȖȏȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ ȎȐ-
Țȍȓȍȑ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȐșȒȖȘȍȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ Ȑ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍ-
ȕȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȧȝ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ ǩȘȖȌȊȍȧ Ȑ ǰșȚ-ǹȈȑȌȈ
ǷȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ — ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȒȐȕȖ-ȒȘȐ-
ȏȐșȈ ǷȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȍȍ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȔ
ȕȍȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȐȧ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țȔȍȓȣȔ ȉȈȓȈȕșȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ
ȐȏȉȍȋȈȓ ȗȖȘȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉȓȐȏȖȒ
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȖȌȕȖ — șȚȈȘȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȧ țȎȍ ȗȘȐȍȌȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȥȚȖ
ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȍȋȖ ȈȒȞȐȖȕȍȘȣ ǰ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȗȈȘȈ-
ȌȖȒș ȋȓȈșȧȡȐȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ Ȑ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ Ȋșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ — șȍȓȤșȒȈȧ ȗȘȖ-
ȊȐȕȞȐȧ — ȧșȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȕȍțȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍȔ șȚȈȕȍȚ Ȗȉȡȍ-
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ DzȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍȑ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ ȗȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ
șȒȓȈȌȣ șȊȍȎȐȔȐ ©ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȈȔȐª
ȅȚȐ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȣ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȕȖȔȍȘȈȝ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȧ Ȑ
Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ șȊȍșȚȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȧ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȑ Ȑ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȚ ȕȣȕȍȠȕȦȦ ȌȍȠȍȊȒț
ǷȖȒȈ Ȏȍ — ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȖȔȍȘȖȊ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ ȒȈșșȈ
ȗȖȌșȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȉȈȘȣȠ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ șȗțșȒȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȓȐȜȚȍ șȖ -ȋȖ ȧȘțșȈ țșȗȍȊȈȍȚ
ȏȈȉȣȚȤ ȊȐȌȍȕȕȖȍ Ț-ȍ — ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ
ǰȚȈȒ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ Ȋșȍ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȞȈȘșȚȊȍ ©ǷȐȋȓȐ-ǪȐȋȓȐª« ǵȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ
;,, ǻdzDzǼǾǮǵȁǺdzǻǶdz ǰȉȍǿǻȍdzȀǿȍ
ǭșȚȤ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋșȍ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȑȝ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȟȐ-

137
ȚȈȦȚ ȉȘȍȌȖȔ ȊȣȔȣșȓȖȔ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȍȔ
Ǫ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ Ȏȍ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȈȠ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȍț-
ȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȒȈȒȖȔ-ȚȖ ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȔȐȓțȑȚȍ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȍȐȔț-
ȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈȔ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔț ȚȍȈȚȘț — ȥȚȈ
ȒȕȐȋȈ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȊȣȒȓȐ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏ Ȑ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ș ȥȚȐȔ ȕȍȌȖȘȈȏțȔȍȕȐȍȔ șȒȈȎȍȔ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖ — Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȖ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍȔ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ ǪȖȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȕȍȓȤȏȧ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȚȈȒ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǰȓȐ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ,
ȔȖȎȕȖ ȐȔȍȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ Ȋȣ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȉȣȚȤ țȊȍ-
Șȍȕȣ ȟȚȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ țȎȈșȕȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ ȒȈȠȈ ȉȤȦ-
ȡȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȣ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ șȒȈȕȌȈȓ ǨȓȓȈ ǵȈȏȐ-
ȔȖȊȈ
 ȐȓȐ ȐșșțȠȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȈȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȔțȏȍȑȕȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȗȤȍșȈ
ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȒȓȈșșȐȒȈ ȀȍȒșȗȐȘ Ƕ-Ȗ-Ȗ
 ȐȓȐ ȕȈșȒȖȘȖ ȐșȗȍȟȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȖȊȐȕ-
ȒȈ — ȟȐșȚȖȗȘȖȉȕȈȧ ȝȈȓȚțȘȈ
Ǫ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȥȚȖ — ȟȐșȚȖ ȗȘȖȌȍȓȈȕȕȈȧ Ȑ ș ȉȍȏțȒȖȘȐȏȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȐ-
ȒȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ șȖ șȓȍȌȈȔȐ ȊȒțșȖȊ Ȋșȍȝ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ șȚȖȓȐȞ ȕȍȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȤ-
ȕȈȧ ȗȘȍșȕȈȧ
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȍȈȚȘ-ȉȐȏȕȍș ȚȍȈȚȘ-ȌȍȓȖ ǵȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȐ ©ȌȍȓȈª șțȡȍșȚ-
ȊțȦȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȗȘȖșȚȖȌțȠȐȦ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ — ȐȕȈ-
ȟȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȊȖȐȝ
ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ
ǵȖ ȍșȓȐ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȑ
ȚȍȈȚȘ ȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ" ȅȚȖ
ȔȖȎȕȖ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȌȖȏȈ ȉțȌȍȚ țȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȑ
ǽȖȘȖȠȐ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȜȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȧ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖ șȞȍȕȣ ȍȍ
ȚȍȝȕȐȒȈ șȊȍȚ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ — ȞȍȓȈȧ ȗȖȥȔȈ Ǫ ȕȖȊȖȔ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ-ȟȚȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȔ
Ȋ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȌȖșȒȈ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ
ǵȈ ȕȍȑ  ȘȧȌȈ ȗȖ  ȊȣȒȓȦȟȈȚȍȓȍȑ ǹȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ
șȘȈȏț  ȓȐȕȐȧȔȐ ǻ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȊȣȒȓȦȟȈȚȍȓȧ — ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȘȍȖșȚȈȚ Ȑ Ȋșȍ 
ȘȍȖșȚȈȚȖȊ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȌȍșȧȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȍș-
ȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȓȐȕȐȐ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ Ȋ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȖȒ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ
 ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ șȊȍȚȖȊȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ǹȈȔȈ ȌȖșȒȈ — ȊȍȘȝ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕșȚȊȈ Ǫșȍ ȕȖȊȍȑȠȐȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȈȦȡȐȍ Ȑ țșȒȖȘȧȦȡȐȍ ȘȈȉȖȚț
ȕȈȠȓȐ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȌȖșȒȍ ȅȓȍȒȚ-
ȘȖȚȍȝȕȐȒ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȔ ǪȖȖȉȡȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ
șȊȍȚȈ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȣ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ
ǽȖȘȖȠȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȕȈ-ȘȧȌț
ș ȥȚȐȔ ȥȒșȗȓȖȈȚȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȈ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȈ ȖȚ-
ȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ
ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȘȧȌȖȊȖȑ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȑ ȈȒ-
ȚȍȘșȒȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ Ǫ ȖȉȡȍȔ Ȏȍ ȖȕȈ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȘȍȌȒȈ — ȟȈȡȍ ȕȈȓȐȞȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȈȧ
ȚȍȝȕȐȒȈ ȝȈȓȚțȘȣ

138
ǽȖȘȖȠȈ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈȝ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȈ ȜȐȏȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȈȧ-ȞȐȘ-
ȒȖȊȈȧ ǰ șȈȔȖȍ ȓțȟȠȍȍ Ȋ ȕȍȔ — ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȈȧ ©șȍȘȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈª ȚȈȒȖȋȖ
ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȘȍȈȋȐȘțȦȡȍȋȖ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȔȈșșȍ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȚȘțȌȕȖ
ȕȈȑȚȐ
ǵȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȖȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ
ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȣ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ǬȈ Ȑ
ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈ ȥȚȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ țȒȈȏȈȕȣ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȕȍ
ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȕȍșȍȕȣ ȕȐ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȜȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ
ǷȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȣȧșȕȍȕȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȜȘȈȏȈȝ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ
ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȤ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ
ǪȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȍșȚȤ ȓȐ ț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȊȣȝȖȌ Ȑȏ șȖȏȌȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȚȍȈȚ-
ȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȚțȗȐȒȈ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ȓȐ ȗțȚȤ ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț șȖȉȐȘȈȦȚșȧ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȖ Ȋȣȑ-
ȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȟȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȗȉ
ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȓ șȈȔȖțȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȦ Ȓ șȔȍȘȚȐ"
ǪȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș
ȃ,,, Dzǰdz ǻǼȀǮ-ǯdzǻdz ǿ ǺǼǾǮǹȊȌ Ƕ ǯdzǵ
I DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȕȖȚȈ-ȉȍȕȍ ȉȍȏ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ — Ȗ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊȍ Ȑ ȥȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȏ-
Ȕȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
ǰȚȈȒ ȚȖ ȔȍșȚȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȋ ǹǹǹǸ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȚȍȈȚȘ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȖ ȒȐȕȖ
Ȑ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍȔ
ǭȡȍ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȐȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȉȣȓȖ
ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȖ ȕȈ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȍ Ȑ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ — ȥȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȏȔ
ǷȖȟȍȔț"
ǶȟȍȕȤ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȋ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍȑ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȖȑ ȋȈȏȍȚȍ Ȋȣ ȟȐȚȈȍȚȍ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑ
ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȍ
Ȉ ʬˍ˔˒˓ˈ˔˔ Ǽʓ˅˃ˇ˙˃˕˞ˌ ˅ˈˍǽ ˔ˑ˛ˈˎ ː˃ ˒ˑˎːˑˏ ˘ˑˇ˖ ˔ ˓ˈˎ˟˔Ǥ ʹͻ ˖˄ˋ˕ˑǡ ͷͲ
˓˃ːˈːˑǤ ʙˑˏ˒˃ːˋˢ ʞ˃˙ˋ˗ˋˍ ˒ˎ˃˕ˋ˕ ˍ˃ˉˇˑˏ˖ ˒˃˔˔˃ˉˋ˓˖ ˇˑˎˎ˃˓ ˊ˃ ˍ˃ˉˇ˖ˡ
ˏˋː˖˕˖ ˊ˃ˇˈ˓ˉˍˋ ˅ ˒˖˕ˋǡ ˍ˓ˑˏˈ ˒ˑˎˑˉˈːː˞˘ ͳͺ-˕ˋ ˚˃˔ˑ˅ ˒˓ˑˈˊˇ˃ ʜ˟ˡ-ʘˑ˓ˍ —
ʦˋˍ˃ˆˑǤ
Ȉ ʛˈ˔˕˟Ǥ ʦˎˈː ˛˃ˌˍˋ Ǽʦˈ˓ː˃ˢ ˓˖ˍ˃ǽ ː˃ ˖ˆˎ˖ ͳͺͳ ˖ˎˋ˙˞ ˋ ʐ˓ˑˇ˅ˈˢ ˔ ˒ˑˇ-
ːˑˉˍˋ ˃˅˕ˑˏˑ˄ˋˎˢǡ ː˃ ˒ˑˎːˑˏ ˘ˑˇ˖ǡ ˖˄ˋˎ ˇ˃ː˕ˋ˔˕˃ ˏ-˓˃ ʒˋːˍˈˎˢǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌǡ ˒ˑ
ː˃˅ˈˇˈːː˞ˏ ˒ˑˎˋ˙ˋˈˌ ˔˒˓˃˅ˍ˃ˏǡ ˄˞ˎ ˚ˎˈːˑˏ ˠ˕ˑˌ ˛˃ˌˍˋ ˅ ˒˓ˑ˛ˎˑˏ ˆˑˇ˖Ǥ

139
Ȉ ʦˋˍ˃ˆˑǤ ʑ˚ˈ˓˃ǡ ːˑ˚˟ˡǡ ː˃ ʑ˃˛ˋːˆ˕ˑː-˄˖ˎ˟˅˃˓ˈ ːˈˋˊ˅ˈ˔˕ː˞ˏˋ ˑ˔˕˃ːˑ˅-
ˎˈː ˕˃ˍ˔ˋ-ˍˠ˄ǡ ˛ˑ˗ˈ˓ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˆˑ ˄˞ˎ ˖˅ˈˊˈːǡ ˃ ˚ˈ˓ˈˊ ˇˈː˟ ː˃ˌˇˈː ˊ˃ ˆˑ˓ˑˇˑˏ ˔
˅˞˓ˈˊ˃ːː˞ˏˋ ˔ˈˏˈːː˞ˏˋ ˉˈˎˈˊ˃ˏˋ — ˑ˚ˈ˅ˋˇːˑǡ ˇˎˢ ˑˏˑˎˑˉˈːˋˢ ˒ˑˎˑ˅˞˘
ˉˈˎˈˊ ˍ˃ˍˑˆˑ-ˎˋ˄ˑ ˔˕˃˓ˋˍ˃ ˒ˑ ˔˒ˑ˔ˑ˄˖ ˇ-˓˃ ʑˑ˓ˑːˑ˅˃Ǥ
©ǩȘȖȠȍȕȈ ȉȖȔȉȈª«
©ǻȉȐȚȖ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒª«
©ǶȋȘȈȉȓȍȕȣª« Ȑ Ț Ȍ
Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓȖ Ȋșȍ
ǿȐȒȈȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȖ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ ȠțȔ
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȖȊ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌ Ȑ
dzȖȉ ǻ ȖȉȖȐȝ ȍșȚȤ șȣȕȖȊȤȧ  ȓȍȚ ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ǹȣȕ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤ-
ȌȈ — șȚțȌȍȕȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȗȖ-ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐ Ȑ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖ-ȘțșșȒȐ ǵȖ ȊȖȚ
ț ȒȘțȗȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȤȞȈ ǼȘȈȕȒȈ ȎȐȊțȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȘȈȑȖȕȍ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ȋȌȍ Ȑ dzȍȖ-
ȗȖȓȤȌ ȕȈ ȅȓȓȐș-ȈȊȍȕȦ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȝȐȡȍȕ -ȓȍȚȕȐȑ șȣȕ Ǫ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ Ȋȍ-
ȟȍȘ ȗȖ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕț ǼȘȈȕȒț ȉȣȓȖ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȕȈțȚȘȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚ ȐȕșȚȘțȒ-
ȞȐȐ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȍȔț ȗȖșȚțȗȈȚȤ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ǻȚȘȖȔ ȗȘȐȠȓȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ș ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ
 Țȣșȧȟ ȌȖȓ Ȑ țȒȈȏȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȍșȚȈ ȒțȌȈ Ȋ  ȟȈș Ȍȕȧ ǼȘȈȕȒ ș ȌȍȕȤȋȈȔȐ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ
ȉȣȓ ȗȖȍȝȈȚȤ Ǫ  ȟȈș Ȍȕȧ Ȓ ȌȖȔț ȗȖȌȢȍȝȈȓ ȚȈȒșȐ-Ȓȥȉ Ȑ ǼȘȈȕȒ șȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ țȎȍ
ȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ȈȗȚȍȒț ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȖ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕț ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȐȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȐ ȒȖ-
ȋȌȈ ȍȔț șȖȖȉȡȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȖ ȕȈ  țȓȐȞȍ Ȗȕ ȎȐȊȍȚ ȕȈ țȋȓț 
 ȚȍȓȖ ȍȋȖ
ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ țȉȐȚȖȋȖ țȌȈȘȖȔ ȚțȗȖȋȖ ȖȘțȎȐȧ ȗȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ Ǫșȧ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȌ-
ȕȧȚȈ ȕȈ ȕȖȋȐ Ǫ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖȝȖȘȖȕ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȐșȓȈȕ ȊȍȕȖȒ ș ȏȈȗȐșȒȖȑ ȗȖȌ-
ȗȐșȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ș ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȍȍȕȍȋ țȉȐȑȞȈ ȊȣȘȈ-
ȎȈȓ șȖȉȖȓȍȏȕȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǵȍȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȘȖȏȣșȒȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ ȕȐ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȕȍ-
ȊȌȈȓȍȒȍ ȖȚ ȚȘțȗȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȣ ȖȟȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȏȖșȓȈ-
ȕȣ ȏȈȗȘȖșȣ Ȋ ȖȗȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȜȐȘȔȣ ș ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȒȐ ȗȖ ȒȕȐȋȈȔ ȒȖȔț
ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖȌȈȕȣ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȖȟȒȐ ǵȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȜȐȘȔȈ ȌȈȓȈ ȖȚȊȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ
ȖȟȒȖȊ ȗȘȖȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ șȖȚȕȐ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȒȖȍ-ȟȚȖ țȌȈȓȖșȤ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ Ǩ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ
ȘȈșșȚȖȧȕȐȍ Ȋ ȕȈȑȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȟȒȈȝ ȖȚ ȕȖșȈ ȌȖ țȠȍȑ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȚȤșȧ ȘȈȏ ȕȈ
Țȣșȧȟț Ȑ ȌȍșȧȚȤ Ȍȕȍȑ șȗțșȚȧ ȟȐȒȈȋșȒȈȧ ȖȗȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȜȐȘȔȈ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ
ȕȈȑȌȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȈȘȈ ȖȟȒȖȊ ȒțȗȓȍȕȈ ț ȕȍȍ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌȖȔ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȌȘțȋ dzȖȉ
ȉȣȓȐ ȈȘȍșȚȖȊȈȕȣ ǷȖșȓȍ -ȟȈșȖȊȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈȡȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȕȐ ȕȈ ȔȐȕțȚț
ȌȖȗȘȖșȈ ȖȉȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȈ ȕȐ Ȋ ȟȍȔ ȕȍ șȖȏȕȈȓȐșȤ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌ ȗȘȐ-
ȏȕȈȓ ȖȟȒȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȕȖ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȘȈȏȢȍȏȎȈȓ ȕȈ ȔȈȠȐȕȍ Ȋ ȚȖȔ
ȘȈȑȖȕȍ ȋȌȍ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȐȏțȟȈȓ ȗȚȐȞ Ȗȕ ȐȏțȟȈȓ ȘȍȜȓȍȒșȖȓȖȋȐȦ
 Ȑ Ȗȕ ȌȖȗțș-
ȒȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȚȍȘȐ ȖȟȒȖȊ ȀȖȜȍȘ ȋȈȘȈȎȈ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȞȈ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȔȈȠȐ-
ȕȈ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ ȌȖȔȈ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ țȌȈȘȖȔ dzȍȖ-
ȗȖȓȤȌ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȔ dzȖȉ ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓ șȓȈȉȍȍ ȕȖ ȕȍ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓșȧ
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȖȑ ǷșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐ ȌȈȓȐ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ șȗȖșȖȉ ȊȣțȎȐȊȈȚȤ ț ȏȈȗȐȘȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȇ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖ-

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ȘȦ Ȗȉ ȖȉȣȟȕȖȔ ȏȌȍșȤ șȗȖșȖȉȍ ȉȐȚȤ ȕȖȋȈȔȐ Ȋ ȎȐȊȖȚ ȅȚȖȚ șȗȖșȖȉ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ
Ȓ șȣȕȖȊȤȧȔ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ
dzȖȉȈ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȈȉȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȖȔ ȗȖșȈȌȐȓȐ Ȋ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ ȚȍȔȕțȦ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚț ș ȖȒȕȖȔ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț Ǫ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȚȊȍȘșȚȐȍ ȗȘȖȗțșȚȐȓȐ ȓțȟ ȊȖȓȠȍȉ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȜȖȕȈȘȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ șȚȍȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȚȍȕȤ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ ȚȖ țȓȣ-
ȉȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȚȖ ȗȘȖȚȧȋȐȊȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȘțȒȐ Ȑ Ț Ȍ ǷȘȖȍȏȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ ȔȈȠȐ-
ȕȣ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȒȕȖ ȉȘȖșȈȓȐ ȕȈ șȚȍȕȣ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȚȍȕȐ Ȑ șȗțșȚȧ ȕȍ-
șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȖȊ dzȖȉ Ȋ ȗȖȓțȉȍșșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȒțȘȖ-
ȘȈ Ȑ șȖȏȕȈȓșȧ Ȋ țȉȐȑșȚȊȍ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȈ
ǺȐȘȈȎ ȋȈȏȍȚ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȓșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘȍȝ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ
 ȕȈ  ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȖȊ
Ȋ ȌȍȕȤ ǿȍȋȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȗȐșȈȓȖșȤ
dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȖȏȕȈȓșȧ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȘȈȊȐȘȖȊȈȓ ǷȘȖȒț-
ȘȖȘț Ȗȕ ȏȈȌȈȓ ȊȖȗȘȖș ©ǫȖȊȖȘȐȚȍ ȗȘȧȔȖ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋȣ ȝȖȚȐȚȍ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȍȒȘȈ-
ȚȐȚȤ ȌȍȓȖ"ª ǰȝ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȈșșȐȋȕȖȊȈȓȐ  ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȗȈ-
șȚȐ șȣȕȖȊȍȑ ȖȚ ȊȐșȍȓȐȞȣ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ — ȥȚȖ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑȝ șț-
ȔȈșȠȍșȚȊȐȍ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȊșȧȒȐȝ ȔȈȠȐȕ Ȑ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑȏ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȐșȚȖȊ  Țȣșȧȟ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ dzȍȖ-
ȗȖȓȤȌ ȗȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȓȐșȤ ȍȔț Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗț Ǫ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȘȈȏ Ȗȕ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ
ȝȖȚȍȓ ȐșȗȣȚȈȚȤ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȍ țȉȐȑȞȣ
ǷȓȈȕ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ Ȍȍȕȍȋ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȌțȔȈȕ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ǼȘȈȕȒ ȌȖȓ-
Ȏȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȧȊȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȊȖȒȏȈȓ șȍșȚȤ Ȋ ȊȈȋȖȕ ȹ  ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȹ  Ȑ ȚȈȔ ȗȖșȔȖȚ-
ȘȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȍȉȧ Ǫ ȊȐȌț ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȚȍȓȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȍȕȖ ȘȈ-
ȕȤȠȍ Ȗȕ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȓ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȕȐȒ ȊȈȋȖȕȈ ȹ  ȕȈȠȍȓ Ȋ ȧȡȐȒȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ Ȕȍ-
șȚȈ ȹ  ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȕȈ ȐȔȧ ǼȘȈȕȒȈ ȋȌȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȍȏȌ ȌȖș-
ȚȐȋȕȍȚ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȈ ǼȘȈȕȒ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȊȣȑȚȐ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȒț Ȑ șȓȍ-
ȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ ȓȍȊȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȖȑ ȗțȚȐ ǻȊȐȌȍȊ ȜȈȉȘȐȒț ș ȕȈȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǿȍȔȗȐȖȕª Ȗȕ
ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȎȌȈȚȤ ȗȖȒȈ ȖȚȒȘȖȍȚșȧ ȊȐȌ ȕȈ ȊȖȌȖȒȈȟȒț Ȑ ȗȘȖșȟȐȚȈȊ ȗȖșȓȍ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȌȖ ȗȧȚȐ ȉȘȖșȐȚȤ ȗȈȒȍȚ ș ȌȍȕȤȋȈȔȐ Ȋ ȚȈȒțȦ Ȑ ȚȈȒțȦ-ȚȖ șȚȖȘȖȕț ǺȈȔ ȏȈ
țȋȓȖȔ ȎȌȈȓȐ ȉȣ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌ Ȑ dzȖȉ Ȑ ȕȈ-ȓȍȚț Ȑȏ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ ȗȖȑȔȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȈȒȍȚ
ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ǰ Ȋșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ
șȚȘȈȠȕȖ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȈ ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȈȌȊȖȒȈȚȣ ȉțȌțȚ șȗȈșȈȚȤ țȉȐȑȞ ȌȍȕȤȋȈȔȐ
ǷȘȖȒțȘȖȘ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ — ȓȦȌȐ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓ
Ȋșȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȕȈȓ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌȈ Ȑ dzȖȉȈ ȕȈ ȌȖȗȘȖș DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȧ
țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ț ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȠȖȜȍȘȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣȘȍȏȈȕȣ șȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ Ȏȍ-
ȓȍȏȣ ȗȖ șȗȖșȖȉț Ȍ-ȘȈ ǪȖȘȖȕȖȊȈ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌȖȔ — ȍȋȖ ȖȗȖȏȕȈȓ ȖșȒȖȗ-
ȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȠȖȜȍȘ — Ȑ ȟȚȖ țȉȐȑșȚȊȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȕȍȊȌȈȓȍȒȍ ȖȚ ȌȖȔȈ
dzȍȖȗȖȓȤȌȈ ș ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȖ ȐȔ Ȏȍ ǵȈȠȓȐșȤ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȍ țȓȐ-
ȒȐ«ǺȈȒȖȊȈ ȖȉȣȟȕȈȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȈȧ ȝȘȖȕȐȒȈ
ǽȘȖȕȐȒȈ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊȈ
ǵȍ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȒȘțȗȕȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȐȕȖ — Ȗȕ ȟȓȍȕ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȈ

141
ǵȖ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ șȌȊȐȋȖȔ Ȋ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȒȐ-
ȕȖ ȏȈȕȧȚȖ ȗȖȐșȒȈȔȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ șȦȎȍȚȖȊ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȧ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊȈ țȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣȗȖȓ-
ȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ ȒȐȕȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȐ ȈȒȚȍ-
ȘȈ ǺȈȒ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍșȓȖȊțȚȣȑ ©ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊª
ȅȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȏȔ Ȏȍ — ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ǵȐȋȌȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȍ ȐȏȊȍ-
șȚȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȅȚȖ — ȈȒșȐȖȔȈ
,, Ǩ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȖȚȈ-ȉȍȕȍ ș ȔȖȘȈȓȤȦ
Ǫ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȏȈ ȕȈșȐȓȐȍ ȕȈȌ ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ ȔȖȓȖȎȍ  ȓȍȚ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ȥȓȍȒȚ-
ȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȚțȓ șȐȓȖȑ Ȋ  ȊȖȓȤȚ
ǭșȓȐ Ȏȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ șȚȈȘȠȍ  ȓȍȚ —  ȓȍȚ ȒȈȚȖȘȋȐ
ǸțșșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȚȈȘȠȍ  ȓȍȚ ȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȍșȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ
ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȐȏȕȈșȐȓȖȊȈȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȟțȎȌȣȔȐ ȍȔț ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ©ȏȈȋȘȈ-
ȕȐȟȕȖȋȖ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈª — ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊȖȔ Ȑ ȥȒșȞȍȕȚȘȐȏȔȖȔ ȚȖ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖ-
ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȔȍȘȈȝ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ș ȕȐȔȐ
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚțȓȤȍȊ ț ȕȈș ȕȍȚ Ȉ ȕȈ  ȓȍȚ ȒȈȚȖȘȋȐ șȖȊȍȚș-
ȒȐȑ șțȌ ȕȍ ȖșțȎȌȈȍȚ ȌȈȎȍ ȏȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȍ ȗȘȍșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȗȐ-
ȌȍȔȐȧ ©ȕȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍª ȕȍ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ț ȕȈș Ȋ ǹǹǹǸ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋ  ȋȖȌț ȚȖ
ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ șȈȔȣȔ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȉȖȘȖȚȤșȧ ș ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔȖȔ Ȓ
ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȌȖ ȕȍțȏȕȈȊȈȍȔȖșȚȐ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ©ȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕȈȝª
;,9 ȃǼǵȍǶǻ ǺȁǵȉǸǮǻȀǼǰ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȔ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȌȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ ȌȖ ȒȖȍ-ȒȈȒȐȝ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȊ Ȗ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȗȖ-
ȏȊȖȓȐȔ șȍȉȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȕțȚ ȊȈȠȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȕȈ
șȔȍȎȕȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘț ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈȝ
Ǫ ȌȊțȝ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ-ȜȈȒȚȈȝ Ȋȣ ȕȈȑȌȍȚȍ ȐȔȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
ȕȈȉȘȖșȒȐ Ȗ ȔțȏȣȒȍ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȔȖȋțȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ —
ȍȌȐȕȐȟȕȣȍ ȜȈȒȚȣ ȕȍțȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ Ȏȍ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȣ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ
Ȑȏ Țȍȝ Ȏȍ ȖȉȓȈșȚȍȑ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȌțȔȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș Ȗȉȡȍȑ țȎȍ ȕȈȉȘȖșȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȖȑ
Ȑ ȌȊȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ ȗȖȒȈȎțȚ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȈ ȖȘțȌțȍȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȧ ȓȐȞȖ ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖ-
ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȟȍȘȒȐ ©ǽȖȏȧȐȕ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȖȊª Ȑ ©ǰșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȖȚȒȘȖ-
ȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍª șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȒȈȘȚȐ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȖșȖȉȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑȝ ȚȍȔȣ
DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȌȖȉȈȊȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȣ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ

142
ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȐșșȓȍȌțȍȔȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȕȈș ȕȍ țȋȓțȉȓȧȚȤ-
șȧ Ȋ ȕȈțȟȕȖ-ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ
ǰȚȈȒ șȈȔȣȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȐȔȗȘȍșșȈȘȐȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ©ǽȖ-
ȏȧȐȕ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȖȊª ȒȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȏȌȍșȤ — ȥȚȖ ǹ ȆȘȖȒ
Ǫ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȍ ș ȕȐȔ șȚȈȓȐ ȧșȕȣ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȑ ȍȍ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȍȏȖȕȖȊ
ǴȈșȠȚȈȉ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȊȖȏȘȖș ȕȈ-
șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȍ ȞȍȕȚȘȣ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȗȖȏȈȌȐ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ
ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȕȖ Ȑ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ
dzȖȕȌȖȕ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȊȣȌȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ Ȑ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȖȗȍȘȣ:
DzȖȊȍȕ-ǫȈȘȌȍȕșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȗțșȚțȍȚ
ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒ Ȏȍ ȊȣșȚȈȊȐȓ șȊȣȠȍ  șȐȔȜȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ©ȜȖȕȌȣ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧª ȏȈȚȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȚ ò ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȈ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ Ȋ ȋȖȌ ȕȍ
ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗȉ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȈȝ Ȋ ȓțȟȠȐȝ ȒȐȕȖ-ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ș țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȔȖȋțȚ ȒȖȕ-
ȒțȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȓțȟȠȐȔȐ ȓȖȕȌȖȕșȒȐȔȐ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȐ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ ȔȖȎȕȖ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȣ ȗȘȐ ȗȖșȘȍȌ-
șȚȊȍ ȈȋȍȕȚȖȊ ȆȘȖȒȈ
ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȈȋȍȕȚȖȊ Ȋ ǹ ȀȚȈȚȈȝ"  ȈȋȍȕȚȖȊ — Ȍȓȧ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȖȊ
ǫȈșȚȘȖȓȍȘȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȘȧȌ  ȓȍȚ ȗȖ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȗȖ ȚȘȐ
ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȈ Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȗȈșȚȤ ȊȚȖȘȐȟȕȖ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ
ȋȖȘȖȌ
ǺȈȒ ȀȈȓȧȗȐȕ  ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ Ȋ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȖȔ ǴȈȕȋȍȚȚȍȕ-ǶȗȍȘȈ-
ǽȖțȏ -ȋȖ țȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȦ -ȋȖ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ǩȖșȚȖȕȍ -ȋȖ Ȋ ǼȐ-
ȓȈȌȍȓȤȜȐȐ -ȋȖ Ȋ ǩȈȓȚȐȔȖȘȍ Ȑ Ț Ȍ Ǫ ȕȖȧȉȘȍ Ȗȕ șȕȖȊȈ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-
DZȖȘȒ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȖȊ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ șȕȖȊȈ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȦ ȊȔȍș-
Țȍ ș ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȖȑ ȊȒȓȦȟȐȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȘȍȗȍȘȚțȈȘ ©ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǫȖȌțȕȖȊȈª
ȆȘȖȒȖȔ ȒȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȦȚșȧ ȒȖȕȚȘȈȒȚȣ ș ©ȗȘȖșȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȍȊȘȖ-
ȗȍȑȞȈȔȐª ȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȚȍȕȖȘ — ȒțȔȐȘ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏȖȊ — ǴȦȘȈȚȖȘȍ ȔțȎ
dzȐȕȣ DzȈȊȈȓȤȍȘȐ ȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȘțȗȗȈ ǷȖȓȧ ǩțȘȎȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ Ȋ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ Ȑ
Ț Ȍ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȣȔ ȠȐȒȖȔ ȍșȓȐ ǷȖȓȤ ǩțȘȎȍ ȉțȌȍȚ șȚȈȊȐȚȤ
ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ǷȈȘȐȎ țȊȐȌȐȚ ȓȐȠȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȋȖȌ ȐȓȐ ȌȊȈ ǹȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȚȔȍ-
ȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ǹ ȀȚȈȚȣ țȊȓȍȒȈȍȚșȧ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȔ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȖȔ
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȗȘȍșșȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȈ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț ȠțȔȐȝț
ȆȘȖȒ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȘȐȚȐ-
ȒȖȊ Ȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȕȖ
Ǽʡ˃ˍ˃ˢ ˏˑˎˑˇ˃ˢ ˔˕˓˃ː˃ǡ ˍ˃ˍ ʠǤ ʧ˕˃˕˞ǡ ːˈ ˏˑˉˈ˕ ˓˃˔˚ˋ˕˞˅˃˕˟ ː˃
˔˃ˏˑ˔˕ˑˢ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑˈ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˑ ˋ ˊ˃ˋˏ˔˕˅˖ˈ˕ ˅˔ˈ ˎ˖˚˛ˈˈ ˋˊ ˈ˅˓ˑ˒ˈˌ˔ˍˑˆˑǡ
˅ ˚˃˔˕ːˑ˔˕ˋ ˓˖˔˔ˍˑˆˑǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ǽǤ
ǺȈȒ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ©ȔȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤª ȐșȒțȗȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȋȘȍȝȐ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȈȔȍ-

143
ȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ
DzȈȒ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȔȖȌȖȑ ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ șȍȘȤȍȏ-
ȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȈȘȚȐșȚȈȝ Ȑ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȈȝ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
Ǽʙˑːˈ˚ːˑǡ — ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˋ˕ ʭ˓ˑˍǡ — ˒ˑ˔ˎˈ ˑˆ˓ˑˏːˑˆˑ ˖˔˒ˈ˘˃ “ʤ˖ˇˑˉˈ˔˕-
˅ˈːːˑˆˑ” ˋ “ʚˈ˕˖˚ˈˌ ˏ˞˛ˋ” ȋ˅ ʏˏˈ˓ˋˍˈ ˠ˕ˑ “ˑ˄˝ˈˇˋːˈːˋˈdz ˋˏˈː ˔˚ˋ-
˕˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˅˒ˑˎːˈ ˔ˈ˓˟ˈˊː˞ˏ ˋ ˊ˃ˍˑːː˞ˏȌ ˅ˎˋˢːˋˈ ˓˖˔˔ˍˑˆˑ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ ːˈ-
ˑ˄˞˚˃ˌːˑ ˅ˑˊ˓ˑ˔ˎˑǤ
ʙˑːˈ˚ːˑǡ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈ ˆˑˎˑ˅ˑˍ˓˖ˉˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑˆˑ ˖˔˒ˈ˘˃ ˋ ˕˓ˋ˖ˏ˗˃ˎ˟ːˑˆˑ ˕˖˓-
ːˈ ʧ˃ˎˢ˒ˋː˃ǡ ʏːː˞ ʞ˃˅ˎˑ˅ˑˌ ˋ ˇ˓Ǥ ˔ˎ˃˅˃ ˓˖˔˔ˍˑˆˑ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ ˔ˋˎ˟ːˑ ˅ˑˊ-
˓ˑ˔ˎ˃Ǥ ʞ˓ˑˋˊ˅ˈˇˈːˋˢ ʛ˖˔ˑ˓ˆ˔ˍˑˆˑǡ ʒˎ˃ˊ˖ːˑ˅˃ ˖ˉˈ ˗ˋˆ˖˓ˋ˓˖ˡ˕ ˅ ˒˓ˑˆ˓˃ˏ-
ˏ˃˘ ː˃˛ˋ˘ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ˑ˅Ǥ ʬ˕ˑ ˅ˈ˓ːˑǤ ʜˑ ˑ˕˔ˡˇ˃ ːˈ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˈ˕ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˃ˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˙˞
˄˖ˇ˖˕ ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ˑ˅˃˕˟˔ˢ ˕ˈˏǡ ˘ˑ˕ˢ ˄˞ ˋ ˓˖˔˔ˍˋˏǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˑˏǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˈ ːˈ
ˋˏˈˈ˕ ˖˔˒ˈ˘˃ ˅ ʔ˅˓ˑ˒ˈ ˋ ʟˑ˔˔ˋˋǤ
ʤ˖ˇˑˉˈ˔˕˅ˈːːˋˍˋǡ ʧ˃ˎˢ˒ˋːǡ ʐ˃ˎˋˈ˅ǡ ʞ˃˅ˎˑ˅˃ǡ ʟ˃˘ˏ˃ːˋːˑ˅ǡ ˠ˕ˋ ˅ˈˎˋ-
ˍˋˈ ˃˓˕ˋ˔˕˞ǡ ˔˓˃ˊ˖ ˏˑˆ˖˕ “˖˔˕˓ˑˋ˕˟˔ˢ” ˊˇˈ˔˟Ǥ ʜˑ ː˃˘ˎ˞ː˖˅˛ˋˈ ˔ˡˇ˃ ˅
ˏ˃˔˔ˈ ˋˊ ʒˈ˓ˏ˃ːˋˋ ˋ ˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘ ˔˕˓˃ː ˔˓ˈˇːˋˈ ˓˖˔˔ˍˋˈ ˃˓˕ˋ˔˕˞ ˇˑˎˉː˞
ˊː˃˕˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˕ˈ˃˕˓˃ˎ˟ː˞ˌ ˓˞ːˑˍ ʜ˟ˡ-ʘˑ˓ˍ˃ ː˃˔˞˜ˈː ˖ˉˈ ˇˑ ˍ˓˃ˌːˋ˘ ˒˓ˈ-
ˇˈˎˑ˅ǽǤ
ǺȈȒȖȊȣ — ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȔ — ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȆȘȖȒȈ
ǷȘȐȍȏȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȣ ©șȘȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȒȈȓȐȉȘȈª ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȓ ȍȋȖ ȈȋȍȕȚȈȔ ș
ȗȘȖșȤȉȖȑ Ȗȉ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȍ ȚțȘȕȍ Ȑ ȚȖȘȖȗȧȚ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȈȋȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ-
ȔȐȔȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ țșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȚțȘȕȍ șȘȍȌȕȍȔț ȈȘȚȐșȚț Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȐȔȗȘȍș-
șȈȘȐȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏțȍȚ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ȏȈ ȋȖȌ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ
ǷȘȖȌȈȎȈ Ȏȍ ȉȐȓȍȚȖȊ ȕȈ ȉțȌțȡȐȑ șȍȏȖȕ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȈȊȋțșȚȍ-șȍȕ-
ȚȧȉȘȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ș ȧȕȊȈȘȧ
ǪȖȖȉȡȍ ȘțșșȒȐȍ ȈȒȚȍȘȣ ȔțȏȣȒȈȕȚȣ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȐȊȠȐȍ ȘȣȕȖȒ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ
Ȋ ȚȧȎȍȓȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ǷȍȊȞȖȊ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȐșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȐ Ȕțȏȣ-
ȒȈȕȚȖȊ — Ȋ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȣ dzȍȋȟȍ țșȚȘȖȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȐ ȕȖ ȚțȌȈ ȕȐ-
ȒȚȖ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȍȝȈȚȤ
ǩȍȘȓȐȕ țȎȍ ȉȖȔȉȈȘȌȐȘțȍȚ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȔȔȈȔȐ Ȗȉ ȖȚȢȍȏȌȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ șȐȓ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȣȔ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȎȌȈȚȤ ȒȘȐȏȐș ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ©ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈª
ǩȍșȍȌȈ ș ȆȘȖȒȖȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓȈșȤ șȖȊșȍȔ ȊȍșȍȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ
ǷȖȎȐȔȈȧ ȘțȒț ȆȘȖȒ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȘțșșȒȐȔ ȈȘȚȐșȚȈȔ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȉȣ ȖȘȋȈ-
ȕȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ« ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏ Ȍȓȧ ȘȍȋțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȓȣȊȈ ȘțșșȒȐȝ șȐȓ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȔȖȘȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ Ȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ
ȆȘȖȒ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȓ ȕȈȌȍȎȌț ȟȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȒȘțȋȐ ȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȗȖȑȌțȚ ȥȚȖȔț
ȕȈȊșȚȘȍȟț Ȉ Ȗȕ ȋȖȚȖȊ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ« ȊȕȍșȚȐ șȊȖȦ ȓȍȗȚț
ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȤȚȍ șȍȉȍ ©ȝȖȏȧȐȕȈª Ȋ ȘȖȓȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȈ ȗȘȖȜșȖȦȏȈ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȡȐ-
Țȣ ȚȘțȌȈ ȥȒșȗȓȖȈȚȐȘțȍȔȣȝ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ Ȑ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȧșȍȕ ȒȖȔȐȏȔ
ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ

144
ǵȈȔ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȈșȤ ȎȈȓȖȉȈ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȒȐȚȈȑȞȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȈȟȍȟȕȖȑ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈȝ ǨȘ-
ȉȈȚȈ
— ǻȔȕȈȑ ȒȈȏȈȐȕȈ« ȎțȓȐȒȈ ȒȈȏȈȐȕȈ
;9 ǶǿǸǹȌȅǶȀdzǹȊǻǮȍ ǼȀǸǾǼǰdzǻǻǼǿȀȊ ǰ ǮǺdzǾǶǸdz
dzȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȓȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȟȍȔ Ȋ
șȈȔȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȧȚ șȟȐȚȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȑ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ Ȗ șȍȉȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ©ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȋȖª țȊȈȎȍȕȐȧ
ǹȚȈȚȤȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ dzȖȕȌȖȕșȒȖȋȖ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ ǬȎȖȕȈ ǨȌȈȔșȈ Ȋ ©/RQGRQ
%RRNPDQª ȗȖȌ ȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȍȔ ©ǰșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍª
ȖșȊȍȡȈȍȚ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚ ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȉȐ-
ȉȓȐȖȚȍȒ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǻȗȚȖȕȈ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘȈ
ʖ˃ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˈˈ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˏ˞ ˔ˎ˞˛ˋˏ ˑ˚ˈː˟ ˏːˑˆˑ ˑ˄ ˃ˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˔ˍˑˌ ˙ˈː-
ˊ˖˓ˈ ː˃ˇ ˎˋ˕ˈ˓˃˕˖˓ˑˌ ˋ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ˑˏǡ ˋ ː˃ˏ ˍ˃ˉˈ˕˔ˢǡ ˚˕ˑ ː˃ ˊ˃˒˃ˇː˞˘ ˄ˈ˓ˈ-
ˆ˃˘ ˃ˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˔ˍˑˆˑ ˑˍˈ˃ː˃ ȋ˕Ǥ-ˈǤ ˅ ʏˏˈ˓ˋˍˈȌ ˔˅ˑ˄ˑˇ˃ ˔ˎˑ˅˃ ˑˆ˓˃ːˋ˚ˈː˃
˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈǡ ˚ˈˏ ː˃ ˅ˑ˔˕ˑ˚ː˞˘ ȋ˕Ǥ -ˈǤ ˅ ʏːˆˎˋˋȌǤ ʝˇː˃ˍˑǡ ˏ˞ ˇˑˎˉː˞ ˑ˒˓ˑ-
˅ˈ˓ˆː˖˕˟ ˠ˕ˑ ˏːˈːˋˈ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈ ˒ˑˢ˅ˎˈːˋˢ ˑˇːˑˌ ˍːˋˆˋ ˅ ʞ˃˔˃ˇˈː˃ ȋʙ˃ˎˋ˗ˑ˓-
ːˋˢȌǤ
ʙˑˆˇ˃ ˢ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˡ Ǽ˒ˑˢ˅ˎˈːˋˈǽǡ ˢ ˓˃ˊ˖ˏˈˡǡ ˚˕ˑ ˍːˋˆ˃ ˄˞ˎ˃ ˑ˕˒ˈ˚˃˕˃-
ː˃ ˋ ˒ˑ˔˕˖˒ˋˎ˃ ˅ ˒˓ˑˇ˃ˉ˖Ǥ ʝː˃ ːˈ ˒ˑˢ˅ˋˎ˃˔˟ǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˅˔ˈ ˇ˓˖ˆˋˈ ˍːˋˆˋǡ ˔ ˋˏˈ-
ːˈˏ ˍ˃ˍˑˆˑ-ːˋ˄˖ˇ˟ ˋˊˇ˃˕ˈˎˢ ː˃ ˑ˄ˎˑˉˍˈǤ ʏ˅˕ˑ˓ǡ ˑ˚ˈ˅ˋˇːˑǡ ːˈ ˏˑˆ ː˃ˌ-
˕ˋ ːˋ ˑˇːˑˆˑ ˋˊˇ˃˕ˈˎˢǡ ˓ˈ˛ˋ˅˛ˈˆˑ˔ˢ ˅ˊˢ˕˟ ː˃ ˔ˈ˄ˢ ˑ˕˅ˈ˕˔˕˅ˈːːˑ˔˕˟ ˋˊ-
ˇ˃˕˟ ˕˃ˍˑˌ Ǽˑ˕ˍ˓ˑ˅ˈːː˞ˌ ˕˓˖ˇǽǤ
ʐˈˊ ˔ˑˏːˈːˋˢǡ ˋˏˈˡ˕˔ˢ ˋ ˇ˓˖ˆˋˈ ˒ˋ˔˃˕ˈˎˋǡ ˅˞˓˃ˉ˃ˡ˜ˋˈ ˕˃ˍˋˈ ˉˈ
ˍ˓˃ˌːˋˈ ˖˄ˈˉˇˈːˋˢǡ ˘ˑ˕ˢ ːˈ ˅ ˔˕ˑˎ˟ ˔ˋˎ˟ːˑˌ ˗ˑ˓ˏˈǡ ːˑ ˖ ˠ˕ˋ˘ ˒ˋ˔˃˕ˈ-
ˎˈˌ ːˈ˕ ˔˓ˈˇ˔˕˅ ˇˎˢ ˋˊˇ˃ːˋˢ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˔ˑ˄˔˕˅ˈːː˞˘ ˕˓˖ˇˑ˅ǡ ˋ ˑːˋ ːˈ ˇˑ˔-
˕˃˕ˑ˚ːˑ ˊː˃ˏˈːˋ˕˞ǡ ˚˕ˑ˄˞ ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃˕˟ ˒ˑˏˑ˜˟ ˑ˕ ˒ˑ˔˕ˑ˓ˑːːˋ˘Ǥ
ʢ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓˃ ˉˈ ˒ˑ˓ˢˇˑ˚ː˞ˌ ˊ˃˒˃˔ ˘˓˃˄˓ˑ˔˕ˋǡ ˋ ˑː ˖ˉˈ ˇˑ˄ˋˎ˔ˢ ˕ˑˆˑǡ
˚˕ˑ ˈˆˑ ˇ˓˖ˊ˟ˢ ː˃ˊ˞˅˃ˡ˕ Ǽ˔ˎ˃˅ˑˌǽǡ ˃ ˈˆˑ ˏːˑˆˑ˚ˋ˔ˎˈːː˞ˈ ˅˓˃ˆˋ Ǽˋˊ˅ˈ˔˕-
ːˑ˔˕˟ˡǽǤ
ʑˑ ˅˔ˢˍˑˏ ˔ˎ˖˚˃ˈ ˑː ˒˓ˋˊː˃ː ˅˔ˈˏˋǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˚ˈˎˑ˅ˈˍ ˑ˄ˎ˃ˇ˃ˡ˜ˋˌ ˄ˑˎ˟-
˛ˋˏ ˇ˃˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˈˏǡ ˋ ˅ˈ˔˟ˏ˃ ːˈˏːˑˆˋˈ ˔˕˃ː˖˕ ˑ˕˓ˋ˙˃˕˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˑː Ǽˋˊ˅ˈ˔˕ˈː
˅˔ˈˏ˖ ˙ˋ˅ˋˎˋˊˑ˅˃ːːˑˏ˖ ˏˋ˓˖ǽǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˅˞˓˃ˊˋˎ˔ˢ ˔˃ˏ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓Ǥ
ʝː ˅ ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˋ ˋˊˇ˃˅˃˕˟ ˔˅ˑˋ ˍːˋˆˋ ˋǡ ˇˑˎˉːˑ ˄˞˕˟ǡ ˔ ˅˞ˆˑˇˑˌ ˇˎˢ

145
˔ˈ˄ˢǤ
ʝː ˔˃ˏ ˖ˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ː˃ ˠ˕ˑǡ ˍˑˆˇ˃ǡ ˅ ˔˅ˢˊˋ ˔ˑ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˍːˋˆˑˌ Ǽʛˈˇː˞ˌ
ˉˈ˕ˑːǽǡ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˋ˕ǣ Ǽˇˈ˅ˢːˑ˔˕ˑ ˕˞˔ˢ˚ ˠˍˊˈˏ˒ˎˢ˓ˑ˅ ˠ˕ˑˌ ˍːˋˆˋ ˄˞ˎˋ ˒˓ˑ-
ˇ˃ː˞ ˅ ˕ˈ˚ˈːˋˈ ͸-˕ˋ ˏˈ˔ˢ˙ˈ˅Ǥ ʙːˋˆ˃ ˄˞ˎ˃ ˋˊˇ˃ː˃ ˏːˑˡ ˔˃ˏˋˏǡ ˑ˄˝ˢ˅-
ˎˈːˋˌ ːˈ ˄˞ˎˑǡ ˋ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ːˈ˔ˍˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˓˃ˊ˄˓ˑ˔˃ːː˞˘ ˒ˑ ˏːˑˆˑ˚ˋ˔ˎˈːː˞ˏ
ˋˊˇ˃ːˋˢˏ ˑ˄ˊˑ˓ˑ˅ ˔ˑˑ˄˜ˋˎˋ ˒˖˄ˎˋˍˈ ˑ ˈˈ ˒ˑˢ˅ˎˈːˋˋǤ ʬ˕ˑ ˊː˃˚ˋ˕ǣ ˃ˏˈ-
˓ˋˍ˃ː˔ˍ˃ˢ ˒˖˄ˎˋˍ˃ ˘ˑ˚ˈ˕ ˖ˊː˃˕˟ ˒˓˃˅ˇ˖ ˑ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˆ˃ˊˈ˕˃˘ǽǤ
ʑ ˠ˕ˑˌ ˍːˋˆˈ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓ ː˃˒˃ˇ˃ˈ˕ ː˃ ˃ˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˔ˍˋˈ ˆ˃ˊˈ˕˞ǡ ː˃ˊ˞˅˃ˢ
ˋ˘ ˒ˑˍˑ˓ː˞ˏˋ ˋː˔˕˓˖ˏˈː˕˃ˏˋ ˅ ˓˖ˍ˃˘ ˍ˃˒ˋ˕˃ˎˋ˔˕ˑ˅Ǥ
ʝː ˖˄ˈˉˇˈːː˞ˌ ˔ˑ˙ˋ˃ˎˋ˔˕ǡ ˋ ˈ˜ˈ ˅ˑ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˔˅ˑˈˆˑ ˔˕˖ˇˈː˚ˈ˔˕˅˃ ˅
ˍˑˎ˖ˏ˄ˋˌ˔ˍˑˏ ˖ːˋ˅ˈ˓˔ˋ˕ˈ˕ˈ ˅ ͳͺͻ͸-͹ ˆˆǤ ˑː ˏˈ˚˕˃ˎ ˑ ˔ˑˊˇ˃ːˋˋ ˍːˋˆǡ ˍˑ-
˕ˑ˓˞ˈ ˅˔ˍ˓˞ˎˋ ˄˞ ˅˔ˈ ˕˃ˌː˞ˈ ˔˕ˑ˓ˑː˞ ˍ˃˒ˋ˕˃ˎˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˆˑ ˔˕˓ˑˢǤ ʝː
ˇˑ ˔ˋ˘ ˒ˑ˓ ˖˄ˈˉˇˈːǡ ˚˕ˑ ˍ˃˒ˋ˕˃ˎˋ˔˕˞ ˑ˅ˎ˃ˇˈˎˋ ːˈ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˑ˓˖ˇˋˢˏˋ
˒˓ˑˇ˖ˍ˙ˋˋǡ ːˑ ˕˃ˍˉˈ ˋ ˕ˈˏˋ ˑ˓˖ˇˋˢˏˋ ˋ ˗˃ˍ˕ˑ˓˃ˏˋǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ ˔ˑˊˇ˃ˡ˕
˕ˑ ˋˎˋ ˇ˓˖ˆˑˈ ˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅ˈːːˑˈ ˏːˈːˋˈǤ
Ǽʓˉ˖ːˆˎˋǽ ˄˞ˎˋ ˈˆˑ ˒ˈ˓˅˞ˏ ˖ˇ˃˓ˑˏ ˋ ˓˃ˊ˄ˋ˓˃ˎˋ ˒ˑˇ˓ˑ˄ːˑ ˋːˇ˖˔˕-
˓ˋ˃ˎ˟ː˞ˈ ˋ ˠˍˑːˑˏˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˈ ˖˔ˎˑ˅ˋˢ ʏˏˈ˓ˋˍˋǤ
Ǽʛˈˇː˞ˌ ˉˈ˕ˑːǽ ˒ˈ˓ˈːˈ˔ ˃˕˃ˍ˖ ː˃ ˉ˖˓ː˃ˎˋ˔˕ˑ˅ǡ ˋ ˕˖ˆ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓ ˔˕˃-
˓˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˇˑˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˃ˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˔ˍ˃ˢ ˒˓ˈ˔˔˃ ː˃˘ˑˇˋ˕˔ˢ ˅˔ˈ˙ˈˎˑ ˅ ˓˖ˍ˃˘
ˍ˃˒ˋ˕˃ˎˋ˔˕ˑ˅Ǣ ˍ˃˒ˋ˕˃ˎˋ˔˕˞ǡ ˒ˑ˔˕˃˅ˋ˅ ˆ˃ˊˈ˕˞ ˅ ˏ˃˕ˈ˓ˋ˃ˎ˟ː˖ˡ ˊ˃˅ˋ˔ˋ-
ˏˑ˔˕˟ ˑ˕ ˒ˎ˃˕ː˞˘ ˑ˄˝ˢ˅ˎˈːˋˌ ˋˎˋ ˉˈ ˒˓ˑ˔˕ˑ ˑ˕ˍ˖˒˃ˢ ˋ ˊ˃˅ˈˇ˖ˢ ˆ˃ˊˈ˕ˑˌǡ
ˇˑ˄ˋˎˋ˔˟ ˒ˑˎːˑˌ ˅ˎ˃˔˕ˋ ː˃ˇ ˒˓ˈ˔˔ˑˌǤ ʝ˒˒ˑːˈː˕˞ ˉˈ ˍˎ˃˔˔˃ ˔ˑ˄˔˕˅ˈː-
ːˋˍˑ˅ ːˈ ˋˏˈˡ˕ ˇˑ˔˕˖˒˃ ˅ ˒˓ˈ˔˔˖ǡ ˍˑˆˇ˃ ˑːˋ ˘ˑ˕ˢ˕ ˕˃ˏ ˒ˑˏˈ˔˕ˋ˕˟ ˑ˕-
ˍ˓˞˕˖ˡ ˍ˓ˋ˕ˋˍ˖ ː˃˔˕ˑˢ˜ˈˆˑ ˒ˑˎˑˉˈːˋˢ ˅ˈ˜ˈˌǤ ʜˈˇ˃˅ːˑ ˋˊˇ˃ːː˃ˢ ˍːˋ-
ˆ˃ Ǽʒ˖˔ˋː˞ˌ ˛˃ˆǽ ː˃˒˓˃˅ˎˈː˃ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ ˃ˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˔ˍˑˌ ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˞ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑ-
˅˃ːˋˢǤ
ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓ ˊ˃ˢ˅ˎˢˈ˕ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˅˔ˢ ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˃ ˅˞˔˛ˈˆˑ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˢ ˅ ˈˆˑ ˑ˕ˈ-
˚ˈ˔˕˅ˈ ˖˔˕˓ˑˈː˃ ˋ˔ˍˎˡ˚ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˅ ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔˃˘ ˍ˃˒ˋ˕˃ˎˋ˔˕ˑ˅ǣ ˍ˃˒ˋ˕˃ˎˋ-
˔˕˞ ˊ˃˘˅˃˕ˋˎˋ ˖ːˋ˅ˈ˓˔ˋ˕ˈ˕˞ ˋ ˓˃˔˒ˑ˓ˢˉ˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ˋˏˋ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔ːˑ ˋ ˄ˈ˔˙ˈ˓ˈ-
ˏˑːːˑ ˇˎˢ ˇˑ˔˕ˋˉˈːˋˢ ˚˃˔˕ː˞˘ ˙ˈˎˈˌ ˇˈːˈˉːˑˆˑ ˍˎ˃˔˔˃ ʏˏˈ˓ˋˍˋǤ
ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓ ˖ˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ː˃ ˑˆ˓˃ːˋ˚ˈːˋˈ ˔˅ˑ˄ˑˇ˞ ˒˓ˈ˔˔˞ǡ ːˑ ˔˃ˏ˞ˏ ˎ˖˚-
˛ˋˏ ˃˓ˆ˖ˏˈː˕ˑˏ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ ˕˃ˍˑˆˑ ˑ˄˅ˋːˈːˋˢ ˢ˅ˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ ˗˃ˍ˕ ˓˃˔˒˓ˑ˔˕˓˃-
ːˈːˋˢ ˔ ˒ˑˎːˑˌ ˔˅ˑ˄ˑˇˑˌ ˍːˋˆ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓˃Ǥ ʝː ːˈ ˔˕ˈ˔ːˢˈ˕ ˔ˈ˄ˢ ˅ ˅˞˓˃-
ˉˈːˋˢ˘Ǥ ʝː ˅˞˔ˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˔˅ˑˋ ˔˖ˉˇˈːˋˢ ˔˃ˏ˞ˏ ˒˓ˢˏ˞ˏ ˋ ˢ˔ː˞ˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏǤ
ʝː ːˈ ˔˕ˈ˔ːˢˈ˕˔ˢ ˅˞˒˃ˇ˃ˏˋ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ ˚˃˔˕ː˞˘ ˎˋ˙ ˋˊ ˉˋ˅˖˜ˋ˘ ˈ˜ˈ
˔ˑ˅˓ˈˏˈːːˋˍˑ˅Ǣ ˑː ː˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˋ˘ ˗˃ˏˋˎˋˋ ˋ ˘˃˓˃ˍ˕ˈ˓ˋˊ˖ˈ˕ ˋ˘ ˔˃ˏ˞ˏ ːˈ-
ˎˈ˔˕ː˞ˏ ˋ ˄ˈ˔˙ˈ˓ˈˏˑːː˞ˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏǤ
ʬ˒ˋ˕ˈ˕˞ ˅ ˓ˑˇˈǣ Ǽ˔ˎ˃˄˞˛ǽǡ Ǽ˅˓˖ːǽǡ Ǽ˔˕˃˓˞ˌ ˒˓ˑˌˇˑ˘˃ǽ — ˖˒ˑ˕˓ˈ˄-
ˎˢˡ˕˔ˢ ˋˏ ˜ˈˇ˓ˑ ˋ ˔˅ˑ˄ˑˇːˑǤ ʏːˆˎˋˌ˔ˍˋˈ ˚ˋ˕˃˕ˈˎˋ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˓˃ˡ˕ ˔ˈ˄ˈ ˆˎ˃-
ˊ˃ ˋ ːˈ ˏˑˆ˖˕ ˒ˑːˢ˕˟ǡ ˍ˃ˍ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓ ˏˑˉˈ˕ ˋˊ˄ˈˉ˃˕˟ ˔˖ˇ˃ Ǽˊ˃ ˑ˔ˍˑ˓˄ˎˈ-
ːˋˈǽǤ

ʞˑˏˋˏˑ ˇˑ˔˕ˑˋː˔˕˅ ˈˆˑ ˃˓ˆ˖ˏˈː˕ˑ˅ǡ ˚ˋ˕˃˕ˈˎ˟ ˒ˑ˓˃ˉˈː ˑ˕ˍ˓ˑ˅ˈːːˑ-
˔˕˟ˡ ˋ ˒˓ˢˏˑ˕ˑˌ ˍ˓ˋ˕ˋˍˋ ˑ˕ˇˈˎ˟ː˞˘ ˎˋ˚ːˑ˔˕ˈˌǤ
ʠˑˊˇ˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˑ˄˜ˈˈ ˅˒ˈ˚˃˕ˎˈːˋˈǡ ˚˕ˑ ˒ˋ˔˃˕ˈˎ˟ ˔˕˓ˈˏˋ˕˔ˢ ˍ ˑ˚ˈː˟ ˅˞-
˔ˑˍˑˌ ˙ˈˎˋǡ ˋː˃˚ˈ ˑː ːˈ ˑ˔ˏˈˎˋˎ˔ˢ ˄˞ ˒ˋ˔˃˕˟ ˕˃ˍˋˏˋ ˈˇˍˋˏˋ ˔ˎˑ˅˃ˏˋǤ
ʛˑˉːˑ ˒˓ˑ˅ˈ˔˕ˋ ˋˊ˅ˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ ˓ˑˇ˃ ˒˃˓˃ˎˎˈˎ˟ ˏˈˉˇ˖ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓ˑˏ ˋ
˒ˋ˔˃˕ˈˎˢˏˋ ˒˃ˏ˗ˎˈ˕ˑ˅ ː˃ ˊ˃˒˓ˈ˜ˈːː˞ˈ ˕ˈˏ˞ǡ ˔ ˕ˑˡ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˓˃ˊːˋ˙ˈˌǡ
˚˕ˑ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓ ˃˕˃ˍ˖ˈ˕ ˒ˑˇ ˔ˑ˄˔˕˅ˈːː˞ˏ ˋˏˈːˈˏǡ ˅ ˕ˑ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˍ˃ˍ ˔ˑ˔˕˃-
˅ˋ˕ˈˎˋ ˒˃ˏ˗ˎˈ˕ˑ˅ ˑ˔˕˃˅˃ˎˋ˔˟ ːˈˋˊ˅ˈ˔˕ː˞ˏˋǤ
ʦˋ˕˃˕ˈˎˋ ʠˋːˍˎˈ˓˃ ːˈ ˔ˑ˅˔ˈˏ ˇˑ˔˕ˋˆ˃ˡ˕ ˈˆˑ ˖˓ˑ˅ːˢ ˘˓˃˄˓ˑ˔˕ˋǤ
ʔˆˑ ˍːˋˆˋ ˔˒ˎˑ˛˟ ˋ ˓ˢˇˑˏ ˚ˋ˕˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ˅˕˃ˌːˈǤ ʛːˑˆˋˈ ˄ˑˢ˕˔ˢǡ ˚˕ˑ˄˞
ˍ˕ˑ-ːˋ˄˖ˇ˟ ːˈ ˖ˊː˃ˎ ˑ˄ ˋ˘ ˖˅ˎˈ˚ˈːˋˋ ˒ˑˇˑ˄ːˑˆˑ ˓ˑˇ˃ ˎˋ˕ˈ˓˃˕˖˓ˑˌǤ
ʏ˅˕ˑ˓ ˔˃ˏ ˓˃˔˔ˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˑ ˊ˃˒˓ˈ˜ˈːˋˋ ˅ ːˈˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘ ˏˈ˔˕˃˘ ˚˕ˈːˋˢ
Ǽʛˈˇːˑˆˑ ˉˈ˕ˑː˃ǽǤ
ʡ˃ˍǡ ˅ ˍˑː˕ˑ˓ˈ Ǽʜ˟ˡ-ʘˑ˓ˍ ʡ˃ˌˏ˔ǽ ˄˞ˎˑ ˅˞˅ˈ˛ˈːˑ ˑ˄˝ˢ˅ˎˈːˋˈ ˑ ˕ˑˏǡ
˚˕ˑ ˅˔ˢˍˋˌ ˔ˎ˖ˉ˃˜ˋˌ ˍˑː˕ˑ˓˞ǡ ˖ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˆˑ ː˃ˌˇ˖˕ ˠ˕˖ ˍːˋˆ˖ǡ ˄˖ˇˈ˕ ːˈ-
ˏˈˇˎˈːːˑ ˖˅ˑˎˈːǤ
ʡˑ˚ːˑ ˕˃ˍˑˆˑ ˉˈ ˓ˑˇ˃ ˑ˕ːˑ˛ˈːˋˈ ː˃˄ˎˡˇ˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˔ˑ ˔˕ˑ˓ˑː˞ ˎˡˇˈˌǡ
˔˅ˢˊ˃ːː˞˘ ˔ ˖ːˋ˅ˈ˓˔ˋ˕ˈ˕ˑˏǡ ˍ Ǽʒ˖˔ˋːˑˏ˖ ˛˃ˆ˖ǽǤ ʙːˋˆ˃ ˒ˈ˓ˈ˘ˑˇˋ˕ ˋˊ ˓˖ˍ
˅ ˓˖ˍˋ ˚˃˔˕ˑ ˒ˑˎ˖˕˃ˌː˞ˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏǤ
ʠ˕˖ˇˈː˕˞ ˋ ˒˓ˑ˗ˈ˔˔ˑ˓˃ ˚ˋ˕˃ˡ˕ ˈˈǡ ːˑ ˑːˋ ːˈˑ˘ˑ˕ːˑ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˢ˕ ˑ ːˈˌǡ
˓˃ˊ˅ˈ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˅ ˍ˓˖ˆ˖ ˄ˎˋˊˍˋ˘ ˇ˓˖ˊˈˌǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˏ ˑːˋ ˏˑˆ˖˕ ˇˑ˅ˈ˓ˢ˕˟Ǥ
ʝ˄˜ˈˈ ˏːˈːˋˈ ˔˅ˑˇˋ˕˔ˢ ˍ ˕ˑˏ˖ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˅ ˍːˋˆˈ ˏːˑˆˑ ˒˓˃˅ˇ˞ǡ ːˑ ˚˕ˑ ˅ˑ
ˏːˑˆˋ˘ ˔ˎ˖˚˃ˢ˘ ˍ˓˃˔ˍˋ ˔ˆ˖˜ˈː˞Ǥ
ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȏȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȚȈȚȤȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ ǨȌȈȔșȈ
ǪȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ țȓȣȉȒț ȊȣȊȖȌ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȈ Ȗ șȊȖȉȖȌȍ ȗȘȍșșȣ ȗȖșȓȍ ȘȧȌȈ ȌȖ-
ȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȋȖ ǯȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȍș-
ȓȣȝȈȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȒȖȕșȚȐȚțȞȐȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȊȍȌȍȚ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ
șȗȖșȖȉȈȔȐ ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘ șȈȔ ȕȍ ȐȏȌȈȓ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȧȊȐ-
ȓȐșȤ ȉȣ Ȋ ȒȕȐȎȕȖȔ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȍ ǵȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȒȈ-
ȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȖȊ
ǷȘȈȊ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǨȌȈȔș ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘȈ ȅȚȖȋȖ
ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȧȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ Ȑ ȓȐȠȕȐȔ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȧȊ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ șȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȗȕ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȚ Ȍȓȧ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ — Ȗ ȠȒȖȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ
ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘ — șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȉȖȘȍȞ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȈ ȉȖȘȍȞ
ȕȈ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȔ ȗȖȗȘȐȡȍ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȐȑ Ȑ ș ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍ-
șȖȔ ȕțȎȕȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȐ
_____

147
;9, DzǮDzǮǶǿȀȉ ǻǮ ǮǺdzǾǶǸǮǻǿǸǼǷ ǽǼȅǰdz
ǷȧȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȖȟȍȘȒȖȊ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȓȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȉȍȏȖȚȘȈȌ-
ȕțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȈȠț ȒȕȐȋț ȗȘȖȟȍȓ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȖȉȐȌȍȓșȧ ȉȣ ȏȈȚȍȔ șȚȈȓ ȉȣ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȤ ȖȋțȓȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȕȈȠȐ Ȗȉ-
ȊȐȕȍȕȐȧ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șȊȍȎȍȔț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ — ȊȐȌȕȍȍ
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞț Ȏȍ Ȕȣ șȖȖȉȡȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȔșȧ Ȓ ȗȍșșȐȔȐșȚȈȔ ǵȈ-
ȖȉȖȘȖȚ — ȝȖȘȖȠȖ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȕȣ ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȔ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȊșȦȌț ȋȌȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ șȚȈȘȈȍȔșȧ ȗȖȌȔȍȚȐȚȤ Țȍ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȌȍȚȈ-
ȓȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȟȚȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȗȘȖșȣȗȈȍȚșȧ ȐȡȍȚ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ Ȑȏ ȚțȗȐ-
ȒȈ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȣȝȖȌ țȎȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȔȐ ȗȘȖȡțȗȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
ǨȚȔȖșȜȍȘȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȌțȠȕȈ ȅȚȖ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȕȖ ȖșȊȍȎȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȋȘȖȏȈ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ ǷȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȊȍșȚȕȐȒȐ ȋȘȖȏȣ ȕȈȓȐȞȖ
ǵȍȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȓȖ ȘțșșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ
ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ǹȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ǰ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ǨȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȘȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȘȈȑȕȐȍ ȓȍȊȣȍ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ǫ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȓȍȊȣȍ ȎțȘȕȈȓȣ ȍșȚȤ ȓȍȊȣȍ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖ-
ȊȈȕȈ ȓȍȊȣȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ǷȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȥȚȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ
ǬȈȎȍ Ȋ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ț Ȋșȍȝ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ - ȓȍȚ
ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȍȓ ȘȍȏȒȐȑ ȗȖȊȖȘȖȚ ȊȓȍȊȖ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ȒȘțȗȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ ȓȍȊȖȋȖ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȚ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ ȍȡȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȏȈȐȔșȚȊțȍȚ ț
ǭȊȘȖȗȣ șȈȔȖȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȍ Ȑ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȍ ǵȖ șȌȊȐȋ ȕȈȓȐȞȖ
ǵȐȎȍ ȒȈȒ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȑ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȏȈȐȔșȚȊȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚșȧ șȚȈȚȤȧ ©ǺȍȈȚȘ Ȑ ȔȦȏȐȒ-ȝȖȓȓª — ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȓȍȊȖȋȖ ȒȘȐ-
ȚȐȒȈ ȌȈȌȈȐșȚȈ ǷȤȍȘȈ Ȍȍ-ǴȈșșȖ ȅȚț șȚȈȚȤȦ ȕȈȗȍȟȈȚȈȓ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȒȈȒ
ȚȈȒȖȑ ȘȍȗȘȍȏȍȕȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ȒȈȒ ©7KH /LWWOH 5HYLHZª
ȅȚȖ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ șȖȋȓȈ-
șȐȚȤșȧ ș ȘȍȏȒȖșȚȤȦ ȊȣșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȈȌȈȐșȚȖȊ ȚȖ ș ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ țșȚȈȕȖȊ-
ȒȖȑ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȗ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ Ȑ ȔȦȏȐȒ-ȝȖȓȓȍ ȖȕȐ șȖȋȓȈșȕȣ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ
ȚȍȈȚȘ șȚȘȈȌȈȍȚ ȚȍȔȐ Ȏȍ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȑ
ʡʔʏʡʟ ʗ ʛʭʖʗʙ ʤʝʚʚ.
ʞˑ˔˅ˢ˜˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ʬ˓ˋˍ˖ ʠ˃˕ˋǤ
ʞˑ ˔ˎˑ˅˃ˏ ʏˎ˟˗ˑː˔˃ ʓˑˇˠǡ ˑˇːˑˆˑ ˋˊ ˅ˋˇː˞˘ ˏˑː˃˓˘ˋ˔˕ˑ˅ǡ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ ˅ˑ ʣ˓˃ː-
˙ˋˋ — Ǽ˅ˈˎˋˍˑˈ ˖ˆ˃˔˛ˈˈ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˑǽǤ

148
ʖ˃˕ˑǡ ˔˕˃˓˃ːˋˢˏˋ ˇˑˇˠ˒ˑˇˑ˄ː˞˘ǡ ˏˡˊˋˍ-˘ˑˎˎ — ˅ˈˎˋˍˑˈ ˏˑˎˑˇˑˈ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔-
˔˕˅ˑ ˒˓ˑ˙˅ˈ˕˃ˈ˕Ǥ ʑ˔ˈǡ ˚˕ˑ ˍ˃˔˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˏˑˇ˞ ˋ ˖˅ˈ˔ˈˎˈːˋˢ ˇ˓˖ˊˈˌǡ ˒˓ˋˈ˘˃˅˛ˋ˘ ˅
ʞ˃˓ˋˉ ˔ ˅ˋˊˋ˕ˑˏ ˋˊ ˒˓ˑ˅ˋː˙ˋˋǡ ˏˑˉːˑ ː˃ˌ˕ˋǡ ˒ˑ˔ˈ˕ˋ˅ ˕ˈ˃˕˓˞ǡ ˔˒ˈ˙ˋ˃ˎ˟ːˑ
ˇˎˢ ˠ˕ˑˆˑ ˒˓ˈˇː˃ˊː˃˚ˈːː˞ˈǤ ʙ˖ˇ˃ ˄˞ ˅˞ ːˋ ˒ˑ˛ˎˋ — Ǽʝ˒ˈ˓˃ǽ ˋˎˋ Ǽʒ˃ˈ˕ˠ-ˎˋ-
˓ˋˍǽ ˋˎˋ Ǽʐ˃-˕˃-ˍˎ˃ːǽ ͳ — ˅˔ˈ ˓˃˅ːˑ ˅˞ ˖˅ˋˇˋ˕ˈ ˕˃ˏ ˑˇːˑ ˋ ˕ˑ ˉˈǡ ˃ ˖˔ˎ˞˛ˋ˕ˈ
«Padmƒ˜ƒ–‹ǽǡ ǼŠ‘—–ǽ ˋˎˋ Ǽ’en ˆƒ‹• ’ƒ•ǽʹ.
ʢ˅˞ǡ ˍ˃ˍ˃ˢ ˏ˓˃ˊ˟Ǩ
ʑ˔ˡˇ˖ ˓ˈ˒ˈ˓˕˖˃˓ǡ ˑ˕ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˆˑ ˓˃ˊˋ˕ ˓ˑˏ˃ː˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˌ ˒ˎˈ˔ˈː˟ˡǣ ˊ˃˕˃˔ˍ˃ː-
ː˞ˈ ˅˔ˈˏˋ ˔˙ˈː˃ˏˋ ˇ˅ˋˉˈːˋˢǢ ːˋ˚ˈˆˑ ːˈ ˑ˔˕˃ˎˑ˔˟ ˑ˕ ˒˓ˈˉːˈˆˑ ˅ˈˎˋ˚ˋˢǡ ːˋ-
˚ˈˆˑ ːˈ ˔ˇ˅ˋː˖ˎˑ˔˟ ˔ˑ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˒˞ˎ˟ː˞˘ ˏˈ˔˕Ǣ ːˋ˚ˈˆˑ ːˈ ˔ˎ˖˚˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˕˃ˍˑˆˑǡ ˚˕ˑ
˄˞ ˏˑˆˎˑ ˅˞˓˅˃˕˟ ˘ˑ˕˟ ˑˇˋː ˅ˑˊˆˎ˃˔ ˅ˑ˔˕ˑ˓ˆ˃ ˖ ˒˖˄ˎˋˍˋǤ ʠˈˆˑˇːˢ ʣ˓˃ː˙ˋˢ
ˏˑˉˈ˕ ˅ˊˢ˕˟ ˒ˈ˓˅˞ˌ ˒˓ˋˊ ˊ˃ ˒ˎˑ˘˖ˡ ˋˆ˓˖Ǥ
ʗ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈ ˔˒ˈˍ˕˃ˍˎˢ ˇˉˈː˕ˎ˟ˏˈːˑ˅ ˋˊ Ǽʙˑˏˈˇˋ ʣ˓˃ː˔ˈˊǽ ȋ˅ ˔ˏˑˍˋːˆ˃˘ǡ ˔
˄˓ˡ˛ˍˑˏǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˈ ˑːˋ ːˑ˔ˢ˕ ˅˒ˈ˓ˈˇˋ ˔ˈ˄ˢǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˊː˃ˏˢǡ ˍˑˆˇ˃ ˑːˋ ˒ˑˊˇ˓˃˅-
ˎˢˡ˕ ˇ˓˖ˆ ˇ˓˖ˆ˃ ˔ ˖˔˒ˈ˘ˑˏȌ ˑ˔˕˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˔ˎˈˇˋ˕˟ ˊ˃ ˠ˕ˋˏ ˔˅ˢ˜ˈːːˑˇˈˌ-
˔˕˅ˋˈˏǡ ˒ˑːˋˏ˃ˢǡ ˚˕ˑ ˠ˕ˑ — ˃ˆˑːˋˢǢ ˎˋ˛˟ ˠ˕˃ ˏ˞˔ˎ˟ ˇ˃ˈ˕ ˊ˃ˍˑːːˑˈ ˒˓˃˅ˑ ˅ˑ˔-
˔ˈ˔˕˟ ː˃ ˍ˓ˈ˔ˎˑ ˒˃˓˕ˈ˓˃Ǥ
ʏ ˅˔ˈ ːˑ˅ˑˈ ː˃ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ˈ — ˠ˕ˑ ˏˋˍ˓ˑ˄ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ˇˋ˓ˈˍ˕ˑ˓˃ǡ ˓ˈˉˋ˔˔ˈ˓˞ǡ ˃ˍ-
˕ˈ˓˞ǡ ˠˎˈˍ˕˓ˑ˕ˈ˘ːˋˍˋǡ ˊ˃˅ˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˈ ˔˙ˈː˃ˏˋ ˋ ˇ˃ˉˈ ˑ˔˕˃ˎ˟ːˑˌ ˒ˈ˓˔ˑː˃ˎ ˒˓ˈ-
˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˕ ˋ ˖ːˋ˚˕ˑˉ˃ˡ˕ ˅˔ˢˍˋˌ ˓˃ˊǤ ˍ˃ˍ ˑː ˊ˃ˏˈ˚˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˒ˑˊ˃ˇˋ ˊ˃ː˃˅ˈ˔˃Ǥ
ʮ ˒˓ˑ˛˖ ˅˃˔ǣ ˑ˕ˑˌˇˋ˕ˈ ː˃ ˏˋː˖˕˖ ˑ˕ ˒˓˃˘˃ǡ ˑ˕ ˠ˕ˑˌ ˏ˖ˏˋˋǡ ː˃ˊ˞˅˃ˈˏˑˌ
˕ˈ˃˕˓ˑˏǡ ˑ˕ˑˌˇˋ˕ˈ ˑ˕ ˔ˎ˃˅˞ ˒˓ˑ˛ˈˇ˛ˋ˘ ˅ˈˍˑ˅ ˋ ˑ˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˋ˕ˈ ˔˅ˑˈ ˅ːˋˏ˃ːˋˈ
ː˃ ˅˓ˈˏˈː˃˘ǡ ːˈ ˕˃ˍ ˖ˉˈ ˑ˕ ː˃˔ ˑ˕ˇ˃ˎˈːː˞˘Ǥ
ʞˈ˓ˈˇ ˅ˑˌːˑˌǡ ː˃˚ˋː˃ˢ ˔ ͳͻͳʹ ˆǤ ˋ ˍˑː˚˃ˢ ͳͻͳͶǡ ˄˞ˎˑ ˇ˅ˋˉˈːˋˈ ˅˒ˈ˓ˈˇ ˋ
˄˞ˎˋ ˕˃ˍˋˈǡ ˚˕ˑ ˘ˑ˕ˈˎˋ ˅˞˕˃˜ˋ˕˟ ˍ˃˓ˈ˕˖ ˕ˈ˃˕˓˃ǡ ˖˅ˢˊ˛˖ˡ ˅˔ˈˏˋ ˍˑˎˈ˔˃ˏˋ ˅
ˆ˓ˢˊˋǤ
ʦ˕ˑ ˄˞ ˑːˋ ˕ˑˆˇ˃ ːˋ ˇˈˎ˃ˎˋǡ ˑːˋ ˋˏˈˡ˕ ˒˓˃˅ˑ ː˃ ˒˓ˋˊː˃ːˋˈǤ ʐ˃ˍ˔˕ ˓ˈ˅ˑ-
ˎˡ˙ˋˑːˋˊˋ˓ˑ˅˃ˎ ˑ˄˞˚ːˑˈ ˒ˑːˢ˕ˋˈ ˑ ˍˑ˔˕ˡˏˈ ˋ ˔˙ˈːˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘ ˇˈˍˑ˓˃˙ˋˢ˘Ǥ ʓ˃-
ˎˈˈ — ʜˋˉˋː˔ˍˋˌ ˚˖˅˔˕˅ˈːːˑˌ ˋː˕ˈ˓˒˓ˈ˕˃˙ˋˈˌ Ǽ̵’”‡• †ǯ— 	ƒ—‡ǽ ˅˞ˊ˅˃ˎ
˄˖˓ˡ ˍˑ˛˃˚˟ˈˆˑ ˅ˋˊˆ˃ ȋ˔ˏˑ˕˓ˋ ˔ˏˈ˛ː˖ˡ ˔˕˃˕˟ˡ ʒ˃˔˕ˑː˃ ʙ˃ˎ˟ˏˈ˕˕˃ ˅ Ǽʣˋˆ˃-
˓ˑǽȌǤ ʗˆˑ˓˟ ʠ˕˓˃˅ˋː˔ˍˋˌ ˒ˑˍ˃ˊ˃ˎ ˔˅ˑˡ Ǽƒ…”‡ †— ”‹–‡’•ǽǢ ʬ˓ˋˍ ʠ˃˕ˋ ˄˞ˎ
ˆˑ˕ˑ˅ ː˃˚˃˕˟ ˓˃˄ˑ˕˖Ǥ ʏˌ˔ˈˇˑ˓˃ ʓ˖ːˍ˃ː ˒˓ˑ˒ˑ˅ˈˇˑ˅˃ˎ˃ ːˑ˅˞ˌ ˅ˋˇ ˘ˑ˓ˈˑˆ˓˃-
˗ˋˋǡ ˋ ˢ ːˈ ˏˑˆ˖ ˑ˕˓ˋ˙˃˕˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˅ ˕ˑ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˏ˞ ˇˈˌ˔˕˅ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃ˎˋ ˖ˇˑ-
˅ˎˈ˕˅ˑ˓ˈːˋˈ ˑ˕ ˈˈ ˠˍ˔˒ˈ˓ˋˏˈː˕ˑ˅Ǥ
ʡˑ ˄˞ˎ˃ ˔ˎ˃˅ː˃ˢ ˠ˒ˑ˘˃ǡ ˍˑˆˇ˃ ʞ˃˓ˋˉ ˄˞ˎ ˅˔ˈˏ ˄ˑˆ˃˕ — ˇ˃ˉˈ ˔ˏˈ˛ː˞ˏǤ ʡ˃ˍǡ
1 Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɚɬɪɵ
2 Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɟɧɤɢ

149
ˍ˃˓ˇˋː˃ˎ ʏˏˈ˕˕ǡ ˃˓˘ˋˈ˒ˋ˔ˍˑ˒ǡ ˑ˔˖ˇˋˎ ˑ˕ ˋˏˈːˋ ˙ˈ˓ˍ˅ˋ ˕˃ːˆˑǤ ʑ ˑ˕ˏˈ˔˕ˍ˖ǡ ʔǤ
ʚ˃˅˃ˎ˟ˈ˓ͳ ˇˈˏˑː˔˕˓ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ˎ˃ ˒˃˓ˑˇˋˡ ˑ˕ ˔˅ˑˈˆˑ ˉˈ ˋˏˈːˋǤ ʒˈː˓ˋ ʐ˃˕˃ˌˎ˟
˓˃ˊˇˈˎ ʗ˅ˑːː˖ ˇˈ-ʐ˓˃ˆ ˅ Ǽʣ˃ˎˈˏǽ ȋŠƒŽ‡ȌǢ ʛ˃ˇ˃ˏ ʙ˃ˌˑ ˖˄ˋˎ˃ ʙ˃ˎ˟ˏˈ˕˕˃Ǥ ʓˈ-
ʛ˃ˍ˔ ˋˆ˓˃ˎ Ǽʠ˃ˎˑˏˈˡǽ ʢ˃ˌˎ˟ˇ˃Ǥ ʞˋˍ˃˔˔ˑ ˔ˑˊˇ˃ˎ ˍ˖˄ˋˊˏǤ ʠ˃˓˓˃ ʐˈ˓ː˃˓ ˈ˜ˈ ːˈ
˖ˏˈ˓ˎ˃ǡ ˘ˑ˕ˢ ˖ˉˈ ˎˋ˛ˋˎ˃˔˟ ːˑˆˋǤ
ʔ˔ˎˋ ˋˊ-˒ˑˇ ˏˑˈˆˑ ˒ˈ˓˃ ˒ˑˢ˅ˋˎˑ˔˟ ˋˏˢ ʐˈ˓ː˃˓ǡ ˕ˑ ˢ ˇˑˎˉˈːǡ ˍˑːˈ˚ːˑǡ ˔ˍ˃-
ˊ˃˕˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˇ˖ˏ˃ˡ ˑ˄ ˠ˕ˑˌ ˕˓˃ˆˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˌ ˃ˍ˕˓ˋ˔ˈǡ ˚˟ˢ ˔ˏˈ˓˕˟ ˑ˒ˎ˃ˍ˃ː˃ ˅˔ˈˏ ˏˋ-
˓ˑˏ ˋ ˍˑˆˑ ˅˔ˢˍˋˌ ˓˃ˊ ˔ ːˈˑ˄˞ˍːˑ˅ˈːː˞ˏ ˠː˕˖ˊˋ˃ˊˏˑˏ ˒˓ˋːˋˏ˃ˎ˃ ʏˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃Ǥ
ʠ˃˓˓˃ — ˅˓˃ˆ ˅˔ˈˆˑ ːˑ˅ˑˆˑǡ ˄˞ˎ˃ ˅˒ˎˑ˕˟ ˇˑ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˈˌ ˏˋː˖˕˞ ˊ˃ˍˑ-
ːˑˇ˃˕ˈˎ˟ːˋ˙ˈˌ ˊ˃ˍˑ˔ːˈ˅˛ˈˌ ˏˑˇ˞Ǥ
ʏˍ˕ˈ˓˞ ˋ ˃ˍ˕˓ˋ˔˞ ˔ˏˑ˕˓ˈˎˋ ː˃ ːˈˈ ˋ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ː˃ ːˈˈǣ ˈ˔ˎˋ ˅ ˕ˈ˚ˈːˋˈ ˅ˑ˔˟-
ˏˋˇˈ˔ˢ˕ˋ ˎˈ˕ ˑː˃ ˒ˈˎ˃ ˔˕ˋ˘ˋ ˋ ˒ˎ˃ˍ˃ˎ˃ ˅ ˒˓ˑˊˈǡ ˕ˑ ˋ ˑːˋ ˒ˈˎˋ ˅ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˔˕ˋ˘˃˘
ˋ ˒ˎ˃ˍ˃ˎˋ ˅ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˒˓ˑˊˈǤ ʛˑˉːˑ ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˙ˈˎˑˈ ˒ˑˍˑˎˈːˋˈ ˘˓ˑˏ˃ˈ˕ǡ ˇˑ-
ˆˑːˢˢ ˠ˕˖ ˍ˃ˎˈˍ˖Ǥ
ʗ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˈˇˋː˔˕˅ˈːː˞ˌ ˕˓˃ˆˋˍ — ˃ˍ˕ˈ˓ǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ːˋ˚ˈˆˑ ːˋ ˖ ˍˑˆˑ ːˈ ˊ˃ˋˏ-
˔˕˅˖ˈ˕ǡ ˅˔ˈˆˇ˃ ˋ˜ˈ˕ ˋ ˅˔ˈˆˇ˃ ˚˖˅˔˕˅˖ˈ˕ ˔˅ˑˌ ˕ˈˍ˔˕ǡ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˑː ːˈ ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˋˎ ːˋ
˔ˎ˃˅˞ǡ ːˋ ˊː˃˚ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑˆˑ ˖˔˒ˈ˘˃Ǥ ʮ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˡ ˑ˄ ʬˇ˖˃˓ˇˈ ˇˈ-ʛ˃ˍ˔ˈǤ ʝː ˈˇˋː˔˕-
˅ˈːː˞ˌ ˃ˍ˕ˈ˓ǡ ˔˕˃ ˆˑˎˑ˅˃ˏˋ ˅˞˛ˈ ʛ˖ːˈ ʠˡˎˎˋ ˋˎˋ ʕˈˏ˟ˈǤ
ʜˑ ˅ˑ˕ ˒˓ˋ˛ˎ˃ ˅ˑˌː˃Ǥ ʔˈ ː˃ˊ˞˅˃ˡ˕ ˇ˃ˉˈ ˅ˈˎˋˍˑˌ ˅ˑˌːˑˌǤ ʡˈ˃˕˓ ˄˞ˎ ˊ˃˄˞˕ǣ
˃ˍ˕ˈ˓˞ ˊ˃˄ˑ˕ˋˎˋ˔˟ ˑ ˓˃ːˈː˞˘ǡ ˈ˔ˎˋ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˔˃ˏˋ ˑːˋ ːˈ ˄˞ˎˋ ˓˃ːˈː˞ ˋˎˋ
˖˄ˋ˕˞Ǥ
ʛ˞ ˄˞ˎˋ ˔˓ˈˇˋ ː˃ˇˈˢ˅˛ˋ˘˔ˢǡ ˚˕ˑ ˠ˕ˑ˕ ˒ˈ˓ˋˑˇ ˏˑˎˑˇˑˌ ˔˕˃˓ˑ˔˕ˋ ˔ˏˑˉˈ˕
ˑ˚ˋ˔˕ˋ˕˟ ˔˙ˈː˖ ˋ ˖˄˟ˈ˕ ˓˃ˊ ː˃˅˔ˈˆˇ˃ ˖ˉ˃˔˃˅˛ˋˌ ˏˈːˢ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˒˓ˈ˔ːˑ˔˕˟ˡ ˓ˑˏ˃ː-
˕ˋˊˏǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ˇˎˢ ˏˈːˢ ˎˋ˚ːˑ ˒˓ˑ˔˕ˑ ˔ˋːˑːˋˏ ˆˎ˖˒ˑ˔˕ˋǤ
ʏˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˔ˍˋˈ ˗ˋˎ˟ˏ˞ǡ ˑ˔˕˓˞ˈ ˍ˃ˍ ˔˕˃ˎ˟ǡ ˘ˑˎˑˇː˞ˈ ˍ˃ˍ ˒ˑˎˡ˔ǡ ˒˓ˈˍ˓˃˔-
ː˞ˈ ˍ˃ˍ ˏˑˆˋˎ˞ǡ ˒˓ˑ˘ˑˇˋˎˋ ˒ˈ˓ˈˇ ː˃˛ˋˏˋ ˑ˔ˎˈ˒ˎˈːː˞ˏˋ ˑ˚˃ˏˋǤ ʞ˓ˋ˔˕˃ˎ˟ː˞ˌ
˅ˊˆˎˢˇ ʑˋˎ˟ˢˏ˃ ʤ˃˓ˇ˕˃ ʹ ˒˓ˑːˊ˃ˎ ː˃˛ˋ ˔ˈ˓ˇ˙˃ǡ ˋ ˏ˞ ˎˡ˄ˋˎˋ ˔˕˓ˑˆˋˈ ˒ˈˌˊ˃-
ˉˋǡ ˆˇˈ ˍˑ˒˞˕˃ ˈˆˑ ˍˑːˢ ˔˅ˈ˓ˍ˃ˎˋ ˅ ˑ˄ˎ˃ˍ˃˘ ˒˞ˎˋǤ
ʜˈ˒ˑːˢ˕ː˞ˌ ˋ ːˈ˔˓˃˅ːˈːː˞ˌ ˚˖ˇˈ˔ː˞ˌ ˏ˃ˎ˞ˌ — ˒ˑˢ˅ˋˎ˔ˢ ʦ˃˓ˎˋ ʦ˃˒-
ˎˋːǡ — ˈˆˑ ˇ˅ˈ ˅˞˅ˈ˓ː˖˕˞ˈ ːˑˆˋǤ ʠˋˎˑˡ ːˈˋˊ˄ˈˉː˞˘ ˑ˄˔˕ˑˢ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅ ˑː ˇˑˎ-
ˉˈː ˄˞ˎ ˔ˇˈˎ˃˕˟˔ˢ ˕ˑˌ ˍˑˏˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˌ ˄ˑˏ˄ˑˌǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ ˏˑˆˎ˃ ˅ˊˑ˓˅˃˕˟ ˔˕˃˓˞ˌ
˕ˈ˃˕˓ ˋ ˏˡˊˋˍ-˘ˑˎˎǤ
ʢ˅˞ǡ ˏˑˢ ˄ˈˇː˃ˢ ʣ˓˃ː˙ˋˢǡ ˔˕˓˃ː˃ǡ ˓ˑˉˇˈːː˃ˢ ːˈ˔˚˃˔˕˟ˈˏǨ ʡ˞ ˅˔ˈˆˇ˃ ˅ˑˊ-
ˇ˅ˋˆ˃ˎ˃ ˄˃˓˓ˋˍ˃ˇ˞ ˒˓ˑ˕ˋ˅ ˅˔ˢˍˑˆˑ ˋːˑ˔˕˓˃ːːˑˆˑ ˅ˎˋˢːˋˢǡ ˋ ˅˔ˈ ːˑ˅ˑˈǡ ˏˑˎˑ-
ˇˑˈ ˋ ˔˅ˈˉˈˈ ˒ˑ˒˓ˈˉːˈˏ˖ ˢ˅ˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ ˕˃ˍˑˌ ˉˈ ˓ˈˇˍˑ˔˕˟ˡǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˅˔ˈ ˕˃ˎ˃ː˕ˎˋ˅ˑˈǤ
ʗ ˕ˈ˒ˈ˓˟ ˒˓ˋ˛ˎˑ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˍ˓ˋˍː˖˕˟ ˔ˎˑ˅˃ǡ ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ːː˞ˈ ʚ˖ˋ ʏ˓˃ˆˑːˑˏ3 ˒ˢ˕˟
ˎˈ˕ ˕ˑˏ˖ ː˃ˊ˃ˇǣ Ǽˍ ˚ˑ˓˕˖ ː˃ ˓ˑˆ˃ ˅˃˛ˈˆˑ ˔˅ˈ˕ˎˑˆˑ ˆˈːˋˢ ʣ˓˃ː˙ˋˋǨǽ
1 Ɍɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɰɚ
2 Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɢɧɨ-ɚɤɬɟɪ
3 Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ

ʓ˃ǡ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ ˖ˏˈ˓ǡ ːˈ˔ˏˑ˕˓ˢ ː˃ ˒ˑ˒˞˕ˍˋ ˔˒˃˔˕ˋ ˈˆˑǨ ʜˋ˚ˈˆˑ ːˈ ˔ˏˑˆˎˋ ˔ˇˈˎ˃˕˟
ˑːˋ — ːˋ ʛ˃ˍ˔ǡ ːˋ ʑ˃ː˕˖˓˃ǡ ːˋ ʐˈ˓˕˃ ʐˑ˅ˋǡ ːˋ ʔ˅˃ ʣ˓˃ː˔ˋˊͳ ˋ ˇ˓˖ˆˋˈǡ ˋ ˕ˈ˃˕˓
˒ˑˆ˃˔ǡ ˕˃ˍ ˍ˃ˍ ˈˏ˖ ːˈ˘˅˃˕˃ˎˑ ˅ˑˊˇ˖˘˃ ˒ˑˇ ˔˕ˈˍˎˢːː˞ˏ ˍˑˎ˒˃ˍˑˏǡ ˍ˖ˇ˃ ˈˆˑ ˔˒˓ˢ-
˕˃ˎˋǤ ʜˑ ˊ˃˕ˑ ːˈˑ˄˞˚˃ˌːˑ ˓˃˔˙˅ˈˎ ˏˡˊˋˍ-˘ˑˎˎǤ
ʗ ˔ˈˌ˚˃˔ ˖ˉˈ ˒ˑ˓˃ ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ǣ ː˃ˏ ˇˑ˅ˑˎ˟ːˑ ”‡˜—‡•ǡ ˅ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˢ˕ ˑ
ʞ˖˃ːˍ˃˓ˈǡ ˑ ʠ˃˛ˈ ʒˡ˕˓ˋǡ ˑ ʛˑ˓ˋ˔ˈ ʟˑ˔˕˃ːˈ ˋ ˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘Ǣ ˆˇˈ ˖ˉ˃˔ː˃ˢ ː˃ˆˑ˕˃ ˋˎˋ
˒ˑˎ˖ː˃ˆˑ˕˃ ˍ˖˓˕ˋˊ˃ːˑˍ ˇ˅ˋˉˈ˕˔ˢ ˒˓ˑ˙ˈ˔˔ˋˈˌ ˅ ˕˃ˍ˕ ˔ ˒˃ˎˑ˚ˍˑˌ ˇˋ˓ˋˉˈ˓˃Ǣ ”‡-
˜—‡•ǡ ˆˇˈǡ ˍ˓ˑˏˈ ˅ˋ˕˓ˋː˞ ˒˓ˑˇ˃ˉːˑˆˑ ˆˑˎˑˆˑ ˕ˈˎ˃ǡ ːˈ˕ ːˋ˚ˈˆˑǡ ːˋ˚ˈˆˑǡ ːˋ˚ˈ-
ˆˑǤ ʗ ˊˇˈ˔˟ǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˅˔ˡˇ˖ ˅ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ˈǡ ˖ˏˈ˓ˎˑ ˅ˑˑ˄˓˃ˉˈːˋˈ — ˅ˈˇ˟ǡ ˒ˑˋ˔˕ˋːˈ ːˈ˕ ːˋ-
˚ˈˆˑ ˎˈˆ˚ˈǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˇˈˏˑː˔˕˓ˋ˓ˑ˅˃˕˟ ˉˋ˅˞ˈ ˒ˑ˔˕ˈˎ˟ː˞ˈ ˒˓ˋː˃ˇˎˈˉːˑ˔˕ˋ ˅˔ˈˆˇ˃
ˑˇːˋˏˋ ˋ ˕ˈˏˋ ˉˈ ˔˒ˑ˔ˑ˄˃ˏˋ ˋ ˕ˈˏ ˖ˇˑ˅ˎˈ˕˅ˑ˓ˢ˕˟ ˆˎ˖˒ˑ˔˕˟ ˄˖˓ˉ˖˃ˊˋˋǤ Ǽʙ˃-
ˊˋːˑ ʞ˃˓ˋǽ ˔˕˃ˎˑ ˑ˕ˇˈˎˈːˋˈˏ Ǽʙˑˏˈˇˋ-ʣ˓˃ː˔ˈˊǽǡ Ǽʣˑˎˋ-ʐˈ˓ˉˈ˓ǽʹ — ˑ˕ˇˈˎˈ-
ːˋˈˏ Ǽʝˇˈˑː˃ǽǤ
ʗ ˍ˕ˑ ˉˈ ˕ˈ˒ˈ˓˟ ˑ˕˅˃ˉˋ˕˔ˢ ˔ˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ ˒ˑˇˇˈˎ˞˅˃ˡ˜ˈˏ˖˔ˢ ˒ˑˇ ˕˃ː˙ˑ˓˃ ʞˋ-
ˎ˟˔ˈ˓˖ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˑː ːˈ ˖ˏˈˈ˕ ˕˃ː˙ˑ˅˃˕˟Ǣ ˒ˑˇˇˈˎ˞˅˃ˡ˜ˈˏ˖˔ˢ ˒ˑˇ ˒ˈ˅˙˃ ʛ˃ˌˑˎˡǡ ˚˕ˑ
ˑː ːˈ ˖ˏˈˈ˕ ˒ˈ˕˟Ǣ ˒ˑˇˇˈˎ˞˅˃ˡ˜ˈˌ˔ˢ ˒ˑˇ ˃ˍ˕˓ˋ˔˖ ʞˑˎˈ˓ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˑː˃ ːˈ ˖ˏˈˈ˕ ˋˆ-
˓˃˕˟ǫǨ ʡ˃ˍ ˉˈǡ ˍ˃ˍ ʛˋ˔˕˃ːˆˈ˕ǡ ʞ˃˓ˋˊˋǡ ʒ˃˄ˋ ʛˑː˕˄˓ˈˊǡ ʙˑ˓˃ ʛ˃ˇˑːǡ ʛˈ˓ˋː-
ˇˑˎ˟3ǡ ˊ˃ːˋˏ˃ˡ˜ˋ˘ ˏˈ˔˕˃ǡ ːˈ ˋˏˈˢ ː˃ ˕ˑ ːˋˍ˃ˍˑˆˑ ˒˓˃˅˃Ǥ
ʝːˋ ˋˊ˅ˈ˔˕ː˞ǡ ˓˃ˊ˖ˏˈˈ˕˔ˢǡ ːˑ — ˍˑˈ-ˍ˃ˍˋˏˋ ˇ˓˖ˆˋˏˋ ˕˃ˎ˃ː˕˃ˏˋǤ ʛ˞ ˊː˃ˈˏǡ
˚˕ˑ ʠ˒ˋːˈˎˎˋ ˏˈːˢˈ˕ ˒˃ː˕˃ˎˑː˞ ͳʹ ˓˃ˊ ˅ ˇˈː˟Ǥ ʦ˕ˑ ʞ˃˓ˋˊˋ ˏˈːˢˈ˕ ˒ˎ˃˕˟ˢ ͳͳ
˓˃ˊ ˅ ˇˈː˟ ˖ Ǽʓˑ˅ˋˎ˟ǽǡ ˋǥ ˋ ˠ˕ˑ ˅˔ˈǤ
ʢ˅˞Ǩ
ʜˑˉˍˋ ʛˋ˔˕˃ːˆˈ˕ǡ ˆ˓˖ˇˍ˃ ʠ˒ˋːˈˎˎˋǡ ˊ˃ˇ ʞ˃˓ˋˊˋǡ ˏ˃ˎˈː˟ˍˋˌ ˉˋ˅ˑ˕ˋˍ ʞˈ˒ˈǡ
˔ˑ˄˓˃ːː˞ˈ ʛ˃˓˔ˈˎ˟ ʓˡ˛˃ˏ˒ˑˏ ˅ Ǽʛˋ˕ˋːˆˈ ˆˑˎ˞˘ ː˃ ˎˈ˔˕ːˋ˙ˈǽǡ — ˈˇˋː˔˕-
˅ˈːːˑˈ Ǽ˒ˑˠ˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˈǽ ˆˑ˔˖ˇ˃˓˔˕˅ˑǡ ˅ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˏ ˏˑˉˈ˕ ˉˋ˕˟ ˒˃˓ˋˉ˃ːˋːǤ
ʠ ˏˈːˢ ˘˅˃˕ˋ˕ ˕ˈ˃˕˓˃ǡ ˅ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˏ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˑ — ˒ˑˇˇˈˎˍ˃Ǩ
ʠ ˏˈːˢ ˘˅˃˕ˋ˕ ˏˡˊˋˍ-˘ˑˎˎ˃ǡ ˆˇˈ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˑ — ˒ˑˇˇˈˎˍ˃Ǩ
ʠ ˏˈːˢ ˘˅˃˕ˋ˕ ˍˋːˑǡ ˆˇˈ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˑ — ˒ˑˇˇˈˎˍ˃Ǩ
ʠ ˏˈːˢ ˘˅˃˕ˋ˕ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔-
˔˕˅˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ǡ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃Ǩ
ʠ ˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘ ˘˅˃˕ˋ˕ — ˔ ˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘ ˘˅˃˕ˋ˕ǡ ˈ˔ˎˋ ˢ ˒ˑˎˑˉ˖ ː˃ ːˋ˘ ˍ˓ˈ˔˕ ː˃ ˍ˓ˈ˔˕
ȋ‡”†‡ȌǤ
_____
1 Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɟɪɵ-ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɵ
2 Ɍɟɚɬɪɵ ɜɚɪɶɟɬɟ
3 Ⱥɤɬɟɪɵ ɬɟɚɬɪɚ ɜɚɪɶɟɬɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ

151
;9,, Ƕǵ ȀȁǽǶǸǮ dzǿȀȊ ǰȉȃǼDz
DzȖȕȟȈȧ șȊȖȐ ȖȟȍȘȒȐ Ȗ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȗȐșȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȖȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ Ȕȣ
ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȖșȚȘȖȋȖ ȒȘȐȏȐșȈ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȋȖ șȊȍȚȈ Ǵȣ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ ȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ȐȡțȚ ȓȐ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ Ȑȏ șȖȏȌȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȚțȗȐȒȈ
ǬȈ ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȊȐȌȧȚ ǵȍȔȕȖȋȐȍ ǷȖȒȈ ȍȡȍ ȊȐȌȧȚ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȋȓȈȏȖȔ ǵȖ ȗȖ-
șȓȍ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȔ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȗȘȖș-
ȕțȓȈșȤ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ șȊȖȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț
ȕȈ ȍȍ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȖȘȕȐ ǰȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧȔ ȊȖȏȘȖș ǷȘȍȎȌȍ Ȋ
ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ©ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȑ ȕȖȊȐȕ-
ȒȐª ȒȕȐȋț ȐȏȌȈȕȕțȦ ȋȖȌȈ - ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ șȍȑȟȈș ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȕȖȊȐȕȒȐ ȕȖ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ Ȋȣ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȕȈȑȚȐ
șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȑ ȘȐșțȕȒȐ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȔ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧȔ șȔȖȚȘȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȌȣȌțȡțȦ șȚȈȚȤȦ ǴȈșșȖ

ǴȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȖȚȘȈșȓȧȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȍȓ ȧȊȕȣȑ șȌȊȐȋ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ Ȗȕ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȕ țșȐȓȐȧȔȐ ȘțȒȖ-
ȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ — ȚțȚ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȗȖȒȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȚ Ƕȕ șȌȍȓȈȕ
șȈȔȖȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȑ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȊȈȎȕȍȍ
 ȟțȊșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ǰ
ȒțȌȈ ȉȣ Ȋȣ ȕȐ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȐ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȋȣ țȊȐȌȐȚȍ — șȘȍȌȐ șȚȈȘȖȑ
ȘțȝȓȧȌȐ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȍȋȈȓȐȑ Ȑ ȊȐȕȍȋȘȍȚȈ ©ȗȐȋȓȍȑ-ȊȐȋȓȍȑª
ȊșȦȌț ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȚ Ȋșȍ ȧȘȟȍ ș ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȋȖȌȖȔ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȐ șȌȊȐȋȈ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȝȈȘȈȒ-
ȚȍȘȕȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȖșȓȍȌȐȚȤ ȗțȚȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚ-
ȊȈ ǺȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈȔ șȚȈȓȈ ȧșȕȈ Ȑȝ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȖȚșȚȈȓȖșȚȤ Ȑ Ȋ
ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȠȒȖȓț Ȑ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ
Ǫ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȘȧȌȍ ȠȚȈȚȖȊ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȓȍȗȒȈ Ȑ ȘȐșȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ Ȋ
ȠȒȖȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ șȘȍȌȕȐȝ țȟȍȉȕȣȝ ȏȈȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ Ȉ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȗȍȒȚȈȒ-
ȓȐ — Ȋ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȣ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȖȊ ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȕȈȔȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȌȊȈ ȕȈȗȘȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȌȕȖ — ȏȈ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȕȐȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȒȓȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȑ
ȌȘțȋȖȍ — ȏȈ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ
Ǫ ȠȚȈȚȍ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȍȚ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ǯȈȌȈȟȐ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȈ ȚȈȒ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȠȚȈȚȍ
Ǽʟ˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˈ ˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅ˈːːˑˆˑ ˔ˑˊː˃ːˋˢǡ ˒˖˕ˈˏ ˘˖ˇˑˉˈ˔˕˅ˈːːˑˆˑ ˅ˑ˔˒˓ˋˢ-
˕ˋˢ ˑˍ˓˖ˉ˃ˡ˜ˈˆˑǡ ˆˎ˃˅ː˞ˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏ — ˒˓ˑ˙ˈ˔˔˃ ˒˓ˈ˅˓˃˜ˈːˋˢ ˔˞˓˞˘
ˏ˃˕ˈ˓ˋ˃ˎˑ˅ ˅ ˊ˃ˍˑː˚ˈːː˞ˈ ˒˓ˈˇˏˈ˕˞ ː˃˛ˈˆˑ ˑ˄ˋ˘ˑˇ˃ǡ ˅ ˒˓ˑˇ˖ˍ˕˞ǣ ˒˓ˑ-
ˇˑ˅ˑˎ˟˔˕˅ˋˈǡ ˑˇˈˉˇ˖ǡ ˉˋˎ˟ˈǡ ˑ˓˖ˇˋˢǡ ˏ˃˕ˈ˓ˋ˃ˎ˞ǡ ˏ˃˛ˋː˞ǡ ˔˅ˈ˕ǡ ˕ˈ˒ˎˑ

152
ˋ ˠːˈ˓ˆˋˡǤ ʏ ˕˃ˍˉˈ ˋ˔˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˈ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ ˅ ˊ˃ˇ˃˚˃˘ ˏ˃˕ˈ˓ˋ˃ˎ˟ːˑˆˑ
˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˑˇ˔˕˅˃ǽǤ
ǬȘțȋȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȠȚȈȚȖȔ ǴȈșșȈȟțȏȍȚșȖȔ ȖȚșȚȈȐȊȈȦ-
ȡȐȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
Ǽʤ˖ˇˑˉˈ˔˕˅ˈːːˑˈ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˈ ˇˑˎˉːˑ ˒˓ˈ˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃˕˟ ˇ˅ˑˌː˖ˡ ˙ˈˎ˟ǣ
˅ˑ-˒ˈ˓˅˞˘ — ˅˞˓˃˄ˑ˕ˍ˖ ˅ ˖˚˃˜ˋ˘˔ˢ ˔˒ˑ˔ˑ˄ːˑ˔˕ˋ ˙ˈːˋ˕˟ ˍ˓˃˔ˑ˕˖ ˋ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔-
˔˕˅ˑǡ ˅ˑ-˅˕ˑ˓˞˘ — ˑ˄˖˚ˈːˋˈ ˋ˘ ˅˞˓˃ˉˈːˋˡ ˋ ˅˞ˢ˅ˎˈːˋˡ ˠ˔˕ˈ˕ˋ˚ˈ˔-
ˍˋ˘ ˅˒ˈ˚˃˕ˎˈːˋˌ ˋ ˒ˈ˓ˈˉˋ˅˃ːˋˌǽǤ
ǹȓȍȌțȍȚ ȊȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȈ ȟȍȔ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ Ȑ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȕȐȒȐ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȍȖ-
ȘȐȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ ȥșȚȍȚȖȊ
ȅșȒȐȏȣ ȒȖșȚȦȔȖȊ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȥȚȖ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖșȚȤȦ ǺȈȒ ȘȐșț-
ȕȖȒ Ǵ Ǽ ǩȈȘȍȚ Ȑȏ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȖȑ ©ȠȒȖȓȣ Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐȒȓȈȌȕȣȝ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊª ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘț ȔȈȓȖ ȟȍȔ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȘȐșțȕ-
ȒȈ ǬȖȘȖȚȍȐ ǬȈȕȓȐȑ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ — ȥșȒȐȏ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ Ȍȓȧ ©ǷȖȝȐȚȐȚȍȓȧ șȍȘȌȍȞª
— șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧ ©ǬȘȈȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȓțȉȈª ȗȘȐ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǫȍȖȘȋȈ ǪȈȠȐȕȋ-
ȚȖȕȈ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ǶȉȈ ȘȐșțȕȒȈ — ȐȏȉȐȚȣȍ ȔȖȚȐȊȣ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ȔȈȘȒȐȏȣ Ȑ ȗȈ-
ȟȍȒǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ©ǬȘȈȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȓțȉȈª șȊȧ-
ȏȈȕȈ ș ©ȒȓȈșșȖȔ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȖȘțȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈª ȊȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȝțȌȖ-
ȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȚȌȍȓ ȠȒȖȓȣ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȐȋȘȈ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȑ
ȊȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ©ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ ȖȚȌȍȓª ȠȒȖȓȣ
ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈȔȐ ȥșȒȐȏȣ ȖȗȧȚȤ-ȚȈȒȐ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ șȚȐȓȧ ȟȚȖ țȒȈȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȥșȒȐȏ ȒȖșȚȦȔȈ ǸȐ Ǫȍȓȓȍ Ȍȓȧ ȠȒȖȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ©DzȖȘȖȓȍȊȈ șȕȍȋȈª Ȋ
©ǰȕȚȍȘȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍª Ȑ ȥșȒȐȏ ǴȈȒ-ȅȕȌȘȦ Ȍȓȧ ȗȤȍșȣ ǩȍȕ-ȝȍȟȍ ©ǪȖȓ-
ȠȍȉȕȈȧ ȠȓȧȗȈª ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȖȔ ©ǺȍȈȚȘȍ ǫȐȓȌ ǵȖȊȖȑ ǫȈȊȈ-
ȕȐª — ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȥșȒȐȏȖȊ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȋȖ-
ȊȖȘȧ țȎȍ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȣ ȕȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ țȠȓȐ ȖȚ ȠȒȖȓȧȘȖȊ
DzȈȒ ȉȣ ȚȈȔ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȚȈȒ Ȑ
ȊȚȖȘȈȧ Ȑȏ ȊȣȠȍțȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȧ ȌȈȦȚ
șȊȖȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ Ǩ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș șȐșȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ țȔȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȐȝ ȘȍȉȧȚ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȈȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȐ — ȗȖȌȘȈș-
ȚȈȦȡȍȍ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ țșȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ȅȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍ-
ȕȐȍ ©ȥșȚȍȚȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐª ȒȈȒ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȕȈȠȓȖ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȑ ȖȚȏȣȊ
Ȑ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȍ ǺȈȒ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȖȔ ǹȍȊȍȘȕȖȑ DzȈȘȖȓȐȕȣ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȖ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȖȍ ȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘț DzȖȟț Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȕȍȔ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȌȘȈșȚȈȦȡȐȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȋȘȈȎ-
ȌȈȕȍ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȉțȌțȡȐȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ șȍȑȟȈș ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈȝ ȊșȒȖ-

153
ȓȣȝȕțȚ șȚȖȧȟȍȍ ȉȖȓȖȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ ȊȖ ȊȕȐ-
ȔȈȕȐȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȐȔ ȕȍ țȌȈșȚșȧ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȗȖ-
ȌȖȉȕȖȍ ȔȈșșȖȊȖȔț ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȐȦ ǹǹǹǸ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȕȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ
ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ ș ȒȘȍȗȒȐȔ ȉȣȚȖȊȣȔ țȒȓȈȌȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊșȍȋȌȈ șȓțȎȐȓȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȊȖȌȕȐȒȖȔ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ Ȑ țȎȍ șȍȑȟȈș ȥȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ Ȑ Ȋ ǨȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȍ
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȚȖ Ȑ ȚțȚ ȕȈȓȐȞȖ șȌȊȐȋ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ Ȗȕ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍ-
Țȍȕ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȗȘȖȜȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȐșȒȈȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ ȗȖȠȓȖ
ȕȍ ȗȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȗțȚȐ ǶȕȖ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ ȊȖȓȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȒȈȚȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȈ-
ȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȔ ©ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȔª Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȖșȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȏȈ ©ȔȈ-
ȓȣȑ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘª WKH OLWWOH DPDWHXU WKHDWUH

ȅȚȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ ȐșȒȈȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ
ȜȖȘȔ ȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȍȌȍȚ șȈȔțȦ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȍȋȖ ȘțȚȐȕȣ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȍȔȖȊ
ǵȈȟȈȓȖȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕțȎȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ  ȋȖȌ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ
ȚȘȐ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȋ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ǩȖșȚȖȕȍ Ȑ ǴȐȓȤȊȖȒȈȝ ǷȘȈȊȌȈ ©ȔȖ-
ȋȐȒȈȕȍª ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȐ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȌȊȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ
ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȊ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ț ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȣ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȤșȧ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ șȈ-
ȔȖ ©ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍª ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȘȈȏȘȈșȚȈȚȤșȧ
Dz - ȋȖȌț ȖȕȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȒȘȍȗȓȖ Ȑ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȖșȤ Ȋ ȉȖȘȞȈ ȏȈ
ȕȖȊțȦ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț ǷȖȒȈ ȥȚȖ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȍȍ
ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȓȈșș ȉțȘȎțȈȏȕȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȍȑ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȔț
șȖșȚȈȊț ȗȖșȍȚȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǴǽǨǺ ȌȖ-ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȖ ș șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ
ȏȈȗȘȖșȈȔȐ
ǹȈȔȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȐȒȖȊ ȕȈ ,
  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ș ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȚȘțȗȗȖȑ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ș ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ
ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȔ ȌȐȓȍȚȈȕȚȖȔ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ș ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǴǽǨǺ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ țșȐȓȐȓȖșȤ Ȑ
șȍȑȟȈș ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȟȐșȚȖ ȔȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȉ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȗȉȡȍ-ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǶȌȕȖ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ȕȈșȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ șȍȑȟȈș  ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȖȘȋȈ-
ȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ Ȉ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ șȍȑȟȈș  ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȐȒȈ ȊȍȌțȚ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȏȈșȓț-
ȎȐȊȈȦȡțȦ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ
DzȘȖȔȍ  ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȖȌȕȈ șȖȚȕȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚ-
ȘȖȊ ȗȖȕȍȔȕȖȋț ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȖȌȐȕ ȏȈ ȌȘțȋȐȔ Ǫ Ȗȉȡȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ǨȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȍ — ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ țȒȓȖȕȖȊ ǶȕȐ ȕȈșȟȐȚȣ-
ȊȈȦȚ - Țȣșȧȟ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȖȒȖȓȖ  Țȣșȧȟ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ
ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ Ȑȏ șȘȍȌȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȣȝ ȈȒ-
ȚȍȘȖȊ
ǻșȗȍȠȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȍȚ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȣ ǺȈȒ ȕȈ-
ȗȘȐȔȍȘ Ȋ ǬȈȓȈșȍ Ȋșȍ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ ©șȊȖȑ ȚȍȈȚȘª Ȉ ȔȈȑȖȘ ȋȖȘȖ-
ȌȈ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȏȊȈȕȐȍ

Ɋɢɫ  ©ɊɘɊª ȼɭɪ
 Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ III.
Ɋɢɫ  ©ɊɘɊª ȼɭɪ
 ɗɩɢɥɨɝ

157
ǰȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ©ǨȘȐȜȔȖȔȍȚȘª — ȔȖ-
ȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋȈ ȅȓȤȔȍȘȈ ǸȈȑșȈ ǷȤȍșȈ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȈȉșȚȘȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ș ȖȉȖȉȡȈȦȡȐȔȐ Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ șȓȖȊȈȝ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧȝ ȉȣȚȖȊȣȔȐ ȊȣȊȖȌȈȔȐ ǴȍșȚȈȔȐ Ȋ ȗȤȍșȍ — ȚțȔȈȕȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ
ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐȏȔț ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ țșȚȈȘȍȊȠȈȧ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȒȈ Ǫșȍ Ȏȍ
ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȍ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȤȍșȣ — ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȖȔȍȘȚȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȔȈȠȐȕȐȏ-
ȔȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉȍșȗȖȡȈȌȕȖȑ ȥȒșȗȓȖȈȚȈȞȐȐ ȓȐȠȈȦȡȍȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍ-
ȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȔȍȡȈȕșȒȖȑ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ — ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȤȍșț ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ
Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ
Ɋɢɫ  ɗɬɚ ɩɶɟɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ Theatre Magazine). ©Ⱥɪɢɮɦɨɦɟɬɪª ɜ
©Ƚɢɥɞ-Ɍɟɚɬɪɟª ɋɰɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɭɞɟ Ɂɟɪɨ ©ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ 
ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ ɢ  ɝɨɞɚ ə ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɰɢɮɪ ɢɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɵª
ǬȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȓȐȞȈ ©ǨȘȐȜȔȖȔȍȚȘȈª — ȔȐșȚȍȘ ǯȍȘȖ ȔȐșȚȘȐșș ǯȍȘȖ ǽȖ-
ȏȧȐȕ Ȕ-Ș ǶȌȐȕ ǬȊȈ ǺȘȐ ǿȍȚȣȘȍ ȔȐșȚȘȐșș ǶȌȕȈ ǬȊȈ ǺȘȐ ǿȍȚȣȘȍ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǷȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȌȘ — țȎȍ ȖȌȕȐȔȐ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȧȔȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ șȊȖȍ-
ȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ȓ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔț ȔȍȡȈȕȐȕț ȗȖȚȍȘȧȊȠȍȔț șȊȖȍ
șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ Ȑ șȚȈȊȠȍȔț ȔȐȘȖȊȣȔ ȖȓȐȞȍȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖ-
ȠȓȖșȚȐ Ǫșȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȗȤȍșȣ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȌȘȈȔȣ ȉțȝȋȈȓȚȍȘȈ ǯȍȘȖ
ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȍȋȖ  ȋȖȌȈ ȏȈ șȊȖȐȔ ȉȦȘȖ Ȑ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȈȘȐȜȔȖ-
ȔȍȚȘ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȝȖȏȧȐȕ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȈȘȐȜȔȖȔȍȚ-
ȘȖȔ-ȔȈȠȐȕȖȑ
ǹȐȔȖȕșȖȕ ȌȍȒȖȘȈȞȐȍȑ ȖȚȌȈȓ ȌȖȓȎȕȖȍ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐȏȔț ȓȐȕȐȐ șȞȍȕȐ-
ȟȍșȒȐȝ țșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ șȌȊȐȕțȚȣ Ȑ șȔȍȡȍȕȣ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȍȚ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȍ ȏȘȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȤȍșȍ țȎȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚșȧ țȝȖȌ ȖȚ Ȗȉȣȟ-

158
ȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ țșȓȖȊȕȖșȚȐ șȔ ȘȐș 5).
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ ȗȤȍșȣ ©ǵȍțȌȈȟȐª ȗȍȘȍȌȍȓȈȕ-
ȕȖȑ ǩȍȕ ǨȔȐ ǬȍȌȓȍȑ ǬȐȒș Ȑ ǪȐȕȐȜ dzȍȕȐȝȈȕ Ȑȏ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ dzȍȕȖȘȔȈȕ ©ǷȘȖ-
ȊȈȓª ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȈ țȎȍ ȧȊȕȣȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ©ǫȐȓȌ-ǺȍȈȚȘȈª
Ǫ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȎțȘȕȈȓȖȊ ©ǬȘȈȔȈª ȉȣȓȐ
ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȣ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȍȔȣȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ș ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ
ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ǹȐȔȖȕșȖȕȈ
Ɋɢɫ  ©ɇɟɭɞɚɱɢª — ɜ ©Ƚɢɥɞ-Ɍɟɚɬɪɟª ɋɰɟɧɚ 1.
ǷȘȐȊȖȌȐȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȥȚȖȚ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȑ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚ ǹȚȈȚȤȧ
ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ©ǻȘȖȒ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª ǸȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȌȈȊ-
ȕȖ țȎȍ ȖȉȍȡȈȓȈ șȊȖȐȔ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȕȈȋȓȧȌȕȣȑ țȘȖȒ șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ
ȕȖ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ǷȍȟȈȚȈȧ Ȏȍ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ
Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧ ǹȐȔȖȕșȖȕȈ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȘȍȓȤȍȜȕȖ ȗȖ-
ȒȈȏȈȕ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȒȈȒ Ȑȏ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒțȦ
Ȑ ȗȖȘȚȈȚȐȊȕțȦ ȖȟȍȕȤ țȌȖȉȕțȦ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈ-
ȞȐȑ ǺȈȒȈȧ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȈ șȈȔȖȑ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȚȘțȗ-
ȗȖȑ Ȑ ș ȔȐȕȐȔȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȚȘȈȚȈȔȐ
ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȈȕȚȘȈȒ-
Țȣ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȏȍ ȟȈșȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ǷȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ
«ǵȍțȌȈȟȐª ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ ȓȐȒȊȐȌȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȥȚț ȌȖșȈȌȕțȦ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȕȍșȓȈȎȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ©ǵȍțȌȈȟȈȝª ȚȍȈȚȘ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓ șȊȖȍȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ țșȒȖȘȍȕ-

159
ȕȣȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ș ȔȐȕȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȈȚȘȈȚȖȑ șȘȍȌșȚȊ Ȑ ȉȍȏ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ
șȞȍȕȣ ȊȘȈȡȈȦȡȈȧșȧ șȞȍȕȈ

Ɋɢɫ 7 ©ɇɟɭɞɚɱɢª — ɜ ©Ƚɢɥɞ-Ɍɟɚɬɪɟª ɋɰɟɧɚ 3.
ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ  ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ ȗȤȍșȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ Ȑȏ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȐȓȐ ȉțȚȈȜȖȘȐȐ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕțȦ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ ǷȘȐ
ȟȍȔ ȉȣȓȐ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȣ șȈȔȣȍ țȌȖȉȕȣȍ ȊȍȡȐ ȊȣȉȘȈȕȕȣȍ ș ȘȍȌȒȐȔ ȚȈȓȈȕ-
ȚȖȔ Ȍȓȧ Ȑȝ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ǷȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȐȗȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ
ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȧ ȌȈȦȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ Ȍȓȧ ȐȋȘȣ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȥȚȖ-
ȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǺȈȒȐȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȕȍ șȚȍșȕȧȦȚ
ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȐȋȘȍ Ȑ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȦȚ ȍȔț
ǬȈȓȍȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚșȧ șȓȖȊȈ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǹȐȔȖȕșȖȕȈ

160
Ǽʞ˓ˈˇˑ ˏːˑˡ ˔˕ˑˢˎˋ ˇ˅ˈ ˊ˃ˇ˃˚ˋ — ˃˓˕ˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍ˃ˢ ˋ ˕ˈ˘ːˋ˚ˈ˔ˍ˃ˢǤ ʑ˔ˈ ͳͶ
˔˙ˈː ˇˑˎˉː˞ ˄˞ˎˋ ˋ˕˕ˋ ː˃ ˄˞˔˕˓˞˘ ˒ˈ˓ˈ˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˍ˃˘Ǥ ʞˑˠ˕ˑˏ˖ ˏːˈ ˒˓ˈˉˇˈ ˅˔ˈ-
ˆˑ ˒˓ˋ˛ˎˑ˔˟ ˓˃ˊ˓ˈ˛ˋ˕˟ ˅ˑ˒˓ˑ˔ ˑ ˒ˈ˓ˈ˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˍ˃˘ ˅ ˒ˑ˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˍˈǡ ˕˓˃ˍ˕ˑ˅˃ːːˑˌ
˒ˑˇˑ˄ːˑ ˒˓ˈˇ˞ˇ˖˜ˈˌǡ ˅ ˠˍ˔˒˓ˈ˔˔ˋˑːˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˏ ˇ˖˘ˈǤ
ʡˈˏ ːˈ ˏˈːˈˈǡ “ʜˈ˖ˇ˃˚ˋ” — ːˈ ˒˓ˑ˔˕˃ˢ ˗˃ː˕˃ˊˋˢǤ ʝː˃ ˓ˈ˃ˎˋ˔˕ˋ˚ː˃ ˒ˑ ˏˈ-
˕ˑˇ˖ ˋ ˒ˑ ˇˈ˕˃ˎˢˏǤ ʑˑ˕ ˒ˑ˚ˈˏ˖ ˏˑˈˌ ˊ˃ˇ˃˚ˈˌ ˄˞ˎˑ ˇ˃˕˟ ˔ˏˈ˛ˈːˋˈ ˒˓ˑ˓˞˅ˑ˅
˓ˈ˃ˎˋˊˏ˃ ˔ ˆˎ˖˄ˑˍˋˏ ˓ˈ˃ˎˋˊˏˑˏǡ ˋ˔˒ˑˎ˟ˊ˖ˢǡ ˔ˍ˃ˉˈˏǡ ˚˃˔˕ˋ ˍˑˏː˃˕˞ ˋˎˋ ˇ˃-
˅˃ˢ ˅ ˓ˈ˃ˎˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˌ ˑ˄˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˍˈ ːˈ˓ˈ˃ˎˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˈ ˒˓ˈˇˏˈ˕˞Ǥ
ʙˑːˈ˚ːˑǡ ˕˖˕ ˉˈ ˅ˑˊːˋˍ˃ˈ˕ ˅ˑ˒˓ˑ˔ǡ ˄˖ˇˈ˕ ˎˋ ː˃˛ ˓˃˔˔ˈˢːː˞ˌ ˊ˓ˋ˕ˈˎ˟
˔ˏˑ˕˓ˈ˕˟ ː˃ ˙ˈˎ˖ˡ ˍˑˏː˃˕˖ǡ ˔ˎ˖ˉ˃˜˖ˡ ˗ˑːˑˏ ˇˎˢ ˋˆ˓˞ ˃ˍ˕ˈ˓˃Ǥ ʠ˕˃˅ˢ ˠ˕˖ ˒ˑ-
˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˍ˖ ː˃ ˔ˑ˅ˈ˓˛ˈːːˑ ˕ˈˏːˑˌ ˔˙ˈːˈ ˔ ˕ˈˏː˞ˏ ˗ˑːˑˏ ˋ ˕˜˃˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˑ˔˅ˈ˜˃ˢ
ːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏ˞ˈ ˅ˈ˜ˋǡ ˢ ˖˄ˈˉˇˈːǡ ˚˕ˑ ˠ˕ˋˏ ˖ˇ˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˔ˑ˔˓ˈˇˑ˕ˑ˚ˋ˕˟ ˅ːˋˏ˃ːˋˈ ˒˖-
˄ˎˋˍˋ ː˃ ˇˈ˕˃ˎˢ˘ǽǤ
Ɋɢɫ 8 ©ɇɟɭɞɚɱɢª — ɜ ©Ƚɢɥɞ-Ɍɟɚɬɪɟª ɋɰɟɧɚ 5.
ǬȈȓȤȠȍ ȐȌțȚ ȗȖȧșȕȍȕȐȧ dzȐ ǹȐȔȖȕșȖȕȈ Ȓ șȈȔȐȔ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧȔ ǪȖȚ Ȑȝ
ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ͳǤ ʑ ˕ˈˍ˔˕ˈ ˑ˄ˑˊː˃˚ˈːˑǣ ˏ˓˃˚ːˑˈ ˏˈ˔˕ˑǤ ʮ ˘ˑ˕ˈˎ ˒ˈ˓ˈˇ˃˕˟ ˠ˕˖
˓ˈˏ˃˓ˍ˖ ˅ ˘˃˓˃ˍ˕ˈ˓ˈ ˑ˄˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˍˋ — ˘ˑˎˑˇː˞ˌ ˄ˈˎ˞ˌ ˔˅ˈ˕ǡ ˘ˑˎˑˇː˞ˈ ˔˞˓˞ˈ
˔˕ˈː˞Ǥ ʬ˕ˑ ˒ˑˇ˚ˈ˓ˍː˖˕ˑ ˕˃ˍˉˈ ˆ˓ˋˏˑˏ ˃ˍ˕ˈ˓ˑ˅ǡ ːˈˎˈ˒˞ˏˋ ˒ˢ˕ː˃ˏˋ ˒ˑ ˔˕ˈː˃ˏǡ

161
˓˃ˊːˑ˙˅ˈ˕ː˞ˏˋ ˕ˈ˃˕˓˃ˎ˟ː˞ˏˋ ˑ˄˝ˢ˅ˎˈːˋˢˏˋǤ ʞˑˇ ˖ˆˎˑˏ ˒ˑ˔˕˃˅ˎˈː˞ ˇ˅˃
ˠˍ˓˃ː˃* ː˃ ˓ˑˎˋˍ˃˘ ˇˎˢ ˄˞˔˕˓ˑ˕˞ ˒ˈ˓ˈˇ˅ˋˉˈːˋˢ ȋ˔ˏǤ ˓ˋ˔Ǥ ͸ȌǤ
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ʹǤ ʓ˅˃ ˖ˆˎ˃ ˍˑˏː˃˕˞Ǥ ʖ˃ː˃˅ˈ˔ˍ˃ǡ ˒ˑˇ˚ˈ˓ˍˋ˅˃ˡ˜˃ˢ ˖˄ˑˆˑ˔˕˟ ˏˈ˄-
ˎˋ˓˃˛ˍˋǤ ʛ˃ˎˈː˟ˍˋˌ ˖ˏ˞˅˃ˎ˟ːˋˍ ˔ˊ˃ˇˋ ˍ˓ˑ˅˃˕ˋǡ ˓˃˔ˍ˓˞˅˃ˡ˜ˋˌ˔ˢ ː˃ ˍˑˏː˃˕˖
ˋ ˒ˑˠ˕ˑˏ˖ ˈ˜ˈ ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈ ˖˔ˋˎˋ˅˃ˡ˜ˋˌ ˕ˈ˔ːˑ˕˖Ǥ ʓˈ˛ˈ˅˞ˈ ˑ˄ˑˋǡ ˖˄ˑˆ˃ˢ ˏˈ˄ˈˎ˟ǡ
˔ˑˎː˙ˈǡ ˄˓ˑ˔˃ˡ˜ˈˈ ˔˅ˑˋ ˎ˖˚ˋ ˔ˍ˅ˑˊ˟ ˇˈ˛ˈ˅˖ˡ ˊ˃ː˃˅ˈ˔ˍ˖Ǥ
ʑ ˠ˕ˑˌ ˔˙ˈːˈ ˔˅ˈ˕ ˄˞ˎ ˇ˃ː ˎ˃ˏ˒ˑˌǡ ˔˒ˈ˙ˋ˃ˎ˟ːˑ ˔ˍˑː˔˕˓˖ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːːˑˌ Ǽʒˋˎˇ-
ʡˈ˃˕˓ˑˏǽǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ ˇ˃ˈ˕ ˔˅ˈ˕ǡ ˒ˑ˘ˑˉˋˌ ː˃ ˔ˑˎːˈ˚ː˞ˌǡ ːˑ ˄ˈˊ ˅ˋˇˋˏ˞˘ ˎ˖˚ˈˌǤ
ʬ˕ˑ ˔ˑˊˇ˃ˈ˕ ˅˒ˈ˚˃˕ˎˈːˋˈ ˊ˃ˏˍː˖˕ˑ˔˕ˋ ˍˑˏː˃˕˞Ǥ
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ͵Ǥ ʙˑˏː˃˕˃ ˅ ˓ˢˇˑ˅ˑˌ ˄ˈˇːˑˌ ˍ˅˃˓˕ˋ˓ˈǤ ʠ ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˋˏ ˍ˃ˏˋːˑˏǡ ˔
˕ˢˉˈˎ˞ˏǡ ˔˕˃˓˞ˏǡ ˏˢˆˍˋˏ ˍ˓ˈ˔ˎˑˏǡ ˑ˔˕˃˕ˍˑˏ ˎ˖˚˛ˈˆˑ ˒˓ˑ˛ˎˑˆˑǤ ʡ˃ˍˑˌ ˉˈ ˕ˢ-
ˉˈˎ˞ˌ ˍˑˏˑˇ ˔˅ˋˇˈ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅˖ˈ˕ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˅ ˒˓ˑ˛ˎˑˏǡ ːˈ˔˓˃˅ːˋˏˑˏ ˔ ː˃˔˕ˑˢ˜ˋˏǡ ˅˔ˈ
˄˞ˎˑ ˒ˈ˓˅ˑ˔ˑ˓˕ːˑˈǤ ʝː ˋ ˑː˃ ˔ˋˇˢ˕ ː˃ ˍ˓ˑ˅˃˕ˋǡ ˕˃ˍ ˍ˃ˍ ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈ ˋˏ ːˈ ː˃ ˚ˈˏ
˔ˈ˔˕˟ ȋˍ˓ˈ˔ˎˑ ˔ˎˑˏ˃ːˑȌ ȋ˔ˏǤ ˓ˋ˔Ǥ ͹ȌǤ
Ɋɢɫ 9 ©ɇɟɭɞɚɱɢª — ɜ ©Ƚɢɥɞ-Ɍɟɚɬɪɟª
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ͷǤ ʬ˕ˑ — ˖˄ˑ˓ː˃ˢǤ ʙˑˏː˃˕˃ ˘˃˓˃ˍ˕ˈ˓ˋˊ˖ˈ˕˔ˢ ˆ˓ˢˊː˞ˏˋ ˔˕ˈː˃-
ˏˋǡ ˔˅ˈ˕ˑˏ ːˋˊˍˑ ˒ˑ˔˕˃˅ˎˈːːˑˆˑ ˋ ːˈ˅ˋˇːˑˆˑ ˆ˃ˊˑ˅ˑˆˑ ˓ˑˉˍ˃ǡ ˑ˄˕˓ˈ˒˃ːːˑ˔˕˟ˡ
ˋ ːˈ˓ˢ˛ˎˋ˅ˑ˔˕˟ˡ ˑˇˈˉˇ˞ǡ ˅ˋ˔ˢ˜ˈˌ ː˃ ˍ˓ˡ˚ˍ˃˘ǡ ˋ ˕ˈ˃˕˓˃ˎ˟ː˞ˏ ˚ˈˏˑˇ˃ːˑˏǡ ˑ˄-
ˍˎˈˈːː˞ˏ ˢ˓ˎ˞ˍ˃ˏˋ ˓˃ˊː˞˘ ˔˕˃ː˙ˋˌ ȋ˔ˏǤ ˓ˋ˔Ǥ ͺȌǤ
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ͹Ǥ ʑ ˔ˑ˄ˑ˓ˈǤ ʓ˃ː˃ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˄ˑˎ˟˛˃ˢ ˍˑˎˑːː˃ǡ ˔ˇˈˎ˃ːː˃ˢ ˋˊ ˑ˄˞ˍ-
ːˑ˅ˈːːˑˆˑ ˆˋ˒˔˃Ǥ ʬ˕˃ ˆˑ˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍ˃ˢ ˍˑˎˑːː˃ ˕˃ˍ ˑ˔˅ˈ˜ˈː˃ ː˃ ˕ˈˏːˑˌ ˔˙ˈːˈǡ ˚˕ˑ
* ɍ ɧɚɫ ɷɬɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɵ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ murs mobiles ȼ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɤɪɚɧɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɚɛɚɪɟ ɋɢɦɨɧɫɨɧ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ

Ɋɢɫ 10 ©ɇɟɭɞɚɱɢª — ɜ ©Ƚɢɥɞ-Ɍɟɚɬɪɟª ɋɰɟɧɚ 
Ɋɢɫ 11 ©ɇɟɭɞɚɱɢª — ɜ ©Ƚɢɥɞ-Ɍɟɚɬɪɟª ɋɰɟɧɚ 

163
ː˃ ˕ˈˏːˑˏ ˗ˑːˈ ˑː˃ ˔ˑˊˇ˃ˈ˕ ˒ˑˎː˖ˡ ˋˎˎˡˊˋˡ ˒ˑˇˎˋːːˑˌ ˍˑˎˑːː˞ ˔ˑ˄ˑ˓˃Ǥ
ʥ˅ˈ˕ːˑˈ ˑˍːˑ ˔ˑ˄ˑ˓˃ǡ ˑ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓ˑˏ ˆˑ˅ˑ˓ˢ˕ ˅ ˒˟ˈ˔ˈǡ ˒˓ˑˋˊ˅ˑˇˋ˕ ˊː˃˚ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ ˄ˑ-
ˎ˟˛ˈˈ ˅˒ˈ˚˃˕ˎˈːˋˈǡ ˍˑˆˇ˃ ˈˆˑ ːˈ ˅ˋˇːˑ ː˃ ˔˙ˈːˈǤ
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ͳͲǤ ʐ˃˓ ˅ ˒˓ˑ˅ˋː˙ˋ˃ˎ˟ːˑˏ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ˈǤ ʔˆˑ ˏˈ˄ˈˎ˟ ˋ ˄˖˕˞ˎˍˋ ːˈ-
˒ˑˇ˅ˋˉː˞ ˋ ːˋˍˑˆˇ˃ ːˋˍˈˏ ːˈ ˕˓ˑˆ˃ˡ˕˔ˢǤ ʙ˃ˉˇ˃ˢ ˅ˈ˜˟ ˔˕ˑˋ˕ǡ ˍ˃ˍ ˆ˓˖ˊ ˢ˜ˋ-
ˍˑ˅Ǥ ʙˑˆˇ˃ ˓˃˔ˍ˓˞˅˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ˑ˄ˈ ˃˓ˍˋǡ ˠ˕ˑ ˑ˄ˑˊː˃˚˃ˈ˕ ˃ː˕˓˃ˍ˕Ǥ ʐˈˊ˅ˍ˖˔ː˞ˈ ˇˈ˕˃-
ˎˋǣ ˍ˓ˈˏˑ˅˞ˈ ˆ˅ˑˊˇˋˍˋ ː˃ ˔˕ˈː˃˘ǡ ˍ˓˃˔ː˞ˈ ˕˖˓ˈ˙ˍˋˈ ˇ˓˃˒˓ˋǡ ˒ˎˡ˛ǡ ˄ˈˎˑˈ ˔
ˊˑˎˑ˕ˑˏǡ — ˅˔ˈǤ ˠ˕ˑ — ˒˓ˋ˕ˢˊ˃ːˋˈ ː˃ ˠˎˈˆ˃ː˕ːˑ˔˕˟ ˅ ˏ˃ˎˈː˟ˍˑˏ ˒˓ˑ˅ˋː˙ˋ˃ˎ˟-
ːˑˏ ˕ˈ˃˕˓ˈ ȋ˓ˋ˔Ǥ ͻȌǤ
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ͳͳǤ ʓ˃ː ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˑˇˋː ˖ˆˑˎ ˍˑˏː˃˕˞ǡ ˔ ːˋˊˍˑ ˒ˑˏˈ˜ˈːː˞ˏ ˋ˔˕ˑ˚-
ːˋˍˑˏ ˔˅ˈ˕˃Ǥ ʡ˃ˍˋˏ ˑ˄˓˃ˊˑˏǡ ˔ˑˊˇ˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˅˒ˈ˚˃˕ˎˈːˋˈ ˙ˈˎˑˌ ˍˑˏː˃˕˞ ˒˓ˋ ˔˅ˈ-
˕ˈ ˔˅ˈ˚ˋǤ ʬ˕ˑ ˑˇː˃ ˋˊ ˠ˗˗ˈˍ˕ːˈˌ˛ˋ˘ ˋ ˅ˏˈ˔˕ˈ ˔ ˕ˈˏ ˒˓ˑ˔˕ˈˌ˛ˋ˘ ˒ˑ ˑ˄˔˕˃ːˑ˅-
ˍˈ ˔˙ˈː ȋ˓ˋ˔Ǥ ͳͲȌǤ
ʠ ˙ ˈ ː ˃ ͳʹǤ ʕˈˎˈˊːˑˇˑ˓ˑˉː˞ˌ ˅ˑˍˊ˃ˎǤ ʠ˙ˈː˃ ˑ˄˔˕˃˅ˎˈː˃ ˒ˑ ˕ˑˌ ˉˈ ˔ˋ-
˔˕ˈˏˈǡ ˚˕ˑ ˔˙ˈː˃ ͒ ͳǡ ːˑ ˔ ˇ˓˖ˆˋˏ ˑ˔˅ˈ˜ˈːˋˈˏ ˋ ˔ ˇ˓˖ˆˋˏ ˙˅ˈ˕ˑˏ ˔˕ˈːǤ ʠ˅ˈ˕
˒ˈ˓ˈˇ˃ˈ˕ ˃ˆˑːˋˡ ˗ˋˊˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘ ˔ˋˎ ˋ ˑ˕˚˃ˢːˋˈ ˔ˋˎ ˒˔ˋ˘ˑˎˑˆˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘Ǥ ʕǤ-ˇǤ ˑ˄˝ˢ˅-
ˎˈːˋˢ ˋ ˒ˈ˓ˈ˒ˑˎːˈːː˞ˈ ˔ˍ˃ˏˈˌˍˋ ˇ˃ˡ˕ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˎˈːˋˈ ˑ ˏˈ˔˕ˈ ȋ˓ˋ˔Ǥ ͳͳȌǤ
ǷȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ©ǵȍțȌȈȟª ȉȣȓȈ șȌȍȓȈȕȈ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȔ ǹȚȈȘȒȖȔ ȆȕȋȖȔ Dz șȖ-
ȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ ȕȈȔ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧȝ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȚȘțȌȕȖ șț-
ȌȐȚȤ Ȗ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȒȖȔȗȍȚȍȕȚȕȣȍ ȖȚȏȣȊȣ ȗȘȍș-
șȣ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ©ǫȐȓȌ-ǺȍȈȚȘª ȕȈȡțȗȈȓ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȖȑ ȕȖȊȣȑ
șȞȍȕȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȍȚȖȌ ȖȉȕȖȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ǩȖȋȈȚșȚȊȖ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ
ȚȖȕȒȐȝ ȌȍȚȈȓȍȑ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȚȚȍȕȒȖȊ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ șȖȏȌȈȍȚ ȖȟȍȕȤ șȊȖȍȖȉ-
ȘȈȏȕȖȍ Ȑ ȕȈșȣȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȍ Ȉ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȚȍȔȈ ȗȤȍșȣ ȊȖȓȕțȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑ-
ȕȖ ȏȊțȟȐȚ Ȍȓȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ
©ǫȐȓȌ-ǺȍȈȚȘª Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȧ șȊȖȦ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ
ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȐșȒȈȕȐȑ ȕȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȐȒȐ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȧȊ-
ȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȌȖșȚȖȗȘȐȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ǺȍȈȚȘ șȚȈȊȧȡȐȑ ȕȈ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ țȎȍ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȌțȔȈȦȡȐȑ Ȗ ȒȈșșȍ —
ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȖȍ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȈ ȔȍȞȍȕȈȚȖȊ
ȚȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓ ȉȣ ȚȖȑ ȚȘțȌȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȍȔț ȗȘȐ-
ȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȊȍșȚȐ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ©ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧª ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȘțȚȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȜȍș-
șȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ©ǫȐȓȌ-ǺȍȈȚȘª ȗȖȔȍȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȏȌȈȕȐȐ ȕȐȟȍȔ ȕȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȍȔ ȚȖȚ
șȈȘȈȑ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȘȈȉȖȚț ǵȖȊȖȍ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȕȈ ǪȈȠȐȕȋȚȖȕ-șȒȊȍȘȍ
ȖȉȖȘțȌȖȊȈȕȖ ȗȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔț șȓȖȊț ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ Ȑ dzȐ ǹȐȔȖȕșȖȕȖȔ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȈȘ-
ȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȖȔ ǫȖȊȈȘȌȖȔ DzȘȍȑȕȖȔ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȈ ȖșȖȉȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ
DzȖȕȟȈȧ ȥȚȖȚ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ ©ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧª ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȉȍ-
ȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȈȔȣȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȕȣ
ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȔ șȍȉȍ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȍȡȍ ȕȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧȝ ȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ

164
Ɋɢɫ 13. ɗɫɤɢɡ ɤ «ɊɘɊª — ɑɚɩɟɤɚ ɜ ©ɉɬɢ-Ɍɟɚɬɪª — ɞɸ ȼɶɟ Ʉɚɪɪɟ.
ǵȈ ȘȐș 13-Ȕ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕ ȒȈȉȐȕȍȚ ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȈ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȐ ȠȐȘȔȈ Ȑ ȔȍȉȍȓȤ
ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȞȐȒȓȖȘȈȔȣ Ǫ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ ȞȐȒȓȖȘȈȔȈ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ
ȔȍȕȧȦȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȍȚȈȓȐ ȚȈȒ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ǭȓȍȕȣ ȞȐȒȓȖȘȈȔȈ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȗȘȍ-
ȎȕȍȔț ȖșȓȈȉȓȍȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȍȚ Ȑ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ șȗțȡȍȕ ȋȈȏȖȊȣȑ ȏȈȕȈȊȍș ș ȞȊȍȚȈȔȐ
șȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȟȚȖ șȖȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌȚȖ ȞȊȍȚȣ
șȚȖȧȚ ȕȈ șȞȍȕȍ
ǵȍ ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȧ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȔȖȎȕȖ
ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȍȑȠȐȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǺȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȕȈ
ȘȐș 14-Ȕ șȜȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȖȗȣȚ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȔȈ ȕȈ ȓȐ-
ȕȐȐ ȌȘȍȊȕȍ-ȋȘȍȟȍșȒȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ
 șȌȍȓȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖ ȥșȒȐȏț Ǻ ǫȍȓȓȍȘȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȤȍșȣ
©Ǫ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍª ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȖȔ Ȋ ȟȐȒȈȋșȒȖȔ ©DzȖțȟȝȖțȏ Ƿȓȍȑ-
ȝȖțȏª ©ǺȍȈȚȘ ȏȈȍȏȎȐȝ ȌȐȓȐȎȈȕșȖȊª
 ǸȈȏȕȖȞȊȍȚȕȣȍ ȖȉȢȍȔȣ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȗȖȌ ȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ țȋȓȈȔȐ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈ șȊȍȚȈ Ȑ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȖșȊȍ-
ȡȍȕȐȧ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȔȍȕȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ț ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȊȐȌ șȞȍȕȣ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȥșȒȐȏ ǫȖȊȘȈȌȈ DzȓȍȑȕȐ ȘȐș 
 ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ
ȗȓȖșȒȖșȚȐ ȊȍȌȍȚșȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȠȒȖȓȈȝ ǻȟȍȕȐȒȐ ©ǷȘȐȠ-
ȝȖȓȌ ǷȓȍȑȝȖțȏȈª Ȋ ǷȘȐȠȝȖȓȌȍ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚ țȟȈ-
șȚȐȍ Ȋ ȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȣȝ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȧȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ©ǽȍȒȠȍȘ ǼȖȕȌȍȑȠȍȕª ȅșȒȐȏ șȌȍȓȈȕ
Ȍȓȧ ©ǫȍȕȏȍȓȤ Ȑ ǫȘȍȚȍȓȤª Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȧȊȕȖ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ țșȓȖȊȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ;

165
ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ȥșȒȐȏȈ ȉțȌȚȖ ȊȏȧȚȣ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ Ȑȏ ©-ȑ șȚțȌȐȐª Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǴȍȑȍȘ-
ȝȖȓȤȌȈ
Ɋɢɫ 14. «ȼ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟª — ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ Ʉɨɭɱɯɨɭɡɟ Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ
;9,,, ǼǽǮǿǻǼǿȀȊ ǽǾǶǵǻǮǻǮ ǴdzǹǮȀdzǹȊǻǼǷ
ǰȚȈȒ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȧ ȐȚȖȋȐ ȖȟȍȘȒȈȔ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȔșȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ©ȚȍȈȚȘ-ȉȐȏȕȍșª ȚȍȈȚȘ-ȌȍȓȖ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȐȔȍȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ
ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȊȧȏ Ȋ ȘțȚȐȕȍ șȈȔȣȝ ȏȈȗȓȍșȕȍ-
Ȋȍȓȣȝ țȎȍ ȐȏȎȐȚȣȝ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ ȏȈȠȍȓ Ȋ ȚțȗȐȒ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ
ȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ ȊȣȉȍȘȍȚșȧ ǯȈȚȖ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ — ©ȚȍȈȚȘ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª ȒȈȒ ȏȌȍșȤ
ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȘȍȗȕȍȚ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȐșȒȈȕȐȧȝ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ
ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȌȍȧȚȤșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȖ ȊȣȘȈșȚȍȚ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȓȖȊȈ

166
Ɋɢɫ 15. ɗɫɤɢɡ ɤ «Ƚɟɧɡɟɥɶ ɢ Ƚɪɟɬɟɥɶª.
ǰ ț ȥȚȖȋȖ ©ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧª ȍșȚȤ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȍ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖșȣȓȒȐ — ȒȕȐȋȐ ǫȖȘȌȖȕȈ DzȘȍȋȈ ©ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ Ȑ ȚȍȈȚȘª ©ǷȘȖȋȘȍșș ȚȍȈȚȘȈª
ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ ȌȖșȓȖȊȕȣȑ 7KH WKHDWUH DGYDQFLQJ
 Ȑ ©Ǫ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ Ȓ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȚȍȈȚ-
Șțª 7RZDUGV D 1HZ 7KHDWUH
 ȥȚȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ
ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ
ȚȍȈȚȘȈ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȘȍȌț ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȖȊ-ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȕȖ-
ȊȖȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȓȖ ȖȕȖ ȠȐȘȐȚșȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȔȐȋȘȈȕȚȖȊ ȊȣȝȖȌȞȍȊ Ȑȏ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȘȍȌȐ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȍȊȘȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ǷȘȐ ȕȣȕȍȠȕȍȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ
șȚȘȖȍ ȥȚȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȖȗȐȘȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ șțȉșȐȌȐȦ ȒȈȗȐ-
ȚȈȓȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕȋȍȕȚ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȒȖșȕȖșȚȐ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ Ȑ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȗȖȔȍȡȍȕȐȧȔ ȥȚȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȣ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȝ
2-3 ȓȍȚ ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ
ǩȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ț șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȋȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȕț Ȉ ȒȈȒ Ȏȍ ș ȘȈ-
ȉȖȟȐȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ" ǺȈȒȖȋȖ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ǸȈȉȖȟȐȔ ș ȏȈ-
ȊȖȌȈ ǼȖȘȌȈ ȐȓȐ ȟȐȒȈȋșȒȐȝ ȉȖȍȕ ȕȍ ȌȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǿȈșȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍ-
ȕȍȍ țșȚȘȖȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ȎȍȓȚȣȝ șȖȦȏȖȊ ȋȓȧȌȧȡȈȧ Ȋ

167
ȖȉȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ©ȌȖȓȓȈȘ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȓȖȕª ȕȍ șȖȏȕȈȍȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ
Ȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊțȍȚșȧ ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȈȝȈȘȐȕȖȔ Ȉ ȟȈȡȍ — ȒȐȕȖ ǹȖȏȕȈ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ Ȏȍ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ șȘȍȌȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȟȈșȚȖ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚșȧ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐșȚȣ ȊȝȖ-
ȌȧȚ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȖȉȢȍȌȐ-
ȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȊȓȈȟȈȚ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȎȈȓȒȖȍ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȏȈ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ șȘȍȌșȚȊ
ǪȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȏȍ Ȓ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȚȍȔȍ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȍȋȖ ȖȟȍȘȒȈ — ©ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȖ-
Ȕț ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȦª ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȖȉșȚȖȐȚ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ ȚȈȒ ȉȓȈȋȖ-
ȗȖȓțȟȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ș ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ǰ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȔ ȔȍșȚȖȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ
ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȉ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ ȘțȒȖ-
ȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȘȖșȚȒȐ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȟȈșȚȖ ȋȐȉȕțȚ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȊȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȟȈȝȓȖȍ ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȚ ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ-
ȔȐ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȕȍȔȞȣ ȈȕȋȓȐȟȈȕȍ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕȞȣ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șȈȔȐ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Țȍ ȋȘțȗȗȣ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȖșȤ ȊȣȠȍ ȎȌțȚ
ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ ȐȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȎȈȎȌțȚ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ Ȑ șȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǰ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ
ȗȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȟȚȖ șȘȍȌȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȕȍȚ ȕțȎȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȖȕȐ ș ȘȊȍ-
ȕȐȍȔ ȐȡțȚ șȘȍȌȐ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȞȍȊ-ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘȖȊ ȕțȎȕȣȝ ȐȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ
Ǫ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȋȖȌț Ȋ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȐȝ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ Ȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓȈȝ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȓșȧ ȥȚȖȚ ȊȖ-
ȗȘȖș dzȐȞȈ ș ȒȖȔȜȖȘȚȖȔ țșȚȘȖȐȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ ȗȖȌȕȧ-
ȓȐ ȒȘȐȒ Ȗ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȞȈȔȐ
ǹȍȒȘȍȚȈȘȤ ȓȐȋȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ Ǯ ǩȖțȥș ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȖȚȒȘȣ-
ȚȖȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ©ș ȗȘȐȏȣȊȖȔ Ȓ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔț ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț Ȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȧȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȗ
ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ Ȋ Ȑȝ ȘȈȉȖȚȍª« Ƕȕ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȊȈȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ
ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȊȢȍȏȌ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ǻ
ȕȍȋȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȜȘȈȏȈ ©ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȍ ȈȘȚȐșȚȣ
șȚȈȓȐ ȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ șȦȌȈ Ȋ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ țȊȖȏȧȚ ȖȚșȦȌȈ țȑȔț Ȍȍȕȍȋª
ǪȖȚ Ȋ ȟȍȔ țȎȈș
ǬȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȉȍȏ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȌȍȓȈȓȐ Ȍȍ-
ȕȤȋȐ — șȍȑȟȈș ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȐ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ Ȉ ș ȕȐȔȐ
Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ-ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȉȘȖșȈȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȒȈȒ ȎȈȎȌțȡȐȍ Ȓ ȊȖ-
Ȍȍ ǷȘȐȏȣȊ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȖȋ ȚȧȋȈ Ȓ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧȔ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚ-
ȊȈ țșȐȓȐȓȈșȤ
Ǫ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ Ȏȍ ȋȖȌț Ȋ ©ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒșȒȖȔ ǺȈȑȔșȍª ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ șȚȈȚȤȧ ©ǵȤȦ-
DZȖȘȒ Ȋ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐª ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘțȦȡȈȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȣ ȗȘȖȐșȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȋ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȏȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ
ǨȊȚȖȘ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȍȚ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȑ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ —
ȘțșșȒȖȑ ǹȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȣ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ǹȈȕ-ǼȘȈȕ-
ȞȐșȒȖ Ȑ ȌȘ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȦȚ ȕȍȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȍ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ șȗȘȖșȈ
ȕȈ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ǵȍ ȏȕȈȚȤ ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȖȋȖ ǺțȘȋȍȕȍȊȈ ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ
ǨȕȌȘȍȍȊȈ Ȑ ȌȘ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȔ ȖȚșȚȈȓȖșȚȐ
Ǫ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȈȊȚȖȘ ș ȋȘțșȚȤȦ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȈ ȈȔȍȘȐ-

168
ȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȖȊ șȟȐȚȈȦȡȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȖȗȍȘȕȣȑ Ȑ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ Șȍ-
ȗȍȘȚțȈȘ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȎȈȓȒȐȔ Ȑ ȕȍțȌȖȉȖȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȔȣȔ ȓȐȉȘȍȚȚȖ
 ȟȚȖ
ȌȖȗțșȒȈȍȚșȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȕȈ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕ-
șȒȖȔ Ȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȈȝ
ǿȚȖ Ȏȍ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ ȗȤȍș ȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ țșȗȍȝȖȔ ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ ȘțșșȒȐȍ Ȋșȍ
Ȏȍ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ș țșȗȍȝȖȔ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȖȕȐ
țȊȐȌȧȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒțȦ șȞȍȕț
ǺȖ Ȏȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȌȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȕȖȊȍȓ-
ȓȐșȚȈ ǺȍȖȌȖȘȈ ǬȘȍȑȏȍȘȈ ©ǫȍȕȐȑª ȕȈȠȓȖ Ȋ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȕȒțȦ
ȖȞȍȕȒț ȟȍȔ Ȋ ǹ ȀȚȈȚȈȝ ȋȌȍ ȥȚȈ țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȈȧ ȊȍȡȤ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȚȖ-
ȓȤȒȖ ȎȈȘȒȐȍ șȗȖȘȣ Ȑ ȘțȋȈȕȤ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȗȘȍșșȍ Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ-ȒȖȕȞȖȊ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȊȣșȚț-
ȗȐȊȠȐȑ ș ȖșțȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ©ȘțȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȍȡȈȕșȚȊȈª ȉȣȓ ȎȍșȚȖȒȖ ȖșțȎ-
Ȍȍȕ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔ ©ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȔȕȍȕȐȍȔª Ȉ ȍȋȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȖȕȜȐșȒȖ-
ȊȈȕȈ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖșȚȈȊȠȐȍșȧ ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȣ ȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȖșțȎ-
Ȍȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘȈ ȊȚȈȑȕȍ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȗȖȓȣ
ǰ ȥȚȈ ȚȧȋȈ Ȓ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ — șȌȊȐȋ șȌȊȐȋ ȥȚȖȚ
ȐȌȍȚ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȈȔȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕ Ȓ ȐșȒȈȕȐȦ ȕȖȊȣȝ șȖ-
ȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ Ȑ ȕȖȊȖȔț ȐșȒțșșȚȊț ǵȐȒȈȒȐȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ȗȉ ©ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐª ȕȍ ȗȖ-
ȔȖȋȈȦȚ
©ǶȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȈ ȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ
***
DzȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗȉ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚȍ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȋȖ ȝȓȍȉȈ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐ-
ȉȖ șȣȘȤȧ ǪȕȍȠȚȖȘȋ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ©ȏȈª Ȑ ©ȗȘȖȚȐȊª
ǭșȓȐ ȕȈ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȖȔ ȘȣȕȒȍ șȗȘȖș ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏ-
ȊȖȌșȚȊȖ Ȑ țșȓȖȊȐȧ șȗȘȖșȈ ȊȣȋȖȌȕȣ ȚȖ ȘȈȏȊȍ ǪȕȍȠȚȖȘȋ ȖȚȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȚȈȒȖȑ
ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ"
ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȘȣȕȖȒ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍ ǫȌȍ
ǪȕȍȠȚȖȘȋ ȗȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ" ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ©ǶșȖȉȣȑ ȒȖȔȐȚȍȚ ȗȖ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȋȈșȚȘȖȓȍȑ ȏȈ-ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȗȘȐ ǵȈȘȒȖȔȗȘȖșȍª ȐȓȐ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȖȘȋȈȕ
ȏȈȕȧȓșȧ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚȈ ȏȈȋȘȈȕȐȞț Ȑ ȗȘȍȎ-
ȌȍȊșȍȋȖ—ȊǨȔȍȘȐȒțȐȚȌ
ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȑ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȗȘȖ-
șȕțȓșȧ Ȑ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȍȋȖ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ
șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ șȍȘȍȌȕȧȒ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȚ —
ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȊȖșȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȣȍ Ȑ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȥȒșȗȖȘȚ ȉțȌȍȚ ȓțȟ-
ȠȐȔ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȕȐȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ Ȓ ǹǹǹǸ
ǵȖ ȕțȎȕȈ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖ șȖȊȍȚșȒȈȧ ȗȘȖȌțȒȞȐȧ ȅȒșȗȖȘȚ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑș-
ȒțșșȚȊȈ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ

169
ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȐșȓțȠȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȤ ȘȈȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȘȣȕȖȒ ȚȍȈȚ-
ȘȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ — ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȖȊ-ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȊ
ǰ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ș ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȤșȒȐȔȐ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȔȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȘȤ-
ȉț ș ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȐȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ȉȖȘȤȉț ȊȖ ȐȔȧ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȣȌȊȐȋȈȍȚ ȥȗȖȝȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȔ
;,; ǰdzǾȀȁȆǸǮ DzdzǹǮȌȇǮȍ ǵǼǹǼȀǼ
ǺȈȒ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȒȐȕȖ Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȐ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȑ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȕȍ ȔȈȓȖȊȈȎȕȖȍ Ȕȍș-
ȚȖ șȘȍȌȐ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖȍ Ȑ ȌȍȚȈȓȤȕȖȍ Ȑșșȓȍ-
ȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ
Ǵȣ Ȏȍ ȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊțȍȔșȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȖȟȍȘȒȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȈȌțȚ Ȗȉȡȍȍ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȗȉ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȐȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȉȖȍȊȐȒȈȝ
ǻ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ țȔ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȚ ȌțȔȈȚȤ ǯȈ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕȞȈ ȌțȔȈȦȚ« ȋȈȏȍȚȣ Ǩ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȔȐ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚ ©ȗțȗª ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ —
ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ
ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ©ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ ȋȖȓȖȊª ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ țȔȖȔ ȊȣȟȐșȓȧȦȚ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ
ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏȉȖȋȈȚȍȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȌțȔȈȍȚ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȕȈȉȖȘ-
ȡȐȒȈ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ș ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȚȐȘȈȎȍȔ
ǵȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȑȚȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȌțȔȈȚȤ
DzȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȊȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ țȟȍȓ ȥȚț ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ Ȑ ȗȖȧ-
ȊȐȓȐșȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊȣ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȊȠȐȍ Ȓ ȚȖȔț Ȏȍ ȒțșȖȟȍȒ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȔȖȕȚȈȎ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞț ȕȍ ȕȈȗȘȧȋȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ-
ȋȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ǶȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȈ Ȑ șȔȍȕȈ ȒȈȌȘȖȊ ȕȍȏȈȔȣșȓȖȊȈȚȣȑ șȦȎȍȚ
ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȈ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ — ȊȖȚ Țȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ȜȐȓȤȔȍ ȒȖȚȖ-
Șȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȢȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ
ǷȘȐȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȞȐȚȈȚȈ Ȑȏ ȒȕȐȋȐ dz DzțȓȍȠȖȊȈ
Ǽʏˏˈ˓ˋˍ˃ː˙˞ǡ ˄ˎ˃ˆˑˇ˃˓ˢ ˖˔ˎˑ˅ˋˢˏ ˉˋˊːˋ ˅ ˔˅ˑˈˌ ˔˕˓˃ːˈ ˋ ˑ˔ˑ˄ˈː-
ː˞ˏ ˍˑˏˏˈ˓˚ˈ˔ˍˋˏ ˒˓ˋˈˏ˃ˏǡ ˔˕˃˓˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ˒ˑˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ ˍ˃ˍ ˏˑˉːˑ ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈ
˔ˡˉˈ˕˃ ˅ ːˈˊː˃˚ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑˏ ˏˈ˕˓˃ˉˈ ˍ˃˓˕ˋː˞ ˋ … ː˃ˋˏˈː˟˛ˈˌ ˊ˃˕˓˃˕ˑˌ
˒ˎˈːˍˋ ˒˞˕˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ˇˑ˄ˋ˕˟˔ˢ ː˃ˋ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈˆˑ ˍˑˎˋ˚ˈ˔˕˅˃ ˋ ː˃ˋ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˈˆˑ ˅˒ˈ-
˚˃˕ˎˈːˋˢǽǤ
ǹțȋțȉȈȧ ȖȠȐȉȒȈ
ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȕȚȈȎȈ — ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȈȒȚȍ-
ȘȈ ©ǯȊȍȏȌȣª — ǷȐȒȜȖȘȌ ǼȍȘȉȍȕȒș Ȑ ȌȘ — ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖșȓȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖ-

170
ȋȖ ȔȖȕȚȈȎȈ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȍȋȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȦȚ
ǪȚȖȘȖȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȐȋȘțȠȒȈ — ȒȐȕȖ — ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȌȈȚȤ ȔȈȒșȐȔțȔ
ȌȖȝȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȤ ȔȈȒșȐȔțȔ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ
ǵȍȌȈȘȖȔ Ȑ șȍȑȟȈș ȒȈșșȈ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȚȈ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț Ȑ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȈ ș ȕȈȐȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ
ȒȖȔȜȖȘȚȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȖȧȚȤ ȌȖȓȋȖ Ȋ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȐ
ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȒȕȖȗȒȈ« ȊȣȉȘȈșȣȊȈȍȚ ȉȐȓȍȚȣ ȕȈȎȐȔ ȗȈȘȣ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒȕȖȗȖȒ
— ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚȍ șȌȈȟț DzȈșșȈ țșȚȘȖȍȕȈ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șțȉȉȖȚț Ȑ ȊȖșȒȘȍșȍȕȤȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȕȈȘȖȌ șȊȖȉȖȌȍȕ Ȑ ©ȊȈȓȐȚª Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ț ȖȒȖȠȒȈ ȒȈșșȣ ȊȐșȐȚ ȘȈȏȔȍȚȒȈ Ȟȍȕ ȗȖ-
ȊȣȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ  ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȉțȌȕȍȑ
ǶȚȟȈșȚȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȔȖȕȚȈȎ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖȔ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ
ȏȈȓȈ ǹȗȓȖȠȤ Ȑ ȘȧȌȖȔ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȗȖȌȒȖȊȣ Ȑ șȐȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȖ ȉȖȒȈȔ
ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȓȐȠȤ Ȗ șȔȍȕȍ ȒȈȌȘȖȊ Ȗ ©ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ șȦȎȍȚȈª Ȉ Ȑȋ-
ȘȈ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȈȧ șȉȖȒț ȍȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȘȗțș țȌȓȐȕȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȌȊȈ ȘȈȏȈ
Ȑ ȚȖȕȒȐȑ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȖșȚȤ Ȗ șȈȔȖȔ ȈȒȚȍȘȍ șțȌȐȚȤ ȔȍȠȈȦȚ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȚșȧ
ȉȍȏȘȖȗȖȚȕȖ
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȍȑȟȈș ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ șȗȘȖș ȕȈ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖȝȖȏȧȐȕ țȉȍ-
ȌȐȓșȧ ȟȚȖ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȕȍȖȝȖȚȕȖ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȈ ȉȖȒȖȊȣȍ ȔȍșȚȈ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȓȈ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȗȉ Ȑȏ-
ȔȍȕȍȕȐȐ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȥȒȘȈȕȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤ șȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ ȔȖȋ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȖȌȐȕȈ-
ȒȖȊȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȐȋȘț Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ țȎȍ șȌȍȓȈȕȣ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȍ ȐȏȣșȒȈȕȐȧ
ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȒȐȕȖ Ȋ ȌȕȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȕȕȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȔȖȋ ȌȈȚȤ
ȐȋȘț ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍ șȚȘȍȔȐȓșȧ ȉȣ Ȓ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȑ șȔȍȕȍ ȒȈȌȘȖȊ Ȉ Ȋ Ȑȝ șȔȍ-
ȕȍ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȋȕȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȏȈ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ șȦȎȍȚȈ
ǹȍȑȟȈș ȥȚȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȑȠȐȑ ȒȐȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈ-
ȕȍȞ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ ȋȖȕȐȚșȧ ȏȈ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȖȑ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖȚȖȑ șȦȎȍȚȈ Ȑ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȗȕ
ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȏȈȚȘȈȚț ȗȓȍȕȒȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȢȍȔȒȐ — ȍȍ ȍȔț ȕȍ ȎȈȓȤ
ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ șȕȧȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ǹȈȔȣȑ șȦȎȍȚ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȍȕ ȚȈȒ
ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȍȓ ȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ șȌȊȐȋ ǹȌȊȐȋ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ
ǹ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ ȊȒțșȐȊ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȔȖȘȧ Ȉ ȏȈ ȔȖȘȍȔ — ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț țȏȕȈȊ
©ȟȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȍȡȍ șȚȘȈȕȣª ȒȘȖȔȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȖȑ — ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȒȐȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȕȍș ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ș ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȕȈ ȐȋȘț ȍȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ
Ȑ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȐȍȔȣ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȋȖ ȒȐȕȖ
ǹȍȑȟȈș șȈȔȣȔȐ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȣȔȐ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȔȐ șȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ ș ©ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȔ ȖȚ-
ȗȍȟȈȚȒȖȔª
ǬȈȚȤ ©ȐȋȘțª ȉȍȏ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȕȈȟȈȓȐ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ǪșȒȖȘȍ — ș ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑȝ șȖȏȌȈȓȐ ǷȓȖȝȐȍ ȓȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȕȍ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȑȝ
ȝȊȈȓȐȚȤ Ȑ șțȌȐȚȤ
 ȕȖ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ©ȏȊȍȏȌȣª — ǷȐȒȜȖȘȌ ǺȖȓȔȈȌȎ ǫȘȐȜ-
ȜȐȚȞ ǼȍȘȉȍȕȒș ǪȈȓȍȕȚȐȕȖ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ǩ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȕȖȊȐȕȒȈȝ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐ-
ȘțȍȔȣȝ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ — ©ȀȍșȚȤ Ȍȕȍȑª ©DzȖȋȌȈ ȏȐȔȈ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚª ©ǩȍȓȣȍ șȍșȚ-
Șȣª Ȑ Ț Ȍ — ȊȐȌȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ șȔȍȕț ȌȍȚȍȒȚȐȊț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ« ©ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȏȔª
ǷșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȏȔ șȌȖȉȘȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȟȍșȒȐȔ șȦȎȍȚȖȔ ȗȖșȚȖȓȤȒț ȗȖș-
ȒȖȓȤȒț ȥȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȍȕȐȧ ȐȋȘȣ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȕȖ — ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȏȔ ȍȊȘȖ-
ȗȍȑșȒȐȑ

171
Ǫ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ șȚȖȐȚ ǿȈȘȓȐ ǿȈȗȓȐȕ
ǹȖșȚȈȊȐȊ șȍȉȍ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȕȍ Ȋ ȖȌȕț Țȣșȧȟț ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ Ȗȕ șȍȑȟȈș ȐȡȍȚ ȕȖ-
Ȋȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȍȓȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȐȋȘȣ
ǰȚȈȒ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȒȐȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȖȊțȦ ȜȈȏț șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȗȖȌ
ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ ȕȖ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȊȣȓȤȍȚșȧ — ȗȘȍȌțȋȈȌȈȚȤ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖ-
ȌȧșȤ Ȋ ǽȖȓȓȐȊțȌȍ ȒȐȕȖ-ȋȖȘȖȌȒȍ Ȋ DzȈȓȐȜȖȘȕȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȔȍȡȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ
ȒȐȕȖ-șȚțȌȐȐ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ șȢȍȔȒȐ ȎȐȊțȚ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋșȍ ȈȒȚȍȘȣ
ǴȕȖȋȖȍ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ Ȗȕ
ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȚ țȑȚȐ ȖȚ ȚȐȝȐȝ ȔȍȡȈȕșȒȐȝ ȚȍȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȍȊȈȓȐȘțȦȚ Ȋ ȜȈȉțȓȍ Ȑ
ȖȚ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȖȋȖ ȜȐȕȈȓȈ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȒȖȕȟȈȦȡȍȑșȧ șȊȈȌȤȉȖȑ Șȍȉȍȕ-
ȒȖȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȅȚȖȚ ȠȚȈȔȗ ȗȖȒȈ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȍȕ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȒȐ — ȍȋȖ ȓȦȉȐȚ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ Ȉ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ țșȓțȎȓȐȊ
ǭșȓȐ ȖȉȖȘȊȈȚȤ ȌȘȈȔț Ȋ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ — ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤ ȕȍȌȖȊȖȓȍȕ Ǭȓȧ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȕȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȗȐȡȍȊȈȘȍȕȐȦ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ
ȌȓȐȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȐ ȐȋȘȈȓȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȣ ȗȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȕȖ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȖȔț șȞȍȕȈ-
ȘȐȦ
ǰ ȕȍ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȧ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȟȍȚȈ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȑ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȍ ȕȍȌȖȊȖȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȗȕ ș Ȗȉ-
ȓȍȋȟȍȕȐȍȔ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȋȘȖȚȍșȒȖȊȣȑ ȘȐșțȕȖȒ ȗȘȐȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȑ șȖȉȈȟȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȠ-
ȒȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȔȕȍȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȕȍȟȚȖ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ©ȒȖȚȈ Ȋ șȈȗȖȋȈȝª
 ȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȈ-
ȘȐșȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ȉțȔȈȋȍ ȔțȓȤȚȐȗȓȐȒȈȚȖȘȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȤȔȈ
 Ȋ ȉȍșȒȖ-
ȕȍȟȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧȝ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗț ȗȘȐȔȐȚȐȊȈ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȏȈșȕȧȚȣȑ
ȒȐȕȖ ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȐȔ
ȗȘȐȍȔȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȐȔ șȦȎȍȚȖȔ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȍȋȖ ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȍȚ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȤ
ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȘȐșțȕȒȈ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȔȍȓȤȟȈȑȠȐȝ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȧȝ șȔȍȕț
ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ ȕȈȘȐșȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȍȘȖȧ
DzȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȒȘțȗȕȍȑȠȍȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȚȈȔ ȔȈȓȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚ Ȉ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȊȖȌȍȊȐ-
ȓȧ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȈȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȍȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȠȚȈȔȗȖȊȈȕȖ Ȑ Ȗȉ-
ȘȍȟȍȕȖ ȕȈ ȎȈȓȒȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȍȞ ȗȖ ȕȈȚțȘȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȓȦȉȐȚ șȍȕ-
șȈȞȐȦ Ȑ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȓ ȕȖȊȖȔț Ȑ ȕȖȊȖȔț Ȑ ȐȔȍȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ
Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ-ȝȘȖȕȐȒȍ ȊȍșȤ ȔȐȘ ȝȘȖȕȐȒȈ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖ șȔȖȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ
 Ȉ Ȋ
ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȉ ȕȍ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕțȦ șȞȍ-
ȕȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȒȖȘȖȉȒț ș ȖȌȕȖȑ ȏȊȍȏȌȖȑ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȔ
 Ȗȕ ȐȌȍȚ Ȋ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜ ȋȌȍ
ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ țȊȐȌȐȚ ȗțșȚȤ ȗȓȖȝȖȋȖ ȕȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȋ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ǬȈ
Ȑ ȉȐȓȍȚ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȍȔ șȚȖȐȚ ȗțșȚȧȒȐ
ȅȚȐȔ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ șȗȘȖș ȕȈ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȈȏȍȚȈȝ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȍ ȜȐȓȤȔ ǹȈȔȈȧ ȒȘțȗȕȈȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȜȐȘȔȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȏȈȗȈș
ȕȈ  ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ȏȈșȕȧȚȖȑ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ ȊȗȘȍȌȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ
șȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȗȘȖș ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓșȧ ȕȖ Ȋ ȒȈȒțȦ șȚȖȘȖȕț Ȗȕ ȗȖȑȌȍȚ — ȕȍȐȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȖ
ǮȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔ țȔȍȕȤȠȈȦȚ ǶȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȒȓȈȌ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȖȚ  ȌȖ ò

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Țȣșȧȟ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ Ȋ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ Ȉ ǬȎȍȒȒȐ DzțȋȈȕ — ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒ ȐȋȘȈȊȠȐȑ ș ǿȈȗȓȐ-
ȕȣȔ — ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȓ ȒȖȕȚȘȈȒȚ ȕȈ  ȋȖȌȈ Ȋ  ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ
DzȘȐȏȐș ȕȈșȚȈȓ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ — ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ țȊȓȍȒȈȚȤșȧ ȒȐȕȖ ȚȈȒ
șȐȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ǴȍȓȒȐȍ șȚțȌȐȐ ȏȈȒȘȣȓȐșȤ ǰ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋșȍ ȒȘțȗȕȣȍ ȒȐ-
ȕȖ-ȌȍȧȚȍȓȐ ȐȏȣșȒȐȊȈȦȚ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȗțȚȐ ǹȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȥȚȐȝ ȐșȒȈȕȐȑ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ
ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȕȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȕȣ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐ ȊȣȠȍ
ǵȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ©ǹȒȈȘȈȔțȠȈª ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȕȈȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȌȐȕ ǰȕȋȘȈȔc ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȈȠȍȓ
Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȏȕȈȍȚ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑ Ȗȕ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȎȈȍȚ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗț
ǩȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠțȦ șțȌȤȉț ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȒȘțȗ-
ȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȑ — ȒȐȕȖ-ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȒȈ-
ȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȈȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȞȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȋ ȚțȗȐȒ,
ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ ȊȣȑȌȍȚ ș ȟȍșȚȤȦ
;; ©ǿǸǮǾǮǺȁȆª
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ȐȓȐ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȒȕȐȎȕȣȑ ȔȈȋȈ-
ȏȐȕ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȊȍȘȍȑ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȘȧȌȍ
ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȝ ȏȍȘȒȈȓ ȏȈȚȍȔ — ȔȘȈȔȖȘ Ȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȌțȉȖȊȣȍ ȗȖȓȒȐ ș ȒȕȐȋȈȔȐ
ǵȈ șȈȔȖȔ ȊȐȌț — ȗȘȐȓȈȊȒȐ ș ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȔȐ ȔȖȌȕȣȔȐ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȑ
ȕȖȊȐȕȒȈȔȐ
ǺȈȒȐȍ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȊȐȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȓȈȊȒȍ ȕȍȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ
șȍȉȍ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ
Dz ȚȈȒȖȔț ȚȐȗț ȔȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȐȟȐșȓȐȚȤ ©ȗȖș-
ȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȋȊȖȏȌȤ ȋȖȌȈª — ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ©ǹȒȈȘȈȔțȠȈª ȗȖ ȕȖȊȍȓȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȕȈȏ-
ȊȈȕȐȧ ǸȈȜȈȥȓȧ ǹȈȉȈȚȐȕȐ — ȕȖȊȍȓȓȍ Ȗ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ
ǺȈȒȐȍ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȘțȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȓțȟȠȍȔț ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘț Ȑ
ȌȍȓȈȦȚșȧ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ©ǹȒȈȘȈȔțȠª șȚȖȐȚ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ
ȖșȖȉȕȧȒȖȔ șȘȍȌȐ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ©ȋȊȖȏȌȍȑª Ƕȕ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ǸȍȒșȖȔ ǰȕ-
ȋȘȈȔșȖȔ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȟȕȖȑ ȟȈ-
ȚȤȦ ȕȖ Ȑ ȐȋȘȖȑ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȈ ȖȗȣȚȕȈȧ ȘțȒȈ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈ Ȑ șȍ-
ȘȤȍȏȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȖ ȕȈȠȍȔț ȔȕȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȌȈȕȣ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȌțȔȈȕȕȣȍ ȔȐȏȈȕșȞȍȕȣ șȖ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȔ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȔ
Ǵȣ ȏȕȈȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȏȖȊȍȚ ȐȏțȔȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ țȎȈș ț ȕȈȠȐȝ
ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȝ ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȕȖ ȜȈȒȚ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȜȈȒȚȖȔ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȟȒȍ ȍșȚȤ șȞȍ-
ȕȣ ȋȌȍ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȠȤ Ȗ ȒȐȕȖ — ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȣ ȌȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȖȚ-
șțȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȊșȍȔ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ȠȚȈȔȗ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȒȐȕȖ-ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȊ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȗȖȓȖșț ȒȐȕȖ-ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȕȚȈ-
ȎȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȖȚ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ țȎȍ țȝȖȌȐȚ

173
ǭșȓȐ ȊȏȧȚȤ ȞȐȜȘȣ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȚȟȍȚȈ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȚȖ ȖȒȈȎȍȚ-
șȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȏȈȕȧȚȖ ȖȒȖȓȖ  Țȣșȧȟ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǰȏ ȕȐȝ  ȌȐȘȍȒȚȖȘȈ — ȗȖ-
ȔȖȡȕȐȒȐ ǰȕȋȘȈȔșȈ  ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȖȊ ȗȖ ȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ  ȖȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȈ,  ȉț-
ȚȈȜȖȘȈ  ȥȓȍȒȚȘȖȚȍȝȕȐȒȖȊ  ȒȖșȚȦȔȍȘȖȊ  ȗȈȘȐȒȔȈȝȍȘȈ Ǫ țșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ
ȌȍȒȖȘȈȞȐȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȕȧȚȣ  ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȖȊ  ȒȈȔȍȕȡȐȒȖȊ  ȠȚțȒȈȚțȘȖȊ
 ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ǬȈȓȍȍ Ȋ ȖȚȟȍȚȍ ȐȌȍȚ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȐȍ ȌȍșȧȚȒȖȊ Țȣ-
șȧȟ ȗțȌȖȊ ȒȈȔȕȧ ȗȍșȒț ȠȚțȒȈȚțȘȒȐ Ȑ ȓȍșȈ ȊȏȧȚȣȝ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȐ Ȑ 
ȧȘȌȖȊ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȑ dzȦȌȐ ȏȈȕȧȚȣȍ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ șȌȍȓȈȓȐ  ȔȐȓȤ
ȗȍȘȍȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȍȒȖȘȌȕȣȔ ȘȈșșȚȖȧȕȐȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȔȐȘȖȊȣȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ.
DzȈȘȚȐȕȈ șȕȐȔȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ Ȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ǷȖșȓȍ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ǸȍȒș ǰȕȋȘȈȔș
ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȐȕȖ ȕȍȚ
©ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈª Ȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗț ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ
ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȓȈȕȚȓȐȊȖȋȖ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈ-ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ șȌȍȓȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȚȐ-
ȕț ȕȍ ȠȚȈȔȗȖȊȈȕȕțȦ ȏȈȍȏȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȗȘȐȍȔȈȔȐ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȊ-
ȠȍȋȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȚȐȝȐȐ —
ȥȚȖ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒȐȕȖ-ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȐ
Ǫ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȔȣȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȜȐȓȤȔȖȑ ȒȘȐȏȐșȖȔ șȉȣȚȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȒȘȐȏȐșȖȔ șȦȎȍȚȈ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȗțȚȧȝ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑ-
ȠȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȐȕȖ Ȑ — Ȋșȍ ȧșȕȍȍ ȚțȗȐȒ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ șȍȑ-
ȟȈș ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
©ǹȒȈȘȈȔțȠª ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȍȕ Ȑ Ȟȍȕȍȕ Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȉȍȏ ȓȐȠȕȐȝ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ-ȒȘȈ-
șȐȊȖșȚȐ ȌȈȕȣ ȧȘȒȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȍȍ șȚȐȝȐȧ ȟțȊșȚȊțȍȚ-
șȧ Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ ȋȕȍȊ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȡȤ șȐȓȤȕȣ Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ ȔȈșșȖȊȖȑ șȞȍȕȍ Ȑș-
ȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȔȍșȚȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȓȍȕȚȍ
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ ȏȈȧȊȓȧȦȚ ȊȣȝȖȌȧ Ȑȏ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȈ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ,
©ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ șȚȐȝȐȑȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȚȈȒ ȕȈșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖ ȖȉȊȐȕȧȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ-
ȊȐȒȖȊª
DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȗȣȚȍ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȐȕȖ ȍșȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȌȖ-
șȚȈȚȒȖȊ ȕȖ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȚȍȔȈ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȗțȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȈȡțȗȈȓ ǰȕȋȘȈȔș,
ȏȈșȓțȎȐȊȈȦȚ ȊșȧȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȝȊȈȓȣ DzȈȘȚȐȕȍ — ȔȍșȚȖ Ȋ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȅȚȖ
— Ȓ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ǹȖȊȒȐȕȖ
;;, ©DzdzǿȍȀȊ ǵǮǽǼǰdzDzdzǷª
ȅȚȖ — ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ șȈȔȖȑ ȒȘțȗȕȖȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒȖȔ-
ȗȈȕȐȐ ©ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚ ǷȐȒȟȖȘª
ǷȖ ȚȍȔȍ Ȋșȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȈ ȕȈ ȌȊȍ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȣ
ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȈ — ȗȖ ȉȐȉȓȐȐ ǭȋȐȗȍȚ ǿȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȖȌ ȒȕțȚȖȔ ȊȓȈȌȣȒȐ-

174
ȜȈȘȈȖȕȈ ǸȈȉȣ șȚȘȖȧȚ ȗȐȘȈȔȐȌȣ ǹȜȐȕȒșȣ ǹȖȚȕȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȚȧȕțȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ
ȋȓȣȉȣ ǺȧȕțȚ Ȑȏ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ șȐȓ ȗȈȌȈȦȚ ȏȈȔȍȘȚȊȖ ǪȖ ȌȊȖȘȍȞ ȜȈȘȈȖȕȈ ȊȘȣ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ǴȖȐșȍȑ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖșȐȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȜȈȘȈȖȕ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȓ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȒȕțȚȈ ȌȍȚȍȑ ǰȏ-
ȘȈȐȓȧ ǹȣȕ ȜȈȘȈȖȕȈ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȧșȤ țȌȈȘȧȍȚ ǴȖȐșȍȧ ǴȖȐșȍȑ țȋȘȖȎȈȍȚ ȍȔț șȔȍȘ-
ȚȤȦ Dz ȊȍȟȍȘț șȣȕ ȜȈȘȈȖȕȈ țȔȐȘȈȍȚ ǷȖȚȘȧșȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȐșȗțȋȈȕȕȣȑ ȜȈȘȈȖȕ
ȌȈȍȚ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȐțȌȍȧȔ
ǰțȌȍȐ ȊȖ ȋȓȈȊȍ ș ǴȖȐșȍȍȔ ȉȍȋțȚ Ȑȏ ǭȋȐȗȚȈ ǼȈȘȈȖȕ ȗȘȖȔȖȓȐȊȠȐșȤ ȊșȦ
ȕȖȟȤ ț șȚȈȚțȐ ȧȏȣȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȉȖȋȈ Ȑ ȊȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȓ șȣȕț ȕȍ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ
șȖȏȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȍ ȊȖȑșȒȖ Ȑ ș  ȒȖȓȍșȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȋȖȕȦ ȏȈ ȍȊȘȍȧȔȐ
țȝȖȌȧȡȐȔȐ Ȋ ȗțșȚȣȕȦ
ǿȍȘȍȌțȦȚșȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȒȖȓȖ  Țȣșȧȟ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑ  ȒȖȓȍșȕȐȞ ȌȖ-
ȋȖȕȧȦȡȐȝ ȍȊȘȍȍȊ
dzȦȌȐ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȧȚ Ȓ DzȘȈșȕȖȔț ȔȖȘȦ ǴȖȘȍ ȘȈșșȚțȗȈȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ǴȖȐșȍȍȔ Ȑ
ȓȦȌȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȗȖ Ȍȕț ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ șȚȍȕȈȔȐ ȊȖȌȣ DzȖȓȍșȕȐȞȣ ȌȖȋȖȕȧȦȚ ȍȊ-
ȘȍȍȊ ǿȈșȚȤ ȒȖȓȍșȕȐȞ țȎȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐȕȍ DzȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȧ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȋȖȘȣ
ȊȖȌȣ șȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȈȦȚ ȒȖȓȍșȕȐȞȣ ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ ȊșȈȌȕȐȒȖȊ ǭȊȘȍȑșȒȐȑ ȕȈ-
ȘȖȌ ȓȐȒțȍȚ
ǿȍȘȍȏ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȊȠȐșȤ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ ǴȖȐșȍȧ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ
ȕȈȘȖȌȈ șȚȘȖȐȚ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȤȞȈ Ȑ ȕȈȘȖȌ ȗȘȍȌȈȊȈȧșȤ ȐȏȓȐȠȍșȚȊȈȔ ȗȖȒȓȖ-
ȕȧȍȚșȧ ȚȍȓȤȞț
ǩȖȋ ȗȖșȣȓȈȍȚ ǴȖȐșȍȦ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȉțȘȍ ǴȖȐșȍȑ ȕȈ ȋȖȘȍ ȊȐȌȐȚ Ȋ ȕȍȉȍ  ȏȈ-
ȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ Ȑ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȑ șȐȓȖȑ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ Ȑȝ ȕȈ șȒȘȐȎȈȓȐ ǯȈȚȍȔ ǴȖȐșȍȑ șȗțș-
ȒȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȈȘȖȌț ǻȏȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȖ ȚȍȓȤȞȈ ǸȈȏȉȐȊȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐ ȟȍȔ ȟȈșȚȤ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ȋȐȉ-
ȕȍȚǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȖȕȟȈȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȕȍ șȚȖȐȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȍ-
ȘȍșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȉȐȉȓȍȑșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȖ
ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȟȚȖ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ Ȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ șȚȈȘȈȓȐșȤ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȓȐȎȍ Ȓ ȚȍȒ-
șȚț Ȉ ȊȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ țȎȍ ȗȖ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȥȚȖȔț ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȊȐ-
Ȍȍȕ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȈȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ
ǪȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȈ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ« ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȍ
ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȔȍȡȈȕșȒȖȑ șȍȔȤȍ ǼȈȉțȓȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȣ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȖș-
ȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȈ
ǴȈȚȤ ǬȊȈ șȣȕȈ ǶȌȐȕ — ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ — ȕȍȚ ǴȈȚȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȖȏȐȚ-
șȧ ș ȉȐȉȓȐȍȑ ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ șȣȕȖȊȍȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚ ȉȍȏȌȖȔȕțȦ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȌȕțȦ ȌȍȊțȠȒț —
ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȍȍ ȌȖȔȖȑ ǶȉȈ șȣȕȈ ȊȓȦȉȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȍ
ǷȖȉȍȎȌȈȍȚ ȕȍȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȣȑ Ȑ ȎȍȕȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗȕ ȕȈȘțȠȈȍȚ ȌȊȍ
ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȐ
ǷȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ǮȍȕȐȊȠȐȑșȧ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȖȔ Ƕȕ șȚȘȖȐȚ
ȞȍȘȒȖȊȤ ǩȘȈȚ ȍȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȓȦȉȧȡȐȑ Ȏȍȕț ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȍȚ ȍȔț Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ
ȏȈȊȍȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȖȑ ǨȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘ țȝȈȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȏȈ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȗȖȧ-
ȊȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ țȘȖȎȌȍȕȒȖȑ DzȈȓȤȒțȚȚȣ ȕȈȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȒȐȚȈȧȕȒȖȑ ȕȈ-
ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȜȘȈȕȞțȎȍȕȒȖȑ Ǭȓȧ ȕȍȍ ȍȔț ȕțȎȕȣ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ

175
Ƕȕ ȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȏȈȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȍ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȓȖȝȖȑ ȕȖ ȌȍȠȍȊȣȑ
ȞȍȔȍȕȚ Ȉ ȕȈ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȈȞȐȐ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȗȕ ȗȖȒțȗȈȍȚ ȖȎȍȘȍȓȤȍ
ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȍ ǷȖșȚȘȖȑȒȈ ȌȈȍȚ ȚȘȍȡȐȕț Ȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȝȘȈȔ ȘțȠȐȚșȧ ǷȖȌ
ȘȈȏȊȈȓȐȕȈȔȐ ȖȉȈ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ ȔȍȘȚȊțȦ ȔȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠțȦ ȕȈȊȍșȚȐȚȤ șȣȕȈ
ǨȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ țȗȓȈȚȐȚȤ ȕȍțșȚȖȑȒț ȗȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȈȒȚț Ǭȍȕȍȋ ȕȍȚ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖ-
șȐȚ ț ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȖȚȌȈȓȈ ȍȔț ȖȎȍȘȍȓȤȍ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȐ ǺȈ ȖȚȒȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚ ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȍȍ țȉȐȊȈȍȚ ǭȋȖ ȘȈȏȣșȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȐȞȐȧ ǮȍȕȈ șȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ țȉȐȑȞț ț
șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ǷȖȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȉȍȎȐȚ ȕȈ ȔȖȚȖȘȕȖȑ ȓȖȌȒȍ ȕȖ ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȗ șȒȈȓȣ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȉȍȋșȚȊȈ șȚȈȘȠȍȋȖ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȎȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ țȎȍ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȊȠȈȧ ȔȓȈȌȠȍ-
ȋȖ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȚȤ ș șȖȉȖȑ ǵȖ ȍȍ șȗȈșȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȓȦȉȧȡȐȑ ȍȍ ȔȓȈȌ-
ȠȐȑ ȉȘȈȚ DzȖȕȍȞ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ — ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ
Ǫșȧ ȊȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ șȚȘȖȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȐ șȚȈȘȠȐȔ ȉȘȈȚȖȔ
 ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȓ ȟȍȔț ȥȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȔȖȓ Ȓ ȗȓȖȝȖȔț
 Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ
ȊȍșȤ șȔȣșȓ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ǿȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȍȡȈȕșȒȖȍ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȚȘțȌȕȖ
ȗȘȐȌțȔȈȚȤ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊȖ șȞȍȕȈȘȐșȚȈ Ȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȌȖȓȓȈȘ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȓȐ șȊȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ DzȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ — ȖȕȈ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȍȚ
ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș ȟțȚȤ ȓȐ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș ȟȍȔ șȈȔȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ Țȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚ țșȓțȎȓȐȊȈȧ ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚ Ȋ
șȊȖȍȑ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȍ © ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑª
ǵȈȟȈȓȖșȤ ș ȗȖȐșȒȖȊ ȚȍȔȣ ǹȍșȐȓȤ Ȍȍ-ǴȐȓȓȤ ȕȐȒȈȒ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȚȍȔț Ȍȓȧ
ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȘȍȠȐȓ Ȋ ȓȐȞȍ ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚ țșȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȋȓȈș ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ǩȣȓ
ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕ ȒȖȕȒțȘș ș ȗȘȍȔȐȧȔȐ ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȗȘȍȔȐȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȈ Ȋ Țȣșȧȟț
ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ǵȈ ȒȖȕȒțȘș ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐșȓȈȕȖ ȕȐ ȔȈȓȖ ȕȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ«  ȚȍȔ
ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȐ Ȋșȍȝ șȖșȓȖȊȐȑ Ȑ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȚțȚ ȕȈ-
ȟȐȕȈȧ ȖȚ ȗȖȓțȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȊȉȖȧ Ȑ ȒȖȕȟȈȧ ȘȈȜȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘȖȔ
Ȑȏȧȡȕȣȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ǰȏ  —  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȘȐșȓȈȓȐ ȖȌȕț Ȑ Țț Ȏȍ ȚȍȔț — 10
ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ Ȑ ȕȈȘțȠȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ ǪșȍȔ ȊȖșȤȔȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣȌȈȕȖ ȗȖ Țȣșȧȟȍ
ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ȏȈ ȖșȕȖȊț Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȏȧȚȈ ȚȍȔȈ ǬȎȍȕȕȐ ǴȈȒȜȍȘșȖȕ ǺȍȔȣ ȗȖȓț-
ȟȐȊȠȐȍ ȊȚȖȘțȦ ȚȘȍȚȤȦ Ȑ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚțȦ ȗȘȍȔȐȦ ȉțȌțȚ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȌȈȓȤ-
ȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ
ǷȖșȓȍ Ȋșȍȑ ȥȚȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ș ȚȍȔȈȔȐ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȌțȚȖȑ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕ-
șȒȖȑ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ ǹȍșȐȓȤ Ȍȍ-ǴȐȓȓȤ șȟȍȓ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȗȘȈȊȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ șȖ șȓȖ-
ȊȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȈ ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚ © ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑ — ȊȈȠȈ ȐȌȍȧª
ǯȈȚȍȔ  ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȠȓȈ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȈ Ȓ șȢȍȔȒȍ ǴȍȎȌț ȗȍșȟȈȕȣȔȐ ȝȖȓȔȈȔȐ
ǫȊȈȌȈȓțȗȣ ȕȈ ȒȈȓȐȜȖȘȕȐȑșȒȖȔ ȉȍȘȍȋț Ȋ  ȔȐȓȧȝ ȖȚ dzȖș-ǨȕȎȍȓȖșȈ Ȋ ȗț-
șȚȣȕȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
Ǩ ȗȖȒȈ șȚȘȖȐȓșȧ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǹȍșȐȓȧ Ȍȍ-ǴȐȓȓȧ șȖșȚȖȧȡȐȑ Ȑȏ ȔȖȘȧ ȗȈȓȈȚȖȒ ȕȈ
 ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ șȈȔ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȈȘȔȐȍȑ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ
ȖȚȌȈȓșȧ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȦ ǭȋȐȗȚȈ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȍ Ȑȏȣ-
șȒȈȕȐȧ ǹȍșȐȓȧ Ȍȍ-ǴȐȓȓȤ ȗȖȌ ȖȉȡȐȔ ȏȈȋȓȈȊȐȍȔ ©ǯȈȉȣȚȣȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǭȋȐȗ-
ȚȈª Ǫ ȥȚȖȑ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȈ ǭȋȐȗȚȈ ȕȍ țșȚțȗȈȓȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȍ ǶȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ǭȋȐȗȍȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȕȈȓ ȚȈȑȕȣ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘȣ ȉȓȈ-

176
ȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ țȌȈȊȈȓȖșȤ șȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȋȐȋȈȕȚșȒȐȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȐȘȈ-
ȔȐȌȣ ȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȔ ǭȋȐȗȚȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ șȟȐȚȈȍȚșȧ ț ȕȈș
țȎȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒȖȔ ȊȣșȠȍȑ ȞȐȊȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ — ȚȈȒ ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȣȍ ȉȘȐȚȊȣ
ǭȋȐȗȚȧȕȍ — ȕȈȞȐȧ ȈȘȚȐșȚȖȊ ǭȋȐȗȍȚșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȐȦ Ȑ ȋȓț-
ȉȐȕȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȍȉȍ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ǭȋȐȗȍȚșȒȈȧ ȒȍȘȈȔȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȘȖȔȣȠȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ
— ȖȌȕȖ Ȑȏ țȚȖȕȟȍȕȕȍȑȠȐȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ǭȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȑ ȜȈȘȜȖȘ ȊȣȠȍ ȜȈȘȜȖȘȈ ǭȊ-
ȘȖȗȣ DzȐȚȈȧ Ȑ ǰȕȌȐȐ ǹȓȖȊȖȔ șȖȖȉȡȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȣ-
ȊȈȦȡȐȍ ȊșȧȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȉțȎȌȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ Șȍ-
ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȦ ȥȚȐȝ ȟțȌȍș DzȈȒ ȒțȘȤȍȏ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȏȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȉȘȖ-
ȠȦȘȍ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ ȍȋȐȗȚȧȕ Ȓ ȒȖșȔȍȚȐȒȍ Ȓ ȈȒȘȖȉȈȚȐȒȍ
ȒȖȕȞȍȘȚȈȔ Ȑ ȊȖȌȍȊȐȓȧȔ ȔȖȓ Ȑ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȗȖȟȚȐ-ȟȚȖ ȍȋȐȗȍȚșȒȐȍ ȊȒțșȣ

Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȊȖșȤȔȐȔȍșȧȟȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ — Ȋ ȗțșȚȣȕȍ ȊȖȏȕȐȒ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȒ șȖ
ȊșȍȔ ȖȉȖȘțȌȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȔț șȓȖȊț ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ ǷȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȊȖȌȖȍȔȣ ȕȈ
 ȋȈȓȓȖȕȖȊ ȊȖȌȣ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ǭȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ ȌȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȥȕȍȘ-
ȋȐȧ ș ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ  ȒȐȓȖȊȈȚȚ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣșȚȘȖȍȕȣ ȌȊȈ ȖȉȍȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȈȓȈ
ȕȈ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȖ  șȗȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȔȍșȚ
Dz ȋȖȘȖȌȒț ȊȍȓȐ  ȔȐȓȤ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȊȣșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȢȍȏȌȕȣȝ ȗțȚȍȑ ȍȋȖ Ȗȉ-
șȓțȎȐȊȈȓȐ  ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȍȑ ǵȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȓȖ Ȋ ȗȐȡț ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊ-
ȕȖ  ȋȖȓȖȊ ȒȘțȗȕȖȋȖ ȘȖȋȈȚȖȋȖ șȒȖȚȈ Ȑ  ȚȖȕȕȣ  ȗțȌȖȊ
 ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȐȡȐ
Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȖȊ ȕȈ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ
ȥȚȖ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȍȚ
 —  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȗȖȊȈȘȖȊ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȖȊ 
ȗȖȓȐȞȍȑșȒȐȝ, ȗȖȎȈȘȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȝȘȈȕȣ
ǹȘȍȌȐ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈȉȖȟȐȝ ȉȣȓȐ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȈ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȌȖȒȚȖȘȈ șȚȍ-
ȕȖȋȘȈȜȣ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȣ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȣ-ȋȐȌȘȖȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ ȗȖȘȚȕȣȍ ȟȍȘȚȍȎȕȐȒȐ ȗȓȖȚ-
ȕȐȒȐ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȖȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ ȒȈȔȍȕȡȐȒȐ ȠȚțȒȈȚțȘȣ ȒȘȖȊȍȓȤȡȐȒȐ ȗȈȓȈȚȖȟȕȐ-
ȒȐ ȒțȏȕȍȞȣ ȊȖȏȟȐȒȐ ȠȖȜȍȘȈ ȗȖȊȖȌȣȘȐ ȊȍȘȉȓȦȌȖȊ ȗȈșȚțȝȐ ȘȈȏȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȈ
șȒȖȚȈ Ȑ Ț Ȍ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ țȎȍ Ȗ ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȒȈȝ ȗȖ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ
Ǫșȍ ȘȈșȝȖȌȣ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȓȐșȤ ȕȍ ȗȖ șȔȍȚȍ ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȦȡȍȑ ȖȉȡțȦ
șțȔȔț ȘȈșȝȖȌȖȊ Ȉ ȗȖ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț țȌȈȓȖșȤ ȊȖȏȊȍșȚȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȑ-
ȒȐ Ȋ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ
ǩȣȓ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕ ȋȖȘȖȌ ǸȈȔȏȍșȈ ș  șȜȐȕȒșȈȔȐ Ȑ  ȒȖȓȖșșȈȔȐ ǻșȚȘȖȍȕȖ Ȉș-
ȜȈȓȤȚȖȊȖȍ ȓȖȎȍ Ȍȓȧ ȖȏȍȘȈ șȌȍȓȈȕȣ ǹȐȕȈȑșȒȐȍ ȋȖȘȣ ȋȌȍ ǴȖȐșȍȑ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ
șȒȘȐȎȈȓȐ Ȑ ȋȌȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȚȖȗȓȍȕȣ ȗȖȒȓȖȕȧȊȠȐȍșȧ ȚȍȓȤȞț
ǫȓȈȊȕȣȍ ȊȖȘȖȚȈ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǸȈȔȏȍșȈ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȈȔȐ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋșȍ ȊȐȌȍȊ-
ȠȐȝ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐșȚȖȊ  ȜțȚȖȊ ȊȣȠȐȕȣ Ȑ  ȜțȚȖȊ ȌȓȐ-
ȕȣ Ȋȍș șȜȐȕȒșȖȊ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȚȖȕȕ  ȗțȌȖȊ
 ǪȣșȖȚȈ ȒȖȓȖșșȖȊ  ȜțȚȖȊ ǵȈ
ȗȖșȚȘȖȑȒȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȚȘȈȟȍȕȖ  ȚȖȕȕ  ȗțȌ
 ȔȖȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȓȐȕȣ  ȚȖȕȕ
 ȗțȌ.) ȞȍȔȍȕȚȈ  ȜțȚȖȊ ȗȖȌȍȓȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ  ȔȐȓȤ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȖȊ
Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȓȖȒȐ
Ǫ ȚȈȒȖȔ Ȏȍ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȍ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ǵȈ ȒȖșȚȦȔȣ ȗȖ-
ȠȓȖ  ȔȐȓȤ șțȒȕȈ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȌȍȓȈȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ  ȒȖșȚȦȔȖȊ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȖșȓȍ șȢȍȔȒȐ ȕȈ ȊȣșȚȈȊȒȍ ȕȈ  ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒȚȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍșȕȐȞȣ Ȑ ȓȈȚȣ Ȑ

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șȉȘțȦ țȠȓȖ  ȚȖȕȕȣ  ȗțȌ
 ȒȖȎȐ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ  ȚȖȕȕȣ  ȗțȌ
 ȗțȌȘȣ
Ȍȓȧ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ  ȋȈȓȓȖȕȖȊ ȋȓȐȞȍȘȐȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȔȈȏȈȕȐȧ ȚȍȓȈ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ  Ȝțȕ-
ȚȖȊ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȝ ȉțȓȈȊȖȒ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȒȈȓȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ
Ǫ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȣ  ȓȖȠȈȌȍȑ  ȊȖȓȖȊ  ȊȍȘȉȓȦȌȖȊ
 ȋȖȓȖȊ ȘȖȋȈȚȖȋȖ șȒȖȚȈ  ȖȊȍȞ Ȑ ȒȖȏ  ȗȚȐȞ ȋȊȐȕȍȑșȒȐȝ ȒțȘ Ȑ țȚȖȒ Ȑ
 șȖȉȈȒ
ǬȈȓȍȍ Ȋ ȉȘȖȠȦȘȍ ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚȈ ȗȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȣ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȐȔȈȊȠȐȝ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȍȋȐȗȚȧȕȍ ȒȖȗȚȣ ȈȘȈȉȣ ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕȞȣ șȐ-
ȘȐȑȞȣ ȈȘȔȧȕȍ ȔȍșșȖȗȖȚȈȔȞȣ ȚțȘȒȐ ȒȈȊȒȈȏȞȣ ȘțșșȒȐȍ ȘțȔȣȕȣ ȉȖȓȋȈ-
Șȣ șȍȘȉȣ ȟȍȝȖ-șȓȖȊȈȒȐ ȞȣȋȈȕȍ ȋȘȍȒȐ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕȞȣ ȐșȗȈȕȞȣ ȗȖȘȚțȋȈȓȤȞȣ
ȔȈȊȘȣ ȗȖȓȧȒȐ ȠȊȍȑȞȈȘȞȣ ȕȍȔȞȣ ȈȊșȚȘȐȑȞȣ ȊȍȕȋȘȣ șȒȈȕȌȐȕȈȊȣ ȌȈȚ-
ȟȈȕȍ ȉȍȓȤȋȐȑȞȣ ȈȕȋȓȐȟȈȕȍ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȣȗȐșȈȕȖ 
ȗȈȓȍșȚȐȕșȒȐȝ ȖȘȚȖȌȖȒșȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȍȊȘȍȍȊ ȊȍșȤ ȗȍȘșȖȕȈȓ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ șȐȕȈȋȖȋ ȊȖ
ȋȓȈȊȍ ș ȘȈȉȐ ǨȘȖȕȖȔ ǴȈȘȒȈȌȖȊȖȔ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȒȖȕșțȓȤȚȈȕȚȈ
Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȍȊȘȍȑșȒȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ Ȑȏ  țȟȐȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ  ©ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝª "
 Ȍȍ-
Țȍȑ Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȓȍȚ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ǸțȜȤ ǬȐȒȍȑ ȉȣȓ șȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕ Ȑ ȊȣȊȍ-
ȏȍȕ ș șȖȉȖȦ Ȋ ȗțșȚȣȕȦ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ
ȅȚȖȚ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȍȊȘȍȑșȒȐȍ ȔȖȚȐȊȣ Ȑ ȐȋȘȈȓ
Ȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȕȈ ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚ șȖȖȉ-
ȡȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȈ ȔțȏȣȒȈ ȐȔȍȓȈ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȟȚȖ ȔțȏȣȒȈ Ȋ ȈȘȔȐȐ Ȑ ȖȌțȠȍȊ-
ȓȧȓȈ Ȋșȍ  ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȎȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȈ ǹȍșȐȓȧ Ȍȍ-ǴȐȓȓȤ
DzȈȒ ȊȐȌȐȚȍ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ © ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑª ȗȖȐșȚȐȕȍ ȗȖȘȈȎȈȦ-
ȡȐȑ
ǷȖșȚȈȕȖȊȡȐȒ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȗȘȖșȔȖȚȘȍ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ ȕȈ ǩȘȖȌȊȍȍ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖ ȗȘȐȋȓȈȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ȟȚȖ ȋȖȘȌȐȚșȧ ȟȍșȚȤȦ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȘȚȐ-
ȕț ȧȊȓȧȦȡțȦșȧ șȈȔȣȔ ȒȘțȗȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ
ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ
ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ © ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑª ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ  — ȒȈȘ-
ȚȐȕȈ ȕȍ ȖȒțȗȐȓȈ șȍȉȧ  — ǷȈȘȔȖȕȚ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔț ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ ȏȈȒ-
Șȣȓ ȕȈ ȔȍșȧȞ ȈȚȍȓȤȍ ȎȍȓȈȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȕȤȍ ©ȏȊȍȏȌª Ȑ ȕȈȓȈȌȐȚȤ ȗȘȖ-
ȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ
ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȔȍșȧȞ ȕȍ țșȗȍȓ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȈȚȍȓȤȍ
ȊȕȖȊȤ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȑ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ǸȍȖȘȋȈȕȐ-
ȏȈȞȐȧ ȕȍ țȌȈȓȈșȤ ȗȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȕȖ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȒȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ șȊȖȍ ȗȖșȍ-
ȡȈȍȔȖșȚȤ ȒȐȕȖ țȗȈȓȈ ȕȈ  ǷȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȒȈȘȚȐȕ ȒȈȒ © ȏȈȗȖȊȍȌȍȑª,
ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ șȗȘȖș ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ț ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ-ȖȌȐȕȖȟȒȐ Ȉ ȕȍ ȔȈșșȖȊȖȋȖ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ Ȉ ȉȓȈ-
ȋȖȌȈȘȧ șȊȖȐȔ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȔ ȘȈșȝȖȌȕȣȔ șȚȈȚȤȧȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȚȤșȧ
ǴȕȖȋȐȍ șȗȍȞȣ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȒȘȐȟȈȚ ȊȖ ȊȍșȤ ȋȖȓȖș ©DzȘȐȏȐș
ȒȘȐȏȐș ȒȘȐȏȐșª*.
* ɉɪɨɲɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɚɥɨ ɱɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨ-
ɪɨɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ

178
;;,, ©ǽǮǾǶǴǮǻǸǮª
ǵȍȓȤȏȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȍ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȧȝ Ȑ Ȗ
ȕȈșȚțȗȈȦȡȍȔ ȒȘȐȏȐșȍ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ Ȗ ȟȈȗȓȐȕșȒȖȑ ©ǷȈȘȐȎȈȕȒȍª ǿȈȘȓȐ
ǿȈȗȓȐȕ — ȚȈȒ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ ȌȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȜȐȓȤȔȣ — țȠȍȓ ȉțȌȚȖ ȉȣ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȖȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȑ țȍȝȈȓ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȦ ȕȈȌ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ
ȥȚȖȑ ȌȖȓȋȖȑ Ȑ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ©ǷȈȘȐȎȈȕȒȈª ǿȈȘȓȐ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȗțȉȓȐȒȍ Ȋ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȑ ȕȈȌȗȐșȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȖȑ șȖȖȉȡȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȍȋȖ
ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ ȒȈȒ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȡȐȒȈ
ǹȞȍȕȈȘȐȑ ȗȘȖșȚ ǬȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȓȐȞȈ ©Ȗȕª — ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ©ȖȕȈª — ǴȥȘȐ
ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ ǶșȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȘȖȓȐ ȥȗȐȏȖȌȐȟȕȣ ©ǶȕȈª ȓȦȉȐȚ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȝțȌȖȎ-
ȕȐȒȈ ȐȌȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȕȈ șȊȐȌȈȕȐȍ ǭȍ ȖȚȍȞ țȏȕȈȓ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ȑ ȊȣȋȖȕȧȍȚ ȍȍ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔț.
©Ƕȕª ȉȍȘȍȚ ȍȍ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȍȞ ȕȍ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȉȘȈȒ Ȑ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȍȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȌȖȔȍ ©Ƕȕª ȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȗȖȍȝȈȚȤ ș ȕȍȦ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ ǷȘȖșȐȚ ȖȉȖ-
ȎȌȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȊȖȒȏȈȓȍ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȗȖȗȘȖȡȈȚȤșȧ ș ȔȈȚȍȘȤȦ ǴȥȘȐ ȗȖ-
șȓȍ ȌȖȓȋȖȋȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȊȖȒȏȈȓȍ ȏȊȖȕȐȚ ȍȔț ȗȖ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕț
ǴȈȚȤ țȔȖȓȧȍȚ șȣȕȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȚȖȚ ȗȖȗȘȖȡȈȓșȧ ș ȖȚȞȖȔ șȣȕ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȖȚ-
Ȟț Ȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȍȋȖ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȔ ȖȚȍȞ ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȓ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕȐȧ
ǯȊȖȕȖȒ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕȈ ©Ƕȕª ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȍȓȍȜȖȕț ȝȖȟȍȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ǴȥȘȐ ȗȘȐ-
ȟȐȕț ȏȈȌȍȘȎȒȐ ȕȖ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ǵȍ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȣ ©Ȗȕª ȗȘȖșȐȚ ȍȍ ȍȡȍ
ȗȖȌȖȎȌȈȚȤ ǷȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ©ǶȕȈª ȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ©Ȗȕª ȍȍ ȉȘȖșȐȓ Ȑ
ȊȍȠȈȍȚ ȚȘțȉȒț ǹȈȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȍȏȌ — ȍȌȍȚ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ ©Ƕȕª ȏȊȖȕȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ǷȖȚȖȔ
ȍȌȍȚ ȕȈ ȊȖȒȏȈȓ — ȍȍ ȕȍȚ
ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȍ șȘȈȏț ȗȍȘȍȕȖșȐȚșȧ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ ©ǶȕȈª ȕȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȐ ț ȔȐȓȓȐȖ-
ȕȍȘȈ Ǫ ȉȖȋȈȚșȚȊȍ ǸȧȌ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ șȞȍȕ ©ǶȕȈª ȍȌȍȚ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȕȈ ȊȍȟȍȘȐȕȒț Ȑ
ȗȖȗȈȌȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȗȖ ȚȖȔț ȈȌȘȍșț ǶȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȍȑ ȌȊȍȘȐ ©Ȗȕª ǪșȚȘȍȟȈ
©Ƕȕª Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȓȦȉȐȚ ȍȍ ©ǶȕȈª ȍȋȖ Ǫ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ©ȖȕȈª țȏȕȈȍȚ ȟȚȖ ȔȐȓ-
ȓȐȖȕȍȘ ȎȍȕȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ©ǶȕȈª șȖȖȉȡȈȍȚ ȍȔț Ȗ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȐ ȊȣȑȚȐ ȏȈȔțȎ ȏȈ
ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ǴȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȕȍȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ©ȖȕȈª ȉȘȖșȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌȈ-
ȘȖȒ — ȎȍȔȟțȋ — Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ ǪȐȌȐȚ ȒȈȒ ȎȍȔȟțȋ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȕȐȡȐȑ ǺȘȍȉțȍȚ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ ȗȖȠȍȓ Ȑ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȓ ȎȍȔȟțȋ ǺȖȚ ȓȐȠȤ șȔȍȍȚșȧ ©ǶȕȈª șȈȔȈ ȉȘȖ-
șȈȍȚșȧ ȏȈ ȎȍȔȟțȋȖȔ ǬȈȓȍȍ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ șȞȍȕ ȍȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ș ȝțȌȖȎȕȐ-
ȒȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȣ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȘțȋ-șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȖȒ — Ȗ ȎȍȕȐȚȤȉȍ ȍȍ ȗȖȒȘȖȊȐȚȍȓȧ Ȑ Ț ȗ
ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȒ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȍȑ Ȋ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȗȕ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȍȍ ©ǶȕȈª șȖ
șȊȖȐȔ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȒȖȔ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȑ ȊȍȓȐȚ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȚȤ ȝț-
ȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ Ȓ șȚȖȓȐȒț ȚȖȚ ȊȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȋ ȘțȒȈȝ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȈ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚșȧ
ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ ǽțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ ȊȣȉȘȈșȣȊȈȦȚ Ȑȏ ȘȍșȚȖȘȈȕȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȜȖȑȍ Ȗȕ șȚȘȍȓȧȍȚșȧ
ǴȍȘȚȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȏȧȚ ȌȖȔȖȑ ǴȈȚȤ ȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȚȤ Ȑ ȐȌȍȚ ș ȘȍȊȖȓȤȊȍ-
ȘȖȔ Ȓ ǴȥȘȐ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȕȍ ȏȈșȚȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ǺȈȔ ț ȚȘțȗȈ

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șȣȕȈ ȔȈȚȤ ȏȈșȚȈȍȚ Ȋ șȓȍȏȈȝ ǴȥȘȐ ǷȘȐȔȐȘȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ
ǹȦȎȍȚ ȖȉȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȈ ȉȍȌȕȈȧ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȈ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȍ ǴȈȚȤ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ǴȥȘȐ țȟȈȚ
ȌȍȚȍȑ Ȑ țȝȈȎȐȊȈȦȚ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ ©ǶȕȈª Ȋ șȒȘȖȔȕȖȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȐȞȍ Ȋ ȉȍȌȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ
șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ șȒȘȈșȐȚȤ șȚȈȘȖșȚȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ǪȖȚ ǴȥȘȐ ȐȌȍȚ ȏȈ ȊȖȌȖȑ ș ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȘȍȉȧȚȐȠȍȒ ǹȈȌȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȊȖȏȒț ȒȘȍ-
șȚȤȧȕ Țȍ ȗȖȌȊȖȏȧȚ ȍȍ Ǫ ȗȖȊȖȏȒȍ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ȋȈȘȔȖȠȒȈ ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕ ȗȘȐ-
ȚȈȕȞȖȊȣȊȈȍȚ
ǵȈȊșȚȘȍȟț ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȤ Ǫ ȕȍȔ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ǬȘțȋ șȗȘȈ-
ȠȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȍ șȓȣȠȈȓ ȓȐ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ ȟȚȖ-ȓȐȉȖ Ȗ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȑ șȊȖȍȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞȍ
ȗȖșȓȍ ȐșȟȍȏȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ǺȖȚ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ǪȐȌȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȤ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȗȖȊȖȏȒȍ ǹȍȑȟȈș ȗȘȖȐȏȖȑȌȍȚ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȟȈ Ȑ ȗȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔț ȖȉȣȟȈȦ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȍȞ ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ ȗȘȍȌȊȒț-
ȠȈȧ ȍȋȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȊȏȌȣȝȈȍȚ ǨȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȤ șȘȈȊȕȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȚȍȓȍȋȖȑ Ȑ« ȗȘȖȍȏ-
ȎȈȍȚ ȔȐȔȖ
ǫȈȘȔȖȕȐȒȈ Ȋ Țȍȓȍȋȍ ȕȈȐȋȘȣȊȈȍȚ ©ȖȕȈª ȍȌȍȚ ȏȈ ȊȖȌȖȑ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȧ Ȋ
ȌȈȓȤ
©ǷȈȘȐȎȈȕȒȈª ȘȍȏȒȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȊșȍȋȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȋȘȖȑ ȈȒȚȍ-
ȘȖȊ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȖȑ Ȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȖȊȒȖȑ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȉȈȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȞȍȕȈ-
ȘȐȧǰȋȘȈ ȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ǷȦȘȊȍȕȍ ǴȍȕȎț Ȑ ȌȘ
 ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȈ ǴȐȕȐ-
ȔțȔ ȎȍșȚȈ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȔȈȒșȐȔțȔȍ ȍȋȖ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ƕȋ-
ȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȕȐȧ
ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ dzȦȉȖȊȤ ȋȕȍȊ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ — ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȗȈțȏ Ȑ șȚȘȖȧȚ-
șȧ ȊșȍȞȍȓȖ ȕȈ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȐ ©șȖȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȦȡȍȑª ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ
Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȌȖ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ ǴȥȘȐ Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȍȕȣ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐȍȔȣ ȋȐȕȤȖȓȧ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȌȈȓȍȍ ȔȍșȚȈȔȐ Ǫșȧ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ
ȗȘȐȍȔȣ șȢȍȔȒȐ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȍșȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȧȚ ȕȍȐȏȋȓȈȌȐ-
ȔȖȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȍȔȖȑ ȋȖȓȖȑ ȗȘȈȊȌȖȗȖȌȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ:
șȔȍȘȚȤ ȖȚȞȈ ȖȚȢȍȏȌ ©ȍȍª Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎ Ȑ Ț Ȍ
ǷȍȘȊȈȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȖȓȋȖȑ ȘȈȏȓțȒȐ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȗȘȐȍȔȖȔ
©ȖȕȈª ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȌțȔȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȗȈȌȍȚ Ȋ șȘȍȌț Ȋȍșȍȓȧȡȍȑșȧ ȉȖȋȍȔȣ
ȗȘȍȌȊȈȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȕțȦ Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȔȍșȚȈȝ ȓȍȕȚȣ Ȑ ȊȌȘțȋ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕ-
ȕȖ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȓȦȉȐȚ ǬȊȈ ȠȈȋȈ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȀȐȘȖȒȖ
ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȣȍ ȋȓȈȏȈ ©Ƕȕª ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȘțȒȐ ǭȋȖ ȔȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȌȊȈ ȠȈȋȈ
ǵȈȌȗȐșȤ ©ȖȕȈª ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚ ©:HOOª ȐȚȈȒ
 ȗȖȚȖȔ ȔȈȚȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȑ ȕȈ-
ȒȖȕȍȞ ȥȚȖ șȓȖȊȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȍȚ ©Ȗȕª ǷȈțȏȈ ȕȍȌȖțȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȅȚȐȔ ȏȈȒȈȕ-
ȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈ
ǵȈȟȈȓȖ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ©Ȗȕª ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ©ȍȍª Ȋ ȌȖȔ Ȓ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȧȔ ©ǶȕȈª șȔȖȚ-
ȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȔȈȚȤ ©Ȗȕª — ȕȈ ȖȚȞȈ Ǫ ȖȚȊȍȚ — ȗȖȓțȗȖȊȖȘȖȚ ȖȚȞȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȝȖȟȍȚ ȍȍ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȚȤ ǹȞȍȕȈ ȖȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ șȚȘȖȐȚșȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȈȧ șȞȍȕȈ ©ȍȋȖª țȝȖȌ ǷȖȟȚȐ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ

180
ǴȈȚȤ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ Ȓ ȖȚȞț ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȔȐȘȐȚȤ ȖȉȖȐȝ Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȍ ©Ȗȕª ȝȖ-
ȟȍȚ țȑȚȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȔȈȚȤ ȗȖȊȍȘȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȟȚȖȉȣ țȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ Ȗȕ ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȊȐȌȧ ȟȚȖ ȔȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȎȌȍȚ ș ȍȋȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȗȍȘ-
ȊȖȋȖ ȠȈȋȈ țȝȖȌȐȚ Ǩ ȊȖȚ ȌȘțȋȈȧ șȞȍȕȈ țȎȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȖȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȐ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȕȈȧ
ȕȈ ȔȍȓȖȟȈȝ ǵȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕțȦ ȋȖșȚȤȦ țȋȖȡȈȦȚ ȒȖȜȍ ȕȖ ȌȖȔȈ ȕȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ
ȞȍȓȖȑ șȈȓȜȍȚȒȐ ©Ȗȕª șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȘȊȈȕȕțȦ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ
ȌȣȘȒȐ ǩȍșȗȖȒȖȧșȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓȈ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȕ ȔȖȓȟȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ
ȌȈȊȕȖ țȎȍ șȖȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȍȑ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ
ǹȓȍȌțȦȡȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȡȈȧ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȉȍȠȍȕȖȑ ȘȖșȒȖȠȐ Ȑ ȉțȘ-
ȎțȈȏȕȣȝ ȐȏȓȐȠȍșȚȊ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ Ȋ șȔȣșȓȍ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ
ȐȋȘȣ Ȑ ȔȐȏȈȕșȞȍȕȐȘȖȊȒȐ
Ǫ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȈ țȌȍȓȍȕȖ ȉȣȚȖȊȣȔ ȔȍȓȖȟȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȏȕȈ-
ȟȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȐȝ ȔȍȓȖȟȍȑ Ȋ ȗȖȊșȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǬȈȓȤȠȍ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȐȍȔ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
șȔȈȏȈȕ ȕȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȧȘȒȖ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ș ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȔ țȟȍȚȖȔ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ
ǵȍȖȉȣȟȕȣ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȘȐȍȔȣ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ©ǶȕȈª țȏȕȈȓȈ Ȗ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȔȖȑ ȎȍȕȐȚȤȉȍ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȈ Ǭȓȧ ȕȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȖȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȕȒȐ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȖȋȈȌȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ț Ȓ ǿȈȗȓȐȕ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȥȚȖ ȕȈ ȌȖȋȈȌȒț
ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȕȍȌȖȋȖȊȖȘȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȍșȚ
 — ȥȚȖ țȌȈȘ ǵȖ ȘȍȠȐ-
ȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ șȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȖ-ȠțȚȓȐȊȖȔ ȚȖȕȍ ǷȖ ȖȚȏȣȊȈȔ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ
ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ Ȋ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȍ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈȧ șȞȍȕȈ ȊȍȌȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȕȖ ț
ǿȈȗȓȐȕȈ ǯȈȚȍȔ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕ Ȟȍȓȣȑ ȘȧȌ șȞȍȕ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȉȣ-
ȚȈ ȗȖșȓȍȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǷȈȘȐȎȈ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȥȚȖ — ȧȘȒȈȧ ȕȈ ȕȍȋȖ șȈȚȐȘȈ
ǶȗȧȚȤ-ȚȈȒȐ ȘȧȌ ȔȍȓȖȟȍȑ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȖȕȐ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ
ȗȓȈȕȍ Ȋ șȞȍȕȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘ ȐȏȌȍȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈȌ ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȍȍ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ
ȏȈ ȎȍȔȟțȋȖȔ ȕȈ țȓȐȞț ǿȈȗȓȐȕ ȕȈȘȧȎȈȍȚ ǴȥȘȐ Ȋ șȈȔȖȍ ȘȖșȒȖȠȕȖȍ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȑ
ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȉȍȎȐȚ ȗȖ țȓȐȞȍ ȏȈ ȕȐȡȐȔ Ȉ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȖȕȈ ȓȖȔȈȍȚ ȒȈȉȓțȒ Ȑ ȉȘȖșȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȓȐȞȖ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȈ ȚȖȚ ȕȍȊȖȏȔțȚȐȔȖ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȍȒșȈȜȖȕȍ ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊșȒȘȣȚȈ ȗȖȌȖȗȓȍȒȈ șȖȞȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖ-ȗȖȓȖȊȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ
ǺȈȒ Ȏȍ ȗȘȖșȚȣ Ȑ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȗȘȐȍȔȣ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȈ ǷȍȘȍȌ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍș-
ȒȐȔ ȔȍșȚȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȍ — ȗȍȘȍȌ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑșȚȊȖȔ — ǿȈȗȓȐȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȌȍȚșȒțȦ
ȐȋȘț ǴȥȘȐ ș ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȣȔ ȠȈȘȐȒȖȔ Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȖȍ Ȓ Ǵȥ-
ȘȐ țȎȍ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȕȖ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȖȔ Ȑ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤ ȎȌȍȚ ȘȈȏȊȧȏȒȐ — ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ
Ȗȕ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ ȠțȚȓȐȊțȦ șȞȍȕț ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȦȡțȦ șȔȍȝ ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ ȏȌȍșȤ
Ȏȍ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ Ȑ ȔȍșȚȖ șȢȍȔȒȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ — ȗȖȓț-
ȒȘțȋȓȈȧ șȗȐȕȒȈ ȉȈȘȝȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȌȐȊȈȕȈ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȊȐȌȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȌȍȚȈȓȤ
Ȋ ȐȋȘȍ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȟȍȔț ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȧ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȋȈȍȚșȧ
ǵȈ ȖȉȔȈȕȍ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ șȚȘȖȧȚșȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȔȍșȚȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȔȈȚȤ ȝȖ-
ȟȍȚ ȖȚȖȔșȚȐȚȤ ǴȥȘȐ — ȖȕȈ șȖȉȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȍȍ ȏȈșȚȘȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȈșȚȈȍȚ ȍȍ ȌȖȔȈ
ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ șȍȉȍ Ȑ ȊȐȌȐȚ ǴȥȘȐ ț ȚȍȓȈ șȣȕȈ ǷȖȌ ȗȓȈȡȖȔ ț ȔȈȚȍȘȐ Șȍ-
ȊȖȓȤȊȍȘ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȏȕȈȍȚ Ȑ ȕȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȎȌȍȚ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȈ ǴȈȚȤ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȌȓȐȕ-

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ȕțȦ ȗȈțȏț Ȑ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȖȎȐȌȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȊȣșȚȘȍȓȈ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤ ȊȐȌȐȚ ȗȘȐȔȐȘȍȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ
ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ț ȚȍȓȈ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
Ǫ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ șȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ șȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȑ ȒȐȕȖȗȘȖȌțȒȞȐȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȑ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ©ǷȈȘȐȎȈȕȒȐª ȗȖȧ-
ȊȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȓȍȕȚȣ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȣ ȗȖȌȘȈȎȈȦȚ ǿȈȗȓȐȕț ȕȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȖ Ȑ ȉȍȏȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȖ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȕȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȞȍȓȐ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ
ȗȍȘȍȌ șȖȉȖȦ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȣȔ
Ǵȣ țȎȍ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȔȖȕȚȈȎȈ Ȑ ȚȘȦ-
ȒȖȊ Ȋ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȍ Ȑ șȓȍȌțȧ șȊȖȍȔț șȚȈȘȠȍȔț ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒț — ȚȍȈȚ-
Șț ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȐ ȐȋȘȣ ȈȒȚȍȘȈ Ȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊȈ
ȥȚȖȑ ȐȋȘȣ ǷȘȍȌșȚȖȐȚ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȑ șȌȊȐȋ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȥȗȖȝȈ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȐȕȌț-
șȚȘȐȐ Ȑ ȊȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖȚ șȌȊȐȋ ȊȣȓȤȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȍȔ — ȗȖȒȈȎȍȚ ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȍȍ
ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ǹȍȑȟȈș Ȏȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȓșȧ ȘȧȌ ȔȍȓȒȐȝ șȚțȌȐȑ-ȈȚȍȓȤȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊȔȍ-
șȚȖ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȕȣȝ șțȔȔ ȏȈȚȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȚ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ șȘȍȌ-
șȚȊȈ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȖȋȖ
șȞȍȕȈȘȐȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȎȕȖȋȖ ȈȒȚȍȘșȒȖȋȖ ȈȕșȈȔȉȓȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ©ȏȊȍȏȌȣª ȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ Ȋșȍ
ȔȍȕȤȠȐȔ țșȗȍȝȖȔ ț ȗțȉȓȐȒȐ
ǰȚȈȒ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ —
ȖșȚȘȣȑ ȒȘȐȏȐș ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȚțȗȐȒȖȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȗȈȓȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȐșȒțș-
șȚȊȖ ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ șȊȖȐȝ ȖȉȡȐȝ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ țșȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȑ
ǶȌȐȕ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓ ȖȌȐȕ ©ȌȖȓȓȈȘȐȏȔª ȊȣȊȍȏȚȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȅȚȖ ȧșȕȖ ȊșȧȒȖȔț șȊȍ-
ȎȍȔț Ȑ ȉȍșȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȖȔț ȏȘȐȚȍȓȦ Dz ȥȚȖȔț ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ Ȑ șȈȔȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȣ
ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȧ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȊȏȌȖȘȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔȐ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒȐȕȍȔȈȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ȉ
ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȍȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȍ ȟȍȘȚȣ ȕȈȔȐ ȕȈȔȍȟȍȕȣ Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ
ȋȓȈȊȈȝ ǵȈȔ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȍȍ ȕȈ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȒȐȕȖ-ȋȖȘȖȌȒȍ ǽȖȓȓȐȊțȌȍ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȕȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȐȍȔȈȝ Ȑ
ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧȝ ȒȐȕȖ-ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȖȚ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȕȍ țȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȌȕț-
ȌȊȍ ȋȓȈȊȣ Ȑ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȚȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȘȖșȠțȦșȧ ȒȕȐȋț
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȕȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȔ șȍȉȍ șȓȍȌțȦȡțȦ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ ȋȓȈȊț ȗȖșȊȧȚȐȚȤ șȈ-
ȔȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖȑ șȈȔȖȑ ȏȓȖȉȖȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ Ȑ ȓȦȉȐȔȖȑ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȚȍȔȍ — ȉȖȒșț
ǻȔȖȓȟȈȊ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ Ȕȣ ȖȉȖȠȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȌȕț Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȝ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ
©ǵȖȊȖȋȖ ǹȊȍȚȈª
;;,,, ǺǶǾǼǰǼdz ǿǼǯȉȀǶdz
14-ȍ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȍȠȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ
ǷȖȓȋȖȌȈ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȓȈșȤ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ Ȓ ȥȚȖȔț ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔț ȌȕȦ ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȖ Ȋ ȋȈȏȍ-

182
ȚȈȝ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ Țȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȈ
ǵȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȉȣ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȧȊȠȍȋȖ ȉȖȧ.
ǵȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȣ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍ ȗȖȔȕȐȓ
©ǵȈ ȕȈș șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȔȐȘª — ȗȐșȈȓȈ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȘȍșșȈ ǵȖ Ȑ șȚȖȓȐȟ-
ȕȈȧ ȍȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓȈ
ǯȈ ȔȍșȧȞ ȌȖ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȋȈȏȍȚȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȈȓȈ ȖȚ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȐ ȌȖ
șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȚȍȒșȚȈ — ȎȐȏȕȐ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȤȦ Ȑ ȍȌȍ Țȍȝ ȒȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȘȍȠȐȚȤ ȔȐ-
ȘȖȊȖȍ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊȖ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȊȈȎȕȖȔ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖȔ Ȑ ȕȈșțȡȕȖȔ ȊȖȗȘȖ-
șȍ — Ȋ ȉȖȒșȍ
ǷȖșȓȈȕȕȐȒ ǨȘȋȍȕȚȐȕȣ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ ȊȖȏȏȊȈȕȐȍ Ȓ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔț ȕȈȘȖȌț ȕȈ
ȏȍȔȓȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȑȚȐ ȉȐȚȊȈ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖșȐȓ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐșȤ ș
ȝȓȈȌȕȖȒȘȖȊȐȍȔ Ȓ ȉȖȑȞț ȍȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ — ǼȐȘȗȖ ȍșȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚ ȟȚȖȉȣ
Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȈȘȋȍȕȚȐȕȞȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ț șȍȉȧ
ǵȈ țȓȐȞȈȝ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈșșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȚȘțȉȣ ȋȘȖȔ-
ȒȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȑȝ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȔȥȋȈȜȖȕȈȔȐ
 ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋșȍ ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȍ ȔȖȋ-
ȓȐ țȏȕȈȚȤ Ȗ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȝ ȗȘȖȐșȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ
ǵȍȊȌȈȓȍȒȍ ȖȚ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ ©3ROR *URXQGVª șȖȉȘȈȓȖșȤ  Țȣșȧȟ ȏȘȐȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ©ȔȐȘȖȊțȦª ȉȐȚȊț
ǹ ȗȖȓțȌȕȧ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈ ǶȕȈ ȚȍȒȓȈ ǪȈȓȐȓȈ ǷȍȘȓȈ
ǩȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȕȈȘȧȌȣ ȗȖȓȐșȔȍȕȖȊ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈȏȉȘȖșȈȕȣ ȗȖ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖȔț ȘȈȌȐțșț
ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȔȍșȚȈ ȉȐȚȊȣ ǺȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȓȦșȚȐȚȍȓȐ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ ǷțȉȓȐȒȈ ȎȌȈȓȈ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȈȎȐ ȊȝȖȌȕȣȝ ȉȐȓȍȚȖȊ ȖȕȈ ȎȈȎȌȈȓȈ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȗȖȗȈșȚȤ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕț
Ǫ  ȟ  Ȕ Ȋ ȚȖȓȗȍ ȘȈȏȕȍșșȧ șȓțȝ ȟȚȖ ȉȐȓȍȚȣ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ ȚțȚ ȖȉȘȈȏȞȖȊȈȧ
ȌȈȊȒȈ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȌȘȈȒț Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȋ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȐ
4½ ȟȈșȈ ȗȖȕȈȌȖȉȐȓȖșȤ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȊȠȐȍ ȉȐȓȍȚȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȘȖȑ-
ȚȐ ȕȈ șȊȖȐ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȑ șȍșȚȤ ò ȟȈșȈ ȉȖȧ ȗȖȉȍȌ Ȑ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕȍ ȐȋȘȈȓ ȖȘȒȍșȚȘ Ȑ  ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȋȘȖȔȒȖȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ
Ȋ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȞȈȝ ȗȖȓȧ ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȓȐ ȔțȏȣȒȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȖȔȍȘȈ — ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȐȕȒȐ
ǵȈȌ ȗȖȓȍȔ ȓȍȚȈȓ ȈȥȘȖȗȓȈȕ ș ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȖȋȕȧȔȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȞȈȝ ȒȘȣ-
ȓȤȍȊ ȘȐșțȧ ȕȈ ȟȍȘȕȖȔ ȕȍȉȍșȕȖȔ șȊȖȌȍ ȐȔȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȚȈȒșȖ-ȔȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȊǴȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȌțȔȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȈȌȔȐȕȐșȚȘȈȞȐȧ ȈȘȍȕȣ ȘȍȠȐȓȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ
ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ Ȋ șȍȒȘȍȚȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȉȖȍȔ ȌȖ ȘȍȠȐȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖȑ șȝȊȈȚȒȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȡȍ  ȗȈȘ ȉȖȒșȍȘȖȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖȏȉțȌȐȚȤ ȉȖȍ-
Ȋȣȍ ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȣ ȚȖȓȗȣ
 ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȎȍȒȚȖȘȣ ȉȘȖșȐȓȐ șȕȖȗȣ șȊȍȚȈ ȕȈ ȈȘȍ-
ȕț Ȑ șȐȌȍȊȠȐȍ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕȌȍȕȚȣ ș ȘȈȌȖșȚȤȦ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȐȏȣșȒȈ-
ȕȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔ ȏȈȗȐșȐ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ — Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ ȖȡțȗȤȦ
Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ǬȍȔȗșȍȑ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȤ Ȓ ȔȍșȚț ȉȖȧ ȍȋȖ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȈȓ ȖȚ
ȌȖȔȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȖȚȘȧȌ ȗȖȓȐșȔȍȕȖȊ ǯȈ  ȒȊȈȘȚȈȓȖȊ ȌȖ ȔȍșȚȈ ȉȖȧ ȚȖȓȗȈ ȊșȚȘȍ-
ȚȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ șȗȓȖȠȕȖȑ șȚȍȕȖȑ Ȑ ȟțȚȤ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȐȓȈ ȈȊȚȖȔȖȉȐȓȤ
ǬȖȘȖȋȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȟȐȡȍȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȖȑ ȉȐȚȊȣ ǺȖȓȗȈ ȎȍȓȈȧ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș
ȉȖȑȞȖȔ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕț ȘȈȏȓȖȔȈȓȈ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȊȝȖȌȖȊ ȕȖ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ ȉȣȓ

183
ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȐșȔȍȕȣ ȘȍȠȐȓȐ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȉȍȘțȚ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ
ȏȈ ©ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ ȘȈȉȖȚțª
ǼȐȘȗȖ ȗȘȖȕȐȒ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕț ȟȍȘȍȏ ȟȈșȚȕȣȑ ȊȝȖȌ ȚȈȑȕȖ ȖȚ ȋȖȚȖȊȖȑ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȚȤ
ȍȋȖ ȚȖȓȗȣ
Ǫ  ȟ  Ȕ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐșȔȍȕȣ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȔȈșșȈ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȈȘȍȕȣ
ȉȣȓȈ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȈ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕȍ
dzȦȌȐ ȝȖȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȖȘȊȈȚȤșȧ ȊȕțȚȘȤ ǶȕȐ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȐ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǶȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȋȖȚȖ-
Ȋȣ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ǩȣȓȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȣ ȒȖȕȕȣȍ ȕȈȘȧȌȣ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȍȠȐȚȤ ȉȐȚȊț ȊȖȏȓȍ ȈȘȍ-
ȕȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȖȓȗȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐșȔȍȕȈȔȐ șȚȈȘȈȊȠȐȔȐșȧ țȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȏȈ șȖȉȖȑ ȓȐȕȐȦ
ǺȖȓȗȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȚȉȐȚȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȔȍȕȈ ȔȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȗȖȓȐ-
ȞȍȑșȒȐȍ ȌțȉȐȕȒȐ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ Ȑ țșȗȍȠȕȖ ȏȈȔȍȕȧȓȐ șȓȖȊȈ
Ǫ ȥȚț ȔȐȕțȚț  ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȖȊ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ șȐȌȧ ȏȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȚ ȊȍȘșȚ ȖȚ
ȔȍșȚȈ ȉȖȧ ț șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȌȐȖ ȎȌȈȓȐ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȑ
ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ șȚȘȈȕȣ ț ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȑ ȋȈȏȍȚ ȎȌȈȓȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȓȦȌȍȑ
ǹțȌȤȉȈ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȓȈȌȣȟȍșȚȊȈ ȘȍȠȈȓȈșȤ
 Țȣșȧȟ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȏȈȚȈȐȓȐ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ
Ǩ ȏȈ ȕȐȔȐ Ȋșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ ȕȈ șȍȒțȕȌț ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȈ ȌȣȠȈȚȤ
ǩȖȑ ȕȈȟȈȓșȧ
ǬȍȔȗșȍȑ șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ ȉȣșȚȘȣȔ ȒȈȒ ȥȒșȗȘȍșș ©-ȑ ȊȍȒª țȌȈȘȖȔ șȊȈȓȐȓ ǼȐȘ-
ȗȖ ǺȖȚ țȗȈȓ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȖ
DzȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȗȕ ȗȖȌȕȧȓșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ țȌȈȘȐȓ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȓȍȊțȦ ȟȈșȚȤ ȋȘțȌȐ Ȑ ǼȐȘ-
ȗȖ ȗȖȓȍȚȍȓ ȕȐȟȒȖȔ  Țȣșȧȟ ȊșȚȈȓȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȐȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ǴȖȘȍ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊ ȏȈȋț-
ȌȍȓȖ ȗȘȐȉȖȍȔ ǹțȌȤȧ ȗȘȖșȟȐȚȈȓ ȌȖ -ȝ
ǪșȚȈȓ ȋȘțȏȕȖ ȌȊȐȕțȓșȧ ȕȈ ǬȍȔȗșȍȧ ǼȐȘȗȖ ȕȖ ȕȍ țȉȍȘȍȋșȧ ȖȚ ȔȍȚȒȖȋȖ țȌȈ-
ȘȈ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ țȗȈȓ
ǸȈșșȊȐȘȍȗȍȓ ǹȖ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ șȐȓȖȑ țȌȈȘȐȓ ȊșȒȖȟȐȊ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȘȈȊȖȑ
ȘțȒȖȑ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȤ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȒȈȒ Ȕȧȟ ȊȣȓȍȚȍȓ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊȍȘȍȊȒȐ Ȑȏ ȒȘțȋȈ
ǶȌȐȕ... ȌȊȈ« ȚȘȐ« ȗȧȚȤ« șȍȔȤ« ȌȍȊȧȚȤ«
ǺȐȝȖ ȍȡȍ șȍȒțȕȌȈ«
ǭȡȍ șȍȒțȕȌȈ Ȑ« ȋȐȉȍȓȤ ȗȖȏȖȘ« ǻȎȈș
ǵȈ țȓȐȞȍ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ ț ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ȋȈȏȍȚȣ ȚȖȓȗȣ ǶȕȐ ȎȌțȚ ǬȈȎȍ ȊȖȘȣ
ȏȈȉȣȓȐ Ȗ șȊȖȍȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ǰ ȖȕȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȎȌțȚ
 ȗȖȓȐșȔȍȕȖȊ șȓȍȌȧȚ ȏȈ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈ țȓȐȞȍ DzȈȎȌȖȍ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȍ ș ȈȘȍ-
ȕȣ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȗȓȍȔ Ƕȕ ȖȚȌȈȍȚșȧ ȥȝȖȔ Ȋ șȖșȍȌȕȍȑ ȚȖȓȗȍ
ǻ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȌȈȔȣ Ȋ -Ȕ ȘȧȌț ȖȚ ȘȐȕȋȈ ȠȓȧȗȈ șȢȍȝȈȓȈ ȕȈ ȏȈȚȣȓȖȒ DzȘțȎȍȊ-
ȕȖȑ ȘțȒȈȊ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȕ — ȥȚȖ ȌȖȉȈȊȖȟȕȈȧ șȚȖȐȔȖșȚȤ ȔȍșȚȈ ȗȖ ȉȐȓȍȚț
 Țȣșȧȟ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȣ ȉȐȕȖȒȓȧȔȐ
ǺȐȝȖ ǵȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ șȍȒțȕȌȍ ǬȍȔȗșȍȑ ȊșȚȈȓ
DzȖȓȖȒȖȓȤȟȐȒ ǷȍȘȍȘȣȊ«
 Țȣșȧȟ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȓȖ ȌȣȝȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊ ȊȖȏȌțȝ Ȗ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ
ǬȍȔȗșȍȑ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ȖȗȧȚȤ Ȋ ȒȘțȋț ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȐȏȉȐȚ
ǻ ȕȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȠȈȕșȖȊ Ȓ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ǼȐȘȗȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȈȕ ș șțȔȈșȠȍȌȠȐȔȐ

184
ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ ȝȓȈȌȕȖȒȘȖȊȐȍ țȊȐȌȍȊ ǬȍȔȗșȍȧ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȋȖȚȖȊȖȋȖ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖ-
ȘȤȉȣ
ǵȈ ȏȊȖȕȖȒ ȖȉȈ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ©ȝȖȘȖȠȍȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐª — ȖȕȐ ȎȈȎȌȈȓȐ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȚȤ
ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȈ
ǼȐȘȗȖ țȌȈȘȐȓ ǬȍȔȗșȍȧ ȗȘȈȊȖȑ ȘțȒȖȑ Ȋ șȗȐȕț ǹțȝȖ ǿȍȚȒȖ ǹȚȘȈȠȕȖ ǺȖȚ
ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȓȍȊȖȑ Ȋ ȠȍȦ țȌȈȘȖȔ ȖȚȌȈȊȠȐȔșȧ Ȋ ȋȘțȌȧȝ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ ǼȐȘȗȖ ȘȈȏ-
ȋȖȘȧȟȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȒȈȒ Ȗȉȍ ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȗȖȌȚȧȕțȓȐșȤ Ȓ ȍȋȖ Țȍȓț
ǪȖȚ ȓȍȊȈȧ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȈȧ ȖȗțșȚȐȓȐșȤ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ș ȊșȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȔȖȓȕȐȍȕȖșȕȖ ȕȖ
Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ — Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖȎȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ Ƞȍȍ
ǼȐȘȗȖ ȊȌȘțȋ ȖȒȘȖȊȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ țȗȈȓ ȗȖȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ ȕȈ șȗȐȕț ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȘțȟȍȍȒ
ȗȖȚȍȒ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ȐȏȖ ȘȚȈ« Ȑ ȏȈșȚȣȓ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȐ — Ȋșȧ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈ
ǩȖȑ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȓșȧ ȕȈ -Ȕ ȘȈțȕȌȍ șȝȊȈȚȒȍ

ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȉȣȓ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ« ǫțȓ ȋȖȓȖșȖȊ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȑ
ǺțȚ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȒțșȖȒ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȊȣȓȍȚȍȓ Ȑȏ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȍȑ — ȖȚ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ
ǵȖ ǬȎȖȕ ǫȈȓȓȖȟȍȘ Ȑȏ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȈ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕȍ Ȑ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ©ǵȈȠ șȖȉ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ǬȎȍȒ ǬȍȔȗșȍȑ — ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕ ȔȐȘȈª
DzȈȎȍȚșȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚ ȊșȍȖȉȡȐȑ ȌȖȓȋȐȑ ȔȐȘ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȌȈșȚșȧ ȚȈ-
ȒȖȋȖ ȉțȘȕȖȋȖ ȠȚȖȘȔȈ ȖȊȈȞȐȑ ȒȈȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȠȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȌȖȓȦ ǬȍȔȗșȍȧ ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕȈ
ȔȐȘȈ Ȋ ȉȖȒșȍ
Ǫ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȔȈȚȟȈ
ǹȉȖȘ ȌȖșȚȐȋ  ȔȐȓ  Țȣș ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ
ǷȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȖ ȗȈȘȐ ȕȈ șțȔȔț ȌȖ  ȔȐȓ ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ȘȈș-
ȟȍȚȣ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȣ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȟȈș ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȈȕȣ Ȋ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȝ ȋȈȏȍȚ

ǬȍȔȗșȍȑ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȏȈ ȉȖȑ  Țȣș ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ ǼȐȘȗȖ – 150 Țȣș ȌȖȓȓȈȘȖȊ
ǹȖȚȕȐ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȐȏȉȐȚȣ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓȐ șȊȖȐ Ƞȓȧȗȣ ȗȓȈȚȤȧ ȉȣȓȐ ț ȕȐȝ
ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȕȣ Ȋ ȒȓȖȟȤȧ ȌȍȕȤȋȐ Ȑ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ țȚȍȘȧȕȣ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ©țȚȍȘȧȊ-
ȠȐȍª ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȔȣșȓȐ ȗȖȗȈșȚȤ ȕȈ ȈȘȍȕț Ȑ șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȐșȤ țȍȝȈȚȤ ȌȖȔȖȑ
ǰ  șȖȚȍȕ ȔȖȋțȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȗȘȐ ȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ ©ȔȐȘȖ-
ȊȖȍ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊȖª ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ȋ ȉȖȒșȍ
 ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȏȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈȔȐ
Ǫ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȔ șȍȉȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ ȐȏȘȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ ȟȍȔȗȐȖȕȈ
ȔȐȘȈ Ȋ ȉȖȒșȍ DzȈȘȗȈȕȚȤȍ ©ǩȖȒș — ȥȚȖ șȈȔȖȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȘȖȌȕȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖª
;;,9 3 6
ǵț ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȏȍ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȊȐȕȖȊȈȚȈ ȕȈȠȈ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȖșȚȤ ǹ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ șȚȘȖȒ
ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȕȣ ȗȖȔȕȐȓȐ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȔ ȕțȎȕȖ șȖȖȉȡȐȚȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȊȈȎȕȖȍ Ȑ
șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍ ǷȖȔȕȐȓȐ ȗȖȔȕȐȓȐ Ȑ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȐ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ

ȒȕȐȋȈ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȈ ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȓȖȊ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ
ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍȔ ȗȖȗȈȌȈȦȚ Ȋ ȗȖșȚșȒȘȐȗȚțȔ ȕȈ-ȘȧȌț ș ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ Ȋȣ-
ȊȖȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ȊșȍȋȖ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ
ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ Ȕȣ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗȖ-
șȓțȎȐȓȐ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ ǴȈȘȐȈȕȈ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț Ȍȓȧ
ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȕȍș-
ȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȟȐȒȈȋșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȅȚȖȚ șȣȘȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȈȕ ǸȦȘȐȒȖȔ
ǸȖȒȖȔ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȕȈȒȖȗȐȓȖșȤ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȚȖ ȟȈșȚȤ
ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȈ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡțȦ ȒȕȐȋț
ǯȈȚȍȔ Ȕȣ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ șȖȖȉȡȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ ȒȕȐȋȈ ȥȚȈ ȖȚȕȦȌȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȖȚț Ȑ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȖȝȊȈȚ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȅȚȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȉȘȖșȒȐ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȍȕ-
ȕȐȒȈ ȗȖ șȚȖȓȤ ȔȈȓȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȔȈȓȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈȏȣ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈȔȐ ǷȘȖȟȚȧ ȥȚț ȒȕȐȋț ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȏȈ-
ȋȘțȎȍȕ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȖșȚȘȖțȔȕȣȔȐ ȋȐȗȖȚȍȏȈȔȐ Ȗ ȀȍȒșȗȐ-
Șȍ ȏȈȚȖ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȏȘȍȓȐȡȈ Ȗȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȓȍȋȒȖ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ
ȗȖ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȍ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȕȣ ȏȈȉȣȓȐ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȟȍȔț ȒȕȐȋȈ ȥȚȈ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ©ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ
ȔȐșȚȍȘª
©ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘª — ȥȚȖ Ȗȉȣȟȕȣȑ ȖȒȘȐȒ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȔ Ƕȕ
ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ ©ȅȑ Ȋȣ ȔȐșȚȍȘ ȗȖȋȖȌȐȚȍ-ȒȈª ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ©ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍª ȐȓȐ
Ȏȍ ©ȖȉȍȘȕȐȚȍșȤ ȔȐșȚȍȘª DzȕȐȋȈ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȈ ȕȈȔȐ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȖȚ
ȖȒȘȐȒ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȍȍ ȏȈȌȈȟ Ǵȣ ȖȒȘȐȒȐȊȈȍȔ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ —
ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȔȐșȚȍȘ ȖȉȍȘȕȐȚȍșȤ Ȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȕȐȚȍ ȕȈ ȚȖ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊȖȚ ȥȚȖ
ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘ ǻ ȊȈș ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȖȓțȟȕȖ ǷȖȔȕȐȚȍ ȥȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȎȍȓȈȍȚȍ
ȊȣȑȚȐ Ȑȏ ȚțȗȐȒȈ
Ǫ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ Ȏȍ Ȕȣ ȊȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȍȔ Ȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ƕȕ ȗȘȖșȚ Ǫ ǨȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȍ ȍșȚȤ Ȋșȍ Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȚ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȎȌȍȚ
șȊȖȍȋȖ DzȖȓțȔȉȈ ǵȈȌȖ ȊȏȧȚȤșȧ ȏȈ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Dz ȥȚȖȔț
ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ ǺȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȚȖ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕ-
ȕȈȧ ȘȖȓȤ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȈ
ǶȉȘȈȚȐȚȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡȐ ȊȍȌȈȦȡȐȍ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ
ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȔȖȋ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ȘȈȉȖȚț ȗȖ ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȕȐȦ
ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ Ȓ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȟȚȖȉȣ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȍ
ȏȈȊȖȍȊȈȕȐȧ ©ȘȣȕȒț Ȋșȍȝ ȘȣȕȒȖȊª ©șȚȘȈȕȍ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȘȈȕª șȒȈȏȈȓȐ ȉȣ ©ǽȥȗ
ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘª — ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ©ȟȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȈȧ ǸȖșșȐȧ ȕȈ ȜȘȖȕ-
Țȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣª
ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘ
ǿȐȒȈȋȖ-ǴȖșȒȊȈ
1926 ȋ

š›“–™‘˜“ª

ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɗ ɋɢɧɤɥɟɪɚ Ɇ Ƚɟɪɢɧɝɭ ɜ ʋ  ɠɭɪɧ ©Ɂɪɟɥɢɳɚª 


188
—‹›“™˜ Ž›“˜Ž
 š›™©œ›
dzȍȚ ȗȧȚȤ ȕȈȏȈȌ ȖȌȐȕ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȘȍȠȐȊȠȐȑ ȏȈȕȧȚȤșȧ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ șȖȠȍȓ ș ȖȒȍȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȓȈȑȕȍȘȈ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȦ ǹȖȍȌȐ-
ȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȀȚȈȚȖȊ Ǫ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȈȓȤȚȖ ȓȍȎȈȓȐ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȏȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȐȚȤ ȏȈȌȈȟț Ȑ ȗȖȌȗȐșȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ Dz ȕȍș-
ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȥȚȐ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȐȔȍȕȖȊȈȓșȧ ǴȈȘȐȖȕȖȔ ǴȈȒ-
șȐȔȐȓȐȈȕȖȊȐȟȍȔ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȖȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȈȌȘȍșȖȊȈȕȣ ȗȘȐȟȍȔ șȖ Ȋșȍȑ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖșȚȤȦ
ȚȈȒȐȔ ȔȐȜȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȈȔ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȔȐșșȈȘ ȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȐ-
ȘȍȒȚȖȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȉȣȓ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊ
ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ Ȉ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ
ȊȣșȖȒȖȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȟȐȕȖȊȕȐȒȐ ȊȖȊșȍ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ Ǵȣ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȔ ȏȌȍșȤ
Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȏȊȍȕȍ Ȋ ȞȍȗȐ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȠȐȝ Ȓ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȍȑ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ©Bro-
ken Dishesª ©ǸȈȏȉȐȚȣȝ ȚȈȘȍȓȖȒª
 ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈȌȐ țȒȈȎȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ
șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȍ ȗȖ ȗȤȍșȍ ǴȈȘȚȐȕȈ ǼȓȈȊȐȕȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ǬȖȕȈȓȤȌ ǴȐȒ
DzȈȒ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȕȍțȌȈȟȈ ȕȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ
ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȘȖȌȕțȦ ǸȖșșȐȦ DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȘȈȊȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȓȦȉȖȋȖ ȒȚȖ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȧ Ȋ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȗȕ ȖȚȉȘȖșȐȓ ȖȚ-
ȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȒȈȒ ǴȈȘȐȖȕ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ: ȐȔȧ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚ ȗȖȟȍ-
Ȕț ȕȈ ȈȌȘȍșȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȍȔț ȗȐșȤȔȈȝ ȗȖȘȖȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚșȧ ©ȔȐșșª *.
ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ǸȖșȚȖȊȍ-ȕȈ-ǬȖȕț ȕȈ Ȧȋȍ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ȑ șȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ șȚȈȚȤ ȊȘȈ-
ȟȖȔ ȕȖ ȐȏțȟȈȓ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕț ȊșȍȋȖ șȍȔȤ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȒȐȕȖ-
ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȧ Ȑȏ ǷȍȚȘȖȋȘȈȌȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ ȖȌȕȖ Ȑȏ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ-
șȒȐȝ ȏȌȈȕȐȑ ȅȚȖ ȖȚȊȓȍȒȓȖ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ ȖȚ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȑ ȔȍȌȐȞȐȕȖȑ Ƕȕ șȚȈȓ ȒȐȕȖ-
ȈȒȚȍȘȖȔ — ȍȔț ȚȖȋȌȈ ȒșȚȈȚȐ ȍȌȊȈ ȐșȗȖȓȕȐȓȖșȤ ȠȍșȚȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ — Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȊțȝ
ȓȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȌȖȘȖș ȌȖ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȈ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈ Ǫ ǷȍȚȘȖ-
ȋȘȈȌȍ ȒțȌȈ ȗȍȘȍȉȘȈȓșȧ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ, ș ȍȋȖ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ǪșȍȊȖ-
ȓȖȌ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌ Ȑ ȗȘȐȋȓȈșȐȓ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȚȤ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț ǹȖȊȍȚșȒȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤ-
șȚȊȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȓȖ ǫȍȘȐȕȋț Ȋ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȐ ȕȈ șȔȍȕț ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȍȒȐȑ ȓȦȉȍȏ-
ȕȣȑ ȌȘțȋ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȓ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȗȖȌȌȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȖȔ Ȑ Ȗȕ
Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ șȔȖȋ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț
ǹ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȖȔ ǫȍȘȐȕȋț ȗȘȐȠȓȖșȤ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȓȖ Ȍȓȧ
ȕȍȋȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȈ ȔȍșȧȞȈ ǴȍȑȍȘ-
ȝȖȓȤȌ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȌȖȓȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȉ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȉȣȓ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕ ȗȘȖ-
ȌȖȓȎȈȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ șȚțȌȐȐ Ǫ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȓȍȚ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȘȈȉȖ-
ȚȈȓ ȉȖȒ Ȗ ȉȖȒ ș ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȊȈȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȊȏȓȍȚȣ Ȑ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȧ.
DzȖȋȌȈ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȚȍȈȚȘ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ șȚȈȓ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȔȖȡȕȐȒȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ
Ȏȍ șțȉșȐȌȐȧ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȚȖȏȊȈȕȈ Ȗȕ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȠȍșȚȐ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ
* Ɇɚɪɢɨɧ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ — ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɦɹ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦ ɩɟɪ.).

189
ȚȘțȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȖȘȍ Ǫ ȥȚȐ ȔȍșȧȞȣ ȘȍȗȍȚȐȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖ ȕȖȟȈȔ ȗȖȒȈ
ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȍ șțȔȍȓ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ
Ǫ  ȋȖȌț ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȘțȋȐ ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȓ
ȊȖȗȘȖș ȉțȌȍȚ ȓȐ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȚȍȈȚȘ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȌ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȔ ǪȖșȚȖȒȈ ȐȓȐ ǯȈ-
ȗȈȌȈ. ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ ȗȖșȓȈȓȐ Ȋ ǹȐȉȐȘȤ ǴȖȕȋȖȓȐȦ Ȑ ǺȐȉȍȚ — ȘȈȏțȏȕȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖ-
ȌȐȚ ȓȐ ȚȈȔ ȟȚȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȈȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȖȒ ȕȈ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ Șțș-
șȒȖȑ ȌȘȈȔȣ Ǫ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔ ȋȖȌț ș ȊȣȠȍțȗȖȔȧȕțȚȣȔȐ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ
ȗȐșȤȔȈȔȐ Ȋ ȒȈȘȔȈȕȍ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕ Ȋ ȕȈȠț șȚȘȈȕț Ȍȓȧ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ
ǷȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ șȦȌȈ Ȋ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȍ, ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȑȏ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȌȈȓ ȍȔț ȗȐșȤȔȖ Ȋ
ȒȘțȗȕțȦ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘșȒțȦ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȦ Ȋ ǴȐȓțȖȒȐ ǷȖȚȍȘȗȍȊ ȕȍțȌȈȟț ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈ-
ȟȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ȚțȌȈ ȕȖ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȉȣȚȐȐ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ
ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȔȈȧ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘșȒȈȧ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȉțȘȓȍșȒȕȖȑ
ȚȘțȗȗȖȑ ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ ǸȖșȚȖȊ-ȕȈ-ǬȖȕț ȐȏȊȍșȚȍȕ ȕȈȐ-
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȣȔ ȋȖȘȖȎȈȕȈȔ ȒȈȒ ©ȘțșșȒȐȑ ǿȐȒȈȋȖª Ȗȕ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȖȗȣ-
ȚȈȚȤ șȟȈșȚȤȧ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ǿȍȘȍȏ ȌȊȍ ȕȍȌȍȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȈ Ȗȕ ȖȘȋȈ-
ȕȐȏȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȖȉȖȘțȌȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȖȕȦȠȕȍ ȕȈ ȦȎȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ ȚȘțȗȗț ©DzȖȔȍ-
ȌȐȈȕȚȖȊ ȒȈȘȍȚȕȖȋȖ șȈȘȈȧª, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȖȈȒȚȕȣȝ ȗȤȍș
ǵȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȘȍȎȐșșȐȘȖȊȈȓ ș ȗȖȔȖȡȤȦ ȎȍșȚȖȊ ȔȍȎȌȖȔȍȚȐȑ Ȑ
ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȜȘȈȏ ȕȈ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȔ Ȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔ ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȗȖȌ ȥȋȐȌȖȑ ǿȐȒȈȋ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ș ȗȖȓțȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȘțȗȗȖȑ ©ǮȐȏȕȤ ȟȍ-
ȓȖȊȍȒȈª ǨȕȌȘȍȍȊȈ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ Ƞȍȓ ȕȈ ȐȌȐȠ — ȧȏȣȒȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȏȕȈȓ
ȕȍ ȓțȟȠȍ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȋȖ
ǪȍȘȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȑ ȗȖȍȏȌȒȐ ȕȈ ǪȖșȚȖȒ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȗȖșȚȈ-
ȊȐȓ Ȋ ǴȍȔȖȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ǫțȌȔȍȕȈ ©ǫȈȏª ǫȍȖȘȋȈ DzȈȑȏȍȘȈ ȔȈȕȍȘț ȗȖșȚȈ-
ȕȖȊȒȐ Ȗȕ ȕȈȏȊȈȓ ©ȕȍȖ-ȘȍȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑª ȅȚȈ ȔȈȕȍȘȈ ȗȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔț ȗȘȐ-
ȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȖȚȖȘȖȗȤ ț ȅȠȚȖȕȈ ǹȚȐȊȍȕșȈ ȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȈ Ȋ ȊȖșȚȖȘȋ Dzȍȕȕȍ-
ȚȈ ǴȈȒȋȖțȥȕȈ* ȕȈȏȊȈȊȠȍȋȖ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȖȑ ȊȣȌȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ
ǺȈȒ ȊȖȏȕȐȒ ȗȓȈȕ ȊȖȏȘȖȌȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȤȦ-ȑȖȘȒșȒȖȔ ǺȍȈȚȘȍ ǫȘȐȕȊȐȟ-ǪȐȓȓȐȌȎ «ǪȖȓȖ-
șȈȚțȦ ȖȉȍȏȤȧȕțª Ƕ’ǵȐȓȈ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ șȖȉȐȘȈȓșȧ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȤȍșț Ȋ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐ-
șȚșȒȖȔ șȚȐȓȍ Ȑ ȖȕȐ ș ǴȈȒȋȖțȥȕȖȔ ȖȉȔȍȕȧȓȐșȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȐșȤȔȈ-
ȔȐ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑȏ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȊȣȠȓȖ ȗȖ-ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȜȐ-
ȕȈȕșȖȊȣȔȐ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔȐ
ǯȈȚȍȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȈȔȉȐȞȐȖȏȕȖȑ ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȖȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ
ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘșȒȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ ǹhicago Play Producing Company
 Ȑ ȚȡȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖȌț-
ȌțȔȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȓȈȕ ȖȉȔȍȕȈ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈȔȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȥȚȐȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ Ȑ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȖȔ
ǨȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ǬȎȖȘȌȎȍȔ ȅȉȉȖȚȚȖȔ «ǷȍȘȐȜȍȘȐȧª, Ȋ ȖȘȐȋȐȕȈȓȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊ-
ȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȖȌ ȥȋȐȌȖȑ ǸȍȑȕȝȈȘȌȚȈ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖȌțȒ-
ȞȐȍȑ ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ șȖȊȔȍșȚȖ ș ǩȘȥȌȐ Ȑ ǪȐȔȈȕȖȔ
 șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȊȗȘȖ-
* Ʉ Ɇɚɤɝɨɭɷɧ Ɇɚɤɝɨɜɟɧ -1963) — ɜ -ɯ ɝɝ ɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɝɨɥɥɢɜɭɞɫɤɢɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɫɬ ɤɢɧɨɩɪɨɞɸɫɟɪ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɤɢɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɧɢɝ

ȟȍȔ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȐȓșȧ Ǫșȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȕȣ ȈȒȚȍȘȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȕȧȚȣ
Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ǪȗȖȓȕȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖȚ ȗȓȈȕ șȖȠȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȚ
ǷȘȐȍȝȈȊ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ș ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȋȖ ǰȕ-
ȚȐȔȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȋ ǩȘȖȕȒșȍ ǺȈȔ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓ «So Am Iª ©ǰ ȧ ȚȈȒȎȍª
 Ȋ ȘȈȏ-
ȋȈȘ ȏȐȔȣ șȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȗȍȘȍȊȍȓȐ Ȋ ǺȍȈȚȘ ȒȖȔȍȌȐȐ ȋȌȍ Ȗȕ Ƞȍȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ-
ȌȍȓȤ ǻȉȍȌȐȊȠȐșȤ ȟȚȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȍȚ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȚȤ ȍȔț ȒȈȒ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕ-
Ȟț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȗȤȍșȣ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȒțȗȐȓ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȕȈ ©Skidding» ©ǯȈȕȖșª
* Ȋȣ-
șȚțȗȐȓ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȗȈȘȚȕȍȘȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘȈ Ȑ șȈȔȖȓȐȟȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȗȤȍ-
șț ǹȗȍȒȚȈȒȓȤ ȗȘȖȌȍȘȎȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ǩȘȖȌȊȍȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȋȖȌȈ
ǬȈȓȍȍ ȕȈșȚȈȓȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ©ǸȈȏȉȐȚȣȝ ȚȈȘȍȓȖȒª ȟȐșȚȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒȖȔȍ-
ȌȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȈ ȝȖȚȧ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȍȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȋȓȐ ȘȈȏ-
ȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘȣ Ȑ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȤȞȣ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ȘȍȎȐșșȍ-
ȘȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘȖȔ Ȋ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȍ ș ǶșȒȈȘȖȔ ǹȍȘȓȐȕȖȔ șȊȖȐȔ ȌȘțȋȖȔ Ȑ
ȉȣȊȠȐȔ ȒȖȓȓȍȋȖȑ ȗȖ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ ǹȍȑȟȈș Ȗȕ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȗȤȍșț ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ ©ǯȈ-
ȉȓțȌȠȈȧ ȖȊȞȈª, șȖȉȐȘȈȧșȤ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘȖȔ
ǷȘȐȍȝȈȊ Ȋ ȕȈȠț șȚȘȈȕț ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȉȣȓ ȚȈȒ ȔȖȓȖȌ ȟȚȖ șȟȐȚȈȓ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚ-
ȒȖȔ Ȑ ȊșȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț  ȋȖȌȈ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȚȈȘȍȓ Ȗȕ
ȕȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȊșȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȍȔț  ȓȍȚ ǽȖȚȧ ț ȕȈș Ȑ
ȕȍȚ ȗȖȌ ȘțȒȖȑ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȒȈȒ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ șȖ-
ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȐșȚȐȕȍ
New York Times. 1929. Dec. 8
* ɋɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɹ Ⱥɭɪɚɧɢɢ Ɋɭɜɟɪɨɥɶ

—‹›“™˜ Ž›“˜Ž
 ›‘“œœ› ‹›‹ “ •“˜™
ǴȈȘȐȖȕ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘ Ȑ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȑ Ȋ
1920-1930-ȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȘȧȌ ȜȐȓȤȔȖȊ ș ȚȈȒȐȔȐ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ǩȍȚȚ ǬȍȑȊȐș ǺȈȓȓț-
ȓȈ ǩȥȕȒȝȍȌ ǹȐȓȤȊȐȧ ǹȐȌȕȐ ǫȥȘȐ DzțȗȍȘ Ȑ DzȥȘȐ ǫȘȈȕȚ șȒȖȕȟȈȓșȧ ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘ-
ȕȐȒ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȕȐȞȍ ǸțȏȊȍȓȤȚȈ ǭȔț ȉȣȓȖ  ȋȖȌȈ
ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȍȋȖ Ȏȍȕȍ ǫȓȥȌȐș Ȕ-Ș ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ǹȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȀȚȈȚȣ Ȑȏ
șȊȖȍȑ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ȋ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ  ȓȍȚ, Ȋ șȖșȚȈȊȍ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȖȑ ȔȐșșȐȐ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȐȊȍȏȓȈ ȔȍȝȈ Ȑȏ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȋ ǿȐȒȈȋȖ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȖȉȖȘțȌȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȖȕȦȠȕȍ ȋȌȍ șȚȈȊȐȓ
ȖȌȕȖȈȒȚȕȣȍ ȗȤȍșȣ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ țșȗȍȊ ȊȣțȟȐȚȤ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ ǷȍȘȍȉȘȈȊȠȐșȤ ȏȈȚȍȔ
Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒ Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȌȦșȐȘȖȊȈȓ șȊȖȦ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȗȤȍșț Ȋ ȔȍșȚȕȖȔ ǰȕȚȐȔȕȖȔ ȚȍȈ-
ȚȘȍ Ȋ ǩȘȖȕȒșȍ
ǶȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȕȍȌȎȍȘȣ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊ ȕȍ ȎȍȓȈȦȚ ȌȖȊȍȘȧȚȤ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȞț ȗȖ-
șȚȈȕȖȊȒț ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȗȤȍș Ȕ-Ș ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȓ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȕȈ ȗȤȍșț ȗȖȌ ȕȈȏ-
ȊȈȕȐȍȔ ©ǯȈȕȖșª ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȋȖȌȈ ȠȓȈ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȕȈ ǩȘȖȌȊȍȍ
ǴȐșș ǩȥȕȒȝȍȌ ȌȍȉȦȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȒȐȕȖ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ ȜȐȓȤȔȖȊ Ȕ-ȘȈ
ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ, «ǬȤȧȊȖȓ Ȑ ȉȍȏȌȕȈ», ȋȌȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȕȧȓȐșȤ ǿȈȘȓȤȏ dzȖțȚȖȕ ǫȥȘȐ DzțȗȍȘ
Ȑ DzȥȘȐ ǫȘȈȕȚ ǴȈȓȖȐȏȊȍșȚȕȈȧ ȐȕȎȍȕȦ ȗȖ ȐȔȍȕȐ ǩȍȚȚ ǬȍȑȊȐș ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓȈ Ȋȗȍ-
ȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ Ȕ-ȘȈ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȔ ©ǸȈȏȉȐȚȣȝ ȚȈȘȍȓȒȈȝª ǴȈȘ-
ȚȐȕȈ ǼȓȈȊȐȕȈ Ȋ  ȋȖȌț
ǹȐȓȤȊȐȧ ǹȐȌȕȐ ȐȋȘȈȓȈ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȍ ȘȖȓȐ Ȋ ȗȖȓțȌȦȎȐȕȍ Ȑȏ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȜȐȓȤȔȖȊ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȕ-ȘȖȔ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȖȔ Ȋ -ȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ©dzȍ-
ȌȐ ǩȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈª ©ǴȈȌȈȔ ǩȈȚȚȍȘȜȓȧȑ» Ȑ «ǬȎȍȕȕȐ ǫȍȘȝȈȘȌȚ». Ǫ -ȍ
ȋȖȌȣ Ȕ-Ș ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȓ ș ȔȐșș ǹȐȌȕȐ țȌȈȟȕțȦ ȉȘȖȌȊȍȑșȒțȦ ȗȖ-
șȚȈȕȖȊȒț ©ǷȓȖȝȖȑ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȐª
Ǵ-Ș ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȕȈ ǩȘȖȌȊȍȍ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ -ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ Ȉ Ȋ
50-ȝ ȋȖȌȈȝ ȏȈȕȧȓșȧ ȒȐȕȖȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ ȏȈ ȘțȉȍȎȖȔ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȚȍȓȍȊȐȏȐȖȕȕȖȑ
ȘȍȒȓȈȔȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȈȔȐ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ Ȗȕ ȐȔȗȖȘȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȜȐȓȤȔȖȊ șȖȒȘȈȡȈȧ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȌțȉȓȐȘțȧ ȕȈ ȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȈȔȍ-
ȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȈțȌȐȚȖȘȐȐ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȋȖȌȈ Ȕ-Ș ǫȍȘȐȕȋ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȓ ȒȐȕȖȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȍȑ Ȋ ǨȜȐȕȈȝ
DzȘȖȔȍ Ȏȍȕȣ ț ȕȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȌȊȍ ȌȖȟȍȘȐ ǺȍȘȐ Ȑ ǬȐȈȕȈ
ǷȖȔȐȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȓțȎȉȈ șȖșȚȖȐȚșȧ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ Ȋ  ȟȈșȈ Ȍȕȧ Ȋ ȟȈșȖȊȕȍ ȓȦȚȍȘȈȕ-
șȒȖȑ ȞȍȘȒȊȐ ǹȊȧȚȖȑ ǺȘȖȐȞȣ ȕȈ ǯȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ -ȑ țȓȐȞȍ, 3.
New York Times. 1977. Apr. 21

192
ǸǼǺǺdzǻȀǮǾǶǶ
Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȔ ȚȖȔȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȥȔȣ ǸȦȘȐȒȈ
ǸȖȒȈ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȌȊȍ șȚȈȚȤȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ Ȑ ȕȈȗȐșȈȕȕȈȧ ǸȖȒȖȔ Ȋ șȖȈȊȚȖȘșȚȊȍ ș ȉȘȈȚȖȔ Ǵ
ǫȍȘȐȕȋȖȔ Ȓȕ ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘ ǶȟȍȘȒȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ (1926). Ǫ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧȝ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚșȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȣ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȍșȧ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ
ǬȈȕȕȣȑ ȚȖȔ Ȑȏ șȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȣ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȧ
Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȌțȉȓȐȘțȍȚ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȚȖȔȈ I Ȓȕ. ǹȖȘȖȒ șȖȘȖȒȖȊ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȈȕȈ ȏȌȍșȤ
Ȋ ȜȈȒșȐȔȐȓȤȕȖȔ ȊȐȌȍ

ǶșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ Ȓ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȐ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍ-
ȌȍȕȐȧȔ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ șȔ Ȋ ȚȖȔȍ I. Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȧ Ȕȣ ȕȍ șȖȟȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ
ȒȖȔȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȘȍȈȓȐȐ Ȓȕ ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘ Ȑ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ Ȗ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȍ
ǷȖ ȕȍȉț ȗȓȍȚțȚșȧ șȍȘȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȔȖȏȋȐ
ǸǫǨdzǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  ǷțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ 2019:24.
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ — ©ȚȊȖȘȥȏȈª
 ȉȣȓȖ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȖ ȉțȌț-
ȡȐȔ Ǹ ǸȖȒȖȔ — ȚȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȅ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȖȔ — Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ȗȖȥȚț ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒț ȒȘȐȚȐȒț
șȚȐȝȖȊȍȌț Ȑ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȐȏȈȚȖȘț ȕȈțȒȐ ǹ ǩȖȉȘȖȊț -
 Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦ-
ȡȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȖȗțșȖȊ Ȋ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȖȔ
ǩȖȉȘȖȊȣȔ ȐȏȌ-Ȋȍ ȗȘȐ ȖȌȕȖȐȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȜțȚțȘȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȋȘțȗȗȍ ©ǾȍȕȚȘȐȜțȋȈª ȗȖȓ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȐșȤȔȖ șȔ Ȋ Ț IV).
ǹȖȟȍȚȈȕȐȍ ©ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȑª Ȑ ȕȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȚȓȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȊȍȧ-
ȕȖ ©ǬȊțȔȧ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧȔȐª ǹ ǿȍȘȕȖȋȖ 
 ©ǮȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȍ ȋȖȓȖȑ  ǷȐșȈȚȤ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȣȍ șȖȕȍȚȣ  ǰ ȉȘȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑȏ ȌȖȓȈ  ǽȓȍȉ ȊȐȕȖ Ȑ ȒȖȚȓȍȚȣª
ǼȠ ǾȬȞȖȘȎ ǾȜȘȎ ȥȠȓțȖȭ
ǶȚ ǸȦȘȐȒȈ ǸȖȒȈ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȈ ȗȖȥȔȈ [Ƕȉȓ ǫ ǴȐȓȓȍȘȈ] Ǵ Ȓ-ȊȖ ©ǽȖȉȖª
 ǵȈ Ȗȉ ȚȐȚțȓȈ ©ǰȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȕțȔȍȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȹ BBª
ǺȘȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ -192 ȋȋ
ǸǫǨdzǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  ǷțȉȓȐȒțȍȚșȧ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ǵȈ Ȗȉ ȓ  ȏȈȗȐșȐ
ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȗȖȟȍȘȒȈȔȐ ©ǸȖȒ ȹ ª Ȑ ȒȘ ȒȈȘȈȕȌȈȠȖȔ ©Dzȕ <?> ȕȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȐȚª

193
ǹțȌȧ ȗȖ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȚȐȝ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ ȖȚȓȖȎȐȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȜȖȕȌȍ ȘȍȌȈȒȞȐȐ ȎțȘȕ DzȘȈș-
ȕȈȧ ȕȖȊȤ ǸȖȒ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȎțȘȕ Ȋ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȍ ȕȈ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȦ
ǹȖȘȖȒ șȖȘȖȒȖȊ
ǸȖȒ Ǹ ǹȖȘȖȒ șȖȘȖȒȖȊ ǬȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖȥȔȣ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȔ șȖȌȍȧȕȕȣȍ Ƕȉȓ ǩ ǯȍ-
ȔȍȕȒȖȊȈ Ǵ Dz-ȊȖ ©ǽȖȉȖª [ȚȐȗ ǫ Ƿ ǻ], 1923. 1000 ȥȒȏ
ǶȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ ș  Ȗȉȓ ȐȏȌ ȒȈȒ ȋȖȚȖȊȧȡȐȍșȧ Ȓ ȗȍȟȈȚȐ Ȓȕ ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȈ, ǴȈȧȒȖȊ-
șȒȐȑ ȌȈȓ ǴǨǼț Ȑ șȉ șȚȐȝȖȊ ǩ ǯȍȔȍȕȒȖȊȈ Ȋ șȊȍȚ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȐ ǷȍȘȍȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ Ȓȕ
ȜțȐșȚȖȊ ǩ ǷȍȘȍȓȍȠȐȕȈ ǩ ǵȍșȔȍȓȖȊȈ Ȑ ǵ dzȍȗȖȒȈ ȊȣȠȓȐ Ȋ șȊȍȚ Ȋ ȈȗȘȍȓȍ  ȋ
ȉȍȏ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ǵȍ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȚȖ
ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜșȒȐȔ ȏȈȒȈȏȖȔ Ț Ȓ Ȑ Ȓȕ ȜțȐșȚȖȊ Ȑ ǹȖȘȖȒ șȖȘȖȒȖȊ ǸȖ-
ȒȈ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȚȐȗȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ǫǷǻ ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔȐ șȊȧȏȍȑ
ȔȍȎȌț ȋȘțȗȗȈȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ Ȑ ȜțȐșȚȖȊ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȘȈșȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȔ
Ǩ dzȐȝȚȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ ǹțȔȍȘȒȐ
ǸǫǨdzǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  Ƿțȉȓ ȗȖ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ 34.
Ǩ dzȐȝȚȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ -1914) — ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȏȈȟȐȕȈȚȍȓȍȑ
ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐȏȔȈ ǹȣȕ ȜȈȉȘȐȒȈȕȚȈ ȐȏțȟȈȓ ȦȘȐșȗȘțȌȍȕȞȐȦ ǬȖȒȚȖȘ
ȗȘȈȊȈ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ ȅȘȓȈȕȋȍȕȈ ǷțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓșȧ ș  ȋ ǹ  ȋ șȓțȎȐȓ ȊȖ -Ȕ ǩȈ-
ȊȈȘșȒȖȔ ȗȍȝȖȚȕȖȔ ȗȖȓȒț ȗȖȋȐȉ Ȋ ȏȊȈȕȐȐ ȓȍȑȚȍȕȈȕȚȈ ȕȈ ȜȘȖȕȚȍ ǷȍȘȊȖȑ ǴȐȘȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǯȕȈȔȍȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ șȚȐȝ ©ǹțȔȍȘȒȐª 
, ș ȌȈȚȣ ȗțȉȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ǫ ǩȍȕȕ
ȖȚșȟȐȚȣȊȈȓ ©ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȓȐȘȐȒȐ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐª ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȈ
ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȧȏ Ǫ ǵȍȑȠȚȈȌȚ ǩ ǷȈșȚȍȘȕȈȒ ǩ ǴȈȘȒȖȊșȒȐȑ
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓșȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȟȍȘȕȖȊȣȝ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȝ
ȏȈȗȐșȍȑ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ Ȗ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȐ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȐȓȐ ȟȈșȚȐȟȕȖ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȊȍșȚȐ ȕȈ ȘțșșȒȐȑ ȧȏ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚțȦ ȈȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȦ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȏȐȐ Men-
schheitsdämmerung (ǹțȔȍȘȒȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ 
 șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕțȦ Dz ǷȐȕȒțșȖȔ
ǰ ǫȖȓȓȤ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȐȈȌȈ
ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ǯȈȗȈȌ  Dzȕ ȚȘȍȚȤȧ Ƕȉȓ ǫ ǩȓȈȕȒȍ Ȑ Ȑȓȓ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ǽ dzȍ-
Ȏȍ ȊȏȧȚȣ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȐȏȌ ©ȒȐȕȖ-ȗȖȥȔȣª 'UHVGHQ 5XGROI .DHPPHUHU
1920).

194
ǰ ǫȖȓȓȤ -1950) — ȊȐȌȕȣȑ ȗȖȥȚ ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋ ȚȍșȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȑ ș ȐșȚȖȘȐȍȑ
ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐȏȔȈ Ȑ șȦȘȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ǷȐșȈȓ ȕȈ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔ Ȑ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȔ ȧȏȣȒȈȝ ǻȘȖ-
ȎȍȕȍȞ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ ȎȐȓ Ȑ țȟȐȓșȧ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ Ȑ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ ǹ ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ ǷȍȘȊȖȑ ǴȐȘȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ țȒȘȣȓșȧ ȖȚ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈ Ȋ ȀȊȍȑȞȈȘȐȐ ȋȌȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȓ ȌȘțȎȍșȒȐȍ șȊȧȏȐ ș
ȌȈȌȈȐșȚȈȔȐ Ǫ  ȋ ȗȖșȍȓȐȓșȧ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȗțȚȕȐȞȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ș  ȋ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȕȍȔȍȞ-
ȒȖȑ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȖȑ Ȑ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ DzȓȥȘ ǨȑȠȔȈȕ Ȋ ȏȈȔțȎ ǫȖȓȓȤ
 Ȋ ǷȈȘȐȎȍ ȋȌȍ Ȋ 
ȋȖȌț ȖșȕȖȊȈȓ ȎțȘȕ Surréalisme Ǫ ȟȐșȓȍ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȈȔȐ ȕȈ
ȜȘȈȕȞ Ȑ ȕȍȔ ȧȏȣȒȐ ȊȣȗțșȒȈȓ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȈȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ǫ - ȋȋ ȎȐȓ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-
DZȖȘȒȍ Ȋ - ȋȋ ȘȍȌȈȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȗȖȥȚȐȟ ȎțȘȕȈȓ Hémispheres Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ
ȉȖȓȍȓ ȓȍȑȒȍȔȐȍȑ țȔȍȘ ȊȖ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ
ǰ ǫȖȓȓȤ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȤ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȕȈȌ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȈȔȐ Ȑȏ
ȈȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȐ ǹțȔȍȘȒȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ șȔ ȊȣȠȍ
 Ȋ ȒȖȚ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ șȚȐȝ ǫȖȓȓȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȥȔȈ ©ǷȈȕȈȔșȒȐȑ ȒȈȕȈȓª ǪȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȔ ȊȣȉȖȘ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȐȈȌȣ
ȉȣȓ ȊȍșȤȔȈ ȈȒȚțȈȓȍȕ Ț Ȓ ǿ ǿȈȗȓȐȕ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș ț ȘțșșȒȐȝ ȌȍȧȚȍ-
ȓȍȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ȗȖ Ȗȉȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ Ǫ  ȋ ȊȣȠȍȓ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȕȖȔȍȘ ȎțȘȕ
DzȐȕȖ-ȜȖȚ ȞȍȓȐȒȖȔ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȑ ǿȈȗȓȐȕț DzȐȕȖ-ȜȖȚ  ȹ  - șȍȕȚ
 ȔȍȎ-
Ȍț ȗȘȖȟȐȔ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋ șȚȈȚȤȍ dz DzțȓȍȠȖȊȈ ©ǭșȓȐ ȚȍȗȍȘȤª ǸȖȒ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȚȤ ©ǰȕȚȍȘ-
ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ “ǬȈȌȈ” ȗȖșȣȓȈȍȚ ǿȈȗȓȐȕț ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȔȔț Ȑ
ȗȘȖȚȍșȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȈȞȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȒȈȘȚȐȕ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐª ș 
 Ǫ ǩȍȘ-
ȓȐȕȍ Ȋ  ȋ ȊȣȠȍȓ șȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ Ǫ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȐȔ șȉ șȚȈȚȍȑ ǿȈȗȓȐȕ ȗȍȘȍȐȏȌȈȕ-
ȕȣȑ Ȋ dzȍȕȐȕȋȘȈȌȍ Ȋ  ȋ
 ©ȍȌȊȈ ȓȐ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȖȗȣȚ ȗȍȟȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȖșȔȣș-
ȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȈª ȇȕȋȐȘȖȊ 
 ǴȕȖȎȐȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ǹȔ ȗȖ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȍȔȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ
ǩțȓȈȚȖȊȈ  ǾȐȊȤȧȕ  Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ ȈȊȚȖȘ, cȘȍȌȐ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐ-
ȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȍ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȧ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ©șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȓȤȕȖșȚȍȑª

Ǫ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ Ȓȕ  ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ șȖȊȍȚșȒȐȔ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧȔ ȉȣȓȈ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȗȖȌȉȖȘȒȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȑ ȌȈȌȈȐșȚȖȊ Ȋ șȖȗȘȖȊȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ șȚȈȚȤȐ Ǩ
ȅȜȘȖșȈ ȋȌȍ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȗȖȝȖȌȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȈȓșȧ ș ȌȈȌȈȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȏȐȧȔȐ ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ
©ǸȖșșȐȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓȈ ȌȈȌȈȐșȚșȒȖȋȖ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ǵȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ “ȕȐȟȍȊȖȒȖȊ”, ȖȉȢȧȊȐȊȠȐȝșȧ
ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȚȖ ȗȈȘȚȍȕȖ-ȋȍȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ Ȋ ǸȖșȚȖȊȍ-ȕȈ-ǬȖȕț ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȘȖșȓȐ șȊȖȐȝ
ȘȖșȚȖȊȖ-ȌȖȕșȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȏȍ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȈ ȒȈȒ șȔȐ-
ȘȍȕȕȈ Ȑȝ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȈª ȅȜȘȖș 

ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ
ȅȘȔȐȚȈȎ  ȹ 
ǴȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȉȣȓ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȌȗȐșȐ ȖȌȕȈȒȖ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌ-
ȓȍȎȕȖșȚȐ Ǹ ǸȖȒț ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ
ǹ  ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ©ǯȍȓȍȕȖȍ DzȖȓȤȞȖª — ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗȉ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ
ȒȘțȎȒȍ
 ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȍȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ ǵȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȐȔșȚȊȖȊȈȕȖ Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖ-
ȐȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȤȍșȣ ǯ ǫȐȗȗȐțș 1916), ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ȒȖȚ ȒȘțȎȖȒ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȓ ǵȍȒȖȚȖ-

195
Șȣȍ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȐ ©ǯȍȓȍȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȓȤȞȈª ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȦ Ȑȏ-
ȊȍșȚȕȖȑ ȘȖșȚȖȊșȒȖȑ ©ǺȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȒȖȑª ǹȔ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧȝ ǭ ȀȊȈȘȞȈ
«ǸȖșȚȖȊșȒȐȍ ȔȈȓȤȟȐȒȐ Ȑ ȌȍȊȖȟȒȐ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ ȍȡȍ ș ȋȐȔȕȈȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ
ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȖȊ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȌȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȗȖȓȕȣȍ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ ȌțȝȖȔ — ȌțȝȖȔ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ ǹȕȈȟȈȓȈ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȐșȤ ȖȕȐ Ȑ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȓȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ Ȑ ȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȘȍȜȍȘȈȚȣ Ȗ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘ-
ȕȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȌȊțȝ-ȚȘȍȝȓȍȚȕȍȑ ȌȈȊȕȖșȚȐ ǵȈȏȊȈȓȐ ȖȕȐ șȊȖȦ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȦ <…> “ǯȍ-
ȓȍȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ” ǺȖȋȌȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ ȗȤȍșȈ ǫȐȗȗȐțș ȗȖȌ ȥȚȐȔ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ Ȗ ȔȖ-
ȓȖȌȍȎȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȓȈșȤ ȟȚȖ “ȗȖȗȈȓȈ Ȋ ȡȍȓȤ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ” Ȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚ șȍȉȍ Ȕȍ-
șȚȈ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǰ ȥȚȈ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȧ ȗȣȚȈȓȈșȤ ȖȚ ȐȏȉȣȚȒȈ șȐȓ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȊȍȘȣ ȕȖ
ȗȣȠȕȈȧ Ȑ ȔțȚȕȈȧ șȐȔȊȖȓȐȟȍșȒȐ-ȘȍȓȐȋȐȖȏȕȖ-ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ Țȍȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȔȈȕȐȓȈ Ȑȝ ȐȔȗȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȕȖ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȐȔ Ȋ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȟțȎȌȖȑª ȀȊȈȘȞ 
344-345).
ǬȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȚȐȓȤ
ǯȘȍȓȐȡȈ  ȹ  ȏȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ ©Ǹ Ǹª
ǹ  șȚȐȓȤ ȗȘȐȗȐșȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ Ǹ ǹ Ǽ ǹ Ǹ. ǰȗȗ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊȣȔ — Ǫ șȚȈȚȤȍ ©ǹȚȐȓȤ
ǸǹǼǹ Ǹª ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ :3
 ȓȐȌȍȘ ȥȒșȗȘȍșșȐȖȕȐșȚȖȊ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȚȍȈȚȘȖȊȍȌ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ-
ȊȍȌ șȞȍȕȈȘȐșȚ ǰ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ 902-19
 ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ȏȈ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȖșȖȉȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȚșȒȖȋȖ
șȚȐȓȧ ©ȔțșȒțȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑª ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȕȈțȟȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȚȘț-
ȌȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȈ Ȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ Ǽ ǻ ǺȍȑȓȖȘȈ -
 DzȈȒ țȚȊȍȘȎ-
ȌȈȓ ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ ©ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖ ȊșȦ ȕȈȠț ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊȍșȤ ȕȈȠ ȉȣȚ ȊȖȑȌțȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ Țȥȑ-
ȓȖȘȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȠȈ ȚȥȑȓȖȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȈȕȍȘȈ ȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȐȒțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȉț-
ȌȍȚ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȈ ȕȈ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȧȔȣȝ ȓȐ-
ȕȐȧȝ «! ȚȖ ȉțȌȍȚ șȖȏȌȈȕ ȐȕȎȍȕȍȘȕȖ-ȋȍȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȖȕțȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȑ șȚȐȓȤ
ǸǹǼǹǸª ǹȊȖȐ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ ȊȣȏȊȈȊȠȐȍ ȖȎȐȊȓȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȓȍȔȐȒț ȕȈ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ ȎțȘȕ ǹȖ-
ȒȖȓȖȊ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓ Ȋ șȚȈȚȤȍ ©ǺȍȑȓȖȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȎȍșȚª ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ -11) Ȑ ȌȘ
ǹȘ ȔȖȚȐȊȣ ȚȍȑȓȖȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȎȍșȚȖȊ ©ǴȈȠțȚ ȘțȟȒȈȔȐ ȕȖȎȒȈȔȐ ȗȖ șȐșȚȍȔȍ
ǺȈȑȓȖȘȈª
 Ȑ ©ȔȈȠȐȕȐȏȈȞȐȐª ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȈȕȕȍȑ ȗȖȥȔȍ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ ǶȚ ǸȦȘȐȒȈ ǸȖ-
ȒȈ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ
Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ Ǹ ǸȖȒ ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘ
ǫȍȘȐȕȋ Ǵ ǸȖȒ Ǹ ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘ ǶȟȍȘȒȐ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ Ǵ ǷȘȖȓȍȚ-
ȒțȓȤȚ [ȚȐȗ ©ȀȍșȚȖȑ ǶȒȚȧȉȘȤª], 1926. 5000 ȥȒȏ
ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȈȊȚȖȘȈȔ ©ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȥȚȖȑ ȒȕȐȋȐ ȗȖșȓțȎȐȓȐ ȗȐșȤȔȈ Ȑ șȚȈȚȤȐ
ǴȈȘȐȈȕȈ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒț Ȍȓȧ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ
Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȟȐȒȈȋșȒȐȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȝ ȅȚȖȚ șȣȘȖȑ
ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ȉȣȓ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȈȕ ǸȦȘȐȒȖȔ ǸȖȒȖȔ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈ ȕȈȒȖȗȐȓȖșȤ ȌȖșȚȈ-
ȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȟȈșȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȍȕȈ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡțȦ ȒȕȐȋțª

196
ǴȓȈȌȠȐȑ ȉȘȈȚ Ǹ ǸȖȒȈ ǴȈȘȐȈȕ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ Ȋ CȀǨ Marion Gering, 1901-1977) țȟȐȊ-
ȠȐȑșȧ ț Ǫ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ Ȋ ǫȅDzǺǭǴǨǹȍ ȊȣȍȝȈȓ Ȋ ǹȀǨ ȓȍȚȖȔ  ȋ ǭȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐ-
ȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȒȖȘȘȍșȗȖȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ șȖȒȘȈȡȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȐ ș ȒȕȐȎȕȣȔ ȐȏȌ ȗȍ-
ȘȐȖȌȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ș  ȋ Ȋ ȎțȘȕ ǯȘȍȓȐȡȈ.
ǴȈȘȐȖȕ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘ
New York Times. 1929. Dec. 8 (ȉȍȏ ȗȖȌȗȐșȐ
 ǷȍȘ ǹ ȀȈȘȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ
ǹȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȈȝ ȗȘȍșșȣ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ș Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȖȔ ȕȍȘȍȌ-
ȒȖ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȣȍ șȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȈșȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ
Ȓ Ǫ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌț Ȑ Ț Ȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȚȖ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ ȥȚȖȑ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ
ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȓ
 Ǫ ȗȐșȤȔȍ șȍȘȍȌȐȕȣ -ȝ ȋȋ Ȓ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌț ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȈȒȚȍȘ Ȑ
ȌȘȈȔȈȚțȘȋ ǩ ǫȓȈȋȖȓȐȕ -19
 șȖ șșȣȓȒȖȑ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȎȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ǹȀǨ țȟȍȕȐ-
ȒȈ dz dzțȋȈȕȖȊȈ ȎȈȓȖȊȈȓșȧ ȟȚȖ ©ȕȍȒȚȖ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȖȉȢȧȊȐȓ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ǵȤȦ-DZȖȘȒȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȍȔ ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ șȈȔȖȓȐȟȕȖ ³șȚȈȊȐȓ ș ǴȍȑȍȘ-
ȝȖȓȤȌȖȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȗȤȍș ȟȚȖ ȗȓȈȕȣ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚ ȍȔț´
ȥȚȖȚ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ Ȋ ȗȘȍșșȍ ș ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȈȕȖȕșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ dzțȋȈȕȖȊȣȔ
ȔȖȍȑ ȓȍȒȞȐȐ ³Ƕ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈȝ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ´ Ǫ șȊȖȍȔ ȗȘȖȚȍșȚȍ ȥȚȖȚ șțȒȐȕ șȣȕ Ȗȟȍ-
ȊȐȌȕȖ ȟȍȘȕȐȚ Ȑ Ȕȍȕȧ — ȥȚȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ Ȑȏ ȗȐșȤȔȈ dzțȋȈȕȖȊȈª ǫȓȈȋȖȓȐȕ 
125) Ǫ ȈȘȝȐȊȍ ǫȖșǺǰǴ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓșȧ ȜȘȈȋȔȍȕȚ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȞȈ Ȋ
ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ȋȌȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ©ȥȚȖȚ Ȧȕȣȑ ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘ-
ȌȍȍȞ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔ Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȏȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȐȔ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ
 ȗȘȖȍȝȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋ
ȘȈȑȖȕȣ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȍȘȖȊ ȏȈȕȧȓșȧ șȈȔȖȘȍȒȓȈȔȖȑ Ȑ ȖȉȍȏȓȐȟȐȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȔȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ șȈȔȖȋȖ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈª ǸǫǨdzǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  ȞȐȚ ȗȖ
ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ ) ǶȚȊȍȟȈȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȊȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌț ȖȚ  ȔȈȧ  ȋ
(ǸǫǨdzǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ 
 Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋ ©ȓȖȎȤ Ȑ ȒȓȍȊȍȚț», ȖȌȕȈȒȖ
ȗȘȐȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ©ȘȈȉȖȚȈª ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ ©ȕȍ șȈȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑª ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȖȔ ǫȓȈ-
ȋȖȓȐȕ 179).
ǹ  .ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȖȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘșȒȖȑ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȐ — Ǫ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍ
©ȔȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȖȊșȒȖȑª ȚȍȔȣ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȟȚȖ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ Ȑ Ǹ ǸȖȒ ȊȖȏȓȈȋȈȓȐ ȉȖȓȤ-
ȠȐȍ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȕȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȋȈșȚȘȖȓȍȑ ǺǰǴ Ȋ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȍ ǸȖȒ ȗȖȒȐȕțȊȠȐȑ ǺǰǴ
Ȋ  ȋ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ș ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȊȣȍȝȈȊȠȐȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȦ,
ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓ ȈȋȍȕȚȖȔ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȊ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌț ȖȚ ȓȐȞȈ ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȖȋȖ Ȗȉ-
ȡȍșȚȊȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȌțȒȞȐȐ ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȐȔȍȕȖȊȈȓ ȒȖȔȗȈȕȐȦ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋȈ
 ©ȖȉȔȍȕ
ȊșȍȋȖ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖª ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȈȚȘȈȔȐ ǨȔȍȘȐȒȐ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ǹǹǹǸ Ǫ ȗȐșȤȔȍ Ȓ ǴȍȑȍȘ-
ȝȖȓȤȌț ȖȚ  ȌȍȒȈȉȘȧ  ȋ Ȗȕ ȗȐșȈȓ
«ǻȊȈȎȈȍȔȣȑ ǪșȍȊȖȓȖȌ ȅȔȐȓȤȍȊȐȟ ǴȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏ ȏȈ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȓ ǺǰǴ
ȕȍȖȌȕȖȒȘȈȚȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȕțȎȕȖ Ȑ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȕȈȗȐșȈȚȤ ǪȈȔ ȕȖ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȧ ȕȍ ȌȍȓȈȓ
ȥȚȖȋȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȧȓșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȐȕȞȐȌȍȕȚȖȔ 1925 ȋ Ȑ ȔȖȐȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ țȝȖ-
ȌȖȔ Ȑȏ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ǫȣ ȔȖȎȍȚȍ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȕȖ ȐșȚȖȓȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȖȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ

197
Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȓȈșȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȚȖȓȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș-
ȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǹǹǹǸ Ǩ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ ǪȈș ȟȚȖ șȟȍȓ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȣȔ ȖȚȒȓȦȟȐȚȤ ȔȖȐ ȖȗȈșȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ǪȈȔ ȟȚȖȉȣ țȏȕȈȚȤ ǪȈȠȍ ȔȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȖ
ȕȐȎȍȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȖȔț Ȍȍȓț
<…> ǫȓȈȊȕȈȧ ȔȖȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈ — ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȈ Ƕ ȕȍȔ Ȋ ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤ-
ȕȖȔ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȍ ȔȕȖȦ ȉȣȓȖ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ș ǯȈȗȈȌȖȔ <…>.
Ǫ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȧȦ ȟȚȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȐȏȓȐȠȕȐȔ ȒȈșȈȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȠ-
ȓȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ȇ ȗȘȖȠț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȘȐȚȤ ȔȖȍȔț ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȔț țȊȈȎȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȓȦȉȊȐ Ȓ ǪȈȔ
ȒȈȒ ȔȈșȚȍȘț ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ țȟȐȚȍȓȦ — Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ
ȗȘȐșȓțȠȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȞȍȕȐȚȤ ǪȈȠȍ ȔȕȍȕȤȍ».
ǵȈ ȗȐșȤȔȖ șțȌȧ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈ ȘȍȏȒȈȧ ȖȚȗȖȊȍȌȤ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ Ȑ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ
ȖȚȊȍȚȕȖȔ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȖȚ  ȧȕȊȈȘȧ  ȋ ǸȖȒ ȏȈȕȧȓ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȦ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ
©ǻȊȈȎȈȍȔȣȑ ȚȖȊȈȘȐȡ ȇ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȍȋȖ țȝȖȌȈ Ȑȏ
ǪȈȠȍȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȍșȤ ș ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȔȖȍȔ
ȗȐșȤȔȍ ȖȚ ǽǟ 26, ȕȖ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ Ȕȍȕȧ ȊȣȗȈȌ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȋ
ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ǹǹǹǸ ȧ șȟȍȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ǪȈȔ <...>. ǶȚȒȈȏ ȖȚ ȘȈ-
ȉȖȚȣ ș ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȐȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖȔ Ǫȣ ȔȖȚȐȊȐȘțȍȚȍ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȍȓȖȊȖȋȖ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐ-
ȟȍșȚȊȈ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ ǵȖ ǪȈȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȖ ȌȍȓȖȊȖȍ șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȕȍ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ Ǩ ș
ǿȐȒȈȋșȒȐȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖȔ Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȘȍȌȕȐȒȈ
ȏȈ ǪȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȌȍȓȈȝ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȖȚȊȖȌȈ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȓȐ-
ȞȈ <.. .> ǶȚȊȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȕȖșȐȚ ȟȐșȚȖ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ
ǪȈȠȈ ȔȖȚȐȊȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȖȚȒȈȏȈ ȖȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ “ȘȧȌȖȔ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȉȐȖȋȘȈ-
ȜȐȐ”».
ǸȈșȞȍȕȐȊȈȧ ȗȐșȤȔȖ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌȈ ȒȈȒ ©ȗȘȧȔȖȍ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐ-
ȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊȈª ǸȖȒ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ Ȗ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȟȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ǸǨǩǰǹ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȐ ©ȔȖȚȐȊȐ-
ȘȖȊȈȕȕȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȕȈ ǪȈȠȐ ȏȈȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ ȐȕȖșȚȘȈȕȕȖȑ
ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȍșșȣª ȅȚȖȚ ȥȗȐȏȖȌ ȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȉȣȊȠȍȋȖ țȟȍȕȐȒȈ ȏȈȊȍȘ-
ȠȐȓșȧ ȘȍȏȖȓȦȞȐȍȑ ȕȈ ȗȐșȤȔȍ ǸȖȒȈ ©Ț ǰ Ǩ ǨȒșȍȕȖȊț / ǷȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ șȖ ȔȕȖȦª
ǸǫǨdzǰ Ǽ  Ƕȗ  ǭȌ ȝȘ  ȞȐȚ ȗȖ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ -47).
ǴȈȘȐȖȕ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ
New York Times. 1977. Apr. 21 ȉȍȏ ȗȖȌȗȐșȐ
 ǷȍȘ ǹ ȀȈȘȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖ
ǹ 194.  ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ — Ț ȍ  ȈȗȘȍȓȧ  ȋ
ǹ    ȋȖȌȈ — ȕȍȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ  ȓȍȚ

ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ
ǩțȓȈȚȖȊȈ  — ǩțȓȈȚȖȊȈ Ǩ ©ǿȈȘȓȐ ȕȈȠª ǿȈȗȓȐȕ șȖȞȐȈȓȐȏȔ Ȑ ȒȐȕȍșȚȍȚȐȟȍ-
șȒȈȧ ȥȔȗȈȚȐȧ Ȋ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȒșȚȈȝ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ //
ǵȖȊȖȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ  ȹ 
ǫȓȈȋȖȓȐȕ  — ǷȐșȤȔȈ ǩ ǹ ǫȓȈȋȖȓȐȕȈ Ǫș ȅ ǴȍȑȍȘȝȖȓȤȌț -  Ǵȕȍ-
ȔȖȏȐȕȈ ǬȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑ ȜȈȒȚȣ Ȑȏ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ ;; ȊȍȒȈ Ǫȣȗ .
Ǵ, 2009.
ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ  — ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ ǫ Ƿ ǸȦȘȐȒ ǸȖȒ ©ǪșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȕȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȤȧ ȒȖșȚȘȍª
dzȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȖȊȍȌȟȍșȒȖȍ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǸȧȏȈȕȤ 
ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ  — ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ ǰ ǹȚȐȓȤ ǸǹǼǹǸ  ǯȘȍȓȐȡȈ  ȹ 
ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ  — ǹȖȒȖȓȖȊ ǰ ǺȍȑȓȖȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȎȍșȚ  ǯȘȍȓȐȡȈ  ȹ 
ǾȐȊȤȧȕ  — ǾȐȊȤȧȕ Ȇ Ƕ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȍ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȖȔ ȈȊȈȕȋȈȘȌȍ Ȑ Ȗ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȝ șȓțȟȈȑ-
ȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ  ǵȖȊȖȍ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȍ ȖȉȖȏȘȍȕȐȍ  ȹ 
ȀȊȈȘȞ  — ȀȊȈȘȞ ǭ ǮȐȊț ȉȍșȗȖȒȖȑȕȖ ǰȏ ȌȕȍȊȕȐȒȖȊ dz 
ȅȜȘȖș  — ȅȜȘȖș Ǩ ǬȈȌȈ Ȑ ȌȈȌȈȐȏȔ  ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ǯȈȗȈȌ  Dzȕ 
ȇȕȋȐȘȖȊ 2002 — ȇȕȋȐȘȖȊ Ǹ ©ȇ ǿȈȘȓȦ Țȣ ǿȈȘȓȐȠȤ Ȗȕ ǿȈȘȓȐȚ Ȕȣ ǿȈȘȓȐȔ«ª:
ǯȈȉȣȚȣȍ ȚȍȒșȚȣ Ȑȏ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȧ ǪȐȒȚȖȘȈ ȀȒȓȖȊșȒȖȋȖ  DzȐȕȖȊȍȌȟȍș-
ȒȐȍ ȏȈȗȐșȒȐ  ȹ 

ǼDZǹǮǰǹdzǻǶdz
©ǷȖ ȕȍȉț ȗȓȍȚțȚșȧ șȍȘȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȔȖȏȋȐª
6
ǹȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ ©ǪȈȔª (1920)
7
ǶȚ ǸȦȘȐȒȈ ǸȖȒȈ ȟȚȍȕȐȧ 
12
ǺȘȐ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ - ȋ
26
ǹȖȘȖȒ șȖȘȖȒȖȊ 
32
ǷȍȘȍȊȖȌȣ
Ǩ dzȐȝȚȍȕȠȚȍȑȕ ǹțȔȍȘȒȐ
69
ǰ ǫȖȓȓȤ ǿȈȗȓȐȕȐȈȌȈ
71
ǹȚȈȚȤȐ
ǵȐȟȍȊȖȒȐ
100
ǬȐȈȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȚȐȓȤ
102
Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ Ǹ ǸȖȒ ǽȥȗ ȝȥȗ ȔȐșȚȍȘ 
104
ǷȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ
ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȅ ǹȐȕȒȓȍȘȈ Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋț
187
Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȗȘȖȌȦșȍȘ
188
Ǵ ǫȍȘȐȕȋ ȘȍȎȐșșȍȘ ȚȍȈȚȘȈ Ȑ ȒȐȕȖ
191
DzȖȔȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ
192

ǵȈșȚȖȧȡȈȧ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ
ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȒȖȔȔȍȘȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ
ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȉȣȓȐ Ȑ Ț ȗ.