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8
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18
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18
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20
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22
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24
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(<Bce, 'ITO lIMeeT aeMJIeAeJIeu;, 011 nOJIyqaeT Ma Moero pOCTRa». B 6acl-le
ABamAbI l-IaaB&l-Ia MOTbIra, HOTOpOti aeMJIeAeJIeu; «OTRpLIBaeT BeMJIIO».
BoaMomHO, qTO aAeCb IIOApaaYMeBaeTCH He TOJIbHO AepeBHl-ll-laH MOTLIra,
1-10 H npMMMTMBHbIH AepeBHHHbIfi nJIyr, coxpaHIIBillMficH eru;e B COBpe-
MeHHOM llpaHe B MeJIRHX qJeJIJIaXCHIIX XOaHHCTBax.
o TOM, qTO ApeBHellIIIlIe nJIyrn 6LIJIH AepeBHHHbIMH, rOBopMT ca-
MbIll TepMMI-I: (IAepeBO aeMJIeAeJIbu;a» (gis apin). Ho B Hpynm.rx xpaMo-
BIiIX xoaHllcTBax IIJIyrH IThIAaBaJIIICb naxapHM co CRJIap;OB no CqeTY
H no CqeTY me BoaBpam;aJIIICb HMH HaAalIpaTeJIIO CRJIaAa. BpHA JIH
TaHoii cTporlIH yqeT BeJICH IIplIMllTMBHbIM AepeBHHHbIM 0PYAHHM.
KpOMe Toro B TeRCTax III AHHaCTHH Ypa BCTpeqalOTCH l-IaMeKII Ha
BLIAaqy Ha MaCTepCRJilX HaHlIX-TO MeTaJIJIH'IeCRIIX nplIHa)J;JIemHOCTeii
IIJIyra. 9TO AaeT nOBoA npe.n;nOJIarM'b, qTO, H3 PHAY C AepeBHHHIiIMH
0pYAIIHMH, yme III TbICHqeJIeTlIe AO H. 3. aHaJIO MeTaJIJIJlqecKKH IIJIyr,
1-10 npII peAROCTH II AOpOrOillIaHe MeTaJIJIa HMeTb MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe IIJIyrn
MOrJIll TOJIbRO HpynHbIe X03HHCTBa.
XoaHllCTBeIlHbIe TeHCTbI Ha <Dapa-IDypynn-aHa, RaR 6WIO yR3aaHO
flume, ynoMIIl-laIOT (maXOTHoro OCJl3» II oo6m;31OT 0 «aeMJJeAeJIbu;aX,
ROTopble AOJImHhI 6bIJIII IIPH naXOTe nOArOIDlTb OCJIOB» (ilorOIiIIJ;HRII).
n pII Y PYRarHHe B RaqeCTBe naXOTHoro mlIBOTHoro IIplIMeIDlJlCH BOJI.
OqeBHAHO, RaRlIe-TO IIaMeneHlffi B CaMOH: TeXHlIRe IIaXOTbI IIo-rpe6oBaJI.lI
aaMeHJ:i[ OCJI3 60JIee CllJIbHbIM mHBOTHbIM. FHA IIa06pameHM, coxpa-
HHBillHXCH ua naMHTHHRax, IIoaBOJIHeT YCTaHoBHTb caMbIll xapaHTep

11.IMI'IU'IIlIH 1fJ0PMbI Imyra II TeXIDIRM IIaXOTbI. )J;BypeThe aHaeT TlBe
11"'lIMJ.I Imyra: nerRMM, XBaTaJOufHM He rny60Ro, 60pOa)];HlIJ;HM aeMnJO,
11 Tlliltem>1M, BOpOqaJOm;RH nnaCT:bI aeMnlI. I1JIyr nepBoro BII)];a, 60JIee
IlIIHBHUM, COXpaHlIJICH )];0
1I11.I)lIero BpeMeHlI. Ero
1I:100paiKeHMe IIMeeTCH Ha
1\11.11 HH)];paX-IIeqa THX (pMc.4).
: II'OT mlyr MOrJIM THHYTb
1II',rU>1; noaiKe BCTpeqaJOTCH
Ylta3aHHH, qTO ero THHynlI
11110r)];a JIJO)];M. THiKeJI:bIi'i
I1Jlyr COCTOHJi ITa corHYToro
.','IIIHlIRa, C HOTOpbIM 6bIJIH
,'oe)];MHeJffiI 2 PYIWHTKff. OT
IIa)J;Hero HOIID:a COIIIHlIHa no-
J\IoIMaJIOCb HaHJIOHHO P;bIJII.lIO, H HeMY npnHpenJIHJIn HpMO, ROTopoe Hna-
JIU Ha IIIeJO lItMnOTHblX. COIIIHUH 6bm, l5aH YRa3:bIBaJIOCb B:bIIIIe, MeTaJIJIII-
'I!'CRIIM. C PYHoHTHaMM M C RImmefl p;epeBHHHofl qaCTbJO IIJIyra npM IIO-
MOIIJ;M BepeBoH 6:bIJIa COe]:(lIHeHa Tpy6Ha, OO::HpbITaH C 06enx CTOpOH.
Hnepxy OHa MMena BOpOHHo06pmmoe paCIIIMpeHlIe (plIC. 5). B THilteJIbIfl
IIJlyr BnpHraJIII P;BYX IIJIM 60JIee BonOB. 06cnY1HIIBaJICH nJIyr TpeMH
JIIOp;bMH: OP;UH 1I3 HIIX HailpaBJIHJI mlyr, p;pyroii nOrOlIHJI lIHIBOT-
UhIX, TpeTlI"fI 3aCbIIIan aepHo B BOPOHIry, oTHyp;a 0110 no Tpy6Re (Bepo-
liTHO TpOCTRIIlWnOM) paBHOMepHO CeHJIOCb B 60P03P;Y. TaRlIM 06pa30M,
aTO THrHeJIOe opyp;lIe HBJIHJIOCb cBoe06pa3HbIM IWM6lIHnpOBaHHlUM
JlJIyroM-CeHJIROM.
.
CE!1bCKOE X03.Rl1CTBO
25
4. JIerHlIi1 mYMepcHlIi1 nnyr. l1a06paIHeHl10
Ha L\I1JIllHD,pllQeCl\ofi neQaTI1
5. IInyr c CeHJ1Hoi1
I10cne naxoTbI,MoTbIiKeHbH II IIoceBa aeMJIJO 3apaDlIlIBaJII'I 60pOlIOfi,
npep;CTaBJIHBIIIeii, nOBlIp;IIMoMY, )];OCRY C 3y6n;aMII IIJII'I ay6QaTbIM Ba-
JIOM. TeHCThI ynoMI'IHaJOT em;e RaHoe-TO 0pyp;lIe, HOCIIBIIIee lIa3BaHMe
«rpH)];HOBOii 60POHW). B03MOiKlIO, 'ITO 3TO 6bIJII'I irpoCTO rpa6JIII,
ynoTpe6JIHDIIIlIeCH He AJIH IIoneBbIX, a AJIH oropop;lIbIX pa60T.
I10MIIMO nop;rOTOBRII aeMJIII II noceBa aeM.JIep;enen; p;OJIlIteH 6bIJI
«OXpalIHTb nOCeB:bI, nJ.)OroHHTb IITIIn;, BbIllan:bIBaTb COplIHHII, p;ocTaB-

26
U'EXIlllEA l(PEBIlErO l(BYPEqI,R
JlHTb BOAY Ha nOJle II AaBaTb BCXOAHTb noceBY». B BaBIIJlOHllll, CorJIac-
HO CBIIAeTeJIbCTBY Teo<ppacTa, MOJIOAOfi xJIe6, ell\e He aaBHaaBllIMJ'I
ROJIOCa, ABamAbI cpeaaJOT, a Ha TpeTllfi BbIrOHHJOT Ha noceB OBen:; TorAa
xJIe6 BbIrOHHeT ROJIOC, B npOTIIBHOM me CJIY'Iae IIAeT B JIliCT. C Tofi 7!{e
n:eJIbJO B ACCllpHH BecuoJO, RorAa noceBbI aJIaROB Ha'lllUaJIII aeJIeHeTL,
no IIOJIHM IIpOrOUHJIli CROT. 3TO, C OAHOfi CTOpOHbI, 06eCIIe'IImaJIO 60JIee
06IIJIbHYJO maTBY, a C APyroit - AaBaJIO CROTY BoaMomUOCTb BOCIIOJIb-
BOBaTbCH IIOAHomuhIM ROpMOM.
BpeMH maTBbI (arrpeJIb - Mall) I-IOCl'IT l-IaaBaUlie «MeCHn:a, HorJ(a
cpeaaJOT H'IMeHb». Kpyul-lbIe xoaHiicTBa IIOCbIJIaJIII CBOJO pa6o'l)'JO Cl1JlY
AJIH y60pRII ypomaH, RaR c006ll\aeTCH B pHAe AeJIOBbIX AORYMeHToB
II I AHuaCTHII Y pa. H'OJIII'IeCTBO 13Toii pa60'lefi CliJIbI nlIorAa 6bIBaJIO
AOBOJIbUO BeJIIIRO, 1 UO c06CTBeUUbIX pa60'lliX PYR JIeXBaTaJIO II Ha
BpeMH maTBbI 06bI'IIIO HBJIHJIliCb «UaeMHble pa60THIIRIi» (lu-hunga),
cpeAII ROTOpbIX 6bIJIO Muoro liHOaeMn:eB, qall\e Bcero ropn:eB, llCIWB-
llIHX B 60raTofi cTpaHe IIpoIIIITaHIIH. TaRl1M nYTeM IIpOUIIHaJIII B ABY-
pe'lbe B MIIpHoe BpeMH 3JIaMIITbI, HaCCliTbJ, cy6apIIiin:bI II aMopen.
AJIH maTBbI npIIMeUHJIl'I cepubI, qaCTO YiloMluraeMbIe B TeHCTax.
Ma06pameHIIH cepnoB uaflAeHLI B KIillIe. B nOCJIeAHee BpeMH HeoAHo-
RpaTuo HaxOAIIJIli qpeaBbIqaiiuo ApeBlllle cepnbI B pacRonRax Y pa,
KlillIa, cDapa-IlIYPYilnaRa II B ApyrIIx MeCTax. KaMeHHbIe nJIaCTIIHbI
cepna DCmRIIBaJIIICb B rmIHHHYJO PYROHTb TaRIIM 06paaOM, 'lT0 uapymy
npllXOAIIJIaCb aaay6peuHaH cTopoHa IIJIaCTIIH, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO 3TIIM
cepnoM ROJIOC He cpeaaJICH, a CIwpee nepenlIJIIIBaJICH. I10ame cepilhI
CTaJrn: AeJIaTb II3 MeTaJlJIa.
CTe6eJIb aepIlOBbIX pacTelmit (HqMeHb, nmemm:a) cpeaaJICH O'leUb
BbICOIW, npll6JIII311TeJIbUO caUTllMeTpOB 15 OT ROJIOca. B aTOM B HaCTOH-
ll\ee BpeMH JIerI{O y6eAHTbCH 6JIarOAapH IIpOlI3BeAeHllHM 11306pa3IITeJIb-
I-Ioro IICRYCCTBa. B paCHOilRax ApeBHero ropOAa KIIIIIa HafIAeHbI OCTaT-
RllIIHRpYCTan:lIif, BRJIaAOR lIB RYCOqROB 6eJIofl paROBIIUbI B CTeHbI, IIBO.
6pamaBIIIllX Ha TeMHOM <pOHe cu;eHbI CeJIbCROX03HllCTBeuuoro TpYAa.
CpeAII 13TIIX ID{JIaAOR eCTb II306pameUllH muen:OB, CBHabIBaJOll\IIX B
CROll ROJIOCbH HqMeHH, cpeaaHUbIe OIIIIcaHIIbIM bIIlJe CIIoc060M.
CpeBaHHbIe ROJIOCbH nepeBOBIIJIl'I Ra TOR. Y CTpOllCTBO ero, BepOHT-
1-10, HH'leM He OTJIUqaJIOCb OT erIIneTCHoro. 06MOJIOT npOII3BOAllJICH
nYTeM BbITailTbIBaHllH CHonOB l{pyrrHblM IIJIll MeJIRIIM CHOTOM (OCJIbI,
BOJIbI). MeJIRl1e XOBHllCTBa MOrJIII 6paTb CROT AJIH MOJIOTb6u B HallMbI.
HOAeRC XaMMypanli YCTaHaBJIllBaeT TBepAYJO pacu;eHRY aa nOJIb30-
BaHl'Ie TpYAOM mnBOTHoro: aa BOJIa ynJIaqlIBaJIll 20 Ra HqMeHH (17 JI),
sa OCJIa - 10 Ra, Ba OCJIeHRa IIJIII MOJIOAOrO 6bIqRa - 1 Ra. B HelWTO-
pbIX CJIyqaHX AJIH 06MOJIOTa npIlMeHHJIaCb, BepoHTHo, MOJIOTHJIRa.
TaR, ROAeRc XaMMypann, HenocpeAcTBeHHo 5a HamvIOM mIIDOTIIbIX
AJIH 06MOJI OTa, YilOMlluaeT HaeM BOJIOB, nonoaRII II nOrOHll\llRa. BOB-
1 TaH Ha Ta6JIeTHe Ha c06paHHfi 8pMI1Tama, MHB. :M 7421, coxpamlJIaCb
HaJI;nI1Cb: «172 qeJlOBeHa (HaJIb) Ha :I. JI;eHh JIR maTBbl, 118 HliX 23 qeJIOBeHa aa-
IIRTLI 6L1HaMH, a 28 'leJIOBeH 60JIhHbI...

CElfII,CEOE X08Hl1CTBO
f1
:MOmHO, 'ITO peTh II;n;eT B;n;eCh He 0 l-Ia:U:Me TpaHCnOpTI-I:bIX cpe;n;CTB,
n 0 l-IaflMe Ha BpeMH MOJIOTID1RII, ROTOpylO He Bcer;n;a MOrJIII IIMeTh MeJI-
Rlle c06CTBeHHIIRIl.
"Y CTpOitCTBO MOJIOTllJIRll 6:bIJIO npHMepHo TaRoe me, RaR H 60pOH:bI:
mlIpoRaH ;n;OCRa ycamIlBaJIa"CL no I-lIIiImefi cTopoHe OCTp:bIMII, TBep;n;bIMii
RaIIUUIMII, ROTOp:bIe ;n;OJI1KHhI 6hIJIH pa3p:bIBaTb ROJIOC.
Ha TY1JHOit n01JBe ]J;Bype'IbH ypomaIl, cy;n;H IIO ;n;aJ-IH:bIM repO;n;oTa, 6hI-
JIII 01JeHh BhICORlI, ROTOphIfi ;n;JIH MeHee nJIO;n;Opo;n;Hoit ACCIIpllll YCTawlB-
JIIIBaeT IIX B caM-200-300. CTpa60H rOBopllT 0 TaROM me BhICOROM ypo-
mae ;n;JIH H1JMeHH (caM-300), O;n;HaIW, Y TeotPpacTa I{l'ItPp:bI iJHa'lIlTeJIb-
1-10 HHme (caM-50-100). TaRoe pacxom;n;eHl'Ie nOaBOJIHeT ;n;YMaTb,
'ITO ;n;aHHhIe repO;n;OTa HeCROJIbRO npeYBeJIH1JeHhI. Ha;n;nllcH JIyraJIb-
aH;n;hI, O)J;Horo 113 npaBl'ITeJIeii
JIarallIa, ;n;alOT I{llq>py B 22
reRTOJIIITpa Ha ra IIPH IIO-
ceBe B 42 JI, T. e. HeMHoro
60JlbllIe 50 Ha 1. Cpe)l;IUIfl
me ypomait, COrJIaCHO yRa-
BaI-lIIHM )J;penHIIx TeHCTOB,
6hIJI OROJIO 60 RYP (72 3 / 4
reRTOJIMTpa) Ha 1 6yp
{63 510.5 RB. M.)
06MOJI01JeHHOe aepHo
CMeTaJIM BMeCTe C MHHMHOit
B RY1JM l'I npOBeIIBaJIM, no;n;-
6pachIBaH ero JIOnaTROfi,
nOCJIe 1Jaro OHO elI{e IIpocelI-
BaJIOCh. n pOBeHHHoe II IIpoceHHHoe aepHO XpaHl'IJIOCb B SepI-IOBhIX 3.M6a-
pax. ]J;peBHeitrrraH q>opMa aM6apOB ManeCTHa no 1I306pameID1.1O I-Ia OTTHC-
He npOTm.maMCHofi ne1JaTl'I 1m Cya, BOC1W;n;HlI{efl H HOHD;y IV T:bICH1JeJIe-
Tl'IH)J;O 1-1.3. (pHC. 6). Ha ;n;epeBHHHoit nJIaTq>opMe, nOHOHlI{efICH Ha )J;epe-
BHHHOii: nO;n;nopRe Ha 6pYC:beB, CTOHT )J;Ba cTpoeHMH, RpyrJI:bIe B nJIaHe,
npHRp:bIThIe RyrroJIo06paaHLIMM Rp:bIrrraMM. BBepxy nO)J; Rp:blrrrefi 13TH
BepHoxpaHumnI{a IIMelOT OTBepC'rlIe, 1Jepea ROTopoe 3aC:bInalOT 3epHO
(aHaJIOrM1JHaH q>opMa 3epnOXpammHlI{a 6hIJIa II B )J;peBHeM ErnrrTe).
I{ 3TOMY OTBepCTMIO nO)J;hIMaIOTCH no npl'ICTaBHOfi JIeCTIDID;e. "Y CTpOit-
CTBO aepHOXpaH1:IJIIIlI{ Ha )J;epeBHHH:bIX nO)J;MOCTRax 06'bHCHHeTCH TeM,
'ITO TOJIh!{O TaRIIM 06pa30M B03MomHO 6hIJIO B IIpIlMMTMBH:bIX YCJIOBHHX
CTpOMTeJIbCTBa y6epe1J:b xJIe6 OT MypaB:beB II ;n;pyrHx Bpe)J;IlTeJIefi. 3nI
nO)J;nopRM IH'rpymaJIl'ICh B TOJICThIit CJwii comI, ROTopaH nORp:bIBaJIa II
CaM:blit IIOJI aM6apOB. TeRCThI ropo;n;a JIarama OTMe1JaIOT aa60TY Bcex
npaBMTeJIe:tl:, l-Ia'IImaH C "Y pHanllIe, 0 coopymeHuH aepI-lOXpaHHJ1JIlI{ )J;JIH
xpaHeHIffi 3aIIaCOB 06lI{HH:bI, )J;JIH xoaHiicTBa caMMX 3TUX npanMTeJIefi,
nOCTeneHHO B:bI;n;BMralOlI{MXCH B Ra1JeCTBe BepxyrrrRM 06lI{III-I:bI. PaCRon-
Rll Cap3eRa B TeJIJIo-JIararrre 06HapymUJIII OCTaTRII TaR oro aM6apa,
nocTpoeHHoro nplI "Y pHaHrne, HeCROJIbRO 60JIee COBeprneHHoit ROIlCT-
6. 3epHOXpaHIiJIHIIIe. Mao!5pameHHe Ha OT-
TIICH6 npOT03JIaMCHOfi D;IIJIHHJI;pHQeCHott
ne"laTD

28
rI'EXHHRA /rPEBHErO /rBYPEqI,H
PYRQUII, '1eM OIIIICaUUaH DLlille. IIpHMoyroJILI-IaH nocTpoiffia IIMeeT 10 M
60 CM B .n;JIlIHY II 7 M 30 CM D illIIPIIUY, CJIomeua II3 nJIaUOROHBeRCULIX
RlipnII'Iefi II IIOHOIITCH Ha Tpex CJIOHX RlIpnn:'1uofi HJIa.n;RII. Bce cTpoe-
IDm 6bIJIO OHpymeHo RlIpnII'II-IbIM 3aMOm,eHlIeM. CTeHbI coopymemm
IIMeJIli 60 CM TOJIIII,J1HbI. HIIRaHoro IIpn:3uaHa .n;Bepn: I-Ie 6uJIO Hafi.n;eHo.
BHYTpn: al\I6apa 6uJIO YCTpoeHo .n;Be HOMI-IaTbI, o.n;ua HBa.n;paTHaH, .n;py-
raH IIpHMoyrOJIbHaH C HIIillefi cHapymli. Mem.n;y I-IapymHofi CTeHO:H
II CnJIOillUhIMII, He IIMelOm,IIMIi .n;Bepefi HOMI-IaTaMn OCTaBaJICH Y3Hnfi
npoxo.n; B Bn:]].e IwplI):J;Opa. BOHpyr CTpoemm, cuapymll, Haii.n;eHO 6UJIO
IJOCeML Hnpnll1ffiUX ocnOBaHlifi .n;JIH .n;epeBHHHUX no.n;nopOR (lla He.n;pa),
no.n;.n;epmllnaBillnx HPUillY Ha.n; BceM coopynIeHlleM. I10JIHOe OTCYTCT-
BHe .n;Bepeit H OHOu aaCTaBJIHeT ]].YMaTh, 'ITO II D .n;aHUOM CJIY'lae MbI
IIMee .n;e.rro C aM6apOM 60JIee npOCTOit ROUCTPYHIJ;Hll, C aepI-lOXpaUII-
JIIIm,eM, aaCblIIRa B ROTopoe BeJIaCh
C nOMOm;blO npMCTaBIILIX JIeCTIDIIJ;.
B nOJIbay aT oro npe.n;IIOJImReI-lliH
rOBoplIT 06Ma3Ra 6IITYMOM 3aMOm;e-
I-lIIH, HllpnH'Hloit H;rra.n;HII qJyu]].a-
MeHTa II Bcex CTeH. IJ;eJILIit ROMnJI€RC
TaHnx 3epnOXpaHllJIIIIIJ; .n;au Ha peJIL-
e£l!e BpeMeHn Cl1UaXepII6a. CYIIl,e-
CTByeT MHeIUlP, '1TO HpUilllI aTIIX
accllpniicHllX coopymelmit ue 6UJIII
Ii. HaMeHHau CTynua uynOJI006pa3HbI, a JIMeJIIi £l!OPMY
CBo.n;a, OTHpUToro cnepe)J,lL
XoaHMCTneHI;I>Ie TeHCTLI III .n;IHWCT.HH Y pa nOCTOHIIIIO ynoMHnalOT
o norpY3Re aepJ.a l-Ia cy]].a, a TaR HaR ROJIII'IeCTBO 3Toro aepna 6bInaJIO
lIuor.n;a .n;onOJILJO BeJIn:RO, TO I-Ia.n;o nOJIaraTL, '1TO .n;o norpyaHH OHO xpa-
I-IIIJIOCL n06J1lIiJOCTII OT npllCTaHefl, a He .n;OTaBJIHJIOCh Ham.n;LIit paa
H3]].aJIeHa. O;J,IUIM na I-Iau60JIee xapaIITepubIx TeHCTOB 3Toro BpeMelllI
HBJIJIeTCJI Ta6JIeTHa, oIIy6JIliHOBaHHaJI B 1915 r. KOIlTeHo: (1480 RYP
H'IMeHH, IJ;apClIaJI Mepa: rpya cy.n;Ha, HanpaBJIHeMOro B Hnnnyp,
npoIIcxo.n;lIT na 3epuOXpaUHJIuIII,a n;apcHoro RanaJIa».
KO]].eRC XaMMypanli ynOMuHaeT '1aCTUUe 3epHoxpaHIIJUI.III,a, npIil-
HlIMaBIIlHe Ha xpa.HeHlIe xJIe6, II YCTaHaBJIHBaeT MepbI B3LICRaHliJI sa
npIICDoeIIne c.n;anIIoro B 1I1IX 3epHa. rocy.n;apcTneHIILIe aM6apLI Haxo-
.n;nJIIICh B ne.n;eIDm OC06LIX 1-Ia]].3upaTeJIeit, ROTOphIe 06H;aauLI 6UJUI
.n;aBaTh OT'IeTbI rJIanHLIM Ha.n;3I1paTeJIHM, IIpe.n;cTaBJIHBillHM CBO.n;HII 3THX
OT'IeTOB B xpaMOBbIe II IJ;apcHue RaHIJ;eJIHpIIII.
HeRoTopbIe BU.n;bI aepHa, ]].0 ynoTpe6JIeHIIH nx B num;y, IIpe.n;naplI-
TeJIhI-lO o6pa6aTbIBaJIUCh TOJI'IeUneM B H8MeHUbIx cTynRax (pIIC. 7),
]lJIH Toro '1T06bI YAaJIUTh TBep.n;ylO illeJIYXY; B 'lacTuoCTn, TaR TOJIRJIH
;)MMep.
PaaMOJI aepna IIpOHaBo.n;IIJICH .n;OBOJILUO nplIMIITIIBUhIM cnoco6OM
lIaR B MeJIRHX, TaR II B RpynHIxx X03HitcTBax. Ha BCeM IIpOTHmeHllll
IlCTOpHII p;peBnero ]J;BypeqLJI B TeXHIme pa3MOJIa aepI-la HllRaRoro

CEI1U}1l0E X08HllCTBO
9
"porpecca ue Ua6JI10p:aeTCH; p:JIH 3TOrO 06blqUO YilOTpe6JIHeTCH RaMeH-
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nOJlHOe OTpameHHe B BaROIIO)J;aTeJlbCTne XaMMypaIIu, r)J;e OTMeqaeTCH
TaRme pOJIb U nOJlOmeHHe IIacTyxa. OT)J;eJlbKbIe IIaparpa)bI RO)J;eRCa
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B qYJRIIe PYRIiI, CJlyqall, BepOHTno, He pe)J;Rne B 60JlbnUIX X03HficTBax,
ITacTYx 06H3aH CJIep;I1Tb 3a npnIIJlo)J;OM, II YMeHbmeHue IIpllnJIo)J;a
rp03I1T eMY Rapofi. MaTepnaJlbHOe IIOJIOJRenlIe nacTyxa BO BpeMeHa
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II llepCIIII II pa3BO)J;IIJIaCb, npeuMyecTBeHIIO, B 60Jlee ceBepHbIX
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44
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45
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B 8rroce I'IIJIbraMellIa, OTpamaIOru;eM B accupnitcRO:M peJ(aRQIIII
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48
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'\',.1 .".,' _" :.-' '., l' {  :.,'" ,''f':11' k' :" '. " .;r:-:-
, j. it/t"J - '". r, .;. ,t', . ...,'P t'\-;" . \''  '< ",
. ' t' :, l':  " , J "'" . i i; ", ',' JjJ '< j . ' ....:' "J,
J' .' ,p ;;P' " ,. , f \, II ; :,;(I' ,\ " .' . "I,' :'J cf:
, f.',f' IN.j .  ;(;{ ->'-';. \"" "." ,,' . .,' .,...oj f1: _:! :""I..f/;'.'
..' '"" ' ,.' '" ' ,... ,; ., .'.. II< . :;",./.:........ ;
2'.. OXOTa Ha JILDa C npliMamwit I1a06pamcHlie Ha L\HJIUIIJJ;p"qeCIwi!: neqanl
B aCClipliMCRoe BpeMH OXOTa Boooe, a oc06eHHO OXOTa Ha JIhBOB
cTaHoBIiTcH 113JIIOOJIeHHhIM CilOpTOM aCClIpnMCHIIX u;apeM II BeJIhM01H.
OXOTIIJIIiCh neIIIIIMII, BepxOM II B ROJIeCHIIu;e (pIIC. 25).
AmypoaHHilaJI B CBOlIX TeRCTax Heo;O;IloRpaTHo XBaJIIIJICH oTBaroit,
HOTOPYIO OIl IIpOHBJIHJI, coocTBeHHopyqIlO nopamaH 3BepeM. Cu;eHhl
ero OOphOhl co JIhBOM 6hIJlJI H306pameHhI Ha peJIheI!Jax ABopI{a. Opy.

CE!I£CROE X03HtlCTBO
49
mlIeM CJIymlIJIH ROIIbH, ROpOTRlIii Meq, JIYR II CTpeJIIJ. JIeBaH PYR8
BaBepTIJBaJIaCb B RYCOR ROmlI, OCTaBJIHH cB06o)J;HI>Il\m IIaJII>U;IJ, Oqe-
BII)J;HO, qor06IJ IIpe)J;OXpaHJITb PYRY OT TpeHlIH THmeJIOrO ROIIbH.
OilaCHOCTb TaRoii 60pb6IJ JIIIU;OM R JIJIU;Y C XIIlIJ;HlmOM )J;JIH u;apH He 6hIJIa
TaR Bemma, RaR 8TO MOrJIO 61>1 Ra3aTbCH. JII>BOB npe)J;BaplITeJIbHO JIO-
BIIJIII mlIBbeM II )J;epmaJIII B 3arOHax JIJIII B RJIeTRax. IIepe)J; TpaBJIeii
BBepeii BhIIIycRaJIII; 60JIbrrrOe IIpocTpaHcTBo, r)J;e )J;OJImHa 6bIJIa IIpO-
IICXO)J;IITb Tp:lBJIH, Ou;eIIJIHJIOCb )J;BYMH pH)J;aMII BOHIlOB; IIepBIJii pH)J;
6bIJI BoopymeH lIJ;JIT8MII II ROIIbHMH, BTOpofI - JIYRaMH H CTpeJIaMH.
TaRIIM o6pa30M, OXOTa 8Ta HOCIIJIa cRopee xapaRTep 60iiHH 3aTpaB-
JIeHHbIX H 3aIIyraHHbIx 8Bepeii. )];JIH YCTparrremill mlIBOTIlbIX IIpHMe-
_"""  7'-:- ,y... ,- , .;:-.......,.
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J 1'!-....  . ,'> '\ .
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25. OxoTa acclIplificHoro l{apH Amyp6aHlinaJIa Ha JJLBOD
HHJIaCb TpexxBoCTaH IIJIeTRa, cHa6meHHaH MeTaJIJIlIqeCRHMII HaROHeq-
HIIRaMu, ROTOpl>IMII Bca)J;IlHRII XJIeCTaJIU 3Bepeii.
OXOTa BepxoM II Ha ROJIeCHHu;e Ha peJIbeq,ax ArrrYPHaCHpilaJIa
II Arrryp6ammaJIa II306pam8JIaCb HeO)J;HoRpaTHO. PeJIbelf>bI 1'13 Rap-
xeMurrra PHCYIOT cBoe06pa3HYIO )OPMY TaRoii OXOTIlHqbeii ROJIeC-
IU!U;bI Y xeTTOB: RY30B ee C 60ROB oropomeH BhICORHMH lIJ;IITaMII,
3aRp:qIBalOlIJ;HMU OXOTHHRa )J;O rOJIOBbI.
IIpH OXOTe Ha )J;URoro 6bIRa IIJI"H Ha )J;IIROrO OCJIa, - mHBOTHhIX,
OTJIlIqaBrrrlIXCH qpeSBblq:aiiHoii 6bICTpOTOii )J;BlImeHHii, - IIplIMeIlHJIJI
JIaCCO, CBo6o)J;HYIO IIeTJIIO, ROTOpylO Ha6paCbIBaJIII Ha pora HJIU Ha rrrelO
{IIBOTHor.o II 3aTeM THnyJIII B pa3HhIe CTOpOHhI.
)];JIH JIOBJIH mlIBOTHhIX H IITHU; U B aCCHpHllCRoe BpeMH I'! D' )J;peB-
HeM IlIYMepe B XO)J;Y 6bIJIII ceni. Ha CTe:rre 8aHHaTYMa nORa3aH HHH-
;rnpcy, 601' ropo)J;a JIararrra, ROTOpbIii )J;epmHT IIoti:MaHHbIx B ceTII Bpa-
rOB, TOqHO IITIIU; B CIIJIRax. AIIIyp6aHHnaJI, OTilpaBJIHHCb Ha OXOTY,
6paJI C c060ii MYJIOB, HarpymeIlHblx ceTHMU. RaR II )J;JIH RaRUX mlI-
BOTHhIX paCCTaBJIHJIIICb ceTII, MbI 3HaeM no peJIbeq,aM. B ropHcTofl
:MeCTHOCTII 6o.JIbrrroe IIpocTpaHcTBo o6HeceHo ceTblO. BII)J;IlbI ROJIhIIIIRU,
" OqepKH !\peBHero BOOTOK8

50
TEXHHRA IfPEBHErO J{BYPE'lbH
B6uTIJe B 3eMJIIO, II BepeBlnI, IIpUTHrlmalOIIUIe CeTb R 8TnM ROJIbIIlIRaM.
B npOCTpaHCTBO, O'lTOpOllieHHOe CeTHMH, aaroWlIOT OJIeHei1 (pHC. 26
II 27).
iKIIBOTHIiIX JIOBHJIH llilIBbeM MelliAY npO'llIM II AJIH Toro, 'IT05:bI
AeplliaTb IIX B oropollieHHIiIx 3aIIOBeAHlIRax, rAe OHlI MOrJIII pa3MIlo-
lliaTbCH. HCHo, 'ITO aTH cBoe06pa3Hble (\3OOJIOrn'IeCRIIe caAb!» YTIIJIII-
TapHoro 3Ila'IemiH He IIMeJIII, a CJIYllilIJIII TOJIbRO AJIH n:a pCKOM 3a6aBbI.
XapaRTepIlO, qoro Ha PHAY c lIMiiOpTOM B am 3aIIOBeAH1IKII peA]{II
(d
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26. Hao6pameHlle OXOTHll'lherO aarOHa Ha aCClIpllfiCHOM peJIhecpe
lliHBOTHIiIX 113 ):{Pyrnx CTpaii (HailpIIMep, 113 EnIIITa), OThle'IaeTCH IIplI
CbIJIRa Ila6IITbIX 'Iy'IeJI lliIIBOTIlIJX, II TaKlle 'IY'IeJIa Aallie Tpe60BamlCb
n:apHMII ):{JIH nORa3a IIX B CTOJIlln:e.
Ha OXOTe TaR llie, RaR II B CROTOBO):{CTBe,60JIbIIIOe 3Ila'IeIlIle IIMeJIa
c06aRa. CY):{H IIO PHAY 1I305palliemli1 pa3HbIX BpeMeH, nopOAbI c06aR
6:bIJIII 'Ipe3BbI'Iai1Ho pa3Ho06pa3HbI. Ha aJIaMCRJtX cocYAax TaR Ha-
3bIBaeMoro 1-ro CTIlJIH CY3 (IV TbICH'IeJIeTIle) BCTpe'IaeTCH 'IaCTO II306-
pallieHlIe 60p3bIX c06aR C Y3Roi1, ):{JIIlHHOM MOp):{OM II IIo):{lliapbIM TeJIOM.
Ha IIpOT08JIaMCRIlX ne'IaTHX 1I306pallieIlIJ c06aKll IIOpObI AOrOB,.
C IIOMOrnbIO HOTOpbIX npOBOAuJIaCb TpaBJIH Benpeit H JIbBOB.
B RIIllIe 6bIJIa H3BeCTHa TaRllie nopo):{a, HaIIOMHHaIOII(aH OB'IapHY,.
C IIYIllIICTbIM XBOCTOM, 3aBepnyTbIM KOJIbn:OM. C06aRlI THIIa AorOB.
lIa IIaMHTHI'IRaX Il306pa3IITeJIbiiOrO IICRYCCTna ):{OCTaTO'IHO H3BeCTHIJ
II B 60JIee II03):{lIee BpeMH. HpRIIe, peaJIHCTII'IeCRHe 1'I306pamelIIIH
IlX HMeIOTCH lIa peJIbe<pe AllIyp6ammaJIa, r):{e IIORaaalIO, RaR c06aR
DeAYT CBOPOi1, B ollIei1mmax, BCJIe):{ 3a JIIOAbMH, HeCYII(1'IMII ceTll.

CTPOllTE.71:bHOE. jzE.710
51
.

27. lIao6pameHlle ceTefi II BepeBoH C KOJIhHMH, yno-
'1' pe6JIHBIIIl1XCH n pH OXO'1'e
repOOT rOBoplIT, ITO B nepcnCRoe BpeMH y OHoro H3 caTpailOB Ba-
mI:IOHa «nHIlticRUX C06al{ epmaJIOCb TaRoe MHomeCTBO, ITO qeTIiIpe
60JIbImn: p;epem-m paBHIIHbI, cB060HIiIe OT pyrHx IIo;o;aTeli, 06HaaHIiI
6IiIJIlI IIOCTaBJIHTb IIpOBII3HIO JIH BTIIX c06aRl}".
rJIana II
CTPOIITE.1IbHOE ,JJ;E.1IO
I1epeHfIH A31IH no CBOUM eCTeCTBeHHbIM YCJIOBHHM He IIpeCTaB-
JIHJra arI,e OTHOCIITeJIbHOrO eHCTBa. Pa3YMeeTCH, qTO TeppllTOpUaJIh-
HIiIe H RJIlIMaTnqeCRHe oc06eHHOCTH, Ha PHY C COQIIaJIbHIiIMH, ORa3aJIH
cyecTBeHHoe BJIlIHHIIe Ha pa3JIUqUe apXHTeRTypHbIX tlJOPM, CBH-
8aHHbIX co CTpOIITeJIbHbIMH MaTepHaJIaMH, :HMeBIDUMnCH B OTeJIbHbIX
patioHax.
B ropHbIX pa.rrOHax IIepeHefi A3HH MaTepHaJIOM JIH nOCTpoeR
n3peBJIe CJIymIIJIH RaMeHb II epeBO. B I01-RHOM me ,Il,Bypeqbe H3-8a He-
OCTaTRa RaMHH II epeBa caMbIM pacnpOCTpaHeHHIiIM B CTOIlTeJIL-
CTBe MaTepHaJIOM HBJIHJIaCb aJIJIIOBHaJILHaH rJIHHa.
,Il,peBHefIIDIIM BHOM mlIJIIIa JIH HlI3MeHHIiIX pafiOHOB ;z:I;BypeqbH
6bIJIO coopymeHIIe H3 TpOCTHIIROBOrO IIJIeTHH, 06MaaaHHoro rJIHHO.rr.
IIpII paCRonRax ropoa Ypa 13 CJIOHX, OTHOCHIQIIXCH R III IIHaCTIIU,
06HapymeHIiI 6bIJIII OCTaTRH nocTpoitroI, H ODJIOMRaX rJIIIHHHIiIX CTeH
ROTOpofi cOXpaHIIJIHCb 3aMeTHble CJIe;O;IiI TpOCTHIIROBOrO RapRaca.
BocnpoII3BeeHHe TaRO.rr TpOCTHIIROBOfi XIDfHIHbI npeCTaBJIHeT
CTeaTIITOBblfi cocy (pIIC. 28), npoHCXO;o;HIQH:H H3 8JIaMa (CY3IiI II).
II 006Hble COCYbI B HaCTOHee BpeMH II8BeCTHIiI II HB pyrIIx MeCT-
HOCTen ceBepHofI MeCOilOTaMIIR H I01-RHOrO ;z:I;BypeqbH: H3 Mapl!, YpYRa,
Y pa. RpyrJIIiIe KllrIHIHbI 1I3 TpOCTHIIROBoro IIJIeTeHIIH co BCTaBHIiIMIl
;J:(BepHIiIMH I:I OROHHIiIMII paMaMII, HHmHlle nOJIOB:HHIiI ROTOpIiIX 3aTHrll-
Q.

.
62
TEXHIlRA J!PEBHETO J!BYPE'lhH
BaJIHCb :QbIHOBRaMII, Cym;ecTBOBaJIH Ha BCeM npOTHmeHHU UCTOplIU
nepeHeR A3IIH, COXpaHl'lBmUCb U O HaCTOHm;ero BpeMeHl'l.
Ha PHy C TaRRMII TpOCTHI'IROBbIMU X1VI\UHaMR, yme C peBHefimux
BpeMeH cym;ecTBOBaJIIl rJIHH06uTHbie CTpoeHIIH 6e3 BCHRoro RapRaca.
HeilpotlHOCTb rJIlIH06uTHbIX nOCTpoeR, pa3pymaBmnxCH npn BbICbI-
XaHl'lII rJIUHbI, l1:0BOJIbHO CROpO 3aCTaBIIJIa HaCeJIeHlIe CTpOUTb CTeHbI
U3 RUpmpIa. II pllMeHeHHe RIIpIIUqa RaR OCHOBHoro meMeHTa CTpOll-
TeJIbHOR TexmIRn MbI BCTpeqaeM B )J,Bypeqbe U3peBJIe.
Pa60TbI no peMOHTY 1I COOpyrRemno OMOB l'I3 rJIlIHHHbIX Rl'IpnIIqeR
6bIJIIl ce30HHbIMII R npOl'I3BOAlIJIIICb, COrJI8CHO 60JIee n03HIIM acclI-
PUflCRIIM nCTOqHIlRaM, B rRapRnfI MeCH:Q CHBaH. RJIlIHOilIlCHble TeRCTbI
Ha RaMeHHbIX nJIIITaX 113 Bop:Qa Ca.prOHa, xpaHHm;neCH B rocyap-
28. Cocya 118 Cys, B ltJopMe lliUJllIlIIa
CTBeHHOM 8pMlITame, coepmaT YRa3aHUH, qTO B MeCH:Qe ClIBaH 6bIJIO
npnCTYlmeHO R BbIeJIRe RlIpnnqeii, a B MeCH:Qe a6, «yRpenJIHIOm;eM
(pYHaMeHTbn>, 6bIJI CoopYlweH XOJIM JIH B03BeAeHIiH BOp:QOBbIX no-
CTpoeR.
H.aH B peBHefi BaBIIJIOHIIII, TaR II B ACCHpun IIOCTpOll:Ra OMOB
npou 3BO lI,HJIaCb cne:QIIaJIlICTaMU-CTpOHTeJIHMII. :KoeRc 3aROHOB BaBlI-
JIOHCRQro :QapH XaMMyy>ann npeYCMaTpIIBaeT onJIaTY pa60TbI CTpO-
IITeJIH ( 228) U HaHa3aHl1e B CJIyqae He06poCOBeCTIIOrO BblIIOJIHemiH
rrocTpofmn ( 229-233). He IIMeH OrTaTOqHbIX TeOpeTIIqeCHIIX 3Ha-
HUR, peBHIIe apxuTeHTopbI MeconOTaMIIIl He npOIl3BOIIJIH mIRaRIIx'
paCqeTO B , II MbI BIl,[{IIM, qTO Bce coopymeHIiH BblIIOJIHHJIIICb C IIpeYBe-
;rUlqeHHLIM 3anaCOM npOqHOCTH.
BrrOJIHe BepOHTHO, qTO B HeROTopbIX CJIyqaHX rrpH nOCTpOll:Re IIep-
BOHaqaJIbHO H3rOTOBJIHJICH MaReT coopymeHlIH; B03M01WHO, qTO Ha
C:QeHax rrpHHomeHHH apOB He60JI1>mue RpeilocTH, YMem;arom;necH
Ha JIa,[{oHH, IIpeCTaBJIHIOT c060n TaRue MaReTbI IIocTpoeR. )J,JIH
CJIOrRHbIX nocTpoeH COCTaBJIHJIIICb nJIaHbI C YRa3aHlIe M pa3MepoB
OTeJIbHbIX qaCTeR coopymemiH.
B peBHeIIIYMepCROM ropoe J1arame (cepeHHa III TbICHqeJIeTIlH
AO H. a.) pacRorrRaMH Cap3eRa 6bIJIH OTHpbITbI Be RaMeHHbIe qaTyn,
1I306pamarom;Ile rrpaBHTeJIH JIarama rYAea B BHe apxHTeRTopa. Ha

CTPOIrTEJIhHOE lI,EJIO
53
ROJIeHHX CTaTYH nORa3aHbI naJIeTRH C JIemall{IIMlI Ha HIlX pe3IWMH
;IH HaHeCeHIIH Il306pamemIii II JIHHeiiRaMH (pIIC. 29). Ha OHO:D
1I3 IIaJIeTOR HMeeTCH IIJIaH
CJIomuoro RpeilocTHoro co-
opymeHIIH. JhIHei'lRa C p,e-
JleHIIHMlI, JIemall{aH Ha RO-
JIeHHX CTaTYH ryea (pnc.
30), IIpeCTaBJIHeT C060lO
Mepy JJ:JIllHbI (JIOROTb), pa3-
eJIeHHYIo Ha 16 qaCTe.rr,
IIHTb 113 HIIX I1MelOT 60JIee
p06HbIe eJIeHIlH (OT nyx
O llleCTII), caMoe MeJIROe
eJIeHne IIpeCTaBJIHeT 1/96
JIORTH. B HInRHe.rr qaCTII
JIIIHe.rrRll uTO eJIe}llIe B CBOIO j
OqepeJJ:b pa3eJIeHO Ha Be , .tf
II lIa Tpn qaCTlI, BOCIIpOII3-
BOJJ:H, TaRnM 06pa30M, 1/ 288
qaCTb JIORTH.
rIDIHHHbIe Ta6JIeTRlI C
apXHTeRTypHbIMH IIJIaHaMll,
p;OllleWIIHe OT pa3.J1UqHbIX
BpeMeH, 113BeCTHbI B He-
CROJIbRlIX SR3eMIIJIHpaX, Ha
HeROTopbIX npli qepTeme
0603HaqeHbI TaR/Re II pa3-
MepbI OTeJIbHbIX qacTefi no-
CTpoiiRII (pIlC. 31). C;IeyeT
3aMeTIITb, qTO STlI apxn-
TeRTypHbIe IIJIaHhl mlRora lie BblllOJIHHJIHCb B MaclllTa6e, a IIpe-
CTaB;IHJIlI C060lO JIlIlllb cXeMaTllqeCRIllr SCRII3 nJIaHa cTpoeHHH.
C peBHeI1UIIIX BpeMeH B J];Bypeqbe HaqaJI IIpnMeHHTbcH RllpIInq
li3 aJIJIlOBlIaJIbHOlr rJIlIHbI, R ROTOpOll B HeROTopbIX CJIyqaHX npnMe-

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29. fIJIaH nocTpoi\:1m, pe8hl II JIll Heihm.
11306pameHHLIe Ha cTaTYHx rY11.ea. 11 paBlI-
TeJIH JIarawa
'flTtU r- JJ W :,:- :fU TJ ,I;
..:," .: h-' .., .' {::  . t.;:;.,:+:::: "j:::/,''>' ,"' .
30. JInHeitHa C neJIeHllHMU co cTaTyn rY11.ea (JIeBaH nOJlOBI1Ha)
mlIBaJIaCb py6JIeHaH COJIOMa. GaMbIe peBHlIe RlipIInqlI, BbIJIeIIJIeHHbIe
OT PYRlI, IIMeJIlr IIpOOJIrOBaTYlO 1JI0pi\IY II, IIOBlIAIiMOMY, 6bIJIIl He-
60JIblllOrO pa3Mepa.

54
TEXHIlRA l!PEBHErO l!BVPEfJ"bH
RHpIIn'UI BpeMeIDI YpHaHille (Haq. III TbICHq.;o;O H. 3.), H3rOTOBJIHB-
illneCH yme B tl>opMaX, COXpaHHIOT npO;O;OJIrOBaTbIn Bn;o; (0.20 Ha 0.30 M),
IIp1'l.qeM BepxHHH nOBepxHocTh Rllpnnqa 6bIJIa BbmYRJIOn C yrJIy6JIe-
HneM nocepe;o;nHe, 06pa30BaHHbIM HallmMOM naJIhI\a PYRH npn tl>op-
MOBRe. 3HaqOHHe 3T011: oc06eHHocTH ;o;peBHlIx RnpIIUqell: OCTaeTCH
HeIIOHHTHbIM. IIo;o;06HbIe 1Ke RUpnnqn n3BeCTHbI U 1'1.3 MHOr1'l.X ;o;pyrnx
1'0pO;o;OB IIIYMepa II ARRa;o;a.
Yme IIpn IIpeeMHImax "Y pHaHille, IIpo;o;OJIrOBaTbIe R1'I.pIIn'UI
p;eJIaIOTCH IIJIOCRIIMU C 06enx CTOpOH. II03JJ:Hee, ell.{e B IIIYMepe,
IIOHBJIHIOTCH RnpIIUqn RBa;o;-
paTHofI tl>0PMhI, CTaBmne
BeChMa xapaRTepHbIMn ;o;JIH
Bcen apxnTeRTypbI IIepe;o;-
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JIOHCRue RHPITII'III - 06bIq-
1I0 RBa;o;paTHon tl>OPMbI, co
cTopolIaMH 0.31-0.34 M
(BcTpeqaIOTCH OT;o;eJIhlIbIe n
60JIee RpYlIlIbIe 3R3eMIIJIH-
pbI) npH TOJIll.{nlIe B 0.08-
0.10 M. BecbMa BepoHTlIo,
qTO IIX pa3MepbI 6bIJIll CBH-
3aHbI C OClIOBHOll: Mepoll ;o;JIIl-
HbI, paBHHBillencH 0.315 M.
AJIH RJIa;O;RH ROJIOHH (JIa-
81. rmUlJIHaH Ta6JIeTHa C u306pameHlleM ram) H CBO;o;OB npuMeHH-
nJIana nocTpofhm JIUCh RUPIIHqH ClIeI\naJIbHOn
tl>OpMbI .
B accupullCRUX 1I0CTpOImax ;O;JIUHa CTOpOH RBa;o;paTHbIx RHpIIIlqel1
ROJIe6JIeTCH OT 0.32 1'0 0.38 M, IIpU TOJIll.{IIlle B 0.06-0.10 M (uHor;O;8
TOJIll.{IIlla JJ:OCTuraeT 0.15 M). RnplIn:qn:, YiloTpe6JIHBillneCH ;o;JIH coopy-
menllH IIJIaTiPopM, HMem1: CTOpOHbI ;o;JIllHOIO B 0.44 M. B Accype UbIJIIl
HafifWHbI HeooommeHHbIe RnpIIllqn qpe3BbPmfiHo pa:mo06pa3HbIx
<P0PM, mmpnMep, TIOJIYRpyrJlOII u;ru B tl>opMe OT;o;eJIhHbIX cerMeHTOB
RpYl'a, a TaI\:me RnpTIIl'HI C O)J.HOll 3aRpyrJIeHHot'I CTopoHon. 83 3THX
RnpIIUqel1:, IIOBUJUIMOMY, COCTaBJIHJIIICh pa3JIHqHbIe YRpailleHIIR IIO-
cTpoeR, ROTOpbIe DhllIOJIHHJIneh rJIa3ypoBaHHbIMu IIJIHTRaMn.
MHorne U3 RUpIInqen IIMeIOT mTaMlIbI C RJIllHOillICbIO, cO;o;epmall.{ne
l'IMH II TUTYJIaTYPY cTpOIITeJIH.
06blqHO OCHOBHO.ti MaceHB HJIa;O;RII CTeH COCTOHJI H3 He060mmefl-
HbIX, BbIcymeHHblx Ha COJIHI\e RlIpIIIIqen, H JIllillb ;o;JIH OT;o;eJIbHbIX
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CTPOIITE.TbHOE jzElIO
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AMaHY, B ceBopHoii CIlpUII. 8TU me ropbI, COrJIaCHO RJIlmOIIIICHbIM
UCTOqHURaM, IIpOJ],OJIil\:aJIlI OCTaBaTbCH II J],JIH aCCllplllleB MeCTOM,
OTRYJ],a OCTaBJIHJICH B ACCIIpIlIO CTpOIlTeJIbHbIll JIec. B JIeTOnllCHX
CaJIMaHaCapa III yRa3bIBaeTcH, qTO B BaQaTb llIecToll ro ero rrpaB-
JIeHIIH, rrOCJIe rroxoJ],a B CUpllIO, Ha 06paTHoM IIYTll, BOllCRa B3011IJIll
Ha ropbI aHY, qT06bI Cpy6IITb ReJ],poBbIe epeBbH II TpaHcnopTII-
pOBaTb lIX B ACCIIpllIO.
CTpOIITeJIbHbIe HaJ(IIHCII CUHaxep1l6a coepmaT TaHme YRa3amm
Ha coopymelUIe IIepeRpbITIIll: 113 RImapllCOBbIX II ReJ],pOBbIX CTBOJIOB
rrpIlqeM B TeRCTe oc060 rrOqepRIIBaeTCH, qTO 60JIbIIIIIe l{eJ],poBbIe
CTBOJIbI 6bIJIlI J],OCTaBJIeHLI JIH rrocTpotnm co CHcmHblX rop AMaHY.
Ho He Bcera CTpOllTeJIbHbIii JIec J],OCTaBJIHJICH B ACClIpllIO C ROpHH,
OqeHb qaCTO 6bIBaJIll llCnOJIb30BaHbI MaTepllaJIbI, rrpIlBe3eHHhIe IIa
II06emeHlThIX ropOJ],OB II RperroCTell. TaR, B JIeTOrrllCHX CaprOHa,
B OillIcalUlll pa3rpa6JIelUIH BO BpeMH ero 8-ro IIoxoa ypapTCRora
ropoa Y JIxy, paccRa3bIBaeTcH, qTO aCCIIpllllCRI'le BOllcRa, BCTYIIII
BO J],BopeQ MeCTHoro rrpaBIITeJIH, meJIe3HbIMll 0PYIIHMll pa36IIJIll t
«RaR rJIlUIHHbIll: ropllIoR», ero RpeIIRlIe RaMeHHble cTeHbI, COpBaJIIi
JIlIHHbIe RlIIIapucoBble CTBOJIbI, CJIymIIBIIIlle RpbIllIell BoPQa II,
06TecaB IlX TOilopaMII, oTrrpaBUJIlI BMeCTec pyroll 06bIqell B ACCllplllO.
Ha peJIbetl>ax J],BOPQa CaprOHa, paCRonaHHoro BOTTa B 40-x rOJJ,a:Ji'
IIpOIIIJIOrO CTOJIeTUH, IlMeIOTCH TaroKe 1I306pameHIlH rrepeB03Rll H8
cyax 60JIbIIIOrO ROJIIlqeCTBa epeBHHHbIX 6aJIOR. RpOMe RepOBor
1'[ RIlnapIICOBoro epeBa J],JIH nepeRpbITIlll nplIMeHHJIIICb TaRm&
CTBOJIbI IlJIaTaHa, caMIllIITa, BH3a, naJIbMbI II TaMapllCRa. CBepxy
epeBHHHhIH HaCTllJI 3aCbIIIaJICH TOJICTbIM CJIOeM 3eMJIll, ROTOpbIll,.
COrJIaCHO CBeeHllHM CTpa60Ha, J],OCTIII'aJI 2 JIORTell TOJIIQIlHbI (0.63 M).
B ABypeqbe BCTpeqaIOTCH yme C J],peBHeHlllero BpeMeHlI CBObI.
B Qa pCRlIX rp06HIlQax Y pa, Ha PHY C paHee II3BeCTHbIMJIl MOrl'lJIbHhIMR

.
CTPOIITEJIbHOE PEJIO
61
IWMf'paMI1, nepeRphITbIMn cXOAHm;eIIcH RBepxy RJla.IIIWii:, 06paaYIOm;eii
'I'al Ufl3LIllaeMhIli «JIOmHbIII CBOAI), npn paCROnRaX B 1927-29 1'1'.
fil.l.un OTKphITbI RaMeHHhIe Kop06oBhIe CBOAbI, nepeKphIBalOm;He npo-
]l.OJII'OnaTble RaMephI apcRHx 1'p06HII. B 1'po6HIIe apHhI illy 6a .r:\
lIMeJICH CBOA, BhIJIOmeHHhIII 060mmeHHhIMll 1'JIUHHHhIMH RnpnJI'IaMM
D OAHH pHA.
ApO'lHble nepeRpbITHH oUHapymeHbI TaRme II B cTpoeHIIHx, OTHO-
CHm;HXCH K Ha'laJIY III ThICHIeJIeTIIH AO H. a. (pnc. 36), paCKOlraHHhI:xi
;/j,
."",....,
'" ''fI'., ' '.' _ ,.' ','
-"'"
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, ;/f;t.
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36. HOlHaTa IIIYMepclwro I\Ollla, paCIwnaHHoro B AIIIHYHaH8
3MepnRaHCKOII :mcIIeJ(llHeii: B AllIHYHaKe II Xacpa):\mH. H'OHCTPyn:IlH
3TIIX ):\peBHllX rnYMepcRHx apoR H CBO):\OB 6bIJIa npocTa II COCTOHJIa H3
O):\Horo HJIH ABYXPHAOB lIOCTaBJIeHHbIX Ha pe6po n:npllH'leII,nepeKpbIThIX
cBepxy ropU30HTaJIbHO IlOJIOmeHHhIM CJIOeM. TaM me UMelOTCH OTBO):\-
Hble RaIfaJIbI, llepeKphITble Ha BCeM CBoeM npoTHmeHIIJI HeBblCOKHM
Iwpo6oBbIM CBO):\OM (puc. 37).
B accHpHIICROII apxHTeRType Rop060BhIe CBO):\bl BCTpe'laIOTCH ):\0-
EOJIbHO qaCTO. HaH60JIee llHTepeCHbIMU II xapaRTepHbIMH 06pa3aMII
3Toro po):\a HBJIHIOTCH nepeKpbITllH KaHaJIII3allOHHoII cnCTeMbI
(I accllpHIICKllX ):\Bopax.
RaHaJI BO ABope CaproHa Ha CBoeM npOTHmeHIIU He paa
MeHH.JI CBOIO cpOPMY H CIIoc06 RJIanKH.
O):\IlH KOHe RaHaJIa 6bIJI neperopomeH RllpnH'lHOII cTeHRoII
c ABYMH Tpy6aMH (puc. 38).

62
TEXHIlRA J/,PEBHErO lIBYPEqhH
,IJ;aJIbIIIe I\.aHaJI, paCIIIUpHHCb, rrepexo;:rIIJI B raJIJIepcro, 'IICpeRpliI-
TYro CBO;:rOM CTpeJIbqaTOII cpOPMbI.
Bce aCClIplIllCl\IIe CBO;:rbI, COrJIaCHO CTpa6oHY, BCJIe;:rCTBlIe HC-
;:rOCTaTKa ;:repeBa BbIrrOJIHHJIUCb 6e3 rrpUMeHeHIIH RpymaJIa. Cym;-
BOCTb 3TorO crroco6a 3aRJIIOqaJIaCb B TOM, ITO CBO;:r BbIIIOJIHHJICH
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37, HaHaJI BO IJ,BOPl\8 B AUIHYHaR8
OTneJIbHbIMH BepTUKaJIbHbIMII OTpe3KaMII, oiluparom:IIMUCH Ha m:eRO-
BYro CTeHY. B HaqaJIe coopymCHIIH CBo;:ra K aTOll CTeHe rrpIIKJIa-
;:rbIBaJICH CJIOII KIIprrIIqell, IIOCTaBJIeHHbIX Ha pe6po, T. e. IIIlIpORoit
CTOpOHOll K meKOBOII CTeHe, CJIymam:elI orropon-. ,IJ;JIH IIpOIHOCTII
rrOCTpon-KII RIIprrIIqII, COCTaBJIHBIIIIiIe CBO;:r, RJIaJIIICb C 60JIbIIIUM
HaRJIOHOM, rrpIIqeM ;:rJIH YMeHbIIIeHIIH paCilopa, GBO;:ry IIpII;:raBa-
aCb CTpeJIbqaTaH cpopMa. OT;:reJIbHbIC BepTlIRaJIbHble OTpe3KH RJIa;:rKH

CTPOHTEJIbHOE JJ.EJIO
6
ImH3JI3 6:bIJIII ,1Wyx TIIIIOB: OIIH rrpeCTaBJIHJI co6olO CTpeJI]:>qaTYIO
fqmy co cpe3aHHbIM BepXOM, PyroH me apRY, B ROTOpOH CXO-
lllllllllCCH B Beprrume Im:prrnqn corrpnRaCaJInCb Pyr C pyrOM JInIIII>
y".rHlMH (pnc. 39). B rrocTpoHRe <JTll Ba TllIIa RJIaRII IepepBaJInCb,
aTlIM OCTnraJIaCb rrepeBH3Ra IIIBOB. HnpIInqn, yrroTpe6JIHBIIIneCH
111111 coopymeHlI11 cBoa, RaR 06bIqHO B ACCl1pIIII, HMeJIII CIIen;HaJIbHYIO
IjloPMY.
B cpeHeH CBoeH raCTH RaHaJI CI1JIbHO cymaJICH, rrplIqeM HHmHHH ero
qaCTb rrpeCTaBJIHJIa rroo6l1e Y3Roro TYHHeJIH, ROTOpbIH o6pa30BaJICH
nOJIOmeHHbIMI1 rrJIaIIIMH, He-
CROJIbRO HaHCROCb R n;eHT-
PY, RHprrl1qaMH, COCTaB-
38. HJIaIJ;I-1a HaHaJIa BO IJ;BOpe
Ca proHa
39. HJIaIJ;Ha HaHaJIa BO IJ;BOpe CaproHa'
JIHlOmilMII CBoero poa «JIOmHbIH CBOI) (pHC. 40). Ha <JTOH RJIa-
ROIl HaXOHJICH ROpHOp, rrepeRpbITbIH Ropo6oBbIM CBOOM, CJIO-
:meHHbIM H3 pHOB RHpIIl1qeH, CI1JIbHO CROIIIeHHbIX B OHY CTOPOHY.
Becl> RaHaJI 6bIJI 3aRJIIOIeH B TOJImy IIJIaTcpopMbI, Ha ROTOpOH 6bIJI
IIOCTpoeH Bopen; ,IJ;yp-IDapPYRIIH.
H B caMOM BOpn;e OTeJIbHble rrOMem:eIf.IIH IIMeml CBOAbI, 06blqHO
TOJIIllIIHOIO B TPH RHprrlIra, npIIIeM BeCI> CBO, HanlHaH OT IIHTbI,
COCTOHJI II3 pHOB RIIprrlIIeH, COilpHRacaBIIIIIXCH pyr C PyroM
IIIHpORnMII CTopOHaMII, RaR <JTO BIIAHO U3 rrpUJIaraeMOro pnCYHRa,
II306p amalO mero RJIaRY CBoa BO BOpn;e CaprOHa (puc. 41).
,IJ;Bepu B BOpn;OB:nrX cTpoeHuHx 06bIIHO HMeJIH apOqHbIe rrepeRp:nr-
TIIH, B03BOIIBIIIIIeCH TaR me, RaR II CBOAbI, 6e3 HpymaJIa. B03MomHO,
qTO rrpu nOCTpOHR6 apHII IIepBbIH pH RHprrliqefi YHJIaAbIBaJICH Ha
aeMJIHHOfi HaCbIIIII liJIII me Ha C.TeHHe, CJIOmeHHOfi II3 CbIpn;OBoro
RHprrlIQa, pa36IIpaBIIIeHCH rrOCJIe coopymeHHH apHII. ApXHBOJIbTbI
06bIIHO TOJIbRO IIOp;QepRIIBaJIII ROHCTpYRn;IIIO ap01J,Horo IIepeRpbITUH,.

4
TEXHIIlCA p'pii:BHErO p'BYPE'lbH
XOTH B HUX BCTpeqalOTCH RUPUUqU, UOJIOmeHHbIe IIOCTeJI:bIO, qero He
.u:bIJIO B RJIap;Ke CBOP;OB U3BeCTHbIX HaM accupHIICRUX uocTpoeK. I1Horp;a
.apxUBOJI:bT YRpallIaJICH q>PU30M, COCTaBJIeHH:bIM U3 rJIa3ypoBaHHblx
Raq>eJIeiL
ApoqH:bIe ROHCTpYlnuH llIlIpORO up:rI:MeHHJI11C:b aCC11pIIIICI\.l1MII
TpOnTeJIHMII. Ha OP;HOM 1I3 pem,eq>OB, UPOlIcXOp:HIn;eM,u3 HUHeBlIu,
;<IMeeTCH I<I306pameHlIe cap:a C
IWMeHHIiIM IIaBUJI:bOHOJ\1 II CTe-
JIOII C n;apcI\.1IM mJ06pameHueM.
CnpaBa OT IIaB11JIbOHa Haxo-
P:UTCH CTeHa C TpeMH CTpeJIb-
qaTbIMU apRaMII, no Bepxy I\.O-
'40 HJIam\a l\aHaJIa BO nBopu8 CaproHa 41. HJIanl\a CBOJJ,a 130 D,l3opu;e CaproHa
'Topon paCTYT p:epeBbH II C I\.OTOpOII CTeI\.aeT peI\.a, npOTeI\.arom;aH
p:aJIee no cap:y. 3p:eCb, nOllup:IIMOMY, u300pameH CBoero pop:a aI\.-
:Bep:Ylt, IIpOBOP:IIBllIUII BOP:Y p:JIH opOllIeHUH cap:a, IIpUqeM BepXHHH ero
aCTb 6IiIJIa 3aCa1KeHa p:epeB:bHMII II I\.YCTa PHlJl{OM. 8TO 1I30opameHue
ne130JIbHO HailOMUHaeT 3HaMeHIITble (<BIICHqUe cap:hIl) CeMnpaMuT(bI
(puc. 42).
"Yme C :n:peBHeIIllIlIx BpeMeH B nocTpolmax ;r:I;BypeqbH BCTpe q 3;IOTcH
.IWJIOHHIiI. B 8JI:b-06eIIp:e, OI\.OJIO "Ypa, B paJBaJIl'IHaX xpaJ\Ia ROHn;a
IV TbICHqeJIeTUH p:o H. 3. 6IiIJIn OTKpIiITbI p;epeBHHHbIe IWJIOHHbI, CJIY-
-mnllUIlle ROHCTPYI\.TIiIBHIiIMn 3JIeMeHTaMH Bxop:a B xpaM. OHn IIpep;- ,
-CTaBJIHJIII c06010 CTllOJIIiI p;epeBa, 06UT:ble qeRaHHbIMU JIUCTaMU Mep;lI.
TaJ\1 me 6IiIJIlI HaIIp;eHbI P;Pyrne ROJIOHHbI Tome 1I3 p;epeBa, nOI\.pbITOro
6UTYMOM, B IwropbIII 6bIJIII Bnyrn.eHbI Mep:HIiIe llIneHbRII UHI\.pYCTaq11II
,J13 pa3HOn;BeTHoro I\.aMHH 11 nepJIaMYTpa. HeROTOp:ble IICCJIep;OBaTeJIII
nOJIaraJIII, qTO I\.OJIOHHbI B ;r:I;Bypeqbe nOHBIIJIIIC:b JIlnrrb B XI B. p:o H. B.,
HO OTRpbITIffi B"Y pe onpOBeprml 3TY :rJ;aTY. 113BeCTHIiIII B HaCTOHrn.ee

CTPOItTC:J1bH01!: ;:r1!:nO
C5
BpeMH apXeOJIOrnreCRIIil MaTepHaJI IIORa3hIBaeT, qTO ApemmiiIIIHe
IWJIOUHI,I lI3rOTOBJIHJIHCI, H3 AepeBa; IIPH paCROIIRaX Cap3eRa B JIa-
I'01llle 6I,IJIH o6HapymeHhI OCTaTKII CJIOmeHIII>IX 1I3 ImpIIHqa ROJIOHH,
U'J'HOCHmIIXCH, IIOBHAIIMOMY, K ;n;peBHeIIIYMepCROMY BpeMeHR. JIIIIIII,
OT ACCHpHH AO HaC ;n;OIIIJIH R3MeHHI,Ie ROJIOHIII>I, XapaI{TepllI>Ie ;n;JIH
e'rpOHTeJII,CTBa, rAe OCHOBHJ,IM MaTepHaJIOM CJIymHJI RaMeHb.
B ropHhIX MeCTHOCTHX TIepe;n;HeH A3IIH, oco6eHIIO Y xeTTOB H B
MIITaHHH, RaR IIORa3I,IBaeT H3BeCTHhIH HaM MaTepHaJI, ROJIOHHhI IIMeJIH
cyecTBeHHoe ROHCTPYRTIIBHoe 3HaqeHlJeH IIOJIyqamI IIpH3TOM CRYJILII-
TypHOC o<!JopMJIeHHe. TaR, B TeJIJIL-XaJIJIalJJe (MHTaHHH) 6hIJIH OTKpLITI,I
,I. I' : I  I,' I
, I
! ,I I,
, I '
I
1'1' 111
1 I r If ''''" II .' r . I
1 1 .1 I
'"
111 , .
., ,
'.2. H30GpameHHe aIiBeD.YHa Ha aCCnpl1fiCHOM peJIbe4>e
KpyrrHI,Ie I{aMeHHhIe CTaTYH 60meCTB, Bo;n;py:mellHI>IX Ha 1I306pameHIIIIX
rKllBOTllhIX, BLillOJIHHBIIIHe pOJIL ROJIOHH.
B CTpOHTeJILHhIX Ha;n;IIIICHX CHllaxeplI6a YIIOMHHaeTCH 1I3rOTO-
BJIeHlIe ROJIOIIII Ji13 6p01l3I,I H Re;n;pOBoro ;n;epeBa, IIOKpI,ITOrO 6pOll30iL
8TH ROJIOHHhI 6hIJIIIycTaHOBJIeHhI Ha IILe;n;eCTaJIaX B BH;n;e CRYJILIITYPHI>IX
II306pamemIH JII.BOB, qTO HaXO;n;IIT nO;n;TBepm;n;emIe B accHpniicRnx
pIIcymmx ABOp:qOB II B coxpaHIIBIIIHXCH MaTepnaJILHhIX naMHTHlmax.
TIpH paCROIIRax acCnpIIHCRlIX ;n;BOp:qOB 6hIJIII HaHAeHhI OT;n;eJILHhIe qaCTH
TaRHX 6pOH30BhIX 06HBOR ROJIOHH, a TaIDKe IIIapoo6pa3HhIe RaIIHTeJIll
H 6a3hI RaMeHHhIX ROJIOHH, ROHCTPYRTHBlIoe 311aqeHHe KOTOpLIX
eme He YCTaHOBJIeHO C IIOJIHofi OIIpe;n;eJIeIlIlOCTLIO.
AccnpHficRHe :qapII B CBOIIX TeKCTax qaCTO YIIOMHllaIOT 0 IIOCTpofi-
Rax, Ha3I,IBaeMhIX 6HT-XHJIaHR, BaHMCTBOBaHHhIX Y xeTTOB II COopY-
meHHhIX IIOHX 06pa3:qy. B 3THX nocTpofiImx, RaR BH;n;HO IIO aCCllpHii-
CRHM H306pameHHHM, ROJIOHllhI II MaCCHBHI,Ie HapHH3I,I HBJIHJIllCb
IIX xapaRTepHOH oco6eHHOCTLIO (pIIC. 43).
B Ha;n;IIHCH CaprOHa, XpaHHmeficH B rocy;n;apcTBellllOM 8pMHTame,
ynoMHIIaeTCH 0 IIOCTpOHKe 3AallIIH (<lIO o6pa3:qy xeTTCRoro ;n;BOp:qa»,
5 O"'PKII lIP.suero BOCTOK&

66
Tl'JXflHRA /ZPEBHErO JI,BYPEqb.fl
B ROTOpOM 6bIJIII YCTaHOBJIeHU AepenHHllliIe ROJIOHHbI B 12 JIOl{Teii
BI.ICOTI.I, IIoAAepamnaBIlllTe 6aJIKll BOpOT. Ea3aMH ROJIOHH, COrJIaCHO
RJIHHOIIHCHOMY TeHCTY, CJIymHJIH 6poH30BbIe CTaTYH JII.BOB, YRpaIlleH-
fibIe qeHaHHbIM PHCYHROM.
RaMeHHIJe 6a3bI ROJIOHH B BHAe I{pLIJIaTbIX 6bIHOB c qeJIOBeqeCRHMH
rOJIOBaMH 6LIJIH Hait.u;eHbI BO ABOpI.{aX HUHeBHH H RaJIaxa.
ItaR yme yHa3bIBaJIOCI. BI.IIlle, ApeBHenIllIIM THIIOM mJ;IJIOH IIO-
cTponHH 6bIJI3 IIJIeTeHaH FIB TpOCTHIIKa XH;>IUIHa, 06Ma3aHHaH CBCPXY
rmmoiL STOT IIpOCTeIIIllUM THII mlIJII.H cym:eCTBOBaJI B ABypeqI.e
na DceM IIpOTHmeHFIH IICTopnII BIIJIOTI. AO HaCTOHII(erO BpeMeHl1.
43. .\CCllplliicHaH nocTpoliHa C H0J10HlIaMll
'Ho Ha PHAY C 3TUMII TpOCTHIIIWBbIMH xlImuHaMII yme C ApeB-
eitIllHx 3IIOX CYII(eCTBOBaJIH AOMa, BbICTpoeHHbIe lIB RllpIIHqa, 0 IIJIaHe
II apX1ITeHType HOTOpI.IX MI.I MOiHCM CyMTI. IIO MaTepnaJIaM paCROIIOI{
II IIO ApemlllM H306pameHIIHM.
-H 1932-33 rr. aMep:rmaHcHoll apxeoJIOrlPIeCROM 3RCileAHI.{11elI
6bIJI pacHoIIaH yqacToH ApCBHero ropoAa ArnHYHaK (TeJIJII.-AcMap)
C XOpOillO coxpaH11BIllHMUCH RBapTaJIaM11 iHHJII.IX IIOCTpoeH, OTHO-
CHII(11XCH R cepeA1IHe III TbICHqeJIeTIIH AO H. 3. n pHBOAIIl\1 AJIH IIpU-
Mcpa OII11cauue oAuoro n3 06CJIeAOBaUHbIX AOMOB. AOM COCTOHJI 1I3
UeCHOJII.HIIX ROMHaT mHJIOrO 11 X03HnCTBeuuoro Ua3UaqeHIIH, rpyrrIIII-
pOBaBIIUIXCH BORpyr n:eIITpaJIbUOn KQMHaTI.I, HMeBrneII oqar B n:eUTpe
11 rmIUHUYIO JIemaUHY OKOJIO CTeUbI. n pHJIeraIOII1.nc ROMuaTbI HMeJI11
X03HllCTBeUHoe Ua3HaqeHHe. O;u,Ha lIB HIIX, CYAH IIO ualmeuHhIM
IJ Hell 3epnOTepKaM, TO'UIJIbHOl\IY Kal\lIIIO II X03HHCTBeHUOll IIocYAe,

('TPOl1TEllbHOE p,E,/JIJ
67
UUJIa, lJeVUHTHO, IUIa)J,OBOM ,D.JIH rrpOlll131UI. Apyrafl liOMIWTa, almW
npUJJ('ralOm;afl Ii l(eHTpaJIbHOMY DOMem;eHI'IIO, CJIyrHI'IJIa RYXHefi
II IIMCJra )J,Be XJIe6HbIe rreIII cBoe06paaHOH ROHCTPYRl(1UI. Ha rml-
1I11110ii rrJIOm;a)J,Re CO CTeHROH BblCOTOIO OROJIO 30 CM DOMem;aJIHCb )J,Ba
t'ocY)J,a, B ROTOpbIX pa3Bo)J,I'IJICfl orOHb. IIocJIe TOI;o RaR CTeHHII co-
l'yHoB )J,OCTaTOqHO HaRaJIflJIHCb, 30JIa H3 HIIX Bblrpe6aJIaCb Ha IIJIO-
II \a p;RY , a Ha ropflqlIe CTeHHII HaJIcrrJIflJIHCb TOHRHe JIeIIellIRH II3
'J'CCTa. IIo)J,06HaH q>opMa rreqeH, HJIII, DepHee, ;>Il:apOBeH )J,JIfl xJIe6a
GbIJIa BCTpCqeHa II B accHpnHcHHx l(apCHHx )J,BOpl(aX yrKe cepe)J,HHbI
I TbICHqeJIeTHH )J,O H. 8.
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l'Ol'IIYIlIllIICb.
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lIMeJIH )J,epeBHHHble paMbI B BH)J,e pellieTHH, HO eCTb OCHOBaHIIe IIpeP;IIO-
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MaTepHaJIbI n3MeHHIOT HallIlI rrp£j;>II:HHe rrpe)J,CTaBJIeHHH 0 BnellinOCTH
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TaJ10Cb HMeHHO OTCYTCTBHe OROH.
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cpa)J,He COXpaHIIJIHCb TaR;>I,e BaHHble II y60pHbIe, CJ10FHeHHbIe RaR H3
HHprrnqeIl, TaH H n3 RaMHe:H, OTBO)J,HbIe Tpy6bI ROTOpbIX coe)J,HHHJInCb
C 60JIbllIIIMII HaUaJ1aMlI, rrpOXo;a;Hm;nMn qepe3 rrOCeJ1eHne. OrrJiICaHHbIH
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JI\HJIbIe rroMCm;eHIIH, TOqHO TaR me RaR n B COBpeMeHHOM l'IpaRe,
6bIJIlI oplIeHTHpOBaHbI CBoeH OTHpbITOH CTOpOHOit Ha ceBep. RpbIllia
6bIBaJ1a Bcer)J,a rrJ1ocHoii l'I IIORpbIB3JIaCb, B l{eJ1HX 3am;lITbI BHYTpeHHl'IX
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5*

68
TEXHlIIiA p'PEBHErO p'BYPEqM't
nOMemeHIlii Ha ;IJ;BOp. ,IJ;oMa accHpn:HcIWI'O BpeMeHH (pIIC. 44) H3yqeHIJ
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prr:ticROI'O ;IJ;OMa, RpOMe MaTepIIaJIOB paCROrrOl{ (Accypa), 60JIbIlIOe
3HaqeHH8 rrpH06peTaffiQ' ;IJ;peBHH8 1I306pameHHH.
HaH60JIee IIpOCTOit ;IJ;OM liMeJI rrpO;IJ;OJII'OBaTYro cpOPMY C ;IJ;BYMH
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CTPOIITEJIbllOE il,EJIO
69
TOBOp,CTBO (CROTOBOp,CTBO C BbIrOHOM CTap, na rOpHble lraCT6HIa)
lIMeJIO 60JIbmOe 3HaIeHIIe, 7RHJIHII\e B BHp,e naJIaTRU 6bIJIO illHpORO
paCilpOCTpaHeHO. Ho RpOMe naJIaTOR, CJIymuDHIl1X 7MJIbeM p,JIH naCTY-
XOB, COnpOBOmp,aBillIIX co CBOIIMH CeMMIMII CROT B rOpHLIe JIyra, B Ac-
ClIpHH qaCTO BCTpeqaJIHCb naJIaTRII, pa30nTIaeMI.re accnpnIICRIIMII BOII-
CRaMII BO BpeMH noxop,OB. Ha peJIbelJ!ax, CpCp,H Cn;CH R3 BOennbIX
noxop,OB, IIMeIOTCH 1I306pameHIIH JIarepn, npCp,CTaBJIHIOII\erO C060IO
orpap,y, BnYTpH ROTOpOII BORpyr I(apnWro maTpa pacnOJIaraJIIICb OT-
45. l1a06pameHHe aCCl'lpniicRoro BoeHHoro narepSl
p,eJIbHbIe naJIaTRH (pIIC. 45). RoncTpYRn;nJI naJIaTOR no R306pameHlIHM
cOBepmenno JIcna.
OcnoBolI naJIaTRn CJIymnJIII BOTRnYTbIe B 3eMJIIO CTOIIRII-meCTbI
B BRp,e Tpe3y6n;a nenpaBHJIbHOII 1JJ0PMbI. CpeP,1I R306pameHHII Ha 6pOH-
30BbIX peJIbecpax EaJIaWTCRHX BOpOT BpeMenlI CaJIManaCapa HI
IIMeeTCJI ceHa nepenoca BO BpeMH Mapma BOIICR 3THX qaCTelI rraJraTOR.
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npIIBJI3aHHbIX CBOIIMII ROHn:aMII H B6IIThIM B 3eMJIIO HOJIl,JIM.
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CTPOIITElIbHOE l(E!!IO
71
;r:I;JIH npJJ:i\lCpa npUBe):\eM ):\oopeI( ROHI(a I II TbICHqeJI. ):\0 H. 3. B Arrmy-
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MPHHhIe JIeCTHllI\bI.

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OTMeqaIOTCH B Ham]lOM ]lOIYMeHTe. Me]lb ]lopora, 06bIqUO BLI]laeTCH
MaJI:bIMIl IWJIllqeCTBaMlI 11 nepe]l oopa60TRoit ee npIIXO]lHTCH Oqnru;aTb.
Ha]lIIIIcb na cTaTye Yp-Day B JIarame, rJIaCHIIJ;aH 0 3aRJIa]lRe
R3HorO-TO CTpoeHIIH, ronopHT, qTO «3eMJIIO OH BeJIeJI npoceHTb, HaR
RaMHII ]lparOeHHble; RaR MeTaJIJI ]lOpOroll OH npllHa33JI O'lllCTJITb ee».
AnamI3bI Ha:ti]lenH:bIX BeIIJ;e:tI npOl'I3BO]lIlJIHCb HeO]lHORpaTHO. Bep-
TeJJO B CBoeM «BBe]leHIIIl B IYpC XIIMIlII ]lpeBHero DpeMeHH II Cpe]lIUIX
BeROB» YCTaHOBIIJI, qTO BeIIJ;1l 113 Ypa, HaXO]lIIBmHeC'fl B ero paCilopH-
melllIII, COC'IOB:T lI3 qIICTOn Me]lII. raptpHTT, ]lOeHT MeTaJIJJypniqeCROrO
«P3HYJIbTeTa B IIIetp<pIIJJb]le, nOJIY'lllJr nplI aH3JIH3e CJIe]lYIOIIJ;He pe-
ay.lIbTaTbI: 99.12% qlICTo:ti Me]lll C He3Ha'lllTeJIbHOll npnMecbIO HnHeJIH,
HO 6e3 npH3HaRoB ]lPyrllx IIpHMeCei1:: meJIe3a, cBHHa, Hmm n Map.
raHa. AHaJJH3Y 6bIJIIl nO]lBeprHYT!Jl MeTaJJJJlIqeCRlle rrpe]lMeTbI
II3 paCHOilOH TeJIJJb-AcMapa, ]laBmne HeCROJIbHO IlHble pe3YJJbTaTbI.
AJIH npIIMepa IIpHBO]lIIM aHaJJII3 Me]lHOro HIlHmaJJa n3 TeJJJIb-AcMapa.
Ero IIOHa3aTeJIlI CJJe]lYIOIIJ;IIe:
MeAl!: - 88.61%
MbIIIIhHHa - CJI8AbI
CBIIHl.\a - 0.94
HIfHHeJIR - 0.67%
oJlona -7.60%
rueJIeBa - 0.46%
MOSi>HO CqlITaTb YCTaHOBJIeHUbIM, qTO cpanrUITeJIbHO paHO HapO]l:bI
]J;BypeqbH nOJIb30BaJJIICb PY]lHOit Me]lbIO, 11 eCmlI aHaJIIl3bI ]l.aIOT YH3-
3aHIIH Ha HaJJIl'lIIe IIpUMecen, TO 8TH IIpHMeCH HBJJHIOTCH pe3YJJbTaTOM
HeCOBepmeHCTBa TeXllllqeCRlIX npoeCCOB BbIIIJJaBRII MeTaJIJI3.
Q]lHaRO B ABypeqbe OqeHb paHO nepemJIlI OT IIOJIb30BaHIIH CJIY-
qallHbIMII CIIJJaBaMII H TeXHHRe BbI]leJIRH 6pOH3LI, 60JIee TIlep]loi1:,
'ileM'1J.HCTaJI Me]lb. reCRlIep, nO]lBeprwr.;:iI aHamI3Y ROJIOHHY 1I3 CY3,

PE'MEC!lA
85
;uaTupyeMYIO HOHOM II TIiICH'leJIeTlIH,. YCTaHOBIIJI, 'lTO MaTeplIa-
JIOM ee HBJIHeTCH 6pOH3a TaR oro me COCTaBa, 'lTO II «COBpeMeHHble
)J.cue,liHble 3HaRli 113 6pOIl3bV>; H COil\aJleHlllO, TO'lIIhIX )J.aHHbIX aHa-
JI1l3a l'eClmepa y Hac He llMeeTCH. Bo llCHHOM cJIY'lae, npll HI )J.U-
UaCTllll Y Va 6}JoH<!a MeTaJlJIa si parru HBJlHeTCH CTOJlb me 06bJ'lHOii,
H3H II PY)J.H3H Me)J.b MeT3JIJla urudu. Op,Ha Ta6JIeTHa 3Toro BpeMeHII
p,3eT nponopI\lllI )J.JlH npllrOTOBJleHllH CIIJl3Ba: 80.05 'laCTeii 'luCTOll'
Mep,II, 13.30 - Cm1HI.(3, 5. 84 - CypbMbI U) II 0.77 - HalwrO-TO He-
1I3BeCTHoro Bem;eCTBa. B 3CClipllllClwe BpeMR IIpll-
nJlaBOM R Me)J.R HBJlHJIIiCb IIJIII OJIOBO, IIJIn CBnHe, oGo-
3Ha'lanmneCH B accnpnllcRoM Hobme p,3me O)J.HIlM n
TeM il{e TepMIIHoM. XIIMII'leCRlIe IICCJIe)J.OBaHIIH GpOH-
30BbIX npeAl\IeTOB H3 pacRoiloH JIanHp)J.3 B HMJleBHII
nOHa3aJIH pa3JIII'lHOe cO)J.epm3Hue OJlonHHHOro npu-
nJIaB3 (0'1' 0.65% npll 89.51 % Mep,u p,o 14.10% OJlOB3
npu84. 79% Me)J.u). B HOBOnaBUJIOHCROe 'BpeMH 06bI'lUbli1:
COCT3B 6pOH3bI - 3.5 'laCTII Me)J.ll Ha 1 'l3CTb OJIona.
ITocJIe BbllIJIaBHII Me)J.b, BepoHTHo, IIo)J.Bepr3JIaCb
ROBRe, 'lT06bI IIpeBpaTnTb ee CJIllTHU D 6pyclm 11JIII
IIJIaCTHHbI, 60JIee yp,oGHble AJIH Xp3HeHl1H U p,JUl )J.3JIb-
Hellmen o6paGoTI>II. B TaKOM I'lMeUHO BI1Ae OH3 13 O'leHb
paIIHee BpeMH yme CTaJIOB11TCH e)J.uHliI\elI oUMeH3.
IT pOROBbInaTb MeAHbIe CJUITHI1 IIpUXO)J.IIJIOCb em;e n pap,u
yrrJIOTHeHllH MeTaJIJIa.
B BII)J.y p,op.orollII3HbI MeT3JIJI3 H3 Hero 06bI'lHO He
nplirOTOnJIHIOT IIpe)J.MeTOB nepBOll He06xop,IIMOCTlI, XOTH
B pa3HbIX MeCTax nplI paCKOIIHax Heop,IlOHpaTHO n3-
XOAflJUI 'laCTU Me)J.Horo opymlIH II opyP,lllI (naROlle'l-
HIIRll Korrnii, CTpeJI, TorropbI', ceHlIpbI, pbI60JIOBIlbIe
RpIO'lHII, rapnYUbI, ceprrbI, UrJIbI). TeRcTbI III )J.UH3-
CTUU ¥pa ynoMI!.IIaIOT 06 1I3rOTOBJIeHlIII raprrYHoB II
TonopoB, a TaHme 0 MeTaJIJIll'leCRIIX 'laCTHX )J.Bepei1:,
BepoHTHo, 3aCOBax. 0 TOM, 'lTO B aTO BpeMH 113 Me-
T3JIJI3 MorJIII rrpUrOTOBJIHTb JIeMeXII AJIH nJIyroB, .6bIJIO CR33aHO
B CBH3R C BOilpOCOM 0 CeJIbCHOM X03HHCTBe. qar.n:e BCero AoporOll
MeTaJIJI ynoTpe6JIHJICH ;lIJIH U3rOTOBJIeHIIH npeAl\ieTOB pemlrlI03-
Horo Ha3H3'leHllH, KOTopbIe HMeJIli BbICOltylO xY)J.omeCTBeHHYIO eH-
. HOCTb.
cI>uryPRII 60meCTB 113 Me)J.n :n 6pOH3bI OTJIIIBaJIHCb IIJIFI TeXHIIHOM
CIIJIomIIOll OTmlBIHl B CPOPMY (OGbI l l1iO FI3 neCqaHOH MaCCbI), 06pa30-
B3HHYlO IIYTeM OTTuCRa MO)J.eJIll (puc. 60), IIJIll me IIOJIOll OTJIIIBROll:
C YTepeii <p0PMbI. H3 pH)J.Y C MeTaJIJIll'leCHllMII npep,MeTaMII, 1I3rOTOB-
.'
JIeHUbIl\IIl cnoc060M OTJIIlBRII, H3M FI3BeCTHbI MeT3JIJI11QeCRIle cp11rYPbI
60JIbmUX pa3MepoB, cp360TaHubIe nYTeM Ha6uBaHlIH Me)J.HbIX JIIICTOB
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60. llIYMep-
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86
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H JIbBHHOrOJIOBOrO OpJIa, CJIymHBmaH YRpameHJIeM BXO)J;HbIX )J;BepeH
XpaMa B 8JIb-06eitAe, BOCXO)J;ffI.I{erO RO BpeMeIm I MHaCTlm: Ypa
(pHC. 61). TaRoti me TexmmOH CAeJIaHbI )J;Ba MeAHbIX JIbBa B Ha-
TypaJIbHYro BeJIllqlIHY no 60RaM Toro me xpaMa. ;r:I:epeDHHHoe H.f(pO
npeABapUTeJIbHO nORpbIBaJIOCb CJIOeM accpaJIbTa AJIH IIpe)J;oxpaHemm
AepeBa OT aTMoccpepHblx BJIIDIHIIM; aTa ynpyraH <illoAynma» )J;OJImHa
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MeTaJIJIl1qeCRHII JIHCT OT IIpOpbIlIOB. MeJIRHe p;eTaJIH BbIIIOJIHHJIJICb
rpaBlIpoDROH IIOBepXIIOCTlI.
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HbIMIi poraMII. 8TH npeAMeTbI CJIeAyeT OTHeCTlI K Cm.toMY HaqaJIY
III TbICHqeJIeTIIH. Bce OIlH OTJIIiTbI B pa3Hhlx 1J!0pMax, npHqeM nOCJIe
OTJIHBRH <popMa pa36HBaJIaCb AJIH Toro, qTOObI )J;OGbITJ, HApo. MOAeJIlI-
pOBRa 1J!0pMbI lIB MHrROH rJIHHbI Tpe6yeT MeHbmlIX 3aTpYAHeHHH, qeM
o6pa60TRa RaMHH, II n08ToMY BnOJIHe IIOHHTHbIM CTaHoBIITcH, nOqeMY,
na PHAY C He06bIqatiHo HeYRJIromeit RflMeHHOH CRYJIbnTypOH ::JToro
BpeMeHII, 113rOTOBJIHJIIiCb TaRlIe nOpa311TeJIbHbIe 06pa31.\bI 113AeJIIIH
H3 MeTaJIJIa, RaR YIIOMHHYTbIe 1I306pa7J\eHIDI mIIBoTHbIX. 8TIIM 113)J;e-
;mmM CTapaJIHCb rrplI)J;aTb oc06eHnyro mHBOCTb, BCTaBJIHH B rJIa3ImUbI
paROBIIHbI II RYCO'lRH TeMHOCIIHero na3ypma. B 60JIee n03AHee
BpeMH MaCTepa npH6eramI K cBoe06pa3HOMY aqxpeRTY ROM6IIHHpOBa-
HHH MeTaJIJIOB paBHoro l(BeTa: CBeTJIbIe nHTHa lIa TeJIe 6pOH30Boro
6bI'lRa, xpallHm;erOCH B JIYBpe, nepeAaHbI BRJIa1'RaMIi lIB cepe6pa
(pHC. 62).
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HBHJIOCh II accllpHHcHoe I1peMH YClIJ.IeHHe !IJH1CTH'mOCTll lJ!0pMOIlOqnOH

PEMEC!1A
87
MaCCbI H rrepexoJI, R pa3'beMHbIM CTa6IIJIbHbtM cpOpMaM, ]J;aIOI.I{IIM B03-
MOiHHOCTb rrpOII3BOJI,HTb OJI,HOBpeMeHHO OTJIHBRY 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOrO ROJIH-
qeCTBa rrpenMeTOB. CHHaXepH6 B OJI,HOH H3 CBOlIX HanrrHCeH OTMeqaeT
BBeneHHe (lITO YRa3aHHIO 60roB>) rJIHHHHbIX cpOpM nJIH JIHTbH FI3 6pOH-
3bI. .:0:0 Hac nOlliJIH Tamm JIHTeHHhle cpOpMbI, COCTaBJIHBIIIHeCH 06bIqHO
1I3 ]J;BYX qaCTeH H H3rOTOBJIeHHhle H3 RaMHH, rJIFIHbI H MeTaJIJIa.
(pIIC. 63). BpoH30BbIe H3JI,emlH, OTJIHTbIe B rreCqaHoit cpopMe, HMeJIH
IIIepoxoBaTYIO rroBepxHoCTb II 06bI'IHO 3aqlII.I{aJIIICb H rroR.pbIDaJIHCb
pe3b60H HJIH qeRaHRoH.
H 0 Ha pHny C OTJIHBRoit 6pOH30BbIX 1I3JI,eJIHit B neCqaHbIX II.JIH
CTa6IIJIbHbIX cpopMax, CYI.I{eCTBOBaJIa TaRw.e IIIlIpORO pacrrpOCTpaHeH-
naH OTJIHBRa MeTaJIJIlIqeCRllX npeJI,MeTOB, rrpOH3BOJI,IIBIIIaHCH C YTpa-
62. BpOHaonaR ruYMepcHaR cTaTY-
3THa C I!IHHpYCTaL\Hefi cepe6poM

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63. ACCHpHficHaR i{!opMa )!;JIR OTJIIfDHH
MeTaJIJIH'IeCl\HX naAeJIHfi
Toil MOJI,eJIII, BbIrrOJIHeHHOH H3 RaRoit-JIHGo JIerROIIJIaBROH MaCCH IIJIH
1I3 6bICTpO cropaIOru;ero BeI.I{eCTBa. CYI.I{HOCTb BToro cnoc06a aaRJIIO-
qaeTCH B TOM, qTO MOJI,eJIb 1I3 BOCRa lIJIlI JI,Pyroro nernOrrJIaBROrO Be-
IQeCTBa aacpopMOBbIBaeTCH B orHeynopHYIO Maccy, rrplIqeM OCTaBJIHeTCH
nBa OTBepCTllH, OJI,HO JI,JIH JIHTbH MeTaJIJIa, JI,pyroe JI,JIH BbIXOna B03nyxa.
IToCJIe npOCYlliRII cpopMa HarpeBaeTCH rrpII BbICOROH TeMrrepaType,
rrpHqeM MOJI,emJ IIJIH nJIaBIITCH, IIJIII cropaeT, a B HarperylO CPOPMY
BJIHBaeTCH MeTaJIJI. IT peJI,MeTbI, OTJIHTbIe TaRllM crroc060M, Y3HaTb
Qpe3BbIqaitHo JIerRO, TaR RaR BTOT crroc06 OTJIIIBRII rrepen aeT
caMbIe MeJIRHe neTaJIII, coxpaHHH BMeCTe C TeM oc06eHHOCTII cpaR-
TypbI MOneJIlI. IT peRpaCHbIMH 06pa3I{aMH, OTJIIITbIMlI BTl1M CIIOCO-
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y BaHa.
TOHRO BbIJI,eJIaHHaH 6pOH30BaH cTaTy3TKa BaRpenJIHJIaCb IIHorna
nYTeM aarrOJIHeIDUI nOJIOH 'laCTH em;e npH OTJIlIBRe. B MeTaJIJIH'leCRRX

88
ftEXBBllA /{PEBBErO /{B'YPE'I11lJI
rrpegMeTax 'laCTO Ha6JI1oaeTCJI aeMJIllCTOe JInpO, SaRJIIO'leHHoe BHy.TPll.
AHaJIllS 6pOH30BIJX npegMeTOB 1'I3 paCROnOR JIaiffipJJ,a B HI'IHeBl'I1I
rrORa3IJBaJI, 'lTO B HeROTOplJX CJIyqaJIX nOn 6pOHsoil HaXOp;llJIaCh
meJIeSHaJI OCHOBa, RaR 60JIee rpy6aJI II rrpO'lHaH.
lIs Me1I II 6pOHSIi! npllrOTOBJIJIJIlI COCYJJ,IJ, lIHora O'leHh 60JIhlliOM
BeJIll'Il'IHIJ, CJIymllBlliHe RYJIhTOBhIM :o;eJIJIM. CJIeJJ,yeT OTMeTHTh CBoe-
06pa3HYIO IJ!OPMY COCYn a nJIJI BOSJIlIHHllit C 'lpeSBbI'laMHO P;JII'IHHhIM
HOCllROM. 8TH cocynli! BIJROBIJBaJIllCb, BepOJITHO, TeM me cnoc060M
'lTO II B ErnrrTe, lISBeCTHhIM HaM Ha OCHOBaHlIlI pocnllceit. 8Ta 1J!0pMa,
pomneHHaJI MeTaJIJIH'leCRoit TeXHlIROM, uosme RalliJIa nOJJ,pamaHlle
B RepaMHRe, TaR RaR MeTaJIJI 6IJJI Aopor II AocTyneH naJIeRO He BceM.
Me,ll;HaJI YTBapb no OROH'laHRJI: J!1JJJ,eJIRII lIOJIHpOBaJIaCb.
XapaRTepHO, 'lTO Bell, nOCTynaJI lIS MaCTepCRoil 06paTHO B PYRH
HaASllpaTeJIeM CRJIaOB, nOnBepraJIlICb HOBOMY B3BelliI'IBaHHIO, npH-
lIeM I'IC'Il'ICJIJIJIOCh ROJIH'leCTBO Hells6eamOM npH o6pa60TRe YTpaTIJ
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nOCJIe pa60TIJ Menb. TaRoit neTaJIbHhIM II CTpornM yqeT MaTepHaJIa
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RaCClITOB BaBllJIOHCRlIe :o;apll nepeCTaJIlI nOJIbSOBaTbCJI CTaplJMll Me-
CTaMl'I n06IJqn SOJIOTa II npenrrO'lJIll BlJilpallilIBaTh ero Y lJ!apaOHOB.
BepOHTHO, OCHOBHOit IIplI'lHHOM HBHJIaCb nepenmrnma nJIeMeH Ha
BOCTORe, B peSYJIbTaTe ROTOpOM caMII RaCCIITIJ O'lYTllJIlICb rocnOJJ,aMl'I
BaBlIJIOHlIlI, 'lTO CneJIaJIO neB03MOmHhIM paspa60TRY CTaplJX pyn-
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TeRCTaM BpeMeHl'I nypCIIHa, BSBelliHBaJIOCb TaR me. TUJ;aTeJIbHO, RaR
II MeAD, a aaTeM nocTynaJIO B MaCTepCRne aOJI()Tapeit.
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CBIIIIeTeJIhCTBYIOT a pXeOJIOrlI'leCRRe aaXO)J;RlI B I(a pCRllX rp06HllD;ax
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MflrRoe, ROBRoe SOJIOTO TaR me, RaR 11 cepe6po, ,ijonycRaJIO
BIJROBbIBamie lIS Hero 'lpeSBhI'laUHO TOHRU:X: nJIaCTliH. B onHoit lIB
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HaitJJ,eHHhle Ha rOJIOBaX npllHeceHHhIX B mepTBY 7J\eIIH. EOJIblliIIH-
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IIneT peqb, B CIIJIY HellSBeCTHhIX nplI'Il'IH OCTaJIaCb nJIOTHO CRpY'leH-
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HI:IJIl'lCb aTU f1I6RI:Ie JIeHTbI MeTaJIJIa.

PEMECIIA
89
l\ COmaJIemHO, OTqeTlil HlIqero He rOBopHT 0 TOM, KaKOB 6bIJI Co-
CTaB AparoeHHoro MeTaJIJIa, KaROBa 6bIJIa np06a cepe6pa II 30JIOTa.
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ORa3aJIaCb CJI,eJIaHHOH H3 noqm 'ill-
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llIepCTHHble TRaHII nocTynaJIn ll3 THaU:HoH l\IaCTepcRoti B pacrro-
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98
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BaeTcfl, qTO Tporra 6bIJIa HaCTOJIbRO YSRa, qTO neXOTIIHn;bI npOXOJJ:llJIlI
60ROM, a caM n;aph p:OJImeH 6bIJI COllTU C ROJIeCHFID;bI, ROTOpyIO HeCJIH
Ha CIIUHax.
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nYTfll\lII, no ROTOpbIM illJIa TOprOBJIfl Memp:y OTp:aJIeHHIJMII qaCTflMH
p:penHero BOCTORa. Op:HnM lIS n;eHTpOB 3TIIX TopI'OBbIX nYTell 6bIJIa
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OTMeqeUHbIMH B p:opomUIIRe MeCTHOCTflMII.
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mnpORlIe pelm 6bIJIa IIepeilpaBa Ha 6YPp:IORax, Hap:YTbIX 6apaUbUX
mRypax, qTO BCTl)eqaeTCfl B J!.Bypeqbe 11 no HaCTOflee BpeMfl (pllc.68}.

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HOJIeCa COCTOHJIII lIS OTp;eJIbHbIX I,YCROB )];epeBa, CRpenJIeHJlhIX Mem)];y
c06010 nJIaHRaMII.
OTCYTCTBlIe RpymIbIx CTBOJIOB )];epeBheB He )];aB8JIO BOSMomHOCTII
II3rOTOBIITb ImJIeCO lIS D;eJIOrO RycRa, ImR 3TO BCTpeqaeTCH B MeCTHO-
71. Ha06pameIDIe HOJIeCHlIL\bI Ha peJILeflJe Ifa Ypa
CTHX, 60raTblx JIeCOM. TaM i'I\:e B Ype, npH p8CRonRe n;8pCROH MOrlIJIbl
(A6apru) 6bIJIlI H8HneHbI OCTaTRU )];BYX nOBOSOR, 8 T8Rme CReJIeTbl
6 6bIHOB, sailpHlr,eHHbIx no 3 B R8mnyIO liS nOBOSOR. TYT me H8XonlI-
JIIICb CReJIeTbI BOIIHOB II CJIyr, conpoBomn8BIlIUX nOBOSRH H y6IITbIX
IIplI norpe6eHlIu D;aplID;bI. ,JJ;epeBHHHbIH OCTOB nOBOSOR OR8S8JICH
conepIlIeHHO IICTJIeDIlIIIM, HO ero CJIe)];hI B rpYHTe MOrlIJIbI 6bIJIH Ha-
CTOJIbHO OTqeTJIIIBbI, qTO no HIIM ORaS8JIOCb BOSMOmHbIM n;eJIIIROM
peRoHcTpynpoBaTh q>OPMY ROJIeCIHID;, ROTopbIe no CBoeMY BHeIlIHeMY
IJII)];Y 6bIJIII OqeHb 6JIIISRH R IIs06pa7r.eHHbIM Ha IlITaH)];apTe.
RpOMe qeTbIpeXRO.TIeCHbIX rrOBOSOR, B npeBHeHIlIeH Ype cyecTBo-
Ft1J1II TaIOI.e )];BYXROJ1eCHbU\. H8 06JIOMRe peJ1beq>a I!IS Ypa, aHaJ10-
rHqHbIH ROTOPOMY IIOS)];Hee 6bIJI H3.H)];eH B Xaq>a,D;mH, IIs06p8meHa
IWJ1eCHlID;a C qeTbIpbMH sarrpHmeHHbIMII B Hee MYJI8MII. H a nplIJIarae-
MOM pUCYHRe 8Toro peJIbeq>a (pUC. 71) OTqeTJIIIBO BH)];H8 ROHCTPYRD;HH
nepeBHHHoro ROJIeCa, COCTOHero UX Tpex CRpenJIeHHbIX Memp;y
c06010 RYCROB nepeBa, SaHJIIO'IeHHbIX B 060,D;. ,JJ;bIIlIJIO ROJIeCHIID;bI,
OTXOJJ:Hee OT IIepeJJ:Heu qaCTlI RysoBa, CHJIhHO BblrHYTO BBepx.
TaH me RaR II Ha qeTbIpeXROJIeCHbIX rrOBOSRax, Ha JJ;bImJIe JRpenJIeHhI
ROJIhD;a, B lWTopble npO,D;eBamICh Bosnm:. HOJIeCHlII{bI lOmHoro )J;ny-
,.

100
fl'E:XHl11tA. lfP1!JBBErO lfBYPEQI.Jl
peqbH H 8JIaMa, 1I3BeCTHLle HaM lIO rJIIUlHHhIM II MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHM
Mo):(eJIHM, ):(eJIHTCH Ha L\Ba THlIa. IIepBhIiJ H3 HUX HMeeT CH):(eHbe B BI'I,l:(e
CKaMbH, lIOMem;eHHoiJ B 3a):(HeiJ qaCTH RY30Ba, ):(pyroit me npe):(CTaB-
JIfleT ROJIeCHHl!Y C CH):(eHbeM Hano):(06He ce):(JIa. .
B JIYBPCROM MY3ee xpaHIITCH 6pOH30BaH MOL\eJ1I, ROJIeCHInLI C qe-
JIOBeqeCRoit HrypRoit, KOTopaH nOMem;aeTCH BepXOM Ha CII):(eHbe
II onHpaeTCH Ha BhICORYIO cnlIHRy. B BhICOKOM nepe):(Re ROJIeCHIIl!hI
IIMeIOTCH OTBepCTlIH ):(JIH B03meit. CY):(H no peaHbIM u306pamemIHM
Ha l!IIJIIIH):(pHqeCKHX neqaTHX, nepe):(aIOm;IIX xapaRTepllbTe OpMLI
):(peBHeimrHx ROJIeCHIIl!, B RO;IeCHHn;bI, aailpHraJfHCb MYJIbl, 06hl'Uro
no ):(Ba nJIH me no qeTbIpe. Ha l!1I.rmHL\plIqeCRlIX neqaTHX eCTb Ha06-
pameHHH TaRHX ROJIeCHIIl!, r):(e BoaHIln;bI CTOHT BO BeCL pOCT. Tun
n:OJIeCHHn;bI C CH):(eHbeM B BH):(e ce):(JIa coxpalIHeTcfl ):(0 RaCCIITCRoro
BpeMeHII, BCTpeqaflCb H B apXalI'IeCRoit ACClIplIlI.
72. THnbl acCHpHficHHX HOJIecHH
C KaCCHTCRoro BpeMeHH Ha6JIIOL\aeTCH peaKoe lIaMeHeHrre KY30Ra,
ROTOpbliJ 06JIer'IaeTCfl no Becy H nprrHHMaeT ORpyr.JIble OpMbl. Or.L
C ROJIeCaMH, nOMelr.t;aBIIIaflCH noCepeltIIHe ):(Ha Ry:mBa, nepf'Hor.uTCfl
R aa):(HeMY ero RpaIO, qTO CTaliOBUTCH BeCbMa xapaRTepHbIM ):(JIH ar.cu-
pUiJCRIIX ROJIeCHrrr1. C CepeL\J1HbI I I I TbICH'IeJIeTHfl ):(0 H. 8. MaCCUBHoe
):(I'ICROBI1):(Hoe RO.JIeCO HCqeaaeT, 3aMeHHflCb ROJIeCOM co CTIHn;aMU.
MarOTOBJIeHUe ROJIeC npe):(CTaBJIHJIO, nOBH):(HMOMY, oc060 TpY):(HYIO
pa60TY, BbIIIOJIHflBIIIYIOCH CIIel!HaJIHCTaMH-peMeCJIeHHHKaMn. Y me
B illYMepe cpenHHH 'IaCTb ROJIeCa lIarOTOBJIHJIaCb OTL\eJIbHO H CRpeII-
JIflJIaCb OC06bIMII CRpenaMH C nepeBHHHbIM 060noM, 06HTblM UHorna
):(epeBHHHhIMH HJIII MeTaJIJIlf1IeCRUMH rB03):(HMII. B CTpeMJIeHIIH
06JIerQeHHR Beca ROJIeCa nepBblM IIIarOM 6bwa aaMeHa CnJIOlliHoit
cpe):(Heit qaCTII RpeCTOBHHOH, qTO nplIBeJIO R npHMHTUBHOMY n:OJIecy
C qeTblpbMH ClIHn;aMII. TaKne ROJIeCa BCTpeqaIOTCH Ha ):(peBHIIX Meco-
nOTaMCRHX Ha06pameHHHX nOBoaOK.
B ACClIplIH ):(0 BpeMeH CaJIMaHaCapa III (cepe):(HHa IX B. ):(0 H. 8.)
06bIqHO ynoTpe6JIHJIOCb ROJIeCO C IIIeCTbIO CIIHn;aMH, HaH 8TO MomHO
BII):(eTb XOTH 6bI Ha peJIbeaX 6pOHaOBbIX 06HBOH BaJIaBaTCHIIX
BOpOT. IIplI TIII'JIaTlIaJIacape III (cepeL\HHa VIII B. ):(0 H. 8.) ROJIeCO
C IIIeCTbIO ClIHl!aMH np01tOJImaJIO eue cyrnecTBoBaTb, Ha PH):(Y C 06hIq-
HhIM B TO BpeMH KOJIeCOM, IIMeIOI.IJ;HM BoceMb cnHn; (pHC. 72). KOHCTPyR-

DYTIl OOOBIIlEH1lJ111 TPAHCnOp'l!
101
UH IWJICC, COCTOHIIJ;UX lIB BHYTpeHHIIX 'IacTeii II o6oa, CBHBaHHbIX
OCO(h,IMI1 eHpenaMII, OTqeTJIUBO BMHa Ha accupMiicRUX uB06pan\eHlIHX.
8JlUMCInIe ROJIeCHMbI HaqaJIa VII B. O H. a. CYIQeCTBeHHO OTJIU-
.'13.1I11Cb OT aCClIpuiicRUX, npeCTaBJIHH, nOBUIIMOMY, paBBUTUe OTMe-
'/('lIlIoro BbIllie' TUna ROJIeCHMbI, C cueHbeM B Bue ceJIa. KOJIeca
a.1JUMCRUX ROJIeCHU IIMeJIII BeHaaTb cnM, RaR 8TO nepeaHO
na accnpuiiCRux 1I306pameHIIHX. BCTpeqalOTCH TaRme nOB03RU C RO-
JICCaMU, IIMeBIlIIIMM nHTHaaTb cnM: 8TH noBoaRII npeCTaBJIHIOT
c06010 ap6bI, B ROTopbIe nocpeCTBOM IIpMa BnpHraJIIICb BOJIbI. 8JIaM-
CRMe KOJIeCHUI{bI no cBoeii q,opMe 6bIJIM OqeHb 6mI3RM R 8Tl1M ap6aM.
H OJIec HIIl\a Amy p6aHI111aJ1a
Ho RpoMe ByxROJIeCHbIX IIoBoaoR, B AccuplIu U ,D:sypeqbe BCTpe-
qalOTCH 11 qeTblpeXHOJIeCHbIe, ynoTpe6JIHBllIIIeCH 06bIqHO JIH oepe-
B03RU rpyaa. Ha O,D;HOM lIa peBHux rnYMepCInU peJIbecpoB ua06pa-
iI\eHa nOB03Ha C qeTbIpbMH IICROBIIHbIMU HOJIeCaMU, nepeBOaHll.\aH
RaMeHHhle rJIbI6bI. Ha peJIbeq,ax EaJIaBaTCRux BOpOT, B CQeHax BbIBoaa
aaXBaqeHIiOM 06bIqlI, UMeeTCH u306 pameHue qeTbI peXROJIeClIOM TeJIerU
ROTOPYID THHYT accupuMl;HIIC BOIIHbI. qeTbIpeXROJIeCHaH nUBoaRa
C nOCTaBJIeHHhIM Ha Hee HaRUM-TO coopymeHueM IIMeeTCH TaRme U Ha
06emwRe AlllypHaCIIpnaJIa. Ho Bce me Hau60JIee xapaHTepHbIMu
JIH Accnpuu HBJIHIOTCH ,D;syxROJIeCHble HOJIeCHIIn;bI, Ma06pa1KeHuH
ROTOpbIX n03BOJIHIOT BbIHCHUTb TaRme U cnoco6 BanpHmRII B Hee
JIorna,D;eii. B03bMeM Mil npIIMcpa ROJIeCHlIn;y BpeMeHU Awyp6aalluana

102
lrKHH'RA !!PEBBETO J(BYPE'lI,H
(VII B. O H. B.). He60JIbmOll RY30B npRMoyrOJIbHOll .pOPMbI, C RO-
POTRUMII 60ROBblMU CTOpOHaMU, nOCTaBJIeH H3 BblCORlie ROJIeCa, OCb
ROTOpblX HaXOIiTCR y 3aHerO RpaR (pIiC. 73). .KopoTRoe blmJIO,
CUJIbHO 3aru6aIOeecR nBepx II YBeHqaHHOe mTnU,D;apTOM, OTXO,D;IIT
OT HImmefi qaCTII nepe,D;Ra ROJIeCHIU{bI, COe,D;IUIHHCb C ero BepxHeiI
qaCTbIO nOCpe,D;cTBOM MeTaJIJIUqeCROiI OTTmRRII. B ROJIeCHUl{Y 3anpH-
iI,eHbI qeTblpe JIoma,D;1I (BcTpeqaIOTCR TaRme 3aIIpHmRH TpCX JIoma,D;eiI),
JIB HOTOpblX nplInpRraJIIICb I ,D;blmJIY ,D;Be RopeHHblX. ItpaHlluc JIOma,D;II
npUCTerrrBaJIIICb R ROJIbl{aM Ha nepe,D;Re ROJIeCHHl{bI OC06hIMlI peMHRMU,
BpO,D;e nOCTpOMOR, 3aRpenJIeHHblMII Y3JIOM Y XOJIRU, npU<ICM peMHI,[
3TU npOTHrlIBaJIIiCb ,D;aJIbme, rrpURperrJIRRCb R rrCaJIUHM II C,D;epiIHlB3H
nOBopOT rOJIOBbI JIomaJJ;eiI, He IIMeBmlIX C HapymHofi CTOpOHbI B03meti:
']4. Haoopa1ReHMe pacnpHraHMH HOJ1eCHUL\bI
,D;JIR yrrpaBJIeHIIfI. ACClIplIiicRlIe y,D;Ima 1I3BeCTHbI HaM rro HeCROJIbRUM
06pa3I1aM, xpaHRUMCfI B 3arra,D;HO-eBporreiIcRUX MY3eHX. MYH,D;mTYK
COP-TOIIT U3 Tpex liOJIel{, cHa6meHHbIX UHor,D;a murraMII, rrcaJIIiU y,D;JIII-
HenHoiI, neCROJIbI-W BblrHYToiI .pOPMbI, lIMe lOT ,D;Ba OTBepCTliH ,D;JIR
rrpUKpeIIJIenUR Y3,D;eqRII II ROJIbl{a ,D;JIH B03meiI.
ACClIpUllCRaR ROHCRaH yrrpmRb COCTOHJIa 113 Romanoro peMHR,
nepeXBaTblBarom:ero meIO JIoma,D;U II 06pa3YIOero pO,D; OmellHIIRa,
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pacrrYTblBaHlIe IIMeHHO :;noro Y3JIa (plIC. 74). Ha peJIbelj}ax CUHaxe-
pu6a Y3eJI pacrrYTblBaeTcR rrOCJIe OTCTerunaHIIR peMHH OT IICaJIlfII,
Ha peJIbelj}ax me Amyp6aHIWaJIa pacrrYTblBaeTcH KaROll-TO ,D;orrOJI-
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pyRax OT qeTbIpeX JIOma):\en BCerO JIlImb meCTb B03me:tI, aamaB
B PYRe no TplI JIeHTIiI, nponYCRaH UX Mem):\y naJIbn;aMU TaRUM o6pa-
aOM, 'IT'O 60JIbmOll naJIen; OCTaBaJICH CBo6o):\HbIM. qacTo B PYRax RY-
qepa l'I306pameH RomaHbIll RHYT, IIHor):\a C pa3):\BoeHHIiIM peMHeM.
o TeXHlIqeCRUX cpe):\CTBax, npuMeHHeMbIX npl'I nepeB03Re THmeJIIiIX
CTpOl1TeJIhHIiIX MaTeplIaJIOB, Mlil MomeM CY):\IITh no 1I306parReHIIHM
76. IIepeBoaRa n:oJIOCCaJILHoit RaMeHHoit cTaTYu
CTpOllTeJIbHIiIX pa60T Ha peJIheif>ax ):\BOpn;a CIIHaxepu6a B HUHeBIIl'I.
Cpe):\u peJIbeif>oB 3Toro ):\BOpn;a UMeeTCH HeCROJIbRO 1I306paa,eHlIll
pa3rpY3Ru C nJIOTOB II nepeBo3Ru ROJIOCCaJIbHbIX RaMeHHIiIX cTaTYll,
npe):\Ha3HaqeHIIIiIX ):\JIH cTpoHIerocH ):\BOpn;a (puc. 75). CTpOUTeJIbHbIe
Ha):\IIIICIiI CliIHaxepu6a rOBopHT 0 JIOMRe RaMHH B MeCTHOCTHX EaJIaT II
TacTlIaT, r):te Ha MeCTe 61i1JIll II3rOTOBJIeHIiI ROJIOCCaJIhHbIe RaMeHHbIe
RpbIJIaTbIe 6bIRU C qeJIOBeqeCRIIMIl rOJIOBaMIl, npe):\IIa3HaqeHHbIe ):\JIH
YRpameHIIH Bxo):\a BO ):\Bopen;.
TeRcTbI YRa3t.IBaIoT, qTO MHoro mlITenell Tex cTpaH, r):\e npOl'I3BO-
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105
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BblrpY3RII C rrJIOTOB Ha 6eper, rrepeTaCRIIBaJIUCb Ha MaCCUBHhIX ca-
JIa3RaX, ROTophIe THHYJIO 60JIbillOe ROJIII'IeCTBO moeH. B ,D;aHHoM
CJIyqae, CYH rro 1I306pameHIIIO, pa60Ta BhIrrOJIHHJIaCb BOIIHaMU acclI-
puttCROH apMIIII, Ha qTO YRa3hIBaeT xapaRTepHaH <popMa UX Oem,D;bI.
Ha peJIbelpaX u306pameHhI TaRme HaCMOTpll\IIRU, IIOHYRalOll\lle
OTCTalOIIX Y,D;apaMII IIaJIRU. Pa60Ta corrpOBOmaJIaCb MY3bIROM.
PHOM C Tpy6aqeM CTOHJI PYROBO,D;UTeJIb rrepeB03Ru, ROTOpbIll, RO-
MaHYH, oT6IIBaJI PYRaMII TaRT. COOTBeTCTBeHHO THmeCTII rrepeBO-
3UMoro rpY3a H caMU caHU, Ha ROTophIe rrOMell.\aJICH rpY3, OTJIHqaJIUCb
MaCCIIBHOCTblO. HumHHH qaCTb caHeH COCTOHJIa 113 rrOCTaBJIeHHbIX
Ha pe6po TOJICThIX ,D;OCOR, CRperrJIeHHhIX rrocpecTBoM rrOrrepeqHbIX
6pYCROB. R )TOH ROHCTpYRl:(UIi CHlI3Y 6bIJIII rrpU6IIThI ,D;OCKU, CJIyaulB-
llilIe rrOJI03bHMU.
77. BC110MOraTeJIbHbIe Cper\CTBa IIIJl' l1ejJellOiJl\e d'aTYH
CaHu rrepeTaCKUBaJIUCb JIIO,D;bMI'I, ROTOpbIe THHYJIU RaI-laThI, rrpu-
BH3aHHhIe crrepe,D;ll H C3a,D;U R 6PYCIWM, ORperrJIHIOll.\UM 60.KOBhIe
qaCTH caHell. COOTBeTCTBeHHO STOMY U pa60TaBlliue JIIOJU 6bIJIII pa3-
eJIeHbI Ha qeThIpe (IlHora Ha TplI) rpyrrrrhI. !{OJIIlqeCTBO JIIO,D;ell,
rrpIIHUMaBlliUX yqaCTIle B pa60Te, Ha accnpUllCKUX pUCYHRax nepe-
aHO YCJIOBHO II He COOTBeTcTByeT ,D;eHCTBUTeJIbHOCTII. Ka'K,D;hIH U3
pa60TaBilllIX IIMeJI BepeBRY, rrepeTHHYTYIO qepe3 rrJIeqo, IIpUBH3aHHYIO
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CBoero poa ynpHmb. r
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crreJ(uaJIbHO BhI,D;eJIeHHhIMI'I Ha STY pa60TY JIIObMl'I. ,I(JIH IIpeoo-
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106
TEXHHRA j1PEBBBTO j1BYP1P1bll
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CTaBJIeHHbIMII BepTIIRaJIbHO (pIIC. 76): BO BTOpOM CJIY1lae IIplI nepe-
BoaRe He06xo,D;IIMO 6bIJIO ee YRpenJIeHIIe caMOM CTaTYl'I, ROTopan
nOMemaJIaCb B ,D;epeBHHHYIO ROHCTPYRI{IIIO B llII,D;e HJIeTRl'I. K aTOll
ltoHCTPYRI{l'I1I ,D;JIH COXpaHeHl'IR paBHOBeCl'IR C 060l'IX IWHI{OB npIIBR3bI-
BaJIl'ICb HaHaTbI II RpOMe Toro ,D;JIR npe,D;OTBpaeHl'IR Ra1laHIIR yrroTpe6-
JIRJlIICL llITaHrlI C pa3,D;BOeHJ/leM H8 RO8X, ROTOpbIMII CTaTYR IIO,D;-
II1apaJIaCh C {)OROB.
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IIlle, ynoTpe6JIHBllIeeCH npl'I nepeB03Rax THmecTeii:. B ,D;BYXROJIeCHIiIX
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nopIiI Hll ,D;JIIIHHIiIX PYROHTRax (pIlC. 77).
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78. Ma06pamem'lO ruYMepCHQfi JIaIJ,hH 30M CeJIbCRO-X03HMCTBeHHhIX
npO,D;YRTOB B Hlinnyp II ,D;PY-
rne ropO,D;a ,IJ;Bype1lbR. B Ta6JIeTRaX YRa3hIBaJICR TaRme CpOH
(B ,D;HHX), Ha ROTOpLlfI CY,D;HO yxo.n;nJ10 B nJIaBaHIIe. ,IJ;PyrlIe
TeRCTIiI 1I3 YMMhI OTMe1laIOT norpY3HY Ropa6JIR H1lMeHeM Y npII-
CTaHn, Jt,D;e lIaXO,D;IIJInCh 3epFfOXparHlJIIIa. CY,D;H 110 YRa3alIliRM
RJIIIHOIIiICIILIX TPRCTOB, a TaRa\e no ,D;peBlIeMY l'IJIJIIOCTpaTIIB-
1I0I\lY MaTepnaJIY, fuYMepCH:Ue cY,D;a 6hIJIII BeChMa pa31I0pO,D;lIhIMII
II CTpOHJIIICh II3 TpOCTIIIIRa II ,D;epeBa. I1a06pameHlIH lIa mYMepCImx
I{IIJIIIH,D;pn1leCRllX ne1laTfIX 1laCTO npe,D;CTaBJIHIOT JIahIO C CIIJIhHO
aarHYTLIMn BBep:x IIOCOBOM II ROpMOBOfI 1laCTHMII, ll3rOTOBJIelIHYIO
U3 TpOCT.iIIIRa, Hd 1lTO YRa3LIBaIOT nOnepe1lHhle nepeBH31I, nORa3aHHLIe
Ha plICYIIRe (pIiC. 78). anI cY,D;a CJIymIIJlII RaH: ,D;JIR nepe,D;BII1:KeIIIIH no
RaHaJIaM II peRaM, TaR II ,D;JIR Ra60Taamoro nJIaBaHllH B IIepCII,D;CROM
aaJlImc. Ha 0,D;1I0I\1 ,D;peDHeM peJIb€pe 113 IIIypynnaRa 11MeeTCR: 1'180-

,
RYTll OOOB1l{ERHH I1 TPAHCnOPT
107
6pameHne ));epeBHHHOfi JIa));Ln C ));BYMR rpe6n;aMJI, ));epm3.nMn ));e-
peBHHHbIe nJII'I me TpOCTHnROBbIe BeCJIa.
B ));peBHefimlIX norpe6eHlIHX )J;BypeqLR BCTpeqalOTCH TaRme rJIII-
 HHHbIe I'I MeTaJIJIlIqeClUXe MO));eJIn JIO,D;OR. TaR, l'I3 llIypynnaR8
npoUCXO,D;UT rJIUHRHaH MO,D;eJIL JIO));RI'I C CI'IJILHO 3arHYTbIMI'I HO-
cOBofi U ROpMOBOfi qaCTRMI'I, a B o,D;Hofi 1'I3 n;apCKI'IX rp06HUn; B ¥pe
6bIJIa 06HapYrI\:eHa cepe6pHHaR MO,D;eJIL JIO));KI'I, cHa6meHHoll BeCJI8MU.
B BaBIIJIOHIII'I, npl'I XaMMypamI, peqHaR HaBl'Iran;I'IR HaXO,D;IIJIaCL
no)); npaBI'ITeJILCTBeHHbIM ROHTpOJIeM. B ropO));Re Baccy, OCHOBaHHOM
XaMMypaIIII, npOBepHJIl'ICL nponycRa npOXO,D;UBmI'IX MI'IMO CY));OB,
npUqeM IIHOr));a, npu Hel'ICnpaBHocTu ));OKYMeHToB, OHI'I B03BpaaJIUCL
06paTHo B BaBIIJIOH. B RO));eRCe- 3aKOHOB Toro BpeMeHu B OC060ll CTaTLe
( 234) YCTaHaBJII'IBaJIaCL OIIJIaTa pa60TbI CY));OCTpOnTeJIH, a TaRme
JIpe));ycMaTpUB8JII'ICL nOCJIe,D;CTBIIH He,D;06pORaqeCTBeHHo BhInOJIHeHHOll
pa60TbI ( 235).
COrJIaCHO RJII'IHonlICHbIM TeRcTaM, nocTpollRa npOI'I3BO));UJIaCL
CJIe,D;YIOIIJ;I'IM 06pa30M. IIocJIe COCTaBJIeHUH nJIaHa cY));Ha, C YRa3aHueM
pa3MepoB, npucTynaJIU R 1'I3rOTOBJIeHIIlO RUJIeBOll ero qaCTI'I, HOCUB-
mell Ha3BaHue «CrrIIHHOll xpe6eT». IIocJIe 3aRperrJIeHIIH mrraHroYToB
{«pe6ep») OCTOB 06ml'IBaJICR ));epeBOM U rrORpLIBaJICR TOJICTbIM CJIOeM
6IiTYMa. ACCUpl'Illmme 1'I306pa3l'ITeJIbHbIe n8MHTHURU, - rJI8BHbIM 06pa-
30M, peJIbeqm n;apCRUX ));BOpn;OB, - ));alOT 60JIbillofi MaTeplIaJI rro
BO));HhIM Cpe));CTBaM nepe,D;BHmeHUR, nOHa3bIBalOHll 1II1Or));a BeCbMa
apXaUqeCRl'Ie qJ0PMbI.
B )J;Bypeqbe Hal'IOOJIee illnpOHoe paCilpOCTpaHeHue nOJIyql'IJII'I
JIerKl'Ie TpOCTHuROBbIe JIO));KU. lIa peJIbe<pax ));BOpn;8 CI'IHaxeplI6a,
cpe));1'I Cn;eH 60eB B 60JIOTaX IomHOll BaBIIJIOHIIU, l'IMeIOTCR OT1JeTJIHBbIC
1'I306pameHIIH JIO));OR 1'I3 TpOCTHIIRa, cHa6meHHhIe TaKme TpOCTHli-'
ROBhIMI'I BeCJIaMI'I B <}>opMe MeTeJIRII. IIo,D;06HhIe 1'I306pameHI'IH BCTpe-
qalOTCR OqeHb q8CTO, npl'IqeM Ha pl'ICYHHe XOpOIIIO BII,D;Ha CTpYRTypa
JIO,D;HII C rrOrrepeqHhIMI'I nepeBR3HMII, CRperrJIRBillIlMII ROPIIYC. B HeIW-
TOpLIX CJIyqaHX JIO));KY T1IHYJI rrJIhIBYUll Brrepe,D;H qeJIOBeH HJIH 11m OHa
nepe,D;BHraJIaCb npu rrOMOIIJ;U meCTa nYTeM OTTaJIRI'IBaHHR.
¥me C ));peBHeiiillIlX BpeMeH, Ha pH,D;y C TpOCTHUROBbIMH JIO,D;RaMII,
CTpOIIJIIICb U ,D;epeBHHHhIe cy));a pa3Ho06pa3HLIX TimOB. BOJIblllaH qaCTL
IIX HBJIHJIaCb 6apRaMII, CJIYiKUBlllUMU ,D;JIH rrepeB03RH rpY3a, RaR 3TO
rrORa3hIBalOT aCCUpUllCHl'Ie u306pameHIIH. Hoc II ROpl\1a ));epeBHHHbIX
JIa));efi HMeJIU CIIJIbHhIll BhIru6 BBepx n YRpalllaJIUCb pe3HhIMu qJIIry-
paMII. HocoBaH qaCTb l'I306pamaJIa rOJIOBy JIorua));u, IWpMoBaR me
IIMeJIa qJOPMY phI6Lero XBOCTa. I1HOr,D;a HU cy));ax BCTpeqaeTCH MaqTa
C ROp3UHOll B BepxHeM qarTU, R ROTOpOll IIpImperrJIRJII'ICb HaH3ThI, OT-
XO,D;UBillIIe OT Hoca I'I ROpMbI (puc. 79). Cy));a rrepe));Bl'IraJII'ICb npn nOMOIIJ;1I
BeCeJI, I'IHOr,D;a me, oc06eHHO BBepx no TeqeHUIO, IIX THHYJIl( 6ypJIaRu.
3));eCb CJIeyeT OTMeTUTb TaRme 60eBbIe accupniiClnm Ropa6JIII,
11306pameHHhIe Ha CTeHax ));BOpu:a CUHaxepu6a, rrOCTpOeHHbIe, CY));H
no TeRCTaM, <pIIHIIRHllCRUMH MacTepaMH. KOM8H));a 3THX CY,D;OB co-

108
'l'EXHI1RA j1PEBHErO j1BYPE'II,H
CTOHJI8 [13 l'IH03eMIJ;eB, Cpel'I ROTOpbIX H8XOl'IJIl'ICL l'IOHl'IMIJ;LI. 8Tl'I CY8
npeCTaBJIHJIl'I C060IO r8JIepbI C OCTpbIM HOCOM, CJIymlIBIllIIM T8p8HOM.
rpe6IJ;bI paCnOJI8r8JIl'ICL BYMH BTamaMII, l'IHOra H8 BepXHeii na-
JIy6e nOMern:aJICH n8pyc.
KpOMe epeBHHHbIX CYOB, OC06bI:H Bl'I COCT8BJIHIOT RpyrJILIe
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ROmen. 06 BTIIX Cy.n;8X MbI H8XO.n;IIM.CBeeHlIH y repooT8, ROTOpbIM,
CQIITaH I1X .n;OCToilpIIMeQaTeJIbHOCTbIO BaBIIJIOHIIII, nplIBeJI cJIe.n;YIOrn:ee
OIIIIC8HlIe: «Cy.n;a IIX, IIJIBBaIOrn:lIe no peRe B BaBIIJIOH, HlVleIOT Rpyr-
JIYIO <}JOPMY II QeJIIIROM c.n;eJIaHLJ 113 R01RII. B 3eMJIe apMHH, qTO mMBYT
BbIIlle 8CClIpIIHQeB, OBII Hape3aIOT HBbI II .n;eJI8IOT 1I3 HIIX 60R8 Cy.n;H8,
nOToM 06TRrl'IBaIOT IIX nORpOBOM l'I3 KOJR l'I JJ;eJIaIOT nOJJ;o6IIe ,D;Ha. He

113'1.'11 COOB1Il.EllR.n 11 TI'AIICnOP'P
109
pa3nBuraH CTeHOR ROpMbI U He cymrrBaH HOCa., HO npnnaBaH cynHY
RpyrJIYIO rpOPMY I.U;UTaj nOCJIe 3Toro Bce cynHo HanOJIHHIOT COJIOMOi!,
HarpymalOT II CilYCRalOT BHU3 no peRe. CynHo HanpaBJIHeTCH C no-
MOI.U;hlO nBYx pYJIei! nBYMR CTOHm;nMU JIlOnhMlIj OnliH U3 HIIX THHeT
PYJIh R ce6e, npyrOH TOJIRaeT CBOi! PYJIh OT ce6H. Cyna 3TU 6bIBalOT
II OqeHh 60JIhlliUe II nOMeHhlliej Hau60JIhlliUe 113 HIIX nonHIIMaIOT
nRTh TbICRq TaJIaHTOB rpY3a. B RamnOM cynHe nOMem;aeTCH IIO onHOMY
OCJIY, a B cynax 6<;JJIhlliorO pa3Mepa IIO HeCROJIhRO. n pIlIIIenllil'I Ha cy-

80. PaSJ1MQHble BI1IIbI accnpnfiClmx nonOH II nnOTOB.
PncYHf\lf c peJIbe.poB lIa D;BOpL\a CIIHaxepnoa
na.X B BaBIIJIOH II paclIpOnaBmn rpY3, OHa c6bIBalOT TaRme OCTOB cynHa
l'I BCIO COJIOMYj ROm" HaBhIoqlIBalOT Ha OCJIOB U OTB03HT IIX R apMH-
HaM. BBepx IIO peRe, BCJIenCTBl'Ie 6bICTporo TeqeHIIH, cyna BOBce He
MorYT IIJIbITh, n03TOMY-TO l'I neJIalOT I1X He nepeBHHHhIMl'I, a RomaHbI-
MIl).
KpyrJILte cya, OTMeqeHHLte repooToM, BCTpeqalOTCH Cpenl'I
1t306pameHu:ti: Ha peJIhe«IJax nBopqa Cl'IHaxepu6a, COBepllieHHO COB-
nanaR C BbIllieilplIBeeHHbIM OITUCaHueM (pnc. 80). rpY3 l'I qeTLtpe
QeJIOBeR8 C BeCJIaMH OBOJIhHO opnrlIHaJIhHOll «fJ0PMbI, HailpaBJIeHHbIe,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO OnHCaHlIIO repOnoTa, B pa3HLte CTOpOHLt, nOMerqaIOT-

110
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6HTYMOM.
TaRme O COBpeMeHHOCTII OmHJI 1'1 pyroll BH,D; peBHero cpeCTBa
nepeBlImeHIIH, npeCTaBJIHIOrqHll c06010 nJIorqa,D;RY 1'13 6peBeH,
R RImy ROTOpOM npl'lBH3bIBaIOTCH 6YP,D;IORII (Ha,D;YTbIe lliRypbI 6apaHOB)
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(lReJIeR» BOCXO,D;MT R ,D;peBHeaCClIplIllCROMY (lRaJIaRRY». B HacToHrqee
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pUll rrpl'lMeHHJII'ICb TaRme 60JIee rrpOCTbIe nJIOTbI, 06pa30BaHHbIe
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CTaM, Ha nJIOTaX, COCTaBJIeHHbIX 1'13 CTBOJIOB epeBbeB, 6bIJIl'I OCTaB-
neHbI 1'13 RaMeHOJIOMeH B HI'IHeBlI1O ROJIOCCaJIhHbIe HaMeHHbIe CRYJIb-
rrTypbI, l'I306paa,alOrque HpbIJIaThIX 6bIROB C qeJIOBeqeCRlIMI'I rOJIOBaMU.
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rpyrrrraMlI, rrpl'l ROTOpbIX 06MeH 3aMeHHJICH HaCI'IJIhCTBeHHbIM 3aXBa-
TOM. B rrpoqecce pa3JIOmeHI'IH pOOBOll 06rqUHbI l'I olfJopMJIeHIIH RJIaC-
COBbIX OTHOllieHlIll BOMHa IIplI06peJIa cyrqecTBeHHoe 3HaqeHlIe, HBJIHHCb
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113 mepCTH H ROtI," Bpo.o;e MHrROII manRII, npHqeM 06mItII Bec rnJIeMa
6bIJI OR '110 1 Rr. Ha 30JIOTOM mJIeMe QapH MeCRaJIaMJI;yra, HalIJI;eHHOM
B ero MOI'I1JIe, ItMeIOTCH OTBepCTHH no RpaIO, npe.o;Ha3HaqeHHble, no-
BII'(I1MOMY, .o;JIH CRpenJIeHHH MeTaJIJIHQeCROII OCHOBbI C nO;O:HJIa;O:H0t\
OT ROTOpOtt COXpaHI1JIItCb OTJI;eJIbHbIe I-tYCRI1. KJIItHonItCHhle TeRCTbI
OTMeqalOT TaHme 113rOTOBJIeHHe mepcTHHhIX oJI;em.o;, Ha ROTophle IIHOrJI;a
HamItBaJIItCb Me.o;Hhle IIJIaCTItHRH, 06paaoBhIBaBmHe 6pOHIO_
OqeHb IIHTepecHhIII MaTepItaJI no mYMepcRoMY BoeHHoMY .o;eJIY
JI;aeT HaM «CTeJIa RopmYHOB», Ha HOTOpOII Ha06pameHbI CQeHbl 60pb6hI
naTeCH8Ta JIarama c Y MMOtt aa OBJIa;o:eHIte nJIo.o;opo.o;HbIM OHpyrOM
rya.o;MHOM. 8aHHaTYM, npaBI1TeJIb JIarama, Cy.o;H no ero n06e;O:Hoti
Ha.a nMCH , HaHec meCTORoe nopameHHe npaBHTeJ!"IO "YMMbI, aaCTaBHB
el'o HaCJIe.o;HItRa II lI{HTeJIett YMMhI JI;aTb RJIHTBY HItlwr;o:a He BTopraTbCH
B 06JIaCTb JIal'ama, a TaRme nJIaTUTb JIaramy nOCTOHHHYIO .o;aHb
aepHOM. Ha O.o;HOM 113 06JIOMHOB (CCTeJIbI RopmYHOB» Ha06pameH caM
8aHHaTYM, HJI;ymllH nepe.o; COMHHYThIM CTpoeM BOHHOB, aamHmeH-
HhIM 60JIbrnl1MH RomaHbIMH, OHOBaHHhIMH Me;O:bIO mMTaMII, npll-
RphIBaBmHMH HeCHOJIbRO qeJIOBeH. BOHHbI BoopymeHhI RonbHMH II
60eBhIMIt TonoplIHaMH, HacameHHhIMII Ha JI;JIIIHHbIe pyROHTRII
(pItc. 82).
HIIme 8aflHaTYM nORa3aH Ha ROJIeCHIIQe, cOBna;o:aIOIUelI no if>opMe
C IIa06paiReHHbIMH Ha mTaH;o:apTe 1103 "Ypa. B JIeBOII PYRe OH ;o:epmllT
MaCCHBHOe Ronbe, B npaBOII - RaRoe-TO H30rHYToe cepnOBH;O:Hoe
0pY;O:lIe, MOine'r 6bITb M30rnYTbIII MeQ, BeCbMa xapaRTepHbIM ;O:JIH
BToro BpeMeHII. B OC060M if>YTJIHpe Ha nepe;D;Re HOJIeCHllUbI ItMeeTCH
aanac .o;pOTIIROB. Ha rOJIOBe 8aHHaTYMa Ha;o:eT MeTaJIJIIIQeCHHH rnJIeM
cBoe06psaHott if>OPMbI, nepe;o:aIOIUelI npliIQeCRY, COBepmeHHO Tom]J,e-
CTBeHHbIM no BHemHeMY BI1;D;Y aOJIOTOMY WJIeMY MeCR8JIaMAyra. no-

lJOEllHOE E!lO
113
aan ROJIeCHIII{LI 3aHH3TYMa n306pa7Iteua rpYUII3 BOIIHOB 6ea II{nTOB,
BoopymeHHhIX KOIIbHMn II 60eBLIMII TOilOpIIK8MII.
Ha JIlfI{eBon CTopOHe «CTeJILI KoprnYHOB» nao6pameH 60r HUHrnp-
cy, ;n:epmaII{ulI B JIeBOll PYRe ceTb C IIo6e7ImClUlIdMH BparaMn, a B I1pa-
BOII MaccuBlryIO RaMeIlHYIO 6YJIaBY rpyrneBlIAHoH CPOfHl1hI. ItaMeHHbIe
6YJIaBbI, qpeaBLIqalIHO paaJII!IqHLIe no q,OpMaM, HBJIHJIIlCb 06LIqHLIM
0pY7ItI!IeM ApeBHenrnero illYMepa 1:1 AIma.n;3, nplIqeM HeKOTopLIe I!I3
82. 11306pa m eHIIe mYl\!epCHllX BOll HOD Ha CTeJIe 8aHHaTYMa
HI:IX, R3K, HanpUMep, 6YJIaBa I{3PH MeCI!IJIIIMa, 6LIJII:I YRp3rneHLI UC-
RYCHOII pe3b6oii, lIao6pam3IOm;en mUBOTHldX.
n pIlI paCROIlRax, B p3aJIUqHblX MeCT3X IOlImoro ,I(BypeQbH, 6bIJIO
HalI;n:eHO 6om,rnoe ROJIlIQeCTBo npeAMeTOB BoopymeHlIH, ROTopoe I!I3-
BeCTHO H3M T3Kme III IIO ApeBHHM u306pameIillHM. OCHOBHLIM opymueM
rnYMepClwro BOUHa 6bIJIO RopOTRoe ROIIbe C Me;n:HbIM I1aROHeqIrnROM
I!I Me.ruuuU TOIlOpllIR C OIlYII{eHHLIM BIrn3 JIeaBI!IeM, HacameHHhIU Ha J]:JII!IH-
HYIO L\epeBHHHYIO PYROHTRY. HpOMe Toro 06hIQHbIM BIIIIIOM Boopyme-
HUH 6LIJII!I He60JIbrnUe Me.n;HLIe KlUl1R3JILI 1:1 K8MeHHhIe 6YJI3BhI. BCTpe-
8 OqeplIR J!peDoero BOCTOlla

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l1tJ
tl'E:KliHRA. PBBliBrO BYPErz:£Jt
'laIOTCH TaIDRe IISOrHYThle CepnOBII.n;Hhle HOmlI, 1I306palIaeMhle 06h1'IHO
B PYRaX RHH3eH.
M3BeCTI-IhIH B HaCTOHmee BpeMH apXeOJIOrlI'IeCHIIt'I MaTepIIaJI OT-
Me'IaeT HeIWTOpOe pa3JIII'IlIe B Boopymemm BOIU1OB IIlYMepa II AI-
Ra.n;a. Bo BpeMH He.n;aBHIIX paCKOnOR B MaplI 6bI.iIll OTHphlTbI llHKPY-
cTaqIIII, 1I306pamaIOmlIe aRKa.n;CHIIX BOIIHOB II npIIBO.n; nJIeHHhIX,
Cy.n;H no o.n;em.n;e, - rrrYMepOB. AHKa.n;CRIIe BOIIHhI u306pameHhI B
.n;JIIIHHhIX o.n;em.n;ax, 'Iepe3 JIenoe nJIe'IO Y HIIX rrepemmYTa rrrlIpOHaH
JIeHT3, YHp3rrreHH3H MeT3JIJIII'IeCRIIMII 6JIHXaMII, Ha rOJIone - cBoeo6-
pa3HOM q,OpMhI rOJIOBHOH y60p, HanOMIIHaIOJ:Ill no BHeIIlHeMY BIIAY
q,ypaJRHY 6e3 R03h1pbR3. B PYR3X - Tonop C OTI!ICaIOmUM BIII!I3
JIe3BI!IeM.
)(apaHTepHOM 'IepTOM .n;peBHellIilero MeCOilOTaMCKoro BoopymeHI!IH
HBJIHJIOCb HaJII!I'IlIe JIYHa, ROTOphlH .n;o CIIX nop HeI!I3BeCTeH HaM IIO IIa-
MHTHlmaM IOmHoro ,I(Bype'IbH. Bo BCHHOM CJIY'Iae, eCJII!I B IIlYMepe
JIYR II nCTpe'I3JICH, TO OH IIMeJI ropa3.n;o MeHbrrree 3Ha'Iemle, 'IeM n
3JIaMe I!I B ceBepHbIX ropHhlX 06JIaCTHX, r.n;e, nOBII.n;JiIMOMY, 6h1JIa nhlp3-
60TaHa U cBoe06pasuaH T3RTIIHa 60H. O.n;HO U3 ApeBHeii:rmix u306pa-
meHI!It'I JIYRa IIMeeTCH Ha 06JIOMI\:e CTeJIhI, H3MgeHHoH B JIararrre, HO
npOI!ICxo.n;Hei<i, no BceH BepOHTHOCTI!I, 1I3 ceBepHOM BaBIIJIOHUI!I. Ha
Heii: COXpaHIIJII!ICb 1I306pameHI!IH Tpex cpamaIOIIXCH nap, nplI'IeM
Ram.n;h1M 113 n06em.n;aeMhlX BOI!IHon IIMeeT OpYlI\I!Ie, OTJIII'IUOe OT .n;PY-
rIIX. H3 peJIbeq,e IIMeIOTCH 1I306pamemiH 6YJI3BhI, RonbH II JIYH1J..
JIYH He6oJIbrrrOrO pa3Mepa, CI!IJIbHO Bhll'IIYThlH, U HOJI'IaH C xapaHTep-
HhlM YRparrreHIIeM B Bu.n;e CBlIcaIOmet'I HIICTII nOMemaJIUCb Y BOI!IlIa
sa crrIlHOM.
AJIH xapaRTepI!ICTIIHII 3RRa.n;CRoro BoopymeHIIH CJIe.n;yeT OCTaHO-
BIITbCH I-Ia 3HaMeHIITot'I CTeJIe qapH Hap3MCI!II-Ia, HaM.n;eHHot'I B CY3ax, Ha
ROTOpOM 11306pameHa no6e.n;3 HapaMCIIHa Ha.n; JIYJIy6eHMH (pI!Ic. 83).
CTeJIa IIepe.n;aeT MOMeHT OROH'IaTeJIbHOrO nopameHIIH Bpara, nOBeprHY-
Toro nepe.n; 3RRa.n;CHIIM BOMCROM, BO rJIaBe ROToporo CTOHT caM Ha-
paMCIIH B rOJIOBHOM y60pe 60mecTBa - BaOCTpeHHOM MeTaJIJIH'Ie-
CHOM rrrJIeMe, YRparrreHHOM poraMH. B JIeBOM pyRe OH .n;epmll'l' .n;po-
TIIR, B IIpaBOH - 60eB0M TOIIOpIIR, CTpeJIY H CIIJIbHO BblrHYThlM JIYR.
ConpOBom.n;aIOlIe HapaMCIIHa BOIlHhI BoopYJReHhI JIYHaMI!I, .n;mm-
HhIMlI ROnbHMI!I I!I 60eBhIMlI TOnOpI!IRaMI!I. B HaCTOHmee BpeMH TPy.n;HO
Cy.n;IITb 0 .n;eitcTBI!ITeJIbHoti 'IIICJIeHHOCTII .n;peBHeHrrrero BOHClm ABype-
'IbH, TaR RaR C006maeMhle nHCbMeHHhlMII naMHTHIIRaMII CBe.n;eHIiH He
BHyrrraIOT .n;OBepUH. 3aHHaTYM YRa3h1BaeT, 'ITO IIM 6bIJIO YHII'ITomeHO
3600 npoTiIBHIIKOB, HOTophle 6h1JIII norpe6eHhI B 20 MOl'ImaX, a
V pYRarlIHa YR3 3h1naeT, 'ITO IIpa BI!ITeJIb V MMbI, BOena BrrrI!IH npOTUB
Hero, nOTepHJI Bcero 60 'IeJIOBeR. llo6e.n;Hble Ha.n;uucu, eCTeCTBeHI-IO JIIl-
rrreHHble 06':beRTIIBHoCTU, HBJIHIOTCH O.n;HHM lIB caMhlX HeH3.n;emHhlX
llCTOpUqeCHIIX .n;ORYMeHTOB. Ho HecMoTpH Ha 8TO, MomHO Bce me upe.n;-
nOJIOmIITb, "lITO 'IIICJIeHHOCTb nOCTOHHHoro U BpeMeHHoro BOHCIm
B .n;peBHeMIIIeM ABype'Ibe 6h1JIa 3IIa'InTeJIbHa. Bo BCHHOM CJIY'I3e TOp-
.

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rOBLIe WJ.paBaHHble CHOillemm AnypetII,fl C p:13JIU'lHIJMH 'ffiCTJ1MH TIe-
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TaR HaR ToprOBJlH I!I BOllHa B TO BpeMH 6hIJIU TeCIIO Me1K]J,Y C060IO CBH
aaHhI. Ha BceM npOTH1KeHI!I1I I!ICTOpI!I'leCKOll nm:.Hm ]J,peBHB.X RYJIbTYP
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3Ta BbICOl\aR BOeHHaH Texmma He CTOHJra HH B l\aIwit CBH3H C X03Hll-
"CTBeHHOII mH3HhlO II 06IIJ;UM HYJfbTypHhlM ypOllIleM Accnprm.
I1MelOII\UeCH B HaIlleM BeJ::{eHlllI IICTOqHURII yrta:u,IBalOT Ha TO, qTO
accnpUllCRaH apMI1H COCTOHJfa II3 CJfe}J,YIOIIJ;HX qpThIpex OCHOBHbIX
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Han60Jfee MHOrOqHCJfeHHOfI rpYIIIIOll, eCTeCTBeHHO, 6LIJIa neXOTa,
pa3pellIaBIllaH IIHorJ::{a caMOCTOHTeJfbHhle aa}J,amlH. B caMoii accnpul!:-
CROll nexOTe, YiIe C p:peBHellIlllTX BpeMeH, paaJfUqaJfHCb }J,Ba BHp:a: TH-
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I'lIlUI pa31 v lepaIlU'1 'IeJfOBeqeCHHII pOCT. J1erl\aH neXOTa COCTOHJfa U3 Jfyq-
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neXOThI COCTOHJfR B TOM, qTO B Hell aTII }J,Ba BI1}J,a neXOThI 6bIJfU CJfUThI
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p:eitcTBQBaJfH no}J, npIIRpbITlIeM BOllHa, IIMeBIllero ll(IlT II BoopymeuHoro
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'l'eJIhUaH II 060pOTIHTeJIbHaH CUJfbI apMlIlI 6h1Jfu OqeHb neJfIlRH. Oco-
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ROHeqHbIH IIlJfeM, 113rOTOBJIeUHUll II:! I\1eTa.TfJIa ITJIII l\mI\ll. n pH pac-
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BOEHlIOE ll.EJIO
117
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 "'b  \",,--"".:a " ' ,I'_Jl ./:. J If
- ,--"">', - - Ii";-. . . ,-:......" '. ':;-;r..,' .'
."  - '-.' -:..) :.j..
84. Oca;J;a HpenOCTI1 CaproHoM
npHM'bIM yrJIOM 0'1' nJIOCHOCTU II:{IITa II 3aI18BlIII1n 60llLlOB 0'1' nopa-
1Kelll1H cBepxy. II03iHe aTll orpoMHble llTbI, 1I3rOTOBJIHUlIIlIeCH, rJI8U-
HbIM 06pa30M, 113 TOJICThIX cTe6JIen TpOCTHIIHa, IIpUHIiM8IOT BLIruy-
TYIO cpOPMY I!l 061IIIIJ'mIOTCH nOJIOCaMll HOmI!l I!l MeTaJIJIa.
Ha CLleH8X oca}J,bI RpenOCTen B IIepBOll JII!llUII!l H8n8}J,8IOII:{UX 1130-
6pameHhl llHor}J,8 BOIIHbI, OJJ;eThle B CTIJIOIIIHYIO 6pOllIO,06p830n8HUY10
JIallillThlMII H8 o}J,emJJ;y npO}J,OJIrOB8ThlMI!l 6pOH30BhlMII IIJIaCTllJiliaMll.
B aTOM 60eBOM IWCTIOMe CB060}J,HbIMll 0'1' 6pOHU OCTaU8JIUCb JII!llIIb
JIlln: O , pyHH U HI!lmHI!le 'l8CTlI Hor. 38HOBaHHLIe B 6pOHIO BOlIIlbI T8HiRe,
H8I 11 BCH neXOTa, }J,epm8JIHCb napaMI!l, npl1'leM O}J,IiH U3 1lI1X 11MeJI
JIYH, }J,pyroii p:epmaJI B OJJ;Hon pYHe HOpOTKOe ROIIbe, 8 B }J,pyroti: -
IiT, cna6meHHLIII OCTphIMI1 BLICTynaMI!l.
Cpe}J,ll I1306p8meHHII BO JJ;BOpn:e CIIHaxepH68 B HIIHeBHII (H'YIOH}J,-
mI!lH) HMeeTCH u306p8meHHe CTpOH, r}J,e BOl1Hhl CTOHT nOII8pHO, O.IJ.IIll
U3 IIHX BoopymeH HonbeM, Me'lOM II II:{HTOM, JJ;pyroll - JlY'lIU1H, HMeIO-
I!ln HpOMe JIYHa ROpOTRl'lll Me'l. 3JJ;eCb CJIep,yeT 06P8THTb BHl'lM8HUe
Ha pa3JIll'lI!le HX O}J,emp:hI, IIO}J,'lepmmaIOII:{ee, 'lTO 8TII }J,B8 BonHa OTHO-
CHTCH H pa3JIH'lHhIM pOJJ;8M BOllCH8, npn'leM B HeHOTOpLIX CJIy'lanx
.rrY'lHHHlI H He 6hlJII!l 8CClIpHlln:8MI!l. AlIIyp68HHn8JI B CBOlIX H8p,IIUCHX
yH83LIB8eT, 'lTO 3aXU8'leHHhIX B 3JI8Me Y'lHI!lHOB, HTOHocn:eB, pe-
MeCJ1eHHlIHOB II opymcnIDlHoB OH npIi'lllc'vlI!lJI R CBoeMY BOfTeRY.

118
TEXIlllRA 1{PEBHErO !l.BYPE'lbH .
BOHH, BoopymeIiHl>Ill ROilbeM, IfMT OIJreM, Bl>H'ORne CarrOI'll, !lIH-
pOHlin rrOHC, rrepeTHrllBaIOII\llii I-mqJTaH, ua l\OTOpOM enepel111 npHRpen-
neHa nnOCHaH ]J;llCROBII]J;HaH 6JIHXa, JIYTfHllH me oJJ:eT B l\OpOTl\YIO CTe-
raHYIO l\ypTHY H IIMeeT Ha rOJIOue MHrRYIO lUaIIl\Y.
CpeJJ:H JIYROB, ROTOphIMH 6l>Im1 BOOpYii'eUl>I aeel1pnfiCRUe BOHHhI,
pa3JIUTfaIOTCH ]J;Ba BIIJJ:a: OJJ:llH - JJ:epeBHHHLlii, 60JILmOrO paaMepa,
C pauHOMepHbIM Haru60M, JJ:Pyron - MeHblllero pR3Mepa, C yrJIOBbIM
Dhlrn60M B cpeJJ:Hen 'I8CTll. nOBl1JJ:llMOMY, BTOpOll Tim JIYI\a, Yl\pamaB-
mUlICH IIHor]J;a na ROHI.:(ax paaHLIMII qJHrypRaMlI, npe]J;CTaUJIHJI C060IO
COCTaBHOII JIYR, ROTOpLIH, CYJJ:H no RnuHo06pa3HhIM TeHCTaM, H3rOTOB-
JIHJICa 1I3 ]J;epeBa, pora H MeTaJIJIa. Ha OJJ:HOM I\3MeHHOM peJIbelJle,
npOHCXO]J;Hrn;eM H3 I\YIOH]J;iiuma, lIMeeTCH 1I306pa11\eHlIe HaTHrI!IBa-
HHH nYRa I\BYMH BouHaMII, O]J;HH I!I3 ROTOphIX, ynepllIlIcb ROJIeHOM, BLI-
ru6aeT ]J;epeBHHHYIO OCHOBY, JJ:Pyroii: me HaTHruBaeT TeTI!IBY.
HaROHeqHllRH CTpeJI, HaHJJ:eHHhle IIpI!I paCIWilRax, OTJInqaIOTCH ·
HpallHIIM pa3H006pa3IIeM, IIpI1qeM Ha pH]J;Y C MeTaJIJIHqeCRI1MI!I, rJIaB-
HLIM 06pa30M, 6pOH30BhIMH HaROHeqHI!IRaMIl, BCTpeqaIOTCH T8Rme HpeM-
HeBhle. Cpe]J;I!I MeTannlI'ieCl\IIX HaI\OHeqHIIROB B OJJ:HO H TO me DpeMH
BCTpeqaIOTCH ]J;BYCTopOHHHe HaROUe'lIIIIRII C p:JIHHHbIM qepenROM,
. BCamI!IBaIOrn;IIMCH B ]J;peBRO, I!I BTYJIbqaTLIe RpyrnLIe, ]J;ByrpaHHhle
ImH me TpeXrpaHIThIe HaROHeqHHRI1.
CTpeJILI, IIHorp:a BMeCTe C JIYROM, nOMern;aJII!ICb B ROJIqaHLI, HOCHB-
mueCH 06hlqHO 3a cnlIHOII, RaR 3TO BHJJ:UO no MHOroqlICJIeHHLIM n306pa-
meUlIHM. n pu CTpenb6e 113 nYRa Ha JIeBYIO PYRY CTpenRa HaJJ:eBaJIaCb
oc06aH RomauaH rrepeBH3b, npe]J;oxpaHHBllIaH OT pauemm PYRU npu
cilycRe CTpeJIbI. RaH yme 6LIno YRa3aHO BLIllIe, O]J;HIIM !f3 OCHOBHhIX
BIl]J;OB BoopymeUI!IH aCCI!IpUIICROII apMI!IH 6LIJIO RopOTRoe Ronbe C ]J;BY-
CTOPOUHUM 6pOH30BLIM HaROueqHUROM nI1CTOBn]J;HOH IIJIII pOM6nQe-
CRon IJIOPMLI, Ha]J;eBaBIlII1MCH nocpe]J;CTBOM BTYJIRII Ha ]J;peBRO. Ha
u306pameHHHX '60H MbI Bnro,IM, 'iTO BOI!IHbI, BoopymHHhle HOIIbHMlI,
urpann aRTI!IBHYIO pOJIb, oc06eHHO npI!I aTaRe n mTypMe Rpe-
nOCTelI.
1I3 BoopymeHnH aCCI!IpnIICROII neXOTLI CJIe]J;yeT eII.:(e OTlVleTHTb 60e-
Bble TonopLI I!I MOTLII'II Ha ]J;JIIIHHLIX ]l;epeBHHHLIX PYROHTRax, I\OTOpbIe
nMenn 60nbmoe 3Haqemm npn nHmeHepHbIX pa60Tax, B qaCTHOCTn
npII npORJIa]l;Re ropHLIX n neCHLIx JJ:opor, a TamHe n IIpI!I pa30pemIn
3aXBaqeHHhIX RpenOCTelI. COrJIaCHO RJInHOIUICHLIM TeRCTaM, 3aBoeBau-
Hble RpenOCTn paapymanncb ]1;0 OCHOBaIIlIH, nplIqeM CTpOI1TenbHbIH
MaTepnan YB03UJICH B AccnplIIO.
EOJIbmyIO cnny B aCCI!IpUHCROM BOIICRe, oc06eHUO npn aTaRax
B OTRpLITOM MeCTe, npe]J;CTaBJIHJIli ROneCUI1I.:(bI, BCTpeqaBllIneCH, B BH]I;Y
I1X 3HaqlITeJIbHOH MaTepI!IanbHOH CTOllMOCTI!I, B OrpaHlIqeHHOM ROJIII-
qeCTBe. ACCI!IpIIIICRI!Ie I.:(apn YBeJIUqeHne R9JU1qeCTBa ROneCHIII.:( CqU-
TamI CBoeH 3aCJIyroH, n TI1rJIaTilanaccap I oc060 OTMeqaJI, qTO OH }J;JIH
YRpeilneHIIH CBoeH cTpaHbI Y:rv,IHomlIn, no cpaBHeHllIO C npemHUM, qU-
CJIO 60eBLIx RoneCHnI.:(. AHHanLI BoeHHbIX nOXO)]:OB YRa3LIBaIOT na TO,

BOEHHOE pEJIO
119
qTO ImTlNIUIU;I,I npIlMeUHJIHCI, rJIaBHWM 06pa30M TaM, r)];e Tpe60Ba-
JIot'I, fjr.ICTpoe H cOKpynrHTeJII,HOe Harra)];eHHe. t..hICJIO JIOnra)];ell, DIIPH-
rllllllIl1XCH B KOJIeCHHn;y, 6WJIO paaJInqHWMj B paHHCM nepHO)];e 06I,IqHW
:lalll'lDlnm )];BYX HJIH Tpex JIonra)];ell, B nOa)];HeM - )];BYX HJIH qeTI,Ipex.
;lllIlI1ann nHOr)];a nOKpWBaJIHCb 3am.HTHI,IMH rronOHaMH, H3rOTOBJIHB-
IIIL1I\1IICH, no Bcell BH)];HMOCTH, n3 BOllJIOKa HJIII KomH. no KOHCTpYK-
111J[ BoeHHwe KOJIeCHHn;W 6I,IJIII 6JIIIaKn K 06I,IqHI,IM. 3p;ecI, YKameM
'1'OJII,KO, qTO CHapYll1I K KyaOBY KOJIeClllln;W IIpHKpeIIJIHJIHCI, KOJIqaHbI
co CTpeJIaMn n He60JIbnrOH ID;HT, a HHorp;a II KopoTKoe KOnI,e. B KOJIeC-
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qafI nernero llJIII pYKoilarnnoro 60H, DoopymaJICH ROIIbeM M m.HTOM.
D HeKoTopwX CJIyqaHX B KOJIeCHnn;e rroMem.aJIHCI, qeTWpe BOlma, )];BOe
tI3 KOTOPI,IX lIMeJIH m.HTbI, rrplIKpbIBaH IlMII CTpeJIl{a M B03HIln;y.
ACCHPHHCI{He n;apH BO BpeMH nOXO)];OB 06bIqHO nepep;BHraJIHCb
B KOJIeCHHn;e, II TOJInRO B MeCTHOCTHX IIOJIHorO 6e3)];OpOmI,H n;apI,
cnenrHBaJICH, a IWJleCHHn;a IIepeHOCHJIaCL BOHHaMII Ha PYKax.
Ha pH)];y C KOJleCHnn;aMH, yme co npeMeH AnrypH3CllpII3JIa BCTpe-
'IJleTcH KOHHI1n;a, KOTOp3H IIO cBoell opraHllaan;HH COBna)];aJIa C opra-
HH3an;HeH neXOTbI. TaK me, KaK n B rrexoTe, OCHOBHoe 60eBoe 3BeHO
KOJIeCHHn;W COCTaBJIHJIH )];Ba BCa)];HHHa, O)];HH BoopymeHHI.I:iI JIYKOM,
)];pyroH - KOilbeM M Il\I1TOM. KpOMe Toro Cpe)];H BoopYllieHIlH KOHHl'In;bI
BCTpeqaJIHCb 6YJIaBa II MeqlI. MeqH 6WJIH )];BYX OCHOBHWX THnOB:
O)];HH - npHMOll Meq, )];pyroll - BblrHYTwll, KaK aHaMeunTwll Meq
C RJIIIH006paaiIOH Ha)];IIllCblO, co)];eplliam.eH llMH A)];3)];HHP3pH.
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peMHeM, nepexBaThIBalOm.lIM nrero JIonraWI. CTpeMeHa OTCYTcTBOBaJIliI,
BCa)];HlIHll CH)];eJIll, BbICOKO nO)];HHB ROJIeun H onycTHB HOCKII BHMa.
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IZO
rTEXHlI1lA :7.PEBHErO P,BYPFJrII,H
rOJIOBY, meIO II TYJIOBIIIl!6 JIOmaII. B BTIIX CJIY1JaHX Ha pncYHI\6
OT1JeTJIIIBO BUHLI 3aBH3HU, CHpeIIJIHIOIl!ne OT)J,eJILHhle qaCT.ll .)TUll
6pOHU.
Cpeu BoeHHhIX CIteH, Ha aCCl'lpHIICHlIX m106pa31JTeJIbHhIX rral\1HT-
HInmx, qaCTO BCTpe1JaIOTCfl 1'1306pameHHH ocaJ].hl .ll lliTypMa Hpeno-
86. 06paaL\bI aCClIplIficmIx TapaHoB
cTelI. Ha pem,e!jJax nOHa3aHLI TaHil{e II TeXHH1JeClme npHcnoc06JIe-
HIIH, IIplIMeHflBmHecfl aCCHpl'llln;aMH IIpU ocae (pnc. 85). OHolI 113 oc-
HOBHLIX 3aa1J npu ocae 6LIJIO pa3pyrrreHIIe BOpOT H CTeH, qTO Hn-
JIHJIOCb He06xo):\MMolI noroTOBHOII mTypl\1a. AJIH STOll Item'!, nepOHTHO
yme C rJIy60lWll peBHOCTII. npHMeHHJIIICb TapaHhI, npeCTaBJIHBmlIe
C060IO 6peDHa,nepeHO-
CUMbIena PYHax.TI PUH-
n;lllI TapaHa JIeil,aJI B
ocnone accnpnf!CHIIX
ocaAHhIX npncIIoc06-
JIeHlIll, DCTpeqaeMLIX
Ha u306pa3:IITeJIbHhIX
naMHTHIlRax C IX B.
p;o H. B. (pHC. 86). Ha
peJIbe!jJax 6pOH30BLIX
06IIDOR BaJIaBaTCRIIX
BOpOT HMeIOTCH H30-
6pamemm TaRHX Ta-
paHon, IIpep;CTaDJIHIO-
Il!HX C060IO 1JeTLIpex-
ROJIeCHYIO HJIn me me.
CTHROJIeCHYIO IIon03HY
C OCTpbIM BhlcTynOl\
cnepeH, Ha ROTOpbIM HaXOI'IJIaCb 6ameHRa. 8TH ocaAHble npH..
cIIoc06JIeHlm I'I.306pameHhI B p;ellCTBHI'I. np06UBaIOIII;HMH CTeHbl Bpa..
meCRlIX RpenOCTefI. .
Ha peJIbe!jJax AmYPHaCHpilaJIa BCTpe1JaeTCfl 11306pameHHe 1I 60-
JIee cOBepmeHHOI'O Blla coopymeHllll 3'1'01'0 THna, rp;e Ta paH YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCfl Ha nOB03He, He IIpeCTaBJIflH e Hell eIIHoro lIeJIOro. Ha BhICO-
ROll p;epeBflHHOH ROHCTpyHn;lIn, Ha n;eIIHX UJIll RaHaTax, CIIYClmB..
87. PeHoHcTPYHIIH acclIpHllcHoro TapaHa
(no Billerbeck)

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121
mUXCH cBepxy, nOBemUBaJIOCL MaCCllBHOe 6peBHO, Ha nepeHIJ:iI HO-
HeQ KOTOpUrO 6bIJI HaeT MeTaJIJIllqeClmiJ: Ha6aJIallJHllH, a K aa]:lHeMY
HOlIQY npUHpenJIHJICH rpya. BpeBHO, CJI)'mHBmee TapaHOIlt, npI1BOn-
JIOCb B ellCTBHe nYTeM paCHa'llrBaHIIH. n pH TaHofi HOHCTPYHQHH Ta-
paH MOl' npo611Tb He TOJILHO OCHOBaHHe HpenOCTHbIX CTeH, HO
TaHme H BepXHue IIX qaCTIi Ha BbICOTe 8-10 M.
,Il,epeBHHHbIll HapHac, B HOTOpOM nOMeIQaJICH TapaH, 06mlmaJICH
p;epeBOM llJIU me nepeHpbIBaJICH, qTO BCTpeqaJIOCb qaIl\e, nJIeTeHhIMIi1
E3 TpOCTHIIHa Il\HTaMII HJII'I me HYCHaMIi Romll, npeCTaBJIHH aaIIlIlTY
P;JIH HaX'JUIBIIIUXCfl BnYTpM nOIHO (puc. 87 II 88). <DopMa p;epeBflH-
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Horo RapRaca 6bIJIa pa3Hoo6paaHa, B nepeP;Hefi qaCTU 06bIqHO YCTparr-
BaJIaCb 6aIIIHfl, B HOTOpOiJ: naxo,l];lIJIIiCb CTpemaI l'Ia JIYHa. Ha PflY
C 11306pa1.ReHI'IHMI'I TapaHoB, IIMeeTCH eIl\e O,l];HO liI306paiHeHlle oca-
Hofi MaIllllHbI JIH MeTaHIiH HaMHeiJ: BpO,l];e pliMCROfi 6aJIJII'ICTbI. I{OH-
CTPYHQIIH 3Toro coopymeHIDI COBepIlleHHO He HCHa.
no CBoeMY TlIny TapaHbI paaeJIHJIllCL Ha MaCCIIBHbIe, C TyrrbIM HOH-
OM, II TapaHbI C 3aOCTpeHHbIM, HO BCTpeqaJIIiCb TaIDl\e ocaHble npll-
CIIoc06JIeHI'IH, llMeBmlIe BMeCTO MaCCITBHOrO 6peBHa CpaBHI'ITeJIbHO
TOHHoe, HO ,l];JIliIHHOe 0pY,l];lIe, HailOMllHaIOJ:Qee Honbe. BCJIeCTBlie cBoefi
60JILmofi MOIQHOCTII TapaHbI 06JIa,l];aJIll, nOBllnMOMY, HeMaJIOll pa3py-
mUTeJIbHoiJ: CllJIofi. 06bIqHO C TapaHOM 60pOJIliCb ,l];BYMH cIIoco6aMI'I:
::!amnraHlieM nepeHpbITIiH ROHCTpyRQlll'I npn nOMOIQII MeTaTeJIbHOrO
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11('JlI'M onncaHue 1I806pameHuH OcalJ II IllTypMa ropHoilr HpenOCTII
,II n >; 11 lIT , HaXOHII(erOCH cpep;fl peJIberpOB p;BOpn;a C.lclHaxepl163
(pl1f'. 89).
B ocap;e rrpuHIiMalOT Y1JaCTlIe ceMb TapaHon, rrORaTblB3eMblx 1\:
('('PU3M RperrocTII, IIOBUp;HMOMY, IIO HaCTIlJIY Fl3 CTBOJIOB epeBbeD.
TapallbI 3aRJIlO1JeIThI B 6pOHlO, CRperrJIeUIIH ROTOpofI OT1JeTJJlIBO BlI}\HbI
nn pHcyme. B rrepeP;Hell: 1JaCTII coopymeI-IHH IIMeeTCH 6allIHH C OI-
nOM. H3Bepxy ee H3XOP;HTCH p;Ba 1JeJIOBeRa: OHH JIY'IHIIR, P;Pyrou
nOIlH, ep1J:{aII(lill: B PYRe ROBIii Ha P;JIllHHOfi pyRoHTRe iii IIOJIIIBaIOII(Illl:
U3 Hero ocap;HYIO MallIHHY B n;eJIHX rrpeP;oxpaHell:ftJI ee OT MeT3TeJIb-
)(01'0 orHH, ROTOplJM rrOJIb3yeTcH rrpOTIIBlIHR. 3a TapaHOM, DO ero
)I plmpbITlleM, CJIep;yIOT JIerRlIe JIY1JHIIRIl II IlITypMOBIlUlR1l co II(UTaMll,
]\lmpymeUHlJe Me1JOM II ROrrbeM. TYT me THmeJIaH rreXOTa C rpOMap;-
UbJMIl IUIITaMII, 3aRpbIBalOII(UMll ROrrell:II(HRa II CTpeJIRa 113 JIYRa. B 3ap;-
JIHX pHp;ax rrpaII(HIIRH, rrepep; ROTOplJMH HaXOHTCH RY1J1I MeTaTeJIb-
HbIX RaMHell:. n paII(a COCTOHJIa 113 H01RaHoro peMHH C rreTJIerr H3 ROlru;e,
Ryp;a BRJIaIBaJICH RaMeHRlJll: llIap.
Ha 8'J'OM u306pameIUIH HCHO BH)lHa CHCTeMa OCa)lbI: TapaHEJ pa3-
6HBalOT CTeHbI BpalIeCROll: RpeIIocnl, rrorOTOBJIHH 6pellib P;JIH lllTYP-
Ma. I1Horp;a me BMeCTO TapaHa 8TY pOJIb BbIIlOJIHHIOT BOr'lHlJ, p;eucTBYIO-
II(lle rrop; rrpnRplJTHeM 60JIbllIllX II(IITOB IIJIll 1Re 3aROBaHHlJe B 6pOHIO.
3a TapaHaMH, rrop;HX rrpllRplJTlleM, a BepoHTHo TaRme II BJIYTPH HX,
IIOMelI(aeTCH JIernaH rrexoTa, rOTOBaH R IlITypMY. HaCTYIIJIeHIe llITYP-
MYIOII(IlX 1JaCTell: rroJ(epmHBae'J)cH THmeJIOH rrexoTofr, He rrpeRpaII(aIO-
m.ell: CTpeJIb6y IIO BpameCRofi RpeilOCTII. llIrypMYloII(ue BpblBaIOTCH
B I{peIIOCTb 1Jepe3 npOJIOMlJ B CTeHax IIJIII me rrpH IIOMOII(1I p;epeBHH-
HbIX JIeCTHnn;. JIHllIb Ha Cn;eHax oca)J,lJ M01RHO rrpOCJIeJ(HTb CTpaTerH-
1JeCROe pacrrOJIOmeHlle 1JaCTerr OTp;eJIbHlJX pOJ(OB aCClIpHfICRoro
BorrCRa; B IIOJIeBbIX 6IITBaX J(eJIO pemaJIOCb, rrOBJIJ(HMOMY, CTpeMII-
TeJIbHbIM HarropOM, B ROTOpOM BalI\HYIO pOJIb nrpaJIII ROJIeCHHn;lJ.
TIlIcbMeHHbIe HCT01JHHHH, RapTIIHHO OIInCbIBaIOII(He 8aXBaT, P33-
PYllieHIIC n pa3rpa6JIeHlIe BpameCRJIX RperrOCTefi, cOJ(epmaT He3Ha1JU-
TeJIbHlJe CBep;eHHH 0 CTpaTerllH aCCllplIfrCRoro BofrCRa. 113 Hap;rrIICell:
MlJ 3HaeM 0 CTpeMllTeJIbHlJX aTaRax OJ(HIIX JI1?rmb ROJIeCHIIQ, 0 Harrpa-
BJIeHll1l YJ(apa c rpJIaHra, HO HaM OCTalOTCH HeH3BeCTHI>IMH Hll CHCTeMa
CTpOH accnplIfrCROll: apMnlI, HH ee rrOJIeBaH CTpaTernn. B3HTile Rpe-
IIOCTII 06I>I1JHO COilpOBOmp;aJIOCb rrOJIlIlJM ee pa3pYllieHIIeM, rrpn1JeM
60JIbllIHHCTBO rrJIeHl:\lJX YBOJ(J:IJIOCb P;JIH rrOCeJIeHHH HX B J(PyroM MeCTe.

124
TEXHIlRA J1.PEBHErO J1.BYPEQbn
npU.ltOrHCeIUe
OCHOBHOit MepOH P;JIIWbI B ,1],Bype'Ibe Ha BCeM npOTHmemUI ero
IICTOIJl1.11 6b1JI JIOfWTb (arnrnatu). liMeH O]J.MHaIWHYIO 1I0MeHKJfaTYPY,
JIOHOTb HMe.TI JIoHaJIbHbIe M BpeMeHHble pa3JUl'UIH. TaH JIararnCfHIM
JIOHOTh paBHHJICH 0.485 M, B TO BpeMH RaH HIIIIIIypCHMll P;OCTIl.PtJ.JI
0.518 M. IIop;o6HaH me pa3HMa OCHOBHOii: MepbI ]J.JIMHbI Ha6JIIOP;aJIaCb
II B 3arrap;HoM .EBporre, rp;e p;JIMHa JIORTH ROJIe6aJIaCb Memgy
0.5663 M (caRcoHcRMii: JI.) M 1.18 (rrapllmClUI:ll JI.). CaMofI MemwiI
)J.p06HOii: 'IaCTbIO p;peBHeBaBllJIORCROro JIOHTH 6bIJI «naJIell» (u. anu),
COCTaBJIHIOIllllll 1/30 erO 'IaCTb. H a npUJIaraeMOIl Ta6JIII'me IIpllBO-
)J.llM OCHOBlIble mYMepCR.I1e (JIaram) Mepbl )J.JIHHbI II llX COOTneTCTBIle
MeTpI1'IeCROM CMCTeMe:
:I.) «IIaJJeu,>
2) «PYIm HaMeHmHHa»
(cmaTaR PYHa)
3) «OTHPLlTaR PYHa,>
4) «Bora,>
5) «JlOHOTL»
6) «T pOCTHHm>
7) ('Mema»
8) «IIOJJOBlIHa nepeBHu»
9) <tMeJ-HeBaH BepeBHa.>
0.0165 M
10 naJIbueB =
15 naJJhlleB =
20 naJJhlleB =
30 naJ1hljeB
6 JJOHTetJ:
12 JJOHTefi
60 JJOHTefi
= 120 JJOHTetJ:
0.1650 M
0.2475 M
0.3:.100 M
0.45 M
2. 970 M
5.940 M
= 29. 700 M
= 59.400 M
C III BaBIIJIOHcRoit )J.llHaCTIUl B IOmnoM ,1],Bype'Ibe 6bIJIa BBe)J.eHa
HOBaH Mcpa )J.JIIlHbl- <lJIOIWTbI) 13 45 naJIbeB, T. e. 0.75 M, 'ITO
cOOTBeTcTByeT, npMMepHo, mary.
B ACCllPUl1, IIpn cTIJOuTeJIbHbIX pa6oTax, MepoH P;JIIIHbI cJIynmJIa
TOJIIllIlHa R.I1pIIn'Ia (tibku).
OCHOBfroii ApeBIlellmeii: Mepoll nJIOm;a)J.1I 6bIJIa «rpH)J.a»'(mYMepmc
sar), paBHHRrnaHcH, npllMepHo, 35.2836 M 2 . HalI60JIee MeJllioii MepoH
nOBepxHocTH 6blJIO «3epHO»:
:I.) «3epHo»
2) «IllecTHJJ;ecHTaJI»
3) «rpHJJ;a,> (<cap;»)
4 ) «II 0 .116'>
5) <tBeSJJ;Ha»(?)
C RaccIlTClWfi anOXll (II I BaBIIJI.
«60JIblliOMY JIORTIO» nOHBJIHeTCH II
B 7938.81 M 2 .
IIJIOIlla]J,I'I nOJIell IIC'Ill JIHJIIICb IIHor)J.a no ROJIll'IeCTBY 3epHa npn
IIoceBe. TaR B ACClIpllU MbI BCTpe'IaeM Mepy «irneru}»), COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIllYIO 7340 M 2 .
MepbI eMROCTll (06'1>eMa) pa3)J.eJIHJIMCb Ha Mepbl CbIIIY'IMX 11
ml'I)J.RUX TeJI, lIMeH BMeCTe C TeM 06IllYIO Mepy «CMJI3I> (<<RaI» - 1,44 'IaCTb
Ry6u'IeCROrO JIORTH, 'ITO COCTaBJIHJIO, IIpMMepHo, 0.842 JI.
IIIYMepcRoll Mepoll cbIIIY'InX TeJI 6blJIa «rllHa» B 6.36,72 11144«cIIJIa».
,IJ;pyrofi Mepoit HBJIHJICH «aRRa)J.cKHH ryp. B 300 «CllJ!3» (252.6 JI.),
3aMeHeHHbIll B RaCCIlTCRoe BpeMH UypOM» B 180 «CIlJI3:t>.
0.196 M 1
0.588 M
35.2836 M 2 '
3528.36 M a
=' 63510.48 M B
;D;llHaCTllll), COOTBeTCTBeHHO
HOBaH Mepa nOBepXHOCT.l1

flPTIlIOJKEH11B
12$
I\pOMC Toro, O(jbPIHot'r MepOJ1" 06'LeMa 6bTJIa «CIIJIa», paBIIHBmaHcH
0.4 JI. 13 ACCUPIUI Mepa «imer>} (<llORJIama oCJIa») paBlIflJIaCb 100 «cIIJIa>},
T. P., rrplIMepHo, 40.4 JIIITpa.
E UIHHl{aMll Mep 7fm]].RllX TeJI MbI BCTpe'laeM pa3JIII'IHbJe COCYP;bI,
el\UWCTbIO B 5 «CIIJI3» (<<MaJIbTtt cocYI1»), 10 «ClIJI8» (<nigin»), 20 «ClIJIa>}
(<<oo.TIbmot'r cocY]].») B 30 1I 300 «CllJIa».
MepbI Beca IIMeJIlI B CBoett OCHOBe Bec nmeHII1IHoro BepHa
(se'u)=0.04675 rpaMMa, ROTOpbItt JIBJIHJICJI p;po6Hot'r 'IaCTbIO «CHRJIH»
(mYM. gin, akk. siqlu), COCTaBJIHBmerO «MIIHY» (mYM. mana)=-
50 rpaMM (Bec BOAbI 1/240 'IaCTIl Ry6n'leCROrO JIORTH).
G) (,3epHO»
2) «Mam"n CHHJIL&
3) (,MaJI8H MlIHa»
4) (.1l0JIOnllHa ClIHJIH»
5) ('JJ:IJof1Han MaJIaH MIIHal>
Ii) «rllHJIbl>
7) «Mil Ha,)
8) (,TaJIaHT.
0.046 rpa\fMa
0.146 i>
2.fi05 i>
4.208 >)
5.611 I)
fi.41G i)
505.00 i>
30300.00 i)
B 3ccIIpnfTcHoe II HOBO-BaBIIJIOHCROe BpeMH BCTpe'13IOTCH CJIe-
AYIOIUVle AP06HbIe 'IaCTIl «CllRJIH»: 2 3' 1 2' liS' 1 4' 1 6' 1 6' 1 8' 110' 1 24'
8TH MecorrOTaMCRHe MepbI Beca nOJIY'IIIJIII mllpoRoe pacnpOCTpa-
HefllIe, BbIttP;H TaIDRe 3a rpaHIIQbI nepeJJ:Heit A31I1l.
HeCMOTpH Ha pa3BIITYIO TOprOBJIIO B nepeAHett A3IIII, MepbI
Beca B OTAeJIbllbIX pat'IOlIax 6bIJIll pa3JIII'IHbIMII Il HepelJ;RO OTp;e.JJbHbIe
npaBIITCJIlr CTpeMUJIlICb IIX YHll<fJIIQnpOBaTb. TaRlIe MeponplIHTIlH
6bTJII'I npoBep;ellbI CaprOHOM, aRRap;CRIlM 1I mYMepCRllM rrpaBllTeJIeM
IIIYJIbI'n (I II )1IIH. V pa), 3TaJIOHaMil IIOCJIeJJ:Hero rrOJIb30BaJICH IIPII
YCTaHOBJIPHIUI TBepJJ:ot'r eAIlHllQbI Beca TaRme HaBYXOAOHOCOp. Pa3-
HOBeCbI IIIYJIl>I'Il YRa3bIBaIOT Ha cyru:eCTBoBaHlIe P;ByX MllH - OJJ:HOit,
npuMepHo, D 489.15 rpaMMa, APYI'oii YABoeHHoll B 978.3 rpaMMa.
Pa.moDecu U3 Y PYRa p;aJOT rroBuAuMOMY TpU pa3JIII'Im,Ie BeJIIl-
'IlIlIbJ MUHbI, E\O.ne6alJilll'feCH MeiK!{Y 491.4-511.4 rpaMMa. HauMeHb-
man MUH3, paBHHBUlaHcH Bcero 477.2 rpaMMa, p;OIlTJIa p;o Hac OT
BpeMeUH Y PYRarllHbI.
BMBJIlIorPA<I>IIR
OBIUI1E PABOTbI IIO IICTOPI1I:I HYJIbTYPbI
Me i s s n e r. Babylonien und Assyrien. HeideIber/l, 1920.
Del a po r t e. La Mesopotamie. Les civilisations babylonienne et as!!y.
rienne. Paris, 1923.
Con ten e a u. Manuel d'arehpologie orientale. I-III, Paris, 192/, 3.931-
A A aM 0 B. IiIpaH Apa6cHllfi. IIeTep6ypr, 3.912.

126
TEXHllRA nPEBHErO nBYPE'lUI
BAllmEt1nII:IE CBO,ZJ;HH TEHCTOB
G res sma n n. Altorientalische Texte zum alten Testament, Lei pzig,192..
H II H 0 JI hC H II fi. ,L(oHYMeHThl X03HficTBeHHOH OTqeTHocTII.IleTep6ypr, 1912.
Dei m e 1. Wirtschartstexte aus Fa1'a (Wissenschaftliche Veroffentli-
chung-en der deutschen Ori, entgesellschaft) Berlin, a 924.
CBO)J;HA I1JIJIIOCTI'ATI1BHOrO MATEPI1AJIA
G res sma n n, Altorientalische Bilder zum alten 'restament, Leipzig, 3.927.
I1PPl1r Al\I1H
Wi 11 co C k s. The irrigation of Mesopotamia. a917.
T h u I' e au - Dan gin. Corl'espondance de Hammourapi avec Samas-
Hasir (Revue u'Assyriologie), 3.924.
Del at t I' e. Les travaux hydrauliques en BabyIonie (Revue des ques-
tions scientifiques), a888.
K 0 Ide w e y. Das wiedererstehende Babylon. a913.
CEJIbCHOE X03Ht1:CTBO
Wit z e 1. Gisapin-«PfIug» (Keilinschriftliche Studien, Heft I), v d 918.
T h u rea u - Dan gin. Correspondance de Hammourapi avec Samas-
Hsir (Revue d'Assyriologie), 1924.
S c h ei 1. De l'exploitation des dattiers dans l'ancienne BabyIonie (Re-
vue d'AssyrioIogie), 3.913.
F ran k. Das Symbol der Gottin Gestinna (Hilprechtfestschrift).
PbIBOJIOBCTBO 11 OXOTA
S c h e i 1. Sur Ie ma1'che aux poissons de Larsa (Revue d'Assyriologie),
1918.
M e i s s n e 1'. Assyrische Jagden. Der alte Orient, XIII, BhIn. 2.
CTPOUTEJIbHOE )J;EJIO
06mlle pa60TbI.
R i n gel man n M. Les constructions rurales de Ia Chaldee et de I 'Assy-
rie. Recueil de trav. relat. a la phil. et l'arch. Egypt. et Assyl'. XXIX II XXX,
3. 9U7-8.
Per rot G. et Chi pie z Ch. Histoire de I 'Art dans Antiqui fe, II,
3.884.
-IIo ApeBHei1.rnefi apxlITeHType ,ZJ;BypeqLfI.
Antiquaries Journal, VII, 1928, CTp. 415.
F ran k for t H. Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad. Oriental Insti-
tute Communicati ons, J'& 16, Chicago 1933.
.F I' a n k for t. II. Iraq Excaations of the Oriental Institute, 3. 932-3. 933.
Oriental Institute communications J'& 17, Chicago 1934.
Be S a I' z e c E. Decouvertes en Chaldee, II, 1912.
P a I' rot A. Les (oumes de Mari (1935-3.936), Syria, XVII, 1937.
IIo apxlITeHType ACCllPll&
PIa C e .V. Ninive et l'Assyrie, II.
Bot t a et F I and in. Monuments de Ninive, I-V, 1849-1850.
And r a e W. Der Anu-Adad-Terripel in Assur, 1909.
And r  e W. Die Festungswerke von Assur, 1913.

IIIITEPATYPA
12'1
Ac6IIpHficRHe CTpORTenbHbIe TeRCTK
:M e i s s n e r B. und R 0 s t P. Die Bauinschriften Sanheribs, !!93.
M e i s s n e r B. und ROB t P. Die Bauinschriften Asal'haddons, Bei-
trage zur AssyrioIogie. III, d8!J8. _
PEMECJIA
Con ten e a u. Tablettes de comptabilite relatives it l'industrie du
cuivre a Umma au XXIII s. (Revue d'Assyriologie), 1915.
B 0 son. Les metaux et les pierres dans les inscriptions assyro-babyIo-
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H e u z e y. Une etoffe chaldeenne (Origines orientales de I'art) , 3.891-
d915.
G e no u i I I a c. Le bIanchissage au savon a I'epoque des Rois d'Ur
(Revue d'Assyriologce), 193.0.
TPAHCIIOPT
ITYTR C006Il1eHIIR.
B i I Ie r be c k A. und J ere m i as A. Del' Untergang Nineveh's.
Beitrage zur Assyriologie. II, d898.
lIa06pameHMH cpecTB nepep;BlImeHHR.
Antiquaries Journal, VI, 1928.
Woo II e y L. Ur und die Sintflut. Leipzig 3.930.
Raw I ins 0 n G. The five great monarchies of the ancient eastern world,
II, 1864.
Pat e I' son. Palace of Sinacherib. Hague (I'O MSD;. He YHaaaH).
L e f e bur e des N 0 e t t e s. La force mob'ice animale a travers les
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BOEHHOE ,II;EJIO
06ll1He pa60TLI.
Bon net H. Die WafIen der VOlker des AIten Orients. 1926.
MaT e p M a JI bI n 0 B 0 e H H 0 M Y A e JI Y D; P e BIle it ill e I' 0 ,II; D Y_
p e 'I 1, H.
Antiquaries Journal, VII,  928, CTp. 415.
Par rot A. Les Fouilles de Mari, Syria, XVI, 935.
DeS a r z e c E. Decouvertes en Chaldee, II, a 912.
Pa60TLI no BoeHHOMY D;eJIY ACClIpllH.
Hun g e r J. Heerwesen und Kriegfiihrung d. Assyrel'. Der alte Orient,
:XII, fiLm. 4, 1911.
Bill e I' be c k A. und J ere m i as A. Der Untergang Ninives. Bei-
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B ill e r b e c k A. und Del i t z s C h. Die Palasttore SaImanassars
II aus Balawat. Beitritge zur Assyriologie, VI, a 908.
Pan C r i t ius. Assyrische Kriegfiihrung von TigIatpiIeser I bis auf
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Man i t ius. Das stehende Heer d. Assyrerkonige und seine Organisa-
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D i 0 u I a f 0 y M. L'AcropoIe de Suse, II, 1890.
G. Raw 1 ins 0 n. The five great monarchies of the ancient eastern
world. II, 1864.
,


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ROMIIJIeRCHOe ll3Y'leHne ErlInTa, OnllCaJia 3HaqnTeJILHOe ROJIH'leCTBO
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RpbITlle IDaMnOJIJIbOHa, COCTOHBlIIee B nelIIHflJpoBRe llepOr.:IIIOB II
n03BOJIllBlIIee npucrynllTb R 'lTeHnro ernneTCHMX HannHce:i1:, B036y-
nHJIM orpOMHbIH MHTepec R ernneTCRMM npeBHOCTHM. B 1828 r. flJpaHI(ya-
CRoe npaBMTeJIbCTBO HailpaBMJIO IDaMIIOJIJIbOHa B EnIIIeT BO rJIaBe
CIIeI(MaJIbHOfI HaY'lHOH 3RCnennI(l'IH, ROTopaH nOJI1RHa 6bIJIa B03M06RHO
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HeMeI(RaH 8RCnennI(IIH, B03rJIaBJIHDlIIaHCH P. JIeIIcnYCOM D IIpo6bIB-
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(MacIIepo).
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I(a XIX B., n C 3Toro BpeMenn B ErHIITe BenYTCH CIICTeMaTU'leCRMe
paCROIIRM RaR HaY'lHIill\IM opraH1l3aI(UHMII, TaR II Y'leHbIMII pa3JIM'I-
HbIX CTpaH. HaM60JIee RPYIIHOH ll3 8'I'IIX OpraH1'I3aI(MH HBJIHeTCfI
Egypt Exploration Fund (mIRe Egypt Exploration Socjety), 1I3-
naBlIIa.H CBbIlIIe 100 OT'leTOB 0 paCROilRax. CJIenyeT 3aTeM OTMeTllTb
Metropolitan Museum of Art (Hbro--t10pR), Benyr:u;nll: pHn JIeT CIICTe-
MaTII'leCRlle pacRoIIIiM, 11 MH. np. BOJIblIIOe ROJIll'leCTBO apXeOJIOrM'le-
CRIIX IIccJIenOBaHMR ocymeCTBJIeHO nenapTaMeHTOM npeBHocTefi En'l-
neTCRoro npaBIITeJIbCTBa {Ser.vice des Antiquites).
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lICTOPHJ1 TEXHIlIiII /.lPEBHErD ErHnT 4.
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Bce aTH paCIiOnRH OTRpbIJIH Orpo.MHo.e Ro.JII'f'IeCTBo. Mo.nfJI, xpa-
MOB H HeCRo.JIbRo. ro.po.no.B, a TaRme 60.JIbillo.e 'IHCJIo. naMHTHHRo.B, co.-
CTaBJIHIOW;HX HbIHe Ro.JIJIeRI(HH MHo.ro.'llICJIeHHbIX MyaeeB H 'IaCTHbIX
JIHI(. Ha1I60.JIee aHa'lUTeJIbHbIe C0.6paHUH HMeIo.TCH B Kaupe, BpIITaH-
CRo.M Myaee, JIYBpe, HbIO-t1DpRCRo.M Myaee, Bo.CTo.HCRo.M, qHRarcRDM
(CillA), B BepJIHHCRo.M H np. B IIpeneJIax Co.BeTCRo.rD Coroaa JIY'illIlIe
ROJIJIeRI(IDI erlIneTCRHx npeBHDCTefi HaXDnHTCH B ro.cynapcTBeHHo.M
3pMlITame (JIeHIIHrpan) H B Myaee lIaD6paaHTeJIbHbIX IICRYCCTB (MD-
CRBB). ,TI,peBHeerUileTCRHe nBMHTHHRH HMeIOTCH H B npyrlIx ro.po.nax
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rll'leCRDrO MYBeH 11 BceYRpaHHCRo.rD MyaeHHDro. ropDJIRa (I\HeB).
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BpeMeHH OTRphITIDI IDaMIIo.JIJIbl)Ha pHn Y'leHbIX (RpynHeHillHe lIa HHX
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BpeMH 6DJIbmHM Ro.JIH'IeCTBo.M IICTo.pH'IeCRIIX H peJIHrIIDallhIX TeRCTo.B,
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TY me MOTbIry, HO C YWII'IHeHHoii: PYROHTblO. Co BpeMeHII III ):IUHa-
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IIPH HarKJ1IMe lIa ROTopble JIPM('X Bpe3aJICH B 3eMJIIO. ,D:JIH Toro qT06I:iI
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nJIyra 6bIJIO, IIOBUJJ;HMOMY, qepHOe ):IepeBO. B CpeJJ;HeM U;a rCTBe IIO-
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14. fIJIyr Honoro llapcTBa lIeHI'IJ'I. RaRHM o6pa30M
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11 He Tpe6oBaJIOCb, TaR RaR rJIy60RaH BCIIamRa MOrJIa 1I3BJIeQb Ha
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C):IeJlaJIO 6bI IIOJIe HeIIJIO):lOpO):lHbIM.
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CEDhCIWE Z03J111CTBO
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154
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mell: Mepe 12 apTa6 aepHa (376.16 JI). 8m CJIe)]yeT, BepOHTHO, CqHTaTb
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rOBopHT 06 ypomae B 20 apTa6 (OROJIO 626 JI), RaR 0 HOpMaJIbHoM.
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d8. 3aRpOMa BpeMcHIl XVIII IIHaCTI1B
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3epHa, ernnTHHe nOJIb30BaJIHCb CIleIJ;l'IaJIbHlilMn aM6apaMli RpyrJIoii
clJOpMIiI C RynoJIo06pa3HOH RplilIIIeit (pliC. 18). CTeHbI 8M6apoB BbIRJIa-
]:(IiIBaJIHCb li3 RHpIIIIqa, a nOJIOM CJIymHJIa nJIOTHO YTp3M60BaHHafl
3eMJIfl. B 9TH aM6aplil 3epHO 3aCbIDaJIOCb qepea CIIeU;HaJIbHbIe ORHa,
HMeBIDlIeCH B RyrrOJIe; li3bIMaJIOCb me OHO qepe3 ]:(BeplI, paCIIOJIOil\eH-
Hlile B caMOM RImy aM6apa. AM6aplil ]:(JIfl xpaHeHIUI 3epHa 1'I3BeCTHIiI,
HaqHHaH C )J;peBHero u;apCTBa. B RpeCTbHHCHOM X03flRCTBe aM6apOB
He 6Ii1JIO, TaR RaR 3epHOBlile aailaCIiI 61i1JIl'I CJIIIIDROM MaJIIiI; 3]:(eCb ]:(JIfl
xpaHeHIIH 3epHa nplIMeHHJIH 60JIblIIl'le rJIl'IHHH.bIe COCY}:\bI, HHor}:\a
YCTpaliBaJIII 3epHODlile flMliI.

156
l1CTOPIlJ1 TEXHIlllIl J{PEBHErO Erl1nTA
,
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IIOJIeM, HaCKOJIbRO MI.l MomeM CY]:(I'ITb no HMelOHMCH Y Hac ]:(8HHbIM,
IIOqTH He OTJIllqaJIHCb OT Tex IIplIeMOB, ROTopbIe YilOTpe6JIHJIHCb B OT-
HOIIIeHHII aepHOBbIX RYJIbTYp. l1Haqe 06CTOHJIO ]:(eJIO TOJIbRO C y60pKOii
a9. BhlepI'llBaHl1e JIhHa BpeMeHH VI p;i1HacTlI.H
JIbHa, ROTopaH npoHcxo]:(HJIa nOqTll o]:(HoBpeMeHHo C maTBoii 3epHoBbIx
RYJIbTYp. "lho6bI nOJIyqI'ITb BOJIORHO MaRCHMaJIbHO B03M07I"moii: ]:(JIHHLI,
JIeH BbIAeprnBaJICH Ha aeMJIU (pIlC. 19). 3aTeM nyqKH JIbHa co6Hpa-
JIHCb B CHOIIIiI, nepeBH3bIBaJII'ICb U nO]:(CYillIlHaJIiICb Ha COJIHIe. I10cJIe
9Toro JIeH oqlIaJICH OT CeMHJI. B IIoBoM lnpCTBe, RaR rrORaabIBalOT H30-
6pamelU'IH Jla CTerrax MOrJlJI, AJIJI OqnCTIHl JIbHa yrroTpe6JIHJIaCb ]:(epe-
BHHJlaH ]:(OCRa, cnyrn:eHJlaH O]:(IDIM ROHI(OM
B 3eMJIIO; Ha ]:(pyroM KOHe ]:(OCRH 6bIJIH IIpO-
pe3bI, CRB03b ROTopbIe rrpOXOp;IIJII:I TOJIbRO
cTe6JIH JIbHa, a ceMeHa aaCTpeBaJI1:I 1:1 06PbI-
BaJII'ICb (pHC. 20).
rapTMaH YRa3bIBaeT, qTO, no CBH]:(eTeJIb-
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Tblpe copTa JIbHa: TllHllTCRHR, neJIyaHii:cR1:Iii:,
6YTOCCRIIR H TeHTHpHTcKHii:.
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oropo]:(HbIe RYJIbTypIiI, TaR KaR OaH COCTaB-
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60JIbillOM pa3Hoo6pa3HII BHAOB oropoAHbIx
KYJIbTYP: 606bI, qeqeBHa, ropox, crrapma, CeJIb]:(epeii:, JIaTYR, Ra-
nycTa, pe]:(lIc, JIYK II ]:(p., IIpIlqeM MHOrHe Il3 IDIX yme RYJIb-
THBHpOBaJIHCb B ]:(peBHeRillHe BpeMeHa. 06pa6oTRa i 'H aaceB oropo]:(oB
IIpOHCXO]:(HJIII, BepoHTHo, o]:(HoBpeMeHHo C o6pa6oTRoR H aaceBOM IIO-
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20. O'lUcTRa JILHa OT
CeMI'IH BpeMeHI'! XVII D,H-
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21. Oro pOD, n CpCl\HeM QapCTDe
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IWTOPIiIX erHIITHHe 3HaJIH ]:(Ba copTa. (HalI60JIee paHHee YIIOMHuaHHe
0JI11B. BCTpeqaeTCH B TeRCTax III ]:(HHacTIDI.)
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]:(eTeJIH ]:(penHenlIIero BHHo]:(eJII'IH. Ha,I.\IIHcb MeTeHa, HaH60JIee ]:(peB-
HHH H3 enUleTClmx TeRCTOB (III ]:(IIHaCTIIH), rOBoplIT 06 YCTpollcTne
BIIHorpa]:(HlIRa B 200 JIORTefr (52 RB. M). It Siloxe XVIII ]:(HHaCTIIH
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B Cpe;O;HeM n;apcTBe II OCo6eIlHo B HOBoM n;apcTBe ;o;JIH STOll n;eJIII YCT-
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ne JI03e MOrJIIl 6IJTb cneJIl>Ie rp03;o;bH, 1'1 em.e 3eJIeHIJe; IIOSTOMY IIPIl-
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Iwn ;O;HeM MemaJIa He TOJIbRO ma-
pa, HO Il HpRoe COJIHn;e, IIp1'l RO-
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141:1 BpeMeHI:I VI }J;I:IHaCTlfH CIIJI.IlCb B ;o;aBIlJIbHIO-H.Il3RIlH 6ac-
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coce;o;a, HoraMIl pa3;o;aBJIIfBaJI1'I B.IlHOrpa;o; (P.llc. 23). B HOBoM u;.apCTBe
STOT 6acceHH ;o;eJIaJICH ;O;OCTaTO'IHO BbICOR.IlM, ;o;JIH Toro, 'ITo6bI YCTPOIITb
B HeM OTBepCT.IlH, qepe3 ROTopbIe BbITeRaJI COR. BilOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO,
qTO TaRIIM 06pa30M BbI;o;aB.IlTb BeCb COR 6bIJIO HeBo3MorHHO Il IIOSTOMY
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OEIlI.CROE X03HJ1C'l'BO
159
I'I><IJII,I\O qeJIOBeR. IIp:n 3aI{pyqllBaHlln OCTaTRll CORa BhITeRaJUI CRB03L
'J'lmlll, MemRa (plIC. 24a).
OJJ.HaRO TaROH npecc 6hIJI He COBceM y):\06eH, TaR RaI' ymmnH ):\a-
I1I1JJI.H.{IIROB HailpaBJIHJInCL He TOJILRO -Ha TO, 'lT06hI CRPYTIITL MemOR,
1111 T3Rll{e H Ha TO, qT06hI ):\ep'l,aTL ero B paCTHHYTOM COCTOHHI'IH. IIo-
II'I'OMY yme B Cpe):\HeM U;apcTBe nOHBJIHeTCH 60JIee ycoBepmeHcTBoBaH-
JIIdiI npecc, IIOJIyqlIDmUH mnpoRoe pacilpocTpaHeHlle B HOBOM u;ap-
."l'IIe (pHC. 246).OTJIHqne
:JToro IIpecca 3aRJIlOqa-
JIOCL B TOM, qTO MemOH
fil.IJI HaTHHYT Ha paMY 11
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ThI), BHHO XeMIIT (3ana,Q), CHeHCRoe BHHO (101') H MH. ):\p. EnmeTcRoc
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a 0 BHHe H3 <DIIBaH,Qhlu RouToca IIlIIIIeT, qTO OHO 6h1JIO TaR JIerRO, qTO
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162
1l0TOPllH TEXHllRll p'PEBHErO ErllIITA
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PLI611aH JIODJIH
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fOPHOE l1.EJi.O
163
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CYM no OIlleIlleMY 1{O Hac o6paau;y, 1{aTHpyeMOMY BpeMeHeM
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166
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rOPHOE REDID
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168
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CJIOmHOCTb IIOCTpOeR, B03BOAliMbIX ernrrTHHaMII, HaTaJIRFIBaeT
Ha IIpe}J;IIOJIOmeUlIe, 'ITO OHH CTpOnJIllCb IIO OIIpe}J;eJIeJIHOMY IIJIaHY.
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l CTBOM, ORa3aJIOCb, 'ITO IIO}J;OIIIBa
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0pY}KeHMM MacTa6a
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CTOHHFIe B JIORTHX OT ypOBHH 3eMJIH, He OCTaBJIHIOT IDIRaRHX COMHeUFIIi
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CTpoii: R eMacTa6a, ee HapymHoii: CTeHe 6bIJI IIplI}J;aH HymHbIi'I, O)];IIHaKO-
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He, 'ITO IIPFI IIocTpoii:He CJIenOBaJIFI 3apaHee UaMe'IeUUOMY IIJIaHY,
06uapymlIBaIOTCH }J;OBOJIbUO 'IaCTO. G)];HaRO RpOMe TaR oro po)];a IIO-
MeTOR, }J;O HaC nOIIIJII'I 'IepTemI'I, HBJIHBIIIlIeClI IIJIaHaMFI, ROTOpbIMlI Py_
ROBO}J;CTBOBaJIFICb erlIIIeTCRlIe apXFITeRTophI.
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TlipyeMhIii: III )];IIHaCTlIeii:, uaplIcoBaHHhIii: Ha OCROJIRe RaMHH (pFIC. 72).
Ha 3CRII3e OTMe'IeHa BbICOTa CBO)];a 'Iepe3 IIpoMemYTRlI B 1 JIOROTb.
B rrepeBo}J;e HaAIII'Icn:, IIMeIOrn;ueCR Ha 3CR.lI3e, rJIaCRT:
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a qepTelI" CJ],eJIaHIILIH IIO YiRe BaROnqeHHOH rp06HIII.{e: n:eHHOCTh 3Toro
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{) 30 JICUOTeit.

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qTO 60JIbillHe rJIbl6bI HaMHH IIOp;bIMaJIHCb TOJIbHO C nOMOII.(bID paMnliI,
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11.3.

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B MHrnylO CRaJIY, Ha ROTOpOH B03ABllraJIaCh nOCTpOHKa, qeM OTceRaTh
qaCTh rpaHIiTHoro IIIIJIHCTpa.
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engineering, Kairo d922, CTp. 35 II cn.
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198
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PEMECII.A
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92.2 3.9 3.9
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224
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CTBa, D Cpe]:\HeM J2{ HOBOM :n;apcTBax RpeilOCTlI CTpOIIJIHCb 1I3 RlIpIIlIqa.
BJ.IBJ1MOfPA<tJMJI
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,I:1;eHP;epa) Haitp;eHhI IIoTaAHbIe ROl\1HaThI. B OP;HOM TOJIbRO xpaMe ,I:1;eH-
p;epa 6hIJIO o6HapymeHo 14 TaRIIX IIoMern;emIit, OP;HO H3 ROTOphIX
YCTpoeHo B HapymHoH IO<lHIOH CTeHe H IIpOAOJImaeTCH AaJIeRO IIOP;
3AaHHeM xpaMa. Bce 3TU IWl\1HaTbI 6hIJIH rrpeRpaCHO p;eRopHpoBaHbI
H CJIYRIIJIII IIOTaHHhIl\lII CORpOBUrn;HIIQaMII xpaMa.
KOIITcKoe BpeMH OCTaBIIJIO pHP; 06pa3Q0I5 xopollieH RJIa):\RH.
TaKoBa, HaIIplIMep,RJIaARa CTeH BeJIoro MOHaCTblpH (Coxar 6JIH3 AXMH-
Ma), CJIOll'1eHHbIX H3 60JIbIIIIIX KBap;paTHbIX IIJIHT 1I3BeCTHHRa pa3MepOM
0.80xO.80 M H TOJIrn;IIHOH B 0.43 M. BOR OTMeqaeT TIQaTeJIhHOCTb,
C ROTOpOH rrpHTecaHbI 3TH IIJIIITbI. B CTeHax lIMeIOTCH p;Ba pHp;a OROH;
Hap; 060HMII pHAaMH OROH IIpOJIOmeHbI p;Ba TOHRIIX pHp;a Ral\lHeH
TOfl!lI111Hofi OKOJIO 20 CM.

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AJIH 60JIbIlleit RpenocTII CTeHbI Roe-rp;e BJIOmeHbI TeCaHbIe Ral\1Hll
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TOJIrn;IIHa CTeH Ha ypOBHe 3eMJIU paBHa 4-4.20 M.
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CJIep;yeT OTMeTIITb, qTO B ROilTCRuX 3p;aHIIHX OqeHb qaCTO BCTpeqaIOTCH
BMa3aHHbIMU B CTeHbI 06JIOMRll 3p;aHllit npe)J;bI]Iyrn;lIx 3nox.
KaR B p;peBHeM EI'IIIITe, TaR II B rpeRo-pUMCRoe II RonTCRoe BpeMH
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llHTepeCHhIM npliMepOM YCTpoitcTBa CTORa BO)J;bI C KpbIIllII MomeT
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peHHeMY gBOplIRY 11 cHa6meHbI CTORaMU, HanpaBJIHBIllIIMII BOAY B me-
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CepaileYM, IIoclIp;eitoH, D:e3apeYM C P;BYMH 06eJIlIcn:aMII, MaB30JIeit
AJIeRCaHp;pa II IhoJIeMeeB, xpaM CaTypHa H T. p;.
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11.9 O..epsII lIpeuuero BOCTosa

I1CTOPHH TEXHRRH ErHIITA.
290
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CKIIMFI. JIIORrapAT IIOCJIe Tw;aTeJIbHOrO IICCJIeAOBaHlIH 8Toro BOIIpoca
nplIXOAIIT R CJreAYIOw;eMY BbIBOAY: (Coo 'IaCTIIbIll: AOM B IITOJIeMeeBCKO-
pFIMCKOM ErlIIITe IIMeeT erFIIIeTCRUM xapaRTep)}. cho IIOATBepmAaeTCH
H paCROilRaMH He TOJIbKO CTapbIX erHIIeTCRHX ropOAOB U CeJIeIllIlr,
HO II paCKOIIKaMII ropOAOB, CO:mallHhIX rpeRaMH (R'apaluIC, Tea-
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ropbI KJIaBp:IIH 06HapyrI\eHbI ROJIOHHbI pllMCROrO BpeMeHII (pnc. 45).
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8nepreTa II ero meHbI (TaR Ha3bIBaeMaH KaMeH rOH3ara), xpaHHm;aHCH
B rOCY,IJ,apCTBeHHOM 8pMUTame (puc. 46).
rOpHbIe pa3pa60TRII B IITOJIeMeeBCROM ErlIIITe 6bIJIII I(apcRoii: MOHO-
IIo.TIUeii:, I(apb HBJIHJICH c06cTneHHHRoM Bcex pa3pa60ToR. Bo rJIaBe pa-
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B PY,lJ,HIIRaX me SToro He 6bIBaJIO. B RaMeIlOJIOMIIHX 11 PY,IJ,HI1RaX pa60-
TaJIH RaR BOeHHOIIJIeHHbIe II COCJIaHHLIe, TaR II pa60'IHe, IIpIIBO,IJ,IIBillMeCH
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no HeMY IIpHMoyrOJIbHbIM RaMHeM. HaROBaJIbHeM CJIYIRIIT TaRIl\:e 60JIb-
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MeHTa. EOJIee TlI\aTeJIbHaH
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6aTbIBaeT pIITOH, 3aRaH'llIBalOm;IIMcH rOJIOBOM ra3eJIII. CII,IJ,Hm;IIM IIoce-
peJJ;lme OT,IJ,eJIbIBaeT qeRaHROM, IIOBn]J;IIMOMY, OTJIlITyIO HII7i\HIOIO qaCTb
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lIMeeT ROJIOHRY C RanUTeJIblO II RpbIJI8TOM iPurYPOM H8Bepxy. Rp8llHUM
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CT8BRe. E03MOIRHO, qTO 3,1J,eCb II,IJ,eT BbI6IIB8HlIe peJIbe4>Horo opHaMeHT8;
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6bITb q8CTII cepe6pHHbIX iPyrJIHpOB JJ;JIH RHur, H8M]J;eHHble B JIyRcope
II XpaHHI.qlIeca B RalIpCROM MYBee (pRC. 48). cDYTJIHp IIreJJ;cTa-

PEMECIIA
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B 60JIbmOM.KOJIII'IeCTBe JIIIT@M 6pOH30BMM npeAMeTaM II opMaM AJIH
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HHIIWMCH B KanpCROM Myaee.
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II BbICTynOB Ha HX KpaHx (pIIC. 49). HapyamaH cTopoHa OpMbI
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MbIJIbHbIH ROpeHb, paCnYIll,eHHbIfi B ropHqefi BO):(e. AJIH npoqHOCTR
OHpaCRII IllepCTb npe):(BapliTeJIbHO llorpymaJIaCb B llpOTpaBY; 06bIqHO
nplIMeHHJUICb RBaCl(bI C RaROfi-HII6Y):(b RIICJIOTOH, HailplIMep pmJBe):(eH-
Hble B YRcyce BIIHOrpa):(HbIe BbI1HIIMHII, CO):(ep1HaIll,lIe BIIHHOImMeHHYIO
RIICJIOTY. B HeROTOpbIX pel(eilTaX YHa3bIBaeTCH ORIICb meJIe3a, pa3-
Be):(eHHaH B YRcyce, HO nplI 8TOM cnoc06e ORpaCHa TIOJIyqaeTCH TYCHJIee.
BOJIbIllIIHCTBO pel(enTOB RaCaeTCH ORpaCRII B TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIH
<mypnypHblfi» l(BeT. HaCTOHmlIfi nypnyp IIOJIyqaJICH 1I3 CORa O):(Horo
1I3 BII):(OB YJIIITOH, HaXO):(IIMbIX Ha n06epembe Cpe):(1I3eMHoro MOpH B
<DIIHIIRIIII. Y JIIITOR TOJIRJIII BMeCTe C paHOBIIHaMH, IIOJlyqeHHYIO Maccy
llOCbIIIaJIII COJIbIO H OCTaBJIHJIH Ha TplI ):(HH, IIOCJIe qero pa36aBJIHJIII
BO):(OH II npOBaplIBaJIlIj II B nOJIyqeHHOM paCTBope RpaCIIJIII mepCTb.
8TO 6bIJIa ):(oporaH HpaCRa, ROTopaH He MOrJIa ):(OJIro xpaHIITbCH
II ):(aJIeRO nepeB03lITbCH, H n08TOMY ee nbITaJIRCb 3aMeHHTb paCTII-
TeJIbHbIMII HpaCRaMII, ):(aIOIll,HMR pa3JIHqHble OTTeHHH OT RpaCHOBaToro
):(0 t1J IIOJI eTOBoro II TeMHOCIIHero. B 60JIbIlllIHCTBe pel(enTOB ):(JIH aTOll
l(eJIII YRa3blBaIOTCH ):(Ba paCTeHHH, Ha3bIBaeMble no-rpeqeCRR r.p5M
Ii a.n.r;/Joa. ITepBoe 1I3 8TIIX paCTeHlIfi peROMeH):(yeTcH RaH JIerHO
DbI):(eJIHIOmee 60JIbIIIOe ROmlqeCTBo RpaCHIll,erO DeIll,eCTBa ):(ame
llPII npOCTOM BbI):(aBJIRBaHlIlIj ):(pyrofi pel(enT peKOMeH):(yeT BapuTh
ero B Bo):(e ):(JIH llOJIyqenlIH HpaCRlIj B HeROTopbIX pel(eilTax npe):(JIa-
raeTCH npIi6aBJIHTb ne60JIbIIIOe HOJIlIqecTBo Hynopoca. BbIJIO npHHHTO
CqlITaTb, qTO llO):( na3BaHIIeM 5)(.o IIo):(pa3YMeBaeTCH O):(IIH 1I3
BRJJ;OB JIIIIllaH Rocella tinctoria DC. <DHcTep B CBoeH CTaTbe YHa-
3blBaeT, qTO CBoHcTBa, nplIIIHcbIBaeMbIe 5xr; B pel(enTax, He CO-
Bna):(aIOT CO cBoficTBaMII Ylm3aHHoro JIlIIIIaHj XOTH OH H 06JIa):(aeT
HpaCHmlIM BemeCTBOM, HO ):(JIH ero H3BJIeqeHIIH Tpe6yeTcH ):(JUITeJIbHaH
06pa60Tlm, Tor):(a HaH pel(enTbI YHa3bIBaIOT Ha 6bJ:CTpOe nOJIyqeHlle
HpaCRII.l{poMe Toro, 8TOT mUllaH ):(aeT OqeHb HeycTOHqUBYIO RpacHY,
B TO BpeMH RaH pel(enTbI rOBopHT 0 HpROCTH H npoqHOCTH IIOJIyqae-
Mofi RpaCRII. <DlIcTep YRa3blBaeT, qTO B HaCTOHmee BpeMH 60TaHllIUI
CHJIOHHbI CqlITaTb, qTO IIO):( aTIIM Ha3BaHIIeM llo):(pa3YMeBaeTCH O,lJ;Hif
1I3 BH,lJ;OB MOpCHIIX BO,lJ;opocJIefi, paCTYIll,llX B Cpe):(H3eMHOM Mope,
a IIMeHHO Rytiphloea tinctoria C. Ag. CCbIJIaaCbHa npOlI3Be,lJ;eHHbIfi
IIM OilbIT, <DHcTep rOBopHT, qTO 8T0 pacTeHHc 06JIa,lJ;aeT HPRIIM Rpa-
CHmllM BemecTBoM, OqeHb JIerHO H3BJIeRaeMMM nYTeM RllnHqeHIIHj
n08ToMY OH C'llITaeT, qTO no,lJ; Ha3BaHHeM Cf'5xo CJIe,lJ;yeT llOHlIMaTb
IIMeHHO Rytiphloea tinctoria C. Ag.
Apyroe pacTeHlIe - Anchusa tinctoriaj RopeHb ero 06JIa,lJ;aeT
RpaCHIll,IIM BemecTBoM, ROTopoe 1I3BJIeHaIOT, nOJIb3YHCb ero CBOHCT-
BOM pacilycHaTbcH B MaCJIe; ,lJ;JIH 3Toro ero TOJIRYT C opexaMH, npJII-
6aDJIHIOT BO,lJ;bI Ii RBaCl(OB. ITOJIyqeHHaH Macca MomeT HeRoTopoe
BpeMH coxpaHHTbcH. B TOM me pel(enTe RaR JIyqIllee Cpe,lJ;CTBO, pac-
nYCHaIOIll,ee RpaCHIll,ee BemeCTBO, peROMeH,lJ;yeTcH Bep6JII01HbH MOqa.
ITo ,lJ;pyroMy cIIoco6y RpaCHIll,ee BeIll,eCTBO paCTlIpaIOT B CYXOl\l BH,lJ;e

PEMECIIA
313
C CO.r:\OM II 3aTeM RIIllHTHT; peROMeH.r:\yeTcH Tamlte RIII1HqeHlIe C ROpHeM
6eJIeHhI IlJIIi IlleJIROBlIqHOrO .r:\epeBa II HeROTOpLlX .r:\pyrlIX paCTeUUM.
,II,JIH ORpaCRH IllepCTb 06bI'ill0 norpymaeTcH ua uelWTopoe DpeMH
B nOJIyqeUHbIM paCTBOp.
,II,JIH nOJIyqeHIIH CIIHero l(BeTa YilOTpe6JIHJICH CIIIIlIJIbUIIR (Isa tis
tinctoria). ,II,JIH 1I3BJIeqemm RpaCHll(ero BeIl{eCTBa IIpocyrneHHLle cTe6-
JIll 8Toro pacTeuliH 3aJIIIBaIOTCH MOqeM, 3aTeM aTa CMeCb llporpeBaeTcH
Ha COJIUl(e II RIIIIHTIITCH.
Mapeua (Rubia tinctorium II R. peregrina) .r:\aeT OqeUb npOqHYIO
II HPRYIO oRpacRY pa3Horo l(BeTa nOCJIe llpoTpaBbI RBaCl(aMH II BIlHHO-
RaMeUHOM RIICJIOTOM. B pel(eilTaX Papyrus Holmiensis oua yrroMH-
. UaeTCH .r:\Ba pa3a: ee peRoMeu.r:\yIOT .r:\JIH oHpacRII B p030BbIM l(BeT II .r:\JIH
nOJIyqeUHH iPlIOJIeTOBOro l(BeTa B COqeTaHlI1'I C CHueM RpacRoM. TaROBhI
HalI60JIee qaCTO ynoMIIHaeMbIe paCTIITeJIbHhle RpaCHII.
113 RpaCOH mlIBOTHoro npOIICXOII{.r:\eHIlH ynoMIIuaeTCH RepMec -
BII.r:\ HaceROMbIX, 6JIII3RHX H ROIlleHIIJIII, ROTOpbIM B .r:\peBUOCTII qaCTO
llYTaJIII C paCTeHlIeM, UOCIIBIllIIM TO me ua3BaHlIe. Pa3.r:\aBJIeHHhle B
BO.r:\e, 8TII naceROMbIe .r:\aIOT HPRYIO RpacnyIO RpaCRY. CYIl{eCTByeT
FIeCHOJIbRO BII.r:\OB 8Toro uaceROMoro, llplIqeM He Bce OHII .r:\aIOT RpaCRY
O.r:\IIHaROBoro RaqeCTBa, B 3aBIICHMOCTII OT HOToporo OHa l(eHIIJIaCb.
Bo06Il{e IIW 8TO O.r:\Ha 1I3 llpO'llfbIX, XOTH II .r:\oporllx RpacoR.
HeRoTophle pel(eilTbI .r:\aIOT nO.r:\p06uoe onlIC8HIIe Bcero npol(ecca
oRpacHH, HaqlIHaH C npoMbIBRII IllepcTII, .r:\PyrlIe TOJIbRO llepeqlICJIHIOT
Ha3BaHHH Bell(eCTB, He C006ll(aH, RaH C HIiMII 06pall(aTbCH.
IIocJIe oRpacRH IllepcTb, BepoHTuo, ell(e paCqeCbIBaJIaCb, a 3aTeM
ee npHJIH .r:\OBOJIbHO CJIa60M RPYTHOM.
,II,JIH 3anpaBRIl CTaHRa II IIIJIIIXTQBaHIIH OCHOBhI Tpe60naJIHCb Clle-
l(IIaJIbHhle ua, BbIRII H 8Ta pa60Ta c.r:\aBaJIaCb Cllel(H8JIIICTaM; B O.r:\UOM
1I3 CqeTOB, ROTOphlM XBOCTOB pa36IIpaeT B cBoeit pa60Te «TeRCTIIJIb-
HaH npOMblIIIJIeHUOCTb B rpeRo-pHMCROM ErlII1Te», eCTb cYMMa, ROTO-
paH, no ero MHeHIlIO, M07l{eT 6h1Tb 06'hHCHeHa HaR nJIaTa 3a 3anpaBlty
CTaHRa.
Ha .r:\ome.r:\IIIHx .r:\0 Hac TRaHHX Mbl BCTpeqaeM CJIe.r:\YIOIl{lIe llepenJIe-
TeUHH: nOJIOTHO, T. e. TaRoe nepenJIeTeHHe, llplI ROTOpOM YTOR B RalIt.r:\OM
pH.r:\y nOOqepe.r:\HO nORphlBaeT O.r:\UY HIITb OCHOBhI H npOXO.r:\HT no.r:\
.r:\pyroit; .r:\JIH Y30pqaThlX qaCTeM nplIMeUHeTCH pa3HOBII.r:\UOCTb 8Toro
nepenJIeTeHIIH - r06eJIeHHaH Texmma; llepe60p wi peMII3Rax Tome
nplI OCHOBHOit nOJIOTHHHO"H TRaHH; 3aTeM neTeJIbqaTbIe THaHH II, HaRO-
Hel(, capmeBoe llepenJIeTeHlIe. IIo.r:\p06nee 8TH nepeIIJIeTeHHH 6Y.r:\YT
pa306paHhI nplI paCCMOTpeUHII COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{IIX TRaHeit.
,II,ome.r:\llllIe .r:\0 Hac TKaHII npe.r:\CTan.ITHIOT c060it qaCTII JIbUHHhlX
oi(elIt.r:\ C BOTlmHHbIMII l(BeTHhlMH opuaMeUTaJIbHbIMIi BCTaBKaMII 1I3
mepcTII (pHC. 69).
IIJIaIl{II THaJIIiCb l(emmOM Ha CTaHl\e B BII.r:\e 60JIbIlllIX npHMoyrOJIb-
HbIX llOJIOTUIIll(; TymIRH lIte TRaJIIICb no qaCTHM (06h1qHO fi3 Tpex qa-
cTeit) C TaKIIM paqeTOM, 'lT06b1 llOJIyqeHHbJe qaCTR llpHMO CIllIlBaJIIiCb

314
llCTOPllH TEXHllRH ETl111TA
.
6ea )];OllOJIHHTeJIbHOn RpoiiIm (pIIC. 70). 06hI'IHO TYHlIRa COCTOHJIa IIa
CJIe)];YIOIIJ;IIX 'laCTen: BepxHHH 'laCTb C PYRaBaMH II oTBepcTlIeM BopoTa
nocepe)];lme; OHa CRJIa)];bIBaJIaCb nOIIOJIaM no JIIIHIIII BopOTa II BHlIay
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6lJJIII CIDIITlJ, aaIDIIBaJIIiCb 60ROBI,le IDBlJ.. Ha 60JIbIDIIX CTaHRax
6lJJIO B03M01HHO H3rOTOBJIeHFIe TYHIIR II3 o)];Horo cRa. IIpH pa60Te
)];JIIIHa TYHIIRII npHXO)];JJIaCb lloilepeR CTaHRa. Ror)];a OCHOBa ItaTH-
HYTa, pa60Ta HaqIDIaJIaCb C PYRaBa, llpH'leM TRa'l aaXBaTlJBaJI,
np06paClJBaH 'leJIHOH B Cpe)];Hen 'laCTFI cTaHRa, ROJIlIqeCTBO HIITOH,
HY1HHoe no IDlIplIHe PYRaBa, a llO CTopoHaM OCTaBaJIHCb CB060)];HlJe
HIITH OCHOBlJ. ,D;on)];H )];0 IIJIeqa, OH np06paClJBaJI 'leJIHOR 'lepea BCIO
IDHPHHY CTaHRa. C Toro-MeCTa,_rAe Ha'lIIUaJIOCb OTBepCTHe AJIH BopoTa,

PEMEClIA
315
OH TRan BYMH qenHORaMH OTenbHO npaBYro H neBYro nOnOBHHM,
OCTaBnHH nOCpeIIHe menb, 06paMneHHYro RpOMROM (OTBepCTlIe JIH
BOpOTa). Rora BOpOT 6Mn aaROHqeH, OnHTb npOOnllmnOCb TRaHbe
BO BCro llIIIPIIHY CTaHRa II, HaHOHeu:, OHO aaRaHqlIBanOCb TRaHbeM
BTopOrO PyRaBa C OCTaBneHlIeM no CTopOHaM ero CB060HMX HIITeM
OCHOBM (pIIC. 70 A). IIocne CHHTIIH co CTaHRa 8TH BHCHmHe no CTOpO-
HaM PYRaBOB HIITII aaRperWHnlICb nYTeM CiineTeHIIH HX B mrYT Bonb
RpaH (pHC. 71) Hm!: 06peaanlIcb. ,1];nH llpeYllpell,eHIIH pa3pMBa
TRaHII no HpaHM BopoTa no 06e CTopOHbr ero llponYCRanlIcb TOnCTbIe
Py6r(bI 1I3'HecRonbKlIx HIITeM, ROTOpbIe cnycHanlIcb Ha rpyb II cnlIHY
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H aaRaHqHBanlICh RlIcToqrmMH. TaRHM 06paaOM lIaroTOBJIflJIaCh BepX-
HHH qaCTL TYHIIRH. HlImHHH 'faCTh TRanaOi> B BHe BYX OTenhHbrx
npHMoyrOJIbHhIX RYCROB, ROTopbIe Ha CTaHRe paCIIonaranHCh TaR,
qT06M JIIIHa npHxonaCh nOlle peR CTaHRa.
::ha cxeMa TRaIIhH TYHIII'H ycnOll'HHnaCb B aamICIIMOCTH OT BenlI'IlI-
HM II RonHqeCTBa yaOpqaTMX qaCTeM, ROTOphIMH OHa YHpamanaCh II RO-
TopMe TRanlICh OllOBpeMeHHO C Hero (06paMneHlre BopOTa; RnaBM -
nonoCM, yHpamaroIr(lIe ClllIHY II rpYh; MeanhoHM Ha nneqax, nonOCbI
Ha PYRaBax, IIonOCM H MeanbOHM Ha nOOJIe). Ha 60m.nlIIHCTBe
oem BTII qaCTH BMTRaHM TaR HaaMBaeMOM r06eneHHOM TeXHIIHOM,
npH ROTOpOM U:BeTHaH HIITh yTRa, nepenneTaHCb C OCHOBOM B llonOTHe,
XORT Baa II Bnepe TonbRO no TOMY yqaCTRY, ROTOpbIH no yaopy
onmeH 6MTh aHHoro U:B&Ta (pIIC. 74). B aaBHCIIMOCTII OT BenlI'IIIHM
II ROHTypa yaOpqaTOH qaCTH nplIMeHHnIIch paanlI'IHMe nplIeMM.
IIplI OHOM CIIJIOIllHOe TRaHbe llonOTHa OBonOCb o RpaH yqaCT-
Ra, npeHaaHaqeHHoro nH y30pa; Ha ::!TOM yqaCTRe norOTOBJIHnaCb
OCHOBa, a8 eHHHU:Y 6panlicb 2-3 HHTH OCHOBM II llpo6IIpaJIHCb YTROM
II TaHOM paCl!peeneHlm:. MHora BO Ha6emaHHe pacxomAeHHH HHTeiI

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B HeRoTopbIX CJlyqaHX OCHOBa ORaabIBaJlaCb CJllIIIIl\:OM qaCTofl, Tor;JJ:a
qaCTb HIITen ee nponycRaJlaCb II BHCeJla cBo60,D,HO Ha 060poTIIOit
CTopOHe. IIocJle Toro RaR OCHOB3 nO;JJ:rOTOBJlena, HaqIIHaJlaCb pa60Ta
BeTHbIMII YTRaMII Ha yaOpqaTOM yqaCTI\e II omIOBpeMeHHO npOlIO;I-
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yaopa II llOBOpaqlIBaJl 06paTHO. ECJlU I{OHTYP yaopa 6bIJl aaHpyrJleH,
CQ;JJ:JIHemre 8TIIX ;JJ:BYX qaCTen npOIICXO;JJ:IIJlO llOCTenellHO. ECJIII me
TRaJlaCb nOJIOca IIJlII npHMoyrOJlbHIIR, TO Me,R;JJ:y qaCTHMII MOrJIa no-
JlyqaTbCH llpopexa. B HeROTopbIX CJlyqaHX TaR II 6blBaJlO, II 8Ta llpO-
pexa aamlIBIlJlaCb aaTeM Ha rOTOBOH TRaHII; B ;JJ:pyrIIx CJlyqaHX nplI-
HllMaJlIICb MepbI em;e BO BpeMH TRaHbH: TaR, IItIOr;JJ:a RpaHHHH HIITb
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318
tiOTOPHJl TEXBllRll EfliIIPA
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Ha HeRoTopbIX TRaHHX YTOR OCHOBHOM TRaHII TOJIbI{O B OT.r:\eJIbHbIX
MeCTaX 3aXBaTbIBaJI Rpamnoro HHTb OCHOBbI Y30pqaTOro yqacTRa
(pIIC. 72).
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OT.r:\eJIbHbIX He60JIbIIIlfX opHaMeHTaJIbHbIX MOTHBax. 3aRJIIOqaJICH
OH B cJIe.r:\yro.w;eM: HaMeqaJICH yqaCTOR .r:\JIJI Y30pa, HO TRaHbe
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BOJIOTOII RpaCRH ,L\JIJI llHCbMa Ha nanl:lpyce, nepraMeHTe H ,L\pyr
MaTepl:laJIax; B03MomHO, 'lTO B TaROM me pO,L\e 6bIJIH H RpaCRH ,L\JIJI
l1030JIOTbI ROml:l. B O.L\HOM H3 peI(eilTOB peROMeH,L\yeTcJI JIHCTOBOe
30JIOTO, paCTepToe C paCTI:ITeJIbHbIM RJIeeM; B .L\PyroM, 6e3 rrplIMeHeHIDI
30JIOTa, - meJITbIll MbImbHR, 'lHCTOTeJI, meJI'lb 'lepellaXH 1:1 ma.ppaH.
ROIf>3HbIe nOJlca (pl:lc. 94) llpe,L\C'l'aBJIHIOT C060ll ,L\OBOJIbHO mHpo-
Rue peMHII, 3aRpyrJIeHHbIe Ha EOHI(aX, C neTJIHMI:I nJII:I 3aBH3RaMH,
CBI:ITbIMIII H3 TOHRHX peMemROB; n1:II(eBaH llOBepXHOCTb 1:IX YRpallieHa.
llYHCOHOM, T. e. m1:IJIOM C .pl:lrypHbIM OCTp1:IeM, yKOJIbI ROToporo pac-
IIOJIaraIOTCH TaR, 'lTo6bI llOJIY'l1:IJICH opHaMeHT. .
113 Rom1:I BbI,L\eJIbIBaJI1:ICb TaRme peMH1:I ,L\JIH YllpHmll 1:1: ,L\PYI'IIX
6bITOBbIX I(eJIell. BCH BTa pa60Ta llpOH3BO.D.HJIaCb TeMII Ifm ROmeBHI:I-
RaM1:I. BOJIbmeIO 'laCTbIO, OH1:I pa60TaJII:I RaR HaeMHbIe pa6o'IlIe;
RpynHbIe me llOMeCTbH 1:IMeJII:I RomeBHHROB cpe,L\1:I CB01:IX pa6oqn:x
J1I apeH,L\aTOpoB.

PEMEOIIA.
333
B llTOJIeMeeBCKOe flpeMH yrro-
MRHaIOTCH qapcRHe KOfKeBeHHhIe
MaCTepCmm; B03MomHO cym:eCTBO-
Bamle TaRHX MaCTepCRHX, pa60-
TaBillHX Ha BOllCRO II: B pIIMCKOe
BpeMH.
COl03hI KomeBHllliOB 113BeCTHhI
TOJIbRO ,'B BH3aHTHllCKOe BpeMH.
epaMnqeCKOe npOn3BOAcTBO
Crrpoc Ha RepaMJI1IeClme 113):(e-
JII:UI 6hIJI 60JIbillOll, R TOMY me
r,JIIIHa qaCTO 3aMeHHJIa ):(pyrHe
MaTepHaJIhI, HarrpliMep ):(epe-
BO. l\epaMHqeCROe rrpOH3BO):(CTBO
6uJIO paCilpOCTpaHeHO no Bcell
CTpaHe.
rJIlUfa ]J;JIH COCy):(OB, B 3aBH-
CIIMOCTH OT CDoero Ha3HaqeHHH,
npOMbIBaJIaCb H OqHIT{aJIaCb 60JIee
IIJIH MeHee Tm:aTeJIbHO. COCY]J;U
.pOpMOB3JIHCb Ha rowmpHOM Kpy-
re. EJIIOMHep CqlITaeT, qTO yme
B ::JJIJIIDIIICTlIqeCKOe BpeMH rOH-
qapHUII Rpyr IIMeJI llpHCllUCO-
6JIeHlIe, C rrOMOII(bIO ROToporo
ero MomHO 6hIJIO Bpam:aTb HO-
rOll, II rOHqap Mor pa60TaTb
o6elIMII pyRaMIi. BpalI.{aH Rpyr,
OH BJ(aBJIIIBaJI cepeJWHY ROMa
rJIlUIhI, 113 ROToporo .pOpMO-
BaJICH COCY]J;, II BbITHrIlBaJI
BBepx CTeHRII. rOTOBhIe cocy- , :
W>l llPOCYillHBaJIIiCh II CTaBII-
JIIICb B neqb Ha o6mHr. Co-
CY.JU>l, npe;IWa3HaqellHhIe WIH
xpaHeHIIH lImWWCTell, BHyTPIl
nOKphIBaJIHCb llpOBapeHHOll
CMOJIOH.
IIeqb ):(JIH 06mHra Repa-
MII"feCRIIX IH!;L\eJIIIll rrpe):(CTaB-
JIHJIa C06011 RpyrJIOe coopy-
1I,eHIIe B ):(Ba ::JTama (pHc.95):
HlImHHH qaCTb - ]J;JIH TOilRII, . >,'
BepxHHH - wm pa3Mem:emlH
r" ::
r 'j
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634
JICTOPHH TEXHHRH ErHIl7!A
npe)];MeTOB, nO]]:JIemaII(HX 06mIlry. B no)];y BepXHero nOMeII(emUl
C)];eJIaHM 6MJIJ7I OTBepCTlIH )];JIH npOHIIRHOBeHl'IH mapa HaBepx. IIocJIe
06mIlra COCY)];U OCTaBJIHJIIICh HR HeROTopoe BpeMH B nellH :0 OCTU.
BaJIH llOCTeneHHO: pe3RIIH nepeXO)]; R XOJIOAHOH TeMnepaType MOP
BMBBaTb paCTpeCRHBaHile cocy)];a.
EOJIbIIIIIe cocy.w;r ]]:JIH xpaHeHIIH BepHa He rrO)];BepraJIIlCb 06mnry
(pilC. 96 H 97). OHB ]]:eJIaJIHCb npHMO B TOM llOMeII(eHHH, B ROTOpOM
OHH )];OJImHM 6UJIH OCTaBaTbCH. IIpH aTOM nOJI nOCbIIIaJICH 30JIOH,
1J.T06M Macca, HB ROTOpOH JIeII1IJIH, He npHJIHilaJIa R HeMYj Ha CJJoit
80JIM RJIaJIOCb AnO B BH)];e 60JIbiliOH JIerrerriRH, no CTopOHaM ero tPop-
MOBaJIHCb HeBMCORile CTeHKI/(. IIocJIe Toro, RaR BTa llaCTb rrpOCMxa-
_ JI3, HapaII(lIBaJICH BTOpoit
. +""'. HpyC CTeHKI/(j TaR, HPYO
" :J:i. 3a HpyCOM BMCOT3 )];OBO-
.: ,; )];lmaCb )];0 2 M.
I Bce 13TH llaCTH OCTaBa-
','1' '::';"':;'''\.'''' nHCb C'beMHMMil. HaBepxy
 cocy)]; cym3JICH H BaRaH'U'I-
-. ..' BaJICD Y3RHM rOpJIbIIIIROM.
 TaKl/(e cocy.w;r H ]]:0 CHX nop
YilOTpe6JIHIOTCH B ErHnTe
C  ]]:JIH XpaHeHl'IH BepHa. IIp:a
'i paCROilRax B MOHaCTblpe
 EililtPaHIIH 6bIJJH 06Hapy-
"".' '" meHbI TaRHe cocy.w;r.
OT)];eJIbHYIO OTpaCJIb pe-
MeCJIa npe)];CTaBJIHJIO llpO-
HBBO)];CTBO rJIHHHHbIX CBe-
IrHJIbHHROB (pHC. 98), aMnYJI H tPHrYPOR. OHH H3rOTOBJIHJIHCb B
I'Ji'IllCOBbIX tPopMax (pHC. 99), ROTopbIe CHI'IM3JIHCb CMO)];eJIH TeM me
clloc060M, RaR tPOpMM )];JIH BOCROBblX tPHrYPOR npH OT.JrnBRe MeTaJI-
JIli'IlIeCRIIX npe)];MeToB. Ha BHYTpeHHIOIO rroBepxHocTb 'taROH tPop-
MbI HaHOCHJICH TOHRHH CJIOH XOpOiliO llpOMbITOH H npoMeIII3HHoH
rJJHHbI TaR, llT06bI HM 6bIJIH BailOJIHeHbI Bce yrJIy6JIeHHH «I'opMhIj )];eJIa-
nOCb 13TO )];epeBHHHOH JIOllaTOllROH HJIII npOCTO PYROH. Kor)];a nepBbIH
CJIOH HeCROJIbRO llpOCMXaJI, Ha Hero HapaII(HBaJIH BTOpOH H T. )];., llORa
He llOJIYllaJJaCb HymHaH TOJIII(HHa. Kor)];a 06e nOJIOBHHRH BbICbL-..:aJIII
HaCTOJIbRO, llTO Morm'l 6MTb BbIH)'ThI lIB tP0pMbI 6e3 nOBpe7n)];eHHH, :ox
BbIHHMaJIH, CJIerrJIHJIH RpaHMil )];pyr C ]]:pyroM, BapaBHIIBaJIH IIIOB H
CTaBHJIH ]]:JIH OROHllaTeJIbHOH npOCYiliRH. ,IJ;JIH aMllYJJ TaRI'IM Clloc060M
HBrOTOBJIHJIOCb TYJIOBe, a 3aTeM )];O)];eJIbIBaJIIICb rOpJIbIIIIRO H py'lRH
(pHC. 100).
(DaHHcoBbIe H3)];eJIHH H31'OTOBJIHJIHCb TeMH me npHeMaMH, 'lT0 H
B )];peBHeM ErmrTe.
rJIaBHaH Maoea
peMeOJIeHHHRal\>1H,
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RepaMHlIeCKI/(X H3)];eJIHH )];eJIaJIaCb rOHllapaMH-
pa60TaIOII(1'IMH B co6CTBeHHbIX MacTepClUIXj

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.336
IICTOPHJI TEXIIIlHll ErIIIlTA
IIHOr,L\a OHII pa60TaJIII B Ra'IeCTBe naeMHbIX pa60'IIIX B llOMeCThflX.
rOH'IapliI ClleI(lIaJIl:I3l:1pOBaJIIICh Ha llpOI:l3BO,L\CTBe Ollpe,L\eJIeHHIiIX
COpTOB TOBapa: O,L\HI:I BIiI,L\eJIbIBaJIH 60JIhllIl:le rpy6ble COCY.L\hI, ,L\PY-
rl:le - TOHlUIe cocY.L\hI MenhllIero pa3Mepa, naKOHel1, OC06yIO Cllel1l:1-
8JIhHOCTh llpeiWTaBJIHJIO llpOI:l3BO,L\CTBO rJIJiIHflHIiIX .pl:lrypOK.
, -,I'.
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d01-102. COCYI\bI HaTaHHOrO CTeHJIa c HapaeHHeM BHIiSY
(rocyiJ. ap.MUma)
CTCKOHLlloe rrpOH3EOCTnO
CTeRJIO 6bIJIO O'IeHh ,L\aBHO :n:meCTIfO enillTflHaM 1:1 1lII:IpOKO IIMR
nCilOJIh30BaJIOCh ,L\JIfl pa3JIIf'IHLIX 1I3,L\emlH. Crroco61iI BapRII 1:1 O'II:ICT-
KII CTeH:JIflHHOH MaCCIiI, OKpaCKU ee B pa3JIH'IHliIe I(BeTa 6liIJII:I pa3pa-
60TaHIiI B O-rpe'IeCRI:IH rrepHO,L\.
AJIfl ,L\pemreerl:llleTCROrO CTeRJIa xapaKTepHO, 1JTO OHO o6pa6aTIiI-
BaJIOCh, KaK llaCTa, RaK MaTepHaJI, ROTOpliIH .popMyeTcfl OT PYRII
B MHrKOM, TflryqeM, a He B ml:lROM COCTOflHUH. B aTOM OTHOllIeHI:IH
llTOJIeMeeBCRUII nepno,L\ He rrpl:lHOCIIT HH'Iero HOBoro. COCY):\IiI .pop-
l\'lYIOTCfl llYTeM naRaThIBaHIIH Ha l1nJIHHplI'IeCRUH CTeprReHh MHrROH,
eII.{e He BIIOJIHe 3aCTliIBllIeH CTeRJIHHHOM MaCCIiI (pl:lc. 101 II 102);
HapY7ImaH lloBepxHocTh 3arJIamUBaeTCH llYTeM. RaTaIlHH Ha ImMeHIlO:H

PEMECJ1A
387
)];OCRe. BUyTpeHlIfIH nOJIOCTb cocy)];a rrOJIyqaeTCH I(HJIllli)];plIqeCROll
1j>0PMbI, CJIOll CTeRJIa OqeHb TOJICT. I1Hor)];a, )];JIH nplI)];amUl 60JIbllIell
YCTOllqI'IBOCTH, B HHmHell qaCTH cocy)];a )];eJIaeTCH paCllIHpeHHe H YTOJI-
eHlIe llyTeM Hapam:I'IBaHHH HeCROJIblUIX CJIOen CTemra. ,l];JIH 8TOm
rOTOBhIll cocy)]; norpymaeTcH HeCROJIbHO pa3 B paCllJIaBJIeUHOe CTeRJIO,
II nplICTaBillaH R ero CTeHRaM CTeRJIHHHaH Macca, OXJIam)];aHCb,
3aCThIBaeT; 8TOT npHeM nOBTopHeTCH )];0 nOJIyqeHHH meJIaeMofl TOJI-
IIHhI CTeHOR. rOpJIhIlliRO 1j>0pMyeTcH B nOCJIe)];HIOIO Oqepe)];b: cocy)];
aaXBaTbI-BaeTCH 3a )];HO IqIillI(aMH, rOpJIhIillRO paaorpeBaeTCH ua orHe,
RpaH ero OTrH6aIOTCH H HapaII(HBaIOTCH.
CTeRJIO 8Toro llepHO)];a IIMeJIO 3eJIeHOBaTnr:ii MyTHhIll OTTeHOR.
(D0pMoBaHHe COCy)];OB OT PYRH npHMeHHJIOCb H noalIe, HeCMOTpH Ha
TO, qTO Clloc06 BhI)];YBaHlIH cocy)];on H3 mH)];ROil MaCChI yme CTaJI
ffaBeCTeH. CY)];H no apxeOJIorIif'IeCRHM paCRonHaM, )];yToe CTeRJIO
llOHBHJIOCb B ErHIITe B HaqaJIe plIMCRoro nepHO)];a. I{H3a CqmaeT,
QTO cnoc06 BhI)];YBaHHH COCY)];OB 113 CTeRJIa HaqaJI llplIMeHHTbCH n ErlIrr-
Te n llepHO)]; Mem)];y 20 r. )];0 H. a. 11 20 r. H. a.
Clloc06 8TOT B OCHOBHOM COCTOIIT B cJIe)];yIOm:eM: rrpoBapeHHaH
II OqHeHHaH CTeRJIHHliaH Macca paCnJIaBJIHeTCH )];0 mll)];Roro COCTOH-
HlIH :R THrJIe. 3aTeM He60JIbllIOe ROJIH'IeCTBO 8TOll MaCChI Ha6HpaeTCH
B Tpy6RY 113 TpOCTHlIRa C MeTaJIJIlIqeCHUM HJIH rJIllliHHbIM HaROHeq-
:HIIROM nYTeM BTHrHBaH1IH qepea Hee B03)];yxa; aaTeM nYTeM D)];YBaHHH
B03)];yxa B Tpy6RY BhI)];yBaeTcH cocy)]; B BII)];e CTeRJIHHHOro ny3hIPH.
Tpy6Ra DepTHTCH, qT06hI He )];aTb 8TOMY llY3hIPIO OTBHCHYTb B CTOPOHY;
)];HO )];eJIaeTCH llYTeM n)];aBJI1maHIIH; aaTeM cocy)]; 3aXBaThIBaeTCH aa
)];IIO, rOpJIhIillRO ero OTphIBaeTCH OT Tpy6RlI II 3aRaHqllBaeTCH. MaCTep
pa60TaeT HellOCpe)];CTBeHHo B03JIe neqH, no BpeMH pa60ThI HeCROJIbRO
pa3 nO)];OrpeBaH cocy)];. rOToBhIe cocY)];bI CTaBHTCH B neqb )];JIH aaRaJI-
RH, T. e. )];JIH Me)];JIeHHOrO OXJIam)];eHIDI BMeCTe C neqbIO.
HaM HeH3BecTHo, RaRoe 6hIJIO YCTPOllC'I'BO CTeRJIOBapeHHhIx ne-
qell B EI'HIITe B aTOT llepIIO)];. B HeRoTophIX MeCTax plIMCROll IIMrrepHH,
HallpHMep B "Y aitrrb)];epCllYJIe, 6hIJIH Hall)];eHhI OCTaTRII CIICTeMhI neqell,
HO B03MomHO, 'lT0 ROHCTpyRI(IIH plIMCRIIX lleqeil He COBna)];aJIa C ROH-
CTpYRI(IIeil neqell erHrreTCRIIX. II pOI(eCC BhI)];eJIRH CTeRJIHHHbIX CO-
Cy)];OB COCTOHJI 113 HeCROJIbRIIX OrrepaI(IIll, Tpe60BaBlIIIIX HaJIIif'IHH
HeCROJIbRHX lleqell; B O)];Hoit 061ImraJIaCb Ij>pHTTa, )];pyraH 6hIJIa c06-
CTBelfHO pa60qeit neqbIO, TpeTbH CJI)'iRHJI8 WIfl oXJIam)];eHHH CO-
Cy)];OB. '
C llOHBJIeHHeM )];YThIX TOHROCTeHHhIX cocy)];on CTaJI oc06eHHo aa-
MeTeu MYTHhIil aeJIeHOBaTbIll IIJIII cHHeBaThIil I(BeT CTeRJIa, nOJIyqaB-
llIHllCH H3-3a HaJIlllilIH ORlICH meJIe3a B neCRe, ROTOphIM nOJIb30Ba.
JIIICb CTeRJIOnaphI. )J;JIH nOJIyqeHI'IH np03paqHoro CTeHJIa CTaJIH YllO-
Tpe6JIHTb neCOR, co)];epmaIIll MaJIO meJIeaa, I'IJIII rrpH6aBJIHTb neCOR,
cO)];epmalIll llepeRIICb MapraHI(a. Pe3YJIbTaT aHaJIHaa, npllBO)];HMblil
1{0TeBbeJIb-j-!\HpO)];e no IICCJIe)];OBaHIiIO IIap0)];II, )];aeT CJIe)];YIOIJJ;lIll
cocTan:
22 O'lepRH I\peSHero EOCTOR;l

338
ItctOPlIH TEXIllIRI1 ErlIn'l'A
C 0 C TaB C T e H JI a n 0 HOT e B h e JI 1,-
JKlIpoAe
HpeMHeHIICJIaR COJI1, . . .
Ornwb meJIesa II Imacl\bl .
I1sDecTh . . . . .
MarHeSI1R . . . .
OHIiCh MapraHl\a. . .
ID;e.rroqL . . . . . .
8TO cTeroro YIIOTpe6JIHJIOCb ]1;JIH I:H!rOTOBJIeIUm 6h1TOBblX COCY,L\OB.
CJIaBY Erl:lllTa COCTaBJIHJIU llpe]1;MeThI 1:13 TOHRoro l1BeTHoro 1:1 llPO-
Bpa'IHoro CTeRJIa, 1:13rOTOBJIHBmerOCH B AJIeRCaH,L\pI:IU. XY,L\OmeCTBeH-
Hoe CTeRJIO II llO cOCTaBy 6h1JIO MHoro llpOqHee; RaR 3TO llORa3h1-
BaIOT paCROrrRl:I, OHO rOpa3,L\0 MeHb-
me llO]1;BepmeHO I:Ippl:l3aQJ:m 1:1 pa3-
JIOmeHI:lIO.
B 1:13rOTOBJIemm COCY]1;OB II3 I(BeT-
Horo CTeRJIa eII(e mlIJIIi Tpa,L\HI(IIU
]1;peDuero ErI:lIITa, HallpUlep B llplIe-
Me YRparneHIIH llOBpXHOCTH lfaMa-
ThlBaHl:leM I(BeTIfOM HI'fTH, ROTopaH
RaTaHl:leM pa30rpeToro cocY]1;a B]1;a-
BJIHBaJIaCb B ero llOBCpXHOCTb 1:1
paCIIonaranaCb'Ha HeM ClilIpaJIbHO.
I1Hor,L\a 3TOM HI:ITI:I rrpH,L\aBaJIOCb
BIIr3aro06pa3Hoe paCIIOJIomerrHe. ,IJ;JIH 3Toro llOBepXHOCTb cTeror3
JIarpeBanaCb, II pH]1;hI HI:ITI:I llPH IIOMOIWiI oc060ro IIHCTpYMeHTa B
BI:I]1;e rpe6HH oTTHrlIBaJII:ICb BBepx 1:1 BI-I1I3. IIYTeM RaTalllIH I10BepX-
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1103. IITIIl\a. CTeHJIO
(rocya. 8p.Muma3IC)
. t
 . f(N';:. . 'j4!"
," -:.,,'
60.14
3.82
5.13
1.02
L13
28.65
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:..:!<.
.',
1104. BYCbI (rocya. 8pMUma:JIC)
HOCTb cocY]1;a 3arJIamlIBaJIaCb ,L\O TaRoii. CTeIIelll:l, qTO HaMOTallllbIe
HI:ITI:I lllICROJIbRO ue BhlcTyrraJII:I ua IInOCROCTII. jTaRIIM IIMeuuo llpl:l-
eMOM yRparneua llTIII(a, 1:1306pameHl:le ROTOpOM ]1;auo Ha pl:lc. 103.
RpoMe Toro, Y Hee uaBapeHhI RJIIOB II rJIa3a 1:13 llaCThI. EJII:I3RI:IM
R Olll:ICaHHOMY Clloc060M 1:13rOTOBJIHJII:ICb II YRparnaJII:ICb 6ychl II 6pac-
neThI (pIIC. 104 II 105): CTeRJIHHUaH llaCTa uaMaThlBaJIaCb ua CTepme-
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348
HCTOPllH TEXHHRH ETlllITA
¥ a1'!-PlIraJIe 1'! OXOIIJIa O 6epera RpaCHOrO MOpH, IIOCJIe tIerO IllJIa,
B OCHOBHOM, BOJIb 6epera MOpH, 3aXOH BO BCe rJIaBHbIe nOpTbI.
ApHaH, COeIIHHH 3TOit OpOrOll AHTHHOIO c BepelnmOH, HMeJI B B1'!y
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OHII 6bIJIH CIIeQlIaJIbHO BbIMOleHbI. TaR, opora, BeyaH IIO CRJIOHY
A m e6eJIb-AYRRaH B nOp1J1IpOBbIe RaMeHOJIOMHH, 6bIJIa BbIMoeHa
6YTOM H IIoIIepTa MHOrO'IIICJIeHHbIMl'I nOIIopRaMH (o61IM npoTH-
meHHeM B 1400 M, nO'beM Ha 600 M). Aopora ApHaHa lIMeJIa B llilI-
PIIHY 12-20 M II 6bIJIa OTMe'IeHa npHMepHO 'Iepe3 Ram.rwe 20 M no
o6eIIM cTopoHaM 3IIaRaMII. IIo BceM oporaM 'Iepe3 1I3BeCTHble IIHTep-
BaJIbI 6bIJIH paCIIOJIOmeHbI cTaHIIII, npeCTaBJIHIOlI(lIe C060IO 06hI'IIIO
IIpHMoyrOJIbIIIIR, o6HeceIIHbIll CTeHaMII C 4 6alliIIHMl'I no yrJI8M.
BHyrp1'! HaXO1'!JIIICb ffilImIla JIH rapHII30Ha II nplIe3ffiIIX, ROJIOeQ
II MeCTO JIH CHOTa (pIIC. 118). IJ:acTo IIOMIIMO ROJIOa 6bIJIa ee n
lIcTepHa JIH HaROnJIeHIIH BO.rw. MHora TYT me HaXOIIJICH II xpaM.
OCHOBIIbIM cpecTBOM nepeBllffieHnH 6I:JJI BI>IO'IHbIll CROT. IIOMIIMO
OCJIOB, B npoTIIBOnOJI07KHOCTb ;rqJeBHeMY ErIInTY, O'IeHb 'IaCTO IIpn-
MeIIHJIIICb Bep6JIIObI, 1'1 TeRCTI:J rOBopHT HaM RaR 0 norOIIm:IIRax
Bep6JIIOOB, TaR II 0 CIIeQnaJIhHI:JX nOMem:eHIIHX JIH Bep6JIIOOB npII
ImpaBaHcapaHX (HaIIpllMep B cDIIJI3).
EI1EnI10fPAcI>I1S1
06maR CnpaBOtIUaR JIIiTepaTypa
Rei 1. Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Gewerbes im hellenistischen Aegyptcn.
Borna - Leipzig, 1913.
Wi I c ken. Grundziige und Chrestomatie der Papyruskunde. Leipzig-
Berlin, 1912.
B I ii m n e r. TechnoIogie und Terminologie. Leipzig, 1875-1884.
Pet r i e. Tools and weapons. London, 193. 7.
Gay e t. L'art copte. Paris, 1902.
.D. II JI h c. AHTntIHaR TeXHIIHa. OHTM, ;1 934.
CEbCHOE X03HllCTBO
OCHoBHble 06mne pa60T1,I
S C h neb e 1. Die Landwirtschaft im hellenistischen Aegypten, 3. 925.
ApxeoJIOrntIeCHHn MaTeplian
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G r e n f e I I and Hun t. Fayum towns and their Papyri. London, 1900.
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I1PPMrAl{MH
C a Ide r i n i. Appunti di terminologia secondo documenti dei papIn.
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1JllBJ1110 rp' A<DHJ1
M!J
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Mol' g a n. Catalogue de monuments, I, pp. 123-124, Vienne, 1894.
06 ynoTpe6JJemUi caHhe B ,Il,peBHeM ErllnTe CM. CTaThlO Spiegelberg B Ztschr.
fUr aegyptische Sprache, B. 53, 0 HonTCHIiX HaaBaHllHX CaHLe CM. Spiegelberg,
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C I' U m. The Monastery of Epiphanius, v. II, npllMe'laHlle H M 312.
06 apxHMeJJ;oBoM BIIHTe CM. Edgar. A terracotta representation of the screw
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8HCUOpT nWeHJlL\bI
X B 0 C T 0 B. I1CTOpllH BOCTO'lIlOfi TOprOBJIll, CTp. 162-163. HaaaHh.
BHHO,Il,EJUIE
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06mlIe pa60TLI
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35()
tIO'l'OPHJ1 TEXHHRH FitHn1'A

T Ha'leCTBO
X B 0 C T 0 B. TeHCTllJIhHaH npOMLIIIJJIeHHOCTh B rpeHO-pllMCHOM Erl1nTe.
HaaaHh, 3.914.
FIe m m i n g. Textile Kunste. Berlin.
V i viS Y I van. Die Technik del' agyptischen Wollenwirkereien.
Win I 0 C k - C I' U m. The monastery of Epiphanius.
OHpacHa
P r i s tel'. Teinture et AIchimie dans 1 'Orient Hellenistique. Praga, d 935.
o 6 p a 6 0 T H a H 0 ffi II.
F I' a u bel' gel'. Die anti ken und friibmitteIaIterlichen Fussbeklei-
dungen aus Acbmim-Panopolis.
Win 10 C k - C I' U m. The monastery of Epiphanius.
HepaMII'leCHoe npOI1BBOCTBO
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Win I 0 C k - C I' U m. The monastery of Epi phanius, New-York, 1931.
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CTeHJIOD;eJIlie
K is a. Das Glas 1m Altertum. Leipzig, 3.908.
Cot t e vie i I I e - G i I' a u d e t. Foui1les de Medamoud. Le Caire, 1£30
IIYTM COOEIIJ;EHMH M TPAHCrrOPT
OCHoBHbIe pa60TLI
C led a t. Notes sur I'Isthme de Suez. Dulletin de I'Institut Archeol.
au Caire, v. 23.
K 1) s tel'. Studien zur Geschichte des anti ken Seewesens. «I(Iio». Dei-
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Torr. Ancient Ships. Cambrige, 3.894.
AJIeHCaHpllficHlin MaHK
Hen n i g R. Beit1'age zur iiIteren Geschicbte del' Leuchtturme.
T hie l' s C h H. Pharos. Antike, Islam und Occident. 3.909.
,IJ;oporli
M u I' I' a y G. \V. The ROlPan Roads and stations in the eastern desert
of Egypt, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, v. XI, p. 3.38.
Bce ]];aTbI ]];0 It. a.
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885-860
860-825
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1350-1200
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332
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CHallIIPOB3nlle II CBep;ellue BY Captain.

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