Автор: Зориня Е.В. Рахманкулова H.Ф. Соколов A.В. Шестакова М.А. Яковлева Л.Е.
Теги: философия психология учебники и учебные пособия по философским наукам
ISBN: 10 5-482-01409-6
Год: 2007
Текст
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pa3BJ.lBaCTC5!? Pa3BHBaCTC5! npoJ.l3BOJlbHO J.lJlJ.I no onpe.lJ.CJlCIUlblM
3aKOHaM? B 3TOM pa3IlCJlC paCCMalpJ.lBaCTC5! npOClpaHCTBO, BpCMH,
.lJ.BJ.I>KCHJ.lC, CJ.lCTCMHOCTb KaK Ba>KHCHllJJ.lC 1}J0pMbl 6bITJ.l5!.
rHOCCOJlOI1UJ - 3TO pa3.llCJI I}J UlOCo<jJJ.lJ.I, B KOTOpo\1 J.l3Y'JaCTC5!
npJ.lpo.l.\a n03HaHl-I5I J.I cro B03MO>K1I0CTII, TJ.lnbl n03HaBareJlbHblX OTIIO-
WCHJ.li1, Bl1.lJ.bl 3HaHJ.l5!, YCJlOBJ.lH 1l0CT0BCpHOCTII J.I J.lCT1IHHOCTI1 3HaIlJ.lH.
rJlaBHIDl rHOCCOJIOrJ.J t ICCKa5I Kareropml - 3TO ucmUI/O, a maBHIDl np06-
JlCMa - MO)f(HO JlJ.I 1l0CT0BCpHO n0311aTb npe.lJ.MCTbI, HX CYlUHOCTb
J.I npo5!BJJCHH5!? B 3TOM pa3.llC!lC paCCMalpJ.lIJaIOTC5! cJlc1I.YIOumc oonpo-
CbI: YTO 5!BJJ5!eTC5! J.lCTO'lHJ.lKO 1 HallJHX 3l1atIHH 0 MHpe H KaKI1M MC-
TO.llOM Mbl nOJly<laCM HOBOC 311at1HC? YCM HaY'lIlOC 3HaHJ.lC OTJlH'JaCTCH
OT .lJ.pyrux BI1)lOB 3HaHHH? K..1KOBbl Kpl1repHJ.I I1CTHllbl? KaK11 1I1 no-
3HaBareJlbHblMH cnOC06HOCT5IMJ.I 06J1aJJ.aCT '1CJlOBCK? J.I T. .lJ..
COL(mUlbHdH I}JH1I0Co<j>I1H - 3TO pa3J1CJ1 I}JHJlOCOI}JCKOro 3HaIlI1H,
H3Y'IaIOIltI1i1 HaJ.l60Jlcc 06IltJ.lC 3aKOHbl H LlCHIIOCTH 06IltCCTBClIlioro
6b1T11H H COL(HaJlbHOrO n03HaHII5!_ OCHOBHblC np06J1CMbI 3Toro
pa3.lJ.CJla - npHpO.lJ.a 06IltCCTBa, cro CnCLlJ.lI}JJ.lKa. CTaLlJ.lH H I1BH>K)'-
IltllC CJ.lJlbl '1CnOBC t ICCKOt'1 J.lCTOpHH, 06IltCCTBO KaK LICJlOCTliaH CHC-
TCMa, 06IltCCTBCHHbIC l1.lJ.eaJIbl J.I ncpCnCKTJ.lBbl 'ICJlOBCtlCCKOro 06-
IltCCTBa, cncuHI}JJ.lKa n03HaHHH 06IltCCTBa J.I cro HCTOpI1l1_ OCHOB-
HbIMJ.I KOMnOHCI1Ta\1H COL(J.laJlbIlOt'1 I}JH11OCo<l>HJ.I B llJllpOKOM
CMblCJlC CJIOBa HBJIHIOTCH I}JH11oco<j>ml J.lCTOpHJ.I, 06Ilta5! COL(H0110-
rJ.JH, 3T11Ka, 3CreTI1Ka. aKCJ.lOJlOrJ.J5!, < J.lJIOcol}JcKa5! aHlpOnOJIOrHH.
II
6. MOJKHO nlif Bbl.o.enlifTb OCHOBHOH Bonpoc
l/Jlifnocol/Jliflif?
B npoucccc HCTOpWIeCKOro pa3BHTH5I npC.l.lMeT I}JHJlOCo<lmH HC-
TOpH'ICCKH MCHHJIC B TCCHOi1 CBH3H C pa3BHTHCM 06ll\ccTBa, Kynb-
Typbl, HaYKH H caMoro I}JHJlOCOI}JCKOro 3HaHH5I. npH'ICM O'ICHb
pCIIKO I}JHJlOCOl}Jbl C'II.JTaJlH pC3ynbTaTbI npC.l.lWCCTBoBaBwcro 1}J11J10-
coI}JCTJ,OBaHHH Hcco mCHHblMI1. 3TO ll.OKa3bIRaCTC5I TCM, 'ITO nO'ITH
Ka>Kaa51 1I0Ball Kpynllllil Q)HJlOCo4JCK,UI CHCTCMa Ha'lHHaCT 3<1HOBO
onpC.l.lCJI5ITb npC.l.lMCT, 33IIa'lI.J H CYll\HOCTb I}JHJlOCOI}JHH. npaKTH'lc-
CKH BCC BCJlHKHC MblCJlHTCJlH CTpCMHnHCb npoBCCTH pa,a,I1KaJlbHYIO
pCI}JOp IY ( J.lnocol}Jl1l\ H C'II.JTaJll1 3TO CYll\CCTBCHHO Ba)J(Hoi1: 3a,a,a-
'ICi1:. ECnl1 B nnaToHOBcKo-coKpaToBcKoM CMblCJlC Qmnoco-
cjJHH - 3TO BC'IlIbIH nOHCK HCTIIHbl, Ll.06pa H KpaCOTbl, TO KaHT
OnpC.l.lCn5lJl ( HJIOCo4JHIO KaK HayKy 06 orHOWCHHH BCHKOro n03Ha-
HHH K CYll\CCTBCIIHbIM L(CnHM '1CnOUC'ICCKOrO pa3YMa, a A. Ka lIo
C'IHTaJI OCHOBHbl 1 I}JHJlOCO(jJCKHM BonpocoM Bonpoc 0 caMoy6Hi1:-
CTBC, T. c. Bonpoc 0 TOM, CTOHT nil >KH3Hb Toro, 'lT06bl ec npo-
>KHTb? B COBpCMCHIIOM MI1pC cai\-!OonpC.l.lCnCHHC ct>llJIOCOI}JHH CU(C
60ncc MHoroo6pa3HO_ B03MO>KIIO nH KaKHM-J1H60 06pa30M OXBa-
THTb 3TO MHoro06pa3110e caMoonpcJJ.cncHHc I}JHJlOCo4JHH C TCM,
'1T06bl B HCTOpHiO QmnocoI}JHH BKJlIO'IaTb HC TonbKO TO, '1TO MbI
ccroIIHH nOHHMaCM no.l.l ct>HJlOcoqmcH, HO H TO, '1TO noJJ. HCH no-
HHMaJIH .l.lpymc, U TOM '1I1CJlC B RCKdX MHHYBWHX? nOHCKOM OlBC-
Ta lIa 3TOT Bonpoc 3aHHMaCTC5I MCro.l.lOJIOI'HH HCTOPHKo-I}JHnococt>-
CKOro I1CCJlC.l.lOBaIlHH KaK 'IaCTb IICTOpHH cjJHJlOCOI}JHH.
B MapKCHCTCKOt'1 Tpa,a,HL(HH B OCHOBY paCCMorpCHHSI HCTOpH-
KO-ct>HJlOcoct>CKoro npouccca 6blJlH nOJlO)£(CHbl IIBa npHHL(H-
na - npHHL(HIi COL(HOKYJlbTypHOt'1 06YCJlOBJICIIHOCTI1 C HJlOco(I)CKoro
3HallHH H npHlHl11fI pa3I1HTH . KOI!KpCTH3auHci1: nOCJ(C,1HCro npl1H-
UHna H BblCTyIlHJlO OllpC.l.lCJlCHHC OCI10BHOrO Bonpoca I}JHJlOCo4JHH,
IIpCiJ,J10>KeIiIIOro 4>. 3HrCJlbCml B pa60rc (J1IO.l.lRHr 4>ct'lcp6ax H KO-
IICL( IICMCUKOH KJ1aCCH'ICCKOH <!mJloco4JHH') (\ 886): «BCJlHKIli1:
OCI!OBHOi1 Bonpoc BCCH, B OC06eHHOCTH HOBCi1:WCH, I}JHJlOCOI}JHI1
Cc"'Tb Bonpoc 06 OTI!OIllCHHH MblliUICHH5I K 6b1THIO»1. 3TOT Bonpoc,
B CBOIO O'ICpellb, nOIIpa3.l.lCJISlCTCH 3HrCJlbCOM Ha .l.lBa nO.l.lBonpoca:
'ITO RBJ1HCTCR nCpBH'lHblM HJ1H KaKOBa CYll\HOCTb MHpa? H «MO)J(CM
J1H Mbl B HaIllHX npeJJ.CTaBJICIIH5IX H nOlUlTHSIX 0 JJ.CHCTBHTCJIbHOM
MHpe COCTaBJIHTb IJcplioe OTp(l)j(CHHC JJ.Ct'ICTBHTC1IbHOCTH?,}2. OrBCT
lIa ncpBblH nOJJ.Bonpoc CJ1}'>KHT OCHOBaHHCM lIJIR pa3.l.lCJ1CHH5I IICCX
QJHJ1OCOI}JCKHX Y'ICHHH Ha IIBa HanpaBJlCHml - MamepUQ/lU3M (npH-
I MUpKC K, 311ZeAbC <J> I-b6p. npoll3B. M., 1979. T. 3. C. 382.
2 TaM )RC. C. 383_
12
3HaCT nCpBH'ItlOCTb 6b1THH, npHpOllbl) H UOetIllU3M (npH3HaCT ncp-
IIH'IHOCTb MbllUnCHHH, JJ.yxa). OmCT lIa B1'OPOH nOJJ.BOnpOC - mocc-
OnOfH'ICCKl1fi - n03BOnHC1' BblJ],CJIHTb JJ.BC OCIIOIIHblC n03HUHH-
Cl/OCeOlIOlWieCKOlO OnmUJ,IU3.MO (YflICPllHTCnbHblH omCT) H OlHocmu-
I{U3.MO (ocnapHBaCT 1I03MO)f(HOCTb HC'ICpnbl8alolllcro, 1I0C1'OBCpHoro
n03HaHHH CYIlIHOCTH MHpa). HC1'OPHKO-< HJlOCocPCKHH npouccc
npClIC1'aCT C TO'IKH 3pellHH npHHUHna pa311HTl1H KaK 6opb6a MaTC-
pHaJlH3Ma H HJl.CaJlII3Ma, KOTopaH BC11a K 113aH\i0060nIIllCHHIO 3THX
LlBYX npOTl1BOnOnO>KllbiX HanpaBJICHHH. 06a THna MHpOB033pCHHH
MCHHnH CIlOIO HCTOpH'ICCKYJO <lJOPMY II TeCIfOH CBH3H C pa311HTHCM
06Il1CCTBa, lIaYKH, peJlHrHH_
7. KaKoBbl npur'luHbl B03HUKHOBeHUfi f/Junocof/Juu?
OTBCTHTb lIa 31'OT 1I0npoc 3Ha'lHT IIC npoCTO lIaTb omCT Ha BO-
npoCbI: U3 'ieiXI, KOK, KOlOO H loe B03I1HKJla qmnocoI}JHSI KaK HOBa5I
l}JopMa MHpoB033pCHHSI, HO H lIaTb omCT Ha 1J0npoc, nO'lCMY no-
-rpe6HOCTb 13 I}JI1JIOCOI}JHH lIocnpoH3BO.!I.I1TCH B KYJlbrypC 'ICJlOBC'ICCTBa
II MHOro06pa:JHblX pcrHOHaJlblfblX H HaUl10llaJIbHbiX 1}J0pMax II piD-
JlH'lHbIC HCTOpH'lCCKHC 3nOXH. no Bonpocy 06 HCTO'lIlHKaX B03H11K-
HOBCHI1}1 I}JHnoco<IJHH C}'ll(CCTBYIOT 1])H OCHOBHblC KOIlUcnUHH II HC-
TOpHH I}JI1JI0CO<\JHH. nCpBaH - MUI}JOI'CIIHWl - C'IHTIlCT CJ],I1HCTIICH-
HbiM HCTO'lHHKO:>'1 npOHCXO>KD:CHIDI I}JHnOCocPHH npcllI}JHJlOCOcj)CKHfi
MH<\J. HaH601lCC BHJl.HblMI1 npCIICTaBHTCJISIMH lIaHIlOH KOHIICIIUI1I1
II HC1'OpHI1 I}JHnOCocPHH HIlJUlIOTCH r B. <1>. fCrCJlb H A. <1>. JlOCCII.
npl1 31'OM fCreJlb IIC npOllOllH11 pa3.JIH'IIIH MC>KD:Y MH<\>OM H penH-
Hldl, C'IHTIIH MH<I> MHpOIlO33pCH'ICCKOt'1 'raCTblO JlI060H pCJIHHm.
OCHOIIOH MI1(!JOJlOfHH, no fcrcmo, smnSlCTCSI l}JaHTd3HPYJOIlIHii p33}'M,
KOTOpblH HC MO>KCT BblpaJHTb pa3YMIIOC COllCp)f(aJmc MHpa II pa3YM-
Hoil <\>OPMC. B MH<I>o,loBm KaK (jJoP\1C pa3BHTHSI a6como1'Horo lIyxa
1}J0pMa npoTHIIOPC'lHT COIlCp>KaHHlO, 1: c. BCC06Ulm.1 onpeJJ.CJlCIIHSlM
HCTHlibl. <1>J.IIloco<l>ml H B03HHKaCT KaK nOnblTKa Bblpa:JllTb 06"bCK-
Tl1IJ1I0-pa3YMtiOC COllCp)f(atlHC Mllpa B arrCKBaTtlot'1 Cl\1)' nOHJlmuiillOii
CPOPMC_ MII<\J KaK cllHHcmcHHblH .lI.YXOBHblH HCTO'IHHK qmJlococjJHH
C03I1aCT B03"fO>KHOCTb (pHnococjJCTBollaIlHH. Ll.nH TOro 'IT06bl 3TII 1303-
MO)f(lfOCTb CT3J1a I1CHCTHHTCJlbHOCTblO, IIY)f(CH, no fcremo, pHJl ycno-
HHt'1 - paCUIICT llCHC1'BHTeJlbHOH nO,lHTH'ICCKOH CB060.!I.bI H onpCllC-
nCHlla5I crynCHb 3penOCfH KynbrypbI, KOma I1C'ICJaCT tlanpallJlCH-
HOCTb H3 Cn.HIIH'IHOC. COlla MHHCPBbl - CHMBon cjJliJlOCoej)CKOH
MYJ1POCTl1 - BbIllCTIlCT, no fcreJlIO. H CYMCPKH. 1: C. Ha JaKa1'C PCaJlb-
HOH HCTOpll'lCCKOH 3nOXH, CXB3'ICHHOH 13 MblcnH. A. <1>. JlOCCB, Ha-
npolHIJ, OfJlH'raCT Ml1<1>OJlOnllO OT pemmlll, H HMCHIIO H3 tlCpeJlHrH-
03HOro MI1<1>a, 110 cro MHCHIIIO, B03t1HKaCT <l>HJloco<lJl1H. OCHOBOH
MI1<\Ja HJlI1 «>Kl1l1Oro, OJlYUICllJICHIiOro H II KOHUC KOHUOB aHTjJono-
13
MOptpHOro nO/;lHMaHHH 6b1THH» HMHCTC5I a6co.n1OTI13<lUI1I1 POLlOBOH
>KH3HJ.I. <1>I1J\OCo<lmH H B03HHKaCT KaK nOnblTKa pa3ra.LJ.aTb TaHHY Bbl-
CWCH 06oeKTHBHOCTI1 HCpeIlHfHo3HOro MHcPa.
BTOpaSJ KOHUCnUHH - CUl1CHTltCTCKa5I - paCCMaTpHBaCT B Ka'lC-
CTBC CLlHHCTBCHHOro HCTO\IHHKa npOHCXO))iJJ.CHHH cPHJloco<lmH npCIl-
cPIIJlOC<$CKoe, KOHKpCTHOe, HaY'IHoe 3IJaHHC. CHCTCMaTH3aUHH :no-
ro 3HaHHH, }'BCJlH'ICHHC cra o6oe la H opnlUH30BaHHOCTH npHIIO.ll.HT
K 1I03HIIKHOBCHHIO qm110COcPHH_
COrJlaCHO TpCTbCH - rHOCCOMHcPorCHHoti - KOHucnUHH npo-
HCXO>KIlCIIHH cPltJlOCOcPHIt TpeMH ItCTO'lHltKaMH ( HJlOCOcPCKOro 3Ha-
HHH HIIIIHIOTCH pa3BHTblH peJlHfH03HO-MH<l>OJlOrH'ICCKHH KOMn1lCKC,
3MnHpH'ICCKOC HaY'IHOC 311aHHC H )f(HTCHCKa5I MYlI.POCTb, oTpa)f(alO-
waR 06bl.ll.CHHbIt'1 HpaBCTBCHHblH on biT. Hc06xOIlHMYIO npH'IHHY
rCHC311ca cPl1J\OCOcPHH npC.lI.CTaMHCT npomU8opelfue MC>KIlY OCHO-
BaHHblM Ha HcpaUHOHaJlbHOM Bo06pa)f(CHHH i\-m<l>oIlOrH\ICCKHM MI1-
poB033pCIIHCM H Ha\laTKal>m HaY'IHoro MbIWJlCHHSJ. <1>HJlOCOcPHH
B03HHKaCT KaK pacnpOCTpaHCHHC MCTO.ll.OB HaY'lHoro MbllilllCHHH,
KOTopoe CTpCMHTCH OTKpblTb HCHBHbIC CYIlICCTBCHHblC CBH31t H OT-
HOmCIIHH B Y3KOti 06J1aCTH CnCUHaJlbHOro 3HaHIIH, Ha Bce MHpo-
3IlaHHe. 1I.alllloo npOTHBOpC\lHe HaXOIlHT CBoe pa3pCWCHHC B cPH-
JlO CO cP l1 H npH onpC.lI.CJlCHHbIX COUHaJlbHbIX YCIIOBI1HX, TaKHX KaK
HaJlH'IHC TOBapHO-.lI.CHC)f(HbiX OTHOWCHHH, YCTaHOMCHltC '1aCTHOH
C06CTBCHHOCTH Ha 3CMJlIO H 3KOHOMIt'lCCKOrO rOCnOIlCTBa ropO.ll.-
CKOH >Klt3HH, YCTaHOBJlCHHC npaBOBbIX HOpM.
HCKOTOpblC <l>HJ10COcPbl 06paIl(alOT oco6oc BHHMaHHC Ha pOJIb
HpaBc-rneIlHOH nOTpc6HOCTI1 II B03HHKHOBCHl1H <l>HJlOCOcPHH KaK
aKTa ClIo60.ll.Horo H OC03HaHHoro BbI60pa. <1>HJlOCOcPHH KaK IIOBa5I
cPopMa LlYXOBHOi1: KYJlbTYPbl cj)OpMHpOBaJlaCb HC nOCTcnCHltO,
a 6bI11a BBC.lI.CHa cpa3Y B OTBeT Ha nOTpc6110CTb KpHTH'ICCKH OUC-
IIHTb nODJII1HHoe LlOCTOHHCTIIO '1CJlOBCKa B MHpC. c:t>HlIOCOcPHH
CMHPH1JIa aHTaroHH3M J1ozoca (3nHCTCMHOH npC.lI.MCTHOCTH '1aCT-
HblX HaYK) It MurJ;a (MHCTII'ICCKOH peaJIbHOCTH 6o)f(CCTBCHHot! I1C-
THllbl), npHHHB Ha CC6H 3a601)' 0 .lI.YWC '-ICJlOBCKa H cro HpaBCT-
BCIIIIOCTH. c:t>I1J\OCO<l>CKOC 3HatlHC IIBJlHCTCH B ncpBYIO O'lCpC.lI.b 3TH-
'1CCKH nOHHMaCMblM 3HaHHCM, n03HaHHCM I1CTHHbI H 1I.06pa,
COeL\HHHIOIUHM B ce6c UCIIH n03HaHHH H HpaBCTBCHHbIC UCJlH I .
BnepBblc 3TOT aKT cBo60.ll.Horo BbI60pa OCYIlICCTBHlICR O.ll.HOBpC-
MeHHO H HC3aBHCHMO .lI.Pyr OT .lI.pyra B TpCX J<yJlblYPHbIX pefHoHax
llpeBHOCTH - 1I.pCBHCt'1 1111.l1.HH, Ll.peBHCM KHTaC H Ll.pCBHCt'1 fpeUI1H_
Opalllla, LlO KOHua XVIII B. 6oJlbwHHcrno <l>HlIOC<$OB 6b1J1H CBpO-
noucHTjJHCTaMH H C\II1TaJlH, '1TO <lmJlOc<$HH HBJUlCTCH OTJlH'IHTCIlb-
I Monopos r. r. P011b Cocj>llll-MYlipocn, B IICTOpll1l npoI1CXO>KD.CHIUI qJIIROCO-
cl>1I1I II nomc_ 1991. NJ 2.
14
HOt! 'ICpTOH HCKJlIO'IHTClIbHO 3anallHot'1 K)'lIb'I)'pbl H II03HIIKaCT
TOllbKO II Ll.PCIIHCt! rpeUHH. TaK, HanpJ.lMCp, r. B. <D. rCreJIb OTKa-
3bIBaJJ KHTaI1CKOt! ct>Hnococt>HH II npaBe Ha CY1UCCTBOIJaHIIC, apry-
MeHTHpYH CooC MHCHHC 06pa3HoCTbIO, aJJom'lHOCTblO H aCCOUHa-
THBHOCTblO BocnpHHTHH MHpa, npHcy1Ucro KHTaHCKI1M MYJIpCuaM_
JlHWb C CCpCJIHHbl XIX B. nOHBJIHIOTCH KOHucnUHH. orcTaHBalO1UHe
HaJJH'II1C ct>I1JJOco<)mH Ha BOCToKc. C TO'l1Gl 3pCHI1H K. 5!cncpca
(1883- 1969), ct>I1JJOCOct>HH B03HHKaCT 01l.HOBpCMCHHO B TpCX HC3a-
BHCHMblX .ZlPyr OT JIPyra pcmOHax - KHTac, I1H.ZlHH H rpeUHH
B «oceBOC BpeMH» - VIII-II BB. .110 H. 3. UCHTpOM 3TOH oeH HBlIH-
CTCH V B. .110 H. 3.- nCpHOJI, KOma B KHTaC >KHlIH JlaO-U3bl H KOH-
ct>YUHH, B I1H.aJ.lI1 - 6YD.lla. B rpCUI1H - napMCHI1.Jl, rCpaKJHn, n1la-
TOH. HOBI13Ha «OCCBoro BpCMCHJ.I» II 3THX K)'lIb'I)'pax COCTOHT II TOM,
'1TO «'1ClIOBeK OC03HaCT 6b1THC B UClIOM, caMoro Cc6H H CBOH rpa-
HJ.lUbl... OC03HaBaR: CBOH rpaHHUbI, OH CTaBI1T ncpCJI co6ot! BbICWHC
ucnH... Bcc 3TO npOHCXOIlHno noepe.ZlCTBOM pcct>nCKCHH, C03HaHI1C
OC03HaBaJJO C03HaHHC, MblWlICIIHC JIMaJJO CBOHM 06uKTmi MbIW-
lICHHC,>I. Ha'laJJaCb 60pb6a paUHoHaJJbHO npOBcpeHHoro OnblTII
npoTHB MHct>a_ QC1I0BCK HC npocTO MO)f(CT Tcncpb BHyrpCHHC npo-
THBOnOCTaBHTb CC6H MHpy, HO H OTKpblBaCT B cc6e HCTOKH, n03BO-
nHIOIJ.\HC CMY B03BblCHTbCH Hall Ml1pOM H Hall caMHM C060H_
<DHnoeoct>bl npCTCH.ZlYCT Ha pollb HaCTaBHHKOB H Y'!HTcndj nonHTH-
'1CCKOi'i J.I COUJ.laJJbHOH >KM3HH. 3TOMY..ZlYXOBHOMY CKa'lK)' '1cnollc'Jc-
CTBa COOTBCTCTBOBaJJO onpCIlClICHHOC COUHaJJbHOC YCTpoi'iCTBO - cy-
1UCCTBOBaHI1C MHO>KCCTBa MC1IIGIX roeY.ZlapCTB, HX nOCTOHHHOC 06-
U(CHHC JIPyr C IlpyroM npaBna, KOHKpCTHbli'i Hm COUHaJJbHOro
YCTpoi'icTBa, CTa'I)'C HaY'IHOro 3HaHHH, pa3BHTbiC ct>OpMbl MHCPOllOrHH
CYLUCCTBCHHO pa3JJH'JaJJHCb B YKa3<1HHbIX lJ!CX pemOHax, 'ITO BO
lHorOM onpCIlClIHlIO cBoc06pa3Hc H pa3JJH'JIDl IlpCBHCrpC'JCCKOH,
JIpeBHCIGITat!CKOH H IlpCBHCHH.QHHCKOH <)H'loe<$HH.
8. B CleM COCTOUT ponb l/Junocol/Juu B Kynbrype?
Ponb ct>J.llIOCOct>HH B J<ynb'I)'pC onpCIlcnHCTCH TCM, '1TO ct>H,10CO-
ct>HH HBlIHCTCH pcct>nCKcHcl1 Hall OCHOBaHHHMH KynbTypbl. «<DHno-
COct>HH 113BlICKaCT K)'nb'I)'pHbIC CMblClIbl H3 COUHaJJbHO-HCTOpH'JC-
CKOro KOHTCKCTa, O'JHLUaCT HX OT HCTOpH'ICCKOt'1 KOHKpCTHKI1
H npCBpaLUaCT B '1HCTbIC 110rH'ICCKHC KOIICTPYKUHH - nOHHTHH, H3
KOTOpbIX Ha'JHHaCT KOHCTpYHpOBaTb B03MO)!(HbIC HilCaJJbHbIC
MHpbI»2. 060CHOBaHHC MblClIH 0 B03MO>KHOCTH pa3l1H'IHblX BapH-
I f{cnepc K. CMHCJI 11 Ha3Ha'[CHlIC I1CTOpl1ll. M., 1991. C. 33.
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C. 238.
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26
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60>K,aCHHH KaK CJlCllCTBI1H npC,lJ,aHHOCTIf (6xmCTH) 60>KCCTBY H no-
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27
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lliJIH CBOe npOn:OJI>KCHHC B }"JeHlUlX PaMaKpHwHbI (1836-181:)6),
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28
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1.D.xa"ManMa / ncp C f1aJTH B. H, Tonopolla. Cn6_, 1993. c. 81 (VIII, 105).
29
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30
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32
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35
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36
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TOKa aHTI1'IHOCTI1 pOCCI1HCKOrO Q>lfJJococ:j>a C. H. Tpy6euKoro
(1862-1905) HBJlHIOTCSI rJJaBHblC rjJUi!YPbl aHTI1'1Hoti qJJ.lJlOCO<!>HI1: l-tI
ncpJ.!O)l -.no COKpara (VI B. .no H. 3.- 2-H nOJl. V B. .no H. 3.); 2-tI
ncpJ.!O)l - OT COKpaTa .nO ApHCTOTelliI (2-H nOJi. V B. .nO H. 3.- IV B.
38
LIO H. 3.); 3-11 nepHO.n - nOCJIe ApHCTOTelli! (IV B. .no II. 3.- V] B.
H. 3.). OrclO.na npOHCXO.nHT TCpMHH < OCOKpaTI1KI1», KOTOpblH I1cnO-
nb3yeTcR B <!m.i!ocO<pCKOiJ nl1reparype.
HaH60nee no.np06HIDI nCpHOL\113at..!IDI HCTOpHH aHTH'IHOH cpl1JIO-
COcpHH 6b1JIa npelUlO>KeHa JIpyrHM H3BeCTHbiM pocCHHCKliM <pIfJlOCO-
<pOM, nCHXOJlOrOM r 11. 1..J.eJlnaHOBbIM (1862-1936). 3JICCb Kpl1TCpl-lH
.lIJUI BbUleJICHID! ruITl1 nCpl-lo.nOB aHTIf'IHOn <pHJlOCOqJHI1 - CMeHa 061J-
eKma U 3aOa'l <pHJlOCO<pHI-!. nepBblH nCpHOJI - ltamYPcpWlocoljxKIIU,
I1JIH KOCMOJIOrl1'lecKlifi (VI B. .no H. 3.- CepeJII-IHa V B. .nO H. 3.) xa-
paKrepl-l3ye-rCR npeHMyrnecTBcHHblM HHrepeCOM K np06J1eMaM «<pI-I-
3I1Ca,) 1-1 KOCMOCa, nOI-lCKOM Cy6CTaHUl-laJIbHOrO Ha'laJIa BCeX Bcrnetl.
BTOpOH nepl10JI - GHmpOnOIlOlll'leCKUU (2-H nOJl. V B. .nO II. 3.-
KOH. V B. JIO H. 3.) .neJlaeT rJIaBHblM npe.nMCTOM CBOCro HCCJIC.!{OBa-
HID! '1eJlOBCKa, nblTaRCb onpe.nCJII-ITb ero CYIllHOCTb. Tpenttl - cue-
me.Mamll'leCKIiU (V - IV BB. .nO H. 3.) xapaJ<TCpmYeTCR OTKpbITHeM
CBepX<JyBCTBeHHorO 11 KarerOpl1aJIbHOfi 11l1aJICKTHKOfi nJlaTQHa H ApI1-
CTOTeJIH, )laBIllI-IX <POPMYJll-lPOBKH OCHOBHbIX <PI1JIOCO<jx;KJ.IX npo6neM.
'-IeTBepTbliJ - 3mU'IeCKIiU (III B. JIO H. 3.- I B. H. 3_) CBH3aH C no-
HI1MaHl1eM <pI1JIocoqml-l npe)!(,UC Bccro KaK HpaBCTBCHHoro Y'ICHI-Ill.
pa3pa6aTbIBalOillcro HOpMbI 11 npamilla '1CJIOBe'lCCKOH >KIi3HI1.
11, HaKOHeu, nslTblti - peillilII03HblU nepl10JI (I B. H. 3.- VI B. H. 3.)
BbUlenHeT B Ka'leCTBC rnaBHoro 06'bcKTa <pI1JIOCO<PI11-1 n03HaHI1e 60-
>KCCTBeHHoro_
ECTecTBeHHo, K1DKlIaH 113 npC1l1I0>KeHHb1X nepHo.n113aUI1I1 LIOCTa-
TO'lHO yCJlOBHa, HO Hal160Jlee co.nep>KaTCnbHofi npe.nCTaB ReTCH ne-
pHo.n113aUIDI r I1 '-IennaHoBa,
17. LITo OTnH'IaeT Haryp4>Hnoco4>cKHH nepHO.q
B pa3BHTHH aHTH'IHOH 4>Hnoco4>HH?
HaTyp<PHnoco<pCKHiJ nepl10LI aHTI1'1HoiJ <pl1nOCOCPHI1 npeJICTaB-
neH 1-I0Hl-ltiCKliMH <pl-lnoco<par.m (<1>aJIec, AHaKCI1MaHL\p, AHaKCI-I-
MeH, repaK1iI-lT 113 3<peca), I-ITaJIl-lfiCKI-IMH cpl-lnoco<paMI1 (3neaTbI
11 nl-l<paropefiubl)_ K HeMY >Ke OTHOCHTCH AHaKcarop, 3Mnc.n0K1i 1-1,
C HCKOTOpblMI1 oroBopKaMI-I, ,l],CMOKpI-lT.
110HHHcKlie <pI1JIOCO<Pbl BOIWII1 B I1CTOpl11O <pI1JIOCO<l)l111 no.n
I-IMeHeM «<p1-I3I-1KOB», 111111 «cpIiCIiO/lOlOfJ>' (TaK I-IX Ha3BaJI API-ICTOTeJlb),
T. e. MbIClII-ITeJIetl, BOCnpI-lHI1MaBIllI-IX Ml1p, npl-lpony, KOCMOC KaK )1(1-1-
BOC 11 CaMOJIBI1>K)'ll.leeCH uelloe. OCHoBHaSi onn0311UI1H naHHoro nc-
pHOna - npOTHBOCTOHHl-le Y'leHl-lti fepaK1iHTa 3cpeccKoro 11 qmJloco-
<poB 3J1enCKoti IllKOJIbl napMeHl1Jla 1-1 3eHoHa_
fepaK1iI1T (OK. 544-480 rr. JIO H. 3.) npHxo.nI-lT K Mblcmf 06 YHII-
eepcllJlbllOCmll U3.MeltellliU e Mllpe, 0 6opb6e npOTIfBOnOJlO>KHOCTeti
39
....
(repMI1H «npoTI1BOnOJIO>KHOCTb'> npl1HaJJJIC>KHT ApI1CTOTeJIIO) KaK I1C-
TO'IHHKe Bcero CyJ.!..{cro, 0 «CKpbITOA rapMOHI1H MHpa» KaK BHyrpCH-
HeM TO)l(JJ.CCTBC npOTI100nOJIO>KHOCTeH. nepBOHa'laJIOM BCCro rCpaK-
J111T C'IHTaJI caM)'lO aKTl1BH)'IO 113 CTI1XHH - «OO'lHO >KI1BOH OroHb,
MepaMI1 33ropalOllll1HCH 11 MCpaMI1 noryxalOlL\I1H,} _ OroH b Bhlcl)'IJacT
Y fCp3KJJI1Ta 11 KaK Cy6CTaIll.ll1aJ1bHoe Ha'laJIO, 11 KaK 3CxaTOJIOm'lC-
CKoe (KOCMOC ncpl10,n:I1'1eCKH m6HeT B Ml1pOBOM nO>Kape), 11 KaK
JIoroc - pa3}'MHM, 1I.I1aJ1CKTI1'1CCKaH He06x01l.11MOCTb, ynpaIJJIllI01ll3H
Ml1pOM. JIoroc - 3T0 BHyrpCHHlI1I c11JYKIYPa OrHlI, ero Mcpa, OH
Bblpa>KaeT C060H C1I.I1HCTBO 60pbGbi 11 rapMOHl111 B Ml1pe. n03HaTb
JIoroc MO>KHO TOJIbKO paJYMOM, HO HC '1YBCTBCHHbIM BOCnpI1I1TI1CM_
I.J:CJIOOOK, n03HaBllil1H JIoroc, YMCCT paCKpblBaTb 60 MHO>KCCTBeHHO-
CTI1 e..QI1Hoe_ BH..QI1MbIH HaMI1 '1YBCTBCHHO-KOHKpCTHhIH nJIaCT 6blTHH
HC eCTb Be'lHall CyJUHOCTb (KaK n03>KC }"II1JI AHaKcal'Op), HO 11 HC
npl13paK, nOpO)I(JJ.CHIIbIH HalliHMI1 '1YBCTBaMI1 (K3K Y'II1JI napMC-
H"')]:), OH - HC npO'lHOC 6bITIlC, HO 11 HC M"'MOJICTHoe BIoflI.CHHC
B roJIOBax JII01I.CH, a «l1rpa omH C CaMI1M c060 h); TOJIbKO B 3TO'!
CMbICJIC MHoroe CCTb O,n:HO, «BCC - C1I.I1HO').
B npOTIIBOnOJIO)l(HOCTb fCp3KJJH'ry napMeHI111. (OK. 540-470 rr.
11.0 H. 3.), OCHOBaTCJIb 3JICHCKOH lliKOJIbI, }"II1JI, '1TO CCTb TOJIbKO
6bITl1e. 0110 Hen01l.BI1>KHO, Be'JHO, UeJIOKynHo (He HMCCT '1aCTCH),
c<!>cpOn01l.06HO 11, CJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO, COBCplliCHHO. He6blTIDI HCT_
MHO>KCCTBeHHOCTb, 113MeH'II1BOCTb Ml1pa, 0 KOTOpofi roBOpllT
Hallil1 '1YBCTBa,- 336JIY>K.lI.eIll1e. BblOO,n: 0 C1I.I1HCTBCHHOCTI1 11 Hcno-
1I.BI1>KHOCTI1 6bITI111 napMeHH1I. 1I.eJIaCT, HCXO,n:H 113 npe1l.nOJIO>KeHI1I1,
'1TO BblCllil1H Kpl1Tepnfi 6bITI111 - cnoc06HOCTb p33YMa 06pa30BbI-
BaTb nOIlIITI1H, MbICJIHTb 6bITI1C. DblTl1e 11 MblCJIb 0 6blUII1 10)I(JJ.C-
CTBCIIIIbl. Y'JeHl1e napMeHI111.a 6b1JIO ncpBOH <!>I1JIOCOq)CKOH nonblT-
Kofi C<!>OPMYJIl1pOBaTb MCTa<!>11311'JeCKOC nOHI1MaHI1C npl1p01l.bI.
OCHOBHblMI1 xapaKTepl1CTI1KaMI1 DbimUll OH npOB03rJIallJaCT Heno-
oeu.JlCIIOCmb, lIeU3MellHOCmb, omcymcmeue eHe3uca_ Y'JCHHK napMe-
HloflI.a 3CHOH (480-430 rr. ,n:o H. 3.) ,n:OKa3b1BaJI TC311C 0 C,n:I1HCTBeH-
HOCTH 6blTI111 nyreM 06Hap)'>KCHI1I1 BHyrpeHHI1X npOTI1BOpe'lHH
(anopI1l1) B aprYMCHTaUl111 npOTI1BHI1KOB. Pa3pa60TaHHbIC 3CHOHOM
apryMeHTbl B 3alL\I1TY }"ICHI1I1 napMCHloflI.a nOJI}"II1JII1 Ha3BaHI1C
«,l],I1XOTO"mll,), «AxI1JIJI'), <JlenIlL\CUI C11JCJIa,) 11 1I.P. 2 9TI1 aprYMCHTbI,
IUlH anOpl1l1, CTI1MYJIl1pOBaJll1 pa3BI1TI1C aHTI1'JHOH J10rMKI1, 1I.11a-
JIeKTI1KI1, TaK KaK BCKpblBaJll1 npOTI1BOpC'I1111 B COBpCMCHHbIX nap-
MeHi1J1Y 11 3CHOHY nOHHTl1l1X 0 npOCTpaHCTBC, C,n:I1HOM 11 MHOroM,
D.BI1>KeHI1I1 11 nOKOC, HenpepblBHOM 11 npepblBHOM.
I MaTCpl1aJ1l1cTbJ l{peBHei\ rpew"'. M_. 1955. C. 44.
2 EoaoMoflo8 A. C. AHnl'lHa>l cjJl1J1OCocjJl1l1. M., 1985. C. 85-88.
40
I1TaK. no MHeHl110 :meaTOB, MHO)l(eCTDeHHOCTb 11 LlDI1)1(eHl1e He
06mUI.aJOT peaJIbHOCTblO_ HanpOTI1D, Mil repaKJII1Ta M3MCH'1I1DOCTb,
aKTI1DHOCTb xapaKrepl13YIOT caMYIO Cyrb 6bITIDL ECTb J111 HeqTO
nocpeLlCTBYlOlIwe Me)I()J.Y eJ1I1HbIM, J1aHHbIM YMY, 11 MHO>KCCTDeHHoi1
Llci.fcTDI1TeJlbHOCTblO, OTKpblDaeMo!1 'JYDCTDCHHblM onbITOM? Ha Ta-
KOC nOCpe1l.CTDYI0lL\ee Ha'Ja.ijO YKa3aJIa nl1<paropCi.fcKall C)JI1JIOCO-
<p1111, paCCMorpCD ql1CJIa 11 I1X COOTHOWCHI1I1 KaK nepDOnpl1'JI1HY
6bITI1H. BCJ1b 'JI1CJ10 lie eCTb 'JI1CTaIl l1jtell YMa 11 lie CCTb npOCTO
J1aHHOe OnbITa.
ECJlH MI1JICTCKall WKOJIa 1I.aDaJIa OTBCT Ha Bonpoc 0 MamepUG/lb-
HOU npl1'JHHe cYlL\cro, a :me!1cKaH 11 nl1<paropcflCKaH I1blTaJIl1Cb pC-
llil1Tb Bonpoc 06 UOeG/lbHOU cpopMe cYlL\eCTBYIOlL\ero, TO nOCJIC1I.HI1C
<pHJlocoqJb! KOC!>lOJIOfi1'JeCKoro ncpl101l.a - 3Mnc1I.0KJI, AllaKcarop
11 ,lJ,CMOKPI1T crpeMIITclI OTBCTI1Tb Ha Donpoc 0 npu'luHe OeUJlCeIIUJI_
npl1 3TOM BCC OHI1 I1CX01l.HT KaK 113 6cccnopHO ycraHODJleHlioi.f I1C-
TI1Hbl 113 nOnO>KeHI1I1 3nei.fucD 0 TOM, qTO HCTMlnlO cyWCC 6b1TI1C
HC MO>KCT HI1 B03H11 KHyrb, HI1 nom6Hyrb. 3MneJ10KJI (OK.
490-430 rr. 11.0 II. 3.) npC1I.CTaBJIIICT >K113Hb npl1p01l.bI KaK lI"KJ1I-
qCCKI1i.f npOllecc, D KOTOpOM nonepe!>leHHO 6epyr BCpX TO Jbo606b,
coe1l.l1HHlOlliaH <p113l1qeCKJ1e 3JICMCHTbI B C1I.I1Hoe, TO BpaJICoa, 060-
c06ill1lOlL\aJI 3TI1 3JIeMCHTbI lI.Pyr OT 1I.pyra 11 nOpO)l(Jl.alOillaH MHO-
)I(eCTDeHHOCTb. AHaKcarop (OK. 500-428 IT. 11.0 H. 3.) npCJ1nonaraJI
ql1CJlO MaTepl1aJIbHbIX 3J1CMeHTOD «<roMeoMCpl1l1», I1nl1 <,n0J106HO-
qaCTHbIC'» 6CCKOHe'JHbIM, a CI1JI0i.f, npI1BOll.SllL\Ci.f I1X B J1B11>KCHl1e
11 ynOpH.ll.O'JI1DalOlL\ci.f I1X, - YM, I1JII1 Hyc. nOCneD.Hl1ii xapaKrepl1-
3yeTcII 11 KaK ql1CTO MeXaHI1'ICCKM, 11 KaK C03HaTcnbHall, lICJIeCO-
06pa3HO LlCi1CTDYlOlWllI 1J.YXOI!HaH cl1na. To eCTb AllaKcarop KOJIe-
6aJICII npn OTDCTC lIa Donpoc, SIDJlHCTC}{ JII1 LlBI1>KYillaJI CI1JIa YMa
«npI1'II1HHoi.f» HJlI1 «ucJIeC006pa3110i.f'>.
B OTJII1'JI1C 01' npell.WccTByJOillHX MbICJII1TeJ1Ci.f, aTOMl1crbI (J1eB-
KHnn 11 ,lJ,CMOKPI1T) npcJ1npMlUIJII1 nOnbITKY C03J1.aHI1I1 CI1CTeMbJ, 06'b-
IICHHIOlL\ei.f Ml1p H pa3pewaJOillci.f OCHOBHble npo6JIcMbI, nOCTaBJIeH-
Hble <pl1JIoco<!JMei.f lI.aHHOro ncpl1o.n.a_ B Ka'leCTBC nepBOHaqaJI Beero
cYillero aTOMI1CTbI DBOMT lI.Ba HOBblX nOIlilTIIJ!: Hell.eJlI1Mble (11 IIC
I1MCIOilll1e qacrei.f) amOMbi H nycmoma_ 3ro n03BOJIHlIO pa3peWI1Tb
npo6ncMY nporl1DopeqUH Me>KllY ell.l1HblM 11 MHOI11M, nOCTIUJJleHH)'IO
3neaTaMI1. C 01l.HOH CTOpoHbI, aTOM HCI13MCHeH, HClleJlI1M, HCYHI1'ITO-
>KI1M (aHaJIOr napMeHI11l0llCKOro 6bITHII), C lIPyrol1 - aTOMOR 6eCKO-
He'JHoe MHO>KeCTI!O, 11 nycrora HBJllleTCH ycJIOBI1CM CYWCCTBODaHIDI
3TOi.f MHO)l(eCTBCHHOCTI1. Ml1p 11 Bee DCI.UI1, CYillCCTByJOillMC D HCM,
BKJllOqaH D.YlliY qeJlOBCKa. CCTb COCll.l1HCHl1e pa3J111'1HbIX no <PoPMe, ne-
J111'JMHC H nOJIO>KCHI1IO aTOMOB. ,lJ,PyraH oc06CHHOCTb <P11JIOCOcPl1l1 aTO-
MI1CTOB - nOnbITKa 06'b}ICIII1Tb Ml1p, IIC npl16eraJI K nOHHTl11O UCJII1.
no ,lJ,eMOKpI1Ty, <,Bee B031111KaCT Ha KaKOM-HI16ylI.b OCHOnalll111 11 B
41
......
CI1JIY He06x01l.I1MOCTI1», T. e. Bce l1 eeT CBOIO He06x01l.11M)'l0 npwlI1Hy. I
no MHorO'HlCJleHHblM CBH1I.eTeJlbCTBa\1 lIPeBHIDC, JJ:eMOKPI1T OTpI1UaJI 11
cyweCTBOlk1HI1e CJlY'Iai1HOCTI1, KOTOplliI TPaKTOBaJlaCb 11M KaK pe3YJlbTIlT "
He3HaHH5I. U
H
18. Snarop,apJl p,eJlTenbHOCTJ1 KaKJ1X cfmnococpos C
cpJ1nOcocpcKaJl pecpneKCJ1J1 aHTWIHOCTJ1 CMeU4aeTCJI H
Ha npo6neMY '1enOseKa? 11
]I.
AHlnponOAOZU'IeCKUlI, I1nl1 l)'MaHI1CTI1'IeCKHH, nepl10Ll D pa3BI1TI1I1 r
atlTI1'IHoi1 4mnoc04)1111 CBSl3aH C 1I.ellTenbHOCTbIO co<lJ"CTOB, COKpaTa f(
11 COKpaTI1'IeCKI1X WKOJI 80 BTOpOH n01l0BI1He V B. 11
Bo Bcei1 I1CTOpHI1 rpe'IeCKOH 4)11noc04)1111 HeT 60nee cnopHoro C
HBneHI1H, 'IeM COcPl1CTbl. nepBOHa'IaJJbHO C1I0BOM «cocPI1CT» Ha3bl- p.
Ba.ijl1 MYJIpeua, nOCBIITI1BWerO >K113Hb Bblcwei1, YMCTBeHHOH 1I.eHTe- B(
JlbHOCTI1. TaK, rep0J10T Ha3bIDaeT cOcPl1CTaMI1 nl1cParopa 11 ConOHa_ C1
Ho nOCTeneHHO, B KOHTCKCTe nOJleMJ.lKI1 nnaTOHa 11 ApI1CTOTeJlII, o(
TepMI1H «COcPI1CTI1Ka,> npl106peTaeT HeraTI1DHbli1 CMbICJI, 0603Ha'iall m
«paCCY>K1J,eHJ.le, C03HaTe1lbHO BDO,QHWee D 3a611Y>K1J,eHJ.le», a cOcPI1C- W
TOM CTaJll1 Ha3b1BaTb MbIC1II1TenH, nonb3YlOwerocII YMeHJ.leM pac- >Ki
CY>K1J,aTb )J.J111 1I.0Ka3aTeJlbCTBa Toro, 'ITO yro1l.HO eMY, He3aBI1CI1MO OT BC
I1CTI1HHOCTI1 1I.0Ka3blBaeMoro; «n1laTHoro )"II1Tenll KpaCHOpe'IJ.lH», K
«nO>KHOrO !tIY1l.peua», n03TOMY DIDKHO nOHIITb KaK 06wee D 1I.ellTe- nc
JlbHOCTI1 COcPl1CTOD 11 COKpaTIl, TaK 11 npl1HUl1nl1aJJbHoe pa3JII1'IJ.le
I1X TeOpeTI1'IeCKI1X J.I HpaBCTBeHHblX YCTaHOBOK_ HC
COcPl1CTbl 11 COKpaT >K111111 D 6YPHYIO 3noxy rpe'IeCKoi1 I1CTO- M.
pHI1, Ha'iaDWeHCII noc1Ie ycnewHoH BofiHbl 8J!na.abl C nepCaMI1. He
I1CTOpl111 fpeUl111 3TOro nepl10D,a XapaKTepl13yeTcII OCTPOH nOnl1TI1- 6b
'IeCKOH 60pb60H BHyrpl1 nOnJ.lCOB, rOCY1l.apCTBeHHblMI1 nepeDOpo- HI1
TaMI1. ApI1CTOKpaTI1'leCKl1e 4)OPMbl npaDJIeHl111 CMeHIIIOTCII 1I.eMO- TI1
KpaTI1'IeCKI1MI1, 1I.eMOKpaTI111 nopoi1 nepepO>K.D.aeTCII B OJll1rapXI1IO I.l.le
11 Tl1paHI1IO. 06w:eCTBeHHall >K113Hb ycnO>KHlleTCII 11 CTaHOBI1TCII CO- 80'
1I.ep>KaHl1e!t1 nODCe1l.HeDHOCTI1, OHa BblHOCI1TCII Ha rop01l.cK)'10 n1l0- CJI
I.l.la.ab, B Hap01l.HOe c06paHl1e, cY1l.. BpeMII Tpe6yeT HOBblX 1111. ei1 , nl1
HOBbiX 3HaHI1f\; YMeHI1H pa3611paTbCH B nCI1XOnOfl1l1, apryMeHTl1pO- w:e
DaTb, D.OKa3blBaTb, YMeHI1H npaBl1nbHO MblC1II1Tb Ii npaDI1JlbHO ro- 'Ie;
BOpI1Tb_ a (
l1 eHHo coljmcmbl 11 COIqJam CMeCTI1Jll1 cPl1nOCOcPCKYIO pecP neK - 4)11
CIiIO aHTI1'IHOCTI1 C np06J1eMaTI1KI1 cPI1311KIi 11 KOCMoca Ha np06ne- coe
MY 'IenOBeKa 11 ero >K113HI1 KaK 'IJleHa 06w:eCTDa, npOTI1BOnOCTaDI1D 601
cyw:ecTDYlOl.l.lee no npl1p01l.e 11 cyw:ecTBYlow:ee no YCTaHOD1IeHI1IO. eM
KaK cPI1nOCOcPCKoe Te'IeHl1e COcPl1CTI1Ka He01l.HOp01l.Ha. ,[lrrll Hac coq
Ha1160JlbWI1i1 l1IiTepec npe1l.CTaBJIlleT 1I.ellTeJlbHOCTb cTapwei1 rpyn- HbI:
nI,l COcPl1CTOD - npOTIlropa, rOpfl1l1, rJ.lnnl1H, np01l.l1Ka. Y'IeHl1e ne(:
42
OpOTaropa - ::no. KpafiHI1i'1 DhID0.1I. 113 no.CbIJIo.K <!>11J1o.Co.qJl1I1 fCpaK-
JlI1Ta. 3HaMCHI1To.C no.Jlo.>KCHl1e Opo-raropa r1lacl1T: «qeJlo.DCK eCTb
Mepa DCeX BCUleH, CYUleCTDyJOillI1X, 'JTo. o.HI1 CYillCCTDyJOT, 11 He CY-
UlCCTByJOUlI1X, 'JTO o.HI1 He CYillCCTBYIOT». Pe'lb 1111.eT 0.6 CTHCCI1TeJlb-
Ho.CTI1 BCCro cYillecTBYlo.UlCro., B To.M 'Jl1CJle I1CTI1Hbl 11 3HaIlI1H.
OillYilleHl1e, C'Jl1TaJI Opo.Tarop, He Mo.>KCT 0.1l1l16aTbClI, no.Ka3bIBall
HaM, KaKo.e Co.CTo.lIHI1C JlY'Illle, a KaKo.e X}')KC. OJmaKo. <<JIY'JWC»
11J111 «x}')Ke') Bo.DCC He 3Ha'JI1T, 'JTO o..lI.Ho. I1CTI1Ha, a .lI.Pyrcc HCT.
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COcPl111 BCC 60JIbllie CTpCMI1TCII CTaTb Y'ICHl1eM, pa3pa6aTbIBalOUll1M
npaBiUla 11 HOpMbI 'IellOBe'lCCKOH >K113HI1. B 3TO CX01l.Hbl Bce TpI1
OCHOBHblX cPl1JJOCOcPCKI1X HanpaBJleHl111 3nOJGI paHHero 31111I1HI13-
Ma - CT0I1UI13M, 3nl1K)'pCl13M 11 CKenTI1UI13M.
3nwcypeU3M KaK q)I1JlOCOcPCKaH lliKOJIa npOCYUleCTBOBaJI C IV B.
11.0 H. 3_ no IV B. H. 3. Ero maBHble npe1l.CTaBI1Telll1 - 3nl1K)'p 11 TI1T
11yJ<peUI1H Kap - B Ka'IeCTBe MeTacPl1311'1eCKoi'l OCHOBbl CBoero 3TI1-
'IeCKOro yqeHl111 I1CnOllb30BaJlI1 HllCIi LlpeBHerpC'ICCKOrO aTOMI13:11a,
BHeCII Pa.nJIKaJIbHble 113MeHeHI1JJ B nOHI1MaHl1e npl1p01l.bl aTOMOB:
aTOMbl MOryr. np0l13BOllbHO «OTK1l0HHTbClI» OT TpaCKTOpl111 CBOCro
1I.BIi>KCHI1JJ B 1II060H TO'lKe npocrpaHCTBa 11 B 1II060H MOMCHT BpeMe-
HI1. TeopJUI «caMOOTK1l0HCHJUI,) aTOMOB, OCB060)!()lM MeCTO CJIy'laH-
HOCTI1 B KOCMOCC, 1I.CJIaJIa B03:110>KHOH CB0601l.Y 'IC110BeKa B 3TI1Ke.
3nl1KYPel13MY He nOBe3JlO B CMblClIC ero aD.eKBaTHoro nOHI1Ma-
HJUI. I.J:acro ero paCCMaTpl1BaJlI1 KaK TeOp11l0, 060CHOBblBalOUlYI0
crpeMJJeHl1e K 'IYBCrnCHHOMY YJ10BOllbCTBI1I0 KaK BblCllieH ue1111 (rc-
1I.0 HI1 3M). Ha caMOM 1I.C11e Y1I.0BOllbCTBl1e, 0 KOTOpOM rOBOpl11111 3m1-
KYPCHUbI, 6bmo YMCPCHHblM 11 C1I.ep>KaHHb1M HaClIa)!()lCHl1eM 1I.Yllil1,
nOJIHblM 611arOp01l.Horo cnoKoticTBl-m 11 YMCTBCHHOro paBHOBCCl111
(3 B 1I.eMOHI13M). )J.JJII 3nl1KYPa cPI1110COcPI111 eCTb 1I.CIlTellbHOCTb, KOTO-
pM nOCpe1l.CTBOM paccyJKJ1eHl1fi npl1B01l.I1T K C'IacTJ1I1BOH >K1131111.
OOCJJe1l.H5U1 nOHI1MaeTCII KaK «cBo601l.a OT TCJIeCHblX crpaD.aHI1H
11 1I.YllieBHblX rpeBO!». ,l],YXOBHble HaCJJa)!()leHI1I1 npl1 3TOM ueHIITC}1
Bblwe TelleCHbiX. rJIaBHblC npeIlHTCTBI1H Ha nym 1I.0CTI1>KeHIiIl c'.a-
CTbH - Bepa 'IClIOBeKa B 6eCCMepTI1e (KaK npl1'1I1Ha crpaxa CMepTU)
11 Bepa BO BJJl1l1Hl1e 60roB Ha 'ICJIOBe'leCK)'1O )KJ13Hb. 3nl1Kypel13M
1I.0Ka3bIBaJI, 'ITO CMepTb Bo06Ule HC KacaCTCII 'IClIOBeKa, a Henpl1'Ja-
CTHOCTb 60roB 1II01l.CKHM 1I.eJIaM Opl1fi1HaJlbHO 1I.0Ka3bIBaJI HMI1'1l1eM
3.Ha B Ml1pe. XapaJ<TepCH lIJIH 3nl1KYPetiucB OTKa3 OT }"IaCT1111 B no-
1111T11'1eCKOH )KJ13HI1 06UleCTBa. 11I1Wb 06paWMCb K ca IOMy ce6e
11 1I.PY3bHM, MO>KHO 06pecTI1 nOKoi'l 11 1I.YlllCBHoe C'IaCTbC. 3nI1KY-
pei'lcKI1H 1111.eaJI MY1l.peua - 3TO 'IeJJOBeK, 06JIaualOUll1H HenOKOJIc611-
MblM 1I.YllieBHblM nOKoeM 11 C'IaCTbCM, HBJlHIOUlI1HCII X031111HOM ca-
MOMY cc6e, ero C'IaCTbC HaCTOJIbKO nOJIHO, 'ITO. I1I1TaHCb 11I1Wb XJJC-
60M 11 BOn.OH, OH He CTIlHeT 3aBI111.013311> ca IOMY 3eBcy.
47
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CmOUu.U3M DbIC1)'nl1n KaK CCpbC3HblH npOTI1DHI1K 3nl1l<)'pCl13Ma,
KpI1TI1I<)'H, npC)!()lC DCCro, 1I.ua cro OCHODIlbIX nOnO>KCHI1I1: CBC1I.CHI1C
Ml1pa 11 '1CJlOBCKa K Ha60PY aTO"IOD 11 OTO>K.1l.CCTBnCHI1C 6JIara 11 Y1I.0-
IJOJ1bCTBI1H. OCHOBaHHblH 3CHOHOM KHTI1HCKI1M B III B. 11.0 H. 3.,
CT0l1UI13M I1MCCT CJlC1I.YIOWYIO nCp1101l.113aU11I0: JJ:pCBHHII CTOII
(III-II BB. 11.0 H. 3.; 3CHOH, KncaH<p, XpI1Cl1nn), CpC1I.HHII CruH
(11-1 BB. 11.0 H. 3.; nall3UI1I1. nOCUD.OHI1H) 11 n0311.1IS[SI CTOH
(I-II Bli. H.3.; CCHCKa, 9nI1KTCT, MapK ABpcJII1H). KaK 11 Y 3nl1l<)'-
pCHUCB, BC1I.YUlCC MCCTO U CI1CTC"IC CTOI1'JCCKOH qIl1JIOCO<PI1M JaHI1-
IaCT 3T1IKa (Y'ICIII1C 0 TOM, KaK >KllTb «comaCHO npl1po1l.C'», 110
onupaCTCH olia HC TOJlbKO Ha <p11311KY (yqCHI1C 0 npl1, P01l.c) HO 11 Ha
JIOnll<)' (y'lCHI1C 0 DbICKa3bIDalll1l1). MHO)l(CCTBY aTOMOB 9nl11<)'pa
CTOIIKI1 npOTI1BOnOCTIlBMJlI1 KOCMOC (Mllp) KaK C)1I1HbIH, UCJlOCTHblfl,
01l.YWCBJlCHHblfi TeJICCllblH opraH 113M, n01l.'II1IIHIOUlI1HCII HCYMOJII1-
MbIM JaKOHaM floroca. Y'ICHI1C 0 Ml1pOnpaBHUlCM florocc 11 0 ncpl1-
01l.I1'1CCKOM BocnnaMCHC1I1I11 Ml1pa CTOI1KI1 nO'lCpnHynl1 Y rCpaKJII1Ta.
llY KOC"loca KaK >KI1BOro cyrncCTBa COCTaBJlIICT «nHCBMa,) (orHcH-
HblH 3<PI1P, 1I.DI1)1(ywall CI1JIa DCUlccTBa), pa31ll1Tall no DCCM opraH aM
II CBlI3bIl!aJorna51 Ml1p B C1I.IIHOC UCJlOC. Pa31l11'II1C Ka'lCCTR OT1I.CJlb-
HbIX DcrnCi1 3aBI1CI1T OT CTCnCHI1 «HanpIDKCHIUI') nHCBMbl. lJCJlO-
BCK - IICOTbeMJ1CMa5I 'JaCTb KOC\II1'1CCKOro ucnoro, 11 cro )I(I13Hb
npC1I.0npC1I.CJ1CHa HC06X01l.I1MbIMI1 3aKOHaMII UCJloro, 111111 cY1l.b60i1.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, nOrM'ICCKOC CnC1I.0DaHIIC OTO>K.1l.CCTI!J1I1CTCII y CTOI1-
KOB C Qll1311'JCCKOH npH'II1HHOCTbIO_ 9TO npllB01l.MT K O'I1J11uaHI1IO
cJlY'latiHoCTI1 11 <paTaJlI13My. JJ:06p01l.CTCJlb Mil CTOI1KOB COCTOI1T
B n01l.'111HCIII111 BccncHcKOMY JaKOHY, ynpaBJllllOmcMY Ml1pml: >KlITb
HMO PMI1 11 BO I1MH UCJ10ro.
OTJ111'II1TCJ1bHYI0 'JCpry '1CJ10BCKa KaK cy6"bCKTa CTOI1KI1 DI111.CJIM
D 6CCTCJICCHOM «JlC, KTOH') «HCBCrnCCTOCHHOM CMbICJ1C Ka>K.D.OH
BCUUI", YMCHI1I1 OCMblCJIi1BaTb CYUlCCTnYIOUlCC C nOMOUlblO cJlona.
Y'ICHI1C 06 0603l1a'JacMoM KaK cnOUCCHO Bblpa)l(CHHOM (JICKTOH)
II OJlIICTCSI nCpnbJM n I1CTOpl111 <P11J1oco<p1111 n01l.X01l.0M K C0311.aHI1I0
CCMaHTI1K11. Pa3pa60TaHHall CTOI1KaMI1 CI1CTCMa KaTCrOpl1f1 BHccna
CYlliCCTI!CHHblH BKJlM B pa3BI1TI1C nOrIlKI1.
l111.ca.ij CTOI1KOB - 'ICJlODCK, My>KCCTBCHHO 11 C 1I.0CT0l1HCTBOM
n01l.'II1HHlOUlI1HCII cY1I.I,6c. KaK '1CnOBCK pa3YMHblH, OH HMcnCH
cnoc06110CTbIO YKpOUlaTb C'rpaCTI1 11 BO)!()lCJlCHI1I1. l1CTI1HHOC c'Ia-
CTbC - B CB0601l.c OT c1pac fI, cnOKOHCTDl111 1I.yxa, 11 3TO OTIII01l.b
HC 1I.ap npl1p01l.bl, a pC3YJIbTaT caMOBOCnHTaHI1I1. 6naro CTOI1KI1
CB01l.I1nl1 K '1CTbIPC"1 1I.06p01l.CreJlHM: 6naropa3YMI1IO, yMCpCHHOCTI1,
MY)I(CCTBY, cnpanCJlJII1BOCTI1. npOTI1BOnOnO)l(HOCTI1 3TI1X nOHHTI1H
COCTaOJlHIOT 3110. Bcc OCTanbllOC - >K113Hb 11 CMCpTb, 311.0pOBbC
11 60J1C3Hb, 60raTCTBO 11 6C1I.1I0CTb HC JaBI1CHT OT '1CnOBCKa 11, cnc-
1I.0BaTe11bHO, OTHOCIITCII K c<pcpc HCHTpanbHoro. 06"bCKT BbI60pa
48
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'liO>KHOCTI1 >KHTb 11 LlCMCTDODaTb pa3YMHO 11 MOpaJIbHO.
n03,!{HI1M, HlII1 pI1MCKJ1H, CT0I111H3M xapaKTCpl13YCTCII orpaHI1'IC-
HI1CM Q)WIOCocpHI1 3TH KOt!, nODblWCHnCM I1HTepCCa K I1HTI1MHblM,
pCnl1m03lfbiM nCpC>KI1DaHHHM, YCI1J1CHI1eM nCCCI1MI13Ma B TpaKTODKC
'IC1IODCKa, Ml1pa (OC06eHHO Y 3nI1KTCTa)_ B cr0I111I1JMC O'ICHb ClrnCH
MOTI1D ,!{YXODHOti CBSl311 'IC1IODCKa C 'IC1IOBCKOM 11 Ml1pOBbiM llCJlbIM.
I1McHHo 3.l1CCb Ha OCHODC npl1'IaCTHOCTI1 BCeX mOLlCH J1orocy 4>opMY-
1II1pYCTCII ItQCII 6paTcma BCeX monCH, Ha MCCTO ItQCaJIa Halll10HaJIb-
HOro rocynapCTDa CTaHOBI1TCH KOCMOnOnI1TI13M. CrOI1'ICCKI1H I1.l1CaJI
Mynpclla KaK 'ICJlODCKa, ,!{OCTl1rwcro HpaBC'fBCHHOro O'II1lL\CHI1H, OT-
PCWCHI1I1 OT BCCro BHeWlicro, 06na.amolL\cro BHyrpCHHCH .lIYXODHOM
CBo6o,!{0t!, nec >KC 6nl130K 3nI1KYPCMCKOMY.
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no III D. H. 3. KpynHcHwl1C npC,!{CTaDI1TeJlI1 3Toro HanpaBJlC-
HI1I1 - nl1PPOH (365-275 rr. ,!{o H. 3.), KapHCa.a (OK. 214-129 rr.
,QO H. 3.), CCKCT 3Mnl1pHK (2-H nOJi. I] B. H_3.). HcxonH 113 nono-
>KCHHM fCpaKJII1Ta 06 113MCH'IHBOCTI1, TCKY'ICCTI1 Ml1pa, arcyrcTBli1l
B HCM 'ICTKOH onpc,!{C1ICHHOCTI1, CKCnTI1KI1 npl1XOnHT K BbIBO,!{y
o HCD03MO>KHOCTH ,!{OCTI1>KCHHH 06'bCKTI1DHOrO 3HaHI111 0 Ml1pC,
a CJlC,!{ODaTeJlbHO, 11 HCB03MO)l(HOCTH palll10HaJIbHOro 060CHODaHI111
HOpM 'IeJ10DC'ICCKOro nODC,!{CHI1I1. EJI.I1HCrnCHHM npaBl111bHall J111-
HI1I1 nOBC,!{CHI1H D 3TI1X YCJlODI1I1X - oo3,!{cp>KaHl1e OT C}')I(.!J:CHI1H
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WCHI1IO KO BCCMY DHcwHeMY). Ho TaK KaK D COCroHHl111 a6comoT-
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TO MynpbIM 'IeJ10BCK ,!{OJl>KCH >KI1Tb co06pa3HO 3aKOHaM, 06bI'IallM
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113 Dblpa60TaHHbiX B 3TI1X WKOJIaX YCTaHOBOK HC pa3pCWaJIa npOTI1-
OOPC'II1I1 MC>K.1I.Y rocy,!{apcrnCHHblM Ylfl1DCpCMI13MOM PHMCKOH 111'01-
nCpli11 11 B03HI1KalOlL\I1MI1 I1Hnl1Dl1.QyaJIl1CTl1'ICCKI1MI1 TetWCHllI1I1MI1.
20. B KBKOM cpHnococpcKOM HBnpBsneHHH n03/:tHen
BHTWIHOCTH 6blfla npe,qnpHHJlTB nOnblTKB CHHTe3B
Bcen BHTWlHon cpHnococpHH?
nOCKOJlbKY B npcncJlax 3TI1'ICCKOro ncpl10Lla D pa3DI1TI111 aH-
TI1'IHOH 4>11J10C04>1111 HI1 3nI1KYPCI13MY, HI1 cKCnTI111113MY, HI1 CTOM-
Uli3MY HC YLlaJIOCb pa3pCWI1Tb maBHOro npOTI1DOpC'II1I1, npl1cymc-
4. 0w1 ,jII
49
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npCO.llOnCBIlII1I1 Cy5'bCKT-06'beKTHYIO npOTI1BOnOnO>KHOCTb, 6b1n
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!pl1noco!pl1l1.
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TH - CI1CTeMaTI1311pOBM nnaTOHOBCKI1C M.llCM, .llOnOJlHI1B I1X M.lleHMI1
CTOI1UI13Ma, apl1CTOTenl13Ma, HeOnl1!parOpCI13Ma. OCHOBarenCM TC'IC-
HI1H 6blJl TIJlOTlfH (205-270 rr. H. 3.), rnaBHblMM npC.llCTaBl1renH-
MM - TIop!pl1pl1l1 (III B.), 51.MBJlI1X (IV B.), TIpoKJI (V B.). Ha1160Jlb-
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He'lHOrO 60raTCTBa 11 nOJIHOTb[; K HeMY He MO>KCT OTHOCI1TbCH HI1-
'1TO 113 06J1aCTM KOHe'lHoro. Y6C.llI1TbCH B 6blTI111 EnI1HOrO B03MO>K-
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npH6eracT K 06pa3Y CBCTa, OCBCIUaIOIllcro Bee BOKpyr CC6S1, 113BC'I-
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paIllCHa K YMY, HI1>KHHH - K '1ysCTBCHHOMY, !PCHOMCHMbHOMY
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54
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co<jJlliI oCBo6o>Kl!aercSI OT BJlaCm UCpKOBHblX KaHOHOB, BpeMSI Cpe.aHC-
BeKOBOH <pHJ10co<jJHI1 3aKaH'U1HaeTCSI.
B CpC.QJU1C BCKa Ha3Ha'!CHI1C <pl1noco<p1111 BH.lI.CJlOCb B CC cny-
)!(cmm pcnHrlHl, 'ITO XOPOWO Bblpa>KCHO B 113BCCTHOM BbICKa3bIBa-
HHI1 cxonaCTa XI B. Ocrpa ,[I,ar.maHH: «<Dl1nOco<pl1S1 .aon>KHa cny-
>KI1Tb CBHWCHHOMY nI1CaHHIO, KaK CJI}'>KaHKa CBOCH rOcnO>KC'>. AH-
TH'!HOC <pHnOCO<PCKOC Hacnc,aHC BOWJlO B 31)' <PHJlOCO<PHIO
B CYWCCTBCHIIO H3MCHCHHOM BlI.L\C, '!T06bl COOTBCTCTBOBaTb XpI1C-
Tl1aHCKOMY Y'!CtlHIO H 06pa3Y >K113HH. Ha CMCHY aHTII'IHOMY KOC-
MOUCHrpH3MY npl1wcn meOI{eHmpU3M, a <pHJlOCO<pCKaSI .aCSlTeJlb-
HOCTb CTana pcrnaMeHTl1pOBaTbCSI UCpKOBblO.
<DWlOco<pCKoe cnY>KCHI1C npc.aCTaBJIHnOCb BCCbMa nO'!CTHbIM.
<DHJ10Co<jJl1S1 ,aOJl>KHa 6b1J1a pa3yMHo H ynopHllO'!CHHO, OCBal1BaSI
,aOCTI1>KeHI1S1 ,aYXOBHOH Kyn, b1)'pbl I1CXO,aSl H3 nOJlO>KeHI1H 11 OnblTa
XpHCTl1aHcKoti BCpbl, OCMblCJlHBaTb BCC CYWCCTBYIOWCC, noJJ.LIcp-
>KI1BaTb paUI10HanbHblMI1 ,aOBo,aaMI1 Xp"CTHaHCI(}IC UCHHOCTHblC
ycrol1 11 OCHOBaHHoe Ha HI1X Ml1pOBI1,aCHl1e; a TaK>KC pacronKoBbl-
BaTb. pa3bSlCHSlTb I1CTI1Hbl Bepbl, cnoc06ernySI pacnpocrpaHeHl11O
H ynpo'!cHMIO 3HaHI1H 0 HHX.
Opl1MCpHO llO XII-XIII BB. <lmnoeo<plliI 11 TeOJlOrMSI He pa3rpa-
HI1'1I1BanI1Cb, HX onopoi1 6blJlH ,aon.faTI1'!CCKI1C OCHOBaHI1S1 XPHCTI1-
atlCTBa. rJlaBHbl m npc,aMcraMI1 pa3MbllilllCIII1i1 6blJlH 60r, llywa,
Ml1p B I1X CYWCCTBCHHblX i!3aI1MOCBSI3 IX. B Ka'ICCTBC Ba>KHeHWHX
npl1HUl1nOB <pHnoeoqmH 11 TCOJlOrMl1 Xpl1CTl1aHCKOro Cpe.QtICBCKO-
BbSl Bbl.aenI1M, BCJle,a 3a r. r. Mai1opoBbIM 1 , CJlc.ayJOWI1C: TeoueHT-
pe.
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10..' Maiiopo8 r. r. <IJopMltpoBaHlie cpeJUleBCKoBol! iI>"JIOCO<l""'. M., 1979_
C. 388-393.
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64
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pH3M, KpCaI.(HOHH3M, npoBHJ1ClIlI,HaJlH3M, nCpcOHaJlH3M, pCBeJlSlII,HOHH3M.
KpaTKO OXapaKTepH3YCM 11)(.
TCOI,{elfIJlH3M. B UCHrpe Ml1poBHLl.CIUUI - Eor MOHorel1C1WlecKOti
pCJU1I1U1 - JJYXOBHbl1t JU1'1HOCTIJbllt lpaHCUCI-w.CHTIfbrn A6coillOT, BHC-
BpeMCHHbl1t 11 BHcnpoc;rpaHCTBCHllbllt. OH - cpe.aOTO'!I1C Ie! I1CTOK Beex
UCHHocrelt: 6bl'Tllil, MOIyt.I.(eCTBa, lBOp'IecKOH Cl1JIbl, CBIITOCTII, .a06pa,
I1CT1iHbI, KpaCOTbI, JU06BI1. Bee OCTaJIbHOC 6brrnc 11 6naro - or Hcro.
60r lpI1C.!U1H. B 6o>KCCTBCHHOti Tpol1Uc C.IJ)1.HID! npl1po.aa - HCPa:u:\C.JIb-
:- HID! C)'III.HOCTb - 11 TpI1 paBHOUCHHblX nl1ua - I1nOCTaCI1: 6or-Oreu-
1- a6con10TIiOC ncpBOHa'!ano, Eor-CbIH -1lome - CMbIC.JIOBOC Ha'!ano
Ie! Eor - CBmolt ,l1yx - >KJ.\BOTBOpSlIllee HalJano. 6or-Cblli - Xpl1CTOC
i- COC.!U1HHCT B ee6e B O,ilHOM )IHUC 11 O.aHOIt BOIIC BCIO nOJIHOTy 6o>KCCT-
(- BeHHOIt npl1po.abl H BCIO nonHOTy npl1pollbl lJC.JIOBelJCCKOO, B HCM
J1 npe,ilCTae-r COBepWCHHbIM C.JIlliIHl1C Ha OCHOBe >KCprneHHOrl m06BI1 60-
[0 >KCCTBCHHOIt nlf'JHOCTJ1 11 lJC.JIOBelJCCKOIt.
)- KpcaUHOIIH3M. Dor - TBOpCU, OH C03JIaJI Ml1p 113 Hl1lJCro, B Ha-
:- lJaJlC TBopcmm 6blnl1 DO>KCCTBCHHID! BOJIH Ie! DO>KCCTBCHHOC C.1IO-
BO - 1loroc. OHO BOn.1l0lllCHO B Xpl1CTC 11 B MHpC, OTKpblTO
1- B DI16.11 11 11. MHp - OCYIllCCTB.1ICHI1C 3aMblC.1Ia DO>KbCro, HB.1ICHI1C cro
1- BCCCOBCpIllCHCTBa. CYIllHOCTb TpaHCUCH,ilCHTHOro Dora MO)l(CT 6blTb
1- npc.acTaB.1ICHa TO.1IbKO lJCpC3 TO, 'ITO OH HC CCTb: OTpHuaTC.1IbHolt.
(- anocbaTl1lJccKoH TCO.1l0rnclt. O.aHaKo, nOCKO.1lbK}' cro Cl1nbl, 3HCp-
10 mH B.1IO>KCHbI B TBOpCHI1C, TO, no aHaJlOmH C nOC.1Ic.aHI1M, EO>KC-
CTBCHHblC aTPI16yrbi xapaKrepl13YlOTCH nO.1l0>KI1TC.1IbHO - KaTacbaTI1-
,- '1CCKOH TCO.1l0mclt . Ml1p, BonnOlllalOlllle!1t 1loroc, ynopH.aO'lCH, no-
3TOMY B03MO>KHO, B onpc.aC.1ICHHbiX rpaHI1UaX, paUl10HanbHOc
n03HaHI1C Dora 11 Ml1pa. DO>KCCTBCHHOC TBOpCHI1C 113Ha'laJIbHO rap-
. MOHI1'1HO, npeKpacHo (KOpCHb KpacoTbI 60>KCCTBCHHO JIYXOBCH).
ISI Ml1p 6C3yc.1l0BHO pcancH (oTClo.aa - CpCJIHCBCKOBblrl OtlTO.1l0rn3M,
"a 06'bCKTI1BI13M) 11 C03,ilaH 6.11amM - Cy6CTaHUI1aJ1bHO caMOCTOHTC.1Ib-
)- HOro I1CTO'lHI1Ka 3Jla HC MO>KCT 6blTb (Ba>KHCHWaR OCHOBa XPI1CTI1-
IC aHcKoro MHpOB033pCH'ICCKOro H 3TH'ICCKOro OnTI1MI13Ma).
(- llPOBHJ1ClIlI,HaJlH3\1. Dor ynpaB.1IRcT Ml1pOM, I1CTOPI1S! - I1cnon-
10 HCHI1C DO>KCCTBCHHoro npc.aHa'lcp-raHI1S1. C06bITI1H 3CMlmit )l(H3HI1
I1MCIOT BbICWI1It, DO>KCCTBCHHbllt CMblcn.
1- llCpCOilaJIH3M BblcrynacT KaK <pYHD:aMCHTaJlbHbll1 npmlUl1n
1- Xpl1CTl1aHcKolt aHTponO.1l0ml1. B COOTBCTCTBHI1 C HI1M Ka)I(JIblll '1C-
a, 1I0BCK - 1IH'!HOCTb, OTHOWCHI1H MC)l(JIY DoroM 11 lJC1I0BCKOM, MC>K-
IX .ay 1IIOJIbMI1 - npe)I(JIC ocero JUI'1HOCTHbIC, BblCWCC 113 HI1X - 1110-
)- 60Bb. Dor TBOpl1T lJCnOBCKa no CBoeMY 06pa3Y 11 no.a06111O, HaLlC-
r- .1IHCT pa3YMOM, pC'IblO, cB060.aOrl Bbl60pa, B.1IaCTblO Hall npl1pOJIOH.
,l1acT Ka)I(JIOMY ,l1ywy 11 HB.1IHCTCH CC BCPXOBHblM Cy.abClt. 1lIOJII1
9_ C03,!J.aHbl TC.1ICCHbIMH. Tc.1Io - xpaM .aYWI1, B HCM 11 '!CPC3 HCro
.aywa HE.1IS/CTCH, .aCItCTBYCT, TBOpI1T, C HI1M Hcpa3pblBHo CBH3aHa
5.
65
oc06eHHOCTb, I1HlU1BI1JlYaJlbHOCTb JlH'UlOCTH. C TO'lKYI 3pelmH nep-
COHaJlI13Ma nOHHMalOTCH OCHOBOnOJlO>KeHHH Bepbl 0 nepBOpO.n: HOM
rpexe, I1CK}'ITJIeHHH, 60roBOITJIOmCHHI1, CnaCCHHH, BOCKpeCeHI1I1.
fpeXOna,aeHI1C - 31I0ynOTPC6J1CHHe DO>KCCTBeHHbIM .n:apOM CB060-
.n:bI, Bbl60p rop.n:bIHI1, OTKa3 OT 6J1arOrOBeltHoro OTHOWeHHH
K CBHTblHC, OTna,aCHl1e OT DOra. KIDKllblH H3 JlIO.n:clt BHHOBeH
B 3TOM H OTBCTCTBCHCH nepc.n: DoroM. 1:.J:C1I0BCK - coe.n:I1HCHl1e
ueHHOCTHO npoTHBOnOJlO>KHOro, cro npl1po.n:a no cym npoTHBope-
'II1Ba. aHTHHOMI1'1Ha, B Helt npOTI1BOCTOHT 06pa3 DO>KHIt H rpexoB-
HOCTb. J111'1HOCTb - e.n:HHCTBO .n:yxOBHOCTI1, .n:yweBHocTH H TeJlec-
HOCTI1. Bblcwec B 'IeJlOBeKe - 3TO .n:yx, OTKpblTb11t DO>KeCTBeHHoMY
,l1yxy, 6J1aro.n:aTH. B .n:ywe I1.n:CT 60pb6a .n:oGpa co 31I0M. CywecTByeT
6J1araH .n:yxOB/faH TeJleCHOCTb H HecoBcpweHHaH, CTpaLIalOlIlaH,
cMepTHaH nJlOTb. fiOCKOJIbKY rJlaBHbllt I1CTO'lHHK 31Ia - B rpexe,
HaJlH'IHe 31Ia B MHpe He npOTHBOpe'lHT DO>KeCTBeHHOH Bce6J1aro-
CTI1 Hero BceMOr)'lIleCTBY. Ha 3TOM CTPOHTCH xpHCTHaHCKaH -reo-
.n:l1ueH (60roonpaB;J.aHHe): He no BHHe Dora 3110 cymecTByeT
B mpe. Dor He OCTaBJlHCT JlIO.n:eti 6e3 nOMOllll1. 11M .n:aeTCH OTKpO-
BeHl1e. Doro'leJlOBCK Xpl1CTOC npHxo.n:HT B MHp, 'IT06bl no.n:Bl1roM
>KepTBcHHolt JII06BH I1CKynHTb rpcx, cnaCTH JIlOllelt, BblBeCTH H3
COCTOHHI1H OT'I)I)KlleHHH. )J.JIH OTllcnbHoro 'ICJlOBCKa Bcpa B Xpl1CTa
Bce06beMJlIOma, UCHHOCTb ec - HaHBbICWaH: Dor - Ha,aMHpOBOIt,
38npc.n:eJlbHblti a6coJIlO'r II B TO >KC BpeMH - npelleJlbHO 6J1113KaH,
no-oc060MY DJlH Ka>Kllolt .n:YWH, J1H'IHOCTb. Cne.n:OBaHI1C 3aBeTaM
H npHMCPY XpHCTa nOMoraeT JlH'IHOCTH npCOllOJleBaTb rpeXOBHOCTb
H BOCCTaHaBJlI1BaTb 06pa3 DO>KHIt B ce6e - IUITI1 no nyrH I1cK}'n-
JleHHH 11 CnaCeHI1H. ,l106po - 31'0 Dor KaK 06H3blBalOlIlaH K caMO-
COBepWCHCTBOBaHl11O CBepxucnb H Bce, 'ITO OTBe'laeT UeJlHM npH-
6J1H>KCIHlH K HeMY, 3110 - TO, 'ITO OTllaJIHeT OT Dora. XpHCTOC
B ero 'ICJlOBC'IeCKolt npl1po.n:e (oHa Y Hero 6e3rpeWHa) - H.n:eaJI,
ero no.n:Bl1r .n:eHTeJlbHolt, COCTPaLlaTeJlbHOH, BcenpOlllalOlIlelt Jl106-
BH - BbICO'laltWI1H 06pa3eu DJlH JlH'IHOCTH. DJlH>Ke Bcero K He MY
'no.n:xo.n:HT CBHTolt-nOllBI1>KHHK, 3aHHMalOlIlHIt B Xpl1CTHaHCKOM
cpe.n:HeBeKOBbe BblCWYIO CTyneHbK}' Ha JleCTHl1ue l1JleaJIOB, .n:OCHra-
eMblX DJlH 3eMHbIX, ornrollleHHblX nepBopOllHblM rpeXOM nlOlielt.
PeBe.llHUHOHH3M - npHHul1n OTKPOBeHHH- Dor OTKpblBaeT 'Ieno-
BeK}' CBOIO BOJlIO, rny60'laltWHe CMblcnbl, I1CTI1HbI 6bITIDI; OHI1 Ja-
ne'laTJleHbI H CBHlIleHHOM nl1CaHI1I1, aB1'OpHTeT KOToporo OCHOBbl-
BaeTCH Ha DO>KCCTBeHHOM. DI16nHH - KHHra KHl1r, B HCIt KJlIO'I11
K CMbICJlaM TBapHoro MHpa (npl1pOllHoro H '1eJlOBe'leCKoro), TaltHa'l.l
OT.n:enbHolt >KH3HI1 H cnaceHHH. npHHUHn peBeJlHUl10HH3Ma onpellC-
JlHJI BO MHOroM 1l0fMaTH3M, aBTOpHTapH3M, TPaLlI1UI10HaJlI13M J<yJlb-
Typbl xpHcrnaHcKoro cpe.n:HeBCKOBbSI, B 'laCTHOCTH -reopeTH'IeCKolt.
B 4>HJlOC04>HH 3noXH OcoGo ueHHnHCb TO'lHOCTb BocnpOH3Be.n:eHI1H
66
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aBTOpHTeTHblX Hllcfi, YMCHI1C .aC.aYUHP0BaTb H3 HI1X 3HaHI1H, YMO-
3pWrenbHOCTb, KHIDI<HaSl 3py.aI1UI1S1, .aHllaKTI13M (npc.anonaraJOLUl1fi
CnOC06HOCTb HaKaWIHBaTb B 60JlblllOM KOJ1H'ICCTBC, CI1CTCMaTI13I1pO-
BaTb 11 nCpC.aaBaTb 3Ham15l, y6e)I(,QaTb H pa3'b5ICHSlTb). 003TOMY qm-
noco4>l1S1 MHoro 3aHI1MaJlaCb 4>OpMaJlbHO-nOrWlCCKI1MI1 113b1CKaHlliI-
MH, OC06eHHO B CXOnaCTI1KC. I1H1J:I1BHllYaJlbHoe HOBaTopCTBO B 4>11-
noco4>HI1 CTaJlO nOOLUpSlTbCH BeCbMa n031J:HO, C XII-XIII BB., 110
:noro CCJlH H npHHI1MaJlOCb, TO HC B 06J1aCTI1 oCHOBOnOJlO>KCHl1ti,
a B npHcMax I1X paspa60TKI1. B UemlX nOHHMaHI1S1 OTKpOBCHlliI
pa3BHBaJlOCb I1CK}'CCTBO TOJlKOBaHl111 CBSlIllCHHblX TeKCTOB - 3K3crc-
TI1Ka. Y>KC ncpBblc xpHcTHaHcKHc MbICJIHTeJII1 06pamaJIl1Cb K CUM80-
JIIII/ecKoMY 06"6f1ClleHlllO OHcaHHSI. TaKofi no.axo.a pacnpocrpaHSIJlCH
Ha BCC HBJlCIII1H B MHpC. B CBSl311 C 3THM pa3pa6aTblBaJlaCb repMc-
HCBTI1Ka - I1CKYCCTBO TonKoBaHlliI, ceMHoTHKa - yqCHI1C 0 3HaKax
113blKa H 0 3HaKax Bo06mc. BbW:C1ISIJlOCb HCCKonbKO OCHOBHblX
YPOBHCi1 CMblcnOB, npH 3TOM caMO I1X pa3rpaHH'ICHI1C npeJ.\CTaBJlSI-
JlOCb CHMBOJlH'lCClrn: KaK pa3JIH'laCTCH BHCIllHl1fi 11 BHyrpCHHHfi 'lC-
nOBeK, a TIlIOKC TeJlCCHblfi, .aYIllCBHbll1 11 .uyxOBHbli1, TaK H CMblCJI
6bIRaCT BHCLUHI1i1 H BHyrpCHlmfi, 6yi<BaJlbHblti (TCJlCCHbIW), MOpaJIb-
Hbli1 (nYIllCBHblfi), 60>KCCTBCHHbli1 (.uyxOBHblfi).
26. KaKHe npo6neMbl BblJ;JenJlIOTCJI B Ka'leCTBe
HaH60nee cnopHblX ,lV1J1 cjJHnococjJHH xpHCTHaHCKoro
cpeJ;JHeBeKOBbJl?
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TcnbCTBa 6blTHSI 60ra», «YHI1BCpCaJll1fi». OC06CHHO HanpSl>KCHHO
OHI1 06c}'>K.lI.alUlcb B ncpl1o.a CXOJlaCTI1KH.
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II 3HaHHfi, H3BnC'lCHHbIX 'lCJlOBC'lCCKHM YMOM H3 \ll1pa, 3aKOHO-
MCpHO BblCTynacT Ha ncpBblfi nJlaH B Xpl1CTl1aHCKOfi 4>l1nOco4>I1H.
Ec Ba>KHOfi 3ana'lcfi SlBJlSlCTCSI COC.aHHCHI1C onblTa MI1CTI1'lCCKOrO,
HHTHMHoro, MOnl1TBeHHOrO 06mCHHSI C EoroM C BHCIllHC Bblpa-
>KCHHbIMI1, YCTOSlBIllI1MI1CSI, paUHOHaJlbHO OCMblCJlCHHblMH 4>opMa-
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HI1MaHI1S1 Ha OCHOBC BCpbl. B TaKofi 4>11J10C04>1111 MI1CTI1UI13M 11 pa-
UI10HaJlH3M Haxo.aSlTCSI B OTHOIllCHHSlX B3aHMOJ.\ononHCHHSI
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MI1CTH'ICCKOro C.aI1HCHHSI C EOroM, JlJ06BH K HCMY, no.a'II1HCHI1H
cro BOnc xapaKTcpHO JVJSI MI1CTI1'ICCKOfi dmnocodmH , 3a'IacryJO
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B 60J1bIllCi1 CTCnCHI1 CrpCMHTCSI CJ1c.aOBaTb EO>KCCTBCIIHO\IY
pa3YMY, Onl1paCTCSI Ha UCHHOCTH pa3MbIWJlCHHH, HayqHoro 3I1aUI1S1,
3.i1.CCb CHnbHCC CKa3bIBaCTCSI BJlI1S1HI1C aDI1CTOTeJ1113Ma . B CpC.aHHC
5'
67
BCKa npl10pl1reT XpHCTl1aHCKOfi BCpbl no OTHOWCHHIO K '!CJlOBC'!C-
CKOMy pa3yMY npe.aCTaBJUVlCH HCCO 1HCHHbIM. Bcpa - ::ITO 11 1l0BC-
pHC 13ory, BepHOCTb CMY 11 YBCPCIUlOCTb B I1CTIlHaX, .aaHHbIX B cro
OTl<pOBCHlm. TIpH CC COnpl1KOCHOBCHl111 C P33YMOM, paUHOHaJIb-
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OCHOBHblC n03I1UHH, no-p33HOMY onpCllCJlSlIOUlI1C ncpCnCKTI18bl
CBmH reOJlOrHl1 H <1)11J10C0<1)11I1: I. « BcovlO. '!T06h! nOHI1-
Man,,> - TC311C ABpCJlHSI ABrycTHHa (354-430). ,lJ,orMaTbl BCphl
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.aaMCHTOM LUlH paUl10HaJIbHblX BbIBOllOB. 3Ta n03HUIDl xapaKreplfa
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- npHHUl1n TIcTPa (TIbcpa) A6cJlSlpa (1079-1142). 11 CTH Hbl
BCpbl .aOJl>KIlbl I10Jl}llJaTb paUI10HaJIbHOC 060cHoBaHHc 11 QJHJIOCOQJ-
CKOC HCTOJlKOBaHHC. ,lJ,aHHaH I103HUI1H BCJJ,CT K nOrJlOUlCHl11O TCO-
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B llYXC KBI1HTa CCnTI1MHSI TCPTYJlJll1aHa (OK. 160 - nOCJ1C 220).
OHO npc.anOJlaraCT pacxo)!(JJ.clmc I1CTHH pa3YMa 11 Bepbl (KoHucn-
UI1H llBYX HCTI1H), B KpallHI1X QJopMax .aOXOMUlCC .ao HX HCCOBMCC-
TI1MOCTI1. 113 BJlIDlTCJlbHblX CTOpOHHI1KOB :noi1 KOHucnUHH Ha30-
BCM YHJlbHMa OKKaMa (OK. 1300-1349)_ TaKaSl n03HUI1S1 npHBo.aI1T
K pa3pbIBY MC)!(JJ.)' TCOJlOrHH 11 QJHJlOCOQJl1ci1_
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BllelUllera BbIpIDKCIIHH MbICJ1I1. B ucnOM XY!J.O)l(CCTBCHHo-npaKTli'lC-
CKaii napaJUirMa KYnbl)'pbl MCIUICTCH Ha HaY'III0-npaKTI1'IecKYIO (\Ie-
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B cPHnococlJHIO?
D3KOH <Dp3HCI-IC (1561-1626) - aHml-lMCKI-IM QmnococjJ, nl-lca-
Tenb, nOniITI-IK (nOpD.-KaHWIep Amnl-lli B 1618-1621 rr.). fJ1aBHble
CO'II-IHeHI-IH - «HoBbiM opraHoH, 11J11-1 I1CTI-IHHbJe YKa3aHI-IH JVlH I-IC-
TOJJKOnaHI-IH npl-lp0D.bJ'>, ,<0 D.OCTOI-IHCTBe 1-1 npl-lyMHO>KeHI-II-I HaYK»,
nOBeCTb «HonM ATnaHTlUla», B KOTOpOM npeD.CTannena TeXHOKpa-
Tl1'leCKaH yronl-lH. B 6pI-ITaHCKOH cjJl-IJ10COcjJlIl-I HOBoro BpeMeHI-I
TPMI-IIlI-IH 3Mnl-lpl-l3Md 06pcJla CBoe KJlaCCII4CCKOC BbIpa>KCHl-le, Ha-
'II-IH3}1 C TBop'lecTBa <D. E3KOHa - ncpBoro 1-13 nJ1eHJlbl BbID.aJOI1I.I-IX-
CH cjJl-IJlOCOcjJOB XVII B., pa3pa60T41iKa MCTO!l.0J101"l-l1-l 3 ml-lpI-l3Ma.
,<OCTpOlJHOM 3Mnl-lpI-l3M') - 0603Ha'leHI-IC rHOCC0J10rl-l'lCCKOM
n031-1Ul1l-l, xapaKTcpHOM JVlH 6pl-lTaHCKI-IX qmJ10cocjJOB 1-1 npOTI-IBO-
CTOHI1I.CH TaK na3bIBaCMOMY «KOHTliHeHTaJlbHOMY pallI-lOHaJlI-I3MY'>,
pacnpOCTpaHeHHOMY Ha cnponCHCKOM KOHTI1HCHTC B XVII B., rHO-
CCOJlom'leCKOMY palll-lOHaJll13MY B y3KOM CMbICJle.
3Mmlpl-l3M (OT rpe4. £!l7tElpia - onblT) - HanpaBJICHI-IC B rnocc-
onOrl-ll-l, comaCHO KOTOPOMY 'IYBcrneHHbIH onblT CCfb OCHOBa no-
3HaHI-IH, ero maBHblH I-ICTO'lHI-IK 1-1 Kpl-lTCpl-lH D.OCfOBepHOCTl1 (I-IC-
Tl1HIIOCTI-I). 3Mnllpl13M nKJIJO'IaCT B CC6H CCHcyaJl1-I3M, HO He CODna-
!l.aeT C nOCJICD.HI-IM. Ce/lcyllAlI3,lf (OT' J1aT. sensus - 'lYBCTBO,
OUlYl1I.eHI-IC) CBO.ll.lrr BCC -COD.cp>KaHI-IC 3HaHllil K OI1l.yJ.UCHI-IHM. Ero
!l.eBI-I3: «HcT HI-I'lerO B pa3YMC, 'lero He 6blJl0 6bl npe)!()J.e B 'l)'BCT-
Bax». CTOpOHHI-IKH 3Mnl-lpl-l3Ma YCMaTpI-lBaJOT cjJyH.lI.aMeHT n03HaHHH
B on bITe, B KOTOpblH BXO!lHT 3HaHI-IH 11 HaBbIKI-I, 06pmyJOlllI-ICCH Ha
OCHOBe 'l)'BCfBeHHbIX D.aHHblX B PC3YJ1bTaTe !lCHTCnbHOCnl C03HaHI-ISI
B llCJlOM 1-1 npaKTHKI-I.
<DI-IJlOCOcjJI1S1 <Dp. D3KOHa CTpOI-lTCSI Ha y6C)!()J.CHI-II1 B nonO>KI-I-
TcnbHOH CI-IJ1C HaYKH, TCCHO CBSl3aHHOM C TCXHl1'ICCKIIMI-I 11306peTC-
HI-ISIMI-I, B HacyulHoH He06xoD.I-IMOCTl1 Bblpa60TKI-I HaY'lHoro MeTO-
D.a. B3rnSlD.bl cro OKa3aJ111 BJlI1HHI-IC Ha cjJOpMl-lpOBaHI-IC lID.eaJIOB Ha-
y<!HOCTI-I B HOBOC BpCMSI, B 'laCTtIOCTH Ha pacnpOCTpaHCHl-le
CUl1CHTI-I3Ma- B I1peJICfaBJIeHI-ISlX <Dp. D3KOHa I-IMCHHO HayKa, 11011-
HSlTaH Ha Hc6blBaJlyJO BbICOTY, H B03BbllllaCT COBpCMCHHYJO CMY
3110XY Haa npC)!(HI-IMI-I. HayKa !l.OJl>KHa I-IMCTb npO'IHYJO Ol1blT-
HO-3KCnCpI-lMCHTaJlbHYJO 6a3Y, Bblpa6aTbIBaTb CI-ICTCMY I-ICTlmHOrO
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pO!l.bI I-IHTCpeCaM 4CJlOBCKa 1-1 COBeplllCHCTBOBam1Sl 06I11.CCTBa.
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OTBeTCTBl-I11 C cro I-ID.CaJlOM. UeHTpaJIbHOe MeCfO B pa3pa60TaHHOM
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noco41CKlIH TeaTp'», np0l13BOnbtIO TpaKryJOIlll1e npl1pollY.
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HI1H, HCXOllH li3 npHtIlll1na lleJ1eco06pa3HoCTI1 npl1pOllbl, Toma KaK
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nOllJll1HHO HaY'lHbIH MeTOlI. I1CCJlellOBaHI1H npOJleraCT Me)l(lI.Y KpaH-
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I1CTI1HHOCTb KOTOpblX COMHI1TenbHa.
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peTI1'1eCKOH HaYIU1_ Pa3BI1BaH MeTOllonomJO 3Mnl1pl13Ma, cDp_ 63-
KOH npellJlaraeT CBOH IIHO}'KI/lIIBlibiU MemoiJ KaK MeTOll nOlUll1HHO
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nOlI.HI1MaHCb HenpepbIBHO 11 nOCTeneHHO, nOKa, HaKoHell, He npli-
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wmax MOPaJIH'> (1751)- ,[{_ 10M BbIpa>KaeT COMHeHHe B cywecTBo-
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npClI.BOCXHWaH TeM caMbIM HlieH n03HTHBHCTOB_ .LI.nH nOliTBep)fille-
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Ma, pa3BHBaH nOJlO)l(eHI1H J10KKa H DepKJII1 B HarrpaBJIeHHH amo-
CTHuH3Ma. 10M paCcMa'l'pHBaeT B Ka'leCTBe nepBH'IHblX llaHHblX co-
3HamiH HenocpellcTBeHHble Bne4aTJIeHHH onbiTa (OILlYILleHI1H).
npOH3BOll.HbIMH OT HHX HBJ1HIOTCH BTOpH4HbIe llaHHbIe: 1) 4YBCT-
BeHHble o6pa3b1 naMHTI1 - «npOCTbIe HlleH»; 2) Bne4aT1IeHHH BHyr-
pCHliero onbITa (actJctJeKTbI, )f(e11aHHH, C'l'paCTH). CJ10>KHbIe
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C03HaHHH HaM He llaHO (ctJeHOMeHaJIH3M). 06'beKTHBHaH npH4Ht\-
HO-C11en.CTlJeHHaH CBH3b HelloKa3yeMa. «CnellCTBHe'> He COllep)l(HTCH
B «npH4HHe,), 110rH4eCKI1 He BblBOllHTCH 113 Hee. To, 4TO Mbl Ha3bl-
!JaeM «npH4I1HHOCTblO'>, eCTb perynHpHoe CJ1ellOBatme llpyr 3a lI.PY-
roM (<<130 BpeMeHH,» H llpyr nO,D;IIe llpyra «<B npOC'l'paHCTBe») HBJIe-
HHti A H B. YBepeHHocTb B TOM, 4TO 113 A cJlellyeT B, Bbl3BaHa
npHBbI'IKoti_ ,[{eTepMI1HH3M, no IOMY, npl1cYILl OTHoweHHHM Me)fillY
pa3JI114HblMH nCHXH'IeCKHMH KOMnOHeHTdMH: «!1.aeH'> - pe3YJlbTaT
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MOpaJIbHOti OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, nOJlara>l, '1TO '1eJlOBeK caM Bbl6l1pa-
CT, B KaKOti CTenCHH CJlCliOHaTb HJlH HC CJ1CllOBaTb !l.06pbIM BPO>K-
lleHHblM CKJlOHHOCTHM H pa3YMY. 10M HC npH3HaCT HaJ1H'IHH llY-
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llYWH, JlH'IIJOCTH_ To npOCToe H HenpepblBHoC, 'ITO Mbl Ha3bIBaeM
CBOHM 51, no cro CJ10BaM, He CYILlCCTByeT. J1H'IHOCTb - «HC '1TO
HlIoe, KaK CBH3Ka 11J111 nyqoK (bund) or collcction) pa3.JIH'IHblX BOC-
npHHTHi1, CJICllYIOILlHX n.pyr 3a llPyroM C HCnOCTI1>KHMoti 6bICTJ)0-
TOii H HaXO.IDIILlHXCH B nOCTOHHHOM Te'lCHHH, B nOCTOHHHOM llBI1-
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MbICJ1H 60Jlcc PaJIl1KaJIbHa, 4eM Y 6cpKJII1_ B CBCTC ctJHJlOCOctJ HH
IOMa BbJrJIHJ],HT np0611CMaTH'IHbIM HaJIWmC TOro, '1TO Ha'lHHaH co
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J.I Bccfi clJpOnC icKoti ctJHJ\ococtJJ.IJ.I co 2-tI nOli. XVIII npl1MCpHO 110
ccp. XIX B. PaCUBCT :noro HanpaBlICHJ.l5I 5wI HcnocpcJJ.cruCHHO
non.rOTOBJ1CH TpYLlai\.HI HCMCUKHX npOCBCTHTCJlcfi - r. B. JICti5HJ.I-
ua (1646-1716). X. BOJlbctJa (1679-1754). 11. r. rcpn.cpa
(1744-1803) H LIP. B Y'ICHJ.lHX 11. KaHTa (1724-1804), 11. r <1>J.lX-
TC (1762-]814), <1>. B. WCJlJ1IlIira (1775-1854), r B. rcrcJlSI
(1770-] 831) C03JJ.aHbi KJ1aCCJ.I'ICCKI1C 05pa3Ubl pa3BJ.lToti qJJ.!lIoco-
ctJHJ.I HOBoro BpCMCHJ.!. OTMCHI:>I cc HaH501lcc xapaKTcpHblC '1CpTbl.
<1>wJOcoctJaMJ.I JJ.aHHoro HanpaBJICHJ.l5I cctJOpi\.1J.!pOBaH nm <pHJ\O-
COctJI1H, Bblc1)'nalowctI KaK TCODCTJ.I'ICCKOC caMOC03HaHI1C KVlIbTVDbl ,
KaK CJ.lCTCMaTJ.I'ICCKOC, BCCOXBaTHOC, 0605walOWcc 11 UCHHOCTHO
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CKoro IW.CaJI113Ma SlBJUlIOTCSI 05WC3Ha'lHMblMH npOCBCnlTCJlbCKJ.lC
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KJ.lM 05pa30M CBOC BblCUICC >KJ.l3HCHHOC npClllla3Ha'ICHJ.lC.
HCMcl\KaSi KJ1aCOI'lCCKaH ctJHJlOCOqJJ.!H xapaKTCpl13YCTCH oc050ro
pOJJ,a COCllJ.lHCHHCM HllCaJlJ.l3Ma 11 lIIIaJlCKTHKJ.!: BCC CYllICC D HCll
npCLlCTIlDJlHCTCH D BIW.C CHCTCMbl, n.J.laJlCKTJ.I'lCCKH pa3BJ.lDalOwcticH
Ha OCHOIlC I.IJ.CaJlbHOro nCpBOHa'lana, KOTOpOC nOC1)'naTClIbHO pa3-
BOpa'1J.1BaCTC5I Ii Ml1pC 11 HaJ.l501lCC a.lI.CKBaTHO npCLlCTIlCT D cnoco-
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cnoc06HOCTI1 n.yllJH, BbISIBJl51CTC51 CC IBOP'/CCKHi1: nOTCH LlHaJl, B TOM
lHlC!1C B c!j)cpc 6CCC03HaTCJlbHOro (KaHT, WCJlJlHHr).
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pacno11aralOli c i1:C51 MC>KJlY HayKoti J.I HpaBcmcHHocTblO, TCOPHCti
J.I npaKTI1Koi1:, a TaIOKC COCn.HHS!lOliCH HX.
44. B '1eM COCTonT «KonepHnKaHCKnn nepeBOpOT>'
KaHTa B cpnnococpnn?
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Te11b lliKOJlbl HCMCLlKOro KJlaCCJ.l'lCCKOrO J.Il(CanJ.l3Ma. POJJ.HJlCH H >KJ.lJI
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'1J.1CTOro pa3Y ia'> (1781), «KpHTJ.lKa npaI<.'TH'ICCKoro pa3YMa,) (1788),
«KpIITJ.lKa cnoc06HoCTI1 Cy>K.IJ.CIII1H,) (1798).
KallT C03JJ.aJi !j)11J10CO!j)CKYIO CJ.lCTCMY, I1MCHycMYIO KpUmU'IeCKWI
cjJUflOCOcjJUR }!JIII mpaHcueliOellmaJlblibiU uoeWlU3M_ UCHTpanbHa51 3a-
n.a'la KaHTa - HaXO>K.!J.CHJ.lC Bcc06umx J.I Hc06xoJ\J.lMbIX oCHoBallHti
llcnOBC'lCCKoro n03HaHJ.lS! J.I ryMaHHCTJ.I'ICCKJ.lX LlcHHocreti, npc>K.!J.C
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(rHoCCOJlOrH<JCCKHii). 2. 4TO 51 JJ.OJl)!(CII JJ.CJlarb? (Mopanbllbl i).
108
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20-30-e roL\bl, OCo6ellHO B CiliA. B nOBcenHeBHblH 06l1XOL\ BOWeJl
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aThlOcq,cpol1 KOHua XX D., XopOWO BbIpa>KCHHOH TBOp'iCCTBOM
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OCHOBHOC TjJC60BaHHC nOCTMOllCpHJ.i3Ma K HCTOpJ.iH: Y HCC HCT
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tjTO HCTOpJ.iH - 3TO npouccc JaKOHOMCpHOO CMCHbI 3nox_ ITOCTMOlICP-
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12' 179
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14. .
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n03TOMY OH n.onYCKaCT Hc6bITilC KaK CyJllCCTBYIOWCC «IIC'ITO». He-
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210
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ncc Dccro, OllllaKO, Dblpa>KaCT 6b1T1IC nOHSlTIlC «cylllIlOCTb», KOTO-
paSJ CCTb «Cyrb 6b1TIIII». ApI1CTOTCnb, TaKlI 1 o6pa30M, HC IICK<il1
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ro Y'lI1TCnSl nnaTOHa_ A6COJIIOTHOro IIc6b1T11S1 HCT, HO 0110 cyrnccT-
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rnet! D0061l{C, IUlH IIX aK1)IaJIbHOC IIc6blTlIC. nCp130MaTCpl111 KaK
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onpCllClICIiHOCTb II nYCTOTa_ B HCM IIClJcro C03cpuaTb.._ B HCM TaK-
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14'
I rneJ'b r. 8, rp HaYKa nOrilKIt, M., 1970. C. 140.
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217
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218
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219
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3Ha'II1T, lie Momo Be H3CT)'I1I1Tb, a 3a Toj;j np"'!I'1Hoii CKpbwaCTeS!
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I UIIT. no: BOP01l/{06-BI!J'MAWIIOR 5_ A. JlanJiac. 2-c IIJ.!I. M. 1985. C. 216.
221
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HOM perymlpoBamm 11 caMoKoHTponllpoBallll1l nOBC.l\CI1I1S! '!eJlOIlC-
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B caMOM CTpOCHII11 CJlOBa: CO-3HaHHC. Ba%HeMlllaH COCTaBllalJ co-
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II npcllMcTlloi1 D,CnTCJlbHOCT\I. CyTb caMOC03HaHIIS! - B OC03HallHI1
II oueHHBaH1ll1 Cy6UKTOM caMoro ce6H. CBOCro IIHyrpCHHcro MHpa
11 noneJJ,cHHS!. HaH6ol1cc 3t1a'IIIMO JJ.1IH pa3BIITHH (COBCPllJCHCTBOlla-
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CMbICJ1C CJ10Ba, a TdK%C nll'lIIoe (HlmHBHllYaJlbJlOC) Ii 06111CCTBCH-
I CIlUPKUI/ A. r. C03HaHHc II ca..OCOJHalmc. M., 1972. C 83.
223
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TenbHOCTII llCJlOBCKa Co.'1ep)KaIlI1C 6ccc03HaTCJlbHOrO MO>KCT CTaTb
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I J/OCt!6 A. rJJ., Taxo-FoiJu A. A OJiaToH. ApI1CTOIeJIh. M" 1993. C. 92,
15. 4>MoetMt*st
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13 roJIODC n03Halowcro cy6'bCKTa. TaKJ.1M 06pa30M, H3 06bl1lCHHOM
ypODHC llaCTCH npCJlC1IbHO ynpOwctIllOC npCllCTaBJlCHl1C 0 cy6'bcKTe
J.1 06'bCKre n03HaHI1H, TaK )l(C KaK 11 B3aJ.1MOOfHOWCHJ.1H MC)KJ]y
HIIMJ.1, CKJla;lblD3IOWJ.1XCH B npoucccc n03H3HI1H. K 06blJlCHHOMY
npCJlCTaDJlCHl1/O n03HaBaTCJlbHOm npouccca 6J1J.13Ka TO'lKa 3pCI!J.1H
c03epl{ame/lbltOi'O MamepUGJlU3Ma, Bblp<DKCIlIIIDI, HanpJ.1MCp, fl. <1>eM-
cp6axoM. Cy6'bCKT n03HaHI1H nOHJ.1M3cTCH KaK '1CJlOBCK, naCCI1BHO
234
BocnpmmMalOWlI1I II OTpa>KaKJWllti cool1cma B0311CI1CrnYI0IIlCrO Ha
HCrO o6DeKTa n03HalHUI - BCWCi1, pCaJlbllO cywcCmYIOlllliX H llCI1-
CTBIITCJI bHOCTl1.
TO'IKC 3pCHIIH 06blllCIIHOro C03HaHIIH II CO'3CpUaTCJlbHOrO MalC-
pmUlll3Ma npOTIIBOCTOHT n0311Ulll1 afllOCTlHun la II Cy6"bCKTIIHHOro
II11CaJ1113Ma, 111la. CKTII'ICCKOro MaTCpllaJ1113Ma II 4>CIIO ICHO}IOfl1l1,
rCpMCHCBTIIKI1 II crpYKrYPaJ1113Ma, nOCTCTpYK1)'paJIIl3Ma H 1I0CTMO-
llCpHI13Ma, CTpOHlUIiC 60Jlcc C1I0>Klly10 KapTIIHY Cy6"CKT-06"CKT-
HblX OTIIOUJeHI1M.
Cy6'bCKTII 1111 hi II II11CaJlIl3M, Hblpa311BlUIII1C51 Hal160Jlcc IIpKO
B cPIIJlOCO<p1111 It. EcpKJIII. )1- K)Ma II r. <DIIXTe. pa3BIIBaCT II11CIO
aKTl1BHOCTII cy6'bCKla n03HaHIIH. 06panm BHIIMalillC lIa .u:CHTCJlb-
HOCTHYIO, aKTImllYIO npl1pOilY MbllU1ICHHH, Cy6'bCKTIIBHbIH HJlCa-
11 II 3M CIlCJlaJI BblBOll 06 OnpCIlCJlHlOwci1 pOJlII Cy6'bCKTa B npoucccc
n03HaHIIH. ECJ1H paccMaTpllBaTb n0311aHI1C <'1I3HyrpW>, fJ!a33MII
cy6'bCKTa. TO 06I1apY>KHBaCTCH, 'ITO OlllyWCHIIH Cy6'hCKTa HILIHIOTCH
TeM MaTCpl1aJ10M, C KOTOPbl\! 011 oncpl1pYCT B npoucccc n03Ha1l1lH.
Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHlII1 cy6DCKTIIIIHbIH I1.QCaJ1113 1 06"b51B11J\ OWYWC-
HIIH C11lltlCTBCHHbIM npCll !CTOM n03HaHIIH, 113 '1cro CJlCilOBaJlO, '1TO
06'bCKT n03HaHIIH C03IlaCTCH Cy6'bCKTO 1 II 3aBliCIIT OT HCro. '--lTO
HBJlHCTCH IICTO'-lIlIlKOM OIl\YWCHIIH - 3TOT Bonpoc OCTaCTCH OTKpbl-
TblM lUIH MlIomx Cy6"CKTl1BllbIX IlllC3.JlI1CTOB. TCOpCTII'ICCKIIM 3a-
BCplUCHIICM n0311UIIII cy6DeKTIIBHoro II11C:U1I1JMa HBJlHCTCH eomm-
eU3M (solus - CllIlHCTBCHHbIM. ipse - caM), yTBCp>KUaIOWIII1, '110
Cy6'bCKT n03HaCT J111UJb CBOII C06CTBClillblC OWYWCHIIH, lie IIMCH
I\11KaKOro npCllCTalJJlCHIIH 0 BHCWHCM MllpC_
111lCH a"'TIIBHOCTI1 cy6'bCKTa n03HaHHH no OTHOlUCHIIIO K 06'b-
CKl)' 060CIIOBbIRaCTCH II IJ aJ'HOCTIIUII3 !C 11 KaHTa. Cy61.CKT HC
HBJlHCTCH 'IIICTblM JlI1CTOM 6YMam, lIa KOTOpOM 06'bCKT OCTaBJlHCT
CBOH OTnC'JaTOK. C03HaHI1C cy6'beKTa aKTl1BHO 4>OpMI1PYCT 06'bCKT
n03HaHIIH Ha OCIIOBC OWYWCHIIH, C Ol1HOM CTOpOl1bl, II anpllopllblX
(,nOOnbITHblX) cjJOpM C03HatiIlH, C 11pyroti CTOpOHbl. TaKIIM 06pa-
30M, n03H310TCH HC npCJIMCTbl. CYWCCTBYlOlIllIC B IlcHCTBIlTeJlbHO-
CTII, a IIX M011e1l II , C0311aHHbIC Cy6DeKTOM n03Ha1i1lH.
n0311U\iH OllaJ1eKmU'IeeKOZO MamepUaJ/1I3MG npOTIIBOCTOIIT KaK
Cy6'bCKTIIBHOMY lIllCa.TJII3MY 11 arllOCTlIU\13MY, TaK II C03CpUaTCJlb-
HOMY MaTcpllaJIll3MY. npl13l1aBaH aKTHBHOCTb cy6'bCKTa, B OT1III'IIIC
OT C03CpuaTCJlbHoro MaTCpllaJIIHMa, 1111aJ1CKTII'ICCKHti \iaTCpmUlI13M
nOll aKmllBI/Ocmt>10 nOIlpa3YMCBaCT HC TOJlbKO MbICJII1TC1IbIlYI0, HO
II npaKmU'IeeK)'IO. OeflfneJIt>Hocmt> ey6beKma. npl1pOlla, IIC rOBopH
y)l(C 0 COUllaJlbllOI1 11Ci1CTBIlTeJlbIiOCTII, npc06pa3YCTCH '1CJlOBCKOM.
B PC3YJlbTaTC npaKTlI'lCCKOI1 11C5rreJlbHOCTII cPOp II1PYCTCH II caM
'IC}!OBCK. n03TOMY B npaKTIIKC, C TO'IKH 3pelHiH 11llaJICKTI1'ICCKOro
MaTCpllaJIll3Ma, C03IlaCTCH KaK Cy6'bCKT, TaK II 06'bCKT n03HaHIIH.
235
nOCKO.lbKY 11H.1U1BII"xYaJlbHOC C0311alll1C paJBJ.1lJaCTCH 13 06WCCTBC,
OTlJ,CnbJlblfi 'ICJIOBCK smnHCTCH HOCI1TcneM COLll1aJlbllblX CBII3Crt
II OTHOmCIII1I1. nO:nOMY, IICCMOTpH Ha TO 'ITO n0311aHI1C IIpOTCKacr
KaK I1 H 1U1BJ.1JlYaJ1bHbli1 IIpOUCCC, cy6beKI» n03HGlIUJi I1MCCl o6U{e-
cmeel/l/YIO npupooy. B 3TOM CMblcnc Cy6'hCKTOM nO:3HJ.III1H H!lJlHCTCH
lie roJlbKO I1H,I.U1B11lJ" HO 11 JlaY'lHOC C006WCCTBO, PCaJlI13Ylowce
CC6H 'JCpC3 llCHTCJlbllOCTb OTllcnbllblX Y'ICHbIX, 11, 13 KOHC'IIIOM C'JC-
TC, 06IUCCTII0 B UcnOM
Pa31JI1TI1C CCTCCTBCHHblX II ryMalll1TapllblX HaYK 060CTpllno
I HOCC01l0rM'ICCKYI0 np06JlcMy cymcKTa H omCKTa 1I0311allIHI. TaK,
Hanpll ICp. Bonpoc 06 aKTI1BHOCm cy6'hCKTa n03HaHI1H CTa. CUle
601lcc aKlya.rlbllbl 1 13 CBH311 C B031111KIIOBCHI1CM IICI01aCCI1'1CCKOH
<p113I1KI1. ECJlJ.1 HbloToHoBa (/JJ.13I1Ka lJ.onycK,Ula a6COJIlOTHOC IIpOTH-
BonOCTaBJICHI1C cy6'hCKTa 11 06bcKTa n03J1aHI1H, nOlll1MaHI1C 06"beK-
Ta KaK BCWI1, CYIUCCTBYIOwcfl BHC 11 HC3aBI1CI1MO OT cy6bcKTa, TO
KBaHTOllaH MCXaHI1Ka I1CXOlJ,I1T 113 npl1HLll1na aKTl1BHOro BMcma-
TCJlbCTlia Cy6bCKTa 13 c/JOpMl1pOBaHIIC 06"bCKT'J. n03HaHI1H. Pa3BI1T11C
ryMaHl1TapHoro 3HaHI1H CO CBOCti CTOpOllbl BbllJ,BIIIIYJlO Ha ncpBblrt
mIaIl BonpOCbl cnCUI1<pI1KI1 cy6'hCKTa 11 06'hCKTa ryMaHI1TapHblX
lIaYK. BJlHCTCH 1111 n03HaHI1C IJ ryMaHI1TapllbIX HaYKax Cy6bCKTI1B-
Hb!M TBOp'lCCTBOM, 111111 13 HCM oT06pa)!(aJOTCH 06'hCKTl1BHbIC CBoH-
CTBa H 3aKOHOMCpIiOCTI1? Bcc 3TI1 BonpOCbl nOlJ,HI1MaJOTCH <pCHO-
MCHO. OI HCi1, CTPYKIYPaJII13MO\t, rcpMCHCBTI1Kort 11 llpymMI1 Ha-
npaBJIClIl1HMI1 COBpCMCllliOrt <pl1nOCO<pI1I1.
104. KaKHe BH,£Jb' 3HaHHfI BbI,£JenfllOT tPHnocotPb'?
3HaHI1C SlIJJ1HCTCSI pCJynbT'J.TOM n03llafulTCJIbliOro npouccca.
B Wl1pOKOM CMbICjJC CJIOBa 3HaHI1C - 3TO BCH I1H(!>opMaUI1H. nOIlY-
'ICllllaH 0 npcllMCTC n03HaHI1H_ I1ccjJClJ,Ollalll1C 3HaHI1H npOTCKaCT,
KaK npaBI1J10, Ha OCIIOBC COnOCTall. CIII1H 3HaHI1H 11 MHCHI1H, 3HaHI1H
11 BCpbl, HaY'JHoro 11 IJHCHa}"lHoro 311<1H11H, 3HallllH 11 nOHI1MaHI1S1.
AIITwlHasl TPMI1UIHI OTBC'la.lla Ha Bonpoc 0 TO 1, 'ITa TaKOC
3HJ.HI1C, cpaBHUIlaH cro C MHCIII1CM. C'II1TaJlOCb, 'ITO MHCIII1C CTpO-
I1TCSI lIa 'IYIJCTBC, n03ToMY OHO KacaCTCSI ClUlIIWIHblX IlpCllMCTOB
11 xapaKTcplnYCTCH IIJMClI'lI1BOCTbJO H OTHOCI1TCJlbIlOCTbJO. B OTnl1-
'1I1C OT \IHCHI1H, 3HaHI1C paUl10HaJlbil0 no CBOCMY npOHCXO>K.QC-
HI1IO. B HCM CXBaTblBaJOTCH HC CI1I1HII'IHbIC, a 06ll!.I1C CB0I1cTBa,
13 ClillY 'ICro 3HaHl1C 06JIMacT IIcc06ll!.I1M xapaKTcpoM 11 IIClnMCH-
1I0CTbJO. 3l1alll1c, nOHI1MaCMOC TaKI1M 06pa30M. 6b1110 <paKI"I1'1CCKI1
OTO>K.QCC fBilCIiO C I1C1I1HOi-i.
AIITwlHaSl 11, B OC06CHHOCTl1, CpClUlcBcKoBaH cPl1nOCO<PI1H nolJ.-
HSlJlI1 Honpoc 06 OT11I1'II111 1HalllIH OT BCpbl. B 310M KOHTCKCTC
3HaHI1C CBH3bIBaJlOCb C 06H3aTcnbli0 npl1cyLlU1M CMY !lOKaJaTCnb-
236
CTlJOM. Hepa lie Tpc6yeT 1l0KaJare.IJbCTIJ, liTeM \;aMbIM olla npllH-
Ullnlf(UlbHO OTJIII'iaeTCSI OT maHmL
H Honoc BpeMSI nOll BJHISlHHCM ycncxoB CCTCCTDCHHblX IIayK
3HaHIIC TpaKTYCTCSI KaK Ha}"IHOC 3HaHI1C_ nOHHTI1S1 JllaHIISI, I1CTII-
Hbl II lIaYKII 6blJJII cjJaKTlI'lCCKII 01{))K1)CCTBJICHbl. B paMKax 3TOH
TPaJllIU1I1I nOllllSlTbl np0611CMbI cncullqJllKIl lIaY'lHoro 3BallllSl
II KpllTCpllCB cro OTJ111'iIlSi OT 3HaHilSI HHCHaY'lIIoro. B HaCTmlIuec
BpeMH JTIIMII DonpocaMII JaHII laCTCH (I)\1JJOCOqJHH HaYKII_ BMCCTC
C TCM COBpCMCHHaSi cjJIIJJOCOcjJlH1 nOCTcneHHO npeo.u.OJJCBaCl Tpallll-
mllo 01{))K1)CCTBJJCIlIUI 3HaHliSi C HayKoi-i. CerO.1J.lISI D Ka'lCCTne OT-
HOCIITcnbHO caMoCTOSITcnbllblx cnoc06oH n03HalliiSl HapSlllY C Hay-
KOH paCC IaTpIlBaIOTCSI II llPyrnc clJopMbl .u.YXODIIOII nCSITCJIbHOCTII_
B COOTBCTCTBI1II C 3TIIM rrOMIiMO lIaYKII BblllCJISIlOTCSI TaKI1C BI111bl
3HaHIUI. KaK o6bloelllloe, xyoO:JICeCmeCHHo-o6pa3110e, J,t/iq;OfIOi!UWCKOe,
pe.nUi!lI03//0e, q;UAocoq;cKoe.
06blllCIIBOC 3HaHI1C Opl1CHTlipOBaHO Ha Mllp nOBCCllHCBHoro
OnblTa II IIpaKTlI'leCKYIO nOJJb3Y_ B Ka'lCCTBC KBl1HT3CCCHUIIII 06bl-
neHHoro lliaHIISI, KaK npaBl1JJO, paCC:'>laTplllJaCTCSI 11J.paBblH c:'>lblcn,
npCnCTaBJJSIIOU.l\H1 coGon cOlJoKynHoCTb HOp:'>IaTllDllbIX cY)K1)CHl1fi II
Ol{CHOK, cnCnOBaHI1C KOTOpblM 06ccnC'IHBaCT COrJIaCOBallI1C J\\1'i-
HblX crpc fJ\eHI1H 'IC1I0BCKa C TCMI1 COUI1,IJlbHbIMII yCJIOBIISlMII,
B KOTOpblX OH )!(IIBCT_ CY>KlICHHSI 311paBoro CMblCJla 06bl'IHO BOC-
npHHIIMalOTCSI KaK I1CTIIHbl, nocKonbKy npCnCTaBJ\SICTCSI, 'ITO OHI1
IIMCIOT onllHaKODYIO UCHHOCTb llJISI BCCX moncn. llOCKonbKY cy)!(-
!lCHIISI 3.1lpaBOrO C:'>1blcna Ka:A<yrCSI HC3bI611C:'>lhIMH 11 O'ICBII.lUlbIMII,
nCKOTopblC cjJllnoco<pbl paCC:'>1aTpIlBaIOT IIX KaK OCHOBY <p11110CO<P-
CTBOBaHIISI. TaK, HarrpllMCp, P. llcKapT C'IIITaJ1 BOJMO)l(HblM crpo-
11Th <pIUlocoqJCKl1e II HaY'lHhlC paccy>KlICHIISI, OllllpaSiCb Ha 311pa-
BblH CMblcn. BMCCTC C TeM IHOrHC <pI1JIOCOc}Jbl nOll'iCpKIIBaJ111 lIe-
COBMCCTIIMOCTb qJHJIOCO<pCKoro II 06blllCHHOro 3Halll1S!. r. rerenb
06paTlIJJ BHHMaHIIC Ha TO, 'ITO lIa 06bI!lCIIHO:'>1 yponHe <pI1JIOCO<pCT-
1J0BalilleM '!aCTO Ha3bIBaeTCSI BblCKa3bIBaHlle IICTIIH 3.1lpaBOrO
CMbICJJa. O.1llIaKO <pllnocm}II1S1 HCXO!III r 113 npyrnx OCHOBaJlllti, HCO-
'iCBII!lHbIX lI.JISI 06bl!lCHHOro C0311aHllSI C cro YCTpC\fJICHHOCTbIO
K npaKTlI'ieCKOM n01lbJC_ 06hlllCHHbIfi paCCY.1l0K ca 1 no cc6c HC
rOTOD K <pl1nOco<pcTHoBaHIHo, II03TOMY 06hl.1lCHHOC 3HaHHC, KaK
npanll,lo, HCCOBMCCTI1MO C tPl1nOco<pcKIIM.
B nonc 3pCHllSI COHpcMeHlloH cjJHnoco<p1I1I HaxoWlTCSI II llPyrllc
Dl1llbl 3HaHHSI. H3Y'-lCHIIC cneUlI<lJIIKII Am<pOJIOrIl'ICCKOro, xynO)!(CCT-
BCHHo-06pa3110ro. pC1I1IfII03HOro 3HaJIIIH npOBOlJ.lITCSI, KaK rrpaBI1J\O,
lIa OCHOBC IIX COnOCTaBJICIIIIH C cjJH1I0CO<pIICti 11 lIaYKoH. MOWHblJ1
IIMnynhc K IICCnClIODaHlIlO MII<!JOJIOIII'iCCKoro 3HaHIISI 3aJ1aH CrpYK-
TYPaJ1IBMOM. Enaronap$1 yCI1J\ II ml CTPYK1)'pa. IIC1{)B 1II<p He pac-
CMarpllnaCTCSI CCrollHSI KaK PC3Y1lbTaT npllMHTIIDliOro MbIUJJICHI1S1.
237
OH 06JIa,aacr CnCUlIcPlI'ICCKOH JIOfllKOfl II paWIOHaJlhHOCTblO, KOTO-
paH 06HapY)f(lIBaCTCH, B 'laCTHOCTl1, C nOMOillblO CTPYKrypHO-cPYHK-
UlIOH,UlbHoro allaJIll3a_
105. n03HaBaTenbHbie cnoco6HOCTH "IenOBeKa.
nO"leMY tPHnocotPbI pa3nH"IalOT "IYBcrneHHoe
H pa HoHanbHoe?
Y>KC B aHTl1'llIOH cPlIJIOcoclnll1 lIaMcnlJlOCb pa3.aCJlCHliC 1I0311a-
BareJIbHbIX cnoc06HoCTCH 'IClIOBCKa lIa TPli rpynnbI" '1yeCfnea, pac-
CYOOK II p03)''J,I. lJYBcTBa, TO'! HCC, opraHbl 'IYBCTB CJIY>Kar lICTO'IHlI-
KOM OillYII ClIlIH. PaccYJWK II pa3YM npCJICTaBJlHIOT C060H cnoc06-
HOCTb oncplipoHaTb nOHHTlIHMlI npl1 3TOM paccy.aoK C-rpOliT
CY)f(JlCHI1H 0 KOHC'IHbIX BCillax, a pa3YM MblClll1T a6coJllOTlIOC
11 6CCKOHC'IIiOC.
B COOTBCTCTlllili C 3TlIM 11011 'IYBCTBCHHblM 3HaHlICM nOHI1Ma-
JIliCb OillYWCHlIH, nOJlY'lCIIHblC 1I0CpCllCTBO opralioB '1YBCTH, a pa-
UlIOII<LlbllblM C'II1TaJlOCb 3HaHI1C 1I0IIHTl1nHOC, npOll3BOllllMoe pac-
Cyn.KOM 11 pa3YMoM. TpaJUlUliH .aCJICHI1H n03HaBaTCJIbllbiX cnoc06-
HOCTcn Ha -rpll rpynnbl nOJIY'HlJIa J1a.JlbHCnII1CC pa3BlITlIC Y MHomx
cPlIJIOCOqJOH, IJ OC06CHHOCTlI Y 1-1. KaHTd. BMCCTC C TCM 'laillC
BCTpC'IaCTCH 60llCC npocToc nOllpa3.aCJICHliC n03HaBaTCJlbHblX cno-
C06110cTcn Ha '1YBCTBO II pa3YM. B COOTBCTCTlJlll1 C 3T11M Bbln.CJIH-
IOTCH nBa cnoc06a n03HaHlIH: 'IYBCTBcHHbln 11 paUliOHaJlbHblH_
B paMKax CTaBII1Cro TpaJII1UlIOHHbl!\ol COnOCTaBJICHI1H qYBCTBCH-
1I0ro II palU10HaJlbHOrO n03HamlH, KaK npaBlIJIO, HCCJICJlYIOTCH I1X
qJOp lbl (CTYIICtll1). lJYBCTBeHHOC n03HaHI1C nporeKacT B cPopMax
OIl.lYlliCHlIH, 1J0CnplIHTl1H 1I npCnClalJJICIII1H. B Ka'lCCrnC C1)'ncHCH
palll10HaJlbilOrO n03Halil1H Ha3bIBalOT nOIlHTlIC, Cy)f(JlCHlIC, YM03aK-
JIIO'ICHI1C OUCHlIlJaH 31)' -rpaiU1UlIlO, Hc06xo.allMO 06panlTb BHII-
MaHliC Ha COBpCMCHHblC npc.aCTaIJJICHIUI 0 TOM, '11'0, no MCHblI1Cn
MCpC, 'IaCTb OWYillCHlin cPOPMl1pyeTCH non BJlI1HIUlCM JIlIHrJJo-no-
HHlI1HIIOH CTpYKrypbl C03HaHliH. B 3TI1X YCJlOBI1HX npOTl1BOnOCTaB-
J1CHI1C qYBCTBCHHOro 11 paUliOHaJlbHOrO n03HaHlIH, a Tal0KC onllca-
HliC npouccca n03HaHliH KaK ncpcxona 01' >KlIBOro c03CpllaHI1H
('1YIJCTBCHHOI"O n03HaHlIH) K a6c-rpaKTHOMY Mblll!JICHlilO (patillO-
HaJlbllOMY n03HaHl1I0) BblrJIHnllT '1pC3MCpHbIM ynpoillcHlICM KapTl1-
Hbl 1I0311aBaTCJlbHoro IIpouccca. npCllCTaI1I1HCTCH 6allcc KOppCKT-
HblM paccMaTpliBaTb '1YBCTBCIIHOC 11 patillOllaJIbHOC KaK n03l1aBa-
TCJIbHblC cnoC06110CTl1 '1ClIOIJCKa, a HC KaK caMoCTOHTCJIbHblC
cnoc06bl n0311a1lUH.
Tpan. l1 11llH np0111!10nOCTaBJICHliH 'JYBCTBCHHOro II paU110HaJlbHO-
ro 1I0JllallllH 6a311PYCTCH III! np11llUlITIl1a.JlbllOH pa3HlIUc MC)f(JlY oU{Y-
U(eHII('. 1 11 tlOI/J/fnUCM, KOIOPYIO 06HapY>KllJlI1 Y)f(C allTlI'IHbiC <plIJIO-
238
CO<pbl. OWYWCHIiSi npI1Haa.nC>KaT TOJlbKO KOIIKpemllOMY cy6beKmy
11 OTHOCSlTCSI JlIIWb K OmOeJIbHbW ceoiicm8aM 06'bCKTOB, OIU'1 113Mell-
'1118bl 11 /lpeXOaflll lI. B TO >KC BpCMSI nOHSlTl1SI SlI1I1HIOTCSI 0611(IIMIi IVlH
pMa cy6beKmOe, B HIiX 3aq,IIKClIpOl!aHbI o611{l1e C80UCmea npC.!lMC-
TOB. B ClIJIY I1cro Olill 60JlcC ycmoii'ilI8bl 11 lla;KC KiDK)'TCSI IICIBMCH-
IIbIMII, nOCKOJlbK)' 3aMCTl1Tb 1I3MCIICHliSi nOlISlTllii W)!(IIO, JlHWb
npl1MCHSISI npHHmm IICTOpl13 1a 11 paCCMaTpllll<l}1 60nbIllllC npOMC-
JKyrKI1 BpCMCHII. PC3KOC npOTl1DOnOCTaBflCIilIC '1YBCTI!CHIlOro 11 pa-
Lll10HaJlbHOrO npllBCflO K BOnpocy 0 TOM. KaKoti 113 llBYX IIIIJlOB no-
3HamIH HBflHeTCH JlOCTOBCpllbIM. B 33KOH'ICHHOM IIIIJJ:C ill1JICMMa
'1YI!L'TBCHHOro 11 paUllOHaJIbliOro n03HalllISi Bblpa31IJIaCb B npOTl1BO-
CTOHIHHI cCHcyafll13Ma 11 palll10HaJlH3 m HOBOro IIpCMCHIi. CClicya-
JlIICTbl C'IHTa.rm, '11'0 BCC 3HallllC np0I13BOJJ:I1TCH Ha OCHOI!C owywc-
HI1H, n03TO IY 'IYBCTBCHHOC n03113IU1C HBJlSlCTCH JJ:OCTOJlCpllbIM I . P3-
Lll101laJIlICTbi HC Ol'pI1UaJll1 pOJlb OUlYWClIIlH B n03Hallllli. HO B ICCTC
C TCM non3raJ1ll, '11'0 I1MCHIIO P33YM npllJ13CT 3HaHI1lO Xap3KTCp BCC-
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Bee 3H3HHC npol1CXOnllT 113 OIllyJl.\CHIIH, CKCnTl1KII IlCJ1310T OblBOJl
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cro npHH3IV1C>KHOCTb KOHKPCTHOMY cy6'bCKry CBII.LI.CTClIbCTBYCT. C 1'0'1-
KIi 3pCHIDl CKCnTI1W13M3, 0 HCJJ:OCTOBCpHOCTII m06olO TI03HaIiIlH, 06
OTCyrcTBlll1 Will HCJJ:OCl)'nIIOCTlI I1CTllllbI KaK TaKOBOti.
OllllOH 113 OCHOBHblX np06J1CM, B031111KWlIX B q,I1J\OCoq,1I11
B CBH311 C MCCnCJlOB3HlICM I1YBCTBCHHOH cnOC06HOCTII n03Ha1l1lSl,
IIBJ1S1eTCSI Bonpoc 0 COOTBCTCTBIIl1 owywcIII1i1 IICTO'I1111 K3M, I1X BbI-
3bIB310IllHM. M3TCpl1aJ111CTlI'ICCKI1H CCHCYaJlI13M, npCJICT3BJlCHllblH
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UlIH, n. rOflb63X, p3CCMalpl1B3CT OWYWCHlIH K3K OTpa;KClmSi
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npoc 0 COOTBCTCTBHlI OUIYlllCHIiH BHCWHCMY Mlipy OCT'dCTCSI OT-
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pa;KalOT CBOHCTB3 npc.aMCTOB. Pa3BIIBa5I II.LI.CIO 0 HCCOII3 ICpll IOCTl1
OWYWCIiIiH 11 npCJlMCTOB, r rCflbMroflbU npCIVlO)!(l1n l'paKTOJl3Tb
owyWCIlIISI KaK 3HaKli npCllMCTOB, 3H3'1CIII1S1\111 KOTOpbIX SlBflHIOTCSI
ca 1II npCnMCTbl. C 3TOH TOI1KI1 3pCHIISI, KaK 11 m060li 3HaK, OIllY-
wClmSi HC oro6p3>KaIOT. a J111Wb 0603H3113lOT npCJIMCT.
J CCHcyanU3:+'t npHjHaIOW" Olu.Yil.leUHJI CJJ.HHCTnCUllbl\i HC'TO"lIlHKQM 3HiiUH.SI.
6miJOK, 110 He COBnaaaCT C 3:\inupH3MOM. KQropLIH B Ka,'leCTBC UCTO'IHUKa n03H3-
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239
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IIMbHOro paCCMaTpHBaJOT Oprallb[ '1YBCTB '1CJlOBCKa KaK pC3ynbTaT
6Hononl'ICCKoi1 11 COl\l1aJ[bHOi1 3130J[I0111111 H onlipalOTCSI Ha KOH-
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"ITO eCTb IIfCTllfH3?
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H KaKOBbl CC KpI1TCPIlI1,- 3TO 130npoc 0 n0311aBaCMOCTH MHpa,
o BOJ lO>KHOCTHX 'ICJlOBCKa non}"IaTb 1I.0CT013CpHOC 3ItaIlHC.
KaTCrOpl1H I1CTllIIbl, TaK >KC KaK H MHorHC lI.PYrHC nOHSITIlSi
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crpaHCIlI1C nonY'[l1na KJIaCCH'ICCKaSi KOHl\Cnl\IIH I1CTlIHbl, KOTOpylO
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npllHUlma COUrIJCTCfBlISl, 11, CJlClI.OBaTClIbHO, CYlllcCTByer HCCKOJIbKO
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Cy6beK'TIIIIHbl\1 06Pa30M npcnMCTa H ca nlM npCllMCTOM, napbHpyJOTCSI
B k11J11CHMOCTli OT 061U1LX MllpOB033peH'ICCIG1X, OHTOJlOfl1'1CCKI1X
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CK}'JO rpIlKTOBK)i IK"Tl1l1bl KaK COOTBeTCTBIIH.
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Ilbl IIcnb3H HC 3aMCTI1Tb, 'ITO OHa IIMCCT CBOI1 cna6blC CTOpOHbL 5IB-
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[- BOenplUITIiH. <IJIIJIOCO )I1H 11 HayJ<a XIX - XX DB., onHpilllCb Ha pC-
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a CpClI,H Y'ICHbIX 11 <!>1IJ10cm!JOB pC3KO eOKpaTl1Jl0cb. K cJla60ii CTOpO-
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'ITO OHa npaKTH'JCCKIi HC npliMCHHMa B JyMaHHTapHblX HayKaX, TaK-
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CKOro nOHlIMaHHH HCTHHbl KaK coornCTCTBHH (CCMaHTH'ICCKa.\! KOH-
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flI'ICCIillX n03HLIlIIi nOHHTl1C HCrIlHbI 3aMCHHCTCH .aPYflIMH K,ITCro-
pHHMH, HC CBH3aHHbIMH C napa.lWKCaMH KJlaCCII'ICCKOrO nOHHMaHIiH
IICTHllbl (nparMaTH'leCKill! H KOHBCHLIHOHaIlHCTCKill! KOHUCnLIIII1).
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HIIC, cnoc06HOC CTIIMYJII1pOBaTb ycnclliHoc JlCliCTBHC. B a6COJIlOT-
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npHlliJlO 6bI 6ccnpc.nCJIblIOC co06wceTBO HCeJICJlOBaTCJICH, CCJIIi 61,1
npouccc IICCJlCJlOBaIBIH npoJlOJI>KaJlCH 6CCKOIIC'1II0.
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16.C>"" JI
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MY npOC1}JaIlCTBY? JilcCJ1Cn,y51 TIOT BOnpOC, A. nyaHKapC llCJ1aCT BbI-
BOA 0 TOM, I1TO aKCI10Mbl, JlC>KaWIiC B OCIIOBalll1l1 reOpHH, IIC MOIyr
paCCMa1}JIIBaTbCSI KaK HCTHHHble 111111' J10>KHbIC. OHI1 HI.IJ1HIOTC5I KOII-
BCIIlllISIMIi - COrJIaWCIII151MI1 )"ICllbLX. nOI1CMy Y'lCllbIC npHXO.IDIT
K TII1M KOIIBCIIUI151M 11 1l0rOBapHBalOTCH HCn0J1b30BaTh re 111111 llliblC
IIa60pbJ aKCHOM? KpHrepl1llMI1 Bbl60pa SlBJlSlCTCSI yn06CTBo I1Cn0J1b30-
!JaHlISI (aKCI10MbI 1l0J1>Kllbl 6bITb yn06l1bl IJ)lSl onHcaHH5I rex 111111
l1HblX !jJaKTOB). nJXX.-'TOTa aKCHOMaTHI1CCKOH CllCTeMbl. Bbl60p MC>KlIY
lIaY'llIblMH reopl1S1!\.111 onpCnCJ151eTC5I UCJ1CCoo6pa3HOCTblO npHMellC-
HI1H IIX .!I,JJ5I PCWCIII1S1 TOi1 111111 11110i1 3a.lIal1lI. T.mrnM 06pa30M, reo-
pml HC MOIyr 6bITb OUCHCllbl KaK I1CTIIIIHblC 111111 1I0>K.HbIC, KaK CO-
OTBCTCTB)'IOlllHC 111111 He COOTBCTCTB)'IOlllIlC nci1CTBlITCJ1bIlOCTIl. BMCC-
re C TCM A. nyaHKape nOJ1aran, <ITO OTneJ1bllblC rnnore3bl 1l0Jl>KHbl
npOXOIDITh npOIJepKy B Ollblre, 11' reM caMblM OCTaBJUIJ! B03MO>KIIOCTh
IJ)lH nCHCTBIiSi IIplllfUl1na COOTBeTCT!!H5I.
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CH Ha KJIaCCl1l1CCKOM IIpllllQHnc COOTIICTCTBI151. nOllllMa5I n03lfallHC
KaK OTpID/(CHIiC 06"bCKTlIllIf0i1 nci1cTBIITCJ1bHOCTI1, nllaJICKTlll1CCKI1H
MaTCpl1aJ1H3M pa3BI1BaCT y<lCIfIlC 06 o6l:£KmIl6Hou, a6C0J1lOmIfOU
H omlfOCllmeJIbHOU HCTHIIC. nOlUJTlIC 06'bCKTl1BIIOn HCTlIHbl Bblpa-
>KaCT y6C>KllCHHC B TOM, I1TO 'ICJlOBC<ICCKOC 3Halll1e cy6'beKTHlllf0
no <PoPMC II CHJ1Y TOro, I1TO BCCrna SlBJlSlCTCSI 311alllleM cy6'beK-
Ta - KOIIKpCTHOro I1CJlOBCKa, Hay<lHoro coo6111eCTBa II T. ll. BMCCTe
C reM 3Halme 06'bCKTl1BIIO no COllCp>Kalfl1lO: 3HaHHC, B OC06CIIHO-
CTiI Hay<lHOC, O'TpID/(aCT nOnlBlllllblC cBoi1CTBa H3y<1aCMOro 06'bCk'Ta.
non 066CKmli6HOU licmllHOU 11l1aJJCKTlll1eCKIiH MaTCpllaJIH3M 1I01f11-
laeT TO COnCp>KaHI1C C0311alHIH, KOTOpoe HC 3alll1CHT 1111' OT I1CJlO-
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HBJ1HHCb Bblcwei1 !jJOp!\.IOH OTpa;KCIIIISI, IIC3aBliCHMO OT BOJIH cy6'b-
CKTa npl1l1mml1aJ1bHO cnoc06110 60Jlcc HJlII MCllce nOCTOBCpllO
oT06pa>KaTb 06'bCKTllBllblH !>Ulp. non a6comomHOU IICmllHOU nl1a-
J1CKTlI'ICCKHi1 MaTCpllaJIll3M nOHIiMaCT, C OllllOn CTOpOHbI, 311allllC,
KOTOpOC IIC MO)!(CT 6blTb onpOBCpJ'Hyro B llaJIbHCi1WC!\.1 Xonc pa3-
BlITlI5I lIaYKH, C llPyroH CTOpOHbI, nOJ1HOC, I1CI1CpnblBalOlllec 311a-
III1C 06 06'bCKre. B nOCJlCnIlC!\.1 CMbICJ1C a6COJIlOTifaSi IICTHHa BbI-
cTynacT KaK UCJ1b 1I0311aIBUJ, pCaJlbHO HCnOCTlI>KI1Ma5l, 110 CTlIMY-
J1l1pYlOlllaSi lIaYl1llblH nOI1CK. KOHKPCTlfblC 1l0CTI1>KCIIIISi HaYKII
ouelll1BalOTC5! KaK Oml/OClimCJlbHblC IlCtnWtbl - IICIIOJlHOC, OllHOcrO-
242
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Hoil I1CTI1HbI npCllCTaBJIHIOT I1cTlmy KaK npOUccc, KaK llBIf>KCHlie
'1CpC3 OTIIOClITCnbHble IfCTlIHbl K a6COnIOTHOMY, HO 4>aKTI1'1CCKIf
HCllOCTlI>KlIMOMY WJ,CaJly IIC'ICpnblBalOlllcro 3HaHliH 06'beKTa. )Jl1a-
nCKTMKO-MaTepl1aJ1I1CTl1'1eCKI1i1 npllllUlm KOHKpeTHOCTII IICTlIHbl
npCllmlCblBaCT paCCMaTpllBaTb Ronpoc 06 lICTMHC TOJIbKO npl1MC-
HI1TCJ1bHO K KOHKpeTHblM 06111CCTBCHHO-liCTOpll'ICCKliM YCJIODlI5!M.
repJlfelle6mU'IeCKaR KOllqenqllR IICmllltbl
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cnlX, IfCCJlCllYCMblX repMcHcBTIIKOil, KJlaCClI'ICCKlIiI nplllluIIn COOT-
BCTCTDl1H npaKTlf'iCCKI1 HC npMMcHIfM, nOCKonbKY 6bln0 6bI ynpo-
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plll1 KaK COOTBCTCTBI1C Cy6'bCKTMBHOil 11 06'bCKTMBHOH pCaJlbHOCTII.
B CBH311 C :3TI1M rcpMCHCBTl1Ka 4>OpMl1pycT nOHIfMallllC I1CTllllbl,
6a3l1pyJOlllcCC5! Ha npMHUl1nax, aJlbTCpHaTllBllbIX paUI10HaJlMCTlI'IC-
CKl1M YCTaHoBKaM 4>MJIOco4>m1 HOBom BpCMCHIf II TIpoCBclllCHI15I_
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BOCTb, :3MnMpM'ICCKllil 11 npaKTl1'1CCKllil nOllrnCp>K.ll.aeMOCTb.
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npem'ICTOB. CBoilCTBa npCllMCTOB, 3a4>IIKCl1pOBaHHbIC B MCTI1HHOM
3HaHIIM, npOHBJ1HIOTC5! C Hc06xOllMMOCThlO npll OnpCllCJICHHbIX
ycJlOBMHX. CnpaBCDJlMBO ymcP>K.ll.llil, '1TO BCHKOC paCCY>K.lI.CHI1C Ha-
'1I1HaCTCH C onpcncnCHHbIX npCAnOCblnOK aKCIfOMaTl1'1CCKOrO xa-
paKTcpa, paUIIOHaJll1CTbI B Ka'lCCTIIC Kpl1TepllH I1CTlIHHOCTl1 3T1IX
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nOCb TO, B '1CM HCB03MO)l(HO ycOMHIITbCH, '11"0 Ka>KCTCH lICTHHHbIM
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16'
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C :JToH TO'IKI1 3pCIII1H TCOpCTl1'1CCKl1fi ypOBCHb HC HBJlHCTCH npo-
113BOllHbiM OT 3Mmlpl1'JCCKoro HanponlB, OT Tcopcnl'JCCKofi Mo-
llcml 3am1Ct1T. KaKIiM 06pa30\1: 6Yll}'T ynopHllO'JCHbI tl HHTcpnpcnl-
pOBaHbl q)aKTbl. Ewc 60JlCC orrpCllcnCHHO rooopl1T 0 JaBI1ClIMOCnl
cj:JaKTOB 01' TCOpHI1 llPyrofi npCllCTamlTCnb KOIIIJeHIUIOHamI3-
Ma - A. nyaHKapc: Y'lCHbIH C0311aCT H3bIK, Ha KOTOpOM rOBOpl1TCH
o cj:JaKTC.
C TO'JKIi 3pcmlH 3Mnl1pt13Ma B cmyalUUI, CCJlI1 CYlliCCTBylOT llBC
aJJbTCpHaTlillHblC nmOTC3bl, llBa nponlBOnOnO>KHblX npC.L\CKa3aHIDI,
HC06XOlI:I1MO np0I3CCTl1 TaKofi 3KcnCpt1McIIT, KOTOpblH OllH03Ha'iHO
rrOlI:TBCp.L\l1n 6bl UCTlfHHOCTb OllHOfi 113 nmOTC3. B OTIJeT Ha I11lCIO
o TOM. 'ITO TCOpl1H MO)KCT 6bITb onpoBcpmyra cj:JaKTOM, I1ml TaK
Ha3bIBaCMbiM «pcmaIOIlUIM 3KcnCptIMCHTOM», 6blJl Ccj:JOPMY1lI1pOBaH
«npI1HUtm D.lOrcMa - KyafiHa,}. :=hOT rrpl1HUlm yrncp>Kl!aCT, 'ITO 01'-
llCJlbHblC nmOTC3bl HC MOryr 6blTb nOllTIJep>Kl!CHbl I1JJI1 onpoBcprny-
Tbl 3KcnCptIMCHTOM. nOCKonbKY nmOTC3bl tlMCIOT CMblCJI TonbKO
B KOHTCKCTC TCOpHI1 B IIcnOM, 3KCnCpl1MCHTaJJbHOH npOBcpKC nOll-
JlC)K11T BC!! TCOplUl B UCJlOM. Ha TOM OCHOBaHlH1, 'ITa 3KCnCpl1MCHT
HC nOllTHCpllllJ\ OTllCJlbHyJO nmOTC3Y, HCJlb3H CllcnaTb 0lI:H03Ha'lHblfi
BblBOll 0 nO)KIfOCTI1 TCOplH1 13 UCJlOM. KpoMC TOm, CCJlI1 ollHa tl3
aJJbTepHanlBHbIx nmOTe3 HC nOllTBCPlll111aCb B 3KCnCpI1MCHTe, 31'0
HC 0311a'JaCT, 'ITa llpyraH, npOTlIBOnOJlO)KHaH cfi, BcpHa.
TaUIM 06pa30!>1, II cj:Jl1nOcocj:JtlH HaYIGI C 3MmlpH'ICCKOfi rr0311-
Ul1cfi, COr1laCHO KOTOpofi TCOptlH npCllCTaB1IHCT c060fi Han:CTpofiKY
Ha,a 3Mnl1pl1'ICCKI1M 6a3tICO!>I, KOH"'Ypl1pyeT aJIbTCpHanlBHaH YCTa-
HOBKa, npOB03r1lal1JdlOIllaH 3aBI1Ctl!>IOCTb 3Mmlpl1'1CCKOro ypOBHII
IIaY'lHoro n03HaHtill 01' TeOpCTI1'ICCKoro. KaK 06bl'1H0, Hal160ncc
pCaJJI1CTl1'IHOfi npCllCTaBJIHCTCH n03t1UI1H, HC nna,aalOIlIaH HI1
B OllHY 113 KpaHIIOCTcfi.
115. KaKYIO ponb urpaeT UHryUqUJl B HaY&fHOM
n03HaHuu?
I3YKBaJlbHO «11 IfTyI1 Ul1H'} (01' naT. intuitio) 03Ha'laCT npl1CTaJJb-
HOC BCMaTpHBaHI1C. I1HT)'tlnmHOC 3HaHI1C 'IaCTO XapaKTeplnycTcH
258
KaK HCnOCpCl!CTBCmlOC 3HaHI1C, MrHOBCHHOC 03apCmlC. <D111l0CO-
b cP bl MHoroKpaTHo paCCMaTpI1BaJJl1 cjJcHOMCIl HHTYW1I 1I1 . n1laTOH,
>, P. D.cKapT, A. I3cprcoH, 3. <DPCHl!, H. JIOCCKI1I1, C. <DpaHK 11 MHO-
mc l!pymc OIll1ChllJaJJl1 I1Hl)'I1T!IBHOC 3I1aHI1C. HCKOTOpblC cPl1J10CO-
C cP bI onpCl!CmllOT 11111)'J.1UlIIO KaK \jYBCTIICHHYIO CrrOC06HOCTb, 111111
IIHryllTI1BHOC 'IYBCTBO (A. I3cprcoH, JI. <DcHcp6ax). D.pymc, KaK,
lIanpl1MCP, P. D.CKapT, 13. Cn11H03a, r. JIcH6HHU, CKJlOHHIOTOI
K TOMY, '!TO I1Hryl1IlIHi HBJUlCTCH paUI10HaJJ bllOi1 CnOC06110CTblO,
11 Ha3bIBalOT CC 11IITCJIJICK1)'aJJbtIOH IIllTyIIUl1eH. HCOl!H03Ha'iHOCl I.
nOlUlMaHlHl 11 H1)'HLUUI, cc CXOl!CTBO KaK C pa3YMO I, TaK II C 'IYH-
CTBOM OnpCl!CJlHeTCH TCM, '!TO B OCHOBHOM 11H1)'I1U1H1 CBH3aHa
C pa60Toi1 nOOC03HaHlIH. I1HTYI1T1IBHOC n03HaHI1C npOrCKaCT Ta-
KI1M 06pa30M, 'irO 'iCJlOBCK OC03HaeT T01IbKO Ha'iaJJO 11 KOHCU 3TO-
ro npouccca: cPOpMym1pOBKY rrp06J1CMbl 11 CC rOTOnoe pCmCHJ.1C.
3Tan nmlCKa pClllCHJ.1H CKpblT B 06J1aCTl1 nOOC03HaHI1SJ, I1MCHHO
n03TOMY 3HaHI1C, l!OCTJ.1rHyTOC IIH1)'I1T11BHbIM nyTCM, BOCnpl1H1Ula-
CTCH KaK MI HOBCHHOC 03apCHI1C, KaK roTOBbIH pe3y1lbTaT, n01lyoICH-
IIblH 6C3 pa3MbIUlJICHI1H. Ha )TO I OCHOlJaHl1I1 I1HT}'I1UI1IO 'iaCTO
cpaBHlmalOT C l!I1CKypCI1BllbIM MbIWJlCHI1CM. ECJII1 11I1CK)'pCI1BHOC
MbllllJlClIl1C nporCKaCT KaK npouccc no::rranHoro, paUllOHaJJhHoro
npOl!BIDKCHI1H OT cPOPMYJll1pOBlG1 np06J1CMhl K ce pCWCHlHO, TO
I1Hryl1u m1 npCl!CTaBJISJCT C060H CKa'lOK 113 Ha'laJJbHorO B KOHC\j-
IIbI!1 rryHKT n03HaBarCJIhHOrO npouccca. I1HryIlUl1H '13CTO BOCnpl1-
mlMaCTCH KaK caKpaJJbHOC 3HaHI1C, BMCCTC C TCM IICTOpllH HaYKI1
CBimCTCJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO MHon1C yolCHhIC IlcnbITbIBaIII1 MOMCH-
Tbl IIHryl1T11DIIOro 03apCHJ.1H. B CBSJ311 C 3T!IM BCTaJJ Bonpoc 0 pOJll1
I1H1)'I1U1U1 B HaY'lHOM rr03HaHI1I1, 06 I1CCJICl!OBamUi MCXaHI13MOB
cc l!CHCTBlUI. HecMoTpH Ha nOl!C03HaTC1IbHhIH xapaKTCp IIllT}'I1UJ.1I1,
cc MO)!(HO OIll1caTb, Onl1paHCh lIa CBlmCTC1IbCTBa Y'lCHblX II l!aHHblC
I1CTOpl111 HayKIl. BCJICl! 3a A. nyaHKapc, npOBOl!lIBWI1M I1CCJIcno-
BalUlC 11 Hryl1 UI1 11, B I1HryJ.1TJ.1BHOM npoucccc, KaK npaBl-IJIO, BbIl!C-
JIHIOT HCCKOJIbKO 3TarrOB: nOllroToBl1TC1IbHb1H, n0J1C03HarCJlhHbIH,
3TanbI n01lY'lCHiIH PC3YJlhTaTa 11 ero npOBCpKJ1. Ha rrOl!roTOBI1TCJIb-
HOM 3TImC cP O PMYJll1pyeTCH rrp06J1CMa 11 llaCTCH CC nOllP06HbIH 110-
m'iCCKI1i1 aHaJll13. Bcc KPynllblc Y'ICHbIC CXOMTCH Ha TOM. 'ITO
MOMCHry I1HT}'I1T11BHOro 03apcmIH 06H3arC1IbHO npCl!WCcTByeT
KpOnOT1II1lk1H pa60Ta, MHOrO'iI1CJlCHHbIC nOnblTKI1 PCWI1Tb np0611c-
MY JlOm'ICCKI1MI1, paUIIOllaJIhHblMl1 CpCl!CTBaMI1- B TCX CJI}"IaHX,
Koma PCWCHI1C HC Hal\1J.cllo 11 HC06XOlll1M npl1HUUnl1aJ1bHO HOBbIH
nOl!XOl!, HCCTaHl!apTHbIH ITOBOpOT MbICJII1, Ha nOMOll1b MO>KCT
npl1HTl1 11 HT}'11UlHl: ITOI1CK PCWCHIHI nepCMcwaCTCH B 06J1aCTb nO>I-
C031IaHI1H. nOCKOJlbK)' nO,UC03HaHI1C He KOHrpOJll1pyeTCH C03Halll1-
CM, lIa 3TOM ypOBlIC He l!CHCTBYIOT HOpMaTl1BbI II 3anpCTbI. perna-
MCHTl1PYIOW I1C Hawy C03HaTCJIhHYlO l!CHTCJlbHOCTh- B nOl!C03HaHI1I1
17"
259
MO)KCT COCm1llHTbCH IICCOCljI1lH1MOC, 'ITO. B KOHe'lHOM C'ICTC,
06CCnC'Il1BaeT HCO)KIi,1aHHbIC, 1I0BbIC pewclllm. .:han BblXOljd OTO-
6paHHoro PCWCHIUl B 06.TJaClb C03HaHl1H ncpC)j(I1BaCTCH KaK UHry-
11T11BHOC 03apCHI1C_ C03ljaCTCH BnC'JaTJTCHllC, 'ITO PCWCIIIIC npl1xo-
ljl1T cpa3y B roTOBOM Bll.lIe_ HCCM01pH Ha TO 'JTO peIllCHI1C, HaHllCH-
HOC 11IIryl1T11BII0, Cy61,CKTI1BHO BOCnpl1l11nJaCTCH KaK I1CT11HIIOC,
OHO IIC 06H3aTC_TJb1l0 HBJUlCTCH TaKOBLIM. I1I1TYUTl1BIIOMY pcwelllHO
Tpc6YCTCH npOJlCpKa. Ero IIY>KHO J1nl1caTh I3 .TJOrH'JCCKI1C HOP\lbl
XOTH 6bl 111m Toro, 'JT06bl OHO 6blJl0 BocnpHIIHTO HaY'-IlIbiM co06-
l1[CCTBOM
MIIOfl1C KpynHhlc Y'iCHbiC I1CnbITbIBa.,111 IOMCIIT IlHryl1 1'11131101'0
03apCHlm. CpCljl1 HI1X A. nyaHKapc, H. rCCJla, (j)_ KCKYJlc,
A. 3nlllliTClm, r rCJlbMrOJlbU, II:- MCHllC1ICCB, 11. ljC EPO!1J1b_ AHa-
;1113 ljallHblX I1CTOplH1 HaYKI1 n03BOJlHCT YfBCp)Kl!aTb, 'ITO I1Hryl1U1111
Hc06xom1Ma B lIaY'IHOM n03HaHHI1_ OHa HCpCljKO COnpOBO)Kl!8CT
nmmJ1CIII1C HODbIX 118Y'lHb1X OTKpblTldi 11 06ccnC'lI1BaCT TCM caMblM
Ka'ICCTBCHllbIH poer HaY'IHoro JHaHlHL MHomc Y'ICHbIC o6palllalOT
BlH1 JaHI1C lIa TO, 'ITO JlOfl1Ka HI3JIHCTCH CpC!J.CTBO 1 y6C)Kl!CHI1I1,
cnoc060M pa3BI1T1IH II1I.CI1 B p8 JKaX npl1HHTblX np C lIeraI3J1CHI1H,
TOf1[a KaK ncpcxo.n K IIOBO IY 3Hatlt1l0 Tpc6YCT nOMI1MO 1I0fl1KII
npHI3J1CQCHlHl TaKoii n03HaBaTCJlbliOH cnoc06HOCTI1 tICJ10DCKa, KaK
I1HT)'I1UI1H. TaIGIJo,1 06pa30M, <P11J10co<pml lIaYKI1 paCCMa1pIiBaCT IiH-
ryllUI1TO KaK TDOp'JCCKYIO cnoc06nOCTb, 06ccnC'U1I3alOlllYIO nOHBJlC-
tltlC HOBOro 3HaHI1H.
116. 'ITO H3Y'laeT 4>Hnoc04>HR TexHHKH?
PC3YJlbTaTbl lIaY'lHo-rCXHl1 t ICCKOro nporpccca )IC IOHCTPl1pYIOT
I1CKJlIO'JI1TC1IhHYIO pOJlb reXHI1KI1 B COBpCMClIlIOM Ml1pC. OHa OKa-
3bIBaCT CYlllCCTBCIiHOC BJ111Hlmc Ha BCC Cq)CPbl )j(1131HJ 06111ccTBa:
npOl13BollCTBO, KY1lLTYPY, 06pa30BaHl1c, nOJ1lITl1KY, HCKYCCTBO. Oco-
6aR 3Ha'JI1MOCTb TeXIII1KI1 B >K113HI1 'ICJIOBCKa onpcljcJ1I1JIa I1HTCpCC
cI1l111OCOqJlH1 K 3TOMY <PCHOMCHY. MHOfl1C <P11110CO<Pbl XIX-XX BB.
B paMKax COUl1aJ1bHOi1 qmJ10co<pIHI, aHTpOn0J10flH1, qJl1Jl0CO<P11I1
I1CTOplUJ pacCMaTpl1BaJlI1 np06J1CMbl, CBH3allHLIC C TCXHI1KOH 11 Ha-
Y'IHO-TCXIII1'ICCKI1M nporpcccoM (0_ WnCllr1lCp. A. TOiiH611,
A. I3cprcoH, 11_ MaMcj:JoplJ" K. 5Icncpc, M. XaHlICrrCp, r: Map"'Y3c,
10. Xa6cpMac, 3. bJlOX)_ BMCCTC C TCM 13 rCpMalllH1 B KO!!. XIX B.
3apO)Kl!aCTCH <P11J10cocj:Jlm TCXIHIKI1 B Ka'JCCTBC OTHOCIi rCJlbHO ca-
MOCTOHTCJlbHOi1 06J1aCTl1 I1CCJIClIOBamlH (3. Kann, (j). DcccaY3p,
K. TYXCJlb). MOlllHbli1 I1MnYJlbC B pa3BI1T1H1 11 IIlI1pOKOC pacnpo-
crpallCHI1C cj:J11J1oco<luU! TCXHIIKI1 n01lY'HlJla B 60-70-c rOljbl XX B.
«(j). Pann, X. WC1IbCKH, A. XYlllmr, r: Pono11L, )1(_ 3J1J1IOJlb). (j)c-
HO\ICII TCXHI1KI1 I1CC_TJCljYCTCH C pa3HbIX q>HJIOCOq,CKI1X n03111111M:
260
C TO'IKH 3pCHlHi ')K3HCTell1 I1a,I11JMa (M_ XaI111:crrcp), COlll1aJ1bHOII
aliTpOnOJlOfim (A fCJlCH), Kpl1T1I'1CCKOI1 TCOplHl <DpaHKQJYPTCKOI1
WKOJlbl (r. MapKY3C, 10. Xa6cpMac)_
OYl\Y'Ill l!pCBHI1M QJCIIOMCIIOM, TCXHlIKa npl106pCTacT HOBblC
'1CpThl B COBpCMCHHOi1 ;>K113HI1_ 0 rCIOLla B03HI1KaCT Hc06xonl1MOCTb
OCMblCJlCHIUI cYWHOnl1 H npcluJa3Ha'lCHl1H TCXHI1KI1. B Kpyr npo6-
JlCM, nOilHI1MaCMblX cj>l1JlocoQJl1cH TCXHlIKI1, nOnal\alOT CJlCl!YIOWHC
BOnpOCLJ: 'ITO TdKOC TCXHI1Ka. KaKOBbl cc I1CTOKI1 11 npl1p01l:a, KaK
B3ai1 IOCB 3aHbl TCXIHlKa 11 HaYKa, lIaCKOJlbKO HaYKa 3aBI1CI1T or
TCXIlIf'ICCKI1X B03MO>KHOCTCI1, 'ITO IIpcLlcraB11SIcr c06011 TCXtII1'1C-
CKOC 3HaHI1C, KaKOC 1!J1IU1HI1C OKa3bIBaCT TCXlII1Ka 111'1 JKOHOMH'IC-
CKI1C, n01lI1TI1'1CCKHC, COlil1aJ1bHbIC, 3KOJlOrH'ICCKIIC IIpOI CCCbI, MC-
II CT JIl1 TCXIII1'1CCKI1M nporpccc caMoro 'IeJI0IlCKa. <DtmocoQJI1S!
TCXlJI1Kll nOliHI1MaCT 3TI1'ICCKI1C np06JICMbi Ha OCHOBC allaJ1113a
B3al1MOOTHOlliCHtl11 TCXIIIHGI, 061UCCTBa 11 npl1p01l:bl. BcnnCCK pa3-
BI1T1ISI <pI1JlOCOQJHI1 TCXIII1KH IJbl3IJaH OC03HaHtlCM l!DYCMbICJICHHO-
CTI1 HaY'IHO-TCXHH'ICCKOro nporpccca_ C Ol!HoH CTOpOHbI, COBpC-
\ICHHOC pClliClIl1C COllHaJ1bHbIX 11 3KOHO II1'1CCKI1X np06Jlc\! D03-
MO>KIIO TOJlbKO lIa OCIIODC HaYKI1 11 TeXHHKI1. C 1I:PyroH CTOpOHbl,
BCC 60ncc O'ICBI1IIHblMH CTaHOBS!TCS! npenCJlbl 3KOHOMlI'ICCKOro
11 TCXHI1'ICCKOro pOCTa_ Bcpa B 6CCKOHC'lHbIH HaY'IHO-TCXHI1'1CCKl1ti
nporpccc HaTaJ1KI1BaCTCS! lIa OC03HaHI1C OrpaHlI'lCHHOCTl1 npl1po) -
IIblX 11 COUl1aJJbHblX pCCypCOB.
CYUlCCTBYCT MHO>KCCTBO onpCl!CnCHl1ti nomlTHS! TCXHI1KI1. OOJlb-
llil1l1CTIJO H3 1II1X B Ka'teCTBC OCH061/0l0 npll311aKa HbwcnS!CT npeo6pa-
30eallue. B HaH60Jlcc 06WCM Blmc TCXHI1KOH Ha3bIBaCTCS! npc06pa-
.JYIOUlaH JICIITC1ILHOCTb 'lcnOBCKa. M_ Xai1llcrrcp, aHaJ1I13l1pysI OTIIC1bl
Ha 1I0npoc 0 TO I, 'ITO TaKOC TCXlUlKa, CBOl!I1T IIX K l!BYM Bapl1aH-
TaM: TCXHliKa CCTL CpCllCTBO, 111111 I1HCTPYMCHT, I1JUI LlOCn\)KCHlIS! llC-
Jlci1. II TCXHI1Ka - 3TO 'IC!lOIlC'ICCKaSI l!CIITCJlbIlOCTb_ nOl!XOil K no-
I1I1MiUII1l0 TCXIII1KI1 C TO'IKI1 3pCHHS! 3T1IX l!IJYX onpeLlCJlCHI1i1
M. Xaii1l:crrcp lIa3bllJaCT IIIlcmpYMeHI/I{lJIbllO-alimponOIlOlll'leCKWJ. 1111-
CTp ICIITdJILHO-aHlponOJlOrH'ICCKl1ii D3r1lHJl Ha TCXHHKY D TOI1 Il1ll1
11II0ii MCpC pa3)lCJlruJI1 K. 51cncpc, M_ WCIICp, A. fC1ICH. 10. Xa6cp-
Mac. nOHIIMaS! BCIO O'lCBllilllYIO npaml1lbHOCTL I1HCTPYMCHTaJ1b-
1I0-aHTpOn01l0rH'ICCKOro 1I0J XOAa, M_ Xaii1l:crrcp IJhlC"lynacT npoTl1B
Hcro, nocKonLK)' 011, C cra TO'lKII 3pCIIIUI, He CXHaTblBaCT CYWHOCTI1
rCXIII1KI1_ B KOHI CnUI1I1 M_ Xal1Acrrcpa TCXHI1Ka 60nblliC, 'ICM
Cpen:CTDO npaKTH'ICCKOn l!CSITCnbHOCTl1 'ICJ10BCKa, OHa CCTb cI1oc06
S!IJJlCllliH IIC111Hbl, B HCI1 3aKJII0'lCHa Cyrb 6blTlUl 'lcnOBCKa_ B03Bpa-
waHCb K aHTl1'1HOMY cMblcny nOH Tl1SI <<T3XH3'> (rpC'I. Ti:;(vrl - I1C-
KYCCTBO). M. Xaii1l:crrcp IIbuumraCT npcl!nOnO>KeI1I1C, '1TO TCXHI1Ka
.JapO!ll1JIaCb KaK 01l:HO 113 npOHfIJlCHl111 m0603HaTc!lbHOCTII '1C!lOBeKa,
KaK nOl1CK I1CTlllILI. OAHaKo nOCTcnCHIlO IIJ nOIiCKa I1CTHlla, 113
261
THfI1 K TaHHC npl1pOIlbI TCXHI1Ka npCBpawaCTCH Ii arpcccl1Io npoTI1B
HCC. TaK<Uf MCTaJo.lOpcj:J03a TCXHI1KI1 yrpO)KaCT Ca IOMY qe_ OBCKY.
CYlilHOCTb 'lcnOBeKa nonaaaCT B 3aBl1CI1 IOCTb OT TeXHI1KH_ OrclOIla
3a.ua'JY COlJpCMCllliOro 'JcnOBCKa M. XailIlcrrcp Bl1llCn B 113 1eHCHIm
TCXHOJlOfl1'JCCKOro MHpOIJ033pCHUH_ KpI1TI1K)' TCXHI1KJ1 npoBOIlHT
11 npCIlCTaBi1TCnl1 <!>paHK<I>ypTcKoH lliKOJlbJ. TaK, Hanpm1Cp,
M. XopKXaHMCp nonaraCT, 'JTO TCXHI1'JCCKI1H IIpOrpCCC, KOTOpbIH
npl1l3Cn K lIaKOImCHI1IO 6J1ar, HC CHI1BlliI1XCH Lla>KC yronHCTaM, Ha-
'JI1HaCT yrpO>KaTb 'JCJlODCK}( POCT TeXHl1'JCCKJ1X B03MO>KHOCTCH 'JCJlO-
BCKa COnpOBO>K.llaCTCH IlcryMamnaUI1CH. lJ:CJlOBC'JeCIGIH UCJlcnoJlara-
IOWI1H pa3YM, Koma-TO BOIDIOTI1BlliIIHCH B ncpBbIX TCXHH'JCCKI1X
11306pCTCHI1HX, Ha'JlmaCT OTIlaBaTb npCIlnO'ITeHHC CpCIlCTBaM, a He
UCJlHM. Bcc CYlliCCTDO 'Je_ OBCKa CTaHOBI1TCH pa60M Tcxml'JCCKoti
UI1BHJII13aUIII1.
Pa3YMccTCH, HCraTIIBHOC OTHOlllCHI1C K TCXHI1KC IIC SJDJlSJCTCH
1111 CIlI111CTBCHHbDJ, HI1 npc0611a,aaIOWI1M. EMY npOTJ.mOCTOHT 110-
311UI111 TCXHOKpaTI1'1CCKOro IlCTCpMl1mnMa, B KOTOpblX TcxmlKC OT-
BOIlIITCH ponb maBHoro <1>aKTopa COUl1aJ1bHOrO nporpccca. K TaKO-
ro pOLla TCOpllHM OTHOCSJTCH npc>K.llc Bccro Y'JCHI1H 06 IH1I:YCTP"-
aJJbHOM, nOCTl1HllYCTpl1aJJbHOM H I1Hcj:JopMaUI1011110M 06WCCTBC.
6C3YC1JOBIIO. B mIx I1IlCaJlI1311PYCTCH 3Ha'JCHI1C TCXHI1KI1 KaK OCIIOD-
1I0ro I1CTO'JHI1Ka nporpccca 06wccTBa. CnpaBc.wuIBa5I Kpl1TI1Ka
::nI1X KOHUCnUI1H OCIlOBbIBaCTCH Ha TOM, 'ITO TCXHI1QCCKIIH npo-
rpCCC HCCCT B cc6c HC TOJlbKO n03l1T1IBHblll, HO 11 HCraTl1BHbIH no-
TCHUl1aJJ. C IlPyroH CTOpOHbI, 11 Kpl1THKa TCXIIOKpaTI13Ma 1l0n>KHa
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3HUI11O B OTHOlliCHUl1 MeTOJIOB ryMamlTapHblX HaYK 3alU1MaCT liCO-
KaHTllaHCTBO. B. BI1HlleJlb6aHll 11 r PJ.lKKCpT C'II1T3J111, '11'0 ryMa-
Hl1TapHbiC HaYKI1 OTJIII'1aeT I1HTCpCC K lIHJII1B11JlyaJJbIlO IY, a crrcUI1-
tjJH'ICCKI1M MCTOllOM n03HaHI1H I1HJlI1BI1JIYaJlbIlOro HBJlHCTCH
COOTHCCCHI1C C UCHHOCTSIMll. PaCCMaTpl1BaH npCI1MYlliCCTBCHHO llC-
TOpl1lO, r PI1KKCpT rrOJlaraJI, 'ITO I1Hlll1BI111yaJibllblC tjJaKTbl, HIJJlHIO-
WI1CCH tjJYHllaMeHTOM I1CTOpJ.l'leCKlIX I1CCJlCJIOBaHI1I1, BbI6llpalOTCH
11 OueHI1BalOTCH lICTOpI1KOM. OT6op tjJaKTOB, oueHKa I1X 3Ha'II1MO-
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paKTcpOM. COOTHCCCHJ.le C UCHHOCTHMI1 HC HBJlHeTCH Cy6'bCKTl1B-
11011 OUCHKOit HCTOpI1Ka. nOCKOJlbt<y UCHIIOCTl1 I1MCIOT, comaCHO
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pcmaCT np06J1eMY 06'bCKTI1BHOCTl1 MCTOJ\OB I1CTOpl1'leCKOro I1CCJlC-
JIOBaHI1H_
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pa3BI1BaJJ M. Bc6cp. I1CXOL\H 113 y6C)KJJ,CIII1H. '11'0 CywccTByeT Clll1-
IIblH 06pa3CU HaYlJHOCTl1 JUIH CCTCCTB03HalllIH 11 I1CTOpI1KO-COUI1-
aJJbHblX HaYK, M. Bc6ep paCCMaTpl1BaJI B KalJCCTBC HaY'IHI>IX 0606-
li1.aIOWI1C MCTOJIbl, ycTaHaHJllmalOllIHC npll'II1HHO-C1ICL\CTBClIllbie
OTHOlliCIIIIH. BMecTc C TeM 011 npH3HaBaJi, '11'0 0606waTb MO)l(HO
267
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KY11bTypHbIX Hop:>laTlIBOB, a H3 clnyaW1H n11l0paJIH3Ma llcHllocrci-i_
n03TOMY OH nonaraJI, 'ITO HCTOpWJCCKOC IiCcRCllOBaIllIC. HC SlR Sl-
SlCb cy6"LCKTHBHbIM MlIcmlCM, HMCCTC C TCM npCl.lCTaBJISlCT c060n
yroJ! 3pCIIHSl, 3aBlICSlw.Ili-i OT Toil HIBI IItI0H llCHHOCTHOH opHCHTa-
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pHIO nOHHMaHIHI, paCC 1aTPllBaCT cro H KaK Clloc06 6bITim '1CJ10-
BCKa, H KaK MCTon ryMamlTapHoro n0311aHlHL nOCKOJlbKY npo-
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nOll'lcpKllBaCT, '1TO nOHI1MaHlIC KOHKpCTllblX JllOl.lcti 3aBHCHT OT
To i K)'JlbTypHO-HCTOpWICCKOi-i CpCllI>I, B KOTOpOi-i OHI1 )l(llByr. no-
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HaYKax?
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CK011bKy TpamlIlHOHHO 06OCKTlIBHOCTb paCC!\IaTpHnaCTcSl KaK Hc06-
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CTiI ryMamlTapHOrO 3HaHIUI IIcnCT K OTpilualUIIO ero I1CTlIIIUOCTH.
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SlBJlSlelOI H HCTopH'leCKOC C06b1T11C, H npOH3BCl.lCHHC IICKYCCTBa, H
JIIITCpaTypHblH TeKCT, H MlIclJoJIOrWICCKIIH 06pa3_ B :noH nlTyaulIIl
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l.lPY! IIC cpllJlOCOcpbl paccMaTpHBaJllI H03MO>KHOCTlI ll>opMHpoBamUi
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KOBaJl11 npcnpaccYl.lKI1, aIJTOpllTCT H 1pamlWHI. nOCKOJlbKY 01111
McwalOT J\OCTlDKCHl1IO HCTlmiioro 3HamUi. VlCX011l1011 YClallOIlKoii
268
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nOJIaraJIlI npOCBCTlrreJIH. r raI\aMCp ncpCOCMblcmmaeT Ca 1I1 no-
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TOpblC HC11b3H, HBJlHlOlCSI Oblpa>KCm1CM npl1HfullIC>KHOCTII Cy6'bCKTa
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THHbl. npH3HaHHe TpaI\HUIliI CCTb JlHILIb npH3HaHHC HCTOpH'lIIOCTH
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pacq'.l1KH H aBTOpHTeT IIC Y.l1aJIHIOT, a npI16J1H>KaIOT K HCTlIIIC
cy6"LCKTa n03HaHHH B ryMaHl1TapllblX IIaYKax. r fau.aMCp HC CTdBlIT
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B ryMaHllTapBblX .l1IIC 1111 flJlII Hax. Ero KOHucnUHSI roBOpHT cKopec
06 yCJlomlflx npl16JIIDKCHHH K HCTlIHe B Tex 06J1aCTHx. mc B nOJl-
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nOJlb30llalH1H II 06J1acTiI ryMaHHTapHoro 3Halll1H_ TaK, IIallpHMep,
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COKpaTlIKoB. KaK caMopaCKpblTlIC 6bITlIH, KaK aJleTcHIO (OT rpc'I.
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occro 'ICpC3 3K3HCTCilUilIO n03TOH. TOJlbKO B n01ll1HBliOH n0331111
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CTaBJIHCT c060n <lmJIOcocpcKYIO llHCUlmJ1lIHY, npeJ],MCTOM KOTOpOft
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B paMKax TcopcnIKo- leTOllOIlOrH'IeCKoro OCHOBamm B 113}"ICHIUI
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UlIOHHblti 11 UlUHlJII13aUI10HHblH non.XOllbl. B COBpCMCHHOH COUI1-
aJIbHOti TCOplUI lIeCKOIlbKO IlHa'lC, 'ICM B KJlaCCII'ICCKoti COIUlaJIb-
1I0ii TCOplUI MapKCI13Ma, paCCTaBIIHIOTCH aKUCHTbl. TaK, B IICH
pa3B1IBalOTCH 11 <POPMYIII1PYIOTCH TaKHC np06I1CMbl, KaK COUHaJIb-
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II YHIIKaJIbllbIX C06bITllti, 'cHTyaUHii II npoucccOB. HCTopH'leCKa5I
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1\I0)l(HO 6011CC nO.l.lp06HOM H TO'lIlOM OnilCaHIUI .1.lcTaJIeii H nO.l.lp06-
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rypal.lllH TpC6yeT onpcn.CIICHHOro «IICKaJIa'>, 06UleTeopcnl<lccKOro
270
npl1HUlma, 06"bHCHmoUlcro M03aIlKY C06blTI1ft C n0311UIli1 CIICTCM-
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TCJlbHOti 06J1aCTI1 3HaHIIH u XIX B. B PC3YJlbTaTC KOHKpennaUnil
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<jCCKI1X COUllaJlbHblX I1CCJlCnOHaHlIH COUllOJ10nm 'IaUlc Bcero
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pllS! II MeTO!UIKa KOHKpCTHblX COUI10JlOm'leCKI1X IICCIlC.u.OlJaHlIM_
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<jJ1l10 KaK 0111111 113 OCHOBHblX KOMnOIlCIITOB. PH.D. OTC<jCCTHCHHblX
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II coorneTCTDCIIHO no MllpOB033pCH'leCKOH II \ICTOnOJlOfll'ICCKoft
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271
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BKJIIO'IaIOWYIO MHO:iKCCTBO :)11C:-'fCHTOB, B 'IHCJ10 KOTOpblX BXOIDIT
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276
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TOJlbKO II XVIII D. <lmJlOCmpl1H HCTOpl111 Bbl.1lCJlHCTCH B caMOCTOH-
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npOOJlCMaM cpI1JIOCO<p1111 I1CTOpl111 06palllaJII1Cb W. MOIiTeCKbC,
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JlO>KeHl1e I1CTOpl1'ICCKI1X C06blTl1ii> a I1CTOJlKOBaHl1e HCTOpl1'1CCKOrO
npouccca B ueJl0M. r. lereJlb B «J1CKWUIX no (1)I1JIOCO<l>1111 I1CTO-
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IIlJlOC B paKypcc npOOJlCM HacToHlllcro; H KpI1TI1'ICCK)'1O I1CTOpmO,
HIIJlHIOlUYIOCH Kpl1Tl1'lCCKHM aHaJIH30M I1CTOpl1'ICCKHX TpYJ\OB.
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278
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cpl1SJ IICTOpl1l1 TCM HC MCIICC HCB03MO>KHa 6C3 onopbI Ha 1l0CfI1>KC-
1111H I1CTOpl1'1CCKOii lIaYKI1. B npOTI1BHOM cJly'lac <jJ11J10CO<jJHH I1C-
lOp 1111 pl1CKyeT BhlpOltl1TbOI B CXOJlaCTI1'1CCI<.'YIO cncKyJlSJU1110.
279
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penl1rJ.J03HblX 11 llpymx <paKTOpOB onpelleJIHeT npouecc I1CTOpH'Ie-
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OT TOro, KaKl1e ,neTcpMHHaHTbl HCTOpWlCCKOro npouccca Bbl6HpalOTCII
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MUHI13M, TeOplli! <paKTOPOB. Oco6yJO rpyrrny COCTaBJIHIOT KOHuen-
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280
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BCHHSI OCC/loro BpC ICHI1, K. .5ICIICpC IIC OTBcpraCT nOlIhlTOK HaY'l-
HOro. I1CTOpl1'1CCKOrO OO"bSiCHCHHSI, HO IJMCCTC C TCM YKa3blBaCT.
'1'1'0 rlla/lHaH npl1'1J'lHa HCnOCTH)KI1Ma. OTMC'Ja51 SlBHblii TpaIiCUCH-
JICllTIlblH xapaKTCp npl1Yl1l1bl 1J03HHKHOBCHI1H occ/loi1 3110XI1,
K. 51cncpc HC CIUl3b1/1aCT CC C EOroM. npCJICTIIBJlCIII1H 0 Eorc,
npcllflaraC lblC lI1pOHblMU pCllUfHSI:.m, /I KOHCYHOM C'ICTC HC 06'b-
CllHHSlIOT YCJIO/lC'ICCT/lO. a pa3'bCJUHlHlOT cro. MCCTO pCJlI1rU03HOro
290
IIOHSlTl1S1 Eora ,Qomtma 3aHSlTb cjmJlOCOcjJCKaH ucpa, IIpl13HalOlUaSl
TpaHCUCHllCHTHOC, HO HC CBSl3bmalOlUaSi cro C PCJlUrl103HblMI1
npCJ:{CTaBJ1CHHSlMI1 0 Eore. B KOH'lCHOM C'ICTC llYXOBIIOC Clll1l1CTUO
'lCJlOIJC'ICCTBa, OT KOToporo 3aBI1CI1T H pCaJlbHOe I1CTOpl1'lCCKOC
C,QHHCTBO, B03MO)t(HO, C TO'lKI1 JpCHI1S1 K. 5lcnepca, . I1Wb Ha I1}'1H
q>OpMl1pOBaHHSI C.QImOH !)JWIOCOq>CKOil BCpbl, CHHMalOlUci-i npO'II1-
BOpe'll1S1 IC>KllY pa3J1H'IHbIMI1 pCJlHlIUIMI1. TaKI1M 06pa30M, OCCBOC
BpCMS! 3a.n,aCT 06WCI>mpOBOC ,QYXOBHOC HanpaBJlCHI1C. C :noro
MOMCHTa I1CTOplUl IBJISlCTCSI npOUCCCOM nOCTcncHHoro cjJOpMHpO-
Ba1ll1S1 06UU1X ,QYXOBllbIX UCHHOCTCi'i, C,QHIIOI1 q>HjIOCOq>CKOi1 BCpb!.
06peTCIiI1C 06WC'ICJlOBC'ICCKHX UCHIIOCTCI1, C TO'lHI 3pCHI1S1
K. 5lcncpca, Hc06xo,QHMO 1I.JISI Bbl)t(HuaHI1H '1CJlOBCKa, B npOTI1BIIOM
clIY'-Iac 'lCJlOBC'ICCTBO O)t(I1,QaCT Ml1pOBa5I KaTacrpocPa. llyxoBllOc
C,QI1HCTBO HapOJJ:OB, onpc.a.CJUIIOlUCC I1X I1CTOpl1'lCCKYIO CDSl3b, pac-
CMaTpHBaCTCSI D KOllUcnU1U1 K. 5lcncpca KaK UCJlb 11 CMblCJI HCTO-
pHI1. Ha ypOBHC 'lCJlOBC'ICCKHX UCJ1CH, paJm KOTOpblX )t(I1Byr 11
,QCi1CTByIOT JlIO,QI1, 06maSi UCJlb Tpallcq)OpMl1pYCTCSI B KOHKpCTHbIC
COUHaJlbHblC UCJlI1, KOTOpbIC K. 5lcncpc q>OPMYJlHpYCT CJlC,QYlOlUI1M
06pa30M: UHBI1J1H3aUI1S1 11 ryMaHI13aUHSI '1CJlODCKa, cB060.a.3 11 co-
3HaHI1C cB060,Qbl, DCJII1'lliC '1CJlOBCKa, OTKpblTl1C 6b1T11S1 B 'lCJlOBCKC.
TCM caMblM UCJlblO I1CTOpHI1 CTaHOBI1TCH 06lUCCTBCHHbIi1 I1,QCaJI,
BbIpa60TaHHbII1 CaMHMI1 JlIO,QbMH.
np06J1CMa CMblCJla I1CTOpHI1 CorrpSl>KCHa C ,QPYrHM Ba)t(HbiM Jl.lISi
cjmJlocoqml1 HCTOpHH BonpOCOM - 06 I1CTOpH'lCCKOM nporpccce.
Bo MIIOroM IICCJlC,QOBaHI1C nporpccca B I1CTOpHH HBJ1HCTCH 06opoT-
11011 CTOPOHOH nOI1CKa CMbICJIa B HCTOpl1l1. LlOBOJlbHO '1aCTO cjJl1J10-
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ICHTbl 3CXaTOJlOrHH.
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JlOc0cPaMI1. PaccMa-.pI1Ba5I I1CTOpl1'lCCKI1M npouccc KaK nporpcc-
CI1DHOC pa3DHTI1C, qmJlOcocPbI, KaK npaBI1J10, BbIlICJ1S1IOT 3TanbI
pa3RI1T1HI 06lUccTBa, npl1 3TOM Ka>Kllbli1 nocJlc,QYlOlUHH :nan :"1bIC-
JlHTCH KaK 60Jlcc cOBcprncHHaSi cryncHb 06lUCCTBCHHoro pa3BI1T11S1_
nOCTpOCHI1C UCnO'lKJ1 I1CTOpl1'ICCKI1X 3I10X no npl1HUHny nporpcc-
CI1BHOro pa3BHTHH npc,QnOJlaraCT HCCKOJlbKO n:onYlUCH 11 11_ Bo-ncp-
BbIX, I1CTOpl1'1CCKOC ,QBH>KCHI1C HC MblCJlI1TCSI KaK KpyroBoc 11)111
IIpSlMOJlI1HCi1HoC, HanpaIJJlCHHOC B npolllJloc. Yawc IICCro B KOH-
ucnUHSlX I1CTOpH'lCCKOro nporpccca HCTOpHH npcJJ:cTaBJlSlCTCH
B BH,QC BOCXO,QRWCI1 CITIlpaJlI1 Hm1 CTpCJlbI. HanpaBJlCIIIWH K CBCT-
1ImlY 6y.aYWCMY. BO-UTOpblX, KOHUCnUI1H nporpcCCI1BHoro pa3BI1-
19"
291
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TlUI 5113110 111111 IICHIlIIO npCflIIOJlaraIOl lIaml'me Hcm1 I1CropmL
npl1 3TOM UeJib MO)KeT 1bICJHlTbCSI KaK aOCOJllOTIlO TpaHCUCII,l,CIIT-
IIOC, IWI1 KaK 0611xeCTlleHHblH Hjxca.Jl, 13 ToB 1-!J111 HHOH CTCnCHI1 JIO-
CTI1)KI1Mblii 13 6ynyweM, B :rrOM OTlIOIUCIIIHI KOllucnmul I1CTOpl1-
'JCCKOro nporpccca '1aCTO BK IO'ldIOT 13 CC6H :)cxaTOJIOrl1'ICCKIIH
!O 'leH r. B-TpCTbIlX, conocTaBJlclIlIC :HanOB pa31311T11H 06Il.lCCTIJ:t
KaK 60Jlee JIIml lellec nporpeCCI113HWi npCn,nOJlaraCT H;t,IH'JI1C KPI'I-
TCpl1CR nporpccca, npC1\CTannSJIOIIU1X c060ti TC npl-!3l1aKH, no KO-
TOpbl 1 13bL'leJlSlIOTCH 60Jlce 11 :'ICllee C013CpWCIIHble 06llieCTlla. LIo-
1I011bHO '!aCTO II pOlm TaKI1X KpI1TepHC13 13blcTynaloT 11BI1>KYll.ll1e
Cl1Jlbl HCTOpHlL TaK, HalIpHMCp, xapaKTep Ma'lepl1<\JIbHOro npOH3-
BOllCTlla 11 3KOIIOMH'ICCKI-1X OTHOIlJCHHfl, HUlmlOWI1XCH OCHOBllbl:'f
cPaKTOPOM pa38HTl1H I1CTOpl1l1. C TO'IKII 3pCHIISI JIICTOpH'ICCKOIO Ma-
TepH<\JIH3Ma CJlY>KJIIT OCII0811bIM KpHTCpl1eM nporpecca_ MHomc
CPH110CO<PCKO-HCTOPII'JCCKHe KOIHtCII1lI1I1 nporpccca IIpC11CTalmHiOT
c060i1 pa3BepHYTOC H3jJO)KeHHC KplnepllCl1 nporpccca.
B SlBHOM 111111C I111CH 061l.leC1'IJelllloro nporpccca Ha'l,1.Jla pa3pa-
6aTblBa"J bCH cPl1J10cocPaMI1-npOCUCTI1TCJUlMI1 XVI I I B. )1<. KOHJWpCC,
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TO'IKII 3pCHIHI, mal3llbl 1 cPaKTOpOM I1CTOpl1'1CCKOro pa3BIHIIS1_
nporpccc pa3YMa 06ccnC'II-1UaCT COUHaJ1bHbIti IIpOrpCCC. BGIC11 3a
"pOC13CTlnCJIHMlf O. KOIiT OcPOPMJlHCT CBoe IIpCllCTafulClIl1C 0 co-
UH;tTJbHO:'1 nporpeccc IJ TCOplllO TpCX claJII1H. Pa313HTI1C 'JeJlO!lC'Ie-
CKOro pa3YMa IIpOXOlll1T Tpl1 CTamUI: meO.10<'1I'ICCKY'0 (Bce HIJ,lCHI1H
'IC110BeKOM paC01aTpHHalO1'CSI C TO'IKl1 3pCHIHI llci1C1'BI1H CIJCpXbCC-
TCCfl!CllllhlX CI1J1) , ,\lemarP1I31/',eCKYI0 (Bce H1311CHHII IJdCCMaTpI1BaIOT-
Cil C TO'IKH 3pCtlHSI a6crpaK1'llblX. OT!mC'ICHHhIX lIa'IaJ1) 11 1/03111111/6-
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pa3BII rHC. TaK )KC KaK 1 II 1I1)()C!JCTllTeJlbCKI1X TCOpI1HX, no :'II1CIII11O
O. KOIlTa, 3aBI1CHT 01' nporpecca pa3YMa. Ha KaKOH C1'a1\1111 pa3-
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Tl1SI HdXO!lSJTC5I COHH<1.JlbllbIC IHlcn1Tyrbl H OOll.leCTI!CllllblC OTiIOmC-
IIIHI. KaK npOrpCCCI113I1OC pa3BHTlIC npC11CTaBJICIJ.\ I1CTOpl1S1 11 II
KOllucnUlll1 I1CTOpl1'/CCKOro :'1aTeplla.J1I13Ma. 06IuccTncIIHO-')KOHO-
MII'leCKHC CI)OP IaUIlI1, HIm}lIOIl.lHCCH 3TallaMI1 pa3JJ11T1HI 06wccTRa.
CMeHSII01' llpyr 11pyra JJ lIanpanJ1CIII111 I1pIl61I11)KCHI1H K KO UfYHI13-
MY, no CYIileCTBY, IIB11S1101lICMYCSI UCJlblO 061l.leCTIICIIIIoro pa3BI1THSI,
Teoplm 11CTOpll'JCCKOro nporpccca nOD.BCpraIOTCSI KpHTlIKC
JJ ncplJYIO O'ICpC11b 3a 3CXaTOJIOrH3M, a T310KC 3a OllHOCTOPOIHIHH
U '1aCTO Cy6'bCKTHBHhlti nO,1X011 [( IIbl60py KpllTCpl1ell nporpecca_
13 Ka'JeCTJJC aJ1bTCpnanllJHblX Bh/CTynaloT KOIIUCnUl1l1 «IJC'IHOro
292
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t 32. KaK npep,cTaBneHo HCTOpH'IeCKOe pa3BHTHe
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paUI10HaJIbHblC nplillullllbl, pacnpocTpallCHI1C 311a/llHI 11 06pa30ua-
IIIIn 06CCnC'laT C0l111aJlbHblM npOi pccc, B TCOpllHX I1HAYCTpl1<lJlbIlO-
ro, 1I0CTlIH.a}'CTplla..'lbHoro 11 1111 c!JOp;..-muI1011 II 01 0 061l.leCTBa 8 Ka'lC-
erBC OCIIOIIIIOH ,l8lDKywcii <':111lb[ nporpCCCl1llHoro COWIa.,lbHoro
pa3BIITI1H paCC taTpI18aCTCH lIaY'IHO-TCXHI1'ICCKI1II nporpccc, BHC-
.apCIIIIC lIaY'I!!bIX TCXHOJlOnl i B np0I131J0;..lCliJO II CTPYKTYPbl COUI1-
aJIbHOrO ynpafuICHI1S1. B 3Tml OTHOWCIII1I1 rCOpJ.llI 11I1J\}'ClpHa.,lbHO-
ro 06wccllla npOTl1BOCTOSI r 11 I1CTOpI1'ICCKO!-.ty MaTCpl1aJ1l13MY, npl1-
.3IIaIOILlC IY IaTCpl1aJ1bIlOC npOJ.l38011.CTBO OCHOBIIOii JteTCpMllIIalilOH
HCTOpHlI. HaC'II1TblBaCTCSI UCJlblii pml KOlIucnUllii I1H.ll}'CTpl1a.,lbIlO-
ro, IJOCTl1IJ1lYCTpl1<t./lbHOro 11 11IIl!)OlmaUI10HllOrO 061ueCTBa, K010-
pble pa3pa6aTblUaJlII P. Apoll. Y. POCTOY, D.)K. Em6pciiT, 11- 5CJlJl,
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arpapllom K I1HllYCT!ma.,lbHOMY 06WCCTBY_ ArpaplibIM 011 Ha3b18aJl
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nOllcTlJyel HaTypa.,lbllOC x03nHcTBO II COCJlOBHOC llcnCHI1C. npo-
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3pCHIIH. J\I<1CCOBbIM pblHO'IJlblM np0I1380J1.CTBOM II 6YP)l(ya3HO-.a c -
MOKpaTlI'1CCKI1M CrpOCM_ nCpCXOll OT arpapHoro 06U(CCTBa K I1l1l1.Y-
CTpJ.laJIbHOMY OCYWCCTI!JlSlCTCSI 6J1arollapSi HaY'lHO-TCXHI1'1CCKOH pC-
BOJIIOI1l1l1. B PC3YJlbTaTC IIHCllpCHI1S1 lIaY'IHbiX TCXIIOJIomH 8 npOl1.3-
BOllCl BO J.I ynpa8J1CIII1C npOlICXOJlIl1 KOpClIlIOC 113 ICIICIII1C
COUI1<UlbHOH CTPYKT}'phl, ncpCXOll 06U.lCCTBa Ha IIOUYIO, 60J1CC 8bl-
COK}'IO CTMIIIO pa3BI1T11S1. HCCilCllYSI UOllpOC 0 nCpCnCKTl1BaX I1HllY-
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'ICCKOro y6c)I(JlCHlUI 8 TOM, '1'1'0 mKCIIMaJIbHb[fi pOCT np0I13BOllCT-
na 11 nOTpc6.ijCHIHI HeJlb3S1 paCOlaTpl1BaTb B Ka'ICCT8C maBHoii
UCJlI1 I1Hll}'CTpl1aJlbHOro 06WCCTl!a. )JeKJIapllpOBaHI1C .Hoij l.(CJlJ.I,
CKOpCC BCCro. B03HHKaCT nOJI lla8nCHI1nl rocnO.llCTuYlOwcH I1I1CO-
110n1l1. 13 CIUI3I1 C 3TI1 1 P. ApoH 8bl1l1ll1raCT KOIIUCnUl11O iJeuiJeOJ10-
lU3GL{IIIi. D}lII)1(ai1UJI1M 6YJ(YUUIM I1HllYCTpllaJlbHOro 06U(eCT8a. C cro
TO'IKH 3pCIII1SI. CTaliCT c6JI11)1(CHI1C (KOItBCprCHUI1H) JIIIYX aJlbTepHa-
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11 paCllaJI TOTa.,llHapllbiX HIIco.lomii.
293
......
Y. POCTOY HapHllY C P. ApOIlOM SlBJlSlCTCSI OllHH 1 113 nepBblX Te-
OpeTlIKOB I1HllYCTpHaJlbHOro 06Ll.{CCTBa. EMY npIUUlllJIC>KI1T KOH-
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crpaHCIII1C B 50 - 60-x ro.Qax )(,"1( B. Pa3pa6aTbIBaSi :ny KOHucn-
umo, Y. POCTOY nblTaJlCSi C0311aTb Teopmo, aJlbTCpHaTl1UIIYIO
MapKCI1CTCKOMY )"JCH1110 06 06IUCCTBCHHO-3KOIIOMII'1CCKI1X cPopMa-
Ul1SIX. Y. POCTOY BblllCJISICT nSi fb ::JTanOB paJUlIT1IS1 06Ll.{CCTBa, p33-
Jll1'IaIOIilI1XCSI MC)!()J,Y co6oi"i ypOBHCM TCXHOJlOfll'lCCKOro pa3BI1T11S1.
Cra.L!I1S1 <<'TpaJIIIUI10HHOrO 06IilCCTBa,) (arpapHoro 06IilCCTBa) xapaK-
TCpl13yeTCSI npHMI1TI1BHbIM CCJlbCKOX03SIHCTBCIIHblM npOl13BOllCTBOM,
I1CpapXl1'lCCKOH COlll1aJ1bHOH CrpYKl)'POH 11 «llOHbIOTOHOBCKI1M»
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CCJlbCKOrO X03S1i1cTBa, nOSlBJlCHI1C «HOBoro Tl1na - npCllnpl1HI1Ma-
TC}lCH'), BblcTynalOlill1x KaK llBI1>KymaJI CI1J1a 06Ll.{CCTBa, pOCT «Ha-
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CTa]J,I1S1 «CllBl1ra,) - 3TO :cmoxa «npOMbIIllJlCHIIOM PCBOJlIOUI1I1,),
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npOMblUlJlCHHOCTI1 H PaJIl1KaJlbHOe 113MCHCHI1C MCTOJ\OB np0113BOll-
CTBa. CTaJll1S1 «3pCJIOCTI1» - I1IUJ:YCTpl1aJ1bHOC 06IUCCTBO, xapaKTC-
PI13YIOIUCCCSI Wl1pOKI1M BHCllpClIl1CM JIOCTI1)f(CHI1H HaYKI1 H TCXIII1-
KI1, pOCTOM ropOJl.CKOro HaCCJlCHI1S1, YBCJlI1'1CHI1CM 110Jll1 KBaJll1cPl1-
Ul1pOBalllloro rpYlla, 113MCHCHI1CM CrpYKl)'pbl 3aHSITOCTlI.
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ro MaCCOIJoro norpc6J1CHI1S1». OCIIOBHblMI1 np06J1CMaMI1 3TOro 06-
IUCCTBa CTaIlOBSlTCSI npo6J1CMbl nOTpc6J1CHI1SI, a HC np0I1 3B0 11CTBa,
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06IUCCTBC pbIHOK HC I1rpaCT rJlaBHOH pOJlI1 B 3KOHOMI1KC_ Kpyn-
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BaSI crpaTcnl10 BbDKllBaIllIS1. KopnOpaUl111 BbIH}')!()J,CHbl COrJlaCOBbl-
BaTb CBOI1 UCJlI.f C 061UI1MI1 COUl1aJ1bHbl 1I1 UCJlnMI.f_ 311CCb
C1aHOBI1TCSI tlC06XOlll1/>IOH Bblpa60TKa 110JlroCpO'lHbIX crpaTcmfi 11,
B KOHC'IHOM C'ICTC, nJlaHl.fpOBaHI1S1 np0I13B011CTBa_ TaKI1M 06pa30M,
IIHJ\}'CTpl1aJ1bHOC 06mCCTBO 1l0Jl)!(HO nCpCMTI1 K nJlaHOMCpHO cPYHK-
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294
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60ny, nOTOMY '1TO UClll1 rOCYD.apCTB3 II UCJII1 rp3>K!.\allcKoro o6wc-
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lIaH Ha BlICJlpCHl111 llOCTlDKCllI1fi H3YKI1 B npOllJBOllCTBO, I!bl3bIBaCT
K >K1131111 HOBYIO COUI1a.J1bHYIO CI1J1Y - 1111 rCJlJlCKTYa.J10B (Y'ICHblX.
npocl>CCCOpOB YIII1BCpCI1TCTa, XYllO)I(HlIKOB). B oTmt'lI1C OT TCXIIO-
CTpYK'rypbl, 3TI1 JllOllil HC CBH3311bl OIlH03Ha'I\IO C KaKoil-TO opra-
11113aUI1CH_ OBlI no cyrl1 CBOCH I1Hlll1BI111Ya.J1bHOCTI1. OHI1. IJ OTJ1I1-
'[I1C 01' 1l0Jll1TlIKOB, HC MOlyr 1136aBll1bCH 01' 'IYIJCTBa OTBCTCTBCII-
1I0CTlI 3a cYD.b6bl 06WCCTBa IJ UC1I0M. 01111 cnoc06HbI YJlalJmlBaTb
I1CTl1HHbIC UCJII1 06WCCTlJa, I1CTI1HIIOC nOHI1M3m'IC CIJ060llbl.
B 70-c roHbl XX B. Ha'lI1H3CT pa3BI1BaTbCH KOHUCnUI1S1 nocmuH-
oycmpua1bHozo o6u;ecf1'1ea. Olllll1M 113 nCp13bIX TCOpCTI1KOIl KOTOpoii
CTall )J.. ECJlJI_ nOCTI1HllycTpl1a.J1bHOe 06UICCTBO 011 npCllCTaBJlHCT
KaK 06WCCTBO, mc opr3HI13aUI1S1 TCOpCTI1'1CCKIIX 31131111H SlBnHCTCH
ncpBocTcnclllloii HHTCJ1J1CKl)'allbHbIC 11 HCTlnyrbl SllInSlIOTCH UCHr-
pa.J1bHbl 1l1 B COUl1aJJbHOil CrpYKl)'pC 06wCCTBO ncpCOpl1CHTl1pyeT-
CSI C npoll3BollcTBa npcllMcTOB nOTpc6J1CHIUI Ha L\Pymc UClll1: 'mc-
TaSl 3KonomH, 0611J1I1C 11 H!!>OPMaWIl1, 11II!!>0pMl1poBallllOcTb 0 'IC-
J10BCKC 11 06WCCl BC, pa31JIITI1C CCTI1 ycnyr 6bITOBOro 11 KYJlbTypllOro
Ha..\Ha'[CHI1S1. COBCpWCIICTBO TCXHOJlOfHl1 CHI1311T 3Hcpro- 11 MaTC-
pl13.Jl0CMKOCTb npOll3BollcTBa. Ha ncpBoc MCCTO IJblfillCT pa3BI1TI1C
JKOJlOfl1'[CCKI1 '1I1CTbIX TCXHOJlOfl1H, rCJlCKoMMYIIIIKaUIIH, cIloc06oB
nCpClla'1I! 11I1c1>Op IaUl1l1.
B TCOpl1HX I1HqJOpMaUl1ollllOro 06WCCTBa I1CnOJlbJOllaHI1C I1H-
cjJopMaUl111 CTaHOlJl1TCH rJlaBHblM !!>aKTopoM 06WCCTBcHHOro pa3-
BiITI1SJ. TaK, lIanpl1MCp, B pa60Tax A. Toq)(l)Jlcpa D.I1Ha?i.lI1Ka Ml1pO-
BOH UI1BI1nl13aUI111 npCllCTaBJlCHa KaK BOJlHOBblC BCnJlCCKI1, KOTO-
pbIC nOllTa.J1KI1BaIOT '1CJlOBC'ICCTBO Ha 1I0Bblil, 60ncc BblCOKI1H
YPOBCllb Clll1HCTBa 11 B3aI1M03aBI1CIIMOCTI1. nCpBaH BOJlHa - azpap-
liaR KYJlbTypa_ BTopaSi BOJIHa - uHoycmpua,7bHaR KYJlbTypa. TpcTI,$)
BOJllJa - U/lrPOpJ.tal{UOHHaR CTaIIIISI_ )J.J!H nocJlcJlHcil xapaKTcpHbl
6b1CTpbIC 11 MaCCOBblC I13MCHCIII1S1. C03llalOWliC npl1HUlUlI1aJJbHO
HOBYIO UIIBllnI13aUlIIO, OCHOl3bIBalOWYIOCH Ha BbICOKOI\ TeXIIOjIO-
fl1l1, I1HqJOpMaUI1 11 11 HOBblX clloc06ax llOCTI1>KCHI1S1 3KOHmll1'1C-
CKIIX UCJlci1.
XXV. ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1 KYllbTYPbl
133. '-ITO TaKoe K)'nbT}'pa B ljJlifnocoljJcKoM
nOHlifMaHliflif?
nOll KYlIb1'ypOi1 B cjllVlOCOqJl1I1 nOllllMaC1'CH CI-IC1'CMa I1cropl1'le-
CKI1 pa3BIIBalOUlI\XCH BHe61101l0rl1'ICCKI1X nporpa IM 'IClIOBC'ICCKOH
;K113HCJlCH1'ClIbIlOCTlI, 06ccne'II1BalOlltl-lX BOCnp0l131J01lC1'BO 11 1-13 IC-
HeHI1C COUllaJlbllOH ;K113HI-I 110 BCCX OCIIOBHblX UanpaBJ1emUIX. ccPc-
pa CBo60!IHoi! ca lOpCalll13aUlII1 1I11'IHOCn1.
BncpBblC KYJlbrypa C'lallOBI1TCH npCllMCTOM cPl1l1OCO(PCKOro 113Y-
'1CHI1H B paMK3X npOCIJCTl1TeJ1bCKOH cPI-IlIococlJlm I-IC1'Opl-ll-l- Hllell
KY,lbTypbl Bblp3;K<Uld 311CCb CTCnCHb pa.3BI-ITOC1'11 pa3YMIIocO Ha'laila,
06"bCKTlIIJI1PY IO ll.lCIOCH B XOJ1C 11C1'Opl111 B pClIIlrl1l-1, MOpaJIl1, npaBC.
IICKYCCTHC, HaYKe, (!JI1iIOCocPl1l1. HeMeUKali KJI3CCII'1CCKillI cP1-I1I0CO-
cPml oro>K!.\CCTBI!1Ia "-"ylIb1'YPY C cPopMaMI1 llYXOBHOro 11 nOJ1l1TI1'IC-
CKOro ca lOpa3B11TI1H '1CJIOBCKa 11 06ll.lecma_ npl1 3Tml lHoroo6pa-
311C cPOpM KY1IbrypbJ pacnO,larful0Cb I1MI-I B Ol1pellC1IeHHo j I-ICTOpl1-
'1cCKoii nOcJlCllOBaTeJlbHOCTI1.
B pa IKax cj>I1'10COcPl1Il ;K1-I31111 cPopMI-IPye1'cli 1I0Baii I1llCl1 06
11CTOpl1'1CCKOii caMo6bITHOCTI-I 11 1I0KaJlbllOC1'I1 K)'lIbryp, npol1cxo-
lll1T OTKa3 01' npCJl.CTaBJleHl1i1 0 elll-lHOH ,ll-1Hl111 KYJlbrypHOro pa3-
BlITI1H '1e1l0BC'lecKoro pOlla, Onn03I1UI-IH «npl1pOJla - KYJlbrypa»
CMCHHCTCH HOBOI1 onn03111U1c j «UI-IHI1111-13<1UI1I1 - KYlIbTypa»
(0. Wne]!rJICp). 31'0 npOTl1BOnOCTaB11eHl1e 61,1110 CBH3aHO C Kpl1-
Tl1KOil HerallHlHblX 'lepT 3ana.:\HoH TcxHorclIIlOH Ul1RI1111-13aUI-II1
11 «MaccoBoii KY1IblYPbl». KY,1bmypa KaK Opi!aHU'leCKOe, T1160p'leCKOe
0Y)(06HOe IIa'mHO npOTI1BOnOCTaBJIlieTCH I{U611.:1U3Gl{UU KaK YT11WIU-
maplloM).\ meXIIOJIOi!Il'iecKO_ JY, >lwmepIlCL1bHOMY. KYlIbrypa npl1 3TOM
CBOmmaCb K BbIcwn 1 06JtaCTSI 1 ilyxoBHoro TBop'leCTIJa, a UI-IBI11111-
3aJU!H - K CIICTCMC P33JII'I'I11bIX 1'CXHOJlOn1i1, nOHbIWalOll.lHX MaTC-
pl1<L%IIOe 611arococTOHHI1e JIIOllCI1.
B COBpCMCHHO j (1)11J10COcPl1Il MOJKHO BblllCJ1I1Tb llBa OCHOHHblX
nOJIXOna K OOlblCJICHl11O KY1IbT)'pbl - aKcUOR02U'leCKUU 11 OeflT11et1b-
1I0CT11HbIU. C TO'IKI1 3pCm-tH aKCIiOROi!Il'feCKOi!O nOllXO,la KY1Ib-
Typa - :no clIcme,ua l(ellllOCmeii, C1I0>KIIaIi nCpapXI1H 11J1Ci\.J10B
H CMbIC1IOB. 3Ha'lI1Mall lVIll KOIIKpcrHoro 06ll.leCTllcHlloro OpraH1-I3-
Ma. CTOPOlIIJl1KI1 3TOro nOllXOlla 06pall.lalOT oc060c BIII-IMaHIIC IIa
TBOp'(CCKlfl1 1\ 11'1110C1'llbIH acnCKTbI KYJ1bT)'pbl, paccMal pl1BalOT ee
296
KaK MCpy ryMalllnaUlJI-I 06wccTBa n 'lcnOBCKa. C l04KI13pCHHH
OeJlmeilbliOCftlHOlO nO; XO,la KY%Typa - 3TO cncLUupl1'lccKHii ClIoco6
'Je'JOoe"ecKoii :J/C/i3UeoeJ/tnl!.JlbIIOCftI/i. «CIICTe 1a BHe61J0" on-l'leCKJ.1 BbI-
pa60TallHbiX MCX<lHI13MOB, 6narollapSi KOTOpblM CTHMYJlI1pYCTCH,
nporpa IMllpYCTCH 11 pcam13YCTCH aKTJ.1UIIOCTb nlOllc j B 06WCCTBC,)
(3. MapKapHH). 13 Ka'ICCTBC cnoc06a pcry'>lHW1I1, cOXpaHell\lS1
11 pa3BliTiISI 06wcCTBa Kynbl}'pa BK1iIO'IaCT B CC6H HC TOJlbKO llY-
XOBIlYIO. HO Ii npCllMCTHYIO llCSlTcnbHOCTb. npH llalillOM nOl1XOliC
aKucliTlipyeTcH HC CTonbKO K)'JlbT)'pa JlJ.1'1II0CTlI, CKOJlbKO KYJlbT)'pa
Bcero 06UlccTBa_
6J1113KOil K llCSlTcnbHOCTHOMY nOilXOllY HBJ1SICTCSI C(,. flloftl/i'/e-
CKGJ/ HHTcpnpeTaUIIH Kynblypbl 10. A JlOlMalia KynbT)'pa pac-
CMaTpliBaC1'C5I 11\1 KaK CJ.1C1'CMa l1IupopMaUlioHHblX KOllOB, 3a-
KPCIIJIHIOJlU1X >KlijJlCJlJlbl j COUl1aJIbHbIiI on bIT, a 1'aK>KC CPC!ICTBa
cro cjJliKCamH1. KynbT)'pa KaK CnO>KHO Oplal1l130naIfHbli1 H pa3BII-
BaJOIIIHi1CH Ha60p 1'aKI1X CCMIIOTlI'ICCKHX CI1CrCM TpallcJllipyC1'
nporpaMMbl 1I0fJC.LI.CIIIIH, 06WCIII1H II l1CHTCJlbHOCTlI. npCJ:MC1'bI
MaTCpl1,llbllOil KynbT)'pbI TO)!(C Bblc1'}'nalOf KaK cpc.'(cTna xpallc-
IIIIH Ii nCpClla'1H cMblcnoB, pcrynHp}'IOUlHX JICHTCJlbHOCTb, IIOfJCilC-
IIHC II 06WCHIIC.
KYJlbT)'pa KaK CHC1'C 1a pa3Ho06pa3HbiX Ipa;IHUHi1, 06pa3UOB
nOBCliCHli5l, HOpM Ii PC3YJlbTaTon flCHTCJIbllOCTH, nOC1'OSlHHOC BOC-
npoli3BCilCHHC KOTOpblX I1CJIaCf '1CJlOBCKa 'IC110BCKOM, 06mmalOwlHI
Hjb[KO I, c03I1aHHc l, I1CKYCCTBO I, HaYKoi1, conpcMcHHoi1 TCXHI1-
Koil, npCilcTaBJUIeT c060i1 a6COJIIOTII}'1O UCIIIIOCTb, 3aJ1aIOIU}'10
rJlaBHblC Opl1ClIlHpbl BCC"" cq)CpaM 'ICJIOBC'lecKofj llCSlTCJlbHOC1'I1.
KYJIbT)'pa ncpcllacTcSI OT nOKOJlCHIUI K nOKOjICIII1I0 110 IIplHlUHny
MIIO>KCCTBa «COUl1aJIbHbIX 3CTacjJCT» (M. A P030U) Ii HBJ1HC1'CSI
cjJopMofi COUHaJlblwra JlaCJlCliOUaIiIiSl, coxpaJl5l10wei1 Jl.lISi 6YllYlllcro
lIam COUI1a. bHbli1 OnblT.
OCHOBHblM BonpOCOM Jl.lIH if;/I.;1OCOif;/i/i Ky.1bmypbl (caM Tcp lIm
HBC,l B lIa'l. XIX B. JlCMeUKI1i1 pOMallTl1K A. MIOJIJlCp) SlBJISlCTCH
fJonpOC 0 CYUlCC1'BOBaHl1J.l KYl1btnypHbiX )lu/ioepc(L1/iii, llalOlUHX B03-
MO>KHOCTb cjJIIJlOCOC!)CKorO OCMblCJlCII1I5I K}'JlbT)'J}bI. C fO'lKH 3pCHlUI
IICOKaHTHaHUCB (f: PI1KKCp1', B. BI1I1l1C_ b6aJm), YHHBCpCaJIHSlMH
KYJlbl}'pbl HBJIHIOTCH 06wc311a'II1Mbic ueHHOCTH (JIOfH'ICCKHC, ::JCTC-
Tl1'leCKllc, IIpaBCTHcHHbIC). B nCIIXOaH,lijlll'\l'1ccKo j KOHUCnUl11i
K. r I0Hra YHHBCPCfu11111 KYJlbTYPbl JallalOTCH nCHxo6110JlOfl1'IC-
CKHM CJHIIfCTIlOM 'leJlOBC'ICCKOfO palla. CornacHo COUliaJIbHO-cjJl1-
JIOCO )CKOH TCOpl11i K. MapKca, K)'JlbT)'pa - 31'0 Ca\1 npouccc '1e-
JIOfJC4CCKOH ;.KH3BCIIeSlTCJlbHOC1'II, a He TO,lbKO cOlloKynHocTb cra
PC3YJlbTaTOII, Ii oila MO>KC1 6bl1'b nOllSIra T011bKO II CIIH3H C 061llC-
CTBO I II TPYiJ.OM.
297
""""'III
134. KaKou MUPOB033peH'IeCKUU CMblcn UMelOT
Bblcwue qeHHOCTU?
B ca IO\i IIl11pOKO 1 CMhlCJlC UClllIOCTb - :no nOJIO>KIITCJlbHaH
31/a'IliMOCTh, nporI1IJOnOCTaBJ[}fCMaH oTpl1uaTCJlbH0I1 3I1a'IlIMOCTI1,
al/flmel/IIOCTH: IICIiI/OCTb - xapaKTcplfCfl1Ka 6J1aroro, xopoUJcro,
aHH1UCIIHOCTb - IIc6J1aroro, «n.ypIIOro,>, I1Jloxoro. B OTIIOUJCHI1I1
'ICJIOBCKa K UCHIIOCTHM BbI...\CJ[}fIOTCH .llBa acnCKTa - OIlCIIO'IHbli1
11 IICJICIIOJlarmOWI-II1. OUCHO'IHOC OTHOlllClll1C BKJlIO'JaCT U cc611
onpC,1CJICIII!C UCHllocrCi1, I1X Ka'ICCTBCIIIIOC pa3rpaHH'ICHI1C, BbIHIJ-
,lCHIIC IIClIIlOCTHblX rpMaUlIti B TOM, 'ITa nOJU3CpraCTCH OUCIIKC.
UCJICnOJlaralOWCC OTHOIUCIiIIC OCIIOBbllJaCTCH Ha np1111HT1111 UCIIIIO-
neH B Ka'ICC1BC Taro. 'ITO CJlCllYCT coxpallHTb I1/HJII1 ocywccm,UIrb,
T. C. B Ka'lcc1BC 60Jlcc 11 IH MCHCC ynopMo'lcHHoi1 cOBoKynllocTII
uCJlcii. Pa3JIII'laIOTCH Ca IO.llOCTaTO'IHbIC, BblCWI1C UCJIH 11 cnoc06CT-
IIYIOII(I1C I1X ,locnDKCHHIO IlCIIl1-CpC){ClUa. BblCUJI1MII UCIIHOCTH 1I1
HBJIHIOTCH TC, KOTOpblC, C 011110ii CTOPOHh!, BblcTyllalOT KaK Hal160-
JlCC 06WC3H3'II1MhIC KpI1TCpl1l! OUCIIKII. a C npyroti - KaK caMo,'{Oc-
1aTO'lIIb1C ueJlI1. TpalJ.I1U1101l1l0 B cBponcficKoft K)'JlbTypC K IJbICUJI1M
OlIlOCHT UCHHocnl n06pa. IICTIIHbI, KpaCOTbI, 60>KCGTIJCHHOCn!.
JIII'1II0CTI1, CBo60 J lbI. JlI06BI1, 6h1nlH.
COBoKynllocTh OCIiOUllblX uelillocTcti-IICJIeH COCTaBmlCT CTCp-
:>KeHb lI1pOU033peHI1H - UCIIHOCTHYIO OpIlCH'raUIfIO JllfllllOCTI1 11
COWlaJlbllOil 06UUWCTI1, OnpellCJIHCT C:'lbICJ1 >K1I3HI1. BC.llywaH
K COBcpllJCllcmy 06UlaH UCJlb J.alllloro CYWCCTBouaHlIH. KOTOpoti
CJlCJlYCT 1I0.ll'IHHHTb 'IaCTllblC UCJII1, COCTaBJUJCT cyrb CMblc,la >K1I3-
HII. '-lT06bI lIatinl 11 I1CnOJlIIIHb C lhlCJI >K1131111, HC06XO!\I1MO Bbl-
HBHTb TlOJ!O>KIITCJlbHhIC 11 OTpI1UaTCJlhllblC cBoHcTBa 11 B03MO>KHO-
CTH 'ICJlOBeKa, T. C. YCTaHoBI1Tb, 'ITO IIpl1pOlla cro IIpOTI1BOpC'I!-lBa,
'ITO UClIlIOCTliaH npOTHBOpC'II1BOCTb CCTh YCIIOBI1C PCWCHIIH JlI1'1-
1I0H >K113HeIlIlOH 3a.lla'llI. cyrb KOTopmi B ca lOcOBCpWCHCTBOHaHI1I1
B onpCllC;ICHHO 1 lIanpaHJlCIII1I1. UCHHOCTII I3blpa>KalOTCH B !-wcanc ,
BblCTynalOWCM KaK 06P33 :>KCJlaC loro 6ynywcro, IiCJlb, npCnCJI
CTpc fJlelll1ij 11 KpHTCpllti OUCHKI1 PC,UlbHbIX 11J111 B03MO:>KllhiX HBnc-
HIIi1. H3H60Jlb1lJcfl ncticTBcHIIOCTblO 06J1a}laCT ncpcmlHqJl1Ul1po-
B31111bli1 1I,1Ca.n - 06pa3CU COBepmcllllOro 'ICJIOBCKa_
OpcnC/l COBcpweHCTBa - 6naro KaK faKOBOC - 6C3YCJlOBHO
IiCIlIIOC, UCHHOCfllbIti a6cOJIIOT, 3an:alOlIu!i1 UCKTOp UCtlllOCTIlOti
OpiICllTaWnt. 3roT I3CKTOp YKa3hllJaCT nYI b, K<lKI1M HII J UIIJI1lJ.ya..'lh-
HOC CYWCCTBOB311I1C. COBcpmCIICTnYHCb. npIl6JIH:>KaCTCH K lIaIlJlY'I-
!lJCMY 113 B03\1O>KllbIX COCT05llIHii. TaK, B MHpOB033pCHI111 allTI1'1-
1I0 1, KOC IOUCH rpI1CTCKOM, IlClIIlOCTHblft a6comOT - KOCMOC. CO-
BCplllCIICTBOB<llIHC 'ICJIOI3CKa nOlIl1MaCTCH KaK ca WC03HJlaIlI1C no
KOn1l'l'ICCKI1M 06paJI.aM 11 npllllltlmaM pa3YMHocTI1 (/10rl1'1110CTII,
298
IICTHHbl), pa3MCpCHHOCTI1 (CnpaBC}lJII1BOCTH, n06pa), rap:>IOIIHI1
(KpaCOTbI). B MHpOB033pCHHI1 TeOUCHTpI1CTCKO:>1 UCHHOCTlILlff a6-
COJlIOT - TpaHCUCHnCHTHLlii EOr-nH'1II0CTL. CpCllOTO'lHC 6b1TI1H,
60>KCCTBCHHOCTlI. I1CTI1II LI. n06pa. KpaCOTLI, JlI061311. J!I1'1110CTIIOro
Ha'laJla. CMLICJI I1HnHBHllyanLlloti >K11311U - npI16J11I>KCIII1C K EOr).
UCllllOCTIILlti a6C01il0T atiTpOnOllCIITpHC1CKOro MllpOB033pC-
Hml - I1nCaJl <JCJIOBCKa_
BblCWI1C UCHHOCTH OTKpblBalOTCII 'ICJlOBCKY KaK pa3J1H'IIILIC
CTOpOHbl 6J1ara KaK TaKOBoro. EmKCCTBClIIlOC, CBIIUlCIIIIOC
B HCM - UCHIIOCTb 13CCCOBCpWCIICTIlli, I1nCaJla KdK npcnMCTa no-
KJIO/1CIII1H. EblTHe CCTL IjCHHOCTL OCYU{CCTHJICHHOCTI1 (UCHHoro)_
"CTlllla - UCHIIOCTb npaBI1J1blloro. aaCKBaTilOro OllpCJICJJCHI1 CO-
OTHCCCIII1H UCHIIOCTCH 11 YCJIOIIHH pCIlIClU1H )IOHIICIiHOft 3aa3'111.
npCKpaClloc (KpaCOTIl) - UClllIOCTb IIcnocpcnCTlIcmlOH fIImCHHOCTI1
6J1ara. cro npCllCTIlBJJCHHOCTH, OTKpblTOC111 c03CpuaHI1IO. JIII'!-
IIOCTb - UCIlHOCTb UCJlOCTIIOCTI1 6J1ara B I1l1nl1BHnya,1LIIOM CYWCCT-
BOB3HI111. ).I.o6po - UCHHOCTL 6J1ara K3K nOJl)j(IIOro, UCIlIlOCTL ca-
:>1006mLWalllH! K OCYIllCCTBJlCIIUlO nopHnKa UCllllocTeft no HOCXO-
llHwcf1. JII060Bb - UCHHOCTL JlI1'1HOC1HOro CJUlHCHI1 C 6iraroM.
CBo6oD.a - UCIIHOCTL caMoOllpCIlCJlCIHUI '1CJlOBCKa B HalipaBJJCHIH1
K UCHHOCTIIOMY a6coJTIoTy.
CTpOCHlIC llYXOBHOH >K113HH OT'lCTJIlIBO npOCTynaCT npl1 pac-
CMOTpCHlll1 cc C UCHHOCTHblX n03I1UHH. B pC-1Ilrl1H onpCD.CJlHlOlllall
UCHHOCTb - 60>KCCTBCHHOC, CBHUlCHHOC. BblcmaH UCHHOCTb Mopa-
JIll - 1l06po. UCHIIOCTblO npCKpaClloro onpCnCJlHCTCH 3CTCTI1<JCCKOC
OTIIOWCIII1C K llctiCTDI1TCJlbIlOCTI1, CnCUl1aJ1LIIO pa3B1maCMOC (co-
BCPWCIICT13YCMOC) B HCKyCCTBC. B n0311aBaTCJlbllOH JI.CHTeJlbHOCTlI,
lIal160Jlcc CnCUHaJlH311pOBailHoft 06J1aCTb10 KOTOpoii HBJlIICTCH Hay-
Ka, BClI.ywaH UCHHOCTb - HCTHHa. 1J.nH !jJHJlOCO!jJHH oc06yIO UCII-
IIOCTL npClI.CTIlBJlHCT caMa B03"JO>KHOCTL nocrpOClII1II :>H1POB03-
3pCH'ICCKHX CI1CTCM C pa3JIII'lHbIM UCHIlOCTllblM CTpOCM Ha OCH013C
I1HTcrpl1pOBaHHH D.OCTlI>KCHHA MHOfllX 06JJaCTci-i K)'JlbTyPbl.
<I>HJlOCOCPI1I1 BKJlIO'laCT B CC6H Y'ICHHC 0 UCHHOCTHX - aKCI10-
JlOflllO.
135. LITO T8Koe 8KCUOnOrUJI?
B COBpCMCllllOH CPHJlOCO<!'JI1H CCTL pa311CJI, OTBCJI.CHHLIH HCCJJC-
1l0BaHI11O UCHHO(''TCH,- aKCHOJlOrHH (OT rpC'I. axios - UCHHblA 11
logos - CJlOBO, nOHHTHC, y<lCHI1C). 1J.nH cpHJlOCOcpCKOro MHpOB03-
3pCHHH aKCI10JlOrH'ICCKa5J np06J1CM3THKa I1MCCT cpYllnaMCHTaJlbHOC
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308
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IITOpOCTCnCHHblMH. Pa311HllaCTCH JlH'IHaH OTIICTCTHCHIiOCTb. nOllHH-
MalOTCH UCHHOCTH JII0611H K 6J11I>KHCM \ COCTpaaaHlIH - pcmn H03-
HOro f}'MaHlI3Ma. 4. npOcIICnlTeJlbCKaH MODaJIb CCTCCTDCHHblX
nr all 'ICJlOlleKa Y CTpaHHcT 11 pCJlHnl03HbiC rpallHubi D HpallcTDeH-
IIblX OTIIOIllCHHHX, ,1])151 MopallH «cDoih - 'JCJlODCK 1I006mc. YTIICp-
)Kl!,aCTCH H3Ha'laJIbHOC .nOCTOHHCTIIO Ka)Kl!,oro IIH.11HlIll11a. onpc.11 CJlII -
CMoe CCTCCTDCHHblM 3aKOHOM, TCM, '1TO JlIO.11H OT npHpo.nbl pallHbI
H Cll060.nHbl. Bbl11l1HraCTCII Tpe60llaHHC nOJIIITHKO-npallolloro o6ec-
nC'ICIUlH npall 'ICJlOIICKa. PacKpblnlc 1.1 cOIIcpmcHcTllollaHHc '1CJlO-
IIC'ICCKOH npHpollbi II IIH.D.HIIHllC Ha'UlHaCT BocnpHlUlMaTbCH KaK
IIblcwaH UCHHOCTb. B03pacTacT lIHllIIBH.11YaJlbllaH IIpallCTIICHHaH OT-
IICTCTIICIIHOCTb. npOII03rJlaWalOTcH npHHuHllbl car\-IOonpe.nCJlCmIH
JlI1'1HOCTlI, HCHaCHJlHH, IICIIMClllaTCJlbCTlla D 'IaCTIIYlo >KH3Hb 1.1 T. .n-
5. B conpcMcHHblX ycJlOIIHHX (nocTMO.11eplla) C pa3BI1THcM HHePOP-
MaWloHHoro 061uccTBa nOHlI1mlOTCII npl13HaKH 1I0BOi:t MODaJlH. KO-
TOpVIO MO>KHO Ha3BaTb nmoPaJlHcTH'ICCKII-KOMMVHHKaTI1BHoit 3Ta
MOpaJIb opHcllnlpycT Ha 06rncHlic H COTPY.11HlI'ICCTIIO MC)Kl!,Y JlIO.nb-
:-.m C pa3J1H'IHbIMli UCHHOCTHblMH YCTaHoIIKaMH H MopaabHbIMH
y6C)Kl!,CHHHMH Ha OCHOIIC C06J11O!lCHHH YHlIBCpCaJIbHblX npIIHUH-
nOli _ CnpaBC,1])IHIIOCTII II f}'MaHHOCTlI. OHa KYJlbTHDHpyeT 1l06po-
.11CTCJlH TOJlCpaHTHOCTlI (TCpIllIMOCTH) H HCHaCHJlHH_ 061llaH Ha-
IIpaBJlCHHOCTb lICTOpll'lCCKOro pa3111ITHH MOpaJIli COCTOlIT II TOM,
'ITO OHa CTaHOBIiTCH IICC ooJlCC YHlIBCPCaJlbHOH: paCIllHpllCTCH CeP C -
pa .11e.ICTBHH MOpaJIH, IICC 60nec Ooo61llCHHblMH CTaHOIIHTCH Hpall-
CTBCHHblC Tpc60BaIHlH, pacT)'T BOJMO>KIIOCTlI Bbl60pa H OTDCTCT-
DCHHOCTb JlH'IHOCTII.
140. KaKuM 06pa30M S 4mnocotPuu onpe,qenReTcR
3CTeTU.,ecKoe?
3CTeTH'ICCKOC - npellMcT 3CTeTI1KH, O.11HOH H3 arpacJleH (1)11no-
COePlH1. 3CTeTlI'lCCKOC - 3T0 TaKOC 1I3MCpCHHe >KH3HH, II KOTOpOM
OnpCIleJlHIOlUCe 3Ha'ICHHC HMCCT UCHIIOCTb npcKpacHoro. B ClleTC
npCKpacHoro MO>KCT npc.nCTaTb JlI060c HIIJlCHHC: llcflCTDHTCJIbHOe
111111 Boo6p<DKac:-.mc, npHpomlOC HJlII K)'Jlb1)'pHOC, npHllaDJIC>KalllCC
IIHCIllHCMY MHPY HJIlI rny6HHaM llYllll1. A n_ llcxoll roBopllT, '1TO
II '1CJlOIICKC IICC 1l0Jl>KHO 6blTb npCKpaCHO, H D cro IUICaJIe npHcyrC'l'-
DYCT 3Ha'lHTeJlbJla51 3CTCTH'ICCKaH cOCTaIlHaH. CYIIlCC'I'IIYCT OTJlOCH-
TCJlbHO 060co6J1CHHaH H cnCllIlaJlHJHpOllaHHa51 cePepa .11yJCOIIHOi1
>KHJHH - xy.n0>KCCTBeHHa5l, I1CK)'CCTIIO, mc BC.11ywa51 pOJlb OTIJC.nCHa
3CTeTlI'lCCKOM .11CHTeJlbHOCTII. Ho lICKYCCTBO IIMcrnaCT IJ CCoo RlIWb
:-'laJIYIO '1aCTb 3Toi1 llCHl'eJlbHOCTlI, JaTpanillalOrncfI IICC acnCKTbI CY-
rncCTlloDaHHH. BOT nO'lCMY 3CTeTlI'lCCKOC npalllUlbHce Jla3blB3Tb HC
309
---.,
CcjJCPOH, a 113MepelHle:"1 )l(113HII. Onpen.elJlHb 3CTCTI1 ' ICCKOC HaM no-
MOIyr I1.l1CII OTCLJeCTBCIIHoro cjJlIJlococjJa A. <D. floccsa (1893-1988),
aBTOpa !jJYHllaMCHTaJlbllbIX TJJyn.OB n03CTCTIIKC. OH BI111IlT CYW-
1I0CTb 3CTCTI-I'ICCKOro B TOM, 'ITO OHO CCTb (,Henocpe11CTDCHHO n.aH-
Ha51 IIJlII DIICWHe '1YBCTBClllla51 Bblpa311TeJlbHOCTb BHYJ-PCHHCi1 >KH3-
1111 npcn.MCTa», KOTOpaJI «/Jocnpl'IHI1MaCTC5I KaK Ca\10CT05lTeJlblfa5l,
6CCKOpbICTil0 C03Cpuae laS! >K1I3HCHlla51 ueHIIOCTb», KaK «06'bCKT HC-
3allHTepccoBaHHoro II caMon.OBJICIOWCro JlI060BaIlIlH»I. 3CTCTI1Ka
nOHIIMaCTC5I J10CCBbIM KaK <'!jJWJlOCo<PCKaJI n.IICUlHlJIIlHa, WMelOwa51
CDOIIM npen.MCTOM 06J1acTb Bblpa311TeJlbHbIX cjJOPM JlI060H CcjJCPbI
n.CMCTI"mTeJlbHOCTII (B TOM 'IIICJ1e 11 xyn.O>KCCTBCHHOH), n.aHllblX KaK
caMOCT05lTeJlbiiaH II '1YI!CTDCHHO IIcnocpen.CTBCIIHO BocnpllHIIMaeMalJ
ueliIlOCTb»2. BcrpC'IaCTC5I II paCWllpllTCJlbHaJI TpaKTOBKa 3CTeTlIKII,
Koma B HCC DKJlIO'laIOT He TOJlbKO <PI1J10COcjJCKOC Y ' ICHl1e, HO 11 IIC
Bl>lpa>KeHIlYIO B KOHI emYaJIblloi1, TCOpCTlILJeCKOM !jJOPMC cOBoKyn-
1I0CTb npcn.CTaBJlCIIIIM 0 npeKpaCHOM, COOTDCTCTBYIOWIIX WllCaJlOD.
06pa30B, Bk')'COD, np05lM5IIOWIIXC5I D BocnplUJTI1I1 LJeJlOBCKa II ero
TBop'leCTBC_ TaKOC TOJlKOBaHIIC 3CTeTIIKI1 npIlHIIMaCTC5I, lIanpll:"1ep,
B Klillre B. B. 6bJ'IKOBa «PYCCKaJI cpcn.HenCKOBaJI 3CTeTliKa
XI-XVII BR.') (M., 1992)_
Hal160Jlcc 06wlle LJCpTbi 3CTCTlI'IecKoro npc.nCTaBJleHbl KaTcro-
p1l5lMII: 3CTeTlI'lCCKoe. npCKpaCHOC - 6c306pa3Hoc, B03BbIWCH-
HOC - HIBMeHHOC, TpanlLJeCKOC - KOMI'ILJeCKOC, 3CTCTII'ICCKIIH
II.nCaJI, 3CTCTH'ICCKl1M BKYC. 06 3CTeTlILJCCKOM, KaTeropll1l HaCTOlIb-
KO WllpOKOM, '1'1'0 ec lIaJbIBalOT MCTaKaTcroplleM, CKa3aHO Dblwe.
B03BbIWCHIIOC, TpanlLJeCKoe, KOMw'lecKoe, 3CTeTlllJCCKHl1 l1.l1eaJI, a
TaK>Ke 11351U1.HOC, r-paUII03110C II '1: .n. CYTb Mon.llcjJlIKaulIlI npeKpac-
Horo.
npeKpacHoe - KJlIO'leBaJI KaTcropll51 :)CTeTlIKII. npCKpac-
IIOC - UCIIHOCTI> BblpIDKCIIIIOCTlI, $!BJlCHHOCTII cOBcpwellHoro. Bcrpe-
'la C CODCplllCHCTBOM, cro Borul0wcIUle Bb13b1BaeT oco6oro po.na pa-
.nOCTb - 3CTeTlILJCCK}'IO - 6eCKOpblCTHOC, D03BblweHIlOC '1YBCTBO.
npOTlIBOnO;IO>KHOCTb npcKpacHoro, 3CTCTJIlICCKaJI aHTlIUCIlHOCTb-
6e306pa3Hoe, B KOTOpOM 51BJl5Ier cc6$! HecoDcpwCHCTBO, HC.nOCTIlTOK
6Jlara. J)c306pa3I1oc BTOpIl'IHO, nocKoJlbKY 06HapY>KHBaerCH TOJlbKO
B CDCTe npeKpacHoro. nJlaTOH c'UlTaeT, LJTO 06'bCKTlIBHO cYUl.CCTBYC1
«npcKpacHoe caMO no ce6c»: 6c3ycnOlJllaJI> BCLJ lIaJI , 6o)l(CCTBCHHaJI,
06pa3UOBaH Ij.iJ:C5I; BCC OCTaJJbllOC (BClLU1> JIIOn.II> nywcBHble COCT05l-
IIIUJ) npcKpacHo JIIIWb OTHOCIITeJlbHO: lIaCTOJlbKO> HaCKOllbKO npll'la-
CTHO 3TOH I1.l1CC. ComaCHO APIICTOTe1l1O, npCKpaCHOC eCTb CBOHCTBO
I J]oce6 A. rJ>. 3CTCTH'ICCKOC II <I>1IJ10CocjJCKa!I 3HlIlfKJ10nC.ll.H". M.. 1970. T 5.
2/20 Jlfe_ 3crCTHK3 II TaM JKC
310
KOCMoca, a I1MCHHO - copa3McpHOCTb. nopSlllOK, rapMOHIUI, UCJ1CCO-
06pa3HOCTb B D:CfiCTBIITCJlbHOCTI1; npCKpaCHOC xapaKTCpIl3YCTC5I B OT-
HOWCHHH K B03MO>KHOCT5lM '1CnOBCKa: OH C03CpuaCT npCKpaCIlOC
B npen.MCTC, KOTOpbIH 0603p1lM KaK ClllIHCTBO BO MHom06pa3HII (lIa-
npllMCp, Hcnb351 Ha3BaTb npcKpaCHblM CIiIIWKOM MaJICHbKOC IInll
CITIIWKOM 6oIIbIJJOC, nOTOMY '1TO B ncpBO 1 HCpa3JIH'iI-IMbi 'mCTI-I, BO
!!Topm! HC OXBaTblBaCTCII l(CJlOC). rCrCJlb onpcn.CJU!Cl npeKpaCIlOC KaK
'IYBCTBCtIHYIO BIf.l\IIMOCTb If.l\crt, (,60>KCCTBCHHOC B cro '1YJ!CTBCHHOM
06na'lCIIIIII». B HOBOC BpCMII pacnpocrpalHlloTCII. OC06eIlIlO B 6pl1-
TaHCKOrt cPillIOCOqJlIH, Cy6'bCKTIIBlICTCKIIC Tpa"-"TOlJKII npeKpacHoru.
ro66c nOJlaraeT, 'iTO npeKpaCIIOC - 31'0 nOnC3l1OC B ncpcnCKTI\lJC, TO,
B 'iCM 'iCnOBCK YCMa1plmaCT npl13l1aK 6yn.yUJ,Cro 6nara_ CorJlacHo
IOMY, npcKpacHoc - ClJOHCTIIO He npen.Mcra, HO i1yxa, cmcpllalOwcru
npCllMCT. no KaH1)', npeKpaCHOC - 06mC3Ha'imlblM ucncco06pa3HblH
npCD:MCT HC3amncpeCOBaHHoro Jl1060BaH1I5I, OCIiOBa 'iYBCTBa KpaCO-
Tbl - YD:OBOJlbCTBIIC, .nOCTaBllilCMoe C03CpuaHIIC!II COBCpWCHHOH cPop-
1.11,1; 06pa3cu npeKpacHoru K3K JCTCTI1'ICCKl1H lID:eaJI B03BblWCliHOro
ccn CIIMBOII HpaBCTBCHHO ll06pol"O, n03TOMY npcKpacHoc cnoc06cT-
BYCT paCWl1pCH1l1O cB06011bl JlI1'iHOCTH, a 3Ha'iIlT - COBCpWCllcTBOBa-
HI1IO '1CnOBC'ieCKOm palla. K 3THM nOnO>KCHIIHM KaHTa BOCXOlllIT
DbICKa3b1BaHIIC 111l1J1JIcpa: (,KpacoTa cnaCeT MIIP>)_ MHomc cPillIOCO-
cPbI ymCp>KaaIOT, 'iT0 npcKpacHoc B lJ03MO>KHOCTII 3aKJIIO'iCHO B 061>-
CKTC, HO llcMCTmlTCnbHblM OHO CTaHOBIiTCII TOJlbKO B pe3YJlbTaTe aK-
TlIBHOCTI1 cy6'bCKTa. TaK, H. r. LJ.epHbIWCBCKl1H (1828-1889), pa3BII-
BaJI If.l\CII <Dci1cp6axa, nIlWCT, 'iTO npCKpaCHOC CCTb >KH3Hb, KaKOH .
Mbl XOTI1M CC BI111CTb, 11 npCKpaCHO TO cYWCCTBO. B KOTOpOM MI,l Ha-
XOD:I1M Ta"-J'IO >KH3Hb. B MapKCIICTCKOM 3CTCTlIKC pa3BI1BacrCiJ npe.n-
CTaIJJ1CmlC 0 TOM. 'iTO nCTO'iHIIK npeKpaCliom - 06UJ,cCTBCHHaJI npll-
pO.lla '1CnOBCKa, BblpaJKalOUJ,aJlCH B em cnOC06HOCTII K OCBOCIiIiIO
Ml1pa no YHlIBCpCaJIbliblM MCpKaM, K COBCpWCHCTBOBalHIIO OKpY>KaIO-
UJ,cm BMCCTe C ca"IOCODCpWCHCTBODamICM «,pacnpCJlMC'IIIBaHHIO')
II ('OnpC.llMC'IIIBaHIlIO>}), npn 3TOM caMOCT05lTCnbllYIO UCHHOCTb npll-
06peTacr CB06011HaJI IIrpa TDOp'lCCKlIX CillI, JlalOUJ,aJI 3CTCTH'iCCKYIO
pMOCTb.
3CTCTI1'iCCKllrt I1JlCaJI - npCKpaClIoe B npo06pa3ax CODcpweH-
CTDa, BblcrynalOIllI1X KaK npCllcn C1pCMJlCHIIH B DOIlJIOU(CHIIII npc-
KpacHoru II KaK MepHlIO, KPHTCpllH 3CTCTlI'lCCKOH OUCHIG1_
B03BbIWCHHOC - 3TO TaKoH Blln. npCKpacHoro, B KOTOpOM CO-
'ICTaCTCII BCJlII'iCCTBCIiHOC, npCBOCXOllmucc 'IcnOBCKa, II COBCPWCII-
IIOC. no OTHOWCHI1IO K B03BblWCIIHOMY 'iCnOBCK IICnbITbIBaCT '1YD-
CTBO, CXO>KCC C TeM, KOTopoe DbI3bIBaCT B HCM CBHU(eHHoe,- 6J1a-
rorOBCHlle, ynOlJalHIC, CMewallHOC C TpCDorotl. B 3TOM '1YJlCTBC
COClllIHIICTCII C1'pCMneHI1C BDbICb II OU(YUJ,CIiIlC CBOCH OrpaHII'ICH-
HOCTlI, onaCHOCTII pllCKa. B pcm.Jn\03HOM c03HaHIHI npCJICJI B03-
31!
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Bb[WCHHOro - 60>KCCTBO. 06bl'IIIblC 06pa3bl B03BblllJCHHOro B npll-
pon.e - ropbl. OKCaH, Hc6cca, BCCJlCHHaJL KalIT, 1Horo cn.CJlaBwllii
lIJIlI ymCp)KJlCHIUI KaTCrOpl111 B03BblWCHHoro B3CTCTIIKC, C'IIITaJI,
'lTO D KOHC'lHOM C'lCTC B03BblWCHHoe Db[p<DKaCT KpacoT)' HpaBCT-
BCHHOro n.oJlra. B03BbIWCHHOMY npOTlIBOCTOIIT HII3MCHHOC_
Tpanl'lCCKOC - B11)J. npCKpacHoro, 6J1113KIIH B03BbIWCHHOMY.
B Tpanl'ICCKml COCJ1IIHHIOTCH panOCTb COBcpmCHCTDODaHl111 II ro-
PC'[b nOTcpb Ha 3TOM nynL Tparll'lCCKOC CCTb KpaCOTa M)')KCCTBa,
repOll3Ma, 11cnblTaHIIH CI1J1b[ 1I11'lHOrO CB060n.HOro n.yxa CMCPTCJlb-
Hort onaCHOCTbIO. Tpafl1'lCCKOe npOCBCT1IHCT, O'lllwaCT n.ymy OT
rncT)'wcro c-rpaxa, yrBCp)KJlall UCHHOCTb B03BblWCIIIUI, n.a>KC CCj]1I
OHO HCCCT CTpa.!\aHI1H II CMepTb. nOn.Dllr XpIICTa, {<CMCpTiIIO
CMepTb nonpaBwcro», Bblpa>KaCT cyrb Tpafl1'ICCKoro.
KOMI1'IeCKOC - npCKpaCHoe, paCKpblBac IOC 'lCpC3 CMCX, Koma
OH Bblp<DKaCT yn.OBOJIbCTBIIC, KOTOpOC '1CJlODCK IIcnbITblBaCT, OT-
CTpaHSlIICb OT HCCODCPWCHCTBa, pa30611a'laC lOro IJ ero CTOJIKHOBC-
HIIH C COBcpmCHHblM, 3n.CCb CMCX D031UIKaCT KaK pallOCTHbIrt
B3n.OX 1136aDJlCHIIH. OCBo60)!(J1CHIIH OT rHCTa, 'ITO npOI1CXOllIIT, Kor-
n.a HpKO BblHBJllleTCH np01I1BOnOIIO>KHOCTb OTplluaTeJlbHoro II no-
JlO>KIITCJlbHOro. APIICTOTCJlb nOliaraCT, 'lTO TaKOC B0311CHCTRIIC 111,1-
3bIBaCTCII KOIlTpaCTOM 6C306pa3Horo II npCKpacHoro, KaHT - HII-
'lTO>KHOro II B03DbIWCHHOro, npll KOTOpOM npOIlCXOlll1T BHC3anHoe
pa3pIDKCHIIC HanpSl>KCHHOrO O>KlIllaHI1H B HII'lTO, rCreJlb C'lIlTaCT,
'lTO IICTO'IHI1K CMcxa - KOH'rpaCT ).IHIIMO OCHOBaTcnbHOro (HCMC-
TIIHHoro) II n.cikTBIITCJlbHO OCHOBaTCJlbHoro (1ICTIIHHOro), Scpr-
COH - aBTOMaTlI'lCcKOro I-I >KIIBOrO, KOMlI'[CCKOC IIMceT MHOro
pa3HODIIJlHOCTCH - IOMOp, IIpOtllIH, capKa3)'1, canlpa II T. n..
3CTCnl'lCCKllrt BK 'C (aHaJIOr COBCCTI1 B Mopa..'m) - 310 cnoc06-
HOCTb II CKJlOHHOCTb 'lCJlOBCKa BocnpllllHMaTb 11 OUClIIlBaTb HBJlC-
HIfH C TO'IKII 3peHIIH IIX COBCpWCHCTBa, no MepKaM npCKpacHoro,
n.CMCTBOBaTb, TDOpIlTb. PYKOROn.CTBYHCb 3TlfMII OUeHKaMI1. TaKOH
BK)'C BKlIIO'laCT Y).lclllle pa3rpallll'lIlDaTb 3CTeTII'lCCKOC II HC3CTCTM-
'lCCKOe, pa31I1I'IHblC OTTCHKI1 II rpallaUlIH B 3CTCTII'lCCKOM: HaCJla>K-
n.aTbCSI C03cpuaHlICM II C0311aHlfCM npCKpacHoro II IIcnblTblBaTb
HCyn.OIJOJlbCTBIIC, orop'ICHlfe npll C03cpualllIH II C0311aHIIII 6C306-
pa3Horo. YpOBCHb pa3BlITOCTII 3CTCTlI'leCKoro BKyca onpen.CJlHCTCH
TCM, HaCKOJlbKO 'lCJlODCK cnoco6eH Bocnpl-IHIIMaTb I-I BOflJlow.aTb
npcKpacHoc B cro pa3Ho06pa3HbiX npOHBnCIHlHX.
141. &lTO TBKoe UCK}'CCTSO U S .,eM ero
HB3HB'IeHue?
J.1CKycCTBO - OTHOCllTCJlbHO 060c06J1CHHaJI 06J1aCTb n.YXOBHOrt
>K1I3HII, npCI!lIa3Ha'lCHHaH lIJIH KYJlbTIIBllpoDaHIIH 3CTCTII'IeCKoro.
312
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OC06blM BIIUOM COBCpWCHCTBODaHiUl TBOP'ICCKI1X cl1n 'ICJIOBCKa,
cnoc060M UYXOBHo-npaKTII'ICcKOro OCBOCHII5I UCi1CTBIITCJlbHOCTI1
B cjJopMax XYUO>KCCTBCHHbIX 06pa30B. Dci1cTBIITcnbHOCTb (OKPY>Ka-
IOWIIH '1CJlODCKa Mllp H BHYTpeHH5I5I >KH3Hb cro UYWII) D I1CK)'CCTBC
npC.1lCTaBJlHCTC5I B cjJopMax '1CJlOBC'ICCKOfl '[YBCTBCHHOCTH, C TO'lKI\
3pCHI111 3CTCTlI'ICCKOro 1111.CaJla. TaK, B npOll3BClI.CIUHIX IICKycCTBa
XY.1l0)KHI1KOM C0311.aCTCII cBoe06pa3Ha51 - XYllO>KCCTBCHHaH PCaJlb-
1I0CTb C C06CTBCHHblMH 3aKOHOMCpIiOCTIIMII, co CBOCH, XYUO>KCCT-
IICHHOH npaBlloit BJI. COJlOBbCB, KOTOpblH nOJlaraCT, '1TO Ml1p pa3-
BI1Bae-rCII B HanpaBnCIIIUI K COBCpWCHIlOMY, WICaJlbHo-npCKpaCHO-
MY, EOro'lCJlOBC'ICCKOMY COCTOHHlllO, .naeT CJIC.nyIOWCC (,06wcc
onpC)J.enCHIIC )J.CHCTBI1TCJlbHOro IICKYCCTBa no CYWCCTny: 6CflKoe
oU{)'mwne/lbHoe U300paJ/Ce/lue KaKOlO Obi mo /Ill 6b1.1l0 npe(l ema
U fl6/ieHUfi c mO'lKlI 3peHlIfi elO OKOH'Iame/lbHOlO cocmOfillUfI, u,m
6 coeme 6yoyU(elO Mupa, ecmb xyooJ/CecmeeHilOe npou36eiJe/lue,)I.
XY.1l0>KCCTBCIIHbli1 06pa3 - OCHOBHall Bblpa31ITenbllaJI C.1liHlHua
xy.nO>KCCTBCHIiOH pCaJlbliOCTII II H3bIKa I1CK)'CCTBa_ nplI C03JlaHIIII
06pa3a Xy.nO>KHI1K, PYKOBOJlCTBY5lCb CBOIIM 3CTCTlI'ICCKI1 1 BK)'COM,
TBOP'ICCK11 COCUI1H5IeT OTpa>KCHIIC DHCWHCfl BHeXYJlO)!(CCTBCIiOH
JlCHCTBIlTeJlbHOCTII 11 Bblpa>KCHI1C CBOIIX JlII'IlIbIX II.1lCH, nCpC>KllBa-
IIIIH, 'IYBCTB, CTjJCMJlCHIIH_ C03J\aBa51 06pa3b1 nlOuci-I, JlyweBHblX
.nBI1>KCIIIIH. 06CTOIITenbCTB, BeWCH. c06b1TIIH, npllpOllbl, lI1pa
B UCJlOM, XYJlO>KIIIIK npCJlCTaBJlSleT B CJlI1HI1'1HOM, HcnOBTOpI1MOM,
'IYBCTBCIIHO HBJlCHHOM BlIltC 06WC3Ha'iIlMOe C TO'lKI1 3pCHII5I 3CTC-
TI1'ICCKOro I1.1lCaJla_ KaK OTMC'IaCT rCrCJlb. B HCKyCCTBC a6CTjJaKTHOC
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M.. 1983. C. 337.
21'
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J\CtiCTBiUJ lIa BHyrpCHHIIH HaCTpoft II nOBCJ\CHIlC 'lC. OBCKa.
Ha3Ha'lCHHC ClTOBa Mlloro06pa3HO, rnaBHOC. '1TO 0110, COC.I1I1-
IHlII 0606UlCHIIC H 06mCIIHC, n03B0J1$1CT c0.3J13BaTb 11 nOLUICp)!(l1-
BaTb npocTpaHcTBo I1J\C3J1bHOro K OCIIOBllblM dWHKUl1ml $13blKa
06bl'l1l0 OTHOC$1T: 1) KO I IYlmKaTl1BHYIO - YCTaHOBlTCIUIC KOIlTaK-
TOB IC>K1lY HIO.I1bMH, OKa3aHHC B03.1lCHCTBWJ J\pyr Ha .I1pyra, HaKon-
HCIIHC II ncpC.I1a'la HH<j)op f311I1H, K)'J1bT)'pHOro OnblTa; 2) n03lIaBa-
TCHbHO-OlICHO'IHYIO - Ha3blllamlC, 0603Ha'lCHHC $1BJ1CHI1H .I1CHCTBH-
TClTbHOCTII H OTIIOWCIllIi1 MC)lQY Im m; n0311aHIlC H OUCIII1BaHI1C,
TpC6YIOllUIC HcnOHb30BaHH$1 $13blKOBbiX CpCJ\CTB 0606mCHl1H, a6cT-
pampoBaHHII, conOCTaBlTCIIH$1 KOHKpCTHoro 06'bCKTa 11 II.I1C3J1bHOro
3T3J10Ha H T. .II.; 3) 3MOUI10HaJlbIl0-Bblpa3HTCHbHYIO - ocpOp!l.WCHI1C
H Bblpa)!(CHIIC 3MOUHOHaJlbilOrO COCTOIIIIHII, OTIIOWCHH$1, CTpCMJlC-
HI1$1, BOIUIOlUCHI1$1 lIaCTpO$1 .I1YWH B 06pa3C, B TOM 'lI1ClTC H XY.l10-
)!(CCTBCHIIOM, 11 T.ll.; 4) MCTa$13bIKoBYIO, nOCKOJ1bK)' CCTCCTBCHHblH
$13b1K, 6YJ\ytlll YHI1BCpCaJlbllbIM. cnoco6cH 06CCnC'IIIBaTb onHcaHHC
cc611 caMoro 11 J\pymx $13bIKOB.
3J\CCb 1'pC6YCTCH ,Q06aBlTCIII1C 0606malOmcro xapa"'Tcpa: $13blK
CCTb cnoc06 CVUlCCTBOBaHH$1 HHnl1BlInV3J1bllOro H 06mccTBcHHoro
C0311aHHII (B mHpoKoM CMblCJlC, BKJlIO'lalOmCM Hcoc03HaBacMOc)_
BCilymIDI pOHb H CT3HOBJlelllm HH,QI1BH,Qa npIIH3.1lJ1C)!(HT 06mcHI1IO,
OHO nCpCXO.l1l1T B 06mcHI1c C C060H. BIIClUH$1$1 pC'lb npcBpamacTc$1
BO BllyrpCHHIOIO. PC'ICBOC 06WCHHC B 3I1a'IHTCHbHOH CTcnCHH
onpc,QcHHCT <jJop mpOBalUIC 11 .I1CIITCJlbHOCTb BOCnplI$1Tl1H, Mblwnc-
HIIII, Bo06pa>KCHI1$1, BOHI1, 'lYBCTB, naMHTH; CO-3HaIlHH 11 caMO-CO-
3I1aHH$1, y ICHII$1 ynpaBJUlTb CHOIIMII HaMcpcHH$1MH 11 nOBC.I1CHI1CM.
I1MII '1CHOBCKa, CHOBa «51,}, ,<Tbl'}, "OHH'} CTaIlOBIITCII OIlOpHblMH
TO'lKaMIl ,QJIH HOCnpHIITl1$1 'lClTOBCKOM cc611 B mpc. MbICJlb, no
Hblpa>KCIIHIO IlHaToHa, CCTb pa3roBop .I1YUIH C C060H_ Co-
BCCTb - CHOBCCHO onOCpC.I10BaHilOC HpaBCTBClIlIOC PYKOBOilCTBO
c060ti. CymcCTBYIOT II BIIC$13blKOBbiC KOMnOHCIiThI BblCWHX nCIIXH-
'1CCKHX cnoc06Hocrei1, .I1a)!(c HCCJ10BCCHOC MbIWHCHI1C, OilHaKO, no
Bblpa>KCHHIO A. nOTc6H11, YMCHHC MblClTHTb nO-'1CJ10BC'ICCKI1, 110
6C3 CJIOB, n.aCTCH TOHbKO cnOBOM. L(113J10rH3M, KaK nOKa3aJ1
M. M. EiaXTI1I1, rny60Ko YKOPCHCH B C03HaHI1H H KYHbT)'pC_
328
51.3bIK IIBnllCTCII HC06XO.IUIMOti COCTaBHOIi IlpaBCTBCHHOH, PCJlI1-
rI103HOH, 1103HaBaTCnbHOH, 3CTCTI1KO-XY.I.\O>l<CCTBeIiHOH, BOCI1I1 fa-
TenbHOH 11 .I.\pyrl1x 06nacTeH C06CTBCHHO 'lenOnc'lccKoti .I.\CIITCnbHO-
em. Ka>K1lall 061l\HOCTb J11O.I.\CH 11 c<jJepa >l<113HI1 I1MCIOT CBOI1 113b1-
KOBbJe oc06eHHOCTI1, CBOI1 npam1Jla CJlOBoyno1'pc6nCHI1I1, CBOII
«1I3bIKOBblC I1rpbl,) (fl. BI1TTeHWTCHH). COBpeMCHHaSl JlMllrBI1CTI1'lC-
CKall <j)11J10co<!mSl, rcpMCHCBTI1Ka, nOCTC1'pYKl)'p3J1113M 113Y'lalOT
Sl3blK B C.I.\I1HCTBC cro MHoro06pa3HblX npOIlBnCIII1H.
COAEP>KAH E
n pen11C110BI1C .
_ 3
I. np MET ct>L-1110COct>L-1L-1
]. HBJIIICTCII 1111 <pl1nOco<p1111 HaYKOH? . . . . . _ _ . . . . . 4
2. KaKoDbl OCIIOBHblC 'ICpTbi (1)11II0c0<pcKoro MblllI1ICHI1I1? . . . . . _ _ 5
3. 'lcM <PI1IIOCO<p1-I1I OT11I1'1aCTCII OT npyrl1x cPOpM MI1POB033pCHI1I1? . _ 7
4. tho 06'bC.!\I1HIICT 11 'lTO pa3.!\e11l1eT <pI1IIOCO<P111O 11 penl1f11l0? . . . . 9
5. KaKoDa CTpYKTypa <pI1IIOCO<PCKOro 3HaHI1I1? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6_ MO)l(HO ,1111 DbIJ1C11I1Tb OCHOBHOH Bonpoc <pI1IIOCO<PHlI? _ _ _ . _ . . 12
7. KaKoBbl npl1'1I1Hbl BOJlIl1KHODeHl111 <PI1IIOCO<pI1I1? 13
8. B '1CM COCTOI1T p011b <PI1IIOCO<P1111 B KynbTypc? . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. KaKOBbl OCHOBHbIC Tl1nbl caMoonpc.n:e11eHIIII CODpCMCHHOH
<P I1II O C O<PI1I1? . - . . . . . . . . 18
10. nO'lCMY HeJIb311 nOHIITL cj)11II0CO<p111O 6C3 3HaKOMCTBa C cc
I1CTOPI1CH? .. ............... .... _ . .. .... 20
II. ct>L-1110COct>L-1s:1 BOCTOKA
II. B '1CM clloe06pa311c <pI1110CO<P1111 ,llpCDHcti 1:111.l11111? . " .... 23
12. KaKl1c WK011bl 61,11111 B L\PCBHCI1H.l\l1tiCKOH <PI1IIOCO<P1111 11 Ha
KaKI1C nCpl10L\bI OHa D:C11I1TCII? _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 25
13. tho COCTaDlIIICT OT11I1'1I1Te11bHbIC 'lCpTbl <pl1IIoco<p1-I11 ,[(peBHcro
KllTaH? . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... _ . _ . 31
14, KaK MO)!(HO KpaTKO OXapaKTepl130BaTb OCHODHblC WK011bl
11 nCpl10L\bl npeBHCKI1TaHCKOH <PI1IIOCO<pI1I1? . . . . . . . . . . . 33
III. ct>L-1110COct>L-1s:1 AHTL-1'iHOCTL-1
15_ '-110 06"bC,lII1HIICT BCCX aHTU'IHbIX <PI1IIOCO<pOB? _ _ . _ _ _ _ . . 35
16 KaKl1c nCpl10L\bI MO)f(HO Bbl.n:C11I1Tb B aHTI1'1HO 1 <PI1IIOCO<P1111
11 Ha KaKI1X oCHODaHl-lllx-? . . . . _ . . . . .. ........... 38
: 7. tho OT11I1'1aCT HaTyp<PI1IIOcO<PCKJ.I 1 ncpl10n B pa3BI1THI1
aHTI1'1Hoti <p1-I110CO<pIUJ? . - . . . . . . , _ . . . . _ 39
18. bliaron:apll nCIITCJILHOCTI1 KaKHX <PI1IIOCO<POB <plmococj)cKaR
PC<pJICKCI1I1 aHTI1'1HOCTI1 CMcwaCTCII Ha np06JICMY 'lC110DcKa? . . . 42
19. KaKl1c <pI1IIOCO<PCKI1C WK011bl npCnCTaBJIlllOT 3TI1'1CCKHH ncpl10D:
R pa3BI1T1111 aIlTI1'lHO 1 <pI1IIOCOQIl1119, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
330
20_ B KaKOM <jJIUIOCO<jJCKOM HanpaDJ1CIII111 n03J\Hdl aHTl1'lHOCTI1 61,1113
npclInpl1HIITa nonblTKa CI1HTC3a Bcdl aIlTI1'1HoI\ <pI1IIOCO<pI1I1? . . 49
21. Koro 11 nO'ICMY C'II1TaIOT ncpBbl 1 <pl1noco<pml 3anMa? _ . . . 51
22. B '1CM npOIlDlIlICTCII aHTI1'IHa>! CnCLlI1<pI1Ka MaTCpl1aJIH3Ma
11 HliCaJII13Ma npCBHI1X rpcKoD? . . , . . . 53
23_ KaKHc npl1HUHnbl .1C)KaT D OCHOBaHIIH J1IIHIUI niiaTOHa D
<P11110CO<pI1I1? . - 54
24 '-ITo xapaKTCpl13YCT 11I1HI1IO ApI1CTOTC1111 II <pHlIOCO<pI1I1? . . 57
IV. CPE,lJ,HEBEKOBASI t1>L-1110COct> SI
25. '-110 OTHOCHTCII K Ba)KHCHWI1M npl1HUl1naM CPCJJ:HCBCKOBO I
XpI1CTl1aHCKO 1 QIl1110COC/JI1I1? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
26. KaKJ.Ic np0611cMbI BbWC11HIOTCII B Ka'ICCTlJC lIal160IlCC cnopHblX
JJ:lIII <pHnoco<p1111 Xpl1CTl1allcKoro cpcnHCBCKOl1bSJ? . . 67
27. '-I TO XapaKTepl13ycr ABrYCTI1Ha KaK Di1l!Hdlwcro <p11110Co<!)a
naTPI1CTI1KI1? . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 69
28. nO'lCMY <PI1IIOCO<p1111 <DoMb! AKDl1l1CKOro C'IllTaCTCII BCpllIl1HOH
3pCIIOH cxolIacrnKI1? _ _ _ _ . . _ . . . . . . . 72
V. ct>L-1110COt1>L-1S1 anOXL-1 B03PO>K,lJ,EH SI
29 KaK B03MOJKlla <pI1IIOCOcj)1111 B 3noxy B03PO)KJJ.CHI1I1? . . . . .. . 76
30. KaKllc H,1\el1 JJ:OMHHI1PYIOT Ha paJ,ll1'1l1bIX 3TanaX <p11110COQIl1I1
B03PO)KJJ.CHI1I1? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
31. B 'ICM COCTOI1T cncUI1<pI1Ka ryMaHI13Ma 3nOXI1 B03PO)I(JICIII1I1? 81
32_ $I 11J1I1CTCII 1111 lIeOnnaTOll113M OCHODOH Bceii (IJI1110CO<p11I1
B03PO)KJJ.CHI1I1? . . . ., ... _ . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . .. . 83
33_ KaKODbI xapaKTCpHblC 'ICpTbl Haryp<pI1110cO<PCKoro ncpl10na
B <pHlIOCO<p1111 B03pO)KJJ.CHI1I1? . . . . . . . . .. ., _ . . . . . '. . 86
34. KaKYIO pOlib CbIrpa11a Pc<popMaUI1I1 B n:yXOBIIOiJ JKHJHI1
cDponcHcKoro B03pO)KJJ.CHI1I1? . . 88
VI. ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1 HOBoro BPEMEHL-1
35_ B '1CM COCTOI1T paUI10HaJII13M QJl1IIOCOq:,1111 XVII B.? _ 91
36_ '-ITO Honoro BHCC <Dp3HCI1C 53KOH B (/J11I10CUq:,I1IO? . _ . . _ _ _ _ 94
39_ '-ITo nC11aCT )J.cKapra KJIIO'ICBOH <pl1rypofi tlnmoco<p1111 HOBoro
BPCMCHI1? . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . 96
40. '-ICM npI1MC'I3TCJIbHa <PI1IIOCO<P1111 npaCBCllICltHlI? . . . . . . . . . _ 98
41. KaKl1c 06pa3bl '1CnOBCKa 11 06rn:ccTBa npClICTalO r B KOIIUCnUl1l1X
06WCCTBcHHOro noroBopa XVII-XVIII BB.? 101
42. '-ITO 3a «CKal1l!a11 B <p11110COQJl1I1» YCTpOl1JI11 ficpKJII1 11 10M? , . 104
43. KaKoDbl XapaKTepHblC 'ICpTbl <p11110CO<p1111 HCMCUKoro
K11aCCH'ICCKOro I'LL\CaJII13Ma (OT KaHTa no rcrcIISI)? . . . . . . . . 107
331
44. B 'ICM COCTOIIT «KoncplUJKaHclOIii nepenopOT» KaHTa
B <PI1IIOCO<pIII1? . . . _ . . . . _ . 108
45. KaK CO'lCTaIOTCSJ CI1CTCMa a6COJlIOTHOrO 1-I):tCaJII13Ma
11 Jll1aJICKTl1'leCKI1i-i MCTon ferelIlI? _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
46. KaKJ.I 1 06pa30M nCBI13 «HI1'1TO '1eIIOIIC'ICCKOC MHC HC 'iY)K)\O»
IJbIp3)1(aCT C}'Tb JlL10COq:,11I1 $ciicp6axa? _ _ . 116
VII. MAPKC 3M L-1 HEOMAPKCL-13M
47. B '1CM COCTOI1T npelIMcT II MeTOJl tPl1J10CO<p1111 B nOlll1M3HI111
K. MapKca? _. 119
48. B 'ICM COCTOI1T Cyrb MaTCpl1a. I1CTI1'1CCKOrO nOHI1M3HI111
I1CTOpl111 - lIaJKHdllliCro OTKpb1T1111 MapKcH3Ma? . . . . . _ . . . . 121
49. C03J1M 111\ MapKCI13M 1l0IJYIO <pI1IIOCO<pCKyJO aHTpOnOnOrHlO? 124
50. KaKl1c I1nel1 K. MapKca nOJIY'II11111 p33BI1T11C B XX B.? 126
5 1 KaK PYCCKI1C <p11.IOCOcj)bl OTHOCl111l1Cb K MapKCI13MY? 130
VIII. ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1 >K 3HL-1
52. 3a 'ITO <p11noco<pml )l(113HII Kpl1TI1KOBana K1I3CCI1'1eCK)'IO
<p I111OC O<PI1IO? , . _ . . . . _ 132
53. '-Ic OTm1'i3CTCII TpaKTOIJKa JKH3HI1 B aKaJleMl1'lCCKOii
<PI1JIOCO<p1111 JKmHI1? _ _ . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . 134
54. KaKllc HOBbIC MCTOJJ:bl <p1mOCOq:,CKOro I1CClIc.n:OBaHIffi
npeJJ:11aralOT npenCTaBI1TeHI1 <Pl1IIoco<p1111 >KI13HI1? . . . . . . . 135
IX. HEOKAHTL-1AHCTBO
55. KaK pa3B1IBa1OT <PWIOCO<p1l1O H KaHTa npCnCTanl1TelI11
Map6yprcKo 1 11 EMeHcKo 1 WKOJI HeOKaHTHaHCTBa? 138
X. n03L-1TL-1B 3M
56. '-ITO npeL\CTaIJ..1I1CT c060ii «ncpBblti» n0311TI-IB113M? . . . . . _ .. 140
57_ KaKl1c H CI1 aCCI1'ICCK ro n0311rnBl13 a pa3BI1BalOT «BTOPOH»
11 <<TpeTI1I1» n0311T111J113M_ . . _ . .. .......,....... _ 142
58. '-ITO 06utcro II KaKOBbl pa3JII1'11111 MC)f(lJY n03I1Tl1nl1.JMOM 11
MaTCpllaJII13MO ? _ _ . . _ . . 145
59. n0311T1mI13 1 pC3KO Kpl1H1KYCT MCTa<p11311"'Y. A KaKOBO ero
OIHOllIeHl1e K pC. l1fHl1? . _ . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . 147
XI. nCL-1XOAHAllL-13
60_ B 'ICM pa31111ua e)KJJ.Y OCHOBtlblMI1 HanpaBIICHl1l1MI1
nCI1XOallaJIl133 11 KaK OHI1 B031111K1II1? . . . . . . . . .
_ . . . . 149
332
61. KaKoc IL11111HI1e OKa3<L1 nCI1XOallaJII13 Ha HaYKY 11 KY11bryPY
XX CTOIlCTI1I1? - . - . . . .. ...........,... _ _ 151
62. nCI1XOaHMI13 1J0JHI1K KaK HanpalljlCHI1C B nCIIXl1aTpI1l1,
II 60JIbllII111CTno cro TCOpeTI1KOB - Bpa'lll-nCI1JUlaTpbI.
KaKoc OTIIOlJlCHI1C OH I1MCCT K <PI1!IOCOq:,11l1? . . . 152
XII. ct>EHOMEHOllOrL-1S1
63. B '1CM COCTOI1T <peHoMcHonofl1'lccKoe nOHI1Mal1I1C cncU I1 <pI1KI1
<p I1IIOC O<P11I1, ee npCnMCT'd? ............. ....... 155
64_ 3a "TO 3. rYCCCpJIb Kpl1TI1Kyer Harypanl13M, nCI1XOIlOrl13M
11 I1CTOpllUI13M B <pI1IIOCO<pI1I1? _ . 156
65. nO'leMY <pCHOMCH0110I'l1'ICCKI1i1 MCTOn ryccep1111 6bL'l BOCTpc60BaH
II pa31I11'1l1blX 06I1aCTIIX <pI1IIOCOC\ICKOro JHaHl111 XX 8.? _ . . 158
XIII. 3K3 CTEHL4L-1AllL-13M
66. Kol'O 11 Ha KaKOM OCHOBaHl111 MbI OTHOCI1M K npClICTaBIITC11I1M
3K3I1CTCHUI13J1113Ma?_ . . _ _ . . . . . . . . _ . . . . " . . . _ _ 160
67_ nO'lCMY XYlIO)j(eCTBeHH<U! 11I1Tcparypa IIIJI1IIaCb 6011ee an.eKDaTHO 1
<POpMOH Bb1paJKCH1111 <PHJIOCO<P1111 3K311CTCHUHaJIIICTOB, '.eM I1X
<P 1I1I 0 c o4>cKJ.Ie TpaKTaTbl? _ . . . . , . . . 163
XIV. rEPMEHEBTL-1KA
68. KaKl1c np06I1CMbl 113Y'1aCT repMeIlCBTHKa? . . . . . . . . 165
69. KTo 113 (111I1I0C0<P0B BIICC 3a'>leTHbl 1 BK11a.l1 n pa311IITI1e
rCpMCHCIJTI1KI1? . " ...... _ 166
70_ KaK nOHI1MalOT nOHI1MaHI1C npc,nCTaBHlCIII1 repMeHCBTlI'IeCKO 1
<Pl1lIoco<p l m?_ . . . . _ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 167
XV. CTPYKTYPAllL-13M
7 I. '-ITO TaKoe <PI1J\OCO<pCKI1 1 CTPYKryPMI13M?
170
XVI. nOCTMOAEPH 3M
72. MoncplI CCTb COBpeMeHIIOCTb_ '-I TO 03Ha'iaer nOCTMO.l1CplI? _ .. 173
73. bpocaeT I111 nocT lOlIepHl13M BbI30n 101aCCII'IcCKOMY
paUI10HMI13 y? '. . 175
74. KaK nocTMoJJ:Cplll1CTbl «,lICKOHCTpYl1pYIOT» '1e110DeKa? . . . . . . . 177
75_ nO'le y nOCTMOJJ:epHI1CTbl 06"lIDlml1 «KOlleu I1CTOpl1l1»? . _ . _ 179
333
XVII. PYCCKASI ct>L-1110COct> SI
76. CYllIccmyeT JII1 OC06UH Climb PycCKoii <pWIOC04>cKUH MbICIII1? 182
77. PYCCKOC enpa3l1ficTBO: <pHJIOCO<p1111 HJII1 IU1COnOrHlI? _ . . . 184
78. ECTb Jill pa3lI11'1I1C B nOHI1MaHI1I1 PyccKoii 1-I):tel1
y Bn. CunoBbeBa 11 CliaIJIIHOIlm1101J? . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
79_ KaK CBSnaHb! I1lIel1 IJCCClIHHCTBa H CO( I1IIHOCTI1 U <pI1J10CO<l>l111
B. C COJlOBbeBa? . . . . . . 188
80_ nO'lCMY Mil H. A. 13epnflcBa UCHHOCTb 11I1'IIIOCTI1 a6COJIIOTHa? . 190
8 L K3K BH1!S/T lIClOpl11O H fiCPJJ:IICB 11 B11. COlioBbeD? . . . 192
82_ B '[CM COCT0l11 CMbIC11 '[C110RC'[CCKOro 6blTI111 CO maCHO
11. H. T011CTOMy? _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
83. '-IeM pa3JII1'1aIOTCII Me)l(1!y c06011 CCTeCTBeHHO-HaY'IIIOC
11 PC1II1Il103HO-<pI1JIOC04>cKOC HanpaBJICH11II pycCKOro KOCMI13Ma? 196
84. B "CM 3aKJIIO'IaeTCII cneUI1<pI1Ka MaTepl13JII1CTI1'ICCKI1X
11 n0311TI1DI1CTCKI1X I1nel1 D PYCCKOH <pI1IIOCO<pI1I1? . . . . 198
XVIII. OHTOllOrL-1S1
85. '-ITO TaKOC OHTO. OrHlI'! KaKoBbl OCHOBHblC Bonpocbl 11 nOHS/THS/
OHT0110rHl1? . . . . . . . _ . . .. ,.. 201
86_ KaKonbl OCHOIJHblC np06,leMbl OHTO,10fllll? _ . . . 202
87. KaK CDII3aHa OHT01100111 C lIPYfIIMI1 pa3L\ClIaMI1 <pI1JIOCO<pI1I1? _ . 205
88. KaK 113MCHII1IOCb MeCTO OHT0110rHl1 B Cl1creMe <pI1IIOcocj)cKoro
3HaHHII IJ XOlIC cro I1CTOpl1'[CCKO 1 3DOJIIOUI1I1? . . . . . . . , . . 206
89_ KaKoBbl OCHOBHble HCrop"'1CCKI1 c..l0)l(IffiWI1CCII n0311Ul111
B OHT0110rHl1? . . . . . . . . .. ..... ....
90. KaK OnpcnC11I1Tb 6blTl1C 11 Hc6bITI1C? .
91. '-ITO eCTb CYlllI10CTb? _ .-
92, BepHo Jill, 'ITO MaTcpHIO HpllJlY:'laJIH \ofaTCpl1aJII1CTbl,
IJ TO BpeMII KaK <P11110CO$bl L\PYTHX HanpaBJICHI1 1
OTlJepralOT 3TO nOHIITI1C? _ _ _ . . . . . _ . _ _ . . . _. . 214
93. Marepl1l1 11 Cy6CTaHUI1I1: 'ITO 06rn:cro y 3T11X nBYX nOHIITI1H
11 '[eM OHI1 pa31I11'1aIOTCII? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
94. CYllICCTB}'CT 1111 pa3BI1THe 11 KaK ero nOHI1MaTb? . . . 218
95. B '[CM 01lI116Ka 11anJiaCOIJCKOrO L\CTCpMI1HI13Ma? . . . . . . . 220
96. KaKOI!O COOTHOlllClIl1C n0l111rnM «nCH.XI1Ka», <<lJYllIa» ,
«C03HaHHet). <<DYX})? . . . . . . . . . .
. 208
. 210
.213
. 222
XIX. t1>L-1110COt1>L-1S1 C03HAH SI
97. '-ITO TdKOC lIJ1CaJIbHOC? _ _ . . 225
97. KaKoBa p33HI1Ua :.!C)I(1!Y <PI1JIOCO<PCKI1M 11 nCI1X0110rH'IeCKI1M
nOHI1 I3HI1CM C03HaHI1I1? . _ . . . _ . , _ . . 227
99. Hc npI1BCL\CT 1111 nporpecc B 0611aCTI1 113Y'1eHHII M03ra
K OTKa3Y OT nOHIITI1A <.C03HaIIHC'" «nCI1XI1Ka»? . . . . _ 228
99. KaK CUOTHOOIICs/ C0311alll1C H 6Ccc03IiaTe11bl1oc? . .. .... _ 230
334
xx. rHOCEOllOrL-1S1
10 1 '-ITO 113}"JaeT rIlOCCOIlOrHlI? _ . . . 232
102_ KaK OTBC'IaIOT qmnoco<pbl lIa Donpoc 0 TOM,
n03HaBaeM 1111 Ml1p? . . . . . . _ . . . . . . ... _ 233
103. '-Iro TaKOC Cy6"bCKT 11 06"beKT n0311aHI1I1? . . . . . .. _ 234
104_ KaKl1e BI1.1!b1 3HaHI111 Bbwe11I1IOT qm11oco<pbI? , . . . . . . . . . . 236
105_ n03HaBaTCIIbllbiC cnoc06HOCTI1 '1C110BeKa. nO'leMY <pI1IIOco<pbI
pa31II1'JalOT 'IYBCTBCHHOC H paUl10HMbHoe? _ _ . _ . . . 238
106. KaK OTBC'IaJOT cj)II11OCo<Pbl Ha oonpoc 0 TOM, '1ro eCTb I1CTHHa? . 240
107. 'ljTO paCCMaTpl1DaeTCII <pI1IIOco<PaMI1 B Ka'leCTBe Kpl1Tepl1CB
I1CT11Hbl? . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
108. KaKoDbi UCIII1 n03HaHl1l1? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
XXI. ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1 HAYKL-1 L-1 TEXHL-1KL-1
109. KaKl1c np0611cMLI paCCMaTpl1Bacr <pI1IIOCO<p1111 HaYKH? . 247
110. C 'leM CBII3aHO B03HI1KHODCHI1e nl1IIeMMbI
«cUl1eHTI13Ma-aHTI1CUl1eHTI13Ma»? . . . _ _ . 248
II I. KaKoBbl Kpl1TePl111 Hay'lHOrO 3HaHI1I1? _ _ _ . 249
1[2. KaK pa3BI1IJaeTCII HaYKa? nOCTn0311TI1BI1CTCKlIC MOnClI11
proBIiTl111 Hay'lHoro 3HaHI111 _ . _ . _ . . . 252
II J. '-ICM pa.3lll1'lalOTCII 3Mnl1pl1'1eCKI1H 11 TCOPCTI1'ICCKI1H ypODHI1
Hay-moro n03HaHHII? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . 255
114. KaK COOTHOCI1TCII 3Mnl1pl1'leCKlI 11 TCOpeTI1'1eCKl1ti ypOBHI1
n03HaHlliI? _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ ....... ......... _ . 257
115. KaK} o p011b I1rpaeT I1HTyI1UI1I1 B HaY'IHOM n03Halll1l1? . 258
116. '-ITO 113y'1aCT <PI1IIOCO<p1111 TCXHI1KJ.1? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
XXII. CnEL4L-1ct>L-1KA rYMAHL-1TAPHOrO n03HAHL-1S1
117. B KaKI1X <Pl1IIOC0<PCKI1X Hanpan11eHI1I1X pa3pa6aTbIBalOTcII
rHOCCOJIOrl1'1eCKI1C np0611eMbl ryMaHI1TapHblX lIaYK? . . . 263
118. KaKoBbl OC06CHHOCTlI Cym,CKTa 11 06"beKTa B ryMaHI1TapHblX
HayKaX?.. .. . ............. ....... 263
119_ B '1CM np06IIeMa 06'beKTI1BHOCTI1 ryMaHI1TapHoro 3HaHI1H? . . . 266
120. CYJl.(eCTByeT I111 I1CTI1Ha B ryMalll1TapHblX lIaYKax? - 268
XXIII. COL4L-1AJ1bHASI ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1
121. '-ITO TaKOC COUHaJIbHaR <pl1IIoco<pl1l1? KaK COOTHOCI1TCII
COUI1MbHall <pI1JIOCO<P1111 C 061l1CCTBCHHblMil HaYKa tI1? 270
122. '-Iro xapaKTCpl13yeT 061l1CCTBO KaK CI1CTCMY? . . . . _ , 272
123. KaKl1e CYllleCTByJOT nonxoJJ:b1 B COUI13JIbHOrl <pI1IIOCO<P1111
K onpCJJ:C11elflHO COUI1MbHOH CTpYKTypbl 06wcCTBa? . , . .. . 274
124. KaK nOHI1MaTb 061l1CCmeHHbIc 3aKoHbl? non06Hbi 1111 OHI1,
Hanpl1Mep, JaKOHaM HblOTona? _ .. .. 275
335
XXIV. ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1 L-1CTOPL-1L-1
125. t-ho Iny'mcT (ImJloco<pl111 I1CTOpHH? . . . . . _ _ . _ . _ 278
126. KaKoBbI lIBlDKYllll1e Cl1JIbl I1CTOpl1'1eCKoro npouccca? _ . . . . 280
127. B 'ICM COCTOI1T np06JICMa nCpl1UlII13aUl111 I1CTOpl1'1eCKOrO
npouecca? . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . 283
128. '-ITO xapaKTcpl13YCT cj)opMaUl10Hllblf! nOL\Xon K ncpHOJJ:113aUI1I1
I1CTOpl1'1eCKOrO npouecca? . _ _ . . . . . . , . . . 285
129. B '1eM OC06CHH0CTl1 UI1BI1J1113aUI10HHOrO nOL\xo,1\a
K nepl10JJ:l13aUI1I1 I1CTOpl1'1CCKOro npouccca? . . 287
130_ CYJl.(eCTBycT 1111 CMblCJI 11 UCJIb B I1CTOpl1l1? _ . . . . _ . 289
131. ECTb 1111 nporpecc B I1CTOpl111 11 KaKOBbI cro Kpl1Tepl1l1? 291
132. KaK npenCTaBJIeHO I1CTOpWICcKoe pa3811TI1C B COBPCMCHHblX
TeOpl1l1X l1H.l!Ycrpl13JIbHoro, nOCTI1H.l!YCrpl13JIbHoro
11 I1H<popMaUI10HHOrO 06rn:eCTBa? . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 293
XXV. ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1 KYllbTYPbl
133, '-ITO TaKoe K)'JlbTypa n <pHJIOCO<PCKOM nOHIIMaHI1I1? _ . _ . _ _ _ 296
134. KaKoH MI1POIl033peH'leCKl1 1 CMbICIi I1MeJOT BblCllIl1e uelllioCTII? . _ 298
135. '-ITO TaKOe aKCI10JIOrHlI? .. _ . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . .. . 299
136. B 'leM Cyrn:HOCTb peJIl1rHl1 11 KaK 06'bS1CHIICTCII
ee npoI1CXO)KJJ.eHl1e?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 I
137. KaKOBb! OCHOBHbIe KOMnUHeHTbl. cnoc06bI nCfiCTBJm
(<pYHKllI1I1) pC11HrHlI, nOllilCp>Kl1BalOWl1e ec <paKTOpbr? ' . 303
138. '-ITO TaKOe Mopanb (HpaSCTBCHHOCTb) II KaKODbl ee
OCHODHblC nOHIITI1I1? . . . . . 305
139. KaKOSbl OCHonHbIe I1CTOpl1'1CCKI1C BI'LL\b! MOpanl1?. . _ . . . . 307
140. KaKI1M 06pa30M B <pI1IIOCO<p1111 onpene11l1eTclI 3CTCTH'ICCKOC? . 309
141. '-ITO TaKOe I1cK)'CCTDO 11 D 'IeM ero Ha3Ha'leHl1e? . . . . . . . . . 312
XXVI. ct>L-1110COct>L-1S1 'iEJ10BEKA
142. '-ITO OT11I1'mCT <pI1IIOCO<pCKl1ti nomon K paccMOTpCH111O
'1C110ncKa?_ . . . . . . . _ _ _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
143, KaK TJ)aKTyCTCII n <pl1IIoco<p1111 npl1pona 11 Ha3Ha'IeHI1e
'ICJI0HcKa?_ _ . . . _ _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 318
144. '-ITo TaKoe 1111'1HOCTb C <pI1IIOCO<pCKO 1 TO'lKJ.I 3pCHIIJI? . 320
145. B 'ICM UCHHOCTb cB060lIbI? _ . . . . 323
146. CB060JJ:Ha 1111 '1e110BC'ICCKM BORII? . . . _ . _ _ 325
147. ,i].1111 'Iero 'ICJI0DCKY CIIOlJeCllbl 1 113b1K? . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
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