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OCYIl{eCTBJIeHHR «HHu.HOHaJIbHOM H COl.\H8J1bHOH peBOJIIO- _ I -
lUfH» HanpaBJIeHHOH «npOTHB Beex CT8pblX CHJI». l{JISI
aTHX rpynnHpOBOK Heo<paIIIH3Ma xapaKTepHbI npH3bIBbI
«Y1JHTbCH Y JIeBblX», noJJ. KOTOpbIMH nOApa3YMeBHIOTCH
8HapXHCTbI. TpOUKHCTbI M80HCTbI. BnpOqeM. H npeACT8BH-
TeJIH .ApyrHx HeocpallIHCTCKHX TeIJeHHH, oco6eHHO «HeMeu.-
Koro HapO,lI,HOro COI03a» ycepAHo BOCXBaJUllOT 8HTHCOBeT-
CKYIO BHelUHlO1O nOJIHTHKY IIaKHHa, YCMaTpHBaH B nOCJIe){-
HeM CBoero nOTeHu.H8JIbHOro COlO3HHKa npOTHB CCCP H
,lI,pyrHx C0ltHaJIHCTHqeCKHX CTpaH. «HOBbie npaBbIe» H «MO-
JIO.lI.bIe Hal(HoHaJIHCTbI» HAYT exne )J.aJIblIIe, OO'bHBJUIH HJJ.eH
Mao U33-,lI.yHa O,llHHM H3 HCT01JHHKOB CBoero nOJIHTHQeCKOro
MHpOB033peHHH HapH.u.y C HAeHMH aHapxHCTa BaKYHHHa, a
TaK}Ke «CTOJInOB» repM8HcKoro IOHKepCKo-6YPJKY83Horo
KOHcepBaTH3Ma BO rJIaBe C EHcMapKOM.
B llHCJIe Heocf>allIHcTcKHX rpynn, .u.eiicTBYIOIllHX B <l>pr,
eCTb H TaKMe. KOTopbIe OTKpbITO OO'bHBJISUOT ceOH npeeMHH-
LlaMH rHTJIepOBCKOM napTHH. Ha3BaHHH HeKOTopblX H3 HHX
rOBOp.HT C8MH 3a ceosr: «BoeBoe C006llI.eCTBO HeMel\Koro
HaIJ,HOHaJI-COl,(HaJIH3Ma»; «AHTHKOMMYHHCTHIJeCKaff 60eB8H
rpynna HMeHH XopCTa BeCCeJIH» H T. n. ,lXpyrHe rpynnKH
3Toro TOJIKa :i!.hIcTynaloT nOA BbIBeCKOH «CTpeJIKOBblX COIO
30B» HJIB «BoeHHo-cnopTHBHbIX OoIlteCTB». Ha QpraHH-
, 
ayeMblX HMH MHTHHrax qaCTo MO}KHO BH.l(.eTb JIIOAeH, OAe-
14
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TblX B KOpH'-lHeBYIO 4>OPMY rHTJIepOBCKHX IIITypMOBHKOB;
OHH paeneBalOT H8U,HCTCKHe rHMHbI H neCHIO «CKOPO HaCTa-
HeT .n.eHb MeCTH». Ha OJl,ROM 83 TaKHX MHTHHrOB, npOXOJJ.HB-
weM H8 TeppHTopHH PeHHJIa.lI.-n4>aJIbu.a, HeKHA illeH60pH
B eBoeM Bf?ICTynJIeHHH 3aHBHn: «MbI npHHa.lI.Jle>KHM 'K TOMY
rop.lI.OMY BpeMeHH, KOTopoe MbI nepeJKHJIH C 1933 AO
1945 rOAa». Apyroi'1 opaTop, a,nBOKaT PeJ1ep, npH3blBaJI K
pa3BH3BaHHro «napTH38HCKOfi BOHH» B eJIHX BOCC03J1,a-
HHSI HaHcTCKoro «pelixa», pa3rpOMJleHHOrO B 1945 r. OH
>Ke H8 nO,lJ;06HOrO pO.ll.a c60pHW. e BO c:I>paHKYPTe-Ha-MaHHe
B 1975 r. BeJl pelIb 0 «npOJI.OJDKalOIl1.eMCSI 30 JleT H3HaCHJIO-
BaHIi'H HeMeu,Koro Hapo.u.a» H npO'B03rJIaCHJI JI03YHr «.nono"
)1.eMOKpaTHJO» 16.
BOJIblllHHCTBO HeOHau,HCTCKHX opraHH3aI.J.HH, OAHaKO,
ClIHTaeT TaKYIO TaKTMKY HeCBoeBpeMeHHOH H onacHOR. Hx
.n;eSlTeJIH H CTOpOHHHKH npe)J;nOllHTalOT 60JIee HJlH Menee
Tw.aTeJIbHO CKpb1BaTb caoe nOJX.JIHHHOe nuno H rpOMKO He-
ro.u.YlOT npoTHB Tex, KTO Ha3BaeT HX 4>alll H CTaMM. BRAH
CBOro rnaBHYro 3aJ1aQY B anOJIoruu H pacnpocTpaHeHHH
H,IJ.eii rHTJIepH3Ma, OHM BMeCTe C TeM YBepsnOT, 6YJI.TO B
<Dpr HeT HHKaKHX HacnellHHKOB H npOJI.OJDKaTeJIeH Tpa.zu t -
HH rllTJIepOBCKoro 4>alllH3Ma.
XapaKTepHCTHKa 38n8AHorepMaHCKoro HeoHaH3Ma Gy-
...
J1eT HenOJIHOH, eCJIH He OCTaHOBHTbCH Ha ero «BTOpOM 3111e-
nOHe» - peBaHlliHCTCKHX «3eMJIHQeCTBax», TaK>Ke MrpaEO-
IIJ..HX 3HaQHTeJIbHYro ponb B ,lJ;eJIe KYJIbTHBHpOB8HHSI B <})pr
peBaH'llIHCTCKHX, a 4>aKTHQeCKH HeOHau.HCTCKHX HaCTpoe-
HMn:.
XOTfl no cpaBHeHHIO C nepHo.a,OM 60-x rOAOB, KorJ[.a
Heo<\JaIllHCTCKoe ,IJ.BHm:eHHe nepe>KHB8JIO HeKOTopbIH noJJ.'b-
...
eM, lIHCJIeHHbIH COCTaB «3eMJISIQeCTB» TaKJKe HeCKOJlbKO CO-
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KpaTHJlCSI, O,IJ.H8KO OHll H ceHt.lac npO,lI,OJUKalOT oCTaBaTbCH
HeM8J10H CHJlOn. 06'bHCHHeTCH 3TO B 'IRCJ1e np01JHX npH1JHH
H TeM, liTO «3eMJIHQeCTBa» He HMelOT 6pocalOIII.erOCSI B fJIa-
3a 4>amHCTCKoro 06JIH1JbH. cI>opMaJIbHO OHM KOMnJIeKTYIOTCH
u
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TOpHaJIbHOMY npH3HaKY. C HeOHalI.HCTCKHMH napTHHHo-no-
JlHTHqeCKHMH rpynnHpOBl<aMH «3eMJIH1JeCTBa» HenOcpe,lI.CT-
BeHHO He CBH3aHbI, PYKOBO,lI,SIllll1e nOCTbI B HHX 06bI'-lHO 3a-
HHMalOT qJIeHbI XJJ.C/XCC, HO CpeJl,H 3THX «xpnCTHaHCKHX»
PYKOBo.nHTeneii 60J1bIlle ObIBIllHX rHT JlepOBeB, lIeM .nam:e
cpe.n H PYKOBO.D;HTeJlei% H.l1.n. nO,IJ. BH.nOM 3aOOTbl 0 coxpa-
HeHHH KYJ1bTypHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH H Tpa,IJ.HIJ.nH CHJle3CKHX,
BOCT01JHOnpYCCKHX, cy.n.eTCKHX HeMu,eB «3eMJISQeCTBa» npo-
..
15
,

" \
nOBeJJ;YIOT H.lI.eH peB3HillH3Ma, paS.nYBaIOT HeHaBHCTb K Ha-
pO,ltaM COnHaJIHCTHqeCKHX crpaH.
B <I> pr JJ;eHcTBYIOT 19 «3eMJIHQeCTB». OHH o6ce.nHHeHbI
B «COIOS H3rHaHHblx», KOTOpbIii BMeCTe C «COI030M Cpe.llHe-
repM8HI.teB» (H8npaBJleHHbIM Cnel(HaJIbHO npoTHB r,Qp)
HaCtIHTblBaeT OKOJIO I, I MJlH. QJ(eHOB. «3eMJUltJecTBa» H3-
ltaIOT nO'ITH 360 peBaHIllHcTcKHX ra3eT, >KypHaJIOB H «OTe-
tIeCTBeHHHX JIHCTKOB» 06I.l{HM THp3>KOM OKOJlO 1,5 MJIH.
3K3eMnJIHpOB. PeBaHllIHcTcKHe opr8HH3au,HH OTKphITO cfJH-
HaHcHPYIOTCH BJIaCTHMH <l>Pf: B 1976 r., HanpHMep, OHM
nOJIyqHJIH OKOJIO 30 MJIH. MapoK H3 <l>e.QepaJlbHOrO tJIO,lUKeTa
3eMeJIb H KOMMYH 11. I1pe3HJl.eHT <I>pr B. IIleeJIb He Tax
.n.aBHO BPYtJMJI op.z:teH «<1>e.u.epaJIbHbIH KpeCT 3a 3aCJIyrH»
IUITII .n.eHTeJIHM «3eMJ1HtIeCTB» H «COI03a H3fHaHHbIX» 18.
l(aK «aeMJU[tIeCTBa», TaK H «TpaAHu,HOHHbIe» COI03bI
6bIBIllHX BOeHHOCJIYJKaII1.HX paSJIMtjHbIX coe.QHHeHH:fi rHTJIe-
pOBCKoro BepMaXTa H BOMCK CC opraHH3YIOT B pa3HbIX
rop0J(ax rnYMHHe C60pHIl{a. 113 rOJI.a B fO.n B 3THX CJIeTaX
rrpHHHMaloT yqa.CTHe O,lUIH H3 JIH,n,epoB X,lIC, MHHHCTp-npe-
3H.n;eHT 3eMJIU IllJle3BUr-foJIbIIITeHH r. IllTOJIbTeH6epr, aK-
THBHhIM .neHTeJlb IIITpaYCOBcKoro XCC, MHHHCTp-npe3H.neHT
BaBapMH A. ranneJIb H .QpyrHe BHJI.Hble npe..nCTaBHTeJIM
«COI03HbIX napTHM». B 1977 r. B lIIeCTBHH CHJIe3CKOro «3eM-
JI5IQeCTBa» B ScceHe YQaCTBOBaJIO OKOJIO 100 TblC. tJeJlOBeK;
rJlaBaph «3eMJIHQeCTBa» XynKa OTKpblTO 3851BHJl, qTO BO-
npoc 0 repMaHCKHx rpaHHnax He pa3pemeH, ero H JI.aJIblIIe
«Ha.u.o J(ep1KaTb OTKpblTbIM». B Mae 1977 1': «cy.n;eTCKHe
HeMI.{H» COOpaJIHCb 3a npe.n;e:naMH <;l)Pf, B BeHe. npe.z:tce.Qa-
TeJIb 3Toro «3eMJIHQeCTBa» B. Bexep, K8K-TO Ha3BaBIIIHH
era «y.cr.apHbIM OTpHJ(OM CBOOO.IJ.bI» B 60pb6e 3a repMaHHIO
If EBpony noJl. 3HaKOM aHTHKOMMYHH3Ma, Ha ceii pa3 pa-
TOBaJI 3a HOBbIH aHUIJIIOC B CTOJIHUe He38BHcHMOH, HeAT-
paJIbHOH ABCTpHH. B pellH no aBCTpHiicKOMY pa;iHo 3TOT
6hIBllIHH cfJallIHcT-reHHJleHHOBel.{, a HblHe IIJleH XCC JJ:eMOH-
.. ..
CTp8THBHO H83BaJI aBcTpHHQeB «aJIbnHHCKHMH HeMu,3MU», a
Ha Bonpoc. He HJIJII030pHa JIll ero MeqTa a «BeJIHKoti rep-
MaRHH», BKJIlOqaIOII1eti B ceOH n ABCTPHIO, OTBeTHJI TaK:
«CerO.QHHlIIHHe HJlJII03HH MorYT 33BTpa CTaTb peaJIbHO-
CTbIC».
B Mae 1977 r. B Haccay co6panHcb 3C3COBIJ:bI _ «Be-
TepaHN» ,lI,HBH3HH «JIeii6wTaHJ1.apT A)(OJIb<l> rHTJlep» H
«DHTJIeplOreH.u.a»; nOJlHUHH OXpaHRJIa nx c6opm,u.e OT npo-
TecTYIOII1HX BHTHcpalUMcToB. A B mOHe Toro >Ke I'oJ(a B aB-
CTpMHCKOM ropo.n;e EpaYHay - Ha pOJ1.HHe rUTJIepa - 6bI-
16
,
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na OpraHH30BaHa TOp>KeCTBeHHaH-BCTpeqa «TOBapHeCTB»
8BCTpHHCKHX 9C9COBeB H conaT BepMaXTa C yqaCTHeM
6bIBWHX rHTJIepOBn.eB H3 BaBapHH H .npyrHx seMeJIb cl;)Pf19.
lfHCJIO 06'bHBJIeHHbIX B Cl>pr Ha JIeTO 1977 r. 3C3COBCKHX
«BcTpeq» nOAo6Horo po.na OCTHraJIO 46, HO qaCTb HK He
CMorna COCTOHTbCH 6naroAapH HacTOHQHBOCTH H cnJIOqeH-
HOCTH }J.eMOKpaTnqeCKHX CHn CTpaHbl 20 .
HD.TI H APyrHe HeOHaHCTCKHe rpynnbI B <I> pr nO,lJJI.ep-
>KHBaIOT TeCHbIe CBH3H co CBOHMH e)J.HHOMbIIllJIeHHHKaMH B
,1J.pyrHx CTpaHax. I13.lI.aIOIlI.HHCH C 1950 r. B Ko6ypre e>Ke-
MeCHqHbIH >KypHan «HaUHoH Ofipana» npeTeH.nyeT, KaK
BH.lI.HO H3 era Ha3BaHIUl, Ha 06IlI.eeBpOne:HCKOe 3HaqeHHe n
nponoBeJJ.yeT «eBponeikKHH HaHOHaJIH3M» 4JaUIHcTcKoro
THna. B HeM COTpYJJ.HHqaIOT qJIeHbI pa3JlHqHbIX 3anaAHO-
repMaHCKHX HeOHau.nCTCKHX rpynn H THrOTelOIlI.He K HeOHa
UH3MY )J.eHTeJIH, COCTOHIll.He B pHax XCC H X.D.C. B >KYP-
..
Hane CHCTeMaTHqeCKH neqaalOTCH CTaTbH npeJJ.CTaBHTenen
3apy6e>KHbIX Heot!>aIlIHCTCKHX H ,onH3KHX K HRM ynbTpape-
..
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B nOCJle.ll.HHe rO)J.bI B c],)Pf H pH.n;e )J.pyrnx 3ana)J.HoeB-
poneHcKHx CTpaH Y1.JaCTHJIHCb paSJlHqHOrO MaClllTaoa Me}K-
AYHapOAHble c60pHa Heoq.aIllHCTOB. B cepe.n;HHe BIOnH
1976 r. B EapcenoHe npoxo}J.HJIa BCTpeqa ct>allIHcToB H3
15 cTpaH t B TOM qHCne H3 <Dpr. 7 aBrycTa Toro >Ke ro.n.a
B faM6ypre COCTOHJICH npllypOqeHHbIH K 3aKpbITHIO BOCh-
Moro C'be3JI.a H.an TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH «KoHrpecc Hau.HoaaJIb-
HbIX CHn EBponbl» C yqacTHeM 1800 AeJIeraTOB H3 pa3JInnI-
HbI 3ana.n;HoeBponeiicKHx cTpaH t nOTpe6oBaBlliHH J(aTb «OT-
nop... MapKcHcTCKOMY 60JIbUIeBHSMY» 21. Qepe3 HeCKOJIbKO
AHeii B TOM e raM6ypre 6bIna opraHH30BaHa «eBponeii-
.
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HaBep60BaHHblX rHTJIepOBn.aMH B nOCJIe)I.HH:H nepHO.n. BOHHb!
B oKKynHpoBaHHbIX CTpaHax EBponbI. B HaqaJIe HIOJISI
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Oqepe)J.HoH «eBponei1:cKHH KOHrpecc» Heoq.alIIHcToB, TOp:>Ke-
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CTBeHHO qeCTBOBaBlllHH naMHTb BoeHHblX npecTynHHKoB.
oCY>K.n;eHHblx B 1946 r. Me>K)J.YHa pOJI.HbIM TpH6YHaJIOM B
HIOpH6epre 22.
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HHCKIlX TeppOpHCTHqeCKHX rpynn. ECTb OCHOB8HHH nOJIa-
raTb, t.JTO no KpaffHefl Mepe HeKOTopble H3 6eCtJHCJIeHHbTX
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17

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MYCCOJlHHH, 6b1JIH nO,ArOTOBJleHbI npH yqaCTHH HeOHanHCT-
CKHX, 'KpyroB cI> pr, KaK, narrpHMep, opraHH3an;HSI B ceHTH-
6pe 1977 f. .n.ep3Koro no()era H3 HTaJIbHHCKOM TlOpbMbI rHT-
JIepOBCKoro BoeHHoro npecTyrrHHKa KanJIepa, npo3B3HHoro
«naJI3QOM PHMa».
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BalOT 3anaJtHOrepMaHCKHe HeOHaI.:(HCTbI CBOHM e.n.HHOMbIIlI-
JIeHHHKaM B ABCTpHH, BbIcTyrralOHM rrpOTHB rocy.n.apCTBeH-
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TbI no.n."nep}KHB3IOT nOCTORHHbIe KOHTaKTbI C <ppaHn;Y3cKHMH
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KaHcKoR «HaUHOHaJl-COUHaJIHCTCKOH napTlieM 6eJIblx», pa-
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TOJIbKO H.n.eifHaH H nOJlHTHQeCKaH 06I..l{HOCTb. CoopaBlUHeCR
B 1972 r. B BeHeQHH npeJI.CTaBHTeJIH YJIbTparrpaBhlx opra-
HH38n;HH 3ana,n,HoH EBpODbI C03aJlH CBOH eHHbIH eHTp.
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CTbI p3CnOJIaraIOT KpynHhlMH cpHHaHCOBbIMH cpeJJ;CTBaMH.
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B3IOIlUIe YJIhTpa H3 aKThI Teppopa npOTHB KOMMYHHCTHtie-
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TO 06pa30M Bblpa}KaeT 60pb6y Cpe)].HI1X KJIaCCOB «3a CaMO-
COXpaHeHHe» 3. «MeJIKo6yp>Kya3HoH peBOJIIOll.HeH» Ha3bIBa.rr
q,alllH3M H C. M. BPOl'ICKHM 4.
,l1,JIH rrpaBHJIbHOH BceCTopOI-mei'I Oll.eHKI1 TaKoro HBJIeHIUI,
I{aK 4>auIl13M, Ba>KHefIlllee 3HaqeHHe HMeJI fJ1y60KHH aHaJIH3
nOJIO)K€HHH B fepMaHHH, )J,aHHbIH B JI.OKYMeHTax KOMHH-
TepHa H Knr. Ha KOHcpepeHIJ.HH <pa6PHIIHO-3aBOJI.CKHX KO-
MHTeTOB 3eMJIH PeflH-BeCT<paJIHSI, COCToHBllIeHcSI 17-
20 MapTa 1923 r. C yqaCTHeM npe.ncTaBHTeneH KOMHHTep-
Ha, KOMMYHllCTHqeCKOrO HHTepHaIJ.IIOHaJIa MOJIo.u.e>KH,
np O <p I1H 'IepHa, KOMnap'IHH II peBOJIIOll,HOHHbIX npocpcOIo30B
pH.na eBponeHcKHx C'Ipan, 6bIJI npHHHT MaHllcpecT, nplI3bI-
BaBllil1H K 6opb6e npoTHB 4JalllH3Ma, H H36pan MeJK,lJ.YHa-
to>'" U
pOJI.HbIH KOMI.neT .n.enCTBHH npoTliB BoellROll onaCHOCTH H
cpaIlIlI3Ma BO rJIaBe C K. UeTKHH, <1>. feKKepToM H A. Bap-
6lOCOM 5. HCnOJIKOM KOMMYHHC1'IPIeCKoro HHTepHaIJ.HOHaJIa
OTMellaJI, qTO 4Jallll1cTcKllIl pe}l{HM, YCTaHOBHBllln:ikH B I1Ta-
JUIH, yrpO}KaeT Hapo.n.aM H .npyrHx KanHTaJIHCTlllleCKHX
CTpaH. «Halllll nepBOMaHCKHe .n.eMOHCTpall.HH, - rOBopH-
JIOCb B nHCbMe CeKpeTapHaTa HCnOJIKOMa KOMHHTepHa B
anpene 1923 r., - JJ;OJ1>KHbI 6bITb, no HallleMY MHeHHIO. Ha-
npaBneHbI B nepBYIO Oqepe)J,b npoTHB cpaUlll3Ma» 6. B HIOHe
1923 r. Ha III pacIlIHpeHHoM nJIeHYMe I1KKI1 C .nOKJIa)1.0M
o 3aJJ;aqaX 60pb6bI npoTHB <palllH3Ma BblC'IynHJIa 1(. IJ.eTKHH
nO,lJ;qepKHYBlllaH. tITO cpalllH3M HEJIeTCfI Qpe3BbIQaHHO onac-
HbIM H cTpalllHbIM BparoM H 6opb6a npOTHB Hero eCTb )].eJIO
Bcero Me1K,lJ;YHapO,lJ;HOrO rrpOJIeTapHaTa. B JI.OKJIa.n.e OTMe-
tIaJIOCb. qTO <}1alllH3MY He3aBHCHMO OT ero Cnell.HqJHtJeCKHX
..
lepT, onpe.aeJIHeMbIX KOHKpeTHbIMH YCJIOBHHMH Ka}K)J,OH
CTpaHbI. npHCYl1X.H nceB.lI.OpeBOJIIOIJ.HOHHaH .n.eMarormr n rpy-
6eHlllHH Teppop. PeBOJIIOLl.HOHHbIe pa60QHe .nOJJ}I{HbI npOTH-
BonOCTaBHTb .lI.eMarOrHH <paIlIHCTOB cepbe3HYIO H opraHH-
30BaHHYIO MaCCOBYIO pa60TY H npenHTCTBOBaTb nonbITKaM
pacnpOCTpaHeHHH cpalllH3Ma Y ce6.S1 Ha pO.lI. HHe 7.
.l1cnOJIKOM KOMHHTepHa H HcnOnHHTeJIbHOe GIOpO TIpo4>-
HHTepHa YKa3WBaJIH Ha oc06ylO onaCHOCTb YKpenneHHH
<}1alllH3Ma B repMaHHH. «B repMaHHH cpalllH3M nO,lJ;HHMaeT
rOJIOEY, - rOBOpl1JIOCb B nHCbMe, HanpaBJIeHHOM 3THMH op-
raHH3au.HHMI1 COIlHaJIHCTHtJeCKOMY pa60'leMY II AMCTep-
.naMCKOMY I1HTepHaIlHOHaJIaM 25 aBrycTa 1923 r. -- e>K-
.aYHapOJJ;HbIe opraHH3arr.HH npOJIeTapHaTa .n.OJI}I{HbI OKa3aTb
25

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,
nOMOl11.b 'HeMeu.KHM peBOJIIou.HOHHbIM pa60 1 IHM npOTHB cpa-
lIlH3Ma» 8.
Ou.eHKH H BbIBO.lI..bI KOMHHTepHa H Knr JIerJIH B OCHOBY
.lI..aJIbHeHllieM pa3pa6oTKH COBeTCKOH HCTOpHqeCKOH HaYKOH
BOnpOCOB, CBH3aHHbIX C «pal1lH3MOM, H B qCTHOCTH HCCJIe)J.O-
BaHHH repMaHCKOrO «paIlIH3Ma. EOJlee tIeTKO, tIeM B npe.lI.bI-
.n.YIllHX pa60TaX, BOnpOC 0 COII.HaJlbHOH CYllT.HOCTH q,alllH3M8
6JI nOCTaBJlCH n cneu.HaJIbHOM C60pHHKe CTaTeH no)J. pe-
.QaKI.{HeH H. Mell\epHKOBa, BbIllle.lUlleM B 1923 r. 9 Bo BBe-
)J.eHHH K C60PHHKY nO.lI.'IepKHBaJlOCb. IJTO cpallIH3M npe.n.-
CTaBJIHeT coGOH KJIaCCOBYIO opraHH3aI.I.Hl0 6yp2Kya3HH, no-
CJIe.l{Hee cpe)J.CTBO. npH nOMOI1.X.H KOToporo OHa llbITaeTCH
3aAep2KaTb Ha.lI..BHraIOIl1.YIOCH peBOJIIOu.HIO. ABTOp npeJJ.OCTe-
peraJI OT HeJl.oou.eHKH <palIIHCTCKOH onaCHOCTH. HaXO.lI.HBllIefi
Bblpa2KeHMe B YTBep>K.lJ,eHMHX, 6YJJ.TO 6 <j:>allIH3M 6bICTpO
H3}J{HBeT ce6H, «norH6HeT no.lI. 6peMeHeM CBOMX npecTyn-
JIeHl1ii I1JUI nOTepHeT .lI..OBepHe 6yp2Kya3MH».
IlOHHMaHHIO oco6eHHOCTeH BHYTpHnOJIIITHqeCKOrO nOJIO-
2KeHHH repMaHHH B HatIaJIe 20-x rO)J.oB cnoco6CTBOBaJIa
HanrrcaHHaH Ha 06Il1HpnOM CTaTHCTH'IeCKOM MaTepMaJIe
KHHra JL r. TIOJlOHCKOif 10. Cepbe3HbIM HCCJIe.lI.OB8HHeM. B
KOTOpOM 6bIJI11 npOaHaJlH3HpOBaHbI COU.HaJIbHbIe KOpHH H
KJlaCCOBa5I npHpo.u;a repMaHCKoro <l>allIH3Ma KaK 0pYJ1HSI
KpYnHoro KanHTaJIa. HBHJIaCb MOHorpacpHH C. CJI060.n.CKoro l1 .
B HeM 3Ha1fHTeJIbHO 60Jlee qeTKO, IJeM B .llpyrHx paGoTax,
6JI8 npoBe}J.eH8 rpaHb Me2K.lI.Y KJIaCCOBOH npHpO.lI.OH Ha-
u
[(HOHaJI-cou,HaJ1H3Ma H KJIaCCOBbIM COCTaBOM ero MaCCOBOH
6a3. ,
3aMeTHbIM 51BJIeHHeM B cOBeTcKoH HCTopHorpa«pHH rep-
l\:I3HCKOro cpaIl1H3Ma B nepHO.lI. 11.0 YCTaHOBJIeHH5I fHTJIepOB-
CKOM .lI.HKTaTypbl 6bIJla CTaTbH A. C. EpYC2JIHMCKoro. no-
CBHIlJ.eHHaH HToraM BbI6opOB B peHxcTar B 1930 r.. cnpa-
BeJJ.JlMBO oxapaKTepH30BaHHbIx aBTopoM KaK CBH.lI.eTeJIbCTBO
neperpynnMpoBKH nOJIHTHqeCKMX CHJI B repMaHHH M HaCTyn-
JIeHHH $allIH3Ma 12. PaCCMaTpHBaH COObITHSI oceHH 1930 f.
B repMaHHH, aBTop npHXO.llHJI K BbIBOJJ.Y. 'ITO MOHOnOJIHCTH-
" u "
qeCKMH Kal1MT8JI B3HJI HHOM nOJIHTHqeCKMH KYpC - C KOHe'I-
t-IO:H n:eJlblO YCTaHOBJIeHHH q,allIHcTcKOii ,lI,HKT8Typbl. B CTa-
The rrO.lI.p06HO aHaJIH3HpOBaJICH npou,ecc $OpMHpOB8HHH
MaCCOBoH 6a3bI rHTJIepoBu,eB H ee COCTaB - 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIe
KpyrH MeJIKOH 6YP:>Kya3HH, OaTpaqeCTBa, qaCTb KpecTbHH-
cTBa. OTCT8JIaH qaCTb pa6oqHx, a TaK2Ke OOJIbIlIHe KaJI.pbI
MOlIo.n,e>KH, rJlaBHbIM 06pa30M H3 CJIY>Kall\Hx, KOTopbIe
Bl1epBbIe rrpHlUJIH K H36rrpaTeJIbHbIM ypHaM. «...fepMaHCKHH
26

,
KanHT3JIH3M, - OTMeqaJl A. C. EpycaJIHMCKHH, - C03J(aBall
HOBYIO nOJIHTHqeCKYIO areHTYPY, nblTaeTCfI HCnOJIb30BaTb
HapaCTalOUJ.HH COII.HaJ1bHbIH npOTeCT B CBOHX COOCTBeHHblX
KJlaCCOBbIX HHTepeCaX, llT06bI YCTaHOBHTb OTKPbITYro a-
IlIHCTCKYIO AHKTaTYPY npOTHB pa6oqero KJI3CCa Ii ero aB3H-
rapAa - KOMMYHHCTHtleCKOH napTHH» 13. ABTOp pa300n3-
liaR TaKTHKY KpynHoro MOHOnOJlHCTHlleCKOrO KanHTaJia no
OTHomeHHIO K rHTJIepOBnaM, nOKa3bIBaJi H MaHeBpbI caMIiX
HaUIiCTOB, paCCllHTaHHbIe Ha TO, QTo6bI, npHBJIeKaH MaCCbI
H36Hp3TeJIeH C nOMOllI.blO oe3y.nep>KHOH COII.H3JIbHOH )J.eMa-
ronIH, He nOTepHTb B TO >Ke BpeMS! ,lJ,OBepHH H nOMep>KKH
M3rHaTOB KpynHoM HH.n.YCTpHH II 03RKOB. B CTaTbe A. C.
EpycaJIHMCKOro BnepBbIe 6bln nOKa3-aH nponecc 3aBoeBaHHH
Hau.HCTaMH rOCYAapCTBeHHoro annapaTa Ii apMHH «H3HYT-
PH» KaK B8>KHeihllHH 3Tan Ha nYTH 38XBaT8 BnaCTH. «BOPb-
6a 3a MaccbI, - crrpaBeAJIHBO 3aKJIlOtJaJI aBTOp, - CTaHO-
u u v lit a
BlITCH caMOR aKTyanbHoli, caMon >Kli3HeHHOH nOJlHTHQeCKOH
np06J1eMOH repMaHCKoro KOMMYHHCTHqeCKOrO JI.BH>KeHHH.
<I>aIIIH3M - BOT rnaBHblH Bpar HeMeu.Koro pa6oqero )J.BH-
)KeRHH H Bcero HeMeIJ;KOrO HapOJI.a» 14.
PaCCMaTpHBaH COBeTCKYIO nHTepaTYPy no HCTOpHIl rep-
MaHCKoro $aIIIH3Ma, BbIllIe,lI.IllYIO B 1922-1932 rr., Henb3H
..
He OTMeTHTb, 'lTG, neCMOTpSl Ha Y30CTb HCTOqHHKOBe.nqeCKOH
6a3hI Ii TPY,lI,HOCTH, HeIi30e>KHO BbITeKaBlllHe H3 6blCTpoif
CMeHbl C06bITHH, HenOJIHOA IiHcpopMaIJ;HH 0 HHX, COBeTCKaH
HCTopHorpacpHH BbInOnHHJIa Ba>KHYIO ponb. OHa npHKOBaJIa
BHlIMaHHe OOI.I.leCTBeHHOCTH K onaCHOCTH cpall1H3Ma )J.JI51
TPY,lI,HI.I.lHXCH, ,lI,J1H )J.eJIa nporpeCC3 H COII.H3JIH3Ma, BCKpbIJIa
pHA ero COnH3JIbHbIX H nOJIHTHQeCKHX oco6eHHOCTefi H Me-
TOJI.bI 60pbObl 33 BnaCTb. O)J.HaKO BonpOCbI 0 KJl3CCOBOM xa-
paKTepe allIH3Ma, 0 ero .lJ,BH*YUJ.HX CHnax H MaCCOBOH
Ga3e, 0 B3aHMOOTHOllIeHHHX H8IJ;IiCTOB H COIJ;HaJI-)J.eMOKpa-
TOB H, rJIaBHOe, 0 cpOpM3X H MeTOAax aHTHcp3mHCTCKoii
oopb6bl COBeTCKOH IiCTopHorpaqmeii KOHua 20-x - HaqaJIa
30-x rOAOB He 6bIJIIi eI.I.le peIlleHbI nOJIHOCTbIO. 3TO OO'bHCH5I-
JIOCb KaK CJIO}l{HOCTblO ynoMHHYTbIX BonpocOB, TaK Ii TeM,
qTO KOMrrapTHH fepMaHIiH Ii KOMIiHTepH B TO BpeMH eme
TonbKO pa3pa6aTbIB3nH nYTH pemeHH5I 33)J.aQ aHTHcpamIiCT-
CKOH 60pb6bI. Bopb6a C Hau,H3MOM B fepM3HHH CKOBbIBa-
naCb B TOT neplio)J. BJIH5IHHeM ceKTaHTCKHX H )J.orMaTHqe-
CKHX npe.n.CT3BJIeHHH cpeAR qaCTH IQneHOB KTIr H aHTHKOM-
.. ..
MYHHCTlfitIeCKOH nOJIUTHKOH JIH)J.epOB COIJ;HaJI - .n.eMOKpaTHH.
B C60pHHKe MaTepHanOB «COBpeMeHHoe nOnO>KeHHe B
fepMaHHIi» 15, B pa60Tax A. JI. JIypbe 16, r. C. MHHCKoro l1 ,
27
,

H. ApoyaoBa III, OtJepKaX H. M. ct>aiiHrapa 19 H CTaTbe
f. CMOnHHCKOrQ 20 cO.lI.ep>KanaCb n;eHHaH HHcpOpMau.HH 0 no
nomeHHH B fepMaHHH t O,nH3KO nOIIbITKH aHaJIH3a IIpOMC
XOHrnHX C06bITHH, II B oco6eHHOCTH nporH03HpOBaHHH fiX
pa3BHTfiH, ObIJIH, KaK npaBHJIO, Hey,u;aqHbIMH. TIepeOl..{eHKa
peanbHbIX B03MO>KHOCTeH II ycrrexoB aHTllcpallIHCTCKHX eHJI
XapaKTepH3 j{JUI C60pHHKa «3aBTp3 6y,u;YT 6appHKa,lJ,bI»
(1931 r.) 21 H CT3TbH E. H. Py6HHllITeHH «I( X3paKTepHCTH
Ke repMaHCKoro cpallIH3Ma» (1932 r.) 22.
YCTaHOBJIeHHe cpallIHCTCKOfI ,nHKTaTypbI B fepMaHHH
BbI3B3JIO rrOHBneHHe 60JIbllIOH JIHTepaTypbI 0 q,3IllH3Me, B
KOTOpOH TaK1Ke paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb HCTOpHH paHHero q,a
lllH3Ma, HeKOTopble qepTbI ero H,[(eOJIOrHH. B pa60Te 11. H.
JLBopKllHa «8KOHOMHqeCKaR rrporpaMMa Hau,HoHaJI-COI..{Ha
JIH3Ma» 23 BCKpbIBaJIHCb arpeCCHBHble lleJlH X03RHCTBeHHOH
nOJIHTHKH rHTJIepOBl.{eB. B CTaTbHX A. M. naHKpaTOBOH 24
aH3JIH3HpOB3JIHCh rrOJIHTHqeCKaR pOJIb cpaIlIHCTCKOH ,nHKT3-
TYPbI H ee B3aHMOOTHOllIeHllH C pa60QllM KJIaCCOM. P.H.D:
rry6JIllKaU;IlM 6bIJI rrOCB.Hll.'(eH aHTHcpanIMCTCKOH 60pb6e rep-
MaHCKoro pa6otIero KJlaCCa B nepBble ro,nbI rHTJIepOBCKOH
,[(HKTaTypbI, rrOJlO1KeHHIO Ha <pa6pHKax H 3aBO.lI.ax, rrpeBpa
ll{eHHbIX B BoeHHO-KaTOp>KHbIe TlOpbMbl .lI.JI.H Tpy.n.HIl.'(HXCH 25.
OCHOBHbIe 3TanbI 60pb6bI rnTJlepOBu;eB 3a BJIaCTb H pOJIb
u
npaBoro PYKOBOCTBa COllHaJI-,u;eMOKpaTHH, KOTopoe CBoeR
aHTHKOMMYHHCTHqeCKOH rrOJII1THKOH 06'beKTHBHo crroco6cT
BOBano YKperrJIeHlnO rHTJIepOBI.(eB, OCBeIJJ.aJIHCb' B KI-IHre
H K.opHeBa «OT HOCKe,,no rHTJIepa». EMY }Ke npHHa.QJIe-
}Kana cepHH nOJIHTHtzecKHX rraMcpJIeTOB 26. .
B Tpyax COBeTCKHX HCTOpHKOB, ony6JIHK()BaHHbIX B
1933-1934 rr., 8H8JIH3HpOB8JIaCb nOJlHTHqeCKaH o6cTaHoBKa
B fepMaHHH, pa306JI8QaJICH tJeJlOBeKOHeHaBHCTHHQeCKHM xa
paKTep q,alllH3Ma - CMepTeJIbHOrO Bpara TPYJ{.HII.{HXCH,
3r€HTypbI Kpyn-Horo KanHTana. t.IYBCTBOM HHTepHaU;HOHaJIb-
HOM rrpOJI€TapCKOH COJlHapHo'cTH C aHTHq,alIlHcTaMH rep-
MaHHH 6bIJIH npoHHKHYTbI KHHrn II CTaTbH COBeTCKHX aBTO-
pOB, nOCBHIl{eHHbIe repOHQeCKOH 6opb6e HeMeqKHx KOMMY
HHCTOB npoTHB fHTJIepOBCKHX naJIaqeH. COBeTcKaH IIOJIHTII
qeCKaH ny6JIHl{IrCTI1Ka 6eCnOll.'(a,nHo BCKpbIBana npoBoKau,HH
HaI.(HCTOB, 60pOJI3Cb 3a oCB06oJK,neHHe f. JLHMHTpoBa,
3. TeJIbMaHa H .npyrHx Bbl.lI.arolIJ.HXCH 60pI..{OB-aHTHq,aIlIH-
CTOB.
BMecTe C TeM B pa60Tax 0 repMaHcKoM cpawH3Me B Te
ro,u;bI MO>KHO 6bIJIO BCTpeTHTb H HeonpaB.naHHO onTHMHCTH
IIeCKHe YTBepJK.n;eHH)![ 0 TOM) lITO rHTJIepOBlthl -- 3TO «K3JIH-
28

4>hI Ha qac», qTO Y>Ke B 6JIIDKaiimeM 6y.n.YIU.eM OHn «caMO"
pa306nallaTcH», HX AHKTaTypa 6yeT HeOnrOBeqHa H npH-
BeJI.eT K pa3JIO>KeHHIO KanHT3JIH3Ma B repMaHHH H no6eJl.e
..
TaM npOJIeTapCKOH peBOJ1IOII.HH.
.il.JUI npaBHJ1bHOH OIJ.eHKH COII.HaJIbHO-IIOJIJ:lTR1JeCKHX ac..
neKTOB repMaHCKoro q>aIIIH3Ma 60JIbIIIOe 3HaqeHHe HMeJIH
pemeHHH XIII nJIeHYMa I1cnoJIKoMa KOMHHTepHa, COCTOHB-
lllerOCH B JJ.eKa6pe 1933 r. nJIeHYM J{aJI qeTKOe orrpeJI.eJIe-
HRe cpamH3Ma K3K OTKpb1TOH TeppOpHCTHqeCKOM ,AHKTaTypbI
HaHOOJIee peaKIJ.HOHHbIX, HaH60JIee WOBHHIlCTHqeCKRX H Ha-
H60JIee HMnepHanHCTHQeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB q>IlHaHcoBoro Ka-
nHTaJIa Ii Hau.eJIHJl KOMMYHHCTOB Ha 60pb6y c cpallIH3MoM
KaK r.rlaBHoH orraCHOCTblO JI.nH MHP3 H AeMoKpaTHu. BbIJIH
BCKpbITbI HeKOTopbIe oco6eHHocTH H MeTOJl.bI MaccoBoH no-
JIHTHKH H3IJ,liCTOB H nOJI.qepKHyTo, llTO q.allIHcTcKoe npa-
BUTeJIbCTBO B fepM3HHH .z:r.ep:>KHT KYPC Ha pa3>KHraHlie Bon-
HbJ B EBpone 21.
Ha OCHOBe KOJIJIeKTHBHoro onbITa KOMnapTHii, COBMeCT-
HO npHHHTbIX pellIeHldi nOCTeneHHO yrJIy6JI5IJIHCb H YTOllHH-
JIHCb aHaJIH3 H OIJ,eHKa repMaHCKoro q.allIH3Ma. Ba1KHeii-
mee 3HaqeHHe lIMeJIH perneHHH VII KOHrpecca KOMHHTepHa
H J,lOKJIaJI. r. .l1.HMHTpoBa «HacTynJIeHHe q,amH3M3 H 3aJI.aQn
KOMMYHI1CTHlleCKOrO I1HTepHaII.HOHana B 60pb6e 3a eJI.HH-
CTBO pa6ollero KJIaCCa, rrpOTHB q>aIlI1I3Ma». MapKCllCTCKO-
JIeHHHCKHM aHanH3 q,a1lIH3Ma KaK nOJIHTHQeCKOrO H COU.H-
aJIbHOrO HBJIeHHSI, IIOpO>KJ,leHHOrO 060CTpeHHeM o6III.ero
KplI311ca KanHTaJI1l3M3, xapaKTepHCTliKa KJIaCCOBOH CYIII.-
HOCTH c:paIllH3Ma Hero MeCTa B CHCTeMe rOCIIOJI.CTBa HMIIe-
pHanHCTHT.JeCKOH 6YP)Kya3HH, pa300JIatJeHHe Hau.HCTCKOH
HJ(eOJIOrHH, MeTo,nOB 60pb6bi cpa.IlIHCTOB 3a BJIaCTb H 3a
BJIHHHHe B Macc:ax - aC"E! :iTO OKa3a.'rIO HebII.eHHMYIO nOMOII1.b
CUBeTCKHM llCTopHKaM n CTaJIO OCIIOBOt\ no:n.nHHHO Hay'tJ:-
HOM pa3paOOTKH IIpoo.neM HC"TopHn allIH3M3 Ha aeHOBe
MapCHCTCKO-JIeHHHCKb MeTo.u.onorHH.
3aKOHOMepHO, T.JTO oco6eHHO npHCTaJIbHOe BHHMaHHe co-
. .. ..
BeTCKOH HCTOpMQeCKOH HaYKH npHBJIeK3na B Te rOAbl BHern-
HHH nOJIHTHK3 rllTJIepOBueB, nO)J.rOTOBKa. -<palUHCTc'KOH fep-
MaHHH K HOMHe. AHTHCOBeTCKHC arpeCC'HBHbIe nJIaHbI Ha
..
IJ.HCTCKOH J,lHKT3TypbI, KOJIOHHaJIHCTCKHe YCTpeMJIeHH51
rI1TJIepOBIJ.eB, ux H.z:r.eOJIOrHlleCKYIO IIOJI.rOTOBKY K BOMHe y6e-
,llHTenbHO pa306JIa1.Ian B CBOUX CT3.TbHX A. C. EpYC3JIHM-
CKliM 28. B KHHrax COBeTCKoro ny6JIHIJ.HCTa 8. feHpH 29 ObIJI3
CJ(eJIaHa B neJIOM YAallH3H nonTKa onpe)J.eJIHTb pa3BHTHe
..
BHelllHenOJIHTHQeCKOrO KypC3 «TpeTbero peHxa», BCKpbIBa"
29

JIHCb ero aHTHCOBeTCKaH HanpalBJIeHHOCTb II onaCHOCTb rHT-
JIepOBCKHX nJIaHOB saBoeB8HHH MHpOBoro rOCnO,lt.CTBa.
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30

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31

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2
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3HaqHTeJIbHO paCIIIHpHJICH. KTIee y.rr.eJlHJI3 OOJlbiliOe BHH-
M3Hlfe HaYQHOMY ypOBHIO HCCJIe)I.OBaTeJIbCKI1X paOOT. H3-
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Hat B. TIHK3, B. Y JIbGpHxTa, O. fpOTeBOJIH If JlpyrHx .lI.eH-
TeJIeH repMaHCKoro KOMMYHHCTHqeCKOrO If pa6oQero JX,BH-
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HOCTb KOMHCCHH HCTOpHKOB cecp H r JLP, B 60JlblUOH Mepe
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2 A. C. BJIau
33

HCTOtIHHKOBe,lltJeCKOM 6a30H t co.u.ep}KallJ,HX Cepbe3HYlO apry-
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llIH3Ma. 11 XOTH Cpe.ll.R 3TRX ny6JIHKaIJ;Hl1 HeT cnennaJIb,HOrO
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BHTH5I cpamn3Ma B 20-x ro.n.ax t OHn BHeCJIH cepbe3HbIH
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qHH H YCJIOBHM ero B03HHKij.OBeHIUI H YKpeIIJIeHHH B fepMa.
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nOCBHllJ,eHbI ABe MOHorpacpHH r. JI. PosaHOBa 45. B nep-
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pyeTcH 9KOHOMHtIeCKaH, H.D.eOJIOrHtIeCKaH H BoeHHO-)J;HnJIO-
MaTHQeCKaH nOArOTOBKa rHTJIepOBCKOH repMaHHH K BOMRe,
paCCMaTpHBalOTCH OCHOBHbJe HanpaBJleHIUI oopb6bI npo-
rpeCCHBHbIX CRn HeMellKoro HapO.ll.a npOTHB <}>aWH3Ma H CO-
.ll.ep1KHTCH KpHTHKa HeKOTopblX KOHl1.enu.nH 3ana.D.HOrepMaH-
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no 9THM BonpocaM. Bo BTOpOH CBoeM KHHre, «KpymeHHe
q,allIHCTCKOH repMaHHH», aBTOp nOKa3aJI npou,ecc BoeHHO-
nOJIHTHtIeCKOrO n MOpaJlbHOrO Kpaxa <}>alliHCTCKOH )J.HKTa-
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pHorpa<}>HH <}>aIllH3Ma paOOTaMH 0600l.l{alOllJ,erO xapaKTepa.
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CBH3aHHbIe C pa3BHTHeM HeOHaIlH3Ma, peBaHlliH3Ma H MH-
JIHTapH3Ma B c1>pr, npo.n.OJI}KaJIH npHBJIeKaTb npHCTaJIbHOe
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HCTOpHH repMaHCKoro cpaWH3Ma HallieJI rJIy6oKoe OCBell{e-
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CKOH JIHTepaType CTOJIb nOApo6HO H rJIy6oKo 6bIJIH npoaHa-
JIH3HpOBaHbI CBH3H cpallIH3Ma C MOHonOJlHCTHqeCKOH Gyp-
:mya3Heii H MHJIHTapHCTcKnMH KpyraMH t <}>OpMHpOBaHHe H
COCTaB MaccoBoH oa3bI rHTJIepOBI.r.eB, CTpYKTypa cpalliHcT-
CKOM AHKTaTypbI H OCHOBbI H.lI.eOJIOrHH cpalliH3Ma, ero MeCTO
B nOJIHTHtJeCKOH CHCTeMe KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKoro 00 IneCTBa,
.lI.aH rJIYOOKHll MapKcnCTCKllH aHaJIH3 HCTOpHKO-COHOJlOrH-
qeCKHX np06JIeM $alIIH3Ma.
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JIll OCBeIII.eHbI H cHcTeMaTH3HpoBaHbI B KHHre B. .ll.. KYJIb-
6aKHHa «01.JepKH HOBeHllIeH HCTOpHH repMaHHH» 47, a TaK-
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34

HOBoe H HOBeihnee BpeMH» 48. BHYTpHnOJIHTH1.JeCKOe nono-
}KeHMe cpaIllHCTCKOrO «peiIxa» HaKaHYHe BOHHbI paCCMaTpH-
BanOCb B CTaTbe B. T. <DoMMHa 49. B H3,LlaHHOM B 1971-
1973 rr. B BOJIor.rr.e CneIJ;Kypce no HCTOpHH repMaHcKoro
cpalIIH3Ma M 3ana.nHorepMaHcKoro HeOHau,H3Ma (B .rr.BYx
1:IaCTSlx) 6bIJIa C,LleJIaHa IIonbITKa KpaTKo H3JIO}KHTb MCTO-
pHIO repMaHcKoro cpalIIH3Ma HaqHH851 C 1919 r. 50
, B 60-x ro.rr.ax B COBeTCKOH HCTopHorpa<pHH nOHBHJICSI TaK-
..
:>Ke p5lJJ; cepbe3HbIx HCCJIe}I,OBaHHH, nOCBHIIJ.eHHbIX OT.rr.eJIb-
HbLM M.aJIOH3YQeHHbIM np06JIeMaM HCTOpHH repMaHcKoro
cpallIH3Ma. TaK, BeCbMa Ba}l{HblH Bonpoc 0 CBH3HX BoeHIII.H-
HbI n: Hau,n:CTOB B nepn:o,L:l 3apOJK}I,eHHH <pawH3Ma B repMa-
HRR 6bIJi MCCne,LlOBaH B MOHorpacpHlI JI. A. Be3bIMeHcKo-
ro 51. ArpeCCHBHaH nOJIHTHKa cpaWH3Ma B EBpone B rO,lJ.bI,
u .. v
npe}I,meCTBOBaBillHe BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHe J OCBem.eHa B
MOHorpacpHH B. T. <DoMHHa 52. '
BOJIbliiOe HaY1:lHoe H nOJIHTHQeCKOe 3Ha t leHMe n:MeeT HC-
CJIe.II.OBaHHe npeJlbICTopn:H cpaWHCTCKOH .II.HKTaTypbI B rep-
MaHHJl J 3HaJIH3 npn:1:IHH, c.neJI8'BIIlHX B03MO>KHbIM npHXO,L:l
HaIJ;HCTOB K BnaCTH. COBeTCKaH JIHTepaTypa no 3TOMY ne-
PHO,L:lY npe,L:lCTaBJIeHa 3Ha1:lHTeJIbHO MeHblIIHM KOJIH1JeCTBOM
pa60T J qeM no HCTOpHH «TpeTbero pe:Hxa». OT.II.eJIbHble npo-
OJIeMbI paCCMaTpHBaIOTC5I B pa60Tax M. SI. .l!.OMHH1J 53,
11. 51. BMCKa 54, A. C. BnaHKa 55, B. C. ,[{HKHHa 56, A. P.
KOPCYHCKoro 57, B KHHre B. M. KpHBYJIM 0 KapJIe OceI.{-
KOM 58, B CTaTbHx H. 11. l(y.u;pHBI.{eBOH 59J B. r. TapTaKOB-
CKor0 60 , B paOOTe B. II.. KYJIbOaKHHa 81.
HaHOOJIee IllHpOKO H nO.Qp06HO rrYTb repMaHcKoro 4>a-
lIIH3Ma K BJIaCTH OCBel1(eH B TpYJJ.ax JI. M. rHHl(6epra 62.
MOHorpa4>HH «Ha nYTH B HMnepCKYIO KaHl.(eJUIpHIO. rep-
MaHCKHH <l>amH3M pBeTCSI K BJIaCTH» 63, nOJlBO.lI.SIIUaH lITor
MHOrOJIeTHHM H3bICKaHH5IM 8BTopa J HBJIfIeTCH nepBbIM CPYH-
)(aMeHTaJIbHbIM HCCJIeJJ.OBaHHeM .II.O,lJ.HKTaTOpCKoro nepHO.lI.3
H.-CTOpHH repMa-HCKOI'O cpaUIH3Ma, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha BeCbMa
IIlHpOKOH H pa3Hooopa3HOH HCT01:lHHKOBeA1:IeCKOH 6a3e.
I1CKnlOllHTeJIbHO 60JIbIIlOe BHHMaHHe COBeTCKaSi HCTO-
pHorpacpHfI YJJ.eJIHeT KpHTHKe 3arra.nHorepMaHCKOH 6YP1KY-
a3HOE: JIHTepaTypbI no HCTOpHH cp81IIH3Ma, I:t B ocooeHHOCTH
no BonpocaM, CBH3aHHbIM c BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHOD 64. Co-
BeTCKast HCTOpH'IeCKaSI HaYKa nOCne,lI,OBaTeJIbHO pa306na-
qaeT-nOnbITKH peaKun:OHHOH HCTopHorpa<pHH pea6HRHTHPO-
BaTb repM8HCKHH cI>aIlIH3M. B 9TOM HanpaBJIeHHH 38 no-
CJIen.HHe rO)I.hI coaeTCKHMH HCTopHKaMH CJI.en8HO 01leHb
MHorae. Ocotio cne.zxyeT BbI,QeJlHTb cI>YH,lI,8MeHTanbHoe HC.
2.
M

CJIe,n,OB3HHe B. 11. CaJIOBa 65, co.n:ep>Kam.ee rJIy60KHH aHa-
JIH3 3ana.n.HOrepMaHCKOH 6yp>Kya3HoH HCTOpHorpa«l>MH, B
TOM IJHCJIe no BonpocaM HCTOpHH 4>aIlIH3Ma.
Pa306JIaQeHHIO BbIMbICJIOB 6ypJKya3HbIx HCTOpHKOB 0
" .. v
BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHe H ee no.n.rOTOBKe nOCBRIIJ.eHbI pa-
60TbI A. 11. MepaJIOBa 66, 11. Jl.. QBCHHoro 67 H r. H. Pey-
TOBa 68. KpHTHtleCKHH aHaJIH3 OT.n.eJIbHbIX KOHenu,HH 6yp-
>Kya3HoH HCTopHorpacpMH 4>allIH3Ma 11 aHTHc}>alllHCTCKOH:
60pb6bl .n:aH B pa60Tax A. C. BnaHKa 69, B CTaTbHX B. T.
<1>oMHHa H n. 10. PaXIlIMHpa 70. nOCJIe.n.HHM HanHcaHa TaK-
JKe 0630pHaH KpHTHlleCKaH CTaTbH 0 COBpeMeHHbIX TeH)1.eH-
U,HHX 6yp}!{ya3HoM HCTopHorpa<p HH 4>a1lIH3Ma 71.
PH,n, COBeTCKHX YlleHbIX BbIcTynHJIH B nocne.n.HMe rO)1.bI co
CTaTbRMH, nOCBHIIleHHbIMH Ba>KHbIM MeTo.n:OJIOrHIJeCKHM H
HCTopHorpa.pHQeCKHM BonpocaM H3YlleHHH HCTOpHH repMaH-
CKoro Q;>aIlIM3Ma 72. BOJIblllOe 3HaqeHHe .n:JIH peIlIeHHH HeKO-
TOpbIX KJIIO'IeBbIX np06JIeM MCTOpHH repMaHCKoro 4>aIIIH3Ma
HMeJIH BbICTYIIJIeHHH Ha Me>K.n.YHapo.n.HOM HayqHOM CHM-
n03HYMe Ha TeMY «HOBbIe Q;>0PMbI cpalllHCTCKOH onaCHOCTH,
YCHJIeHH.H peaKI.\HH H nYTH 60pb6bI C HHMH», COCTO.HBllIeMCSI
B 1973 r. B 3cceHe (<1>pr) 73.
3HaQHTeJIbHOe BHHMaHHe HCCJIe.n.oBaTeJIH-MapKcHcTbI
y.neJIHIOT TaK}Ke pa306JIaQeHHIO H,lI,eOJIOrHH repMaHcKoro
<})allIH3Ma. B pSl.n;e pa60T COBeTCKHX aBTopoB BonpoCbI H)1.eO-
JIOrMH HaUH3Ma no.n:BeprHYTbI cepbe3HoMY H rJIy6oKoMY
3HaJIH3Y. CpeJlH HHX CJIe.nyeT Ha3BaTb Tpy.n.bI K. 11. 3apo-
.n:OBa, A. EepHa)1.HHepa, 51. E. CeraJIa, B. <1>. ACMyca,
B. A. llIa6a.na, A, C. BOrOMOJIOBa, 11. C. KOHa II B oco6eH-
HOCTH HCCJIe.nOBaHHH C. <1>. O.nyeBa, A. A. raJIKHHa,
C. H. <1>pYMKHHa II B. H. CaJIOBa 74. 113 3apy6e}!{HbIX Map-
KCHCTOB np06JIeMaMH H.n:eOJIOrHH cpaIIIH3Ma 3aHHMaJIHCb
r. refi.n.eH H B. Xall3e (r,Qp) H B HeKOTopOH CTeneHH
IlIBeifItapCKHH aBTOp T. IllBapI.\, a TaK)Ke nporpeCCHBHbIe
3ana)I.HorepMaHCKHe HCTOpHKH P. KIOHJIb, K. 30HreHMep,
cpHJIOCO<}J ,lJ,. JIYK31l 75. B HX pa60Tax oCBeru.eHbI Ba:mHble
CTOpOHbI H.ZI.eOJIOrHH repMaHcKoro <}JaIlIH3Ma, aHaJIH3upYIOT-
v
CH ee H.n.eHHbIe MCTOKH, cneKYJIHTHBHbIe MeTO)1.bI HCnOJIb30-
BaHHH repMaHcKIIM cpallIH3MOM HeMeu,KoH KJIaCCHQeCKOH
(}>HJIOCO<}>HH, HeKoTopbIe llepTbI Hau,HcTcKoro MHpOB033peHHH.
113 ro,na B ro)1. paCTYT ypOBeHb H r.ny6HHa HCCJIe.n:OBa-
HHH COBeTCKHMH yqeHblMII KopeHHbIX np06JIeM HCTOpHH q.a-
IlIH3Ma. aTO yoe)1.HTeJIbHO .neMOHCTpHPYIOT ny6JIHKau.nn no-
cne.n;HIIX JIeT. B CTaTbe f. C. Cl>HnaToBa 76, HanpHMep, TIna-
TeJIbHO HCCJIe.n:yeTCH CBH3b MeLKJI.Y npOOJIeMaMH IICTOpHH
36
r

"
q,allIH3Ma, B TOM qHCJIe H repMaHCKOrO, H KOpeHHbIMH BO-
npOCaMH COBpeMeHHOH HAeOOrHqeCKM 60pb6, qeTKO no-
CTaBJIeH II pellieH BOlIpOC 0 MOll.{HbIX rpynnHpoBKaX npa-
BHIII;erO KJIaCCa, paCtIHCTHBUlI1X nYTb K BJIaCTH rHTJIepOB-
uaM. ABTOp cnpaBe.nJIHBO no):(qepKHBaeT He06xo):(HMOCTb
.neTaJIbHOrO H3YQeHHH COnHaJIbHO-nOHTHtIeCKOrO MexaHH3-
Ma q,alllHCTCKHX CHCTeM H ):(BlnKeHHH, r y60Koro npOHHKHO-
BeHHH BO BHYTpeHHlO1O CTPYKTYPY q,allIH3Ma, HcceAOBaHHH
a pCeHaJIa ero cpe.n;,CTB.
rJIYOOKHH MapKCHCTCKHH aHaJIH3 npOHCXO:>KJ(eHHH H
KJIaCCOBOM cymHOCTH q,amH3Ma .naH B CTaTbe B. ,lJ,. ELKO-
Ba 77. ABTOp paCCMaTpHBaeT oc06eHHOCTH $allIH3Ma B OT-
AeJIbHbIX CTpaHax, YCJIOBHH ero B03HHKHOBeHHH If cpaKTopbI,
crroc06CTBOBaBlllHe 3aXBaTY q,allIHCTaMH rocy.napCTBeHHoii
BJIaCTH, onpOBepraH YTBeplK.neHHH 6yp*ya3HbIx aBTopOB
o cpaIllH3Me KaK HeH30e:>KHOM :narre pa3BHTHH KarrHTaJIHCTH-
qeCKOrO 06III.eCTBa.
B nocne,nHHe rOJl.hI nOHBHJICH pH.lI. HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHM, no-
CBHm:eHHblX HaHMeHee H3YtIeHHOMY paHHeMY nepHO.llY HC-
TOpHH repMaHCKoro cpallIH3Ma. B CTaTbe ,lJ,. C. ,lJ,aBHJI.OBH'tJa,
HanpHMep, paCCMOTpeHbI BorrpOCbI B03HHKHOBeHHH repaH-
CKoro cpaIIIH3Ma II eta «CTaHOBJIeHHH» B 1919-1923 rr. 7B
ABTOp HCrrOJIb30BaJI paHee HeH3BeCTHhIe ):(OKYMeHTN, KOTO-
pue .n.onOJIHHIOT H YTOqHfUOT KapTHHY 60pbObI rrepe,noBblx
CHJI repMaHCKoro HapO,l(a BO rJIaBe C KOMMYHHcTaMH npo-
THB Hal(H3Ma B HaqaJIe 20-x rOJ1.0B. TeM caMbIM y6e.n;,HTeJIb-
HO orrpoBepraeTcH BNMbICeJI 6YPlKya3HoH, HCTopHorpacpHH 1
00 HrHopHpOBaHHH KOMMYHHCTa,MH q,amHCTCKOH orraCHOCTIf.
TIp06JIeMe B3aHMOOTHOIlleHHH repMaHCKI1X cpallIHCTOB II
MOHOnOJIRCTHt.JeCKoro KanHTaJIa nOCJIe «nRBHoro nYTqa»,
HCTOpHH nO}l.,fOTOBKH rHTJIepOBII.eB K 3aXBaTY BJIaCTH no-
CBSIl1{eHa OOCTOHTeJIbHaSI CTaTbH JI. 11. rHHu.6epra 79. ABTOp
aprYMeHTIfpOBaHHO .nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO npeBpam:eHHe HanH3Ma
B cepbe3HYro nOJIHTHt.JeCKYIO CHJIY ObIJIO 6bI HeB03M01KHO
oea nOMOIl(H KPynHoro MOHonOJlHCTHqeCKOrO KanHTaJIa.
EOJIbmyro pa60TY no HCCJleJI.OBaHHIO pa3JIHt.JHbIX acneK-
TOB HCTOpHH repMaHCKoro <}Ja1lIH3Ma Be.lI.YT yeHble rep-
MaHCKOH .lI.eMoKpaTHtIeCKOH Pecny6JIMKH, nOJIblIlH, BeHr-
pHH H .n;pyrHx COIJ.HanHCTHqeCKHX CTpaH. HeOn;eHHMhIM no
Ba>KHOCTH H 3Ha1JeHHIO noco6HeM .n;JIH H3YQeHHSI IfCTOpHH
repMaHHH 1918-1945 rr. HBJIHIOTCH 4-H II 5-ii TOMa BOCb-
MIfTOMHOH «HCTOpHH repMaHcKoro pa6oqero jJ;BH:>KeHHH» 80,
rro.n;,roTOBJIeHHOH MHCTHTYTOM MapKCH3Ma-JIeHHHH3Ma npH
UK CEnr. B mPYJl.ax HCTOpHKOB CLIP 10. KYQHHCKOro,
37

B. Pyre, r. JIOIJ.eKa, E. JIeBepeHIJ. H .lI.pyrHx 81, nOJIbCKHX
HCTOpHKOB 10. BaHaillKeBHqa, <1>. PbIillKH 82 HCCJIe.nOBaHbI
MaJIOH3YQeHHbIe BorrpOCbI npe.lI.bICTOpHH q,aWHCTCKOH .lI.HK-
TaTypbI B repMaHHU. B nOC.TIe.lI.HeH paOOTe <1J. PbIWKH, B
qaCTHOCTH, nOJ{.po6HO paCCMaTpHBalOTCH cou,Ha.TIbHO-nCHXO-
JIOrHqeCKHe 3cneKTbI HaIJ.H3Ma. B 06WHpHOH CT3Tbe HCTO-
pHK3 r.lI.p M. B3fic6eKepa Ha aCROBe HOBblX .lI.0KYMeHTOB
YTOqHeHbI HeKOTopbIe $aKTbI no HCTOP"" repM3HCKoro 4>a"-
IIIH3Ma 20-x ro,nOB 83. dTHM :me 8BTOpOM npOBe.neH pH.lI. 0PH-
.
rHHaJIbHbIX HCCJIe.non3HHH no OT.l(eJlbHh1M BonpocaM MCTOP""
q,aIIIJlCTCKOro .l{BH>KeHHSI B HallJaJIe 20-x ro,nOB.
B pe3Y.TIbTaTe MHOrOJIeTHHX H3b1CK8HHH HCTOpHKOB-
MapKCHCTOB BCKpbIT3 COIJ.HaJIbHag CYID;HOCTb 4>allIHsMa KaK
rrOpmK.lI.eHHH OOllI.ero KpH3Hca KanHT3JIH3Ma, K3K O.llHOH H3
<POpM BJI2CTH MOHOnOJIHCTHQeCKOii 6yp>Kya3HH. MapKCHCT-
CKaH I1CTopHorpaqnm ,n:B.1a H2YQHbIH: aH3JIH3 l}>amH3Ma H3
Bcex 3Tarr3X ero pa3BHTHH.
O)J.HaKO M3CIIIIT36bI pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX HCCJIe.zt.OBaHHH
Ma pKCHCTCKHX HCTOpHKOB H I}>HJIoco410B no paSJInQHblM
rrp06JIeM2M, CBH33HHblM C repM3HCKHM 4>awH3MoM, He MO-
rYT 33CJIOHHTb TOT cp3KT, 'ITO cpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIO .no Ha-
CTOHlltero BpeMeHH HaYtJeR ero paRHDA nepHOJ(. JIUWb B
nOCJIe,lJ,HHe rl).lI.bI rrOHBHJIHCb nV6JIHKaIJ.IUI A. C. BJIaHKa 84.
r. H. rOpOIllKOBOH 85, .lI.. C. .lI.aBH.lI.OBHqa 86 .M JI. H. rHHIJ.- I
Gepra 87, B KOTOpbIX paCCMaTpMBalOTCH BonpOCbI 3a r P O>K J1 e- I '
HRH H opraHH3aIJ;HOHHOro YKpenJIeHIHI <)JaWH3Ma B epMa-
HHR. cpOpMHpOB3HHH ero MaCCOBOH 6a3bI. R.lI.eOJIOrHH H T. n. f
MeLK.n:y TeM HaYG:H3sr H nOJIHTHtJeCKaH aKTyaJIbHOCTb fJIY-
GOKoro aHaJIM3a nepBbIX JIeT cyr.qeCTBOBaHHH H paSBH'IlHH
Hau,H3M3 He BbI3bIBaeT COMHeHHH. BeJJ.b HMeHHO B 20-x ro- t"
JI,ax CJIO>KHJIHCb CTPYKTyp3 H opraHH3aIJ.HOHHbIe <}>OpMbI <}Ja- 
III'HCTCKOro ,lJ,!BH}KeHHH B repM3iHH'H.,ObIJIH BbIpa60TaHbI M'e- / '
TO.ll.bJ HanncTcKoii npOnaraHJl.bI, npHeMbI Bep6oBI{H «nOJIHTH-
q,eCKOH rreXOTbl». HMeHHo 'B 3TH ro.n.bI pa3HY3.llaHHasr r
H8UHCTCK8H eMarorHH. oe33aCTeHQHBO MaHlmYJIHpyg oome-
CTBeHHbIM C03HaHHeM, C03.l1.3JI3 COIJ.1I8JIbHO-nCJlXOJIOrHQeCKHe
npenOCbIJIKn. KOTopbIe CJIeJIa.TIH ero BocnpHHMtJHB})IM K
ope.nOBblM cpamHCTCKHM JUleHM. C 6bICTpOTOH 9TIR.lI.eMHH QYMbI
OXB3THBIllJfM 3H8ttHTeJIbHYlO QaCTb H3CeJl VtAt R repM8HHH B
rO.llbI MHpOBoro 9KOHOMlfIIeCKOfO K:pR3HCa 1929-1933 r. Ha- ,
KOHel{. HMeHHO B 20-x rOJJ.ax C<fJ0pMHpoBa.nacb H,l(eOJIOfHH I
repMaHCKoro cpaIlIH3Ma - rJIaBHbIH HHcTpYMeHT o.nypatIH- t
BaHRH Macc If 60Pb6 3a BJIaCTb B cTpaHe. 8TH BonpOChI I
HY1K,lJ,aIOTCR B .Q3J1bHeHmeM 1f3YQeHHH II 8HaJlH3e

3
.
AETHI1I.E
rEHEPAIIOB PEAXCBEPA
I
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...Y}Ke HeCKOJIbKO 'laCOB paCnaJIIIBillHeC.H OT .lI.YXOTbI H nHBa
JIIO.lJ.H, nepe6HBa.H JI.pyr .Apyra, XpHnJIbIMH ronocaMH BbIKpH-
KHBalOT 3JIo6HbIe pyraTeJIbCTBa. OHM npOKJIHHalOT KOMMY
HMCTOB, peBOJIIOHOHHbIX pa60QHX, BOIIHT 0 peBaHUle, npH-
3bIBalOT C03,LlaTb «BeJlHKHH peilx», HCTpe6HTb MJIM npeBpa-
THTb B pa60B HapOJ{,bl cocejJ.HMX CTpaH, JJ;BHHYTbCH Ha 60JIb-
lIleBHCTCKHH BOCTOK «KpeCTOBbiM nOXO)J,OM».
Eho He c6op H w.e nO,LlBbInHBIIIHx xYJlHraHoB. B OAHOM M3
MIOHxeHcKHx nHBHblX sanOB (a B repMaHHH 9TO cBoeo6pa3-
HhIe KJIy6bI) HJI.eT O'lepe.n,Hoe co6paHHe He)J.aBHo C03.AaHHOll
HaHOHaJI-COHaJlHCTCKOH napTHH, TOJIbKO qTO o6peTluefi
If CBoero «cplOpepa» B JIHlte AJI,OJIbcpa fHTJIepa. Ha nOJIHTH-
qeCKOM ropH30HTe cTpaHbI rpynna KpHKJIHBbIX JI.eMaroroB,
06'beJ{HHlfBllIafl BOKpyI' ce6R HeMHOrOQHCJIeHHblX CTOPOHHH-
KOB, 3aBepooBaHHhIX Ha COII.H3JIbHOM )J.Re BeHMapcKOH pec-
ny6JIHKH, nOKa ew.e MaJIO 3aMeTHa. Ho K HeM Y1Ke npH-
CM,aTpH.B3IOTC.H :BopOTHJIbI KpynHoro' KanHTaJIa, H Ha aHO-
HHMHble cqeTa HaII.HCTOB HaqHHalOT IIocTynaTb nepBbIe
cy6CHJI.H'H H3 q>OHJ{OB MOHOTIOJIHH. 5IpOCTHbIH aHTHKoMMY-
HH3M H aHTHCOBeTH3M HaqHcToB npHBJIeKaeT K HHM COtJYB-
CTBeHHoe BHHMaHHe peaKIJ.HOHHblX KpyroB fepMaHHH.
A cOHTble C TOJIKY oObIBaTeJIH, pa30pHBiliHeCH MeJIKHe 6yp-
}Kya, OCTaBlIIHeCH oe3 J{,ena BoeHHbIe, OTCTaJIbIe .9JIeMeHThI
H3 'lHCna TpY.D.HIlT.nXCH C HaJI.em)1.0H BCJIYWHBalOT,CH B .lle-
MarorHtJeCKHe nOCYJIhI opaTopoB...
fepMaHcKHii 4>awH3M B03HHK B o6cTaHoBKe He6b1BanOrO
B CTOpHH sTOij crpaubI o6ocTpeHHH COll.'HaJIbHhIX npo-
  -
J'JiopeqH H I,:paHHe EbICOKoro HanpH}KeHH,f.[ KJlaCCOBOH
oopb6bI.
HOs:ropbcKafl peBonlOUHH 1918 r. B fepMaHHH .SIBHJl8Cb
caMbIM KpynHbIM MaCCOBbIM peBOJIIOll.HOHHbIM JJ.BH1KeHHeM
B EBpone nOCJIe BeJlHKOH OKTH6phCKOH COl{HaJIIlcTHtJecKO:H
peBOJIIOHH. PeaYJIbTaTOM ee 6bIJIO csep:meHHe Kall3epoB"
CKOM MOHapxHH n YCTaHOBJIeHHe pecny6JIHKH B cTpaHe.
39

CJIa60CTb pa601.lero KJIaCCa, He HMeBlliero B TO BpeMH
CBoeM GoeBOR peBOJIIOI..{HOHHOH napTHH, a TaK1Ke onnopTY-
HHCTHIIeCKaH nOJIHTHKa PY.KOBO.lLCTBa COI..{HaJI-,neMOKpaTlrQe-
CKOM napTHH H npaBblX JIHJl.epOB He3aBHCHMOH COI..{HaJI-)I,e-
.,
MOKpaTHqeCKOH napTHH, noJI. BJIHHHHeM KOTOpblX HaX0JI.H-
JIOCb TorJJ,a 60JIblllHHCTBO HeMeI..{KHX pa60QHX, He n03BOJUIJIH
)1,OBeCTH peBOJIIOI..{HIO )1,0 KOHI..{a. HOH6pbCKaH peBOJIIOIJ;HH
OCT8JI8Cb 6YP1KY83HO-JI.eMOKpaTHIIeCKOH, npOBO.lI.HBllieHCH B
u
H3BeCTHOH CTeneHH npOJIeT8pCKHMH cpe,nCTBaMH H MeTOJI.a-
MH. Ee rJI8BH851 3a)1,aQa - CBep1KeHHe nOJIHTHq,eCKOro roc-
nO)I,CTBa HMnepllaJIH3M8 - He 6bIJia pemeHa. He 6bIJIH
nOJIHOCTblO ocyrn;eCTBJIeHbI H 38.n.aQH 6YP}Kya3HO-JI.eMOKp8-
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JI.eHHe II n03HI..{HH IOHKepcKHx 3JIeMeHTOB B rocY)I,8pCTBeHHoM
ann a paTe.
,BMeCTe C TeM HOH6pbCKaH peBOJIIOI..{HSI HMeJIa Ba}KHOe
3Ha'lJ:eHHe )1..JI5I caMoro HeMeII.KOrO pa6oqero KJlaCca: OR npH-
o6peJI 60JIbIlIOH nOJIIiTIIQeCKHM onbIT, )I,06HJlCH saKOHO)I.a-
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npaB 1I CB060JI. H 3aBOeB8JI 6JIarOnpHHTHbIe n03I..{HH JI.JIH
.lI.aJIbHeHilleH 60pb6bI npOTHB HMnepHaJIH3Ma II MIIJIHTapHS-
Ma. B KOHII.e JI.eKa6p51 1918 r. Ha OCHOBe «ColO3a CnapTa-
Ka», nopBaBillero C He38BHCHMO:H COII.HaJI-JI.eMOKpaTHQeCKOH
napTHeH, 6bIJIa C03JI.aHa KOMMYHHcTWlecKaH napTH5I fep-
MaHHH.
HecMoTpH Ha pa3rpoM BbIcTynJleHH5I 6epJIHHCKOro npo-
JIeTapHaTa B 51HBape 1919 r., BecHoH no cTpaHe CHOBa npo-
KaTHJIIICb KpynHbIe CTaqKH H BoopymeHHbIe 60H. OHH HO-
CHJIU 060pOIi'HTeJIbHbIH xa paKTep H 6bIJIH HanpaBJIeHbl H8
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CKOH peBOJIIOI..{IIH, npOTlIB YCHJIlIBalOeHCSI BJIaCTH €pH-
HaHCOBoro KanHTaJIa H MHJlHTapHCTOB t 3a npaBO yqaCTHH
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BOJIIOII.HOHHble pa601lHe H COJI.D.aTbI, HecSi 60JIbllIHe nOTepH,
OKa3bIBaJIH conpOTHBJIeHHe 03BepeJIbiM KOHTppeBOJIlOI..{HOH-
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COBeTbI B03HHKJIH H B pSlJI.e JI.pyrHx rOpOJI.OB. OJI.HaKO B
3THX BbIcTynJIeHH5IX yqaCTBOBaJIH He IlIHpOKHe MaCChI He-
MeI..{KOro HapO.D.a, a JIHlllb nepeJJ.OBbIe OTpH.lI.bI npOJleTapHa-
Ta B KpynHbIx npOMbIlllJleUHbIX u;eHTpax CTpaHbI. OHM He
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40
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nOCJIe nOAaBJIeHHH BcTynJIeHMH pa6oQero KJIaCC3 B
nepBOM nOJIOBHHe 1919 r. MOHOnOJIHCTHtJeCKHe H MHJUITa-
pHcTcKMe CHJIbI CMOrJIM YKpenMTb CBOIO BJIaCTb nYTeM yq-
pe}KAeHHH BeHMapcKoH pecny6JIHKII. BeHM3pcK3H KOHCTH-
TYUHH. YTBep}KAeHHaH B MIOJIe 1919 r., 3aKpeIIJIHJIa
KJIaCCOBOe rocno,n;CTBO npOMbIlllJIeHHbIX H q,HHaHcoBbIX Mar-
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COJIIOTH3MOM KaH3epOBCKOH fepMaHHH.
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Bep1KJ1.eH Ii MHpHbIH .u.oroBop Me>KJ(Y fepMaHHeH Ii cTpa-
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JIOBHH OblJIH paCCQHTaHbI H3 OCna6JIeHHe fepMaHHH K3K
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unn. BMeCTe C TeM repMaHCKHe npaBHne Kpyrn- HCIIOJIb-
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41


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HOBpeMeHHO C rrOXO.lI,OM npOTHB peBOJIlOqHoHHOro npOJIeTa-
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repM2HHH YIJaCTBOB2JIH B HHTepBeHlI;HH npOTHB COBeTCKO
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BaeMaH 1JaCTbIO oYP>Kya3HH H IOHKepcTBOM, onHpaHcb Ha
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CKHH nYTq (no HMeHH nOMell{HKa Kanna, KOToporo 3aro-
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nYTtJHCTOB ObIJIO YHH1JTO>KeHHe aaBoeBaHHH HOHOpbCKOH
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KpbITOii BoeHHOH .lI.HKTaTypbI noJ!. JIarOM aHTRKOMMYHII3-
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BepJIHHY. npe3HJ!.eHT H q.neHbI npaBHTeJIbCTBa f5e>KaJIH B
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42
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tIHCJleHHOCTblO He HMeJIO peaJIbHbIX nOJlHTHtIeCKRX nepcneK-
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47

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3YHr: «I1MeTb BJIH5IHHe MO}KeT JlHlllb TOT, B qbHX }KHJlaX
TeqeT qHCTO repMaHCKas Kpo.Bb». B JleKa6pe 1920 r. fHT-
Jtep KynHJI ra3eTY «VOlkischer Beo.bachter», 6bIBlllYIO npe}K"
Jle (no.}J. Ha3BaHHeM «Miinchener Beobachter») o.praHo.,M.
«fepMaHcKoro op,[(eHa» H «06:w.ecTBa TYJIe» H BJIa1.IHBllIYIO
lKaJIKOe CYIII.eCTBOBaHHe 24. llpHMeqaTeJIbHO, 1.ITO ,[(eHbrH Ha
9TY nOKynKY, 120 TbIC. 6YMaJKHbIX MapOK, fHTJlep no.JlYlIHJI
OT reHepaJIa 4>o.H 3nna H3 ceKpeTHblx cpo.H,[(o.B peHxcBepa.
TIepBOHaqaJlbHO ra3eTa BbIXO,[(HJla JI.Ba pa3a B HeJ(eJllO. rHT-
JIepOBCKHH opraH KpOMe perYJlSpHbIX Cy6CHAHH OT peAxc-
Bepa nOJIb30BaJICH meJlpOH <pHHaHCOBOH nOAAepJKKOH pH,na
KPYIIHblX cpa6pHKaHToB.
B }J.HH KannOBCKoro nYTqa B MapTe 1920 r. rHTJlep 1'1
8KKa pT no nopyqeHHIO MIOHxeHCKHX BoeHHbIX KpyroB QT-
npaBHJIHCb B BepJlHH B KaqeCTBe «Ha6J1IOJl.aTeJIeH. Bcnulll-
Ka aKTHBHOCTH peaKII.HOHHbIX CHn BHYIlIHJIa 11M onpeA.eJIclj:-
Hble Ha,n;e}KJI,bI.. DOMernaJI cnyai1: Ca,MOJ;leT a:a J<OTOp.Ol'1
JleTeJIH fHT..lep H .9KKapT, cOBeplllHJI BbIHY>K,lJ.eHHYIO no
CaJI,KY B IOTe6opre, r}J.e 6b1J1 3a.n.epJKaH peBOJIIOlJ;nOHHbIM.H
pa60QHMH. HaUHcTcKHe rnaBapH npn6b1JIH B EepJlHH, KOT,[(a
nYTQ Y}Ke 6bIJI nOJ],aBJIeH. He6e3bIHTepecHo oTMeTHTb, t..ITO
cpe}J.H 6YMar Kanna, C Ko.TopbIM 6aBapcKHe Hau.HOHaJIHCTDI
nO,lI,}J.ep}l{HBaJlH oTHollleHHH, ObIJla, HaH,[(eHa nporpaMM H-
UHCTOB - npeCJlOBYTbIe 25 nYHK.To» 5.
B 1920-'921 rr rHTJlepOBbI YKpeIInHT CB",OH; I)JRr.(I-
HbIll aIJ,IJapJ': Pac:ryTo Pa.c.x,oA n,ap.ra H .! I.IPH T.O.,¥ Hr.P'qM...:
K JIQXQJJ.OB TllI.aTeJIbHeiilliHM o6pa.3,QM CKRblB.a)QT.C.H
B COCTaBe napTHHHoro PYKOBOJ1.CTBa 6b1J1H- npOH3Be.n;e:
HhI HeKoTopble nepecTaHoBKH. 21 HHBapSl 1921 f. nepBbIM
nI?eJ],ceJl.8TeJIeM HC,lJ,All 6bIJI H36paH .D.peKCJIep, BTOpbIM-
KepHep, rnecpoM npOrraraHJl.bI CTaJI fHTJIep. TIoCJIe.n.HHH II{)-
Tpe60BaJI ypenHTb opraHH3aII.HOHHYIO CTOPOHY AeHTeJlbHO-
54
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CTH napTHH, KOTOpafl nOKa npeCTaBnHna cooon He oone
-qeM «-qaHHbIH KJIy6». B MIOHxeHCKOM nHBHOM sane «lllTep-
HeKepopOM» ObIno CHRTO nOCTORHHoe nOMeIU,eHHe ,D,JIR rJIaB-
Hoit pe3H.lI.eHIJ.HH HaIJ;HCTOB. HeKHH IlIlOccJIep ObIJI Ha-
3Ha-qeH ynpaBnsnom:HM J{enaMH, nOHBHJIHCh neqaTb, ceMcp,
MHMoorpa<l>, nHmyru.aH Ma:mHHKa. .l1.eHbfH Ha Bce 3TH Me
ponpHHTHH rHTJIep nOJIY1:IHJI qepe3 PeMa B OTeJIe «npo-
CBeru.eHHH H nponaraHbI» IllTa6a MIOHxeHCKoro BoeHHoro
oKpyra pettxcBepa 26.
fHTnep nOTpe6oBaJI nOJIHOM He3aBHCHMOCTH PYKOBOH-
mero KOMHTeTa OT pSl.ll.OBbIX tIneHOB napTHH.
Pa3HOrJIaCHH no Bonpocy 0 MeTO.lI.8X .n.e5ITeJIbHOCTH
HCJ!An OOOCTpHJIHCb. rHTJIep, nO.DJI.epJKHBaeMbIH KOM8H-
lJ;OB8HHeM peHXCBepa, TpeOOBaJI meprHtIHOrO «BbIXOJI,a B
MaCCbI» - opraHII3au,HH MHOrOJIIO.lI.HhIX co6paHHH, npHMe-
HeHHH HOBbIX MeTO,D,OD arHTaUHH H nponaraHAbI. OH ObIJI
..
TaKJKe CTOpOHHHKOM YCT8HOBJIeHHH TB ep.n.o 11 , nOJIYKa3ap-
MeHHOH .ll.HCUHnJIHHbI B napTHH, «70 HJIH 70 TbIC. QJIeHOB?»-
3TOT Bonpoc YCHJIeHHO J{eoaTHpOBaJICSI cpe.nH PYKOBo.ll.cTBa
HC)I.AD. Xappep, KOTOpbIM OTCTaHBaJI MeTO.n. .ll.HCKYCCHH B
Cp8BHHTeJIhHO HeOOJIblllOM Kpyry e.ll.HHOMhIIIIJIeHHHKOB H He
pa311.eJISlJI JIHHHH H8 «MaCCOBOCTh», BbIHYJKJ{eH ObIn no Tpe-
OOBaHHIO rHTJIepa OTOHTH OT PYKOBOJI.CTBa 27. <I>aKTH1:IeCKH
..
PYKOBOJ{CTBO opraHH3aUHeH cocpe.n.OTOtIHJIOCb B pYKax
rHTJIepa.
Hau.HCTbI ObICTpO HallIJIH oomHH Sl3bIK C peiiXCBepOM H
MOHOnOJIHSlMH. TOQKOH conpHKOCHOBeHHfI nOCJIY2KHJlH t B
tJaCTHOCTH. 3no6oAHeBHbIe BonpOCbI BHemHeii nOJIHTHKH.
repMaHCKHH HMnepHaJIH3M B TO BpeMH BCSlQeCKH CTpeMHJICH
..
YKnOHHTbCH OT ynJIaTN penapaUHH no MHPHOMY J{orOBOpy.
npH 3TOM B nOpflJJ;Ke B03MemeHHH .n.eJIaJIHCb nOnbITKH
npeJ{JJOLKHTb CTpaHaM AHTaHTbI YCJIyrH no opraHH3anHH
BoopY2KeHHOH HHTepBeHll.HH npOTHB COBeTCKOH POCCHH. Eha
MbICJIb no nopy-qeHHlO reHepaJIa JJIOJ{eH.D:OP<l>a ObIJla BbI-
v
CKa3aHa B .lI.OKJIa.lI.HOH 3anHCKe KpynHoro npOMbIIllJIeHHHKa
ApHOJIbJI.a Pexoepra, HanpaBJIeHHOA PYKOBOJ{BTeJISlM CUUA,
AHr JIBH H <1>paHUHH.
AHa.horqHYI<? n03HHlO 3aHHM3JIH H HaUHCTbI. I HHBapH
1921 r. B «V5lkischer Beobachter» nOflBHJIaCb CTaTbH Po-
3eHoepra c npH3HBOM opr3HH30BaTb nOXOJI. npoTHB COBeT-
cKoil POCCUM H pa3npOMHTb KpaCHYIO ApMIHIO. «...aTO H 6y-
AeT, - IIHCaJi OH, - COOCTBeHHO, HatJaJIOM Harnero B03-
pO>K.n.eHHH» 28.
PYKOBOAHTeJIM peiixcBepa, a TaK>Ke HeKOTopbTe KpynHbIe
55
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npOMblIllJIeHHHKH HatJ:aJIH OKa3bIBaTb no,a,Aep:mKY HanHOHaJI-
COl.lHaJIHCTCKOMY ABH>KeHHIO eIll.e B TO BpeMH, KOr,n,a OHO
He npe.n.CTaBJIHJIO C060H CKOJlbKO-HHOYAb 3HaQHTeJIbHOH no-
JIHTHQeCKOH CHJIbL YJKe nepBbIe aKl.I,HH HOHOH napTHH npH-
BJIeKJlH HX BHRMaHHe. CYll1.eCTBOBaBIIIHe AO Tex nop MHJlH-
TapHCTCKHe H Hal.l,HOHaJIHCTHtJ:eCKHe COlO3bI CTpaAaJIH Kac-
TOBOH OOOC06JIeHHOCTblO, HpKO BblpaJKeHHaSl KJIaCCOBaSl
HanpaBJIeHHOCTb orpaHHtJ:HBaJla qHCJIO HX npHBep:meHlteB.
I1porpaMMa JKe Hau,HCTCKOH napTHH H ee cou,HaJIbHblH Ka-
MY<PJISlJK, paCClJHTaHHble HMeHHO Ha C03AaHHe lIIHpOKOH
MaCCOBOll 6a3bI, n03BOJISlJIH HaAeHTbCH, 'ITO ell y.naCTCH co
BpeMeHeM pacnpOCTpaHHTb CBoe BJIHHHHe Ha Tpy.u.OBbIe CJIOH
n8CeJIeHHH.
B eBpaJIe 1921 f., BCKope nocne nepefOBopOB 0 pena-
pal.l,HSlX, KOTopbIe BeJIO repMaHCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO c npe,a,-
CTaBHTeJlHMH BeJlHK06pHTaHHH H <bpaHu,HH, HaQHCTbI CO-
u
3BaJIH MaCCOBbIH MHTHHr B orpOMHOM 3aJle MIOHxeHCKOrO
lJ,npKa «KpOHe». B .n;eHb MHTHHra no YJIHltaM pa3'be3JKaJIH
rpX30BHKH C <palIIHCTCKHMH 4>JIaraMH, nOBCIO,D,Y 6blJIH pac-
KJleeHbI SlpKHe nJIaKaTbI, npH3blBaBlllHe noceTHTb MHTHHr.
nepeA 6,5 TbIC. co6paBIIIHxcH BbIcrynHJIH 3KKapT H rHTJIep.
PetJ:b IIOCJ1e,nHero, npoBoKau,HoHHo Ha3BaHHaH «By,nyrnHocTb
IIJUI rH6eJIb», CBo,nHJlaCb K OHOMY Tpe60BaHHIO: «BOHHY
HaAO nepeRrpaTb» 29.
STOT MHTHHf HBHJICH B>KHbIM TaKTHqeCKHM MeponpHSI-
THeM alllHCTOKOH napTHH. BbIpa2Ka.H IJ,eJlH MOHOIIOJIHCTH'Ie-
CKHX H MHJIHTapllCTCKliX .KpyroB, H8ltHCTbI BMeCTe C TeM
HCnOJIb30BaJIH TaKHe R03YHfH, KOTopbIe nOJIyqaRli OTKHK
B MHOrOl:lHCJleHHbIX MeRKo6YP}KY83HbIX CJIOHX. CTep>KHeM
3TRX R03YHrOB 6blJIO Tpe60BaHHe OTMeHbI BepC8JIbCKOrO
..
JlOrOBopa H Bcex ApyrHx «Hecnp8Be.nJIHBOCTel1», HBJIHBIIIHX-
CH pe3YJIbT8TOM nOp8JKeHHSI repMaHHH B rrepBOH MHpOBOE
BOll He. DpH 3TOM HaCTOfIqHBO npOBO.D.HJl8Cb MbICJIb 0 Heo6-
... ..
XO.D.HMOCTH rro.n.fOTOBKH K HOBOI1 BOHHe KaK e.nHHCTBeHHOMY
cpe,nCTBY B3HTb peBaHIIl 38 nOpa>KeHHe. J1 XOTSI B HatIaJIe
20-x ro,nOB nOJI.06HbJe H.u.eH Ka3aJIHCb HepeaJlbHbIMH, BORH-
.. u
CTBYIOll1.He KpyrH MOHOnOJlHH II reHepaJlHTeT peHxcBepa
u ..
HMeHHO B 3TO BpeMH HaqaJIH npOHBJHlTb :>KHBeHIIlHH UH-
Tepec K KpHKYHaM H3 MIOHxeHCKHX nHBHbIX.
MHTHHr B JJ;HpKe «l(poHe» o6ecnetJ:HJI HCL(An HeMa-
JIbIe npeHMYlll.eCTBa nepe.n. ApyrllMH peaKJJ;HOHHbIMH 6yp-
}Kya3HbIMH napTHHMH BeHMapcKoH pecny6JIHKH. Pa3BepHY-
TaR HalJ,HCTaMH K3MnaHHjI npOTeCTa npOTHB penapau.HOH-
HbIX nJIaTe}Ken JI.aJIa HM B03MOLKf!OCTb 3aHBHTb 0 ce6e KaK
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npOTHBHHKaMH cpaIlIHCTOB, y KOTOpbIX OHH CTpeMHJIHCb OT-
BOeBaTb BJIHHHHe Ha lliHpOKHe MaCCbI TPYJI,HllJ,HXCSI, OCTaBa-
JIHCb COllHaJI-JI,eMOKpaThl H KOMMYHHCThI.
B 1921 r. rHTJIepOBllbI HatIaJIH npaKTHKoBaTb KaK CHC-
TeMY 6eCQ11HCTBa no OTHorneHlUO K CBOHM nOJII1THtIeCKHM
npOTliBHHKaM, B nepBYIO OqepeJ]..b KOMMYHHcTaM H COllHan-
eMoKpaTaM, - H36HeHHSI, norpoMbI, xynHraHcKHe BbIXO}J.KH
Ha MHTHHrax H co6paHHSlx. CaM rHTJIep aKTHBHO yqaCTBO-
Ban B 3THX aKUHSlX. EaBapCKaSl IOCTHUHSI 6bIJIa CHHCXOH-
TeJIbHa K 'HaUH-CTaM. HanpHMep, 3a XYJIHranCTBO Ha CO-
6paHHH 6YP>Kya3Horo cpeJ]..epaJII1CTCKOro «COI03a 6aBap-
ueB» H H36HeHHe ero JIHJ]..epa BaJlJIepuITe.lI.Ta rHTJIep 6bIJI
npHrOBopeH Bcero K TpeM MeCSIII,aM TlOpeMHOro 3aKJIIOQe-
HHH, H3 HHX K ,D..BYM YCJIOBHO 30. Ho J]..aJKe H MeCHua B TlOpb-
Me rHTJIep He OT6bIJI. EaHJ]..HTCKHe HaJIeTbI Ha pa60tIHe co-
6paHHH Boo6ru.e CXOJ]..HJlH HaI.{MCTaM C PYK.
BnHHHHe HaUHOHaJI-COI.I.HaJIHCTOB pOCJIO. ECJIH Ha 1 SlH-
BapSl 1920 r. HX napTHH HaC1JHTBlBaJIa Bcero 64 tIenOBeKa,
TO Qepe3 roJ].. B ee COCTaBe 6bIJIO Y>Ke 3 TbIC. qeJIOBeK 31.
HC,lJ,AIl npo}J,oJlJKaJIa ocym;ecTBJlSlTb TaKTHKY «BbIxo.n.a B
MaCChI». 3a roJ].. - C 24 <);>eBpaJIH 19U r. no 21 q,eBpaJlSl
1921 r. - TOJIbKO B MIOHxeHe HallHCTbi npOBeJIH 4l> ny6-
JIMqHbIX co6paHHH, B TOM tIMCJIe 10 MaCCOBbIX, C 06llJ,HM
qHCJIOM yqaCTHHKoB 62371. OHM nOCblJIaJIH CBOHX npeACTa-
BHTeJIeH H Ha co6paHHH .n.pyrHx nOnHTHqeCKHX napTHH. lia
HeKOTopbIX H3 HHX HallHCTbI BblcTyna.rm. BOT OCHOBHhIe Te-
MbI peqeii HaUHcTcKHX opaTopoB: «Me>KJI.YHapo.n.HbIH 6Hp-
lKeBoH KanH-Tan H ManeHbKHH paHThe», «BpecT-JIHTOBCK
H BepCaJIb», «EBpeH KaK pa60QHH PYKOBO.lI.HTeJIb», «Cna,
MocKBa H MhI», «nOtIeMY MbI fIBJIHeMCSI aHTHceMHTaMH»,
«Kpax npOl.{eHTHOro pa6cTBa», «nOpa>KeHHe H B03pO>KAe-
HHe repMaHHH», «I1paBo H BJIaCTb», «repMaHcKoe npaBO»,
«BepCaJIb. YHHQTOJKeHMe repMaHHH», «I10JIHTHKa napTHH
H eBpeHcKHH Bonpoc», «EBpenCKoe H repMaHCKoe HapO)I.HOe
npOCBellJ,eHHe?» H T. fi. 32 .
3HaQHTeJIbHO paCIllHpHJJHCb MacllITa6bI amHCTCKoii
nponaraH.n.bI. C60pHllla HalI.HCTOB H3 fiHBHbIX nepeHocHTcH
B 3aJIhI TeaTpOB H )1.aJKe Ha nJIOIl1,a.z:r.H HeMelI.KHX ropOJ(OB.
B pSI.n.e ropo.z:r.oB (Ko6ypre, raHHoBepe, MIOHxeHe) opraHH-
3YlOTCSI TaK Ha3bIBaeMbJe repMaHCKHe AHH - MaCCOBbIe
peBaHIIIHCTCKHe C60pHIIJ.a C BbIcTynJIeHHRMH aIlIHCTCKHX
..
PYKOB0.lI.HTeneH.
OCHOBaTeJIH HaI.{HCTCKOH napTHH - ,[{peKCJlep, KepHep
57
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II ..n.pyrlIe -- IIrpaJ111 B HeM Bce MeHbWYIO POJIb. BJIaCTb no-
CTeneHHO KOHII.eHTpHpOBaJIaCb B PYKax fHTJIepa.
JIeToM 1921 r. HC)J.AII llepe)l{HJIa CBOH nepBblH cepb-
e3HblH KpH3HC. B PYKOBOJI.CTBe napTHH BHOBb BcnbIxHYJIH
cnopbl 0 TaKTHKe. B TO BpeMH KaK ,[(peKCJIep AonYCKaJI
B03MO:>KHOCTb npHXO)I.a HaII.HCTOB K BJIaCTH nYTeM «MHpHO-
1'0 pa3BHTHH» C HcnOJIb30BaHHeM 6yp*ya3HoH JleMOKpaTHH,
T. e. 60pb6bI 3a napJIaMeHTCKHe MeCTa, fHTJIep Hero OK-
PY:>KeHHe C OJI.06peHHH BoeHHbIx KpyroB BbIcTynaJIH 3a pe3-
KO aHTHAeMOKpaTHqeCKHH KYpC, npOTHB 6yp:>Kya3Ho-):\eMO-
KpaTHqeCKHX CB06o.u. II HHCTRTYTOB, cymecTBoBaBIIIHX B
repMaHHH. BJIH:>KaHIllHMH 3aJI.atJaMH Hau.HCTCKOH napTHH
OHM CtJHTaJIH 3aBoeBaHHe HOBbIX CTOpOHHMKOB, paCIIIHpe-
HHe qHCJIeHHOCTH CBOHX pH}J.OB, a TaKlKe cpOpCHpOBaHHYIO
nOJI.rOTOBKY K BoopY:>KeHHOMY 3aXBaTY BJIaCTH.
fpynna ,lJ;peKCJIepa He nOJlb30BaJIaCb nO.AAep:>KKOH
BJlHHTeJIbHbIX nOJIHTH1IeCKHX CHJI B BaBapHH. KpOMe Toro,
OHa CHJlbHO HaCTOpO:>KHna PYKOBO}J.CTBO peHXCBepa TeM,
qTO Ha O.n;HOM H3 co6paHHH, npOXOJI.HBilieM B OTCYTCTBHe
fHTJIepa npHrJlallIeHHbIH B KatJeCTBe B03MO:>KHOrO COI03-
lIHKa HeKHH ,lJ;HKeJIb - npe}J.CTaBHTeJIb TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH
 v
«repMaHCKOH COUHaJIHCTHqeCKOH napTHH» -- n03BOJIHJI ce-
6e cpaBHHTb onaCHOCTb «eBpeiicTBa» C onaCHOCTblO, HCXO-
,lUllll.eH OT KpyrrHbIx rrOMeHKOB 33. fHTJIep HCnOJIb30BaJI 3TO
.AJIH YKpenJIeHHH CBoeH BJIaCTH B HC)J.AII. 11 HIOJIH OH 3aH-
BRJI, tJTO BbIXO)I.HT H3 na pTHH. B .n:.eJIO BMellIaJIHCb nOKpo-
BHTeJIH HCL{AII H3 lIITa6a MIOHxeHcKoro oKpyra peiixcBe-
pa. fHTJIep BbIJI.BHHYJI IlleCTb ycnoBHH CBoero B03BpaIIJ;eHHH
B napTHIO, CpeJI.H HHX Ha3HaqeHHe ero rrpeJI.ceJI.aTeJIeM
HC,lJ;An M Ha)I.eJIeHHe JI.HKTaTopCKHMH nonHOMOtJHHMH, OT-
MeHa npHHII.Hna npHHHTHH napTHHHbIX perneHHH 60brnHH-
CTBOM rOJIOCOB. IIoJI. Ha:>KHMOM peHXCBepa YJIbTHMaTYM 6bIJI
rrpHHHT. TaKTHqeCKaH JIHHHH rHTJIepa o6ew.aJIa ycrrex B
Aene 3aBoeBaHHH BJIHHHHH Ha Maccw H nOTOMY rrOJIyqHJIa
. no.zu:r..ep)I(KY B Kpyrax reHepaJIHTeTa. 14 HIOJIH fHTJIep «;,Bep-
RyncH» B napTHfO, a 29 HIOJIH Ha qpe3BWqaHHOM co6paHHH
ee aKTHBHCTOB 553 rOJIOCaMH npn O):\HOM 93JI.ep}l{aBWeMC
6JIO oAo6peHo rrpe}J.OCTaBJIeHHe eMY qpe3BqaHHX HK-
TaTopCRHX nonHOMotJHH. rpynrr LlpeKJlepa KarrHTYJIHpO-
BaJIa. DepBblM npeceJI.aTeJIeM rrapTHH 6bIJI H36paH f'HT-
JIep 3\ BTOpbIM -- KepHep. B TOT :>Ke JI.eHb H3 MaCCOBOM
co6paHHH B HpKe «KpOHe» Sccep Ha3BaJI fHTJIepa «Ham
cplOpep».
rHTJIep 6bICTpO nOKOH 1 lHJl C H3'HBHbIMH 3a6JIY}KAeHIHHMH
, r
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58
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HeKOTopbIX tIJIeHOB HCLlAn t CIJHTaBlIlHX, IJTO ee nOJIHTHKa
.l1.0n:>KHa onpeJI.enHTbCH QHCneHHbIM OOJIbIllHHCTBOM B py-
..
KOBOJI,CTBe t H CTan HaCTOMIJHBO npOBOJI.HTb B >KH3Hb npHH-
IJ,Hn «<}nopepCTBa» - e.n.HHOJIHIJHOH II HeOrpaHHIJeHHOii
BnaCTH «BO:>K.lUJ». B .n.eKaope 1921 r. OH ObIJI Ha3BaH «4>10-
pepoM» , ( «BO:>K)J,eM») Y:>Ke B o4JHUHaJIbHOM opraHe
HC,L{ATI --',ra3eTe ,«VOIkischer Beobachter».
rToc.rre YTBepLK,ll,eHHH CBOHX .lI.HKTaTOpcKHX nOJIHOMOqHH
rHTnep npoH3Be.rr HeKoTopbIe opraHH3au,HoHHble H3MeHeHHH
B PYKOBO,D.cTBe napTHII. YnpaBJIHJOll\HM ,neJIaMH HC,QAn
OH Ha3HaIJHJI AMaRa - cpeJIb)J,q>e6eJIH t KOTOpbIH cnymHJI
C HRM B O,nHOH pOTe B rO,ll,bI BOMHbI, Ille4>OM npOnaraH,llbI -
3ccepa, rJIaBHhIM Ka3HaIJeeM - IllBapu,a.
Ell\e D Ha1:J:ane 1920 r. 6bIJIH C03.n;aHbI nepBbIe OTpH,llbI
BoopY>KeHHhIX 4>aIlIHcTcKHX ronoBope30B - «opJI.HepOB})t
PYKOBO,nCTBO KOTOpbIMH ocymeCTBJIHJI 3MHJIb MOpHC. TIep-
BOHaIJaJIbHO 4>YHKUHH «op,llHepoB» 3aKJIJOIJaJIHCb B oxpaHe
HaUIICTCKHX COOpHlU. OT «Bp3m,lle6HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB» H no,ll-
.n.ep:>KaHHU nOpH,llKa Ha MaCCOBbIX MHTHHrax (TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMaH «cnymoa nOpH,lI,Ka»). Ho Ot.JeHb CKOpO OHH CTaJIH
0pYJJ,JleM KOHTppeBonlOHoHHoro Teppopa. «OpJI.HepbI» HC-
nOJIb30BaJIHCb J(JIH 6aHJI.HTCKHX Han3,lJ,eHHH H3 nporpeccHB-
HbIe opraHH3aIJ,HH, YCTpoHcTBa 6eCnOpH.lI.KOB Ha MHTHHraX t
npoBoJ],HMbIX ,l(PyrHMII napTHHMH, ,llJIH H30HeHHH peBOJHO-
D:HOHHbIX paoot.JHx. Y>Ke B Te BpeMeHa fHTJIepOBl{bI IllHpOKO
npHMeHHJIH MeTOJ],bI npOBOKaIJ,HH. TaK, ,l(JIH «onpaB,llaHHH»
OHOfO H3 Han8.n.eHHH ua pa60QHX OHM HCnOJIb30BaJIH BM-
MbIcen, 6Y,llTO ObI «MapKCHCTb! XOTenH B30pBaTb 3aJI, rJ(e
npOBOAHJICH cpallIHCTCKHH MHTHHr» 35. B HOHope 1921 r.,
nocne nepBoro KpynHoro rr060Hll!a, KOTopoe YIJHHHJIH Ha-
U,HCTCKHe 6aH,lJ,HTbI B MJOHxeHe B OTHomeHHH peBOJIIOu,HOH-
HbIX pa60IJHX, «cJIY>K6a rropHKa» nOJIYIJHJIa Ha3B3HlIe
«IllTYPMOBbIX OTpH.fi.OB» (Sturmabteilungen) - CA. Depe,l(
... .. v
3T011 BoeHH3HpOBaHHOH opraHH3aHeH CTaBUJIUCb T8K>Ke
3a,lJ,attu OTKpbITO peBaHIllHCTCKoro xapaKTepa. rHTJIep pac-
CMaTpHBaJI llITypMOBHKOB KaK RAPO 6Y,llYlU.eii apMHH pe-
BaRIlla. B 1927 r.t BpyqaH 3HaMR lliTypMoBHKaM PeifHcKoH
06JI8CTH, OR 3aHBUJI, HanpHMep: «Bb! npHHHMaeTe 3TO 3H3-
MR KaK 3H3K Hepa3pbIBHOCTH Halliero .l1.BH>KeHHH, nOKa He
6y.nYT pa30pBaBbt BepcanbCKHH H CeH-)I(epMeHcKHH no'"
sopHble ,norOBopbI» 36. OpY>KHe 11 HHCTPYKTOPOB, o6YQaBlliHX
IIITypMOBHKOB HaBbIKaM YJIHIJHbIX CXBaTOK, 06eCnellHJIO
KOMaaAOBaHHe peHXCgpa qepe3 KanUTaHa 3pxapTa H
PeMa
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IllTypMOBHKH no6HpanHCb no npHHHny KpenKllX KY-
JIaKOB H MOIIlHbIX r JIOTOK. CJIY}K6a B CA npHBJIeKaJIa ,l{e-
KJIaCCHpOBaHHble 3JIeMeHTbI 06m:eCTBa, YBOJIeHHbIX H3 peHX-
CBepa B xoe BbInOJIHeHHH BepCaJIbCKOrO ,l{OrOBopa COJIJJ;aT
II oqmepoB, pa30pHBIIIHXCH JIaBOtIHHKOB, KpeCTbHHCKlIX
napHell, OTQaHBllIHXCH HaHTH pa60TY B ropo.u.e. BCTYIUIB B
..
llirypMOBOH OTPH.lI., OHM nOJIYtIaJIH, XOTH H CKYHoe nepBO-
HaqaJIbHO, o oeorreqeH-He, JKHJIbe B Ka3apMeHHblX nOMeIIleHH-
HX, YHII<l>OPMY H npH06peTaJlH HeKIIH «COII;HaJIbHbIH npe-
CTH}J{». «CJIY:>K6a» 6bIJIa Heo6peMeHHTeJIbHoii: XO>K,l{eHHe
CTpoeM, 06YQeHHe CTpeJlbOe H npHeMaM KYJIatIHOrO 6051.
3aTeM npHo6peTeHHbIe «n03HaHHH» peaJIH30BbIBaJlUCb B
.,
aKHHX npoTHB .u.eMoKpaTHecKHx opraHH3aUHH II HX aKTH-
BHCTOB. rHTJIep BhlcoKonapHo Ha3bIBaJI CA «nO,l{rOTOBH-
TeJIbHOH IllI{OJIOH JJ;nH npe.u.cToHIIleii 60pb6bI 3a cB060.o;y».
«B CA, - rOBOpHJI OH, - .lI.OJI:>KHbI nOCTynaTb JIHllIb Te,
KTO nOCJIYI1leH cBoeMY cplOpepy H rOTOB nOHTH 3a Hero Ha
CMepTb». HatIanbHRKOM CA 6bIJI Ha3HaqeH <pJlOTCKHH JleH-
TeHa'HT I(JlUHq.
TIepBoM «npo60H CRJI» I1lTypMOBbIX OTpHOB 6bIJIa
CXDaTKa C COHaJI-.lI.eMOKpaTHqeCKRMH pa60QHMH B «ro<p-
6poHxaY3e» 4 HOH6pH 1921 r. TIOJIycoTHe HaII;HCTCKHX rOJIO-
Bope30B y..u:anocb copBaTb co6paHue, Ha KOTOpOM npHCYT-
CTBOBaJlO 60Jlee 800 cOII;Han-.lI.eMOKpaToB. HeCKOJIbKO ,l{e-
CHTKOB pa60tInx 6bIJIU u36HTbI ,n;o nOJIycMepTH. 3aJI.aqy <p a -
I1lHCTOB OOJIerQI1JIa naCCHBHaH rr03HUHH opraHH33TopOB
3Toro co6paHHH, He peIlIHl!IlIHXCH JI.3Tb OTnop 03H,n;HTaM.
rHTJIep C nOXBanOH OT03BaJlCH 0 .n.eHCTBIIHX llITypMOBHKOB
II npH3BaJI Brrpellb He OCTaHaBJIHB3TbCH HH nepeJI. qeM,
BnJIOTb J1,0 y6HikTBa. '[[TOOhI CJIOMIITb «MapKCHCTCKoe yrrop-
CTBO». BeCqHHCTBa MOJIOJI.tIUKOB H3 CA npOXO.ll.HJIH oe3Ha-
Ka3aHHO: nOJIueii-npe3HJ1.eHT BaBapHH TIeHHep H BlIJI.HeH-
llIHM npaBHTeJIbCrneHHbIH tfHHOBHHK cI>pHK COtfYBCTBOBaJIH
H3UHCTaM H OKa3bIBaJIU lIM nOKpOBHTeJIbCTBO S7.
P33BHTHlO Hau:.HOHaJl-COUH3JIHCTCKOro .It.BH1KeHHH B rep-
MaHliH crrOCOOCTBOBaJIO H3cTynJIeHHe 4>a1lIH3Ma B HeKOTO-
pbIX JI.pyrHx eBporreHCKHX cTpaHax. IV KOHrpecc KOMuHTep-
Ha, npoxoHBIlmH B 1922 r., OTMeqaJl, tITO npHXO.ll. <paIll1I3Ma
K BJIaCTH B I1TaJIHH cnoc06CTBOBaJI aKTHBH3aIl.HH 4>allIHcT-
CKUX opra-HII3aIlHH B fepMaHHH, TIOJIbIIIe U .lI.pyrHx cTpa-
Hax. Eopb6a C 4>awlicTcKOH onaCHOCTblO npH06peT3JIa .nJUI
pa60tIero KJIaCCa Bce 60JIblIIee 3HaQeHIIe. B Te3HC3X KOH-
rpecca no,n;tIepKHBaJIOCb, qTO )(JISI 6YP1Kya3HH OKa3bIBaeTCH
Y:>Ke HeOCnlTQtIH{) iCsaKOHHbIX» MeTV,I\OB iIo,n;aBJIeHHH pe.
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BOJIIOIUIOHHOH 60pb6hI TPY,LI,flll1.HXCH, n03TOMY OHa nepexo-
,LI,HT «K C03)1;aHHIO OC060H 6eJIOH rBap,LI,HH, KOTopaH cneu,H-
aJIbHO HanpaBJIeHa npoTHB Bcex peBOJIIOu,HOHHbIX CTpeMJIe-
HnH npOJIeTapnaTa H Bce 60JIee H 60JIee CJIY}KHT ,LI,JlH
HaCHJIbCTBeHHoro no.n:.aBJIeHHH BCHKOH IIOnbITKII pa6oIJero
KJIaCCa YJIYIIIIlHTb CBoe nOJIO)KeHHe» 38.
YCTaHOBJ1eHHe $aIlIHCTCKOH ,LI,HKTaTypbI B MTaJIHH B)I;OX-
HOBJIHlOme nO.lLeikTBOBaJIO Ha repMaHCKHX $amHCTOB.
fHTJIep caM npH3HaBaJI BnOCJIe)1.CTBHH. tITO ,LI,BH>KeHHe KO-
pHIIHeBopy6amelIHHKOB He CMor JIO 6bl B03HHKHYTb 6e3 .lI.BH-
R<eHHH IIepHoPyoameIJHHKoB. «To, lITO HX ,LI,eJIO y.n;aJIOCb,-
rOBopHJI OH, - CHJIbHO nO)1.TOJIKHYJIO Hac. 51 He YBepeH,
YAep>K3JIHCh JIM 6hI MbI, eCJIH ObI MapKCHCTbI IIo6eAHJIM
Tor,LI,a MYCCOJIHHH» 89.
B 1922-1923 rr. YCHJlHJIaCb H)1.eOJIOrHQeCKaH 06pa6oT'-
Ka HaCeJIeHHH repMaHHU B )1.yx KpaflHero HanHOHaJlH3Ma
If peBaHIllH3Ma. «TeopeTHlIecKoH OCHOBoi!» npOnaraH)I;H-
CTCKOH ..n.eHT€JIb'HOCTrH Hau.HCTOB CTaJIH KrHHra r. <I>e.nepa
«repMaHcKoe focno.nCTBO Ha HaunOHaJIbHOH H COUHaJlbHOH
OCROBe. HOBbIH nYTb B rOCY,LI,apCTBe, $HHaHcax H 3KOHOMH-
Ke», Bbl1IIIe}1;IlIaH B CBeT B ] 923 f., H 6pOIlIpKa 8KKapTa
rroJJ. Ha3BaHlleM «BOJIbllleBH3M OT MOHceR ,1I.0 JIeHHHa. MOM
6eCe)l;bI C AAOJIbq,OM rHTJIepOM» 40. KaK O)1.Ba. TaK H .lI,PyraH
npe.nCTaBJIHJIH C060H CBO.l{ aHTHKoMMYHHCTHQeCKHX BbIMbIC-
JIOB, rpH3HoH KJIeBeTbl II OrOJITeJIOrO aHTHceMHTH3Ma. Ma-
JIOrpaMOTHa5I 60JITOBH5I 0 «npou.eHTHoM pa6CTBe», «3aro-
Bope MMpOBoro OOJlbllleBH3M8» H «eBpelicTBa» 3aBepm8J1aCb
He)J;BYCMbICJIeHHO 3BYQallJ,HMM npH3bIBaMH K «e.nMHeHHIO H8-
..
lLHH», «HaI1.HOHaJIbHOH JUICUHIIJIHHe», «03.lI.OpOBJIeHHIO rep-
MaHCKoro .n.yxa» II T. ll. npOMbIlliJIeHHIIKH H nOMern;HKH xa-
paKTepH30BaJIHCb KaK HOCMTeJIH «.nHH8MIIKH Hanlin». fHT-
JIep BbICOKO ou,eHMJI IIHC8HHH 8KKapTa H <I>e.nepa. KHHry
nOCJle,lJ;Hero OH H83BaJi «KaTeXH3HCOM Hau,HOH8JI-con:naJIH-
CTCKoro IBIUKeHMH».
3aMeTHO paCllIMp5llOT rMTJIepOBUbI CBOH nOJIHTHQeCKHe
CB3n. OHM YCTaHaBJIHB810T KOHTaKTbI C Hau.HOHaJlHCTHIJe-
CKHMH CTaponpYCCKHMH KpyraMH B BepJlHHe H pacnpOCTpa-
HeHHbIM B CeBepHOH fepMaHHH peaKu,HOHHbIM j:(BH}KeHHeM
«cpeJIbKHlIIe», JIH.lI,epaMH KOTOpOfO 6bIJIH rpa4> PeBeHTJIOB,
4>OH fp9<t>e, BYJIJIe M feHHMr. Eme B 1921 r. fMTJIep C6JIH-
3HJICH C KYMH'pOM rePM8HCK'HX MHJIMTapncToB reHepaJIOM
3PHXOM JIIO..u,eH.l{0PcpoM. I(HHra JIIOeHJJ.opq,a «BoeHHoe
, ..
PYKOBO.lI.CTBO II nonHTHKa», B KOTOpOM BMHa sa nOpa1KeHHe
repMaHHM B nepBoM MHpOBOM BOHRe B03JIaraJIaCb H8 COl{H-
61
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aJI-AeMOKpaTOB H peBOJIlOIJ;HOHHbIX paOOqHX, a rJIaBHOH
npHtIHHOii nOpa}KeHHH 06'bHBJIHJIOCb OTCYTCTBHe eAHHCTBa
MelKAY nOJIHTHqeCKHM H BoeHHbIM PYKOBO.u.CTBOM, 6bIJIa
B3HTa Ha BoopY}KeHHe nponaraHAHCTCKHM annapaTOM
HC,QAn 41.
B rllTJIepOBCKOH rr3pTliH Bce GOJIee Ba>KHbIe n03HIJ;HH
3aHHMalOT 6bIBllIlie BoeHHbIe. B KOHue 1922 r. cpe.ZI.lI 6JIH-
>Kaiiwero oKpY}KeHHH qnopepa BbIABHHYJICH OTcTaBHoH
KanHT3H aBHaIJ;HH fepMaH fepHHr. TeMHhle .neJIa MOP(}>H-
HHCTa fepHHra 6bIJIH H3BeCTHbI JIHllib HeMHorHM, B TO lKe
BpeMH OH rrOJIb30BaJICH nonYJIHpHOCTblO KaK JIeT1IHK-HCTpe-
6HTeJIb 3H3MeHHTOH B repMaHHH 3CKaApHJIbH PHXTfo(}>eHa.
rHTJIep nopY1.lHJI repHHry -BMeCTO KJIHHqa PYKOBOJJ.CTBO
BoopY>KeHHbIMH 6aH.naMH KOpHttHeBoPy6 allIeQHHKOB- Illryp-
MOBHKOB,
Oco6eHHO 60JIbillOe 3H3'tleHHe AJISI HC,QAn HMeJIH CBH3H
rHTJIepa C MOHOnOJIHHMH, KOTopbIe Ha1JaJIH YCT3HaBJIHBaTb-
CH y*e B nepBbIe ro.u.bI cymecTBoBaHHH (}>aIIIHCTCKOH nap-
THH. HeKOTophle «CTapbIe» HanHCTbI .ll.a}Ke ynpeK8JIH fHT-
JIepa B Qpe3MepHOM C6JIH>KeHHH C KpynHbIMH npOMbIllIJIeH-
HHK3MH, qTO HBHO He COOTBeTCTBOB3JIO npOB03rJI3meHHoMY
napT"HeH «3HTUKaUHT3JI'HCTHQe'CKOMY» KYpCY. 06 3TOM, B 1.:Ia-
CTHOCTH. nHC3JI fHTJIepy «Te()peT-H-K» HaU;HCTOB, OAHH Ji3 aB-
TOpOB n3pTHHHOH «nporpaMMbI», <t>e.nep. O.u.HaKo fHTJIep
HfHopHpOBaJI nOAo6Hble ynpeKH 42.
B nepBble ro.nbl cymecTBoBaHHH (}>aIlIHCTCKOH rrapTHH
OCHOBHYIO (}>HH3HCOBYIO no.u..nep:>KKY Ha[(HCTaM OKa3bIBaJIO
KOMaH.u.OBaHHe pe.fIxcBepa. 1.Jepe3 8pxap.nTa H PeMa B
HC,QAn perYJIHpHO nocTynaJIH 3Ha1JHTeJIbHbIe CYMMbI. Ho
y*e TOr,lI,a p.H,lI, 6aBapCKHX npOMbIllIJIeHHHKOB OTKpbIJIH CBOH
ceH<pbl .u.JI5I HanHCTOB, cnpaBe.nJIHBO BHAH B HHX opYJJ.He
60pb6bI npOTHB peBOJIIOIJ;HOHHOro pa6oQero J(BH>KeHHH.
BJIarOCKJIOHHOCTb KpyrrHbIx KanHTanHCTOB K rHTJIepy
eme 60JIee B03pOCJIa nOCJIe era AOKJIaAa, npOqHTaHHOro B
HalUiOHaJIbHOM KJIy6e BepJIHHa B JI.eKaOpe 1921 r. B npli-
..
CYTCTBHH BeAymHx rrpeJI.CTaBHTeJIeH MOHOnOJIHCTliqeCKOrO
KanHTaJIa 43. B Mae 1922 r. fHTJIep CHOBa BblcTynHJI C .no-
KJIa.n.OM B Hau:.HOHaJIbHOM KJIy6e. H.n.eH opraHH3aIJ;HH .9THX
BblcTynJIeHHH npHHaAJIe*aJIa 6aHKHPY raHcepy, OK33bIBaB-
meMY <pHHaHCOBYlO no.u..n:ep.>KKY Ha[(HCTaM. OH :me CBH3aJI
rHTJIepa C PYKOBOACTBOM KOHIJ;epHa «CHMeHC-BepKe» 4.t.
CJIe.nYIOIIJ,a51 BCTpeqa rHTJIepa C repMaHCKliMH npOMbIlli.
JIeHHHKaMH COCTOHJIaCb B mOHe. KaK BcnOMBRan BnOCJIeJ(-
CTBHH O,lJ,HH H3 ee YllaCTHHKOB, pellb rHTJIepa npOH3BeJia
62
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TaKoe BnetIatJ1eHHe lla npHcytCTBYlOl1J.M:X t tJTO OHM peIllMJUI
BCHQeCKH crrOCOOCTBOBaTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO HaI.lHCTcKOro
JJ;BH:>KeHHH Ha BepJIHH H CeBepHYlO fepMaHHlO. Cy6CHJlHH
e)1.po rrOCbInaJIHCb Ha Hal.{HCTOB.
B TeqeHHe 1922-1923 rr. fHTJIep nOJIY1JHJI 3Ha1JHTeJIb-
He .lI.eHe}I{HbIe CYMMbI OT ,l(l1peKTopa «Colo3a oaBapcKHx
npOMbIlllJIeHHHKoB» AycTa II IOpHCKOHcYJIbTa 3Toro COlO3a
l(YJIo t OT B.lI.OBbI cpa6pHKaHTa pOHJIeii BeXIIITeHHa t KpyrrHoro
MlOHxeHCKoro npOMbIlllJIeHHHKa MacpcpeH t cpaopHKaHToB
fOPHllIY M fpaH)J.eJIH FI3 Ayrc6ypra t OT CPHPMbI «.II.aHMJIep-
BepKe» B lllTYTrapTe II ,l(p. IIJ.eJI.pble cy6CH.lI.HH Ha HY:>K.n;bI
cpaIIIHcTcKOM IIe1JaTH nOJIY1Jan IIIe$.pe.n;aKTop «Volkischer
Beobachter» P03eHoepr OT KpynHoro <):>aopHKaHTa ApHonb-
.lI.a Pex6epra t TeCHO CBH3aHHoro C MarHaTaMH Pypa H re-
HepaJIHTeTOM peHxcBepa. fa3eTa HanHCTOB nOJIY1JaJIa cpH-
HaHcoBYIO rrOJI..D;ep1KKY H OT npe.n;ce,lJ;aTeJIfI KaJIHMHOrO Tpec-
Ta PocTepra t KOropblH BbIc'IjfrraJI B HeM co CBOHMH CTa-
TbHMH 45.
Oco6eHHO OOJIbIIIYIO ponI. 8 cpHHaHCHpOBaHHH Hal{HC-
TOB CblrpaJIH 6epJIHHCKMH MOHOnOJIHCT Bop3Hr t BJIaJI.enel{
CTaJIbHOrO TpecTa <I>pHlt THcceH, KOHnepH CTHHHeca H
yrrOJIHOM01JeHHbIH «l1r <I>ap6eHHH.lI.YCTPH» nHTIII. OceHblO
1923 r. THcceH t B 1JaCTHOCTH t nepeJlaJI B paCnOpH:>K-eHHe Ha-
I.lHCTCKOH napTHH 100 TbIC. 30JIOTbIX MapOK 46.
I(pynHble IIOMeIItHKH TaK>Ke nOMep:>KHBaJIH rHTJIepoBu,eB
meJI.pbIMH Cy6CH)I.HHMH. fepu,or cpOH CaKceH-l(06ypr-foTa t
K. (fJ.pe.z:r.e H .u.-pyrHe 3eMeJIbHbIe MaDHaTbI 4>uHaHcHpOBaJIH
HaI.lHCTCKYIO napTHIO KaK HenOCpeJI;CTBeHHo, T3K H 1Jepe3
«OOmeCTBO TYJIe», KOTopoe Cy6CH)J.HpOB3JIO H3lJ,HCTOB. llo-
CJIe)J.HHe He rHYIIIaJIHCb HHKaKHMH HCTOllHHKaMH B norOHe
3a Cpe.u.CTBaMH. B BepJIHHe Ha TayeHTI.lHeHIllTpacce OHn
llepe3 no.n;CTaBHbIX JIHlJ, cO.lI.ep1KaJIH nYOJIH1JHbIH .lI.OM C
u;eJIblO IIOnOJIHeHHfl na pTHHHOH KaCChI 47.
HC,lI.An nOJIY'lJaJIa )J.eHbrH H H3 HHocTpaHHhIx HCT01JHH.
KOB. AreHT rHTJIepa B lIlBeiiu,apHH raHcep rrOMor HanHCTaM
nOJIY1JnTI. .u.eHe1KHYIO rrOMOlI.{b OT IIlBeHQapCKHX oaHKHpoB,
a H3.n;aTeJ1b faHcpIIlT3HreJIb - OT aMepHKaHcKoro rrpoMhIIII-
JIeHHHKa feHp" (fJ0p,lJ;a. Han;HcTaM IIOMOraJIH TaK1Ke HeKO-:
TOpble <ppaHUY3cKHe KanHTaJIHCTbI t cneKYJIHpOnaBIIIHe Ha
6aBapcKoM cenapaTH3Me, aHrJIHikKHH HecpTflHoH MarHaT
reHpH ,L{eTep.u..HHr. CBe,lJ;eHHH 0 CBfl3flX rHTJIepa C aMepH-
KaHCKHMH H cppaHI.lY3cKHMH MOHOnOJIHHMH npOHHKJIH B Ha-
1JaJIe 1923 1'. B aMepHKaHcKYIO neqaTb. BJIa.u..eJIHI.la nHC1Je-
. 6YMa}f{HOH 4>a6pHKH 13 <PHHJJHHJ1.HH npH6aJITHHCKaH HeMKa
63
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fepTpy,na cpOH 3eH,D,JutT OpraHlt30BaJIa coop Cpe.lI.CTn g
<}JOHA HC.LlATI Cpe)I.H HeMI1.eB - CTOpOHHHKOB cpanII1CTOB,
np0>KHBaBW1fX B c1>HHJI5IH,lI.HH, illBeHu.apHH, 4eXOCJIOBaKHH,
IIIBeu.HH H AMepHKe 48. CBOIO JIenTY B cpOH)I. HC.[LAn BHeC-
JIH pYCCKHe .9MHrpaHTbI-6eJIOrBapJJ.eHII.bI, a TaK:>Ke YKpaHH-
CKHe HaI1.HOHaJIHCTHlleCKHe aHTHCOBeTCKHe opraHH3aI1.HH,
rpynnHpoBaBIlIHecSI BOKpyr «reTMana» CKoponaJJ.CKoro.
B 1923 r. fHTJIep HanpaBHJI B By.n.aneIllT Ii PHM
K. .nEO.n.eKe C I1.eJIblO npo30H.n.HpoBaTb nOIlBY B OTHomeHHH
cpHHaHcoBoH nOJJ..n.ep>KKH. CaM fHTJIep oceHblO 1923 f. no-
6bIBaJI B [(lOpHxe, oTKy.n.a npHBe3 60JIblIIOH lIeMO,lI.aH 6aHK-
HOT - IlIBeHI1.apCKHX 4>paHKoB H aMepHKaHCKHX Jl.OJIJIapOB.
PeaKI1.HOHHa51 6YP:>Kya3H5I fepMaHHH Hanp5lraJIa B 3TH
rOJI.bl Bce CBOH CHJIbl, QTo6bl pellIHTeJIbHO CJIOMHTb peBOJIIO-
U.HOHHYIO aKTHBHOCTb pa6oQero KJlaCca. TIo.n. PYKOBO.lI.CTBOM
Knr C BeCHbI 1923 r. B CTpaHe pa3BepHYJIOCb lllHpoKoe
...
MaCCOBoe .n.BH>KeHHe npoTHB aHTHHaI1.HOHaJIbHOH, peaKJJ.HoH-
HOll nOJIHTHKH npaBHTeJIbCTBa KYHO. B 3TH X YCJIOBHSlX Ha-
U.HCTbI CTpeMHJlHCb nepeXBaTHTb H3-DOJI. BJIH5IHHSI KOMMY-
HHCTOB 6bICTpO peBOJIIOI1.HOHH3HpYIOllI..HeC5I MaCCbI H Harrpa-'
...
BHTb MX aKTHBHOCTb Ha OCYlIJ,eCTBJleHHe CBOI-I'X lleJIeH.
PYKOBOJI.CTBO HC.[LATI no-npe)l{lIeMY CTaBHJIO rJIaBHOH 3a-
.ZI.aIIeM 60pb6y 3a MaCCOBOCTb. Oco6bIe Ha.n.e2K,D,bI B03..1Jara-
JIHCb npH 3TOM Ha CpeJl.Hee COCJIOBHe. B Jl.HpeKTHBe PYKO-
BO.ZI.CTBa HCL(ATI, M3,naHHoH B HaqaJIe 1922 r., OT Bcex op-
raHH3aIJ,MH napTHH Tpe6oBaJlOCb, lITo6bI ee COCTaB TOllHO
OTpa:>KaJI COII.HaJIbHbIH COCTaB HaCeJIeHH5I cTpaHbI (HMeJIaCb
B BHJI.Y BaBapHSI C npeODJIa,nalOlIJ,HM MeJIKo6ypJKya3HbIM
HaCeJIeHHeM). 4HCJIO HHTeJIJIHreHTOB B napTHH HH B KoeM
CJIYIIae He Jr.OJDKHO 6bIJlO npeBbIlIIaTb 30%. B .ZI.HpeKTHBe
YKa3bIBaJIOCb, lITO «JJ:JI5I KJIaCCOBO C03HaTeJIbHbIX npOJIeTa-
pHeB, TaK JKe KaK A/HI COCJIOBHO OrpaHHqeHHblX 6YP>Kya»,
He .n.OJI>KHO Boo6w.e 6bITb MeCTa B HC,l1,ATI. nO.lI. «COCJIOBHO
OrpaHHIIeHHbIMH 6yp*ya» nOJI.pa3YMeBaJIHCb Te npeJI.CTaBH-
TeJIH HMYllI..HX CJIOeB, KOTopble He rrOJUI..ep>KHBaJIH rHTJIepOB-
u
CKOM .n.eMarorHH 0 HaJI.KJIaCCOBOM «HaJJ.HOHaJIbHOM COI1.Ha-
JIH3Me» 49.
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raHH3au,HH C 6 TbIC. lIJIeHOB. 3a.u.aQa «3aBoeBaHMH Mace»
6bIJIa eIIJ,e Jl.aJIeKa OT CBoero OCYllLeCTBJIeHI1H. MaCIllTa6bI
BJIH5I-HHH J1HTJIepOBl(eB CBHJr.eTeJJbCTBOBaJIH 0 TOM, liTO Ha-
CeJIeHHe B 60JIblllHHCTBe CBoeM OCTaeTCH HeBocnpHHMlIHBbIM
K HaI1.HCTCKOH rrponaraHJr.e H arHTaII.HH. B3S1B KYpC Ha npH-
BJIeqeHHe B CBOM p5l,nbI MOJIo,ne}KH, rllTJIepOBI1.bI OCHOBaJIH
64

B MapTe 1922 f. «M0J10}KHbIi1 COJ03 HC.llATI» BO fJIaBe
C HeKEM J1eHKOM. B 1923 f. COI03 HaqaJI E3,lI,3BaTb CBOIO
ra3eTY «Nationaler Jungsturm». B03pOCJIa qHCJIeHHOCTb
4JaIIllIcTcKHX llITypMOBbIX OTp5IJJ,OB. llJIeHbI CA 6bIJIH o6'be-
.lI;HHefibI IB .u.BYX nOJIKaX (IliTaHJI.apTax), nOJIKII COCTOHJlH
H3 COTeH) B KOTOpbIX npoHcxo)J.HJlO ooyqeHHe 50.
TIoCJIe YOUHCTBa 4>aIIlHcTaMH B mOHe 1922 f. MHHHcTpa
HHocTpaHHblx .n.eJI PaTellay) nO,!I.ITHCaBlliero B PanaJIJIO CO-
u
BeTCKo-repManCKHH )J.orOBOp, repMaHCKoe npaBllTeJIbCTBO
BpeMeHIiO 3anpeTHJlO .u.e'iTeJIbHOCTb npaB03KCTpeMHCTCKHX
opraHH3aI.I.HM, HO B EaBapHIi Hal1.HCTbI npH nonYCHITeJIbCTBe
MeCTHbIX BJIaCTefi npO.llOJI}l{aJIH CBOH OeCqHHCTBa, COQeT3B-
llIHeCH C P33HY3.u.aHHOH .n.eMarofHcH. 14-15 OKTH6pH 1922 r.
BO BpeM5I npoBe.u.eHHH T3K Ha3blBaeMoro «repMaHcKoro
,lI,HH» B Ko6ypre fHTJIepOBl1.hI rrpe.u.npHHHJIH rronbITKY nYTqa.
BOJIee .u.BYX CYTOK OHH 6eCllHHCTBOBaJIH B ropo.D.e npH nOJI-
HOM 6e3)J.eHcTBHH nOJIHIJ.l1H. COTfIH yqaCTHHKoB aHTH4>a-
illHCTCKOH pa60llefi .u.eMOHcTpau,HH 6bIJIH H3GHThI. J1Hlllb Ha
TpeTHH .u.eHb OTpSl.ll.bI nOJIHI.I.HH ycMHpHJIH IHau,HCTOB 51.
BJIHHHlIe H3lUICTOB 3aMeTHO pOCJlo. 16 3BrycTa 1922 r.
B MaCCOBOM MHTMHfe B MloHxeHe, C03BaHHOM HaO;HCTaMH
COBMeCTHO C JJ,PYfHMH MHJIHTapHCTcKHMH, peBaHlllHcTcKHMH
COI03aMH, yqaCTBOBaJIO OKOJIO 70 ThIC. lleJIOBeK. Hau.HcTbl
rnenbMOBanM npe3HeHTa 36epTa H KaHUnepa BHpTa KaK
«noKpOBHTeJIeli H3MeHbI II npe.n.aTeJIbCTBa». fHTJIep BbICTY-
nl1JI C pe3KHMH Hana.llKaMH Ha npaBHTeJIbCTBO BHpTa 3a
npHHHTbIe HM MepbI no orpalIHIeHHIO .n.e5ITeJIbHOCTH Teppo-
<>
pHCTHLJeCKHX opraHH3aII.HH.
fl1TJIepOBllhI CTpeMMJIIfCb 06'be.ll.HHHTb BO!(pyr CBOH nap-
THII .u.pyrHe HaHOHaJIHCTliqeCKHe Ii MHJIHTapnCTcKHe rpyn.
llbI. C 3TOH u.eJIbIO B KOHe 1922 r. 6bIJI C03.u.aH «HaO;Ho-
HaJIbHbIH e.ll.HHblH q,POHT», B KOTOpbIM BOlllJIH opraHH3aUHH
«I1MnepcKliH cpJIar», «COI03 06epnaH.l.I.», «OTelleCTBeHHbIH
COl03 MIoHxeHa», «BoeBoll COI03 HH:>KHeH BaBapHH» H He-
KOTopble .n.pyrHe. HaHcTbI 3aKJIlOqHJIH TaK:>Ke COI03 C peaK-
II.1I0HHOH opraHH3al1.Heif «EaBapHH Ii HMnepB5I». B 4>eBpaJIe
1923 r. Ha Ga3e «Hau.lloHaJIbHOfO e,l1.HHOfO <ppoHTa» 6bIJIO
C03.u..3HO TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe «Pa6oqee cO.ll.PY}l{eCTBO OTeQeCT-
BeHHblX 60eBbIX COI030B» no.n. PYKOBO.n.CTBOM PeMali nOJI-
KOBHHKa KpH6eJIH.
27-29 HHBap5I 1923 r. HC,Z:LATI C03BaJIa B MroHxeHe
CB0I1 nepBbIH «HMnepCKHJ1 C'be3,l1.». Ha HeM npHCYTCTBOBaJIH
He TOJIbKO 6aBapCKHe <pallillCTbI, HO H CTOpOHHHKH fHTJIepa
1I3 .u.pyrHx paHOHOB CTpaHbI. HeCMOTpH Ha HepellIHTeJIbHble
3 A. c. B.naaIIK:
65
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OOM», npeJJ.CTaBHTeJIH peHXCBepa reHepaJI <POll 3nn Ii PeM I
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coopHIUa. rJIaBHOH TeMOH C'be3Jl.a 6blJIa nOJ(,rOTOBKa K CBep-
>KeHHIO ILeHTpaJIb:Horo repMaHCKoro npaBlITeJIbCTBa. fliT- i
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nepeBopOTe nYTeM nYTlla. BCJIeJ(, 3a C'be3.u.OM COCTOHJICH f
rpaHAH03HbIH lIIa6allI 5 TbIC. lllTypMOBHKOB, CTHHYTbIX CIO,l1.a
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TOHJIOCb llIeCTb MaCCOBbIX MHTHHrOB Hau.HCTOB 52. B TeqeHHe
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xeHe QeJIYIO cepHIO MaCCOBbIX MHTHHfOB noJI, JI03YHraMli
60pb6bI npOTHB «HOH6pbCKHX rrpecTynHHKoB» H «Me>K,l1.YHa-

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CHJIbHee 3BYQaJIM aHTHKoMMyuHCTHlleCKl1e MOTHBbI. Oco-
6eHRo xapaKTepHbIM B 3TOM IIJIaHe 6bIJI MHTMHr B MIOH-
xeHCKOM QHpKe «KpoHe» 11 HHBapH 1923 r., npoxoAHBIllHH
no,lJ; cTaH)].apTHbIM JI03YHfOM «.l1.onoH HOH6pbCKHX npecTyn-
HRKOB». 5!POCTHYIO aHTHKOMMYHHcTHllecKYIO nponaraHAY
BeJIa Ha CBOHX CTpaHHl{aX «V61kischer Beobachter», KOTO-
p'aH C cpeBpaJIH 1923 r. CTaJIa BbIXO,lJ;MTb e>KeJJ.HeBHO.
HaKaHYHe 1 MaH 1923 r. fHTJIep rroTpe6oBaJI OT 6aBap-
u
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3YHCb 3THM npeJJ.JIOrOM, rHTJIep OJI.HOBpeMeHHO 06paTHnCH
K peiixcBepy C Tpe60BaHHeM COOTBeTCTBYlomero BoopY:>Ke- I
HHH )lJIH CBOHX lliTYPMOBbIX OTpHJI.OB. O.D.HaKO KOMaHAYIO- I
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opY>KHe. 8TO HapYllIHJIO nJIaHbI H3l{HCTOB, HaMepeBaBlIIHXCH j "
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73
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75
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76

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77

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MatHcKOMY 06'be..n;HHeHlHIO rrpo<}JcoJ030B H HeKOTopbIM .u.pyrIlM
.u.eMoKpaTHqeCKHM opraHH3aII.IUIM C npe)l.JI01KeHHeM HCrrOJIb-
30BaTb BCIO CHJIY opraHH30BaHHoro pa60tIero .ll.BH1KeHHH,
tITo6bI He .n.onYCTHTb orpa6JIeHHH HeMel.{KOrO HapOJI.a ro
reHlOJIJIepHaMH, BHTTeJIbc6axaMH, l(06ypraMH H .u.pyrHMH
MHOrOtIHCJIeHHbIMH CBeprHYTbIMH repMaHCKHMH .u.HHaCTHHMH.
J103YHr «HH n<peHHHra KHH3bHM I» HallIeJI IllHpOKHH OTK-
JIHK He TOJIbKO cpeJJ,H pa601lHX, HO Ii Cpe.ll.H KpeCTbHH H
npe.ll.CTaBI1TeJIeM cpe.u.HHX CJIOeB. 20 lUOJIH 1926 r., B .u.eHb
nJ1e6HCIUiTa no .3TOMY Bonpocy, 3a 6e3Bo3Me3.u.HYIO 3Kcnpo-
npHan,HlO KHH3eM BbICKa3aJIHCb 14,5 MJIH. lleJIOBeK (3TO
6bIJIO Ha 4 MJIH. rOJIOCOB 60JIbIlle, lleM Knr H c,n:TIr co
GpaJIH BMeCTe Ha nOCJIe.n;HHX BbI60pax B peHxcTar).
OTHOCHTeJIbH3H cTa6HJIH3an,HH KanHTaJIH3Ma CHSIJIa Ha
BpeMH Bonpoc 0 3aBoeBaHHH HaII.HCTaMH BJIaCTH. YnpOqHB-
llIaH CBoe nOJIO}KeHHe 6ypJKya3HH BnOJIHe Y.lI.O B JIeTBOp5lJIaCb
napnaMeHTCKHMH <popMaMH npaBJIeHHH H He HcnbITbIBaJIa
nOKa Heo6xO.lI.HMOCTH npH3bIBaTb Ha nOMOll{b <paWHCTOB.
BMeCTe C TeM OHa He C06HpaJIaCb Hcnonb30BaTb C03,naBIlle-
eCH nOJI01KeHHe ,lI,JI5I OKOHt.laTeJIbI-IOH nnBH,Qau.HH <paWH-
u
CTCKHX opraHH3aI.J.HH.
TIoTepneB HeY.lI.3qy B nOIIbITKe 3aXBaTa rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHoii
BJIaCTH B 1923 r.) <}JawHcTcKoe .lI.BH>KeIUle He YIllJIO c nOJIH-
u
THQeCKOH apeHbI, a nHmb Ha BpeMH OTO.lI.BHHYJIOCb B TeHb,
3a.n,YMaHHbIH «noXO.lI. Ha BepJIE'll» 3aKOH'4.HJICH H3MiJ-IOrO 6JIH-
1Ke - Ha MIOI-IXeHCKOH O.lI.eOHnJIan. 26 <peBpaJISl 1924 r. B
IOHxeHe HaqanCH Cy.ne6HbIH npoecc BaA yqaCTHHKaMH
«nHBHoro nYT'4.a». Ha CKaMbe nO)J,CY.ll.MMbIX CH.u.eJIH rHTJIep,
JIJO.ll.eH.lI.Op<p, TIeHHep, ,P'HK, Be6ep, PeM, BplOKHep, Bar-
Hep, K.pH6eJIb, nepHeT. TIpHroBop ObIJI MHrKHM: rHTJIep,
Be6ept KpH6eJIb H TIeHHep nOJIYllHJIH no 5 JIeT 3aKJIlOlle-
HHf[ B KpenocTH, eIU.e nITepo - no 1 ro.rr.y H 3 MeCHl.{a.
J1Io,neH,QoP4> 6bIJI OnpaB,D,aH. Ha COCTOHBmeMCH BCKope
.n.pyroM cy.u.e6HoM npoII.ecce 6bIJIH npHroBopeHbI K 3aKJIlOlle-
HHIO B KpenOCTH recc, feHJIeHH, lllTpeiixep, AMaH, reHHec,
MOPHC t llIHay6, <l>HJIep H HeCKOJIbKO ,neCHTKoB tIJIeHOB
«YJ1.apHOrO OTp5I.lI.a fHTJIepa». BaBapCKaH IOCTHII.HH ObIJIa
CHHCXOAHTeJIbH3 K <}JallIHCTCK-HM 3a rOBOp mIl Ka M. EOJIb-
78


\...
lliIIHCTBO H3 HI1X 6bIJIH npurOBOpeHbl YCJIOBHO JInOO BCKOpe
OCDOOO:>KAeHbI OT HaKa3aHH5i..
PeaKIJ,HOIIHa51 IOCTIIH5I Aa}Ke no q>opMe OK83aJIaCb
BeCbMa MHJIOCTI1BOil: K npecTyniI,UKaM. 3aKJIIOtJeHHe rHTJIep8
B KpenOCTH JIaH.lI.c6epr CKopee nOXOJI.llJIO H8 XOPOWO op-
r8HH30BaHbU1: OTJI.bIX B CKpOMHOM, 'HO AOCTaTOtJHO KOM(jJOp-
TaOeJIbHOM OTene. CBoe npe6blBaHIIe -B TlOpbMe fHTJIep U.11-
u u U
HHQHO HMeHOB8n «BbIClliell lllKOJIOH 38 rOCY)J.apCTBeHHbIli
C'lIeT». 11 TIopeMHaH a.n.MlIHHCTpaIJ,HH 6bIJIa .lI.OBOJIbHa none-
eHHeM a peCTaHTa , KOToporo OHa OneHHJI8 KaK «qeJIOBeKa
nopH.n. Ka » 2. YLKe B KOHIJ,e 1924 r. rHTJIep II JI.pyroil: aKTHB-
HbIH 3aroBOpIIJ,HK - KpH6eJIb 6bIJIH )J.OCpOtJKO oCBoGoLKAe-
Hbl H3 3aKJIIOQeHMH, B KOTOpOM npOBeJIH Bcero rOJ(.
TIepHoJJ. 3anpeTa HCJ1.ATI 6bIJI HcnOJIb30BaH ee OCTaB-
mHMMCH H8 cBoGOJI,e JIII.lI.epaMH JI,JlH H8KOnJleHHH H HeKOTO-
poil: neperpynnMpoBKH CRJI. 4JIeHbI q>aIlIMcTC'Koil: napTHH
(B HOH6pe 1923 f. OHa H8CIIHTbIBaJIa OKOJIO 56 TbIC. tJeJIO-
BeR) 6bIJlII OO'be.n.HHeHbI B .lI.Be JIeraJIbHbIe opraHH3aIJ;IIH -
«BeJIHKOrepMaHcKoe Hapo,a,Hoe CO.lI.PYLKecTBo» II «HapoJI,-
HbIM 6JIOK B BaBapIIH», BO rJIaBe KOTOpbIX COOTBeTCTBeHIlO
CTOHJlII JIIO.lI.eHAop4> II fperop IIlTpaccep, lllTpeifxep II 3c-
cep. TIo3>Ke oGe opraHII3aIJ,HH 06'be)].HHHJIHCb B «HanHoHaJl-
COIJ.H8J1HCTCKOe oCB06o.AHTeJlbHOe JI:BHmeHHe Be'JlHKoj:'1
fepM8HIIII», B03fJI8BJIHeMOe fP3<pe, JIIO.lI.eH.AOp<poM II
IIITpaccepoM. BecnpenHTcTBeHHo BbIXOAHJlH cp81IIHcTcKHe
r83eTbI: «BeJIIIKOrepM8HcK8H ra3eTa» (<<fpOCCJI.OHqJIaH}I.C-
IJ,aihYHr»), «HaIJ,HOHaJI-COIJ;HaJIIIcT», «HapO.lI.HbIH Kypbep»
(«<peJIbKIIlllep KYPHp»). HcnoJlb3YH HonYIO BbIBeCKY, Ha-
II.HCTbl YQaCTBOBaJII1 B BbI60pax B JIaHJI,TarH TlOpHHnm,
MeKJIeH6ypr-llI'BepHIHa. EaBa-pHH, BIOpTeJM.oepra II AHraJIb-
T8. Hx yenexH Ha BbI60pax 6blJIH HeBeJIHKII - OT 2 .lI.O 8 %
rOJIOCOB 3. aTO He MelllaJIO, OARaKO, HeMHOrO'lIICJIeHHbIM
.ll.enYT8TaM-cpamIICT8M 'tJaCTO BblcTynaTb C petJaMII B JIaH)J.-
Tar8X H peifXCTare, r.ll.e TaKJKe 6bIJIa He60JIbIllaH rpynna
(14 tJeJIOBeK) cpalllHcTcKHX ,a,enYTaToB. BpeMH 38rrpeTa
HC}J.An 6bIJIO HcnOJlb30SaHO H8IIOHaJl-COIJ.HaJIHCT8MM
.AJIH coxpaHeHIIH CBOHX Ka,a,poB II n0311IJ;HM B B6opHbIX
opraHax. 3TO 6bIJIO HeTpY.ll.HO ocynteCTBHTb. BeAb pocnycK
HaI,J,I1CTCKOM napTHH 6bIJI no cYlIJ.eCTBY q,HKIJ;Heif, nOJI.JIHH-
HaH JIHKBH.lI.aIJ,IIH ee OTHIO.lI.b He BXO)J.IIJla B paC'lIeTbI peaK-
u U
ltIIOHHbIX KpyroB MO!HOnOJIiHH II reHep8JIHTeT8 peHXCBepa.
BOJIee Toro, 3TH CIIJIbI C)J.eJIaJIH Bce B03MO:>KHOe, JT06bJ
eoxpaHHTb $aIlIH3.M B KaIIeCTBe BamHoro nOJIHTHIIeCKoro
pe3ep B a H8 6y.nYIllee.
79

/
/
Cpa3Y }J{e no BbIXOJ{e 1I3 TlOpbMbI rHTJIep nOCeTHJI HO.
Boro rRaBY 6aBapCKoro npaBHRbCTBa reRbJ{a H J{orOBO-
/ u
pHCH C HHM 0 CHHTHH 3anpTa C HaHCTCKOH napTHH H
v
pa3pellIeHHH ee eraJIbHOH TebHocTH.
26 <}>eBpaJIH 1925 r. -Bo306HOBHJIOCb H3J{aHHe r83eTbI
«Volkischer Beobachter». B nepBoM HOMepe ee, BbIllIe}J.llIeM
rrOCJIe rrepHoJ{a 3anpeT8, 6:bIJIa ony6JIHKOBaHa ,nHpeKTHBHaH
CTaTbH noJ{. Ha3BaHHeM «OCHoBHbIe HanpaBJIeHHH J{eHTeJIb-
BOCTH no BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO HC.n:An». OHa npeJ{CTaBJIHJIa
CoGon pa3BepHYTbIH nJI8H .neHTeJIbHOCTH HaHCTOB Ha OJIH-
v u
)KaHIlIHe rO)I.bI, KOTOpbIH npe}J.YCMaTpHBaJI paCllIHpeHHe tJHC-
neHHoro COCTa'Ba napTJilI1, B0306HOBJIe'HHe BbmYCKa e>Ke):(HeB-
....
HOM ra3eTbI, BOCC03.naHHe llITypMOBbIX OTpHJJ.OB, YKpenJIe-
HHe }J.HCQHnJIHH Ha OCHOBe 6e30rOBOpOQHOH npeJ{.aHHOCTH
«BOJKJ{.IO». oGpa30BaHHe KpynHbIx JJ.eHe>KHbIX <}>OHJJ.OB .lI.JIH
HY:>K.Q HC,QAn. H8[(HCTbI nO-rrpe>KHeMY CIlHT8J1H 3aXBaT
BJIaCTH B CTpaHe CBoeM rJI8BHOH 3a)I.aQeiL O.QHaKo, ,u,eJIaa
«YCTynKY KOHCTHTYU.HH», OHH Tenepb 3aHBJIHJIH, 1.ITO peqb
H}J.eT 0 JIeraJIbHblX MeTO,lJ,aX oopb6bI, T. e. 0 3aBoeBaHHH
n8pJIaMeHTCKHX MaH)I.aTOB. «K J{.oca}J.e KaTOJIHIleCKHX H
.... v
MapKCHCTCKHX J{.enYTaTOB, MbI CYHeM CBOH HOC B peHXCT8r,-
3aHBHJI fHTJIep, - XOTH JJ.JIH Toro, tJTOObI no6eJ{.HTb HX no
rOJIOCaM, nOTpe6yeTcH 60JIbllIe BpeMeHH, qeM eCJIII ObI HX
paCCTpeJUlTb» 4. HeCMOTpH Ha no.u.QepKHB8HHe «JIeraJIbHhIX»
MeTO.lI.OB 60Pb6bI, H8QHCTbi HanpaJIflJIH OCHOBHoe BHHMa-
lIMe JUt paCIlIHpeHHe tJHCJIeHHOCTII, YCHJIeHHe 60eBOH no}J.-
rOTOBKH, BoopY)KeHHe II OCHalll.eHHe llITypMOBbIX OTpH)J.OB
(K0TopbIe K KOHU,Y 1928 f. no IlHCJIeHHOCTH 6bIJIH paBHbI
peHxcBepy) H oxpaHHbIx OTpH,IJ;OB (CC). C03,1J;aHHbIX Ha 6a3e
«y,napHoro oTpflJJ.a rnTJIepa». 06 OTHomeHHH Hau,HCTOB K
na pJIaMeHTCKHM <lJopMaM J{eHTeJIbHOCTH oTKpoBeHHo rOBO-
pHJI re66eJIbC, H36paHHbIH B 1928 r. ,lJ;enYTaTOM peiixcTa-
ra: «51 He qJIeH pefiXCT8ra, 8 OOJI8J!.aTeRb HMMYHHTeTa II
6eCnJIaTHOrO npoe3JJ.8 (napJIaMeHTCKOfO. - A. E.). 1.ITO
HaM 3TOT peHXCTar?» 5 <I>allIllcTcKoe nOHHM8HHe «JIeraJIbHbIX
MeTo.u.OB» 60pb6bI 6bIJIO npO,lI,eMOHCTpHpOBaHO, HanpHMep,
B «peBpaJIe 1927 r., KorJJ.a fHTJIepoBu,bI no}J. PYKOBO.u.CTBOM
re06eJIbCa Ii HaqaJIbHHK8 6epJIHHCKHX llITypMOBHKOB ,[(a-
JIlOre YCTpOHJIII n060HlU,e Ha MaCCOBOM co6paHIIH Tpy,nH-
lI.{HXCH paHoHa Be.lI.JJ.IIHf B BepJulHe.
27 q,eBpaJIH 1925 r. rHTJIep BnepBbIe nOCJIe CBoero OC-
Bo6o>KJ!.eHHH BblcTynHJI C 60JIbllIOH peqblO B «BIDprep6poiI-
KeJIJIepe» B MIOHxeHe, 03arJIaBHB ee «Ey.n:Ylll.ee repM8HHH
H Hallie J{.BHJKeHHe». OH oq,Hu,naJIbHO 06'bHBHJI 0 B03pOJR-
80

'"
""
AeHHH HC,L:(An. Ba>KHeHq.IeH 3a.ll.alIeH HaHOHaJl-COnHaJlH-
CTOB fHTJlep npOB03rJlaCHJI BOCC03aHHe nOJIHTHlIeCKOH Op-
raHH3anHH HCllAn. OT)1.aB AaHb 06CTaHOBKe, OH npOH3uec
HeCKOJIbKO HHQero He 3HaQallI,&X <ppa3 0 BepHOCTll KOHCTH-
TYU.HH H )1.aJIee HaMeTHJI J],Be r .lta-BHble eJIH 4JallIHcTcKoro
JI,BH}l'(eHHH Ha HOBOM 3Tane ero, pa3BHTHSI: 3aBoeBaHHe
60JlbllIHHCTBa Cpe.ll.H H36HpaTeJleH H HacTynJIelUIe Ha peHXC-
Tar- 6 . no BceMY 6blJIO BH.lI.HO, lITO cpaIIIHCTCKHe fJIaBapn
nOJIHbI caMbIX peUHITeJIbHbIX nJIaHOB.
B MapTe «BeJIHKOrepMaHCKoe HapO.ll.HOe CO)I.PY}KeCTBO»
H «Hap0JI.HbIll 6JIOK B Ba'BapHH» 06'bHBHJIH 0 caMopocnyc-
Ke, npH3BaB CBOHX lIJIeHOB CHOBa BJIHTbCH B HC,il,An. Ha-
l\HCTCKHe .lI.enYTaTbI B pei1xcTare <1>PHK, <I> eJl.ep , ,lI,HTplIX H
lIlTpaccep BhIlliJIH li3 cOCTaBa I:}JpaKIl.HH HeMel\KOH Hapo.n;-
.,
HOI1 napTHH, KY.11..a OHM BXO)I.HJIH B nepHO.ll. 3anpeTa, H CHOBa
06pa30BaJIH ctJpaKllHIO HC,L:(ATI 7. To >Ke caMoe c.u..eJIaJIH
.lI.enYTaTbI 6aBapcKoro H .lI.pyrHx JIaH.lI.TarOB. no.u.. PYKOBO.ll.-
CTBOM AJIbcppe.lLa P03eH6epra 6bIJI opraHH30BaH perYJUlp-
HbIM BbInycK TaK Ha3bIBaeMblX «OCHOBHbIX HanpaBJIeHHH
,Il.JIH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HCJI.An» - )J.HpeKTHB l\eHTpaJIbHO-
ro na'llHCTCKoro PYKOBO.ll.CTBa MeCTHbIM opraHH3all.HHM
HC.lJ.An 8. B Pype H CeBepHOH repMaHHH C HIOJUI 1925 r.
HaqaJI BbIXOj:(I1Tb cpalliHcTcKHi1 e>KeMeCHQHHK «HaHOHaJI-
COII.Ha.nHCTCKHe nHCbMa», KOTOpblll pe.ll.aKTHpOBaJI fperop
lJ1Tpaccep. On npHBJleK B CBOll annapaT MOJlOJI.Oro JIHTepa-
TypOBe.lI.a lIo3e4>a re66eJIbCa, npOIJ1eJI.IJ1ero KpOMe YHI1Bep-
CHTeTCKOH nOJI.rOTO'B'roH 06YlIeHHe B IllKOJIe op.n:.e-Ha He3YHTOB.
BbIHY>K.n:eHHble C'lJI1TaTbCSI C COll.HaJIbHbIM .cOCTaBOM Hace-
neHHH PeHHCKOH 06JIaCTH, IUTpaccep H ocooeHHO fe66eJIbC
YCOBepIlleHCTBOBaJiM cpaliIMCTCKYIO .n:.eMarormo, peKJIaMHpYH
CBOIO napTHIO KaK 60pna 3a «COll.HaJIH3M»t 3a «HHTepeCbI
npOJIeTapHaTa» H peIIIHTeJIbHOrO npOTHBHHKa KanHTaJIH-
CTOB. XOT5I rHT.nep nOTpe6oBaJi OT re66enbca YMepHTb
., u ..
CBOH «aHTHKanHTaJIHCTHQeCKHH» nbIJ1, nOCJ1e.ll.HHH HeKOTO-
.,
poe BpeMH npO.ll.OJI>KaJI pa3bIrpblBaTh B HallHCTCKOH Bepxyrn-
Ke pOJIh «6opu.a 3a HHTepecbI npOJIeTapHaTa» 9. .
Ha 06llI,eM co6paHlIH Q.neHOB HCLI.ATI B MIOHxeHe B
Mae 1925 r., Ha KOTOpOM rHTJIep 6hIJI BHOBh «1I36paH»
nepBbIM npe.ll.CeJl.aTeJIeM napTHH, 6bIJia nO.lI.TBep>K.n:.eHa He-
3hI6JIeMOCTb HeorpaHutJeHHOti BJIaCTH cplOpepa B napTHH, TaR
Ha3bIBaeMoro «t)JIopep-npHHllHna,», H HeH3MeHHOCTb npo-
rpaMMbI HClI.AD - npeCJIOBYTblX «25 nYHKTOB». «Hallia
...
nporpaMMa, - 3aHBHJI O.lI.HH H3 PYKoBOJI.HTeJIel1 HallHCTOB,-
Bblpa>KaeTCfl B )I.BYX CJIOBax: AJI.OJIb<p rHTJIep» 10. Cpe.ll.H no
81

qeTHbIX rOCTeR Ha 3TOM C06paHHIi/npHCYTCTBOBaJIH PYKOBO-
.nHTeJIb «CTaJIbHOrO lIIJIeMa» ,,[(IOCTepOepr H KpOHnpHHD;
ABrYCT-BHJIbreJIbM. /
nep-HO,n OTHOCHTeJIbHorq oe3.n.ei-icTBH5I YCHJIHJI paCnpH
B cpallIHCTCKOM JIarepe. Cye.n.H HaqHCTCKHX rJIaBapeii IlIJIa
HenpepbIBHa51 rpbI3HH, r JIaBHbIM 06pa30M li3-3a nOCTOB B
HC,D:ATI. P03eH6epr COnepHHtIaJI C IllTpeHxepoM H 9cce-
POM. 9TH nOCJIe.n.HHe oceHbIO 1925 r. C03.QaJIH TaK n33bIBae-
MbIH «BJIOK cpeJIbKHIIle», COCT05lBlIIHH H3 KpaHHHx peaKI,I;HO-
HepoB-p3CHCTOB. H npHBJIeKJIH K PYKOBOJI.CTBY HM OCHOB3Te-
JI5I HaqHcTCKOH napTHH .QpeKCJIepa.
«BJIOK rpeJIbKHllle» CT3JI 6aBapcKHM <pHJIHaJIOM o6lII;e-
repMaHCKOH JIeraJIbHOH opraHH3aIJ,HH «CP€JIbRHlUe», BO rJIaBe
KOTOpOH CTOHJIH reHepaJI JIIOJI.eHJI.Opcp, <POH fp.9<p e H
r. Ilhpaccep. «(l>e.r.rbKHIlle» OTCTaHBaJIa Heo6xo.n.HMOCTb
yqaCTH5I B napJIaMeHTCKHX Bbr6opax. B OTJIlfIlHe OT 3TOH
r.pynnbI q,alllHcTCKa» Dpynna A. <l>OJIbKa, .n.eHcToBOBaBlIIa51 Ha
ceBepo-3ana.n,e fepMaHHH, BbIcTynaJIa C n03HqHH «HCTHH-
Horo», HJIll «qHCToro», HaIJ,H3Ma H 6bIJIa HacTpoeHa pe3KO
aHTHnapJIaMeHTcKH. Pa36po.Q B c:palUHcTcKOM JIarepe 3alIIeJI
TaR .n.aJIeKO, tITO .neJIO .n,OlIIJIO /1..0 PYKonallIHbIX CXBaTOK
Mem.D.y rHTJIepOB1{aMIH H CTOpOHHHKaMH ,lJ,peKCJIepa 11.
OJI.HO BpeMH B «onn03HIJ,HH» rHTJIepy 6bIJI H re66eJIbC,
pa3bIrpbIBaBllIHH li3 ceOH «JIeBoro». Ho OR ObICTpO nOK3HJI-
CH H CTaJI O.[(HHM H3 caMbIX npeJI.aHHbIX qJlOpepy .n;eHTeJIeii
HC.lI.An. COnepHUqaJI C q,lOpepOM U PeM, B03rJIaBJIHBIIIUH
«HMnepCKHH cpJIar», K cepe.n.HHe 20-x rOAOB npeBpaTHBIIIHH-
C5I Y>Ke B <p'HKTHBHYIO opraHH3aIJ,HIO. TIepBbIH rJI3Ba CC
BepXTOb /1..ame nopaCH c rHTJIepOM BO BpeM5I OHOH
..
U3 «AHCKYCCHH».
3-4 HIOJIH 1926 r. B BeflMa pe COCTOHJIC5I BTOpOH
C'be3.l( HC,[{ATI, KOTOpbIH J{OJI}KeH 6bI npOJI.eMOHCTpnpo-
BaTb «eJI;HHCTBO» rrapTHH, nOJIHOe npeOJI;oAeHHe pa3Hora-
CHH H n06e.u.y «MIOHxeHCKoro Kypca». Ho C'be3 He BbmOJI-
HHJI 3TOH 3a.na 1 UI. Peqb qJropepa, 03arJIaBJIeHHaH HapoqHTo
paCnJIbIBIJaTO - «TIOJIHTHKa, H/1..eH II opraHH3aIJ,HH», He co-
epmaJIa HHqerO HOBoro U CnJIOlUb COCTOHJIa H3 CTaBIIlHX
Y}l{e OObIQHbIMH XBaCTJIHBbIX 3aBepeHHH B CKOpOH no6e.n;e
H yrpo3 nQ a.u;pecy KOMMYIHHCTOB .n.eMOKpaTOB H eBpeeB.
I( cepe,nHHe 1926 r. B HC1I.An CJIO>KHJIaCb opraHH3a-
llHOHHa51 CTpYKTypa, KOTopaH J{OJI}KHa 6bI.na o6eCnetIHTb
pacllIHpeHHe BJIH5IHHSI H31lHCTOB If nO.ll.rOToBKY Heot'5xOJI;H-
Moro TeppOpHCTHtlecRoro annapaTa JI,51 nOaBJIeHH5I pe-
BOJIIOllIIOHHOH! aHTHCpaUll-fCTCKQii 60pb6bI pa6otIero KJIaCca.
82

B nJIaHe .n:eSlTeJlbHOCTM na.pTHM 13tH C'l'paHa ObIJIa pa3Jl.eJleHa
{ Ha 34 06JIaCTH, KOTopHe no CBOUM rpaHllaM COBna.n:aH
C H36upaTeJIbHbIMll oKpyraMH no BbI60paM B peiIxcTar.
[ KpoMe Toro, BbI,n;eJI51JIOCb ceMb 06J1aCTeH ,n;JUI «paGoTbI»
l cpe,zUi HaCeJIeHHH ABCTPHH, JJ.aHII.Hra, CaapcKoH 06JIaCTH H
t Cy.n:eTcKoH 06J1aCTll 1.IexOCJlOBaKllH. OGJIaCTH (Gau) ObIJIH
pa36HTbI Ha oKpyra (Kreis), a nOCJIe,n;HHe B CBOIO OIIepe.llb
Ha MeCTHbIe rpynnbI (Ortsgruppe). MecTHble opraHH3aII.HH
HC.D.An (rpynnbI) B ropo,n;ax COCTOHJIH H3 6.rrOKOB, KOTO-
.,
pbIe .n:eJIHJIHCb Ha HtIeHKH, a B KpynHHx ropo)(ax -- Ha
YJIHIIHbIe H KBapTaJIbHbIe 5ltIeHKH. Bo rJIaBe 06JIaCTHblX op-
raHH3aHH HCJJ.An CT051JIH raYJIeHTepbI (o6JIaCTHble PY-
KOBOJI.HTeJIH). OHM Ha3HaIIaJIHCb H3 IIHCJIa caMbIX HpbIX H
«!JaHaTHIIHbIX npHBep}KeHIJ;,eB qnopepa. TaK, HanpHMep, ray-
JIeihepOM BepJIHHa 6bIJI Ha3HaIIeH B 1926 r. re66eJIbc.
nocTpoeHHe u.eHTpaJIbHOrO napTHlmoro aIIIIapaTa
HC.D.An npHCnOCaOJIHBaJIOCb K BbITIOJIHeHHIO OCHOBHOH 3a-
...
)(a1.lH -- nO)I.fOTOBKe K 3axBaTY rocYJI.apcTBeHHoH BJIaCTH.
OH COCTOHJI H3 Tpex OCHOBHbIX OT,n;eJIOB: OJI.HH H3 HHX 3a-
u ...
HHManCH no,n;pbIBHOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTblO, HanpaBJleHHOI1 npo-
'I'HB cymecTBYIOIU,ero pe}KHMa (B era COCTaBe 6bIJIO TpH
OT)I.eJIeHHSI -- npeccbI, CB513H C 3arpaHHeH, pa60Tb! B npocp-
cOI03ax); .n.pyroH -- C03JJ;aHHeM 6y.n.YlQ.ero HaD;HCTCKoro
annapaTa BnaCTH (oT)l.eJIeHHH no arpapHbIM BonpocaM,
v
npaBOBbIM, no BonpocaM 3KOHOMHKH, BHYTpeHHen nOJIHTH-
Kil, KYJIbTypbI H TeXHHtIeCKOrO 06CJIY}KHBaHHH HC.lI.An);
TpeTI1H -- nponaraH.n.oH 12. Bo rJIaBe 3THX OTJI.eJIOB B 1928 r.
CTOHJIH COOTBeTCTBeHHO f. IIITpaccep, fHpJIb Ii feOOeJIbc.
B cpeBpaJIe 1926 r. HaHCTbI OCHOBaJIH B EepJIHHe CBoe
H3,D,aTeJIbCTBO «KaMncp<l>epJIar», BO r JIaBe KOToporo CTOHJIH
opaTbH IIITpaccep -- fperop H OTTO. 3.n.ecb oCYlQ.ecTBJIHJICH
BbInycK ceMH e}l{eHe)l.eJIbHbIX 4>aIlIHcTcKHX ra3eT )(JI51 Eep-
JIHHa, CeBepHoH fepMaHHH, PeHHcKoH 06JIaCTH, Pypa H
JI.pyrHx 06JIaCTeH CTpaHbI. «V61kischer Beobachter» Ii JI.PY-
rHe cpaIllHCTCKHe H3JI.aHIUI IIo-npelKHeMY BbIXOAHJIH B MIOH-
XeHe. C 1928 r. B BepJIHHe CTaJIa BbIXOJI.HTb ra3eTa fe6-
6eJIbCa «Der Angriff» (<<ATaKa»).
Y)l.eJIHH oco60e BHHMaHHe npHBJIeqeHHIO B CBOH p51JI.bI
MOJIO,D,e:>KH, rHTJlepOBIJ,bI npHcTynHJIH K C03,D,aHMIO Tpex 4>a-
mHCTCKHX MOJIOJI.e}l(HbIX opraHH3aII.HH: «rHTJlepOBCKa51 MO-
JIo.n;eLKb» (<<rHTJIeplOreH,n;»), KOTopaH ,D,OJDKHa 6bIJIa 06'be-
JI.HHHTb MOJI0.D.blX HaD;HCTOB B B03paCTe OT 15 )1.0 18 JIeT,
«fepMaHcKHH MOJIO)I.OH HapoA» -- ,D,JIH AeTeR OT 10 .n:o
15 JIeT H «COI03 HeMellKIIX )I.eBymeK». B MIOJIe 1926 r. GbIJI
83

/
06pa30BaH «fHTJIeplOreH.l(» p rJIaBe c fpy6epoM, B
1928 r. - >ReHCKaH $alllHcTcKaH opraHH3al.{HH «repMaH-
CKHl1 lKeHCKHH Op)\eH - KpacHaH CBaCTHKa». B 1928 r.
B03HHKJIH TaK>Ke Hal{HOHaJI<.COl.{HaJIHCTCKHe «COI03 cTY,lJ,eH-
TOB» BO rJIaBe C llIHpaxoM Ii «COI03 fepMaHCKHX IOpHCTOB»
BO fJIaBe C C!>paHKoM. B 1926 f. ObIJIH C03J1.aHbI HaD;HOHaJI-
.. v
C01UfaJIHCTCKHe COlO3bI BpatIeH, YtIHTeJIeH, tIHHOBHUKOB.
B 1925 f. B03pO)K)\aIOTCH lIlTypMOBbIe OTpH,lJ,bI (CA),
..
KOTopbIe nOCTeneHHO CTaHOBHTCH BeCbMa BHYIlIHTeJIbHOH
CUJIOH. 4HCJIeHHOCTb HX 3a nepno.n. C 1926 no 1928 f. Bbl-
pOcJIa C 10-20 TbiC. .lI.O 30-40 TbIC. tIeJIOBeK. IIITYPMoBbIe
OTpH.lI.bI B03rJIaBJIHJIHCb cooTBeTcTBYIOIUHM oopa30M no-
.lI.06paHHbIMH JIHl..\aMH. HanpHMep, n4>eq,ep CPOH 3aJIOMOH,
nOCTaBJIeHHhIH rHTJIepOM BO fJIaBe CA B oKTH6pe 1926 r.,
OOBHHHJICH B nOJII1THtIeCKOM YOHiicTBe; y6Hih.{aMH 6bIJIH TaK-
}l{e reHHec, BopMaH Ii )J.p. B KaqeCTBe OT'bHBJIeHHOro 6aH-
.luna «npocnaBHJICH» JIett ,l1,oKTopcKaH CTeneHb He MellIaJIa
eMY 6eCQHHCTBOBaTb BO BpeMH HaJIeTOB Ha co6paHHH rro-
JIHTHtIeCKHX npOTHBHHKOB 13.
Ell.(e B MapTe 1923 r. rHTJIep C<fJOPMHPOB3JI He6oJIbmylO
rpynny CBOHX JIHt:lHbIX oxpaHHMKOB. Eii TaKLKe OTBO,lJ,HJIaCb
pOJlb y;r,apHoro oTpH.n;a BO BpeMH HaMetIaBIlIerOCH nYTtIa.
B 1925 r. oxpaHHbIe OTpH.lI.bI (Schutzstaffel) - CC ObiJIH
B03pO}l{JI,eHbI, If qHCJIO HX qJleHOB YBeJIHqHJIOCb. I( KOHl.{Y
1925 r. CC HaCIIHTbIBaJIH OKOJIO 1 TbiC. qeJIOBeK 14. 11 XOTH
B TO npeMH CC cpopMaJIhHO BXO,lJ,HJIH B COCTaB CA, clJaKTH-
tIeCKH OHM Bce 60JIbllIe BIJJ;eJUIJIHCb B caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe,
nO)J.tIHHeHHoe J1HqHO rHTJIepy nOJJ;pa3.n.eJIeHMe 15.
OxpaHHble OTpH)J.bI .lI.OJUKHbI OhIJIH CTaTb npeTopMaHCKOH
rBap.lI.HeH rliTJIepa, TeppopHCTlitIeCKHM HHCTpYMeHTOM ero
JIHtIHOH .ZI.HlnaTyphI. OHH COCTOHJIH "3 HaHOOJIee OT'bHBJIeH-
HbIX rOJIOBOpe30B, HepeJ1.KO rrpoc}>eCCHOHaJIbHbIX y6MHn H
rpO"MHJI, rOTOBbIX no npHKa3Y «BO}l{JJ;H» COBepllIHTb JIIoooe
npecTyrrJIeHlie, B CC MOrJIH BCTyrrHTb J1MllIb HaM60JIee npo-
BepeHHbIe, «oT6opHbIe» <pallHlcTbI. I1x Cnell,MaJIbHO no.n.6H-
paJIH no POCTY (MHJIHMYM 1 M 85 CM) H J1.PyrHM <fJH3HtIe-
CKHM ).{aHHbIM. OHM ObIJIH OAeThI B qepHYro YHH4JOPMY C H30-
6pa)KeHHeM qepena Ha rOJIOBHOM y60pe H PYKa'Bax.
3C3COBlI,bI .lI.aBaJIH npMcHry «KpOBaBOMY q,JIary» - TaK Ha-
3hIBaJIOCb 3HaMH, KOTopoe HeCJI" nepe,n co60H: yqaCTHHron
«I1HBHOrO nYTqa» 8 HOH'6pH 1923 r. .
f,HTJIep n;OJIro RCRaJI nO).{XO)J.Hlllero qeJIOBeKa, KOTOPOMY
OH Mor ObI .ZI.OBepHTb opraHH3aqHIO II PYKOBO,nCTBO .9THMH
6aH.lI.aMH. nepBOHaqaJIbHO llIec}>OM CC 6hIJI BepXTOJIb)J.,
84

,
saTeM -- reH)J,eH, HO o6a OHM He HnOHe YOBeTBopnH
Tpe60BaHHRM q,lOpepa. TOJIbKO B 1929 f. fHTJIep Ha'meJI
qeJlOBeKa, COOTBeTCTBOBaBI1lero TeM 3a.LI;aIJaM, KOTopble CTa-
BHJIHCb nepe.n; CC. Eho 6bJJI BJIaeneu. KYPHHOM cpepMbI
6JIH3 MIOHxeHa, CbIH KaTOJIHIJeCKOro npo4>eccopa feHplfx
fHMMJIep, B He)I.aBHeM npolIlnoM ceKpeTapb f. IllTpaccepa.
fHMMJIep npMBJIeK K PYKOBOACTBY CC B KaIJeCTBe CBoerO
nOMOJl1;HHKa P. feMJJ.pHxa, 6hIBlIIero MopCKoro oq,m.J;epa,
BhIHY)KAeHHOfO OCTaBHTb BoeHHYIO CJIY>K6y H3-3a rpH3HbIX
.n;eJI .
BeCbMa neCTpbIe no CBoeMY cou,HaJIbHOMY COCTaBY OT-
pRAbl CA, B KOTophIe BXOHJIH MOJIO.LI;ble JIIO,AH H3 MeKO-
6Yp>KY83HOH cpeJJ.bI, cTy.u.eHTbI, a HHOfJ(a H nOJIHTI1QeCKH
OTCT8JIble pa60Qlfe, BepHBllIHe B aHTHKanHTaJIliCTH1.IeCKHe
JI03YHfH Hau.lfCTCKHX )J,eMarorOB, Mor JIll B 6Y.AYlUeM, KaK
He 6e3 OCHOBaHHH onaCaJICH fHTJIep, npeACTaBHTb yrp03Y
.AJIR cpaml1CTCKOH 3JIliTbl. TI03TOMY B 1929 r. OH BbIBeJI CC
H3 COCTaBa CA 11 no.n;llHHHJI HX JII1QHO ce6e. .lI.JIR pacnpaBbI
, 
C HHaKOMbICJIHIIUIMH IIJIH npocTo He)J.OBOJIhHbIMH B CBoell
cpeAe Hau.HCTCKa.H BepxYIIlKa B 1926 f. C03.AaJIa co6CTBeH-
Hoe TaHHoe CYJI.HJIHIJ.J.e -- Untersuchung und Schlichtung
Ausschluss (Uschla) - no npe)I.Ce.AaTeJIbCTBOM reHepaJIa
XeHHeMaHa.
Ha BeplliHHe Bcero pa3BeTBJIeHHOrO annapaTa cpallI'HCT-
CKOM napTHH CTORJI fHTJIep, KOTOPOMY 6blJI npHcBoeH TH-
Tyn tPlOpepa. OH .HBJIRJICH npeJJ.ce,AaTeJIeM napTHH H Bep-
XOBHbIM BO>K)I.eM CA. B 1926-1929 rr. B pRAax HC.il.ATI
u
CJIOLKHJIHCb .ABe rpynrrbI rJIaBapeH, Bpa}l{.n;oBaBlllHe MelK.lI.Y
C060H, HO HeH3MeHHO nOMep}l{HBaBllIHe fHTJIepa. B nep-
BylO BXOJJ:HJIH rperop lllTpaccep, PeM, fepHHr, fe66eJIbC
H Cl>PHK, BO BTOpylO -- fHMMJIep, JIeH, 4>paHK, JI.appe,
fecc H P03eH6epr.
C03JJ.aB pa3BeTBJIeHHbIH napTHHHbIl1 annapaT, rHTJIepOB-
I..J;bI He CMOrJIH, oAHaKo, .z:r.06HTbCR MaCCOBOCTH H YKperrHTb
CBOH n03Hu.HH B llIHpOKHX CJIOHX HaCeJIeHHH. B KOHu.e
1925 r. B HC,lJ.An HaCtJHTblBaJIOCb Bcero 27 TbIC. qeJIO-
BeK - BABoe MeHblIle, IJeM B AHH «nHBHoro nYTIJa» 16.
3a.lI.aqa OBJIaAeHH.H peHXCTarOM H JIaH,ATar3MH OCT3Ba-
JIaCb HeperneHHoM. 10 <peBpaJIH 1924 r. naI..J;HCTbI npHHHJIH
yqaCTHe B BbI60pax B JIaH)1.Tar TlOpHHrHH, BbIJJ.BHHYB BMec-
Te C APyrHMH peaKUHoHHbIMli opraHH3au,HRMII TaK Ha3b1Bae-
MbJe 06'be.lI.HHeHHbIe Hap0.AHbIe cnHCKH. vb ceMH H36p3HHbIX
no 3THM CllHCKaM KaH)J.HJJ.aTOB Tpoe 6bIJIH H3I.:(HCTaMH. aTO
6b1JI nepBbIH CJIyqaH YIJaCTHH HaI.:(HCTOB B napJIaMeHTCKHx
85
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.-

BbI6opax, nepBbIH liar Ha "y'nl ttpoB03rJIallIeHHOH r1i'l'Jte-
pOBCKliM PYKOBO,lJ.CTBOM «HOBOH TaKTI1KU». B anpeJIe 1924 r.
HaII.HCThI yqaCTBOBaJIH B BbI60pax B 6aBapcKHH JIaH,lJ.Tar,
rJI,e nOJIyqHJIH 23 MaH,lJ.aTa li3 1.29. rHTJIepOBl\bI o6pa30BaJIM
B JIaH}],Tare CBOIO paKII.HIO BO rJIaBe C rperopoM IIITpacce-
P°f\.;!.
B Mae 1924 r. HaIU-ICTbI BnepBble BbIcTynHJIli Ha BbIOO-
pax B HMnepcKOM MacllITaoe B 6JIOKe C «JI..oi{lI-4JeJIbKUlIIe».
11M y.u.aJIOCb npOBeCTH B peMxcTar 10 qeJIOBeK; CpeJI..H HUX
6bIJIH I4>PMK, raHcep, <I>e,lJ.ep, PeM. Ha BbIoopax B naHJ],Tarii
B BlOpTeM6epre, AHraJIbTe. B n'PYCCHH, Ha MYHHII.HiIlaJIbHblX
BbI60pax B faMoypre, npOXO.lI.HBIJlHX B 1924 r., Hau.HCTbI
TaKJKe npOBeJIH HeCKOJIbKO CBOHX Ka HJI..HJJ.a TOB. 14 Q>aIllHcT-
..
CKHX JI.enYTaToB BOIJlJIH B COCTaB HOBoro peHxcTara, H3-
6paHHoro 7 J(eKa6pH 1924 r.
HecMoTpH Ha llIHPOKYIO KaMnaHHlO, HanpaBJIeHHYIO Ha
3aBoeBaHHe BJIHHHIUI B Maccax, rHTnepOBII.aM B 1924-
1928 rr. He Y,lJ,aJIOCb JI.OOHTbCH CBoeM u.eJIH. Ha BbIoopax
B peHXCTar B Mae 1924 r., BbIcTynaH B OJIOKe C JI.pyrHMH 4Ja-
IllHCTCKHMH rpynnHpoBKaMH. OHH nonyqliJ1H 1 918 TbIC. rOJiO-
COB (6,5%), B JI..eKa6pe 1924 r.-907 TbIC. (3%), B,1928 r.-
810 TbIC. rOJIOCOB (2,6 %). qnCJIeHHOCTb qJIeHOB HC.ZJ.An
B 1925 r. COCTaBJIHJIa 27 117 tJeJIOBeK, B 1926 r. - 49523,
B 1927 r. - 72590, B 1928 r. - 108717 qeJIOBeK 17. Ho
n03IIu,HI1 H C)JAn cpe.n.u IIIHpOKHX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH 6blJIli
eIlte CJIaObIMH, a H30HpaTeJIbHbIe ycnexH HaII.HCTOB - BeCb-
Ma CKpOMHbIMH_ Ha npe3HJI.eHTCKMX BhI60pax B MapTe
1925 r. OHII nOnbITaJIliCb OblJIO BbiCTaBHTb coocTBeHHoro
KaHJI..u.n.aTa - reHepana JIIO.lI.eHJI..Op<pa, HO nOCJIeJI..HHH co-
6paJI TOJIbKO 286 793 rOJIoca. lITO COCTaBHJlO 1,06 % Bcex
rOJIOCOBaBllIHX. 11 B nocJIe,lJ,YIOllI.IIX H36IIpaTeJIbHbIX KaMna-
HURx HaHCTaM He YJ(aBanOCb 3aBoeBaTb CKObKO-HH6YJI..b
3HalIHTeJIbHOe tIHCJIO rOJIOCOB. Ha BbIoopax B JIaHJ(TarH B
1928 r. rHTJIepOBbI nOJIYt!IHJIH B npYCCHIH 1,3% rOJIOCOB, B
AHraJIbTe - 3, B OJIbJI.eH6ypre - 6,2, B BlOpTeMoepre _
1,2, B CaKcOHHH (MaR 1929 r.) - 4,9%. CaMbIH BbICOKHH
npoeHT rOJIOCOBaBlIlHX 3a HaII.HCTOB 6bIJi B BaBapHli -
7 % 18.
c1>allIHcTbl He HMeJIH ycnexa CpeJI.H nponeTapCKHX Mace.
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe «JIeBbIe» HaII.liCTbl, 06'beAMHHBllIHeCH B
CeHT5IOpe 1925 r. B XareHe B «Paooqee cOOOllI.eCTBo» BO
rJIaBe C r. lllTpaccepoM, BbI.lI.BHHYJIU CBOIO nporpaMMY, KO-
TopaH 6bIJIa U3JIOJKeHa B HOH6pe 1925 r. Ha HaJ.{UCTCKOM
co6paHHI1 B raHHoBepe. B eJIHX 06M3iHa Tpy.n.HIltillXCH Mace
86

,
B npOrpaMMe 4>HfYPHpOBaJIH TaKHe TpeOOBaHHH, KaK yn-
..
pa3HetIHe KpynHbIx nOM&THI1 H OpraHH3aII.HH BCeX Kpe-
...
CTbHH B CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIe TOBaplII.IJ.eCTBa, «COIJ;naJIH3a-
H5I» BCeX npe.n.npHHTHH C tInCJIOM HaeMHbIX pa60tIHX oonee
20 tIenOBeK, H J{pyrHe aHaJIOrHqHbIe TpeooB8HIIH. «MbI -
COIUlaJIHCTbI, - B03BernaJIH «JIeBble», - MbI CMep1'eJIbHbIe
u ...
BparH cYIIJ.eC1'BYIOl.I.{eH CHC1'eMbI X03SUiC1'Ba C ee 3KCnJIya1'a-
IJ;HeH, HeCnpaBe.lI;JIliBOCT.HMH, HH3KOH 3apaoo1'HoH nJIaToii,
MbI nOJIIHbI peIllHMQCTH 31'Y oHc1'eMY YHIftITO}KMTb...» 19 TIo,Q-
JIHHHbIH CMbICJI BbIJ{B1l2KeHHH nO.lI..OOHbJX nporpaMMHbIX
1'pe6oB3HHH, KOTopbIe HaIJ;HCTbI HHKorAa He npeAnOJIar3J1H
Bcepbe3 npOBo.n.H1'b B }KH3Hb. paCKpbI'JI re06eJIbC, 3arrHcaB-
IIIHH B CBoeM AHeBHHKe CJIeAYlOl.I.{ee: «MbI 3aBOlOeM Bce,
eCJIH nOC1'aBHM H8 CJIY}K6y HaIIIHX IJ;eJIeH rOJIOA, HeYBepeH-
HOCTb II }KepTBbI».
llHHHtIHO cneKYJIHpYH Ha CHMnaTHRX HeMenKHX TPYJ.lH-
1.I.{1IXCH K COBeTCKOH C1'paHe, Ha HX YBa}KeHHH K KOMMYHH-
CTaM, «JIeBbIe» HaIJ;HCTbI llbITaJIHCb .lI.a:>Ke BbI.11.aTb ceOH 3a
JlIOJ.leH, fOTOBbIX «AorOBopHTb0H C POCCHeH H C Knr».
B J{HeBHHKOBbIX 3anHCHX re66eJIbCa BCTpeqalOTCH paCCYLK-
JI;eHHH 0 TOM. tITO XOpOIIIO-.lI..e 6bIJIO ObI npeBpa1'HTb KOMMY-
HHCTOB B COI03HHKOB II J{eik1'BOBaTb COBMeCTHO. Ho B TOM
me J{HeBHHKe eCTb BnOJIHe orrpeJ{eJIeHHbIe CBH.lI.eTeJIbC1'Ba,
tITO J{aJKe B nepnoJI. CBoero Han60JIbmerO YBJIetIeHHH «JIe-
BOM» TaKTHKoH re66eJIbC paCCMa1'pHB3JI 60JIbll1eBH3M, KOM-
MYHH3M, COBe1'CKHH COlO3 KaK fJIaBHOrO II HenpHMHpHMOfO
Bpara 20.
XOTH nporpaMMa HC.L(An 6bIJIa C caMoro Ha l I8JIa 060-
 u u
SJmJIeHa Hen3M€1HHOH If HenpHKOCHOBeHHOH JI.OrMOM, B Hee He-
oHoKpaTHO BHOCMJIHCb BC.HROfO poa norrpaBKH H H3MeHe-
HIISI, rrpH3BalH'Hble npHTJIYIlIHTb 3BytIaHHe «aHTHK3nIfTaJIHC1'H-
tIeCI{HX» nYHKTOB H y6eJ{H1'b 6YPJKya3HIO B TOM, lITO Hal\.H-
CTbI He nOCHfHYT Ha ee c06CTBeHHOCTb. TaK, H8rrpHMep, B
anpeJIe 1928 r. B cpall1HCTcKoi1 netIa1'H nOHBHJIOCb pa3'bHC-
HeHHe, 1JTO rrYHKT 17 nporpaMMbl, npOB03fJIaIIIaBllIHH
u
3KcnponpHaII;mo KpynHblx 3eMeJIbHbIX BJI8JI.eHI1H, HMeeT B
BHJ{Y 1'onbKO 3eMneBnaJ{eJIbu.eB-eBpeeB. A TaK KaK 3eMeJIb-
Ha5I co6cTBeHHocTb nOtITH HCKJIlOtIH1'eJIbHO H8X0.lI.HJIaCb B
pYKax IOHKepoB-apni1n.eB, TO nYHK1' 00 3KcrrponpHaHH no-
MelI.J;HKOB Boo6lI.J;e npeBpal.I.{aJICH B CPHKIJ;HIO. ECTeCTBeHHo,
tITO 31'a «nonpaBKa» 3HatIHTenbHO paCllIlIpHJIa rrOJI.JI;epLKKY
HaIJ;nC1'OB CO CTOpOHbI IOHKepC1'Ba 21,
C03HaTeJIbHbIe, opraHH30BaHHbIe paOOlIHe c npe3peHHeM
OTHocunn:Cb K AeMarOfUM 4>aIII HCTOB, OTBepraJIH HX npH3bI-
67
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BbI H OOelI!aHHH. TOJIbKO B PeHHCKOH 06JIaCTH rJl.e Jl.ei1-
CTBOBaJUI «JIeBble» HaI.{HCTbI nOCJIe.n.HHM y.n.aJIOCb npHBJIqb
B CBOH pHJ.I.bI HeKOTOpylO qaCTb paOOqHX Jl.eMarOrHqeCKOH
nporpaMMOH BbIJI.BHraBlIleH pa.n.HKaJIbHO 3ByqalI!He Tpeoo-
BaHHH 22.
Co CTOpOHbI «JIeBbIX» HaI.{HCTOB HeOJI,HOKpaTHO pa3Jl.aBa-
JIliCb npH3bIBbI npllcTynHTb K C03Jl.3HHIO H3UHOHaJI-COIJ;.H3-
JIHCTCKIfX np O cPCOI030B. Borrpoc 9TOT 06CY)K.QaJICR Ha Beff-
MapCKOM If HlOpHoeprCKOM C'be3.u,ax HC1{An B 1926 H
1927 1'1'., HO B 060HX CJIyqaHX pellIeHHe 6bIJIO OTpHI,J;3TeJIb-
HbIM. npe.lI.JIo'>KeHlle 0 C03,n:aHHH cpailillcTCKHX npocpCOlO30B
OTKJIOHHJIO B 1928 r. H I1MnepcKoe PYKOBO,nCTBO HC.il.An.
fHTJIep, KOTOpbIH B TO BpeMH HeYCTaHHO YKpenJIHJI CBH3n
C MOHorro..1HCTaMH, 60HJICR BbI3B3Tb C HX CTOpOlibI ,na}Ke
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TeHb nO.ll.03peHHH B npOBeIJ;eUHH «KJIaCCOBOH nOJIHTHKH» H
IIOTOMy He nOOllI,pSIJI «JIeBbIX» HaIUICTOB. «JIeBbIe» }KOHrJIH-
p'OBaJIH a'HWI(a'HHTaJIHCTH'lIeeKOa <l>pa3eOJIOrHeH, no.n.BepraJIH
HpOCTHbIM Harra.lI,KaM HeKOTopbIX He CBH3aHHbIX C Hal.(IICTa-
MIl KanHTaJIHCTOB. B rrpOnaraHJl.HCTCKHX u.eJIHX OHH .u,a.>Ke
IIOJ.I..n. e pLKHBaJIH OTJl.eJIbHbIe 3a6aCTOBKIl pa60'lIHX. TeM He
MeHee cepbe3Horo BJIHHHHSI «JIeBbIM» HaUHCTaM ,lJ,06HTbCH
He y.n.aJIOCb 23.
B cpeBpaJIe 1926 r. Ha OtIepeJl.HOM MaCCOBOM c60p H me
nal'(HCTCKoro «'aKTJlBa» B EaM6epre no cJIyqalO TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMoro «.lI.HSI cplOpepa» fHTJIep BbIcTynHJI c nHTHqaCOBOH
peqblO, cTepLKHeM KOTOpOH 6bIJI aHTHconeTH3M. 01'1 YTBepLK-
.n.aJI, lITO Bce BHYTpe'H'HHe npo6JIeMbI MorYT 6bITb ycneiliHo
pemeHbI TOJIbKO B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH Y,D,aCTCH JIHKBn.lI.Hpo-
BaTb «60JIblIleBHCTCKHM OtJaf» B COBeTCKOM POCCHH. DpH-
3bIBa51 K COlO3Y C HTaJIHei1 M AHrJIHeM (<<HallIHMH eCTeCT-
BeHHbIMH COI03HHKaMH») npOTHB CCCP, fHTJIep HanaJl.aJI
Ha npaBI1TeJIbCTBO IlITpe3eMaHa 3a ero «Hej.(OCTaTOqHO
Bpa>K,lJ,eOHbIH PYCCKHM BHelIlHenOJUiTHqeCKHH KYpC». B 06-
JIaCTH BHYTpeHHeH nOJIHTHKH B peqH cplOpepa BbI,nBHfaJIHCb
Bce Te 1Ke rrpH3bIBbI K 6opb6e npoTHB «MHpoBoro eBpeii-
CTBa». 3Ta petlb H BbICKa3aHHbIe B HeM JI03YHfH 6bIJIH H-a-
CTOJIbKO 6aHaJIbHbIMH H HerH6KHMH, lITO j.(aMe fe66eJIbC
n03BOJIHJI ce6e, npaBJ.I.a JIHIllb B ,D,HeBHHKOBbIX 3anlIcRx,
nOJ.I.BeprHYTb ee KpHTHKe. HrpaBIllHH B «JIeBH3HY» cpallIHcT-
..
CRHll JJ.eMaror B TO BpeMH HOCHJICH C MbICJIblO npHBJIeqb B
Hal(IlCTCKoe ,D,BH>KeHHe npOMbIIIIJIe'HHbIX pa60Q'I1X, «nepeXBa-
THTb» CHMnaTH3HpYIOHX KOMMYHHCTaM KHJl.POBbIX npOJIe-
TapHeB, C03.n;aB BneqaTJIeHHe 6JIH30CTH KOHeqHbIX ueJIen H
3a.u.aq y KOMMYHHCTOB If HaII.HCTOB. a H nOJI01KeHHe re6-
88

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6eJIbCa KaK raYJIeHTepa BepJutHa - TOrO «MapKCMC1CKOrO
rHe3JI.a» B «pacca.n.HHKa» KOMMYUHCTMl.JeCKHX BAeH: - 0651-
3bIBaJIO ero K oc06oiI rH6KocTH. OH He Mor n03BOJIHTb ce-
6e OTKpbITO KOHTppeBOJIIOIJ.HOHHbIX norpOMHbIX JI03YHrOB,
KOTopbIe npaKTHKOBaJIHCb HaU;HCTaMH B oaBapHH. 3aKJIIO-
qaTb me H3 :noro, '1TO fe66eJIbC I1HTaJI KaKHe-TO CHMII3-
THH K KOMMYHHCTaM, K3K 3TO .neJIalOT HeKOTopbIe 6YPlKY-
a3Hble HCTOpHKH <}JaIpH3Ma, no MeHblIIeH Mepe HaHBHO.
nOCJIe COBell.{aHHH B EaM6epre B rHT JIepOBCKOH rrapTHH
6bIJIO nOKOH'1eHO C «JIeBbIMH» HacTpoeHHHMH cpe.n.H 'lIaCTH
Hal\HCTCKOro PYKOBO.ll.CTBa. KOHe1JHO, 3aBoeBaTb Ha CBOIO
CTOPOHY KaK MOJKHO 60JIbllIee 'lIIICJlO JIIO,l(eiI H3 MeJIKo6yp-
:>Kya3HbIx CJIOeB H .lI.alKe rrpOMbIIllJIeHHbIX pa60'lIHX 6bIJlO
OqeHb Ba}KHO: OpMHpOBaHHe MaCCOBOM 6a3bI C1JIITaJIOCb
OCiIOBHOH 3a.n;aqeH napTHll; HO JI.aJKe pa}J.ll JI.OCTHJKeHllH
3TOll: II.eJIll rHTJIep ue XOTeJI pllcKoBaTb nOMep}l{KOH no.n.-
JIHHHbIX «llIe<poB» <pallIHCTCKoro .n.BluKeHHH - peaKII.HOHHbIX
MOHOnOJII1H H BOeHIl{HHbI. TI03T9MY nOCJIe HeCKOJIbKHX CTbI-
'leK no Bonpocy 0 BbI60pe JIyqrneli TaKTHKll re66eJIbC,
r. UJTpaccep H JI.pyrHe CTOpOHHHKll «COII.HaJIbHOrO aKueH-
v
Ta» B npOnaraHJI.HCTCKOH AeHTenbHoCTH napTHH BbIHY.lI.e-
Hbl 6bIJIH CMHrqHTb ero, (IToGbI He nyraTb BJIaCTb llMYll.{HX.
C03JI.3HHe H CO.ll.ep:maHHe pa3BeTBJIeHHOrO annapaTa Ha-
IJ.HCTOB Tpe6oBano 60nbllIHX cpeACTB. Ha B3HOCbI, KOTopbIe
nocTynanH OT HeCKOJIbKHX AeCTKOB TbICHq 1JneHOB napTHHJ
ee YHKu,HOHepbI, KOHe'1HO, He MOrJIH CYIUeCTBOBaTb. ,Qo-
XOJI.bI napTHH OT QJIeHCKHX B3HOCOB He npeBbIllianH 750 TbIC.
MapoK. CO.ll.ep}KaHHe }l{e TOJIbKO Boopy:meHllbIX cpaIllHcTcKHX
6ajJ, 06XO.ll.I1JIOCb, no caMbIM CKpOMHbIM nOjJ,CQeT3M J B
15 MJIH. MapoK B ro.ll. 24. CIOJl.a CJIeJl.yeT JI.OOaBHTb paCXOJl.bI
v
Ha co.n.epLKaHHe napTHI1Horo annapaTa H Ha orpOMHYIO no
MaCillTa6aM npOnaraHJI.Y. HOt KaK H B nepBbIe rOJ];bI CBoero
cymecTBoBaHHH, HC.II.An nOKpbIBana .n.eqHIIJ.HT CBoero GIOJI.-
meTa, nonyqaSl IUeJI.pble Cy6CH,lI,HH OT MOHOnOJlHH.
J1eToM 1926 r. fHTnep cOBeprnHJI pHJl. nOe3.l1.0K 110 Pyp-
CKOM o6nacTH. OH BCTpe'1aJICH C KpynHbIMH npOMbIllIJIeH-
HbIMH MarHaTaMH, BbIcTynaJI nepe.ll. HHMH C «pe<pepaTaMH».
B, anpeJle 1927 r. Ha BHJIJIe Kpynna B 3cceHe rHTJIep Bbl-
cTynl1JI nepeJl. 400 npejJ,cTaBHTeJIHMH cpHHaHcoBbIx H npo-
MbIllIneHHblX KpyroB. MarHaTbI KanHTa.na Bce 60Jlee BRH-
MaTeJIbHO H .lI.06pO>KeJIaTeJIbHO OTHOCHJlHCb K Hau,HCTaM.
THcceH H I(HP.n.OP<P, Kpynn H <I>JIHK OTKpblJIH HC)].An
6aHKoBcKlle CQeTa 25. CpeJI.H Tex, KTO nOMOraJI rHTJIepy B
Hana:>KHBaHHH KOHTaKTOB C MarHaTaMH Pypa H C ryreH-
89
.
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.

oeprOM, ODIJIH PaM3MaH-rpOHe H OTTO 1tHTpHX. B 1927 r.
BCTynaeT B tJJIeHbI H CLLAn BJIa.D;eJIeu; KpynHeihuero yrOJIb-
Horo CHH)1.11KaT8 «feJIb3eHIUI:pxHep 6eprBepKe Ar» 8MHJIb
HpOp; HMeHHO OH B CBoe BpeMH nOMor HaHCTCKOH
..
BepXYllIKe CBH3aTbC5I C J1,pyrHM KpynHeHllIIIM MarHaTOM _
<PpmJ,eM TIIcceHOM 26. ,QeCHTKH KanHTaJIHCTOB MeHbllIero
MaCIIlTa6a TaKJKe npe.n;OCTaBJIHJIli CpeJl.CTBa rII'.fJIepOBCKOH:
napTHH.
C 1926 f. fHTJIep HaqHHaeT perYJIHpHO BbIcTynaTb nepe,n;
npOMbIllIJIeHHHKaMH C ,QOKJIa.a.aMH 06 3KOHOMHlIeCKHX II fiO-
0>
JIHTHlIeCKHX 3a.u.a l Iax HaU;HOHaJI-COlJ,H8JIHCTCKOH napTlIH.
YrOJIbHbu1 KOpOJIb Knp.lI.opcp BcnOMHH8JI BnOCJIe,n;CTBnn:
«B 1927 r. H BnepBbIe BCTpeTHJICH C qHopepoM. 51 noexaJI
B MIoHxeH. B TelleHHe lIeTbIpex C nOJIOBHHOH qaCOB rHTJIep
p83BHB8JI nepe.zxo MIIOH CBOIO rrporpaMMY. 51 nOnpOCHJI ero
H3JIO)IUITb B 6pollIlope rrpOqHTaHHbu1 MHe JI,OKJIaJI.. 3aTeM
H OT CEoero HMeHH pacnpOCTpaHHJI 3TY 6pOlUIOpy B Kpyrax
npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH H 3KOHOMHKH. CJIe.n:CTBHeM .9Toii 6pOllIlO-
pbI, KOTOpa5I 6bIJIa COCTaBJIeH8 q:HopepOM H pacnpocTp8HeHa
MHOii, HBHJIHCb MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIe BCTpeqn qHopepa C PYKO-
BO)];HII.J,HMIl cpHrypaMH npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTH» 27.
rHTJIepOBCKYIO napTHlO rrOMep}KHBaJUI H MHOrOqHCJIeH-
HbIe rrpeJ1.CTaBHTeJIn IOHKepCTBa - npYCCKoro ,lI,BOp5:lHCTBa
II apHCTOKpaTHH, CpeJ1,II HHX npHHII.bI ABrYCT-BHJIbreJIbM
foreHIJ:QJIJIepH, lllaYM6ypr-J1Hnne, <PHJIIInn fecceHCKlIH,
repgor 8J1.yap.lI. cpOH K06ypr II J1,p. B CaJIOHaX BbICOKono-
CTaBJIeHHblX 6epJIHHCKHX .lJ;aM Hepe.a.KO BbIIInCbIBaJIHCh qeKH
C I.IJ;,e.n:pbIMH Cy6CI1.n;H5:lMH B CPOH}]. HCL(An; AKTHBHO Bep-
60BaJIH CTOpOHHHKOB HalJ,HCTOB H3 qHCJIa <pHHaHCOBOH: II pO-
.[lOBOH 3HaTH IIJIeM5:lHHHlJ,a KOMn03HTopa PHxap.n;a BarHe-
pa - BHHHCPPHJI. BarHep, pa3BeJ1.eHHaH JKeHa MHJIJIHOHepa
(6y.n;Yll1.aH JKeHa re66eJIbca) MarJI.8 I(BaH.lJ.T H .a.p. B Ha-
qaJIe 1929 r. cpalllHcTCKaH QpralflH3agH1H «06eciIetteHiHe
IIlTypMOBHKOB», npeJ1.CTaBJIHBlllaH C060H opraH <pHHaHCHpo-
BaHIUI rUTJIepOBCKHX 6aH)J;t 6bIJIa npeo6pa30BaHa B «I(accy
nOMOI.IJ;,H "'HC,LLAn». KOTOpylO B03rJIaBHJI MapTHH EopMaH.
«HcTOpUqeCKHe cnpaBKH» If «yqe6HHKH HCTOpHH», H3-
)I.aBaBllIliecSi BO BpeMeHa cpalIlHcTcKOH .n;HKTaTypbI, H306pa
}KaJIIH Cepe,l1.llHY 20-x rO,lI,OB KaK rrepHOJ1" KOr,lI,a rHTJIepOO-
lI.bI, «JIeraJIbHO» 6opOBllIHeC5:l 3a BJIaCTb, rro.a.BepraJIHCb CHC-
TeMaTH1leCKHM npeCJIe.a.OBaHHHM co CTOpOHbI BJIaCTeH BeH-
MapcKoii pecny6JIHKH. Ha .l(eJIe t 0}].H3KO, JJ:eHTeJIbHOCTb Ha-
0>
HCTOB cpaKTH4eCKH He BCTpeqaJIa cepbe3HbIX npenHTCTBHH
co CTOpOHbI rocy.u.apCTBeHHbIX opraHOB H nOJIHII.HH. 3anpe
90

ru:eHHe rHTnepy BbIcTynaTb C nYOJIHIlHbIMH peqaMH B Teqe-
HHe OJJ;HOfO-Jl.BYX MeCSIIJ,eB, K KOTOPOMY llHOr.u.a npH6efaJIH
3eMeJIbHbIe BnaCTH nOCJIe OC06eHHO HafJIbIX Bbma,nOB ct>a-
WHCTCKOrO ct>IOpepa, npeKparu:eHlle BbmYCKa TOH HJUI HHOH
cpawHcTcKoH ra3eTbI OnSITb-TaKH Ha MeCHIJ. HJIll .lI.8:>Ke JJ;Be
He.lI,eJIH OCTaBaJIHCb Ha JI.eJIe JIHWb nycToii cpopMaJIbHOcTbIO.
5 MaH 1927 f., HanpHMep, nOJIHIJ;eii-npe3HJJ;eHT EepJUIHa
COllHaJI-,ZI.eMOKpaT ll.ep'roI6eJIb 3anpeTHJI .neSlTeJlbHOCTb
HC.lI.An; OJI.HOBpeMeHHO 6bIJIa 3anpeeHa .u.eSITeJIbHOCTb
H811HCTCKOH napTHH B KeJIbHe, HOHBH.u.e H na3eBaJIKe. Ho
3anpeTbI OCTaJIHCb Ha 6YMafe. npO.lI.OJDKaJIa BbIXO.lI.HTb B
CBeT ra3eTa fe66eJIbCa H IIITpeHxepa «Der Angriff». B aB-
rYCTe 1927 f. H8lJ,HOH8J1-COlJ,HaJIHCTCKHe JJ;eJIeraTbI BepJIHH8
H KeJIbHa YllacTBOBaJIH B TpeTbeM «IlMnepcKoM» C'be3.lI.e
HC.l1.An B HlOpH6epre. B CTOJIHu.e 6ecIIpenHTcTBeHHo npo-
HCXOAIiJIH cDopHlI.{a e}>aIllllcToB. JJ.eiicTBHSI BJIaOCTeii MaJIO
6eCIIOKOllJIH rHTJIepOBIJ;eB. A B 1928 r. BJIaCTH Y:>Ke OcpllIJ;H-
aJIbHO OTMeHHJIH 06'bHBJIeHHbIe paHee «3anpeTbI».
B 1924-1929 rr. 60JIbIllOe BHHMa'HHe Hau.HCTbI YJ1.eJIH-
u
JIM C03.n:.aHHIO «TeOpeTHlleCKHX OCHOB» CBoeM nOJIHTHKH.
B 1925 r. BbIllIJIa B CBeT KHHra rHTJIepa «MoH 6opboa».
9TOT «TPY.n:.» Ha 400 cTpaHHu.ax eMY nOMoranH nHcaTb fecc,
nacTop IlITeMn4>Jle H H3)1.aTeJIb aHTHceMMTCKHX JIMCTKOB
Ilex H03ee}> qepHbI ....... COTPYJI.HHK «VOlkischer Beobachter».
PeJI.aKTHpOBan 3TY «OHOJIHIO cpallIH3Ma» MaKc AMaH 28.
KHHra IIepBOHaIIaJIbHO pacXOJI.MJIaCb cJIaoo. B 1926 r.
ObIJIO npO.ll.aHO OKOJIO 7 TbIC. 9K3eMIIJISIpOB, B 1927 r. -
5 TbIC., B 1928 f. - BcefO 3 TbIC. TOJIbI{O B rO.lI.bI MHpoBoro
3KOHOMHIIeCKoro KpH3Hca II, eCTeCTBeHHO, IIOCJIe 3aXBaTa
BJIaCTH rHTJIepoBu.aMH IIHCJIO npo.n:.aHHbIX 3K3eMflJUIpOB pe3-
KO B03pOCJIO, H 8BTOp «Moeii 60Pb6bI» CT3JI «caMbIM rOHO
..
papHbIM aBTopoM peHxa».
npHMHTHBHaSI, HaCKB03b 3KJIeKTH1JHa51 cTpHnHH rHTJIe
pa CTaJIa no cYll\eCTBY HOBOH nporpaMMoH HC1I.ATI, oc-
HOBOH Hau.HcTcKOH nponaraH)J.,bI H HaYKoo6pa3HbIx «H3bIC-
KaHHH» H.lI.eOJIOfHIIeCKHX npHCJIY>KHHKOB cpaIllH3Ma. n03>Ke
fHTJIep HanHCaJI npo)J.,OJI:>KeHHe «Moefi 60Pb6bI», Ha3BaB
:JTY BTOpylO KHHry «nYTb K BnaCTH». OHa He 6bIJIa ony6-
JIHKOBaHa HH .lI.O 3aXBaTa BJIaCTH fHTnepOBuaMH, HH B ro-
Abl «TpeTbeii HMnepHH» H YBH.n:.eJIa CBeT JIHmb B 1961 I'. B
3anaAHoH fepMaHHII.
<PaIllHcTcKoe ,lI,BH>KeHHe B fepMaHIiH B 1924-1928 rr.
He CTaJIO, HeCMOTpH Ha CTapaHIiH rHTJIepOBlI.eB, cepbe3HIM
nOJIHTH1JeCKHM aKTopOM. Ero BJIHHHHe B lliHpOKHX Maccax
,91

HaCeJIeHHSI OhIJIO He3H8qHTeJIbHbIM. Ho OHO He COlIIJIO co
Cl.{eHbI, He HCQe3JIO, TaK KaK YCJIOBHSI ,AJISI ero CYII.{eCTBOBa-
HMR H nHTaTeJIbH8SI cpe,Aa cpalIIM3Ma nOJIHOCTbIO coxpaHH-
JIMCb.
4aCTHtJ:HaH cTa6MJIH3al.{HH KaIIHTaJIM3Ma B cepeHHe
2Q-x ro,nOB 6uJIa B repMaHHH B 60JIbllIeii CTeneHH, tIeM B
.npyrMx CTpaHax, lUaTKOH H HeYCTOHtIHBOH. .l.{a}Ke B OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO 6JIaronOJIYtJ:'HOM no 3KOHOMiHtJ:eCKOH KOH"bIOHKType
1928 ro.n.y B cTpaHe HaCtIHTbIBaJIOCb OKOJIO 2 MJIH. OrpHl.{H-
aJIbHO 3aperHcTpHpOBa'HHbIX 6e3-pa 60THbIX, a He.n;oDpY3Ka
npoH3Bo.n.cTBeHHbIx MOll{HocTeH COCTaBHJIa OKOJIO 32 % .
B 1924 r. He HMeJIH pa60TbI 11,4 % Bcex pa60tIHX, B
1925 r. - 8.3, B 1926 r. - 17,9, B 1927 r. .:- 9,6% 29. XOTH
3apa6oTHaSI .nJIaTa pa6otJ:ux H CJIY}KaIl.{MX no cpaBHeHHIO C
,nOBoeHHbIM ypOBHeM HeCKOJIbKO B03pOCJIa, ee pOCT C'HJIbHO
OTCTaBaJI OT pOCTa qeH. B pe3YJIbTaTe peaJIbHaH 3apa6oT-
HaR nJIaTa B 1924 r. COCTaBJISIJIa JIMlIIb 74% JloBoeHHoH, B
1925 r. - 91, B 1926 r, - 85, B 1927 r. - 98% 30. B TO
JKe BpeMSI tJ:HCTaSI npH6bIJIb KpynHbIx aKl.{HOHepHbIX 0611{eCTB
3a nepHO.n; C 1925 no 1929 r, B03pOCJI3 oOJIee tIeM Ha 62 %.
3HatJ:HTeJIbHO YCHJIHJIaCb 3KCIIJIyaTanuH pa60QHX 3a CqeT
MHTeHcHrpHKaIJ.HH Tpy.aOBbIX npoIJ.eCc(n - BBe.neHHSI KOH-
BeHepHOH CHCTeMbI H YCKopeHHSI pHTMa TpYJI.a. Ha MHorHX
rrpe.n;npHHTHSIX 6blJI JIHKBH.lUlpOBaH 8-tIaCOBOn pa60tIHH
.n.eHb.
BbICTpbIMH TeMnaMM lIIeJI rrpOl.{ecc KOHl.{eHTpal{HH npo-
H3Bo.nCTBa H KanHTaJIa. Cpe,nHHM KallHTaJI aKl.{HOHepHbIx
o6rn:.ecTB YBeJIHtIHJICH C 19'25 lIO 1929 r. Ha 42%. B 3TH
rO):tbI 06pa30BaJIHCb 'Ba rnTaHTCKHX TpecTa - «Hr <1>apoeH-
HH,aYCTPH Af» Ii «cl>epaMHHrTe lUTaJIbBepKe Ar». B PYKax
«J1r cI>ap6eH» cocpe,aoTOtIHJIOCb 80% npOH3,BOJ.tCTBa a30Ta.
OKOJIO 100% npoH3BO.ncTBa CHHTeTHtJeCKoro 6eH3HHa, B3pbIB-
t:IaTbIX Bern:.eCTB H KpaCHTeJIen. llJecTb PypCKHX MOHono-
JIHM - rpHPMbI Kpynna, XellIa, XaHH3JIH, MaHHecMaHa.
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J1.apCTBaX. B repMaHHH B 1927-1928 rr. nOHBHJIHCb nepBbIe
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B MapTe-anpeJIe 1929 r. B CTpaHe npoxo)J.I1JIH BbI60pbI
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lJ,HCTCKOM Jl.yxe BbIJI.eplKaHhI H H3J1.alOHeCH B Cl>Pf 60JIb-
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<pO'H IlIHpaxa H lllneepa, KHHf'H 0 P. reCce, ,HanHcaHHhIe
ero JKeHOIflH CbIHOM, MeMyapbI B.lI.OBbI PH66eHTpona H )J.p. 7
X0T51 :MaClllTa6bI pacnpOCTpaHeHHfl HeOHaUHCTCKOH «'MC-
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Tpa» B c1>Pf, ycnexa Y lllHpOKoro qliT3TeJIH He llMelOT.
C onpe.n.eneHHOH 6pe3rJIHBOCTblO OTHOCSlTCSI K HllM H «pec-
neKTa6eJIbHbIe» 6YP)Kya3Hble HCTOpHKH.
BypLKya3HaH JiCTOp110rpa<plIH paHHero cfJalllH3Ma He SlB-
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" ..
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pa3JIHQHbIe KOIIII.em.J;If.H, Oj1,HaKO Bce HX 06'beJJ.HHSleT ,Hecno-
C06HOCTb onpe.u.eJIHTb COll,HaJIbHYIO CYIIJ;HOCTb <palliH3Ma H
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n )J.aJKe KOHcepBaTHBHoro HanpaBJIeHHH B OTJIHQ'lIe OT Heo-
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CKOH .nHKTaTypbI H COBepllleHHblx em npeCTYIIJIeHHH. On-
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'HHe Ii nopa60IIJ.eHHe HapoAOB, <paIllHCTCKHH «HOBbIH no-
pSl.l1.0K», KpeMaTopHH OCBeHHMa H MaH.n.aHeKa - AeJIO
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O.u.HaKO, 6YJI.YQn BbIHY}I{)J.eHHblMli npH3HaTb, XOTH 1I C MHO-
JKeCTBOM orOBopoK. npecryllHbIH xapaKTep <paUIHCTCKOH
,D,HKTaTypbI B fepMaHHH, MHorHe 6YP}l{ya3HbIe HCTOpHKH
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u
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HliH, a rHTnepOBl1.bI Haxo.u.HnllCb, IE «onrr03HIHH».
BYPJKya3Ha51 HCTopHorpacfJHH paHHero q,alliH3Ma B fep-
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156

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OOpbObI rn:TJIepOBlleB 3a BJIaCTb, KOMMeHTHpOBaHHbIe H3J(a-
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H 3anaJI:HOrepMaHCKHM aBTopaM, KOTopbIe B 06meM OTCTaH-
BalO1' 'Q.lI..HI1 11 Te }I<e KOHuenu,HH. CYTb UX TIp'll Hepe)J.KO 11.0-
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tI1'O nOflBJIeHHe 4>alliH3Ma RBHJIOCb pe3YJlbTaTOM pa3'BHTHH
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«TeXHOnODHqeCKOH peBOJIIOIJ;.Hli», KOTopaH B YCJlOBillRX fep-
MaHHll ObIJIa 6YJI.TO ObI «HeJI,OCTaTO'llHO TeCHO CBH3aHHOH C
JI,eMOKpaTHqeCKHM 3ana.rr.OM» M npOSIBHJIaCb B B03HHKiHO-
BeHHM cpaIllH3Ma. B H306pa}KeHHH aMepHKaHlleB )J.}I{. Mocce,
n. .D.PYKepa, D. Moopa, A. OpraHCKH, ,lJ.. .D:)KepMaH'H cpa-
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CTb10 06llI,eCTBa H «3$4>eKTHBHOH TeXHOJIOrH'lIeCKOH peBO-
JIIOUHeH» 8. fipH 3TOM $aIlIH3M IH306pamaeTCfI KaK ,lieKHH
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BeHHoro nporpecca.
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K HapO)I.HbIM MaccaM KOTopbIe RK06bI nopO,lI.HnH ct>alllH3M,
HBHBlliHHCfI CJIe)I.CTBHeM «pa.n.HKaJIH3al1.HH» IlIHpOKHX CJIOeB
HaCeJIeHHfI H BbIpa}l{eJH1HeM npOTeCTa npOTHB TpaJI.HlJ:HOiHHbIX
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157

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Macc B HCTOpHqeCKOM npOII.ecce.
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UH51 HaMCTCKoro «paJUfKaJI,H3Ma» .H «pa)J,'HKaJIH3Ma CJHBa»,
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10. Be6ep, .l1.:>K. Betkc, cpaIlI1l3M nOHBHJIC.H KaK OTBeT Mace
«cnpaBa» 'Ha 'BbIcTynJIeHlle JIeBbIX CH.n, r.HTJtepOBIJ;bI «6bIJIH
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Y MOJI, o.n:.e)K}J HCKa:iKe1-IHOe npe.n.CTaBJIeHHe 0 4JanIlI3Me, Bbl-
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to
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5IKo6bI OTpa)KaJIH «uaQHOHaJlbHbIe YCTpeMJIeHHH» HeMlleB 13.
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MOHOnOJIIIHM'H 11 6aHKaMM, Y}Ke 1'Or,lI.a BJl02KllBUlHMIH HeMa-
158

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THBHHK», «pa3pym'HTeJIb» Tpa.n.unHOHHOTO 6yp>Kya3Horo
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a rHTJIepOBUbI H HX napTHH - KaK «npaBopaJJ.IHKaJIbHbIe
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3anaJJ.HorepMaHcKHH 6yp»<ya3HbIll HCTOpHK 3. <I>paHl1.eJ1b B
KHHre no.lI. HaaBaUHeM «HMnepH5I KO'pu'lIHeBbIX 51K06m-lII.CB»
nbITaeTCH o6'HapY}l{,HTb KaKoe-TO nOJI'HTntJecKoe pO.lI. CTBO
MeLK,ny HKo6HHl1.aMR. nponeTapcKHMlI iJ)eBOJUOII.HOHepaMH
H... rHTJIepOBI1.aMH. COIJ.:HaJIbUYIO CYll1..HOCTb repMaHCRoro
cpalUH3Ma 9. <1>paHI1.eJIb onpe.n.eJIfreT crreunaJIbHO npH.lI.YMaH-
HblM )I.JI.H .3TOil n.eJIH TepMHHOM HeorepMaHcKo.alIlllcT-
CRoe HKO ' 6HHC'I'BO» 14.
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meHCTBO nOJIHTHtfeCKOrO MexaHH3Ma BeHMapCKOH pecny6-
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JIlOU,HH» cnpalBa, JIn60 COIJ;,HaJIHCTHqeCKaH peBOJIIOIJ;,I1.H. B ux
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cl>allIHCTCKOM H KO'l\lI'MYH HCT1HQec.KO M. B TaKOM JI.yxe BbICKa-
3bIBaJICSJ, Ha.npHMep, Ha XIII Me>KAYHapvARoM KOHrpecce
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6YATO 6bI cpaIIIH3M 'UMeJI HeKYIO «HapO.lI.HYIO» npnpo,lt.y. a
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HbIX 3Tanax H€KOell «.zr.HoHa'M"JlqeCKOH peBOJIIOII.IIOHHOCTblO»15.
TaKHe HCTOpUK'H, ,KaK f. May, r. Kpayc.HHK, B. KOHIe,
f. POTeJ1bCt f. EyxreiiM, K. EyxreHM t M. BpolIIaT, T. o-
159

reJIb3aHr H .npyrHe, HI'HOPBPYSI KJIaCCOBYIO CYHOCTb 4>a
3IH3Ma KaK OJJ..HOrO H3 HHCTpY=MeHTOB nOJIHTH'leCKOrO roc-
nOJI.C'PBa HMnepHaJIHCTHQeC'KOH 6yp>Kya3uH, CTapaIOTC5I JI.Q-
l{Ia3aTb, qTO Ha'I.{HCTCKOe JI.BH>KeHHe HOCHJIO «p3.u;HK3JIbHOpe
BOJIIOHOHHbIii:» XapaKTep 16. . .
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pHKaMH BbJCTyrraIOT HeKoropbIe COU,HOJIOrH H HCTOplllKH
ClllA, AHfJIHH, cI>paHl.\HH. ABTOp KHHrH «COlJ,HaJIbHaSi pe-
BOJIIOIJ.HSI f-HTJIep3», BbJWe.nmeii: B 1966 r., aMepHK3HcKHH
HCTOpHK J1.. llIeH6aYM YTBepmJI.3eT, HanpHMep, qTO B 4>a
IIIH3Me BCerJI.3 rrpeOOJIa.n3J1H aHTHKanHTaJIHCTHqeCK'He.
«peBOJIIOlJ,HOHHbIe» TeH,lI.eHII.H'H 17. B rHTJIepOBCKOH napTHH
«6bIJIH peBOJIlOl..{HOHHbIe :weMeHTbI», 33S1BJI5IeT.lI.. XorraH.
AHrJIl1i1cKHH aBTOp B, rpaHlJ,OB B KHHre «3epKaJIO H3lJ,H3Ma.
AHrJIJJikKOe 061U,eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe  B03BbIllIeHHe rHTJIepa
B 1929--1933 ro.nax» 06DSlBJIHeT rHTJIepa «npOJIeTapCKHM
peBOJIIOlJ,1I0HepoM», a ero HJ1,eOJIOrHIO -- «peBOJIIO[(HOHHO-
pa3PYIlIHTeJIbHoiI» 18.
B 6YP>Ky-a3'HOH HCTopHorpa<}JHH OTQeTJIHBO npOCJIeJK1-!-
BaeTC5I TeH)l.eH1{HSI npe.nCT3BHTb repM3.aCKHH <paIlIH3M H3-
qaJIa 20-x rO)J.QB K3K BeCbM3 neCTpoe B COlJ,HaJIbHOM OTHO-
lllellHH .nBH>KeHHe, BKJUOqaBlllee B ce651 «peBOJIIOQHOHHOe
H «JIeBopa.nHKaJIbHoe» TeqeHHH. n03TOMY-.lI.e HaII.H3M 20-x
ro,n,OB pe3KO OTJIHqaeTC5I OT Han'H3Ma nepHo.na nOCJIe 1933 r.
CBOHM «p=3.JI.HK3JIM3MOM» H «poMaHTH3MoM».
AMepHKa:Hel..{ r. .lJ:}I{. rOpOH, 'HarrpHMep. cJIe.u;Y5I KaHO-
HaM peaKlJ,MOHHOH HCTOp'HOrpacpHH, Bce Bpe:MH npOBO.QHT
napaJIJIeJIb Me*.D.Y H05l6pb'cKOH peBOJIIOII.'HeH 1918 r. B fep-
MaHHU .M HOR6pbCKHM nYTlJeM <}JaIllHCTo.B B 1923 r. JI'Hllib
nOCJIe,D,HHH, no MHeHIHO rOp,rr,OH3, ObIJI TIOJI.JIHHHOH peBOJIIO-
lJ,Heli 19. ABTOp Ha Bce JIa.nbI npeB03I10CHT «MYLKeCTBO»,
npOSl:BJIeiHHOe rMTJIepOM BO BpeMH «nH'BHOrO nYTqa», «He-
33RHCIIMbIH» xapaKTep era J1.eMCTBIIH. HH'HQHaTHBY.
npOl"HBOnOCTa'BJIeHHe <}JalllH3Ma KaK «.l!.BIDKeHHSI» <pa
lIIiH3MY KaK «JI.IIKT3Type» - 113JII06JIeHHbIH npHeM Tex HC-
TOpllKO'B. KOTopbIe TlU.aTCR JI.OKa3aTb «peBOJIIOIJ.HOUHYIO»
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06llJ,H-M 3arO.tIOBKOM «BH.lI.eJIH JIH BbI rHTJIepa?» - pe3YJIbTa-
TbY onpoca 300 JIHIJ" npO:>KHBaIOllJ,Hx HbIHe B <f.>Pf H JIHqHO
CTaJIKHBaBlllHXCH KOfp,a-JIH60 C q>aIlIHcTcKHM JUIKTaTopOM 62.
B MIOHxeHe BbIWJIa B CBeT KHHra P. HOllMaHa - HJIJIIOCT-
pHpOBaHHaH 6Horpa€pHH rHTJIepa.
THpa1KOM B nOJIMHJIJIHOHa 3K3eMnJIHpOB pacnpOCTpaHH-
eTCH C 1974 r. :mypnaJI «TpeTHH peiix» - npmpawHCTCKoe
H3.D;aHHe, K KOTOPOMY npHJIaralOTCH q>OTorpaqmH H nJIaCTHH-
KH C rpaM3anHCHMH 63. llporpeCCHBHaH OOllJ,eCTBeHHOCTb
<DPf C TpeBorOH OTMeqaeT .n.aJIbHeHllm:fI pOCT «rHTJIepBeJI-
JIe» (BOJIHbI BOCXSaJIeHHH rHTJIepa) H ee BJIHHI-IHe Ha onpe-
,lJ,eJIeHHYIO tJaCTb aaTIa.n.HbIX HeMIJ,eB.
KaKHM lleJIHM CJIY}I{HT cpaJIbCH$HKallHH HCTOpHH HeJI.aB"
HerO npOllIJIOrO, B TOM llH€JIe H HCTOpHH repMa'HCKoro cpa-
lIlH3Ma.? KaKHe nOJIHTHtIeCKHe CHJIbI HaCTOH'IHBO pa3JI.YBa1OT
3JIOBeIU.HH orOHb «rHTJIepHa,lJ.bI» B CTpaHax -3ana.na? HeCOM-
HeHHO, 'ITO BeCb nOTOK JIHTepaTypbI 0 c}Hopepe H .n;pyrnx
cparn!HCTCKliX r.1.IaBapHX, npOHHKHYTOH Jl..yXOM HpOCTHoro
aHTHKOMMYHH3Ma II aHTHCOBeTH3Ma, npH3BaH HcnOJIb30BaTb
HeOCBe,D,OMJIeHHOCTb MOJIOJI.Oro lJHTaTeJI5I, BbIpOC:llIero H
C<pOpMHpOBaBlilerOCH B YCJlOBHHX nOCJIeBOeHHbIX JIeT H He
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BO BceM MHpe, pea6HJIHTHpOBaTb repMaHCKHH llMnepHaJIH3M J
- nOpOJI.llBIlIHH repMaHCKliH 4>arnH3M. JIereH)J;bI 0 «)J;06POM
cpropepe», 0 «rHTJIepe-lJeJIOneKe» H «rIITJIepe-)J;eMOHe» liMe-
JOT TaK2Ke IJ,eJIblO HanpaBHTb .B HY*Hoe PYCJIO HaCTpoeHHH
MeJIKo6yp2Kya3HbIx CJIOeB B YCJIOBH5IX cepbe3Horo 3KOHOMH-
lleCKOrO cna,D,a H YfJIy6JIeHliH KpH3IICHbIX HBJIeHHH Ha 3ana-
...
,lJ.e, 'B03pO,D,HTb JI03YHfll «CUJIbHOH JIHtJHOCTII» H «rocy;:r,apCTBa
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, BYP2Kya3HaH HCTopHorpaq,HH Ha npOTSI:llieHHH Bcex noc-
...
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CKoe MeCTO <t>alIIH3Ma. CYIIJ.HOCTb 3THX IIonbITOK B HaH60JIee
o6llJ,eii $opMe CBO,lJ.HTCH K YTBep}l{p,eHHHM, oY.lI.TO 6bI <pa-
IlIII3M HBHJIC5I 3aKOHOMepHOH 4>a30H Hall.HOHaJIbHOrO pa3-
BHTHH ,lJ,J1H I1TaJIHH Ii fepMaHliH - Te3RC HeOHall.HCTCKOH
176

HCTopHorpa<}mH - nH60 HCTOpHlleCKHM cpeHOMeHOM npaso-
pa.n:HKaJIbHOrO THna, KaK xapaKTepH3yeT cpalUH3M HCTOpHO-
rpacpHH 6yp:mya3Ho-KOHcepBaTHBHoro H JIH6epaJIbHOrO Ha-
npaBJIeHHH. XOTH HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb 3THX KOHlI.em.x,HH CTa.
HOBHTCR Bce Gonee OlleBHJI.HOH B CBere HeonpOBep:mHMblX
HCTOpHlleCKHX cpaKTOB, nOITbITKH onpe.n:eJIHTb HCTOpHtIeCKOe
MeCTO cpaIIIH3Ma, He BbIXO.llH 33 ilX paMKI1, He npeKpalI.{alOT-
CR. 11 3TO BnOJIHe 06'bRCHHMO, TaK KaK HMnepHaJIHCTH1le
CKaR COl{HOJIOrHH H HCTopHorpaqmH OTpHIJ;aIOT reHeTH'Ie-
CKYIO npHpo.AY cpallIH3Ma KaK ITOpo:m,lJ.eHIUI HMnepHaJlH3Ma,
OCBooo:mp;aH nOCJIe,lJ.HHH OT KaKOH-JIHOO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a
B03HHKIIOBeHHe H AeHCTBIHI <!>aWHCTCKUX peLKHMOB.
OAHOR H3 nocneAHHx nonbITOK no06Horo pOAa RBJlH-
eTCH CGopHHK fiOA peAaKl{HeH npocpeccopa eBprineHcKoH
HCTOpIUI KaHaJ1.CKoro YHHBepCHTeTa HblO- B paHCYHK .lI.2KHJIb-
6epTa AJIJIap.lI.HCa, KOTOpbIll COLlepLKHT npOCTpaHHble BbI-
.n;epJKKH H3 paOOT aBTopOB pa3JIHQHbIX nOJIHTHlIeCKHX H Ha-
yqHbIX HanpaBJIeHHH, nOCBHnr.eHHbIX aHaJIH3Y q,alIlH3Ma 64.
«...Hallie 3HaHHe Toro, 1JTO npOH301IIJIO B OCBeHlJ,HMe, B03-
pOCJIO, - nHIlleT AJIJIap.n;HC, - HO nOHHM3HHe CYTH Co6bITHH
He paCWHpHJIOCb». npH6JIH3HTbCH K nOHHMaHHIO CYTH C06bI-
THii, COl{HaJIbHOH Cynr.HOCTH H HCTOPHtzeCKoro MeCTa cpaIllH3-
Ma - TaKYro lI.enb CTaBHJIH nepe,rr, C060H aBTophI H COCTaBH-
TeJIb C60pHHKa. B cnHCKe aBTopOB Be.ll.ymHe 6yp:m:ya3HbIe
HCTOpHKH H COll.nOnOrH - 8. <l>pOMM, n.-cP. .lI.pYKep,
f.-H. <1>pHJ1.pHX, 3. BiKe3HHcKHH, X. ApeHJJ.T, 10. Be6ep,
C. J1nnceT, 8. HOJIbTe, B. 3aY3p H )J.p. KaK BBOJ1.Hafl CTaTbfl
peJ1.aKTOpacocTaBHTenH, TaK H no.u.6op MaTepHana B c60p-
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K8K .AHKTaTypbI HaH60nee peaKl{HOHHblX KpyroB MOHOnOJIH-
CTHQeCKOro KanHTaJIa. TaKoB 1Ke CMhICJI ny6nHKau.HH B c6op-
HHKe «npenapHpoBaHHbIx» cooTBeTcTBYlOlltHM o6pa30M BbI-
.n.ep>KeK H3 paGoT MapKcHcTcKoro HCTopHKa P. llaJIM ,UaT
Ta, npH3-BaHHbIX, no 3aMbICJIY COCTaBHTeJISI, npOHJIJIIOCTpH-
pOBaTb «J1.0rMaTHQHOCTb» .MapKcHcTCKOA HCTopnorpacpnn.
BbIJ1.ep>KKH H3 TpYAoB HCTOpHKOB <fJalllH3Ma pacnoJIoJKe-
HhI B CoopHHKe no TeMaM. Bce OHn, B3HTbIe BMeCTe, )J.OJILK-
u
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\ 06 HCTOpHlleCKOM MeCTe cpalllH3Ma. nOCJIe TeMaTHlleCKoit
no,rr,6opKH..pa3,n;eJIa Ha TeMY ««PalIlH3M KaK KOHell. JIHOepaJIb-
Horo OOlI.{eCTBa» Cne.ll.YIOT pa3,lI.eJIbI «<1>alliH3M KaK TOTaJIHTa-
pH3M», «cI>amH3M KaK paJ(HKanbHaH cpopMa HppaUHOHaJIh-
Horo nOJIHTntzecKoro npOTeCTa», «cI>aIllH3M KaK «6YHT» npo-
1 A. CA Bnaallc
177

THB MO)J.epHII3Ma», «cPa1llH3M KaK COlO3 npaBbIX II JleBbIX»,
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COCTaBHTeJIb CTOH:r Ha n03Hl(HHX 6YPJKya3HO-Jur6epaJIbHOH
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lllH3Ma KaK nOpOlK)J.eHI1H HMnepHaJIH3Ma, II OT)J.aIOT )1.aHb
..
npeCJIOBYTOH )J.OKTpHHe «TOTaJIHTapH3Ma», OTO>K,lJ.eCTBJIHH
cpalIIHCTCKHM rrepeBOpOT C peBOJIIOl(HeM, KOTOpaH, «KaK H BCe
peBOJIIOllIIH, Bb16HBaeT JIIO.ll.eM H3 npHBblllHOrb OOpa3a :mH3-
"
HH Ii BbIHBJIHeT HX TaHHbIe KpOBO.>Ka,aHbIe IHHCTHHKTbI».
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TIpOTHBOCTOHJIa HaU;H3MY H 60pOJIaCb TIpOTHB HerO, aBTopbl
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nOCJIe.nOBaTeJIbHblX aHTHcpaIIlHCTCKHX 60Pl(OB, OT.ll.aBIIlHX
CBOH >Kn3HB B CXBaTKe C Ha1):n3MOM, OHH no Cym.ecTBY npn-
tIHCJIHIOT K COunaJIbHblM CHJIa'M, 'nOJIHOCTblO nO,lJ.qIIHHBIlIHM-
CH cPalllHCTCKOMY peJKHMY H nO)JJJ,ep2KHBaBllIHM ero.
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ll[H3M npe.ll.CTaBJlHeT C060H HKOObI cnelJ,HcpHqeCKH eBporreH-
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CKoe HBJIeHHe, BbIpaCTaIOUJ.ee 113 eBponeHCKOH IICTOpHH.
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«cpeHOMeH <}>aIIlH3Ma» HMeeT MeCTO B IICTOpHH Ka:>K)J.OH eBpo-
neiicKofi cTpaHbI. nYTeM cneKYJIHTIIBHbIX nocTpoeHHH II
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paBeHcTBa Me1K)1.Y COI.{HaJIHCTHQeCKOH peBOJIIOI.{Hei1 H HaU;HcT-
CKHM nYTqeM. B BbI,n;,ep>KKaX H3 KHHr Ii CTaTeM 3. B1Ke3IiH-
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Il.tHXCH HCTOpHH II nOJIHTHKH Co BeTCKOro rocYJI.apcTBa H
KIlCC.
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9. Cl>poMMa, KOTOpbIH onpe,n;,eJIHeT <pam'H3M KaK «nOlIXOJlO-
rRlO cpe,n;,Hero KJIacca» Ii OTpl1u;,aeT, QTO <pallIH3M B HTaJIHH
11 repMaHHH 6bIJI BbI)1.BHHYT Ha aBaHCl.{eHY 60JIblllHM OH3He-
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llIHpOKO 1I3BeCTHbIe cpaKTbI, MeHbIlle Bcero CTOpOHHHKOB 4>a-
lllH3Ma ObIJlO cpe.nH KpyroB npOMbllllJ1eHHHKOB H 6aHKlIpOB.
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178

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JIHHMH 6epeT CBoe Ha1:IaJIO TOJIbKO B 1930 r., T. e. co BpeMe-
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MH IllHpOKHMH B03M01KHOCTHMH P;JIH H.lI.eOJIOrHqeCKOH oopa-
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nOJIHH.
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CqeTe nOCTpa.naJIli OT HaI.{HCTCKOro rOCrrOJI.CTBa TaK 1Ke, KaK
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3a BJIaCTb. TaK, aBTopbI no.n.qepKHBalOT 3HatJHTeJIbHYro pOJIb
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lOT MexaHH3M «YHH<pHKaUMH» CpeJI.CTB MaCCOBOH HHcpopMa-
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4>a1lIH3Ma II nOHHTb ero COUHaJIbHYIO npI1pOAY.
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TYTe cOBpeMeHHOn HCTOpHH EBponbI npH JIOHJI.OHCKOM YHH-
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184


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185

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" " ..
Il..!HX HaCTpOeHUH _ B nOJIb3Y HOBOH HMneplHaJIIMCTHltIeCKOH
BOHHbI CpeJI,M WHpOKHX MaCC» 5.
fJIy60KMH aHaJIH3 CYlU,HOCTH nOJIHTHKH cpaIllll3Ma 6bIJI
.n.aH B .l{OKYMeHT8X VI KOHrpecca KOMHHTepHa. «fJI3BHO:H
3a.n.aQeH cpallIH3Ma, - nO.l{tIepKHBaJIOCb B OporpaMMe Ko-
MllHTepHa, - flBJHleTCH pa3rpoM peBOJIIOu,HoHHoro pa6oQero
aB3HTap.LI;a, T. e. KOMMYHHCTHqeCKHX CJIOeB npOJIeTapHaTa 11
I1X Ka,npOBOTO cocraBa. KOMoHHau.HH COllHaJIbHOM .n.eMaTO-
rHH, KoppynQHH H aKTHBHoro oeJIoro Teppopa HapH.AY C
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ynpOQHBIlIHCb Y PYJIH rocYJ!.apcTBeHHoM BJIaCTH, Bce oOJIee
oDHapY2KHBaeT ceofl KaK TeppopHcTHIlecKaH JJ;HKTaTypa
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rO,lI.OB CTaJI8 O.lI.HOH li3 l\eHTpaJIbHbIX 3a,naII I(OMMYHHCTH
QeCK0I1 napTHH repMaHHH. XII C'he3JI. Krrr, COCT05lBIllHHCH
B HIOHe 1929 T., nO.lI.qepI<:HYJI, 1.I'TO ycnex 8HTHQJamHCTCKoH
OOpbObI 6Y.l{eT 38BMceTb OT Toro, H8CKOJIbKO Y!l.aCTCH KOM
MYHHcTaM pacIlIHpHTb CBoe BJIHHHHe B Maccax TPY.lI.51lU,HXCH
H oco6eHHo B CpeJI,HHX CJIOHX HaCeJIeHHH. CpeJI.lI MHOfHX
np06JIeM pa3BlITH5I aHTH4>alllHCTcKoro .lI;BH)I{eHHH B repMa-
HHH 6bIJIa BbIJJ,eJIeHa fJIaBH8S1 - oopboa KOMMYHHCTOB 3a
BceMepHoe pacIlIHpeHHe BJI1I5IHHH B M8ccax. KOHKpeTH3HPYH
3aJJ;a1JM 60pb6bI rrpOTHB rpalIlH3Ma, nJIeHYM UK K.nr B OK-
TRope 1929 r. C TpeBoTOJ1: OTMeTHJI, tITO BJIHHHHe HaqH3Ma
npo,lI.OJI}KaeT paCTH, H IIpH3B8JI KOMMYHHCTOB pa3BepHYTb
nO,ZJ;JIHHHYlO lljJ,eOJIOfll1JeCKYIO BOMHY npOTHB Hez:o. Oco6oe
BHllM8HHe TI.rleHYM 06paTHJI H8 HeOOXO.LI;HMOCTb pa306JI8-
tIeHHH nCeB.l{Opa,lI.HKaJIbHOH 4>pa3eOJIOfHH H8qHCTOB H npo-
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copBaTb C rHTJIepOBeB MacKY 3arqHTHHKOB HHTepecOB H8-
IU'IH, nOKa3aTb, 1JTO HX npOnaraH,l\3 TIpOTlIB BepCaJIH He qTO
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u
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186
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CTH 4JallIHCTCKOrO MHpOB033peHHH H CBO,lI,HJI oopb6y npOTHB
OTIaCHOCTH 4>allIH3Ma K YJlHIIHbIM CTbI1J:KaM C rHTJIepOBCKll-
Mil MOJIO,lI,qHKaMH.
B MIOJ1e 1930 r. TIOJIMTOlOpO U.K KTIr npHHHJIO peme-
RMe, B KOTOpOM BHOBb npH3BaJIO KOMMyHHCTOB YCHJlllTb
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STOM HeooxoAHMOCTb AH<pcpepeHUHpOBaHHO nOAXO,lU1Tb K
yqaCTHHKaM HaQIICTCKoro )I.BIUKeHHH, TepneJIHBO npHBJIeKaTb
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CKOH pa60T HeMelJ,KHX KOMMYHHCTOB HMeJIO ony6J1HKOBa-
HHe B aBrycTe 1930 r. pa3paooTaHHoH nOA PYKOBO)(CTBOM
3. TeJIbMaHa TIporpaMMbl HaII.HOHaJIbHOrO H COUHaJIbHorO
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'CTBa MOHonOnMCTH1JeCKOrO KanHTaJIa. TIporpaMMa nOKa3bI-
Bana BCIO JUKHBOCTb Hau.HCTC-HX J103YHroB 0 HeJI..OCTaTKe
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187

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MO>KHOCTb t e.n;HHCTBeHHbIH npo.n;HKTOBaHHhIH HCTopHeH nYTh
HarUiOHaJIbHOrO B03pOJK.lI.eHHH repMaHHH: «MbI.... pa30pBeM
rpa6HTeJIbCKHH BepC8.JIbCKHH «MHpHbIH ,lJ.OrOBOp», aHHYJIH-
pyeM Bce HaBH38.HHbIe Tpy.n;HllUIMCH repMaHHH Me)K.lI.YHa-
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188

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pOBCKOH HAeonorMH BbI)J.BHHYJI CeKpeTapMaT u.K. Knf B
l(HpKyn5lpHOM nHCbMe 01' 15 HOH6pH 1930 r. OH nOTpe6oBaJi
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Ha Ka>K)J.OM npe)J.aTeJIbCTBe Han;HOHaJIbHbIX H COll.HaJIbHblX
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189

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190
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191

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B CTpaHax KaIIHTaJIa B 6oph6e 3a J1.eMoKpaTHJQ H nporpecc
192

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JIa6JIEHIIJO 6JI.HTeJIbHOCTH 11. 3aXBaT BnaCTH B 4HJIH peaK-
nUOHHO$\: XYHTOit, CBep:>KeHHe 3aKOHHoro JX,eMOKpaTH'IeCKOrO
npaBHTenbCTBa CaJIbBa;:J;opa AnbeH;:J;e II YCT8HOBJIeHHe BO-
.eHHO-4)81IIIiCTcKoro pe>KHMa B :nOH CTpaHe, 6a311pYlOII{erocH
J.!a Teppope HaUIICTCKoro o6paaua, HBnHlOTCH y6e,lJ.HTeJIbHbIM
nO,.l:lTBep>K.D;eHHeM 3TOTO nOJIO>KeH!Hft.
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K qeMY Be,lteT rocno,n;CTBO aWH3Ma. OJ(HaKO H B Hallie Bpe-
6MSI HeJIb3 HeJ(ooneHHBaTb cnoco6HOCTH HempaIIIH3Ma QBJIa-
,lJ.eBaTb C03HaHHeM IIIHpOKHX Macc HaceneHHH, HCnOJIb30Ba!b
Te HJIB BHMe KpH3HCHMe cHTyaUHH JIH YKpenneHHH CBOHX
n03H'nHii H ,n;aJKe 3aXBaTa BJI a CTIf. cI>awH3M cnoco6eH eIl{e
OTpaBJIHTb C03HaJlHe JIIOJX,en. H3BeCTHO, qTO B npOIIIJIOM B
pSUJ;e cTpaH, re 4>aIlIHCTCroH'M rrap'l'Hfl:M y.n.aJI-OCb npHnTH K
BJIaCTH, II npe}i{.l[e Bcero B repM8HHH, OHM elIJ;e AO Toro, KaK
pacrrpaBHJIHCb C 'pa60QHM .n.BH1KeHHeM nYTeM Teppopa, cy-
MeJIH np" nOMOUI.H coltHanMloii .n.eMarorHH H 06MaHa 3a-
KpenHTb CBOU H,lteOJIorHtJeCKHe n03HltHH B CTpaHe. TI03TOMY
TaK BalKeR HaYQHbIH 3HaJIH3 «p8HHHX» cl>OpM $aiuH3Ma H
ero li,lJ,eOJIOrHH, KOTOpbIH nOMoeT CBoeBpeMeHHO pacn03Ha-
BaTb H yqHTblBaTb q,aIIIHCTCKYIO onaCHOCTb II 34>c:}JeKTHBHO
npoTHEo.n.eikTBoBaTb eM. OR CJIYJKHT HHTepec8M 60pbObl
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.'
nPHME'IAHMS1
r J1ABA 1
1 .Me>K,ltYHap0,AHOe COBemaHHe KOMMYHHCTHqeeKHX 'H paOOt,1HX nap-
THH. )J;,oKYMeHTbI II MaTepHanbl. MOCKB8, 5-17 HtOBSI 1969 r. M., 1969,
c. 300.
2 «Un sere Zeit» (Dusseldorf). Eigenbeilage yom 23.VL1977,
S «Presse- nnd Informationsamt der Bnndesregierung». Bulletin,
22,X.1976, S, 1099.
.. Ibid.. S. .1101.
S «Horizon!» (BerUn), 1977. N 39. S, 21.
6 «Unsere Zeit». 30.VLI976.
7 cUnsere Zeit». 24.VLI977.
8 «Frankfurter Rundschau», 9.VII.l977.
{I «Dnsere Zei!», 16.VIIl.1974.
10 «Dnsere Zeit». IO.VIII.1976.
II «Deutsche NacbrichteD» (Hannover), 2. November 1973, S. 3.
12.CM. «Unsere Zei!», 15. VIII. 1977.
19 «Deutsche Nachrichten», 19. October 1973, S. 12.
14 Ibid., S. 4.
15 CM. «Volksstimme» (Wien), 29.VI.1977.
l6 CM. «Un sere Zeib, 10.111; 2.VII.l977.
11 «Un sere Zeib. 10.111.1977.
18 «Unsere Zeit», 7.VLI977....
19 «Volksstimme», 3.VII.1977.
 «tJnsere Zeit». 22.VII.1977.
21 «Nation Europa» (Coburg), 1-976, H. 9, S. 58-59.
22 CM. «Horizon!», 1977, N 31, S. 7. ,
23 CM. «npo6neMN MHpa H COnnaJIHSMa». .1973. .N 4, c. 28.
24 MaTepJlaJihI XXV C'heSAa I(ncc. M.. 1976, c.30.
25 3a MHP, 6esonaCHOCTh. cOTpy.n.HH1leCTBO II . COLlHaJIbHblA nporpecc
B EBpOlie. I( HToraM KOH4>epeH[(HH KOMYHHCTH1:Ie,CKRx H pa601:lllx nap-
TH:ll EBponN. BepJlllH, 29-30 BlOBS!: 1976 rO,lta. M., 1976, .c. 39.
:26 COBpeMeHoHhlU: q>amH3M: ero 06Jm'11be :H 6opb6a C HHM. iIlpara,
1975, c. 9.
Z1 CM. r. J(UMUTPOB. Ma6paHHbJe CTaTbH H pe1:lH. M., 1972, c. 172.
..
r nASA 2
1 r. B. Cani1oMupcKu(l, amH3M, q. I-II. M.-Dr.. 1923; e20 :»ce.
3aK8T aDIII3Ma. II., 1925. .
2 C. lllaxo8ctWR. Pa3BaJI CI:IJIbI H CHJIbI paSB8JI8 6yp>Kya3HoA fep-
M8HHII. M., 1924.
8 C. p.. MCTuc/W.eCKUlt I(,JI8CCOBaH BORHa B repMaliHH. M., 1924.
.
194

I
f
" IC. M.] 13poHcKull. nYTH H 3HrSarn repMaHCKOA peBOJ1lO l u m . -
d(OMMYHH.CTH':leCKan peBOJlIOl(HR». 1923, N!! 19-20 (58-59).
5 «Internationale Presse-Korrespondenz» (n.aJIee - «Inprekor»).
1923, N 52, S. 406-424,
6 IJ.HT. no: KOMMYHHCTHtIeCKHH HHTepHanHOHan. KpaTKHH HCTOpH.
qeCKHfJ: OtIepK. M., 1969, c. 191.
7 CM. PaCWHpeHHHfJ: nJIeHYM HCnOJ1HHTeJIbHOrO KOMHTeTa KOMMY-
HHCTHtIeCKOrO HHTepHanHOH8JIa (12-23 mOHH 1923 ro.n.a). OT1J:eT. M.,
1923, c. 207-231; KOMMYHHCTHQeCKHJ1 HHTepHau.HoH8n B .lI. OK YMeHT8x.
1919-1932. M., 1933, c. 381-383. .
8 «Inprekor», 1923, N 35, Bd. II, S. 835.
9 MHpOBoA aIlIH3M. C60pHHK no,lJ. pe.n.. H. Mew;epSiKoBa. M,-TIr.,
1923. .
JO JI. r. floAoHCKaR. TIYTH fepM8HHll. 8KOHOMnQeCKlie $aKTopbI H
COUHaJIbHbIe CH.Ilb! B 1913-1923 rr. B $aKTax II l(H$p8X. M.-I1r_, 1924.
11 C, C./10600CKUiL COl.{HaJIbHaSi CYW.HOCTb q>81IIH3Ma. M,-JL, 1929.
12 CM. A. C. EpgCa./lUMCKUa. repMaHCKliH HMnepHaJ1H3M: llCTOpliH H
COBpeMeHHOCTb (HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH, ny6nHlI.IICTHKa). M., 1964, c. 330-348.
13 TaM JKe, c. 343.
14 TaM JKe, c. 348, .
15 COBpeMeHHoe nonOJKeHHe B fepM8HHH. TIo)!. pe,lJ.. n. BpYK H .lI.p.
M.-J1., 1931.
16 A. JI. JIyPbe. KpacHlxH faM6ypr. M., 1931.
17 r. c. MUItCKUtJ.. )KH3Hb H 60pb6a pa6oqero KJI8CCa fepMaHHH.
M.-J1., 1931.
18 H. Ap6Y80B. feCTano. M., 1931.
19 H. M. t'J:Jai1H.zap. )l(H3Hb H 6opb6a pa6otIero KJI8CC8 repM8HHH.
M.-JI., 1931.
20 r. .CMOARItCKUa. Qepe3 ro)!. MlIpOBOro KpH3Hca. - «KOMMYHHCTH-
'!eCKa.H peBOJIlOllHH». 1931, N!! 1.
21 3aBTpa CSy.nYT 6appHKa,lJ.bI. OtIepKH 60pb6bI repM8HcKoro npOJIc-
T8pHaT8 c aWH3MOM. M., 1931.
22 «I1CTOpHK-M8pKCHCT», 1932, T. 1-2 (23-24).
23 H. H. P'BOpKUH.. 9KOHOMHQeCK8H nporp8MMa 1I8llHOHaJICOll.Ha-
mUMa. M., 1933.
24 A. flaHxpaToBa. 0 q>alIIHcTcKOH .n.HKT8Type B repMaHHH.-
«BOpb68 KJIaCCOB». 1933. N!! 5; ee "'e. cJJ8WH3M H p860tIHii KJracc rep-
M8HHH. - «Bopb6a KJIaCCOB», 1933, N!! 6.
25 E. B. JloMTaTuose. nRTb nHceM H3 Pypa. TaIlIKeHT. 1933; TIlICb.
Ma ItS alllHcTcKOil fepM8HltH. M., 1933; Pa6oQlIe-nOJIHrpaqmcTbI B a-
1IIlfCTCKOA repM8HltH. M.. 1933; r. H. Kum. )KaHJ1.8pMN y CT8HKa. M.,
1934; B. MeMep. Bopb6a npo.n.OJl>K8eTcSl. PS60'lHe B 4>SIlIHCTCKOH rep-
MaRHH. M., 1935; JI eB BaplUaBcKUa. «BonpeKH BceMY!» PeBOJ1lOllHOHHaSi
6opb6a B rpMaHcKoM no.n.TIOJIbe. J1., 1935.
26 H. KopHee. 01' HocKe,110 fHTJIep8. M., 1934; e20 3fCe. TpeTbH
}fMnepHSI B JIHu.ax. M., 1937.
27 CM. XIII TIJIeHYM MKKH. CTeHorpaq,ntleCKHH QTQeT. M., 1934,
c. 589-591.
28 CM. «TIponaraH.!1. a BOI'!Hbl B a11IHCTCKoA HCTOpHQeCKOA ny6JIH.
l.lHCTHKe». «Ha1.J.aJIo nepeBoopYJKeHHH CP8WHCTCKOH fepM8HHH H nepe-
rOBopbI C Sana,lJ.Hb!MH .!1.ep>KaB8MH», «KOJIOHHSJIbHble nJI8HbI repb!8HCKOro
HMnepHaJIHSMa», «Eopb6a cp81lIHCTCKHX .n.ep1K8B 38 HcnaHCKHH nJI8ll-
,lJ.8pM». - B KH.: A. C. Epyca/t uMcK !-li1. fepM8HcKHH HMnepn8JIH3M: HCTO-
pHR H COBpeMeHHocTb.
1
1
1
I
I
195

,..,.
29 3. feHpu. rBTJIep Halt £BponoA. M.. 1935; e20 e. rHTJIep npo-
THB CCCP. rpSI)(Ylltafi CXBaTKa MeJRJI.Y $aIIIHcTcKHMH H COltHaJIHCTHIJe-
CKH"MH pMHSIMH. M.. 1937.
30 H. M. JIeMUH. 4>8IIIHCTCKaH repMaHHSI - 01lal' BoiiHl. M.-n.. f
1936.
81 H. E. Ce2aA. AB8HTIOpHCTHQeCK3H nOJIHTHKa H HJI,eOJIOrHH rep-
MaHCKoro $aWHSMa. M.. 1939.
12 CM., HanpHMep. TIPOTBB t}>amBCTcKoro MpaKo(SecHSI H JJ;eM3rorHH.
C(jOHHK cT8Te:A. TIoA peJJ;. H. .l{BopKBHa H .D.p. M.. 1936.
3 TIpOTHB c}>3IIIHCTCKoit: $anbCH$HKanHH HCTOpHH. TIOJI, peJI,.
<I> , H. HOTOBH1I8. M.-JI.. 1939.
34 A. CUOOpOB. 4>alllHsM H rOpOJI,CKHe Cpe)(HHe CJIOH B fepM3HHH.
M.-n., 1936; e20 :JfCe. PeMeCJIeHHHKH B awHcTcKofl: repMaHHH. M.-JI..
1936.
S5 H. M. Ceealtb, ArpapHaSI nOJIHTHKa repMaHcKoro $amlIsMa. M..
1938.
S6 H. Pr. altMUn, COIOS KpeCTa H CBaCTHKH (tf>alIIH3M H peJIHrIlH B
fepMaHHR). M.. 1934.
37 r. JIeeu. repM3HcKHe MOHOnOJIHH. M.. 1936.
38 E. Bypy,e, A_ BeAU3ICeB, M. BlladuMupOB. B03.D.YlliHbIe Boopy*eHHSl
fepMaHHH. M,. 1935; JI. H. HeaHoe. MopcKoe cOnepHHIJeCTBO HMnepHa
JIHCTHlJeCKHX JI.epJRaB. M., 1936; C. M. BUlUllee. l(aK BoopY>KaIOTCH 3
IIIHCTCKlIe nOJI.1KHraTeJIH BOHHb]. M., 1939; E. E. I1Jeeoe. BoeHHo-MOpCKOH
cpJIOT fepMaHHH. M.-JI., [939.
39 H. H. JII06uM08. q,HHaHChI <}>aIllHCTCKHX rOCYJlapCTB_ M., 1939.
..0 CM.. HanpHMep. CTaTbB «fHrnep HaJJ; 6esJlHOfr» (1942), «I(affgep
II $lOpep» (1942). - B KH.: A. C. EpycaIlUMcKuti.. fepMaHcKHH HMnepH3-
JIH3M: HCTOpHH H cOBpeMeHHocTb; e20 ",;e. I(poBaBbIe HTorn 10-MecHqHOll
HeMel{KOH oKKynanHH B TIOI'OpeJIbCKOM H K3pM3HOBCKOM p3f1:0H3X. M.,
1942 C. YCTUIlKUH.. fepM3ncKHH CT3JIbHOH TpecT. M., 194[; AA, JIeolloe.
«3eJIeHaR RanKa» fepHHra. M.t 1942; H. Tpati.Hun. MexaHHsM HeMeU;KO-
(j)awHCTcKOH Jt.HKT8TypbI. TawKeHT, 1942; M. H. HUKUTUH. n. H. Bazull.
t.{y.n;oBHlllHhte SJIO.lleHHHB HeMeKo-<}>aIDHcTcKHX n8JIaQefi. JI., 1943;
B. M. XeOCT08. K8K pa3BHBaJICH repMaHcKHH HMnepH8JIHSM (HcTOpHtIe-
CKHH otJepK). M.. 1943; fHTnepoBcKHH paS60HHHQHA HMnepHaJIH3M. C6op-
HHK CTaTeR H MaTepH3JIOB. M.. 1943; CPo H. HOT08U'l. OT nepBoA KO BTO-
poil MHpOBOH BoAHe. KpaTKHH otJepK Me1KJlYHapOJlHhIX OTHOIlleHHH B
1919-1942 rr. T3IllKeHT. 1943; B. n. lloTeMxuH. TIOJIHTHKa YMHPOTBO-
peHHH arpeccopoB H 60pb6a COBeTcKoro COlOsa sa MHp. M.t 1943;,
r. A. K03A08. fepMaHcKHA p8s6oi'IHHIJHff HMnepJI3JIH3M. M., 1944; .no.
KYMeHTbI 06BHHRIOT. C60pHHK JI.OKYMeHToB 0 1IYJI,OBHlltHbIX npecTynne-
HHHX HeMenKo-cp8wHCTCKHX saXBaTtJHKOB Ha cOBeTcKoH TeppHTOpHH. M.,
1945, H n.p.
41 CM. E. C. Bapza. I1cTopHfJecKHe KOpUH oco6eHHocTeff: repM8HCKO-
1'0 HMnepHaJIH3Ma. M., 1946.
42 CM. A. lleTpYW08. ArpapHble OTHoweHHH B repM3HHH. M., 1945,
 I1cTopHH HnJIOMaTHH. T. 3. M.-JI., 1945.
44 CM. t HanpHMep, neKUHH: 9. H. 3y6oK. fepMaHHH B 1918-1923 r-
)t8X. M., 1940; e20 :JfCe. fepM8HHSI B 1918-1940 rOJlax. M.. 194D;
B. JI. KYAb6aKuH. fepM8HHH B 1918-1939 rOJlax. M., 1952; JI. A. llIe-
eepoa. Pal50Qee .ll'.BH>KeHHe B fepMaHHH B 1918-1939 rr. M., 1957.
45 r. JI. POSaH.OB. fepMaHHH non BJIaCTbIO <}>amHsMa (1933-
1939 rr.). M., 1961 (2e H3JJ;. M., 1964); e20 e. nOCJleJI.HHe .D.RH fHT-
JIepa (H3 HCTOpHH KpyweHHH iPaIllHcTcKOH fepMaHHH). M.. 1961 (2-e
HSJ1..: KpyweHHe 4>alIIHcTcKOH fepMaHHH, M., 1963).
196


j
t
48 A. A. raAK.UH. repMBHCKHA <!>allIH3M. M.. 1967; ezO e. COlI,UOnO-
nIH fleoaIllH3Ma. M., 1971.
47 B. p.. KYAb6Ulwn. OtJepKH HOBeHweH HCTOpHH fepMaHHH. M.,
1962.
48 fepMaHCKaa HCTOpHR B HOBoe H HooeHwee BpeMR (0 2-x TOM8X),
T. 2. M.. 1970.
49 B. T. ctJOM-UH. BHYTpHnOJlHTHtJeCKoe nOn01KeHHe 4>8WHCTCKOA fep-
MaHHH HaKaHYHe Hana.lleHHR Ha CCCP. - «BonpOCbl HCTOpHH». 1969,
HI! 1.
60 A. C. BltaHK. fepMaHcKHA: 4>awH3M H SanaJlHOrepMaHCKHH Heo-
H8llH3M (1919-1969 rr.), 'I. I. Bonor,a,a, 1971; 'I. 2. BOJIorp,a, 1973.
1 JI. A. BeSblMeHCK.uiJ.. fepMaHcKHe reHep8JIbl - C fHTJIepOM H 6es
Hero. M., 1961 (2-e HS,a,. M., 1964).
62 B. r.. fPOMUH. ArpeccuR c»aWHCTCKOH fepMaHHH B EBpone. 1933-
1939 IT. M., 1963.
63 M. H. p'oMItUq. XpHcTHaHcKHe npocpcolOSbl U YCTaHOBJIeHHe 4>a-
WHCTCKOll: ,lI,UKT8TypH B fepM8HHH. - «Bonpocbl HCTOpHH», 1969, N!! 2.
64 H. H. BUCK. npUtJHHhI rn6eJIH BeHMapCKOH p"ecny6J1HKH H npH-
u u
XOJl.a K BJlaCTH rHTJlepOBLteo 0 HeMelI,KOH MeMyapHoH JIHTep8Type. -
«TpY,lI,bI .uoUel(Koro ne.llHHcTHTYT8», T. 3, 1950.
65 A. C. BltQHK. Bopb6a KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKOH: napTHH repM8HHH npo-
THB q>awHcTcKOA onaCHOCTH (1929-1932). - «YqeHhle 38nHCKH tlepe-
nOBeUKoro ne,lI,arorH'leCKOrO HHcTHTYTa», N2 III, BblnYCK nepBbIH. Bo-
J1or.lla, 1962.
66 B. C. P'JlKUH. 3ana,lI,HOrepM8HcKHe 6YP1KY83Hble HCTOpHKH 0 na-
Jl.eHHH BeAMapcKoii pecuy6J1HKH. - B KH.: KpHTHKa HOBefullei'i 6yp>Kya3-
HoA HCTopHorpa$uH. C60pHHK cTaTeA. M.-JI., 1961.
57 A. J(0PCYHCKU.i1. COBpeMeHHaH HeMeUKaR HCTOpH'IeCKaH JlHTepaTypa
o npU4'lUl8X B03HiHKUOOCHHSI TpeTbeH llMnepHH. - «BonpOCbI HCTOpH!H:».
1948. Nil 10.
58 B. H. KpUBYMt. OH HeHaBH,ZJ.eJ1 Bormy. M.. 1966.
59 H. H. /(yiJpJlBlfeBa. K Borrpocy 06 o6paaOB811RH B repM8HJRH e.n.H
HOro pat)oqero aHTH4>awHcrcKoro $pOHT8 HaK8HYHe YCT8HOBJleHHH 4>a-
IlIHCTCKOA: .llHKTaTypbI. - «I13BecTHR BOpOHeJllcKoro rocYJl.apCTOeHHoro
nCJl.arOrHlJeCKOrO HHcTHTYTa». T. XIX. BOpOHe>K, 1955; ee 9ICe. 113 HCTO-
pHH 60pb6b1 Knf 3a C03.l1,aHHe aHTH$aWHCTCKoro <ppOHTa HaKaHYHe
YCT8HOBJleHHR cpaWHCTCKOH Jl.HKTaTypbl. - «I1cTopHorpac»HtIeCKHH c6op-
HUK». BopoHe'm. 1960.
60 B. r. TapTaKOBCKUU. BYP>Kya3HbJe napTHH BeHMapcKoH pecny6-
J1HKH H npHXO c»aWHSMa K BJI8CTH. - B KH.: 113 HCTOpHH repM8UHH
HOBoro H HOBeHwero BpeMeHH. M.. 1958.
61 B. p.. KYAb6aKun. MHJlHTapH3alI,HH fepM8HHH B 1928-1930 rr.
M.. 1954.
62 JI. H. rUH6epz. fepMaHCKaH COII,H8n-.lI.eMOKpaTHH B nepHO,n <l>a-
WHsan,HH fepM8HHH. - B KH.: fepM8HCKoe pa60tJee .llBH>KeHHe B HOBeH-
wee BpeMH. C60pHHK CTaTefi H MaTepH8J10B. M., 1962; ezo e. B 60pb-
6e npOTHB HacTynJleHHH $awHSMa. - B KH,: EBpona B HOBoe H HOBeH-
wee BpeMR. M.. 1966; e20 OICe. B npeJI,.llBePHH rHTJIepOBCKoH lX,HKTaTY-
pli. - «HoBaR H HOBeAmaH HCTOPHH», 1966, N2 1; ezo :JICe. 0 npe,llhlCTO-
pHn YCTaHOBJleUnR rHTJlepOBcKoft ,lI,HKTaTypbI. - cBonpocbI HCTOPHH»,
1966, Ng 4; eeo fHCe. Teub 4>awHCTcKoH CBaCTHKH. KaK rHTJIep npHweJt
K BJIaCTH. M., 1967; e20 3/Ce. PblBOK fHTJIepa K BnaCTH. - «HoBaH H
HOBeihn8R HCTOpHR», 1968. N2 1; e20 OICe. H.z.r.eOJlOrH'IeCKaH no.n.rOTOBl<a
npHxo.zr.a <pamH3Ma K BJIaCTH. - «E>KerOJI,HHK repM8HcKOH HCTOpUH.
1969». M., 1970 t H ,lI,p.
197

..
.& JI. H. rUH46epe. Ha nYTH B HMnepCKYIO KBHu,eJUlpmo. repMaH-
CKHH q:,BWH3M pBeTCH K BJIaCTH. M., 1972.
64 CM., Ha.npHlMep, BpoT:frn $anbClnpHKaIJ;HH ,HCTOpllH BropOH: MHpO-
BOH BoAHL! (C60pHHK cTaTeH). M., 1959; I(pHTHKa HOBeHweH 6YP}KYB3-
H-oM MC1'OpnOrpa$,HH C601pHliK CTaTei\. M.-JI., 1961; YPO'K'H !JICTOpH.H
HeonpOBep}KliMbI. M., 1964; DOJlbWaH JlO}Kb 0 BOMHe. KpHTHKa HOBeHmen
6YP}Kla3Hofr HCTopHorpa$HH BTOpOR MHpoBoA BOHHbI. M., 1971.
6 B. H. CaJlOB. COBpeMeHHaH Sana.lJ.HorepMBHCKaSl 6YPJKYSSHasr
HC10EHorpa$HH. HeKOTopbIe npo6neMbl HOBeHmeH HCTOpHH. M., 1968.
6 A. H. MepqaJtoB. 3anaJI.HOrepMaHCKHe HCTOpHKH H MeMyspHCTbI 0
BTOpOH MIIpOBOH BOMHe. M., 1961.
67 H. p.. OBClI.HbL11. Tafma, B KOTOpOH BOHHa p01K,llBnaCb (KaK HMne-
pHBJlHCTbI nO.lJ.rOTOBHnH Ii pa3BSl3BJUl BTOPYIO MHPOBYIO 'BOHHY). M., 1971
(2-e liSJl..: M., 1975); Y. p.. OCTaR-OBcflHtJul. Ha nopore BOHHbI. - «Ho-
BaH Ii HOBeHIUsH HCTOPHH», 1971, NQ 1-2,
68 F. H. PeYTOB. DpaB.lJ.a Ii BbIMbicen 0 BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHe. M.,
1970.
69 A. C. B/taHK" HlOpH6eprcKHi'i npouecc Ii peaKl1.HOHHBH 3Bna,lI.HOrep-
MaHCKaH IIcTopHorpaq>HH. - «HoBaH H HOBefimaH HCTOpHH», 1971, NQ 5;
ezo {);Ce. .ITereH,llbI Ii MlicpbI peaKu,noHHou 6YP1KyB3HOH HC'fOpHorpacpHIi
o repMaHCKOM $aIllHsMe. M., 1912; ezo e. npOTH nonblTOK peBOHJUI-
TaUHH $sIlIH3Ma peaKlUioHHoH HCTopIlorpactmeii. - B co.: Dp06J1eMbI
repMBHCKOH HCTOpHH, BNn. II. BOJlor.n.a, 1913; eeo alee. A.n.BoKaTbl q:,a-
IlIII3MB. JIereHJJ:bI H MHQ:>bI peaKu,HoHHOH tSYP}Kya3Hoi'i IicTopHorpactmH 0
repM8HcKOM 4>aIllHsMe. M., 1974.
10 B. T. t:POJ.«UH, AHTH4>awHcTcKaSl oopboa B fepMSHHH II JI1KHBble
H3MbUIIJIeHHR tSYp1KYSSHllIX 4>BnbcHHKaTopOB IICTOpHH. - B CO.: 113
HCTOpliH HOBeHiliero BpeMeHH. M.. 1959; ll. 10. PaxwMup. c1>BJlbcH$HKa-
l\HH aana.llHOrepMaHCKHMH 6YP>KYBSHbtMH IICTOpHK8MH HCTOpHH aHTH-
cpamHc'I',OJWrO ABH1Ke.RIfH ConpoTHBJIeHHSI B repMaHHu. - B c6.: 113 'MCTO-
pHH patSo1Jero Ii KOMMYHHCililleCKoro J];BIi>KeHHR B sapytSeJRHblX CTpBHax,
1l. I I. CBep./J:JlOBCK, 1963.
71, Fl. 10. PaxUlMup. COBpeMeHHble TeH.lI.eHHH 6yp1Kya3HoH IICTOpHO.
rpacpHH cpamHsMa. - «HoBaH Ii' HOBeHwaH IICTOpHH», 1971, oN!! 6.
72 ,n, H. FUHli6epl. cI>aIUH3M H HCTOpHH HOBefilliero BpeMeRll. -
«HOBaR Ii HOBeHWBH llCTOpHH», 1971, N!! 4; B. H. CaAo8. BTOp1KeHlIe
TICHXOaHBJlH3a B 6YPJKyasHYJO HCTopHorpacpHio. - «HoBaH H HOBeMlliaH
HCTOpHSI», 1972, oN!! 4; A. A. A HUKee8. BYP>Kya3HaH HCTopHorpa$HH ar-
papHoH nOJIHTHKIi repM8HCKoro cpalIIH3Ma. - «HoBaH H HOBeUlliaH llCTO- 1
PHSI», 1972, N!! 4; B. n. E08. HeoHauH3M B <1>Pr. - «HoBaH H HO-
BeHllIaH HCTOPHH», 1973. NQ 1; fl. A. )/(uAUH. 0 np06JleMaX IICTOpHII BTO- )
pOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI. - «HoBaH Ii HOBeHllIaSi HCTOpHH», 1913, N!! 2;
H. B. FpueopbeBa. I1CTOpllQeCKHH aHan"Hs 4>a1llH3Ma B r.a6oTax A. fpaM-
IIIH. - «HoBBH II HOBefImaH llCTOpHH», 1973, oNQ 5; /1.. E. MeAbHUK,08,
Jr. B. lJ epHaR. HeKOTOpb!e npOOJIeMbl IICTOpHll repMaHcKoro 4>8IllH3Ma. -
«HoBaH H HOBefilliaH IICTOpHH», 1973, ]'IrQ 6.
, 73 CM, «np06JleMbl MHpa Ii OllHaJlH3Ma», 1973, N!:! 4, 5.
74 A. BepHa8uHep. 4>liJlOCOcpIiH HHu,rne Ii q:,8tIIH3M. M., 1934;
fl. E. Ce2a.A. AB8HTropHCTHQeCKaH nOJlHTIIKa II li.n.eOJIOniH repMaHcKoro
Q:>BUIlISM8; B. CPo ACMYC. cI>awlicTCKaH cpaJIbcH4>IIKal1.liH K.1JaCCHQeCKOfi He-
MeUKoH 4>IInoco$HIi. M., 1942; 11. C. /(OH-. cDIIJIOCOq,CKIiH HJJ:eanH3M II
KpH3HC 6yp1KyasHoH HCTOpHtieCKOH MblCJIH. M., 1959; A. C. B020AtOAOB.
HeMeu,KsH 6YP}KyasnaH I}>UJIOCOcpHH nOCJIe 1865 rOJJ.a. M., 1969;
C, H. CPpYJt!KUH. 3ana,lJ.HOrepMaHcKHH peBaHIlIH3M H lI,lleOJIOrHH Heona-
llHSMa, - «BonpocbI Q>il-tnOc.oHU», 1967, N!:! 11; ezo alee. «4>uJ1oco4>HH HC-
198

)
TOPH"» HeOHal(H3Ma. - «BOnpOChI Q>HJIOCO<pUH», 1970; N 11; e20 fJiCe.
OCBaJIbJ(. lIIneHf'nep H ,HeOHaltH3M. - B c6,; COBpeMeHHaH q,lfJIOCOQ>HH
H COl(IiOnOrHH B wpr (HeKOTopbIe HanpaBJIeHHH H npo6JIeMbl). M.,
1971 C. tP. OiJyee. TponaMH 3apaTycTpbI (BJIHHHHe HHllllleSIiCTBa HS
HeMeqKYIO 6YPJKY-3SHYIO HJlOCOQ>BIO). M., 1971 (2-e H3J(.. M., 1976);
K. 3apoiJo8. CYHOCTb HeoQ>aIIIHsMa 11 HeKoTophIe BonpocbI TaKTHKH
KOMMYHHCTHQeCKOrO ,lI.BU>KeHHH. - B c6.: COBpeMeHHbIH cpallllf3M: ero
oeinU':Ibe H 6opb6a CHUM. npara, 1975.
75 r. retJ.aeH. KpHTHKa HeMe:u.KOH reononHTHKH. M., 1960;
T. IlI8apq. OT IlloneHraY3pa K Xefr.nerrepy. M., 1964; B. Xau3e.
B nJIeHY HJlJII03Hit KpHTHKS 6YPJKya3Hofi Q>HJIOCOQ>HH B fepMaHHH, M.,
11968; G. Lukacs. Die Zerstorung der Vernunft. Berlin, 1955; K. Son-
theinzer. AnUdemokratische Denken in der Weimarer Republik. Mun.
chen, 1969.
76 r. tPUAaT08. BonpOChI HCTOpHH cpal11H3Ma 11 cOBpeMeHIIOCTb. _
«I(OMMYHHCT», 1976, N 13.
17 B. po. E:HCOfJ. npOHCXOJKJI.eHHe H KJlaCCOBaH CYlll.HOCTb q,aU1H3M3.-
«HoBaH H HOBeihnaH HCTOPHH», 1976, N!! 5.
78 P.. c. p'a8uiJ08Ufl.. Opy JI.He repMaHCKoro HMnepHanH3Ma H MHJlH-
TapH3Ma. K HCTOpHH BOSHHKHOBeHHH repMaHCRoro aIIIH3Ma (1919-
1923 rr.). - «HoBaH II HOBeihllaH HCTOpHH», 1976, N 3.
79 JI. H. FUlil{6epe. fepMaHCKHfI cpawH3M H MOHOIIOJIHU IIOCJIe MIOH-
xeHCKoro nYT1Ja (1924-1929 rr.). - «HoBaH H HOBeihnaH HCTOpHH»,
1977, Ng 3.
80 Geschichte der deutsche Arbeiteibewegung. Bd. 4, 5. Berlin,
1966.
81 I. Kuczynski. Das grosse Geschaft. Die Verbrechen des deut-
schen Imperialismus. Berlin, 1967; r. JIolfeK. 0 KOHl(enu,HHX cpawHsMa
B 6YPJKyasHofr HCTopHorpa<l>HH <I>Pf. - «ExerO.rlHHK repMaHCKk'fI
HCTOpHH, 1969». M., 1970; B. Pyze. fepM3HHH B 1917-1933 fr. M.,
1974; E. Lewerenz. Neue Biirgerliche Angriffe auf die Einschatzung
des Faschismus durch die Kommunistische Internationale. - «Zeit.
schrift fiir Geschichtswissenschaft» (Berlin), 1974, H. 4.
82 J, Banaszkiewicz. Postanje Partii Hitlerowskiej. Poznan, 1969;
F. Ryszka. U zroded sukcesu i kieski. Szkica z dziejow hitlerizma.
Warszawa, 1975.
83 M. Weissbecker. Nationatsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
(NSDAP) 1919-1945. - In: Die bilrgerliche Parieien in Deutschland,
Bd. II. Leipzig, 1970.
84 A. C. BJiaHK. 113 HCTOpHH B03HHKHOBeHHH II paSBHTHH repMaH-
CKOro .paIIIHsMa (1919-1928 rr.), - «YqeHbIe 3anHCRH J]eHHHrpa,lI,CKOrO
rre.u.arOrHQeCKOrO HHCTHTYTa 11M. A. H. feplleHa», T. 518. Bonor.Qa, 1971.
85 r. H. FOpOUl-KOBa. J]O>KHaH BepCHH 0 C03.llaHHH «TpeTbero peii-
xa». - «HOBaH II HOBenwaH HCTOpHH», 1972, N 3.
86 CM. rrpHMe1JaHHe 78.
81 CM. npHMe 1 IaHHe 79.
rnABA 3
1 B. H. .lleHUIi. DOJln. co6p. C01J., T. 41, c. 352, 353.
2 K. D. Bracher. Die deutsche Diktatur. Entstehung, Struktur,
Folgen des Nationalsozialismus. Koln-{W.l Berlin, 1969, S_ 87.
3 R. von Sebottendorf. Bevor Hitler kam. Munchen, 1933. S. 62.
4 Daten der Geschichte def NSDAP Yon Dr. H. Volz. Zehnte un-
veranderte Aufgabe. Berlin - Leipzig, 1939. S. 4.
199

6 E. Nolte. Del' Faschismus in seiner Epoche. Die Action Franai-
se. Del' italienische Faschismus. Del' Nationalismus. Munchen, 1963,
S. 384; D. Orlow. The History of the Nazi Party 1919-1933. Pitts-
burg, 1973, p. 11; Daten der Geschichte der NSDAP, S. 4.
6 W. L. Schuer. Aufstieg und Fall des Dritten Reiches, Bd. I.
Munchen-Zurich, 1966, S. 52-53.
1 J. G. Fest. Hitler. Eine Biographie. 7. Aufl. Frankfurt aiM. -
fW.l Berlin-Wien, 1974, S. 164.
· E. Deuerlein. Hitler! Elntritt in die Politik. Eine Dokumentation.
Vierteljahrhefte fUr Zeitgeschichte, H. 2. Miinchen, 1952, S; 195-197.
G Ibidem.
10 eM. p.. C. P'aBu{)oBu't. Yxaa. CO'l., c. 113.
II Daten del' Geschichte der NSDAP, S. 5. CM. TaK:1Ke: J. O. Fest.
Op. cU., S. 171-172.
12 F. Jetzinger. Hitters Jugend. Phantasien, Lugen und Wahrheit.
Wien, 1956, S. 109-110; W. L. Schirer. Op. cit., S. 26-31; J. O. Fest.
Op. cU., S. 60-94.
18 A. 1(ubizek. Adolf Hitler - mein Schulfreund. Graz, 1963,
S.II-14.
14 1(. reilaeH.. I1CTopHH repMaHcKoro 4>aIIIHsMa. M.-n., 1935,
c. 10-11.
15 W. L. Schirer. Op. cU., S. 46; J. G. Fest. Op. cU., S. 173.
161(. refiaeH. YKaa. CO'l., c. 13.
11 eM. JI. A. Be3blMeHctwil. fepMaHcKHe reHepaJlJ:.I - c fHTJlepOM
H (Je3 Hero. M., 1964, c. 8. eM. TaK:1Ke: E. Deuerlein. Op. cit., S. 195.
18 E. Deuerlein. Op. cit., S. 206-212.
19 CM. 1(. refiaeH. YKas. CO'l., c. 16-18
20 CM. TaM :1Ke, c. 16. .
. 21 D. Orlow. Op. cit., p. 20; W. L. Schuer. Op. cit., S. 67.
22 J. O. Fest. Op. cit., S. 184.
23 H. Heiber. Adolf Hitler. Eine Biographie. [West] Berlin, 1960;
F. Heuss. Hitlers Weg. Eine historisch-politische Studie uber den" Na-
tionalsozialismus. Stuttgart, 1952, S. 19-20; J. G. Fest. Op. cU., S. 228;
Me. Randle. The Track of the Wolf. Evanstone, 1965, p. 4; 1(. O. Lue-
decke. I I(new Hitler. London, 1938, p. 56; E. Hanfstaengel.
The missing Years. London, 1957.
24 Daten del' Geschichte del' NSDAP, S. 7. eM. TaKme: I. G. Fest.
Op. cit., S. 195.
25 CM.. P.. C. P'aBUaOBU't. YK8S. CO'l., c. 115.
28 D. Orlow. Op. cit., p. 15-16.
21 Daten del' Geschichte del' NSDAP, S. 5.
28 CM. 1(. refiaeH. YKaa. CO'l., c. 37.
29 O. Franz-Willing. Die Hitlerbewegung. Del' Ursprung 1919-
1922. Hamburg- [West] Berlin, 1962, S. 146.
so eM. 1(. reilaeH. YKas. CO'l., c. 33-34.
, 81 Daten del' Geschichte del' NSDAP, S. 89.
82 O. Franz-Willing. Op. cit., S. 155.
!3 M. Weissbecker. Op. eft., S. 389.
84 Ibidem. eM. TaK:1Ke: J. O. Fest. Op. eft., S. 205.
85 Daten del' Geschichte der NSDAP, S. 9.
88 eM. 1(. reiJ.aeH. YKas. COlI., c. 197.
81 I. O. Fest. Op. cU., S. 208-209.
sa l\HT. no: l(oMMYHH'1eclGI(% I1HTepHal\HoHaJl. I(paTKHH HCTOpH-
'leCKHft: O'lepK, c. 170. '
200

89 eM. H. Picker, Hitlers Tischgespriche in Filhrerhauptquartier
1941-1942. Bonn, 1962, S. 4J.
40 E. Nolte. Op. cit., S. 398.
41 H. Grebing. Der Nationalsozialismus. Ursprung und Wesen.
Munchen, 1957, S. 54.
42 «Journal of Modern History» (New York), vol. XXV, 1958,
p.360.
43 G. F. W. Hallgarten. Hitler, Reichswehr und Industrie, Geschi-
chte del' Jahre 1918 - 1933. Frankfurt aIM., 1962, S. 16, 20, 75.
44 M. Weissbecker. Op. cit., S. 390-391.
46 CM. n. A. BeSWMeHcKutI. YKas. cOlI., c. 32.
46 CM. /1.. C. /1.aBui}oBU'l. YKas. cOq., c. 115.
41 W. Maser. Del' Sturm auf die Republik. Fruhgeschlchte der
NSDAP. Stuttgart, 1973, S. 41Oj.
48 Ibid., S. 217.
49 E. Deuerlein. Der Hitler Putsch. Bayrische Dokumente zum
8./9. November 1923. Stuttgart, 1962, S. 159.
50 D. Orlow. Op. cit., p. 41.
61 J. G. Fest. Op. cit., S. 53.
62 Ibid., S. 23; W. GorLUz, H. Quint. Adolf Hitler. Eine Biographie.
Stuttart. 1952, S. 185.
5 CM. /1.. C. /1.aBui}oBU'l. YKas. COq., c. 111-112.
64 eM. TaM :1Ke, c. 120.
66 CM. TaM me, c. 120-121.
58 W. L. Schirer. Op. cit., S. 87.
51 CM.W. L. Schirer. Op. cit., S. 88.
58 W. Maser. Op. cit., S. 288ff.
59 W. L. Schirel. Ope cit., S. 87-92.
60 H. Frank. 1m Angesicht des Galgens. Deutung Hitlers und
seiner Zeit auf Grund eigener Erlebnisse und Erkenntnisse, 2. Auf!.
Neuhaus, 1955, S.57.
61 W. Hoegner. Die verratene Republik. Geschichte der deutschen
Kontrrevolution. Munchen, 1958.
62 R. Hanser. Prelude to Terror. The Rise of Hitler 1919-1923.
London, 1970, p. 311.
83 Daten der Geschichte del' NSDAP, S. 13-14; R. Hanser. Ope
cit., E' 331.
4 R. Hanser. Op. cit., p. 310-311.
r J1ABA 4
I eM. B. 8zzepaT. KY,lI.a H,lI.emb, fepMaHHH? M., 1968, c. 156.
2 J. G. Fest. Op. cit., S. 14.
3 Daten der Geschichte del' NSDAP, S. 14.
4 J. G. Fest. Ope cit., S. 323.
(; eM. W. Jochmann. Nationalsozlalismus und Revolution. Ursprung
und Geschichte del' NSDAP in Hamburg 1922-1933. Dokumente.
Frankfurt aIM., 1963, S. 96f.
6 Daten del' Geschichte der NSDAP, S. 20.
1 K. G. Luedecke. Op. cit., p. 217-218.
8 Daten der Geschichte der NSDAP, S. 21.
II H. Grebing. Op. cit., S. 58.
10 Daten del' Geschichte der NSDAP, S. 323.
11 eM. n. H. rUHl46epz. fepM8HCKHA: 4>amH3M H MOHOnOJlHH... -
«HoBaH H HOBeAlliaH HCTOpHH», 1977, N!! 3, c. 125-126.
201
...L.....

12 .R. ,l(uhnL., .Die. nationatsozialistische Linke 1925-1930. Marbur-
ger Abhandlungen zur politischen Wissenschaft. Hrsg. von W. Aben-
droth, Bd. 6. Meisenheim am Glan, 1966, S: 286-294.
18 eM. JI. H. rUH.lIoepz. fepMaHcKIIH cpalllHsM H MOHOrrOJIHH... _
«HoBaH H HOBeihllaH HCTOPHH», 1977, N! 3, c. 131-132.
14 eM. TaM :1Ke, c. 133.
15 w. L. Schirer. Op. cit., S. 142.
16 G. D. Alquen. Die SS.Geschichte. Aufgabe und Organisation
del' Schutzstaffeln del' NSDAP. Berlin, 1939, S. 6--10; H. Bennecke.
Hitler und die SA. Miinchen-Wien, 1962, S. 40, 140.
11 Daten der Geschichte der NSDAP, S. 17-21.
18 Ibid., S. 25.
19 eM. R. Kiihnl. Op. cit., S. 17.
20 Das Tagebuch von Joseph Goebbels 1925/1926 mit weiteren Do-
kumenten hrsg. von H. Heiber. Stuttgart, [s. a.], S. 57.
21 CM. JI. H. rUHlIoepe. fepMaHcKHA c1JamHsM H MOHOrrOJlHH... _
«HoBaH H HOBeft:llIaH HCTOPHH», 1977, N! 3, c. 136.
22 R. Kiihnl. Op. cU., S. 17.
23 Ibidem.
24 Das Tagebuch von Joseph Goebbels.., S. 60.
25 M. Weissbecker. Op. cit., S. 399.
26 F. Thyssen. I paid Hitler. New York - Toronto 1941, p. 89. CM.
TaK:1Ke:G. Hallgarten. Op. cit., S. 35--36.
21 lI.HT. no: W. Ulbricht. Del' faschistische deutsche Imperialismus
1933-1945 (Die Legende vom «deutschen Sozialismus»). Berlin, 1952,
S. 15-16.
, 26 W. L. Schirer. Op. cit., S. 100.
29 CM. MHpoBofI SKOHOMH"leCKHH KpHSHC. M., 1930, c. 108-109;
H. M, CPaUHzap. TIp06J1eMbi repMaHcKoH rrpOMblllIJIeHHOCTH. M., 1934,
c. 144.
30 I. Kuczynski. Op. cit., S. 112-115.
81 eM. B. Pyze. fepMaHHH B 1917-1933 rr. M., 1974, c. 188-189.
82 eM. B. p.. /(YAb6axu1t. O'lepKII HOBefiweA HCTOpHH fepMaHHH. M.,
1962, c. 255.
as eM. B. H. JIeHUH. TIOJlH. c.o6p. CO"l., T. 30, c. 93.
S4 F, Ryszka. Op. cit., s. 17.
85 C. CPo OiJye6. TponaMH 3apaTYCTpbl, c. 181.
1
r nASA 5
1 /(. MapKC H CPo 3fUe/lbc. CO'l., T. 20, c. 23.
2 CM. B. H. JIeHUH. TIOJlH. c06p. COlI., T. 29, c. 286.
S T. MaliH. C06p. COlI. (B IO'TH TOMax), T. 10. M., 1961, c. 380.
4 G. Lukacs. Op. cit.' S. 329. .
5 CM. C. CPo OiJye6. <1>HJlOCOqIHH «TOTaJlbHOH M06HJlHsaqHH». _ «Bo-
npocbl CPHJlOCO<!>HH», 1971, N2 3, c. 139. BsrJlH,lI.b1 li,ll.eHHhlx npe,ll.llIeCTBeH-
HHKOB HaltHSMa nOJ1.BeprHYTbI rJly6oKoMY KpHTH'!ecKoMY aHaJlHSY B KHHr
C. <1>. OJ1.yeBa «TporraMH 3apaTycTpbl». .
, 6 CM. B. H. JIeHUH. TIOJIH. c06p. COil., T. 16, c. 9.
r nASA 6
1 CM. /(. reliiJeH. YKas. CO'l., c. 121.
2 B. H. JIeHUH. TIOJlH. co6p. COlI., T. 5, c.74.
202

I
3 eM. B. H. JleHUH. TIOJlH. co6p. CO'l., T. 17, c. 274.
" CM. A. A. FaltKUH. repMaHCKHH cpalllH3M, c. 346.
5 CM. HIOpH6eprCKHH npOIJ:eCC Ha,ll. rJIaBHblMH HeMeIJ:KHMH BoeHHblMH
npecrynHHKaMH. C60pHHK MaTepHaJlOB B 7 TOMax, T. 1. M., 1957, c. 105.
6 CM. TaM :1Ke, c. 570.
7 CM. A. A. FaltKUH. repMaHCKHH cpaWHSM, c. 324-325.
8 CM. The Mind and Face of Nazi Germany. London, 1942, p. 114.
9 Ibid., p. 58.
10 Ibid., p. XIII.
11 F. Ryszka. Op. cit., s. 39-40.
12 eM. B. H. JleHUH. TIOJIH. co6p. COil., T. 30, c. 324.
IS eM. B. H. JleHUH. TIOJlH. co6p. C01l., T. 7, c. 245.
14 eM. cc B llefiCTBHH. .lI.OI{)'MeHTbI 0 npeCTynJleHHHX CC. M., 1968,
c. 211.
16 eM. The Mind and Face of Nazi Germany, p. 61.
16 Ibid., p. 37.
11 n. TOltbflTTU. JleKIJ:HH 0 4>awH3Me.,M., 1974, c. 16.
18 CM. I(pHTHKa 3ana,ll.HOrepMaHCKoro «OCT<poplllYHra». M., 1966,
c. 123.
19 E. Ludendorf. Del' Totalen I(rieg. Munchen, 1935, S. 9-10.
20 CM. HlOpH6epl'CKiHH npouecc..., T. 1, c. 631.
21 CM. nana1fll EBponhi. H<>pT,peTbi .H .naMcpJIeThi. M., 1945, 'C. 55.
22 eM. TaM :1Ke, c. 59-60.
2S Was wir von Nationalsozialismus erwarten. Zwanzig Antwor-
ten. Hrsg. A. E. Gubther. Berlin, 1932.
24 F. /lUMUTpOB. 1136paHHble CTaTbH H pe'lH, c. 116.
25 CM. E. Calico Ohne Maske. Hitler-Breiting Geheimgespriiche
1931. Frankfurt aIM., 1968, S. 19.
26 eM. O. Strasser. Hitler und ich. Zurich, 1946, S. 27.
rI1ABA 7
1 fl. TOJlbRTTU. JleKQHH 0 <pawH9Me, c. 17-18.
2 eM. K. MapKC H 4>. 3HZeltbC. C01l., T. 18, c. 498.
B eM. The Mind and Face of Nazi Germany, p. 117.
4 eM. HIOpH6eprCKHH npOIJ:ecc.., T. 1, c. 685.
s eM. B. H. JleHUH. TIOJlH. co6p. COq., T. 41, c. 192; T. 22, c. 208;
T. 44, c. 122-123.
6 B. CPo flopWHeB. COIJ:HaJlbHaH nCHXOJIOrHH H HCTOpHH. M., 1966;
e20 e. 06LllecTBeHHaH nCHXOJlOrHH H cpOpMHpoBaliHe HOBoro 'leJIo,
BeKa. - «I(OMMYHHcT», 1963, N!? 8; A. fl. rypeBu'I.. HeKOTOpbJe ac.
neKTbI H3Y1leHHH COIJ:llaJIbHOH HCTOpHII. - «BonpocbJ HcTOpHH», 1964,
Ng 10.
1 B. ll.. flapbl2UH. COQHaJlbHaH nCHXOJIOrHH KaK HaYKa. JI., 1965;
e20 e. OCHOBbi cOIJ:HaJlbHo'RcHXOJIOrll'leCKOH TeopHH. M., 1971; e20 e.
B. 11. JIeHHH 06 06m:ecTBeHHblx HaCTpoeHHHX. - «BecTHHK JIry» (ce-
pHH: HJIOCO<pHH H nCHXOJlOrHH), 1959, Ng 17; e20 3/Ce. 06LlleCTBeHHOe
HacTpoeHHe, ero npHpO,ll.a H ,lI.HHaMIlKa. - B c6.: TIp06J1eMhI 06LllecTBeH'
HOft: nCHxonorHH. TIo,ll. pe,ll.. B. H. l(oJl6aHoBcKoro H B. <J>. TIoplllHeBa.
M., 1965; e20 e. 06LllecTBeHHoe HacTpoeHHe. M., 1966; A. F. KOBaAeB.
o cOIUIanbHoH nCHXOJlOrHH. - «BecTHHK JIry» (cepHH: <l>HJlOCO<pHH H
nCHXOJIOrnH), 1959, Ng 11.
8 A. A. FaIt/wH.. repMaHcKHfi <paI1lH3M; COBpeMeHHoe peBOJlIOIJ:HOH-
Hoe ,lI.BHlKeHHe H HaQHOHaJIH3M. M., 1973; C. cp, 08yeB. <l>awH3M H HHQ-
203

meaHCTBO. - «IfJlOco4>cKlfe HaYKH», 1970, N'g 3; ezo e. TponaMH 3a-
paTycTpbl; B. A. Illa6aiJ. HMnepHaJlH3M H 6yp:1KyasHaH coqHaJlbHo.no-
JlII'I'H'lCCKaH MblCJlb, M., ,1969; C. H. c[>PYMKUH. IfJlOCOCPHH HcTOpHH»
HeOHal\H3Ma. - «Bonpocbl 4>HJlOCOCPIfH», 1970, N!? 11 ; COBpeMeHHoe
peBOJlIOI.tIfOHHOe .D:BH:1KeHHe H Hal\HOHaJlH3M. TIO.D: pe,ll.. B. B. 3arJla,ll.HHa
H 4>. JI.. Pbl:1KeHKO. M., 1973.
9 CM. /(. MapKc H CPo 3HZe/lbc. COlI., T. 8, c. 119.
rnABA 8
1 GM. HlOplf6ep'l'ci<IfH npoqecc.., T. 7. M., 1961, c. 414.
! CM. TaM :1Ke, c. 428-429.
a eM., HanpHMep, U. Walendy. Wahrheit fiir Deutschland. Vlotho,
1964; H. Silndermann. Deutsche Notizen 1945-1966. Leoni, 196\3;
J. F. Barnick. Deutschlands Schuld an Frieden. Stuttgart, 1966;
H. Hiirthle. Freispruch fiir Deutschland. Unsere Soldaten von dem
Nurnberger Tribunale. GBttingen, 1965; W. Glasebock. War Deutsch-
land am zweiten Weltkrieg allein schuld? 1(00n, 1964; E. Kern. Verrat
am Deutschland. GBttingen, 1963; H. Grabert. Sieger und Besiegte.
Del' deutsche Nationalismus nach 1945. Tfibingen, 1968; H. Grimm.
Warum, woher aber wofiir? Vor, unter und nach der geschlchtlichen
Erscheinung Hitler. Lippoldsberg, 1954.
4 U. Walendy. Op. cit., S. 36.
5 H. Grabert. Op. cit., S. 12I.
6 Ibidem.
7 J. Hess. Gefangener des Friedens. Neue Briefe aus Spandau.
Leoni, 1955; A. von Rihbentrop. Verschworung gegen den Frieden.
Leoni, 1962; J. von Ribbentrop. Zwischen London und Moskau. Erin-
nerungen und letzte Aufzeichnungen. Aus dem Nachlass. Hrsg. von
A. von Ribbentrop. Leoni, 1963; A. Speer. Erinnerungen. [\v.l Berlin,
1969; B. von Schirach. Ich glaubte an Hitler. Gfitersloh, 1967.
8 W. M. McGovern, G. L. Mosse. The Crisis of German Ideology.
New York, 1966; W. Z. Laqueur, (1. L. Mosse. Internationaler Faschis-
mus 1920-1945; P. F. Drucker. Die Zukunft del' Industriegesellschaft.
Dfisseldorf-Wien, 1967; B. Moore. Soziale Ursprfinge von Diktatur
und Demokratie. Die Rolle der Grundbesitzer und Bauern bei der
Entstehung del' modernen Welt. Frankfurt a[M., 1969; A. F. G. Or-
ganski. Fascism and Modernization. - In: The Nature of Fascism.
Proceeding of a Conference helf by the reading University Graduate
School of Contemporary European Studies. Ed. by S. L. Woolf. Lon-
don, 1968; G. Germani. Fascism and Classes. - In: The Nature of
Fascism.
9 S. M. Lipset. Political Man. New York, 1966; idem: Soziologie
del' Demokratie. Neuwied a./Rh., 1963; Del' Faschismus. Die Linke,
die Rechte und die MUte. Theorien uber Faschismus. 1(6ln - [West]
Berlin, 1967.
10 G. L. Mosse. Ernst Nolte on Three Faces of Fascism. - «Jour-
nal of the History of Ideas», 1966, vol. 27, N: 6; idem. Nazi Culture,
Intellektual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich. New York,
1966; G. Schulz. Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur. Verfassungspoli-
tik und Rcichsreform in der Weimarer Republik. rw.l Berlin, 1965;
D. Orlow. Op. cit.; E. Weber. Varieties of Fascism. Princeton (N. Y)-,-
Toronto-New York-London, 1964; J. Weiss, The Fascist Traditfon.
New York-Evanstone-London. 1967.
204

J1 eM., HallIpHMep, T. Pirker. Komintern und Faschismus 1920-
1940. Stuttgart, 1965.
12 K. D. Erdmann. Die Zeit der Weltkriege in Bruno Gebhardt.
Handbuch del' deutschen Geschichte. Bd. 4. Stuttgart, 1959, S. 188.
13 G. Franz-Willing. Die Hitlerbewegung. Del' Ursprung 1919-
1922. Hamburg--fW.l Berlin, 1962; K. Zentner. Illustrierte Geschichte
des Dritten Reicnes. Munchen, 1965; Die I>Tsten fUnfzig Jahre des
zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Offenburg, 1950; W. Maser. Adolf Hitler,
Legende. Mythos. Wirklichkeit. Miinchen-Esslingen, 1973; idem. Die
Friih2'eschichte del' NSDAP. Hitlers Weg bis 1924. Frankfurt aIM.,
1964: E. Deuerlein. Deutsche I(anzler von Bismarck bis Hitler. Mun-
chen, 1968; idem. Der Hitler Putsch. Bayrische Dokumente zum 8./9.
November 1923.
14 E. Franzel. Das Reich del' braunen JacobineI'. Del' Natlonal-
Sozialismus als geschichtliche Erscheinung. Munchen, 1964.
15 E. Nolte. Op. cit., S. 34.
16 H. Mau, H. Krausnick. Deutsche Geschichte del' jiingsten Ver-
gangenheit 1933--1945. Stuttgart, 1956; W. Conze. Die deutsche Na-
tion Ergebnis del' Geschichte. Gottingen, 1963; H. Rotfels. Die deut-
sche Opposition gegen Hitler. Eine Wurdigung. Frankfurt aIM. -
Hamburg, 1958; G. Buchheim, M. Broszat, H. A. lacobsen, H. Kraus-
nick. Anatomie des SS-Staates, Bd. 2. Freiburg, 1963; M. Broszat.
Del' Nationalsozialismus. Weltanschauung. Programm und Wirklich-
keit. Stuttgart, 1960; Th. Vogelsang. Deutsche Geschichte. Die natio-
nalsozialistische Zeit. Frankfurt aIM., 1967.
11 D, Schoenbaum. Hitler's Social Revolution. Classes and States
on Nazi Germany. New York, 1966.
18 B. Granzow. A. Mirror of Nazism. British Opinion and the
Emergence of Hitler 1929-1933. London, 1964.
19 H. I. Gordon. Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch. Princeton,
1972, p. 11-12, 389-390.
20 «Nation Europa» (Coburg), 1969, N 45, S. 27.
21 R. Kilhnl. Op. cit.
22 r. P'UMUTp06. Ha6paHHble cTaTbH II pC'lH, c. 116-117.
23 L. K. Adler, T. G. Paterson. Red Fascism: The Merger of Nazi
Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism.
1930-1950. - «American Historical Review», 1970, N 4: p. 1064.
24 eM. p'. C. p'a6u006Utl. YKas. C<N., c. 118-119.
2:; G. von Rauch. Stalin und Machtergreifung Hitlers. - «Das
Parlament», 4. Miirz 1964, Beilage; H. Weber. Der deutsche I(ommu-
nismus. Dokumente. 1(00n-fW.l Berlin, 19'63; G. Hilger. Wir und
I(remI. Deutschrussische Beziehungen 1918-1941. fW.l Berlin, 1953.
26 CM. I(OMMYHHCTII'lecKHfi HHTepHaIUlolIaJl. I(paTKHH MCropH'lec.KHfl
O"lepK, c. 169-nl.
21 W. Reich. Massenpsychologie des Faschismus. Berlin, rs. a.l,
S. 11.
28 W. Reich. Geschlechtszeige. Enthaltsamkeit. Ehemoral. I(open-
hagen, 1936; idem. Die Sexuelle. Revolution. Frankfurt aIM., 1966.
29 The Place of Fascism in European History. Ed. by G. Allar-
dice. New York, 1971, p. 42-46.
30 I. G, Fest. Op. cit.
81 H. Marcuse. Del' eindimensionale Mensch. Studien zur Ideologie
del' Fortgeschrittenen. Industriegesellschaft. Neuwied und fW.l Berlin,
1970, S. 96.
205

...
+
82 M. Bardeche. Qu'est-ce que Ie fascisme? Paris, 1961; Theorien
iiber den Faschismus. 1(ln-fW.l Berlin, 1967, S. 68.
sa The Nature of Fascism, p. 209, 225.
84 CM., HanpHMep, H. Grebing. Del' Nationalsozialismus. Urspriin-
ge und Wesen. Miinchen, 1959, S. 31-40.
35 H. von Maltitz. The Evolution of Hitler's Germany. New York,
1973.
35 B. Brown: Marx, Freud and the Critique of Everyday Life. To-
wards Permanent Cultural Revolution. New York, 1973.
31 W. Maser. Adolf Hitler; E. Deuerlein. Deutsche I(anzler von
Bismarck bis Hitler; F. letzinger. Hitlers Jugend. Phantasien, Liigen
und Wahrheit. Wien, 1956.
38 W. Maser. Hitlers Briefe und Notizen. Sein Weltbild in hand-
schriftlichen Dokumenten. Diisseldorf-Wien, 1973.
89 R. Binion. Hitlers Concept of Lebensraum: The Psychological
Basis. - «The Journal of Psychohistory», 1973, N 2" p. 188-189.
40 W. Theimer. Geschichte del' politischen Ideen. Munchen, 1959.
S.38O.
41 F. Bauer. Die Wurzeln geschichtlichen und nationaisozialisti-
schen Handels; Frankfurt aIM., 1965, S. 32.
42 W. G. Langer. Das Adolf.Hitler-Psychogramm. Eine Analy-
se seiner Person und seines Verhaitens, verfasst 1943 fUr die psycholo-
gische I(riegsfiihrung des USA. Mit einem Vorwort von F. Hacker.
Wien - Munchen - Zurich, 1972; D. Toland. Adolf Hitler. Bergisch-
Gladbach, 1977.
48 D. Or/ow. Op. cU., p. VII.
44 R. Butler. The Roots of National-Socialism 1783-1933. New
York, 1968, p. 274.
4S The Nature of Fascism, p. 209.
45 A. Hamilton. The Appeal of Fascism. A study of intellectuals
and fascism 1919-1945. London, 1971, p. XIX.
41 eM. 06 STOM, HanpHMep, «Unsere Zeit», 11.XII.1974, S. 7.
48 eM. TaM :1Ke.
49 «Die Welt 8m Sonntag», 14.X.l973.
50 CM. «Horizont», 1977, N 31, S. 7.
51 Ibidem.
52 «Unsere Zeit», 30.VIII.l977.
53 A. Kubizek. Op. ciL
54 CIM. «Horizont», 1977, N 31, S. 7.
55 W. Maser. Adolf Hitler.
56 W. G. Langer. Op. cU., S. 37.
51 N. Gun. Eva Brown. Hitlers Mistress. New York, 1968.
58 Ibid., p. VII.
59 «Die Zeit», 12.X.1973.
50 «Die Welt» (Hamburg), I.X.l973.
61 H. Stellrecht. Adolf Hitler-Heil odeI' Unheil. Tubingen, 1973.
62 CM., HanpHMep, W. Kempowski. Haben Sie Hitler gesehen? -
«Die Zeit», 16.III.l973.
58 eM. «Un sere Zeit», II.XII.1974, S. 7.
64 The Place of Fascism in European History.
65 Nazists and Fascists in Europa. 1918-1945. Ed. by J. Weiss.
Chicago, 1969. '
56 The Nature of Fascism.
61 The Totalitarianism in Perspective. New York, 1971.
68 B. H. JIeHuH. TIOJlH. co6p. CO'l., T. 39, c. 72.
1
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1 'HT. mo: I(OMMYHIJCT-IJ"lecKIJH HHTepHaQI!OHaJ!. KpaTImH HCT.Qpl!-
'leCKHH O'lepK, c. 171.
2 eM. TaM :1Ke, c. 191.
s CM. 3pHCT Te/lbJrW.H. H36paHHhle CTaTbH H pe'lH. I( HCTOpHH rep-
MaHCKoro pa6o'lero ,lI.BH:1KeHHH, T. 1. M., 1957, c. 76, 169-171.
4 CM. TaM :1Ke, c. 358.
5 TaM :1Ke, c.370.
6 VI KOH'rpecc l(oMHHTepHa. CTeHorpacpH'ieCK:IIH OT-'leT, Bbln. VI.
M.-JI., 1929, c. 18.
1 Zur Geschichte del' I(ommunistischen Partei Deutschlands. Eine
Auswahl von Materialien und Dokumenten aus den Jahren 1914--
1946. Berlin; 1954, S. 275-281. CM. TaK:1Ke: Programmerkliirung zur
nationalen und sozialen Befreiung des deutschen Volkes. - In: Retlo-
lutionare deutsche Parteiprogramme. Vom Kommunistischen Manifest
zum Programm des Sozialismus. Hrsg. von L. Berthold und E. Diehl.
Berlin, 1969. S. 119-122.
8 Zur Geschichte der I(ommunistischen Partei Deutschlands,
S.296.
9 Ibid., S. 296-297.
10 JI. If. BpeHe8. JIeHHHcKHM KypCOM. Pe'lH H CTaTbH, T. L M..
1970, c. 128.
11 CM. «TIp06JIeMhI MHpa H COl\HaJlH3Ma», 1973, N2 4. c. 32.
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